cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide Membranes and Water Selective Channel Formation in Water-Alcohol Separations.

Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising membrane system for chemical separation applications due to its 2-D nanofluidics properties and an ability to control interplanar spacing for selectivity. The permeance of water, methanol (MeOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) through 5 µm thick membranes was found to be 0.38 ± 0.15, 0.33 ± 0.16 and 0.42 ± 0.31 LMH/bar (liter/m2·h·bar), respectively. Interestingly, the permeance of a water–alcohol mixture was found to be dramatically lower (~0.01 LMH/bar) than any of its components. Upon removing the solvent mixture, the transmembrane flux of the pure solvent was recovered to near the original permeance. The interlayer space of a dried GO membrane was found to be 8.52 A, which increased to 12.19 A. 13.26 A and 16.20 A upon addition of water, MeOH and IPA. A decrease in d-space, about 2 A, was consistently observed when adding alcohol to water wetted GO membrane and an optical color change and reduction in permeance. A newly proposed mechanism of a partial reduction of GO through a catalytic reaction with the water–alcohol mixture is consistent with experimental observations.
Impact of L2 automated systems on hazard anticipation and mitigation behavior of young drivers with varying levels of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptomatology

Level 2 (L2) driving automation systems that maintain latitudinal and longitudinal control of the vehicle decrease mental workload and result in drivers failing to monitor and respond to potential roadway hazards. This issue is potentially important for young drivers with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) since they have known difficulties anticipating and mitigating potential hazards on the road, a skill which requires attention. The objective of this study is to investigate how the use of partially automated (L2) systems and manual systems impacts hazard anticipation and mitigation among young drivers with varying levels of ADHD symptomatology. Sixty-eight drivers, classified into two groups - high and low ADHD symptomatology-navigated twice through three scenarios on a driving simulator, once with an L2 and once with a manual system. The results indicated that: (i) the hazard anticipation skills of drivers with both high and low ADHD symptomatology were depressed in the L2 condition relative to the manual condition; (ii) the hazard mitigations skills of drivers with both high and low ADHD symptomatology were depressed in the L2 condition relative to the manual condition on two measures, but improved on a third measure; and (iii) the hazard anticipation and mitigation skills of drivers with high and low ADHD symptomatology were differentially impacted, both within and across the two levels of automation. Taken together, the results indicate the pernicious and often hard to predict consequences of higher levels of automation for different populations of younger drivers.
A systematic review of usefulness design goals of occupational mobile health apps for healthcare workers

To improve healthcare professionals’ health and wellbeing at work, many available effective treatments including meditation, and workplace intervention, have been developed. However, the utilisation of these interventions is still limited. Currently, various mobile health applications (mHealth Apps) exist to help a wide range of users with different occupational health issues, such as stress, anxiety, and burnout. Despite their advantages, post-download uptake of mHealth apps by end-users remains low. Some of the reasons for this are poor usability, irrelevant or missing user-desired features, and poor user experience. This review paper explores the usefulness of mHealth Apps for the early detection of occupational-related ill-health among healthcare workers. Science Direct, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, and SAGE Journal were searched comprehensively to identify relevant research articles. A total of 9546 reviewed papers were primarily identified through the systematic search on the databases. 2546 articles were removed from them, by duplication check on a RefWorks software. Titles and abstract screening of the remaining 126 led to 50 relevant articles being selected for full text screening. Of these 76 were excluded based on exclusion criteria. Finally, 19 articles were selected for a final inclusion to identify the relevant usefulness design goals, including usability, utility and user experience, deemed as critical for apps’ adoption and use. These goals include provide contextually relevant information, which is easy to understand for usability; support self-help guidance and in-depth knowledge for occupational health and wellbeing for utility: reinforced trust and perceived security in m-Health apps for user experience.
Racial Disparities in the Perceived Risk of COVID-19 and in Getting Needed Medical Care

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected minorities in population rates of infection, hospitalization, and mortality. However, little is known about the broader racial disparities in fears and perceptions about the pandemic and getting treated. OBJECTIVE: To examine disparities in perceived risks of COVID-19 and getting medical care. METHODS: Using the nationally representative Stanford University School of Medicine Coronavirus Attitudes and Behaviors Survey fielded in May of 2020, we examine racial and ethnic disparities in eight measures on the perceived risks of COVID-19. We use regression analysis to risk adjust perceptions controlling for 10 socioeconomic, demographic, and health variables. RESULTS: Black respondents were 15 percentage points more likely than White respondents to believe the pandemic would not end by Summer 2020 (92% vs 77%, p < .01), and were 19 percentage points more likely than any other race to feel a need to protect their family from COVID-19 (81% vs 62%, p < .01). Latinx respondents were 10 percentage points more fearful than White respondents of catching COVID-19 in public places (55% vs 45%, p < 0.01). Black respondents were 20 percentage points more likely than White respondents to think they would need medical care if infected (71% vs 51%, p < .01), and 18 percentage points more likely to think they would need to be hospitalized (59% vs 41%, p < .01). The proportion of Black respondents believing that the hospital would not have enough capacity to treat them if infected with COVID-19 was 12 percentage points higher than White respondents (41% vs 29%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Disparities in the COVID-19-related perceived risks and mistrust in healthcare across racial and ethnic groups existed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. As we enter into a post-COVID New Normal, new policies must ensure that the causes of this widespread fear and distrust in the healthcare system are understood and reversed.
Highly Accurate, Reliable and Non-Contaminating Two-Dimensional Material Transfer System

