cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoreduction of methyl viologen in aqueous neutral solution without additives

Methyl viologen (paraquat; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride; MV2+(Cl−)2) has been of great interest not only for its herbicidal activity1, but also for its use as an electron relay in photochemical systems designed for solar energy conversion2–12. In both cases principal attention has been directed towards the reduced species, that is the radical cation MV+Cl− which can be generated through the photosensitized reduction of MV2+(Cl−)2. Such reduction can be achieved in vivo by the photosynthetic system1 or in vitro by Ru (II) tris-bipyridine derivatives2–6, porphyrins7–9, proflavine10 and other aromatic compounds12–14. Direct photoreduction of MV2+(Cl−)2 has been widely investigated in the presence of alcohols15–18 and has also been noted in alkaline19 and acid20 solutions. Solid phase photoreduction of MV2+(Cl−)2 on cellulose involving the oxidation of the substrate has recently been reported21. We describe here the direct photoreduction of methyl viologen in neutral aqueous solution to give the complex MV+Cl−2. This is potentially important for the understanding of the herbicidal activity of methyl viologen. It also suggests an explanation for the photoreduction process of methyl viologen in alcohols and a possible extension of the role of methyl viologen in the photochemical conversion of solar energy.
Tracking radars for complex targets

The direction in which various tracking radar systems will point when tracking a static complex target is derived. From this analysis, it is concluded that the conical-scan system, the phase-monopulse system and the true amplitude-monopulse system are equally accurate. The separation of the antennas for the actual amplitude-monopulse system should be minimised, and the phase amplitude-monopulse system introduces a crosstalk term and probably should not be used for tracking complex targets. It is shown that a positive correlation exists between the tracking error and the relative magnitude of the reflected signals. Various methods based on this correlation for improving tracking accuracy are suggested.
Autumnal territorial aggression is independent of plasma testosterone in mockingbirds.

Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) show intense territorial activity in the autumn as newcomers attempt to establish space within resident populations. Examination of autumnal territorial behavior showed that unmated males sing more and engage in more territorial fights than mated males. Newcomers that have just acquired space also sing more and show more territorial fights than birds resident to the population for at least one prior season. Among establised residents, the average number of territorial fights was greater in birds that shared more territory boundaries with new residents. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples taken from males during the molt and following the onset of territorial defense showed that during both periods plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol were basal or below the sensitivity of the assay system. Moreover, groups of males that differed in song and territorial aggression did not differ in plasma concentrations of T, DHT, or luteinizing hormone (LH). Hormone analyses confirm measurements on several other avian species suggesting that sex steroid concentrations are low in the fall and winter and that variations in aggressive behavior at this time of year may be unrelated to LH and androgen levels. Our observations contribute to a growing body of work in temperate passerines indicating that the role of androgens in mediating aggressive challenge may be restricted to the breeding season. The possible hormonal basis (if any) of song and territorial aggression in mockingbirds outside the breeding season remains obscure.
Efficient methods for correlation-based automatic target recognition

Composite correlation filters (also known as synthetic discriminant function or SDF filters) are attractive for automatic target recognition (ATR) due to their built-in shift-invariance and their potential for trading off distortion tolerance for discrimination. Although the recognition performances of many advanced correlation filters are attractive, their computational complexities can be daunting particularly for ATR applications where the target detection and identification must be achieved in limited time. In this paper, we discuss some methods to reduce the complexity of correlation filter design, performing the cross-correlation as well as the processing of the resulting correlation outputs.
Growing up in a world with AIDS: social advantages of having AIDS in Brazil.

Could HIV/AIDS become a positive factor for a child's life? This contradiction is explored in this paper based on anthropological fieldwork and research in Brazil. I used participant observation and informal interviewing both with children living with HIV/AIDS and uninfected street children to obtain qualitative data. Brazil is known as a country leader in social responses towards the AIDS epidemic. Not only has access to antiretroviral medications been assured, but also a series of help networks guarantee that the human rights of HIV-infected people be respected. Children and adolescents benefit equally from these social gains. As such, many children born to HIV-positive women have reached adolescence and have 'normal' lives. This article explores the life experiences of children and adolescents infected by HIV and compares them to the life experiences of street children. Even though the AIDS epidemic is linked to death, infected children and adolescents dream about their lives and futures. Contradictori...
Mechanical impact induces cartilage degradation via mitogen activated protein kinases

