cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sarcomere dynamics and contraction‐induced injury to maximally activated single muscle fibres from soleus muscles of rats.

1. The focal nature of contraction-induced injury to skeletal muscle fibres may arise from heterogeneities in sarcomere length that develop during contractions. We tested the hypothesis that when a maximally activated single permeabilized fibre segment is stretched and a deficit in maximum isometric force (force deficit) is produced, the regions of sarcomeres with the longest lengths of prior to the stretch contain the majority of the damaged sarcomeres when the fibre is returned to optimum length (Lo) after the stretch. 2. Single fibre segments (n = 16) were obtained from soleus muscles of rats. Average sarcomere length at five discrete positions along the length of each fibre was determined by lateral deflection of a diode laser spot. Diffraction patterns were obtained while fibres were relaxed and immediately before, during and after a single stretch of 40% strain relative to Lo. Following the stretch, the regions of each fibre that potentially contained damaged sarcomeres were identified by an increased scatter of the first-order diffraction patterns. The damage was confirmed by light and electron microscopy. 3. While single fibre segments were in relaxing solution, the mean value for all of the average sarcomere lengths sampled (n = 80) was 2.53 +/- 0.01 microns (range, 2.40-2.68 microns). During the maximum isometric contraction before each stretch, the mean sarcomere length decreased to 2.42 +/- 0.02 microns and the range increased to 2.12-3.01 microns. 4. During the stretch of 40% strain, all regions of sarcomeres were stretched onto the descending limb of the length-force curve, but sarcomere lengthening was non-uniform. After the stretch, when the maximally activated fibres were returned to Lo, the force deficit was 10 +/- 1%. Microscopic evaluation confirmed that the regions with the longest sarcomere lengths before the stretch contained the majority of the damaged sarcomeres after the stretch. We conclude that when heterogeneities in sarcomere length develop in single permeabilized fibre segments during a maximum isometric contraction, the sarcomeres in the regions with the longest lengths are the most susceptible to contraction-induced injury.
Preserving rural character in New England: local residents' perceptions of alternative residential development

Abstract Rural landscapes throughout North America and Europe are being threatened by new residential development at the edge of metropolitan areas. New development consumes farmland, woods, and other natural features—often destroying the rural character that attracted residents to these areas in the first place. In order for planners to develop alternative strategies for accommodating residential development, they need to understand the qualities of the rural landscape that are valuable to local residents. This study used a photo-questionnaire to elicit rural New Englanders’ preference for scenes of innovative cluster subdivisions and traditional rural development, their perceptions of rural character, and their attitudes toward rural living in general. The survey responses from 173 rural residents in western Massachusetts showed that subdivisions in which the protected open space is more visible from the public realm (e.g. along roads and entries) are perceived to be more compatible with the rural landscape. In addition, the study found that residents’ perceptions of rural character were strongly based on natural features, including farm fields, rather than on cultural features, such as old homes or stone walls.
The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans.

SummaryForty-three subjects were stimulated in the laboratory to "fear" and "anger," during which the following physiological reactions were recorded: (1) heart rate, (2) ballistocardiogram, (3) respiration rate, (4) face temperature, (5) hand temperature, (6) skin conductance, and (7) integrated mu
Circadian rhythm in adrenal adenyl cyclase and corticosterone abolished by medial forebrain bundle transection in the rat.

Nachweis, dass die Nebennierenrinde von Ratten nicht nur eine rhythmische Tagesschwankung in ihrem Gehalt an Corticosteron, sondern auch eine Schwankung im Gehalt an Adenyl-Cyclase aufweist. Diese Rhythmen konnen durch eine stereotaktisch ausgefuhrte Trennung des medianen Vorderhirnbundels, welches zum Hypothalamus fuhrt, aufgehoben werden.
AC IMPEDANCE STUDY OF POROUS CARBON COLLECTORS FOR Li/SO2, PRIMARY CELLS

Impedance measurements are used to determine the electrochemically active surface area of Teflon-bonded, porous carbon current collectors which are used in Li/SO2 primary cells. An effective pore radius, pore length, and pore number also result from these measurements. Results are compared to BET measurements. In 0.1 M LiBr/acetonitrile electrolyte, only a small fraction of the BET surface area is electrochemically active.
Applications Rheology of Foam Iin Porous Media At the Limiting Capillary Pressure

