cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bombesin microinfusion into the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus increases blood glucose, free fatty acids and corticosterone.

Abstract Bombesin is a particularly potent hyperglycemic agent when administered intraventricularly or intracisternally in the rat. Because bombesin-like immunoreactivity is found in several forebrain regions implicated in glucoregulation, the ability of direct hypothalamic microinfusion of this peptide to affect serum metabolic fuel level was tested. Three experiment, using anesthetized, acutely infused rats, or unanesthetized rats with chronic intracranial implants, showed that microinfusion of bombesin into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus caused significant, dose-related increases in serum glucose; infusion into the lateral hypothalamus or the caudate nucleus were ineffective. Infusion into the ventromedial nucleus significantly elevated glucose only in acutely anesthetized rats. In unanesthetized rats witch chronic intracranial cannulae, bombesin infusion into all 3 hypothalamic sites, but not the caudate-putamen, significantly elevated blood free fatty acids, while only infusion into the paraventricular nucleus caused significant dose-related increases in blood corticosterone. The results demonstrate that the paraventricular nucleus is a sensitive site for bombesin-induced elevation of blood glucose, free fatty acids, and corticosterone. They also imply that the bombesin binding sites and immunoreactive terminals previously identified in these regions may be involved in the central regulation of circulating metabolic fuel levels and the pituitary-adrenal axis, and that the effects of acute surgery may augment the hyperglycemic response to intrahypothalamic bombesin administration.
Nitrocen Dioxide-Initiated Peroxidation of Liposomal Membrane Systems

AbstractLiposomes were used as a model membrane system to study the peroxidation of lipids by nitrogen dioxide (Nod. Small unilammelar liposomes of l-α-dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine or l-α-dilinolenoyl phosphatidylcholine were prepared by sonication. Exposure to NO2 was a bubbler apparatus at 1–10 ppm for 0–15 min. Initiation of phospholipid peroxidation was measured by diene conjugation at 232 nm for l-α-dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes and at 235 nm for l-α-dilinolenoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The rate of peroxidation was consistent with a second-order rate model. The second-order rate constant for diene conjugation of l-α-dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine was 1.5 × 10−-3 M−1 s−1 and far l-α-dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine was 3.1 × 10−-3 M−1 s−1. The peroxidation reaction did not occur as a result of indirect reaction of the phospholipid with nitrite, and the rate constants are consistent with a mechanism of allylic hydrogen abstraction.
Weekly Fluctuations in College Student Leisure Activities and Well-Being

College students’ well-being is declining. Differences in students’ leisure activity participation have been linked to their psychological well-being. This study examined how weekly fluctuations in...
Relaxation of an electron system: Conserving approximation

The dynamic response of an interacting electron system is determined by an extension of the relaxation-time approximation forced to obey local conservation laws for number, momentum, and energy. A consequence of these imposed constraints is that the local electron equilibrium distribution must have a space- and time-dependent chemical potential, drift velocity, and temperature. Both quantum kinetic and semiclassical arguments are given, and we calculate and analyze the corresponding analytical d-dimensional dielectric function. Dynamical correlation, arising from relaxation effects, is shown to soften the plasmon dispersion of both two- and three-dimensional systems. Finally, we consider the consequences for a hydrodynamic theory of a d-dimensional interacting electron gas, and by incorporating the competition between relaxation and inertial effects we derive generalized hydrodynamic equations applicable to arbitrary frequencies.
Prevalence of Persistent Pain in the U.S. Adult Population: New Data From the 2010 National Health Interview Survey

Abstract Published adult prevalence estimates of chronic pain in the United States vary significantly. A more consistent pain measure is needed to assess unmet need for pain management in the general population. In this study, secondary analyses of the 2010 Quality of Life Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey are used to calculate the point prevalence of "persistent pain," which we defined as constant or frequent pain persisting for at least 3 months. Rates of persistent pain are also calculated by risk group, chronic condition, and disability status. Findings show that about 19.0% of adults in the United States report persistent pain. Rates of persistent pain are higher among women, adults aged 60 to 69, adults who rate their health as fair or poor, adults who are overweight or obese, and those who were hospitalized 1 or more times in the preceding year. Most adults who report conditions such as arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, or back or joint pain do not describe their pain as "persistent." Of the estimated 39.4 million adults who report persistent pain, 67.2% say their pain is "constantly present," and 50.5% say their pain is sometimes "unbearable and excruciating." Perspective Persistent pain, defined as self-reported pain "every day" or "most days" in the preceding 3 months, is a useful way to characterize health-related quality of life in the general population, and policy makers should consider including this core measure in ongoing health surveys like the National Health Interview Survey and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the authors conclude.
A mathematical model of left-ventricular function

A model of the left ventricle is developed which characterises ventricular elastance as a function of end-diastolic volume and time. The heart model is terminated in a modifiedWindkessel load, and accurately simulates the mechanical response of the heart to various various pre- and after-load conditions.
Effects of Electron Collisions on the Width of Spectral Lines

