cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinesin Is a Candidate for Cross-bridging Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments SELECTIVE BINDING OF KINESIN TO DETYROSINATED TUBULIN AND VIMENTIN

We showed previously that stable, detyrosinated (Glu) microtubules function to localize vimentin intermediate filaments in fibroblasts (Gurland, G., and Gundersen, G. G. (1995)J. Cell Biol. 131, 1275–1290). To identify candidate proteins that mediate the Glu microtubule-vimentin interaction, we incubated microtubules with microtubule-interacting proteins and saturating levels of antibodies to Glu or tyrosinated (Tyr) tubulin. Antibodies to Glu tubulin prevented the microtubule binding of kinesin obtained from fibroblast or brain extracts more effectively than antibodies to Tyr tubulin. Scatchard plot analysis showed that kinesin heads bound to Glu microtubules with an ∼2.8-fold higher affinity than to Tyr microtubules. Purified brain kinesin cosedimented with vimentin, but not with neurofilaments, indicating that kinesin specifically associates with vimentin without accessory molecules. Kinesin binding to vimentin was not sensitive to ATP, and kinesin heads failed to bind to vimentin. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a kinesin heavy chain of ∼120 kDa and a light chain of ∼64 kDa were detected in vimentin/kinesin pellets. The light chain reacted with a general kinesin light chain antibody, but not with two other antibodies that recognize the two known isoforms of kinesin light chain in brain, suggesting that the kinesin involved in binding to vimentin may be a specific one. These results demonstrate a kinesin-based mechanism for the preferential interaction of vimentin with detyrosinated microtubules.
Toward high spatial resolution sampling and characterization of biological tissue surfaces using mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for the bioanalytical sciences because of its ability to characterize small and large biomolecules in vanishingly small amounts. A recurring motif in mass spectrometry aims to decipher the chemical composition of biological samples at the molecular level, requiring drastic improvements in the ability to interrogate well defined and highly spatially resolved areas of a sample surface. With the growth of novel ionization methods, numerous advances have been made in sampling biological tissue surfaces. Here, current advancements in ambient, inlet, and vacuum ionization methods are discussed with respect to the potential improvements in the goal of achieving high spatial resolution and/or fast surface analysis. Of similar importance is the need for improvements in applicable characterization strategies using high performance fragmentation technologies such as electron transfer dissociation and electron capture dissociation directly from surfaces, and gas-phase separation through ion mobility spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry.
Residual Centering, Exploratory and Confirmatory Moderator Analysis, and Decomposition of Effects in Path Models Containing Interactions:

Hierarchical moderated regression (HMR) analysis may lead to interpretational problems in tests of mod erator (interaction) hypotheses. An alternative, resid ual-centering approach is described and compared to traditional HMR analysis. Procedures for evaluating in teraction hypotheses and general effect analysis proce dures are described for path (causal) models contain ing interactions. Index terms: Confirmatory analysis, Effect analysis in path models, Goodness-of- fit tests, Hierarchical moderated regression, Media tors, Moderated regression, Multicollinearity, Path models, Residual centering.
Limits to PTA sensitivity: spin stability and arrival time precision of millisecond pulsars

Sources of noise in pulsar timing measurements are discussed along with spin stability of neutron stars. Estimates and scaling laws are given for spin noise, timing errors from fluctuations in pulsar magnetospheres, dispersion and scattering in the interstellar plasma, and in the matched filtering technique used to estimate arrival times. The composite noise spectrum is presented and an assessment of the detectability of gravitational waves (GWs) is given in terms of the sources of error and their mitigation. The scaling laws indicate that substantial improvement in sensitivity to GWs can be expected from implementation of new, wideband spectrometers at radio observatories, by using new algorithms to further reduce the levels of plasma propagation effects, and by increasing the number of millisecond pulsars used in pulsar timing arrays.
Altered expression of bcl-2 and bax mRNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord motor neurons.

One of the primary neurodegenerative events occurring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the selective loss of spinal cord α motor neurons. To study the potential role of apoptosis in the degeneration of these motor neurons, in situ hybridization was used to measure the expression of two apoptotic cell death genes, bcl-2 and bax, in control and ALS lumbar spinal cord sections. The strongest hybridization signal for bcl-2 mRNA in neurological and nonneurological control spinal cords was found primarily in lamina IX α motor neurons, while a weaker hybridization signal was found in neurons of Clarke's nucleus and the proper sensory nucleus of the dorsal horn. Surviving lamina IX motor neurons in ALS spinal cord sections also expressed bcl-2 mRNA, but at levels that were significantly and selectively decreased (4.7-fold) compared with controls. bax mRNA hybridization signal was detected in several cells throughout the gray matter in control and ALS lumbar spinal cord, but was significantly and selectively increased (2.8-fold) in ALS motor neurons. Given the proposed interactive roles of these genes in apoptosis, the present findings favor a scenario in which this mode of cell death would contribute to spinal cord motor neuron degeneration in ALS.
Isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis and membrane permeability alterations in the isolated perfused rabbit heart.

