cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cu(I)-dependent biogenesis of the galactose oxidase redox cofactor.

Galactose oxidase is a copper metalloenzyme containing a novel protein-derived redox cofactor in its active site, formed by cross-linking two residues, Cys228 and Tyr272. Previous studies have shown that formation of the tyrosyl-cysteine (Tyr-Cys) cofactor is a self-processing step requiring only copper and dioxygen. We have investigated the biogenesis of cofactor-containing galactose oxidase from pregalactose oxidase lacking the Tyr-Cys cross-link but having a fully processed N-terminal sequence, using both Cu(I) and Cu(II). Mature galactose oxidase forms rapidly following exposure of a pregalactose oxidase-Cu(I) complex to dioxygen (t½ = 3.9satpH7). In contrast, when Cu(II) is used in place of Cu(I) the maturation process requires several hours (t½ = 5.1 h). EDTA prevents reaction of pregalactose oxidase with Cu(II) but does not interfere with the Cu(I)-dependent biogenesis reaction. The yield of cross-link corresponds to the amount of copper added, although a fraction of the pregalactose oxidase protein is unable to undergo this cross-linking reaction. The latter component, which may have an altered conformation, does not interfere with analysis of cofactor biogenesis at low copper loading. The biogenesis product has been quantitatively characterized, and mechanistic studies have been developed for the Cu(I)-dependent reaction, which forms oxidized, mature galactose oxidase and requires two molecules of O2. Transient kinetics studies of the biogenesis reaction have revealed a pH sensitivity that appears to reflect ionization of a protein group (pKa = 7.3) at intermediate pH resulting in a rate acceleration and protonation of an early oxygenated intermediate at lower pH competing with commitment to cofactor formation. These spectroscopic, kinetic, and biochemical results lead to new insights into the biogenesis mechanism.
The Effect of Tourniquet Use in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction A Prospective, Randomized Study

To evaluate the effect of tourniquet use during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 40 consecutive patients were randomized into two groups: Group I (tourniquet) and Group II (no tourniquet). Preoperative evaluation included electromyography, measurement of thigh and calf girth, and determination of serum creatinine phosphokinase levels. Initial postoperative evaluations included serial creatinine phosphokinase determinations. At 1 and 6 months postoperatively, the electromyographic examination was repeated and thigh and calf girth measurements were obtained. At 6 months and 1 year after surgery, the following evaluations were made: thigh and calf girth, KT-1000 arthrometric testing, isokinetic testing of quadriceps and hamstring muscles, single-legged hop test for time, single-legged hop test for distance, and the Lysholm knee score. In Group I, the tourniquet was inflated for an average of 87 minutes, with an average pressure of 269 mm Hg. At 1 month postoperatively, 6 of 20 patients in Group I had positive electromyographic recordings (compared with 2 of 20 in Group II, P = 0.08). At 1 month, thigh girths measured 10 cm proximal to the medial joint line suggested more atrophy in the tourniquet group (P = 0.07). At 6 months, all electromyographic recordings had returned to normal. At 6 months and 1 year postoperatively, girth measurements, isokinetic strength testing, functional testing, KT-1000 arthrometer evaluation, and the Lysholm knee scores were similar for both groups.
Ion-molecule reactions in isotopic hydrogen by ion cyclotron resonance

Abstract Ion—molecule reactions of hydrogen, deuterium, and hydrogen deuteride and the crossed reactions have been studied using newly developed ion cyclotron resonance techniques. Thermal rate constants have been measured for these reactions which are generally in accord with previous experimental measurements and which are in excellent agreement with calculations based on simple Langevin polarization theory. Multiple resonance and multiple pulse techniques were used to evaluate isotope effects and effects of ion kinetic energy on these reactions. New reaction channels of dissociative proton transfer and charge transfer become open with increasing translational energy. These results are rationalized in part by statistical phase space theory and in part by simplified models involving orientation effects and separation of ceters of mass and charge in HD+.
Identification of four novel phosphorylation sites in estrogen receptor α: impact on receptor-dependent gene expression and phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) phosphorylation is important for estrogen-dependent transcription of ER-dependent genes, ligand-independent receptor activation and endocrine therapy response in breast cancer. However ERα phosphorylation at the previously identified sites does not fully account for these receptor functions. To determine if additional ERα phosphorylation sites exist, COS-1 cells expressing human ERα were labeled with [32P]H3PO4 in vivo and ERα tryptic phosphopeptides were isolated to identify phosphorylation sites. Previously uncharacterized phosphorylation sites at serines 46/47, 282, 294, and 559 were identified by manual Edman degradation and phosphoamino acid analysis and confirmed by mutagenesis and phospho-specific antibodies. Antibodies detected phosphorylation of endogenous ERα in MCF-7, MCF-7-LCC2, and Ishikawa cancer cell lines by immunoblot. Mutation of Ser-282 and Ser-559 to alanine (S282A, S559A) resulted in ligand independent activation of ERα as determined by both ERE-driven reporter gene assays and endogenous pS2 gene expression in transiently transfected HeLa cells. Mutation of Ser-46/47 or Ser-294 to alanine markedly reduced estradiol dependent reporter activation. Additionally protein kinase CK2 was identified as a kinase that phosphorylated ERα at S282 and S559 using motif analysis, in vitro kinase assays, and incubation of cells with CK2 kinase inhibitor. These novel ERα phosphorylation sites represent new means for modulation of ERα activity. S559 represents the first phosphorylation site identified in the extreme C-terminus (F domain) of a steroid receptor.
Rheumatoid Pleuritis with Effusion

