cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiration rhythm monitoring in sleep based on weight movement using hetero-core fiber optic sensors

This paper describes respiration monitoring during sleep using hetero-core fiber optic pressure sensors. The hetero-core fiber optic sensor has high sensitivity to macro-bending action as a result of the core diameter difference corresponding to the sensor portion due to stable single-mode transmission. Pressure sensors employing hetero-core fiber optics were fabricated to have a wide sensitivity to small pressure changes resulting from minute body motions such as respiration in sleep and large pressure changes such as a roll-over action. The fabricated pressure sensors were installed in a conventional bed. The pressure characteristic performance of all the fabricated pressure sensors was found to show a monotonic response in the optical loss change with weight changes. The sensitivities of the hetero-core pressure sensors for a weight change of 3.0 kg were in the range of 0.55–1.80 dB. Additionally, even in the case of different body postures such as lying on one's side, a slight body movement due to respiration could be detected by the hetero-core pressure sensors.
A fast and high-order accurate surface perturbation method for nanoplasmonic simulations: basic concepts, analytic continuation and applications.

In this paper we demonstrate that rigorous high-order perturbation of surfaces (HOPS) methods coupled with analytic continuation mechanisms are particularly well-suited for the assessment and design of nanoscale devices (e.g., biosensors) that operate based on surface plasmon resonances generated through the interaction of light with a periodic (metallic) grating. In this connection we explain that the characteristics of the latter are perfectly aligned with the optimal domain of applicability of HOPS schemes, as these procedures can be shown to be the methods of choice for low to moderate wavelengths of radiation and grating roughness that is representable by a few (e.g., tens of) Fourier coefficients. We argue that, in this context, the method can, for instance, produce full and precise reflectivity maps in computational times that are orders of magnitude faster than those of alternative numerical schemes (e.g., the popular “C-method,” finite differences, integral equations or finite elements). In this initial study we concentrate on the description of the basic principles that underlie the solution scheme, including those that relate to analytic continuation procedures. Within this framework, we explain how, in spite of conventional wisdom to the contrary, the resulting perturbative techniques can provide a most valuable tool for practical investigations in plasmonics. We demonstrate this with some examples that have been previously discussed in the literature (including treatments of the reflectivity and band gap structure of some simple geometries) and extend this to demonstrate the wider applicability of the proposed approach.
A ‘sentinel(s) of our liberties’: Archbishop John Hughes and Irish-American intellectual negotiation in the Civil War era

The first Archbishop of New York City served his tenure at one of the classic political junctures in American history. By the 840s, the culture teemed with contending voices, as the spheres of politics, religion, and ethnicity articulated powerful imperatives against a backdrop of Jacksonian expansionism, the impending darkness of sectionalism, and other key crosscurrents in American public life. Growing threats to the security of the Union competed for attention with the onslaught of the Irish Famine influx in the major east coast cities, particularly in New York. Within the burgeoning metropolis, Irish-born John Joseph Hughes rose to prominence as a leader who forcefully engaged with issues of Church and state, religion and ethnicity, and status and power in the expanding urban milieu. That he achieved such prominent status by the 1840s is remarkable enough, in the first instance, but that he succeeded to national and international standing at a point when a slew of conflicting forces conspired against ...
Retrograde Cochlear Neuronal Degeneration in Human Subjects

The purpose of this study was to identify the structural changes in the organ of Corti that correlate with retrograde cochlear neuronal degeneration. Thirty-eight temporal bones with excellent histological preparation from 23 subjects having hearing losses caused by cochlear disease were selected for study. Cytohistograms were prepared for inner and outer hair cells, inner and outer pillar cells, inner phalangeal cells, and cochlear neurons. The extent of neuronal degeneration was found to be directly related to the extent of injury to inner pillar cells and inner phalangeal cells, but not to loss of inner or outer hair cells. In most cochleas the loss of dendritic nerve fibers exceeded the loss of cell bodies. The findings support the concept that retrograde neuronal degeneration is initiated by injury to the dendritic nerve fibers, secondary to collapse and/or degeneration of the inner pillar cells and inner phalangeal cells.
Chemical phase separation in Zr silicate alloys: a spectroscopic study distinguishing between chemical phase separation with different degree of micro- and nano-crystallinity

Chemical phase separation at processing temperatures is an important issue for integration of Zr and Hf silicates alloys into advanced CMOS devices. Chemical phase separation into ZrO2 and SiO2 has been detected by different spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared. X-ray photoelectron, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging as well. Comparisons between techniques for Zr silicates identify an unambiguous approach to distinguishing between chemical phase separation with different degrees of micro-and nano-crystallinity. This is important since all modes of chemical separation degrade dielectric properties required for high-K applications.
Kinetics of carbon dioxide reaction with diethylaminoethanol in aqueous solutions

