cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occultation of Taurus-A by the Solar Corona at 430 Mc/s in June 1964

DURING June of every year, the radio source Taurus-A passes within a small angular distance of the Sun. This particular situation, commonly referred to as the occultation of Taurus-A by the Sun, permits an investigation of the Sun's outer corona as the radio source is viewed through it. The measurements made over the past several years have demonstrated that the radiation from the source is scattered at the electron density irregularities in the corona; as a result one observes an apparent broadening of the source accompanied by a decrease of its intensity. The effect becomes larger with decreasing angular separation of the source from the Sun. This phenomenon has been observed in the range of frequencies 26–178 Mc/s1–5. At wave-lengths of 6 and 18 cm the effect has been reported to be negative6,7, except that a positive result has been reported on 10- and 25-cm wave-lengths8. The results on all metre and decametre wave-lengths are consistent and are in accordance with the theory of small-angle multiple scattering, in which the angular size of the scattered distribution is proportional to the square of the wave-length. However, the increase of intensity on 169 Mc/s at 7 R0 (R0 is the photospheric radius) from the centre of the Sun is not consistent with the theoretical prediction based on the lower frequency data5. In order to investigate if the coronal scattering is still effective at frequencies higher than 169 Mc/s, and in particular to see if the increase of intensity is also observed on 430 Mc/s, we undertook to observe at 430 Mc/s the occultation of Taurus-A by the solar corona in June 1964, using the 1,000-ft. dish of the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory.
Breaking the Final Glass Ceiling: The Influence of Gender in the Elections of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and Michelle Bachelet

The article extends the limited literature on women national leaders by providing a comparative study of two popularly elected women presidents: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf in Liberia and Michelle Bachelet in Chile. Both Bachelet and Johnson-Sirleaf rose to power in situations that lacked the circumstances identified by current literature as mitigating gendered barriers to national leadership: neither woman was connected to politically powerful families, they were elected in presidential systems, and they were elected in countries that lag behind regional leaders in terms of women's political inclusion. This comparison reveals important similarities in how both Bachelet and Johnson-Sirleaf incorporated gender into their campaign strategies. Both women pursued electoral strategies that combined attempts to confront gendered disadvantages and to take advantage of specific gendered opportunities present within their political contexts. Both women drew upon their personal biographies, highlighting their education a...
Indications for the ao plate with a myocutaneous flap instead of revascularized tissue transfer for mandibular reconstruction

Our preferred technique for mandibular reconstruction uses a revascularized osseomyocutaneous flap. However, to reconstruct small lateral defects in dentulous patients, the AO mandibular reconstruction plate (MRP) is used. Its advantages include quick, reliable placement without a donor site or the need for advanced technical training. This review examines 16 patients who underwent primary mandibular reconstruction after ablative oncologic surgery using an AO MRP without a bone graft. The average follow-up was 32 months. Twelve patients (75%) had successful reconstructions, while 4 (25%) developed serious complications resulting in failure of the MRP. The most significant factor limiting rehabilitation was disease progression, affecting 12 (75%) of the 16 patients. In this subgroup of selected patients with small (<6 cm) lateral mandibular defects, useful dentition, and advanced disease, or whose general medical condition precludes prolonged general anesthesia, primary mandibular reconstruction using an AO MRP and a myocutaneous flap without a bone graft is a viable reconstructive alternative.
Frequency and photographs of HGM11 chromosome anomalies in bone marrow samples from 3,996 patients with malignant hematologic neoplasms

Abstract This study establishes the prevalence of Human Gene Mapping 11 (HGM11) chromosome abnormalities in bone marrow (BM) samples from 3,996 patients with malignant hematologic disorders. Examination of the karyotype of the stemline in these patients showed that 71.6% had one abnormality and 26.4% had two or more; the remaining 2.1% had two different abnormal clones. We observed 9,431 chromosome abnormalities, of which 56% were structural and 44% numeric, but these figures varied slightly with karyotype complexity. Because the HGM11 committee studied published cases with a single chromosome abnormality to identify potential “primary anomalies,” we examined the karyotype from our 2,860 patients with a single abnormality in their stemline. We observed all but 12 of the 34 HGM11 numeric abnormalities. Except for 21 patients with a +Y, we did not observe two or more patients with any non-HGM11 numeric abnormality. We observed 91 of the 124 HGM11 structural abnormalities and noted 6 that were not listed by HGM11, and each of these occurred in two or more patients. Among patients with two abnormal clones, 34% had a t(9;22)(q34;q11), del(20)(q11q13), or +8. In 50% of the males with two abnormal clones, one of the clones was −Y. We attempted to create a reference table that lists HGM11 abnormalities in hematologic disorders and their frequency in our series, the reported associated disorders, and photographs of representative chromosome abnormalities.
The Zeeman Effect of Krypton

