cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilayer films for mucosal (genetic) immunization via the buccal route in rabbits.

Purpose. The oral buccal mucosa may be an ideal site for mucosal immunization, allowing for the needle-free administration of cost-effective vaccines. A novel mucoadhesive bilayer film was developed to test the feasibility of this route of immunization in rabbits.
Determination of the equation of state of a polarized Fermi gas at unitarity

We report on the measurement of the equation of state of a two-component Fermi gas of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms with resonant interactions. By analyzing the in situ density distributions of a population-imbalanced Fermi mixture reported in a recent experiment [Y. Shin et al., Nature 451, 689 (2008)], we determine the energy density of a resonantly interacting Fermi gas as a function of the densities of the two components. We present a method to determine the equation of state directly from the shape of the trapped cloud, where the fully polarized, noninteracting ideal Fermi gas in the outer region provides the absolute calibration of particle density. From the density profiles obtained at the lowest temperature, we estimate the zero-temperature equation of state.
Kinematic dispersion in stream networks 1. Coupling hydraulic and network geometry

[1] We investigate the coupling of river network structure and hydraulic geometry thereby relaxing the assumption of spatially invariant celerities and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients. The presence of spatially varying celerities induces a dispersion effect, referred to as kinematic dispersion, on the network travel time distribution. Its contribution to the total dispersion is comparable to that due to the heterogeneity of path lengths, that is, geomorphologic dispersion, and significantly larger than the hydrodynamic dispersion. If this contribution is ignored, the hydrograph shows a higher peak flow, a shorter time to peak, and shorter duration.
Zebrafish vasa is required for germ-cell differentiation and maintenance.

Summary Vasa is a universal marker of the germ line in animals, yet mutations disrupting vasa cause sexually dimorphic infertility, with impaired development of the ovary in some animals and the testis in others. The basis for this sexually dimorphic requirement for Vasa is not clear; in most animals examined, both the male and female gonad express vasa throughout the life of the germ line. Here we characterized a loss-of-function mutation disrupting zebrafish vasa. We show that maternally provided Vasa is stable through the first ten days of development in zebrafish, and thus likely fulfills any early roles for Vasa during germ-line specification, migration, survival, and maintenance. Although zygotic Vasa is not essential for the development of juvenile gonads, vasa mutants develop exclusively as sterile males. Furthermore, phenotypes of vasa;p53 compound mutants are indistinguishable from those of vasa mutants, therefore the failure of vasa mutants to differentiate as females and to support germ-cell development in the testis is not due to p53-mediated apoptosis. Instead, we found that failure to progress beyond the pachytene stage of meiosis causes the loss of germ-line stem cells, leaving empty somatic tubules. Our studies provide insight into the function of zebrafish vasa during female meiosis, differentiation, and maintenance of germ-line stem cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 946–961, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability and achievement of asthma control with higher doses of inhaled conticosteroids regular treatment

Background/purpose: Uncontrolled asthma is characterized by variability. Previous GOAL study demonstrated that once asthma is achieved, the future risk of instability is greatly reduced. Higher stability (lower variability) in asthma control is also associated with a lower future possibility of unscheduled healthcare resource use. In the study, we attempted to increase inhaled combined agent doses initially and hypothesized that stability was positively associated with the level of control achieved. Methods: This was a prospective study and new diagnosed asthma patients were included and randomized into two groups. One group was treated with higher doses (HD) one month then shifted to guideline-practice (GP) treatment and another was treated with GP therapy model. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), asthma control test (ACT) and exacerbation times were measured. The follow-up time was 1/2 year. Results: 39 patients were treated with HD and 40 patients were GP therapy policy. PEF change were significantly improved in HD group compared with GP (56±17 vs. 45±19, p=0.04). The obvious improvement especially in initial 2 months (77±39 vs. 52±23, p=0.01). There were significantly differences in ACT change and exacerbation frequency in patients with mild and moderate persistent asthma using HD therapy. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that patients with HD treatment were more improved and stabilized than patients with previous conventional therapy policy. Further evaluation should be performed more patients and long term follow-up to confirm the higher doses9 efficiency.
FRACTIONATION OF LITHIUM ISOTOPES IN ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH TITANIUM PHOSPHATE EXCHANGER

ABSTRACT Ion exchange chromatography of lithium was carried out to study the lithium isotope effect in an aqueous ion-exchange system, using titanium phosphate exchangers granulated with polyvinyl chloride or an inorganic binder. The sample granulated with PVC showed significant isotope fractionations when a 0.05 M (NH4)2CO3 solution was used as an eluent. The lighter isotope 6Li was preferentially fractionated into the exchanger phase. The isotope separation factor was roughly evaluated as 1.007, which is smaller than that (1.017) obtained by batch experiment in a preceding paper. The smaller separation factor could be explained by the fact that the number of sites effective for Li+ exchange is less than the number evaluated from the ion exchange capacity. The exchanger granulated with an inorganic binder did not show lithium isotope fractionation in spite of its large capacity for retention of lithium.
A study of long-term fMRI reproducibility using data-driven analysis methods

