cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct visualization of out-of-equilibrium structural transformations in atomically thin chalcogenides

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been the subject of sustained research interest due to their extraordinary electronic and optical properties. They also exhibit a wide range of structural phases because of the different orientations that the atoms can have within a single layer, or due to the ways that different layers can stack. Here we report a unique study involving direct visualization of structural transformations in atomically thin layers under highly non-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions. We probe these transformations at the atomic scale using real-time, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and observe strong dependence of the resulting structures and phases on both heating rate and temperature. A fast heating rate (25 °C/sec) yields highly ordered crystalline hexagonal islands of sizes of less than 20 nm which are composed of a mixture of 2H and 3R phases. However, a slow heating rate (25 °C/min) yields nanocrystalline and sub-stoichiometric amorphous regions. These differences are explained by different rates of sulfur evaporation and redeposition. The use of non-equilibrium heating rates to achieve highly crystalline and quantum-confined features from 2D atomic layers present a new route to synthesize atomically thin, laterally confined nanostructures and opens new avenues for investigating fundamental electronic phenomena in confined dimensions.
Benign Epidermal Tumors

EPIDEMIOLOGY: VV-Common, SK-Common, CCA-Uncommon. ETIOLOGY: VV-HPV infection, SK-Unknown, CCA-Phosphorylase deficiency. PATHOLOGY: VV-Digitate squamous proliferation with hypergranulosis and koliocytes, SK-Hyperkeratosis with acanthosis and horn cysts, CCA-Clear cell acanthosis with neutrophilic infiltration. CLINICAL: PVV-Hyperkeratotic flat or popular neoplasm, SK-Hyperpigmented patch or plaque, CCA-Sticky papule.
Revisiting the adequacy of infection criteria recommended in VICH GL 7 for anthelmintic effectiveness studies: Retrospective simulations

Studies conducted to support registration or approval of veterinary anthelmintics generally follow study design recommendations provided by the VICH (International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products), "Efficacy of Anthelmintics: General Requirements" (VICH GL7). For dose confirmation studies, VICH GL7 provides recommendations for determining that the control animals had an adequate infection "to permit the appropriate standards of efficacy to be met with acceptable statistical and biological certitude/confidence." In the simulation studies described in this report, we investigated the performance of one method, the statistical criterion given in Section 4.5 of VICH GL7, for evaluating the adequacy of infection in anthelmintic studies, in combination with the conventional criterion of a minimum of six adequately infected animals. We conducted numerical simulations, based on parasite data from previously conducted dose confirmation studies in dogs and cattle, to investigate how the statistical criterion impacts adequacy of infection determinations when used with the conventional criterion at various sample sizes. Simulation studies in common nematode species in both dogs and cattle indicated that under certain circumstances the statistical criterion can guard against overinterpreting the evaluation of adequacy of infection as sample size is increased. However, the statistical criterion may be overly restrictive for samples with adequate infection but containing multiple zero parasite counts and adding it to the conventional criterion does not provide any additional benefit when the sample contains no zero counts. It is important for investigators designing efficacy studies to understand the potential impact this criterion may have when establishing adequacy of infection criteria in study protocols.
Distinct aging-vulnerable trajectories of motor circuit functions in oxidation- and temperature-stressed Drosophila

Abstract We examined several sensory-motor processing circuits in Drosophila across the lifespan and uncovered distinctive age-resilient and age-vulnerable trajectories in their established functional properties. We observed relatively little deterioration toward the end of lifespan in the giant-fiber (GF) and downstream circuit elements responsible for the jump-and-flight escape reflex. In contrast, we found substantial age-dependent modifications in the performance of GF inputs and other circuits driving flight motoneuron activities. Importantly, in high temperature (HT)-reared flies (29 °C), the characteristic age-dependent progression of these properties was largely maintained, albeit over a compressed time scale, lending support for the common practice of expediting Drosophila aging studies by HT rearing. We discovered shortened lifespans in Cu2+/Zn2+Superoxide Dismutase 1 (Sod) mutant flies were accompanied by alterations distinct from HT-reared flies, highlighting differential effects of oxidative vs temperature stressors. This work also establishes several age-vulnerable parameters that may serve as quantitative neurophysiological landmarks for aging in Drosophila.
Improved Heat Exchanger Lifecycle Prognostic Methods for Enhanced Light Water Reactor Sustainability

