cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Incongruent Studies Effectively Characterize Long-Term Water Quality?

Abstract Science-based measurements and studies are vital for the protection of freshwater resources, systems, and habitats. Scientists are trained to plan and implement projects to address environmental and public health challenges such as water quality problems. The most successful programs for public benefit require coordination between experienced scientists, resource managers, and interested citizens and include long-term goals. For the assessment and protection of resources, scientists should be assigned prominent roles, and administrators and others should utilize their strengths to avoid fragmented data collections, irregularities in measurements and follow-up, or abandonment of final objectives. The requirements for useful water quality monitoring projects are addressed in the context of the watershed management plans in the state of Indiana, with a focus on the Salt Creek watershed in Northwest Indiana, which drains into Lake Michigan.
Feeding Stocker Cattle

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about stocker, which is a young beef animal fed to grow but not to improve its general condition of flesh. There are two general types of stockers — heifers grown for replacement, and steers grown for subsequent fattening. If sufficient minerals and vitamins are available, it is possible to limit the rate of gain of immature beef cattle by limiting either the protein or the energy made available to them. Feeding programs for stockers are of various types of hay programs, cornstalk pasture programs, winter range, silage programs, winter wheat pasture, and summer pasture programs. Earlier, it was implied that the growth of stockers could be controlled by the level or concentration of energy available to them. It is not possible to give an exact formula for predicting a specific gain because different types of cattle are involved. Stocker cattle often are turned to pasture without much regard for optimal management of the pasture. A comparison was made on a fertilized pasture containing birdsfoot trefoil in addition to the permanent bluegrass plants. Research at Purdue University has shown the effect of feeding various levels of concentrates to stocker cattle on pasture. It has been suggested that on a high-energy diet, cattle eat to a caloric satiety; that is, they eat until they have absorbed sufficient calories from their diet. A “too fat animal” coming off a stocker program can be expected to have depressed performance during the finishing phase.
Recurrence After Surgical Intervention for Infantile Tibia Vara: Assessment of a New Modified Classification.

BACKGROUND To propose a modified classification of infantile tibia vara based on the morphology of the metaphyseal/epiphyseal tibial slope that better correlates with treatment outcomes than the traditional Langenskiold classification. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 82 patients and 115 limbs that underwent surgery for infantile tibia vara over a 22-year period (1990 to 2012) at a single institution. A modified Langenskiold classification was applied to all patients preoperatively and the outcomes were assessed. The modified system created a 3-stage classification (types A, B, and C): type A has a partially lucent medial metaphyseal defect, with or without "beaking"; type B deformity has downward-sloping curvature of the lateral and inferior rim of a completely lucent metaphyseal defect, which then has an upslope at the medial rim, resembling a ski-jump, with no epiphyseal downward slope; type C has vertical, downsloping deformity of both the epiphysis and metaphysis, with no upward curvature projecting medially at the inferior extent, while the epiphysis slopes downward into the metaphyseal defect. RESULTS Sixty-seven limbs did not develop recurrence following corrective osteotomy, whereas 48 limbs required at least 1 repeat surgery for recurrent deformity. Preoperative mechanical axis deviation, medial proximal tibial angle, lateral distal tibial angle, and body mass index did not differ significantly between those with recurrence and those with without. Mean age at surgery was significantly different for those who developed recurrence compared with those who did not. Patients without recurrence were 4.3 years of age (range, 2.4 to 10.3 y) compared with 6.2 years of age (range, 2.9 to 10.1 y) for those who recurred (P<0.01). Of patients who developed recurrent deformity, there were significantly more patients with type C changes (71.7%, P<0.01) then either type A (22.5%) or type B (20.7%). High rates of recurrence were seen for both Langenskiold stage III (50%) and stage IV (69.6%). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with prior studies, age 5 seems to be a critical transition in the risk for recurrent deformity after tibial osteotomy. Extreme vertical sloping of the medial metaphyseal defect, as in some classic Langenskiold III lesions and more precisely described by type C in a newer, modified classification, carries a poor prognosis for successful correction by high tibial osteotomy alone or in combination with epiphysiolysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
Epidemiology of Spirit Possession Among the Luvale of Zambia

