cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Energy Levels and Valence Bonds

Electronic energy levels in molecules are discussed, by the same methods previously used in discussing atomic levels. The problem in general is much more difficult than for atoms, and less progress can be made toward quantitative solution. For the lowest electronic level in cases where there are definite valence bonds, however, approximate solutions can be set up which should be fairly accurate, and which lead to a definite verification of the ideas of the writer and of Pauling regarding directed valence and the importance of concentrated bond functions. A number of special cases are discussed, involving both spin and orbital degeneracy.
Titration of chiral kink sites on Cu(6 4 3) using iodine adsorption

Density functional theory (DFT) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments have been used to probe the site preferences of adsorbed iodine atoms on Cu surfaces. DFT calculations are presented for iodine adsorption on Cu(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0), Cu(2 2 1), Cu(5 3 3), Cu(5 3 1), and Cu(6 4 3). Additional DFT calculations are presented for I adsorption on a stepped Cu surface that mimics a thermally roughened Cu(6 4 3) surface. The molecular desorption of R-3-methylcyclohexanone from clean and iodine precovered Cu(6 4 3) has been used to experimentally examine the location of iodine on this surface. Our results show that there is a strong energetic preference for iodine to adsorb at step edges on Cu surfaces vicinal to Cu(1 1 1) and that when kinks are present in surface steps, iodine prefers to adsorb in the vicinity of these kinks over adsorbing along straight step edges. Thus, the adsorption of atomic iodine can be used to selectively titrate the kink sites on intrinsically chiral Cu surfaces vicinal to Cu(1 1 1). � 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Playful Relationships: A Contextual Analysis of Mother-Toddler Interaction and Symbolic Play

The relation between social interaction and complexity of toddler's symbolic play was investigated. 57 toddlers between 15 and 24 months of age were observed under 4 conditions: (1) child play alone, (2) child play with mother, (3) child modeling mother, and (4) child play with mother following the modeling condition. Each subject was rated on complexity of play, maternal attention directing, reciprocity, and maternal intrusiveness. Significant condition effects were found in which more complex forms of play were observed when the children were playing with their mothers than when playing by themselves. Maternal intrusions and questioning were negatively related to symbolic play. Turn-taking was negatively related to simple exploratory play. Results of a sequential analysis demonstrated that turn-taking was more likely to precede symbolic play, and maternal intrusiveness was more likely to precede simple exploratory play. The role of active partnership in symbolic play development is discussed.
Throughput Analysis of Randomized Sleep Scheduling with Constrained Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate and analyze the expected per-node throughput in a wireless sensor network under a randomized sleep scheduling framework with a connectivity constraint. The unique optimal sleep probability maximizing the per-node throughput in the network is found. A sleep probability range in which the throughput monotonically increases along the sleep probability does exist, and it becomes a large portion of the total range when a network is heavy-traffic. This finding contradicts the common belief that throughput decreases along with the frequency of sleep of nodes. In addition, the connectivity confidence level for the optimal sleep probability is derived and proved to be bounded, and a distributed algorithm that makes each node achieve the maximum throughput is provided. Simulation results verify the aforementioned findings as well. For sensors allowed to choose their own sleep probability, an advisable policy is to choose as high probability as the connectivity constraint allows.
Protein variants in human cells: enumeration by protein indexing

In any attempt to construct a catalog of the proteins of a given species, the genetic heterogeneity of natural plant and animal populations makes it necessary to consider variants of each protein. Thus in compiling a Human Protein Index using high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis as a separating technique, protein variants differing from the wild type by charge or by polypeptide length will be recognized as different and must be accounted for. Results of several recent investigations have argued for average heterozygosities of approximately 1% for human cellular proteins examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis, while the results of classical biochemical genetics lead to higher results. The ability to observe genetic variation in large numbers of proteins can be valuable in several contexts. More than 2000 human genetic diseases have been identified, the vast majority of which have not as yet been associated with a defect in a particular protein. The present study of 63 human fibroblast cell lines was initiated in order to determine the level of genetic variation at many loci and to see whether known genetic diseases were associated with any obvious variant proteins that might be expressed in fibroblasts in culture. The main result is a group of tenmore » new putative variants available in permanent cell lines.« less
Developmental “Roots” in Mature Biological Knowledge

Young children tend to claim that moving artifacts and nonliving natural kinds are alive, but neglect to ascribe life to plants. This research tested whether adults exhibit similar confusions when verifying life status in a speeded classification task. Experiment 1 showed that undergraduates encounter greater difficulty (reduced accuracy and increased response times) in determining life status for plants, relative to animals, and for natural and moving nonliving things, relative to artifacts and non-moving things. Experiment 2 replicated these effects in university biology professors. The professors showed a significantly reduced effect size for living things, as compared with the students, but still showed greater difficulty for plants than animals, even as no differences from the students were apparent in their responses to nonliving things. These results suggest that mature biological knowledge relies on a developmental foundation that is not radically overwritten or erased with the profound conceptual changes that accompany mastery of the domain.
The Experimental Analysis of Interpersonal Influence Processes

