cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 The transactions role of money

Publisher Summary The transaction role of money is one of the most palpable of economic phenomena and offers one of the first challenges for the theory of exchange. A useful analogy can be made between the role of money as a record-keeping device and the theory of signaling. The chapter discusses that the theory of exchange was developed as a response to the challenges of price determination and allocation of resources. The frictions required for monetary exchange—such as differential costs of spot and forward transactions and the strategic issues of incomplete information and incentive compatibility—are recent developments. It explains the slow growth of the transaction role of money as a branch of the theory of exchange. The transaction role of money challenges the implicit logistical and informational assumptions of the theory of exchange. The sequential nature of trade makes informational demands that go beyond the knowledge of prices that suffices in the traditional theory of exchange. The chapter also examines the rationale behind the transaction role of money in a model exhibiting this dichotomy. Exploring the properties of models in which budget enforcement problems are always a binding constraint on behavior helps illuminate the understanding of macroeconomics.
The Flâneur, The Hot-Rodder, and the Slow Food Activist: Archetypes of Capitalist Coasting

The flâneur was a modern literary figure that characterized the relationship of capitalism to urban alienation in 19 th -century Paris. Our contention in this paper is that the flâneur can also be seen as an exemplar of a broader archetypical figure that exists across time, in multiple landscapes of capitalism. Following the work of Lauren Berlant on “slow death,” we identify this broader archetype as an adept “capitalist coaster”—one whose embodied “art” is the successful making and movement of the self within the maelstrom of capitalist modernity. We describe three examples of this archetype—the flâneur, the hot-rodder, and the slow food activist—arguing that all three personify a particular sort of privileged mobility that enables surviving within contemporary life. Tracing this archetype through time and space, we suggest that attention to the figure of the capitalist coaster is useful for interrogating how privilege produces specific forms of embodied coping within the varied landscapes of capitalism. We argue that attention to this coping is important for understanding the relationship between capitalist resistance and reproduction, as well as the structural conditions that impact the uneven embodied consequences of coping.
Continuous updating of radio environment maps for millimeter-wave networks with beamforming

Mobile stations in future mm-wave communications networks will likely employ beamforming arrays. These networks will require rapid determination and updating of narrow transmit and receive beams. Network-level optimization using cognitive radio techniques requires a protocol in which each station shares some combination of position, transmit beam, and received signal information. Selection of a representation of the transmit beam and the spatial structure of received signals entails a tradeoff between completeness and protocol data rate. In this paper we describe the components of suitable protocols, estimate the associated data rate, and demonstrate that this rate is reasonable even for lossless representations and when the number of beams is very large.
HF noise trends in coastal southern california

Electromagnetic noise measurements in the high frequency (HF) band from 2–30 MHz over a seven-day period off the waters of Southern California are analyzed in this paper. This analysis updates the external HF noise levels necessary to compute HF link budgets and design shipboard HF receive systems.
Reluctant cocrystal growth of fullerenes with nickel dithiolene complexes

Abstract Attempts to form covalent C S bonds between fullerenes and dithiolene complexes, Ni(S2C2R2)2, lead only to the formation of the cocrystals C60·Ni(S2C2Ph2)2·0.5C7H8 and 2C70·2Ni(S2C2Ph2)2·C7H8. Both cocrystals contained pairs of Ni(S2C2Ph2)2 molecules that make offset face-to-face contact with Ni⋯Ni distances of 3.8793(5) A in the C60 crystal and 3.7529(9) and 3.7983(9) A in the C70 crystal. The fullerenes are nestled near the NiS4 portion of the Ni(S2C2Ph2)2 molecules. In 2C70·2Ni(S2C2Ph2)2·C7H8 there are two distinctly different interactions between the fullerene and the nickel complex. In one C70·Ni(S2C2Ph2)2 pair, the long axis of the fullerene is nearly parallel to the long axis of the nickel complex, while in the other pair, the long axis of the C70 cage is oriented nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the nickel complex. Thus, the immediate intimate contact between molecules such as fullerenes and flat molecules like Ni(S2C2Ph2)2 is not fixed, but can be altered by other aspects of crystal packing. The structure of a new solvated form of Ni(S2C2Ph2)2, Ni(S2C2Ph2)2·2C6H6, is also reported.
Management of high-risk breast lesions found on mammogram or ultrasound: the value of contrast-enhanced MRI to exclude malignancy.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to exclude malignancy in biopsy-proven high-risk breast lesions prior to surgical excision. Material and methods Breast MRIs performed after a core needle biopsy (CNB) yielding high-risk pathology were evaluated for the presence of suspicious enhancement. The diagnostic performance of MRI to exclude malignancy was calculated. Results The average reader sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and accuracy of MRI were 92%, 51%, 98%, 22% and 56%, respectively. Conclusion Lack of enhancement on MRI at the site of a high-risk lesion was useful for excluding malignancy.
Gray-Box Software Integrity Checking via Side-Channels

