cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Underemployment among recent business college graduates

This article explores an increasingly salient employment issue, namely, underemployment of recent college graduates. Using a sample of 283 recent business college graduates, the paper examines the consequences of underemployment on individuals' attitudes towards their jobs, their careers, and their lives in general. It explores, as well, how recent college graduates cope with underemployment and the impact of those coping strategies on individuals' psychological well-being. The paper concludes with directions for future research on underemployment among recent graduates in terms of theory development, research methodology, and public policy formulation.
Radiotherapy for recurrent epidermoid cyst

Intracranial epidermoid cysts are rare benign congenital lesions for which the mainstay of treatment has been surgical resection. Due to a propensity to grow along the skull base, subtotal resection is often elected to avoid excessive surgical morbidity, but it comes with an increased risk of recurrence with its associated treatment difficulties. We here present the cases of three patients with recurrent epidermoid cyst who underwent multiple surgical resections followed by external beam radiation therapy with excellent results to date.
Nonappearance of Dehnen-Shahin resonances in the positronium continuum

Abstract The Dehnen-Shahin relativistic equations for the positronium are found to have no resonant solutions in both the 1 S 0 and the 3 P 0 positronium continua. A certain pole singularity appearing in the 1 S 0 potential gives rise to resonances, but only if the electromagnetic interaction strength is increased 160-fold or more. These resonances are found to have zero width. However, the same singularity, even in a weak potential, gives unacceptable nonphysical bound states near zero energy. The strange similarity of Spence-Vary 3 P 0 resonances to resonances in an infinite square-well potential is noted.
The Shared Control Parallel Architecture Model

SIMD machines are considered special purpose architectures chiefly because of their inability to support control parallelism. This restriction exists because there is a single control unit that is shared at the thread level; concurrent control threads must time-share the control unit (they are sequentially executed). We present an alternative model for building centralized control architectures that allows better support for control parallelism. This model, called shared control, shares the control unit(s) at the instruction level. More precisely, in each cycle the control signals for all the supported instructions are broadcast to the PEs. In turn, each PE receives its control by synchronizing with the control unit responsible for its local instruction. The shared control model is fundamentally different from the SIMD model. There are a number of architectural issues that must be resolved in order for this model to be useful. This paper identifies some of these issues and discusses their respective trade-off spaces. An integrated shared-control/SIMD architecture design (SharC) is presented and used to demonstrate the relative performance relative to a SIMD architecture.
Familial ichthyosis, dwarfism, mental retardation, and renal disease

The nonrandom association of congenital ichthyosis with neurologic impairment, ectodermal dysplasia, dwarfism, hypogonadism, and renal disease has prompted the review of numerous syndromes. The difficulties in characterization of syndromes in the absence of pathognomonic signs is discussed in relation to three siblings presented herein. Despite extensive investigation, underlying metabolic defects remain obscure.
Cycling without CDK2

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) regulates diverse aspects of the mammalian cell cycle. Most cancer cells contain mutations in the pathways that control CDK2, and CDK2 activity has received much attention as a target for cancer therapy. However, a recent report demonstrating that some cancer cells can proliferate without CDK2 activity questions the essential role of CDK2 in cell-cycle control, as well as its suitability as a therapeutic target.
Surgical Management of Renal Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Challenges in the Endovascular Era

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) is the primary treatment for renal fibromuscular dysplasia (RFMD). Surgical revascularization is limited to patients who fail or are unsuitable for PTRA. All patients who were operated on with RFMD since the indications for renal PTRA were expanded in our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome included patency, hypertension, and renal function. Twenty-six patients had reconstruction of 32 renal arteries between 1998 and 2004. The mean age was 47.1 ± 14 years; the majority (81%) were female. Six patients had bilateral disease and three had a solitary kidney. Operations were done for hypertension in 25 patients, renal artery aneurysm in 8, and chronic dissection in 1, alone or in combination. Six patients had a failed PTRA and 20 were unsuitable for it. Aortorenal bypass was done most often (n = 28) and saphenous vein was the preferred conduit (n = 25). The distal anastomosis was to the main renal artery in 13 patients and to the branch arteries in 19. Ex vivo repair was needed in five patients. Five intraoperative revisions were done because of abnormalities on duplex scan. One patient died unexpectedly 42 days after operation from myocardial infarction. Extrarenal complications occurred in five patients. Median follow-up was 2.4 (range, 42 days to 6.3) years and was available in all but one patient (96%). Two bypasses occluded at 3 and 376 days, which resulted in loss of the kidneys. One graft stenosis was treated successfully with PTRA at 239 days. All failures occurred in men. One-year cumulative primary patency was 89 ± 8% and was not adversely affected by prior PTRA or complex repair. Hypertension at 1 year was cured in 27% of the patients and improved in 60%. No patient developed acute or chronic renal failure. Surgical reconstruction for RFMD has excellent short-term patency. Failed PTRA or complex reconstructions did not adversely affect outcome.
Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections: Are there distinct uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) pathotypes?

