cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of a structured approach to patient-based pharmacotherapy notes in a therapeutics course to improve clinical documentation skills

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of utilizing a consistent structured approach to pharmacotherapy notes, the Subjective Objective Assessment Plan Education (SOAPE) note, early in the pharmacy curriculum to improve studentsʼ confidence and ability in appropriate clinical documentation skills in a required therapeutics course. Methods Over a three-year period, weekly patient-case sessions were incorporated into a six-week long therapeutics course for second-year student pharmacists. A pre-test and post-test assessing studentsʼ confidence and ability in preparation of SOAPE notes were administered at the beginning and end of the course. Perception of confidence was ranked on a 4-point Likert scale (4 = strongly agree, 1=strongly disagree). Results A total of 373 (88.4%) students participated. There was significant improvement in studentsʼ confidence in writing SOAPE notes from the pre-test to post-test ( p p Conclusion A consistent structured approach to pharmacotherapy notes improved studentsʼ ability and confidence to perform this important documentation skill in a therapeutics course. This is a vital task for experiential rotations and in clinical practice.
Horizontal mixing in the Southern Ocean from Argo float trajectories

We provide the first observational estimate of the circumpolar distribution of cross‐stream eddy diffusivity at 1000 m in the Southern Ocean using Argo float trajectories. We show that Argo float trajectories, from the float surfacing positions, can be used to estimate lateral eddy diffusivities in the ocean and that these estimates are comparable to those obtained from RAFOS floats, where they overlap. Using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) velocity fields to advect synthetic particles with imposed behavior that is "Argo‐like" and "RAFOS‐like" diffusivity estimates from both sets of synthetic particles agreed closely at the three dynamically very different test sites, the Kerguelen Island region, the Southeast Pacific Ocean, and the Scotia Sea, and support our approach. Observed cross‐stream diffusivities at 1000 m, calculated from Argo float trajectories, ranged between 300 and 2500 m2 s−1, with peaks corresponding to topographic features associated with the Scotia Sea, the Kerguelen Plateau, the Campbell Plateau, and the Southeast Pacific Ridge. These observational estimates agree with previous regional estimates from the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) near the Drake Passage, and other estimates from natural tracers (helium), inverse modeling studies, and current meter measurements. These estimates are also compared to the suppressed eddy diffusivity in the presence of mean flows. The comparison suggests that away from regions of strong topographic steering suppression explains both the structure and magnitude of eddy diffusivity but that eddy diffusivities in the regions of topographic steering are greater than what would be theoretically expected and the ACC experiences localized enhanced cross‐stream mixing in these regions.
Argentina: the Birth of Latin American Populism

In the political economy of industrialization, Alexander Gerschenkron asserted that the state traditionally played a strong and directive role over the market. Industrialization occurred under a strong autonomous state. To industrialize, the state must divert national income from consumption to investment. Furthermore, the Harvard economic historian dwelled on the significant “tension between the prevailing economic conditions and the promise offered by rapid industrial development.”1 How and in what form this is accomplished depends on the history and political and economic culture of a given country. The transition from agrarianism to industrialism in Argentina took place while the state was still weak and not autonomous. Argentina possessed all the requisites of becoming a corporatist state by the 1880s, as the state was indisputably dominated by the principal economic interests of export agriculture. Transforming such an economy that was highly advanced in organization and linked to (even depended on) the outside market, Europe, into an autonomous industrialized economy became the national political obsession. Because liberal democracy failed to distribute national wealth equitably, a variety of anticapitalist and anti-elitist movements vied to replace the old regime. Populism triumphed by the eve of the First World War as the Argentinian response to the economic inequity and social injustice of capitalism strove to establish a populist state by stamping out the domination of political power by the elites of the export economy.2
The Prevalence of Pantoprozole Associated Thrombocytopenia in a Community Hospital - A Retrospective Study.

