cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the viscosity and creep mechanism of Earth's inner core

[1] The viscosity and creep mechanism of Earth's inner core are evaluated based on microphysical models of the flow properties of iron under high pressure and temperature, low stress and large grain size. Harper-Dorn creep, a Newtonian-viscous dislocation mechanism, is shown to be the likely deformation process, and the viscosity is predicted to be ∼1011 Pa s, at the low end of previous estimates. Such a low viscosity implies that the inner core can adjust its shape to maintain alignment with the gravitational field imposed by the mantle on a timescale of approximately one minute. It also implies that strain sufficient to produce significant lattice preferred orientation could develop in a few years to a few hundred years, which suggests that seismic anisotropy of the inner core is the product of active deformation and has no memory of primary crystallization.
Immigrant Youth Involvement in School-Based Extracurricular Activities

Extracurricular activity involvement is generally beneficial toward student progress and success. Little is known, however, about immigrant youth involvement in school-based extracurricular activities. The author examined the patterns of Latino and Asian American youth extracurricular involvement by focusing on the pertinent role of immigrant generational status. Analyses, which draw from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 and logistic regression analyses, indeed reveal imperative findings. Most notably, Latino 3rd-plus generation immigrant students are more likely to participate in sports, whereas Asian American first-generation immigrant students are more likely to be involved with academic extracurricular activities. Immigrant generational status matters when examining extracurricular participation of the children of immigrants. The implications of such extracurricular involvement in the U.S. educational system are discussed more generally.
Surface Injection Effect on Mass Transfer From a Cylinder in Crossflow: A Simulation of Film Cooling in the Leading Edge Region of a Turbine Blade

A naphthalene sublimation technique is used to study the effect of surface injection on the mass (heat) transfer from a circular cylinder in crossflow. Using a heat/mass transfer analogy the results can be used to predict film cooling effects in the leading edge region of a turbine blade. Air injection through one row of circular holes is employed in the stagnation region of the cylinder. Streamwise and spanwise injection inclinations are studied separately, and the effects of blowing rate and injection location relative to the cylinder front stagnation line are investigated. Streamwise injection produces significant mass transfer increases downstream of the injection holes, but a relatively small increase is observed between holes, normal to the injection direction. The mass transfer distribution, measured with spanwise injection through holes located near the cylinder front stagnation line, is extremely sensitive to small changes in the injection hole location relative to stagnation. When the centers of the spanwise injection holes are located 5° or more from the stagnation line, the holes lay entirely on one side of the stagnation line and the injection affects the mass transfer only on that side of the cylinder, approaching the pattern observed with streamwise injection.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Contrast of Perspectives of Coherency

Mixing and coherence are fundamental issues at the heart of understanding fluid dynamics and other non-autonomous dynamical systems. Recently the notion of coherence has come to a more rigorous footing, in particular, within the studies of finite-time nonautonomous dynamical systems. Here we recall “shape coherent sets” which is proven to correspond to slowly evolving curvature, for which tangency of finite time stable foliations (related to a “forward time” perspective) and finite time unstable foliations (related to a “backwards time” perspective) serve a central role. We compare and contrast this perspective to both the variational method of geodesics [17], as well as the coherent pairs perspective [12] from transfer operators.
Modeling of novel hybrid photonic crystal structures involving cured hydrogen silsesquioxane pillars for improving the light extraction in light-emitting diodes

The Solid-State Lighting (SSL) industry utilizes semiconductor based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as core elements of light sources. LED lighting has several advantages over conventional incandescent bulbs; however, device-level issues such as material quality, low quantum efficiencies, and low light extraction efficiencies still exist. Many techniques have been explored to provide improvement in the area of LED light extraction. Improvement in light extraction efficiency, through the use of integrated optical components such as photonic crystals, is critical for the improvement in the overall efficiency of the device. Fabrication and integration of PhCs into LEDs with little or no degradation in device’s electrical characteristics is an important accomplishment to be considered. Use of electron beam lithography and novel electron beam resists like hydrogen silsesquioxane will allow advancements toward achieving this goal. The unique chemical properties of HSQ allows transformation of the patterned resist into silicon dioxide. This leads to hybrid PhC structures that contain the cured form of HSQ and other materials of interest in an LED. In this work, novel hybrid PhC structures in square and triangular lattice configurations will be modeled to improve light extraction in blue InGaN/GaN based LEDs (λ=465 nm) and attain an optimal structure. Feature sizes from 100 nm to 465 nm will be modeled and the effect of the patterned structure (band gap and/or diffraction) on the light extraction will be studied and analyzed. Simulation data from frequency domain and time domain engines in MPB and OptiFDTD respectively will be analyzed and presented.
Induction of intracellular glutathione in alveolar type II pneumocytes following BCNU exposure

