cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialects of northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris: Origin and reliability

Abstract Threat vocalizations of adult male northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris , were recorded over a 5-year period to determine whether local dialects previously reported in this species are reliable. These results were obtained: (1) The mean pulse rate at Ano Nuevo Island, which was colonized in 1961, has increased every year from 1968 to 1972 but still remains slower than the mean pulse rate of all southern rookeries. (2) The pulse rate of individual adult males does not vary significantly for at least 3 years. (3) Forty-three per cent of the breeding males on Ano Nuevo Island are immigrants from southern populations each of which has a faster mean pulse rate than Ano Nuevo Island. (4) The pulse rate at San Miguel Island, a large rookery which receives few immigrants, did not change significantly from 1969 to 1972. A model is advanced to explain the data and account for geographical variation in learned vocalizations of species whose populations are expanding.
A uniform strain model of elemental flames in turbulent combustion simulations

Abstract The paper describes a multistep chemistry, combustion-zone submodel for turbulent combustion simulation which can be used in the regime of flamelet combustion. The flowfield in the submodel is simplified by assuming a uniform strain rate across the flame structure as opposed to the variable strain observed in the corresponding boundary-layer solution. This assumption allows the decoupling of the momentum equation from the energy and species concentration equations, and, together with a series of coordinate transformations, the reduction of the system of governing equations to a set of reaction-diffusion equations which can be accurately and easily integrated. Study shows that the accuracy of the model can be greatly improved if an effective uniform strain rate instead of the imposed strain rate at the far field is used. We develop an expression for the effective uniform strain rate as a function of the flow-imposed strain and the adiabatic flame temperature. Results obtained over a wide range of strain rates show that the results of the uniform strain-rate model agree well with those obtained using the boundary-layer approximation in terms of the steady-state flame structure and evolution of the burning velocity in response to a stepwise change in strain rate for both premixed and diffusion flames. It is also shown that the uniform strain-rate model with reduced chemical kinetics is able to produce the extinction S curve, steady-state profiles, and a transient response which are close to that of the exact solution. The importance of the dynamics of flame-flow interaction is shown in the paper by comparing the actual response of a flame to sudden variations in strain rate with the quasisteady response implied in the “flamelet library” approach. It is shown that the latter could lead to errors in the prediction of burning velocity.
Hemochromatosis in a female with homozygous H63D gene mutation and hepatitis C with autoimmune features

Hemochromatosis in a female with homozygous H63D gene mutation and hepatitis C with autoimmune features
Ultrastructural Localization Of In Vivo-Bound Complement In Bullous Pemphigoid

Antihuman complement component C3 labeled with horseradish peroxidase was used to reveal the ultrastructural localization of complement in two cases of bullous pemphigoid. The complement deposits were shown to be exclusively located in the space between the plasma membrane of the basal cells and the basal lamina. This corresponds exactly to the ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulins in bullous pemphigoid.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY OF FRUIT JUICES AND PUREES

SUMMARY: The viscosities of selected fruit juices and purees were measured with a coaxial-cylinder viscometer in the temperature range 20–70°C. Depectinized apple juice and Concord grape juice were Newtonian fluids at all concentrations and their viscosity decreased considerably at higher temperatures. Cloudy apple and orange juices changed from Newtonian to pseudoplastic at concentrations higher than 50 and 20° Brix. respectively. Temperature had a smaller effect on viscosity of cloudy juices than of clear juices. The apparent viscosity of fruit purees (pseudoplastic fluids) decreased slightly at higher temperatures. The activation energy for flow increased with the juice concentration and decreased with the presence of suspended particles in the fruit product. The data and conclusions are useful in the design and operation of efficient food-processing equipment.
Optical Trapping in Air of an Individual Nanotube-Sphere Device

We demonstrated the optical manipulation of a polystyrene bead supported in air by an individual carbon nanotube. We have also utilized this technique to demonstrate the calibration of a nanotube-sphere force sensor in the ≈10-10 N range. A focused IR laser (at 1.064 µm, 100 mW power) was used to trap the bead. This simple device consisted of a tungsten probe with a long nanotube (length, ≥15 µm) attached to its tip, while the other end of the nanotube supported a polystyrene microsphere. Decreasing the nanotube length to 8 µm did not show any sphere motion in the trap.
Noninfectious Medical Disorders of Amphibians

Amphibians both in the wild and in captivity are gaining growing recognition throughout the world. Veterinarians are becoming increasingly involved in the medical care of this interesting group of animals. Although amphibians have a number of unique anatomical and physiological features, the small animal practitioner can provide quality medical services by following the basic tenants of diagnosis and treatment. There are a variety of noninfectious medical disorders encountered when working with amphibians. This report will discuss common diagnostic techniques, noninfectious disease, and medical and surgical therapies that are commonly used in amphibian species.
Writing in mathematics education

There are at least two roles that writing plays in mathematics education: writing about mathematics and writing to learn mathematics. We present our undergraduate classroom experiences in teaching students how to write and how to use writing as a learning tool.
Phenobarbital and dexamethasone inhibition of the adrenocortical response of rats to toxic chemicals and other stresses.

