cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abrupt transitions during sustained explosive eruptions : examples from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska

Plinian/ignimbrite activity stopped briefly and abruptly 16 and 45 h after commencement of the 1912 Novarupta eruption defining three episodes of explosive volcanism before finally giving way after 60 h to effusion of lava domes. We focus here on the processes leading to the termination of the second and third of these three episodes. Early erupted pumice from both episodes show a very similar range in bulk vesicularity, but the modal values markedly decrease and the vesicularity range widens toward the end of Episode III. Clasts erupted at the end of each episode represent textural extremes; at the end of Episode II, clasts have very thin glass walls and a predominance of large bubbles, whereas at the end of Episode III, clasts have thick interstices and more small bubbles. Quantitatively, all clasts have very similar vesicle size distributions which show a division in the bubble population at 30 μm vesicle diameter and cumulative number densities ranging from 107–109 cm–3. Patterns seen in histograms of volume fraction and the trends in the vesicle size data can be explained by coalescence signatures superimposed on an interval of prolonged nucleation and free growth of bubbles. Compared to experimental data for bubble growth in silicic melts, the high 1912 number densities suggest homogeneous nucleation was a significant if not dominant mechanism of bubble nucleation in the dacitic magma. The most distinct clast populations occurred toward the end of Plinian activity preceding effusive dome growth. Distributions skewed toward small sizes, thick walls, and teardrop vesicle shapes are indicative of bubble wall collapse marking maturation of the melt and onset of processes of outgassing. The data suggest that the superficially similar pauses in the 1912 eruption which marked the ends of episodes II and III had very different causes. Through Episode III, the trend in vesicle size data reflects a progressive shift in the degassing process from rapid magma ascent and coupled gas exsolution to slower ascent with partial open-system outgassing as a precursor to effusive dome growth. No such trend is visible in the Episode II clast assemblages; we suggest that external changes involving failure of the conduit/vent walls are more likely to have effected the break in explosive activity at 45 h.
Relapse training: Does it influence trainees' post training behavior and cognitive strategies?

Training effectiveness is often reduced because trainees are unable to deal with work environment and interpersonal constraints. Incorporating relapse prevention strategies into training programs has been suggested as a method to increase training effectiveness. This study evaluates the impact of including a relapse prevention component in a supervisory skills training program. The results suggest that relapse prevention strategies may be valuable for increasing trainees' awareness of situations where new skill usage is relevant and facilitating managers' involvement in the development of new skills.
Studies of the source and mask optimization for 20nm node in the active layer

As semiconductor process technology moves to smaller dimension, RET (resolution enhancement technology) becomes more and more important, especially in low k1 processes. From 28nm node to 20nm node, the k1 becomes smaller with smaller dimension and pitch because exposure tool can provide larger NA (numerical aperture) or smaller exposure wavelength. SMO (source mask optimization) is a RET solution for low k1 process and provide better lithographic common process window in single exposure technology. Base on our studies of aerial image simulation and real wafer experiments on 20nm node, SMO could provide a better solution for 20nm node with 1.35 NA and 193nm exposure wavelength than the other RET sources (Quasar, C-Quad., Dipole). In the first step, the concerned patterns are important for the optimization because the main purpose of SMO is to obtain better performance in those. Through SMO iteration, we can find out a better source for our design rule and concerned patterns (like SRAM, and Small Island patterns). Then, we evaluate whether the simulation results can provide enough accuracy from real wafer data. Base on this study, we can develop a suitable SMO process for 20nm node. In this paper, we will show the optical theory, simulation result and wafer performance of SMO technology.
Quadratic structure functions and scintillation

The quadratic structure function (QSF) approximation by itself does not imply a tilt-only medium in which log-amplitude fluctuations are absent. When the QSF is applied to the fourth-order coherence function, the signal variance has contributions from log-amplitude fluctuations and beam wander but not beam spreading. However, the use of the QSF in the log-amplitude correlation function is limited as it can result in increasing correlation functions for weak turbulence.
C/EBPβ contributes to hepatocyte growth factor-induced replication of rodent hepatocytes

