cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accountability and Risk Assessment: Members’ and Leaders’ Perspectives about Psychoeducational Batterers’ Group

This study reports group leaders’ assessment of group members’ risk for reassault and level of accountability during a psychoeducational group intervention with male domestic violence perpetrators. It also examines members’ assessment of their own risk for reassault and level of accountability over the 18-week program. Group leaders and group members completed surveys every 2 weeks. Bivariate analyses examining differences in accountability rating and risk assessment between group leaders and group members show little agreement between leaders and members and few changes over time. Group leaders assessed group members as showing some increases in level of accountability near the end of the group. These findings suggest group leaders perceived increased accountability among group members, but they were rarely able to fulfill their goal of educating members about the connection between accountability and risk of reassault.
Peripheral arterial disease and progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

Objectives The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with concomitant peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Background Peripheral arterial disease is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The impact of concomitant PAD on coronary atherosclerosis progression in patients with coronary artery disease has not been well established. Methods The burden and progression of coronary atherosclerosis was investigated in 3,479 patients with coronary artery disease with (n = 216) and without (n = 3,263) concomitant PAD who participated in 7 clinical trials that employed serial intravascular ultrasound imaging. Results Patients with PAD had a greater percent atheroma volume (40.4 ± 9.2% vs. 38.5 ± 9.1%, p = 0.002) and percentage of images containing calcium (35.1 ± 26.2% vs. 29.6 ± 24.2%, p = 0.002), in association with smaller lumen volume (275.7 ± 101.6 mm3 vs. 301.4 ± 110.3 mm3, p Conclusions Patients with concomitant PAD harbor more extensive and calcified coronary atherosclerosis, constrictive arterial remodeling, and greater disease progression. These changes are likely to contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The benefit for all patients achieving low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol supports the need for intensive lipid lowering in patients with PAD.
Music as Communitas: Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, and the Musical Work

Franz Liszt and Clara Schumann were important participants in the construction of social, aesthetic, and pedagogical frameworks that contributed to the solidification of the musical work as a conceptual entity. Close inspection of their performative lives and personal views reveals a complex interplay of elements commonly seen as antithetical (for example, emotional experience and conceptual construction). This interplay can be viewed through the lens of anthropologist Victor Turner's theory of communitas, which, in its different modalities, refers to experience, regulation, and idealization. Liszt idealized music as a social system that facilitated the experience of transcendence-via-ecstasy, while Schumann's private, emotional relationship with music drove her to idealize the musical work itself as an autonomous entity. Each artist advanced different aspects of a utopian aesthetic that sought to protect musical experience as a liberating elsewhere. The anthropological perspective, which does not endorse...
Spiny lobsters and sea urchins: Analysis of a predator-prey interaction

Abstract Spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus (Randall), are important predators of two species of sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz) and S. purpuratus (Stimpson), which are major herbivores in southern California kelp forest communities. Aquarium experiments indicate that spiny lobsters strongly prefer S. purpuratus over S. franciscanus of comparable test diameter, probably accounting for the higher number of S. purpuratus mortalities observed in the field. Juvenile S. franciscanus ( 90 mm TD) when offered a range of sizes, although the larger lobsters are capable of handling the largest urchins. Relative movement, spine length, test thickness, and gonad weights of sea urchins were examined to evaluate the factors affecting the lobsters' choice of prey, and behavioral responses to lobsters were assessed to determine urchin availability to these predators. The handling problems associated with the long spines of larger S. franciscanus appear to be the major considerations in prey choice despite the much greater potential energy gain from these urchins. Thus predation by spiny lobsters appears to be sufficient to explain the bimodal size-frequency distribution typical of S. franciscanus populations in areas where these predators are common. Heavy fishing pressure on spiny lobsters during this century probably resulted in the release of sea urchin populations and contributed to episodes of destructive urchin grazing observed in the 1950's and subsequent years.
The Relationship Between Neuropsychological Deficit and MMPI Profile in Chronic Schizophrenics

The present study was an attempt to examine the relationship between personality variables and neuropsychological deficits in chronic schizophrenic subjects. The groups were composed of 73 chronic schizophrenic subjects with measureable cortical atrophy on CAT-Scan and 118 chronic schizophrenic subjects without identifiable brain damage. The relationship between neuropsychological deficit and personality variables was tested by means of discriminant analysis. As hypothesized, the brain-damaged group was found to have a stronger relationship between the neuropsychological deficits and the personality variables than the nonbrain-damaged group. Canonical correlation was used to demonstrate the underlying neuropsychological pattern which was found related to the personality profile of the MMPI for the entire sample of chronic schizophrenics. A frontal and anterior temporal lobe neuropsychological profile was found related to a particular personality profile.
CFQI: Fitted Q-Iteration with Complex Returns

