cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRH-deficient mice have a normal anorectic response to chronic stress

Many studies have implicated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) as a mediator of stress-induced decreases in food intake. However, urocortin, sauvagine, and urotensin, other members of the family of CRH-like molecules, have also been shown to be potent inhibitors of food intake. This raises the possibility that a CRH-related molecule might also be responsible for stress-induced anorexia. We therefore examined the effects of three chronic stressors, repetitive daily restraint, turpentine abscess, and surgical stress, upon food intake in wildtype and CRH-deficient mice created by targeted inactivation of the CRH gene. We have found that both genotypes have similar basal food intake which initially decreases to the same degree following initiation of each stress paradigm. Food intake also recovers following the same time course and to the same degree in both genotypes. Therefore, CRH is not necessary for decreases in food-intake induced by the chronic stressors examined in this study.
Seasonally Dependent Movement of Lake Trout between Two Northern Idaho Lakes

Abstract The diel and seasonal movements of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush between Upper Priest Lake and Priest Lake, Idaho, were studied in 2000. Gill nets were used to capture and detect fish movements between the lakes. Lake trout were caught in the outlet of Upper Priest Lake and in the Thorofare (the narrow channel connecting the two lakes) primarily in the spring and fall, when water temperatures were cool. No lake trout were caught when the water temperature exceeded 15°C. Lake trout were primarily caught at night (94%). Multiple regression analysis indicated that nighttime lake trout catch per unit effort (CPUE) was significantly higher at lower lake surface water temperatures than at higher temperatures (P < 0.01). Daytime lake trout CPUE was significantly higher at low Priest Lake surface temperature than high temperature and at high Thorofare depth than at low depth (P < 0.01). Nighttime CPUE was significantly higher than daytime CPUE (P < 0.01). These results indicate that warm summer water t...
Thermally activated release of stored chemical energy in cryogenic media

We have observed very rapid spontaneous heating of the cold solid methane moderator when irradiated by fast neutrons at low temperatures in the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source. In one instance enough heat was released to vaporize a fraction of the methane. We have also induced smaller rapid heat releases —both by slowly warming irradiated methane and by diminishing the effectiveness of cooling. An explanation for these observations is that energy stored in the form of reactive species (H, CH3,...) accumulates in solid methane irradiated at low temperatures, and is released by thermally activated diffusion and subsequent reaction. During irradiation, the density of reactive species can build up sufficiently to become unstable as the rate of heat release due to recombination exceeds the rate of heat loss to the cooled surroundings. Similar effects may occur in other cryogenic moderator materials, and may be responsible for the jets observed from cometary nuclei.
Transcripts of functionally rearranged gamma genes in primary T cells of adult immunocompetent mice

The T-cell specific, rearranging gamma-chain genes bear striking resemblance to T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes, but the role of gamma remains unknown. A central problem is to understand the conditions under which gamma RNA is expressed in cells. The transcription of gamma is abundant in T cells of fetal thymi, but is negligible in peripheral T cells of adults, suggesting that gamma is involved in development of the T-cell repertoire. However, gamma RNA was originally cloned from established lines of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) derived from adult mice and this expression has been ascribed to non-physiological cell growth. Possibly consistent with this, most of the gamma RNA derives from genes rearranged abortively at the V gamma-J gamma junction of immunoglobulin genes, where V is the variable segment and J the joint segment. Here, we report the detailed analysis of gamma transcription in T cells of adult mice, and find that transcription may occur in T cells with a broad range of surface phenotypes; that it is predominantly of a single V gamma-C gamma unit (where C is the constant region); and that in cells freshly explanted from animals it can be of productively rearranged genes.
Single Molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Studies of the Effect of Deglycosylation on the Structure of Immunoglobulin G

The deglycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with the bacterial enzyme EndoS has been suggested as a potential treatment for some autoimmune disorders as this process leads to a diminished immune response. The reduction in immune response is thought to arise from weakened binding of effector molecules to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of IgG antibodies as a result of a conformational change in the Fc region. The nature of this structural alteration is uncertain due to conflicting results obtained from x-ray crystallography and small-angle x-ray scattering studies. To further examine the impact of deglycosylation on the structure of the Fc region, we have examined both glycosylated and EndoS deglycosylated IgG antibodies using single molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET). The FRET efficiency histograms obtained from studying freely-diffusing, dye-labeled antibodies suggest that the flexibility of the Fc region increases upon deglycosylation.
Effects of extraocular muscle tenotomy on congenital nystagmus in macaque monkeys

