cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An innovative format of journal club among pharmacy practice residents

Abstract Introduction There have been reported and published formats of journal club in multiple health care disciplines, but there is a lack of descriptive information regarding journal club formats among pharmacy practice residents. During a pharmacy residency program, it is essential to evaluate the evidence and its implications in disease state management. Objective The main objective was to describe a novel format created for journal club presentations among affiliated pharmacy residents and provide preliminary feedback toward this format from two residency classes. Methods Journal club sessions have been organized into a first and second monthly discussion. During the first session, the disease state, guidelines, and an "In the News" are reviewed with two journal club articles, and a patient case in the second discussion. A standard debate is reserved for the last month discussion of the residency year. Results The survey results showed that the current format of journal club is well received and the residents find it beneficial to attend and participate in discussions. Conclusions Although our journal club sessions have only been implemented in a structured format for approximately two years, it has provided an opportunity and foundation for pharmacy residents to enhance critical thinking skills of medical and pharmacy literature, expand on breath and depth of knowledge, and develop oral communication skills by presenting drug and medical information to fellow health care providers.
Educating and developing workers for the green economy.

Biofuels are an area of intense interest to many sectors of our society. The development of a biofuels industry can serve as a method to curb carbon emissions while enhancing the security of the na...
Listening to Reger

My relationship to the music of Max Reger has been that of a fan, rather than a scholar. This is music that thrilled me and moved me deeply from my very first encounter with it, more than thirty years ago. However, Reger has hardly been a favored figure: most commentary on his music has tended to disparage it both in comparison with his contemporaries and with his obvious models, Bach and Brahms. In the case of the former, his music was thought to be too conservative, and in the case of the latter, insufficiently structured. For the most part I have kept my love of his music to myself, a private, even a guilty, pleasure. Over the years my estimation of Reger's music has grown, along with my intuitive satisfaction with it. I have found myself in increasing disagreement with the criticism that this music is, in effect, failed Brahms, and in fact I find that in interesting ways my understanding of it has very strong parallels with what I find engages me most about his contemporary Arnold Schoenberg's response to this moment in music history. In the following I will begin to illustrate this by offering what I believe is the framework that allows me to enjoy this music in its own right. Admittedly, my approach is both ahistorical and personal. It in no way claims to trace what Reger himself might have thought about his music, and indeed he might have found it antithetical to his way of thinking. For example, I find enharmonic equivalence to be an absolute identity in his music, for all intents and purposes, but that might seem odd to the musician who published a model modulation from C-sharp major to D-flat major.1 I am more concerned here with how I am going about making sense of his music than in how he conceived it. Furthermore, my approach owes a great debt to a number of people, in particular Richard Kaplan, Dora Hanninen, Robert Morris, Karl Schrock, and Ramon Satyendra. Conversations I have had with all of them over the years have been invaluable in helping me think about much of the following. Many theories of chromaticism take diatonic tonality as their underlying basis, deriving chromatic chords and functions from alterations of the diatonic scale and the functions associated with its scale degrees. Chromatically altered chords tend to carry a certain directional weight through voice-leading implications of resolution or continuation, and while equal temperament offers opportunities for enharmonic punning, it still carries with it the sense that it represents the more implicative
Multivalent ions control the transport through lysenin channels

We report the effect of different ions on the conducting properties of lysenin channels inserted into planar lipid bilayer membranes. Our observations indicated that multivalent ions inhibited the lysenin channels conductance in a concentration dependent manner. The analysis performed on single channels revealed that multivalent ions induced reversible sub-conducting or closed states depending on the ionic charge and size. Good agreement is reported between experimental results and a theoretical model that is proposed to describe the interaction between divalent ions and lysenin channels as a simple isothermal absorption process.
Conditioned taste aversions as a function of the number of CS-US pairs

Rats were given two-choice water-saccharin preference tests after saccharin had been paired with apomorphine hydrochloride for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 trials. The results indicated that the conditioned aversion is quite pronounced after only two trials and that suppression of single stimulus consumption of the CS substance during successive conditioning trials is not perfectly related to the preference data.
The length-of-shanks measurement: evaluation of a new technique of assessing the station of forceps deliveries

