cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD4+ T Cell Responses to Self- and Mutated p53 Determinants During Tumorigenesis in Mice

We analyzed CD4+ T helper responses to wild-type (wt) and mutated (mut) p53 protein in normal and tumor-bearing mice. In normal mice, we observed that although some self-p53 determinants induced negative selection of p53-reactive CD4+ T cells, other p53 determinants (cryptic) were immunogenic. Next, BALB/c mice were inoculated with J774 syngeneic tumor cell line expressing mut p53. BALB/c tumor-bearing mice mounted potent CD4+ T cell responses to two formerly cryptic peptides on self-p53. This response was characterized by massive production of IL-5, a Th2-type lymphokine. Interestingly, we found that T cell response was induced by different p53 peptides depending upon the stage of cancer. Mut p53 gene was shown to contain a single mutation resulting in the substitution of a tyrosine by a histidine at position 231 of the protein. Two peptides corresponding to wt and mutated sequences of this region were synthesized. Both peptides bound to the MHC class II-presenting molecule (Ed) with similar affinities. However, only mut p53.225-239 induced T cell responses in normal BALB/c mice, a result strongly suggesting that high-affinity wt p53.225-239 autoreactive T cells had been eliminated in these mice. Surprisingly, CD4+ T cell responses to both mut and wt p53.225-239 peptides were recorded in J774 tumor-bearing mice, a phenomenon attributed to the recruitment of low-avidity p53.225-239 self-reactive T cells.
Applying burden of disease methods in developing countries: a case study from Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) and healthy life-year (HeaLY) are composite indicators of disease burden that combine mortality and morbidity into a single measurement. This study examined the application of these methods in a developing country to assess the loss of healthy life from prevalent conditions and their use in resource-poor national contexts. METHODS: A data set for Pakistan was constructed on the basis of 180 sources for population and disease parameters. The HeaLY approach was used to generate data on loss of healthy life from premature mortality and disability in 1990, categorized by 58 conditions. RESULTS: Childhood and infectious diseases were responsible for two thirds of the burden of disease in Pakistan. Condition-specific analysis revealed that chronic diseases and injuries were among the top 10 causes of HeaLY loss. Comparison with regional estimates demonstrates consistency of disease trends in both communicable and chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of disease in countries such as Pakistan can be assessed by using composite indicators. The HeaLY method provides an explicit framework for national health information assessment. Obtaining disease- and population-based data of good quality is the main challenge for any method in the developing world. Language: en
Lithio‐N,N‐dimethylacetamide

[55259-70-6] C4H8LiNO (MW 93.05) InChI = 1S/C4H9NO.Li/c1-4(6)5(2)3;/h6H,1H2,2-3H3;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = KHNOLOBKGGMEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-M (relatively stable enolate;1 used for aldol condensations1, 2 and conjugate addition;3 reacts with epoxides;1 can be alkylated1, 2 and silylated4) Physical Data: white solid; 1H NMR (pyridine): 3.15 (d, 1H), 2.93 (d, 1H), 2.63 (s, 6H). Preparative Methods: by deprotonation of N,N-dimethylacetamide with a variety of bases, most efficiently with Lithium Diisopropylamide in THF at −78 °C or at 0 °C. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive; solid can be stored for several weeks in sealed bottle; THF solutions are stable for at least several hours at 65 °C.
A Secret-Sharing Protocol Modelled in Maude

Abstract Meta-objects are used to factor the specification of the first asynchronous, proactive, secret-sharing protocol into secret-sharing, replication and encryption layers. A search strategy is described that exploits the structure of the specification to reduce the search space.
An Unsupervised Approach to Learning and Early Detection of Spatio-Temporal Patterns Using Spiking Neural Networks

This paper addresses the problem of learning and recognizing spatio-temporal patterns, which are typically encountered when representing gestures or other human actions. Existing approaches to learning such patterns are typically supervised, rely on extensive amounts of training data and require the observation of the entire pattern for recognition. We propose an approach that brings the following main contributions: i) it learns the patterns in an unsupervised manner, ii) it uses a very small number of training samples, and iii) it enables early classification of the pattern from observing only a small fraction of the pattern. The proposed method relies on spiking networks with axonal conductance delays, which learn encoding of individual patterns as sets of polychronous neural groups. Classification is performed using a similarity metric between sets, based on a modified version of the Jaccard index. The approach is evaluated on a data set of hand-drawn digits that encode the temporal information on how the digit has been drawn. In addition, the method is compared with three other standard pattern classification methods: support vector machines, logistic regression with regularization and ensemble neural networks, all trained with the same data set. The results show that the proposed approach can successfully learn these patterns from a significantly small number of training samples, can identify patterns before their completion, and it performs better than or comparable with the three other supervised methods.
Theory of the Angular Dependence of a Gravitational Radiation Detector

The directivity pattern for a gravitational radiation detector is obtained. A system of three orthogonal detectors is considered and relationships between their responses and the direction of the source are studied. The results are used for analyzing the variation in detector response with the earth's rotation.
The impact of media on the legitimacy of new market categories: The case of broadband internet