Summary Objective To determine the activation of Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases in and around cartilage subjected to mechanical damage and to determine the effects of their inhibitors on impaction-induced chondrocyte death and cartilage degeneration. Design The phosphorylation of MAP kinases was examined with confocal microscopy and immunoblotting. The effects of MAP kinase inhibitors on impaction-induced chondrocyte death and proteoglycan (PG) loss were determined with fluorescent microscopy and 1, 9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue (DMMB) assay. The expression of catabolic genes at mRNA levels was examined with quantitative real-time PCR. Results Early p38 activation was detected at 20min and 1h post-impaction. At 24h, enhanced phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 was visualized in chondrocytes from in and around impact sites. The phosphorylation of p38 was increased by 3.0-fold in impact sites and 3.3-fold in adjacent cartilage. The phosphorylation of ERK-1 was increased by 5.8-fold in impact zone and 5.4-fold in adjacent cartilage; the phosphorylation of ERK-2 increased by 4.0-fold in impacted zone and 3.6-fold in adjacent cartilage. Furthermore, the blocking of p38 pathway did not inhibit impaction-induced ERK activation. The inhibition of p38 or ERK pathway significantly reduced injury-related chondrocyte death and PG losses. Quantitative Real-time PCR analysis revealed that blunt impaction significantly up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and ADAMTS-5 expression. Conclusion These findings implicate p38 and ERK mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the post-injury spread of cartilage degeneration and suggest that the risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) following joint trauma could be decreased by blocking their activities, which might be involved in up-regulating expressions of MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, and TNF-α.
A Synopsis of the Genus Noccaea (coluteocarpeae, Brassicaceae)

The controversial limits of Thlaspi are discussed, and all of its segregates proposed or revised during the past four decades are critically evaluated. As a result, the majority of specific and infraspecific names previously assigned to Thlaspi are currently placed in Noccaea, a genus the limits of which are expanded to include almost all of Thlaspi segregates. A detailed description of Noccaea, a synoptic account of its species, along with full bibliography and typification, and key to all 128 species are presented. The new names N. germanii, N. iranica, and N. meyeri and the following 36 new combinations are proposed: N. abchasica, N. antitaurica, N. atlantica, N. bornmuelleri; N. bovis, N. bulbosa, N. campylophylla, N. cappadocica, N. capricornuta, N. cilicica, N. cornuticarpa, N. crassiuscula, N. dolichocarpa, N. eigii, N. elegans, N. huber-morathii, N. jaubertii, N. kurdica, N. lilacina, N. maassoumii, N. natolica, N. orbiculata, N. oxyceras, N. perfoliata, N. platycarpa, N. pulvinata, N. rechingeri, N. rostrata, N. rosularis, N. stenocarpa, N. szowitsiana, N. triangularis, N. umbellata, N. vesicaria, N. vesicaria subsp. boissieri, and N. zangezurica. The genus Coluteocarpus is reduced to synonymy of Noccaea. Brossardia papyracea var. kotschyi, Coluteocarpus reticulatus var. boissieri, Hutschinsia trinervia, Iberidella andersonii, Thlaspi affine, T. japonicum, T. kovatsii, T. szowitsianum, and Vesicaria reticulata are lectotypified.
Die Wirkung der Stimmung des Kunden im Verkaufsgespräch

Allgemein wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Stimmung ein Kontextfaktor ist, der das menschliche Verhalten beeinflusst. Im Marketing und in verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen haben sich zur Analyse dieses Faktors bereits unterschiedliche Forschungsrichtungen herausgebildet. Es ist jedoch wenig daruber bekannt, wie sich die Stimmung eines Kunden vor einem personlichen Verkaufsgesprach auf den Beratungserfolg des Verkaufers auswirkt. Die in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur bisher vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse zu den Effekten der Stimmung ergeben fur diese Marketingthematik widerspruchliche Folgerungen. Die Marketingpraxis geht davon aus, dass die Induktion einer positiven Stimmung vorteilhaft ist, allerdings nur, wenn hochpreisige hedonistische Guter abgesetzt werden sollen. In diesem Beitrag wird aufbauend auf einem uberblick uber die bisherige Forschung zu den Auswirkungen der Stimmung auf das menschliche Verhalten gegenuber anderen Personen gezeigt, dass sich eine positive Stimmung des Kunden vorteilhaft darauf auswirkt, inwieweit er der Empfehlung des Verkaufers folgt.
Reproductive effects of a pegylated curcumin

Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from the rhizome turmeric, has potential as an anticancer agent. We synthesized an amphipathic/surfactant pegylated curcumin (curcumin-PEG) designed for parenteral administration. Objectives of these investigations were to assess side-effects of a therapeutic regimen of curcumin-PEG in a preclinical model. Intraperitoneal (ip) tumor burdens were reduced in athymic female mice grafted with human SKOV-3 ovarian adenocarcinoma cells and injected intravenously (iv) with curcumin-PEG. There were no gross anatomical or histopathological effects detected in non-reproductive organs. Uteri (luminal fluid imbibition) and ovaries (decreased folliculogenesis) were affected by treatment. Curcumin-PEG ip hastened the onset of puberty in immature female mice. Live births were reduced in mature females housed with males and treated iv with curcumin-PEG; mating (vaginal plugs) was not affected. Accessory gland weights, testicular testosterone concentrations, and spermatogenesis were diminished in mature male mice following iv curcumin-PEG. Estrogenic/antiandrogenic and pregnancy-disrupting effects of a water soluble/bioavailable curcumin were demonstrated.
Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation

We measured cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation in 16 anesthetized patients without neck injury. Comparisons were made using straight and curved laryngoscope blades without stabilization, Philadelphia collar stabilization, and in-line stabilization by an assistant. There was cervical spine movement in all cases. There was no significant difference in movement without stabilization when comparing straight and curved laryngoscope blades (P = .8536). There was no significant decrease in movement when a Philadelphia collar was applied (P = 1.000). There was a significant decrease in movement when in-line stabilization was applied (P = 0.0056). Although none of the methods tested totally prevented cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation, the least movement was obtained by the use of in-line stabilization by an assistant. The type of laryngoscope blade used or application of a Philadelphia collar did not reduce movement significantly.
Single Upper-Pole Percutaneous Access for Treatment of ≥5-cm Complex Branched Staghorn Calculi: Is Shockwave Lithotripsy Necessary?

