cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fate of bacteria transiting the gut of the deposit feeder Abarenicola pacifica: influence of temperature and sediment food concentration

Deposit-feeding macrofauna can substantially impact sedimentary bacteria, both by bioturbative activities and removal during gut passage. Laboratory feeding experi- ments were conducted with the deposit feeder Abarenicola pacifica (Polychaeta: Arenicolidae; Healy and Wells) to test for separate and interactive effects of sediment food concentra- tion and temperature on bacterial gut passage. Food concen- tration was varied via dilution of ambient sediments and mea- sured as: (1) enzyme hydrolyzable amino acids (EHAA), (2) chlorophyll a (chl a), and (3) bacterial abundance. Gut bac- teria were quantified via direct counts of sediments from 3 morphologically distinct gut regions (foregut (FG), midgut (MG), hindgut (HG)), and compared with ambient sediments (SD). Changes in bacterial abundance among these 'locations' were converted to percentage data (selection, digestion and growth). Generally, FG bacterial abundances were signifi- cantly greater than SD abundances, suggesting selection for bacteria-rich fractions of sediment. The magnitude of selection was significantly greater in sediments with low food concen- trations. Significant digestion occurred in the MG, although efficiencies were lower than previously reported for similar deposit feeders. Contrary to earlier findings with other areni- colids, bacterial growth in the HG was slight, and significant only at high food concentrations. Temperature did not signifi- cantly affect removal of bacteria in the gut. Feeding rates (i.e., egestion rates) co-varied with selection, and temperature-spe- cific patterns were observed. Our results agree with earlier studies in that the bacteria-rich fractions of sediments may be preferentially selected by deposit feeders, particularly under conditions of low food concentration. This has important impli- cations for sediment bacteria, especially when removal effi- ciencies remain constant, and HG growth is low. Additionally, we expect that increased feeding rates, digestive efficiencies and HG growth under high food conditions will lead to greater qualitative impacts on sedimentary bacteria.
Floral oils: their effect on nestmate recognition in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Floral oils are an important component of the honey bee's olfactory environment. We use laboratory and field tests to determine whether floral oils affect nestmate recognition in honey bees. In the laboratory, newly emerged worker bees, that have not been exposed to comb wax, responded more aggressively to bees that had been exposed to floral oils than unexposed control bees. In the field, guard bees did not respond differently to foragers that had been exposed to floral oils. Floral oils may play a supplementary role in nestmate recognition; however, if they have any effect it is secondary to cues acquired from comb way during development.
Electrochemical oxidation of polyamines at diamond thin-film electrodes

The oxidation of five polyamines (ethylenediamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine) was investigated at polycrystalline, boron-doped, diamond thin-film electrodes using cyclic voltammetry and flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection. Cyclic voltammetry of the polyamines was conducted in pH 10 carbonate buffer. Well-resolved oxidation waves with respect to the background signal were observed, and the current−potential curves exhibited a scan rate dependence characteristic of slow desorption kinetics of the polyamine oxidation product. E1/2's of ∼+0.88 V vs Ag/AgCl were measured for all five polyamines. A mechanism is proposed whereby the polyamine oxidation occurs by oxygen transfer from reactive OH radicals. These radicals are produced during the initial stage of oxygen evolution at the nondiamond carbon impurity sites. These sites are believed to be located primarily at the grain boundaries, isolated from one another by the diamond microcrystallites, although the impurit...
Transcriptional regulation of the murine erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene.

Abstract 5-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) catalyzes the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway in mammalian cells. Separate genes encode the two isoforms: ubiquitously expressed ALAS (ALAS1) and erythroid-specific ALAS (ALAS2). Transcription of the ALAS2 gene is only activated during erythroid cell differentiation. This stimulation allows for the formation of hemoglobin-specific heme. The 5′-flanking region of the mouse ALAS2 gene was studied in order to define its erythroid-specific function in transcriptional activation. Putative binding sites for the erythroid-specific nuclear factors GATA-1, NF-E2, and EKLF were identified within the first 300 bp region of the mouse ALAS2 5′-flanking region. However, this 300 bp region alone did not efficiently activate transient expression in erythroid MEL and K562 cell lines. Additional DNA regulatory sequences found within 300–718 bp upstream of the transcription start site were required for maximal transcriptional activation, even though these regions stimulated similar expression in the non-erythroid HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells. This suggests that cis-acting elements present in the 5′-flanking region are not responsible for maintenance of transcriptional silencing in non-erythroid cell lines and that tissue-specific regulation of ALAS2 depends on other regions of the gene or on chromatin remodeling. A putative hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) response element was identified within the 300–718 bp upstream region. Significantly, two proximal GATA-1-binding sites (−118/−113 and −98/−93) and a region located within −518 to −315 bp of the mouse ALAS2 promoter were essential for transcriptional activation during chemically induced differentiation of MEL cells, implying their importance in conferring erythroid specificity to the ALAS2 transcriptional activation. This is the first study to delimit the cis-acting region responsible for activation of the ALAS2 promoter upon dimethyl-sulfoxide induction in MEL cells.
Ionic conductivity of 8mol.%Sc2O3ZrO2 measured by use of both A.C. and D.C. techniques