Abstract Introduction: Extraocular muscle tenotomy has been reported to damp congenital nystagmus in an achiasmatic sheepdog. We performed extraocular muscle tenotomy to evaluate its effects on congenital nystagmus in primates. Methods: Magnetic search coil eye movement recordings were used to document the presence of horizontal congenital nystagmus in 2 adult macaque monkeys that also had naturally occurring infantile strabismus. Extraocular muscle tenotomy was performed by operating on all 4 horizontal recti, surgically detaching the muscles from the globe and suturing them back to their original insertions without resection or recession. Eye movement recordings were repeated 4 months after the procedure, comparing the waveform, amplitude, retinal slip velocity, and intensity (frequency × amplitude) of the nystagmus before and after tenotomy. Visual acuity was also measured before and after surgery in 1 animal. Results: Preoperatively, a disconjugate, pendular nystagmus was evident in 1 monkey, and the other had a conjugate pendular-jerk nystagmus damped by convergence. After tenotomy, nystagmus mean amplitude decreased 18% to 52% in 1 monkey but increased 14% in the other ( t test, P t test, P Conclusion: Nystagmus velocity and intensity increased after extraocular muscle tenotomy in 2 monkeys. Further studies are required to establish the clinical value of this procedure as a treatment for various subtypes of congenital nystagmus in humans. (J AAPOS 2002;6:100-7)
Teaming/timing sequences in hotel development projects

Branding secures easier financing, higher rates and occupancies and repeat business in the hospitality industry. Hotel operators use architectural and interior design elements to create uniquely differentiated products for their brands. Owing to the expected benefits, hotel owners often involve brand chain hotel operators in designing their properties. However, although they are heavily involved in the design, hotel operators leave it to the owner to deal with the construction of the property and with the challenge of accomplishing the design intent while completing the project on time and within budget. The teaming/timing sequences available for a prospective hotel owner are analysed. The consequences of the timing for adding the builder to the project team in different project delivery methods are identified. Also, the best practices relative to design coordination, constructability reviews, value engineering, mock-up room reviews, price confirmation, and project handover are considered. A custom softwa...
Heat conduction mechanisms in nanofluids and suspensions

Summary Nanofluids, liquids containing suspensions of nanoparticles, have been reported by some groups to exhibit substantially higher thermal conductivity than that of their corresponding base fluids that cannot be explained by existing theories. However, the reported high thermal conductivity sometimes cannot be reproduced by others. Potential mechanisms leading to this enhancement are still under scrutiny. In this paper, we first take a critical review of heat conduction mechanisms proposed in literature, and then summarize our work. Our experimental studies demonstrate that nanoparticle clustering is the key contributor to the thermal conductivity enhancement. Guided by this insight, we use graphite flakes as additives and develop a method to prepare stable graphite suspensions with large thermal conductivity enhancement in water and oil. We also observe thermal percolation phenomenon and explained the phenomenon based on combined optical and AC impedance spectroscopy studies. We demonstrate temperature regulation of electrical and thermal properties of graphite suspensions through solid–liquid phase change, which may potentially be useful in energy systems in the future.
Twenty years of cyberwar

For many years after its introduction in the early 1990s, the cyberwar concept - which outlined a new mode of conflict that would emphasize disruption of information systems and flows - was given little credence. Over the past several years, however, cyberwars of both irregular and somewhat more conventional types have erupted (e.g., see respectively Estonia in 2007 and Georgia in 2008). Global awareness of cyberwar has risen sharply, and many nation-states are preparing their defenses, as well as their capabilities for mounting offensive operations. The American military's declaration in 2011 that cyberspace is a 'warfighting domain' highlights a need to explore the ethical implications and nuances of cyberwar. This article finds that classic jus ad bellum constructs come under great pressure from cyberwar, while jus in bello concerns may prove more manageable. Another key theme is that disproportionate attention is given to the notion of employing cyberwar 'strategically' (i.e., to strike directly at ot...
A simple method for focally delivering multiple drugs or ligands to cells.

Abstract A simple venturi-based ‘spritzer’ device is described that is capable of repeatedly and rapidly delivering small volumes of different solutions to cells or tissues. This is particularly advantageous in situations when the appropriate ligand or drug is not known a priori and has to be determined ‘on the fly’ during the limited lifetime of a preparation. The utility of the device is demonstrated for applying odorants to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).
Nicotine Enhances Contextual Fear Conditioning and Ameliorates Ethanol-Induced Deficits in Contextual Fear Conditioning

Nicotine and ethanol are 2 commonly used and abused drugs that have divergent effects on learning. The present study examined the effects of acute nicotine (0.25 mg/kg), ethanol (1.0 g/kg), and ethanol-nicotine coadministration on fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were assessed for contextual and cued fear conditioning at 1 day and 1 week posttraining. Ethanol disrupted acquisition but not consolidation of contextual fear conditioning; nicotine enhanced contextual fear conditioning and ameliorated ethanol-associated deficits in contextual fear conditioning. Mecamylamine antagonized this effect. Fear conditioning was reassessed 1 week after initial testing with no drug administered. At the 1-week retest, mice previously treated with nicotine continued to show enhanced contextual fear, and mice previously treated with ethanol continued to show contextual fear deficits. Thus, nicotine both produces a long-lasting enhancement of contextual fear conditioning and protects against ethanol-associated deficits.
Concerning time and length scale estimates made from burst-mode LDA autocorrelation measurements

