cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intercellular septate-like junction of neoplastic cells in myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale.

Septate junction, a common intercellular feature of invertebrate epithelium, is absent in most vertebrate tissues. In an ultrastructural study of three cases of myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale, structures similar to septate junction were observed in two cases. They were circumferential bands around the finger-like processes of neoplastic cells in which slightly widened 30–40-nm intercellular spaces (as compared to 15–20 nm in nonjunctional region) were transversed at regular intervals by parallel septa resulting in characteristic ladder-like appearance. The electron-dense septa, 30–40 nm in cross-length and 20–30 nm in width, were arranged in a periodicity of 40–50 nm. The septa connected to the outer leaflets of the apposing cytoplasmic membranes which appear undisrupted. Most junctions were short; the longest one contained 15 septa in a length of 1.4 μm. Hemiseptate-like junctions with septa of the same measurements were noted between the processes and the investing basement membrane. Junetional complexes such as zonula adherens and gap junction were present in the vicinity. They may represent a specific intercellular feature of myxopapillary ependymoma, and function as cellular adhesions and a mechanical support of the neoplastic cells.
Cystic medionecrosis of the coronary arteries and fatal coronary vasospasm

The histopathological basis of coronary vasospasm is not well defined. We report a patient with directly observed coronary artery spasm in whom cystic medionecrosis of the coronary arteries and great vessels and myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve were evident. We suggest that myxoid connective tissue lesions of the heart may be linked to coronary vasospasm.
The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis components on the development of the European corn borer

Abstract Spores, crystals, and exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis were fed to larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis . Used separately, the spores and crystals retarded the growth rates of the host insect, but a combination of spores and crystals was necessary to cause mortality of treated larvae. The exotoxin produced by B. thuringiensis did not affect the European corn borer under the conditions of the test.
The rhesus rotavirus VP4 sialic acid binding domain has a galectin fold with a novel carbohydrate binding site

Cell attachment and membrane penetration are functions of the rotavirus outer capsid spike protein, VP4. An activating tryptic cleavage of VP4 produces the N-terminal fragment, VP8*, which is the viral hemagglutinin and an important target of neutralizing antibodies. We have determined, by X-ray crystallography, the atomic structure of the VP8* core bound to sialic acid and, by NMR spectroscopy, the structure of the unliganded VP8* core. The domain has the β-sandwich fold of the galectins, a family of sugar binding proteins. The surface corresponding to the galectin carbohydrate binding site is blocked, and rotavirus VP8* instead binds sialic acid in a shallow groove between its two β-sheets. There appears to be a small induced fit on binding. The residues that contact sialic acid are conserved in sialic acid-dependent rotavirus strains. Neutralization escape mutations are widely distributed over the VP8* surface and cluster in four epitopes. From the fit of the VP8* core into the virion spikes, we propose that VP4 arose from the insertion of a host carbohydrate binding domain into a viral membrane interaction protein.
Jacob Bernoulli and the Mathematics of Tennis

Jacob Bernoulli’s Lettre a un Amy sur les Parties du Jeu de Paume employs the sorts of mathematical techniques that had been applied to games of chance by Pascal and Huygens to a game, now called Court Tennis or Royal Tennis, the outcomes of which depended, as he thought, not on chance but on athletic skill. He assumed that the players’ relative strengths could be determined a posteriori or by observation. Bernoulli’s work shows an alternate route by which mathematics was applied to the real world in the seventeenth century, one which did not involve Platonic conceptions of the role of mathematics, but rather the techniques of commercial arithmetic and, in particular, of algebra.
On the spread of information with time and distance

The transmission of some information or behavior pattern is treated as a flow of “particles” which execute random motions over a population of individuals and which may multiply or disappear. Equations are derived for the number density of these “particles” and from this is calculated the number of individuals through which the “particles” have passed. The results are applied to a number of situations such as 1) uniform spatial distribution with multiplication factor decreasing with time because of loss of interest or confusion of the information, 2) multiplication factor constant but the rate of spreal decreasing with multiple hearings, 3) one-dimensional region with a small starting region with or without an absorbing barrier 4) two-dimensional region with absorbing barrier, 5) continous sources of information within a small region in one dimension, 6) uniform spatial distribution in which individuals do not respond to more than one hearing.
Enzymic effects of β-glucosidase destruction in mice changes in glucuronidase levels

