cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced analysis on board trace reliability of WLCSP under drop impact

Abstract Through an aggressive product development program which includes experiment and simulation, Amkor has developed the next level of WLCSP (CSP nl ™), a product which exhibits superior board level reliability when subjected to drop impact, a strong requirement for portable electronics. Failure mechanism of WLCSP under drop test has been established. Depending on type of WLCSP and test board design, three primary failure modes can be observed, i.e. copper (Cu) board trace crack, Cu RDL (redistribution layer) vertical crack and Cu/Under Bump Metallization (UBM) delamination. CSP nl can exhibit distinct failure modes under different test board and/or CSP nl designs, resulting in a vast difference in drop test lifetimes. The primary failure mode is shifted whenever the weakest link is removed through design improvement. This paper will focus on detailed analysis of copper board trace crack under drop test, using an integrated approach of testing, failure analysis, material characterization and modeling. Board design guidelines are formulated to understand the effects of I/O position, board trace routing direction, board trace width, tear drop design, PCB pad size, stack-up thickness, and alloy materials on board trace reliability. Comparison is also made on possible impact on Cu RDL reliability.
A Nonpeptidic Sulfonamide Inhibits the p53−mdm2 Interaction and Activates p53-Dependent Transcription in mdm2-Overexpressing Cells

The evaluation of a sulfonamide inhibitor of the p53-mdm2 interaction is presented. The compound was identified using 3D database searching techniques based on a computationally derived pharmacophore model of mdm2 binding. It inhibits the physical interaction of recombinant p53 and mdm2 in vitro and increases p53-dependent transcription in an mdm2-overexpressing cell line.
Enumeration by kernel positions for strongly Bernoulli type truncation games on words

We find the winning strategy for a class of truncation games played on words. As a consequence of the present author's recent results on some of these games we obtain new formulas for Bernoulli numbers and polynomials of the second kind and a new combinatorial model for the number of connected permutations of given rank. For connected permutations, the decomposition used to find the winning strategy is shown to be bijectively equivalent to King's decomposition, used to recursively generate a transposition Gray code of the connected permutations.
Lifelong learning and the reconstructive pelvic surgeon

Many challenges face practicing surgeons in today’s medical environment. Decreasing revenues create a need for increasing patient volume. Increasing costs of malpractice insurance not only provide financial burdens, but also cause many practitioners to relocate or change the focus of their practice. Technological advancements with the rapid emergence of new procedures and medical devices tax the practicing physician’s ability to keep apace of changes. These changes, in combination with increased focus on patient safety and physician competence, place even greater demands on practicing in the surgical subspecialties. In this environment, finding time to improve skills and gain competence in new procedures is a daunting task. This article addresses the topic of surgical competence, provides insight into how to learn to do and prove competence to perform new surgical procedures, as well as reviews the opportunities available for self-evaluation currently available for the practicing surgeon.
Hydrogenation of quinoline by ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine)

A series of catalysts composed of ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) was prepared by NaBH(4) reduction of RuCl(3).3H(2)O in methanol in the presence of the polymer; TEM measurements of a 10 wt % Ru/P4VPy material indicate that ruthenium particles of 1-2 nm predominate. This catalyst is efficient for the selective hydrogenation of quinoline to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline at 100-120 oC and 30-40 bar H(2). The activity increases with hydrogen pressure up to 40 bar but is essentially independent of quinoline concentration. Polar solvents, triethylamine, and acetic acid enhance catalytic performance, suggesting an ionic mechanism involving heterolytic hydrogen activation.
Changing Conceptions of Organization and Induction

SYNOPSIS. Oscar Hertwig (1896) noted that the central biological problem concerned preformation and epigenesis: which provides the basis for organic development? Does an organism begin preformed and just grow larger, or does form and organization emerge gradually? And how? The best scientific approach to the problem seemed to lie with Wilhelm Roux's program of materialistic experimental developmental mechanics, or “Entwickelungsmechanik.” Yet that path did not lead directly to answers. Instead, embryology experienced a cycle of highs and lows throughout the first half of this century, and problems of morphogenesis have often faded into the background, regarded as old-fashioned, descriptive, and nonproductive science. A century later, morphogenesis has regained a central place within biology. A special issue of Science recently reported that “unlike human centenarians who are reaching the end of life, developmental biology is basking in its full-blown prime. Indeed the excitement and promise of the field have never been greater, as esearchers close in on the secret of how a single fertilized egg cell goes through the complex and beautifully orchestrated series of changes that create an entire organism” (Baringa, 1994, p. 561). Despite their centrality to biology's experimental traditions, the pioneering work and research traditions of developmental biology have remained little explored. This project will take up that exploration, analyzing the changing ways central issues of development were addressed earlier this century. Against the background of similar questions, significantly different details in approaches, methods, techniques, and basic assumptions have pushed and pulled researchers in a variety of directions. This paper will focus on the emergence of four research traditions between 1890 and the 1930s, traditions that have waxed and waned in importance since then.
The Spatial Periodicity of Grid Cells Is Not Sustained During Reduced Theta Oscillations