The conditions under which the charges of a plasma take on particle characteristics and can be treated by classical mechanics are stated in terms of the half-width of the thermodynamic wave packet.A simple derivation is given for the quantity ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{U}$ defined in a previous paper (the line width resulting in the absence of degeneracy), which shows the formula there developed to be correct for large ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{U}$; this removes the earlier restrictions.
Students Learning English and Their Literacy Instruction in Urban Schools

Recent research meta-analyses on the literacy education of children who are English-language learners (ELLs) were reviewed. The author discusses instructional implications that (1) are strongly supported by research, (2) are likely to be true, given the research evidence, and (3) need more research before recommendations can be made. لقد تمت مراجعة الأبحاث ما وراء التحليل الأخيرة بشأن تعليم معرفة القراءة والكتابة لدى الأطفال الذين يدرسون اللغة الإنكليزية. ويناقش المؤلف الأعقاب التعليمية التي (1) تدعمها الأبحاث تدعيما قويا و(2) من الأرجح أن تكون صحيحة حسب الأدلة البحثية و(3) تحتاج إلى زيادة من الأبحاث قبل أن يتم طرح الاقتراحات. 本文回顾近今有关学习英语语言的学童在读写能力教育方面的统合分析研究。作者认为该统合分析研究的教学含义是：(1)得到强而有力的研究支持；(2)根据已知的研究证据，所以有可能是正確的；(3)需要更多研究才能提出教学建议。 On a effectue une revue de question des meta-analyses relatives a l'enseignement de la litteratie des enfants anglophones de naissance. L'auteur discute des implications pedagogiques qui 1) sont fortement soutenues par la recherche, 2) sont probablement vraies, compte tenu des preuves scientifiques, et 3) demandent d'autres recherches avant que des recommandations puissent etre faites. В статье представлен мета-анализ новейших исследований в области становления грамотности у детей, для которых английский язык не является родным (ELLs). Рассматривая значение полученных исследователями выводов для работы педагогов-практиков, автор подразделяет эти выводы на три категории: (1) получившие серьезное подтверждение в научных исследованиях, (2) вероятно верные, о чем также свидетельствуют исследования, (3) требующие проведения дополнительных исследований прежде, чем на их основе можно будет предлагать рекомендации. Se repasaron recientes analisis de estudio sobre la educacion de competencias de ninos que estan aprendiendo ingles (ELLs por sus siglas en ingles). El autor discute las implicaciones para la ensenanza que (1) estan apoyadas por los estudios, (2) seguramente son ciertas, considerando la evidencia presentada en los estudios, y (3) necesitan mas estudios antes de poder hacer recomendaciones.
Role of cerebellar granule cell-specific GABAA receptor subtype in the differential sensitivity of [3H]ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate binding to GABA mimetics

Binding of [3H]ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) to the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor of cultured cerebellar granule neurons is inhibited by GABA, muscimol and 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid with IC50 values of 69-250 nM. Sensitivity to these GABA mimetics is lower by 3-4-fold for cerebellum and 10-20-fold for cerebral cortex, midbrain, and pons and medulla, a differential sensitivity by brain region and cell type consistent with earlier findings using tert-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate and GABA. In contrast, the inhibitory potencies of two chloride channel blockers, alpha-endosulfan and picrotoxinin, do not differ in these assays. The hypothesis that this pharmacological profile is conferred by the alpha 6 subunit specific to cerebellar granule cells is supported by the finding that forskolin (which downregulates the alpha 6 subunit) but not the inactive dideoxyforskolin markedly decreases the sensitivity of [3H]EBOB binding to GABA without affecting inhibition by alpha-endosulfan.
The atom as a probe of curved space-time

A one-electron atom is considered in a general curved space-time. The Hamiltonian of the Dirac equation is written in Fermi normal coordinates, including all interaction terms of first order in the Riemann tensor of the space-time. Expressions are obtained for the shifts in various atomic energy levels caused by the curvature. There is a possibility that these shifts would be observable in the spectrum of hydrogen falling into small black holes (radius about 10−3 cm) left over from the early universe.
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Review of Current Literature on Emerging Pathophysiology

Immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy is one of the most common causes of glomerulonephritis worldwide. Its prognosis can be totally different in various patient populations, ranging from asymptomatic slow progression to end-stage renal disease in as much as 40% of patients in few months to years. This disease process can be idiopathic, or it can be associated with a variety of disease processes. Various risk stratification scoring systems are available, which can predict the long-term outcome. New evidences are also emerging that IgA nephropathy is an autoimmune disease with a known antigen, galactose-deficient IgA1, which can elicit an autoantibody response and formation of immune complexes that are deposited in the mesangium.
Parameters controlling fracture resistance in functionally graded materials under mode I loading

