cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal acclimation of flies from three populations of Drosophila melanogaster fails to support the seasonality hypothesis.

In seasonal environments, natural selection should favor genotypes that acclimate to slow and predictable changes in temperature. Selective pressure for acclimation should be especially strong for animals that complete many generations per year, because seasonal warming or cooling causes offspring to experience different temperatures than their parents did. Here, we studied variation in acclimation capacity among three populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We used a reverse acclimation design to see whether developmental acclimation persisted throughout adulthood. Flies developed from fertilization to adulthood at either 16° or 26 °C. Then, flies either remained at the same temperature or moved to the other temperature for 7 days. We measured fecundity at seven temperatures ranging from 14° to 36°C. Genotypes from North Carolina and Vermont laid more eggs at 16 °C after spending the larval and adult stages at 16 °C, instead of 26 °C. In both populations, the benefit of acclimation to 16 °C during development was erased by acclimation to 26 °C during adulthood. In contrast to our prediction, genotypes from Indiana laid fewer eggs at 16 °C or 26 °C after developing at this temperature. Overall, these data provide only weak support for the models of optimal acclimation in seasonal environments.
Cultural Capital and Education

This article provides the definition(s) of cultural capital and its theoretical context, with a particular focus on the relationship between cultural capital, schooling, and educational outcomes. An overview of Bourdieu's theory of social and cultural reproduction is given, focusing on the role of cultural capital. Empirical research on various operationalizations of cultural capital, both quantitative and qualitative, and various educational outcomes, are reviewed; research from multiple nations is represented. Past and current controversies regarding the cultural capital concept in educational research are discussed, as they are important directions for future research.
Epidemiology of Children With Multiple Complex Chronic Conditions in a Mixed Urban-Rural US Community

OBJECTIVES: Children with multiple complex chronic conditions (MCCs) represent a small fraction of our communities but a disproportionate amount of health care cost and mortality. Because the temporal trends of children with MCCs within a geographically well-defined US pediatric population has not been previously assessed, health care planning and policy for this vulnerable population is limited. METHODS: In this population-based, repeated cross-sectional study, we identified and enrolled all eligible children residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, through the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a medical record linkage system of Olmsted County residents. The pediatric complex chronic conditions classification system version 2 was used to identify children with MCCs. Five-year period prevalence and incidence rates were calculated during the study period (1999–2014) and characterized by age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) by using the housing-based index of socioeconomic status, a validated individual housing-based SES index. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-adjusted prevalence and incidence rates were calculated, adjusting to the 2010 US total pediatric population. RESULTS: Five-year prevalence and incidence rates of children with MCCs in Olmsted County increased from 1200 to 1938 per 100 000 persons and from 256 to 335 per 100 000 person-years, respectively, during the study period. MCCs tend to be slightly more prevalent among children with a lower SES and with a racial minority background. CONCLUSIONS: Both 5-year prevalence and incidence rates of children with MCCs have significantly increased over time, and health disparities are present among these children. The clinical and financial outcomes of children with MCCs need to be assessed for formulating suitable health care planning given limited resources.
The effects of male out-migration on household food security in rural Nepal

In Nepal, international migration is a highly gendered phenomenon. Compared to global figures, where women make up about half of the world’s migrant population, 90% of Nepalese migrants are men. Many of these men migrate alone to earn wages abroad while their families stay behind. This level of male out-migration in Nepal occurs in a context characterized by widespread food insecurity. This paper examines the effects of male out-migration on household food security, especially on the women who stay behind, in the mountains of Far West Nepal. Our findings from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions suggest that male out-migration both alleviates and exacerbates households’ experiences of insufficient quantity and inadequate quality of food, and uncertainty and worry about food. Migration can benefit households that stay behind through remittances which help cover basic expenses, and by facilitating access to loans and credit, and alleviating anxiety about having enough to eat. However, it comes at high costs. Men report undignified, unsafe, and difficult working conditions in India. Women bear additional childcare, fieldwork, and housework responsibilities. Limited male agricultural labor also hampers agricultural productivity and increases households’ reliance on markets to meet basic needs. Drawing on gender- and caste-specific findings, our study highlights the importance of looking beyond the financial aspects of migration when examining its effects on food security.
Increasing Burden of Lyme Carditis in United States Children’s Hospitals

