cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of the 1:1 adduct of 2,3-diphenyl-3,4,5,6-tetra­hydro-2H-1,3-thia­zin-4-one with tri­phenyl­tin chloride

The title adduct, chlorido­(2,3-diphenyl-3,4,5,6-tetra­hydro-2H-1,3-thia­zin-4-one-κO)tri­phenyl­tin, [Sn(C6H5)3Cl(C16H15NOS)], resulted from reaction of 2,3-diphenyl-3,4,5,6-tetra­hydro-2H-1,3-thia­zin-4-one with tri­phenyl­tin chloride. The thia­zine ring has an envelope conformation with the S atom forming the flap. The mol­ecule has five phenyl rings, two of them attached to the thia­zine ring at positions 2 and 3, and three in coordination with the SnIV atom. The three rings of the tri­phenyl­tin group are involved in intra­molecular inter­actions of different types, C—H⋯O, edge-to-face (or T-type) π–π inter­actions with the 3-phenyl ring of the thia­zine, T-type inter­actions with both phenyl rings of the thia­zine etc. On the other hand, all the phenyl rings participate in inter­molecular π–π inter­actions. There is one instance of a `parallel-displaced'-type inter­action extending continuously along the a-axis direction and seven instances of T-type inter­actions stabilizing the crystal lattice.
Terahertz vibrations of crystalline acyclic and cyclic diglycine: benchmarks for London force correction models.

Terahertz spectroscopy provides direct information concerning weak intermolecular forces in crystalline molecular solids and therefore acts as an excellent method for calibrating and evaluating computational models for noncovalent interactions. In this study, the low-frequency vibrations of two dipeptides were compared, acyclic diglycine and cyclic diglycine, as benchmark systems for gauging the performance of semiempirical London force correction approaches. The diglycine samples were investigated using pulsed terahertz spectroscopy from 10 to 100 cm–1 and then analyzed using solid-state density functional theory (DFT) augmented with existing London force corrections, as well as a new parametrization (DFT-DX) based on known experimental values. The two diglycine molecules provide a useful test for the applied models given their similarities, but more importantly the differences in the intermolecular forces displayed by each. It was found that all of the considered London force correction models were able...
Emphysema and other pulmonary changes in smokers. Histologic evidence.

Histologic evidence of a relationship between emphysema and smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, was obtained in a study of tissue from the peripheral parts of the lungs of 1340 men. All the pathologic changes recorded (fibrosis, rupture of alveolar septa, thickening of walls of arterioles and small arteries, padlike attachments to alveolar septa) were found to be highly related to smoking, and all were found to increase with age.
The Rare Codon AGA Is Involved in Regulation of Pyoluteorin Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5

The soil bacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 can colonize root and seed surfaces of many plants, protecting them from infection by plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. This capacity to suppress disease is attributed to Pf-5’s production of a large spectrum of antibiotics, which is controlled by complex regulatory circuits operating at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this study, we analyzed the genomic sequence of Pf-5 for codon usage patterns and observed that the six rarest codons in the genome are present in all seven known antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters. In particular, there is an abundance of rare codons in pltR, which encodes a member of the LysR transcriptional regulator family that controls the expression of pyoluteorin biosynthetic genes. To test the hypothesis that rare codons in pltR influence pyoluteorin production, we generated a derivative of Pf-5 in which 23 types of rare codons in pltR were substituted with synonymous preferred codons. The resultant mutant produced pyoluteorin at levels 15 times higher than that of the wild-type Pf-5. Accordingly, the promoter activity of the pyoluteorin biosynthetic gene pltL was 20 times higher in the codon-modified stain than in the wild-type. pltR has six AGA codons, which is the rarest codon in the Pf-5 genome. Substitution of all six AGA codons with preferred Arg codons resulted in a variant of pltR that conferred increased pyoluteorin production and pltL promoter activity. Furthermore, overexpression of tRNAArgUCU, the cognate tRNA for the AGA codon, significantly increased pyoluteorin production by Pf-5. A bias in codon usage has been linked to the regulation of many phenotypes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes but, to our knowledge, this is the first example of the role of a rare codon in the regulation of antibiotic production by a Gram-negative bacterium.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR THE INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR OF STEEL AND SLAG IN A SLAB CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLD WITH HIGH CASTING SPEED

The results of numerical simulation for the interfacial behavior between fluid steel and molten slag layer in a slab continuous casting mold with high casting speed were validated by the water mode.The parameters used in simulation included casting speed,mold width,port angle, submergence depth of submerged entry nozzle(SEN)and molten slag viscosity.For a given casting speed,increasing the penetration depth and downward port degree can effectively restrain interfacial oscillations.Molten slag viscosity has hardly influence on interracial profile of steel and slag.Steel-slag interface velocity decreases with increasing molten slag viscosity.
Intellectual Pluralism and the Common Pursuit Ramus Twenty Years

