cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus : a balanced overview

Following an overnight fast the majority of glucose disposal occurs in insulin-independent tissues, the brain (-50 % ) and splanchnic organs (-25 %), while only 25 % occurs in insulin-dependent tissues, primarily muscle [14]. Basal glucose utilization (-2 mg.kg -~.min 1) is precisely matched by glucose production by the liver [1-4]. Following glucose ingestion, the balance between uptake and output is disrupted and maintenance of glucose homeostasis depends upon three processes that must occur in a co-ordinated fashion: (1) insulin secretion; (2) stimulation of glucose uptake by splanchnic (liver and gut) and peripheral (primarily muscle) tissues in response to hyperinsulinaemia plus hyperglycaemia; (3) suppression of hepatic glucoseproduction. It logically follows that abnormalities at the level of the Beta cell, muscle, and/or liver can lead to the development of glucose intolerance. The full blown syndrome of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus requires the simultaneous presence of two defects, insulin resistance and impaired Beta-cell function. In Type 2 diabetes the primary or inherited defect most likely represents impaired tissue (muscle and/or liver) sensitivity to insulin. Eventually, however, the Beta cell fails to maintain a sufficiently high rate of insulin secretion to compensate for the insulin resistance, and overt diabetes mellitus ensues.
Neurological and neuropathological sequelae of correction of chronic hyponatremia

The effect of correction of chronic hyponatremia at different rates was studied in 91 rats maintained at a plasma [Na+] of 112 +/- 1 mmol/liter for 19 +/- 1 days. Hyponatremia was corrected into normal ranges (140 to 145 mmol/liter) using three different methods. Rats corrected by water restriction achieved normal plasma [Na+] by 2.1 +/- 0.2 day and had a maximal (4 hr) correction rate of 1.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/liter.hr; rats corrected by water diuresis achieved normal plasma [Na+] by 1.6 +/- 0.1 day and had a maximal correction rate of 2.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter.hr; rats corrected by hypertonic saline infusion achieved normal plasma [Na+] by 5.4 +/- 0.3 hr and had a maximal correction rate of 5.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/liter.hr. A fourth control group was not corrected. No demyelinative lesions were found in the brains from the uncorrected rats, whereas the occurrence of such lesions in the brains of the corrected rats was highly correlated with the maximal rate of increase in plasma [Na+] (r = 0.68, P less than 0.001), and to a lesser degree with the magnitude of the increase in plasma [Na+] over the first 24 hours of correction (r = 0.41, P less than 0.001). Brain myelinolysis was first observed in animals whose maximal (4 hr) rate of correction exceeded 1.75 mmol/liter.hr, and the incidence of demyelination increased progressively in rats with more rapid rates of correction. Similarly, myelinolysis was first observed in rats whose magnitude of correction at 24 hours exceeded 16 mmol/liter and also increased in rats with larger 24 hour magnitudes of correction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The minimum number of contractions required to examine the EMG amplitude versus isometric force relationship for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis.

Studies have demonstrated that the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude versus submaximal isometric force relationship is relatively linear. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the minimum number of contractions required to study this relationship. Eighteen men (mean age = 23 years) performed isometric contractions of the leg extensors at 10-90% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in 10% increments while surface EMG signals were detected from the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. Linear regression was used to determine the coefficient of determination, slope coefficient, and y-intercept for each muscle and force combination with successively higher levels included in the model (i.e., 10-30%,... 10-90% MVC). For the slope coefficients, there was a main effect for force combination (P vastus medialis [-3.7 μV RMS]; P = .034) and force combination (P < .001), with similar values shown from 10-50% through 10-90% MVC. The linearity of the absolute EMG amplitude versus isometric force relationship for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis suggests that investigators may exclude high force contractions from their testing protocol.
Neonatal Treatment of Male Monkeys with a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Alters Differentiation of Central Nervous System Centers that Regulate Sexual and Skeletal Development*

Male rhesus monkeys treated continuously with a GnRH agonist for the first 4 months of postnatal life exhibited a delay in the onset of puberty and an attenuated peripubertal rise in testosterone (T) secretion. The objectives of the current study were to determine whether these effects on sexual development were permanent and whether the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis was functioning normally in these animals as adults. Neonatal GnRH agonist treatment delays but does not permanently block sexual maturation in male monkeys. Treated animals that did not show a pubertal rise in serum T during the breeding season of their 4th year exhibited a seasonal but subnormal elevation of serum T during the subsequent breeding season. Growth of the skeleton was diminished as evidenced by shorter adult crown-rump, tibia, and femur length and reduced bone mineral density of the humerus and lumbar spine. The magnitude of the serum LH and T response to iv pulses of GnRH [50 ng/kg body weight (BW)] and naloxone (1 mg...
Effects of Aroclor(R) 1254 on Laboratory‐Reared Embryos and Fry of Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Abstract Eggs of the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) were artificially fertilized and maintained at temperatures from 15 to 35 C and in salinities from 0 to 35‰ to determine efficient culture conditions. Fertilization was not affected by temperature or salinity ranges chosen, but hatching success was greatest (x2; α = 0.01) at a temperature range of 24 to 35 C and a salinity range of 15 to 30‰. Artificially fertilized sheepshead minnow eggs were exposed to logarithmic concentrations of Aroclor 1254 (10.0 to 0.1 μg/liter) in seawater averaging 30 C and 24‰ in a flow-through bioassay. Fertilization was not affected but significantly fewer embryos developed in the 10.0 μg/liter concentration, and fewer fry survived in concentrations greater than 0.1 μg/liter. Fry were more susceptible to Aroclor 1254 than were embryos, juveniles, or adults.
Syntheses and Antibacterial Activity of New N-Halamine Compounds

