cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase dissociation pathways of multiply charged peptide clusters.

Numerous studies of cluster formation and dissociation have been conducted to determine properties of matter in the transition from the condensed phase to the gas phase using materials as diverse as atomic nuclei, noble gasses, metal clusters, and amino acids. Here, electrospray ionization is used to extend the study of cluster dissociation to peptides including leucine enkephalin with 7–19 monomer units and 2–5 protons, and somatostatin with 5 monomer units and 4 protons under conditions where its intramolecular disulfide bond is either oxidized or reduced. Evaporation of neutral monomers and charge separation by cluster fission are the competing dissociation pathways of both peptides. The dominant fission product for all leucine enkephalin clusters studied is a proton-bound dimer, presumably due to the high gas-phase stability of this species. The branching ratio of the fission and evaporation processes for leucine enkephalin clusters appears to be determined by the value of z 2/n for the cluster where z is the charge and n the number of monomer units in the cluster. Clusters with low and high values of z 2/n dissociate primarily by evaporation and cluster fission respectively, with a sharp transition between dissociation primarily by evaporation and primarily by fission measured at a z 2/n value of ∼0.5. The dependence of the dissociation pathway of a cluster on z 2/n is similar to the dissociation of atomic nuclei and multiply charged metal clusters indicating that leucine enkephalin peptide clusters exist in a state that is more disordered, and possibly fluid, rather than highly structured in the dissociative transition state. The branching ratio, but not the dissociation pathway of [somatostatin5+4H]4+ is altered by the reduction of its internal disulfide bond indicating that monomer conformational flexibility plays a role in peptide cluster dissociation.
Light neutrino masses and mixing angles in SO(10) from the flavor structure of quarks, and the solar neutrino problem

Abstract The light neutrino masses and their mixing angles are investigated in a class of SO(10) models with the GRSY seesaw mechanism. The models are motivated by a recent proposal on the structure of the Yukawa couplings postulated from the observed KM angles and the strong- CP problem. The scale of the seesaw mechanism is found to be bounded from above by the invisible axion scale, leading to a lower bound on the light neutrino masses. The main results are: 0.18 eV ⩽m v 3 ⩽100 eV , m v 1 m v 2 = O ( m u m c ) , and m v 2 m v 3 = O (( m c m t )( m u m c m t )) for the non-hierarchical structure of the right-handed neutrino mass matrix ( M N ), and m v 2 m v 3 = O ( m c m t ) for the hierarchical structure of M N , θ e μ ≅| m e m μ + exp ( i η l′ ) O ( m u m c )|, θ μt ≅| m μ m t - exp ( i η 2 ) O ( m c m t )| , and θ e / m t θ μt , where η 1 ′ and η 2 are some phases. With present experimental constraints on the mixing angles, ν μ − ν τ and ν e − ν μ oscillations may be observable in the next generation of experiments. Regarding the solution to the solar neutrino problem with the MSW amplification mechanism, we find that the relevant neutrino oscillation in the sun should be in the ν e − ν μ channel, instead of the ν e − ν t channel which the “naive seesaw” model at the GUT scale predicts. Moreover, we also find that, for the structure of M N similar to those of quarks, the existence of a light fourth generation neutrino is inevitable, if the cosmological mass density bound is to be saturated by the light neutrino masses and the solar neutrino problem is solved by the MSW mechanism.
Genetic variation in bone-regenerative capacity among inbred strains of mice

Genetic variation in bone-regenerative capacity has not been studied in any animal model system. We developed a "drill-hole" model in the tail vertebra of inbred strains of mice that allows us to reproducibly introduce an injury with a defined boundary and quantify the rate of bone healing using the combination of high-resolution Faxitron X-ray imaging and the ChemiImager 4000 Low Light Imaging System. Using this model, we demonstrate that bone-regenerative capacity is a genetically controlled trait with an estimated heritability of 72%, and that it differs significantly among inbred strains of mice. Of the 12 inbred strains tested, Sencar/PtJ was identified as the most suitable model for the study of hard-tissue regeneration. This strain regained 73% of bone loss 30 days after injury, in contrast to the slow healer, CBA/J, which recovered only 25% of the bone loss during the same period. Bone-regenerative capacity was not correlated with soft-tissue-regenerative capacity, suggesting that different sets of genes may regulate soft- and hard-tissue regeneration. It was, however, significantly correlated with total bone mineral density (R = 0.49, p < 0.01), indicating that high bone density is associated not only with prevention of bone fracture, but also with promotion of bone regeneration.
A user-centered framework for redesigning health care interfaces

Numerous health care systems are designed without consideration of user-centered design guidelines. Consequently, systems are created ad hoc, users are dissatisfied and often systems are abandoned. This is not only a waste of human resources, but economic resources as well. In order to salvage such systems, we have combined different methods from the area of computer science, cognitive science, psychology, and human-computer interaction to formulate a framework for guiding the redesign process. The paper provides a review of the different methods involved in this process and presents a life cycle of our redesign approach. Following the description of the methods, we present a case study, which shows a successfully applied example of the use of this framework. A comparison between the original and redesigned interfaces showed improvements in system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality.
Ionic conductivities of lithium phosphorus oxynitride glasses, polycrystals, and thin films

