cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Mining Storm Attributes from Spatial Grids

Abstract A technique to identify storms and capture scalar features within the geographic and temporal extent of the identified storms is described. The identification technique relies on clustering grid points in an observation field to find self-similar and spatially coherent clusters that meet the traditional understanding of what storms are. From these storms, geometric, spatial, and temporal features can be extracted. These scalar features can then be data mined to answer many types of research questions in an objective, data-driven manner. This is illustrated by using the technique to answer questions of forecaster skill and lightning predictability.
Mesoscale structure of the midlatitude ionosphere during high geomagnetic activity: Airglow and GPS observations

On the night of November 22, 1997, the Cornell All-Sky Imager recorded a spectacular display of structure in the 630.0 nm emission over Arecibo, Puerto Rico. This event is an example of a phenomenon we have termed “intense midlatitude spread F.” In this paper we describe the stormtime geophysical conditions for the period and detail the evolution of the event. The daytime midlatitude ionosphere was disturbed for four consecutive days. The initial daytime doubling of the total electron content (TEC) was associated with equatorward propagation of a high-TEC patch that seemed to have associated composition changes. The following days had distinct diurnal double maxima (DDM). The TEC in the Caribbean was very high during the first night of the storm and was extremely structured. Airglow depletions and enhancements surged poleward, bifurcating numerous times in the process. The airglow depletions were collocated with TEC minima along similar lines of sight to Global Positioning System satellites. Eventually, four parallel and very similar airglow wave packets were visible and oriented at an angle similar to the less violent structures reported in the companion paper [Garcia et al., this issue] and moving slowly toward the southwest. We explore a number of possible explanations for these features. We are most confident that secondary instabilities of the generalized ExB process can explain the evolution of the structures once they are formed. The initial process itself remains controversial.
Rapid chromatic adaptation and the sensitivity functions of human color vision.

Previous studies have shown that the spectral sensitivity curve of the cones, in the dark-adapted eye, displays three maxima and that these are indicated even more clearly when the foveal test stimuli are superimposed upon colored adapting stimuli. These maxima are believed to be the result of at least three underlying sensitivity functions related to the “fundamental response curves” of human color vision. By delivering foveal, monochromatic test flashes only 0.05 sec after the onset of colored adapting stimuli, these maxima are further enhanced, and very large distortions of the usual spectral sensitivity curve result. On the assumption that the over-all sensitivity curves for five conditions of adaptation are the sum of four underlying sensitivity curves (with maxima at approximately 430, 530, 570, and 610 mμ), a satisfactory fit of the experimental data is obtained which appears to support a four-component theory of color vision.
Application of moving grid control volume finite element method to ablation problems

This article presents the solution of two-dimensional axisymmetric ablation problems with unstructured grids. The energy equation is formulated and solved using the control volume finite element method. The exterior shape of the ablating body is determined from a surface energy balance with the interior mesh displaced in response to the surface ablation as if the body was a linear elastic solid. Boundary condition matrices are formulated for both heat of ablation and generalized thermochemical ablation boundary conditions. Computed recession rates are compared to an analytical solution to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of this approach. Additionally, the practical application of this approach to the ablation of a re-entry vehicle nose tip is presented.
Induction over Strategic Agents: a genetic algorithm solution

We study the problem called Induction over Strategic Agents. This problem has proven hard to solve, even for small problems. We start by reducing the problem to an unconstrained search over w∈ℜ n . Once we accomplish this, we develop a Genetic Algorithm to perform this search. We compare our results to those obtained on a Mixed Integer formulation.
The Politics of Dissents and Concurrences on the U.S. Supreme Court

Why do justices author or join separate opinions? Most attempts to address the dynamics of concurrence and dissent focus on aggregate patterns across time or courts. In contrast, we explain why an ...
The legal risks of returning results of genomics research

Published guidelines suggest that research results and incidental findings should be offered to study participants under some circumstances. Although some have argued against the return of results in research, many cite an emerging consensus that there is an ethical obligation to return at least some results; the debate quickly turns to issues of mechanics (e.g., which results? who discloses? for how long does the obligation exist?). Although commentators are careful to distinguish this as an ethical rather than legal obligation, we worry that return of results may unjustifiably become standard of care based on this growing “consensus,” which could quickly lead to a legal (negligence-based) duty to offer and return individualized genetic research results. We caution against this and argue in this essay that the debate to date has failed to give adequate weight to a number of fundamental ethical and policy issues that should undergird policy on return of research results in the first instance, many of which go to the fundamental differences between research and clinical care. We confine our comments to research using data from large biobanks, the topic of the guidelines proposed in this symposium issue.
Impaired Kit- but Not FcεRI-initiated Mast Cell Activation in the Absence of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p85α Gene Products