The syntheses of three new N,N′-dihalamine compounds in the class of tetramethylimidazolidinones are described. The stabilities and disinfection efficacies against Staphylococcus aureus of the compounds in water solution are compared with those for 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone which has been studied extensively in recent years in these laboratories and elsewhere. The new compounds exhibit considerable promise as general-purpose disinfectants, particularly in applications for which long-term stability is necessary.
Adjuvant EBRT improves survival in patients with lymph-node-negative pancreatic cancer

Therole of adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains controversial.A randomised trial by the Gastrointestinal Study Group demonstrated a survival benefit with the addition of chemoradiotherapy to surgery, and a randomised trial by the European Organisation for Research andTreatment ofCancer also showed a trend towards improved survivalwith adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. On the other hand, a randomised trial by the European Study Group for PancreaticCancer (ESPAC),which comprised four adjuvant treatment arms (observation, chemotherapy alone, radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy, and radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy followedbymaintenance chemotherapy), revealed that the survival of patientswho received radiotherapy (with or without maintenance chemotherapy) was inferior to that of patients who did not receive radiotherapy. The authors of this report concluded that radiotherapy haddeleterious effects on survival. The reasons for the decrease in survival in patients receiving radiotherapy on the ESPAC trial remain unclear. Radiation was not reported to increase treatment-relatedmortality, but late radiation toxicity is difficult to report accurately because it can be difficult to differentiate from symptoms of a progressive tumour, andpatientsmaybe lost to follow-up. The ESPAC trial did not describe radiation field size and technique, and central review of radiation plans was not required. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has reported that amajor deviation from the protocol-defined radiation therapy plan was associated with inferior survival for patientswith pancreatic cancer enrolled on the RTOG 97-04 trial, suggesting that radiation technique is important. The current study based on the SEER registry by Artinyan et al. (see opposite) demonstrates that the addition of radiotherapy to surgery in patients with T1–3N0M0 pancreatic adenocarcinoma is associated with improved survival. Limitations of the SEER registry include its retrospective nature and lack of information regarding surgical-margin status and the use of chemotherapy. In addition, it is not possible to determine any bias in the
Multiscale geometric and spectral analysis of plane arrangements

Modeling data by multiple low-dimensional planes is an important problem in many applications such as computer vision and pattern recognition. In the most general setting where only coordinates of the data are given, the problem asks to determine the optimal model parameters (i.e., number of planes and their dimensions), estimate the model planes, and cluster the data accordingly. Though many algorithms have been proposed, most of them need to assume prior knowledge of the model parameters and thus address only the last two components of the problem. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm based on multiscale SVD analysis and spectral methods to tackle the problem in full generality. We also demonstrate its state-of-the-art performance on both synthetic and real data.
The quality of toddler child care and cognitive skills at 24 months: Propensity score analysis results from the ECLS-B

Over half of the toddlers in the U.S. experience routine nonparental care, but much less is known about early care than about preschool care. This study analyzed 2-year-old child care and child outcome data from the nationally representative ECLS-B sample of children born in 2001. At two-years of age, 51% of children experienced exclusive parental care, 18% relative care, 15% family child care, and 16% center care. More children in nonparental care were in medium quality care (61%) than in high quality (26%) or low quality (13%) care. Low-income children were more likely than non-low income children to be cared for by their parents and, when in care, were more often in lower quality care. The impact of toddler care quality on cognitive skills was estimated using propensity score adjustments to account for potential selection confounds due to family and child characteristics. Children's cognitive scores were higher in high or medium quality care than in low quality care, but no evidence emerged suggesting that poverty moderated the quality effects. Nevertheless, this suggests that increasing the proportion of low-income children in high quality care could reduce the achievement gap because low-income children are very unlikely to experience high quality care.
Quantitative evaluation of ultraviolet induced erythema.

