cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Conceptual Model to Promote the Retention of Women with Physical Disabilities in Research

Inadequate participant recruitment and retention practices can affect sample representativeness and thus the generalizability of research findings. Retention of research participants has been examined within the literature to some extent; however, there is no consensus on best practice in achieving acceptable results. Furthermore, there is a gap in understanding how to engage and retain women with physical disabilities (WPDs) in research. To address these oversights, we review (1) the significance of retention as a methodological concern, (2) factors that influence the involvement and retention of participants in research, including individual, population, and health-illness considerations, and (3) particular circumstances impacting the inclusion and retention of WPDs in research. On the basis of a review of the literature and our experience with the Healing Pathways randomized controlled trial (RCT), we present a conceptual model to guide culturally sensitive health research implementation with WPDs, and promote the engagement and retention of this group in RCTs and other forms of interventional health research.
Liquid-metal MHD flow in rectangular ducts with thin conducting or insulating walls: laminar and turbulent solutions

Abstract This paper treats the steady, fully-developed flow of a liquid metal in a rectangular duct of constant cross-section with a uniform, transverse magnetic field. Thin conducting wall boundary conditions at the top/bottom walls (perpendicular to the magnetic field) are extended to allow electrical currents to return through either the wall or the Hartmann layers. Hence, a unified analysis of flows in ducts with wall conductance ratios in the range of interest of fusion blanket applications, namely, from thin conducting to insulating wall ducts, is conducted. The flow in laminar and turbulent regimes is investigated through a composite core-side-layer spectral collocation solution which explicitly resolves the flow in the side layers (parallel to the magnetic field) even for very large Hartmann numbers. Turbulent profiles are obtained through an iterative scheme in which turbulence is introduced through an eddy viscosity model from the renormalization group theory of turbulence [Yakhot, V. and Orsag, S.A., J. Sci. Comput. , 1986, 1 (1), 3]. The transition from a flow in a duct with thin conducting walls to one with insulating walls is clearly displayed by varying the wall conductance ratio from 0.05 to 0 for Hartmann numbers in the range 10 3 –10 5 . In turbulent regime, Reynolds numbers vary in the range 5 × 10 4 –5 × 10 5 . For thin conducting wall duct flows, turbulence is concentrated in the increased side layers while the core remains unperturbed. In insulating wall ducts, the flow remains in the laminar regime within the considered range of Reynolds numbers.
An Empirical Evaluation of the Effects of High-Pass Noise on the Whole-Nerve Action Potential

A number of methods are presented for evaluating the effects of high-pass noise on the whole-nerve action potential (AP). These methods include measurements of AP thresholds, amplitude-versus-level...
Inhibition of RNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells by Pentobarbital Sodium

SummaryPentobarbital inhibits the incorporation of 32P and sodium formate-14C into RNA of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the RNA specific activity of Ehrlich ascites cells prelabeled with uridine-3H, remains constant in untreated cells and in cells treated with pentobarbital, but decreases in cells treated with actinomycin D or with actinomycin D plus pentobarbital.
Semi-analytical solution of two-dimensional sharp interface LNAPL transport models

Abstract In this paper, we present semi-analytical solutions for two-dimensional equations governing transport of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL) in unconfined aquifers. The proposed model is based on sharp interface displacement and steady groundwater flow assumptions, where both the water–LNAPL interface and the LNAPL–air interface are represented as sharp interfaces. In the case of steady groundwater flow, these equations can be reduced to a two-dimensional nonlinear solute transport equation, with the LNAPL thickness in the free product lens being the primary unknown variable. The linearized form of this solute transport equation falls into the category of two-dimensional transport equation with time-dependent dispersion coefficients. This equation can be solved analytically for an infinite domain region. In this paper, the general form of the analytical solution for the transport equation, as well as the solutions for some specific cases are presented. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed solution, numerical results obtained for two example problems are discussed and presented comparatively with a finite-element solution and other more restrictive solutions available in the literature. Although the solutions discussed in this paper have some simplifying assumptions, such as sharp-interfaces between fluid phases, steady groundwater flow and homogeneous aquifer properties, the semi-analytical solutions presented in this study may be used effectively as bench mark solutions in evaluating LNAPL migration in the subsurface. These solutions are simple and cost effective to implement and may be used in the calibration of other more complex numerical solutions that can be found in the literature.
Control of cell growth. IV. Growth properties of a new cell line established from an estrogen-dependent kidney tumor of the Syrian hamster.

