cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-term macroinvertebrate recruitment and sediment accumulation: A novel field chamber approach

Stream-deposited sediment is one of the major stressors affecting stream biota. Several methods exist to quantify stream sediment embeddedness, but they are relatively qualitative and operationally defined. The authors developed a short-term in situ embeddedness chamber method to measure aquatic insect recruitment and associated sediment accumulation in a more quantitative, better replicated manner. With sediment accumulation and aquatic insect recruitment as endpoints, three exposure periods were evaluated (4, 7, and 14 d) on a low-order stream (Honey Creek, New Carlisle, Ohio, USA) and a medium-order stream (Stillwater River, Covington, Ohio, USA). Chamber results show significant positive correlations between newly deposited fine sediment and insect recruitment. Embeddedness was also measured using the more conventional techniques of the Burns method and the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program method. This in situ chamber method allows for increased experimental options for assessing the stress of embeddedness and siltation on benthic communities and may prove useful for investigating the resilience of benthic communities after disturbances. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1098-1106. # 2012 SETAC Keywords—Artificial substrate Benthic macroinvertebrates In situ Recruitment Embeddedness
The Yeast Clathrin Adaptor Protein Complex 1 Is Required for the Efficient Retention of a Subset of Late Golgi Membrane Proteins

In yeast, certain resident trans-Golgi network (TGN) proteins achieve steady-state localization by cycling through late endosomes. Here, we show that chitin synthase III (Chs3p), an enzyme involved in the assembly of the cell wall at the mother-bud junction, populates an intracellular reservoir that is maintained by a cycle of transport between the TGN and early endosomes. Traffic of Chs3p from the TGN/early endosome to the cell surface requires CHS5 and CHS6, mutant alleles of which trap Chs3p in the TGN/early endosome. Disruption of the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) restores Chs3p transport to the plasma membrane. Similarly, in AP-1 deficient cells, the resident TGN/early endosome syntaxin, Tlg1p, is missorted. We propose that clathrin and AP-1 act to recycle Chs3p and Tlg1p from the early endosome to the TGN.
A Simple Monitor for Airborne Alpha Particles

A simple continuous monitor for airborne alpha particles is described. The single-channel system can detect activity concentrations of ten times maximum permissible level for plutonium and gives indication of accumulated activity at 10-minute intervals. The instrument is designed with emphasis on simplicity, reliability, flexibility of use, and ease of decontamination.
NATURAL AND CULTURAL VEGETATION

(1969). NATURAL AND CULTURAL VEGETATION. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 383-385.
Anti-idiotype antibodies and immunization against infectious diseases

Abstract Over the last 10 years the search for alternative vaccines has included the study of anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id). Antigen-specific receptors found on both T and B lymphocytes within the immune system contain unique determinants that are sometimes antigenic themselves. These determinants are individually designated as idiotopes and collectively as idiotypes (Id). Accordingly, anti-Id serologically define and can in turn be defined by their own Id, based on the expression of variable region domains associated with a specific antigen receptor. These vaccine candidates offer antigen mimicry or antibody selection as a means of inducing a protective immune response, as well as the possibility of priming specific immune cells to respond in the presence of an antigenic challenge. Anti-Id have been used to stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity to specific pathogens. Representatives of infectious diseases in which anti-Id are being utilized can be found in viral, bacterial, and parasitic systems.
Partially upper continuous preferences: Representation and maximal elements

This paper generalizes two theorems in Campbell and Walker (1990), which is based on weak upper continuity. A new property, called partial upper continuity, is shown to be sufficient for representation and existence of a maximal element. Noting that transfer weak upper continuity (Tian and Zhou, 1995) characterizes the existence of a maximal element, we show it is not strong enough to guarantee representation.
Conductive AFM patterning on oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkyl monolayers on silicon substrates: Proposed mechanism and fabrication of avidin patterns

Micro- and nanopatterns of biomolecules on inert, ultrathin platforms on nonoxidized silicon are ideal interfaces between silicon-based microelectronics and biological systems. We report here the local oxidation nanolithography with conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) on highly protein-resistant, oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-terminated alkyl monolayers on nonoxidized silicon substrates. We propose a mechanism for this process, suggesting that it is possible to oxidize only the top ethylene glycol units to generate carboxylic acid and aldehyde groups on the film surface. We show that avidin molecules can be attached selectively to the oxidized pattern and the density can be varied by altering the bias voltage during cAFM patterning. Biotinylated molecules and nanoparticles are selectively immobilized on the resultant avidin patterns. Since one of the most established methods for immobilization of biomolecules is based on avidin–biotin binding and a wide variety of biotinylated biomolecules are availa...
Identification of Acetylcholine Receptor Channel-Lining Residues in the M1 Segment of the .alpha.-Subunit