The flow of behavior in communicative situations is divided into valid categories on the basis of a variety of empirical criteria. The present report is concerned with designating social influence categories according to antecedent and consequent events (contextual criteria). The necessity of experimental control of contextual events for unbiased validation of categories is discussed along with the importance of experimental conditions which are reasonably complementary or analogous to the kinds of social situations about which the investigator wishes to make inferences. Key requisites of such procedures are presented. These are the establishment of a social-interactive perspective in subjects, the free choice of response configurations by subjects, and the regular provision of clear and unconfounded contextual-criterion events within the social interaction process. A program of research is reviewed in which these recommended experimental procedures were employed to derive functional categories of social influence behavior. Both obvious and nonobvious behavioral configurations are identified in such processes as eliciting approval, controlling verbal content, and facilitating learning.
Cancer of the nasal cavity: survival and factors influencing prognosis.

Objective To determine overall survival and prognostic factors for cancer of the nasal cavity. Design Cross-sectional analysis of a national cancer database. Methods All cases of nasal cavity cancer were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database for 1988 through 1998. Cases with distant metastatic disease were excluded. Tumor histologic types, TNM staging, and pathological features were computed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted to determine factors influencing overall survival. Results A total of 981 cases were identified, with 3.5% presenting with distant metastatic disease. After exclusion of missing variables, 783 cases were analyzed, with a mean patient age of 63.8 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common tumor histologic type (49.3%), followed by esthesioneuroblastoma (13.2%). More than half of the cases presented with early (T1) primary site disease, and only 5% had positive nodal disease at presentation. Overall mean (median) survival was 76 (81) months, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 56.7%. On multivariate analysis, male sex, increasing age, T stage, N stage, and poorer tumor grade independently adversely affected survival (P Conclusions Age, sex, and staging variables have a significant prognostic impact in nasal cavity cancer. Melanomas of the nasal cavity manifest very poor survival.
HybridStore: A Cost-Efficient, High-Performance Storage System Combining SSDs and HDDs

Unlike the use of DRAM for caching or buffering, certain idiosyncrasies of SSDs make their integration into existing systems non-trivial. Flash memory suffers from limits on its reliability, is an order of magnitude more expensive than the HDD, and can sometimes be as slow as the HDD (due to excessive garbage collection (GC) induced by high intensity of random writes). Given these trade-offs between HDDs and SSDs in terms of cost, performance, and lifetime, the current consensus among several storage experts is to view SSDs not as a replacement for HDD but rather as a complementary device within the high performance storage hierarchy. We design and evaluate such a hybrid system called Hybrid Store to provide: (a) Hybrid Plan: improved capacity planning technique to administrators with the overall goal of operating within cost-budgets and (b) HybridDyn: improved performance/lifetime guarantees during episodes of deviations from expected workloads through two novel mechanisms: write-regulation and fragmentation busting. As an illustrative example of HybridStore's efficacy, Hybrid Plan is able to find the most cost-effective storage configuration for a large scale workload of Microsoft Research and suggest one MLC SSD with ten 7.2K RPM HDDs instead of fourteen 7.2K RPM HDDs only. HybridDyn is able to reduce the average response time for an enterprise scale random-write dominant workload by about 71%as compared to a HDD-based system.
Gobe: an interactive, web-based tool for comparative genomic visualization

Summary: Gobe is a web-based tool for viewing comparative genomic data. It supports viewing multiple genomic regions simultaneously. Its simple text format and flash-based rendering make it an interactive, exploratory research tool. Gobe can be used without installation through our web service, or downloaded and customized with stylesheets and javascript callback functions. Availability: Gobe is a flash application that runs in all modern web-browsers. The full source-code, including that for the online web application is available under the MIT license at: http://github .com/brentp/gobe. Sample applications are hosted at http://try-gobe .appspot.com/ and http://synteny.cnr.berkeley.edu/gobe-app/. Contact: bpederse@berkeley.edu.
Microhabitat preferences of two species of deermice Peromyscus in a northeastern United States deciduous hardwood forest