The reproducibility of functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI is important for fMRI-based neuroscience research and clinical applications. Previous studies show considerable variation in amplitude and spatial extent of fMRI activation across repeated sessions on individual subjects even using identical experimental paradigms and imaging conditions. Most existing fMRI reproducibility studies were typically limited by time duration and data analysis techniques. Particularly, the assessment of reproducibility is complicated by a fact that fMRI results may depend on data analysis techniques used in reproducibility studies. In this work, the long-term fMRI reproducibility was investigated with a focus on the data analysis methods. Two spatial smoothing techniques, including a wavelet-domain Bayesian method and the Gaussian smoothing, were evaluated in terms of their effects on the long-term reproducibility. A multivariate support vector machine SVM-based method was used to identify active voxels, and compared to a widely used general linear model GLM-based method at the group level. The reproducibility study was performed using multisession fMRI data acquired from eight healthy adults over 1.5 years' period of time. Three regions-of-interest ROI related to a motor task were defined based upon which the long-term reproducibility were examined. Experimental results indicate that different spatial smoothing techniques may lead to different reproducibility measures, and the wavelet-based spatial smoothing and SVM-based activation detection is a good combination for reproducibility studies. On the basis of the ROIs and multiple numerical criteria, we observed a moderate to substantial within-subject long-term reproducibility. A reasonable long-term reproducibility was also observed from the inter-subject study. It was found that the short-term reproducibility is usually higher than the long-term reproducibility. Furthermore, the results indicate that brain regions with high contrast-to-noise ratio do not necessarily exhibit high reproducibility. These findings may provide supportive information for optimal design/implementation of fMRI studies and data interpretation.
Climate change and the conservation of marmots

Conservation of marmots, large ground-dwelling squirrels restricted to the northern hemisphere, was impacted by direct human activity through hunting or modifying ecosystem dynamics. Regulating human activities reduced the threat of extinction. Climate change, an indirect human impact, threatens marmot survival through global warming and extreme weather events. Most marmot species occupy a harsh environment characterized by a short growing season and a long, cold season without food. Marmots cope with seasonality by hibernating. Their large size increases the efficiency of fat accumulation and its use as the sole energy source during hibernation. Marmot physiology is highly adapted to coping with low environmental temperatures; they are stressed by high heat loads. Global warming since the last ice age reduced the geographic distribution of some of the 15 species of marmots. Recent warming resulted in a movement upslope of their lower elevation boundary. This process likely will continue because warming is associated with drier unpalatable vegetation. Drought reduces reproduction and increases mortality; thus decreased summer rainfall in the montane environments where marmots live may cause local extinction. Snow cover, a major environmental factor, is essential to insulate hibernation burrows from low, stressful temperatures. However, prolonged vernal snow cover reduces reproduction and increases mortality. Montane areas currently lacking marmot populations because vernal snow cover persists beyond the time that marmots must begin foraging may become colonized if warming causes earlier snow melt. This benefit will be short-lived because decreased precipitation likely will result in unpalatable vegetation. Although some marmot populations are physiologically adapted to a warmer climate, global warming will increase too rapidly for any significant evolutionary response to dryness. The species that live in high, alpine meadows where tree and shrub invasions occur are most threatened with extinction. Captive breeding can preserve marmot species in the shortrun, but is impractical over the long-term. Widespread species are unlikely to be endangered in the foreseeable future, but local, low elevation populations will be lost.
A one-dimensional, randomly stratified model of ocean sediments

Abstract The reflection of a monochromatic acoustic plane wave from ocean sedimentary layers is considered in the context of a one-dimensional refractive, randomly stratified and dissipative multilayer model. Simulations and analysis are used to study the structure of the fields within the sediments, as well as the interface reflection properties, over a wide range of frequencies and incidence angles. Some insights into the experimentally observed phenomenon of negative bottom loss frequency dependence are obtained.
The metabolism of dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide.

