cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical mapping of autonomic/sympathetic candidate genetic loci for hypertension in the human genome: a somatic cell radiation hybrid library approach.

Allelic variation at multiple genetic loci may contribute to hypertension. Since autonomic/sympathetic dysfunction may play an early, pathogenic, heritable role in hypertension, we evaluated candidate loci likely to contribute to such dysfunction, including catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, catecholamine transporters, neuropeptides, and adrenergic receptors. Since chromosomal locations and physical map positions of many of these loci had not yet been identified, we used the GeneBridge4 human/hamster radiation (somatic cell) hybrid library panel (resolution ∼1 to ∼1.5 Mb), along with specifically designed oligonucleotide primers and PCR (200–400 bp products) to position these loci in the human genome. Primers were designed from sequences outside the coding regions (3′-flanking or intronic segments) to avoid cross-species (hamster) amplification. Chromosomal positions were assigned in cR (centi-Ray) units (∼270 Kbp/cR3000 for GeneBridge 4). A total of 13 loci were newly assigned chromosomal positions; of particular interest was a cluster of adrenergic candidate loci on chromosome 5q (including ADRB2, ADRA1A, DRD1, GPRK6, and NPY6R), a region harbouring linkage peaks for blood pressure. Such physical map positions will enable more precise selection of polymorphic microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers at these loci, to aid in linkage and association studies of autonomic/sympathetic dysfunction in human hypertension.
Heliospheric Langmuir wave observations from the Ulysses spacecraft

Abstract Langmuir waves are electrostatic plasma oscillations produced by unstable electron beams in the solar wind and elsewhere. Typical electron sources are solar flares, shocks, and magnetic holes. In this paper, we present an overview of the Langmuir waves observed by Ulysses during both its solar minimum and solar maximum orbits. Langmuir waves in magnetic holes are a major component of the total Langmuir wave population; they occur preferentially in fast solar wind and are observed by Ulysses to be most intense within 2 AU of the Sun.
Immigrant children mediators (ICM): Bridging the literacy gap in immigrant communities

Studies and observations of immigrants with limited dominant language literacy reveal their use of various literacy strategies to communicate with and function in the dominant society. One of these is the interpreter strategy whereby immigrants rely on their children to serve as cultural, linguistic, and informational mediators. Sociologist Betty Lee Sung refers to this undertaking of adult responsibilities by immigrant children as the reversal of parent-child roles. This paper examines the mediation activities and information needs of ICMs, and recommends strategies librarians can use to prepare ICMs to competently mediate for their family and friends. These strategies include teaching them how to find relevant sources of information, how to critically examine the sources of information available to them, and how to consider mediation as a life skill.
Heart Failure in the Lifetime of Musca Domestica (The Common Housefly)

In patients with heart failure (HF), hospitalization events represent important clinical endpoints for gauging therapeutic efficacy, both in clinical trials and clinical practice. Interest in this endpoint has skyrocketed since the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) called for
Integrating Implicit Bias Into Counselor Education

The author reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on implicit bias as it relates to counselor education. Counselor educators can integrate implicit bias into the concepts of multicultural knowledge, awareness, and skill. Knowledge about implicit bias includes its theoretical explanation, measurement, and impact on counseling. Awareness of implicit bias requires specialized assessment independent of self-reported bias. Skills related to implicit bias include intentionality in thought and behavior and long-term commitment to changing biased thought patterns.
Treating insomnia with relaxation and desensitization in a group setting by an automated approach

Abstract Insomniac Ss averaging sleep onset times of 65 min were exposed to group relaxation or group desensitization treatments via automated tape recorded directions for a 4-week period. Both experimental groups exhibited significant improvement (p
The effect of certain drugs upon the cardiotoxic lesions of digitalis in the dog

Abstract An experiment is presented in which it is shown that the cardiotoxic effects of digitalis in the dog may be modified by the use of aminophylline, theobromide sodium acetate, and atropine sulfate. Papaverine hydrochloride did not minimize the cardiac changes produced by digitalis administration. A theory is discussed which could explain the results of this study.
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI VI. THE DETOXIFICATION OF SHIGELLA PARADYSENTERIAE BY MEANS OF PERIODIC ACID

A method for detoxifying Type Z and sp. Newcastle Sh. paradysenteriae (Flexner) has been described. This procedure involves exposing the bacilli at pH 5.0 to 0.01 M periodic acid. Microorganisms treated with this reagent for an appropriate time interval lose approximately 90 per cent of their toxicity, yet they are capable of eliciting in experimental animals antibodies effective against the unaltered organisms.
Theoretical studies of manganese and iron superoxide dismutases: superoxide binding and superoxide oxidation.