Measurements on the Zeeman effect about 130 lines in the spectrum of neutral krypton have yielded a large number of additional $g$ values to those already given by Pogany. In several cases, our results differ sharply from Pogany's, especially in the case of $4{p}^{5}5s$. The $g$ sum rule has been verified for $4{p}^{5}5s$, $4{p}^{5}5p$ and for $J=2 \mathrm{of} 4{p}^{5}6p$, but for this last configuration, interaction with $4{p}^{5}5f$ causes the breakdown of the rule for $J=1$. Other anomalies in the $g$ values are also discussed.
Development of linear quadratic control laws via control parametrization

A control parametrization approach for determining the near optimal solution of linear quadratic (LQ) problems is developed. By assuming each control variable to be piecewise continuous, the proposed approach converts an LQ problem into an unconstrained quadratic programming problem. The near optimal control response can then be determined by solving a system of linear algebraic equations. The control parametrization approach can eliminate the major repetitive computations in designing an LQ control law, a process that often involves multiple adjustments of different weighting matrices. This feature makes the proposed approach a computationally attractive tool for LQ controller design. Simulation studies show that the control parametrization approach is particularly well suited for large scale systems that possess a small control/state dimension ratio.
Stochastic optimization problems with nondifferentiable cost functionals with an application in stochastic programming

In this paper we examine a class of stochastic optimization problems characterized by nondifferentiability of the objective function. It is shown that in many cases the expected value of the objective function is differentiable and thus the resulting optimization problem can be analyzed and solved by using classical analytical or numerical methods. The results are subsequently applied to the solution of a class of stochastic programming problems.
Finite time breakup of viscous filaments

We analyze a model equation for the evolution of surface tension driven instabilities on a viscous jet. For a general class of initial data, it is proved that the jet breaks in finite time.
An iterative self-weighting procedure for fitting straight lines to heteroscedastic data

An iterative, self-weighting procedure is presented for the fitting of straight lines to data with heteroscedastic error-variances in the response variable. The error-variances are assumed to be unknown, even relative to each other. The procedure is compared with the “resistant line” method advocated by Emerson and Hoaglin [Emerson and Hoaglin, 1983], using extensive Monte-Carlo calculations. The proposed method is simple and easily automated, and gives parameter-estimates with smaller variance (higher efficiency) than those resulting from the resistant line technique. A BASIC program to perform the self-weighting fit is given in an appendix
Specifying adaptation semantics

Computer software must dynamically adapt to changing conditions. In order to fully realize the benefit of dynamic adaptation, it must be performed correctly. The correctness of adaptation cannot be properly addressed without precisely specifying the requirements for adaptation. This paper introduces an approach to formally specifying adaptation requirements in temporal logic. We introduce A-LTL, an adaptation-based extension to linear temporal logic, and use this logic to specify three commonly used adaptation semantics. Neighborhood composition and sequential composition techniques are developed and applied to A-LTL to construct the specification of an adaptive system. We introduce adaptation semantics graphs to visually present the adaptation semantics. Specifications for adaptive systems can be automatically generated from adaptation semantics graphs.
Assessment of emergency medicine residents' computer knowledge and computer skills: time for an upgrade?

Objective: To describe emergency medicine residents' (EMRs') personal computer (PC) use and educational needs and to compare their perceived and actual PC skills. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. Subjects were all EMRs at seven midwestern Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) residency programs. The EMRs completed a questionnaire about their PC use and ability to perform 23 tasks derived from two national retail-training programs. The tasks covered word processing, slide making, and Internet use. The EMRs then took a three-part test performing the skills in the questionnaire. Two independent raters scored the tests. Frequencies with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for categorical data. Positive and negative predictive values were used to report information comparing residents' performance with their self-assessment of skills. Cohen's kappa was used to test agreement between raters. Results: One hundred twenty-four of 158 (79%) eligible EMRs participated. Since not all participants engaged in all parts of the study, the sample size varies between 121 and 124. One hundred one of 122 (83%; 95% CI = 75 to 89) owned a PC. The EMRs use home PCs a mean of 3.8 hours/week for physician duties and use residency PCs 1.9 hours/week (range 0-20). Ninety-six of 122 (79%; 95% CI = 70 to 86) EMRs reported no formal PC training during residency. Thirty-five percent (43/122; 95% CI = 27 to 44) passed the word-processing test and 50% (62/123; 95% CI = 41 to 60) passed the slide-making test. Reasons for failure were because of errors and not having a presentable product. Thirty-eight of 122 (31%; 95% CI = 23 to 40) failed the literature search, including 33 who said they could perform it. One hundred fifteen of 123 (94%; 95% CI = 88 to 98) EMRs were able to find an Internet address, including ten who stated they could not. Twenty-one percent of the residents who attempted any test (26/124; 95% CI = 14 to 29) passed all three tests. There was no association between year of training and success on the tests (p = 0.374). Thirty-seven of 115 (32%; 95% CI = 24 to 42) EMRs said they had insufficient PC training to meet their physician needs. Conclusions: Emergency medicine residents have much access to computer technology and possess some computer skills; however, many are unable to produce a usable product or conduct a literature search. Emergency medicine residents have not had sufficient computer training prior to residency. The computer skills of EMRs should be assessed through skills testing rather than self-assessment, and computer training during residency should be improved.
Comparison of the channel coupling array and CRC methods for a realistic nuclear transfer-reaction model