We demonstrate a novel; highly reliable and non-contaminating method of transferring 2D materials. A metal micro-stamper needle stamps a viscoelastic polymer (PDMS) with the 2D material flakes exfoliated from its bulk crystal enabling transfer of multiple flakes to build heterostructures, sequential and non-sequentially positioned targets on flat or structured profiles.
Conclusions and Considerations

Investigation on regulation of the female meiotic cell cycle has several advantages: oocytes are available in large quantities, they mature with impressive synchrony, they are big enough to perform biochemical analysis on single cells, and many of the steps can be studied in cell-free extracts. Research has been performed on species including Xenopus, mouse, starfish, clam, etc. (Sagata, 1996; Sagata, 1997; Murray, 1998). Combined biochemical, cytological, and genetic studies with these species have proved to be very successful, leading to the discovery of MPF and uncovering some of the important developmental signals and their signaling mechanisms to affect the cell cycle machinery (Sagata, 1996; Sagata, 1997; Murray, 1998). But there are still many questions which remain unanswered and many details of meiotic cell cycle progression elude study. However, at least some of these details can be revealed by screening for mutants that affect cell cycle progression inappropriately. Drosophila ṁelanogaster, a powerful genetic system with clear cytology of meiosis, thus affords a great opportunity to uncover new cell cycle regulatory molecules.
Beyond the iron age: the ecological relevance of non-ferrous bioactive trace metals and organic growth factors in aquatic systems

No abstract available Keywords: bacterioplankton; cobalamin; cofactor; molybdenum; nitrogen fixation; thiamin; vanadium; vitamin.
Effect of riblets on turbulence in the wake of an airfoil

Measurements were made in the near and intermediate wake regions of a NACA 0012 airfoil with three different riblet sizes at a freestream Reynolds number of 2.5 x 105. The riblets tested were a symmetric v-groove type of heights 0.0229, 0.076, and 0.152 mm, respectively. To ensure turbulent flow on the airfoil, a transition strip was applied at 10% of the chord. Wake velocity profiles and turbulence parameters were measured with a temperature compensated hot-film x-probe. Riblet effectiveness was indicated by marked decrease in turbulence levels in the wake. Integration of the wake mean velocity profiles indicated a net reduction in drag of up to 13.3%, which was possibly caused by the combined effect of decreased turbulent shear stress and lower momentum exchange near the surface due to a viscosity-dominated region in the riblet valleys.
Classification of closely spaced subsurface objects using electromagnetic induction data and blind source separation algorithms

[1] Most research in the subsurface object identification area assumes that objects are well isolated from each other and thus that a single signature is measured by the sensing system. In the scenario where multiple closely spaced subsurface objects are present within the field of view of the sensor, the signals measured using electromagnetic induction sensors are mixed, and the mixed measurements cannot be used to determine the identity of each of the individual objects using conventional techniques. Since only the mixed observations are available, and these are usually available at multiple target/sensor orientations, separating individual signals from the set of mixtures can be posed as a blind source separation (BSS) problem. In this paper we consider two approaches to source separation, one based on the second-order statistics and the other based on the fourth-order statistics. Following the source separation, object classification performance is obtained using the separated sources and a Bayesian classifier. We analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each BSS approach and compare their performance.
Improving personal home pages to support learning as becoming and belonging

While (in theory) personal home pages have the potential to support an academic community of practice by enabling learning as becoming and belonging, (in practice) conventional personal home pages fail to serve this function for the vast majority of users. Browsing home pages, we find that few academicians use their personal home page for more than posting contact information and distributing publications. While this kind of use does have a significant role in academia, it only scratches the surface of the potential that personal home pages can have. To go beyond this surface level, we must understand the reasons why the use of personal home pages normally stops there and what the potential is when users get beyond this surface. In particular, from a research perspective, it is important to be able to link those reasons to issues of becoming and belonging. We believe that the reasons for the lack of adoption are largely technological-they are based on the features of current tools rather than the underlying concepts. Since we are concerned with studying the underlying concepts, we should try to eliminate these technological reasons. This approach falls squarely within the design experiments framework for learning sciences research. In this study, we concern ourselves with the current state of personal home pages and finding a trajectory for improving that state by removing the purely technological problems.
Reciprocity in Elastodynamics: Reciprocity for piezoelectric systems