Differences in microhabitat utilization by two sympatric species of deermice, Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus) were assessed in deciduous hardwood forest. In the initial descriptive experiment, a series of 12 parameters were measured for 1 m2 areas around live-trap stations. Four subsequent experimental tests involved placing live-traps at specified locations with respect to logs, plant cover above the trap, the base of trees of different sizes, and on trunks of trees of different types and sizes. P. leucopus were caught more often than expected with (1) more plant cover directly above the trap, (2) at the sides of large logs, (3) at the base of medium-to-large sized trees, and (4) on the sides of large oak and sugar maple trees. P. maniculatus were captured more often than expected with (1) at the base of large diameter trees, and (2) on the sides of large beech and sugar maple trees. Mice of both species exhibited similar preferences for some habitat features, including distance from the trap to the nearest tree and amount of herbaceous ground cover around the trap. The differed with respect to many of the habitat features tested, including, diameter of the nearest tree, amount of cover above the trap, and the nature of the ground cover near the trap. These findings suggest ways in which the species differ in microhabitat utilization and further our understanding of the degree of specialization for each species.
Constrained signal reconstruction from wavelet transform coefficients

A new method is introduced for reconstructing a signal from an incomplete sampling of its discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The algorithm yields a minimum-norm estimate satisfying a priori upper and lower bounds on the signal. The method is based on a finite-dimensional representation theory for minimum-norm estimates of bounded signals developed by Cole (1990). Cole's work provides a representation for minimum-norm estimates of a class of generalized transforms in terms of general correlation data (not just DFTs of autocorrelation lags, as in spectral estimation). One virtue of this great generality is that it includes the inverse DWT. >
THE WILDE MOMENT

Is THERE A VICTORIAN WRITER who has won as much attention in the last few years, critical or popular, as Oscar Wilde? One or two decades ago, Hardy, Dickens, and the Brontes were the Victorians that large numbers of people wanted to read, discuss, and see on film and stage. It seems like another era that saw Nicholas Nickelby ruling on the Great White Way. The decline of Dickens's mass appeal was probably signaled some time ago with an episode of the TV series Law and Order in which a murder case resulted from a business feud over a disastrous Broadway production of Bleak House. The Brontes have fared no better; the musical Jane Eyre, after some of the worst reviews ever to have greeted a musical, recently closed on Broadway, its producers in its last weeks having resorted to advertising on milk cartons. Although Hardy reportedly continues to top the sales of nineteenth-century British classics, Michael Winterbottom's 2001 film adaptation of The Mayor of Casterbridge, set during the California Gold Rush, played to mixed reviews and nearly empty theaters, its gloomy fealty to the spirit of Hardy's fiction, not unlike Winterbottom's brooding version of Jude the Obscure, an evident obstacle for most audiences.
Computable de Finetti measures

Abstract We prove a computable version of the de Finetti theorem on exchangeable sequences of real random variables. As a consequence, exchangeable stochastic processes expressed in probabilistic functional programming languages can be automatically rewritten as procedures that do not modify non-local state. Along the way, we prove that a distribution on the unit interval is computable if and only if its moments are uniformly computable.
Inflammatory response to intravitreal injection of gold nanorods

Aim To evaluate the utility of gold nanorods (AuNRs) as a contrast agent for ocular optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Mice were intravitreally injected with sterile AuNRs coated with either poly(strenesulfate) (PSS-AuNRs) or anti-CD90.2 antibodies (Ab-AuNRs), and imaged using OCT. After 24 h, eyes were processed for transmission electron microscopy or rendered into single cell suspensions for flow cytometric analysis to determine absolute numbers of CD45 + leukocytes and subsets (T cells, myeloid cells, macrophages, neutrophils). Generalised estimation equations were used to compare cell counts between groups. Results PSS-AuNRs and Ab-AuNRs were visualised in the vitreous 30 min and 24 h post-injection with OCT. At 24 h, a statistically significant increase in leukocytes, comprised primarily of neutrophils, was observed in eyes that received either AuNR in comparison to eyes that received saline. The accumulation of leukocytes was equal in eyes given PSS-AuNR or Ab-AuNR. Endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice also showed ocular inflammation after injection with AuNRs, indicating that the inflammatory response was not due to lipopolysaccharide contamination of AuNRs. Conclusions Although AuNRs can be visualised in the eye using OCT, they can induce ocular inflammation, which limits their use as a contrast agent.
Ability to obtain health care: recent estimates from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation National Access to Care Survey

Abstract: This DataWatch presents findings on Americans' ability to obtain health care. Data from the 1994 National Access to Care Survey sponsored by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation suggest that earlier studies have underestimated the access problems facing Americans by not asking about supplementary services such as prescription drugs, eyeglasses, dental care, and mental health care or counseling. Using this more inclusive definition of health care needs, we estimate that 16.1 percent of Americans were unable to obtain at least one service they believed they needed. While income is highly correlated with unmet need, most persons reporting access problems are not poor.
Site‐specific accumulation of recently activated CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells following adoptive transfer

CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are required for the maintenance of self-tolerance, as demonstrated by profound autoimmunity in mice and humans with inactivating Foxp3 mutations. Recent studies demonstrate that Treg cells are anatomically compartmentalized within secondary lymphoid organs based on their TCR repertoire and specific organ-protective function; however, whether this reflects differential homing or in situ selection is not known. Here, using Foxp3-GFP reporter mice, we have examined the ability of polyclonal Treg cells from cervical LNs to return to their site-of-origin following adoptive transfer to nonlymphopenic congenic recipients. We find that bulk cervical LN Treg cells do not home directly to cervical LNs but rather accumulate site specifically over time following transfer. Site-specific enrichment is both more rapid and more pronounced among a population of recently activated (CD69+) Treg cells. These data suggest that compartmentalization of Treg cells within secondary lymphoid organs may be governed by antigen recognition and implicate CD69 as a potential marker of recently activated Treg cells recognizing locally expressed antigens.
Absorption and reflection infrared spectra of MgO and other diatomic compounds

Oxide and sulphide minerals are expected to occur in diverse astronomical environments. However, optical constants for such minerals are either lacking or poorly characterized. Minimizing errors in laboratory data, while extrapolating over wide frequency ranges, is the focus of this report. We present reflection and absorption spectra of single-crystal MgO from about ∼100 to 18 000 cm −1 (∼100 to 0.5 µm), and derive emissivity, dielectric and optical functions (n and k) using classical dispersion analysis and supplementary data to ensure that the reflectivity values are correct at the low- and high-frequency limits. Absorbance spectra of thin films of oxides (MgO, CaO, FeO and ZnO) and sulphides (MgS, CaS and FeS) are in good agreement with available reflectivity measurements, and provide information on the various effects of chemical composition, structure and optical depth. The greatest mismatch occurs for MgO, connected with this compound having the broadest peak in reflectance. The ferrous compounds (FeO and FeS) have relatively weak infrared features and may be difficult to detect in astronomical environments. Previous optical data based on transmission spectra of dispersions have underestimated the strength of the main infrared features because this approach includes spectral artefacts that arise from the presence of opaque particulates, or from non-uniform optical depth. We show that areal coverage, not grain size, is the key factor in altering absorption spectra from the intrinsic values, and discuss how to account for ‘light leakage’ in interpreting astronomical data. Previous reflectivity data on polycrystals differ from intrinsic values because of the presence of additional, internal reflections, creating errors in the derived optical functions. We use classical dispersion analysis and supplemental data from optical microscopy to provide correct n- and k-values for FeO from the far-infrared to the visible, which can then be used in radiative transfer models. Thin-film absorption data are also affected by internal reflections in the transparent regions: we show how to recognize these features and how to obtain the absorption coefficient, n, and k from thin-film infrared data on CaO, CaS and MgS using the damped harmonic oscillator model.
Third-order sum-frequency generation in droplets: model with numerical results for third-harmonic generation

A steady-state model of third-order sum-frequency generation (TSFG) in liquid droplets is presented. A third-order polarization is generated in a droplet by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) or by SRS in combination with fields at the incident laser frequency. This third-order polarization radiates inside the sphere as described in the general model of Chew et al. [ Phys. Rev. A19, 396 ( 1976)]. The frequency of the third-order polarization will only rarely be within a few linewidths of a high-Q output morphology-dependent resonance (MDR). The TSFG intensity is proportional to the spatial and frequency overlap between the generating polarization and the fields of the output modes. For a distribution of particle sizes, the probability of detecting TSFG increases with the density of output MDR’s. Numerical results are presented for the specific case of the generation of the third harmonic of the first-order SRS. Although the comparison with experiment is only qualitative, the theory is consistent with experimental observations that TSFG in droplets is detectable at only a small fraction of the droplet sizes and is 4–6 orders of magnitude weaker than SRS.
Improved methods for undersea optical stationkeeping

A particular advantage of an optical stationkeeping system is its ability to use natural rather than man-made beacons. Improvements to previously reported optical flow methods for detecting vehicle motion are presented. Experimental results indicate that an adaptation of Newton-Raphson search combined with the use of a low-noise, high-accuracy camera drastically reduces the number of points at which computations need be done. Experiments with an algorithm which accounts for illumination variations one encounters in undersea environments show significant improvement in the estimation of vehicle motion. >
Fault Detection in NanoICs

Since nanolCs are very noise sensitive and non-reliable in nature, in the logic design of nanolCs, a fault detection method must be included as an essential requirement in the design and manufacturing process to ensure that the nanolC will function normally as expected. The logic design model of the nanolC used in this paper is the N-hypercube.The fault types considered are transition faults occurring at terminal nodes of the N-hypercube: 0*1 and 1*0, denoted by f0*1 and f1*0, respectively. This paper presents a fault detection method using the Boolean difference, which can not only derive tests for testing the above mentioned transition faults at any terminal node of the hypercube but also generate a complete minimum test set for detecting any f0*1 and f1*0 faults in the nanolC. An example is given to illustrate the method.
Evidence of an Agrin Receptor in Cortical Neurons