Criticism, far from being a simple and orderly field of beneficent activity, from which impostors can be readily ejected, is no better than a Sunday park of contending and contentious orators, who have not even arrived at the articulation of their differences. Here, one would suppose, was a place for quiet co-operative labour. The critic, one would suppose, if he is to justify his existence, should endeavour to discipline his personal prejudices and cranks—tares to which we are all subject—and compose his differences with as many of his fellows as possible, in the common pursuit of true judgment. When we find that quite the contrary prevails, we begin to suspect that the critic owes his livelihood to the violence and extremity of his opposition to other critics, or else to some trifling oddities of his own with which he contrives to season the opinions which men already hold, and which out of vanity or sloth they prefer to maintain. We are tempted to expel the lot. T.S. Eliot, ‘The Function of Criticism’ (1923) legere enim et non intel legere ne glegere est. (To read and to mis read is to miss a reading of one's world.) Prologue to Dicta Catonis 1 (3rd Cent. CE)
Super-dispersive off-axis meta-lenses for high resolution spectroscopy

We demonstrate compact and highly efficient off-axis meta-lenses in the telecom region. Focusing at large angles, as high as 80°, while having a diffraction-limited focus spot enables resolving wavelength differences down to 200 picometers.
The American States

This chapter completes the empirical analysis of the political determinants of life satisfaction by shifting geographical focus from the universe of industrial democracies to domestic politics in the United States. Whereas I previously attempted to deduce the consequences of different public policy regimes for quality of life by searching for statistical relationships between these phenomena over countries, I here attempt to find similar evidence when considering only variation across the states of the American federal system. The initial rationale for this strategy is simple enough: this approach allows tests of my basic propositions about the effects of the welfare state, economic regulation, and organized labor using data of an entirely different sort. If these data confirm prior results, this can only improve our confidence in them. There are, however, particulars that make this extension of the analysis an especially fruitful one. First, by concentrating entirely on a single country, we hold literally constant various cultural, social, and historical aspects of a nation that we controlled for only econometrically in the cross-national study. Although those controls should be more than sufficient for isolating the relationships in question, any refinement in the method of control can, again, only further confirm and extend the earlier findings. While there are certainly cultural variations across regions of the United States, these fade into triviality compared to the differences one observes across countries as disparate as France, Sweden, Ireland, New Zealand, and Japan. This is doubly so since the Second World War, where the sometimes lamented “nationalization” (or “homogenization”) of culture has further eroded what vestigial regional differences in sociocultural patterns existed in a country that has been since the Civil War undeniably a single country, with a single history and culture, at least in comparison to the differences between countries that have previously concerned us.
Femtosecond laser precipitation of non-centrosymmetric crystals in glasses

Optical processes that rely on second-order nonlinear optical effects such as second harmonic generation and optical parametric amplification require the use of non-centrosymmetric crystals (NCCs). Recently it has been reported that femtosecond lasers can be used to precipitate NCCs within supersaturated glasses, forming waveguide structures [1]. During laser writing, a combination of thermal gradients together with the laser polarization, cause the alignment of the polar axis of the NCC along the writing direction. Femtosecond precipitation of NCCs in glass has the potential to be a lower-cost alternative to other methods of achieving NCC waveguiding structures. In this study a widely used ferroelectric NCC, Lithium Niobate, was precipitated in 33LiO 2 -33Nb 2 O5-34SiO 2 (mol%) (LNS) glass, forming crystalline aligned channels within the amorphous glassy matrix. The precipitated lithium niobate was characterized and the structural orientation determined. The waveguiding characteristics were measured for several conditions to determine optimal power and writing speed. This procedure was then modified to optimize the precipitated 1-D structures for photonic and holographic applications.
Computationally efficient analysis of particle transport and deposition in a human whole-lung-airway model. Part II

Computational predictions of aerosol transport and deposition in the human respiratory tract can assist in evaluating detrimental or therapeutic health effects when inhaling toxic particles or administering drugs. However, the sheer complexity of the human lung, featuring a total of 16 million tubular airways, prohibits detailed computer simulations of the fluid-particle dynamics for the entire respiratory system. Thus, in order to obtain useful and efficient particle deposition results, an alternative modeling approach is necessary where the whole-lung geometry is approximated and physiological boundary conditions are implemented to simulate breathing. In Part I, the present new whole-lung-airway model (WLAM) represents the actual lung geometry via a basic 3-D mouth-to-trachea configuration while all subsequent airways are lumped together, i.e., reduced to an exponentially expanding 1-D conduit. The diameter for each generation of the 1-D extension can be obtained on a subject-specific basis from the calculated total volume which represents each generation of the individual. The alveolar volume was added based on the approximate number of alveoli per generation. A wall-displacement boundary condition was applied at the bottom surface of the first-generation WLAM, so that any breathing pattern due to the negative alveolar pressure can be reproduced. Specifically, different inhalation/exhalation scenarios (rest, exercise, etc.) were implemented by controlling the wall/mesh displacements to simulate realistic breathing cycles in the WLAM. Total and regional particle deposition results agree with experimental lung deposition results. The outcomes provide critical insight to and quantitative results of aerosol deposition in human whole-lung airways with modest computational resources. Hence, the WLAM can be used in analyzing human exposure to toxic particulate matter or it can assist in estimating pharmacological effects of administered drug-aerosols. As a practical WLAM application, the transport and deposition of asthma drugs from a commercial dry-powder inhaler is discussed in Part II. A validated whole-lung-airway model is presented which can predict segmental and total particle-depositions in the human lung.It represents the actual lung geometry via a basic 3-D mouth-to-trachea configuration plus an exponentially expanding 1-D conduit.It is a time-and-resources efficient tool to analyze toxicological effects as well as the pharmacological impact of drugs (see Part II).
RealFusion: An Interactive Workflow for Repurposing Real-World Objects towards Early-stage Creative Ideation