Abstract The bulk ionic conductivity of 8mol.%Sc 2 O 3 ZrO 2 was measured in air by the use of both d.c. and a.c. techniques in the temperature range 600–900 °C in a symmetrical cell with porous platinum electrodes. The ionic resistance of the bulk electrolyte obtained from the ohmic portions of the current-voltage characteristics was found to be in very good agreement with the values obtained from analysis of the frequency dependence of the a.c. impedance between 40 Hz and 20 kHz. The activation enthalpy for bulk ionic conduction was found to be 21.5 kcal mol −1 . The necessity of using a suitably wide frequency spectrum in order to obtain meaningful values of conductivity parameters from a.c. measurements is demonstrated.
Structural phase transitions and orientational ordering in C70

Abstract The thermal behavior of solid C70 has been studied by synchroton X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The equilibrium solid state structures formed by C70 were solved by full profile refinement techniques in which orientational and packing disorder were explicitly accounted for. Above 345 K, C70 forms a plastic crystal, with an equilibrium face-centered cubic structure. At lower temperatures, orientational freezing occurs in two stages. Between 295 and 345 K, disorder persists only about the long axis of the molecule, and the lattice undergoes a rhombohedral distortion. Below 295 K, the rhombohedral lattice undergoes a further distortion, resulting in a previously unobserved monoclinic structure, in which the molecules are presumed to be essentially static. At all temperatures, however, the structure of C70 retains an ABC packing sequence.
Maximum packings with odd cycles

Abstract We show how to obtain maximum packings of K 2 kg + v with k -cycles when k ⩾3 is odd, g a positive integer, and v even with 0⩽ v k . Moreover, under certain conditions on v , we obtain maximum packings of K 2 kg + v .
Mercury accumulation trends in Florida Everglades and Savannas Marsh flooded soils

Global and regional increases in atmospheric mercury (Hg) concentrations have previously been identified as the cause of increased mercury accumulation rates in north temperate lakes in Sweden, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Atmospheric deposition can often account for elevated Hg concentrations in fish from these systems. Mercury levels in sportfish collected from some areas of the Florida Everglades and Savannas Marsh exceed limits that are acceptable for human consumption. Forty five soil cores and soil grab samples were retrieved from the Everglades and Savannas Marsh wetlands. Eighteen sediment cores were dated radiochemically with 210Pb and 137Cs using γ-ray spectroscopy to determine modem and historic mercury accumulation rates for these subtropical wetland systems. Recent (“post-1985”) Hg accumulation rates averaged 53 μg m−2 y−1 (23 to 141, n=18) corresponding to an average rate increase of 4.9 times (1.6 to 19.1) over those observed around the turn of the century. This accumulation seems to result more from either global or regional atmospheric deposition rather than from lateral transport via overlying surface water. The trends for mercury accumulation match those reported for lakes in Sweden and the northern United States, even though these systems are distinctly different in their climate, vegetational composition, and location. We provide the first data on accumulation of mercury in subtropical wetland systems, and demonstrate the feasibility of radiochemical dating of wetland sediment.
Build a Smarter Government, Build a Smarter Federal IT Operation

Inspired by President Obama's call for "change we need" to "build a smart federal government," this article offers one man's viewpoint on how to build a better federal IT operation. The core change we need to make is to move from the current culture of long in management and short in IT technical expertise to the paradigm of long in IT technical expertise and short in management.
A band dispersion mechanism for Pt alloy compositional tuning of linear bound CO stretching frequencies.

The C−O stretching frequency (νCO) of atop CO/Pt in PtRu alloys is compositionally tuned in proportion to the Pt mole percent. The application of a Blyholder−Bagus type mechanism (i.e., increased back-donation from the metal d-band to the hybridized 2π* CO molecular orbitals (MOs)) to compositional tuning has been paradoxical because (1) a Pt−C bond contraction, expected with increased back-donation as the Pt mole percent is reduced, is not observed (i.e., calculated Pt−C bond is either elongated or insensitive to alloying and the binding energies of CO/Pt decrease with alloying) and (2) the lowering d-band center and increased d-band vacancies upon alloying (suggesting less back-donation to the higher energy metal hybridized 2π* CO MOs) must be reconciled with the alloy-induced red shift of the νCO. A library of spin-optimized Pt and Pt alloy clusters was the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations of CO binding energies, νCO values, shifts, and broadening of 5σ/2π* CO MO upon hybridization...
Spatial and temporal variation in RGR and leaf quality of a clonal riparian plant: Arundo donax