The class IAphosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) consist of a 110-kDa catalytic domain and a regulatory subunit encoded by the p85α, p85β, or p55γ genes. We have determined the effects of disrupting the p85α gene on the responses of mast cells stimulated by the cross-linking of Kit and FceRI, receptors that reflect innate and adaptive responses, respectively. The absence of p85α gene products partially inhibited Kit ligand/stem cell factor-induced secretory granule exocytosis, proliferation, and phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt. In contrast, p85α gene products were not required for FceRI-initiated exocytosis and phosphorylation of Akt. LY294002, which inhibits all classes of PI3Ks, strongly suppressed Kit- and FceRI-induced responses in p85α −/− mast cells, revealing the contribution of another PI3K family member(s). In contrast to B lymphocytes, mast cell proliferation was not dependent on Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a downstream effector of PI3K, revealing a distinct pathway of PI3K-dependent proliferation in mast cells. Our findings represent the first example of receptor-specific usage of different PI3K family members in a single cell type. In addition, because Kit- but not FceRI-initiated signaling is associated with mast cell proliferation, the results provide evidence that distinct biologic functions signaled by these two receptors may reflect differential usage of PI3Ks.
The effect of gender and communication mode on conflict resolution.

Abstract This paper examines the effect of gender and conflict on the process and outcomes of people using various forms of communication media. Of interest in the study is the effect which gender exerts on the evaluation of the capability of the communication environment to provide relational support under conditions of conflict. It was predicted that members of female-only and male-only dyads would demonstrate satisfaction differences and variances in their ratings of the communication environment as a function of their gender distinctions. The results indicate that there were no differences in performance levels across media and gender composition. However, there was an interaction between media and gender concerning evaluations of the communication environment's ability to support affection, domination, similarity, and trust.
The Calcium-Phosphorus metabolism expert system module: a program developed in the ALEX smalltalk/V shell

The object-oriented computing model of Smalltalk/V proved to be very well suited for the creation of a medical expert system on the diagnosis of calcium-phosphorus metabolism abnormalities. A major reason for this was that a disease could be viewed as a self-contained, active, entity. The expert system is implemented in ALEX, an expert system shell that is written in Smalltalk/V. The shell consists of classes and methods that can be modified, as needed, by the developer. The expert system is, at present, 140,000 bytes in size, and includes 43 diseases, arranged in 7 contexts. Sixty case reports were used to test the expert system. In 30 cases, there was complete agreement between clinician and expert system; in 12 cases, the expert system responded appropriately when presented with diseases that were not known to the system; and in 18 cases, the system gave plausible results.
Low-level microwave irradiations affect central cholinergic activity in the rat.

Sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake was measured in various regions of the brains of rats irradiated for 45 min with either pulsed or continuous-wave low-level microwaves (2,450 MHz; power density, 1 mW/cm2; average whole-body specific absorption rate, 0.6 W/kg). Pulsed microwave irradiation (2-microseconds pulses, 500 pulses/s) decreased choline uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex but had no significant effect on the hypothalamus, striatum, and inferior colliculus. Pretreatment with a narcotic antagonist (naloxone or naltrexone; 1 mg/kg i.p.) blocked the effect of pulsed microwaves on hippocampal choline uptake but did not significantly alter the effect on the frontal cortex. Irradiation with continuous-wave microwaves did not significantly affect choline uptake in the hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus but decreased the uptake in the frontal cortex. The effect on the frontal cortex was not altered by pretreatment with narcotic antagonist. These data suggest that exposure to low-level pulsed or continuous-wave microwaves leads to changes in cholinergic functions in the brain.
Transposition mutagenesis in Streptomyces fradiae: identification of a neutral site for the stable insertion of DNA by transposon exchange

We explored transposition in Streptomyces fradiae (Sf) as a means to insert a second copy of the tylF gene to improve tylosin (Ty) production. Transposons Tn5096 and Tn5099 transposed relatively randomly in Sf, and many of the insertions caused no deleterious effects on Ty production yields. Tn5098, a derivative of Tn5096 containing tylF and tylJ genes, recombined into the chromosome into the tyl gene cluster and transposition was not observed. However, following the tagging of a neutral site (NS) by Tn5099 transposition, tylF was effectively inserted into the NS by homologous recombination (transposon exchange). Recombinants obtained by transposon exchange produced higher yields of Ty.
Characteristics and clinical application of blood filters

Abstract Microaggregate blood filters (MAFs) may be beneficial for patients at increased risk of ARDS receiving massive transfusion, although their use is not uniformly recommended. While new leukocyte adsorption filters (LAFs) are more efficient for white cell removal, both MAFs and LAFs successfully reduce the incidence of febrile reactions to red cell components by reducing the residual leukocyte content below 109. It is likely that leukocyte removal delays or prevents recipient HLA alloimmunization from transfusion. LAFs offer a simple means of providing both red cells and platelets, depleted of leukocytes to levels below 108 and may prevent or delay the onset of HLA alloimmunization. A promising area of application of LAFs is for prevention of transfusion-transmitted CMV where leukocyte-depleted components may be noninfectious. Several secondary benefits of leukocyte-depleted components are anticipated, including a decreased risk of HTLV-1 transmission, reduced degree of transfusion-mediated immunosuppression and a lowered risk of graft-vs-host disease.
The NO + CO reaction on Pt(100)

