cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Markets Chose the Corporate Form: Entity Status and the Separation of Asset Ownership from Control

This essay draws on the experience of business people in the early 19th century U.S. to provide insights into the problems of creating effective institutions of capitalism in emerging market and transition economy countries. The essay argues that the unique contribution of the corporate legal form in the 19th century was that it allowed business people to create separate legal entities with potentially unlimited life to own the assets used in production, which, among other things, separated asset ownership from control over those assets. These features together enabled business organizers to commit capital almost irrevocably to an enterprise, and helped to make the enterprises more financially stable. Using the corporate form, rather than partnership or so-called "joint stock companies" (which were a type of partnership), business organizers could more easily accumulate organizational and other intangible capital, along with the specialized physical capital necessary to carry out complex business activities over an extended period of time. Scholars who have studied the problems of creating effective corporate law and governance institutions in developing and transition countries have emphasized the importance of protections for minority shareholders. But the need for legal and organizational mechanisms for locking capital into the enterprise, for preventing investors from stripping assets or otherwise pulling out prematurely, is even more basic, yet largely neglected in the literature so far. An appreciation of our own history of how business people tried to find organizational forms that would enable them to build substantial and lasting business enterprises in the absence of strong legal, cultural and institutional supports sheds light on the important role played in this country of entity status and separation of control from financial contribution.
The Law and Microeconomics of the New Deal at 70

Law and economics as currently taught fails to account for the macroeconomic importance of law. As such, mainstream law and economics fails to provide appropriate policy prescriptions in any area of the law that touches upon macroeconomic performance. Thus, banking law, corporate governance, financial regulation, human and market development, and the institutional design of administrative agencies are all generally ignored or resisted based upon market efficiency analysis or discredited laissez-faire ideology. Optimal legal infrastructure is essential to macroeconomic performance and the society that best approaches issues of legal infrastructure will outperform laggards particularly those excessively beholden to laissez-faire norms of deregulation. The New deal pioneered all of this and the best elements of the New Deal are today instructive regarding the search for and the content of an optimal legal infrastructure.
Analysis of a hybrid phase modulated converter with a current doubler rectifier in discontinuous conduction mode

A hybrid phase modulated converter (HPMC) with current doubler rectification has superior soft switching characteristics, high efficiency, and low EMI as compared to a conventional phase modulated converter. It has essentially three modes of operation: (i) continuous conduction mode (CCM); (ii) continuous conduction mode with reversed inductor currents; and (iii) discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). There is never a discontinuity in conduction in the inductors and the definition of DCM is different in itself. In this paper, the various modes are defined, analyzed and design equations derived. The analyses are also verified with a 500 W peak current mode controlled prototype model, switched at 100 kHz and the results are presented. The soft switching behavior of the converter in this mode is also studied and is found to be advantageous.
Bone remodeling and piezoelectricity — I

Abstract It is assumed that the surface aspects of bone remodeling is governed, at least in part, by the piezoelectric polarization produced when the bone is deformed. Bone is considered homogenious and anisotropic with a material axis of symmetry. The model presented is based on four postulates: 1. 1. The signal for surface remodeling is the piezoelectric polarization vector normal to the surface. 2. 2. The material symmetry direction of new bone deposited follows the direction of the bone on which it is growing. 3. 3. New surface bone is deposited so that no residual stresses result. 4. 4. The material symmetry direction tries to keep aligned with the time average of the principal stress directions in the bone. The postulates are justified from experimental and clinical observations on bone remodeling and the piezoelectric properties of bone.
HUMAN IMAGES: TEACHING THE COMMUNICATION OF ETHNOGRAPHY

The intent of this paper is twofold: to report how a communications perspective and visual materials have been utilized to revitalize introductory area courses-courses that have been losing enrollments; and to discuss what might be done to incorporate a contextual understanding of mass media into classroom instruction. The communication approach emphasizes the comparative use of visual and written ethnographic reports. Introductory courses that focus on a culture area should be substantive in ethnographic method and data as well as basic theory and data on processes of mass communication. Visual materials-especially ethnographic films-are frequently used in introductory area courses as well as more general introductions to cultural anthropology. However, the approach to be explained and outlined in the following pages is not in the popular tradition of using ethnofilm to simply illustrate what some place, thing, event, or group of people look like. The contribution of utilizing a communications perspective is to stimulate attention to an anthropological understanding of communicating ethnography in professional and non-professional "teaching" contexts.
On the psychometric properties of a scale to measure leadership substitutes.

