cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy consumption in mobile phones: a measurement study and implications for network applications

In this paper, we present a measurement study of the energy consumption characteristics of three widespread mobile networking technologies: 3G, GSM, and WiFi. We find that 3G and GSM incur a high tail energy overhead because of lingering in high power states after completing a transfer. Based on these measurements, we develop a model for the energy consumed by network activity for each technology.Using this model, we develop TailEnder, a protocol that reduces energy consumption of common mobile applications. For applications that can tolerate a small delay such as e-mail, TailEnder schedules transfers so as to minimize the cumulative energy consumed meeting user-specified deadlines. We show that the TailEnder scheduling algorithm is within a factor 2x of the optimal and show that any online algorithm can at best be within a factor 1.62x of the optimal. For applications like web search that can benefit from prefetching, TailEnder aggressively prefetches several times more data and improves user-specified response times while consuming less energy. We evaluate the benefits of TailEnder for three different case study applications - email, news feeds, and web search - based on real user logs and show significant reduction in energy consumption in each case. Experiments conducted on the mobile phone show that TailEnder can download 60% more news feed updates and download search results for more than 50% of web queries, compared to using the default policy.
Diffusion studies with photosynthesis inhibitions of chlorella

Abstract Diffusion of several known photosynthesis inhibitors has been studied by following the fluorescence increase of illuminated Chlorella cells. Influx resembles free diffusion and ranges from 2.5 sec to 43.9 sec at concentrations ranging from 1.10−5 to 5.10−7 M. Influx curves at the higher concentration approach a straight line and seem to be governed by first-order kinetics. In- and outflux rates are similar, suggesting free diffusion.
Attenuation Measurements of Optical Coherence Tomography Signals for the Assessment of Vascular Tissue Composition

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has significant potential for assessing coronary artery disease. The OCT signal attenuation was measured in several arterial tissue types and may contribute to methods for classifying plaque composition and severity.
SEGREGATION FOR THE WAXY CHARACTER IN MAIZE POLLEN AND DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALE GAMETOPHYTE

Random fertilization among compatible gametes is one of the cardinal principles upon which the Mendelian theory of inheritance turns. The array of breeding facts on which the concept rests is so extensive, and the approximations to expectation on the chance basis are so satisfactory in almost innumerable cases, that the general validity of the rule would seem to be established. The fusion of male and female nuclei is associated, however, with various morphological features promoting the sexual act. It has been thought that in certain forms these features may impose conditions upon the central feature of fertilization tending to disturb the chance relation. The mechanism attending fertilization in the angiosperms is a case in point. 2 The events leading to fecundation in the angiosperms are unique in that the two sperms contributed by each microgametophyte are dependent for their transference to the embryo sac upon a pollen tube whose development is governed by a third member, the vegetative or tube nucleus. In its development the pollen tube traverses the style, a commonly elongated structure connecting the receptive surface with the ovary. The tube nucleus is identical in its genetic constitution with the sperm nuclei accompanying it, but takes no part presumably in fertilization proper; but, as is evidenced by its larger size and its position in the most active region, it dominates the metabolic processes of the gametophyte. In contradistinction to the passive sperm nuclei, the vegetative nucleus becomes the centre of the brisk activity characterizing pollen-tube growth. Putting it in figurative terms, the tube nucleus pilots the conveyance in which the gametes are passengers. This mechanism interposed between segregation and fertilization might offer a basis for some selective action through differential pollen-tube growth if it were a fact that the microspore nucleus and the tube nucleus during their activity realized their hereditary potentialities to a significant degree. There is evidence from a few forms that this is the case. Belling I has
Change in diel catchability of young-of-year yellow perch associated with establishment of dreissenid mussels.

