cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intestinal absorption in coeliac disease, with some remarks on the effect of liver extracts upon carbohydrate metabolism

Abstract Firstly, evidence is advanced to show that there is defective absorption of carbohydrate in cases of coeliac disease, namely :- 1. (a) The association of flat oral with high intravenous glucose tolerance curves. 2. (b) The improvement of these intravenous curves towards normality by intravenous glucose therapy. 3. (c) The existence of a state of relative insensitivity to insulin comparable to that of a normal person on a low carbohydrate diet. Secondly, it is shown that total liver extracts contain a factor, possibly identical with “insulin-kinase” capable of improving the glucose tolerance and sensitivity to insulin where it is impaired by the carbohydrate deprivation consequent upon defective absorption or by liver disease, sometimes to the great clinical benefit of the patient. This factor does not seem to be identical with Castle's essential factor, and is more active in campolon than in anahaemin.
Chronic torsion of the wandering spleen

Torsion of a wandering spleen can occasionally produce chronic disabling clinical findings that are mistaken for a variety of digestive disturbances. Since the clinical complaints are misleading, a correct and timely radiographic analysis can prevent an extensive but unnecessary pursuit of other more common conditions. Images of an ectopic, enlarged, disoriented spleen with a devitalized parenchyma and adherent pseudocapsule can quickly establish the diagnosis of chronic splenic torsion.
Emotion differentiation and intensity during acute tobacco abstinence: A comparison of heavy and light smokers.

Abstract The ability to recognize and label discrete emotions, termed emotion differentiation, is particularly pertinent to overall emotion regulation abilities. Patterns of deficient emotion differentiation have been associated with mood and anxiety disorders but have yet to be examined in relation to nicotine dependence. This study employed ecological momentary assessment to examine smokers' subjective experience of discrete emotions during 24-h of forced tobacco abstinence. Thirty daily smokers rated their emotions up to 23 times over the 24-hour period, and smoking abstinence was biologically verified. From these data, we computed individual difference measures of emotion differentiation, overall emotion intensity, and emotional variability. As hypothesized, heavy smokers reported poorer negative emotion differentiation than light smokers (d = 0.55), along with more intense negative emotion (d = 0.97) and greater negative emotion variability (d = 0.97). No differences were observed in positive emotion differentiation. Across the sample, poorer negative emotion differentiation was associated with greater endorsement of psychological motives to smoke, including negative and positive reinforcement motives, while positive emotion differentiation was not.
Development of a health monitoring system for unmanned aerial systems

For an unmanned aerial system (UAS) to work seamlessly within the national airspace (NAS), it must have a way to sense and avoid any obstacles autonomously. This paper describes a monitoring system that has the ability to monitor in real-time both the hardware and software components of the UAS during flight operations and execute any actions that are necessary to handle or prevent any issues that might occur during an encounter with an obstacle as well as during normal flight. The system was implemented and all its capabilities were thoroughly tested using software-in-the-loop (SWIL) flight simulations with real-time sensor data. The results from these tests demonstrated the system's capabilities to identify a component in a critical state, a software problem, or an environmental issue and handle it in order to maintain the Airborne Sense and Avoid (ABSAA) system's full capability.
Object-oriented design of a cotton crop model

Abstract We have developed a cotton crop model, Cotton + +. This model will eventually be coupled with an expert system to advise farmers when to irrigate, fertilize and harvest their crops. Cotton + + is written in the object-oriented programming language C + +. In this paper we discuss (1) the reasons we opted to adopt the object-oriented paradigm and (2) why we selected C + + over other available programming languages.
The Role of Meditation in Addiction Recovery.

The authors examined the role of meditation as an important component in addiction recovery. Successful addiction recovery is often related to an individual's ability to develop and use a repertoire of coping behaviors, including the ability to maintain an ongoing awareness of one's vulnerability. These learned behaviors serve as reliable alternatives to the routine behavior patterns of individuals who are addicted, which, in the past, have led to often-repeated destructive outcomes. The authors contend that incorporating meditation into the lifestyle of individuals recovering from addiction provides a consistent means of preparing for inevitable, addiction-related life challenges and a coping skill that can help maintain equilibrium in living with ever-present peril.
HER2 signaling--induced microvessel dismantling.

