cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pepstatin inhibits the digestion of hemoglobin and protein-polysaccharide complex by cathepsin D.

Abstract Pepstatin, a peptide inhibitor of pepsin isolated from cultures of Actinomycetes, is shown to be a powerful inhibitor of cathepsin D preparations obtained from bovine uterus and rabbit ear cartilage. The digestion of hemoglobin at pH 3.2 is completely blocked by pepstatin at a 1:1 molar ratio of inhibitor to enzyme. The digestion at pH 5 of protein-polysaccharide-light complex from bovine nasal cartilage is 98% inhibited.
Behavioral impairment after escape from trawl codends may not be limited to fragile fish species

Abstract Field studies indicate great variability between fish species in their susceptibility to direct mortality resulting from stress incurred during entrainment and escape through trawl codends. Moreover, stressors that do not directly kill fish may still cause indirect mortality, such as behavioral impairment leading to predation. However, it is unknown whether resistance to direct mortality also imparts resistance to behavioral impairment. Juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria are more resistant to direct mortality resulting from physical damage and stress than are walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma . We measured juvenile sablefish resistance to behavioral impairment resulting from simulated trawl passage and compared results to those for walleye pollock, a species already studied. Juvenile sablefish (18–27 cm) were subjected to three levels of simulated trawl/escape stressors in the laboratory: (1) control: no stressors; (2) swim: forced swimming for 90 min at 0.33 m s −1 in a towed net, followed by escape through 8 cm square mesh; and (3) swim/pin: forced swimming for 60 min, then pinning against net meshes for 30 min, followed by 3 min crowding prior to escape. Subsequently, we examined sablefish behavior in the presence of a threatening but non-lethal predator (38–49 cm sablefish). In a second experiment, equal numbers of trawl-stressed and control fish were mixed and exposed to predation by a lingcod Ophiodon elongatus (62–87 cm). The first experiment demonstrated that sablefish suffered the same behavioral impairments as walleye pollock: stressed fish swam slower, shoaled less cohesively and allowed the predator to approach closer than did controls. In the second experiment all three levels of trawl stress caused fish to be consumed in greater numbers (by lingcod) than control fish, again, like walleye pollock. Therefore, although differing in susceptibility to potentially lethal stressors, both species exhibited similar impairments in response to sub-lethal stressors. This suggests that for numerous fish species, behaviorally impaired individuals escaping codends may be consumed by predators, contributing to unobserved mortality.
Cost-benefit analysis indicates the positive economic benefits of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program related to chronic disease prevention.

Abstract Objective To provide an estimated cost-benefit ratio for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), based on potential prevention of diet-related chronic diseases and conditions. Design A retrospective cost-benefit study using demographic, food/nutrient intake, and food-related behavioral data previously collected on program participants by trained paraprofessionals, before and after an intervention. Actual costs of implementing EFNEP for 1 year (1996) were also used. Subjects/Settings 3100 female and male adults who had participated in the Virginia EFNEP during 1996. Intervention Prior participation in 6 to 12 food/nutrition education lessons with subsequent graduation from EFNEP. Main Outcome Measures Cost-benefit ratios for EFNEP, based on original assumptions and subsequent sensitivity analyses. Statistical Analysis Program implementation costs were compiled and compared with monetized benefits of disease prevention to produce benefit-to-cost ratios. Excel and SPSS computer programs were used to compute cost-benefit ratios based on standard procedures used in the field of economics. Results The initial benefit-to-cost ratio was $10.64/$1.00, with subsequent sensitivity analyses producing ratios ranging from $2.66/1.00 to $17.04/1.00. Implications The results of EFNEP intervention translate into a positive cost-benefit based on potential prevention of diet-related chronic diseases and conditions. Thus, EFNEP is a good use of federal tax dollars.
Metastability of 2 s States of Hydrogenic Atoms

It has been found by Breit and Teller that double photon emission is the principal cause of decay of interstellar hydrogen atoms from their metastable $2s$ state and the mean life corresponding to this decay was bracketed by them between upper and lower limits. In the present note an account is given of a more accurate evaluation of the transition probability ${A}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=(8.226\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001){Z}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $Z$ is the atomic number. Relativistic effects on the atomic wave functions have been neglected in the calculations which are therefore accurate only for small $Z$.
Effects of void-induced convection on interface morphology and segregation during low-g solidification

Abstract Recent microgravity experiments have been hampered by convection caused by unwanted voids and/or bubbles in the melt. In this work, a numerical model is developed to describe how thermocapillary convection generated by a void can affect a typical Bridgman solidification process in microgravity. The model is based on the quasi-steady Navier–Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid coupled with the conservation equations for transport of energy and species. Numerical solutions for a variety of operating conditions indicate that void-generated thermocapillary convection can have a drastic effect on both interface morphology and solutal transport.
Floral anthocyanins from two monkeyflower species with different pollinators

