cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of korean parents in the literacy development of their children

This article identifies and analyzes a major factor contributing to Korean children’s early literacy development, namely, Korean parents’ significant involvement in early oral language development, a practice that supports emergent literacy theory as advanced by Marie Clay (1967) and supported by Teale and Sulzby (1989), Taylor (1993), and others. The article claims that the Korean culture and parents’ views support the emergent literacy theorists and also contribute to children’s reading and language abilities.
Liquid Feed Passage Route into Stomach Compartments, Influence of Abomasal Infusions on Plasma Glucose, and Supplementation of Dry Rations with Liquid Feeds from Lick-Wheel Feeders

Passage route into stomach compartments of liquid feeds containing a marker was studied by feeding a liquid supplement and molasses from a lick-wheel feeder and by infusing the liquid supplement into the reticulorumen 30 min prior to sampling contents of the reticulorumen and abomasum and 4 h prior to sampling blood for plasma glucose. Recovery from reticulorumen and concentration of marker in abomasal ingesta gave no evidence of rumen bypass, this supported by a gross correlation of .92 between rumen ammonia nitrogen and nonprotein nitrogen intake from liquid feeds. Plasma glucose values were not different. Preinfusion and postinfusion plasma glucose values were similar for abomasal infusion of about 454 g of molasses, 20% crude protein liquid supplement, and for the basal diet. Values were lower for abomasal infusion of the 35% crude protein liquid supplement (Pro-Lix) than for the 20% crude protein liquid supplement. When complete rations containing 11.5, 13.0, and 14.5% crude protein were supplemented with either molasses or a 20% crude protein liquid supplement fed from lick-wheel feeders, intake averaged .53 and .34 kg per animal daily for the respective liquid feeds. There was no effect on milk yield, solids-corrected milk, milk fat content, protein content, solids-not-fat percent, or body weight change. There was an interaction of protein level and liquid feeds in which plasma glucose was increased by liquid feeds in higher but not in lower protein diets.
Physiological Studies on Pea Tendrils. II. The Role of Light and ATP in Contact Coiling

Excised pea ( Pisum sativum L.) tendrils incubated in the light coil more than those incubated in the dark. This light effect, which displays spectral responses characteristic of chlorophyll-mediated mechanisms, is increased by at least 8 hours of prior dark incubation of plants from which the tendrils were derived. Considerable evidence indicates a major role of ATP in coiling. For example, inhibitors of ATP production decrease contact coiling. Exogenous ATP increases curvature in the dark, whereas exogenous adenosine, AMP and ADP are practically without effect. The ATP effect can be reversed by the addition of sucrose to the bathing solution. Tendrils of plants placed in the dark overnight have lower ATP levels than those held in the light. One half hour after stimulation, the endogenous ATP level of tendrils on plants kept in the light decreased fourfold. In the same period, the endogenous inorganic phosphate level increased markedly, indicating high adenosine triphosphatase activity. Curvature is proportional to the logarithm of the molarity of applied ATP between 10 −4 and 10 −2 m, whereas elongation responds only to the higher dosages. It is inferred that endogenous ATP is involved as an energy source in coiling, especially in the initial phase, which involves contraction of the tendril. The existence of a higher plant analog of actomyosin, suggested by others, is supported.
Measurement of the interfacial strength of fibers and thin films

Abstract This paper briefly summarizes several promising new mechanical as well as thermal means for initiating the debonding of a fiber in a matrix or a metal film on a substrate of a composite structure. Also described are quantitative electrical and acoustic (ultrasonic) techniques for monitoring the failure of this interface and for recovering an interfacial strength parameter. The focus is on practical bond strength measurement techniques which are accurate, reproducible and reasonably simple to carry out.
α-Minimal Banach spaces

A Banach space W with a Schauder basis is said to be α-minimal for some α<ω1 if, for any two block subspaces Z,Y⊆W, the Bourgain embeddability index of Z into Y is at least α. We prove a dichotomy that characterises when a Banach space has an α-minimal subspace, which contributes to the ongoing project, initiated by W.T. Gowers, of classifying separable Banach spaces by identifying characteristic subspaces.
Population characteristics of feral cats admitted to seven trap-neuter-return programs in the United States

Internationally, large populations of feral cats constitute an important and controversial issue due to their impact on cat overpopulation, animal welfare, public health, and the environment, and to disagreement about what are the best methods for their control. Trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs are an increasingly popular alternative to mass euthanasia. The objective of this study was to determine the population characteristics of feral cats admitted to large-scale TNR programs from geographically diverse locations in the United States. Data from 103,643 feral cats admitted to TNR programs from 1993 to 2004 were evaluated. All groups reported more intact females (53.4%) than intact males (44.3%); only 2.3% of the cats were found to be previously sterilized. Overall, 15.9% of female cats were pregnant at the time of surgery. Pregnancy was highly seasonal and peaked between March and April for all of the groups. The average prenatal litter size was 4.1 � 0.1 fetuses per litter. Cryptorchidism was observed in 1.3% of male cats admitted for sterilization. A total of 0.4% of cats was euthanased because of the presence of debilitating conditions, and 0.4% died during the TNR clinics. Remarkably similar populations of cats with comparable seasonal variability were seen at each program, despite their wide geographical distribution. These results suggest that it is feasible to safely sterilize large numbers of feral cats and that the experiences of existing programs are a consistent source of information upon which to model new TNR programs. Date accepted: 16 February 2006
BladeCenter system overview