Recent research suggests that, for some strongfoams, foam texture, which controls foam rheology, is in turn closely controlled by capillary pressure pc. In particular, at steady state these foams flow under conditions in which pc is nearly constant at the limiting capillary pressurepc*, water saturation and water relative permeability are virtually invariant, and the pressure gradient is proportional to water flow rate and independent of gas flow rate. This report examines some implications of these statements for cases of steady foam flow. In steady, 1D radial flow without phase change, this hypothesis implies that foam behaves as a Newtonian fluid, even though foam rheology at constant texture is strongly non-Newtonian. In a steamflood, however, evaporation of water as pressure declines in flow from an injection well could make foam appear to be shear-thickening. Complete plugging cannot occur at steady-state in a foam at pc*. Temporary plugging is possible, however, with the duration of plugging governed by the rate of water transport and rise of capillary pressure. The capillary end effect can strongly affect coreflood results at low pressure gradient. Diversion between layers differing in permeability depends on contact between the layers. If two layers are separated by an impermeable barrier, then limited data on the effect of permeability on pc* suggests there is diversion of flow into the low-permeability layer. However, if the layers are in capillary equilibrium, the difference in pc* between layers can mean virtually complete flow diversion into the high-permeability layer.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE RENAL INJURY PRODUCED IN THE DOG BY HEMOGLOBIN OR METHEMOGLOBIN

Severe and persistent impairment of kidney function has been produced in dogs by intravascular hemolysis due to arsine, or by the intravenous injection of solutions of dog hemoglobin and methemoglobin. The kidneys of these animals have been examined by the usual histological methods and also by means of the ferrocyanide histochemical method to determine the pathogenesis of the renal injury. These observations indicate that obstruction to flow of urine through the renal tubules is an important factor in the early reduction of kidney function. The material filling the lumina of the renal tubules was found to be chiefly methemoglobin in concentrated solution of gel-like consistency. No evidence of formation of a pigment insoluble at the pH of the urine such as hemochromogen or hematin was found. The cessation of urine flow is most readily explained by the increased viscosity of the tubule contents. The intravenous administration of methemoglobin was found to produce more severe renal injury than the injection of equal amounts of oxyhemoglobin. Necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubule cells was present as a late lesion in animals injected with methemoglobin, large amounts of hemoglobin, or following extensive intravascular hemolysis. Such injury is probably a contributing factor in the persistent severe depression of renal function seen in these animals. Following disappearance of most of the intratubular pigment, a large number of collapsed tubules lined by hemosiderin-filled cells were found. The ferrocyanide histochemical studies indicated that these represented non-functioning nephrons although no obstructing intratubular material was present. Direct measurements in two animals failed to reveal any reduction of renal blood flow following the injection of methemoglobin in amounts sufficient to produce renal injury.
Effect of arginine deficiency on nutritional muscular dystrophy in the chick.

SummaryNutritional muscular dystrophy in the chick did not occur when an arginine deficient diet was fed even though the diet was low in Vit. E and sulfur amino acids. When arginine was included in the basal diet, a high incidence of muscular dystrophy was observed by 5 weeks of age, even when growth was restricted in the chicks receiving adequate arginine by paired feeding with the basal group.
The average effective interaction in linked cluster theory

Abstract We derive a theoretical method for calculating the averages (over J and T) of matrix elements of the nuclear effective interaction, in any order of the linked cluster expansion. We apply this to calculate all terms through fourth order in the G-matrix, for the averages in mass-6 and mass-18 nuclei. We find that the averages in fourth order are as large as in second and third order. This behavior is associated with a small number of terms, which suggests a partial summation method of improving the series. The relation to other work is discussed.
On Estimating Mortality Coefficients in Exploited Fish Populations, Given Two Censuses

Abstract Biologists frequently assume that the number of individuals in a “discrete” population follows an exponential relationship with respect to time, at least over the latter part of the life of the members. Such a discrete population may be, for example, a year class of a particular species of fish in a particular body of water. In an exploited population some individuals die from natural causes, and others are harvested. To estimate the extent of natural mortality a common assumption is that total, natural, and fishing mortality coefficients are all constant over the period of study. The present paper differs in that it assumes that only the natural mortality coefficient is constant throughout the period. It assumes that the fishing mortality coefficient is zero when no harvesting occurs, finite and constant when harvests are made over an extended period, and almost infinitely large when large harvests are made in short periods.
Groups under uncertainty: An examination of confidence in group decision making☆

Abstract This paper examines confidence in decisions that are made by groups under uncertainty. A variety of theoretical perspectives—information processing, motivational, social, and organizational—are used to derive predictions about group confidence and discuss its implications. Confidence assessment data from decision-making groups in various studies by Sniezek and colleagues and others are reviewed. It is argued that theory and research on group decision making can benefit from consideration of a group's confidence in its decision as well as the objective quality of that decision.
Mediator communicative competence

