cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fashioning the American Man: The Arrow Collar Man, 1907–1931

This essay is about the Arrow Man, one of the most successful advertising images in early twentieth–century America, and a visual representation of the New Man. The Arrow Man was created by a noted artist, J. C. Leyendecker, to sell the Arrow collar, a new version of detachable collars, a wardrobe staple for most US men and all but working–class men in Britain and Europe since the 1840s. The Arrow Man’s story is part of the transformations in masculine ideals and physical appearance, heightened by the new visual and consumer culture. He carried messages of men’s self–management of appearance and public performance from the nineteenth century into the early twentieth, where it changed from a mark of European gentility into that of the typically American white–collar man. His story is part of fundamental shifts in the US: new occupational and social class configurations and emerging American popular culture.
Real-Time Estimation of Elemental Carbon Emitted from a Diesel Engine

New Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulations limit the mass concentration of airborne diesel particulate matter (DPM) or, more specifically, the concentration of elemental carbon (EC), in underground mines. The mine operators are responding by introducing a variety of controls to reduce DPM in the mines, potentially including the evaluation of new maintenance procedures to reduce underground mine vehicle emissions. There is currently a lack of an inexpensive and dependable method to directly measure the DPM concentration emitted from the vehicle tailpipe. To that end, this work demonstrated a simple field portable method for estimating the mass concentration of elemental carbon exiting the tailpipe of a diesel engine using a direct reading photometer. Simultaneous measurements of tailpipe exhaust were made with a Thermo Electron Personal DataRAM 1200 photometer (particulate mass concentration based on light scattering) and by analyzing PM2.5 and PM1.0 samples collected on quartz fiber filters using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 5040 (mass concentration of EC via thermal-optical method). Results indicate surprisingly good correlation (R{sup 2} = 0.97) of the two methods when the data are adjusted for relative humidity (RH) and corrected using an empirically generated calibration factor. Although preliminary, itmore » may be possible to implement this method in maintenance shops to monitor emission trends and to compare emissions of various vehicles in a fleet. Such data will be useful for fleet planning to meet new air quality standards. 23 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.« less
Geomagnetic observations and fault creep in California

Abstract To examine the predicted magnitude of magnetic events which might be associated with creep along the San Andreas fault, a finite dislocation model of a ‘locked’ fault is presented. An observable anomaly of 1–2 gammas is obtained for rocks having uniform magnetization I (= 10 −3 e.m.u.) on application of a uniform stress of 10 bars. However, the observed anomalies depend strongly on the local geology. Hence, for a meaningful use of the geomagnetic observations as precursors to earthquakes a dense net of magnetometers is required.
Dynamic polarizability tensor for cylindrical rods and their application to the homogenization of uniaxial metamaterials

We develop fully dynamic expressions for the parallel and transverse components of the polarizability tensor characterizing circular cylinders of arbitrary electrical size and material properties. Our results show the importance of spatial dispersion effects in modeling cylindrical rods within the dipolar approximation, and extend the range of validity of existing models to arbitrary incidence angle and moderately large electrical sizes. We have also derived passivity conditions for all the components of the polarizability tensor and arbitrary incidence angle, which are satisfied by our expressions. Finally, we numerically study the effect of size and material variation on the relevant polarizability components, and we apply our formulation to analyze the effective parameters of uniaxial metamaterials composed of arrays of cylindrical rods. We expect that this result may be applied to the correct modeling of artificial uniaxial materials and their applications.
Access to care for children with autism in the context of state Medicaid reimbursement

This paper examines the role of state residence and Medicaid reimbursement rates in explaining the relationship between having autism and access to care for children. Three questions are addressed: (1) Is there variation across states in the relationship between having autism and access to care? (2) Does taking account of state residence explain a significant amount of the variation in this relationship? (3) Does accounting for Medicaid reimbursement rates enhance our understanding of this relationship? Data from the 2005 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs were combined with state characteristics to estimate a hierarchical generalized linear model of the association between state residence, Medicaid reimbursement rate and problems accessing care for children with special health care needs with and without autism. Findings indicate there is significant variation between states in the relationship between having autism and problems accessing care, and accounting for state residence explains a significant amount of variation in the model. Medicaid reimbursement rates have an independent effect on access to care for children with autism: when families raising children with autism live in states with higher reimbursement rates, they have lower odds of experiencing problems accessing care. The state context in which families live impacts access to care for children with autism. Moreover, when families live in states with higher Medicaid reimbursement rates, they are less likely to experience problems getting care. The value of this analysis is that it helps identify where to look for strategies to improve access.
Perceptions of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance in the Timeshare Industry

