cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flight deck weather avoidance decision support: Implementation and evaluation

Weather related disruptions account for seventy percent of the delays in the National Airspace System (NAS). A key component in the weather plan of the Next Generation of Air Transportation System (NextGen) is to assimilate observed weather information and probabilistic forecasts into the decision process of flight crews and air traffic controllers. In this research we explore supporting flight crew weather decision making through the development of a flight deck predicted weather display system that utilizes weather predictions generated by ground-based radar. This system integrates and presents this weather information, together with in-flight trajectory modification tools, within a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) prototype. that the CDTI features 2D and perspective 3D visualization models of weather. The weather forecast products that we implemented were the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) and the Convective Weather Avoidance Model (CWAM), both developed by MIT Lincoln Lab. We evaluated the use of CIWS and CWAM for flight deck weather avoidance in two part-task experiments. Experiment 1 compared pilots' en route weather avoidance performance in four weather information conditions that differed in the type and amount of predicted forecast (CIWS current weather only, CIWS current and historical weather, CIWS current and forecast weather, CIWS current and forecast weather and CWAM predictions). Experiment 2 compared the use of perspective 3D and 2½D presentations of weather for flight deck weather avoidance. Results showed that pilots could take advantage of longer range predicted weather forecasts in performing en route weather avoidance but more research will be needed to determine what combinations of information are optimal and how best to present them.
Effects of Ammonium Lactate on 2,3-Pentanedione Formation from Lactic Acid

Ammonia is often used for pH adjustment during fermentation of glucose to lactic acid. Its presence as ammonium lactate in the catalytic upgrading of lactic acid to 2,3-pentanedione over CsOH/silica reduces diketone yields to nearly zero at high ammonia levels. Removal of ammonia from the feed restores 2,3-pentanedione yield, indicating that the catalyst itself is not poisoned by ammonia. Instead, 2,3-pentanedione continues to form in the presence of ammonia and is consumed in secondary reactions downstream of the catalyst bed. Both base-catalyzed self-condensation of 2,3-pentanedione to duroquinone (and oligomeric species) and direct reaction of ammonia with the diketone are observed.
A Numerical Study of the Supersaturation Field around Growing Graupel

Abstract Development of supersaturation around falling graupel in supercooled clouds was investigated numerically. The steady state temperature and vapor density profiles were obtained by solving the nonsteady state advective diffusion equations in air around a falling graupel, under a steady, incompressible and irrotational condition, first assuming the surface to be spherical and completely covered with freezing cloud droplets. From these special temperature and vapor density profiles, the corresponding steady state supersaturation field with respect to water was estimated, and the maximum supersaturation that a flow line experienced was obtained as a function of the air flow volume. Bigger graupel showed larger, sweeping air volume of lower maximum supersaturation. Then, to estimate the supersaturation around graupel of colder surface temperatures, a fraction, β, of the surface covered by impinged and freezing droplets was introduced. Assuming a proportionality between the air volume and this β and app...
The Influence of the Earth's Magnetic Field on Cosmic-Ray Intensities up to the Top of the Atmosphere

Accurate observations on cosmic-ray intensities as measured by Neher electroscopes were made in the equatorial belt (Madras, India, mag. lat. 3 N) up to more than 98 percent of the way to the top of the atmosphere with the following results: 1. Cosmic rays whatever their nature are so rapidly absorbed in the outer layers of the atmosphere that even in the equatorial belt they get into equilibrium with their secondaries and produce their maximum ionization before they have penetrated through the first tenth of the atmosphere. 2. From that point on they fall off exceedingly rapidly in intensity following an exponential equation, their law of absorption being like that of x-rays and not that of particles that exhibit range phenomena such as low energy β-rays, proton rays or α rays. 3. The differences between the present curve, the San Antonio curve (mag. lat. 38.5 N) and the curve obtained on the Settle-Fordney flight (mag. lat. 53 N) fix for the first time the complete curves of ionization produced in the atmosphere by incoming charged particles having energies in the 2.5-6.7×103 Mev and 6.7-17×103 Mev ranges. These curves are reasonably well in accord with the Bethe Heitler theory as extended by Carlson and Oppenheimer. 4. The exceedingly rapid absorption of this latitude sensitive radiation with a coefficient nearly constant and independent of energy qualitatively justifies the shower theory of the foregoing authors. 5. The latitude sensitive part of the cosmic-ray ionization found in the lower portion of the atmosphere is practically all due to the secondary effects of varied nature resulting from the absorption of the incoming electrons in the upper tenth of the atmosphere. 6. The apparent absorption coefficient of the whole progeny of secondary influences resulting, down to sea level from the absorption of incoming electrons in the very top layers of the atmosphere is approximately the same as that found by Johnson and by Neher for the east-west effect thus proving that the particles causing the latitude and the east-west effects are of the same type. Both absorption coefficients are such as to suggest that these particles are electrons (predominantly positive) and not protons.
Transfected MDCK cell line with enhanced expression of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein as a model to study their role in drug transport and metabolism