Abstract Objective: The measurement of the forceps depth can be inferred by measuring the inactive portion of the forceps or length of shanks (LOSM). This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy and interobserver variability of the LOSM compared with the De Lee station. Material and Methods: Three clinical scenarios with predetermined position, station, and measurement of shanks were created using life-size manikins for the teaching of operative vaginal deliveries (Simulaids, Inc). The fetal heads have palpable—but not visible—landmarks. The forceps were taped to the fetal heads to stabilize them. The abdomen of the manikin was covered. The participants were instructed to evaluate fetal position and station and to measure the shanks from the introitus. Tukey and χ 2 tests were used. A P Results: Twenty-three residents and faculty members participated in the study. The average agreement of position was 71.0%. A perfect agreement was seen in 18.8% of station evaluations and 36.2% of the LOSM ( P = 0.02). The table shows the average differences between the clinical measurements and the set situation. Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Δ Station: (median/range) 0 (−3 to 3) 1 (−2 to 2) −2 (−4 to −1) Δ LOSM: (x ± SD) 0.6 ± 0.6 0.02 ± 0.4 −0.043 ± 0.4 In all scenarios, the average difference of LOSM was lower than the differences in station (A and C: P Conclusion: The LOSM is more accurate and has less variability than the use of the fetal station to determine the station of operative vaginal deliveries.
The U.S. National Academy of Sciences—In service to science and society

The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (NAS) was established in 1863 by the U.S. Congress. Under the terms of its charter, signed by President Abraham Lincoln, The Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States. The charter stipulates virtually complete autonomy for the Academy, including freedom to elect its members and establish its own policies and procedures. Independence of the Academy is reinforced by the stipulation that, apart from reimbursement of the actual costs of studies it undertakes on behalf of the government, it receives no government subsidy. The National Academy of Sciences fulfills two distinct, although not entirely unrelated, functions. It serves as an honorific society, election to which is widely regarded as among the highest honors that can be conferred on an American scientist. The Academy also serves, in accordance with the terms of its charter, as an important and influential advisor to the U.S. government on issues involving science and technology. The former function is one that the NAS shares with many other national academies of science, while the latter is somewhat distinctive, as is the stipulation that the NAS receive no direct subsidy from the government. Here I shall attempt to describe these two roles. The membership of the NAS presently numbers 2158, including 1743 active members, 95 emeritus members, 306 foreign associates representing some 35 countries, and 14 public welfare medalists (individuals recognized for “eminence in the application of science to the public welfare”). Current …
Characterization of Protein–Protein Interfaces

We analyze the characteristics of protein–protein interfaces using the largest datasets available from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We start with a comparison of interfaces with protein cores and non-interface surfaces. The results show that interfaces differ from protein cores and non-interface surfaces in residue composition, sequence entropy, and secondary structure. Since interfaces, protein cores, and non-interface surfaces have different solvent accessibilities, it is important to investigate whether the observed differences are due to the differences in solvent accessibility or differences in functionality. We separate out the effect of solvent accessibility by comparing interfaces with a set of residues having the same solvent accessibility as the interfaces. This strategy reveals residue distribution propensities that are not observable by comparing interfaces with protein cores and non-interface surfaces. Our conclusions are that there are larger numbers of hydrophobic residues, particularly aromatic residues, in interfaces, and the interactions apparently favored in interfaces include the opposite charge pairs and hydrophobic pairs. Surprisingly, Pro-Trp pairs are over represented in interfaces, presumably because of favorable geometries. The analysis is repeated using three datasets having different constraints on sequence similarity and structure quality. Consistent results are obtained across these datasets. We have also investigated separately the characteristics of heteromeric interfaces and homomeric interfaces.
Psychostimulant augmentation of second generation antidepressants: A case series

Objective The authors attempted to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) suboptimally responsive to one of the newer (second-generation) antidepressants by augmentation with a psychostimulant medication. Method: Seven cases of MDD showing a partial response to an adequate trial of a second generation antidepressant were augmented with a psychostimulant. Results: A marked improvement in clinical symptoms of depression was noted in all cases, with particular improvement in apathy and feelings of fatigue. Conclusion: Psychostimulant augmentation of the newer generation antidepressants is a promising new strategy. Further controlled investigation is warranted to explore various aspects of this method. Depression and Anxiety 7:89–91, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eating for two: Behavioral and environmental correlates of gestation length among free-ranging baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

Variation in environmental conditions during pregnancy and differences in the feeding behavior of females during pregnancy were consistently associated with variation in gestation length among free-ranging yellow baboons, Papio cynocephalus,in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Females whose pregnancies ended during the wet season gave birth after shorter pregnancies than females whose pregnancies ended during the dry season. When rainfall is held constant, another source of variation in gestation length emerges. Females that spent progressively less time feeding over the course of their pregnancies gave birth after longer pregnancies than females that spent progressively more time feeding over the course of their pregnancies. These two factors, which provide rough indices of maternal nutritional status, accounted for a substantial fraction of the observed variation in gestation length among these female baboons.
NOTE ON THE NATURE OF THE CURRENT OF INJURY IN TISSUES

On page 48 to 54, Vol. 13, No. 1, September 20, 1929, through a mistake in printing the image of the string in Figs. 2, 6, 7, 9, 12, and 14 appears double. To obviate any misunderstanding it should be stated that in the original photograph the string was always single, as in Fig. 13.
Visual information processing dysfunction across the developmental course of early psychosis.