Density-functional calculations indicate that the second sphere of coordination around the metal centers of manganese and iron superoxide dismutases (MnSODs and FeSODs) plays an important role in the binding of O2-. In these systems, O2- prefers to bind to Mn or Fe in end-on configurations. For human and E. coli MnSODs, the bound O2- forms hydrogen bonds with the tyrosine and glutamine amino acid residues in the second sphere of coordination. In the cases of E. coli and T. elongates FeSODs, hydrogen bonding occurs between the bound O2- and the tyrosine amino acid only because the glutamine is too far away for an effective bonding interaction. The manner in which the O2- binds to the metal center in MnSODs and FeSODs can affect the rate of subsequent protonation and determine the mechanism for the formation of H2O2. Both Mn- and Fe-containing superoxide dismutases contain a metal-bound solvent molecule that has been suggested to be involved in the uptake of a H+ upon reduction of the metal center [Bull, C....
Simplifying the Principles of Stakeholder Management: The Three Most Important Principles

This article draws on Principles of Stakeholder Management recently published by the Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics. The article discusses the most important principles and the reasoning behind them. First, though, it lays a foundation for the application of these principles by interpreting a massive empirical study that demonstrates strong parallels between stakeholder valuation of firms (measured as overall reputation) and shareholder valuation (stock market returns). This evidence is coupled with conceptual analysis that shows that the most famous pronouncements of Adam Smith and Milton Friedman actually argue for, not against, the stakeholder approach
Abnormalities of cell packing density and dendritic complexity in the MeCP2 A140V mouse model of Rett syndrome/X-linked mental retardation

Rett syndrome (RTT), a common cause of mental retardation in girls, is associated with mutations in the MECP2 gene. Most human cases of MECP2 mutation in girls result in classical or variant forms of RTT. When these same mutations occur in males, they often present as severe neonatal encephalopathy. However, some MECP2 mutations can also lead to diseases characterized as mental retardation syndromes, particularly in boys. One of these mutations, A140V, is a common, recurring missense mutation accounting for about 0.6% of all MeCP2 mutations and ranking 21st by frequency. It has been described in familial X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), PPM- X syndrome (Parkinsonism, Pyramidal signs, Macroorchidism, X-linked mental retardation) and in other neuropsychiatric syndromes. Interestingly, this mutation has been reported to preserve the methyl-CpG binding function of the MeCP2 protein while compromising its ability to bind to the mental retardation associated protein ATRX. We report the construction and initial characterization of a mouse model expressing the A140V MeCP2 mutation. These initial descriptive studies in male hemizygous mice have revealed brain abnormalities seen in both RTT and mental retardation. The abnormalities found include increases in cell packing density in the brain and a significant reduction in the complexity of neuronal dendritic branching. In contrast to some MeCP2 mutation mouse models, the A140V mouse has an apparently normal lifespan and normal weight gain patterns with no obvious seizures, tremors, breathing difficulties or kyphosis. We have identified various neurological abnormalities in this mouse model of Rett syndrome/X-linked mental retardation which may help to elucidate the manner in which MECP2 mutations cause neuronal changes resulting in mental retardation without the confounding effects of seizures, chronic hypoventilation, or other Rett syndrome associated symptoms.
Evoked Potentials and Correlated Judgments of Brightness as Functions of Interflash Intervals

Computer-averaged evoked potentials were recorded from subjects presented with pairs of flashes having equal light energy but differing in duration of the brief interval separating the flashes. For the experimental conditions studied, the pair was always subjectively fused. Although the brightness did not change noticeably as the interval was varied, the use of the forced-choice psychophysical technique showed that apparent brightness declined with increase in the interval. Analysis of the evoked potentials revealed a correlated change in amplitude and wave form previously demonstrated for changes in flash flux alone.
Involvement of the Junctional Adhesion Molecule-1 (JAM1) Homodimer Interface in Regulation of Epithelial Barrier Function

Junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM1) is a tight junction-associated immunoglobulin superfamily protein implicated in the regulation of tight junctions and leukocyte transmigration. The structural basis for the function of JAM1 has yet to be determined. Here we provide evidence that JAM1 homodimer formation is important for its function in epithelial cells. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a panel of JAM1 monoclonal antibodies on epithelial barrier recovery after transient disruption by calcium switch. Two monoclonal antibodies were observed to inhibit barrier recovery in contrast to another monoclonal antibody that had no effect. Epitope mapping by phage display revealed that both inhibitory antibodies bind to a region of JAM1 located within the N-terminal Ig-like loop (residues 111-123). Competition experiments with synthetic peptides and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the location of this epitope. Analysis of the crystal structure of JAM1 revealed that this epitope includes residues within the putative homodimer interface, and one of the two inhibitory antibodies was then shown to block JAM1 homodimer formation in vitro. Finally, mutations within the homodimer interface were shown to prevent enrichment of JAM1 at points of cell contact, presumably by interference with homophilic interactions. These findings suggest that homodimer formation may be important for localization of JAM1 at tight junctions and for regulation of epithelial barrier function.
Classification of Postural Response in Parkinson’s Patients Using Support Vector Machines