As the licenses of many nuclear power plants in the US and abroad are being extended, accurate knowledge of system and component condition is becoming increasingly important. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has funded a project with the primary goal of developing lifecycle prognostic methods to generate accurate and continuous Remaining Useful Life (RUL) estimates as components transition through unique stages of the component lifecycle. Specific emphasis has been placed on creating and transitioning between three distinct stages of operational availability. These stages correspond to Beginning Of Life (BOL) where little or no operational information is available, early onset operations at various expected and observed stress levels where there is the onset of detectable degradation, and degradation towards the eventual End Of Life (EOL). This paper provides an application overview of a developed lifecycle prognostic approach and applies it to a heat exchanger fouling test bed under accelerated degradation conditions resulting in an increased understanding of system degradation. Bayesian and Bootstrap Aggregation methods are applied to show improvements in RUL predictions over traditional methods that do not utilize these methods, thereby improving thelifecycle prognostic model for the component. The analyses of results from applying these lifecycle prognostic algorithms to a heat exchanger fouling experiment are detailed.
Hydrological processing of salinity and nitrate in the Salinas Valley agricultural watershed

Regime shifts of major salinity constituents (Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4, Cl, HCO3, and NO3) in the lower Salinas River, an agricultural ecosystem, can have major impacts on ecosystem services central to continued agricultural production in the region. Regime shifts are large, persistent, and often abrupt changes in the structure and dynamics of social-ecological systems that occur when there is a reorganization of the dominant feedbacks in the system. Monitoring information on changes in the system state, controlling variables, and feedbacks is a crucial contributor to applying sustainability and ecosystem resilience at an operational level. To better understand the factors driving salinization of the lower Salinas River on the central coast of California, we examined a 27-year record of concentrations of major salinity constituents in the river. Although limited in providing an understanding of solute flux behavior during storm events, long-term "grab sampling" datasets with accompanying stream discharges can be used to estimate the actual history of concentrations and fluxes. We developed new concentration-discharge relationships to evaluate the dynamics of chemical weathering, hydrological processes, and agricultural practices in the watershed. Examinations of long-term records of surface water and groundwater salinity are required to provide both understanding and perspective towards managing salinity in arid and semi-arid regions while also enabling determination of the influence of external climatic variability and internal drivers in the system. We found that rock weathering is the main source of Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3, and SO4 in the river that further enables ion exchange between Ca, Mg, and Na. River concentrations of K, NO3, and Cl were associated with human activities while agricultural practices were the major source of K and NO3. A more direct anthropogenic positive trend in NO3 that has persisted since the mid-1990s is associated with the lag or memory effects of field cropping and use of flood irrigation. Event to inter-year scale patterns in the lower Salinas River salinity are further controlled by antecedent hydrologic conditions. This study underscores the importance of obtaining long-term monitoring records towards understanding watershed changes-of-state and time constants on the range of driving processes.
A novel radiographic marker of sarcopenia with prognostic value in glioblastoma.

Abstract Objective Sarcopenia is an important prognostic consideration in surgical oncology that has received relatively little attention in brain tumor patients. Temporal muscle thickness (TMT) has recently been proposed as a novel radiographic marker of sarcopenia that can be efficiently obtained within existing workflows. We investigated the prognostic value of TMT in primary and progressive glioblastoma. Methods TMT measurements were performed on magnetic resonance images of 384 patients undergoing 541 surgeries for glioblastoma. Relationships between TMT and clinical characteristics were examined on bivariate analysis. Optimal TMT cutpoints were established using maximally selected rank statistics. Predictive value of TMT upon postoperative survival (PS) was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age, sex, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), Stupp protocol completion, extent of resection, and tumor molecular markers. Results Average TMT for the primary and progressive glioblastoma cohorts was 9.55 mm and 9.40 mm, respectively. TMT was associated with age (r = −0.14, p = 0.0008), BMI (r = 0.29, p Conclusions TMT correlates with important prognostic variables in glioblastoma and predicts PS in patients with progressive, but not primary, disease. TMT may represent a pragmatic neurosurgical biomarker in glioblastoma that could inform treatment planning and perioperative optimization.
Characterize traction-separation relation and interfacial imperfections by data-driven machine learning models.

Interfacial mechanical properties are important in composite materials and their applications, including vehicle structures, soft robotics, and aerospace. Determination of traction–separation (T–S) relations at interfaces in composites can lead to evaluations of structural reliability, mechanical robustness, and failures criteria. Accurate measurements on T–S relations remain challenging, since the interface interaction generally happens at microscale. With the emergence of machine learning (ML), data-driven model becomes an efficient method to predict the interfacial behaviors of composite materials and establish their mechanical models. Here, we combine ML, finite element analysis (FEA), and empirical experiments to develop data-driven models that characterize interfacial mechanical properties precisely. Specifically, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) multi-output regressions and classifier models are harnessed to investigate T–S relations and identify the imperfection locations at interface, respectively. The ML models are trained by macroscale force–displacement curves, which can be obtained from FEA and standard mechanical tests. The results show accurate predictions of T–S relations (R2 = 0.988) and identification of imperfection locations with 81% accuracy. Our models are experimentally validated by 3D printed double cantilever beam specimens from different materials. Furthermore, we provide a code package containing trained ML models, allowing other researchers to establish T–S relations for different material interfaces.
Alprazolam Prompts HIV-1 Transcriptional Reactivation and Enhances CTL Response Through RUNX1 Inhibition and STAT5 Activation.

