cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rational Constraints and the Evolution of Fairness in the Ultimatum Game.

Behavior in the Ultimatum Game has been well-studied experimentally, and provides a marked contrast between the theoretical model of a self-interested economic agent and that of an actual human concerned with social norms such as fairness. How did such norms evolve, when punishing unfair behavior can be costly to the punishing agent? The work described here simulated a series of Ultimatum Games, in which populations of agents earned resources based on their preferences for proposing and accepting (or rejecting) offers of various sizes. Two different systems governing the acceptance or rejection of offers were implemented. Under one system, the probability that an agent accepted an offer of a given size was independent of the probabilities of accepting the other possible offers. Under the other system, a simple, ordinal constraint was placed on the acceptance probabilities such that a given offer was at least as likely to be accepted as a smaller offer. For simulations under either system, agents’ preferences and their corresponding behavior evolved over multiple generations. Populations without the ordinal constraint came to emulate maximizing economic agents, while populations with the constraint came to resemble the behavior of human players.
Long-term oncologic outcomes for simultaneous resection of synchronous metastatic liver and primary colorectal cancer.

Background Twenty-five percent of patients with colorectal cancer present with simultaneous liver metastasis. Complete resection is the only potential curative treatment. Due to improvements in operative and perioperative management, simultaneous liver and colon resections are an accepted procedure at specialized centers for selected patients. Nevertheless, little is known about the long-term, oncologic results of simultaneous operative procedures compared with those of staged operations. Methods Patients with colorectal cancer and simultaneous liver metastases presenting for complete resection at a tertiary cancer center were identified. Patients who received the primary colon resection at an outside institution were excluded from analysis. Results Between 1984 and 2008, 429 patients underwent operative treatment for colorectal cancer with simultaneous liver metastasis. Of these, 320 (75%) had simultaneous resection and 109 had staged resection. There was no difference in the distribution of primary tumor locations between the 2 groups. Mean size of the hepatic metastases was significantly greater in the staged group (median 4 cm vs 2.5 cm; P P Conclusion Simultaneous liver and colorectal resections for metastatic colorectal cancer are associated with similar long-term cancer outcome compared with staged procedures.
Abstract IA03: Insights into the origins and pathogenesis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Despite aggressive chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, clinical outcomes for RMS have not improved for three decades, emphasizing the need to uncover the molecular underpinnings of the disease. RMS is an aggressive skeletal muscle-lineage tumor composed of malignant myoblasts that fail to exit the cell cycle and are blocked from fusing into syncytial muscle. RMS includes two histolopathologic subtypes: alveolar RMS, driven by the fusion protein PAX3/7-FOXO1, and embryonal RMS (ERMS), which is genetically heterogeneous. RMS has been presumed to originate from derailed muscle progenitors based on the histologic appearance and gene expression pattern of the tumors. However, an origin restricted to skeletal muscle does not explain RMS occurring in tissues devoid of skeletal muscle such as the prostate, bladder, biliary tree and the omentum. Previously, we showed that activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling through expression of a conditional, constitutively active Smoothened allele, SmoM2 , under control of an adipocyte-restricted adipose protein 2 (aP2)-Cre recombinase transgene in mice gives rise to aggressive skeletal muscle tumors that display the histologic and molecular characteristics of human ERMS. In this model, tumorigenesis occurs with high penetrance (~80%), is early onset (by 2 months of age), and is restricted to the head and neck. Also, unlike previous RMS models, this model requires no additional background mutations, such as inactivation of p53 , and drives only ERMS neoplasia. We illustrated that the transcriptome of the aP2-Cre;SmoM2 tumors recapitulates both other mouse ERMS models as well as human ERMS. With the short latency and anatomic restricted tumor location, we sought to leverage this model to explore the cell of origin. Lineage tracing the aP2-Cre with reporter mice illustrated aP2-Cre expression in both brown and white adipose tissue as well as a discrete population of cells lying between skeletal muscle fibers but not beneath the laminin sheath of the muscle fibers. These aP2-lineage cells are distinct from Pax7-positive skeletal muscle stem cells or satellite cells. The aP2-lineage cells do not contribute to myotube formation in vitro. When compared to aP2-Cre;R26-Tom mice, the addition of oncogenic SmoM2 ( aP2-Cre;R26-Tom;SmoM2 ) results in embryonic expansion of the aP2-lineage interstitial muscle cells. Our findings suggest that non-skeletal muscle progenitors are a potential cell of origin for Sonic Hedgehog-driven ERMS. Citation Format: Catherine J. Drummond, Daniel Devine, Matthew R. Garcia, Mark E. Hatley. Insights into the origins and pathogenesis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA03.
Dissecting the Folding Pathway of Potassium Channel Pore Domains