Abstract Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) gastritis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. PPIs are known to be relatively safe medications, with the most common adverse reactions reported as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and headache. Thrombocytopenia has not been found to be a significant side effect of PPI use. Furthermore, successful treatment of H pylori associated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with PPI therapy has been reported in the literature. In clinical practice, however, PPI use has been thought to be associated with medication-induced thrombocytopenia, although the precise prevalence of this consequence has not been quantified. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients treated with pantoprazole, a commonly prescribed PPI, compared to non-medicated controls. In this retrospective, case-controlled analysis, we analyzed the platelet counts of 626 patients between 18 and 80 years of age who were admitted to an urban, community-based hospital and were medicated with pantoprazole for at least three days during their hospital stay. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a drop in the platelet count to below 150,000/ml, or a drop of at least 50% from baseline. Patients who had a platelet count below 150,000/ml on admission or were hospitalized for less than 3 days were excluded from the study. A control group of 560 patients with the same inclusion criteria who had not been prescribed pantoprazole was analyzed for comparison. 626 patients were included in the study group and 560 patients in the control group. The median age was 67 years in study group, and 61 years in the control group. The mean platelet count on admission was 260,00/ml in the study group, and 257,000/ml in the control group. Of the subject group, 39 patients (6.2%) met our definition of thrombocytopenia, which was not statistically different from the 35 patients (6.2%) with thrombocytopenia in the control group (p=0.90). Our study compared patients who received PPI therapy with pantoprazole for at least three hospital days to patients without treatment. We found no difference in the rate of thrombocytopenia between hospitalized patients treated with pantoprazole and the non-medicated controls. The rate of thrombocytopenia that we observed is probably an estimate of the overall thrombocytopenia rate in hospitalized patients irrespective of specific medications. While our report did not control for variables such as concurrent medication use, comorbid illnesses, and patient demographics, we are confident that the sample size selected for this study is large enough to provide sufficient evidence that thrombocytopenia is not a significant side effect of pantoprazole therapy.
GeoTrend: spatial trending queries on real-time microblogs

This paper presents GeoTrend; a system for scalable support of spatial trend discovery on recent microblogs, e.g., tweets and online reviews, that come in real time. GeoTrend is distinguished from existing techniques in three aspects: (1) It discovers trends in arbitrary spatial regions, e.g., city blocks. (2) It supports trending measures that effectively capture trending items under a variety of definitions that suit different applications. (3) It promotes recent microblogs as first-class citizens and optimizes its system components to digest a continuous flow of fast data in main-memory while removing old data efficiently. GeoTrend queries are top-k queries that discover the most trending k keywords that are posted within an arbitrary spatial region and during the last T time units. To support its queries efficiently, GeoTrend employs an in-memory spatial index that is able to efficiently digest incoming data and expire data that is beyond the last T time units. The index also materializes top-k keywords in different spatial regions so that incoming queries can be processed with low latency. In case of peak times, a main-memory optimization technique is employed to shed less important data, so that the system still sustains high query accuracy with limited memory resources. Experimental results based on real Twitter feed and Bing Mobile spatial search queries show the scalability of GeoTrend to support arrival rates of up to 50,000 microblog/second, average query latency of 3 milli-seconds, and at least 90+% query accuracy even under limited memory resources.
The Potential Role of Symptom Questionnaires in Palliative and Supportive Cancer Care Delivery.

Purpose of Review The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) palliative care recommendations have been updated into a full guideline. Symptom questionnaires—completed and reviewed with patients during care delivery—are poised to play a large role in this guideline because they provide a more comprehensive understanding of symptoms. This article provides an overview of the guideline and describes how symptom questionnaires can be used to satisfy the guideline.
Topology optimization with additive manufacturing consideration for vehicle load path development

Summary Topology optimization has been widely studied and implemented as a powerful conceptual design tool in various engineering applications. However, the result from topology optimization has posed an implementation challenge to engineers because of the complexity of converting obtained solution into computer-aided design data and then fabricating it into real parts. Over the past few years, the advanced additive manufacturing technology with new materials and higher resolution output capabilities has opened numerous opportunities to fill the gap between topology optimization and product application. In this study, an engineering procedure is presented for the conversion of topology optimization result to ready-to-print model for additive manufacturing. The steps of post-optimization handling are outlined, and the potential practical issues for the additive manufacturing implementation are discussed. A vehicle example for full frontal impact load path development by topology optimization with inertia relief approach is used to exhibit the employed additive manufacturing implementation process with a reduced-scale part build. The arising implementation issues and needs are examined for future advance of topology optimization and additive manufacturing integration development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Waiting for Bobos: Displacement and Impeded Gentrification in a Midwestern City:

The degree to which lower–income residents are displaced by the process of gentrification has been the subject of considerable debate. Displacement is generally framed as a possible, and potentiall...
Renegotiating Power, Theology, and Politics

The concept, and arguably the practice, of “power” has undergone extensive renovation during the past 60 years or so. Whereas classical social theorists tended to write of power as a relatively sta...
Improved sand erosion resistance and mechanical properties of multifunctional carbon nanofiber nanopaper‐enhanced fiber reinforced epoxy composites