Fitted Q-Iteration (FQI) is a popular approximate value iteration (AVI) approach that makes effective use of off-policy data. FQI uses a 1-step return value update which does not exploit the sequential nature of trajectory data. Complex returns (weighted averages of the n-step returns) use trajectory data more effectively, but have not been used in an AVI context because of off-policy bias. In this paper we propose a new generalization of FQI called Complex Fitted Q-Iteration (CFQI) which allows for complex returns. Theoretical properties are proved that show CFQI does not break existing convergence properties. Two methods for integrating complex returns are presented. The first method uses a simple truncating procedure for reducing off-policy bias. Our second method applies a novel bounding operation that utilizes the off-policy bias. We provide an empirical evaluation of the proposed methods on several reinforcement learning benchmarks. The results demonstrate that our methods significantly improve over FQI in terms of value estimation accuracy, policy performance, and convergence speed.
Dual work function metal gate CMOS technology using metal interdiffusion

In this letter, we propose a new metal-gate CMOS technology that uses a combination of two metals to achieve low threshold voltages for both n- and p-MOSFET's. One of the gate electrodes is formed by metal interdiffusion so that no metal has to be etched away from the gate dielectric surface. Consequently, this process does not disturb the delicate thin gate dielectric and preserves its uniformity and integrity. This new technology is demonstrated for the Ti-Ni metal combination that produces gate electrodes with 3.9 eV and 5.3 eV work functions for n-MOS and p-MOS devices respectively.
Persistent IL-10 production is required for glioma growth suppressive activity by Th1-directed effector cells after stimulation with tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cells.

Injection of dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with tumor antigens is a novel treatment strategy against malignancies, and aims to elicit anti-tumoral cell-mediated immune responses. We studied the in vitro proliferative responses and cytokine production in T cell cultures after 2 stimulations with autologous DC loaded with tumor lysates derived from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells in the presence of recombinant interleukin (rIL)−6/rIL-12 in the first, and rIL-2/rIL-7 in the second stimulation. After the second stimulation, T cells were co-cultured with glioblastoma (GBM) cells and tumor growth suppression by T cells was assessed using a MTT assay. Although loaded DC induced a significant shift towards T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokine production as compared to unloaded DC, persistent interleukin (IL)-10 production by T cells both at the end of 2 stimulations with loaded DC and during the effector phase was also required for their tumor suppressive activity. A stronger glioma growth suppressive activity by T cells stimulated with tumor lysate-loaded DC than by control T cells, cultured with unloaded DC, was seen only if the relative IL-10 production after two stimulations with loaded DC was at least 40% of the IL-10 production after two stimulations with unloaded DC. If less than 40% IL-10 was produced in the experimental condition compared to the control condition, T cells also lost their tumor growth suppressive activity. Addition of rIL-10 during stimulation increased the suppressive activity on tumor cell viability and interferon (IFN)-γ production by T cells that showed Th1 response upon stimulation with loaded DC. The data point towards the production of both IFN-γ and IL-10 by responding effector T cells, and towards an immune modulatory rather than immune suppressive role of IL-10 to generate anti-tumoral effector T cells against GBM.
Technology and innovation management

As we move toward the third millennium mankind is experiencing one of the most profound changes in its history. That change is the shift from the material-based society to a knowledge-based society driven by technological know-how. Every aspect of life is being affected by technology, every corner of the world is feeling the impact of rapid technological changes. We are entering a new era whose characteristics are shaped by technological innovations. It is clear that the challenges of the next few decades will be very different from the challenges of the last few decades. The key challenge will be to harness technology and to manage it for competitive advantage. Those who are successful at it will rise above the others and be the dominant forces of the next century; those who cannot manage technology will simply be reduced to memories left over from the past. This paper addresses the emerging issues in managing innovation and technology at the threshold of the new millennium, and describes how technology-based organizations can prepare themselves to meet the challenges of the technology era. When the term "technology" is used in this paper, it is not restricted to the hardware and software combination. Those are seen as the outputs of technology, not the technology itself. Technology refers to the knowledge system that produces the results in the form of those outputs.
Familial dysautonomia's impact on quality of life in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Aim: To evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of children, adolescents, and adults treated for familial dysautonomia (FD), a pervasive neurological disorder. Methods: The Child Health Questionnaire was completed by parents of 71 patients, while an additional 74 patients completed the Short Form – 36. Results: FD imposed a greater physical than psychosocial burden on the child, while the young adults reported both mental and physical quality of life within the average range. Self-esteem was problematic and improved with age, while both groups reported lowering physical quality of life as they grew older, with worsening general health that limited their role at school or work. Conclusion: Younger FD patients should be closely monitored for lowered self-esteem and referred for counseling when appropriate, while physical and occupational therapy should be provided in advance of expected lowered physical QoL and role fulfillment with increasing age. This becomes important as the need for additional surgical interventions, such as fundoplication with gastrostomy or spinal fusion, contribute to lower physical functioning. Given the high degree of parental involvement required for the varied manifestations of this multisystem disorder, the need for continued parental assessment and psycho-education about this chronic medical illness is warranted.
Simulating authenticated broadcasts to derive simple fault-tolerant algorithms*