Building on research in institutional theory and market categories, we argue that media coverage, through the effects of cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy, influence the creation of new market categories. Using data on the broadband access industry, we develop and test a media coverage model of market category entries, demonstrating the legitimacy effects of media-based information exchange on the emergence of new market categories. We include two post hoc analyses on mediation effects to test the relationship between population density and media coverage. These results indicate a possible mediation relationship, which we discuss in the implications of our study.
Wigglesworthia gen. nov. and Wigglesworthia glossinidia sp. nov., taxa consisting of the mycetocyte-associated, primary endosymbionts of tsetse flies

The primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are harbored inside specialized cells (mycetocytes) in the anterior region of the gut, and these specialized cells form a white, U-shaped organelle called mycetome. The P-endosymbionts of five tsetse fly species belonging to the Glossinidae have been characterized morphologically, and their 16S ribosomal DNA sequences have been determined for phylogenetic analysis. These organisms were found to belong to a distinct lineage related to the family Enterobacteriaceae in they subdivision of Proteobacteria, which includes the secondary endosymbionts of various insects and Escherichia coli. These bacteria are also related to the P-endosymbionts of aphids, Buchnera aphidicola. Signature sequences in the 16S ribosomal DNA and genomic organizational differences which distinguish the tsetse fly P-endosymbionts from members of the Enterobacteriaceae and from the genus Buchnera are described in this paper. I propose that the P-endosymbionts of tsetse flies should be classified in a new genus, the genus Wigglesworthia, and a new species, Wigglesworthia glossinidia. The P-endosymbiont found in the mycetocytes of Glossina morsitans morsitans is designated the type strain of this species.
Toward a New Field of Development Engineering: Linking Technology Design to the Demands of the Poor☆

Abstract Engineering has the potential to accelerate the development of low-income communities by integrating insights from the social sciences along the entire arc of technological innovation, from idea to manufacture at scale. Here the case is made for a new field, Development Engineering, that will formalize this process by building on techniques from engineering, development economics, behavioral science, and sociology. Launching this discipline will require academic support infrastructures and sustained partnerships between academia, government, industry and the social sector.
Spin-dependence and glueball mixing with θ(1640) in ordinary meson spectroscopy

It is shown from a fairly general point of view that meson spectroscopy implies that the spin-spin and tensor forces are due to very short-ranged interactions. The (Q1, Q2) ↔ (QA, QB) mixing of axial vector I = 12 mesons implies the presence of a substantial repulsive Thomas term as well as an attractive short-ranged spin-orbit force of comparable magnitude. This analysis makes no reference to detailed potentials or wave functions. Inverted multiplets are predicted as a consequence of the large repulsive Thomas term. The spin-dependent potentials can be interpreted as effective exchanges dominated by short-ranged vector exchange and a confining potential transforming as a Lorentz scalar, although small amounts of other exchanges are also possible. A model-dependent analysis of the gluon annihilation contribution to the mass matrix and two-body decays of the I = 0 2++ mesons indicates significant gluon mixing in these states. The presence of a non-qq state (glueball?) which mixes with f'(1514) and another I = 0 2++ state is required by the mixing model. The possibility that this additional state is θ(1640) is considered. The mass of such a state satisfies f'(1514)<M(G0)<θ(1640). The model predicts 0.01 < Λ(θ → ηη)/Λ(θ → KK)<0.18, with the actual widths sensitive to the details of singlet-octet mixing in the η wave function.
Manipulation of hyperbranched polymers' conformation

The hydrodynamic volume for a series of hyperbranched polymers was studied to determine the volume change in a variety of solvents. The chemically different interior core and branching units were found to readily expand and contract by a factor of 2 creating large or small free volume, respectively. Furthermore, a solvent that maximally swells the polymer created a viscosimetric (hydrodynamic) radius which changed linearly with molecular mass. This is contrary to what is expected for dendrimers where the radius has been shown to scale with ln(M). A model was developed to account for the effect of molecular mass polydispersity on the intrinsic viscosity (viscosimetric volume), since hyperbranched polymers are polydisperse in nature, and it was found that this did not affect the observation. Solvents that contracted the hyperbranched polymers showed a complicated hydrodynamic radius scaling with mass. It was generally concluded that these polymers readily change volume with solvent effects important in infl...
The Relationship between Subnormal Peak-Stimulated Growth Hormone Levels and Auxological Characteristics in Obese Children