A permanent cell line has been established in culture from an estrogen-dependent kidney tumor of the Syrian hamster. The cells were selected from mixed populations by three methods:1) animal passage enrichment, 2) growth on petri dishes, and 3) serum-type dependence. The inoculation of these cells, designated the H-301 line, into host animals showed tumor formation in estrogentreated males or estrogen-treated females, but no tumor formation in normal or castrated hamsters of either sex. The estrogen-dependent tumor formation in male hamsters by H-301 cells was inhibited by progesterone, hydrocortisone, and testosterone. When H-301 cell growth was examined inculture, the addition of estrogens or other steroid hormones to the medium over the range of 0.1 to 10 ng/ml showed no growth-stimulating or inhibiting effects. Medium prepared with charcoal-extracted serum (to reduce by 90% the endogenous levels of steroid hormones) supported growth as well as medium prepared with normal serum. Furthermore, the additi...
The g1 problem: Deep inelastic electron scattering and the spin of the proton☆

Abstract A recent measurement of the spin-dependent structure function of the proton, g 1 p ( x , Q 2 ), suggest that the quark's spin accounts for little of the proton's spin. We analyze several theoretical issues bearing on this result. We discuss the result expected in a variety of quark models. We examine the proposal that gluons contribute to the proton's spin in an amount calculable (in terms of gluon distribution functions) in perturbative QCD. We examine the conserved currents associated with Lorentz transformations in QCD, derive sum rules and show that the anomalous (gluonic) U (1) A current, K μ , is not in general to be identified with the gluon spin. Finally, we discuss the ensemble of nucleon matrix elements of quark bilinear operators and urge an experimental and theoretical program to study them.
Extender unit and acyl carrier protein specificity of ketosynthase domains of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase.

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze the production of numerous biologically important natural products via repeated decarboxylative condensation reactions. Modular PKSs, such as the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), consist of multiple catalytic modules, each containing a unique set of covalently linked catalytic domains. To better understand the engineering opportunities of these assembly lines, the extender unit and acyl carrier protein (ACP) specificity of keto synthase (KS) domains from modules 3 and 6 of DEBS were analyzed. These studies were undertaken with a newly developed didomain [KS][AT] construct, which lacks its own ACP domain and can therefore be interrogated with homologous or heterologous ACP or acyl-ACP substrates. By substituting the natural methylmalonyl extender unit with a malonyl group, a modest role was demonstrated for the KS in recognition of the nucleophilic substrate. The KS domain from module 3 of DEBS was found to exhibit a distinct ACP-recognition profile from the KS d...
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are negatively charged constituents of the renal extracellular matrix including the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and mesangial matrix. Biochemical and functional studies of patients with type-1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) suggest that alterations of HSPG may occur in diabetic nephropathy. We have utilized a specific cy-tochemical method and electron microscopy to quantitate the distribution of HSPG in the GBM of 10 normal people and in 16 IDDM patients with a spectrum of clinical and structural changes. Enzyme incubation studies of normal infant kidney demonstrated that heparitinase removed 94p of the stainable anionic sites in the lamina rara externa (LRE) and 77p of the sites in the lamina rara interna (LRI) of the GBM. In contrast, incubation in the enzyme chondroitinase ABC did not reduce the number of sites in the LRE but reduced the number of sites in the LRI by 26p. The HSPG anionic sites in normal subjects were distributed in the LRE as 20.9 ± 1.3, and in the LRI as 13.1 ± 2.2 per micron GBM length. Anionic sites were slightly reduced ( 19.6 ± 1.3, P
Departmental Demography and Reputational Success: The Fall and Rise of Top Sociology Departments 1950–1980

Between 1950 and 1980 surveys of academic sociologists revealed a major shift in the relative ratings of the top six Sociology departments. Wisconsin rose from a distant sixth to being rated first or second. Harvard and Columbia dropped from first and second the rankings to as low as sixth seventh. Underlying these trajectories were a variety of historical changes affecting academia and Sociology, particularly in the 1960s. Using complete yearly listings of the faculties of these six top departments I trace the demographic changes that appear to have been instrumental in producing the movement in ratings. In particular, the radical growth and youth of Wisconsin, and the aging of Harvard and Columbia seem to have played an important role.
Microprocessor design issues: thoughts on the road ahead

With the scaling of technology promising increases in chip frequency and especially transistor density, system designers must make trade-offs for a rapidly moving target. They must constantly deal with area, time, power, reliability, and technology design trade-offs as well as enormous design complexity at the same time. The driving force in design innovation is the rapid advance in technology. As technology advances and feature size shrinks, the three other design considerations benefit from one process generation to another, resulting in higher speed, smaller area, and reduced power consumption. Here, we look at the technology roadmap and what it means to computer architects, updating our views of six years ago.
Combined buccal mucosa graft and genital skin flap for reconstruction of extensive anterior urethral strictures.