Grid cells in parahippocampal cortices fire at vertices of a periodic triangular grid that spans the entire recording environment. Such precise neural computations in space have been proposed to emerge from equally precise temporal oscillations within cells or within the local neural circuitry. We found that grid-like firing patterns in the entorhinal cortex vanished when theta oscillations were reduced after intraseptal lidocaine infusions in rats. Other spatially modulated cells in the same cortical region and place cells in the hippocampus retained their spatial firing patterns to a larger extent during these periods without well-organized oscillatory neuronal activity. Precisely timed neural activity within single cells or local networks is thus required for periodic spatial firing but not for single place fields.
The effect of metal ions on the binding of acridine orange to tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid

Abstract TMV-RNA has been shown to form two types of complexes with acridine orange depending on whether the ratio of RNA-P: acridine orange is close to 1:1 (Complex I) or 20:1 (Complex II). Cr 3+ and Cu 2+ completely suppressed the formation of Complex I at levels around 5·10 −4 M. Partial inhibition was observed with Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ at 2.5·10 −3 –10·10 −3 M, and with Hg +2 in the range 2.5·10 −4 –10·10 −4 M. The inhibitory effectiveness of these metal ions followed the order Cr 3+ , Cu 2+ > Ni 2+ , Co 2+ > Zn 2+ > Mg 2+ > Hg 2+ . On the other hand, the reaction between TMV-RNA-P and acridine orange to form Complex II was modified by 1·10 −5 –10·10 −5 M Cr 3+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mg 2+ and Hg 2+ in a different manner indicative of the formation of a new species with altered absorption and fluorescence characteristics. The new species, Complex III, consists of a RNA-acridine orange-metal ternary complex.
A HIGHER-ORDER UPWIND METHOD FOR VISCOELASTIC FLOW

We present a conservative finite difference method designed to capture elastic wave propagation in viscoelastic fluids in two dimensions. We model the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations with an extra viscoelastic stress described by the Oldroyd-B constitutive equations. The equations are cast into a hybrid conservation form which is amenable to the use of a second-order Godunov method for the hyperbolic part of the equations, including a new exact Riemann solver. A numerical stress splitting technique provides a well-posed discretization for the entire range of Newtonian and elastic fluids. Incompressibility is enforced through a projection method and a partitioning of variables that suppresses compressive waves. Irregular geometry is treated with an embedded boundary/volume-of-fluid approach. The method is stable for time steps governed by the advective Courant‐ Friedrichs‐Lewy (CFL) condition. We present second-order convergence results in L 1 for a range of Oldroyd-B fluids.
The Effects of Bacterial Inoculants, Beet Pulp, and Propionic Acid on Ensiled Wet Brewers Grains

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine whether microbial inoculants, propionic acid, or beet pulp would enhance the fermentation of wet brewers grains under short-term or long-term storage. In trial 1, three treatments (control and two amounts of lactic acid bacteria) were applied to wet brewers grains ensiled for 1, 2, 3, 28, and 57 d. Each added amount of lactic acid bacteria decreased pH faster, increased initial concentration of lactate, and reduced initial concentrations of acetate and butyrate compared with the control. In trial 2, four treatments (control, lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria plus enzymes, or propionic acid) were applied to wet brewers grains ensiled for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 90 d. Benefits of the treatments were limited. Trial 3 utilized the same treatments as trial 2, and wet brewers grains were ensiled for 10, 25, 40, 55, and 75 d. All treatments increased production of lactate, enhanced the rate of pH decline, and limited production of butyrate. In trial 4, wet brewers grains were ensiled for 6 and 90 d as four treatments: 1) control, 2) added beet pulp (15% of wet weight), 3) high moisture grain inoculant, and 4) a combination of treatments 2 and 3. Treatment 4 resulted in the lowest concentration of acetate, NH3N, and pH and the greatest concentration of lactate after 90 d of storage. Addition of microbial inoculants, acid, or beet pulp to wet brewers grains was beneficial in promoting a more efficient fermentation during long-term storage; however, results for short-term storage were limited.
Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells

Marijuana, a widely abused drug in the US, and its derivatives (cannabinoids) have been used in AIDS and cancer patients for treatment of intractable nausea and cachexia. Yet, objective investigations of the effect of cannabinoids on the human immune system are few. We investigated the effect of delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on cytokine production in vitro by human leukemic T, B, eosinophilic and CD8+ NK cell lines as models. THC decreased constitutive production of IL-8, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES and phorbol ester stimulated production of TNF-alpha, GM-CSF and IFN-gamma by NK cells. It inhibited MIP-1beta in HTLV-1 positive B-cells but tripled IL-8, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta in B-cells and MIP-1beta in eosinophilic cells but doubled IL-8. Both cannabinoids strongly inhibited IL-10 production by HUT-78 T-cells. Results indicate that THC and nonpsychotropic CBD have complex lineage and derivative specific effects on cytokines consistent with previous animal studies. These effects while of potential benefits in some inflammatory/autoimmune diseases may worsen HIV infection, tumorigenesis and allergic inflammation in the lung.
Phosphorus nutrition of grazing cattle: a review☆