We sought to characterize the shifting epidemiology and resource utilization of Lyme disease and associated carditis in US children’s hospitals. We hypothesized that the Lyme carditis burden has increased and that hospitalizations for Lyme carditis are costlier than those for Lyme disease without carditis. The PHIS database was queried for Lyme disease encounters between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2013. Additional diagnostic codes consistent with carditis identified Lyme carditis cases. Demographic, clinical, and resource utilization data were analyzed. All costs were adjusted to 2014 US dollars. Lyme disease was identified in 3620 encounters with 189 (5%) associated with carditis. Lyme disease (360 cases in 2007 vs. 672 in 2013, p = 0.01) and Lyme carditis (17 cases in 2007 vs. 40 in 2013, p = 0.03) both significantly increased in frequency. This is primarily accounted for by their increase within the Midwest region. Carditis frequency among cases of Lyme disease was stable (p = 0.15). Encounters for Lyme carditis are dramatically costlier than those for Lyme disease without carditis [median $9104 (3741–19,003) vs. 922 (238–4987), p < 0.001] The increase in Lyme carditis cases in US children’s hospitals is associated with an increased Lyme disease incidence, suggesting that there has not been a change in its virulence or cardiac tropism. The increasing number of serious cardiac events and costs associated with Lyme disease emphasize the need for prevention and early detection of disease and control of its spread.
Ultrasensitive ammonia (NH 3 ) gas sensor: DFT Simulation-Directed Selection of High-Performance Metal-Doped Molybdenum Tri-oxide (α-MoO 3 ) Nanoribbons for NH 3 Detection

In this study, DFT simulation was employed to direct the selection of high-performance metal-doped MoO 3 for NH3 sensing. Sn-doped MoO 3 nanoribbons, predicted by the DFT simulation, were also synthesized and tested for NH 3 gas sensing with good sensing performance. This study indicates that DFT-simulation-directed selection of high-performance materials could play a significant role in future gas sensor development.
Psychological Resilience after Hurricane Sandy: The Influence of Individual- and Community-Level Factors on Mental Health after a Large-Scale Natural Disaster

Several individual-level factors are known to promote psychological resilience in the aftermath of disasters. Far less is known about the role of community-level factors in shaping postdisaster mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of both individual- and community-level factors on resilience after Hurricane Sandy. A representative sample of household residents (N = 418) from 293 New York City census tracts that were most heavily affected by the storm completed telephone interviews approximately 13–16 months postdisaster. Multilevel multivariable models explored the independent and interactive contributions of individual- and community-level factors to posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms. At the individual-level, having experienced or witnessed any lifetime traumatic event was significantly associated with higher depression and posttraumatic stress, whereas demographic characteristics (e.g., older age, non-Hispanic Black race) and more disaster-related stressors were significantly associated with higher posttraumatic stress only. At the community-level, living in an area with higher social capital was significantly associated with higher posttraumatic stress. Additionally, higher community economic development was associated with lower risk of depression only among participants who did not experience any disaster-related stressors. These results provide evidence that individual- and community-level resources and exposure operate in tandem to shape postdisaster resilience.
Social Impact and the Technology Treadmill

The chapter introduces the analysis of socioeconomic impact from agrifood biotechnology through a review of the technology treadmill. In this model, farmers experience ethically significant harmful impacts, while secondary beneficial effects accrue to consumers (as well as technology developers). The chapter then reviews how these social impacts would be evaluated from a number of philosophical perspectives and theories of social justice. Rights theories, utilitarianism and virtue theories are sketched, and the chapter discusses how each approach might provide an analysis of the treadmill phenomenon. Analyses that link structural injustice to feminist or Marxist social theory anticipate the further discussion of social consequences in Chap. 9.
A gas-rich nuclear bar fuelling a powerful central starburst in NGC 2782

We present evidence that the peculiar interacting starburst galaxy NGC 2782 (Arp 215) harbors a gas-rich nuclear stellar bar feeding an M82-class powerful central starburst, from a study based on OVRO CO (J=1->0) data, WIYN BVR & Halpha observations, along with available NIR images, a 5 GHz RC map and HST images. NGC 2782 harbors a clumpy, bar-like CO feature of radius ~ 7.5'' (1.3 kpc) which leads a nuclear stellar bar of similar size. The nuclear CO bar is massive: it contains ~2.5x10**9 M_sun of molecular gas, which makes up ~ 8 % of the dynamical'mass present within a 1.3 kpc radius. Within the CO bar, emission peaks in two extended clumpy lobes which lie on opposite sides of the nucleus, separated by ~ 6'' (1 kpc). Between the CO lobes, in the inner 200 pc radius, resides a powerful central starburst which is forming stars at a rate of 3 to 6 M_sun yr-1. While circular motions dominate the CO velocity field, the CO lobes show weak bar-like streaming motions on the leading side of the nuclear stellar bar, suggestive of gas inflow. We estimate semi-analytically the gravitational torque from the nuclear stellar bar on the gas, and suggest large gas inflow rates from the CO lobes into the central starburst. These observations, which are amongst the first ones showing a nuclear stellar bar fuelling molecular gas into an intense central starburst, are consistent with simulations and theory which suggest that nuclear bars provide an efficient way of transporting gas closer to the galactic center to fuel central activity. Furthermore, several massive clumps are present at low radii, and dynamical friction might produce further gas inflow. We suggest that the nuclear molecular gas bas and central activity will be very short-lived, likely disappearing within 5x10**8 years.
A Scalable EM Algorithm for Hawkes Processes