An investigation was performed in grid-generated turbulence to highlight the difficulties in estimating integral and microscales from discrete autocorrelation measurements made using a burst-mode laser Doppler anemometer (LDA). Comparison was made to hot-wire results and the theoretical growth laws determined by the decay of turbulent energy. The chief concern was the presence of a spike in the measured autocorrelation coefficient functions at t=0. It was found that renormalizing the autocorrelation to a value at t=0 determined by “backfitting” a quadratic equation to the slots near t=0 led to microscale estimates that showed the same trend as the decay law and were in agreement with those determined using a hot-wire. Additionally, practical guidelines are presented for making accurate autocorrelation measurements by LDA.
Non-steady state solution of a moving crack in an anisotropic solid

Abstract T he non-steady state solution to a moving crack in an anisotropic material is derived using the complex potential theory and a moving coordinate system. An asymptotic analysis is used to obtain recurrence equations for determining the higher order solutions from lower order ones. For a moving crack in an isotropic solid, studied in a previous paper by X u and k eer (1992, Int. J. Fracture 58 , 325), the displacement asymptotic field was separated into two parts, related respectively to two wave speeds, each of which satisfied its recurrence equation. For the case of an anisotropic solid, these two parts are, in general, coupled to each other through the recurrence formulae, and a special method has been developed to solve these equations. The calculations show that the non-steady state asymptotic field of a moving crack in an anisotropic material is determined by the time rate of change of the stress intensity factor, the crack tip acceleration and the rotation speed. Solutions are consistent with the related non-steady state solution in isotropic solids.
Female mate choice in relation to heterozygosity in Tribolium castaneum

Abstract Female mate choice, both before and after copulation, is pervasive among insect species. It is often hypothesized that females would preferentially mate with males that are genetically dissimilar to promote the genetic variability of the offspring. We used various strains of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and tested the effect of male and female genetic backgrounds on precopulatory and post-copulatory female mate choice. Simultaneous mate choice experiments using previously well established pheromone assays did not detect female preference for males of different strains. Post-copulatory female mate choice was examined through paternity analysis. Two parameters were used to measure post-copulatory female mate choice, including male defence capacity (P1, proportion of offspring sired by the first male when a female mated with two males consecutively) and offence capacity (P2, proportion of offspring sired by the second of two males to mate with a female). When female and male beetle strains were same, defence capacity was significantly higher than when female and male strains were different. However, such a pattern was not observed for offence capacity. The results suggest that female precopulatory mate choice is not affected by genetic background, but the outcome of post-copulatory processes depends on the genetic background of male and female beetles.
Expectation, fantasy, and weight loss: Is the impact of positive thinking always positive?

We investigated the impact of expectation and fantasy on the weight losses of 25 obese women participating in a behavioral weight reduction program. Both expectations of reaching one's goal weight and spontaneous weight-related fantasies were measured at pretreatment before subjects began 1 year of weekly group-treatment. Consistent with our hypothesis that expectation and fantasy are different in quality, these variables predicted weight change in opposite directions. Optimistic expectations but negative fantasies favored weight loss. Subjects who displayed pessimistic expectations combined with positive fantasies had the poorest treatment outcome. Finally, expectation but not fantasy predicted program attendance. The effects of fantasy are discussed with regard to their potential impact on weight reduction therapy and the need for further studies of dieters' spontaneous thoughts and images.
Interpolation of unit vectors

Summary. Time series of unit vectors occur in geophysics as palaeomagnetic poles or poles of relative motion in plate tectonics, and it is often required to trace a smooth curve through the individual points. A simple method is given for interpolating such time series based on cubic splines. The curve obtained is smooth (e.g. possesses continuous curvature) and does not depend on the choice of coordinate axes. An extension with the same desirable properties is given for the case where the given data are inexact.
Effects of competition on bidder returns

Abstract This study offers several new perspectives on the effects of competition in takeover contests on bidder returns. Using a more extensive database than existing studies and employing several different measures of success in takeovers, we find that success in competitive acquisitions decreases shareholder wealth relative to both failure and success in observed single-bidder takeovers. Further, we consider and test hypotheses regarding bidder returns, including hypotheses suggested by the preemptive bidding theory. In general, our results neither support the preemptive bidding theory nor the hypotheses linking the method of payment and the observed level of competition. We also test hypotheses relating to returns across the multiple events in a multiple-bid contest that competition among bidders generates. The results of these tests underscore the importance of timing as well as success of a bid to the bidder's subsequent performance.
Stone–Wales defects with two different orientations in (5, 5) single-walled carbon nanotubes: A theoretical study