Researchers in organizational behavior posit that supervisors can influence subordinates' affective and behavioral responses. Certain individual, task, and organizational characteristics, however, may serve to substitute for, neutralize, or supplement a manager's influence on employees' job responses: these characteristics are referred to as “substitutes for leadership.” This paper summarizes the results of an empirical analysis of the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure leadership substitutes.
Zernike phase-contrast electron cryotomography applied to marine cyanobacteria infected with cyanophages

Equipping an electron microscope with Zernike phase-contrast optics dramatically increases the contrast of the images. Dai et al. describe how to successfully apply this technology for the acquisition and analysis of electron tomograms.
Polynomial matrix fraction P(s)Q −1(s)R(s)

In this paper, we show the relations between the polynomial and the strictly proper rational portions of the polynomial matrix fraction P(s)Q −1(s)R(s), where P(s)Q −1(s) and Q −1(s)R(s) are both strictly proper. It is also shown that if Q −1(s)R(s)(P(s)Q −1(s)) is given, P(s)(R(s)) is uniquely defined by the strictly proper portion of the system.
Office Management of Chronic Pain in the Elderly

Chronic pain plagues older adults more than any other age group; thus, practitioners must be able to approach this problem with confidence and skill. This article reviews the assessment and treatment of the most common chronic nonmalignant pain conditions that affect older adults--myofascial pain, generalized osteoarthritis, chronic low back pain (CLBP), fibromyalgia syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. Specific topics include essential components of the physical examination; how and when to use basic and advanced imaging in older adults with CLBP; a stepped care approach to treating older adults with generalized osteoarthritis and CLBP, including noninvasive and invasive management techniques; how to diagnose and treat myofascial pain; strategies to identify the older adult with fibromyalgia syndrome and avoid unnecessary "diagnostic" testing; pharmacological treatment for the older adult with peripheral neuropathy; identification and treatment of other factors such as dementia and depression that may significantly influence response to pain treatment; and when to refer the patient to a pain specialist. While common, chronic pain is not a normal part of aging, and it should be treated with an emphasis on improved physical function and quality of life.
Developing a manually annotated clinical document corpus to identify phenotypic information for inflammatory bowel disease.

Background Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems can be used for specific Information Extraction (IE) tasks such as extracting phenotypic data from the electronic medical record (EMR). These data are useful for translational research and are often found only in free text clinical notes. A key required step for IE is the manual annotation of clinical corpora and the creation of a reference standard for (1) training and validation tasks and (2) to focus and clarify NLP system requirements. These tasks are time consuming, expensive, and require considerable effort on the part of human reviewers.
Short-term reforecasting of power output from a 48 MWe solar PV plant

Abstract A smart, real-time reforecast method is applied to the intra-hour prediction of power generated by a 48 MWe photovoltaic (PV) plant. This reforecasting method is developed based on artificial neural network (ANN) optimization schemes and is employed to improve the performance of three baseline prediction models: (1) a physical deterministic model based on cloud tracking techniques; (2) an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model; and (3) a k-th Nearest Neighbor (kNN) model. Using the measured power data from the PV plant, the performance of all forecasts is assessed in terms of common error statistics (mean bias, mean absolute error and root mean square error) and forecast skill over the reference persistence model. With the reforecasting method, the forecast skills of the three baseline models are significantly increased for time horizons of 5, 10, and 15 min. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the optimized reforecasting method in reducing learnable errors produced by a diverse set of forecast methodologies.
Tuberculosis Control Programs

The control of human tuberculosis has received liberal attention particularly in recent years. An indication of the extent of this interest in the control of the disease and also of its annual fluctuations is provided by the number of listings on the subject contained in the Cumulative Quarterly Index Medicus. This comprehensive compilation of references to medical literature shows that approximately 2100 papers dealing primarily with various general measures considered to be of value in reducing tuberculosis were published between 1916 and 1942 (Chart 1). According to this source of information the number of articles concerned annually with controlling the disease increased from 11 in 1916 to 135 in 1936; and then remained at essentially this high level until 1939. Subsequently the literature on the subject declined appreciably owing doubtlessly to the influence of the second world war. Nevertheless, the control of tuberculosis was the subject of 74 articles published in 1942. In 1925 references to the use of B.C.G. vaccine made their appearance in the Cumulative Quarterly Index Medicus (Chart 1). The number of articles dealing annually with this special method for preventing tuberculosis reached a maximum of 159 in 1929 and then declined rapidly. The attention this special preventive measure received recently is revealed by the 1390 articles that were concerned with B.C.G. vaccine between 1925 and 1942. These publications combined with those dealing with less specific control measures make a total of approximately 3500 articles written during the past few years on various measures for preventing tuberculosis. The literature on this subject also reveals the evolution of the attack on the problem. Between 1916 and 1929 the contributions made to the control of tuberculosis by visiting and public health nurses, the Framingham health demonstration, preventoria, sanatoria, open air schools, summer camps, sleeping porches, and the eradication of bovine tuberculosis received considerable attention. The literature of more recent years shows that periodic tuberculin testing, mass x-ray surveys, the use of paper and miniature films, the examination of children, household groups, teachers, nurses,
Observing (non)linear lattice dynamics in graphite by ultrafast Kikuchi diffraction.