Abstract 1. 1. The injection into mice of a single dose of conduritol B epoxide, a covalent inhibitor of glucosidases, quickly produced changes in tissue levels of β- d -glucoronidase (EC 3.2.1.31). The specific activity of the enzyme decreased in liver, spleen and kidney while brain showed little change. The inhibitor did not act on glucuronidase in vitro, so the effect of the inhibitor is complex, possibly a result of the loss of glucosidase activity. Since glucuronidase contains glucose, we suggest that the transport of the enzyme between subcellular regions and tissues involves loss of part of the glucose moieties. 2. 2. Levels of glucocerebrosidase ( d -glucosyl -N- acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45) dropped very rapidly after epoxide injection, reaching a minimum at 1 h in liver. There was a noticeable restoration of activity within the next 1–2 h. Aryl β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) decrease somewhat less than cerebrosidase, reaching a minimum within 2 h. It too showed some recovery of activity within 3 h. 3. 3. Acid phosphatase rose slightly in liver but not in brain. α- l -Fucosidase antiotensin-converting enzyme were not affected by the epoxide injection. The latter two enzymes are known to contain glucose. 4. 4. Injection of a hemolyzing agent, phenylhydrazine, produced an increased level of glucuronidase in liver and spleen within 6 days, but not in kidney. This enhancement was a little less in mice previously injected with the glucosidase inhibitor. 5. 5. Mice injected with the epoxide once a day eight times showed a distinct rise in brain glucuronidase level, as well as a rise in brain weight. However, the other organs showed only the same decrease in glucuronidase specific activity noted with the single injection protocol. It is suggested that the difference is due to the blood-brain barrier, which could slow the loss of brain glucuromidase from the extracellular fluid.
The Impact of Chronic Opioid Use on Colonoscopy Outcomes

Endoscopic procedures are frequently performed on patients chronically on opioids, raising concerns about the safety and efficacy of conventional sedation. We hypothesized that chronic opioid use is associated with longer procedure times, higher dosages of sedation medications, and an increase in adverse effects. This is a retrospective review from June 2012 to June 2013. Patients on chronic opioids (opioids use ≥12 weeks) were compared to randomly selected patients matched for age, race, and sex. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify factors that were independently predictive of longer procedure times. Patients on chronic opioids required higher doses of fentanyl (122.0 ± 45.3 vs. 105.8 ± 47.2 µg; P < 0.0001) and midazolam (5.3 ± 5.3 vs. 4.4 ± 2 mg; P = 0.0037) and were more likely to receive diphenhydramine (42.8 vs. 22.6 %; P < 0.001). The induction period (11.3 ± 8.8 vs. 7.5 ± 4.0 min), duration of procedure (39.1 ± 17.5 vs. 33.4 ± 14.1 min), and recovery times (38.7 ± 15.3 vs. 33.8 ± 12.1 min) were significantly longer for patients on chronic opioids. In the multivariate regression analysis, opioid use was an independent predictor of longer procedure duration (P < 0.05). Hypotensive episodes did not differ between groups (2.8 vs. 2.7 %; P = 0.8). However, patients on chronic opioids experienced more pain (13.4 vs. 5.9 %; P 0.001) and hypertensive episodes (8.1 vs. 2.8 %; P 0.002). Patients on chronic opioids represent a high-risk population with longer procedural times and more discomfort, despite higher dosages of sedative agents. Prospective studies are required to define the risks and benefits of more costly alternative sedation strategies for patients on chronic opioids.
Application of real-time engine simulations to the development of propulsion system controls

The development of digital controls for turbojet and turbofan engines is presented by the use of real-time computer simulations of the engines. The engine simulation provides a test-bed for evaluating new control laws and for checking and debugging control software and hardware prior to engine testing. The development and use of real-time, hybrid computer simulations of the Pratt and Whitney TF30-P-3 and F100-PW-100 augmented turbofans are described in support of a number of controls research programs at the Lewis Research Center. The role of engine simulations in solving the propulsion systems integration problem is also discussed.
Eine neue Arbeitsweise in der Ionenaustauschchromatographie

Es wurde uber die Herstellung und Anwendung von Ionenaustauschercapillaren in der anorganischen Analyse berichtet, die besonders zur Trennung kleiner Mengen in Verbindung mit grosem Auflosungsvermogen geeignet sind. Zukunftige Untersuchungen mit anderen Ionenaustauschern und mit anderen Saulendimensionen sollen die Anwendungsmoglichkeiten dieser Capillaren erweitern.
The use of Bayesian forecasting to make process adjustments during transitions

Abstract In many manufacturing operations, a system may exhibit dynamic behavior before reaching a steady-state level. This is most frequently associated with a transition in production like a product style change or a grade change. During the transition phase, the output does not respond instantaneously to a change in input. However, there is typically some information about the past transition phase performance available. We develop an adjustment policy for transition periods based on using a Bayesian forecast to incorporate the prior information. We present computational results showing average process improvements under various system and noise disturbance conditions.
Valley splitting in finite barrier quantum wells

The valley splitting (VS) in a silicon quantum well is calculated as a function of barrier height with both the multiband $s{p}^{3}{d}^{5}{s}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ model and a simple two-band model. Both models show a strong dependence of the VS on barrier height. For example, in both models some quantum wells exhibit a sharp minimum in the valley-splitting amplitude as the barrier height is changed. From the simple two-band model we obtain analytic approximations for the phases of the bulk states involved in the valley-split doublet, and from these we show that such sharp minima correspond to parity changes in the ground state as the barrier height is increased. The two-band analytic results show a complicated dependence of the valley splitting on barrier height, with the phases essentially being determined by a competition among effective quantum wells of differing length. These analytic results help explain the VS in realistic structures where different finite barrier heights are possible depending on the confining heterojunctions used.
Coastal turbulence is highly heterogeneous