Agrin plays a key role in directing the differentiation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Understanding agrin function at the neuromuscular junction has come via molecular genetic analyses of agrin as well as identification of its receptor and associated signal transduction pathways. Agrin is also expressed by many populations of neurons in brain, but its role remains unknown. Here we show, in cultured cortical neurons, that agrin induces expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner, as expected for a signal transduction pathway activated by a cell surface receptor. Agrin is active in cortical neurons at picomolar concentrations, is Ca(2+) dependent, and is inhibited by heparin and staurosporine. Despite marked differences in acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-clustering activity, all alternatively spliced forms of agrin are equally potent inducers of c-fos in cortical neurons. A similar, isoform-independent response to agrin was also observed in cultures prepared from the hippocampus and cerebellum. Only agrin with high AChR-clustering activity was effective in cultured muscle, whereas non-neuronal cells were agrin insensitive. Although consistent with a receptor tyrosine kinase model similar to the muscle-specific kinase-myotube-associated specificity component complex in muscle, our data suggest that CNS neurons express a unique agrin receptor. Evidence that neuronal signal transduction is mediated via an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) means that agrin is well situated to influence important Ca(2+)-dependent functions in brain, including neuronal growth, differentiation, and adaptive changes in gene expression associated with synaptic remodeling.
Human Benefits of Road Improvements: A Case Study☆

Abstract This study evaluates human benefits of a road improvements, in terms of safety, vehicle operating costs, travel time and jobs, through a case study of a highway US 550 in New Mexico. This highway is a 118-mile road, which was reconstructed from a two-lane highway to a four-lane highway over a period of three years from 1998 to 2001. It is shown that the reduction in travel time occurs on the rural portions of the road. The vehicle operating costs has reduced due to mainly less fuel consumption. Using US 550 crash data for 1996-1998 (before) and 2002-2008 (after), it is shown that the crash increased from 85 per year in the before period to 116 per year in the after period, an overall increase of 36 percent. The situation certainly would have been worse if the road had remained in its former two-lane configuration. In an effort to develop a better understanding of the crashes on US 550 before and after the reconstruction, comparisons were conducted of selected crash characteristics, specifically severity, day of the week, and crash class. It is shown a five percent increase in crash on Sundays and a 5 percent decrease on Saturday. The reconstruction of NM44/US 550 was intended to make some areas connected by this road more attractive to business, industry, and tourists. Though this reconstruction has increased tourist attractions to the local area, job growth was not proportionate to the population growth in the area.
Diethylstilbestrol-induced intrahepatic bile duct hyperplasia in the rabbit.

SummaryAdministration of diethylstilbestrol to intact rabbits, or to rabbits made cirrhotic with carbon tetrachloride, produced in all animals a marked bile duct proliferation and in one animal changes suggestive of neoplasia of the bile ducts. The possibility that hyperestrogenism may be responsible for the increased incidence of carcinoma of the liver in cases of liver cirrhosis is suggested.
Hybrid gold nanofinger SERS structure for sensing applications

We report here a novel hybrid nanostructure for ultra-sensitive sensing applications based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). We rationally engineered gold-coated polymer pillar structures, named as gold nanofingers, in analogy to the tweezers at nanoscale, for active molecule capture and detection using SERS technique. Using nanoimprint lithography, we have demonstrated a cost effective manufacturing method of making such hybrid structures over large scale and achieve reliable enhancement factor. In particular, we have demonstrated the sensing application of the nanofinger structures for melamine and chlropyrifos. The limit of detection (LOD) of melamine in water is found to be 10 nM (1.3 ppb), and LOD of chlropyrifos (a pesticide) is found to be 1 nM (0.35 ppb), which is below the EPA tolerance level of 0.1 ppm for chlropyrifos on citrus fruits.
Leveraging Safety Programs to Improve and Support Security Programs

There has been a long history of considering Safety, Security, and Safeguards (3S) as three functions of nuclear security design and operations that need to be properly and collectively integrated with operations. This paper specifically considers how safety programmes can be extended directly to benefit security as part of an integrated facility management programme. The discussion will draw on experiences implementing such a programme at Sandia National Laboratories’ Annular Research Reactor Facility. While the paper focuses on nuclear facilities, similar ideas could be used to support security programmes at other types of high-consequence facilities and transportation activities.
Management of Vasculitic Glomerulonephritis