Abstract The formation energy of single Stone–Wales (SW) defect with possible two different orientations in (5, 5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been investigated using Hartree–Fock and MP2 methods and B3LYP functional. The formation energies computed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level are in good agreement with those obtained at the MP2/6-31G(d) level. A 90° rotation of an axial C–C bond is slightly more preferred than the circumferential C–C bond in forming the Stone–Wales defect in (5, 5) SWNT. The reactivity of the C–C bond shared by two heptagons in the SW defect of SWNTs depends on the orientation of the SW defect.
Surgical outcome of double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary VSD.

Abstract Background . Optimal management of double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect remains controversial. We reviewed our 7-year experience with patients who had this anatomic configuration. Methods . Between January 1992 and January 1999, 20 patients underwent an arterial switch operation (ASO group), and 12 underwent a bidirectional Glenn procedure followed by a modified Fontan in 10 (Glenn/Fontan). Mean follow-up was 23 ± 18 months. Results . An initial palliative operation was done in 19 patients (9 in the ASO group, 10 in the Glenn/Fontan group). There were no deaths in the Glenn/Fontan group. Four patients in the ASO group died within 33 days postoperatively. Two of them had a single coronary artery, 1 had a straddling mitral valve, 1 had a hypoplastic aortic arch, and 1 had multiple ventricular septal defects. Three patients had reoperation for subaortic stenosis (n = 2) or pulmonary stenosis (n = 1) after the ASO. Four patients (3 in the ASO group, 1 in the Glenn/Fontan) required a pacemaker for postoperative complete atrioventricular block. Actuarial survival at 5 years for the entire group was 87% (70% confidence interval, 81% to 93%). Conclusions . The ASO remains our preferred treatment for infants with double-outlet right ventricle and subpulmonary ventricular septal defect. However, associated anatomic defects are important risk factors.
Outcomes of patients with stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiation with and without surgery

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with improved outcome after treatment for stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A retrospective review of stage III NSCLC patients treated at who were treated at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center was done with institutional review board approval. Patients were followed for toxicity, local and distant failure, and overall survival. Multivariate Cox logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with treatment outcome. RESULTS: Between August 2000 and November 2006, 144 patients received concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) for stage III NSCLC. Eighty of 144 patients were men (56%), and the median age was 61 years (range, 33-81 years). Sixty-two patients (43%) had stage IIIA NSCLC, and 82 patients (57%) had stage IIIB NSCLC. Radiotherapy (RT) was given concurrently with chemotherapy to all patients; 100 patients (69%) received CRT without surgery, and 44 patients (31%) received with neoadjuvant CRT followed by surgical resection. The median RT dose was 60 grays (Gy) (range, 46-70 Gy). The median follow-up was 15 months (range, 3-64 months), the median potential follow-up was 37 months (range, 12-84 months), and the median overall survival was 22 months (95% confidence interval, 15-28 months). The 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 68% and 47%, respectively. Among the 44 patients who underwent resection, the median survival was 61 months, and the 2-year survival rate was 73%. On multivariate analysis, stage at the time of treatment (stage IIIA vs stage IIIB) and use of surgery were the only factors associated with improved outcome (P = .01 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective series, those patients who were able to undergo resection appeared to have improved outcome after induction CRT. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Lipid composition of heteroploid cells in culture: effects of prednisolone.

Prednisolone-induced alterations in the content and composition of the total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids were studied in HeLa S3 cells. After relatively long exposure of the cell cultures to the hormone analog (24 to 72 hours), total cell lipid content was decreased. Partial inhibition of cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism resulted in a shift in the molar ratio of these two lipid constituents. Total fatty acid content was unaffected by prednisolone but there were minor changes in the relative distribution of the individual fatty acids. The observed decrease in cholesterol turnover after addition of prednisolone was primarily due to the reduced uptake of intact cholesterol from the culture medium. This was compensated, in part, by an increased de novo synthesis of cholesterol from acetate and glucose.
Dueling or the battle royale? The impact of task complexity on the evaluation of entry threat

Current marketing research on response to entry assumes that an incumbent decision maker faces potential rivals one at a time as in a series of duels. In many circumstances, however, an incumbent decision maker faces a large number of entrants simultaneously (a “battle royale”). An experiment using experienced managers shows that the increased complexity produced by multiple entrants had a significant effect on the managers' decision processes and their decision outcomes. Specifically, when faced with multiple entrants, the managers adopted more noncompensatory decision processes, and were more likely to misidentify the most threatening entrant as defined by their self-explicated weights or conjoint part-worths. These results provide insight into an unexplained gap between the extant normative and empirical research on response to entry. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heuristic methods for automating event detection on sensor data in near real-time