Noninvasive determinations of the amount of cutaneous blood in the superficial plexus are made from skin reflectance measurements after exposure of human skin to UV radiation. The approach considers the skin as consisting of multiple optically distinct layers, and utilizes a previously experimentally verified optical model that relates the optical properties of these skin layers to skin reflectance. When the UV erythema is concurrently graded by visual inspection, our results show that each subjective grade corresponds to a broad range of values of cutaneous blood, and a wide overlap in blood volumes occurs between different grades. The amount of cutaneous blood increases with the UV dose, and follows a sigmoid threshold relationship. Erythema fades with time, but the rate of decrease in cutaneous blood is volume dependent. The sharpest decrease occurs when the amount of cutaneous blood is within 1.5 - 2.5 times the pre-radiation volume. Slower decrease occurs when the volume of blood is outside of this range.
Success and challenge in dialysis therapy

The 2002 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research was awarded to Willem J. Kolff and Belding H. Scribner for their pioneering work in the development of hemodialysis.1,2 As the Lasker Foundation noted in announcing the award, the development of renal hemodialysis “changed kidney failure from a fatal to a treatable disease, prolonging the useful lives of millions of patients.” This year also marks the 30th anniversary of the passage of Public Law 92-603, which extended disability provisions in Medicare coverage to those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who, regardless of age, were “deemed to be disabled.” As 2002 . . .
Regulation of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression by PPARγ in adipocytes and macrophages

Background PPARG plays a key role in adipocyte biology, and Rosiglitazone (Rosi), a thiazolidinedione (TZD)/ PPARG agonist, is a potent insulin-sensitizing agent [1-3]. Recent evidences demonstrate that adipose tissue inflammation links obesity with insulin resistance and that the insulin-sensitizing effects of TZDs result, in part, from their anti-inflammatory properties [4,5]. However the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) are important adipocyte-derived signaling molecules whose plasma levels are elevated in obese and insulin resistant individuals and animal models [6,7]. In this study, we establish a link between free fatty acids (FFAs) and PPARG in the context of obesity-associated inflammation.
An Evaluation of State Budget Stabilization Funds Among Midwestern States

Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, this paper examines the state budget stabilization funds of Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Unlike previous research, this paper examines the movement of the fund balances over time (between 1983 and 1991), to see how the fund balances move in relation to a number of indicators of state fiscal health. The results of this research show that the use of these funds varies significantly among the states as does the level of funding and therefore the ability of the funds to serve as an effective tool for counter-cyclical state fiscal policy.
Modular solid-state unit for electrochemical studies

Abstract A relatively inexpensive unit based upon solid-state operational amplifiers is described; its modular design makes it an extremely versatile instrument for many electrochemical techniques, e.g., normal direct current polarography and linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, alternating current polarography, and coulometry and electrolysis at controlled electrode potential. It can be readily adapted to many other functions.
Excess rates of nonfatal myocardial infarction in the trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibition with prasugrel (preventing clinical events or chasing enzymatic ghosts

o n w s t h Recently published and presented, the Trial to Assess mprovement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing latelet Inhibition With Prasugrel–Thrombolysis In Myoardial Infarction 38 (TRITON-TIMI 38) was a pivotal hase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multiational clinical study. The trial compared head to head the fficacy of the experimental antiplatelet agent prasugrel ith standard care with clopidogrel. Patients (n 13,608) ith moderateto high-risk acute coronary syndromes ACS) with the defined anatomy who underwent percutaeous coronary intervention were randomized to a 60-mg oading dose of prasugrel followed by 10 mg/day or to a 00-mg loading dose of clopidogrel followed by 75 mg/day or 6 to 15 months. The primary end point was the time of he first event of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction MI), or stroke, which occurred in 12.1% of patients treaed with clopidogrel and 9.9% of patients randomized to rasugrel. Triaging 3 components of the combined effiacy end point suggests that the difference between the 2 RITON-TIMI 38 arms was driven by the rates of nonfatal I (475 vs 620 events), favoring prasugrel. In contrast, ortality was identical (154 deaths with prasugrel, 155 with lopidogrel), and for each cardiovascular death prevented y prasugrel (133 with prasugrel, 150 with clopidogrel), 1 dditional fatal bleeding event occurred (21 with prasugrel, with clopidogrel), as correctly reflected in the accompaying editorial. Therapy with the 2 agents was associated ith an equal distribution of strokes (61 with prasugrel, 60 ith clopidogrel). However, the survival rate for second I in TRITON-TIMI 38 was much higher than previusly reported. Therefore, we sought to compare the RITON-TIMI 38 efficacy results with the available ranomized evidence, which is similar and comparable with egard to the severity and duration of myocardial ischmia, identical dosing regimens with clopidogrel, longerm outcomes in patients with ACS, and the use of oncomitant medications. Considering that most efficacy
The Politics of Greek Environmental Policy