Abstract Differential rates of CO 2 adsorption into 0.90, 0.47 and 0.24 M aqueous solutions of 2-(diethylamino)ethanol (DEAE) were measured at 323 K over a wide range of carbonation ratios. A rigorous thermodynamic model was used to define species activities which were coupled with Danckwerts' gas-liquid reaction model to deduce the kinetics. The reaction of CO 2 with this highly basic tertiary amine occurs by two pathways: (1) a minor path via the CO 2 reaction with hydroxide ion and (2) a predominant reaction pathway that can be characterized by its first order dependency on the free amine concentration. The second reaction was proposed to involve an internal salt-like intermediate,.
Evaluating handwashing technique

Though standards for handwashing have been defined, little effort has been made to assess the quality of handwashing in clinical settings. This paper describes tests of reliability and validity of tools to evaluate two aspects of handwashing--appropriateness and technique. Based on these tests, methods to evaluate handwashing are recommended.
Simple models of turbulent flowsa)

Stochastic Lagrangian models provide a simple and direct way to model turbulent flows and the processes that occur within them. This paper provides an introduction to this approach, aimed at the nonspecialist, and providing some historical perspective. Basic models for the Lagrangian velocity (i.e., the Langevin equation) and composition are described and applied to the simple but revealing case of dispersion from a line source in grid turbulence. With simple extensions, these models are applied to inhomogeneous turbulent reactive flows, where they form the core of probability density function (PDF) methods. The use of PDF methods is illustrated for the case of a lifted turbulent jet flame. Lagrangian time series are now accessible both from experiments and from direct numerical simulations, and this information is used to scrutinize and improve stochastic Lagrangian models. In particular, we describe refinements to account for the observed strong Reynolds-number effects including intermittency. It is emphasized that all models of turbulence are necessarily approximate and incomplete, and that simple models are valuable in many applications in spite of their limitations.
Membrane fluidity as a factor in production and stability of bacterial ice nuclei active at high subfreezing temperatures.

Abstract Detailed measurements were made of the rate of appearance of bacterial ice nuclei upon cooling of suspensions of Pseudomonas syringae cells and the disappearance of ice nuclei upon warming of the cells before assay for ice nucleation activity. While no substantial change in numbers of ice nuclei active at either -5 or at -9°C was observed in cells that were grown at temperatures lower than 24°C and cooled to 21°C before assay, large increases in -5 but not -9°C ice nuclei were observed in cells grown at temperatures greater than 24°C. Ice nucleation activity of cells subjected to a decrease in temperature before assay increased immediately upon temperature shift, but 8 to 12 min was required before maximum rates of increase in numbers of ice nuclei were observed, The rate of appearance of ice nuclei in cell suspensions incubated at relatively cold temperatures prior to assay was substantially less than those incubated at temperatures approaching 24°C. Cells rapidly lost ice nucleation activity when warmed to above 27°C before assay; the rate of loss of ice nuclei in cells grown at a given temperature increased rapidly as the temperature to which they were warmed before assay increased. Ice nuclei disappeared most rapidly when cells grown at low temperatures were warmed before assay, suggesting that ice nucleus stability was lower in highly fluid membranes. The logarithm of the half-life of ice nuclei in cells was directly related to the concentration of the membrane fluidizing agent, 2-phenethyl alcohol, in which they were suspended.
Aerodynamic shape optimization of supersonic aircraft configurations via an adjoint formulation on distributed memory parallel computers

Abstract This work describes the application of a control theory-based aerodynamic shape optimization method to the problem of supersonic aircraft design. A high fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) algorithm modelling the Euler equations is used to calculate the aerodynamic properties of complex three-dimensional aircraft configurations. The design process is greatly accelerated through the use of both control theory and parallel computing. Control theory is employed to derive the adjoint differential equations whose solution allows for the evaluation of design gradient information at a fraction of the computational cost required by previous design methods. The resulting problem is then implemented in parallel using a domain decomposition approach, an optimized communication schedule, and the Message Passing Interface (MPI) Standard for portability and efficiency. In our earlier studies, the serial implementation of this design method, was shown to be effective for the optimization of airfoils, wings, wing–bodies, and complex aircraft configurations using both the potential equation and the Euler equations. In this work, our concern will be to extend the methodologies such that the combined capabilities of these new technologies can be used routinely and efficiently in an industrial design environment. The aerodynamic optimization of a supersonic transport configuration is presented as a demonstration test case of the capability. A particular difficulty of this test case is posed by the close coupling of the propulsion/airframe integration.
Functionalization of Poly(styryl)lithium with Styrene Oxide

