cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in the management of chronic granulomatous disease

Long-term oral antimicrobial prophylaxis is accepted practice in the management of patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Reports of adverse outcome with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis in other patient groups, and the recent occurrence of several severe fungal infections in patients followed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), prompted a review of the NIH experience to examine the incidence of nonfungal and fungal infections in CGD patients with and without TMP-SMX prophylaxis. Prophylaxis decreased the incidence of nonfungal infections from 7.1 to 2.4 per 100 patient-months in patients with autosomal CGD (P less than .01) and from 15.8 to 6.9 infections per 100 patient-months (P = .06) in X-linked CGD patients. There was no significant change in the incidence of fungal infection in CGD patients on TMP-SMX (1.5-0.3 fungal infections/100 patient-months in autosomal CGD and 1.7-0.2 fungal infections/100 patient-months in X-linked CGD patients). TMP-SMX prophylaxis is indicated for the management of patients with CGD and decreases the incidence of non-fungal infections without increasing the incidence of fungal infections.
Interactions of insects, trees and air pollutants

Summary Hypotheses of forest decline are summarized. Stressed trees may be a more suitable food source for invertebrate herbivores than unstressed trees because stress causes an increase in the tissue content of soluble nitrogenous compounds. There is reasonable correlative evidence that air pollutants influence the outbreak patterns of forest insect species. In some cases, formerly innocuous insects may become pests. The occurrence of specific insect pests with specific air contaminants is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the decline of Fraser fir (Abies fruseri (Pursh) Poir.) in the southern Appalachians and the occurrence of the balsam woolly adelgid. Variable mortality patterns of Fraser fir may be caused by locally distributed air pollutants acting in combination with other types of stress including that caused by the adelgid.
A mutant nuclear protein with similarity to RNA binding proteins interferes with nuclear import in yeast.

Abstract We have isolated mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are defective in localization of nuclear proteins. Chimeric proteins containing the nuclear localization sequence from SV40 large T-antigen fused to the N-terminus of the mitochondrial F1 beta-ATPase are localized to the nucleus. Npl (nuclear protein localization) mutants were isolated by their ability to grow on glycerol as a consequence of no longer exclusively targeting SV40-F1 beta-ATPase to the nucleus. All mutants with defects in localization of nucleolar proteins and histones are temperature sensitive for growth at 36 degrees C. Seven alleles of NPL3 and single alleles of several additional genes were isolated. NPL3 mutants were studied in detail. NPL3 encodes a nuclear protein with an RNA recognition motif and similarities to a family of proteins involved in RNA metabolism. Our genetic analysis indicates that NPL3 is essential for normal cell growth; cells lacking NPL3 are temperature sensitive for growth but do not exhibit a defect in localization of nuclear proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that the mutant forms of Npl3 protein isolated by this procedure are interfering with nuclear protein uptake in a general manner.
Friends and Enemies, Slaves and Masters: Fanaticism, Wendell Phillips, and the Limits of Democratic Theory

Fanaticism presents one of the most important political problems of our times. Yet contemporary democratic theory has had surprisingly little to say about it because it is overwhelmingly concerned with conflict that takes place within a liberal ethical and political framework. It largely ignores conflict between competing frameworks, which is precisely the terrain on which fanaticism appears. The political thought of the abolitionist fanatic Wendell Phillips deepens democratic theory by showing that fanaticism is an approach to politics that seeks to establish hegemony in a struggle between competing ethico-political frameworks, an approach that can sometimes expand democracy rather than threaten it. The lesson of Phillips is that there can be democratic potential in the fanatical encouragement of intractable conflict.
Hot-Wire Investigation of the Wake behind Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers

The hot-wire technique has been used to measure the regular vortex street pattern behind a cylinder at low Reynolds number. Measurements of mean velocity distribution were made both below and above the critical Reynolds number at which the periodic motion appears. Amplitude and phase measurements gave sufficient information for computation of the instantaneous flow pattern of the vortex system. The important points resulting from the investigation are that (i) the critical Reynolds number at which vortices are shed is 40, (ii) in the range of Reynolds numbers investigated the vortices are not shed directly from the cylinder but appear some distance downstream as an instability of the laminar wake.
A novel CMOS hairpin resonator using slow-wave structure

A novel hairpin resonator incorporating a defective uniplanar compact photonic bandgap (D-UCPBG) slow-wave structure has been developed using monolithic silicon-based CMOS technology and the impact of the D-UCPBG slow wave feature on the hairpin resonator performance is presented. Two stepped impedance hairpin resonators of equal dimensions, one with a solid ground plane and another with a D-UCPBG structure, were implemented in the TSMC 0.25 /spl mu/m RF-mixed signal fabrication process. The D-UCPBG incorporated hairpin resonator resonates at 4.5 GHz, a significant frequency reduction from 10.2 GHz, the resonant frequency of the solid ground plane based hairpin resonator. The loaded Q of the resonator also increases from 5.8 for the solid ground plane resonator to 13 for the D-UCPBG structure.
Incorporation of Milk Fat and Milk Fat Fractions into Compound Coatings Made from Palm Kernel Oil