Background/Aims Hepatocyte replication can be induced in vivo by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which might be used for gene therapy or to promote liver regeneration. However, the biochemical steps critical for this process are not clear. C/EBPβ and C/EBPα are liver-enriched transcription factors that induce and inhibit hepatocyte replication, respectively. Because of their role in hepatocyte replication, this study examined the effect of HGF upon C/EBP proteins in vivo. Methods Rats were treated with HGF, and the effect upon C/EBPs was evaluated in liver extracts. Normal or C/EBPβ-deficient mice were treated with HGF, and the effect upon hepatocyte replication was determined. Results HGF had no effect in rat liver upon C/EBPα or C/EBPβ mRNA, nuclear protein, or nuclear DNA binding activity. However, HGF increased phosphorylated p90-RSK and ERK to18- and 3-fold normal, respectively. These kinases phosphorylate C/EBPβ and increase its transcriptional activity. The percentage of hepatocytes that replicated in C/EBPβ-deficient mice after HGF administration was only 1.1%, which was lower than the value of 6.6% for hepatocytes from HGF-treated normal mice ( P =0.005). Conclusions C/EBPβ contributes to the induction of hepatocyte replication in response to HGF in rodents, which is likely due to post-translational modifications.
Parallel inactivation of α2-adrenergic agonist binding and Ni by alkaline treatment

Abstract α2-Adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase requires the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, Ni. This protein may also be required for stabilization of high-affinity α2-adrenergic agonist binding. Human platelet membranes treated under alkaline conditions (pH 11.5) exhibited a selective loss of high-affinity agonist binding as measured by P-[3H]aminoclonidine and [3H]UK 14,304. Binding of the antagonist [3H]yohimbine was largely unaffected with retention of > 60% of control binding sites. Ni determined by pertussis toxin-catalyzed [32P]ADP-ribosylation of cholate extracts from alkaline-treated membranes, was also markedly reduced. The parallel loss of of α2-agonist binding and Ni provides additional evidence that Ni, is required for α2-adrenergic agonist binding.
Contaminantminduced endocrinedisruption in wildlife

Summary Environmental contaminants have posed a threat to the health of wildlife since the onset of the industrial age. Over the last four decades, much concern has focused on the lethal, carcinogenic and/or extreme teratogenic manifestations of environmental pollution. During the last decade, evidence suggests that the disruption of normal endocrine signalling by environmental contaminants is a mechanism that must also be examined. Man-made chemicals, known as xenochemicals, released into the environment can act as hormone agonists or antagonists and thereby disrupt hormone synthesis, action and metabolism, that is, act as endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Our recent studies show that reptiles living in contaminated environments exhibit: (1) population declines due to the lethal and reproductive effects of the contaminants on embryos, juveniles or adults; (2) developmental abnormalities of embryos, including subtle effects in the reproductive system of alligators; and (3) abnormalities of the endocrine system. Numerous studies now demonstrate that any environmental pollutant that disrupts the normal steroid milieu of the developing embryo will have significant lifelong consequences on sex determination and on the organization and function of the reproductive and endocrine systems.
Medical Management of the Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Patient

Abstract Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a complex, chronic disorder characterized by multisystemic symptoms occurring in response to a wide variety of chemical odors or low-level exposures. The etiology is unknown but likely multifactorial. Patient evaluation includes a comprehensive history with a review of past medical records and a physical examination with specific attention to the affected organ systems. Laboratory evaluation is dependent on past testing and patient symptoms. It should be individualized and, although standard baseline tests are helpful, exhaustive testing is not. The evaluation is primarily designed to exclude diseases requiring specific medical therapy. Treatment approaches vary considerably depending on the treating physician and patient responsiveness; many have been adapted from those used for similar chronic illnesses of unknown etiology. Therapies utilized in MCS patients include supportive care, behavioral techniques, including desensitization, psychotherapy, chemical avoidance, and clinical ecology regimens such as provocation–neutralization protocols. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed and the use of clinical ecology regimens is discouraged. A multidisciplinary approach similar to those used in chronic pain patients may be beneficial. Regardless of the treatment chosen, the goal should be to decrease patient disability.
Quantum extension of symmetry in N = 2 supersymmetric theory

Abstract We investigate the extension of symmetry by a quantum effect, especially for the N = 2 supersymmetric polynomial model perturbed by the chiral field in terms of the Feigin-Fuchs construction. We show that the N = 2 model which does not have the expected charges classically becomes integrable because of the quantum effect.
Blame Welfare: Ignore Poverty and Inequality. By Joel F. Handler and Yeheskel Hasenfeld