The muscle-type acetylcholine (ACh) receptor has the composition alpha 2 beta gamma delta. The subunits are arranged quasisymmetrically around a central, ion-conducting, water-filled channel. Each subunit has four membrane-spanning segments, M1-M4, and the channel through the membrane is formed among these segments. Substituting cysteine for each of the residues in and flanking the alpha M2 segment, we previously found that, at 10 of the 21 mutated positions, the cysteine was accessible to a small, positively charged, sulfhydryl-specific reagent, methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA), and inferred that the residues at these positions are exposed in the channel lumen. We have now applied the substituted-cysteine-accessibility method to alpha M1. We analyzed 15 consecutive residues, starting at alpha Pro211 at the extracellular end of M1. Wild-type alpha contains Cys222, which is inaccessible to MTSEA. We mutated each of the other 14 residues to cysteine and expressed the mutant alpha subunits, together with wild-type beta, gamma, and delta subunits, in Xenopus oocytes. Thirteen of the fourteen mutants gave robust ACh-induced currents. MTSEA irreversibly altered the ACh-induced response of seven cysteine-substitution mutants: alpha Y213C was susceptible to MSTEA added in the presence or the absence of ACh, alpha P211C, alpha I215C, alpha V216C, alpha N217C, and alpha I220C were susceptible in the absence of ACh, and alpha V218C was susceptible in the presence of ACh. These results imply that M1 is exposed in the channel, and its exposure changes during gating or desensitization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Polymorphism of the erythropoietin gene promotor and the development of myelodysplastic syndromes subsequent to multiple myeloma

Polymorphism of the erythropoietin gene promotor and the development of myelodysplastic syndromes subsequent to multiple myeloma
Colorado Care Tablet: The design of an interoperable Personal Health Application to help older adults with multimorbidity manage their medications

Medication errors are common and cause serious health issues during care transitions, particularly for older adults with multiple chronic conditions. In this paper, we discuss the design and evaluation of the Colorado Care Tablet, a Personal Health Application (PHA) that helps older adults and their lay caregivers manage their medication regimes during care transitions. We created a PHA that older adults with limited computing experience could easily use by designing an application based on their real world artifacts and workflows.
Protein NMR resonance assignment by isotropic mixing experiments on random fractionally deuterated samples

Abstract The 108-residue protein E. coli thioredoxin has been uniformly enriched to 50% with deuterium at all carbon-bound hydrogen positions. Isotropic mixing (i.e. TOCSY) experiments have been conducted for both the deuterated and natural-abundance samples. Using a 54 ms mixing time correlation peaks can be seen for all four protons on the benzenoid ring of tryptophan in both samples. The deuteration results in an average decrease in cross-sectional area of a factor of 2–3 for the TOCSY cross-peaks. The cross-peak intensities for the deuterated sample systematically decrease as a function of the number of protons involved in the transfer process thus overcoming a common ambiguity in the TOCSY experiment.
Mismatch characterization and modelization of deep-submicron CMOS transistors

The characterization of nmos transistor mismatch for three different standard CMOS technologies is presented. Different methods for matching parameter extraction have been compared. By studying the correlation of these mismatch parameters, an optimized set has been generated. Using these parameters, mismatch of drain current can be predicted and modeled. The model accuracy has been studied. Finally, by comparing the mismatch model found for crucial parameters and for each technology, the impact of gate oxide thickness on mismatch characteristics has been observed.
Exploiting error control approaches for Hardware Trojans on Network-on-Chip links

We exploit transient and permanent error control methods to address Hardware Trojan (HT) issues in Network-on-Chip (NoC) links. The use of hardware-efficient error control methods on NoC links has the potential to reduce the overall hardware cost for security protection, with respect to cryptographic-based rerouting algorithms. An error control coding method for transient errors is used to detect the HT-induced link errors. Regarding the faulty links as permanently failed interconnects, we propose to reshuffle the links and isolate the HT-controlled link wires. Rather than rerouting packets via alternative paths, the proposed method resumes the utilization of partially failed links to improve the bandwidth and the average latency of NoCs. Simulation results show that our method improves the average latency by up to 44.7% over the rerouting approach. The reduction on latency varies from 20% to 41% for three traffic patterns on a 5×5 mesh NoC. The impact of different HT locations on NoC links was examined, as well. Our method is not sensitive to HT locations and can improve the effective bandwidth by up to 29 bits per cycle with minor overhead.
Diplopia after glaucoma drainage device implantation

