cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transamidation by Transglutaminase 2 Transforms S100A11 Calgranulin into a Procatabolic Cytokine for Chondrocytes

In osteoarthritis (OA), low-grade joint inflammation promotes altered chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage catabolism. S100/calgranulins share conserved calcium-binding EF-hand domains, associate noncovalently as homodimers and heterodimers, and are secreted and bind receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Chondrocyte RAGE expression and S100A11 release are stimulated by IL-1β in vitro and increase in OA cartilage in situ. Exogenous S100A11 stimulates chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. Moreover, S100A11 is covalently cross-linked by transamidation catalyzed by transglutaminase 2 (TG2), itself an inflammation-regulated and redox stress-inducible mediator of chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. In this study, we researched mouse femoral head articular cartilage explants and knee chondrocytes, and a soluble recombinant double point mutant (K3R/Q102N) of S100A11 TG2 transamidation substrate sites. Both TG2 and RAGE knockout cartilage explants retained IL-1β responsiveness. The K3R/Q102N mutant of S100A11 retained the capacity to bind to RAGE and chondrocytes but lost the capacity to signal via the p38 MAPK pathway or induce chondrocyte hypertrophy and glycosaminoglycans release. S100A11 failed to induce hypertrophy, glycosaminoglycan release, and appearance of the aggrecanase neoepitope NITEGE in both RAGE and TG2 knockout cartilages. We conclude that transamidation by TG2 transforms S100A11 into a covalently bonded homodimer that acquires the capacity to signal through the p38 MAPK pathway, accelerate chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix catabolism, and thereby couple inflammation with chondrocyte activation to potentially promote OA progression.
Fibre optic LAN topology, access protocols and standards

Abstract The attributes of various topologies and access protocols under consideration by local area network suppliers and users for fibre optic local area networks are described and compared in terms of the number of network nodes, transmission medium, bandwidth utilization and transport and access delay. In addition, industry standards being developed for fibre optic LANs are discussed, and the recommended criteria outlined.
Optical channel performance monitoring using coherent detection

We demonstrate a multi-functional optical system performance monitor using coherent heterodyne detection. In addition to performing high-resolution optical spectrum analyzing, the system is capable of monitoring chromatic dispersion and PMD at each wavelength channel.
Calcaneal Osteotomies for the Treatment of Adult-Acquired Flatfoot

Calcaneal osteotomies are useful procedures for the treatment of stage 2 adult-acquired flatfoot. Often combined with adjunctive soft-tissue procedures, the posterior calcaneal displacement osteotomy and Evans procedure provide effective realignment of pes planovalgus deformity. Preoperative evaluation, indications, contraindications, surgical considerations and techniques are discussed.
Testing the limits of Henriques' proposal: Wittgensteinian lessons and hermeneutic dialogue.

The limits of Henriques' “overarching conceptions” approach to defining psychology is first tested by comparing and contrasting his conceptions to two burgeoning movements within psychology: qualitative research and spiritual therapy strategies. These movements were selected because they represent many other fragments of a fragmented psychology that could fall outside Henriques' disciplinary matrix. This comparison reveals how the broader discipline of psychology resists propositional definitions, such as Henriques' proposal. As the later work of Wittgenstein (1958) reveals, one cannot unite the various language games of a discipline's discourse communities through common overarching features. Next, another approach to unification and definition is outlined—hermeneutic dialogue. Unlike an overarching framework, hermeneutic dialogue does not require “joint points.” In fact, it assumes that the richness and vitality of a discipline can be drained away by such “unifying” principles. Instead, hermeneutic dialogue is a way of relating and unifying while preserving the integrity and identity of even incommensurable factions within a discipline. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Arf Induction by Tgfβ Is Influenced by Sp1 and C/ebpβ in Opposing Directions

Recent studies show that Arf, a bona fide tumor suppressor, also plays an essential role during mouse eye development. Tgfβ is required for Arf promoter activation in developing mouse eyes, and its capacity to induce Arf depends on Smads 2/3 as well as p38 Mapk. Substantial delay between activation of these pathways and increased Arf transcription imply that changes in the binding of additional transcription factors help orchestrate changes in Arf expression. Focusing on proteins with putative DNA binding elements near the mouse Arf transcription start, we now show that Tgfβ induction of this gene correlated with decreased expression and DNA binding of C/ebpβ to the proximal Arf promoter. Ectopic expression of C/ebpβ in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) blocked Arf induction by Tgfβ. Although basal levels of Arf mRNA were increased by C/ebpβ loss in MEFs and in the developing eye, Tgfβ was still able to increase Arf, indicating that derepression was not the sole factor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed increased Sp1 binding to the Arf promotor at 24 and 48 hours after Tgfβ treatment, at which time points Arf expression was significantly induced by Tgfβ. Chemical inhibition of Sp1 and its knockdown by RNA interference blocked Arf induction by Tgfβ in MEFs. In summary, our results indicate that C/ebpβ and Sp1 are negative and positive Arf regulators that are influenced by Tgfβ.
Escape and avoidance learning for discontinuous ICS as a function of bitertrlal Interval