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition with neuronal cell death in the substantia nigra and striatal dopamine deficiency that produces slowness, stiffness, tremor, shuffling gait and postural instability. More than 1 million people in North America are affected by PD resulting in balance problems and falls. It is observed that postural instability and gait problems become resistant to pharmacologic therapy as the disease progresses. Furthermore, studies suggest that postural sway abnormalities are worsened by levodopa, the mainstay of therapy for PD. This paper presents a classification of postural balance test data using Support Vector Machines (SVM) to identify the effect of medicine (levodopa) as well as dyskinesia. It is demonstrated that SVM is a useful tool and can complement the widely accepted (but very resource intensive) Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS).Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Jupiter Orbiter Mechanics Experiment

Radar ranging experiment onboard Jupiter orbiter, concerning perturbations, gravitational harmonics and short arc orbit determination
Application to Rat Lung of the Extended Rorschach–Hazlewood Model of Spin–Lattice Relaxation

Abstract The spin–lattice relaxation time T 1 was measured in excised degassed (airless) rat lungs over the frequency range 6.7 to 80.5 MHz. The observed frequency dependence was fitted successfully to the water–biopolymer cross-relaxation theory proposed by H. E. Rorschach and C. F. Hazlewood (RH) [ J. Magn. Reson. 70, 79 (1986)]. The rotating frame spin–lattice relaxation time T 1ρ was also measured in rat lung fragments over the frequency range 0.56 to 5.6 kHz, and the observed frequency dependence was explained with an extension of the RH model. The agreement between the theory and the experimental data in both cases is good.
Operational collaboration between shippers and carriers in the transportation industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how strategic relationships between firms and environmental context affect operational decisions and how each firm allocates resources to improve overall firm performance.Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative research is integrated with previous research. Data for the qualitative research are collected through focus groups and semi‐structured interviews that employ grand tour questioning, facility tours using key informants, and use of selective artifacts.Findings – The paper develops a model that examines how environmental factors, specifically the context of the capacity constraints in the transportation industry, can influence shippers to form long‐term and mutually beneficial relationships with their carriers and how these relationships can lead to improved performance at the operational level.Research limitations/implications – The paper incorporates five foundational theories into one integrated model in the context of b...
The red/infrared evolution in galaxies - Effect of the stars on the asymptotic giant branch

The effect of including the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population in a spectral synthesis model of galaxy evolution is examined. Stars on the AGB are luminous enough and also evolve rapidly enough to affect the evolution of red and infrared colors in galaxies. The validity of using infrared colors as distance indicators to galaxies is then investigated in detail. It is found that for z of 1 or less infrared colors of model galaxies behave linearly with redshift.
Biomechanical quantification of experimental spinal cord trauma

Abstract An apparatus is described that produces experimental contusion of the spinal cord and completely defines the mechanical parameters of the trauma. The data provided includes a continuous record of the force, displacement, velocity of deformation, and acceleration of deformation of the spinal cord and the underlying thorax.
Mixed-effects analyses of rank-ordered data

This paper presents a synthesis of Bock's (1972) nominal categories model and Luce's (1959) choice model for mixed-effects analyses of rank-ordered data. It is shown that the proposed ranking model is both parsimonious and flexible in accounting for preference heterogeneity as well as fixed and random effects of covariates. Relationships to other approaches, including Takane's (1987) ideal point discriminant model and Croon's (1989) latent-class version of Luce's ranking model, are also discussed. The application focuses on a ranking study of behavioral traits that parents find desirable in children.
VEGFA rSNPs, transcriptional factor binding sites and human disease

Three regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) in the promoter region of the vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) gene have been significantly associated with several human diseases or conditions. The rSNP alleles alter the DNA landscape for potential transcriptional factors to attach, resulting in changes in transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS). These TFBS changes are examined with respect to the human diseases which have been found to be significantly associated with the rSNPs.
Brief reports with panel discussion

Abstract Glycosylated serum protein assay was examined as an alternative to standard glucose screening and glucose tolerance testing. In a comparison of two groups of gravid women having abnormal 1-hour 50 gm glucose screening tests, there was no difference in glycosylated protein level in the group with abnormal glucose tolerance test results (9.4% ± 2.0%, mean ± SD; n=8) versus normal results (9.2% ± 1.07%, mean ± SD; n=11). Furthermore, correlation of glycosylated serum protein level with glucose screening test results was poor (r = 0.185, p=0.23, n=17). Glycosylated serum protein assay is not useful in detecting mild metabolic aberrations associated with gestational diabetes.
Germline polymorphisms in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and DNA methylation in colorectal cancer