In the past few years in the West, medical notions concerning the cause and nature of disease have been changing rapidly. Not only does a more organic and synergistic model of the human organism replace the Cartesian separation between mind and body, but we now recognize that environmental factors, especially conditions in society and culture, are integrally related to the well-being or harmony of the organism (Chesler 1973; Illich 1976). The Cartesian view of the world influenced anthropological studies of non-Western healing. This is implicit in most analyses of the phenomena, which often divide into the materialist concepts of “organic” and “psychosomatic,” even though most non-Westerners make no such distinction themselves. Spirit possession studies in particular suffer from this Western idiosyncrasy in that many anthropologists who write about possession show that it was “only” a palliative for psychosomatic illness brought about by disharmonies in the social order, and that actual “physical” disease is not the “important” aspect of possession cults and rituals. Following Evans-Pritchard (1937), anthropologists have tried to look at people’s answers to the moral question of “why me” in relationship to possession, but consistently neglect the physiological condition of persons that possession cures treat. Although possession rituals undoubtedly do treat both symbolic-social disorders and physical illnesses, the emphasis placed on the symbolism of participation in ritual possession cults means that we have a great deal of literature that illustrates the “symbolicity” of non-Westerners, but not much that demonstrates their empirical recognition of personal ill health, technical proficiency in treating disease, or the relationship between possession and individual cure.
Gauss's first argument for least squares

Gauss first published an argument for the law of least squares in the Theoria Motus of 1809, though he had been using the law for some time.1 His argument there was influential throughout the nineteenth century, but historians recently have found its logic confusing. For instance, in the Sammelband prepared on the two-hundredth birthday of Gauss, Ivo Schneider describes the crucial point as follows:
Discrepancy detection in the retrieval-enhanced suggestibility paradigm

Retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES) refers to the finding that immediately recalling the details of a witnessed event can increase susceptibility to later misinformation. In three experiments, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of the role that retrieval plays in the RES paradigm. Consistent with past research, initial testing did increase susceptibility to misinformation - but only for those who failed to detect discrepancies between the original event and the post-event misinformation. In all three experiments, subjects who retrospectively detected discrepancies in the post-event narratives were more resistant to misinformation than those who did not. In Experiments 2 and 3, having subjects concurrently assess the consistency of the misinformation narratives negated the RES effect. Interestingly, in Experiments 2 and 3, subjects who had retrieval practice and detected discrepancies were more likely to endorse misinformation than control subjects who detected discrepancies. These results call attention to limiting conditions of the RES effect and highlight the complex relationship between retrieval practice, discrepancy detection, and misinformation endorsement.
Stable laser interest point selection for place recognition in a forest

Place recognition is an essential part of robot localization and mapping problems. Using lower data-rate sensors like 2D scanning laser rangefinders enables the robots to use less memory and computation in building maps. However, place recognition by a vehicle with 6-DOF dynamics like a quadrotor in unstructured, 3D environments like forests is challenging, especially with a sensor that only measures a planar slice of the environment. This paper extends the 2D geometry-based place recognition system of [1] to a challenging forest envirnoment with a novel procedure for selecting stable and salient 2D laser interest points using Dirichlet process clustering (DP-means). This method is tested on both synthetic and real data from a forest trail and compared with [1]. The result reveals the importance of salient interest point selection in allowing accurate and fast place recognition. Our approach also ensures a low bandwidth representation of visited areas, making it suitable for real-time, multi-agent SLAM applications.
A probabilistic framework for intrinsic image decomposition from RGB-D streams

Lighting and shading can have a great impact on a robot's ability to recognize, match, and classify objects in indoor scenes. Additionally, the realism of augmented reality applications benefit greatly from understanding the lighting and shading in a scene. To aid in extracting this information from a mobile platform we introduce a novel framework to solve the intrinsic image decomposition problem for RGB-D streams. In our pipeline, the task is formulated as a Bayesian estimation problem. Compared to frame-based methods that must solve a full conditional random field (CRF) optimization problem at each time step, our framework can utilize the knowledge of past frames to predict the intrinsic images at a given frame. Our approach produces more reliable and consistent predictions over time, and our filtering-based framework achieves significant performance gains. Furthermore, our framework can be easily integrated into standard perception loops in many robotic systems that use a similar recursive filtering structure. We show qualitative results on real data and generate quantitative results using ground truth from a photorealistic synthetic dataset produced using a state-of-the-art ray tracer and high fidelity 3D model.
Cysteine Proteases, Synaptic Degeneration and Neuroodegenerative Disorders

Caspases and calpains act on many different protein substrates in neurons, and cleavage of these substrates results in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological changes in the structure and function of neuronal circuits. In addition to playing central roles in the process of neuronal apoptosis, caspases appear to regulate synaptic plasticity and may be involved in synaptic degeneration and remodeling. The calcium sensitivity of calpains suggests that they are important effectors of changes in neurons brought about by calcium influx, an important physiological and pathological signal in neurons. Many different neurodegenerative disorders involve excessive activation of caspases and calpains including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases and stroke. Experimental findings suggest that caspase and/or calpain inhibitors can attenuate neuronal degeneration in models of these neurodegenerative disorders.
Lumpectomy With and Without Radiation for Early-Stage Breast Cancer and DCIS

