cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA sequence of the serum opacity factor of group A streptococci: identification of a fibronectin-binding repeat domain

The serum opacity factor (SOF) is a group A streptococcal protein that induces opacity of mammalian serum. The serum opacity factor 22 gene (sof22) from an M type 22 strain was cloned from an EMBL4 library by screening for plaques exhibiting serum opacity activity. DNA sequencing yielded an open reading frame of 3,075 bp. Its deduced amino acid sequence predicts a protein of 1,025 residues with a molecular weight of 112,735, a size that approximates that of the SOF22 protein isolated from both the original streptococcal strain and Escherichia coli harboring the cloned sof22 gene. The molecule is composed of three domains: an N-terminal domain responsible for the opacity reaction (opacity domain), a repeat domain with fibronectin-binding (Fn-binding) activity, and a C-terminal cell attachment domain. The C-terminal end of SOF22 is characterized by a hexameric LPXTGX motif, an adjacent hydrophobic region, and a charged C terminus, which are the hallmarks of cell-bound surface proteins found on nearly all gram-positive bacteria. Immediately upstream of this cell anchor region, SOF22 contains four tandem repeat sequence blocks, flanked by prolinerich segments. The repeats share up to 50% identity with a repeated motif found in other group A streptococcal Fn-binding proteins and exhibit Fn-binding activity, as shown by subcloning experiments. According to deletion analysis, the opacity domain is confined to the region N terminal to the repeat segment. Thus, SOF22 is unique among the known Fn-binding proteins from gram-positive bacteria in containing an independent module with a defined function in its N-terminal portion. Southern blot analysis with a probe from this N-terminal region indicates that the opacity domain of SOF varies extensively among different SOF-producing M types.
Reputation Information Systems: A Reference Model

Reputation systems are complex social systems that continually collect, aggregate, and distribute feedback about a person, an organization, a scholarly work, or some other entity, based on the assessments of others from their interactions or experiences with the entity. A reference model, or meta-specification, is presented that describes the essential functionality and behavior that embedded information systems need to provide to be effective and useful mechanisms for making reputation explicit and measurable. The reference model, based on a multi-disciplinary understanding of reputation, is specified in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) since it is the industry-standard approach for modeling systems. The model addresses systems that focus on the reputation of individuals (personal reputation). Extensions for the reputation of corporate, not-for-profit, and governmental organizations (organizational reputation) are described in the conclusion along with challenges for future research.
Effect of delayed centrifugation or reading on the detection of ABO incompatibility by the immediate-spin crossmatch

The immediate-spin (IS) crossmatch is a method that detects ABO incompatibility. However, under certain circumstances, this test may show unwanted negative or weak results, even though the red cells (RBCs) and serum being tested are ABO incompatible with each other. The present study investigated the potential effect of delayed centrifugation or reading on the IS crossmatch test performance. When the centrifugation step of the IS crossmatch between group O sera and group A1 RBCs was delayed for 2 minutes, 5 of 200 crossmatches showed no agglutination with only trace (n = 2) or moderate (n = 3) hemolysis, and one crossmatch showed only weak, macroscopic agglutination, but moderate hemolysis. All six sera contained A antibodies that were lytic in vitro and, therefore, probably were capable of causing in vivo hemolysis of transfused A1 RBCs. Delaying the reading of the IS crossmatch test for 2 minutes had no apparent effect on test performance. These data demonstrate the importance of technologists' recognition of hemolysis as a positive result on IS crossmatches, especially if the performance of the centrifugation step of the test is delayed. Furthermore, the unwanted negative agglutination results were abolished by suspending the group A1 RBCs in saline containing EDTA. The authors' laboratory has modified its IS crossmatch procedure so that donor RBCs are routinely suspended in saline containing EDTA before testing. This procedural change should increase the safety of the IS crossmatch.
Control and estimation problems under partially nested information pattern

In this paper we study distributed estimation and control problems over graphs under partially nested information patterns. We show a duality result that is very similar to the classical duality result between state estimation and state feedback control with a classical information pattern.
Cloning, Sequencing, and Characterization of a Gene Cluster Involved in EDTA Degradation from the Bacterium BNC1