The functionalization of poly(styryl)lithium with styrene oxide as a route to functional polymers was investigated. When the reaction was performed in benzene at room temperature, analysis of the products by SEC and column chromatography indicated the presence of functional polymer (83.5 wt %), along with unfunctionalized polymer (9.0 wt %), dimeric product (5.6 wt %), and trimeric product (0.1 wt %). The structure of the dimeric product was determined to be head-to-head dimer from both 13C NMR analysis and MALDI−TOF MS and was proposed to result from an electron-transfer mechanism. The dimeric product was eliminated when the functionalization was effected in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (>15 mol equiv). Under these conditions >99 wt % functionalized polymer was obtained as determined by column chromatography and MALDI−TOF MS. Addition of PSLi to the epoxide can occur by addition to the least hindered carbon or by addition to the most hindered carbon. Analysis of the regiochemistry of the chain end was...
Color van der Waals force in the coupled channel approach

Abstract A modified inverse-power law of the color van der Waals potential is derived in the coupled channel formalism. It approaches the inverse-power law potential from below asymptotocally. Possible screening mechanisms are briefly discussed.
Impact of Spatial and Temporal Variation in Calf Survival on the Growth of Elk Populations

Abstract The realized impact of a vital rate on population growth (λ) is determined by both the relative influence of the vital rate on λ (elasticity) and its magnitude of variability. We estimated mean survival and reproductive rates in elk (Cervus elaphus) and spatial and temporal variation in these rates from 37 sources located primarily across the Rocky Mountain region and northwestern United States. We removed sampling variance from estimates of process variance both within and across vital-rate data sets using the variance discounting method developed by White (2000). Deterministic elasticities calculated from a population matrix model parameterized with these mean vital rates ranked adult female survival (eScow = 0.869) much higher than calf survival (eScalf = 0.131). However, process variance in calf survival (σ2Scalf = 0.039) was >11 times greater than process variance in female survival (σ2Scow = 0.003) across data sets and 10 times greater on average (2Scalf = 0.020; 2Scow = 0.002) within stu...
Interferometric measurement of large indices of refraction.

A method for determination of refractive indices which may be applied to thin flat plates of optical materials is considered. It is particularly suited for use with materials whose refractive indices are large (>1.8), but is not limited in the range of refractive index it can determine. The method uses an interferometer to measure the optical pathlength through a sample, and is shown to have moderate accuracy: ±2 × 10−4 in refractive index for a sample 0.5 mm thick. The effect of a nonideal sample is considered, and is shown to have only a small effect on the accuracy. The method has been applied to single-crystal barium titanate in the visible spectrum, and tabulated results are given.
The synthesis and mass spectra of triaryl-gallium and -indium compounds

Abstract The synthesis of a number of symmetrically 2-, 3-, and 4-substituted triaryl-gallium and triarylindium compounds are reported using transmetallation of the corresponding mercurial with Ga or In metal. The electron impact mass spectra of these compounds are very similar and very simple and show the basic structural features of the molecules. With careful control of the conditions it is possible to obtain spectra in which metal-containing ions are the dominant species with little contamination from hydrolysis and pyrolysis products. The spectra provide evidence for dimers of these compounds as significant gaseous species.
Relationship of Resident Assistant Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Positive Affect with Rated Performance

Abstract Three personality traits theoretically associated with effective Resident Assistants (RAs) were the focus for this study. Self-report conscientiousness, extraversion, and positive affect survey data were collected from 99 university RAs. The RAs performance data were gathered from 372 resident students. Hierarchical regression analyses supported the prediction that RA extraversion and positive affect would be associated with performance. Contrary to the prediction, RA conscientiousness was not related to the resident student evaluations. The extraversion and positive affect findings are explained in terms of the RAs' highly interactive relationship with resident students. Similar to earlier research (e.g., Hough, in press; Tett, 1998), the conscientiousness data are examined with regard to those occupational conditions (e.g., the need for quick decision making and flexible responses) where conscientiousness may not be strongly connected with performance.
More women (and men) that never evolved

We are not convinced by Gangestad & Simpson that differential mating strategies within each sex would be greater than such strategies between sexes. The target article does not provide actual evidence of human males who do not desire mating with multiple females, or evidence that the benefits for females of short-term matings with multiple males have ever outweighed the associated costs.
Pathogens & strain diversity: is sex disruptive?

A mathematical model is used to suggest why strain diversity of pathogenic microorganisms persists in the face of constant opportunities for recombination (pages 437–442).
The asymptotic distribution of magnitude trimmed sums for distributions in the Feller class

LetX, X1,X2,... be i.i.d. with common distribution functionF. Rather than study limit behavior of the sum,S n =X1+⋯+X n , under constant normalizations, we consider the sum with ther n summands largest in magnitude removed from the sumS n , wherer n →∞ andrnn−1→0. This is known as an intermediate magnitude trimmed sum. LetF be such that lim inft→∞ lim inft→∞EX2I(|X|⩽t/)t2P((|X|>t)>0. The collection of suchF is known as the Feller class, a large class of distributions which includes all domains of attraction (in particular the stable laws). Pruitt(13) showed that asymptotic normality always holds for the trimmed sums ifF is in the Feller class and ifF is symmetric. Here, for anyF in the Feller class, we obtain complete results including the form of the possible limit laws and their convergence criteria, thus generalizing Pruitt's result to the asymmetric setting.
Squeeze Film Flow Analysis Using Moving Particle Semi-Implicit Calculation