Abstract The quantitative effects of isoproterenol on myocardial necrosis and its effect on membrane permeability using the tracer horseradish peroxidase were studied in isolated, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. The hearts were perfused at a column height of 70 cm with a modified Krebs — Henseleit bicarbonate buffer gassed with 95% O 2 : 5% CO 2 . Isoproterenol was infused at constant rates with separate molar concentrations of 10 −6 , 10 −5 , 10 −4 , and 10 −3 M . Horseradish peroxidase was infused manually for 3 min at the end of the experiment and reacted with Hanker — Yates reagent. Two predominant forms of “contraction band” lesions were observed: small “paradiscal” lesions involving clumping of a few sarcomeres adjacent to the intercalated disc and “holocytic” contraction band lesions involving clumping of myofilaments throughout the myocardial cell. Each dose of isoproterenol produced significantly increased numbers of both types of lesions. Incubation of tissue for horseradish peroxidase produced significant accumulation within myocardial cells damaged with “contraction band” lesions. This accumulation was occasionally seen in “normal” appearing cells with isoproterenol, but not in control hearts. The results support the use of quantitation of lesions as an index of severity of isoproterenol cardiotoxicity and documented the early involvement of membrane permeability alterations in the pathogenesis of these “contraction band” lesions.
Independent β-Arrestin2 and Gq/Protein Kinase Cζ Pathways for ERK Stimulated by Angiotensin Type 1A Receptors in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Converge on Transactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Recent studies in receptor-transfected cell lines have demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation by angiotensin type 1A receptor and other G protein-coupled receptors can be mediated by both G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent mechanisms. However, few studies have explored these mechanisms in primary cultured cells expressing endogenous levels of receptors. Accordingly, here we utilized the β-arrestin biased agonist for the angiotensin type 1A receptor, SII-angiotensin (SII), and RNA interference techniques to investigate angiotensin II (ANG)-activated β-arrestin-mediated mitogenic signaling pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Both ANG and SII induced DNA synthesis via the ERK activation cascade. Even though SII cannot induce calcium influx (G protein activation) after receptor stimulation, it does cause ERK activation, although less robustly than ANG. Activation by both ligands is diminished by depletion of β-arrestin2 by small interfering RNA, although the effect is more complete with SII. ERK activation at early time points but not later time points is strongly inhibited by those protein kinase C inhibitors that can block protein kinase Cζ. Moreover, ANG- and SII-mediated ERK activation require transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor via metalloprotease 2/9 and Src kinase. β-Arrestin2 facilitates ANG and SII stimulation of Src-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr-845 on the EGFR, a known site for Src phosphorylation. These studies delineate a convergent mechanism by which G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent pathways can independently mediate ERK-dependent transactivation of the EGFR in vascular smooth muscle cells thus controlling cellular proliferative responses.
On spurious allusions

The criticisms of Walker’ theory by MacLeod, Virsu, and Carpenter are shown to stem from a too simple reading of the text of the theory, a failure to investigate fully the references cited to support their position, and an effort to bolster the theory of lateral inhibition in orientation detectors. The criticisms are shown to misrepresent the experimental data of various reports. Walker’s physiological premises are shown to be sound, and the cases of “contrary evidence” are shown infact to be in agreement with the theory. Lateral inhibition in orientation detectors as an explanation of optical illusions is shown to fail completely to agree with experimental results.
Learning from students: geodesign lessons from the regional design studio

This paper explores potential issues in the emerging field of geodesign by examining key lessons learned through design studios. Presenting three distinct projects as examples from regional design studios in an undergraduate landscape architecture program, this paper points out common learning experiences that repeat despite very different contexts. Recurring issues that can be observed from these examples include difficulty in addressing scale, difficulties in dealing with the volumes of data and information available and complications due to perceptions of the false dichotomy between science and design. With the potential to reshape urban planning and design, the need for geodesign to openly embrace a grand vision of itself is evident. However, for these changes to be meaningful, serious changes need to be undertaken in our educational processes developing a generation of urban and regional geodesigners who are better equipped to think scientifically while shaping landscapes and places responsibly and c...
Rational eigenvectors in spaces of ternary forms

We describe the explicit computation of linear combinations of ternary quadratic forms which are eigenvectors, with rational eigenvalues, under all Hecke operators. We use this process to construct, for each elliptic curve E of rank zero and conductor N < 2000 for which N or N/4 is square-free, a weight 3/2 cusp form which is (potentially) a preimage of the weight two newform Φ E under the Shimura correspondence.
Evidence for a Ag adatom-molecule complex in surface enhanced raman scattering

Abstract The SERS spectrum of molecules adsorbed on Ag sols show, lines, in the 200–300 cm −1 region in the absence of Cl − ions These lines are attributed to a Ag-N complex and frequency calculations show that they correspond to the vibrations of the molecule bound to a single silver atom.
Cupric oxide oxidation products of northern peat and peat-forming plants

Alkaline cupric oxide oxidation and proximate analysis were used to investigate the sources and diagenetic state of organic matter in six Sphagnum-dominated peatlands located between Alberta, Canad...
A MACROSIMULATION APPROACH TO THE INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL FERTILITY