N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitro-sourea (BCNU) is a potent inhibitor of glutathione reductase (GSSG-Red) activity in both tissues and cells. We examined the effects of treating alveolar type II cell...
Insight into the kinetics and thermodynamics of the hydride transfer reactions between quinones and lumiflavin: a density functional theory study

The kinetics and equilibrium of the hydride transfer reaction between lumiflavin and a number of substituted quinones was studied using density functional theory. The impact of electron withdrawing/donating substituents on the redox potentials of quinones was studied. In addition, the role of these substituents on the kinetics of the hydride transfer reaction with lumiflavin was investigated in detail under the transition state (TS) theory assumption. The hydride transfer reactions were found to be more favorable for an electron-withdrawing substituent. The activation barrier exhibited a quadratic relationship with the driving force of these reactions as derived under the formalism of modified Marcus theory. The present study found a significant extent of electron delocalization in the TS that is stabilized by enhanced electrostatic, polarization, and exchange interactions. Analysis of geometry, bond-orders, and energetics revealed a predominant parallel (Leffler-Hammond) effect on the TS. Closer scrutiny reveals that electron-withdrawing substituents, although located on the acceptor ring, reduce the N-H bond order of the donor fragment in the precursor complex. Carried out in the gas-phase, this is the first ever report of a theoretical study of flavin's hydride transfer reactions with quinones, providing an unfiltered view of the electronic effect on the nuclear reorganization of donor-acceptor complexes.
THE EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZE ON THE SHOCK SENSITIVITY OF POROUS GRANULAR EXPLOSIVES

In this paper, we consider the relationship between initial grain size and shock sensitivity of porous granular explosives, for which the trend of increasing shock sensitivity for a decrease in grain size has generally been observed. Recently however, a reversal in this trend has been detected experimentally, where the shock sensitivity has been observed to decrease for a decrease in grain size. In the present study, we assume that the process of pore collapse is the major source of hot spot formation. The results of this study suggest that the shock sensitivity can decrease with a decrease in pore size if the average pore size is comparable to the shock front width.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Markers of Subclinical Myocardial Damage and Wall Stress: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

BackgroundLow 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Less known is whether 25(OH)D deficiency contributes to subclinical myocardial damage and wall ...
Using non-invasive mark-resight and sign occupancy surveys to monitor low-density brown bear populations across large landscapes

Reliable assessments of low-density carnivore populations such as brown bears Ursus arctos are often limited by a lack of sufficient information for strong inference at appropriate scales. Standard approaches often rely on physical marking of individuals or the use of inherently field-intensive hair-snag or distance sampling techniques. Although these tools are very useful, logistical and monetary costs often limit their successful application, particularly in large, remote areas. We developed a novel photographic mark-resight approach using physical characteristics and spatial locations of individual brown bears to temporarily mark individuals over a short revisit interval. We applied this approach along with site-occupancy techniques to evaluate a low-density brown bear population in northwestern Alaska. Based on the mark-resight approach, we estimated there were 420 [95% CrI:274–650] independent and 713 [95% CrI:474–1070] total brown bears in our 19,998km2 study area. When expressed as densities, these estimates were consistent with those of other low-density populations from the surrounding area. Estimated den and bear site-occupancy rates were similar, 0.48 [95% CrI:0.37–0.63] and 0.40 [95% CrI;0.28–0.55], respectively. Close congruence among occupancy and abundance estimates supported the robustness of our new mark-resight approach and provided additional metrics for population monitoring. Together, these parallel metrics provide a general framework for monitoring low density populations of brown bears and other rare carnivores when physical marking or intensive survey techniques are impractical.
Perioperative Smoking Cessation and Clinical Care Pathway for Orthopaedic Surgery

>> Despite efforts to curtail tobacco use, smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of death both in the United States and internationally.>> Tobacco use is associated with a number of systemic complications as well as orthopaedic-related complications.>> New quality measures by the Cen
Fear of crime among residents of rural counties: an analysis by gender

Research often overlooks rural populations in explaining criminal justice phenomena, despite variant social and economic patterns. The current study considers fear of crime among rural residents, particularly as it relates with social experiences, prior victimization, and respondent characteristics. In particular, gender is considered not only as a covariate but the unique patterns of fear of crime in comparing male and female models. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample, the results demonstrate some parallels but also some departure from prior fear of crime research. The results indicate social perceptions differ in rural spaces, highlighting the importance of broader social experiences in explaining fear of crime. The findings demonstrate predictive mechanisms operate differently for males and females. Overall, these findings enhance the understanding of fear of crime in different settings and by gender.
Sound and Interaction Design of an Augmented Drum System

We present ongoing developments in the design of an augmented drum system that expands the timbral and expressive range of the acoustic drum using electromagnetic actuation of a drum membrane, driven by combinations of synthesized tones and modulated feedback signals taken from the opposing membrane. The system is designed to run on an embedded, WiFi-enabled platform, allowing multiple augmented drums to be configured as nodes in a directed graph. These multi-drum networks communicate by sending and receiving Open Sound Control (OSC) messages on a dedicated network, and can accommodate multiple performers in addition to semi-autonomous behavior. This work is developed in close collaboration with an artist in residence for use in both live performance and interactive sound installation.
CRISPRs from scratch.

