cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated Glucose Concentrations 60 Minutes after an Oral Challenge in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance Are Not Explained by the Rate of Meal-Derived Glucose Appearance

Glucose concentrations 60 minutes after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L) identify an increased risk of progression to type 2 diabetes even in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Recent data suggests that these differences can be explained by increased intestinal glucose absorption due to increased expression of the sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) in the intestine. To examine the contribution of meal appearance to postprandial glucose concentrations we studied 36 subjects with NGT using a 75g OGTT, and a labelled mixed meal. Insulin secretion and action, endogenous glucose production (EGP), meal-derived glucose appearance (Meal Ra) and glucose disappearance (Rd) were subsequently calculated. Participants were grouped according to 60 minute glucose into HI (≥155 mg/dl) or LO ( Disclosure J. Adams: None. G. Treiber: None. M.D. Hurtado: None. M.C. Laurenti: Other Relationship; Self; GlySens Incorporated. C. Dalla Man: None. C. Cobelli: Research Support; Self; Sanofi-Aventis. Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. R.A. Rizza: None. A. Vella: Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., XOMA Corporation. Advisory Panel; Self; VTV Therapeutics, Bayer AG.
Effect of dexrazoxane on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in young and old rats.

Abstract Purpose. Although dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) is used clinically to protect against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, the age-related effect of dexrazoxane on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics has not been well studied. Methods. We therefore examined the effect of pretreatment with dexrazoxane (50 mg kg–1 i.p. 1 h prior to administration of doxorubicin 2 mg kg–1 i.v. bolus) on doxorubicin and doxorubicinol pharmacokinetics in Fischer 344 rats at 5 months of age (young adult) and 22 months of age (old). Results. Dexrazoxane had no major effects on doxorubicin or doxorubicinol pharmacokinetics in plasma or heart in either young or old rats. However, age had significant effects on anthracycline pharmacokinetics. Early plasma concentrations were increased and systemic clearance of doxorubicin was decreased in old compared with young rats. Cardiac concentrations of doxorubicin (AUC) were significantly increased in old rats. In addition cardiac doxorubicinol concentrations (AUC 0–72 h) were increased by over 80% in old compared to young rats. Conclusion. The results suggest that dexrazoxane does not alter doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. In contrast, aging in the rat model is associated with altered doxorubicin and doxorubicinol pharmacokinetics, in particular in the heart. These changes could increase the risk of anthracycline cardiotoxicity with age.
The distances to Novae as seen by Gaia

The Gaia spacecraft has just released a large set of parallaxes, including 41 novae for which the fractional error is <30%. I have used these to evaluate the accuracy and bias of the many prior methods for getting nova-distances. The best of the prior methods is the geometrical parallaxes from HST for just four novae, although the real error bars are 3X larger than stated. The canonical method for prior nova-distances has been the expansion parallaxes from the nova shells, but this method is found to have real 1-sigma uncertainty of 0.95 mag in the distance modulus, and the prior quoted error bars are on average 3.6X worse than advertised. The many variations on the maximum-magnitude-rate-of-decline (MMRD) relation are all found to be poor, too poor to be useable, and even to be non-applicable for 5-out-of-7 samples of nova, so the MMRD should no longer be used. The prior method of using various measures of the extinction from the interstellar medium have been notoriously bad, but now a new version by Ozdonmez and coworkers has improved this to an unbiased method with 1-sigma uncertainty of 1.14 mag in the distance modulus. For the future, I recommend in order (1) using the Gaia parallax, (2) using the catalog of Ozdonmez, (3) using M_max = -7.0 +- 1.4 mag as an empirical method of poor accuracy, and (4) if none of these methods is available, then to not use the nova for purposes where a distance is needed.
A Journey through Breast Cancer: Exploring the Body in Process in Isabel Franc and Susanna Martín’s Graphic Breast Cancer Narrative

Focusing on Isabel Franc and Susanna Martin’s Alicia en un mundo real (2010), this article will explore the representation and the visibility of the cancerous body in the graphic form. Based on Fra...
Learning through interactions: a pilot study of family interventions for at-risk children

Although many young children face risk factors for academic failure, most research about family interventions do not focus on at-risk children. For example, although Parents Interacting with Infant...
Suboptimal response rates to hypomethylating agent therapy in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia; a single institutional study of 121 patients.

