cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Taste in the Belief in Pseudoscience

This early-stage project begins to explore expressions of popular belief in pseudoscience from the perspective of rhetorical and pragmatic approaches to taste. I argue publics can coalesce around discourses of science as a matter of taste or self-fashioning. I start by analyzing published interviews and podcasts of basketball star Kyrie Irving, who became notorious for believing in a flat-earth. I then use Irving as a case study to draw preliminary conclusions for science communication educators before previewing the next stage of the project.
Three Regimes and Four Modes for the Resonant Saturation of Parallel Ion-beam Instabilities

Motivated by recent advances in laboratory experiments on parallel ion-beam instabilities, we present a theoretical framework for—and simulations of—their evolution toward shock formation and Fermi acceleration. After reviewing the linear theory of beam instabilities, with an emphasis on how magnetic helicity and polarization depend on properties of the beam, we compare the evolution and saturation of three distinct parameter regimes: (I) the left-handed "non-resonant" regime; (II) the right-handed beam-gyroresonant regime; (III) the balanced, mixed-turbulence regime.
Blazar jets launched with similar energy per baryon, independently of their power

The most extreme active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the radio active ones whose relativistic jet propagates close to our line of sight. These objects were first classified according to their emission line features into flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs). More recently, observations revealed a trend between these objects known as the \emph{blazar sequence}, along with an anti-correlation between the observed power and the frequency of the synchrotron peak. In the present work, we propose a fairly simple idea that could account for the whole blazar population: all jets are launched with similar energy per baryon, independently of their power. In the case of FSRQs, the most powerful jets, manage to accelerate to high bulk Lorentz factors, as observed in the radio. As a result, they have a rather modest magnetization in the emission region, resulting in magnetic reconnection injecting a steep particle energy distribution and, consequently, steep emission spectra in the $\gamma$-rays. For the weaker jets, namely BL Lacs, the opposite holds true; i.e., the jet does not achieve a very high bulk Lorentz factor, leading to more magnetic energy available for non-thermal particle acceleration, and harder emission spectra at frequencies $\gtrsim$ GeV. In this scenario, we recover all observable properties of blazars with our simulations, including the \emph{blazar sequence} for models with mild baryon loading ($50 \lesssim \mu \lesssim 80$). This interpretation of the blazar population, therefore, tightly constrains the energy per baryon of blazar jets regardless of their accretion rate.
Allergies, Preoperative Narcotic Use, and Increased Age Predict Failed Same-Day Discharge After Joint Replacement.

Abstract Background Identifying predictors of failed same-day discharge (SDD) is critical for patient selection. We evaluated patient factors associated with failure of SDD in patients undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in a hospital setting. Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) between January 31, 2018 and February 1, 2020 by one of the 3 fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeons. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and clinical data were collected. Analysis was performed to assess risk factors for failed SDD. Results In total, 2615 TJAs (1425 TKAs, 1190 THAs) were performed over the study period. Two hundred seventy-one (10.4%) were SDDs (80 TKAs, 191 THAs). There were fewer TKAs than THAs (5.6% vs 16.1%, P .05). Conclusion Success of SDD was greater than 80%. Hypotension, delayed resolution of spinal anesthesia, and nausea accounted for 60% of failures of SDD. Patients >70 years, those with >2 self-reported drug allergies, or patients who used preoperative narcotics were at high risk for failure of SDD after THA or TKA.
A OFICINA DE SAPONIFICAÇÃO COMO FERRAMENTA DA PRÁXIS PEDAGÓGICA NO ENSINO DE QUÍMICA ORG NICA COM ÊNFASE EM CTSA

O presente projeto busca, atraves da pesquisa qualitativa e de instrumento didatico-pedagogicos, como a Sequencia Didatica e os Tres Momentos Pedagogicos, potencializar o ensino de Quimica Orgânica para os estudantes do 3o ano do ensino medio, fortalecendo o dialogo entre teoria e pratica. Atraves do desenvolvimento da Oficina de Producao de Sabao Ecologico a partir do Oleo Residual de Fritura, visamos auxiliar na construcao de uma consciencia acerca das questoes ambientais, bem como fomentar uma educacao cientifica que permita, por parte do estudante, uma leitura mais critica da realidade social.
Neural Network Compression via Additive Combination of Reshaped, Low-Rank Matrices

In the last five years, neural network compression has become an important problem due to the increasing necessity of running complex networks on small devices. We consider a form of network compression that has not been explored before: an additive combination of reshaped low-rank matrices. That is, given the weights of a neural network, we constrain them as a sum of differently shaped low-rank matrices to reduce the network's size and inference demands. Computationally, this is a hard problem involving integer variables (ranks) and continuous variables (weights), as well as nonlinear loss and constraints. We formulate it as a model selection over the family of compressed models and give an optimization algorithm that efficiently handles the inherent combinatorial structure. This results in a “Learning-Compression” algorithm which alternates between a standard machine learning step and a step involving signal compression. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed compression scheme and the corresponding algorithm on multiple networks and datasets.
Beyond the AJR: Lack of Association Between Radiographic Changes and Back Pain Related Disability in the Chingford 1000 Study.