Blame Welfare: Ignore Poverty and Inequality. By Joel F. Handler and Yeheskel Hasenfeld. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. Pp. xiii+401. $80.00 cloth; $29.99 paper. Despite its clumsy and potentially misleading title, Handler and Hasenfeld's Blame Welfare: Ignore Poverty and Inequality provides a useful synthesis of recent research on welfare, poverty, and the low-wage labor market in the United States in service of the authors' thesis, that the nation must reject the symbolic politics of "welfare reform" and ensure economic stability for working families. Handler and Hasenfeld, University of California, Los Angeles professors of law and social welfare, respectively, have made this point before, but it is worth reiterating, particularly now that the 1996 welfare reform and reduction in welfare rolls has driven poverty from mainstream political debate. The authors' statistical portrait of poverty in the present-day United States, drawn from a range of longitudinal and case studies, is solid and useful as reference material for students and scholars. The studies debunk the persistent myth that poverty is the fault of a deviant "underclass": while nonwhite Americans experience disproportionate levels of poverty, the nation's high child poverty rate results, the authors insist, from an anachronistic and crumbling social safety net and a deteriorating low-wage labor market. Studies on the aftermath of welfare reform suggest as much: single mothers on Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF, which replaced the much-reviled Aid to Families with Dependent Children in 1996) are members of the "working poor." Handler and Hasenfeld are at their best when synthesizing the important new research on welfare leavers, who often "play by the rules" (that is, work for wages) but remain poor (p. 30). Leaver studies reveal the barriers that single mothers face in earning wages (from health problems to child care needs) and the instability, low wages, and lack of mobility that characterize the low-wage labor market. If the most important issue is children's well-being, the authors insist, then welfare reform is not the success it is purported to be. In the book's historical sections, the authors are on less-solid ground. Drawing on secondary sources, they assert that from the colonial era to the present, "moral blame, race and gender discrimination, and symbolic politics" have cast poor single mothers as "undeserving" (p. 155) and that commitment to the "work ethic" and inattention to structural barriers have hampered responses to poverty. Such a broad sweep (one that moves from the War on Poverty to TANF in a few paragraphs) and the emphasis on continuity obscure important changes. The authors have little to say about politics: American policy makers, it seems, are all of one cloth, which also leaves open questions of causality. …
Testing the IBM Power 7™ 4 GHz eight core microprocessor

The IBM Power 7™ 4 GHz, eight core microprocessor introduced several new challenges for the Power 7 test team: new pervasive test architecture, 8 asynchronous processor cores, DRAM integrated on the same die as processor and enhanced thermal test requirements. The design complexity, time to market schedule compression, and rapid production ramp required innovation and new methods to meet these challenges. The following is an overview of the design for test architecture, manufacturing test methodology, thermal calibration, and rapid yield learning deployed to address these challenges and deliver a leadership server processor.
Numerical study of wave propagation on vortex filaments

Abstract Simulations of a vortex tube in unbound, inviscid, incompressible fluid flow using three-dimensional vortex filament methods are presented. The numerical parameters that determine accuracy are investigated. Methods to deal with the truncated ends, which arise in the simulation of a part of a vortex tube, are develop. The non-monotonic response of the vortex filament evolution using the vortex method to variation of core size observed. The effect of a small torsion of a wave on vortex stretching is discussed. The long-time propagation of a period wave of constant helical shape along a vortex tube is illustrated.
Integration of biological control agents with other weed management technologies: Successes from the leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) IPM program

Abstract An invasive weed can occupy a variety of environments and ecological niches and generally no single control method can be used across all areas the weed is found. Biological control agents integrated with other methods can increase and/or improve site-specific weed control, but such combinatorial approaches have not been widely utilized. The successful leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L.) control program provides examples for future integrated weed programs that utilize biological control agents with traditional methods. Weed control methods can be used separately, such as when the leafy spurge gall midge ( Spurgia esulae Gagne) reduced seed production in wooded areas while herbicides prevented further spread outside the tree line. Traditional methods also can be used directly with biological control agents. Incorporation of Aphthona spp. with herbicides has resulted in more rapid and complete leafy spurge control than either method used alone. Also, the insect population often increased rapidly following herbicide treatment, especially in areas where Aphthona spp. were established for several years but had been ineffective. Incorporation of Aphthona spp. with sheep or goat grazing has resulted in a larger decline in leafy spurge production than insects alone and in weed density than grazing alone. Controlled burns can aid establishment of biological control agents in marginally suitable environments, but timing of the fire must be coordinated to the insect’s life-cycle to ensure survival. Integration of biological control agents with revegetation programs required the agent to be the last method introduced because the cultivation and herbicide treatments necessary to establish desirable grasses and forbs were destructive to the insect. In a practical application, herbicides were combined with Aphthona spp. to help the insect establish and control leafy spurge in the habitat of the western prairie fringed orchid ( Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles), an endangered species. Several experimental designs can be used to evaluate biological control agents with cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods or with additional biological agents.
Recoil Based Fuel Breeding Fuel Structure