Phosphorus (P) is a widely studied element which is integral to many vital body functions. In ruminant nutrition, however, the degree of naturally occurring P deficiency in grazing cattle, the lack of uniformity in response to P supplementation, and even suggested P requirements have generated a great deal of confusion in the United States and around the world. Much of the confusion arises because animals have the ability to draw on skeletal P reserves when dietary P levels are inadequate. The mechanisms that control skeletal P withdrawal, the conditions that trigger withdrawal, and the rate and extent of withdrawal without affecting animal performance seem to be poorly understood. Another area of confusion involves the detrimental effect of P deficiency on feed intake which makes it unclear in many situations whether animal responses to P supplementation are due to P per se or simply to increased feed intake. This review attempts to discuss these and other important problems concerning the P nutrition of grazing cattle.
Efficacy of a new angioplasty catheter for severely narrowed coronary lesions.

Conventional over the wire dilation catheters may be unsuccessful in crossing coronary lesions that are severely narrowed. Hence, a new, extremely low profile coronary angioplasty catheter specifically designed to dilate such lesions was investigated. The catheter features a 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 mm (inflated diameter) balloon mounted on a guide wire. The deflated profile of the 2.0 mm balloon measures 0.020 ± 0.001 in. (0.51 ± 0.03 mm). The catheter can be used in conjunction with 7F angiographic or 8F guide catheters. The catheter was used in 61 patients, aged 43 to 86 years, with predominantly Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III-IV angina. Dilation was attempted in 77 lesions. Lesion length averaged 5.7 ± 3.1 mm (mean ± 1 SD), minimal diameter 0.51 ± 0.25 mm and internal vessel diameter 2.27 ± 0.43 mm. Sixty lesions (78%) were successfully dilated to Thus, this new angioplasty catheter was uniquely effective and safe in patients with severe coronary lesions. Importantly, success was often achieved after failure of conventional angioplasty catheters.
Prevalence of Bimolecular Routes in the Activation of Diatomic Molecules with Strong Chemical Bonds (O2, NO, CO, N2) on Catalytic Surfaces.

ConspectusDissociation of the strong bonds in O2, NO, CO, and N2 often involves large activation barriers on low-index planes of metal particles used as catalysts. These kinetic hurdles reflect the noble nature of some metals (O2 activation on Au), the high coverages of co-reactants (O2 activation during CO oxidation on Pt), or the strength of the chemical bonds (NO on Pt, CO and N2 on Ru). High barriers for direct dissociations from density functional theory (DFT) have led to a consensus that “defects”, consisting of low-coordination exposed atoms, are required to cleave such bonds, as calculated by theory and experiments for model surfaces at low coverages. Such sites, however, bind intermediates strongly, rendering them unreactive at the high coverages prevalent during catalysis. Such site requirements are also at odds with turnover rates that often depend weakly on cluster size or are actually higher on larger clusters, even though defects, such as corners and edges, are most abundant on small cluster...
On Lp -sobolev space estimates for the inhomogeneous cauchy-riemann equation on polycylinders

Lp-Sobolev space estimates are obtained for the solutions of the inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann equation on a polycylinder. The data are required to be in a special Sobolev space and then the solutions are in the same special Sobolev space in a fundamental system of polycylinder neighborhoods of the closure of the original polycylinder. When p = 2, a gain of one is obtained in the derivatives of the solutions in the Sobolev spaces.
Factor Multivariate Stochastic Volatility via Wishart Processes

This paper proposes a high dimensional factor multivariate stochastic volatility (MSV) model in which factor covariance matrices are driven by Wishart random processes. The framework allows for unrestricted specification of intertemporal sensitivities, which can capture the persistence in volatilities, kurtosis in returns, and correlation breakdowns and contagion effects in volatilities. The factor structure allows addressing high dimensional setups used in portfolio analysis and risk management, as well as modeling conditional means and conditional variances within the model framework. Owing to the complexity of the model, we perform inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation from the posterior distribution. A simulation study is carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of the estimation algorithm. We illustrate our model on a data set that includes 88 individual equity returns and the two Fama–French size and value factors. With this application, we demonstrate the ability of the model to addr...
The renaissance of corticotropin therapy in proteinuric nephropathies

Refractory nephrotic syndrome continues to be a therapeutic challenge despite advances in immunosuppression and blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a pituitary neuroimmunoendocrine polypeptide, was widely used in the 1950s as an effective therapy for childhood nephrotic syndrome, but has since been replaced by synthetic glucocorticoid analogues. In addition to controlling steroidogenesis, ACTH also acts as an important physiological agonist of the melanocortin system. Clinical and experimental evidence now suggests that ACTH has antiproteinuric, lipid-lowering and renoprotective properties, which are not fully explained by its steroidogenic effects. ACTH therapy is effective in inducing remission of nephrotic syndrome in patients with a variety of proteinuric nephropathies, even those resistant to steroids and other immunosuppressants. This Perspectives article describes the biophysiology of ACTH, with an emphasis on its melanocortin actions, particularly in renal parenchymal cells, which could potentially explain the therapeutic effects of ACTH in nephrotic glomerulopathies.
Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (Proportion and Type) and Binder Grade on Asphalt Mixtures