Summary 1. Non-native mussels have increased water clarity in many lakes and streams in North America and Europe. Diel variation in catchability of some fish species has been linked to visibility during survey trawls (used to measure escapement). 2. Water clarity increased in nearshore areas of western Lake Erie by the early 1990s, following passage of legislation in 1972 to improve water quality (e.g. reduce phosphorus loading) and the invasion of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena spp.) beginning in 1987. 3. We hypothesised that increased water clarity in Lake Erie resulted in decreased catchability of young-of-year (age-0) yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) during daylight compared to during night. We used a two-tiered modelling approach to test this hypothesis on the ratio (R) of catch per hour (CPH) during night to CPH during daylight in bottom trawl surveys conducted during 1961–2005. 4. First, we examined seven a priori models. The first model, the ‘null’ model, represented no change in R over time. Three more models tested whether the timing of the change in R was associated with passage of water quality legislation only, dreissenids only (two-period models) and both legislation and dreissenids (three-period models). Three additional models included a 3-year lag before the effects of legislation, dreissenids or both occurred. Secondly, all possible two- and three-period models with a minimum of 2 years per time period were explored a posteriori. The a posteriori procedure determined the temporal transitions to higher R that were best supported by the data, without regard to a priori hypotheses. 5. Night CPH was greater than daylight CPH in 3 of 11 years during 1961–72, in 10 of 15 years during 1973–87, and in 14 of 18 years during 1988–2005. During 1991–2005 night CPH exceeded daylight CPH in all years except one, and night CPH was more than twice daylight CPH in 10 years during this period. 6. The best a priori model had two periods, with a break between 1990 and 1991, corresponding to 3 years after the dreissenid invasion. Similarly, the best two- and three-period a posteriori models both had breaks between 1990 and 1991. The results supported our hypothesis that age-0 yellow perch exhibited a transition to lower catchability during daylight compared to night, and the timing of the transition coincided with the establishment of dreissenid mussels. 7. The most plausible mechanism for our results was increased visibility of the trawl during daylight, resulting in increased avoidance of the trawl. These results have potential applications wherever non-native mussels have increased water clarity.
Assessment of the “6-31+G** + LANL2DZ” Mixed Basis Set Coupled with Density Functional Theory Methods and the Effective Core Potential: Prediction of Heats of Formation and Ionization Potentials for First-Row-Transition-Metal Complexes

Computational chemists have long demonstrated great interest in finding ways to reliably and accurately predict the molecular properties for transition-metal-containing complexes. This study is a continuation of our validation efforts of density functional theory (DFT) methods when applied to transition-metal-containing systems (Riley, K.E.; Merz, K. M., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. 2007, 111, 6044−6053). In our previous work we examined DFT using all-electron basis sets, but approaches incorporating effective core potentials (ECPs) are effective in reducing computational expense. With this in mind, our efforts were expanded to include evaluation of the performance of the basis set derived to approximate such an approach as well on the same set of density functionals. Indeed, employing an ECP basis such as LANL2DZ (Los Alamos National Laboratory 2 double ζ) for transition metals, while using all-electron basis sets for all other non-transition-metal atoms, has become more and more popular in computations on transit...
Bipolar Disorder is Associated with HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among Patients in Treatment for HIV

This study examined HIV transmission risk behavior among 63 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder, and no mood disorder; half had substance use disorders (SUDs). Patients with BD were more likely than others to report unprotected intercourse with HIV-negative partners and <95 % adherence to antiretroviral medications. In multivariate models, BD and SUD were independent predictors of both risk behaviors. Participants with poorer medication adherence were more likely to have detectable HIV viral loads and unprotected intercourse with HIV-negative partners. Patients with BD deserve careful evaluation and HIV prevention services to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors.
Development of Hairiness of Sized Warp Yarns During Flexabrasive Wear

Polyester/cotton yarns sized with different quantities of polyvinyl alcohol were subjected to pneumatic and microscopic measurements to quantify hairiness before and after flexabrasion. For the nonabraded sized yams, overall cross-sectional areas, core areas, and hairiness all tended to decrease with increased size content. As a re sult of abrasion, the core area tended to return to that of the nonsized yarn. Hairi ness tended to decrease during the earlier cycles of abrasion, after which it increased. Although hairiness and its rate of development with flexabrasion decreased with in creased size content, differences at greater than 10% size add-on were small. Follow ing a few preliminary comparisons between pneumatic and microscopic measure ments, a method was found to quantify changes in hairiness based on pneumatic measurements alone.
Planning for multilingual chat reference service in a suburban public library system

SUMMARY Recent immigrants are settling not only in urban centers, but are dispersing throughout the suburban landscape. For many of these new immigrants, the local public library can provide a vital connection to the American Dream, if only librarians can effectively reach them. This article discusses the planning for multilingual chat reference service (currently English, Spanish, and Chinese) and some of the issues and challenges that librarians face in a suburban public library system.
Child Care Subsidies: Parental Perceptions and Differences between Recipients and Non-Recipients

Child care subsidies are underutilized and underfunded, however much research has shown encouraging outcomes linked to subsidy use for both families and children. Despite some positive results, less is understood about how parents perceive the subsidy program, and barriers to entry and continuity. The goals of this study were to understand differences between low-income parents who used child care subsidies and those who did not, and to assess parental perceptions of the program. Data were collected from a sample of parents who utilized nonparental child care. Significant differences were found between parents who used child care subsidies and those who did not. Families who received subsidies expressed both positive and negative perceptions of the subsidy system. Implications for practice, policy and research are discussed.
Distribution of computer-assisted instructional materials in biomedicine through the Lister Hill Center Experimental Network