Abstract Plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels in male rats increased 2- to 4-fold after single sublethal doses of DDT, parathion, or acrolein and after 1-hr exposure to cold or hind-leg ligature. Pretreatment with a single subanesthetic dose of phenobarbital prevented the increased corticosterone caused by DDT and parathion, but not that caused by the other stresses. Phenobarbital pretreatment also prevented increased activity of the corticosterone-inducible liver enzymes, tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase and trytophan pyrrolase. The inhibitory effect of phenobarbital appeared to be independent of the magnitude of the adrenocortical stimulating action of the various stresses, since the increased corticosterone levels after parathion were as great or greater than those produced by stresses which were refractory to phenobarbital inhibition. After parathion, maximum increase in plasma and adrenal corticosterone occurred before there was appreciable inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity; this suggests that these two actions may be, at least in part, independent of each other. Dexamethasone inhibited the adrenocortical response to all the stresses except for high concentrations of the irritant, acrolein. Inhibition by dexamethasone suggests that the stimulation of adrenocortical activity is subject to a negative-feedback control mechanism. The results of this investigation indicate that different pathways or mechanisms are involved in the stimulation of adrenocortical activity which is a response common to several different toxic chemicals and other stresses.
The effects of the posterior sagittal approach on rectal function (experimental study)

The posterior sagittal transsphincteric approach has been used for the treatment of anorectal malformations in children and for other acquired conditions mainly in adults. Although the reports on clinical results indicate that the division of the sphincteric mechanism does not harm the function of the voluntary muscles, there are no experimental objective evaluations of the rectal function and fecal continence after a posterior sagittal transsphincteric approach. Sixteen dogs were studied forming four groups of four animals each. Group I was subjected to a posterior sagittal approach only without opening of the rectum. Group II underwent a posterior sagittal approach plus posterior and anterior rectotomy. Group III underwent a posterior sagittal approach plus a perirectal dissection, and group IV underwent only a perirectal dissection without posterior sagittal incision. All animals were evaluated clinically and manometrically preoperatively and postoperatively and were followed up to 12 weeks. Results indicated that the perirectal dissection with and without posterior sagittal incision provoked the most severe changes in bowel control and manometric parameters. Posterior sagittal approach with or without rectotomy provoked minimal or no changes in bowel function and rectal manometry. This experimental study supports the clinical experiences and indicates that the posterior approach does not interfere with the function of the sphincteric mechanism.
MOCVD growth of non-epitaxial and epitaxial ZnS thin films

Thin films of ZnS have been deposited by MOCVD on both BaTa2O6/ITO/glass and Si substrates. Diethylzinc (DEZn) and H2S are used for deposition on substrates heated to the 250–400°C temperature range. The microstructure and properties of ZnS films were studied by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry (UVS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Films prepared on BaTa2O6/ITO/glass were polycrystalline with mixed cubic and hexagonal phases. The hexagonal structure dominated for film thicknesses > 700 nm, while the cubic structure dominated for film thicknesses > 700 nm. The bandgap energy of ZnS films decreased and the surface morphology became worse with the increasing film thickness. Upon annealing 200–600 nm films at temperatures of 450–550°C in H2S for 1 h, the ZnS films developed an even stronger cubic (111) or hexagonal (002) preferred orientation. Polycrystalline ZnS films grown on Si(100) and (111) substrates tended to be cubic. Nucleation and growth rates on Si(100) substrates were initially faster than on Si(111) substrates. At 400°C, epitaxial growth of ZnS on Si(100) was achieved.
NITROGEN LIMITATION OF RHIZOMA PEANUT GROWTH

Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata) is a forage and groundcover crop of increasing importance in the southeastern United States, but little is known of its nitrogen (N) requirement for optimal production, or if this requirement is being met through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fertilization greenhouse experiments were performed with Florigraze and Ecoturf genotypes and response measured by shoot production, nodulation, nitrogenase activity, shoot N concentrations, and N accumulation. Rhizome N concentrations with and without N fertilization were also evaluated in the field. From the two greenhouse studies, we found a saturating response to N fertilization between 11 and 23 kg N ha-1 during the 11-week evaluation period. In both the greenhouse, and to a lesser extent, the field experiment, N accumulation was found to increase with increased N fertilization, which indicates that N2-fixation may not provide the necessary N for optimal shoot production.
Binding of a spin-labeled phenylalanine analog to sickle hemoglobin: EPR and NMR studies