Background and Purpose: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi is reported to have a residual stone rate of 28%, while shockwave lithotripsy alone results in residual stones in approximately 50% of cases. Combination therapy, sandwich therapy, and multiple percutaneous accesses have also been advocated for staghorn stones. We believe these stones can often be removed with a staged procedure via a single upper-pole percutaneous access using flexible nephroscopy and the holmium:YAG laser. Our experience is reviewed. Patients and Methods: The hospital records of patients having a cumulative stone burden ≥5 cm who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for a single complex staghorn calculus were reviewed. There were 15 male and 34 female patients having 45 complete and 7 partial staghorn calculi constituting a mean stone burden of 6.7 cm (range 5.0-10.0 cm). A calix was punctured that would provide access to the majority of the involved calices. Thirty-five renal units were approached thro...
Expression of α- and β-human chorionic gonadotropin subunits in cultured human cells

We surveyed several human cell lines for production of α- and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) under a variety of conditions known to induce gene expression α- and β-hCG subunits were monitored in culture media by specific radioimmunoassays and were shown to be quite sensitive to serum refeeding and growth state of all cell types studied. The permanent line JEG-3 secreted both α- and β-subunits whereas HeLa cells secreted only the α-subunit. Production of both subunits was augmented in these permanent cell lines, for each growth state, by pretreating cells with 5-azacytidine; in contrast, spontaneous β-hCG production by normal human fibroblasts (four of six strains) was only rarely increased after 5-azacytidine treatment, and more often was suppressed by 30 to 40%. Three of five strains from inherited chromosomal breakage syndromes produced immunoassayable β-hCG spontaneously, two of which increased secretion upon treatment with either UV or mitomycin C. Surprisingly, one normal cell strain of fetal origin was induced to secrete α-hCG, but not β-hCG, after UV irradiation. JEG-3 and HeLa cells produced detectable cognate mRNA for α- or β-hCG subunits or both by Northern and S1 nuclease protection analyses, whereas such transcripts from untransformed human fibroblasts were consistently below detectable levels. Quantitation of β-hCG mRNA by RNA:RNA annealing kinetics indicates that even the fibroblast strain producing the highest secreted β-hCG levels contained cognate mRNAs at only ∼0.1 copy per cell. We conclude that hCG expression in human fibroblasts is strongly repressed at the transcriptional level, although a variety of conditions (growth state, serum refeeding, cell senescence, or DNA damage) can affect the level of “leaky” expression, at least in some responding fraction of cells.
Effect of antibody upon clearance of I-125-labelled pneumococci by the spleen and liver.

Extract: Clearance of I125-labelled Type II pneumococci in immune and nonimmune rabbits was determined at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after an injection of 1 × 109 organisms (fig. 1). The patterns of uptake by the spleen and liver in immune and nonimmune rabbits differed in several major respects. The overall uptake by the liver exceeded that of the spleen in control and immune animals by a factor of at least 10 at each interval examined, this being most striking in the immune group. The spleen had a consistently higher capacity for uptake per unit of weight than the liver at all time intervals examined. This effect was found in immune as well as in nonimmune animals. The type specificity of this organ uptake pattern of response was determined by challenging an immunized group with a type of organism which differed from the immunogen. The pattern of uptake resembles that of non-immunized rabbits. Studies using passive immunization with type specific and heterologous type antisera confirmed these findings.
The Effects of Regulatory Tools on Organizational Populations

One of the main activities of regulation is the control of market development by influencing the number of firms in an industry, their entry into an industry, and their exit from an industry. Population ecology is used as a framework for explaining both the direct and indirect effects of regulatory activity on entry, exit, and market structure. This framework is then used to derive specific propositions about regulatory effects on entry, exit, and market structure in the health maintenance organization industry.
Production of trimethylamine from structurally related trimethylammonium compounds by resting cell suspensions of γ-butyrobetaine- and D,l-carnitine-grown Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas putida