Enforcing software integrity is a challenge in embedded systems which cannot employ modern protection mechanisms. In this paper, we explore feasibility of software integrity checking from measuring passive electromagnetic emissions of FPGA-implemented SoCs. We show that clock-cycle-accurate side-channel models can be built by utilizing gray-box analysis and regression techniques. The generality and effectiveness of our methods are shown by three different SoCs, profiled and tested on different chips of the same model. Our technique is non-invasive, and does not interrupt normal execution or change hardware/software configuration of the target device, making it particularly attractive for already-deployed systems.
Introduction: Fifty Years of Research on Evolving Phase Interfaces

A material body most often consists of one or more regions, termed phases, within which the chemical composition and the crystal or molecular structure do not vary with position. A phase transition is a process in which a region occupied by one phase grows at the expense of a region occupied by another phase, with the essential physical activity occuring at the interfaces separating phases. Processes of this type can be used to control the scale and distribution of microstructural features that are associated with different phases and, thus, granted an understanding of the various influences that such features may exert on macroscopic properties, to create materials with optimally determined properties. To realize such a program requires a physically faithful mathematical framework with the capacity to describe and predict the evolution of phase interfaces.1 During the last fifty years, materials scientists, continuum physicists, and mathematicians have made substantial progress toward establishing a broadly applicable continuum-level theory of this nature.2 This theory is based on the approach of Gibbs (1878:1), who treated phase interfaces as surfaces across which bulk material properties may suffer discontinuities and, as a means to account for localized interactions between phases, endowed these surfaces with excess fields. Here, some of the relevant developments are summarized, with emphasis being placed on the contributions made by those researchers whose works are reprinted in this volume.3
Science in the Brezhnev era

(1982). Science in the Brezhnev era. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 23-28.
Simultaneous formation of ultra-thin MoSe2 nanosheets, Inorganic Fullerene-Like MoSe2 and MoO3 quantum dots using fast and ecofriendly Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid followed by microwave treatment

Abstract This research reports a rapid and scalable synthesis of MoSe2 Nanosheets (NSs), Inorganic Fullerene-Like (IF) MoSe2 and MoO3 quantum dots (QDs) with varying morphologies and crystal structures using Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL) technique followed by microwave treatment of Bulk-MoSe2 powders. We show that using water as a solvent result in the formation of MoO3 QDs, single and few layered MoSe2 NSs and IF-MoSe2 structures from both Laser Modified (LM) and Laser Microwave Modified (LMM) MoSe2 samples. The presence of the predominant A1g mode in the Raman spectra of LM-MoSe2 and LMM-MoSe2 samples further showed the formation of single layer MoSe2 NS. Moreover, formation of small-sized MoSe2 heterolayers with an expanded interlayer spacing along the (002) planes for LMM samples which were subjected to microwave treatment for 30 min was demonstrated. Comparatively, for the samples subjected to microwave treatment for 60 min, most of the crystal orientations were vertical. The current study showed the controllable crystal orientation in MoSe2 samples by combined PLAL and microwave treatment. The two successive microwave steps led to change in the MoSe2 crystal orientation from horizontal to vertical. Selective oxygen incorporation induced by both PLAL and microwave treatment was also shown along the (100) and (002) planes for LM-MoSe2 and LMM-MoSe2, respectively. Understanding the selective oxygen incorporation in MoSe2 planes can shed light on the precise control of oxygenation in the crystal structures of 2D nanomaterials, synthesized heterostructures and nanocomposites.
Studying delamination in composite laminates using shell elements and a strain-rate-dependent micro-mechanical model

The effectiveness of studying inter-laminar delamination in laminated composites with the help of thickness-stretch shell elements which utilize a 3-D material model sub-routine as compared to the ...
Evaluating Diagnostic Tests: Introducing a New Feature in AFP.

This new feature cuts through the “hype” and provides independent, objective assessments of new diagnostic tests that readers are considering incorporating into their practices.
The application of cinematic rendering to CT evaluation of upper tract urothelial tumors: principles and practice

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively uncommon but aggressive genitourinary malignancy for which multi-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) plays an important role in evaluation and staging. 3D imaging with maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume-rendered (VR) images has been described as a useful means of evaluating UTUC. In this study, we describe the technique of a novel 3D methodology known as cinematic rendering (CR) and provide clinical examples of UTUC visualized with CR. CR utilizes a complex universal lighting model in order to create photorealistic images with improved detail and depth in comparison to MIP or VR images. In the case of UTUC, CR can be used in different contrast phases to show abnormally thickened and enhancing urothelium or filling defects in the renal collecting system or ureters in the excretory phase. CR images can also be manipulated in order to generate translucent views of the upper urinary tract in order to add conspicuity to intraluminal findings.
Let Us Make Men: The Twentieth-century Black Press and a Manly Vision for Racial Advancement: By D’Weston Haywood, Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2018, 352 pp.