Abstract The potential of incorporating anhydrous milk fat and milk fat fractions into compound coatings based on palm kernel oil was investigated. Fractionation of milk fat by melt crystallization was utilized to prepare five fractions with different melting profiles. The anhydrous milk fat and milk fat fractions were added at 5, 10, and 15% of the fat phase in compound coatings made with palm kernel oil. Fats were analyzed for fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles, solid fat content, thermal profile, and melting point. Coatings that were made with the addition of anhydrous milk fat or milk fat fractions were generally softer than the control coating, although hardness depended on the melting point of the added milk fat fraction. Coatings made with fractionated, hydrogenated palm kernel oil developed fat bloom (the whitish haze that forms on a chocolate surface) faster than coatings made with fractionated palm kernel oil during storage at ambient conditions. As hardness increased, induction time for bloom formation and time to full bloom decreased. Binary mixtures of palm kernel oil and milk fat exhibited diluent mixing effects and contained only β’ polymorph crystals.
Intercalibration of HRDI and WINDII wind measurements

The High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) and the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) in- struments, which are both on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, measure winds by sensing the Doppler shift in atmospheric emission features. Because the two observation sets are frequently nearly coincident in space and time, each provides a very eAective validation test of the other. Discrepancies due to geophysical diAerences should be much smaller than for comparisons with other techniques (radars, rockets, etc.), and the very large sizes of the coincident data sets provide excellent statistics for the study. Issues that have been examined include relative systematic oAsets and the wind magnitudes obtained with the two systems. A significant zero wind position diAerence of 6ms ) 1 is identified for the zonal component, and it appears that this arises from an absolute perturbation in WINDII winds of ) 4ms ) 1 and in HRDI of +2 m s )1 . Altitude oAsets appear to be relatively small, and do not exceed 1 km. In addition, no evidence is found for the existence of a systematic wind speed bias between HRDI and WINDII. However, considerable day-to-day variability is found in the quality of the agreement, and RMS diAerences are surprisingly large, typically in the range of 20-30 m s )1 .
Measurement of intestinal edema using an impedance analyzer circuit.

Background Acute intestinal edema adversely affects intestinal transit, permeability, and contractility. Current resuscitation modalities, while effective, are associated with development of acute intestinal edema. Knowledge of levels of tissue edema would allow clinicians to monitor intestinal tissue water and may help prevent the detrimental effects of edema. However, there is no simple method to measure intestinal tissue water without biopsy. We sought to develop a tissue impedance analyzer to measure tissue edema, without the need for invasive biopsy. Methods Oscillating voltage input was applied to the analyzer circuit and an oscilloscope measured the voltage output across any load. Rats were randomized to three groups: sham, mild edema (80 mL/kg of NS resuscitation), and severe edema (80 mL/kg of NS resuscitation with intestinal venous hypertension). Intestinal edema was measured by wet-to-dry tissue weight ratio. Bowel impedance was measured and converted to capacitance using a standard curve. Results Acute intestinal edema causes a significant increase in bowel capacitance. This capacitance can be used to predict tissue water concentration. Conclusion Using an impedance analyzer circuit, it is possible to measure intestinal edema reliably and quickly. This may prove to be a useful tool in the resuscitation of critically ill patients.
Behaviors, adverse events, and dispositions: An empirical study of online discretion and information control

In this article, the authors develop hypotheses about three key correlates of attitudes about discretionary online behaviors and control over one's own online information: frequency of engaging in risky online behaviors, experience of an online adverse event, and the disposition to be more or less trusting and cautious of others. Through an analysis of survey results, they find that online adverse events do not necessarily relate to greater overall Web discretion, but they do significantly associate with users' perceptions of Web information control. However, the frequencies with which individuals engage in risky online activities and behaviors significantly associate with both online discretion and information control. In addition, general dispositions to trust and be cautious are strongly related to prudent Internet behavior and attitudes about managing personal online information. The results of this study have clear consequences for our understanding of behaviors and attitudes that might lead to greater online social intelligence, or the ability to make prudent decisions in the presence of Internet uncertainties and risks. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and synthesis of hydrogen-bonded aggregates. Theory and computation applied to three systems based on the cyanuric acid-melamine lattice

Abstract The rational design of complex, self-assembling, non-covalent aggregates requires a workable understanding of association phenomena, a reliable rule-based mechanism to predict and compare the stabilities of potential target structures, and straightforward synthetic routes to the molecular components of the aggregates. Systems based on the cyanuric acid-melamine lattice satisfy many of these criteria. This paper reviews the design, synthesis, and characterization of three related aggregates, and summarizes initial results of two models: i) a computational model that predicts relative stabilities of aggregates; and ii) a theoretical model that assesses relative entropies of aggregation.
Quartz crystal resonator model measurement and sensitivity analysis