Arundo donax L. is a tall perennial reed classified as an emergent aquatic plant. In California, it has invaded riparian zones, where it acts as a transformer species. Because plant growth and leaf quality influence the effectiveness of management techniques, we sought to determine if these characters varied temporally and spatially in a northern California population of A. donax. Tissue C and N content and C:N ratio varied during the growing season. Leaf N was higher in spring and in plants that were closer to a stream. It was significantly negatively related to the clump's distance from the stream but not related to its elevation relative to the stream. Plants near the stream produced taller stems with more leaves per stem than those more distant from the stream. RGR differed across time and space. It was highest in spring prior to the appearance of flowers on a few stems that were >1 year old within the clumps. Decline in RGR as the growing season progressed coincided with the appearance of branches and flowers on stems 1 year old). This implies that the decrease in stem growth reflected changes in nutrient availability within the entire A. donax clump and not just in the growing stems (<1 year old). These findings have implications for timing of management techniques.
Clinical Uncertainties in the Approach to Long Term Care Residents With Possible Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is arguably the most common infection in the long term care (LTC) setting. Making the diagnosis of UTI and deciding when to initiate treatment with antimicrobial therapy is a challenge to all LTC providers. Widespread prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, lack of an accepted clinical or laboratory gold standard to start antibiotics for UTI, and a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in the LTC population all contribute to this challenge. Several consensus based criteria for diagnosing UTI have been published, though these vary from each other owing to different intended purposes. The McGeer and updated Stone criteria are intended for surveillance and benchmarking purposes. The 2005 Loeb criteria represent minimal criteria for the initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Our review focuses on residents without a urinary catheter. The Loeb criteria should be updated, by inclusion of isolated fever in those with profound cognitive impairment as well as scrotal or prostate swelling tenderness to be consistent with the updated McGeer criteria by Stone et al. Urine testing and antimicrobial therapy should not be ordered in those with isolated nonspecific signs or noninfectious symptoms such as fatigue or delirium. Both cavalier urine testing and unnecessary antimicrobial therapy contribute to direct patient harm as well as the rapidly escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance. Observation and monitoring of residents in whom the diagnosis of UTI is unclear is a best practice that should be implemented. Facilities should consider addressing UTI management as part of their quality assurance and performance improvement process.
Deficient go, no-go brightness discrimination in rats following hippocampal lesions

Hippocampally ablated, cortically damaged, and intact control rats were trained postoperatively on a discrete-trial, go, no-go brightness discrimination task in an operant situation. The hippocampally ablated animals were found to be deficient on acquisition primarily due to inappropriate responding on no-go (nonieinforced) trials. The deficit is consistent with other operant brightness discrimination studies, but contrasts with the facilitated go, no-go alternation performance exhibited by hippocampally damaged rats.
Sex-Role Self-Perceptions and Sex-Role Stereotypes:

827 undergraduate students, 549 males and 278 females, responded to a set of 18 questions relating to individual self-perceptions. A second group of 35 males and 29 females responded to the questions in terms of population sex-role stereotypes for both sexes. It was hypothesized that the sexes would demonstrate convergence in self-perceptions when compared with their sex-role stereotypes. The results tended to support the hypothesis, with females demonstrating a greater deviation from the traditional sex-role stereotypes than males. The possible relationship to much publicized social movements was noted.
Progressive collapse : An implosion contractor's stock in trade

When designing a building intended to be resistant to progressive collapse, it is instructive to consider this problem from the point of view of an implosion contractor who regularly demolishes buildings through explosives-induced progressive failure. All buildings want to fall down, but are prevented from doing so through their structural columns, walls and transfer girders. Innumerable ergs of potential energy are just waiting to be released. The implosion contractor creates a progressive collapse by releasing this energy through the sequential explosive removal of key structural supports, allowing gravity to do the remaining work, simultaneously using the minimum amount of explosives, creating the maximum amount of fragmentation, and minimizing the potential fly of debris. In this paper, we will explore several building structural systems and how their implosion has historically been achieved, comparing the amount of effort required in each system to affect an implosion as related to the susceptibility...
Computer Studies of Radiation Effects in Avalanche Diodes

A computer program DIODRAD was written to solve equations similar to Misawals for radiation effects in IMPATT diodes. This program permits the user to select integration accuracy, doping profile, and operating conditions in calculating the effects of neutron fluence and gamma flux on diode performance. Results from this work compare favorably with previous theoretical and experimental data.
Steric Effects Compete with Aryne Distortion to Control Regioselectivities of Nucleophilic Additions to 3-Silylarynes

We report an experimental and computational study of 3-silylarynes. The addition of nucleophiles yield ortho-substituted products as a result of aryne distortion, but meta-substituted products form predominately when the nucleophile is large. Computations correctly predict the preferred site of attack observed in both nucleophilic addition and cycloaddition experiments. Nucleophilic additions to 3-tert-butylbenzyne, which is not significantly distorted, give meta-substituted products.
Non-ischemic left ventricular dysfunction after pediatric cardiac transplantation: treatment with plasmapheresis and OKT3.