The black press has often been called a “fighting press,” shorthand for the many crusades and campaigns waged by black publishers to promote and uplift the race. To journalism history’s “crime scen...
SLC39A8 gene encoding a metal ion transporter: discovery and bench to bedside

SLC39A8 is an evolutionarily highly conserved gene that encodes the ZIP8 metal cation transporter in all vertebrates. SLC39A8 is ubiquitously expressed, including pluripotent embryonic stem cells; SLC39A8 expression occurs in every cell type examined. Uptake of ZIP8-mediated Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Se4+, and Co2+ represents endogenous functions—moving these cations into the cell. By way of mouse genetic differences, the phenotype of “subcutaneous cadmium-induced testicular necrosis” was assigned to the Cdm locus in the 1970s. This led to identification of the mouse Slc39a8 gene, its most closely related Slc39a14 gene, and creation of Slc39a8-overexpressing, Slc39a8(neo/neo) knockdown, and cell type-specific conditional knockout mouse lines; the Slc39a8(−/−) global knockout mouse is early-embryolethal. Slc39a8(neo/neo) hypomorphs die between gestational day 16.5 and postnatal day 1—exhibiting severe anemia, dysregulated hematopoiesis, hypoplastic spleen, dysorganogenesis, stunted growth, and hypomorphic limbs. Not surprisingly, genome-wide association studies subsequently revealed human SLC39A8-deficiency variants exhibiting striking pleiotropy—defects correlated with clinical disorders in virtually every organ, tissue, and cell-type: numerous developmental and congenital disorders, the immune system, cardiovascular system, kidney, lung, liver, coagulation system, central nervous system, musculoskeletal system, eye, and gastrointestinal tract. Traits with which SLC39A8-deficiency variants are currently associated include Mn2+-deficient hypoglycosylation; numerous birth defects; Leigh syndrome-like mitochondrial redox deficiency; decreased serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels; increased body mass index; greater risk of coronary artery disease, hypotension, cardiovascular death, allergy, ischemic stroke, schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn disease, myopia, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; systemic lupus erythematosus with primary Sjogren syndrome; decreased height; and inadvertent participation in the inflammatory progression of osteoarthritis.
Failures, Reoperations, and Improvement in Knee Symptoms Following Matrix-Assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Comparative Trials.

ObjectiveThough multiple high-level comparative studies have been performed for matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT), quantitative reviews synthesizing best-available clini...
Intelligent Decentralized Dynamic Power Allocation in MANET at Tactical Edge based on Mean-Field Game Theory

In this paper, decentralized dynamic power allocation problem has been investigated for mobile ad hoc network (MANET) at tactical edge. Due to the mobility and self-organizing features in MANET and environmental uncertainties in the battlefield, many existing optimal power allocation algorithms are neither efficient nor practical. Furthermore, the continuously increasing large scale of the wireless connection population in emerging Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) introduces additional challenges for optimal power allocation due to the “Curse of Dimensionality”. In order to address these challenges, a novel Actor-Critic-Mass algorithm is proposed by integrating the emerging Mean Field game theory with online reinforcement learning. The proposed approach is able to not only learn the optimal power allocation for IoBT in a decentralized manner, but also effectively handle uncertainties from harsh environment at tactical edge. In the developed scheme, each agent in IoBT has three neural networks (NN), i.e., 1) Critic NN learns the optimal cost function that minimizes the Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), 2) Actor NN estimates the optimal transmitter power adjustment rate, and 3) Mass NN learns the probability density function of all agents' transmitting power in IoBT. The three NNs are tuned based on the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) and Hamiltonian-Jacobian-Bellman (HJB) equation given in the Mean Field game theory. An IoBT wireless network has been simulated to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results demonstrate that the actor-critic-mass algorithm can effectively approximate the probability distribution of all agents' transmission power and converge to the target SINR. Moreover, the optimal decentralized power allocation is obtained through integrated mean-field game theory with reinforcement learning.
Analysis of a Markovian Queuing Model for Autonomous Signal-Free Intersection.