Fault-tolerant algorithms for distributed systems with arbitrary failures are simpler to develop and prove correct if messages can be authenticated. However, using digital signatures for message authentication usually incurs substantial overhead in communication and computation. To exploit the simplicity provided by authentication without this overhead, we present a broadcast primitive that provides properties of authenticated broadcasts. This gives a methodology for deriving non-authenticated algorithms. Starting with an authenticated algorithm, we replace signed communication with the broadcast primitive to obtain an equivalent non-authenticated algorithm. We have applied this approach to various problems and in each case obtained simpler and more efficient solutions than those previously known.
PROTECTING CONFIDENTIALITY IN SMALL POPULATION HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS

Public policy decisions are fuelled by information. Often, this information is in the form of statistical data. Questions stemming from public health and environmental concerns often arise or are studied within small subgroups of a population. Continuing improvements in the performance and availability of computing resources, including geographic information systems, and the need to better understand environmental exposures and consequent health effects create increasing demand for small population health and environmental data. These demands are at odds with the need to preserve the privacy and data confidentiality of persons, groups or organizations covered by the data. Although confidentiality issues for demographic and economic data are well-studied and are gaining maturity for health data, these issues are only beginning to emerge for environmental data and combined environmental-health data. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework for that examination. Herein we examine confidentiality problems posed by small population health and environmental data, summarize available statistical methods, and propose avenues for the solution of new problems.
Income redistribution and social choice: A pragmatic approach

The conclusions of modern formal welfare analysis can be summarized in two statements. First, although there exists an infinite number of Pareto optimum positions which exhaust all possibilities of improving the welfare of one individual without diminishing the welfare of others, there is no objective criterion for selecting one of these optima as the most preferred or best position.1 Second, if individuals' preferences are to count and other apparently reasonable conditions are to be met, no voting system will be able to achieve a consistent ordering of these op t imum positions, i.e., to pick the most preferred position under all circumstances. This is Arrow's famous Impossibility Theorem.2 These conclusions seem to rule out the possibility of defining a unique welfare maximum and designing public policies to achieve it. Movements along the utility possibility frontier result in some individuals gaining while others lose thus altering the distribution of income and welfare. Ranking alternative positions on the frontier implies comparisions of individuals' utilities or welfare ccontributions which economists deny the capacity to make on behalf of society. Furthermore Arrow's results suggest the individuals would not be able to express their views on these comparisions accurately and consistently through voting.
Anterior temporal lobectomy compared with laser thermal hippocampectomy for mesial temporal epilepsy: A threshold analysis study

Abstract Purpose Anterior Temporal Lobectomy (ATL) is the gold standard surgical treatment for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but it carries the risks associated with invasiveness, including cognitive and visual deficits and potential damage to eloquent structures. Laser thermal hippocampectomy (LTH) is a new procedure that offers a less invasive alternative to the standard open approach. In this decision analysis, we determine the seizure freedom rate at which LTH would be equivalent to ATL. Methods MEDLINE searches were performed for studies of ATL from 1995 to 2014. Using complication and success rates from the literature, we constructed a decision analysis model for treatment with ATL and LTH. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were derived from examining patient preferences in similar clinical conditions. LTH data were obtained from a preliminary multicenter study report following patients for 6–12 months. A sensitivity analysis in which major parameters were systematically varied within their 95% CIs was used. Results 350 studies involving 25,144 cases of ATL were included. Outcomes of LTH were taken from a recently presented multicenter series of 68 cases. Over a 10-year postoperative modeling period, LTH value was 5.9668 QALYs and ATL value was 5.8854. Sensitivity analysis revealed that probabilities of seizure control and late morbidity of LTH are most likely to affect outcomes compared to ATL. We calculated that LTH would need to stop disabling seizures (Engel class I) in at least 43% of cases and have fewer than 40% late mortality/morbidity to result in quality of life at least as good as that after ATL. Conclusions This decision analysis based on early follow-up data suggests LTH has similar utility to ATL. These early data support LTH as a potentially comparable less invasive alternative to ATL in refractory TLE. LTH utility may remain comparable to ATL even if long-term seizure control is less than that of ATL. Larger prospective studies with long-term follow up will be needed to validate the true role of LTH in the refractory epilepsy patient population.
Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis

We have reviewed 12 cases of fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis, three of which were initially misdiagnosed as fractures of the lateral condyle and one as an elbow dislocation. Cubitus varus deformity is as common after this fracture-separation as it is following supracondylar fracture, and is most common in children under two years of age. Closed reduction and simple immobilisation is adequate for the older child, but we recommend for those under two years of age that closed reduction should be followed by percutaneous pinning, so that the carrying angle can be assessed immediately after reduction. If the elbow is then in varus the wires should be removed, reduction repeated and treatment by straight lateral traction used to maintain a valgus carrying angle.
Catalytic oxidation of n-hexane on Mn-exchanged zeolites: Turnover rates, regioselectivity, and spatial constraints

Abstract The effects of channel structure and spatial constraints on n-hexane oxidation rates and regioselectivity were examined on Mn cations within channels of acidic zeolites. Active Mn cations were placed at exchange sites within channels in 8-membered (ZSM-58), 10-membered (ZSM-5 and ZSM-57), and 12-membered ring (MOR) channels by sublimation of MnI2. Synthesis rates for hexanols (ROH), hexanal/hexanones (R( H) O), and acids were proportional to hexylhydroperoxide (ROOH) concentrations on all Mn-zeolite catalysts, except Mn-ZSM-58, on which products formed exclusively via noncatalytic autoxidation because of restricted access to Mn cations present within small channels (0.36 nm). Catalytic decomposition of ROOH intermediates occurs on intrachannel Mn cations and is the kinetically relevant step in alkane oxidation. ROOH decomposition rate constants were 2.5, 1.4, and 0.41 mol (mol-Mn h)−1 (mM-ROOH)−1 on Mn-ZSM-5, Mn-ZSM-57, and Mn-MOR (403 K; 0.4 MPa O2), respectively. Regioselectivity was influenced by the constrained environment around Mn cations, which increased terminal selectivities above the values predicted from the relative bond energies of methyl and methylene C H bonds in n-hexane. Mn cations within 10-ring channels gave higher terminal selectivities (Mn-ZSM-5: 24%, k prim / k sec = 0.42 ; Mn-ZSM-57: 14%, k prim / k sec = 0.22 ) than those within 8-membered or 12-membered rings (Mn-MOR, Mn-ZSM-57: 8–10%, k prim / k sec = 0.12 – 0.14 ), because of restricted access in ZSM-58 and unconstrained transition states for C H bond activation in MOR. Terminal selectivities decreased with increasing alkane conversion, because unselective noncatalytic autoxidation pathways prevail as ROOH concentrations concurrently increase. ROOH intermediates can be scavenged from the extracrystalline liquid phase using H-zeolites with accessible protons, which inhibit unselective noncatalytic reactions and maintain higher terminal selectivities as conversion increases, albeit with a concomitant decrease in the rate of oxidation steps also involving ROOH intermediates.
Posterior urethral valve: transperineal US for imaging and diagnosis in male infants.

PURPOSE: To compare routine pelvic and transperineal scanning in the ultrasonographic (US) diagnosis of posterior urethral valve (PUV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal and transverse transperineal views were obtained in addition to routine renal and transvesicle views in the prospective US evaluation of 10 male infants (aged 2 days to 6 weeks) clinically suspected of having PUV. High-frequency (5.0- and 7.5-MHz) transducers were used. RESULTS: Five of the boys proved to have PUV. Each had urethral dilation clearly imaged at transperineal US. Only two of these boys had urethral dilatation imaged with the transvesicle approach. In three of the boys, a linear area of echogenicity, consistent with a valve, was imaged, but only with the transperineal approach. The other five boys had no urethral dilatation noted at transperineal or transvesicle US and proved to not have PUV. CONCLUSION: Transperineal imaging can aid in the diagnosis of PUV at US. Transperineal US may enable imaging of the valve itself.
Problem–solving conversations in marriage: Does it matter what topics couples discuss?

