cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property and Shrinkwrap Licenses

Intellectual property -- right, wrong, or indifferent -- is well on its way to becoming irrelevant in the computer world. The reason is that the debate over the appropriate scope of intellectual property protection for computer software largely ignores the role of contract law in setting rights. Software vendors are attempting en masse to “opt out” of intellectual property law by drafting license provisions that compel their customers to adhere to more restrictive provisions than copyright (and even patent) law would require. These software license agreements are of two types: bargained agreements for custom software, and unbargained “shrinkwrap licenses” imposed on mass-market purchasers. As software has become a mass-market commodity, the shrinkwrap license has tended to predominate. Can software vendors really avoid the rules of intellectual property law entirely? Can they “pick and choose” among the rights and responsibilities of copyright law, adopting copyright when it suits their purposes and discarding it otherwise? By and large, the answer to these questions has depended on whether and under what conditions shrinkwrap licenses are enforceable. This article discusses the theoretical arguments in favor of and against enforcing such shrinkwrap license terms. After weighing these arguments, I conclude that shrinkwrap licenses should not be effective to alter the balance of rights created under federal law.
Recurrent Coronary Vasoconstriction Caused by Intranasal Cocaine: Possible Role for Metabolites

Abstract ▪Objective:To define the temporal characteristics of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans and to assess the relation between cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction and th...
Synthesis and Evaluation of Substituted Coumarin Derivatives as Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase B

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) is of clinical importance due to its perceived role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, making inhibitors of MAO B popular candidates for drug design. A s...
Eye Pattern Analysis in Intelligent Virtual Agents

This research discusses a new approach that uses patterns of a person's eye motion to improve human computer interaction between intelligent virtual agents (IVA) and the people who interact with them. This approach adds new capability to current eye tracking interfaces that focus on eye fixations instead of patterns of motion. The analysis of eye motion on the pattern level can deliver three values to an eye tracking interface: speed, interaction reliability, and a more complete understanding of user attention. This research builds a system, called InVision, to demonstrate how the analysis of eye fixation at the pattern level can improve eye tracking interfaces for human computer interaction. An IVA is built using this eye pattern analysis technique.
The Incorporation of 18O into Naphthalene in the Enzymatic Formation of 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol

Abstract The hydroxylation of naphthalene to 1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalene-diol by liver microsomes requires O2 and NADP The diol formed in air (80% N2; 20% O2; 90% enriched with 18O) was shown by mass spectrometry to contain only 1 atom of 18O, 1 hydroxyl oxygen being therefore derived from the air. These observations are compatible with the intermediate formation of 1,2-dihydro-1,2 epoxynaphthalene.
Chapter 6.2 Six-membered ring systems: Diazines and benzo derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the six-membered ring systems—namely, diazines and benzo derivatives. Isolated and benzo-fused diazine rings are key structural elements in many natural and synthetic compounds of current, active interest. This contribution relates many of the studies on the diazines pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and their benzo-fused derivatives—cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, and phenazine—published in English in the journal literature in 1995. The regio-, site-, and stereospecificity of benzonitrile oxide cycloaddition to the diazines and their benzo-fused derivatives are described in the chapter. In the experiment described in the chapter, trichloromethyldiazines 3–5 were readily prepared from the corresponding methyldiazines. Perfluoroalkyl- and perfluorooxaalkyl-pyridazines, pyrimidines, and pyrazines were obtained through copper-mediated cross-coupling of chlorodiazines to perfluoroalkyl and perfluorooxaalkyl iodides. Together with the preparation of diazine-substituted tert-butylureas and thioureas, a convenient access to the diazine-based carbodiimides was offered. Advances have been made in the synthesis of compounds featuring an isolated, substituted pyrimidine ring. For example, cinnamoyl isothiocyanate has been found to condense with enaminones, anilines, and cyano(thio)acetamides to produce pyrimidines.
Identifying radiation exposure biomarkers from mouse blood transcriptome

Ionising radiation is a pleiotropic stress agent that may induce a variety of adverse effects. Molecular biomarker approaches possess promise to assess radiation exposure, however, the pleiotropic nature of ionising radiation induced transcriptional responses and the historically poor inter-laboratory performance of omics-derived biomarkers serve as barriers to identification of unequivocal biomarker sets. Here, we present a whole-genome survey of the murine transcriptomic response to physiologically relevant radiation doses, 2 Gy and 8 Gy. We used this dataset with the Random Forest algorithm to correctly classify independently generated data and to identify putative metabolite biomarkers for radiation exposure.
Media evaluated for extended sweetpotato transplant production in heated beds 1