Context: The hypothesis that obese children are overdiagnosed with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has not been adequately investigated in the context of adiposity-related differences in auxology. Aim: To investigate the differences in auxological parameters between short, prepubertal, obese children and normal-weight peers who underwent growth hormone stimulation testing (GHST).Hypothesis: Overweight/obese children with GHD (peak GHSubjects and Methods: A retrospective review of anthropometric and provocative GHST data of 67 prepubertal, GH-naive children of age 10.21± 2.56 years (male n=45, age 10.8±2.60 years; female n=22, age 8.94±2.10). Inclusion criteria: GHST using arginine and clonidine. Exclusion criteria: hypopituitarism, abnormal pituitary MRI scan, syndromic obesity or syndromic short stature. Data were expressed as mean ± SD.Results: The overweight/obese children with peak GH of After adjusting for covariates, the overweight/obese children (BMI≥85th percentile) were >7 times more likely than normal-weight subjects (BMIThere was a significant inverse relationships between BMI SDS and the natural log (ln) of peak GH (β=-0.40, r2=0.26, p=0.001), but not for BMI SDS vs. GV SDS, ln peak GH vs.BA, or ln peak GH vs. GV SDS. Conclusion: Subnormal peak GH levels in obese prepubertal children are not associated with unique pre-GHST auxological characteristics.
Effects of Model Mismatch in MIMO Radar

The current literature on MIMO radar commonly uses a signal model that assumes that the Doppler and delay parameters of the scatterers lie on a discrete grid. The Doppler and delay of actual scatterers take on arbitrary values causing a mismatch between this model and reality. Here, we develop a signal model that takes into account this mismatch and shows that it causes a distortion of the array manifold. This distortion, which is unique to MIMO radar, impacts the results of array processing functions such as beamforming, null steering, and direction finding. The degree of performance degradation caused by this is illustrated by numerical examples.
Separation of basic solutes by reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography.

Abstract The separation of basic solutes at low pH by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been investigated. The feasibility of separation of basic solutes by CEC was demonstrated. Influence of operational parameters, solvent composition, pH, temperature on retention and selectivity of the separation of a mixture of basic, neutral and acidic drug standards has been investigated. The observed elution behavior has been modeled to account for both chromatographic retention and differential electrophoretic mobility of the solutes. This model was verified experimentally. It is demonstrated in this work that the elution window of solutes in reversed-phase CEC is expanded to range from −1 to ∞.
Kinetic studies and effects in vivo of a new monoamine oxidase inhibitor, N[2(ochlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-cyclopropylamine

Abstract N -[2-( o -chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-cyclopropylamine (51641) and related compounds inhibited the oxidation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) of serotonin, tyramine, phenethylamine and tryptamine in vitro . The inhibition by 51641 was noncompetitive. By using kynuramine as substrate to study reaction rates, it was found that inhibition by 51641 was maximum at pH 7.5, increased with time of incubation of enzyme and inhibitor, was not reversible by dialysis and was independent of enzyme concentration. In vivo , 51641 increased the amount of serotonin in the whole brain of the rat. Urinary excretion of tryptamine by rats, dogs and human subjects was increased after administration of 51641. Compound 51641 thus is a potent inhibitor of MAO in vitro and in vivo .
Parent-Professional Partnership—and the IEP

A good parent-professional relationship is essential for effective IEP planning and implementation.
ON ELEMENT SYNTHESIS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE ABUNDANCES OF HEAVY NUCLIDES.

Element synthesis and heavy nuclide abundance in solar system, criticizing cosmogonic assumption of various schools
Deterrent and Definitional Influences on Shoplifting

College students (R = 606) were surveyed on their involvement with shoplifting. Both perceptions of risk and definitional factors served as constraints on stealing. Students who shoplifted most reported that the low risk of apprehension was an important reason for stealing and saw the least risk associated with stealing, both in terms of likelihood of apprehension and severity of formal and especially informal sanction. Apprehension increased their estimate of formal risk. Students who shoplifted most described themselves and a typical shoplifter as most similar, achieving similarity by lowering their self evaluation and raising their evaluation of the shoplifter. Shoplifters accepted responsibility for their behavior, while non-shoplifters, imagining themselves stealing, denied it. However, shoplifters who had been caught were more likely to try to justify their behavior.
Further studies by light scattering of amylose aggregates. Particle weights under various conditions

Decreases in particle weight of amylose on aging in neutral and in alkaline aqueous solution are demonstrated by measurements of turbidity as a function of concentration. This further verifies that the previously reported turbidity drops are a consequence of disaggregation of an unusual type of aggregate. The same particle weights are obtained, in the case of aggregated samples, at pH 4 and in normal KOH. Anomalies arise in dilution series carried out in neutral solution and in solutions at pH 4 in the case of amyloses of low degree of aggregation, and a probable explanation is given. Samples can be partially stabilized in a given state of disaggregation by rendering the solution alkaline, and normal dilution series curves result. Disaggregation of the “native” aggregates continues along with retrogradation, and the retrograded aggregates are broken down readily by alkali. This leads to a method of disaggregation based on retrogradation followed by solution in 0.5 N KOH.
Quasi-bound states of antihydrogen

A theoretical study is reported on adiabatic processes involving an initially unbound two-body system. The system consists of a positron and an antiproton in a magnetic field. For parameters associated with recent antihydrogen production experiments, computer simulations indicate that it is possible for quasi-bound states to form adiabatically. An expression for the cross section of the formation of quasi-bound states is obtained, and reasonable agreement with simulation results is found.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of vancomycin.