Abstract Objectives Buccal mucosa has become the graft material of choice for substitution urethroplasty, but the tissue may be insufficient to completely reconstruct an extensive or panurethral stricture. We reviewed our experience with the combination of buccal mucosa and a genital skin flap to assess the efficacy of this approach in this setting. Methods Eighteen patients underwent single-stage urethral reconstruction at our institution from November 1997 to May 2003 using a buccal mucosa onlay graft and a penile and/or scrotal island flap. After surgery, patients were evaluated with voiding urethrography at 3 weeks, followed by flexible cystoscopy at 6 and 12 months and as needed thereafter. Results The mean stricture length was 15.1 cm (range 9.5 to 22), with an average graft length of 6.3 cm and flap of 8.5 cm. The stricture etiology included multiple hypospadias repair failures in 4 (22.2%), prior instrumentation in 4 (22.2%), pelvic trauma in 3 (16.7%), balanitis xerotica obliterans in 3 (16.7%), and unknown in 4 (22.2%) of the 18 patients. At the last follow-up visit, 3 patients (16.7%) had had recurrent stricture noted on follow-up cystoscopy. Conclusions In this series, the combination of buccal mucosa and a genital skin flap proved to be a reliable and durable method of single-stage repair for extensive and panurethral stricture disease. The use of longitudinal island flaps and patient repositioning during surgery seemed to contribute to a decreased incidence of local and systemic morbidity.
Administrative and claims records as sources of health care cost data.

Background: Many economic studies of disease require cost data at the person level to identify diagnosed cases and to capture the type and timing of specific services. One source of cost data is claims and other administrative records associated with health insurance programs and health care providers. Objective: To describe and compare strengths and limitations of various administrative and claims databases. Data and Methods: Data sources included claims and enrollment records from Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers; Veterans’ Health Administration records; state hospital discharge datasets; Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project hospital databases; managed care plan data systems; and provider cost reports. Claims provide information on payments, whereas cost reports yield resource costs incurred to produce services. Administrative data may be significantly augmented by linkage to disease registries and surveys. Results: Administrative data are often available for large, enrolled populations, have detailed information on individual service use, and can be aggregated by service type, episode, and patient. Service use and costs can often be tracked longitudinally. Because they are not collected for research purposes, administrative data can be difficult to access and use. Limitations include generalizability, complexity, coverage and benefit restrictions, and lack of coverage continuity. Linked datasets permit identification of incident cases of disease, and analyses of health care costs by stage at diagnosis, phase of care, comorbidity status, income, and insurance status. Conclusions: Administrative data are an essential source of information for studies of the financial burden of disease. Cost estimates can vary substantially by specific measures (payments, charges, cost to charge ratios) and across data sources.
Phosphatidylinositol modulates the response of calmodulin-dependent phosphatase to calmodulin

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and many other phospholipids activated calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphatase in the presence or absence of Ca 2+ , and the stimulation was more pronounced in the presence of Ca 2+ . In addition, PtdIns modulated the response of phosphatase to CaM: at low and nonstimulatory concentrations ( m ), PtdIns augmented the activity of phosphatase by a submaximum concentration of CaM, giving a synergistic effect; and at high concentrations (>100 μ m ), PtdIns suppressed the synergistic effect. Kinetic experiments indicated that PtdIns (both nonstimulatory and stimulatory concentrations) increased the affinity of phosphatase for CaM. In addition to the CaM regulatory site, phosphatase appears to have two PtdIns regulatory sites: a high-affinity site the occupation of which does not stimulate enzyme activity, and a low-affinity site the occupation of which stimulates enzyme activity in the absence of CaM and inhibits it in the presence of CaM. Modulating the response of phosphatase to CaM is not unique to PtdIns, and was observed with other phospholipids, including some that did not stimulate the enzyme. This raises the possibility that certain phospholipids may regulate phosphatase in two ways: (i) direct activation of the enzyme and (ii) modulation of its response to CaM.
Orientational order of water confined in anisotropic cavities

Abstract Water confined to a repulsive ellipsoidal cavity with a variable aspect ratio is studied by computer simulation. The orientational order parameter of the OH bond with respect to the symmetry axis of the cavity, SOH, is examined as a function of the cavity dimensions for finite numbers of water molecules (N = 6 to 38 at constant density). We observe that the absolute value of SOH is increased by deforming a spherical cavity into either a prolate or an oblate ellipsoidal cavity. This trend is method independent, i.e., it is obtained using Monte Carlo simulations with TIP4P or SPC water and using molecular dynamics simulations. Generally ƒS OH ƒ decreases with increasing N and temperature for a fixed cavity aspect ratio. The calculated magnitudes of SOH and its temperature dependence are in order-of-magnitude agreement with experimental NMR determinations of SOH in hydrated fibers. Hence such spatial anisotropies should be considered in models of the residual orientation exhibited by probe molecules in fibrous synthetic and biological materials.
On the “scare reading” of resultatives