A quartz crystal resonator that can be modeled as a one- or two-port electrical circuit is discussed. Extraction of the equivalent electrical parameters can be accomplished using scattering parameters measured near the resonant frequency of the crystal. Due to measurement errors inherent in the network analyzer, the extracted parameters will vary from run to run. These measurement inaccuracies lead to greater errors in the electrical parameters as the magnitude of S/sub 11/ (one-port model) or S/sub 12/ (two-port model) approaches one. This work presents results of measured and simulated data and a first-order sensitivity theory. An expression for the error in the extracted series resistance is derived. Simulated and actual crystal data are compared to the theoretical values for the one-port model. >
Need for comprehensive women's health continuing medical education among primary care physicians.

AbstractBackground:The Council on Graduate Medical Education's (COGME) Fifth Report on Women and Medicine states that “changes in undergraduate and graduate medical education, in addition to continuing medical education, are needed to address adequately the comprehensive health needs of women.” Prim
Local Extinction and Recolonization, Species Effective Population Size, and Modern Human Origins

A primary objection from a population genetics perspective to a multiregional model of modern human origins is that the model posits a large census size, whereas genetic data suggest a small effective population size. The relationship between census size and effective size is complex, but arguments based on an island model of migration show that if the effective population size reflects the number of breeding individuals and the effects of population subdivision, then an effective population size of 10,000 is inconsistent with the census size of 500,000 to 1,000,000 that has been suggested by archeological evidence. However, these models have ignored the effects of population extinction and recolonization, which increase the expected variance among demes and reduce the inbreeding effective population size. Using models developed for population extinction and recolonization, we show that a large census size consistent with the multiregional model can be reconciled with an effective population size of 10,000, but genetic variation among demes must be high, reflecting low interdeme migration rates and a colonization process that involves a small number of colonists or kin-structured colonization. Ethnographic and archeological evidence is insufficient to determine whether such demographic conditions existed among Pleistocene human populations, and further work needs to be done. More realistic models that incorporate isolation by distance and heterogeneity in extinction rates and effective deme sizes also need to be developed. However, if true, a process of population extinction and recolonization has interesting implications for human demographic history.
High-temperature forced-air treatment alters the quantity of flavor-related, volatile constituents present in navel and Valencia oranges.

A number of volatile compounds that contribute to orange flavor were quantified following high-temperature forced-air (HTFA) treatment of the fruit to determine if a relationship exists between the flavor loss that is observed following HTFA treatment and the volatile composition of the juice. Following different durations of HTFA treatment, fruit were stored for a period of 4 weeks and juiced and the juice subjected to headspace analysis using either a Tenax/Carbotrap column or a solid-phase microextraction device for trapping of the volatiles. α-Pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene were reduced in amount by 60%, 58%, and 34%, respectively, over the course of the 5-h HTFA treatment. The influence of heat on the amount of decanal was less clear, although in one of the two fruit lots there was little change. The amount of ethanol was reduced by 70% after the initial hour of HTFA treatment and then steadily increased to exceed the initial amount during the remaining 4 h of the treatment. Taste evaluations of the...
Regional and functional differences in the distribution of vestibulosympathetic reflexes

Although considerable evidence suggests that the vestibular system regulates sympathetic outflow during movement and changes in posture, little is known about relative vestibular influences on activity of different sympathetic nerves and sympathetic efferents with different functions. In the present study, we demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve in the cat elicited responses in sympathetic nerves innervating the head and abdominal viscera. This observation suggests that activity of sympathetic efferents innervating multiple body regions is affected by vestibular signals. These responses were attenuated by >80% when blood pressure was increased to >160 mmHg. Because raising blood pressure decreases the responsiveness of vasoconstrictor fibers, the simplest explanation for these data is that the vestibular system provides particularly strong inputs to components of the sympathetic nervous system that regulate peripheral vascular resistance. Furthermore, the relative magnitude of vestibulosympathetic reflexes was over four times larger in one sympathetic nerve composed mainly of vasoconstrictor efferents (renal nerve) than another nerve (external carotid nerve) containing similar types of fibers. Collectively, these data indicate that the vestibular system has selective influences on sympathetic outflow to particular tissues and body regions.
Supply Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Role of SME Size

This article presents the findings of a survey study of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) with regard to their supply management. The main purpose of this article is to understand how SMEs manage their purchasing activities and which purchasing development component is relevant to purchasing performance. This research examines the potential existence of systematic differences between small businesses and medium-sized businesses with regard to purchasing practice and development. Results indicate there are significant differences between how small businesses and medium-sized businesses manage their purchasing practice. This study found purchasing development is related to the purchasing performance of SMEs and that relevance of certain components of purchasing development are more than others to this relationship. Bias differs between small businesses and medium-sized businesses.
Is There a Better Model for Promotion and Tenure Preparation and Evaluation of Geoscience Education Researchers in Geoscience Departments