Various lithium phosphorus oxynitrides have been prepared in the form of glasses, polycrystals, and thin films. The structures of these compounds were investigated by X-ray and neutron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ac impedance measurements indicate a significant improvement of ionic conductivity as the result of incorporation of nitrogen into the structure. In the case of polycrystalline Li{sub 2.88}PO{sub 3.73}N{sub 0.14} with the {gamma}-Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} structure, the conductivity increased by several orders of magnitude on small addition of nitrogen. The highest conductivities in the bulk glasses and thin films were found to be 3.0 {times} 10{sup -7} and 8.9 {times} 10{sup -7} S{center_dot}cm{sup -1} at 25{degrees}C, respectively.
Learn from web search logs to organize search results

Effective organization of search results is critical for improving the utility of any search engine. Clustering search results is an effective way to organize search results, which allows a user to navigate into relevant documents quickly. However, two deficiencies of this approach make it not always work well: (1) the clusters discovered do not necessarily correspond to the interesting aspects of a topic from the user's perspective; and (2) the cluster labels generated are not informative enough to allow a user to identify the right cluster. In this paper, we propose to address these two deficiencies by (1) learning "interesting aspects" of a topic from Web search logs and organizing search results accordingly; and (2) generating more meaningful cluster labels using past query words entered by users. We evaluate our proposed method on a commercial search engine log data. Compared with the traditional methods of clustering search results, our method can give better result organization and more meaningful labels.
Detecting (and correcting) discrepancies in echocardiography reports: a quality improvement opportunity whose time has come.

The process of performing an echocardiographic study is much more complicated than just recording the images and interpreting them. It starts with a request for an echocardiogram, based on the clinical issues of concern as well as the caregiver’s understanding of how well echocardiography might address the relevant questions and how the results might affect the patient’s subsequent treatment and clinical course. Echocardiographers and cardiac sonographers are most familiar with the next step, which begins when the patient arrives in the echocardiography laboratory, or when the echocardiographic machine arrives at the point of care (intensive care unit, operating room, emergency room, cardiac catheterization lab, or many other service sites), where echocardiographic studies are actually performed. The ‘‘echocardiography team’’ is responsible for performing the right study in the right manner, obtaining the right information, and answering the important questions. The interpreting physician must find convincing recorded evidence to come to the right conclusions, to interpret the study findings accurately, and to address the clinical questions of concern. These are key issues, and if the right information is not obtained, the patient may not achieve the maximum benefit from the diagnostic evaluation. The final step in the process is no less important. This step involves preparing and delivering a final report of the study findings and their implications to the patient’s caregiver. Even if the diagnostic evaluation was optimal, and if good quality images were recorded, and if the interpreting physician recognized the relevant findings correctly, unless the needed information reaches the caregiver in a timely and cogent manner, the diagnostic evaluation may not improve the patient’s care. In other words, the study report is just as important as the diagnostic study itself; it is the interface that helps translate study findings into appropriate patient care. As the discipline of echocardiography has evolved over the years, so have reporting methods. Many of us remember dictating reports of study findings and conclusions that were then transcribed into a final report that might have been carried to a hospital ward and placed in the patient’s chart, or mailed to the office of the requesting physician, or even transmitted by using a ‘‘facsimile’’ (fax) machine! We realize that in many practices, reports are still dictated and transcribed. In such a setting, it is possible that the final transcribed report includes statements that do not make sense or are erroneous. As an example, imagine that the interpreting physician, after reviewing an echocardiogram from a patient with prior myocardial infarctions and heart failure
Zoster sine herpete, a clinical variant

Two otherwise healthy immunocompetent men, ages 62 and 66 years, experienced years of radicular pain without zoster rash. An extensive search for systemic disease and malignancy was negative. Varicella-zoster virus DNA, but not herpes simplex virus DNA, was found in the cerebrospinal fluid of the first patient 5 months after the onset of pain, and in the second patient 8 months after the onset of pain. Prolonged radicular pain without zoster rash combined with the presence of varicella-zoster virus in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates that both men had zoster sine herpete, and strongly supports this syndrome as a clinical variant.
Diagnosis of the hemolytic state using serum levels of erythrocyte adenylate kinase.