A variety of virulence genes are associated with Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections. Particular sets of virulence factors shared by bacterial strains directing them through a particular pathogenesis process are called a “pathotype.” Comparison of co-occurrence of potential urinary tract infection (UTI) virulence genes among different E. coli isolates from fecal and UTI collections provides evidence for multiple pathotypes of uropathogenic E. coli, but current understanding of critical genetic differences defining the pathotypes is limited. Discovery of additional E. coli genes involved in uropathogenesis and determination of their distribution and co-occurrences will further define UPEC pathotypes and allow for a more detailed analysis of how these pathotypes might differ in how they cause disease.
The Enterococcus faecalis pyr operon is regulated by autogenous transcriptional attenuation at a single site in the 5' leader.

The 5′ end of the Enterococcus faecalis pyr operon specifies, in order, the promoter, a 5′ untranslated leader, the pyrR gene encoding the regulatory protein for the operon, a 39-nucleotide (nt) intercistronic region, the pyrP gene encoding a uracil permease, a 13-nt intercistronic region, and the pyrB gene encoding aspartate transcarbamylase. The 5′ leader RNA is capable of forming stem-loop structures involved in attenuation control of the operon. No attenuation regions, such as those found in the Bacillus subtilis pyr operon, are present in the pyrR-pyrP or pyrP-pyrB intercistronic regions. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the E. faecalis pyr operon is repressed by uracil via transcriptional attenuation at the single 5′ leader termination site and that attenuation is mediated by the PyrR protein.
A Simple Synchronous Distributed-Memory Algorithm for the HPCC RandomAccess Benchmark

The RandomAccess benchmark as defined by the high performance computing challenge (HPCC) tests the speed at which a machine can update the elements of a table spread across global system memory, as measured in billions (giga) of updates per second (GUPS). The parallel implementation provided by HPCC typically performs poorly on distributed-memory machines, due to updates requiring numerous small point-to-point messages between processors. We present an alternative algorithm which treats the collection of P processors as a hypercube, aggregating data so that larger messages are sent, and routing individual datums through dimensions of the hypercube to their destination processor. The algorithm's computation (the GUP count) scales linearly with P while its communication overhead scales as log 2(P), thus enabling better performance on large numbers of processors. The new algorithm achieves a GUPS rate of 19.98 on 8192 processors of Sandia's Red Storm machine, compared to 1.02 for the HPCC-provided algorithm on 10350 processors. We also illustrate how GUPS performance varies with the benchmark's specification of its "look-ahead"parameter. As expected, parallel performance degrades for small look-ahead values, and improves dramatically for large values
The Hamming associative memory and its relation to the exponential capacity DAM

We analyze the capacity of the Hamming associative memory and explore its relation to the exponential DAM (Chiueh and Goodman, 1991). In particular, it is shown that for a sufficiently large but finite radix, the exponential DAM operates as a Hamming associative memory.
Academic Entrepreneurship and the Creative Economy

This article explores the relationships between several notions: the `creative economy'; New Growth Theory and the primacy of ideas; academic entrepreneurship; and the new paradigm of cultural prod...
Development and Validation of the Need for Relatedness at College Questionnaire (NRC-Q)

University of RochesterResearch indicates that reasons for attending college insuence college success and thatcollege students of color (CSC) can be motivated to attend college for different reasonsthanWhitecollegestudents(WCS).TheNeedforRelatednessatCollegeQuestionnaire(NRC-Q) was developed and tested to provide an instrument for identifying andunderstanding the various ways in which needs for relatedness, a salient motivator formany CSC, affect college success. On the basis of the recommendation fromD. GuiffridaOs (2006) cultural critique of V. TintoOs (1993) theory, the scale wasdeveloped with a self-determination theory (E. L. Deci & M. R. Ryan, 1991) perspec-tive. Results support the content validity, internal consistency, temporal stability, andconstruct validity of the scale items, and a conÞrmatory factor analysis supported theunderlying structures of the scale. Results also suggest that college studentsO needs forrelatedness at home are more complex than previous research has suggested.Keywords:
Using a single address space operating system for distributed computing and high performance

