cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the results of empirical studies into the mechanical design process

Abstract Six investigations are compared in which the mechanical design process was evaluated by studying human designers. These studies are summarized on the basis of their purpose and evidence followed by a brief discussion. The conclusions reached in all six studies are then compared to show areas of agreemtnt or disagreement and potential for further research needed to gain a better understanding of the mechanical design process.
INTERMEDIATE TERM BIOCHEMICAL-FREE PROGRESSION AND LOCAL CONTROL FOLLOWING 125IODINE BRACHYTHERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the 10-year biochemical and local control results for 125I prostate brachytherapy in men followed a minimum of 4 years.Materials and Methods: A total of 279 men with ...
Stochastic Modeling of CO and NO in Premixed Methane Combustion

The ability to use reduced CH{sub 4}-air chemical mechanisms to predict CO and NO emissions in premixed turbulent combustion has been evaluated in a Partially Stirred Reactor (PaSR) model. CO emissions were described with reduced 4-, 5-, and 9-step mechanisms and a detailed 276-step mechanism. NO emissions from thermal, N{sub 2}O-intermediate, and prompt pathways were included in the 5-, 9-, and 276-step mechanisms. Molecular mixing was described with a deterministic, Interaction-by-Exchange-with-the-Mean (IEM) submodel. Random selection and replacement (without repetition) of fluid particles were used to simulate through-flow. The evolution of mean and root mean square (rms) temperature, CO, and NO in the PaSR was accurately described with the 9-step mechanism over a wide range in mixing frequency and equivalence ratio. Also, the 9-step mechanism provided accurate instantaneous reaction rates and concentrations for a broad region of the accessed composition space in the PaSR. The 5-step mechanism performed less reliably than the 9-step mechanism at {psi} = 1.0 but performed similarly to the 9-step mechanism at {psi} = 0.65. The 4-step mechanism underpredicted mean CO values and overpredicted instantaneous temperature reaction rates, most likely due to its inferior parent mechanism, partial equilibrium assumption for OH, and unallowed dissociation of neglected radicalmore » species. The detailed and reduced mechanism predictions of the accessed composition space in the PaSR covered only a small fraction of the allowable composition space, thus facilitating the use of an efficient in situ chemical look-up table for multidimensional, pdf-method calculations.« less
Aβ delays fibrin clot lysis by altering fibrin structure and attenuating plasminogen binding to fibrin

Alzheimer disease is characterized by the presence of increased levels of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma and cerebral blood vessels. This accumulated Aβ can bind to fibrin(ogen) and render fibrin clots more resistant to degradation. Here, we demonstrate that Aβ42 specifically binds to fibrin and induces a tighter fibrin network characterized by thinner fibers and increased resistance to lysis. However, Aβ42-induced structural changes cannot be the sole mechanism of delayed lysis because Aβ overlaid on normal preformed clots also binds to fibrin and delays lysis without altering clot structure. In this regard, we show that Aβ interferes with the binding of plasminogen to fibrin, which could impair plasmin generation and fibrin degradation. Indeed, plasmin generation by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but not streptokinase, is slowed in fibrin clots containing Aβ42, and clot lysis by plasmin, but not trypsin, is delayed. Notably, plasmin and tPA activities, as well as tPA-dependent generation of plasmin in solution, are not decreased in the presence of Aβ42. Our results indicate the existence of 2 mechanisms of Aβ42 involvement in delayed fibrinolysis: (1) through the induction of a tighter fibrin network composed of thinner fibers, and (2) through inhibition of plasmin(ogen)–fibrin binding.
Fracture of Sub‐20nm Ultrathin Gold Nanowires

Fracture of metals at the nanoscale and corresponding failure mechanisms have recently attracted considerable interest. However, quantitative in situ fracture experiments of nanoscale metals are rarely reported. Here it is shown that, under uni-axial tensile loading, single crystalline ultrathin gold nanowires may fracture in two modes, displaying distinctively different fracture morphologies and ductility. In situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies suggest that the unexpected brittle-like fracture was closely related to the observed twin structures, which is very different from surface dislocation nucleation/propagation mediated mechanism in ductile fracture mode. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further reveal the processes of shear-induced twin formation and damage initiation at the twin structure/free surface interface, confi rming the experimentally observed differences in fracture morphology and ductility. Finally, a fracture criterion based on competition between twin formation and surface dislocation nucleation/propagation as a function of misalignment angle is discussed.
Queer Black Feminism: The Pleasure Principle

In this critical personal narrative Harris explores some of the gaps between conceptions of feminist thought and feminist practice. Harris focuses on an analysis of race, class, and desire divisions within feminist sexual politics. She suggests a queer black feminist theory and practice that calls into question naturalized identities and communities, and therefore what feminism and feminist practices might entail.
Photodissociation Processes in Transition-Metal Cation Complexes with Cyclooctatetraene