Mimulu s lewisii and M. cardinalis are closely related, but M. lewisii is pink-flowered and pollinated by bumblebees while M. cardinalis is red-flowered and pollinated by hummingbirds. Pollinator preference is believed to be due in part to the difference in flower color between these two species. Ten anthocyanins are characterized from M. lewisii and 114. cardinalis petal lobes by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES/MSMS). Total anthocyanin concentration in the petals of M. cardinalis is approximately twice as high as that in M. lewisii, and that this difference can be accounted for by the presence of two pelargonidin biosides, probably rhamnohexosides, unique to 114. cardinalis. Cyanidin bio- sides comprise 33% of all the anthocyanins in M. lewisii, but only 2.4% of those in M. cardinalis. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
An experimental investigation of the inherent uncertainty in pool boiling critical heat fluxes to saturated water

The inherent uncertainty of the critical heat flux in saturated pool boiling has been inconclusively debated for some time. In an effort to ascertain this uncertainty a series of 234 tests was conducted at atmospheric pressure with saturated water outside horizontal, a.c. heated, 0.234-in. O.D., A-nickel tubes in an open 6 × 6 × 9-in. deep pool. Approximately fifty tests were conducted with each of four test sections which were protected from physical burnout by a detector circuit which terminated the applied current before the wall temperature exceeded approximately 450°F. The maximum relative uncertainty in the derived values of critical heat flux was ±3%. For all the tests the minimum, average, and maximum critical fluxes were 0.201 × 106, 0.436 × 106, and 0.596 × 106 B.t.u./hr. sq. ft., respectively, and the average critical wall superheat was 41°F. The surface roughness of the test sections remained essentially unchanged during the program. The data show that there is an inherent uncertainty or scatter band in the critical heat flux under conditions of minimum surface variability, and that solely hydrodynamic theories of burnout do not fully represent the phenomenon, since surface condition can constitute a significant influence.
High school library service in Tennessee Rosenwald demonstration units

This study is an attempt at a qualitative evaluation of high school library service. Other evaluating agencies have been so concerned with quantitative rather than qualitative measurement, concerned for example with how many books there are on a school library's shelves irrespective of what books they are or how much they are used, that it was difficult to find a "measuring stick" for service. As a basis for evaluation a compilation of statements written by experts in the school library field as to what constitutes desirable high school library service was summarized in a twelve-page section of the thesis with bibliographical footnotes. A standard library room with essential equipment, an adequate book collection, and a qualified librarian who is concerned with adapting the library program to the program and policies of the school and in encouraging the development of permanent and desirable habits of readingall of these are necessary for ideal high school library service. For the benefit of school administrators and librarians these are summarized in brief:
Detection of epstein-barr virus early antigen-d and its antibodies by passive hemagglutination

These data describe the use of a passive hemagglutination test (PHAT) for the detection of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated antigen, early antigen-D (EA-D). EA-D was obtained from EBV-superinfected RPMI 64–10 cell preparations which showed by immunofluorescent staining (IF) that 25–35% of the cells contained EA-D. Solubilization of EA-D was achieved by sonic oscillation, treatment of the pellet-associated material with triton X 100, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl celluiose. Successful use of the PHAT for detection of antibodies to EA-D was dependent on the degree of purity of the partially purified antigen. Throughout these studies preparations from uninfected 64-10 cells were used as control reagents. More than 100 human antisera from patients with EBV-associated diseases, which had been previously tested by standard IF procedures were assayed by PHAT. A good correlation was found between IF and PHAT titers for EA-D and, in addition, the PHAT was 50–100 times more sensitive. Most human sera gave no agglutination of red cells coated with control preparations. An inhibition (blocking) of PHAT was developed which was useful in the purification and characterization of EA-D. These data indicate that the PHAT may provide a rapid, reliable, objective and sensitive method for studying EA-D and possibly other virus-associated antigens.
The Effects of Yoga on Eating Disorder Symptoms and Correlates: A Review

Background: Yoga is a popular adjunct therapy for eating disorders (EDs). A systematic review and synthesis of the yoga literature is needed to guide treatment recommendations and future research. This article provides a review of studies that used yoga for preventing and treating EDs. Method: Databases were searched for peer-reviewed ar ticles about yoga practice and ED symptoms and correlates. Results: Of the 14 articles reviewed, 40% used cross-sectional designs to examine risk and protective factors for EDs among yoga practitioners, and 60% used longitudinal designs to assess the effectiveness of yoga interventions for preventing and treating EDs. Yoga practitioners were reported to be at decreased risk for EDs, and ED risk and symptoms were reduced or unchanged after yoga interventi o ns. Con c lu sion s : Well - c o ntroll ed studies are need ed to understand whether the positive effects of yoga on ED symptoms and correlates are related to the type of yoga practiced, the amount/frequency of practice, and/or other variables.
Observed Variability of Ocean Wave Stokes Drift, and the Eulerian Response to Passing Groups