Five rats were given discontinuous ICS on one side of a tilt box following a 5-sec CS. No avoidances were made, and escape time was a direct linear function of the intertrial interval (5,15, 30, or 60 sec).
Using qualitative career assessments in career counselling with adults

This article describes what qualitative career assessments are by offering a definition followed by discussion concerning their theoretical base. Emphasis is given to the use of these assessments with adult clients by describing three examples including the LCA, Career Genogram, and Life Role Analysis. Criteria for developing qualitative career assessments as well as for judging the adequacy of existing assessments are provided.
Mutants of murine leukemia viruses and retroviral replication

The analysis of retroviral mutants has played a critical role in the development of our understanding of the complex viral life cycle. The most fundamental result of that analysis has been the definition of the replication functions encoded by the viruses. From a biochemical examination of a particular step in the life cycle it is difficult to determine, for example, whether that step is catalyzed by a viral or a host enzyme; but the isolation of a viral mutant defective in that step can firmly establish that a viral function is involved. In this way many facts about the viruses have been established. We know that reverse transcriptase is encoded by the virus; that RNAase H and DNA polymerase activities reside on the same gene product; that processing of many precursor proteins is mediated by a viral proteinase; and that establishment of the integrated provirus requires a viral protein. The list of functions mediated by viral enzymes has largely been defined by the mutants isolated and studied in various laboratories. The second significant result of the studies of viral mutants has been the assignation of the replication functions to particular viral genes, and then more specifically to particular domains of these genes. Mutants and viral variants have been essential in the determination, for example, that the gag protein is the critical gene product for the assembly of a virion particle; that the env protein is the determinant of species specificity of infection; or that the LTR is a major determinant of tissue tropism and leukemogenicity. The subdivisions of functions within a given gene have similarly hinged on mutants. Genetic mapping was needed to establish that P30 is the most important region for assembly; that the proteinase and integrase functions reside, respectively, in the 5' and 3' portions of the pol gene; and that the glycosylated gag protein is dispensable for replication. A third important area of knowledge has depended heavily on viral mutants: the determination of host functions and proteins that interact with viral proteins. Variant viruses with altered or restricted host ranges serve to define differences between pairs of different host cells, and the mapping of the viral mutations serves to define the viral protein important in that interaction with the host. These studies are only in their infancy, but it is clear that substantial efforts will be made to further analyze these host functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone, a Small-Molecule TrkB Agonist, Reverses Memory Deficits and BACE1 Elevation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Increasing evidence suggests that reductions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) may have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the efficacy and safety profile of BDNF therapy (eg, gene delivery) remains to be established toward clinical trials. Here, we evaluated the effects of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a recently identified small-molecule TrkB agonist that can pass the blood–brain barrier, in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD. 5XFAD mice at 12–15 months of age and non-transgenic littermate controls received systemic administration of 7,8-DHF (5 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 10 consecutive days. We found that 7,8-DHF rescued memory deficits of 5XFAD mice in the spontaneous alternation Y-maze task. 5XFAD mice showed impairments in the hippocampal BDNF-TrkB pathway, as evidenced by significant reductions in BDNF, TrkB receptors, and phosphorylated TrkB. 7,8-DHF restored deficient TrkB signaling in 5XFAD mice without affecting endogenous BDNF levels. Meanwhile, 5XFAD mice exhibited elevations in the β-secretase enzyme (BACE1) that initiates amyloid-β (Aβ) generation, as observed in sporadic AD. Interestingly, 7,8-DHF blocked BACE1 elevations and lowered levels of the β-secretase-cleaved C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (C99), Aβ40, and Aβ42 in 5XFAD mouse brains. Furthermore, BACE1 expression was decreased by 7,8-DHF in wild-type mice, suggesting that BDNF-TrkB signaling is also important for downregulating baseline levels of BACE1. Together, our findings indicate that TrkB activation with systemic 7,8-DHF can ameliorate AD-associated memory deficits, which may be, at least in part, attributable to reductions in BACE1 expression and β-amyloidogenesis.
Gender, Branding, and the Modern Music Industry

With Gender, Branding, and the Modern Music Industry, Kristin Lieb provides an insightful but often disturbing study of the contemporary popular music industry. By focusing on women artists in the ...
Multiple opioid receptor profile in vitro and activity in vivo of the potent opioid antagonist Win 44,441-3.