We consider a novel, analytical queuing model for vehicle coordination at signal-free intersections. Vehicles arrive at an intersection according to Poisson processes, and the crossing times are constants dependent of vehicle types. We use this model to quantitatively relate key operational parameters (vehicle speed/acceleration, inter-vehicle headway) to key performance metrics (throughput and delay) under the first-come-first-serve rule. We use the Foster-Lyapunov drift condition to obtain stability criteria and an upper bound for average time delay. Based on these results, we compare the efficiency of signal free intersections with conventional vehicles and with connected and autonomous vehicles. We also validate our results in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO).
Thromboelastography Use in the Acute Young Trauma Patient: Early Experience of Two Level One Trauma Centers.

Abstract Background Thromboelastography (TEG) point-of-care systems allow for analysis of the sum of platelet function, coagulation proteases and inhibitors, and the fibrinolytic system within 30 minutes. This allows a clinician to guide transfusion more precisely with an appropriate type of blood product. Literature has supported that TEG-guided resuscitation had lower mortality compared to standardized 1:1:1 (red blood cells (RBC), fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets) massive transfusion protocol (MTP) in penetrating trauma patients, but data has been sparse in examining the young trauma patient. Methods This was a cross-sectional chart review study performed with patients up to 30 years old seen in two level one trauma centers serving children with active bleeding resulting from trauma from January 1, 2010 to June 26, 2018. TEG use was evaluated in these patients. Results 258 patients were included in the analysis. 112 (43%) had penetrating trauma and 225 (87%) had polytrauma. MTP was instituted in 176 (69%) patients and 88 (34%) patients who had TEG measured. There were significant correlations between PTT and alpha (r=-0.46; p Conclusions Measurement of TEG was associated with patients receiving TXA, MTP and larger amounts of blood products. Components of TEG correlated with PT and PTT levels. Although there was no association with survival to hospital discharge, patients having TEG measured were more likely to undergo surgery within the first 24 hours of hospital arrival.
PIV study of flow through and over porous media at the onset of inertia

Abstract In this paper, laminar flow through and over models of porous media is studied to characterize the flow at the onset of inertia. Horizontal, vertical or mesh arrays of circular rods are used to model the porous medium. The rods are arranged to cover solid volume fraction ranging from 0.03 to 0.49, and to fill approximately three-quarters of the depth of the test section. Each of the porous media models is tested in a refractive-index matched viscous fluid flow driven by pressure. The Reynolds number is also varied over an order of magnitude to cover the regime at which the porous medium flow just transitions from a Darcy to an inertia laminar flow regime. Velocity measurements are then obtained by a planar particle image velocimetry technique. The experimental data confirms that the averaged transition flow is indeed governed by the Brinkman equation if modeled with a new parametrization of the apparent viscosity, and modified with an equivalent permeability that accounts for the effects of inertia. Additionally, the results show that at such inertial flows, the interfacial region is the porous medium zone affected most by changes in Reynolds numbers. The data presented in this work provide tools for analytical and numerical validations, and the prediction of interfacial flow pertaining to isotropic porous media.
Free forearm fillet flap for chest wall reconstruction after forequarter amputation and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor excision

Fillet flaps are useful for reconstructing large soft-tissue defects, especially in cases where the surgeon has available spare body parts that would otherwise be discarded. The use of free forearm fillet flaps to reconstruct large chest wall defects arising from traumatic extremity amputation or malignant tumor excision has been previously described. This report represents the first case of a free forearm fillet flap used to reconstruct an extensive chest wall defect after forequarter amputation and excision of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor involving the brachial plexus.
Prevalence, severity and distribution of depression and anxiety symptoms using observational data collected before and nine months into the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by substantial increases in adverse mental health, particularly among the young. However, it remains unclear to what extent increases in population scores on mental health assessments are due to changes in prevalence, rather than severity of symptoms. Further, it is not obvious that widely used assessments of aggregate symptoms retain their typical interpretation during an event that directly disrupts behavior. Methods Pre-pandemic data on workers age 18-69y in the 2019 National Health Interview Survey are reweighted to match distributions of demographic characteristics of Duke University employees surveyed nine months into the pandemic. The latter population was at low risk of infection or economic insecurity. Prevalence, severity, and scores for each of nine symptoms are compared overall and by age group. Outcomes Elevated psychological distress is primarily driven by increases in prevalence of particular symptoms. Prevalence of trouble concentrating increased six-fold from 9.6% to 72.5%. Other symptoms increased by over one-third; feeling anxious, having little interest, feeling depressed, sleep problems and being irritable, while some symptoms rose only 10% or less. Severity also increased but magnitudes are small relative to prevalence changes. Escalation in prevalence and severity are greatest for the youngest. Interpretation Some of the least prevalent symptoms pre-pandemic became the most prevalent during the pandemic, affecting interpretation of indices validated pre-pandemic. Clinical and policy interventions should focus on specific symptoms that increased including trouble concentrating and anxiety. Funding Trinity College of Arts & Sciences and Social Science Research Institute at Duke University.
Policed Patients: How the Presence of Law Enforcement in the Emergency Department Impacts Medical Care.