Abstract ‘Georgia Jet’ sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] transplants were produced in heated beds to compare aged pine sawdust or builders’ sand (traditional media) to fresh pine bark and aged pine bark, or fresh pine sawdust (alternative media), with regard to transplant production and quality over an extended harvest period. At the first harvest, highest transplant numbers (mean 1400 transplants/m2) were obtained with fresh pine sawdust or fresh pine bark. Media effects on transplant numbers at the first harvest agree with the results of an earlier experiment. The greater productivity of fresh pine bark compared to aged pine media and builders’ sand at the early‐harvest (two harvests) in the previous experiment was not confirmed in this experiment. Extended‐harvest (four harvests) transplant production was greater with fresh pine sawdust (2030 transplants/m2) than with aged pine sawdust (1380 transplants/m2), but was not greater than the number of transplants produced with the other media. Transpla...
Advice and feedback during cognitive training: Effects at acquisition and delayed transfer

Abstract Effects of advice and feedback during training on the acquisition and transfer of inductive problem solving strategies by college students was investigated. Subjects (108) were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions or a no-treatment control group. Advice in the form of a general procedural strategy or informative feedback from which a specific solution strategy could be inferred was presented singly or in combination during training. Training involved multiple practice and study sessions. A delayed transfer task followed training. Results indicate significant effects of advice and feedback on transfer performance even though differential effects during training were observed. The greatest impact of training on delayed transfer performance was observed in the condition that received only informative feedback during training. Results extend findings demonstrating successful immediate transfer of problem solving strategies (Phye, 1989) by young adults. Implications for instructional practice are discussed within the context of domain-specific problem solving and transfer.
Sexual activity after myocardial infarction: When to resume the use of erectogenic drugs

Coital angina appears to represent less than 5% of all anginal attacks. Sexual activity is often equated with an exercise workload of 2 to 3 metabolic equivalents of task (METS) in the pre-orgasmic phase and 3 to 4 METS in the orgasmic phase. Exercise testing is often used to assess exercise tolerance and capacity for safely resuming sexual activity after myocardial infarction (MI). Less than 1% of MIs occur during sexual activity, as an attributable risk. The relative risk of coital-induced MI is 2.5 times greater than during non-coital activities; this risk is threefold greater in individuals with previous MI. The duration of exposure to this increased risk appears to be 2 hours following coitus. Past MI patients who are asymptomatic and do not exhibit treadmill-induced ischemia are at low risk for coital MI. Exercise training after acute MI improves cardiovascular efficiency and reduces myocardial oxygen demand during customary activities, including sexual activity. A patient with a recent MI (< 2 weeks) remains at high risk for coitalinduced reinfarctions, cardiac ruptures, or coital-induced arrhythmias. Post-MI individuals should be risk stratified according to the Princeton Consensus Panel II guidelines. Low-risk patients with erectile dysfunction can be safely treated with a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Patients should be cautioned about the contraindication between PDE5 medications and nitrates.
Effects of Power Pulsations on Natural Convection from Discrete Heat Sources

ABSTRACT The natural convection heat transfer response of discrete heaters flush mounted on a vertical test surface immersed in water to periodic input power has been investigated. The test surface consisted of a plexiglass substrate containing a single column of fifteen heat sources. Identical periodic input power patterns are generated within selected heaters using a computer controlled DC power supply. The mean power levels were varied in the range 0.2–3.0 W, the amplitude to mean ratios of power pulsations in the range 0.17–1.0 and the pulsation frequencies from 0.025–0.1 Hz. The resulting heater temperatures over several cycles were measured and compared with corresponding responses for steady input power equal to the mean of the periodic variation. For a single heater powered case a triangular wave input power pattern was examined. Two types of periodic input power variations were examined with a column of heat sources powered: a triangular wave and an approximate square wave. The responses clearly indicated heat transfer enhancement due to the power pulsation for certain conditions. With the triangular wave pattern, enhancement was most pronounced when the ratio of amplitude to mean power input was the the largest and for the highest pulsation frequency. For the square wave power input the maximum temperature during the cycle was never below the response to steady input power, in contrast to the triangular input power pattern.
Eating as an instrumental reaction rewarded by electrical stimulation of the brain.

Abstract Nine cats with high rates of bar-pressing for self-stimulation within the ventral tegmentum or septum were selected for this study. Instead of bar-pressing, these cats (which had free access to food and water in their home cages) were required to consume a small amount of milk/broth mixture from a feeder in order to obtain electrical stimulation of the effective site within the brain (ESB). Drinking the same mixture from another feeder or from a bowl placed nearby the feeder did not result in ESB. All cats learned to drink from the feeder where ESB was delivered, even when they were fully satiated with milk/broth mixture before the session. When ESB was withheld, the cats continued to drink for a few minutes, then stopped drinking. When ESB was transferred to another feeder, the cats also switched to drink only from that feeder. These data suggest that the act of consumption of the milk/broth mixture in our experiment became an instrumental reaction reinforced by a nonalimentary factor.
Validation and Regression Testing for a Cross-linguistic Grammar Resource