Halpin and De Boeck (2013) considered the time series analysis of bivariate event data in the context of dyadic interaction. They proposed the use of point processes (e.g., Daley and Vere-Jones 2003), and in particular Hawkes processes (Hawkes 1971; Hawkes and Oakes 1974), as way to capture the temporal dependence between the actions of two individuals. Here an action is treated as an occurrence, which is a discrete event that is viewed as having negligible duration relative to the period of observation. Occurrences may be contrasted with events that are viewed as extended in time (e.g., states, regimes). Examples of occurrences during the course of a conversation include specific types of statements (e.g., criticism, questions, lies) or nonverbal behaviors (e.g., laughter, facial expressions, gestures). Point processes are especially well suited to cases where human interaction is mediated by technology (e.g., text-messaging, emailing, chatting, tweeting), because such interactions are naturally parsed as series of time-stamped events. We can also view interaction more broadly, including, say, a student’s interactions with an intelligent tutor, or a gamer’s interactions with a virtual agent. The fundamental idea is to represent an interaction as a series of discrete, instantaneous actions. The theory of point processes then provides a general statistical framework for modelling the timing of those actions—how their probability changes in continuous time, how this depends on previous actions, and how the actions of two or more people may be coordinated in time. The approach to estimation taken by Halpin and De Boeck (2013) was based on the so-called branching structure representation of the Hawkes process, which they showed to be amenable to the EM algorithm (see also Veen and Schoenberg 2008).
Distinct Ultrafine Particle Profiles Associated with Aircraft and Roadway Traffic.

The Mobile ObserVations of Ultrafine Particles study was a two-year project to analyze potential air quality impacts of ultrafine particles (UFPs) from aircraft traffic for communities near an inte...
The Greening of Will Shakespeare

In The Winter's Tale (1611), those presumed dead repeatedly return to new life. At the end of the play, the "statue" of Hermione moves through an old stage trick. Similarly, a moldy tale, a genre, and an old enmity are all revived. As Hermione descends from her pedestal, in her movements hoping to move us, so does Shakespeare implicitly extend the same treatment to Pandosto and its author, Robert Greene. The statue trick almost seems to be a metaphor for the larger contrivance that is the play itself: the necromantic way Shakespeare has with an old text like Greene's as he coaxes it to move and breathe through the lively art of theater. The play as a whole bears a resemblance to the cony-catching tricks described in rogue pamphlets by Greene and others, with Greene cast alternately as Shakespeare's partner in a con game to catch the more literate part of the play's audience and as a forced lender to the borrower Shakespeare, who once again beautifies himself with the feathers of the rival who had famously accused him of intellectual property theft.
Metabolic Profiling And Health Risk In Transition Cows

Blood chemistry analyses are frequently used by veterinarians for disease diagnosis. Use of blood chemistries in the form of metabolic profiles to determine nutritional status has been advocated, but acceptance has been limited as a result of high cost and interpretation difficulties. Different criteria are needed using blood metabolite concentrations to determine disease potential compared to disease diagnosis. Blood metabolite measures are compared to laboratory-defined reference ranges, however, these reference ranges often are based on mid-to-late lactation cow populations and may not be appropriate for evaluating transition cows. Objectives of this study were to determine effects of time relative to calving and health status on blood metabolite concentrations and determine if any diagnostic relationships are present between prepartum blood metabolite concentrations and postpartum health status.
Deep Adversarially-Enhanced k-Nearest Neighbors.

Recent works have theoretically and empirically shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) have an inherent vulnerability to small perturbations. Applying the Deep k-Nearest Neighbors (DkNN) classifier, we observe a dramatically increasing robustness-accuracy trade-off as the layer goes deeper. In this work, we propose a Deep Adversarially-Enhanced k-Nearest Neighbors (DAEkNN) method which achieves higher robustness than DkNN and mitigates the robustness-accuracy trade-off in deep layers through two key elements. First, DAEkNN is based on an adversarially trained model. Second, DAEkNN makes predictions by leveraging a weighted combination of benign and adversarial training data. Empirically, we find that DAEkNN improves both the robustness and the robustness-accuracy trade-off on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets.
Redefining innovation during The Renaissance of Computing

The demand for semiconductors has outstripped WW capacity over the past year as consumer products become smarter & more connected. A significant portion of this demand requires feature rich technologies based on legacy technology nodes, which is driving the industry to explore novel approaches to supporting semiconductor wafers & mask needs. In this talk we will explore the megatrends driving the current Renaissance of Computing, and provide a roadmap for the innovation and investment needed from throughout the global semiconductor ecosystem to support the insatiable thirst for computing outside of just the single-nm technologies.
Supportive care interventions and quality of life in advanced disease prostate cancer survivors: An integrative review of the literature.