ABSTRACT This study examines timeshare sales representatives' perceptions with respect to demographic and job related factors. Three leading U.S. timeshare companies were solicited to participate in this research. They were asked to distribute surveys to their sales representatives. The data were analyzed through the use of analysis of variance and a post hocmultiple comparison procedure to understand the timeshare sales representative perceptions of job satisfaction and job performance. The results show that there are demographic influences on the perceptions of job satisfaction and job performance.
IR fiber sources for scene projection

Naval Research Laboratory has developed IR transmitting fiber and IR fiber sources which can be used for HWIL testing. IR transmitting fiber is capable of broad transmission from near IR to LWIR and can be formed into bundles for imaging. IR fiber sources are based on rare earth doped glass or nonlinear processes in the glass and are cable of high brightness IR emission. Recently, NRL developed a four emitter MWIR fiber source which is capable of high temperature simulation, high dynamic range, and fast response. New broadband fiber sources based upon IR supercontinuum generation in IR fibers are also being developed. In this paper, we will report on these technologies.
Aggregation studies of humic acid using multiangle laser light scattering.

Abstract An aqueous phase study of the naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon humic acid (HA) is performed using multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) to measure its RMS radius and average molecular weight. A Zimm plot using Berry Formulism and a second-order fit gave an average molar mass of 1.164×108 g/mol and an average RMS radius (Rz) of 436.0±36 nm at 25°C.
Induction of vacuolation in the mouse peritoneal macrophage by EDTA

Summary Mouse peritoneal macrophages cultured in the presence of newborn calf serum and Ca- or Cr-EDTA become vacuolated. Isopycnic-density-gradient studies revealed that the chromium chelate may share space with lysosomal organelles. We have postulated that the EDTA enters the cell via pinocytosis and that coalescence of the pinocytic vesicles and lysosomal organelles follows.
CALCIFICATION AND ITS INHIBITION IN COCCOLITHOPHORIDS1,2

SUMMARY The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and chloramphenicol and the transport inhibitors LaCl3, oligoniycin, and ethacrynic acid were found to inhibit reversibly calcium uptake, coccolith formation, and cell division in the coccolithophorid Cricosphacra (Hymenomonas) carterae. With some, compounds, recovery of calcification was retarded, and in the case of oligomycin, incomplete. Glycerol, 0.5 M, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol on calcification but not on division. Ouabain was without significant effect on calcium uptake but slowed division in 3 of 5 experiments. Ruthenium red inhibited, neither calcification nor division. In the absence of light, calcification did not occur.
Racial Differences in Disease Extent and Severity in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasing in African-Americans (AA). The objectives of this study were to assess disease extent and severity in UC by race. Methods Disease extent and severity was assessed in UC outpatients evaluated at the University of Maryland and Baltimore VA from 1997 to 2005. Results About 197 patients were identified; 47 were AA (23%). Of AA, 23% had proctitis, 23% had left-sided colitis, and 53% had extensive colitis compared to 10%, 31%, and 59% of Caucasians, respectively (P = 0.056). African-Americans were less likely to ever receive steroids (45% versus 62%; P = 0.065), be treated with ≥2 courses of steroids (54% versus 68%; P = 0.242) or be steroid dependant (33% versus 46%; P = 0.304). After adjustment, only female gender (OR 0.32, [0.16–0.66]) and age at diagnosis (OR 2.50, [1.28–4.90]) were associated with extensive colitis. Being seen at UMMS (OR 5.10, [2.60–10.10]) was associated with steroid use. Conclusion Race was not associated with extent of colitis or disease severity in UC.
Molecular approaches to gene expression during conifer development and maturation

Abstract Our understanding of the processes, and the control of those processes that lead to the growth, development and maturation of conifers has been severely limited owing to their complex nature. Newer technologies now provide us with alternative approaches to study these important developmental phenomena. Some of the literature that has lead to current models for the control of development in a variety of plant and animal systems are reviewed here. We use these models to suggest ways to study maturation in conifers and some of our own results in this area of research are described.
Business Teaching, Liberal Learning, and the Moral Transformation of Business Education

Business ethics often draws from the content of liberal arts disciplines, but rarely from the practice of liberal education. Reconceptualizing the relation of business and liberal education offers a new strategy for promoting ethics within business schools. Under this strategy, ethics develops into more than a supplement to established functional courses. It becomes the locus for a more significant moral transformation of business education.
Ice Flow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet

We present a reference, comprehensive, high-resolution, digital mosaic of ice motion in Antarctica assembled from multiple satellite interferometric synthetic-aperture radar data acquired during the International Polar Year 2007 to 2009. The data reveal widespread, patterned, enhanced flow with tributary glaciers reaching hundreds to thousands of kilometers inland over the entire continent. This view of ice sheet motion emphasizes the importance of basal-slip–dominated tributary flow over deformation-dominated ice sheet flow, redefines our understanding of ice sheet dynamics, and has far-reaching implications for the reconstruction and prediction of ice sheet evolution.
Microwave System Design, Fade Problems and Solutions

This paper describes the design approach in providing the maximum reliability practicable in a microwave system for the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and the solutions to three noteworthy fade problems experienced over the past 24 years. A review is provided of the theoretical solutions to the fade problems and the success of applying these solutions in the field to reduce outage time caused by path fading. This presentation is made on the basis that others who have similar tasks in providing microwave systems with better than 99.992% reliability can benefit from our experience.
Practices and outcome of artificial cardiac pacing in 154 dogs.