We have presented an application of the modified Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method for squeeze film flows. In addition to calculating the flow field of a squeeze film using the full Navier-Stokes equations, this method has the advantage of being meshless, which gives it the capability of analyzing dynamic and/or highly transient squeeze films by discretizing the domain as a series of particles and numerically analyzing inter-particle interactions. Although past literature has indicated the MPS method in its original form to be unstable in terms of its calculation of pressure, a modified algorithm was implemented to provide agreement between the numerical results and the analytical solutions.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Analysis of chatter in contour grinding of optical materials

Abstract Chatter that limits ground surface finish has been observed in the deterministic microgrinding of brittle optical materials. In this article, the classical single degree of freedom model for chatter, accounting for both work and tool regenerative effects, is adapted for contour grinding optical surfaces. A linearized expression for the cutting stiffness is developed for the contour grinding geometry based on Preston’s law. Techniques developed to measure the machine frequency response function (FRF) and the Preston coefficient, needed as inputs to the simulations, are described. Numerical simulations based on this model are used to predict the grinding system behavior and to investigate process parameters affecting chatter stability. The stability limits observed during grinding experiments on optical glasses are in good agreement with the simulation results.
A professional ethics learning module for use in co-operative education.

The Professional Practice Program, also known as the co-operative education (co-op) program, at the University of Cincinnati (UC) is designed to provide eligible students with the most comprehensive and professional preparation available. Beginning with the Class of 2006, students in UC’s Centennial Co-op Class will be following a new co-op curriculum centered around a set of learning outcomes Regardless of their particular discipline, students will pursue common learning outcomes by participating in the Professional Practice Program, which will cover issues of organizational culture, technology, professional ethics, and the integration of theory and practice. During their third co-op work term, students will complete a learning module on Professional Ethics. To complete the learning module students must familiarize themselves with the code of ethics for their profession, create a hypothetical scenario portraying an ethical dilemma that involves issues covered by the code, resolve the dilemma, and explain why their resolution is the best course of action based upon the code of ethics. A three-party assessment process including students, employers and faculty complete the module.
Potentiation of beta-folding of β-amyloid peptide 25–35 by aluminum salts

The formation of the beta pleated configuration of the amyloid peptide fragment 25-35 in aqueous solution, has been studied using thioflavin-T fluorescence as an indicator of such folding. Both phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enhance the formation of aggregated beta-sheets. This phosphate-induced aggregation is greater in the presence of aluminum sulfate in a dose dependent manner. In the absence of ATP or phosphate, aluminum salts do not promote aggregation. It is proposed that a particulate aluminum phosphate complex may form critical nuclei upon whose surface the amyloid peptide can change its configuration. This capacity for seeding may be a relevant factor in the formation of insoluble proteinaceous materials such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease.
A Thermal Fatigue Model for Probabilistic Lifetime Strength of Propulsion System Components

This paper describes the development of methodology for a probabilistic material strength degradation model, that provides for quantification of uncertainty in the lifetime material strength of structural components of aerospace propulsion systems subjected to a number of diverse random effects. The model has most recently been extended to include thermal fatigue. The discussion of thermal fatigue, in the context of probabilistic material strength degradation, is the central feature of this paper. The methodology, for all effects, is embodied in two computer programs, PROMISS and PROMISC. These programs form a “material resistance” model that may be used in the aerospace structural reliability program, NESSUS or in other applications. A probabilistic material strength degradation model for thermal fatigue and other relevant effects, in the form of a postulated randomized multifactor interaction equation, is used to quantify lifetime material strength. Each multiplicative term in the model has the property that if the current value of an effect equals the ultimate value, then the lifetime strength will be zero. Also, if the current value of an effect equals the reference value, the term equals one and lifetime strength is not affected by that particular effect. Presently, the model includes up to four effects that typically reduce lifetime strength: high temperature, mechanical fatigue, creep and thermal fatigue. Statistical analysis of experimental data for Inconel 718 obtained from the open literature and laboratory reports is also included in the paper. The statistical analysis provided regression parameters for use as the model’s empirical material constants, thus calibrating the model specifically for Inconel 718. Model calibration was carried out for four variables, namely, high temperature, mechanical fatigue, creep and thermal fatigue. Finally, using the PROMISS computer program, a sensitivity study was performed with the calibrated random model to illustrate the effects of mechanical fatigue, creep and thermal fatigue, at about 1000 °F, upon random lifetime strength.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Absence of the membrane marker enzyme 5'-nucleotidase in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract As a first step in an attempt to purify the plasma membrane from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), we initiated a search for a marker enzyme in order to monitor the course of the purification procedure. Nucleoside-5′-monophosphatase (5′-nucleotidase) was first used as a plasma membrane marker in the isolation of this subcellular fraction from rat liver (1); it has since been described in the plasma membranes of a variety of cell types and is considered the most specific and ubiquitous enzymatic plasma membrene marker available (2). DePierre and Karnovsky have recently described 5′-nucleotidase in guinea pig peritoneal PMNL (3), and have demonstrated its existence as an ectoenzyme in a series of elegant experiments (4, 5). In contrast, the present work suggests that this enzyme is absent in the human peripheral PMNL and hydrolysis of 5′-nucleotides in this cell type is probably due to the action of nonspecific phosphatases.
Residential magnetic fields, wire codes, and pregnancy outcome.