This paper proposes that for single-clause resultatives in a language to allow the scare reading, two conditions must be met, namely that the resultative must be realized as a compound and that the compound must be headless. On this proposal, non-compound resultatives in English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Romanian and Swedish cannot have the scare reading because they do not meet the first condition. Moreover, Japanese and Swedish RVCs do not allow this reading because they do not meet the second condition. Finally, as Igbo and Mandarin RVCs meet both conditions, they can have the scare reading. In addition, the paper offers a formal analysis of the scare reading which stresses the interaction of the individual thematic relation expressed by each component of an RVC and the composite thematic relation expressed by the whole compound.
The relation of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels over time in humans

Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels were measured at 15 min intervals in 5 male and 7 female, healthy recumbent humans over periods of 4 h (n = 9), or 8 h (n = 3). Levels of both plasma catecholamines (CA) fluctuated both tonically and phasically over time. There was a pronounced downward ("tonic") trend in the levels of the 4 h subjects who had slept at home but no consistent trend was seen in the 8 h subjects who slept in the test bed overnight. The average (+/- S.E.) of median plasma NE levels was significantly lower (231.9 +/- 15.0 pg/ml) in the 4 h group than the 8 h group (356.9 +/- 6.7 pg/ml) probably due to the younger age of the 4 h group and the weakly positive correlation of NE levels with age. Plasma E levels showed no correlation with age and were not significantly different in the 4 h (111.6 +/- 27.0 pg/ml) or 8 h (98.2 +/- 13.7 pg/ml) groups. NE and E levels correlated well in 9 out of 12 subjects when the tonic trend was considered but levels correlated in only 6 out of 12 subjects when the tonic trend was removed and only phasic variations considered. Cardiovascular parameters showed inconsistent correlations to plasma CA in the 8 h subjects although plasma NE correlated positively with mean arterial blood pressure in all 3. These data suggest that resting plasma levels of both CA vary both tonically and phasically and correlate well in only some individuals, particularly when considered on a short-term, phasic basis.
Steiner triple systems with block-transitive automorphism groups

This paper describes the Steiner triple systems which have automorphism groups acting transitively on the blocks but not doubly transitively on the points. In the case of those systems not previously described, there is a group acting regularly on the blocks and the number of points is a prime power congruent to 7 modulo 12. A formula yielding the number (up to isomorphism) of these systems with a given number of points is derived.
Mechanical Properties of Non-Metallic Thin Films

The importance of mechanical properties of thin films has been established over the past several decades. In the first place, many properties are substantially modified in a condensed flm. The literature contains many examples (1) illustrating shifts in band-gap in semiconductors, transition temperature for super-conducting films, or expected magnetic anisotropy. Any property which itself is strain sensitive, may well be modified in a deposited film. Even a property which is originally isotropic may have lower symmetry when the effects of the strain are considered. The control of the stresses by changing deposition conditions is one of the goals now partially reached in the search to develop new properties.
Compassionate love: accomplishments and challenges in an emerging scientific/spiritual research field

Psychological qualities of central interest to religion and spirituality, including virtues such as love, are drawing increasing scientific attention. One recent large-scale research initiative funded by Fetzer Institute focused on compassionate love (CL), an other-centred form of love with recognisable analogues in all major faith traditions. We review findings and impacts from 55 peer-reviewed publications generated by 31 projects funded since 2001. We examine major findings, the role in each study of spirituality/religion, and whether the article cited previous CL literature or used CL terminology. Studies varied greatly in how they operationalised CL. Evidence supported numerous antecedents and consequences of CL. Trend analyses indicated that CL terms are increasingly cited in scientific literature. We suggest future directions for CL research, and identify challenges and opportunities likely to generalise to scientific research initiatives in other fields related to religious/spiritual qualities.
Relative Growth of White Crappie and Black Crappie in the United States

ABSTRACT We developed standardized growth models for white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) and black crappie (P. nigromaculatus) populations across the United States from von Bertalanffy growth models utilizing previously published backcalculated length at age data taken from scales. We also developed percentile distributions from backcalculated lengths which indicated results similar to the von Bertalanffy growth models.
Ovulation blockade by aspirin or indomethacin--in vivo evidence for a role of prostaglandin in gonadotrophin secretion.

Abstract Inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, aspirin and indomethacin, were used to assess the role of PG in gonadotrophin secretion. Both drugs reduced plasma PGF content and indomethacin reduced pituitary and hypothalamic concentration of PGF measured by a radioimmunoassay procedure reported herein. Chronic and acute administration of either indomethacin or aspirin blocked ovulation but indomethacin was effective at 1/30 the dose of aspirin. Injection of either LH or a mixture of PGE 2 and PGF 2α at the time of the expected ovulatory surge of LH was effective in reversing the blockade of ovulation that occurred after a single injection of indomethacin administered about 3 hours before the expected ovulatory surge of LH. However, LH did not reverse the blockade of ovulation produced when indomethacin was administered chronically beginning 30 hours before the expected ovulatory LH-surge. These data support the hypothesis that prostaglandins play a functional role in regulating the release of LH necessary for ovulation in the rat.
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim-Resistant Pneumococcal Sepsis