Abstract N-Methylformamide has been isolated and identified in rat urine as a metabolite of dimethylformamide when the latter is administered to rats sc. N-Methylacetamide and acetamide have been isolated and identified in rat urine following sc doses of dimethylacetamide. In vitro studies with liver homogenates and enhancement of demethylation when N-demethylase was induced by phenobarbital in the liver support demethylation as a metabolic pathway for these substituted amides.
ESCA Studies of the Incorporation of Oxygen into Nickel Surfaces

Etude des phenomenes d'adsorption de l'oxygene a temperature ambiante sur une surface polycristalline de Ni pur a partir des donnees obtenues par spectrometrie ESCA de la theorie thermodynamique
Thermodynammics of oxygen-vacancy ordering in YBa2Cu3Oz

Abstract The ordering in the Cu O basal plane of YBa2Cu3Oz is investigated as a function of oxygen content and temperature. Several phase diagrams are calculated by means of the Cluster Variation Method applied to asymmetric two-dimensional Ising models. The interaction parameters selected guarantee the stability of the orthorhombic structures near z=7, and, for certain choices, also include a double-cell phase around z=6.5. O Cu O correlations are investigated as a function of temperature and concentrations. Calculated orthorhombic to tetragonal transition temperatures and concentrations for various oxygen partial pressures are in excellent agreement with recent experimental data.
How Chemical Structure Determines Physical, Chemical, and Technological Properties: An Overview Illustrating the Potential of Quantitative Structure−Property Relationships for Fuels Science

A brief summary of quantitative structure−property relationship methodology, together with an explanation of the approach using theoretical molecular descriptors to study diverse physical, chemical, and technological properties of organic compounds, is given. Studies of several properties of importance to fuels science are described including (i) physical properties of single molecular species (e.g., boiling points, melting points, refractive index), (ii) properties involving interactions between different molecules (e.g., critical micelle concentration, flash points, solvent effects, free-radical polymerization, vulcanization of rubber), (iii) solution properties (e.g., solvent polarity, solubility, chromatography), and (iv) biological properties, (e.g., toxicity). Future objectives of interest to fuel scientists are discussed.
Multivariable extended-horizon adaptive control

Abstract The paper investigates the stability and the performance of the extended horizon adaptive controller (EHAC). The proposed algorithm can be applied to multivariable chemical process control problems. It uses a least-squares estimator with a deadzone, a variable forgetting factor and parameter projection for the identification of unknown system parameters. An extended horizon control policy based on step input predictions is used for feedback control. The algorithm does not require the exact knowledge of the system interactor matrix, only an upper bound on the magnitude of the time delays. The controller is shown to give stable control in the presence of bounded output disturbances. Simulation and pilot plant experiments are described that support the proposed theory for multivariable predictive control.
How current feedback and chronic effectiveness influence motivation : everything to gain versus everything to lose

We found that the effects on subsequent motivation of success and failure feedback are moderated by the extent to which individuals have been previously successful in promotion self- regulation (achieving their ideals) and prevention self- regulation (meeting their oughts). Specifically, we found that the more individuals are ideal congruent, the more their performance increases over time following success than failure feedback, whereas the more individuals are ought congruent, the more their performance increases over time following failure than success feedback. These findings have implications for research on the effects of feedback on motivation, as well as for the motivational significance of the expressions, ‘everything to gain’ and ‘everything to lose’. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender Equity: A Critical Democratic Component of America's High Schools.

These writers share their concerns about the treatment of girls in U. S. high schools and make some recommenda tions about what principals can do to address the problem.
Paradoxes of denotation

L'A. propose une nouvelle solution qu'il nomme de la singuliarite aux paradoxes de la denotation comme ceux de Berry, J. Richard et J. Konig, qui relevent de mauvaises relations semantiques entre referent et refere, soulevant le probleme de la distinction entre definition et definissabilite, et celui de l'usage courant des concepts de reference et de verite, par opposition a l'approche de la denotation par A. Tarski
Enhancement of prostate tumor volume definition with intravesical contrast: A three-dimensional dosimetric evaluation

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of intravesical contrast during computed tomography (CT) simulation on prostate tumor volume definition and dose distribution. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixteen patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent CT-based virtual simulation in preparation for definitive radiotherapy. Patients were immobilized with a foam cradle and an initial CT was performed after oral but without intravesical contrast (noncontrast scan). A second scan was performed following administration of intravesical contrast (contrast scan). Beam apertures were designed on the noncontrast scans and digitized into the contrast scan file. Beam apertures were also designed on the contrast scans. Isodose plans were generated for several beam apertures and arrangements. RESULTS: There was enhanced visualization of the prostate at the cephalad portion of the field for 15 of the 16 cases. The mean differences between the noncontrast and contrast volumes was significant (p = 0.0001). The mean percent underdosage to the prostate ranged from 3.9% to 18.6%, depending upon the target volume and beam arrangement. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the necessity of using intravesical contrast for defining the location of the prostate during CT simulation. The underestimation of the extent of the prostate when omitting intravesical contrast leads to significant underdosage. The value of intravesical contrast is most evident when small (prostate only) conformal fields are used.
An Empirical Investigation of the Envelope Theory

