cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Purpose of review Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare developmental defect resulting in variable degrees of lung and pulmonary vasculature hypoplasia. Whereas many high-volume centers have recently reported increased survival rates, this has not been the collective trend. One potential explanation for this is inconsistent perinatal care among centers. Recent findings Significant efforts have been made to identify prenatally those fetuses that will be most severely affected. A number of radiologic features have shown promise for achieving this goal as well as identifying fetuses that may benefit from prenatal intervention. When CDH is antenatally diagnosed, early referral to a tertiary center is recommended. Centers that routinely use postnatal management protocols have demonstrated improved overall survival rates including increased survival in high-risk CDH patients. Summary As a result of advancements in perinatal care, more severely affected newborns with CDH are now surviving. These patients may experience a number of associated morbidities which affect not only their health but overall quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach to the long-term care of these patients will allow early identification and management of these morbidities.
Molecular Weight Characterization of Wholly Para-Oriented, Aromatic Polyamide-Hydrazides and Wholly Aromatic Polyamides

Abstract A series of Monsanto Co.'s X-500 class, wholly para-oriented, aromatic amide-hydrazide polymers having molecular weights between 25,000 and 65,000 has been characterized by viscometry and light scattering in DMSO solution. Viscosity measurements are not complicated by degradation, polyelectrolyte effect, or shear corrections in this molecular weight range where intrinsic viscosities ([η]) are 3-8 dl/g. The viscosity-molecular weight relationship is Relationships among specific, inherent, and intrinsic viscosities, viscosity-average molecular weight (Mv), and weight-average molecular weight are derived.
A Water-Soluble Diaminostilbene Derivative as a Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe

A hydrophilic trans-4,4'-diaminostilbene derivative was prepared by the introduction of amideamino peripheral substituents. Very high aqueous solubility was achieved (>15 mM), making it possible as a fluorescent probe for biological imaging. The relatively straightforward synthetic methodology has great potential to transform even large hydrophobic two-photon absorbing chromophores into hydrophilic derivatives. The fluorescence quantum yield of 0.27 for the diaminostilbene in water is sufficiently high for use as a fluorescent probe. In addition, two-photon fluorescence images ofNT2 cells stained by this probe were also obtained.
Relationship Between Induction Time for Pitting and Pitting Potential for High-Purity Aluminum

The objective of this study was to determine if a distribution of pit induction times (from potentiostatic experiments) could be used to predict a distribution of pitting potentials (from potentiodynamic experiments) for high-purity aluminum. Pit induction times were measured for 99.99 Al in 50 mM NaCl at potentials of -0.35, -0.3, -0.25, and -0.2 V vs. saturated calomel electrode. Analysis of the data showed that the pit germination rate generally was an exponential function of the applied potential; however, a subset of the germination rate data appeared to be mostly potential insensitive. The germination rate behavior was used as an input into a mathematical relationship that provided a prediction of pitting potential distribution. Good general agreement was found between the predicted distribution and an experimentally determined pitting potential distribution, suggesting that the relationships presented here provide a suitable means for quantitatively describing pit germination rate.
Moving beyond the child care debate toward implications for social and political agendas

Abstract Early nonmaternal child care, for at least some portion of the week, is now the reality for most families in the United States. Ongoing debates surrounding what these changes mean for our society have focused on the possible negative consequences of extended nonmaternal care and the potential impact of such arrangements on children's later development. The NICHD-Early Child Care Research Network (ECCRN) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development has made great strides toward addressing methodological limitations in previous research through a series of landmark examinations of child functioning from transition to school through 15 years-of-age. The primary goal of this commentary is to put the child care findings into a broader developmental, social, and political context by reframing the discussion to move beyond the current daycare debate and consider implications for social policy and research agendas. Given that daycare has become a normative social institution, we first consider what the research findings mean for the healthy social–emotional and cognitive growth of children. Second, we articulate the implications of the data for social interventions to improve those outcomes. Finally, we address the issue of what political changes are necessary to produce those improvements.
Formation of high-stress phase and extrusion of polyethylene due to nanoconfinements during Ziegler-Natta polymerization inside nanochannels.

Polyethylene nanofibers were synthesized by heterogeneous Ziegler−Natta polymerization inside nanochannels of robust anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. The polymerization catalysts were chemisorbed at the inner wall of the nanochannels and monomers were provided through diffusion from the outside. Polyethylene is produced inside the nanochannels in the 10−20 μm region from the channel entrance. Polyethylene fibers were extruded from the nanochannels up to 3−5 μm during the polymerization. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared analyses indicated formation of a highly stressed crystalline structure although the polymerization was carried out without any external pressure or mechanical work. The highly stressed phase formation inside nanochannels and some degree of polyethylene nanofiber extrusion from nanochannels were attributed to catalytic production of excess amounts of polyethylene inside nanoconfined templates.
Properties of silver nanoridge surface plasmon waveguide modes

Properties of silver metal nanoridge surface plasmon waveguide modes are investigated. It is found that semicircular top geometry nanoridges are optimal for supporting long range and high figure-of-merit surface plasmon modes.
Application of the preliminary developmental toxicity screen for chemical hazard identification under the Toxic Substances Control Act.

The Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is authorized to carry forth the mandates of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Included among the provisions of TSCA are the development of requirements for testing of "new" and "existing" chemicals that may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. There are over 63,000 "existing" chemicals on the TSCA inventory, and EPA in recent years has been receiving an average of over 1,300 submissions for "new" chemicals a year. Since it is illogical and unrealistic to expect that all of these chemicals should be subjected to detailed testing for all potential adverse health and environmental effects, OTS views screening assays as highly useful tools to assign priorities to chemicals for further testing according to standard methodologies. The Chernoff/Kavlock assay (preliminary developmental toxicity screen) was specifically developed to address the need for a developmental toxicity assay to prioritize for further testing the large number of "new" and "existing" chemicals. OTS has been involved in seeking the development of data through the preliminary developmental toxicity screen for purposes of validating the screen and to obtain critical data necessary for evaluating chemicals. OTS believes that the screen has a role in the risk assessment process and has developed a testing protocol, which is included along with other OTS test guidelines; has provided internal guidance on when the screen may be recommended; and has discussed how the data may be applied in prioritizing chemicals for further study.
Web-Based Virtual Torsion Laboratory

An emerging change across the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics curriculum is the implementation of online, or virtual laboratories as supplements or replacements to both homework assignments and laboratory exercises. To test the effectiveness of such labs, a web-based virtual laboratory on the topic of torsion of engineered and biological materials was developed. The lab contains extensive data sets, videos of experiments, narrated presentations on lab practice and theory and assignments. Flexibility of use is built into the lab by providing the capability for the web-pages to be tailored to the needs of a particular institution. The lab was implemented and evaluated in a standard, sophomore level statics, and strength of materials course. Results of the evaluation show that the virtual lab is clear, helped students with their understanding of torsion concepts, and offered a number of benefits. However students also rated hands-on labs to be more fun and more interesting. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 1–8, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20061
Monitoring to detect change on rangelands: physical, social and economic /policy drivers

Agents that can cause important changes in properties of biological communities are referred to as drivers. Drivers may be classed as physical, social and economic/policy, referring to their origin and mode of action. Physical drivers include environmental (weather, climate) and management (livestock grazing, prescribed burning) factors. Social drivers include attitudes and values of land mangers and the public. Economic/policy drivers refer to factors such as tax laws and environmental policies (including penalties and incentives). These drivers seldom operate independently, at similar scales, or in isolation from other drivers, and subtle interactions may confound both interpretation and response. While it is difficult to identify the impact of a specific driver on a specific biological property at a specific time, it is important to monitor changes in drivers to both predict likely impacts on ecological systems and design effective response tactics and strategies. Risk assessments, adaptive management analyses, or management by hypothesis require understanding linkages between environmental drivers and various management options on ecological properties of managed systems. Though our abilities to generate accurate predictions are currently limited, conceptual models of system response to drivers are improving. Continued incorporation and refinement of understanding and monitoring effects and interactions of different drivers will contribute to improvements in these predictive capacities. It is important to remember we are developing monitoring systems for the future, as well as for today. Keywords: adaptive management, environmental, long-term monitoring, risk assessment African Journal of Range & Forage Science 2004, 21(2): 115–121
Review of Live Load Impact Factor for Existing Truss Railroad Bridges in the United States

The current American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) Manual provides live load impact formulas for the design of steel railroad bridges. The only variable in those formulas is span length and do not include other parameters that bridge engineers know affects live load impact factor. Years of use in practice and research have shown that these formulas are reliable, safe and simple to apply, though often very conservative. In order to make the nation’s transportation more efficient and energy efficient, a significant effort is underway in the U.S. to enhance its railroad infrastructures. Bridges built before the 1950s, many of which are still in service, were designed to sustain the effects of steam engine hammer blow, and consequently slow speed. Yet, most of these bridges may not be replaced and may be required to carry high speed passenger equipment. This raises the question of what effects higher speed trains will have on old, long span truss steel bridges. This paper presents finding from the detail literature review on the current live load impact factor on truss railroad bridges and its implication to the future.© 2013 ASME
Deoxyadenosine bisphosphate derivatives as potent antagonists at P2Y1 receptors.