Introduction Fields of classical physics such as electromagnetic wave theory, acoustics and elastodynamics all have their own reciprocity theorems, which for acoustics and elastodynamics have been discussed in the preceding chapters. A comparable discussion of reciprocity in electromagnetic wave theory is outside the scope of this book. Moreover, there are already several books that have dealt in considerable detail with electromagnetic reciprocity; see e.g., Collin (1960), Auld (1973) and de Hoop (1995). Interesting applications of reciprocity relations for the interactions of electromagnetic and elastodynamic fields to non-destructive evaluation, particularly as it relates to piezoelectricity, have not received the attention that they deserve, with the exception of the work by Auld (1979). In the present chapter we therefore attempt to correct for this lack of exposure by a discussion of reciprocity for piezoelectric systems. General reciprocity relations involving coupled electromagnetic and elastic waves were first presented by Foldy and Primakoff (1945) and Primakoff and Foldy (1947), who used these relations to demonstrate the interchangeability of source and receiver in electro-acoustic transmission measurements. In the important paper by Auld (1979) these relations were used to analyze elastic wave scattering coefficients from observations at the electrical terminals of the electromechanical transducers employed in performing a non-destructive testing experiment. In Auld's paper, an expression was derived that directly relates the electrical signal received by an ultrasonic transducer to the radiation patterns of the transmitting and receiving transducers and to the modified patterns resulting from scattering from a flaw.
The Bursting Speed of a Rotating Plastic Disc

Abstract : An analysis is presented of the stresses and strains in a fully plastic, initially uniform, rotating annular disk composed of a strain-hardening material. The analysis is based on Tresca's yield condition and the associated flow rule and assumes that elastic strains may be neglected in comparison to the finite plastic strains. The bursting speed of the disk is expressed in terms of a definite integral involving the strain-hardening function of the material. Analytical evaluations are presented for linear and logarithmic strain- hardening. In the former case, instability occurs only at the onset of plastic flow; for the latter, considerable plastic deformation of a stable character may occur before instability is reached. In general, the integral must be evaluated numerically.
Understanding camera phone imaging: motivations, behaviors and meanings

This paper explores the range and diversity of capture and share practices associated with camera phones and camera phone images. We offer a high level usage model that illustrates some of the key relationships among consumers' behaviors, motivations and meanings and provides an initial framework for building segmentation models as well as recommendations for specific product and marketing strategies.
Accuracy of preoperative endometrial sampling for the detection of high-grade endometrial tumors

Objective This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of preoperative endometrial sampling to accurately diagnose high-grade endometrial tumors. Study design Three hundred sixty endometrial cancer patients had preoperative endometrial sampling and hysterectomy specimens that underwent pathologic review at a single institution from 1995 to 2005. The sensitivity of Pipelle and curettage to diagnose high-grade endometrial tumors (grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, serous carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, clear cell carcinoma) was determined. Agreement between preoperative and hysterectomy diagnoses was measured by the Kappa statistic. Results Sensitivity of Pipelle and curettage was 93.8% and 97% in patients with low-grade cancer and 99.2% and 100% in patients with high-grade cancer. Good agreement was observed between the preoperative and the hysterectomy histologic diagnoses (Kappa = 0.69), and between the preoperative and hysterectomy tumor grade (Kappa=0.78). Conclusion Preoperative endometrial sampling with Pipelle or curettage is sensitive and accurate for the diagnosis of high-grade endometrial tumors, including tumors with nonendometrioid histology.
The influence of ion exchange chromatography conditions on aggregation of equine IgG

Abstract The tendency of equine IgG to form soluble aggregates at low pH was a function of elution time during purification by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, with later eluting fractions showing faster aggregation rate and higher aggregate levels in the pH range 3·5–4·0. An ELISA assay using antibodies to different equine IgG subclasses was used to show that subclasses have different elution profiles, with IgGb being slowest to elute. Separation of the soluble aggregates by polyethylene glycol precipitation and analysis for subclass composition showed that aggregates were enriched in IgGb. ANS binding experiments demonstrated that later eluting fractions have a considerably greater exposure of surface hydrophobic groups at pH 3·7. The results underscore the importance of careful control of the ‘cut-off’ volume during ion exchange chromatography of polyclonal IgG in preparing a consistent purified product.
Oligoclonal expansion of Vβ8+ cells in interleukin-2-activated T cells residing in subcutaneous metastatic melanoma