Background Patients with schizophrenia consistently demonstrate information processing abnormalities assessed with visual masking (VM) tasks, and these deficits have been linked to clinical and functional severity. It has been suggested that VM impairments may be a vulnerability marker in individuals at risk for developing psychosis. Method Forward and backward VM performance was assessed in 72 first-episode (FE) psychosis patients, 98 subjects at risk (AR) for psychosis and 98 healthy controls (HC) using two identification tasks (with either a high- or low-energy mask) and a location task. VM was examined for stability in a subgroup (FE, n=15; AR, n=35; HC, n=21) and assessed relative to clinical and functional measures. Results In the identification tasks, backward VM deficits were observed in both FE and AR relative to HC whereas forward VM deficits were only present in FE patients compared to HC. In the location task, AR subjects demonstrated superior performance in forward VM relative to HC. VM performance was stable over time, and VM deficits were associated with baseline functional measures and predicted future negative symptom severity in AR subjects. Conclusions Visual information processing deficits, as indexed by backward VM, are present before and after the onset of frank psychosis, and probably represent a stable vulnerability marker that is associated with negative symptoms and functional decline. Additionally, the paradoxically better performance of AR subjects in select forward tasks suggests that early compensatory changes may characterize an emerging psychotic state.
Regulation of enzymes in isolated plant nuclei

Purified nuclei are being used as a test system to study the regulation of nuclear enzymes in plants. Regulatory agents such as light, hormones and polyamines can stimulate kinases or phosphatases that control nuclear protein phosphorylation and they can modulate the activity of as yet unidentified enzymes required for transcript synthesis and/or stabilization. This essay summarizes current findings and discusses the advantages and pitfalls of using isolated nuclei to investigate how nuclear functions are controlled.
The molecular weight average obtained by combining quasielastic light‐scattering and intrinsic viscosity measurements

For “monodisperse”, randomly coiled macromolecules, we find that the molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, and diffusion coefficient are accurately related by This equation holds for denatured proteins in 6M GuHCl(aq) as well as for narrow polystyrene fractions in tetrahydrofuran. For a Schulz distribution of molecular weights, the weight measured from combining diffusion and viscosity data is closely approximated by These equations are verified with measurements of wide molecular distributions of polystyrene in toluene and data from the literature. These relations provide a rapid, nondestructive method to determine a well-specified molecular weight average of small quantities of polymers in a wide diversity of solvents using quasielastic light scattering techniques to evaluate polymer diffusion coefficients.
Thermal conductivity and boundary resistance measurements of GeSbTe and electrode materials using nanosecond thermoreflectance

Phase change memory (PCM) uses rapid heating and cooling to induce switching in sub-micron memory cells. The rapid rates of heating and nanoscale dimensions require accurate modeling of thermal transport phenomena in the constituent materials. This motivates improved understanding of the thermal properties of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) thin films and PCM electrode materials. We report measurements of thermal conductivity and interface resistance of GST and electrode materials by applying nanosecond pump-probe thermoreflectance to multilayer structures of GST-C, GSTTiN, and GST-Ti. We measure the total thermal resistance of the stack from the transient thermal response, separating the intrinsic and boundary resistance terms using a 1-D resistor model of the stack. The intrinsic conductivities for GST are 0.20 W/(m K) for GST-C, 0.33 W/(m K) for GST-TiN, 0.27 W/(m K) for low temperature deposited GST-Ti, and 0.69 for high temperature deposited GST-Ti. The thermal boundary resistances are 27.5 m2K/GW for GST-C, 5.2 m2K/GW for GST-TiN, 49.8 m2K/GW for low temperature GST-Ti, and 11.4 m2K/GW for high temperature GST-Ti.
Assessment of Fall-Arrest Systems for Scissor Lift Operators: Computer Modeling and Manikin Drop Testing