This study [1] characterizes the longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between lumbar radiographic findings and back pain-related disability (BPRD) in the Chingford 1000 Women Study, a population-based longitudinal cohort. One rheumatologist classified the degree of disc space narrowing (DSN), endplate sclerosis or deformity, and osteophytes by combining the number of vertebral bodies involved and type of osteoarthritic changes using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading (KLG) system and a previously described semiquantitative method. The researchers generated separate composite scores for KLG, DSN, and osteophyte grade. The data were derived from different study stages including year 6 physical activity score; year 9 imaging, other covariates, and cross-sectional outcomes; and year 15 longitudinal outcomes. The primary outcome was self-reported back pain of at least one day in the last 12 months from the St. Thomas disability questionnaire. Covariates included age, body mass index, smoking, back pain, bisphosphonate usage, and self-reported physical activity. A total of 650 women and 443 women met inclusion criteria for the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. Median BPRD was zero; approximately two thirds of participants reported no BPRD. No lumbar spine radiographic findings were found in 154/650 women. Of the women with one or more KLG composite changes, osteophyte composite changes, or DSN composite changes, no association was found with BPRD in either analysis. In summary, in this cohort, no association was found between the number of segments with radiographic changes (KLG composite, osteophyte composite, DSN composite) and more severe BPRD.
A Game of Primes.

The basis for most of the ideas mentioned in this paper is the theory of cellular automata. A cellular automata contains a regular grid of cells, with each cell having a pre-defined set of finite states. The initial state is determined at time/state zero. At this point all the cells are assigned their respective starting states. The automata is defined by a set of simple rules that decide the subsequent states of the cells. We aim to create a cellular automata of prime numbers and come up with some axioms, theorems and conjectures for the same.
Mental Health Intervention with Hispanic Immigrants

Abstract The underutilization of mental health services by Hispanic immigrants has been well documented in the literature. Hispanic immigrants encounter numerous obstacles which prevent them from successfully navigating through the mental health system. This reality is further compounded by the fact that research appears to suggest an increased rate of mental health disorders among Hispanics. This article underscores the importance of understanding the influence of a Hispanic client's worldview, language, and religion on the provision of mental health services. A case vignette is presented as a means of illustrating key conceptual points. Practice principles or conclusions drawn from this article should be used as a general guide by mental health practitioners.
Scattering of TE Excitation by Partially Buried and Coupled Strips near a Planar Media Interface

In this paper an analysis of scattering from partially buried conducting strips and from coupled conducting strips near the planar interface between two semi-infinite, homogeneous half-spaces is presented. The strips are of infinite extent, their axes are parallel to the interface, and the excitation is transverse electric to their axes. The present analyses are limited to strip-interface geometries in which the plane of the partially buried strip is perpendicular to the interface while those of the coupled strips are either parallel or perpendicular to the interface. Coupled electric field integral equations for the currents induced on the strips are formulated and numerical methods are developed for solving them. From knowledge of the calculated surface currents, the far-zone scattered field is determined. Data representing the induced currents and the far-zone field patterns are presented and discussed for various strips and media parameters of interest.
Research on Same-Gender Grouping in Eighth Grade Science Classrooms

AbstractThis study examined two hypotheses related to same-gender grouping of eighth grade science classes in a public middle school setting. The hypotheses were (a) male and female students enroll...
A proposed modification of the Aschheim-Zondek “pregnancy test”

Abstract In the present modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test, 2 c.c. to 5 c.c. of serum were injected intravenously into the ear vein of a virgin female rabbit. Approximately 10 c.c. of whole blood are obtained from the patient and the serum is removed. The serum is allowed to stand for at least four hours or overnight before injection, as very fresh serum was found to be toxic and might cause death shortly after injection. The average effective amount of serum was found to be 1 c.c. per 600 to 700 gm. of body weight. Rabbits weighing from 600 to 2,150 gm. were used. Animals weighing between 1,500 and 2,000 gm. gave the most constant results. A series of tests on the smaller rabbits proved to be very unreliable. The rabbits were operated upon or autopsied from twenty-four to thirty-six hours after injection and the reaction could usually be determined by gross examination. Microscopic examination was used to check the gross findings. The rabbit could be used again at the end of three weeks. The earliest grossly positive reaction was observed at thirteen hours. Several of the animals of this preliminary series died before thirteen hours had elapsed. The period of gestation varied from three weeks to seven months. Sera from 5 cases not pregnant were used and gave negative results. On a doubtful case of pregnancy, 3 tests were performed and were all negative. A case of hydatidiform mole gave a strongly positive reaction and was found to be negative three weeks later. The reactions of the 25 positive specimens examined in this preliminary series were: 18 grossly positive; 5 doubtful grossly, but positive microscopically (rabbits died in less than thirteen hours); one autopsied at twenty-five hours was doubtful grossly but positive microscopically; one died thirty minutes after injection and showed no reaction. The reaction to the use of serum intravenously is found to be definitely more marked and to appear in a shorter time than when urine is used intravenously.
Introduction:Microbiome in human reproduction