The need to support and strengthen the geoscience education research (GER) community of practice is a theme that emerged from recent surveys and community discussions. A 2014 survey of members by the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT) Geoscience Education Research Division indicated that respondents (Lukes et al., 2015) felt there is a need to raise the perceived value of GER. This concept was further explored at a workshop for geoscience education researchers that took place at the 2015 Earth Educators Rendezvous. An 11 member working group in the ''Synthesizing Geoscience Education Research'' workshop (http://serc.carleton.edu/ earth_rendezvous/2015/morning_workshops/w3/index. html) addressed the question: What are the priorities for promoting and supporting geoscience education researchers? In response, the need for ''outreach'' to non-GER colleagues to elevate the value of GER, especially with respect to promotion and tenure preparation and evaluation, was raised. This idea of outreach to non-GER colleagues is consistent with suggestions made in a recent editorial on ways in which tenure-track geoscience education researchers can be proactive in communicating to their colleagues about what they do and why it is important (St. John, 2015).We know the GER field is growing-there are over 14 geoscience graduate programs that include GER as a field of graduate study. Tenure-track position announcements for GER are becoming more common, and many of those positions are in programs where the GER faculty member may be the only discipline-based education researcher in their department or college. As others have pointed out, this creates the potential for GER marginalization and isolation in the geoscience programs (Singer et al., 2012; Feig, 2013; Lukes, 2015; Lukes et al., 2015). In addition, the likelihood that promotion and tenure (PT to place specialties in a larger context; and to share results in ways that could also educate nonspecialists. …
Receptor-Based Discovery Strategies for Insecticides and Parasiticides: A Review

Drug discovery is an iterative process with high risks and low chance of success. New genomics technologies allow veterinary medicine and agrochemical companies to validate and functionally screen new receptor-based targets, including neuropeptide G-protein coupled receptors, which were previously not amenable to high throughput screening. However this is just the first step in a long process to translate a mechanistic assay hit into a drug on the market. In addition to effectively eradicating pests on crops and parasites on their host, the molecules must also be safe, cheap to synthesise, formulatable and patentable. This is a costly process in which early attrition of unsuitable molecules is key to any successful program. Although first principle discovery is risky the ultimate benefits are considerable and future genomics resources will help to generate higher quality hits to strengthen the discovery pipeline.
Fatigue, patient reported outcomes, and objective measurement of physical activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.

ObjectiveFatigue is a common symptom in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and engaging in physical activity may reduce fatigue. We aimed to characterize relationships between fatigue, other health status measures assessed with the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments, and accelerometer-based physical activity measurements in patients with SLE. The internal consistency of each PROMIS measure in our SLE sample was also evaluated.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed 123 adults with SLE. The primary fatigue outcome was Fatigue Severity Scale score. Secondary outcomes were PROMIS standardized T-scores in seven health status domains. Accelerometers were worn for seven days, and mean daily minutes of light, moderate/vigorous, and bouted (10 minutes) moderate/vigorous physical activity were estimated. Cronbach’s alpha was determined for each PROMIS measure to assess internal consistency. Relationships between Fatigue Severity Scale, PROMIS, and physical activity we...
Effect of irrigation water pH and acidifying source on silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) establishment

Abstract Many bryophytes are intolerant of osmotic stresses; nevertheless, Bryum argenteum often spreads in golf course greens irrigated with water containing a moderate amount of sodium and/or bicarbonates. The ability of B. argenteum to survive in this stressful environment could be linked to the use of acid injection systems, which are often retrofitted to irrigation systems to combat the negative effects of these harmful salts. The objective of this study was to determine if altering the pH of sodic irrigation water using either sulfuric or hydrochloric acid affects the growth of B. argenteum. Secondarily, if growth of B. argenteum was affected, we sought to understand whether that effect was due to differences in nutrient uptake or availability under the different water pHs and/or acidifying sources. Phosphate buffer solutions (0.01 M, pH = 9) were titrated with each acid to obtain pHs 5, 6, 7 and 8. Irrigation solutions were applied daily to pots containing a sand substrate and nascent B. argenteu...
Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

This chapter discusses inverse functions and their derivatives. The inverse of a function y = f ( x ) is the function x = g ( y ) whose rule un-does what the rule for f does. It is sometimes easier to compute the derivative of the inverse function and invert for the derivative of the function itself. Also, the inverse function rule can be used numerically even when the formula for the inverse function is not known. However, some functions do not have expressions for their inverses. The chapter discusses the microscopic approximation to the inverse and the existence of a limit.
Effect of an interferon on synthesis of viral ribonucleic acid and plaque formation.