Abstract Using a realistic three-body model, angular distributions for the 16 O(d, p) 17 O ( 1 2 + ) reaction, based on the channel coupling array (CCA) theory and various forms of the coupled reaction channel (CRC) method are compared. Despite the different forms and theoretical foundations of these methods, they yield similar angular distributions, within the bound state approximations used herein. The expected breaking of time reversal invariance in the approximated CCA theory is quite small over most of the angular range. Of all the methods used, coupling effects in the forward directions are largest for the post form of the CRC, indicating that it is the least reliable of the CRC forms for fitting data.
The impact of fluency on explicit memory tasks in amnesia.

Abstract Distinguishing implicit and explicit memory and delineating their relationship has haunted memory researchers for decades, and Voss et al. provide an impressive overview of their work examining these issues. We briefly comment on the following: (1) There is evidence indicating that implicit memory impacts cued recall, in addition to recognition; (2) Fluency can manifest as priming in implicit memory or it can be experienced as familiarity (in association with attribution processes) in recognition tasks; and (3) The impact of fluency on accuracy of “guess” responses during recognition memory in normal subjects is reminiscent of similar effects on recognition in amnesia.
Trehalase from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum: Purification and characterization of the homogeneous enzyme from myxamoebae

Abstract Trehalase (α-α′-trehalose 1- d -glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) was solubilized from myxamoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum by a freeze-thaw cycle and was subsequently purified to homogeneity using the techniques of ethanol fractionation, molecular sieve chromatography, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, and preparative polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The 1000-fold purified enzyme had a specific activity of about 104 units/mg, which was accompanied by a net recovery of 5 to 7% of the original activity. The purified enzyme was maximally active at pH 5.5, showed high specificity for trehalose, and exhibited a typical hyperbolic response as a function of trehalose concentration with a K m of 1.2 m m . The enzyme was maximally active at 50 °C and had an energy of activation of 12–13 kcal/mol. Thermal stability studies demonstrated that full enzymatic activity was recovered following a 5-min incubation of trehalase at temperatures up to 45–50 °C. Analysis of various compounds for inhibitory effects indicated that Tris and urea were slightly effective, reducing enzymatic activity by 28 and 6% at concentrations of 100 and 10 m m , respectively. Of five heavy metals tested, HgCl 2 was the most inhibitory, reducing activity by 58% when present at a final concentration of 1.0 m m . Enzymatic activity was not affected by any adenine derivative examined (e.g., ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP, adenosine, and adenine). The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined by molecular sieve chromatography, pore gradient electrophoresis, and electrophoresis as a function of acrylamide concentration. All three methods yielded a value of about 10 5 ± 5 × 10 3 . Estimation of the subunit or monomer molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated a value of 95–100 × 10 3 . The isoelectric point as determined in 7.5% polyacrylamide gels with pH 3–10 ampholytes was 7.2–7.3. The purified enzyme adsorbed to concanavalin A-Sepharose in the presence of KCl (0.1 m ) and was eluted with α-methylmannoside, thereby suggesting an association between trehalase and carbohydrate. In agreement with this conclusion was the observation that trehalase could be specifically stained for carbohydrate with the Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff's reagents following polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis.
Shape-selective alkylation of biphenyl with propylene using zeolite and amorphous silica–alumina catalysts

Abstract The influence of zeolite structure for the alkylation of biphenyl with propylene was studied over various zeolites such as HY, HZSM-5, and dealuminated mordenite (DMOR), as well as amorphous SiO2/Al2O3, in a stirred tank reactor. Biphenyl conversion was found to increase with reaction time for HZSM-5 and DMOR zeolites and reach a leveling off in 4 h, whereas for HY and amorphous SiO2/Al2O3 a leveling off was reached within an hour. DMOR displayed the highest selectivity for 4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl (4,4′-DIPB) even at temperatures as high as 300 °C, whereas for HY, HZSM-5 and amorphous SiO2/Al2O3 selectivities fell in the range of 10–35%; they were significantly lower than observed for DMOR. These differences in selectivity might be due to the structure and pore channels of the zeolites. DMOR was found to be an active catalyst, the selectivity for 4-isopropylbiphenyl (4-IPB) and (4,4′-DIPB) was high among isopropylbiphenyl (IPB) and diisopropylbiphenyl (DIPB) isomers, respectively, indicating DMOR possesses shape-selectivity. The selectivity of 4,4′-DIPB increased with time, while the corresponding selectivity of 4-IPB decreased for DMOR catalyst. Alkylation of biphenyl with propylene occurred with predominant formation of 4-IPB in the first step. 4-IPB is only a source in the second step of alkylation of biphenyl with propylene for the formation of 4,4′-DIPB, while 3-IPB does not participate in the formation of DIPB isomers.
Weak localization in indium oxide films