Transition-metal cation complexes with 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene of the form M+(C8H8)1,2 (M = V, Fe, Ni, and Ag) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source. The clusters are mass-selected and photodissociated using the second and third harmonics of an Nd:YAG laser (532 and 355 nm). The first-row transition-metal complexes undergo retro-cyclotrimerization to produce M+(benzene). The photodissociation of V+(C8H8) also produces a significant amount of V+(C5H5). This is attributed to the ability of V+ to donate electron density to stabilize a cyclopentadienyl anion. Dissociation of Ag+(C8H8) exhibits a photoinduced charge-transfer pathway allowing an upper limit of 2.6 eV to be placed on the binding energy in this system. Complexes with two C8H8 molecules primarily dissociate by loss of intact C8H8 molecules with some fragmentation to M+(C10H10) for M+ = V and Fe. Fragmentation of these M+(C10H10) species indicates a structure that is not ferrocene-like in nature. Mixed sandwich comp...
De novo designed peptidic redox potential probe: linking sensitized emission to disulfide bond formation.

The design and utility of a peptidic probe capable of accurately measuring environmental redox potential via sensitized emission has been prepared. This probe is characterized by long-lived luminescence (millisecond), nanomolar detection limits, and a probe reduction potential of −0.243 V.
Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology

Current concepts and basic principles of neurogastroenterology in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders are reviewed. Neurogastroenterology is emphasized as a new and advancing subspecialty of clinical gastroenterology and digestive science. As such, it embraces the investigative sciences dealing with functions, malfunctions, and malformations in the brain and spinal cord, and the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions of the autonomic innervation of the digestive tract. Somatomotor systems are included insofar as pharyngeal phases of swallowing and pelvic floor involvement in defecation, continence, and pelvic pain are concerned. Inclusion of basic physiology of smooth muscle, mucosal epithelium, and the enteric immune system in the neurogastroenterologic domain relates to requirements for compatibility with neural control mechanisms. Psychologic and psychiatric relations to functional gastrointestinal disorders are included because they are significant components of neurogastroenterology, especially in relation to projections of discomfort and pain to the digestive tract.
Trilinear gauge couplings at the Fermilab Tevatron

Recent trilinear gauge boson couplings measurements by the CDF and D0 Collaborations at the Fermilab Tevatron are presented. The measurements were done by analyzing diboson production in multiple decay channels and final states. No deviations from the Standard Model description of the WWZ, WW{gamma}, ZZ{gamma} and Z{gamma}{gamma} vertices were found. Limits on anomalous gauge couplings set by these analyses are the tightest available to date.
A Study of Music Students’ Tempo Changes of a Soloist’s Performance of Mozart’s 1st Horn Concerto

The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate music students’ tempo changes of a soloist’s performance in an excerpt from Mozart’s Concerto No. 1 in D Major for Horn and Orchestra. We then compared the composite rubato pattern to tendencies found in a previous investigation using Mozart’s Concerto No. 2 in E♭Major for Horn and Orchestra. Data were collected directly from listeners’ Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial movements, which controlled the instantaneous tempo of the solo horn performance. Some tendencies from previous rubato performances were replicated; however, overall performances more closely reflected the previous performances of the lowest rated horn performers than those judged as the highest caliber performers.
Gender identity in XY intersexuality

The following syndromes of XY intersexuality are reviewed: 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency, and complete and partial androgen insensitivity with attention focused on issues of gender identity. Each syndrome, with its unique presentation, provides an opportunity to explore the relative effects of nature (androgens) versus nurture (sex of rearing) in gender identity development. The phenomenon of gender role reversal in these conditions is described and theories on the determinants of gender identity formation are proposed. Issues of importance to psychiatrists in treating patients who have these conditions also are discussed.
Human Skin is Permselective for the Small, Monovalent Cations Sodium and Potassium but not for Nickel and Chromium

ABSTRACT The molar conductance of excised human skin ( Λ skin ) immersed in electrolyte solutions comprising four cationic (Na + , K + , Ni 2 + , and Cr 3 + ) and five anionic (Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2 − , CrO 4 2 − , and Cr 2 O 7 2 − ) species was determined as a function of concentration in Franz diffusion cells. Cation transport numbers for four of these electrolytes were measured in Franz cells by the electromotive force method. Parallel experiments were conducted in solutions alone to establish the validity of the technique. Molar conductance decreased with increasing concentration, following the Kohlrausch law, over a 4–12-fold concentration range. Molar conductance and cation transport values at infinite dilution were extrapolated from these data and used to estimate ionic conductances at infinite dilution. These values were subsequently used to calculate limiting ion mobilities and diffusivities in solution and skin. Results for skin showed the expected increase in cation permselectivity for monovalent cations and a 40–110-fold reduction in effective diffusivities with respect to those in solution. However, Ni 2 + and Cr 3 + were relatively less mobile in skin than in solution. Salt diffusivities calculated from ionic mobilities in skin provided a partial explanation for the difference in allergenic potency of NiCl 2 compared with NiSO 4 and Cr 3 + versus Cr 6 + salts.
Cellular Proteasome Activity Facilitates Herpes Simplex Virus Entry at a Postpenetration Step