This article serves a dual purpose. Its substantive goal is to provide an account of Greek environmental policy formation and implementation over the last twenty years. Its theoretical goal is to examine the relative impacts of specific political factors, as contrasted with aggregate levels of socioeconomic and institutional development, in shaping environmental policy in an industrializing country. such as Greece. More specifically, it is argued that certain aspects of state-society relations and of the internal organization of the Greek state are frequently the major reasons behind the country's difficulties in formulating implementable preventive policy and in implementing adequately constructed policy.
Temperature dependent polariton measurements in BaTiO3

Abstract Polariton techniques are used to determine the temperature dependence of all three A 1 modes between room temperature and T c = 134°C in the ferroelectric phase of BaTiO 3 . The results shows that there is a large difference between the clamped dielectric constant, ϵ(0), determined from these results and ϵ(0) determined from microwave capacitance techniques. It is argued that, while soft modes in displacive ferroelectrics are the driving force for the transition, other oscillators play an important role in low frequency dielectric behavior.
Leveraging Organizational Innovation for Strategic Reputation Management

Writing conventions and communication genres are the stuff of corporate message creation. Yet their role in reputation management has been ignored. Using the communication and perception of ‘innovation’ to illustrate the importance of understanding genre theory in reputation management, this article proposes a process model of identity, image, and reputation that situates message design in the context of diffusion of innovations theory. To demonstrate the model's utility and apply genre principles, we analyze recent strategic communications from selected companies in the Reputation Institute's 2008 Global Pulse Project (five rated highly on innovation, compared with five companies ranked lower on overall reputation). Results suggest common themes, stylistic choices, and discourse patterns used to frame companies’ identities, produce favorable stakeholder images, and build an ‘innovative’ reputation.
Determination of perfluorinated compounds in the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

Despite ongoing efforts to develop robust analytical methods for the determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in surface water, comparatively little has been published on method performance, and the environmental distribution of these materials remains poorly described worldwide. In this study, an existing method was improved and applied in a large-scale evaluation of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, one of the largest watersheds in the world. Samples were collected in 2008 in an effort that involved multiple sample sites and collection teams, long-range transport, and storage of up to 4 weeks before analysis. Ninety-four percent of the resulting 177 samples had quantifiable PFC concentrations, with 80% of the individual target compounds below 10 ng/L. The most abundant PFCs were perfluorobutanoic acid (C4; 77% above the limit of quantitation, LOQ), perfluorooctanoic acid (C8; 73%), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS; 71%), pe...
Control of error in fuzzy logic modeling

Abstract This paper analyzes some of the major sources of error which account for variations in performance among the 72 logical systems studied in [2,4,5]. One of the most important of these sources is discretization error. We show that a new approach to implementing logical systems based on level sets is a powerful and efficient way to control discretization error for material implication relations, though it produces mixed results under Mamdani logic.
Reworking and discontinuities in Holocene sedimentation in the Nile Delta: documentation from amino acid racemization and stable isotopes in mollusk shells

Abstract The late Holocene sedimentary history of the northwestern edge of the Nile Delta is reconstructed from amino acid racemization, radiocarbon, and stable isotope analysis of a series of bivalve shells from a core taken at the edge of Lake Maryut near Alexandria. Amino acid racemization, confirmed by radiocarbon and stable isotope analysis, indicates that in many parts of the core mixed-age mollusk assemblages are present. Dating of the time of sediment accumulation at various levels in the core is therefore based on the age of the youngest shells, which are identified by amino acid racemization analysis (lowest D/L values). AMS radiocarbon analysis is used to determine the ages of the shells, except for the most recent sediments (last 100 yr), for which aspartic acid racemization provides more precise ages. Amino acid racemization analysis of 59 shells from 21 levels in the 4.8 m Holocene sequence in the core enabled identification of a large hiatus. Holocene sedimentation started at ca. 2400 BC, apparently corresponding to a westward shift of the course of the Canopic Nile distributary which lies to the east. Deposition continued at a rate of 1.4 mm per year, ceasing at ca. 550 BC, at which time the Canopic Nile shifted eastward again and subsequently became defunct. A marine connection during this period is indicated by stable isotope values of shells. Sediment accumulation began again only at the end of the 19th century, when a series of irrigation canals was connected to the Lake Maryut basin. Stable isotope values indicate a strong freshwater influence. Deposition has continued to the present at a very high rate (19 mm per year) due to supply of sediments by agricultural activity. The relative ease with which racemization analyses can be carried out permits detailed analysis of core chronostratigraphy, leading to more accurate reconstruction of core chronology: hiatuses can be pinpointed and documented, and age mixtures can be identified, with appropriate individual shells being selected for AMS radiocarbon analysis. Aspartic acid racemization analysis permits dating of samples from the last several hundred years, a period for which radiocarbon analyses provide poor precision.
WEBLOG: a declarative language for secure web development