Recent 64-bit microprocessors have made a huge 18.4 quintillion byte address space potentially available to programs. This has led to the design of Operating Systems that provide a single virtual address space in which all code and data reside in and that spans all levels of storage and all nodes of a distributed system. These operating systems called SASOSs, have characteristics that can be used to support synchronization and coherency in a distributed system in ways that provide an improved program development environment and higher performance than that available from conventional operating systems. Sombrero, our SASOS design, makes use of its hardware support for object-grained protection, separate thread related protection domains and implicit protection domain crossing to provide synchronization and coherency support for distributed object copy set management not available in SASOSs built on stock processors. Its design, which provides direct system level support for object oriented programming includes a number of system architectural features targeted at modern distributed computing.
Clinical review: a paradigm shift: the bidirectional effect of inflammation on bacterial growth. Clinical implications for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Clinical studies have shown positive associations among sustained and intense inflammatory responses and the incidence of bacterial infections. We hypothesized that cytokines secreted by the host during acute respiratory distress syndrome may indeed favor the growth of bacteria and explain the association between exaggerated and protracted systemic inflammation and the frequent development of nosocomial infections. To test this hypothesis, we conducted in vitro studies evaluating the extracellular and intracellular growth response of three clinically relevant bacteria in response to graded concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In these studies, we identified a U-shaped response of bacterial growth to pro-inflammatory cytokines. When the bacteria were exposed in vitro to a lower concentration of cytokines, extracellular and intracellular bacterial growth was not promoted and human monocytic cells were efficient in killing the ingested bacteria. Conversely, when bacteria were exposed to higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, intracellular and extracellular bacterial growth was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. The bidirectional effects of proinflammatory cytokines on bacterial growth may help to explain the frequent occurrence of nosocomial infections in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome.
WhereAmI: A realworld testbed for location services

Location-based services are playing an increasingly important role in the rapidly evolving world of mobile applications. Despite this importance, there are numerous challenges to providing a widely implemented and usable service that spans multiple places, devices, and location technologies. This paper describes WhereAmI, a unique location services testbed that addresses these challenges and is enabling significant research and development of location-based applications and services.
Remembering the 1978 and 1990 task forces on self‐help therapies: A response to Gerald Rosen

Gerald M. Rosen has reminded us of the contributions of two task forces that addressed self-help therapies. The problems with self-administered treatments that were discussed in the recent Journal of Clinical Psychology special section (Volume 59, Number 3) also were discussed by these task forces. One of the primary problems is the lack of quality control and, in particular, the fact that self-help books without empirical support can be marketed to the public. There is not sufficient data available to reach conclusions regarding the overall impact of self-help books. Additional research and empirical support are needed for self-administered treatments; however, requiring such research support prior to publication would be holding self-help books to a higher standard than is currently required for psychologists (and other therapists) providing services. Our belief is that self-administered treatment is at least benign and potentially helpful to most consumers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Differential Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Hepatocytes During Endotoxemia and the Acute-Phase Response

Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent biologic mediator produced by hepatocytes following exposure to cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These cytokines are also known to regulate induction of the hepatic acute-phase response. The objective of this study was to determine whether inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the enzyme that produces NO, is expressed as part of the hepatic acute-phase response. Design: The gene expression for inducible NOS (iNOS) as well as α 1 –acid glycoprotein (AGP), an established acute-phase reactant, was measured by Northern blot analysis in rat hepatocytes in vivo during endotoxemia (LPS injection) and during the acute-phase response produced by hindlimb turpentine injection. Hepatocyte iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were correlated with iNOS activity and circulating plasma nitrite and nitrate levels. In vitro, iNOS and AGP mRNA levels were determined in cultured hepatocytes stimulated with interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), or dexamethasone. Results: The AGP mRNA levels were increased in vivo following both LPS and turpentine injection, while iNOS expression was induced only by LPS injection. Hepatocyte iNOS activity and plasma nitrite and nitrate levels also increased after LPS treatment. In vitro, the cytokine combination IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced hepatocyte iNOS expression but had minimal effects on AGP in the absence of dexamethasone. Addition of dexamethasone alone markedly increased AGP mRNA levels, with further increases seen with TNF-α or IL-1β addition. In contrast, dexamethasone decreased iNOS expression. Conclusion: The results show that hepatocyte iNOS expression is not part of the acute-phase response induced by remote inflammation and indicates that iNOS is differentially regulated from the acute-phase reactant, AGP. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:165-171)
99Ru Mössbauer effect study of ruthenium nitrosyls

The 99Ru Mossbauer effect has been measured in a series of ruthenium nitrosyls at 4.2 K. The isomer shifts (IS ≈ −0.20 mm s−1) for most of the compounds are nearly equal and consistent with a +2 charge for ruthenium. However, the IS for K2[Ru(NO)Cl5], which is still Ru(II), is much more negative (IS = −0.43 mm s−1). This implies that the ligand field strength is much stronger in this compound than the other compounds. Two of the compounds are broadened single lines or have small quadrupole interactions, but the compounds [Ru(NO)Cl(py)4](PF6)2, [Ru(NO)Br(py)4](PF6)2 and [Ru(NO)(NH3)5]Cl3 each display two distinct lines (ΔEQ ≈ 0.40 mm s−1), which shows the non-symmetric Ru environment in these compounds.
Six ecological factors that may limit African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus

African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) always live at low population densities relative to sympatric large carnivores. This suggests that there are basic ecological reasons for the wild dog's endangered status. We examined the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition, infectious diseases, foraging success, genetics and human activities on wild dogs. We present data from wild dogs in the Selous Game Reserve, and make comparisons with other populations to identify the limiting factors that are broadly important. The high density of wild dogs in Selous (40 adults/1000 km2) is associated with weak competition from lions and spotted hyenas. Across ecosystems, population density is negatively related to the intensity of interference competition with larger carnivores. Predation by lions and hyenas accounted for 13% of known-cause deaths in Selous and 33–50% in other populations. Intraspecific competition caused 69% of known-cause deaths in Selous, through infanticide and fights between packs, although most of the victims were juveniles with low reproductive value. Infectious diseases had little apparent impact in Selous (4% of deaths) or Kruger National Park (5%), but did play a role in the extinction of a small population in Serengeti. Infectious diseases and competition will generally interact because competitors harbor and transmit the diseases that affect wild dogs. Human activities caused 12% of deaths in Selous, even though it is large (43 000 km2) and does not border large human or livestock populations. Humans were the major agent of mortality in some populations. Foraging success varied little across ecosystems and was not apparently limiting. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes revealed clinal variation between Selous and distant populations (rather than geographically isolated subspecies, as previously suggested). All wild dog populations have a genetically effective size (Ne) less than 500, so gene flow is necessary to maintain genetic diversity within populations.
Opto-electrokinetic manipulation for high-performance on-chip bioassays

This communication first demonstrates bio-compatibility of a recently developed opto-electrokinetic manipulation technique, using microorganisms. Aggregation, patterning, translation, trapping and size-based separation of microorganisms performed with the technique firmly establishes its usefulness for development of a high-performance on-chip bioassay system.
Single case designs in psychology practice

A brief overview highlighting key elements of single case design is presented. Four types of single case design are identified. Central elements and the value of the use of single case designs are underscored.
Recent advances on fast hydropyrolysis of biomass

Abstract Even though hydropyrolysis of biomass has been studied for many years, it was characterized by long residence times and low heating rates. On the other hand, fast hydropyrolysis, the rapid decomposition of an organic material under a hydrogen atmosphere, has been primarily reported only over the last five years. There is growing interest in the topic, and this brief article reviews fast hydropyrolysis of biomass, describing previous findings, current challenges, and research opportunities for the future. The current literature shows that catalytic fast hydropyrolysis produces primarily aromatic hydrocarbons, but alkanes and naphthenes can also be produced under appropriate conditions if a secondary unit is added for hydrotreating (ex-situ upgrading). Compared to catalytic fast pyrolysis, the higher yields of hydrocarbons and much slower catalyst deactivation due to coking promising. Yields in the range of 80–95 gal/t can be obtained, and the process economics is equivalent to those of other biofuel processes, such as fast pyrolysis followed by hydrotreating/hydrocracking.
In Memoriam: Richard Isay (December 1934–June 2012)

Readers of this journal lost an esteemed colleague and dare I say maverick with the passing of Richard Isay, MD (Dick would most likely disagree with the tenor of these words, but more about this l...
Rational width of waterproof coal pillars in hanging wall of fault

Current design method of the fault waterproof pillar regards waterproof coal pillars on hanging wall of fault as a continuous and homogeneous isotropic elastic body,without taking into account the rock pressure,tectonic stress and water pressure on the pillar of the damage and influence,leading to the coal pillar width lack of scientific,and gushing water of working face is increased.For the sake of designing rational width of coal pillars,this article analyzes the state of properties of pillar under different applied force.Based on the analysis,coal pillars from the waterproof functions are divided into effecting areas of ground pressure,efficient waterproof areas and effecting areas of fault,and the width formulas of three areas are deducted and determined separately.Design method of the fault waterproof pillar is corrected,it provides a scientific reference for designing hanging wall fault waterproof coal pillars.
A Discussion with Wu Jiandong on His Paper"Innovative Development of Smart Grid and Interactive Smart Grid in China"

With reference to Wu Jiangdong’s paper-"Innovative Development of Smart Grid and Interactive Smart Grid in China",the writer,in this paper,raises four questions in terms of interactive power grids,intelligent WAN,intercontinental interactive power grids and power substation data together with his own different views in a bid to carry out discussions with Wu Jiandong in a modest manner.
Closer Looks at Speech Rate and Pause Variation: Methods and Findings

