cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The aims and achievements of bryophyte taxonomists

Progress and problems in taxonomy of bryophytes during recent decennia are assessed. It is postulated that at the species level: (a) understanding of many holarctic taxa assumes ‘modern’ standards, in part because of accretion of genetic, cytological, ultrastructural, and/or biochemical data; (b) for the Tropics and Antipodes in general this is not the case; (c) the Arctic-boreal-temperate flora is relatively depauperate; (d) the very rich tropical and antipodal flora has been relatively neglected; and (e) extant deficiencies reside in part with an over-concern with nomenclature. At the level of higher taxa it is suggested that (a) progress in defining families, suborders and other higher categories is relatively advanced in the Hepaticae compared to the Musci and (b) this is owing, in part, to the introduction and/or utilization of numerous new criteria in the Hepaticae versus the Musci. In the evaluation of evolutionary phenomena, chiefly rates, utilization of tectonic data may be pertinent and comprehension of dispersal mechanisms, sexuality and general reproductive biology are essential.
Sensing Of High Pressure By Shock Heating Quartz Optical Fibers

We report the use of bare optical fibers to detect shock arrival times and shock pressures in the collision of a moving flyer plate with a stationary plate. Glass fibers were either laid on the surface of the stationary plate or put through closely fitting holes so that they were perpendicular to the plate, with their cleaved ends flush with the surface being struck by the flyer. The flyer, moving at 5 km/s, struck the stationary plate at an angle of 6.7°. The phase velocity of the line of Intersection, measured from the times of light onset in fibers at different positions, moved at over 40 km/s along the direction of the surface fibers. All of the fibers were shock heated to about 3600K, producing enough light to allow detection by optical receivers viewing the other ends of the fibers. By being reasonably careful about calibrating the absolute transmission of the optical system, we were able to obtain good estimates of the quartz temperature and pressure as a function of time and position along the surface fibers. (We assume that only the light from near the shock front emerges.) By fusing a short piece of smaller-core-fiber to the end of a surface fiber, we were able to get two signals from one fiber and deduce an instantaneous phase velocity. The perpendicular fibers gave understandable signals only during the time the shock ran through the stationary plate.
T-Cell Receptor Signaling Events Triggering Granule Exocytosis

T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement by antigen results in proliferation, differentiation and cytokine secretion. In the CD8+ T-cell subset, TCR triggering also induces granule exocytosis, the directional release of contents of lysosome-like granules toward the target cell presenting the antigen. This process is responsible for immediate death of target cells. The intracellular events required for granule exocytosis are distinct from those of proliferation and cytokine secretion, as the former do not require de novo protein synthesis. Consequently, the key TCR signaling events required for granule exocytosis may be distinct. In this article, we review present knowledge of regulation of granule exocytosis by molecules of the TCR signaling cascade.
Embryologic Association of Tornwaldt's Cyst with Cerebral Artery Abnormalities and Infarction: A Case Report

Background and Purpose. Tornwaldt's cysts are rare nasopharyngeal lesions that develop from remnants of the embryonic notochord. Summary of Case. We reported a twelve-year-old female stroke patient with Tornwaldt's cysts, whose father also suffered a stroke at age fifty two with the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, suggesting a genetic influence in this case. Conclusions. This paper suggests an etiologic connection between Tornwaldt's cysts and cerebral vasculature abnormalities by way of notochordal dysfunction during development, likely the result of perturbation of notochord-derived molecular cues during development or biogenesis.
Emergency airway control: Its role in total CPR

It is generally accepted that the aim of effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation is patient survival without brain damage. This fundamental goal needs to be kept in the forefront in evaluating the pros and cons of techniques or devices used in CPR. The prevention of cerebral hypoxia and of the “dead brain, live heart syndrome” requires an understanding of differential hypoxic thresholds of heart and brain and a knowledge of the essential ingredients of cerebral preservation. Achieving these goals on a broad scale, rather than the anecdotal or emotional reports of complications using one technique or another, needs to be the standard for judging the efficacy of total resuscitation. Encouragingly, various statistical techniques are now being used to ascertain the efficacy of CPR. ‘1’ There is little doubt of the efficacy and limitations of techniques which blow or exhale oxygen or air into the upper airways. These undoubtably save lives in the many situations where no other means are available. That the GI tract has a highcompliance and the stomach and intestines are distended and even rarely ruptured in the process of expired air ventilation is a disadvantage inherent to the method. Gastrointestinal roentgenograms taken after exhaled air ventilation, graphically show massive bowel distention3 and, interestingly, elevation of the diaphragm and, presumably, intrathoracic pressures, simulating the effects of abdominal binding in new CPR.4 The inefficiency of ventilation relative to intubation by these methods, however, has been stressed” as well as the significant incidence of emesis induced by rapidexpansion and reflex contraction of the stomach, especially if the organ is already filled. Thus, mouth to mouth, mouth to
Direct methods for primary decomposition