SUMMARY 1.Rheumatoid pleuritis with effusion may occur in the course of rheumatoid disease without radiographic evidence of lung involvement. 2.Unusual characteristics of the pleural fluid in rheumatoid disease have been discussed with particular reference to low glucose level, cosinophilia, and elevated lactic acid dehydrogenase level. 3.Needle biopsy of the parietal pleura is strongly recommended for confirming the suspected diagnosis of rheumatoid pleuritis and for ruling out other causes of pleural effusion. Repeat biopsies are indicated when the initial attempt is nondiagnostic. 4.The occurrence of rheumatoid pleural effusion has no prognostic significance for the subsequent course of arthritis. 5.Specific treatment for rheumatoid pleural effusion is not presently available nor indicated except thoracentesis for comfort.
Tryptophan B27 in the relaxin-like factor (RLF) is crucial for RLF receptor-binding.

The relaxin-like factor (RLF) is a circulating hormone that is synthesized in the gonads of mammals and released into the bloodstream. The distribution of its receptor and a trace of cross-reactivity to relaxin receptors implied that this relatively new factor is more relaxin- than insulin-like. The chemical synthesis of RLF analogues with specific modifications in positions B27 and B25, or the truncated form des(B27−31)RLF, clearly indicate that the intact indole ring in position B27 is crucial for high RLF receptor-binding. Receptor-binding was reduced by 2 orders of magnitude for Leu(B27)RLF (3%), Ala(B27)RLF (2.1%), and des(B27−31)RLF (0.4%), whereas slightly better binding was observed for His(B27)RLF (7.5%), Phe(B27)RLF (21%), D-Trp(B27) (26%), and the oxindole(B27)RLF (41%). On the basis of these observation it seems that an aromatic ring system in the β- or γ-position is required for binding. Structure prediction of the C-terminal region of the B chain indicated a possible type I or type III turn ...
Successful treatment of small-for-size syndrome in adult-to-adult living-related liver transplantation: single center series

: The portal hyperperfusion, or small-for-size syndrome (SFSS), is a widely recognized clinical complication that may occur after segmental liver transplantation. Several surgical strategies have been proposed to reduce portal blood inflow and portal pressure after partial liver transplantation. In particular, splenic artery ligation and splenectomy have been used without a firm hemodynamic basis for these procedures. Our group recently demonstrated that, in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, the occlusion of the splenic artery causes a significant reduction in the portal pressure gradient, which is directly related to the spleen volume and indirectly related to the liver volume. This concept is at the center of our strategy for performing early splenic artery embolization (SAE) for the treatment of SFSS after living-related liver transplantation (LRLT). Six patients developed small-for-size syndrome, defined as: onset within the first week after LRLT of progressive hyperbilirubinemia without mechanical cause; marked cholestasis; centrilobular sinusoidal dilatation and hepatocyte atrophy at liver biopsy; and refractory ascites in the absence of vascular complications. All six patients who underwent SAE rapidly improved their clinical condition, with an evident decrease in the value of bilirubin in the serum, in the production of ascites, and improvement in condition of pancytopenia. Coagulopathy expressed by the international normalized ratio value (INR) was not a reliable early marker of SFSS in this series; in fact a slight improvement in the result of this test was already present immediately after LRLT and before SAE. Because splenic flow clearly contributes to portal hyperperfsion, an early SAE can relieve the partial graft from the deleterious effect of this portal overflow.
The cycloaddition of [Z]-1,1,2,5,5,5-hexafluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-1,3-pentadiene with pyridine derivatives

Abstract The reaction of [Z]-1,1,2,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1,3-pentadiene (1), prepared in several steps from perfluorovinyl bromide (3), and pyridine results in the formation of the 4-quinolizone derivatives 6 and 7. The reactions of [Z]-1,1,2,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-iodo-3-trifluoromethyl-1,3-pentadiene (2), also prepared from perfluorovinyl bromide (3), and pyridine derivatives result in the formation of the 4-quinolizone derivatives 8-10. Since the observed cycloaddition reaction would have been expected to proceed with inverse electron demand, the facile reaction of 1 and 2 with pyridine provides a unique entry to the 4-quinolizone derivatives.
Proximity-effect bilayers with magnetic impurities: The Abrikosov-Gor'kov limit.

A Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductor with a surface layer contaminated by magnetic impurities is considered, in the case in which Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory holds for the contaminated layer. This structure is modeled as a proximity-effect bilayer. It is shown that the tunneling density of states can show significant gap depression even though the transition temperature is unaffected, complicating the interpretation of experiments sensitive to the presence of pair breaking.
Late-Morning Jump in TKE in the Mixed Layer over a Mountain Basin

Abstract The turbulence or “gustiness” of the winds new the surface in a mountain valley increases sharply after the nocturnal inversion layer dissipates, normally in the late morning or early afternoon. This increase—almost all in the horizontal wind components-results from an increase in the mixed-layer velocity scaling parameter w*. The increase in w*, in turn, results mostly from the rapid increase in the mixed-layer inversion height zi which occurs as the nocturnal inversion layer dissolves. The consistency between the turbulent energy jump and the increase in w* agrees with findings over flatter terrain. It suggests that at least some of the thermal eddies in the mountain mixed layer are transient, i.e., advected by the mean wind and not permanently attached to terrain features.
Comparative effects of selected natural insecticides on Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Diet-incorporation bioassays were conducted to evaluate effects of selected natural insecticides on the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Compounds evaluated were azadirachtin, kryocide, pyrethrum, rotenone, ryania, and sabadilla. Survivorship within the rotenone (87.3%) treatment was not significantly different from that in the control (83.3%); larvae exposed to ryania and azadirachtin rarely survived beyond the first stadium. Survivorship among the kryocide, pyrethrum, and sabadilla treatments was 56.7, 40.0, and 35.0%, respectively. With the exception of rotenone, developmental time was Significantly longer for all treatments compared with the control. Larvae maintained on the pyrethrum diet required ≈20 additional days to reach the pupal stage. Similarly, development among larvae reared on kryocide and sabadilla was lengthened ≍9 and 13 d, respectively. Ensuing pupal weight within the pyrethrum, kryocide, and sabadilla treatments were also significantly lower. Significant differences in the consumption and utilization of food by fourth instars also were found among the treatments. In general, relative consumption and growth rates, as well as utilization efficiencies, were significantly lower among larvae confined to the sabadilla, azadirachtin, kryocide, and ryania treatments.
Do They Know What They Read? Building a Scientific Literacy Measurement Instrument Based on Science Media Coverage

The authors tested a novel approach to the conceptualization and measurement of a dimension of scientific literacy, the understanding of scientific and technical terms. Through an analysis of the media’s use of scientific and technical terms randomly selected from a scientific dictionary, the authors identified the thirty-one terms most often used in the media. The authors argue that these terms represent what an individual is expected to know within the bounds of normal civic discourse. The measure that was developed therefore represents a conceptualization of a “civically literate” scientific vocabulary that avoids the possible biases that could be associated with a selection of terms based solely on experts’ views. Scientific literacy results obtained through the use of the instrument at the pilot-test level are discussed and contrasted with those obtained when using the National Science Foundation’s scale, which is the most widely cited public scientific literacy measurement instrument based on a more...
Effect of phosphatidylinositol and inside-out erythrocyte vesicles on autolysis of μ- and m-calpain from bovine skeletal muscle

Abstract The finding that phospholipid micelles lowered the Ca2+ concentration required for autolysis of the calpains led to a hypothesis suggesting that the calpains are translocated to the plasma membrane where they interact with phospholipids to initiate their autolysis. However, the effect of plasma membranes themselves on the Ca2+ concentration required for calpain autolysis has never been reported. Also, if interaction with a membrane lowers the Ca2+ required for autolysis, the membrane-bound-calpain must autolyze itself, because it would be the only calpain having the reduced Ca2+ requirement. This implies that the autolysis is an intramolecular process, although several studies have shown that autolysis of the calpains in an in vitro assay and in the absence of phospholipid is an intermolecular process. Inside-out vesicles prepared from erythrocytes had no effect on the Ca2+ concentration required for autolysis of either μ- or m-calpain, although phosphatidylinositol (PI) decreased the Ca2+ concentration required for autolysis of the same calpains. The presence of a substrate for the calpains, β-casein, reduced the rate of autolysis of both μ- and m-calpain both in the presence and in the absence of PI, suggesting that μ- and m-calpain autolysis is an intermolecular process in the presence of PI just as it is in its absence. Because IOV have no effect on the Ca2+ concentration required for calpain autolysis, association with the plasma membrane, at least with erythrocyte plasma membranes, does not initiate calpain autolysis by reducing the Ca2+ concentration required for autolysis as suggested by the membrane-activation hypothesis. Interaction with a membrane may serve to bind calpains to their substrates rather than promoting autolysis.
Density functional theory study of small vanadium oxide clusters.

