cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olefin cross-metathesis, a mild, modular approach to functionalized cellulose esters

Olefin cross-metathesis has been demonstrated to be a modular pathway for synthesis of a series of functionalized cellulose esters. As a proof of concept, cellulose acetate was acylated with two terminally olefinic acid chlorides, pent-4-enoyl chloride and undec-10-enoyl chloride, providing olefin-terminated cellulose esters with different side-chain lengths. These ω-unsaturated cellulose esters were then reacted with a variety of cross-metathesis partners, including acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, and allyl alcohols, using Hoveyda–Grubbs’ 2nd generation catalyst. Complete conversion to cross-metathesis products was achieved in reactions with acrylic acid or acrylates using 3–5 mol% catalyst at 40 °C within 1 h. We further demonstrate successful hydrogenation of these α,β-unsaturated esters and acids, thereby eliminating the potential for radical-induced crosslinking during storage.
Shivers and Timbres: Personality and the Experience of Chills From Music

Most people report that listening to music sometimes creates chills—feeling goose bumps and shivers on the neck, scalp, and spine—but some people seem to never experience them. The present research examined who tends to experience musicinduced chills and why. A sample of young adults completed measures of chills, the Big Five domains, and their music preferences, habits, and experiences. Latent variable models found that openness to experience was the strongest predictor of the typical experience of chills during music. Several mediation models considered likely mediators of this effect. Openness to experience predicted music preferences, particularly for reflective and complex genres, but genre preferences did not in turn predict chills. In contrast, several markers of people’s experience and engagement with music in everyday life, such as listening to music more often and valuing music, did mediate openness’s effects. Some implications for bridging state and trait approaches to the chills experience are considered.
The Role of the Oculopneumoplethysmography in Detecting Postendarterectomy Carotid Stenosis or Thrombosis

The oculopneumoplethysmography has been a well established tool in the diagnosis of significant carotid artery stenosis; however, very few articles have studied the role of the OPG/Gee in detecting the postendarterectomy stenosis or thrombosis. The purpose of this article is to study that role. Eighty-two patients who had carotid endarterectomy and postoperative OPG/Gee were reviewed and compared with carotid arteriograms. Sixteen of these had bilateral and 66 had unilateral carotid endarterectomy. Seventy-nine of these patients had angiograms and three were explored. The total arteries studied were 98. Thirteen of these oculopneumoplethysmograms were done in the recovery room and the rest a few days to three years later. A carotid stenosis of 50% or more in diameter was considered significant. There were 10 positive oculopneumoplethysmograms, nine of which were confirmed by angiograms; i.e., 10.0% false positive rate. There were also three positive oculopneumoplethysmograms which were explored in surgery and found to be thrombosed; i.e., a total of 13 positive oculopneumoplethysmograms, 12 of which were confirmed which made the real false positive rate 7.7%. Eleven patients had positive arteriograms, nine of which had positive oculopneumoplethysmograms; i.e., 81.8% diagnostic sensitivity (9/11). Eighty-four arteries were considered normal by arteriogram (11 of which had insignificant stenosis), 83 of these had negative oculopneumoplethysmograms; i.e., 98.8% diagnostic specificity (83/84). The false negative rate was 2.4% (2/85). The overall accuracy rate was 96.8% (92/95). If the three explored arteries were added, the overall accuracy rate would be 96.9% (95/98). To conclude, the OPG/Gee is a valuable tool in detecting immediate postendarterectomy thrombosis or recurrent stenosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluation of a Capacitance Scaling System

An improved error analysis of an existing capacitance scaling system for supporting measurements of higher valued (10 nF to 100 ) ceramic-dielectric four-terminal-pair (4TP) capacitance standards over the 100-Hz to 100-kHz frequency range is described. The capacitance scaling system uses a commercial impedance (inductance-capacitance-resistance) meter and a single-decade inductive voltage divider as an impedance comparator. Four-terminal-pair capacitors in decade (10 : 1) steps from 10 nF to 100 F are measured. The system's 10 : 1 scaling error is determined using 100-pF and 1-nF air-dielectric 4TP capacitance standards with known capacitance and loss characteristics over frequency. This paper discusses the significant reductions in measurement uncertainty that were attained through the use of improved calibration standards and measurement method refinements. Details of the uncertainty analysis for a 10-nF capacitor (in the 100-Hz to 10-kHz frequency range) and verification data are presented.
Perceptions on Social Responsibility: The Entrepreneurial Vision

This article outlines the results of an inquiry into the nature of entrepreneurial commitment to social responsibility as a business philosophy. Findings show that the respondents, as a group, reported a strong orientation to this view. Several social responsibility topics emerge in a position of special prominence to entrepreneurs, and their preferences for these topics do not widely vary. Furthermore, the degree of attachment to social responsibility, as an operational construct, correlates with several demographic and psychographic dimensions.
A Dynamic Competitive Forecasting Model Incorporating Dyadic Decision Making