The aim of this study was to characterize and utilize MDCK cell line expressing CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein as an in vitro model for evaluating drug–herb and drug–drug of abuse interactions. MDCK cell line simultaneously expressing P-gp and CYP3A4 (MMC) was developed and characterized by using expression and activity studies. Cellular transport study of 200 μM cortisol was performed to determine their combined activity. The study was carried across MDCK-WT, MDCK-MDR1 and MMC cell lines. Similar studies were also carried out in the presence of 50 μM naringin and 3 μM morphine. Samples were analyzed by HPLC for drug and its CYP3A4 metabolite. PCR, qPCR and Western blot studies confirmed the enhanced expression of the proteins in the transfected cells. The Vivid CYP3A4 assay and ketoconazole inhibition studies further confirmed the presence of active protein. Apical to basal transport of cortisol was found to be 10- and 3-fold lower in MMC as compared to MDCK-WT and MDCK-MDR1 respectively. Higher amount of met...
Factors Contributing to the Increase in Productivity in the Wild Blueberry Industry

SUMMARY Wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) are unique in that they are commercially grown in the State of Maine in the United States and in Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Approximately half the crop is grown in Maine and the remainder from Canada. The wild blueberry crop has increased by an average of 2.3 million kg each year over the last 20 years and now averages over 68.2 million kg per year. Since 1980, approximately 4050 new ha added in Maine, and over 6073 ha have been added in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; PEI has also developed more than 1620 new ha. However, most of the gains in yield have come from improved management of the fields. Preemergence weed control with the herbicides terbacil and hexazinone in the 1980s provided a release from the weed competition, and immediately doubled yields on many fields. It also allowed for improved fertility management and the increased use of bees for pollination which resulted in even more production. Good disease and pest control...
Platelet activation by human pancreatic fluid

The effects of human pancreatic fluid (HPF) on platelet aggregation and activation were studied. HPF, obtained at operation from nine patients with chronic pancreatitis and two with pancreas cancer, was pooled, lyophilized, and adjusted to a concentration of 1 mg protein/cc of 0.9% saline after dialysis. Platelet aggregation was evaluated by measuring platelet count after iv administration of HPF to five rabbits in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/kg. Platelet activation was evaluated by adding 0.1-ml aliquots of pooled HPF in various concentrations to 0.9 ml of human platelet-rich plasma. After a 15-min incubation at 37°C, the platelets were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant examined for platelet-release products. Serotonin was measured by highperformance liquid chromotography (HPLC) and platelet factor 4 and thromboxane B2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. A significant decrease in rabbit platelet count signifying platelet aggregation was seen after iv administration of 1.0 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and 2.0 mg/kg (P < 0.001) HPF. Platelet activation was confirmed by a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serotonin, platelet factor 4, and thromboxane B2 at almost all concentrations of HPF. This study indicates that HPF induces platelet aggregation and activation and suggests that platelet contact with pancreatic exocrine fluid may have both local and systemic effects that are important in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis.
Development and validation of a smartphone heart rate acquisition application for health promotion and wellness telehealth applications

Objective. Current generation smartphones' video camera technologies enable photoplethysmographic (PPG) acquisition and heart rate (HR) measurement. The study objective was to develop an Android application and compare HRs derived from a Motorola Droid to electrocardiograph (ECG) and Nonin 9560BT pulse oximeter readings during various movement-free tasks. Materials and Methods. HRs were collected simultaneously from 14 subjects, ages 20 to 58, healthy or with clinical conditions, using the 3 devices during 5-minute periods while at rest, reading aloud under observation, and playing a video game. Correlation between the 3 devices was determined, and Bland-Altman plots for all possible pairs of devices across all conditions assessed agreement. Results. Across conditions, all device pairs showed high correlations. Bland-Altman plots further revealed the Droid as a valid measure for HR acquisition. Across all conditions, the Droid compared to ECG, 95% of the data points (differences between devices) fell within the limits of agreement. Conclusion. The Android application provides valid HRs at varying levels of movement free mentalperceptual motor exertion. Lack of electrode patches or wireless sensor telemetric straps make it advantageous for use in mobile-cell-phone-delivered health promotion and wellness programs. Further validation is needed to determine its applicability while engaging in physical movement-related activities.
Discovery of (E)-9,10-Dehydroepothilones through Chemical Synthesis: On the Emergence of 26-Trifluoro-(E)-9,10-dehydro-12,13-desoxyepothilone B as a Promising Anticancer Drug Candidate