The HIV-1 pandemic is a significant challenge to the field of medicine. Despite advancements in 20 antiretroviral (ART) development, 38 million people worldwide still live with this disease without a 21 cure. A significant barrier to the eradication of HIV-1 lies in the persistently latent pool that establishes 22 early in the infection. The “shock and kill” strategy relies on the discovery of a latency-reversing agent 23 (LRA) that can robustly reactivate the latent pool and not limit immune clearance. We have found that 24 a benzodiazepine (BDZ) that is commonly prescribed for panic and anxiety disorder to be an ideal 25 candidate for latency reversal. The BDZ Alprazolam functions as an inhibitor of the transcription factor 26 RUNX1, which negatively regulates HIV-1 transcription. In addition to the displacement of RUNX1 27 from the HIV-1 5’LTR, Alprazolam potentiates the activation of STAT5 and its recruitment to the viral 28 promoter. The activation of STAT5 in cytotoxic T cells may enable immune activation which is 29 independent of the IL-2 receptor. These findings have significance for the potential use of Alprazolam 30 in a curative strategy and to addressing the neuroinflammation associated with neuroHIV-1.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic repair of a huge sliding inguinal hernia of the urinary bladder, left ureter and sigmoid colon

Abstract Objectives: We are presenting a challenging case of huge sliding inguino-scrotal hernia with herniated bladder, left ureter and sigmoid colon. We are presenting robotic approach as an alternative for classic open approach. Methods: Our patient is an 82-year-old male who presented with an enlarged scrotum with dull pain that was worsened with ambulation. Additionally, he complained of lower urinary tract symptoms, specifically prolonged voiding, and urinary hesitancy. Work up, including cross sectional imaging revealed a large left inguino-scrotal herniation of the bladder, along with the left ureter and sigmoid colon. Our patient desired restoration of his anatomy in hopes to improve his pain and voiding difficulty. Through shared decision making the patient elected for hernia repair with possible left orchiectomy via a robotic approach. After hernia contents were reduced, a 4 × 6 inches polypropylene and ePTFE mesh secured with 3-0 V-loc Proline suture. In the video, we show our technique for robotic approach for huge inguino-scrotal hernia repair. Results: Our operation proved successful with a total operative time was 3 hours and 50 minutes and estimated blood loss of 30 cc. He was admitted overnight for postoperative monitoring and tolerated a regular diet beginning the morning of postoperative day 1. He regained bowel function on postoperative day 2 and was subsequently discharged on postoperative day 6 due to social situation and placement with an uncomplicated hospital course. Conclusion: Robotic approach is a feasible and safe option for management of huge inguino-scrotal hernia with involvement of multiple organs.
Synthesis and Characterization of [18F]JNJ-46356479 as the First 18F-Labeled PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has been implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. We have previously developed [11C]7 as a PET radioligand for imaging mGluR2. Herein, [18F]JNJ-46356479 ([18F]8) was synthesized and characterized as the first 18F-labeled mGluR2 imaging ligand to enhance diagnostic approaches for mGluR2-related disorders. JNJ-46356479 (8) was radiolabeled via the copper (I)-mediated radiofluorination of organoborane 9. In vivo PET imaging experiments with [18F]8 were conducted first in C57BL/6 J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats to obtain whole body biodistribution and brain uptake profile. Subsequent PET studies were done in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) to investigate the uptake of [18F]8 in the brain, its metabolic stability, as well as pharmacokinetic properties. JNJ-46356479 (8) exhibited excellent selectivity against other mGluRs. In vivo PET imaging studies showed reversible and specific binding characteristic of [18F]8 in rodents. In the non-human primate, [18F]8 displayed good in vivo metabolic stability, excellent brain permeability, fast and reversible kinetics with moderate heterogeneity across brain regions. Pre-treatment studies with compound 7 revealed time-dependent decrease of [18F]8 accumulation in mGluR2 rich regions based on SUV values with the highest decrease in the nucleus accumbens (18.7 ± 5.9%) followed by the cerebellum (18.0 ± 7.9%), the parietal cortex (16.9 ± 7.8%), and the hippocampus (16.8 ± 6.9%), similar to results obtained in the rat studies. However, the volume of distribution (VT) results derived from 2T4k model showed enhanced VT from a blocking study with compound 7. This is probably because of the potentiating effect of compound 7 as an mGluR2 PAM as well as related non-specific binding in the tissue data. [18F]8 readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and demonstrates fast and reversible kinetics both in rodents and in a non-human primate. Further investigation of [18F]8 on its binding specificity would warrant translational study in human.
Everything from Soup to Nuts: The Full Plate of Academic Law Library Directorship ('A Day in my Law Library Life,' Circa 2018)