Artificial pacing (AP) is a treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias unresponsive to medical therapy. This retrospective study was designed to define the practices and outcome of AP in dogs at 7 referral institutions participating in the Companion Animal Pacemaker Registry and Repository (CANPACERS). The indications, implantation techniques, complications, long-term outcome, and owner satisfaction were examined. One hundred fifty-four dogs were identified as undergoing AP from January 1, 1991, to January 1, 1996. Third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block (n = 91; 59%) and sinus node dysfunction (n = 45; 29%) were the most common indications for AP Transvenous endocardial AP systems were implanted in 136 dogs (88%), and epicardial systems were implanted in 18 (12%). Complications associated with AP were reported in 84 dogs (55%). Major complications occurred in 51 dogs (33%), including dislodgement of the pacing lead (n = 15; 10%), generator failure (n = 10; 6%), cardiac arrest during implantation (n = 9; 6%), and infection (n = 7; 5%). Minor complications occurred in 47 dogs (31%), including seroma formation (n = 18; 12%), muscle twitch (n = 17; 11%), and inconsequential arrhythmias (n = 15; 10%). Fourteen dogs (9%) experienced both major and minor complications. Survival analysis revealed 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 70, 57, and 45%, respectively. Age and presence of preexisting congestive heart failure (CHF) had a negative effect on survival (P = .001). Sixty percent of dogs with preexisting CHF died within 1 year of implantation, whereas 25% of dogs without heart failure died during the same period. Owners rated their satisfaction with the procedure as high in 80% of the dogs.
Partial purification of bovine sulfation factor.

Abstract A method for the partial purification of sulfation factor (S. F.) from bovine serum utilizing the techniques of ultrafiltration and molecular sieve chromatography is presented. The method is simple and approximately 50% recoveries of the initial S. F. activity have been consistantly obtained. A 400-fold purification is obtained when the potency is based on biuret reactive material; on a dry weight basis, a 125-fold purification. From the data presented herein, it appears, that serum S. F. is similar in size to the muscle S. F. of Hall but considerably smaller than that reported by others. It is suggested that freezing and thawing of the samples prior to and during the purification procedures may dissociate S. F. from a large protein or macromolecule which would lead to artificially high molecular weight assignments.
A new Hamiltonian structure for the dynamics of general relativity

A new compact form of the dynamical equations of relativity is proposed. The new form clarifies the covariance of the equations under coordinate transformations of the space-time. On a deeper level, we obtain new insight into the infinite-dimensional symplectic geometry behind the dynamical equations, the decompositions of gravitational perturbations, and the space of gravitational degrees of freedom. Prospects for these results in studying fields coupled to gravity and the quantization of gravity are outlined.
Effects of Feeding Prepubertal Heifers a High-Energy Diet for Three, Six, or Twelve Weeks on Feed Intake, Body Growth, and Fat Deposition

The objective was to determine the effects of feeding prepubertal dairy heifers a high-energy diet for a duration of 0, 3, 6, or 12 wk on feed intake, growth, and fat deposition. We also used feed composition, daily intake, and body growth data to evaluate the nutritional model of the 2001 National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Holstein heifers (age = 11 wk; body weight = 107 +/- 1 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 16/treatment) designated H0, H3, H6, and H12 and fed a low-energy diet for 12, 9, 6, or 0 wk, followed by a high-energy diet for 0, 3, 6, or 12 wk, respectively. Four heifers were killed initially (11 wk of age) and 64 heifers were killed at the end of the treatment period (23 wk of age). The low-energy diet was formulated to achieve 0.6 kg of average daily gain and contained 16% crude protein, and 45% neutral detergent fiber. The high-energy diet was formulated to achieve an average daily gain of 1.2 kg and contained 18% crude protein and 23% neutral detergent fiber. Actual daily gains averaged over the 12-wk treatment period were 0.64, 0.65, 0.83, and 1.09 kg for the H0, H3, H6, and H12 groups, respectively. Body weight, withers height, hip width, carcass weight, liver weight, and perirenal fat increased in heifers fed a high-energy diet for a longer duration. In addition, percentage of fat increased and percentage of protein decreased in rib sections with a longer duration on the high-energy diet. Uterine and ovarian weights adjusted for body weight decreased when heifers were fed the high-energy diet for a longer duration. The 2001 NRC underestimated dry matter intake of the high-energy diet and overestimated dry matter intake of the low-energy diet. On the basis of actual intakes of each diet, the NRC slightly underestimated gain for the low-energy diet and overestimated gain by 40% for the high-energy diet. The likely explanation for this is that the NRC underestimated the proportion of gain that was fat in the heifers fed the high-energy diet and therefore predicted more body gain per unit of energy intake. We concluded that feeding a high-energy diet for a short duration altered body growth and fat deposition in a time-dependent, linear manner consistent with feeding a high-energy diet for a long duration.
Acoustic communication is better than none