Hypomethylating agents (HMA) are currently the only FDA approved therapy for patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). In the current retrospective study, we assessed response rates as adjudicated by the IWG (International Working Group) MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome) and MDS/MPN myeloproliferative neoplasm overlap syndrome response criteria, in 121 CMML patients treated with Azacitidine (AZA, n = 56) and Decitabine (DAC, n = 65). The overall response rates were 41% by the IWG MDS (AZA- 45%, DAC-39%), and 56% by the IWG MDS/MPN (AZA-56%, DAC-58%) response criteria, with CR (complete remission) rates of <20% for both agents, by both criteria. There were no significant differences in response rates between proliferative and dysplastic CMML. Moreover, 29% of CMML patients in a CR with HMA progressed to AML (blast transformation), underscoring the limited impact of these agents on disease biology. Progression after HMA response was associated with a median overall-survival (OS) of 8 months, while median OS in patients with primary HMA failure was 4 months. Lower serum LDH levels (<250 Units/L) were associated with HMA responses by both criteria; while ASXL1 and TET2 mutational status had no impact. HMA treated patients had a longer median OS (31 vs 18 months; P = .01), in comparison to those treated with conventional care regimens (excluding observation only patients), without any differences between AZA vs DAC (P = .37). In conclusion, this study highlights the inadequacies of HMA therapy in CMML, retrospectively validates the IWG MDS/MPN response criteria and underscores the need for newer, rationally derived therapies.
Endocannabinoids and Stroke Prevention: Review of Clinical Studies

The societal burden of ischemic stroke suggests a need for additional therapeutic categories in stroke prevention. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a rational target for stroke prevention because of its effects on inflammation, vascular tone, and metabolic balance, all well-described stroke risk factors. In this article, we summarize the existing ECS clinical studies in human subjects' research as they relate to conventional vascular risk factors associated with ischemic stroke. To date, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) derivative endocannabinoids are consistently reported to be elevated in insulin resistance, whereas the N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) endocannabinoid derivatives are elevated in obesity. The ECS role in metabolic health should examine the effects of 2-AG reduction and AEA augmentation as a means of stroke risk reduction. Cannabinoid receptors are reported on macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques and suggest a role for immunomodulation as a therapeutic for atherosclerosis through both peripheral immune cell CB1 antagonism and/or CB2 agonist. The effects of ECS on hypertension, smoking, physical activity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation are incompletely described and deserve further study. A limitation to ECS research is significant overlap with noncannabinoid molecular targets. Further exploration of the ECS needs to include the larger metabolomics context for a greater understanding of its therapeutic potential. Clinical translational studies in stroke prevention should be directed at ECS in metabolic balance and atherosclerosis.
Determination of 29 kinds of estrogens in milk and milk products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

A method was developed for the determination of 29 kinds of estrogens in milk and milk products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was deposited protein with acetonitrile and extracted with ethyl acetate. then passed through HLB cartridge to clear-up. The test potion was separated by Shield RP18 and HSS T3 columns with gradient elution program and the results were calculated by internal standard method. the LODs were 0.1-0.5 µg/kg, the recoveries were 70%-120% with 1%-20% of RSD. This method has good reproducibility, high accuracy, low cost and is suitable for routine sample testing.
Richard V. Kadison (1925-2018).

Richard “Dick” V. Kadison, who died on August 22, 2018, almost single-handedly carried the torch for the subject of operator algebras during the 1950s. During the next decades Dick remained among the foremost leaders in the subject, nurturing it both by his deep scientific contributions and by attracting and energetically supporting younger mathematicians entering the subject. Dick Kadison at the conference “Operator Algebras and Related Topics” celebrating his 85th birthday, held in July 2010 at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China. Image courtesy of Liming Ge (University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH). The historical context for Dick’s research is important. Coming out of the 1920s ferment involving the representation theory of compact groups, the theory of linear operators on Hilbert spaces, and the use by Heisenberg and Schroedinger of operators on Hilbert spaces in the formulations of quantum mechanics, J. von Neumann in the 1930s, often with his coauthor F. Murray, wrote a series of massive highly inventive and technical papers concerning a broad class of algebras of operators on Hilbert spaces, now known as “von Neumann algebras.” Then in 1943, out of the war-time Soviet Union emerged a remarkable paper by I. Gelfand and M. Naimark in which they launched the theory of a very closely related larger class of algebras of operators on Hilbert … [↵][1]1Email: rieffel{at}math.berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Carrier Dynamics in InGaN/GaN Micro-LEDs: An RF Appraoch to Understand Efficiency Issues

We utilize a rate equation approach and RF measurement technique to study carrier dynamics in InGaN/GaN LEDs. Study of carrier dynamics aids in understanding efficiency challenges and design of high-speed, efficient micro-LEDs for visible-light communication and micro-LED display applications.
A case of unusual presentation of acute esophageal necrosis with pneumonia