Multifunctional carbon nanofiber (CNF) nanopaper-enhanced glass fiber reinforced epoxy polymer composites (GFRPC) with improved sand erosion resistance, mechanical properties, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding have been fabricated and tested in this work. Preformed CNF thin film or nanopaper, made of dense and entangled nanofiber networks, was molded on the surface of GFRPC as a surface protection layer by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. A fivefold improvement in sand erosion resistance in terms of sand erosion rate, and up to 24% improvement in flexural strength were achieved after the incorporation of CNF nanopaper onto thin GFRPC. The CNF nanopaper-enhanced GFRPC showed an EMI shielding of 33–40 dB within a frequency range of 30 MHz to 1.5 GHz. This multifunctional composite material shows good potential for use in wind power industry, commercial electronics housings, and the automotive industry.
Perceived Control: Foundations and Directions for Communication Research

(1987). Perceived Control: Foundations and Directions for Communication Research. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 86-116.
Lower-Income Countries That Face The Most Rapid Shift In Noncommunicable Disease Burden Are Also The Least Prepared

Demographic and epidemiological changes are shifting the disease burden from communicable to noncommunicable diseases in lower-income countries. Within a generation, the share of disease burden attributed to noncommunicable diseases in some poor countries will exceed 80 percent, rivaling that of rich countries, but this burden is likely to affect much younger people in poorer countries. The health systems of lower-income countries are unprepared for this change. We examined the shift to noncommunicable diseases and estimated preparedness for the shift by ranking 172 nations using a health system capacity index for noncommunicable disease. We project that the countries with the greatest increases in the share of disease burden attributable to noncommunicable disease over the next twenty-five years will also be the least prepared for the change, as they ranked low on our capacity index and are expected to have the smallest increases in national health spending. National governments and donors must invest mo...
The influence of channel bed disturbance on benthic Chlorophyll a: A high resolution perspective

Abstract This study explores how spatial dynamics and frequency of bed mobility events in a headwater stream affect the spatial and temporal variability in stream benthic algal abundance and ultimately the resilience of benthic algae to stream scouring events of different magnitudes. We characterized spatial variability in sediment transport for nine separate flow events (0.1–1.7 of bankfull flow), coupling high resolution (
New frontiers for pervasive telemedicine: from data science in the wild to HoloPresence

Telemedicine has been regarded as the natural application of information and telecommunication technology to health and healthcare. But until now its application has been limited, and mostly focused on specialized environments. The evolution of ubiquitous sensors and the pervasiveness of mobile devices, including the growing capability to sense remote parties, is opening up new exciting opportunities pioneered by mHealth applications on our mobile devices. Coupling advances in real-world sensing with multimodal signal processing and machine learning techniques is equipping us with 'super powers' that enable understanding of health-related data in real-time, opening up new opportunities to embrace 'Data Science in the Wild'. On the other side, exciting advances in augmented and mixed reality are enabling immersive experiences that are paving the way for the next generation of telemedicine through wearable see-through augmented reality displays. We believe that the intersection of these two exciting technologies currently represents one of the cornerstones for Pervasive Telemedicine. We contextualize the sensing-intervention-visualization continuum in pervasive health, by illustrating two examples from our research in terms of (i) remote assessment of stroke through multimodal pervasive sensing, and (ii) immersive mixed reality tele-surgery and holopresence. The goal is to stimulate conversation around opportunities and limits of these technologies for pervasive telemedicine.
Cough as the sole manifestation of pericardial effusion.

A 59-year-old woman with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) presented with severe non-productive cough, malaise, low-grade fever and AF flare-up 3 weeks following pulmonary vein isolation with radiofrequency catheter ablation. She denied chest pain or dyspnoea. Patient was haemodynamically stable. There was no pulsus paradoxus. Laboratories showed leucocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein. ECG showed sinus tachycardia. CT abdomen and pelvis showed a large pericardial effusion (PE). Shortly after admission, she developed AF with rapid ventricular response, responsive to intravenous amiodarone. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed 2.4 cm posterior PE without tamponade physiology, non-amenable to pericardiocentesis via sub-xiphoid approach. Patient underwent left thoracoscopic pericardial window with removal of 250 cc bloody fibrinous fluid. Cough improved significantly and she was discharged on oral amiodarone and apixaban. Repeat CT chest after 2 weeks for recurrent cough showed a small PE, treated with oral prednisone for suspected postablation pericarditis, with complete resolution of cough. Amiodarone was stopped without recurrence of AF.
Agricultural innovation and climate change policy in the Brazilian Amazon: Intensification practices and the derived demand for pasture