We present a validation methodology for a cross-linguistic grammar resource which produces output in the form of small grammars based on elicited typological descriptions. Evaluating the resource entails sampling from a very large space of language types, the type and range of which preclude the use of standard test suites development techniques. We produce a database from which gold standard test suites for these grammars can be generated on demand, including well-formed strings paired with all of their valid semantic representations as well as a sample of ill-formed strings. These string-semantics pairs are selected from a set of candidates by a system of regular-expression based filters. The filters amount to an alternative grammar building system, whose generative capacity is limited compared to the actual grammars. We perform error analysis of the discrepancies between the test suites and grammars for a range of language types, and update both systems appropriately. The resulting resource serves as a point of comparison for regression testing in future development.
KH Domain Integrity Is Required for Wild-Type Localization of Sam68

Abstract The protein Sam68 (Src-associated in mitosis, 68 kDa) has been found to bind to SH2 and to SH3 domain-containing proteins and to RNA. Although its protein–protein interactions implicate Sam68 in cell signaling, the significance of its RNA binding remains obscure. In most cells, Sam68 shows diffuse nucleoplasmic staining. Upon treatment with transcription inhibitors, however, Sam68 localized into punctate nuclear structures. Mutant forms of mouse Sam68 were overexpressed in human cells to test the importance of the KH domain, which is required for RNA binding, in the intracellular localization of Sam68. A small deletion within the KH domain (Δ206–218) or point mutation I184N had no effect upon the localization of overexpressed Sam68. Sam68 that contained a deletion of the entire KH domain (ΔKH, Δ157–256) or point mutation G178E, however, localized to distinct nuclear spots. Furthermore, ΔKH Sam68, unlike wild-type Sam68 and several other mutant Sam68 proteins, did not relocalize upon poliovirus infection and caused the normally cytoplasmic viral polymerase to localize to the nuclear spots. Thus both ongoing transcription and an intact KH domain are crucial determinants of the dynamic intracellular localization of Sam68.
Organizational knowledge, learning and memory: three concepts in search of a theory

There is much interest in organizational knowledge following the recognition of its strategic place in inter‐firm competition, but there is no adequate theory of such knowledge, or of its acquisition, storage and application. Penrose’s (1959) theory of the growth of the firm, Nelson and Winter’s (1982) evolutionary economics, and the gestalt notions of discontinuous perceptual change taken from Lewin (1935), still define the cutting edge of the learning and knowledge‐based approaches to the firm. Compared with these field‐shaping works, the recent literature on organizational knowledge, learning and memory seems inconclusive. Takes a new start from the Jamesian distinction between knowing what and knowing how, and the Durkheimian distinction between individual and social forms of knowledge. The resulting pluralistic organizational epistemology implies a dynamic theory of the firm as a dialectical system of knowledge processes.
Possible genetic evidence of somatic segregation in Allium cepa L.

REDUCTION in somatic nuclei has been noted in various plants and animals by a number of workers. This communication reports an instance in which both glossy and semi-glossy seed-stems were found on the same onion plant. Huskins1 has reviewed many examples in the plant field, thus a full review will not be given here, but only a few more pertinent examples will be cited. Segregation and/or reduction in chromosome number was induced in cells of onion root tips which had been treated with 1–4 per cent sodium nucleate. Regular genetic segregation occurred with greater frequency than would be expected if the distribution of the chromosomes were a random process2. Onion bulbs stored at 5°–6° C. showed a reductional grouping3.
Mitochondrial DNA mutation and heteroplasmy in type I Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disorder characterized by bilateral acute or subacute loss of central vision, primarily in young males. A G→A single base mutation at 11778nt of the mitochondrial genome which eliminates a SfaNI restriction site [Wallace et al., 1988; Holt et al., 1989; Hotta et al., 1989; Singh et al., 1989; Vilkki et al., 1989; Yoneda et al., 1989; Stone et al., 1990; Lott et al., 1990.] has been found in more than 60% of the families with LHON studied
Effect of freezing and thawing on the microcirculation and capillary endothelium of the hamster cheek pouch.

Abstract Golden Syrian hamster cheek pouches were prepared in vivo for observation of microvasculature under the light microscope. On an apparatus designed especially for this purpose, pouches were cooled from plus 10 °C to minus 30 °C at 1 °C/min, held at minus 30 °C for 1 min and warmed at 1 °C/min to plus 10 °C whence spontaneous rewarming to ambient was permitted. Pouches were observed under the light microscope throughout freezing and for 1 hr after thaw. At 0, 1, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after thaw pouch tissue was taken for electron microscopy. After thaw hemostasis evolved in a biphasic pattern. In the early phase in which the degree of stasis reached its peak at about 20 min after thaw, cessation of circulation was caused by obstructive embolic platelet aggregates and a second uncharacterized factor, possibly humoral in nature. After 30 min, blood flow spontaneously resumed in at least one portion of each pouch. In 6 specimens, by 45–50 min, blood flow had returned to normal in about 90% of the microvasculature. After 50 min hemostasis began again and by 60 min blood flow had ceased in virtually all areas of the pouch, this time in the absence of vascular obstruction by platelet aggregates. Ultrastructural damage to endothelial cells occurring immediately at thaw and progressing through 1 hr thereafter included the rupture of cell membranes, early thinning, and later condensation of ground substance, decrease in the number and concentration of pinocytotic vesicles, swelling of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the swelling and loss of cristal structure of mitochondria. This endothelial destruction can account for the permanent hemostasis of frostbite.
Beta Transforming Growth Factors (TGFβ) at the Porcine Conceptus-Maternal Interface. Part I: Expression of TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 Messenger Ribonucleic Acids