The human microbiome has been termed the "second human genome" and data that has come about of late certainly makes it appear every bit as complex. The human body contains 10-fold more microbial cells than the human cells and accounts for 1%-3% of our total body mass. As we learn more about this symbiotic relationship, it appears this complex interaction occurs in nearly every part of the body, even those areas at one time considered to be sterile. Indeed, the microbiome in human reproduction has been investigated in terms of both the lower and upper reproductive tract and includes interactions even at the point of gametogenesis. What is all the more fascinating is that we have known about the importance of microbes for over 150 years, even before they existed in name. And now, with the assistance of an exciting technologic revolution which has pushed forward our understanding of the microbiome, we appear to stand on the precipice of a higher level of understanding of microbes, the biofilms they create, and their impact of health and disease in human reproduction.
Event correlation and pattern detection in CEDR

Event processing will play an increasingly important role in constructing distributed applications that can immediately react to critical events. In this paper we describe the CEDR language for expressing complex event queries that filter and correlate events to match specific patterns, and transform the relevant events into new composite events for the use of monitoring applications. Stream-based execution of these standing queries offers instant insight for users to see what is occurring in their systems and to take time-critical actions.
Safety in Markets: An Impossibility Theorem for Dutch Books

This paper explores the extent to which markets constrain intertemporal preferences. First, we show that without transaction costs, agents are immune to exploitation in competitive markets. In particular, a sequence of trades leaving any market participant strictly worse off (termed a money losing Dutch book) is generically impossible. When transaction costs exist in the market, Dutch books are plausible only when agents have inaccurate beliefs about their own future behavior. Thus, markets are appropriate filters of non-standard (time-inconsistent) preferences only when sufficient irrational behavioral expectations are allowed. Second, we show that while non-standard preferences may be sustained in competitive markets, they are generically non-identifiable. Under mild conditions, any profile of demands can be explained with a standard, time-consistent, model. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that such a model will have weak predictive power across markets if non-standard preferences indeed prevail.
Integrating City Planning and Environmental Improvement: Practicable Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development edited by Donald Miller and Gert de Roo

Donald Miller and Gert De Roo (Eds.), Integrating City Planning and Environmental Improvement: Practicable Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development (Aldershot, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pu...
Oceanic diffusion diagrams

Abstract Some empirical relations between diffusion characteristics are investigated by the use of carefully examined data from instantaneous dye-release experiments in the upper mixed layer of the sea. The data cover a time scale of diffusion ranging from 2 hr to 1 month and a length scale from 30 m to 100 km. Two kinds of ‘diffusion diagrams’ are prepared; one showing horizontal variance versus diffusion time and the other showing apparent diffusivity versus the scale of diffusion. The overall behaviors of the horizontal variance and of the apparent diffusivity are evidently different from those which the similarity theory of turbulence deduces. However, there still remains a possibility that the similarity theory may be valid locally with different values of the rate of turbulent energy dissipation. The diagrams provide a practical means to predict the rate of horizontal spread of substance from an instantaneous source.
Estimation With Threshold Sensing for Gyroscope Calibration Using a Piezoelectric Microstage

A sensing estimation scheme is presented that combines analog and threshold sensing on a piezoelectric microactuator for calibration of microscale inertial sensors. Using a variation of the Kalman filter, an asynchronous threshold sensor improves state estimates obtained from less reliable analog sensor measurements of microactuator motion. The resulting velocity estimates are compared with estimates without threshold sensing, and related to feasible calibration performance for gyroscopes. Results show that incorporating threshold sensors in a projected low-noise environment based on capacitive sensing will produce high-accuracy velocity measurements at certain fixed angles, with an approximately 80% reduction in angular velocity estimation error. Experimental testing with noisier, more variable piezoelectric sensing shows improved estimation accuracy at all velocities and positions when threshold detections are added. In simulation, the addition of feedback control is shown to further improve estimation accuracy.
Impact of Vegetation Feedback on the Response of Precipitation to Antecedent Soil Moisture Anomalies over North America

Abstract Previous studies support a positive soil moisture–precipitation feedback over a major fraction of North America; that is, initial soil moisture anomalies lead to precipitation anomalies of the same sign. To investigate how vegetation feedback modifies the sensitivity of precipitation to initial soil moisture conditions over North America, a series of ensemble simulations are carried out using a modified version of the coupled Community Atmosphere Model–Community Land Model (CAM–CLM). The modified CLM includes a predictive vegetation phenology scheme so that the coupled model can represent interactions between soil moisture, vegetation, and precipitation at the seasonal time scale. The focus of this study is on how the impact of vegetation feedback varies with the timing and direction of initial soil moisture anomalies. During summer, wet soil moisture anomalies lead to increase in leaf area index and, consequently, increase in evapotranspiration and surface heating. Such increases tend to favor p...
‘Normal’ markets, market imperfections and energy efficiency