WEBLOG is a declarative language for web application development designed to automatically eliminate several security vulnerabilities common to today's web applications. In this paper, we introduce Weblog, detail the security vulnerabilities it eliminates, and discuss how those vulnerabilities are eliminated. We then evaluate Weblog's ability to build and secure real-world applications by comparing traditional implementations of 3 existing small- to medium-size web applications to Weblog implementations.
Constraining Supersaturation and Transport Processes in a South American Cold-Air Outbreak Using Stable Isotopologues of Water Vapor

AbstractIn situ measurements of water vapor isotopic composition from the subtropical Chilean Andes, supported by mesoscale model simulations and diagnostic analyses, document the processes governing the transport of dry air and isotopically depleted water vapor from the midlatitudes into the subtropics during a South American cold-air surge in July 2014. On 23 July 2014, temperatures on the Chajnantor Plateau reached −18°C, among the lowest temperatures on record for the site. On 26 July 2014, water vapor δD and δ18O reached a low of −538 ± 1.6‰ and −71.7 ± 0.2‰, among the lowest values on record. Numerical simulations show that the dynamics of the event were consistent with previous studies of South American cold-air outbreaks. Back-trajectory analyses show that the isotopically depleted water vapor that reached Chajnantor on July 26 was last saturated over the South Pacific on July 23 at 300 hPa at a temperature of about −50°C under ice supersaturation with RHice of about 110%. The water vapor traveled...
Chirped grating λ/4-shifted distributed feedback laser with uniform longitudinal field distribution

A λ/4-shifted distributed feedback laser with linearly chirped grating was theoretically analysed using the coupled mode equations. The proposed structure shows a good single mode behaviour with very uniform field distribution.
Applying Sport Psychology Philosophies, Principles, and Practices onto the Gridiron: A Commentary

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this article, describing Mike Voight’s interview with Coach Pete Carroll, was to “illustrate how sport psychology-related principles and practices are used by a major college head football coach.” True to his intent, Mike Voight has provided readers with an inside look into a coaching philosophy that includes self-awareness, goal setting, modeling, positive affirmations, reframing, and other psychological constructs as core strategies in creating the “mental toughness and resiliency” necessary to excel at the highest levels of collegiate sport.
Iterative algorithms for the planar convex hull problem on mesh-connected arrays

Abstract Algorithms are presented which solve the planar convex hull problem on a variety of mesh-connected arrays of processors without using recursion or divide-and-conquer techniques. The algorithms for one-way iterative arrays, one-way linear cellular arrays, and two-way linear cellular arrays all operate in time O(n). The algorithm for a two-way d-dimensional cellular array operates in time O (n 1 d ) . These algorithms are optimal for their arrays. The last algorithm can be used on an O(n) processor hypercube with a time complexity of O(log2n). We also show how these algorithms can be adapted to fully dynamic implementations with optimal throughput and turn-around. We believe that these algorithms may have performance advantages over existing parallel divide-and-conquer algorithms for planar convex hull.
Characterization of the Genomic Structure and Promoter of the Mouse NAD+-Dependent 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Gene ☆ ☆☆

Abstract The mouse NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) gene and its 5′-flanking region was cloned from a 129 mouse ES bacteriophage P1 genomic library. The gene contains 7 exons and 6 introns and is 11.3 kb in length. The transcription initiation site was mapped at 35 bases upstream from the ATG start codon. The nucleotide sequence of the 1.6 kb promoter region contains two TATA boxes and a number of potential regulatory elements including Sp1, CRE, GRE, AP1, AP2, NF-IL6 and estrogen receptor binding site. Studies of the promoter's activity showed that the first 400 nucleotides of 5′-flanking region efficiently drove the transcription of the luciferase reporter gene in U936 cells upon stimulation with a phorbol ester.
Psychology of the scientist: An analysis of problem-solving bias

The problem-solving skills of 30 Ph.D. scientists were compared to those of 15 conservative Protestant ministers. Of particular interest was the frequency with which these groups generated confirmatory (rather than disconfirmatory)experiments to test their hypotheses. Experimental results showed that—contrary to a popular assumption—the reasoning skills of the scientists were not significantly different from those of nonscientists. In this study, the ministers showed a longer latency to speculation and generated more experiments per hypothesis than did the scientists. These findings are discussed in terms of the psychology of the scientist.
Gas chromatographic analyses of Argo Merchant oil and sediment hydrocarbons at the wreck site

Abstract Hydrocarbon concentrations were determined in surface sediments in the vicinity of the Argo Merchant wreck site. Of the 4000 km 2 area surveyed, contaminated sediments were found in a 10–15 km 2 section around the wreck site in February 1977. The contamination was in the form of small tar particles (or oil droplets) inhomogeneously mixed into the sandy sediments by the turbulent shoal tidal currents. Although there was no clear trend of hydrocarbon concentrations as a function of depth, contamination extended at least to 8–13 cm in depth. Stations which were contaminated in February were reoccupied on a cruise in July 1977. Only one station showed any trace of hydrocarbon contamination and this level was significantly lower than found at this site in February.
THE ROLE OF TRANSLATIONAL FRICTION IN ISOMERIZATION REACTIONS