Abstract Background. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein (HER2) signaling in breast cancer imparts a metastatic advantage to the cell, likely by regulating gene expression. The HER2 signaling up-regulates angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), which disrupts endothelial cell (EC) adherens junctions. We postulated that HER2 signaling may facilitate angioinvasion by disrupting microvessel integrity. Methods. Rat microvessels, embedded in collagen, were grown into capillary networks and cocultured with MCF-7 or HER2 overexpressing MCF-7 (HER) to test for microvessel breakdown. We quantitated this effect by determining the cumulative length of intact microvessels. Other experiments used Herceptin- or heregulin β1-pretreated MCF-7 cells to modulate HER2 signaling, or soluble Tie-2/Fc receptor fusion protein (sTie2) to sequester tumor-cell released Ang-2. Results. The MCF-7 cells induced a time-dependent loss of microvessel integrity. At 12 hours, HER cells induced a 90% reduction in cumulative length ( P P P Conclusions. We show that HER2 signaling in breast cancer cells leads to induction of microvessel dismantling, which may open a portal for angioinvasion. It appears that Ang-2 affects this mechanism, although other factors also function in microvessel dismantling. (Surgery 2001;130:382-7.)
Nanostructure Evolution During Cluster Growth: Ag on H-Terminated Si(111) Surfaces

The size of small clusters has a large effect on cluster growth and structure. Using Ag clusters of sizes from $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ to $10\mathrm{nm}$ grown on H-Si(111), we found that the cluster structure evolves in stages showing (1) irregular shapes at coverage $\ensuremath{\le}1\mathrm{ML}$ (monolayer), (2) mostly single crystal of faceted-hut-like shapes from 2 to 5 ML, and (3) defective disklike islands above 5 ML. We show that the rapid coalescence of small clusters drives the nanostructure transition and leads to a steplike growth of nanoclusters that is different from the predictions of scaling theory.
RAISED PLASMA-MYOINOSITOL LEVELS IN URÆMIA AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPATHY

Abstract The fasting plasma-myoinositol level in fifty patients with normal plasmaurea-nitrogen (P.U.N.) levels was 24·0±1·1 μM (mean ±S.E.M.). In seventy-six patients fasting plasma-myoinositol was linearly related to P.U.N., and levels as high as 300 μM were found in patients with chronic renal failure. In fourteen patients in a chronic haemodialysis programme the plasma-myoinositol levels 1-2 hours after breakfast were significantly higher than those found in healthy volunteers after the ingestion of a myoinositol load equal to 3-10 times the estimated normal total daily dietary intake. Plasma-myoinositol levels fell during haemodialysis, but the post-dialysis levels were unrelated to the post-dialysis P.U.N. A striking decrease in sciatic nerve motor-nerve conduction velocity (M.N.C.V.) resulted from the induction of experimental hypermyoinositolaemia in normal rats fed diets containing 35% myoinositol or given 25 mg. of myoinositol intraperitoneally twice a day for 1 week. The adverse effect of a 35 % myoinositol diet on M.N.C.V. could not be prevented by parenteral vitamin administration and could not be reproduced by a diet containing 35% sorbitol. Chronic renal failure is associated with a striking abnormality in the regulation of plasma-myoinositol which may result primarily from impaired renal myoinositol catabolism. It is suggested that abnormally raised myoinositol concentrations may be the factor in uraemic plasma that influences the development and progression of uraemic polyneuropathy.
Construction of Power System lectromechanical Equivalents by Modal Analysis

This paper presents an analytical approch to the construction of power system dynamic equivalents for use in stability calculations and dynamic simulations. The method presented is capable of accurately representing the dynanlical effects of generator field and amortisseur windings, voltage regulators, and speed governors. Experimental evaluation of equivalents constructed by this method is reported in a companion paper.
Molecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is induced by the transformation of T-cell progenitors and mainly occurs in children and adolescents. Although treatment outcome in patients with T-ALL has improved in recent years, patients with relapsed disease continue to have a poor prognosis. It is therefore important to understand the molecular pathways that control both the induction of transformation and the treatment of relapsed disease. In this Review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms responsible for disease induction and maintenance. We also compare the physiological progression of T-cell differentiation with T-cell transformation, highlighting the close relationship between these two processes. Finally, we discuss potential new therapies that target oncogenic pathways in T-ALL.
The ‘Quiet’ Crisis In Mental Health Services

The failure of insurers and managed care organizations to reimburse providers of mental health services for the costs of care has led to a crisis in access to these services. Using the situation in Massachusetts as a case example, this paper explores the impact of this defunding. Unable to sustain continued losses, hospitals are closing psychiatric units, and outpatient services are contracting or closing altogether. The situation has been compounded by the withdrawal of many practitioners from managed care networks and cuts in public-sector mental health services. Unless purchasers demand effective coverage of mental health treatment, mental health services will likely continue to wither away.
Dot Matrix Hardening of Steels Using a Fiber Optic Coupled Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser

ABSTRACT This paper describes a novel process called “Dot Matrix Hardening” as applied to Ol, D2 and AISI 4340 steels. This process uses a pulsed laser (particularly an Nd:YAG laser) to create a uniform distribution of transformation-hardened spots to cover only a certain percentage of the desired surface. Due to significantly reduced energy input, wear resistance can be imparted to thin and intricate parts without distortion. In addition, with the use of a coupled fiber optic beam delivery system, this process provides greater flexibility compared to conventional CO2 laser hardening for a number of applications. The use of an Nd:YAG laser also eliminates the need of absorptive coating required for hardening with a CO2 laser. With optimized processing parameters, a relatively uniform hardened layer is obtained within the hardened spot, with a thickness of about 60 um and hardness values around 800 HV100. The sliding wear test results show that the wear resistance of Ol samples with only 20-40% area covera...
Continuity and Discontinuity of Task Orientation

