cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When would Natural Laws have been Broken

It is often held that laws of nature bear a special relation to counterfactual conditionals. In particular, it is suggested that one should retain, under a counterfactual antecedent, all of those claims that one believes to be law-statements, if the antecedent is consistent with all of those claims. I'll call this principle 'nomic preservation': If p q (read 'Had p obtained, then q would have obtained') and p is consistent with L, the conjunction of all and only the statements of natural law, then pq and if p is consistent with L and it is a logical truth that (pL neither Lewis nor Slote denies that it would. Slote's counterfactual seems strange because our standard reason for contemplating a counterfactual antecedent, such as 'Had I been depressed yesterday', is not to determine whether every past moment would then have been different in some respect or other, but to consider some particular moment and to examine whether it would then have been different in some particular way. Had I been depressed yesterday, would I have cried all day or phoned you? Had I been depressed sometime yesterday, would someone have to have first reminded me of the famine in Somalia, since I was in such a good mood?
Criteria to Limit Interference Resulting from Antenna Pointing Errors

Vehicle-Mounted Earth Station (VMES) terminals are new terminals and interference from these terminals is time varying. Recommendations (Recs.) ITU-R S.1857 and S.2029 were developed to assess and limit the time-varying interference from these terminals. In this paper we consider the effects of interference due to motion-induced antenna pointing errors using the traditional "worst-case" interference criterion and the criterion established in Rec. ITU-R S.1857. It is shown that in order to satisfy the worst-case interference criterion the power level of the terminal has to be reduced by a large amount, for example 6 dB. On the other hand, it is shown that according to the methodologies developed in Rec. ITU-R S.1857 these same interference levels can be accommodated at the victim receiver with a negligible power penalty at the VMES terminal.
Adaptive optics without guide stars(Conference Presentation)

Adaptive optics is a strategy to compensate for sample-induced aberrations in microscopy applications. Generally, it requires the presence of "guide stars" in the sample to serve as localized reference targets. We describe an implementation of conjugate adaptive optics that is amenable to widefield (i.e. non-scanning) microscopy, and can provide aberration corrections over potentially large fields of view without the use of guide stars. A unique feature of our implementation is that it is based on wavefront sensing with a single-shot partitioned-aperture sensor that provides large dynamic range compatible with extended samples. Combined information provided by this sensor and the imaging camera enable robust image de-blurring based on a rapid estimation of sample and aberrations obtained by closed-loop feedback. We present the theoretical principle of our technique and experimental demonstrations using both trans-illumination and fluorescence microscopes. Finally, we apply our technique to mouse brain imaging.
Early NK Cell Proliferation After Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation Is Associated With Superior Disease-Free Survival Due To Reduced Leukemia Relapse

Compared to traditional chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) has the potential of triggering graft vs. leukemia (GVL) reactions that make this procedure uniquely curative. Despite this, relapse remains the most common cause of treatment failure. Early after allo-HCT the donor immune system reconstitutes within the host and natural killer (NK) cells are the earliest lymphocyte population to recover. Previous studies by us and other investigators have linked rapid lymphocyte recovery and/or high NK cell numbers early after transplant with less relapse. Mechanistically, the reasons for this are unknown. We hypothesized that NK cell proliferation would be associated with allo-HCT outcomes. In a large data set with short-term follow-up we compared stem cell source to NK cell proliferation at Day 28 after transplantation (using Ki67+ staining). In patients undergoing autologous (n=117), sibling (n=57), single umbilical cord blood (sUCB) (n=62) or double umbilical cord blood (dUCB) (n=50) transplantation there were significant differences in the median NK cell proliferation (2.1%, 3.3%, 3.8%, and 19.2%, respectively, p 20%) and low (<20%) NK cell proliferating groups and assessed for cytokine levels and transplant outcomes. At Day 28 soluble IL15 levels were not different between high and low NK cell proliferating patients. There was no significant association between NK cell proliferation and the probability or time to neutrophil recovery (p=0.15) or treatment related mortality (p=0.88). Excluding the 14 patients who developed aGVHD prior to day of NK cell assessment (Day 28), the high NK proliferating group had a trend toward a higher cumulative incidence of aGVHD (46% vs. 25%, p=0.17). Using multivariable analysis to control for a variety of patient and disease-associated variables, patients with high NK cell proliferation had significantly better disease-free survival (HR=0.29, 95%CI=0.12-0.71, p=0.01) ([Figure 1][1]). Strikingly, patients with high NK cell proliferation were 4-times less likely to relapse (HR=0.24, 95%CI=0.08-0.77, p=0.02). Collectively, these studies show that early NK cell proliferation is associated with superior outcomes after dUCB transplantation, due to reduced relapse, and that this is partly modulated by Tregs. Prospective strategies to increase NK cell proliferation may be of therapeutic benefit to improve transplant outcomes. ![Figure 1][2] Figure 1 Disease Free Survival for patients undergoing dUCB transplant (n=53) based on low (blue) vs high (red) NK cell proliferation at Day 28 post transplant. Disclosures: Wagner: Novartis: Research Funding. Miller: Coronado Biosciences: Scientific Advisory Board Other. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
Analysis of Risk Factors and Prognosis in Children Secondary Epilepsy after Viral Encephalitis