Spatial and temporal mRNA expression of beta transforming growth factors (TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3) in porcine uterus and conceptuses was determined during the peri-implantation period (Days 10-14 of gestation). Northern blotting identified a major 3. 5-kilobase (kb) and a minor 2.5-kb transcript for TGFbeta1 mRNA. TGFbeta2 transcripts were 6.2 kb, 5.4 kb, and 2.7 kb, and a single 3. 5-kb transcript was detected for TGFbeta3. With semiquantitative in situ hybridization analysis, progressive increases were detected in TGFbetas 1, 2, and 3 mRNA expression in uterine luminal epithelium (ULE), uterine glands (UGs), and underlying stroma (stroma spongiosum, SS) from Days 10 through 14 of gestation (p < 0.05). In myometrium, TGFbeta mRNA expression did not differ between Days 10 through 14 of gestation. In porcine conceptuses, TGFbetas 1, 2, and 3 mRNA expression was detected in trophectoderm, endoderm, embryonic ectoderm, and mesoderm. For the three TGFbeta isoforms examined, mRNA expression increased 2- to 4-fold in trophectoderm and endoderm between Days 10 and 14 of gestation. TGFbeta1 mRNA levels increase significantly in embryonic ectoderm, but not mesoderm, between Days 12 and 14 of gestation; during that same time, TGFbeta2 mRNA levels increased, but no change was detected in TGFbeta3 mRNA levels, in embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm. Progressive increases in TGFbeta mRNA expression in conceptus trophectoderm, endoderm, ULE, UGs, and SS suggest important roles for these growth factors in porcine conceptus development during the peri-implantation period.
Structure and foraging behavior in hypogean crustacean assemblages

Varying assemblages of three crustaceans and their behavioral interactions were studied in Rice Cave during eight visits over a two year period. The assemblages of crustaceans observed were seen to depend primarily on periodic invasions into the cave byGammarus troglophilus, low resource levels, habitat preference, the sensitivity ofCaecidotea stygia to disturbance, and subterranean adaptation by the troglobites.
Validity and clinical utility of sleep laboratory criteria for insomnia.

The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of two proposed sleep laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of insomnia were evaluated in 375 adults with a primary complaint of insomnia and 150 noninsomniac controls. The two criteria used resulted in either low sensitivity and moderately strong specificity or high sensitivity and low specificity and, accordingly, in both cases weak positive predictive values (diagnostic accuracy), both for one night and multiple nights of recordings. Further, an empirically optimized criterion also resulted in an unsatisfactory diagnostic accuracy. Finally, the optimized MMPI criteria were superior to optimized sleep criteria in differentiating insomniacs from controls. In conclusion, sleep laboratory recordings provide little relevant information for confirming or excluding the presence of insomnia.
The Best Laid Plans: Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Group Capacity and Planning Success

As community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) increases in popularity, the question of the capacity of such groups to successfully manage natural resources becomes increasingly relevant. However, few studies have quantifiably analyzed how the amount or type of capacity in a CBNRM organization directly affects the outputs or the environmental outcomes produced. This paucity of research exists in part due to the diversity of indicators for CBNRM group capacity, as well as the ensuing debate over how to best define and measure success in CBNRM initiatives. Although concrete outputs vary widely, many efforts center on creating natural resource management plans (RMPs). The primary objective of our research was to explore the link between capacity and RMP implementation success, as perceived by practitioners among CBNRM groups across Illinois. A short online survey was constructed, utilizing findings from focus groups in combination with an extensive literature review, to measure CBNRM participants’ (n = 190) perceptions of 10 key capacity indicators and RMP implementation success. Results show that capacity perceptions varied significantly among respondents in low, moderate, and high RMP implementation success groups, and that group capacity was predictive of the degree of perceived RMP implementation success. Further, our findings suggest that bonding social capital and outreach are crucial in predicting low versus moderate RMP success, while leadership, motivation, and vision best distinguish the moderately successful and highly successful groups.
Performance measurement of the concurrent file system of the Intel iPSC/2 hypercube