In this paper we report on a research program investigating a model of mediator communicative competence in a divorce mediation context. The theory holds that more successful mediators quickly define specific role relationships during mediation through the use of distance, coherence and structuring mediation strategies, and they use these strategies at times that encourage constructive, and discourage destructive, interaction patterns. Data from sessions of actual divorce mediations (in ten of which agreement was reached and in ten of which no agreement was reached) indicated that structuring and reframing strategies and tactics discriminated most between the two conditions, particularly in response to disputant bolstering and integrating negotiation strategies.
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is an uncommon disease of previously unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of gas-filled cysts in the walls of some portion of the gastrointestinal tract. This investigation showed that PCI was readily produced in the germfree rat by inoculating its peritoneal cavity with a pure culture of eitherC. perfringens orC. tertium. Similar inoculation of the germfree animal with any one of eight other clostridia species did not result in the formation of PCI. The bacterial theory for the formation of at least some cases of PCI is now established. This work suggests that part of the treatment of those fulminating diseases known to be frequently associated with PCI should be directed at controlling a possible clostridial infection.
Abstract 4459: Evaluation of the performance of a previous day recall of time spent in active and sedentary behaviors

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Previous-day recalls (PDR) collect information about time spent in specific active and sedentary behaviors, are presumed to be less error prone than traditional physical activity questionnaires, and therefore may be useful in epidemiologic studies of physical activity and cancer. Purpose. Evaluate the performance of a PDR for active and sedentary behaviors administered by phone by comparing it to a valid reference measure. Methods. Adolescents (n=91; 12-17 yrs; 53% female) and adults (n=88; 18-71 yrs; 55% female) wore an activPAL (aPAL) for 7 days to measure sedentary (sit/lie) and active time (standing/stepping) and completed up to three PDRs. Interviewers conducted PDRs eliciting open-ended reports of time spent sleeping and in specific active and sedentary behaviors. Bland-Altman methods and regression models evaluated PDR performance versus aPAL on matched days of observation. Mixed models were fit to quantify the error structure of the PDR using the following equation: PDRij = β0 + α1Tij + ri + eij, where Tij is the estimate of truth from aPAL and β1 is the slope of the regression of aPAL on PDR. Variances were estimated for systematic (≥ri) and random reporting errors (≥eij) for the PDR. Results. Adolescents and adults reported 10.0 (SD=2.2) and 9.9 (SD=2.8) hr/d of sedentary time, and 4.2 (SD=1.8) and 5.2 (SD=2.6) hr/d of active time, respectively. Total PDR active and sedentary time was greater than aPAL wear time (difference=0.58 hr/d, p0.05) negative bias for active time in adolescents (bias=−0.27 (SD=1.37) hr/d) and adults (bias=−0.13 (SD=1.44) hr/d). In contrast, a significant positive bias in PDR sedentary time was evident (p<0.01) in adolescents (bias=0.81 (SD=1.52) hr/d) and adults (bias=0.74 (SD=1.59) hr/d), in part due to greater PDR observation time. Reporting bias was unrelated to age (years), gender, or body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Mixed models comparing PDR to aPAL indicated: (1) a strong linear relationship between measures for sedentary (≥1=0.90 to 1.00) and active time (≥1=0.70 to 0.95); (2) that reporting errors were predominantly random errors (≥ri < αeij); and (3) correlations between measures were high (Active: 0.54 to 0.73; Sedentary: 0.62 to 80) for these behavioral exposures. Conclusion. PDRs measuring active and sedentary behaviors rank-ordered individuals on the day observed, correlations with the reference measure were high, and systematic reporting errors were unrelated to age, gender or BMI. PDRs may have value in future epidemiological studies of physical activity and cancer. Support: R01NR011477; NCI Intramural Research Program Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4459. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4459
Evaluation of the Hartree−Fock Dispersion (HFD) Model as a Practical Tool for Probing Intermolecular Potentials of Small Aromatic Clusters: Comparison of the HFD and MP2 Intermolecular Potentials

The performance of the Hartree−Fock dispersion (HFD) model for aromatic clusters has been evaluated by comparing the HFD/6-31G intermolecular potentials with the MP2/6-31G potentials for dimers of four aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene) and the trimer of naphthalene. The computationally efficient HFD model yields equilibrium geometries and binding energies that are essentially identical to those from the MP2 calculations for all aromatic clusters. For the T-shaped dimer of benzene and the cyclic trimer of naphthalene for which experimental geometries are known, the computed geometry and intermolecular separations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Although the MP2/6-31G (not corrected for basis set superposition errors) and HFD/6-31G binding energies (De) of the dimers of benzene and naphthalene, and the trimer of naphthalene, are almost a factor of 2 greater than the experimental values (D0), they are considerably in better agreement with experiment t...
5-10 GHz AlN Contour-Mode Nanoelectromechanical Resonators