Adenosine 3‘,5‘- and 2‘,5‘-bisphosphates previously were demonstrated to act as competitive antagonists at the P2Y1 receptor (Boyer et al. Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 1323−1329). 2‘- and 3‘-Deoxyadenosine bisphosphate analogues containing various structural modifications at the 2- and 6-positions of the adenine ring, on the ribose moiety, and on the phosphate groups have been synthesized with the goal of developing more potent and selective P2Y1 antagonists. Single-step phosphorylation reactions of adenosine nucleoside precursors were carried out. The activity of each analogue at P2Y1 receptors was determined by measuring its capacity to stimulate phospholipase C in turkey erythrocyte membranes (agonist effect) and to inhibit phospholipase C stimulation elicited by 10 nM 2-MeSATP (antagonist effect). Both 2‘- and 3‘-deoxy modifications were well tolerated. The N6-methyl modification both enhanced antagonistic potency (IC50 330 nM) of 2‘-deoxyadenosine 3‘,5‘-bisphosphate by 17-fold and eliminated residual ag...
The expanding role of body mass in active surveillance for prostate cancer.

Active surveillance (AS) is a disease-management strategy for localized, low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) that delays curative treatment until deemed necessary when clinical indicators suggest the disease is progressing. The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) showed little benefit of immediately treating localized, low-risk PCa comparedwithobservation [1], andaNational InstituteHealth consensus state-of-the-science statement recommends AS as a viable option for the treatment of low-risk PCa [2]. Despite the growing evidence supporting AS, there is a pressing need to identify which men will benefit most from this option. Clinical parameters such as Gleason grade, tumor stage, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level are associated with PCa progression; however, they are imperfect classifiers of disease severity and progression. Therefore, AS protocols require all men to be intensively monitored regardless of an individual’s potentially favorable disease prognosis. Additional clinical parameters and biomarkers are needed to better assess disease risk, guide treatment decisions, and improve patient and clinician confidence in AS as a treatment strategy. In this month’s issue of European Urology, Bhindi and colleagues identify obesity as a potential predictor of poorer prognosis for men on AS [3]. The authors evaluated a cohort of 565 men with low-risk PCa on initial biopsy who were undergoing AS; they found obesity to be independently associated with a higher risk of pathologic and therapeutic progression. This is the first study to link obesity with disease progression in a cohort of men who chose to be treated with AS. If this finding is replicated in other AS cohorts, there would be support for taking body size into
Enthalpic Studies of Complex Formation between Carboxylic Acids and 1-Alkylimidazoles

The nature of the hydrogen bonding in complexes of alkylimidazoles and substituted carboxylic acids has been studied as a model of the hydrogen-bonding interaction of the proton bridging Nδ1 of His 57 and the β carboxyl group of Asp 102 in the active site of chymotrypsin. The interaction has been postulated to be a low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) in the enzyme and also in the model complexes which have a small ΔpKa. In the present study, enthalpies of complex formation, −ΔHformation, between alkylimidazoles (1-methyl, 1-n-butyl-, and 1-tert-butylimidazole) and a series of carboxylic acids were determined by adiabatic solution calorimetry in chloroform. In FTIR studies presented here, the concentration of LBHB present in these complexes was determined. For complexation between dichloropropionic acid and alkylimidazoles for which the ΔpKa is small in chloroform, the −ΔHformation values varied from 12 to 15 kcal/mol. Thus in enzymes, where ΔG is similar to ΔH, ΔGformation can be as high as −12 to −15 kcal/m...
Central role of the CNGA4 channel subunit in Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent odor adaptation

Heteromultimeric cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channels play a central role in the transduction of odorant signals and subsequent adaptation. The contributions of individual subunits to native channel function in olfactory receptor neurons remain unclear. Here, we show that the targeted deletion of the mouse CNGA4 gene, which encodes a modulatory CNG subunit, results in a defect in odorant-dependent adaptation. Channels in excised membrane patches from the CNGA4 null mouse exhibited slower Ca2+-calmodulin-mediated channel desensitization. Thus, the CNGA4 subunit accelerates the Ca2+-mediated negative feedback in olfactory signaling and allows rapid adaptation in this sensory system.
Relations of Familiarity with Reasoning Strategies in Conspiracy Beliefs

The prevalence and resilience of conspiracy beliefs suggest that such beliefs may derive in part from general information-processing mechanisms. Two predictions were tested: conspiracy beliefs would increase as familiarity with the conspiracy increased, and conspiracy beliefs would rest in part on the perception of the alleged conspirators' motive. Participants read condensed versions of four real-life conspiracy theories of varying familiarity, rated their belief in the conspiracies, and explained their ratings. Although belief was not associated with familiarity, participants used different justifications for their beliefs about familiar and unfamiliar conspiracies, relying prominently on motive when the conspiracy was unfamiliar. Preliminary data suggested that participants' beliefs in conspiracies may have been equally strong when they reasoned only in terms of motive as when they reasoned in terms of documented evidence. An additional finding suggested also that beliefs in conspiracies may increase as affiliation with the victim of the alleged conspiracy increases.
On the possibility of diffusionally driven oscillations in two component gas bubbles in fluids