Study objective We sought to examine how physicians understand the role of law enforcement in the emergency department (ED) and to identify how the presence of law enforcement officers may impact the delivery of emergency medical care. Methods In this qualitative study, we conducted semistructured interviews with 20 emergency physicians practicing in county EDs across 3 health care systems in Northern California between November 2017 and September 2018. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling and included 10 board-certified physicians and 10 resident physicians. We analyzed the interview content using grounded theory, where concepts from interview data were coded, grouped by theme, and compared over consecutive interviews to identify recurrent themes. Results Participants reported interacting frequently with law enforcement officers while treating patients. Most participants characterized their experiences with law enforcement as “mixed” or “variable.” Positive interactions with officers, who were described as helpful and collegial, contrasted with instances in which respondents felt police presence led to interruptions in treatment, breaches in health privacy, and potentially diminished patient trust. Participants reported that, at times, the authority of officers in the ED felt unclear and ill-defined, leading to contentious interactions between officers and health care personnel. Conclusion Lack of clear definition of the role of law enforcement officers in the ED may lead to contentious interactions with emergency physicians. Further research on the medical impacts of police presence in health care settings and on best practices for mitigating negative impacts is needed.
Contemporary Corporate Communications: Stakeholder Engagement and the Business Model

This note explores the ongoing evolution of the corporate communications function from the management of public image and public relations to the integrated cultivation of internal values and external stakeholder relationships. Excerpt UVA-BC-0245 Feb. 1, 2013 Contemporary Corporate Communications: Stakeholder Engagement AND THE Business Model From Public Relations to Purposeful Relationships Four years after the financial crisis of 2008, Wall Street is, by many measures, recovering to pre-crisis levels. Major companies may be looking for signs of a stronger recovery, but for many of them, profits are up—for some, at record levels. To begin such recoveries, industrial societies look to the broader economy, but to drive that recovery, they look to business. In fact, as social problems have become ever more complex, these societies, our own included, have come to embrace the notion of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and to see business as the sector best equipped to address a host of those problems, from obesity to water shortages, from health care costs to food safety. Yet for decades, the public has maintained a love-hate relationship with corporations, and trust in them has remained low. . . .
Regulation of cell death and autophagy by IKK and NF-κB: critical mechanisms in immune function and cancer.

The cellular response to survive or to undergo death is fundamental to the benefit of the organism, and errors in this process can lead to autoimmunity and cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) functions to block cell death through transcriptional induction of genes encoding anti-apoptotic and antioxidant proteins. This is essential for survival of activated cells of the immune system and for cells undergoing a DNA damage response. In Ras-transformed cells and tumors as well as other cancers, NF-κB functions to suppress apoptosis--a hallmark of cancer. Critical prosurvival roles for inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) family members, including IKKe and TBK1, have been reported, which are both NF-κB-dependent and -independent. While the roles of NF-κB in promoting cell survival in lymphocytes and in cancers is relatively clear, evidence has been presented that NF-κB can promote cell death in particular contexts. Recently, IKK was shown to play a critical role in the induction of autophagy, a metabolic response typically associated with cell survival but which can lead to cell death. This review provides an historical perspective, along with new findings, regarding the roles of the IKK and NF-κB pathways in regulating cell survival.
The Committee Replies

Dr. Yerushalmy, a colorful and combative man, was so widely known and respected by American pediatricians (for his statistical contributions concerning prenatal influences on child health) that they elected him to membership in the American Pediatric Society, a rare honor for a scientist who was not a physician. Dr. Burch9s clarifying quotation from a letter to a Senator from Kentucky sets the record straight regarding Dr. Yerushalmy9s interpretation of his and other data on the relation between low birth weight and smoking during pregnancy.
Affirmative Action's Fate: Are 20 More Years Enough?