Oligoclonality was investigated in interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated T cells (tumor-inrdtrating lymphocytes, TILs) residing in metastatic melanomas using seven different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for T-cell receptor (TCR) Vα or Vβ regions and flow cytometry. IL-2-activated TILs from 25 of 42 metastatic melanomas (60%) displayed oligoclonal expansion, whereas IL-2-activated peripheral bIIod mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from only 2 of 20 patients (10%) did so during 2–5 weeks in culture. Skin-derived lymphocytes from 20 patients were cultured; only four samples proliferated and none showed oligoclonal expansion. Preferential oligoclonal expansion of TILs was observed in Vβ8+ cells (10/42, P < 0.05), Vβ6.7+ cells (7/42, P < 0.05), and Vα2+ cells (7/42, not significant). Oligoclonal expansion of Vβ8+ cells was primarily found in T cells from subcutaneous metastases (8/20 cases, P < 0.05), whereas that of Vβ6.7+ cells and Vα2+ cells was also found in T cells from lymph node or organ metastases. These mAbs to TCR V regions stimulated effector TILs to produce interferon-γ, but not IL-2 or IL-4. Subcutaneous tumor-specific (Vβ8+ cells) and non-specific (Vβ6.7+ cells and Vα2+ cells) oligoclonalities were observed in IL-2-activated melanoma TILs, suggesting different immune responses among different sites of metastases.
An analysis of neurological soft signs in children with learning problems

Abstract Eighty children with learning problems were systematically evaluated for neurological soft signs, general intelligence, scholastic achievement, hyperactivity, and neurocognitive dysfunction. A factor analysis yielded six factors, and a higher order, general ability factor was derived from an orthogonal rotation. Neurocognitive functions appeared in three factors suggesting “types” of dysfunctions. The higher order general ability factor represents a broad range of skills. The two other factors with neurocognitive loads suggest a distinction between verbal-motor integration and visual-motor integration. Age, sex, and hyperactivity formed the remaining clusters.
An Efficient Method of Estimating the Ratio of Clock Frequency

This paper describes an efficient method of estimating the ratio of clock frequency between two clocks used at the two end nodes of a one-way path. This estimation method relies on the local time measurements on the packets in a data stream going from a source node to a sink node. The time durations between adjacent packets are measured at both the source and the sink nodes according to the local clocks. The ratios of clock frequencies of two local clocks can be estimated on the suitable samples of the ratios of the time durations between two adjacent packets. The suitable samples of the ratios are obtained when two adjacent packets have experienced a zero value of the one-way variable delay. A heuristic has been developed to infer the cases when two adjacent packets experienced a zero one-way variable delay. The heuristic is used to select the suitable samples of the ratios of the time duration between two adjacent packets. Evaluation results show that the estimated values of the ratio of clock frequency very closely approximate the actual ratios. The accuracy of this method is robust to packet loss and the out-of-the-order transmission of packets. This estimation method is highly efficient without requiring complicated computations.
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

This archival journal is devoted to the rapid publication of new theoretical and experimental results in all areas of interest to the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, such as antennas and arrays, wireless propagation, scattering, electromagnetic theory, biomedical applications, electronic properties of materials, high- and low-frequency methods, and numerical techniques in electromagnetics.
Orthogonal Curvilinear Cake Filtration

Abstract Conventional analysis of cake filtration considers cakes formed under one-dimensional rectilinear flow conditions. Other cake geometries are often encountered in practice, and more generalized equations are needed. An orthogonal curvilinear filter cake equation is derived here for an arbitrary orthogonal cake geometry. This equation is applied to rectangular, cylindrical, oblate-spheroidal, and elliptic-cylindrical geometry cakes through the coordinate scale factors. Experiments are run on Lucite cakes in rectangular and elliptic-cylindrical coordinates. The constitutive parameter, Λ, is determined from experiments in rectangular coordinates and is used to predict the performance of an elliptic-cylindrical cake. Comparison of the predicted results with the experimental results of the elliptic-cylindrical cake shows the consistency of the equation for different geometries. The filter assembly used in the experiments was designed to be pressurized without being submerged within a larger slurry agit...
Local quantum chemistry: The local space approximation for Møller–Plesset perturbation theory

The local space approximation is an accurate technique for describing a relatively small cluster embedded within an extended system. It has previously been developed for the Hartree-Fock, local density functional, configuration interaction, and coupled cluster electronic structure methods. Here it is extended to Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pediatric Stroke: Do Clinical Factors Predict Delays in Presentation?