Purpose To determine incidence of diplopia after glaucoma drainage device (GDD) surgery and to report treatment outcomes. Methods Financial claims data were used to identify patients who underwent GDD surgery (CPT [Current Procedural Terminology] 66180) at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from January 2, 1991, through December 31, 2005. After a second claims data search, the medical records of patients diagnosed with diplopia ( International Classification of Diseases , 9th Revision code 368.2) and those who underwent extraocular muscle surgery (CPT-4 code 67311-67335) after GDD implantation were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 2,661 patients underwent GDD surgery during the study period. Charges were submitted for 59 patients for strabismus surgery or office visits relating to diplopia. Of these, 27 patients were excluded because medical records did not document diplopia or included pre-existing diplopia, cranial nerve palsy, or diplopia attributed to another ocular procedure. The remaining 32 patients developed diplopia secondary to GDD. Superotemporal quadrant GDDs were identified in 23 eyes and inferonasal quadrant placement in 9 eyes. The 1-year cumulative incidence of diplopia was 1.4%. No patient developed diplopia after 1 year. The mean follow-up after diagnosis for patients with diplopia was 48 ± 27 months (range, 1-124 months). The mean time of onset of diplopia after GDD implantation was 66 ± 62 days, with median onset of 42 days (range, 8-278 days). Treatment of diplopia included prisms in 17 cases (53.1%), no treatment in 13 (40.6%), other therapies in 2 (6.3%), and surgery after prismatic treatment failed in 3 (9.4%). Conclusions The incidence of diplopia after GDD surgery is low, and most patients are treated with prisms.
Blockade of GABA receptors in periventricular forebrain of anesthetized cats: effects on heart rate, arterial pressure, and hindlimb vascular resistance.

Abstract Pharmacologic antagonism of GABAergic inhibition in the periventricular forebrain of anesthetized cats caused dose related (1) sympathetically mediated increases in heart rate and arterial pressure in vagotomized cats, and (2) suppression of reflex vagal activation in vagus-intact preparations where sympathetic effects are prevented by cervical spinal cord transection. In the present study performed in cats with intact autonomic pathways, similar administration of the GABA antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) produced dose-related increases in arterial pressure, heart rate, and, when perfusion pressure in the autoperfused hindlimb was measured, vascular resistance. Furthermore, the relationship between heart rate and hindlimb vascular resistance changes suggested that the effects on heart rate reflected the combined sympathetic and vagal baroreflex effects of BMI. Intraventricular administration of muscimol, a potent GABA agonist, elicited abrupt and parallel reversal of BMI-induced effects on systemic arterial pressure and vascular resistance while attempts to acutely denervate the hindlimb at the height of the BMI response by cutting the femoral and sciatic nerves sharply reversed the increase in hindlimb vascular resistance in most experiments. The results suggest that the cardiovascular changes observed represent an integrated pattern consisting of excitation of sympathetic nerves innervating the heart and vasculature along with suppression of reflex evoked vagal excitability.
Voltage decay at passivated zinc anodes

A study has been made of the passivating process at a zinc electrode in KOH solutions. Zinc electrodes were passivated at a constant overpotential and the current response during passivation was measured. The potential response after the passivating potential was removed was also measured.
Properties of splat-quenched 7075 aluminum type alloys

The 7075 alloy belonging to the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu system, prepared by powder metallurgy techniques, was used in a study of alloys prepared from splat-quenched foils consolidated into bar material by hot extrusion. Ni and Fe were included in one alloy specimen, producing a fine dispersion of FeAl3 type particles which added to the strength of the aged alloy but did not coarsen upon heat treatment. Fine oxide films showing up on air-splatted foils induce finely dispersed oxide stringers (if the foils are not hot-worked subsequently) which in turn promote axial cracking (but longitudinal tensile strength is not seriously impaired). Splatting in a protective atmosphere, or thermomechanical processing, is recommended to compensate for this.
Improved "nonisolated-sensor" solid polystyrene calorimeter.

A ‘‘nonisolated‐sensor’’ solid polystyrene calorimeter is described which permits absorbed dose measurements with precision of less than 0.3% (standard error of the mean). The accuracy for obtaining absolute absorbed dose was estimated by comparisons with cavity ionization measurements. The calculation of absorbed dose with ionization chambers was carried out based upon the TG‐21 AAPM dosimetry protocol. Measurements in a 6 0Co γ‐ray field with three different polystyrene parallel‐plate ion chambers in a polystyrene phantom did not differ by more than 1.5% from that obtained with the polystyrene calorimeter. Measurements taken over a period of 247 days are compared with the expected values on the basis of the decay of 6 0Co. The calorimeter system, with its capability of acquiring, printing, storing, plotting, and analyzing the data by computer, is described.
On the Temporal and Spatial Accuracy of Spectral Difference Method on Moving Deformable Grids and the Effect of Geometry Conservation Law