This paper is part of a long-term investigation known as the Mormon Historical Demography Project. It examines the capability of a simulation model, originally proposed by John Bongaarts (1976), to fit the natural fertility pattern which characterized the mid-nineteenth century Mormon population. Application of this model permits estimates to be made of the historical timing and age-incidence of fertility limitation. A sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters demonstrates that simple changes in the model's proximate determinants of fertility, excluding contraceptive practices, would be insufficient to account for later transition effects. Thus the results successfully capture the dynamics underlying the Mormon natural fertility pattern as well as offer a framework for future modeling of the transition away from natural fertility.
Building and maintaining the constituency for long-term space exploration

Abstract The exploration of space is a long-term endeavor that will require strong public support to weather societal and political changes over the period of its implementation. In August 2006, George Mason University's Center for Aerospace Policy Research organized a workshop to address this issue. The sustainability of space exploration was investigated from a variety of perspectives by invited experts from the space sector as well as from the market research and public relations fields. This paper summarizes the results of the workshop. It presents market research data along with recommendations for an active strategic communications effort as well as public engagement to enhance public support for space exploration, especially among the younger age groups which tend to be uninterested in space activities.
Substitutions in the systems (Ba, Pb) (SO4, CrO4) AND (Ba, Sr) (SO4, CrO4) AT 400°C, 400 Bars and Ba[SO4, (BF4)2] at 100°C, 1 Bar

Abstract Hydrothermal experiments at 400°C and 400 bars indicate that a complete solid solution exists between BaSO4 and BaCrO4, whereas in the binary systems BaCrO4—SrCrO4, BaCrO4—PbCrO4, SrSO4—SrCrO4, PbSO4—PbCrO4 and (at 100°C, 1 bar) BaSO4—Ba(BF4)2 large miscibility gaps exist. Diagrams show the extent of the solid solutions in the systems (Ba, Pb) (SO4, CrO4) and (Ba, Sr) (SO4, CrO4). Stability calculations indicate that most chromates are too unstable to be common minerals. Natural lead chromates (crocoite) are almost free of substitutions, supporting the conclusion above.
Facilitators and barriers for implementing home visit interventions to address intimate partner violence: town and gown partnerships

Pregnant women involved in violent relationships represent a population that is vulnerable for poor pregnancy and infant outcomes on several levels. This article describes the development of a "town and gown" partnership to assist pregnant women in violent relationships. Barriers and facilitating factors for research and home visitor (HV) nurse partnerships working with this vulnerable population were identified by HV participants in a qualitative focus group session. Methods used to develop and maintain the reciprocal relationship between the community (town) and academic researchers (gown) are described.
Effects of task orientation and level of prior agreement on willingness to agree

The effects of prior agreement from others on one’s subsequent willingness to agree were examined under both individual and group-oriented conditions. Under both orientations, the level of subsequent agreement was highest following unanimous (100%) prior agreement from others, lowest following strong partial (75%) agreement, and moderate following still lower levels of prior agreement (50% and 25%). The applicability of social exchange formulations was tested and found inadequate under circumstances where the prospect of future gain from the exchange was minimal.
Pulsed-field gradient NMR study of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle–peptide association

Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize the interactions between a series of small peptides and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The study was undertaken because peptide–micelle interactions are often exploited in the chromatographic analysis of complex mixtures, and therefore an accurate knowledge of peptide–micelle association constants is essential for a thorough understanding of the separation mechanism in these techniques. In the PFG-NMR experiment, diffusion coefficients for each peptide were measured in free solution and in the presence of SDS micelles. These diffusion coefficients allowed the mole fraction of peptide molecules associated with SDS micelles and the peptide–micelle association constants, Keq, to be calculated. In a study of dipeptides derived from the leucine enkephalin (YGGFL) and D-(Ala)2-leucine enkephalin (YAGFL) amino acid sequences, only Phe–Leu was found to associate strongly with the micellar aggregates. The equilibrium constant for this dipeptide was found to be 69 ± 6 M−1. The dipeptides Tyr–Gly, Tyr–Ala, Gly–Gly and Gly–Phe exhibited little to no micelle binding, whereas Tyr–Leu had an association constant that was a factor of four less than the Phe–Leu value. Furthermore, the association constants for the pentapeptides leucine enkephalin and D-(Ala)2-leucine enkephalin (130 ± 8 and 584 ± 38, respectively) were both higher than the Keq values for all dipeptides investigated. These results suggest that micelle–induced changes in peptide conformation and peptide hydrophobicity both play important roles in governing peptide–micelle binding. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact Of Anti-Crossover Radiographic Film In Clinical Practice

Anti-crossover films are now available for use with some rare earth intensifying screens. Two such films (Kodak T-Mat G and 3M XUD) were compared to a more conventional emulsion film (Kodak OG) under clinical conditions. Both anti-crossover films exhibited an observable improvement in sharpness, slight increase in visualized mottle and contrast. Speed differences were also observed. Some problems were encountered, but the consensus of most radiologist observers was an improvement in visualization of radiographic information because of this increased sharpness.
Kinetic and spectroscopic properties of the YZ* radical in Ca2+- and Cl--depleted photosystem II preparations.