To address the validity of a common procedure for assessing problem–solving communication behavior in marriage, this study investigated the extent to which communication behavior is influenced by the difficulty of the topic being discussed. Married couples engaged in a sequence of four videotaped problem–solving conversations, and the topics discussed in each conversation were coded for difficulty. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to investigate both proximal and distal influences on communication behavior. At the proximal level, couples did not change their communication behavior in response to changes in topic difficulty that occurred across the four conversations. At the distal level, couples experiencing conflict over a highly difficult topic reported low relationship satisfaction and used negative forms of communication behavior in all their problem–solving conversations, regardless of the issue being discussed. The relationship between topic difficulty and communication behavior was mediated by marital satisfaction.
Flow Separation Control Via Synthetic J&t Actuation

A theoretical and experimental analysis is presented for the optimal design of Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJA) driven by electrical motors. The experiments conducted in the water tunnel show that the motor powered zero mass flux tangential jet can completely eliminate separation on an airfoil even in the post stall region. A digital Particle Image Velocimetry system operating at speeds as high as 1,000 frames per second was employed to quantitatively characterize the momentum enhancement in the boundary layer, both parallel and perpendicular to the flow. A theoretical study on the power requirement of the motor is also presented. The analysis is based on the momentum deficit in the separating boundary layer, which has to be supplied by the motor. Methods to optimize the power and the configuration of the motorSJA assembly are discussed. It is shown that the optimized configuration depends on a parameter based on the average momentum added to the flow over a cycle of operation of the oscillatory jet. A new design for a SJA to be housed inside a wing was built and tested. Finally the use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to generate reduced order models of the flowfield generated by SJA’s is introduced and shown to have promising results. Nomenclature A area, [m2] A, ratio of membrane area A, to slot area A,, A,4 A, a moment arm, [m] *Research Assistant, Aerospace Engineering Department, Student Member AIAA. t Postdoctoral Research Associate, Aerospace Engineering Department, Member AIAA $ Professor, Aerospace Engineering Department, Member AIAA § Associate Professor, Aerospace Engineering Department, Member AIAA Copyright
Control of Bro1-Domain Protein Rim20 Localization by External pH, ESCRT Machinery, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim101 Pathway

Bro1-domain proteins such as yeast Bro1 and mammalian AIP1/Alix are well-established participants in endosome metabolism. The Bro1-domain interacts with endosomal surface protein Snf7/Vps32 in yeast, a subunit of the ESCRT complex. Yeast Bro1-domain protein Rim20 has no role in endosome function, but is required for alkaline pH-stimulated cleavage of transcription factor Rim101. Rim20-GFP is cytoplasmic under acidic conditions but concentrated in punctate foci under alkaline conditions. Bro1-GFP also accumulates in foci, but they are more numerous under acidic than alkaline conditions. Colocalization experiments indicate that some Rim20-GFP foci correspond to Bro1-RFP foci, whereas others do not. Rim8, Rim9, Rim21, Dfg16, Snf7, Vps20, Vps23, and Vps25, which are required for Rim101 cleavage, are required for appearance of Rim20-GFP foci. ESCRT complexes accumulate on endosome-derived compartments in cells that lack the AAA-ATPase Vps4. We find that Rim20-GFP foci accumulate in a vps4 mutant background independently of external pH, Rim101 pathway-specific genes, and most ESCRT subunit genes except for SNF7. Rim20-GFP foci seem to represent endosomes, because they colocalize with Snf7-RFP and because they correspond to a perivacuolar compartment in the vps4 strain. We propose that alkaline growth conditions alter the endosomal surface to favor Rim20-Snf7 interaction and Rim101 cleavage. Our findings raise the possibility that Bro1-domain proteins may be differentially regulated in the same cell, thereby coupling endosome metabolism to signaling.
Multimedia synchronization protocols for broadband integrated services

Protocols to provide synchronization of data elements with arbitrary temporal relationships of both stream and non-stream broadband traffic types are proposed. It is specified that the provision of a synchronization function be performed within a packet switched network, and, accordingly, a two-level communication architecture is presented. The lower level, called the network synchronization protocol (NSP), provides the ability to establish and maintain individual connections with specified synchronization characteristics. The upper level, the application synchronization protocol (ASP), supports an integrated synchronization service for multimedia applications. The ASP identifies the temporal relationships among an application's data objects and manages the synchronization of arriving data for playout. The proposed NSP and ASP are mapped to the session and application layers of the open-systems-interconnection (OSI) reference model, respectively. >
The Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Social Skills: Issues in Definition and Assessment

Social skills and adaptive behavior represent two subdomains of the superordinate construct of social competence. Adaptive behavior is viewed as the effectiveness and degree to which an individual meets social/cultural standards of personal independence and social responsibility. Social skills represent behaviors which, in specific situations, predict important social outcomes for children and youth. This article presents a conceptualization of social competence relevant for school settings. Relationships between adaptive behavior and social skills are documented and a classification system for social competence deficits is provided. Assessment procedures for classification and intervention purposes will be described with special reference to commonly used adaptive behavior measures.
SEASONAL MOVEMENT AND HOME RANGE OF THE MARIANA COMMON MOORHEN