I have been a professional law librarian for seventeen years, and this is my third academic law library directorship at Boston University School of Law's Fineman & Pappas Law Libraries. BU is the fourth-largest private university in the United States and the nation's third-largest private urban university. The law school is highly ranked and regarded, and the law library serves a talented and prolific faculty, a J.D. enrollment of about 700, and a robust cohort of LL.M. students many from outside the U.S. My contribution to this compilation attempts to illuminate the varied and often unexpected duties performed by a modern academic law library director.
Basic Concepts in Probability

In this chapter, some basic concepts required for the detection and estimation of signals are presented from the theory of probability, statistics and random processes.
Effect of cyclophosphamide on the immature rat ovary.

To investigate the early ovarian changes after cyclophosphamide treatment, immature rats primed for 48 h with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin were given injections i.p. of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) at 1, 2, 4, 16, and 24 h before decapitation. Serum estradiol dropped significantly after 24 h of exposure to cyclophosphamide (P less than 0.001). Following 16 and 24 h of cyclophosphamide exposure, (a) the number of granulosa cells expressed from each ovary decreased (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively); (b) the number of nucleated bone marrow cells decreased (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01), and their median nuclear size was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.05) as measured by Coulter Counter and C-256 channelyzer (Hialeah, FL); and (c) the mean follicular diameter and the number of follicles with diameters greater than 300 microns were significantly lower than in control. After 4, 16, and 24 h of exposure, median granulosa cell nuclear size significantly increased (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01, and P less than 0.01, respectively). DNA cross-links in granulosa cells, measured by alkaline elution, reached a maximum at 2 h of exposure and decreased thereafter. The above findings demonstrate that cyclophosphamide has significant effects on the rat ovary structure and function and that the granulosa cell is an important target of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity.
Measuring the information and character of a fuzzy measure

We discuss the use of the fuzzy measure for representing information about uncertain variables. We describe the relationship between the fuzzy measure and the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) belief structure. A method for generating the fuzzy measures associated with a D-S belief structure is described. We discuss the use of the Shapley index as a means for providing an entropy for fuzzy measures. We introduce the cardinality index of a fuzzy measure and use it to define the attitudinal character of a fuzzy measure.
Using GIS-Based, Regional Extent Habitat Suitability Modeling to Identify Conservation Priority Areas: A Case Study of the Louisiana Black Bear in East Texas

State and federal recovery plans mandate that priority areas for future population expansion be identified within the historical range of the Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus). Despite the presence of potentially suitable habitat in east Texas and expanding populations in adjacent states, quantitative estimates of regional habitat suitability do not exist. We developed a regional extent habitat suitability index (HSI) model in a geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate year-round habitat requirements for black bears in the 43,530-km2 south black bear recovery zone in southeastern Texas. We measured hard and soft mast production, understory vegetation density, and tree den availability at 516 survey points in 38 habitat classes (82% of the total area in the south recovery zone). We developed geospatial models for summer food availability; fall food availability, diversity, and productivity; protection cover, tree den availability, distance to roads, and human development zones and calculated HSI scores per pixel in a continuous dataset. Habitat suitability scores ranged from 0.00 to 0.76 throughout southeastern Texas. Highly ( 20,700 ha (mean HSI = 0.5) capable of sustaining viable black bear populations. These units ranged from 62,844 ha to 124,808 ha in size and suitable habitat pixels within units ranged from 0.58 to 0.60 in mean HSI scores. Recovery unit scores were comparable to those previously reported for occupied bear range in the southeastern United States and acreages of suitable habitat exceeded those estimated to support existing Louisiana black bear populations. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Typing local control and state using flow analysis

Programs written in scripting languages employ idioms that confound conventional type systems. In this paper, we highlight one important set of related idioms: the use of local control and state to reason informally about types. To address these idioms, we formalize run-time tags and their relationship to types, and use these to present a novel strategy to integrate typing with flow analysis in a modular way. We demonstrate that in our separation of typing and flow analysis, each component remains conventional, their composition is simple, but the result can handle these idioms better than either one alone.
Equilibrium Melting Temperatures of Ethylene Copolymers: An Appraisal of the Applicability of the Flory and Sanchez-Eby Approaches.