Abstract In this investigation the fracture behavior of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was studied by means of experiments carried out on model polymer-based FGMs. Model graded materials were manufactured by selective ultraviolet irradiation of ECO [poly(ethylene carbon monoxide)], a photo-sensitive ductile copolymer that becomes more brittle and stiffer under exposure to ultraviolet light. The mechanical response of the graded material was characterized using uniaxial tensile tests. Single edge notched tension graded ECO specimens possessing different spatial variations of Young’s modulus, failure stress and failure strain were tested under remote opening loading. A full-field digital image correlation technique was used to measure in real-time the displacement field around the crack tip while it propagated through the graded material. The measured displacement field was then used to extract fracture parameters such as stress intensity factor and T -stress, and thus construct resistance curves for crack growth in the FGMs. For this loading configuration it was found that the nonsingular T -stress term in the asymptotic expansion for stresses needs to be accounted for in order to accurately measure the fracture resistance in FGMs. In addition, the influence of local failure properties (i.e., failure stress and failure strain) on crack growth resistance was investigated in detail. It was found that depending on the combined effects of the spatial variation of these two failure parameters, regardless of the spatial variation of the Young’s modulus, the FGM fracture resistance can either increase, decrease or remain constant with continued crack growth.
Multiplying bandwidth of multi-mode optical fibers through application of spatial domain multiplexing

Spatial domain multiplexing (SDM) increases optical fiber bandwidth by allowing co-propagation of spatially separated channels of same wavelength and adds additional degrees of freedom. Experimental attenuation and dispersion are reported for a typical SDM system.
Special considerations with response to intervention and instruction for students with diverse backgrounds

Response to Intervention (RtI) has been heralded as having significant promise for improving outcomes, reducing disproportional placement in special education, and making education more culturally responsive for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) youth. This article reviews the major recent empirical and qualitative research findings with respect to its impact, particularly with regard to CLD youth. Extant policies are reviewed, in addition to best-practice recommendations by experts in the field of culturally responsive RtI. The major conclusion of this article is that despite some recent high-quality studies, insufficient research currently exists to support full implementation of an RtI model with CLD youth or those who have individual diversity. In many cases, researchers need to minimally disaggregate their findings and more clearly explain their samples and methods, moving beyond providing simple ethnicity counts as proxies for culture. Future studies should include fully described contextual variables and consider the science to pedagogical practice gap. In addition, outcomes for youth need to be documented as part of assessing whether RtI is having the desired effect on producing a more equitable educational milieu. Finally, additional research is needed in subject areas beyond reading and should be conducted more frequently with CLD adolescents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water recreation in North America.

Abstract The history of water resources development in the U.S.A. is traced to the period of major recreational usage. Settings for water recreation are characterized including shorelines, beaches, estuaries, freshwater wetlands, freshwater lakes, saline lakes, reservoirs, rivers and streams. Water-recreation activities are classified into kinetic, situation-based, harvest-based and substitution-based experiences. Water-recreation demand in the U.S.A. is summarized with regard to major water-recreation activities and who the recreationists are. Conflicts between water-recreation user groups and allocation problems are reviewed as well as ecological carrying-capacity problems. Water-recreation management issues are discussed as well as landscape/waterscape compatible use conflict. Major trends and opportunities for water recreation are summarized.
The perception of odor is not a surrogate marker for chemical exposure: a review of factors influencing human odor perception.

Context. Clinical toxicologists perform risk assessments and clinical evaluations for patients with potential exposure to airborne toxicants in which the patient's self-reported perception of odor may be the only indicator that an exposure may have taken place. Objective. To review the factors that may affect the human ability to perceive chemical odors and relate those odors to specific chemical exposures. Methods. The medical literature, from 1950 through 2012, was searched using the OVID database and the PUBMED database. The searches returned 238 articles, of which 113 involved human studies and were published in the English language. Of these 113 articles, 40 articles discussed odor issues and thus were chosen as specifically relevant to the topic. Bibliographies of all articles were also searched for other relevant references and this found six additional articles, making a total of 46. Factors that may affect olfaction and the ability to perceive odor. Genetic/population. Ethnic background is associ...
One Dimensional Linear Refractive Index Profiles From Angular Reflectivity Measurements At One Wavelength

One dimensional linear refractive index profiles from angularreflectivity measurements at one wavelengthM. N. Grimbergen* and R. B. GoldnerDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTufts UniversityMedford, Massachusetts 02155 USAAbstractA technique has been developed to determine one -dimensional linear refractive indexprofiles for planar thin films from angular reflectivity measurements at one wavelength.The technique uses a nonlinear least- squares fitting algorithm, together with amultilayer characteristic matrix model. The fitting error is examined as a function ofadjustable parameters using a three -dimensional graphing routine. From synthetic data itis demonstrated that, within the domain of chosen adjustable parameters and realisticexperimental uncertainties, a best linear profile fit can be obtained. The technique isdemonstrated using reflectance data on laboratory samples of In2O3:Sn.IntroductionThe determination of refractive index gradients in optical materials has received muchattention in recent years. The increased ability to design and fabricate such materialsas graded index optical fibers and graded index planar waveguides has required thedevelopment of techniques to measure index gradients. Also, the need to createantireflection coatings by implementing graded index layers has been recognized since theearly 1930's. More recently, solar energy conversion applications for antireflectioncoatings and selective absorbers have created renewed interest in obtaining graded indexlayers.This paper addresses the problem of determining the refractive index profile normal tothe surface of a nonuniform layer as shown in Figure 1. A plane wave is incident upon
Managing Multi-Modal Sensor Networks Using Price Theory