CRISPR immunity begins with the acquisition of sequences from invading nucleic acids through spacer integration into a CRISPR locus. Off-target integration of spacers into other parts of the genome is now implicated as a spontaneous source of new CRISPR loci.
Chapman–Enskog Analyses on the Gray Lattice Boltzmann Equation Method for Fluid Flow in Porous Media

The gray lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) method has recently been used to simulate fluid flow in porous media. It employs a partial bounce-back of populations (through a fractional coefficient θ, which represents the fraction of populations being reflected by the solid phase) in the evolution equation to account for the linear drag of the medium. Several particular GLBE schemes have been proposed in the literature and these schemes are very easy to implement; but there exists uncertainty about the need for redefining the macroscopic velocity as there has been no systematic analysis to recover the Brinkman equation from the various GLBE schemes. Rigorous Chapman–Enskog analyses are carried out to show that the momentum equation recovered from these schemes can satisfy Brinkman equation to second order in $$ \epsilon $$ only if $$ \theta = {\rm O}\left( \epsilon \right) $$ in which $$ \epsilon $$ is the ratio of the lattice spacing to the characteristic length of physical dimension. The need for redefining macroscopic velocity is shown to be scheme-dependent. When a body force is encountered such as the gravitational force or that caused by a pressure gradient, different forms of forcing redefinitions are required for each GLBE scheme.
Bisphosphonates in Pediatric Burn Injury

Burn injury in children triggers a series of nonspecific adaptive responses. Among them are the systemic inflammatory response and the stress response, as well as a consequent period of relative immobilization. It is likely that both the systemic inflammatory response through the production of cytokines and the stress response, through the production of endogenous glucocorticoids, stimulate acute bone loss by means of excess bone resorption followed by osteoblastic apoptosis caused by the endogenous glucocorticoids, which make it impossible to repair the bone loss by making new bone. In this chapter we describe two studies that demonstrate that the acute administration of the antiresorptive bisphosphonate pamidronate is able to not only prevent the acute post-burn bone loss but also permit continued new bone mass accretion with time. The lack of side effects suggests that this drug can be used both safely and effectively in pediatric burn patients to prevent bone loss and the manner of its successful use may have applications to other pediatric conditions, which will be discussed.
Automating Error Frequency Analysis via the Phonemic Edit Distance Ratio

Purpose Many communication disorders result in speech sound errors that listeners perceive as phonemic errors. Unfortunately, manual methods for calculating phonemic error frequency are prohibitive...
Persistence images: a stable vector representation of persistent homology

Many data sets can be viewed as a noisy sampling of an underlying space, and tools from topological data analysis can characterize this structure for the purpose of knowledge discovery. One such tool is persistent homology, which provides a multiscale description of the homological features within a data set. A useful representation of this homological information is a persistence diagram (PD). Efforts have been made to map PDs into spaces with additional structure valuable to machine learning tasks. We convert a PD to a finite-dimensional vector representation which we call a persistence image (PI), and prove the stability of this transformation with respect to small perturbations in the inputs. The discriminatory power of PIs is compared against existing methods, showing significant performance gains. We explore the use of PIs with vector-based machine learning tools, such as linear sparse support vector machines, which identify features containing discriminating topological information. Finally, high accuracy inference of parameter values from the dynamic output of a discrete dynamical system (the linked twist map) and a partial differential equation (the anisotropic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation) provide a novel application of the discriminatory power of PIs.
Towards a terrestrial education: a commentary on Bruno Latour’s Down to Earth

This commentary first seeks to situate the broad themes of Bruno Latour’s work by discussing how particular texts and ideas have influenced the author’s thinking about science, the environment, edu...
Explanatory chapter: troubleshooting protein expression: what to do when the protein is not soluble.

Production of soluble protein remains a bottleneck in the biochemistry and structural biology fields. Unfortunately, there is no 'magic bullet' that solves all solubility problems. The following is a protocol to test whether a protein expressed recombinantly is soluble, and possible strategies to circumvent insolubility issues.
Managerial Miscalibration: Presentation Slides

We present a selection of seminar slides based on our 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics paper, Managerial Miscalibration. Using a large panel of CFO forecasts of S&P 500 returns, we find that executives are severely miscalibrated, producing distributions that are far too narrow. Realized returns are within the executives' 80% confidence intervals only 36% of the time. We also find that executives who are miscalibrated about the stock market show similar miscalibration regarding their own firms’ prospects. Finally, firms with miscalibrated executives seem to follow more aggressive corporate policies: investing more and using more debt financing. We also feature an update where we nearly double our sample size. While it is often the case that results get weaker (or disappear) after publication, our new evidence suggests that the degree of miscalibration has worsened.
Effect of Pressure and Thermal Cycling on Long-Term Oxidation in CO 2 and Supercritical CO 2