Abstract This paper discusses the organization and present configuration of the Lister Hill Experimental CAI network. Three institutional sources of CAI expertise—University of Illinois Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Ohio State University College of Medicine—are connected through a commercial time-sharing network to some 50 institutional users. Each of the three institutions provides five access ports, 20 hr a day, 7 days a week. During a month early in 1973 the network logged 2000 hr of use, which gave somewhat more than 4000 student encounters. The network is being operated both as a prototype of a possible service for libraries of the future to offer to their patrons and as an experiment to test the transferability of CAI programs.
Modelling speedup (n) greater than n

A simple model of parallel computation which is capable of explaining speedups greater than n on n processors is presented. Necessary and sufficient conditions for these exceptional speedups are derived from the model. Several of the contradictory previous results relating to parallel speedup are resolved by using the model. >
The spin structure construction of string models and multi-loop modular invariance

Abstract Some properties of the spin structure construction of consistent fermionic string models in ten or fewer dimensions are discussed. In models constructed from free complex world-sheet fermions it is shown that, assuming factorization of amplitudes and one-loop modular invariance, the requirements of a physically sensible projection of states and multi-loop modular invariance are entirely equivalent. The case of models requiring real (rather than complex) fermions for their construction is given a more thorough treatment here. In particular some subleties involved in studying higher-lopp amplitudes are noted and the necessity of some requirements which have appeared in the literature are questioned. A proof that the massless vector bosons appearing in these models fall in the adjoint representation of a Lie group is given, along with some examples of models requiring real fermions for their construction.
Effect of dichlorophenol substitution pattern on furan and dioxin formation

The gas-phase formation of tetrachlorodibenzofurans (T 4 CDFs) and dichlorodibenzo- p -dioxins (DCDDs), and trichlorodibenzofuranols (T 3 CDF-ols) from combinations of 2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,5-dichlorophenols (DCPs), each of which have one ortho site chlorinated, was studied to assess the effect of chlorine substitution pattern on reactivity. Benzene containing DCP, dissolved individually and in mixtures of equal amounts, was vaporized when combined with a heated gas stream (1% total organic vapor, 8% oxygen) and passed through a 10s flow reactor. Maximum gas phase formation of furan and dioxin occurs at temperatures between 500 and 700 °CC. Results confirm that chlorine substitution at ortho sites it is necessary for dioxin formation via carbon-oxygen coupling, whereas formation of both dibenzofurans and dibenzofuranols occurs via carbon-carbon coupling at unsubstituted ortho sites Effects of the second chlorine substituent were complex. In single DCP precursor experiments, 2,3-DCP strongly favored T 4 CDF formation, whereas the greatest DCDD yield was from 2,4-DCP. T 3 CDF-ol was produced only from 2,5-DCP, consistent with a reaction mechanism that rquires a chlorine meta substitutent adjacent to an unsubstituted ortho site in the phenol precursor. In DCP mixture experiments, T 4 CDF yields were greatest from 2,3- and 2,5-DCP, two 2,3-DCP, and 2,3- and 2,4-DCP, consistent with these combinations of phenoxy radicals having at least steric hindrance in carbon-carbon coupling, DCDD yields were greater from combinations of 2,3- and 2,4-DCP and 2,3- and 2,5-DCP than from combinations of two 2,3-DCP, two 2,4-DCP, and two 2,5-DCP. In all cases, homogeneous gas-phase formation of furan was favored over dioxin from DCP containing one ortho chlorine substituent. Moreover, secondary furan products, but not dioxin products, were formed by reactions involving phenol, produced from benzene, and monochlorophenols, produced from DCP. This work contributes to a better understanding of factors that control the distribution of furan and dioxin products formed in the gas phase of combustion exhaust streams.
Andisp: A Turbo pascal program to analyze and display sampled data

ANDISP is a Turbo Pascal program that analyzes, displays, and manipulates sampled data recorded with a PC-compatible data-acquisition system The data analysis routines include “integrate/differentiate a channel”, “rectify,” “smooth,” “filter,” and “add/sub/mult/div a channel by a constant, ” as well as a routine that gives some basic statistics. The data manipulation routines are “copy a channel” or “copy the data buffer to a file.” The versatile display routine can give either oscilloscope-type displays of a data channel or plots of pubUshable quality. Hardware requirements are an IBM-compatible microcomputer and an EGA color monitor.
Deletion of 3 basepairs resulting in the loss of lysine-121 in the insulin receptor alpha-subunit in a patient with leprechaunism: binding, phosphorylation, and biological activity.