Breast-conserving therapy with lumpectomy and breast irradiation is an accepted standard treatment for patients with early-stage invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). For both diseases, investigators have tried to identify subgroups of patients who can be "safely" treated with lumpectomy without radiation. Some data suggest that it may be reasonable to omit radiation therapy in patients with small, low-grade invasive or noninvasive tumors and/or in "elderly" patients. Additional studies are needed to better identify criteria to prospectively select appropriate patients for treatment with lumpectomy alone. [ONCOLOGY 11(9):1361-1374, 1997]
Abstract 3001: Broad/IBM Project: Discovery of treatment resistance mechanisms through use of liquid biopsy genomics services

The Broad/IBM Cancer Resistance Project has partnered with Broad Genomics to pilot the use of cutting edge sequencing technology for the analysis of cell free DNA in blood biopsies. Working closely with the Broad9s Cancer Program, Broad Genomics has developed a suite of liquid biopsy sequencing products designed to provide optimal flexibility in conducting research studies with a broad range of applications including; biomarker discovery, treatment resistance monitoring, and detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) post-surgery. Cell-free DNA is extracted from the blood, and a dual unique-molecular-indexed library is created. From this library, low coverage whole genome (ultra-low-pass 0.1x coverage) data is generated to survey sample quality and evaluate the tumor fraction in the liquid specimen. Utilizing the same library, additional assays can be selected for processing based on the research aim (Targeted Panel Assays, MRD Detection or Whole Exomes). Since our approach utilizes the same genomic material for whole genome and targeted sequencing assays, it is possible to maximize the information learned from each valuable and limited liquid biopsy specimen. Our study design takes advantage of the discovery potential of combined tissue-based sequencing and serial liquid biopsy analysis to elucidate mechanisms of cancer resistance by tracking the evolution of clonal and subclonal populations in patients samples over time. This collaboration will utilize the ultra-low-pass sequencing and whole exome sequencing together with custom analysis pipelines to correlate the genomic events with patient clinical data. We aim to process 3,000 samples from 1,000 patients over the next 3 years. To date we have processed close to 500 samples through the ultra-low-pass pipeline and 100 samples through the whole exome sequencing pipeline (results to be provided).The ability to successfully investigate treatment resistant cancers from non-invasive liquid biopsies presents new opportunities for identifying markers, understanding dynamics and monitoring tumor dissemination and clonal evolution. Citation Format: Gad Getz, Carrie Cibulskis, Ignaty Leshchiner, Megan Hanna, Dimitri Livitz, Kara Slowik, Chaya Levovitz, Filippo Utro, Kahn Rhrissorrakrai, Denisse Rotem, Gregory Gydush, Sarah C. Reed, Justin Rhoades, Gavin Ha, Samuel S. Freeman, Christopher Lo, Mark Fleharty, Justin Abreu, Katie Larkin, Michelle Cipicchio, Brendan Blumenstiel, Matt DeFelice, Jonna Grimsby, Susanna Hamilton, Niall Lennon, Viktor A. Adalsteinsson, Laxmi Parida. Broad/IBM Project: Discovery of treatment resistance mechanisms through use of liquid biopsy genomics services [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3001.
Freedom in Islamic Political Thought and Justice and Its Islamist Agents

This chapter explores the notion of freedom in Islamic political thinking and the idea of justice as a defining value in Islam. If the value of freedom is widely acknowledged in the liberal traditions, how is it experienced in the context of classical Muslim ideas, political thinking, and modern practices? The chapter argues that liberal democracy’s emphasis on individual conscience and untrammeled freedom poses a practical challenge to political Islam, which gives little consideration for individual freedom in Islamic governance. The chapter further postulates that “justice” is an elusive idea, much like freedom and “happiness.” As such, the validation of violence in pursuit of justice is a problem for the justice project of political Islam. Islamist groups often do not shy away from associating themselves with irhaab (political violence), which is categorized in the neo-liberal order as terrorism. This postulation raises a key set of questions: Can violence in pursuit of justice be justified? Should terrorism be used to define all forms of violence, or merely non-institutionalized, political violence?
Quantifying microbial chatter: scanning electrochemical microscopy as a tool to study interactions in biofilms

Bacteria are often found in their natural habitats as spatially organized biofilm communities. While it is clear from recent work that the ability to organize into precise spatial structures is important for fitness of microbial communities, a significant gap exists in our understanding regarding the mechanisms bacteria use to adopt such physical distributions. Bacteria are highly social organisms that interact, and it is these interactions that have been proposed to be critical for establishing spatially structured communities. A primary means by which bacteria interact is via small, diffusible molecules including dedicated signals and metabolic by-products; however, quantitatively monitoring the production of these molecules in time and space with the micron-scale resolution required has been challenging. In this perspective, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is discussed as a powerful tool to study microbe-microbe interactions through the detection of small redox-active molecules. We highlight SECM as a means to quantify and spatially resolve the chemical mediators of bacterial interactions and begin to elucidate the mechanisms used by bacteria to regulate the emergent properties of biofilms.
A bibliometric analysis of accounting information systems journals and their emerging technologies contributions