Nuclear transmutation reactions are based on the absorption of a smaller particle as neutron, proton, deuteron, alpha, etc. The resulting compound nucleus gets out of its initial lattice mainly by taking the recoil, also with help from its sudden change in chemical properties. The recoil implantation is used in correlation with thin and ultra thin materials mainly for producing radiopharmaceuticals and ultra-thin layer radioactive tracers. In nuclear reactors, the use of nano-particulate pellets could facilitate the recoil implantation for breeding, transmutation and partitioning purposes. Using enriched 238U or 232Th leads to 239Pu and 233U production while using other actinides as 240Pu, 241Am etc. leads to actinide burning. When such a lattice is immersed into a radiation resistant fluid (water, methanol, etc.), the recoiled product is transferred into the flowing fluid and removed from the hot area using a concentrator/purifier, preventing the occurrence of secondary transmutation reactions. The simulation of nuclear collision and energy transfer shows that the impacted nucleus recoils in the interstitial space creating a defect or lives small lattices. The defect diffuses, and if no recombination occurs it stops at the lattices boundaries. The nano-grains are coated in thin layer to get a hydrophilic shell to be washed by the collection liquid the particle is immersed in. The efficiency of collection depends on particle magnitude and nuclear reaction channel parameters. For 239Pu the direct recoil extraction rate is about 70% for 238UO2 grains of 5 nm diameters and is brought up to 95% by diffusion due to 239Neptunium incompatibility with Uranium dioxide lattice. Particles of 5 nm are hard to produce so a structure using particles of 100 nm have been tested. The particles were obtained by plasma sputtering in oxygen atmosphere. A novel effect as nanocluster radiation damage robustness and cluster amplified defects rejection will be discussed. The advantage of the method and device is its ability of producing small amount of isotopic materials easy to separate, using the nuclear reactors, with higher yield than the accelerator based methods and requiring less chemistry. It also represents a reliable candidate for nuclear fuel breeding reducing the cost of super-grade Plutonium and Thorium toward the price of urania and thoria.
Differential Diagnosis and Pathophysiologic Effects of Hypercalcemia

T HE DIAGNOSIS of the etiology and the management of the secondary renal manifestation of hypercalcemia continues to be a challenge for the clinician. In this case we review the important diagnostic entities that must be considered in the face of persistent hypercalcemia and present an overview of the pathophysiologic effects of hypercalcemia on renal function. In this particular case, persistent polyuria and metabolic acidosis were the important renal effects of hypercalcemia.
A meta-heuristic approach for improving the accuracy in some classification algorithms

Current classification algorithms usually do not try to achieve a balance between fitting and generalization when they infer models from training data. Furthermore, current algorithms ignore the fact that there may be different penalty costs for the false-positive, false-negative, and unclassifiable types. Thus, their performance may not be optimal or may even be coincidental. This paper proposes a meta-heuristic approach, called the Convexity Based Algorithm (CBA), to address these issues. The new approach aims at optimally balancing the data fitting and generalization behaviors of models when some traditional classification approaches are used. The CBA first defines the total misclassification cost (TC) as a weighted function of the three penalty costs and the corresponding error rates as mentioned above. Next it partitions the training data into regions. This is done according to some convexity properties derivable from the training data and the traditional classification method to be used in conjunction with the CBA. Next the CBA uses a genetic approach to determine the optimal levels of fitting and generalization. The TC is used as the fitness function in this genetic approach. Twelve real-life datasets from a wide spectrum of domains were used to better understand the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The computational results indicate that the CBA may potentially fill in a critical gap in the use of current or future classification algorithms.
Teaching and Assessing Critical Thinking Skills for Argument Analysis in Psychology.

Critical thinking is a valued educational outcome; however, little is known about whether psychology courses, especially ones such as research methods courses that might be expected to promote critical thinking skills, actually improve them. We compared the acquisition of critical thinking skills for analyzing psychological arguments in 3 groups of research methods students, 1 getting critical thinking skills infused directly into their course and 2 other groups getting no explicit critical thinking skills instruction. We found that the group receiving explicit critical thinking skills instruction showed significantly greater gains in their argument analysis skills than the groups receiving no explicit critical thinking instruction. These results support the effectiveness of explicitly teaching critical thinking skills infused directly into regular course instruction.
Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Histone Proteoforms