Abstract Tropical deforestation in Brazil is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Brazil has taken several steps to reduce emissions associated with deforestation including the development of policies to promote and reward cattle ranching intensification. Intensification practices are hypothesized to reduce the conversion of tropical forests while simultaneously increasing the productivity of ranching on current pasture lands. This paper assesses the impact of intensification on the demand for productive land. A theoretical model of land use, which considers the degree of intensification in the estimation of the derived demand for pasture, is tested with data from small-scale landowners who operate dairy farms and calving operations in the greater Ouro Preto do Oeste region of Rondonia. Results suggest different trajectories for beef and dairy production. The intensification of cattle production exhibits a nonlinear relationship with the demand for productive land: first as farms become more intensive the demand for newly cleared land increases, but then decreases with further intensification. The results are different for dairy intensification, which is found to be correlated with reduced deforestation. Findings suggest that the reliance on policies that promote intensification can be a risky way of achieving climate change objectives.
The Ability to Judge Others from Their Expressive Behaviors

Allport (1937) had a very strong opinion about where to look in order to figure out the content and structure of people’s personalities: Look at their expressive movements. That is, look not only at what people are doing, but how they are doing it; listen not only to what they are communicating, but also the manner in which they are communicating it. In telling us to take these expressive movements very seriously, Allport was not telling us to disregard what people are doing or trying to do. In fact, he maintains that what people are trying to do is most fundamental in revealing the nature of their traits. But still, he cautioned, we should not ignore the “hows” of behavior. Sometimes the ways that people do things are redundant with the fact that they are doing those things. To embellish Allport’s own example a little (1937, pp. 464–465), if a group of people were to walk to Yankee Stadium every time the Yankees had a home game, that behavior would suggest that they were very enthusiastic about Yankee baseball. If, in addition, one were to observe that on the way to the Stadium, they all had bubbly faces and sprightly gaits, and that their tee shirts, hats, watches, and tote bags were all emblazoned with the Yankee insignia, that information would only serve to underscore the information already available from the knowledge that they attend every game. But, Allport claimed, expressive movements can do more than simply tell us the same information in a different way. Allport believed that expressive behavior is unconsciously determined and therefore can provide a clue to deep-seated aspects of personality that are not always evident in the content of behavior.
Knowledge-structured information systems for understanding: an architecture and an implementation

This research addresses the problem of developing computer-based systems to support the understanding of information by executive level users. The approach taken is based on the use of prior knowledge in the form of knowledge (cognitive) structures to understand new information. The knowledge structures used are case, schemata, concepts, and semantic networks. A system architecture for supporting information understanding, the Understanding Support System (USS), was developed and was implemented on an Apple Mac using HyperCard software. The USS is implemented in an object-oriented architecture using hypertext organization methods to support the cognitive process of associative information development and retrieval. Node and link representation and associative schemes are used to store and represent cognitive structures in the form of networks of interlinked nodes of knowledge. These networks are treated as individual units by the USS. The current system supports a single user for: (1) building mental representations, (2) using prior knowledge in the form of knowledge nodes, knowledge structures, and case knowledge, (3) using knowledge structures for knowledge base access, and (4) navigation of the knowledge base through links that associate knowledge nodes in the cognitive structures. Eventually the USS can support use of a corporate knowledge base by many users. An evaluation of the USS based on human-computer research methodologies for systems development is discussed.
Building Demand Models to Improve Environmental Policy Process

Integrated assessment modeling is gaining favor in several countries as a way of informing policy processes. Examining modeling styles and assumptions from the viewpoint of policy making, this paper, following Rotmans (1998), distinguishes between “supply” models and “demand” models, treating supply models as “curiosity motivated” and demand models as examples of “missionoriented” science (Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1997). Models can be understood as communicative devices, similar to languages. A case study, based on research on the management of Lake Lanier in Northeastern Georgia, illustrates how failures of communication inhibit policy development. Competing interest groups employ differing mental models. A demand model might improve communication and cooperation by creating a shared model that clarifies these differences.
Unusual electronic and vibrational properties in the colossal thermopower material FeSb 2