Depletion of Ca2+ and/or Cl- ions from PSII membranes blocks the electron-transfer reactions that precede O2 evolution on the oxidizing side of the enzyme. Illumination of these inhibited preparations at 273 K generates a paramagnetic species that is detectable by low-temperature (T < 20 K) EPR as a signal in the g = 2 region, 90-230 G wide, depending on the treatment that PSII has undergone. This signal has recently been assigned to YZ* in magnetic interaction with the manganese cluster in its S2 state [Gilchrist et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 9545-9549]. This view, however, is not universal, owing, in part, to the fact that its spectroscopic properties depend on the preparation and the experimental conditions used for its study and, in part, to uncertainties as to the room temperature behavior of YZ* in inhibited preparations. Here, we report time-resolved and conventional EPR data showing that, at room temperature and at 273 K, YZ* can be accumulated in its 20 G form in high yields in both Ca2+-depleted and acetate-inhibited preparations, and that the kinetics of its decay match the decay kinetics of the low-temperature signal generated in corresponding samples. The properties of the YZ* signal, however, are shown to depend on the polypeptide content, the temperature, and the electron donors and acceptors present in the sample under examination. Our results support assignment of the EPR signal in inhibited preparations to S2 YZ* and demonstrate a protective role of the 17 and 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptides for the manganese cluster against externally added reductants.
Right Atrial-ventricular Dissociation and Entrainment while Pacing from High Right Atrium and Coronary Sinus during Circus Movement Tachycardias

Thirteen patients with circus movement tachycardias [CMT] were studied. Twelve had left-sided, and one, right-sided, accessory pathways. Entrainment was possible during overdrive high right atrial stimulation in 13/13 patients, and during coronary sinus pacing in 10/12 patients. The minimal pacing rates required for this to occur were 10 to 31 beats/min faster than those of the tachycardias. Short episodes of right atrial-ventricular dissociation occurred while pacing from the high right atrium [6/13 patients), but not from the coronary sinus (0/13 patients). It is possible to explain this phenomenon by postulating the existence of two distinct atrioventricular (AV) nodal inputs (one for right-sided and the other for left-sided impulses); it could also have been an expression of the close distance existing between the AV node and the coronary sinus. Entrainment, by defining a range of paring rates followed by resumption of the tachycardia upon the cessation of stimulation, indicated that faster rates were needed for the CMT to be interrupted. However, regardless of the pacing rate and pacing site, tachycardia termination occurred when an anterograde impulse was blocked at the. AV node. The information obtained from this study suggests that some patients with drug-resistant CMT may benefit from pacing modes capable of terminating the arrhythmia “through entrainment” at the slowest atrial rate at which this is possible.
Physical activity, diabetes, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies

Purpose Although many studies have linked obesity with increased risk of thyroid cancer, few have investigated the role of obesity-related lifestyle characteristics and medical conditions in the etiology of this disease. We examined the associations of self-reported physical activity and diabetes history with thyroid cancer risk in a large pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Safety of Low-Dose Intrathecal Fluorescein in Endoscopic Cranial Base Surgery

Objective Intraoperative identification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is critical in successful closure after endoscopic cranial base surgery. Intrathecal injection of fluorescein is quite useful in identifying CSF leaks. However, complications have been reported with various doses and the technique has fallen out of favor. We explored the safety of low-dose intrathecal fluorescein administered to patients undergoing endoscopic cranial base surgery. Methods A retrospective chart review and postoperative patient survey were performed. The nature and incidence of complications and subjective complaints were recorded in 54 patients who underwent endoscopic, endonasal approaches to the anterior cranial base and received intrathecal fluorescein after premedication with dexamethasone and diphenhydramine. Results Intraoperative CSF leak was identified with fluorescein in 46.3% of the patients and helped determine the reconstruction technique. Postoperative CSF leak occurred in 9.3% of the patients and resolved with lumbar drainage. There were no seizures. Most side effects were nonspecific, transient, and likely not caused by fluorescein including malaise (57.4%), headache (51.9%), dizziness (31.5%), or nausea/vomiting (24.1%). Three patients (5.6%) experienced persistent subjective lower extremity weakness (n = 2) and numbness (n = 2) postoperatively; however, two of them had undergone lumbar drainage. Conclusion Low-dose injection of intrathecal fluorescein after premedication with steroid and antihistamine agents is generally safe. Most symptoms are nonspecific and transient, likely caused by the surgery or lumbar drainage. However, fluorescein should be administered with some caution because it may be responsible for occasional lower extremity weakness and numbness.
Age-related red cell enzymes in children with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood and with hemolytic anemia.