Abstract Preschool task orientation and certain parent-child variables assessed during infancy predict school-age task orientation and academic achievement. There is, however, limited evidence of direct association between task-orientation variables in infancy and those assessed later. Research on attachment suggests one possible explanation of the link between variations in early parent-child interaction and later task orientation. Thus, a certain profile of mother-infant interaction is associated with the child's secure attachment to the mother in infancy and his or her ego resiliency, task orientation, and capacity for peer relations from 2 to 5 1/2.
Comparison of the self-exchange and interfacial charge-transfer rate constants for methyl- versus tert-butyl-substituted Os(III) polypyridyl complexes.

Differences in the self-exchange and interfacial electron-transfer rate constants have been evaluated for a relatively unhindered Os(III/II) redox system, osmium(III/II) tris(4,4‘-di-methyl-2,2‘-bipyridyl), [Os(Me2bpy)3]3+/2+, relative to those of a relatively hindered system, osmium(III/II) tris(4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridyl), [Os(t-Bu2bpy)3]3+/2+. In contrast to the predicted increase in rate constant by a factor of 2−3 due to the difference in reorganization energy of the two complexes, introduction of the tert-butyl functionality decreased the self-exchange rate constant, as measured by NMR line-broadening techniques, by a factor of ∼50 as compared to that of the analogous methyl-substituted osmium complex. Steady-state current density versus potential measurements, in conjunction with differential capacitance versus potential measurements, were used to compare the interfacial electron-transfer rate constants at n-type ZnO electrodes of [Os(t-Bu2bpy)3]3+/2+ and [Os(Me2bpy)3]3+/2+. The interfacial ...
Effects of interstitial fallopian tube polyps on isthmic tubal diameter.

Objective To study the apparent association between interstitial fallopian tube polyps and isthmic tubal dilatation. Design Retrospective clinical study. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Patient(s) Sixty-five patients with normal hysterosalpingograms and 40 patients with interstitial tubal polyps (25 unilateral and 15 bilateral). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Proximal, medial, and distal isthmic diameters were measured digitally and normalized according to an internal standard. Polyp volumes were measured and divided into four groups according to increasing volume ( 3 , 2–5 mm 3 , 6–12 mm 3 , >12 mm 3 ). Result(s) There was a significant increase in proximal isthmic tubal diameter in patients with interstitial polyps. Mean diameter increased from 0.6 mm to 0.9 mm. There was no significant change in more distal isthmic diameters. Larger polyps tended to be associated with larger luminal diameters. Conclusion(s) Interstitial fallopian tube polyps are associated with a significant increase in proximal isthmic luminal diameter as determined on hysterosalpingography. Although these polyps are nonobstructing and thus thought by most investigators not to affect fertility, their association with altered luminal diameter and perhaps altered function might be of clinical interest.
Asphaltene content and composition as a measure of Deepwater Horizon oil spill losses within the first 80 days

Abstract The composition and content of asphaltenes in spilled and original wellhead oils from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident provide information on the amount of original oil lost and the processes most responsible for the losses within the first 80 days of the active spill. Spilled oils were collected from open waters, coastal waters and coastal sediments during the incident. Asphaltenes are the most refractory component of crude oils but their alteration in the spilled oils during weathering prevents them from being used directly as a conservative component to calculate original oil losses. The alteration is reflected by their increase in oxygen content and depletion in 12C. Reconnaissance experiments involving evaporation, photo-oxidation, microbial degradation, dissolution, dispersion and burning indicate that the combined effects of photo-oxidation and evaporation are responsible for these compositional changes. Based on measured losses and altered asphaltenes from these experiments, a mean of 61 ± 3 vol% of the original oil was lost from the surface spilled oils during the incident. This mean percentage of original oil loss is considerably larger than previous estimates of evaporative losses based on only gas chromatography (GC) amenable hydrocarbons (32–50 vol%), and highlights the importance of using asphaltenes, as well as GC amenable parameters in evaluating original oil losses and the processes responsible for the losses.
Effects of curcumin on stem-like cells in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines

Many cancers contain cell subpopulations that display characteristics of stem cells. Because these cancer stem cells (CSCs) appear to provide resistance to chemo-radiation therapy, development of therapeutic agents that target CSCs is essential. Curcumin is a phytochemical agent that is currently used in clinical trials to test its effectiveness against cancer. However, the effect of curcumin on CSCs is not well established. The current study evaluated curcumin-induced cell death in six cancer cell lines derived from human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Moreover, these cell lines and the ones established from cells that survived curcumin treatments were characterized. Cell loss was assayed after TE-1, TE-8, KY-5, KY-10, YES-1, and YES-2 cells were exposed to 20–80 μM curcumin for 30 hrs. Cell lines surviving 40 or 60 μM curcumin were established from these six original lines. The stem cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase-1A1 (ALDH1A1) and CD44 as well as NF-κB were used to compare CSC-like subpopulations within and among the original lines as well as the curcumin-surviving lines. YES-2 was tested for tumorsphere-forming capabilities. Finally, the surviving lines were treated with 40 and 60 μM curcumin to determine whether their sensitivity was different from the original lines. The cell loss after curcumin treatment increased in a dose-dependent manner in all cell lines. The percentage of cells remaining after 60 μM curcumin treatment varied from 10.9% to 36.3% across the six lines. The cell lines were heterogeneous with respect to ALDH1A1, NF-κB and CD44 expression. KY-5 and YES-1 were the least sensitive and had the highest number of stem-like cells whereas TE-1 had the lowest. The curcumin-surviving lines showed a significant loss in the high staining ALDH1A1 and CD44 cell populations. Tumorspheres formed from YES-2 but were small and rare in the YES-2 surviving line. The curcumin-surviving lines showed a small but significant decrease in sensitivity to curcumin when compared with the original lines. Our results suggest that curcumin not only eliminates cancer cells but also targets CSCs. Therefore, curcumin may be an effective compound for treating esophageal and possibly other cancers in which CSCs can cause tumor recurrence.
STUMOD—a Tool for Predicting Fate and Transport of Nitrogen in Soil Treatment Units

A typical onsite wastewater treatment system consists of a septic tank and a soil treatment unit to treat wastewater before it is discharged through the vadose zone to an aquifer. A tool was developed for the purpose of predicting the fate and transport of nitrogen in soil treatment units (STUMOD or Soil Treatment Unit Model). STUMOD calculates nitrogen species concentrations and the fraction of total nitrogen reaching the aquifer or a specified soil depth. Input data include parameters for hydraulics and nutrient transport and transformation. An analytical solution is used to calculate the profile of pressure based on Darcy’s equation and the relationships between suction head, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil moisture. Chemical transport is based on simplification of the advection–dispersion equation. STUMOD is relatively simple to use but accounts for important processes such as ammonium sorption, nitrification, and denitrification. STUMOD accounts for the effect of soil moisture content (a surrogate for redox conditions) on nitrification and denitrification reactions. The model has provisions to handle the influence of temperature and organic carbon content on nitrogen transformation. Model outputs, generated based on input parameters obtained from extensive literature review, were compared to a numerical model and data from laboratory tests and field sites. Both measured data and STUMOD outputs show a relatively higher removal in clayey soils compared to sandy soils. Consistent with literature data for most soils, STUMOD predicted ammonium conversion to nitrate within the first foot below the trench infiltrative surface.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC (EMG) FREQUENCY SPECTRA TO CHARACTERISE MASTICATION

On five separate occasions, eight volunteers were asked to consume five edible gels with known texture and flavour properties. The electrical activity of their temporal and masseter muscles was recorded using electromyography (EMG). The electrode voltages were sampled at a rate of 1 kHz, starting when each volunteer began to masticate, and terminating when the volunteer indicated that the gel's flavour could no longer be perceived. Data from the mastication phase (first 20 s) were Fourier transformed to give a power spectrum in the frequency domain. Upon visual examination, the low frequency (< 10 Hz) region was found to contain spectral features that differ between volunteers, and the differences were generally consistent between sessions. Principal component analysis (PCA) supported this finding, by showing some clustering of the scores from different volunteers. However, when PCA was applied to the whole of the frequency range, the clustering became much more pronounced, indicating that higher frequencies also contribute to the distinction between volunteers. Clusters of readings from each volunteer were almost entirely separated using internally cross-validated canonical variate analysis (CVA), showing that each individual demonstrated characteristic and consistent mastication behaviour. Finally, a statistically significant association was found between the integrated power spectrum and the concentration of flavour compound in the gels; however, a similar relationship was discovered to exist between the flavour and the texture, as determined by cutting and compression. Hence, it was not possible to determine conclusively whether flavour alone has an effect on mastication characteristics.
Original Contribution: Efficient learning procedures for optimal interpolative nets

The Optimal Interpolative (OI) net, derived earlier by one of the authors based on a generalized Fock (GF) space formulation, provides a closed form solution to the synaptic weights in a two-layer feedforward neural network. In this paper, a recursive learning algorithm called RLS-OI is introduced, which extends the original OI solution to a recursive least squares solution. This is an enhanced version of a learning procedure we derived recently also based on the OI solution, which brings in new features such as a procedure for the selection of a good training sequence and a scaling factor in the nonlinear activation function to the hidden neurons. A more general approach is used in its derivation which makes it possible to apply the same technique with different forms of activation functions or basis functions. The proposed algorithm selects a small but meaningful (consistent) subset of exemplars known as prototypes and recursively updates the synaptic weights of the neural network as each new prototype is found. RLS-OI is a noniterative algorithm and is guaranteed to produce a solution in a number of recursions no larger than the number of exemplars in the training set. It also requires no prespecification of the architecture of the neural network to be learned but evolves a net from scratch to the extent sufficient to solve a given problem. The method for picking prototypes and the recursive relations needed to implement the algorithm are described in detail. Simulation results are provided to illustrate our approach.
Genetic and maternal influence on the first three lactations of holstein cows.