Moving target indicator (MTI) analysts in the field are responsible for processing the increasing amounts of live streaming data. Analysts manually access unique data sources through a set of tools, and perform analysis on the available data. Operationally, analysts can only concentrate on small areas of interest and are subject to attentional blindness. Abnormalities in the periphery are often not detected until the forensic stage. Analysts are in need of assistance in performing data analysis. This paper presents the implementation of a heuristic-based stream mining approach for cueing the analyst user on geospatial temporal patterns (termed “event” for this effort) in near real-time. This approach is designed to aid analysts in detecting noteworthy events scattered within the overabundance of data, a problem which is well-documented and recognized [1], [2]. The implementation involves two phases: the isolation of areas of unusual activity using density grids, followed by event detection within those areas. Four analyst-identified events - starburst, inverse starburst, fanning, and inverse fanning - were identified for automated detection using these techniques. The event detection method was employed as a service within the Sensor Data & Analysis Framework (SDAF). The algorithm implementation and evaluation produced findings and informal user feedback. The results of this effort aids in establishing the foundation for near real-time event detection in MTI data analysis.
Peroxidation of Body Fat in Vitamin E Deflciency

Summary. 1 Chicks fed vitamin E deficient diets containing 5 per cent cod liver oil developed peroxides in the adipose tissue during the period in which the known symptoms of exudation, and particularly brown coloration of the same tissue occurred. The relation between the peroxidation and the symptoms is discussed. 2 Subcutaneous injection of 0.3 ml of cod liver oil with a peroxide value of 16 to chicks receiving a normal diet, resulted in very marked peroxidation at the site of injection accompanied by a progressive deposition of yellow to brown fibrous material. This local peroxidation was not prevented by the incorporation of 2.4 mg of free natural alpha-tocopherols in the injected oil. 3 Rats reared on vitamin E deficient diets containing 20 per cent cod liver oil from weaning developed peroxides in the adipose tissue preceding the visible yellow-brown coloration which appeared first in the paraepididymal fat, then in the intraperitoneal, and finally in the subcutaneous fat. When females together with their offspring were given the same diet from the time of delivery, the symptoms in the young developed earlier than in weanling rats and were more marked. 4 The yellow-brown color of the adipose tissue is due to two substances, one of which is extractable with fat solvents, while the other, which occurs in larger quantity, is soluble in dilute alkali. A further, preliminary, characterization of this latter substance is given. 5 Vitamin E has no influence on the lowering of hemoglobin caused by feeding high cod liver oil diets to young rats.
The Use of Anti-Xa Assay to Monitor Intravenous Unfractionated Heparin Therapy

Continuous infusion unfractionated heparin (UH) has traditionally been monitored using the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The use of this test to monitor heparin therapy is not based on randomized controlled clinical trials, and the test is associated with significant intra- and inter-patient variability that is not related to circulating blood heparin activity. Due to these and other limitations, the use of aPTT alone to monitor UF has been questioned. Many laboratories are now transitioning to monitoring actual heparin activity (by anti-factor Xa analysis). In this review, we discuss the limitations of using the aPTT to monitor UH therapy and additionally the limitations of solely using heparin activity to monitor therapy. We also include a discussion of the challenges with monitoring heparin therapy in the pediatric population.
Hydroacoustic Constraints on the Rupture Duration, Length, and Speed of the Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake

On 26 December 2004, one of the largest recorded earthquakes occurred, triggering a devastating tsunami that killed an estimated 300,000 people. The event was initially classified as Mw 9.0 based on the analysis of seismic body and surface waves (Nettles and Ekstrom, 2004; Ji, 2005; Park et al. , 2005). Classical methods of magnitude calculation are hampered by the long duration of the event, however, since late-arriving phases from the earliest portion of the rupture may obscure first-arriving energy sourced from other portions of the rupture. This same phenomenon also limits our ability to constrain the earthquake's duration, length, and speed of propagation. To work around these limitations, Stein and Okal (2005) studied Earth's low-order normal modes to estimate the size of the earthquake. Their results indicated a moment of 1.3 × 1030 dyne-cm ( Mw 9.3), which is ∼2.5 times larger than initial reports, and a centroid position near 7°N. In contrast with previous analyses, which had suggested displacement occurred primarily along the southern third of the aftershock region (Ji, 2005; Yagi, 2005; Yamanaka, 2005), these results argue that significant slip occurred along the entire aftershock zone. For shallow submarine earthquakes, hydroacoustic recordings of tertiary ( T ) waves can provide additional constraints on rupture length, as well as velocity and direction of rupture propagation ( e.g. , Bohnenstiehl et al. , 2004). T waves are formed when seismically generated energy is scattered at the seafloor-ocean interface and becomes trapped in the ocean's low-velocity wave guide, which is known as the SOund Fixing And Ranging (SOFAR) channel (Tolstoy and Ewing, 1950). Locating the source of a T wave, therefore, does not necessarily provide an estimate of the earthquake epicenter, but rather the position of the T -wave radiator. This is particularly true for the subduction zone …
Shooting models for salinity and coliform