We propose a unified framework for sensor management in multi-modal sensor networks, which is inspired by the trading behavior of economic agents in commercial markets. Each sensor node (SN) acts as a seller who wants to sell the data it collects, to the sensor network manager (SM) who acts as a buyer. The resources and the data are priced by looking to balance global supply and demand, with the SN required to purchase resources for producing the data, and the SM required to purchase data to accomplish his tasks. We model this interaction as a double sided market, with both consumers and producers, and propose an iterative double auction mechanism for computing the equilibrium of such a market. We relate the equilibrium point to the solutions of sensor selection (SS), resource allocation (RA), and data fusion (DF) problems, which constitute the sensor management. The proposed framework will enable the system to determine the kind and the amount of data that should be produced, and to combine the data that is produced at each SN. To illustrate this framework, we consider the problem of multiple-target tracking as an example. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and show that appropriate sensor management will result in an accurate estimate of the number of targets in the scene, higher correct identifications of the targets, and a lower mean-squared error in the estimates of their positions and velocities.
Sibship size and educational attainment in peninsular Malaysia: do policies matter?

The Second Malaysian Family Life Survey is used to explore one of the most important components of interfamily inequality of school attainment: Sibship size. The survey data document the differences in the effects of sibship size on children's secondary school attainment among Malaysia's three ethnic communities. They also show the response of the sibship size effect to public policies targeting the ethnic Malay population. Three broad questions can be addressed using the available data: First, how important is sibship size as a determinant of educational attainment, ceteris paribus, within the Malay and nonMalay populations? Second, how have the effects of sibship size changed over time? Third, are there ethnic differences in any such changes, differences that could be interpreted in light of the government's regulation of school supply and employment opportunities for each group? Addressing these questions in the case of Malaysia illuminates the extent to which public policy more generally can alter the...
Liposarcoma of the Kidney

Lipomatous mixed tumors of the kidney or perirenal tissues are not rare and those in the latter situation are usually malignant. Although pure lipomas of the kidney are of frequent occurrence, liposarcoma of this organ appears to be rare. In a review of the literature Fischer, in 1911, found 58 instances of renal tumor associated with tuberous sclerosis. Of these cases, 3 reported by Vogt were called liposarcomas. A search of the literature pertaining to renal tumors has revealed but one instance of pure liposarcoma not associated with tuberous sclerosis. This case was reported by Hartwig. Hartwig9s patient was a woman, aged thirty-six years, who had had an enlarged abdomen for eight years. Suddenly she became seriously ill and went into collapse. Exploratory operation, with removal of the right kidney and its contained tumor, was done the same day. The patient died shortly after completion of the operation. The mass, which weighed 3500 grams, was of variable consistence and lobulated. Foci of hemorrhage were present within the tumor. Small nodules resembling the large tumor were present in other parts of the kidney. Microscopic examination showed that the tumor was composed largely of pure adult adipose tissue, but scattered through it were cellular foci made up of spindle and round cells and fat-containing cells. Hartwig considered it a lipoma undergoing sarcomatous change.
Alzheimer-associated presenilin-2 confers increased sensitivity to poptosis in PC12 cells

Presenilin-2 is a gene of unknown function recently identified based upon linkage with some forms of familial Alzheimer's disease. To investigate potential effects of PS-2 on cell viability, rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were stably transfected with cDNA constructs encoding either full-length human PS-2 or, for comparison, mouse Bcl-xL. Overexpression of PS-2 conferred increased sensitivity to the apoptotic stimuli staurosporine and hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, Bcl-xL overexpression significantly reduced cell death induced by these stimuli. These results suggest that one function of PS-2 may involve modulation of cell viability.
Fiscal and Policy Implications of Selling Pipe Tobacco for Roll-Your-Own Cigarettes in the United States