Abstract The conventional distinction between ‘economic’ and ‘engineering’ approaches to energy analysis obscures key methodological issues concerning the measurement of the costs and benefits of policies to promote the adoption of energy-efficient technologies. The engineering approach is in fact based upon firm economic foundations: the principle of lifecycle cost minimization that arises directly from the theory of rational investment. Thus, evidence that so-called ‘market barriers’ impede the adoption of cost-effective energy-efficient technologies implies the existence of market failures as defined in the context of microeconomic theory. Problems of imperfect information and bounded rationality on the part of consumers, for example, may lead real world outcomes to deviate from the dictates of efficient resource allocation. A widely held contrary view, that the engineering view lacks economic justification, is based on the fallacy that markets are ‘normally’ efficient.
A Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity for Latino and Latina Adolescents

Many scales are available to measure acculturation. Unfortunately, most rely on a single indicator scale and fail to consider biculturality. Therefore, the multidimensional and multifaceted aspects...
Targeted disruption of β-arrestin 2-mediated signaling pathways by aptamer chimeras leads to inhibition of leukemic cell growth.

β-arrestins, ubiquitous cellular scaffolding proteins that act as signaling mediators of numerous critical cellular pathways, are attractive therapeutic targets because they promote tumorigenesis in several tumor models. However, targeting scaffolding proteins with traditional small molecule drugs has been challenging. Inhibition of β-arrestin 2 with a novel aptamer impedes multiple oncogenic signaling pathways simultaneously. Additionally, delivery of the β-arrestin 2-targeting aptamer into leukemia cells through coupling to a recently described cancer cell-specific delivery aptamer, inhibits multiple β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathways known to be required for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) disease progression, and impairs tumorigenic growth in CML patient samples. The ability to target scaffolding proteins such as β-arrestin 2 with RNA aptamers may prove beneficial as a therapeutic strategy.
Size-dependent emission of negative ions from gold nanoparticles bombarded with C60 and Au400

Abstract This study reports on the secondary ion (SI) emission from individual Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) operating in event-by-event bombardment/detection mode. This methodology allows one to obtain quantitatively the effective yields of SI emission from individual nano-objects. The analyses of gold cluster emission from a series of AuNPs of different sizes (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 nm in diameter) were conducted with two massive projectiles, 50 keV C602+ and 520 keV Au4004+. The results indicate that the emission of Au2− and Au3− varies as a function of particle size. Due to different mechanisms of energy transfer and energy densities deposited into the NPs, the optimum sizes for maximum Au2− and Au3− emission are: 20 nm for 520 keV Au4004+ and 10 nm for 50 keV C602+. Moreover, the abundance of Au2− and Au3− is also affected by the nature of the projectile. In the case of Au400 impacts, the enhanced SI emission of larger clusters is observed not only from 15 and 20 nm but also from 10 nm AuNPs. The observation of the size- and projectile-dependent SI emission points out the necessity of accurate data interpretation when dealing with nanoscale objects.
Phase transfer of hydrophilic, cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles to chloroform solutions.

The preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles (∼3 nm in diameter) capped with thiolated α- and β-cyclodextrins (α and β-CD) is described. The CD-capped nanoparticles are hydrophilic and bind ferrocene derivatives as evidenced by electrochemical and 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements. The binding interactions of the CD-capped nanoparticles with a series of five alkyldimethyl(ferrocenylmethyl)ammonium ions (the alkyl group is propyl for compound 1, heptyl for 2, dodecyl for 3, hexadecyl for 4, and docosyl for 5) can be utilized for the phase transfer of the hydrophilic, CD-capped nanoparticles into a nonpolar chloroform phase. Only 3, 4, and 5 act as effective phase transfer agents, since 1 and 2 do not have enough amphiphilic character. The structure of the aggregates formed upon transfer of the CD-capped nanoparticles to the chloroform solution is postulated to resemble that of reverse micelles, as the nanoparticles template the peripheral arrangement of the cationic ferrocene amphiphiles, cou...
Essentialism and graded membership in animal and artifact categories