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) is a rare and often fatal pathology of unclear etiology affecting the distal two-thirds of the esophagus. Typically, elderly patients with multiple comorbidities present with signs of upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage. On endoscopy, the mucosa is black due to ischemic necrosis, resulting in the commonly used term "black esophagus." We present a rare case of a 61-year-old male presenting with shortness of breath and hematemesis diagnosed as AEN through endoscopy. This case illustrates the importance of considering AEN as part of differential diagnoses in a rising elderly population with multiple comorbidities that present with upper GI hemorrhage. Treatment should be aimed at maintaining hemodynamic stability with high-dose proton pump inhibitors.
Abstract PO-014: Interleukin 17 induced- neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) mediate resistance to checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be an aggressive disease with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is recalcitrant to most therapies. Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in initiation of pancreatic premalignant lesions but its role in invasive PDAC has not been widely explored. We hypothesized that IL-17 triggers and sustains immunosuppression during PDAC. We employed pharmacological and genetic strategies to inhibit IL-17/IL-17RA signaling axis and characterized the tumor microenvironment with RNA sequencing, mass & flow cytometry and quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence. Our analysis revealed that IL-17 signaled through tumor cells to recruit neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment and spatially exclude cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Furthermore, IL-17 signaling in tumor cells triggered neutrophils to form extracellular traps (NETs), a primary mechanism mediating PDAC immunosuppression. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IL-17 overcame resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (PD-1, CTLA-4), in a CD8 T cell dependent manner. Inhibition of neutrophils or Padi4-dependent NETosis phenocopied IL-17 neutralization. Higher expression of IL-17 and PADI4 in human PDAC corresponded with poorer prognosis, according to TCGA data. Serum from PDAC patients had a higher capacity for NET formation and diminished ability for NET degradation in control neutrophils, in comparison to serum from healthy donors. In conclusion, the cross-talk of IL-17 with pancreatic cancer cells orchestrates neutrophil recruitment and activation of Padi4 dependent NETosis, ultimately resulting in spatial remodeling of the stroma and immunosuppression. IL-17 inhibition overcomes resistance to checkpoint blockade in a CD8 T cell dependent fashion. Clinical studies with IL-17 inhibitors and checkpoint blockade represent a promising novel combinatorial therapy for this lethal disease. Citation Format: Vidhi Chandra, Yu Zhang, Erick Riquelme, Prasanta Dutta, Pompeyo R. Quesada, Amanda Rakoski, Michelle Zoltan, Nivedita Arora, Seyda Baydogan, William Horne, Jared Burks, Hanwen Xu, Perwez Hussain, Huamin Wang, Sonal Gupta, Anirban Maitra, Jennifer M. Bailey, Seyed J. Moghaddam, Sulagna Banerjee, Ismet Sahin, Pratip Bhattacharya, Florencia McAllister. Interleukin 17 induced- neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) mediate resistance to checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-014.
Cytopathology of Human Gastrointestinal Cancers

Since the development of Papanicolaou’s technique for cytological examination of vaginal smears for the diagnosis of uterine carcinoma, exfoliative cytological techniques have been successfully employed for the detection of uterine, pulmonary, and genitourinary tumors. Exfoliative cytological techniques can be applied to gastrointestinal tumors with more or less similar results to those for other anatomical sites (Ackerman, 1967; Brandborg and Wenger, 1968; Lemon, 1952; Raskin et al, 1959; Rubin et al, 1953; Sherlock et al, 1972; Winawer et al, 1976; Witte, 1970; Yamakawa et al, 1971; Yoshii et al, 1970, 1971).
Investigation of the atmospheric surface layer using a novel high-resolution sensor array

Representing land-atmosphere exchange processes as lower boundary conditions remains a challenge in numerical weather predictions. One important reason is the lack of understanding of heterogeneities in topography, land cover, stability, and their effects on all aspects of the flow field and scalar transport. Well-resolved flow measurements can shed light on these near-surface processes, yielding improved modeling approaches. Yet, it is precisely the heterogeneous characteristics in question—along with the large separation of scales—that make field measurements notoriously challenging. To address some of the difficulties encountered in probing the atmospheric surface layer, a unique and economically scalable field measurement platform was designed around the nanoscale thermal anemometry probe technology, which has previously been used successfully at high Reynolds numbers in laboratory settings. The small size of the nanoscale sensors not only provides a high spatial resolution but also allows for velocity and temperature measurements with the same constant current operating circuit. This operating mode is more economical and straightforward to construct than conventional constant temperature anemometry systems, providing a scalable platform for multi-point measurements. The measurement platform was deployed at the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test site in Utah’s West Desert as part of the Idealised horizontal Planar Array study for Quantifying Surface heterogeneity. Streamwise velocity and temperature data were acquired within the first meter above ground with good agreement in spectral behavior to well-known scaling laws in wall-bounded flows.
OralViewer: 3D Demonstration of Dental Surgeries for Patient Education with Oral Cavity Reconstruction from a 2D Panoramic X-ray