Background: The Federal excise tax was increased for tobacco products on April 1, 2009. While excise tax rates prior to the increase were the same for roll-your-own (RYO) and pipe tobacco, the tax on pipe tobacco was $21.95 per pound less than the tax on RYO tobacco after the increase. Subsequently, tobacco manufacturers began labeling loose tobacco as pipe tobacco and marketing these products to RYO consumers at a lower price. Retailers refer to these products as ‘‘dual purpose’’ or ‘‘dual use’’ pipe tobacco. Methods: Data on tobacco tax collections comes from the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Joinpoint software was used to identify changes in sales trends. Estimates were generated for the amount of pipe tobacco sold for RYO use and for Federal and state tax revenue lost through August 2011. Results: Approximately 45 million pounds of pipe tobacco has been sold for RYO use from April 2009 to August 2011, lowering state and Federal revenue by over $1.3 billion. Conclusions: Marketing pipe tobacco as ‘‘dual purpose’’ and selling it for RYO use provides an opportunity to avoid paying higher cigarette prices. This blunts the public health impact excise tax increases would otherwise have on reducing tobacco use through higher prices. Selling pipe tobacco for RYO use decreases state and Federal revenue and also avoids regulations on flavored tobacco, banned descriptors, prohibitions on shipping, and reporting requirements.
The amylase gene-enzyme system of chickens. II. Biochemical characterization of allozymes.

The chicken amylase allozymes, AmyF and AmyS, were extracted from pancreatic tissues ofAmyF/FandAmyS/Sindividuals and purified. Activities were measured under various reaction conditions (=treatments) to assess whether the allozymes were functionally different. The amylases had properties typical of α-amylases, i.e., both were inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate and α-amylase inhibitor from wheat, hadpH optima between 7.0 and 8.0, and could utilize a variety of substrates containing α 1,4 linkages. The amylases were also found to be inhibited by potassium phosphate buffer andp-chloromercuribenzoate. In terms of substrate specificity, both amylases could utilize all of the substrates tested with activity observed in the following order: amylopectin > potato starch > dextrin > glycogen > amylose. Statistical analysis indicated significant functional differences between the two allozymes in terms of specific activities, substrate specificities, and inhibitor sensitivities. AmyF had a significantly lower specific activity than did AmyS. The amylases responded differently to the substrate amylose, with AmyF better able to digest this substrate. AmyS was less sensitive than AmyF to α-amylase inhibitor from wheat.
“Universal conductance” at a percolative superconductor-insulator transition in two dimensions

Precisely at the percolation threshold, we show that a superconductor-insulator composite in 2d behaves like a normal metal, with a conductance ge which is a universal function of the material parameters. For a composite of BCS superconductor and insulator, we find that ge = C(gDgneI)12, where eI is the dielectric constant of the insulating component, gD = Δd/e2, Δ is the BCS energy gap, d is the film thickness, and C is a dimensionless constant of order unity. ge and gn are the conductances of the film at threshold, and of the normal component, both measured in units of e2/ħ. Very near the threshold, ge falls to zero below a gap which vanishes at pc according to the power law |p − pc|s + t)/2, where s and t are the standard percolation exponents. Above but not below pc, the composite exhibits a perfect-conductance delta-function whose strength falls to zero as (p − pc)t.
ran1+ controls the transition from mitotic division to meiosis in fission yeast.

We have investigated the genetic and physiological control of meiosis in fission yeast. Nutritionally depleted h+/h− diploid cells become irreversibly commited to meiosis immediately prior to the initiation of premeiotic S phase. Premeiotic DNA synthesis requires matP+, matM+, mei2+ and mei3+ but not the mitotic cell cycle control gene, cdc2+, ran1+ is an essential gene, loss of which provokes sexual conjugation, premeiotic DNA synthesis, pseudo-meiosis and the sporulation of haploid cells. Our experiments suggest that sexual differentiation is achieved physiologically by the inhibition of ran1+ activity in a two-step process. In the first step, partial inhibition of ran1+ in starved haploid cells, leads to cell cycle arrest in G1 followed by sexual conjugation. In the second step, a pathway requiring the matP+, matM+ and mei3+ genes of the newly-formed zygote, further inhibits ran1+ and thereby commits the cell to meiosis. mei2+ is required for meiotic commitment after full inhibition of ran1+. ran1+ is normally essential for vegetative cell reproduction but is inessential in cells which have abnormally high levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We propose that the ran1+ gene encodes a highly controlled protein kinase which shares key substrates with cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Current Data Resources on Nonprofit Arts Organizations

This article presents and examines the data sources that are currently available for conducting research on nonprofit arts organizations in the United States. It gives a detailed look at how the field has developed and why particular data problems exist. It examines the data necessary to understand sufficiently the largely uncharted territory of nonprofit arts organizations and it gives an overview of the key data sources that do exist. It summarizes recent efforts of scholars and researchers to assemble better databases on arts organizations and, finally, it makes recommendations for further research to be pursued.
On informational efficiency and incentive aspects of generalized ratio equilibria

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the informational efficiency and incentive aspects of the Generalized Ratio Equilibrium (GRE) rule in public goods economies with general variable returns and by-product technologies. We extend Hurwicz's (1979a) results to the cases of non-constant returns and prove that any implementable social choice correspondence that selects Pareto efficient and autarkically individually rational allocations contains GRE allocations, and conversely, the set of GRE allocations contains the interior points of the correspondence. Moreover, we prove that the GRE process is informationally the most efficient process among informationally decentralized and Pareto efficient resource allocation processes and thus that the minimal message space needed for the GRE correspondence is never larger than that needed for the Lindahl correspondence, and that when by products technologies are present, it is smaller than that needed by the Lindahl correspondence.
Effects of cholecystokinin on gastric injury and gastric mucosal blood flow.