LetI be an ideal in a polynomial ring over a perfect field. We given new methods for computing the equidimensional parts and radical ofI, for localizingI with respect to another ideal, and thus for finding the primary decomposition ofI. Our methods rest on modern ideas from commutative algebra, and are direct in the sense that they avoid the generic projections used by Hermann (1926) and all others until now. Some of our methods are practical for certain classes of interesting problems, and have been implemented in the computer algebra system Macaulay of Bayer and Stillman (1982–1992).
Treatment of Grade III Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries with Early Controlled Motion Using a Hinged Splint

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint are some of the more common injuries to the thumb and are usually treated with immobilization. There are benefits, however, to early active motion for healing ligaments. Therefore, these authors incorporated some of the concepts related to early controlled motion and its role in healing, and created a hinged thumb MCP radial and ulnar deviation restriction splint for use with Grade III UCL injuries.
The GCN2 eIF2α Kinase Regulates Fatty-Acid Homeostasis in the Liver during Deprivation of an Essential Amino Acid

Metabolic adaptation is required to cope with episodes of protein deprivation and malnutrition. GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase, a sensor of amino acid deficiency, plays a key role in yeast and mammals in modulating amino acid metabolism as part of adaptation to nutrient deprivation. The role of GCN2 in adaptation to long-term amino acid deprivation in mammals, however, is poorly understood. We found that expression of lipogenic genes and the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver are repressed and lipid stores in adipose tissue are mobilized in wild-type mice upon leucine deprivation. In contrast, GCN2-deficient mice developed liver steatosis and exhibited reduced lipid mobilization. Liver steatosis in Gcn2(-/-) mice was found to be caused by unrepressed expression of lipogenic genes, including Srebp-1c and Fas. Thus, our study identifies a novel function of GCN2 in regulating lipid metabolism during leucine deprivation in addition to regulating amino acid metabolism.
Asymptotic shareholder unanimity with exogenous noise

Abstract The effect of exogenous noise on the asymptotic unanimity property is analyzed. Asymptotic unanimity is defined as the coincidence of net market value maximization of a firm with the interests of its shareholders as the economy becomes very competitive via replication.
The human auditory brain stem as a generator of auditory evoked potentials

Data on the size, location, and orientation of human brain stem auditory nuclei are discussed here from the point of view of the potential role of these structures in generation of the brain stem auditory evoked response. Due to reduction in size of several nuclei in the human brain stem, the structures most likely to be generators of far-field potentials are the cochlear nuclei, medial olivary nuclei, dorsal lemniscal nuclei, inferior colliculi, and their axonal projections. Consideration of the anatomy of the human auditory brain stem pathway forms the basis for a model of generation of auditory evoked potentials.
Marijuana use and intoxication among daily users: an intensive longitudinal study.

Background Most of the harm from marijuana use is experienced by daily users. Despite this, there has not been a detailed prospective description of daily marijuana use.
A Dual-Stage Planar Cable Robot: Dynamic Modeling and Design of A Robust Controller with Positive Inputs

Cable robots have potential usage for loading and unloading of cargo in shipping industries. A novel six-degrees-of-freedom two-stage cable robot has been proposed by NIST for skin-to-skin transfer of cargo. In this paper, we look at a planar version of this two-stage cable robot. The disturbance motion from the sea is considered while modeling the dynamics of robot. The problem of robust control of the end-effector in the presence of unknown disturbances, along with maintaining positive tensions in the cables, is tackled using redundancy of cables in the system. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the control strategy.
What's All This I Hear about Core Competencies for Library Planning and Assessment?

Column Editor's Note. This new column focuses on the closely related topics of strategic planning and assessment in all types of libraries. The column will examine all aspects of planning and asses...
'Situative cognition': barrier to teaching across cultures

In an unsettled world, the migration of significant numbers of individuals across national and even continental boundaries has changed the demographics of many nations with profound effects on their schools. Frequently, teachers are confronted with classes characterized by ethnic and cultural diversity for which they are either underprepared or totally unprepared. Despite their dedication, teachers have been shaped by their own cultural upbringing, and there may be a disconnect between their cultural values and identities and those of the children in their transformed classrooms. This disconnect has been called ‘situative cognition’. The challenge for teacher educators, particularly in western nations, is to enable prospective teachers to understand the complexity of educational dynamics in diverse classrooms, to examine their own experiences with diverse groups especially regarding culture, race, ethnicity and social class, and to develop strategies for working proactively with students in their own incr...
Continuous ion flotation of dichromate