We have observed anomalous transport properties in films of conducting indium oxide in both three and two dimensions. It is found that the interplay between d, l and lin(T) (the film's thickness, elastic and inelastic mean-free-paths, respectively) determines the system's dimensionality and the nature of the transport properties. In a previous study it was shown that experimental results on 2D samples of this material are adequately accounted for by modern localization theories. This conclusion is now being extended to the 3D range as well. At the same time we find strong evidence for the relevance of electron-electron interaction in both 2D and 3D samples below ~100K. In particular, the 3D → 2D crossover temperature as a function of d and the low-field negative magnetoresistance results agree quantitatively with a τin ~h/kBT law for the temperature variation of the inelastic relaxation time.
Gaussian measure of sections of dilates and translations of convex bodies

In this paper we give a solution for the Gaussian version of the Busemann-Petty problem with additional information about dilates and translations. We also discuss the size of the Gaussian measure of the hyperplane sections of the dilates of the unit cube.
Oxide morphology and spalling model for NiAl

The Rinetics of A12O3 growth and spalling were observed for Ni-42 at. pct Al oxidized in air at 1100°C up to 1500 h. While crystallographic voids formed at the oxide-metal interface due to the oxidation process, the oxidation resistance was good in 1 h cycle tests. Spalling to bare metal was the predominant mode of oxide loss. The A12O3 grain size at the metal interface varied with a time-exponent of 0.2. In isothermal tests the oxide thicRness was nearly parabolic with time, having a time-exponent of 0.40, while the volume per void varied directly with residence time underneath intact oxide. The total void volume accounted for ~1/2 the aluminum needed to form the AI2O3 scale. In 1 h cycle tests the oxide thicRness and volume per void reached a plateau at ~150 h due to the spalling process. The correlation between total void volume and oxide volume was eventually obliterated by extensive cycling. A cyclic step-process spall model was used to predict the parabolic rate constant, Rp, and the oxide spall fraction, Rs, from gravimetric curves. Predicted values of Rp agreed well with experimental values, while predicted Rs values were often less than measured values. According to this model the severity of a long time test can be rated according to the factor fMe√ Rs · Rp · Δt mg/cm2 ·cycle, where fMe is the ratio of metal-to-oxygen in the oxide and Δt is the cycle time. Measured values of Rs in isothermal tests varied linearly with exposure time or approximately with (oxide thicRness).2 Cyclic tests showed more scatter and less dependence of Rs on oxide thicRness, presumably due to the complex oxide topography and relaxed stress states.
Starch-coated magnetic liposomes as an inhalable carrier for accumulation of fasudil in the pulmonary vasculature

In this study, we tested the feasibility of magnetic liposomes as a carrier for pulmonary preferential accumulation of fasudil, an investigational drug for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). To develop an optimal inhalable formulation, various magnetic liposomes were prepared and characterized for physicochemical properties, storage stability and in vitro release profiles. Select formulations were evaluated for uptake by pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) - target cells - using fluorescence microscopy and HPLC. The efficacy of the magnetic liposomes in reducing hyperplasia was tested in 5-HT-induced proliferated PASMCs. The drug absorption profiles upon intratracheal administration were monitored in healthy rats. Optimized spherical liposomes - with mean size of 170 nm, zeta potential of -35mV and entrapment efficiency of 85% - exhibited an 80% cumulative drug release over 120 h. Fluorescence microscopic study revealed an enhanced uptake of liposomes by PASMCs under an applied magnetic field: the uptake was 3-fold greater compared with that observed in the absence of magnetic field. PASMC proliferation was reduced by 40% under the influence of the magnetic field. Optimized liposomes appeared to be safe when incubated with PASMCs and bronchial epithelial cells. Compared with plain fasudil, intratracheal magnetic liposomes containing fasudil extended the half-life and area under the curve by 27- and 14-fold, respectively. Magnetic-liposomes could be a viable delivery system for site-specific treatment of PAH.
Antiestrogenic and antifertility actions of anordrin (2α,17ga-diethynyl-A-nor-5α-androstane-2β,17β-diol 2,17-dipropionate)

Abstract Anordrin, administered in a single s.c. dose of 62.5 μg in sesame oil, stimulated sustained uterine growth (wet weight) when measured at 24 and 72 hr, but total soluble protein and total DNA per uterus was not increased. By comparison, 3 μg of estradiol-17β under the same conditions significantly increased all three parameters of uterine growth. Both of the above steroid treatments significantly increased nuclear estrogen receptor content of the uterus, but only the estradi-ol-17β treatment resulted in significantly elevated cytosol receptor content per uterus. Anordrin binds to the 8S estrogen receptor with an affinity of about 2 × 10 5 M -1 as determined by competition with [ 3 H]estradiol-17β. The abortifacient activity of Anordrin when given orally (8 mg/kg b.w.) to mice on the 7th day of pregnancy was almost completely blocked by simultaneous oral administration of estradiol-17β (0.8 mg/kg b.w.). It is concluded that the actions of Anordrin on the uterus can be attributed to its antiestrogenic activities.
A collection of maize from Darien, Panama