Cholecystokinin (CCK). IS a vasodilator and prevents gastric injury from ethanol. Its effects against other irritants are unknown. This study was conducted to (1) assess whether CCK or oleate, a CCK secretagogue, could prevent gastric injury from other damaging agents and (2) examine the role of blood flow in CCK-induced gastroprotection. Conscious rats were pretreated for 10 minutes with intravenous saline solution or CCK (5 nrnol/kg) or were given 1 ml of orogastric water or oleate (100 mmol/L) 3 0 minutes before a 1 n-d orogastric bolus of acidified ethanol (150 mmol/L hydrochloric acid/50% ethanol), 0.75N hydrochloric acid, or 0.2N sodium hydroxide. Rats were killed 5 minutes after receiving an irritant and the total area (mm2) of macroscopic injury was quantified. The duration of CCK-induced gastroprotection against acidified ethanol was examined at 5,10,30, and 60 minutes after its administration. Other rats had gastric mucosal blood flow determined (fluorescent microspheres) at identical time points. CCK and oleate decreased gastric injury from all three luminal irritants. CCK-induced gastroprotection was present for 30 minutes but only enhanced gastric mucosal blood flow at 5 and 10 minutes. These data suggest that endogenous CCK may play a role in gastric mucosal defense and that blood flow alone does not fully explain CCK gastroprotection.
Applying 2547bis virtual private networks to the global information grid

In Its simplest form, a virtual private network (VPN) allows two or more sites to establish private IP connectivity through a common, IP-based network infrastructure. As deployed on the Internet, VPNs provide IP reachability between geographically disparate sites, without requiring the provisioning of expensive, private leased lines between isolated networks. VPNs on the Internet are implemented through various mechanisms. Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) and IP only LAN service (IPLS) are two Layer 2 VPN mechanisms which enable customer sites to participate in a VPN, through a service provider's (SP's) IP backbone. Request for comments (RFC) 2547 provides an alternate, layer 3 solution to establishing a VPN between two sites, through the use border gateway protocol and multi-protocol label switching (BGP/MPLS). The networks of the global information grid (GIG) offer another venue where VPN services may he applied. For example, VPNs can be used between a tactical network and its provider network, to help maintain connectivity between tactical network nodes during a network split event. However, although the aforementioned VPN technologies are feasible on the Internet, scalability issues may arise when applying VPNs between components of the GIG, as the network architectures of GIG may significantly deviate from the SP-customer network topologies found on the Internet. This paper investigates 2547bis VPN operation and details use-cases for application between various components of the GIG. Furthermore, this paper presents various 2547bis VPN architecture alternatives and enhancements, which helps the scaling and deployment of 2547bis VPNs in large-scale IP networks
Perceptions of Political Party Corruption and Voting Behavior in Poland