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry into cells is a multistep process that engages the host cell machinery. The proteasome is a large, ATP-dependent, multisubunit protease that plays a critical role in the maintenance of cell homeostasis. A battery of assays were used to demonstrate that proteasome inhibitors blocked an early step in HSV entry that occurred after capsid penetration into the cytosol but prior to capsid arrival at the nuclear periphery. Proteasome-dependent viral entry was not reliant on host or viral protein synthesis. MG132, a peptide aldehyde that competitively inhibits the degradative activity of the proteasome, had a reversible inhibitory effect on HSV entry. HSV can use endocytic or nonendocytic pathways to enter cells. These distinct entry routes were both dependent on proteasome-mediated proteolysis. In addition, HSV successfully entered cells in the absence of a functional host ubiquitin-activating enzyme, suggesting that viral entry is ubiquitin independent. We propose that proteasomal degradation of virion and/or host proteins is required for efficient delivery of incoming HSV capsids to the nucleus.
A semi-nonparametric mixture model for selecting functionally consistent proteins.

Background High-throughput technologies have led to a new era of proteomics. Although protein microarray experiments are becoming more common place there are a variety of experimental and statistical issues that have yet to be addressed, and that will carry over to new high-throughput technologies unless they are investigated. One of the largest of these challenges is the selection of functionally consistent proteins.
A Practical Entry to the Crambescidin Family of Guanidine Alkaloids. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Ptilomycalin A, Crambescidin 657 and Its Methyl Ester (Neofolitispates 2), and Crambescidin 800

Among the most structurally remarkable guanidine natural products are the crambescidin/ptilomycalin A family of marine alkaloids. The evolution of a practical strategy for preparing pharmacologically significant crambescidin/ptilomycalin A alkaloids that lack oxidation at C13 is described. The first total syntheses of crambescidin 800 (2), crambescidin 657 (6), and neofolitispate 2 (7) are reported in full detail. The central strategic step in these convergent total syntheses is tethered Biginelli condensation of β-keto ester 24 with ureido aminal 61 to combine all carbons of the guanidine nucleus and set the pivotal C10−C13 stereorelationship. The total synthesis of crambescidin 800 (2) was accomplished in 3% overall yield from commercially available 3-butyn-1-ol by way of 16 isolated and purified intermediates. Full details of our earlier total synthesis of ptilomycalin A (1) are also presented. The total syntheses described in this disclosure confirm the stereochemical assignments of 1, 2, 6, and 7 and...
Dual‐Processing in Value Self‐Confrontation: The Role of Need for Cognition

Rokeach (1973) developed the method of value self-confrontation (VSC) in an attempt to change people's behavior by changing the value hierarchy underlying that behavior. The present research examined the role of need for cognition, defined by Cacioppo, Petty, and Kao (1984) as an individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors, in the VSC process. Two studies demonstrated that the VSC procedure was equally effective for college-age participants, regardless of their level of need for cognition. The second study suggested that the equivalent value change was mediated by differential routes of processing. Specifically, low need for cognition participants reported a significantly greater reliance on normative information (indicative of peripheral processing) while participants high in the need for cognition reported significantly greater expenditure of cognitive effort (indicative of central route processing). Practical implications of these findings for individual and social applications of VSC and future research directions are discussed.
The nuclear symmetry energy in relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations

We extend the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach for nuclear matter to dense neutron matter. Special attention is devoted to contributions arising from tensor interactions due to the exchange of π-and ϱ-mesons and the dependence upon neutron-proton asymmetry. The role of the symmetry energy in studies of beta-stable neutron stars is also discussed.
High-school-age science assessments

Students in Finland had the highest science scores in a 57-country survey of 15-year-olds. According to a 4 December report issued by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), other high-scoring countries included Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Hong Kong- China, Chinese Taipei, and Estonia. More than 400,000 students from 57 countries participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a triennial survey of the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds. The study found that on average across OECD countries, 1.3% of 15-year-olds reached level 6, the highest proficiency level on the science scale. These students could consistently identify, explain, and apply scientific knowledge in many situations. The number of students at that level could not be reliably predicted from a country's overall performance. For instance, while Korea had an overall high score of 522 points (above the average 500) and the United States had a score of 489, both countries had similar percentages of students at level 6. For more information, visit the Website: http://www.oecd.org.
A new force field (ECEPP-05) for peptides, proteins, and organic molecules.