EDTA is a chelating agent, widely used in many industries. Because of its ability to mobilize heavy metals and radionuclides, it can be an environmental pollutant. The EDTA monooxygenases that initiate EDTA degradation have been purified and characterized in bacterial strains BNC1 and DSM 9103. However, the genes encoding the enzymes have not been reported. The EDTA monooxygenase gene was cloned by probing a genomic library of strain BNC1 with a probe generated from the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the monooxygenase. Sequencing of the cloned DNA fragment revealed a gene cluster containing eight genes. Two of the genes, emoA and emoB, were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene products, EmoA and EmoB, were purified and characterized. Both experimental data and sequence analysis showed that EmoA is a reduced flavin mononucleotide-utilizing monooxygenase and that EmoB is an NADH:flavin mononucleotide oxidoreductase. The two-enzyme system oxidized EDTA to ethylenediaminediacetate (EDDA) and nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to iminodiacetate (IDA) with the production of glyoxylate. The emoA and emoB genes were cotranscribed when BNC1 cells were grown on EDTA. Other genes in the cluster encoded a hypothetical transport system, a putative regulatory protein, and IDA oxidase that oxidizes IDA and EDDA. We concluded that this gene cluster is responsible for the initial steps of EDTA and NTA degradation.
Why American Families Need the Census

This article examines how family researchers use federal statistics, particularly from the U.S. Census, to understand the realities of trends concerning the family unit. The article shows that these data have helped researchers to understand the major, largely irreversible revolution that has taken place in America in the ways that people engage in family formation, make interpersonal commitments, and take on caregiving obligations. In addition, the article makes clear the importance of understanding these changes to make and evaluate policy, such as governmental efforts to promote marriage. The article also shows the usefulness of federal data in allowing researchers to track the development of a new stage of life, termed by some the “age of independence” or “emerging adulthood,” and points to the need to keep fine-tuning, rethinking, and updating the categories that are being measured.
Extended Goursat normal forms with applications to nonholonomic motion planning

The theme of this paper is the generalization of Goursat normal forms for Pfaffian systems with co-dimension greater than two. There are necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of coordinates that transform a Pfaffian system with co-dimension greater than two into an extended Goursat normal form, which is the dual of the multiple-chain, single-generator chained form mentioned in our earlier work (1993). In this paper, we concentrate on how to find such coordinate transformations for multisteering, multitrailer mobile robot systems so that we can use available steering and stabilization algorithms for nonholonomic motion planning. We present a methodology for constructing a coordinate transformation and apply it to the example of a five-axle, two-steering mobile robot. >
The Cocktail Party Problem: Speech/Data Signal Separation Comparison between Backpropagation and SONN

This work introduces a new method called Self Organizing Neural Network (SONN) algorithm and compares its performance with Back Propagation in a signal separation application. The problem is to separate two signals; a modem data signal and a male speech signal, added and transmitted through a 4 khz channel. The signals are sampled at 8 khz, and using supervised learning, an attempt is made to reconstruct them. The SONN is an algorithm that constructs its own network topology during training, which is shown to be much smaller than the BP network, faster to trained, and free from the trial-and-error network design that characterize BP.
Lectin-affinity chromatography brain glycoproteomics and Alzheimer disease: Insights into protein alterations consistent with the pathology and progression of this dementing disorder

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and both these pathological hallmarks of AD are extensively modified by glycosylation. Mounting evidence shows that alterations in glycosylation patterns influence the pathogenesis and progression of AD, but the vast number of glycan motifs and potential glycosylation sites of glycoproteins has made the field of glycobiology difficult. However, the advent of glycoproteomics has produced major strides in glycoprotein identification and glycosylation site mapping. The use of lectins, proteins that have strong affinity for specific carbohydrate epitopes, to enrich glycoprotein fractions coupled with modern MS, have yielded techniques to elucidate the glycoproteome in AD. Proteomic studies have identified brain proteins in AD and arguably the earliest form of AD, mild cognitive impairment, with altered affinity for Concanavalin-A and wheat germ agglutinin lectins that are consistent with the pathology and progression of this disorder. This is a relatively nascent field of proteomics research in brain, so future studies of lectin-based brain protein separations may lead to additional insights into AD pathogenesis and progression.
THE INFLUENCE OF AVAILABLE FLUID ON THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL HEMOGLOBINURIC NEPHROSIS IN RABBITS

The importance of previous dehydration on the production of hemoglobinuric nephrosis is substantiated. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis regularly occurred in rabbits 3 to 16 days following the injections of hemoglobin. Five of 15 animals died of fatal hemoglobinuric nephrosis; the combined kidney weight in these exceeded the weight of the kidneys of control rabbits and of those which survived. Additional observations, not previously made, are focal necrosis of the liver and pulmonary edema in some of the rabbits which died. A relationship was evident between the quantity of available fluid and the severity of the hemoglobinuric nephrosis which developed after injections of hemoglobin.
Steady-State Unwinding of Yarn from Cylindrical Packages