The pore domain of many membrane ion channels shares a similar architecture comprising 4 identical subunits. Each subunit possesses a “TM-p-TM” topology with 2 transmembrane helices (TM) connected by a re-entrant “pore loop” segment (p). The ion permeation pathway is created by the juxtaposition of the pore loop of each monomer along the symmetry axis of the tetrameric structure. Recently, thiol-labeling experiments have shown that isolated monomers engineered from the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 can nonetheless readily adopt their TM-p-TM native fold as they are being synthesized off the ribosome-translocon complex. As a monomer, the N-terminal region of the re-entrant pore loop adopts its native α-helical structure (the pore helix) and becomes fully buried in the membrane. Mutations at certain critical positions make the pore helix become solvent-exposed; however, the helical structure of the pore helix appears to be retained. These experimental results represent a unique source of information that can be used to deepen our understanding of how the TM-p-TM monomer—a critical structural element of all tetrameric ion channels—folds by itself in the membrane. Our Anton MD simulations of the pore domain of wild-type Kv1.2 monomer are stable for 2 μs in agreement with the thiol-labeling experiments. Our MD simulations of the experimentally-studied mutants find that the mutations cause the pore helix to become more solvent-exposed, which is also in agreement with the experiments. These simulations provide information regarding the folding pathway of potassium channel pore domains. Here, we propose a folding pathway of the potassium channel pore domain using Markov-State Modeling. In addition, we present HSQC NMR spectra of the monomeric form of KcsA, a bacterial analog to Kv1.3, in lipid bilayers using nanodiscs rather than in detergents.
Short to Midterm Follow-Up of the Tritanium Primary Acetabular Component: A Cause for Concern

Abstract Background Several acetabular components utilizing novel ultraporous metal substrates have been introduced over the past decade. Collectively by design, they have a lower modulus of elasticity to reduce stress shielding, a higher coefficient of friction to enhance interference fit, and ultraporous surfaces to enhance osseointegration. However, little literature exists regarding their clinical performance. Methods This study compared the clinical and radiographic results of 109 hips in 95 patients using a Tritanium primary cup (Stryker, Mahwah, NJ) to an age, body mass index, and gender-matched cohort of 100 patients that received a contemporary cup (Stryker Trident PSL HA). Results At an average 4.24 + 1.49 years, implant survivorship of the Tritanium primary cup was 98.2%, with 2 cups revised for failure of osseointegration. One-year radiographs revealed radiolucent and radiosclerotic lines in 2 or more DeLee zones in 30.3% of cups and 3 zone involvement in 8.2%. These proportions increased (40.0% and 17.1%, respectively) at minimum 5-year follow-up. A comparison of 1 year and last follow-up radiographs revealed progression in 13.8%. Tritanium primary components with radiolucency in 2 or more zones exhibited significantly lower HHS at 2 years compared to all Trident peripheral self-locking (PSL) components ( P P = .026). Scanning electron microscopy of a retrieved cup revealed local inflammatory reaction and no evidence of osseointegration. Conclusion Despite adequate implant survivorship, over one third of Tritanium primary cups had 2 or more zone radiolucency at minimum 5-year follow-up with associated lower Harris hip scores.
The improbable but unexceptional occurrence of megadrought clustering in the American West during the Medieval Climate Anomaly

The five most severe and persistent droughts in the American West (AW) during the Common Era occurred during a 450 year period known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA—850–1299 C.E.). Herein we use timeseries modeling to estimate the probability of such a period of hydroclimate change occurring. Clustering of severe and persistent drought during an MCA-length period occurs in approximately 10% of surrogate timeseries that were constructed to have the same characteristics as a tree-ring derived estimate of AW hydroclimate variability between 850 and 2005 C.E. Periods of hydroclimate change like the MCA are thus expected to occur in the AW, although not frequently, with a recurrence interval of approximately 11 000 years. Importantly, a shift in mean hydroclimate conditions during the MCA is found to be necessary for drought to reach the severity and persistence of the actual MCA megadroughts. This result has consequences for our understanding of the atmosphere-ocean dynamics underlying the MCA and a persistently warm Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is suggested to have played an important role in causing megadrought clustering during this period.
In Skinner's Early Footsteps: Analyzing Verbal Behavior in Large Published Corpora