Density functional theory is employed to study structure and stability of small neutral vanadium oxide clusters in the gas phase. BPW91/LANL2DZ level of theory is used to obtain structures of VOy (y = 1−5), V2Oy (y = 2−7), V3Oy (y = 4−9), and V4Oy (y = 7−12) clusters. Enthalpies of growth and fragmentation reactions of the lowest energy isomers of vanadium oxide molecules are also obtained to study the stability of neutral vanadium oxide species under oxygen saturated gas-phase conditions. Our results suggest that cyclic and cage-like structures are preferred for the lowest energy isomers of neutral vanadium oxide clusters, and oxygen−oxygen bonds are present for oxygen-rich clusters. Clusters with an odd number of vanadium atoms tend to have low spin ground states, while clusters with even number of vanadium atoms have a variety of spin multiplicities for their ground electronic state. VO2, V2O5, V3O7, and V4O10 are predicted to be the most stable neutral clusters under the oxygen saturated conditions. T...
Assisted colonization: facilitate migration first.

In his News Focus story “Home, home outside the range?” (24 September, p. [1592][1]), R. Stone explores the risks and current data gaps associated with the practice of assisted colonization—actively translocating species from degrading ecosystems to locations more favorable to long-term survival. As Stone discussed, many scientists assert that the practice, also known as assisted migration, should play a substantial role in combating the effects of climate change on the survival of species that cannot successfully migrate or adapt. In addition to its risks and uncertainties, however, assisted colonization presents many ethical and legal issues ([ 1 ][2]), and may be more appropriate as the choice of last resort. An intermediate strategy between doing nothing and active translocation is facilitated migration, which involves securing the conditions necessary for successful species migration to and eventual settlement in more hospitable environments ([ 2 ][3]). Facilitated migration might include, for example, conserving migratory corridors and areas believed likely to transition into habitat suitable for a species' new range. Although it may not work for all climate-threatened species, such as those stranded on mountaintops by rising temperatures, facilitated migration presents none of the thorny ethical issues of assisted colonization and, if carried out properly, is perfectly legal under laws such as the Endangered Species Act. It also helps scientists focus on forward-looking planning and conservation to ensure that both the habitat of a species' future and a way to get there are in place when needed. Facilitated migration should be developed in science and in policy as an important option for countering the effects of climate change on species survival and, where possible, should be used before turning to assisted colonization. 1. [↵][4]1. A. E. Camacho , Yale J. Reg. 27, 171 (2010). [OpenUrl][5] 2. [↵][6]1. J. B. Ruhl , Natl. Wetlands Newsl. 32, 26 (July–August, 2010). [OpenUrl][7] [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DYale%2BJ.%2BReg.%26rft.volume%253D27%26rft.spage%253D171%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNatl.%2BWetlands%2BNewsl.%26rft.volume%253D32%26rft.spage%253D26%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
The social and economic impact of trichotillomania: results from two nonreferred samples

Behavior therapy has been widely used as a treatment for trichotillomania. However, behavioral treatments for TTM have tended to focus on behavior reduction, while not paying as much attention to social and economic impact. The current study sought to clarify the social and economic impact of Trichotillomania (TTM) in two samples of persons with TTM. Members of the first sample attended a TTM patient conference (N = 36) and members of the second responded to an online survey (N = 381). Both samples completed self-report measures that examined the impact of TTM on avoiding activities and relationships, as well as financial costs. Results indicated that both groups reported similar amounts of avoidance in social situations, sought help from multiple health professionals, spent considerable time engaged in hair pulling activities, and had interference in both work and school. The study suggests a number of ways to decrease the negative impact of TTM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School readiness for children with food allergies

Background Food allergy reactions and anaphylaxis may occur in children while at school. However, information regarding school readiness for children with food allergies is unknown. Objective To identify school education and prevention and treatment policies for food-allergic children in Michigan. Methods A questionnaire assessing food allergy awareness and avoidance and treatment strategies was mailed to a randomized sample (n = 273) of 2,082 public elementary school principals. Results One hundred four responses representing 109 schools were collected. From school estimates of 66,598 children, there was a 1.7% self-reported prevalence of food allergy. The most common allergens were milk and peanut, followed by tree nuts, shellfish, egg, and wheat. Affected children were identified primarily through office records, with few reporting individual emergency plans or designated classrooms, teachers, or lunch tables. Methods of food allergy education included parents of students and in-services. Avoidance strategies, food substitution, and "no-sharing" policies were common, whereas other measures such as food-label–teaching were uncommon. A minority of schools had epinephrine immediately accessible, either in the student's classroom, carried by the student, or passed by teachers. Principals, nurses, and teachers were most often trained to administer epinephrine. Conclusions There appears to be a need for schools to formally educate staff on food allergy, provide information on prevention measures such as reading of food labels, establish immediate accessibility to emergency epinephrine, and train staff for appropriate epinephrine use.
Effects of material microstructure on blunt projectile penetration of a nickel-based super alloy