This paper reports on the design and experimental verification of Super High Frequency (SHF) laterally vibrating NanoElctroMechanical (NEMS) resonators. For the first time, AlN piezoelectric nanoresonators with multiple frequencies of operation ranging between 5 and 10 GHz have been fabricated on the same chip and attained the highest f-Q product (~ 4.6· 1012 Hz) ever reported in AlN contour-mode devices. These piezoelectric NEMS resonators are the first of their class to demonstrate on-chip sensing and actuation of nanostructures without the need of cumbersome or power consuming excitation and readout systems. Effective piezoelectric activity has been demonstrated in thin AlN films having vertical and lateral features in the range of 250 nm.
Polarity suppressors increase expression of the wild-type tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli

Abstract Three new polarity suppressors, selected to relieve the polar effect of nonsense mutations in the tryptophan (trp) and lactose (lac) operons of Escherichia coli, increase expression distal to nonsense mutations in both operons to a greater extent than suA. These suppressors relieve the polarity created by amber, ochre and frameshift mutations with equal efficiency. Two of the three polarity suppressors elevate enzyme synthesis in the wildtype trp operon two- and fivefold, respectively. The increase in enzyme levels is in each case correlated with increased levels and rates of synthesis of structural gene trp messenger RNA. Since expression of all genes is elevated, these findings suggest the existence of a site early in the wild-type trp operon that affects the extent of operon expression. We located the site affected by these two polarity suppressors between the operator and the first structural gene, trpE. Although the third polarity suppressor also relieves mutational polarity efficiently, it has no detectable effect on expression of the wild-type trp operon.
Evidence for azidyl radical initiated olefin isomerization. One-way isomerization of (Z)-urocanic acid

Abstract (Z)-Urocanic acid (cis-UA), unlike its (E) isomer (trans-UA), undergoes photoisomerization in the presence of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT 2+ ) and sodium azide. Evidence is presented that the photoisomerization involves the reversible addition of the azidyl radical to the double bond.
Parent-Child Interactions in Anxious Families

A considerable amount of research has examined factors associated with the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders in children. The familial nature of anxiety has been well-established, with genetic studies showing that approximately 30% of the variance is accounted for by genetic factors. Research into the family environment documents behavioral differences in interactions between non-anxious parent-child and anxious parent-child dyads, including less granting of autonomy, and parental withdrawal and disengagement. Recent theoretical work in the field of anxiety suggests that attachment models and coercive operant patterns could create a bi-directional coercive interaction pattern, similar to that seen in interactions of parents and aggressive children. The current study investigated parent and child behaviors coded from interaction tasks across four groups based on anxiety status: anxious parent/anxious child, non-anxious parent/anxious child, anxious parent/non-anxious child, and non-anxious pare...
Assessing biodeterioration in wood using ATP photometry. Part III. Estimation of the fungal biomass of Phanerochete chrysosporium in decayed wood using ATP and energy charge measurements

Abstract Measurements of ATP and Energy Charge (EC) were used to estimate the changes in biomass of P. chrysosporium (white rot), grown in wood blocks. The wood blocks were inoculated with P. chrysosporium and incubated for 3 months at 25°C and 95% RH. The blocks were sampled every month for concentrations of nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP), EC, and weight loss. The possible interference of wood chemicals with the nucleotide assay was studied. EC levels for the three fungi remained below 0.52. The ADP and AMP concentrations were at least 10-fold larger than the ATP. The ATP data were converted into biomass using a conversion factor (ATP/Biomass=0.99 nM/mg of dry weight for EC values below 0.6). P. chrysosporium produced a larger biomass when grown on loblolly (167 μg/g of wood) than on birch (40 μg/g of wood) but the weight loss of the wood was larger in the birch blocks (16% vs 14.73%).
Guidelines for evaluation and management of common congenital cardiac problems in infants, children, and adolescents. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Congenital Cardiac Defects of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association.

membersofthecommitteeduringthe construction of these algorithms. One of the 10cardiologists, Howard Gutgesell, MD,represented thecardiology subsection of the American Academy ofPediatrics. Anotherpediatric cardiologist, Arthur Gar-son, Jr, MD, represented the American College ofCardiology. Input was also obtained from a cardiovas-
Any IDEA what to do about Billy

The development and implementation of discipline programs for students with exceptional education* needs is a challenging endeavor for school leaders. This case focuses on the application of disciplinary procedures for a chronically disruptive student who is classified severely emotionally disturbed. The case provides a catalyst for educational leadership students to discuss the policies and legal implications of disciplining students with exceptional education needs and the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The case also allows for rich dialogue in the areas of decision-making, school culture and strategies for communicating with teachers, parents, and student advocacy groups.
A Multi-Country Study Exploring Relationships of Lifestyles to Ethnocentrism