Vancomycin utilisation has increased dramatically in the last 10 years due to the increasing clinical significance of infections with methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Recent studies have focused on characterising the disposition of vancomycin in patients and assessing the relationship between serum concentrations and therapeutic as well as adverse effects.
Optimal ROE loan pricing with or without adverse selection

The authors describe the structural solution of the loan rate as a function of default and response risk that maximizes expected return on equity for a lender's portfolio of risky loans. Under the assumptions of our model, the non-linear differential equation for the optimizing price is found to be separable in transformed financial, response and risk variables. With an end-point condition where default-free borrowers are willing to borrow at loan rates higher than the lender's cost of funds, general solutions are obtained for cases where default probabilities may depend explicitly on the offered loan rate and where adverse selection may or may not be present. For the general solution, we suggest a numerical algorithm that involves the sequential solutions of two separate transcendental equations each one of which depends on parameters of the risk and response scores. For the special case where the borrower's default probability is conditionally independent of loan rate, it is shown that the optimal solution is independent of Basel regulations on equity capital.
Kinesin heavy chain is essential for viability and neuromuscular functions in Drosophila, but mutants show no defects in mitosis.

Abstract The in vivo function of the microtubule motor protein kinesin was examined in Drosophila using genetics and immunolocallzation. Kinesin heavy chain mutations ( khc ) cause abnormal behavior and lethality. Mutant larvae exhibit loss of mobility and tactile responsiveness in the most posterior segments, followed by general paralysis and death during larval or pupal development. Adults homozygous for a temperature-sensitive allele also exhibit a loss in mobility and sensory responses. The data indlcate that kinesin function is essential and suggest that kinesin has an important role in the neuromuscular system, perhaps as a motor for axonal transport. The possibility of more general cellular functions remains open, but observation of embryogenesis and morphogenesis in khc mutants suggests that mitosis and the cell cycle can proceed in spite of impaired kinesin function. Immunolocallzation suggests that kinesin may have some general cellular functions but that it is not a major component of mitotic spindles.
The Oncogene LRF Stimulates Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Inhibits Their Chondrogenic Differentiation

Objective. The oncogene leukemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF) enhances chondrosarcoma proliferation and malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the roles of LRF in chondrogenic differentiation of primary human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Design. LRF was overexpressed in BMSC by lentiviral transduction. Chondrogenic differentiation of BMSC was induced by high-density pellet culture. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate changes in protein and mRNA levels, respectively, during chondrogenesis. Safranin-O staining, immunohistochemistry, and glycoaminoglycan contents were used to assess cartilage matrix deposition. BMSC proliferation was determined by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and cell counting. Cell cycle profiling was performed by flow cytometry. Results. LRF overexpression effectively inhibited protein and mRNA expression of chondrocyte markers and cartilage matrix deposition during chondrogenesis of BMSC. Endogenous LRF expression was constitutively high in undifferentiated BMSC but remained low in primary articular chondrocytes. Endogenous LRF protein was downregulated in a time-dependent manner during chondrogenesis. BMSCs overexpressing LRF had higher proliferation rates and cell population in the S phase. LRF suppressed p53 expression during chondrogenesis and this might prevent differentiating chondrocytes from entering a quiescent state. Conclusion. Our data showed that LRF is important for stimulating stem cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. It is known that LRF is highly expressed in the mouse limb buds prior to overt chondrogenesis; thus, LRF might function to prevent premature chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells.
Supergravity and Square Roots of Constraints

The algebra of the weakly vanishing Hamiltonian generators of localized translations, rotations, and supersymmetry transformations of supergravity theory is found. I argue that supergravity is the square root of ordinary general relativity in the same way as the Dirac equation is the square root of the Klein-Gordon equation and the Ramond-Neveu-Schwarz model is the square root of the spinless string.
CO-sulfur interaction on Ni(110); evidence for local interactions, not long range electronic effects

Etude par methode LEED et thermodesorption de la coadsorption de H 2 S et de CO sur Ni(110). Donnees sur l'influence du soufre sur le taux de CO adsorbe
Immediate and delayed hippocampal neuronal loss induced by kainic acid during early postnatal development in the rat.