Histones play important roles in chromatin, in the forms of various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and sequence variants, which are called histone proteoforms. Investigating modifications and variants is an ongoing challenge. Previous methods are based on antibodies, and because they usually detect only one modification at a time, they are not suitable for studying the various combinations of modifications on histones. Fortunately, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a high-throughput technology for histone analysis and does not require prior knowledge about any modifications. From the data generated by mass spectrometers, both identification and quantification of modifications, as well as variants, can be obtained easily. On the basis of this information, the functions of histones in various cellular contexts can be revealed. Therefore, MS continues to play an important role in the study of histone proteoforms. In this review, we discuss the analysis strategies of MS, their applications on histones, and some key remaining challenges.
MEASURING GRAVITATIONAL LENSING FLEXION IN A1689 USING AN ANALYTIC IMAGE MODEL

Measuring dark matter substructure within galaxy cluster halos is a fundamental probe of the ΛCDM model of structure formation. Gravitational lensing is a technique for measuring the total mass distribution which is independent of the nature of the gravitating matter, making it a vital tool for studying these dark-matter-dominated objects. We present a new method for measuring weak gravitational lensing flexion fields, the gradients of the lensing shear field, to measure mass distributions on small angular scales. While previously published methods for measuring flexion focus on measuring derived properties of the lensed images, such as shapelet coefficients or surface brightness moments, our method instead fits a mass-sheet transformation invariant Analytic Image Model (AIM) to each galaxy image. This simple parametric model traces the distortion of lensed image isophotes and constrains the flexion fields. We test the AIM method using simulated data images with realistic noise and a variety of unlensed image properties, and show that it successfully reproduces the input flexion fields. We also apply the AIM method for flexion measurement to Hubble Space Telescope observations of A1689 and detect mass structure in the cluster using flexion measured with this method. We also estimate the scatter in the measured flexion fields due to the unlensed shape of the background galaxies and find values consistent with previous estimates.
Evolution of carbohydrate antigens—microbial forces shaping host glycomes?

Many glycans show remarkably discontinuous distribution across evolutionary lineages. These differences play major roles when organisms belonging to different lineages interact as host-pathogen or host-symbiont. Certain lineage-specific glycans have become important signals for multicellular host organisms, which use them as molecular signatures of their pathogens and symbionts through recognition by a toolkit of innate defense molecules. In turn, pathogens have evolved to exploit host lineage-specific glycans and are constantly shaping the glycomes of their hosts. These interactions take place in the face of numerous critical endogenous functions played by glycans within host organisms. Whether due to simple evolutionary divergence or adaptive changes under natural selection resulting from endogenous functional requirements, once different lineages elaborate on differential glycomes these mutual differences provide opportunities for host exploitation and/or pathogen defense between lineages. Such phylogenetic molecular recognition mechanisms will augment and likely contribute to the maintenance of lineage-specific differences in glycan repertoires.
Cardiac and pulmonary artery pressure pulses in experimental mitral stenosis.

Abstract The response of pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressure to acute elevation of left atrial mean pressure has been explored in animals with an open chest. The elevation of pressure within the left atrium has been effected by the production of simulated mitral stenosis. Observations were made only in the presence of a well-maintained systemic pressure level and in the absence of observable myocardial ischemia. Under these conditions, pulmonary hypertension was uniformly observed throughout all levels of elevation of left atrial pressure. The individual responses of the pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressures have been detailed. The observation has been made that electrocardiographic evidence of severe myocardial hypoxia may develop in the absence of apparent mechanical constriction of the coronary circulation. In the presence of such myocardial hypoxia, decompensation of the right ventricle was observed and pulmonary hypertension was no longer maintained.
Weaving a New 'Net: A Mesh-Based Solution for Democratizing Networked Communications

Although the Internet is largely decentralized in its communication and social patterns, its technical and regulatory apparatuses are highly centralized and hierarchical. Consequently, digital communications are vulnerable to a degree of surveillance and censorship that would be unthinkable in traditional social arenas, threatening “Internet freedom” and cyberliberties in both democratic and politically repressed societies. We believe a new architecture is required in order to protect the continuance of civil liberties in networked society. In this article, we propose 10 “social specifications” describing the requirements of such a network, and outline an architecture called MondoNet that meets these specifications using ad hoc, wireless mesh networking technologies. We also address the legal and technical challenges facing the MondoNet project, and anticipate future developments in this field.
Clay-containing polymeric nanocomposites and their properties

The article describes the ingredients of polymeric nanocomposites (polymeric matrix, nanofiller, and compatibilizer), how these are combined, and how their properties affect performance for use in capacitors, power cables, electrical machines, and transformers.
Examining the evidence: Reporter identity, allegation type, and sociodemographic characteristics as predictors of maltreatment substantiation