Waves and currents interact via exchanges of mass and momentum. The mass and momentum fluxes associated with surface waves are closely linked to their Stokes drift. Both the variability of the Stokes drift and the corresponding response of the underlying flow are important in a wide range of contexts. Three methods are developed and implemented to evaluate Stokes drift from a recently gathered oceanic dataset, involving surface velocities measured continually over an area 1.5 km in radius by 45°. The estimated Stokes drift varies significantly, in line with the occurrence of compact wave groups, resulting in highly intermittent maxima. One method also provides currents at a fixed level (Eulerian velocities). It is found that Eulerian counterflows occur that completely cancel the Stokes drift variations at the surface. Thus, the estimated Lagrangian surface flow has no discernable mean response to wave group passage. This response is larger than anticipated and is hard to reconcile with current theory.
Scaffolding Students' Comprehension of Text

In this article, the authors explore the concept of instructional scaffolding as it applies to facilitating students' reading comprehension. They argue that scaffolding is a highly flexible and adaptable model of instruction that supports students as they acquire both basic skills and higher order thinking processes, allows for explicit instruction within authentic contexts of reading and writing, and enables teachers to differentiate instruction for students of diverse needs. The authors hope to help professionals gain a broader perspective of the different roles they can play in using various forms of scaffolding in the reading program, so that they will employ scaffolding more frequently in their classrooms and thereby improve their students' reading comprehension. Several definitions of scaffolding are considered, foundations of the scaffolding concept are reviewed, and reasons that scaffolding is an effective technique are discussed. Three general types of scaffolding are addressed: moment-to-moment scaffolding, instructional frameworks that foster content learning, and instructional procedures for teaching reading comprehension strategies. For each type, the authors provide two examples of instruction. Finally, they discuss things to consider when making decisions about scaffolding.
Quality Assurance of Software Applications Using the In Vivo Testing Approach

Software products released into the field typically have some number of residual defects that either were not detected or could not have been detected during testing. This may be the result of flaws in the test cases themselves, incorrect assumptions made during the creation of test cases, or the infeasibility of testing the sheer number of possible configurations for a complex system; these defects may also be due to application states that were not considered during lab testing, or corrupted states that could arise due to a security violation. One approach to this problem is to continue to test these applications even after deployment, in hopes of finding any remaining flaws. In this paper, we present a testing methodology we call in vivo testing, in which tests are continuously executed in the deployment environment. We also describe a type of test we call in vivo tests that are specifically designed for use with such an approach: these tests execute within the current state of the program (rather than by creating a clean slate) without affecting or altering that state from the perspective of the end-user. We discuss the approach and the prototype testing framework for Java applications called Invite. We also provide the results of case studies that demonstrate Invite's effectiveness and efficiency.
The Efficiency of Share Contracts in Ghana's Cocoa Industry

Social anthropologists have contributed significantly to our understanding of the consistency between observed labour contracts in the Ghana cocoa industry and the cultural historical development of the country. This article contributes to the ongoing research efforts in this area by demonstrating that the observed labour contracts are also efficient and consistent with the predictions of economic theory. It concludes that joint efforts by anthropologists and economists may be one effective way to proceed in seeking insights into a labour market that is so deeply rooted in the culture of a people.
SAMBLASTER: fast duplicate marking and structural variant read extraction

Motivation: Illumina DNA sequencing is now the predominant source of raw genomic data, and data volumes are growing rapidly. Bioinformatic analysis pipelines are having trouble keeping pace. A common bottleneck in such pipelines is the requirement to read, write, sort and compress large BAM files multiple times. Results: We present SAMBLASTER, a tool that reduces the number of times such costly operations are performed. SAMBLASTER is designed to mark duplicates in read-sorted SAM files as a piped post-pass on DNA aligner output before it is compressed to BAM. In addition, it can simultaneously output into separate files the discordant read-pairs and/or split-read mappings used for structural variant calling. As an alignment post-pass, its own runtime overhead is negligible, while dramatically reducing overall pipeline complexity and runtime. As a stand-alone duplicate marking tool, it performs significantly better than PICARD or SAMBAMBA in terms of both speed and memory usage, while achieving nearly identical results. Availability and implementation: SAMBLASTER is open-source C++ code and freely available for download from https://github.com/GregoryFaust/samblaster. Contact: ude.ainigriv@y4hmi
The Endowment Effect as Self-Enhancement in Response to Threat

The discrepancy between willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) for a product, referred to as the endowment effect, has been investigated and replicated across various domains because of its implications for rational decision making. The authors assume that implicit processes operate in the endowment effect and propose an explanation that is derived from the two main accounts of the effect, ownership and loss aversion. Based on the implicit egotism and self-affirmation literatures, the model argues that selling is perceived as an implicit self-threat and that sellers, as a part of their automatic defense mechanism, respond to this self-threat by enhancing the value of the self-associated object. Five studies test these conjectures and provide support for the proposed model.
Nitric-oxide-dependent pial arteriolar dilation in the female rat: effects of chronic estrogen depletion and repletion.