Background: Supportive care interventions can improve quality of life and health outcomes of advanced prostate cancer survivors. Despite the high prevalence of unmet needs, supportive care for this population is sparse. Methods: The databases PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and ProQuest were searched for relevant articles. Data were extracted, organized by thematic matrix, and categorized according to the seven domains of the Supportive Care Framework for Cancer Care. Results: The search yielded 1678 articles, of which 18 were included in the review and critically appraised. Most studies were cross-sectional with small, non-diverse samples. Supportive care interventions reported for advanced prostate cancer survivors are limited with some positive trends. Most outcomes were symptom-focused and patient self-reported (e.g., anxiety, pain, self-efficacy) evaluated by questionnaires or interview. Interventions delivered in group format reported improvements in more outcomes. Conclusions: Additional supportive care intervention are needed for men with advanced prostate cancer. Because of their crucial position in caring for cancer patients, nurse scientists and clinicians must partner to research and develop patient-centered, culturally relevant supportive care interventions that improve this population’s quality of life and health outcomes. Efforts must concentrate on sampling, domains of needs, theoretical framework, guidelines, and measurement instruments.
Monitoring and characterizing multi-decadal variations of urban thermal condition using time-series thermal remote sensing and dynamic land cover data

Abstract Urban development and associated land cover and land use change alter the thermal, hydrological, and physical properties of the land surface. Assessments of surface urban heat island (UHI) usually focused on using remote sensing and land cover data to quantify UHI intensity and spatial distribution within a certain period. However, the mechanisms and complex interactions in landscape dynamics and land surface thermal features are still being assessed. In this study, we developed and implemented a novel approach to characterize landscape thermal conditions by focusing on UHI intensity and its spatiotemporal variation using the recently available time series of Landsat land surface temperature and land cover change products. We analyzed land surface temperature changes in urban and surrounding non-urban lands to quantify the UHI intensity and landscape thermal conditions in the Atlanta and Minneapolis metropolitan areas of the United States. Our results revealed that UHI intensities had averages of 3.4 °C and 3.3 °C in the Atlanta and Minneapolis metropolitan areas, respectively. The dominant land cover type in rural areas and urban imperviousness cover determines the UHI intensity. Increasing trends of 0.04 °C/year and 0.01 °C/year in UHI intensity between 1985 and 2018 were found in Atlanta and Minneapolis, respectively. The UHI intensity variations in 1985 and 2018 suggest that the magnitudes and temporal variations of UHI intensity averaged from all urban land cover classes are close to the UHI intensity estimated from the low intensity urban area only while the UHI intensities are more than 2 °C larger in medium to high and high intensity urban areas. The UHI intensities estimated from the maximum temperature that have statistically significant increasing trends suggest that the maximum temperature is a good element for measuring UHI effect. Urban land cover dynamics play an important role in controlling temporal variation of UHI and the UHI hotspots. Our findings support the scientific value of implementing the prototype approach as an objective framework to quantify and monitor UHI intensity at a large geographic extent.
GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPETITION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY

The world's trading nations are involved in an on–going process aimed at liberalising the international trade regime. At the same time the automotive manufacturing sector is among the first to become truly international. This being the case, this important industry is exploring concepts that will become the foundation of a genuine world marketplace. In the process, the companies that comprise the automotive sector are experiencing now the challenge of global competition with all its complexities, uncertainties and dislocations that other industries will someday face. For some firms this new era offers great opportunity, for others difficulties and perhaps extinction. How fairly and efficiently the global marketplace will function largely depends on how well government does its job. How individual firms will fare depends on how astutely they recognise the developments, and how well they react.
Lipoproteins and the in vitro study of cholesterol metabolism in gerbils.

The Mongolian gerbil has proven a useful model to study dietinduced hyperlipidemia in that it responds to saturated fat and/or cholesterol by raising its serum cholesterol levels 300–400 mg/dl and increasing hepatic lipid synthesis and secretion (Amer. J. Physiol. 221: 548, 1971). Despite this degree of hypercholesterolemia, the gerbil aorta remains free of atherosclerotic involvement. In order to determine if this was related to a peculiarity of lipid transport or an obvious difference in cholesterol metabolism by major organs that metabolize cholesterol and its esters, mainly liver and intestine, we examined the gerbil’s lipoproteins along with cholesterogenesis by liver and intestine and accumulation of cholesterol in these organs.
Illness behavior and the sick role in chronic disease: The case of multiple sclerosis