New products are often launched sequentially, by different firms, and the purchasing decisions are sometimes made by dyads. This paper proposes a new model that explicitly considers dyadic decision making in drug prescription and allows assessment of the relative influence that physicians and patients have in making decisions concerning new as well as existing ethical drugs. Modeling sequentially launched competing products in a category allows for parsing out effects that are hard to differentiate in models designed to capture only a single product's dynamics. The proposed model is applied to prescription drug data sets in the pharmaceutical industry, and it also explicitly captures both physicians' and patients' pretrial and posttrial utilities of each drug in the therapeutic category. Based on the model's fit and out-of-sample forecasting performance, we find that, in many cases, the incorporation of the dyadic decision making leads to better performance vis-a-vis models where such decision making is not explicitly considered. We also find that in many cases the posttrial utility of a drug is greater than its corresponding pretrial utility, lending partial empirical support to the prevailing industry practice of spending on various activities (e.g., sampling to physicians) needed to get potential patients to try a new drug. The proposed model enables managers to predict in advance the sales of sequentially launched new drugs and plan the new product launch and strategy accordingly. The model is also applicable to other product categories involving more than a single decision maker, including business-to-business products (e.g., office equipment) as well as to products targeting children (e.g., toys).
Sizing CMOS circuits for increased transient error tolerance

The continuous shrinking of microelectronic device sizes with every technology generation, along with the reduction in supply voltages, is causing a significant decrease in circuit noise margins. This leads to increased susceptibility of circuits to transient errors. In this paper, we propose a methodology to increase the robustness of combinational circuits to transient errors by sizing the gates of the circuit in such a way that the number of errors propagated to the primary output is minimized while the timing requirement is met. Using SPICE simulation, we validate that combinational circuits propagate fewer numbers of transient errors to the circuit output after application of our sizing algorithm.
Supporting sociable literacy in the international children's digital library

As each generation of children grows up in a world shaped by the affordances available to them in both physical and digital environments, their expectations of tools to support changing literacy practices make new demands on technologists and designers. To ensure that digital libraries (DLs) for young people support their understandings of libraries and reading (and not just adults' conceptions), an intergenerational design team (IDT) at the University of Baltimore (UB) used contextual inquiry and participatory design to develop concepts for augmenting the International Children's Digital Library (ICDL) to make it more appropriate for 10-14 year olds. Our prototype aims to support "sociable literacy," a set of practices made possible by digital storage, retrieval and use of texts.
PKC and polyamine modulation of GluR2-deficient AMPA receptors in immature neocortical pyramidal neurons of the rat.

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate the bulk of fast synaptic excitation in the CNS. We have recently shown that AMPAR-dependent synaptic transmission in immature neocortical pyramidal neurons is mediated by GluR2-deficient receptors that can be modulated by intra- or extracellular polyamines (PAs). Phosphorylation of AMPARs, e.g. by PKC, can lead to enhanced excitation, and PAs are known to modulate PKC activity. Therefore, PAs and PKC might interact to influence AMPAR function. To test this hypothesis, we made whole cell recordings from immature (P12–14) layer V pyramidal neurons and assayed two measures of PA influence on synaptic AMPAR function – inward rectification and use-dependent unblock (UDU), with the latter assayed by differences in rectification between a pair of EPSCs evoked at short (50 ms) latencies. We have previously shown that EPSCs in immature pyramidal neurons displayed inward rectification, which was enhanced by intracellular spermine, as was UDU. Staurosporin (ST), a PKC inhibitor, reversed the effect of PA on rectification and UDU, suggesting that PKC modulates postsynaptic activation of AMPARs. Similarly, polyamine-dependent rectification of spontaneous EPSCs was reversed by treatment with ST or GFX109203X, a specific PKC inhibitor. Chelating intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA reproduced the effects of ST. In addition, PA immunoreactivity in layer V pyramidal neurons was reduced by PKC inhibition indicating that PKC activity influences PA metabolism. Taken together, these data support the involvement of postsynaptic PKC activation in both the inward rectification and UDU of EPSCs in immature rat cortex, and suggest an important mechanism by which excitatory synaptic transmission can be dynamically modulated by changes in either [Ca2+]i or [PA]i.
TPN-induced catch-up of growth in a 22-y-old male with radiation enteritis.

Nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished children with growth arrest is generally associated with a catch-up of growth but the occurrence of this compensatory phe- nomenon in adulthood is not well recognized. We investigated a case ofmaturation and growth acceleration secondary to nutritional intervention in a 22-y-old patient. After treatment for a rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder at age 7 y, the patient developed severe malabsorption secondary to radiation enteritis and short bowel syndrome. As a result of profound malnutri- tion, growth and maturation were severely impaired. Initiation ofhome total parenteral nutri- tion at age 22 y led to an increase in height, substantial weight gain, advancement ofbone age, and sexual maturation evidenced by appearance of secondary sex characteristics and normal- ization of hormone concentrations. The development of signs of puberty and a growth spurt appearing at this late age clearly show the potential for maturation and growth once malnutri- tion is corrected. Am J C/in Nutr 1989;50: 134 1-7.
Research and Experimentation in Prisons

Research and experimentation in prisons have traditionally been undertaken under the guise of deter mining the cause of criminal behavior and of develop ing approaches and programs that would assist the in mate to live more successfully in society. It is argued in this work that the prison system is inherently coercive; consequently, it is not possible for an inmate to freely consent to risky procedures to alter his/her behavior. Therefore, informed consent is a myth in the context of confinement in prison. Furthermore, research and ex perimentation that do not promote human liberation, independence, and freedom are oppressive, repressive, and destructive to human growth and the progress of society.
Routine intraoperative carotid angiography: Its impact on operative morbidity and carotid restenosis

Abstract The impact of routine intraoperative carotid angiography was evaluated by comparing 206 procedures without such angiograms with our last consecutive 100 endarterectomies with completion angiography. No significant age or sex differences were observed between the two groups. Exploratory surgery was repeated in five cases for a stenosis greater than 40% or for an intimal flap. This protocol reduced operative mortality (2.9% to 1%), the permanent stroke rate (1.9% to 1%), and the temporary stroke rate (6.3% to 1%). Furthermore, a second angiogram was performed in these 100 cases (at a mean interval of 19.2 months later) and the incidence and evolution of both residual and recurrent carotid lesions were analyzed. Five internal carotid artery lesions that had been immediately repaired because of intraoperative angiographic defects remained normal. Of 58 normal internal carotid arteries at the completion of surgery, two became stenotic during the next year. In addition, three spastic internal carotid arteries became normal. Of 20 internal carotid arteries with modest irregularities, 16 became normal and four were stenosed. Of three internal carotid arteries with intimal flaps, two became normal and one was stenosed. Among 13 internal carotid arteries with modest stenosis (40%), eight became normal, two became severely stenotic, and three became thrombosed. Among 21 instances of a proximal common carotid artery "shelf," 17 resolved and four progressed to less than 50% stenosis. Of 67 normal external carotid arteries, late stenosis was seen in one case. Of 33 external carotid arteries with residual stenosis, 17 became normal, 14 remained unchanged, and two were thrombosed. Routine angiography has taught us to perform technically better procedures and has reduced the current rate of reoperations. In addition, it permits the description of true restenosis, in distinction to any residual disease of the carotid artery. Knowledge of the natural history of the endarterectomized carotid artery will result in greater selectivity in reopening vessels on the basis of the completion angiogram. (J VASC SURG 1986;3:343-50.)
Proposed criteria for interpretation of susceptibilities of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, and norfloxacin.

The susceptibilities of 45 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including 25 strains susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MICs, or = 0.125 microgram/ml), to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid were determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion. On the basis of theoretical calculations of predicted susceptibilities at which infections may fail therapy (supported by observed failures of infections to respond to the therapeutic doses of enoxacin and ciprofloxacin), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has adopted the following agar dilution breakpoints for interpretation of resistance to these agents: MICs of > or = 1.0 microgram of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin per ml and MICs of > or = 2.0 micrograms of ofloxacin and lomefloxacin per ml. The corresponding disk diffusion breakpoints for these agents were as follows: ciprofloxacin, < or = 29 mm; ofloxacin, < or = 24 mm; enoxacin, < or = 31 mm; lomefloxacin, < or = 26 mm; and norfloxacin, < or = 32 mm. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends two strains as interim quality control strains for susceptibility testing of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. These are N. gonorrhoeae CDC-10,328 (MIC of ciprofloxacin, 0.125 to 0.25 microgram/ml [inhibition zone diameter range, 30 to 34 mm]; MIC of ofloxacin, 0.5 microgram/ml [inhibition zone diameter range, 27 to 32 mm]) and N. gonorrhoeae CDC-10,329 (MIC of ciprofloxacin, 1.0 to 2.0 micrograms/ml [zone inhibition diameter range, 21 to 26 mm]; MIC of ofloxacin 2.0 micrograms/ml [inhibition zone diameter range, 18 to 21 mm]).
Hyperprolactinemia Increases and Hypoprolactinemia Decreases Tyrosine Hydroxylase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in the Arcuate Nuclei, but not the Substantia Nigra or Zona Incerta*