Abstract In this study, we compared endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-mediated cerebral vasodilating responses in intact female rats, chronically ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and OVX rats treated for 2 weeks with 17β-estradiol (E2). Under anesthesia, using intravital microscopy and a closed cranial window system, pial arteriolar diameter changes were monitored during sequential cortical suffusions of an eNOS-dependent dilator [acetylcholine (ACh)] and a direct NO donor [S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine (SNAP)]. In separate rats from the same groups, we compared eNOS and caveolin-1 (CAV-1) protein abundance in pial arterioles (via immunofluorescence analyses). In untreated and low-dose E2-treated (1.0 μg · kg−1 · day−1) OVX rats, ACh-induced vasodilations were virtually absent. High-dose E2 treatment (100 μg · kg−1 · day−1) restored ACh-induced pial arteriolar dilations to levels seen in intact females. The vasodilations elicited by SNAP and ADO were unaffected by chronic estrogen changes, indicating no direct estrogen influence on vascular smooth muscle (VSM) reactivity. Pial arteriolar eNOS protein abundance was diminished by ovariectomy and restored by high-dose E2 treatment. Pial arteriolar CAV-1 expression was higher in OVX versus intact and E2-treated OVX females. These results suggest that long-term changes in estrogen directly influence brain eNOS functional activity. The estrogen-related changes in eNOS-dependent vasodilating function appear to be related, in part, to a capacity for E2 to increase eNOS protein expression and, in part, to an E2-associated diminution in endothelial CAV-1 expression.
Dye laser treatment of port-wine stains: Comparison of the continuous-wave dye laser with a robotized scanning device and the pulsed dye laser☆

Abstract Background: Despite good results in the treatment of most port-wine stains (PWS) with continuous-wave visible-light lasers, light PWS and those in certain locations respond less favorably and have a higher risk of scarring. Robotized scanning devices such as the Hexascan device have been developed for continuous-wave laser sources to produce greater target specificity, to increase reproducibility of results, and to decrease the incidence of adverse effects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the same wavelength of light (585 nm) on test sites within PWS with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser and a continuous-wave tunable dye laser scanned through a Hexascan robotized scanning device. Methods: Two adjacent, noncontiguous sites within PWS were treated in 29 patients, one site with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser and the other with an argon-pumped continuous-wave tunable dye laser affixed to a Hexascan device. Results: Twenty-eight patients completed the study. The pulsed dye laser was found to be superior to the continuous-wave dye laser with the Hexascan device in 45% of patients, whereas the continuous-wave tunable dye laser with the Hexascan device was considered superior in 15%. There was no difference in the remaining 40%. Undesirable side effects were infrequent with both treatments. There was no significant difference in hypopigmentation or atrophic and hypertrophic scarring, but hyperpigmentation was more frequent with the continuous-wave dye laser with the Hexascan device. Conclusion: Both the pulsed dye laser and continuous tunable-wave dye laser with the Hexascan device produce slight lightening after one treatment. The pulsed dye laser produces slightly greater lightening than the continuous-wave tunable dye laser with the Hexascan device 6 weeks after treatment of test areas within PWS in 40% of those treated. It also produced slightly less hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation.
The role of protonation and metal chelation preferences in defining the properties of mercury-binding coiled coils

To define the delicate interplay between metal chelation, protein folding and function in metalloproteins, a family of de novo-designed peptides was synthesized that self-assemble in aqueous solution to form two and three-stranded a-helical coiled coils. Each peptide contains a single Cys residue at an a or d position of the heptad repeat. Peptide association thus produces a Cys-rich coordination environment that has been used to bind Hg(II) ions. These peptides display a pH-dependent association, with trimers observed above the pKa of Glu side-chains and dimers below this value. Finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann calculations suggest that the dimeric state decreases the unfavorable electrostatic interactions between positively charged Lys side-chains (relative to the trimer). The Cys-containing peptides bind Hg(II) in a position-dependent fashion. Cys at a positions form three-coordinate Hg complexes at high pH where the trimeric aggregation state predominates, and two-coordinate complexes at lower pH. A d position Cys, however, is only able to generate the two-coordinate complex, illustrating the difference in coordination geometry between the two positions in the coiled coil. The binding of Hg(II) was also shown to substantially increase the stability of the helical aggregates. # 1998 Academic Press
Trends in early mineralization of murine calvarial osteoblastic cultures: a Raman microscopic study