Abstract This paper describes the findings of a study of the pre-diagnosis illness behavior of 60 individuals with multiple sclerosis. The findings of this study expand on those of prior research in the following areas: (1) more diversity and conflict occurs in lay and professional definitions of the initial symptoms of multiple sclerosis; (2) the doctor-patient relationship is characterized by greater definitional and role dissensus; and (3) multiple sclerosis patients take a more active role in the therapeutic encounter. On the basis of these findings, the applicability of prior research findings and concepts to the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis are questioned. In addition, it is suggested that the structural-functional approach which postulates that the illness experience is governed by explicit normative expectations has achieved prominence because the focus of illness behavior research and theorizing has been on acute conditions and on limited stages of illness behavior process (before seeking professional help or the post-diagnosis period) where the model appears to fit the description. That is, since physicians can readily diagnose and treat most acute illnesses, the entire illness behavior process appears to be characterized by definitional and role clarity, consensus and harmony. It is proposed that, in contrast, when physicians have difficulties diagnosing and treating an illness, as is the case in multiple sclerosis and many other chronic illnesses, the entire process is more problematic. The situation is less normatively controlled and as a result, social dissensus and disharmony are likely to occur. It is argued that sick role behavior and the therapeutic encounter involve a process ignored by structural-functional theorists: role negotiation. The behavior of patients and physicians is shaped as much by a situational bargaining process as by normative expectations.
Vaccination against tuberculosis: recent progress.

This chapter discusses recent progress in vaccination against tuberculosis. The purpose of vaccination is to establish a state of memory immunity, which in the context of tuberculosis consists of a long-lived population of recirculating CD4 T cells that can secrete interferon (IFN) on recognition of specific antigens and hence mediate an accelerated recall of specific acquired resistance. It remains unknown precisely how the tuberculosis bacillus is killed following macrophage activation by IFN, but a combination of a drop in phagosomal pH combined with the production of noxious compounds such as peroxynitrite are probably the most important factors. Current picture of the response in the lungs to tuberculosis infection involves the interaction of a bacillus that has managed to carry through the tidal airspace and is engulfed on the alveolar or peribronchial surface by an alveolar macrophage. The bacillus begins to replicate inside this cell, provoking it to spread and tightly adhere to the alveolar endothelial surface.
Distributed Concurrent Programs as Strategies in Games

This paper models synchronized distributed computing by extending the games in [Nerode-Yakhnis-Yakhnis, [17]]. The intention is to provide a precise tool for reasoning about the correctness of distributed synchronized programs. [17] introduced the paradigm that concurrent programs denote state strategies in corresponding two-person computational games. Program specifications were winning sets of plays in such games. This was carried out relative to a shared memory model. It is our belief that state strategies on appropriate game trees capture all there is to any program. So here we extend this paradigm to synchronous message-passing models, which may have shared memory as well, by introducing additional rules of the game, and additional operations for constructing new strategies from old, which capture completely the syntax and semantics of OCCAM’S PAR program construct and message-passing. Almost all the results about operations on strategies and programs from [17] extend to the distributed context.
Using Systems Thinking to Leverage Technology for School Improvement: Lessons Learned from Award-Winning Secondary Schools/Districts

AbstractThis paper offers lessons learned about what it takes to successfully leverage technology for school improvement based on a cross-case analysis of eight award-winning secondary schools/districts around the United States. The researchers analyzed data from 150 interviews, 30 focus groups, and more than 300 hours of observation in 150 classrooms, plus extensive document analysis, to reveal numerous lessons learned across the eight sites. Findings from this study indicated that eight factors must be addressed (nearly) simultaneously when technology is used as a lever for school reform: vision, distributed leadership, technology planning and support, school culture, professional development, curriculum and instructional practices, funding, and partnerships. Implications for current and future practice include important lessons for university and district-based technology specialists, educational researchers, and school and district leaders about taking a systems approach when considering technology am...
Examination of thermophilic methane-producing digesters by analysis of bacterial lipids

Thermophilic methane-producing digesters were examined by the analysis of lipids to determine the microbial biomass, community structure, and nutritional status of the microbes within the digesters. The digesters received a daily feedstock of cattle feed and Bermuda grass, with some digesters receiving additional supplements of propionate, butyrate, or nitrate. Microbial biomass, measured as total extractable lipid phosphate, was decreased in slurries from digesters receiving continuous addition of the fermentation intermediates propionate or butyrate as compared with slurries from control digesters receiving the feedstock alone. In slurries from digesters that received continuous addition of nitrate, the microbial biomass was higher than in the slurries from control digesters. The control digesters had ca. 2.5 × 1011 bacteria per g (dry weight) as determined from total extractable lipid phosphate. Shifts in microbial community structure were observed by analysis of ester-linked phospholipid fatty acids. Statistical analysis of the patterns of phospholipid fatty acids indicated that the digesters receiving different supplements could be distinguished from the control digester and from each other. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, an indicator of metabolic stress, was detected in slurries from all the digesters. Slurries from the nitrate-amended digester had the highest concentration of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, whereas slurries from the propionate-amended digester had the lowest concentration. These chemical analyses offer a quantitative means to correlate shifts in microbial biomass, community structure, and nutritional status in complex fermentation systems to the production of a specific end product.
Cyber-physical systems for water sustainability: challenges and opportunities