The transmission of electromagnetic energy through seawater is so heavily attenuated that it is necessary to turn to acoustic energy to transmit information over any appreciable range of ocean. In the sea, the absorption of acoustic energy is several orders of magnitude less than that of electromagnetic waves. Still, this absorption constitutes a limitation on the bandwidth of the communication link. In addition, the upper and lower boundaries of the ocean, and the multipaths caused by them, distort the communication path and further reduce the usable bandwidth.
POSITRON-MOLECULE SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS

Abstract We have extended our measurements of the relative elastic differential cross sections (DCSs) and positronium formation cross sections (QPss) for positron scattering to include molecules of varying complexity and symmetry. Diffraction effects observed in our earlier e+–Ar and e+–CH4 DCS measurements [Phys. Rev. A 55 (1997) 4244] are shown to have disappeared for a linear tri-atomic molecule, CO2. In contrast to the structureless, bell-shaped Ps-formation curves of H and H2 [Phys. Rev. A 55 (1997) 361], the Ps-formation cross section curves for CH4, CO2, and SF6 show structure which may be associated with electron transfer of inner orbital electrons of the molecule.
Temporal instability of auditory and visual event-related potentials in posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Background We examined P300 measures in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and control subjects at two different time points to determine event-related potential (ERP) stability over time and the relationship of changes in ERPs to changes in symptom levels. Methods Auditory and visual P300 was recorded in a three-condition novelty oddball task in 25 male subjects with combat-related PTSD and 15 male combat-exposed normal control subjects at two time points separated by 6–12 months. Regression analyses were conducted to compare the temporal stability of ERP measures in PTSD and control subjects. Variability in ERP measures over time within PTSD subjects was examined for association with changes in symptom levels. Results There were no significant differences in P300 amplitude or latency in PTSD versus control subjects at either time point, regardless of stimulus type (target, novel) or modality (auditory, visual). Nine of 24 P300 measures were significantly less predictable over time in the PTSD group compared to control subjects. Variability of P300 measures over time was not associated with fluctuations in symptoms of depression or PTSD. Conclusions P300 ERPs are more variable cross-sectionally and over time in PTSD subjects compared to trauma exposed control subjects. Measures of variability about the group mean appear to be more informative about the cognitive electrophysiology of PTSD than measures of central tendency.
Origins of the scalp recorded frequency-following response in the cat.

The frequency-following response (FFR) is a short-latency scalp-recorded evoked potential elicited by the presentation of low-frequency acoustic stimuli. It is thought to be the result of the synchronous electrical activity in brain stem auditory nuclei to each wave in the acoustic signal. The present investigation constitutes an attempt to determine the generators of the FFR in the cat by analysis of the response and by section of brain stem auditory nuclei and tracts.Among the results were the following: (1) the cochlear nuclei contribute approximately 50% of the amplitude of the scalp-recorded FFR in the cat. (2) The cochlea also makes a significant contribution, accounting for an average of nearly 25% of the response amplitude. (3) The superior olivary nuclei (and/or the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci) account for about 20% of the response amplitude. (4) The contributions from the inferior colliculi (contrary to earlier studies) were found to be relatively insignificant. (5) As a consequence of the ex...
The resonance fluorescence of polarized radiation—III. The stokes parameter and circulation polarization formulation of the scattering redistribution function

Abstract The scattering redistribution function for the resonance fluorescence of polarized radiation in the presence of magnetic fields is established in terms of the Stokes parameter representation, as well as for a circular polarization basis. This analysis extends the treatment by the author of the resonance fluorescence problem where previously only the linear polarization basis had been considered. The redistribution function is treated in generality so coherence effects are included that arise from the sublevels of the scattering atom being not far removed from degeneracy. In the presence of weak fields, these coherence effects alter the frequency, directional and polarization properties of the scattering event. Use is made of the density matrix formalism to arrive at a description of the scattering process in terms of Stokes parameters. For the Stokes parameter representation, the procedure is given for deriving the elements of the Mueller matrix for the resonance fluorescence process. Both frequency dependent and frequency averaged redistribution functions are given for the general case applicable to any dipole transition. In addition for examples, the general equations are reduced to those applicable to the transition J = 0 to J″ = 1.
Diastolic runoff with widened arterial pulse pressure in an adolescent with widely metastatic testicular chriocarcinoma