Abstract Milk records of up to the first three lactations of artificially sired Holstein daughters and their dams were used to estimate heritability from both daughter-dam regression and paternal half-sib correlation. The within-herd estimates from records expressed as deviations from herd-mate averages were .37, .30, and .24 from daughter-dam regression for the first three lactations; and the corresponding estimates from halfsib correlation were .24, .21, and .23. These results suggest a large maternal effect in the first lactation, a small amount in the second, and little in the third lactation. Analysis of the records not as deviations gave the same pattern for the daughter-dam regressions, but confounding of sires with year-seasons apparently biased the half-sib correlations upward. The consequences of considering unequal heritability for different lactations if the apparent difference is due to maternal effects is illustrated for selection for first-lactation breeding value from up to three records on the cow herself and on her dam.
Radiochemical behaviour of some poly(aryloxy phosphazenes)

Abstract Poly(aryloxy phosphazenes) of general formula [(RPhO)2PN]n, where R is Me, Et and t-Bu groups, and which have a broad molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn, o > 10, were analysed after exposure to variable radiation doses (0.1–12 Mrad). The methyl and ethyl ring substituted polymers crosslink, the gel formation dose for the first one being approximately 10 times higher than the other. No crosslinking was observed for the tert-butyl derivative. It is suggested that at the initial irradiation stage the polymers approach random distribution due to degradation.
Developing training aids for effectiveness across skill levels.

The overarching goal was to develop a training aid that could address different skill levels across soldiers. A set of flashcards to train map-reading skill was developed that leveraged different types of information across skill levels. Two Initial Military Training companies completed grid-coordinate tests immediately following map-reading training and again 3 weeks later after using the training aid. The results indicated that there was differential benefit for the type of information in the training aid depending on the soldier's skill level and that the combined adaptive-training material improved performance across skill levels and not just within a given skill level.
Enhancement of fluoropyrimidine inhibition of cell growth by leucovorin and deoxynucleosides in a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line.

AbstractThe growth inhibitory effects of the fluoropyrimidines 5-flourouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) against a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SQ-1) were studied in the absence and presence of deoxynucleosides and/or N5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate (leucovorin). Inhibition of cell growth by the fluoropyrimidines was less when undialyzed rather than dialyzed fetal bovine serum was used. Leucovorin, in concentrations of 10--6 to 10--4M potentiated the growth inhibition of FU and FdUrd; deoxyguanosine and deoxyinosine in concentrations of 10-5M also enhanced the growth inhibition produced by these fluoropyrimidines. In the presence of leucovorin addition, deoxyguanosine (10--5M) caused a further synergistic inhibition of cell growth produced by FdUrd but not FU. In contrast, addition of deoxyinosine at 10--5M resulted in further potentiation of FU but not FdUrd inhibition of cell growth in the presence of leucovorin. The synergy obtained with these combinations encourage the explorat...
Acute pancreatitis related to grossly minute stones in a radiographically normal gallbladder

1. The unusual association of a few grossly minute gallstones, not detected by usual radiographic technics, with recurrent acute pancreatitis is recorded for 6 patients.
High power variable nanosecond differential pulses generator design for GPR system

High power variable nanosecond differential pulses generators based on avalanche transistor and Marx Bank are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The circuit employs six avalanche transistors with charging and discharging circuitry for differential pulses generation and step recovery diode, Schottky diode for pulse shaping. The pulse width can be varied from 1ns to 4ns. The pulses amplitude varies from ±30V@1ns pulse width to ±58V@2ns pulse width. The repetition frequency can reach as high as 500kHz. This variable nanosecond differential pulses generator can be used in pulsed GPR system as transmitter and strobe generator in sequential sampling receiver circuit.
CRIMINAL THINKING AND IDENTITY IN MALE WHITE-COLLAR OFFENDERS

Thirty-four male white-collar offenders without a prior history of non-white-collar crime, 23 male white-collar offenders with at least one prior arrest for a non-white-collar crime, and 66 male no...
Die onkologische Therapie des Harnblasenkarzinoms

Die Chemotherapie des Blasenkarzinoms erstreckt sich in erster Linie auf die Behandlung von Patienten in weit fortgeschrittenen Stadien und die Verabreichung von Zytostatika in den Blasenhohlraum beim Papillom. Die folgende Abhandlung ist eine Zusammenfassung von bisherigen Erfahrungen mit Zytostatika. Es soll jedoch auch auf neue Gesichtspunkte fur den Gebrauch von Zytostatika in verschiedenen Stadien des Blasenkarzinoms und auf neue Mittel eingegangen werden.
Bilingualism and Psychometrics.