Red cell hemolysis is classically diagnosed by a combination of nonspecific laboratory tests, including serum bilirubin, LDH, and the reticulocyte count. None of these tests alone or in combination has the specificity to reliably ascertain the presence of hemolysis. We have previously demonstrated that erythrocyte adenylate kinase (EAK) is a red cell specific enzyme released from damaged red cells. Its activity can be measured in serum by rapid electrophoresis or immunological methods and correlates linearly with the degree of hemolysis in vitro. We now report on a clinical study comparing EAK levels in patients with and without hemolysis. The clinical diagnosis of hemolysis was established in hospitalized patients with anemia by the combined elevation of the bilirubin, LDH, and reticulocyte count in the absence of liver disease and demonstrable blood loss. The normal range of serum EAK was determined in 30 healthy nonanemic voluntary blood donors and was 0-3.5 Units (mean = 0.5). In 25 patients with hemolytic anemia due to sickle cell disease, hemolytic transfusion reactions, or TTP, the mean EAK level was 62.4 with a range 0-298 Units (P < 0.001 compared to normals). Levels of EAK exceeded the normal range in 24 of 25 patients (96%). In a control group of 44 hospitalized patients with liver disease or myocardial infarction and no clinical evidence of hemolysis, the mean EAK level was 0.12 with a range of 0-3.2 (P = 0.1, NS compared to normals and P < 0.001 compared to patients with hemolysis). None of the control patients had EAK levels that exceeded the normal range. The diagnostic sensitivity of the EAK assay for hemolysis, as calculated according to Baye's algorithm, was 96%, with a specificity and accuracy of 97%. Measurement of serum EAK represents a highly sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia.
Validating the Use of the Mimic dV-trainer for Robotic Surgery Skill Acquisition Among Urology Residents

Objective To compare robotic surgery skill acquisition of residents trained with Mimic dVTrainer (MdVT) and da Vinci Surgical System (dVSS) console. No standardized curriculum currently exists for robotic surgical education. The MdVT is a compact hardware platform that closely reproduces the experience of the dVSS. Methods Sixteen urology trainees were randomized into 3 groups. A baseline evaluation using dVSS was performed and consisted of 2 exercises requiring endowrist manipulation (EM), camera movement and clutching (CC), needle control (NC), and knot-tying (KT). Groups 1 and 2 completed a standardized training curriculum on MdVT and dVSS, respectively. Group 3 received no additional training. After completion of the training phase, all trainees completed a secondary evaluation on dVSS consisting of the same exercises performed during baseline evaluation. Results There was no difference in baseline performance scores across the 3 groups. Although Group 3 showed no significant improvement in EM/CC domain (P = .15), Groups 1 and 2 had statistically significant improvement in EM/CC domain (P = .039 and P = .007, respectively). The difference in improvement between Groups 1 and group 2 was not statistically different (P = .21). Only Group 2 trainees showed significant improvement in the NC and KT domains during secondary evaluation (P = .02). Conclusion Curriculum-based training with MdVT or dVSS significantly improves robotic surgery aptitude. Similar improvements are seen for exercise domains shared between MdVT and dVSS groups. Follow-up studies are necessary to assess the efficacy of MdVT over a wider spectrum of domains.
SU‐E‐T‐653: Dosimetric Evaluation of Prostate Brachytherapy Using Single Isotope and Hybrid Seeds

Purpose: Clinically, single isotope, such as I‐125 or Pd‐103, is commonly used in the seeds in brachytherapy for prostate cancer. A mixture of two isotopes in the seeds has been proposed for prostate cancer treatment. This study investigates the differences in biological effective dose (BED) between the treatment plans of such hybrid sources and plans of single isotope. Methods: Five prostate cancer cases previously treated using single isotope seeds were selected for this study. Hybrid seed plans of a 50/50 mixture of I‐125 and Pd‐103 and a single isotope Pd‐103 were generated based on the original I‐125 plans. Number and location of seeds were the same between the plans. A numerical approach was implemented in the BED calculation. Dose and BED homogeneity in PTV, mean BED in organs at risk (OAR) and hot BED to OAR were compared between the plans. Results: To achieve the same BED (110 Gy) to cover 90% of PTV, the corresponding dose is 145, 120 and 136 Gy for I‐125, Pd‐103 and 50/50 hybrid seeds respectively. The hybrid plans demonstrated the most homogeneous dose and BED in PTV. The mean highest BED delivered to a 1.0 cc volume of rectal tissue by the I‐125, Pd‐103, and 50/50 hybrid modality was 49.85±30.24, 93.73±38.33, and 82.52±34.08 Gy respectively, delivered to a 1.0 cc volume of bladder was 41.6±19.5, 66.8±27.9 and 61.6±25.2 Gy respectively, and to other normal tissue was 303.41±63.84, 363.95±197.29, and 319.14±146.72 Gy respectively Conclusions: The prescription dose to cover 90% PTV by a BED of 110 Gy is 145, 120 and 136 Gy for I‐125, Pd‐103 and 50/50 hybrid seeds respectively. Based on the BED data, the best OAR sparing occurs with I‐125 treatment plans, followed by the 50/50 hybrid plans, and finally the Pd‐103 plans.
Mechanical lithotripsy for large, common bile duct stones