Using linked administrative data from child protection and birth records in California, this study examined whether the mandated status and type of reporter are independent predictors of substantiation among infants and young children across maltreatment types and after adjusting for characteristics of the child and family. Of the 59,413 children reported and investigated for maltreatment in 2002 and before the age of 5 years, 26% were substantiated. Reports originating from mandated sources were 2.5 times as likely (95% confidence interval, CI [2.40, 2.60]) to be substantiated as those from nonmandated reporters. Findings demonstrated that children whose allegations were reported by law enforcement, medical professionals, and workers in public agencies were consistently substantiated at higher rates than allegations from other mandated reporters. Results also indicated that the relationship between reporter type and the likelihood of substantiation varied by maltreatment type. Children reported by law enforcement for physical abuse were 6.3 times as likely (95% CI [4.86, 8.03]) to be substantiated as those reported by nonmandated sources. Language: en
COMPOSITION OF THE MYCELIUM OF Penicillium roqueforti

The proximate chemical and detailed lipid composition of the vegetative mycelium of the mold Penicillium roqueforti were determined. Maximum lipid accumulation in the mycelium of P. roqueforti occurred at a growth temperature of 25°C, and a culture age of 120 hr when mold cultures were grown in liquid submerged corn steep liquor/sucrose media. The dry mycelium consisted of 48.3, 37.8, 10.4 and 3.5% of carbohydrate, crude protein (N × 6.25), lipid and ash, respectively. The amino acid composition of the protein from P. roqueforti was excellent, being only slightly deficient in methionine. The levels of leucine, aspartic and glutamic acid residues were high. Neutral lipids were composed of triglycerides, 33.8%; diglycerides, 1.7%; free fatty acids, 8.1%; and nonsaponifiable material, 8.1% of the total lipids, respectively. Phospholipids comprised 35.3% and glycolipids 7.4% of the total lipids. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acid components of the total lipids of P. roqueforti mycelia.
Design and Performance Modeling for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Local, Semiglobal, and Global Interconnects in Gigascale Integrated Systems

Based on physical models, distributed circuit models are presented for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) and SWCN bundles that are valid for all voltages and lengths. These models can be used for circuit simulations and compact modeling. It is demonstrated that by customizing SWCN interconnects at the local, semiglobal, and global levels, several major challenges facing gigascale integrated systems can potentially be addressed. For local interconnects, monolayer or multilayer SWCN interconnects can offer up to 50% reduction in capacitance and power dissipation with up to 20% improvement in latency if they are short enough (<20 mum). For semiglobal interconnects, either latency or power dissipation can be substantially improved if bundles of SWCNs are used. The improvements increase as the cross-sectional dimensions scale down. For global interconnects, bandwidth density can be improved by 40% if there is at least one metallic SWCN per 3-nm2 cross-sectional area
Performance analysis of constraint solvers for coverage directed test generation: A car sequencing problem

Constraint random testing (CRT) is the most common verification technique used nowadays. Coverage driven test generation (CDTG) is a methodology based on CRT. In this methodology, constraints which give maximum coverage are used to randomly generate input stimuli for testing. The efficiency of CDTG depends on the constraint solver used. In this paper, a comparative study is conducted to measure the effectiveness of VCS2009.06 against other commercially available constraint solvers. Our results are obtained by solving a car sequencing problem using the different solvers.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM : XI. AN IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SURFACE TENSION.

The great number of measurements of surface tension with the du Notiy tensiometer performed in this laboratory during the past 4 years ~ has progressively revealed most of the causes of error and disturbing factors which at first prevented the reproducibility and the perfect checking of the measurements. These causes are of two kinds: mechanical and chemical. They. are both a consequence of the fundamental fact, pointed out in the preceding papers, that, when colloidal substances are dealt with from the standpoint of surface tension, the time factor has to be considered, since adsorption takes place in the surface layer, thus changing the value of the surface tension continually. Hence, at least two values of the surface tension were always measured: the initial value, and the value after an empirically determined time, say 2 hours. After 2 hours the surface tension is practically constant, an equilibrium having been established between the surface layer and the bulk of the solution. I t has been shown that part of all the substances present in the solution were adsorbed, with the colloids, in the surface layer, and also that the slightest jarring or shaking changed the value of the surface tension by tearing the delicate film formed in the superficial layer. Very pure water and sodium chloride, and freshly cleaned glass were used. The solutions were handled in such a way that the film was not torn. This was very important, since only one measurement of every solution can be made,
Focusing vacuum fluctuations. II