When fresh river water first flows into the salty coastal ocean, the two types of water remain highly stratified. However, the difference in velocity between the river and ocean waters can cause turbulence—chaotic motion that breaks through density barriers and promotes mixing. Understanding the role of turbulence in driving coastal water properties—from temperature to salinity to nutrient load distributions—requires a more complete understanding of the physics of coastal turbulence.
Factor in Acidified Serum Toxic for Malignant Cells in Culture

Normal 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and malignant SV40 virus transformed 3T3 (SV3T3) cells in tissue culture require several serum factors for survival and growth1–3. When 2% of rat serum that had been acidified to pH 2 and then neutralized is added to cultures of 3T3 and SV3T3 cells in otherwise serum-free medium, normal 3T3 cells survive and grow, but malignant SV3T3 cells die3. A toxic serum factor, activated by treatment of rat serum at pH 2, which kills SV3T3 cells has been suggested3.
91 CROSS-SECTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY OF ATRIAL SEPTUM IN D-TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT VESSELS

Seven infants with d-Transposition of Great Vessels(d-TGV) were evaluated by cross-sectional echocardiography(C Echo). The ages ranged 2 days to 7 months. Five patients(pts) were examined pre-and post-atrial septostomy(AS) by balloon or surgical technique and 2 only after AS. All had cardiac catheterization(CC). The atrial septum was examined by a 60° angle mechanical sector scanner. Intact atrial septal image was shown as a thick, solid line from the upper margin of the ventricular septum ending at the posterior wall dividing two atria. The fossa ovalis showed as a concave area from left side. Prior to AS, all pts had a patent foramen ovale, but their C Echo results were that of intact atrial septum. C Echo after the AS showed a large defect. The lower and upper margins of atrial septum were visualized. The diameter of the defect was 7-12 mm. Contrast C Echo from both atria was done during CC using saline. Prior to AS, none or small amount of contrast passed the foramen ovale. After AS , large amount entered from one atrium to another freely. Cross-sectional echocardiography is important for evaluation of the size of atrial septal defect in d-TGV since the atrial level is the critical site of mixing. Its capability of quantitating the size of defect is valuable in those with previous balloon atrial septostomy.
Facial skeletal growth after endoscopic sinus surgery in the piglet model.

This study examined the effects of varying degrees of endoscopic sinus surgery on the growing midface and snout in pigs. In this randomized, controlled experiment, thirty 40-60 pound pigs were placed in five experimental groups: (1) unilateral uncinectomy; (2) bilateral uncinectomy; (3) unilateral uncinectomy, anterior ethmoidectomy, maxillary antrostomy; (4) bilateral uncinectomy, anterior ethmoidectomy, maxillary antrostomy; (5) unoperated controls. Animals were killed after 3 months and growth was assessed, according to linear and spatial measurements of multiple craniofacial regions. Euclidean distance matrix analysis showed significant restrictive shape alterations in a linear fashion in groups 1-4 (p < .05). These alterations occurred in the surgical field of the snout, midsnout, and maxilla. Endoscopic sinus surgery causes significant restrictive effects in the growing porcine facial skeleton.
Statistical evaluation of bacterial source tracking data obtained by rep-PCR DNA fingerprinting of Escherichia coli.

Pattern recognition has been applied to environmental systems for identification of numerous pollution sources including aerosolized lead and petroleum hydrocarbons. In recent years, DNA fingerprinting has gained widespread application as a means to characterize genetic variations for such purposes as microbial source tracking. This approach, however, is strongly dependent on the statistical and image analyses applied. Several statistical analyses of rep-PCR DNA fingerprints were assessed as a means to differentiate between potential sources of fecal contamination. GelCompar II and methods based on penalized discriminant analysis (PDA) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classification procedures were used to differentiate between 10 source groups within a library containing DNA fingerprints of 548 Escherichia coli isolates from known human and nonhuman sources. KNN performed significantly better than PDA in a jackknife analysis, though the library was not large enough to detect significant differences between ...
Wideband Real-Time Signal Processing Using Integrated Acousto-Optics Technology'

Recent advancements in guided-wave acoustooptic Bragg modulators/deflectors1-4 and geodesic lenses have paved the way for real-time processing of wideband multichannel signals in a planar substrate. The encouraging progress obtained in semiconductor diode lasers and photodetector arrays, and in the mechanisms for butt-coupling these components to planar waveguides also points to a good prospect for hybrid integration of all components in LiNb03 and Si substrates. Fig. 1 depicts the configuration of an acoustooptic time-integrating correlator using hybrid integration in LiNb03 substrate.5 Naturally, present and future research in GaAs sub-strate may also result in monolithic integration. The resulting integrated optic modules or subsystems are expected to provide improvements in size and weight, performance, reliability, and ultimate cost.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diffuse normolipidemic plane xanthomas with monoclonal gammopathy presenting as urticarial plaques