Widened arterial pulse pressure is often found with conditions having exaggerated diastolic runoff flow, such as aortic insufficiency and arteriovenous malformation. We report a 17-year-old boy with metastatic testicular choriocarcinoma and a widened pulse pressure. Ultrasonography and Doppler analysis revealed significant runoff flow into multiple large hepatic metastases. After chemotherapy, there was diminution in his metastases, a narrowing of the pulse pressure, and no evidence of runoff flow in the liver. These cardiovascular findings have not been previously described in association with metastatic vascular malignancies.
Investigations into the Life Cycle of the Bacterial Predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J at an Interface by Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy was used to image Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J, a gram-negative bacterial predator that consumes a variety of other gram-negative bacteria. In predator-prey communities grown on filters at hydrated air-solid interfaces, repeated cycles of hunting, invasion, growth, and lysis occurred readily even though the cells were limited to near two-dimensional movement. This system allowed us to image the bacteria directly without extensive preparation or modification, and many of the cells remained alive during imaging. Presented are images of the life cycle in two species of prey organisms, both Escherichia coli (a small prey bacterium that grows two-dimensionally on a surface) and Aquaspirillum serpens (a large prey bacterium that grows three-dimensionally on a surface), including high-resolution images of invaded prey cells called bdelloplasts. We obtained evidence for multiple invasions per prey cell, as well as significant heterogeneity in morphology of bdellovibrios. Mutant host-independent bdellovibrios were observed to have flagella and to excrete a coating that causes the predators to clump together on a surface. Most interestingly, changes in the texture of the cell surface membranes were measured during the course of the invasion cycle. Thus, coupled with our preparation method, atomic force microscopy allowed new observations to be made about Bdellovibrio at an interface. These studies raise important questions about the ways in which bacterial predation at interfaces (air-solid or liquid-solid) may be similar to or different from predation in solution.
Moral Distress and Moral Disempowerment

Moral distress can consist in anxiety or concern about one's capacity to meet challenges to one's integrity; it can also consist in the sense that one has failed to meet these challenges, betraying fundamental moral values or commitments. When the sense of moral failure is compounded by feelings of frustration or impotence, of being constrained or impeded in one's ability to act as one believes one ought, one experiences moral disempowerment. Drawing on narratives of moral distress emerging from work in the clinical context, this essay explores a distinction between cases in which moral distress does, and does not, center around the experience of moral disempowerment. When moral distress is tied to moral disempowerment, the acute personal toll is joined with broader moral costs, for effective moral agency is stymied. If we are to support individuals' resilience and effectiveness in working constructively with moral distress, we need to understand and redress the social, systemic, and institutional factors contributing to moral disempowerment.
Male mate search for female emergence sites by a parasitic wasp

To evaluate the use of spatial and temporal information in dictating quantitative search patterns, we investigated the male mate-searching behaviour of a braconid wasp, Alabagrus texanus. Specifically, we asked whether these individuals use recently acquired information when establishing their use of space during searching routines. Males find virgin females by patrolling the habitat for pheromone cues, with scramble competition following. To simulate emergences, we placed just-eclosed females in fine-meshed bags that permitted pheromones to disperse. Upon presentation, male swarms formed, reaching maximum numbers within the first few minutes. Males subsequently left the swarming site, and few revisited. Females were removed after 5 min and replaced by a second female. Male numbers remained low, but when the second female was then presented 15 m away, she attracted many males. Repeating the initial experiment with a hiatus of 30 min between first and second females, the second female attracted few males, but with a hiatus of 60 min between females, the second female attracted many males. There was no increase in the number of males that responded to a second female presented closer than 5 m from that of the first female. Wasp emergence patterns revealed that more than one female seldom eclosed within a diameter of 5 m on the same day. Thus, males show short-term memory of space and time that decreases their attention to sites that are unlikely to yield a mating.
Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in tilapia, Oreochromis (Sarotherodon) mossambicus, during short-term exposure to different types of pollutants

Abstract During exposure of the freshwater fish, tilapia, Oreochromis (Sarotherodon) mossambicus , to heavy metals (mercury and copper), organochlorine insecticides (DDT and endosulfan) and aromatic hydrocarbons (napthalene and phenol) for up to 96 h, the lethal concentrations of all pollutants caused a substantial loss of liver and muscle glycogen. This was accompanied by a considerable rise in the plasma glucose levels. Although the sublethal concentrations generally failed to affect the tissue glycogen levels, the stress produced hyperglycaemia, especially towards the end of the exposure period. The most extensive effects were produced by the aromatic hydrocarbons which, at their lethal concentrations, also caused a reduction in the liver weight by 96 h exposure. The quantitative differences in effects of the three types of pollutants are discussed in relation to differences in the capacity of fish tissues to metabolise these hazardous chemicals and also the physical activity responses of the stressed fish.
Aberrant termination triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