An experimental investigation is presented of the continuous ion flotation of dichromate, with the use of a cationic surfactant, ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide. The feed streams contain concentrations of dichromate (Cr2O72−) ranging from 10 to 100 mg./liter, and feed ratios of surfactant to dichromate from 2.5 to 6.0 (on a weight basis) are employed. The effects of feed concentration of dichromate, of feed concentration of surfactant, of liquid detention time, of air rate, and of feed into and above the foam phase are established. Results are presented in terms of the effluent concentrations of dichromate and surfactant, the ratios of effluent flow rate to feed flow rate, removal ratios, and enrichment ratios. For threecolumn series operation, predictions show that a feed stream containing 100 mg./liter dichromate may be separated (with approximately 400 mg./liter of surfactant) into an effluent steream containing 8 mg./liter of dichromate and a collapsed foam stream containing 468 mg./liter of dichromate.
Poor Sleep as a Precursor to Cognitive Decline in Down Syndrome : A Hypothesis.

We propose that sleep disruption is a lever arm that influences how cognition emerges in development and then declines in response to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Addressing sleep disruptions might be an overlooked way to improve cognitive outcomes in this population. This article is a contribution to a Special Issue on Down Syndrome curated by the editors of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Parkinsonism.
Cytoplasm mediates both development and oxidation-induced apoptotic cell death in mouse zygotes

Eggs must be the major locus of reproductive aging in women, because donation of eggs from younger to middle-aged women abrogates the effects of age on fertility. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis are associated with senescence. To develop an animal model of egg senescence, we treated mouse zygotes with 175 microM H(2)O(2) that induced mitochondrial dysfunction and developmental arrest, followed by delayed cell death, consistent with apoptosis. We reconstructed zygotes with nuclei and cytoplasm from treated or untreated zygotes, then followed development and apoptotic cell death in the reconstituted embryos. Pronuclear exchange between untreated, normal zygotes served as nuclear transfer controls. Rates of cleavage and development to morula and blastocysts were significantly lower (P<0.01) in zygotes reconstituted from untreated pronuclei and H(2)O(2)-stressed cytoplasts than those of nuclear transfer controls. Instead, the arrested, reconstituted zygotes displayed TUNEL staining at a similar rate to that of H(2)O(2)-treated controls, suggesting that apoptotic potential could be transferred cytoplasmically. On the other hand, rates of cleavage and development to morula and blastocyst of the reconstituted zygotes, derived from stressed pronuclei and untreated cytoplasm, were significantly increased (P<0.05), compared to those of H(2)O(2)-treated, control zygotes, indicating that healthy cytoplasm could partly rescue pronuclei from oxidative stress. Although oxidation stressed both nuclei and cytoplasm, cytoplasm was more sensitive than nuclei to oxidative stress. It is suggested that cytoplasm, most likely mitochondria, plays a central role in mediating both development and apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stress in mouse zygotes.
Improving Image Search based on User Created Communities

Tag-based retrieval of multimedia content is a dicult problem, not only because of the shorter length of tags associated with images and videos, but also due to mismatch in the terminologies used by searcher and content creator. To alleviate this problem, we propose a simple concept-driven probabilistic model for improving text-based rich-media search. While our approach is similar to existing topic-based retrieval and cluster-based language modeling work, there are two important differences: (1) our proposed model considers not only the query-generation likelihood from cluster, but explicitly accounts for the overall \popularity" of the cluster or underlying concept, and (2) we explore the possibility of inferring the likely concept relevant to a rich-media content through the user-created communities that the content belongs to. We implement two methods of concept extraction: a traditional cluster based approach, and the proposed community based approach. We evaluate these two techniques for how eectively they capture the intended meaning of a term from the content creator and searcher, and their overall value in improving image search. Our results show that concept-driven search, though simple, clearly outperforms plain search. Among the two techniques for concept-driven search, community-based approach is more successful, as the concepts generated from user communities are found to be more intuitive and appealing.
Synaptopathy in the noise-exposed and aging cochlea: Primary neural degeneration in acquired sensorineural hearing loss

The classic view of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is that the "primary" targets are hair cells, and that cochlear-nerve loss is "secondary" to hair cell degeneration. Our recent work in mouse and guinea pig has challenged that view. In noise-induced hearing loss, exposures causing only reversible threshold shifts (and no hair cell loss) nevertheless cause permanent loss of >50% of cochlear-nerve/hair-cell synapses. Similarly, in age-related hearing loss, degeneration of cochlear synapses precedes both hair cell loss and threshold elevation. This primary neural degeneration has remained hidden for three reasons: 1) the spiral ganglion cells, the cochlear neural elements commonly assessed in studies of SNHL, survive for years despite loss of synaptic connection with hair cells, 2) the synaptic terminals of cochlear nerve fibers are unmyelinated and difficult to see in the light microscope, and 3) the degeneration is selective for cochlear-nerve fibers with high thresholds. Although not required for threshold detection in quiet (e.g. threshold audiometry or auditory brainstem response threshold), these high-threshold fibers are critical for hearing in noisy environments. Our research suggests that 1) primary neural degeneration is an important contributor to the perceptual handicap in SNHL, and 2) in cases where the hair cells survive, neurotrophin therapies can elicit neurite outgrowth from spiral ganglion neurons and re-establishment of their peripheral synapses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled .
Managing patient backlog in a surgical suite that uses a block-booking scheduling system