The degree to which the neonatal hippocampus is resistant to the effects of excitotoxins, such as kainic acid (KA) remains uncertain. Previously, we showed delayed loss of hippocampal neurons during pubescence in neonatal rats subjected to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) KA administration (10 nmol) at postnatal day 7 (P7). To further characterize the time course as well as the underlying mechanisms of this neuronal loss, we administered i.c.v. KA (10 or 50 nmol) to P7 preweanling rats. Brain sections were then examined at several neurodevelopmental time points (i.e., P8, P14, P25, P40, P60 and P75) using thionin staining and three-dimensional, non-biased cell counting to assess neuronal loss, and immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to search for evidence of necrosis and apoptosis. Dose-dependent acute neuronal loss was observed at P8-P14 in hippocampal subfields CA3a and CA3c. Transient heat shock protein (HSP-70) immunostaining accompanied this acute neuronal loss. Progressive neuronal loss then continued in CA3 until P75, but without concomitant HSP-70 immunostaining. Progressive neuronal cell loss was also observed in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus beginning at pubescence (i.e., P40) and continuing until P75. The appearance of TUNEL-positive hippocampal neurons accompanied the delayed neuronal loss in both CA3 and CA1 and electron micrographs confirmed that neurons in these subfields were undergoing apoptosis. KA administration (i.c.v.) to preweanling rats caused both immediate and delayed damage to hippocampal neurons. The effect of KA was dose-dependent, and the delayed neuronal damage occurred through an apoptosis-mediated mechanism. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of some neuropsychiatric disorders, where early CNS injury is not apparent until the onset of clinical symptoms in young adulthood.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY VI. THE EFFECT OF ENDOTHELIAL BLOCKADE ON THE STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NEOARSPHENAMINE

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of a single injection of India ink caused a marked retention of neoarsphenamine in the blood of guinea pigs during the first twenty minutes of observation after intravenous injection, as contrasted with the rapid disappearance of the drug from the blood of normal controls. 2. Rabbits blocked by a single dose of India ink showed a slower elimination of the drug from the circulation following the first few hours after intravenous injection than corresponding controls. 3. The arsenic content of the liver of mice, which received neoarsphenamine intravenously after a preceding blocking injection with India ink, was appreciably lower than the arsenic content of the normal organ under similar experimental conditions.
Rapid, Low-Temperature Amidation of Ethyl Cyano-Acetate with Lithium Amides Derived from primary and Secondary Amines

Abstract A facile, rapid method for amidating ethyl cyanoacetate with lithium amides derived from various primary and secondary amines, including sterically demanding amines is described.
Partial oxidation of n-hexadecane at short contact times: Catalyst and washcoat loading and catalyst morphology

Abstract Rhodium supported on alumina foam is an exceptionally active catalytic partial oxidation catalyst, giving high selectivities to syngas or olefins by changing reaction stoichiometry or catalyst properties such as rhodium loading and washcoat loading. Rhodium catalyst loading and γ-alumina washcoat loading were varied systematically on α-alumina foams to investigate resulting microstructure and products of the partial oxidation of n-hexadecane. At conditions favorable for producing syngas, varying rhodium loading between 0.05 and 10.0 wt.% (a factor of 200) had little affect on H2 and CO selectivities or fuel conversions. However, non-washcoated catalysts gave low selectivities to syngas. Increasing washcoat loading results in high selectivities of olefins, while varying rhodium loading has little affect on production of olefins. Selectivitiy data from multi-metallic catalysts, Rh–Ce and Rh–Pt, was also investigated. The morphology of catalysts was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The micrographs indicate that increasing rhodium loading above a few percent led to the formation of a rhodium film on the catalyst support. The presence of washcoat seems to keep rhodium spread on the surface at high reaction temperatures enhancing heterogeneous products. Very high washcoat loadings (10 wt.%) decrease pore diameters, increasing the likelihood of reactant contact with the rhodium surface, leading to increased H2 and decreased olefin selectivities.
The Medical Anthropologies in Brazil

The Medical Anthropologies in Brazil. Annette Leibing. ed. Berlin: Verlag fur Wissenschaft und Bildung, 1997.245 pp.
More explicit formulas for the matrix exponential

Abstract The matrix exponential plays an important role in the study of dynamical systems and linear systems. An elementary method is discussed for computing etA for general A ∈ C n × n . It is shown that this method can be applied to generate explicit formulas for etA in various forms. Using this method, some well-known formulas are rederived, and some new formulas are also derived. As applications, explicit formulas for n = 3 or n = 4 are given. In each case, a characterization of etA is also made, based on the entries of A alone.
Polymer association. IV. Hydrogen bonding and melt viscosities in copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid

Melt viscosities of styrene homopolymers and copolymers with 1.5 to 23 mole-% methacrylic acid were measured with a parallel plate plastometer. Apparent viscosities were found to drop off sharply with increasing rate of shear in the range 10−4 to 10−1 sec.−1. An increasing concentration of carboxyl groups led to a pronounced increase in the melt viscosity and the activation energy for viscous flow. Infrared spectra of the copolymers were recorded while the samples were subjected to various thermal cycles. Equilibrium in the dimerization of carboxyl groups was established very rapidly above about 100°C., but the equilibrium was effectively frozen at lower temperatures. Samples as originally prepared by precipitation from dilute solution were further removed from equilibrium than samples quenched from high temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of the rate process theory of viscosity.
FOCAL, FORTRAN, and BASIC programs for reformatting and analyzing data collected by the SKED program

Several programs have been written in the FOCAL, FORTRAN, and BASIC languages for reformatting and analyzing SKED data. These programs include selection and explicit labeling of sets of recording counters representing distributions and/or total counts of events, several general manipulations of distributional data, and standard statistical treatment of distributions.
UPLC™: An Introduction and Review

Abstract Ultra performance liquid chromatography™ (UPLC) takes advantage of technological strides made in particle chemistry performance, system optimization, detector design, and data processing and control. Using sub‐2 µm particles and mobile phases at high linear velocities, and instrumentation that operates at higher pressures than those used in HPLC, dramatic increases in resolution, sensitivity, and speed of analysis can be obtained. This new category of analytical separation science retains the practicality and principles of HPLC while creating a step‐function improvement in chromatographic performance. This review introduces the theory of UPLC, and summarizes some of the most recent work in the field.
Dissociation and redistribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase from its surface membrane actin cytoskeletal complex during cellular ATP depletion.