Objective To explore associations between age, clinical presentation, or predisposing conditions and delayed diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke. Study design This was a retrospective chart review of children admitted to tertiary care medical centers in San Diego County between 1995 and 2000. Inpatient charts were screened by ICD-9 codes for stroke, cerebrovascular anomalies, hemiplegia, and migraine. Results Time of presentation for medical evaluation did not differ by age group, clinical presentation, or risk factors. There was no relationship between time of presentation and Glasgow Outcome Score. Only 24% (9/37) of the patients with ischemic stroke presented for clinical evaluation within 6 hours after onset of symptoms, and an additional 41% (13/37) presented within the first 24 hours. Children who initially presented with altered mental status were more likely to die than those with other initial presentations (odds ratio = 9.94; 95% confidence interval = 2.05 to 47.9), but none of the 16 children who presented with hemiparesis died (P = .01). Conclusion Time of presentation was not related to the clinical factors studied. Early recognition of stroke in children is an important goal for families and health care providers.
Effects of the deuteron D state in sub-Coulomb (d, p) reactions

Angular distributions of the cross section, the vector analyzing power, and the three tensor analyzing powers have been measured for (d, p) reactions on /sup 90/Zr at 5.5 MeV and /sup 208/Pb at 9.0 MeV. The measurements are compared with calculations based on the distorted-wave Born approximation. For /sup 208/Pb the calculations are in excellent agreement with the measurements, while for /sup 90/Zr the agreement is only qualitative. The effect of the deuteron D state on the measured quantities is investigated. It is shown that the tensor analyzing powers arise almost entirely from the D state. A semiclassical model for sub-Coulomb (d, p) reactions is presented. This model successfully reproduces the qualitative features of the observed analyzing powers, and makes it possible to understand why the D state has a large effect on the tensor analyzing powers.
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA AND OTHER SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS OF CHILDHOOD

The past year has seen the publication of several important findings regarding the epidemiology, molecular biology, and treatment of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma and other childhood soft tissue sarcomas. These research advances will help us better understand the mechanisms involved in tumor development and progression, tailor therapy according to specific pretreatment tumor biologic characteristics, and develop novel treatments for rhabdomyosarcoma.
Sustainable manufacturing: Modeling and optimization challenges at the product, process and system levels

Abstract Achieving sustainability in manufacturing requires a holistic view spanning not just the product, and the manufacturing processes involved in its fabrication, but also the entire supply chain, including the manufacturing systems across multiple product life-cycles. This requires improved models, metrics for sustainability evaluation, and optimization techniques at the product, process, and system levels. This paper presents an overview of recent trends and new concepts in the development of sustainable products, processes and systems. In particular, recent trends in developing improved sustainability scoring methods for products and processes, and predictive models and optimization techniques for sustainable manufacturing processes, focusing on dry, near-dry and cryogenic machining as examples, are presented.
Private Markets in Public Goods (or Qualities)

I. Monopoly versus competition, under perfect information, 420.—II. The competitive production of public goods, 425.—III. Afterword, 428.—Appendix: The publicness of the characteristics of products, 428.
Purification of urate oxidase; a sex dependent enzyme from rat liver.

Abstract Urate oxidase from male and female rat livers has been purified. Although the enzymes from both sources have similar pH optima, activation energies, and behavior in disc acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the female derived enzyme has higher Km and Vmax values than the enzyme from the male rat. The results are discussed in terms of a possible explanation for the previously reported sex difference in the activity of rat urate oxidase.
Depression and outpatient medical utilization: A naturalistic 10-year follow-up,

The current investigation described the relationship between depression and outpatient medical utilization in a sample of 424 treatment-seeking individuals diagnosed with a depressive disorder and a demographically matched community sample of 424 men and women. This relationship was assessed longitudinally from baseline (intake for the patient sample) to 1-, 4-, and 10-year follow-ups. Patients and community individuals demonstrated distinct patterns of depressive symptoms and outpatient medical utilization: patients declined in symptoms and medical utilization following treatment, although they continued to have higher levels of depressive symptoms and outpatient utilization than controls at each follow-up period. Community controls demonstrated no change from baseline in symptoms or utilization at any follow-up. Higher levels of depressive symptoms was associated with increased outpatient medical utilization over the 10 years, even when age, sex, marital status, medical comorbidity, and patient status were controlled. Results add further evidence for a relationship between symptoms of depression and outpatient utilization by documenting this relationship in a posttreatment sample. Furthermore, the findings underscore the need for long-term follow-ups in investigations of the association between treatment for depression and the outpatient medical utilization of depressed individuals.
The E-Business Opportunity: A Key Role for Business Educators

Abstract In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive, practical guide to facilitate the understanding of the issues faced by a business endeavoring to expand into the e-business environment. This presentation should help business educators understand some of the quintessential questions and concerns that a typical business must answer to pursue business on the Web.
The sensitivity of weight selection for scoring rules to profile proximity to single-peaked preferences