The IBM eServerTM BladeCenter® system was conceived in the fall of 1999 by members of the IBM xSeries® server brand technical team (at the time, called the Netfinity® brand). It was a new idea, and for some, too revolutionary to consider. After considerable end-user feedback, technical refinement, and internal discussion and debate, the concept was developed into a leadership server product. This paper provides a brief historic overview of the development of the architecture and blade servers, and a technical description of the BladeCenter system and technology.
Relationship of Estradiol to Luteal Function in the Cycling Baboon

Since exogenous 17β-estradiol (E2) is luteolytic in some primates, it is reasonable to conclude that endogenous E2 is the naturally occurring luteolytic substance. However, a link between endogenous E2 and spontaneous luteolysis has not been demonstrated. In an attempt to understand the function of E2 in spontaneous luteolysis, we employed the antiestrogen clomiphene. We administered E2, clomiphene, or E2 plus clomiphene to baboons during the luteal phase and measured systemic levels of estrone, E2, progesterone (P), and LH. E2 alone depressed the concentrations of P and bioassayable LH prematurely. The length of the luteal phase was significantly shortened (12.8 ± 0.9 vs. 15.8 ± 0.4 days for sham controls; P 0.01) from control and a luteal phase of normal length (15.0 ± 1.0 days). Treatment with E2 alone caused serum LH concentrations to decrease. The administration of clom...
Gradual Rebalancing Of Medicaid Long-Term Services And Supports Saves Money And Serves More People, Statistical Model Shows

States are shifting Medicaid spending on long-term services and supports from institutional to home and community-based services, a process known as rebalancing. Using fifteen years of state expenditure data, a statistical model was developed to assess the effect of rebalancing on overall spending for long-term services and supports. The model indicates that spending is affected by the way rebalancing is implemented: Gradual rebalancing, by roughly two percentage points annually, can reduce spending by about 15 percent over ten years. More rapid rebalancing can save money, break even, or increase spending, depending on the pace and program specifics. Cuts to home and community-based services that hinder rebalancing are likely to increase, not decrease, overall spending on long-term services and supports as people who were receiving these services shift into nursing homes. Because many states continue to experience budget crises, policy makers must think carefully before altering spending patterns for long...
Thermochemistry of Framework and Layer Manganese Dioxide Related Phases

The energetics of a set of natural and synthetic manganese dioxides having a framework or a layer structure were determined by high-temperature solution calorimetry using sodium molybdate as a solvent. Enthalpies of formation of the metastable manganese dioxides were calculated from the measured values of the enthalpies of drop solution. The stability of the open structure depends mostly on the nature of and the amount of the tunnel (or interlayer) cation and on the degree of hydration. It depends less strongly on the topology of the structure itself and on the average oxidation state of manganese. The synthesis of these metastable microporous materials is not limited by the energetics of the structure.
Containment Design, Performance Criteria and Research Needs for Advanced Reactor Designs

This paper points out some important shifts in the basic expectations in the performance requirements for containment structures and discusses the areas where the containment structure design requirements and acceptance criteria can be integrated with ultimate test based insights. Although there has not been any new reactor construction in the United States for over thirty years, several designs of evolutionary and advanced reactors have already been certified. Performance requirements for containment structures under design basis and severe accident conditions and explicit consideration of seismic margins have been used in the design certification process. In the United States, the containment structure design code is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 1, Subsection NE-Class MC for the steel containment and Section III, Division 2 for reinforced and prestressed concrete reactor vessels and containments. This containment design code was based on the early concept of applying design basis internal pressure and associated load combinations that included the operating basis and safe shutdown earthquake ground motion. These early design criteria served the nuclear industry and the regulatory authorities in maintaining public health and safety. However, these early design criteria do not incorporate the performance criteria related to containment function in an integrated fashion. Research in large scale model testing of containment structures to failure from over pressurization and shake table testing using simulated ground motion, have produced insights related to failure modes and material behavior at failure. The results of this research provide the opportunity to integrate these observations into design and acceptance criteria. This integration process would identify “gaps” in the present knowledge and future research needs. This knowledge base is important for gleaning risk-informed insights into the design basis and severe accident behavior of containments.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Diurnal Behavior of the Agrimi, Capra aegagrus