The previous chapter examined a large amount of data from sociolinguistic interviews to determine whether and how speech rate and pause duration variability pattern with social factors in conversational speech and to assess, from a more methodological perspective, what we can gain from a large-scale sociophonetic corpus analysis. Numerous other questions can be asked of speech rate and pause variability, of the methods I have employed, and of these particular data. I turn now to pursue several questions building on the large-scale analyses of the last chapter.
Summarization as a means of information access: utilizing semantic metadata

The existing search engine interaction paradigm of typing in keywords and getting an enormous list of links is not suited for a lot of information seeking tasks. We see synthesis or summarization of information to satisfy users' information needs as an important step on the way to next generation information access systems. The idea is to explore the alternative geometrical models of meaning [14] based on the theory of Quantum Mechanics and Hilbert Spaces as a unifying framework for integrating semantic metadata into retrieval and summarization.
Reexamining Zipf's Law from a World Historical Perspective: Urbanization, Complexity, and the Rank-Size Rule

Zipf's Law is often considered a conspicuous example of empirical regularity in the spatial organization of cities in national boundaries - especially cities within the United States over the last century (Krugman 1986). Complex systems, such as cities, are expected to form a hierarchical power law function in an integrated economic system where the number of cities whose population exceeds S is proportional to 1/S. Anomalies of this pattern are taken as outliers to be explained away, rather than as points of central importance to the system itself. This paper theoretically examines how Zipf's Law is one dimension of possible urban distributions based on the complexity of power in the world economy and considers the need for a conceptual model capable of considering alternative arrangements of power and the spatial organization of complex urban distributions globally. By placing urbanization and urban development within world historical perspective, alternative urban distributions can be theorized to exist and become contingent formations of political, economic, and social power in the urban system.
Frequency-Domain Analysis of Robust Monotonic Convergence of Norm-Optimal Iterative Learning Control

In this paper, we consider the norm-optimal iterative learning control (NO-ILC) framework and study its robust monotonic convergence (RMC) against model uncertainties in single-input-single-output linear time-invariant systems. Modeling errors in general degrade the convergence performance of NO-ILC, and hence ensuring RMC against model uncertainties is important. Although the robustness of NO-ILC has been studied in the literature, determining the allowable range of modeling errors for a given NO-ILC design is still an open research question. To fill this gap, a frequency-domain analysis with a multiplicity formulation of model uncertainty is developed in this paper to quantify and visualize the allowable modeling errors. Compared with the traditional formulation, the proposed new uncertainty formulation provides a less conservative representation of the allowable model uncertainty range by taking additional phase information into account and thus allows for a more complete evaluation of the robustness of NO-ILC. The analysis also clarifies how the RMC region changes as a function of NO-ILC weighting parameters and therefore can be used as a frequency-domain design tool to achieve RMC for given model uncertainties. Simulation examples are given to confirm the theoretical conclusions and demonstrate the utility of the developed analysis.
Falcon: scaling IO performance in multi-SSD volumes

With the high throughput offered by solid-state drives (SSDs), multi-SSD volumes have become an attractive storage solution for big data applications. Unfortunately, the IO stack in current operating systems imposes a number of volume-level limitations, such as per-volume based IO processing in the block layer, single flush thread per volume for buffer cache management, locks for parallel IOs on a file, all of which lower the performance that could otherwise be achieved on multi-SSD volumes. To address this problem, we propose a new design of per-drive IO processing that separates two key functionalities of IO batching and IO serving in the IO stack. Specifically, we design and develop Falcon1 that consists of two major components: Falcon IO Management Layer that batches the incoming IOs at the volume level, and Falcon Block Layer that parallelizes IO serving on the SSD level in a new block layer. Compared to the current practice, Falcon significantly speeds up direct random file read and write on an 8-SSD volume by 1.77× and 1.59× respectively, and also shows strong scalability across different numbers of drives and various storage controllers. In addition, Falcon improves the performance of a variety of applications by 1.69×.
Selective N-monomethylation of primary anilines with dimethyl carbonate in continuous flow

Selective N-monomethylation of anilines has been achieved under continuous flow conditions using dimethyl carbonate as a green methylating agent in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. Our methodology takes advantage of the expanded process windows available in the continuous flow regime to safely induce monomethylation in superheated solvents at high pressure. We propose selective N-monomethylation is achieved via an in situ protection-deprotection pathway, which is supported by the observed reactivities of several putative reaction intermediates. The robust and scalable method was applicable to a broad range of primary aniline substrates including ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted anilines, as well as electron-rich and electron-deficient anilines. The synthetic precursor of diazepam, 5-chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone, was selectively synthesized under our optimized conditions.
Developing countries: Contradictions of ecological modernisation: Pulp and paper manufacturing in South‐east Asia