A method for solving the water quality models by a shooting technique was presented for Jamaica Bay. The technique exhibits excellent convergence rates for linear problems and generally involves the solution of much smaller linear systems than models utilizing direct finite difference methods. The method, which has been extended to multiconstituent water quality problems, has also been employed in the determination of water quality management policies in Jamaica Bay. A recent study has shown that these shooting techniques may also be employed in solving boundary value problems in which the elliptic operator is approximated with sparse two-dimensional finite difference equations with a considerable reduction in the size of the linear systems to be solved.
Patterns of Field Diapause in the Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and Three Imported Parasites

Variable percentages of field-collected larvae of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), and the parasites Pentalitomastix plethorica Caltagirone (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Goniozus emigratus (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and G. legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), required significantly longer developmental periods to the adult stage than those in laboratory control cultures. The difference indicates diapause in the host triggered by several seasonally varying factors, and a diapause in the parasites triggered by hormonal changes in the host. Possible latitudinal effects on diapause were observed. The ability of newly imported parasites to diapause with their host may enable their permanent establishment, and eventually the reduction of host population densities.
“Entailment” Between Performances

In " Austin on Entailment " (this journal, July 1968) Professor Richard T. Garner gives an excellent discussion of a number of points of interest in Austin. However, he also offers us an interpretation of what Austin meant by one performance " entailing " another and attempts to reduce the notion to a faint stutter. I will not here argue the textual point that he has got Austin wrong (though I think he has) because textual arguments tend to be dull. Instead I shall argue that there is a clear way in which Austin's central contention is both right and important. Granting that Austin could sometimes be pretty careless in what he wrote, what he was trying to get at with " entailment " between performances is fairly clear. As a first approximation, it is this: On occasions, "one assertion commits us to another, one performance to another performance " (HTDTWW, p. 51). Unfortunately Austin muddles this fairly straightforward position with statements about performances. Instead of working through the tangles, I lay out below what is, I think, the case in this area, using Austin's examples. In the first place there is conventional entailment, as in the following example : (1) Smith promised to do X entails Smith ought to do X.1 Second, there is the case where "if performative utterances of at least some kinds are happy . . . then [some] statements . . . are true" (HTDTWW, p. 52). This, however, is not "entailment " between performances or performatives but entailment between statements, the antecedent statement being, as Austin says, that some performative is happy. Thus (2) Smith says happily2 "I promise to do X" entails Smith ought to do X.
Effects of suspension-induced osteopenia on the mechanical behaviour of mouse long bones

Whereas most studies of tail-suspension induced osteopenia have utilized rat femora, the present study investigated the effects of a 14 day tail-suspension on the mechanical behaviour of mice femora, tibiae and humeri. Force-deflection properties were obtained via three-point bending for long bones from suspended and control mice. Whole bone behaviour was characterized by converting the force-deflection values to stiffness, strength, ductility and energy parameters which were not normalized for specimen geometry. The effects of a systematic variation in the deflection rate over the range 0.1-10 mm min-1 were also evaluated. Statistical analysis indicated that the primary effect of the tail-suspension period was lowered bone mass which was manifested mechanically through lower values of the bone strength parameters. These effects were similar in the bones of both the fore and hind limbs. The results also demonstrated that the stiffness, ductility and energy characteristics were much less influenced by the tail-suspension. Whereas a significant dependence of the bone strength values upon deflection rate was observed for the femora and humeri, the other mechanical parameters were less sensitive. Based upon the nature of the physical and mechanical changes observed in the long bones following tail-suspension, the mouse appears to be a suitable animal model for the study of osteopenia.
Guillain-Barré syndrome in children: evidence of axonal degeneration and long-term follow-up.