THE SUCCESS of bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of aplastic anemia and acute leukemia has resulted in an increasingly large number of long-term survivors of this procedure. The occurrence of infections in these patients has been recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in those patients in whom chronic graft-v-host disease develops. 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae has been noted to cause a substantial portion of the reported infections, 1,2 and it has been suggested that immunization with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine and long-term antibiotic prophylaxis be used to prevent this complication. 2 Reports of pneumococci both resistant to penicillin in vitro and producing clinically important infection have been a cause of great concern. 3 While some of these organisms have been found to be resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim as well as penicillin, 3 there have been, to our knowledge, no reports of penicillin-sensitive/sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant pneumococci causing clinical infection. We report
Interface sliding as illustrated by the multiple quaternary structures of liganded hemoglobin.

Initial crystallographic studies suggested that fully liganded mammalian hemoglobin can adopt only a single quaternary structure, the quaternary R structure. However, more recent crystallographic studies revealed the existence of a second quaternary structure for liganded hemoglobin, the quaternary R2 structure. Since these quaternary structures can be crystallized, both must be energetically accessible structures that coexist in solution. Unanswered questions include (i) the relative abundance of the R and R2 structures under various solution conditions and (ii) whether other quaternary structures are energetically accessible for the liganded α2β2 hemoglobin tetramer. Although crystallographic methods cannot directly answer the first question, they represent the most direct and most accurate approach to answering the second question. We now have determined and refined three different crystal structures of bovine carbonmonoxyhemoglobin. These structures provide clear evidence that the dimer−dimer interfac...
Surface forces and wettability

Abstract A fundamental understanding of the wettability of rock surfaces by crude oil and brine requires a good description of the interactions between the different materials in contact. The objective of this study was to measure those interactions and to establish their implications on the observed wetting behavior. A surface forces apparatus (SFA) was used to measure the force of interaction between two molecularly smooth mica surfaces confining thin films of crude oil or brine at different conditions of pH and salinity. Modifying one or both surfaces by adsorption of polar species from the crude oil, the interaction between mica and oil in a brine environment was also measured. The measured surface forces were correlated with the results of adsorption and wettability (dynamic contact angle) experiments under the same conditions of salinity and pH, and the relative importance of the different forces observed was established. It was further established that different species in the crude oil determine the wetting behavior, and a tentative generic “wettability map” is proposed.
Three-dimensional radiative transfer makes its mark

Clearly atmospheric three-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer has crossed the invisible but important threshold that makes it a subject of scientific interest in its own right, and this transition happened almost without anyone noticing. It took an AGU Spring Meeting special session this year on the topic to come to this realization. The outcome was a pleasant surprise for all involved. Three-dimensional radiative transfer is traditionally viewed as a rather specialized subtopic, generally subordinated to some well-defined application. Consider, for instance, this question: “What is the effect of unresolved horizontal variability in cloud structure on energy budgets in general circulation models (GCMs); that is, on fluxes at the grid-cell scale? “This is clearly an important issue and was addressed head-on by Bob Cahalan and Graeme Stephens. The answer currently is anticipated in the form of a bias with respect to predictions based on the standard horizontally uniform cloud models implemented in the GCM parameterizations; this way, fluxes can be readily corrected for 3-D effects.
Coping Strategies for Turbulent Times: A Survey of IT Executives

Most IT departments have experienced stagnant or shrinking budgets due to the recession. How are IT executives coping? This survey reveals commonly used strategies for reducing costs while still applying business intelligence to support sales growth.
Progressive Entropy based Contingency Grouping for deriving Decision Trees for Multiple Contingencies

Abstract This paper deals with decision tree based power system security assessment for multiple contingencies. In this paper, we propose a contingency grouping technique to produce good, but reduced number of decision trees for multiple contingencies. The grouping is based on the degree of overlap in class boundary regions or post-contingency performance measures of every contingency, as captured by the graphical index progressive entropy. The proposed method has been demonstrated on French EHV system for a voltage collapse problem in west France, Brittany region.
Age‐dependent differences in dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 function and their implications for methamphetamine neurotoxicity