A growing literature suggests we have entered an era of paradigmatic institutional change permitting a broad environmental transformation of society, including fundamental restructuring of manufact...
PARTIAL DEIODINATION OF L-THYROXINE12

The unidentified glucuronide previously described in dog bile or in urine of the dehepatized dog following the administration of I131-thyroxine (T4) has been identified chromatographically- as 3,3′,5′ triiodothyronine glucuronide. 3,3′,5′ Triiodothyronine (3,3′,5′ T3) also was found in smaller amounts in the free state in bile and in the plasma of the dehepatized dog. Some of this compound was conjugated with sulfate, and some was found in an unidentified acid-labile conjugate. Formation of 3,3′,5′ T3 from thyroxine (T4) involves removal of an iodine atom from the phenolic ring, and thus is the same type of reaction noted earlier in the conversion of 3,5,3′ triiodothyronine (T3) to 3,3′ diiodothyronine. Loss of this iodine atom results in biologic inactivation of these thyroid hormones. Another metabolite of T4 was found to be 3,3′ T2 which was conjugated with sulfate. Formation of this substance involves the removal of one iodine atom from each of the rings. In spite of this evidence for removal of I131 ...
Introduction: Progressivism’s Aesthetic Education

In trying to establish the democratic legitimacy of a self-policing educational profession within the public schools, Progressive Era educators developed theories of aesthetic education that resemble those of classical German Bildung. Where classical Bildung uses aesthetic education to reconcile the autonomous individual with a certain social order, though, “Progressivism’s Aesthetic Education” tries to prepare the individual to participate in democratic social action, a collective deliberative process. John Dewey’s is the most compelling version of this program, but other variants are found in American Herbartianism, Montessori education, and social efficiency education. Novelists, including Abraham Cahan, Willa Cather, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, wrote bildungsromans that variously express and critique these ideas. This chapter also contains an extended discussion of the aesthetic ideas of Horace Mann.
Light Reflection and Scattering

There has been interest in characterizing the quality of surface finish for machined or otherwise man-made objects, and the intentional roughness of surfaces such as catalysts, since long before fractal geometry came along. The same measurement tools which are used for these purposes can also provide the raw data for a fractal interpretation of the surfaces. These include the scattering of light or photons of other energies (from X rays to radio waves), as well as various forms of microscopy. Basically, a surface that is rough will show a pattern of scattered intensity, or of measured brightness in an image, that has variations. Analysis of these brightness variations can be used to describe the roughness.
On the Problem of Measurement Feedback Control: Ellipsoidal Techniques

This chapter deals with the problem of measurement feedback control under setmembership uncertainty for systems with original linear structure and hard bounds on the uncertain items. It indicates feedback control strategies which ensure guaranteed deviation from a given terminal set despite the uncertain disturbances and incomplete feedback. Routes for numerical treatment of the solutions are suggested on the basis of ellipsoidal techniques.
MODELS | Models of Generalized Seizures in Freely Moving Animals

There is broad spectrum of generalized seizure phenomenology, elicited by convulsant drugs, electrical stimulation, or based on genetic defects, in animal models. Some model techniques produce seizures, in which the site of origin cannot be distinguished and seizures are bilateral from their onset. Other models induce secondarily generalized seizures, arising from a focal initiation site models of generalized seizures in freely moving animals, and are used in the pharmaceutical industry for discovery of anticonvulsant features of newly synthesized compounds. Exploitation of the existing models, as well as development of new models especially of epileptic syndromes associated with generalized seizures, will play a significant role in future epilepsy research. The models can provide the basis for mechanistic studies of seizure disorders, and can be used for identifying more effective antiepileptic drugs with limited side effects.
United States Small Employers: A New Marketing Channel for Medical Tourism?