Win 44,441-3 is a pure opioid antagonist in rodents in vivo and in isolated tissue preparations in vitro. Win 44,441-3 produced a weak inhibition of electrically-stimulated twitch contractions of the mouse vas deferens (MVD) and guinea-pig ileum (GPI) preparations that was not prevented by naloxone, suggesting that these effects were not mediated through opioid receptors. Similarly, Win 44,441-3 produced a weak, but non- stereoselective antiwrithing effect in the ACh-induced writhing assay. Win 44,441-3 produced a concentration-related antagonism of μ, κ and δ agonist actions in the MVD and GPI, and was about 10 times more potent than naloxone at each receptor. Also Win 44,441-3 dissociated from μ, κ and δ receptors more slowly than naloxone. In vivo, Win 44,441-3 produced a dose-related antagonism of morphine and phenazocine-induced antinociception in the tail flick test, and was equipotent with naloxone following s.c. administration. Win 44,441-3 was active orally and demonstrated a significantly longer duration of action than a pharmacologically equivalent oral dose of naloxone vs morphine and phenazocine in the tail flick test. It can be concluded that Win 44,441-3 is a pure opioid antagonist, 10 times more potent than, with a receptor selectivity profile similar to, that of naloxone in vitro and is of similar potency to, but of longer duration than, naloxone in vivo. Win 44,441-3 (2α,6α,11S∗)-(-)-1-cyclopentyl-5-(1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-3,6,11- trimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-11-yl)-3-pentanone methane sulfonate (salt) is a potent opioid antagonist which, during recent years, has been described by investigators in the area of multiple opioid receptors as a selective κ antagonist. However, although it has been reported (1) that Win 44,441-3 is more potent than naloxone at κ receptors, it has not been demonstrated that this compound interacts selectively with κ receptors. Since the degree of selectivity inherent in a given compound is crucial to the conclusions that may be drawn from studies that use selective antagonists as pharmacological tools, the present report determines to clarify the opioid receptor profile of Win 44,441-3 and demonstrate that whilst Win 44,441-3 is indeed more potent than naloxone at κ receptors, its receptor selectivity is similar to that of naloxone. Win 44,441-3 was studied in vitro using the guinea-pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) preparations, and in vivo using the mouse acethylcholine-(ACh) induced writhing and rat intracarotid bradykinin (BRDK) and tail flick assays.
The Theory of the Single Fiber Electroscope and a New Design of the Instrument

If k is the mechanical restoring force per unit displacement of the fiber, the actual restoring force per unit displacement may readily be shown to be k − CX2, where C is the capacity of the fiber and X the field between the plates. The deflecting force due to a change of potential δV in the fiber is CXδV,so that the sensitivity S is S = CX/(k − CX2). If k is less than CX2 the instrument is unstable, and the fiber flies to either one plate or the other. The sensitivity becomes very large if k − CX2 is small; and in obtaining high sensitivity from the instrument, this condition is usually satisfied, even though the fact may not be realized. It is a bad condition since it results in large variations in S for small variations in either k or X. If we desire to restrict ourselves to the case k − CX2 = k/2, so that we draw upon the term CX2 to the extent of no more than doubling the sensitivity which we should obtain in its absence, S reduces to the very simple expression S = 1/X which, under a magnification of 100, gives a deflection of 1000 mm per volt for a field of one volt per cm between the plates. High sensitivity consistent with great constancy necessitates a small field between the plates and correspondingly small value of k. An instrument meeting the required conditions is described. As an illustration of the performance of the electroscope one experiment gave, with a magnification of 600, and a potential difference of 6 volts between plates, a sensitivity of 3500 eyepiece divisions per volt and a period so short that the fiber assumed a steady reading in less than 3/4 second after application of the potential. Moreover, the linearity of the calibration curve over the whole range of the eyepiece scale was so perfect that departures from linearity could not be observed within the limits of accuracy of the readings.
Left atrial mechanical and biochemical adaptation to pacing induced heart failure

Objective: To determine the left atrial mechanical and biochemical adaptations to congestive heart failure, 10 dogs with rapid atrial and ventricular pacing and seven control dogs were studied. Methods: Animals were instrumented with left atrial sonomicrometers and micromanometers and left atrial pressure-volume relationships were generated by phenylephrine boluses for maximum elastance (Emax) and end systolic elastance (Ees) calculations. Left atrial maximum volume, ejection fraction, and mean circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf) were compared at matched left atrial pressure. At necropsy, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms from the left atrial body and appendage were separated with SDS-PAGE, stained with monoclonal antibodies to α and β MHC, and quantified with laser densitometry. Results: Left atrial ejection fraction and Vcf were significantly lower and maximum atrial volume and atrial systolic stroke volume were significantly greater in heart failure than in control. Emax was not significantly altered in heart failure, at 5.9(SD 2.9) v 4.5(1.6) mm Hg·ml−1 in controls. However, Vcf was lower (P < 0.05) and the A loop pressure-volume area (an index of external mechanical work performed by the left atrium) was greater (P < 0.05) in heart failure than in control dogs. The percent β MHC in the left atrial body was greater in dogs with heart failure than in controls, at 42.6(9.8) v 17.3(9.0)%, P < 0.05. By contrast there was no significant β MHC isoform switch in the left atrial appendage [14.4(7.6) v 17.9(9.7)%]. Conclusions: In this model of left atrial pressure and volume overload, there is significant upregulation of β MHC in the left atrial body but not in the appendage and this isoform switch is associated with decreased velocity of left atrial contraction, increased atrial mechanical work, and unchanged force generation.
Message on a bottle: the wine label's influence