SummaryAn interferon prepared from the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with WS influenza A was found to inhibit plaque formation of EEE virus linearly in a semi-logarithmic plot between dilutions of 3:200 and 1:20. Higher concentrations of interferon, however, did not inhibit plaque formation in the predicated manner. This interferon also inhibited synthesis of cell-associated viral RNA in chick cultures infected with EEE virus. However, such inhibition was found to be consistently less than the inhibition of infectious virus replication. It is suggested that interferon does not act merely by inhibtion of viral RNA but that it interferes either directly or indirectly with the synthesis of other viral components or with the reactions underlying the assembly of these components.
Atomic layer deposition of metal oxide patterns on nonwoven fiber mats using localized physical compression.

Patterning is an essential part of many industrial processes from printing to semiconductor manufacturing. In this work, we demonstrate a new method to pattern and selectively coat nonwoven textiles by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using compressive mask patterning. A physical mask combined with mechanical compression allows lateral definition and fidelity of the ALD coating to be controlled. We produce features of several sizes on different nonwoven fiber materials and demonstrate the ability to limit diffusion effects to within <200 μm of the pattern edge. Lateral and vertical penetration of reactive growth species into nonwoven mats is investigated by plan-view and cross-sectional imaging. Vertical growth is also analyzed by imaging coating depth into fiber mat stacks. We develop a fully quantitative transport model that describes well the effect of fiber structure and mechanical compression on the extent of coating under the physical mask. This method could be implemented for high-volume patterning fo...
Transfer of water across the perfused umbilical cord.

Summary1. Fresh human umbilical cords 20 cm in length were perfused with heparinized Group O blood while immersed in a solution the composition of which was similar to amniotic fluid. 2. Tritiated water was added to the perfusion fluid (blood) or the surrounding bath and the change in specific tritium activity determined as a function of time. 3. Rate of exchange of water between the 2 compartments was calculated to be 40.5 and 50.5 ml of water per hour. 4. Evidence is presented that the umbilical vessels and Wharton's jelly play a significant role in the water exchange of the amniotic fluid.
Certain Theorems in the Theory of Quadratic Residues

(1913). Certain Theorems in the Theory of Quadratic Residues. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 151-157.
Gravity Effects on Lunar Mobility and the Human-Robotic Systems Program

As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) lays the technological foundation to return to the Moon for long duration missions, a lunar-unique combination of environmental challenges must be considered, including gravity reduced from Earthnormal. Within the context of robotics research at NASA, the programmatic effort underway at NASA Glenn Research Center to address lunar surface mobility is described, and in particular how reduced gravitational effects are being considered, with promising future work identified as well.
Molecular mechanism of prion-like tau-induced neurodegeneration.

Abstract Introduction Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and the disruption of microtubules are correlated with synaptic loss and pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired cognitive function and pathology of AD is correlated with this lesion. This review looks at the mechanism of neurodegeneration, the prion-like behavior of tau in its interaction with normal MAPs in correlation with tau hyperphosphorylation. Methods We reviewed our work in the field as well as current literature that pertains to tau phosphorylation and the biological effects. Results Hyperphosphorylation of tau in AD, in vitro, in cells, or in animal models converts this protein into a prion-like protein that is able to propagate the altered conformation. Discussion These findings suggest that phosphorylation of tau is a critical event in neurodegeneration. The combination of phosphorylation sites can generate a gain of toxic function for tau. The mechanism of tau toxicity might involve not only the microtubule system but also interference with other cellular compartments such as the nucleus and the actin cytoskeleton.
58 THE EFFECTS OF QUINIDINE AND ITS CHIRAL ISOLATES ON ERG-1SM POTASSIUM CURRENTS AND CORRELATION WITH GASTROINTESTINAL AUGMENTATION.

Erg-1sm potassium channel has been recently reported to participate in modulation of gastrointestinal contractility. Since quinidine inhibits cardiac potassium channel and augments gastrointestinal contractility, it was thought that quinidine (Q) may affect erg-1sm. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the effects of Q and its chiral isolates on gastrointestinal erg-1sm potassium current and correlate these effects with colon contractility. Chiral separation (HPLC technique), mass spectrometry, and optical rotation determination were performed. The erg-1sm potassium channel was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and the two-electrode patch clamp technique was employed for recording. An isolated rat colon preparation was employed to measure changes in contractility. As a result of chiral separation, two peaks were obtained with elution times of 8.31 and 8.66 minutes all with a MW of 324; the optical rotations of racemate, isolates X and Y were + 258°, ± 0°; + 217°, respectively. The percentage changes in amplitudes of colon contraction (from baseline) were determined at different concentrations of Q and the two isolates in five experiments in each group. Quinidine 0.1, 1, and 10 μM increased contractility by 79 ± 34, 125 ± 42, 217 ± 51 (p ≥ .05) for isolate X and 70 ± 20, 115 ± 32, 272 ± 32 (p ≥ .05), and 22 ± 12, 46 ± 17, 59 ± 22 for isolate Y. The inhibition of erg-1sm currents by Q was 19 ± 4, 21 ± 5, and 48 ± 6 (p ≥ .05), respectively, for isolate X, 20 ± 4, 23 ± 5, 39 ± 7 (p ≥ .05), and for isolate Y, 22 ± 4, 21 [x 4, 31 ± 6. One chiral isolate and Q markedly augment contractility, while Q and the two chiral isolates inhibit the erg-1sm potassium currents to a similar extent. These results suggest that erg-1sm inhibition does not explain GI contractile augmentation caused by the Q racemate and its chiral isolates.
Measurement of Biogenic Amines at the Picogram Level