We present RealFusion, an interactive workflow that supports early stage design ideation in a digital 3D medium. RealFusion is inspired by the practice of found-object-art, wherein new representations are created by composing existing objects. The key motivation behind our approach is direct creation of 3D artifacts during design ideation, in contrast to conventional practice of employing 2D sketching. RealFusion comprises of three creative states where users can (a) repurpose physical objects as modeling components, (b) modify the components to explore different forms, and (c) compose them into a meaningful 3D model. We demonstrate RealFusion using a simple interface that comprises of a depth sensor and a smartphone. To achieve direct and efficient manipulation of modeling elements, we also utilize mid-air interactions with the smartphone. We conduct a user study with novice designers to evaluate the creative outcomes that can be achieved using RealFusion.
Balancing Learning and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments with Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning

Game-based learning environments create rich learning experiences that are both effective and engaging. Recent years have seen growing interest in data-driven techniques for tutorial planning, which dynamically personalize learning experiences by providing hints, feedback, and problem scenarios at run-time. In game-based learning environments, tutorial planners are designed to adapt gameplay events in order to achieve multiple objectives, such as enhancing student learning or student engagement, which may be complementary or competing aims. In this paper, we introduce a multi-objective reinforcement learning framework for inducing game-based tutorial planners that balance between improving learning and engagement in game-based learning environments. We investigate a model-based, linear-scalarized multi-policy algorithm, Convex Hull Value Iteration, to induce a tutorial planner from a corpus of student interactions with a game-based learning environment for middle school science education. Results indicate that multi-objective reinforcement learning creates policies that are more effective at balancing multiple reward sources than single-objective techniques. A qualitative analysis of select policies and multi-objective preference vectors shows how a multi-objective reinforcement learning framework shapes the selection of tutorial actions during students’ game-based learning experiences to effectively achieve targeted learning and engagement outcomes.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Pharmacological Aspects

Abstract Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) results from physiological dependence secondary to in utero exposure to maternal illicit as well as prescription drugs. Over the last few decades a significant increase in the infants undergoing NAS has been noted. NAS severity depends on multiple factors including genetics, type, number, dose and duration of drug exposure. The first line of treatment should always be nonpharmacological methods such as skin-to-skin care, minimal stimulation environment, and breastfeeding if not contraindicated, while keeping the mother–infant dyad together. If despite these measures symptoms worsen then pharmacological treatment should be utilized and should be specific for each infant based on a pharmacological rationale rather than attempting to use a one size fits all strategy. The most commonly used first line of treatment medications are neonatal morphine sulfate and methadone. Additional adjunct medications for difficult-to-treat infant's include phenobarbital and clonidine as needed.
Cascaded Integration of Optical Waveguides With Third-Order Nonlinearity With Lithium Niobate Waveguides on Silicon Substrates

The cascaded integration of optical waveguides with third-order optical nonlinearity ( $\chi ^{(3)}$ susceptibilitiy) with lithium niobate (LiNbO $_{3}$ ) waveguides is demonstrated on the same chip. Thin-film (LiNbO $_{3}$ ) and chalcogenide (ChG) glass (Ge $_{23}$ Sb $_{7}$ S $_{70}$ ) waveguides are integrated on silicon (Si) substrates. An optical mode transition between the two waveguides is achieved through low-loss mode-converting tapers, with a measured loss of $\sim$ 1.5 dB for transverse-electric and $\sim$ 1.75 dB for transverse-magnetic input polarizations. For nonlinear characterization, wavelength conversion via four-wave mixing is demonstrated on the ChG-LN waveguides. This platform provides an efficient method for the utilization of second- and third-order optical nonlinearities on the same chip, rendering it ideal for nonlinear applications such as stabilized octave-spanning optical frequency comb generation.
Singing Punishment and Redemption in the Taiping Civil War: Yu Zhi’s Plays