Parametrization and testing of a new all-atom force field for organic molecules and peptides with fixed bond lengths and bond angles are described. The van der Waals parameters for both the organic molecules and the peptides were taken from J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 7143 and J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 12181. First, the values of the 1−4 nonbonded and electrostatic scale factors appropriate to the new force field were determined by computing the conformational energies of six model molecules, namely, ethanol, ethylamine, propanol, propylamine, 1,2-ethanediol, and 1,3-propanediol with different values of these factors. The partial atomic charges of these molecules were obtained by fitting to the electrostatic potentials calculated with the HF/6-31G* quantum-mechanical method. Two different charge models (single- and multiple-conformation-derived) were also considered. We demonstrated that the charge model has a stronger effect on the conformational energies than the 1−4 scaling. The choice of a charge mo...
Self-dual Maxwell field on a null cone

As an introduction to the use of self-dual variables on a null cone, the Hamiltonian for the Maxwell field is set up on a null cone in Minkowski space. In this treatment, the vector potential (the connection) and the self-dual components of the Maxwell field are treated as independent configuration space variables. Because the initial surface is a null cone, additional primary and secondary constraints arise. These constraints can be grouped into first class and second class. The elimination of the second class constraints together with the reality conditions on the vector potential, reduce the independent phase space variables to two. In its final form the Hamiltonian can be expressed in terms of the product of the self-dual Maxwell field and its complex conjugate.
The Modern Language Association, Programs and Services

response conditions. This function is easily executed through the M.A.D. system. Although the M.A.D. system is not designed to replace the language laboratory, in many ways it can serve effectively as an extension of the laboratory, thus easing the task of scheduling students. This one function in itself is of great importance, since laboratory time and space are frequently at a premium. Also, it is no longer necessary for every student to travel the distance evenings from residence hall to language laboratory to complete assignments. In order to program Basic Foreign Language for the M.A.D. system it is necessary for the foreign language multiple-section classes to coordinate with the M.A.D. system in the same manner as they ordinarily do with the laboratory, making use of the same materials and assignments. The materials used are primarily commercial tapes. Instructors decide approximately one semester in advance how they want their tape material organized and distributed for one semester of instruction via M.A.D. The material is placed on 15" reels, each one of which represents three hours of play, and carries the material for one week of laboratory instruction.
Diode multipliers for submillimeter‐wave InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure monolithic integrated circuits

InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructures are studied as multiplier elements for submillimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits. The designs considered for this purpose are based on the principle of conventional HEMT, HEMT with n+ bottom layer, and a new proposed scheme of quantum-confined modulated charge (QCMC). The QCMC diode is analyzed theoretically and experimentally showing its potential operation capability at 1.5 THz.
Judging a book by its cover: estrogen and skin aging

Skin health and the potential anti-aging effects of estrogen are important to patients, yet often overlooked in risk/benefit analysis regarding estrogen use. Estrogenic effect on skin should be considered a benefit of hormone therapy and may also provide a readily observable measure of estrogen's effect on other organ systems.
Lipid Selection in the Assembly of the Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane of the Lipid-Containing Bacteriophage PR4

Abstract Phage PR4 contains a lipid bilayer within the phage protein capsid. The phospholipids of the bilayer are derived from those of the host. We report that phage morphogenesis selects against the unusually bulky phospholipids synthesized by Escherichia coli grown in the presence of various sugar alcohols. These data indicate that assembly of the PR4 lipid bilayer is a selective process rather than the bulk appropriation of host membrane lipids. We also demonstrate that phage PR4 morphogenesis is compatible with the incorporation of several abnormal lipids, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol into the phage particle.
Forecasting distribution feeder loads: modeling and application to volt/VAr control

The kVAr and kW loads on typical residential and industrial feeders are modeled on the basis of actual data. Using a regression model, it is shown that the two loads conform. The model permits computation of the power factor and the effective amount of fixed and switched capacitance on the feeders. The load variation is decomposed into three major components, namely a weather-load component, deterministic hourly load variation, and random fluctuations, and a one-step-ahead-feeder kW load forecast model is developed. An application of the regression and the load forecast models to the volt/VAr control problem on distribution systems is demonstrated. >
The Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Vitamin D Levels and Milk Calcium Concentration in Lactating Women and Their Infants