Over-end unwinding involves pulling yam from a fixed package to be used in textile processes such as knitting, sewing, twisting, weft insertion in weaving, and doubling. During unwinding, the yam slides on the package surface and lifts off into the balloon formed between the package and the guide eyelet. Variations in yam tension and bal loon shape can adversely affect process efficiency and final product quality. This paper investigates the steady-state motion of inextensible yam during unwinding. Previously developed models that predict the yam tension and motion in the unwinding balloon and on the package surface are modified to include the effects of nonzero wind angle packages and to allow comparison with experimental results. In the experiment, PC controlled video, tension, speed, and yam rotation sensors measure nine dynamic un winding process variables. Synchronized tension measurements and video images allow simultaneous measurement of eyelet and lift-off tension, balloon height, and lift-off and...
The approach to the patient with a difficult melanocytic lesion

Although most histological diagnoses are made with relative ease and with great specificity and reproducibility, there is a subset of cases in which a specific and reproducible diagnosis is difficult or even impossible to render. In the melanocytic system, these cases can be divided into two broad categories. The first category, 'superficial atypical melanocytic proliferations of uncertain significance' (SAMPUS), includes predominantly junctional melanocytic proliferations, and melanocytic proliferations that are confined to the epidermis and papillary dermis, without evidence of tumorigenic proliferation or mitotic activity there. The prognosis for cure of these lesions is excellent if they are completely excised. Such lesions may include, for example, dysplastic naevi, Spitz naevi or pigmented spindle cell naevi with a few atypical melanocytes above the dermal-epidermal junction, or with greater than average cytological atypia, or with mitoses, where the differential diagnosis of melanoma in situ is difficult or impossible to rule out. The other category, 'melanocytic tumours of uncertain malignant potential' (MELTUMP), is comprised of melanocytic proliferations that form tumours in the dermis, and are therefore potentially capable of metastasis. Examples of such lesions may include atypical Spitz naevi, deep penetrating naevi, possible naevoid melanomas, or cellular blue naevi, where because of increased mitotic activity or cytologic atypia, a diagnosis of invasive or tumorigenic melanoma cannot be ruled out. In managing such lesions, we follow two main principles. The first is to manage each lesion with therapy designed to be adequate for management of the most significant consideration in the differential diagnosis. The second principle is to make clinicians and patients specifically aware of the diagnostic difficulty in their lesion, so that management can be undertaken on a true informed consent basis.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE): A Review for the Bedside Nurse of a Complex Clinical Problem

Abstract Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a potentially devastating complication related to events in the prenatal and/or intrapartum period that lead to a depressed infant, or worse, a stillbirth. Prompt recognition of risk factors for HIE is required, followed by rapid delivery of the infant to ensure an optimal outcome. Clinical indicators can be applied to determine which infants are at risk of compromised long-term developmental outcomes and are helpful in guiding bedside care. Cooling is the standard of care when complications from HIE are expected, but it has not eliminated the sequelae in all cases. Novel adjuncts to cooling are being developed, with a common theme of neuroprotection. This article will focus on key aspects of clinical care that are important for the bedside nurse to recognize and understand, and will present information on the current standard of care, as well as provide insight into future directions that are currently under investigation.
A New Green-Scheduling Approach to Maximize Wireless Multimedia Networking Lifetime via Packet and Path Diversity

Green computing has recently been proposed to reduce energy cost in computer systems. However, the application of green computing to Wireless Multimedia Networking (WMN) has seldom been reported in literature. In this paper we propose a new traffic scheduling approach in WMN to support green computing and energy efficient communications, and thus to improve network availability and reliability. The main contribution of the proposed approach is the network lifetime maximization for battery powered WMN by considering energy consumption and multimedia quality tradeoff. In the proposed approach, the multimedia packet and path diversity are jointly explored, and the residue energy discrepancy is minimized among nodes’ batteries subject to a lower bound of multimedia distortion requirement. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can significantly improve the energy utilization balance among WMN nodes compared with traditional media-quality optimized approach, and thus significantly extending the battery powered WMN network lifetime.
Judaism for the Millions: Harry Kemelman’s “Rabbi Books”