The problem of an isolated, stationary, two-component gas bubble in a fluid is analyzed. The appropriate governing equations, and an approximate version of these equations, for this model system are reviewed. The qualitative differences in bubble dissolution behavior between single- and two-component gas bubbles are elucidated. In particular, it is demonstrated that in the latter case the gas bubble radius may exhibit extrema as a function of time for certain values of the controlling parameters. The conditions under which these extrema may occur, and the maximum number of extrema which are permitted are elucidated.
Growth Rates in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Preterm Formula or Fortified Human Milk 1501

Growth Rates in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Preterm Formula or Fortified Human Milk 1501
A Comparison of Revealed, Stated, and Actual Behavior in Response to a Change in Fishing Quality

Due to water quality problems at its fish culture stations, Pennsylvania stocked 28% fewer catchable trout in 2002 than it had in prior years. The impact of this stocking decrease on license and trout stamp sales was projected based both on an econometric analysis of historical license sales (revealed behavior) and on a telephone survey of trout anglers (stated behavior). The econometric analysis showed no relationship between stocking levels and angler participation. However, in the telephone survey, 11.5% of current trout anglers stated that the cut in stocking would lead them to stop fishing for trout, including 3.2% who would stop fishing altogether. The projections based on stated behavior did a better job predicting resident license sales than did the projection based on revealed behavior, but anglers overstated their tendency to stop buying trout stamps. This research was financially supported by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. The authors are grateful to Yanguo Wang for econometric assi...
Ocean Circulation and Climate—Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) began with the goals of developing models and collecting the oceanographic data necessary to predict and monitor climate change. Early discussions of WOCE started in the late 1970s, and a full observational and modeling plan was gradually formulated over the course of the 1980s. WOCE seagoing work carried out in the 1990s spanned the global ocean, taking oceanographers to some of the most distant parts of the ocean to complete long hydrographic lines and deploy instruments. Satellite altimetry was also included in the plan, and the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter was launched in 1992. In 1998, several hundred oceanographers gathered in Halifax, Canada, at a conference marking the end of the fieldwork phase of WOCE and the beginning of the analysis, interpretation, and modeling phase. Ocean Circulation and Climate—Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean had its genesis in that conference.
Dietary niche partitioning by sympatric Peromyscus boylii and P. californicus in a mixed evergreen forest

We used carbon and nitrogen isotopes measured in hair to compare the diets of 2 sympatric species of wild mice, Peromyscus californicus and P. boylii, in Santa Cruz County, California. The ability of these 2 Peromyscus species to coexist is thought to be the result of spatial partitioning through canopy plant associations as well as possible dietary niche partitioning. We used stable isotope analysis to determine the trophic level at which each species is feeding and stable isotope mixing models to estimate dietary contributions of various arthropod and plant-derived food sources. We found P. californicus to be omnivorous, specializing mainly on arthropods and consistently feeding at a higher trophic level than P. boylii. P. boylii is omnivorous as well, but specializes mainly on tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) acorns. Dietary niche partitioning appears to be seasonal; in the fall, partitioning breaks down to some degree, likely because food is so abundantly available, and both species consume a larger, overlapping array of acorns and arthropods. These findings coupled with other studies on habitat niche partitioning present a clearer picture of how these 2 sympatric species can coexist.
Inhibition of PI3K by PX-866 Prevents Transforming Growth Factor-α–Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

Transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR activation is associated with fibroproliferative processes in human lung disease and animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. EGFR signaling activates several intracellular signaling pathways including phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K). We previously showed that induction of lung-specific TGFα expression in transgenic mice caused progressive pulmonary fibrosis over a 4-week period. The increase in levels of phosphorylated Akt, detected after 1 day of doxycycline-induced TGFα expression, was blocked by treatment with the PI3K inhibitor, PX-866. Daily administration of PX-866 during TGFα induction prevented increases in lung collagen and airway resistance as well as decreases in lung compliance. Treatment of mice with oral PX-866 4 weeks after the induction of TGFα prevented additional weight loss and further increases in total collagen, and attenuated changes in pulmonary mechanics. These data show that PI3K is activated in TGFα/EGFR-mediated pulmonary fibrosis and support further studies to determine the role of PI3K activation in human lung fibrotic disease, which could be amenable to targeted therapy.
Trading costs and volatility for technology stocks