Dietary intake of one-carbon nutrients (methyl donors) and germline variants in the one-carbon metabolism genes may influence global DNA methylation level and methylation in promoter CpG islands. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and DNA methylation status in colorectal cancer. Utilizing 182 colorectal cancers cases in two prospective cohort studies, we determined the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status on eight CIMP-specific promoters and measured LINE-1 methylation level that correlates well with genome-wide DNA methylation level. We genotyped 23 nonsynonymous SNPs in the one-carbon metabolism genes using buffy coat DNA. Most of the 23 SNPs in the one-carbon metabolism pathway were not significantly associated with CIMP-high status (≥6/8 methylated promoters). However, the MTHFR 429 Ala/Ala variant (rs1801131) and the TCN2 259 Arg/Arg variant (rs1801198) were associated with CIMP-high status (MTHFR 429 multivariate odds ratio (MV OR) = 7.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.32–43.3; p trend = 0.10; TCN2 259 Arg/Arg variant MV OR = 3.82; 95% CI, 1.02–14.4; p trend = 0.06). The one-carbon metabolism genotypes were not significantly associated with LINE-1 methylation, although there were modest differences in mean LINE-1 methylation levels between certain genotypes. Collectively, these exploratory data provide suggestive evidence for the association of MTHFR429 Ala/Ala and TCN2 259 Arg/Arg and CIMP status in colorectal cancer.
Conducting Nonsexist Research, Prevention, and Treatment with Fathers and Mothers A Call for A Change

In published research and in unpublished doctoral dissertation research, fathers are underrepresented in the investigation of child and family functioning. A number of possible explanations for thi...
Within-Season Calibration of Modeled Wheat Growth Using Remote Sensing and Field Sampling

Within-season calibration using observations of growth and phenology provides an objective means for crop simulation models to be self-correcting. Estimating crop growth and phenology for a large number of fields by traditional ground-based sampling methods can be undesirably time-consuming. Certain aspects of crop growth can be estimated more quickly for a large number of fields using remote sensing. A study was conducted to compare the results of calibrating a crop simulation model using within-season observations of leaf area index (LAI) obtained either from field sampling or remote sensing. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields at three locations in the U.S. Great Plains for 2 yr were modeled more accurately using remotely sensed LAI observations, than using field-sampled LAI observations [...]
Observations on the characteristics of tides in the Bab el Mandab Strait

[1] While well known for its multilayered exchange flow, the Bab el Mandab Strait is also of interest as a transitional region between two distinctly different tidal regimes: the Gulf of Aden, where tides are mixed and have a range in excess of 2 m, and the Red Sea, where tidal fluctuations are principally semidiurnal and their range is generally less than 1 m. Observations collected in the strait indicate that dominant constituents for both elevations and currents are the K1 and M2. The vertical structure of the tidal currents differs between semidiurnal and diurnal constituents and depends on the location and stratification. The major part of the tidal signal is barotropic, but energetic baroclinic currents mainly of the diurnal period are observed near Perim Narrows and the Hanish Sill during winter months. The relationship between the barotropic currents and surface tides near Perim is fairly well explained by a simple momentum balance. To first order, a balance exists between local acceleration and the elevation gradient in the along-strait direction, while in the cross-strait direction, a balance between local acceleration, Coriolis term, and elevation gradient is observed. At the same location the barotropic transport fluctuations reach amplitudes of 1.6 Sv. The K1 and M2 barotropic energy fluxes are small and are directed into the strait at Perim Narrows and the Hanish Sill for the M2 constituent and into the strait near Perim and out of the strait near Hanish for the K1 constituent.
Factors that influence entry into stages of the menopausal transition

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the probabilities and identify risk factors for entering the menopausal transition and moving into each subsequent transition stage. Methods: Estimations of probabilities of entry into each menopausal transition stage and predictors associated with each transition stage were conducted in a population-based cohort of midlife women. Results: The likelihood of entering the menopausal transition and moving into each subsequent stage was increased for each unit increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (P < 0.001) and with each unit decrease in inhibin B (P < 0.001) in the adjusted multivariable model. The largest observed change in average FSH levels was the comparison of women in the late transition (stage 4), with an average of 24.78 mIU/mL, to those in the early transition (stage 3), with 10.38 mIU/mL. Women experiencing this amount of change in FSH had an odds of transitioning from stages 3 to 4 of 1.90 (95% CI, 1.86-1.95). Decreases in inhibin B resulted in odds ratios similar to the magnitude of changes in FSH. Current smoking increased the odds of transition into each stage by approximately 30% (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.28-1.32). Average estradiol levels did not change dramatically between stages. However, higher estradiol significantly increased the odds of entering the transition (P = 0.013). Age and race predicted transitions into some but not all stages. Body mass index, alcohol use, and age at menarche did not predict entrance into any stage of the menopausal transition after adjusting for other study variables. Conclusions: These results show that increased FSH, decreased inhibin B, and smoking strongly predict entry into the earliest stages of the menopausal transition as defined by changes in bleeding patterns. African Americans entered the transition before white women, but race did not predict entry into late transition stages. Higher estradiol levels predict entry into the earliest transition stage but not subsequent stages.
Current Topics in Ultrasound Contrast Agent Application and Design