Objective: To investigate the risk factors and prognosis of secondary epilepsy after viral encephalitis in children. Methods: Three hundred and forty-two medical records of viral encephalitis cases with seizures from January 2000 to December 2004 were reviewed and the anti-epilepsy treatment was observed in secondary epilepsy children. Results: Thirty of 342 cases (8.9%) were secondary epilepsy after viral encephalitis. Frequency of seizures, duration of seizures, time of impaired consciousness, serious abnormal EEG, percentage of electroencephalogram (EEG) discharge, abnormal magnetic resonance imaging and time of recovery to EEG of secondary epilepsy group were significantly higher than those in control group. There were significant differences between two groups (P 0.05). Multiplicity logistic regression model analysis showed time of recovery to EEG and duration of seizures were the risk factors of secondary epilepsy after viral encephalitis (P 0.05). There was no significant difference of time of fever, age, percentage of paralysis of limbs, abnormal computer tomography (CT) and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) between the secondary epilepsy group and control group (P 0.05). Thirty cases with secondary epilepsy were treated by anti-epilptic drug. The effective rate was 80%. Conclusion: A long history of having seizures and slow time of recovery to EEG are the risk factors of secondary epilepsy after viral encephalitis in children. Active controlling seizures during viral encephalitis can reduce the incidence of secondary epilepsy.
Quantum Chemical Determination of Young's Modulus of Lignin. Calculations on a β-O-4' Model Compound

The calculation of Young's modulus of lignin has been examined by subjecting a dimeric model compound to strain, coupled with the determination of energy and stress. The computational results, derived from quantum chemical calculations, are in agreement with available experimental results. Changes in geometry indicate that modifications in dihedral angles occur in response to linear strain. At larger levels of strain, bond rupture is evidenced by abrupt changes in energy, structure, and charge. Based on the current calculations, the bond scission may be occurring through a homolytic reaction between aliphatic carbon atoms. These results may have implications in the reactivity of lignin especially when subjected to processing methods that place large mechanical forces on the structure.
The effects of intrauterine asphyxia on the full-term neonate.

In an effort to clarify the pathogenesis of one type of perinatal brain damage, this article deals specifically with the effects of intrauterine asphyxia on the central nervous system of the full-term infant.
Farewell to dawn: a mixed reality dance performance in a virtual space

Farewell to Dawn is a mixed reality dance performance which explores two dancers' voyage from a physical space to a virtual stage and back, as the day passes before them.
A high-performance low-complexity bipolar technology using selective collector compensation

This paper describes a novel bipolar technology which achieves very high ECL performance while maintaining low process complexity, large fabrication tolerances, and full CMOS compatibility. The high NPN BJT performance is achieved by using a p-type collector well rather than a conventional n-well. This allows a large decrease in the junction capacitances of the BJT. Furthermore, the BJT can be merged in the same well as the diffused ECL load resistor, resulting in a substantial area savings and further performance improvement. A minimum power-delay product of 50 fJ for a standard ECL gate is demonstrated for these devices. >
Must Labour Lose? Revisionism and the ‘Affluent Worker’

Socialists’ understanding of affluence was not predetermined. Its extent, meaning and implications for socialism were hotly contested. Most viewed it from an ethical perspective and were hostile on the grounds that affluence was morally and culturally corrupt. Enmity also centred on the perception that affluence was undermining the left’s sociological base in working-class communities and consciousness. Believing affluence to have been bought on credit and transitory, based on a short-term boom, the CPGB and Labour left’ saw little reality or economic achievement to it. Labour revisionists and the New Left used an ethical framework to propose ways of building upon affluence rather than opposing it. Revisionism believed it a condition with unrealized socialist potential. As Fabians and social democrats had long done, they believed socialism would evolve from capitalism. And affluence — since it stood as evidence of economic dynamism and it was hoped the relief of material need might attune people to ethical and cultural goals — affirmed this perspective. Revisionism, then, and the figure of the ‘affluent worker’, can be recognized as a quite traditional socialist mode of thought. What was novel about Crosland, as Inglis suggests, was that he saw, as few in the labour movement could, the candid delight with which people, the people, enjoyed their new leisure, their new comforts and domestic toys.’1
Building capacity and transforming lives: Anthropology undergraduates and religious campus‐climate research on a public university campus