The iron antimonide FeSb2 possesses an extraordinarily high thermoelectric power factor at low temperature, making it a leading candidate for cryogenic thermoelectric cooling devices. However, the origin of this unusual behavior is controversial, having been variously attributed to electronic correlations as well as the phonon-drag effect. The optical properties of a material provide information on both the electronic and vibrational properties. The optical conductivity reveals an anisotropic response at room temperature; the low-frequency optical conductivity decreases rapidly with temperature, signalling a metal-insulator transition. One-dimensional semiconducting behavior is observed along the b axis at low temperature, in agreement with first-principle calculations. The infrared-active lattice vibrations are also symmetric and extremely narrow, indicating long phonon relaxation times and a lack of electron-phonon coupling. Surprisingly, there are more lattice modes along the a axis than are predicted from group theory; several of these modes undergo significant changes below about 100 K, hinting at a weak structural distortion or phase transition. While the extremely narrow phonon line shapes favor the phonon-drag effect, the one-dimensional behavior of this system at low temperature may also contribute to the extraordinarily high thermopower observed in this material.
Conclusion: Reflecting on the Landscape: Concluding Remarks

The conclusion contains a response to the chapters and commentary in this book describing the thinking, models, and metaphors for integer addition and subtraction. This response includes three main sections: establishing landmarks, valuing emergent thinking, and critiquing integer instructional models. First, we further discuss the need to establish landmarks, or use clearly defined language (e.g., order, magnitude, strategies), in our work with integers. Second, we suggest that valuing emergent thinking within the research on thinking and learning of integer operations is important and entails less focus on correct strategies and places more value on the development of integer understanding. And, last, we critique the consistent rhetoric of “meaningful” for both contexts and instructional models by highlighting that what is meaningful to children may not be meaningful to teachers and researchers (and vice versa). We end the conclusion by posing questions for future research in the realm of thinking and learning within integer addition and subtraction.
Ergonomic analysis of laparoscopic and robotic surgical task performance at various experience levels

Traditional laparoscopic surgery (TLS) has increasingly been associated with physical muscle strain for the operating surgeon. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) may offer improved ergonomics. Ergonomics for the surgeon on these two platforms can be compared using surface electromyography (sEMG) to measure muscle activation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NTLX) survey to assess workload subjectively. Subjects were recruited and divided into groups according to level of expertise in traditional laparoscopic (TLS) and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS): novice, traditional laparoscopic surgeons (TL surgeons), robot-assisted laparoscopic surgeons (RAL surgeons). Each subject performed three fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) tasks in randomized order while sEMG data were obtained from bilateral biceps, triceps, deltoid, and trapezius muscles. After completing all tasks, subjects completed the NTLX survey. sEMG data normalized to the maximum voluntary contraction of each muscle (MVC%), and NTLX data were compared with unpaired t tests and considered significant with a p ≤ 0.05. Muscle activation was higher during TLS compared to RALS in most muscle groups for novices except for the trapezius muscles. Muscle activation scores were also higher for TLS among the groups with more experience, but the differences were less significant. NTLX scores were higher for the TLS platform compared to the RALS platform for novices. TLS is associated with higher muscle activation in all muscle groups except for trapezius muscles, suggesting greater strain on the surgeon. Increased trapezius muscle activation on RALS has previously been documented and is likely due to the position of the eye piece. The differences seen in muscle activation diminish with increasing levels of expertise. Experience likely mitigates the ergonomic disadvantage of TLS. NTLX survey data suggest there are subjective benefits to RALS, namely in the perception of temporal demand. Further research to correlate NTLX data and sEMG measurements, and to investigate whether these metrics affect patient outcomes is warranted.
Against Inefficacy Objections: The Real Economic Impact of Individual Consumer Choices on Animal Agriculture

When consumers choose to abstain from purchasing meat, they face some uncertainty about whether their decisions will have an impact on the number of animals raised and killed. Consequentialists have argued that this uncertainty should not dissuade consumers from a vegetarian diet because the “expected” impact, or average impact, will be predictable. Recently, however, critics have argued that the expected marginal impact of a consumer change is likely to be much smaller or more radically unpredictable than previously thought. This objection to the consequentialist case for vegetarianism is known as the “causal inefficacy” (or “causal impotence”) objection. In this paper, we argue that the inefficacy objection fails. First, we summarize the contours of the objection and the standard “expected impact” response to it. Second, we examine and rebut two contemporary attempts (by Mark Budolfson and Ted Warfield) to defeat the expected impact reply through alleged demonstrations of the inefficacy of abstaining from meat consumption. Third, we argue that there are good reasons to believe that single individual consumers—not just consumers in aggregate—really do make a positive difference when they choose to abstain from meat consumption. Our case rests on three economic observations: (i) animal producers operate in a highly competitive environment, (ii) complex supply chains efficiently communicate some information about product demand, and (iii) consumers of plant-based meat alternatives have positive consumption spillover effects on other consumers.
Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons.