Small-vessel vasculitides (SVV) are a group of complex and chronic systemic autoimmune disorders associated with significant morbidity. Renal involvement is a major determinant of long-term outcome in all SVV. Depending on the disorder, SVV can be associated with frequent, and often life-threatening, relapses and increased burden from long-term exposure to toxic therapies and accumulating, irreversible organ damage. Prompt diagnosis or determination of active disease and quick initiation of appropriate treatment are therefore paramount in the management of SVV. For rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or other severe, life-threatening manifestations in either anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) or cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV), we recommend intravenous pulse methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and intravenous monthly cyclophosphamide. Hemodialysis is also used when indicated. Dose adjustments are made based on the patient’s weight, degree of renal impairment, and tolerability. Corticosteroids and plasmapheresis are tapered according to the patient’s response. Although a clearer role for rituximab in the treatment of AAV and CV is emerging, we reserve rituximab for disease relapse or disease refractory to the aforementioned treatments. We also use rituximab in less severe disease and for maintenance of remission in AAV and CV when indicated. Corticosteroids are a mainstay of therapy in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and vasculitis (IgAV). In rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis due to IgAN or IgAV, we recommend intravenous cyclophosphamide. Again, dose adjustments are made based on the patient’s weight, degree of renal impairment, and tolerability.
Numerical Investigation on Combustion Performance,Solid Rocket Scramjet

For increasing the performance of mixing and combustion,the scramjet was developed,which consists of axisymmetric combustor with expanding degree. The numerical simulation including simple chemical mechanism was developed to investigate the reactive flow characteristics for supersonic combustion in circular combustor solid rocket scramjet which is combined with vortex generator and cavity. It is indicated that the expanding degree of combustor can increase the combustion efficiency to a certain extent; The combustion reaction would be improved by using cavity configuration whereas the internal resistance would be great; The combustion efficiency is obviously enhanced due to the vortex generator can augment the mixing intensity of the fuel-rich gas.
Study on Simulation of Detection Ability of Early-Warning Aircraft PD Radar

In this thesis,the combination clutter of early-warning aircraft Pulse Doppler(PD)Radar is analysed.The method of radar detection calculated in one pulse-doppler region been discussed in principium,and the simulation of radar target detection been carryed out at last.The simulation result shows that the flight course has biggish effect for radar detection probability.
Transthoracic approach to the left subclavian and vertebral arteries

The method of simultaneous transthoracic repair of stenosis of the left subclavian artery and stricture of the origin of the left vertebral artery is presented.
The relation between left ventricular ejection fraction and perfusion defect size by gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease.

AIM Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and perfusion defect size (PDS) provide independent and incremental prognostic information in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between EF and PDS. METHODS LVEF and PDS were measured in 96 consecutive patients with CAD and abnormal perfusion scan using well-validated automated programs. The PDS was expressed as % of LV myocardium as total (reversible plus fixed), fixed or reversible. RESULTS The EF was 49±15% (range 17-84), the total PDS was 29±15% (2-77) and the fixed PDS was 20±13% (2-58). The end-diastolic volume (EDV) was 131±59 mL (29-342) and end-systolic volume (ESV) was 72±51 mL (4-283). There were moderate but significant correlations between EF and total PDS (r=-0.46, P<0.0001) and fixed PDS (r=-0.45, P<0.0001) but not with reversible PDS. In the subgroup analysis, the correlations were stronger in patients with history of prior coronary artery bypass grafting than without, and higher in men than women. The highest correlations were seen between EF and EDV in both men and women (r=-0.68 and -0.74 respectively, P<0.0001 each), and between EF and ESV (r =-0.80, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Although there is a statistically significant correlation between PDS and EF, the correlation is not strong. This observation provides supportive evidence of why PDS and EF provide incremental prognostic information. It also supports the incremental prognostic merits of LV volume measurements.
Sequence Analysis of the Whole Mitochondrial Genome and Nuclear Genes Causing Mitochondrial Disorders

The diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders has increased considerably over the past few years. However, the genetics are complex, as the causative mutations can be in either the mitochondrial or the nuclear genome. Identification of the molecular defects in the causative genes is the key to a definitive diagnosis of the disease. Here, we describe PCR-based sequence analysis of the entire mitochondrial genome and a group of nuclear genes known to cause mitochondrial disorders.
Motion Control Algorithm for Exoskeleton Push Recovery in the Frontal Plane

In this paper a full body assistive exoskeleton is considered. A mathematical model for the case of the frontal plane motion is given. The paper focuses on the question of push recovery, considering two different cases: when the exoskeleton is pushed as a result of an interaction with another moving object and the case when the exoskeleton stands on a platform that rapidly changes its speed. A push recovery algorithm is proposed that allows the exoskeleton to regain vertical balance by taking one step. The algorithm was tested via numerical simulation; the results are shown and analysed in the paper. The results of the simulation demonstrated the similarity of the exoskeleton motion to that of a human.
Review Essay: How to Merge Western Theories and Chinese Indigenous Theories to Study Chinese Politics?