More so than many other political institutions, political parties are held in considerable disrepute. This is due in large part to widespread perceptions that both party politicians and parties as organizations are corrupt. This is especially the case in the newer democracies of postcommunist Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa, but also in long-lived democracies. (Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2004, 2007). There is an ever growing body of research on the causes and consequences of political corruption on democratic politics, as well as on the attitudinal and behavioral correlates of corruption perceptions of the mass public. Notwithstanding the use of different wording of questions to tap both independent and dependent variables, for the most part findings of the extant literature based on survey data as well as comparative Transparency International country-level corruption scores suggest that, all else being equal, actual experience of corruption as well as perceptions of corruption are associated at the mass level with disengagement from electoral politics and/or defeat of governing parties, distrust of politicians and formal political institutions (e.g., the legislature, the judiciary, police), and increased dissatisfaction with the way democracy is working in their country (Anderson and Tverdova 2003; Bowler and Karp 2004; Canache and Allison 2005; Sandholtz and Taagepera 2005; Seligson 2002; Shabad, Slomczynski and Zielinski 2008; but see Della Porta 2008; Kistner 2007; and Shabad, Slomczynski and Kistner 2008 for contrary findings with regard to electoral participation and dissatisfaction with democracy). For the most part, research on mass-level perceptions of corruption deals with assessments of overall political corruption or of the extent of malfeasance in a variety of governmental and political sectors, including political parties. But no survey we are aware of focuses on the public’s perceptions of the extent of corruption of specific political parties. This is regrettable since perceived corruption of politically significant parties could potentially influence vote choice. Our paper seeks to address this gap within the context of Poland, a new democracy in which political party corruption has been rife and a focal point of partisan competition. In addition, electoral volatility has been higher on average than in most other new democracies of post-communist Europe. We use data from the Polish Panel survey, POLPAN, 1988-2008, in which respondents were asked to assess the extent to which ten parties were characterized by corrupt practices and to report their votes in previous parliamentary elections (most recently in 2005 and 2007) as well as their vote intention in the forthcoming election.
A prospective study demonstrates an association between JC virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the early control of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Summary Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the CNS of immunosuppressed individuals caused by the polyomavirus JC (JCV). In previous studies, we showed that JCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (JCV-specific CTL) were associated with a favourable outcome in patients with PML. However, these CTL had been assessed in PML survivors more than 1 year aftertheonsetofdiseaseandwecouldnotdeterminewhether thisimmuneresponsewasonlyasurrogatemarkerforageneral recovery of the patient’s immune system or a causal factor in the patient’s neurological improvement. In this study, we assessed the relationship between JCV-specific CTL detected early in the course of PML and the subsequent course of disease activity. We enrolled 26 patients with possible or proven PML, including 21 HIV þ patients, less than 10 months after the onset of their neurological symptoms (3.7 6 2.5 months, median 6 interquartile range). JCVspecific CTL were detected by either 51 Cr release or tetramer staining assay. Patients were then followed prospectively and the clinical course of PML was determined. At the time of their first immune evaluation, we found that 15 patients had detectable JCV-specific CTL. HIV þ patients with JCV-specific CTL had a higher CD4 þ Tcell count (215 6 103/ml) and a lower HIV viral load (144 6 431 copies/ml) than those without JCV-specific CTL (32 6 59/ml, P = 0.004 and 43 100 6 54 778 copies/ ml,P =0.01).Thirteenofthese15patientswithJCV-specific CTL developed clinically quiescent PML, while only two out of 11 without detectable CTL controlled their neurologicaldisease.Therefore,theearlydetectionofJCV-specific CTL had an 87% predictive value for subsequent control of PML, while the absence of such CTL had an 82% predictive value for subsequent active PML (P = 0.0009). Fifteen patients were evaluated less than 4 months after the onset of PML (1.9 6 1.3 months). Of nine patients with JCV-specific CTL, seven (78%) demonstrated subsequent controlofdisease,whereassixoutofsix(100%)withoutJCVspecific CTL developed progressive PML (P = 0.007). Two totenCTLassayswereperformedonPBMCof11patients. Of these patients, one had anincreasein JCV-specific CTL preceding a significant clinical improvement. In another patientwithotherwisestableimmuneparameters,adecline in JCV-specific CTL preceded an exacerbation of PML. We conclude that JCV-specific CTL can be detected early inPMLandcanpredictcontrolofthisdisease.Fluctuations ofJCV-specificCTLinthebloodareassociatedwithvariation in disease manifestations. These results indicate that JCV-specific CTL are associated with the control of PML.
Theoretical treatment of piston motion in I.C. piston engine for the prediction of piston slap excitation

Abstract This paper presents a consolidated review of the theoretical study of piston behavior which forms the basis for a computer program that has been used successfully to predict optimum piston design parameters for low noise and acceptable mechanical efficiencies in gasoline and diesel engines.
Termination of lifespan of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts in crisis is due to apoptosis

Normal human fibroblasts in culture have a limited lifespan, ending in replicative senescence. Introduction of SV40 sequences encoding large T antigen and small t antigen into pre-senescent cells results in an extension of lifespan for an additional 20-30 population doublings. Rare clones of SV40-transformed cells are capable of indefinite growth and are described as immortal; however, the great majority of SV40-transformed cells terminate this extended lifespan in cell death, termed "crisis." We have examined the properties of cells in crisis to obtain further insights into mechanism of cell death and immortalization. Populations at the terminal cell passage show a balance between cell replication and cell death over a period of several weeks, with a progressive increase in cells undergoing cell death. During this period, there is less than a 3-fold increase in attached cell number, with two stages being identifiable on the basis of the focal pattern of cell survival. We also demonstrate that cells in crisis are undergoing apoptosis based on TUNEL assay, subG1 DNA content, annexin V reactivity, and activation of caspases 3 and 8. We suggest a model whereby SV40-transformed cells acquire increased sensitivity to apoptosis based on changes in properties which activate caspase 8 in addition to changes previously described involving shortening of telomeric sequences. While only telomere stabilization could be clearly shown to be essential for survival of cells through crisis, the extended period of cell replication and altered gene expression observed in SV40-transformed cells during crisis are compatible with other genetic alterations in immortal cells.
The Role of Sensory‐Specific Satiety in Attribute‐Level Variety Seeking