Niemi (Am Polit Sci Rev 63:488–497, 1969) proposed a simple measure of the cohesiveness of a group of n voters’ preferences that reflects the proximity of their preferences to single-peakedness. For three-candidate elections, this measure, k, reduces to the minimum number of voters who rank one of the candidates as being least preferred. The current study develops closed form representations for the conditional probability, PASW(n,IAC|k), that all weighted scoring rules will elect the Condorcet winner in an election, given a specified value of k. Results show a very strong relationship between PASW(n,IAC|k) and k, such that the determination of the voting rule to be used in an election becomes significantly less critical relative to the likelihood of electing the Condorcet winner as voters in a society have more structured preferences. As voters’ preferences become more unstructured as measured by their distance from single-peakedness, it becomes much more likely that different voting rules will select different winners.
Adaptive digital proportional-integral-derivative controller for power converters

An adaptive digital proportional–integral–derivative (AD-PID) controller scheme is presented in this study to improve the dynamic performance of power converters. The controller adaptively adjusts the integral constant (Ki) and the proportional constant (Kp) following a new control law. The control law is a function of the magnitude change in the error signal and its peak value during dynamic transients. The proposed AD-PID controller adaptively detects the peak value of the error signal, which is a function of the transient nature and magnitude and utilises it in the control law such that no oscillations are generated as a result of the adaptive operation. As a result, the dynamic output voltage deviation and the settling time of the output voltage are reduced. The concept and architecture of the proposed AD-PID are presented and its proposed control law is discussed and verified by experimental results obtained from a single-phase DC–DC buck converter with input voltage range of 8–10 V, nominal output voltage of 1.5 V and a maximum load current of 7 A.
Reply to Bogartz, Shinskey, and Schilling; Schilling; and Cashon and Cohen

This thematic collection includes three failed replications of the initial rotating screen experiments with 41⁄2and 51⁄2-month-old infants (Baillargeon, 1987a; Baillargeon, Spelke, & Wasserman, 1985). Readers should be aware that Lecuyer in France (using computer-animated events) and Slater in England are currently conducting replications of these same experiments, with highly promising results. The three articles in the collection are discussed in turn; order of presentation reflects only ease of exposition.
Statistical Analyses Use In Tourism Research

Reviewing past research effortsfacilitates improvement and understanding of research in tourism . Such an examination indicates the direction of research and methodological sophistication in the field. Analysis techniques provide an index of research proficiency. This article provides a description of the statistical techniques used in the "Journal of Travel Research ," "Annals of Tourism Research," and "Tourism Management" by review ing these journals over a 10-year period. Descriptive statistics represent the majority of techniques employed. Regression/correlation, models, analysis of variance (ANOVA), nonparametric techniques, and factor analysis, in descending order, are the next most commonly used methods. Findings also indicate current tourism literature makes increased use of sophisticated techniques. Examination of articles in the three major tourism journals reveals opportunities for improved understanding and use of statistical analyses.
Protection of Transmission Line Over Mountainous Region Where Lightning Incidence Is High

This paper presents the application and beneficial results of protecting existing transmission lines which traverse mountainous country against direct lightning strokes by redesign of towers, alteration of overhead ground wires, installation of high speed relaying, and lowering of tower footing resistance by buried counterpoise wires.
A lethal neonatal variant of carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase deficiency in combination with an intermediate activity of L‐ornithine: 2‐oxoglutarate amino‐transferase

Shortly after birth, a newborn girl developed anorexia, hypotonia, apneic attacks and seizures. After 61 h the child died in coma. Biochemically, a highly elevated blood ammonia level was found together with an increased plasma level of the amino acids mainly involved in ammonia detoxication. Enzyme studies in post-mortem liver tissue material revealed a deficiency of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (0.9% of the mean value in controls) in combination with an intermediate activity of L-ornithine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (40% of the mean value in controls).
Major Matters: A Comparison of the Within-Major Gender Pay Gap across College Majors for Early-Career Graduates

I use data from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates and appended 1990 Census on about 11,000 men and women college graduates (8400 with bachelor's degrees only, and 2800 with graduate degrees) who earned degrees in a 5-year period (1984–1988), to address questions regarding the link between college major and early-career gender pay differentials. I look at within-major gender pay differentials for two groups of college graduates: those whose highest degrees are bachelor's and those who hold graduate degrees. Among those whose highest degrees are bachelor's, I find that within-major gender pay penalties are virtually zero for professional majors. Gender pay penalties are large for general studies majors: social sciences, history, and humanities, and business administration (except accounting). For these, jobs account for a large portion of the unexplained gap. Among individuals who hold graduate degrees, I find that within-major gender pay penalties are zero for all fields. My findings suggest that pay penalties to women in the aggregate can be traced to relatively large penalties in a couple of key fields (bachelor's degree–level general studies fields): social sciences and humanities, and business administration (except accounting). These findings are important, as they contradict the prevailing view. Existing empirical research suggests that women are uniformly disadvantaged compared to men regardless of field of study and, thus, field of study explains little or none of the gender gap in pay. I conclude that supply-side mechanisms are important factors in producing gender inequality among college graduates, and suggest that we further focus our attention on the “supply side” in understanding segregation and gender pay inequality.
A parallel version of ARGOS : a distributed memory model for shared memory UNIX computers

A distributed memory programming model was used in a fully parallel implementation of theab initio integral evaluation program ARGOS (R. Pitzer (1973)J. Chem. Phys. 58:3111), on shared memory UNIX computers. The method used is applicable to many similar problems, including derivative integral evaluation. Only a few lines of the existing sequential FORTRAN source required modification. Initial timings on several multi-processor computers are presented. A simplified version of the programming tool used is also presented, and general consideration is given to the parallel implementation of quantum chemistry algorithms.
Hormonal and monoaminergic influences on masculine copulatory behavior in the female rat.