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has been used in the United States for more than 25 years because of the benefits in costs and environmental stewardship. The recent substantial increases in asphalt prices have led asphalt technologists to examine the increase in RAP use. The evaluation of the performance of the asphalt mixture containing RAP is therefore a priority for the asphalt materials community. This paper investigates the effect of RAP percentage and sources on the properties of asphalt mixtures. Ten asphalt mixtures, including two different RAP sources, three RAP content percentages (0%, 20%, 40%), and two different asphalt binders (PG 58-28 and PG 58-34) were investigated in this study. The complex dynamic modulus was performed on all mixtures at different temperatures and frequencies, and semicircular bend (SCB) fracture testing was performed for all mixtures at three low temperatures. Experimental results indicate that asphalt mixtures containing RAP have higher dynamic modulus values than the control mixtures containing no RAP. The stiffer asphalt binder was found to result in higher dynamic modulus values for both the control and the RAP-modified mixtures. Experimental data also show that the RAP source is not a significant factor for the dynamic modulus at low temperatures, although it significantly affects dynamic modulus values at high temperatures. In addition to test temperature, the RAP percentage was found to significantly affect the SCB fracture resistance of mixtures. However, for the dynamic modulus, values for the softer binder were higher than for the stiffer one at low temperatures. No significant statistical relationship between dynamic modulus and fracture energy was found.
FPGA LUT design for wide-band dynamic voltage and frequency scaled operation (abstract only)

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are the implementation platform of choice when it comes to design flexibility. However, the high power consumption of FPGAs (which arises due to their flexible structure), make them less appealing for extreme low power applications. In this paper, we present a design of an FPGA look-up table (LUT), with the goal of seamless operation over a wide band of supply voltages. The same LUT design has the ability to operate at sub-threshold voltage when low power is required, and at higher voltages whenever faster performance is required. The results show that operating the LUT in sub-threshold mode yields a (~80x) lower power and (~4x) lower energy than full supply voltage operation, for a 6-input LUT implemented in a 22nm predictive technology. The key drawback of sub-threshold operation is its susceptibility to process, temperature, and supply voltage (PVT) variations. This paper also presents the design and experimental results for a closed-loop adaptive body biasing mechanism to dynamically cancel these PVT variations. For the same 22nm technology, we demonstrate that the closed-loop adaptive body biasing circuits can allow the FPGA to operate over an operating frequency range that spans an order of magnitude (40 MHz to 1300 MHz). We also show that the closed-loop adaptive body biasing circuits can cancel delay variations due to supply voltage changes, and reduce the effect of process variations on setup and hold times by 1.8x and 2.9x respectively.
Report on Divedty Within the Leadership of the National Council on Measurement in Education

What activities constitute leadership in NCME? Do those in leadership roles represent the general membership in terms of gender, ethnicity, and employment affiliation? Is there sufficient diversity in the organization and in the profession at largey
Steroid‐induced weakness in patients with primary brain tumors

Clinically significant steroid myopathy (SM) occurred in 23 (10.6%) of 216 adult patients with primary brain tumors who received 2 or more continuous weeks of daily dexamethasone therapy. SM occurred over a wide range of peak and cumulative doses of dexamethasone as well as a wide range of periods of continuous treatment. This was not an entirely random event, however, as two-thirds of the patients developed their weakness during the 9th through the 12th week of continuous dexamethasone treatment. The risk of developing SM was significantly lower in patients taking phenytoin than in patients who were not taking anticonvulsants. The only other patient or treatment factor associated with SM was a possible direct correlation with the appearance of a cushingoid body habitus. In this retrospective review, the occurrence of SM had a significant negative impact on the quality of life of all affected individuals. As expected, patients who tolerated a reduction in their steroid dose improved, while other patients suffered the combined effects of tumor progression and worsening myopathy. Substituting a nonfluorinated glucocorticoid for dexamethasone is probably advisable if neuro-oncology patients affected by SM cannot be weaned from the steroids.
Isolation of right main and right sectional portal pedicles for liver resection without hepatotomy or inflow occlusion.