In this paper we studied and examined the formulation of conservation laws on dynamic moving deforming meshes, in the context of the Geometric Conservation Law (GCL) compliant high order temporal and spatial methods. In particular, we implemented the high order explicit Runge-Kutta (ERK) as the time integrator, and the Spectral Difference (SD) method for the spatial discretization. In order to apply SD method to moving boundary problems, a strategy for moving and deforming the mesh need to be devised. A strategy considered here employs time-dependent analytical coordinate transformation. While this method is simple, without the need for remeshing the flow domain, questions remain whether such a strategy would compromise the spatial and temporal accuracy of the high order differencing scheme and the high order time integration scheme. To investigate this, numerical experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the temporal and spatial accuracy of the new SD-ERK scheme in dynamic deformable flow domains. This study shows that the designated SD schemes with explicit Runge-Kutta method preserves the high order accurate nature of the original methods in moving deforming meshes. With regard to the effect of the Geometric Conservation Law on the temporal accuracy, spatial accuracy, freestream preservation, discretized conservation, and non-linear stabilty of the high order methods, our study shows that a properly designed GCL-compliant formulation will not affect the underlying temporal and spatial accuracy of the original methods, while at the same time preserve the freestream constant solution. Hence it makes the solver more conservative and accurate. The elmination of the source term due to mesh volume element change could potentially improve the non-linear stability of the solver, but further work is needed for a more concrete assessment on the effect of non-lnear stability.
A cell-based backup to speed up pandemic influenza vaccine production

Influenza vaccines are currently produced through egg-based methods, with one drawback being that this system is slow to respond to the surging global demand during an influenza pandemic. Alternative influenza vaccine production strategies, such as using a cell-based strategy, should be considered in pandemic situations.
Antagonism of ethanol-induced decrease in LH by para-chlorophenylalanine: lack of correlation with altered serotonergic mechanisms.

Abstract Acute administration of ethanol lowers plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in several species. Since ethanol may interact with central serotonergic (5HT) neurons, and since 5HT systems have been found to play a role in modulating LH release, we examined the possible role of central serotonergic neurons in the ethanol-induced depression of LH. Acute PCPA (400 mg/kg, 20 hr before 2.0 g/kg ethanol) was effective in preventing the ethanol-induced depression of LH, suggesting that ethanol activates 5HT systems to lower LH. In support of this, the central 5HT agonist 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5MDMT) depressed LH in a dose-dependent manner. However, while the effects of a sub-maximal dose of 5MDMT were blocked by prior administration of methysergide, this 5HT receptor antagonist was unable to prevent the post-ethanol fall in LH. Additionally, because other doses of PCPA (250 mg/kg 20 hr prior to ethanol, and 100 mg/kg P.O. × 3 days before ethanol) produced similar reductions in hypothalamic 5HT but did not block the ethanol effect, and because electrolytic lesions of the median raphe nucleus were also ineffective in preventing the post-ethanol depression of LH, we conclude that activation of serotonergic systems does not play a major role in the ethanol induced depression of LH.
Isocurvature baryon number fluctuations in an inflationary universe

Abstract In conventional scenarios of baryogenesis it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to produce local fluctuations in the baryon-to-photon ratio (so-called isocurvature baryon number fluctuations) on sufficiently large scales to be important for structure formation. Using a recently proposed scenario for baryogenesis called “spontaneous baryogenesis”, we show that isocurvature baryon number fluctuations with the Zel'dovich spectrum and amplitude ∼ 10 −3 can be produced in inflationary universe models. It is also possible that non-scale invariant baryon number fluctuations could be produced in more complicated inflationary scenarios, and if so might help to revive the baryon-dominated, or neutrino-dominated scenarios of structure formation.
Cardiopulmonary Imaging in Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a disease with protean clinical manifestations ranging from no symptoms to sudden death. Radiologic tests are often the key to diagnosis. In this article, the authors review current imaging techniques and discuss emerging technologies used in the noninvasive cardiopulmonary evaluation of the patient who has sarcoidosis.
An inorganic coating process providing copper with an electrically insulating layer by anodisation in non-aqueous fluoride electrolytes

Abstract The anodisation of copper in non-aqueous fluoride electrolytes has been investigated in order to examine the applicability of such a process for forming insulating layers. The properties and the structure of the anodic layer obtained in electrolytes of molten KF.HF and of a solution of 5.8 M KF in anhydrous HF are reported. The layers consisting of KCuF 3 have a high electrical resistance (10 10 Ω.cm) and temperature stability and could be suitable as a component of an electrically insulating coating on copper.
Clinical research risk assessment among individuals with mild cognitive impairment