We have synthesized a spin-label analog of phenylalanine as a competitive inhibitor probe of the sickle hemoglobin aggregation process. Sickle hemoglobin gelation measurements indicate that the spin-label phenylalanine analog is a potent inhibitor of deoxy sickle hemoglobin aggregation. We have also used spin label EPR and high-resolution proton NMR to study the interaction of the phenylalanine analog with hemoglobin, and find that the kinetic off-rate is comparable to, or slower than the hemoglobin rotational rate (i.e., ⪸ 108 s−1), and that at least one, and perhaps two significant localized interaction region(s) exist within a few angstroms of the β chain N- and C-termini. Correlation with other known structural information suggests that the observed interaction sites may be relevant to the mechanism for inhibition of sickle hemoglobin aggregation.
Cation Recombination Energy/Coulomb Repulsion Effects in ETD/ECD as Revealed by Variation of Charge per Residue at Fixed Total Charge

Electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) experiments in electrodynamic ion traps operated in the presence of a bath gas in the 1–10 mTorr range have been conducted on a common set of doubly protonated model peptides of the form X(AG)nX (X = lysine, arginine, or histidine, n = 1, 2, or 4). The partitioning of reaction products was measured using thermal electrons, anions of azobenzene, and anions of 1,3-dinitrobenzene as reagents. Variation of n alters the charge per residue of the peptide cation, which affects recombination energy. The ECD experiments showed that H-atom loss is greatest for the n = 1 peptides and decreases as n increases. Proton transfer in ETD, on the other hand, is expected to increase as charge per residue decreases (i.e., as n increases). These opposing tendencies were apparent in the data for the K(AG)nK peptides. H-atom loss appeared to be more prevalent in ECD than in ETD and is rationalized on the basis of either internal energy differences, differences in angular momentum transfer associated with the electron capture versus electron transfer processes, or a combination of the two. The histidine peptides showed the greatest extent of charge reduction without dissociation, the arginine peptides showed the greatest extent of side-chain cleavages, and the lysine peptides generally showed the greatest extent of partitioning into the c/z•-product ion channels. The fragmentation patterns for the complementary c- and z•-ions for ETD and ECD were found to be remarkably similar, particularly for the peptides with X = lysine.
How does alemtuzumab affect long-term graft and patient outcomes after deceased-donor kidney transplantation?

How does alemtuzumab affect long-term graft and patient outcomes after deceased-donor kidney transplantation?
Investigation of grid-enhanced two-phase convective heat transfer in the dispersed flow film boiling regime

Abstract A two-phase dispersed droplet flow investigation of the grid-enhanced heat transfer augmentation has been done using steam cooling with droplet injection experimental data obtained from the Penn State/NRC Rod Bundle Heat Transfer (RBHT) facility. The RBHT facility is a vertical, full length, 7 × 7-rod bundle heat transfer facility having 45 electrically heated fuel rod simulators of 9.5 mm (0.374-in.) diameter on a 12.6 mm (0.496-in.) pitch which simulates a portion of a PWR fuel assembly. The facility operates at low pressure, up to 4 bars (60 psia) and has over 500 channels of instrumentation including heater rod thermocouples, spacer grid thermocouples, closely-spaced differential pressure cells along the test section, several fluid temperature measurements within the rod bundle flow area, inlet and exit flows, absolute pressure, and the bundle power. A series of carefully controlled and well instrumented steam cooling with droplet injection experiments were performed over a range of Reynolds numbers and droplet injection flow rates. The experimental results were analyzed to obtain the axial variation of the local heat transfer coefficients along the rod bundle. At the spacer grid location, the flow was found to be substantially disrupted, with the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers undergoing redevelopment. Owing to this flow restructuring, the heat transfer downstream of a grid spacer was found to be augmented above the fully developed flow heat transfer as a result of flow disruption induced by the grid. Furthermore, the presence of a droplet field further enhanced the heat transfer as compared to single phase conditions. From the RBHT steam cooling with droplet injection data, it was found that a second-stage augmentation occurs under wet grid conditions at a distance of approximately 10 diameters downstream of the grid. This second-stage augmentation, which is a direct consequence of a sharp increase of the droplet interfacial area due to the breakup of liquid ligaments downstream of the grid, was not observed under dry-grid conditions nor was it observed in single-phase steam cooling tests. It was also found that the general practice of classifying a grid as wet or dry based solely on the thermocouple temperature is insufficient, as a large scatter was observed in the data.
Use of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity and intrauterine transfusion for management of twin-twin transfusion and single fetal intrauterine demise.

A 42 year-old-woman, gravida 3 para 2, at 21 weeks and three days of gestation with monochorionic/diamniotic twins was diagnosed with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). There was oligo-polyh...
Source areas and transport mechanisms for freshwater and Brackish-water diatoms deposited in pelagic sediments of the equatorial atlantic

Distributions of freshwater and brackish-water diatoms from dust samples and modern sediments of the equatorial Atlantic demonstrate different transport mechanisms and source areas. Both Melosira spp. and Stephanodiscus spp. are transported via winds from the southern Sahara and Sahel in Northern Hemisphere winter. The core-top distribution of Cyclotella striata delineates the extent of the low-salinity plume formed by runoff from the Zaire River into the extreme eastern Atlantic. The transport mechanism and source areas for Melosira spp. during arid phases have not changed appreciably in the last 130,000 yr. There is no evidence for long-distance transport of freshwater diatoms by the southeast trade winds. This study confirms the validity of paleoclimatic research which inferred eolian transport of Melosira spp. in the winter dust plume from source regions north of the equator, although fluviatile input of Melosira valves into nearshore sediments cannot be ruled out.
Determination of the elastic constants of anisotropic solids from acoustic-wave group-velocity measurements.