Abstract Engine fan-blade containment systems, required in many aviation applications, are frequently manufactured from high-temperature superalloys, such as Inconel-718. As in many other applications, there is an incessant desire to maximize mechanical properties of the containment component while minimizing its weight. However, a thorough understanding of the impact behavior of the various heat treatments of these alloys in engine fan-blade containment applications does not currently exist. Due to this incomplete state of knowledge, a combined experimental–analytical investigation was conducted at CWRU in collaboration with researchers at NASA GRC. As a part of this investigation, thin plates of Inconel-718, in both annealed and precipitation hardened conditions were subjected to semi-quantitative high speed penetration tests. Dynamic compression and top hat shear localization tests using a split Hopkinson pressure bar were also conducted as part of a more fundamental assessment of this material. The measured dynamic material response in compression was used to develop a material model which adequately described the dynamic behavior of IN-718 in both the annealed and precipitation hardened states. Moreover, a transient large deformation thermo-elastic-viscoplastic finite element code is used to understand the local thermo-mechanical fields during impact in both the annealed and precipitation hardened microstructures. The results from these studies show that the annealed material demonstrated superior penetration resistance when compared with the hardened material. The annealed IN-718 absorbed more energy through multiple deformation modes and did not show any susceptibility to shear localization, which was in contrast to the precipitation hardened material. These results, therefore, suggest a precipitation hardened condition may not be optimal for impact energy absorption applications, such as, in engine fan-blade containment.
Are the recommended allowances for dietary antioxidants adequate

Abstract Recommended dietary allowances are standards for maintaining health. Claims that intakes substantially above the allowances may provide protection from xenobiotics and prevent diseases, including cancer, are examined critically for five nutrients that have antioxidant potential. Major criticism is directed at the failure of epidemiologists to recognize that for many of these nutrients, metabolic differences among individuals preclude a direct relationship between dietary intake and plasma or tissue concentration. Also, the fact that no differences in disease incidence have been described within various species of animals that have markedly different metabolic patterns for some of these nutrients has not been considered. It is concluded that the experimental and epidemiological evidence to date that increased intakes of certain nutrients will have beneficial effects on human health are tenuous.
Effect of wall thickness and material on flexural fatigue of hollow rolling elements

Hollow cylindrical bars were tested in a rolling-contact fatigue tester to determine the effects of material and outside diameter to inside diameter (OD/ID) ratios on fatigue failure mode and subsequent failure propagation. The range of applied loads with OD/ID ratios of 2.0, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.2 resulted in maximum tangential tensile stresses ranging from 165 to 655 MPa at the bore surface. Flexural failures of the hollow test bars occurred when this bore stress was 490 MPa or greater with AISI 52100 hollow bars and 338 MPa or greater with AISI M-50 hollow bars. Good correlation was obtained in relating the failures of these hollow bars with flexural failures of drilled balls from full-scale bearing test published previously.
Fixing Things: What Louise De Salvo Has Taught Me About Writing

It started with Adultery. My friend Nina was stuck. She was writing a memoir and she had come to a part in the story that was difficult for her to tell. The difficult part concerned the years when ...
MAKING MOUNTAINS OUT OF BARNACLES: THE DYNAMICS OF ACORN BARNACLE HUMMOCKING

Like plants, sessile invertebrates are often morphologically modified at high densities. At high densities acorn barnacles commonly form hummocks of tall, densely packed individuals. We examined hummock development and its consequences on filter feeding and growth in the northern acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides. Hummocking occurs in response to high recruitment densities and growth rates, which intensify competition for primary substrate space. In the field, hummocks are more common at low than at high tidal heights, paralleling within-site variation in recruitment and growth rates. Hummocks also are most pronounced at high-flow sites with high barnacle recruitment and growth rates. In laboratory flume studies, particle capture rates were higher for individuals near the peak of hummocks than for solitary individuals, and were lower for individuals in the troughs between hummocks than for solitary individuals. Hummocked individuals are elevated above the surface and are thus likely exposed to higher particle fluxes than either individuals between hummocks or solitary individuals. These patterns in particle capture closely match patterns of barnacle shell growth in the field. The shells of hummocked individuals were larger than those of solitary individuals, which were larger than the shells of individuals in troughs between hummocks. The tissue growth of solitary individuals, however, is lower than that of crowded individuals, apparently since, without neighbors, solitary barnacles must allocate more resources to structural support than do crowded individuals. Thus, crowding may benefit individual barnacles by reducing their skeletal support costs. Most studies of crowding in sessile, space-limited invertebrates have focused on negative, competitive effects. Our results, along with previous work showing that crowding may benefit northern acorn barnacles by buffering them from heat and desiccation stress and increasing reproductive output, illustrate that crowding also can positively affect sessile organisms. We suggest that interactions among most sessile, space-limited invertebrates are best viewed as a balance between negative and positive effects.
Extracellular matrix turnover and signaling during cardiac remodeling following MI: causes and consequences