Abstract The interaction of NO with CO and with H 2 on Pt(100) was studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), isothermal desorption mass spectrometry, and low energy electron diffraction (LEED), TPD of NO and CO coadsorbed at 120 K yields almost complete reaction with both N 2 and CO 2 products desorbing as sharp, simultaneous peaks at ≈ 410 K. with full widths at half maximum as narrow as 3 K. Isothermal desorption mass spectrometry yields N 2 and CO 2 rates that exhibit a maximum with time. Both experiments indicate that the reaction mechanism is autocatalytic. Annealing NO-CO adlayers formed at 120 K to temperatures above 300 K causes the subsequent N 2 and CO 2 TPD peaks to broaden.'TPD of NO coadsorbed with H 2 yields sharp N 2 and H 2 O product peaks that closely resemble the N 2 and CO 2 peaks observed in the NO + CO reaction. LEED experiments during TPD and isothermal desorption showed that the (1 × 1) → hex substrate phase transformation sometimes accompanies desorption of N 2 and CO 2 . The TPD and isothermal desorption results can be fit by two simple models: chemical autocatalysis, in which an intermediate chemical species participates in a “chain propagation” reaction, and structural autocatalysis, which involves the formation of a reactive intermediate structure involving Pt atom displacements.
Hybrid resonators for FELs

Abstract For FELs operating at far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths hybrid resonators are the most convenient. The modes of such resonators are studied in the elliptic-cylinder (EC) system of coordinates. Both scalar and vector solutions of the wave equation are obtained and electric field lines are shown in a figure.
The multidisciplinary structured clinical instruction module as a vehicle for cancer education

Background The Structured Clinical Instruction Module (SCIM) modifies the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for teaching purposes. This study determined the effectiveness of a breast cancer SCIM in enhancing residents' clinical skills. Methods Twenty-five residents, 15 faculty members, and 12 breast cancer patients (simulated and actual) participated in the multistation, multidisciplinary SCIM. Afterward, faculty members, residents, and patients evaluated the SCIM. Residents completed an 18-item self-assessment of their skills before and after the SCIM. Results All residents, faculty members, and patients rated the SCIM as either outstanding or above average as an educational experience. The residents' self-assessments of their skills were significantly higher after the SCIM than before. Conclusions This study shows that residents are aware of their deficiencies in breast cancer management. The SCIM provides an excellent format for residents to improve their clinical skills.
Ka-band clutter measurements of urban environments

Measurements were performed by The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to characterize the statistical and discrete radar clutter at Ka-Band frequencies associated with urban environments for the purpose of investigating the associated backscatter physics and to generate statistics of large extended targets. The measurement data will be used to develop waveform and radar signal processing requirements for Ka-Band radar sensors in urban operational environments. The peak Radar Cross Section (RCS) statistics for urban clutter data are presented as Probability Distribution Functions and Cumulative Distribution Functions.
Library acquisitions pages on the world wide web

Cet article propose une etude des Home Pages du reseau World Wide Web concernant les acquisitions et le developpement des collections dans les bibliotheques et qui utilise le protocole de transfert hypertexte HTML. Apres une presentation generale de ces pages, la conception de ces pages est expliquee ; puis la liste de controle de ces pages est presentee. Et enfin, plusieurs exemples de bibliotheques de l'enseignement superieur aux Etats-Unis sont presentes
Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss and/or fetal demise.

Objective To assess the prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with a history of recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL) and/or fetal demise (FD). Design Observational cohort study using prospectively collected data. Setting Recurrent pregnancy loss program in an academic medical center. Patient(s) Three hundred ninety-five women with a history of two or more pregnancy losses of less than 10 weeks' size or a fetal demise of 10 or more weeks' size. Intervention(s) All women had an endometrial biopsy. Chronic endometritis was treated with antibiotics, and a second endometrial biopsy was recommended as a "test of cure." Main Outcome Measure(s) Subsequent live-birth rate (LBR). Result(s) The overall prevalence of chronic endometritis was 9% (35/395) in this cohort; 7% (21/285) in the REPL group, 14% (8/57) in the FD group, and 11% (6/53) in the combined REPL/FD group. The cure rate was 100% after a course(s) of antibiotics. The subsequent cumulative LBR was 88% (21/24) for the treated chronic endometritis group versus 74% (180/244) for the group without chronic endometritis. The per-pregnancy LBR for the treated chronic endometritis group was 7% (7/98) before treatment versus 56% (28/50) after treatment. Conclusion(s) There was a high prevalence of chronic endometritis in this cohort. The test of cure was 100% with antibiotics. Subsequent LBRs after treatment were encouraging.
A time series factor analysis of integrative and coercive social control