Abstract Adult Mariana Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus guami) were radio-marked on Guam (n = 25) and Saipan (n = 18) to determine home range, inter- and intraseasonal space use, and movement patterns among the Mariana Islands of Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. Birds were tracked throughout the dry and wet seasons in 2000 and 2001. During the dry season, no interisland movements were detected and most birds remained at a single wetland. However, some radio-marked adults on Guam (48%) and Saipan (11%) dispersed from their capture site to other wetland sites. Inter-and intraisland movements increased during the wet season. Interisland movement from Saipan to Tinian occurred at the onset of the wet season, although no birds were observed moving off Guam. Radio-marked adults on Guam (71%) and Saipan (70%) dispersed from their capture site to other wetlands. On Guam, moorhens moved farther in the wet season than the dry season. During the wet season frequency of movement among sites was inversely proportio...
Optimization of finpack design for finned cylinder with nonuniform heat flux applied to the inner surface

An axisymmetric one-dimensional finite difference model has been developed to investigate the optimization of external fins on a cylindrical tube with a non-uniform heat flux applied to the inner surface. The heat flux boundary condition applied to the inner surface was determined from detailed 3-dimensional calculations using the KIVA code. The external convective boundary condition was determined from published correlations. This model encompasses the basic geometry of an air-cooled engine cylinder. The model was computationally efficient and allowed for the optimization of the fin length of each fin and its location. A genetic algorithm optimization procedure was utilized. The results show that optimum usage of material is obtained from fins of comparable length distributed over the entire outer cylinder, in spite of the concentrated heat flux at the upper end of the cylinder. The results indicate the important role of axial conduction in the thermal energy balance of this system. The tradeoff between material usage and maximum temperature was demonstrated by changing the merit function used for optimization.
Algorithmic Methods for the Analysis of Gene Expression Data

The traditional approach to molecular biology consists of studying a small number of genes or proteins that are related to a single biochemical process or pathway. A major paradigm shift recently occurred with the introduction of gene-expression microarrays that measure the expression levels of thousands of genes at once. These comprehensive snapshots of gene activity can be used to investigate metabolic pathways, identify drug targets, and improve disease diagnosis. However, the sheer amount of data obtained using high throughput microarray experiments and the complexity of the existing relevant biological knowledge is beyond the scope of manual analysis. Thus, the bioinformatics algorithms that help analyze such data are a very valuable tool for biomedical science. First, a brief overview of the microarray technology and concepts that are important for understanding the remaining sections are described. Second, microarray data preprocessing, an important topic that has drawn as much attention from the research community as the data analysis itself is discussed. Finally, some of the more important methods for microarray data analysis are described and illustrated with examples and case studies.
Folate and Inflammatory Markers Moderate the Association Between Helicobacter pylori Exposure and Cognitive Function in US Adults.

Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with cognitive deficits in humans, an association potentially mediated or moderated by folate concentration or inflammation. Materials and Methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets to examine whether folate concentration or inflammation mediates or moderates the relationship between H. pylori and cognitive function. Models were performed using linear, Poisson, and zero-inflated Poisson regression, and we performed separate analyses for groups aged 20–59 and 60–90 years with sample sizes ranging from 700 to 1700. Results We did not find evidence of mediation in either age group. In the 20- to 59-year group, interactions between H. pylori and ferritin (p values ranging from .004 to .039) were associated with worse processing speed, better working memory, and worse reaction time. Interactions between H. pylori and fibrinogen (p values ranging from .023 to .045), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = .023), and the inflammatory index (p = .045) were associated with worse processing speed. In 60- to 90-year-olds, H. pylori interacted with ferritin and the inflammatory index to predict fewer mathematical errors (p values of .036 and .023). Interactions with folate (p values of .016 and .006) and C-reactive protein (p values ranging from <.001 to .048) were inconsistent in directionality. Conclusions In this dataset, representative of the US population, inflammation and folate concentrations moderated but did not mediate the association between H. pylori seropositivity and cognition.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF LITTER SIZE IN PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS.