Diffuse normolipidemic plane xanthomas may be a harbinger of diseases of the reticuloendothelial system, including multiple myeloma, other paraproteinemias, leukemia, and lymphoma. We present an atypical case of diffuse normolipidemic plane xanthomas and monoclonal gammopathy.
Parametrically excited multidegree-of-freedom systems with repeated frequencies

Abstract An analysis is presented of the linear response of multidegree-of-freedom systems with a repeated frequency of order three to a harmonic parametric excitation. The method of multiple scales is used to determine the modulation of the amplitudes and phases for two cases: fundamental resonance of the modes with the repeated frequency and combination resonance involving these modes and another mode. Conditions are then derived for determining the stability of the motion.
The mouthparts of Ancyla and the reduction of the labiomaxillary complex among long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The short mouthparts of Ancyla oraniensis Lepeletier are described and illustrated for the first time, and are briefly compared with those of Tarsalia ancyliformis Popov. The other known genera of long-tongued bees with shortened proboscides are pointed out. In all of them the glossa has become shorter than the prementum and the galeal blade shorter than the stipes; the two basal segments of the labial palpi have been shortened and the posterior surface of the glossa has been exposed. These features make these labiomaxillary structures very similar to those of typical short-tongued bees. It is suggested that, for bees feeding exclusively in shallow flowers or in food stored in nests, there might be advantages in having the short-tongued type of mouthparts.
Phenotypic variation with respect to fitness: the basis for rank-order selection.

Having argued that phenotypic variation with respect to the component of fitness involved in withstanding density stress is useful for the persistence of populations through time, the sources of such variation are described. Age differences and differences caused by the accidental encounters of dissimilar microenvironments are non-genetic in origin. Genetic bases for phenotypic variation can either be proximate (each individual having a unique genotype) or ultimate. The latter case is one in which the genotypes of individuals are such that the progeny they produce are phenotypically variable. Selection favouring such genotypes can be shown to be Darwinian; group selection is not required. A means for revealing instances of the ultimate genetic control of phenotypic variation is suggested: measures of what should be error variance prove to be larger than those which should, under normal circumstances, include error variance. The last increment of variation that causes what might otherwise be repetitive structures to differ can be ascribed to decisions that are genetically pre-set within developmental programmes.
Type A as a Moderator of Stressors and Job Complexity: A Comparison of Achievement Strivings and Impatience‐Irritability

This study examined two components (achievement strivings and impatience-irritability) of the Type A Behavior Pattern as moderators of job stressors and job complexity on health and job satisfaction. It was predicted that achievement strivings would moderate the impact of job stressors and impatience-irritability would impact responses to job complexity. Data from 525 employed adults provided mixed support for the moderator hypotheses. Relations between job stressors and both health and job satisfaction were strongest among employees reporting high levels of achievement strivings. Impatience-irritability had no moderating effect. For job complexity, only one moderator effect was found. Mental demands were positively related to job satisfaction among those reporting low levels of impatience-irritability. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Price vs. quantity-based approaches to airport congestion management

Abstract This paper analyzes price and quantity-based approaches to management of airport congestion, using a model where airlines are asymmetric and internalize congestion. Under these circumstances, optimal congestion tolls are differentiated across carriers, and a uniformity requirement on airport charges (as occurs when slots are sold or tolls are uniform) distorts carrier flight choices. Flight volumes tend to be too low for large carriers and too high for small carriers. But quantity-based regimes, where the airport authority allocates a fixed number of slots via free distribution or an auction, lead carriers to treat total flight volume (and thus congestion) as fixed, and this difference generates an efficient outcome as long as the number of slots is optimally chosen.
Using DNA microarrays to study natural variation

The emerging field of genomics examines the relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation by describing and analyzing patterns of natural variation on a genome-wide scale. In this endeavor, an important tool is the use of microarrays, which enable simultaneous screening of thousands of assays. Microarrays were originally designed for the detection of differences between samples and are thus ideally suited to high-throughput studies of natural variation. Novel microarray platforms enable the high throughput survey of variation at multiple levels, including DNA sequences, gene expression, protein binding, and methylation. However, most microarray data analysis tools, notably normalization methods, were developed for experiments in which only few features differed between samples. In studies of natural variation, this assumption does not always hold, raising a number of new challenges.
Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of the thoracoabdominal aorta.