We provide a full account of the discovery of the (E)-9,10-dehydro derivatives of 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (dEpoB), a new class of antitumor agents with promising in vivo preclinical properties. The compounds, which are to date not available by modification of any of the naturally occurring epothilones, were discovered through total chemical synthesis. We describe how our investigations of ring-closing metathesis reactions in epothilone settings led to the first and second generation syntheses of (E)-9,10-dehydro-12,13-desoxyepothilone congener 6. With further modifications, the synthesis was applied to reach a 26-trifluoro derivative compound (see compound 7). To conduct such studies and in anticipation of future development needs, the total synthesis which led to the initial discovery of compound 7 was simplified significantly. The total synthesis methodology used to reach compound 7 was then applied to reach more readily formulated compounds, bearing hydroxy and amino functionality on the 21-position (see compounds 45, 62, and 63). Following extensive in vitro evaluations of these new congeners, compound 7 was nominated for in vivo evaluations in xenograft models. The data provided herein demonstrate a promising therapeutic efficacy, activity against large tumors, nonrelapseability, and oral activity. These results have identified compound 7 as a particularly promising compound for clinical development. The excellent, totally synthetic, route to 7 makes such a program quite feasible.
Favorable effects of oral maintenance digoxin therapy on left ventricular performance in normal subjects: Echocardiographic study

Abstract Left ventricular performance was assessed with echocardiography in 10 normal subjects before and during maintenance therapy with digoxin (0.5 mg/day orally) in the basal state and after acute pressure loading with intravenously administered phenylephrine. During digoxin therapy, despite a decrease in mean heart rate of 5 beats/min in the basal state, mean left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 74 ± 2 to 79 ± 1 percent (standard error, P P P = 0.05). During acute pressure loading with phenylephrine there was no change in mean heart rate after digoxin and mean ejection fraction increased from 69 ± 3 to 75 ± 2 percent; mean percent shortening increased from 33 ± 2 to 38 ± 2 percent; mean rate of shortening increased from 5.46 ± 0.32 to 6.48 ± 0.33 cm/sec and mean normalized rate of shortening increased from 1.11 ± 0.06 to 1.29 ± 0.05 sec −1 (all P
Gap junction protein homologue from Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for connexins in plants.

Abstract An Arabidopsis thaliana library constructed in the pBluescript expression vector lambda ZAP II (Stratagene) was screened with three affinity-purified antibodies raised against (i) rat liver connexin 32, (ii) a polypeptide from soybean root cells that migrates with a molecular mass of 29 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels and is immunologically related to rat liver connexin, and (iii) a synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence in rat liver connexin 32. A single clone was obtained whose gene product demonstrated immunological crossreactivity with all three reagents. The cDNA from this clone contained 1171 base pairs and coded for a protein of 280 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 32,339 Da (migrates as a 29-kDa polypeptide in SDS/polyacrylamide gels). The sequence homology observed between the 32-kDa polypeptide of Arabidopsis and connexin 32 from rat liver, in conjunction with observed similarities in predicted number and distribution of hydrophobic domains, sites for posttranslational modification, and basic pI, provides strong evidence that the biological range for connexin-type proteins may now be considered to include the plant kingdom.
AK-automorphism with non-isomorphicZ×Z 2 actions

We construct a measure space (X, T) with aK-automorphism. We define two different order two maps on (X, T),S 1 andS 2. These maps commute withT. We show two group actions {T, S 1} and {T, S 2} are not isomorphic.
Predicting Pediatric Resident Performance † 1922