Using data from large databases of words that listeners have rated in terms of how positively or negatively they respond to them, we present a mode of analysis that reveals regularities across several languages. Specifically, a normalized measure of bias in emotional valence shows that the degree to which positively-valenced words predominate in a language is a reliable function of absolute valence intensity. This measure supports the comparison of corpora in which valence has been measured in different ways and can serve as a baseline for evaluating the role of interactive variables. We also suggest a way to apply the measure to characterize the verbal behavior of individuals. Throughout we show how the general topic is amenable to the functional perspective that behavior analysts apply to verbal behavior, which creates an opportunity for behavior analysts to contribute to interdisciplinary inquiries into verbal phenomena.
Biomarkers for cystic fibrosis drug development

Abstract Purpose To provide a review of the status of biomarkers in cystic fibrosis drug development, including regulatory definitions and considerations, a summary of biomarkers in current use with supportive data, current gaps, and future needs. Methods Biomarkers are considered across several areas of CF drug development, including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulation, infection, and inflammation. Results Sweat chloride, nasal potential difference, and intestinal current measurements have been standardized and examined in the context of multicenter trials to quantify CFTR function. Detection and quantification of pathogenic bacteria in CF respiratory cultures (e.g.: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) are commonly used in early phase antimicrobial clinical trials, and to monitor safety of therapeutic interventions. Sputum (e.g.: neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, calprotectin) and blood biomarkers (e.g.: C reactive protein, calprotectin, serum amyloid A) have had variable success in detecting response to inflammatory treatments. Conclusions Biomarkers are used throughout the drug development process in CF, and many have been used in early phase clinical trials to provide proof of concept, detect drug bioactivity, and inform dosing for later-phase studies. Advances in the precision of current biomarkers, and the identification of new biomarkers with ‘omics-based technologies, are needed to accelerate CF drug development.
Macro-scale model study of a tunable drug dispensation mechanism for controlled drug delivery in potential wound-healing applications

Background Auxetic materials tend to exhibit stretching in the direction of the applied load as well as in the perpendicular direction. This may be an inherent property of the material, or it might be a particular structural characteristic that confers it with auxetic properties. In this study, the auxetic properties of a rotating squares auxetic design were utilized in tandem with a stretching mechanism to manufacture a device that offers the advantages of adjustable pore size and hence tunable drug delivery characteristics. Methods An auxetic polyurethane film was fabricated through the polymer casting technique. An acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic mold for polymer casting was made through additive manufacturing. Stereolithography was used for fabrication of the mechanism that controlled pore size of the polymeric auxetic film. A laminate arrangement of the film and the mechanism was devised, through which movement of the mechanism controlled stretching of the auxetic film underneath. Results Results were analyzed through image processing. It was observed that a 2-dimensional increase (in length and width) of the auxetic film took place that corresponded to an increase in pore size of the film. Several mathematical correlations were drawn up. Conclusions It may be concluded that the first factor controlling drug release kinetics is the pore size of the film. This study explored a prototype mechanism that has the potential for being used in devices for controlled drug delivery or in smart bandage systems that may enhance wound healing in chronic wound treatment.
Childhood cancer and the school.

In the United States, approximately 8,500 children each year are diagnosed with some form of cancer before the age of 15 (Parker, Tong, Bolden, & Wingo, 1997). Of these, approximately 30% have some form of leukemia, and an additional 20% are diagnosed with a tumor of the central nervous system (CNS; Robison, 1997). Overall, survival rates for all types of childhood cancer are now approaching 70%, although not all childhood cancers have as good a success rate of cure (Parker et al., 1997). Nonetheless, it is estimated that, by the year 2010, more than 1 of 1,000 adults will be a survivor of childhood cancer (Hawkins & Stevens, 1996). As treatment has improved, many children with cancer are able to return to school, although many will experience long-term cognitive and growth late effects that will affect academic performance, social competence, and long-term quality of life (Armstrong & Mulhern, 1999; Humpl, Fritsche, Bartels, & Gutjahr, 2001; Packer, Meadows, Rorke, Goldwein, & D’Angio, 1987).
Precoding for MIMO Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks with CSI Uncertainties and for MIMO Compound Capacity

Inaccurate knowledge of channel state information (CSI) limits the performance offered by multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications. The design of a MIMO precoder needs to take the CSI uncertainty into consideration to mitigate its effects. This paper proposes a method to design the precoder for a secondary user in an underlay cognitive radio framework that maximizes its transmission performance, where the direct link to its receiver and the interference link to a primary user have CSI uncertainties. We model the CSI uncertainties through the Schatten norm that encompasses most commonly used norm measures such as the spectral and Frobenious norms. The proposed method solves iteratively a minimax problem by deriving the optimal solution for the worst case interference CSI uncertainty, applying the alternate-iterate technique for the worst case direct link CSI deviation, and developing a feasible direction projected subgradient technique for the precoder. Simpler solutions for the precoder are also derived under some specific norm measure of CSI uncertainty and certain requirement of transmission power. Simulations corroborate the expected performance of the proposed design.
The Dark Triad and compassion: Psychopathy and narcissism's unique connections to observed suffering