Litter or clutch size is an important component of an organism's total reproductive effort. Because of its importance, the evolution of litter or clutch size has received considerable theoretical attention (e.g., Brockelman, 1975; Cody, 1966; Lack, 1948; Mountford, 1968; Ricklefs, 1970; and Smith and Fretwell, 1974). Most authors point out that optimal clutch sizes are the products of diverse selective pressures, including levels of resource abundance, the intensity of intraand interspecific competition, predation pressure, and other sources of mortality. In the face of these diverse pressures, organisms can produce clutches containing a relatively large number of offspring each of small size or clutches containing a smaller number of relatively large offspring. The balance that is struck between offspring size and number often depends on the relative importance of the selective pressures determining both parental and offspring fitness. In highly competitive environments, for example, selection will favor increased parental investment per offspring and decreased litter or clutch size whereas in environments in which predation and/or climatic changes cause heavy mortality, reduced parental investment per offspring and increased litter or clutch size will be selectively favored (Brockelman, 1975). Behavioral complexity can also influence the evolution of clutch or litter size. In vertebrates, large clutches of small hatchlings often occur in fish, amphibians, and reptiles that lack parental care whereas small clutches or litters of larger young occur in birds and mammals in which parental care is usually much more highly developed. In this paper we examine experimentally some of the factors that may determine optimal litter size in the common North American forest-dwelling cricetid rodent Peromyscus leucopus. Results of a number of studies (summarized in Fleming (1970) and Hill (1972)) indicate that average litter size in this species, whose adults weigh 22-25 g, ranges from 4.1 to 5.5. Part of this variation is geographic (Smith and McGinnis, 1968) and part is age (parity)-related (Drickamer and Vestal, 1973). In laboratory colonies of P. leucopus noveboracensis, the subspecies with which we worked, litter size averages 4.7 (Drickamer and Vestal, 1973; Hill, 1972). The basic question we set out to answer was: Is a litter size of 4.7 (or its closest integer value, 5) most fit? Does it produce the greatest number of surviving and reproducing offspring, as Lack (1948), but not Mountford (1968), would predict? In attempting to answer this question, we have examined the effect of litter size and female parity on the following parameters: (1) birth weight, (2) survivorship and growth rates of young during their first four weeks of life, (3) weight at weaning, and (4) the ability of weanlings to survive exposure to acute stress.
Interactive Effects of Temperature, pH, and Water Activity on the Growth Kinetics of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coli O104:H4†

The risk of non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli strains has become a growing public health concern. Several studies characterized the behavior of E. coli O157:H7; however, no reports on the influence of multiple factors on E. coli O104:H4 are available. This study examined the effects and interactions of temperature (7 to 46°C), pH (4.5 to 8.5), and water activity (aw; 0.95 to 0.99) on the growth kinetics of E. coli O104:H4 and developed predictive models to estimate its growth potential in foods. Growth kinetics studies for each of the 23 variable combinations from a central composite design were performed. Growth data were used to obtain the lag phase duration (LPD), exponential growth rate, generation time, and maximum population density (MPD). These growth parameters as a function of temperature, pH, and aw as controlling factors were analyzed to generate second-order response surface models. The results indicate that the observed MPD was dependent on the pH, aw, and temperature of the gro...
Creativity in the Age of Technology: Measuring the Digital Creativity of Millennials

Digital technology and its many uses form an emerging domain of creative expression for adolescents and young adults. To date, measures of self-reported creative behavior cover more traditional forms of creativity, including visual art, music, or writing, but do not include creativity in the digital domain. This article introduces a new measure, the Creative Behavior Questionnaire: Digital (CBQD), which assesses self-reported creative behavior in the digital domain. High school students (N = 230) completed the CBQD, as well as several other measures of creativity and personality. Factor analysis revealed 3 factors: digital creativity achievement, school-based everyday creativity, and self-expressive digital creativity. Factor-based scales showed expected correlations with other creativity measures, as well as Big-Five personality traits and Unconventionality, supporting construct validity. Results indicate that the CBQD can be used as an independent or a supplemental measure of creative behavior.
The Abstract on the Separation and Identification of Root-knot Nematode Natural Enemy Fungus in Greenhouses in Helan Mountain Farm of Ningxia

In this study,427 samples of root-knot nematodes were obtained from ill rot and soil samples which were collected from Helan Mountain Farm of Ningxia,of which 204 adults,68 larvae and 155 eggs.83 fungal were obtained by dissection respectively from the root-knot nematode adults,larvae and eggs.The fungi saved were identified to 9 genera,including Fusarium,Alternaria,Penicillium etc.and 13 sterile fungi.Fusarium was the dominant population,and its isolation frequency took up 26.5% of all the isolates in this study.
Arthroscopic surgery in a sports medicine practice.

SUMMARY The arthroscope has dramatically changed the approach of the orthopedist to the diagnosis and treatment of joint injuries. A thorough history and physical examination, complemented by careful arthroscopic visualization, allow for a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. The ability to perform arthroscopic surgery has eliminated the need for open arthrotomy in most internal derangements of the knee. Used properly, the arthroscope is an essential tool in the practice of sports medicine.
Lymphangiography in Staging Patients With Carcinoma of the Bladder

Pedal lymphangiography was used in the evaluation of 28 patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Correlation of the lymphangiogram with histologic examination of the surgically excised pelvic and para-aortic nodes was less than 50 per cent and suggests limited applicability of this diagnostic technique in staging bladder cancer.
UDP-glucose promotes neutrophil recruitment in the lung