A method is proposed for determining the elastic constants of an anisotropic solid from acoustic-wave group velocities measured in off-symmetry directions in a specimen. The method corresponds to a two-stage optimization procedure in which the elastic constants are varied so as to obtain a least-squares fit of measured to calculated group velocities. At each iterative step a numerical minimization process is employed to find the wave normals and velocities of waves having the required ray directions. The method is demonstrated with synthetic data generated for a number of cubic crystals, and to experimental data obtained on single crystals of silicon using the ultrasonic point-source/enpoint-receiver technique. When provided with longitudinal- and transverse-mode velocity data, the method is able to accurately recover all three independent elastic constants. When only longitudinal mode data are provided, ${\mathit{C}}_{11}$ and the combination ${\mathit{C}}_{12}$+2${\mathit{C}}_{44}$ can be accurately recovered, but not ${\mathit{C}}_{12}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{44}$ individually.
RECOVERING PHOTOSPHERIC VELOCITIES FROM VECTOR MAGNETOGRAMS BY USING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL, FULLY MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MODEL

We introduce a numerical simulation method for recovering the photospheric velocity field from the vector magnetograms. The traditional method is local correlation tracking (LCT) which is based on measuring the relative displacements of features in blocks of pixels between successive white-light images or magnetograms. Within this method, there are a variety of implementations. One of recently developed implementations is induction local correlation tracking (ILCT) as described by Welsch et al. (2004). They employ the normal component of magnetic induction equation as a constraint to assure consistent solutions. Our numerical method uses the fully three-dimensional MHD equations to recover the photospheric velocity field with individual vector magnetograms. We compare our method to the ILCT method using NOAA AR8210 as an example. The differences and similarities are discussed in detail.
Designing fast optically controlled waveguide switches

Optically controlled two way switches are useful for constructing interconnection networks and for performing optical logic for parallel computing. A switch is constructed by placing two waveguides parallel and sufficiently close to each other that their fields couple transversely. The supermodes for this configuration are even and odd and travel at different phase velocities so that the output switches from one waveguide to the other repetitively with distance. The output can also be switched from one waveguide to the other by altering the optical length of the waveguide. Nonlinear materials are incorporated in the waveguide so that the optical path length may be altered by using an optical control beam to vary the intensity of light. A finite element method is described that enables the modeling of the nonlinear dual waveguide structure. Nonlinearity is handled by iteration and assuming an equivalent nonlinear relative permittivity.
On the matrix reorderings Γ and ψ

Abstract We discuss eight natural matrix reorderings, motivated by the two which are central to the theory of [1] and [6]. These mappings are used to relate dyad and Kronecker products of matrices. Some of their algebraic properties and their properties as linear transformations are explored.
Facets of Balassa‐Samuelson Thirty Years Later*

Prior to the important Penn studies of Kravis-Heston-Summers, statisticians relied on exchange-rate conversion estimates that would be correct only if naive Gustav Cassel versions of purchasing-power parity were true. By contrast, correct real-income estimates, using actual local prices and incomes, exhibit the systematic Penn effect: real per capita income ratios between poor and rich are systematically exaggerated by conventional exchange-rate conversions. Bela Balassa and Paul Samuelson, independently in 1964, explained why. And, as the Penn authors cited, David Ricardo and Roy Harrod had already similarly argued. It is shown here how subtle must be the theoretical analysis addressed by Jagdish Bhagwati and mainstream economists in tackling this problem.
COMPASS 31: a refined and abbreviated Composite Autonomic Symptom Score.

Objective To develop a concise and statistically robust instrument to assess autonomic symptoms that provides clinically relevant scores of autonomic symptom severity based on the well-established 169-item Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and its validated 84-question scoring instrument, the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS).
Site densities in unimolecular, solid-catalyzed reactions

Abstract Kinetic data may be used to determine the active site densities of solid catalysts for unimolecular reactions in which the surface step is the rate-determining step. The method presented does not depend upon prior knowledge of the entropy of activation of the surface step, and can be used to determine that quantity. Certain energetic and coverage assumptions must be made; it is shown, however, that making adequate assumptions is not an insurmountable problem. Twelve literature systems have been studied. The site densities obtained are much higher than the abnormally low values obtained earlier when it was assumed that the entropy of activation of the surface step is zero. On the average, the new calculated value and the value obtained by a nonkinetic method differ by 1.3 orders of magnitude. The entropy of activation for the surface step is shown to be significant. In some cases the value so obtained might not actually be the entropy of activation, but a measure of the complexity of the surface reaction.
Cse1l is a negative regulator of CFTR-dependent fluid secretion.