Abstract Past studies have linked the Dark Triad (DT) traits to dispositional empathy, but not to compassionate feelings in response to observed suffering. To fill this void in the literature, we examined the influence of the DT traits on state compassion using validated film methodology. One hundred and fifty-six college students viewed a movie scene of a distraught child watching his father die. The results revealed that while psychopathy was a negative predictor of compassion for the child, narcissism was a positive predictor. These DT traits explained compassion beyond the contribution of demographics, grief symptoms, and trait compassion. Furthermore, empathic and emotion processes uniquely mediated each of the DT and compassion connections. We discuss our results in terms of the callousness theory of DT and narcissism's positive correlation with compassion and empathy.
Ultrasound-Guided Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve Perineural Injection: Report on Safety and Efficacy at a Single Institution.

Objectives To determine the safety and efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injections. Methods A retrospective chart review of US-guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injections at our institution was performed. Results Of 221 US-guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injections, 100% achieved technical success, with no postprocedure complications. Sixty-eight percent of patients with follow-up reported symptom relief. Most patients with no relief had suboptimal preprocedure screening. Conclusions With appropriate screening, our technique of US-guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injection is safe and effective.
RF-Only Logic: an Area Efficient Logic Family for RF-Power Harvesting Applications

Reducing circuit design cost and eliminating over-design margin are the two challenges for advancing the Internet of Things (IoT). An RF-dc rectifier and storage capacitors consume 25% or more of the chip area for cost-sensitive power-harvesting-enabled IoT applications. In this paper, we explore a new circuit structure called RF-only logic that permits logic circuits to operate directly from an un-rectified RF source. By eliminating the need for RF-dc rectifier and storage capacitors, RF-only logic helps to reduce cost and design complexity for power-harvesting-enabled applications. The structure and operations of RF-only logic are presented. Its performance, power consumption, and robustness are analyzed through simulation and validated with measurement results. A standard cell library was developed for RF-only logic, and an algorithm was implemented to further improve area efficiency. A ring oscillator and two $4\times 4$ multipliers were fabricated in 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS as test structures. The ring oscillator was functionally measured with an RF supply voltage down to 100-mVrms at 1 GHz. The multipliers demonstrate performance improvement and overall area overhead of 16% by implementing the power-supply transistor sharing algorithm.
Observational limitations of Bose-Einstein photon statistics and radiation noise in thermal emission

For many decades, theory has predicted that Bose-Einstein statistics are a fundamental feature of thermal emission into one or a few optical modes; however, the resulting Bose-Einstein-like photon noise has never been experimentally observed. There are at least two reasons for this: (1) Relationships to describe the thermal radiation noise for an arbitrary mode structure have yet to be set forth, and (2) the mode and detector constraints necessary for the detection of such light is extremely hard to fulfill. Herein, photon statistics and radiation noise relationships are developed for systems with any number of modes and couplings to an observing space. The results are shown to reproduce existing special cases of thermal emission and are then applied to resonator systems to discuss physically realizable conditions under which Bose-Einstein-like thermal statistics might be observed. Examples include a single isolated cavity and an emitter cavity coupled to a small detector space. Low-mode-number noise theory shows major deviations from solely Bose-Einstein or Poisson treatments and has particular significance because of recent advances in perfect absorption and subwavelength structures both in the long-wave infrared and terahertz regimes. These microresonator devices tend to utilize a small volume with few modes, a regime where the current theory of thermal emission fluctuations and background noise, which was developed decades ago for free-space or single-mode cavities, has no derived solutions.
Arginine requirement of the young pig.

Four experiments were conducted with an arginine (Arg)-deficient, semipurified diet to determine the Arg requirement of the weanling pig. The semipurified diet contained .18% bioavailable Arg as determined by a chick bioassay procedure and, when properly supplemented with Arg, allowed rat growth equal to that obtained with a 19.2% protein corn-soybean meal diet. A preliminary experiment with pigs indicated that the semi-purified diet was markedly deficient in Arg. The Arg requirement of the pig was estimated by adding L-Arg to the semipurified diet such that final dietary Arg levels were .18, .23, .28, .38 and .48% (Exp. 2 and 3) or .48, .58 and .68% (Exp. 4). Weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization were maximized at .48% dietary Arg. Plasma urea-N was increased and plasma NH3-N decreased by .48% Arg compared with lower levels. A slight orotic aciduria was observed in pigs fed Arg levels below .48%. From these results, it is concluded that the Arg requirement of the weanling pig is .48% of the diet, a level twice the current NRC estimate.
Non-intrusive occupancy monitoring for energy conservation in commercial buildings