Abstract Background Acquired left ventricular dysfunction after pediatric cardiac transplantation is associated with a high mortality rate. It often occurs without biopsy evidence of cellular rejection or severe transplant coronary arteriopathy. Methods We employed a protocol for treatment of acquired, non-ischemic left ventricular dysfunction utilizing plasmapheresis, monoclonal anti–T-cell antibody (OKT3), cyclophosphamide and steroids, regardless of the results of endomyocardial biopsy. Left ventricular dysfunction was defined as an echocardiographic shortening fraction of Results Ten pediatric heart transplant recipients were treated for 13 episodes of non-ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Biopsy scores were low grade (ISHLT Grade 1A or 1B) in 8 episodes. Eight of 10 patients had a history of non-compliance in regularly taking immunosuppressant medications. Inotropic support was required in 9 of 13 cases, with a median duration of 5 days. Median left ventricular shortening fraction was 17% at time of presentation. Normalization of shortening fraction occurred a median of 40 days from the start of treatment. Survival to hospital discharge occurred in 11 of 13 (85%) patients. Long-term patient survival, however, was only 50% at 24 months after presentation with a first episode of acquired left ventricular dysfunction. Conclusions Use of plasmapheresis, OKT3, cyclophosphamide and steroids resulted in successful short-term reversal of non-ischemic left ventricular dysfunction in pediatric heart transplant patients, but long-term survival remained poor.
Direct measurement of the piezoelectric shear coefficient d15 under non-resonant conditions

Abstract A new method is developed to measure the piezoelectric shear coefficient d15 at low frequency (100–400 Hz) using a laser interferometer technique. The d15 coefficient of PZT-5 was measured by detecting the shear strain excited by an ac electric field under non-resonance conditions. The d15 coefficient obtained this way is 647 pC N ( ± 16 pC N ) and is in good agreement with the value published in the literature. The d15 coefficient is also confirmed by measuring the electromechanical coupling coefficient k15 under the resonance condition (the value is 603 pC N ). The advantage of the new method is that the measurement can be done under non-resonance conditions, the electric field level is precisely known and the non-linearity in d coefficient can be determined down to very low field levels.
Portfolio Flows to Emerging Markets: Prospects, Pitfalls and Policy Implications

ABSTRACT This paper examines the pattern of debt and equity portfolio flows (FPI) to the developing countries in recent years and discusses some policy and operational measures to facilitate greater FPI flows. Our analysis suggests that many countries need to adopt more aggressive measures to attract foreign portfolio investment. The major areas where improvements can facilitate FPI are identified as: political and legal environment, private sector development, improvement in macro-economic management, development of capital markets, strengthening of financial institutions, enforcement of market regulations, improvements in market operations, and effective dissemination of market information.
Successful management of cataract surgery associated vitreous loss with sutureless small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy

Abstract Purpose To investigate the efficacy of 25-gauge self-sealing sutureless pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in the management of vitreous loss associated with phacoemulsification. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 29 patients who underwent a newly described surgical technique, self-sealing sutureless PPV for the management of vitreous loss during phacoemulsification. The 29 eyes included in the study were analyzed for age, sex, race, posterior segment pathology, systemic illness, laterality of the eye, type of anesthesia used during surgery, placement of intraocular lens, visual acuity (pre- and postoperative), and postoperative complications. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 3 months. Self-sealing sutureless PPV was not performed in eyes with visually significant posterior segment pathology, in monocular patients, or in eyes in which there was posterior dislocation of nuclear fragments during cataract surgery. Results The final best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 96.5% of the patients. The complication rate compared favorably with previous studies of visual outcomes after cataract surgery. Conclusion Self-sealing sutureless PPV is a safe, reliable adjunct for managing vitreous loss during phacoemulsification and leads to rapid visual recovery.
Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on vascular smooth muscle

The effects of the gastrointestinal hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) were investigated on rat portal-vein mechanical activity. Doses of 0.03–0.60 units/ml Boots secretin; 0.18–0.60 units/ml, pure, natural secretin; and 0.12–0.60 units/ml CCK elicited dose-dependent decreases in amplitude and simultaneous increases in frequency of spontaneous contractions that were unaffected by α- or β-adrenergic or cholinergic blockade. These effects were mimicked by isoproterenol, theophylline, and cyclic AMP, and all agents tested were also effective in reducing K- or norepinephrine-induced tension. Additionally, subthreshold doses of CCK and secretin elicited responses when given in combination, and the effects of the hormones at all doses were potentiated by theophylline, indicating an interaction between these hormones on rat portal vein that may involve cyclic AMP. It is suggested that part of the mechanism of hormone-induced mesenteric vasodilation smooth muscle.
DEPOSIT COMPOSITION AND COMMERCIAL BANK EARNINGS