Summary Transport of chloride through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel is a key step in regulating fluid secretion in vertebrates [1, 2]. Loss of CFTR function leads to cystic fibrosis [1, 3, 4], a disease that affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestine, and vas deferens. Conversely, uncontrolled activation of the channel leads to increased fluid secretion and plays a major role in several diseases and conditions including cholera [5, 6] and other secretory diarrheas [7] as well as polycystic kidney disease [8–10]. Understanding how CFTR activity is regulated in vivo has been limited by the lack of a genetic model. Here, we used a forward genetic approach in zebrafish to uncover CFTR regulators. We report the identification, isolation, and characterization of a mutation in the zebrafish cse1l gene that leads to the sudden and dramatic expansion of the gut tube. We show that this phenotype results from a rapid accumulation of fluid due to the uncontrolled activation of the CFTR channel. Analyses in zebrafish larvae and mammalian cells indicate that Cse1l is a negative regulator of CFTR-dependent fluid secretion. This work demonstrates the importance of fluid homeostasis in development and establishes the zebrafish as a much-needed model system to study CFTR regulation in vivo.
Beyond silica : Nonoxidic mesostructured materials

Recent advances in the design and synthesis of mesostructured and mesoporous materials with nonoxide frameworks are reviewed. Chalcogenides comprise the most important class, and all possible pore arrangements known for silica can be achieved in these materials. The special molecular chemistry that leads to organized nonoxidic mesostructures that have a variety of compositions, pore sizes, and semiconductor bandgaps is presented. Also reviewed are recent developments in mesoporous elements, such as metals and germanium. The goal in research on mesoporous semiconductors is to create materials scaffolds with new physical phenomena that derive from the combined characteristics of long-range porosity and electronic and optical properties.
Response of splanchnic-driven neurons to substance P and eledoisin-related peptide.

Abstract The effects of iontophoretically applied substance P (SP) and eledoisin-related peptide (ERP) on the extracellularly recorded activity of spontaneous or d , l -homocysteic acid (DLH)-driven thoracic (T7–T8) spinal neurons, identified by orthodromic activation by the greater splanchnic nerve, were examined in chloralase/urethane anesthetized cats. Of 24 neurons tested, SP and/or ERP (18–120 nA) produced a weak (ca 30%) excitatory effect on 5 neurons, a weak inhibitory effect on 9 neurons, and no effect on the remaining neurons. When compared to the action of either DLH or GABA, we found both the excitatory and inhibitory effects of SP and/or ERP were delayed and prolonged. These data do not support a role for SP as a major neurotransmitter in spinal circuits in which visceral (splanchnic) afferents participate.
Esophageal cancer: Treatment and nursing interventions

Abstract Treatment of esophageal cancer poses difficult problems for health care providers. The disease has a poor prognosis. Early detection and further identification of effective treatment modalities may be the only hope for improving survival rates of patients with esophageal cancer. Multidisciplinary team members must work in concert to use all available treatments, technology, and skills to provide optimum care to the patient with esophageal cancer.
In vivo receptor binding: attempts to improve specific/non-specific ratios.

In vivo receptor binding was examined using 3H-spiperone and 3H-pimozide for dopamine receptors and 3H-LSD for serotonin recep- tors. R_o strategies for improving total: nonspecific binding ratios were tested. The first was to deplete endogenous ligands by various pharmacological treatments prior to 3H-ligand administration in an attempt to increase specific receptor binding; the second was to perfuse the brain with ice-cold saline after :_-ligand adminis- tration in an attempt to reduce nonspecific binding. Alteration of dopamine and serotonin by administering d-amphetamine, reserpine, alpha-methyl-paratyrosine or parachlorophenylalanine did not significantly elevate striatal: cerebellar or cortical: cerebellar (measures of total: nonspecific) binding ratios. Howe_r, perfusion with ice-cold saline significantly improved the ratiosPfor both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Thus, cold saline perfusion may be of value in reducing blank values in autoradiographic and other studies requiring in vivo labelling of receptors.
Evidence of Prolactin Short Loop Feedback in the Postpartum Lactating Rat

Serum prolactin was studied in lactating and nonlactating rats after restraint stress, chronic estradiol benzoate treatment, and acute L-tryptophan treatment. As expected, these treatments evoked increases in serum prolactin in nonlactating rats. In lactating rats these treatments did not increase basal serum prolactin when litters were removed for 4 hr. Daily estradiol benzoate treatment increased pituitary gland prolactin content after 14 days, but there was no effect on basal serum prolactin. Daily estradiol treatment did not augment prolactin release in response to 30 min of suckling. It is suggested that the short loop feedback by prolactin (i.e., prolactin inhibiting its own secretion) makes the lactating rat refractory to these stimuli of prolactin secretion.
Systematics of the spin-dependent quarkonium forces