Abstract Nail salon technicians face chronic exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can lead to adverse health outcomes including cancer. In this study, indoor levels of formaldehyde, as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, were measured in 6 Colorado nail salons. Personal exposure VOC measurements and health questionnaires (n = 20) were also performed; questionnaires included employee demographics, health symptoms experienced, and protective equipment used. Cancer slope factors from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and anthropometric data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were then used to estimate cancer risk for workers, assuming 20-yr exposures to concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde reported here. Results show that 70% of surveyed workers experienced at least one health issue related to their employment, with many reporting multiple related symptoms. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 5.32 to 20.6 μg m−3, across all 6 salons. Indoor concentrations of toluene ranged from 26.7 to 816 μg m−3, followed by benzene (3.13–51.8 μg m−3), xylenes (5.16–34.6 μg m−3), and ethylbenzene (1.65–9.52 μg m−3). Formaldehyde levels measured in one salon exceeded the Recommended Exposure Limit from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cancer risk estimates from formaldehyde exposure exceeded the US EPA de minimis risk level (1 × 10−6) for squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and leukemia; leukemia risk exceeded 1 × 10−4 in one salon. The average leukemia risk from benzene exposure also exceeded the US EPA de minimis risk level for all demographic categories modeled. In general, concentrations of aromatic compounds measured here were comparable to those measured in studies of oil refinery and auto garage workers. Cancer risk models determined that 20-yr exposure to formaldehyde and benzene concentrations measured in this study will significantly increase worker's risk of developing cancer in their lifetime.
The impact of early postnatal and juvenile social environments on the effects of chronic intranasal oxytocin in the prairie vole

Interactions between social experiences at different stages of development (e.g., with parents as juveniles and peers as subadults) can profoundly shape the expression of social behavior. Rarely are the influences of more than one stage of developmental sensitivity to social environment investigated simultaneously. Furthermore, oxytocin (OT) has an extraordinary effect on a breadth of social behaviors, activationally or organizationally. The use of intranasal OT has become increasingly common therapeutically in humans and scientifically in non-human experiments, however very little attention has been paid to the potential developmental consequences on social behavior that might result. We investigated the effects of early-life social environments and the impact of chronic intranasal oxytocin on social behavior at different stages of development in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). We raised animals under two conditions: ‘socially enriched’ (in which they were biparentally reared and then weaned into group housing as subadults), or ‘socially limited’ (in which they were reared by a single-mother, and that then weaned into social isolation). Males raised under each condition were either administered daily doses of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) or a saline control for twenty-one days from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 42. During this time, we assessed the prosocial behavior subjects demonstrated by evaluating juvenile affiliation (as subadults), alloparental care (as adults no longer being exposed to IN-OT), and partner preference tests to assess tendencies to form adult monogamous pairbonds. We found that ‘socially limited’ males, exhibited increased social contact in juvenile affiliation tests at PND 35 and 42. These males were also more likely to form a partner preference than ‘socially enriched’ males, and formed stronger partner preferences overall. IN-OT did not alter these behavioral effects. We also found that ‘socially limited’ males exhibited a distinct response to chronic IN-OT treatment. When compared to all other treatment groups, ‘socially limited’ males that received IN-OT exhibited a greater amount of huddling behavior in the alloparental care test. This effect was, in part, explained by an absence of attack behavior, found only in these males. This study contributes to understanding the complex interactions between the developmental social environment, oxytocin, and social behavior.
Associations Between Microstructure, Amyloid, and Cognition in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.

Background Although amyloid-β (Aβ) and microstructural brain changes are both effective biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, their independent or synergistic effects on cognitive decline are unclear. Objective To examine associations of Aβ and brain microstructure with cognitive decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Methods Restriction spectrum imaging, cerebrospinal fluid Aβ, and longitudinal cognitive data were collected on 23 healthy controls and 13 individuals with mild cognitive impairment or mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Neurite density (ND) and isotropic free water diffusion (IF) were computed in fiber tracts and cortical regions of interest. We examined associations of Aβ with regional and whole-brain microstructure, and assessed whether microstructure mediates effects of Aβ on cognitive decline. Results Lower ND in limbic and association fibers and higher medial temporal lobe IF predicted baseline impairment and longitudinal decline across multiple cognitive domains. ND and IF predicted cognitive outcomes after adjustment for Aβ or whole-brain microstructure. Correlations between microstructure and cognition were present for both amyloid-positive and amyloid-negative individuals. Aβ correlated with whole-brain, rather than regional, ND and IF. Conclusion Aβ correlates with widespread microstructural brain changes, whereas regional microstructure correlates with cognitive decline. Microstructural abnormalities predict cognitive decline regardless of amyloid, and may inform about neural injury leading to cognitive decline beyond that attributable to amyloid.
Anaesthesia for patients with pericardial disease