In this paper, we study consumer market segments in four Latin American countries and one U.S. territory by using lifestyle patterns and ethnocentrism. We partition consumer ethnocentrism into low, medium, and high levels, and then investigate the relationship between each level of consumer ethnocentrism and lifestyles. Furthermore, the impacts of gender, age, and marital status on the relationship between ethnocentrism and life style are explored. Data for the study was collected through self-survey in major cities in these countries. The results reveal distinct ethnocentrism- lifestyle relationship patterns at different levels of consumer ethnocentrism among the five Latin American regions. Especially, at the high ethnocentrism level, consumer lifestyles have significant influence on the consumers‘ ethnocentric tendencies. In addition, we found that the older consumers at the high ethnocentrism level exhibit significant relationship to their lifestyle. These findings have considerable implications for marketers in that, it opens up more opportunities for them in comparison to what others have been exposed to through extant research. Secondly, for marketers who are already operating in a global environment, our analysis offers them ideas in market segmentation, environmental scanning and opportunity analysis.
From Psychology to Poetics: Aging as a Literary Process

In the emerging field of narrative gerontology, psychological models of self are giving way to literary ones. Viewing the experience of aging through literary lenses presents a number of intriguing conceptual possibilities. In this paper, the authors identify points of intersection between narrative gerontology and literary theory that illuminate a process central to what they call a poetics of aging—reading the self. In particular, they speculate on how, by framing such concepts as meaning, memory, and time in narrative terms, gerontology can move toward a more comprehensive, more nuanced understanding of what aging entails.
Fear of Crime among Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Comparing the Effects of Perpetration, Victimization, and Neighborhood Factors

This is the first study to examine adult offenders’ fear of property, personal, and gang crime. We examine five research questions among 2,414 jail inmates, focusing on how afraid offenders are of crime. We compare current, ex-gang, and non-gang members. We ask if more experience with crime perpetration and victimization and more perceptions of social disorganization increase offenders’ fear of crime. Finally, we ask if the importance of these factors in predicting fear varies by gang status. Results show that offenders, generally, were not very afraid of crime. Although ex-gang and current gang members believed they were more likely to experience property, personal, and gang crime, they reported less fear than non-gang members. Crime perpetration did not influence offenders’ fear, but less experience with personal crime victimization predicted fear of personal and gang crime among non-gang members. The results also indicate that perceptions of social disorganization better explain fear among non-gang mem...
Microporous polyphenylenes with tunable pore size for hydrogen storage

A series of highly porous polymers with similar BET surface areas of higher than 1000 m2 g−1 but tunable pore ranging from 0.7 nm to 0.9 nm were synthesized through facile ethynyl trimerization reaction to demonstrate the surface property-hydrogen adsorption relationship.
Ultimate Coping Strategies: The Differences Among Parents of Murdered or Abducted, Long-Term Missing Children

The purpose of this study was to assess, through naturalistic inquiry, the differences between and relationships among coping strategies of parents of murdered or abducted, long-term missing children, where the offender was non-familial. Multiple data sources were used to examine two areas: the perceptive differences of coping among parents of murdered children in contrast to parents of abducted, long-term missing children; and the ways in which coping strategies of parents of murdered children differ from the coping strategies of parents of abducted, long-term missing children. A single dominant theme emerged when analyzing the similarities and differences among the groups: the duration of expected coping was dependent upon the likelihood of the resolution of the ambiguity of the situation. The analysis identified that both groups suffered comparable bereavement manifestations and utilized similar coping strategies during times of ambiguous loss. The two groups mirrored each other emotionally until the t...
Memory and Network Architecture Interaction in an Optically Interconnected Distributed Shared Memory System

This paper develops a performance model of an optically interconnected parallel computer system operating in a distributed shared memory environment. The performance model is developed to reflect the impact of low level optical media access protocol and optical device switching latency on high level system performance. This enables the model to predict the performance impact of supporting distributed shared memory with different address allocation schemes and media access protocols. The passive star-coupled photonic network operates through wavelength division multiple access. Two media access protocols are examined for this WDM network, both are designed to operate in a multiple-channel multiple-access environment and require each node to possess a wavelength tunable transmitter and a fixed (or slow tunable) receiver. A semi-Markov model has been developed to study the interaction of the distributed shared memory architecture and the two access protocols of the photonic network. This analytical model has been validated by extensive simulation. The model is then used to examine the system performance with varying numbers of nodes and wavelength channels and varying, memory and channel access times.
Suppression of floral induction inBryophyllum daigremontianum by a growth retardant

Flower formation in the long-short-day plantBryophyllum daigremontianum induced by the shift from long to short day is fully suppressed by applying the growth retardant CCC [(2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride]via the roots during short day treatment at a level of at least 1 g per plant. At the same time CCC applications strongly reduce the internode length, but the rate of leaf formation does not seem to be affected. CCC also causes the production of more anthocyanin in the leaves.
Subject Awareness and Order Effects in Persuasive Communications