THE PURPOSE of this study is to provide quantitative estimates of the marginal net rates of return which commercial banks realize on their demand deposits, time deposits, and capital stock. To estimate these rates of return, multiple regression analysis is applied to balance sheet data on earnings, costs, deposits, and capital. The data consist of a cross section of 295 member banks in the state of Ohio for each year of the period from 1963 to 1966.1 Marginal rates of return are estimated for each of these four years. To test the possibility that net rates of return may be influenced by bank size, separate regressions are estimated for banks with total deposits of under and over 10 million dollars. Commercial banks earn a return on their deposits and capital by investing deposit-funds and capital-funds in assets. This process, of course, involves costs. Marginal rates of return are estimated net of the costs of servicing and managing assets. However, the model is specified so that the estimated coefficients on the time deposit categories do not reflect the interest costs of acquiring these deposits. For reasons discussed below, the interest costs of time deposits are presented separately. Estimated net rates of return on deposits and capital reflect the structural characteristics that prevailed during the period from 1963 to 1966. Obviously, interest rates on bank assets are an important determinant of net rates of return on deposits and capital. During this period, interest rates rose gradually.2 Covariance analysis is used below to test for year-to-year variations in net rates of return caused by increases in interest rates. In section II, the theoretical model used to estimate marginal net rates of return is developed. In sections III and IV, the data and statistical assumptions of the model are discussed. The empirical results are presented in section V. Section VI summarizes the principle findings of this paper.
MARKETING BOARDS AND PRICE FUNDS IN UGANDA, 1950–1960*

Economic development is inextricably linked with the economic institutions of today and yesterday. A study of the policies and practices of these institutions may provide some understanding to the problems of today and tomorrow. This paper investigates the economic eflects of the Lint (Cotton) and Coffee Marketing Boards and their Price Assistance Funds in Uganda between 1950 and 1960. These institutions stood at the very centre of economic life for the vast majority of Ugandan Afiicans and therefore may be expected to have exerted considerable influence over their perception of the economic world. Uganda, along with so many other nations, is just emerging into the world of money, prices, and marketing, just as it has but recently achieved political independence. Indeed, Uganda, though possessing certain historical idiosyncrasies of its own, could almost be an archetypal low income, primary producing country. Now seeking economic development under an African administration, its development eforts must be perceived as prefaced on the earlier institutions of Britain's tutelage.
Enhancing corporate compliance with worksite safety and health legislation

Introduction: A 2-year prospective study evaluated the effectiveness of a managerial training program to enhance corporate compliance with statewide worksite safety and health regulations. The program offered participants information about regulatory requirements and emphasized organizational and environmental strategies for reducing occupational injuries and illnesses. Objectives: To assess the effects of a train-the-trainer program on business managers' knowledge of statewide occupational safety and health legislation and on levels of corporate compliance with regulatory requirements. Methods: Forty-eight small- and medium-sized companies participated in the training sessions during the first year of the study. These firms were compared with 46 control companies that did not receive the training until the conclusion of the study. Results: Participation in the program was associated with higher levels of corporate regulatory compliance 12 months after the training sessions were held (controlling for baseline levels of corporate compliance with the regulations). Program effects on compliance levels were mediated by posttraining changes in managers' knowledge of regulatory requirements. Conclusions: The REACH OUT training program raised managers' awareness of and corporate compliance with statewide worksite safety and health regulations. Impact on Industry: Smaller companies face greater challenges than larger ones in developing and maintaining worksite safety and health programs. Barriers to regulatory compliance, especially in small- and medium-size companies, should be identified and removed to enhance the efficacy of these programs.
Optogenetics and Psychiatry: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities

Achievingcircuit-levelinsightintothefundamentalnatureof psychiatric symptoms has long proven elusive. Technological limitations have traditionally prevented cell type-targeted and temporally precise interventions into intact mammalian neural circuitry to elicit or ameliorate expression of disease symptom-related phenotypes. However, recent years have seen a growing wave of applications of optogenetics to questions in neuropsychiatric disease, with the deployment of millisecond-precision optical excitation or inhibition of specific circuit elements within behavingmammals.Indeed,optogenetictechnologynowexistsin a special relationship with psychiatry because one of the unique andmostversatilefeaturesofoptogenetics(modulationofdefined neural projections) is well aligned with what may be a core feature of psychiatric disease (altered function along pathways of neural communication). In this special issue, we collect perspectives from leading researchers at the convergence of psychiatry and optogenetics, highlighting the fundamental questions that have been addressed and many of the opportunities that remain. The convergence of optogenetics (1‐3) and psychiatry has occurredrapidlyoverthelastfewyears,withenoughcomplexitythat a review and update of the core technology is useful in this venue before review of the psychiatry applications. Therefore, this special issue opens with a detailed summary of optogenetic technology itself from an optogenetics pioneer. Mei and Zhang (4) lead with a detailed and concise introduction to the diversity of microbial opsin-based optogenetic tools, the basic principles of operation, and the suite of enabling technologies that have been developed. Most important among the associated enabling technologies (especially from the perspective of psychiatry) was the fiber optic neural interface, which overcame the depth limitation caused by light scattering and allowed access to (and optogenetic control of) any brain region even in freely moving mammals. This device debuted in 2007 (5) and was first applied (also in 2007) to address questions relevant to narcolepsy and sleep-wake transitions (6). Specificactivitypatternswereplayedintotargetedhypocretinneurons in the lateral hypothalamus in freely moving mice; certain
Dust stations for control of the face fly in South Carolina.