The relationship of measured residential magnetic fields and wire codes to pregnancy outcome was examined in data collected for a study of childhood cancer in Denver. Pregnancies in homes with measured fields above 0.2 μT or high wire codes were not more likely to end in miscarriage, low birth weight, or preterm delivery. Lack of data on potential confounders and small numbers of cases limit the study's conclusions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relationship of Gamma-Globulin to the Fibrils of Secondary Human Amyloid

AMYLOIDOSIS is the accumulation in characteristic locations of an eosinophilic substance or substances which are homogeneous when viewed with visible light and which often show characteristic staining reactions, consisting of metachromasia with crystal violet and positive staining with congo red. Recent electron microscopic investigations indicating that amyloid of diverse origins has a finely fibrillar ultrastructure1 have been substantiated in a number of laboratories2. The exact nature of amyloid, however, remains obscure. Since amyloidosis often occurs in human beings in relationship to chronic inflammatory disease and in animals subjected to repeated antigenic stimulation, it has been suggested that there is a close relationship between immunological mechanisms and the pathogenous of this disorder. The fluorescent antibody investigations of several workers3,4 demonstrating the presence of γ-globulin in association with amyloid deposits has suggested to some that γ-globulin is an integral component of amyloid. Immunochemical work5, however, as well as investigations of the disappearance time of human γ-globulin labelled with iodine-131 injected into patients with severe amyloidosis6, have suggested that γ-globulin may not constitute a significant part of the structure of amyloid.
The sum- and difference-frequency wave loads and motions of a freely floating circular cylinder

Abstract An exact, second-order solution is presented for the hydrodynamic loads and associated wave-induced motions of a freely floating circular cylinder in bichromatic waves. Due to the body geometry considered, a computationally efficient eigenfunction expansion technique may be utilized to obtain the linearized solution. Furthermore, the present geometry allows the complex free-surface integral which appears in the second-order loading formulation to be integrated analytically in the angular coordinate. An accurate and efficient method is developed to evaluate the remaining integral in the radial direction. In the near field this integral is evaluated numerically, while in the far-field an analytical solution based upon the asymptotic forms of the linearized potential components is utilized. Numerical results are presented which illustrate the second-order hydrodynamic loads on, and wave-induced motions of, several example cylindrical structures at both the sum- and difference-frequencies of the constituent linear waves.
Skill Requirements for the Rehabilitation Engineer: Results of a Survey

A survey of skills requred for rehabilitation engineering was prepared by the Biomedical Engineering Divison of the American Society for Engineering Education. The purpose of the survey was to determine basic and specific skills needed for the practice of rehabilitation engineering as assessed by four groups: biomedical engineering educators, practicing engineers, medical doctors, and medical specialists. Results indicated an emphasis in basic skills such as transducers, medical devices, kdnesiology, and anatomy, and in specific skills such as rehabilitation devices and aids, equipment control programs, and legal correlates. The two engineering groups tended to agree with each other as did the two medical groups; however, the engineeringgroups did not always concur with the medical groups. Medical doctors and medical specialists generally desired a more broadly trained and more highly skilled rehabilitation engineer. Results suggest that the M.S. degree level appears most reasonable for educational training in rehabilitation engineering.
Fast and Sequence-Specific Palladium-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reaction Identified from Phage Display

Fast and specific bioorthogonal reactions are highly desirable because they provide efficient tracking of biomolecules that are present in low abundance and/or involved in fast dynamic process in living systems. Toward this end, classic strategy involves the optimization of substrate structures and reaction conditions in test tubes, testing their compatibility with biological systems, devising synthetic biology schemes to introduce the modified substrates into living cells or organisms, and finally validating the superior kinetics for enhanced capacity in tracking biomolecules in vivo—a lengthy process often mired by unexpected results. Here, we report a streamlined approach in which the “microenvironment” of a bioorthogonal chemical reporter is exploited directly in biological systems via phage-assisted interrogation of reactivity (PAIR) to optimize not only reaction kinetics but also specificity. Using the PAIR strategy, we identified a short alkyne-containing peptide sequence showing fast kinetics (k2 ...
Inducer T-cell-mediated killing of antigen-presenting cells☆