A retrospective study was done of 12 children who met the NINCDS clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome and who were hospitalized with this diagnosis. Electrodiagnostic testing was sufficiently complete for interpretation of the neuropathophysiology in six children. Long-term outcome was determined through examination by a physician one to eight years after onset in all six children, and was supplemented by telephone follow-up with the children or their parents by the authors five to eight years after onset. Long-term clinical outcome was analyzed for any correlation between poor outcome and axonal degeneration. The electrodiagnostic tests were consistent with primarily axonal neuropathophysiology in three of the six children. Poor clinical outcome appeared to correlate with electrodiagnostic evidence of primarily axonal pathophysiology, or absence of an evoked M-response, or both.
Investigating Robustness of Item Response Theory Proficiency Estimators to Atypical Response Behaviors Under Two‐Stage Multistage Testing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which item response theory (IRT) proficiency estimation methods are robust to the presence of aberrant responses under the GRE® General Test multistage adaptive testing (MST) design. To that end, a wide range of atypical response behaviors affecting as much as 10% of the test items were simulated using a generic GRE 2-stage MST and the 2-parameter logistic (2PL) IRT model. As expected, some differences were found among the 5 estimators in terms of the recovery of the true theta ability; for example, Bayesian estimators had lower error variance and their estimates were regressed to the mean. Once the IRT theta estimates were scaled onto a comparable reporting score scale, however, it was found that all the estimation methods investigated, including the one currently used to score GRE MSTs, were equally robust under the simulated conditions.
Immunopharmacologic Approaches to Treat Cancer

Cancer is an extremely diverse disease and difficult to treat because it is not only the result of mutations in the genes that modulate cellular proliferation and growth, but it also evades the immune response. Although the survival rates have gradually improved with the understanding of the underlying mechanisms as well as the development of new drugs that target these pathways, many forms of the cancers are still incurable, depending on the stage of the diagnosis. Due to the better understanding of the disease process aided by the advances in new techniques, the emphasis for the treatment of cancer has shifted to personalized therapy by employing the modified immune system of the patient as opposed to administering indiscriminate cytotoxic agents. The use of monoclonal antibodies and their chemotherapeutic or radiation conjugates as specific immune-based treatment for cancer has already been described in Chap. 5. In this chapter, cancer vaccines, cellular immunotherapy, and antagonism of immune checkpoints are described. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy is a novel approach where patient’s own T cells are redirected using a synthetic receptor. These T cells possess specificity of a monoclonal antibody as a result of using a viral vector to transfer the coding sequence. The clinical uses of CAR T cells are a major focus of this chapter, in addition to the use of cell-based therapies, which include dendritic cells, antigen-specific T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, and macrophages.
Metaphysical Wit from Shakespeare to Donne

In 1921, Herbert Grierson refused to include a single work by Shakespeare in his ground-breaking anthology Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the Seventeenth Century: Donneto Butler, apparently assuming that Shakespeare did not lend himself to this genealogy. But in 1957, Helen Gardner disregarded Grierson’s precedent by adding a single Shakespeare lyric ‘The Phoenix and the Turtle’ to her collection The Metaphysical Poets as a proto-metaphysical verse that approximated, although imperfectly, to key features of John Donne’s style and thought. Yet even though Gardner acknowledged affinities between Shakespeare’s and Donne’s poetics strong enough to number Shakespeare among the metaphysicals, she also implied that he never achieved Donne’s level of sophistication in the new style.
Effect of zinc imprinting and replacing inorganic zinc with organic zinc on early performance of broiler chicks.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a zinc (Zn) deficient diet to broiler chicks for 96 h post-hatch followed by feeding diets with different Zn sources and supplemental levels (5 to 21 d) on the growth performance, tissue, and excreta Zn content. At the start of the study, four hundred 20-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn soybean meal based diet containing 25 mg of Zn/kg (imprinting diet, ID). The second group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 40 mg of Zn/kg from Zn oxide (ZnO) (non-imprinting diet, NID). Both groups were fed these diets for 96 h. At d 5, chicks from each group were randomly assigned to the dietary treatments consisting of the basal diet alone or the basal diet supplemented with 8 or 40 mg/kg Zn as ZnO or Zn proteinate. Main effects of post-hatch Zn ID were observed on feed intake and G:F. ID decreased (P < 0.05) feed intake and improved (P < 0.05) the gain to feed ratio (G:F) of 14 and 21 d old chicks compared to G:F of chicks fed NID. Additionally, G:F for 14 and 21 d was improved (P < 0.05) by interaction of Zn source × level. Furthermore, at d 21 chicks fed the ID had a lower (P < 0.05) Zn content in the tibia ash and excreta, and a higher (P < 0.05) Zn content in the pancreas tissue compared to chicks fed NID. These results suggest that Zn imprinting can affect body Zn stores and early performance.
Decomposing energy balance contributions for quenched jets with CMS

Abstract Modification of energy balance in dijet events from heavy ion collisions, measured by CMS, was among the first jet quenching observations in the LHC energy domain. Here we further study the spatial extent of medium-induced modifications for such dijets, as well as potential medium response to propagating partons, using two-dimensional angular correlations of charged hadrons measured with respect to jets. New differential measurements of charged particle energy flow about the jet direction as a function of relative azimuth and relative pseudorapidity from 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions are compared with the reference pp data recorded by the CMS at the same energy. Modifications of correlated charged hadron distributions for both the leading and the subleading sides of the dijet are reported, together with comparisons of the long-range asymmetry of the underlying event in PbPb vs pp collisions.
Public Regulation of the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: An Evaluation