As a strategy for lowering healthcare costs some large United States employers are beginning to offer a medical tourism benefit to encourage patients to seek care abroad. Using a pilot survey of 20 small employers in August of 2018 this study estimates a baseline understanding of whether they would be a viable channel to “push” medical tourism utilization within their employee population and encourage more patients to seek care outside of their home country. Given the small sample size, this work should be seen as early findings to inform a future larger scale study.
Halo or horn? A qualitative study of mothers' experiences with feeding children during the first year following bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Obesity is a chronic condition that has an intergenerational effect. The aims of the study were to better understand the impact of maternal bariatric surgery on obesogenic risks to child offspring in the home via documenting mothers’ thoughts, behaviors, and experiences around child feeding, family meals, and the home food environment during her first year postsurgery. Method Utilizing a mixed-method cross-sectional design, 20 mothers (Mage = 39.6 ± 5.7 years, 75% White, MBMI = 33.6 ± 4.3 kg/m2, Mtime = 7.7 ± 3.1 months post-surgery) of children ages 6–12 years completed validated self-report measures and participated in a focus group. Mother and child heights/weights were measured. Results The majority of children (N = 20; Mage = 9.2 ± 2.3 years, 65% White, 60% female) were overweight (N = 12; BMI≥85th percentile) and were not meeting the American Academy of Pediatrics healthy eating and activity recommendations to treat/reduce obesity risk. As child zBMI increased, mothers expressed significantly more weight concern (r = 0.59, p = 0.01) and lower obesity-specific quality of life (r = −0.56, p = 0.01), yet assumed less responsibility for child eating choices (r = −0.47, p = 0.04). Qualitative data demonstrated disconnects between mothers’ changes to achieve her own healthier weight and applying this knowledge to feeding her child/family. Conclusions While bariatric surgery and requisite lifestyle change are effective tools for weight loss at the individual level, there is a great need for innovative family-based solutions. Pediatric obesity is preventable or risk-diminished if addressed early. Maternal bariatric surgery may be a unique (yet missed) opportunity to intervene.
The wage penalty to undocumented immigration

Abstract This paper examines the determinants of the wage penalty experienced by undocumented workers, defined as the wage gap between observationally equivalent legal and undocumented immigrants. Using recently developed methods that impute undocumented status for foreign-born persons sampled in microdata surveys, the study documents a number of empirical findings. Although the unadjusted gap in the log hourly wage between the average undocumented and legal immigrant is very large (over 35%), almost all of this gap disappears once the calculation adjusts for differences in observable socioeconomic characteristics. The wage penalty to undocumented immigration for men was only about 4% in 2016. Nevertheless, there is sizable variation in the wage penalty over the life cycle, across demographic groups, across different legal environments, and across labor markets. The flat age-earnings profiles of undocumented immigrants, created partly by slower occupational mobility, implies a sizable increase in the wage penalty over the life cycle; the wage penalty falls when legal restrictions on the employment of undocumented immigrants are relaxed (as with DACA) and rises when restrictions are tightened (as with E-Verify); and the wage penalty responds to increases in the number of undocumented workers in the labor market, with the wage penalty being higher in those states with larger undocumented populations.
Adjacent-segment range of motion following anterior cervical fusion: commentary on an article by William J. Anderst, MS et al.: "Six-degrees-of-freedom cervical spine range of motion during dynamic flexion-extension after single-level anterior arthrodesis. Comparison with asymptomatic control subjects".

Anderst et al. have investigated what happens to cervical range of motion above and below a C5-C6 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in comparison with findings in asymptomatic control subjects who had not undergone an operation. I commend the authors for a well-done study. They used biplanar video fluoroscopy to assess total cervical spine motion and found that this technique was better able to capture the total range of motion, as compared with static flexion-extension radiographic views. At the C4-C5 level, they found that, while the fusion did not decrease the total range of adjacent-level motion, there was increased extension and decreased flexion motion. In addition, there was increased adjacent-segment translation at the levels both cranial and caudal to the fusion level. The major strength of the study is that the authors utilized an established, reproducible, accurate, and useful technique for documenting motion changes in the cervical spine. They found that, even at only seven months postoperatively, there are subtle motion changes at the segments adjacent to a fusion. While it is easy to conjecture that these changes might result in accelerated degeneration, the clinical relevance of these changes and, more importantly, whether …
Experimenting with Public Engagement Platforms in Local Government

Cities are venues for experimentation with technology (e.g., smart cities) and democratic governance. At the intersection of both trends is the emergence of new online platforms for citizen engagem...
Validation risk in hierarchical models

Using a model as an input data source for integration into another model carries with it risks to the validity of the model composition. This paper presents research into the inherent risks of model integration. The research decomposes models into sets of semantic concepts allowing for a calculation of structural alignment. Measurable changes in a model’s output due to the integration of another model provide an impact assessment. Risks to decisions arise from incompatible assumptions and constructions of models. We present a risk assessment as a tuple containing differences in models’ alignment across three axes and in changes in a model’s output metrics. Risks to decisions arise from incompatible assumptions and constructions of models.
Merging C(sp3)–H activation with DNA-encoding

DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology has the potential to dramatically expedite hit identification in drug discovery owing to its ability to perform protein affinity selection with millions or billions of molecules in a few experiments. To expand the molecular diversity of DEL, it is critical to develop different types of DNA-encoded transformations that produce billions of molecules with distinct molecular scaffolds. Sequential functionalization of multiple C-H bonds provides a unique avenue for creating diversity and complexity from simple starting materials. However, the use of water as solvent, the presence of DNA, and the extremely low concentration of DNA-encoded coupling partners (0.001 M) have hampered the development of DNA-encoded C(sp3)-H activation reactions. Herein, we report the realization of palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids, amides and ketones with DNA-encoded aryl iodides in water. Notably, the present method enables the use of alternative sets of monofunctional building blocks, providing a linchpin to facilitate further setup for DELs. Furthermore, the C-H arylation chemistry enabled the on-DNA synthesis of structurally-diverse scaffolds containing enriched C(sp3) character, chiral centers, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and heterocycles.
The NADase enzyme CD38: an emerging pharmacological target for systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Purpose of review Here we review recent literature on the emerging role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism and its dysfunction via the enzyme CD38 in the pathogenesis of rheumatologic diseases. We evaluate the potential of targeting CD38 to ameliorate NAD-related metabolic imbalance and tissue dysfunction in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc), systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent findings In this review, we will discuss emerging basic, preclinical, and human data that point to the novel role of CD38 in dysregulated NAD-homeostasis in SSc, SLE, and RA. In particular, recent studies implicate increased activity of CD38, one of the main enzymes in NAD catabolism, in the pathogenesis of persistent systemic fibrosis in SSc, and increased susceptibility of SLE patients to infections. We will also discuss recent studies that demonstrate that a cytotoxic CD38 antibody can promote clearance of plasma cells involved in the generation of RA antibodies. Summary Recent studies identify potential therapeutic approaches for boosting NAD to treat rheumatologic diseases including SSc, RA, and SLE, with particular attention to inhibition of CD38 enzymatic activity as a target. Key future directions in the field include the determination of the cell-type specificity and role of CD38 enzymatic activity versus CD38 structural roles in human diseases, as well as the indicators and potential side effects of CD38-targeted treatments.
Postoperative Bleeding and Acute Kidney Injury in Esophageal Cancer Patients Receiving Ketorolac.

Background As strategies promoting enhanced recovery protocols and opioid minimization techniques are increasingly prioritized, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs continues to rise. Whether this prevalent use poses increased risk for bleeding or renal dysfunction in surgical populations after extensive dissection and fluid shifts is unclear. Methods We reviewed records of patients undergoing esophagectomy for a diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma at a single institution from 2006 to 2018 for ketorolac administration during the postoperative hospital admission, as well as the occurrence of postoperative events, defined as the need for blood product transfusion and/or acute kidney injury. Results We identified 1019 patients, 123 of whom experienced postoperative events (12%). Ketorolac was administered to 686 (67%). Furthermore, ketorolac use steadily increased over the study period; 36 of 72 patients received this medication in 2006 (49%), and 76 of 83 in 2018 (92%). Multivariable logistic regression failed to identify a relationship between ketorolac administration (assessed as a binary covariate) and postoperative events (P = .657). Additional examination for a dose-response relationship using the cumulative total dose from the time of surgery to discharge also did not demonstrate a relationship with postoperative events (P = .829). In an effort to evaluate a more homogeneous population, we performed a subgroup analysis using only patients treated with trimodality therapy, which showed similar findings. Conclusions Ketorolac has become a staple of multimodal postesophagectomy analgesic regimens. Importantly, this medication does not pose risk for acute kidney injury or bleeding after surgery.
Engaging in Reflective Practice: A Practical Guide

We begin this chapter by contemplating the question: What is Reflective Practice? and highlighting the important difference between just thinking about our teaching and systematically reflecting on our professional practices. In considering that opening question, we also recognize the multiplicity of meanings of Reflective Practice (RP), and the different ways of engaging in RP. In the same way that ‘one size does not fit all’ in teaching and learning, RP should reflect the individuality of the teacher and their different learners. Some notes on the history of RP are also given, followed by details of the practical aspects of doing RP, using different levels of self-questioning, combined with, for example, video-recording and co-teaching. In the last main part of the chapter, we consider some of the challenges of engaging in RP, and some ways of meeting those challenges.
Antivirals for COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

To evaluate the critical studies published so far on the most promising antiviral therapies for COVID-19, with particular emphasis on any solid organ transplant–specific information. Although the literature is increasing exponentially, most clinical trials have been preliminary, thus lacking robust evidence to support many of the drugs discussed here. The main exception is remdesivir, for which several trials have been published supporting its use for patients with severe COVID-19. No solid organ transplant–specific data on remdesivir or other antiviral therapies have been published so far. While further studies are urgently needed, in particular those specific to solid organ transplant recipients, the evidence so far only supports the use of remdesivir for patients with severe COVID-19.