Behavior of the agrimi ( Capra aegagrus cretensis ) on Theodorou Island Wildlife Preserve, Greece, was investigated from 1 August to 26 November 1986. Agrimi have seasonal and daily activity patterns that minimized their exposure to high ambient temperatures. We found significant differences in time spent lying, standing, feeding, and moving among subsets of the population classified by sex, season, and time of day. Agrimi usually were solitary; however, they often formed small groups that varied in both age and sex composition. We observed an age- and sex-specific dominance hierarchy with older, consequently larger, males being dominant. We observed stomping, kicking, gobbling, tongue wagging, and mounting, breeding behaviors previously unreported for this subspecies.
Observations on the background spectra of four LaCl3(Ce) scintillation detectors

Abstract Our laboratory has purchased four LaCl3(Ce) scintillation crystals over the course of the last year for evaluation as part of an environmental management research and development project. In addition to the expected content of naturally radioactive 138La, we have found that all four of these detectors are contaminated to various degrees with alpha particle emitting nuclides that we have determined to be 227Ac and its daughters. The impact of these radionuclides on the background spectra and, thus, on the detection sensitivity of these detectors is presented and discussed.
Advances in ferrite microwave materials and devices

Abstract The application of ferrites in non-reciprocal components is discussed, with the emphasis on broadband isolators and circulators. The performance of such devices may be characterized by the ratio fmax/fmin of the frequencies that define the edges of the frequency band, within which satisfactory performance has been achieved. For the best currently available devices this ratio is approx. 3 : 1, but larger values appear feasible according to a detailed analysis of the `low-field, low-frequency loss’ that limits the performance.
Alpha- Adrenoceptors in the Developing Kidney

The maturation of renal alpha-adrenoceptors was investigated in dogs. Alpha-adrenoceptors were characterized by radioligand binding using the alpha-1-adrenergic antagonist, [3H]-WB-4101. In renal plasma membranes obtained from the outer cortex of neonates, the binding of the ligand was rapid, reversible, of high affinity, saturable, and stereoselective. The competition studies with adrenergic agonists and antagonists were indicative of alpha-receptors. In puppies less than 1-w-old, the binding affinity of [3H]-WB-4101 (Kd = 0.638 +/- 0.17 nM) was greater than 3-5 week-old puppies (Kd 1.573 +/- 0.315 nm); (P less than 0.05), but receptor number was similar (63.75 +/- 19.1 versus 79.10 +/- 5.99 fmole/mg protein). No consistent specific binding could be demonstrated in plasma membranes obtained from inner cortex of medulla. In the adult dog, no consistent specific binding could be demonstrated for plasma membranes obtained from any region of the kidney. These studies indicate that during maturation there is a decrease in alpha-adrenoceptor density and affinity in membranes from the outer cortex of the kidney.
Development of basal and induced aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity in the chicken embryo in ovo

Abstract The development of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system was studied to determine the basal level of embryonic enzyme activity and the inducibility of this system throughout growth and differentiation. Chicken embryo livers were assayed for basal and inducible hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHHase; designated elsewhere as AHH) activity from the first appearance of the liver as a discrete organ at 5 days of incubation (DI) through day 10 after hatching. In addition, whole-embryo and viscera preparations were assayed at 3 and 4 DI. Basal AHHase activity was equal to or greater than adult levels from 3 DI through hatching in all preparations (approximately 0.3-0.5 nmol/min per mg). A 3-fold increase in basal activity above adult values occurred at hatching. The onset of inducibility in chicken embryo liver between 5 and 6 DI was concomitant with hepatocyte differentiation. A developmental profile of 24-hr 3,4,3', 4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-induced AHHase activity showed 15- to 30-fold induction over controls from 7 DI through day 10 after hatching, with a maximum of 15 nmol/min per mg at 14 DI and day 1 after hatching, a specific activity greater than 50% greater than maximal induction in the adult. Embryonic AHHase activity was also induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene, beta-naphthoflavone, and sodium phenobarbital. Induction kinetics throughout embryonic development were similar to those reported for the adult chicken and other animals. These findings demonstrate development of a mixed-function oxidase system in very early embryogenesis and then in the liver as it differentiates. Liver AHHase activity is inducible throughout development and perinatally but such activity is under strict developmental regulation. The chicken embryo has adult levels of AHHase activity which would be sufficient to achieve metabolic activation of promutagens/carcinogens before and after hepatocyte differentiation.
Development of infrared chemical sensors based on quasi-phasematched, periodically poles lithium niobate sources

Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is a relatively new non-linear optical material which can be used for such processes as second harmonic generation, sum and difference frequency generation and optical parametric oscillation. The use of periodically-poled lithium niobate in spectroscopy and chemical sensing offers many potential advantages over systems employing more traditional laser sources. When pumped by the fundamental of a Nd:YAG laser PPLN offers the promise of high efficiency, high power, broad tunability (1.5–3.5 µm) and compact size. The broad tunability over the C-H stretch region is an important advantage for many chemical sensing applications. At Sandia, we are developing IR sources based on PPLN for both remote and in-situ chemical sensing.
New Approach to Delist Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses from BSL3+ Select Agents to BSL2 Non-Select Status for Diagnostics and Vaccines