Abstract Establishment and maintenance of a polar distribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase is essential for efficient Na+ reabsorption by proximal tubule cells and is dependent upon the formation of a metabolically stable, detergent-insoluble complex of Na+,K(+)-ATPase with the actin membrane cytoskeleton. The present studies show that cellular ATP depletion results in a rapid duration-dependent dissociation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase from the actin cytoskeleton and redistribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase to the apical membrane. During ATP depletion, total cellular Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity was unaltered, but the Triton-X-100-insoluble fraction (cytoskeleton associated) of Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity decreased (P less than 0.01), with a corresponding increase in the detergent-soluble fraction of Na+,K(+)-ATPase (P less than 0.01). Indirect immunofluorescent studies of cells with depleted ATP revealed a redistribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase from the basolateral membrane into the apical membrane and throughout the cytoplasm. ATP depletion also resulted in the redistribution of F-actin from a primarily cortical concentration to a perinuclear location. There was also a rapid, duration-dependent conversion of monomeric G-actin to F-actin starting during the first 5 min of ATP depletion. Taken together, these data suggest that ATP depletion causes profound alterations in cell polarity by inducing major changes in the actin cytoskeletal architecture.
Improving effectiveness of pipe insulation by using radial baffles to suppress natural convection

Abstract In this paper, the feasibility of using radial baffles to improve the effectiveness of pipe insulation is investigated numerically. Three baffle designs have been considered, i.e. full baffles, partial inner baffles and partial outer baffles. These designs have been applied to the case of horizontal pipe insulation. Calculations have covered a range of Rayleigh numbers of practical interest (i.e. 50 ⩽ Ra ⩽ 500). In addition, the relations between the heat loss and the baffle orientation angle is carefully examined for each pipe-baffle configuration. The results show that radial baffles are effective to suppress the natural convection that arises in a pipe insulation. The effectiveness increases with the baffle number. It has also shown that partial baffles work better than full baffles. At a high Rayleigh number (Ra = 500), the flow and temperature fields at some orientation angles become unstable. The averaged heat transfer, however, is still less when using baffles.
THE VINLAND MAP / DATING THE MANUSCRIPT

The writer describes graphically how a map of the world showing Iceland, Greenland and Vinland bound in a Yale Library copy of The Tartar Relation, an account of Carpini's mission to the Mongols in 1245–7, became re-united with a copy of the Speculum Historiale in which it was originally bound in the 15th century. Both medieval manuscripts were composed of intermixed leaves of parchment and paper, but whereas the Speculum had survived in its original binding, The Tartar Relation had been re-bound at a later date. Careful analysis of the paleography of the Vincent manuscript (Speculum Historiale) indicated that it was written by a scribe between 1395 and c.1460. Examination of the parchment proved of no help in dating the manuscript, neither did the ink.The remains of the original binding showed that it could be dated about 1450 at the latest. However, the paper provided a positive clue, and analysis indicated that it was probably made about 1440 at a mill near Basle by Heinrich Halbisen. It is postulated ...
The making of a cultural landscape: The English Lake District as tourist destination, 1750–2010

The English Lake District has long been idealized as a place of natural and pastoral beauty which has drawn artists, poets and tourists for centuries. This book effectively explores the complex mak...
An Unscented Kalman Filter Approach to the Estimation of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Models

In the past several decades, methodologies used to estimate nonlinear relationships among latent variables have been developed almost exclusively to fit cross-sectional models. We present a relatively new estimation approach, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and illustrate its potential as a tool for fitting nonlinear dynamic models in two ways: (1) as a building block for approximating the log-likelihood of nonlinear state-space models and (2) to fit time-varying dynamic models wherein parameters are represented and estimated online as other latent variables. Furthermore, the substantive utility of the UKF is demonstrated using simulated examples of (1) the classical predator-prey model with time series and multiple-subject data, (2) the chaotic Lorenz system and (3) an empirical example of dyadic interaction.
Partitioning of polymeric plutonium(IV) in Winsor II microemulsion systems