In materials, the nature of the strain–stress relationship, which is fundamental to their properties, is determined by both the linear and nonlinear elastic responses. Whereas the linear response can be measured by various techniques, the nonlinear behavior is nontrivial to probe and to reveal its nature. Here, we report the methodology of time-resolved Kikuchi diffraction for mapping the (non)linear elastic response of nanoscale graphite following an ultrafast, impulsive strain excitation. It is found that the longitudinal wave propagating along the c-axis exhibits echoes with a frequency of 9.1 GHz, which indicates the reflections of strain between the two surfaces of the material with a speed of ∼4 km/s. Because Kikuchi diffraction enables the probing of strain in the transverse direction, we also observed a higher-frequency mode at 75.5 GHz, which has a relatively long lifetime, on the order of milliseconds. The fluence dependence and the polarization properties of this nonlinear mode are entirely different from those of the linear, longitudinal mode, and here we suggest a localized breather motion in the a-b plane as the origin of the nonlinear shear dynamics. The approach presented in this contribution has the potential for a wide range of applications because most crystalline materials exhibit Kikuchi diffraction.
Development and characterization of a polymer gel with an immobilized enzyme to measure L-glutamate.

Abstract Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is used in an enzyme electrode to measure l -glutamate. GDH is covalently immobilized in a hydrophilic, permeable, and semirigid gel produced by the copolymerization of polyacrylamide and N -acryloxysuccinimide. Experimental conditions necessary to retain GDH in the gel with high efficiency and minimum denaturation are optimized. The abilities of enzymatic cofactors and coenzymes, NADH, NAD, ATP, ADP, GTP, and ZnCl 2 , to protect the enzyme during immobilization are explored. Under optimum experimental procedures an enzyme-containing gel is produced that is reproducible and long lasting in its functional behavior. The gel responds to the presence of l -glutamate with high velocity, the delay being less than 500 ms; high specificity, being 1000-fold more responsive to l -glutamate than d -glutamate, d - or l -aspartate, and N -acetylhistidine; and high sensitivity, a concentration of about 3 μ m can be measured.
F plasmid provides a function that promotes rec A-independent site-specific fusions of pSC101 replicon

Recently, it has been reported that the tetracycline (Tc) resistance plasmid pSC101 (ref. 1) can undergo integrative recombination (that is, fusion) with a plasmid or bacteriophage genome that lacks extensive DNA sequence homology with pSC101. Such fusion of pSC101 with a second replicon can occur in the absence of the bacterial rec A gene function, and seems to involve DNA sequences on pSC101 that closely resemble the inverted repeat termini of the transposable genetic element, Tn3 (refs 2, 3). In both of the observed instances of replicon fusion involving pSC101, the fertility plasmid F was present in the bacterial cell; in one case an autonomously replicating F plasmid was used to support the infection of the male-specific bacteriophage fl (ref. 2), whereas in the other F was integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr bacterial strain being used to study mobilization of a non-conjugative plasmid4. However, in many studies with the pSC101 plasmid carried out in the absence of F in our laboratory and elsewhere, pSC101 has not been observed to undergo fusion to a second concurrently present replicon. These observations suggested to us that the F plasmid might carry a function that enables pSC101 to undergo replicon fusion. We report here results indicating that the F plasmid does, in fact, provide a trans-acting function that promotes rec A-independent site-specific recombination by pSC101, and that the function carried by F is located in the segment of the plasmid that includes the tra genes and the γδ sequence.
Validation of a rigorous track classification technique: identifying individual mountain lions

Abstract Despite track survey efforts, the inability to identify individuals from survey data impedes accurate density estimates and density indices for large carnivore species. We present a track classification method for mountain lions Puma concolor using discriminant function analysis that improves and validates the method presented in Smallwood and Fitzhugh (1993) (Smallwood, K.S., Fitzhugh, E.L., 1993. A rigorous technique for identifying individual mountain lions Felis concolor by their tracks. Biological Conservation 65, 51–59) and further discussed in Grigione, Burman, Bleich and Pierce, 1999 (Grigione, M.M., Burman, P., Bleich, V.C., Pierce, B.M., 1999. Identifying individual mountain lions Felis concolor by their tracks: refinement of an innovative technique. Biolkogical Conservation 88, 25–32) . Artificial tracks, made from molded casts of the feet of 13 lions, were used to simulate variability from field conditions in a controlled laboratory setting. We tested the effects of multiple track recorders and two soil depths on linear and angular measurements of the entire paw and shape measurements of the heel-pad. We identified six track measurements that correctly matched 96% of track tracings to known individual mountain lions, even with variability from multiple track recorders and soil depths. Model validation, performed on lab and novel field data in which the number of individual mountain lions was unknown, illustrates the efficacy of the method. Following the field-based study by Smallwood and Fitzhugh (1993) , this study provides support for the utility of the discriminant analysis method for track data and outlines future application of this method to field data.
Radiation exposure to the surgeon during percutaneous pedicle screw placement.