Concentrating solar power plant designers are interested in supercritical CO2 (sCO2) for the power block to achieve > 50% electrical efficiency at > 700 °C. The goal of this project was to develop a long-term (> 100 kh) lifetime model for sCO2 compatibility using 10–15 kh laboratory exposures. Three Ni-based alloys (625, 282 and 740H) and an advanced austenitic stainless steel were evaluated in long-term exposures at 700–800 °C using 500-h cycles in laboratory air, 0.1 MPa industrial grade (IG) CO2 and 30 MPa supercritical IG CO2 and using 10-h cycles in 0.1 MPa IG CO2 and O2. Mass change data and quantification of the oxide scale thickness and depth of internal attack after 1000–10,000 h exposures at 750 °C indicate that these materials are compatible with the sCO2 environments with modeling used to predict long-term behavior. Comparison of the 0.1 and 30 MPa 500-h cycle results did not show a significant effect of pressure on the reaction, and no significant internal carburization was observed under these conditions, even for the stainless steel, suggesting that chromia scales may be better C diffusion barriers than expected. For the Ni-based alloys, thermal cycling to simulate the solar duty cycle did not result in scale spallation after 15 kh in 10-h cycles or 4 kh in 1-h cycles at 750 °C. However, the stainless steel specimens formed an Fe-rich oxide after ~ 1500-h cumulative exposure time in both 1- and 10-h cycles.
OpenTimer v2: A Parallel Incremental Timing Analysis Engine

Editor’s note: This article introduces a high-quality open-source static timing analysis engine that is capable of parallel incremental timing and that provides an efficient API to facilitate development of complex EDA tools. — Sherief Reda, Brown University — Leon Stock, IBM — Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon, University of Utah
Experimental investigation of pressure drop and heat transfer in high temperature supercritical CO2 and helium in a printed-circuit heat exchanger

Abstract An ASME code compliant heat exchanger was manufactured for testing between high-temperature (up to 550 °C) helium and supercritical CO2 test facilities at Georgia Institute of Technology. The multi-layerd printed-circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) consists of 17 photo-chemically etched plates which were diffusion-bonded together. Pressure losses and heat transfer measurements have been conducted for a zig-zag flow-path geometry etched into the bonded shims. These measurements have been presented in dimensionless form to facilitate comparison with thermohydraulic correlations available in the literature. The use of two fluids with drastically different properties in the same 37° zig-zag channel geometry provides a unique method of exploring the effect of working fluid on PCHE performance. Fanning friction factor and Nusselt numbers are determined for supercritical CO2 between Reynolds number of 500–18,000, spanning laminar, transition, and turbulent regimes. The same friction and heat transfer figures of merit are presented for helium operating between Reynolds number 400–3200, spanning laminar and transition turbulent regimes. Two different exponential models were fitted to the supercritical CO2 and helium friction data showing an agreement with the measurements to within ± 10 % over the range of test conditions. The model fitted to the heat transfer data is in agreement with the measurements to within ± 15 % of the range of test conditions. To enable reproducibility of the data, the methods used to define dimensions related to thermohydraulic calculations is discussed in details, and the dimensions provided by the engineering drawing of the exchanger are validated using high resolution computed tomography of the component. Finally, a detailed analysis of the thermohydraulic performance of the headers is given with the goal of setting a benchmark performance for comparison with other designs.
Functional Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma

In the absence of an effective vaccine or monoclonal therapeutic, transfer of convalescent plasma (CCP) was proposed early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as an easily accessible therapy. However, despite the global excitement around this historically valuable therapeutic approach, results from CCP trials have been mixed and highly debated. Unlike other therapeutic interventions, CCP represents a heterogeneous drug. Each CCP unit is unique and collected from an individual recovered COVID-19 patient, making the interpretation of therapeutic benefit more complicated. While the prevailing view in the field would suggest that it is administration of neutralizing antibodies via CCP that centrally provides therapeutic benefit to newly infected COVID-19 patients, many hospitalized COVID-19 patients already possess neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, the therapeutic benefit of antibodies can extend far beyond their simple ability to bind and block infection, especially related to their ability to interact with the innate immune system. In our work we deeply profiled the SARS-CoV-2-specific Fc-response in CCP donors, along with the recipients prior to and after CCP transfer, revealing striking SARS-CoV-2 specific Fc-heterogeneity across CCP units and their recipients. However, CCP units possessed more functional antibodies than acute COVID-19 patients, that shaped the evolution of COVID-19 patient humoral profiles via distinct immunomodulatory effects that varied by pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-specific IgG titers in the patients. Our analysis identified surprising influence of both S and Nucleocapsid (N) specific antibody functions not only in direct antiviral activity but also in anti-inflammatory effects. These findings offer insights for more comprehensive interpretation of correlates of immunity in ongoing large scale CCP trials and for the design of next generation therapeutic design.
Raman-Detected Capillary Electrophoresis