OBJECTIVE: The current study is intended to evaluate the stability of a scissor lift and the performance of various fall-arrest harnesses/lanyards during drop/fall-arrest conditions and to quantify the dynamic loading to the head/ neck caused by fall-arrest forces. BACKGROUND: No data exist that establish the efficacy of fall-arrest systems for use on scissor lifts or the injury potential from the fall incidents using a fall-arrest system. METHOD: The authors developed a multibody dynamic model of the scissor lift and a human lift operator model using ADAMS and LifeMOD Biomechanics Human Modeler. They evaluated lift stability for four fall-arrest system products and quantified biomechanical impacts on operators during drop/fall arrest, using manikin drop tests. Test conditions were constrained to flat surfaces to isolate the effect of manikin-lanyard interaction. RESULTS: The fully extended scissor lift maintained structural and dynamic stability for all manikin drop test conditions. The maximum arrest forces from the harnesses/lanyards were all within the limits of ANSI Z359.1. The dynamic loading in the lower neck during the fall impact reached a level that is typically observed in automobile crash tests, indicating a potential injury risk for vulnerable participants. CONCLUSION: Fall-arrest systems may function as an effective mechanism for fall injury protection for operators of scissor lifts. However, operators may be subjected to significant biomechanical loadings on the lower neck during fall impact. APPLICATION: Results suggest that scissor lifts retain stability under test conditions approximating human falls from predefined distances but injury could occur to vulnerable body structures. Language: en
Nested contour dynamics models for axisymmetric vortex rings and vortex wakes

Inviscid models for vortex rings and dipoles are constructed using nested patches of vorticity. These models constitute more realistic approximations to experimental vortex rings and dipoles than the single-contour models of Norbury and Pierrehumbert, and nested contour dynamics algorithms allow their simulation with low computational cost. In two dimensions, nested-contour models for the analytical Lamb dipole are constructed. In the axisymmetric case, a family of models for vortex rings generated by a piston–cylinder apparatus at different stroke ratios is constructed from experimental data. The perturbation response of this family is considered by the introduction of a small region of vorticity at the rear of the vortex, which mimics the addition of circulation to a growing vortex ring by a feeding shear layer. Model vortex rings are found to either accept the additional circulation or shed vorticity into a tail, depending on the perturbation size. A change in the behaviour of the model vortex rings is identified at a stroke ratio of three, when it is found that the maximum relative perturbation size vortex rings can accept becomes approximately constant. We hypothesise that this change in response is related to pinch-off, and that pinch-off might be understood and predicted based on the perturbation responses of model vortex rings. In particular, we suggest that a perturbation response-based framework can be useful in understanding vortex formation in biological flows.
The microbial selenoproteome of the Sargasso Sea

Selenocysteine (Sec) is a rare amino acid which occurs in proteins in major domains of life. It is encoded by TGA, which also serves as the signal for termination of translation, precluding identification of selenoprotein genes by available annotation tools. Information on full sets of selenoproteins (selenoproteomes) is essential for understanding the biology of selenium. Herein, we characterized the selenoproteome of the largest microbial sequence dataset, the Sargasso Sea environmental genome project. We identified 310 selenoprotein genes that clustered into 25 families, including 101 new selenoprotein genes that belonged to 15 families. Most of these proteins were predicted redox proteins containing catalytic selenocysteines. Several bacterial selenoproteins previously thought to be restricted to eukaryotes were detected by analyzing eukaryotic and bacterial SECIS elements, suggesting that eukaryotic and bacterial selenoprotein sets partially overlapped. The Sargasso Sea microbial selenoproteome was rich in selenoproteins and its composition was different from that observed in the combined set of completely sequenced genomes, suggesting that these genomes do not accurately represent the microbial selenoproteome. Most detected selenoproteins occurred sporadically compared to the widespread presence of their cysteine homologs, suggesting that many selenoproteins recently evolved from cysteine-containing homologs. This study yielded the largest selenoprotein dataset to date, doubled the number of prokaryotic selenoprotein families and provided insights into forces that drive selenocysteine evolution.
The Cohesion-Based Requirements Set Model for Improved Information System Maintainability

The concept of cohesion, which is normally associated with software design, is commonly used to measure the degree to which elements of a module are related. Systems constructed adhering to the principle of cohesion are expected to be more maintainable. It is proposed in this research that it may be more advantageous to apply the principle of cohesion at an earlier phase of the software development life cycle, thus placing more responsibility on the analyst who has a better understanding of the business. This paper proposes the Cohesion-Based Requirements Set (CBRS) model for improved information system maintainability. Using the CBRS technique, one may be able to positively affect the overall maintainability of the resulting system by applying a synthesis or expansion approach when gathering requirements rather than using an approach based on analysis or reduction.
Extraordinary Achievements: A Developmental and Systems Analysis