Purpose – The choice facing a wine consumer is one of dizzying options with thousands of wine brands available. Packaging and labeling are among those cues consumers use when choosing wines. The purpose of this paper is to better understand the influence of two labeling variables – design genre and brand naming convention – on perceptions of wine and wine choice by occasion. In particular, three types of label design and naming conventions (traditional, contemporary, and novelty) are examined.Design/methodology/approach – A 3*3 (three versions of visual design and three brand naming conventions) factorial design was used to expose participants to a set of three wine label design variations. Participants viewed wine labels online at www.ratethelabel.com and then completed a web‐based survey designed to measure the influence of label design and brand name on wine perceptions, purchase intent by wine use occasion, and the relative importance of factors affecting wine choice.Findings – Despite the popularity ...
Evaluating dynamic wildfire evacuation trigger buffers using the 2003 Cedar Fire

Abstract Despite threats posed to communities from wildfire, few tools exist to aid emergency managers in recommending evacuations. An evacuation trigger buffer is a pre-established boundary encompassing a community or asset that triggers an evacuation recommendation should a fire cross the edge of the buffer. The Wildland–Urban Interface Evacuation model (WUIVAC) delineates evacuation trigger buffers based on modeled fire-spread rates and estimated evacuation times. A point along the edge of a WUIVAC-generated trigger buffer represents the modeled shortest time required for a fire to travel to a community. The objective of this research is to use data from the 2003 Cedar Fire in southern California to evaluate the temporal and spatial differences between evacuation trigger buffers as generated by WUIVAC and the perimeter and spread of a historical fire. Three trigger buffers surrounding a test community were created for hourly increments and analyzed in conjunction with the equivalent hourly locations of the leading edge of the Cedar Fire. The novel use of forecast winds yielded dynamic trigger buffers that varied with changes in wind speed and direction. The modeled trigger buffers exceeded the actual fire front by as much as 126 m for the 1-h buffer and 1400 m for the 3-h buffer, which implies that evacuees would have had slightly more time for evacuation than indicated by the trigger buffers. Had WUIVAC been used operationally during this event in the manner presented in this paper, it would have likely been successful in triggering an evacuation with enough time for the community to safely evacuate. This research represents a first step towards validating WUIVAC-modeled evacuation trigger buffers.
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Growing Around Plantar Aponeurosis: Excision by Mohs Micrographic Surgery

Background. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a spindle cell malignancy that has a high local recurrence rate after excision with minimal or no immediate tissue margin assessment. DFSP is exceedingly rare on the palms and soles. Objective. To report a case of a locally aggressive DFSP on the sole excised using Mohs micrographic surgery. Methods. Case report and review of the literature. Results. Mohs micrographic surgery unmasked tumor infiltration that extended around plantar aponeurosis and into underlying plantar muscle fascia. Conclusion. Mohs micrographic surgery should be considered the treatment of choice for DFSP, especially in acral locations. This technique allows the surgeon to trace out deep tumor extensions that may wrap around underlying tendon, a finding that may not be appreciated clinically.
Intraoperative real-time planned conformal prostate brachytherapy: post-implantation dosimetric outcome and clinical implications.

Abstract Purpose To report the dosimetric outcome of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with I-125 permanent implantation using an intraoperative real-time conformal planning technique. Methods and materials Five hundred and sixty-two patients with prostate cancer were treated with I-125 permanent interstitial implantation using a transrectal ultrasound-guided approach. Real-time intraoperative treatment planning software that incorporates inverse planning optimization was used. Dose–volume constraints for this inverse-planning system included: prostate V100 ⩾95%, maximal urethral dose ⩽120%, and average rectal dose Results The median V100 and D90 to the prostate target were 96% and 166Gy, respectively. In 91% of cases a D90 of ⩾140Gy was achieved. In these patients, the V100 and D90 values did not have a significant influence on PSA relapse-free survival outcomes. The median maximum rectal dose and urethral doses were 104Gy (72% of the prescription dose) and 187Gy (130% of the prescription dose). The average and maximum rectal doses exceeding 100% of the prescription dose were less than 1% and 10% of patients, respectively. Average and maximum urethral doses exceeding 150% of the prescription dose were noted in 3% and 24% of patients, respectively. Average and maximum urethral doses exceeded 120% of the prescription dose in 21% and 58% of patients, respectively. Among patients where ⩾2.5cm 3 of the rectum was exposed to the prescription dose, the incidence of late grade 2 toxicity rectal toxicity was 9% compared to 4% for smaller volumes of the rectum exposed to similar doses ( p =0.003). No dosimetric parameter in these patients with tight dose confines for the urethra influenced acute or late urinary toxicity. Conclusion Real-time intraoperative planning was associated with a 90% consistency of achieving the planned intraoperative dose constraints for target coverage and maintaining planned urethral and rectal constraints in a high percentage of implants. Rectal volumes of ⩾2.5cm 3 exposed to the prescription doses were associated with an increased incidence of grade 2 rectal bleeding. Further enhancements in imaging guidance for optimal seed deposition are needed to guarantee optimal dose distribution for all patients. Whether such improvements lead to further reduction in acute and late morbidities associated with therapy requires further study.
The value of deed quality