Abstract MR angiography (MRA) of the thoracoabdominal aorta is a noninvasive technique that can rapidly acquire a volume of data with the capability of multiplanar reformations (MPR) and "bright blood" maximum intensity projection (MIP) angiographic images. These MIP images can display long tortuous vessels in a single three-dimensional (3D) volume, with excellent delineation of branch vessel disease and without the flow artifacts or long examination times of conventional spin-echo (SE) imaging. Two-dimensional (2D) time-of-flight (TOF) imaging is used most widely because of familiarity and ease of implementation, but this method has limitations in evaluating thoracoabdominal aortic disease. Sequential 2D axial imaging (which maximizes flow-related enhancement) is time consuming, subject to slice-to-slice misregistration, and can be degraded by pulsatile and turbulent flow. Coronal or parasagittal imaging is more time efficient, but image degradation secondary to inplane saturation and stagnant or turbulent flow from aneurysmal disease may lead to nondiagnostic studies. Three-dimensional TOF techniques offer the advantages of higher signal-to-noise ratio, better spatial resolution with near isotropic voxels, and shorter echo times (TEs), which lessen signal loss because of intravoxel phase dispersion. Although these techniques provide excellent image quality in the carotid arteries, they are of limited use in the aorta because of saturation effects. However, the addition of gadolinium chelates shortens the T1 relaxation rate of blood, which obviates the need for flow-related enhancement, allowing for inplane imaging without saturation effects, even in regions of virtually stagnant flow. The enormous signal enhancement of gadolinium chelates enables imaging with high-resolution matrices, providing diagnostic angiograms in as little as 2 minutes. With improved hardware, faster and stronger gradients, and phased-array coils that increase the signal-to-noise ratio, breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced 3D schemes with ultrashort TEs will become the optimal method for imaging the aorta and its branch vessels. Using this technique, the aorta can be imaged in less than 1 minute.
Spectral features of hyper-Rayleigh scattering in chloroform-d

Abstract Measurements of hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) in chloroform-d indicate that interaction induced contributions account for more than half of the scattered intensity from the liquid phase. The effective hyperpolarizability obtained from the entire liquid HRS spectrum in the VV polarization geometry is 〈 β VV 2 〉 1/2 =15.7±0.6 au. The unimolecular hyperpolarizabilities obtained from the Lorentzian components of the HRS spectrum are 〈 β VV 2 〉 1/2 =10.2±0.7 au and β ‖ =10.8±0.5 au. This value for β ‖ differs substantially from that previously inferred from electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) measurements, calling into question previous HRS results calibrated using chloroform as a standard.
A rare case of multiple skip segment Hirschsprung's disease in the ileum and colon.

As a rare form of Hirschsprung’s disease, skip segment Hirschsprung’s disease (SSHD) involves a “skip area” in normally ganglionated intestine, surrounded by aganglionosis. We report a case of multiple SSHD in the ileum and colon with total colonic aganglionosis. To our knowledge, this is the 27th case of SSHD, the third paper on multiple-segment SSHD, and the second patient with SSHD in the ileum to be reported in the English literature.
“The Best and the Worst”: An Exercise to Tap Perceptions of Language-Learning Experiences and Strategies

Thiy article presents an exercise useful for rapping perceptions of participants' hest und worst lunguage-learning experiences and the strulegies these individuals used in such experiences. Inforrnal results across six training sessions are presented. Positive language-learning situations stimulated the use of a wide range of learning strategies, while negative situations stunted strategy use, restricting it mainly to strategies that helped learners cope with their day-to-day struggle with the dysfunctional environment. Possible juture uses of “The Best and the Worst” exercise with students, as well as for teacher training, are discussed.
74 MBq radioiodine 131I does not prevent uptake of therapeutic doses of 131I (i.e. it does not cause stunning) in differentiated thyroid cancer

SUMMARYAltogether, 147 scintiscans, completed 48–72 h after 74 MBq 131I, were compared with scintiscans obtained on average 7.8 days after therapeutic doses of 131I. The therapeutic doses ranged from 1100 to just over 7400 MBq. The reasons for the investigation were to determine (1) if the diagnosti
Patterns of postrotary nystagmus in three learning-disabled children

This study explores the effect of a program of sensory integration therapy, with emphasis on vestibular stimulation activities, on the duration of postrotary nystagmus in three learning-disabled children. The single-subject methodology employed allowed a more individualistic and longitudinal investigation of nystagmus patterns in the three subjects. The graphic and statistical analysis of the data revealed that two of the three subjects evidenced significant changes in postrotary nystagmus durations over the 25-week period of the study. Subject 1, with initially low nystagmus durations, displayed an increase in duration, whereas subject 2, with initially normal postrotary nystagmus durations, exhibited a response decline in nystagmus durations. The postrotary nystagmus durations of subject 2 remained relatively stable across both the baseline and intervention periods. The therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed, and areas in need of additional investigation are highlighted.
Colonial Caribbean migrations to France, The Netherlands, Great Britain and the United States