Objective To determine whether individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) differ from cognitively normal (NC) elders on a risk assessment task and whether participants and their study partners evaluate risk and benefit similarly. Design Cross-sectional. Setting University medical setting. Participants Seventy-nine participants (NC, n=40; MCI, n=39), age 60–90 years (73 ± 7 years; 53% women), and 64 study partners (NC, n=36; MCI, n=28), age 38–84 years (68 ± 10 years; 67% women). Measurements Participants and study partners completed a risk assessment task that involved ranking from least to most risk four hypothetical vignettes for memory loss research (brain autopsy, blood draw, oral medication, neurosurgery). Participants also completed decisional capacity for research and neuropsychological protocols. Results MCI participants' risk rankings differed from NC risk rankings (p Conclusion Findings suggest that individuals with MCI assess risk differently than NC peers by overestimating the risk (or underestimating the benefit) of brain autopsy and underestimating the risk (or overestimating the benefit) of oral medication. Study partners display a similar pattern. These observations may be secondary to MCI participants' (and their study partners') personal connection to the potential benefits of an experimental medication for memory loss.
Expanding our Lens: Female Pathways to Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence and Adulthood

Women and girls' engagement in antisocial behavior represents a psychological issue of great concern given the radiating impact that women's antisociality can have on individuals, families, and communities. Despite its importance and relevance for psychological science, this topic has received limited attention to date and no systematic review of risk factors exists. The present paper aims to systematically review the empirical literature informing risk factors relevant to women's antisocial behavior, with a focus on adolescence and adulthood. Primary aims are to 1) review empirical literatures on risk factors for female antisocial behavior across multiple levels of influence (e.g., person-level characteristics, risky family factors, and gender-salient contexts) and fields of study (e.g., psychology, sociology); 2) evaluate the relevance of each factor for female antisocial behavior; and 3) incorporate an analysis of how gender at both the individual and ecological levels shapes pathways to antisocial behavior in women and girls. We conclude that women's antisocial behavior is best-understood as being influenced by person-level or individual vulnerabilities, risky family factors, and exposure to gender-salient interpersonal contexts, and underscore the importance of examining women's antisocial behavior through an expanded lens that views gender as an individual level attribute as well as a social category that organizes the social context in ways that may promote engagement in antisocial behavior. Based on the present systematic review, an integrative pathway model is proposed toward the goal of synthesizing current knowledge and generating testable hypotheses for future research.
A vibration-based structural damage detection method and its applications to engineering structures

Two major challenges associated with avibration-based damage detection method using changes in natural frequencies are addressed: accurate modeling of structures and the development of a robust inverse algorithm to detect damage, which are defined as the forward and inverse problems, respectively. To resolve the forward problem, new physics-based finite element modeling techniques are developed for fillets in thin-walled beams and for bolted joints, so that complex structures can be accurately modeled with a reasonable model size. To resolve the inverse problem, a logistic function transformation is introduced to convert the constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained one, and a robust iterative algorithm using the Levenberg–Marquardt method is developed to accurately detect the locations and extent of damage. The new methodology can ensure global convergence of the iterative algorithm in solving under-determined system equations and deal with damage detection problems with relatively large model...
How chromophore shape determines the spectroscopy of phenylene-vinylenes: origin of spectral broadening in the absence of aggregation.

Single oligo(phenylene-vinylene) molecules constitute model systems of chromophores in disordered conjugated polymers and can elucidate how the actual conformation of an individual chromophore, rather than that of an overall polymer chain, controls its photophysics. Single oligomers and polymer chains display the same range of spectral properties. Even heptamers support π-electron conjugation across ∼80° curvature, as revealed by the polarization anisotropy in excitation and supported by quantum chemical calculations. As the chain becomes more deformed, the spectral linewidth at low temperatures, often interpreted as a sign of aggregation, increases up to 30-fold due to a reduction in photophysical stability of the molecule and an increase in random spectral fluctuations. The conclusions aid the interpretation of results from single-chain Stark spectroscopy in which large static dipoles were only observed in the case of narrow transition lines. These narrow transitions originate from extended chromophores...
An L-Band Crossed-Loop (Bimodal) EPR Resonator

Our crossed-loop resonator design has been enhanced to increase the filling factor and has been extended from S-band to L-band. High isolation between the two modes results in shorter dead time in pulsed EPR experiments than would occur with a reflection resonator of the same Q.
Application of binary polymer system in drug release rate modulation. 2. Influence of formulation variables and hydrodynamic conditions on release kinetics