Abstract Recent data on upsilon fine-structure is incorporated into a discussion of the systematics of the quarkonium spin-dependent forces. It is shown that the spin-orbit interaction υ LS , the tensor interaction υ T , and the ratio υ LS/υT all increase as the average size of a meson decreases. This variation of υ LS /υ T with distance suggests that the Thomas term has opposite sign to that predicted by confinement by an electric flux tube, as presently understood. As a phenomenological alternative, a model is proposed with the appropriate qualitative features. In this model the non-perturbative part of the Q Q potential has two distinct regions in coordinate space, separated by a distance scale characteristic of screening by virtual light quarks.
The role of imaging modalities in diagnosis and managment of pyomyositis

A case of tropical pyomyositis in a temperate climate is reported and 29 more cases are reviewed from the literature. Because of its rarity and deceiving clinical presentation, the disorder may go unrecognized for weeks in nontropical regions. The role of various imaging modalities in timely and accurate diagnosis and nonsurgical management of this disorder is discussed.
Dynamic conductivity measurements in humic and fulvic acid solutions.

Abstract Conductivity changes of dilute aqueous humic and fulvic acids solutions were monitored after the addition of small quantities of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn. The solutions were stirred at a constant and reproducible rate, and measurements proceeded until stable conductivities were attained. The values were compared to KCl reference solutions treated in an identical manner, and the results showed that the humic materials significantly reduced metal ion mobilities. Pb and Cu were affected more than Cd and Zn, and especially Zn regained a significant portion of its mobility upon dispersal. Cu, in contrast, was strongly and irreversibly retarded in all cases. It was inferred that Zn underwent transient electrostatic interactions with humics at high local concentration, while associations between Cu and humics were rapid and permanent. Different humic materials showed these effects to different extents. Raising the temperature from 20 to 60 °C did not, as expected, lead to higher relative conductivities in metal–humate solutions, but showed enhanced retardation of the cations. It was noted that temperature induced aggregation (clouding) of humic solutions increased the effective sizes of the metal–humate complexes, reducing their mobilities in aqueous solution.
THE NATURE OF THE LATENT PERIOD IN THE PHOTIC RESPONSE OF MYA ARENARIA

The latent period in the response of Mya to illumination varies inversely as the duration of the exposure to which it is subjected. The reciprocal of the latent period, measuring the velocity of the process which underlies it, is a linear function of the exposure period. Since the duration of the exposure represents the amount of photochemical activity, it is concluded that the substances formed at that time act to catalyze a chemical reaction which determines the duration of the latent period. This explanation is in accord with the previous work on the photochemical reaction and with the effect of temperature on the latent period. As a result of the combined investigations there is presented a concrete hypothesis for the mechanism of photic reception in Mya.
A Cyber-Physical Framework for MRI Guided Magnetic Nano/Micro Particles Called “MAGNASIM”

Nano Magnetic Particles drug delivery is a new method of cancer treatment targeting the replacement of current methods such as chemotherapy and radiation to increase the efficiency of treatment. This project aims to design a system including experimental setup and computational platforms that will work parallel to each other developing guidelines for scientists. The Computational platform is able to model the nano particle’s aggregations and movement. Experimental setup will be used to generate results validating the simulations done on the computational platform. Experimental setup has the potential to operate Magnetic nanoparticles drug delivery in different scale and situations. We aim to make the experimental setup as close as possible to human blood properties. This will enable us to come up with guiding trajectories and control algorithms for guidance of different size and shape nano particles in arbitrary capillary shapes. This data can be beneficial for researchers doing experiments on magnetic drug delivery and avoid the In vivo experiments for the sake of animal rights. We present software called MAGNASIM that is being developed to perform simulation, visualization and post-processing analysis of the aggregation and disaggregation processes of magnetic Nano/Micro particles within a fluid environment such as small arteries and arterioles or fluid-filled cavities of the human body. Basically the software would be able:• To examine Self-assembly process and breakup process• To provide design guidelines for fabricating, control and steering the nanocapsulesAfter gathering all the initial conditions, software is able to provide the user the following information:• Forces on each particle in each time-step.• Position of each particle in each time-step.• Interactions between particles.• Control and steer the particles to the considered destination.• Providing visualization of the particles movement.© 2014 ASME
DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND SURVIVAL OF APTEROUS VIRGINOPARAE OF APHIS FABAE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Apteriform individuals of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, were raised on Vicia faba leafdiscs at different temperatures. A logistic equation expressed the relationship between temperature and development better than a linear thermal summation equation. Larval development ranged from 5.4 to 21.7 days for the highest (28.5°C) and lowest (11.5°C) temperatures tested. The duration of the first- and fourth-larval instars was longer than that of the second and third ones. Weight gain was greatest at 11.5° but optimal growth rate occurred at 23.5°. Fecundity and the period of larviposition increased from 11.5° to 23.5°, but survival decreased with increasing temperature. On synthetic diet at 17.5°, larval development was 3.3 days longer than on leafdiscs; growth was one-third, and reproduction one-sixth of that on leafdiscs. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ENTWICKLUNG, WACHSTUM, REPRODUKTION UND LEBENSDAUER VON APTEREN VIRGINOPAREN APHIS FABAE BEI VERSCHIEDENEN TEMPERATUREN Ungeflugelte Individuen der Schwarzen Bohnenlaus, Aphis fabae, wurden an Vicia faba-Blattscheibchen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gehalten. Eine logistische Gleichung gab die Beziehung zwischen Temperatur und Entwicklungsdauer besser wieder als eine lineare Temperatursummengleichung. Die Larvenentwicklung lag zwischen 5,4 und 21,7 Tagen bei der hochsten (28,5°) und tiefsten (11,5°) gepruften Temperatur. Die Dauer des ersten und vierten Larvenstadiums war langer als die des zweiten und dritten. Gewichtszunahme war am grossten bei 11,5°, optimale Wachstumsrate bei 23,5°. Fruchtbarkeit und Zeitraum des Larvengebarens nahm von 11,5° bis 23,5° zu, dagegen nahm die Lebensdauer mit wachsender Temperatur ab. An synthetischer Diat bei 17,5° dauerte die Larvenentwicklung 3,3 (= 35%) Tage langer als an Blattscheibchen, die Wachstumsrate dagegen betrug nur 1/3, die Reproduktion 1/6.
Direct electron-pair production by 200-GeV pions