Abstract The Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of commercial buildings traditionally runs on a fixed schedule that does not take occupancy into account despite its huge variation over space and time, thereby wasting a lot of energy in conditioning empty or partially-occupied spaces. Occupancy information is essential to eliminate wasteful energy use with imperceptible impact on building operations and human comfort. This paper investigates the application of non-intrusive techniques to obtain a rough estimate of occupancy from coarse-grained measurements of sensors that are commonly available through the building management system. Various static and adaptive energy-efficient schedules are developed based on this approximate knowledge of occupancy at the level of individual zones. Our experiments in three large commercial buildings confirm that the proposed techniques can uncover the recurring occupancy pattern of the zones, and schedules that incorporate these occupancy patterns can achieve more than 38% reduction in reheat energy consumption while maintaining indoor thermal comfort.
The doctrine of specific etiology

Modern medicine is often said to have originated with nineteenth century germ theory, which attributed diseases to bacterial contagions. The success of this theory is often associated with an underlying principle referred to as the “doctrine of specific etiology”. This doctrine refers to specificity at the level of disease causation or etiology. While the importance of this doctrine is frequently emphasized in the philosophical, historical, and medical literature, these sources lack a clear account of the types of specificity that it involves and why exactly they matter. This paper argues that nineteenth century germ theory involves two types of specificity at the level of etiology. One type receives significant attention in the literature, but its influence on modern medicine has been misunderstood. A second type is present in this model, but it has been completely overlooked in the extant literature. My analysis clarifies how these types of specificity led to a novel conception of etiology that continues to figure in medicine today.
A Generalized Adaptive Framework for Automating Design Review Process: Technical Principles

Design review is the process of evaluating a design against its requirements to verify the performance of the design and identify issues before construction takes place. The cited methods for automating the design review process are either based on proprietary, domain-specific or hard-coded rule-based representations, which may be successful in their particular implementations, but they have the drawbacks of being costly to sustain, inflexible to change, lack generalized framework of rules and regulations modeling that can adapt to various engineering design realms, and thus don’t support an open neutral standard. They are often referred to as ‘Black Box’ approaches. This study proposes a new comprehensive framework that minimizes the shortcomings of the cited methods. Building regulations for example, are legal documents written and authorized by people to be interpreted and applied by professionals. They are barely precise as formal logic. Engineers can read those documents and translate them into scientific notations and software applications. They can extract any information they need, reason about it, and apply it at various levels of precision. How these extraction and application are carried out is a critical component of automating design review process. The primary project goal is to address this issue by focusing on the development of a Generalized Adaptive Framework (GAF) for an open standard [based on Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)] that enables automating the design review processes to attain design efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The objectives of this paper include: (a) the conceptual and theoretical development of a framework that is adaptive to the target domain and supports an open standard for transforming the written design regulations and rules into a computable model, and (b) defining the different modules needed for the automation of the design review process.
HPV vaccination, knowledge, and attitudes among young cervical cancer survivors in the Deep South.

Abstract Introduction Although FDA approved for over 10 years, uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been slow, particularly among states in the Deep South with high cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore variables associated with cervical cancer among survivors who were age-eligible for the HPV vaccine and to assess HPV vaccination history, barriers, perceptions, and other associated behaviors within this cohort. Methods A mixed methods strategy was used for the study, first identifying eligible cervical cancer survivors from our institution and abstracting demographic and clinicopathologic medical record data. Twenty-three participants from this cohort then completed semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews regarding HPV vaccination participation, knowledge, and attitudes. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results Of the 464 cervical cancer patients treated at our institution from 2011 to 2016, 137 (30%) were under age 40 at diagnosis. Seventy-seven women with invasive disease were identified (median age = 33 years), and 56% had been seen by a gynecologist within 5 years of diagnosis. Forty-six of these women met eligibility criteria for inclusion in the qualitative interview, of which 23 successfully completed (response rate = 50%). Of those interviewed, the majority (84%) reported current access to regular medical care. While 90.9% did not receive any doses of HPV vaccination, 78.3% stated they likely would have been vaccinated if it had it been recommended. Four major themes were identified within the interviews: HPV knowledge, vaccine acceptability, healthcare engagement, and provider communication. Conclusions Qualitative interviews revealed significant missed opportunities for prevention since most participants stated they would have been vaccinated if given the option. Substantial gaps in knowledge and mixed understanding HPV’s association with cervical cancer were observed, demonstrating potential missed opportunities for education and communication between providers of multiple specialties and their patients.
Can Machine Learning Improve Screening for Targeted Delinquency Prevention Programs