Harry Kemelman's series has been a staple of the paperback trade since 19641 with the appearance of the National Mystery Writers' Award-winning Friday the Rabbi Slept Late, followed by Saturday the Rabbi Went Hungry (1966), Sunday the Rabbi Stayed Home (1969), Monday the Rabbi Took Off (1972), Tuesday the Rabbi Saw Red (1973), and, most recently, Wednesday the Rabbi Got Wet (1976). In the course of these self-contained but sequential narratives, Rabbi David Small is drawn into various intrigues by virtue of his position as titular head of a small Jewish community in Barnard's Crossing, Massachusetts. In Friday, he solves the murder of a young girl whose body is found in the Rabbi's parked car in the temple parking lot; in Saturday, he demonstrates that Jewish scientist Abe Hirsch's apparent suicide was really a murder, and then proceeds to solve the crime; Sunday finds him drawn into the problems of the youth culture; Monday has the rabbi, on sabbatical in Israel, indirectly involved with Arab terrorism and the killing of an Israeli citizen; Tuesday takes place at a small liberal arts college where the rabbi teaches a course in Jewish philosophy and lends his talents to tracking down the murderer of a colleague; Wednesday concerns a pharmacy, mixedup prescriptions, and the murder of an invalid who is a large contributor to the temple. As mystery-thrillers, these are all intriguing and suspenseful "whodunits," and incorporate the expected measures of guilt, suspicion, character study, complete with the revelation of the "behind-the-scenes" reality beneath appearances. But these stories are much more than this. Quite apart from their interest as good detective mysteries featuring an unexpected protagonist-low-key, intellectual, and ascetic, the living antithesis of Mike Hammer-these "light" novels have served as a vehicle for popularizing Jewish life and philosophy, one that reaches a far wider and more heterogeneous audience than the more straight-forward "serious" treatments languishing in the "Religion" section. Anthony Boucher predicted that with the books' "commentaries on all manner of things Jewish 83
Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Sn-MFI Nanosheets for the Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones

Stannosilicate zeolites with nanosheet morphology and MFI topology (Sn-MFI-ns) are successfully synthesized with an amphiphilic organic structure-directing agent. Sn source, Si/Sn ratio, crystallization time and temperature impact framework Sn incorporation and nanosheet morphology. Optimal synthesis conditions generate Sn-MFI-ns with high crystallinity and isolated framework Sn sites. Nanosheets are ∼2 nm thick in the (010) direction, resulting in large intersheet mesopore volumes and external surface areas exceeding 430 m2/g. Unlike bulk Sn-MFI, Sn-MFI-ns is highly active in the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of bulky cyclic ketones using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Although Sn-MFI-ns and Sn-MCM-41 have comparable activity and oxidant efficiency, the nanosheets exhibit drastically higher thermal and hydrothermal stability.
Comparative Models of Social Responsibility

The polar classical capitalist and communist models of achieving the public interest are being changed and further modifications have been advocated. However, weaknesses common to the proposed chan...
Investigation of the Local Temperature Increase From the Magnetization Decay for Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording

The areal data density of magnetic recording hard disk drives (HDDs) increases year by year, following a trend similar to Moore’s law. However, the increase is not unbounded and there are some physical limits. As the density increases, the size of each magnetic grain shrinks. Finally the magnetic grain will be no longer thermally stable due to what is termed superparamagnetism. Above this point, the magnetic storage would be not reliable because the magnetic grains’ orientations fluctuate randomly. To increase magnetic recording density to more than 1 Tb/in2 and break this limit, heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is proposed. In HAMR systems, a more thermally stable magnetic material, one with higher coercivity, will be used as a recording layer. But the coercivity of this material at room temperature is so high that it is difficult for the writer to switch the magnetic orientation with current magnetic transducers. However, the coercivity drops sharply if the temperature is raised close to the Curie temperature. In HAMR systems, a laser is proposed as the means to heat the disk to the Curie point. Simultaneously the magnetic field is applied from the writer to switch the magnetic bits. The success of the magnetic switching is very sensitive to the media temperature [2]. If the temperature is too low compared with the Curie point, it will not be able to write any information into the media. Conversely, heating the media over the Curie point requires more energy and may bring a greater challenge for the head disk interface (HDI). It is very important to understand the local temperature distribution during the laser heating and to calibrate the laser power input for HAMR writing. Some work has been done to evaluate the temperature increase using both numerical and experimental methods [3, 4]. Tagawa et.al. observed the disk refractive index change during laser heating and compared it with the change under conventional oven heating. This is a good method to calibrate the laser power and get the average temperature but it has some limitations for getting the accurate temperature distributions because of the averaging effect for the refractive index measurement by ellipsometry.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Points of Origin for Infant Ecologies: Religion and Purchase of Devices Affecting Pre-Verbal Mobility