The objective of our study was to evaluate what factors predict pediatric resident performance. A retrospective study of five classes (1991-1995) of pediatric residents graduated from a University based program were evaluated. Medical school variables evaluated included: class rank, cumulative grade point average (GPA), clinical grade point average (CGPA), pediatric clerkship grade (PCG), and National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Part I and II. Also gender, size of medical school attended and whether the resident was a graduate of our medical school were noted. Resident Selection (RS), final ranking and final matched rank were also considered. Resident performance was measured by the American Board of Pediatrics clinical competence average score(ABPS) and Pediatric Board Score (PBS). Chief residency selection and inservice examinations were also documented. Univariant analyses using Spearman rank correlation and t-tests were conducted. Seventy pediatric resident graduates were evaluated (42 females, 28 males, 22 from our medical school, 48 from other schools). No medical school variable correlated with ABPS. A positive correlation existed between PBS and NBMEI, INSIII, NBMEII, INSI, GPA, CGPA, PCG, RS rank, final matched rank, and class rank (rs = 0.64, 0.63, 0.55, 0.41, 0.40, 0.34, 0.33, -0.27, -0.33, -0.58 respectively). ABPS did not correlate with PBS. Chief residents' PCG, INSIII, ABPS, and PBS were higher (all p<0.05) than other residents but no difference in GPA or RS ranking was noted. The preacceptance factors and outcome measures between males and females were similar. Residents from small schools had similar PCG and GPA as those from larger ones, though NBI and PBS were higher in those from smaller schools (p = 0.01, 0.32 respectively); no difference in ABPS was seen. Our own school's residents matched with lower NBI than other residents(p = 0.028) while no difference in GPA or PCG was seen. ABPS was similar between these two groups, though our school's graduates' PBS were lower (p = 0.002). Residents' PBS correlates strongly with many factors known at the time of residency application. Our study corroborates with studies in other specialties noting that nocognitive skills are difficult to evaluate. A way to better evaluate these skills is needed if “success” is measured by the APBS and not PBS alone.
Differential requirement for type I and type II transforming growth factor β receptor kinase activity in ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily polypeptides regulate cell growth and differentiation by binding to single pass serine/threonine kinases referred to as TGFβ type I and type II receptors. Signal propagation is dependent upon heteromeric (type I-type II) complex formation and transphosphorylation of the type I receptor by the type II receptor. While many of the phosphorylation events necessary for receptor signaling have recently been characterized, the role of TGFβ receptor kinase activity in modulating receptor endocytosis has not been addressed. To that end, we have used chimeric receptors consisting of the extracellular domain of the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor α and β receptors spliced to the TGFβ type I and type II transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains to address the specific role of type I and/or type II receptor kinase activity in TGFβ receptor internalization, down-regulation, and signaling. To inactivate chimeric receptor kinase activity, point mutations in the ATP binding site were made at amino acids 232 and 277 in the type I and type II receptor, respectively. Either of these mutations abolished plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 protein expression stimulated by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor activation of chimeric heteromeric type I-type II TGFβ receptors. They did not, however, modulate TGFβ signaling stimulated through the endogenous TGFβ receptor. Although TGFβ receptor signaling was dependent upon the kinase activity of both chimeric receptors, the initial endocytic response was distinctly regulated by type I and/or type II receptor kinase activity. For instance, while heteromeric receptor complexes containing a kinase-inactive type I receptor were endocytosed similarly to wild type complexes, the kinase activity of the type II TGFβ receptor was necessary for optimal internalization and receptor down-regulation. Furthermore, these responses were shown to occur independently of type II receptor autophosphorylation but require a type II receptor capable of transphosphorylation.
Development and terrestrial applications of a nano-g accelerometer

The ultra-sensitive accelerometer, developed for NASA to monitor the microgravity environments of Space Shuttle, free orbitors and Space Station, needed to measure accelerations up to 10 mg with an absolute accuracy of 10 nano-g for at least two orbits to resolve accelerations associated with orbital drag. Also, the accelerometers needed to have less than 10-9 F.S. off-axis sensitivity; to be thermally and magnetically inert; to be immune to quiescent shock, and to have an in-situ calibration capability. The utilization of these accelerometers in multi-axis compact seismometers designs that have twelve decades of dynamic range, density profilometers, precision gradiometers, gyros and vibration isolation designs and applications will be discussed. FInally, examples of the versatility of the proof mass suspension system will be demonstrated through the transformation of the basic accelerometer into sensitive anemometers and imaging spectrometers.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Lisp Kernel: A Portable Software Environment for Composition

hind the Lisp Kernel software, its design specifications, and the goals it attempts to serve. Next I will describe the current state of the system, including its basic data structures and categories of procedures, and what the system is capable of doing now. Then I will discuss some of the ways in which various people are now using the Lisp Kernel and some ideas for future development connected to it, including applications of artificial intelligence. Finally, there will be a brief review of other software systems whose ideas are related to those behind Lisp Kernel and some remarks on the desirability of writing software that can talk to other software.
A potential for simulating the atomic assembly of cubic AB compounds

Abstract Stillinger–Weber interatomic potentials can be used to study the crystal growth of AB compounds with the zinc-blende (B3) structure, but have been unable to be used for other cubic structured compounds. Here we extend a recently modified Stillinger–Weber potential for cubic elements so that it is suited for studying the growth of cubic compounds with the B1 and B2 structures. We also parameterize the potential for the Mg–O system. The potential is shown to accurately model the lattice constants and the cohesive energies of the fcc Mg, fcc O, and the B1 MgO structures. It also correctly ensures that the equilibrium phase of each of these materials possesses the lowest cohesive energy with respect to all their other phases. The potential correctly predicts crystalline growth during molecular dynamics simulations of the vapor deposition of fcc Mg and B1 MgO thin films. The results also reveal the formation of various defects in the films, including islands and twins in Mg, interstitials and disrupted regions on the MgO growth surface, and local un-oxidized regions at the MgO/Mg interface during the oxidation of Mg. The simulation approach enables the study of atomic assembly processes controlling the formation of these defects.
GPI distributors: Field notes on a partnering relationship for sustainable business

Abstract The relationship between GPI Distributors and its partnering supplier, Vellen Lumber, is profiled based on field notes from a series of in-depth interviews with distributor respondents. From this form of case data, specific partnering activities are documented and a detailed description of the wood products market is provided. Most of the partnering activities described are in the anticipated direction according to the prediction matrix developed by project coordinators, Richard P. Vlosky and Elizabeth J. Wilson (described in Fontenot and Wilson, 1997, this issue). However, an interesting “protection” activity was described whereby GPI and Vellen attempt to guard their market shares from potential competitors while not violating anti-trust regulations. This subtle finding is an example of “thick description” that can result from field notes. Thus, a contribution of this article is to provide an example of field-based data in qualitative research.
On annealing‐induced prismatic dislocation loops and electrical changes in heavily Te‐doped GaAs