g p c t T g p T u t s l t a ight hepatectomy requires division of the right portal edicle, whose elements are the right portal vein, the right epatic artery, and the right hepatic bile duct. This may be chieved by individually isolating each of the three eleents or by mass isolation of all three in their surrounding ibrous sheath. Both approaches are usually equally effecive. For hepatic lesions confined to one of the two right epatic sections, liver-sparing right anterior or posterior ectionectomy is preferable to right hepatectomy. When erforming sectionectomy, isolation of individual biloascular elements is difficult and dangerous compared with solation of the sectional portal pedicles. The chief purpose f this article is to review techniques used for sectional edicle isolation and to present a new variation for doing so ithout hepatotomy or inflow occlusion. A secondary purose is to present a simplified description of the rather omplex system of plates and sheaths present at the hilum f the liver. Understanding this area of liver anatomy is ssential for performing the portal pedicle isolation, which e will describe, and is helpful in performing liver resection n general and difficult biliary procedures. All techniques of portal pedicle isolation are based on the ibrous tissue system of plates and sheaths in the porta epatis originally described by Waleaus and Glisson. An xcellent modern description of this system was provided y Couinaud. Couinaud’s initial surgical application of his work was isolating the left hepatic duct in its extraheatic course by lowering the hilar plate. This was done to reat biliary strictures by anastomosis of the left hepatic uct to a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum—the so-called Hepp-Couinaud approach.” He also was first to decribe isolation of the main right portal pedicle and the ectional pedicles, although it is not clear whether the echniques, which were perfected in casts and postmortem ivers, were actually applied to living patients undergoing iver resection. Others have described variations of
Fibrin Sealant Sclerotherapy for Treatment of Lymphoceles Following Renal Transplantation

ABSTRACTPurpose: Fibrin sealant is used in various surgical fields for hemostasis and as an adhesive to approximate tissues. Its use was recently reported as a sclerosing agent for percutaneous treatment of lymphoceles following renal transplantation. We report on the use of fibrin glue sclerotherapy at this institution for the management of renal transplant related lymphoceles.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 8 patients at a single institution with lymphoceles after renal transplantation treated with percutaneous fibrin glue sclerosis.Results: Treatment success was achieved in 6 patients (75%), with resolution of lymphoceles assessed with clinical and imaging findings. Four patients (50%) required 2 applications of fibrin sealant, with 2 (25%) subsequently requiring surgical management of the lymphoceles. Clinical followup averaged 27.7 months (range 4 to 44). Complications included lymphocele recurrence, clogging of drainage catheters and catheter dislodgement.Conclusions: The experienc...
The Cell-Non-Autonomous Nature of Electron Transport Chain-Mediated Longevity

The life span of C. elegans can be increased via reduced function of the mitochondria; however, the extent to which mitochondrial alteration in a single, distinct tissue may influence aging in the whole organism remains unknown. We addressed this question by asking whether manipulations to ETC function can modulate aging in a cell-non-autonomous fashion. We report that the alteration of mitochondrial function in key tissues is essential for establishing and maintaining a prolongevity cue. We find that regulators of mitochondrial stress responses are essential and specific genetic requirements for the electron transport chain (ETC) longevity pathway. Strikingly, we find that mitochondrial perturbation in one tissue is perceived and acted upon by the mitochondrial stress response pathway in a distal tissue. These results suggest that mitochondria may establish and perpetuate the rate of aging for the whole organism independent of cell-autonomous functions.
AN UNUSUAL OVARIAN TUMOR CONTAINING LEYDIG CELLS BUT ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA, IN A POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMAN

OVARIAN tumors containing cellular elements characteristic of the male gonad have been generally considered to fall into two categories from an endocrinologic viewpoint: a) androgenic, and b) nonfunctional. Only recently have the estrogenic potentialities of these tumors been suggested (1). The following case is one of an ovarian tumor which appeared to be estrogenic in spite of its content of large numbers of Leydig cells. Clinical history. A. O'D. (M.G.H. #13086), a 64-year-old widow, mother of one child who died in infancy, was admitted to the hospital because of bloody vaginal discharge of several days' duration. Her irenopause had occurred twenty years before. There had been no subsequent bleeding until two years prior to entry, when an episode similar to the presenting one had taken place. The past history had been otherwise unremarkable. The findings on physical examination were essentially negative, except for an enlarged uterus. Following the examination bright blood emanated from the cervical os...
One-dimensional luminescence kinetics; a submicron probe

Abstract Cylindrical naphthalene wires (10–1200 nanometer diameter) exhibit one-dimensional exciton annihilation kinetics for 10–30 nm wires, three-dimensional behavior for 100–1200 nm wires and a crossover diameter increasing from 4 to 77 K. Nuclear channel pore membranes (polycarbonate) serve as one-dimensional templates. Vycor glass pores are found to be effectively one-dimensional. The triplet exciton migration (multiple hopping) length is 25–50 nm. The recombination involves free and bound excitons.
Mask-related distortions of modified fused silica reticles for 157-nm lithography

Extending 157-nm lithography to the 70 nm node will be a difficult challenge due to the stringent requirements on image placement accuracy. At the University of Wisconsin Computational Mechanics Center, numerical and experimental studies are being conducted to investigate materials, fabrication processing, and system parameters necessary to achieve the required overlay error budget. This paper provides our latest results for 157-nm reticles, including the photomask / pellicle system. Mask blank fabrication and pattern transfer effects were simulated utilizing three-dimensional finite element (FE) structural models. The pattern-specific in-plane distortions (IPD) induced by each fabrication process step have been determined using the IBM Nighteagle / Falcon layout. To complete the static structural analysis, the effects of bonding a pellicle were also identified. The thermomechanical response of reticles during e-beam patterning and exposure were evaluated utilizing FE heat transfer models. Results from e-beam writing simulations indicate that transient thermal distortions from patterning the Nighteagle / Falcon design are not critical. However, under high throughput conditions, the IPD induced during scanning exposure can become relatively large. The simulation results provide an indication of the total overlay error budget to be expected, and demonstrate the importance of using predictive models to optimize mask system performance in a cost-effective manner.
Review of τ lifetime measurements