Water plays a vital role in the proper functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems, and practically all human activities, such as agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and energy production. The proliferation of industrial and agricultural activities in modern society, however, poses threats to water resources in the form of chemical, biological, and thermal pollution. On the other hand, tremendous advancements in science and technology offer valuable tools to address water sustainability challenges. Key technologies, including sensing technology, wireless communications and networking, hydrodynamic modeling, data analysis, and control, enable intelligently wireless networked water cyber-physical systems (CPS) with embedded sensors, processors, and actuators that can sense and interact with the water environment. This article provides an overview of water CPS for sustainability from four critical aspects: sensing and instrumentation; communications and networking; computing; and control. The article also explores opportunities and design challenges of relevant techniques.
Phospholipid Turnover in a Conditional Polyamine Auxotroph of Escherichia coli

Polyamines are required for rapid phospholipid turnover in Escherichia coli growing in media of low osmolarity.
Appraisals of Prejudice and Discrimination

Publisher Summary It is natural for human beings to feel very insulted, angry, and mistreated when they suffer from prejudice or discrimination in any form and this feeling of hurt or anger, more often than not, transcends into the psychological makeup. The advanced cognitive appraisal perspective developed by Lazarus and Folkman gives a comprehensive explanation of an individual's perception of prejudice and discrimination. This chapter explains the use of signal detection theory (SDT) to understand and evaluate people's behavior when subjected to any form of prejudice and discrimination. The sensitivity of an individual to prejudice can also be understood if the underlying factors like nature and perceptions of an individual, nature of the stimulus, probability of occurrence, intensity, and imminence of stimulus are well understood. Response biases also act as a major contributor to the entire reaction process and this chapter explains the factors underlying this behavior in great detail. The signal detection theory, developed by Feldman Barret, is now used in various disciplines of psychology and gives a great framework to understand the process of human judgment.
Classical limit of demagnetization in a field gradient

We calculate the rate of decrease of the expectation value of the transverse component of spin for spin-1/2 particles in a magnetic field with a spatial gradient, and determine the conditions under which a previous classical description is valid. A density matrix treatment is required for two reasons. The first arises because the particles initially are not in a pure state due to thermal motion. The second reason is that each particle interacts with the magnetic field and the other particles, with the latter taken to be via a two-body central force. The equations for the one-body Wigner distribution functions are written in a general manner, and the places where quantum mechanical effects can play a role are identified. One that may not have been considered previously concerns the momentum associated with the magnetic field gradient, which is proportional to the time integral of the gradient. Its relative magnitude compared with the important momenta in the problem is a significant parameter, and if their ratio is not small some nonclassical effects contribute to the solution. Assuming the field gradient is sufficiently small, and a number of other inequalities are satisfied involving the mean wavelength, range of the force, and the mean separation between particles, we solve the integro-partial differential equations for the Wigner functions to second order in the strength of the gradient. When the same reasoning is applied to a different problem with no field gradient, but having instead a gradient to the z component of the polarization, the connection with the diffusion coefficient is established, and we find agreement with the classical result for the rate of decrease of the transverse component of magnetization. The corresponding result for this rate in the absence of collisions is much greater. An approximate value for the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ self diffusion coefficient based on a hard core potential is found to be 23.1 ${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}/\mathrm{sec}$ at room temperature and 7 atm. This falls between the results obtained in an NMR experiment having these values of temperature and pressure, in which the spatial gradient of the field is time dependent, and earlier experiments using other techniques, corrected for temperature and pressure variation.
The value of financing through cross-border asset sales: Shareholder returns and liquidity

Abstract We examine a sample of 1458 divestitures of domestic assets by U.S. firms to foreign and domestic buyers over the period 1998–2008. Cross-border asset sales yield higher abnormal returns to the seller than domestic sales. This incremental return is driven by liquidity-seeking sellers engaging in cross-border transactions. Larger seller returns in these international deals are associated with favorable economic conditions in foreign buyers' home markets relative to the U.S. We also find positive abnormal returns for buyers, albeit smaller than seller returns, but no significant difference between buyer returns in cross-border and domestic transactions.
Influence of the Dirac-Hartree-Fock starting potential on the parity-nonconserving electric-dipole-transition amplitudes in cesium and thallium