The cost-effectiveness of targeted delinquency prevention programs for children depends on the accuracy of the screening process. Screening accuracy is often poor, resulting in wasted resources and missed opportunities to avert negative outcomes. This study examined whether screening approaches based on logistic regression or machine learning algorithms could improve accuracy relative to traditional sum-score approaches when identifying boys in the 5th grade (N = 1012) who would be repeatedly arrested for violent and serious crimes from ages 13 to 30. Screening algorithms were developed that incorporated facets of teacher-reported externalizing problems and other known risk factors (e.g., peer rejection). The predictive performance of these algorithms was evaluated and compared in holdout (i.e., test) data using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) and Brier score. Both the logistic and machine learning methods yielded AUROC superior to traditional sum-score screening approaches when a broad set of risk factors for future delinquency was considered. However, this improvement was modest and was not present when using item-level information from a composite scale assessing externalizing problems. Contrary to expectations, machine learning algorithms performed no better than simple logistic models. There was a large apparent advantage of machine learning that disappeared after appropriate cross-validation, underscoring the importance of careful evaluation of these methods. Results suggest that screening using logistic regression could improve the cost-effectiveness of targeted delinquency prevention programs in some cases, but screening using machine learning would confer no marginal benefit under currently realistic conditions.
Rapid detection of an I38T amino acid substitution in influenza polymerase acidic subunit associated with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir marboxil

BACKGROUND The novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil was approved in February 2018 for the treatment of influenza virus infection in Japan. In vitro studies have revealed that an I38T substitution in the polymerase acidic subunit (PA) is associated with reduced susceptibility of influenza viruses to baloxavir. OBJECTIVES Development of a rapid and simple method for monitoring influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B viruses possessing the I38T substitution in PA. METHODS Three assays were developed based on RNase H2-dependent PCR (rhPCR) and named A/H1pdm PA_I38T rhPCR, A/H3 PA_I38T rhPCR, and B PA_I38T rhPCR. The assays were evaluated using cDNAs synthesized from in vitro-transcribed PA gene RNA controls, RNAs purified from viruses isolated in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 influenza seasons, and RNAs purified from clinical specimens collected in the 2018/2019 influenza season. RESULTS The assays developed in this study accurately discriminated PA I38 and PA T38 with high sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our assays should be considered a powerful tool for monitoring the emergence of baloxavir-resistant influenza viruses.
High-Grade Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Endometrium With a GATA-3-Positive/PAX8-Negative Immunophenotype Metastatic to the Breast: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall:

This report describes clinicopathologic findings from the case of a patient with a breast mass that was ultimately diagnosed as a metastatic high-grade endometrioid carcinoma of endometrial origin. The breast lesion as well as the solid areas of the endometrial lesion displayed a similar immunoprofile: GATA3-positive; synaptophysin positive; negative for mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, chromogranin, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2/neu; and intact expression of the DNA mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. The breast lesion was negative for PAX-8, whereas the solid areas of the endometrial lesion showed focal weak positivity. A review of the literature on GATA-3 expression in endometrial carcinomas found a reported frequency of expression that ranged from 0% to 13% of cases, typically in a patchy, focal, and generally restricted pattern. However, GATA-3 may be diffusely expressed in high-grade endometrial carcinomas. Since the potential for PAX-8 expression to be lost in high-grade endometrioid carcinomas is well known, a GATA-3-positive/PAX8-negative immunoprofile may be encountered in high-grade endometrioid carcinomas of the endometrium, and this composite immunoprofile is a potential diagnostic pitfall when such a lesion is being evaluated in a breast metastasis.
AC Side Fault Characteristics Analysis of LCC-MMC Hybrid HVDC

when the AC short-circuit fault occurs in the multi-DC feed area, it may cause the failure of multi-DC simultaneous commutation, causing the huge power shortage and affecting the stability of the power grid. Hybrid DC transmission is one of the effective solutions to solve the failure of commutation of conventional DC transmission. This paper introduces the main topology of hybrid DC transmission, expounds the principle of LCC-MMC hybrid DC transmission system, analyzes the fault characteristics of rectifier and inverter stations, and carries out simulation.
A Systematic Review of Teacher-Mediated Interventions to Improve the Mathematical Performance of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) demonstrate poor academic outcomes, particularly in mathematics. Student-mediated interventions (e.g., self-management, self-monitoring, self-...
Alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic development within the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in a mouse model of prenatal drug exposure