The concept that extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover occurs during cardiac remodeling is a well-accepted paradigm. To date, a multitude of studies document that remodeling is accompanied by increases in the synthesis and deposition of ECM components as well as increases in extracellular proteases, especially matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which break down ECM components. Further, soluble ECM fragments generated from enzymatic action serve to stimulate cell behavior and have been proposed as candidate plasma biomarkers of cardiac remodeling. This review briefly summarizes our current knowledge base on cardiac ECM turnover following myocardial infarction (MI), but more importantly extends discussion by defining avenues that remain to be explored to drive the ECM remodeling field forward. Specifically, this review will discuss cause and effect roles for the ECM changes observed following MI and the potential role of the ECM changes that may serve as trigger points to regulate remodeling. While the pattern of remodeling following MI is qualititatively similar but quantitively different from various types of injury, the basic theme in remodeling is repeated. Therefore, while we use the MI model as the prototype injury model, the themes discussed here are also relevant to cardiac remodeling due to other types of injury.
Time series analysis and forecasting of Atlantic menhaden catch

The autocorrelation structure of menhaden catch data are examined, and a second order autoregressive model is applied for prediction of menhaden catch. The model is useful for year ahead predictions of catch, and the model enables calculation of confidence intervals or error bounds.
Trends and design considerations in automated high speed HF data systems

The emerging generation of HF data systems provide transmission of error-free data at unprecedented rates and in severe channel conditions. Messages, digitized audio, facsimiles, and images can be sent automatically between nodes. Operational requirements such as precedence, preemption, and automatic failure recovery are accommodated by design. The new generation systems accomplish these tasks using capabilities developed over the past decade to automate the process of data transmission. They include automatic link establishment (ALE), high speed HF modem, advanced HF data link protocols (DLPs) and off-the-shelf computer networking systems. The purpose of these functions is shown. A typical system will provide facilities for an operator to create, edit, and import messages. The operator will then command the system to send the message to a programmed address. The system will automatically link with the destination (or a relay node) using some form of ALE, pass the data using a protocol optimized for the HF modem in use, and terminate the link. The data can then be sent to a particular computer or destination over a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). The message is resent at a later time if the message is not delivered over the HF path immediately. The design considerations for the various functions of automated systems are discussed in the paragraphs that follow.
Eye movements and scene perception: Memory for things observed

In this study, we examined the characteristics of on-line scene representations, using a partial-report procedure. Subjects inspected a simple scene containing seven objects for 1, 3, 5, 9, or 15 fixations; shortly after scene offset, a marker cued one scene location for report. Consistent with previous research, the results indicated that scene representations are relatively sparse; even after 15 fixations on a scene, the subjects remembered the position/identity pairings for only about 78% of the objects in the scene, or the equivalent of about five objects-worth of information. Report of the last three objects that were foveated and of the object about to be foveated was very accurate, however, suggesting that recently attended information in a scene is represented quite well. Information about the scene appeared to accumulate over multiple fixations, but the capacity of the on-line scene representation appeared to be limited to about five items. Implications for recent theories of scene representation are discussed.
Acetyl-CoA hydrolase involved in acetate utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Acetyl-CoA hydrolase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA, is presumably involved in regulating the intracellular acetyl-CoA or CoASH pools. The yeast enzyme is encoded by ACH1 (acetyl-CoAhydrolase) and the expression of ACH1 is repressed by glucose (Lee, F.-J.S., Lin, L.-W. and Smith, J.A. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7413–7418). In order to study the biological function of the acetyl-CoA hydrolase, a null mutation (achl-1) was created by gene replacement. The mutation, while not lethal, slows down acetate utilization. In comparison to wild-type, homozygote achl-1 diploids, the onset of sporulation was delayed. When measuring the levels of ACH1 mRNA and acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity, we demonstrated that ACH1 was highly expressed during sporulation process. These results indicated that acetyl-CoA hydrolase in yeast cells involved in acetate utilization and subsequently affected the sporulation process.
What is it Like to be a Phenomenologist

In a recent paper, ‘On the Persistence of Phenomenology’ (in T. Metzinger (ed.), Conscious Experience, Paderborn, 1995), Diana Raffman presents a new argument for qualia, an argument that provides new focus for the qualia debate. We think Raffman's work relocates the debate to a better neighbourhood, a neighbourhood in which what tempts us to think that there must be qualia or phenomenal information is highlighted. Raffman, we argue, locates the core thought shared by many of the friends of qualia, namely, that our conceptual resources are inadequate for capturing the richness of experience. Experience is ineffably determinate. Moreover, Raffman's argument in support of this thought seems especially embarrassing to scientific-minded materialists, since the argument relies largely on well established empirical facts. We show, however, that Raffman's argument fails. So, if we are correct that her argument highlights what is tempting about qualia, then we have also shown that it is not tempting.
Partial pressures of H2O above the diphasic Li2O(s)−LiOH(s,l) system

Abstract The temperature dependence of the partial pressure of H2O(g) above the Li 2 O(s)-LiOH(s, l) system was determined for temperatures between 300 and 617°C. The partial pressures were measured by means of a flowing gas technique combined with continuous monitoring of the concentration of water vapor in a helium carrier gas. For the reaction LiOH(s) = Li 2 O(s) + H 2 O(g) , second law heat and entropy of reaction values of ΔH o = 30.7 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and ΔS o = 29.5 ± 1.0 cal/mol.K were obtained. Above the melting point of LiOH (744 K), these values were ΔH o =19.9 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and ΔS o =14.8 ± 0.8 cal/mol.K . Current measurements yield ΔH m o = 5.4 ± 0.4 kcal/mol for the heat of melting of LiOH, which is in good agreement with the JANAF recommended value of 4.99 kcal/mol. The results of these measurements can be used to partially describe the behavior of a Li2O solid breeding blanket in anticipated fusion reactor environments.
HIV-related politics in long-term perspective.