Self-applicatory devices consisting of shed-protected dust bags were installed in 24 pastures to control the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, on beef cattle in Oconee and Pickens counties, South Carolina. Dust formulations of dimetilan 2% and 1%, ronnel 5%, coumaphos 5%. malathion 5%, SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) 5%, and pyrophyllite (check) placed in the bags resulted in 54 to 84% reduction in counts of face flies on the cattle. (Average of 15-4.2 flies per head during treatment period.) The number of flies per face in the insecticide-dust treatments were reduced significantly below those on the controls (average of 9.1 flies per head) within 1 week post treatment and remained at lower levels for the duration of the experiment. There were no significant differences between treatments. The amount of dust used per cow per day was approximately 6-11 g.
Bend Allowance and Developed Length Calculation for Pressbrake Bending

Developed length refers to the length of the unstretched fiber measured over both bent and straight sections ofa bent sheet. Bend allowance is a term coined by Sachs as a measure of the length of the unstretched fiber in the bent section. Sachs' empirical equation for calculating bend allowance is not physically based and is independent of material and forming conditions. A physics-based model for calculating bend allowance and developed length for a strain hardening sheet metal formed by pressbrake bending is presented. Effects of material properties and tooling geometry on the calculation of these parameters are considered. It is shown that unlike Sachs' assumption, it is the deformed shape and not the neutral axis shift or thinning that is important for calculating the developed length in pressbrake bending. It is also shown, by comparing calculated and measured data, that better accuracy can be obtained when the proposed method is used instead of Sachs' empirical equation.
Albumin therapy improves local vascular dynamics in a rat model of primary microvascular thrombosis: a two-photon laser-scanning microscopy study.

Background and Purpose— High-dose human albumin is robustly neuroprotective in preclinical ischemia models and is currently in phase III clinical trial for acute ischemic stroke. To explore the hypothesis that albumin’s protective effect is mediated in part by salutary intravascular mechanisms, we assessed microvascular hemodynamics in a model of laser-induced cortical arteriolar thrombosis. Methods— The cortical microcirculation of anesthetized, physiologically monitored Sprague-Dawley rats was studied in vivo via a frontoparietal cranial window (intact dura) by two-photon laser-scanning microscopy after plasma-labeling with fluorescein-dextran. Focal thrombosis was produced in 30- to 50-μm cortical arterioles by laser irradiation. Arteriolar flow velocity was measured repeatedly by line-scanning. At 30 minutes post-thrombosis, animals were treated with either human albumin, 2 g/kg, or with saline control. Results— Baseline arteriolar flow velocity averaged 3.5±1.8 mm/s and was reduced to 10% to 13% of c...
The effects of protein synthesis inhibition on sleep in mice

Chronically implanted random-bred Swiss mice were injected with cycloheximide or an equal volume of saline subcutaneously and their sleep studied electroencephagraphically. Injections of cycloheximide enhanced sleep through an increase in the duration and frequency of slow wave sleep episodes. Despite the increase in the total sleep the animals showed a reduction in the amount and frequency of paradoxical sleep without evidence of a subsequent paradoxical sleep rebound. These findings suggest that cycloheximide interferes not only with the animals' capacity to enter the paradoxical sleep stage, but that it also may interfere with the mechanism required for the paradoxical sleep rebound to be expressed.
Can Corpus Similarity-Based Self-Annotation Assist Information Retrieval?

The use of external means to annotate corpora to assist in retrieval is gaining research attention. These external means include user provided annotations, use of linkages between documents (eg. the web), use of knowledge bases such as wikipedia, etc. However, for corpora that are internally generated within an enterprise, most of these methods are not readily applicable.In this work, we ask the question whether we can extract important terms from the corpora (without recourse to any external assistance), and then use these terms as a form of "self-annotation" to assist retrieval?Our approach is as follows: we extract "important terms" from the corpora using clustering and information-theoretic means. We then use these terms as "self-annotation" of the corpus. Specifically, we augment BM25 with two scores that measure the information-gain of important terms with respect to their corresponding cluster. The first score uses all the important terms in the cluster, regardless of whether they appear in the query or not. The second score uses only those terms that appear in the query.We experiment extensively with convex combinations of these two scores with BM25 on TREC corpora. To reflect other literature in clustering in IR, we benchmark both static clustering and query-specific clustering. Our results establish a clear pattern on the effect of including information gain upon precision of retrieved lists. Our conclusions are that while neither information-gain based score improves the retrieval precision over baseline BM25, the precision is better when all terms (not just query terms) are considered.
Identification of RAPD markers linked to the gene PM1 for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat.

Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. triticiEm. Marchal is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). We report here the identification of three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers closely linked to a gene for resistance to B. graminis in wheat. RAPD-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis was conducted using bulked segregant analysis of closely related lines developed from a segregating F5 family. The F5 family was derived from a cross between the susceptible cultivar Clark and the resistant line Zhengzhou 871124. Genetic analysis indicated that resistance of Zhengzhou 871124 to powdery mildew is conferred by the gene Pm1. After performing RAPD-PCR analysis with 1300 arbitrary 10-mer primers and agarose-gel electrophoresis, two RAPD markers, UBC320420 and UBC638550, were identified to be co-segregating with the disease resistance. No recombinants were observed between either of the RAPD markers and the gene for resistance to powdery mildew after analysis of 244 F2 plants. The third RAPD marker, OPF12650, was identified with denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and was determined to be 5.4±1.9 cM from the resistance gene. UBC320420 and UBC638550 were present in wheat powdery mildew differential lines carrying the gene Pm1, suggesting linkage between these markers and the Pm1 resistance gene. Co-segregation between Pm1 and the two markers UBC320420 and UBC638550 was confirmed in a segregating population derived from a cross with CI14114, the wheat differential line carrying Pm1. The method of deriving closely related lines from inbred families that are segregating for a trait of interest should find wide application in the identification of DNA markers linked to important plant genes. The RAPD marker UBC638550 was converted to a sequence tagged site (STS). RAPD markers tightly linked to target genes may facilitate selection and enable gene pyramiding for powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding programs.
Isolation of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase using a novel pteridine matrix

Abstract Phenylalanine hydroxylase has been isolated quantitatively from rat liver by the following purification sequence: (a) acetic acid extraction, (b) ethanol fractionation, (c) ammonium sulfate precipitation, (d) filtration through Sephadex G-100, and (e) affinity chromatography on a matrix containing 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine bound to Sepharose via a butanediol diglycidyl ether linkage. Steps (d) and (e) were carried out in 0.01 m tris(hydroxymethyl)methylaminopropanesulfonic acid (Taps) buffer solutions, pH 8.5, containing 0.1 m sodium chloride and 0.001 M dithioerythritol. The eluent for step (e) additionally contained 0.04 mg/ml catalase, and enzyme recovery was achieved when 0.1 m phenylalanine was introduced. Enzyme and phenylalanine separation was accomplished by sequential passage through columns of the affinity matrix and Sephadex G-25. The hydroxylase exhibited: a concentration-dependent specific activity of 1 to 6 μmol/min/mg; homogeneity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis ( M r = 49,000 ± 2000), but heterogeneity (two major bands, M r = 120,000 ± 15,000 and 200,000 ± 20,000) when sodium dodecyl sulfate was omitted; a pH optimum of 6.5, and stability which was markedly enhanced by the presence of the Taps buffer, anaerobic conditions, catalase, and radical scavengers such as 3,5-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol.
Expression of TCL-1 as a Potential Prognostic Factor for Treatment Outcome in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

TCL-1 expression is variable in CLL, and no study has examined its association with treatment response. We measured TCL-1 protein in CLL cells from 51 patients who then received pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. TCL-1 expression did not correlate with any pre-treatment characteristics. Lower TCL-1 levels were associated with higher probability of attaining flow cytometry-negative status post-treatment (52% versus 17%, p=0.046). Trends toward improved complete remission rate (49% versus 19%, p=0.064) and progression-free survival (medians: 33 versus 20 months, p=0.199) were noted with lower TCL-1 expression. These data suggest TCL-1 expression may help predict treatment outcome in CLL patients following chemoimmunotherapy, and examination in larger studies is warranted.
China's Plan Flawed But Courageous

![Figure][1] CREDIT: ISTOCKPHOTO.COM In her News Focus story “Has China outgrown the one-child policy?” (17 September, p. [1458][2]), M. Hvistendahl explores the consequences of China's fertility policies. Overall, the story presents the one-child policy in a negative light, buttressed by statistical data, such as the current gender ratio of 119:100 at birth and the projected graying of the Chinese population. These data are accurate but misleadingly incomplete. The single most relevant statistic is the one that drove the original decision to implement the policy: the total population of China as a function of time. Even with the reduced population growth that came with the one-child policy and with China's rapid shift toward an urbanized and export-driven economy, those numbers are sobering. In 1960, China had a population of 646 million; in 1980, it was 981 million; by 2000, it had grown to 1.267 billion; and in 2010, it is projected to be 1.354 billion ([ 1 ][3]). In the past 50 years, China's population has increased by an amount equal to or greater than the population of all of Central and North America (∼500 million). Without defending or criticizing the one-child policy, we can at least recognize that it stands as a brave attempt by the inhabitants of an overcrowded planet to create a more livable future for our children and grandchildren. 1. [↵][4] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision ( ). [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.329.5998.1458 [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
Alive and grasping: stable and rapid semantic access to an object category but not object graspability.