Abstract This study contributes to academic knowledge about methodologies used, accounting areas studied, and emerging technologies examined in scholarship in accounting information systems (AIS) journals. It presents a comprehensive bibliometric and comparative analysis of the 681 accounting articles that were published from 2004, the beginning of serious recognition of emerging technologies research in accounting as well as mandated measuring of research productivity under AACSB accreditation standards, through 2016 in the following six accounting information systems journals: Journal of Information Systems (JIS), International Journal of Accounting Information Systems (IJAIS), Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting (JETA), International Journal of Digital Accounting Research (IJDAR), Accounting Information Systems Educator Journal (AISEJ) and Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management (ISAFM). The results suggest these journals do not have a singular focus but range in the breadth of the articles they publish. All accounting articles in ISAFM address emerging technologies, followed by JETA (73.8%), IJDAR (54.6%), IJAIS (40.0%), and JIS (30.5%). The majority (62.3%) of emerging technologies articles apply research methodologies that are Other in the Brigham Young University classification scheme. The most frequently applied Other methodology is design science research (21.0%), followed by archival methods (18.7%). Auditing (41.6%), and financial (28.5%) are the most commonly researched accounting areas. AIS (11.1%) is in the third rank. Although called AIS journals, each of the six reflects contemporary accounting and future opportunities for practice more broadly, whether they are published by major international academic publishers (IJAIS and ISAFM), section journals of the American Accounting Association (JIS and JETA) or are open source journals (IJDAR and AISEJ). This study's results are expected to be of interest to scholars, educators, practitioners, and graduate students in relevant accounting, AIS, and emerging technologies fields.
Midlife general psychopathology trajectories and later-life physical health in husbands and wives.

OBJECTIVE General psychopathology (GPP), as reflected by dimensional symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hostility, has been shown to have a persistent influence on physical health problems. Yet, little is known about longitudinal changes in GPP and the long-term GPP- physical health process within married couples over their midlater years. This study examined the multilevel influence of GPP trajectories on husbands' and wives' physical health problems at the couple- and individual-levels over a period of 25 years. METHOD A sample of 257 husbands and wives in enduring marriages (Mean age = 40.85 and 38.81 years in 1990 for husbands and wives, respectively) in Iowa self-reported their GPP and physical health from 1990 to 2015. Latent growth curve modeling was used to investigate the influence of GPP trajectories (as higher-order latent constructs of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and hostility) during midlife (from 1990 to 2001) on physical health problems in later adulthood (2015) at both the individual- and couple-level. RESULTS Couple-level trajectories of GPP (husbands' and wives' shared trajectories of GPP) in midlife had long-term influences on couple-level health problems in later adulthood. After adjusting for this couple-level association, husbands' and wives' individual-specific GPP trajectories uniquely influenced their own health problems (actor effects), but no effects were found for their partners' health problems (partner effects). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the multilevel, long-term associations between GPP and health problems for older adults in a couple context, emphasizing the value of considering both couple- and individual-level psychopathology when developing interventions targeting health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Geographic Influences on Screening Mammography

Screening mammography is generally recommended for women in their 50s and 60s and may also be appropriate for many women in their 40s and 70s. Federal regulation of mammography facilities in the 1990s, prompted by growing use and increased insurance coverage of screening, raised concerns about women’s access to mammography. Since that time, a number of investigators have studied the relationship between geographic access to mammography and the use and outcomes of screening. A review of this literature finds some association between geographic access and use of screening mammography. There is less evidence for an association between geographic access to mammography and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Despite methodologic challenges to studying these relationships and interpreting findings, results of such studies can help identify areas where geographic access to mammography can be improved. Targeted efforts to enhance geographic access to mammography may increase screening uptake in women for whom it is recommended and reduce disparities in screening use and outcomes.
Psychiatric Residents as Teachers: A National Survey

Results of a national survey of psychiatry residency training directors regarding teaching activities and preparation of residents as instructors is presented. Residents were found to function as educators in all programs which responded in the study and provided instructional services primarily to medical students and other residents. However, data revealed that although a significant number of residencies offer teacher training, a majority of training programs do not provide opportunities for residents to gain expertise in support of these commitments. Specific characteristics of educational skill development programs in residencies are presented. Conclusions and recommendations for the enhancement of faculty development are discussed.
A tale of two explanatory styles in cognitive psychology