Patient’s understanding on forthcoming dental surgeries is required by patient-centered care and helps reduce anxiety. Due to the complexity of dental surgeries and the patient-dentist expertise gap, conventional techniques of patient education are usually not effective for explaining surgical steps. In this paper, we present OralViewer—the first interactive application that enables dentist’s demonstration of dental surgeries in 3D to promote patients’ understanding. OralViewer takes a single 2D panoramic dental X-ray to reconstruct patient-specific 3D teeth structures, which are then assembled with registered gum and jaw bone models for complete oral cavity modeling. During the demonstration, OralViewer enables dentists to show surgery steps with virtual dental instruments that can animate effects on a 3D model in real-time. A technical evaluation shows that our deep learning model achieves a mean Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.771 for 3D teeth reconstruction. A patient study with 12 participants shows OralViewer can improve patients’ understanding of surgeries. A preliminary expert study with 3 board-certified dentists further verifies the clinical validity of our system.
Basic Equations and Development of Numerical Code

In this chapter, we show our development of numerical code. The detailed setting for calculations in the solar convection zone is introduced. The near-surface region (\(>\) \(0.98R_\odot \)) is included for the solar global convection calculation for the first time. Our new challenge for including the partial ionization effect of Hydrogen and Helium is explained. In order to deal with large number of CPUs in the huge parallel computer, we adopt efficient parallelizaion method, Peano-Hilbert space-filling curve and Yin-Yang grid. These are explained. Finally the method for analyzing the huge size data outputted by the calculations are introduced.
The Bacterial Oxidation of Vitamin B6 V. THE ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF PYRIDOXAL AND ISOPYRIDOXAL FROM PYRIDOXINE

Abstract Two soil organisms that degrade pyridoxine by related but independent pathways were examined for enzymes involved in the initial oxidative attack on pyridoxine. Pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase, an FAD-dependent enzyme isolated from Pseudomonas MA-1, dehydrogenates pyridoxine to pyridoxal, and utilizes either oxygen or 2,6-dichloroindophenol, an as the hydrogen acceptor. Pyridoxine 5-dehydrogenase, an FAD-dependent enzyme isolated from Pseudomonas IA, converts pyridoxine to isopyridoxal and utilizes 2,6-dichloroindophenol, but not oxygen, as hydrogen acceptor. FMN does not replace FAD for either dehydrogenase. The two dehydrogenases differ substantially in their pH optima, in their affinities for pyridoxine and FAD, and in their behavior toward substrate analogues and inhibitors. Both are quite specific for pyridoxine as substrate, and both contain essential —SH groups. Pyridoxal and isopyridoxal, the initial products formed by these enzymes, are also the initial products formed during degradation of pyridoxine by growing cultures of the bacterial strains from which these dehydrogenases were obtained.
Neutrino Magnetic Moment in $N=1$ Minimal Supergravity

The complete one-loop supersymmetric (SUSY) correction to the magnetic moment (NMM) of a Dirac neutrino is calculated with allowance for mixing between the scalar leptons and for mixing between theW-gaugino and Higgs fermions. The contribution from the charged Higgs loop is negligible for all practical purpose. We thoroughly study the dependence of NMM on the SUSY parameters. The SUSY contribution to the NMM can be a few times less than or comparable to the value of the standard model (with a right-handed neutrino singlet added). The SUSY correction to the NMM increases with decreasing β value (tan β=〈H2〉/〈H1〉), and is not very sensitive to the charged scalar lepton mass.
Electrically‐Suspended Gyros

SIGNIFICANT strides have been made in the development of advanced electrically‐suspended inertial components and systems capable of utilizing them. At Honeywell, considerable contract support by both the United States Navy and the United States Air Force, in addition to Company‐sponsored effort, has resulted in Electrically‐Suspended Gyros that have achieved accuracies of one or two orders of magnitude better than those of the best conventional gyros.
Effects of supercritical fluid extractions on metal ion partitioning as indicated by sequential extractions

We have studied the partitioning of stable elements and uranium to two sediments using sequential extractions (SE). These matrices were then subjected to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to attempt to remove the uranium. SEs were repeated on the material remaining after SFE to determine any changes in partitioning. We have confirmed that under suitable chemical conditions, ligand-assisted SFE can be used to extract many metal ions from such matrices. Under the conditions we used, the "easily leachable" metals were extracted, but the refractory metals were not. In addition, SFE appears to redistibute the remaining metal cations among the remaining geochemical after SFE treatment. Our results are presented and discussed in the context of developing decontamination strategies for contaminated soils and sediments.
Instruction balance and its relation to program energy consumption

A computer consists of multiple components such as functional units, cache and main memory. At each moment of execution, a program may have a varied amount of work for each component. Recent development has exploited this imbalance to save energy by slowing the components that have a lower load. Example techniques include dynamic scaling and clock gating used in processors from Transmeta and Intel. Symmetrical to reconfiguring hardware is reorganizing software. We can alter program demand for different components by reordering program instructions. This paper explores the theoretical lower bound of energy consumption assuming that both a program and a machine are fully adjustable. It shows that a program with a balanced load always consumes less energy than the same program with uneven loads under the same execution speed. In addition, the paper examines the relation between energy consumption and program performance. It shows that reducing power is a different problem than that of improving performance. Finally, the paper presents empirical evidence showing that a program may be transformed to have a balanced demand in most parts of its execution.
Community informatics as innovation in sociotechnical infrastructures