Among the dramatists who depicted the Taiping Civil War, attempting to find meaning in the carnage and chaos, Yu Zhi (1809–74) is unique. He wrote plays during and after the war, so he considers the chaos from two historical vantage points. As one of the earliest literati to write plays in the newly popular pihuang form, he addressed different actual and imagined audiences compared to his peers. Although virtually all extant plays take an absolute anti-Taiping stance, his plays differ from his contemporaries’ in their focus on morality rather than sentiment, and on edification rather than commemoration. At the root of these differences is an understanding of the nature of evil, redemption, and belief.
Developing Creativity and Humor: The Role of the Playful Mind

Abstract Both creativity and humor are human characteristics with many definitions, but they arise from a common source: the playful mind. This chapter discusses how the play of childhood provides the basis for the development of creativity and humor, how such development can be promoted during the childhood years, and how it can be fostered throughout life to support innovation and enjoyment in both professional and personal roles.
Lgr6+ stem cells and their progeny in mouse epidermis under regimens of exogenous skin carcinogenesis, and their absence in ensuing skin tumors

// Gerline C. van de Glind 1 , Heggert G. Rebel 1 , Jacoba J. Out-Luiting 1 , Wim Zoutman 1 , Cornelis P. Tensen 1 , Frank R. de Gruijl 1 1 Department of Dermatology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Correspondence to: Frank R. de Gruijl, email: F.R.de_Gruijl@lumc.nl Cornelis P. Tensen, email: C.P.Tensen@lumc.nl Keywords: stem cells, Lgr6, lineage tracing, UV, skin carcinogenesis Received: March 04, 2016 Accepted: October 31, 2016 Published: November 17, 2016 ABSTRACT Lgr6+ cells have been identified as a novel class of proliferating (Ki67+) stem cells in mouse epidermis. We investigated their response to UV exposure in Lgr6-EGFP-Ires-CreERT2/R26R-LacZ haired and hairless mice and whether they become initiating cells of UV- or chemically induced skin tumors. UV overexposure erased Lgr6+ cells (EGFP+) from the interfollicular epidermis (IFE), but - as after wounding - they apparently repopulated the IFE from the hair follicles. Under sub-sunburn chronic UV exposure, Lgr6+ cells and their progeny (LacZ+ after pulse of tamoxifen) diminished strongly in the IFE. Although the inter-tumoral IFE clearly showed Lgr6 progeny, none of the UV- or chemically induced tumors (n = 22 and 41, respectively) appeared to be clonal expansions of Lgr6+ stem cells; i.e. no Lgr6+ cells or progeny in the proliferating tumor bulk. In checking for promoter methylation we found it to occur stochastically for the EGFP-Cre cassette. Lgr6 mRNA measured by qPCR was found to be diminished in skin tumors (also in UV tumors from wt type mice). The ratio of Lgr6/Ki67 was significantly reduced, pointing at a loss of Lgr6+ cells from the proliferative pool. Our data show that Lgr6+ cells are not major tumor-initiating cells in skin carcinogenesis.
Convergent evolution of root system architecture in two independently evolved lineages of weedy rice

Root system architecture (RSA) is a critical aspect of plant growth and competitive ability. Here we used two independently evolved strains of weedy rice, a de-domesticated form of rice, to study the evolution of weed-associated RSA traits and the extent to which they evolve through shared or different genetic mechanisms. We characterised 98 two-dimensional and three-dimensional RSA traits in 671 plants representing parents and descendants of two recombinant inbred line populations derived from two weed × crop crosses. A random forest machine learning model was used to assess the degree to which root traits can predict genotype and the most diagnostic traits for doing so. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to compare genetic architecture between the weed strains. The two weeds were distinguishable from the crop in similar and predictable ways, suggesting independent evolution of a 'weedy' RSA phenotype. Notably, comparative QTL mapping revealed little evidence for shared underlying genetic mechanisms. Our findings suggest that despite the double bottlenecks of domestication and de-domestication, weedy rice nonetheless shows genetic flexibility in the repeated evolution of weedy RSA traits. Whereas the root growth of cultivated rice may facilitate interactions among neighbouring plants, the weedy rice phenotype may minimise below-ground contact as a competitive strategy.
Variable-Scaling Rate Control for Collision-Free Teleoperation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

We propose that automatically adjusting the scale factor in rate-control teleoperation could enable a human operator to better control the motion of a remote robot. In this paper, we present four new variable-scaling rate-control methods that adjust the scale factor depending on the state of the user's input commands and/or the risk of a collision between the robot and its environment. Methods that depend on the risk of a collision are designed to guarantee collision avoidance by setting the scale factor to be zero if the operator issues a command that would result in a collision between the robot and its environment. A within-subject user study was conducted to determine the effects of the four newly designed rate-control methods and a traditional fixed-scale rate-control method on a person's ability to complete a navigation task in a simulated two-dimensional environment. The results of this study indicate that well-designed variable-scale rate control can guarantee collision-free teleoperation without reducing task efficiency.
Linear actuator system with 1-Å closed-loop control resolution and 50-mm travel range