Study DesignIn-vitro radiation exposure study.ObjectiveTo determine the radiation exposure to the eyes, extremities, and deep tissue during percutaneous pedicle screw placement.Summary of Background DataImage-guided minimally invasive spinal surgery is typically performed with the use of fluoroscopy
Periplasmic superoxide dismutases in Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum.

Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum MS-1 cells cultured microaerobically (dissolved O2 tension 1% of saturation), expressed proteins with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The majority (roughly 95%) of total cell superoxide dismutase activity was located in the cell periplasm with little or no activity in the cell cytoplasm. Irontype SOD (FeSOD) contributed 88% of the total activity activity detected, although a manganese-type SOD (MnSOD) was present in the periplasm as well. Cells cultured at a higher dissolved O2 tension (10% of saturation) expressed increased activity of the MnSOD relative to that of the FeSOD.
Estimation of biomass concentration in the presence of solids for the purpose of parameter estimation

In this work, growth studies of Candida utilis were conducted both in the presence and absence of solids. The substrate was glucose obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of corn dust. A batch/fedbatch design process was utilized throughout. In the growth without solids, both the direct cell measurement and the DNA concentrations were followed and the results were analyzed with some multivariate statistical procedures to obtain two estimates of the true biomass energetic yield and maintenance coefficient; there were then compared. For growth in the presence of solids, only DNA measurements were made, and data obtained were analyzed statistically. In all of the studies, the substrate concentration, the oxygen consumption rate, the carbon dioxide production rate, and the nitrogen concentration were followed
The minimal molecular weight of actin estimated with the use of carboxypeptidase A.

Abstract The minimal molecular weight of actin has been determined by the release of the COOH-terminal group, phenylalanine. A value of 50,000 ± 10% was obtained.
The Coming Epidemic of Neurologic Disorders: What Science Is-and Should Be-Doing About It

The Earth's population is aging fast, and the coming sharp increase in the number of people over age sixty-five will bring with it an epidemic of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Currently, no cures exist for the major neurologic disorders. Unless cures can be found, by 2050 the cost of these diseases will exceed $1 trillion annually in the United States, and the burden for other countries will scale with their populations. Despite exciting advances in our understanding of these diseases, both government research funding and the efforts of industry have failed to keep pace with this unmet medical need. Private philanthropy has done better, but the total dollars spent on developing diagnostics and therapeutics for neurologic disorders still lags far behind that spent on much less prevalent diseases. The challenge for biomedical research in the next forty years is to identify markers that would allow early detection of high-risk cohorts, and to develop th...
Organic phase binding and removal of cobalt-60 in turbine lubricating oil

Abstract Experiments were performed to study the effect of oxidation on organic phase binding of cobalt-60 in turbine lubricating oil and its subsequent removal. Binding behavior was inferred from measurements of the organic phase cobalt-60 concentration, operationally defined as that remaining following a water wash at 90°C. The effectiveness of each treatment process was based on measurements of cobalt-60 concentrations remaining in the oil following the process. A complete, commercial grade oil containing additives and the base oil without additives were spiked with cobalt-60 and heated in the presence of oxygen. In the base oil, organic phase cobalt-60 concentrations increased monotonically with heating time. In the complete oil, the concentrations increased initially and subsequently declined. The differences in behavior are attributed to antioxidant and antiwear additives in the oil which bind with metals. Both oils were subjected to a variety of decontamination treatments including filtration, washing, and chelation. For the base oil, the treatments were generally less effective for the most highly oxidized samples. In contrast, for the complete oil there were dramatic improvements in treatment for the most highly oxidized samples. It is theorized that the improvement in decontamination for highly oxidized samples is due to the destruction or transformation of the additives responsible for cobalt binding and the formation of oil insoluble polymers that remove it from the oil phase. It is concluded that oxidation might be effectively employed as part of a scheme for decontaminating waste lubricating oils.
Transitional Care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Transitional care is an organized effort to provide pediatric patients with the tools and resources they need to assume personal responsibility for their medical care while facilitating their transfer from a pediatrician to an adult practitioner. Since inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is usually chronic and up to 25% of IBD patients are diagnosed before the age of 18 years, transitional care is an important consideration for adolescent and young adult patients. The importance of transitional care for chronic diseases that begin in childhood has been recognized in a number of published recommendations. However, most of these recommendations arise from intuitive reasoning, as physicians lack information regarding the need for transitional care, optimal delivery protocols, and the efficacy of transition programs. Even fewer studies have been published regarding transitional care in IBD. Current guidelines stress the importance of providing patients with educational resources to help them develop the skills they need to manage their care as independent adults, introducing the concept of transfer to adult care in advance of the actual transfer, and developing routes of communication to facilitate the transfer from pediatric to adult care providers. Future studies should aim to elucidate which programs are effective and how they should be implemented.
Semidynamical systems and Hilbert’s fifth problem