This paper provides a theoretical framework of, and empirical evidence on, the positve relationship between the value of land and the warranty coverage associated with land ownership in the early years of the nineteenth century.
Tandem affinity tags for the purification of bivalent anti-DNA single-chain Fv expressed in Escherichia coli.

Antibodies to DNA define an important autospecificity that arises in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To elucidate the molecular features that may explain the pathogenesis of SLE, a heterologous system for expression of cloned V genes is often desirable. Here, a single-chain Fv coding domain was constructed by using the heavy- and light-chain V genes of a high-affinity site-directed mutant of the murine anti-dsDNA autoantibody, 3H9. This scFv was joined in frame to the c-jun leucine zipper for dimerization, and to two affinity tags, domain B of the staphylococcal protein A and a pentahistidine peptide, for purification. Dimerization of the scFv was determined by size-exclusion chromatography. The yields of the scFv following affinity purification on IgG agarose or Ni-NTA agarose were compared, and the activities of the resulting protein fractions were determined. A two-step purification of periplasmic extracts on Ni-NTA agarose and IgG agarose, followed by elution with 3.5 M MgCl(2), yielded scFv with the highest specific activity. The final purified material bound DNA by ELISA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and immunofluorescence of fixed Hep-2 cells. Antibodies purified in this fashion should have applications in structure/function studies in which it is essential to generate highly purified antigen-combining sites.
Complex adaptive systems, aging and longevity.

Mortality and reproduction are intimately entwined in the study of aging and longevity. I apply the modern theory of complex adaptive systems (nonlinear, stochastic, dynamic methods) to questions of aging and longevity. I begin by highlighting major questions that must be answered in order to obtain a deeper understanding of aging. These are: (i) What should (in an evolutionary sense) mortality trajectories look like? (ii) Why does caloric restriction slow aging? (iii) Why does reproduction cause delayed mortality? (iv) Why does compensatory growth cause delayed mortality? I show how dynamic state variable models based on stochastic dynamic programming (Clark & Mangel, 2000) can be used to embed genetic theories of senescence (either mutation accumulation or antagonistic pleiotropy) in the somatic environment, as George Williams called for in 1957, and how they make the disposable soma theory of aging operational. Such models will allow unification of genetic and phenotypic theories of aging.
The Hydrogen Molecular Ion With Time-Dependent Magnetic Field Strength as Control

We consider the hydrogen molecular ion with time-dependent magnetic field strength. We discretize the corresponding Schroedinger equation with the Hamiltonian written in prolate spheroidal coordinates. We formulate a control problem and give an example of steering a restricted initial state to a restricted terminal state.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Embedded Librarian Online or Face-to-Face: American University's Experiences

This article examines the role online communication and tools play in embedded librarianship at American University. Two embedded models of user engagement, traditional and hybrid, are discussed. The librarians operating in each mode share their experiences providing tailored support to the departments of music/performing arts and business. The administrator's perspective on supporting embedded librarians is also discussed.
The financial burden of hospitalization associated with odontogenic infections.

Purpose Although it is generally agreed that there are high costs involved in the management of acute odontogenic infections in hospitalized patients, there are sparse data on the actual amounts involved. The purpose of this study was to examine the costs and charges associated with the treatment of such patients in a university medical center hospital. Patients and Methods Hospital records from 2003 through 2010 were reviewed for patients admitted for management of acute odontogenic infections, and 327 patients were identified. The cost of their hospital care, doctors' fees, and hospital charges (amount billed) were then determined. Results An average of 40 patients was seen each year. The cost of their care ranged from $1,035 to $252,888 (average, $9,417). This did not include doctors' charges. The hospital charges averaged $28,841 per patient. Over the 8-year period, the hospital costs exceeded $3.3 million and the charges submitted were in excess of $10 million. Conclusions The management of acute odontogenic infections in the hospital engenders considerable costs. Although it would appear that the charges compensate for these costs, that figure does not represent the amount actually collected, which is much less based on the economic status of the patient population generally being treated. Methods to lower the costs associated with hospitalization are proposed.
Offline Status, Online Status: Reproduction of Social Categories in Personal Information Skill and Knowledge