In this chapter, we examine how creativity develops across the life span in four discrete domains: the arts, the sciences, political leadership, and moral leadership. We address four themes: how creativity and leadership have been studied; the contributions and limitations of those conceptual and methodological approaches; ways a developmental framework based on dynamic interactions among talented individuals, fields of powerful gatekeepers, and domains of knowledge illuminates the emergence of extraordinary achievements; and the indicators of creativity and leadership in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. The chapter is divided into eight sections. We summarize the history of achievement research from general intelligence testing to multiple intelligences, expertise, creativity, leadership, morality, and personality perspectives. We outline the definitional, developmental, domain-specific, and methodological issues currently facing researchers. We describe the developmental-systemic framework we employ to synthesize empirical findings in the four domains cited previously. Within each domain, we present what is known about ordinary development, and then highlight markers that suggest a leap to extraordinary accomplishment. We conclude with an analysis of differences and similarities among the developmental pathways of the four domains and propose lines of further research. Keywords: achievement; art; creativity; development; expertise; gifted; intelligence; leadership; moral; prodigy; science; talent
Adverse Symptom Event Reporting by Patients vs Clinicians: Relationships With Clinical Outcomes

Results A total of 163 patients were enrolled for an average of 12 months (range = 1 – 28 months), with a mean of 11 visits and 67 (41%) deaths. CTCAE reports were submitted by clinicians at 95% of visits and by patients at 80% of visits. Patients generally reported symptoms earlier and more frequently than clinicians. Statistically significant associations with death and emergency room admissions were seen for clinician reports of fatigue ( P < .001), nausea ( P = .01), constipation ( P = .038), and Karnofsky Performance Status ( P < .001) but not for patient reports of these items. Higher concordance with EuroQoL EQ-5D questionnaire and global question scores was observed for patient-reported symptoms than for clinician-reported symptoms. Conclusions Longitudinally collected clinician CTCAE assessments better predict unfavorable clinical events, whereas patient reports better reflect daily health status. These perspectives are complementary, each providing clinically meaningful information. Inclusion of both types of data in treatment trial results and drug labels appears to be warranted.
Automatic prosody prediction and detection with Conditional Random Field (CRF) models

While the current TTS systems can deliver quite acceptable segmental quality of synthesized speech for voice user interface applications, its prosody is still perceived by users as “robotic” or not expressive. In this paper, we investigate how to improve TTS prosody prediction and detection. Conditional Random Field (CRF), a discriminative probabilistic model for the labeling the sequential data, is adopted. Rich syntactic and acoustic, contextual features are used in building the CRF models. Experiments performed on Boston University Radio Speech Corpus show that CRF models trained on our proposed rich contextual features can improve the accuracy of prosody prediction and detection in both speaker-dependent and speaker-independent cases. The performance is either comparable or better than the best reported results.
Accuracy and precision analysis of chamber-based nitrous oxide gas flux estimates.

Chamber-based estimates of soil-to-atmosphere nitrous oxide (N₂O) gas flux tend to underestimate actual emission rates due to inherently nonlinear time series data. In theory, this limitation can be minimized by adjusting measurement conditions to reduce nonlinearity and/or by using flux-calculation (FC) schemes that account for the so-called “chamber effect.” The current study utilizes gas transport theory and stochastic analysis to evaluate accuracy and precision of N₂O flux determinations under specific soil and chamber conditions. The analysis demonstrates that measures taken to increase the absolute accuracy of flux estimates, including shorter deployment times, larger chamber heights, and nonlinear FC schemes, will also increase the variance in flux estimates to an extent that depends on errors associated with sampling techniques and analytical instrument performance. These effects, in the absence of any actual variation in fluxes, can generate coefficients of variation ranging from 3 to 70% depending on measurement conditions. It is also shown that nonlinear FC schemes are prone to generating positively skewed distributions. These effects decrease confidence in N₂O flux estimates and inhibit the detection of differences arising from experimental factors. In general, a linear FC scheme will be more likely to detect relative differences in fluxes, although less accurate in absolute terms than nonlinear schemes. The techniques described here have been codified into an accessible spreadsheet-based tool for evaluating accuracy and precision trade-offs under specific measurement conditions.
Software-assisted cache replacement mechanisms for embedded systems

We address the problem of improving cache predictability and performance in embedded systems through the use of software-assisted replacement mechanisms. These mechanisms require additional software controlled state information that affects the cache replacement decision. Software instructions allow a program to kill a particular cache element, i.e., effectively make the element the least recently used element, or keep that cache element, i.e., the element will never be evicted.We prove basic theorems that provide conditions under which kill and keep instructions can be inserted into program code, such that the resulting performance is guaranteed to be as good as or better than the original program run using the standard LRU policy. We developed a compiler algorithm based on the theoretical results that, given an arbitrary program, determines when to perform software-assisted replacement, i.e., when to insert either a kill or keep instruction. Empirical evidence is provided that shows that performance and predictability (worst-case performance) can be improved for many programs.
Knowledge, Truth and Fallibility