Objective: Improve vitamin D status in lactating women and their recipient infants, and measure breast milk calcium concentration [Ca] as a function of vitamin D regimen. Design/Methods: Fully breastfeeding mothers were randomized at 1 month postpartum to 2000 (n = 12) or 4000 (n = 13) IU/day vitamin D for 3 months to achieve optimal vitamin D status [serum 25(OH)D ≥32 ng/mL (80 nmol/L)]. Breast milk [Ca], maternal and infant serum 25(OH)D and serum Ca, and maternal urinary Ca/Cr ratio were measured monthly. Results: Mothers were similar between groups for age, race, gestation, and birth weight. 25(OH)D increased from 1 to 4 months in both groups (mean ± SD): +11.5 ± 2.3 ng/mL for group 2000 (p = 0.002) and +14.4 ± 3.0 ng/mL for group 4000 (p = 0.0008). The 4000 IU/day regimen was more effective in raising both maternal and infant serum levels and breast milk antirachitic activity than the 2000 IU/day regimen. Breast milk [Ca] fell with continued lactation through 4 months in the 2000 and 4000 IU groups. ...
Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Evidence from animal models and prospective studies of RA, multiple sclerosis, and type-1 diabetes suggest an important role for vitamin D as a modifiable environmental factor in autoimmune disease. This role has not been well studied in human SLE. We compared serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels between recently diagnosed SLE cases and matched controls, and examined disease characteristics in relationship to 25(OH)D among cases. Data from a population-based cohort of 123 recently diagnosed SLE patients and 240 controls were used. We found a trend toward lower 25(OH)D levels in cases compared to controls, which was statistically significant in Caucasians ( p = 0.04), controlling for age, sex, season, and smoking. Overall, 67% of the subjects were vitamin D deficient, with mean levels significantly lower among African Americans (15.9 ng/ml) compared to Caucasians (31.3 ng/ml). Critically low vitamin D levels ( p p
Experimental autoimmune inflammatory myopathy

We report an experimental model of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy. Splenic cells from two inbred murine strains (BALB/c and SJL/J) are activated (immunized) in vitro by co-culture with their respective syngeneic skeletal muscle myotubes. Subsequent injection of the activated splenocytes with or without B. pertussis into the respective syngeneic hosts results in inflammatory myopathy in the SJL/J mice but never in the BALB/c mice. The muscle inflammation is very similar in appearance to human autoimmune inflammatory myopathies. The myositis is not effector cell-skeletal muscle specific because splenocytes activated by co-culture with smooth muscle will also elicit skeletal muscle lesions. Both strains of skeletal muscle appear to express class II (Ia) antigens and the splenocytes from both strains appear to be equally activated. Thus we postulate that the difference in the expression of myositis between the two strains is in the effector phase of the disease. Since SJL/J mice have vasoactive amine sensitive vascular systems and BALB/c do not, it is likely that activated splenocytes emigrate from muscle microvessels in the SJL/J strain whereas they cannot do so in the BALB/c strain. The most significant contribution of this model may be in its potential for addressing a sine qua non of cellular autoimmune disease, i.e. lymphocyte migration from the vascular compartment into the target tissue. Finally, the data support a cellular more than a humoral pathogenesis in this model.
Las prácticas de lectoescritura en los hogares de inmigrantes mexicanos

ResumenPese a que existe un corpus de literatura bien establecido acerca del bilinguismo escolar en espanol e ingles de los ninos latinos en los Estados Unidos, el desarrollo del bialfabetismo y las practicas relacionadas con la lectoescritura en el hogar han recibido escasa atencion por parte de la comunidad de investigacion educativa. Es necesario un cambio en esta situacion por la utilidad que puede tener para los educadores el conocimiento sobre los recursos linguisticos y de lectoescritura que hay en el hogar a la hora de mejorar los curricula escolares y de atender mejor las necesidades de un alumnado de gran diversidad cultural y linguistica. Esta investigacion sobre las practicas linguisticas y de lectoescritura de dos familias mexicanas en el contexto del hogar es nuestra contribucion a ese empeno. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que las interacciones familiares, asi como el contexto del hogar en general, son factores cruciales para el impulso al desarrollo del lenguaje oral y de la lecto...
Reliability of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during Tetralogy of Fallot repair.

There is limited information available concerning the accuracy of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in predicting the extent of residual abnormalities after recovery from surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Therefore, we investigated differences between the results of final postbypass TEE and those of postrecovery (mean, 6 days after surgery) transthoracic echocardiography in a total of 28 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot with biplane or multiplane TEE. Both postbypass and postrecovery echocardiographic examinations included measurements of the right ventricle (RV)-main pulmonary artery (PA) and the main PA-branch PA peak instantaneous gradients, the degree of pulmonary valvar insufficiency, and color Doppler interrogation of the ventricular septum for residual defects. The RV-main PA gradient did not change significantly: 15 ± 13 vs 18 ± 14 mmHg (postbypass versus postrecovery, mean ± SD). None of the patients had a decrease of ≥ 10 mmHg; and only one patient had an increase of ≥: 15 mmHg. There also was no change in the degree of pulmonary insufficiency (3.0 ±1.2 versus 3.1 ± 1.1, using a scale of 0 to 4). Only one of the seven very small (≤ 2 mm) residual ventricular septal defects was not discovered during postbypass TEE. However, postrecovery transthoracic echocardiography detected significant branch PA stenosis (peak gradient, ≥ 15 mmHg) in five patients (18%) that was not detected during postbypass TEE (P < 0.03). Of the branch PA stenoses that were not detected during TEE, four were left and one was right. Conclusions: Postbypass TEE after tetralogy of Fallot repair reliably predicts residual postrecovery hemodynamic abnormalities, except for branch PA stenosis.
American Indian law on child abuse and neglect