One trajectory for community informatics is sociotechnical innovation: integrated innovations in the information and technology infrastructures of communities that enable innovation in communities themselves as social systems. We describe community informatics research emphasizing technology affordances of mobility and hyperlocality, aggregation and suprathresholding, information analytics, local digital currencies, reputation management systems, and crowd-based coordination. We present an envisionment scenario for a community innovation infrastructure incorporating and leveraging these technologies.
Extending Automatic Parallelization to Optimize High-Level Abstractions for Multicore

Automatic introduction of OpenMP for sequential applications has attracted significant attention recently because of the proliferation of multicore processors and the simplicity of using OpenMP to express parallelism for shared-memory systems. However, most previous research has only focused on C and Fortran applications operating on primitive data types. C++ applications using high-level abstractions, such as STL containers and complex user-defined types, are largely ignored due to the lack of research compilers that are readily able to recognize high-level object-oriented abstractions and leverage their associated semantics. In this paper, we automatically parallelize C++ applications using ROSE, a multiple-language source-to-source compiler infrastructure which preserves the high-level abstractions and allows us to unambiguously leverage their known semantics. Several representative parallelization candidate kernels are used to explore semantic-aware parallelization strategies for high-level abstractions, combined with extended compiler analyses. Those kernels include an array-based computation loop, a loop with task-level parallelism, and a domain-specific tree traversal. Our work extends the applicability of automatic parallelization to modern applications using high-level abstractions and exposes more opportunities to take advantage of multicore processors.
Dynamic delamination buckling in composite laminates under impact loading: Computational simulation

A unique dynamic delamination buckling and delamination propagation analysis capability has been developed and incorporated into a finite element computer program. This capability consists of the following: (1) a modification of the direct time integration solution sequence which provides a new analysis algorithm that can be used to predict delamination buckling in a laminate subjected to dynamic loading, and (2) a new method of modeling the composite laminate using plate bending elements and multipoint constraints. This computer program is used to predict both impact induced buckling in composite laminates with initial delaminations and the strain energy release rate due to extension of the delamination. It is shown that delaminations near the outer surface of a laminate are susceptible to local buckling and buckling-induced delamination propagation when the laminate is subjected to transverse impact loading. The capability now exists to predict the time at which the onset of dynamic delamination buckling occurs, the dynamic buckling mode shape, and the dynamic delamination strain energy release rate.
GEOCHEMICAL HABITATS IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS

There are many readings of the universal phylogenetic tree constructed from small subunits of RNA, such as that shown in Fig. 1. As a geochemist, two messages seem particularly clear to me from deep in the tree. First, the emphasis is on geochemical energy sources, which take the form of naturally occurring disequilibrium states engendered by geologic processes. Second, deep autotrophy does not require sunlight. These two messages suggest that early life was more likely to have lived in subsurface rather than surface environments. A logical deduction from the 16s rRNA phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) is that the setting for the emergence of life had little if anything to do with the atmosphere or surface of the Earth. According to some estimates the subsurface biosphere still rivals by mass the surface biosphere (Whitman et al., 1998). We probably find this surprising because we ascribe great importance to the surface biosphere owing to our banishment there by our need for O2. Nevertheless, deeply branching organisms in the universal phylogenetic tree show a proclivity for H2, or at least for reduced conditions where even trace concentrations of O2, sulfate, carbon dioxide and other oxidized compounds represent enormous energy sources. Open image in new window Fig. 1 (after Pace, 1997) Universal phylogenetic tree of life based on 16s rRNA data. Lengths of lines separating organisms represent the genetic difference between them. Deep, short branches of the tree are populated by thermophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms.
An algorithmic historiography of the Ebola research specialty: mapping the science behind Ebola

The objective of this paper was to identify the intellectual profile of the Ebola research specialty and its behavior from its inception to 2014. This objective was met by chronologically mapping the information flows within the specialty using bibliometric and citation data extracted from 1638 Ebola research documents in conjunction with Histcite to produce an algorithmic historiography representing a view of the Ebola specialty's intellectual profile and evolution. The present study was guided by the following research questions. What is the bibliometric profile of the Ebola specialty in terms of publication output and the impact of its authors, journals, institutions, countries, and years? What influential Ebola research has been produced since its discovery, and how has the research evolved? The most significant results show the Ebola specialty citation network as a small-world and highly cohesive network. The Ebola specialty citation network was found to be symmetrical in structure and segmented into four distinct cliques representing specific research focuses (i.e., uncovering divergent strains, immune responses and vaccines, Ebola's pathogenesis, Ebola's molecular structure and physiology). Key authors and contributing journals were identified. The most substantial contributions to the specialty were from the government and academia. The Ebola specialty had a slow publication output and oscillating citation activity for the first few decades, coinciding with several outbreaks. The greatest production of Ebola research articles occurred after 2000, along with exponential citation behavior.
Clinical application of pharmacogenetics: focusing on practical issues