A number of studies have argued that people view membership in animal and artifact categories as a matter of degree. These studies have generally failed to distinguish between the issues of typicality and category membership. Thus, data which have been taken to demonstrate that membership is a matter of degree may only demonstrate that typicality is graded. Partly on the basis of these findings, it has been argued that some categories are organized around an underlying essence. The essence determines membership absolutely. The present paper reports a series of studies that reexamine the question of graded membership. In the first study, subjects were asked to rate both typicality and category membership for the same stimuli as a way of distinguishing the two questions. A second method relied on the intuition that disagreements about membership in all-or-none and graded categories may have different qualities. Results from both studies suggest some support for claims that membership in animai and artifact categories is a matter of degree. A third study explored the possibility that graded responses were due to conflicting, or ambiguous, sets of criteria. A task focusing on biological features did not lead to more absolute categorization. These results contradict essentialist predictions.
Validation-based insertional mutagenesis identifies lysine demethylase FBXL11 as a negative regulator of NFκB

We describe a highly efficient use of lentiviral validation-based insertional mutagenesis (VBIM) to generate large populations of mammalian cells in which a strong promoter is inserted into many different genomic loci, causing greatly increased expression of downstream sequences. Many different selections or screens can follow, to isolate dominant mutant clones with a desired phenotypic change. The inserted promoter can be excised or silenced at will, to prove that the insertion caused the mutation. Cloning DNA flanking the insertion site identifies the locus precisely. VBIM virus particles are pseudotyped with VSV G protein, allowing efficient infection of most mammalian cell types, including non-dividing cells, and features are included that give high yields of stable virus stocks. In several different selections, useful mutants have been obtained at frequencies of approximately 10−6 or higher. We used the VBIM technique to isolate mutant human cells in which the F-box leucine-rich protein 11 (FBXL11), a histone H3K36 demethylase, is shown to be a negative regulator of NFκB. High levels of FBXL11 block the ability of NFκB to bind to DNA or activate gene expression, and siRNA-mediated reduction of FBXL11 expression has the opposite effects. The H212A mutation of FBXL11 abolishes both its histone H3K36 demethylase activity and its ability to inhibit NFκB. Thus, we have used a powerful tool for mutagenesis of mammalian cells to reveal an aspect of the complex regulation of NFκB-dependent signaling.
Monocytes in active multiple sclerosis: intact regulation of HLA-DR density in vitro despite decreased HLA-DR density in vivo.

Abstract HLA-DR expression on circulating monocytes varies as a function of disease in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a putative immunopathological demyelinating disorder. Specifically, monocytes isolated from subjects with active MS exhibit HLA-DR antigen density, and immunoregulatory aberrations such as impaired T lymphocyte-mediated suppression correlate strongly with this quantitative defect. To address the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we compared in vitro regulation of HLA-DR by interferon beta (IFNβ), intereron gamma (IFNγ), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in monocytes from patients with stable and active MS and normal individuals. Interferon-γ and LPS enhanced monocyte expression of HLA-DR equally in both MS patient groups, suggesting that underexpression of HLA-DR in active MS was not explained by impaired in vivo monocyte responsiveness. Furthermore, interferon regulation of HLA-DR in normals and stable MS subjects was indistinguishable, indicating that aberrant interferon-mediated regulation of class II histocompatibility complex (MHC) on circulating monocytes does not appear to be a characteristic of the MS disease state.
Absorption Anomalies in Ratio and Subtraction FT-IR Spectroscopy

Subtraction and ratioing of strong absorption bands in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy produces anomalous absorption errors. One source of error is the instability in the wavenumber scale of the FT-IR spectra. The possible causes of this error are explored. The thermal expansion and contraction of the cavity of the HeNe reference laser from a typical commercial instrument was found to produce changes in the laser wavenumber of ±0.034 cm-1. Changes of this size are shown to introduce errors into the wavenumber scales of FT-IR spectra which are sufficient to produce the observed anomalies. The dependence of the error on instrumental and spectroscopic parameters is explored. Solutions to the problem are proposed.
Local infusion of heparin reduces anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia in aortoiliac expanded polytetrafluoroethylene bypass grafts in baboons.

Abstract Purpose: Recently, we designed and characterized a novel expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)–based local drug delivery approach that selectively concentrates infused pharmacologic agents specifically within those blood layers adjacent to the graft wall and at downstream anastomotic sites. In this study, we locally administrated standard heparin therapy and evaluated its effects on neointimal hyperplasia formation in a baboon model of aortoiliac bypass graft placement. Methods: Six adult male baboons underwent bilateral aortoiliac bypass grafting with ringed ePTFE (4 mm internal diameter × 5 cm length). In each animal, the distal anastomosis of one graft was continuously infused with heparin (50 U/h) and the distal anastomosis of the contralateral graft was infused with saline solution at the same rate (2.5 μL/h), with osmotic pumps implanted for 4 weeks. Platelet counts and activated partial thromboplastin time measurements were performed weekly. The specimens were harvested at 4 weeks and were subjected to morphometric analysis. Cell proliferation was assessed with bromodeoxyuridine immunostaining. Results: All the harvested grafts were patent except for one control graft. There were no significant differences in platelet counts or activated partial thromboplastin time measurements taken before and during heparin infusion. As expected, there were no significant differences in graft neointimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation at the proximal anastomoses between the heparin-infused and control grafts. In contrast, at the treated distal anastomoses, heparin infusion significantly reduced the graft neointimal area by 65% and the cell proliferation index by 47% as compared with the untreated control distal anastomoses. Conclusion: These results show that local infusion of heparin significantly reduces distal anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation without measurable systemic anticoagulation or other side effects. Thus, this approach may represent an attractive strategy for prolonging ePTFE bypass graft patency. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:354-63.)
Extended Subject Access to Hypertext Online Documentation. Part III: The Document-Boundaries Problem.