The abuse of methamphetamine (METH) is a serious public health problem because METH can cause persistent dopaminergic deficits in the brains of both animal models and humans. Surprisingly, adolescent postnatal day (PND)40 rats are resistant to these METH-induced deficits, whereas young adult PND90 rats are not. Studies described in this report used rotating disk electrode voltammetry and western blotting techniques to investigate whether there are age-dependent differences in monoamine transporter function in PND38-42 and PND88-92 rats that could contribute to this phenomenon. The initial velocities of dopamine (DA) transport into, METH-induced DA efflux from, and DA transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity in striatal suspensions are greater in PND38-42 rats than in PND88-92 rats. DA transport velocities into vesicles that cofractionate with synaptosomal membranes after osmotic lysis are also greater in PND38-42 rats. However, there is no difference in vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) immunoreactivity between the two age groups in this fraction. This suggests that younger rats have a greater capacity to sequester cytoplasmic DA into membrane-associated vesicles due to kinetically upregulated VMAT-2 and also have increased levels of functionally active DAT. In the presence of METH, these may provide additional routes of cellular efflux for DA that is released from vesicles into the cytoplasm and thereby prevent cytoplasmic DA concentrations in younger rats from rising to neurotoxic levels after drug administration. These findings provide novel insight into the age-dependent physiological regulation of neuronal DA sequestration and may advance the treatment of disorders involving abnormal DA disposition including substance abuse and Parkinson's disease.
Six-year follow-up of patients with microinvasive, T1a, and T1b breast carcinoma.

Background: Management of patients with breast cancers ≤1 cm remains controversial. Reports of infrequent nodal metastases in tumors ≤5 mm has led to suggestions that axillary dissection should be selective, and that tumor characteristics should guide adjuvant therapy.
Competition within and between species in a patchy environment: Relations between microscopic and macroscopic models

Atkinson & Shorrocks (1981) have studied a model for two species competing for use of a patchy and ephemeral resource, and have shown that coexistence can be much easier if the eggs or larvae of each species are distributed in a clumped way (rather than independently randomly) among patches; these authors presented numerical studies in which the competition within and between species in any one patch was of “contest” form. In this paper we do two things. First, we extend Atkinson & Shorrocks' conclusion by giving analytic results both for “contest” and for the opposite extreme of “scramble” competition within patches; Atkinson & Shorrocks' results are found to be very robust, with the essential features being largely unaffected by the detailed nature of the competition process. Second, we show more generally that any mechanism producing intraspecific aggregation of eggs in a patchy environment is likely to promote coexistence of competing species. In particular, if each female produces a large number of eggs and thence larvae in a single, ephemeral patch (as many insects do), the model's requirement of intraspecific aggregation with no covariance between species will tend to be fulfilled. This basic theme—that patterns of aggregative behaviour within a patchy and ephemeral environment may facilitate competitive coexistence—resonates with a lot of broadly similar recent work on the dynamics of predator-prey and parasite-host systems.
Improvements in teleoperated Fitts task performance using sensor assisted variable velocity mapping

ABSTRACT Inadequacies in sensor and image processing technology have limited the capabilities of autonomous robotics in corn- plex environments. However, the tedium and fatigue commonly encountered in manual teleoperation has prompted research in the area of sensor and computer assisted teleoperation. A previously introduced method of sensor assisted teleoperation, consisting of automatic selection of variable velocity mapping parameters based on sensor accuracy, will be briefly reviewed. The application of variable velocity mapping to the execution of Fitts task is described, and the theoretically predicted increase in performance compared with the actual increases shown. The experimentalresults are used to support a method of choosing mapping parameters to provide the optimal assistance when there are known inaccuracies in the available sensor data according to the initially described concept. Keywords: teleoperation , telerobotics, sensor assistance, human-machine cooperation 1. INTRODUCTION
Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics in the DFT+U formalism: Structure and energetics of solvated ferrous and ferric ions

We implemented a rotationally-invariant Hubbard U extension to density-functional theory in the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics framework. with the goal of bringing the accuracy of the DFT + U approach to finite-temperature simulations, especially for liquids or solids containing transition-metal ions. First, we studied the effects on the Hubbard U on the static equilibrium structure of the hexaaqua ferrous and ferric ions, and the inner-sphere reorganization energy for the elect ron-tran sfer reaction between aqueous ferrous and ferric ions. It is found that the reorganization energy is increased, mostly as a result of the Fe-O distance elongation in the hexa-aqua ferrous ion. Second, we performed a first-principles molecular dynamics study of the solvation structure of the two aqueous ferrous and ferric ions. The Hubbard term is found to change the Fe-O radial distribution function for the ferrous ion, while having a negligible effect on the aqueous ferric ion. Moreover, the frequencies of vibrations between Fe and oxygen atoms in the first-solvation shell are shown to be unaffected by the Hubbard corrections for both ferrous and ferric ions. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A Quality Control Approach for Monitoring Inventory Stock Levels

In this paper we develop a new approach to monitor the accuracy of an inventory management system. A recorded stock level is considered accurate when the recorded level agrees with the actual stock level, otherwise there is an error. In practice, management relies on methods to measure or assure inventory accuracy not necessarily developed for this purpose. Our methodology is based on the average absolute relative difference as a simple analytical measure for inventory accuracy (AC N ). The approach captures the status of accuracy in an inventory and allows for greater understanding of what affects inaccuracy since the theoretical measure of accuracy is composed of several parameters representing the incidence and proportion of both overstock and understock. The implementation of the methodology is constrained because complete inspection of the inventory is very expensive in most situations, so we develop the sample analogue of the accuracy measure (AC n ) and discuss sampling strategies. The accuracy of the inventory system is monitored by incorporating AC n into a univariate control chart.
Do one-shot preventive interventions for PTSD work? A systematic research synthesis of psychological debriefings