Recent large-scale genetic-based studies have transformed the field of pharmacogenetics to identify, characterize and leverage genetic information to inform patient care. Genetic testing can be used to alter drug selection, optimize drug dosing and prevent unnecessary adverse events. As precision medicine becomes the mainstay in the clinic, it becomes critical for clinicians to utilize pharmacogenetics to guide patient care. One primary challenge is identifying patients where genetic tests that can potentially impact patient care. To address this challenge, our review highlights many practical issues clinicians may encounter: identifying candidate patients and clinical laboratories for pharmacogenetic testing, selecting highly curated resources to help asses test validity, reimbursing costs of pharmacogenetic tests, and interpreting of pharmacogenetic test results.
Carbohydrates: Significance for Energy Balance and Gastrointestinal Function

The 10th edition of the RDA discusses carbohydrates in the context of dietary fiber and digestible carbohydrates, which provide energy, and recommends that more than half the energy requirement beyond infancy be provided by carbohydrates and that a desirable intake of fiber be achieved by consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole-grain cereals. The recommendations on digestible carbohydrates are primarily based on the desirability of limiting the intake of fat. An additional consideration is the suggestion that excess calories from carbohydrate vs. fat are metabolized and stored with different efficiencies. The scientific basis for recommending an appropriate intake of dietary fiber is not clearly evident in the current RDA. The association between a high plant food, and thus fiber intake, and lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, and diabetes is of interest but difficult to use to form the basis of specific recommendations for an appropriate amount of fiber to include in the diet. The importance of fiber for normal gastrointestinal function provides the best scientific basis for developing recommended intake levels. Dietary fiber, as well as non-digested starch, are the only known dietary components that increase stool weight and are the primary substrates for the microflora in the large intestine. Metabolism of this microflora, including production of short chain fatty acids that are used by epithelial cells, appears to be important for intestinal health. However, the challenge we still face is to define the parameters of gastrointestinal function that are compatible with health.
Loss and growth: identity processes with distinct and complementary impacts on well-being among those living with chronic illness.

The diagnosis and treatment of any chronic illness are a major source of stress for most individuals. Although many individuals living with chronic illness report experiencing growth that arises from this experience, studies have revealed mixed results regarding the association between reported growth and other aspects of psychological well-being. This pilot study examines the complementary and buffering influences of self-growth on self-loss in perceptions of physical and mental health among individuals living with HIV (N = 60). The sample was comprised of a racially/ethnically diverse sample of men and women ranging in age from 27 to 62. Measures included impact of illness on Self-Concept Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey, the HIV Symptom Index, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the impact of self-growth and self-loss on self-reported bothersome symptoms and depression, controlling for demographic covariates and p...
Failure Mechanisms of Graphene under Tension

Recent experiments established pure graphene as the strongest material known to mankind, further invigorating the question of how graphene fails. Using density functional theory, we reveal the mechanisms of mechanical failure of pure graphene under a generic state of tension at zero temperature. One failure mechanism is a novel soft-mode phonon instability of the ${K}_{1}$ mode, whereby the graphene sheet undergoes a phase transition and is driven towards isolated hexagonal rings resulting in a reduction of strength. The other is the usual elastic instability corresponding to a maximum in the stress-strain curve. Our results indicate that finite wave vector soft modes can be the key factor in limiting the strength of monolayer materials.
A method for combining the lower and higher order discrete ordinate approximation to the transport equation

Abstract A method for combining lower order, S n , and higher order, S N , discrete ordinate approximations that apply to the regions in which the fluxes are weakly anisotropic and strongly anisotropic is studied. These are combined by calculating the anisotropic flux in one region from the fluxes in the other region. This is done for positive and negative directional cosine using interpolation and extrapolation methods. A sample calculation using the one-dimensional UO 2 -H 2 O core and control slab lattice is performed. The results indicate that this method works well provided the interpolated and extrapolated fluxes are accurate. The extension of this method to multi-dimensional geometry is also discussed and it is shown that there is no difficulty in principle.
Preventing the soldiers of health care from becoming victims on the pandemic battlefield: respirators or surgical masks as the armor of choice.