Because the DFT (DOCUMENT, FIND, THESEUS) online documentation system support's the hybrid goals of computer-managed on-demand printing of software manuals as well as the interactive retrieval of referecne passages, its hypertext database is partitioned by stable document boundaries. These document boundaries solve some organizational problems to which newer hypertext systems are prone : they help disambiguate multiple hits and they promote unified editing and monitoring of passages that belong together intellectually
Mammary angiosarcoma: The prognostic significance of tumor differentiation

Mammary angiosarcoma appears to be a heterogeneous group of neoplasms morphologically, in which growth pattern or grade is an important prognostic factor. In this report, 63 patients whose slides were seen in consultation and/or who were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) are described. Included are 32 MSKCC patients from an earlier study (with additional follow-up for 15 who are alive) and 31 new cases. Twenty-five (40%) patients had low-grade (Type I) lesions (including the only man in the series), 12 (19%) patients had intermediate-grade (Type II) tumors, and 26 (41%) patients had high-grade (Type III) angiosarcomas. Because prognosis is significantly related to the type of angiosarcoma, the lesion should be thoroughly studied microscopically to establish tumor type. Estimated probabilities of disease-free survival 5 years after initial treatment were as follows: Type I: 76%; Type II: 70%; and Type III: 15%. The median length of disease-free survival also was related to tumor type (Type I: greater than 15 years; Type II: greater than 12 years; and Type III: 15 months). Pretreatment duration of the lesion and primary tumor size were not significantly related to the risk of recurrence or to survival. Total mastectomy is recommended for most mammary angiosarcomas. Adjuvant chemotherapy was used in 31 of 63 (49%) patients and, in this group, recurrences developed in 14 (45%) patients. Among 32 (51%) patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, 18 (56%) had recurrences. Whereas the few long-term survivors with Type III tumors received adjuvant chemotherapy, recurrences developed in most patients with comparable lesions who were given this treatment. Because Type III angiosarcoma has a poor prognosis, such treatment may be appropriate for these patients. We were unable to demonstrate that adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved prognosis for patients with Type I and Type II tumors, although recurrences tended to be less frequent among treated patients.
7.11: Presentation session: Poster session and reception: “Program for Excellence & Equity in Research”

Our “quiet crisis' is due in large part to the fact that underrepresented minorities (URMs) are profoundly underrepresented in the science professions, and thus do not have an equal voice in venues where health and human welfare policy is determined and world-class biomedical/behavioral research is conducted. This in turn, contributes to health disparities and other more subtle inequities for our nation's underserved. To address this crisis, The University of Tennessee Knoxville (UTK), the Program for Excellence & Equity in Research, a NIH/NIGMS funded Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity (IMSD), through partnership with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) offers underrepresented minority Scholars the opportunity to train in an unprecedented atmosphere of scientific excellence, engage in team-science fostered through the UTK-Oak Ridge National Laboratory partnership, gain crucial 21st century professional skills, and be mentored by world class scientists, all within a supportive community created by and for the Scholars.
The development of fluid-filled luteal glands in mares

Abstract The time of fluid accumulation and the formation of central clots in developing luteal glands were studied by transrectal ultrasonography. Luteal development was arbitrarily defined as beginning (time 0) when no ultrasonically detectable fluid remained within the ovulating follicle, fluid loss reached a minimal level of no more than 5% of the preovulatory antral area, or no additional fluid loss was detected during a five-min continuous examination. Examinations were conducted at 15-min intervals for the first 2 h, once at 8 h, and thereafter at 12 h intervals for five days. In two of ten mares, a detectable nonechogenic central area (fluid or clot) did not develop within the luteal gland after the loss of follicular fluid, and in another mare, a small central area (0.5 cm 2 ) was detected at 20 and 32 h, but was not observed thereafter. In two mares, all of the follicular fluid apparently did not evacuate, and the size of the central area increased between 20 and 40 hours. In the five remaining mares, a nonechogenic central area developed within the luteal gland after the loss of follicular fluid; the average time for first detection of the central area was 30 h. The size of the central areas gradually increased and reached maximum at 44–128 h. The extent of maximum fluid accumulation varied in area from 0.5 cm 2 to 11.6 cm 2 (equivalent to diameters of 8–38 mm). In the seven mares that developed central nonechogenic areas, echogenic lines within the central area were first detected, on the average, 44 h after the onset of luteal development. The development of a network of echogenic lines within the central area was attributable to clotting and fibrinization of the contents.
Surface-induced phase transformations: multiple scale and mechanics effects and morphological transitions.