The elucidation of early mineralization of bone is of great interest to the medical world. A clearer understanding of the initial bone formation processes can lead to information regarding the treatment and prevention of bone disorders and fractures and the manufacture of prosthetics. We exploited the mineralizing capabilities of bone cell cultures (osteoblast cultures) to monitor the earliest composition changes during mineral formation using Raman spectroscopy. We observed the first mineralization in 8-day-old osteoblasts and identified the mineral species as one that is very similar to that found in fetal bone tissue, a lightly carbonated apatite. Raman spectra show that carbonation, an indicator of bone maturity, appears at the first detectable stage of mineralization in osteoblasts, and increases over time. We also isolated single osteoblasts by growing them on fused-silica microscope slides. Not only did these cells exhibit abnormal growth patterns, but they also expressed a mineral composition different to a carbonated apatite. Raman spectra of this mineral species have spectral characteristics comparable to those of β-tricalcium phosphate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retroperitoneal gastric duplication cyst: a case report and literature review

A rare case of retroperitoneal gastric duplication is reported and discussed. An intra-abdominal cyst was detected at 31 weeks gestation and was followed up prenatally as a left sided duplex kidney. Post-natal ultrasound however, showed a normal kidney, but a cyst with features of enteric duplication in the left upper quadrant adjacent and compressing the kidney. Surgery was carried out during infancy and a retroperitoneal cyst was excised that contained heterotrophic gastric mucosa.
Comparison of Theoretical Equations for Potential Energy of Electrostatic Repulsion of Colloidal Particles at Constant Surface Charge

Recently, derived and relatively simple expressions for the energy of electrostatic repulsion between flat plates and spheres at constant surface charge were compared with the more rigorous expressions of Jones and Levine and of Muller. They are quantitative of the electrostatic barrier to the collision of colloidal particles in electrolyte solutions within the limitation of small surface potentials, ψo < 25 mv. They are also useful in the general approximation of colloidal stability of most practical systems, despite the limitations on the validity of the expression at higher surface potentials.
A Research-Based Clinical Tutorial in Adolescent Stuttering: Response to Coleman, Miller, and Weidner (2015)

Coleman, Miller, and Weidner's (2015) recent clinical vignette and tutorial described one very common, broad-based, and theory-driven approach to treating stuttering in a 14-year-old boy. This resp...
International development of methods of analysis for the presence of products of modern biotechnology.

Methods of analysis for products of modern biotechnology are required for national and international trade in seeds, grain and food in order to meet the labeling or import/export requirements of different nations and trading blocks. Although many methods were developed by the originators of transgenic events, governments, universities, and testing laboratories, trade is less complicated if there exists a set of international consensusderived analytical standards. In any analytical situation, multiple methods may exist for testing for the same analyte. These methods may be supported by regional preferences and regulatory requirements. However, tests need to be sensitive enough to determine low levels of these traits in commodity grain for regulatory purposes and also to indicate purity of seeds containing these traits. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its European counterpart have worked to produce a suite of standards through open, balanced and consensus-driven processes. Presently, these standards are approaching the time for their first review. In fact, ISO 21572, the “protein standard” has already been circulated for systematic review. In order to expedite the review and revision of the nucleic acid standards an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS 21098) was drafted to set the criteria for the inclusion of precision data from collaborative studies into the annexes of these standards.
Transistor characteristics

The development of the transistor is undoubtedly one of the most significant contributions in the field of electronic components. Many organizations have established extensive projects for the development of transistor circuits, and practical applications will certainly be reported in increasing numbers in the near future. In order to lay the foundation for transistor circuit development at the Stanford Research Institute, an internally-sponsored project was initiated in December 1951 for investigation of the characteristics of point-contact transistors. Some of the results of the work of that project are presented in this paper.
The Derivative of the Logarithm

(1916). The Derivative of the Logarithm. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 204-206.
SOLUBILITY OF CHOLESTEROL IN VARIOUS FATS AND OILS.

SummaryThe solubility of cholesterol in various fats and oils at 37°C has been studied using radioactive cholesterol. The amount of radioactivity present in the supernatant obtained after an excess of cholesterol-4-C14 and the fat have been shaken for 18 hours is used to assay the amount of cholesterol dissolved. Using both pure and natural triglycerides, it has been shown that the fats and oils composed largely of short chain fatty acids (C6- C12) have the greatest solubilizing effect. Addition of 2% of pure fatty acids (C6 through C20) to corn oil or coconut oil shows that while all the fatty acids used enhance cholesterol solubility, highest solubility is obtained when C6, C8, C10, or C12 fatty acids are used.
The Quantitative Requirement of the Growing Chick for Calcium and Phosphorus

