cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate formulas and physical interpretations for horizontal acoustic modes in a shelf-slope front model

The structure and behavior of horizontal acoustic modes for a three-dimensional idealized model of a shelf-slope front are examined analytically. The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys (WKBJ) method is used to obtain convenient simple expressions and to provide physical insight into the structure and behavior of horizontal modes as trapped, leaky, or transition types. Validity regions for WKBJ expressions in terms of slope and frontal parameters are found, and outside the regions the asymptotic formulas for large order and large argument Hankel functions are used. These combined approximations have very good accuracy as shown by comparisons with numerical solutions for modal shapes and horizontal wavenumbers.
Toward an implicit measure of emotions: ratings of abstract images reveal distinct emotional states

Although implicit tests of positive and negative affect exist, implicit measures of distinct emotional states are scarce. Three experiments examined whether a novel implicit emotion-assessment task, the rating of emotion expressed in abstract images, would reveal distinct emotional states. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to a sadness-inducing story inferred more sadness, and less happiness, in abstract images. In Experiment 2, an anger-provoking interaction increased anger ratings. In Experiment 3, compared to neutral images, spider images increased fear ratings in spider-fearful participants but not in controls. In each experiment, the implicit task indicated elevated levels of the target emotion and did not indicate elevated levels of non-target negative emotions; the task thus differentiated among emotional states of the same valence. Correlations also supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the implicit task. Supporting the possibility that heuristic processes underlie the ratings, group differences were stronger among those who responded relatively quickly.
Millimeter-wave high gain crossed-field amplifier

A millimeter-wave tube using a dual-slot anode circuit was tested under two different average output levels at a frequency of 34 GHz. The tube was operated with an output of 15.5 kW peak power, 140 W average power with a gain of 10 dB, and at 4 kW peak. 200 W average power at a gain of 8 dB. The enhance the RF gain levels of the device and to provide RF isolation, an RF circuit, introduced into the cathode, is contemplated. Basically, the RF drive power is applied directly to the cathode surface region where it is most effective in electron spoke formation. With the RF input fed to a delay line circuit on the cathode, RF gain of 28 dB has been achieved at S-band with no deterioration in power output or DC-to-RF conversion efficiency. >
Postoperative Intensive Care Unit Management After Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Management of the patient with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) is arguably the most challenging emergency in vascular surgery and requires rapid and complex decision-making starting from the time of arrival and continuing throughout the ICU stay. Immediate initiation of care based on modern and evidence-based critical care principles is often the deciding factor between a live postoperative patient and a death in the ER or OR. Intensive care unit (ICU) management after surgical repair of the rAAA is a complex undertaking and requires close coordination and cooperation between multiple providers and services, but most importantly the intensivist and the vascular surgeon. The initial ICU period is usually focused on continuing the resuscitation started in the OR and optimizing the patient’s physiology based on the degree of insult, the current status, and function of critical organ systems, with consideration of the multiple preexisting comorbid conditions that typically are present in this patient population. This chapter focuses on the optimal ICU resuscitation and stabilization strategies, timely recognition and treatment of the most common complications, and a system-based strategy for delivery of high-quality, evidence-based, and experience-proven ICU care. Finally, this should all occur within an overarching framework of salvaging not just a survivor but a functional patient who can return to a meaningful level of activity, cognition, and quality of life.
Capitalizing on English Language Learnersâ€™ Funds of Knowledge to Increase Achievement in Math and Science: An Equity Pedagogy

The population in the United States has increased in diversity in the last few decades. The result of this increase has been the fact that there were about 5 million English language learners (ELLs) in the public schools in 2002, which was an estimated 10% of the total school enrollment. As a result, educators must address the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students (CLD) and at the same time comply with the accountability system in place at this time. To ad- dress the needs, educators can provide equity pedagogy which capitalizes on their studentsâ€™ cultural funds of knowledge that they bring to the classroom to increase achievement of math and science. Thus, this funds of knowledge approach can be a solution to closing the achievement gap between ELLs and non-ELLs. Accordingly, studies cited on this paper have shown that incorporating studentsâ€™ funds of knowledge can be beneficial in attaining student success. Using this approach, administrators and teachers can then be responsible for bringing about the needed change that will assist culturally and linguistically diverse students in being equipped with the necessary mathematical and scientific content knowledge.
Attitudes and perceptions influence recreational angler support for shark conservation and fisheries sustainability