The degradation of trimethylammonium compounds that are structurally related to γ-butyrobetaine and D,l-carnitine has been examined with variously grown resting cell suspensions of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas putida. Ac. calcoaceticus grown on either γ-butyrobetaine effectively degraded D,l-3-fluoro-4-N-trimethylaminobutyric, 4-N-trimethylaminocrotonic and 5-N-trimethylaminopentanoic acids with stoichiometric formation of triylaminopentanoic acids with stoichiometric formation of trimethylamine. None of these betaine analogs was metabolized by Ps. putida grown on D,l-carnitine as sole source of carbon. Only D,l-carnitine-grown Ac. calcoaceticus showed a slow but significant utilization of D,l-3-chloro-4-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid with equivalent formation of trimethylamine. Neither Ac. calcoaceticus nor Ps. putida, grown on either γ-butyrobetaine or D,l-carnitine as sole source of carbon degraded any of the following quaternary ammonium compounds: glycinebetaine, N-trimethylethanolamine-O-phosphate, N-trimethylethanolamine-O-sulfate, 3-N-trimethylaminopropanol, 3-N-trimethylaminopropionitrile, 3-N-trimethylaminopropionic acid, 3-N-trimethylaminopropane sulfonic acid and 6-N-trimethylaminohexanoic acid. Cleavage of the C−N bond of 4-N-trimethylaminocrotonic acid, and lack of stereochemical specificity with respect to the configuration at C-3 for the other betaines undergoing a similar degradation with formation of trimethylamine, are inconsistent with a mechanism involving a simple Hofmann-type of elimination reaction.
LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL NOISE IN NI : THE EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FLUCTUATIONS

We report measurements of the low-frequency electrical noise of Ni films at temperatures from 300 K to above the Curie temperature (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\sim}625 K). The noise magnitude is found to exhibit peaks at \ensuremath{\sim}450 K and at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. This behavior and the associated noise spectra are distinctly different from those of other metals in this temperature range, and we argue that they are caused by magnetic fluctuations. The form of the density of states of the responsible excitations is inferred and found to have some interesting features. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
On the Location of the Zeros of a Polynomial

The classical Enestom-Kekeya Theorem states that a polynomial p(z) = ?nv = 0avzv satisfying 0 < a0 ? a1 ? ... ? an has all its zeros in | z | ?1. We extend this result to a larger class of polynomials by dropping the conditions that the coefficients be real and positive and weakening the hypothesis that coefficients be monotonic increasing. Our result generalizes and sharpens several known results.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in murine motor neuron disease (the wobbler mouse) ☆

Clinical benefits of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were tested in wobbler mice, an animal model of motor neuron disease. After the disease was clinically recognized at 3-4 weeks, the animals were divided into two groups, each group consisting of 5 pairs of wobbler mice and normal littermates. TRH (50 mg/kg) and normal saline (NS) were injected intraperitoneally daily, 6 times per week for 9 weeks, in a double-blind study. Weekly assessments consisted of front paw grip strength, push walking, body weight, and semiquantitative grading. At the end of the trial, the brain and spinal cord were sampled to measure TRH and cyclo (His-Pro) concentrations. Progression of motor neuron disease was evident in wobbler mice, regardless of treatment. Descriptive semiquantitative gradings showed the tendency of improvement in TRH-treated wobbler mice. In saline-injected controls, TRH levels in the cervical spinal cord were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) in wobbler mice compared to littermates. However, with TRH treatment, there was no significant difference in TRH and cyclo (His-Pro) levels in any neural tissue between wobbler and controls. The lack of clinical benefits with TRH in wobbler mice may be due to increased TRH levels found in diseased spinal cord in murine motor neuron disease.
Routes to Sydnone‐Containing Oligomeric Areneynes

Abstract Iterative Sonogashira‐coupling routes have been used to prepare sydnone‐containing areneynes 1–3 (and related compounds) from o‐iodophenylsydnone (4). The best results were obtained by using two‐ and three‐reaction‐in‐one‐pot protocols.
Landscapes of women and men: rethinking the regional historical geography of the United States and Canada

Abstract This paper proceeds from the premise that historical geographers are not prejudiced against women, but many are unsure how to incorporate information on women into their research. The result unfortunately is a historical landscape in which only half of the residents normally are visible, despite many models of regional studies published in women's history. Historical geographers of rural Canada and the United States are to some extent limited by their frequent use of one narrative form, the national epic, that cannot readily portray women as important actors unless its essential plot line is reinterpreted in ways less familiar to geographers. Taking the examples of three western frontier women, I discuss how their narratives indicate ways to give a more balanced impression of both women and men in studies of regional economies and landscape modification. Incorporating female experience is likely to change some fundamental assumptions about the historical geography of the United States and Canada.
Evaluation of Hologram Imaging by Ray Tracing

This paper applies the methods of ray tracing to the evaluation of aberrations produced by Fresnel holograms that are recorded on two dimensional media. Attention is given both to holographic systems that employ lenses to modify the object wave and to lensless systems. Two lensless systems are discussed. The first, a system operating at optical wavelengths, is of numerical aperture 0.025, magnification 25, and unity wavelength ratio, λ recording/λ reconstructing. The field size of this device is better than 300 times the resolution; the system is diffraction-limited for points within a depth of 2.5 cm about the nominal object point. The second system, designed to record at x-ray wavelengths and to reconstruct at optical wavelengths, is of numerical aperture 0.0125, magnification 1000, and wavelength ratio 0.001. The field size is better than 3000 times the resolution; the system is diffraction-limited for points within a depth of 0.035 cm about the nominal object point. The performance of a lensless system is compared to that of a holographic system which employs an analytic aplanatic lens of high numerical aperture to form an enlarged real image of the object which is then recorded by a holographic system of unity magnification. The distortions of such a system are those of the lens alone. A method is established to design and ray trace an aplanatic lens. The system with such a lens is found to be in every way superior, at optical wavelengths, to the comparable lensless system.
Debris flows: behaviour and hazard assessment