Ultrasound contrast agents are bubbles, 1-10 microns in radius, encapsulated by a lipid, protein, polymer or fluid shell. The agents have been used to distinguish the acoustic scattering signatures of blood from those of the surrounding tissue. This is possible due to the nonlinear response of the agent, which is similar to that of a free gas bubble. Upon sufficient forcing the agents will oscillate nonlinearly about their equilibrium radius, and for specific conditions, produce nonlinear resonance responses which are integer multiples of the primary resonance. Ultrasound tissue perfusion studies have been developed which are based on the destruction of contract agents coupled to the measurement of blood flow. Nevertheless, many outstanding issues remain in contrast agent design especially with respect to emerging applications. Even with the use of higher order harmonics there is a lack of an acoustic signature or destruction mechanism at frequencies above approximately 5.0 MHz with conventional agents. The design and use of a high frequency contrast agent is addressed by exploiting the multiple scattering response of agents modled as spherical elastic shells. Also considered is the nonlinear response of elastic-shelled agents. The considerations of shells modeled as linear and nonlinear elastic materials are discussed. The use of contrast agents for targeted drug delivery has recently received much attention. More specifically, the ImaRx Corporation (Tucson, Arizona) has developed thick fluid shelled agents, which release suspended taxol-based drugs from their shells upon destruction. Shape instabilities and surface waves correspond with the fragmentation and destruction of the agents. Finally, the interaction of multiple contrast agents has received little attention with respect to these emerging applications.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prognostic Factors and Treatment for Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor—Report of 3 Cases and Analysis of 88 Cases☆

Abstract Objective. In order to understand the prognostic factors of placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT), we performed a MEDLINE search for cases from 1976 through 1998 and report three cases. Materials and Methods. The patients' age at presentation, antecedent pregnancies, and responses to treatment were analyzed according to the extent of disease, disease status after treatment, and survival in 88 cases. Results. Patients with disease extending outside the uterus at presentation had a median latency of 24 months between the antecedent pregnancy and presentation of PSTT, which was significantly longer than that of 12 months in those with disease confined to the uterus. Patients with metastatic diseases were 3 years older than patients with diseases confined to the uterus and had a higher incidence of term delivery as their antecedent pregnancy. The outcomes of patients with FIGO stage I–II disease after hysterectomy were excellent, while those with FIGO stage III–IV diseases had a 30% survival. Although initial partial responses to chemotherapy were observed in some patients, only 5 patients achieved a complete remission and 3 of these 5 received a combination of etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin-D, alternating with cyclophosphamide and vincristine. Conclusion. FIGO stage is the most important prognostic factor, and complete removal of all lesions provided good outcomes in PSTT patients. For those with unresectable tumors, combination chemotherapy showed a high response rate, but only a few achieved a complete response.
Dietary influences on growth and sexual maturation in premenarchial rhesus monkeys

The effect of a high-fat diet on growth, sexual maturation, and developmental changes in serum levels of estradiol (E2), growth hormone (GH), somatomedin-C (Sm-C), and insulin were examined in outdoor-housed premenarchial rhesus monkeys. From 16 to 32 months of age, females were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD, N = 5) with 31% calories from fat or a control diet (commercial laboratory chow, N = 10) with 12% of the calories from fat. Maintenance on a HFD did not accelerate physical growth, as all animals exhibited similar increments in body weight, crown-rump length, and weight/height ratios. In contrast, the HFD group exhibited an earlier onset of perineal swelling and menarche despite lower body weights during that time. Moreover, 80% of the HFD animals exhibited an early first ovulation (31-32 months of age) compared with 40% of control animals. These reproductive changes were associated with significant differences in the endocrine profiles of HFD animals. Fasting serum levels of insulin were significantly elevated within 2 months of diet treatment and remained elevated throughout the study period. Levels of Sm-C were elevated relative to those of controls after 3 months of diet treatment, but not thereafter. Serum GH increased after 6 months on the HFD and, overall, concentrations were higher in HFD animals. A significant rise in E2 was observed after only 45 days on the HFD treatment. These concentrations did not differ from 18 to 21 months of age but again were elevated at 27 months in the HFD females. Since these endocrine and physical changes associated with reproductive physiology occurred in the absence of enhanced growth, these data suggest that a high-fat diet may influence the rate of sexual maturation through changes in certain metabolic factors which may act on the developing neuroendocrine system.
Redefining the role of computers in architecture: from drafting/modelling tools to knowledge-based design assistants