Abstract The hydrodynamic friction used in many comparisons of isomerization reactions with Kramers' theory is shown to be related to the translational friction. The fractional viscosity dependence of the translational friction of naphthalene is shown to account for the failure of hydrodynamic models for 1,1′-binaphthyl in alkanes. The success of the reorientational model of friction is also discussed. Finally, an idea developed by Zwanzig and Harrison is used in rationalizing the fractional dependences.
The Antioxidant Enzyme Prdx1 Controls Neuronal Differentiation by Thiol-Redox-Dependent Activation of GDE2

The six-transmembrane protein GDE2 controls the onset and progression of spinal motor neuron differentiation through extracellular glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase metabolism. Although this process is likely to be tightly regulated, the relevant mechanisms that modulate its activity are unknown. Here we show that the antioxidant scavenger peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1) interacts with GDE2, and that loss of Prdx1 causes motor neuron deficits analogous to GDE2 ablation. Prdx1 cooperates with GDE2 to drive motor neuron differentiation, and this synergy requires Prdx1 thiol-dependent catalysis. Prdx1 activates GDE2 through reduction of an intramolecular disulfide bond that bridges its intracellular N- and C-terminal domains. GDE2 variants incapable of disulfide bond formation acquire independence from Prdx1 and are potent inducers of motor neuron differentiation. These findings define Prdx1 as a pivotal regulator of GDE2 activity and suggest roles for coupled thiol-redox-dependent cascades in controlling neuronal differentiation in the spinal cord.
Practice trends in the management of prostate disease by family practice physicians and general internists: an internet-based survey.

Abstract Objectives. To assess, using an Internet-based survey, the practice patterns of primary care physicians in the management of prostate disease and to assess the differences between family physicians and general internists. Prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia are common in the elderly population. The optimal management of these diseases is debated. Methods. An 18-item survey was designed and administered on an Internet website. Members of the Society of General Internal Medicine and members of the Illinois, North Carolina, and New York chapters of the Academy of Family Physicians were surveyed. Results. A total of 354 responses were obtained from 381 primary care physicians who viewed the survey web page. For patients 50 years old and older, 75% of physicians (87% of family physicians and 69% of general internists; P Conclusions. Compared with general internists, family physicians are more likely to screen for prostate cancer and are more likely to believe there is a role for alternative therapies for prostate cancer.
Na and K Bound to an Ether Soluble Compound in Myocardium of Renal Hypertensive Dogs.

SummaryThe sodium and potassium contained in a phospholipid extract of tissue were determined on tissues of renal hypertensive and operated normotensive control dogs. Hypertension produced an increase in the sodium contained in a phospholipid extract of left ventricle. There was a slight but not statistically significant increase in the sodium bound in the phospholipid extract of the right ventricle. There was potassium bound by these phospholipids but the amount did not change significantly in either ventricle in hypertension.
Ant Predation on Eggs and Larvae of the Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Turfgrass

We studied ant predation on eggs and larvae of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and on eggs of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, on golf courses and lawns in central Kentucky. Lasius neoniger Emery accounted for >99% of the ant mounds on golf putting greens and collars. Although often regarded as a nuisance pest, L. neoniger preyed heavily upon A. ipsilon eggs on turfgrass cores implanted into putting greens, collars, fairways, and roughs. Predation on eggs was lower in fairways than in roughs, and in plots where ant populations were reduced by insecticides. When 1,600 individual 1st-instar cutworms were placed near L. neoniger nests on putting greens, 62% were attacked and killed upon their 1st encounter with the ants. Third- and 4th-instar cutworms generally fended off attacks by L. neoniger and Formica pallidifulva nitiventris Emery, but were invariably killed during encounters with Formica schaufussi Mayr and Formica subsericea Say, larger ants that are common in lawns and golf roughs. Predation on implanted Japanese beetle eggs also tended to be greater in roughs than in fairways, and fewer grubs were found in areas of golf roughs where ants were abundant than where ants had been controlled. This study suggests that predation by indigenous ants provides an important buffer against pest outbreaks on lawns and golf courses.
Fast diffusion and nucleation of the amorphous phase in Ni-Zr films

The nucleation of the amorphous phase by solid-state reactions has been investigated on single-crystal Zr films grown by molecular beam epitaxy and covered in situ with either polycrystalline Ni, amorphous ( a -) NiZr, or single-crystalline Zr 99 N 01 films. Interfacial reactions were investigated by backscattering analysis or secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The amorphizing reaction occurred only in the specimen with the a -NiZr over layer, although fast Ni diffusion through the single-crystalline Zr layer was observed in all three specimens. The nucleation behavior of a -NiZr is attributed to the combination of high-Ni and low-Zr mobility in crystalline Zr.
High reliable strain measurement for power devices using STEM-CBED method