This paper tells the story of how undergraduate researchers participating in an applied and participatory anthropological research project at Utah State University have used their research experience to help make our campus a more welcoming place for all who orient around religion and spirituality differently. The campus-climate research project described herein was designed to investigate the relationship between diverse religious and spiritual commitments and feelings of discomfort or well-being on our campus. Students who worked on this project gained valuable skills as researchers. Additionally, they became student leaders of a movement to promote a more welcoming climate on campus. Both kinds of experience—as student researchers and as campus-change-agents—have provided these students with value-added skills and knowledge that will increase employability. Far from a “degree to nowhere,” applied and participatory anthropology has prepared these undergraduates to meet the challenges of a world that needs the anthropological lens now more than ever before.
News from the National Archives

(1996). News from the National Archives. Problems of Post-Communism: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 63-63.
Modular synthesis of asymmetric rylene derivatives

The modular synthesis of asymmetric rylenes from naphthalic anhydride derivatives is presented. Imidization, Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and cyclodehydrogenation reactions are utilized for the generation of novel functional rylenes with these three core transformations providing significant flexibility over the final structure. The combination of simple purification and high yields enables access to asymmetric rylenes with functional handles at the imide-position and site-specific incorporation of bay position substituents. The resulting library of perylenes and bisnapthalimide-anthracene derivatives showcase the presented methodology and the ability to tune optoelectronic and electrochemical properties.
Parallel LDA with Over-Decomposition

Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a statistical technique for topic modeling. Prior efforts to parallelize LDA have either used expensive atomic operations or weakened the sampling model to enable parallelization without heavy use of atomics. In this paper, we present a parallel LDA implementation that uses an over-decomposed 2D tiling strategy to overcome the limitations of previous parallelization schemes. An alternate implementation that uses some approximation is also presented that fully avoids use of atomic operations. Experimental results with the NIPS and NYTimes datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the new implementations.
Plasmon enhanced upconversion in water-dispersible metal-insulator-metal nanostructures

We present results on enhanced upconversion of NaYF 4 : Er3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles using a metal-insulator-metal structure that can eventually be dispersed in solution. Enhancement of 1200x in photoluminescence and 3.8x in energy transfer rate is observed.
A phase II trial of 9-aminocaptothecin (9-AC) as a 120-h infusion in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

In a previous phase II trial of thesynthetic topoisomerase I inhibitor,9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC), given as a72-h infusion, we identified modestsingle agent activity of 9% in patientswith previously untreated advancednon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Preclinical studies suggested that a moreprolonged continuous infusion of the drugmight lead to greater antitumor activity. Aphase I study recommended a phase II doseof 25 μg/m2/hr for 120 h(3000 μg/m2 over 5 days),administered for 2 consecutive weeks of a3-week cycle. We utilized this schedule andenrolled 13 chemotherapy-naive patientswith Stage IIIB and IV NSCLC in this trial:median age 67 (range 57–74); 46% male;92% stage IV; and median performancestatus 1. Twelve patients are availablefor response and toxicity evaluation after2 cycles of therapy. One patient achieveda partial response. Four patients hadstable disease while seven patients hadprogressive disease. Patients with stableor progressive disease after two cyclesreceived no additional 9-AC, and wereoffered conventional chemotherapy. Themedian survival time was 10.2 months andthe one-year survival rate 28% (95%confidence interval, 5–58%). Significant toxicities includedmyelosuppression, fatigue, and anorexia. One patient had grade 4 neutropeniafollowing the first week of cycle 2, anddid not receive additional therapy. Therewere no neutropenia-related infections.These data suggest that this prolongedschedule is unlikely to increase 9-AC'svery modest activity in NSCLC above thatseen with the simpler 72-hadministration schedule. Furtherevaluation of 9-AC in NSCLC is notrecommended.
Neuro-Immune Pathobiology of Infectious Enteric Disease

Recent knowledge of neuro-endocrine-immune communication in the intestinal mucosa has provided a new paradigm for the pathophysiology of diarrheal disease that will significantly alter and advance therapeutic strategies. Mast cells, enteroendocrine cells and phagocytes are the proximate mediators of signalling cascades activated by parasitic nematodes and food allergens, enterotoxigenic bacteria, and at least some of the invasive pathogens, respectively. These proximate, trigger cells give rise to products that affect epithelial function directly, or indirectly through stimulation of prostaglandin production by mesenchymal cells, and enteric nerve stimulation, which can markedly amplify the initial stimulus. The enteric nervous system in fact may mediate the majority of the secretory response induced by enterotoxins or phagocytes. The signalling network mediated by cells in the lamina propria provides new points of control for pharmacological therapy.
Parameters of LTP induction modulate network categorization behavior

Long-term potentiation (LTP) can only be induced at a synapse up to a fixed maximum extent; the magnitude of this ceiling has been found to be modulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. The effect of the LTP ceiling on network-level categorization performance in a simulated layer of cortical neurons is investigated. The simulation is presented with random-dot stimuli and the similarity of its outputs is used to determine how it classifies its inputs. It was found that a higher ceiling leads to wider category formation, thus suggesting additional computer simulations and human experiments to test the connection between this LTP parameter and categorization performance.
Current trends in antithrombotic drug and device development.