Abstract Despite the perilous status of many shark populations, rallying support for their conservation has been challenging, due in part to both long held negative perceptions and desire for shark fisheries. Recreational anglers are often advocates of conservation and can act as valuable partners with resource managers in developing fisheries management and conservation strategies. However, understanding their attitudes and perceptions, particularly towards resource status and management, is essential to developing successful management strategies and predicting outcomes. As a case study for assessing the complex challenges of sustainable shark fisheries, Florida recreational anglers were surveyed to understand how attitudes and perceptions influenced their willingness to donate for shark 1) conservation and protection or 2) fisheries sustainability. Overall, recreational angler willingness to donate was 25.5%, but attitudes and perceptions helped explain dramatic divides. For instance, willingness to donate was only 6% among the subset of anglers that perceived a growing large coastal shark population as a threat to recreational fishing opportunities. Highest support for shark conservation was shown by anglers who value seeing sharks in the wild (41.4%), and even more so among individuals who occasionally target sharks while fishing recreationally (65.8%). Pervasive among anglers unwilling to donate was a perception that shark populations were increasing, and thus not in need of further protection. These findings illustrate attitudes and perceptions that challenge shark conservation and fisheries management, as well as the critical importance of engaging anglers when developing strategies that rely on the recreational angling community for support.
Visualizing new political ecologies: A critical data studies analysis of the World Bank’s renewable energy resource mapping initiative

Abstract In the context of climate change and concerns about fossil fuels, territories around the world are being remapped for their renewable energy generation potential. The World Bank and other institutions dominated by the global North are urging countries, especially in the global South, to undertake such mapping. The resulting maps are shown to potential investors in efforts to accelerate and direct the rapidly growing flow of capital into the renewable energy sector. These representations of territory and the new patterns of investment and land use they facilitate and foreshadow engage core concerns of political ecology: who claims, uses, and controls rural lands and resources; how are competing claims contested and legitimated; and who benefits or suffers as new visions of development, accumulation, and ‘sustainability’ are inscribed upon the land and new aspects of ‘nature’ are drawn into circuits of capital. We make two arguments in this paper. First, the dramatic expansion of renewable energy production from abiotic sources is an important but under-researched component of the global land rush, one that differs in key analytical ways from the agricultural and extractive sectors examined by most scholarship in that domain. Second, since powerful new visualizations are central to this expansion, there is an urgent need for closer engagement between political ecology and critical data studies to analyze their production, deployment, and effects. We support these arguments through analysis of examples drawn from the work of the Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative of the World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.
The effects of spectral tuning of evening ambient light on melatonin suppression, alertness and sleep

We compared the effects of bedroom-intensity light from a standard fluorescent and a blue- (i.e., short-wavelength) depleted LED source on melatonin suppression, alertness, and sleep. Sixteen healthy participants (8 females) completed a 4-day inpatient study. Participants were exposed to blue-depleted circadian-sensitive (C-LED) light and a standard fluorescent light (FL, 4100K) of equal illuminance (50lx) for 8h prior to a fixed bedtime on two separate days in a within-subject, randomized, cross-over design. Each light exposure day was preceded by a dim light (<3lx) control at the same time 24h earlier. Compared to the FL condition, control-adjusted melatonin suppression was significantly reduced. Although subjective sleepiness was not different between the two light conditions, auditory reaction times were significantly slower under C-LED conditions compared to FL 30min prior to bedtime. EEG-based correlates of alertness corroborated the reduced alertness under C-LED conditions as shown by significantly increased EEG spectral power in the delta-theta (0.5-8.0Hz) bands under C-LED as compared to FL exposure. There was no significant difference in total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE%), and slow-wave activity (SWA) between the two conditions. Unlike melatonin suppression and alertness, a significant order effect was observed on all three sleep variables, however. Individuals who received C-LED first and then FL had increased TST, SE% and SWA averaged across both nights compared to individuals who received FL first and then C-LED. These data show that the spectral characteristics of light can be fine-tuned to attenuate non-visual responses to light in humans.
Facial Soft Tissue Augmentation in Males: An Anatomical and Practical Approach.

Background Soft tissue augmentation is increasingly being performed to treat male facial aging. Objective To review anatomical consideration specific for the male face and define an approach to male soft tissue augmentation that creates harmonious and natural results. Conclusion Addressing aesthetic concerns in the upper face, midface, and lower face should be performed in concert with a combinatorial and pan facial approach. Correct filler placement at different areas of concern is important to achieve desired and natural results. Dermal and subcutaneous fillers can be used successfully in the male patient to enhance facial features, correct volume loss, and improve features of aging.
An unusual ECG deflection: Fact or artifact?