The respiratory protective equipment necessary to protect health care workers from the novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus is not known. The knowledge gap created by this unanswered question has caused substantial debate and controversy on a global scale, leading public health organizations to feel pressured into issuing decisive recommendations despite a lack of supportive data. Changes in clinical practice caused by public health guidance during such high-profile events can be expected to establish a new standard of care. Also possible is an unforeseen gradual transition to widespread N95 respirator use, driven by public health pressures instead of science, for all outbreaks of influenza or influenza-like illness. Therefore, public health organizations and other influential institutions should take care to avoid making changes to established practice standards, if possible, unless these changes are bolstered by sound scientific evidence. Until definitive comparative effectiveness clinical trials are conducted, the answer to this question will continue to remain elusive. In the meantime, relying on ethical principles that have been substantiated over time may help guide public health and clinical decisions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S203–S210)
Design And Performance Of A Dynamically-Programmable High-Precision Threshold Gate

The design and implementation of a high-precision, high fan-in, optoelectronic threshold gate is discussed. The device is entirely digital. It is capable of altering its internal weights and function dynamically to provide the equivalent of a programmable gate. External circuitry has been specially designed to provide intrinsic control variables, as well as ordinary input variables. A distinction between extrinsic control variables and intrinsic control variables is presented. Analogies to the operation of a central processing unit are considered. Physical fabrication details and operating characteristics at ten million instructions per second are discussed.
Factorial invariance of symptom dimensions in anxious and depressive neuroses.

Five primary neurotic-symptom dimensions were examined regarding dimensional constancy across the nosological categories of anxiety states and depressive neuroses. Samples were comprised of 641 anxious patients and 251 depressed neurotics who completed pretreatment self-ratings on the Symptom Distress Checklist (SCL). Dimensional representations of the five symptom constructs-Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, and Anxiety-were independently derived through factor analysis. Results indicated a generally high level of constancy for the set of symptom dimensions across diagnostic class. Differences observed tended to involve qualitative distinctions in individual affective components-the Anxiety and Depression dimensions. Discussion focuses on the relevance and importance of factorial invariance (constancy) for dimensional models in psychopathology and implications of the findings for the nosology of neurotic affective disorders.
A Buffer that Mimics the SMP Buffer for Determining Lime Requirement of Soil

The Shoemaker-McLean-Pratt (SMP) buffer used for determining lime requirement of soil contains chromium and p-nitrophenol, which classifies the solution as a hazardous waste. A buffer without hazardous chemicals producing the same pH as SMP buffer would eliminate hazardous waste and have no effect on agronomic interpretation. Chemicals chosen to replace chromium and p-nitrophenol were 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid monohydrate (MES) and imidazole. Add titrations of SMP buffer and various mixtures of a new buffer were performed to duplicate the acid-base characteristics of the SMP buffer. The new buffer is adjusted to pH 7.70 and contains 69.6, 13.7, 31.4, 89.3, and 2000 mM of triethanolamine, imidazole, MES monohydrate, acetic acid, and KCI, respectively. Coefficients of determination (r 2 ) for linear regressions of soil-buffer pH with the new buffer versus SMP buffer on 255 Kentucky and 87 North American Proficiency Testing (NAPT) soils were 0.974 and 0.967, respectively. The linear regression equation for new buffer versus SMP buffer lime recommendations in Mg ha -1 was y = 0.226 + 0.994x with an r 2 of 0.935 for 158 Kentucky soils requiring lime and y = 1.42 + 0.876x with an r 2 of 0.876 for 27 NAPT soils requiring lime. Repeated soil-buffer pH measurements were made using 10 Kentucky soils and 11 NAPT soils over 150 d. Only one of the soil samples showed a significant drift in soil-buffer pH with time using the new buffer, and the drift was also observed using SMP buffer. With 88 measurements of soil-buffer pH using the new buffer on 11 NAPT soils, 2 measurements fell outside NAPT warning limits for SMP soil-buffer pH. The new buffer without hazardous chemicals mimicked the soil-buffer pH obtained with SMP buffer, provided lime recommendations similar to that with SMP buffer, and had a laboratory shelf life of at least 150 d.
Design of a CZT based breast SPECT system

A high-resolution SPECT instrument dedicated to breast imaging has been designed incorporating arrays of collimated Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CZT) detectors tiled on either a cylindrical surface or a hemispherical surface surrounding the breast. The performance characteristics of a three-segment rotating parallel-hole collimator as well as a stationary multiple pin-hole collimator were considered for the cylindrical system. A stationary multiple pin-hole collimated system was also considered for the hemispherical design. Monte Carlo studies suggest that at almost equal spatial resolution of 0.5 cm, the cylindrical design with parallel-hole collimator would have an approximately a factor of two higher geometrical efficiency than the hemispherical pinhole collimated system including effects of attenuation in the breast. However, whereas the parallel-hole collimator must be rotated to acquire data from multiple angles of view, the pin-hole version has the advantage of recording data from 112 views in a stationary mode. Monte Carlo studies of filtered backprojection as well as a Bayesian reconstruction approach including attenuation and scatter within the breast, where the breast was modeled as a 15 cm hemisphere of uniform activity distribution containing three spherical lesions of diameters 1.0 cm, 0.7 cm and 0.5 cm respectively suggest that the 0.5 cm could be detected with either design in a one-hour SPECT study assuming a 10:1 tumor to background ratio. The authors conclude that a high resolution breast SPECT instrument where the resolution is limited to about 0.5 cm is viable with CZT detectors.
On generalizations of root systems