In this article we examine the current status of affirmative action in postsecondary admissions through a concurrent review of recent court rulings, state legislation, and higher education enrollment data. Analyzing each of these factors in the context of the others is important because the court decisions and state-level legislation interact to affect enrollment. We not only present the state of the law, but also examine several outcomes of affirmative action case law and ballot initiatives as well as political implications for the future of affirmative action. From a broad philosophical and legal perspective, then, we ask first, what is the current legal and political status of race-conscious policy in higher education admissions? And second, given that current status, what is the likelihood that by 2028 affirmative action will no longer be needed to further the goals of diversity and equality on college and university campuses? Our methods include analyses of prominent court decisions and state legislation, as well as analyses of enrollment data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to examine the racial/ethnic diversity of first-time, degree-seeking undergraduates at several state flagship institutions from 1994 to 2005 and compare that to the racial/ethnic diversity of the same undergraduate students attending all 2- and 4-year degree granting public and private institutions in the flagship’s state. In states potentially facing anti-affirmative action ballot initiatives, these analyses provide one approach to examining the current need for affirmative action in admissions and the likely consequences if the ballot initiatives pass.
Effect of Needle Size on Pain Perception in Patients Treated With Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Transcutaneous injection through smaller hollow-bore needles may decrease patient discomfort, but current evidence is equivocal. Objective To compare injection discomfort in patients treated with botulinum toxin type A with 30- and 32-gauge needles. Design, Setting, and Participants Split-face, patient- and injector-blinded randomized clinical trial at the dermatology service of an urban university medical center. The 20 participants were women aged 25 to 70 years in good health and with moderate dynamic forehead and glabellar wrinkles. Data were collected from November 20, 2013, through January 16, 2014. Follow-up was complete on January 16, 2014. Data from the per-protocol population were analyzed from July 1 to July 31, 2014. Interventions One side of each patient’sforehead received botulinum toxin type A in saline injected with a 32-gauge needle; the other side received the same treatment injected with a 30-gauge needle. In addition, each patient received randomized injections of saline only to both upper inner arms with the same types of needles. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included the patient-reported pain rating on a visual analog scale (VAS) on either side of the face and arms and the proportion of patients whose VAS ratings corresponded with more than moderate (ie, clinically significant) pain. The secondary outcome consisted of patient-reported information about the character of the pain at both sites using the expanded and revised version of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results All 20 patients completed the study. Overall, facial and arm injections were nominally but not significantly more painful with 30-gauge needles (mean [SD] VAS ratings for the face, 4.16 [2.55] vs 3.41 [2.31], P = .34; for the arm, 1.66 [2.07] vs 1.21 [1.65], P = .45). For facial injections, the likelihood of clinically significant pain (VAS rating, ≥5.4) was significantly greater with 30-gauge needles, which were associated with such pain in 8 patients (40%) compared with the 32-gauge needles, which were associated with such pain in 3 patients (15%) (odds ratio, 3.80 [95% CI, 1.05-13.78]; P = .04). No difference was found in the character of pain associated with needle bore ( P > .05 for all comparisons). Conclusions and Relevance For facial injections of neurotoxin in saline, 30-gauge needles were associated with greater incidence of clinically significant pain than 32-gauge needles. For patients prone to experience clinically significant pain with facial injections, use of 32-gauge needles may minimize this discomfort. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01981174
Performance tracking through the work compatibility model: Research Articles

The work compatibility model is a multidimensional diagnostic tool of human performance that measures the level of synchronization between the workforce and the work environment. The authors propose a quantitative model and a graphic-based framework to implement the work compatibility model at the operational level. Using the proposed approach, managers can identify smart solutions that contribute to personnel development. The model is tested with data collected from a manufacturing company to analyze the behavior of the proposed indices. The implementation is exemplified by a case study. The work compatibility model is a forward-looking approach to hidden aspects and potential deficiencies of the organization. Decision makers can provide targeted solutions to low-performing elements of the work environment that are discovered through this tool. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 133–153, 2006.
Matching and Reaching Depth Judgments with Real and Augmented Reality Targets

Many compelling augmented reality (AR) applications require users to correctly perceive the location of virtual objects, some with accuracies as tight as 1 mm. However, measuring the perceived depth of AR objects at these accuracies has not yet been demonstrated. In this paper, we address this challenge by employing two different depth judgment methods, perceptual matching and blind reaching , in a series of three experiments, where observers judged the depth of real and AR target objects presented at reaching distances. Our experiments found that observers can accurately match the distance of a real target, but when viewing an AR target through collimating optics, their matches systematically overestimate the distance by 0.5 to 4.0 cm. However, these results can be explained by a model where the collimation causes the eyes’ vergence angle to rotate outward by a constant angular amount. These findings give error bounds for using collimating AR displays at reaching distances, and suggest that for these applications, AR displays need to provide an adjustable focus. Our experiments further found that observers initially reach ∼4 cm too short, but reaching accuracy improves with both consistent proprioception and corrective visual feedback, and eventually becomes nearly as accurate as matching.
Cellular RNAs: Varied Roles

In the cell, there are three major types of RNA directly involved in protein synthesis. In addition, many other cellular RNAs also play important functions. Keywords: snRNA; snoRNA; SRP RNA; RNA modification; spliceosome
Upregulation of Innate Defense Mechanisms by Enteric Infections