Technical difficulty with stone extraction increases with large (>2 cm) stones, a narrowed distal common, bile duct, and a small papillotomy. Through-the-scope mechanical lithotriptor is effective in crushing large stones and facilitates common duct clearance. The Soehendra lithotriptor (Wilson-Cook Medical Inc, Winston-Salem, NC) is considered a lifesaver for biliary endoscopists because it allows stone fragmentation and prevents stone and basket impaction.
Civil Rights for People With Disabilities: Obstacles Related to the Least Restrictive Environment Mandate

State and other social service agencies as well as service providers are governed by laws that often provide unclear guidance regarding the rights of people with disabilities. Although some standards can be, and have been, developed to protect the rights of people with disabilities, all people with disabilities are not the same and therefore, each can require very different types of accommodations. Some aspects of disability rights must be individually based, including the requirement that people with disabilities receive educational services in the least restrictive environment and care in the most inclusive setting. The current interpretation of these mandates suggests that agency decisions rely on professional judgments. Unless professionals work with their clients, this reliance can serve to disempower those whom the law was intended to protect. Though much debated, the legal definition of a person with a disability is unclear. This article examines the concept of disability and that of the least restrictive environment as well as that of the "most inclusive setting," explains to whom they apply, discusses how they have been defined both in statutes and case law, and elaborates on the role of social workers as a result of the law's reliance on professional judgment in ascertaining client rights.
Contribution of Stress Responses to Antibiotic Tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

Enhanced tolerance of biofilm-associated bacteria to antibiotic treatments is likely due to a combination of factors, including changes in cell physiology as bacteria adapt to biofilm growth and the inherent physiological heterogeneity of biofilm bacteria. In this study, a transcriptomics approach was used to identify genes differentially expressed during biofilm growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These genes were tested for statistically significant overlap, with independently compiled gene lists corresponding to stress responses and other putative antibiotic-protective mechanisms. Among the gene groups tested were those associated with biofilm response to tobramycin or ciprofloxacin, drug efflux pumps, acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing, osmotic shock, heat shock, hypoxia stress, and stationary-phase growth. Regulons associated with Anr-mediated hypoxia stress, RpoS-regulated stationary-phase growth, and osmotic stress were significantly enriched in the set of genes induced in the biofilm. Mutant strains deficient in rpoS, relA and spoT, or anr were cultured in biofilms and challenged with ciprofloxacin and tobramycin. When challenged with ciprofloxacin, the mutant strain biofilms had 2.4- to 2.9-log reductions in viable cells compared to a 0.9-log reduction of the wild-type strain. Interestingly, none of the mutants exhibited a statistically significant alteration in tobramycin susceptibility compared to that with the wild-type biofilm. These results are consistent with a model in which multiple genes controlled by overlapping starvation or stress responses contribute to the protection of a P. aeruginosa biofilm from ciprofloxacin. A distinct and as yet undiscovered mechanism protects the biofilm bacteria from tobramycin.
Yield Behavior of Gelled Waxy Oil: Effect of Stress Application in Creep Ranges

Wax components in a crude oil start to precipitate when the surrounding temperature is lower than the wax appearance temperature. When wax gel develops under static conditions, a certain amount of pressure is needed to overcome the yield strength of the gelled oil in the pipeline for restart. It is shown that paraffinic components contribute to the evolving gel strength of the oil when cooled below the pour point. The gel strength was determined by the measurement of yield stress with and without subjecting the samples to creep stress. The existence of primary creep, secondary creep, and tertiary creep, was observed under isothermal conditions depending on the magnitude of the stress applied. This study explores the effect of prior creep stress with and without subsequent cooling of the samples. No significant degradation (reduction in yield stress) was observed after prior creep of the gelled oil at the same temperature. In the case of the subsequent cooling, applying prior creep stress application resul...
Mouse eye enucleation for remote high-throughput phenotyping.

The mouse eye is an important genetic model for the translational study of human ophthalmic disease. Blinding diseases in humans, such as macular degeneration, photoreceptor degeneration, cataract, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, and diabetic retinopathy have been recapitulated in transgenic mice.1-5 Most transgenic and knockout mice have been generated by laboratories to study non-ophthalmic diseases, but genetic conservation between organ systems suggests that many of the same genes may also play a role in ocular development and disease. Hence, these mice represent an important resource for discovering new genotype-phenotype correlations in the eye. Because these mice are scattered across the globe, it is difficult to acquire, maintain, and phenotype them in an efficient, cost-effective manner. Thus, most high-throughput ophthalmic phenotyping screens are restricted to a few locations that require on-site, ophthalmic expertise to examine eyes in live mice. 6-9 An alternative approach developed by our laboratory is a method for remote tissue-acquisition that can be used in large or small-scale surveys of transgenic mouse eyes. Standardized procedures for video-based surgical skill transfer, tissue fixation, and shipping allow any lab to collect whole eyes from mutant animals and send them for molecular and morphological phenotyping. In this video article, we present techniques to enucleate and transfer both unfixed and perfusion fixed mouse eyes for remote phenotyping analyses.
TISSUE ENGINEERING PERFUSABLE CANCER MODELS.