The sections in this article are Introduction Safety Considerations Capillary Zone Electrophoresis/Raman Spectroscopy Capillary Zone Electrophoresis/Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Raman/Isotachophoresis Microchip Raman/Isotachophoresis Conclusions
Evaluation of Sub-Meter and 2 to 5 Meter Accuracy GPS Receivers to Develop Digital Elevation Models

The digital elevation model (DEM) is considered by many to be an important base map for a precision farming GIS (Geographic Information System). Previous work has shown that dual-frequency survey grade GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers are capable of rapidly producing accurate positional data from a moving vehicle from which DEM's can be developed. However, this type of GPS receiver is expensive and somewhat difficult to use properly. This paper presents the results of a study to evaluate the potential of using single frequency sub-meter and 2–5 meter horizontal accuracy GPS receivers to enable the farmer to collect multiple passes of GPS data during normal field operations from which DEM's can be developed. The results show that when using a single frequency sub-meter GPS receiver: (1) it is possible to develop a DEM with standard deviation of the elevation accuracy on the order of 0.12–0.14 m, (2) in order to collect data with this level of elevation accuracy, data should only be collected when the GDOP (Geometric Dilution Of Precision) is less than 5.0, (3) at least 10 passes of data with appropriate data averaging is required to produce this level of elevation accuracy. The results also indicate that the vertical error associated with a 2–5 meter horizontal accuracy GPS receiver is such that it is not recommended for use in collecting data to develop DEM's in this application.
Dynamic Characteristics of the Human Cervical Spine

This paper presents the experimental dynamic tolerance and the force-deformation response corridor of the human cervical spine under compression loading. Twenty human cadaver head-neck complexes were tested using a crown impact to the head at speeds from 2.5 m/s to 8 m/s. The cervical spine was evaluated for pre-alignment by using the concept of the stiffest axis. Mid cervical column (C3 to C5) vertebral body wedge, burst, and vertical fractures were produced in compression. Posterior ligament tears in the lower column occurred under flexion. Anterior longitudinal ligament tears and spinous process fractures occurred under extension. Mean values were: force at failure, 3326 N; deformation at failure, 18 mm; and stiffness, 555 N/mm. The deformation at failure parameter was associated with the least variance and should describe the most accurate tolerance measure for the population as a whole. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 882980.
Absorption of minocycline hydrochloride and tetracycline hydrochloride: Effect of food, milk, and iron

Serum concentrations of tetracycline hydrochloride and minocycline hydrochloride were compared when administered with water, milk, a meal, and 300 mg ferrous sulfate in two groups of eight volunteers. Absorption of both antibiotics was significantly decreased by administration with iron (77% inhibition with minocycline and 81% with tetracycline), milk (27% inhibition with minocycline, 65% with tetracycline), and food (13% inhibition with minocycline and 46% with tetracycline). The inhibitory effect on absorption with food and milk was significantly greater for tetracycline than for minocycline.
Cohabitation Before Marriage? An Examination of Pre-Acquisition Alliance Partnerships and Merger Outcomes

This paper investigates whether acquirers benefit from pre-merger alliance partnerships with their target firms, analogous to the case of cohabitation practice before marriage. Focusing on the sample period of 1986-2010, we first find that bidders’ shareholder reactions to alliance-based merger announcements are significantly more positive than those of comparable mergers without alliances, especially during the tech-bubble period of 1997-2003. This result supports our conjecture that alliance relationships provide hands-on experience of resources sharing and business cooperation, and mitigate information asymmetry regarding firm operations. Second, subsample analysis reveals that this positive effect is particularly pronounced when deals are large relative to acquirers’ sizes, associated with domestic targets, and across industries. However, such synergy is completely muted if acquirers exhibit high leverage and R&D levels before the acquisitions. Finally, from the long-run perspective, we show evidence that acquirers of alliance-based acquisitions experience higher profitability, better growth opportunities, and greater innovation activities during the post-merger integrations, compared to the matched non-alliance-based acquisitions by these acquirers. Overall, our results suggest that prior alliance partnership is a previously unidentified, but important source of merger synergy gain.
Semantic Models for Parallel Systems

Abstract : This paper presents a semantic model for parallel systems with a scheduling mechanism that is useful for expressing and proving a wider range of properties than semantic models which do not consider scheduling. We formally describe a number of properties related to scheduling and deadlock, including 'Fairness' and 'Fullness', and show that schedulers with these properties behave in desireable ways. Lastly, we prove and conjecture some proof rules for scheduled systems and outline briefly the relation of this work to modelling protection in parallel systems.
The Effects of Fuel Composition and Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency in an HCCI Engine