Abstract This article compares the migration processes to, and the socio‐economic conditions of colonial Caribbean migrants in, the metropoles. Specifically, it discusses: 1) the formation of modern colonies in the Caribbean after World War II; 2) the differences between colonial Caribbean migrations and migrations from Caribbean nation‐states; 3) the different socio‐economic characteristics among Caribbean colonial migrants in the metropoles; and 4) the labour market incorporation and public policies affecting colonial Caribbean migrants in each metropolitan society. There are interesting differences among these Caribbean colonial migrants regarding the process of incorporation into the host society. This is related to the different development of the welfare state in each metropole and to the presence or absence of specific public policies addressing the peculiar socio‐economic conditions of these migrants.
A role for the thermal environment in defining co-stimulation requirements for CD4+ T cell activation

Maintenance of normal core body temperature is vigorously defended by long conserved, neurovascular homeostatic mechanisms that assist in heat dissipation during prolonged, heat generating exercise or exposure to warm environments. Moreover, during febrile episodes, body temperature can be significantly elevated for at least several hours at a time. Thus, as blood cells circulate throughout the body, physiologically relevant variations in surrounding tissue temperature can occur; moreover, shifts in core temperature occur during daily circadian cycles. This study has addressed the fundamental question of whether the threshold of stimulation needed to activate lymphocytes is influenced by temperature increases associated with physiologically relevant increases in temperature. We report that the need for co-stimulation of CD4+ T cells via CD28 ligation for the production of IL-2 is significantly reduced when cells are exposed to fever-range temperature. Moreover, even in the presence of sufficient CD28 ligation, provision of extra heat further increases IL-2 production. Additional in vivo and in vitro data (using both thermal and chemical modulation of membrane fluidity) support the hypothesis that the mechanism by which temperature modulates co-stimulation is linked to increases in membrane fluidity and membrane macromolecular clustering in the plasma membrane. Thermally-regulated changes in plasma membrane organization in response to physiological increases in temperature may assist in the geographical control of lymphocyte activation, i.e., stimulating activation in lymph nodes rather than in cooler surface regions, and further, may temporarily and reversibly enable CD4+ T cells to become more quickly and easily activated during times of infection during fever.
Prenylation is required for polar cell elongation, cell adhesion, and differentiation in Physcomitrella patens

Summary Protein prenylation is required for a variety of growth and developmental processes in flowering plants. Here we report the consequences of loss of function of all known prenylation subunits in the moss Physcomitrella patens. As in Arabidopsis, protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I are not required for viability. However, protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I activity is required for cell adhesion, polar cell elongation, and cell differentiation. Loss of protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity results in colonies of round, single-celled organisms that resemble unicellular algae. The loss of protein farnesylation is not as severe but also results in polar cell elongation and differentiation defects. The complete loss of Rab geranylgeranyltransferase activity appears to be lethal in P. patens. Labeling with antibodies to cell wall components support the lack of polarity establishment and the undifferentiated state of geranylgeranyltransferase type I mutant plants. Our results show that prenylated proteins play key roles in P. patens development and differentiation processes.
Neither HMG-14a nor HMG-17 gene function is required for growth of chicken DT40 cells or maintenance of DNaseI-hypersensitive sites

HMG-14 and HMG-17 form a family of ubiquitous non-histone chromosomal proteins and have been reported to bind preferentially to regions of active chromatin structure. Our previous studies demonstrated that the chicken HMG-17 gene is dispensable for normal growth of the DT40 chicken lymphoid cell line. Here it is shown that the major chicken HMG-14 gene,HMG-14a, is also dispensable and, moreover, that DT40-derived cells lacking both HMG-17 and HMG-14a proteins show no obvious change in phenotype with respect to the parental DT40 cells. Furthermore, no compensatory changes in HMG-14b or histone protein levels were observed in cells lacking both HMG-14a and HMG-17, nor were any alterations detected in such hallmarks of chromatin structure as DNaseI-hypersensitive sites or micrococcal nuclease digestion patterns. It is concluded that the HMG-14a and HMG-17 proteins are not required for normal growth of avian cell linesin vitro, nor for the maintenance of DNaseI-hypersensitive sites in chromatin.
Initial results for automated computational modeling of patient-specific electromagnetic hyperthermia

The authors report the first highly automated CT image segmentation and interpolation scheme applied to model patient-specific EM hyperthermia. This novel system is based on sophisticated tools from the artificial intelligence, computer vision, and computer graphics disciplines. It permits CT-based patient-specific hyperthermia models to be constructed without tedious manual contouring on digitizing pads or CRT screens. The system permits in principle near-real-time assistance in hyperthermia treatment planning. The authors apply this system to interpret actual patient CT data, reconstructing a 3-D model of the human thigh from a collection of 29 serial CT images at 10 mm intervals. Then, using the finite-difference-time-domain (FD-TD) method, they obtain 2-D and 3-D models of EM hyperthermia of this thigh due to a waveguide applicator. They find that different results are obtained from the 2-D and 3-D models, and they conclude that full 3-D tissue models are required for future clinical usage. >
Negative Advertising and the Dynamics of Candidate Support