The development of a theory of mechanistic explanation has been a welcome advance over previous theories of explanation, such as deductive nomological explanation. However, despite the claims of so...
Cross-lingual structure transfer for relation and event extraction

The identification of complex semantic structures such as events and entity relations, already a challenging Information Extraction task, is doubly difficult from sources written in under-resourced and under-annotated languages. We investigate the suitability of cross-lingual structure transfer techniques for these tasks. We exploit relation- and event-relevant language-universal features, leveraging both symbolic (including part-of-speech and dependency path) and distributional (including type representation and contextualized representation) information. By representing all entity mentions, event triggers, and contexts into this complex and structured multilingual common space, using graph convolutional networks, we can train a relation or event extractor from source language annotations and apply it to the target language. Extensive experiments on cross-lingual relation and event transfer among English, Chinese, and Arabic demonstrate that our approach achieves performance comparable to state-of-the-art supervised models trained on up to 3,000 manually annotated mentions: up to 62.6% F-score for Relation Extraction, and 63.1% F-score for Event Argument Role Labeling. The event argument role labeling model transferred from English to Chinese achieves similar performance as the model trained from Chinese. We thus find that language-universal symbolic and distributional representations are complementary for cross-lingual structure transfer.
Profiling and Predicting Opinions on Gun Control: A Comparative Perspective on the Factors Underlying Opinion on Different Gun Control Measures

In recent years, scholars have advanced theories to explain the genesis of the public’s attitude toward one of our most fundamental rights - the Second Amendment's protection of the right of the people to keep and bear Arms. Many conclude that an individual's support or opposition to gun control is a product of differing cultural worldviews. Proponents of this viewpoint contend that individuals espousing hierarchical viewpoints are more likely than those holding more egalitarian viewpoints to oppose gun control. Other scholars advance an instrumentalist explanation to understand differing views on gun control. Scholars of this persuasion argue that an individual’s viewpoint on handgun ordinances’ likely effectiveness motivates opinion or that an individuals own fear of violent crime results in differing perceptions on how gun rights should be restricted. In this paper, we do a statistical analysis examining the factors that underlie differences in opinion on various gun control measures. Whereas many preceding studies look at only one gun control measure, such as handgun bans or police permits, we examine opinion on a vast array of gun control measures including handgun and assault rifle/semi-automatic weapon bans, concealed weapons restrictions, registration restrictions and background checks. Utilizing the results of a survey of the constitutional attitudes of over 1,000 participants, we adopt a comparative perspective in contributing to the debate on the factors underlying opinion on gun control. Although we find some support for the notion that an individual’s cultural worldwide matters - at least according to our survey - egalitarian or libertarian factors do not appear to be as important a motivator of public attitudes as they do not achieve statistical significance in multivariate regression analysis once we control for other factors. Indeed, we find that demographic cleavages, most importantly along the lines of gender, or the individual’s underlying viewpoint on constitutional issues, such as on Roe v. Wade or free speech, matters as much or more so than their cultural worldview in informing opinion on gun control. Further, to the extent a cultural worldwide informs opinion on gun control, our survey indicates that it is a libertarian worldview - as opposed to an egalitarian view - that predicts opinion.
The Association Between Vena Cava Implantation Technique and Acute Kidney Injury After Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It remains controversial whether the choice of vena cava reconstruction technique impacts AKI. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective cohort of 897 liver transplants performed between June 2009 and September 2018 using either the vena cava preserving piggyback technique or caval replacement technique without veno-venous bypass or shunts. The association between vena cava reconstruction technique and stage of postoperative AKI was assessed using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Causal mediation analysis was used to evaluate warm ischemia time as a potential mediator of this association. RESULTS The incidence of AKI (AKI stage ≥2) within 48 h after transplant was lower in the piggyback group (40.3%) compared to the caval replacement group (51.8%, P < 0.001). Piggyback technique was associated with a reduced risk of developing a higher stage of postoperative AKI (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.65, P < 0.001). Warm ischemia time was shorter in the piggyback group and identified as potential mediator of this effect. There was no difference in renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate and the number of patients alive without dialysis) 1 y after transplant. CONCLUSIONS Piggyback technique, compared with caval replacement, was associated with a reduced incidence of AKI after liver transplantation. There was no difference in long-term renal outcomes between the 2 groups.
Exploiting Cancer’s Tactics to Make Cancer a Manageable Chronic Disease