Evidence on trade-execution costs and market quality for heavily traded technology stocks indicates that trading costs for these stocks are substantially lower on the NYSE than on Nasdaq. We report that for the full sample and two-year period of our test, quoted percentage bid–ask half-spreads were 11.8 basis points wider and effective bid–ask half-spreads were 11.3 basis points wider on Nasdaq. We also document that Nasdaq executes a substantially larger fraction of trades outside the quotations. Finally, we found returns on Nasdaq technology stocks to be more volatile than returns on NYSE technology stocks; the median standard deviation of daily returns was 51 percent larger for Nasdaq-traded companies.
Short‐term pediatric renal transplant survival: Blood pressure and allograft function

Hypertension is prevalent after renal transplantation (Tx) and associated with graft failure in children and adults. However, the effect of blood pressure (BP) on short-term renal allograft function is uncertain. We assessed the associations among BP pretransplant, and 3 months and 1 yr post-transplant, and 1-yr post-transplant measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) in 61 children with a functioning graft. The GFR was determined using a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of Optiray 350(R). Data were collected between January 1994 and January 2000. The mean mGFR 1 yr after renal transplant was 63.6 +/- 19.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 26 live donor recipients and 50.8 +/- 23.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 35 cadaveric donors (p = 0.029). Correlation analysis showed significant negative associations of 1-yr mGFR with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 3 months after renal Tx (r = - 0.58, p < 0.0001 and r = - 0.50, p < 0.0001, respectively), and with SBP (r = - 0.37, p = 0.003) and DBP (r = - 0.32, p = 0.01) 1 yr after renal Tx. Multi-variate regression analysis showed that the SBP 3 months after Tx (p < 0.001), number of acute rejections (p = 0.002), donor age (p = 0.02), and cold ischemia time (p = 0.03) were independent predictors for the 1-yr mGFR. These results indicate that a higher SBP in the first few months post-renal Tx is associated with decreased renal allograft function in children 1 yr post-Tx.
The Evolutionary Ecology of Novel Plant-Pathogen Interactions

▪ Abstract Novel plant-pathogen combinations occur whenever pathogen or plant species are introduced to regions outside their native range. Whether a pathogen is able to acquire a new host depends on the genetic compatibility between the two, through either preadaptation of the pathogen or subsequent evolutionary change. The ecological outcome of the novel interaction—for example, a spreading disease epidemic or the extinction of an incipient plant invasion—depends on the life history of the pathogen, opportunities for rapid evolution of virulence or resistance, and the presence of a suitable environment. We review recent work on the biology of pathogen virulence and host resistance, their mechanisms, and their costs. We then explore factors influencing the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of novel plant-pathogen interactions, using that evolutionary ecology framework to provide insight into three important practical applications: emerging diseases, biological invasions, and biological control.
Superdense optical storage

The CD-ROM has made optical storage a common computing resource. Soon, though, other optical technologies will be cramming even more data into still less space. Four technologies (high-density rewritable disks, optical tape, volume holographic storage and electron trapping) could far exceed today's storage capabilities. Nor are these technologies just research efforts in university or corporate laboratories; the focus is now on developing actual products, and small companies have already formed to do so. Here, the authors examine: what is the technology's current status; what are the challenges to its realization; and what are its chances for commercial success?. >
Kinetocardiographic findings in aortic insufficiency

Abstract The purpose of this communication is to present kinetocardiographic (low-frequency precordial movements) findings in patients with aortic insufficiency. Kinetocardiograms actually represent precisely defined precordial movements and impulses that are palpated routinely at the bedside. Thus the graphic definition may aid in understanding these commonly noted physical findings.
Effects of mechanical stress/strain and estrogen on cancellous bone structure predicted by fuzzy decision

A theoretical model was developed on the basis of fuzzy decision to predict cancellous bone structure following changes In mechanical stress/strain and estrogen. The model was validated experimentally by simulation of the normal structure of a rat distal femur, and further used to predict the structural alterations following ovarian hormone deficiency. The results show that net bone resorption after ovariectomy occurs in the metaphysis at locations where trabecula were subjected to the lowest mechanical stress/strain. These findings, consistent with experimental results, suggest that estrogen deficiency increase the mechanostat set point at which bone cells perceive mechanical stress/strain. Additionally, the results show that changes in bone architecture which are due to alterations in bone remodeling can be simulated by fuzzy decision without precise mathematical description, and multiple factors can also be readily incorporated into the model.
A collaborative approach to higher education induction

Success in higher education is often measured by one’s ability to conduct research, effectively disseminate findings, and competently teach in a collegiate setting. These measures are not entirely developed during doctoral school, let alone as a classroom teacher. In order to increase the likelihood of success at the higher education level, several newly hired faculty members at a four-year university created the new faculty guild by which they would share scholarly progress, insight into effective teaching strategies, thoughts/ideas of possible research investigations, and solace for one another. Their progressive actions led towards better understandings of the multifaceted tasks related to success in higher education, including mentorship, critical reflection, and collaboration. This article will enlighten prospective and newly hired faculty/faculty about maximizing the benefits and minimizing the limitations of teaching, researching, and fulfilling other service-related duties within higher education.
Practical Benefits of Knowing the Enemy: Modern Molecular Tools for Diagnosing the Etiology of Bacterial Diseases and Understanding the Taxonomy and Diversity of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