The empirical literature on test bias with ethnic children has been at odds with much of the case law on testing and overrepresentation in special education classes. This article reviews some of the literature that asserts that the legal mandates may have actually hurt minority children and argues that for bilingual children such a position is specious insofar as it ignores the cognitive dimensions of bilingualism and the impact of bilingualism on psychometric tests. It is proposed that the case law may actually be inadequate to protect bilingual children from misdiagnosis and that the most prudent position may well be to exclude psychometric tests from any aspect of decision making with bilingual populations.
Performance of TCP protocols in deep space communication networks

The communication requirements for space missions necessitate to address the problems due to deep space communication networks. In this letter, the effects of slow start algorithm, propagation delay and the link errors on the throughput performance of transport layer protocols are investigated in deep space communication networks. The objective of this letter is to demonstrate through experimental results that existing TCP protocols are far from satisfying the deep space communication requirements and point out the urgent need for new TCP solutions.
Work Group report: Oral food challenge testing

Oral food challenges are procedures conducted by allergists/immunologists to make an accurate diagnosis of immediate, and occasionally delayed, adverse reactions to foods. The timing of the challenge is carefully chosen based on the individual patient history and the results of skin prick tests and food specific serum IgE values. The type of the challenge is determined by the history, the age of the patient, and the likelihood of encountering subjective reactions. The food challenge requires preparation of the patient for the procedure and preparation of the office for the organized conduct of the challenge, for a careful assessment of the symptoms and signs and the treatment of reactions. The starting dose, the escalation of the dosing, and the intervals between doses are determined based on experience and the patient's history. The interpretation of the results of the challenge and arragements for follow-up after a challenge are important. A negative oral food challenge result allows introduction of the food into the diet, whereas a positive oral food challenge result provides a sound basis for continued avoidance of the food.
The Teacher-Consultant Model—: A Different Perspective: A Reaction To Symposium 13

This article reacts to and expands on Symposium 13, which appeared in The Journal of Special Education (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1977). The symposium was concerned with the desirability of a transition from the traditional diagnostic-remedial model to the teacher-consultant model for providing services to children with "mild learning and behavior problems." Referring to the symposium lead article by Dr. Phyllis Newcomer, this article points out the lack of role specificity in Dr. Newcomer's discussion of the teacher-consultant concept and notes her lack of an operational model for the concept. After presenting such a model, the discussion proceeds from a perspective different from Dr. Newcomer's but offers further support to her notions that the teacher-consultant model is a more efficient service delivery model. The discussion then moves to a rebuttal of the symposium critics of Dr. Newcomer's position, again from a perspective different from Dr. Newcomer's, and concludes with implications for personnel preparati...
Sperm storage in the oviduct of the internal fertilizing frog Ascaphus truei.

This study provides the first descriptions of sperm storage at the tissue and cellular levels in a female frog or toad. Oviducal anatomy was studied by light and electron microscopy in Ascaphus truei from north coastal California. Ascaphus truei is one of the few species of anurans in which fertilization is internal. Unlike other anurans with internal fertilization, however, mating in A. truei consists of a unique combination of amplectic and copulatory mechanisms that we term "copulexus." Poste- rior to a short, aglandular infundibular region, the oviduct possesses: 1) a proximal, convoluted ampullary region where intrinsic tubular glands secrete gelatinous enve- lopes around eggs; 2) a middle ovisac region where fertil- ization occurs; and 3) a distal oviducal sinus formed by medial junction of the ovisacs. Sperm storage tubules (SSTs) occur in the anterior portions of the ovisacs and consist of simple tubular glands. SSTs and the rest of the oviducal lining stain positively with the periodic acid- Schiff's procedure for neutral carbohydrates and this re- action is especially intense in reproductively active fe- males. Sperm were found in the SSTs of gravid females as well as some nonvitellogenic females. The sperm are in orderly bundles in the SSTs, and although occasionally sperm nuclei were embedded in the epithelium, no evi- dence for spermiophagy was found. Oviducal sperm stor- age in A. truei is homoplastic, with closest structural sim- ilarities to squamate reptiles. Oviduct/sperm design constraints appear to limit the options for expression of features associated with oviducal sperm storage. J. Mor-
The Relationship between Undergraduates’ Background Characteristics and College Experiences and Their Academic Library Use

This study examines factors that influence undergraduates’ academic library use during the first three years of college. Undergraduates’ high school library use, student–faculty interactions, and active learning and engaged writing activities predicted library use for all three years of the study. There was an interesting relationship between undergraduate library use and self-reported and objective critical thinking scores. These findings are useful for the redesign of current academic library services and future research studies on information-seeking behavior.
A MIXED MODE FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CRACKED LAP SHEAR SPECIMEN USING A SUBLAMINATE APPROACH