Epistemology in the Western tradition is replete with implicit claims to infallibility. Truth, for example, is widely supposed to be what is the case independently of any human point of view. This independence from point of view has seemed crucial for the simple reason that the human point of view is essentially fallible while truth is tautologically devoid of error. The logical consequence of this, namely that knowledge of truth is humanly impossible, is drawn by the skeptic but resisted by all others, damn all logic. (Note, by the way, that the skeptic does not conclude that he knows this consequence.) This chaos is even more evident in talk of necessary truth. The necessary, is, by the usual definition, that which cannot be otherwise. This supposed de re situation is taken to confer apodeictic certainty on our cognitions of necessary truth. But if we are fallible, why may it not, whatever it may be, turn out to be otherwise? So again, only infallibility would suffice for knowledge of necessity. From which the lesson must be: “Epistemologist, humanize your concepts of truth and necessity”.
The Third Wave: Young Feminists Find Common Ground with Those Who Came before Them

Reporting on recent research at Chicago-Kent Law School and supported by studies at other schools, a group of student panelists noted sharp differences in participation rates in class discussions and lower feelings of self-confidence among female students compared with their male counterparts.
Activation of Lemmas in the Multilingual Mental Lexicon and Transfer in Third Language Learning

This chapter describes the composite elements of the multilingual mental lexicon and explores the nature and sources of transfer in third language learning. Unlike most previous studies of language transfer which identified learner errors by focusing on surface configurations of learner language, this study explains causes of learner errors by describing how language-specific lemmas in the multilingual mental lexicon are activated in language learning and speech production processes. To do so, it adopts some current psycholinguistic models of language acquisition. Multilingual transfer in third language learning is identified and described at several levels of information processing and speech production processes. This study focuses on the nature of lemmas in the multilingual mental lexicon and how they are activated in third language production. In so doing, sources of learner errors are traced to the composite nature of the multilingual mental lexicon and causes of transfer are explained in terms of constraints on third language development, learning strategies and processes. The third language data under this study came from two adult native speakers of Chinese. One has acquired native-like Japanese proficiency as a second language and is learning English as a third language, and the other has acquired native-like English proficiency as a second language and is learning Japanese as a third language. Based on evidence for certain specifications about the multilingual mental lexicon, this chapter presents a model of multilingual lemma activation in third language production.
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Sr3SiO5:Eu2+, Mn2+

The Mn2+ co-doped Sr3SiO5:Eu2+ phosphorsynthesized by conventional solid-state reaction had been investigated. Two controlling factors, firing temperature and Eu2+ concentrations, regarding to the synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Sr3SiO5:Eu2+ samples have been elucidated through photoluminescence (PL) analyses. The best firing temperature and Eu2+ concentrations of Sr3-xSiO5:Eu2+x phosphor was shown to be 1600oC and 0.03mol, respectively. In addition, the Mn2+ co-doped into Sr3SiO5:Eu2+, i. e. Sr3-x-ySiO5:Mnx2+,Euy2+, were also studied by PL analysis. It showed that the luminescent efficiency of Mn2+ co-doped into Sr3SiO5:Eu could be enhanced by 7%, as compared to the Sr3SiO5:Eu2+ phosphor. This study provides the fundamentals of synthesis and photoluminescence properties of (Sr3-x-ySiO5):Eux2+,Mn2+y phosphor for future research and application.
Bodyplethysmography in healthy children. Measurement of intrathoracic gas volume and airway resistance.

In 94 healthy children, 6–15 years of age, the intrathoracic gas volume at resting expiratory level (TGV) was measured by means of a pressure corrected flow body plethysmograph and compared to functional residual capacity (FRC), measured simultaneously to TGV by means of the Helium dilution technique. TGV is 1.9% (±11.7% SD) smaller than FRC, this difference being not significant (P>0.05). A predicted equation for TGV (in ml) in correlation to standing height (in cm) is published in boys and girls.
Alpha-Lactalbumin in “Common” Epithelial Tumorsof the Ovary: An Immunohistochemical Study