A number of enzymatic-isotopic methods for the assay of biogenic amines at the picogram level have been recently described. These assays allow the measurement of dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine, β-phenylethylamine, octopamine, phenylethanolamine, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, and tryptamine in small areas of the brain and in body fluids. They are based on the incubation of the amines with specific methyltransferase enzymes, together with a donor of radioactive methyl groups, 3H-methyl-S-adenosyl-l-methionine. The enzymatically formed radioactive N or O methyl products are separated by solvent extraction and the radioactivity is counted. These assays are useful to determine the concentrations of putative neurotransmitters in individual brain nuclei of the rat brain, in isolated neurons from molluscs, and to study low levels of biogenic amines in human plasma under different physiological and pathological conditions.
Variable disruption of a syntactic processing network in primary progressive aphasia

Syntactic processing deficits are highly variable in individuals with primary progressive aphasia. Damage to left inferior frontal cortex has been associated with syntactic deficits in primary progressive aphasia in a number of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. However, a contrasting picture of a broader syntactic network has emerged from neuropsychological studies in other aphasic cohorts, and functional imaging studies in healthy controls. To reconcile these findings, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of syntactic comprehension in 51 individuals with primary progressive aphasia, composed of all clinical variants and a range of degrees of syntactic processing impairment. We used trial-by-trial reaction time as a proxy for syntactic processing load, to determine which regions were modulated by syntactic processing in each patient, and how the set of regions recruited was related to whether syntactic processing was ultimately successful or unsuccessful. Relationships between functional abnormalities and patterns of cortical atrophy were also investigated. We found that the individual degree of syntactic comprehension impairment was predicted by left frontal atrophy, but also by functional disruption of a broader syntactic processing network, comprising left posterior frontal cortex, left posterior temporal cortex, and the left intraparietal sulcus and adjacent regions. These regions were modulated by syntactic processing in healthy controls and in patients with primary progressive aphasia with relatively spared syntax, but they were modulated to a lesser extent or not at all in primary progressive aphasia patients whose syntax was relatively impaired. Our findings suggest that syntactic comprehension deficits in primary progressive aphasia reflect not only structural and functional changes in left frontal cortex, but also disruption of a wider syntactic processing network.
A Generalized Conditional Mean Spectrum and Its Application for Intensity-Based Assessments of Seismic Demands:

When the response of a structure is influenced significantly by multiple vibration modes, the seismic demands determined by response history analyses with ground motions selected to match a single ...
Design and implementation of Static VAR Compensator for classroom and research applications in Smart Grid laboratory

Smart Grid laboratory (SGL) has been established at Buffalo State College as a collaborative effort of two academic institutions, University at Buffalo and Buffalo State College (UB-BSC). It is equipped with state-of-the-art equipment and serves as a hands-on teaching tool for undergraduates, as well as a research lab for graduate students. This paper discusses the development of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC) for use with the SGL at Buffalo State College. An overview of the UB-BSC SGL is presented first. The SVC circuit and characteristics are discussed in brief. Next, the determination of SVC parameters is discussed, thoroughly. With these parameters, the modes of operation of the SVC have been simulated and the system has been implemented using UB-BSC SGL equipment, the procedures of this experiment are documented. Finally, the hardware results are compared with those of simulated results.
Six-membered Rings with One Arsenic, Antimony, or Bismuth Atom

The fully unsaturated six-membered rings with one arsenic, antimony, or bismuth atom include arsenin, stibinin, and bismin. Arsenins and to a smaller extent stibinins and bismins have been computationally studied using density functional theory and ab initio and semi-empirical molecular orbital methods. No new experimental work has appeared on stibinins and bismins. X-Ray structures have been determined for substituted arsenins and transition metal complexes of arsenins. Arsinolines, the arsenic analogs of naphthalene, behave as reactive dienes in the Diels–Alder reaction. New syntheses have been developed for arsinolines and substituted arsenins.
Tactile Pattern Recognition of Polyhedra on a Plane