The equilibrium melting temperatures of linear polyethylenes and ethylene/1-octene random copolymers were determined as a function of molecular weight and branch content. This systematic study makes it possible to evaluate two equilibrium melting temperature depression equations for the olefin type random copolymers, the Flory equation and the Sanchez-Eby equation, as a function of defect content and molecular weight. An empirical equation suggested in this study for predicting the equilibrium melting point of linear polyethylene as a function of molecular weight is more sensitive to molecular weight than the Flory-Vrij equation. The range over which the two equations can be applied depends on the defect content, after molecular weight correction.
Grain size limit for SD hematite

Grain sizes in the range (10 −4 to 10 −1 mm) are common in some rocks. Because thermal and/or chemical remanent magnetization of hematite in this range approaches intensities of single domain (SD) magnetite, careful exploration of this transition, may serve to develop new applications in rock magnetism that relate to magnetic anomaly source identification, and various paleomagnetic and grain size-dependent investigations. Grain size-dependent magnetic behavior of hematite reveals a SD–multidomain (MD) transition at 0.1 mm. This transition is recognized by variation in magnetic coercivity and susceptibility and is related to an anomaly in remanence recovery when cycling through the Morin transition. The coercivity decrease with increasing grain size occurs much more gradually above 0.1 mm than below this value. Magnetic susceptibility of the grains smaller than 0.1 mm has negligible dependence on the amplitude of the applied alternating magnetic field. For the larger grains a new amplitude-dependent susceptibility component is observed. The grain size of 0.1 mm is also associated with loss of most of the remanence when cycling through the Morin transition. This behavior is ascribed to a transition from the metastable SD to the MD magnetic state. The increase in magnetized volume causes the demagnetizing energy to destabilize the SD state, resulting in a transition where the demagnetizing energy is reduced by nucleation of the domain wall for grains larger than 0.1 mm. The 0.1 mm transition has no significant effect on shape of the temperature-dependent coercivity and saturation magnetization. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cystic angiomatosis of bone: MR findings.

Cystic angiomatosis of bone is a rare disorder characterized by widespread lytic bone lesions with or without associated soft tissue or visceral lymphangiomatosis [1–5]. The disorder is often initially incorrectly diagnosed as Langerhans cell histiocytosis [1, 2]. Unfortunately, biopsy of long bone lesions will often yield only fluid, thereby making a histologic diagnosis difficult. This report describes the MR findings in a patient with cystic angiomatosis of bone. We believe that the MR findings are highly suggestive of the correct diagnosis and that MR should eliminate the need for excisional biopsy in future cases.
Reliability of the Concept Assessment Kit-Conservation for Educable Mentally Retarded Children.

Internal consistency, alternate form, and stability coefficients for the CAK-C were obtained for a sample of 135 educable mentally retarded children. The internal consistency and alternate form coefficients appear to be acceptably high, and the stability coefficients, while appreciably lower, still suggest some degree of consistency over a year's time. The reliability of the CAK-C is judged to be satisfactory for EMR children.
Should utilitarianism accommodate moral dilemmas

L'A. etudie la possiblite de renforcer la condition de permissibilite dans le cadre des theories consequentialistes de l'action, afin de savoir si l'utilitarisme peut resoudre les dilemmes moraux qui se posent des lors qu'un agent a a choisir entre des options obligatoires
Does ‘simplicity breed content’? A reply to Jensen

Jensen's lucid and compelling account of ‘Test validity: g versus the specificity doctrine’, provides a representative account of Jensen's views on intelligence and its importance for society. Despite my agreement with Jensen on certain points —such as the desirability of understanding intelligence in information-processing terms and the importance of general intelligence in many real-world pursuits—I believe Jensen is in error in certain major respects. In particular, I believe he (a) overstates the importance of speed in intelligence, (b) overstates the importance of psychometrically-measured intelligence in real-world activities, (c) does not fully appreciate the nature of test bias, and (d) fails to realize that general intelligence is not, after all, indispensable for many pursuits.
36 GHz Travelling Wave Maser

Traveling wave maser with 6 db amplification at 36 GHz, using Cr ion doped rutile as active material and superconducting magnet for DC magnetic field
Sensitivity curves for spaceborne gravitational wave interferometers

To determine whether particular sources of gravitational radiation will be detectable by a specific gravitational wave detector, it is necessary to know the sensitivity limits of the instrument. These instrumental sensitivities are often depicted ~after averaging over source position and polarization! by graphing the minimal values of the gravitational wave amplitude detectable by the instrument versus the frequency of the gravitational wave. This paper describes in detail how to compute such a sensitivity curve given a set of specifications for a spaceborne laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory. Minor errors in the prior literature are corrected, and the first ~mostly! analytic calculation of the gravitational wave transfer function is presented. Example sensitivity curve calculations are presented for the proposed LISA interferometer. PACS number~s!: 04.80.Nn, 95.55.Ym Advances in modern technology have ushered in an era of large laser interferometers designed to be used in the detection of gravitational radiation, both on the ground and in space. Such projects include the Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatory ~LIGO! and VIRGO @1,2# ground-based interferometers, and the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ~LISA! and OMEGA @3,4# spacebased interferometers. As these detectors come on-line, a new branch of astronomy will be created and a radically new view of the Universe is expected to be revealed. With the era of gravitational wave astronomy on the horizon, much effort has been devoted to the problem of categorizing sources of gravitational radiation, and extensive studies are underway to determine what sources will be visible to the various detectors. Typically, the sensitivity of detectors to sources of gravitational radiation has been illustrated using graphs which compare source strengths ~dimensionless strain! to instrument noise as functions of the gravitational wave frequency. Many different types of plots have appeared in the literature, ranging from single plots of spectral density to separate am
Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman, editors, Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years Since Viru, Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C.