Alpha-lactalbumin (AL) has been widely used as an immunohistochemical marker for mammary carcinoma. The authors have investigated the AL reactivity of 36 unselected ovarian epithelial neoplasms using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase immunoperoxidase technic. In eight serous cystadenocarcinomas, both the primary neoplasm and its metastases were examined. Of the 36 tumors, 7 (19.4%) showed positive staining for AL and 5 were of the serous type. The serous tumors showed moderate to strong staining reaction. Three serous cystadenocarcinomas were AL positive in both primary and metastatic sites, while the remaining five were negative in all sites. One mucinous cystadenoma and one clear cell carcinoma showed weak to moderately positive AL reactivity. There was no good correlation between AL positivity and the presence of malignancy or between AL positivity and tumor grade. In view of the relatively high AL reactivity in ovarian neoplasms, it is advisable to exercise caution in interpreting the presence of AL positivity as specific marker for mammary carcinoma.
Severe, early axonal degeneration following experimental anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Purpose Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is the most common acute optic neuropathy in adults older than 50 and leads to axonal degeneration, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and loss of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We used experimental AION model to study early axonal changes following ischemia. Methods We induced optic nerve head ischemia in adult mice using photochemical thrombosis and analyzed retinal changes within 1 week. We used confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and fluorescence microscopy of retinal whole mount preparations to analyze axonal degeneration in Thy1-YFP-H mice and those injected with annexin-V-A488 intravitreally. Results Three days after AION, morphometric analyses in Thy1-YFP-H mice revealed evidence of early axonal changes, including swollen or branched axonal stumps. There was also a beads-on-a-string appearance of YFP expression. The axonal enlargements occurred at an interval of 17 ± 1 μm or 6 ± 0 enlargements/100 μm. At day 7 after AION, the degenerating intraretinal RGC axons exhibited intense annexin-V-A488 staining (P = 0.002). The annexin-V staining pattern was fragmented, with intersegment interval of 20.1 ± 1.4 μm or 5.8 ± 0.4 annexin-V-A488(+) fragments/100 μm, which were similar to that of degenerating Thy1-YFP(+) axons. Conclusions Following a photochemical thrombosis model of AION, RGC axons displayed severe degenerative changes within 1 week, suggesting that after ischemia, RGC axons may degenerate in a temporally and spatially distinct fashion from that of the soma. Our findings also further established annexin-V as a useful marker of retinal degeneration because it strongly labeled dying RGC axons.
How Taxis, Peanuts and Assault Rifles Get You a Martini for Dinner: Examining Peanut Quotas and Taxi Medallions in Consideration of Whether a Fifth Amendment Takings Claim is a Red Herring When Eliminating Alcohol License Quota Systems

This Article argues that allowing increased on-premise alcohol licenses will provide increased economic development through competition, without sacrificing public safety. Opponents of dismantling the on-premise quota system have consistently argued that a closed system is necessary, and may implicate a takings claim by current licensees. Review of relevant takings claim cases, including cases relating to peanut quotas and taxi medallions, however, supports opening those legacy markets by allowing new licensees into the marketplace, with little legal support for a successful takings claim relating to the value of the current licensee's license on a secondary market.
Defaming Planned Parenthood: Lying, Cybersmears, and the First Amendment

In the summer and fall of 2015, the Center for Medical Progress (CMP, an anti-abortion organization, released several incriminating videos that implied Planned Parenthood was in the business of selling body parts from aborted fetuses for profit. Planned Parenthood, a nonprofit organization, provides reproductive health care and sex education to people in the United States and around the globe. Fetal tissue donations, like those performed by Planned Parenthood, are completely legal, and done with the consent of the mother. Further, the fetal tissue harvested from aborted fetuses is used to study potential treatments for cancer, diabetes, and birth defects, and is used in the actual treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In the years leading up to the release of these videos, the head of CMP, David Daleiden, created a fake company named Biomax Procurement Services in order to deceive Planned Parenthood employees into attending joint meetings. One of these videos released by CMP was originally over two hours long , but the CMP video that spread like wildfire on the internet was a heavily edited eight-minute version. The video implied that Planned Parenthood profits from the abortions it provides. However, the full version of the video shows Planned Parenthood representatives stating several times that they make no profits from the donated fetal tissue. Several states and the federal government have initiated investigations into the allegations against Planned Parenthood, but so far the organization has been cleared of any wrongdoing. In spite of this, Planned Parenthood has faced significant political, financial, and social backlash since the release of these videos. The House of Representatives took away $255 million in federal funding for one year, and since August there have been four arson attacks against Planned Parenthood clinics across the country. Further, in October a vandal broke in and, with a hatchet, caused extensive damage to a Planned Parenthood clinic in New Hampshire. All of this raises the question: Are there steps that Planned Parenthood can take to hold the Center for Medical Progress accountable for their actions? In the age of the Internet, can organizations that release such destructive and false media to the public be held responsible, or are they acting within their First Amendment rights? Defamation is a promising cause of action for Planned Parenthood against CMP. A defamation suit requires damage to one’s reputation. Clearly, CMP released these videos in an attempt to ruin Planned Parenthoods credibility, and in some ways they have succeeded. Internet defamation is a delicate new area of the law, and various jurisdictions treat it differently. But still, CMP may find refuge within the First Amendment, and maintain that their videos fall within their right to free speech. To overcome this, Planned Parenthood may have to prove that CMP demonstrated a reckless disregard for the truth. In my note, I argue that Planned Parenthood will be able to overcome any defenses, including First Amendment issues that CMP may raise.
Some of the problems in English phonetics teaching

This article mainly discusses some of the problems in English phonetics teaching such as syllables, sense group, pause and sound linking; consonant clusters and incomplete explosion. And it also discusses how these problems affect English phonetics teaching.
254 LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROGRESSION IN HEALTHY POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN.