We have identified a novel mutation of the human insulin receptor gene in a previously unreported patient with leprechaunism, leprechaun Rochester. This mutation consists of deletion of three nucleotides (GAA) in exon 2 and results in loss of the lysine-121 in the putative ligand-binding domain of the alpha-subunit. To analyze this mutation, we prepared a corresponding mutant insulin receptor by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed the receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although the mutant receptor displayed normal insulin binding, abnormalities were found in autophosphorylation and in phosphorylation of endogenous and exogenous protein substrates. These abnormalities consisted of increased basal kinase activity, but blunted insulin-stimulated responsiveness. Importantly, cells that expressed the mutant receptor showed markedly decreased insulin- and serum-stimulated DNA synthesis compared to untransfected control cells and cells transfected with the wild-type insulin receptor. These findings sug...
g-factors of boron in germanium☆

Abstract The results of an experimental and theoretical study of the Zeeman effect of the excitation spectrum of boron impurity in germanium are presented. Values for the g-factor of the ground state and the excited state of the D line are obtained.
Neuroscience and the Human Person

Especially after a secular Enlightenment focused on the human capacity for rationality and individual self-determination, the developed West has had what might be described as a ‘turn to the head.’ This general orientation operates with the assumption that what ultimately matters about human person can be found in a single organ — the brain — with some thinkers going so far as to claim that human persons are brains. All other aspects of the body, on this view, are to be understood as so much baggage, which can be discarded as accidental to who we really are. But this view has run into puzzles and problems in recent years, particularly from challenges brought by philosophy of mind. For starters, if human persons are identical with our brains, then the classic thought experiments about brain transplants and downloads force us into radically counter-intuitive positions about personal identity. Furthermore, thinkers like Thomas Nagel and Alva Noe have argued that a fully-functioning, healthy brain is simply an inadequate explanation for many fundamental aspects of human existence, including consciousness. Nagel concludes that the materialist account of consciousness fails, and Noe claims that human consciousness must be understood as an “embodied” function of the human organism, holistically considered. The broadly-understood traditions of Catholicism and Islam are well placed to build on these insights and resist the secular ‘turn to the head.’ In some ways, Islam is better positioned than Catholicism, having explicitly resisted the secular Enlightenment on many fronts, and developed an understanding of the human person which rejects its reduction to the brain. Both traditions are largely indebted to the moral anthropology of Aristotle, who argued that human persons are substances of a rational and relational nature — constituted by our being a certain kind of animal or organism. This view not only obviously resists the reduction of the human person to the brain, but implies that one may be a human person even without a (functioning) brain. The United States has seen several recent high profile cases of human animals, functioning with homeostasis, who were described as “brain dead.” Though our Western secular law pushes towards describing brain death as “actual death”, two of these supposedly dead individuals were able to gestate prenatal children—and one actually brought a healthy baby boy to birth. Human persons — both before they have brains and (sometimes) when their brains are damaged or destroyed — maintain homeostasis as holistically-considered organisms, not through a single organ. This moral anthropology has serious and far-reaching and critical implications for contemporary neuroscience’s reduction of the human person to the human brain. Indeed, this moment of uncertainly for those who have until now accepted the ‘turn to the head’ provide both Catholicism and Islam the opportunity to rejoin contemporary bioethical debates in a constructively critical way. These traditions offer an understanding of the human person which avoids the puzzles and problems of the contemporary secular discourse.
Economics of information security investment in the case of concurrent heterogeneous attacks with budget constraints

Abstract In this study we develop an analytic model for information security investment allocation of a fixed budget. Our model considers concurrent heterogeneous attacks with distinct characteristics and derives the breach probability functions based on the theory of scale-free networks. The relationships among the major variables, such as network exposure, potential loss due to a security breach, investment effectiveness, and security investment levels, are investigated via analytical and numerical analyses subject to various boundary conditions. In particular, our model shows how a firm should allocate its limited information security budget to defend against two classes of security attacks (targeted and opportunistic) concurrently. Among the results of these analyses, we find that a firm with a limited security budget is better off allocating most or all of the investment to measures against one of the classes of attack. Further, we find that managers should focus the security investment on preventing targeted attacks when the information systems are highly connected and relatively open and when the potential loss is large relative to the security budget.
Disclosure of Individualized Research Results: A Precautionary Approach

Assessing and managing risks to participants is a central point of contention in the debate about disclosing individualized research results. Those who favor disclosure of only clinically significant results think that disclosing clinically insignificant results is risky and costly, and that harm prevention should take precedence over other ethical considerations. Those who favor giving participants the option of full disclosure regard these risks as insubstantial, and think that obligations to benefit participants and promote their autonomy and right to know outweigh the obligation to prevent harm or financial considerations. The risks of disclosing clinically insignificant research results are currently not quantifiable, due to lack of empirical data. The precautionary principle provides some insight into this debate because it applies to decision-making concerning risks that are plausible but not quantifiable. A precautionary approach would favor full disclosure of individualized results with appropria...
Rapid prototyping of carbon-based chemiresistive gas sensors on paper

Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for sensing of gases and volatile organic compounds. However, the poor solubility of carbon nanotubes hinders their chemical functionalization and the subsequent integration of these materials into devices. This manuscript describes a solvent-free procedure for rapid prototyping of selective chemiresistors from CNTs and graphite on the surface of paper. This procedure enables fabrication of functional gas sensors from commercially available starting materials in less than 15 min. The first step of this procedure involves the generation of solid composites of CNTs or graphite with small molecule selectors—designed to interact with specific classes of gaseous analytes—by solvent-free mechanical mixing in a ball mill and subsequent compression. The second step involves deposition of chemiresistive sensors by mechanical abrasion of these solid composites onto the surface of paper. Parallel fabrication of multiple chemiresistors from diverse composites rapidly generates cross-reactive arrays capable of sensing and differentiating gases and volatile organic compounds at part-per-million and part-per-thousand concentrations.
The microcomputer kit: An excellent small system development tool

A method is described for demonstrating the integration of a do-it-yourself microcomputer kit into a small dedicated system configuration useful in many clinical and research applications. An Intel SDK-80 microcomputer is used as the main component of an on-line biofeedback system that features a digital display of beat-by-beat heart rate, a continuous feedback of an audio tone proportional to the rate, a CRT display of average rate, and a servo recorder to produce 1-min bar-graph plots. The compact size, effectiveness, and low cost of the microcomputer permit the development of many small dedicated systems that formerly were impractical applications for expensive and under-utilized minicomputer systems.
Implicit array bounds checking on 64-bit architectures

Several programming languages guarantee that array subscripts are checked to ensure they are within the bounds of the array. While this guarantee improves the correctness and security of array-based code, it adds overhead to array references. This has been an obstacle to using higher-level languages, such as Java, for high-performance parallel computing, where the language specification requires that all array accesses must be checked to ensure they are within bounds. This is because, in practice, array-bounds checking in scientific applications may increase execution time by more than a factor of 2. Previous research has explored optimizations to statically eliminate bounds checks, but the dynamic nature of many scientific codes makes this difficult or impossible. Our approach is, instead, to create a compiler and operating system infrastructure that does not generate explicit bounds checks. It instead places arrays inside of Index Confinement Regions (ICRs), which are large, isolated, mostly unmapped virtual memory regions. Any array reference outside of its bounds will cause a protection violation; this provides implicit bounds checking. Our results show that when applying this infrastructure to high-performance computing programs written in Java, the overhead of bounds checking relative to a program with no bounds checks is reduced from an average of 63p to an average of 9p.
Use of the Age-Length Relationship as a Marker for Differentiating Geographical Stocks of Adult Channel Catfish

Abstract The age-length relationship was evaluated as a possible method for differentiating geographically separated stocks of adult channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Slopes (i.e., growth rates) from age-length regressions calculated for three widely separated strains of adult channel catfish (Sandusky Bay, Ohio River in Kentucky, and Mississippi farm ponds) were utilized as a reference group, and compared to slopes from similar regressions calculated for three strains of adult channel catfish (experimental group) taken from Lake Erie, Ohio River, and Alabama farm ponds and stocked into a warmwater put-and-take fishery. Comparisons made between slopes of individual experimental fish and the slopes of both reference and experimental groups indicated that the age-length relationship can be used to identify the origin of an individual fish only when the stocks are widely separated and growth rates are greatly different.
Insights from the street: Perceptions of services and providers by homeless young adults

Abstract Homeless young adults characteristically have needs for health and social services, yet often fail to access and frequently underutilize available care. Upon entering homelessness, these young people are faced with a structural existence from which it is difficult to emerge—one often leading to entrenchment in street culture. To develop a better understanding and increase knowledge of barriers and factors that affect service utilization, focus groups were conducted with 60 participants recruited from a drop-in center for young adults who are homeless. Qualitative analyses found participants responded favorably to respectful, empathic, and pet friendly providers who were supportive and encouraging without disregarding their autonomy. Barriers to utilization included unsuitable and unsafe environments, and providers who were disrespectful, rigid, or had unrealistic expectations. Providers can assist these youth and young adults to move into developmentally-appropriate, stable living situations will likely prevent them from becoming part of the adult homeless population.
Using Imaging Spectroscopy to Study Ecosystem Processes and Properties