The history of modern oncology started around eighty years ago with the introduction of cytotoxic agents such as nitrogen mustard into the clinic, followed by multi-agent chemotherapy protocols. Early success in radiation therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma gave birth to the introduction of radiation therapy into different cancer treatment protocols. Along with better understanding of cancer biology, we developed drugs targeting cancer-related cellular and genetic aberrancies. Discovery of the crucial role of vasculature in maintenance, survival, and growth of a tumor opened the way to the development of anti-angiogenic agents. A better understanding of T-cell regulatory pathways advanced immunotherapy. Awareness of stem-like cancer cells and their role in cancer metastasis and local recurrence led to the development of drugs targeting them. At the same time, sequential and rapidly accelerating advances in imaging and surgical technology have markedly increased our ability to safely remove ≥90% of tumor cells. While we have advanced our ability to kill cells from multiple directions, we have still failed to stop most types of cancer from recurring. Here we analyze the tactics employed in cancer evolution; namely, chromosomal instability (CIN), intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), and cancer-specific metabolism. These tactics govern the resistance to current cancer therapeutics. It is time to focus on maximally delaying the time to recurrence, with drugs that target these fundamental tactics of cancer evolution. Understanding the control of CIN and the optimal state of ITH as the most important tactics in cancer evolution could facilitate the development of improved cancer therapeutic strategies designed to transform cancer into a manageable chronic disease.
Cryopreservation and the Freeze-Thaw Stress Response in Yeast.

The ability of yeast to survive freezing and thawing is most frequently considered in the context of cryopreservation, a practical step in both industrial and research applications of these organisms. However, it also relates to an evolved ability to withstand freeze–thaw stress that is integrated with a larger network of survival responses. These responses vary between different strains and species of yeast according to the environments to which they are adapted, and the basis of this adaptation appears to be both conditioned and genetic in origin. This review article briefly touches upon common yeast cryopreservation methods and describes in detail what is known about the biochemical and genetic determinants of cell viability following freeze–thaw stress. While we focus on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the freeze–thaw stress response is best understood, we also highlight the emerging diversity of yeast freeze–thaw responses as a manifestation of biodiversity among these organisms.
Cooking demonstrations to teach nutrition counseling and social determinants of health.

Background: Future physicians should feel comfortable educating patients on disease-specific diets, and culinary medicine is an innovative approach to preparing medical students for this task. We present an engaged-learning program where medical students give community cooking demonstrations to gain experience counseling adults on nutrition and simultaneously develop understanding of the social determinants of health. Student volunteers undergo training in culinary skills, nutrition, motivational interviewing, and social determinants of health. They then lead cooking demonstrations at a local farmers’ market and later participate in a group debriefing session with faculty. Methods: Postexperience surveys were obtained. The primary outcome evaluated was feasibility of this educational intervention. Secondary outcomes were (1) student perception of the value of the program and (2) student self-rated learning of nutrition science, nutrition education, and social determinants of health. Results: A total of 117 students participated in the program over 3 years and 57% answered the postexperience survey. Students filled 91% of available volunteer slots (79 first-, 26 second-, 3 third-, and 9 fourth-year students). In a postexperience survey, 94.7% responded that the experience resulted in learning about nutrition education and 82.4% reported learning about social determinants of health. In commentary, students note that medical education was enhanced by interacting with community members. Discussion: Culinary education in a community setting is a feasible medical school service-learning activity that is well received by students. It can enhance learning of nutrition counseling skills and improve student understanding of the social determinants of health.
Walking the Land: Teaching the Book of Joshua through Spatial-Kinesthetic Teaching Strategies in the Undergraduate Setting

Outdoor Class Day changes the usual undergraduate learning space into an outdoor experience. It provides a “visual-spatial” and “bodily-kinesthetic” way to introduce students to the land of the Bible as well as the book of Joshua. Students follow their instructor around the campus, visiting locations on campus which are re-imagined through role-play and visual association as parts of the biblical land and the story of Joshua 1-8. Research into Howard Gardner’s “visual-spatial” and “bodily-kinesthetic” “intelligences” suggests they are not separable intelligences or styles of learning, but the terms provide helpful descriptors of the dynamics and benefits to active learning out of doors, including decreased abstraction of the biblical text, increased sense of the relevance of academic biblical study, increased memorable integration of the material, and increased religious literacy.
Retinal degeneration-3 protein attenuates photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice expressing dominant mutation of human retinal guanylyl cyclase.