Abstract Experiments to determine the calcium and phosphorus requirement of the growing chick were begun at this laboratory in the spring of 1927. Four different experiments have been conducted since then two of which were of a preliminary nature and are not reported in this paper. In the meantime, experimental results on this problem have been reported by Bethke 1, 2, Buckner3, 4, 5, Mussehl6, 7, Massengale8 and Hart9 and their associates. In many of these reports, however, emphasis has been laid upon the calcium-phosphorus ratio rather than upon the quantitative requirement for these minerals. From the data of these investigators as well as from the results obtained at this laboratory, it is now possible to draw general conclusions of practical value concerning the quantitative requirement of the chick for calcium and phosphorus and the effect of variations in the calcium-phosphorus ratio on this reqnirement. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Ten pens, each containing . . .
Antecedents of Career Adaptability in Strategic Career Management

Career adaptability is an important characteristic that helps individuals deal effectively with career uncertainty and ambiguous job roles in current times. Based on the career construction theory,...
Theoretical study on wavelength conversion using cross-polarization modulation in a single semiconductor optical amplifier

Wavelength conversion based on the cross-polarization modulation in a single semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) is numerically investigated by using the theoretical model in which the self birefringence of SOA due to stress is taken into account.The results show that the non-inverted and inverted wavelength conversion can be realized by adjusting the system parameters,and there exits some differences in the chirp,the extinction ratio,and the eye diagram of the converted signal between the non-inverted and inverted conversion.Also,with the increase of the bit rate of the datum,the eye opening ratio(EOR) decreases and the chirp increases.
An Analysis of the Competitiveness of State-owned,Joint-stock and Urban Commercial Banks

The competitiveness of the Chinese commercial banks was analyzed based on the theory of the commercial bank's competitiveness with the AHP-PCA method. Result showed that The competitiveness ranking of the large-sized state-owned banks, joint-stock banks and listed city commercial banks in 2012 was: China Minsheng Banking Corp. Ltd(CMSB), China Merchants Bank(CMB), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China(ICBC), China Construction Bank(CCB), Shanghai Pudong Development Bank(SPDB), Bank of Communications(BOC), Beijing Bank(BJB), Nanjing Bank(NJB) and Ningbo Bank(NBB). CMSB and CMB ranked first and second, comparing with each other in strength; ICBC, CCB and SPDB, BOC ranked from third to sixth, there being a little difference between the above sample banks in competitiveness score. The listed city commercial banks all ranked among the third echelon, which indicated that a great gap existed between the listed city commercial banks and the large-sized state-owned and joint-stock banks and they should further reform and improve their operation. The comparison between the three types of commercial banks in competitiveness in the latest three years showed that the competitiveness of joint-stock banks was stronger than that of the state-owned ones and both of them were much stronger than that of the city commercial banks.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TAIWANESE INVESTMENT IN MAINLAND AGRICULTURE

Agricultural investment is an important link in the development of the cross-strait economic relationship.Moreover,it’s an important carrier of the cross-strait agricultural cooperation.Since early 80's of the 20th century have been Taiwanese come into the mainland to invest in agriculture,during that period Taiwanese businessman always tend to choose south-east coastal areas to invest in because it is similar to Taiwan's geography and climate.Now,even though the cross-strait economic relations in agriculture has developed for more than two decades and the scale of Taiwanese investment in mainland agriculture has grow significantly,the structure of the regional distribution of investment has no significant changes.This paper mainly analyses the regional distribution characteristics of agricultural investment of Taiwan businessmen in mainland and further explores the clustering effect in agricultural investment.
Intermittent positive-pressure breathing. A critical appraisal.

Physicians should consider intermittent positive-pressure breathing a form of therapy with limited benefit and potential and should be highly selective in prescribing it. Used indiscriminately, the technique may be without benefit or may even be harmful. Its routine use cannot be justified.
Semantically enabled temporal reasoning in a virtual observatory

The Virtual Solar-Terrestrial Observatory (VSTO) is a distributed, scalable education and research environment for searching, integrating, and analyzing observational, experimental and model databases in fields of solar, solar-terrestrial and space physics. Our work on VSTO required us to create a formal, machine understandable representation for concepts, relations and attributes of physical quantities, including concepts to represent scientific instruments and their operating modes, parameters measured by these instruments, and measured from a particular location during a particular time period. The end-user is allowed to search for data based on measured parameters of interest, instruments of interest, geophysical constraints and temporal constraints. To fulfill this need we developed a set of formal encodings of the knowledge in the OWL-DL format. In the current implementation of VSTO (www.vsto.org), however, time coverage information is retrieved as needed from a relational database, not from the ontology. Consequently, the implementation is only able to perform temporal reasoning of the subsets of time intervals returned. This choice was made because it addressed our concerns, given the current level of the tools available at the time, of performance and scalability of creating millions of in-memory triples representing time coverage. The ideal solution would be to generate instances to represent any temporal relationships within the data. This would provide a greater range of temporal reasoning and search capabilities for the user. This paper will present information on how we are working to take the next step in this solution and to answer the questions of extending the expressiveness of the ontology to include more complex temporal reasoning; how this will impact the tools used to implement the ontology, how this will impact the implementation of the underlying data portal, and how this will impact the users of the system, the domain scientists, and their ability to effectively search for the data needed in a timely manner.
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA. I. CASE REPORTS, CLINICAL STUDIES AND PORPHYRIN ANALYSES IN TWO BROTHERS.