Psychological debriefings (PDs) have proliferated throughout the trauma and mental health community under the auspice as a one-shot preventive intervention to mitigate acute stress reactions and prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The author presents the results of a systematic research synthesis (SRS) of the available literature on the many variants of PDs. Fifteen empirical studies were systematically analyzed to determine the empirical status of PDs, examine the contention that debriefings prevent PTSD, and investigate the context and with whom PDs demonstrate effectiveness. In toto, PDs lack empirical support. Furthermore, the studies examined had a number of methodological shortcomings, which accent the need for further, well-controlled research of the components of debriefings, experience and training of debriefing providers, and the appropriate context and population prescriptive of PD.
Restriction in IgM expression-II. The VH regions of murine anti-lactose antibodies.

Abstract A comparison of the anti-lactose IgM response among individual animals of five inbred strains of mice has been made with a view to possible germ-line restriction in IgM diversity. The V H regions of the antibodies were isolated and the individual preparations examined by isoelectrical focusing (IEF) in 7 M urea. The main findings were the complexity of the IEF patterns as well as their similarity among individuals of the same strain and their near-identity to the patterns for the V H regions derived from normal IgM. These observations parallel results found earlier with V H preparations of equine anti-lactose IgM. This homology of behavior between the two systems suggests a cautious generalization about IgM responses to the effect that limited longevity of the B cell clones and germ-line restriction of V H in IgM expression remain tenable notions.
13 C and 15 N fractionation of CH 4 /N 2 mixtures during photochemical aerosol formation: Relevance to Titan

The ratios of the stable isotopes that comprise each chemical species in Titan's atmosphere provide critical information towards understanding the processes taking place within its modern and ancient atmosphere. Several stable isotope pairs, including 12C/13C and 14N/15N, have been measured in situ or probed spectroscopically by Cassini-borne instruments, space telescopes, or through ground-based observations. Current attempts to model the observed isotope ratios incorporate fractionation resulting from atmospheric diffusion, hydrodynamic escape, and primary photochemical processes. However, the effect of a potentially critical pathway for isotopic fractionation - organic aerosol formation and subsequent deposition onto the surface of Titan - has not been considered due to insufficient data regarding fractionation during aerosol formation. To better understand the nature of this process, we have conducted a laboratory study to measure the isotopic fractionation associated with the formation of Titan aerosol analogs, commonly referred to as 'tholins', via far-UV irradiation of several methane (CH4) and dinitrogen (N2) mixtures. Analysis of the δ13C and δ15N isotopic signatures of the photochemical aerosol products using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) show that fractionation direction and magnitude are dependent on the initial bulk composition of the gas mixture. In general, the aerosols showed enrichment in 13C and 14N, and the observed fractionation trends can provide insight into the chemical mechanisms controlling photochemical aerosol formation.
Then and Now: Comparison of Baseline Breast Cancer Screening Rates at 2 Time Intervals

Background. Breast cancer is Asian American women’s most frequently occurring cancer. Methods. Asian American women completed breast cancer-related baseline surveys for 2 studies 5 years apart. Results. Statistically significant and rapid improvements in knowledge and screening practices were seen between the 948 participants in the first study (1995) and the 1540 participants in the second study. This increase paralleled the reported climb in early detection rates among Asian American women. Conclusions. The data document the achievement of a tipping point in breast cancer screening rates with culturally and linguistically focused education programs and increased access to screening among disadvantaged women.
Genetic engineering of redox donor sites : measurement of intracomplex electron transfer between ruthenium-65-cytochrome b5 and cytochrome c

The de novo design and synthesis of ruthenium-labeled cytochrome b5 that is optimized for the measurement of intracomplex electron transfer to cytochrome c are described. A single cysteine was substituted for Thr-65 of rat liver cytochrome b5 by recombinant DNA techniques [Stayton, P. S., Fisher, M. T., & Sligar, S. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13544-13548]. The single sulfhydryl group on T65C cytochrome b5 was then labeled with [4-(bromomethyl)-4'-methylbipyridine] (bisbipyridine)ruthenium2+ to form Ru-65-cyt b5. The ruthenium group at Cys-65 is only 12 A from the heme group of cytochrome b5 but is not located at the binding site for cytochrome c. Laser excitation of the complex between Ru-65-cyt b5 and cytochrome c results in electron transfer from the excited state Ru(II*) to the heme group of Ru-65-cyt b5 with a rate constant greater than 10(6) s-1. Subsequent electron transfer from the heme group of Ru-65-cyt b5 to the heme group of cytochrome c is biphasic, with a fast-phase rate constant of (4 +/- 1) x 10(5) s-1 and a slow-phase rate constant of (3 +/- 1) x 10(4) s-1. This suggests that the complex can assume two different conformations with different electron-transfer properties. The reaction becomes monophasic and the rate constant decreases as the ionic strength is increased, indicating dissociation of the complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Death, Mortuary Ritual, and Natufian Social Structure