Abstract Peculiar electrocardiographic findings are not unusual and upon careful review can often be clarified. We present a case of an 85 year-old woman with no previous cardiac history, incidentally discovered high grade atrioventricular block, and a puzzling electrocardiographic complex of unclear etiology which defies reasonable physiological explanations. The finding resembled a tiny QRS in a perfectly regular R-R interval following only non-conducted P-waves. The patient declined further work-up, so a definite cause could not be determined, but based on history, complex morphology, and inability to reproduce or explain the findings, we were compelled to accept the finding as an artifact.
Energy and fuel utilization of SiC-based 400V DC distribution network and 208V AC distribution network with distributed resources installation

Motivated by recent developments of wide-bandgap power semiconductor devices, renewable energy resources and smart grid, a 400V DC distribution network has a potential to replace the traditional 208V AC distribution network, in order to provide improved energy efficiency and advanced controllability, protection, sustainability and reliability in electric power system. In this paper, we analyzes the influences from a) novel wide-bandgap power converters; and b) distributed resources, e.g. solar, fuel cell, battery, etc., on the energy/fuel utilization (EFU) of 400Vdc distribution network and 208Vac distribution network. The efficiency gain and EFU are discussed and demonstrated by the system study of a 25.5kW distribution network. The study reveals that there is no side-effect but a little gain in EFU by using 400Vdc distribution network over 208Vac distribution network, even there is no distributed energy resource available. And the efficiency gain increases along with the amount of distributed resources installation.
Interpretation of Calorimetric Data from Cooperative Systems

Recent developments initiated by a suggestion of Benzinger show that enthalpy and entropy quantities each contain two parts, one which contributes to the free energy and one which does not but which reflects enthalpy and entropy fluctuations behavior. In water and most biological systems, the fluctuations parts may dominate the work-doing (motive) parts in which case free energy is not simply related to total enthalpy and entropy. There is increasing evidence the enthalpy fluctuations have been exploited by nature in the evolution of many biological functions and the abnormal behavior of cold water is entirely due to such fluctuations. As an example, the hydrophobic effect is reanalyzed to show that the poor solubility of hydrophobic molecules in water is due to unfavorable enthalpy and not to unfavorable entropy. The classical formulations of the thermodynamics are still correct for free energy calculations but serious discrepancies can arise in attempts to formulate test hypotheses of mechanism using enthalpy, entropy and volume or pressure information. Biological membranes and proteins are similar but more complicated than water solutions. A brief consideration of some consequences of this similarity is given as a basis for subsequent discussion of the interaction of small molecules with proteins.
Application of fast reaction techniques to kinetic measurements of receptor function on cell surfaces.

Receptor proteins in nerve and muscle cells have attracted much attention recently because of their central role in the transmission of signals between nerve and muscle cells. Kinetic investigations of their function have been hampered because endogenous compounds on binding to the protein not only cause it to form an inorganic ion conducting transmembrane channel, but also induce rapid first-order state transitions from the active protein form to an inactive form with altered abilities to bind ligands. Two new approaches allow kinetic measurements of receptor function to be made on cell surfaces with a time resolution of μs to ms.
Felty’s Syndrome

Felty’s syndrome (FS) is a rare rheumatic disorder characterized by inflammatory arthritis, neutropenia, and splenomegaly. Pathogenesis is still not completely understood, but genetics are believed to play a role with HLA-DRB1*04 homozygosity highly associated in patient’s presenting with FS. Patients with FS typically have high titer rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP autoantibody. T cell chronic large granular lymphocytic leukemia should be considered in the evaluation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis presenting with hematologic abnormalities. Therapy with methotrexate has been considered gold standard, but recent clinical research is examining the role for rituximab (Rituxan).
Abstract # 2061 Brief stress management interventions after surgery improve psychological adaptation and immune cell signaling in breast cancer patients

Introduction Breast cancer (BCa) patients revealing poorer psychological adaptation after surgery show greater inflammation and have poorer long-term outcomes. Our 10-wk group cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention showed concomitant 12-month improvements in adaptation and downregulated leukocyte pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic and upregulated glucocorticoid (GC) regulatory and anti-viral gene expression vs psycho-education controls. Methods In a dismantling trial (N = 183) we compared 5-wk post-surgical interventions featuring one CBSM component—Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT] or Relaxation Training [RT]—vs a 5-wk Health Education (HE) control for effects on adaptation and inflammatory signaling over 12 months of BCa treatment. Since bioinformatics analysis of the 10-wk CBSM trial inferred reduced NF κ B signaling underlying CBSM effects on downstream leukocyte gene expression, we extracted nuclear protein from PBMCs to determine NF κ B DNA binding by electromobility shift assay. Results Women assigned to CBT or RT showed improved adaptation (affect and social disruption) and decreased NF κ B binding over 12-months vs HE (p’s κ B-DNA binding. RT or CBT also showed reductions (vs HE) in ligands (s100A8/A9) for the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE), which is implicated in NF κ B activation and MAPK-mediated pro-metastatic processes (p Conclusion Providing post-surgical BCa patients with brief stress management can improve adaptation and immune cell signaling during primary treatment, and may improve long-term health outcomes.
Blogging during a Crisis: Threat and Efficacy in Online Communication during a Hurricane