This study was performed with 128 college students acting as Ss. The primary hypothesis that Ss confronted with a hidden pretest in an opinion change study will yield a significant recency effect, and Ss confronted with an exposed pretest will yield a significant primacy effect, was rejected. A primacy effect is in evidence when the pretest is hidden, and no directional effects are present when the pretest is exposed. The secondary hypothesis that a group exposed to a highly controversial topic will yield a significant primacy effect, and a group exposed to a topic of medium controversy will yield a recency effect, or no effect at all, was also rejected.
Adam Smith and the Culture of Enterprise

In this article, the author considers Adam Smith's contributions to our idea of what constitutes a proper culture of enterprise. The author argues that Smith anticipated many later critiques of how markets and the division of labor alter the nature of life in modern society. The author also suggests that many of Smith's concerns stem from the tension between man's moral need for sympathy, which requires the presence of imitative practices, and commercial society's need for constant innovation in cultural and technological practice. The author concludes with a brief discussion of lingering difficulties that stem from Smith's attempt to resolve these tensions.
Mitochondrial genotype of a unisexual salamander of hybrid origin is unrelated to either of its nuclear haplotypes

Abstract We examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), enzyme, and morphological variation among 17 unisexual Ambystoma of hybrid origin. Electrophoretic comparison of diagnostic enzymes indicates that these unisexuals are triploid with two nuclear genomes from the bisexual species Ambystoma laterale and one from Ambystoma jeffersonianum; however, according to restriction analysis, the mtDNAs of these specimens derive from a third species, Ambystoma texanum. This unusual situation is apparently due to a partially independent segregation event in an ancestor of these unisexuals. This situation highlights the potential importance of molecules with different inheritance patterns in elucidating complex cases of reticulate evolution.
A simulation approach to manpower planning

This paper describes the development of a computerized line maintenance simulation model for strategic manpower planning at Continental Airlines for one of their major maintenance stations at Newark airport. The simulation model provides guidelines to the development of enhanced staffing models and a better understanding of resource requirements on a daily basis. The proposed simulation model could be used as a tool to support the management of the line maintenance department in solving various capacity planning issues related to the manpower requirement and scheduling. The recent capabilities of simulation modeling, namely optimization modeling is adopted in search of enhanced shift schedule of technicians that would improve the efficiency of the existing system.
The effects of luminance on FPL and VEP acuity in human infants

*† *‡ Grating acuity was measured in 16 -week-old human infants. Three measurement techniques were used: forced-choice preferential-looking (FPL), and two visual-evoked-potential (VEP) techniques. The stimuli were counterphase flickering sinewave gratings with a space -average luminance of -1.0 or 2.0 log cd/m'. Slightly different luminance-dependent changes occur between FPL and VEP acuities, suggesting that some factor influences the two methods differently as stimulus luminance varies. A comparison between FPL acuities and VEP acuities within infants suggests a quantitative relationship between techniques. Infant's acuity for sinewave gratings with a space-average luminance of -2.0, - 1.0, 0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 log cd/m 2 was also measured using a single VEP paradigm. The results are compared to the same measurements in adults and to infant and adult ideal observers. VEP acuity in this group of infants improves by about 0.5 log units between -2.0 and 0.0 log cd/m 2 and remains asymptotic between 0.0 and 2.0 log cd/m 2 . This result suggests that luminance-dependent changes in infant acuity cannot be fully accounted for by immaturities in the optics and photoreceptor spacing and efficiency.
High-speed IP routing with binary decision diagrams based hardware address lookup engine

With a rapid increase in the data transmission link rates and an immense continuous growth in the Internet traffic, the demand for routers that perform Internet protocol packet forwarding at high speed and throughput is ever increasing. The key issue in the router performance is the IP address lookup mechanism based on the longest prefix matching scheme. Earlier work on fast Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) routing table lookup includes, software mechanisms based on tree traversal or binary search methods, and hardware schemes based on content addressable memory (CAM), memory lookups and the CPU caching. These schemes depend on the memory access technology which limits their performance. The paper presents a binary decision diagrams (BDDs) based optimized combinational logic for an efficient implementation of a fast address lookup scheme in reconfigurable hardware. The results show that the BDD hardware engine gives a throughput of up to 175.7 million lookups per second (Ml/s) for a large AADS routing table with 33 796 prefixes, a throughput of up to 168.6 Ml/s for an MAE-West routing table with 29 487 prefixes, and a throughput of up to 229.3 Ml/s for the Pacbell routing table with 6822 prefixes. Besides the performance of the scheme, routing table update and the scalability to Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) issues are discussed.
Prevalence and predictors of chronic lower genital tract discomfort