The effects of experimentally produced hypoprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA signal levels were examined in dopaminergic neurons of ovariectomized rats. TH mRNA signal levels and relative TH quantity in the arcuate nuclei, zona incerta, and substantia nigra were evaluated by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, respectively. The catalytic activity of TH in the stalkmedian eminence (SME) was determined from the in vitro rate of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation after inhibiting DOPA decarboxylase with brocresine. Chronic administration of bromocriptine (BROMO), a dopamine (DA) agonist, for 3 days reduced circulating rat PRL (rPRL) levels compared to those in the vehicle-treated controls. BROMO treatment decreased TH mRNA signal levels in the arcuate nuclei, the intensity of TH immunostaining in the arcuate-median eminence area, and the rate of DOPA accumulation in the SME. Concomitant administration of ovine PRL (oPRL) reversed the effects of BROM...
Nonlinear Optical Interactions in Bacteriorhodopsin Using Z-Scan

Nonlinear refractive index coefficient n2 of bacteriorhodopsin suspensions in water is measured by the Z-scan technique with a low power continuous wave laser at 647.1 manometer wavelength. Our results indicate that both the magnitude and the sign of n2 depend strongly on the light intensity. Negative values for n2 are obtained for on axis laser irradiance at the focus above 3 W/cm2. The observed self-defocusing phenomena can be attributed to the index change due to the light induced transition between the photochromic states. The results elucidate the origin of n2 and offer a plausible explanation for the differences in the reported n2 measurements.
Demonstration of a single exposure technique for determining the M/# of a holographic substrate

We propose and demonstrate a simple technique to determine the M/# for a holographic material. Using divergent object and reference beams, we write a single grating in the material. The resulting diffraction pattern can be analyzed to find the M/#
Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia Associated with Lesions of the Basal Ganglia

We report two siblings who are suffering from a dystonic syndrome, clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic torsion dystonia (dystonia musculorum defor mans) but with cranial computerized tomographic scan findings of basal ganglia lesions, similar to that reported in Wilson's disease.The occurrence of the disorder in the same sibship suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and may represent another variety of the syndrome of idiopathic torsion dystonia.
The Role of Subtropical Irreversible PV Mixing in the Zonal Mean Circulation Response to Global Warming–Like Thermal Forcing

AbstractThe atmospheric circulation response to the global warming–like tropical upper tropospheric heating is revisited using a dry atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) in light of new diagnostics based on the concept of finite-amplitude wave activity (FAWA) on equivalent latitude. For a given tropical heating profile, the linear Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) wave refraction analysis sometimes gives a very different and even opposite prediction of the eddy momentum flux response to that of the actual full model simulation, exposing the limitation of the traditional linear approach in understanding the full dynamics of the atmospheric response under global warming. The implementation of the FAWA diagnostics reveals that in response to the upper tropospheric heating, effective diffusivity—a measure of the mixing efficiency—increases and advances upward and poleward in the subtropics and the resultant enhancement and the poleward encroachment of eddy potential vorticity mixing leads to a poleward ...
Prediction of Antisense Oligonucleotide Efficacy Using Local and Global Structure Information with Support Vector Machines

Designing antisense oligonucleotides with high efficacy is of great interest both for its usefulness to the study of gene regulation and for its potential therapeutic effects. The high cost associated with experimental approaches has motivated the development of computational methods to assist in their design. Essentially, these computational methods rely on various sequential and structural features to differentiate the high efficacy antisense oligonucleotides from the low efficacy. By far, however, most of the features used are either local motifs present in primary sequences or in secondary structures. We proposed a novel approach to profiling antisense oligonucleotides and the target RNA to reflect some of the global structural features such as hairpin structures. Such profiles are then utilized for classification and prediction of high efficacy oligonucleotides using support vector machines. The method was tested on a set of 348 antisense oligonucleotides of 19 RNA targets with known activity. The performance was evaluated by cross validation and ROC scores. It was shown that the prediction accuracy was significantly enhanced.
Tracheobronchoplasty for the treatment of tracheobronchomalacia

Patients with tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) typically present with dyspnea, recurrent infections, intractable cough, or retained secretions. Airway stabilization may be accomplished with silicone stenting, which provides patients with symptom relief in a minimally invasive manner. However, this technique is not without complications, which mostly occur by 3 weeks. Surgical stabilization is the definitive treatment of TBM. We review the evaluation of TBM and options for treatment.
Dietary sodium and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors: dark horse or phantom entry?

Identifying a nutritional cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a nutrient that could be manipulated to reverse CVD morbidity and mortality, would be finding the Holy Grail of nutrition and CV science. Cardiovascular researchers and public policy advocates have long labeled dietary sodium as this nutrient, what they consider the primary dietary factor in the pathogenesis of high blood pressure (BP) and subsequent CVD, despite the lack of valid scientific data to bear this out [1]. While Mimran et al. [2] promulgate this claim in their commentary in this issue, they fail to acknowledge the defects in their supporting evidence or the more carefully derived evidence demonstrating that dietary sodium holds no more than an ancillary, if any, role in the development of cardiovascular or renal disease in the general population. That assessment is not to suggest that the management of many patients with chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure and liver disease among other specific medical conditions should not include sodium restriction. In these highly selected populations, though, the need for or, indeed, the benefits of reduced sodium intake are not universal either.
Invited Review: Nutritional Management of Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) was once a major cause of maternal mortality. The impact of prolonged and severe nausea and vomiting on the fetus and mother can be devastating. Disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances are common. The reduction in maternal deaths associated with HG is a result of improved understanding and more aggressive treatment of these metabolic alterations. HG is the most common reason for nutrition support intervention during pregnancy. However, little information is available regarding the nutritional issues associated with HG or the effects of providing nutrition support on pregnancy outcome. This review discusses the nutritional implications of HG and strategies for clinical management, including hydration, pharmacologic therapies, and the provision of enteral and parenteral nutrition. Implications for home care and future research are also presented.
Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium, an Orally Active Derivative of Carbenicillin