A simple analysis method for analyzing the mixed-mode cracked lap shear specimen was developed. The method was based on a sublaminate approach and accounted for transverse shear deformations. The analysis predicts the interlaminar stresses ahead of the crack as well as the total and mixed-mode strain energy release rates associated with self-similar crack growth. Example solutions are presented and compared with results predicted by the finite element method. The primary advantage of the sublaminate approach is due to its simple formulation which results in computationally unintensive solutions.
Integrating the Huff Model and Floating Catchment Area Methods to Analyze Spatial Access to Healthcare Services

Analysis of spatial access to healthcare services is critical for effective health resource planning. Gravity-based spatial access models have been widely used to estimate spatial access to healthcare services. Among them, the floating catchment area (FCA) methods have been proved to be informative and helpful to the designation of Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs). This article integrates the Huff Model with the FCA method to articulate population selection on services. Through the proposed approach, population demand on healthcare services is adjusted by a Huff Model-based selection probability that reflects the impacts of both distance impedance and service site capacity. The new approach moderates the over- or under-estimating of population demand that occurred with previous methods. Furthermore, the method uses a continuous distance impedance weight function instead of the arbitrarily defined subzones of previous studies. A case study of spatial access to primary care in Springfield, MO, showed that the proposed method can effectively moderate the population demand on service sites and therefore can generate more reliable spatial access measures.
4-Chloro-3′,4′-di­hydroxy­bi­phenyl

The crystal structure of a metabolite of 4-chloro­bi­phenyl (PCB 3), 4-chloro-3′,4′-di­hydroxybi­phenyl (C12H9ClO2), is described. The dihedral angle of the title compound is 43.1 (3)°, which is in reasonable agreement with the calculated value of 37.2°.
Elvira Arellano: No Rosa Parks. Creation of "Us" versus "Them" in an opinion column.

From August 2006 through August 2007, Elvira Arellano, an undocumented Mexican immigrant, lived in a church on Chicago's West Side with her U.S.-born 7-year-old son, Saul, to avoid a deportation or...
Representing architectural designs: a central issue in the development of complex systems

This paper discusses the need for and the use of a software architecture as an important means in the development of complex systems. We start out with a brief analysis of the term "complex" with regard to computerized systems. On this basis, we introduce software architectures as a means to cope with the software design aspect of system complexity. We then identify the architectural concepts that are necessary to capture a comprehensive, high level system design and discuss their characterizing properties. Finally, we propose a "construction-oriented" technique for architecture specification which is based on a generic set of architectural elements and is supported by a tool, d-ASPECT (domain Architecture Specification Tool), currently under development at NJIT.
Distribution of transferrin phenotypes in selected troops of Kenya baboons.

The distribution of transferrin alleles in a group of common baboons, Papio cynocephalus of East Africa, was determined after starch gel electrophoresis of plasma and autoradiography of electrophoretograms. Three alleles, TfA, TfB, and TfC, were found, in agreement with results previously reported. The frequencies of these alleles are TfA = 0.276, TfB = 0.515, Tfc = 0.209. The difference between the frequencies reported here and those reported by Buettner-Janusch (1963 Folia Primat., 1: 73–87) for the same species (TfA = 0.205, TfB = 0.332, Tfc = 0.463) is significant. Transferrin of P. cynocephalus contains four residues of sialic acid per molecule of transferrin, as determined by electrophoresis and autoradiography of plasma treated with neuraminidase.
Convergence Analysis of Bilateral Teleoperation with Constant Human Input

In this paper the problem of bilateral teleoperation is studied for a class of human operator models that are not guaranteed to be passive. Specifically, the hard contact scenario is addressed where the human operator applies a constant force on the master robot and the slave robot interacts with the environment, which is modeled as a spring-damper system. In the delay free case, when the master/slave robots are coupled using the PD control strategy, the nonlinear master-slave teleoperation system is shown to be asymptotically stable. If the environment stiffness is known, then the steady state position of the master and slave robots is predicted. In the case of network delay and for a range of the proportional coupling gains, we demonstrate that the master/slave velocities asymptotically converge to the origin and the positions asymptotically converge to a non-zero equilibrium. Simulations results are also presented to verify the proposed results.
Evidence for two calcium-dependent potassium conductances in lizard motor nerve terminals