A collection of maize obtained from the Choco Indian tribe of Darien, Panama, differs from published accounts of maize reported as typical for the area in size and in methods of cultivation. The collection may represent a segregating population from crosses occurring between the racesChococeno andCoastal Tropical Flint. Implications of this hypothesis with regard to problems of introduction, present geographical occurrence, and transportation of these races by nomadic human vectors are briefly discussed.
High-index contrast, low-voltage lithium niobate modulators

Y-cut thin film lithium niobate optical modulators with Vπ.L of 4V.cm are demonstrated by making high index contrast waveguides of lithium niobate on silicon substrates. Preliminary high speed measurement results are shown.
Logical problem determination for SNA networks

Problem determination on a Systems Network Architecture network has dealt mostly with error detection on physical network components. Adequate logical error-detection mechanisms associated with the logical network (software-related) errors have been only recently provided with the announcement of a new on-line interactive package called the Network Logical Data Manager (NLDM). This paper discusses the physical and logical network environments, logical network problems, and functions provided by the two releases of NLDM for logical problem determination.
Correlation of dose-dependent effects of acute amphetamine administration on behavior and local cerebral metabolism in rats.

Rates of local cerebral glucose utilization were measured by means of the quantitative autoradiographic 2-[14C]deoxyglucose technique in conscious rats following the acute administration ofd-amphetamine (0.2–5.0 mg/kg, i.v.). Changes in locomotor and stereotypic behavior in similarly treated rats were examined as well. Administration of low doses (0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg) of amphetamine resulted in increased locomotor activity, accompanied by elevations in glucose utilization limited mainly to the nucleus accumbens. A moderate dose ofd-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) produced locomotion and stereotypic sniffing. Metabolic activity at this dose was increased in the nucleus accumbens, throughout neocortical areas, and in components of the extrapyramidal system. A high dose of amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg) produced stereotypic gnawing and licking and was associated with significant increases in glucose utilization in the extrapyramidal system, most prominently in the subthalamic nucleus. These data demonstrate that the acute administration ofd-amphetamine produces effects on local cerebral glucose utilization and on behavior that differ with dose. The results also show a strong coupling between locomotion and the level of metabolic activity in the nucleus accumbens and demonstrate that the different forms of stereotypic behavior elicited by high and moderate doses of amphetamine are correlated with distinct patterns of distribution of local cerebral glucose utilization, indicating mediation by different neuronal circuits.
Siting potentially hazardous facilities: what factors impact perceived and acceptable risk?

Abstract This paper examines two explanations for the acceptance of technological facilities in a community. One explanation argues that facilities are accepted as a function of the benefits and inherent risks associated with the technology involved. The alternative explanation argues that facilities are accepted on the basis of the conditions of acceptability. Because the former posits that facilities are accepted as a function of the technology, policies based on this explanation attempt to redistribute the risks and benefits associated with technologies to achieve fairness. The latter suggests that the acceptance of facilities that pose risk to the community is as much a function of the conditions of acceptability as it is the type of technology involved. From this perspective policy should be sensitive to the process of siting, construction, operation and shutdown of the facility in the context of the comprehensive relationship between the technology and the community (i.e., in an ecological sense). Rather than focusing on the characteristics of the technology, this perspective focuses on the social institutional arrangements that make the technology acceptable. This paper examines six different technologies and eight separate conditions of acceptability in terms of public perception and acceptability of risk. The pattern of responses from a 1992 national survey of the United States reveal a stable pattern from technology to technology among the eight conditions of acceptability. The importance of the conditions examined in determining acceptability provides insight into the siting process by demonstrating an emphasis on sustainability through empowerment of self-determination.
An investigation of lag identification tools for vector nonlinear time series

Exploratory methods for determining appropriate lagged vsrlables in a vector nonlinear time series model are investigated. The first is a multivariate extension of the R statistic considered by Granger and Lin (1994), which is based on an estimate of the mutual information criterion. The second method uses Kendall's ρ and partial ρ statistics for lag determination. The methods provide nonlinear analogues of the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation matrices for a vector time series. Simulation studies indicate that the R statistic reliabiy identifies appropriate lagged nonlinear moving average terms in a vector time series, while Kendall's ρ and partial ρ statistics have some power in identifying appropirate lagged nonlinear moving average and autoregressive terms, respectively, when the nonlinear relationship between lagged variables is monotonic. For illustration, the methods are applied to set of annual temperature and tree ring measurements at Campito Mountain In California.
The kinetics of displacement wetting in liquid/liquid/solid systems