The effects of variable compression ratio (CR) and fuel composition on thermal efficiency were investigated in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using blends of n-heptane and toluene with research octane numbers (RON) of 0 to 88. Experiments were conducted by performing CR sweeps at multiple intake temperatures using both unthrottled operation, and constant equivalence ratio conditions by throttling to compensate for varying air density. It was found that CR is effective at changing and controlling HCCI combustion phasing midpoint, denoted here as CA 50. Thermal efficiency was a strong function of CA 50, with overly advanced CA 50 leading to efficiency decreases. Increases in CR at a constant CA 50 for a given fuel composition did, in most cases, increase efficiency, but the relationship was weaker than the dependence of efficiency on CA 50. The increase in efficiency with higher CR was fuel-dependent, so that the fuels requiring a higher CR to achieve ignition did not gain a proportionate efficiency increase. For example, n-heptane achieved an indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of 38% at a CR of 9:1, whereas a 50 wt% blend of toluene with n-heptane required a CR of 12:1 to achieve the same ITE. A simplemore » heat balance around the engine showed that higher toluene content fuels had higher cooling losses. The high toluene fuels exhibited higher rates of maximum pressure rise than the lower octane fuels. The increased cooling losses can be attributed to the higher pressure rise rates, which are a driving force for heat transfer.« less
Hot spot radio galaxies — an introduction

Recent instrumental improvements have given observers the tools that accurately quantify the hot spot phenomenon. In many cases, the basic data are taken. Unfortunately, not all the images are made, and no comprehensive effort has yet been undertaken to consolidate the information in a way to make it useful to all. It seems to this reviewer that accurate images are needed before accurate descriptions can be made.
Algorithmic approaches to redesigning tcam-based systems

Using Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the de facto standard in industry because TCAMs enable constant time classification by comparing a packet with all rules of ternary encoding in parallel. However, TCAMs have limitations of small capacity, large power consumption and heat generation, and high hardware cost. Although a hardware solution to TCAM limitations is not impossible, TCAMs are unlikely to have hardware breakthroughs because they have pushed silicon to its limit. Furthermore, the number of rules in packet classifiers increases rapidly due to the explosive growth of services deployed on the Internet. In this paper, we propose three approaches, multi-lookup, pipelined-lookup, and packing. The central theme of these three approaches is to minimize the number of TCAM bits used to represent a packet classifier. Reducing TCAM space usage directly addresses the physical limitations of TCAMs. Smaller TCAM implies lower power consumption, less heat generation, less board space, and lower hardware cost. Furthermore, reducing the number of bits used in a TCAM leads to less power consumption and heat generation because the energy consumed by a TCAM grows linearly with the number of bits it uses in storing rules. Our approaches are based on three key observations. First, information stored in TCAMs tends to have high redundancy from an information theory perspective. Specifically, we observe that the same ternary string for a specific field may be repetitively stored in multiple TCAM entries. For example, in the simple two-dimensional packet classifier in Figure 1(a), the strings 001, 010, and 100 from the first
Isozyme-specific transition state inhibitors for the trypanosomal nucleoside hydrolases.

Protozoan parasites lack de novo purine biosynthesis and require purine salvage from the host. Nucleoside hydrolases are involved in nucleoside salvage and are not found in mammals, making them protozoan-specific targets for inhibitor design. Several protozoan nucleoside hydrolase isozymes with distinct substrate specificities have been characterized. Novel substituted iminoribitols have been synthesized to resemble the transition state structure of the nonspecific inosine−uridine nucleoside hydrolase from Crithidia fasciculata (IU-nucleoside hydrolase). These inhibitors have been characterized for this enzyme and for a purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase (IAG-nucleoside hydrolase) from Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Inhibitors which provide nanomolar inhibition constants for IU-nucleoside hydrolase exhibit micromolar inhibition constants for the IAG-enzyme. For example, p-bromophenyliminoribitol inhibits the IU- and IAG-enzymes with dissociation constants of 28 nM and 190 μM, respectively. Substrate specifi...
Specificity of LIM Domain Interactions with Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