Two cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria in brothers are presented in detail. The results of clinical studies and porphyrin analyses are presented. The pathogenesis of hepatic involvement and resulting hypersplenism exhibited by one of the cases is discussed.
A Synopsis of Africa’s Plight

In the name of their mission civilisatrice (civilizing mission),1 of taming the “savages,” Europeans returned to Africa and despoiled the continent of material and human resources.2 They left no stone unturned in their search for wealth, and Carter and O’Meara maintain rightly that “Africa has suffered the rape of its people through the slave trade … and the exploitation of its natural resources.”3 After realizing the true goal of European presence on their continent, Africans started fighting back. More than a century after they reappeared on the continent, Europeans faced a continent-wide liberation struggle. Whether through peaceful negotiation or armed struggle, most African countries were granted their independence in the 1960s.4 Unfortunately, African leaders’ eagerness to become free prevented them from catching Europeans’ subterfuge. To quench their thirst for independence, they accepted a hollow victory. Most anticolonial nationalists had been too busy organizing the campaign against colonial rule to give much thought to the future of their countries postindependence. Their most crucial weakness was blindness to the foresight of imperial designs and goals in Africa.
Electrical and Magnetic Behavior of Ultrafine-Grain Ceramics

The electrical and magnetic properties of ceramic materials can be influenced by their microstructural characteristics, including ultrafine-grain size. Salient features of a boundary region which significantly alter or affect the electronic processes in a material are discussed. Electrical characterization of surface characteristics to show the relationship between the dielectric properties of bulk and surface layer in ultrafine particulate BaTiO3 is presented. An electron-beam scanning technique capable of differentiating the electrical characteristics of grain boundaries and adjacent grains has been developed, and preliminary experimental data obtained. The implications of the role of grain boundaries in the electronic behavior of ultrafine-grain ceramics is discussed.
The Religious and the Political: Confucianism as state ideology: China

Introduction: Max Weber on The religion of China In the West there is a long tradition of scholarly interest in the uniqueness of China. For example, in the seventeenth century Gottfried W. Leibniz (1646–1716) devoted considerable attention to the question of Chinese distinctiveness as an aspect of his understanding of the plenitude of reality in his concept of theodicy. He thought that God had created a world of infinite variety, and that the diversity of cultures was simply one aspect of this enriching multiplicity. In this specific sense he argued that we live in the best of all possible worlds. His ambition was to create a ‘commerce of light’ to match the exchange of commodities that already existed between Europe and Asia (Perkins, 2004). Despite this early flowering of cosmopolitanism, by contrast in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, debates about the Orient were more inclined to see China as moribund and despotic. In 1859 John Stuart Mill (1989: 72) in On liberty , while praising the ‘wisdom’ and ‘good customs’ of the Chinese, claimed that they ‘have become stationary – have remained so for thousands of years; and if they are ever to be farther improved, it must be by foreigners’. Western attitudes towards Chinese bureaucratic administration were often a strange mixture of admiration and criticism. Georg W. F. Hegel in The philosophy of history (1956) had praised the stability and regularity of Chinese administration. Taking his lead from Karl Marx’s notion of an ‘Asiatic Mode of Production’, Karl Wittfogel (1957) in Oriental despotism argued that Asiatic despotism had its origins in the large-scale irrigation works that required centralized management to co-ordinate seasonal flooding of arable land. He suggested that political despotism in Stalinist Russia was simply a continuation of this long-standing political and economic system of centralized control. The static and despotic character of China followed a similar pattern in which centralized power stifled economic innovation and political liberty. The turning point in modern approaches to Asia has been the result of a more sophisticated appreciation of the problematic nature of Western assumptions about the Orient. Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) is a good example of this development.
Is Screening for Periprosthetic Joint Infections Using ESR and CRP Per AAOS Clinical Guidelines Cost Effective