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are Select Agents in the United States and are required to be handled in bio-containment level-3 enhanced (BSL3+) facilities. Using a reverse genetics system, we attenuated a highly pathogenic virus, with the goal of making it low pathogenic and having it delisted as a Select Agent so that it could be handled in a bio-containment level-2 facility for diagnostic or vaccine production applications. We utilized two approaches to attenuate the target AIV by mutating the highly pathogenic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site to be low pathogenic and by replacing the full-length NS gene segment with a naturally truncated 124–amino acid NS1 coding gene from A/turkey/Oregon/73 (H7N3) virus (tkOR71 trNS1). To delist an AIV so that it can be handled in a BSL2 facility, the amino acid sequence of the HA cleavage site of the rescued virus must be confirmed to be compatible with a low-pathogenic AIV; it should not plaque in cell culture without supplementation of e...
A modeling study of the response of tropical deep convection to the increase of cloud condensation nuclei concentration: 2. Radiation and tropospheric chemistry

[1] Following the discussion in a previous companion paper on the responses of cloud dynamics and microphysics to the changes in initial concentration of aerosols suitable of serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN0), the consequent impacts of these responses on cloud radiative effect and tropospheric chemistry are studied using a three-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The radiative forcings of modeled cloud are found to generally increase with CCN0. This increase with CCN0 is more closely correlated to the changes in cloud coverage rather than other cloud properties. The enhanced convective strength of the modeled cloud with CCN0 affects the redistributions of chemical species including aerosols and water vapor. These impacts include an enhanced moistening of cloudy air while drying outside, an increase in the abundance of slowly soluble gases such as CO in the upper troposphere, and a simultaneous low availability of soluble gases attributed to the enhanced scavenging by cloud droplets. Additionally, the heterogeneous uptake of chemical species by ice particles is found to largely relate to the origins of these species and this uptake is also influenced by the changes in CCN0. Although the impacts of cloud on photochemistry are significant, these impacts appear to be not very sensitive to the changes in CCN0, caused primarily by the thick cloud layer in the modeled case.
Sulfate-induced cooling in the southeastern U.S. : An observational assessment

The effect of sulfates on cloud microphysical and optical properties have been studied using data from a rural mountaintop location in the Mt. Mitchell State Park, North Carolina. Although the amended Clean Air Act has limited the sulfur emissions beginning 1990, we found the sulfate concentrations greater during 1993–97 compared to that during 1986–89. Cloud albedo inferred from satellite data and calculated from surface observations does not indicate a monotonic increase with increasing sulfates. The direct and indirect (cloud-mediated) sulfate forcing are assessed to be 4.8 and −4 W m−2. These values exceed current model predictions as evaluated by other investigators. Surface temperature records of the region during 1949–94 indicate a cooling trend tacitly supporting our assessment.
Effects of alcohol and tobacco on aerodigestive cancer risks: a meta-regression analysis.

Objective: Meta-analysis was used to summarize the published evidence on the associations between alcohol and tobacco consumption and cancers of the oropharynx, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. The objective was to produce summary risk estimates with uniform methods and on uniform exposure scales so that the magnitudes of the risks could be compared across tumor sites. Methods: Epidemiologic studies that estimated the effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract were identified from the MEDLINE database, 1966–2001. Alcohol and tobacco data were converted into common units (grams/week). For all studies meeting eligibility criteria, effect parameters (slopes) were estimated for both exposures. The exposure-risk slopes for each study were combined, site by site, using random effects meta-regression methods. Results: Fourteen studies met the final selection criteria. The carcinogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco were found to be multiplicative on the relative risk scale. Tobacco appeared to have a much stronger effect on the larynx than on any of the other aerodigestive sites, while alcohol's effect was strongest on the pharynx. The weakest association was that of alcohol and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus – an order of magnitude weaker than that for tobacco and laryngeal cancer. Conclusions: Meta-analysis was used to combine the results from all available studies, providing a comprehensive summary of the combined effects of alcohol and tobacco on the upper aerodigestive cancers.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION.—THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF LACTIC ACID, SODIUM LACTATE, AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID

In the dog the secretion of the pilocarpinised submaxillary gland is increased by the intravenous administration of lactic and hydrochloric acids. With the latter the increase in secretion varies in duration and magnitude and is followed frequently by a decrease below the original level. Its effect is the same whether the sympathetic supply to the gland is intact or not. Both agents increase the submaxillary blood-volume flow with the vago-sympathetic intact, but the magnitude of this change seems insufficient to account for the increase in secretion though it might contribute to it. A similar increase in blood-volume flow is produced after cutting the vago-sympathetic. The increase in secretion produced by lactic acid is greater if the vago-sympathetic has been cut. Sodium lactate, intravenously injected, decreases salivary secretion if the vago-sympathetic is intact but increases it if the nerve is cut. It increases submaxillary blood-volume flow in a like degree whether the vago-sympathetic is intact or not. The differences in the effects of lactic acid and sodium lactate before and after section of the sympathetic supply to the gland suggest a central as well as peripheral control of salivary secretion. The lactate ions appear to be inhibitory to the central and augmentory to the peripheral mechanism of secretion. All three agents cause transient changes in blood-pressure, and both of the acids always increase pulmonary ventilation, though the change is generally more transitory than the effect upon secretion. Sodium lactate has no effect upon pulmonary ventilation or decreases it. Again the effect is transient. It is believed that changes in the acid base equilibrium of the tissues and blood are an important factor in the effect upon secretion of lactic acid, of hydrochloric acid, and of sodium lactate. Coincident changes in blood-volume flow probably affected the results, and some additional effect of the lactate ionis, such as their use as food material supplying energy for secretion, may be involved. The act of cutting the vago-sympathetic, while the submaxillary gland was secreting at a constant rate under the continuous injection of pilocarpine, increased submaxillary blood-volume flow sharply but decreased the rate of secretion. Possible mechanisms producing these changes have been discussed.
Applying the Competing Values Model of Leadership: Reconceptualizing a University Student Leadership Development Program:

A theoretical model of organizational effectiveness and leadership, developed by Robert Quinn, is adapted and applied to a university student leadership development program. Eight leadership roles are evaluated in this empirical analysis. Results indicated that: (1) student leaders saw themselves most often as mentors to others within their organization/club and least often as brokers to individuals outside their immediate unit, and (2) position of leadership, type of organization/club, student classification, and gender produced significant differences in the leadership roles performed. Quinn's model and these results are discussed as a means of reconceptualizing and improving student leadership development programs.
Effects of negative political advertising on the political process

An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of negative political advertising on several variables important to the political process. Results indicated that negative commercials may lead to greater candidate image discrimination and greater attitude polarization than their positive counterparts. Negative and positive commercials did not differ, however, in their effects on involvement in the election, communication behavior regarding the election, and likelihood of turning out to vote in the election.
First-principles study of Co3(Al,W) alloys using special quasi-random structures

We have developed 32-atom special quasi-random structures (SQSs) to model the substitutionally random pseudo-binary A3(B0.5C0.5) alloys in L12, D019, and D03 crystal structures, respectively. First-principles SQS calculations are performed to examine the phase stability of the recently identified L12–Co3Al0.5W0.5 compound in the Co–Al–W ternary system. By computing total energy as a function of applied strain, the single-crystal elastic constants of L12–Co3Al0.5W0.5 are also predicted and our results show excellent agreement with recent experimental measurements.
Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Diastolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction

EDITORIAL NOTE: This department offers stylized clinical presentations of current cardiovascular issues. Questions raised in each case history highlight key elements that are elaborated upon in the discussions that follow. (Chest 1993; 103:1877)
Effectiveness of bronchodilators in cystic fibrosis

Bronchodilators (xanthines, adrenergics, and parasympatholytics) have been used for years in the treatment of airway obstruction associated with cystic fibrosis. Their effectiveness in bringing about consistent and significant reversal of airway obstruction remains a topic for debate. A review of the literature suggests that the majority of patients with cystic fibrosis have hyperresponsive and hyperactive airways and will respond favorably to bronchodilators, at least some of the time. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness tends to be greater in patients with advanced disease than in mildly affected ones. Responses to bronchodilators appear to be greatest when airway disease is mild-to-moderate, when there is a documented excessive bronchial hyperresponsiveness to nonspecific bronchoconstrictors (methacholine, histamine), and when the patients are young. The response to intravenous xanthine and terbutaline is best when patients experience an acute pulmonary exacerbation and when aerosolized bronchodilators are relatively ineffective. Patients with advanced airway destruction and obstruction have a high degree of airway wall instability, which may be worsened by inhaled bronchodilators. Adrenergic and parasympatholytic aerosols are equally effective; combining them in optimal doses may be more beneficial than using either alone. Atropine and ipratropium bromide may be more effective in adults than children, but this remains to be further evaluated. Some of the apparently poor responses to inhaled bronchodilators are likely due to inadequate dosing. In conclusion, most patients with cystic fibrosis are likely to benefit from bronchodilator therapy when given in adequate doses, appropriate combinations, and by the appropriate route.
Purposeful alteration of [99mTc]-pertechnetate biodistribution

A series of imaging studies were conducted in rats to assess the effect of stannous containing chemical species on the normal biodistribution of [99mTc]pertechnetate. The goal of the study was to determine if tissue activity could be altered by use of selected chemical agents and if such alteration could be used to clear non-target activity for enhanced image interpretation and/or to visualize two or more organ systems following a single injection of radioactivity. Two distinct patterns of tissue activity alteration could be induced. Tissue distribution studies in rats demonstrated statistically significant differences between tissue radioactivity in groups selectively studied for the type and magnitude of the induced alteration.
Eugenic Sterilization and a Qualified Nazi Analogy: The United States and Germany, 1930-1945