The rise in rates of opioid abuse in recent years has led to an increase in the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Despite having a greater understanding of NAS and its symptoms, there still remains a lack of information surrounding the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse on neurological development. One potential outcome of prenatal drug exposure that has been increasingly explored is disruption in normal synaptogenesis within the central nervous system. Both opioids and gabapentin, an antiepileptic drug commonly co-abused by opioid abuse disorder patients, have been shown to interfere with the normal functioning of astrocytes, non-neuronal glial cells known to serve many functions, including regulation of synaptic development. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal drug exposure on synaptogenesis within brain regions associated with the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, the primary reward pathway within the brain associated with drug abuse and addiction, in a pregnant mouse model. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging studies on the brains of postnatal day 21 (P21) mouse pups revealed a significant increase in the mean number of excitatory synapses within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in mice that were prenatally exposed to either the opioid drug buprenorphine or gabapentin. These studies also revealed a significant decrease in the mean number of inhibitory synapses within the NAc and PFC of mice treated with buprenorphine. This observed net increase in excitatory signaling capability within the developing mesolimbic dopamine pathway suggests that exposure to drugs of abuse in utero can trigger maladaptive neuronal connectivity that persists beyond the earliest stages of life.
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: The Convergence of Genotype, Phenotype, and Imaging in Modern Diagnosis and Management of a Multisystem Disease.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a complex genetic disease that affects multiple organ systems and needs to be understood by radiologists, who have a key role in diagnosis and therapy.
Atomistic basis of force generation, translocation, and coordination in a viral genome packaging motor

Double-stranded DNA viruses package their genomes into pre-assembled capsids using virally-encoded ASCE ATPase ring motors. We present the first atomic-resolution crystal structure of a multimeric ring form of a viral dsDNA packaging motor, the ATPase of the asccφ28 phage, and characterize its atomic-level dynamics via long timescale molecular dynamics simulations. Based on these results, and previous single-molecule data and cryo-EM reconstruction of the homologous φ29 motor, we propose an overall packaging model that is driven by helical-to-planar transitions of the ring motor. These transitions are coordinated by inter-subunit interactions that regulate catalytic and force-generating events. Stepwise ATP binding to individual subunits increase their affinity for the helical DNA phosphate backbone, resulting in distortion away from the planar ring towards a helical configuration, inducing mechanical strain. Subsequent sequential hydrolysis events alleviate the accumulated mechanical strain, allowing a stepwise return of the motor to the planar conformation, translocating DNA in the process. This type of helical-to-planar mechanism could serve as a general framework for ring ATPases.
Median bias of M-estimators

In this note, we derive bounds on the median bias of univariate M-estimators under mild regularity conditions. These requirements are not sufficient to imply convergence in distribution of the M-estimators. We also discuss median bias of some multivariate M-estimators.
The Genesis of Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, ontogeny, neuro-cognition, evolution

Complex hierarchic syntax is a hallmark of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the evolutionary apex of the uniquely - human language faculty - evolutionary yet mysteriously immune to Darwinian adaptive selection. Prof. Givon's book treats syntactic complexity as an integral part of the evolutionary rise of human communication. The book first describes grammar as an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic object- and-event cognition and mental representation. It then surveys the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony , the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax and cross-language diversity; and ontogeny , the individual endeavor directly responsible for acquiring the competent use of grammar. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is compared with second language acquisition, pre-grammatical pidgin and pre-human communication. The evolutionary relevance of language diachrony, language ontogeny and pidginization is argued for on general bio-evolutionary grounds: It is the organism's adaptive on-line behavior - invention, learning and skill acquisition - that is the common thread running through all three developmental trends. The neuro-cognitive circuits that underlie language, and their evolutionary underpinnings, are described and assessed. Recursive embedding turns out to be not an adaptive target on its own, but the by-product of two distinct adaptive moves: (i) the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on, or referential specifiers of, other clauses; and (ii) the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures.
Beaming Into the Dark Corners of the Nuclear Kitchen

The exotic nuclear reactions that take place in stars and supernovae are the ultimate source of many of the elements we know, and the behavior of the unstable nuclei involved is rich in clues about the structure of the atomic nucleus. By colliding stable isotopes, physicists have been able to produce some exotic nuclei, but only in small numbers, providing tantalizing glimpses of the weird and wonderful nuclear structures and reactions that have been outside their reach. Now a new generation of accelerators capable of generating beams of radioactive nuclei aims to simulate the element-building processes in stars and shed light on nuclear structure.
The impact of ions on allosteric functions in human liver pyruvate kinase