A wide variety of American Indian tribal codes on child abuse and neglect are currently in effect. They range from anachronistic codes that were promulgated about fifty years ago and have never been revised to recently enacted codes that are innovative and incorporate the best practices in the field of protective services. The efforts, now underway, to collect and analyze Indian tribal codes on child abuse and neglect is supportive of the national interest to improve Indian child welfare services. The knowledge gained will be helpful to Indian tribes as they assess their own codes and will provide a new body of information on the laws in the U.S. on child abuse and neglect. In the past few years, increased national support in the United States has been focused on the protection of the best interest of Indian children with specific resources provided for the support of local Indian children and family programs operated by Indian tribal governments. Many Indian tribes are using these resources to develop and revise their child welfare codes, including those elements pertaining to child abuse and neglect. The momentum under way in the United States to improve Indian child welfare services can be expected to continue to include developments in Indian tribal codes on child abuse and neglect.
The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled study.

I read with interest the article by Grant et al. (1) regarding the effects of octreotide on severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy. However, I have a few observations and questions for Grant et al. First, I noticed that the baseline Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scores of the two groups were not compared. Did these two groups have baseline ETDRS scores that were not significantly different? The results of the study cannot be interpreted without the knowledge of the baseline ETDRS scores of the two groups. In addition, …
Porosity of denture resin cured by microwave energy.

This study compared porosity of denture resin cured by microwave energy to denture resin cured by the conventional heat method. Seven groups of 10 samples each were tested. The control samples of methyl methacrylate monomer were cured in a curing tank at 165° F for 9 hours. Four of the six experimental groups, consisting of samples made from Micro Liquid monomer (H.D. Justi Co., Oxnard, Calif.), were cured by microwave energy at varying wattages and times. The other two experimental groups contained samples of methyl methacrylate monomer cured by microwave energy. No significant differences were found in mean porosity between the control group and the four groups of microwave-processed samples that used Micro Liquid monomer. The two groups of microwave-processed samples of methyl methacrylate monomer showed a significantly higher mean porosity.
A MATLAB-based tool for EV-design

This paper presents a MATLAB-based software tool for modeling and simulation of electric vehicles. It is a software package developed using MATLAB 7.8 2009. Each EV element is specified by a set of dynamic equations. The constants associated with each of these sets are the input data to the simulation system. The dynamic equations used are context-sensitively displayed. It is a feed-backward simulator that estimates the vehicle element by element requirements and performance hierarchically starting from the tire to the battery-package. One of the primary advantages of using MATLAB is its advanced charting features. The simulator provides dualoutputs in the form of tables and in the form of charts. Lamar Electric Vehicle I, built in 2007, is used as a hardware-platform to relate and verify the simulation results.
A Knitting Tale: Reflections on Scaffolding

Abstract Laura, nearly 6, recently engaged in a challenging and rewarding learning experience. She learned how to “chain knit.” She had received a beautiful, small, hardwood knitter as a Christmas gift. One wintry Saturday morning, she asked her father, Jim, if they could do some knitting. When he agreed, she enthusiastically explained how she planned to “make a lot of knitted things” and sell them to earn money for a desired toy. While Jim had some experience with other simple forms of knitting and knot-tying, neither he nor Laura had knitted in this way before. Therefore, the first thing Jim did, after getting the knitter and the crochet hook out of the box, was to read the instructions. A diagram illustrated the recommended way to cast on the yarn and showed the simple, repetitive actions required to make each stitch. The diagram also revealed that the end result would be a long, knitted “tail” that would emerge from the hole at the bottom of the wooden knitter. Laura watched eagerly as her father bega...
Interaction of 1064 nm photons with the Al 2 O 3 (1120) surface

Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) were used to characterize Al2O(1 120) surfaces before and after exposure to Nd:YAG 1064 nm 1. 17 eV photons. The clean and well-annealed (T5 surface exhibited a (12x4) LEED pattern. Irradiation of the surface with laser fluences of approximately 3. 5J/cm2 30 of the visible damage threshold degraded the surface to the point that the (12x4) diffraction beams were no longer detectable. Characterization of the laser-irradiated surface by AES failed to show any departure from the (12x4) surface unlike electron beam damage of alumina where the desorption of oxygen leaves metallic aluminum. However subsequent annealing to 1700 K was sufficient to restore the original pattern. ELS of the (12x4) surface showed the presence of surface electronic states in the bulk band gap with energy losses between 3 and 5eV. Time-of-flight (TOF) spectra of laser-desorbed species obtained with a quadrupole mass spectrometer revealed that at fluences less than those leading to catastrophic surface damage the desorbing flux was predominantly aluminum (atoms and ions). The energy of the desorbing aluminum was approximately 8 eV the energy required to promote an electron from the valence band maximum to an exciton localized on the aluminum atom. At fluences which produce visible surface damage oxygen molecules are observed in addition to aluminum in the desorbing flux. 1. 0© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Increased urinary prostaglandin excretion in galactose-fed rats.