NMD (nonsense-mediated mRNA decay) is a cellular quality-control mechanism in which an otherwise stable mRNA is destabilized by the presence of a premature termination codon. We have defined the set of endogenous NMD substrates, demonstrated that they are available for NMD at every round of translation, and showed that premature termination and normal termination are not equivalent biochemical events. Premature termination is aberrant, and its NMD-stimulating defects can be reversed by the presence of tethered poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1p) or tethered eRF3 (eukaryotic release factor 3) (Sup35p). Thus NMD appears to be triggered by a ribosome9s failure to terminate adjacent to a properly configured 3′-UTR (untranslated region), an event that may promote binding of the UPF / NMD factors to stimulate mRNA decapping.
Glasshouse assessment of clomazone response of US pumpkin cultivars

Abstract Glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess differences in clomazone tolerance between US pumpkin cultivars that were first observed when the herbicide was used for weed control in a pumpkin variety evaluation experiment. Two Cucurbita maxima cultivars, Big Max and Mammoth Gold, were highly tolerant and did not exhibit shoot weight reduction at a potting-medium clomazone concentration of 64 mg kg −1 (w/w), four times the clomazone concentration that severely injured and reduced the shoot weight of the less tolerant C. pepo variety , Magic Lantern . A subsequent experiment to assess the response of 67 pumpkin cultivars demonstrated that while most C. maxima cultivars tested were not sensitive to clomazone, the response of C. pepo cultivars varied greatly.
Near-Infrared Camera and Fabry-Perot Spectrometer (NIC-FPS)

The Near-Infrared Camera and Fabry-Perot Spectrometer (NIC-FPS) will provide near-IR imaging over the wavelength range ~0.9-2.45 microns and medium resolution (R~10,000) full-field Fabry-Perot spectroscopy in the 1.5-2.4 micron range. Science observation will commence by mid 2004 on the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5-m telescope at the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, NM. NIC-FPS will allow a wide variety of extragalactic, galactic, and solar system observational programs to be conducted. NIC-FPS will support two observational modes, near-IR imaging or Fabry-Perot spectroscopy. For spectroscopy of line-emitting objects, the cryogenic Fabry-Perot etalon is inserted into the optical path to generate 3D spectral datacubes at ~30 km/s spectral resolution. For narrow to broad-band imaging, the etalon is removed from the optical path. Both modes will utilize a Rockwell Hawaii 1RG 1024 x 1024 HgCdTe detector which features low dark current, low noise and broad spectral response required for astronomical observations. The optics and detector will provide a full 4.6' × 4.6' field of view at 0.27" pixel. NIC-FPS will be mounted to the ARC telescope's Nasmyth port. NIC-FPS will significantly increase ARC's near-IR imaging and spectroscopy capabilities. We present NIC-FPS's optical design and instrument specifications.
Searching for gluonic excitations —The Hall D project at Jlab

Hybrid mesons are produced when the gluonic degrees of freedom are excited within normal mesons. A large fraction of these gluonic excitations can be identified using unique combinations of spin, parity and charge conjugation (J PC ) quantum numbers which are not allowed for ordinary \(q\bar q\) bound states. Photon beams are expected to be particularly favorable for the production of such states, which are required by the quark confining mechanism of QCD. Mapping out the spectrum and decay modes of these hybrid mesons is the necessary first step in understanding the nature of confinement. Plans are underway at Jefferson Lab to upgrade the energy of the electron accelerator to 12 GeV. With 12 GeV electrons, a 9 GeV linearly polarized photon beam will be produced using the coherent bremsstrahlung technique. Along with this energy upgrade, a hermetic detector housed in new experimental hall (Hall D) will be used to collect data on photoproduced mesons with unprecedented statistics.
Randomized Design and the Myth of Certain Knowledge: Guinea Pig Narratives and Cultural Critique

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) has explicitly promoted randomized research designs and implicitly promoted clinical trials as the only legitimate educational science. In doing so, the law seeks to remodel educational research in a medical mode. This article draws on the narrative of a human subject participating in a medical randomized experiment to raise questions about the extent to which such designs secure the goals NCLB claims they will: validity, rigor, replicability. In contrasting the narrative of science in NCLB and the narrative of science as told by human subjects, the author draws on de Certeau as well as Bowker and Star to make sense of the difference in structure of the narratives and to highlight the extent to which randomized designs are mythologized in the law and current debates over methodology.
Reorientation of chromosome replication after exposure to ultraviolet light of Escherichia coli.