Experimental designs used to monitor the magnitude of an allosteric response can greatly influence observed values. We report here the impact of buffer, monovalent cation, divalent cation, and anion on the magnitude of the allosteric regulation of the affinity of human liver pyruvate kinase (hL-PYK) for substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The magnitudes of the allosteric activation by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-BP) and the allosteric inhibition by alanine are independent of most, but not all buffers tested. However, these magnitudes are dependent on whether Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) is included as the divalent cation. In the presence of Mn(2+), any change in K(app-PEP) caused by Fru-1,6-BP is minimal. hL-PYK activity does not appear to require monovalent cation. Monovalent cation binding in the active site impacts PEP affinity with minimum influence on the magnitude of allosteric coupling. However, Na(+) and Li(+) reduce the magnitude of the allosteric response to Fru-1,6-BP, likely due to mechanisms outside of the active site. Which anion is used to maintain a constant monovalent cation concentration also influences the magnitude of the allosteric response. The value of determining the impact of ions on allosteric function can be appreciated by considering that representative structures used in comparative studies have often been determined using protein crystals grown in diverse buffer and salt conditions.
Agricultural chemistry and bioenergy

Renewed interest in converting biomass to biofuels such as ethanol, other forms of bioenergy, and bioenergy byproducts or coproducts of commercial value opens opportunities for chemists, including agricultural chemists and related disciplines. Applications include feedstock characterization and quantification of structural changes resulting from genetic modification and of the intermediates formed during enzymatic and chemical processing; development of improved processes for utilizing chemical coproducts such as lactic acid and glycerol; development of alternative biofuels such as methanol, butanol, and hydrogen; and ways to reduce greenhouse gas emission and/or use carbon dioxide beneficially. Chemists will also be heavily involved in detailing the phytochemical composition of alternative energy crops and genetically improved crops. A resurgence of demand for agricultural chemistry and related disciplines argues for increasing output through targeted programs and on-the-job training.
Cloning and characterization of rod opsin cDNA from the Old World monkey, Macaca fascicularis.

Purpose. Opsin sequences from different phyla have been compared to examine the structural and functional regions of this molecule and to assess the molecular evolution of genes in the animal kingdom. Of all the sequences reported, there is only one primate sequence (human) for rod opsin. To extend our knowledge of the primate family of opsins, the authors cloned and characterized the opsin cDNA for the Old World monkey Macaca fascicularis and determined its position in the phylogenetic tree of the opsin gene family. Methods. A fragment of the monkey opsin cDNA was generated using specific primers and the polymerase chain reaction. This fragment was then used as a probe to isolate several cDNA clones from a M. fascicularis retinal cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of monkey opsin was determined and translated into an amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequences of opsins from a variety of organisms ranging from mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates, including monkey, were then compared to identify highly conserved amino acid residues and to construct a phylogenetic tree of the rod opsins. Results. The monkey has a single major 2.2-kb transcript for opsin and minor transcripts of 1.5, 4.8, and 8.9 kb. The major transcript is highly abundant in the monkey retina and is localized to the inner segments of rod photoreceptor cells, typical of opsin mRNAs in other organisms. The sequence of monkey opsin closely resembles the human sequence at the nucleotide and the amino acid levels, with the latter having only 7 differences out of 348 residues. Comparison of the monkey sequence with the amino acid sequences from diverse organisms shows that all opsins share only 34 conserved amino acids, with the highest concentration of these residues occurring in the first cytoplasmic loop of rhodopsin. A hypothetical phylogenetic tree of the opsins suggests that both human and monkey opsin shared an ancestral gene with the mammalian Order Carnivora. Conclusion. The opsins of man and Old World monkeys have diverged little from the time they shared a common ancestor. Comparison of opsins from diverse phyla, however, shows that only 34 residues have been conserved. These conserved residues are likely to be important in the structure and function of rhodopsin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:72-82.
On Michael Heffernan

IN GIVING HIS THIRD full-length book of poems a title suggestive of domestic peace and quiet, Michael Heffernan commits only a little white lie. The Man at Home is filled with passion and unambiguously chaotic dreams. A few core poems do take place around the house, where the poet indulges in introspection that ranges from the comic to the rapturous to the mundane. But despite its occasional images of neighborhood, tele vision, and plumbing, the book's sense of "home" has none of the clich? we might be led to expect. Heffernan's epigraph, "Go home to thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for thee," is as profound a charge to the contemporary poet as it was to its hearer in the gospels ? the miraculously healed lunatic, the man who lived among tombs and knew no home but madness. "Home," here, isn't defined by familiar surroundings and ordinary experience. It is the place of return, where tales of long, strange journeys can be told. For Heffernan, it is a territory between un containable joy and unavoidable darkness, where memories of both ?and of other encounters with the miraculous ?must be pondered, crafted, and shared.