The variety seeking theoretical paradigm offers little guidance regarding the attributes of a stimulus that are most likely to drive the desire to switch. We review 25 years of research in physiobehavior, arguing that it can be extended in a natural way to predict that consumers are more likely to switch between sensory attributes (e.g., flavor) than nonsensory attributes (e.g., brand). Specifically, we examine the work on sensory‐specific satiety, a term used to describe the phenomenon whereby the pleasantness of a food just eaten drops significantly while the pleasantness of uneaten foods remains unchanged. These findings lead to the thesis explored in this research that consumers are more likely to seek variety on sensory attributes, which is then tested across three studies comparing flavor switching to brand switching. Study 1 uses ACNielsen wand panel data for purchases of tortilla chips and cake mixes from almost 2,000 consumers over a three‐year period. Study 2 examines actual consumption behavior...
The Schumpeterian System

Joseph Schumpeter had more influence on professional economic thinking than any other economist of his generation with the one exception of Keynes. His influence was exerted through numerous articles and books written and published in many languages; it was exerted even more through his teaching; his world-wide fame attracted students from everywhere and through them his influence spread to all the corners of the world in which economics is taken seriously.
Editorial: The revival of the liberal creed — the IMF and the World Bank in a globalized economy

Abstract This editorial reviews problems arising from the popular “Washington consensus” economic package as economies become more globalized, and the reasons why they occur. Suggestions for improving the performance of the institutions behind the policies — the World Bank and International Monetary Fund — are provided
A neighboring plant species creates associational refuge for consumer and host

Examples of plant–animal and plant–plant associational defenses are common across a variety of systems, yet the potential for them to occur in concert has not been explored. In salt marshes in the Gulf of Mexico, the marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) is an abundant and conspicuous member of the community, climbing up the stems of marsh plants to remain out of the water at high tide. Though Littoraria are thought to primarily utilize stems of marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora as a source of food and refuge, Littoraria were more abundant in mixed assemblages of Spartina and Juncus roemerianus than in Spartina-only areas at the same tidal height. Mesocosm experiments confirmed that Juncus provided a refuge for Littoraria, with predation by Callinectes sapidus (but not Melongena corona) reduced when Juncus was present. However, Littoraria's utilization of Juncus as well as the effectiveness of Juncus as a refuge depended strongly on plant height: when Juncus was experimentally clipped to a shorter he...
Cultural ecology of prehistoric parasitism on the Colorado Plateau as evidenced by coprology

The study of coprolites (desiccated feces) is recognized as a viable method for analyzing parasitism of prehistoric peoples. Eight species of helminth parasites, including nematodes, cestodes, and acanthcephalans, have been recovered from archaeological sites on the Colorado Plateau. The comparative analysis of parasitological findings illustrates the effects of changing subsistence strategies and varying life-style on prehistoric human parasitism. This comparative study is based on the analysis of coprolites recovered from one Archaic hunter-gatherer site and two Anasazi agricultural villages. Hunter-gatherers are represented by coprolites from Dust Devil Cave in south-eastern Utah. Coprolites of prehistoric agriculturalists from Antelope House in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, and from Salmon Ruin in northwestern New Mexico were studied. The results demonstrate that helminth parasitism increased with the advent of agriculture. Between the agricultural sites, differences in patterns of excreta disposal, foraging behavior, and local ecology resulted in pronounced variations in both percentage of coprolites containing parasite remains and the number of parasite species represented.
Development of Ecological Place Meaning in New York City

Urban environmental education helps students to recognize ecological features and practices of cities. To understand the value and practice of developing such ecological place meaning, we conducted narrative research with educators and students in urban environmental education programs in the Bronx, New York City. Narratives showed that educators are cultivating ecological place meaning to help students appreciate ecological aspects of cities, and develop their imagination of how their environment could be improved. Such ecological place meaning is nurtured through direct experiences with the urban environment, social interactions within educational programs and communities, and development of students’ ecological identity.
Partisan agenda control in the US house: A theoretical exploration:

While a number of scholars have focused on the importance of partisan agenda control in the US House, few have examined its uneven consequences within the majority party. In this paper, we explore ...
An arm suspension mechanism for an underactuated single legged hopping robot

The geometry, kinematics, and mechanical development of a symmetric and adjustable arm suspension mechanism for an actively stabilized single-legged hopping robot are presented. This mechanism is a key enabling design feature of a recently developed two-armed reaction wheel stabilized monopod, that is capable of conventional wheeled roving, continuous hopping, and self-uprighting. The mechanism is shown to behave essentially as a digressive-rate torsional spring placed between the two arms, in series with a weaker progressive-rate torsional spring tied to the leg/central body. This makes it well-suited to recovering substantial energy from hopping motion, whilst presenting negligible resistance to antisymmetric motions used to maintain side-to-side stability. Furthermore, by storing energy purely in tension, the problem of buckling encountered with compression springs is avoided, and, the effective torsional spring constant may be varied by adjusting the spring pretension. Finally, the mechanism is self-latching near maximum deflection, allowing the vehicle to fold into a compact roving configuration, and enabling “running jumps” via the release of this gradually accumulated spring energy.