Abstract The measurements of the mean lifetime of the τ lepton are reviewed. The conditions for measuring the lifetime at various e+e− colliders are compared and the analysis methods are briefly described. The new developments since the previous Workshop on Tau Lepton Physics are listed. The world average is ττ = 290.5 ± 1.0 fs. The LEP experiments dominate this average and have analyzed nearly all of their data. In anticipation of the next era of precision measurements at CLEO and the b factories, the important sources of systematic errors and the treatment of systematic biases are discussed.
Study of the glueball candidate fJ(2220) at CLEO

Abstract The CLEO detector at the Cornell e+e− storage ring CESR was used to search for the two-photon production of the glueball candidate fJ(2220) in its decay to KS0KS0 and π+π−. I present restrictive upper limits on the product of the two-photon width and the respective branching fraction [ΓγγBKS0KS0]fJ (2220) 102, 95% CL is found. A new measure of this ratio of couplings is the Gluiness; a combined lower limit of GfJ (2220) > 66, 95% CL is found. These limits on the Stickiness and the Gluiness indicate that the fJ (2220) is likely to have substantial neutral parton or glueball content.
Past, present, future of neutron activation analysis

Various aspects of the growth rate of the neutron activation analysis method are discussed. The 1936–1944, 1944–1950, 1950–1960, 1960–1970, and 1970–1991 periods are discussed—the early ones in terms of major advances that occurred at the beginning of the period. Recent/present levelling-off of the growth rate, and future prospects of the NAA method, are also considered.
Effects of remote chiral centers on encapsulated molecules

A guest encapsulated in a hybrid molecular assembly is affected by remote chirality attached to both capsular components; these effects span significant distances and become additive or subtractive, based on relative configurations.
Adsorption and reaction of methanethiol on thin-film cerium oxide

Abstract Methanol adsorption and reaction has been studied on cerium oxide thin films that were vapor deposited on Ru(0 0 0 1). The methanol behavior was examined as a function of temperature and Ce oxidation state. Methanol reacts at low temperatures with fully oxidized CeO2 to produce water at 200 K while formaldehyde and methanol desorb near 560 K. This leads to the reduction of the ceria. On reduced ceria, more methanol can be adsorbed and it undergoes more extensive decomposition producing CO and H2 near 640 K in addition to formaldehyde and water. As the degree of ceria reduction increases, more H2 and less H2O are produced. TPD experiments using isotopically labeled CH3OD show that deuterated water is produced from the oxidized surface at low temperatures, whereas the deuterium is stabilized on the reduced surface and is incorporated into the dihydrogen that desorbs near 600 K. High resolution C 1s and O 1s XPS and C k-edge NEXAFS measurements were performed to quantify the amount of methanol adsorbed and to identify the adsorbed species.
Bankruptcy Law and Entrepreneurship Development: A Real Options Perspective

We develop a real options perspective to explore how an entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy law can encourage entrepreneurship development at the societal level. If bankrupt entrepreneurs are excessively punished for failure, they may let inherently high-risk but potentially high-return opportunities pass. We suggest that a more entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy law, informed by a real options logic, can encourage more active and vibrant entrepreneurship development. We also discuss the implications of the role of venture capital and stigma in the effectiveness of an entrepreneur-friendly bankruptcy law.
Distribution of neutral gas and dust near Saturn

The distribution of neutral gas and dust within the magnetosphere of Saturn has been inferred from the electron velocity distribution functions measured by the Voyager 1 plasma science experiment. Substantial enhancements of neutral material near Titan and in the vicinity of Enceladus are found. The E ring is also shown to be larger than previously thought.
Biochemical and structural changes in RBCs stored with different plasticizers: the role of hexanol.

BACKGROUND: PVC containers are plasticized with di(2-ethyl)hexylphthalate (DEHP) or a related phthalate. The toxicity of DEHP has been questioned. It has been proposed to use butyryltrihexylcitrate (BTHC) as the plasticizer. The purpose of this study was to determine if hexanol, a component of BTHC, plays a role in the preservation of RBCs stored in BTHC-plasticized PVC bags. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: WBC-reduced RBCs of ABO- and D-matched blood groups were prepared in 1-L polyolefin (PO) bags (PL732). Six 60-g aliquots were transferred to transfer packs made of PL146 (DEHP-plasticized) and PL2209 (BTHC-plasticized) and four PO (PL732) packs. To the PL146 and PL2209 packs, 30 mL of AS-1 was added. To three of the PO packs, 30 mL of AS-1 with sufficient DEHP, BTHC, or hexanol to achieve a final concentration of 3 mM was added, and to the final PO pack, 30 mL of AS-1 only was added (control). The units were stored for 6 weeks at 1 to 6°C. RBC ATP, hemolysis, morphology, membrane lipids, deformability, and fluidity were measured. RESULTS: ATP levels were not significantly different in any of the systems after 6 weeks. Compared to the PO bags, hemolysis was lowest in the PL146 containers and was also significantly lower (p 0.05). There was no demonstrable change in the membrane fluidity of the RBCs during storage in any of the systems. The decrease in deformability was the same, and the losses of cholesterol and phospholipid during storage were similar in all the studies. CONCLUSIONS: The hexanol component of the BHTC plasticizer in a concentration of 144.6 μg per mL concentration suppresses hemolysis and vesiculation of RBCs during storage. The hexanol and DEHP that are slowly leached during storage have a greater effect in suppressing hemolysis and vesicle formation than when added extraneously to AS-1 in PO containers.
Scrape-off layer modeling using coupled plasma and neutral transport codes