A recent trend in political science is the rise of non-Western theories or indigenous theories. This theory development has complicated the relationship between Western theories and the China case in particular. In the existing literature, Chinese politics scholars have demonstrated what political science can do for China and how the China case can contribute to political science in general. Yet, with the rise of Chinese indigenous theories, it is imperative to explore how to merge Western theories and indigenous theories of China to study Chinese politics. This review essay shows that three approaches can fulfill the task: (1) indigenous theories as core, Western theories as periphery; (2) Western theories as core, indigenous theory as periphery; and (3) Western theories and indigenous theories as a dual core. Merging Western and Chinese indigenous theories opens unprecedented opportunities for more sophisticated analyses on Chinese politics.
Seed-in-Soil: Pancreatic Cancer Influenced by Tumor Microenvironment

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a fatal malignancy with a five-year survival rate lower than 7%, and most patients dying within six months of diagnosis. The factors that contribute to the aggressiveness of the disease include, but are not limited to: late diagnosis, prompt metastasis to adjacent vital organs, poor response, and resistance to anticancer treatments. This malignancy is uniquely associated with desmoplastic stroma that accounts for 80% of tumor mass. Understanding the biology of stroma can aid the discovery of innovative strategies for eradicating this lethal cancer in the future. This review highlights the critical components in the stroma and how they interact with the cancer cells to convey the devastating tumor progression.
Force, flatness and touch without feeling: Thinking historically about haptics and buttons:

In recent years, concerns have cropped up about the disappearance of analog buttons in favor of flat, slick touchscreens that ask little from their users’ fingers beyond swipes, touches, and taps. This form of interfacing has generated concerns both about usability and about how users relate tactilely and affectively with digital media. This article suggests that worries about these discursive and material shifts related to finger force and flat design continue a conversation begun >100 years ago when the very concept of a “button” was new. Stitching together past and present, this study identifies a persistent struggle to make sense of how humans touch and feel machines, with questions about user agency, labor, individuality, and authentic engagement coming to the fore. Additionally, it makes a case for encouraging scholars to work at the intersection of history and haptic media systems.
Copper Sulfide Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets as Clinically Relevant Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Imaging Agents.

We have developed laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets containing copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) for contrast-enhanced ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. As potential clinical contrast agents, CuS NPs have favorable properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and enhance contrast in photoacoustic images at clinically relevant depths. However, CuS NPs are not efficient optical absorbers when compared to plasmonic nanoparticles and therefore, contrast enhancement with CuS NPs is limited, requiring high concentrations to generate images with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. We have combined CuS NPs with laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) to achieve enhanced photoacoustic contrast and, more importantly, ultrasound contrast while retaining the favorable clinical characteristics of CuS NPs. The imaging characteristics of synthesized CuS–PFCnD constructs were first tested in tissue-mimicking phantoms and then in in vivo murine models. The results demonstrate th...
Evidence-Based Care of Geriatric Trauma Patients.

The doubling of the geriatric population over the next 20 years will challenge the existing health care system. Optimal care of geriatric trauma patients will be of paramount importance to the health care discussion in America. These patients warrant special consideration because of altered anatomy, physiology, and the resultant decreased ability to tolerate the stresses imposed by traumatic insult. Despite increased risk for worsened outcomes, nearly half of all geriatric trauma patients will be cared for at nondesignated trauma centers. Effective communication is crucial in determining goals of care and arriving at what patients would consider a meaningful outcome.
Fabrication of magnesium-based metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Repairing and regenerating defects of large bones caused by disease or trauma is a significant clinical challenge. Extensive research has been done on bone tissue regeneration incorporating biodegr...
AN ExPERIMENTAL INvESTIGATION OF COGNITIvE DEFUSION

The current study compared cognitive defusion with other strategies in reducing the impact of experimentally induced negative emotional states. Sixty-seven undergraduates were assigned to one of three conditions (cognitive defusion, thought suppression, or control) and instructed in standardized approaches relevant to each condition before viewing film clips intended to elicit fear, sadness, and disgust. Participants then rated their experience of each emotion and completed a Stroop task intended to indirectly measure emotional arousal. While participants did not show any differences in their experience of emotions through self-report, significant differences on the Stroop task provided evidence of varying degrees of arousal between participants using defusion, suppression, and control strategies, with thought suppression and defusion showing the greatest reduction in arousal. These findings were retained after controlling for individual differences in negative affect and suggest that defusion is an effective strategy for reducing emotional distress but raise questions about the specific mechanisms involved in the process.
System Complexity, Diagnostic Behaviour, and Repair Time: A Predictive Theory