The most significant historical information in this volume is the short (3 pages) piece by Gordon R. Wllley entitled "The Viru Valley Project and Settlement Archaeology: Some Reminiscences and Con­temporary Comments." These remarks add to Willey's original background notes in his seminal 1953 publication, as well as his own retrospective look at the program in a chapter in his 1974 volume. Wllley notes that when he started out in 1946, at age 33, on the Viru venture, he was not at all sure what he was going to do. The original project was not one primarily devoted to settlement pattern study, rather it developed as the outcome of a suggestion by Wendell C. Bennett that post-war research on Peruvian archaeology could be moved forward by having several archaeologists from several institutions focus their efforts upon a single Peruvian coastal valley. The Viru valley was ultimately settled upon, because not only had Bennett had worked there earlier and knew something of its cultural sequence, but the valley was of a modest size and thus, with the resources available, a viable project.
The Spectroscopic and Astrometric Parallaxes of Three Dwarf Novae: The Nature of the Secondary Stars of U Geminorum, SS Aurigae, and SS Cygni*

We compare the parallaxes of three dwarf novae obtained using the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope with their ground-based infrared spectroscopic parallaxes to examine the nature of their secondary stars. We have used new optical spectroscopy of MK spectral-type standards to rework the spectroscopic parallaxes of the reference frames used by Harrison et al. for each dwarf nova. The recalibrated parallaxes for U Gem, SS Aur, and SS Cyg have then been corrected for the Lutz-Kelker bias. We present the proper motions of the three objects, finding space motions consistent with an old disk population. New moderate-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the three dwarf novae, covering the spectral range 2.18 to 2.30 μm, have been used to determine the spectral types of the secondary stars. We find an M1 spectral type for the secondary star of SS Aur, an M4 for U Gem, and a K4 for SS Cyg, in agreement with previous determinations. Using these spectral types and the astrometric parallaxes, we have deconvolved the spectral energy distributions for all three dwarf novae. Within the errors, the JHK photometry of SS Aur is consistent with a normal M1 V supplying its entire infrared luminosity. However, the infrared luminosities of both U Gem and SS Cyg are too high to be supplied by normal main-sequence stars of their observed spectral types. We investigate models for the nonstellar components of all three dwarf novae by subtracting various cool star and white dwarf spectra from the observed data. For U Gem and SS Aur we find that power-law residual spectra can be extracted for the nonstellar components of these two systems. When this analysis is performed for SS Cyg, however, we find that two additional luminous components remain.
Economic modeling of NAFTA: Results and pitfalls

The two purposes of this article are: (1) to summarize for public policy discussion the economic modeling research on the impacts of NAFTA; and (2) to analyze critically the strengths and weaknesses of the modeling techniques developed to guide public policy decisions. The article is organized as follows: the second section summarizes the NAFTA research results. The third section classifies and describes the four types of approaches that have been applied to estimate the impacts of NAFTA. The fourth section summarizes and criticizes the results of the most intuitively accessible approach, the Historical Analogy Approach, applied by researchers at the influential Institute of International Economics. The fifth section summarizes and criticizes a representative example of the Macroeconometric Approach, developed by Ciemex-WEFA, one of the leading firms forecasting the Mexican economy. The sixth section summarizes and criticizes a larger collection of models developed using the Computable General Equilibrium Approach. This approach, the most widely adopted approach, is by far the most ambitious, providing detailed predictions for a comprehensive set of variables, by industry, country, and type of worker. Not surprisingly, there is more to criticize in this approach. The seventh section summarizes and criticizes the Trade-Theory Specification Approach, developed by Edward Learner, one of the leading econometricians investigating empirical evidence bearing on international trade issues.
Marital status, overweight and ethnicity in the US: NHANES 1999–2002