Radioisotopic and density labeling methods have been used to examine the location of the site at which chromosome replication is resumed after the restoration of “net” DNA synthesizing activity in ultraviolet-irradiated cells. The findings were as follows. (1) Post-irradiation chromosome replication commences from a site other than the site that was active prior to exposure. (2) The extent of post-irradiation replication of the total DNA or of a chromosome region which was pulse-labeled immediately prior to exposure is limited to about 50%. (3) All chromosome regions do not have an equal probability of being duplicated following exposure, thus suggesting some specificity in the location of the site where replication is resumed. (4) The observation by others of a requirement for protein synthesis in the restoration of DNA synthesizing activity has been extended to show that inhibition of protein synthesis prevents the appearance of the new replication site. The findings have been interpreted in terms of the currently accepted model for the replication of the bacterial chromosome.
COMMERCIALIZATION AND CHANGES IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS: AN INNOVATION OR WRONG TURN?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of commercialization on capital structure, mission and performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs).Design/methodology/approach – Robust estimation techniques ranging from simple OLS to fixed and random effects, Tobit and two‐stage least‐squares regression were applied using panel data for six‐year period 2003‐2008.Findings – The authors' results are generally robust and indicate that leverage decreases the relative level of outreach to the very poor. This is expected as increases in cost of capital leads to higher cost of borrowing, higher default rate and increased risk. Increased use of commercial debt and equity financing lowers productivity for client‐maximizing MFIs through lower conversion of savers to borrowers or the yield rate.Research limitations/implications – Analysis was done with six years of data as some of the disclosures by MFIs were missing. As comprehensive disclosures become available, a similar study can be performed to ...
The Effect of a Magazine's Digital Content on its Print Circulation: Cannibalization or Complementarity?

We examine how offering digital content affects demand for print magazines. Using a searchable website archive, we measure the digital content offered by a sample of US consumer magazines from 1996-2001. We find strong evidence that digital content cannibalizes print sales. On average, a magazine's print circulation declines about three percent when it offers a website. However, the effect varies with the type of digital content offered. Offering digital access to the entire contents of the current print magazine reduces print sales by about nine percent. We find no evidence that digital content complements print magazines. These results are robust to including controls for unobserved magazine, category, and time effects, as well as controls for the impact of contemporaneous price changes and other factors.
Surface chemistry of fluoroethanols II. A FTIR study of the reaction of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol on Al2O3 surface

Abstract The adsorption and thermal decomposition of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, CF3–CH2–OH, on high-surface-area Al2O3 surfaces were investigated by FTIR under high vacuum conditions. IR spectra were collected in the 4000–1000 cm−1 range and spectral assignments were made. The spectral evidence indicated that CF3–CH2–OH decomposed to form an acetate/formate mixture at 450 K. Surface isolated hydroxyl groups participated in the adsorption/decomposition process. A reaction mechanism is proposed and the role of fluorination for the surface reaction outcome is suggested.
Light scattering studies on the ripening of viscose solution

Investigations were made on cellulose xanthate molecular weights by light scattering during the ripening of the solutions of (a) viscose-containing colored thio salts and (b) pure cellulose xanthate separated from viscose. Though an apparent reduction in molecular weight was recorded with time of ripening for the viscose solution, no such fall was observed with pure cellulose xanthate. The apparent fall of molecular weight in the case of viscose has been shown to be due to the increasing absorption of the incident beam and to the change in the value of dn/dc with progressive color formation. Reproducible results can be obtained for cellulose xanthate solutions freed from color. Intrinsic viscosity of the viscoses and the degree of polymerization (D.P.) of the regenerated cellulose from viscoses during ripening were also measured and found to be constant. The results indicate that no degradation of alkali cellulose molecule takes place during the ripening process, irrespective of the state of degradation of alkali cellulose from which the viscose is made.
Directed evolution to generate cycloartenol synthase mutants that produce lanosterol.