This chapter examines the role of the intestinal epithelium in innate immune defense against enteric microbial pathogens. It focuses on in vitro and in vivo model systems that can be used to define epithelial cell innate immune defense mechanisms that are activated in response to microbial infection and a spectrum of intestinal epithelial innate defense mechanisms that can be activated by microbial pathogens that use different strategies to interact with the host. Interactions between enteric microbial pathogens and intestinal epithelial cells involve, by definition, two major players: the pathogen and the host epithelial cell. Invasive and noninvasive pathogens can activate epithelial cell signaling cascades that are essential for the development of innate defense. This involves a number of sophisticated evolutionary coevolved strategies on the part of the microbes and the host epithelial cells that are the targets of infection. Relevant to the activation of innate mucosal defense by intestinal epithelial cells, some of the members of one family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), the Toll-like receptors (TLR), are expressed by intestinal epithelial cells. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins are highly conserved in evolution and appear to play an important role in intestinal epithelial cell innate defense. Intestinal epithelial cells are an integral component of innate mucosal defense. In this role, they can produce antimicrobial peptides, chemokines, cytokines, nitric oxide (NO), and eicosanoids and express receptors for cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), each of which can play a role in epithelial cell innate defense mechanisms.
Setting of graded levels of a protein in yeast by a t-degron technique as applied to phosphoglycerate mutase

Background Setting of graded levels of a protein for in vivo studies by controlled gene expression has inconveniences, and we here explore the use of the t-degron technique instead.
Femoral Acetabular Impingement

d d f t fi f h Femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) is a clinical term used to describe abnormal contact between the femoral head and the acetabular labrum during normal or athletic activity.1,2 Over the past decade, there have been few diseases that have garnered as much debate and controversy as FAI. As of the writing of this manuscript, there have been 400 PubMed citations related to the diagnosis and treatment of this and related diseases. Despite the plethora of literature dedicated to this topic, controversy still exists in terms of its clinical relevance, incidence, diagnosis, and treatment.3-6
In Vitro Characterization of Microdialysis Sampling of Macromolecules

Experiments were performed to characterize the in vitro collection of macromolecules using microdialysis. Fluorescently labeled proteins and dextrans ranging from 3000 to 150 000 were sampled using a 10-mm, 100 000 molecular weight cutoff, polyethersulfone microdialysis probe. Published models describing microdialysis mass transport of small molecules were examined to determine their appropriateness for sampling of macromolecules. Collection efficiencies, reported as relative recoveries, for macromolecules from 3000 to 70 000 ranged from 5 to 44%. Collection efficiencies determined for microdialysis sampling of macromolecules follow the functionality of published models, although experimental mass transport resistances are to some extent smaller than predicted. Implications of the current study for in vivo microdialysis sampling of cytokines and growth factors are discussed.
Rat brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activates a class of excitatory amino acid receptor involved in a variety of plastic and pathological processes in the brain. Quantitative study of the NMDA receptor has been difficult in mammalian neurons, because it usually exists with other excitatory amino acid receptors of overlapping pharmacological specificities. Xenopus oocytes injected with messenger RNA isolated from primary cultures of rat brain have now been used to study NMDA receptors. The distinguishing properties of neuronal NMDA receptors have been reproduced in this amphibian cell, including voltage-dependent block by magnesium, block by the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, and potentiation by glycine. This preparation should facilitate the quantitative study of the regulation of NMDA receptor activation and serve as a tool for purification of the encoding messenger RNA.
Sequential tests of independence for 2 × 2 contingency tables

SUMMARY This paper suggests a test for independence between two dichotomous characteristics when data are obtained sequentially. Truncated sequential test regions are found and the exact properties of the tests are evaluated. A numerical example is given and the test properties are compared with those of comparable fixed sample size tests.
Spontaneous regression of choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To describe a patient with choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma that spontaneously regressed after nephrectomy. Design Interventional case report. Methods A 48-year-old Hispanic woman presented with reduced vision in the left eye attributable to an elevated choroidal lesion and associated exudative retinal detachment. Oncology workup revealed a left kidney renal cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastases. The patient underwent primary nephrectomy, without specific treatment of choroidal or pulmonary metastases. Results The metastatic choroidal lesion regressed and the retinal detachment completely resolved, as evidenced by fundus photographs and ultrasonography. Conclusion Choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma may spontaneously regress after removal of the primary tumor.
EFFECT OF HEPARIN ON A RING REDUCTION OF ADRENAL STEROIDS BY LIVER HOMOGENATES.