Abstract The Intel Concurrent File System (CFS) for the iPSC/2 and iPSC/860 hypercubes is one of the first production file systems to utilize the declustering of large files across numbers of disks to improve input/output (I/O) performance. The CFS also makes use of dedicated I/O nodes, operating asynchronously, which provide file caching and prefetching. Processing of I/O requests is distributed between the compute node that initiates the request and the I/O nodes that service the request. We present performance measurements of the CFS for an iPSC/2 hypercube with 32 compute nodes and 4 I/O nodes (4 disks). Measurement of read/write rates for one compute node to one I/O node, one compute node to multiple I/O nodes, and multiple compute nodes to multiple I/O nodes form the basis for the study. Additional measurements show the effects of different buffer sizes, caching, prefetching, and file preallocation on system performance. A measure of I/O system imbalance is also introduced.
Spatially heterogeneous dynamics during physical aging far below the glass transition temperature

Physical aging experiments after a deep quench were performed via an optical photobleaching technique to examine the evolution of the segmental dynamics of a polystyrene melt far below the glass transition temperature (Tg). Both rotational and translational diffusion measurements of dilute tetracene probes dispersed in the polymer matrix were monitored as a function of aging time. Following a temperature quench from Tg +2 °C deep into the glass (with isothermal aging temperatures ranging from Tg −15 to Tg −67 °C), either rotational or translational diffusion measurements were performed for up to 105 s of elapsed time. During this period, relaxation times for both observables were retarded by at least a factor of 3. Rotational and translational observables respond differently to the initial temperature quench and to the subsequent isothermal aging. These differences likely indicate that the dynamics responsible for physical aging in a quenched glass are spatially heterogeneous. Immediately following the quench, regions of faster mobility age toward equilibrium faster than regions of slower mobility. These findings compliment recent aging experiments close to Tg and bolster the conclusion that heterogeneous dynamics are important for the accurate description of physical aging. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2463–2472, 2002
Detection of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activity Using a High-Capacity Streptavidin-Coated Membrane and Optimized Biotinylated Peptide Substrates

Abstract A protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) assay system is described that uses a series of optimized biotinylated peptide substrates in conjunction with a streptavidin-coated matrix (SAM 2 ) biotin capture membrane. The SAM 2 biotin capture membrane provides low backgrounds and high linear binding capacity (up to ∼3.6 nmol of biotinylated PTK peptide/cm 2 ), resulting in high signal-to-noise ratios and greater reproducibility. Capture of the phosphorylated peptide substrates onto the SAM 2 membrane is rapid and occurs independent of the amino acid sequence of the peptide, thereby overcoming difficulties commonly encountered with other methodologies. Two broad-specificity biotinylated PTK peptide substrates were identified with optimum kinetic properties, allowing members from eight distinct classes of enzymes, including transmembrane (epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor, insulin receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor) and cytoplasmic (p43 abl , p56 lck , p60 src , and p93 fes ) PTKs, to be analyzed. A third biotinylated peptide substrate, shown to be highly selective for the EGFR, was used to illustrate the versatility of this system for both broad specificity and highly selective detection of PTK activity. The ability to accurately detect activity under optimum conditions and with crude cell extract samples, including kinetic analysis and with enzyme detection limits in the low femtomole range, supports the utility of this assay system for studying PTK enzymes.
Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Physiology of Penile Erection

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), which is a well-known toxic gas, has recently been recognized as a biological messenger that plays an important role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Relatively high levels of H(2)S have been discovered in mammalian tissues. It is mainly synthesized by 2 enzymes, including cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lysase, which utilize L-cysteine as substrate to produce H(2)S. H(2)S has been demonstrated to exhibit potent vasodilator activity both in vitro and in vivo by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. Recently, H(2)S has been discovered in penile tissue with smooth muscle relaxant effects. Furthermore, other effects of H(2)S could play a role in the physiology of erection. Understanding H(2)S in the physiology of erection might provide alternative erectile dysfunction strategies for those patients with poor or no response to type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors. This review intends to present the H(2)S pathway in penile tissue and the potential role of H(2)S in the physiology of erections.
Thermochemical and kinetic analysis of the allyl radical with O2 reaction system

Abstract Thermochemical properties and kinetics for the allyl radical (CH2 CHCH2 ) + O2 reaction system are analyzed to evaluate reaction paths and kinetics in thermal oxidation. ( Δ H f 298 0 ) are determined using isodesmic reaction analysis at the CBSQ//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) composite and at density functional levels. Entropies ( S 298 0 ) and heat capacities ( C p 0 ( T ) ) are determined using structures and vibrational frequencies obtained at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Internal rotor contributions are included in S and Cp(T) values. The allyl radical adds to O2 to form an energized peroxy adduct [CH2 CHCH2OO ]* with a shallow well, only 20 kcal/mol barrier to dissociation. Reaction channels of the peroxy adduct [CH2 CHCH2OO ]* include reverse reaction, stabilization, isomerizations via hydrogen shift with subsequent β-scission or R O–OH bond cleavage. The peroxy adduct can also cyclize to four- or five-member cyclic peroxide-alkyl radicals, C H2Y CCOO and Y CC COO (Y = cyclic ). All pathways in this allyl plus O2 system are found to involve barriers that are higher than reverse reaction. The most accessible product (only 5 kcal/mol above reverse reaction) is the cyclization to a five-member ring, that reacts further with O2, resulting in carbonyl and chain propagation products. Other important products are: allene + HO2 via molecular elimination and C H CHCH2OOH (via hydrogen shift), which undergoes β-scission leading to C2H2 + CH2O + OH above 600 K. Rate constants are estimated as a function of pressure and temperature using quantum Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel analysis for k(E) and master equation for falloff.
Hydrofluoroethers as Orthogonal Solvents for the Chemical Processing of Organic Electronic Materials