The effect of fluid flow on cancer progression is currently not well understood, highlighting the need for perfused tumor models to close this gap in knowledge. Enabling biological processes at the cellular level to be modeled with high spatiotemporal control, microfluidic tumor models have demonstrated applicability as platforms to study cell–cell interactions, effect of interstitial flow on tumor migration and the role of vascular barrier function. To account for the multi-scale nature of cancer growth and invasion, macroscale models are also necessary. The consideration of fluid dynamics within tumor models at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels may greatly improve our ability to more fully mimic the tumor microenvironment.
Different Binding Mode in AT and GC Sequences for Unfused-Aromatic Dications

We have previously synthesized a 2,5-diphenylfuranamidine dication (4) and presented evidence that this compound binds to AT sequences in DNA by a minor-groove interaction mode but binds to GC sequ...
MEASUREMENTS OF NATURAL SELECTION ON FLORAL TRAITS IN WILD RADISH (RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM). I. SELECTION THROUGH LIFETIME FEMALE FITNESS.

Although the role of natural selection in the evolution of floral traits has been of great interest to biologists since Darwin, studies of selection on floral traits through differences in lifetime fitness have been rare. We measured selection acting on flower number, flower size, stigma exsertion, and ovule number per flower using field data on lifetime female fitness (seed production) in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum. The patterns of selection were reasonably consistent across three field seasons, with strong directional selection for increased flower production in all three years, weaker selection for increased ovule number per flower in two years, and selection for increased flower size in one year. The causes of the selection were investigated using path analysis combined with multiplicative fitness components. Increased flower production increased fruit production directly, and increased numbers of ovules per flower increased the number of seeds per fruit in all three years; pollinator visitation did not influence either of these fitness components. Increased flower size was associated with increases in both the number of fruit and the number of seeds per fruit in one year, with the latter relationship being stronger. Total lifetime seed production was affected more strongly by differences in fruit production than by differences in either the number of seeds per fruit or the proportion of fertilized seeds that were viable, but all three fitness components were positively correlated with total seed production.
Effects of 3D wavelets and KLT-based JPEG-2000 hyperspectral compression on exploitation

This paper describes a second study effort investigating the impact of hyperspectral compression on the utility of compressed and subsequently reconstructed data. The overall objective is to assess and quantify the extent to which degradation introduced by compression affects the exploitation results of the compressed-reconstructed hyperspectral data. The goal of these studies is to provide a sound empirical basis for identifying the best performing compression algorithms and establishing compression ratios acceptable for various exploitation functions. Two nonliteral exploitation functions (i.e., anomaly detection and material identification) were performed on the original and compressed-reconstructed image data produced by two new hyperspectral compression algorithms (i.e., 3D Wavelets and Karhunen-Loeve Transform [KLT] Trellis-Coded Quantizer [TCQ] based JPEG-2000) at five compression ratios (i.e., 3:1, 6:1, 12:1, 24:1, and 48:1) on two scenes (a desert background and a forest background scene). The results showed that, in general, no appreciable degradation in anomaly detection performance occurred between the compressed-reconstructed and original hyperspectral data sets for both scenes using the KLT- TCQ based JPEG-2000 algorithm over the compression ratios studied. Degradation was observed for the 3D Wavelets based JPEG-2000 algorithm at 48:1 compression ratio. As for material identification, no appreciable degradation occurred between the compressed- reconstructed and original hyperspectral data sets for the desert scene using the KLT-TCQ algorithm over all the compression ratios studied. Some degradation was observed for the forest scene at higher compression ratios. Degradation was observed for the 3D Wavelets algorithm at compression ratios of 6:1 and higher for the desert scene and at compression ratios of 24:1 and higher for the forest scene. These results were compared with those obtained in the previous study using the Unmixing/Wavelets and KLT/Wavelets compression algorithms. The results of this study, as well as our previous study, continue to point to implementing compression algorithms and compression ratios empirically determined suitable for specific exploitation functions as a viable means to significantly alleviate transmission overload.
Search Detection and Subsequent Action: Some Problems on the Interfaces

Surveillance operations in general involve detection devices, search allocation-of-effort procedures, and decisions leading to action of some kind. There has been a tendency to model the three phases of search, detection, and action separately, albeit the output parameters of one such model often are used as the inputs to others. This paper considers some of the interfaces between these phases and includes some simple examples of the relation between search, detection, and decision theories involving false alarms, continuous surveillance, localization, and selection of appropriate measures of effectiveness.
Characteristics of Polycrystalline Copper Films Made by CVD from Cu(HFA) 2