Many significant developments in the diagnosis and clinical management of thrombotic disorders have occurred recently [1– 24, 26]. Basic medical sciences have contributed remarkably in both the areas of therapeutics and diagnosis of arterial and venous thrombosis. Many newer approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic disorders have been introduced [10, 14, 16]. This has only been possible due to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of thrombotic processes.
Tests of the ITER Prototype Ion Cyclotron Antenna

A prototype antenna for the ITER ion cyclotron system, based on a resonant double loop antenna design from the 1998 Engineering Design Activity, has been built and tested. Electrical properties of the antenna were measured and were in agreement with theoretical calculations. Results of high-power experiments in vacuum showed that the antenna could operate at voltages in excess of 60 kV for multisecond pulses. The stub tuning arrangement proposed for use on ITER was demonstrated to work. These results validate the original design concept of the ITER antenna.
Platform development for expression and purification of stable isotope labeled monoclonal antibodies in Escherichia coli

The widespread use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a platform for therapeutic drug development in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increased interest in robust experimental approaches for assessment of mAb structure, stability and dynamics. The ability to enrich proteins with stable isotopes is a prerequisite for the in-depth application of many structural and biophysical methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), small angle neutron scattering, neutron reflectometry, and quantitative mass spectrometry. While mAbs can typically be produced with very high yields using mammalian cell expression, stable isotope labeling using cell culture is expensive and often impractical. The most common and cost-efficient approach to label proteins is to express proteins in Escherichia coli grown in minimal media; however, such methods for mAbs have not been reported to date. Here we present, for the first time, the expression and purification of a stable isotope labeled mAb from a genetically engineered E. coli strain capable of forming disulfide bonds in its cytoplasm. It is shown using two-dimensional NMR spectral fingerprinting that the unlabeled mAb and the mAb singly or triply labeled with 13C, 15N, 2H are well folded, with only minor structural differences relative to the mammalian cell-produced mAb that are attributed to the lack of glycosylation in the Fc domain. This advancement of an E. coli-based mAb expression platform will facilitate the production of mAbs for in-depth structural characterization, including the high resolution investigation of mechanisms of action.
Mental Health Conditions and Health Care Payments for Children with Chronic Medical Conditions.

Abstract Objective To estimate additional payments associated with co-existing mental health or substance use disorders (MH/SUDs) among commercially insured children and youth with chronic medical conditions (CMCs) and to determine whether children's MH/SUDs have similar associations with parental health care payments. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of a national database of paid commercial insurance claims for 2012–2013. Participants were children and youth ages 0 to 26 years covered as dependents on parents’ health insurance and categorized by the presence or absence of any of 11 chronic medical conditions and MH/SUDs. We determined the numbers of children and youth with CMCs and paid health care claims categorized as hospital, professional, and pharmacy services and as medical or behavioral. We compared paid claims for children and youth with CMCs with and without co-occurring MH/SUDs and for their parents. Results The sample included almost 6.6 million children and youth and 5.8 million parents. Compared to children without CMCs, children with CMCs had higher costs, even higher for children with CMCs who also had MH/SUDs. Children with CMCs and co-occurring MH/SUDs had 2.4 times the annual payments of those with chronic conditions alone, especially for medical expenses. Estimated additional annual payments associated with MH/SUDs in children with CMCs were $8.8 billion. Parents of children with CMCs and associated MH/SUDs had payments 59% higher than those for parents of children with CMCs alone. Conclusions MH/SUDs in children and youth with CMCs are associated with higher total health care payments for both patients and their parents, suggesting potential benefits from preventing or reducing the impact of MH/SUDs among children and youth with CMCs.
An ultrasonic feeding mechanism for continuous aerosol generation from cohesive powders

The dispersion of dry, cohesive micro- and nanosized powders has wide applications ranging from medical and environmental science to manufacturing technology. Being able to disperse the dry powder ...
Resilience Analysis of DC Microgrids Under Denial of Service Threats

This paper develops a resilience analysis framework to study the fault ride-through capability of direct current (DC) microgrids in unknown denial of service (DoS) cyber incidents. DoS can be a frequent threat to DC microgrids with advanced controllers that hinge on active information exchanges: it can paralyze data communications and cause control ineptness or even system instability. Furthermore, we show that temporal DoS incidents render the DC microgrid cyber-physical topology and parameters time-varying and cause them to jump between faulty conditions. As existing DC microgrid stability analysis results are primarily developed from time-invariant systems, they might not be valid for the DoS interrupted systems. In this paper, we seek to study whether a DC microgrid is resilient against time-varying unknown DoS incidents. The problem is formulated as a stability analysis problem for a system with randomly switching dynamics. Scalable conditions are developed to provide provable resilience guarantees. In addition, we exploit the special structure of the conditions to yield quantified resilience measure by convex optimization techniques. The measure can be used for the evaluation of the resilience of different DC microgrid design against DoS incidents. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed work using simulation case studies.
Reinventing Academic Publishing, Part 3

Online scientific interaction outside the traditional journal space is becoming more and more important to academic communication.
Evidence of Leptospiral Presence in the Cumberland Gap Region.