VaIparaiso Ueiverrity Summary.-lr was hypothesized that religious affiliation would influence families in their purchases of different types of devices designed to control infant mobility. Sales data of chain store outlets were correlated with proportions of Protestants and Catholics in 30 cities. Significant relationships were found between % Catholic and the purchases of both playpens and walk in,^ harnesses (pos~rlve) and sleeping sacks (negative). The idea that child-rearing practices vary with the socio-religious background has resulted in a nrimber of empirical de~nonstrations although examples are more commonly discussed in respect to primitive or non-Western cultures. One possibility, rarely considered at the level of the highly industrialized society, centers on the differential experiences that the infant has with material objects, those that are simply "there" or the tools parents purposely use for guidance. Even in Wcstern cultures the latter may well reflect specific "control philosophies" (McClelland, 1961 ) . Could the material environment be group-specific? Wo~tld Catholics, e.g., use playpens more frequently than Protestants? or walking harnesses? If so, they have to bay them first. This very decision then of purchase vs non-purchase would permit studying the stnlcnlre of infant environments, if indirectly and "at a distance." Assumptions are thac we can identify the buyer's affiliation at least on a probability basis, and that we remain alert to spurious variables such as socioeconomic starus (SES) which would enter into the purchase decisions by way of parents' education, sophistication, income, etc. Complete independence among these factors is probably never given in reality, nor can ~ost hoc (e.g., covariance) adjustments be wholly satis!actory. It would surely be preferable to start out with a near-optimal pop~ilat~on where, in particular, religion is nor significantly associated with ethnicity, SES, and geography. Due to historical events not duplicated elsewhere to the same degree, n favorable siti~ation in these respects is given in parts of Western Europe. From 30 outlets of a major German chain store data were collected on the sales, per square foot of floor area of the toddlers' departments, of playpens, walking harnesses, and a popular brand of sleeping sacks, approximately 30,000 units in all. The items were chosen on the hypothesis thac cheir purchase, and presumable use in the home, reflects different approaches to the control o€ infant mobility (for example, a concern with exploratory behavior vs concern with the situation at night, etc.). Another consideration is that at this age the experiences are Inrgcly pre-verbal and thus might gen'A more detailed report has been filed with the AD1 Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C. Order Document No. 8151, remitting $2.25 for 35-mm. microfilm or $5.00 for photocopies.
Modal Logic for Philosophers: Converting Trees to Proofs

Converting Trees to Proofs in K Not only is the tree method useful for checking validity in modal logics, but it may also be used to help construct proofs. Trees provide a mechanical method for finding proofs that might otherwise require a lot of ingenuity. If an argument has a proof at all in a system S, the tree method can be used to provide one. The process is easiest to understand for system K, so we will explain that first, leaving the stronger systems for Sections 7.3–7.9. The fundamental idea is to show that every step in the construction of a closed tree corresponds to a derivable rule of K. It is easiest to explain how this is done with an example, where we work out the steps of the tree and the corresponding steps of the proof in parallel. We will begin by constructing a proof of □(p→q) / □p→□q using the steps of the tree as our guidepost. The tree begins with □(p→q) and the negation of the conclusion: ∼(□p→□q). The first step in the construction of the proof is to enter □(p→q) as a hypothesis. In order to prove □p→□q, enter ∼(□p→□q) as a new hypotheses for Indirect Proof. If we can derive ⊥ in that subproof, the proof will be finished.
Effects of assurance mechanisms and consumer concerns on online purchase decisions

Online purchases are constantly challenged by potential threats which include compromised vendors' security and breaches of customer privacy. To mitigate these concerns, several information assurance mechanisms (e.g., assurance statements and third-party certifications) have gained attention in practice. Despite the wide deployment of assurance mechanisms, it remains largely unknown as to how online consumers interpret these assurance mechanisms and how their concerns affect their purchase decisions. Focusing on two information security assurance mechanisms (i.e., assurance statements and third-party assurance seals services) and three focal concerns of online consumers (i.e., privacy, security, and product and service concerns), this study investigates how security assurance mechanisms influence purchase decisions through alleviating the three focal concerns. The empirical results of the study reveal the relative strength and weakness of the two assurance mechanisms and also uncover the mediating roles of the focal concerns between assurance mechanisms and online consumers' purchase intentions. Post hoc analysis further shows that assurance seals supplement the effects of assurance statements on privacy concern and product and service concern, which is also a new finding to the literature. Finally, results show that concerns on security and privacy displace concern on product and service (a non-information security concern), when effects of the three concerns are concurrently considered by consumers. The implications of findings for both theory and practice are discussed. This study investigates how security assurance mechanisms influence purchase decisions.This study focuses on assurance statements and third-party assurance seals.This study identifies the focal concerns of online consumers (i.e., privacy, security, and product and service concerns).This study also examines the mediating effect of three focal concerns between assurance mechanisms and purchase intention.Results show that security and privacy concerns displace product and service concerns (a non-information security concern).
Satellite detection of wastewater diversion plumes in Southern California