Abstract The Envelope Theory stipulates that, if perceived and expended energy levels are kept relatively at the same levels, people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) will slowly gain strength and energy. Based on this theory, an intervention was developed that provided feedback to participants with CFS about discrepancies in perceived versus expended energy levels. As part of this intervention, a buddy was provided to help with household tasks in order to reduce excessive energy expenditures. Post-test results revealed a decrease in participants' fatigue severity ratings, and positive changes were recorded for five CFS somatic symptoms. Participants also reported increases in optimism regarding recovery, positive re-interpretation and growth, and information seeking behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Cosmological Constraints on the Host Halos of Gamma-Ray Bursts

The recently observed bright optical transients (OTs) of high-redshift γ-ray bursts (GRBs) indicate that they are in a violent dynamical state. We think it is reasonable to assume that the GRBs form in the environment of gravitationally collapsed halos of the cosmic matter field, and we investigate the basic parameters of the halos that are favored to host GRBs. If the harboring coefficient f of GRBs per halo is weakly dependent on the mass of the halo, the redshift data of GRB OTs can yield significant constraints on the massive halos hosting GRBs. We show that, in the framework of popular cold dark matter models, the GRB-favored environments are newly collapsed halos (i.e., having ages less than about 2 × 109 yr) with masses around 109 h-1 M☉. In this scenario, low-redshift GRBs, if they exist, could not have the same cosmic origin as the high-redshift ones. To fit with the observed rate of GRBs, we conclude that each GRB halo can host probably no more than one GRB event on average. This result implies that GRBs may be related to the merging of the halos.
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction Due to Nonocclusive Distention of Large Pulmonary Arteries in the Dog

The pulmonary vascular changes caused by distention of the pulmonary artery with the lumen fixed were compared to those produced by occlusive arterial distention. In 13 urethane-anesthetized dogs, nonocclusive distention was produced by distention of a corrugated rubber cuff around a hollow metal cylinder affixed to the end of a cardiac catheter. In 10 other dogs, occlusive distention was produced by inflation of a standard balloon catheter. Pressures were measured in large and small pulmonary veins and in the left and right atria with transseptal techniques, and in the pulmonary and femoral arteries. Simultaneously, pulmonary blood volume and flow were measured with dyedilution techniques. Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting was studied with the hydrogen-electrode technique. Nonocclusive distention of a pulmonary artery greatly increased pulmonary arterial and venous pressure and decreased pulmonary blood volume without changing left atrial pressure or cardiac output. Pulmonary vascular resistances increased, and pulmonary arteriovenous shunting was detected. Occlusive distention of one pulmonary artery caused smaller increases in pressure in the pulmonary artery and vein of the unobstructed lung. Vascular resistances in the unobstructed lung decreased, while blood volume and flow in that lung doubled. Pulmonary arterial distention leads to active constriction of the pulmonary arteries and veins, but these responses may be obscured by the passive responses to increasing blood flow and volume.
Vibration analysis of plate stability

Abstract By using a phase plane analysis of the free oscillations of a rectangular plate loaded in one direction by an in-plane compressive load, the critical load is shown to be the same as derived by static analyses. The use of the large deflection plate equations makes it possible to calculate oscillation amplitudes in the post-buckling region and to show the existence of stable equilibrium positions in this region.
Nutritional Screening and Early Intervention in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Cancer:

Children and adolescents with cancer who receive chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments are at risk for malnutrition due to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and mouth sores. Malnutrition during treatment for childhood cancer increases the risk of infection, decreases tolerance to treatment, and even affects overall survival. A retrospective analysis of 79 children, adolescents, and young adults was conducted to evaluate nutritional screening at baseline and for the first 6 months of treatment. Interventions were also documented. Forty-nine participants had a positive screen for risk of malnutrition. In the patients with a positive screen, 78% had intervention within 24 hours of the identified risk for malnutrition. Thirty-five patients had a nutritional referral, which resulted in a full nutritional assessment and plan. Key independent variables were analyzed to determine if they were associated with an increased risk of malnutrition. In addition, individual risk factors were analyzed to...
World Bank's assault on the small farmer

Abstract The real meaning of the new emphasis of the World Bank on lending to the ‘small farmer’ is an attack on the self-provisioning peasantry aimed at forcing them into closer participation in the market economy. This aim is sometimes achieved forcibly, as in settlement projects, and sometimes through manipulation of price relationships or through a change in tenure systems to create a private market in land. In all cases, credit is the chief instrument used -institutional credit as well as private usury can lead to debt peonage.
Activities of growth factors in preimplantation embryos