Thin Copper films have been deposited on various substrates by the reduction of copper bis-hexafluoroacetylacetonate, Cu(HFA)2, with hydrogen to investigate the characteristics of the films made at 2–10 torr of total pressure, substrate temperatures of 280–400 °C and precursor temperatures of 55–90 °C. Under the conditions investigated, the highest growth rate was 650 A/min. and the resistivity of the films was routinely near 2.0 μΩ-cm at 5000 A or more thickness. Film growth rate depended on precursor concentration and substrate temperature. RBS and AES analysis indicate that the copper deposited at 310–400°C is highly pure. SEM photographs revealed that different structures form depending on substrate kind, the deposition conditions and the deposition time. The surface roughness of the films increased with increasing thickness. The reflectivity of the copper films depends on their thickness and decreases as the grain size increases. The grain sizes in the films were about 0.1–2.0 μm and are correlated with film thickness.
Freedom is a Job for All of Us’: The Arkansas StatePress and Divisions in the Black Community During the 1957-59 School Crisis

This historiographical analysis examines the Arkansas State Press' portrayal of divisions in the Black community during the Little Rock school integration crisis of 1957–59. Many local Blacks supported school integration, but others favored segregation or worried about pushing too hard and sparking backlash—a fact that is often overlooked in discussions of the crisis. From a journalist's perspective, some of the disagreements deserved coverage. From a civil rights strategist's perspective, there was value in presenting a unified front to those opposed to integration. In the State Press, a Black weekly based in Little Rock, crusading editor and publisher L. C. Bates struck a balance that allowed some of both. Through praise for those who fought for integration, morality tales, criticism coupled with advice and examples, and support of the NAACP as the leader of the Black community, Bates acknowledged divisions within the Black community in ways that emphasized his core messages of unity and empowerment.
Effects of low concentrations of nitrous oxide on rat pregnancy.

Pregnant rats were exposed to concentrations of nitrous oxide similar to those present in the operating room during routine occupational exposure for various periods during pregnancy. Those exposed to 15,000 ppm and 1,000 ppm for 24 hours/day had fetal death rates and pregnancies/rat ratios which were significantly different from the controls. Two groups exposed to 1,000 ppm for 8 hours/day also had fetal death rates significantly different from the controls. Exposure for 8 hours/day did not significantly alter the pregnancies/rat ratios. Differences in the fetal death rates between groups exposed from 6 AM to 2 PM and from 2 PM to 10 PM suggest a diurnal variation in the embryotoxic effect of nitrous oxide in the rat.
Mixing of a conserved scalar in a turbulent reacting shear layer

Mixing of a conserved scalar representing the mixture fraction, of primary importance in modelling non-premixed turbulent combustion, is studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in strongly turbulent planar shear layers both with and without heat release at a reaction sheet. For high heat release, typical of hydrocarbon combustion, the mixing is found to be substantially different than without heat release. The probability density function of the scalar and the conditional rate of scalar dissipation are affected by the heat release in such a way that the heat release substantially decreases the overall reaction rate. To help clarify implications of the assumptions underlying popular models for interaction between turbulence and chemistry, the local structure of the scalar dissipation rate at the reaction sheet is extracted from the DNS database. The applicability of flamelet models for the rate of scalar dissipation is examined. To assist in modelling, a characteristic length scale is defined, representing the distance around the reaction sheet over which the scalar field is locally linear, and statistical properties of this length scale are investigated. This length scale can be used in studying values of the rate of scalar dissipation that mark the boundary between flames that feel a constant scalar dissipation field and those that do not.
The effects of coding procedure on human information transmission

Three different coding schemes, i.e., transformations between stimuli and responses, were used in a continuous information transmission situation. The stimuli were groups of binary digits and S was required to transform these into verbal equivalents of combinations formed by taking various sets of the English letters. Three codes, one based on communication theory, one based on Miller’s (1956) chunking hypothesis, and a combination of the first two were used. In addition, two levels of stimulus redundancy, zero and 0.5 were used. Time to complete the task and errors were the de-pendent variables. The Ss were run for twelve days. The basic result was that Ss transmitted information at a constant rate regardless of the code or redundancy level used.
Conducting qualitative studies using theory and previous research. A study reexamined

Interpreting qualitative data in the context of existing theories is a process frequently alluded to, but rarely discussed in detail. This article is a case study illustrating how existing theories and research findings were used to enrich a qualitative, preassessment study examining effective teaching by attending physicians. The investigators advocate an approach in which preliminary theoretical assumptions and orienting concepts are explicitly stated prior to conducting fieldwork. These assumptions and concepts are then modified during an initial pilot phase of study from which more focused theoretical perspectives and key orienting principles emerge. The remainder of the field experience is used for refinement of these perspectives and principles, which serve as the final results of the study.
The epidemiology of ovarian carcinoma and the current status of tumor markers to detect disease