Different forms of photoreceptor degeneration cause blindness. Retinal degeneration-3 protein (RD3) deficiency in photoreceptors leads to recessive congenital blindness. We proposed that aberrant activation of the retinal membrane guanylyl cyclase (RetGC) by its calcium-sensor proteins (guanylyl cyclase–activating protein [GCAP]) causes this retinal degeneration and that RD3 protects photoreceptors by preventing such activation. We here present in vivo evidence that RD3 protects photoreceptors by suppressing activation of both RetGC1 and RetGC2 isozymes. We further suggested that insufficient inhibition of RetGC by RD3 could contribute to some dominant forms of retinal degeneration. The R838S substitution in RetGC1 that causes autosomal-dominant cone–rod dystrophy 6, not only impedes deceleration of RetGC1 activity by Ca2+GCAPs but also elevates this isozyme's resistance to inhibition by RD3. We found that RD3 prolongs the survival of photoreceptors in transgenic mice harboring human R838S RetGC1 (R838S+). Overexpression of GFP-tagged human RD3 did not improve the calcium sensitivity of cGMP production in R838S+ retinas but slowed the progression of retinal blindness and photoreceptor degeneration. Fluorescence of the GFP-tagged RD3 in the retina only partially overlapped with immunofluorescence of RetGC1 or GCAP1, indicating that RD3 separates from the enzyme before the RetGC1:GCAP1 complex is formed in the photoreceptor outer segment. Most importantly, our in vivo results indicate that, in addition to the abnormal Ca2+ sensitivity of R838S RetGC1 in the outer segment, the mutated RetGC1 becomes resistant to inhibition by RD3 in a different cellular compartment(s) and suggest that RD3 overexpression could be utilized to reduce the severity of cone–rod dystrophy 6 pathology.
Square Integrable Representations, Spherical Functions and Trace Formulas

This chapter deals with one of the central topics of this book. The first section contains important basic facts from the theory of representations of compact groups and it should be read in full even if some of the later sections are omitted. Section 2 is essential for the formulation and proof of the Selberg—Tamagawa trace formula which is given in Section 6. Its proof is independent of the material discussed in Sections 3, 4 and 5. However the last section contains the statement and proof of a class of trace formulas which can be appreciated only by knowing about spherical functions as defined by Godement and Harish—Chandra. The theory of these is developed in Section 3. Moreover it is necessary to know from Section 4 and 5 at least the statements of Theorems 4.1 and 5.10.
"Why Do You Make Me Hate Myself?": Re-Teaching Whiteness, Abuse, and Love in Urban Teacher Education.

Teacher educators are constantly trying to improve the field to meet the needs of a growing urban populace. Inclusion of socially just philosophies in the curriculum is indeed essential, yet it can mask the recycling of normalized, oppressive Whiteness. This reflective and theoretical paper employs critical race theory and critical Whiteness studies to deconstruct Whiteness, abuse, and love in teacher education. Using an interdisciplinary and emotion-based approach to understanding Whiteness, this paper examines how denying race during white childhood via a color-blind ideology leaves lasting emotional scars, impressions that perpetuate the institutional silencing of race in teacher education. This “abuse” is projected onto urban students of color and, more broadly, people of color. This paper asserts that until teacher education programs make confronting and exploring Whiteness a priority, they cannot truly love their urban students of color as complete beings and so deny humanity full and just considera...
A REVIEW OF THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING OF LIDAR BEAMS IN CLOUDS

A review of the theory of multiple scattering of laser beams in clouds is presented. The solutions of the radiative transfer equation in three dimensions are considered. These include: (a) Neumann solutions with small angle scattering approximations; (b) diffusion approximations; and (c) time-dependent problems, mainly with small angle approximations. Monte Carlo simulations are also discussed. Advantages and limitations of the various techniques previously cited are discussed. Information regarding the microstructure of clouds that multiply scattered laser beams may reveal is also considered.
Heterogeneous spatial patterns of long‐term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices

Although LTP (long-term potentiation) of synaptic transmission has received much attention as a model for learning and memory, its function within a neural circuit context remains poorly understood. To monitor LTP over an extensive circuit, we imaged responses in hippocampal slices using a voltage-sensitive dye. Following theta-burst stimulation, evoked optical signals showed an increase that lasted 40 min or more. Weak stimuli only potentiated the local area around the stimulating electrode, but stronger stimuli induced LTP over a wide area with a complex and non-uniform spatial pattern. The expression of LTP showed distinct peaks and valleys that depended on which axons were activated. Interestingly, the spatial distribution of LTP bore no relation to the spatial distribution of single-shock responses, but closely resembled the distribution of postsynaptic spikes evoked by theta bursts. Thus, postsynaptic spikes during induction constitute a critical determinant for the expression of LTP in intact circuits.
Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism in Newborns