Abstract Some long-term, large-scale socio-economic changes may affect the politics of HIV and other emerging viruses such as hepatitis C. It is useful to ask why the potential 'peace dividend' of the early 1990s failed to provide adequate resources for HIV-related social and medical service delivery in developed or developing nations. This failure can be understood by looking at long-term global economic trends and the pressures they put on governments and corporations. They have produced a period in which fundamental issues of political and economic structure are at stake and, often, the response is a divide-and-rule politics to promote stability. National politics differ in terms of the extent to which such a 'politics of scapegoating' is institutionalized and in terms of which groups are scapegoated. Groups such as drug injectors, gay and bisexual men and sex traders are particularly likely to be targeted both by the scapegoaters and by HIV. Given this framework, how should public health professionals...
Calcium-dependent phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation in lamellibranch gill lateral cilia

Pure lateral (L) cilia may be separated from the remaining (R) cilia types ofMytilus edulis gill by serotonin activation after hypertonic shock. The two classes of cilia were permeabilized with 0.012% Triton X-100 and incubated with32P-labeled ATP at low Ca++ (10−7M), where L cilia beat, or in high Ca++ (2–20 μM), where L cilia arrest but R cilia are active. The labeled cilia were separated into axoneme and membrane-matrix fractions by detergent extraction, subjected to SDS-PAGE on 5–15% gels, and autoradio-graphed. Neither cilia type undergoes Ca++-dependent phosphorylation of specific proteins, suggesting that neither Ca++-induced arrest in L cilia nor the Ca++ activation of other cilia is phosphorylation-dependent. However, lipid phosphorylation in L cilia is highly Ca++-dependent. Identified by thin-layer chromatography, the phospholipid that is phosphorylated in a Ca++-dependent manner is phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), yielding the 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). PIP2 increases at least 3-fold under Ca++-arrest conditions.Aequipecten gill lateral cilia, which require higher Ca++ levels for arrest, show even more striking changes. In both cases, the effect is maximal at micromolar Ca++ levels. Phosphorylation of other lipids is Ca++-independent. In the Ca++-insensitive or activated R cilia, PIP2 levels are intermediate, increasing only marginally with increased [Ca++]. The formation of PIP2 in response to Ca++, as opposed to its breakdown to form inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, may be characteristic of a Ca++ transport system. Mechanically sensitive, the L cilia arrest as a consequence of an inward flux of Ca++ ions, acting directly on the axoneme. After Ca++-induced arrest, the formation of PIP2 may be involved in sequestering Ca++ or in augmenting Ca++ pump activity, thus reducing Ca++ levels so that motility may resume quickly.
Racial and ethnic disparities in depression treatment

Over 20 years of research have documented racial and ethnic disparities in depression treatment. To date, however, this research has not led to substantive improvements. In this article, the authors argue for a broader perspective on disparities that encompass individual-level help-seeking processes in addition to the more traditional structural-level analyses. Cultural and contextual factors influence the entire range of help-seeking behaviors, from initial expressions and conceptualizations of distress, to perspectives on depression and depression treatment, to experiences with depression treatment. Understanding these influences, and their connections to the persistent disparities affecting racial and ethnic minorities, offers clinicians and researchers opportunities for targeted interventions that have potential to improve quality healthcare for all.
Work in progress — Enhancing on-line interaction with graphical tools

A limitation in many on-line interaction systems (discussion boards, wikis, chat rooms, etc.) is the lack of graphical tools. When using these types of systems to provide asynchronous help for engineering classes, the lack of integrated graphical tools ignores the need to communicate with sketches and equations. Due to the nature of the material and the limitations of current technologies, students tend to work in a mixed-mode environment. That is, they will work out their solutions to problems on paper, and then they have to duplicate or describe their work in a text only mode when they go on-line for assistance. The requirements, design, and implementation of a prototype system for allowing students to seamlessly integrate images, sketches, and equations along with text in on-line discussion board environment is described.
Thermal sensitivity and kinetics of thermotolerance in bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture

The effect of heat on the clonogenicity of bovine aortic endothelial (B AE) cells in vitro was measured. Continuous heating of cells at 43°C or 43–5°C produced survival curves exhibiting thermoresistant tails. When heated at 44°C the survival curve of BAE cells was exponential except for a small shoulder. The BAE cells heated at 44°C and 45°C had D0 values of 33 min and 19 min, respectively. The development of thermotolerance in BAE cells was studied by measuring the sensitivity of cells to a 44°C heating at various times following a priming heat treatment at 43°C or 44°C for 30 min. The thermotolerance ratio in BAE cells preheated at 43°C for 30 min reached a peak of 3.8 at 3 h and declined to 1.9 at 24 h after the prime heating. After prime heating at 44°C for 30 min the thermotolerance ratio increased rapidly to 5.4 in 5 h, remained elevated at 12 h and then declined to a value of 2.1 at 24 h. Thermotolerance in endotheliaJanuary-February 1991 cells may be partially responsible for the thermotolerance ...
Statistical shape analysis using kernel PCA

Mercer kernels are used for a wide range of image and signal processing tasks like de-noising, clustering, discriminant analysis etc. These algorithms construct their solutions in terms of the expansions in a high-dimensional feature space F. However, many applications like kernel PCA (principal component analysis) can be used more effectively if a pre-image of the projection in the feature space is available. In this paper, we propose a novel method to reconstruct a unique approximate pre-image of a feature vector and apply it for statistical shape analysis. We provide some experimental results to demonstrate the advantages of kernel PCA over linear PCA for shape learning, which include, but are not limited to, ability to learn and distinguish multiple geometries of shapes and robustness to occlusions.
Homing of GAD65 specific autoimmunity and development of insulitis requires expression of both DQ8 and human GAD65 in transgenic mice.

MHC-class II genes determine susceptibility in human type-1 diabetes. In their context, presentation of target antigen(s) results in autoimmunity and b-cell destruction. An animal model, in which human b-cell autoantigen(s) are presented to effector cells in the context of human MHC-class II diabetessusceptibility genes, would be desirable for studying molecular mechanisms of disease and developing antigen-specific immune-interventions. We report the development of antigen-specific insulitis in double-transgenic mice carrying the HLA-DQ8 diabetes-susceptibility haplotype and expressing the human autoantigen GAD65 in pancreatic b-cells. Immunization with human GAD65 cDNA resulted in severe insulitis and low antibody levels in double-transgenic mice while control mice were mostly insulitis free. CFA/protein immunization resulted in high antibody levels and modest insulitis. Pancreatic lymphocytic infiltration progressed through stages (exocrine pancreas followed by peri- and intrainsulitis). Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from DNA-immunized mice resulted in development of insulitis in recipient transgenics. Our results show that immunization with a clinically relevant, type-1 diabetes human autoantigen, in a humanized genetic setting, results in the development of an immune response that homes to islets of Langerhans. This animal model will facilitate studies of autoimmunity to GAD65 in the context of HLA-DQ8, and development of methods to induce tolerance and prevent insulitis.
The chemistry of flower pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus. IV. The albino (—mm—nn) form

Abstract The flowers of albino plants (—mm—nn) of Antirrhinum majus contain no pigments that can be recognized as belonging to the C 6 C 3 C 6 class of flavonoid pigments. They do, however, contain derivatives (probably esters) of both p -coumaric and caffeic acids. This discovery of what represents the C 3 C 6 (B) portion of the two kinds of flavonoid structures (typified by apigenin and luteolin) of the colored genotypes suggests that the albino factor effects a blockage in the pigment synthesis at a point at which the C 6 (A) and C 3 C 6 (B) fragments are combined to give the carbon skeleton of the final flavonoid pigments, or blocks the elaboration of the C 6 (A) precursor.
Continuous Turbidimetric Analysis of pH Dependent Biological Coalescence Processes

The method described allows rapid analysis, by pH modulation, of the coalescence of small samples of biological materials in dilute suspensions. Specifically, agglutination of various species of viruses and bacteria at their isoelectric points, and the polymerization process of the muscle protein actin are investigated. A typical time of analysis is 20 sec, and 5 ml of suspensions as dilute as 0.2 mg/ml are sufficient for most viruses investigated.
Unilateral hydrocephalus in adults

The authors report 14 cases of unilateral hydrocephalus in adults. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. Unilateral hydrocephalus was documented in each patient with computed tomography scans; magnetic resonance imaging was also used in seven patients in the latter part of the series. Unilateral hydrocephalus was caused by tumor (seven patients), venous angioma (one patient), ependymal cyst (one patient), postinflammatory gliosis (one patient), and was idiopathic in four patients. The primary surgical treatment was craniotomy with fenestration of the septum pellucidum, which relieved symptoms in eight of nine patients for whom long-term follow-up data were available.
A variationally coupled FE–BE method for transient problems

A variationally coupled finite element–boundary element method is developed for transient problems. A single variational statement is obtained for the entire domain and the unknown tractions, which may be discontinuous on the interface and are often a source of difficulties, are eliminated. Moreover, no interface conditions need be taken into consideration at the level of the discretized equation. The discrete equations for the coupled system can be obtained directly without any intermediate steps. The method generalizes a coupling method previously developed by the authors for statics. Numerical examples show that the solutions obtained by the present method agree very well with those obtained by analytical solutions.