Cycloartenol synthase converts oxidosqualene to cycloartenol, a pentacyclic isomer of the animal and fungal sterol precursor lanosterol. We used directed evolution to find cycloartenol synthase residues that affect cyclopropyl ring formation, selecting randomly generated cycloartenol synthase mutants for their ability to genetically complement a yeast strain lacking lanosterol synthase. To increase the likelihood of finding novel mutations, the little-studied Dictyostelium discoideum cycloartenol synthase was used for the mutagenesis. Several catalytically important residues were identified.
Cenozoic biogenic silica sedimentation in the Antarctic Ocean

The Antarctic Ocean during Cenozoic time experienced four periods of enhanced siliceous productivity. The beginning of the Miocene and the Pliocene-Quaternary are the two major periods. The Pliocene-Quaternary increase in productivity began 5 m.y. ago and has progressively increased to the present level of intense surface productivity. Two short-lived periods of slightly increased surface productivity were the middle Eocene and the middle Miocene. The major control of Antarctic surface productivity through the Cenozoic has been climate. Climate in the Southern Ocean is ultimately controlled by tectonic changes in the Antarctic Ocean basin, which altered the patterns of surface and thermohaline circulation. Antarctic surface waters became more conducive to siliceous biological productivity with the progressive latitudinal and thermal isolation of Antarctica. Opal production during the Neogene increased particularly during globally cooler times, due to the intensification of upwelling south of the Polar Front. This intensification was caused by accelerated atmospheric circulation and an increased volume production of Antarctic Bottom Water. Since the Oligocene, times of increasing productivity in the Antarctic correspond to periods of decreasing productivity in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. It appears that high concentrations of limiting nutrients upwelling in the Southern Ocean have enabled the region to successfully “compete” for silica. The efficiency of the biological cycling of silica has progressed to the extent in the Antarctic that much of the silica assimilation and accumulation has transferred to the Antarctic at the expense of other productive oceanic regions such as the central equatorial Pacific.
Concise Reviews and Hypotheses in Food Science

Coverage of all aspects of food science—including safety and nutrition—with in-depth coverage of a narrowly defined topic, embodying careful evaluation of all pertinent studies, with interpretations and conclusions. Also including hypothesis papers in pioneering areas of research or important areas that are afflicted by scientific controversy
User fees plus quality equals improved access to health care: results of a field experiment in Cameroon.

Since the Bamako Initiative was launched in 1988, many African countries have embarked on comprehensive primary health care programs relying, at least partially, on revenues generated through user fees to revitalize health care delivery systems. Although these programs contain two critical components, user fees and improved quality, policy debates have tended to focus on the former and disregarded the latter. The purpose of this study is to provide a net assessment of these two components by testing how user fees and improved quality affect health facility utilization among the overall population and specifically among the poorest people. A "pretest-posttest controlled" experiment was conducted in five public health facilities in the Adamaoua province of Cameroon. Three health centers which were to introduce a user fee and quality improvement (i.e. reliable drug supply) policy were selected as "treatment" centers and two comparable facilities not yet phased into this policy were selected as "controls". Two rounds of household surveys were conducted (each to 800 households in 25 villages surrounding the five study sites) to measure the percentage of ill people seeking care at the health center before and after the implementation of the policy. The experiment was tightly controlled by conducting monthly observations at each study site. Results indicate that the probability of using the health center increased significantly for people in the "treatment" areas compared to those in the "control" areas. Travel and time costs involved in seeking alternative sources of care are high; when good quality drugs became available at the local health center, the fee charged for care and treatment represented an effective reduction in the price of care and thus utilization rose. Moreover, contrary to previous studies which have found that the poorest quintile is most hurt by user fees, this study found that probability of the poorest quintile seeking care increases at a rate proportionately greater than the rest of the population. Since the poor are most responsive to price changes, they appear to be benefitting from local availability of drugs more than others.
Medicinal properties of Echinacea: A critical review

Preparations from Echinacea purpurea are among the most widely used herbal medicines. Most uses of E. purpurea are based on the reported immunological properties. A series of experiments have demonstrated that E. purpurea extracts do indeed demonstrate significant immunomodulatory activities. Among the many pharmacological properties reported, macrophage activation has been demonstrated most convincingly. Phagocytotic indices and macrophage-derived cytokine concentrations have been shown to be Echinacea-responsive in a variety of assays. Activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and natural killer cells has also been reasonably demonstrated. Changes in the numbers and activities of T- and B-cell leukocytes have been reported, but are less certain. Despite this cellular evidence of immunostimulation, pathways leading to enhanced resistance to infectious disease have not been described adequately. Several dozen human experiments--including a number of blind randomized trials--have reported health benefits. The most robust data come from trials testing E. purpurea extracts in the treatment for acute upper respiratory infection. Although suggestive of modest benefit, these trials are limited both in size and in methodological quality. Hence, while there is a great deal of moderately good-quality scientific data regarding E. purpurea, effectiveness in treating illness or in enhancing human health has not yet been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Effect of fluctuating temperature on diapause induction in the pink bollworm

Abstract A higher incidence of diapause can be induced in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), when larvae are reared in continuous darkness on 24 hr temperature cycles than when reared in continuous darkness at a constant temperature equal to the mean. The fluctuating temperature treatments produce a more intense state of diapause as well as a greater number of diapausing insects. Pink bollworm eggs appear sensitive to photoperiod.