Existing maintainability prediction-evaluation procedures are in need of certain major refinements, namely; 1) ability to include design characteristics which are fixed during the earlier stages of the design process; 2) more precise and sensitive measurement of the troubleshooting process; 3) a basis for relating data taken under laboratory conditions to data taken under field conditions; and 4) the development of indices based on an explanatory model which includes functional relationships based on measurable parameters. Recent work by Rouse et al (1978a, 1978b) has begun to address items (2) and (4) through controlled experiments in the laboratory. The present paper provides an explanatory model and relates it to equipment design parameters and to repair time data for operational equipment taken under both laboratory and field conditions.
Drug-induced differentiation of human neuroblastoma: transformation into ganglion cells with mitomycin-C

A variety of substances have been used to modify gene expression with the purpose of learning about mechanisms which regulate growth and differentiation in normal and malignant cells. Some block cell differentiation, others promote growth and/or cell differentiation and maturation (Silbert and Goldstein 1972; Kram et al. 1973; Kolber et al. 1974; Goldstein and Brodeur 1975; Brodeur and Goldstein 1976; Fibach et al. 1977; Jones and Moscona 1977; Kolber et al. 1978; Marks et al. 1978; Prasad and Sinha 1978; Sachs 1978).
Synthetic Forms of Selenium and Their Chemotherapeutic Uses

Because of the close resemblance of selenium to the biologically important element sulfur, a strong rationale exists for the incorporation of selenium into potential medicinal agents. In many cases selenium isoesters of sulfur-containing antibacterial agents are as effective as their analogous sulfur compounds or sometimes even more effective. Inorganic selenium compounds, when tested at the same selenium concentration as the active organic selenium compounds, have comparatively negligible antibacterial activity (Green and Bielschowsky, 1942). Many of the selenium compounds studied as potential bactericides during World War II were modeled after the sulfonamide drugs. Although no direct sulfur-selenium interchanges to give the analogous selenoamides have been accomplished, a close derivative may be found in bis(p-aminophenyl) selenide (I) and bis(p-aminophenyl) diselenide (II). (Table 9-1 lists structures I-XV.) The bis(p-aminophenyl) diselenide is very effective against Brucella paramelitensis and Staphylococcus aureus (Green and Bielschowsky, 1942). The diselenide is a thousandfold more effective as an antibacterial agent than bis(p-aminophenyl) disulfide. The corresponding acid is also active against B. paramelitensis and S. aureus (Green and Bielschowsky, 1942). The selenium of sulfathiazole (HI) has shown some activity in vitro against Pneumococcus (Jensen and Schmith, 1941). The methyl alkyl selenoxide hydronitrate (IV) derivatives have been patented as germicides for inclusion in detergent formulations (Priestly, 1972).
Clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes of sarcomatoid carcinoma presenting as cancer of unknown primary.

e23565Background: Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare histologic subtype of cancer of unknown primary (SCUP) characterized by poorly differentiated carcinoma with a component of sarcoma-like differenti...
Sensitivity Analysis of Reference-Free Quantitative Ultrasound Tissue Classification

To implement spectral-based quantitative ultrasound (QUS), currently it is necessary to take a reference scan from a well-characterized tissue-mimicking material for each scanner setting that is used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a reference-free approach could be adopted, which would eliminate the need for multiple reference scans while still maintaining the ability to objectively classify different tissue states. Specifically, we utilized a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify tissues and tissue-mimicking phantoms without taking a reference for each setting used and compared the performance to conventional QUS approaches using a reference phantom. Rabbits that were maintained on a high fat diet for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 6 weeks with five rabbits per diet group (total N = 30) were scanned ultrasonically and classified into two groups based on their liver lipid levels: low fat (8%) and high fat (> 8%). An array transducer L9-4 with center frequency of 4 MHz was used to gather RF backscattered data in vivo from the rabbits. In the conventional QUS approach the RF signals were calibrated from a reference phantom and used to estimate an average BSC for each rabbit. In the reference-free approach, a CNN was trained on the time domain RF signals to classify the rabbit livers. To assess the reliability of the CNN to classify when the settings of the scanner were adjusted, five tissue-mimicking phantoms with different but known properties were scanned under different system settings: power, time gain compensation and number of transmit foci. The CNN was first trained on one system setting and then tested on data acquired from each phantom with the other settings. This was repeated for each individual setting. The testing accuracy of in vivo rabbit liver classification using the CNN without a reference was 73% compared to 60% when using the conventional QUS. The results demonstrated that the CNN can provide accurate and robust classification without having to use a reference for each setting. This work was supported by a grant from the NIH (R21 EB020766).