The parity-nonconserving electric-dipole-transition amplitudes for the 6s1/2-7s1/2 transition in cesium and the 6p1/2-7p1/2 transition in thallium have been calculated by the Dirac-Hartree-Fock method. The effects of using different Dirac-Hartree-Fock atomic core potentials are examined and the transition amplitudes for both the length and velocity gauges are given. It is found that the parity-nonconserving transition amplitudes exhibit a greater dependence on the starting potential for thallium than for cesium.
The effectiveness of a unified science in the high school curriculum

There is a good deal of talk these days about the need to develop an integrated science to replace the separate high school science courses. In this article, Mr. Slesnick reports on a study in which a sequential program of “unified science” was developed and tested at The Ohio Slate University.
Radiometric-high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for nicotine and twelve of its metabolites.

Abstract A sensitive, reproducible radiometric-high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been developed to measure concentrations of nicotine and twelve of its metabolites in biological fluids. Following administration of nicotine ([2-14C] Pyrrolidine) to rats, the assay was used in a pharmacokinetic investigation.
C-type Natriuretic Peptide Increases Bone Resorption in 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures

Most agents that regulate osteoclast bone resorption exert their effects indirectly, through the osteoblast. Nitric oxide, which stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase, has been reported to inhibit osteoclast bone resorption directly, by a cGMP-independent mechanism (1). In this report, we demonstrate that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), an activator of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase, stimulates bone resorption by osteoclast-containing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3)-stimulated mouse bone marrow cultures. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays and anti-CNP immunocytochemistry were used to demonstrate that CNP is expressed in mouse marrow cells cultured in the presence, but not the absence, of, 1,25-(OH)2D3. mRNA for guanylyl cyclase type B, the receptor for CNP, was expressed in cultures independent of 1,25-(OH)2D3. CNP (1 and 10 microM) elevated cGMP production in marrow cultures to 350 and 870%, respectively, of control values. 10 microM CNP increased osteoclast bone resorptive activity, measured by the resorption area on whale dentine wafers, or by the NH4Cl-inhibitable release of [3H]proline from radiolabeled bone chips, to 214 and 557% of control, respectively, without affecting osteoclast formation. Bone resorption by the marrow cultures was inhibited by 7F9.1, a monoclonal antibody raised against CNP, but not by control antibodies. These results indicate that CNP is a potent activator of osteoclast activity and may be a novel local regulator of bone remodeling.
Regional anaesthesia in paediatric practice

There are several advantages to using regional anaesthesia alone or combining a light general anaesthetic with a regional technique in the paediatric patient. The most significant advantage, as demonstrated by several authors, is postoperative pain reliefJ -7 Other postoperative advantages include: earlier ambulation and discharge,~ decreased narcotic requirements, ],2'7 decreased need for non-narcotic analgesics following discharge, 5 and a more rapid return to the child's usual bright and alert state. 7 On the other hand, there are some possible disadvantages to regional anaesthesia. Such techniques require special skills and Iraining which are not available to all anaesthetists. Furthermore, when used in conjunction with a general anaesthetic many of the regional techniques require the help of an associate. One anaesthetist is responsible for maintaining a safe general anaesthetic while the other is responsible for block placement. Finally, by combining a regional technique with a general anaesthetic one may be exposing the child to the risks and complications inherent in both. This fear, however, may be more a theoretical consideration than a practical one.
Differential Regulation of TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4 Sensitivity through a Conserved Binding Site on the Ankyrin Repeat Domain

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels, which include the thermosensitive TRPV1–V4, have large cytoplasmic regions flanking the transmembrane domain, including an N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain. We show that a multiligand binding site for ATP and calmodulin previously identified in the TRPV1 ankyrin repeat domain is conserved in TRPV3 and TRPV4, but not TRPV2. Accordingly, TRPV2 is insensitive to intracellular ATP, while, as previously observed with TRPV1, a sensitizing effect of ATP on TRPV4 required an intact binding site. In contrast, ATP reduced TRPV3 sensitivity and potentiation by repeated agonist stimulations. Thus, ATP and calmodulin, acting through this conserved binding site, are key players in generating the different sensitivity and adaptation profiles of TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Our results suggest that competing interactions of ATP and calmodulin influence channel sensitivity to fluctuations in calcium concentration and perhaps even metabolic state. Different feedback mechanisms likely arose because of the different physiological stimuli or temperature thresholds of these channels.
Differential inhibition of respiration and its dependent H+ extrusion by fluorescamine in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Rat liver mitochondria were treated with varying amounts of fluorescamine ranging from 0 to 30 nmol/mg of protein. The biochemical activities of the modified mitochondria were analyzed. It was found that the respiration rate in the absence of ADP was not significantly affected, but that the state 3 respiration rate and the accompanying P O ratio decreased as the labeling extent increased. It was also observed that the treatment inhibited the stimulation of respiration induced by the presence of uncouplers. However, the modification has no effect on the discharging rate of proton gradient by uncouplers. The intrinsic activities of NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome oxidase of the inner membrane were not affected by the modification. Measurement of the respiration-dependent proton extrusion (in the presence of valinomycin and potassium ion) with secondary ion movements inhibited, showed that the initial extrusion rate was reduced progressively. However, the observed amounts of proton extruded (ΔH+) and ΔμH + were not affected. The observed reduction of the oxygen consumption rate was much less than that of the proton extrusion rate with increased labeling. These results suggest that some fluorescamine titratable primary amino groups may be involved in the controlling of the proton extrusion process. The implications on the mechanism of coupling in respirationdependent proton extrusion are discussed.
After Keats: The Return of Joseph Severn to England in 1838