Effective scheduling of elective cases in an operating room suite is a challenging task due to inherent uncertainty and competing performance metrics. In this paper, we present a simulation model for the surgical suite within the VA Pittsburgh Health Care System (VAPHS) that is used to evaluate and optimize different scheduling policies. A flexible set of probabilistic scheduling rules is evaluated and a dynamic scheduling policy is proposed as an alternative to static strategies. The dynamic scheduling policy allows us to reduce the variance in patient waiting times and backlogs. The developed simulation model is based on the data collected at the VAPHS.
The Relationship between the Structural Geometry of a Textile Fabric and Its Physical Properties : Part VI: Nomographic Solution of the Geometric Relationships in Cloth Geometry

A simplified nomograph has been designed to permit rapid solution of Peirce's geo metric relationships for plain weaves. To illustrate use of the nomograph, several practical problems in cloth structure are presented and worked out in some detail. Advantages and limitations of the nomograph are discussed.
Structural Mapping of the Vinton Salt Dome, Louisiana, Using Gravity Gradiometry Data

Seismic imaging of complex faulting and associated petroleum reservoirs adjacent to onshore salt domes in the Gulf Coast region is both expensive and time consuming. Modeling studies show that gravity gradiometry data have the resolution to image such reservoirs where seismic is unavailable or cost averse. Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometry (FTG) data, which are higher resolution than conventional gravity data, have been acquired by Bell Geospace over the Vinton salt dome located in southwest Louisiana. Overlays of interpreted faults and a contour map of the areal extent of the salt on top of each component of the gravity gradient tensor show strong correlations useful for mapping structural elements of the dome.
Despinning plus global contraction and the orientation of lobate scarps on Mercury: Predictions for MESSENGER

Abstract Observations by the Mariner 10 spacecraft suggest that the lobate scarps on Mercury, which have been interpreted to record at most 1–2 km of radial contraction of the planet after the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment, possess a global, preferred N–S orientation but lack a strong latitudinal dependence on their surface expression. Here, we reexamine the idea that a decrease in the planetary rotation rate (despinning) coupled with global contraction of at least 3–5.5 km prior to the end of Late Heavy Bombardment resulted in global N–S oriented thrust faults. The surface expression of these faults is assumed to have been erased by the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment, and the faults were subsequently reactivated by later global contraction, producing generally N–S oriented thrust faults from an isotropic stress field. We use the estimate of > 3 – 5.5 km contraction prior to ∼ 4 Ga as an additional constraint to thermomechanical simulations of the evolution of Mercury, finding that a wide range of models are consistent with this observation. The fact that a wide range of states are consistent with the contraction of Mercury prior to the end of Late Heavy Bombardment but only a restricted set of states are consistent with the at most 1–2 km of subsequent contraction bolsters the idea that there may be hidden strain on Mercury, features unseen by Mariner 10 but likely visible to the MESSENGER spacecraft.
Racemic leucine separation by hollow‐fiber extraction

Racemic leucine can be separated into d- and l-isomers by fractional extraction across microporous hollow fibers. In this extraction, an aqueous solution of the racemate is fed to the lumen of the fibers, and an octanol solution of dodecyl-l-hydroxyproline flows countercurrently outside of the fibers. The interface between feed and extractant is stabilized by filling the pores in the hollow-fiber walls with a cross-linked polyvinylalcohol gel which offers negligible resistance to mass transfer. The extraction with dodecyl-l-hydroxyproline deliberately imitates earlier studies, facilitating comparisons of hollow-fiber extraction with other techniques. The results show that the isomer yield per equipment volume of racemic separation is 100 times greater than that in a continuously rotating extractor, and 1,000 times greater than that in a conventional packed tower.
THE ALKYLBENZENES IN ROAST BEEF

The volatile components of roast beef were isolated by a specially designed gas entrainment apparatus. The isolated compounds were separated into acidic, basic and neutral fractions. The neutral fraction was further separated by repeated gas chromatography on two different stationary phases and collected as subfractions. The individual subfractions thus obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mass spectral identifications were confirmed by comparing the mass spectra and relative retention times with authentic compounds. A total of 20 n-alkylbenzenes and substituted alkylbenzenes were positively identified, many for the first time in cooked beef. These alkylbenzenes are probably derived from the fat present in the beef by thermal oxidation.
Cognitive decline in the elderly: an analysis of population heterogeneity