LIM domains, Cys-rich motifs containing approximately 50 amino acids found in a variety of proteins, are proposed to direct protein·protein interactions. To identify structural targets recognized by LIM domains, we have utilized random peptide library selection, the yeast two-hybrid system, and glutathione S-transferase fusions. Enigma contains three LIM domains within its carboxyl terminus and LIM3 of Enigma specifically recognizes active but not mutant endocytic codes of the insulin receptor (InsR) (Wu, R. Y., and Gill, G. N. (1994)J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25085-25090). Interaction of two random peptide libraries with glutathione S-transferase-LIM3 of Enigma indicated specific binding to Gly-Pro-Hyd-Gly-Pro-Hyd-Tyr-Ala corresponding to the major endocytic code of InsR. Peptide competition demonstrated that both Pro and Tyr residues were required for specific interaction of InsR with Enigma. In contrast to LIM3 of Enigma binding to InsR, LIM2 of Enigma associated specifically with the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ret. Ret was specific for LIM2 of Enigma and did not bind other LIM domains tested. Mutational analysis indicated that the residues responsible for binding to Enigma were localized to the carboxyl-terminal 61 amino acids of Ret. A peptide corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal 20 amino acids of Ret dissociated Enigma and Ret complexes, while a mutant that changed Asn-Lys-Leu-Tyr in the peptide to Ala-Lys-Leu-Ala or a peptide corresponding to exon16 of InsR failed to disrupt the complexes, indicating the Asn-Lys-Leu-Tyr sequence of Ret is essential to the recognition motif for LIM2 of Enigma. We conclude that LIM domains of Enigma recognize tyrosine-containing motifs with specificity residing in both the LIM domains and in the target structures.
Parasites and poverty: The case of schistosomiasis

Simultaneous and sequential transmission of multiple parasites, and their resultant overlapping chronic infections, are facts of life in many underdeveloped rural areas. These represent significant but often poorly measured health and economic burdens for affected populations. For example, the chronic inflammatory process associated with long-term schistosomiasis contributes to anaemia and undernutrition, which, in turn, can lead to growth stunting, poor school performance, poor work productivity, and continued poverty. To date, most national and international programs aimed at parasite control have not considered the varied economic and ecological factors underlying multi-parasite transmission, but some are beginning to provide a coordinated approach to control. In addition, interest is emerging in new studies for the re-evaluation and recalibration of the health burden of helminthic parasite infection. Their results should highlight the strong potential of integrated parasite control in efforts for poverty reduction.
Survival after necrotizing enterocolitis in infants weighing less than 1,000 g: 25 years' experience at a single institution.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) primarily affects premature newborns. Regional and national decreases in the mean birthweight and gestational age of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions prompted a review of NEC in VLBW (very low birth weight, defined as 75% of intestinal length) involvement (10% v 4%, P = .043), and had poorer survival (56% v 72%, P = .013). Overall survival after NEC has improved over the study interval, both in our series and in other reports. However, the increasing number of VLBW infants who have NEC represent a subgroup who appear to be generally more ill, develop NEC later, require surgery with greater frequency than their non-VLBW counterparts, and are less likely to survive.
A cross-layer design framework and comparative analysis of SRAM cells and cache memories using 7nm FinFET devices

Seven FinFET devices optimized for 7nm technology along with three SRAM cells were evaluated and compared. The high_l device has the lowest OFF current and the highest ON/OFF current ratio. Moreover, 8T SRAM cell achieves the highest SNM which guarantees its robust operation. Hence, 8T SRAM cell using high_l devices is suggested as the choice of memory cell for the discussed 7nm FinFET process.
A novel tricolor, dual-fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization method to detect BCR/ABL fusion in cells with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) associated with deletion of dna on the derivative chromosome 9 in chronic myelocytic leukemia

Dual-color, dual-fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization (D-FISH) can accurately detect and quantify cells with BCR/ABL fusion in 23%. We tested a new method that incorporates an aqua-labeled probe for the argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) gene into the conventional BCR/ABL D-FISH probe set. This tricolor D-FISH (TD-FISH) method takes advantage of the aqua-labeled ASS probe to distinguish between neoplastic and normal cells. We used TD-FISH to study 20 normal specimens and 35 specimens from 20 patients with known loss of both BCR and ABL from the derivative chromosome 9. The results show that TD-FISH effectively discriminates between cells with overlapping BCR and ABL signals from cells with true BCR/ABL fusion and improves the ability to quantify minimal residual disease from >23% to >1% of 500 interphase nuclei.
Synthesis of Carboranyl Amino Acids, Hydantoins, and Barbiturates

The syntheses of three novel boronated hydantoins, 5-(o-carboran-1-ylmethyl)hydantoin, 14, the tetraphenylphosphonium salt of 7-(hydantoin-5-ylmethyl)dodecahydro-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate, 15, 5-(o-carboran-1-ylmethyl)-2-thiohydantoin, 16, and two new barbiturates, 5,5-bis(but-2-ynyl)barbiturate, 18, and 5,5-bis[(2-methyl-o-carboran-1-yl)methyl]barbiturate, 20, are described. Hydantoins 14−16 were synthesized from o-carboranylalanine (Car, 13). The detailed syntheses of Car and two other carborane-containing amino acids, O-(o-carboran-1-ylmethyl)tyrosine (CBT, 5a) and p-(o-carboran-1-yl)phenylalanine (CBPA, 5b), presented earlier as a communication,16 are also described. Hydantoin 14 and barbiturates 18 and 20 were tested for their potential anticonvulsant activity. Initial qualitative screening showed moderate activities for hydantoin 14 and barbiturate 18. Barbiturate 20 had no activity. Compound 14 appeared to be nontoxic at doses of 300 mg/kg (mice, ip) and 50 mg/kg (rats, oral). However, 18 was v...
Failure of Lymphopoiesis after Adoptive Transfer of NF-κB–Deficient Fetal Liver Cells