Background Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease that causes reproductive losses and/or hepatorenal failure in a number of animal species. Wild reservoirs of the disease, such as rodents, harbor the causative bacterium, Leptospira spp., in their kidneys and contaminate the environment by excreting infected urine. In this study, we tested small wild mammals, environmental water, and livestock in the Cumberland Gap region of southeastern Appalachia for the presence of pathogenic Leptospira or leptospiral antibodies. Methods/Results Small wild mammals (n = 101) and environmental water samples (n = 89) were screened by a real time quantitative PCR that targets the pathogenic Leptospira-specific lipl32 gene. Kidneys from 63 small wild mammals (62.37%) and two water sources (2.25%) tested positive for leptospiral DNA. To identify the infecting leptospiral species in qPCR-positive water and kidney samples, a fragment of leptospiral rpoB gene was PCR amplified and sequenced. L. kirschneri and L. interrogans were the leptospiral species carried by small wild mammals. Furthermore, sera from livestock (n = 52; cattle and horses) were screened for leptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Twenty sera (38.46%) from livestock had antibodies to one or more serovars of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Conclusions In conclusion, results from our study show exposure to leptospiral infection in farm animals and the presence of this zoonotic pathogen in the environmental water and kidneys of a significant number of small wild mammals. The public health implications of these findings remain to be assessed.
Visualizing the Ecological Importance of pre-Euro-American Settlement Fire across Three Midwestern Landscapes

Bearing-tree data were used to calculate an index, pyrophilic percentage, depicting the importance of fire before Euro-American settlement on three landscapes, two within the Prairie Peninsula and one outside the region. Based on functional traits, bearing trees were classified as either pyrophilic or pyrophobic, applied to Public Land Survey points, and the pyrophilic percentage was calculated for each point. Kriging was applied to this point database to create a continuous surface of pyrophilic percentages. Regression analysis was used to relate this surface to environmental factors. Regression models created separately for each study area explained 38 to 53% of the variation in pyrophilic percentage. A positive association between pyrophilic percentage and distance to water and summer potential evapotranspiration was consistent across all study sites. The consistently high values and spatial patterns of pyrophilic percentage revealed fire-dominated landscapes interspersed with patches of pyrophobic vegetation. The restriction of pyrophobic areas to the leeside (east) of waterbodies indicated these served as firebreaks in a fire-swept landscape. Lake Michigan must have had a profound effect on pre- Euro-American settlement fire environments, serving as a massive physical firebreak while casting a moist maritime climate eastward. In southern and southwestern Illinois, the Mississippi River and associated tributaries along with an increase in topographic complexity also served as firebreaks, with pyrophobic forests restricted to riparian zones which progressively graded to pyrophilic vegetation on surrounding uplands. Our analysis expands the use of Public Land Survey data by converting bearing trees into a meaningful fire ecology index. While much of the landscape included in our study area is now in agriculture or urbanized, pyrophilic percentage maps can help guide land managers in the application of fire for restoration, conservation, and forestry purposes.
Characterization of nitrogen-containing species produced from nitric acid/water systems

Abstract The speciation of gases formed in the vapor phase above HNO3-H2O mixtures at room temperature is measured and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Although studies of speciation of compounds have been performed in the solution phase, this study focuses solely on the gas phase species formed over HNO3-H2O mixtures and their concentrations as a function of time. The nitric acid concentration in the experiments range from 14 to 4 M. The NO2, NO, and N2O (collectively known at NOx) gases are measured by FTIR at 1585, 1850, and 2208 wavenumbers, respectively. The concentrations of these NOx species ranges from 0 to 3 ppm and change over time as a function of acid concentration. Two purities of commercially available HNO3 are used to prepare the HNO3-H2O mixtures. An analysis of thermodynamic data shows that the formation of NOx gases without the presence of a catalyst are thermodynamically favorable.
A rank-based measure of educational assortative mating

Measures of educational assortative mating must contend with the fact that the marginal distributions of education differ by sex and change over time. I propose a new measure of assortative mating,...
Adoption of conservation practices: what have we learned from two decades of social-psychological approaches?