A study was conducted to demonstrate a new approach for chemicalprocessing of organic electronic materials. It was demonstrated that the approach is based on the use of fluorous solvents, segregated hydrofluoroethers (HFE). The study also demonstrated that that processing organic electronics, using HFEs under extreme conditions, such as boiling temperatures, does not cause any dissolution, cracking, delamination,or other unfavorable physical or chemical change. The study also demonstrated that the use of fluorous solvents enables simple photolithographic patterning of organic electronic materials. It was shown that fluorous solvents are perfluorinated on very highly fluorinated liquids, which are immiscible with organic solvents and water.
A BAC pooling strategy combined with PCR-based screenings in a large, highly repetitive genome enables integration of the maize genetic and physical maps

Molecular markers serve three important functions in physical map assembly. First, they provide anchor points to genetic maps facilitating functional genomic studies. Second, they reduce the overlap required for BAC contig assembly from 80 to 50 percent. Finally, they validate assemblies based solely on BAC fingerprints. We employed a six-dimensional BAC pooling strategy in combination with a high-throughput PCR-based screening method to anchor the maize genetic and physical maps. A total of 110,592 maize BAC clones (~ 6x haploid genome equivalents) were pooled into six different matrices, each containing 48 pools of BAC DNA. The quality of the BAC DNA pools and their utility for identifying BACs containing target genomic sequences was tested using 254 PCR-based STS markers. Five types of PCR-based STS markers were screened to assess potential uses for the BAC pools. An average of 4.68 BAC clones were identified per marker analyzed. These results were integrated with BAC fingerprint data generated by the Arizona Genomics Institute (AGI) and the Arizona Genomics Computational Laboratory (AGCoL) to assemble the BAC contigs using the FingerPrinted Contigs (FPC) software and contribute to the construction and anchoring of the physical map. A total of 234 markers (92.5%) anchored BAC contigs to their genetic map positions. The results can be viewed on the integrated map of maize [1, 2]. This BAC pooling strategy is a rapid, cost effective method for genome assembly and anchoring. The requirement for six replicate positive amplifications makes this a robust method for use in large genomes with high amounts of repetitive DNA such as maize. This strategy can be used to physically map duplicate loci, provide order information for loci in a small genetic interval or with no genetic recombination, and loci with conflicting hybridization-based information.
Effect of religion and religiosity on alcohol use in a college student sample

Two hundred and sixty-three alcohol using college students completed a questionnaire on their levels of alcohol use, problems with alcohol use, reasons for drinking, perceptions of control over drinking, impulsivity, venturesomeness, irrational beliefs, neuroticism, expectations of alcohol effects, depression, social norms, religious affiliation and intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Analyses of variance revealed that students with no religious affiliation reported significantly higher levels of drinking frequency and quantity, getting drunk, celebratory reasons for drinking and perceived drinking norms than those of either Catholic or Protestant religious affiliation, while no significant differences across groups were found for alcohol use problems. Protestants reported significantly higher levels of perceived drinking control than Catholics. Intrinsic religiosity, reflecting one's ego involvement with the tenets of one's religion, appeared to play a more important positive role over drinking behavior for Protestants than for Catholics.
Selection of neighborhood controls: logistics and fieldwork.

Abstract This paper describes the logistics and fieldwork involved in assembling 123 neighborhood controls for a case-control study investigating the relationship between cholecystectomy and right-side colon cancer. All neighborhood controls were matched pairwise to cases on sex, age at diagnosis ( ± 5 years), and race. Eighty-six percent of the neighborhood controls were also matched on street of residence and the remaining 14% on census tract. Study subjects were contacted by mail and then interviewed by telephone with regard to their gastrointestinal surgical history. The mean number of necessary households contacted to obtain each control was nine. When data were stratified by age, the mean number of necessary households contacted increased with increasing age of the cases. Only 3.3% ( 35 1065 ) of the residents from these households refused complete participation in the telephone interview. The distribution of fieldwork activities by hours worked is also reported. Similar findings were observed for males and females. Neighborhood controls are a commonly used comparison series. Data from this report may be used to modify the general impression that assembling neighborhood controls can be a difficult task. We urge other investigators to report fieldwork activities used in identifying their control series. These data will be valuable in planning and budgeting case-control studies.
Bacillus anthracis spore suspensions: determination of stability and comparison of enumeration techniques.