The nature of the perfect prismatic dislocation loops formed during the post-growth annealing treatments of moderately heavily Te-doped (viz. 1018cm−3≦[Te]≦ 8 × 1018cm−3) GaAs in the temperature range 800 to 1000 °C is determined by transmission electron microscopy. The results of the detailed diffraction contrast analysis show unambiguously that these defects are vacancy type in character contradicting an earlier conclusion that the prismatic loops are interstitial type. A divacancy-model is proposed for the formation of the observed microstructural defects which involves the precipitation of a complex of the type, (TAsVGaVAs). This model would adequately explain the annealing-induced changes in electrical properties of heavily Te-doped GaAs reported previously in the literature. Die Art der vollstandigen prismatischen Versetzungsschleifen, die wahrend der Temperungs-behandlungen nach dem Zuchten von masig stark Te-dotierten (z. B. 1018cm−3≦[Te]≦8 × 1018cm−3) GaAs im Temperaturbereich von 800 bis 1000 °C gebildet wurden, werden mittels Transmissions-elektronenmikroskopie bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse einer ausfuhrlichen Beugungskontrastanalyse zeigen eindeutig, das diese Defekte vom Leerstellentyp sind, und befinden sich so im Gegensatz zu einer fruheren Schlusfolgerung, das die prismatischen Schleifen vom Zwischengittertyp sind. Es wird ein Doppelleerstellenmodell fur die Bildung der beobachteten Mikrostrukturdefekte vorgeschlagen, das die Prazipitation eines Komplex von der Art (TAsVGaVAs) einschliest. Dieses Modell konnte adaquat die durch Tempern induzierten Anderungen der elektrischen Eigenschaften von stark Te-dotiertem GaAs erklaren, die kurzlich in der Literatur veroffentlich wurden.
Development of transport mechanisms for sulphate and iodide in immature choroid plexus.

— The time-course of development of sulphate and iodide transport mechanisms in choroid plexus was studied by measuring uptake of [35S]sulphate and [125I]iodide from an incubating medium by isolated choroid plexuses of foetal and newborn rabbits and cats. Sulphate uptake by choroid plexus was poorly developed in rabbit foetuses just before term, but highly developed in newborn animals. Iodide uptake was already well developed in the most immature foetuses studied.
FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND AND SAND-DEICER MIXTURES ON BARE ICE

Frictional characteristics of sand and sand-deicer mixtures were investigated as functions of temperature, gradation, and application rate. Results of a laboratory cold-room study in which sliding friction was measured with a British pendulum tester are described. Four temperatures, three sand gradations, four brine concentrations, and four sand-application rates were investigated. All tests were performed on an ice sheet in a cold room, where sand temperatures were maintained close to ice temperatures. Three categories of materials were tested: sand alone, sand-salt mixtures, and sand-brine mixtures. Results showed that sand-brine mixtures outperformed the other two, with significantly greater sliding friction. Two brine concentrations were found suitable in two temperature ranges. Below -12°C, 2.5 percent brine (by weight) gave good results with a fine sand (passing the No. 30 U.S. sieve but retained on the No. 50 sieve) at a sand application rate of 1 g over a test area of 100 x 200 mm, with a sand-to-...
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION : VII. THE PRODUCTION OF THE MALIGNANT PHASE OF HYPERTENSION.

The production of the acute malignant phase of experimental hypertension has been accomplished in seventeen dogs. The method used to produce this type of hypertension was the same as for the benign type (4), namely, constriction of the main renal arteries, or the equivalent, constriction of the aorta above the origin of both main renal arteries, but the constriction was especially severe. The malignant phase in the animals was characterized by hypertension, terminal renal insufficiency and the development of petechiae and larger hemorrhages in many internal organs, especially the alimentary tract. These were due to dissecting hemorrhage through, or rupture of, the wall of severely hyalinized or necrotic arterioles, or rupture of capillaries. Hyalinization and necrosis of arterioles were more severe and more widespread in animals that had a period of benign hypertension before the onset of renal insufficiency. In animals with a previous long period of benign hypertension, thickening of the media also occurred in arterioles, with or without hyalinized intima. Elevation of blood pressure (mechanical factor) and renal insufficiency (humoral factor) are at least two of the necessary conditions for the development of the necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages. Necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages have not yet been observed in animals that have had very high blood pressure for years without renal insufficiency, nor in animals with azotemia, due to removal of both kidneys, but without hypertension. Hyalinized retinal arterioles have been observed in dogs with persistent hypertension and with moderate or no disturbance of renal function. That ischemia is not the cause of the necrosis of the arterioles is shown by their absence from the ischemic kidneys of the dogs and their widespread presence in other organs that were not ischemic. These experiments show that the necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages are secondary to and not the primary cause of the malignant phase of hypertension.
A Cofactor for the Formic Hydrogenlyase Enzyme System.