This study tested the reproduction hypothesis that the Internet produces positive payoffs for those in privileged social positions, while disfavoring marginalized communities. Using a national sample of adult Internet users (n = 419), the first premise of this study investigated the impacts of (1) sociodemographic status, (2) Internet access indicators, and (3) their interactions on the variations of capabilities, as assessed through discrete measures of Internet-related personal information skill and knowledge. The second premise introduced the factor of individual motivation in interaction with sociodemographics and Internet access indicators. Hierarchical logistic regressions showed manifest age and gender disparities, with the significant interactions indicating that Internet access exacerbates existing offline status disparities. The reinforcement of digital divide was particularly salient in knowledge dimensions. The findings are discussed with regard to the conditions that incubate systematic differences in people's ability to understand or resist data surveillance. Implications for policy initiatives are offered.
Guards released from prison: A natural experiment in job enlargement

Abstract To provide a ‘relief-valve’ for prison over-crowding, the Alabama Department of Corrections instituted a program for the community supervision of selected inmates by correctional officers. Since these officers were placed in a role very similar to that of parole officers, a condition akin to a natural experiment in job enlargement took place. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that officers in this program would report more positive attitudes and/or perceptions regarding personal accomplishment, professional orientation, and job satisfaction than two representative samples of institutional officers and probation/parole officers, respectively. Analysis supported the hypothesis and indicated that officers in the program enjoyed providing human services to offenders. Since no convincing evidence of a Hawthorne effect was found during a follow-up study conducted one year later, several implications of the study for expanding the correctional officer's role in providing human services within the prison environment are presented for consideration.
Phenolic compounds in peanut seeds: enhanced elicitation by chitosan and effects on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus

Abstract Effects of chitosan and Aspergillus flavus to enhance elicitation of phenolic compounds in viable peanut seeds were conducted at two water activity levels. In vitro effects of phenolic acids on A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production were also studied. Chitosan enhanced elicitation of free phenolic compounds (FPC) at Aw .85 and .95 levels. A. flavus treatment initially decreased and subsequently increased FPC content, but bound phenolic compounds (BPC) decreased during incubation. Chitosan + A. flavus treatments caused an increase in FPC that reached a plateau between 24–48 h at Aw .85 while BPC levels increased over the same time period at both Aw levels. The major free and bound phenolic acids detected were p‐coumaric and ferulic acids and an unknown phenol that eluted at a retention time of 22 min. Generally, chitosan treatment significantly enhanced elicitation of free ferulic and p‐coumaric acids and bound p‐coumaric acid at Aw .95. Free unknown phenolic and bound ferulic acids at Aw .8...
Exogenous glucagon effects on health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows with mild fatty liver.

Abstract Severe fatty liver, a metabolic disease of dairy cows in early lactation, results in decreased health and reproductive performance, but can be alleviated by treatment with i.v. injections of glucagon. Mild fatty liver in cows effects on health and reproductive performance were determined by treatment with 14-day s.c. injections of glucagon at 7.5 or 15 mg/day. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 32) were grouped into Normal and Susceptible based on liver triacylglycerol concentrations (>1% liver tissue biopsy wet weight) at day 8 postpartum (day 0 = day of parturition). Susceptible cows (n = 24) were assigned randomly to three groups and s.c. injected with 0 mg glucagon [60 ml 0.15 M NaCl] [n = 8] (same for Normal cows), 2.5 mg glucagon, or 5 mg glucagon every 8 h for 14 days, beginning day 8 postpartum. Mild fatty liver resulted in an increased number of days with elevated body temperature during the injection period, an increased incidence of mastitis after glucagon treatment, increased days to first estrus and insemination, increased days before conception occurred, and decreased conception rate. In cows with mild fatty liver, glucagon (15 mg/day) decreased the number of days with elevated body temperature and the incidence of mastitis after hormone treatment. From these results, we suggest that mild fatty liver is detrimental to health and reproduction of dairy cows and, furthermore, that exogenous glucagon decreases some of these detrimental effects.
In quest of useful models for educational systems

Abstract Analytical flow models are examined as a means for describing the performance of an educational system. Enrollment functions based on specified input functions are developed for a single grade for four special cases. A standard form for approximation is introduced and its use described. This leads to the proposition that complex systems can be fabricated of modules defined in terms of these standard approximations. Applications of this approach, and problems expected in its use, are discussed, including the question of quality of the educational process. The paper concludes with some brief comments on measurement and evaluation of performance.
Bi-harmonic cantilever design for improved measurement sensitivity in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

This paper presents a method and cantilever design for improving the mechanical measurement sensitivity in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) tapping mode. The method uses two harmonics in the drive signal to generate a bi-harmonic tapping trajectory. Mathematical analysis demonstrates that the wide-valley bi-harmonic tapping trajectory is as much as 70% more sensitive to changes in the sample topography than the standard single-harmonic trajectory typically used. Although standard AFM cantilevers can be driven in the bi-harmonic tapping trajectory, they require large forcing at the second harmonic. A design is presented for a bi-harmonic cantilever that has a second resonant mode at twice its first resonant mode, thereby capable of generating bi-harmonic trajectories with small forcing signals. Bi-harmonic cantilevers are fabricated by milling a small cantilever on the interior of a standard cantilever probe using a focused ion beam. Bi-harmonic drive signals are derived for standard cantilevers and bi-harmonic cantilevers. Experimental results demonstrate better than 30% improvement in measurement sensitivity using the bi-harmonic cantilever. Images obtained through bi-harmonic tapping exhibit improved sharpness and surface tracking, especially at high scan speeds and low force fields.
Development and validation of an ELISA for metolachlor mercapturate in urine