Most research, drawing on the conflict perspective of social control, examines the causal influence of integrative control (welfare, racial residential segregation) on coercive control (police resources, incarceration). Unfortunately, the results from these studies tend to be inconsistent; often varying across eras, research designs, model specifications, and outcome variables. The present investigation, which is also rooted in conflict theory, attempts to make sense of these disparate findings. Toward this end, we use factor analytic, time series procedures to determine whether or not there is a single underlying dimension of macro-social control (the Quinney hypothesis) or if there are two dimensions of macro-social control (Blauner–Spitzer hypothesis). In brief, the results from the factor analyses of annual, national-level measures of welfare recipients, military personnel, psychiatric hospital patients, policing expenditures, and imprisonment fail to confirm either hypothesis concerning the interrela...
Epitaxial thin films of cubic carbon modifications: Diamond and fullerenes†

The quality of thin epitaxial diamond films on silicon and fullerene films on mica is limited by lattice defects and the degree of orientational ordering of the grains. These microstructural features are studied by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, partly with use of synchrotron radiation, and orientation imaging microscopy. In this report, the recent results of growth and twinning of heteroepitaxial diamond and fullerene films, of the orientation relationship for high order twinning, the study of twinning by single orientation measurements and the influence of the deposition processes on film formation are summarized. Die Qualitat von dunnen, epitaktischen Diamantschichten auf Silizium und Fullerenschichten auf Glimmer ist durch Gitterdefekte und den Grad der Orientierung der Korner zueinander eingeschrankt. Diese mikrostrukturellen Aspekte werden mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Kraftmikroskopie, Rontgendiffraktometrie, teilweise unter Anwendung von Synchrotronstrahlung und Analyse der Kikuchi-Beugungsdiagramme in Reflexion untersucht. Dieser Bericht fast die neueren Ergebnisse zum Wachstum und der Verzwillingung heteroepitaktischer Diamant- und Fullerenschichten, zur Orientierungsbeziehung von Zwillingen hoherer Ordnung, zur Bestimmung der Verzwillingung durch Einzelkorn-Orientierungsmessungen und zum Einflus der Abscheidebedingungen auf die Schichtbildung zusammen.
Phosphorylation of the Integrin α4 Cytoplasmic Domain Regulates Paxillin Binding

alpha4 integrins are essential for embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and immune response possibly because alpha4 integrins have distinct signaling properties from other integrins. Specifically, the alpha4 cytoplasmic domain binds tightly to paxillin, a signaling adaptor protein, leading to increased cell migration and an altered cytoskeletal organization that results in reduced cell spreading. The alpha4 tail contains potential phosphorylation sites clustered in its core paxillin binding region. We now report that the alpha4 tail is phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Ser(988) is a major phosphorylation site. Using antibodies specific for Ser(988)-phosphorylated alpha4, we found the stoichiometry of alpha4 phosphorylation varied in different cells. However, >60% of alpha4 was phosphorylated in Jurkat T cells. Phosphorylation at Ser(988) blocked paxillin binding to the alpha4 tail. A phosphorylation-mimicking mutant of alpha4 (alpha4S988D) blocked paxillin binding and reversed the inhibitory effect of alpha4 on cell spreading. Consequently, alpha4 phosphorylation is a biochemical mechanism to modulate paxillin binding to alpha4 integrins with consequent regulation of alpha4 integrin-dependent cellular functions.
Problems with friends in old age

Although many studies of friendship support exist, little information is available on friendship's negative dimensions. Guided by a conceptual framework encompassing structure, process, and phase elements of friendship patterns, we explored troublesome aspects of friendship in a probability sample of community residents, focusing on four types of problematic friendships. Data from in-depth interviews reveal that problems with friends stem from structural features internal to the dyad, factors external to the dyad, changes in the extent to which lives intersect, and day-to-day interactions. These results are based on 42 respondents reporting friendship problems, usually with one of the four focal types of friends, about evenly divided across genders, but showing an age trend. Except for the ended friendships, some of which had dis-solved long ago, problems were discussed in the context of ongoing relationships. Older adults do not necessarily terminate friendships that include certain difficulties.
Estimation of vaccine efficacy in outbreaks of acute infectious diseases

In a previous paper we defined the efficacy of a vaccine as 1-beta 1/beta 0, where beta 0 is the instantaneous probability of transmission of infection to an unvaccinated person exposed to a single infectious person, and beta 1 is similarly defined for a vaccinated person. We showed that under the conditions of an outbreak of an acute, directly transmitted infectious disease in a homogeneous and randomly mixing population, an estimate of this measure of vaccine efficacy is 1-[1n(1-A1)/1n(1-A0)], where A0 and A1 are the observed final attack rates among unvaccinated and vaccinated persons, respectively. In the present work we present an approximation for the standard error of this estimator, accounting for both the sampling and process variation. We extend the results of our previous paper to a stratified population, where the strata correspond to different levels of susceptibility and may have different vaccination coverage. We also consider populations that consist of small units (for example, households) where individuals mix primarily in these units. In this case, definition of vaccine efficacy is in terms of the within-unit transmission probabilities and is estimable by using transmission models for infectious diseases. We apply the estimation methods described above to data from influenza and measles outbreaks. We also examine, via a stochastic simulation study, the robustness of the vaccine efficacy estimators under various population structures and mixing patterns.
Acceleration Threshold Reduction for Nonlinear Energy Harvesting