An approach to identify a polyhedral object as an element of a set of predefined objects and to determine its orientation with reference to a fixed frame utilizing tactile sensors is presented. The object is defined in one frame, the Object Frame (OF) as a polygon and local data from the sensors is obtained in another frame, the Actual Hand Frame (AHF). Correlation of the data obtained from the two frames would constitute the main problem dealt with in this paper. This approach successfully determines the position of the sensors even when more than one, but not all, contact points are either on the same or parallel edges. This approach uses three sensors for recognition and localization.
Illusions and Mirages in Public Policy

Like most people, I have always found optical illusions fascinating. Figure 1 is a scale drawing of the world’s largest man-made optical illusion—the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. Although it appears to be at least 50 percent taller than it is wide, the height and width are actually equal. This optical illusion is an example of what I will call “judgmental illusions:” Somehow the mind is fooled into making an error of judgment. We all erroneously judge the arch’s height to be greater than its width.
Evolution of floral zygomorphy in androecium and corolla in Solanaceae.

In Solanaceae, a group dominated by actinomorphic-flowered species, floral zygomorphy is frequently observed among the early-branching clades. Morphological studies indicated that a zygomorphic androecium is much more common than a zygomorphic corolla in the family. Ontogenic studies suggested the evolution of floral zygomorphy in these two whorls is independent. Here, we have examined the evolution of floral symmetry in the androecium and corolla in Solanaceae. The character states of floral symmetry were assembled for androecium and corolla separately, and ancestral state reconstructions were carried out at both the genus and species levels for Solanaceae and its outgroups. Correlation tests were performed to determine whether the presence of floral zygomorphy in the androecium and corolla is correlated. The ancestral state reconstructions suggest the flower of the most recent common ancestor of Solanaceae is likely zygomorphic in the androecium but actinomorphic in the corolla. Multiple losses and gains of floral zygomorphy in androecium and corolla explain the existing pattern of floral symmetry in Solanaceae. A significant positive correlation between the possession of floral zygomorphy in the androecium and corolla of Solanaceae was detected. Floral zygomorphy likely has evolved in androecium and corolla along separate evolutionary trajectories, and zygomorphy in the androecium may be a precursor for the many gains of zygomorphy in the corolla in Solanaceae.
Limitations and the World Beyond

The present topic is that of limits—the metamathematical limits of axiomatic systems, epistemic limits of explanation, linguistic limitations of expression, conceptual limits of conceivability, and, ultimately, questions of ontological and metaphysical limits as well. The limitations of axiomatic demonstration and of mechanical computation are clear from the Turing and Godelian traditions. Section 16.2 pursues extensions and analogies to limitations intrinsic in the structure of explanation, restrictive on a Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR). In Sect. 16.3 we consider the limitations on expression entailed by recursive linguistic structure, extending the argument from single languages to sets of possible languages and showing that even the properties of languages inevitably outstrip the properties expressible within those languages. Section 16.4 considers epistemic implications, extending the discussion beyond language to incompleteness of any body of conceivable truths in the face of a demonstrably larger realm of fact. Notwithstanding this amorphousness, something can nevertheless be shown regarding its general character that merits further consideration.
One step synthesis of a fused four-ring heterocycle

A wide range of natural biomolecules and pharmaceuticals are nitrogen rich heterocycles. Though preparation of fused multi-ring systems typically requires multiple synthetic steps, 13-imino-7,13-dihydro-6H-quinazolino[3,4-a]quinazolin-6-one (IDQQ) was serendipitously obtained in one step from commercially available phenylic precursors. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H-NMR and density functional theory calculations (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)) were used in combination to unambiguously assign the major tautomer present in the monoclinic crystals. IDQQ appears to be the product of a thermodynamically-driven solution rearrangement of a key intermediate, 1,3-bis(o-cyanophenyl)urea. This type of cyclization may be an efficient method for the formation of other related heterocycles.
Stream-lined synthesis of 3-hydroxy-β-lactams: Norrish-Yang type II photocyclizations of β-ketoformamides