In the United States and Germany before World War II, physicians participated in state-authorized eugenic sterilization programs in an attempt to prevent persons deemed to possess undesirable heritable characteristics from propagating. A comparison of U.S. and German histories reveals similarities that argue against easy dismissal of a Nazi analogy. On the basis of a review of editorials in New England Journal of Medicine and Journal of the American Medical Association from 1930 to 1945 it is difficult to accept the suggestion that the alliance between the medical profession and the eugenics movement in the United States was short-lived. Comparison of the histories of the eugenic sterilization campaigns in the United States and Nazi Germany reveals important similarities of motivation, intent, and strategy and differences that explain why support for eugenic sterilization in the United States gradually weakened. The eugenics movement in Germany was influenced by economic crisis, radical nationalism, Hitler's totalitarianism, and the medical profession's willing participation and attraction to Nazism for financial and ideological reasons. In the United States, a combination of public unease, Roman Catholic opposition, federal democracy, judicial review, and critical scrutiny by the medical profession reversed the momentum of the eugenics movement and led to the conclusion that eugenic sterilization should be voluntary.
The effect of posterior sagittal anorectoplasty and its variants on lower urinary tract function in children with anorectal malformations

The effect of posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) and its variants on lower urinary tract function was investigated urodynamically in 32 patients with anorectal malformations. In 27 patients urodynamic evaluation was performed before and after surgery and in 4 it was done postoperatively only. One child was clinically assessed with no postoperative urodynamic study. Minor postoperative changes in the specific preoperative urodynamic pattern were observed in 4 cases but the changes did not seem to be related to surgery. In 3 boys with rectourethral fistulas detrusor failure consistent with autonomic denervation was noted postoperatively. Standard posterior sagittal anorectoplasty was performed in 1 of the 3 boys and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty combined with additional transabdominal procedures was done in the other 2. In general our findings suggest that posterior sagittal anorectoplasty and its variants do not affect lower urinary tract function unless these surgical techniques are combined with major transabdominal procedures and extensive retrovesical dissection.
Assessment of motor performance decrement following soman poisoning in mice.

ABSTRACTA simple motor performance test, the inverted screen test, was used to assess the incapacitating effects of soman in mice and to evaluate the effectiveness of carbamate pretreatment and/or treatment with atropine plus 2-PAM on soman-induced debilitation. The test requires minimal equipment and personnel training, and can be done rapidly on untrained animals. Mice were placed individually on wire mesh screens which were horizontally mounted on a metal rod. The rod was rotated 1800 so that the mice were oriented upside down on the bottom of the screen. The animals were observed for their ability to climb to the top of the screen within one minute. Mice exhibited significant disruption of performance on the screen test 24 hours after soman doses of 0.71 ID50 or more. Treatment with atropine and 2-PAM i.m. 10 sec post-soman (1.1 × LD50) did not improve screen test performance when measured at 24 hours. Pretreatment with pyridostigmine or physostigmlne in combination with post-soman therapy with atropi...
Evaluation of focal defects of the nerve fiber layer using optical coherence tomography

Objective To analyze glaucomatous eyes with known focal defects of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), relating optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings to clinical examination, NFL and stereoscopic optic nerve head (ONH) photography, and Humphrey 24–2 visual fields.
A/D Conversion Using Geometric Feedback AGC

A digital signal processing technique is described which utilizes a built-in automatic gain control (AGC) function. A particularly attractive algorithm called "geometric feedback" is developed which has certain desirable properties. A simple analytic solution of the response is derived for the special case of linear geometric feedback.
Constraining a possible time variation of the gravitational constant G with terrestrial nuclear laboratory data

Testing the constancy of the gravitational constant $G$ is a longstanding fundamental question in natural science. As first suggested by Jofr\'e, Reisenegger, and Fern\'andez (2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 131102), Dirac's hypothesis of a decreasing gravitational constant $G$ with time caused by the expansion of the Universe would induce changes in the composition of neutron stars, causing dissipation and internal heating. Eventually, neutron stars reach their quasistationary states where cooling, as a result of neutrino and photon emissions, balances the internal heating. The correlation of surface temperatures and radii of some old neutron stars may thus carry useful information about the rate of change of $G$. Using the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy, constrained by recent terrestrial laboratory data on isospin diffusion in heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies, and the size of neutron skin in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, within the gravitochemical heating formalism developed by Jofr\'e et al. (2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 131102), we obtain an upper limit for the relative time variation $|\stackrel{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}}{G}/G|$ in the range ($4.5\text{\ensuremath{-}}21)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ yr${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ is not necessary for the development of LPS‐induced tolerance in macrophages