Background: Until recently, there has been no consensus of the best approach to dIfferentiating aseptic from septic loosening in joint replacement patients. The recent AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline Summary that was published in 2010, tasks orthopedic surgeons with the strong recommendation of obtaining ESR and CRP for all patients needing hip and knee arthroplasty revision surgery and aspirating the joint based upon these results. The purpose of this study is to determine from our patients whether this guideline has been helpful and cost effective in determining periprosthetic joint infections. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of 50 consecutive patients who underwent revision total hip or knee arthroplasty. Each patient received an ESR and CRP level prior to operation and patients with known periprosthetic joint infections were excluded from the study. As guidelines recommend, aspiration with cultures and cell count were obtained on all knees with either elevated ESR or CRP and all hips with both ESR and CRP elevated. We then determined how many patients needing revision arthroplasty of the hip or knee benefited from ESR, CRP, and aspiration by finding subclinical periprosthetic infection and changing the intraoperative treatment. Hospital charge data was used to report cost of this protocol. Results Sixty-four percent (32/50) patients had elevated ESR and/or CRP. Eighteen patients (12 hips; 7 knees) required joint aspirations per the guidelines. None of the aspirations were positive for bacterial growth. The total hospital charges for aspiration and cultures in this patient population were $81, 712.44. No sub clinical infection was identified. Conclusion: Although guidelines may more readily diagnose every case of subclinical joint infection, we must continue to evaluate the cost of this type protocol in a busy revision practice.
WITHDRAWN: The Myth of Massive Media Impact: Savagings and Salvagings

This content has been removed under this ISBN. It exists on ScienceDirect at the following URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780125319560 .
Motion of a spherical liquid drop in simple shear flow next to an infinite plane wall or fluid interface

The velocity of translation of a spherical liquid drop under the influence of simple shear flow near an infinite plane wall or fluid interface is computed with high accuracy using a boundary-integral method for Stokes flow based on Fourier decomposition in the absence of significant gravitational effects. Accurate results are obtained for very small gaps between the drop surface and the wall or interface, several orders of magnitude smaller than the drop diameter. As the gap decreases, a liquid drop tends to stick to a solid wall but is able to slide over an interface irrespective of the drop and ambient fluid viscosities. In the case of flow near an interface, the dependence of the drop velocity on the drop position and viscosity ratio is not necessarily monotonic. The interfacial deformation is computed to leading order with respect to the capillary number and is shown to exhibit an asymmetry due to the presence of the wall or interface. The predictions of the asymptotic analysis for nearly spherical drops are in agreement with boundary-element simulations of three-dimensional flow.
Making the Economic Case for U.S. Customs Clearance at Hyannis Marina

The purpose of this research is to determine the potential economic impact of providing U.S. Customs clearance at the Port of Hyannis to the international yachting community. Through secondary research and using well-established research methodologies, the author assesses the potential economic impacts, both direct and inferred, of providing U.S. Customs Clearance to yachts up to 60 meters in length.
An Empirical Bayes Approach to Optimizing Machine Learning Algorithms

There is rapidly growing interest in using Bayesian optimization to tune model and inference hyperparameters for machine learning algorithms that take a long time to run. For example, Spearmint is a popular software package for selecting the optimal number of layers and learning rate in neural networks. But given that there is uncertainty about which hyperparameters give the best predictive performance, and given that fitting a model for each choice of hyperparameters is costly, it is arguably wasteful to "throw away" all but the best result, as per Bayesian optimization. A related issue is the danger of overfitting the validation data when optimizing many hyperparameters. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach that uses more samples from the hyperparameter selection procedure to average over the uncertainty in model hyperparameters. The resulting approach, empirical Bayes for hyperparameter averaging (EB-Hyp) predicts held-out data better than Bayesian optimization in two experiments on latent Dirichlet allocation and deep latent Gaussian models. EB-Hyp suggests a simpler approach to evaluating and deploying machine learning algorithms that does not require a separate validation data set and hyperparameter selection procedure.
Thoracic scoliosis (AIS) posterior surgery complication

As treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has evolved especially with more aggressive surgical correction, intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) has become critical part of the surgical procedure to ensure patient safety. One of the earliest techniques was the intraoperative wake-up test. While this had reportedly high sensitivity for detecting neurologic deficit, there were clear limitations to this technique as this defined gross motor function without detailed strength measurements. This promoted further research into other methods for monitoring and includes somatosensory-evoked potentials, transcranial motor-evoked potentials, neurogenic motor-evoked potentials, and electromyography. Combined IONM during spinal deformity correction is now the preferred method for detection and prevention of injury according to the Scoliosis Research Society. A thorough understanding of the basics of IONM is essential for any surgeon addressing AIS. This chapter reviews the history of neuromonitoring in spinal deformity surgery, focusing on the most common types of monitoring conducted today. It also reviews common causes for monitoring changes and recommended protocols for responding to changes.
Deconvolution of blast vibration signals by wiener filtering

Ground vibration is one of the environmental concerns caused by mine blasts. The signature-hole technique, essentially the convolution of a single-hole signature with an impulse train function repr...