Summary1. The formic hydrogenlyase enzyme system (FHL) is activated by oleic acid, thus representing an enzymatic function for a fatty acid. 2. Other fatty acids are capable of stimulating FHL activity in bacterial cell suspensions under certain conditions, but oleate is the most effective of those tested. 3. Yeast and liver contain a substance or substances more active than oleic acid. 4. The activity of natural materials is increased by acid hydrolysis. S. Active dried cell preparations catalyzing the breakdown of formate to CO2 and H2 may be obtained by vacuum drying.
On the extended Thomas-Fermi approximation to the cranked harmonic oscillator

Abstract The extended Thomas-Fermi model is used to calculate the average energy of a system of independent particles moving in a cranked harmonic oscillator. We minimize the smoothed energy with respect to the harmonic frequencies and find a great similarity between our results and the liquid drop results. Moreover, the semiclassical stationary solution violates the isotropy of the velocities distribution in the intrinsic frame. As in the quantal case, the equilibrium of the nucleus is governed by the well-known self-consistent relation of Mottelson: ω 1 2 x 2 2 > = ω 2 2 x 2 2 > = ω 3 2 x 3 2 >. A comparison is made with the classical rotation of a gravitational mass.
A highly practical route for large-area, single layer graphene from liquid carbon sources such as benzene and methanol

Through a detailed systematic study, we determined the parameters critical for high-quality, single-layer graphene formation and developed a straightforward synthesis that requires no explosive hydrogen or methane gas flow. The synthesis is further simplified by using only a liquid carbon source such as methanol. Of over a dozen liquid carbon sources studied, methanol is found to be unique in that it acts as both a carbon/hydrogen source and an inhibitor to amorphous carbon growth. No deposition of amorphous carbon was observed, regardless of vapor pressure, unlike methane and other hydrocarbons. Finally, we describe a protocol to control graphene growth to a single side or selected location on the copper substrate, which is required for most device applications. Using our novel methods, we have prepared high-quality, single-layer graphene samples at the inch scale that have been thoroughly characterized with Raman spectroscopy, optical transmittance, scanning electron microscopy and sheet resistance measurements. Our method is safe, simple, and economical and will be of value to both fundamental researchers and nanodevice engineers.
THE INFLUENCE O F CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ON THE 3β-OL DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF TESTES AND ADRENALS1

IT HAS been reported (Samuels et al., 1951) that corpora lutea, placentae, interstitial cells of the testis, and the adrenal cortex contain an enzyme which would oxidize a 3β-hydroxy group in a steroid to a 3-ketone if the compound had an oxygen on C-17 or C-20. A wide range of other tissues, including the ovarian follicle, did not show this activity under the conditions studied. There did not seem to be any difference in specificity among the active tissues, since Δ5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one was converted to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone was converted to Δ4-androstene-3,4-dione by homogenates of either the testis, placenta or adrenal. It appeared, therefore, that this enzyme played a basic role in the formation of the nonbenzenoid steroid hormones and that the distinction in the final product from each gland depended on other enzymic reactions.
Design of Polymethine Dyes with Large Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities and Loss Figures of Merit

All-optical switching applications require materials with large third-order nonlinearities and low nonlinear optical losses. We present a design approach that involves enhancing the real part of the third-order polarizability (γ) of cyanine-like molecules through incorporation of polarizable chalcogen atoms into terminal groups, while controlling the molecular length to obtain favorable one- and two-photon absorption resonances that lead to suitably low optical loss and appreciable dispersion enhancement of the real part of γ. We implemented this strategy in a soluble bis(selenopyrylium) heptamethine dye that exhibits a real part of γ that is exceptionally large throughout the wavelength range used for telecommunications, and an imaginary part of γ, a measure of nonlinear loss, that is smaller by two orders of magnitude. This combination is critical in enabling low-power, high-contrast optical switching.
IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : I. A TECHNIQUE FOR INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES IN VITRO.

1. Type-specific S pneumococci may be transformed from one specific S type into other specific S types entirely by in vitro methods. 2. R forms of pneumococci, derived from S forms of one specific type, may be transformed into S forms of other specific types by the following in vitro procedure:—the growth of small inocula of R forms in media containing vaccines prepared from heterologous S cultures. 3. Transformation of type may be effected in this procedure by the use of small quantities of S vaccine,—quantities representing the bacteria from as little as 0.1 cc. of the original culture. 4. Transformation of type, as induced by this procedure, is most readily effected by employing anti-R serum in the culture medium. Transformation of type may be effected, however, in media which do not contain anti-R antibodies. 5. Previous findings on the thermal characteristics of the property of S vaccines responsible for transformation of type have been confirmed and extended.
Erratum: "Some Comments on the Laminar Compressible Boundary-Layer Analysis with Arbitrary Pressure Gradient"