Debris flows are water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock that rush down mountainsides, funnel into stream channels, entrain objects in their paths, and form lobate deposits when they spill onto valley floors. Because they have volumetric sediment concentrations that exceed 40 percent, maximum speeds that surpass 10 m/s, and sizes that can range up to ∼109 m3, debris flows can denude slopes, bury floodplains, and devastate people and property. Computational models can accurately represent the physics of debris-flow initiation, motion and deposition by simulating evolution of flow mass and momentum while accounting for interactions of debris’ solid and fluid constituents. The use of physically based models for hazard forecasting can be limited by imprecise knowledge of initial and boundary conditions and material properties, however. Therefore, empirical methods continue to play an important role in debris-flow hazard assessment.
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

Background Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC), an aggressive tumor of the aerodigestive tract, was described over 20 years ago, and its defining histologic parameters remain largely unchanged. While rare reports have noted cutaneous metastatic deposition, primary tumors have not been previously described. Objective Although most cutaneous malignancies with basaloid features comprise variants of basal cell carcinomas, a subset exhibit histologic attributes suggestive of more aggressive tumors. We evaluated 3 such tumors submitted to our dermatopathology service over a 6-month period. Methods Immunohistochemical stains useful in differentiating the lineage of cutaneous malignancies with basaloid-appearing tumor cells were employed. Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and typing were performed by using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results The tumor cells expressed high molecular weight cytokeratin (34βE12) and cytokeratin 5/6 but not Ber-EP4 or bcl-2. This pattern of immunohistochemical staining and the histologic attributes of the neoplasms are inconsistent with those expected in better defined cutaneous basaloid malignancies but are characteristic of BSCC. Two of the tumors arose in the inguinal crease of middle-aged men, and two patients were known to be immunosuppressed. HPV genotype 33 was detected in the tumor tissue from both inguinal lesions. Limitations The number of cases available for evaluation is small and any prognostic implications therefore tenuous. Conclusions The differential diagnosis of cutaneous malignancies exhibiting basaloid cells should include BSCC, a tumor with an unusual pattern of immunohistochemical staining and a potentially poor prognosis.
Binding of metals by cell walls of Cunninghamella blakesleeana grown in the presence of copper or cobalt

The binding of metals by cell walls isolated from Cunninghamella blakesleeana grown in the presence of inhibitory concentration of Cu or Co and which had altered chemical compositions was compared with the binding by control cell walls. The Co-cell walls, which had higher contents of phosphate and chitosan, bound more Cu and Co. Although the Vmax for Cu and Co differed with each of the cell walls, the Kmvalues for the binding of Cu (6.3x10-3M) and Co (2.1x10-3M) were the same for all three types of cell walls. The cell walls also differed in their quantitative binding of various metals; control cell walls: Zn> Fe> Mn> Cd> Ca> Ni> Cu> Ag> Co> Mg; Cu-cellwalls: Zn> Fe> Mn> Cu> Ni> Cd> Ag> Ca> Co> Mg; and Co-cell walls: Fe> Zn> Cu> Mn> Cd> Ag> Ca> Ni=Co> Mg. The binding of Cu was temperature-dependent and had an optimum pH. The binding of Co was inhibited by Cu, but the binding of Cu was not inhibited by Co, and Cd totally suppressed the binding of Co but not of Cu, suggesting two binding sites on the cell walls, one exclusively for Cu and the other common to both metals but with a higher affinity for Co. The cell walls did not bind Mg. The Cu-or Co-loaded cell walls eluted with 5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) rebound these metals to the same or greater extent as the original walls, but walls eluted with 0.5 N HCl bound only 50% of that bound originally.
Activation of ENaC by AVP contributes to the urinary concentrating mechanism and dilution of plasma