In addition to their role in glycosylation reactions, UDP-sugars are released from cells and activate widely distributed cell surface P2Y14 receptors (P2Y14R). However, the physiological/pathophysiological consequences of UDP-sugar release are incompletely defined. Here, we report that UDP-glucose levels are abnormally elevated in lung secretions from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) as well as in a mouse model of CF-like disease, the βENaC transgenic (Tg) mouse. Instillation of UDP-glucose into wild-type mouse tracheas resulted in enhanced neutrophil lung recruitment, and this effect was nearly abolished when UDP-glucose was co-instilled with the P2Y14R antagonist PPTN [4-(piperidin-4-yl)-phenyl)-7-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl-2-naphthoic acid]. Importantly, administration of PPTN to βENaC-Tg mice reduced neutrophil lung inflammation. These results suggest that UDP-glucose released into the airways acts as a local mediator of neutrophil inflammation.
Microscopy for Biomaterials Science

This chapter will familiarize the reader with the more common microscopy tools used in current biomaterials research. The key concepts of magnification, resolution, and contrast are first introduced and then their meaning explored in the context of light microscopy. Digital imaging is very briefly addressed. Attention then moves to the electron microscopies, specifically SEM. Finally, new developments in optical microscopy are addressed that are shattering limitations of microscopy that have inhibited progress for hundreds of years. A brief guide to some useful resources is found at the end of the chapter.
Food, Identity, and Memory Among Aging Veterans at End of Life

Food is significant from an anthropological and sociological perspective. The emotional and symbolic meanings of food, however, are rarely examined in the health care literature, nor are such meanings specifically linked to end-of-life treatments. The aim of this study was to explore the meaning, value, beliefs, and emotions connected with food and how a cultural model for older adults shapes this meaning related to end-of-life treatments. This article describes a qualitative study of older male veterans with terminal or advanced progressive illness perceptions and beliefs about food. Analysis of the data revealed a cultural model of community identity and social memory as described through food. The meaning of food was highly symbolic and temporal in nature. Given the historical struggle concerning the use of artificial nutrition at end of life, results of this study might provide a foundation upon which clinicians can explore the meaning of food in those with terminal or advanced progressive illnesses and incorporate this into end-of-life decision making. Further clinicians may address the need for nurturance and caring without the use of end-of-life treatments by focusing on physical comfort measures and the use of other nurturing activities to replace the “food connection” between the older adult and family.
Nodular Neuronal Heterotopia

Brain tissue from 4 children with intractable epilepsy and subcortical or periventricular nodular heterotopia of different etiologies (megalencephaly, cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria) was examined at the University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, UK.
Cooperative Iron–Oxygen–Copper Catalysis in the Reduction of Benzaldehyde under Water-Gas Shift Reaction Conditions

Two Fe–Cu heterobimetallic complexes have been synthesized from the reactions of the (cyclopentadienone)iron complexes {2,5-(EMe3)2-3,4-(CH2)4(η4-C4C═O)}Fe(CO)3 (E = Si, 1a; E = C, 1b) with (IPr)CuOH (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene). X-ray crystallographic studies show that these complexes adopt a structure featuring a bridging hydride which can be described by the formula {2,5-(EMe3)2-3,4-(CH2)4(η4-C4C═O)}(CO)2Fe(μ-H)Cu(IPr) (E = Si, 4a′; E = C, 4b′). When they are dissolved in toluene, THF, or cyclohexane, these complexes form a rapidly equilibrated isomeric mixture of 4a′ or 4b′ and the terminal iron hydride {2,5-(EMe3)2-3,4-(CH2)4(η5-C4COCuIPr)}Fe(CO)2H (E = Si, 4a; E = C, 4b). The solution structure for the Me3Si derivative is dominated by 4a. Both 4a and 4b/4b′ react with HCO2H to form a monometallic iron hydride and (IPr)CuOCHO. They also undergo displacement of (IPr)CuH by CO. The heterobimetallic complexes are effective catalysts for the reduction of PhCHO under water-gas shif...
Comparing the discussion networks and voluntary association memberships of immigrants and non-immigrants in U.S. suburban gateways

Abstract Using survey data from five Chicago (U.S.) suburbs, we build regression models comparing the social lives of immigrants and non-immigrants. We define immigration several ways (citizenship, legal status, immigrant generation, length of time in U.S., and race/ethnicity). Results indicate that the size, longevity and density of immigrants’ discussion networks are mostly comparable to those of non-immigrants, as are the number and longevity of their voluntary association memberships. Immigrants and non-immigrants differ little in geographic location of their network confidants and organizational memberships. However, there is less racial/ethnic variety in immigrants’ social lives, particularly if they are Latinx or not citizens.