Multi-sensor satellite observations proved useful in detecting surfacing wastewater plumes during the 2006 Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) and 2012 Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) wastewater diversion events in Southern California. Satellite sensors were capable of detecting biophysical signatures associated with the wastewater, compared to ambient ocean waters, enabling monitoring of environmental impacts over a greater spatial extent than in situ sampling alone. Thermal satellite sensors measured decreased sea surface temperatures (SSTs) associated with the surfacing plumes. Ocean color satellite sensors did not measure a distinguishable biological response in terms of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations during the short lived, three-day long, 2006 HTP diversion. A period of decreased chl-a concentration was observed during the three-week long 2012 OCSD diversion, likely in association with enhanced chlorination of the discharged wastewater that suppressed the phytoplankton response and/or significant uptake by heterotrophic bacteria. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data were able to identify and track the 2006 HTP wastewater plume through changes in surface roughness related to the oily components of the treated surfacing wastewater. Overall, it was found that chl-a and SST values must have differences of at least 1 mg m−3 and 0.5 °C, respectively, in comparison with adjacent waters for wastewater plumes and their biophysical impact to be detectable from satellite. For a wastewater plume to be identifiable in SAR imagery, wind speeds must range between ∼3 and 8 m s−1. The findings of this study illustrate the benefit of utilizing multiple satellite sensors to monitor the rapidly changing environmental response to surfacing wastewater plumes, and can help inform future wastewater diversions in coastal areas.
Brain changes in responders vs. non-responders in chronic migraine: Markers of disease reversal

The aim of this study was to identify structural and functional brain changes that accompanied the transition from chronic (CM; ≥ 15 headache days/month) to episodic (EM; < 15 headache days/month) migraine following prophylactic treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA. Specifically, we examined whether CM patients responsive to prophylaxis (responders; n = 11), as evidenced by a reversal in disease status (defined by at least a 50% reduction in migraine frequency and < 15 headache days/month), compared to CM patients whose migraine frequency remained unchanged (non-responders; n = 12), showed differences in cortical thickness using surface-based morphometry. We also investigated whether areas showing group differences in cortical thickness displayed altered resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) using seed-to-voxel analyses. Migraine characteristics measured across groups included disease duration, pain intensity and headache frequency. Patient reports’ of headache frequency over the four weeks prior to (pre-treatment) and following (post-treatment) prophylaxis were compared (post minus pre) and this measure served as the clinical endpoint that determined group assignment. All patients were scanned within two weeks of the post-treatment visit. Results revealed that responders showed significant cortical thickening in the right primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and anterior insula, and left superior temporal gyrus and pars opercularis compared to non-responders. In addition, disease duration was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in fronto-parietal and temporo-occipital regions in responders but not non-responders, with the exception of the primary motor cortex (MI) that showed the opposite pattern; disease duration was positively associated with MI cortical thickness in responders versus non-responders. Our seed-based RS-FC analyses revealed anti-correlations between the SI seed and lateral occipital (LOC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices in responders, whereas non-responders showed increased connectivity between the pars opercularis seed and LOC. Overall, our findings revealed distinct morphometric and functional brain changes in CM patients that reverted to episodic migraine following prophylactic treatment compared to CM patients that showed no change in disease status. Elucidating the CNS changes involved in disease reversal may be critical to discovering interventions that prevent or slow the progression of CM. Such changes may aid in the evaluation of treatments as well as provide markers for disease ‘de-chronification’.
Unsupervised Deep Networks for Temporal Localization of Human Actions in Streaming Videos

We propose a deep neural network which captures latent temporal features suitable for localizing actions temporally in streaming videos. This network uses unsupervised generative models containing autoencoders and conditional restricted Boltzmann machines to model temporal structure present in an action. Human motions are non-linear in nature, and thus require continuous temporal model representation of motion which are crucial for streaming videos. The generative ability would help predict features at future time steps which can give an indication of completion of action at any instant. To accumulate M classes of action, we train an autencoder to seperate out actions spaces, and learn generative models per action space. The final layer accumulates statistics from each model, and estimates action class and percentage of completion in a segment of frames. Experimental results prove that this network provides a good predictive and recognition capability required for action localization in streaming videos.
The evolution of private governance: Neither anarchism nor Statism

I read E. P. Stringham’s book on private governance against the background of Morris Hoffman’s account of the evolution of legal punishment. This allows us to see how the evolution of private governance moves through three levels of punishment: the first-party punishment of conscience and guilt, the second-party punishment of retaliation and revenge, and the third-party punishment of retribution. This suggests that neither pure anarchism nor pure statism is possible, because every social order shows some form of governance, and no authoritarian state can ever hold an absolute monopoly on governance to the exclusion of private governance. One can also see that liberal states leave lots of room for private governance, which allows for adaptive flexibility in solving public problems in ways that promote peace and prosperity.
CARNIVORE: a disruption-tolerant system for studying wildlife