Abstract The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted an exposure assessment study of herbicide applicators exposed to numerous commercial acetanilide-containing products. An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was developed to measure the putative major human metabolite of one of these, metolachlor mercapturate (MM). Antibodies were obtained by immunizing rabbits with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) MM conjugate and the sera used as a source of IgG antibodies for the ELISA development. The percent cross-reactivities for metolachlor (ME), acetochlor mercapturate (ACM), alachlor mercapturate (AM) and alachlor (AL) were 39 and 23, respectively. Cross-reactivity for alachlor mercapturate (AM) and alachlor (AL) are not given as 50% inhibition was not observed for the highest concentration tested. Percent inhibitions at 20 μg l−1 for MM, ME, ACM, AM and AL were 20, 29, 48, 72 and 90, respectively. The measured least detectable dose (LDD) of metolachlor mercapturate was 0.18 μg l−1. Inter-assay concordance was
The non-existence of certain skew-symmetric amorphous association schemes

An association scheme is amorphous if it has as many fusion schemes as possible. At the algebraic level, symmetric amorphous schemes were classified by Ivanov (1985) [12] and commutative amorphous schemes were classified by Ito et al. (1991) [11]. A scheme is called skew-symmetric if the diagonal relation is the only symmetric relation. We show the non-existence of skew-symmetric amorphous schemes with at least four classes. We also prove that non-symmetric amorphous schemes are commutative.
Exploration of photocatalytic activities of titanosilicate ETS-10 and transition metal incorporated ETS-10

Abstract Microporous titanium silicate [ETS-10, (Na,K) 2 TiSi 5 O 13 ] and transition metal ions incorporated titanium silicates were investigated for the photocatalytic decomposition of acetaldehyde. ETS-10 with a photoexcitable linear chain of titanium and oxygen decomposed acetaldehyde under UV radiation and the rate constant for the decrease of acetaldehyde (0.010 m −1 ) is comparable to that of pure TiO 2 (0.013 m −1 ). Interesting visible ( λ >420 nm) and UV light activity was found for ETS-10 samples incorporated with Cr and Co [ETS-10 with Cr(or)Co/Ti=0.05] and for materials synthesized by ion-exchange reactions such as Co-ETS-10 and Ag-ETS-10. All other ion-exchanged (Na,K) 2− x M ′ x TiSi 5 O 13 (M ′ =Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II)) samples were found to be active photocatalysts that can decompose acetaldehyde under UV radiation. Materials synthesized were characterized by a variety of techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction, BET surface area and UV–VIS diffuse reflectance measurements.
The quartic singularity surfaces of planar platforms in the Clifford algebra of the projective plane

Abstract In this paper, we study the workspace and singular configurations of a planar platform supported by three linearly actuated legs, the 3-RPR parallel manipulator. The constraint equations of the platform are formulated in the Clifford algebra of the projective plane, C + (P 2 ) , which yields a manifold defining its set of reachable positions and orientations. We compute the Jacobian of these equations and derive the algebraic equation of the surface of points in C + (P 2 ) for which this Jacobian is singular, called the singularity surface of the manipulator. For the general planar platform manipulator this surface is a quartic surface with a double line. For the special case of the “proportional” planar platform, the surface factors into two planes and a circular hyperboloid. For the special case of the “in-line” planar platform, this surface reduces to a quartic ruled surface. Further special cases of this surface are examined and found to consist of pairs of hyperbolic paraboloids.
Level mixing in the stretched hydrogen atom.

For the microwave-driven stretched hydrogen atom (SHA) a time-dependent transformation is introduced, which renormalizes Floquet states to include the effect of the permanent dipole moment. The criterion of Hose and Taylor is used to identify the level mixing in the SHA. A differential formula is given for dipole transition matrix elements.
Scattering of sound from axisymetric sources by multiple circular cylinders

A general analytic method for calculating the scattering of sound by multiple rigid circular cylinders arranged in an arbitrary parallel configuration is presented. The sound scattered by this collection of cylinders is generated by a time-periodic, spatially distributed, axisymmetric source located within the domain of interest. A Hankel transform method is used to calculate the incident field, while separation of variables is used to obtain the scattered fields from each cylinder in the collection. The unknown scattering coefficients are determined through the use of general addition theorems that allows the various fields to be readily transformed between coordinate systems. The method is validated using various two-, three-, and four-cylinder configurations, and the number of coefficients that must be retained in the truncated series is examined. Benchmark configurations consisting of two- and three-cylinder systems with cylinders of varying radii are also presented. These solutions have been used to validate computational aeroacoustic solvers developed for complex geometries.
Resolution of bilateral ptosis after reduction of unilaterally elevated intraocular pressure in a child with Axenfeld-Reiger spectrum disorder