Nigeria operates a command and control regulatory framework in the oil and gas sector. This type of regulation was prevalent in the United States and Britain during the 1970s and 1980s. Under this regulatory framework, regulators are deemed to be acting in the public interest. This article focuses on the extant public regulatory regime in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. Generally, factors, such as red-tape, over-regulation and regulatory capture, amongst others, are some reasons militating against a command and control regulatory regime. This article will contend that unless there is a paradigmatic shift in the state-oriented or public regulatory framework in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria, the fundamental ills or malaise afflicting the industry will not abate.
Homologation of α-aryl amino acids through quinone-catalyzed decarboxylation/Mukaiyama–Mannich addition

A new method for amino acid homologation by way of formal C–C bond functionalization is reported. This method utilizes a 2-step/1-pot protocol to convert α-amino acids to their corresponding N-protected β-amino esters through quinone-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation/in situ Mukaiyama–Mannich addition. The scope and limitations of this chemistry are presented. This methodology provides an alternative to the classical Arndt–Eistert homologation for accessing β-amino acid derivatives. The resulting N-protected amine products can be easily deprotected to afford the corresponding free amines.
Corporate Governance: The Jack Wright Series (11) How Directors Get into Trouble—Interlocking Directors (Spanish)

This is a Spanish translation of the May 16, 2011, version of UVA-OM-1093. This case finds Jack Wright and the Mega Corporation board having to deal with a conflict situation involving a director and a "sticky situation" that has emerged from another board on which the director sits. The discussion must deal with both the director's dilemma on the other board and Jack's responsibilities as chair of the Mega board. Excerpt UVA-OM-1627 Rev. May 16, 2011 Gobierno CorporativoCaso N. 11 de la Serie Jack WrightComo se meten en problemas los directores Entrecruzamiento de directores Introduccion Harry Harmony, rector de una facultad de humanidades, amigo intimo del difunto Sam Bigger y director de Mega Corporation, se vio involucrado en un potencial escandalo de relaciones publicas y, posiblemente, serias dificultades legales. Ademas de ocupar un lugar en el Directorio de Mega Corporation, Harmony tambien habia integrado durante mucho tiempo el directorio de la compania de servicios de gas y electricidad de su comunidad, posicion que, durante los ultimos 75 anos, habia ocupado tradicionalmente el rector de la universidad local. Harry estaba contento con los honorarios de director, que complementaban sus modestos ingresos, y, cuando el presidente del directorio le pidio que presidiera el Comite de Gobierno, acepto de inmediato. El directorio de la compania de gas y electricidad estaba formado por un grupo muy unido de directores con experiencia, talento y exito, que sabian como debia operar la compania en su industria estrictamente regulada. . . .
The Plight of Generation Zika

The dual crisis of emerging epidemiology and severe funding shortages gives rise to "Generation Zika," including fetuses, infants, and children of pregnancies negatively affected by the virus. With hundreds of thousands of current and future pregnancies among American women in Zika’s path, the ranks of Generation Zika may soon swell further. Their fate is determined in part by the lack of global and national funding for efficacious public health interventions.
Microglia-Mediated Neuroprotection, TREM2, and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence From Optical Imaging.

Recent genetic studies have provided overwhelming evidence of the involvement of microglia-related molecular networks in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the precise mechanisms by which microglia alter the course of AD neuropathology remain poorly understood. Here we discuss current evidence of the neuroprotective functions of microglia with a focus on optical imaging studies that have revealed a role of these cells in the encapsulation of amyloid deposits (“microglia barrier”). This barrier modulates the degree of plaque compaction, amyloid fibril surface area and insulation from adjacent axons thereby reducing neurotoxicity. We discuss findings implicating genetic variants of the microglia receptor, Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2), in the increased risk of late onset AD. We provide evidence that increased AD risk is at least partly mediated by deficient microglia polarization towards amyloid deposits, resulting in ineffective plaque encapsulation and reduced plaque compaction, which is associated with worsened axonal pathology. Finally, we propose possible avenues for therapeutic targeting of plaque-associated microglia with the goal of enhancing the microglia barrier and potentially reducing disease progression.
Implementing an individualized recommendation system using latent semantic analysis

In this paper, a novel recommendation system for students and instructors is introduced utilizing a natural language processing system called Latent Semantic Analysis. This recommendation system allows students to get immediate help via recommendations for further studying which may otherwise cause students to get stuck and not progress further until the next lecture or meeting with an instructor or teaching assistant. This same system can also provide student profiles for instructors to review before meeting with a student. The implementation of system is aimed toward streamlining the process of receiving help, saving time for both students and instructors while encouraging deeper conceptual discussion with the remaining and saved time.