Abstract How quickly do different kinds of conceptual knowledge become available following visual word perception? Resolving this question will inform neural and computational theories of visual word recognition and semantic memory use. We measured real-time brain activity using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during a go/nogo task to determine the upper limit by which category-related knowledge (living/nonliving) and action-related knowledge (graspable/ungraspable) must have been accessed to influence a downstream decision process. We find that decision processes can be influenced by the living/nonliving distinction by 160 ms after stimulus onset whereas information about (one-hand) graspability is not available before 300 ms. We also provide evidence that rapid access to category-related knowledge occurs for all items, not just a subset of living, nonliving, graspable, or ungraspable ones, and for all participants regardless of their response speed. The latency of the N200 nogo effect by contrast is sensitive to decision speed. We propose a tentative hypothesis of the neural mechanisms underlying semantic access and a subsequent decision process.
Price-quality relations for automobiles: a new approach

The study uses quality characteristics of American produced cars over the period 1957-1971 to investigate their price variations. The principal attributes desired by car buyers are shown to be comfort, durability, economy, maneuverability, performance, safety and style. Methods of measuring these characteristics are given. Other variables are used to account for the exclusion of dealer preparation fees, and the inclusion of various options. Regression estimates are made for the variables taken from observations on 992 car models over the 15 year period; tables are given to illustrate the multicollinearity of the variables. The relative significance of individual characteristics is examined, and the use of a truncated model without proxy variables is discussed. Coefficients of regressions of list price on all and the most significant variables are tabulated. The research described shows that the bulk of observed price rises in car prices are due to improvements in quality, and the real price of cars did not increase during the years of the survey. /TRRL/
Vehicle-Ownership Model Using Family Structure and Accessibility Application to Honolulu, Hawaii:

Vehicle ownership plays a key role in determining the number of trips made by a household and the modes that the household will use to make those trips. Predicting vehicle ownership is a challenge due to the complexity of relationships affecting the choice of vehicles for a particular household. The income of the household, the accessibility of activities by alternative modes, and the family makeup of a household all affect the choice of the number of vehicles. The Honolulu metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses the island of Oahu, is the primary study area. On Oahu, vehicle ownership varies widely, from the dense neighborhoods in Waikiki to the semirural areas on the fringe of the region. Consequently, the vehicle-ownership model will be a crucial component of the new travel forecasting models for the island. Using 1995 Oahu household interview survey data, a vehicle-ownership model that takes into account income, accessibility, and household family structure has been estimated and found to pre...
Cosmology of supersymmetric models with low-energy gauge mediation

We study the cosmology of supersymmetric models in which the supersymmetry-breaking effects are mediated by gauge interactions at about the ${10}^{5}$ GeV scale. We first point out that the gravitino is likely to overclose the Universe in this class of models. This requires an entropy production, which prefers a baryogenesis mechanism at a relatively low temperature. The Affleck-Dine mechanism for baryogenesis is one of the possibilities to generate enough baryon asymmetry, but the analysis is nontrivial since the shape of the potential for the flat direction differs substantially from the conventional hidden sector case. To see this, we first perform a two-loop calculation to determine the shape of the potential. By combining the potential with the supergravity contribution, we then find that the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis works efficiently to generate sufficient baryon asymmetry. On the other hand, we also point out that string moduli fields, if present, are stable and their coherent oscillations overclose the Universe by more than 15 orders of magnitude. One needs a very late inflationary period with an $e$-folding of $N\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5$ and an energy density of $\ensuremath{\lesssim}{(10}^{7}$ $\mathrm{GeV}{)}^{4}$. A thermal inflation is enough for this purpose. Fortunately, the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis is so efficient that enough baryon asymmetry can survive the late inflation.
“What if We Are Doing This All Wrong?”: Sequestering and a Community of Practice

This article explores how sequestered novices within a community of practice struggled with their reliance on individual learning resources and identity development. In a year-long study at a child-care center that included methods of participant-observation, interviewing, videotaping, and apprenticeship, five inexperienced child-care teachers, including me, relied heavily on our creativity, recollections, learning by doing, and embodied experiences. I suggest that future studies of communities of practice examine instances of sequestering and include the perceptions of novices.