By following 200-GeV pion-beam tracks in nuclear emulsions, we have observed 57 directly produced electron pairs. The production cross section of electron pairs up to energy E=..gamma..mc/sup 2/approx. =732 MeV is found to be sigma/sub pair/=85 +- 17 mb in emulsion which in spite of its mixed-Z target atoms, agrees well with bubble-chamber results and is also in good agreement with quantum-electrodynamic calculations. For these pairs we have also analyzed (i) the total energy distribution, (ii) the energy partition between the two members, (iii) the angular divergence, (iv) the invariant mass of the electron pairs, and (v) the transverse-momentum distribution of each member of the pair. The experimental results are in general good agreement with the present theories.
Optical bistability and self-oscillation of a nonlinear Fabry-Perot interferometer filled with a nematic-liquid-crystal film.

A fabry–perto interferometer filled with an 83-μm-thick nematic-liquid-crystal film exhibits multiple-order optical bistability and self-oscillation. The oscillation is shown to be due to two competing mechanisms with different response times contributing to the laser-induced refractive-index change.
Tweets mining using WIKIPEDIA and impurity cluster measurement

Twitter is one of the fastest growing online social networking services. Tweets can be categorized into trends, and are related with tags and follower/following social relationships. The categorization is neither accurate nor effective due to the short length of tweet messages and noisy data corpus. In this paper, we attempt to overcome these challenges with an extended feature vector along with a semi-supervised clustering technique. In order to achieve this goal, the training set is expanded with Wikipedia topic search result, and the feature set is extended. When building the clustering model and doing the classification, impurity measurement is introduced into our classifier platform. Our experiment results show that the proposed techniques outperform other classifiers with reasonable precision and recall.
Detailed Tuning of Structure and Intramolecular Communication Are Dispensable for Processive Motion of Myosin VI

Dimeric myosin VI moves processively hand-over-hand along actin filaments. We have characterized the mechanism of this processive motion by measuring the impact of structural and chemical perturbations on single-molecule processivity. Processivity is maintained despite major alterations in lever arm structure, including replacement of light chain binding regions and elimination of the medial tail. We present kinetic models that can explain the ATP concentration-dependent processivities of myosin VI constructs containing either native or artificial lever arms. We conclude that detailed tuning of structure and intramolecular communication are dispensable for processive motion, and further show theoretically that one proposed type of nucleotide gating can be detrimental rather than beneficial for myosin processivity.
COMERCIO Y CALIDAD INSTITUCIONAL EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO DEL CONO SUR AMERICANO: CUESTIONES Y DESAFÍOS

Several studies emphasise the importance of three sets of variables that can significantly affect a country’s productivity and economic growth: its geographical location, international trade and institutional quality. The main objective of this paper is to identify the effect of international trade and institutional quality on economic growth in some South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru) with their major trading partners over the period 1996-2004. For this purpose, this chapter has been divided into three parts.
Silencing MaxiK Activity in Corporal Smooth Muscle Cells Initiates Compensatory Mechanisms to Maintain Calcium Homeostasis