Conservation practices (CPs) are frequently presented as a solution to the environmental impacts of intensified agriculture systems. CPs have, however, not been universally adopted by farmers, despite significant state financial support. Meta-analyses have confirmed that no single factor consistently explains farmers’ decisions, highlighting the need for integrating social-psychological factors in adoption studies. This paper reviews how the two most influential social-psychology theoretical frameworks, namely the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Values-Beliefs-Norms (VBN) theory, have been applied to farmer adoption of CPs. Since the mid-2000s a burgeoning but circumscribed literature has demonstrated the relevance of these approaches. Although VBN theory has been much less used than the TPB, both frameworks have led to policy recommendations supporting farmers’ (1) environmental education; (2) access to technical assistance; and (3) environmental identities. Conceptual coherence, variable measurement and model consistency issues need, however, to be addressed to increase the relevancy of studies.
Towards Reverse Engineering Controller Area Network Messages Using Machine Learning

The automotive Controller Area Network (CAN) allows Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to communicate with each other and control various vehicular functions such as engine and braking control. Consequently CAN and ECUs are high priority targets for hackers. As CAN implementation details are held as proprietary information by vehicle manufacturers, it can be challenging to decode and correlate CAN messages to specific vehicle operations. To understand the precise meanings of CAN messages, reverse engineering techniques that are time-consuming, manually intensive, and require a physical vehicle are typically used. This work aims to address the process of reverse engineering CAN messages for their functionality by creating a machine learning classifier that analyzes messages and determines their relationship to other messages and vehicular functions. Our work examines CAN traffic of different vehicles and standards to show that it can be applied to a wide arrangement of vehicles. The results show that the function of CAN messages can be determined without the need to manually reverse engineer a physical vehicle.
A Framework for Providing Stochastic Delay Guarantees in Communication Networks

The provisioning of delay guarantees in packet-switched networks such as the Internet remains an important, yet challenging open problem. We propose and evaluate a framework, based on results from stochastic network calculus, for guaranteeing stochastic bounds on network delay at a statistical multiplexer. The framework consists of phase-type traffic bounds and moment generating function traffic envelopes, stochastic traffic regulators to enforce the traffic bounds, and an admission control scheme to ensure that a stochastic delay bound is maintained for a given set of flows. Through numerical examples, we show that a stochastic delay bound is maintained at the multiplexer, and contrast the proposed framework to an approach based on deterministic network calculus.
Social bonds predict dominance trajectories in adult male chimpanzees

In some species, individuals form well-differentiated and affiliative social relationships that facilitate cooperation and confer adaptive benefits, but few studies of males have addressed the benefits of same-sex social bonds. Among mammals, adult male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, form some of the strongest and most stable social bonds, and several studies have found that higher-ranking males attain short- and long-term benefits. No study in chimpanzees, however, has demonstrated a link between social bonds and dominance trajectories. To fill this gap, we used 37 years of data from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, to test the hypothesis that social bonds in adult male chimpanzees predict changes in dominance strength, which were measured by annual changes in mean Elo scores. Across 24 adult males, we found that social bonds, which were identified using both association in small groups and grooming activity, showed positive relationships with changes in dominance strength. From previous studies, the most likely mechanism for the observed relationship between adult male bond strength and dominance trajectories is the formation of cooperative coalitions, by which males with stronger bonds leverage established relationships to maintain or increase their position in the dominance hierarchy. Given the fission–fusion social structure of chimpanzees, both party-level associations and grooming relationships are essential components of male social bonding, and these results, in combination with prior studies, suggest that having strong social bonds is a valuable strategy for achieving higher rank.
Sporadic facial angiofibroma and sporadic angiomyolipoma mimicking tuberous sclerosis complex.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic syndrome due to mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2, leading to the development of hamartomatous tumours at multiple body sites, including facial skin (facial angiofibroma (FAF)), brain (cortical tubers) and kidney (angiomyolipoma (AML)). In this report, we describe an individual with minimal TSC clinical features, who had ‘no mutation identified’ (NMI) by prior genetic testing in a clinical laboratory. Our massively parallel sequencing (MPS) analysis of multiple samples from different body sites and tumours (including blood, saliva, normal skin, AML and FAF) revealed an extraordinary situation in which FAF and AML had completely independent inactivating biallelic variants in TSC2, not present in other matched samples. This suggests that the two different lesions (AML and FAF) are not due to the same underlying germline or mosaic mutation, rather both are likely sporadic events. This case demonstrates the relevance of thorough clinical examination, high-coverage MPS of multiple tumours and matched normal tissues, and appropriate genetic counselling for individuals with marginal TSC features and possible TSC1 or TSC2 mosaicism.
Lambda Words: A Class of Rich Words Defined Over an Infinite Alphabet