g : [0,∞)×X → X and g(t, x) = T (t)x, t ≥ 0, x ∈ X, then g is continuous. For many semigroups strong continuity implies joint continuity. A function gx as in (1) is called a trajectory of T . If T has domain all of R instead of just [0,∞) we refer to T as a ‘group’. In his Fifth Problem, Hilbert asked whether assumptions of differentiability that Sophus Lie made were actually a consequence of Lie’s algebraic and continuity assumptions. It was shown (see for example[10]) that this was the case. It is less widely recognized that Hilbert raised some additional, rather open ended, questions of a similar nature (see translation in [7], for example). Some of these questions relate to ‘functional equations’ of which our present semigroups are examples. It seems reasonable to think that Hilbert was interested in algebraic and topological assumptions on a system that imply enough differentiability for an analysis of the system. The open ended parts of Hilbert’s problems will continue to give inspiration for a long time after specific questions are settled.
Morpheus Unbound: Reimagining the Morphogen Gradient

The theory that the spatial organization of cell fate is orchestrated by gradients of diffusing molecules was a major contribution to 20th century developmental biology. Although the existence of morphogens is no longer in doubt, studies on the formation and function of their gradients have yielded far more puzzles than answers. On close inspection, every morphogen gradient seems to use a rich array of regulatory mechanisms, suggesting that the tasks carried out by such systems are far more extensive than previously thought.
Resonance-based vector touch sensors

Abstract The objective of this paper is to highlight some of the numerous issues that occurred during the assessment of four different resonance-based vector touch sensor (VTS) designs. As well as being inexpensive to manufacture, the novel feature of this probe is that it monitors the change in three responses of mechanical resonances of the probe, each resonant vibration mode being in orthogonal planes. Effectively, a VTS probe would detect the magnitude and direction of contact between the probe tip and a specimen. Potentially, because this can discern point of contact and contact slope this approach can increase the sampling rate compared to current touch trigger probes. Additionally, this eliminates problems associated with deconvolution of the probe–specimen interaction necessary with simple touch sensors. This paper presents a method for contact force operation, apparatus and method for experimental probe evaluation in three dimensions, and performance characteristics and operational issues of four different probe designs. Typically these probes have been characterized for loads ranging from 10 to 100 mN with contact points covering the outer hemisphere of the spherical probe tips. While, in principle, it should be possible to determine vectored contact as the superposition of three independent orthogonal resonant responses, in practice, there are considerable complexities that lead to cross-coupling and other inherent characteristics such as non-linearities, hysteresis and lack of repeatability. Possible sources and some design solutions to reduce these deviations from the ideal probe are discussed.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome in methadone-exposed infants is altered by level of prenatal tobacco exposure

Maternal tobacco consumption during pregnancy has been associated with lower birth weight infants, preterm births, intrauterine growth retardation, smaller head circumference and increase in morbidity, yet few studies have examined the role tobacco has on the opiate neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). This study examined the effect of prenatal tobacco exposure on NAS for infants born to mothers maintained on methadone during gestation. Twenty-nine pregnant women and their newborn infants participated in this study. Tobacco exposure was based on maternal self-report with 16 women reporting cigarette consumption of 10 or less per day and 13 reporting smoking 20 cigarettes or more a day. The onset, peak, and duration of NAS were examined. Results showed that infants born to mothers who reported smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day had significantly higher NAS peak scores of 9.8 versus 4.8, and took longer to peak (113.0 h versus 37.8 h), than light smokers of 10 or fewer cigarettes per day. We concluded that tobacco use in conjunction with methadone plays an important role in the timing and severity of NAS in prenatally exposed infants.
Particulate beam attenuation coefficient, bacteria abundance, and production in marine nearshore waters