Abstract The use of computers for automating the processes of design and manufacture promised significant improvements in designer's productivity and products' quality, neither of which, so far, have been realized in architectural design. This paper argues that in order to realize such improvements the modelling/drafting role computers have been assigned in architectural design should be changed, so that computers will become intelligent assistants to designers, relieving them from the need to perform the more trivial design tasks and augmenting their decision making capabilities. To support this argument, architectural design is modelled as a search process in a space of alternative solutions, seeking one or more solutions that satisfy certain design criteria. Design is shown to be a special case of general problem-solving processes, and thus comprised of two major components: design states and the generator/test cycle that facilitates transitions between them. It is then shown that the symbolic representation capabilities of computers qualify them to simulate such design states and the generate/test cycle, using techniques that were developed independently in the fields of geometric modelling and artificial intelligence. A conceptual framework of a knowledge-based computer-aided design system, which brings these techniques to bear on architectural problems, is presented, and its potential for increasing the utility of computers in the design of buildings is discussed.
Science, freedom and trade

Michael Shermer enjoys two books that examine economics and politics from a scientific perspective — one explaining the experimental basis for democracy, another placing trade in an evolutionary context.
SU-E-T-127: Feasibility Study for Using a 2D Array Detector for All Beam Measurements in Monthly Quality Assurance Procedure for a Uniform Scanning Proton Therapy System.

Purpose: To develop a more efficient monthly quality assurance (QA) process by utilizing one detector with multiple setups instead of multiple detectors with multiple setups. Method: The Sun Nuclear IC Profiler was used to measure machine output, transverse profiles, and depth‐dose profiles. The IC Profiler contains 251 ionization chambers aligned in the X, Y, and diagonal axes, and was designed to measure machine output and transverse profiles. In order to measure depth‐doses, a Lucite compensator with an angled surface was fabricated. To test the capability of the detector, a proton beam of 10.5 cm range in water was used. The distal edge coincided with the overall water equivalent depth upstream of the detector on central axis. The measurement was repeated with an additional 1.0 mm of solid water placed in front of the detector. The measured profiles from both measurements were compared to quantify the IC Profiler response for a small range change. Results: The IC Profiler performs within vendor specification for measuring machine output and transverse profiles. When measuring depth‐doses with an angled compensator, the IC profiler measures a change in profile along central axis of 17.0% for a 1.0mm range change. Based on overall reproducibility of the beam delivery system, the IC profiler is capable of detecting 0.3 mm range shift. Therefore, the sensivity of the IC profiler response is suffficient to detect sub millimeter changes in delivered range. Conclusion: The Sun Nuclear IC Profiler is capable of measuring machine output, transverse profiles, and depth‐dose profile constancy with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Using a single detector for all beam measurements increases the overall QA efficiency by reducing multiple detector overhead while not sacrificing the accuracy and precision of the measurements.
Improvement of High Algae-Laden Water Treatment by Coagulation Aid of Chitosan

Using aluminium sulphate (AS) and chitosan as the main coagulant and coagulant-aid respectively, the high algae-laden water was treated by coagulation /flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S). When the dosage ranges of AS and chitosan were 35~45 mg/L and 0.4~0.7 mg/L respectively, the removal rates of turbidity, algae cells and TOC were all enhanced apparently compared with adding AS alone. Especially the effective removal of organic matters has a significant sense. The compound action of AS and chitosan can reduce dosage of aluminum salt coagulant for meeting the treatment requirements, which means reduction of residual aluminium in treated water. The algae flocs generated by coagulation aid of chitosan were larger and more compact and had a faster settling velocity. So the application of chitosan can bring better environmental and economic benefits in water treatment.
Nuclear equation of state

We present a discussion of the equation of state of cold nuclear matter predicted by our recently completed Thomas-Fermi model. The equation is in the form of a three-term polynomial in the cube root of the density, with coefficients that are functions of the relative neutron excess \ensuremath{\delta}. The coefficients are tabulated in the range from $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ (standard nuclear matter) to $\ensuremath{\delta}=1$ (neutron matter), making it very easy to calculate, for a given $\ensuremath{\delta}$, the pressure, compressibility, saturation binding, and any other property of the Thomas-Fermi equation of state. We discuss the empirical information concerning abnormal densities and large neutron excess that is contained in the measured values of the surface energy, surface diffuseness, and the neutron skin.
The Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Maladjustment for Students at Risk.