The development of the mammalian preimplantation embryo in vitro occurs more slowly and less successfully compared to development in the uterus. The fact that it can occur at all in a defined protein-free medium suggests that the process is autonomous. Accumulated evidence indicates that a number of peptide growth factors contribute in an autocrine fashion to preimplantation development. Other growth factors are maternally derived and act in a paracrine manner on the embryo. Some of these factors such as insulin-related factors stimulate growth preferentially, but others such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) play more important roles in differentiation. Several cytokines appear to be implicated in peri-implantation events and in maternal-fetal interactions. At this stage, the data are mostly descriptive. Are all these different growth factors and receptors necessary for early development? Some implications of apparent redundancy of gene expression are discussed and future studies are predicted.
Energy Transfer and Spectral Dynamics of the Three Lowest Energy Qy-States of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson Antenna Complex

Temperature-dependent (1.8−10 K) spectral hole burning results are presented for the three lowest Qy-states of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) bacteriochlorophyll a antenna complex of Chlorobium tep...
Rape and Racial Patterns.

According to most studies rape is primarily an intra-racial assault. Yet a few studies have found the offense to be primarily interracial. There is general agreement that black offender-white victi...
Choice among food levels by an aquatic grazer (Physa gyrina say).

Laboratory populations containing 15 snails each were set up in five replicate trays to examine how an aquatic gastropod, Physa gyrina , would disperse and feed among three discrete feeding stations containing different food levels of 1, 5, and 10 particles of spinach. These unrestricted snails dispersed non-randomly among the three food levels, their densities increasing with the number of food particles. Their relative feeding frequencies at these food levels also closely matched the relative amounts of food available as intact and damaged (with rasped holes) particles. In comparison, the control populations which were subdivided into groups restricted to feeding stations and unable to disperse from fixed food levels, ate and damaged more of their food and their feeding densities poorly matched the relative amounts of food available at the different food levels. This experiment demonstrates that an aquatic grazer can distinguish among quantitative levels of a single food source and adjust its feeding densities to conform to the available food levels.
Morphology and hormonal responsiveness of renal cortical tubules in vitro.

Isolated renal cortical tubules from male hamsters were prepared for studies in vitro in which the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on cyclic nucleotide metabolism and efflux of intracellular calcium were investigated. Morphological studies were also conducted to evaluate the effects of the isolation procedure on the structural characteristics of the in-vitro preparation of tubules. Tubules, consisting of proximal, distal and collecting duct segments, were observed by electron microscopy to retain specific cellular membrane specializations which characterize these segments in situ (microvilli; basal infoldings and junctional complexes). Organelles were generally normal in their appearance; however, some swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were occasionally observed. Enzyme activity, associated with either luminal membranes (alkaline phosphatase) or lysosome-like organelles (acid phosphatase) was also retained following the isolation procedure. Preservation of the PTH-dependent, adenylate cyclase system in isolated tubules was demonstrated, indicating that membrane receptors for PTH were intact. Effects of PTH on cyclic GMP concentrations as well as efflux of 45Ca were also demonstrated. These results indicate that the use of isolated renal tubules in vitro offers an excellent model system for further investigations concerned with mechanisms of hormonal action and regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism. The results also suggest a relationship in renal cortical tubules between PTH-mediated production of cyclic AMP, metabolism of cyclic GMP and transport of calcium.
Reactions to 9/11 as a function of terror management and perspective taking.

The authors used terror management theory (TMT; T. Pyszczynski, S. Solomon, & J. Greenberg, 2003) to investigate people's reactions to the terrorist attacks of 09/11/01. According to the theory, people have a primary need to eliminate or reduce existential terror in response to such horrific events as 9/11. The authors obtained people's reactions to 9/11, an event in which the threat to one's existence was more authentic than those of previous events that were imagined. The authors of the present study collected data two weeks after 9/11 from young adults on a large university campus in the U.S. Midwest. The authors asked participants about their proximal and distal reactions to 9/11 and their reasons or motives for those reactions. The results indicated that the vast majority of participants' proximal reactions to 9/11 were shock and/or disbelief, whereas their distal reactions included performing altruistic or prosocial behavior, searching for meaning or value in life, seeking or sharing information, sp...
Islam and suicide.

Suicide and homicide rates of a sample of 72 nations were associated with a cluster of social variables related to economic development but not with a cluster related to the proportion of Islamic adherents.
The electromyogram as a measure of tension in the human biceps and triceps muscles

Abstract The relationship of the electromyogram to muscle tension and length has been investigated experimentally in the human biceps and triceps muscles. Electromyograms were recorded while a subject maintained his forearm at known angles to his upper arm under a range of static loads applied to his wrist. A method is presented to evaluate the tensions in the biceps and triceps muscles. The results of experiments are presented and values of these tensions given as functions of applied load and elbow angle. The data show that the averaged electromyogram is directly proportional to muscle tension and that the constant of proportionality is independent of muscle length. The results also show that the tensions increase in both the biceps and triceps as load increases, and that the ratio of these tensions depends on elbow angle.
High-yield dielectrophoretic deposition and ion sensitivity of graphene