Scholars have spent a great deal of effort examining the effects of negative advertising on citizens’ perceptions of candidates. Much of this work has used experimental designs and has produced mixed findings supporting one of two competing theories. First, negative ads may harm candidates who sponsor them because citizens tend to dislike negativity. Second, negativity may drive down citizens’ support for the targeted candidate because the attacks give people reasons to reject the target. We argue that the mixed findings produced by prior research may be driven by a disregard for campaign dynamics. We present a critical test of these two theories using data drawn from 80 statewide elections—37 gubernatorial and 43 U.S. Senate contests—from three election years and public opinion polling collected during the last 12 weeks of each campaign. We find that a candidate’s support declines as her advertising strategy includes a higher proportion of negative ads relative to her opponent and that this process unfolds slowly over the course of the campaign.
Application of a modified jogged-screw model for creep of titanium aluminides: evaluation of the key substructural parameters

A modification of the jogged-screw model has been adopted recently by the authors to explain observations of 1/2[110]-type jogged-screw dislocations in equiaxed Ti-48Al under creep conditions. The aim of this study has been to verify and validate the parameters and functional dependencies that have been assumed in this previous work. The original solution has been reformulated to take into account the finite length of the moving jog. This is a better approximation of the tall jog. The substructural model parameters have been further investigated in light of the Finite Length Moving Line (FLML) source approximation. The original model assumes that the critical jog height (beyond which the jog is not dragged) is inversely proportional to the applied stress. By accounting for the fact that there are three competing mechanisms (jog dragging, dipole dragging, dipole bypass) possible, we can arrive at a modified critical jog height. The critical jog height was found to be more strongly stress dependent than assumed previously. The original model assumes the jog spacing to be invariant over the stress range. However, dynamic simulation using a line tension model has shown that the jog spacing is inversely proportional to the applied stress. This has also been confirmed by TEM measurements of jog spacings over a range of stresses. Taylor's expression assumed previously to provide the dependence of dislocation density on the applied stress, has now been confirmed by actual dislocation density measurements. Combining all of these parameters and dependencies, derived both from experiment and theory, leads to an excellent prediction of creep rates and stress exponents. The further application of this model to other materials, and the important role of atomistic and dislocation dynamics simulations in its continued development is also discussed.
Vagal innervation modulates motor pattern but not initiation of canine gastric migrating motor complex

To determine the role of vagal nerves in initiation and modulation of the gastric migrating motor complex (MMC), motor activity was recorded in four dogs before and after total abdominal vagotomy d...
Faunal Composition and Seasonal Activity of Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Three Different Woodland Communities in Arkansas,

Populations of Carabidae were studied in 3 different woodland communities (5 study habitats) in Arkansas. Lists of the species collected in each habitat are given. Five species were collected in numbers large enough to warrant forming conslusions about their seasonal activity. These were Evarthrus convivus LeConte, E. parasodalis Freitag, E. seximpressus LeConte, Pterostichus permundus (Say) (Carabidae: Carabinae: Pterostichini), and Pasimachus elongatus LeConte (Carabidae: Carabinae: Scaritini). These 5 species are referred to as “dominants” in the habitats in which they occur in large numbers. It is postulated that these species utilize most of the resources available to the ground beetle element of the community and thereby exclude large numbers of other ground beetle species.
Occult Aminoglycoside Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Epidemiology and Implications for Therapy and Control

The epidemiology of aminoglycoside-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated in an intensive care unit (ICU) with serial surveillance cultures of throat and rectum. Bacterial population analysis performed by replica plating of primary isolation plates onto gentamicin-containing agar revealed the presence of resistant subpopulations in the initial isolates from 41 (71%) of 58 consecutive assessable patients; these isolates were stably resistant and proportionately less susceptible to other aminoglycosides. An increase in resistant subpopulations occurred during the ICU stay in 34% of 38 colonized patients cultured serially as opposed to none of 23 followed after ICU discharge (P = .0008). Isolates of P. aeruginosa from patients who received aminoglycosides in the ICU were more likely to show an increase in resistance than were isolates from other patients (55% vs. 11%; P = .005); decreasing resistance after ICU discharge followed discontinuation of antibiotic administration. ICU mortality was higher in patients with increasingly resistant subpopulations (69% vs. 16%; P = .0004). The difficulty in treating infections with P. aeruginosa and in controlling drug resistance likely relates to the common carriage of clinically undetected resistant subpopulations that emerge during therapy.
Initial management of burns.

The incidence of burn injury has declined steadily over the past several decades in the United States and in some other developed countries. In-hospital fatality rates have also declined and are now only about 4 percent among patients with major injuries who are treated in specialized burn units.1,2 Despite this declining incidence, about 1.25 million persons are still treated for burns annually in the United States, and 50,000 are hospitalized each year for the treatment of burns.3 Seventy-five percent of those hospitalized have burns covering less than 10 percent of the body-surface area.1 Such burns rarely cause hemodynamic problems . . .
XRX-Köhler Optical Design and System Optimization

We present multiple optical design embodiments of a dish-based concentration photovoltaic (CPV) system utilizing Kohler illumination. Spectral optimization, opto-mechanical tolerancing, prototype development, and on-sun field validation are presented showing good agreement with the illumination model.
Detection of undiagnosed coagulopathies using routine rapid heparin neutralization.