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this manuscript are to review the epidemiologic characteristics of ovarian cancer and to summarize the current status of tumor markers to detect disease. STUDY DESIGN: A review of the pertinent literature was done. RESULTS: In general, ovarian cancer is most frequent in industrialized countries, with dietary fat and possible use of talc as additive factors. Ovulation appears to increase the risk as does family history, increasing age, infertility, and possibly the use of ovulatory drugs. Pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives, as well as possibly breast-feeding, lower the risk. Tubal ligation or hysterectomy with ovarian preservation also lowers the risk. The lifetime risk is about 1.4% in the United States, and the risk increases with age. If one first-degree relative has ovarian cancer, the lifetime risk appears to rise to 5%, but this pooled estimate may be affected by self-reporting bias in some studies. CA 125, the most widely used marker, is nonspecific, being elevated in about 80% of cases of ovarian epithelial cancer but also elevated in a number of benign conditions, which reduces its potential effectiveness as a screening tool. CONCLUSIONS: No single cause of ovarian cancer has been uncovered. Overall >90% of ovarian cancers occur sporadically. Those with the hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome (multiple generations of breast and ovarian cancer) have a 50% risk and an autosomal dominant inheritance, but they constitute
Catalytic Antibodies as Magic Bullets

A reagent capable of detecting and selectively destroying tumor cells while leaving healthy cells intact would be a powerful tool for cancer therapy. This concept of the magic bullet has been approached by a number of strategies. Here we present a recent approach based on catalytic antibodies.
Engaging Development Partners in Efforts to Reverse Malnutrition Trends in Pakistan

After two decades of failed efforts to launch a national nutrition programme and nutrition action largely limited to low coverage interventions, a promising multisectoral nutrition scenario is unfolding in Pakistan led by provincial and regional officials and a well‐coordinated group of development partners. The process has emerged from the confluence of three recent events in the country: the floods of 2010 and 2011; the passing of a constitutional amendment in 2010 which had the effect of dissolving the federal government's Ministry of Health and devolving responsibilities for health and nutrition to the provinces and regions; and a National Nutrition Survey in 2011 with results indicating that chronic malnutrition in the country had actually deteriorated over the previous decade. This article discusses the paths leading from these events to the present opportunities to address malnutrition aggressively and systematically, examines the sensitisation, advocacy and strategy development processes employed, and presents both the potential promise and the risks involved in the new provincial and regional nutrition undertakings.
Temporal Patterns of Species Accumulation in a Survey of Lepidoptera in a Beech-Maple Forest

One of the most significant challenges to insect conservation is lack of information concerning species diversity and distribution. Because a complete inventory of all species in an area is virtually impossible, interest has turned to developing statistical techniques to guide sampling design and to estimate total species richness within a site. We used two such techniques, diversity partitioning and non-parametric richness estimation, to determine how variation in sampling effort over time affected species accumulation for a survey of Lepidoptera in an old-growth beech-maple forest. Temporal scaling of sampling effort had significant effects on two measures of species diversity. Increases in species richness were primarily driven by changes in species occurrences with season, while Shannon diversity was largely determined at the scale of individual sampling units (i.e. by spatial effects). Variation in sampling effort affected the values of the two most widely regarded richness estimators (ICE and Chao 2); neither diversity estimator achieved stable values across a range of sampling efforts. Even after 52 trap-nights and accounting for seasonality, rare species (singletons and uniques) remained a significant component of the moth community. To the extent that moth communities in other forest systems are similarly comprised of many rare species, non-parametric richness estimators should be expected to yield variable estimates with increased effort and should only be used to provide a minimum benchmark for predicting the number of species remaining to be sampled. Our results suggest the best strategy for a short-term survey of forest Lepidoptera should emphasize spreading sampling intervals throughout a given year rather than focusing on intensive sampling during a short time period or prolonged sampling over many years.
Short-term atorvastatin treatment enhances specific antibody production following tetanus toxoid vaccination in healthy volunteers

Abstract Statins possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects. To determine whether short-term atorvastatin treatment affects the acute phase and humoral immune responses to tetanus toxoid (TT) in normal healthy volunteers, we conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Twenty healthy volunteers were assigned a 10-day treatment with atorvastatin (40 mg) or placebo. All volunteers received a TT booster on the fifth day. Subjects in the atorvastatin group had a significant reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (both p
Endovascular treatment of giant aneurysms

Giant aneurysms are classified as extradural and intradural. Extradural aneurysms include those located in the cervical, petrous, and cavernous segments of the internal carotid artery. The most frequently used method of endovascular treatment for these aneurysms is parent artery occlusion following temporary balloon occlusion test of the internal carotid artery. We use a simple tolerance test, without any adjunctive testing such as cerebral blood flow studies, with good reliability, low mortality, and no morbidity. Stenting of the parent artery and endosaccular coiling of the aneurysm prevails as the treatment of choice. Intradural giant aneurysms can be treated by endosaccular occlusion or by parent artery occlusion immediately proximal to the neck of the aneurysm or more proximally on the parent artery. The results of endosaccular occlusion of the giant aneurysms have been less satisfactory because of the dysplastic, wide neck of these aneurysms and frequent association of the intra-aneurysmal thrombus, which results in coil migration. Advances in stent technology may give an option of endosaccular coiling combined with stenting of the parent artery across the neck of not only extradural, but also intradural aneurysms. Parent artery occlusion just proximal to the aneurysm with or without bypass is especially effective for fusiform aneurysms, such as giant serpentine aneurysms. The indications for proximal parent artery occlusion for intradural aneurysms are decreasing and are limited to aneurysms in specific locations and with good collateral circulation.
Aged mice display an altered pulmonary host response to Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) infections