Nonlinear coupling of a piezoelectric cantilever to an external magnetic force increases the power harvested from a broadband vibration source for relatively large acceleration vibrations. A threshold exists in the minimum acceleration needed for enhancement of the cantilever response. Below this threshold the nonlinear coupling damps the cantilever motion, and the power output is reduced compared to the noncoupled cantilever. By reducing the size of the coupling magnet, the acceleration required to scavenge usable power can be greatly reduced. The smaller diameter magnet decreases the spatial extent of the magnetic force, reducing the acceleration required to surmount the local potential barrier. The experiments result in a six-fold decrease in the acceleration threshold, to levels comparable to those observed in ambient environmental vibrations. The results are in good agreement with numerical calculations.
Differential sensitivity to phenoxybenzamine alkylation among types of neurokinin binding sites

Abstract The effect of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) treatment of crude membranes was examined on binding to neurokinin/tachykinin NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3 binding sites. PBZ in concentrations up to 300 μM resulted in only a slight reduction in Bmax in binding of iodinated substance P to NK-1 sites in rat submaxillary gland and in rat urinary bladder. PBZ in concentrations as low as 30 μM resulted in a decrease in Bmax or in affinity in binding of iodinated neurokinin A (substance K) to NK-2 sites in hamster bladder and in rat bladder, and a decrease in affinity in binding of iodinated eledoisin to NK-3 sites in rat cerebral cortex. The results indicate a parallelism in differential sensitivity to PBZ alkylation between neurokinin biological receptors and neurokinin ligand binding sites.
A theoretically estimated optimal cooling rate for the cryopreservation of sperm cells from a live-bearing fish, the green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri.

Abstract Sperm cryopreservation of live-bearing fishes, such as those of the genus Xiphophorus is only beginning to be studied, although these fishes are valuable models for biomedical research and are commercially raised as ornamental fish for use in aquariums. To explore optimization of techniques for sperm cryopreservation of these fishes, this study measured the volumetric shrinkage response during freezing of sperm cells of Xiphophorus helleri by use of a shape-independent differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique. Volumetric shrinkage during freezing of X. helleri sperm cell suspensions was obtained in the presence of extracellular ice at a cooling rate of 20°C/min in three different media: (1) Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) without cryoprotective agents (CPAs); (2) HBSS with 14% (v/v) glycerol; and (3) HBSS with 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The sperm cell was modeled as a cylinder of 33.3μm in length and 0.59μm in diameter with an osmotically inactive cell volume ( V b ) of 0.6 V o , where V o is the isotonic or initial cell volume. By fitting a model of water transport to the experimentally determined volumetric shrinkage data, the best-fit membrane permeability parameters (reference membrane permeability to water, L pg or L pg [cpa] and the activation energy, E Lp or E Lp [cpa]) of the Xiphophorus helleri sperm cell membrane were determined. The best-fit membrane permeability parameters at 20°C/min in the absence of CPAs were: L pg =0.776×10 −15 m 3 /Ns (0.0046μm/minatm), and E Lp =50.1kJ/mol (11.97kcal/mol) ( R 2 =0.997). The corresponding parameters in the presence of 14% glycerol were L pg [cpa]=1.063×10 −15 m 3 /Ns (0.0063μm/minatm), and E Lp [cpa]=83.81kJ/mol (20.04kcal/mol) ( R 2 =0.997). The parameters in the presence of 10% DMSO were L pg [cpa]=1.4×10 −15 m 3 /Ns (0.0083μm/minatm), and E Lp [cpa]=90.96kJ/mol (21.75kcal/mol) ( R 2 =0.996). Parameters obtained in this study suggested that the optimal rate of cooling for X. helleri sperm cells in the presence of CPAs ranged from 20 to 35°C/min and were in close agreement with recently published, empirically determined optimal cooling rates.
Metabolism of acetyl-l-carnitine for energy and neurotransmitter synthesis in the immature rat brain.