Here we report a simple but effective approach to deposit graphene on silicon with dielectrophoresis. With a comb-shaped electrode design, graphene sheets can be captured between electrode pairs. The dielectrophoresis has proven effective in depositing a large-scale array of graphene sheets on desired locations. The dielectrophoretically deposited graphene demonstrates high sensitivity towards hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous environment. The resistance of graphene is inversely proportional to the pH value of the solutions in the range of 5 to 9. The pH sensitivity of graphene is caused by the electrolyte-dependent gating effects and the creation of an electrical double layer at the liquid-graphene interface. The high-precision, high-yield dielectrophoretic deposition method provides an effective approach for large-scale fabrication and integration of future graphene-based nanoelectronic devices.
Interaction of transferase II with the 60 s ribosomal subunit.

Elongation of polypeptide chains in mammalian systems requires two soluble protein factors, transferases I and II. Transferase I has been shown to function in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes [ 1,2] , and evidence has been reported that transferase I (or a complex containing it) interacts specifically with the 40 S ribosomal subunit [3]. Transferase II has been demonstrated to function in translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the acceptor to the donor site on ribosomes [2, 4,5] , but the exact location of its action is not known. Here we report evidence that transferase II from rabbit reticulocytes binds specifically to the 60 S ribosomal subunit. These results correlate with reports of a specific interaction of the translocation factor from E. coli (G factor) with the larger (50 S) ribosomal subunit from that organism [6,7] . Data are also presented on the distribution of transferase II in the supernatant and ribosomal fraction of reticulocytes.
On complements of codimension-3 embeddings in Sn

Abstract Kervaire proved that a finitely presented group Π is the fundamental group of a smooth n -dimensional homology sphere, n ⩾5, if and only if Π is perfect and H 2 ( Π ) = 0. We give an analogous characterization of fundamental groups of complements of widly embedded polyhedra in S n . Our characterization is the same except that in our case the group Π need not be finitely presented.
Social Feasibility as AN Alternative Approach to Water Resource Planning

The research examined the approaches of 31 states to including public participation in water resource planning and reviewed the available literature on the subject in order to evaluate (1) the nature and extent of public participation in this area and (2) the compatibility between citizen involvement techniques and policy types. It found a wide gap between the advice on public participation offered by the literature and current state participation programs. The research suggests that conflict over public participation in water resource planning is due, in part, to confusion over the nature of the policies involved. Based on these findings, two models to bridge the gap by incorporating greater consideration of policy type into water resource planning are offered; (1) Social Feasibility Model and (2) the Political Feasibility Model.
Automated Temperature Profiling During Hot-Mix Asphalt Construction

The prototype infrared sensor bar originally developed for NCHRP-IDEA Project 73 was adapted and used for monitoring temperature profiles during the reconstruction of selected test track sections at the Auburn University National Center for Asphalt Technology. The sensor bar provides automatic temperature data collection across the back of the paver. The unit, and all electronics, can be mounted on the paver in less than 2 min. Results from the sensor bar correlate well with handheld infrared gun data once an offset to calibrate the sensor bar readings is applied. Sensor bar temperature measurements can accurately predict the hot-mix asphalt cooling curve theoretically predicted from the PaveCool software program. Temperature contour plots can be obtained easily from the temperature data automatically collected during construction. These contour maps can be used to identify the start of paving, the consistency of the operation, and the length of time of any stops.
Automation Distrust Impacts on Command and Control Decision Time

Research into how an air defense command and control soldier will interact with automation and decision aid recommendations is evolving to show that, when trust in the automation is in question, a degradation in decision time of at least 30% will exist when compared to an operator that is not distrustful. Current work involves methods to decrease the temporal effects of distrust on operator authorization, including the accuracy of decisions when reliability is in question, using configural displays and other holistic display methods.
Investigation of Robust Combination Control for Elastic Vehicle Based on Reduced-Order Model

Putting forward with an integrated flight and aeroelasticity control method of elastic air vehicle and aiming at the reduction errors introduced during combination dynamic model reduction, the paper adopts mixed sensitivity H∞ control to design low-order combination control law that satisfies its robustness based on reduced-order model. Against to the wide reduced-order error bounds that may influence control performance, the two-circuit design method is used, and combined with inner-circuit suboptimal feedback design, error bounds of equivalent model are greatly narrowed. Without any orders extra added to the controllers, the outer-circuit robust controller designed on that basis will effectively improve the performance of the system, significantly superior to the single circuit design method. It is shown in simulation results that such low-order combination law will not only provide satisfactory robustness and performance, but will also effectively suppress the occurrence of servo flutter, while the greatly-reduced orders will be helpful for the realization of projects.
Vapor reaction growth of single crystal GeI2