Abstract The hydrolysis and polymerization of Pu(IV) can cause serious problems during the aqueous processing of spent fuel and nuclear wastes. Several studies describing the liquid/liquid extraction behavior of polymeric Pu(IV) have been reported in the literature. In many cases, poor plutonium extraction was accompanied by the appearance of an interfacial crud or third phase. Invariably, poor mass balances were observed during the extraction of aged, colloidal Pu(IV). Extraction of colloidal Pu(IV) by microemulsion-based solvent extraction systems, however, is capable of attaining bulk phase mass balances for Pu of 100%. The Winsor II microemulsions discussed in this paper consisted of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate in hexane with either octylphenyl-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl-phosphine oxide or tributyl phosphate as coextractant. Backextraction of plutonium from microemulsion phases was achieved by Pu encapsulation in silica particles that were produced by the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and p...
N-nitrosamines via the phase-transfer mediated nitrosation of secondary amines with sodium nitrite and n-haloamides

Abstract Secondary amines are cleanly and readily converted to the corresponding N-nitrosamines in high yield under phase-transfer conditions by means of soduim nitrite and N-halo-amides; the active nitrosating agent is presumed to be dinitrogen tetroxide.
Computing light output

In illumination problems, it is often necessary to compute the solid angle of a light beam in steradians in order to determine the total flux emitted by the source in lumens. When the plane angle of divergence of the beam is small and, hence, the half angle is small, the use of the common relationship ω = 2π(1 – cos α) becomes quite cumbersome. Slide-rule computation of the cosine term is valueless and even the use of four-place trigonometric tables may result in large errors. If, however, the cosine term is expanded in an infinite series, the following result may prove helpful.
Chemical mutagenesis in bacteriophage T2.

PROFLAVINE (2-8 diamino acridinium sulphate, Abbott) in concentrations of 3–4 γ/ml. prevents liberation of infectious bacteriophage T2 from Escherichia coli, strain B, without preventing lysis1. The bacteria liberate incomplete non-infectious phage particles2. If proflavine is removed before lysis, the yield of complete phage is normal or subnormal. We have detected a mutagenic effect on phage produced in proflavine-treated bacteria.
Does “just in time” = “better late than never”?

The World-Wide Web is emerging as a medium for distributing platform-independent, intermediate-form programs. Most Java vendors have recently announced plans to construct "just-in-time" systems, which translate the intermediate text into native code on demand. In this paper, we present experiments that show the benefits of just-in-time systems as compared with the traditional (compile prior to execution) systems. We introduce a new method--the continuous compiler-- that can outperform just-in-time systems by overlapping compilation with program interpretation and native execution. Based on those results, we then present a smart just-in-time system that blends interpretation with native-code execution, thereby obtaining improved performance.
Extraction of the Higher Fatty Acids from Human Malignant Tumours

C18 OR higher fatty acids can be identified in and extracted from mouse mammary carcinomas and from mouse lymphomatous tissue1–3. Similar substances can be extracted from normal mouse tissue, but they are usually less haemolytic than are the substances extracted from tumours and lymphomas3. The method used for estimating the quantity of the higher fatty acids is based on their fluorescence in benzene when treated with rhodamine B and uranyl nitrate in benzene. From the apparent amount has to be subtracted the amount of vitamin A and related substances which are soluble in benzene and very fluorescent; this is measured by spectroscopy at 3300 A.
Glycemic control and prevention of surgical site infection.

Abstract Background: Stress hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of surgical site infections (SSIs). Use of strict or tight glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy to prevent SSIs is controversial. Methods: Review of pertinent English-language literature. Results: There is a large body of literature supporting an association between stress hyperglycemia and SSIs. The quality of evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that strict glycemic control reduces SSIs or any infections is low, and the strength of recommendation for strict glycemic control is weak due to the associated increase in moderate and severe hypoglycemia. Conclusion: Current recommendations for glycemic control in surgical patients are informed primarily by trials using intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Further research is necessary to ascertain the optimal glycemic target for non-critically ill patients, to determine if subsets of patients may benefit from strict glycemic control,...
Celestial marriage and earthly rents: interests and the prohibition of polygamy.

Abstract Just prior to the Civil War, the U.S. government set out on a relentless campaign to eliminate polygamy within the Mormon Church. This paper offers evidence that the political restrictions on the practice of polygamy were the result of rent seeking by potential beneficiaries of such laws (the Edmonds Act of 1882). Polygamy created benefits for women, but reduced the welfare of most men, in a time period when only adult males had the franchise.
Public knowledge and attitudes regarding organ and tissue donation: an analysis of the northwest Ohio community

Residents of Ohio, a midwestern state of the United States, were surveyed to determine their knowledge and attitudes toward organ and tissue donation. Sources of information on donation and the role of health care providers were also explored. One thousand participants were randomly selected from northwest Ohio to receive a survey distributed by mail. A total of 383 valid questionnaires were obtained. Respondents were knowledgeable about donation, with a mean correct knowledge score of 86%. However, four questions were answered incorrectly by nearly 25% or more of participants, indicating deficits in the community's knowledge. Over 96% of respondents had favorable attitudes toward donation. Both knowledge and attitudes were positively associated with willingness as well as commitment to donate. Health care providers were infrequently reported as sources of information on donation, yet nearly 60% would like their provider to discuss donation. Misconceptions represent potential barriers to donation. Therefore, public education should focus on the knowledge areas that show deficits. Results of the present study suggest that health care providers can play a critical role in educating patients about donation.
pN-Spectrum for heavy quark decays