Background: studies of cognitive ageing at the group level suggest that age is associated with cognitive decline; however, there may be individual differences such that not all older adults will experience cognitive decline. Objective: to evaluate patterns of cognitive decline in a cohort of older adults initially free of dementia. Design, setting and subjects: elderly Catholic clergy members participating in the Religious Orders Study were followed for up to 15 years. Cognitive performance was assessed annually. Methods: performance on a composite global measure of cognition was analysed using random effects models for baseline performance and change over time. A profile mixture component was used to identify subgroups with different cognitive trajectories over the study period. Results: from a sample of 1,049 participants (mean age 75 years), three subgroups were identified based on the distribution of baseline performance and change over time. The majority (65%) of participants belonged to a slow decline class that did not experience substantial cognitive decline over the observation period [−0.04 baseline total sample standard deviation (SD) units/year]. About 27% experienced moderate decline (−0.19 SD/year), and 8% belonged to a class experiencing rapid decline (−0.57 SD/year). A subsample analysis revealed that when substantial cognitive decline does occur, the magnitude and rate of decline is correlated with neuropathological processes. Conclusions: in this sample, the most common pattern of cognitive decline is extremely slow, perceptible on a time scale measured by decades, not years. While in need of cross validation, these findings suggest that cognitive changes associated with ageing may be minimal and emphasise the importance of understanding the full range of age-related pathologies that may diminish brain function.
Hepatic venular resistance responses to norepinephrine, isoproterenol, adenosine, histamine, and ACh in rabbits

Changes in hepatic venous resistance were estimated in rabbits from the hepatic venular-inferior vena caval pressure gradient [servo-null micropipettes in 49 ± 15 (SD) μm vessels] and the total hepatic blood flow (ultrasound probe encircling the hepatic artery and the portal vein). Changes in liver volume, and thus vascular capacitance, were estimated from measures of the liver lobe thickness. Norepinephrine (NE), isoproterenol (Iso), adenosine (Ado), histamine (Hist), or acetylcholine (ACh) was infused into the portal vein at a constant rate for 5 min. NE, Hist, and Ado increased hepatic venular pressure, but only NE and Hist significantly increased hepatic venular resistance. NE reduced the liver thickness, but Hist and Ado caused engorgement. Hepatic blood flow was increased by NE and Ado and decreased by ACh. The influence of intraportal vein infusion of Iso on the liver vasculature, at doses similar to that of NE, was insignificant. We conclude that NE acted on all the hepatic microvasculature, increasing resistance and actively decreasing vascular volume. Hist passively induced engorgement by increasing outflow resistance, whereas the liver engorgement seen with Ado was passively related to the increased blood flow. ACh constricted the portal venules but did not change the liver volume.
Five-phase permanent-magnet motor drives

A five-phase brushless permanent-magnet (PM) motor is introduced. The proposed motor has concentrated windings such that the produced back electromotive force is almost trapezoidal. The motor is supplied with the combined sinusoidal plus third harmonic of currents. This motor, while generating the same average torque as an equivalent PM brushless dc motor (BLDC), overcomes its disadvantages. The motor equations are obtained in the d/sub 1/q/sub 1/d/sub 3/q/sub 3/0 rotating reference frame. Therefore, the so-called vector control is easily applicable to this kind of motors and the motor has the same controllability as a PM synchronous motor (PMSM). For presenting the superior performance of the proposed five-phase motor, its three and five-phase PMSM and BLDC counterparts are also analyzed. Finite element method is used for studying the flux density and calculating the developed static torque. Also, the developed torque is obtained using the mathematical model in the d-q reference frame. The average torque and the torque ripple for all cases are calculated and compared. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Business, Antitrust Policy, and the Industrial Board of the Department of Commerce, 1919

A mass of rhetoric proclaimed the Industrial Board as a Progressive measure to forestall a post-World War I depression through governmental price manipulation. After a closer look at the personalities and policies involved, Professor Himmelberg argues that the Board was, actually, an effort by organized business groups to force antitrust revision upon the Wilson administration.
The postcranial skeleton of Galecyon: evidence for morphological and locomotor diversity in early Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Hyaenodontida)