Prevalence of overweight is high in the US, and is of great health, economic, and social concern. Research efforts are seeking predictors of overweight, and some prior work suggests married individuals are heavier than their unmarried counterparts. However, it is unclear how ethnic groups vary in marriage-weight relationships. We examined marriage, ethnicity, and weight in the nationally representative 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, analyzing over 3000 women and 4000 men using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Among Black women, separated individuals were more likely to be overweight than married and never married women. Among Hispanic women, separated and cohabiting individuals were more likely to be overweight than never married women. Among white men, divorced individuals were less likely to be overweight than either married or never married men. Among Black men, those who were married and widowed were more likely to be overweight than never married men. Among Hispanic men, those who were married and widowed were more likely to be overweight than never married men. Hispanic married and widowed men in particular appeared to be more overweight than men in other ethnic groups. These findings suggest that ethnicity is an important consideration in marriage–weight relationships, especially for Hispanic men for whom the transition into marriage may represent a unique shift in eating and activity patterns compared to marital transitions in other ethnic groups. Marriage and ethnicity are important aspects of people's lives that need to be considered in attempts to understand and change body weight.
Mössbauer, NMR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic investigation of degradation in RTV siloxane foams

The combination of experimental techniques allowed for a comprehensive study of aging processes occurring in RTV siloxane foams. 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy demonstrated that tin residues are composed of Sn(II) and Sn(IV) species. The 27-year-old foams showed only Sn(IV) species with a quadrupole-splitting parameter larger than that observed for SnO2. Solid-state 29Si NMR differentiated between the various functional linkages in the foams, and showed no significant change of the di- to trifunctional linkage ratios. High-resolution NMR, on solvent extract of foams, showed the presence of water, catalyst, plasticizer, and some silicone oligomers. ATR-FTIR demonstrated changes near the surface of the foam when aged with water and with the presence of the tin catalyst. Gamma irradiation at a low dose had little effect on compression sets. The main changes observed for artificially aged and aged in service foams were related to the presence of the tin catalyst.
Radioactive beta-emitting solution-filled balloon treatment prevents porcine coronary restenosis.

Abstract Purpose. Intracoronary gamma or beta radiation from centrally located sources at the time of overstretch balloon injury inhibits neointimal proliferation. In an effort to deliver homogeneous, centered radiation fields in a technically straightforward fashion, we studied the effects of a beta-emitting solution used as a balloon inflation fluid to deliver radiation at the time of coronary injury. Methods. Twenty-one coronary arteries in 13 juvenile swine underwent irradiation (control and 11 or 25 Gy media dose). Radiation was delivered using a perfusion balloon inflated with an Re-188 solution. Subsequently, overdilatation percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed at the pretreated segment. Histopathologic and histomorphometric analysis was performed at 30 days after injury on the entire irradiated artery. Results. Balloon overdilation was associated with significant vascular injury and marked neointimal proliferation in control and low-dose (11 Gy)-treated arteries. High-dose radiation (25 Gy) significantly inhibited neointima formation compared with controls (neointimal area: 0.49 ± 0.29 mm 2 vs. 1.51 ± 0.22 mm 2 , respectively; p = 0.02) and low-dose radiation (neointimal area 1.75 ± 0.54 mm 2 , p > 0.1 compared with controls). Conclusions. Liquid Re-188 is an effective beta-emitting vehicle to deliver intracoronary radiation and prevent restenosis in this model. Intracoronary radiation treatment using aqueous radioisotope sources is technically straightforward and provides the optimally achievable radiation dose distribution.
Covalent flavinylation of monomeric sarcosine oxidase: identification of a residue essential for holoenzyme biosynthesis.

FAD in monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) is covalently linked to the protein by a thioether linkage between its 8α-methyl group and Cys315. Covalent flavinylation of apoMSOX has been shown to proceed via an autocatalytic reaction that requires only FAD and is blocked by a mutation of Cys315. His45 and Arg49 are located just above the si-face of the flavin ring, near the site of covalent attachment. His45Ala and His45Asn mutants contain covalently bound FAD and exhibit catalytic properties similar to wild-type MSOX. The results rule out a significant role for His45 in covalent flavinylation or sarcosine oxidation. In contrast, Arg49Ala and Arg49Gln mutants are isolated as catalytically inactive apoproteins. ApoArg49Ala forms a stable noncovalent complex with reduced 5-deazaFAD that exhibits properties similar to those observed for the corresponding complex with apoCys315Ala. The results show that elimination of a basic residue at position 49 blocks covalent flavinylation but does not prevent noncovalent f...
Teacher Talk During Whole‐Class Lessons: Engagement Strategies to Support the Verbal Participation of Students with Learning Disabilities

The analysis identified discursive strategies used by general education teachers in inclusion classrooms to orchestrate and scaffold the verbal participation of all students, including students with learning disabilities (LD). The context was writing instruction. A whole-class lesson involving teacher–student collaboration to write a text was analyzed for each of two teachers in two urban elementary inclusion classrooms totaling 67 students; 23 students had LD. Analysis of teacher talk focused on procedural strategies (help the lesson run smoothly and make it easier to follow) and involvement strategies (elicit students' attention to and participation in the lesson). Results indicated that both teachers used a variety of similar strategies to provide spaces for student contributions and, at the same time, move the lessons along. However, they also used contrasting strategies unique to their contrasting pedagogical frames of reference (structural vs. interactional).
The design of a benchmark for geo-stream management systems