Objective. A better understanding of the developmental changes in brain energy metabolism that occur in human neonates is critically important for designing rational treatment strategies that ensure an adequate supply of nutrients to the brain and minimize deleterious side effects of therapeutic interventions in sick newborns. Methods. Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) was measured with positron emission tomography in 11 sick newborns of different gestational ages. Results. In five preterm infants, mean hemispheric CMRO2 was 0.06 to 0.54 mL 100 g-1 min-1. Two of these preterm infants with virtually absent CMRO2 (0.06 mL 100 g-1 min-1) had minimal or no evidence of parenchymal brain injury detected in the newborn period. In six term infants, mean hemispheric CMRO2 was 0.0 to 1.3 mL 100 g-1 min-1. Two with no neurological disease had mean hemispheric CMRO2 of 0.4 and 0.7 mL 100 g-1 min-1 and were normal at 6 and 7 months, respectively. Conclusions. CMRO2 in four newborns who had minimal or no detectable brain injury was considerably below the threshold for brain viability in adults of 1.3 mL 100 g-1 min-1. This indicates that energy requirements in fetal and newborn brain are minimal or can be met by nonoxidative metabolism.
Reserve Requirement Changes and Money Market Responses

Financial economists view reserve requirements as being important to financial markets. But, they have not always agreed on how reserve requirements impact financial markets. Conventional thinking would suggest that higher reserve requirements will result in lower rates paid on deposits, either because reserve requirements are a tax borne by depositors, or because depository institutions are viewed by depositors as safer and therefore worthy of a smaller default risk premium. In this paper, the impact of reserve requirement changes on money market rates and default spreads is examined following two announced policy changes in the 1990s. The evidence provided in this paper is inconsistent with the conventional view. We find that the TED narrowed on two announced reductions in reserve requirements in the 1990s. The evidence also indicates that the level of Treasury bill and Eurodollar Futures rates generally increased following the announcement. This is the opposite of the result expected if these events represented a relaxation of monetary policy. The paper also provides evidence on the value of the dollar in foreign exchange markets at the time of these policy announcements. Little evidence of a significant effect on the dollar against major currencies is uncovered. This evidence is consistent with these changes as not being significant monetary policy events.
Lesions of the Rectovaginal Septum-A Review

Abstract Background: The female rectovaginal septum may become involved by a variety of mass-like lesions, which may be challenging to providers who treat women. Objectives: To review the scope of lesions affecting the rectovaginal septum. Methods: A literature review was conducted. A Medline search was used, using the terms Vaginal diseases, Vaginal neoplasms, Rectal diseases, and Rectal neoplasms. Results: Reported lesions of the rectovaginal septum were reviewed. Many of these lesions can be mistaken for each other clinically. Conclusions: A review of the scope of rectovaginal lesions is presented to assist in developing a differential diagnosis if a patient with such a lesion is encountered. (J GYNECOL SURG 31:303)
Playing With Fire: Cycles of Domestic Violence in Eminem and Rihanna's “Love the Way You Lie”

In 2010, U.S.-based musical artists Eminem and Rihanna released the hit music video, “Love the Way You Lie.” Enjoying international acclaim, the video was met with praise for addressing the problem of domestic abuse and criticism for seeming exploitative of female victims. Performing what Grossberg (2006) calls a conjunctural critique, we observe that this video operates within a U.S. context of publicity surrounding Eminem, Rihanna, and Chris Brown. Arguing that U.S. public culture is invested in cycles of abuse at the cultural level, we read “Love the Way You Lie” as replicating and reiterating this cyclical structure, indicating attitudes of cultural complicity regarding domestic violence that work to re-secure hegemonic masculinity at the expense of female victims of violence.
Holmgren’s Uniqueness Theorem

There is a well-known theorem, called the Cauchy-Kowaleski theorem, which asserts that there exists a unique analytic solution of an analytic initial-value problem. Here, by an analytic initial-value problem, we mean a problem in which everything (the terms in the equation, the initial data, and the initial hypersurface), is analytic in a neighbourhood of a point (see [Ga]). The possibility is thereby left open as to whether there can exist a nonanalytic solution to this problem. Holmgren’s uniqueness theorem denies this possibility. We shall also find this result useful in Chapter 6 where we shall apply it to determine qualitative information on domains of dependence. For this reason, we shall prove a rather general version of the theorem.
The Crafting of Fieldwork Training Agreements.

Abstract This paper presents a detailed analysis and typology of the language and provisions of field work training agreements currently used by social work education programs. Problem areas, including a lack of understanding and the waiver of rights and responsibilities without adequate consent, are identified. Recommendations for developing appropriate agreements that protect the interests of all parties are presented.
The three-body force in the three-nucleon system

A brief summary of the deliberations of the Symposium, as prepared immediately after for remarks at the Spring Meeting of the American Physical Society, is given.
'Too Big To Fail' States

This Essay explores the constitutional implications of a threatened default by a large state. Much like the huge financial institutions that became distressed in 2008, a large state might well be deemed too big to fail. If that kind of state seeks a federal bailout, it would hold most of the cards in any negotiation because Congress lacks the power to compel a state to pay its debts. After outlining this hold-up issue, the Essay concludes by assessing some possible responses by Congress, such as invoking the Guarantee Clause or imposing future fiscal penalties under the Spending Clause.