Patients with pericardial disease can present for various diagnostic procedures or therapeutic interventions. Providing anaesthesia care for these patients may be challenging because of their primary pericardial pathology and significant comorbidities affecting other organ systems. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of the pericardial disease state and its effect on haemodynamics is necessary before formulating a perioperative care plan.
Human-Computability Boundaries

Human understanding of protocols is central to protocol security. The security of a protocol rests on its designers, its implementors, and, in some cases, its users correctly conceptualizing how it should work, understanding how it actually works, and predicting how others will think it works. Ensuring these conceptualizations are correct is difficult. A complementary field, however, provides some inspiration on how to proceed: the field of language-theoretic security (LangSec) promotes the adoption of a secure design-and-development methodology that emphasizes the existence of certain computability boundaries that must never be crossed during parser and protocol construction to ensure correctness of design and implementation. We propose supplementing this work on classical computability boundaries with exploration of human-computability boundaries. Classic computability research has focused on understanding what problems can be solved by machines or idealized human computers—that is, computational models that behave like humans carrying out rote computational tasks in principle but that are not subject to the natural limitations that humans face in practice. Humans are often subject to a variety of deficiencies, e.g., constrained working memories, short attention spans, misperceptions, and cognitive biases. We argue that such realities must be taken into consideration if we are to be serious about securing protocols. A corollary is that while the traditional computational models and hierarchies built using them (e.g., the Chomsky hierarchy) are useful for securing protocols and parsers, they alone are inadequate as they neglect the human-computability boundaries that define what humans can do in practice. In this position paper, we advocate for the discovery of human-computability boundaries, present challenges with precisely and accurately finding those boundaries, and outline future paths of inquiry.
Racial Variation in the Association between Suicidal History and Positive and Negative Urgency among American Children.

Background: Positive and negative urgency reflect specific facets of impulsivity and correlate with several health-related risk behaviors such as aggression, substance use, and suicide. Less is known about how positive and negative urgency are associated with suicidal behaviors of diverse racial groups. Aim: To investigate racial differences in the positive associations between positive and negative urgency and suicide in children in US. Materials and methods: This longitudinal study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants were 10535 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old who were followed for up to one year. The independent variable was suicide history. The primary outcomes were the positive and negative urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the overall sample, suicidality was associated with positive and negative urgency in children. Race showed a statistically significant interaction with suicidality on children’s positive and negative urgency, indicating stronger effects of suicidality on positive and negative urgency for White, compared to Black and Other/Mixed race children respectively. Conclusion: The effects of positive and negative urgency for suicidality of American children depend on race. White American children show the strongest links between positive and negative urgency and risk of suicide, while the effects of positive and negative urgency on children suicide are weaker for Black and Other/Mixed race children.
Investigation on the Impact of Scandium-doping on the kt2 of ScxAl1-xN Cross-sectional Lamé Mode Resonators

This paper reports on the impact of Scandium doping on Microelectromechanical (MEM) Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Cross-sectional Lame Mode Resonators (CLMR) electromechanical coupling coefficient (k t 2). Three different device configurations exploiting both Thickness Field Excitation (TFE) and Lateral Field Excitation (LFE) are investigated with respect to Sc-doping levels (0, 20, and 40%) and electrodes material. Tungsten (W), Platinum (Pt), Aluminum (Al), and Molybdenum (Mo) are selected as benchmark materials for the study. The impact of doping is investigated as a function of the ratio between the piezoelectric film thickness (h) normalized to the horizontal acoustic wavelength (⋋). Similarly, for each CLMR configuration and metal combination the electrode thickness is numerically optimized to provide the largest attainable k t 2. Since the sputtering of high-quality Sc-doped AlN (ScAlN) is achievable only on Pt or Mo seed layers, and metals with lower electrical resistivity are often implemented to reduce the impact of ohmic loading on the quality factor, a joint optimization of bottom Mo and top Al electrodes is also reported and compared to a non-optimized case.
COVID-19, Lockdowns, and States’ Cost of Borrowing