Few studies have evaluated the effects of weight loss, diet, and exercise on subclinical atherosclerotic progression in healthy women using common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). The Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial (EPAT) was a 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that showed less progression of CIMT with unopposed 17β-estradiol in postmenopausal women without cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the correlation between lifestyle modification and CIMT in 159 of 222 women randomized in EPAT. Data were obtained on weight, body mass index, physical activity, dietary intake, and CIMT. Women were excluded if they were diabetic or had less than two on-trial measurements of CIMT or any lifestyle factor. Summary measures for the change in each factor were adjusted for age, use of estrogen or lipid-lowering medications, and changes in total dietary energy. Increased dietary starch was associated with increased annual rate of CIMT progression (p = .005) whereas increases in dietary fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat were associated with reduced CIMT progression (p
W.M. Keck Observatory adaptive optics program

The status and plans for a multi-phase program to build adaptive optics (AO) user facilities for one of the Keck telescopes is presented. The planned facilities include (1) fast tip/tilt correction, (2) near infrared AO with natural stars, and potentially (3) a near infrared AO facility with a single laser beacon. Description of these facilities and their implementation on the telescope are described. In addition, descriptions of the current and future suite of scientific instruments that would take advantage of adaptive optics are provided. Problems and concerns associated with implementing adaptive optics facilities at Keck (e.g., a segmented primary, a 10 meter baseline, rotation of a non-symmetric pupil, etc.) are discussed.
Catharsis: Antonio Gramsci, Pedagogy, and the Political Independence of the Working Class

In this chapter, based on a philological investigation of Gramsci’s pre-prison and prison writings in the context of his political practice, we make four major arguments. First, we argue that the major leitmotif of Gramsci’s writings and political practice was the struggle to achieve the political independence of the working class. The idea and goal of working-class political independence share much in common with basic principles held by many educators and particularly educators explicitly oriented toward social justice. Second, we demonstrate how the leitmotif of working-class political independence provides for a revolutionary understanding of the interrelatedness of Gramsci’s major concepts such as intellectuals, the state and civil society, hegemony, and war of position, as well as his insistence on and continuous work in revolutionary political parties. Third, we assert that the leitmotif of working-class political independence demonstrates the centrality of revolutionary pedagogy at the heart of Gramsci’s political practice. The centrality of pedagogy in Gramsci’s leitmotif is captured by his concept of catharsis. Fourth, based on the assessment that precarity or dispossession is actually the historic development of an objectively revolutionary class, we propose that Gramsci’s revolutionary pedagogical practice is increasingly relevant for development of the subjective conditions for revolutionary practice by the growing masses of dispossessed.
Sensorsafe: a framework for privacy-preserving management of personal sensory information

The widespread use of smartphones and body-worn sensors has made continuous and unobtrusive collection of personal data feasible. This has led to the emergence of useful applications in diverse areas such as medical behavioral studies, personal health-care and participatory sensing. However, the nature of highly personal information shared with these applications, together with the additional inferences that could be possibly drawn using the same data leads to a variety of privacy concerns. This paper proposes SensorSafe, an architecture for managing personal sensory information in a privacy-preserving way. Our architecture consists of multiple remote data stores and a broker so users can retain the ownership of their data and management of multiple users can be well supported. SensorSafe also provides a context-aware ne-grained access control mechanism by which users can dene their own sharing rules based on various conditions including context and behavioral status. We discuss our design of the SensorSafe architecture and provide application examples to show how our system can support user privacy.
Life and Death at the CAFE: Predicting the Impact of Fuel Economy Standards on Vehicle Safety

Recent changes to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards in the United States mandate substantial improvement in automobile fuel economy over the next fteen years. One of the ways that manufacturers improve fuel economy is to lower vehicle weights, which has impacts on safety. The innovation of this project is a novel maximum likelihood model that avoids issues of driver selection to separately identify the impact of vehicle weight on accident mortality. The key findings of the paper are: (1) A modest 5% average reduction in vehicle weight could increase annual accident fatalities by 4.9% or decrease them by 3.4% depending upon whether the reductions are concentrated at the lighter or heavier end of the current weight distribution; (2) Safety externalities attributiable to vehicle weight substantially exceed environmental ones; and (3) The relationship between vehicle weight and external safety effects is such that a simple Pigovian excise tax on gasoline is unlikely to much improve effciency.