The significance of factors such as drug solubility, polymer molecular weight, drug loading dose, compression force, and hydrodynamic conditions on drug release from a swellable hydrophilic delivery system was investigated. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and pectin were major polymeric constituents of the delivery system. Nifedipine, prednisolone, theophylline anhydrous, and diltiazem hydrochloride with solubilities of 50%, respectively, were used as drug models. Results show that changes in pectin:HPMC ratios, HPMC molecular weight, and hydrodynamic conditions exert notable influences on release rate and release duration from the designed system. In the case of prednisolone, drug loading up to 30% (w/w) of the matrix composition (pectin:HPMC K4M; 3:6) had no effect on zero-order release kinetics, and the delivery system was insensitive to changes in compression force (2000 to 5000 lb). For nifedipine, theophylline, and diltiazem, determination of mean dissolution time (MDT) for 50 and 80% drug release provided accurate information on release behavior. The dominating effect of matrix composition over variations in drug solubilities in controlling drug release from the delivery system was evident from similarities in dissolution profiles. It is further shown that hydrodynamic stress and intensity of fluid flow causes greater attrition at the swollen periphery and is responsible for dramatic increases in release rates. This latter observation confirms that the mechanism of drug release from this swellable system is erosion dependent. Influence of polymer molecular weight and drug solubility on release kinetics and the potential of the delivery system is discussed.
Development and maturation of the pediatric human vocal fold lamina propria.

Objective: To identify characteristic patterns of maturation of the human vocal fold lamina propria as it develops into a mature structure. Methods: Histologic evaluation of sectioned true vocal folds from 34 archived larynges ages 0 to 18 years using hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome, Alcian blue pH 2.5, Weigert reticular, and Miller's elastin stain. Location: Pathology department at a tertiary care children's hospital. Results: At birth and shortly thereafter, there exists a relative hypercellular monolayer of cells throughout the lamina propria. By 2 months of age, there are the first signs of differentiation into a bilaminar structure of distinct cellular population densities. Between 11 months and 5 years, two distinct patterns are seen: 1) this bilaminar structure and 2) a lamina propria where there exists a third more hypocellular region immediately adjacent to the vocalis muscle (this region is similar to the superficial hypocellular region found just deep to the surface epithelium). By 7 years of age, all of the specimens exhibit this transition between the middle and the deeper layers according to differential density of cell populations. A lamina propria structure defined by differential fiber composition (elastin and collagen fibers) is not present until 13 years of age and then is present throughout adolescence. Conclusions: Using the classic adult model of fiber composition and density to differentiate the layered structure of the lamina propria of the human vocal fold may not adequately allow for a thorough description of the process of maturation and development. Rather, distinct regions of cell density are seen as early as 2 months postpartum, and the model of cellular distribution may serve better to describe the lamina propria as it develops. Cell-signaling processes that shape the formation of the lamina propria appear to produce layered populations of differential cell density that in turn will later produce differential fiber compositions. Early development therefore can be followed by evaluating the maturation of these differing cell populations. Future studies are needed to quantify these cell distribution patterns, to study the cell signaling processes that trigger this maturation, and to correlate these findings with mechanical modeling.
Sampling variability of marine zooplankton in a tidal estuary

Abstract Zooplankton samples were collected from a semidiurnal tidal estuary. Sampling variability both in the laboratory and in the field were considered. The field sampling variability was estimated by examining (1) the large-scale horizontal drift past a sampling station and (2) a series of repeated tows at a single location. The indices used included the total plankton catch, species diversity, percentage similarity, and dry weight biomass. Among them, species diversity was the least variable for the zooplankton population studied. Subsampling variability was fairly small as compared to field sampling variability. The 95% confidence limits obtained from the repeated (15 min) hauls at a single station were 50–200% of the mean, while for the large-scale horizontal drift (caused by tide), the limits increased to about 25–400%. Tide is, therefore, the most dominant factor in determining the sampling variability in this estuary. The interrelationships between zooplankton abundance and the tidal height were statistically analysed. Species showing significant positive correlation included A. tonsa and A. clausi ; negative correlation, T. longicornis ; and no correlation, C. hamatus and P. minutus . Increasing the number of plankton hauls and spacing these tows over 24 h tidal cycles is the most efficient way to reduce sampling variability. However, to obtain a representative sample for species composition and abundance, a minimum of two tows should be taken, one at high and the other at low water.
Endodontic and restorative management of a resorbed eight-unit fixed partial denture abutment tooth: report of case.

Advanced internal resorption may necessitate replacement of extensive and expensive prosthetic restorations, endodontic therapy, surgery, or tooth extraction. Endodontic and restorative treatment of a severely resorbed abutment tooth in a 5-year-old, eight-unit, fixed partial denture is described.
Synthesis of Verbenindenes: A New Class of Chiral Indenyl Ligands Derived from Verbenone

A new class of chiral indenes (verbenindenes), in which a verbenone moiety is annulated to an indene core, is prepared by a sequence of Shapiro lithiation and Nazarov cyclization reactions. Since the initial indenes are resistant to deprotonation, they are isomerized via [1,5]-sigmatropic shifts to obtain indenes that are readily deprotonated with n-butyllithium. Reaction of the indenide anions with chloro(1,5-cycloctadiene)rhodium dimer produces verbenindenyl transition-metal complexes. Coordination of the indenyl ligand may occur with the gem-dimethyl bridge of the verbenone moiety syn or anti to the metal. Selectivity favors the less hindered anti complexes, and a crystal structure of a member of this series is presented.
Selective Aromatic Interactions in β-Hairpin Peptides