Analyses of weather blogs reveal topics discussed by bloggers before Hurricane Ike. Messages included all four components (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy) of the Extended Parallel Process Model only 13% of the time. As time approached hurricane landfall, findings suggest bloggers fail to motivate protective behavior, for which threat and efficacy appeals must be present. The threat/efficacy disproportion could have profound effects when one considers the timing of the messages. Overall, perceived severity appeared most frequently in posts, and response efficacy was present more in readers’ comments.
Oocyte Cryopreservation in the Setting of Cervical Cancer

A 31-year-old, G1P0010, otherwise healthy single female with no pertinent past medical or surgical history presented to her gynecologist complaining of postcoital and intermenstrual bleeding. She reported that she had recently been treated for a Chlamydia infection and had a normal pap smear the previous year.
Chronicity of Stroke Does Not Affect Outcomes of Somatosensory Stimulation Paired With Task-Oriented Motor Training: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Objective To determine whether chronicity influences outcomes of somatosensory stimulation paired with task-oriented motor training for participants with severe-to-moderate upper extremity hemiparesis. Design Spearman correlations were used to retrospectively analyze outcomes of a randomized trial. Setting University research laboratory at a rehabilitation hospital. Participants Adults, ranging between 3 and 12 months poststroke (N=55). Interventions About 18 sessions pairing either 2 hours of active (n=33) or sham (n=22) somatosensory stimulation with 4 hours of intensive task-oriented motor training. Main Outcome Measures The Wolf Motor Function Test (primary), Action Research Arm Test, Stroke Impact Scale, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment were collected as outcome measures. Analyses evaluated whether within-group chronicity correlated with pre-post changes on primary and secondary outcome measures of motor performance. Results Both groups exhibited improvements on all outcome measures. No significant correlations between chronicity poststroke and the amount of motor recovery were found. Conclusion Somatosensory stimulation improved motor recovery compared with sham treatment in cases of severe-to-moderate hemiparesis between 3 and 12 months poststroke; and the extent of recovery did not correlate with baseline levels of stroke chronicity. Future studies should investigate a wider period of inclusion, patterns of corticospinal reorganization, differences between cortical and subcortical strokes, and include long-term follow-up periods.
Language Learning Impairments in Children

Abstract This article summarizes the deficit profile for those children who are unable to master spoken and written language comprehension and production despite having normal nonverbal intelligence, hearing acuity, and speech motor skills, and no overt physical disability, recognized syndrome, or other mitigating medical factors known to cause language disorders in children. Approximately 7% of school-aged children have primary language impairment (PLI). The ratio of males to females with PLI is 1.1:1. Both genetic and environmental factors are important etiological factors. Nonlinguistic factors such as implicit learning, memory, attention, and fluid intelligence play a key role in both the acquisition and use of phonological, lexical, morphological, and syntactic aspects of language for these children. Widely varying brain structures and functions, as measured by MRI, fMRI, fNIRS, SPECT, event-related potential (ERP), and MEG, suggest atypical brain anatomy and patterns of functional asymmetry of language cortex and cortical dysplasia in these children and their family members. Auditory ERPs also indicate slower processing at higher cognitive levels and abnormalities in later stages of auditory processing in PLI. Research to date has focused on determining whether PLI is a primary deficit in an independent grammar module, or secondary to impairments in general-purpose cognitive mechanisms. New evidence suggests that general learning mechanisms involved in implicit learning are impaired in children with PLI.
Trophic Factors and GM1 Ganglioside in the Basal Ganglia

Abstract We present evidence that nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergoing degeneration as a result of exposure to the neurotoxin MPP+ can be aided by treatment with GM1 ganglioside or epidermal growth factor (EGF). After administration of the above agents, there is correction of biochemical, pharmacological and behavioral parameters. The response to GM1 in adult animals in vivo appears to occur only if there is a lesion, whereas the response to EGF is not lesion-dependent, EGF influences normal as well as injured neurons.
Transfusional iron overload and intravenous iron infusions modify the mouse gut microbiota similarly to dietary iron

Iron is essential for both microorganisms and their hosts. Although effects of dietary iron on gut microbiota have been described, the effect of systemic iron administration has yet to be explored. Here, we show that dietary iron, intravenous iron administration, and chronic transfusion in mice increase the availability of iron in the gut. These iron interventions have consistent and reproducible effects on the murine gut microbiota; specifically, relative abundance of the Parabacteroides and Lactobacillus genera negatively correlate with increased iron stores, whereas members of the Clostridia class positively correlate with iron stores regardless of the route of iron administration. Iron levels also affected microbial metabolites, in general, and indoles, in particular, circulating in host plasma and in stool pellets. Taken together, these results suggest that by shifting the balance of the microbiota, clinical interventions that affect iron status have the potential to alter biologically relevant microbial metabolites in the host.
Identification and Analysis of Bacterial Contamination of Ultrasound Transducers and Multiuse Ultrasound Transmission Gel Bottle Tips Before and After the Aseptic Cleansing Technique