Abstract Spontaneous displacement wetting, where a drop of one liquid displaces a second immiscible liquid from a smooth solid surface, has been investigated experimentally. Relationships between dynamic advancing contact angle and displacement velocity were established for systems of widely ranging viscosity ratio. The experiments were interpreted by extending a previously established correlation for liquid/vapor systems, as well as via a comparison with the hydrodynamic theory of Cox (J. Fluid Mech. 168, 169 (1986)). To compare experimental data with the hydrodynamic theory, a parameter which was unknown a priori—the ratio of slip length to macroscopic length scale—had to be estimated. Consequently, the relationships between displacement kinetics and material properties of the liquids (viscosities, interfacial tension) and the solid (equilibrium contact angle) were shown to depend on the microscopic dynamics, which were in turn characterized by a degree of uncertainty. Nonetheless, by estimating the ratios of slip lengths to macroscopic length scales, it was possible to obtain a reasonable theoretical description for experimental systems of widely ranging viscosity ratio.
Simple Finite Horizon Bubbles Robust to Higher Order Knowledge

An asymmetric information model of a finite horizon “nth order” rational asset price bubble is presented, where (all agents know that)n the asset is worthless. Also, the model has only two agents, so the first order version of the bubble is simpler than other first order bubbles in the literature.
A Study of the Angular Response of Lead Sulfide Photoconductors

The response of lead sulfide photoconductors to a uniform field of monochromatic radiation, which was varied in wavelength from 0.4 to 3.0 μ and in angle of incidence from 0° to 80°, has been experimentally investigated and compared with derived response curves. Deviations from the ideal cosine response of up to 20% at 70° incidence were effected mainly by reflection losses from the detecting surface and by characteristics of the substrate. The results suggest that the grain size of the polycrystalline lead sulfide may considerably influence the reflection losses. Methods of correcting the observed deviations are discussed.
Assessment of adrenal suppression in children with asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids: use of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as a screening test

Background Inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) are considered first-line therapy for persistent asthma. At medium to high doses, ICs can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Various provocative stimuli have been used to evaluate HPA axis function, but they are labor intensive and time-consuming. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a corticotropin-dependent adrenal androgen precursor that is suppressible in patients treated with ICs. Objectives To evaluate DHEA-S as a possible marker for HPA axis dysfunction in children treated with ICs. Methods Children with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma and a history of medium- to high-dose IC exposure for at least 6 months were evaluated using low-dose and standard high-dose cosyntropin stimulation testing to assess adrenal function, and DHEA-S levels were compared with the results. Results Thirteen (59%) of 22 patients exhibited an abnormal cortisol response to cosyntropin. Age- and sex-specific mean DHEA-S z scores were significantly lower in cosyntropin abnormal responders (−1.2822) compared with normal responders (0.2964) ( P = .008). The receiver operating characteristic curve for DHEA-S z scores had an area of 0.786 (95% confidence interval, 0.584–0.989), reaching 100% sensitivity with a DHEA-S z score of −1.5966 or less and 100% specificity with a DHEA-S z score greater than 0.0225. Conclusions Most children develop biochemical evidence of adrenal suppression after treatment with medium to high doses of ICs. The presence of low DHEA-S levels can be used as a screening test to identify the child who needs more formal testing of the HPA axis.
Effect of chlordane on influenza type A virus and herpes simplex type 1 virus replication in vitro.

The effect of chlordane on the susceptibility of Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells and African Green monkey kidney cells to infection with influenza type A/PR/8/34 (HON1) virus and herpes simplex type 1 virus was determined. Exposure of both cell lines to various concentrations of chlordane for 24 h at 37° C (acute exposure) effected a marked reduction in the efficiency of influenza type A virus infection, except at a dose of 0.025 ppm. Acute exposure of the monkey cells did not alter their susceptibility to herpes simplex virus infection. Viral adsorption studies at 4 and 37° C revealed a marked reduction in (he attachment of influenza type A virus to both cell lines following acute exposure to 10 ppm chlordane. Viral inactivation studies carried out at 4 and 37°C failed to reveal differences in the level of influenza type A virus inactivation in the presence or absence of chlordane. Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells, exposed to 70 ppm chlordane for 60 d (chronic exposure) manifested a decrease in the effici...
The X-ray large aray. II - Implementation

The design of the X-ray Large Array (XLA) which is to be assembled and operated in space is discussed. The XLA is a 100 sq m array of 64 detector modules with a total of 512 detectors, each similar to the ones flown on the HEAO-1 spacecraft, packaged in groups of eight to form a module. The XLA will be able to deal with many extremely fast processes which occur in compact X-ray sources and will be used to study black hole candidates; its fine time resolution will make it possible to resolve the spatial structure of celestial X-ray sources using lunar occulatation, the angular structure of quasars, and active galactic nuclei. Details of the XLA configuration, and the assembly and packaging options are described together with systems requirements. Multiple configuration diagrams are included.
Shape optimization of piezoelectric devices using an enriched meshfree method