This study examines the relationship between adolescents' (N = 125) perceived social support and self-reported (mal)adjustment indicators in a sample of predominantly at risk: Hispanic students in an urban middle school. The instruments used to collect data were the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (Malecki, Demaray, & Elliott, 2000) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Self Report of Personality (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1998). Results indicated significant relationships in the expected direction between overall social support and clinical and school (mal)adjustment indicators. Parent and classmate support were most strongly related to clinical and interpersonal indicators whereas parent, teacher, and school support were related to school-related indicators. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum Interference and Many Worlds: A New Family of Classical Analogies

We present a new way of constructing classical analogies of quantum interference. These analogies share one common factor: they treat closed loops as fundamental entities. Such analogies can be used to understand the difference between quantum and classical probability; they can also be used to illuminate the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. An examination of these analogies suggests that closed loops (particularly closed loops in time) may have special significance in interpretations of quantum interference, because they allow probabilities to remain classically additive.
Effect of surgically induced varicocele on testicular blood flow and Sertoli cell function.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the effect of varicocele on testicular blood flow and expression by Sertoli cells of transferrin and androgen-binding protein (ABP), to determine whether varicoceles impair Sertoli cell function. Methods. Experimental varicocele was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats by partial ligation of the left renal vein. The control group received a sham operation. At 30 minutes after surgery, rats underwent a xenon-133 washout study, and at 30 days after surgery, transferrin, ABP, and testicular blood flow were evaluated. Expression of transferrin and ABP were evaluated using immunohistochemical techniques. Testicular blood flow was measured using xenon-133 clearance techniques. Statistical analyses were done with an independent t test. Results. The testicular blood flow was 16.7 ± 1.25 mL/100 g/min in varicocele-bearing rats and 21.01 ± 0.46 mL/100 g/min in sham-operated rats 30 minutes after surgery. Testicular blood flow remained decreased at 30 days in varicocele-bearing rats (15.12 ± 1.08 mL/100 g/min) and remained stable in the control group (19.45 ± 0.55 mL/100 g/min). The expression of transferrin and ABP was significantly reduced in varicocele-bearing rats compared with the control group. Conclusions. Our study suggests that a decrease in testicular blood flow may lead to impaired Sertoli cell function in varicocele-bearing rats.
Observations on the development of mouse blastocysts transferred to the testis and kidney

The development of mouse blastocysts transferred to the kidney and testis was studied by light and electron microscopy. Approximately 50% of the blastocysts transferred to both sites survived for more than five days. Although trophoblast proliferation was characteristic of all 31 successful transplants which were serially sectioned, inner cell masses differentiated in only nine. Transplants were invasive in kidney but were encapsulated in testis. In both organs, however, transplants produced considerable hemorrhage. That trophoblast invades by phagocytosis was not substantiated in this study nor was there evidence that trophoblast elaborates a cytolytic factor. Although transplants caused gross lesions in the host organs, the cytology of cells in close proximity to invading trophoblast was almost normal. The only abnormal features observed were the presence of fine fibrillar material in the basal cytoplasm of renal tubule cells and a thickening of their basement membranes. No correlation could be demonstrated between the antigenic dissimilarity of host and transplant and extent of host tissue response.
Single amino acid substitutions in VH CDR2 are sufficient to generate or enhance the specificity of two forms of an anti-arsonate antibody variable region for DNA

Abstract We previously showed that a variety of amino acid substitutions at positions 58 and 59 in the V H CDR2 of an anti-arsonate (Ars) antibody Fab simultaneously resulted in increased or unaltered affinity for Ars and substantially enhanced affinity for DNA. To test the generality of these observations, we generated and characterized several antibody phage display libraries of this Fab containing random amino acid substitutions at V H CDR2 position 55. Position 55 was randomized in two contexts; in the unmutated V region, and in a previously isolated V H CDR2 position 58 and 59 mutant that displayed binding to both Ars and ssDNA. In the unmutated V region context, mutants that displayed strong binding to both Ars and DNA nearly exclusively contained Arginine residues at position 55. In the context of the 58 and 59 mutations, a variety of amino acid residues were observed at position 55 among mutants that bound strongly to both Ars and DNA, including Arginine. Lysine and Serine. None of these position 55 mutations measurable altered affinity for Ars. These data substantiate the view that “dual reactive” antibodies—specific for both a foreign and an autoantigen—are frequently generated in vivo via hypermutation during immune responses driven by the foreign antigen.
Chemically grafted polymeric filters for chemical sensors : Hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) films incorporating β-cyclodextrin receptors and amine-functionalized filter layers

We report a new “molecular-filter” approach for enhancing the selectivity of chemical sensors. Specifically, we describe electrochemical sensors prepared from Au electrodes coated with β-cyclodextrin-functionalized, hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) films capped with a chemically grafted, ultrathin polyamine layer. The hyperbranched PAA film is a highly functionalized framework for covalently binding the β-cyclodextrin molecular receptors. The thin, grafted polyamine overlayer acts as a pH-sensitive “molecular filter” that selectively passes suitably charged analytes. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers or poly-d-lysine is used as 10−15-nm-thick filter layers. The results show that at low pH, when the polyamines are fully protonated, positively charged redox probe molecules, such as benzyl viologen (BV), do not permeate the filter layer. However, at high pH, when the filter layer is uncharged, BV penetrates the filter layer and is reduced at the electrode. The opposite pH dependence is observed for negativel...
ED-02A SEER-MEDICARE DATA ANALYSIS OF ELDERLY GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS: TREATMENT PATTERNS, OUTCOMES AND COST