Abstract A photochemical approach to 3-phenyl-3-hydroxy-β-lactams (3-HβLs) is reported. Irradiation of aryl-β-ketoformamides with a UV light band centered at 300 nm provides the corresponding 3-aryl-3-HβLs with good conversion. The scope of the photocyclization is explored with an electronically diverse panel of substrates that provides mechanistic insight supporting a Norrish-Yang type II cyclization. A flexible synthetic route to phenyl-β-ketoformamides, followed by photoirradiation, allows for efficient incorporation of the β-lactam pharmacophore into aromatic organic scaffolds. Taken collectively, the improved and optimized synthetic route to provide both β-ketoformamides and 3-HβLs—in combination with the expanded analysis of substrate scope and limitations—reported herein will serve as a necessary reference for the direct, atom-economical, radical-mediated installation of 3-HβL scaffolds en route to the generation of other biologically active small molecules.
Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the goal of this protocol is to develop a method to visualize the pathogen invasion in a specific immune compartment of flies, namely hemocytes. Using the method presented here, up to 3 × 106 live hemocytes can be obtained from 200 Drosophila 3rd instar larvae in 30 min for ex vivo infection. Alternatively, hemocytes can be infected in vivo through injection of 3rd instar larvae followed by hemocyte extraction up to 24 h post-infection. These infected primary cells were fixed, stained, and imaged using confocal microscopy. Then, 3D representations were generated from the images to definitively show pathogen invasion. Additionally, high-quality RNA for qRT-PCR can be obtained for the detection of pathogen mRNA following infection, and sufficient protein can be extracted from these cells for Western blot analysis. Taken together, we present a method for definite reconciliation of pathogen invasion and confirmation of infection using bacterial and viral pathogen types and an efficient method for hemocyte extraction to obtain enough live hemocytes from Drosophila larvae for ex vivo and in vivo infection experiments.
Abstract 1586: Critical Role for Leukocyte Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Expression in Post-MI Left Ventricular Remodeling

HIF-1α is an inducible protein stabilized by hypoxia; it regulates cytokines involved in the inflammatory response after myocardial infarction (MI); it affects white blood cells (WBCs) function by stimulating glycolysis, the sole energy source of WBCs. The effect of modulation of the inflammatory response on the myocardium by inhibiting HIF-1α in HSC is unknown. We hypothesized that decreasing HIF-1α in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) would result in reduced inflammation through inhibition of WBCs recruitment to ischemic myocardium and improve heart function. Methods: Bone marrow (BM) was harvested from 4 – 6 week-old Rosa mice by flushing femurs; HSC (lin−, cKit+) were transfected with a lentivirus encoding siRNA to HIF-1a and GFP. Cells expressing GFP were sorted by FACS. Eight week old C57/BL6J mice received 50,000 HIF-1α or scramble siRNA transfected HSC. LAD ligation was done 6 weeks after BM transplantation; echocardiography was done at 3, 7, and 28 days after AMI. Peritonitis was induced by Thioglycollate injection intraperitoneally. Cytokines gene array was done to assess the modulation of cytokines genes in both groups after peritonitis. Results: In the peritonitis model, HIF-1α siRNA group (n=6) had a significant decrease in WBC migration to the peritoneum compared to control mice (n=4) (4088.6 ± 2447.7 vs. 9445.0 ± 4009, p= 0.021). The fractional shortening (FS) was similar in both groups at baseline and 3 days post MI. Consistent with decreased inflammation after AMI in the HIF-1a: siRNA mice we observed an improvement in FS at 7 days in the HIF siRNA group; at 28 days, FS became significantly higher in the HIF-1α siRNA group (n=5) vs. control group (n=5) (27.4 ± 13.4 vs. 10.2 ± 5.7, p= 0.03). Gene array results comparing circulating leukocytes following intraperitoneal thioglycolate injection suggested suppression of genes responsible for WBCs migration in response to cytokines namely ccr1, 2, 3, and 4 in the WBCs lacking HIF-1α. Conclusion: Down regulation of leukocyte HIF-1α expression decreased the recruitment of WBCs to the sites of inflammation and improved heart function after MI. These results suggest that down regulation of HIF-1α suppresses WBC cytokine receptors ccr1, 2, 3, and 4 necessary for WBC recruitment to inflammatory cytokines after MI.
History of Community Colleges

The idea of placing the lower division general education study in a “junior college” is credited to Henry Tappan, president of the University of Michigan in 1851. Numerous other educators including William Rainey Harper of the University of Chicago and David Starr Jordan of Stanford suggested following a modified European model wherein the universities would offer the higher-order scholarship and “junior college” would offer lower level academic and vocational education. Harper was involved in the formulation of the first public two year college which was opened in 1901 in Joliet, Illinois.1
Zu Problemen bei der Streuung freier Teilchen

Bei der Vielzahl der hier auftretenden Fragestellungen sind wir daran interessiert, das gesamte Element M der Ubergangsmatrix zwischen dem Anfangszustand A und dem Endzustand B zu berechnen, wobei A und B durch die Angabe von Spin und Impuls der freien Teilchen in diesen Zustanden beschrieben werden. Wir nehmen an, dass der Streuprozess wie folgt stattfindet: Die freien Teilchen, welche durch den Zustand A in ferner Vergangenheit beschrieben werden, nahern sich und wechselwirken miteinander. Durch die Wechselwirkung der freien Teilchen werden diese verandert, oder es entstehen neue Teilchen. Dabei sind jedoch alle Teilchen im Endzustand weiterhin freie Teilchen. Diese bilden in der fernen Zukunft den Zustand B. Wir wollen das Matrixelement M fur diesen Prozess berechnen, ohne die Bewegungsgleichungen oder das Verhalten des Systems wahrend der Zeit der Wechselwirkung zu verstehen.