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine the prevalence of chronic lower genital tract discomfort in the general population and to identify demographic and reproductive characteristics associated with this disorder. Study Design: We surveyed a random sample of 480 women (age range, 20 to 59 years; 60 women for each 5-year age category) from 1 Boston area suburban community. Participants were asked to complete a 1-page self-administered optically scannable questionnaire that pertained to current and previous genital tract discomfort. Results: After 2 mailings and 1 telephone follow-up, as well as the elimination of 42 ineligible women, 303 (70%) questionnaires were returned. Fifty-six women (18.5%) reported a history of lower genital tract discomfort that persisted for >3 months. Approximately 12% reported a history of chronic knife-like or excessive pain on contact to the genital area, whereas 6.6% experienced persistent lower genital tract itching or burning. Women who reported their age at menarche to be ≤11 years old were more than twice as likely to report a history of chronic lower genital tract discomfort compared with women who began menses at age 12 or later (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.8). Reported pain at the time of first use of tampons was associated with an increased risk of chronic lower genital tract discomfort later in life (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.9). Conclusions: We have shown that women from the general population are willing to provide sensitive information on lower genital tract discomfort—a first step toward bringing notice to this understudied disorder. In addition, our data support the theory that vulvar trauma in early life may influence or serve as a marker for risk of subsequent chronic vulvar disorders. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:545-50.)
Current Yardsticks May Be Inadequate For Measuring Quality Improvements From The Medical Home

Health reform legislation grants authority for patient-centered medical home pilot projects to test changes in the way primary care is provided. There is concern that using a measurement tool to qualify medical homes that is solely based on the presence or absence of “system elements” may miss the point conceptually and lead physicians astray in attempts to transform their entire practices. To find out whether and how practice characteristics explain health care quality, we examined risk-adjusted composite measures of quality for common chronic and acute care conditions and preventive care from 202 general internists working primarily in small primary care office settings. We found that current conceptions and measures of what constitutes “successful” practice systems and care are incomplete, and have limited associations with measures of health care quality. Future research should explore more fully the issues around physician competence, including competence in systems and quality improvement; the inter...
Tracheomalacia is associated with lower FEV1 and Pseudomonas acquisition in children with CF

Summary Background Tracheomalacia (TM) occurs in approximately 1 in 2,100 children. Because the trachea develops abnormally in animal models of cystic fibrosis (CF), we hypothesized this may also occur in children with CF, increasing their risk of TM. Purpose To examine the prevalence and clinical consequences of TM in children with CF. Methods We studied children with CF born between 1995 and 2012. TM was defined as dynamic collapse of the trachea, and the severity was recorded as described in the chart. The effect of TM on patient outcomes, including FEV1, CT changes, and acquisition of CF pathogens, was assessed using a longitudinal patient dataset. Results Eighty-nine percent of children with CF had at least one bronchoscopy (n = 97/109). Fifteen percent of these children had TM described in any bronchoscopy report (n = 15/97). Of the patients with TM, eight had meconium ileus (P = 0.003) and all were pancreatic insufficient. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection occurred 1.3 years earlier among children with TM (P = 0.01). Starting FEV1 values by age 8 were diminished by over 18% of predicted for patients with TM. Life-threatening episodes of airway obstruction occurred in 3 of 15 patients with CF and TM, including one leading to death. Gender, prematurity, and hepatic disease were not associated with TM. No difference was observed in the frequency of bronchiectasis. Conclusions TM is significantly more common in infants and children with CF than in the general population and is associated with airway obstruction and earlier Pseudomonas acquisition. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:960–970. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vietnam veterans' rapid recovery from heroin addiction: a fluke or normal expectation?

Between 1972 and 1974, the outcomes of army enlisted men who had served in Vietnam during 1970-71 were evaluated and compared with that of a matched group. This paper reports the major findings of that study with respect to frequency of narcotic addiction in and after Vietnam, and the major risk factors for Vietnam addiction and later relapse. Extraordinary access to records facilitated drawing the sample, locating it, and verifying interview responses. The surprisingly low levels of readdiction and the rarity of addiction to narcotics alone as compared with poly-substance dependence are findings still not entirely incorporated into public and scientific views of heroin addiction. Some defenses against that incorporation are examined.
Diseconomies of Managing in Acquisitions: Evidence from Civil Lawsuits

The difficulties of managing and coordinating operations as firms expand are expected to increase disproportionately with firm size. If firms face such diseconomies of managing, then acquisitions should make the combined entity more difficult to manage than the two entities operating independently. To document the existence of diseconomies of managing in acquisitions, we examine the change in civil lawsuit judgments involving acquired firms pre-and postacquisition. Civil lawsuit judgments can capture breakdowns in management oversight that cause firms to take actions that a prudent firm would not take or fail to take actions that a prudent firm would take. We find that acquired entities face a significant increase in lawsuit judgments postacquisition. We describe why our findings provide evidence of diseconomies of managing and highlight why managerial diseconomies should be an important consideration when managing or examining acquisition strategies.
Education for interdisciplinary, multicultural, and international understanding