An effort is made to refine the neutral transport model used in the B2 edge plasma code by coupling it to the DEGAS Monte Carlo code. Results are discussed for a simulation of a high recycling divertor. It appears that on the order of 100 iterations between the two codes are required to achieve a converged solution. However, the amount of computer time used in the DEGAS simulations is large, making complete runs impractical for design purposes. On the other hand, the differences in the resulting plasma parameters when compared to the B2 analytic neutrals model indicate that it would be worthwhile to explore techniques for speeding up the coupled system of codes.
Effects of factors predisposing to atherosclerosis on formation of coronary collateral vessels.

Abstract Two hundred eighteen consecutive patients undergoing selective coronary angiography were studied to determine the effects of underlying predisposing coronary risk factors on the formation of intercoronary collateral anastomoses. The presence or absence of hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance, hypertension or obesity did not influence the formation of these intercoronary collateral channels. Our findings suggest that there are presently no measurable clinical factors that permit prediction of the presence of coronary collateral channels in an individual patient. Factors predisposing to atherosclerosis have a similar distribution in patients with and without such vessels.
Frequency-doubled, additive-pulse, mode-locked NaCl:OH− laser

The output of a tunable, additive-pulse, mode-locked NaCl:OH− color-center laser has been frequency doubled using a LiIO3 crystal. With 100-fsec pulses generated at 1.6 μm, stable pulses as short as 76 fsec have been obtained with more than 5 mW of average output power at 0.8 μm. The frequency-doubled pulses are tunable from 755 to 825 nm.
The significance of accumulated oropharyngeal secretions and swallowing frequency in predicting aspiration

This study retrospectively investigated the value of both endoscopically visible oropharyngeal secretions in the hypopharynx and swallowing frequency in the prediction of aspiration of food and liquid. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was performed on a total of 69 individuals that included hospitalized elderly, nonhospitalized elderly, and young normal subjects. A four-level rating scale for determining the severity of accumulated oropharyngeal secretions was developed and employed to rate subjects prior to the presentation of food or liquid during the FEES. Spontaneous dry swallows were also counted during the observation period of the FEES. It was found that the accumulation of endoscopically visible oropharyngeal secretions located within the laryngeal vestibule was highly predictive of aspiration of food or liquid. There were significantly fewer spontaneous swallows in hospitalized subjects when compared with nonhospitalized subjects. There was also a significant decrease in the frequency of spontaneous swallows in aspirating hospitalized subjects when compared with nonaspirating hospitalized subjects. Results are discussed in terms of integrating this information with clinical bedside examination techniques.
Effects of age on muscle as measured by electrical impedance myography

Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a painless and non-invasive technique for the assessment of muscle which we apply here to the effects of normal aging. The paper presents a cross-sectional analysis of EIM data from the quadriceps and tibialis anterior of 100 healthy subjects (44 men, 56 women, ages 18-90 years). The principal EIM parameter, the spatially averaged phase theta(avg), shows a roughly quadratic reduction with increasing age, declining more steeply beyond 60 years. The correlation was stronger in men (quadriceps: r2 = 0.68 for men, 0.52 for women; tibialis anterior: r2 = 0.74 for men, 0.38 for women; p < 0.001 throughout). Additionally, four subjects (age greater than 75 years) were asked to return for repeat testing several years after their initial assessment. These longitudinal results qualitatively confirm the cross-sectional data, though with greater reductions in theta(avg) at high age. The findings of this study support the potential use of EIM as a simple and effort-independent test of muscle health in the elderly.
Blackbox Macromodel with S-Parameters and Fast Convolution

In this paper, the scattering parameters of blackbox multi-port networks are pre-processed in the frequency domain to satisfy causality. Next, they are approximated to yield weighted delta functions in the time domain thus allowing the fast simulation. The resulting procedure leads to a robust, accurate and efficient macromodel generation scheme.
Dependence of radio emission in large H alpha flares 1967-1970 upon the orientation of the local solar magnetic field