Abstract We have determined that hexagonal single crystals of layer-structured germanium (II) iodide (GeI 2 ) up to 1.5 cm in diameter can be grown in a vapor reaction system. Specific initial conditions for optimum growth require the high temperature end of the reaction ampoule to be between 330 and 336°C in a neutral internal argon atmosphere of less than 10 −3 Torr. New powder X-ray diffraction data yield a c -axis of 6.828 ± 0.004 A and an a -axis of 4.251 ± 0.003 A .
Poetry therapy as a tool of cognitively based practice

Abstract This paper illustrates the potential uses of poetry therapy for practitioners interested in cognitively based psychotherapies. Separate brief discussions of cognitive therapy and the uses of poetry and poetry therapy are presented. The congruence between these two approaches is addressed. Sample exercises and poems as illustrations are presented that demonstrate this congruence.
Coffee Planters, Workers and Wives: Class Conflict and Gender Relations on São Paulo Plantations, 1850–1980.

Coffee Planters, Workers and Wives: Class Conflict and Gender Relations on Sao Paulo Plantations, 1850–1980. Verena Stolcke. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. 256 pp. $55.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–312–01693-X.
Tetraiodoethylene: a supramolecular host for Lewis base donors

Abstract Tetraiodoethylene (TIE) forms charge transfer complexes with diazine donors through N···I interactions, in which the structure of the complex is very similar to that of TIE. In TIE, two unique molecules form distinct “layers”, and in the complexes the donor molecules take the place of TIE molecules in one of the layers. I···I interactions within the remaining layer of TIE maintain the structure of the layer and yet allow enough flexibility to accommodate a wide variety of donor molecules. Phenazine, quinoxaline, 1,4–dicyanobenzene, and 2,2′–bipyridine all form complexes with TIE which have very similar structures. Phenazine and 2,2′–bipyridine donors sit on the same inversion center as the TIE molecules they replace, and the donor·TIE chains run in the (1 1 0) direction. 1,4–Dcb·TIE has a very similar structure to that of the previously determined pyrazine·TIE complex, but the donor molecules span TIE acceptors in the (1 −2 1) direction rather than (1 1 1). The asymmetric environment of the donor sites in quinoxaline result in a very distorted layered structure, and the I···I interactions between neighboring TIE molecules are the weakest of those reported here. Decomposition of TIE in its reaction with 2,2′–bipyridine gave the side product, [2,2′–bipyridine(H)]I3·TIE, in which I···I interactions link TIE molecules and I3− anions to form a pseudo–polyiodide layer.
Aspiration Biopsy in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodule

Percutaneous pulmonary biopsy is a direct approach to diagnosis of the troublesome pulmonary nodule. Our series emphasizes the accuracy and simplicity of the technique with 124 positive cases of carcinoma diagnosed without a serious complication. Specific cell type was given in 105 of the 124 cases of carcinoma. Valuable diagnostic information leading to the diagnosis of benign conditions was obtained in 14 cases. The procedure can be utilized on an outpatient basis and can save valuable time and permit prompt institution of appropriate therapy.
Completely hierarchical p-version axisymmetric shell element for nonlinear heat conduction in laminated composites

Abstract This paper presents a completely hierarchical p-version finite element formulation for an axisymmetric shell element for nonlinear conduction in laminated composites where the element temperature field can be of arbitrary polynomial orders pξ and Pη in the longitudinal (ξ) and the transverse (η) directions of the shell element. The approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variables for the axisymmetric shell element are derived by first, constructing the one-dimensional hierarchical approximation functions of orders pξ and pη and the corresponding hierarchical nodal variable operators for each of the two directions ξ and η and then taking their product. This procedure gives the approximation functions and the nodal variables for the axisymmetric shell element that correspond to the polynomial orders pξ and pη. The element approximation functions as well as the nodal variables are hierarchical and therefore the element matrices and the vectors corresponding to orders pξ and pη are a subset of those corresponding to the polynomial orders (pξ + 1) and (pη + 1). The formulation ensures C0 continuity across the interelement boundaries. A weak formulation of the Fourier heat conduction equation with temperature dependent thermal conductivities, internal heat generation, film coefficients and radiation effects for globally orthotropic material is constructed. The element properties are derived using the weak formulation and the hierarchical element approximation. This formulation is extended for generally orthotropic material behavior where the material directions are not necessarily parallel to the global axes. Further extension of the formulation for laminated composites is accomplished by incorporating the material properties of each layer through numerical integration of the element matrix for each layer. The element matrices and the equivalent heat vectors (due to convection, distributed heat flux, radiation and internal heat generation) are all hierarchical. The formulation permits any desired order temperature distribution in the shell thickness direction without remodelling. There is no restriction on the number of layers and the lay up pattern of the layers. Each layer can be generally orthotropic. The material directions and the layer thicknesses may vary from point to point within each layer. Because of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivities, internal heat generation, film coefficients and radiation boundaries; the resulting discretized equations of equilibrium are nonlinear. These equations are solved using modified Newton-Raphson method. The tangent matrix is derived using the nonlinear equations of equilibrium. The modified tangent matrix is symmetric and provides excellent convergence during the equilibrium iteration process. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and overall superiority of the present formulation and the extremely good and fast convergence of the iteration process. Comparisons are made with available results in the literature.
Multiscale texture segmentation via a contourlet contextual hidden Markov model