Carbenicillin indanyl sodium, an orallyactive derivative ofcarbenicillin, isactive against a broadspectrum ofbacterial species. Although theesterhasinvitro antimicrobial activity persewhenevaluated inBrain HeartInfusion broth, theinvivo antibacterial activity seeninmiceandratsreflects primarily theefficient hydrolysis oftheester tocarbenicillin. Withan acutesystemic infection inmiceas a test system,orally administered carbenicillin indanyl sodium protected miceagainst lethal infections produced byEscherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus,andStreptococcus pyogenes.Thedose thatprotected 50%oftheanimals against eachofthese infections was comparable tothatofparenteral carbenicillin. Against experimental urinary-tract disease in ratsproduced byE.coli, P.vulgaris, andPseudomonas aeruginosa, itwas again observed thatcarbenicillin indanyl sodiumprovided activity comparable tothat ofparenterallv administered carbenicillin. Because ofitsunique activity against Pseudomonasaeruginosa andindole-positive Proteus species usually resistant toampicillin, carbenicillinhasassumed animportant role asaparenteral chemotherapeutic agent fortheserious medical problems caused bythese microorganisms. Carbenicillin isadministered parenterally asdisodium carbenicillin. Thisformulation is,however, poorly absorbed oracid-labile, orboth, whengivenorally andisnottherapeutically effective. The5-indanyl esterofcarbenicillin (Fig. 1)isanacid-stable formofcarbenicillin. It iswellabsorbed fromthegastrointestinal tract andisrapidly hydrolyzed invivo tocarbenicillin. Laboratory studies presented inthis report demonstrate thattheesterprovides bacteriological activity comparable tothatofparenterally administered carbenicillin. MATERIALSAND METHODS
Detection of west nile virus RNA from the louse fly Icosta americana (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)

West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by Taqman reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 4 of 85 (4.7%) blood-engorged (n = 2) and unengorged (n = 2) Icosta americana (Leach) hippoboscid flies that were collected from wild raptors submitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Mercer County, NJ, in 2003. This report represents an additional detection of WNV in a nonculicine arthropod in North America and the first documented detection of the virus in unengorged hippoboscid flies, further suggesting a possible role that this species may play in the transmission of WNV in North America.
Human myometrial adaptation to pregnancy: cDNA microarray gene expression profiling of myometrium from non-pregnant and pregnant women

The human uterus undergoes profound physiological tissue remodelling during pregnancy. In the myometrium, altered gene expression must underlie these extensive molecular and structural changes. The purpose of this study was to compare expression profiles of pregnant and non-pregnant myometrium, in order to identify genes that participate in this process. mRNA from 14 non-pregnant and four pregnant human myometrial samples were analysed using a human UniGEM V microarray with 7075 cDNA elements. A total of 602 transcripts from the microarray were up-regulated >/=2.0-fold in pregnant myometrium, with 37 transcripts up-regulated >/=4.0-fold. In contrast, eight transcripts were down-regulated >/=2.0-fold in pregnancy. To ensure accurate representation of differential gene expression, Northern blot analyses using total RNA from 16 samples of non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium were used to examine mRNA levels for four of the genes that were differentially expressed by microarray analysis, namely plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFGE8), secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). On the microarray these transcripts were up-regulated 7.5-fold for PAI-1 and 4.9-fold for MFGE8 in pregnant myometrium, and down-regulated 3.7-fold for sFRP4 and 2.9-fold for ERalpha in pregnancy. Northern blot analyses confirmed these changes. Our findings suggest that microarray technology is a useful tool for examining global changes in gene expression that occur as the myometrium differentiates from non-pregnant to pregnant status. Defining these changes provides new insight into the structural and functional adaptations of human myometrium during pregnancy.
'Not of Any Particular State': J. Mcintyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro and Nonspecific Purposeful Availment