Abstract Remote sensing data provide essential input for today's climate and ecosystem models. It is generally agreed that many model processes are not accurately depicted by current remotely sensed indices of vegetation and that new observational capabilities are needed at different spatial and spectral scales to reduce uncertainty. Recent advances in materials and optics have allowed the development of smaller, more stable, accurately calibrated imaging spectrometers that can quantify biophysical properties on the basis of the spectral absorbing and scattering characteristics of the land surface. Airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers, which measure large numbers (hundreds) of narrow spectral bands, are becoming more widely available from government and commercial sources; thus, it is increasingly feasible to use data from imaging spectroscopy for environmental research. In contrast to multispectral sensors, imaging spectroscopy produces quantitative estimates of biophysical absorptions, which ca...
Color spatial acuity control of a screen subdivision image synthesis algorithm

The limited color spatial acuity of the human visual system is exploited to develop a more efficient algorithm for realistic image synthesis. A screen subdivision ray tracer is modified to control the amount of chromatic and achromatic detail present at the edges in an environment. An opponents color space (previously used to select wavelengths for synthetic image generation) is used to define the chromatic and achromatic channels present in the image. Computational savings achieved by the algorithm are discussed. A perceptual evaluation shows that image quality is not seriously degraded by the use of the technique.
Myosin S2 is not required for effects of myosin binding protein‐C on motility

The unique myosin binding protein-c “motif” near the N-terminus of myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C) binds myosin S2. Previous studies demonstrated that recombinant proteins containing the motif and flanking regions (e.g., C1C2) affect thin filament movement in motility assays using heavy meromyosin (S1 plus S2) as the molecular motor. To determine if S2 is required for these effects we investigated whether C1C2 affects motility in assays using only myosin S1 as the motor protein. Results demonstrate that effects of C1C2 are comparable in both systems and suggest that the MyBP-C motif affects motility through direct interactions with actin and/or myosin S1.
Cerebral Automatism, the Brain, and the Soul in Bram Stoker’s Dracula

Neither literary critics nor historians of science have acknowledged the extent to which Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) is indebted to late-Victorian neurologists, particularly David Ferrier, John Burdon-Sanderson, Thomas Huxley, and William Carpenter. Stoker came from a family of distinguished Irish physicians and obtained an M.A. in mathematics from Trinity College, Dublin. His personal library contained volumes on physiology, and his composition notes for Dracula include typewritten pages on somnambulism, trance states, and cranial injuries. Stoker used his knowledge of neurology extensively in Dracula. The automatic behaviors practiced by Dracula and his vampiric minions, such as somnambulism and hypnotic trance states, reflect theories about reflex action postulated by Ferrier and other physiologists. These scientists traced such automatic behaviors to the brain stem and suggested that human behavior was “determined” through the reflex action of the body and brain—a position that threatened to undermin...
Hierarchical preference learning for light control from user feedback

We propose a system for optimized light control in smart homes considering both energy efficiency and user preference. The method is based on learning the user preferences online and under different states (time, location, activity). To achieve adaptive and interactive learning of user preferences, we propose to use hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) to adapt the user model dynamically from user feedback. The input to HRL is user's activity obtained from a two-level vision analysis from a camera network. The input includes the user's position and fine-level activities such reading, eating and cutting. HRL learns user's preferences when the user gives feedback to the system through changing the offered light setting. The strength of HRL compared to regular reinforcement learning is that due to state abstraction the number of routines is significantly smaller than the number of actual states, therefore the convergence can be significantly expedited. As more feedback is given by the user, HRL refines the preferences for individual states within the routines. The optimal light intensity level is determined as a balance between user satisfaction and energy cost.
Basic Tear Flow: Does It Exist?

Tear flow and volume were measured in 15 normal volunteers, divided into young and old age groups, using subjective fluorophotometric analysis and Schirmer testing with and without topical anesthesia. Proparacaine 0.5% was found to anesthetize cornea and conjunctiva better than cocaine 4% and produced fewer complications. Older subjects responded to stimulation with less reflex tearing than younger subjects, but had an identical rate of physiologic tear flow, and equivalent corneal and conjunctival sensitivity. Tear flow and volume decreased significantly below physiologic values in both age groups following topical anesthetic instillation. Lid margin and cilia stimulation increased the tear turnover rate more than 300% despite adequate topical anesthesia. Flow rates determined by Schirmer testing with topical anesthesia were higher than both physiologic tear flow and tear flow following topical anesthesia when these values were determined by fluorophotometry. As sensory input was decreased, tear secretion fell correspondingly, implying that all significant tear flow results frp, reflex secretion.
Fractured Bard Recovery, G2, and G2 express inferior vena cava filters: incidence, clinical consequences, and outcomes of removal attempts.