Scanning transmission electron microscopy convergent beam electron diffraction (STEM-CBED) was applied to strain analysis of deep trench electrodes for devices such as power devices. Source-drain current leak, which was one of the crucial failures of this kind of structure, depends on boron concentration in boron doped poly-Si (BP) layers. TEM/STEM and diffraction analysis showed that the BP layers consist of epitaxial phase and poly-Si phase, and the proportion of these phases depends on the boron concentration in the BP layer. Clear strain distribution around the BP layers was obtained with STEM-CBED. This revealed that the origin of the strain is volume shrinkage of the epitaxial phase in the BP layer, and the poly-Si phase acts as buffer against this strain. Relationship between Si phases and boron concentration in the BP layers was examined with STEM and scanning capacitance microscopy. These analyses suggested that boron segregation occurred in samples having a higher boron concentration, and prevented epitaxial growth in the BP layers. As a result, the core of the BP layer remains as poly-Si or amorphous Si and acts as strain buffer. Our analysis concluded that boron concentration in the BP layer is one of the most important factors enabling high production yield for the structure.
Shifting Worlds of Strangers: Medium Theory and Changes in “Them” Versus “Us”*

Macrolevel analyses of the influence of different communication technologies are more difficult to test and apply than the results of focused studies of particular media messages. Nevertheless, “medium theory” is of potentially great significance because it outlines how media, rather than functioning simply as channels for conveying information between two or more social environments, are themselves social contexts that foster certain forms of interaction and social identities. This article uses a medium-theory perspective to address one variable related to “technological communities”—the changing boundaries between “them” and “us.” The ways in which oral, print, and electronic modes of communication each foster a different balance between strangers and “familiars” are outlined.
Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in aquatic sediments

Abstract Factors controlling the concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas in anaerobic sedimentary environments were investigated. Results, presented here or previously, demonstrated that, in sediments, only microorganisms catalyze the oxidation of H 2 coupled to the reduction of nitrate, Mn(IV), Fe(III), sulfate, or carbon dioxide. Theoretical considerations suggested that, at steady-state conditions, H 2 concentrations are primarily dependent upon the physiological characteristics of the microorganism(s) consuming the H 2 and that organisms catalyzing H 2 oxidation, with the reduction of a more electrochemically positive electron acceptor, can maintain lower H 2 concentrations than organisms using electron acceptors which yield less energy from H 2 oxidation. The H 2 concentrations associated with the specified predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in bottom sediments of a variety of surface water environments were: methanogenesis, 7–10 nM; sulfate reduction, 1–1.5 nM; Fe(III) reduction, 0.2 nM; Mn(IV) or nitrate reduction, less than 0.05 nM. Sediments with the same terminal electron acceptor for organic matter oxidation had comparable H 2 concentrations, despite variations in the rate of organic matter decomposition, pH, and salinity. Thus, each terminal electron-accepting reaction had a unique range of steady-state H 2 concentrations associated with it. Preliminary studies in a coastal plain aquifer indicated that H 2 concentrations also vary in response to changes in the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in deep subsurface environments. These studies suggest that H 2 measurements may aid in determining which terminal electron-accepting reactions are taking place in surface and subsurface sedimentary environments.
A REPRESENTATION THEOREM FOR LYAPUNOV-LIKE TRANSFORMATIONS ON EUCLIDEAN JORDAN ALGEBRAS

A Lyapunov-like (linear) transformation L on a Euclidean Jordan algebra V is defined by the condition $$x \in K,\enspace y\in K^*,\quad \langle x,y\rangle =0\Rightarrow \langle L(x),y\rangle=0,$$where K is the symmetric cone of V. In this paper, we give an elementary proof (avoiding Lie algebraic ideas and results) of the fact that Lyapunov-like transformations on V are of the form La + D, where a ∈ V, D is a derivation, and La(x) = a ◦ x for all x ∈ V.
MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMMING IN THE SOVIET UNION.

Soviet psychiatric services must be understood in the context of Russian culture, which values the collective above the individual; of a socialized medical program, which has led to a range of psychiatric outpatient services; and of the Marxist ideology and Pavlovian terminology, which emphasize physiological rather than psychological concepts. This has resulted in the rejection of psychodynamics, an emphasis on work as therapy and the maintenance of psychiatric patients within the community insofar as possible.
Microtubules in orbit

The faithful segregation of DNA during mitosis is critical to the life of a cell. A complex molecular machine called the mitotic spindle mediates this task. The spindle is made up of microtubule-binding proteins and microtubules on which the chromosomes are segregated. A complete understanding of
Self-reported chronic conditions and EQ-5D index scores in the US adult population.