ABSTRACT: Red cell enzymes of three children with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood were measured and compared with those of age-matched normal children and children with hemolytic anemia. While the activity of “age-dependent” enzyme such as hexokinase, aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and pyruvate kinase were greatly increased in the red cells of children with hemolytic anemia, they were not decreased in the red cells of children with erythroblastopenia of childhood. Only the activity of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase was consistently low red cells of these chidren. These findings are inconsistent with the usual concept that red cell enzyme activities decline throughout red cell life span. Rather, they suggest that there may be very rapid loss in the activity of some red cell enzymes during the first few days of red cell life with little further decline in enzyme activity.
Acute ENaC stimulation by cAMP in a kidney cell line is mediated by exocytic insertion from a recycling channel pool

Acute hormonal regulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in tight epithelia increases transcellular Na+ transport via trafficking of intracellular channels to the apical surface. The fate of the channels removed from the apical surface following agonist washout is less clear. By repetitively stimulating polarized mouse cortical collecting duct (mCCD, MPKCCD14) epithelia, we evaluated the hypothesis that ENaC recycles through an intracellular pool to be available for reinsertion into the apical membrane. Short circuit current (ISC), membrane capacitance (CT), and conductance (GT) were recorded from mCCD epithelia mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Surface biotinylation of ENaC demonstrated an increase in channel number in the apical membrane following cAMP stimulation. This increase was accompanied by a 83 ± 6% (n = 31) increase in ISC and a 15.3 ± 1.5% (n = 15) increase in CT. Selective membrane permeabilization demonstrated that the CT increase was due to an increase in apical membrane capacitance. ISC and CT declined to basal levels on stimulus washout. Repetitive cAMP stimulation and washout (∼1 h each cycle) resulted in response fatigue; ΔISC decreased ∼10% per stimulation–recovery cycle. When channel production was blocked by cycloheximide, ΔISC decreased ∼15% per stimulation cycle, indicating that newly synthesized ENaC contributed a relatively small fraction of the channels mobilized to the apical membrane. Selective block of surface ENaC by benzamil demonstrated that channels inserted from a subapical pool made up >90% of the stimulated ISC, and that on restimulation a large proportion of channels retrieved from the apical surface were reinserted into the apical membrane. Channel recycling was disrupted by brefeldin A, which inhibited ENaC exocytosis, by chloroquine, which inhibited ENaC endocytosis and recycling, and by latrunculin A, which blocked ENaC exocytosis. A compartment model featuring channel populations in the apical membrane and intracellular recycling pool provided an adequate kinetic description of the ISC responses to repetitive stimulation. The model supports the concept of ENaC recycling in response to repetitive cAMP stimulation.
Higher conservation laws and algebraic Bethe Ansätze for the supersymmetric t - J model

We construct the enveloping fundamental spin model of the [ital t]-[ital J] Hamiltonian using the quantum-inverse-scattering method (QISM), and present all three possible algebraic Bethe [ital Ansa]$[ital iuml]---[ital tze]. Two of the solutions have been previously obtained in the framework of the coordinate-space Bethe [ital Ansatz] by Sutherland and by Schlottmann and Lai, whereas the third solution is new. The formulation of the model in terms of the QISM enables us to derive explicit expressions for higher conservation laws.
NuSTAR: system engineering and modeling challenges in pointing reconstruction for a deployable x-ray telescope

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will make the first sensitive images of the sky in the high energy X-ray band (6 - 80 keV). The NuSTAR observatory consists of two co-aligned grazing incidence hard X-ray telescopes with a ~10 meter focal length, achieved by the on-orbit extension of a deployable mast. A principal science objective of the mission is to locate previously unknown high-energy X-ray sources to an accuracy of 10 arcseconds (3-sigma), sufficient to uniquely identify counterparts at other wavelengths. In order to achieve this, a star tracker and laser metrology system are an integral part of the instrument; in conjunction, they will determine the orientation of the optics bench in celestial coordinates and also measure the flexures in the deployable mast as it responds to the varying on-orbit thermal environment, as well as aerodynamic and control torques. The architecture of the NuSTAR system for solving the attitude and aspect problems differs from that of previous X-ray telescopes, which did not require ex post facto reconstruction of the instantaneous observatory alignment on-orbit. In this paper we describe the NuSTAR instrument metrology system architecture and implementation, focusing on the systems engineering challenges associated with validating the instantaneous transformations between focal plane and celestial coordinates to within the required accuracy. We present a mathematical solution to photon source reconstruction, along with a detailed error budget that relates component errors to science performance. We also describe the architecture of the instrument simulation software being used to validate the end-to-end performance model.
The simulation of multidimensional multiphase flows

This paper presents an assessment of various models which can be used for the multidimensional simulation of multiphase flows, such as may occur in nuclear reactors. In particular, a model appropriate for the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of multiphase flows and a mechanistically based, three-dimensional, four-field, turbulent, two-fluid computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) model are discussed. A two-fluid bubbly flow model, which was derived using potential flow theory, can be extended to other flow regimes, but this will normally involve ensemble-averaging the results from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of various flow regimes to provide the detailed numerical data necessary for the development of flow-regime-specific interfacial and wall closure laws.
Thapsigargin induces IL-2 receptor alpha-chain in human peripheral and Jurkat T cells via a protein kinase C-independent mechanism.