Knowing the identity of bacterial plant pathogens is essential to strategic and sustainable disease management in agricultural systems. This knowledge is critical for growers, diagnosticians, extension agents, and others dealing with crops. However, such identifications are linked to bacterial taxonomy, a complicated and changing discipline that depends on methods and information that are often not used by those who are diagnosing field problems. Modern molecular tools for fingerprinting and sequencing allow for pathogen identification in the absence of distinguishing or conveniently tested phenotypic characteristics. These methods are also useful in studying the etiology and epidemiology of phytopathogenic bacteria from epidemics, as was done in numerous studies conducted in California's Salinas Valley. Multilocus and whole-genome sequence analyses are becoming the cornerstones of studies of microbial diversity and bacterial taxonomy. Whole-genome sequence analysis needs to become adequately accessible, ...
Learning styles in the classroom: approaches to enhance student motivation and learning

A growing body of research suggests that increased learning gains can be achieved with college students when instruction is designed with learning styles in mind. In addition, several practitioners within the domains of science and engineering education have noted the importance of embedding a learning style approach within a variety of teaching strategies. Furthermore, attention to learning styles and learner diversity has been shown to increase student motivation to learn. In this interactive workshop, the research base on teaching and learning styles was outlined. Emphasis was placed on specific applications of teaching and learning styles in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET) education. Additional emphasis was placed on the critical role that a learning style approach can play in terms of SMET education. This workshop begins with an overview of several available learning style models and instruments. Information regarding how to choose the right assessment tool(s) for use with science, mathematics, engineering and technology students was shared. In addition, a description of some of the highlights of reported studies and programs involving learning styles in SMET education were given.
THE INDEPENDENT EFFECTS OF GRAVITY AND INERTIA ON RUNNING MECHANICS

It is difficult to distinguish the independent effects of gravity from those of inertia on a running animal. Simply adding mass proportionally changes both the weight (gravitational force) and mass (inertial force) of the animal. We measured ground reaction forces for eight male humans running normally at 3 m s -1 and under three experimental treatments: added gravitational and inertial forces, added inertial forces and reduced gravitational forces. Subjects ran at 110, 120 and 130 % of normal weight and mass, at 110, 120 and 130 % of normal mass while maintaining 100 % normal weight, and at 25, 50 and 75 % of normal weight while maintaining 100 % normal mass. The peak active vertical forces generated changed with weight, but did not change with mass. Surprisingly, horizontal impulses changed substantially more with weight than with mass. Gravity exerted a greater influence than inertia on both vertical and horizontal forces generated against the ground during running. Subjects changed vertical and horizontal forces proportionately at corresponding times in the step cycle to maintain the orientation of the resultant vector despite a nearly threefold change in magnitude across treatments. Maintaining the orientation of the resultant vector during periods of high force generation aligns the vector with the leg to minimize muscle forces. Summary
Designing a multiuser HDTV storage server

The authors present a quantitative study of designing a multiuser HDTV server, and they present efficient techniques for storing multiple HDTV videos on disk and servicing multiple subscriber requests simultaneously, both under the constraint of guaranteeing HDTV playback rates. They develop a model that relates disk and device characteristics to the HDTV playback rate and derive a storage pattern for HDTV video streams that guarantees their real-time retrieval. Given multiple HDTV streams, mechanisms for merging their individual storage patterns are developed. Merging algorithms that yield a large improvement in space utilization over storing each of the streams independently are proposed. Policies such as round robin and quality proportional for servicing multiple subscribers simultaneously are studied. These studies provide a quantitative demonstration of the technological feasibility and economic viability of HDTV-on-demand servers on metropolitan area networks (MANs). >
A Reconfigurable Distributed Computing Fabric Exploiting Multilevel Parallelism

This paper presents a novel reconfigurable data flow processing architecture that promises high performance by explicitly targeting both fine- and course-grained parallelism. This architecture is based on multiple FPGAs organized in a scalable direct network that is substantially more interconnect-efficient than currently used crossbar technology. In addition, we discuss several ancillary issues and propose solutions required to support this architecture and achieve maximal performance for general-purpose applications; these include supporting IP, mapping techniques, and routing policies that enable greater flexibility for architectural evolution and code portability
Mycorrhizal promotion of host stomatal conductance in relation to irradiance and temperature.