OBJECTIVES To provide a descriptive analysis for species identification of culture and Gram stain results from ultrasound transducers and multiuse ultrasound transmission gel bottle tips in active clinical use and to compare bacterial cultures from ultrasound transducers before and after aseptic cleansing. METHODS A prospective blinded descriptive analytic study of 18 distinct clinical care sites within a single primary clinical institution was conducted. Before and after a disinfectant towel cleanse, transducers were pressed against tryptic soy agar contact plates. Plates were deidentified and submitted for blind incubation, Gram staining, and species identification with microsequencing. Results were classified as clinically relevant (CR) or non-clinically relevant. In total, 188 samples were analyzed: 80 from ultrasound transducers before and cleansing, 13 from multiuse gel bottle tips before and after cleansing, and 2 precleansing samples from the data collector's pen and badge. RESULTS Fifty-nine precleansing samples (73.8%) grew cultures with CR bacteria, and 21 samples (26.3%) did not. Staphylococcus simulans represented 31.0% of all positive culture samples. Thirteen postcleansing samples (16.3%) grew cultures with CR bacteria, equating to a 78.0% reduction of CR bacterial growth (likelihood ratio, 57.10; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound transducers have a notable CR bacterial burden and may serve as potential infective vectors. Aseptic cleansing effectively eliminates most of the bacterial load from ultrasound transducers, but some bacteria persist, presenting a risk of nosocomial infection with ultrasound-guided interventions. These findings support American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2018 guidelines intended to ensure an appropriate level of transducer preparation based on the examination type while emphasizing rational infection control measures to minimize the risk of potential patient harm.
Update on Lung Cancer Screening

Over the past 10 years, there has been substantial progress in the study and implementation of lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). The National Lung Screening Trial, the recently reported NELSON (NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek) trial, and other European trials provide strong evidence for the efficacy of LDCT to reduce lung cancer mortality. This has resulted in the United State's Preventative Task Force and numerous professional medical societies adopting lung cancer screening recommendations. Despite the general acceptance of the positive effect of screening, low adoption and implementation rates remain nationally. In this article, the authors discuss the evolution and current state of the evidence for LDCT screening for lung cancer. The authors will also review the associated risks, cost, and challenges of implementation of an LDCT screening program.
Looking beyond hypogonadism: association between low testosterone and metabolic syndrome in men 20–59 years

Rates of low testosterone and metabolic syndrome are increasing among adult men in the United States. Both are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. This study aims to assess the association between low testosterone and metabolic syndrome with a population-based contemporary cohort of men aged 20–59 years. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used between the years of 2013 and 2016. Men aged 20–59 years with testosterone levels were included. Metabolic syndrome was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Protocol (ATP) III. 24.4% of the cohort had low testosterone and 26.4% had metabolic syndrome. Univariate analysis revealed that men with low testosterone had a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome criteria. Multivariable logistic regression revealed a significant association between low testosterone and a large waistline (Odds ratio (OR) 4.32), as well as low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.67) among all men. Age-stratification revealed that men 20–39 years with a large waistline had an OR 6.43 for low testosterone. Nearly one quarter of men aged 20–59 years have low testosterone and metabolic syndrome. A large waistline increases the risk of low testosterone six-fold among young men.
Rapid emergence of virus-host mutualism under stress.

The article by Gonzalez et al. (1) in PNAS illuminates the flexibility of the virus–host relationships by demonstrating a rapid shift to mutualism under stress in an RNA plant virus model. A common public perception of a virus, particularly relevant in the time of the COVID-19, is that of a pathogenic, often deadly parasite. The obligate intracellular parasitism of viruses rightly made it into the textbook virus definitions. However, such a human health-centric perspective on the vast and extremely diverse world of viruses turns out to be short-sighted due to the dramatic acceleration in understanding the broader picture of virus–host interactions over the past decade or so. A major driver of this process is inexpensive, rapid sequencing technologies that spawned metaviromics—discovery of unsuspected multitudes of viruses in organisms’ holobionts and various environments. In particular, the number of known RNA viruses identified in protists, animals, or complex aquatic systems has increased severalfold (2⇓–4). The greatly expanded knowledge of RNA virus diversity enabled the development of a comprehensive evolution-based taxonomy system that culminated in the unification of RNA viruses into the kingdom Orthornavirae (5, 6). The big wave of new virus discovery in plants brought at least two remarkable outcomes. First, the evolutionary connections between the plant virome and the vast virome of invertebrates that apparently gave rise to most of the plant RNA virus lineages via horizontal virus transfer have transpired (7). A second outcome was a major reassessment of virus–plant relationships. It was found that the virome of wild plants is dominated by cryptic, persistent viruses that do not cause any apparent disease (8, 9). Another major beneficiary of the facile nucleotide sequencing is the field of experimental RNA virus evolution. Due to the small size of RNA virus genomes and the remarkably … [↵][1]1Email: doljav{at}oregonstate.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Explaining neural network predictions of material strength