Abstract Thapsigargin (TG), an inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase, depletes intracellular Ca2+ stores and induces a sustained Ca2+ influx without altering phosphatidyl inositol levels. TG plus phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not TG alone induced IL-2 in Jurkat T cells, suggesting that TG had no effect on protein kinase C (PKC). However, TG induced increases in IL-2Rα protein as well as IL-2Rα mRNA in Jurkat T cells in a dose-dependent manner. A similar increase in IL-2Rα by TG was also observed in human peripheral T cells. Further, like PMA, TG markedly induced NFκB in Jurkat T cells. However, TG and PMA exhibited a synergistic action on IL-2Rα expression, suggesting that TG and PMA induce IL-2Rα through distinct pathways. PMA- but not TG-induced IL-2Rα is inhibited by the PKC inhibitor H7, whereas TG- but not PMA-induced IL-2Rα was inhibited by cholera toxin, forskolin and 1,9-dideoxy forskolin. In toto, these results suggest that TG induces IL-2Rα in human T cells through a PKC-independent pathway.
Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Conducting Polymers. I. Undoped and n -Doped Polyacetylene

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic (FT-IR-PA) spectroscopy has been used to obtain the first published infrared spectrum of a heavily n-doped polyacetylene. Comparisons are made with the FT-IR-PA spectrum of undoped polyacetylene. All the infrared peaks in the FT-IR-PA spectrum of undoped polyacetylene agree in wavelength to ±10 cm−1 with transmission infrared peaks previously assigned by Shirakawa and Ikeda. Spectral shifts and intensity differences between the n-doped and undoped polyacetylene are similar to changes noted previously in the infrared spectra of p-doped polyacetylenes.
Identification of tumor-binding scFv derived from clonally related B cells in tumor and lymph node of a patient with breast cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine the clonal relationship between B cells within a breast cancer and the B cells in the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN). We also determined the binding capacity of antibodies derived from these sources to autologous cancer and autologous noncancer breast tissue. Antibody clonality of B cells derived from tumor and lymph node was determined by analyzing heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences. The number of shared clonal groups observed between tumor and lymph node antibodies was significant for both heavy (p = 0.004) and light chain (p = 0.012) populations. Panning with phage-displayed single-chain variable fragment libraries derived from the tumor and lymph node B cells resulted in multiple antibodies that bound autologous tumor. Sequence analysis of enriched antibodies recovered after the third round of panning the tumor and TDLN libraries against autologous tumor lysates had a genetic relationship. These results indicate that B cells infiltrating a patient's breast cancer and B cells present in the tumor-draining lymph node are clonally and functionally related.
Iron Isotopic Compositions of Geological Reference Materials and Chondrites

High-precision iron isotopic compositions for Fe-bearing geological reference materials and chondrites with a wide range of matrices (e.g., silicates, oxides, organic-bearing materials) are reported. This comprehensive data set should serve as a reference for iron isotopic studies across a range of geological and biological disciplines for both quality assurance and inter-laboratory calibration. Where comparison is available, the iron isotopic compositions of most geological reference materials measured in this study were in agreement with previously published data within quoted uncertainties. Recommendations for the reporting of future iron isotopic data and associated uncertainties are also presented. Long-term repeat analyses of all samples indicate that highly reproducible iron isotopic measurements are now obtainable (± 0.03‰ and ± 0.05‰ for δ56Fe and δ57Fe, respectively).
Estimation of Energy Aliasing Error for Nonbandlimited Signals

In this paper, we investigate the problem of approximating a given (not necessarily bandlimited) signal, x( t), by a (bandlimited) “interpolation” or “sampling” series of the form: {\rm {x}}_{\sigma} (t) \underline{\underline {\Delta}}\sum_{-\infty}^{\infty}{\rm x(nT)}{{\sin\sigma(t-{\rm nT})}\over{\sigma(t-{\rm nT})}}, {\rm T}={{\pi}\over{\sigma}}, t \in {\bf {R}}, where σ is a given positive parameter, the approximation error being measured in the L 2( R) norm. When {\rm {x(t)}}={{1}\over{2\pi}}\int\nolimits_{-\infty}^{\infty}{\rm {X}}(\omega)e^{i\omega t}d\omega for all t ∈ R with X( ω) ∈ L 1( R), approximation in the uniform norm yields the well-known error estimate, \mid {\rm x}(t)-{\rm x}_{\sigma}(t)\mid\le {{1}\over{\pi}}\int\limits_{\mid\omega\mid > \sigma}\mid{\bf X}(\omega)\mid d\omega. An analogous result using the L 2 − norm, \parallel {\rm x}(t)-{\rm x}_{\sigma}(t)\parallel_{2}^{2}\le c \int\limits_{\mid\omega\mid > \sigma}\mid{\bf X}(\omega)\mid^{2}d\omega, \eqno {(*)} has been reported in the recent literature [1], [2] for x( t) ∈ C ( R) ∩ L 1( R), X( ω) ∈ L 1 ∩ L 2( R) and c an absolute constant independent of x( t). Our principal result is the following: Given absolute constants β > 0 and σ > 0, a continuous, bandlimited signal x β( t) ∈ L 1 ∩ L 2( R) can be constructed with \eqalign{{\rm x}_{\beta}&(t)={{1}\over{2\pi}}\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty}{\rm X_{\beta}}(\omega)e^{i\omega t}d\omega ; {\bf X}_{\beta}(\omega)\in L^{1}\cap L^{2} ({\bf R}) \ {\rm {such \ that}}\cr \parallel {\rm x}_{\beta}&(t)-{\rm x}_\sigma (t)\parallel_{2}^{2}\ge \beta \int\limits_{\mid\omega\mid > \sigma}\mid {\rm X}_{\beta}(\omega)\mid^{2} d\omega.\cr} This shows that a result of the form (*) with an absolute constant c cannot hold in general, even with the added restriction to finite bandwidth signals.
Students' Ratings of Instruction: Standardized and Customized