The Supreme Court recently revisited the doctrine of specific personal jurisdiction for the first time in decades in J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, which resulted in a fractured opinion, a flurry of critical scholarship, and uncertainty on the lower courts. This Note argues that the principal significance of Nicastro lies in the sensitivity of the Breyer concurrence to the problems modernity poses for jurisdictional doctrine and its concomitant willingness to reevaluate the doctrine. Lower courts and litigants should see the case as an invitation to address such “modern concerns” in jurisdictional analysis within the bounds implied by Justice Breyer. This Note proposes that the jurisdictional problem of an interconnected globalized economy is the same as that posed by the Internet — the novel and increasingly pervasive fact of nonspecific purposeful availment of transjurisdictional contacts — and that such contemporary circumstances necessarily erode the utility of minimum contacts analysis as a consistent and fair limitation on personal jurisdiction, such that a more robust implementation of fairness balancing should become the engine of the doctrine.
Those Privileges Long Recognized: Termination of Parental Rights Law, the Family Integrity Right and the Private Culture of Family

The first section of this paper discusses the scope and nature of the familial rights at stake in a termination of parental rights action. This section demonstrates that familial rights are defined as relational rights throughout our Anglo American tradition and constitutional jurisprudence and thus protect the relationship between the parent and child rather than an individual right of either. The second section of this paper establishes that family life is a "private culture" which, like culture viewed on any scale, shares learned behavior among members and functions as a means of protecting the group and insuring the continuity of its values, beliefs and organization. This section describes United States Supreme Court decisions which expressly protect the familial activities constituting and reflecting the private culture of the family. In view of the United States Supreme Court's recognitions of private family culture, this second section concludes by suggesting that a family's private culture is entitled to the same deference accorded to larger cultural groups in other contexts. Taken together, then, the first and second section stand for the proposition that the proper inquiry is never whether removal from parental custody is in the child's best interest but rather whether a "family" exists, in the constitutional sense. If a family exists, the inquiry must end. There should be no inquiry into whether the child's emotional needs are fully met, whether some future likelihood of harm exists or whether it would be "better" for the child to spend some time with grandmother, or indeed with anyone else. The state is neither permitted to evaluate the "private culture" of a functioning family nor, as an "impersonal political institution" is it qualified to do so.The third section of this paper provides a selective overview of termination of parental right statutes focusing on recent trends which have increased the incidence of both procedural and substantive due process problems within the statutes. This third section also describes Congress' own, quite different response to some of the criticism of child welfare legislation, a response which is embodied in the Indian Child Welfare Act (hereinafter "ICWA"). The third section concludes by proposing a more constitutionally acceptable approach to child welfare legislation utilizing the general principles embodied in the ICWA.The fourth and final section of this paper argues that the appropriate burden of proof to place on state actions to remove a child from his or her parents' custody or to terminate parental rights to the child is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The ICWA requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt in termination of parental rights actions falling within its jurisdiction; the principles Congress endorsed in enacting the ICWA should be applied to all families. This paper reaches this conclusion despite Santosky v. Kramer's apparently different resolution of the issue of the burden of proof required in parental termination actions.
Women of the Washington Press: Politics, Prejudice, and Persistence by Maurine H. Beasley; Women in American Journalism: A New History by Jan Whitt

Generations of Washington women correspondents have contributed to the progress of American media culture; now their contributions are part of journalism history. The stories of women from the nine...
A Funnel Apparatus for the Extraction of Microarthropods from Agricultural Soils

A relatively simple and inexpensive arrangement of 40 Tullgren-type funnels currently being used to extract small arthropods from agricultural soils in the cotton growing area of the San Joaquin Valley of California is described. The funnels measure 30.5 cm in diameter and 30.5 cm deep, and have been used to extract arthropods from field soils of types ranging from fine sandy loam to adobe clay. The funnels are arranged in groups of 4 in wooden stands. An aluminum canopy covers each stand and supports a single electric heat source which serves the entire apparatus. The operational dynamics of the system are discussed. Using a 100-W light bulb, the soil surface temperature within the funnels increased gradually during the period of operation, reaching about 52 Â°C after 6 days.
The protein and lipin content of blood serum of nephritic patients

It has been reported by Erben,1 in 1902-3, that in the serum of patients suffering from chronic parenchymatous nephritis, the albumin-globulin ratio (which, normally is about 1.5-2.0 : 1) is entirely disturbed, the figure being 0.2593 of albumin to 7.0352 of globulin. This deviation in the ratio was confirmed by Epstein,2 in 1912. The latter author (basing his conclusion on his analyses of nine cases of chronic parenchymatous nephritis, in whom, besides the globulin increase, he also found a huge amount of cholesterol in the serum) propounded the following theory of the etiology of certain cases of chronic parenchymatous nephritis. According to him, there is a group among the cases of chronic parenchymatous nephritis which is due to a constitutional disorder—of a metabolic or endocrinic nature—in which the renal manifestations are concomitant or secondary in point of development and importance. He does not, however, describe cases of chronic parenchymatous nephritis in whom the protein or lipin fractions ...
A Hundred Years of Prime Numbers