Purpose To increase the understanding of risks of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter fracture and embolization and the safety of removing fractured filters via retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of fractured IVC filters. Materials and Methods A total of 63 fractured IVC filters were discovered among 548 patients presenting for retrievable filter removal between April 2004 and November 2010 at a single institution. Device type, duration of implantation, component fracture, and embolization events were recorded. Success rates and techniques for removal of components were recorded. Results A total of 63 fractured Recovery, G2, and G2 Express IVC filters were identified, for an overall fracture rate of 12%. Excluding foot process fractures, the fracture rate for only filter arms and/or legs was 6%. The incidence of fracture increased with longer filter dwell times. Success rates for removal of the nonfractured component (ie, main body) and fractured components (ie, arm or leg) were 98.4% and 53.4%, respectively. The distal embolization rate of fractured filter components was 13%. There were no immediate clinically significant complications associated with fracture component embolization or filter removal. A single patient was encountered with symptoms related to their fractured filter. Conclusions IVC filter fracture rates increase with longer dwell times; however, removal of fractured filters and fractured components (ie, arms and legs) can be achieved safely and effectively. Clinically significant complications of IVC filter fracture are rare, and there were no immediate clinical sequelae related to embolization of fracture components.
A Remote Sensing Analysis of Coastal Habitat Composition for a Threatened Shorebird, the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)

Abstract Most migrant shorebirds require coastal and estuarine habitat in the nonbreeding season and their overwinter survival is contingent upon the composition and quality of these winter sites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the distribution and abundance of the piping plover, a federally threatened and endangered shorebird, and its nonbreeding habitat along the Gulf of Mexico coastline. We identified sites consistently used by wintering piping plovers and quantified landscape and anthropogenic features within a subset of those locations. Using published literature, we documented that piping plovers consistently winter at 49 locations on the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast (Marco Island, Florida to Padre Island, Texas). At 31 sites, we conducted a remote analysis of aerial photos for 11 features (e.g., intertidal area, urban area, beach). Linear regression was used to test correlations between plover abundance and landscape characteristics. We found that certain shoreli...
Optomotor regulation of ground velocity in moths during flight to sex pheromone at different heights

Males of two species of moths (Grapholitha molesta (Busck) and Hehothis virescens (F )) were flown in a sustained-flight tunnel in horizontal pheromone plumes The up-tunnel velocity of the moths increased with increasing height of flight and for G molesta was independent of tunnel wind velocities Use of moving ground patterns verified that the height of flight above the ground was the factor related to the changes in up-tunnel velocity. Even though up-tunnel velocity increased with incieased flight height, angular velocity of image motion did not. Males appeared to use visual cues from the ground pattern and from other sources to determine their up-tunnel velocities The relationship of preferred retinal velocities to optomotoi anemotaxis is discussed based on field understanding the mechanism(s) employed by observations of free-flying migratory locusts, male ~~~id~~t~~~ in locating a pheromone that flying insects maintain a constant or source (~~~k~~ & shorey, 1972; ~~~~~d~ & 'preferred' velocity of image motion across ~~~~h, 1974; ~~~~h et al, 1978; ~~~~~d~ et the eye, which leads to a constant average al, 1980, 1981), and although it is now ;round velocity that is not affected by limited generally understood that optomotor feedback changes in ambient wind velocity (Kennedy, from the ground 01 other objects is necessary 1951) As a consequence of maintaining this for source location, other interesting aspects
Group Morality and Intergroup Relations: Cross-Cultural and Experimental Evidence

An observational, cross-cultural study and an experimental study assessed behaviors indicative of a moral code that condones, and even values, hostility toward outgroups. The cross-cultural study, which used data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock & White, 1969), found that for preindustrial societies, as loyalty to the ingroup increased the tendency to value outgroup violence more than ingroup violence increased, as did the tendencies to engage in more external than internal warfare, and enjoy war. The experimental study found that relative to guilt-prone group members who were instructed to remain objective, guilt-prone group members who were instructed to be empathic with their ingroup were more competitive in an intergroup interaction. The findings from these studies suggest that group morality is associated with intergroup conflict.
Impact of Culture-Independent Studies on the Emerging Phylogenetic View of Bacterial Diversity

Our perspective on microbial diversity has improved enormously over the past few decades. In large part this has been due to molecular phylogenetic studies that objectively relate organisms. Phylogenetic trees based on gene sequences are maps with which to articulate the elusive concept of
Virtual Reference Training: The Second Generation

First-generation digital reference training centered on technology, policies, procedures, and basic online communication tactics. Recent research and theoretical developments in adult education, digital communication, cognitive psychology, and human–computer interaction can move digital reference training into its second generation. Synthesizing current interdisciplinary developments, this paper presents four overarching guidelines and essential training principles for each stage of the reference interview.
VALUING CALLABLE AND PUTABLE REVENUE-PERFORMANCE-LINKED PROJECT BACKED SECURITIES