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is an endogenous metabolic intermediate that facilitates the influx and efflux of acetyl groups across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Exogenously administered ALCAR has been used as a nutritional supplement and also as an experimental drug with reported neuroprotective properties and effects on brain metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine oxidative metabolism of ALCAR in the immature rat forebrain. Metabolism was studied in 21-22 day-old rat brain at 15, 60 and 120 min after an intraperitoneal injection of [2-(13)C]acetyl-L-carnitine. The amount, pattern, and fractional enrichment of (13)C-labeled metabolites were determined by ex vivo(13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolism of the acetyl moiety from [2-(13)C]ALCAR via the tricarboxylic acid cycle led to incorporation of label into the C4, C3 and C2 positions of glutamate (GLU), glutamine (GLN) and GABA. Labeling patterns indicated that [2-(13)C]ALCAR was metabolized by both neurons and glia; however, the percent enrichment was higher in GLN and GABA than in GLU, demonstrating high metabolism in astrocytes and GABAergic neurons. Incorporation of label into the C3 position of alanine, both C3 and C2 positions of lactate, and the C1 and C5 positions of glutamate and glutamine demonstrated that [2-(13)C]ALCAR was actively metabolized via the pyruvate recycling pathway. The enrichment of metabolites with (13)C from metabolism of ALCAR was highest in alanine C3 (11%) and lactate C3 (10%), with considerable enrichment in GABA C4 (8%), GLN C3 (approximately 4%) and GLN C5 (5%). Overall, our (13)C-NMR studies reveal that the acetyl moiety of ALCAR is metabolized for energy in both astrocytes and neurons and the label incorporated into the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Cycling ratios showed prolonged cycling of carbon from the acetyl moiety of ALCAR in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Labeling of compounds formed from metabolism of [2-(13)C]ALCAR via the pyruvate recycling pathway was higher than values reported for other precursors and may reflect high activity of this pathway in the developing brain. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to determine the extent and pathways of ALCAR metabolism for energy and neurotransmitter biosynthesis in the brain.
Four Challenges to Incorporating Transportation Demand Management into the Land Development Process

There are four primary challenges to incorporating transportation demand management (TDM) into the land development process, based on a review of growth management processes in Florida. These findings may be applicable to many cities outside Florida. The challenges include (a) the idea that TDM is valuable only if it can reduce travel, (b) transportation professionals considering TDM too late in the land development process, (c) the conflict between state and local governments for providing balance between mobility and access, and (d) the use of traffic analysis methods and standards that are geared toward preserving highway level of service (LOS) for motor vehicles. The provision of adequate public facilities for transportation is interpreted by Florida law and administrative code as the achievement of highway LOS standards for motor vehicles and not a broader transportation LOS provided by a combination of modes. Measuring LOS focuses on the delay experienced by motor vehicles on the highway and does no...
Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computations

The semantics are defined for a number of meta-instructions which perform operations essential to the writing of programs in multiprogrammed computer systems. These meta-instructions relate to parallel processing, protecting of separate computations, program debugging, and the sharing among users of memory segments and other computing objects, the names of which are hierarchically structured. The language sophistication contemplated is midway between an assembly language and an advanced algebraic language.
Theoretical studies of molecular ions. Vertical detachment energy of OH

Abstract The 1Σ+→2Πi vertical electron detachment energy of OH− is studied using a basis of twenty Slater-type orbitals in our equations-of-motion (EOM) theory of molecular electron affinities and ionization potentials. The delicate balance between the contributions of orbital reorganization effects and correlation energy change to the calculated negative-ion detachment energy is demonstrated clearly. Comparisons are made with the results of very precise experimental photodetachment measurements and with other theoretical predictions.
Hash-Based Stream LDA: Topic Modeling in Social Streams

We study the problem of topic modeling in continuous social media streams and propose a new generative probabilistic model called Hash-Based Stream LDA (HS-LDA), which is a generalization of the popular LDA approach. The model differs from LDA in that it exposes facilities to include inter-document similarity in topic modeling. The corresponding inference algorithm outlined in the paper relies on efficient estimation of document similarity with Locality Sensitive Hashing to retain the knowledge of past social discourse in a scalable way. The historical knowledge of previous messages is used in inference to improve quality of topic discovery. Performance of the new algorithm was evaluated against classical LDA approach as well as the stream-oriented On-line LDA and SparseLDA using data sets collected from the Twitter microblog system and an IRC chat community. Experimental results showed that HS-LDA outperformed other techniques by more than 12% for the Twitter dataset and by 21% for the IRC data in terms of average perplexity.
Automated Intruder Tracking using Particle Filtering and a Network of Binary Motion Sensors

Our objective is to automatically track and capture photos of an intruder using a robotic pan-tilt-zoom camera. In this paper, we consider the problem of automated position estimation using a wireless network of inexpensive binary motion sensors. The challenge is to incorporate data from a network of noisy sensors that suffer from refractory periods during which they may be unresponsive. We propose an estimation method based on particle filtering, a numerical sequential Monte Carlo technique. We model sensors with conditional probability density functions and incorporate a probabilistic model of an intruder's state that utilizes velocity. We present simulation and experiments with passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors that suggest that our estimator is effective and degrades gracefully with increasing sensor refractory periods.
A novel methodology for power cable monitoring using frequency domain analysis

The presence of normally distributed random fluctuations in power system signals can be used to extract valuable information about the condition of system equipment. One such component is the power cable, which is the primary focus of this work. This paper describes a unique methodology that allows online monitoring of a power cable. It uses frequency domain analysis techniques on the voltage signal and the behavior of resonant frequencies to monitor the condition of a power cable. The approach is initially explained using theoretical calculations followed by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The validity of this methodology is proved by comparing the results obtained from theory and simulation to actual measurement data.
Theory and Research on `Race' as a Natural Kind Variable in Psychology:

This article examines a portion of the theory about and research on 'race' in the field of psychology. Specifically, we examine whether the construct of 'race' can be used efficaciously as a natural kind variable that explains data in psychological inquiry. The foregoing consideration involves an exploration of the so-called 'biological/genetic' bases of 'race' from the conceptual paradigms of (a) mutual exclusivity and inalterablity and (b) gradations on a continuum of genetic data. Our critique of these positions suggests an abdication of 'race' as a natural kind variablebecause both of the above arguments for the concept are ultimately incoherent given the genetic data that they seek to explain. Consequently, 'race' as a natural kind variable cannot explain psychological data. However, because the idea of 'race' has become diffused into societies, 'race' should be studied as a purely cognitive concept that influences social perception.
2T1D memory cell with voltage gain

A 2T1D dynamic memory cell with two transistors (T) and a gated diode (D) is presented. The gated diode acts as a nonlinear capacitance which amplifies the internal stored voltage in a read operation, leading to high performance, higher S/N ratio, and low voltage operation. Details about the gated diode structure, its principle of operations, the memory cell circuits and the array structure are presented, followed by hardware results.
Recrossing and Dynamic Matching Effects on Selectivity in a Diels-Alder Reaction

The products from the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein with methyl vinyl ketone arise from a single transition state and trajectory studies accurately predict the selectivity. In an extension of the dynamic matching idea of Carpenter, the product formed is determined by the direction of motion passing through the transition state. Recrossing of the cycloaddition transition state occurs extensively and decreases formation of the minor product.
Erosion of magnets into the scrotum in the pediatric patient.

Abstract A 12-year-old boy presented to the emergency department complaining that he had “magnets stuck in [his] scrotum.” Examination revealed a wedge of scrotal skin with a pit on each side without visible objects. A radiograph confirmed intrascrotal foreign bodies. Surgical exploration was required to remove the magnets. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of a foreign body in a child leading to pressure necrosis and erosion into the genital tract.
Chronic thyrotoxic myopathy: report of a case.

MASQUERADING behind the clinical picture of an apparently fatal case of progressive muscular atrophy, one occasionally discovers an unusual form of thyrotoxicosis called chronic thyrotoxic myopathy, and thus the apparent ultimately fatal prognosis of the disease is dramatically altered. Furthermore, undiscovered, this clinical entity is fairly rapidly fatal. CASE REPORT A. S., Case No. 586196, a 35-year-old white male welder, entered the Henry Ford Hospital on September 7, 1949, because of irritability, nervousness, marked weakness and tremor. He had been in good health until one year prior to admission, at which time he had a severe illness characterized by sharp pains in the back radiating around to the anterior chest. The pains were increased by breathing but not associated with cough or fever. The pains persisted for from four to six days and then subsided, never to recur. Since that time he had noted the insidious development of easy fatigability and lack of ambition and responsibility, to the extent...
Continuity of Insurance Coverage and Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Hospitalizations/ED Visits: Evidence From the Children’s Health Insurance Program

Objective: To assess the effects of continuity of insurance coverage on treatment of ambulatory-care sensitive conditions (ACSC). Study Population: 42,382 children enrolled in ALL Kids (Alabama Children’s Health Insurance Program) for 3 or more years. Methods: We model annual hospitalizations and ED visits for six ACSCs identified by the AHRQ - bacterial pneumonia, dehydration, perforated appendix, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, and severe ear, nose and throat infection. Results: In unadjusted models, we find lower risk of ACSC hospitalizations and ED visits in the second and third years of continuous enrollment. Risk of hospitalization in year 3 was significantly lower for pneumonia (OR 0.608, 95% CI: 0.421-0.878) and gastroenteritis (OR 0.549, 95% CI: 0.404-0.746). These beneficial effects of duration of coverage disappear after controlling for age, year and other enrollee characteristics. Conclusions: Hospitalizations and ED visits for ACSCs are rare and do not decrease with additional years...
Noether's theorem and Ermakov systems for nonlinear equations of motion

We present a simple but important generalization of the use of Noether’s theorem to generate invariants for time-dependent nonlinear equations of motion. Our main result is that Noether’s theorem produces invariants even when the equation of motion contains arbitrary functions. The results obtained by using Noether’s theorem are the most general results for which one obtains explicit nonlinear superposition laws for the class of equations of motion considered. We also correct a recent paper on this same subject.
Continuous Wavelet Decomposition Algorithms for Automatic Detection of Compressional‐ and Shear‐Wave Arrival Times