We present an enriched reproducing kernel particle method for shape sensitivity analysis and shape optimization of two-dimensional electromechanical domains. This meshfree method incorporates enrichment functions for better representation of discontinuous electromechanical fields across internal boundaries. We use cubic splines for delineating the geometry of internal/external domain boundaries; and the nodal coordinates and slopes of these splines at their control points become the design parameters. This approach enables smooth manipulations of bi-material interfaces and external boundaries during the optimization process. It also enables the calculation of displacement and electric-potential field sensitivities with respect to the design parameters through direct differentiation, for which we adopt the classical material derivative approach. We verify this implementation of sensitivity calculations against an exact solution to a variant of Lame's problem, and also, finite-difference approximations. We follow a sequential quadratic programming approach to minimize the cost function; and demonstrate the utility of the overall technique through a model problem that involves the shape optimization of a piezoelectric fan. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal and Interpersonal Attributes in Selecting Teachers.

Abstract Building a case on the commonalties found in four teacher assessment instruments, the authors assert the importance of selecting teachers based on professional attitudes and personal attributes. This article synopsizes four tools used to assess teachers and teacher candidates regarding knowledge, skills, and values. The tools reviewed in this article are: Teacher Perceiver Instrument, STAR Teacher Interview, Praxis III Teacher Performance Assessment, and National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. The article includes a clarifying matrix which supports the authors' proclamation and which illustrates the dimensions of teacher knowledge, dispositions, and skills particular to these tools. In addition to building a case for the significance of the personal and interpersonal attributes necessary for successful teacher, this article offers a synthesis of these four tools and draws implications for teacher preparation and professional development.
Nanoparticles for biomedical imaging

Background: Synthetic nanoparticles are emerging as versatile tools in biomedical applications, particularly in the area of biomedical imaging. Nanoparticles 1 – 100 nm in diameter have dimensions comparable to biological functional units. Diverse surface chemistries, unique magnetic properties, tunable absorption and emission properties, and recent advances in the synthesis and engineering of various nanoparticles suggest their potential as probes for early detection of diseases such as cancer. Surface functionalization has expanded further the potential of nanoparticles as probes for molecular imaging. Objective: To summarize emerging research of nanoparticles for biomedical imaging with increased selectivity and reduced nonspecific uptake with increased spatial resolution containing stabilizers conjugated with targeting ligands. Methods: This review summarizes recent technological advances in the synthesis of various nanoparticle probes, and surveys methods to improve the targeting of nanoparticles for...
A Novel Concept for the Mechanism of Higher Oxygenate Formation from Synthesis Gas over MnO-Promoted Rhodium Catalysts

Based on data from zeolite-supported catalysts, a new model is proposed for the formation of higher oxygenates from syngas over MnO-promoted Rh. Oxygenate precursors, C x H y O z , are formed at MnO sites in close proximity to the Rh-MnO interface. The role of Rh is the formation and delivery of CH x groups and H atoms. FTIR indicates that the C x HyO z complex is probably a surface acetate. Results from ethylene hydroformylation tests at relatively low temperatures, where CO dissociation does not occur, show that the presence of MnO in the catalyst does not enhance the ability of Rh to catalyze CO insertion. At higher temperatures though, where CO dissociation occurs, higher oxygenates are formed only in negligible amounts over unpromoted Rh. The role of MnO in enhancing the formation of higher oxygenates was tested using CHCl 3 as a source of CH x groups instead of Rh. Formation of the oxygenate precursor C x HyO z from the surface reaction between CHCl 3 , CO, and H 2 is detected by FTIR on MnO in the absence of Rh. The same complex is formed from the same reaction over cosupported Rh/MnO and the physical mixture Rh + MnO. However, its hydrogenation to higher oxygenates, occurs only over Rh/MnO, where Rh and MnO particles are in close contact. Furthermore, this hydrogenation is apparently confined to those acetate groups located on MnO sites at the Rh-MnO interface. Summarizing, the MnO promoter basically behaves as a cocatalyst; the formation of higher oxygenates from syngas is another example of bifunctional catalysis with essential steps taking place at the interface of both catalytic functions.
6-Amino-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C8H7NO2, also known as 6-amino­phthalide, is essentially planar. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are connected into supra­molecular double chains via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds that participate in eight-membered (⋯HNH⋯O)2 synthons.
Automatic Notifications Mediated by Anesthesia Information Management Systems Reduce the Frequency of Prolonged Gaps in Blood Pressure Documentation

BACKGROUND:Arterial blood pressure (BP) measurement at least every 5 minutes is part of the American Society of Anesthesiologists' monitoring standard, but prolonged BP gaps in electronic anesthesia records have been noted. We undertook multicenter studies to determine the frequency of cases with at
Design of a First-order Radial GRIN Achromat

Beginning with the expression for the focal length of a GRIN element that is valid under paraxial approximations, we derive an expression for chromatic aberration. Together with the expression for focal length, we derive the design equations for a GRIN achromat.
Quantifying the Nitrogen Contribution from Alfalfa to Soil and Two Succeeding Crops Using Nitrogen-15