Action potentials and afterpotentials were recorded with a microelectrode inserted into lizard motor axons within a few millimeters of their motor terminals. In the presence of 1 mM 4- aminopyridine (4-AP), the duration of the action potential recorded near motor terminals was Ca-sensitive: repolarization was more rapid when bath [Ca] was elevated, and became slower when bath [Ca] was removed or when 0.1–1 mM Mn was added. Repolarization was also slowed following addition of 3–10 nM charybdotoxin or 100–300 microM tetraethylammonium (TEA) to the bath, and following intra-axonal injection of the Ca buffer BAPTA. These results, in agreement with published extracellular recordings, indicate that the motor nerve terminal membrane contains rapidly activating, Ca-activated K channels. When these (and other) K channels were blocked by 10 mM TEA, the action potential recorded near motor terminals was followed by Ca-dependent depolarizing afterpotentials, followed in turn by a slow hyperpolarizing afterpotential (h.a.p.) that lasted several seconds. This slow h.a.p. was also Ca-sensitive: it became larger with increasing bath [Ca] and was abolished by removal of bath [Ca] and by addition of 1 mM Mn. Intra-axonal injection of BAPTA reduced the amplitude of the slow h.a.p., and prolonged injections promoted repetitive discharge. The slow h.a.p. following single action potentials was observed in 100 microM ouabain and in K-free solutions and thus is pharmacologically distinct from the hyperpolarization that follows tetanic stimulation. The slow h.a.p. was selectively inhibited by 100 nM apamin, but persisted in 100 nM charybdotoxin. This afterpotential was enhanced by 0.1–1 mM 4-AP and by the dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 (0.1–1 microM). These results suggest that the slow h.a.p. in lizard motor nerve terminals is mediated by Ca-activated K channels that can be activated near the resting potential and are pharmacologically distinct from the Ca-activated K channels that contribute to action potential repolarization. The slow h.a.p. was enhanced by 0.1–1 mM caffeine and inhibited by 100 microM procaine, raising the possibility that this afterpotential may be activated not only by Ca entering via the plasma membrane, but also by Ca released from intra-terminal stores.
Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter spectral measures of heart rate and blood pressure variability in rats

Dietary restriction (DR) has been shown to increase life span, delay or prevent age-associated diseases, and improve functional and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in rodents and other species. To investigate the effects of DR on beat-to-beat heart rate and diastolic blood pressure variability (HRV and DPV) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, we implanted telemetric transmitters and animals were maintained on either intermittent fasting (every other day feeding) or calorie-restricted (40% caloric reduction) diets. Using power spectral analysis, we evaluated the temporal profiles of the low- and high-frequency oscillatory components in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure signals to assess cardiac autonomic activity. Body weight, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all found to decrease in response to DR. Both methods of DR produced decreases in the low-frequency component of DPV spectra, a marker for sympathetic tone, and the high-frequency component of HRV spectra, a marker for parasympathetic activity, was increased. These parameters required at least 1 month to become maximal, but returned toward baseline values rapidly once rats resumed ad libitum diets. These results suggest an additional cardiovascular benefit of DR that merits further studies of this potential effect in humans.
Induction of Anti‐Actin Drug Resistance in Tetrahymena

Both cytochalasin D and latrunculin B reversibly inhibited Tetrahymena phagocytosis at concentrations similar to those effective in mammalian systems, even though ciliate actins are known to be highly divergent from mammalian actins. Overnight exposure to relatively low (0.25 μM) concentrations of latrunculin B induced resistance in Tetrahymena to the inhibitory effects of that drug, as well as cross-resistance to cytochalasin D. However, much higher (>30 μM) concentrations of cytochalasin D were required for induction of cross-resistance to latrunculin B. Anti-actin drug resistance in Tetrahymena may involve a general multidrug resistance mechanism and/or specific feedback regulation of F-actin assembly and stability.
Knowledge, Attitudes, Social Desirability, and Organizational Characteristics in Youth Mental Health Services

This project investigated the extent to which knowledge of evidence-based practices (EBPs) and organizational characteristics predicted attitudes toward EBPs, while controlling for social desirability and organization membership. Participants were 167 public sector youth practitioners. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine which factors significantly predicted EBP attitudes. Findings suggested that social desirability, organization membership, and various organizational characteristics predicted EBP attitudes. Results are discussed as they relate to the importance of including social desirability in future research and identifying different factors that influence EBP attitudes across various organizations.
Foreign Food Aid Procurement: Why Domestic Preferencing Requirements Must Be Substantially Reduced to More Effectively and Efficiently Alleviate Global Hunger

While the United States does provide the majority of global food aid, it does so very inefficiently and often ineffectively. The United States spends too much of its foreign food aid budget procuring its food and transportation, and often the food aid arrives too late to be entirely effective. Sometimes, an influx of U.S. food aid can even have detrimental effects on local markets, potentially expanding the future need for food aid of recipient countries. The current procurement of food aid for the Title II program, heavily burdened by stringent domestic preferencing requirements, results in increased costs to agencies, aid recipients, and agricultural markets in recipient countries. Congress should eliminate or greatly reduce those domestic preferencing requirements and provide federal agencies greater flexibility to procure food through a combination of local, regional, and domestic procurement to more effectively and efficiently save lives and alleviate global hunger.
Invasion of the fleshy papules. Syringomas

(1999). Invasion of the fleshy papules. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 103-104.