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) activates the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). The physiological significance of this activation is unknown. The present study tested if activation of ENaC contributes to AVP-sensitive urinary concentration. Consumption of a 3% NaCl solution induced hypernatremia and plasma hypertonicity in mice. Plasma AVP concentration and urine osmolality increased in hypernatremic mice in an attempt to compensate for increases in plasma tonicity. ENaC activity was elevated in mice that consumed 3% NaCl solution compared with mice that consumed a diet enriched in Na+ with ad libitum tap water; the latter diet does not cause hypernatremia. To determine whether the increase in ENaC activity in mice that consumed 3% NaCl solution served to compensate for hypernatremia, mice were treated with the ENaC inhibitor benzamil. Coadministration of benzamil with 3% NaCl solution decreased urinary osmolality and increased urine flow so that urinary Na+ excretion increased with no effect on urinary Na+ concentration. This decrease in urinary concentration further increased plasma Na+ concentration, osmolality, and AVP concentration in these already hypernatremic mice. Benzamil similarly compromised urinary concentration in water-deprived mice and in mice treated with desmopressin. These results demonstrate that stimulation of ENaC by AVP plays a critical role in water homeostasis by facilitating urinary concentration, which can compensate for hypernatremia or exacerbate hyponatremia. The present findings are consistent with ENaC in addition to serving as a final effector of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and blood pressure homeostasis, also playing a key role in water homeostasis by regulating urine concentration and dilution of plasma.
Ion-beam deposition of Zr−Al multilayers and their structural properties

Abstract Multilayers of Zr−Al have been deposited using a dual ion-beam deposition technique. Low angle X-ray diffraction shows the compositional modulation of these multilayers. The period obtained from the X-ray diffraction peaks was in agreement with the period obtained from X-ray fluorescence and electron microscopy, measurements. The as-deposited Al film was crystalline, whereas both the as-deposited Zr film and Zr−Al multilayer film were amorphous.
Endogenous monitoring and enforcement of a transferable emissions permit system

Abstract The literature on noncompliant firms in transferable emissions permit systems offers little guidance to policymakers that must determine how to commit resources to monitor firms and punish violations in such systems. We consider how a budget-constrained enforcement authority that seeks to minimize aggregate noncompliance in a transferable emissions permit system should allocate its monitoring and enforcement efforts among heterogeneous firms. With a conventional model of firm behavior in a transferable permit system, we find that differences in the allocation of monitoring and enforcement effort between any two types of firms should be independent of differences in their exogenous characteristics.
Teaching database in an integrated oracle environment

This paper describes the approach used to teach the database course to undergraduate majors. The curriculum is structured to provide two courses in sequence to teach the database technology to both the computer science (CS) and information systems (IS) majors in an integration-driven Oracle environment. In a team-oriented approach, a comprehensive project is tackled by beginning with part project at the introductory database level, which culminates in the integration of the whole project at the advanced database level. There is strong evidence, especially from the student evaluation, that the approach has resulted in better acquisition of database concepts and practice.
Nitrate and Phosphate Uptake by Agropyron Desertorum and Artemisia Tridentata from Soil Patches with Balanced and Unbalanced Nitrate and Phosphate Supply

To test the ability of plants to integrate small-scale imbalances in soil nitrate and phosphate patches, plant growth and acquisition of nitrate and phosphate were measured for the perennial grass Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. and the shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle in soil where the principal supply of nitrate and phosphate came from two enriched patches. The soil was calcareous loamy-skeletal Typic Haploxerolls. These patches were applied in two treatments: either nitrate and phosphate were applied in both patches (balanced treatment) or one patch contained only nitrate and the other only phosphate (unbalanced treatment). The same total quantity of nutrients was applied in both treatments and these included 15N and 32P tracers. The plants were in large pots in open field conditions. There were no significant differences in total biomass production and nitrogen concentration between the two treatments, indicating that both species had the physiological ability to integrate soil nutrient resources. Artemisia was able to acquire more phosphate in the unbalanced treatment, probably due to the high local solution phosphate concentration. Generally Artemisia acquired more N and P than did Agropyron.
Overdose of propafenone surreptitiously sold as "Percocet".

Abstract Background: Drug abuse is a common problem in the United States. Drugs can be acquired in many ways, and can be knowingly or mistakenly misrepresented when sold. Propafenone is an uncommonly encountered class IC antidysrhythmic that is a look-alike for the opioid, oxycodone/acetaminophen 5/325. Objective: We report a case of propafenone overdose presenting with generalized tonic-clonic seizure and a widened QRS complex, occurring after the patient had reported ingesting “Percocet®” (Endo Pharmaceuticals, Chadds Ford, PA). Case Report: A 17-year-old boy presented to the emergency department (ED) after a witnessed seizure lasting 2 min. The patient reported having ingested 6 “Percocet®” tablets that he purchased from a classmate. He noted feeling weak and dizzy approximately 3 h after the ingestion, just before the seizure. On arrival in the ED, the patient was awake and alert with a QRS length of 168 ms. A sodium bicarbonate bolus and infusion shortened the QRS length to 90 ms. The patient was discharged the following day with no further complications. The pills were identified as propafenone hydrochloride (HCl) 225-mg tablets. The classmate surreptitiously sold the pills as “Percocet®” due to their similar “512” imprint. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical drugs are often sold on the street, and often misrepresented. Propafenone HCl 225-mg is an uncommonly encountered pharmaceutical, but is a look-alike for oxycodone/acetaminophen 5/325. An overdose due to propafenone ingestion may present with seizures and a widened QRS complex.
Potential for enhanced nutrient cycling through coupling of agricultural and bioenergy systems