BACKGROUND: Elderly GBM patients may not tolerate 6 weeks of radiotherapy (RT) and concurrent temozolomide (TMZ). Treatments utilizing hypofractionated RT and/or chemotherapy are alternatives. In this study, we use a population based database to determine treatment patterns, cost and outcomes. METHODS: The surveillance epidemiology and end-result (SEER) Medicare linked database was used to identify 3759 patients aged > 66 with GBM diagnosed between 1997 and 2009. Patients were stratified by initial treatment after surgery into 6 groups: no treatment, standard RT +/- TMZ, hypofractionated RT +/- TMZ or TMZ alone. RESULTS: Median age of 3759 patients was 74 years (range 66-97). Forty-eight percent (n = 1818) received standard RT without TMZ, 10% (n = 386) standard RT with TMZ. Twenty-nine percent (n = 1094) no treatment after diagnostic surgery. Ten percent (n = 390) received hypofractionated RT without TMZ. One percent (n = 43) hypofractionated RT with TMZ and less than 1% (n = 28) TMZ alone. Median survival for all patients was 6 months (range 0-121). Those that received no therapy had a median survival of 2 months (range 0-89). Patients that received standard RT +/- TMZ had median survivals of 11 (range 2-56) and 9 months (range 1-121) respectively (p = 0.01). Compared to the no therapy group, patients that had hypofractionated RT +/- TMZ or TMZ alone had improved median survivals of 3 months (range 1-29, AHR 0.48; 95% CI, 0.36-0.66), 4 months (range 0-33, AHR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.49-0.62) and 6 months (range 1-24, AHR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.29-0.62) respectively. Median post-surgery total treatment cost for patients receiving hypofractionated RT +/- TMZ or TMZ alone was $50,634, $27,284 and $39,708 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hypofractionated RT +/- TMZ or TMZ alone appear to improve survival in elderly GBM patients deemed not suitable for standard RT/TMZ. In some cases TMZ alone may be a more cost effective therapy with similar survival.
Capillary electrophoresis with indirect amperometric detection.

Abstract The use of indirect amperometric detection with capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated. The system consists of a porous glass coupler which allows amperometric detection at a carbon fiber electrode placed in the end of the capillary. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine is added to the buffer system as a continuously eluting electrophore. Indirect amperometric detection in 9-μm I.D. capillaries provides detection limits as low as 380 attomole for the amino acid arginine. Finally, both direct and indirect amperometric detection can be accomplished simultaneously.
Stability intervals for delay systems

An algebraic approach is extended to a single time delay system in order to determine the stability range of the adjustable parameter and the stability independently of delay and/or the stability intervals of delay. An illustrative example is included. The approach can be easily extended to certain multidelay systems. >
El impacto del radiocarbono sobre el estudio de la Prehistoría Tardía de la Península Ibérica: unos breves comentarios

Radiocarbon forced the abandonment of the Orientalist interpretation of the development of later Iberian prehistory and made it necessary its rethinking in terms of autochthonous evolutionary processes. The large lines of the chronology now being firmly established, radiocarbon should now be used to establish and refine the subdivisions of the Peninsula’s various regional sequences.
Calcific Myonecrosis Mimicking an Invasive Soft-Tissue Neoplasm. A Case Report and Review of the Literature*

Calcific myonecrosis has been reported as a late sequela of compartment syndrome, injury to the common peroneal nerve, and injury to the lower extremity without documented compartment syndrome or neurological injury1-8,13-19. This rare condition has been reported to occur ten to sixty-four years after the initial injury and typically presents as an enlarging mass in the anterior compartment of the leg. The characteristic radiographic appearance is that of a large fusiform soft-tissue mass in the anterior compartment, with peripheral plaque-like calcifications and usually with a well defined border. The calcifications may extend along fascial planes13. Erosion of bone had been reported in only four patients8,13. The benign radiographic appearance usually allows the lesion to be differentiated from an enlarging malignant mass in the soft tissues7. A sterile abscess usually is found at the time of operative treatment, but there is a high prevalence of chronic draining sinuses and secondary infection3,7,8,18. We report the case of a patient who was seen because of a painless, enlarging mass in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg thirty years after he had been hit by an automobile. At the time of the initial injury, he had sustained damage to the knee, a partial sciatic-nerve palsy, and a probable compartment syndrome of the leg. The case of our patient differs substantially from previously reported cases of calcific myonecrosis in that there was extensive erosion of bone, giving the lesion the appearance of an invasive neoplasm. A forty-nine-year-old man was referred for evaluation of a slowly enlarging mass in the right leg. Thirty years previously, he had been struck by an automobile while walking. He stated that he had sustained …