The objective of this study was to quantify the N contribution from different alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plant parts to a subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) crop, various soil fractions, and a 2nd yr spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop. The study was conducted at two field locations in Michigan, on a Capac loam (fineloamy, mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf) in East Lansing (EL) and on an Oshtemo sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic, Typic (Hapludalf) at the Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) in Hickory Corners
A PMR investigation of the self exchange of bis(trimethylsilyl)-, bis(trimethylgermyl)-, bis(trimethylstannyl)-, bis(methyldichlorosilyl)- and (trimethylsilyl)propynylmercury

Abstract PMR studies of the self-exchange of (Me3Si)2Hg and of (Me3Ge)2Hg have shown that these reactions proceed by a second order process with Arrhenius activation energies of 11.3±0.4 and 11.1±0.6 kcal/mole for the trimethylsilyl derivative in xylene and triethylamine respectively, and with 12.1±0.4 kcal/mole for the trimethyl-germyl derivative in toluene. Attempts to study the exchange of (Me3Si)2Hg in 4-methylpyridine and tributylphosphine were unsuccessful because of irreversible decomposition reactions. Quantitative results for the self-exchange of (Me3Sn)2Hg were unobtainable because of the rapid decomposition of this material above −20°, but the collapse of the 199Hg−1H satellites indicate that rapid exchange occurs. (MeCl2Si)2Hg was shown not to undergo rapid self-exchange although it does undergo exchange with (Me3Si)2Hg in less than 1 min. The rate of group exchange decreases in the order: The mixed compound Me3SiHg-CC-CH3 was shown to have rapid exchange of the propynyl group unlike bis(propynyl)mercury which does not undergo exchange readily.
Ultrasonic properties of oriented ceramic high T/sub c/ superconductors

The results of both attenuation and velocity measurements on sinter-forged polycrystalline YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / samples are discussed. Optical micrographic and X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that these sinter-forged samples have more than 80% of the crystallites aligned with the c-axis parallel to the forging axis. Attenuation measurements of longitudinal waves perpendicular to the forging axis exhibit three relative maxima as a function of temperature at 70 K, 180 K, and 250 K, whereas longitudinal waves parallel to the forging axis only exhibit one relative maximum at 180 K. These measurements imply that the high- and low-temperature maxima are associated with disturbances in Cu-O planes of these high T/sub c/ superconductors, and therefore analysis of these maxima may yield information about interaction in these planes. The velocity data show lattice softening at temperatures much higher than T/sub c/ as the sample is cooled. This softening is arrested below T/sub c/. A strong hysteresis is observed in the temperature dependence of these velocity curves. >
Confucianism and western democracy

To facilitate further debate on the compatibility of Confucianism with Western democracy, this study makes three distinctions. The first distinction is between Confucianism as a doctrine and Confuc...
Radical mathematical Thomism: beings of reason and divine decrees in Torricelli’s philosophy of mathematics

Abstract Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647) is perhaps best known for being the most gifted of Galileo’s pupils, and for his works based on indivisibles, especially his stunning cubature of an infinite hyperboloid. Scattered among Torricelli’s writings, we find numerous traces of the philosophy of mathematics underlying his mathematical practice. Though virtually neglected by historians and philosophers alike, these traces reveal that Torricelli’s mathematical practice was informed by an original philosophy of mathematics. The latter was dashed with strains of Thomistic metaphysics and theology. Torricelli’s philosophy of mathematics emphasized mathematical constructs as human-made beings of reason, yet mathematical truths as divine decrees, which upon being discovered by the mathematician ‘appropriate eternity’. In this paper, I reconstruct Torricelli’s philosophy of mathematics—which I label radical mathematical Thomism—placing it in the context of Thomistic patterns of thought.
Development of a Green Fluorescent Protein Microplate Assay for the Screening of Chemopreventive Agents

Here we develop a rapid, cell-based, functional assay to screen and identify naturally occurring or synthetic chemicals with chemopreventive activity. We constructed a reporter gene that consists of the gene-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the transcriptional control of the thymidine kinase (TK) promoter adjacent to which concatamerized EpRE regulatory elements were inserted. Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were transfected with the EpRE/TK-GFP reporter plasmid, and clones with low GFP background expression and high tBHQ-induced GFP expression were isolated. These GFP reporter cells were seeded into a 96-well microtiter plate, incubated for 24 h, and then treated with test compounds for an additional 24 h. The GFP level and DNA content (as an internal cell survival control) of cells in the 96-well plate were measured subsequently using a fluorescence plate reader. Known inducers of phase II enzymes, such as tert-butylhydroquinone, beta-naphthoflavone, and sulforaphane, significantly increased the GFP level in the HepG2 reporter cells. In an initial screening of a chemical library, we identified a synthetic compound whose inducing ability significantly exceeds (1.6-fold) that of the best currently known phase II enzyme inducers. The experimental results indicate that this cell system makes possible a new high throughput screening approach to identify novel chemopreventive molecules.