Strong, surprising, and multifaceted effects of the width of the external surface layer ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ and internal stresses on surface-induced pretransformation and phase transformations (PTs) are revealed. Using our further developed phase-field approach, we found that above some critical ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{*}$, a morphological transition from fully transformed layer to lack of surface pretransformation occurs for any transformation strain ${\mathbit{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{t}$. It corresponds to a sharp transition to the universal (independent of ${\mathbit{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{t}$), strongly increasing the master relationship of the critical thermodynamic driving force for PT ${X}_{c}$ on ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$. For large ${\mathbit{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{t}$, with increasing ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$, ${X}_{c}$ unexpectedly decreases, oscillates, and then becomes independent of ${\mathbit{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{t}$. Oscillations are caused by morphological transitions of fully transformed surface nanostructure. A similar approach can be developed for internal surfaces (grain boundaries) and for various types of PTs and chemical reactions.
Sino‐French relations: Historical alliance vs. economic reality

(1994). Sino‐French relations: Historical alliance vs. economic reality. The Pacific Review: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 341-348.
Working memory contributions to reinforcement learning impairments in schizophrenia.

Previous research has shown that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in reinforcement learning tasks. However, behavioral learning curves in such tasks originate from the interaction of multiple neural processes, including the basal ganglia- and dopamine-dependent reinforcement learning (RL) system, but also prefrontal cortex-dependent cognitive strategies involving working memory (WM). Thus, it is unclear which specific system induces impairments in schizophrenia. We recently developed a task and computational model allowing us to separately assess the roles of RL (slow, cumulative learning) mechanisms versus WM (fast but capacity-limited) mechanisms in healthy adult human subjects. Here, we used this task to assess patients9 specific sources of impairments in learning. In 15 separate blocks, subjects learned to pick one of three actions for stimuli. The number of stimuli to learn in each block varied from two to six, allowing us to separate influences of capacity-limited WM from the incremental RL system. As expected, both patients (n = 49) and healthy controls (n = 36) showed effects of set size and delay between stimulus repetitions, confirming the presence of working memory effects. Patients performed significantly worse than controls overall, but computational model fits and behavioral analyses indicate that these deficits could be entirely accounted for by changes in WM parameters (capacity and reliability), whereas RL processes were spared. These results suggest that the working memory system contributes strongly to learning impairments in schizophrenia.
Carbon nanotube--conducting-polymer composite nanowires.

Polypyrrole/carbon nanotube (PPy/CNT) composite nanowires were prepared by a template-directed electrochemical synthetic route, involving plating of PPy into the pores of a host membrane in the presence of shortened and carboxylated CNT dopants (without added electrolyte). Cyclic voltammetric growth profiles indicate that the CNT is incorporated within the growing nanowire and serves as the sole charge-balancing “counterion”. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate high-quality straight PPy/CNT nanowires with a smooth and featureless surface and a uniform diameter. The presence of the CNT dopant imparts high conductivity (Ohmic I−V behavior) onto these PPy/CNT nanowires. By combining the attractive properties of CNTs, conducting polymers, and nanowires, the new nanocomposite opens up new opportunities, ranging from chemical sensors to molecular electronic devices.
Cell-mediated immunity in rats bearing allogeneic skin in the anterior chamber of the eye. I. Response to mitogens☆

Early studies have indicated that presentation of donor antigen via the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye diminished the host's ability to react immunologically in vivo. In the present study this reduced immunological activity has been studied in vitro. Compared to spleen cells from control rats, the spleen cells from Lewis rats bearing Brown Norway skin implants in the AC had a mild but consistently reduced in vitro blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin 10–35 days postimplantation. Either a normal or slightly greater than normal response occurred thereafter. The implant-induced suppression of the mitogenic stimulation was evident only in splenocytes; lymph nodes and thymic lymphocytes from AC-implanted rats responded similarly to controls. The suppressed mitogenic reactivity appears to be specific for the T-cell population since the stimulation in the presence of lipopolysaccharide was no different from that in controls. Furthermore, the reduced activity was greatly enhanced in the T-cell-enriched population. These results suggest that allogeneic skin placed in the AC of the eye depresses the immune activity of the host's splenocytes which may contribute to the privileged nature of the anterior chamber.
The JAK2 46/1 haplotype confers susceptibility to essential thrombocythemia regardless of JAK2V617F mutational status-clinical correlates in a study of 226 consecutive patients.