Abstract L3T4 + inducer/helper T-cell clones, once activated by antigen-presenting cells (APC) expressing the appropriate Ia allele and antigen, autonomously kill their target APC. All 13 L3T4 + inducer T-cell clones tested demonstrated this cytolytic activity. In addition, 11 different target cells representing the three major APC types, namely, macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells, were all sensitive to this cytolytic activity. Moreover, normal macrophages which were treated with interferon-γ to increase Ia expression were also killed. These observations convincingly demonstrate that the cytolytic activity of L3T4 + inducer T-cell clones is a general phenomenon. In contrast to other reports, lysis of target APC could not be detected following 4–6 hr of incubation. Marginal lysis was observed after 9 hr and a 20-hr incubation period was required to achieve maximal killing. The kinetics of killing paralleled other parameters of T-cell activation such as IL-2 release and cell proliferation. Activation of T cells for cytolysis of APC requires the interaction of T-cell receptors with Ia and antigen. Monoclonal antibody to Ia, L3T4 and the T-cell receptor inhibited the cytolysis of APC. The ability to mediate nonspecific bystander killing was variable depending on both the T-cell clone and the target. The implications of these findings to immune regulation and autoimmunity are discussed.
Geotechnical Status Report for Test Storage of Spent Reactor Fuel in Climax Granite, Nevada Test Site

The basic objective of the spent fuel test described is to determine the feasibility of safe and reliable short-term storage and the subsequent retrieval of spent reactor fuel assemblies at a plausible repository depth in a granitic rock. Eleven Westinghouse PWR spent fuel assemblies from Turkey Point Unit No. 3 (Florida) have been interspersed with six electrical heaters to compare the effects caused by heat alone with those of heat and radiation. 19 refs.
Composition non-uniformities in selective area growth of GaInAs on InP grown by OMVPE

Selective area epitaxial growth of Ga0.47In0.53As on InP substrates patterned with silicon nitride was done by low pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. Good surface morphology and clean side walls of the epitaxial layers were obtained in most of the areas of selective GalnAs growth. However, both GaAs incorporation and InAs incorporation increased near the edges of the selective growth areas due to the extra flux of Gacontaining and In-containing species migrating on the surface of silicon nitride. The increase in InAs incorporation was found at a higher rate when the adjacent silicon nitride area was large, hence, cross-hatching appeared near the edges. A characteristic length of adjacent silicon nitride seemed to be connected with the enhanced InAs incorporation, which was about 40μm at 600°. The non-uniformities in composition appeared in all wafers grown in the temperature range between 570 and 650°.
An analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the titi monkey Callicebus moloch.

Vocalizations of titi monkeys were recorded from 6 groups at two sites in the llanos of Colombia during 8 months of study. Frequency and temporal measurements from spectrograms of recordings, and differences in their patterns of use, were used to characterize call types. Animals repeat calls to form phrases, and combine phrases to form sequences. The six sequence types, defined by different transition probabilities between phrases, varied in proportion in different contexts. To examine the effect of order of phrases on response, I played back artificially constructed sequences to subject groups. I discuss hierarchical and sequential mechanisms as generators' of vocal sequences, and draw comparisons with models of human language.
Difficulties in symptom recognition in infants

The subject of symptom recognition in infants is just beginning to be explored in nursing literature; the process may be more difficult that it originally appears. Because symptoms are subjective and their identification is dependent on communication between the client and the nurse or caretaker, it becomes important to assist nurses, parents, and other health care providers in this process. This article discusses the impact of cues, developmental aspects, and inferences as they influence the identification of symptoms experienced by infants.
Effects of speckle in adaptive optical systems

The effects of speckle on the performance of adaptive optical (COAT) systems is examined, with particular emphasis on multidither COAT systems. Experimental, analytical, and computer simulation data are presented that are in mutual agreement and that define the performance of multidither systems in the presence of speckle effects. In general, the performance of coherent-light adaptive systems can be degraded by speckle-induced effects. The severity of the degradation depends on the target parameters (surface roughness, glint structure, geometry, motion) and the adaptive system parameters (wavelength, bandwidth, servo details).
The pregnant therapist: the effect of a negative pregnancy outcome on a psychotherapy patient.