We define a generalization of a root system as a set of vectors in a vector space with some symmetry property. The main difference with the usual root systems is the existence of isotropic roots. We classify irreducible generalized root systems. As follows from our classification all such root systems are root systems of contragredient Lie superalgebras which were classified by V.Kac in 1977.
Arsenic speciation and accumulation in evapoconcentrating waters of agricultural evaporation basins

To sustain agricultural productivity, evaporation basins (or ponds) have been widely used for the disposal of agricultural drainage in areas requiring subsurface drainage in the San Joaquin Valley of California, USA. The drainage water contains elevated concentration of trace elements including selenium (Se) and arsenic (As). Unlike Se, little information is available about As, a potentially high risk element. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical behavior of As and acquire data for better understanding of biogeochemical processes and conditions affecting As fate in evaporation ponds. The study site was a 726 ha evaporation basin facility (containing 10 cells with water flowing in series) in the hydrologically closed Tulare Basin of California. We examined water chemistry, As concentration and speciation along the water flow path between cells as well as within the cells. Arsenic concentrations in the water increased linearly with Cl−, a conservative ion from evapoconcentration. Reduced As species as arsenite [As(III)] and organic arsenic (org-As) also increased with increases in Cl− and salinity. Water samples with elevated EC (i.e., towards the end of flow path) had high dissolved organic matter, low dissolved oxygen, and elevated sulfide concentrations, indicating the development of reducing conditions. We hypothesize that such changes could facilitate the reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to As(III) and org-As. Elevated As in sediment profiles indicate a solid phase sink mechanism, but not significant enough to remove and reduce As concentrations in the water columns. These findings help us better define the processes that affect As in drainage facilities and contribute to our understanding of how As behaves in other regions of the world that have similar climatic and hydrogeochemical conditions.
Simulation of human thermoregulation during water immersion: application to an aircraft cabin water-spray system.

A model was developed of transient changes in metabolic heat production and core temperature for humans subjected to cold conditions. It was modified to predict thermal effects of the upper parts of the body being sprayed with water from a system designed to reduce the smoke effects of an airplane fire. Temperature changes were computed at 25 body segments in response to water immersion, cold-air exposure, and windy conditions. Inputs to the temperature controller were:(a) temperature change signals from skin segments and (b) an integrated signal of the product of skin and head-core (hypothalamic) temperature changes. The controller stimulated changes in blood flow to skin and muscle and heat production by shivering. Two controller parameters were adjusted to obtain good predictions of temperature and heat-production experimental data in head-out, water-immersion immersion (0°–28°C) studies in humans. A water layer on the skin whose thickness decreased transiently due to evaporation was added to describe the effects of the water-spray system. Because the layer evaporated rapibly in a very cold and windy environment, its additional cooling effect over a 60-min exposure period was minimal. The largest additional decrease in rectal temperature due to the water-layer was <1°C, which was in normal conditions where total decreases were small.
Pathology of radiation-induced heart disease: A surgical and autopsy study of 27 cases

During the 20 years between 1973 and 1992, 27 patients were identified in whom cardiac tissue was available (15 surgical, 10 autopsy, and 2 both) that exhibited radiation-related injury. Specimens were assessed for damage to the pericardium, valves, myocardium, and coronary arteries. Patients ranged in age from 22 to 76 years (mean, 49 years), and 19 were men. Among 20 cases with available pericardium, 14 (70%) had radiation-related disease including six with an effusion, three with constriction, two with both, and three with neither. In 17 cases with available valves, 12 (71%) showed radiation injury involving 25 valves (nine mitral, eight aortic, five tricuspid, and three pulmonary), although clinically significant dysfunction was diagnosed in only eight. For the 16 patients from whom myocardium was available, 10 (63%) exhibited radiation-related fibrosis, which was moderate or severe in only the seven who received more than 3,000 rad (cGy). Among the 13 cases with available coronary arteries, only two had unequivocal radiation-induced obstructions (26- and 44-year-old men with Hodgkin's disease). In conclusion, radiation injury to the heart includes not only constrictive pericarditis and myocardial fibrosis, but also appreciable valvular and coronary artery lesions. As patients with malignancies survive longer, the surgical relief of radiation-induced heart disease may become more prevalent.
A thermodynamic analysis of the PbSn system and the calculation of the PbSn phase diagram

Abstract Thermodynamic data of the liquid phase, the (Pb) phase and the (Sn) phases are analyzed in terms of the Marqules type of equations for the excess Gibbs energies. For the liquid phase, a quasi-sub-regular solution model is used. For the fcc (Pb) phase and the bct (Sn) phase, a quasi-regular model is used. The calculated phase diagram of the Pb Sn binary using these data agrees well with the experimental diagram. The present analysis yields a set of internally consistent thermodynamic data and the lattice stabilities of Pb and Sn, i.e. the Gibbs energy differences between the fcc and bct forms of Pb and Sn.