Abstract We derive the p N -distribution for a lepton decay product in two- and three-body weak decays of a heavy particle produced in hadron-hadron collisions. In particular we show that the p N -spectrum provides a clean method for determining the mass of the t-quark from the end-point at p N = M t /2 in the electron spectrum.
Rheological properties, extrudate swell, and die entry extrusion flow marker experiments for rubber–carbon black compounds

Rheological characterization, extrudate swell measurements, and a flow marker extrusion study for several elastomers and their compounds is reported. The materials included natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene–propylene terpolymer (EPDM), and polychloroprene (CR) and their carbon black compounds. The shear viscosity was measured with a sandwich rheometer, a shearing disk viscometer, and a capillary rheometer over a wide range of shear rates. Evidence for yield values is found in compounds with 0.20 and 0.30 levels of carbon black. Empirical equations were fit to the data. Extrudate swell measurements were carried out for slit and capillary dies. Increasing the level of carbon black reduces the level of swell. Flow marker experiments were carried out in the barrel of a capillary rheometer using a wide range of die designs. These indicated roughly radial streamline flows into the capillary or slit land. Recessed parts of a die could accumulate stagnant material. Evidence for wall slippage in the rheometer barrel for compounds with 0.20 and 0.30 volume fractions of carbon black is discussed.
Four ways into an African sacred wilderness: a study of Johane Masowe's teaching

AbstractThis article focuses on four ways of explaining the term masowe in relation to the founder figure, Johane Masowe (1914–1973). First, the term refers to a liminal place or threshold for divine intervention. Johane Masowe claims authority as a prophet by making inexplicit yet obvious references to biblical stories about a sacred wilderness. Second, the term masowe draws attention to problems of displacement caused by colonialism and postcolonial oppression in Zimbabwe. Third, stories told by Johane Masowe's devotees about the near-death experiences of the prophet turned masowe into a dangerous place wherein Satan-the-Witch caused suffering and death. Although the fourth meaning is yet to be examined more closely, it comes from Masowe Apostles who travel from as far away as Nairobi, Kenya, on pilgrimage to Johane Masowe's burial shrine in Zimbabwe, thereby hinting at hopes for redemption in the form of life after death.
Investigation of the effect of ceramic coatings on rocket thrust chamber life

Cylindrical rocket thrust chamber cylinders were coated with a 0.203 mm (0.008 in.) layer of zirconium oxide using a process that employed electrodeposition of metal to a spray coated mandrel. The cylinders were cyclically tested using hydrogen oxygen propellants at a nominal chamber pressure of 4.14 MN/sq m (600 psia) to show the effect of the coating on life. Both cylinders failed prematurely due to causes unrelated to the coatings. Post destructive analysis showed no cooling passage wall deformation. Where erosion of the coating occurred, the coating thickness stabilized at 0.061 mm (0.0024 in.) within 80 cycles and remained well adhered throughout the tests.
The physical and chemical stability of suspensions of sustained-release diclofenac microspheres

The major challenge in liquid sustained-release oral suspensions is to minimize drug diffusion into the suspending medium and to retain the original properties of the microparticles during storage. Diclofenac wax microspheres prepared by the hydrophobic congealable disperse phase method were formulated as a sustained release suspension and stored at three different temperatures (25, 37 and 45 degrees C) for 3 months, to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of the suspended microspheres. Suspensions of microspheres stored at ambient temperatures were both physically and chemically stable, but at higher temperatures, up to 45 degrees C, there was a decrease in drug release due to scaling and melting on the microsphere surface as observed by scanning electron microscopy. However, on prolonged storage, up to 90 days, especially at 45 degrees C, temperature became a dominant factor causing an increase in drug release. The suspension of diclofenac microspheres was chemically stable for 3 months, while the plain drug suspension exhibited slight degradation.
Measurement of the rate of formation of pi-mu atoms in KL0 decay.

Hydrogenlike atoms consisting of a pion and a muon can be formed in K/sub L//sup 0/..--> pi mu nu.. decays. In an experiment at Fermilab, 320 pi-mu atoms were detected and simultaneously the K/sub L//sup 0/ flux was monitored by recording ordinary K/sub L//sup 0/..--> pi mu nu.. decays. The first measurement of the branching ratio R = GAMMA(K/sub L//sup 0/..-->..pi-mu atom+..nu..)/GAMMA(K/sub L//sup 0/..--> pi mu nu..) = (3.90 +- 0.39) x 10/sup -7/ is reported, based on a subset of 155 atoms. This ratio may be sensitive to anomalous interactions between the pion and the muon. In the absence of such interactions, theory predicts R = (4.31 +- 0.08) x 10/sup -7/.