We have designed and tested a novel linear actuator system with 1-angstrom closed-loop control resolution and 50-mm travel range. There are two major ultraprecision motion control techniques that have been applied to this actuator: A novel laser Doppler encoder system with multiple-reflection Optics. A specially designed high-stiffness weak-link mechanism with stacked thin metal sheets having sub-Angstrom driving sensitivity with excellent stability. In this paper, we present the system design and test results of this linear actuator. Applications of this new actuator system are also discussed. -a
Antibacterial Hydroxyapatite: An Effective Approach to Cure Infections in Orthopedics

Several statistical reports confirm that surgical site infections (SSI) remain one of the predominant reasons for the failure of orthopedic implant working. Indeed, foreign implant materials are preferential sites for bacterial infestation and formation of biofilms causing deadly infections. It results in delayed recovery with significant prolongation in hospital stays, expensive bills, patient stress, and revision surgeries, which may not solve the problem but drastically increase the chances of infection reoccurrence. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxes have been used for decades to prevent and treat SSI, simultaneously also contributing to the mutation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Thus, the need for developing alternative therapeutics to treat wide-spectrum SSI is essential. In this attempt, transition metals, especially silver (Ag), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and their complexes have garnered significant attention as effective antibacterial agents in the orthopedic industry. Given the fact that hydroxyapatite (HA) is a traditional and benchmark material for developing orthopedic scaffolds and coatings, a diverse range of studies has been focused on developing antibacterial HA. This chapter presents an overview of those advancements that have been made in developing antibacterial HA with the help of transition metals over the years. The first part focuses on the fabrication of material-specific antibacterial HA, and in the second part, various kinds of conventional and state-of-the-art antibacterial HA coatings are discussed.
Introduction to an Applied Developmental Science spotlight series: Social justice frameworks to guide research, preventive interventions, and policies for diverse populations

In 2014, the Society for Research on Adolescence President, John Schulenberg, featured an article in his President’s Blog, “I Can’t Breathe!” How Can We Help? Our Rights and Responsibilities as Cit...
Smartphone Camera Based Assessment of Adiposity: A Multi-Site Validation Study

Background: Body composition is a key component of health in both individuals and populations, and excess adiposity is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. Body mass index (BMI) and other clinical or consumer-facing tools for quantifying body fat (BF) are often inaccurate, cost-prohibitive, or cumbersome to use. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of a novel automated computer vision method, visual body composition (VBC), that uses two-dimensional photographs captured via a conventional smartphone camera to estimate percentage total body fat (%BF). Methods: 134 healthy adults ranging in age (21-76 years), sex (61.2% women), race (60.4% Caucasian; 23.9% Black), and body mass index (BMI, 18.5-51.6 kg/m2) were evaluated at two clinical sites. Each participant had %BF measured with VBC, three consumer and two professional bioimpedance analysis (BIA) systems, as well as air displacement plethysmography (ADP). %BF measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was set as the reference against which all other estimates were compared. Results: Relative to DXA, VBC had the lowest mean absolute error and standard deviation (2.34%±1.83%) compared to all other evaluated methods (p<0.05 for all comparisons). %BF measured by VBC also had very good concordance with DXA (Lin9s concordance correlation coefficient, CCC: overall 0.94; women 0.92; men 0.90); whereas BMI had very poor concordance (CCC: overall 0.45; women 0.40; men 0.74). Bland-Altman analysis of VBC revealed the tightest limits of agreement (LOA) and absence of significant bias relative to DXA (bias 0.85%, R2=0.01; p=0.41; LOA −4.7% to +6.4%), whereas all other evaluated methods had significant (p<0.01) bias and wider limits of agreement. Conclusion: In this first validation study of a novel, accessible, and easy-to-use system, VBC body fat estimates were accurate and without significant bias compared to DXA as the reference; VBC performance exceeded those of all other BIA and ADP methods evaluated. The wide availability of smartphones suggests that the VBC method for evaluating %BF can play a major role in quantifying adiposity levels in a wide range of settings. Key Words: Body Composition; Obesity; Body Mass Index; Optical Imaging; Computer Vision; Deep Learning.
Opening the Window: Art Therapy and Nature as Mindfulness Practices with People Living with Dementia

By the year 2030, about 82 million people are projected to be living with dementia and that number is projected to reach 152 million in 2050 (World Health Organization. 2019. “Dementia: Key Facts.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia). These astounding figures demonstrate the obligation of healthcare systems and societies to address the issue of improving the lives of those living with forms of dementia and those who care for them. The language used in empirical literature to describe dementia very often focuses on suffering and behaviours and has been argued to do more harm than good because the terminology refers to people by their medicalized conditions. The need to look beyond the diagnosis and symptoms to see each person holistically and empathically is paramount. There has been considerable research on non-pharmacological approaches to dementia care. However, many of these commonly used and predetermined interventions such as the use of stuffed animals, laundry folding or doll therapy often have little or nothing to do with the individual and are not considered to be person-centred. Although these interventions may be beneficial for some people, they cannot be used as a one-size-fits-all approach in dementia care. Great strides have been made in long-term care practices, but they often remain medicalized and task-oriented. This chapter is an exploration of how the creative and expressive arts, nature and mindfulness practices related to people living with dementia have been researched. In addition, my experience using art, nature and mindfulness with clients living with dementia is explored as a meaningful and cohesive intervention. Case examples are presented from over two decades of my experience as a creative arts therapist who has worked with clients living with dementia to share opportunities for mindfulness; encourage exploration of natural materials; and focus on personhood, abilities, strengths, unique perspectives and gratitude.
Dark web advertising: the dark magic system on tor hidden service search engines