(1996). A Hundred Years of Prime Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 103, No. 9, pp. 729-741.
Epidemiological Study on Distribution Regularity and Incidence of Pneumoconiosis in Changsha

Objective To investigate the distribution regularity and incidence of pneumoconiosis,to predict the epidemic trend of pneumoconiosis,and to provide the scientific evidence for making preventive countermeasures. Methods According to the national pneumoconiosis disease epidemiology investigation plan,an epidemiological investigation on total cases of pneumoconiosis in Changsha from 1956 to 2010 was carried out.We built the municipal database of pneumoconiosis and derived by Excel.And the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Results There were 3,689 cases of pneumoconiosis in the city and mainly distributed in Kaifu District(17.5%),Liuyang City(15.9%) and Wangcheng County(14.3%).Industry distribution showed that the top three industries were the light industry(n=945,25.62%),the coal-mining industry(n=631,17.1%),and machinery industry(n=374,10.14%).The silicosis,potter and the coal workers' pneumoconiosis constituted the largest portion(n=3,206,86.90%).The cases of pneumoconiosis stage I and II added up to 3,408(92.38%),and the stage Ⅲ was less than 8%.The rate of complication with tuberculosis was 26.29%.690 death cases were reported,the fatality rate was 18.7%.The average death age of pneumoconiosis was 59.86 years.The main death causes of pneumoconiosis were in sequence of pulmonary tuberculosis,chronic respiratory failure and chronic corpulmonale. Conclusions The new cases of pneumoconiosis in Changsha during the period of 1960～1980 showed an increasing tendency,but the new cases significantly reduced since 1990s.The results suggest that it is necessary to enhance the monitoring and risk control of dust hazard in high-risk industries,and establish health care and early warning mechanism for the dust exposure population.
Establishing a Water National Park,to Improve Water Ecological Civilization in a City——A Water Tourism Resources Evaluating Method

The main problems in the constructing and developing water resources scenic areas,focusing on promoting ecological civilization and the development of " ecological water conservancy,the livelihood of water conservancy and water conservancy tourism " overall demand,this paper discussed the optimizing the evaluation method of Water Conservancy Scenic Area tourism resources,put forward the scientific development,Water Conservancy Scenic Area development,principle oriented integration development and leapfrog development combined with the experience economy and tourism;development of innovative ideas,proposing countermeasures and suggestions to construct Water National park and Water Eco-civilization City.The Water Conservancy Scenic Area to enhance the quality of tourism and to expand social influence,which have important and positive significance.
Effect of simulative water cadmium pollution on some enzymes activity in rice seedlings

The effect of simulative water Cd~(2+) pollution on the activity of some enzymes during seed germination and seedling growth of rice were studied.The seeds and seedlings of rice were treated by 0,0.1,1,10,100 mg/L Cd~(2+) solution.The activity of three enzymes for substance metabolism were significantly inhibited by Cd~(2+).The activity of amylase(AMY),dehydrogenase(DHG) and nitrate reductase(NR) decreased by 10.44%～57.14%,11.93%～53.39% and 14.65%～54.06%,respectively.The Cd~(2+) stimulated antioxidant enzymes: activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) increased by 32.84%～133.65%,31.28%～133.66% and 33.22%～120.62%,respectively.The three antioxidant enzymes eliminated oxidation of active oxygen and protected cell structure.
Man and the Sea—The Ecological Challenge

Cultural “revolutions” are characterized by increased utilization of natural resources, resulting in increased carrying capacity for the human species. We are witnessing the Marine Revolution , which challenges us to develop unifying, ecosystem-based approaches to the science and use of the sea. Knowing (i.e., science) marineprocesses should form the fundamental basis for doing (i.e., conservation and management), within a global human ecological framework. The issues of human ecology are about the same by land or sea, but these subdivisions of Earth are fundamentally different. The sea must be understood in its own right, rather than be driven by terrestrially-derived models. For example, animal diversity is on a species level by land; marine diversity is at higher taxonomic levels and, if viewed functionally, is greater than the land's. This has important implications in the design of protected areas. Another example concerns the roles of large organisms in ocean processes; fishery ecology has been neglected, but a total ecosystem viewpoint is essential towards placing fisheries on a sustainable basis. New perspectives toward the sea are rapidly emerging. Satellites have the potential for revolutionizing oceanography. Ecotoxicology is in the process of addressing pollution on an ecosystem basis. A unified scientific perspective of “oceanology” is required to help meet problems of human ecology during the Marine Revolution.
An experimental study on traditional Chinese medicine for prevention of the renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis

Objective To investigate the interventional effect of Chinese herbs on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis after unilateral urethral obstruction(UUO) in rats.Methods The experimental rats were randomly divided into four groups:sham-operated group for control(Sham group),unilateral ureteral obstruction group(UUO group),angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment group(ACEI group) and Chinese herbs group.The kidney tissues were collected from each group on 14d after operation.Hematoxylin-eosin stain and Masson stain were used to measure tubulointerstitial fibrosis and immunohistochemical method was performed to detect CD68 and α-smooth muscle actin.Results(1)The degree of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis,and the expression of CD68,α-SMA were reduced in ACEI group and Chinese herbs group compared with UUO group(P0.05).(2)The degree of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis,the positive rate of CD68 and α-SMA was lower in Chinese herbs group compared with ACEI group(P0.05).Conclusion Chinese herbs can prevent the renal interstitial fibrosis after unilateral urethral obstruction in rats,through inhibiting the infiltration of mononuclear macrophage in mesenchymal and transdifferentiation of interstitial cells.
Rat hepatic nuclear cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrase in membranes prepared by two methods: similarities with the microsomal enzymes.

Cytochrome P-450 in rat liver nuclear membranes of untreated, PB-pretreated, or 3-MC-pretreated animals was spectrally similar to corresponding liver microsomes. Epoxide hydrase activity of liver nuclear membrane and microsomes was induced by PB administration; 3-MC did not cause any induction. The same results were obtained when either the DNase digestion method or sucrose density centrifugation technique for preparation of nuclear membranes was used.
US Polices to Restrict Immigration

The history of US immigration has included both restrictive and expansive phases, and this chapter focuses on the former. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fear of racial and ethnic demographic change motivated restrictive immigration legislation ranging from the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) to the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act (1924). During the Great Depression, the US Government repatriated almost half a million Mexicans through deportations and less formal pressure. Beginning in the late 1940s, the Border Patrol undertook campaigns in the Southwest against undocumented Mexican migrants, culminating in Operation Wetback in 1954, which removed over a million migrants to Mexico. The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 extended amnesty to almost three million undocumented migrants while also creating penalties for employers of the unauthorized. In 1996, legislation such as the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) dramatically expanded the grounds for deportation. Nevertheless, many scholars maintain that restrictive immigration measures often fail to deter unauthorized immigrants, and instead of curtailing circular migration the measures encourage informal, extralegal flows.
Afocal 3D Fluorescence Microscopy Using ℱ-BASIS

F-BASIS 3D microscopy employs acousto-optically synthesized non-redundantly multiplexed moving interference patterns and RF detection to measure dense Fourier sample clouds, enabling high-speed focus-free volume microscopy. We present our first fluorescence imaging results.
Solubility of C60 in solvent mixtures.

The potential large-scale production of fullerene C60 and its widespread use in consumer products may translate into occupational and public exposure and in long-term environmental exposure. To assess the risk and fate of C60 in the environment, it is important to understand its solvate formation in common industrial solvents as the solvates may affect various properties of C60 including reactivity and toxicity, particularly when solvates occur in C60 clusters. In this study, the solubility measurements in mixed solvent system can provide useful information about solvate formation. The solubility of C60 was measured in pure toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, and acetonitrile to be 3000, 11, 1.4, and 0.04 mg/L, respectively. Additionally, the solubility of C60 was measured in mixtures of toluene−acetonitrile, toluene−ethanol, toluene−tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile−tetrahydrofuran. The solubility data were modeled with some accuracy using Wohl’s equation. The estimated crystal energy term for C60 in tetr...
Decomposing the Changes in Inequality

As we have already obtained some answers to the question of what placed some individuals in a better or worse position in the distribution to be able to take advantage of the opportunities that the economy was generating, we are now able to take a first step for testing the hypothesis set out in Chapter 1. Given the results in Chapter 2, we would need to verify if the individuals who were initially better endowed with human and physical capital managed to obtain higher returns to their assets during liberalization, while the disadvantaged found it more difficult to avoid the costs inherent in the process. This chapter engages in this problem by focusing on the distribution as a whole.
Restoration and Social Transformation in Early Meiji Japan

I analysed in Chapter 2 how, in the waning years of the Tokugawa era, domestic and external forces combined to usher in changes in the social structure of Japanese society. These forces included the increasing influence of the merchant class to whom the samurai ruling class was becoming more indebted, and the threat of foreign domination — and perhaps colonisation — of Japan. These forces created dissatisfaction among the lower class samurai — mostly retainers of the daimyo — who overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate and brought the Emperor back into political prominence. For the Emperor had been politically uninfluential while the warrior class of samurai, headed by the Shogun, had dominated the political scene.
Postmenopausal Hypertension and Coronary Artery Disease Risk

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women worldwide [1, 2]. Female hormones, particularly estrogens, exert a protective role on the cardiac and vascular function through many pathophysiological mechanisms. However, this beneficial effect is abolished after menopause; loss of protection is associated with an increase in the incidence of hypertension [3], diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and, consequently, cardiovascular disease. Indeed, the large burden of cardiovascular disease in women is noted around the age of 50, coinciding with menopause [4]. However, although endogenous estrogens are cardioprotective, the results concerning the potential beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women are contradictory.