The contourlet transform is an emerging multiscale multidirection image processing technique. It effectively represents smooth curvature details typical of natural images, overcoming a major drawback of the 2-D wavelet transform. Previously, we developed a contourlet image model, that is, the contourlet contextual hidden Markov model (C-CHMM). In this paper, we further develop a multiscale texture segmentation technique based on the C-CHMM. The segmentation method combines a model comparison approach with a multiscale fusion and a neighbor combination process. It also features a neighborhood selection scheme based on smoothed context maps, for both model estimation and neighbor combination. Through a series of segmentation experiments, we examine the effectiveness of the C-CHMM in comparison with closely related models. We also investigate how different context designs affect the segmentation performance. Moreover, we show that the C-CHMM based technique provides improved accuracy in segmenting texture patterns of diversified nature, as compared with popular methods such as the HMTseg and the JMCMS. All these simulation experiments demonstrate the great potential of the C-CHMM for image analysis applications.
Statistical mechanics for a network of spiking neurons

We show that a simple statistical mechanics model can capture the collective behavior of large networks of spiking neurons. Qualitative arguments suggest that regularly firing neurons should be described by a planar "spin" of unit length. We extract these spins from spike trains and then measure the interaction Hamiltonian using simulations of small clusters of cells. Correlations among spike trains obtained from simulations of large arrays of cells are in quantitative agreement with the predictions from these Hamiltonians. We comment on the novel computational abilities of these "XY networks."
Treatment planning in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma

Effective long-term management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) requires administration of skin-directed therapies such as topically applied nitrogen mustard or photochemotherapy to achieve a complete response in clinically early disease (patch and thin-plaque-phase mycosis fungoides, MF) and often the concomitant administration of well-tolerated drugs with systemic effects such as interferon alfa, bexarotene, methotrexate or extracorporeal photopheresis in more advanced, but not highly aggressive/nontransformed disease (thick plaque or tumor phase MF or erythrodermic CTCL). The author's approach is provided as a guide for dermatologists in private practice.
Instrumentation for Health Care

Engineers, pragmatic and ``action''-oriented, are indispensable principal members of the health-care team. The primary role of the biomedical engineer is to provide the conceptual and material tools required to perform medical tasks, i.e., instrumentation for health care.
Molecular Mechanisms of Flower Development: An Armchair Guide

An afternoon stroll through an English garden reveals the breathtaking beauty and enormous diversity of flowering plants. The extreme variation of flower morphologies, combined with the relative simplicity of floral structures and the wealth of floral mutants available, has made the flower an excellent model for studying developmental cell-fate specification, morphogenesis and tissue patterning. Recent molecular genetic studies have begun to reveal the transcriptional regulatory cascades that control early patterning events during flower formation, the dynamics of the gene-regulatory interactions, and the complex combinatorial mechanisms that create a distinct final floral architecture and form.
Fibrinolytic activity associated with human neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Human neuroblastoma cells possess a fibrinolytic activity which is not found associated with normal human skin fibroblasts. Upon incubation in a serum-free medium, the neuroblastoma cells liberate a fibrinolytic factor which requires serum for fibrin degradation. There is a strong preference for human serum. Since the serum requirement can be replaced by human plasminogen, the cell factor is probably a plasminogen activator. On the basis of sensitivity to diisopropylfluorophosphate, we conclude that the activator is a serine protease.
Easy synthesis of poly(ionic liquid) for use as a porous carbon precursor

A novel poly(ionic liquid) which can be used as a carbon precursor was synthesized using a one-pot reaction using 1,2-dimethylimidazole and epichlorohydrin as starting materials. The unique features of this poly(ionic liquid) include: no additional initiator is required; anions can be metathesized to regulate the micropore size of the carbonaceous materials. Carbonaceous materials derived from the poly (ionic liquid) with chloride anions (Cl−) as counter ions have a low surface area of 47 m2/g. However, by replacing Cl− with a bulky bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) anion, the carbonaceous materials produced have a high surface area of 595 m2/g, while replacing Cl− with dicyanoimide N ( CN ) 2 - anion results in a reduced surface area of 30 m2/g. [New Carbon Materials 2013, 29(1): 78–80]