Aging is a complex phenomenon that has been shown to affect many organ systems including the innate and adaptive immune systems. The current study was designed to examine the potential effect of immunosenescence on the pulmonary immune response using a Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) inhalation infection model. F. tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that can cause a severe pneumonia. In this study both young (8-12 week old) and aged (20-24 month old) mice were infected intranasally with LVS. Lung tissues from young and aged mice were used to assess pathology, recruitment of immune cell types and cytokine expression levels at various times post infection. Bacterial burdens were also assessed. Interestingly, the lungs of aged animals harbored fewer organisms at early time points of infection (day 1, day 3) compared with their younger counterparts. In addition, only aged animals displayed small perivascular aggregates at these early time points that appeared mostly mononuclear in nature. However, the kinetics of infiltrating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and increased cytokine levels measured in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were delayed in infected aged animals relative to young infected animals with neutrophils appearing at day 5 post infection (PI) in the aged animals as opposed to day 3 PI in the young infected animals. Also evident were alterations in the ratios of mononuclear to PMNs at distinct post infection times. The above evidence indicates that aged mice elicit an altered immune response in the lung to respiratory F. tularensis LVS infections compared to their younger counterparts.
Investigation of Enhancement in Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of a Binary Temperature Sensitive Magnetic Fluid

In this paper, the performance of pool boiling heat transfer using a binary temperature sensitive magnetic fluid in the presence of a non-uniform magnetic field is investigated numerically. By using a binary magnetic fluid, enhanced boiling heat transfer is obtained by thermomagnetic convection without deterioration of properties of the fluid. This work is aimed at gaining a qualitative understanding the magnetic field effects on boiling heat transfer enhancement of magnetic fluids. In order to accomplish this, the boiling process and the effects of position of the external magnetic field on flow pattern and heat transfer are investigated in a 2D rectangular domain using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. Finally, the boiling curves for a binary temperature sensitive magnetic fluid and its base fluid (without magnetic particles) are compared for various applied heat flux magnitudes.© 2013 ASME
ROMAN CATHOLICISM AND THE FAITH-BASED MOVEMENT FOR GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Abstract The Dignitatis Humanae is crucial to understanding how America's faith community succeeded in pushing through a new human rights architecture for foreign policy: the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA). The Roman Catholic Church occupies a strategic space in the U.S. political landscape that made it a vital ally in the struggle for religious liberty. Moreover, the DH was a platform on which Catholic activists were able to transcend inter-denominational squabbling and take a lead role in lobbying for this legislation. Prominent Catholics have also played an important role in the implementation of the IRFA.
Clinical Implementation of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis: Summary of 2513 Postnatal Cases

Background Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (a-CGH) is a powerful molecular cytogenetic tool to detect genomic imbalances and study disease mechanism and pathogenesis. We report our experience with the clinical implementation of this high resolution human genome analysis, referred to as Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA). Methods and Findings CMA was performed clinically on 2513 postnatal samples from patients referred with a variety of clinical phenotypes. The initial 775 samples were studied using CMA array version 4 and the remaining 1738 samples were analyzed with CMA version 5 containing expanded genomic coverage. Overall, CMA identified clinically relevant genomic imbalances in 8.5% of patients: 7.6% using V4 and 8.9% using V5. Among 117 cases referred for additional investigation of a known cytogenetically detectable rearrangement, CMA identified the majority (92.5%) of the genomic imbalances. Importantly, abnormal CMA findings were observed in 5.2% of patients (98/1872) with normal karyotypes/FISH results, and V5, with expanded genomic coverage, enabled a higher detection rate in this category than V4. For cases without cytogenetic results available, 8.0% (42/524) abnormal CMA results were detected; again, V5 demonstrated an increased ability to detect abnormality. Improved diagnostic potential of CMA is illustrated by 90 cases identified with 51 cryptic microdeletions and 39 predicted apparent reciprocal microduplications in 13 specific chromosomal regions associated with 11 known genomic disorders. In addition, CMA identified copy number variations (CNVs) of uncertain significance in 262 probands; however, parental studies usually facilitated clinical interpretation. Of these, 217 were interpreted as familial variants and 11 were determined to be de novo; the remaining 34 await parental studies to resolve the clinical significance. Conclusions This large set of clinical results demonstrates the significantly improved sensitivity of CMA for the detection of clinically relevant genomic imbalances and highlights the need for comprehensive genetic counseling to facilitate accurate clinical correlation and interpretation.