Public owners face a constant demand for developing new projects and for funding the renewal, maintenance and operation of existing infrastructure projects. One way to raise capitals to provide new financial resources to constrained budgets is to securitize a stream of revenue cash flows from a portfolio of mature infrastructure projects. We present a new type of PBS, the revenue performance-linked project backed securities (PBS), with embedded call and put options. In this new PBS setting, risks for issuers and buyers can be confined within a cut-off area. This risk hedging feature is expected to facilitate the trading of such products.
Message routing algorithms for static task scheduling

Two heuristic-based routing algorithms are presented. They take into account the need for precise information about intertask data communication which in aa message-passing, single-stage, n-dimensional network environment includes the communication delay for sending certain amounts of data at a certain moment through certain links. They also attempt to provide the best routes for communication, as well as the communication delay information on the routes. The difficulty is that for a given set of links, the communication delay can be different if the message is sent through at a different moment. The communication delay is influenced by current traffic on the links. The algorithms not only accurately compute the times that are needed to send messages from multiple-source processing elements (PEs) to a destination PE, but also indicate the paths that are used to transfer the messages. Each of the algorithms can be used in the static scheduling algorithms to computer the time needed to transfer messages in a multiprocessor system. The author also indicates that the optimal routing problem is NP-complete. >
Approximation and compression of piecewise smooth images using a wavelet/wedgelet geometric model

Inherent to photograph-like images are two types of structures: large smooth regions and geometrically smooth edge contours separating those regions. Over the past years, efficient representations and algorithms have been developed that take advantage of each of these types of structure independently: quadtree models for 2D wavelets are well-suited for uniformly smooth images (C/sup 2/ everywhere), while quadtree-organized wedgelet approximations are appropriate for purely geometrical images (containing nothing but C/sup 2/ contours). This paper shows how to combine the wavelet and wedgelet representations in order to take advantage of both types of structure simultaneously. We show that the asymptotic approximation and rate-distortion performance of a wavelet-wedgelet representation on piecewise smooth images mirrors the performance of both wavelets (for uniformly smooth images) and wedgelets (for purely geometrical images). We also discuss an efficient algorithm for fitting the wavelet-wedgelet representation to an image; the convenient quadtree structure of the combined representation enables new algorithms such as the recent WSFQ geometric image coder.
Intelligibility of sound reinforcement in large public spaces

Ten questions are posed and answered. 1. What is a large public space? 2. Are currently installed systems intelligible? 3. Why are multiple location loudspeakers not intelligible? 4. Are twin columns intelligible? 5. Can electrical delay devices help? 6. Can electrical equalization of frequency response improve intelligibility? 7. Can speech reinforcement be intelligible in a concert hall? 8. Can speech reinforcement be intelligible in a sporting arena? 9. Can pubs lic address systems be intelligible in airports? 10. Can sound reinforcement be intelligible in a church? The answers to questions 2, 4, 5, and 6 are negative. Questions 7, 8, and 10 can have positive answers.
Myocarditis in the setting of RSV bronchiolitis

Myocarditis in the pediatric population is commonly caused by viral pathogens, notably entero virus and adeno virus. Respiratory syncytial virus, although widespread among this population, is rarely associated with myocarditis. The incidence of myocarditis is unknown due to the variability of clinical presentation and diagnostic limitations. Data regarding prognosis is lacking in children. Patients should be monitored in a pediatric intensive care unit secondary to the risk of hemodynamic compromise. We present the case of fulminant myocarditis in a seven-month old female in the setting of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.
A novel Schottky/2-DEG diode for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave multiplier applications

A high-frequency diode is proposed for use as a frequency multiplier element in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength regions. The Schottky/2-DEG diode utilizes a Schottky contact along the edge of a two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) structure. This geometry allows one to combine a very low series resistance due to the excellent transport properties of the 2-DEG with a high breakdown voltage caused by the 2-D electric field spreading in the depletion region (compared to a 1-D field variation in the conventional Schottky diode). The higher Fermi velocity of the 2-DEG leads to a less severe transit-time limitation of the frequency response. >
alpha-Galactosylceramide therapy for autoimmune diseases: prospects and obstacles.

Autoimmune responses are normally kept in check by immune-tolerance mechanisms, which include regulatory T cells. In recent years, research has focused on the role of a subset of natural killer T (NKT) cells — invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, which are a population of glycolipid-reactive regulatory T cells — in controlling autoimmune responses. Because iNKT cells strongly react with a marine-sponge-derived glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), it has been possible to specifically target and track these cells. As I discuss here, although preclinical studies have shown considerable promise for the development of treatment with α-GalCer as a therapeutic modality for autoimmune diseases, several obstacles need to be overcome before moving α-GalCer therapy from the bench to the bedside.