To probe the selectivity possible in hydrophobic clusters, we have compared the cross-strand interactions of phenylalanine (Phe) and cyclohexylalanine (Cha) in a β-hairpin peptide. We have found a preference for self-association among the aromatic residues, which provides 0.55 kcal/mol in stability relative to Cha-Cha cross-strand pair. NMR analysis of the Phe-Phe cross-strand pair indicates that it interacts in an edge-face interaction, despite the fact that it is highly solvent-exposed. The interaction geometry as well as the enthalpic and entropic values for the peptide containing the Phe-Phe cross-strand pair suggest that the preference for self-association arises from inherent differences in the nature of aromatic and aliphatic interactions in water.
A stochastic-difference-equation model for hedge-fund returns

We propose a stochastic difference equation of the form X n = A n X n−1 + B n to model the annual returns X n of a hedge fund relative to other funds in the same strategy group in year n. We fit this model to data from the TASS database over the period 2000 to 2005. We let {A n } and {B n } be independent sequences of independent and identically distributed random variables, allowing general distributions, with A n and B n independent of X n−1, where E[B n ] = 0. This model is appealing because it can involve relatively few parameters, can be analysed, and can be fitted to the limited and somewhat unreliable data reasonably well. The key model parameters are the year-to-year persistence factor γ ≡ E[A n ] and the noise variance . The model was chosen primarily to capture the observed persistence, which ranges from 0.11 to 0.49 across eleven different hedge-fund strategies, according to regression analysis. The constant-persistence normal-noise special case with A n = γ and B n (and thus X n ) normal provi...
Seasonal variations in the composition of ambient sulfur-containing aerosols in the New York area

Abstract Measurements were made of aerosol chemical composition, related gaseous precursors and meteorological parameters at an urban New York site and a semi-rural site on Long Island during summer and winter seasons. Statistical evaluation of seasonal and urban-rural variations in the data reveal strong support for the hypothesis that urban aerosol composition and concentration are principally the result of local emissions in the winter season, but are impacted in a major way by long-distance transport of aerosols and precursors in the summer season. The supporting data include the sulfate wind directional patterns and seasonal variations in the sulfate-SO 2 correlations at both sites. These are supplemented by inferences made from factor analysis of aerometric variables made at both sites for winter and summer seasons. Implications of these results with regard to emission control strategies are outlined.
Crustal structure, gravity anomalies and heat flow in the southern Rio Grande rift and their relationship to extensional tectonics

Abstract The Rio Grande rift is a Neogene structure which has undergone a two-phase history of extension and volcanism. Significant amounts of new data are available in the southern Rio Grande rift region which is the area of this study. The first phase of extension (15–30 Ma) was of the order of 30–50% and was directed NE-SW. The second phase (3–10 Ma) involved extension of about 10% which was directed E-W. Crustal structure in the region of the rift can be mapped using recent seismic and gravity data and the observed thinning associated with the rift is consistent with extension of about 10%. However, heat flow data in the southern rift cannot be explained simply in terms of extension. Both the heat flow and uplift history of the area require crustal thickening possibly by intrusion in the lower crust, a process not directly related to extension.
On satellite scatterometer capabilities in air‐sea interaction

The verified capabilities and some practical usage of the satellite scatterometer in geophysical data production have demonstrated the value of this instrument. This evaluation of scatterometer ability to measure marine winds includes the scatterometer verification data, the state of the art planetary boundary layer model relating the wind profile in the atmosphere to the surface stress, and the pertinent results of the Storms Response Experiment.
Extrapolation techniques used in the solution of stiff odes associated with chemical kinetics of air quality models

Abstract The solution of chemical kinetics is generally the most computationally intensive step in atmospheric air quality models. The incorporation of ever more complex chemical mechanisms and physicochemical phenomena into these models stimulates the search for more accurate and efficient numerical ODE integration methods. We report here on a new method based on Richardson extrapolation to solve the chemical kinetics in air quality models. The extrapolation method presents high accuracy consistently for wide ranges of ROG/NO x ratios. The method is robust during sunrise and sunset transitions, when the rate of change of concentrations of a number of photochemically driven species is the greatest. In addition, the extrapolation algorithm is one of the most efficient computationally tested.
Quantitation and Dynamics of Dc-Sign Microdomains on the Cell Surface

DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell (DC)-specific C-type lectin that binds many different pathogens, is a receptor for HIV-1 and promotes subsequent infection of T cells. Our previous study demonstrated that DC-SIGN forms sub-micron scale domains on the surface of immature DCs as well as cell lines that ectopically express DC-SIGN. In this study, we investigated the occupancy and dynamics of DC-SIGN surface domains. First, we developed a single molecule approach, based on total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, to examine the number of DC-SIGN molecules in a single domain. By comparing the brightness of a single fluorophore to the total brightness of a fluorescently-labeled DC-SIGN domain, we show that the number of DC-SIGN proteins in a domain ranges from a few to over hundred molecules. The size of each domain, as measured from the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of a Gaussian fit of the emission profile of a domain, varies from the diffraction limit to micron scale. Second, scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (sFCS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) were carried out to investigate the mobility of DC-SIGN in a domain, both of which showed that DC-SIGN is highly immobile. This was corroborated by single particle tracking of quantum dots attached to DC-SIGN molecules within a domain. By contrast, photobleaching of a lipid modified-fluorescent protein (mRFP) in a DC-SIGN domain area showed full recovery similar to that outside of the domain, indicating that lipids inside the DC-SIGN domain are highly mobile and and can freely exchange with the surrounding membrane. Finally, a deletion mutation study of DC-SIGN was carried out to further investigate which moiety of DC-SIGN facilitates surface domain formation. Supported by NIH GM41402.
The long-term outcomes of ocular tics in a pediatric neuro-ophthalmology practice.

Purpose To describe the outcome and comorbidities of ocular tics in children evaluated by a pediatric neuro-ophthalmologist. Methods The medical records of all consecutive patients in a pediatric neuro-ophthalmology practice diagnosed with ocular tics (eye rolling, blinking, and widening) were retrospectively reviewed. Children with known secondary causes for tics were excluded. Patients, parents, and/or guardians were contacted by telephone to obtain follow-up information. Results A total of 43 patients were included in the retrospective cohort, with a mean age of 7.8 ± 4.8 years at diagnosis. Thirty-two patients participated in the follow-up survey, with an average follow-up of 6.1 ± 3.9 years. None of the 43 children carried a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) at presentation; 1 child had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At follow-up, 14 of the 32 children (44%) had persistent ocular tics, 3 (9%) reported new nonocular motor tics, 5 (16%) reported new vocal tics, and 4 (13%) developed both nonocular motor and vocal tics. One patient (3%) was formally diagnosed with Tourette syndrome during the follow-up interval, and 3 (9%) were diagnosed with ADHD. Conclusions Almost half of the children with ocular tics at presentation had persistent ocular tics on follow-up. New nonocular motor and vocal tics occurred in several patients.
Structure and Organization of the Human Ankyrin-1 Gene: BASIS FOR COMPLEXITY OF PRE-mRNA PROCESSING

Abstract Ankyrin-1 (ANK-1) is an erythrocyte membrane protein that is defective in many patients with hereditary spherocytosis, a common hemolytic anemia. In the red cell, ankyrin-1 provides the primary linkage between the membrane skeleton and the plasma membrane. To gain additional insight into the structure and function of this protein and to provide the necessary tools for further genetic studies of hereditary spherocytosis patients, we cloned the human ANK-1 chromosomal gene. Characterization of theANK-1 gene genomic structure revealed that the erythroid transcript is composed of 42 exons distributed over ∼160 kilobase pairs of DNA. Comparison of the genomic structure with the protein domains reveals a near-absolute correlation between the tandem repeats encoding the membrane-binding domain of ankyrin with the location of the intron/exon boundaries in the corresponding part of the gene. Erythroid stage-specific, complex patterns of alternative splicing were identified in the region encoding the regulatory domain of ankyrin-1. Novel brain-specific transcripts were also identified in this region, as well as in the “hinge” region between the membrane-binding and spectrin-binding domains. Utilization of alternative polyadenylation signals was found to be the basis for the previously described, stage-specific 9.0- and 7.2-kilobase pair transcripts of theANK-1 gene.
Utilization of Silica Fume to Stabilize the Dispersion of Carbon Nanofilaments in Cement Paste

AbstractThe incorporation of carbon nanofilaments in cementitious materials has been researched extensively in the past decade. However, the poor dispersibility of these filaments remains a hurdle to harnessing their exceptional properties. This work presents a method for enhancing the dispersion of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in cementitious matrices. The method incorporates silica fume to stabilize the distribution of CNFs in fresh cement paste. The investigations show that this method is significantly more effective than similar approaches. To examine the effectiveness of the method, specimens of CNF incorporated cement paste with different concentrations of silica fume were produced and imaged by optical microscopy. Using a novel dispersion quantification method, the dispersion values of CNFs in the specimens were measured and compared. The results show that silica fume, if used in sufficient proportions, can largely prevent the reagglomeration of CNFs in fresh cement paste, and thereby stabilize their d...