The significance of item relevance and of instructions to student raters to pay attention to item relevance when providing ratings of instruction was assessed. Students' ratings of instruction were higher on relevant items, custom designed by the instructor, than on standard items. The pay-attention-to-relevance instructions lowered students' ratings on a standard evaluation form. Ratings of instruction were a function of item relevance only when students were instructed to pay attention to item relevance.
Consumer applications of cognitive radio defined networks

Most of the study of implementing cognitive radio technology to date has focused on its potential in military and emergency services uses. This paper examines some of the issues involved in adapting cognitive radio technology consumer markets. We highlight some potential advantages to cognitive radio defined networks for consumers and suggest some possible service designs and pricing systems
Minocycline as a modulator of chemotherapy and hyperthermia in vitro and in vivo

We tested the ability of the collagenase-inhibitor minocycline to increase the effectiveness of CDDP, BCNU and mitomycin C +/- hyperthermia. When tested in vitro in FSaIIC fibrosarcoma cells, exposure to minocycline (100 microM for 24 h) decreased the CDDP cytotoxicity at 37 degrees C and pH 7.40 in both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells and decreased the cytotoxicity of CDDP at 42 degrees C or 43 degrees C in normally oxygenated cells while increasing the killing in hypoxic cells. When tested at pH 6.45, the presence of minocycline tended to protect both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells from the cytotoxic effects of CDDP +/- hyperthermia. With exposure to BCNU, minocycline markedly protected both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells at 37 degrees C at both pHs. As the temperature during the exposure to BCNU was increased to 42 degrees C or 43 degrees C, the protection afforded by minocycline diminished especially under low pH conditions where BCNU plus 43 degrees C was extremely cytotoxic to both normally oxygenated and hypoxic cells. One hour exposure to mitomycin C was more cytotoxic to hypoxic than normally oxygenated cells under all conditions of pH and temperature tested and the cytotoxicity of mitomycin C under each condition was increased by minocycline. Both CDDP and BCNU were much more cytotoxic toward FSaIIC tumors in vivo when drug administration was followed by local heating (43 degrees C, 30 min) of the tumor bearing limb. In each case, treatment with minocycline had little effect on tumor-cell killing. Treatment with mitomycin C and hyperthermia resulted in additive tumor-cell killing, and minocycline administration further increased that effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Neural Basis of Inhibition in Cognitive Control

The concept of “inhibition” is widely used in synaptic, circuit, and systems neuroscience, where it has a clear meaning because it is clearly observable. The concept is also ubiquitous in psychology. One common use is to connote an active/willed process underlying cognitive control. Many authors claim that subjects execute cognitive control over unwanted stimuli, task sets, responses, memories, and emotions by inhibiting them, and that frontal lobe damage induces distractibility, impulsivity, and perseveration because of damage to an inhibitory mechanism. However, with the exception of the motor domain, the notion of an active inhibitory process underlying cognitive control has been heavily challenged. Alternative explanations have been provided that explain cognitive control without recourse to inhibition as concept, mechanism, or theory. This article examines the role that neuroscience can play when examining whether the psychological concept of active inhibition can be meaningfully applied in cognitive...
Postexercise α-adrenergic receptor hyporesponsiveness in hypertensive rats is due to nitric oxide

We tested the hypothesis that a single bout of dynamic exercise produces a postexercise hypotension (PEH) and α1-adrenergic receptor hyporesponsiveness in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The...
Sensory Modality Segregation

Why are sensory modalities segregated the way they are? In this paper we show that sensory modalities are well designed for self-supervised cross-modal learning. Using the Minimizing-Disagreement algorithm on an unsupervised speech categorization task with visual (moving lips) and auditory (sound signal) inputs, we show that very informative auditory dimensions actually harm performance when moved to the visual side of the network. It is better to throw them away than to consider them part of the "visual input". We explain this finding in terms of the statistical structure in sensory inputs.
A new approach to numerical quantum field theory