Aim: To determine the stability and variability in concentration of spore suspensions of Bacillus anthracis (BA) spore suspensions by comparing different methods of enumeration and to detect changes, if any, under different storage conditions. Methods and Results: Plate and microscope counts were compared to measuring the genomic equivalents based on DNA content BA spore suspensions. We developed chemical methods to extract spore DNA and extra-spore (ES) DNA. DNA mass was determined by gel electrophoresis and QPCR assays were developed using the markers on the chromosome (rpoB) and the pXO1 plasmid (pag). The plate counts and microscope counts were very stable (for up to 900 days). The effect of freezing and the presence of additives in samples were tested for up to 300 days, and the results indicated that the additives tested and freezing did not decrease the viability or microscope counts. Conclusions: Bacillus anthracis spore suspensions can be stored for long periods of time without significant loss of viability or clumping. The content of ES DNA was variable and changed with time. Significant and Impact of the Study: The study shows that BA spore suspensions can be developed for reference materials providing a uniform basis for comparing detection equipment and results from different laboratories.
Collective phenomena in spatially extended evolutionary games.

Abstract A class of spatially extended evolutionary games with simple local rules is introduced. The emergent properties are studied through two complementary approaches. One is based on a heuristic local analysis, the other on exact global techniques. The local analysis provides criteria to group the games into classes with distinct behavior. The results facilitate numerical simulations and reveal that even simple games allow for complex spatio-temporal phenomena. The global analysis demonstrates that certain games perform an uphill march in a fitness landscape determined by the payoff parameters and the topology of the underlying lattice structure. For generic game parameters, the landscape is rugged owing to competing interactions and generates dynamical phenomena well known from frustrated systems: trapping in local maxima for noiseless dynamics and very long relaxation times for stochastic dynamics. Although the model is a mere caricature of evolutionary processes, some of its emergent properties are reminiscent of those observed in nature. It is argued that similar dynamical phenomena will be present in more elaborate approaches.
LET US Play: Maximizing Physical Activity in Physical Education

Physical inactivity is linked to many negative health outcomes for school-age youth (Guthold, Ono, Strong, Chatterji, & Morabia, 2008; Kelishadi, 2007; Waxman, 2004). To decrease these risks and in...
Donepezil 23 mg: An empty suit

Donepezil 10 mg/day has been a modestly successful therapeutic agent for the palliative treatment of Alzheimer disease dementia. In 2011, seeking greater efficacy and an extension of the Aricept brand, a 23-mg formulation of donepezil was introduced. A large-scale trial, organized by Eisai, the sponsor, failed to show superiority in their primary analyses of donepezil 23 mg/day in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease dementia vs 10 mg, but the published report used post hoc analyses to claim “statistically significant benefits.” There was greater than a 3 times higher rate of gastrointestinal side effects with 23 mg of donepezil compared to 10 mg. Thus, not only does donepezil 23 mg/day increase the likelihood of unacceptable gastrointestinal side effects, it provides no clinical benefits. Aricept 23 mg is about 10 times more costly per pill than donepezil 10 mg.
The analytic solution of near-tip stress fields for perfectly plastic pressure-sensitive material under plane stress condition

Different from dense metals, many engineering materials exhibit pressure-sensitive yielding and plastic volumetric deformation. Adopting a yield criterion that contains a linear combination of the Mises stress and the hydrostatic stress, the analytic solutions of plane-stress mode I perfectly-plastic near-tip stress fields for pressuresensitive materials are derived. Also, the relevant characteristic fields are presented. This perfectly plastic solution, containing a pressure sensitivity parameter μ, is shown to correspond to the limit of low-hardening solutions, and when μ=0 it reduces to the perfectly plastic solution of near-tip fields for the Mises material given by Hutchinson [1]. The effects of material pressure sensitivity on the near-tip fields are discussed.
Understanding wavelet image compression

It is shown that the high-resolution transform code framework is not appropriate to evaluate the performance of current image transform codes. The compression performance depends essentially on the precision of non-linear image approximations in the chosen orthogonal basis. At low bit rates, for a number of bit per pixel R that is below 1, the distortion is D(R) approximately R1-2(gamma ). The constant (gamma) is typically of the order of 1 for natural images decomposed in a wavelet basis.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reading and spontaneous speaking fundamental frequency of young Arabic men for Arabic and English languages: a comparative study.