Abstract Ovariectomized female rats receiving estradiol benzoate (EB), testosterone propionate, or no hormone treatment were administered parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), alone, or in combination with pargyline. Sixteen days of EB-treatment resulted in hypertrophied pituitaries and concomitant pressure damage to ventral portions of the brain. Irrespective of hormonal condition females receiving PCPA treatment displayed more masculine copulatory behavior than females receiving PCPA + pargyline or saline treatment. In a second study PCPA also potentiated masculine copulatory behavior in ovariectomized and adrenalectomized females receiving no hormone treatment. The ejaculatory pattern was observed in one of eight females receiving EB + PCPA treatment and in two of seven ovariectomized-adrenalectomized females receiving PCPA treatment. The possible role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in the expression of the ejaculatory pattern in male and female rats is discussed.
Changes in stable isotopic signatures of soil nitrogen and carbon during 40 years of forest development

Understanding what governs patterns of soil δ15N and δ13C is limited by the absence of these data assembled throughout the development of individual ecosystems. These patterns are important because stable isotopes of soil organic N and C are integrative indicators of biogeochemical processing of soil organic matter. We examined δ15N of soil organic matter (δ15NSOM) and δ13CSOM of archived soil samples across four decades from four depths of an aggrading forest in southeastern USA. The site supports an old-field pine forest in which the N cycle is affected by former agricultural fertilization, massive accumulation of soil N by aggrading trees over four decades, and small to insignificant fluxes of N via NH3 volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification. We examine isotopic data and the N and C dynamics of this ecosystem to evaluate mechanisms driving isotopic shifts over time. With forest development, δ13CSOM became depth-dependent. This trend resulted from a decline of ~2‰ in the surficial 15 cm of mineral soil to −26.0‰, due to organic matter inputs from forest vegetation. Deeper layers exhibited relatively little trend in δ13CSOM with time. In contrast, δ15NSOM was most dynamic in deeper layers. During the four decades of forest development, the deepest layer (35–60 cm) reached a maximum δ15N value of 9.1‰, increasing by 7.6‰. The transfer of >800 kg ha−1 of soil organic N into aggrading vegetation and the forest floor and the apparent large proportion of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in these soils suggest that fractionation via microbial transformations must be the major process changing δ15N in these soils. Accretion of isotopically enriched compounds derived from microbial cells (i.e., ECM fungi) likely promote isotopic enrichment of soils over time. The work indicates the rapid rate at which ecosystem development can impart δ15NSOM and δ13CSOM signatures associated with undisturbed soil profiles.
Flavohemoglobin denitrosylase catalyzes the reaction of a nitroxyl equivalent with molecular oxygen

Abstract We have previously reported that bacterial flavohemoglobin (HMP) catalyzes both a rapid reaction of heme-bound O2 with nitric oxide (NO) to form nitrate [HMP-Fe(II)O2 + NO → HMP-Fe(III) + NO] and, under anaerobic conditions, a slower reduction of heme-bound NO to an NO− equivalent (followed by the formation of N2O), thereby protecting against nitrosative stress under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and rationalizing our finding that NO is rapidly consumed across a wide range of O2 concentrations. It has been alternatively suggested that HMP activity is inhibited at low pO2 because the enzyme is then in the relatively inactive nitrosyl form [koff/kon for NO (0.000008 μM) ≪ koff/kon for O2 (0.012 μM) and KM for O2 = 30–100 μM]. To resolve this discrepancy, we have directly measured heme-ligand turnover and NADH consumption under various O2/NO concentrations. We find that, at biologically relevant O2 concentrations, HMP preferentially binds NO (not O2), which it then reacts with oxygen to form nitrate (in essence NO− + O2 → NO). During steady-state turnover, the enzyme can be found in the ferric (FeIII) state. The formation of a heme-bound nitroxyl equivalent and its subsequent oxidation is a novel enzymatic function, and one that dominates the oxygenase activity under biologically relevant conditions. These data unify the mechanism of HMP/NO interaction with those recently described for the nematode Ascaris and mammalian hemoglobins, and more generally suggest that the peroxidase (FeIII)-like properties of globins have evolved for handling of NO.
Effect of radiation on the structure of natural rubber