ABSTRACTHyaenodontidae is a diverse component of the carnivorous guild in early Eocene (Wasatchian) North American mammalian faunas. Although there have been suggestions that early members of the family had diverse locomotor repertoires, few Wasatchian postcrania are adequately described. Here we describe the first known postcranial remains of the rare Wasatchian hyaenodontid Galecyon, based principally on a well-preserved partial skeleton from the Willwood Formation, Wyoming. Galecyon is reconstructed as a 5.2–7.9 kg terrestrial carnivore. Small but significant differences throughout the skeleton distinguish Galecyon from Prolimnocyon. Galecyon is reconstructed as scansorial/generalized terrestrial because these postcranial differences consistently indicate a more terrestrial habit than in the scansorial Prolimnocyon. Among other hyaenodontids, Arfia shows evidence for parallel terrestrial adaptation, whereas Pyrocyon is morphologically intermediate between Galecyon and Prolimnocyon. Manipulation of the ...
An Overview of Basic ConceptsThis chapter is a rewrite of material from reference [1]

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Digital Modulation Decimating the Modulated Signal Oversampling D/A Converters Conclusion This chapter contains sections titled: References
A Critique of Epistemic Utilities

The pioneering work of Isaac Levi (1963; 1967a; 1967b), building on the work of Hempel (1960; 1962) and extended by Hilpinen (1968), has shown how to apply decision theory in a fascinating way to problems of inductive logic. The approach has three major accomplishments.
Dyads Are Dead, Long Live Dyads! The Limits of Dyadic Designs in International Relations Research

Time and again, methodologists wrote papers with the potential to kill off dyadic designs in international relations research, only to pull back and—so long as one adopted the appropriate “tweak”—grant dyads a reprieve. Depending on the research question under consideration and the theoretical claims being evaluated, dyadic designs can provide valuable empirical insights. But these insights remain contingent on the researcher attempting to account for the limitations of dyadic data. To make this point, I concentrate on two difficulties for dyadic designs: the problem of interdependence and the problem of multilateral events. Drawing from empirical research on treaties and international organizations, I argue that a researcher need not abandon dyadic data so long as the researcher faces the former problem.
Effects of rotation of principal stresses on photoelastic retardation

The photoelastic effects observed when polarized light is passed through a medium subjected to nonhomogeneous stresses have been investigated. The nonhomogeneous stresses are such that they may occur in plates or thin shells, where membrane and bending stresses need not be co-axial. An approximate solution generalized from a solution by Drucker and Mindlin1 is suggested. Two sets of experiments are reported herein. Experimental results indicate that the approximate solution is useful within certain limits.
Mechanical properties of adult feline ventricular myocytes in culture

The contractile and electrophysiological properties of cultured adult feline ventricular myocytes were studied. Cells were field stimulated and contraction was measured using a video-based edge detector. The magnitude of contraction decreased by 36% and the rate of contraction decreased by 52% 2 h after the cells were plated on laminin-coated cover slips. The magnitude and rate of contraction then remained stable for 1 wk. The duration of contraction prolonged and a second component to the twitch frequently, but not invariably, developed after 5 days in culture. This was associated with prolongation of the action potential duration. After 7 days in culture, cells could be divided into two groups based on resting membrane potential. Norepinephrine increased the magnitude of contraction for 5 days after plating. Cultured ventricular myocytes became unresponsive to the effects of norepinephrine after 7 days. Adult cardiac myocytes maintained in primary culture continue to respond to field stimulation and retain many contractile properties for up to 7 days; however, the functional characteristics of these cells do not remain uniform during this time period.
Linearization at a Singular Point

In this chapter we consider nonlinear control systems near a singular point, i.e., a common fixed point of the drift vector field and the control vector fields. Linearization at this point yields a bilinear system in ℝd; hence the linearized system is a special case of the general model considered in the preceding chapter. However, here we use an additional structure: The systems group is a Lie group and the usual Lie algebra rank condition for local accessibility implies that the systems group acts transitively on the projective space ℙd-1. Thus the projective space is a homogeneous space for the systems group. As observed in Proposition 4.5.21, this implies that the inner pair condition for a piecewise constant periodic control is satisfied everywhere on projective space, if and only if the corresponding element of the systems semigroup lies in the interior of this semigroup. This allows us to construct the control sets with nonvoid interior directly (without variation ρ of the control range and use of a ρ-inner pair condition). Furthermore, the relation between the control sets and the chain control sets in projective space can be made much more precise than in the general situation.
Recurrent Urinary Calculi Associated with Toluene Sniffing

AbstractA young man who presented initially with a ureteral stone was found to have toluene-induced renal tubular acidosis. Persistent toluene sniffing resulted in recurrent calculi and life-threatening hypokalemic paralysis. The pathophysiology, classification and treatment of renal tubular acidosis are discussed.
Properties of the Oxidized Na+/K+-ATPase

A number of studies in recent years have indicated that Na+/K+-ATPase is inhibited by H2O2 and various oxygen radicals, and that partial inhibition of the sodium pump by the increased generation of these reactive oxygen species during ischemia-reperftision is involved in post-ischemic injury to the heart (2–4 and references therein). Here we report on the characterization of some properties of the purified canine kidney enzyme that is oxidatively inhibited by H2O2.
Slavery, Carbon, and Moral Progress