We present CARNIVORE, a system for in situ, unobtrusive monitoring of cryptic, difficult-to-catch/observe wildlife in their natural habitat. CARNIVORE is a network of mobile and static nodes with sensing, processing, storage, and wireless communication capabilities. CARNIVORE's compact, low-power, mobile animal-borne nodes collect sensor data and transmit it to static nodes, which then relay it to the Internet. Depending on the wildlife being studied, the network can be quite sparse and therefore disconnected frequently for arbitrarily long periods of time. To support "disconnected operation", CARNIVORE uses an "opportunistic routing" approach taking advantage of every encounter between nodes (mobile-to-mobile and mobile-to-static) to propagate data. With a lifespan of 50-100 days, a CARNIVORE mobile node, outfitted on a collar, collects and transmits 1 GB of data compared to 450 kB of data from comparable commercially available wildlife collars. Each collar records 3-axis accelerometer and GPS data to infer animal behavior and energy consumption.Testing in both laboratory and free-range settings with domestic dogs shows that galloping and trotting behavior can be identified. Data collected fromfirst deployments on mountain lions (Puma concolor) near Santa Cruz, CA, USA show that the system is a viable and useful tool for wildlife research.
Preconditioned Random Forest Regression: Application to Genome-Wide Study for Radiotherapy Toxicity Prediction

Urinary toxicity after radiotherapy (RT) limits the quality of life of prostate cancer patients, and clinically actionable prediction has yet to be achieved. We aim to exploit genome-wide variants to accurately identify patients at higher congenital toxicity risk. We applied preconditioned random forest regression (PRFR) to predict four urinary symptoms. For a weak stream endpoint, the PRFR model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.7 on holdout validation. Preconditioning enhanced the performance of random forest. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that neurogenic biological processes are associated with the toxicity. Upon further validation, the predictive model can be used to potentially benefit the health of prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
Machine Tools Designed for Borazon CBN

Most grinding machines today are designed to obtain optimal performance from aluminum oxide wheels. Within the last five years, however, the number and types of grinders designed specifically to utilize CBN abrasive have increased sharply.
Feedback control systems with cyber fault-management mechanisms: Modeling and tradeoff analysis for simple examples

The impacts of cyber-fault resolution techniques on the dynamics of feedback control systems are explored, using simple case studies. Specifically, for a three-state DC motor model, simple control schemes implemented using embedded microcontrollers are modeled as being subject to freeze faults, which are resolved using watchdog-timer technologies. Simulations are undertaken to characterize the impacts of the faults and fault-resolution mechanisms. Also, a formal analysis of freeze faults and fault resolution is undertaken for a singlepole plant with proportional control. It is found that watchdog timers can reduce severe impacts of faults occurring during the control system's transient, but may increase susceptibility to other faults.
Complicated pneumonia: current concepts and state of the art.

Purpose of reviewThis review aims to provide clinicians engaged in the care of infants and children an update on the current understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical management of complicated pneumonia. The review provides timely information surrounding areas
Inhibition of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Overcomes Resistance to Enzalutamide in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Enzalutamide is a second-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen clinically approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), yet resistance to endocrine therapy has limited its success in this setting. Although the androgen receptor (AR) has been associated with therapy failure, the mechanisms underlying this failure have not been elucidated. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its interaction with AR play a major role in acquisition of enzalutamide resistance. To validate the finding, we show upregulation of β-catenin and AR in enzalutamide-resistant cells, partially due to reduction of β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination. Although activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in enzalutamide-sensitive cells led to drug resistance, combination of β-catenin inhibitor ICG001 with enzalutamide inhibited expression of stem-like markers, cell proliferation, and tumor growth synergistically in various models. Analysis of clinical datasets revealed a molecule pattern shift in different stages of prostate cancer, where we detected a significant correlation between AR and β-catenin expression. These data identify activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a major mechanism contributing to enzalutamide resistance and demonstrate the potential to stratify patients with high risk of said resistance.Significance: Wnt/β-catenin inhibition resensitizes prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3147-62. ©2018 AACR.
Oxidative Stress and Protein Deposition Diseases

Despite divergent opinions on whether protein inclusions represent a protective or harmful mechanism in the progression of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and prion diseases, oxidative and nitrative modifications may play a critical role in development of the diseases. Oxidative and nitrative modifications may occur early during the disease initiation, or later, compromising cellular functions once the inclusions have become sufficiently large at later stages of disease progression. These assertions are supported by exciting published but preliminary evidence, which requires extensive validation by experiments employing simple in vitro systems, cellular and animal models. Experiments in progress should inform us of the significance of oxidative and nitrative chemistries in the pathological mechanisms of diseases characterized by protein inclusions.
Cyclic cytidine monophosphate stimulates DNA synthesis by bovine mammary tissue in vitro