Our experience with attempting to corroborate experimental ablation data with computer code predictions leads us to believe that the primary importance of silica-carbon reactions in depth lies with the dominating changes in thermal and mechanical properties of the char which result when the reaction proceeds rather than with an energy effect. Comparisons of computer predictions to test data and post-test samples tend to support this opinion, but of course much work remains to be done before all aspects of the complex response of silica reinforced materials are well characterized.
Coupled transport at the nanoscale: The unreasonable effectiveness of equilibrium theory

The Soret effect, also known as thermodiffusion, is a classic example of coupled transport (1) in which directed motion of a particle or macromolecule is driven by flow of heat down a thermal gradient. Generally, a particle moves from hot to cold, but the reverse is also seen under some conditions. Although it has been known for >150 years, the microscopic explanation of the Soret effect has remained unclear. In a recent issue of PNAS, Duhr and Braun (2) shed important light on the molecular mechanisms of the Soret effect by using a technique of single-particle tracking, which allows very sensitive measurements of how thermo-diffusion can be influenced by changes in the environment, as well as how the effect scales with parameters such as particle size and surface charge. Although there are numerous examples (3, 4) of exciting possibilities for technological uses of thermodiffusion, the importance of understanding the mechanism of the Soret effect goes beyond the practical applications. Ultimately, similar coupled processes in which a chemical reaction drives directed motion of a protein may lie at the heart of the mechanism of the biological motors and pumps essential for life. Detailed understanding of a variety of coupled transport processes, including the Soret effect, may lead to important advances in our ability to influence biological molecules and to use the insight gained from natural systems to help design synthetic nanoscale machines.
Structure and Activity of NiO/α-Al_2O_3 and NiO/ZrO_2 Calcined at High Temperatures I. Structure

A series of NiO/α-Al_2O_3 and NiO/ZrO_2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation and calcination in air between 750 and 1050 °C. Examination of the catalysts by means of nitrogen adsorption, H_2 chemisorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed marked variations in physical and chemical properties as a function of calcination temperature. The results indicate that NiO does not interact with ZrO_2 whereas NiO-Al_2O_3 interaction is extensive at the interface between NiO and Al_2O_3 when the calcination temperature exceeds 850 °C. When the calcined samples of NiO/ZrO_2 were reduced in hydrogen, extensive redispersion of the metal was observed.
CD3+ cells transfer the hypersensitive granulomatous response to mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate in mice.

The granulomatous response is the characteristic histological feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection that is essential for organism containment. Trehalose 6,6-dimycolate (TDM), a cell-wall glycolipid present on most mycobacterial species, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis infection. TDM has potent immunoregulatory and inflammatory properties, and can be used to model granulomatous reactions that mimic, in part, pathology caused during active infection. This study examined the hypersensitive granulomatous response, focusing on cellular responses specific to TDM. Lungs from mice immunized with TDM emulsion demonstrated exacerbated histological damage, inflammation, and lymphocytic infiltration upon subsequent challenge with TDM. Splenocytes recovered from these mice demonstrated significant interferon (IFN)-γ production during recall response to TDM, as well as increased production of proinflammatory mediators (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α). The exacerbated response could be adoptively transferred to naive mice. Administration of non-adherent lymphocytes or purified CD3+ cells from TDM-immunized mice led to increased inflammation, lymphocytic infiltration, and vascular endothelial cell damage upon challenge with TDM. Recipient mice that received immunized CD3+ lymphocytes demonstrated significant increases in Th1-type cytokines and proinflammatory mediators in lung tissue following TDM challenge. When CD1d−/− mice were immunized with TDM, they failed to generate a specific IFN-γ response, suggesting a role for this molecule in the generation of hypersensitivity. These experiments provide further evidence for the involvement of TDM-specific CD3+ T cells in pathological damage elicited during M. tuberculosis infection.
The Effect of Norepinephrine and Dibutyryl Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate on Cation Transport in Duck Erythrocytes

Freshly prepared duck erythrocytes, incubated either in plasma or an isotonic synthetic medium containing norepinephrine ([K] of both media approximately 2.5 mM), maintain water and electrolyte composition in the steady state (upper steady state) for at least 90 min. If incubated in the synthetic medium without norepinephrine or in plasma to which a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) is added, the cells lose both water and electrolyte (predominantly KCl) until a new steady state is reached (lower steady state). Reaccumulation of water and electrolyte from isotonic solutions toward the upper steady-state levels requires the addition of norepinephrine and KCl. Reaccumulation is maximal when the concentration of K and norepinephrine in the medium is 15 mM and 10(-7)M, respectively. Dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (10(-2)M) mimics norepinephrine in lower steady-state cells. Although an analogous effect in upper steady-state cells was not established with certainty, it is proposed that the catecholamine-induced net changes in water and electrolyte movement in duck erythrocytes are a consequence of stimulation of the activity of a membrane-bound adenyl cyclase system.
RAW LEADLESS WH1TEWARE GLAZES