Emerging markets for fuels and energy from crop biomass are creating new opportunities for redesigning agricultural systems for improved ecological function and energy-use effi ciency. Innovative bioconversion processes confi gured to recover key plant nutrients from biomass will allow recycling nutrients to crop fi elds, thereby closing nutrient cycles and reducing the energetic and economic costs of fertilization. Such advanced bioconversion matched with complementary biomass production may promote the development of highly productive agricultural– industrial systems that protect environmental quality. A generally representative example of nutrient recovery from an integrated biological and thermochemical conversion process designed to produce ethanol and synthetic fuels from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) indicates that approximately 111 kg ha −1 yr −1 of N can be recovered. This is equivalent to 78% of the N-fertilizer input required. This example illustrates that N recovery and cycling could signifi cantly improve the sustainability of biomass production as well as the overall energy balance of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Demand for lignocellulosic biomass as an industrial feedstock may also allow the introduction of new crops and cropping systems. In addition to perennial grasses, double-crop sequences and systems incorporating greater use of legumes, cover crops, and living mulch may be able to produce large amounts of biomass while improving resource use effi ciency and reducing environmental impact.
Tipping of flagellar agglutinins by gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The migration of cross-linked agglutinins to the gametic flagellar tips (tipping) is a hallnmark of the Chlamydomonas mating reaction. In this study, an assay was developed to analyze the kinetics and biological requirements for the tipping response: isolated flagella from mt− gametes of C. reinhardtii were allowed to agglutinate to the immotile flagella of pf-18 mt+ gametes, and their migration to the tips was monitored by phase microscopy. The tipping process is shown to require both adhesion and elevated levels of cAMP. The cAMP may activate tipping motors directly. In addition, cAMP stimulates the recruitment of agglutinins to flagellar surface to replace those inactivated by adhesion. These results are compared with previous studies on the tipping of flagellar surface proteins cross-linked by soluble ligands, and an integrated model is presented. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of Student–Teacher and Parent–Teacher Relationships on Lower Achieving Readers’ Engagement and Achievement in the Primary Grades

Participants were 443 (52.6% male, 47.4% female) ethnically diverse, 1st-grade, lower achieving readers attending 1 of 3 school districts in Texas. Using latent variable structural equation modeling, the authors tested a theoretical model positing that (a) the quality of teachers' relationships with students and their parents mediates the associations between children's background characteristics and teacher-rated classroom engagement and that (b) child classroom engagement, in turn, mediates the associations between student-teacher and parent-teacher relatedness and child achievement the following year. The hypothesized model provided a good fit to the data. African American children and their parents, relative to Hispanic and Caucasian children and their parents, had less supportive relationships with teachers. These differences in relatedness may be implicated in African American children's lower achievement trajectories in the early grades. Implications of these findings for teacher preparation are discussed.
Further Metabolic Studies of Indole and Sugar Derivatives Using the Staurosporine Producer Streptomyces staurosporeus

During our continuing studies of staurosporine (1) biosynthesis and the metabolism of indole derivatives, three additional novel metabolites, beta-hydroxy-Nb-acetyltryptamine (7) and its 5- and 6-fluoro derivatives (8 and 9, respectively), were isolated, respectively, from the feeding of tryptamine and 5- and 6-fluorotryptamines using Streptomyces staurosporeus. In addition, two new 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) metabolites, Nb-acetyltryptamine-5-O-beta-D-quinovopyranoside (11) and Nb-acetyltryptamine-5-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (12), were isolated along with 5-hydroxy-Nb-acetyltryptamine (10). From a glucose containing medium, 6-O-acetylglucose and its 13C uniformly labeled derivative were isolated from a culture of S. staurosporeus during biosynthetic studies of 1. In 2-deoxyglucose metabolism studies, 6-O-acetyl-2-deoxyglucose was isolated and identified as a metabolic product of 2-deoxyglucose. A copper-enzyme inhibitor, N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid, was evaluated for the accumulation of staurosporine intermediates; however, no modified staurosporines were observed.
Adjusting Spatial-Entropy Measures for Scale and Resolution Effects

In this paper we revisit the concept of entropy as it manifests itself in spatial terms. We focus specifically on the question of how entropy measures applied to different urban contexts can be adj...
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHICANA FEMINIST DISCOURSE, 1970-1980

The years between 1970 and 1980 represented a formative period in the development of Chicana feminist thought in the United States. During this period, Chicana feminists addressed the specific issues affecting Chicanas as women of color in the United States. As a result of their collective efforts in struggling against racial, class, and gender oppression, Chicana feminists developed an ideological discourse that addressed three major issues. These were the relationship between Chicana feminism and the ideology of cultural nationalism, feminist baiting within the Chicano movement, and the relationship between the Chicana feminist movement and the white feminist movement. This article describes the development of Chicana feminism and compares it with Asian American and Black feminism, which faced similar problems.
The conservation genetics of Ash Meadows pupfish populations. I. The Warm Springs pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis

The Warm Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) inhabits several low flow (<0.15 cfs) springs in an otherwise dry Mojave Desert landscape. Increasing demands on groundwater coupled with predictions of decreased precipitation from global warming make this species a sentinel for biodiversity dependent on springs. Here we examine mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and nuclear microsatellite genotypes for individuals sampled in 1998 and 2007 as a means of inferring the historical demography of the subspecies. Estimates of genetic effective population size from comparison of allele frequencies over time underscores that all spring populations support small populations, typically <100 individuals. Such small population sizes suggest spring populations may have heightened probabilities of extirpation. Despite small population sizes, all springs harbor relatively high levels of genetic variation for both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Unexpectedly high levels of variation may be explained by recent declines in population size coupled with rare episodes of gene flow between springs suspected of occurring during flooding events. The inferences gained from the genetic data provide the basis for evaluating current and future restoration plans. The genetic data suggest there is a need to balance the predicted positive effects of restoring hydrological connectivity with the potential negative impacts of providing avenues for the spread of exotic species detrimental to pupfish populations.
Bank Portfolio Allocation, Deposit Variability, and the Availability Doctrine

I. Portfolio theory and the availability doctrine, 113. — II. Portfolio optimization under deposit variability, 120. — III. Some extensions of the argument, 125. — IV. Conclusions, 128. — Appendix, 130.
Early Tertiary marine fossils from northern Alaska: Implications for Arctic Ocean paleogeography and faunal evolution

Marine mollusks and ostracodes indicate a post-Danian Paleocene to early Eocene (Thanetian to Ypresian) age for a fauna from the Prince Creek Formation at Ocean Point, northern Alaska, that also contains genera characteristic of the Cretaceous and Neogene-Quaternary. The life-association of heterochronous taxa at Ocean Point resulted from an unusual paleogeographic setting, the nearly complete isolation of the Arctic Ocean from about the end of the Cretaceous until sometime in the Eocene, in which relict Cretaceous taxa survived into Tertiary time while endemic taxa evolved in situ; these later migrated to the northern mid-latitudes. Paleobiogeographic affinities of the Ocean Point association with mild temperate faunas of the London Basin (England), Denmark, and northern Germany indicate that a shallow, intermittent Paleocene seaway extended through the Norwegian-Greenland Sea to the North Sea Basin. Early Tertiary Arctic Ocean paleogeography deduced from faunal evidence agrees with that inferred from plate-tectonic reconstructions.
FACTOR RINGS OF PSEUDO-FROBENIUS RINGS

If R is right pseudo-Frobenius (= PF), and A is an ideal, when is R/A right PF? Our main result, Theorem 3.7, states that this happens iff the ideal A′ of the basic ring B of R corresponding to A has left annihilator F in B generated by a single element on both sides. Moreover, in this case B/A′ ≈ F in mod-B, (see Theorem 3.5), a property that does not extend to R, that is, in general R/A is not isomorphic to the left annihilator of A. (See Example 4.3(2) and Theorem 4.5.) Theorem 4.6 characterizes Frobenius rings among quasi-Frobenius (QF) rings. As an application of the main theorem, in Theorem 3.9 we prove that if A is generated as a right or left ideal by an idempotent e, then e is central (and R/A is then trivially right PF along with R). This generalizes the result of F. W. Anderson for quasi-Frobenius rings. (See Theorem 2.2 for a new proof.). In Proposition 1.6, we prove that a generalization of this result holds for finite products R of full matrix rings over local rings; namely, an ideal A is finitely generated as a right or left ideal iff A is generated by a central idempotent. We also note a theorem going back to Nakayama, Goursaud, and the author that every factor ring of R is right PF iff R is a uniserial ring. (See Theorem 5.1.).
Contextualizing Military Health and Trauma: Recommendations for Integrated Care and Couple-Centered Interventions

Military personnel and their family members are currently facing risks to their health and well-being, yet interventions such as prevention and treatment remain unsuccessful for many families. For instance, almost one-quarter of a million returning troops have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the estimated prevalence of PTSD is grossly underestimated due to ineffective assessment. Further, only half of military PTSD sufferers are finding relief in their treatment. Through this literature review, assessment, prevention, and treatment recommendations to improve health outcomes for military personnel are provided by expanding previous medical models and incorporating biopsychorelational principles and data.
On Construct Validity: Issues of Method and Measurement.

Fifty years ago, L. J. Cronbach and P. E. Meehl (1955) advocated for the concept of construct validity, noting that psychologists study hypothetical, inferred entities and that validating measures of such entities involves basic theory testing. Three important developments in clinical assessment following that seminal article are noteworthy. First, clinical research has benefited from greater theoretical integration and subsequent differentiation among related constructs. Second, implementation of ongoing, critical evaluation of all aspects of the construct validity process, including theory development, hypothesis specification, research design, and empirical evaluation, has improved clinical assessment. Third, improvement in evaluating fit between hypotheses and observations has been sought. Improved means of evaluating multitrait, multimethod designs, and ways to increase their clinical representativeness, are one encouraging development. Ongoing efforts to improve the construct validity process reflect the legacy of L. J. Cronbach and P. E. Meehl.