Lambda words are sequences obtained by encoding the differences between ordered elements of the form i + j�, where i and j are non-negative integers and 1 < � < 2. Lambda words are right-infinite words defined over an infinite alphabet that have connections with Sturmian words, Christoffel words, and interspersion arrays. We show that Lambda words are infinite rich words. Furthermore, any Lambda word may be mapped onto a right-infinite word over a three-letter alphabet. Although the mapping preserves palindromes and non-palindromes of the Lambda word, the resulting Gamma word is not rich.
Can the Solar Neutrino Problem be the First Detected Signature of Dark Matter From the Halo of our Galaxy? (Candidates for Solar Cosmions)

The solar neutrino problem can be solved if the sun has accreted a sufficient number of weakly interacting particles from the dark matter of the galaxy. Dark matter particles with mass and cross-sections in a small range are required. It is an interesting problem of model building to give concrete particle candidates for these particles. We present it as an example of the deep interconnection of astrophysics and particle physics necessary to deal with dark matter candidates.
The effect of crystalline corpus luteum hormone, progesterone, on the ovaries and related endocrine organs

Abstract Unlike impure progestin products, progesterone, the crystalline corpus luteum hormone, administered in doses of 0.5 mg. thrice weekly for nine and one-half weeks to normal adult rats produced no inhibition of follicular growth, ovulation, and luteinization. The estrous cycles continued unabated. Nor was there any change in the average weight of the pituitary, adrenals, and ovaries. Evidence is adduced from the literature to emphasize that this quantity is more than enough for the physiologic needs of the rat. Larger doses, such as 1 mg. daily for thirty days or 4 mg. daily for twelve days, produced definite inhibition of follicular growth and prevented ovulation and luteinization. These effects are apparently the result of excessive and obviously unphysiologic dosage.
Triad resonance between gravity and vorticity waves in vertical shear

Abstract Weakly nonlinear theory is used to explore the effect of vertical shear on surface gravity waves in three dimensions. An idealized piecewise-linear shear profile motivated by wind-driven profiles and ambient currents in the ocean is used. It is shown that shear may mediate weakly nonlinear resonant triad interactions between gravity and vorticity waves. The triad results in energy exchange between gravity waves of comparable wavelengths propagating in different directions. For realistic ocean shears, shear-mediated energy exchange may occur on timescales of minutes for shorter wavelengths, but slows as the wavelength increases. Hence this triad mechanism may contribute to the larger angular spreading (relative to wind direction) for shorter wind-waves observed in the oceans.
False‐negative anti‐treponemal immunohistochemistry in secondary syphilis

Background While serological studies are the primary tool used to confirm the diagnosis of secondary syphilis, skin biopsies are often performed to control for potential false positives and negatives. Immunohistochemistry using anti-T. pallidum specific antibodies has proven to have a very high sensitivity and specificity for identification of spirochetes in biopsy specimens, but can occasionally fail to identify organisms in clinically and serologically confirmed cases. Methods We report two cases of apparently negative biopsy specimens in which rare organisms were subsequently identified by detailed study of multiple additional sections. Results Our experience suggests that the sensitivity of immunohistochemistry for syphilitic spirochetes may be improved by repeat immunostaining.
Effects of Person‐ and Process‐focused Feedback on Prosocial Behavior in Middle Childhood

Effects of person- and process-focused feedback, parental lay theories, and prosocial self-concept on children’s prosocial behavior were investigated with 143 9- and 10-year-old children who participated in a single session. Parents reported entity (person-focused) and incremental (process-focused) beliefs related to prosocial behavior. Children completed measures of prosocial self-concept, then participated in a virtual online chat with child actors who asked for help with service projects. After completing the chat, children could assist with the service projects. In the first cohort, children were randomly assigned to receive person-focused, process-focused, or control feedback about sympathy. In the second cohort, with newly-recruited families, children received no feedback. When given process-focused feedback, children spent less time spent helping and worked on fewer service projects. When given no feedback, children spent less time helping when parents held incremental (process-focused) beliefs. Children with higher prosocial self-concept who received no feedback worked on more service projects.
Local access evolution in the United States

The US local exchange telecommunications market is undergoing dramatic regulatory, technological, and structural change. For the near-term, this change will continue and the future architecture of the local exchange will remain uncertain. Three mutually exclusive technology scenarios, and the necessary conditions for the occurrence of each, are presented. "Fiber-in-the-loop Dominates" is deemed "Unlikely", "Fiber-coaxial Dominates" is judged "Somewhat Likely", and "Technology Mosaic" is believed to be the "Most Likely" outcome.
Mycotic Endophthalmitis Caused by Penicillium sp. After Parenteral Drug Abuse

A 30-year-old man developed endophthalmitis three weeks after an intravenous injection of hydromorphone hydrochloride. Penicillium species was recovered from a vitreous aspirate. Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine resulted in documented sterilization of the vitreous. At a six-month follow-up examination, the visual acuity of the involved eye was still limited to light perception.
OPTIMIZATION OF ANISOTROPIC SANDWICH BEAMS FOR HIGHER SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS

This paper presents a study on the optimization of sound transmission loss across anisotropic sandwich beams. It has been found in earlier studies that there is a significant increase in the sound transmission loss for sandwich beams with anisotropic materials compared to those with isotropic ones. The optimization studies presented in this work further validate this concept. The material and geometric properties of the structure are treated as the design variables with the objective to maximize the sound transmission loss across the beam. Appropriate constraints are imposed to maintain material and structural integrity.
The synthesis of some pyrido[1,4] benzoxazepines and a dipyrido[1,4] oxazepine

Synthetic routes to pyrido[2,3-b]-, pyrido[4,3-b]-, pyrido[3,2-f] [1,4]benzoxazepines and dipyrido[2,3-b:2,3-f] [1,4]oxazepine are described. The applicability of one of the methods to dibenz[b,f] [1,4]oxazepine synthesis is discussed.
Vibrational and rotational energy transfer upon molecular collisions

Abstract The cross section of the rotational and vibrational energy transfer is derived by using the first Born approximation which quantizes the translational motion of the colliding particles. The theory developed here integrates the intermolecular potential V ( R ) over all regions of the internuclear distance R by obtaining a Fourier transform of V ( R ). This differs from previous semiclassical (impact-parameter) treatments which either considered the short-range repulsive interaction or expanded V ( R ) into a long-range multipole expansion. The cross section obtained here is expressed in a very simple algebraic expression which can be readily calculated. This will be illustrated by examples of CO 2 (001)+N 2 (υ=0)=CO 2 (000)+N 2 (υ=1)+18.6 cm −1 and CO(υ=1)+CO(υ=1)=CO(υ=0)+CO(υ=2)+27 cm −1 . Calculations have been made both for the exothermic and for the endothermic reactions. The comparison of the present results with experimental results as well as with previously calculated results will be discussed.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry in astrocytes in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in human kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome.

Abstract We have used immunohistochemical techniques and a monoclonal antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to investigate the proliferative activity of glial cells in mice with experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and in human cases of CJD, kuru and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS). Only a small proportion of hypertrophic astrocytes showed PCNA immunoreactivity (labelling index, LI: 0–4.5%). PCNA-specific immunostaining was confined entirely to cell nuclei. During the early stages of illness, with minimal CJD pathology, PCNA-immunopositive nuclei were occasionally observed in the subependymal zone of experimentally infected mice. From 18 weeks postinoculation, PCNA-immunopositive astrocytes were most frequently found in the corpus callosum and cerebellar white matter; regions which characteristically exhibit robust vacuolation. No other cells, particularly no cells of microglial morphology, showed PCNA immunoreactivity. In human cases of kuru, CJD and GSS, no PCNA-immunopositive cells were detected despite the presence of numerous microglial cells and reactive hypertrophic astrocytes. These results indicate that only a limited proportion of astrocytes proliferate in the experimental models of subacute spongiform encephalopathies and that microglia are probably postmitotic cells.
Impact of Load Tap Changing Transformers on Power Transfer Capability

Power transfer margins are studied with under load tap changing (ULTC) transformers based on both static and dynamic analysis. Static analysis results show that the ULTC can effectively increase the power transfer capability from a generation area to a load center by matching the generation side impedance with the load impedance. In dynamic analysis, both the ULTC and the load are considered as dynamic devices. The dynamic mechanism of mid-term voltage instability is analyzed using a load gain factor. Discrepancies in results from the two methods are explained. The effects of two types of ULTC—the network transformer and the distribution transformer are investigated. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the network transformer is more beneficial for increasing the power transfer capability.
Assessing bioenergy-driven agricultural land use change and biomass quantities in the U.S. Midwest with MODIS time series

Bioenergy land use is expanding today as biofuel is consuming higher amount of agricultural production. In 2007, a widespread expansion of corn planting areas was recorded in the United States Department of Agriculture crop census. To better document the corn-related land use change, this study mapped the spatial distributions of four major annual crops (corn, soybean, winter wheat, and spring wheat) and three perennial crops (shortgrass, warm-season tallgrass, and cool-season tallgrass) in the Midwest. From 2006 to 2008, the 8-day, 500-m moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance products were used to retrieve the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites. A support vector machine classifier was applied to identify these crops based on their unique growth cycles reflected from NDVI trajectories. The results showed a net increase of 15% of corn fields in 2007 accompanied by a net decrease of 16% in 2008. With the season-long integrated NDVI, this study also explored the geographic context and biomass proxy of native perennial grasses, an important feedstock of cellulosic biofuel. Mostly growing in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, their biomass quantities increased from west to east. This study indicates that frequent satellite observations may provide an efficient tool for monitoring biomass supplies and land use changes to assist national bioenergy decision-making.