Abstract The determination of P ‐ and S ‐wave arrival times is important for a variety of seismological applications including earthquake detection and seismic tomography. The method is based on the continuous wavelet transform of the waveforms. Unlike Fourier transform, the basis functions are localized in time and frequency, therefore, wavelet transform is suitable for analysis of nonstationary signals. For detecting the P ‐wave arrival, the wavelet coefficients are calculated using the vertical component of the seismogram. In the case of the S ‐wave arrival, we take advantage of the polarization of the shear waves, and cross examine the wavelet coefficients from two horizontal recordings. In addition, shear‐wave splitting, the time delay of polarized S waves, can be measured using real and imaginary wavelets. Because these steps can be automated, application of the technique can easily generate a large database of shear‐wave splitting measurements for studies of anisotropy.
Economic Impact of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory on the State of Washington in Fiscal Year 2014

PNNL is a large economic entity with a total of 4,308 employees, $939 million (M) in total funding, and $1.02 billion (B) in total spending during FY 2014. The number of employees that live in Washington State is 4,026 or 93 percent of the Laboratory staff. he Laboratory directly and indirectly supported $1.45 billion in economic output, 6,832 jobs, and $517 million in Washington State wage income from current operations. The state also gained more than $1.19 billion in output, over 6,200 jobs, and $444 million in income through closely related economic activities such as visitors, health care spending, spending by resident retirees, and spinoff companies. PNNL affects Washington’s economy through commonly recognized economic channels, including spending on payrolls and other goods and services that support Laboratory operations. Less commonly recognized channels also have their own impacts and include company-supported spending on health care for its staff members and retirees, spending of its resident retirees, Laboratory visitor spending, and the economic activities in a growing constellation of “spinoff” companies founded on PNNL research, technology, and managerial expertise. PNNL also has a significant impact on science and technology education and community not-for-profit organizations. PNNL is an active participant in the futuremore » scientific enterprise in Washington with the state’s K-12 schools, colleges, and universities. The Laboratory sends staff members to the classroom and brings hundreds of students to the PNNL campus to help train the next generation of scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and technicians. This investment in human capital, though difficult to measure in terms of current dollars of economic output, is among the important lasting legacies of the Laboratory. Finally, PNNL contributes to the local community with millions of dollars’ worth of cash and in-kind corporate and staff contributions, all of which strengthen the economy. The purpose of this report is to quantify these effects, providing detailed information on PNNL’s revenues and expenditures, as well as the impacts of its activities on the rest of the Washington State economy.« less
Improving Generalized Born Models by Exploiting Connections to Polarizable Continuum Models. II. Corrections for Salt Effects

A previous analytical investigation of the generalized Born (GB) implicit solvation model is extended to solvents of nonzero ionic strength. The GB model with salt effects (GB-SE) is shown to resemble the Debye-Huckel-like screening model (DESMO), a polarizable continuum model (PCM) that we have recently developed for salty solutions. DESMO may be regarded either as a generalization of the conductor-like PCM (C-PCM) that extends C-PCM to electrolyte solutions or alternatively as a generalization of Debye-Huckel theory to arbitrary cavity shapes. The connection between GB-SE and DESMO suggests how the former can be modified to account for the exclusion of mobile ions from the cavity interior, an effect that is typically absent in GB-SE models. We propose two simple GB-SE models that are exact for a point charge in a spherical cavity and that introduce the ability to account, albeit approximately, for the finite size of the mobile ions. The accuracy of these new models is demonstrated by applications to both model systems and real proteins. These tests also demonstrate the accuracy of the DESMO approach, as compared to more sophisticated PCMs developed for electrolyte solutions.
Effective rules of stearic acid on peroxide crosslinking of EPDM rubber

The effects of stearic acid on curing characteristic parameters of EPDM blend,dynamic properties,the content of decomposition products of dicumyl peroxide(DCP) and stearic acid in EPDM vulcanizates,the crosslink density of EPDM vulcanizates were investigated respectively by vulcameter,senior extension rheometer,GC and balanced swelling method. The influence mechanism of stearic acid on crosslinking of EPDM rubber was studied. The results show that stearic acid reduces the crosslinking efficiency of DCP without adding metallic oxide. With the increasement of stearic acid,there is no obvious change of processing optimum curing time t90,the crosslink density linearly decreases,and the initial elastic modulus decreases,but the viscous modulus and loss factor increase. And there is no obvious change of α-acetophenone,α,α-phenyl dimethyl carbinol which are the decomposition products of DCP,both the residuces and consumption of stearic acid increase. With the adding of MgO or ZnO,stearic acid in EPDM vulcanizates disappear,and the crosslinking efficiency of DCP increases.
Influence of High Density Pulse Electric Current on Solidified Aluminum Structure and Undercooling Degree

The influence of high density pulse electric current on solidified structure of aluminum was studied,and the effect of different discharge energy on grain size of aluminum was investigated.The results show that solidified structure of aluminum can be refined apparently by high density pulse electric current.The grain size is reduced greatly with the increase of discharging energy,and fine equiaxed grain of 20 μm can be achieved;However,the grain size is increased with the increase of discharging energy if the single pulse energy achieves 180 J,and a large number of columnar grains is appeared.The super-cooling degree is reduced when the energy achieved 180 J,The largest undercooling degree can reach up to 1.8 ℃,which is 3 times bigger than that without pulse electric current.