A study was made of the effect of composition changes on the appearance of raw, leadless, boron-free glazes. The approximate limits of composition for the most fusible glazes of this type were found after varying the CaO, BaO, SrO, ZnO, MgO, and KNaO contents. Alumina and silica variations were made for some of the more promising glazes. Some general remarks concerning raw leadless glazes are included.
Effect of Duration of Water Treatment on the Nutritive Value of Linseed Meal

Abstract It has been indicated previously that the value of linseed meal may be improved for feeding chicks by treatment with 50 percent ethanol or water (Kratzer 1946, McGinnis and Polis, 1946). The process of treatment with water has been investigated further to determine the length of time at room temperature which is required to produce the maximum improvement in the chick growth-promoting value of the meal. The experimental samples were prepared by mixing thoroughly 4 kilograms of commercial linseed meal with 12 liters of water and allowing them to stand at 22°C. for the period of time indicated in Figure 1. They were then spread in shallow trays, dried at 85°C. for approximately 50 hours, and ground finely. The only variable in the procedure was the length of time the meal was treated. S. C. White Leghorn cockerel chicks were fed a stock mash for a week before they were . . .
High-Dose Chemotherapy and Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Each year in the USA, 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed and about 44,000 women die of the disease. Current primary treatment consists of adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy, and statistics show that combination chemotherapy favorably influences the outcomes in both node-negative and node-positive primary disease. However, a significant number of breast cancer patients succumb to the disease, and nearly every patient diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer will be dead within five years. High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) are based upon laboratory and clinical observations of the ability to modify growth properties of quiescent and replicating cancer cells. A large number of HDC and PBPCT regimens have been evaluated for treatment of metastatic breast cancer, and recent autologous bone marrow transplantation data indicate that three HDC regimens (CPB, CTCb and cytoxan and thiotepa) predominate. Unfortunately, negative media coverage surrounding and subsequent to the presentation of preliminary findings reported at the May 1999 American Society of Clinical Oncologists, that were not allowed adequate follow-up time for full analysis of treatment results, has had a detrimental effect on the ability to conduct trials in this area. Several randomized trials have been conducted in both the metastatic and high risk primary disease settings. Thorough analysis of these studies indicates an evaluable improvement in favor of HDC and PBPCT in three of the four randomized studies performed in metastatic breast cancer and two of the four high risk primary studies. Also, initial evaluations found that quality of life appeared comparable in patients receiving either HDC or not. Each randomized trial studied asks a different question and, depending on the intensity of HDC regimen, the intensity and duration of the standard dose chemotherapy control and the schedule of events in relation to induction chemotherapy, the outcomes may be quite variable. Still, certain general trends are indentifiable. HDC alone will not completely cure breast cancer and should be considered as part of an overall therapeutic plan. In some of these studies, significantly longer follow-up is required before definitive analysis can be completed. The Oncologist 2000;5:1-13
Identification of the amino acids essential for LytSR‐mediated signal transduction in Staphylococcus aureus and their roles in biofilm‐specific gene expression

Recent studies have demonstrated that expression of the Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB operon is specifically expressed within tower structures during biofilm development. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this spatial control of lrgAB expression, we carried out a detailed analysis of the LytSR two-component system. Specifically, a conserved aspartic acid (Asp53) of the LytR response regulator was shown to be the target of phosphorylation, which resulted in enhanced binding to the lrgAB promoter and activation of transcription. In addition, we identified His390 of the LytS histidine kinase as the site of autophosphorylation and Asn394 as a critical amino acid involved in phosphatase activity. Interestingly, LytS-independent activation of LytR was observed during planktonic growth, with acetyl phosphate acting as a phosphodonor to LytR. In contrast, mutations disrupting the function of LytS prevented tower-specific lrgAB expression, providing insight into the physiologic environment within these structures. In addition, over activation of LytR led to increased lrgAB promoter activity during planktonic and biofilm growth and a change in biofilm morphology. Overall, the results of this study are the first to define the LytSR signal transduction pathway, as well as determine the metabolic context within biofilm tower structures that triggers these signaling events.
The Stationary Distribution of Returns and Portfolio Separation in Capital Markets: A Fundamental Contradiction

In a general equilibrium model of risky assets, prices would be determined by the interaction of the supply and demand. Unpredictable events would impact one or both sides of the asset market and thereby influence the return on assets. The probability distribution of returns would thus be endogenous. Since expectations as to subsequent asset returns influence asset demand, the probability distribution of returns is a crucial element in the general equilibrium system; it is the consequence of the demand and supply of assets and, at the same time, a central determinant of expectations and, hence, of the demand for assets. Nevertheless, it is possible to undertake a partial equilibrium analysis in which the behavior of asset demand, conditional upon a postulated probability distribution of returns, is examined. In such a limited context, it is natural to postulate a “convenient” probability distribution of returns, namely, one that facilitates the analysis of demand. A leading assumption has been that returns are serially independent and obey a stationary distribution.