Colonization of roots and soil by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi sometimes promotes stomatal conductance (g s) of the host plant, but scientists have had difficulty predicting or manipulating the response. Our objective was to test whether the magnitude of AM influence on g s is related to environmental conditions: irradiance, air temperature or leaf temperature. Stomatal conductances of two groups of uncolonized sorghum plants were compared to g s of plants colonized by Glomus intraradices (Gi) or Gigaspora margarita (Gm) in 31 morning and afternoon periods under naturally varying greenhouse conditions. Stomatal conductance of Gi and Gm plants was often markedly higher than g s of similarly sized nonAM plants. AM promotion of g s was minimal at the lowest irradiances and lowest air and leaf temperatures, but was substantial at intermediate irradiance and temperatures. AM promotion was again low or absent at the highest irradiances and temperatures. Magnitude of AM promotion of g s was not a function of absolute g s. Promotion of g s by Gi and Gm was remarkably similar. Differing phosphorus fertilization did not affect g s.
A CRM Domain Protein Functions Dually in Group I and Group II Intron Splicing in Land Plant Chloroplasts

The CRM domain is a recently recognized RNA binding domain found in three group II intron splicing factors in chloroplasts, in a bacterial protein that associates with ribosome precursors, and in a family of uncharacterized proteins in plants. To elucidate the functional repertoire of proteins with CRM domains, we studied CFM2 (for CRM Family Member 2), which harbors four CRM domains. RNA coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that CFM2 in maize (Zea mays) chloroplasts is associated with the group I intron in pre-trnL-UAA and group II introns in the ndhA and ycf3 pre-mRNAs. T-DNA insertions in the Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog condition a defective-seed phenotype (strong allele) or chlorophyll-deficient seedlings with impaired splicing of the trnL group I intron and the ndhA, ycf3-int1, and clpP-int2 group II introns (weak alleles). CFM2 and two previously described CRM proteins are bound simultaneously to the ndhA and ycf3-int1 introns and act in a nonredundant fashion to promote their splicing. With these findings, CRM domain proteins are implicated in the activities of three classes of catalytic RNA: group I introns, group II introns, and 23S rRNA.
Potential Ocular and Skin Hazards from Lamps and Projector Systems

Few retinal injuries from non-laser sources of optical radiation have been reported in the literature. In fact, those that have been documented have not been thermal injuries but have been photochemical injuries from short wavelength visible light. It may be argued in fact that man-made non-laser sources other than the nuclear fireball are not capable of causing retinal thermal injury except under unusual conditions where large retinal image diameters are produced or where an individual overcomes his natural aversion to bright light and forces himself to stare into a source for a longer than normal time. Bare arc lamps that have no plastic or glass cover have been known to cause photokerititis or erethema from the ultraviolet B and C content in the lamp’s output. Recent exposure guidelines such as those contained in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values Suggested Changes for 1990 (ACGIH, 1990) suggest that sources such as tungsten halogen lamps can exceed exposure limits for short wavelength visible light. This is commonly referred to as the “blue-light” hazard. Allistair McKinlay describes this standard in detail in another section of this proceedings.
The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of Trusts Investing in Partnerships

Examines the unique tax considerations to a trust investing in alternative investments such as hedge funds, real estate, venture capital and private equity through partnerships and provides guidance to trustees and advisors. Discusses prudent investor rule and suggests that if a trust is large enough, many advisors recommend to the trustee that a portion of the assets include alternative investments. These investments are generally structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies. Discusses lack of clarity to the proper treatment of a partnership investment held by a fiduciary. Generally, current principal and income acts are inadequate in defining what is income or principal from a partnership interest, and trust instruments frequently fail to address this matter. This creates issues in determining FAI and DNI within the trust. There are inherent conflicts between Subchapter J and K. Looks at how separately stated items such as charitable contributions and portfolio expenses subject to the 2 percent floor are handled. Issues trust face in applying the passive loss rules particularly with real estate investments. Concludes that as trusts trend more and more to the modern portfolio theory of investing under the prudent investor rule, the trustee will be faced with numerous alternative investments. The structure of these investments, generally partnerships, tends to create numerous issues under Subchapter J. Therefore, it is imperative that the trustee understand the good, the bad and the ugly of investing in partnerships.
SP0151 Improving risk communication in RA

Decision support tools are frequently developed for preference-sensitive decisions in which there are no clear dominant choices (e.g. treatment of early stage prostate cancer). Less attention has been paid to supporting patient decision making for situations in which evidence-based guidelines strongly recommend a specific treatment approach that is likely to significantly benefit most, if not all, patients. A notable example is the underuse of disease modifying drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). American and European guidelines strongly recommend treat-to-target strategies to minimize inflammation based on strong evidence that patients treated according to these protocols have a substantially reduced risk of future disability and morbidity. Nonetheless, many patients are undertreated. Recent studies suggest that this may be, in part, due to ineffective risk communication and poor patient-physician communication. Risk communication is particularly challenging in this situation because of the large number of risks to disclose, the difficulty of explaining the risks of extremely rare, but dreaded, adverse events, and the tendency for people to discount future benefits. We developed a web-based decision support tool to effectively inform patients and promote high quality decision making in RA patients. The content and formatting of the tool were developed based on Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) principles. FTT provides an evidence-based approach to help patients extract the central gist (essential bottom line) of available options and retrieve and apply relevant values in order to make value-concordant decisions. In a pre-post test study, using the tool resulted in improved knowledge, improved values clarity, and increased willingness to escalate care. Most importantly, the tool significantly increased the likelihood of making an informed, value-concordant choice. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Application of Quantum Keys in SSL VPN of Power Grid