The quantization of the scalar and electromagnetic fields in the presence of a parabolic mirror is further developed in the context of a geometric optics approximation. We extend results in a previous paper to more general geometries, and also correct an error in one section of that paper. We calculate the mean-squared scalar and electric fields near the focal line of a parabolic cylindrical mirror. These quantities are found to grow as inverse powers of the distance from the focus. We give a combination of analytic and numerical results for the mean-squared fields. In particular, we find that the mean-squared electric field can be either negative or positive, depending upon the choice of parameters. The case of a negative mean-squared electric field corresponds to a repulsive van der Waals force on an atom near the focus, and to a region of negative energy density. Similarly, a positive value corresponds to an attractive force and a possibility of atom trapping in the vicinity of the focus.
catena-Poly[[[diaqua-(nitrato-κO,O')(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-κN,N',N'')neodymium(III)]-μ-cyanido-κN:C-[dicyanidoplatinum(II)]-μ-cyanido-κC:N] acetonitrile solvate 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine hemisolvate].

The title compound, {[NdPt(CN)4(NO3)(C15H11N3)(H2O)2]·CH3CN·0.5C15H11N3}n, was isolated from solution as a one-dimensional coordination polymer. The Nd3+ site in the structure has a ninefold coordination with a distorted tricapped trigonal-prismatic geometry, while the PtII ion is coordinated by four cyanide groups in an almost regular square-planar geometry. Cis-bridging by the tetracyanidoplatinate anions links the Nd3+ cations, forming the one-dimensional chains. Additionally, each Nd3+ contains coordin­ation by two water mol­ecules, one tridentate 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine mol­ecule, and one bidentate nitrate anion. 2,2′:6′,2′′-Terpyridine and acetonitrile solvent mol­ecules are incorporated between the chains, the former form π-stacking inter­actions (average inter­planar distance 3.33 A) with terpyridine mol­ecules located in the chains. Relatively long Pt⋯Pt inter­actions [3.847 (1) A] are observed in the structure. O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions between the consituents consolidates the crystal packing.
Phase II trial of high-dose dexamethasone for untreated patients with primary systemic amyloidosis

Primary systemic amyloidosis is the disorder that results from the deposition of insoluble immunoglobulin light chain fragments. Patients seen within 30 days of diagnosis have a median survival of 13 months. Patients treated with melphalan and prednisone have a median survival of 17 months. There is a need for new therapies. A prospective study was undertaken of high-dose dexamethasone in the treatment of 25 patients with previously untreated primary systemic amyloidosis. Treatment was similar to that given to patients with multiple myeloma. In this cohort, three patients showed objective regression with organ-specific improvement of the disease. The median survival of the entire group was 13.8 months. High-dose dexamethasone is of occasional benefit in patients with amyloidosis but does not appear to be superior to melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy.
Abstract 3949: Micro-RNA regulated EGFR expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose: Each year in the United States there are more than 65,000 Americans diagnosed with head and neck cancer and 25,000 die from this disease. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease with complex molecular abnormalities, including overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The overexpression of EGFR is seen in 80-90% of HNSCC cases and has been shown to be an indicator of poor prognosis and survival in oral cancer patients. The molecular mechanism of EGFR gene expression is poorly understood in HNSCC. MicroRNAs are a new class of posttranslational regulators of gene expression and are a useful target in understanding EGFR gene expression in HNSCC. We hypothesize that microRNAs may play an important role in EGFR gene overexpression during HNSCC processes. Design Methods: We generated stably expressing exogenous miRNA-7 or miRNA-128 in cell lines (JHU-06,-011,-013,-019, -022, and -029 using lentivirus infection, performed colony formation assays to determine cell growth and proliferation, QRT-PCR to analyze gene expression, and Western blot analysis to evaluate protein expression. Results: We found that the miR-7 and -128 transfection efficiency were quite different in these six cell lines. The transfected cell lines stably expressed exogenous miR-7 or -128. Compared with the control cells, the levels of EGFR protein and cell viability were significantly lower in miR-7, -128 transfected HNSCC cell lines. CONCLUSION: We successfully constructed the stably expressing exogenous miR-7, -128 HNSCC cell lines and validated that miR-7,-128 can down-regulate EGFR expression by specifically targeting the EGFR mRNA 3’UTR. MiR-7 and miR-128 have potential to serve as a therapeutic approach to specifically target EGFR in HNSCC. This work was supported in part by grants P20 CA118770 from National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3949. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3949
Do avian frugivores absorb fruit sugars inefficiently? How dietary nutrient concentration can affect coefficients of digestive efficiency