We recently developed a deep learning method that can determine the critical peak stress of a material by looking at scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the material’s crystals. However, it has been somewhat unclear what kind of image features the network is keying off of when it makes its prediction. It is common in computer vision to employ an explainable AI saliency map to tell one what parts of an image are important to the network’s decision. One can usually deduce the important features by looking at these salient locations. However, SEM images of crystals are more abstract to the human observer than natural image photographs. As a result, it is not easy to tell what features are important at the locations which are most salient. To solve this, we developed a method that helps us map features from important locations in SEM images to non-abstract textures that are easier to interpret.
Chinese L2 Literacy Development: Cognitive Characteristics, Learning Strategies, and Pedagogical Interventions

The field of Chinese L2 education has expanded rapidly in the past two decades. It has become a central research agenda for Chinese L2 scholars to seek answers to the question of how western learners learn to read logographic writing that is drastically different from their native languages in orthography. This paper approaches this question by focusing on the core issue of literacy development: character learning. The discussion covers the aspects of the cognitive characteristics of learners' development of their metalinguistic awareness in Chinese, the strategies they employed in the process of learning to read and write Chinese characters, and the optimum pedagogical practices to facilitate character learning.
The Influence of Sweep on the Span Wise Lift Distribution of Wings

N METHODS for computing the spanwise lift distribution of a monoplane wing with arbitrary chord distribution have been worked out. However, the lift distribution furnished by these methods agrees well with experimental results only if the line containing the centers of pressure of the wing sections (approximately the quarter chord line) is straight and at a right angle to the direction of flight. Sweep back of the wing increases the load at the wing tips. This effect has an unfavorable influence on the stalling characteristic of the wing unless it is compensated for by giving the wing a suitable twist. The problems connected with the spanwise lift distribution of a swept-back wing are of twofold nature: Either the shape of a wing is given, and the lift distribution has to be found, or it may be asked what twist has to be given to a swept-back wing in order to get a certain lift distribution. The first problem is dealt with in paper's by Crean and by Weinig. The present paper is devoted to the second problem, which may be formulated more precisely as follows: A straight wing with a certain lift distribution may be given sweep back by sliding each section back; then find the angle of attack at which the swept-back wing sections have to be placed in order to preserve the original lift distribution. For this new angle of attack a formula is found here, which expresses the angle in terms of the given lift distribution. In deriving this formula the present paper follows closely the procedure of Crean; but whereas Crean's paper restricts itself to small angles of sweep back, no such restriction has been made here. Weinig likewise assumes small sweep back and, furthermore, considers only wings with rectangular lift distribution. The coordinate system is taken in the usual way: x-axis in the direction of flight, ^-axis to starboard,
Reply to Donald Kohn

During much of my professional life, academics have engaged in discussions with Federal Reserve officials and spokesmen about policies, policy procedures, and implementation. When Federal Reserve spokesmen have responded to some of the comments, proposals, criticisms, and analysis of past policies, their responses have too often been:“We know better. We have considered something of that kind, and it doesn’t work. Trust us; we know what we are doing.”
The Journal of Real Estate Research: A Ten-Year Review

This paper provides a catalogue of the papers published in The Journal of Real Estate Research during its first ten years of operation, 1986-96. Articles are indexed by volume and number of The Journal, author, title, and subject.
Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries yielding enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists and antagonists, and other biologically active agents: 1992 through 1997

This review is a historical accounting of chemical libraries from which biologically active agents have been obtained. The comprehensive tabulation includes citations as early as 1992, when the first descriptions of biologically active libraries were disclosed, and continues through 1997. Four tables are provided listing libraries screened against (1) proteolytic enzymes, (2) non-proteolytic enzymes, (3) G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and (4) other targets not classified in the first three tables (e.g., non-GPCRs, integrins, antiinfectives). A name, generic structure, and size is provided for each library citation, accompanied by the molecular screen and the structure and potency of the most active library member. In total, 86 libraries are presented with 60% of the contributions reported from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Approximately 70% of the libraries have used α-amino acid synthons in their construction and 85% of the libraries include one or more amide bonds.
Chapter 2 – Expansion of Fishery Problems