Objective To determine the most frequent clinical causes of a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) result, and to determine whether a new heparin-removal device (the Hepchek, Pall Biomedical, Glen Cove, NY 11542) is capable of efficiently detecting the causes of these values. Design A combination of chart review and laboratory testing comparing the criterion standard--the heparin chromogenic substrate assay--with the Hepchek. Laboratory investigations were blinded and controlled. Setting Inpatient, acute-care hospital. Patients A total of 1,000 hospital patients with a variety of hemostatic disorders. Main outcome measure The extent to which the Hepchek accurately identified the etiology of a prolonged APTT result. Results The APTT was prolonged in 25.2% of samples. The presence of heparin in the sample was confirmed by chromogenic assay or by using the Hepchek heparin-removal filter. The presence of heparin was confirmed in 12.8% of all samples and in more than 50% of all abnormal samples. The cause of the abnormal APTT was often unappreciated by the clinician. Bayesian analysis of the Hepchek's ability to diagnose heparin correctly as the cause of the abnormal APTT showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99.9%. Conclusion Use of the Hepchek in the routine clinical laboratory is an efficient and rapid method of detecting heparin as a cause of isolated prolonged APTT results, and should reduce demands for unwarranted coagulation analyses and inappropriate treatment with blood products.
Clinical validation of enzymeimmunoassay of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) in the detection of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in urine

The preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (mean, 60.7 standard error ± 4.7 mIU/ml) as determined by a solid-phase enzymeimmunoassay in urine has been correlated with clinical parameters in 24 women. In group A, of seven women, the preovulatory LH surge correlated with basal body temperature and cervical mucus. In one of the women in group A, serum levels of pituitary and gonadal hormones confirmed ovulation. In group B, of 17 women, the urinary estrone-3-glucuronide (E 1 -3-G) peak was either coincident with or preceded the LH surge. The LH surge in all cases occurred 12 to 24 hours prior to follicular rupture, as visualized by real-time sonography. The enzymeimmunoassay for the detection of the preovulatory LH surge is useful in patients for artificial insemination and for aspiration of mature oocytes for in vitro fertilization.
Intercellular communication and conjugation are mediated by ESX secretion systems in mycobacteria

Mycobacteria encompass several slow-growing pathogens, including organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis. Mycobacteria use a component of their ESX (or Type VII) secretion system for a distinctive form of genetic exchange called distributive conjugal DNA transfer. Gray et al. investigated a quicker-growing model species, Mycobacterium smegmatis. They found that the secretory apparatus, ESX-4, is essential for DNA transfer into the recipient but is not required for donor cells to pass along their DNA. The ESX-1 secretory apparatus was required in the recipient for ESX-4 induction, but it did not appear to provide the physical channel for DNA. Rather, ESX-1 may secrete cell-surface “mating factor” receptors. More research will be needed to understand the details of this intriguing means of DNA exchange in mycobacteria. Science , this issue p. [347][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aag0828
The Medieval in the Modern: Command and Consent in Japanese Politics

Modern Japanese political discourse was a syncretic fusion of new Western ideas with medieval and early modern East Asian notions of command and consent. The eleventh-century Chinese concept of ‘blocking roads of remonstrance’, for example, originally meant that elite imperial advisers should not stop their rivals from addressing the throne. That idea was reworked in nineteenth-centuary Japan as a complement to Western concepts such as ‘freedom of speech’ and ‘consent of the governed.’ Political discourse in the 1870s also invoked the medieval sense that a samurai’s duty was to his lord’s house, rather than to the lord’s person. The notion that a retainer could disobey his lord without dishonour was refashioned as a basis for dissent from state edicts in the national interest.
A thermodynamic basis for the electronic properties of molten semiconductors: the role of electronic entropy

AbstractThe thermodynamic origin of a relation between features of the phase diagrams and the electronic properties of molten semiconductors is provided. Leveraging a quantitative connection between electronic properties and entropy, a criterion is derived to establish whether a system will retain its semiconducting properties in the molten phase. It is shown that electronic entropy is critical to the thermodynamics of molten semiconductor systems, driving key features of phase diagrams including, for example, miscibility gaps.
Analysis of Local Government Performance and Leadership in Nigeria

This paper examines the quality of local government leaderships in Nigeria. It explores how local governments’ inefficiency and poor leadership have been a major challenge facing the development process in Nigeria. The paper has two objectives. The first is to identify the professionalism of a sample of Nigerian local government chairpersons. The second is to examine whether there are systematic correlations between local government chairpersons’ professionalism, political partisanship, local characteristics, and performance. The paper argues that the quality of local government chairpersons has significant policy implications because of their vital role in policy making and implementation. The concluding section provides some policy recommendations on how local government leaders could improve performance.