The recent growth in sensor technology allows easier information gathering in real-time as sensors have grown smaller, more accurate, and less expensive. The resulting data is often in a geo-stream format---continuously changing input with a spatial extent. Researchers developing geo-streaming management systems (GSMS) require a benchmark system for evaluation, which is currently lacking. This paper presents GSMark, a benchmark for evaluating GSMSs. GSMark provides a data generator that creates a combination of synthetic and real geo-streaming data, a workload simulator to present the data to the GSMS as a data stream, and a set of benchmark queries that evaluate typical GSMS functionality and query performance. In particular, GSMark generates both moving points and evolving spatial regions, two fundamental data types for a broad range of geo-stream applications, and the geo-streaming queries on this data.
Direct Optic Nerve Pulvinar Connections defined by Diffusion MR Tractography in Humans: Implications for Photophobia

The pathway that underlies exacerbation of migraine headache by light has not been elucidated in the human brain but has recently been reported in a rodent model. We employ diffusion weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography to map connectivity of direct pathways from the optic nerve to the pulvinar implicated with whole-body allodynia during migraine. Nine healthy subjects were recruited to the study and underwent scanning on a 3T magnet. We were able to define well-known image-forming (optic nerve -> lateral geniculate -> visual cortex) as well as a less known non-image forming visual pathway from the optic chiasm to the pulvinar, and from the pulvinar to several associative cortical brain regions. Such pathway may allow photic signals to converge on a thalamic region we described recently to be selectively activated during migraine headache. Consistent with physiological and anatomical studies in rats, the data provide an anatomical substrate for exacerbation of migraine headache by light in the human.
The American churches in World War I

Americans found World War I a glorious, shameful, wonderful, catastrophic, magnificent, appalling war. The war proposed to establish a new world order similar to the social gospel vision of the Kingdom of God, but it ended in American failure to enter the League of Nations and with widespread despair over any future realization of the vision. The war promised to end war by the defeat of militarism, whereas it appears to have ushered in a century noted for war and militarism. When the guns of August finally stopped, the guns of history began. Historians have fought over the war almost as fiercely as participants fought in it. The soldiers of the pen have found small range of agreement beyond the consensus that the war is a benchmark in history, defining two eras, a prior one of progressivism, internationalism, and social concern, and a subsequent one of normalcy, isolationism, and social conformity. A recent volume on the war is titled: World War I: A Turning Point in Modern History.' Most contemporary students of religion in America share this consensus, both for the reasons historians give and for more specific religious or ecclesiastical ones. The area of greatest agreement among these students is that religion lost its vitality when it sold out to the nation's wartime goals. Ecclesiastical institutions gav away their independence in their wholehearted and uncritical involvement in the nation's war efforts. One of the major consequences of this was a religious depression. Church historians make few distinctions among the several major religious groups, including them all in the sellout and the subsequent fall; however, their focus is usually on Protestantism and the social gospel. If this gospel did not die in the war, it underwent a trauma of such proportions that it never fully recovered. The death of Walter Rauschenbusch in 1918 was the symbol of this change. The idealism and desire for social reform he represented defines a brief period which the war abruptly ended. Sellout is a cliche, or at best enigmatic shorthand for many specific points of view about the behavior of the churches during the war and the notable decrease in their influence after it. While the exact content of sellout varies widely from historian to historian, the source of it varies little. Almost to a man these students of American religion rely on the work of Ray H. Abrams, particularly his volume Preachers Present Arms, for the inspiration of their remarks about religion
The effect of oxidation‐expanded defects upon MOS parameters

Implantation of Ne ions was chosen as a means of introducing a uniformly distributed quantitatively controllable and reproducible amount of microdefects at the silicon surface. Each wafer was ion-implanted on one half of its surface, the other half remaining as a control. Seven implant fluences from 1 trillion to 5 by 10 to the 14th power Ne ions/sq cm were used. The fluences, as well as the concentrations of defects expanded by the subsequent gate oxidation, were correlated with seven different MOS parameters. For implant fluences of 10 to the 14th power per sq cm and above, increasing stacking-fault densities were found. The oxide defect density associated with time-dependent breakdown increased significantly with Ne dose. The presence of oxidation-expanded defects drastically increases the surface-generation velocity and decreases the bulk lifetime. Slight increases in flatband voltage and surface-state density occurred only for the wafers having the greatest defect concentrations. Oxidation of a P-containing damaged silicon surface results in a greater pileup of P at the surface than occurs for the oxidation of a similar but undamaged surface. It appears that the expanding defects restrain the diffusion of P inward from the surface.