We study the influence of state lockdowns during the coronavirus (COVID) pandemic on states’ cost of borrowing. As COVID is an infectious disease, we first examine the extent to which states’ own COVID exposures are priced, controlling for US-level COVID developments. We find that a doubling of new COVID cases in a state is associated with a 5% increase in its cost of borrowing. Although this finding suggests that lockdowns may lower states’ borrowing costs by reducing the spread of COVID, lockdowns also reduce local economic activities. Overall, we find that lockdown announcements are associated with an 8% increase in states’ cost of borrowing. This effect is stronger among states with greater poverty rates and for lockdowns announced before the Federal Reserve’s liquidity programs, and not reversed after state re-openings. Our findings suggest that the increase in financing costs of lock-down states may prolong their economic recovery from the pandemic.
Biological nanopores elucidate the differences between isomers of mercaptobenzoic-capped gold clusters

Identification of isomers using traditional mass spectroscopy methods has proven an interesting challenge due to their identical mass to charge ratios. This proves particularly consequential for gold clusters, as subtle variations in the ligand and cluster structure can have drastic effects on the cluster functionalization, solubility, and chemical properties. Biological nanopores have proven an effective tool in identifying subtle variations at the single molecule limit. This paper reports on the ability of an α-hemolysin (αHL) pore to differentiate between para-, meta-, and ortho- (p-, m-, and o-, respectively) mercaptobenzoic acid ligands attached to gold clusters at the single cluster limit. Detecting differences between p-MBA and m-MBA requires pH-dependent studies that illustrate the role inter-ligand binding plays in stabilizing m-MBA-capped clusters. Additionally, this paper investigates the difference in behavior for these clusters when isolated, and when surrounded by small ligand–Au complexes (AunLm, n = 0, 1, 2… and m = 1, 2,…) that are present following cluster synthesis. It is found that continuous exposure of clusters to freely diffusing ligand complexes stabilizes the clusters, while isolated clusters either disintegrate or exit the nanopore in seconds. This has implications for long term cluster stability.
Is interpretation bias for threat content specific to youth anxiety symptoms/diagnoses? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Anxiety is the most common mental health problem in youth. Numerous studies have identified that youth anxiety is associated with interpretation bias or the attribution of threatening meaning to ambiguity. Interpretation bias has been proposed as a mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of pediatric anxiety. Theoretically, interpretation bias should be content-specific to individual youth anxiety symptom domains. However, extant studies have reported conflicting findings of whether interpretation bias is indeed content specific to youth anxiety symptoms or diagnoses. The present meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the literature and answer the question: is the relationship between interpretation bias and anxiety content specific? Search of PubMed and PsycINFO databases from January 1, 1960 through May 28, 2019 yielded 9967 citations, of which 19 studies with 20 comparisons and 2976 participants met eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis with random effects models was conducted to examine an overall effect (Pearson r) between anxiety domain and content-specific interpretation bias in single sample studies, and an overall effect size difference (Cohen’s d) in studies comparing anxious to non-anxious youth. Results support a content specific correlation between interpretation bias and anxiety symptom domain in single sample studies (r = 0.18, p = 0.03). However, it is currently undetermined whether this relationship holds in studies that compare the relationship between content-specific interpretation bias and anxiety in anxious versus non-anxious youth. A variety of methodologic considerations across studies are discussed, with implications for further investigation of interpretation bias and youth anxiety.
Structure of Dislocation Cores in GaAs

The atomic scale structures of the partial dislocation cores in GaAs are explored using ab initio electronic structure total energy techniques. The structure of the 30° partial dislocations are expected to be period doubled along the core. The structure of the 90° partial dislocations remains more uncertain, and here, an effort is made to predict which of two proposed reconstruction, double period or single period, is more stable. The relative energies of the two core structures are found to be equal, within the accuracy of the present calculations. It is suggested that at temperature, both core reconstructions will be present.
A maximum flow-based network approach for identification of stable noncoding biomarkers associated with the multigenic neurological condition, autism.

Machine learning approaches for predicting disease risk from high-dimensional whole genome sequence (WGS) data often result in unstable models that can be difficult to interpret, limiting the identification of putative sets of biomarkers. Here, we design and validate a graph-based methodology based on maximum flow, which leverages the presence of linkage disequilibrium (LD) to identify stable sets of variants associated with complex multigenic disorders. We apply our method to a previously published logistic regression model trained to identify variants in simple repeat sequences associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); this L1-regularized model exhibits high predictive accuracy yet demonstrates great variability in the features selected from over 230,000 possible variants. In order to improve model stability, we extract the variants assigned non-zero weights in each of 5 cross-validation folds and then assemble the five sets of features into a flow network subject to LD constraints. The maximum flow formulation allowed us to identify 55 variants, which we show to be more stable than the features identified by the original classifier. Our method allows for the creation of machine learning models that can identify predictive variants. Our results help pave the way towards biomarker-based diagnosis methods for complex genetic disorders.