Fruit-eating birds are thought to inefficiently digest and/or assimilate nutrients from fruits. Contradicting this established premise, I found that Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla cedrorum and three thrush species absorbed fruit sugars efficiently, comparable to levels of sugar assimilation shown by nectar-feeding birds. Relatively low sugar digestive efficiencies by birds eating Lonicera morowii fruit could be explained by the especially low sugar solute concentration of this fruit's pulp. Sugar digestive efficiency is a proportional measure of sugar extraction from ingested sugar solutions. When most ingested water is excreted with unabsorbed sugars, digestive efficiency will decline as fruit sugar concentration decreases if sugars are reduced to relatively constant, minimum concentrations in excreted water. Under this circumstance, fecal nutrient concentration may be more appropriate for comparisons of how well animals utilize nutrients from foods that differ in their concentrations of dissolved or dispersed nutrients. Efficient absorption of fruit sugars by Cedar Waxwings and thrushes contradicts the premise that sugary, bird-dispersed fruits challenge the digestive systems of avian frugivores so that nutrient utilization is impaired. Because simple sugars (glucose and fructose) are readily assimilated, digestive processing of sugary fruits is more rapid than processing of foods containing complex nutrients. Thus, fruits represent accessible, energy-rich foods from which nutrients are efficiently absorbed by avian frugivores.
An investigation of the word order parameter of a parent-child verbal interaction in a relatively free order language.

A number of investigators have assumed that the relatively free word order of a given language was the relatively free word order which the child encountered during his language acquisition period....
Rural Information Service Mode based on Smart Phone under High-speed Wireless Network Environment

As marked by the third generation,fourth generation of the intelligent generation of mobile Internet technology and the rapid development of smart mobile phone industry,smart phones have become indispensable to people.The next generation mobile communication technology and the popularity of smart phones,for farmers to provide efficient and convenient,clear and intuitive,two-way interactive information service,will bring revolutionary change for the rural IT application.This article focuses on the smart phone in our country rural information service function,advantage,present situation and problems,analysis of intelligent mobile terminal for farmers centered objects of rural information service mode,and the construction key,difficult and key issues are discussed in this paper.
The Role of Need for Cognition and Mood in Online Flow Experience

Several recent studies have investigated the concept of flow in human-computer interactions, which is a sensation that occurs with significant cognitive involvement in a task. Prior research has shown that person, artifact, and task are important determinants of flow. The present research investigates two aspects of the person, i.e., need for cognition (NFC) and mood, and their relationships with four dimensions of online flow experience. Two studies were conducted. Based on data collected from two different samples, NFC was positively associated with focused attention, control, and curiosity. No significant association was found between NFC and temporal dissociation. Mood was positively associated with all four dimensions. The interaction effect of NFC and mood was also significant. Implications for human-computer interaction research and practice are discussed.
Unsupervised Deep Belief Features for Speech Translation.

We present a novel formalism for introducing deep belief features to Hierarchical Machine Translation Model. The deep features are generated by unsupervised training of a deep belief network built with stacked sets of Restricted Boltzmann Machines. We show that our new deep feature based hierarchical model is better than the baseline hierarchical model with gains for two different languages pairs in two different data size settings. We obtain absolute BLEU score improvement of +1.13 on Darito-English and +0.66 on English-to-Dari Transtac Evaluation task. We also observe gains on English-to-Chinese translation task.
Single-molecule tools.

Single molecule tools have begun to revolutionize the molecular sciences, from biophysics to chemistry to cell biology. They hold the promise to be able to directly observe previously unseen molecular heterogeneities, quantitatively dissect complex reaction kinetics, ultimately miniaturize enzyme assays, image components of spatially distributed samples, probe the mechanical properties of single molecules in their native environment, and "just look at the thing" as anticipated by the visionary Richard Feynman already half a century ago. This volume captures a snapshot of this vibrant, rapidly expanding field, presenting articles from pioneers in the field intended to guide both the newcomer and the expert through the intricacies of getting single molecule tools. * Includes time-tested core methods and new innovations applicable to any researcher employing single molecule tools * Methods included are useful to both established researchers and newcomers to the field * Relevant background and reference information given for procedures can be used as a guide to developing protocols in a number of disciplines.
Combinatorics and Discrete Probability

This chapter reviews the field of Combinatorics which is a branch of discrete mathematics that describes the art of counting. Only combinatorics can solve the problem of finding out the number of different ways of performing a certain task. The counting principles are the cornerstone of combinatorics. These three principles include: the fundamental counting principles, the inclusion–exclusion principle, and the multiplication principle. A number of problems and possibilities take a long time to calculate; however, combinatorics can solve them easily and quickly. This is the greatest advantage of Combinatorics. The chapter also discusses the concepts of permutations, derangements, combinations, discrete probability, conditional probability, and Bernoulli Trials.