The recent discovery of hundreds of unpublished letters from Joseph Severn to his wife Elizabeth complicates our standard view of “the Friend of Keats.” The new letters emphasize Severn’s own career as a painter who exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy and highlight his work in fresco and portraiture as well as religious and historical subjects. This essay discusses Severn’s important visit to England in 1838, offering annotated transcripts of two new letters from this time. These letters afford us valuable new information about Severn’s visit, his meetings with key patrons and friends and his motivations for returning to England. The complete series of sixteen letters from the summer of 1838 invites us to revise our conception of Severn’s character and his relationship with Keats.
Cost-constrained and centrality-balanced network design improvement

Improving resilience against failures and targeted attacks is an important aspect of network design. The resilience and cost of networks are two opposing objectives in which a designer should consider when building networks. We develop a heuristic algorithm that balances the centrality of networks by adding a set of links that minimizes the variance of graph centrality measures in a least costly fashion. Moreover, our algorithm limits the addition of links by a budget constraint. We apply our algorithm to three different realistic topologies and measure the performance of the improved graphs in terms of flow robustness when subjected to targeted attacks. Our results indicate that degree-balanced networks are more resilient than both betweenness-balanced and closeness-balanced networks.
Electronic Structure of Diatomic Molecules. VII.A. Hartree—Fock Wavefunctions and Energy Quantities for the Ground States of the Second‐Row Hydrides, AH

Hartree—Fock wavefunctions are presented for the NaH(X1Σ+), MgH(X2Σ+), AlH(X1Σ+), SiH(X2Πr), PH(X3Σ−), SH(X2Πi), and HCl(X1Σ+) molecules. These are the analytic self‐consistent‐field wavefunctions obtained from the solutions of the Hartree—Fock—Roothaan equations. Large basis sets of Slater‐type functions centered on both nuclei were used and extensive optimization of the orbital exponents has been carried out. The total energies obtained for Re(exptl) are −162.3928, −200.1566, −242.4634, −289.4361, −341.2932, −398.1015, and −460.1103 hartrees, respectively, for the hydrides listed. The first ionization potentials, which are obtained from the Hartree—Fock energy differences between the AH and AH+ systems, are 6.14, 6.76, 7.36, 7.36, 9.65, 9.31, and 11.84 eV, respectively. In addition, potential curves, spectroscopic constants, and certain other energetic quantities are presented. Crude estimates of the correlation energy of the second‐row hydrides are made and such quantities are compared within the serie...
Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Land Preservation and Policy Process Attributes: Does the Method Matter?

This article examines relationships between willingness to pay for land preservation and policy process attributes. The approach departs from traditional welfare assessments in that it does not constrain attributes of the policy process to be utility-neutral. Results indicate policy process attributes may influence utility in some circumstances, even after controlling for the influence of land use outcomes often correlated with specific policy techniques. Results further imply that in some cases, even comprehensive specification of land use outcomes by stated preference instruments may be insufficient to prevent systematic shifts in willingness to pay related to unspecified, yet assumed, policy process attributes.
Individual and Situational Differences in the Vocalizations of Young Stumptail Macaques (Macaca Arctoides)

Recordings were made of contact-location vocalizations and behaviors of six troop-living juvenile stumptail macaques. Quantitative analysis of 354 spectrograms distinguished thirteen of the fifteen pairs of animals and led to construction of a "profile" of distinctive acoustic features for the vocalizations of each animal. Individual variation was also found in vocalization occurrence rates in five contextual categories. Acoustic distinctions found between two behavioral contexts were the same found to differentiate similar social settings in Japanese macaques (GREEN, 1975). Individual differences in acoustic features and rates of vocalization are correlated with stages of social development, serve as contextual cues, and are an important source of variability in primate communication.