Introduction. The MaxiK potassium channel is regulated by voltage and intracellular calcium, and plays a critical role in regulating intracellular calcium concentration ((Ca 2+ )i), which is the ultimate determinant of smooth muscle tone. Tight control of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) tone is critically important and misregulation can result in erectile dysfunction. Aim. Because of the tight functional linkage of MaxiK and calcium channel activity, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of silencing and pharmacological inhibition of MaxiK on calcium homeostasis and intercellular calcium signaling in CCSM cells. Methods. We compared changes in the basal intracellular (Ca 2+ )i and parameters defining intercellular calcium wave (ICW) spread in 48 hours MaxiK silenced CCSM cells vs. acute blockade of the channel with iberiotoxin. To analyze changes occurring in gene expression we performed micro-array analysis following MaxiK silencing for 48 hours. Main Outcome Measures. Changes in Fura-2 fluorescence intensities were measured to evaluate basal (Ca 2+ )i levels
Does Performance Budgeting Work? An Examination of the Office of Management and Budget’s PART Scores

In this paper, the authors use the Bush administration’s management grades from the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) to evaluate performance budgeting in the federal government — in particular, the role of merit and political considerations in formulating recommendations for 234 programs in the president’s fi scal year 2004 budget. PART scores and political support were found to infl uence budget choices in expected ways, and the impact of management scores on budget decisions diminished as the political component was taken into account. Th e Bush administration’s management scores were positively correlated with proposed budgets for programs housed in traditionally Democratic departments but not in other departments. Th e federal government’s most ambitious eff ort to use performance budgeting to date shows both the promise and the problems of this endeavor.
Due-Dates and Instantaneous Load in the One-Machine Shop

The due-date assignment problem occurs when due-dates are assigned within, rather than outside, a job shop. This study explores the importance of instantaneous and future shop loads in setting due-dates in shops operating under due-date dependent queue discipline. The assignment of due-dates to arriving jobs in an m-machine shop is formulated as a stochastic dynamic programming problem in the first part of this study. A computational experiment using dynamic programming is performed in the second part and due-dates are developed for specific instantaneous load conditions in a simulated one-machine shop. The importance of instantaneous and future shop loads for assigning due-dates in a one-machine shop, with constant interarrivals and exponential service times, is shown.
Docking unbound proteins using shape complementarity, desolvation, and electrostatics

A comprehensive docking study was performed on 27 distinct protein-protein complexes. For 13 test systems, docking was performed with the unbound X-ray structures of both the receptor and the ligand. For the remaining systems, the unbound X-ray structure of only molecule was available; therefore the bound structure for the other molecule was used. Our method optimizes desolvation, shape complementarity, and electrostatics using a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. A global search in the rotational and translational space without any knowledge of the binding sites was performed for all proteins except nine antibodies recognizing antigens. For these antibodies, we docked their well-characterized binding site-the complementarity-determining region defined without information of the antigen-to the entire surface of the antigen. For 24 systems, we were able to find near-native ligand orientations (interface C(alpha) root mean square deviation less than 2.5 A from the crystal complex) among the top 2,000 choices. For three systems, our algorithm could identify the correct complex structure unambiguously. For 13 other complexes, we either ranked a near-native structure in the top 20 or obtained 20 or more near-native structures in the top 2,000 or both. The key feature of our algorithm is the use of target functions that are highly tolerant to conformational changes upon binding. If combined with a post-processing method, our algorithm may provide a general solution to the unbound docking problem. Our program, called ZDOCK, is freely available to academic users (http://zlab.bu.edu/~rong/dock/).
Equilibrium selection in automated surgery

Certain sub-tasks involved in robot-assisted surgery can be described in terms of steady-state forces or positions that must be maintained during the procedure by the end effector(s). The automatic control system must determine these levels. Methods for mathematically determining these equilibrium forces and positions are developed here. The computation is done in a way that enforces surgeon-provided safety and effectiveness limits, and accounts for the nonlinear properties of soft tissue, as well as actuator and sensor noise and model uncertainties. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem. The case of an exponential-like nonlinear tool-tissue interaction model, based upon prior experimental results, is considered for the example task of endoscopic retraction.
Immunocompetent murine models for the study of glioblastoma immunotherapy

Glioblastoma remains a lethal diagnosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. (NEJM 352:987-96, 2005) Although immunotherapy-based approaches are capable of inducing detectable immune responses against tumor-specific antigens, improvements in clinical outcomes are modest, in no small part due to tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms that promote immune escape and immuno-resistance. Immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at bolstering the immune response while neutralizing immunosuppression will play a critical role in improving treatment outcomes for glioblastoma patients. In vivo murine models of glioma provide an invaluable resource to achieving that end, and their use is an essential part of the preclinical workup for novel therapeutics that need to be tested in animal models prior to testing experimental therapies in patients. In this article, we review five contemporary immunocompetent mouse models, GL261 (C57BL/6), GL26 (C57BL/6) CT-2A (C57BL/6), SMA-560 (VM/Dk), and 4C8 (B6D2F1), each of which offer a suitable platform for testing novel immunotherapeutic approaches.