Abstract Increased renal production of prostaglandins (PG) may contribute to the hyperfiltration that accompanies early diabetes. It was posulated that a putative metabolic abnormality of diabetes, ie, increased flux through the polyol pathway, stimulates renal PG production and that this phenomenon can be prevented by aldose-reductase inhibition. To test this hypothesis, the effects of polyol accumulation on urinary excretion rates (UER) of PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α were studied, using the galactose-fed rat model. UER of PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α were measured in three groups of weanling Wister male rats. Group 1 was maintained on normal chow (n = 6), group 2 was fed chow supplemented with 30% galactose (n = 6), and group 3 received chow supplemented with 30% galactose and 0.7% sorbinil (n = 6). Ten 24-hour urine samples were obtained from each group between 151 and 240 days on the respective diets. UER of PGE 2 ( P 1α ( P 2 (NS) and 6-keto-PGF 1α (NS), respectively, were similar in groups 1 and 3. These data indicate that flux through the polyol pathway modulates the UER of PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α . This phemonenon may contribute to the glomerular hyperfiltration of early diabetes.
The effect of Crataegus oxycantha Special Extract WS 1442 on clinical progression in patients with mild to moderate symptoms of heart failure.

Aim: To examine whether hawthorn (Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 {CSE}) inhibits progression in heart failure (HF) patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the HERB CHF study in which patients with mild to moderate HF were randomised to either CSE 900 mg or placebo for 6 months. The primary outcome was time to progression of HF (HF death, hospitalisation, or sustained increase in diuretics) as assessed by log-rank tests and by Cox modelling. Results: Progression of HF occurred in 46.6% of the CSE and 43.3% of the placebo groups (OR 1.14, 95% CI=0.56, 2.35: p=0.86). Patients receiving CSE were 3.9 times (95% CI=1.1-13.7: p=0.035) more likely to experience HF progression at baseline. In adjusted analysis, the risk of having early HF progression in the CSE group increased to 6.4 (95% CI=1.5, 26.5: p=0.011). In patients with LVEF ≤35%, those taking CSE were at significantly greater risk (3.2, 95% CI=1.3, 8.3: p=0.02) than the placebo group. Conclusions: CSE does not reduce heart failure progression in patients who have HF. CSE appears to increase the early risk of HF progression.
MOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF FLAVINS AND PHENOLS. II. ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS.

Abstract The electrical and magnetic properties of single crystals of 1:1 charge-transfer complexes of protonated flavins and phenols have been investigated. The results indicate the following pattern for the electronic behavior of these materials. Charge carriers produced in the dark or by illumination are rapidly trapped and contribute to the electrical conductivity by virtue of thermal release from trapping sites. The photocurrent is composed essentially equally of positive and negative carriers, with a rate limitation imposed by carrier migration. Electron paramagnetic resonance results indicate that complete electron-transfer processes can occur at lattice imperfection sites which are produced either during the crystallization process or by removal of solvent from already formed crystals. The unpaired spins so produced behave as localized, doublet state, free radicals.
Cardiopulmonary support increases morbidity and mortality in high-risk coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Percutaneous bypass is a new technique that allows cardiopulmonary support during coronary angioplasty. 1,2 Recently, the prophylactic use of cardiopulmonary bypass has been suggested as a method to prevent hemodynamic collapse during high-risk angioplasty. The National Registry of Elective Supported Angioplasty recently reported the results of 14 centers that performed supported angioplasty in 105 patients. 3 To evaluate whether the entry criteria proposed by the Registry actually warrant elective cardiopulmonary support, we compared the clinical course of 56 “high-risk” patients who underwent standard angioplasty with the clinical course of patients placed on cardiopulmonary bypass prophylactically as reported in the Registry.
Fish and nutrition in India

Abstract A 1966 survey of possibilities for increasing food production to meet India's minimum nutritional requirements concluded that a national programme could be formulated for making better use of India's vast potential in fisheries. This article gives an account of the current production and disposal of fisheries products in India. The three major phases of fisheries operations are distinguished, and actions are proposed that could be taken in each phase to help alleviate malnutrition in India. Finally the article discusses how such actions could be undertaken within a comprehensive national programme designed to increase the contribution of fisheries to the alleviation of India's malnutrition problem.
Gravity and Crustal Structure in Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: ABSTRACT