My goal in this paper is to shed light on how moral progress actually occurs. I begin by restating a conception of moral progress that I set out in previous work, the “Naive Conception,” and explain how it comports with various normative and metaethical views. I go on to develop an index of moral progress and show how judgments about moral progress can be made. I then discuss an example of moral progress from the past—the British abolition of the Atlantic slave trade—with a view to what can be learned from this for a contemporary struggle for moral progress: the movement to decarbonize the global economy. I close with some thoughts about how moral progress actually occurs.
SP 800-23. Guidelines to Federal Organizations on Security Assurance and Acquisition/Use of Tested/Evaluated Products

Computer security assurance provides a basis for one to have confidence that security measures, both technical and operational, work as intended. Use of products with an appropriate degree of assurance contributes to security and assurance of the system as a whole and thus should be an important factor in IT procurement decisions. Two Government programs are of particular interest -- the National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP)'s Common Criteria Evaluation and Validation Program and NIST's Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP). The NIAP program focuses on evaluations of products (e.g., a firewall or operating system) against a set of security specifications. The CMVP program focuses on security conformance testing of a cryptographic module against Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1, Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules and related federal cryptographic algorithm standards.
Bounce Motion, the Second Adiabatic Invariant and Drift Shells

In Chapter I we have dealt mainly with particle motion perpendicular to the magnetic field (cyclotron motion and drift). In this Section we shall deal with the particle motion parallel to the field lines. We shall again concentrate on the case of a static magnetic field. We shall further assume for the time being that there are no parallel components of external forces, i.e. that field lines are equipotentials. This means that, as long as a particle follows a given field line, its kinetic energy will remain constant (remember that the Lorentz force performs no work on the particle).
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and drugs of abuse: current knowledge and therapeutic opportunities.

Background Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is an enzyme that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.
Uprooting genealogy in G.B. Tran’s Vietnamerica

AbstractG.B. Tran’s graphic memoir Vietnamerica: A Family’s Journey (2010) is a text marked by fragmentation: from its non-linear narrative to its cover image of many deconstructed faces held within the disconnected pieces of a dissolving puzzle, the memoir’s most compelling trope is of brokenness. Tran’s family is broken – compromised by occupation and colonialism, severed by a nation at war and fractured by the trauma of displacement as refugees from their home in Vietnam. This article asserts, however, that non-linearity, deconstruction and visual tropes of fracture are strategies towards envisioning the migrant memory as a generative space that promises constant reconnection to the world, rather than defining it as a space bereft of its roots.
Income Inequality and Carbon Emissions in the United States: A State-level Analysis, 1997–2012

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between U.S. state-level CO 2 emissions and two measures of income inequality: the income share of the top 10% and the Gini coefficient. Each of the inequality measures, which focus on unique characteristics of income distributions, is used to evaluate the arguments of different analytical approaches. Results of the longitudinal analysis for the 1997 to 2012 period indicate that state-level emissions are positively associated with the income share of the top 10%, while the effect of the Gini coefficient on emissions is non-significant. The statistically significant relationship between CO 2 emissions and the concentration of income among the top 10% is consistent with analytical approaches that focus on political economy dynamics and Veblen effects, which highlight the potential political and economic power and emulative influence of the wealthy. The null effect of the Gini coefficient is generally inconsistent with the marginal propensity to emit approach, which posits that when incomes become more equally distributed, the poor will increase their consumption of energy and other carbon-intensive products as they move into the middle class.
Environmental Resistant Coatings for High Temperature Mo and Nb Silicide Alloys

The challenges of a high temperature environment impose severe material performance constraints in terms of melting point, oxidation resistance and structural functionality. In metallic systems the multiphase microstructures that can be developed in the Mo-Si-B system and Nb silicide alloys offer useful options for high temperature applications. Since the alloy compositions that exhibit the lowest oxidation rate will most likely not yield optimum mechanical properties performance, it is important to develop robust and compatible oxidation resistant coatings. An effective strategy to achieve the necessary environmental resistance is based upon the use of an integrated Mo-Si-B based coating that is applied by a pack cementation process to develop an aluminoborosilica surface and in-situ diffusion barriers with self-healing characteristics for enhanced oxidation resistance. The environmental performance requires resistance not only to high temperature oxidation, but also resistance to water vapor, CMAS (calcia-magnesia-aluminosilica) attack, hot corrosion and thermal cycling. Under these extended environmental conditions the Mo-Si-B based coating exhibits robust performance.
Transcriptional Profile for Detoxification Enzymes AeaGGT1 and AaeGGT2 From Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Response to Larvicides.