In psychiatry, pregnancy introduces an element into the treatment setting that is complex and may require exploration. Often, in the psychotherapeutic relationship, the psychiatrist may use therapeutic techniques and provide no self disclosure to the patient by Tinsley (Am J Psychiatry 160(1): 27–31, 2003). The patient reveals all of their innermost thoughts. This can bring about curiosity for the patient about the clinician’s life and result in asking personal questions which can at times be uncomfortable for the therapist, particularly for those still in training. This may feel like a boundary crossing which can pose a therapeutic challenge. The clinician is challenged to further enhance the therapeutic relationship and further help the patient on their journey to self exploration. While it is inevitable that patients will have reactions to their therapists, this can be played out in a number of ways, both at the conscious and unconscious level. While numerous studies have looked at the impact of the therapist’s pregnancy on the patient and their treatment, there is no information about the effect of a therapist having a negative pregnancy outcome. Negative outcomes include the therapist having a miscarriage, delivering a still-born or both the therapist and baby dying. This case report describes a clinical scenario in which a psychiatry resident in training delivered a stillborn baby at 37 weeks and the impact of that on a long term psychotherapy patient.
Relationship of androgens to body composition, energy and substrate metabolism and aerobic capacity in healthy, young women

Objective To evaluate the role of physiologic levels of androgens and their precursors in the regulation of body composition, energy and substrate metabolism and aerobic capacity in healthy, cycling, premenopausal women.
Transcription of plasmid DNA in Escherichia coli minicells

Cellular RNA polymerase in association with plasmid DNA segregates into the minicells of minicell-producing strains. In general, one "plasmid equivalent" of RNA polymerase, reflecting the size of the segregating plasmid DNA and its efficiency of segregation, entered the minicell with the plasmid. The amount of RNA polymerase (measured as the amount of enzyme activity purified from minicells and the rate of RNA synthesis in plasmid-containing minicells), and not the DNA content, appeared to be rate-limiting in plasmid-mediated transcription in minicells. The purified minicell and cellular RNA polymerases showed the same sensitivity to rifampin and streptolydigin; both were associated with sigma factor, although the minicell enzyme appeared to have slightly less than the cellular enzyme. These studies demonstrate that transcription of plasmid DNA in minicells is a function of the efficiency of segregation and the amount of RNA polymerase which enters with the plasmid DNA. Because RNA polymerase is limiting, plasmids with relatively weak promoters for the vector genes should be used when attempting to identify products from inserted foreign DNA.
Ca2+ channel α2δ ligands: novel modulators of neurotransmission

The term 'Ca2+ channel alpha2delta ligands' has recently been applied to an evolving drug class that includes gabapentin (Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica), and reflects significant progress over the past decade in elucidating the mechanism of action of these drugs: a novel, specific action at one of the subunits constituting voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Binding of these ligands to the alpha2delta subunit is considered to explain their usefulness in treating several clinical disorders, including epilepsy, pain from diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia and fibromyalgia, and generalized anxiety disorder. The evidence indicates a relationship between alpha2delta subunit binding and the modulation of processes that subserve neurotransmission. This modulation is characterized by a reduction of the excessive neurotransmitter release that is observed in certain neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of acute spine trauma

A comparison study of magnetic resonance imaging (MR), computed tomography (CT), and plain film evaluation of 113 consecutive spine trauma cases was conducted. The rate of true-positive findings (sensitivity) on MR was shown to be significantly higher than for CT or plain films in the evaluation of soft tissue or ligamentous injury (P<0.001). MR had a significantly lower rate of positive findings for fracture than CT (P<0.001) and was also shown to be significantly less sensitive for fracture than plain films (P<0.001). Spinal cord contusion, epidural hematoma, high-grade stenosis, and ligamentous or soft tissue injury were best evaluated with MR.
Innovative optical alignment technique for CMP wafers

Detecting position of the wafers such as after CMP process is critical theme of current and forthcoming IC manufacturing. The alignment system must be with high accuracy for any process. To satisfy such requirements, we have studied and analyzed factors that have made alignment difficult. From the result of the studies, we have developed new optical alignment techniques which improve the accuracy of FIA (alignment sensor of Nikon's NSR series) and examined them. The approaches are optimizing the focus position, developing an advanced algorithm for position detection, and selecting a suitable mark design. For experiment, we have developed the special wafers that make it possible to evaluate the influence of CMP processes. The experimental results show that the overlay errors decrease dramatically with the new alignment techniques. FIA with these new techniques will be much accurate and suitable alignment sensor for CMP and other processes of future generation ULSI production.
Thymic Carcinoma, Part 1 A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 65 Cases

The clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 65 primary thymic carcinomas are reported (43 men and 22 women; 19-81 years old). Thymectomy was performed in all cases. Masaoka staging for 53 patients showed 3 patients in stage I, 14 in stage II, 17 in stage III, and 19 in stage IV. Histologic studies revealed 9 carcinoma subtypes. Immunohistochemically, the tumors showed high rates of expression for cytokeratin, Pax8, and FoxN1. Follow-up for 62 patients revealed that 36 patients were alive (mean follow-up, 51.1 months) and 26 had died (mean survival, 47.5 months). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 76.6% and 65.7%, respectively. Our findings suggest that thymic carcinomas may behave less aggressively than commonly believed. Lymph node status and tumor size seem to be important prognostic factors. The Masaoka staging system does not seem to reliably predict outcome.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Biologically Active Multilayer Films Using Inkjet‐Printed Templates