Variability of particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 532 nm (cp (532)) and microbial planktonic community (heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton) was analyzed in coastal waters of Southern California. The goal of this study was to explore heterotrophic bacteria (HB) response (cell abundance, BA, and carbon production, BCP) with respect to different particle characteristics (concentration, size distribution, and composition) related with C p (532). We observed a fairly complex pattern of HB response and particle dynamics during seven experiments throughout the summer and winter, which reflected variations in C p (532). The first experiment showed relatively high values of c p (532), in conjunction with high chlorophyll a concentration (chl) of about 5.4 mg m -3 . For experiments 2 and 3, a sharp decrease of chl was accompanied by an increased role of detrital particles (non-living matter) as evidenced by increased detrital absorption (a d ). The highest values of particle-attached (>1 μm) and free living (<1 μm) BA and BCP were observed in experiment 3. These changes in particle assemblage including HB maintained cp(532) at relatively high level, comparable to that observed when phytoplankton dominated. A significant decrease of c p (532) was observed in experiment 4 and 5, which coincided with relatively low BA, BCP, and a d values. In experiment 7, c p (532) magnitude was comparable to the first experiment and was accompanied by high chl, BA and SPM (suspended particulate matter). Greatest changes in c p (532) coincided with greatest variations in BA, even though our estimates of the direct contribution of heterotrophic bacteria to c p (532) for all experiments remained quite low (<10%).
Displacement separations by continuous annular chromatography

Continuous annular chromatography (CAC) has been introduced as an effective means of carrying out chromatographic separations in a truly continuous manner. Process applications have been demonstrated. In this work the authors demonstrate how CAC can be operated for displacement development separations. In this mode of operation of the apparatus separation and concentration of multicomponent mixtures can be obtained simultaneously and continuously. Experimental results and model simulations for this novel separation device are presented along with a comparison of different modes of operation and a discussion of industrial applications.
Examination Accommodations for Community College Students with Learning Disabilities: How are They Viewed by Faculty and Students?.

As increasing numbers of students with learning disabilities enroll in colleges and universities, the need to provide accommodations for these students also increases. Both federal and state laws mandate that appropriate accommodations be provided for these students, but little is known about how accommodations are accepted on campuses. Faculty and students at a California community college were asked to respond to surveys targeting their feelings about examination accommodations. Results indicated that faculty are very receptive to a variety of accommodations and that they are sensitive to students’ feelings. However, although students use exam accommodations, many appear apprehensive about asking for accommodations and most do not clearly explain their learning disabilities to their professors.
Influence of social workers' characteristics on the perception of mental disorder in youths

Modern versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual are meant to reduce biases in judgment. This vignette‐based study of 250 student respondents in master of social work programs assesses the influence of their social characteristics on judgments of mental disorder among youths. Most respondents appropriately use contextual information to judge mental disorder. Minorities and women are less likely than nonminorities and men to judge that disorder is present, suggesting that they may be more sensitive than others to the consequences of labeling youths as having mental disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual training removes differences between racial and ethnic groups.
Measurement of the lifetime of the metastable a" 1 Sigma g+ state of N2.

We have measured the lifetime of the a'' $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathit{g}}^{+}$(v=0) level of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ by monitoring through laser-induced vacuum ultraviolet fluorescence its population as a function of time after pulsed-electron excitation. The lifetime was measured for several rotational levels and found to be independent of the rotational level. The average lifetime is 3.49(10) \ensuremath{\mu}s. This lifetime suggests that predissociation, not radiation, is the main decay mode for this metastable level.
Development of a digital microfluidic platform for point of care testing

Point of care testing is playing an increasingly important role in improving the clinical outcome in health care management. The salient features of a point of care device are rapid results, integrated sample preparation and processing, small sample volumes, portability, multifunctionality and low cost. In this paper, we demonstrate some of these salient features utilizing an electrowetting-based Digital Microfluidic platform. We demonstrate the performance of magnetic bead-based immunoassays (cardiac troponin I) on a digital microfluidic cartridge in less than 8 minutes using whole blood samples. Using the same microfluidic cartridge, a 40-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed within 12 minutes by shuttling a droplet between two thermal zones. We further demonstrate, on the same cartridge, the capability to perform sample preparation for bacterial infectious disease pathogen, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and for human genomic DNA using magnetic beads. In addition to rapid results and integrated sample preparation, electrowetting-based digital microfluidic instruments are highly portable because fluid pumping is performed electronically. All the digital microfluidic chips presented here were fabricated on printed circuit boards utilizing mass production techniques that keep the cost of the chip low. Due to the modularity and scalability afforded by digital microfluidics, multifunctional testing capability, such as combinations within and between immunoassays, DNA amplification, and enzymatic assays, can be brought to the point of care at a relatively low cost because a single chip can be configured in software for different assays required along the path of care.
Reproductive health and genetic testing in the Third World.