Published data on ionizing radiation (as reflected in sudden ionospheric disturbances), H-alpha importance, 10-cm flux, dynamic spectrum, and 200-MHz flux are analyzed for a group of 84 solar flares (from 1967 to 1970) classified by Pudovkin and Chertkov (1976). The group consists of 29 flares with southern orientation of the 100,000-km-scale overlying magnetic field, 32 with northern orientation, and 23 with indeterminate orientation; all have H-alpha importance greater than about 2. Slightly greater X-ray and optical emissions, but one-order-of-magnitude greater prompt 200-MHz and 10-cm fluxes are found in southern as compared to northern-oriented flares. It is inferred that the amount of electromagnetic flare energy radiated promptly from the corona, as compared with that radiated from the chromosphere, was significantly affectly by the orientation of the overlying large-scale magnetic field during the period of observation. This trend is shown to be consistent despite some periodic variation.
The polymerization of pharmacophoric moieties and its effect upon biologic activity I. Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts

A group of polymeric quaternary ammonium salts have been synthesized and studied pharmacologically. The polymers exhibited a high degree of neuromuscular blocking potency. The results have been discussed both in regard to their theoretic and practical importance. Such polymers exemplify the idea that multiplication of pharmacophoric moieties through polymerization may yield drug agents having very long durations of action.
Contact angle of water droplets in relation to leaf water potential

Abstract The relationship between the contact angle of distilled water droplets and leaf water potential was measured as a function of time of day on three different types of leaf surfaces. Leaves of dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were representative of a corrugated, relatively waxless surface; soybean leaves (Glycine max L.) were representative of dense pubescence superimposed on a corrugated, relatively waxless surface; and alfalfa leaves (Medicago sativa L.) were representative of a relatively smooth, waxy surface. On alfalfa, the contact angle remained constant at around 140° indicating that the leaf waxes exert the major influence on it. Although the contact angles of the droplets on dry edible beans and soybeans displayed a diurnal trend, these variations were all within one standard deviation of the mean contact angle. The contact angle of water droplets on well watered and stressed dry edible beans was also studied. Again, all contact angles observed were within one standard deviation of each other. These results conflict with those of Fogg (1947) who found a diurnal trend in the contact angle of water droplets on leaf surfaces which he attributed to changes in the cuticular structure of the leaf.
Representation of Clouds and Precipitation Processes in the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3)

Abstract The parameterizations of clouds and precipitation processes have been revised considerably in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) compared to its predecessors, CAM2 and the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). The parameterizations in CAM3 are more realistic in their representation of processes affecting cloud liquid and ice particles and represent the linkages between processes more completely. This paper describes the changes to the representation of clouds in CAM3, including the partitioning of cloud water between liquid and ice phases, the determination of particle sizes and sedimentation rates, the phase and evaporation rate of precipitation, and the calculation of the cloud fraction. Parameterization changes between CCM3 and CAM2 introduced a significant cold bias at the tropical tropopause, resulting in a dry bias for stratospheric water vapor. Tests of the sensitivity of the tropical temperature profile and the tropical tropopause temperature to individual process changes...
Assay and subcellular localization of the arylsulphatases in rat brain.

—The properties and subcellular localization of type I (nitrophenyl) and type II (nitrocatechol) arylsulphatases were investigated in brain tissue of the rat, and optimal assay conditions were established. Sulphate, phosphate and sulphite ions inhibited the nitrocatechol sulphatases; nitrophenyl sulphatase was inhibited only by sulphite. The presence of latent enzyme activity was demonstrated for the nitrocatechol sulphatases, beta-glucuronidase, and beta-glycerophosphatase in rat and mouse brain homogenates. These hydrolases were highly sensitive to mechanical and osmotic damage; and Triton X-100 was very effective in releasing their latent (bound) activities, a finding suggestive of a lysosomal localization. Activity of nitrophenyl sulphatase was unaffected by osmotic changes or Triton X-100, characteristics suggesting a membranous association for this enzyme. Total activity of nitrophenyl sulphatase was approximately twice as great in canine gray matter as in canine white matter; the converse obtained for beta-glucuronidase activity. Values for total enzymic activity of the nitrocatechol sulphatases in canine white and gray matter were similar. Fractionation of homogenates from rat brain by differential centrifugations and separation of crude mitochondrial fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugations revealed the following: (1) most of the nitrocatechol sulphatase activity (93 per cent) and all of the nitrophenyl sulphatase activity were sedimentable; (2) crude mitochondrial fractions exhibited the highest relative specific activity (RSA = 1·38) for the nitrocatechol sulphatases, whereas microsomal fractions displayed the highest RSA for nitrophenyl sulphatase (1·89); (3) the lightest fraction (A + B) and the densest fraction (E) from the sucrose density gradient contained most of the activity for both the type I and type II arylsulphatases, whereas the RSA of cytochrome oxidase was greatest in the intermediate density regions (fractions C and D); (4) the highest RSA for beta-glucuronidase and beta-glycerophosphatase occurred in gradient fraction C; (5) appreciable activity of beta-glycerophosphatase was found in a nerve ending fraction (M3). It is suggested that the hydrolases in heterogeneous tissue like brain might be associated with lysosomal particles of differing enzyme compositions and varying populations, and that the data on distribution lend credence to the concept of bimodal and possible trimodal particle affinity for the hydrolases of brain tissues.