The germline JAK2 haplotype 46/1, tagged by the ‘C’ allele of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12343867 (C/T), has been associated with JAK2V617F (VF)-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. SNP rs12343867 was genotyped using bone marrow DNA in 226 consecutive patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) with concomitant analysis of VF allele burden. The incidence of the 46/1-linked C allele was significantly higher in ET (genotype: CC 15%, CT 52%, TT 33%; C-allele frequency: 41%) than in population controls (P 10% VF allele burden (genotype: CC 11/13/38%, CT 53/56/38%, TT 36/31/24%; C-allele frequency: 38/41/57%; P<0.01). The clinical features of 46/1-positive and -negative ET were indistinguishable, including blood counts, rate of thrombosis/disease transformation and survival. We conclude that JAK2 haplotype 46/1 confers susceptibility to developing ET independent of VF mutational status and does not seem to further affect the clinical phenotype or prognosis.
Human polymicrobial infections

Summary Context Polymicrobial diseases, caused by combinations of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, are being recognised with increasing frequency. In these infections, the presence of one micro-organism generates a niche for other pathogenic micro-organisms to colonise, one micro-organism predisposes the host to colonisation by other micro-organisms, or two or more non-pathogenic micro-organisms together cause disease. Starting point Recently, Gili Regev-Yochay ( JAMA 2004; 292: 716–20) and Debby Bogaert ( Lancet 2004; 363: 1871–72), and their colleagues, suggested another interaction: microbial interference—the ability of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage to protect against Staphylococcus aureus carriage, and the inverse effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on the increased carriage of Staph aureus and Staph-aureus- related disease. Strep pneumoniae carriage protected against Staph aureus carriage, and the bacterial interference could be disrupted by vaccinating children with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that reduced nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type Strep pneumoniae . Where next The medical community is recognising the significance of polymicrobial diseases and the major types of microbial community interactions associated with human health and disease. Many traditional therapies are just starting to take into account the polymicrobial cause of diseases and the repercussions of treatment and prevention.
Strongly self-centralizing Sylow 3-groups

A subgroup M of finite group G is said to be strongly self-centralizing if C,(X) = M for all x E M#. (In particular, M is abelian). A classification of groups in which a Sylow 3-group is strongly self-centralizing follows from work of Herzog (51, Fletcher [3], Ferguson [2], and work of Glauberman on factorizations [4]. The non-abelian simple groups occurring are the infinite family PSJ$(~~) (n > 2) and certain examples with just one class of elements of order 3. We apply recent technical results of Sibley [7] to obtain this characterization of PSL2(3n) using character-theoretic methods. Our proof has the advantage of being considerably shorter than previous proofs. The result is:
Perisynaptic organization of plasma membrane calcium pumps in cerebellar cortex.

Calcium, a ubiquitous intracellular messenger, regulates numerous intracellular signaling pathways. To permit specificity of signal transduction and prevent unwanted cross-talk between pathways, sites of calcium entry in neurons are localized to specific membrane domains. To test whether Ca2+ extrusion pumps might exhibit analogous compartmentalization, we used immunohistochemistry to determine the subcellular localization of the two main plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) isoforms in the cortex of the rat cerebellum. We find that both PMCA2 and PMCA3 are targeted to distinct compartments within the plasma membrane. In the molecular layer, both isoforms were at highest levels within synaptic profiles, but PMCA2 was postsynaptic and PMCA3 was presynaptic. Moreover, inside these compartments, both pumps exhibited nonuniform distributions. These data imply that cerebellar neurons possess remarkably effective mechanisms to target and restrict PMCA2 and -3 to specific membrane domains, raising the possibility that calcium pumps contribute to local Ca2+ signaling. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1127–1135, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mutagenesis of beta-V198 in the F1-ATPase of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its role in binding nucleotide.

Abstract Residue β-V198 of the yeast mitchondrial F 1 -ATPase abuts the P-loop motif and the side chain is within 3.8 A of the nucleotide as shown in the crystal structure of the bovine ATPase [J. P. Abrahams, A. G. W. Leslie, R. Lutter, and J. E. Walker (1984) Nature 370, 621–628]. This study has made and analyzed 17 replacements of V198 to understand the importance of the side chain in the nucleotide binding site. In addition, a suppressor of V198S, β-L390F, was studied in the presence of various replacements at position 198. In vivo and in vitro analyses indicate that the Val side chain is critical for forming a stable and active enzyme. Biochemical analysis of mitochondria isolated from the mutant strains indicates that amino acids with hydrophobic side chains are the most effective replacements. In addition, size is important, but a large side chain can be largely compensated for until the size reaches that of the Phe and Trp. A methyl group is the minimal side chain necessary for function, as the β-subunit is not stable in vivo with Gly at position 198. These results indicate that V198 forms critical hydrophobic interactions with the adenine ring of the nucleotide.
ESR study of eight-coordinate niobium(IV) complexes

In summary the earlier electronic spectra supported a D2d dodecahedral configuration for the complexes and the esr spectra confirm this geometry.
Adiponectin inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation and IL-6 production and increases PPARγ2 expression in adipocytes

Obesity and insulin resistance are often associated with lower circulating adiponectin concentrations and elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Adiponectin sup...