Based on the technology of virtual private networks(VPN),the symmetric cryptographic technique is utilized in the data network for power dispatching to ensure the security of communication data.However,there are potential insecurity factors in both distribution and usage of encryption keys.Thus a scheme to merge the quantum key distribution network with power grid dispatching data network is proposed to achieve secure key distribution by quantum key distribution(QKD) and make both sides of communication enable to share unconditional security keys.The merging of the two networks is implemented by using the quantum server and the VPN server,which can transmit the quantum key from the quantum network to power dispatching data network.Through the detailed analysis on secure sockets layer(SSL) protocol,the application forms of quantum key in three hierarchies,namely authentication key,master key and session key,is given.In the aspect of communication protocol,to decrease the modification of existing protocols the acquisition and replacement of keys are implemented by additional negotiation process to determine the application form of quantum keys.The proposed method reduces the complexity of the whole merging scheme and improves its usability.
430 INVOLVEMENT OF SUPEROXIDE IN SALT SENSITIVITY IN NITRIC OXIDE-DEFICIENT RATS

This study was performed to examine the hypothesis that increases in endogenous superoxide (O2-) contribute to derangement in renal function leading to salt-sensitive hypertension during chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (230-250 g BW) were fed with diet containing either normal salt (NS, 0.4% NaCl) or high salt (HS, 4% NaCl) and treated with or without NOS inhibitor, nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 mg/L) and O2- scanvenger, tempol (200 mg/L) in drinking water for 4 weeks. Experimental groups were #1, NS only; #2, HS only; #3, NS + L-NAME; #4, HS + L-NAME; #5, NS + L-NAME + tempol; #6, HS + L-NAME + tempol. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography on every 3rd day during the course of 4 weeks. Urine collection was performed in metabolic cages on the day before the start of the treatment and than 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day to determine water intake and urine output. Sodium and potassium concentration in the urine samples were measured by flame photometer; 8-isoprostane and nitrate/nitrite concentrations were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. NS and HS diet intake alone for 4 weeks did not alter SBP (groups #1, 127 ± 2 to 133 ± 3; and #2, 129 ± 3 to 136 ± 3 mm Hg). However, L-NAME treatment for 4 weeks resulted in greater increases in SBP in HS rats (group #4, 127 ± 2 to 172 ± 3 mm Hg) than in NS rats (group #2, 128 ± 3 to 156 ± 2 mm Hg). Co-administration of tempol with L-NAME markedly attenuated these hypertensive responses in both NS and HS to a similar level (groups #5, 126 ± 2 to 142 ± 3 and #6, 128 ± 3 to 147 ± 2 mm Hg). Urinary 8-isoprostane excretion (UIsoV) increased in response to L-NAME treatment that was higher in HS rats (group #4, 10.7 ± 0.6 to 21.5 ± 0.8 ng/day) than in NS rats (group #3, 10.6 ± 0.5 to 16.9 ± 0.6 ng/day). Co-treatment with tempol significantly abolished these UIsoV responses to L-NAME treatment in both NS (group #5, 13.8 ± 0.7 ng/day) and HS rats (group #6, 15.8 ± 0.9 ng/day). Urinary nitrate/nitrite excretion (UNoxV) was significantly reduced due to L-NAME treatment in NS rats (group #3, 21.1 ± 1.1 to 14.8 ± 0.9 μmol/day) and in HS rats (group #4, 21.5 ± 2.3 to 11.7 ± 0.7 μmol/day). However, tempol treatment did not alter the L-NAME reduction in UNoxV in both NS (15.6 ± 1.1 μmol/day) and HS rats (13.5 ± 0.9 μmol/day). These data support the hypothesis that O2- contributes to the development of salt sensitivity that involves in the development of NO-deficient form of hypertension.
No Third Class Processes for Foreigners

This essay responds to an essay of Professor Gregory S. Mcneal with regard to improvement of the military commissions created pursuant to the Military Commission Act of 2006. This essay discusses why the military commissions are intentionally structured in this flawed way, the separate and unequal third class process for foreigners, and the troubling example of the Hamdan military commission. I conclude that reform is meaningless and make suggestions for a different perspective.