Abstract Heparin inhibits the reduction of cortisone, corticosterone and hydrocortisone by rat liver homogenates. This inhibition can be overcome by increasing the amount of TPN in the system. Liver tissue, removed from rats at various intervals following the I.V. injection of 10 mg. heparin 100 Gm. of body weight, has the same level of steroid reductase activity as dose tissue from control rats. However, plasma from the heparin-treated rats has a marked inhibitory effect on hepatic steroid reductase activity which is still present 7.5 hours after heparin injection. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid does not cause inhibition of steroid reduction when added to homogenates.
Probabilistic vibration analysis of nearly periodic structures

A disordered structure with weakly coupled subsystems has localized modes with the vibratory energy concentrated in one part of the mode shape. The localization of modes may significantly affect the forced vibration response, increasing the maximum vibration amplitude dramatically in some cases. It is the scope of this paper to study the forced vibration of nearly periodic systems consisting of almost identical substructures and to analyze their free and forced dynamic responses probabilistically. It is shown that the sensitivity of the forced response to the degree of localization depends on a combination of the symmetry of the mode, which is excited, and the phase difference between the forces acting on each substructure. These results might explain the range of contrasting conclusions of earlier publications on the effects of forced response on mistuned structures. A probabilistic analysis of the free and forced responses of a nearly periodic structure is shown to be useful in the design of structures that are sensitive to the degree of localization. The results of the probabilistic analysis are verified using Monte Carlo simulation.
Deterministic properties of the recursive separable median filter

The recursive separable median filter has been successfully used to extract features from noisy two-dimensional signals. In many applications, it gives better noise suppression and edge preservation than the standard separable median filter. In this paper we use a new approach for studying the deterministic properties of separable median filters. In particular, using threshold decomposition, we derive the root structure of the recursive separable median filter, where a root is a signal invariant to further filtering. It is shown that these root structures differ from those of their nonrecursive counterparts. We also show that any two-dimensional signal will converge to a root after repeated passes of the recursive separable median filter.
Discretized and Interpolated Kernel Density Estimates

Abstract The kernel estimate of a probability density function inherits its smoothness properties from the kernel density chosen by the investigator. Nevertheless, for computational (and especially graphical) reasons, exact kernel density estimates are often presented in (piecewise constant) discretized or (piecewise linear) interpolated form, using the exact estimate only at some grid of points. The asymptotic integrated mean squared error properties of these modifications are studied. It is seen that discretization may adversely affect the order of magnitude of this risk criterion, so care needs to be taken in practice to limit the degree of discretization employed. This roughness effect essentially disappears when interpolation is used instead; then, it takes a remarkably coarse grid to result in more than a negligible deterioration in the estimate's performance. Data discretization prior to applying the kernel density estimation prescription is also addressed. Such prebinning does not affect the smoot...
Curvature and the fairness of curves and surfaces

The use of curvature plots for the design of curves that have to meet aesthetic requirements is discussed. The aim is to emphasize the usefulness of curvature as a measure for curve fairness. A local method to optimize the curvature plot of a given cubic spline curve is presented. It automatically determines where the curve is to be faired and can be applied repeatedly. A straightforward generalization to surfaces is easy to formulate. >
Impact of Minimum Wages Upon the Level and Composition of Agricultural Employment

This paper investigates the effects of minimum wages on agricultural employment in the southern U. S. The principal result was that the introduction of minimum wages decreased the employment of hired and total (hired plus family) labor. Estimates of employment reduction of hired labor due to minimum wages are provided.
Rich client data exploration and research prototyping for NOAA

Data from satellites and model simulations is increasing exponentially as observations and model computing power improve rapidly. Not only is technology producing more data, but it often comes from sources all over the world. Researchers and scientists who must collaborate are also located globally. This work presents a software design and technologies which will make it possible for groups of researchers to explore large data sets visually together without the need to download these data sets locally. The design will also make it possible to exploit high performance computing remotely and transparently to analyze and explore large data sets. Computer power, high quality sensing, and data storage capacity have improved at a rate that outstrips our ability to develop software applications that exploit these resources. It is impractical for NOAA scientists to download all of the satellite and model data that may be relevant to a given problem and the computing environments available to a given researcher range from supercomputers to only a web browser. The size and volume of satellite and model data are increasing exponentially. There are at least 50 multisensor satellite platforms collecting Earth science data. On the ground and in the sea there are sensor networks, as well as networks of ground based radar stations, producing a rich real-time stream of data. This new wealth of data would have limited use were it not for the arrival of large-scale high-performance computation provided by parallel computers, clusters, grids, and clouds. With these computational resources and vast archives available, it is now possible to analyze subtle relationships which are global, multi-modal and cut across many data sources. Researchers, educators, and even the general public, need tools to access, discover, and use vast data center archives and high performance computing through a simple yet flexible interface.