The chapter covers the background of how people lived around rivers in the early times and explains how early man discovered several fishing methods locally along with traditional fishing preservation methods. The chapter also reviews the traditional discoveries that have manifested their advantages on the growth of modern technology and how traditional fishing methods were wasteful as compared to the modern fishing methods. It further documents the position on how the world economies were able to bring many positive changes to the knowledge of the sea after World War II. People's response to the need for food with the advent of new vessels is one of the touchy topics of discussion in this chapter. It portrays how the results of new technological developments have become apparent in the present world. In contrast, the need for international regulatory cooperation on the management of fishing is a key point of discussion. The chapter goes on to examine the challenges faced by fishery scientists and some of the most important laws that give governments increased responsibility for all aspects of the environment.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics

The rational use of drugs and the design of effective dosage regimens are facilitated by the appreciation of the central paradigm of clinical pharmacology that there is a defined relationship between the administered dose of a drug, the resulting drug concentrations in various body fluids and tissues, and the intensity of pharmacologic effects caused by these concentrations (Meibohm and Derendorf 1997). This dose-exposure-response relationship and thus the dose of a drug required to achieve a certain effect are determined by the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties (Fig. 5.1).
Bis(β‐trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl)imide

[548462-13-1] C10H27NO4S2Si2 (MW 345.64) InChI = 1S/C10H27NO4S2Si2/c1-18(2,3)9-7-16(12,13)11-17(14,15)8-10-19(4,5)6/h11H,7-10H2,1-6H3 InChIKey = HXORNOSAFNQXMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a useful reagent for the preparation of protected amines) Physical Data: mp 144–145 °C. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: off-white solid; not commercially available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable to air and atmospheric moisture. Toxicological properties unknown; assume to be toxic.
Transcriptional regulatory networks and the yeast cell cycle

A large amount of microarray gene expression data relevant to the yeast cell cycle has been collected, and several hundred genes have been placed into a model transcriptional control network. Genome-wide studies of the location of cell cycle transcription factors, and a variety of computational approaches, have allowed refinement of the model, and at the same time show how other genome-wide data sets may be organised into model networks.
The Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein C Protein Tetramer Binds U1, U2, and U6 snRNAs through Its High Affinity RNA Binding Domain (the bZIP-like Motif)

Abstract Based on UV cross-linking experiments, it has been reported that the C protein tetramer of 40 S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes specifically interacts with stem-loop I of U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) (Temsamani, J., and Pederson, T. (1996)J. Biol. Chem. 271, 24922–24926), that C protein disrupts U4:U6 snRNA complexes (Forne, T., Rossi, F., Labourier, E., Antoine, E., Cathala, G., Brunel, C., and Tazi, J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16476–16481), that U6 snRNA may modulate C protein phosphorylation (Mayrand, S. H., Fung, P. A., and Pederson, T. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 1241–1246), and that hyperphosphorylated C protein lacks pre-mRNA binding activity. These findings suggest that snRNA-C protein interactions may function to recruit snRNA to, or displace C protein from, splice junctions. In this study, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium RNA binding assays reveal that purified native C protein binds U1, U2, and U6 snRNA with significant affinity (∼7.5–50 nm) although nonspecifically. Competition binding assays reveal that U2 snRNA (the highest affinity snRNA substrate) is ineffective in C protein displacement from branch-point/splice junctions or as a competitor of C protein’s self-cooperative RNA binding mode. Additionally, C protein binds snRNA through its high affinity bZLM and mutations in the RNA recognition motif at suggested RNA binding sites primarily affect protein oligomerization.
Postoperative catheterization, urinary retention, and permanent voiding dysfunction after polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling placement

Objective To determine the incidence of permanent voiding dysfunction after polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling placement, and to assess the effect of voiding mechanism and uroflowmetry on the duration of postoperative catheterization. Methods Between January 1986 and April 1991, 108 patients underwent suburethral sling procedures to treat genuine stress incontinence. Medical records were reviewed to collect urodynamic and catheterization data. One year or longer after surgery, 98 women completed a telephone interview evaluating incontinence, self-catheterization, and voiding symptoms. Results The mean duration of postoperative catheterization was 10.7 weeks. There was no significant relationship between preoperative uroflow indices and the duration of catheterization. The presence of a preoperative detrusor contraction was associated with a shorter mean duration of postoperative catheterization (6.1 versus 14.8 weeks, P = .07) and a lower risk of sling removal for retention (7 versus 33%, P = .04). Eight patients continued self-catheterization. Fourteen patients reported other micturition problems: three used the Crede maneuver or double voided to facilitate emptying and 11 were unable to urinate when seated upright. There was no correlation between the duration of catheterization and ongoing voiding dysfunction. Among nine women who underwent further surgery to treat postoperative urinary retention, three continue to catheterize, one performs Crede, and one urinates standing. Conclusion Polytetrafluoroethylene suburethral sling placement commonly produces permanent voiding difficulty. Patients who void without a detrusor contraction are at increased risk for prolonged postoperative catheterization. Sling removal does not ensure resolution of urinary retention and may be no better than leaving the sling in place.
Bulky lymphadenopathy with poor clinical outcome is associated with ATM downregulation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients irrespective of 11q23 deletion