We report a 9-month-old boy with bilateral pseudoptosis associated with elevated IOP. The patient had previously undergone bilateral trabeculectomies and Ahmed tube placement and right cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty. At presentation, the right eye IOP was 24 mm Hg and the left eye IOP was 32 mm Hg. Approximately 2 weeks after dorzolamide was added to the treatment regimen for the left eye, the mother reported that the ptosis had resolved. We suggest several explanations for the resolution of the ptosis.
Irradiation-Induced Nanoprecipitation in Ni-W Alloys

The evolution of Ni-W alloy thin films subjected to Kr irradiation at room temperature and subsequent annealing at 1123 K (850 °C) was studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Irradiation resulted in significant increase in grain size, from ~20 nm in the as-grown state to over 300 nm after irradiation and annealing. The compositions selected for the study, 18 and 23 at. pct W, resulted in the formation of an ordered Ni4W matrix after annealing. Remarkably, in the Ni-23 at. pct W films, irradiation followed by annealing induced the precipitation of two families of Ni2W4C carbides, large blocky ones at grain boundaries, and intragranular nanocarbides, ~5 to 20 nm in size and with a high number density, 9.0 × 1022 m−3. In contrast, only blocky Ni6W6C carbides formed in control specimens directly subjected to annealing. The intragranular Ni2W4C nanocarbides displayed an orientation relationship with the Ni4W matrix, and they appear to be effective traps for implanted Kr ions, since nanobubbles formed on their periphery. The results suggest that non-equilibrium processing can be used to nucleate nanocarbides in the grain interiors of Ni-W alloys, and that this may improve alloy properties, including radiation resistance.
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH CONDENSER TUBES.

In this paper the authors give particulars regarding an extended series of tests recently conducted at the United States Naval Engineering Experimant Station at Annapolis, Md., to determine the friction loss of water flowing though 5/8-inch No. 18 gage standard condenser tubes. The investigations covered variable velocities. water temperatures. and tube lengths, as well as the effect of both fresh and salt water. The results obtained are presented in tabular form and from them a general formula has been derived which gives the total drop in pressure due to entrance and exit losses and to frictional resistance within the tube.
Hyaluronan solution as a cartilage antidesiccant

During arthrotomy, desiccation of the articular cartilage of synovial joints by the ambient environment of the operating room causes chondrocyte death and may promote degenerative changes within the joint. This study documents the efficacy of a biomaterial, hyaluronan (HY) solution, to maintain chondrocyte viability during desiccation. Rabbit patellar articular cartilage was air-dried for 2 h with and without application of the HY solution. As assessed by 35SO4 uptake and autoradiography, the HY solution helped maintain chondrocyte viability, when compared to air dried specimens (p less than or equal to 0.02). HY solution applied to the articular surfaces of joints undergoing arthrotomy may offset the detrimental effects of desiccation, such as chondrocyte death and degenerative joint changes.
Bovine growth hormone: Evidence for two allelic forms

Summary Peptide maps of tryptic digests of bovine growth hormone isolated from individual pituitary glands were of three types. The hormone contained either an A or a B peptide or a 1:1 mixture of the two. A and B differed by a substitution of valine for leucine. The only difference noted between the ovine and bovine growth hormones was that the ovine hormone had neither A nor B but instead a peptide that differed from A by a replacement of a glycine with valine.
Protective behavioral strategies mediate problem-focused coping and alcohol use in college students.

Abstract Objective Protective behavioral strategies have emerged as a construct protective against alcohol use. The current study examines the theoretical associations among general coping styles, protective behavioral strategies, drinking to cope motives, and alcohol use in college students. Method Analyses of fully latent variables were conducted using structural equation modeling in a sample of 327 college students. Results Protective behavioral strategies partially mediated the association between problem-focused coping and alcohol use. Behaviorally oriented problem-focused coping strategies accounted for the positive relationship between problem-focused coping and protective behavioral strategies whereas cognitively oriented problem-focused coping strategies were associated with less use of protective behavioral strategies and increased alcohol use. Conclusions This is the first study to find that protective behavioral strategies are more likely to be used by college students who endorse using a problem-focused coping style, especially if they tend to use behaviorally oriented problem-focused coping strategies. These findings extend the literature on protective behavioral strategies and indicate that students less likely to use problem-focused coping skills to deal with stress in general may need additional interventions to increase their use of protective behavioral strategies.
Behavioral applications to the rehabilitation of traumatically head injured persons

Abstract Recent scientific and medical advances have resulted in the survival of large numbers of persons with severe head injuries. Unfortunately, clinicians lack well-controlled research describing an effective technology to retrain these clients. A behavioral approach to assessment and training appears to offer much to this clinical population, as it has with others. Traumatically head injured individuals have unique problems, and research addressing their special problems is needed.