New reproductive genetics means recently developed techniques to prevent the birth of children with specific defects or genetic diseases by testing individuals for sickle cell anemia the thalassemias Tay-Sachs disease cystic fibrosis or Down syndrome. Third World health services have many deficiencies with high maternal mortality rates (30-40 fold higher than in developed countries) the low percentage of births delivered by health personnel the high rates of low birth weight babies and high child malnutrition and infant mortality rates. The main issues in womens reproductive health are fertility regulation abortion maternal mortality sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. As a result of expansion in contraceptive use worldwide the total fertility rate in developing countries has declined from 6.1 in 1965 to 3.9 in 1990. It is estimated that worldwide 36-53 million induced abortions are performed each year most of them in developing nations. WHO estimates that more than 500000 women die each year because of complications of pregnancy most in developing countries. More than 95% of the 13 million estimated deaths of children under 5 years of age have occurred in these countries. Approximately 200 million people carry a potentially pathologic hemoglobinopathy gene and about 250000 children are born every year with hemoglobinopathy most of them in the developing world. Reproductive genetic testing in big cities and in private for-profit ventures cater to the socioeconomic elite. Amniocentesis is often misused for fetal sex determination to abort female fetuses in India. Currently in Cuba virtually every pregnant woman is tested for sickle cell trait and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation. It is predicted that the judicious use of reproductive genetic testing will be possible when health and quality of life issues are addressed properly.
Burn wound itch control using H1 and H2 antagonists.

This study investigated the use of a combination of H 1 and H 2 antagonists and topical medications to control burn wound itch. Graeco-Latin square assignment provided an oral combination of 1) cetirizine and cimetidine or 2) diphenhydramine and placebo in four divided doses. The study protocol lasted 16 days divided into 4-day intervals, scoring itch before the initial dose of medication and at 1-hour, 6-hour, and 12-hour intervals after the first medication. A significant difference between mean itch scores across the four times was observed (Wilks' Lambda F = 26.52, df = 3, P <.0005). A three-way nested repeated measures interaction effect (Wilks' Lambda F = 9.85, df= 9, P <.0005) was observed representing a significantly different pattern on days 1 to 4 of the study compared with the remaining days. Controlling for the effect of topical medications, the cetirizine/cimetidine combination demonstrated a dramatic improvement at 1 and 6 hours, and a moderate improvement at 12 hours after initial medication for the day when compared with the diphenhydramine/placebo combination.
The effect of stimulus duration upon the components of fluctuation in static automated perimetry

The effect of stimulus duration upon the components of fluctuation in static automated perimetry
Looking for Feminism

This paper explores the linkages between metropolitan intellectual politics and the process of knowledge production within third-world/anti-imperial locations – defined geographically or otherwise – about previously understudied subjects from or in the third world. Specifically, the paper focuses on the growing body of research on Muslim women in colonial India to foreground ways in which a certain notion of feminism, as a metanarrative of emergence and progress towards an apparently known end, informs and shapes this literature. In terms of its broader implications, the paper is an attempt to think through some of the problems of writing histories of difference, and especially feminist histories, in any context.
Current status of accountant liability: audit practice impact

Examines the impact of developments in accountant liability on audit practice. Focuses on analysis of the impact of legal liability on different size accounting firms (classified by revenue generated) with respect to number and professional characteristics of audit personnel, form of practice, audit policies, categories of clientele, and the importance of client characteristics relevant to acceptance of engagements. Contributes to the literature by empirically addressing issues concerning accountant liability previously addressed theoretically and anecdotally. Results of the study show a slight reduction in the average number of audit personnel. In addition, results reveal that significant importance is placed on the client’s reputation for integrity, financial strength, the internal control system, and industry as factors influencing willingness to accept an engagement. Support is found for the emergence of greater concentration in the audit field, along with increases in audit fees and costs. While all audit firms (with the exception of medium‐size audit firms in two client categories) are less willing to accept audit clients, firms with smaller audit practices appear least inclined to accept audit engagements.
High-efficiency extraction of microwave radiation from a tapered-wiggler free-electron laser.

We have substantially increased the output power and extraction efficiency of a free-electron laser operating at 34.6 GHz by tapering the wiggler magnetic field. In the exponential-gain regime, the laser exhibited a measured gain of 34 dB/m. With a 50-kW input signal, the amplifier saturated in 1.3 m with a 180-MW output signal. By using a taper that brought the magnetic field at the end of the wiggler down to 45% of its initial (peak) value, we increased the output signal to 1.0 GW. This corresponds to an extraction efficiency of 34%.
The Adverse Impact of Cyclosporine on Serum Lipids in Renal Transplant Recipients