Abstract Mammary gland biopsies were taken from midpregnant heifers (n=4), cut into pieces .5 mm thick and 3–5 mm 2 and incubated for 48 hours in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium containing 0, .1 or 1 μg/ml insulin and 0, 10 −8 , 10 −7 , 10 −6 , 10 −5 , or 10 −4 M dibutyryl cyclic 3′, 5′, cytidine monophosphate (dbcCMP). With 0 or .1 μg/ml insulin, dbcCMP decreased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA. Similar declines in DNA synthesis were observed with sodium butyrate, suggesting that the decline was due to the butyrate rather than to a cyclic CMP-specific effect. With 1 μg/ml insulin, dbcCMP increased DNA synthesis. Higher levels of dbcCMP reduced DNA synthesis relative to 10 −6 M dbcCMP, as did sodium butyrate. Thus cCMP is capable of stimulating mammary growth.
Processing Parameter Control of Lifetime-Limiting Failure Mechanisms in Al-Si Cast Alloys at Room and Elevated Temperatures

Aluminum-silicon cast alloys widely used throughout the transportation sector, A356, 319, and A390, have been studied with respect to chemical compositions and processing parameters that control the resultant mechanical behavior. First, the development of strengthening mechanisms is discussed in terms of the role that alloying elements, solidification behavior, and thermal treatments play. Based on this understanding, an extensive matrix of material conditions was developed and characterized in order to provide practical guidelines for alloy development. In order to provide an understanding of lifetime-limiting failure mechanisms, fatigue crack growth and hot compressive dwell behaviors were further investigated. Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted for all alloys at R = 0.1 and room temperature, and creep–fatigue of 319 was studied at R = − 1.5 and 250 °C. The role of processing parameters in controlling the mechanical properties is identified and discussed, and recommendations for optimized design are made.
Structured and Critical Intercultural Programming: Faculty and Staff Collaborate to Put Research into Action

This article describes the origin and curriculum of Identity Dialogues, a program which facilitates conversations about power and privilege among international and domestic students. It was developed as a result of findings from an ethnographic study of an unstructured conversation partner program at the same institution. The study found that power-laden issues were influencing the interactions and confirmed that intercultural competence development has to be actively facilitated (Bennett, 2009). Identity Dialogues sessions start with an examination of participants’ own cultural histories and then they are guided to analyze stereotypes and microaggressions. Finally, participants create action steps for fostering intercultural competence in their communities.
Neg-Raising and Neg movement

This paper is about the phenomenon known as Neg-Raising. All previous analyses of Neg-Raising fall into one of two categories: syntactic and semantic/pragmatic. The syntactic approach derives the unexpected interpretation of Neg-Raising expressions from a Neg movement operation in the syntax (Fillmore in Word 19:208–231, 1963) while the semantic/pragmatic approach derives it as an inference attributed to an excluded middle associated with Neg-Raising predicates (Bartsch in Linguistische Berichte 27:1–7, 1973). In this squib, I discuss a collection of novel and known data, which I argue indicate that both a Neg movement operation as well as an excluded middle are necessary to account for the full range of data. I propose that Neg-Raising is an intrinsically semantic/pragmatic phenomenon and that the Neg movement operation is conditioned by the presence of an excluded middle. I offer a generalization that takes a step towards understanding this mysterious dependency.
Activation and Deactivation of Antisense and RNA Interference Function with Light

Oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs have shown to be efficient tools for the silencing of gene expression in a wide range of cell lines and various model organisms. Such oligonucleotides include hairpin DNA, phosphorothioate DNA, morpholino oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, and others. The common mode of action for all antisense agents is sequence-specific duplex formation with messenger RNA (mRNA), leading to the inhibition of translation and/or mRNA degradation and thus gene silencing. RNA interference (RNAi) is another tool to regulate gene expression through the site-specific degradation of mRNA. Several methods for the light regulation of oligonucleotide duplex formation and RNAi function have been developed, including the site-specific installation of light-removable protecting groups (caging groups) on nucleobases and photocleaveable inhibitor sequences. Light is an ideal external regulatory element as light irradiation can be easily and precisely controlled in timing, location, and amplitude. Through the engineering of light-activated oligonucleotides, their function can be regulated with high spatial and temporal resolution, allowing photochemical control of gene expression in biological systems with unprecedented precision.