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the vector responsible for transmitting dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, as well as other pathogens. Microbial larvicides based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner israelensis (Bti) and Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz and Yao, such as VectoBac 12AS and Natular 2EC, have been shown to be effective in reducing larval populations of Ae. aegypti. We examined the gene expression of two detoxification enzymes, glucosyl and glucuronosyl transferases (AaeGGT1 and AaeGGT2), through developmental stages and a time course study in response to larvicide exposure using qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). AaeGGT1 and AaeGGT2 gene expressions were differentially regulated during development of the immature stages. We also found that male adults had higher expression than female adults after controlling for age effects. AaeGGT1 and AaeGGT2 gene expression were both upregulated in response to VectoBac 12AS and Natular 2EC treatments with the maximum level of expression occurring 24 h after treatment applications. This information sheds light on larvicide-induced changes in the physiology of Ae. aegypti with implications for development of mosquito control strategies.
Complete 3-D dynamic coverage in energy-constrained multi-UAV sensor networks

This paper considers dynamic coverage control of multiple power-constrained agents subject to 3D rigid body kinematics. The agents are deployed to patrol a domain until the entire space has reached a satisfactory level of coverage. This is achieved through the gathering of information by a forward-facing sensor footprint, modelled as an anisotropic spherical sector. Coverage and collision avoidance guarantees are met by a hybrid controller consisting of four operating modes: local coverage, global coverage, waypoint scan and subdomain transfer. Energy-aware methods are encoded into the global coverage state to shift the bulk of spatial redistribution onto less constrained agents. Additionally, a novel domain partitioning strategy is used that directs individual agents to explore within concentric hemispherical shells around a centralized charging station. This results in flight paths that are guaranteed to terminate at the charging station in the limit that agent batteries expire. The efficacy of this algorithm is presented through experimental trials with three agents in an indoor environment. Simulations are provided for ten agents.
p16 Immunohistochemistry Is Not Always Required For Accurate Diagnosis of Grade 2 Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions.

OBJECTIVES Preinvasive squamous neoplasms of the lower genital tract are currently classified using a two-tier system (high- or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) as directed by the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) guidelines but may also be subclassified as intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (-IN1), -IN2, or -IN3. The LAST recommended that all diagnoses of -IN2 be supported by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16. We examined whether p16 and Ki-67 IHC are necessary to diagnose -IN2 when the lesion has obvious high-grade histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS p16 and Ki-67 IHC were performed prospectively and retrospectively on vulvar, vaginal, and cervical specimens with an initial diagnosis of -IN2 based on hematoxylin and eosin morphology, and a final diagnosis was made after consensus review. RESULTS Five of 46 prospective and four of 38 retrospective cases were p16 negative. The diagnosis of -IN2 was maintained in eight of these nine cases because of compelling high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion histology. Overall, p16 and Ki-67 IHC altered the -IN2 diagnosis to a lower grade in only one of 84 cases (1.2%, <0.01%-7.1%). Moreover, p16 was positive in all cases where the preanalytic impression was of -IN2/3 (13/13). CONCLUSIONS p16 IHC lacks utility in cases of morphologically obvious -IN2, because the stain is positive in most cases. The LAST recommendation to use p16 IHC to support all diagnoses of -IN2 will result in performing the immunostain in many circumstances where it is not medically necessary. Among cases that are p16 negative, many have compelling high-grade morphology. The LAST perspective that the stain trumps histology may allow false-negative IHC results to prevail.
Ibuprofen and Morphine Provide Similar Post-op Pain Relief in Kids; Ibuprofen Has Fewer Harms.

This carefully designed and adequately powered study found no difference in pain reduction between ibuprofen and oral morphine in children with postoperative pain. Adverse effects, however, were much more likely with morphine.
Driver Behavior at Simulated Railroad Crossings

Highway-rail grade crossing collisions and fatalities have been in decline for several decades, but a recent ‘plateau’ has spurred additional interest in novel safety research methods. With the support of Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Michigan Tech researchers have performed a large-scale study that utilizes the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data to analyze how various crossing warning devices affect driver behavior and to validate the driving simulation data. To this end, representative crossings from the NDS dataset were recreated in a driving simulator. This paper describes driver behavior at simulated rail crossings modeled after real world crossings included in the NDS dataset. Results suggest that drivers may not react properly to crossbucks and active warnings in the off position. Participants performed the safest behaviors in reaction to STOP signs. The majority of participants also reported an increase in vigilance and compliant behaviors after repeated exposure to RR crossings, which was supported by the results of a linear regression analysis. Participants used the presence of active RR warnings (in the off position) as a cue that there is no oncoming train and it is safe to cross without preparing to yield (operationalized as visually scanning for a train and active speed reduction). Drivers react the most appropriately to STOP signs, but it is unclear whether or not these behaviors would lead to a decrease in train-vehicle collisions.