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common B-cell leukemia among older populations in Western countries. The clinical course of B-CLL is heterogeneous: in some patients the disease course is indolent, in others it is aggressive. The B-CLL subgroups with chromosome 11q23 deletion have been associated with aggressive disease course involving ATM deletion, extensive bulky lymphadenopathy (BLA), and inferior clinical outcome. Using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we found that ATM was consistently underexpressed in B-CLL patients with BLA, irrespective of 11q23 deletion status. In addition, B-CLL patients who presented with BLA had a significantly shorter time to treatment (2 months) than did patients without BLA (74 months). Moreover, gene expression analysis in B-CLL patients with and without BLA revealed differences in expression for genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell adhesion. These results indicate an association between BLA and reduced expression of ATM, suggesting a role for ATM in disease progression in B-CLL.
CRT-176 Long-Term Outcomes After Drug Eluting Versus Bare Metal Stenting for Saphenous Vein Grafts: Meta-analysis From 264,670 Patient Years of Follow-Up

Though drug-eluting stents (DES) have shown better outcomes when compared to bare metal stents (BMS) in patients with native coronary lesions, their efficacy in saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease is not clear. We searched Pubmed, EBSCO and Cochrane databases for terms “drug eluting stents”, “
Cytoskeletal and kinetic epithelial differences between NSAID gastropathy and Helicobacter pylori gastritis: an immunohistochemical determination.

Cytoskeletal and kinetic epithelial differences between NSAID gastropathy and Helicobacter pylori gastritis: an immunohistochemical determination Aims: Distinguishing histological features between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) gastropathy and Helicobacter pylori gastritis have been accepted. However, the molecular basis explaining these dissimilar histologies has not been elucidated. In an attempt to clarify this question we investigated the differences in the structural cytoskeleton and proliferative activity of these two gastropathies. Methods and results: We assessed the distribution of five cytokeratins (CK) (CK7, 8, 18, 19 and 20) and Ki67 for the ability to distinguish NSAID from H. pylori gastropathies. In H. pylori gastritis, CK7, 8, 18 and 19 were expressed comparably to normal mucosa from the deep foveolae up to the tips of the glands. The detection of CK20, normally expressed in the upper foveolar region and surface, was decreased with only an epithelial surface reaction. In NSAID gastropathy, CK expression was increased in intensity, with normal distribution for CK8, 18 and 19. Modification of localization was noted for CK7 and 20, with labelling extending toward the deep foveolar region. Unlike H. pylori gastritis, no surface epithelial labelling with Ki67 was noted with NSAID gastropathy but downward elongation of the proliferative zone occurred instead. Conclusions: Contrasting cytostructural alterations and distinct proliferative patterns distinguish NSAID gastropathy from H. pylori gastritis, possibly reflecting different injury pathways.
A one‐dimensional collisional model for plasma‐immersion ion implantation

Plasma‐immersion ion implantation (also known as plasma‐source ion implantation) is a process in which a target is immersed in a plasma and a series of large negative‐voltage pulses are applied to it to extract ions from the plasma and implant them into the target. A general one‐dimensional model is developed to study this process in different coordinate systems for the case in which the pressure of the neutral gas is large enough that the ion motion in the sheath can be assumed to be highly collisional.
Anti-minority attitudes and Tea Party Movement membership.

In 2009, shortly after the election of the United States’ first black President, a new protest movement emerged. When some supporters of this new Tea Party Movement (TPM) expressed their ire with race-laden messages various commentators suggested that racism may be a major motive for TPM activism. Accordingly, this study draws on national survey data to examine the extent to which racial attitudes and conservative ideology are associated with self-declared membership in the TPM while controlling for contextual factors that have proven influential in other rightist movement research. Key findings reveal that aside from conservative political ideology, racial resentment is indeed among the strongest predictors of TPM membership. Supplemental analyses explore the extent to which conservatives differ from TPM members. The results show that very conservative individuals and TPM members evince similar attitudes. The findings are discussed in terms of contemporary race relations and the implications for future social movement research.
Unitarity of the closed bosonic Polyakov string

We prove that the scattering amplitudes obtained in the Polyakov formulation of the closed bosonic string by integrating over a single copy of moduli space equal those of the light-cone interacting string and are thus unitary.