Abstract The effects of radiation-induced crosslinking on the physical arrangement of macromolecules in molten state natural rubber (NR) were examined. Three NR samples with doses of 0, 300, and 550 Mrad were studied based on differential radial distribution function (DRDF) curves derived from wide-angle x-ray scattering data. The resultant DRDF curves for all samples show the presence of intermolecular peaks at ∽5, 10, and 15 a. The appearance of such periodic intermolecular peaks suggests the presence of locally aligned chain segments, to the extent of ∽15a, in both uncrosslinked and crosslinked NR. The 5-a periodicity observed is the average chain-to-chain distance between more or less parallel molecules. The high-energy radiation causes a decrease in the area of these DRDF peaks for NR irradiated to higher than 300 Mrad. This result suggests a corresponding radiation-induced destruction of the intermolecular organization.
Dynamic data-driven sensor network adaptation for border control

Given a specific scenario for the border control problem, we propose a dynamic data-driven adaptation of the associated sensor network via embedded software agents which make sensor network control, adaptation and collaboration decisions based on the contextual information value of competing data provided by different multi-modal sensors. We further propose the use of influence diagrams to guide data-driven decision making in selecting the appropriate action or course of actions which maximize a given utility function by designing a sensor embedded software agent that uses an influence diagram to make decisions about whether to engage or not engage higher level sensors for accurately detecting human presence in the region. The overarching goal of the sensor system is to increase the probability of target detection and classification and reduce the rate of false alarms. The proposed decision support software agent is validated experimentally on a laboratory testbed for multiple border control scenarios.
A triangulation-based object reconstruction method

Reconstructing the shape of a 3D object from a digital scan of its surface has a range of applications, such as reverse engineering, authoring 3D synthetic worlds, shape analysis, 3D faxing and tailor-fit modeling. Input data might come in dfierent forms, depending on the scanning device used. It is usually comprised of the location (zI, yl, zi) of points on the surface of the object, and at times additional topological and geometric information, as well as measures of other physical properties. The sampling provided by recent scanning devices (such as the Lzser range scanner) is dense, in the sense that the resolution is much smaller than the sise of shape features of interest. Often multiple scans are required to capture the entire object’s surface. We make no assumptions on spatiaJ relations among sample points, and assume that the input is a large, but unorganized, collection of measurements. Our goal is to reconstruct a boundary representation of the object, based on implicit polynomial surface patches of low degree, that has the tiesired geometric continuity and approximates the data within a user-specified parameter E. For a discussion of related prior work the reader is referred to [6]. In [I], we presented a method based on alpha-shapes, to build an initial piecewise-linear reconstruction, followed by an incremental, adaptive piecewise polynomial fitting of the signed distance function defined by the alpha-shape. The method relied on the user to select a good a-value. The final reconstructed model was represented as a collection of C] -smooth implicit algebraic patches. A more up-to-date, detailed description of the algorithm can be found in [2]. In this paper, and the accompanying video presentation,
Starch Particle Volume in Single- and Double-Mutant Maize Endosperm Genotypes Involving the Soft Starch (h) Gene

Larger starch particle volume of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms is beneficial for many aspects of starch processing, and may improve the performance of some starch attributes. The recessive soft starch (h) locus increases starch granule size compared with normal (+/+) genotypes. The objective of this study was to compare starch particle volume of normal maize inbreds, and their near-isoline conversions to single- and corresponding double-mutant endosperm starch genotypes, including the h locus. Eighteen public inbreds and their near-isogenic conversions to amylose-extender (ae/ae), dull (du/du), waxy (wx/wx), sugary-2 (su2/su2), h/h, aelae h/h, du/du h/h, wx/wx h/h, and su2/su2 h/h, were planted in replicated trials in two environments in 1995 and one in 1996. Starch was extracted from mature kernels collected from each plot and examined for starch particle volume with a laser-based, particle size analyzer. Starch particle volume was greater in all near-isogenic line conversions containing the h locus than in their respective normal inbred. Starch particle volume for all double-mutant h/h combination genotypes was greater across all inbreds than in their respective single-mutant starch counterparts. These results demonstrate that the h allele is epistatic to the ae, du, wx and su2 alleles for increasing starch particle volume. Starch particle volume for single-mutant genotypes averaged across inbreds and environments ranked from the smallest to the largest as follows: du/du, aelae, su2/ su2, normal (+/+), wx/wx, and h/h. The ranking among the double-mutant genotypes from smallest to largest starch particle volume was: du/du h/h, su2/su2 h/h, ae/ae h/h, and wx/wx h/h. The epistatic nature of the h allele further enhances its usefulness for increasing starch particle volume in combination with other endosperm starch mutants utilized to develop specialty starches with value-added traits. This study also demonstrated that the genetic variation present among maize inbreds could be useful in breeding for increased starch particle volume.