Abstract A new numerical method for solving Lattice Quantum Field Theory is presented. In contrast to Monte-Carlo methods, the Source Galerkin Method is deterministic and treats fermions and bosons in a more equivalent manner.
Improving Teamwork: Impact of Structured Interdisciplinary Rounds on a Medical Teaching Unit

BACKGROUND Effective collaboration and teamwork is essential in providing safe and effective hospital care. Prior research reveals deficiencies in collaboration on medical teaching units.
Tumor Board Participation Among Physicians Caring for Patients With Lung or Colorectal Cancer

Among patients with lung or colorectal cancer, frequent physician tumor board engagement was associated with patient clinical trial participation and higher rates of curative-intent surgery for stage I to II NSCLC but not with overall survival.
Hierarchical multilevel optimization for reliability target allocation in probabilistic design of decomposed systems

Analytical target cascading (ATC) is a methodology for translating system-level design targets to subsystem and component design specifications in hierarchically decomposed optimal system design problems. In previous work we extended the ATC formulation to account for uncertainties, where the bounds of the probabilistic design constraints were chosen arbitrarily and held fixed during the ATC process. In this work, we extend the probabilistic ATC formulation to include reliability targets in the vector of cascaded quantities. In this manner, we quantify the optimality-reliability tradeoffs for each element of the decomposed system and compute the probabilistic constraint bounds required to satisfy the overall system reliability target.
Level 1 Hecke algebras of modular forms modulo

In this paper, we study the structure of the local components of the (shallow, i.e. without .
Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory.

reimer a.p. & moore s.m. (2010) Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(5), 1183–1192. Abstract Title. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle-range theory. Aim. This paper presents a middle-range Theory of Flight Nursing Expertise. Background. Rotary-wing (helicopter) medical transport has grown rapidly in the USA since its introduction, particularly during the past 5 years. Patients once considered too sick to transport are now being transported more frequently and over longer distances. Many limitations are imposed by the air medical transport environment and these require nurses to alter their practice. Data sources. A literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, secondary referencing and an Internet search from 1960 to 2008 for studies related to the focal concepts in flight nursing. Discussion. The middle-range Theory of Flight Nursing Expertise is composed of nine concepts (experience, training, transport environment of care, psychomotor skills, flight nursing knowledge, cue recognition, pattern recognition, decision-making and action) and their relationships. Five propositions describe the relationships between those concepts and how they apply to flight nursing expertise. Implications for nursing. After empirical testing, this theory may be a useful tool to assist novice flight nurses to attain the skills necessary to provide safe and competent care more efficiently, and may aid in designing curricula and programmes of research. Conclusion. Research is needed to determine the usefulness of this theory in both rotary and fixed-wing medical transport settings, and to examine the similarities and differences related to expertise needed for different flight nurse team compositions. Curriculum and training innovations can result from increased understanding of the concepts and relationships proposed in this theory.
Remote sensing D/H ratios in methane ice: Temperature-dependent absorption coefficients of CH3D in methane ice and in nitrogen ice

Abstract The existence of strong absorption bands of singly deuterated methane (CH 3 D) at wavelengths where normal methane (CH 4 ) absorbs comparatively weakly could enable remote measurement of D/H ratios in methane ice on outer Solar System bodies. We performed laboratory transmission spectroscopy experiments, recording spectra at wavelengths from 1 to 6 μm to study CH 3 D bands at 2.47, 2.87, and 4.56 μm, wavelengths where ordinary methane absorption is weak. We report temperature-dependent absorption coefficients of these bands when the CH 3 D is diluted in CH 4 ice and also when it is dissolved in N 2 ice, and describe how these absorption coefficients can be combined with data from the literature to simulate arbitrary D/H ratio absorption coefficients for CH 4 ice and for CH 4 in N 2 ice. We anticipate these results motivating new telescopic observations to measure D/H ratios in CH 4 ice on Triton, Pluto, Eris, and Makemake.
Distinct modes of neuronal migration in different domains of developing cerebellar cortex

As postmitotic neurons migrate to their final destinations, they encounter different cellular microenvironments, but functional responses of migrating neurons to changes in local environmental cues have not been examined. In the present study, we used a confocal microscope on acute cerebellar slice preparations to examine real-time changes in the shape of granule cells, as well as the mode and rate of their migration as they transit different microenvironments. The rate of granule cell movement is fastest in the molecular layer, whereas their elongated somata and long leading processes remain in close contact with Bergmann glial fibers. Cell movement is slowest in the Purkinje cell layer after granule cells detach from the surface of Bergmann glia and the somata become transiently round, whereas the leading processes considerably shorten. Surprisingly, after entering the internal granular layer, granule cells re-extend both their somata and leading processes as they resume rapid movement independent of Bergmann glial fibers. In this last phase of migration, described here for the first time, most granule cells move radially for >100 micron (a distance comparable to that observed in the molecular layer) until they reach the deep strata of the internal granular layer, where they become rounded again and form synaptic contacts with mossy fiber terminals. These observations reveal that migrating neurons alter their shape, rate, and mode of movement in response to local environmental cues and open the possibility for testing the role of signaling molecules in cerebellar neurogenesis.