ABSTRACTObjective: To examine the unique health-related quality of life (HRQoL) decrements associated with common chronic conditions in the general US adult population.Methods: Data were obtained from a study aimed at establishing a US population-based set of preference weights for the health states defined by the EQ‐5D. The EQ‐5D is a brief, self-completed instrument for describing and valuing HRQoL. As part of that study, along with the EQ‐5D items, data regarding socio-demographic characteristics and chronic medical conditions were collected. The EQ‐5D has five dimensions, from which an index score can be calculated that falls on a scale where 0.0 = death and 1.0 = perfect health. Ordinary least squares regression models were conducted using the EQ‐5D index score as the dependent variable to estimate the association between each chronic condition and the index score after adjusting for socio-demographic variables. The population sampling weights were applied in the analyses to adjust for the over-sampl...
Opening the Social Gateway: Early Vocal and Social Sensitivities in Brown-Headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater)

The organization of cowbird (Molothrus ater) social groups affords individuals living in the groups different opportunities for learning and also structures trajectories of social development. Here, we studied the influence of adults on social organization of very young cowbirds. In three experiments, we housed juvenile birds in large, seminatural environments that either contained or did not contain adult conspecifics. We then observed the social associations and vocalizations of juveniles in each environment. The presence of adults in the social environment influenced the assortment and singing patterns of juveniles, although throughout the three experiments adults rarely interacted physically with juveniles. Juveniles housed with adults interacted with other juveniles more often and sang significantly less often than juveniles housed without adults. Effects of adult presence or absence on social organization and singing patterns emerged extremely rapidly and could be reversed quickly. Taken as a whole, the experiments revealed that very young cowbirds, in the first days of independence from their hosts, were sensitive to, and reacted rapidly to, the composition of their social environment. Specifically, presence of other age classes of individuals within the group increased juvenile associations and delayed production of vocalizations by juvenile males. Self-organization within the social group produced different social environments, which could in turn create different gateways for social learning and vocal development.
Introduction to simulation input modeling

In this tutorial we first review introductory techniques for simulation input modeling. We then identify situations in which the standard input models fail to adequately represent the available input data. In particular, we consider the cases where the input process may (i) have marginal characteristics that are not captured by standard distributions; (ii) exhibit dependence; and (iii) change over time. For case (i), we review flexible distribution systems, while we review two widely used multivariate input models for case (ii). Finally, we review nonhomogeneous Poisson processes for the last case. We focus our discussion around continuous random variables; however, when appropriate references are provided for discrete random variables. Detailed examples will be illustrated in the tutorial presentation.
An algorithm for counting short cycles in bipartite graphs

Let G=(U/spl cup/W, E) be a bipartite graph with disjoint vertex sets U and W, edge set E, and girth g. This correspondence presents an algorithm for counting the number of cycles of length g, g+2, and g+4 incident upon every vertex in U/spl cup/W. The proposed cycle counting algorithm consists of integer matrix operations and its complexity grows as O(gn/sup 3/) where n=max(|U|,|W|).
A proposed SEU tolerant dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell

A novel DRAM cell technology consisting of an n-channel access transistor and a bootstrapped storage capacitor with an integrated breakdown diode is proposed. This design offers considerable resistance to single event cell errors. The informational charge packet is shielded from the single event by placing the vulnerable node in a self-compensating state while the cell is in standby mode. The proposed cell is comparable in size to a conventional DRAM cell, and computer simulations show an improvement in critical charge of two orders of magnitude over conventional 1-T DRAM cells. >
Spatially deconflicted path generation for multiple UAVs in a bounded airspace

This paper presents a preliminary framework for generating spatially deconflicted paths for multiple UAVs using Bezier curves. The critical issue addressed is that of guaranteeing that all the paths lie inside a pre-defined airspace volume. Its is shown that Bezier curves reperesent a natural tool for meeting this requirement. The paper reviews the essential properties of the Bezier curves that are used to guarantee spatial deconfliction between the UAV paths as well as airspace volume contsraints. The generated curves are not only non-overlapping but separated by a minimum distance chosen prior to flight. It is then shown that the path generation problem can be formulated as a constrained optimization problem over a finite optimization set and solved using standard MATLAB optimization tools. Simulation results are presented along with its discussion. The paper includes an analysis of numerical solutions obtained as well as discussion of future work.
Adaptive IT Use: Conceptualization and Measurement

IT use is an important concept both in research and in practice. Yet, IT use has been simply defined and measured in IS research. Presently used measurements do not reflect the dynamics of users’ IT use behavior, which are important and account for job performance. This research aims at conceptualizing a new construct to capture the changes in IT use and developing an instrument for it. From an adaptive structuration perspective, we propose a new construct named Adaptive IT Use (AITU) to capture use changes in both IT feature set (size, content, and network), and the spirit of IT features. We further propose six dimensions of AITU and corresponding measuring items. After interviews and card-sorting experiments, an instrument of AITU is developed.