Abstract Mortuary data are used to examine social structure and differentiation within the prehistoric Natufian cultural complex of Southwest Asia. New interpretations are presented regarding the nature and importance of changes in Natufian social structure through a rigorous analysis of burials from the three best documented sites. Intra-settlement descent group differentiation, perhaps along extended family or kin-group lines, is inferred for the early Natufian. We interpret this novel development to be a result of adopting new markers for social relations during a period of social change and stress when larger populations rapidly coalesced and resided together for longer periods each year. There is no evidence to indicate that any of these kin-groups had significantly greater wealth or status. Mortuary behavior changed significantly during the late Natufian, in part reflecting greater emphasis on the burial of individuals and increased settlement mobility. We argue that there is no strong mortuary evidence for hereditary social inequality during the Natufian, and that mortuary ritual was multidimensional and had considerable embedded meaning that often lacks direct ethnographic parallels and simple categorization into evolutionary stages.
Efficiency improvement of fluorescent OLEDs by tuning the working function of PEDOT:PSS using UV–ozone exposure

Abstract The efficiency improvement of fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is achieved by tuning the work function of a hole-injection layer (HIL) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). This tuning is achieved by treating PEDOT:PSS with ultraviolet light (UV)–ozone plasma exposure. In order to demonstrate the effect of the UV–ozone treatment, two simple green-emitting device OLED architectures were used; Device I utilized tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminum (Alq 3 ) as an emitter while Device II employed Alq 3 doped with 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-10-(2-benzothiazolyl)quinolizino[9,9a,1gh]-coumarin (C545T) emissive layer. The study showed that the OLEDs efficiency depends on the type of device configuration and the duration of the UV–ozone exposure. Here, a short time exposure of UV–ozone treatment of 4 min and 8 min was found optimal for the best device characteristics. The maximum power efficiency in Device I increased from 1.05 lm/W (untreated) to 2.70 lm/W, while Device II, doped with emitter increased from 4.10 lm/W to 8.24 lm/W. Consequently, Device I and Device II obtained the 100% increase in the power efficiency. The improvements in device efficiency is attributed to the efficient injection and balance in charge carriers resulting from the tuned work function of the PEDOT:PSS.
A Practical Approach to Medication Reconciliation by Pharmacists in a Community Hospital Emergency Department

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of medication reconciliation by an emergency department (ED) pharmacist.Summary: The ED pharmacist has many opportunities to interact with patients. Medication reconciliation by a pharmacist helps ensure a complete and accurate list of medications is obtained and documented. The process can be broken down into 3 categories—database, validation, and documentation. The database and validation steps involve gathering and confirming information related to medications patients are taking. These are the most challenging and time-consuming steps. The database step involves gathering current and previous information about the patient and using clinical skills to ensure a patient's medical problems are adequately treated. Many times patients do not know their medications well enough to provide the necessary information. To overcome this barrier, calls to pharmacies, physician offices, and other health care facilities may be necessary. At times, the use ...
Short rotation woody biomass plantations: Technical requirements and costs for establishment

Abstract The establishment of short rotation, intensive culture, (SRIC) woody biomass plantations using hybrid poplar was cost analyzed on a financial and energy input basis. Establishment operations were at a commercial scale and met the power requirements of each task in a cost-efficient manner. Total establishment costs amounted to $1249 ha−1 and, on an energy cost basis, 16205 MJ ha−1. The planting operation was the largest expense, involving 73% of the total financial and energy costs in establishment. The second largest expense was herbicide spraying, costing approximately 22% on a financial and energy basis. In turn, establishment represented 36% of the total production costs in the 4-year rotation of non-fertilized plantations.
The use of linear sums in exhaustive testing

The increasing role of exhaustive testing techniques in VLSI has prompted a number of investigations into methods for achieving locally exhaustive testing of the components of a large digital circuit using a comparatively small number of test signals. This paper examines the possibility of introducing linear sums of the test signals into this testing process. It is shown that with the addition of a relatively small amount of additional circuitry, significant reductions in the number of required test signals (and tests) can often be achieved. In particular, it is shown that for any specific combinational circuit the number of required test signals can be made to be independent of the number of inputs and to depend only logarithmically on the number of outputs. The role of these linear sums in the generation of universal test sets is also discussed.