Gravity studies have been useful in volcanic regions where buried geologic features are partly concealed by overlying lava flows. In the Snake River Plain, Idaho, recent geophysical investigations by the U. S. Geological Survey have revealed a marked contrast between the structures of the western and eastern parts of the plain. The western plain is a deep graben, whereas the eastern plain is a downwarp or shallow graben. Depth-estimation formulas and numerical integration techniques have been used to interpret the gravity anomalies. The gravity pattern in the east implies relatively shallow subsurface elongate mass distributions whose long axes seem to trend parallel to the axes of the adjoining mountains. Residual anomalies suggest that the basalt may be only a few hundr d feet thick at places in the eastern plain, and that the total accumulation of lava has been much less in the east than in the west. The U. S. Geological Survey is continuing its study of this region with the aid of seismic-refraction data obtained from both chemical and nuclear explosions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1772------------
WalkMore: a randomized controlled trial of pedometer-based interventions differing on intensity messages

Background Pedometer-based programs have elicited increased walking behaviors associated with improvements in blood pressure in sedentary/low active postmenopausal women, a population at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Such programs typically encourage increasing the volume of physical activity with little regard for its intensity. Recent advances in commercially available pedometer technology now permit tracking of both steps/day and time in moderate (or greater) intensity physical activity on a daily basis. It is not known whether the dual message to increase steps/day while also increasing time spent at higher intensity walking will elicit additional improvements in blood pressure relative to a message to only focus on increasing steps/day. The purpose of this paper is to present the rationale, study design, and protocols employed in WalkMore, a 3-arm 3-month blinded and randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to compare the effects of two community pedometer-based walking interventions (reflecting these separate and combined messages) relative to a control group on blood pressure in sedentary/low active post-menopausal women, a population at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Noradrenergic modulation of synaptic transmission between olfactory bulb neurons in culture: Implications to olfactory learning

Abstract Noradrenergic modulation of the glutamatergic-GABAergic synapses between mitral/tufted (M/T) and granule cells has been implicated in some forms of olfactory learning (5), but the mechanism of action is unknown. Intracellular stimulation of M/T cells in primary culture, evoked glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in granule cells that were reversibly inhibited by approximately 50% during application of norepinephrine (NE). NE had no effect, however, on the membrane current evoked by the application of glutamate, indicating a presynaptic site of action. The effect of NE on EPSPs was mimicked by the alpha receptor agonist clonidine, but not by the beta receptor agonist isoproteronol. NE also inhibited spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials recorded in M/T cells, by a presynaptic alpha-adrenergic mediated mechanism. NE and clonidine also inhibited high threshold calcium currents. The effects of NE on calcium currents were irreversible in the presence of internal GTPγS and prevented by pertussis toxin, suggesting a G protein-coupled mechanism. Pertussis toxin also prevented the effects of NE on synaptic transmission. These results support previous results suggesting a disinhibitory role for NE in the olfactory bulb. This action is, at least in part, due to a reduction in mitral cell mediated granule cell excitation through inhibition of presynaptic calcium influx.
LASH: A Syndrome of Long‐lasting Autonomic Symptoms With Hemicrania (A New Indomethacin‐ Responsive Headache)

A patient presented with a unique, stereotypical, episodic headache disorder marked by long-lasting autonomic symptoms with associated hemicrania (LASH). The autonomic symptoms clearly overshadowed the headache as the major component of the syndrome. Indomethacin controlled both the autonomic symptoms and the headache, suggesting that this is a new type of indomethacin-responsive headache. It may also complete the indomethacin-responsive headache spectrum.
Operational Concepts for Multiple Instrument Approaches

The need to reduce delays caused by airport congestion has gained increased importance with the escalation in fuel prices. Concepts for innovative use of runway geometries, especially in instrument conditions, provide a potential solution. This paper presents several concepts for multiple instrument approaches. These include dependent parallel approaches, converging approaches, and triple approaches. The application to a particular airport is illustrated by the use of all three of these concepts in an evaluation of the Paris airports. It shows the level of detail that is required for applications to individual airports.
The impact of private equity on European companies and workers: key issues and a review of the evidence

This article provides an overview of the debate about private equity (PE) in Europe, with a focus on the performance of the firms taken over and the pay, conditions and job prospects of the workers they employ. It reviews quantitative indicators for the rise of PE in recent years and explains how the PE business model functions. The main concerns raised by the PE model are identified, and these are then confronted with the evidence from academic and other studies. Finally, some implications of relevance to the debate about the ‘varieties of capitalism’ within the European Union are also drawn.
Multiple Pulsar Ejection in Supernova Events

Fragmentation in the collapse of a supernova core, followed by energy loss in neutron star formation, is shown to lead to disruption of the resulting system. The elements of the system, some of which should be pulsars, can attain velocities of the order of 103 km/sec if currently quoted parameters are correct.