Drawing on Raymond William’s concept of the ‘magic system,’ this article argues that advertising on the Dark Web is a ‘dark magic system’. The article first defines ‘Dark Web’ and then analyzes ove...
On Airfoil Theory and Experiment

DURING THE EARLY YEARS of airfoil theory, lift curve slopes were so far below the thin airfoil value of 2TT per rad. t ha t it became customary to use t ha t criteria for thick airfoils as well, and both in writing m d conversation the 2-K value (0.1095 per deg.) became i s tandard tha t was broadly accepted. In a similar way the thin airfoil approximation, t ha t the aerodylamic center was a t the quarter-chord, became "standard," and, indeed, for a long period all airfoil tests reDorted demonstrated aerodynamic centers a small l istance ahead of the quarter-chord. When it became possible in the light of newer in'ormation to design airfoils with more advantageous Dressure distributions, disturbing results appeared. Lift curve slopes were higher than the first approxima;ion theory, and aerodynamic centers appeared behind ;he airfoil quarter-chord. I t became a t once necessary ;o re-examine the approximations previously made for ;hin airfoils in order to include the effect of thickness. To begin with, let us note the equation for the lift :urve slope as shown in reference 1 (with one addiional te rm of the series retained).
Privacy-preserving cooperative statistical analysis

The growth of the Internet opens up tremendous opportunities for cooperative computation, where the answer depends on the private inputs of separate entities. Sometimes these computations may occur between mutually untrusting entities. The problem is trivial if the context allows the conduct of these computations by a trusted entity that would know the inputs from all the participants; however if the context disallows this then the techniques of secure multiparty computation become very relevant and can provide useful solutions. Statistical analysis is a widely used computation in real life, but the known methods usually require one to know the whole data set; little work has been conducted to investigate how statistical analysis could be performed in a cooperative environment, where the participants want to conduct statistical analysis on the joint data set, but each participant is concerned about the confidentiality of its own data. We have developed protocols for conducting the statistical analysis in such a cooperative environment based on a data perturbation technique and cryptography primitives.
Strategic betting for competitive agents

In many multiagent settings, each agent's goal is to come out ahead of the other agents on some metric, such as the currency obtained by the agent. In such settings, it is not appropriate for an agent to try to maximize its expected score on the metric; rather, the agent should maximize its expected probability of winning. In principle, given this objective, the game can be solved using game-theoretic techniques. However, most games of interest are far too large and complex to solve exactly. To get some intuition as to what an optimal strategy in such games should look like, we introduce a simplified game that captures some of their key aspects, and solve it (and several variants) exactly.Specifically, the basic game that we study is the following: each agent i chooses a lottery over nonnegative numbers whose expectation is equal to its budget bi. The agent with the highest realized outcome wins (and agents only care about winning). We show that there is a unique symmetric equilibrium when budgets are equal. We proceed to study and solve extensions, including settings where agents must obtain a minimum outcome to win; where agents choose their budgets (at a cost); and where budgets are private information.
China's Post-Reform Economy - Achieving Harmony, Sustaining Growth

Part 1: China's Post Reform Economy - Achieving Harmony 1. Introduction Richard Sanders 2. The Origins of China's Quest for a Harmonious Society: Failures on the Governance and Environmental Fronts Wing Thye Woo 3. Environment, Health and Sustainability in Twenty-First Century China Ian Cook 4. Challenge, Governance Reform and Disharmony in Rural Society John Q. Tian 5. Exit of Involution in Rural China: An Alternative Development Path? Chen Yang 6. Regional Income Vulnerability and Inequality in China from 1985 to 2001: An Analysis Using an Asset Based Framework Richard Schiere and Yiu Por Chen Part 2: China's Post Reform Economy - Sustaining Growth 7. China's Banking Reform: Problems and Potential Solutions Charles Goodhart and Xiaosong Zeng 8. Ownership Reform, Foreign Competition and Efficiency of Chinese Commercial Banks Shujie Yao and Zhongwei Han 9. Local States and the Building of a Regulatory State: Implementing Reforms in China's Cotton Sector Bjorn Alpermann 10. The Dynamics of Industrial Clusters in China: The Case of the Ningbo Clothing Cluster Wang Jinmin and Richard Sanders 11. Industrial Catch-Up during Transition and Globalization: The Case of the Chinese Steel Sector Pei Sun 12. The Importance of Ultra High Speed Railways for China in Twenty-First Century John Kidd and Marielle Stumm 13. Managing the Transition from Administrative Monopoly to Regulated Monopoly in China's Strategic Sectors: A Case Study of China's Oil Industry Chen Yang and Richard Sanders
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate as a Ligand for the G Protein-Coupled Receptor EDG-1

The sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) has been implicated as a second messenger in cell proliferation and survival. However, many of its biological effects are due to binding to unidentified receptors on the cell surface. SPP activated the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled orphan receptor EDG-1, originally cloned as Endothelial Differentiation Gene-1. EDG-1 bound SPP with high affinity (dissociation constant = 8.1 nM) and high specificity. Overexpression of EDG-1 induced exaggerated cell-cell aggregation, enhanced expression of cadherins, and formation of well-developed adherens junctions in a manner dependent on SPP and the small guanine nucleotide binding protein Rho.
Galileo Jupiter approach orbit determination

Orbit determination characteristics of the Jupiter approach phase of the Galileo mission are described. Predicted orbit determination performance is given for the various mission events that occur during Jupiter approach. These mission events include delivery of an atmospheric entry probe, acquisition of probe science data by the Galileo orbiter for relay to earth, delivery of an orbiter to a close encounter of the Galilean satellite Io, and insertion of the orbiter into orbit about Jupiter. The orbit determination strategy and resulting accuracies are discussed for the data types which include Doppler, range, optical imaging of Io, and a new Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data type called Differential One-Way Range (DOR).
Mitochondria and Antioxidant Targeted Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important features present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). They appear early and contribute to disease progression, both in human postmortem AD brains as well as in transgenic AD mouse brains. For this reason, targeting oxidative stress and mitochondria in AD may lead to the development of promising therapeutic strategies. Several exogenous antioxidant compounds have been tested and found beneficial in transgenic AD mice, such as vitamins and spices. However, their efficacy was much more modest in human trials. More recently, new strategies have been elaborated to promote endogenous antioxidant systems. Different pathways involved in oxidative stress response have been identified. Compounds able to upregulate these pathways are being generated and tested in animal models of AD and in human patients. Upregulation of antioxidant gene expression was beneficial in mice, giving hope for future avenues in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Dynamic Memory Revisited

Preface to the second edition 1. Introduction to dynamic memory 2. Reminding and memory 3. Failure-driven memory 4. Cross-contextual reminding 5. Story-based reminding 6. The kinds of structures in memory 7. Memory organization packets 8. Thematic organization packets 9. Generalization and memory 10. Learning by doing 11. Non-conscious knowledge 12. Case-based reasoning and the metric of problem solving 13. Non-conscious thinking 14. Goal-based scenarios 15. Enhancing intelligence References Index.
Abstract 838: Establishment, identification and treatment data of TCGA glioblatoma xenograft subtypes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Network recently catalogued recurrent genomic abnormalities in glioblastoma (GBM). This genomic profiling lead to the molecular classification of GBMs into four subtypes: Proneural, Neural, Classical and Mesenchymal. The importance of identifying these subtypes helps researchers and clinicians to better understand GBMs with the potential to personalize treatment options and explore different therapeutic approaches that each subtype may require. In addition, the TCGA identified possible mechanisms that can cause some GBM tumors to become resistant to therapy, including the standard of care alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). For this project, we established xenografts using patient derived tissue and passaged these xenografts until reliable growth characteristics were obtained. Established GBM xenografts were classified into TCGA-defined subtypes first by obtaining global gene expression data using the GeneChip Human Genome U133A 2.0 array from Affymetrix. Microarray data was then quantile normalized and probes were summarized as gene expression levels using RMA. Then data was log2 transformed and genes median centered. Xenografts were subsequently classified into one of four previously defined subtypes as described using Classification to the Nearest Centroid (ClaNC) with the TCGA GBM data as the training dataset. Using established xenografts from each subtype, a panel of standard of care treatment agents (including TMZ) was assessed by delay in tumor growth and by tumor regression. Statistical analysis was performed using a SAS statistical analysis program, the Wilcoxon rank order test for growth delay, and Fisher's exact test for tumor regression. Data regarding each xenografts BRAF, EGFR, EGFRvIII, IDH1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN, RB1, TERT and TP53 status is reported within. The identification of these valid xenograft models represents an important contribution toward the ability of studying GBM subtypes, in particular for modeling and predicting therapeutic response. Citation Format: Stephen T. Keir, B Ahmed Rasheed, Katherine A. Hoadley, Martin A. Roskoski, Danuta Gasinski, Patrick J. Killela, Hai Yan, Madan M. Kwatra, Henry S. Friedman, Darell D. Bigner. Establishment, identification and treatment data of TCGA glioblatoma xenograft subtypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 838. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-838
The Impact of Merit Pay on Teaching and Research Outcomes of Accounting Programs.