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties in endotoxic shock and sepsis. One phenomenon that alters the inflammatory response to endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] is endotoxin tolerance, which is caused by previous exposure to endotoxin. Here, we investigate whether changes in endogenous PPARgamma function regulate this phenomenon using three different models of LPS-induced tolerance in macrophages. In a first in vitro model, previous LPS exposure of murine J774.2 macrophages suppressed tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release in response to subsequent LPS challenge. Treatment of J774.2 cells with the PPARgamma inhibitor GW9662 did not alter tolerance induction because these cells were still hyporesponsive to the secondary LPS challenge. In a second ex vivo model, primary rat peritoneal macrophages from LPS-primed rats exhibited suppression of thromboxane B2 and TNF-alpha production, while maintaining nitrite production in response to in vitro LPS challenge. Pretreatment of rats with the PPARgamma inhibitor GW9662 in vivo failed to alter the tolerant phenotype of these primary macrophages. In a third ex vivo model, primary peritoneal macrophages with conditional deletion of PPARgamma were harvested from LPS-primed Cre-lox mice (Cre+/+ PPARgamma-/-) and exhibited significant suppression of TNF-alpha production in response to in vitro LPS challenge. Furthermore, both LPS-primed PPARgamma-deficient Cre+/+ PPARgamma-/- mice and wild-type Cre-/- PPARgamma+/+ mice exhibited reduced plasma TNF-alpha levels in response to a high dose of LPS in vivo. These data demonstrate that PPARgamma does not play a role in the LPS-induced tolerant phenotype in macrophages.
The effects of zearalenone on reproduction in swine. I. The relationship between ingested zearalenone dose and anestrus in non-pregnant, sexually mature gilts

Ninety-nine sexually mature, non-pregnant gilts were checked for estrus daily with a mature boar and then allocated at estrus (D O) to receive 2 kg/d of a diet containing 0, 1, 5 or 10 ppm purified zearalenone between D 5 and 20 of the estrous cycle during two seasons of the year (winter and summer). None of the gilts exhibited any visual signs of "hyperestrogenism" and there was no effect of season on interestrous interval (P>0.05). A significant effect of zearalenone dose on inter-estrous interval was detected (P<0.001). Gilts receiving 0 or 1 ppm had similar inter-estrous intervals (21.0+/-0.3 and 21.5+/-0.8 d, respectively) whereas gilts receiving 5 and 10 ppm had extended cycles (29.2+/-2.9 and 32.7+/-3.3 d, respectively). Plasma progesterone concentrations at D 19 to 21 were higher in gilts with extended cycles (P<0.001) and corpora lutea (CL) were present at laparotomy. Some 86% of these retained CL underwent spontaneous regression resulting in the onset of estrus within the next 30 d. Fecal zearalenone concentrations rose during ingestion of contaminated diets and declined to pretreatment values within 2 d (1 ppm) to 8 d (10 ppm) of the cessation of treatment. These data show that feeding zearalenone at concentrations of 5 to 10 ppm from D 5 to 20 of the estrous cycle causes luteal maintenance and extended inter-estrous intervals. Spontaneous regression of these CL usually occurs within 30 d after zearalenone is removed from the diet. Fecal zearalenone analysis does not appear to be an effective method for determining prior exposure to zearalenone when carried out more than a few days following the last ingestion of zearalenone.
Automatic error bounds on real zeros of rational functions

A procedure for implementing an interval arithmetic version of the Newton-Raphson method is proposed. The procedure requires only a starting interval over which the zeros of a given rational function are to be located. The method automatically provides bounds for roundoff error.
Prostaglandin D2 inhibits the aggregation of human platelets

Abstract Prostaglandin D2, heretofore considered to be biologically inactive, was found to be more than twice as potent as prostaglandin E1 as an inhibitor of aggregation in human citrated platelet-rich plasma. It was much less potent than prostaglandin E1 in rabbit or rat platelet-rich plasma. This prostaglandin, or a derivative of it, may prove to be of greater value than prostaglandin E1 in maintaining the viability of stored platelets and as an antithrombotic agent.
Pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of Kentucky oil shale in supercritical toluene under rapid heating conditions

Abstract Oil shale from the Cleveland member of the Ohio shale, Montgomery County, Kentucky has been pyrolysed in supercritical toluene in the presence and absence of gas-phase molecular hydrogen. Data have been collected in a 300-cc stirred autoclave at residence times of 0 + , 5 and 30 min, temperatures from 653 to 733 K, and total pressures (at temperature) ranging from 15.1 to 20.6 MPa. The reactor was equipped with a gas-driven sample injector so that shale could be injected into the pre-heated dense gas at reaction conditions. Heating rates of approximately 1000°C min were obtained with this configuration. Results for conversion of organic carbon to oil have been computed based on a carbon balance on the reaction system. The objectives of the experimental program were to investigate the use of toluene as a dense gas medium, and to elucidate the effect of hydrogen and heating rate on the rate and extent of oil formation. The data have shown toluene to be an excellent dense gas media for facilitating pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis. Carbon conversions and oil yields in excess of 185% of Fisher Assay were achieved in the presence of gas-phase molecular hydrogen at very short (less than 2 min) residence times. Carbon conversion to oil was found to be a function of final temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, and heating rate. Very low hydrogen partial pressures were found to be adequate in promoting high organic carbon conversion to oil.
Relative Biological Value of dl-Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in Chick Diets