The Faculty Seminar at North Dakota State University was created for the purpose of establishing team-taught interdisciplinary courses dealing with significant issues relating to both professional and liberal studies. During the first academic year (1991-92), the Seminar faculty identified interdisciplinary interests at the University and obtained suggested themes and outlines dealing with contemporary issues in areas such as freedom and responsibility, the environment, and the impact of technology. During the second and third years (1992-94), the Seminar has been and will be working on integration of multicultural concerns and international perspectives into the curricula of the University. >
Texts as teachers: Shakespeare behind bars and changing lives through literature

This chapter looks at the power of theater and literature programs to affect correctional facilities; it delves into how such programs can deepen connections to oneself, to others, to community, and to the larger world.
The Hidden Role of Community Pharmacy Technicians in Ensuring Patient Safety with the Use of E-Prescribing

Objectives: It has been reported that supportive personnel, such as pharmacy technicians, are key participants in the use of health information technology. The purpose of this study was to describe how pharmacy technicians use e-prescribing and to explore the characteristics of technicians that support pharmacists in ensuring patient safety. Methods: This was a qualitative study that used observations, interviews, and focus groups to understand the role of pharmacy technicians in e-prescribing. Fourteen pharmacy technicians and 13 pharmacists from five community pharmacies participated. Observations lasted about nine hours in each pharmacy. Follow-up interviews and two separate focus groups were later conducted. Observation field notes and audio recordings were transcribed and thematically analyzed. Results: Pharmacy technicians were primarily responsible for all steps leading up to pharmacist review of the e-prescription and dispensing of medications to the patient. Technician characteristics, including experience, certification status, and knowledge of appropriate medication use, were reported as important factors in supporting a pharmacist’s role in ensuring patient safety with the use of e-prescribing. Conclusion: Study findings indicate that pharmacy technicians have an important role in supporting pharmacists to prevent medication errors. Certain characteristics of pharmacy technicians were identified with the potential to improve the e-prescription medication dispensing process and decrease patient harm through the identification and resolution of errors.
Gendering the Recession: Media Culture in an Age of Austerity

Feminist media studies relies on considering media texts and larger objects of study within both their historical and contemporary contexts. Diane Negra and Yvonne Tasker’s Gendering the Recession ...
Role of Quercetin in Sports Nutrition

Quercetin is a commonly occurring plant-based flavonoid with purported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ergogenic effects. It is found mostly in fruits, berries, and select vegetables. The glycoside form of quercetin has a high absorption capacity of about 52%. Evidence exists that quercetin exhibits mitochondrial biogenic capacity and may provide a benefit in endurance performance in the untrained, or low level trained, individual. The mechanisms of improved performance are not clear, but may be related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Improved performance, however, does not appear to be related to changes in substrate utilization. There have been few studies that have shown improved maximal oxygen uptake. Quercetin ingestion has been associated with reduced upper respiratory tract infections and improved endothelial function. Quercetin appears to have the potential to provide ergogenic effects in very specific arenas. Fitness level appears to play a key role in the effectiveness of quercetin supplementation.
Toward an Interpretive Theory of Legal Ethics

This Article is organized around a simple question: Where's the law in legal ethics? The most powerful contemporary thinking about lawyer behavior tells us that there is nothing uniquely "legal" about a lawyer's professional responsibility and that his or her obligations are simply the common moral obligations of us all, and nothing more. In the abstract, this position may seem shocking enough. But, the real astonishment comes when one reflects on the prescriptions for lawyer conduct that follow from this line of thought. For example, imagine a plaintiff who has a clearly "just" claim but for which the statute of limitations has run. In this circumstance, the prominent voices in legal ethical theory tell us that it is professionally unethical for the defense lawyer to assert the affirmative defense on behalf of his or her client (because common morality requires an individual to act in a manner consistent with the production of "justice"). This Article offers the definitive response to this extant view. Appealing to the insights of philosophical-anthropology, as well as more generally of the liberal arts, this Article explains that at least in America, law is a symbolic form of political life, i.e., a form of cultural activity that generates its own complete world of meaning, while also reminding the reader that political life and moral life are incommensurable spheres of human experience. Acknowledging these facts, it follows that a "lawyer" is, by definition, an individual whose behavior supports the symbolic form of law and, therefore, he or she must act in a manner consistent with this cultural activity and the set of beliefs upon which it is grounded (e.g. that "the People" rule). Because of this existential condition, a lawyer's professional responsibility will not always be consistent with the demands of common morality - for example, requiring him or her to assert the statute of limitations to frustrate a plaintiff's "just" claim.
Network games

Network games approach some of the traditional algorithmic questions in networks from the perspective of game theory, which gives rise of a wide range of interesting issues. In this talk we will give an overview of recent progress in many of these areas, and show strong ties to certain algorithmic techniques.