Basing the compensation of accounting professors on merit pay in order to encourage better teaching, research and service is controversial. This study uses data from a survey of the 852 accounting programs in the United States to empirically examine the influence of merit-based salary plans. Findings indicate a strong positive association between the presence of a merit plan at a school and the quality of the school’s research outcomes. However, no association was found between the presence of a merit program at a school and the school’s teaching outcomes.
Invariant subspaces and extremum problems in spaces of vector-valued functions

Abstract In this article we obtain, for 1 ⩽ p ⩽ ∞, a characterization of the invariant subspaces of spaces of vector-valued L p functions defined on the unit circle—i.e., of those subspaces invariant under multiplication by e ix . This result is then applied to extend, to the corresponding Hardy classes of vector-valued functions, the known characterizations of the extreme points of the unit ball in the scalar Hardy classes H 1 and H ∞ . Finally, it is shown that the characterization of the closure of the set of extreme points of the unit ball in H 1 changes significantly when we pass from the scalar to the vector case.
Angiochemical and tissue cholesterol changes of Macaca fascicularis fed an atherogenic diet for 3 years.

Abstract Angiochemical and tissue cholesterol changes were investigated in Macaca fascicularis fed either an atherogenic containing 1 mg cholesterol/Cal or a control diet for 3 years. The thoracic and abdominal aortas and the carotid and femoral arteries were visually examined for the extensiveness of atherosclerosis and analyzed for lipid, collagen, elastin, and mineral content. Cholesterol accumulation in other tissues was assessed by measuring concentrations in liver, kidney, skin, and tendon. The cynomolgus macaques fed the atherogenic diet had between 77 and 97% of the intimal surface of all arteries studied affected with atherosclerotic lesions. The arteries of animals fed the atherogenic diet were between 1.6–2.5 times heavier than the arteries of control animals. This increased weight was attributed largely to collagen and elastin. When animals fed the atherogenic diet were compared with controls, significant increases in arterial total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, phospholipid, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were seen. The liver, skin and tendon, but not the kidney, had significant increased concentrations of total and esterified cholesterol compared to control tissues. Comparison of our findings with the results of other studies of nonhuman primates indicates that the atherosclerotic plaques induced in the cynomolgus macaques are most nearly comparable to atherosclerosis in man, primarily because of the marked accumulation of mineral and connective tissue components.
Synthesis of highly-ordered mesoporous carbon/silica nanocomposites and derivative hierarchically mesoporous carbon from a phenyl-bridged organosiloxane

Mesoporous carbon/silica nanocomposites and derivative hierarchically mesoporous carbon have been prepared using 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene (BTEB) as a precursor for a carbon/silica network and Pluronic P123 (HO(CH2CH2O)20(CH2CH(CH3)O)70(CH2CH2O)20H) as a template for highly-ordered hexagonal pores. Co-assembly of BTEB and P123 and subsequent carbonization results in a mesoporous carbon/silica nanocomposite with hexagonally oriented pores. Removal of the silica component in the carbon/silica network creates a second porosity in the network and results in hierarchically mesoporous carbon. The mesostructure of these materials was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and N2 sorption.
Glycosphingolipids in fetal Tay-Sachs disease brain and lung cultures.

— A study was undertaken of the glycosphingolipids in cell cultures derived from cerebellum of Tay-Sachs disease fetal brain in order to determine the suitability of such cell strains as a model for Tay-Sachs disease. The glycosphingolipids in the Tay-Sachs disease cultured cerebellar cells were compared with those found in normal cultured cerebellar cells, normal and Tay-Sachs cultured lung cells, and normal and Tay-Sachs fetal brain. The glycolipids were separated by TLC, then analyzed by GLC of the trimethylsilyi derivatives of the methylglycosides of the sugar moieties. In the cultured cerebellar lines, the predominant gangliosides were GM2, GM3, and GD3. There was a 4-fold increase of GM2 in the Tay-Sachs as compared with the normal line. Only GM3 and GD3 gangliosides were found in the Tay-Sachs and the normal fetal lung cell cultures. The major neutral glycosphingolipids in all of the cultured cells which were analyzed were glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, digalactosyl-glucosylceramide, and globoside. When the Tay-Sachs cerebellar cells were labelled with [1-14C]gluco-samine, some radioactivity was observed in the trihexosylceramide band, indicating the presence of a small amount of a galactosamine-containing trihexosylceramide which may be asialo-GM2 (GA2). The trihexosylceramide in Tay-Sachs fetal brain was identified as GA2 by GLC. Both Tay-Sachs and normal fetal brain gangliosides were more complex than those found in the cultured cells. Long chain fatty acids (C24:0 and C24;1) predominated in all of the glycosphingolipids of the Tay-Sachs and the normal cultured cerebellar cells. In contrast, the glycosphingolipids of Tay-Sachs and normal fetal brain contained mainly the shorter chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1). The cerebrosides in both the Tay-Sachs and normal fetal brains were mainly glucosylceramide with only small amounts of the galactosylceramide which predominates in infant brain. Cultured cells from the fetal Tay-Sachs disease