As a non-invasive, rapid prototyping technique, piezoelectric inkjet printing using the Dimatix Materials Printer (DMP) is incorporated to template 2D biologically active surfaces. In these studies, a bioinspired ink is synthesized and printed directly onto gold-coated silicon nitride substrates and into polymer-coated 96-well plates. Once deposited on a surface, these patterns are reacted with varying concentrations of a model enzyme glucose oxidase in the presence of a silica precursor, monosilicic acid. The reaction mechanism and order of reactant products within and along the patterns are shown to directly affect the integrity and overall microstructure of the biologically active films. Using profilometry measurements and scanning electron microscopy, a biologically active platform is optimized without significantly compromising the activity of the enzyme. In fact, enzyme activity, constrained within a thin film, is reported for the first time over variable reaction parameters. When compared to the enzyme free in solution, the immobilized enzyme is 25.9% active, where nearly 100% of the activity is retained after repeated usage.
One foot in the furrow: implications to one's career in plant pathology.

▪ Abstract Most of us want to be successful in what we do—either financially or programmatically. For me, being a good, well-respected plant pathologist is what motivated me throughout my professional career. After being trained as a plant pathologist at the University of California-Davis, an institution that prides itself in solving problems, I spent the majority of my career in population-sparse Montana—“the last best place.” And best place it has been for me as I became involved in researching a number of plant disease problems and solving a few. J.C. Walker's philosophy of keeping “one foot in the furrow” has stood by me, and I encourage young plant pathologists to adopt it as well to ensure a productive and satisfying life in agricultural science.
Reflections on Public Diplomacy: People-to-People Communication

Various governmental and one nongovernmental public diplomacy efforts are outlined in this descriptive essay that focuses on the importance of open communication at the grassroots level as a requisite for the establishment of meaningful and sustaining relationships and the development of trust. State Department-sponsored visits to Russia, Uzbekistan, Azerbajain, and Turkmenistan are described and challenges noted, as well as the background and initial phases of the first grassroots effort after 9/11—the Saudi American Exchange.
The assessment by vervet monkeys of their own and another species' alarm calls

In Amboseli National Park, Kenya, both superb starlings, Spreo superbus, and vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, give acoustically different alarm calls to different classes of predators. The ‘raptor alarms’ of starlings and vervet monkeys are so called because they are given exclusively to avian species that attack from the air. In contrast, while vervets give ‘leopard alarms’ to a narrow array of terrestrial predators, starlings give terrestrial predator alarms to a wide variety of species, including some birds. Habituation experiments demonstrate that monkeys compare vocalizations according to their referents, not just their acoustic properties: vervets who learned to ignore playback of a starling's raptor alarm subsequently also ignored playback of a vervet's eagle alarm. Experiments also demonstrate that vervets are sensitive to the breadth of referential specificity exhibited by different calls. Subjects who learned to ignore playback of a starling terrestrial predator alarm subsequently also ignored playback of both vervet leopard and vervet raptor alarms.
Identification and characterization of leptin-containing intracellular compartment in rat adipose cells.

The major leptin-containing membrane compartment was identified and characterized in rat adipose cells by means of equilibrium density and velocity sucrose gradient centrifugation. This compartment...
Impact of Spiritual Symptoms and Their Interactions on Health Services and Life Satisfaction

PURPOSE Recent work suggests that the biopsychosocial model should be expanded to include the spiritual dimension as well. The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effects of spiritual symptoms and their interactions with biopsychosocial symptoms on health care utilization, extreme use of ser- vices, and life satisfaction among primary care patients. METHODS Three hundred fi fty-three adult waiting room patients at 2 primary care clinics completed the Biopsychosociospiritual Inventory (BioPSSI) as well as measures of life satisfaction and health care use. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed with each outcome to determine whether adding spiri- tual symptoms and their interaction terms better accounted for outcomes than demographics, functional status, and chronic medical problems alone. RESULTS Spiritual symptoms (alone or in interaction) were associated with 7 of the 10 outcomes and were particularly important to extreme use of health care services and life satisfaction. Among best-fi t models, spiritual symptoms alone were signifi cantly associated with any mental health use (β = 0.694, P ≤.05), fair-poor health status (β = 0.837, P ≤.05), and life lacking meaning (β = 1.214, P ≤.001). CONCLUSIONS This study has shown the relevance of spiritual symptoms and their interactions to understanding health outcomes. Extreme utilization outcomes were related to the number of chronic problems, as well as to the social-spiritual interaction. Satisfaction outcomes were associated with physical and spiritual symptoms. These fi ndings may have important implications for providing compre- hensive, outcome-based care, as well as for modeling of research fi ndings.