Mice deficient in the p65 subunit of NF-κB die during fetal development. Introduction of p50/p65-deficient fetal liver cells into lethally irradiated hosts resulted in a severe deficit of fetal liver–derived lymphocytes and their immediate precursors but an overabundance of fetal liver–derived granulocytes. Surprisingly, simultaneous transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells rescued the production of p50/p65-deficient lymphocytes. Expression of immunoglobulin κ light chains on these rescued NF-κB–deficient B lymphocytes was normal. These results suggest that while p50 and p65 do not regulate the maturation of pre–B cells, NF-κB mediates the development or survival of an early lymphocyte precursor through regulation of an extracellular factor.
The Intelligent Infant: Theoretical Implications.

Abstract In the present essay, the fact that preferences for visual novelty during infancy are related to later performance on intelligence tests was interpreted to mean that intelligence is continuous from infancy. It was suggested that the bases of both continuity and the general factor in intelligence reside in the same small set of basic cognitive processes. It was also noted that intelligent behavior on the part of the infant raises a question about the relative importance of automatic and effortful processes in intelligence. The development of a valid test of infant intelligence was seen as an aid to clarifying the role of hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence and in furthering our understanding of mental retardation. In brief, the manner in which infants distribute their attention to novel and previously exposed stimuli reveals the origins of cognition. The origins of cognition are the origins of intelligence.
The impact of close surgical margins after radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer

Objective While it is known that positive surgical margins increase the risk of cervical cancer recurrence, little is known about the effect of close surgical margins (CSM). Therefore, we set out to determine the impact of margin status on recurrence and survival in patients with early-stage cervical cancer.
Melanoma in the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This article focuses on the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of malignant melanoma metastases to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The subject of primary malignant melanoma arising from the GI tract is also discussed. Malignant melanoma is the most common tumor metastatic to the GI tract, and can present with fairly nonspecific symptoms. METHODS: Up to 60% of patients with melanoma are found to have metastases at autopsy. Frequent GI sites of invasion include the small bowel (50%), colon (31.3%), and anorectum (25%), seen in our institution over the past 9 yr. Malignant melanoma is a frequent source of metastases to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. RESULTS: Herein we report the case of a melanoma masquerading as a rectal polyp. We have also discovered 16 cases of melanoma metastases to the GI tract, at our institution, over the past 9 yr. The most frequent sites included small bowel (50%), colon (31.3%), and anorectum (25%). CONCLUSION: Despite innocuous gastrointestinal symptoms, metastatic melanoma should be a diagnostic consideration in any patient with a history of melanoma.
Prostate targeting ligands based on N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase

To identify inhibitors of the intrinsic N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) activity of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that may be useful for targeting imaging agents or chemotherapeutic drugs to disseminated prostate cancer, analogs of the tetrahedral transition state for hydrolysis of the natural substrate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), were synthesized. These compounds were assayed for their ability to inhibit the membrane-associated enzyme isolated from LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Active inhibitors were further assayed for their cytotoxicity and membrane binding. We have identified nine compounds, including fluorescent and iodine-labeled conjugates, which inhibit NAALADase enzyme activity with IC(50)s at, or below, 120nM. The binding of these compounds to the cell surface of viable LNCaP prostate tumor cells appears to be specific and saturable, and none of the compounds alter the cell cycle kinetics or induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells, suggesting that they are relatively innocuous and are suitable for targeting imaging agents or cytotoxic drugs to disseminated prostate cancer.
A Decomposition-Based Approach for Scalable Many-Field Packet Classification on Multi-core Processors

As a kernel function in network routers, packet classification requires the incoming packet headers to be checked against a set of predefined rules. There are two trends for packet classification: (1) to examine a large number of packet header fields, and (2) to use software-based solutions on multi-core general purpose processors and virtual machines. Although packet classification has been widely studied, most existing solutions on multi-core systems target the classic 5-field packet classification; it is not easy to scale up their performance with respect to the number of packet header fields. In this work, we present a decomposition-based packet classification approach; it supports large rule sets consisting of a large number of packet header fields. In our approach, range-tree and hashing are used to search the fields of the input packet header in parallel. The partial results from all the fields are represented in rule ID sets; they are merged efficiently to produce the final match result. We implement our approach and evaluate its performance with respect to overall throughput and processing latency for rule set size varying from 1 to 32 K. Experimental results on state-of-the-art 16-core platforms show that, an overall throughput of 48 million packets per second and a processing latency of 2,000 ns per packet can be achieved for a 32 K rule set.