The extent to which cyclosporine (CsA) directly, or indirectly, influences serum lipid levels in renal transplant patients treated with multiple-drug immunosuppression protocols is unclear. Indeed, patients treated with CsA have reduced corticosteroid requirements, fewer acute rejection episodes, and other differences from patients receiving conventional immunosuppression that may reduce serum lipid levels. We studied patients treated with low-dose CsA, corticosteroids, azathioprine, and Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin ([ALG] n=205) versus conventional (three-drug) immunosuppression (n = 368) and evaluated the impact of CsA, acute rejection episodes, and other clinical parameters on serum lipids. Fasting serum lipid levels from stable patients transplanted between 1976 to 1989 were studied at 3 (n = 573), 12 (n = 565), 26 (n = 55), and 52 (n = 521) weeks posttransplant using multivariate, linear regression analysis. The incidence of acute rejection episodes was reduced by CsA, but patients with fewer acute rejection episodes in the early posttransplant period had higher serum total cholesterol (increased by.33 ± .12 mmol/L [13 ± 5 mg/dL] and .27 ± .12 mmol/L [10 ± 5 mg/dL], P P P P P
Michael Oakeshott as Liberal Theorist

This article cautions against facilely casting Oakeshott's thought in the mold of either Kantian liberalism for its account of civil association as purely formal association to which rational individuals could consent, or Burkean liberalism for its emphasis on the continuity of general practices and traditions in diurnal politics. Oakeshott's work is then thematically summarized with an eye to showing its artfulness and originality as a synthesis of modern European individualism, providing a theoretical account of civil association which combines, without logical contradiction, the Aristotelian idea of politics as the activity of attending to the arrangements of the whole, and the liberal (and Christian) idea of the individuality of value, mediated (and made logically possible) by the Roman idea of civil obligation to the form of authority.
Facies Analysis of Cretaceous Hensel Formation--Response of a Fluvial System to Marine Transgression: ABSTRACT

The Lower Cretaceous Hensel Formation in central and north-central Texas consists of predominantly terrestrial End_Page 1434------------------------------ deposits. Study of Hensel outcrops in Kimble, Gillespie, and Blanco Counties, south of the Llano uplift, reveals a facies evolution that is associated with a major marine transgression. This evolution is expressed in both a north-south facies tract and in the overall stratigraphic succession. Four major depositional systems are recognized. (1) Basal, valley-fill deposits are limited to localities proximal to the source area. (2) Low-sinuosity, bedload channel-facies overlie the valley fill and are widely distributed. (3) Low-sinuosity channel-facies evolved into more distal, somewhat finer grained, coastal-plain fluvial systems. (4) Both the fluvial and coastal-plain facies are characterized by extensive flood-basin muds and small, ephemeral arroyos. The pervasive development of calcr te, or caliche, within the overbank deposits, and the overall depositional style of the unit imply a semiarid, seasonal climate. As the marine transgression progressed, the sediment supply decreased and channel gradients lowered. Deposition of the shallow marine or lagoonal carbonates that overlie the Hensel resulted from the final inundation of the source area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1435------------
Bolt bearing fatigue of polymer matrix composites at elevated temperature

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are being considered for a number of elevated temperature (177°C/350°F) aerospace applications. Mechanical fasteners may be required to join these PMCs, making the elevated fatigue behavior of these highly loaded joints a possible design concern. A modified test set-up was used to simulate the stress state of a bolted composite joint. Using this modified set-up, IM7/PETI-5 showed a 20% improvement over IM7/K3B in elevated temperature bearing fatigue tests. Furthermore, the bearing fatigue life of IM7/PETI-5 showed no dependence on frequency or 10,000 hours thermal aging. Upon completion of the fatigue testing, failure analysis revealed that the bearing failure mechanisms were delamination, ply buckling, and 0°-ply fracture. Overall, IM7/PETI-5 was found to be very durable with no significant time dependant behavior at 177°C (350°F).
RANC: Relay-aided network coding in multi-hop wireless networks

This paper proposes a relay-aided network coding (RANC) scheme that considers how to improve the performance gain of network coding by exploiting the physical layer multi-rate capability in multi-hop wireless networks. In RANC, nodes are allowed to transmit at different rates according to the channel condition. Different from the recently proposed opportunistic overhearing and coding schemes by COPE [S. Katti, H. Rahul, W. Hu, D. Katabi, M. Medard, J. Crowcroft, XORs in the air: practical wireless network coding, in: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM'06, September 2006.], each node may either send its own packet or relay the packets received from its neighbors in form of a coded packet. Since the relayed packets can usually be transmitted at a high rate, the total packets that are necessary for decoding can be delivered to each destination node much faster than direct transmissions. We conduct rigorous analysis to find the design principles and study the tradeoff in the performance gain of RANC. Based on the analytical results, we provide a practical solution by decomposing the original design problem into two sub-problems, which are the flow partition problem and the scheduling problem. The performance of RANC is also evaluated via simulations. The simulation results show that, compared to COPE, RANC can significantly improve the performance gain of network coding.