Summary Speaking fundamental frequency (SFF), the average fundamental frequency (lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound) measured over the speaking time of a vocal or speech task, is a basic acoustic measure in clinical evaluation and treatment of voice disorders. Currently, there are few data on acoustic characteristics of different sociolinguistic groups, and no published data on the fundamental frequency characteristics of Arabic speech. The purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary data on the SFF characteristics of a group of normal speaking, young Arabic men. 15 native Arabic men (M age = 23.5 yr., SD = 2.5) as participants received identical experimental treatment. Four speech samples were collected from each one, Arabic reading, Arabic spontaneous speech, English reading, and English spontaneous speech. Speaking samples, analyzed using the Computerized Speech Lab, showed no significant difference for mean SFF between language and type of speech and none for mean SFF between languages. ...
Technologies across Our Curriculum: A Study of Technology Integration in the Classroom.

The availability of microcomputers and specialty software has dramatically changed the classroom instruction in many areas of business education. In this study, the authors investigated the effectiveness of the technology-enhanced instruction in their classrooms, where they had successfully integrated the use of technology in their courses. The instruments of the experiments were a survey to derive a computer comfort scale and an Excel-based assessment to determine computer proficiency. The analysis shows that increased comfort levels (i.e., decreases in apprehension as well as increases in enjoyment and confidence) relate positively to an objective skills-based computer-proficiency test as well as subjective self-reports of computer expertise.
A heat and mass transfer analysis of the ignition and extinction of solid char particles

The present work studies the ignition and extinction of a spherical solid fuel particle exposed to a quiescent, hot, oxygen-containing environment. Using particle sizes and ambient temperature and oxygen concentration as parameters, the ignition, burning, and extinction of particles were parametrically analyzed by studying the relative heat production and heat-loss rates. For a given ambient condition, the results showed that it is possible that both large and small particles might not ignite at all. When a particle burns, its size decreases with time and its combustion characteristics are altered. The extinction condition may be reached due solely to the diminishing size of the particle. The particle extinction diameter was calculated. It strongly depends on the ambient condition and the reaction rate, but not on the initial particle size.
Social Accounts and Metaphors about Cheating

(1994). Social Accounts and Metaphors about Cheating. College Teaching: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 90-96.
Estrogens: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?

The present paper reviews the major modes of action of estrogen on the molecular, cellular, tissue, and neurobehavioral levels of mammalian physiology, with an emphasis on the brain as an estrogen target tissue. We draw a distinction between receptor- and nonreceptor-mediated actions, as well as delineate the range of different signal transduction pathways that might be available within a given tissue to mediate estrogenic effects. We consider species differences relevant to understanding the predictability of effects in humans from data obtained in rats or monkeys. Finally, we emphasize the importance of developmental stage in determining whether estrogenic effects are beneficial or harmful; "neuroprotective" or "neurotoxic."
Avoidance of Male Giant Water Striders By Females

Shifts in behaviour and microhabitat preference were exhibited by female giant water striders (G. remigis) when males were experimentally introduced into and removed from wading pools containing females. In the presence of males, females became significantly less active, interacted with one another less, spent less time in open water, and spent more time out of the water away from females. Furthermore, they resumed their original behaviours once males were removed. It is potentially advantageous for females to avoid male harassment due to costs associated with such interactions.
Surface Chemical Modification of Hard Tissues : I. Bone

Surfaces of bone were modified in a controlled manner by grafting or by adding interpenetruting polymeric side chains to the bone substrate. The properties of the hard tissue surface attained varied widely. The surface alteration may improve the ability of hard tissues such as bone or dentin to adhere to restorative materials.
Changes in physical activity among adults with diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study of inactive patients with Type 2 diabetes who become physically active

Aims To identify the predictors and clinical effects among inactive patients with diabetes who become physically active, in the setting of a large integrated health system. Methods We studied adults with Type 2 diabetes with at least two clinic visits between December 2011 and November 2012 who reported being inactive at their first visit. The mean (±sd) interval between their first and last visit was 6.2 (±2.3) months. We analysed self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity data collected using a structured intake form during routine clinical care. Results The study cohort (N = 6853) had a mean age of 60.2 years; 51.4% were women and 53.6% were non-white. Nearly two-thirds (62.5%, n = 4280) reported remaining physically inactive, while 16.0% reported achieving the recommended moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels (≥ 150 min/week) by the last visit of the study period. Female gender (odds ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.67, 0.88), obesity (BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2: odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.60, 0.97; BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2: odds ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.42, 0.70), chronic kidney disease (odds ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.65, 0.94) and depression (odds ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.62, 0.96) were each independently associated with not achieving the recommended moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level, while physician referral to lifestyle education was a positive predictor (odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.09, 1.85). Controlling for baseline differences, patients achieving the recommended moderate-to-vigorous physical activity target lost 1.0 kg more weight compared with patients remaining inactive (P < 0.001). Conclusions Patients with diabetes in a real-world clinical setting lost weight after becoming physically active; however, nearly two-thirds of patients remained inactive. Novel interventions to address physical inactivity in primary care should address barriers faced by older patients with medically complex disease.
Product metrics and boundedness

This paper looks at some possible ways of equipping a countable product of unbounded metric spaces with a metric that acknowledges the boundedness characteristics of the factors.