Abstract ALMOST all of the data presented in the literature indicate equal utilization of the d - and l - isomers of methionine. This subject was recently reviewed by Marrett et al. (1964). The relative utilization of dl -methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue (MHA) is much more controversial than that of the activity of the d - and l - forms of methionine. Bird (1952) found MHA to be equal to dl -methionine in supporting performance of chicks when fed on an equimolar basis. Gordon and Sizer (1955) reported that MHA had equal activity to l -methionine and was more active than dl or d -methionine when added on an equimolar basis to a sulfur amino acid deficient chick diet. Sullivan and Bird (1957) compared MHA and dl -methionine on an equimolar basis in 12 and 14% protein chick diets and found the analogue failed by a wide margin to support performance equivalent to dl -methionine. The addition of either urea…
An Atypical Growth of Cabbage Seedling Roots. Iii. Tissue Culture and Physiological Comparisons of Typical and Atypical Roots.

Induction of an atypical growth of cabbage roots under sterile conditions (8) by p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (POA) has led to a comparative study of typical and atypical growth. The atypical growth (tumor) is a massive tissue, as opposed to the thin, straight morphology of a normal root. The The words tumor or callus as applied to cabbage root growths are intended only as a convenient abbreviation of atypical growth. The material is not malignant, and therefore cannot be considered a true tumor. It differs greatly in degree of organization from the usual plant calluses. It is not as disorganized as the usual callus or tumor tissue culture, but is seen to consist of many abnormal lateral roots growing in a nondivergent, fasciated condition. Since this tissue can be grown under conditions identical with those of the normal roots from which it is derived, it becomes possible to compare the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the two. Aside from the descriptive interest of such a study, the information gathered might be pertinent to the mechanism of induction of the atypical growth, or to the causal relationships between the new biochemical activities and the new morphology. The purpose of the present work has been to compare tumorous roots of POA-treated plants with typical roots of untreated plants in regard to growth in tissue culture, dry weight, total nitrogen and protein content, and some respiratory characteristics ; and to compare the distribution of nitrogen and dry weight in entire treated and untreated seedlings.
The Functionalist Perspective on Social Inequality: Some Neglected Theoretical and Conceptual Roots*

This paper outlines the origins of the functionalist perspective as it was used by American social scientists to explain social inequality during the first four decades of the twentieth century. The author then argues against the assumption that the basis for development of the perspective is found in the work of Parsons and his students who applied Parsons’general framework to studies of social inequality in complex industrial society. Instead, it is suggested that the research of social anthropologists, such as Robert and Helen Lynd and W. Lioyd Warner, was equally important to the development of the functionalist perspective. The author further argues that early twentieth-century British social anthropology, with its strong ties to Durkheimian functionalism, greatly influenced the direction of studies on social inequality. The paper concludes with a discussion of the intellectual ancestries between these theoretical pioneers and Parsonians and offers an explanation why Parsons’work dominated sociology during a critical period of the discipline's development.
QUALITY GRADE, PORTION SIZE, NEEDLE TENDERIZATION AND COOKERY METHOD EFFECTS ON COOKING CHARACTERISTICS AND PALATABILITY TRAITS OF PORTIONED STRIP LOIN AND TOP SIRLOIN STEAKS

Strip Loin (IMP # 1180A) and Top Sirloin Center Cut steaks (IMP # 1184B) purchased from a foodservice purveyor and aged 21 days were used to evaluate cookery method, needle tenderization, quality grade and portion size effects on palatability and cooking characteristics. Both steak types were distributed across 4 quality grade classes (USDA Select = S, USDA Choice = C, USDA Prime = P, and Certified Angus BeefTM= UC), 2 portion sizes (strip loins, 283 and 397 g; top sirloins, 255 and 340 g), 2 tenderization treatments (needle tenderized = T and nontenderized = NT) and 2 cooking methods (Clamshell® broiler-grill = CS and electric grill = FW). Cook time/100 g was lower (P 0.05) sensory tenderness in the strips or sirloin steaks. Sensory tenderness scores were lower (P 0.05) sensory tenderness in the strips steaks but improved sensory tenderness scores in the sirloin steaks. A needle tenderization by quality class interaction in the sirloins showed that T steaks from the S, C and UC classes were more tender than NT steaks; however, tenderization did not affect tenderness of P steaks. Collectively these data suggest that rapid cookery systems (i.e., Clamshell®) can reduce cooking time in portioned foodservice strip and top sirloin steaks without detrimental effects on palatability.