cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual κ1 coordination of a β-diketiminate ligand in niobium complexes

Reaction of (BDI)Nb(NtBu)Cl2py with NaCp results in the κ1-coordination of the BDI ligand in the complex (κ1-N,BDI)CpNb(NtBu)Cl (2). Via chloride abstraction from 2, we develop synthetic routes to structurally analogous cationic and NbIV pseudo-four coordinate complexes where the BDI ligand returns to the κ2-coordination mode. We compare these to our previously reported tetrahedral niobium bis(imido) complexes to investigate the effects of the Cp ligand on the properties of Nb-BDI-imido systems. Substitution of the chloride in 2 with a hydride also causes return to bidentate binding of the BDI ligand. The X-ray crystal structures of these complexes have been determined, and the structural parameters reflecting the consequences of the electronic differences are discussed.
Optimization of transmit parameters for two-dimensional cardiac strain estimation with coherent compounding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo

Coherent compounding has been investigated as a possible means of increasing strain estimation accuracy while retaining high frame rate; however, the optimal parameters that yield the best strain estimate have yet to be determined. Three transmit parameters were investigated: the number of transmits, the subaperture size, and the angular aperture. Field II simulations of an annular region mimicking cross-sectional views of the systolic left ventricle were imaged. The highest number of transmits evaluated (15), the smallest subaperture (11 elements), and the narrowest angular aperture (60°) were found to yield the smallest axial and lateral interframe strain errors. A hemiellipsoid PVA phantom was inflated and deflated in a water tank to generate wall strain, and the in silico results were corroborated by the phantom results. Finally, a canine infarct model was employed wherein the LAD was ligated, and open chest images of the myocardium were acquired four days later. In silico and in vivo results were used to design an optimized compounding sequence featuring 11 transmits, a 21 element subaperture, and a 90° angular aperture. Based on TTC staining of the excised heart, the optimized sequence was able to distinguish between healthy and infarcted tissue, whereas the single diverging wave sequence incorrectly estimated strain in several regions. This optimization study indicates that a higher number of transmits, a small subaperture, and a narrow angular aperture yield the most accurate strain estimate.
Estimation in Space and Time

“Never let yourself be goaded into taking seriously problems about words and their meanings. What must be taken seriously are questions of fact, and assertions about facts; theories and hypotheses; the problems they solve; and the problems they raise.”
Diversification, Vertical Contracting and Diseconomies of Scope: Evidence from the Taxicab Industry

This paper studies how firms reorganize following diversification. We propose that firms use outsourcing, or vertical dis-integration, to reduce scope-induced governance costs that arise following diversification. We also consider the source of scope diseconomies, and argue that different underlying mechanisms generate contrasting predictions about the link between within- firm task heterogeneity and the incentive to outsource following diversification. We test these propositions using micro-data on taxicab and limousine fleets from the Economic Census. The results show that taxicab fleets outsource, by shifting towards owner-operator drivers, when they diversify into the limousine business. Moreover, the magnitude of this shift toward driver ownership is larger in less urban markets, where the tasks of taxicab and limousine drivers are similar, but compensation systems differ. The findings suggest that: (1) firms use outsourcing to manage diseconomies of scope; and (2) that inter-divisional conflicts are an important source of scope diseconomies in related diversification.
El mundo hispanohablante contemporáneo. Historia, política, sociedades y culturas

Written entirely in Spanish, El mundo hispanohablante contemporaneo is a comprehensive and well-designed textbook that explores the history, politics, and culture of different Spanish-speaking coun...
Canada and Bretton Woods

This chapter examines Canada’s contribution to the establishment of the International Monetary Fund. Like other chapters in the volume, it begins from the premise that Bretton Woods was more of a process than a discrete meeting: the July 1944 conference was but the culmination of years of in-depth international discussions. It finds that Canada, driven by its interest in a liberalized global economy, need for Anglo-American accord, and desire to be consulted, helped make the IMF more multilateral, inclusive, and attractive to creditor and debtor countries alike. Moreover, it demonstrates that Bretton Woods was not an exclusively Anglo-American affair: while the USA and the UK set the agenda, countries such as Canada played important roles in shaping the postwar global economy.
A Rapid Throughput Method To Extract DNA from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues for Biomonitoring Carcinogenic DNA Adducts

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are rarely used for screening DNA adducts of carcinogens because the harsh conditions required to reverse the formaldehyde-mediated DNA cross-links can destroy DNA adducts. We recently adapted a commercial silica-based column kit used in genomics to manually isolate DNA under mild conditions from FFPE tissues of rodents and humans and successfully measured DNA adducts of several carcinogens including aristolochic acid I (AA-I), 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) (Yun et al. (2013) Anal. Chem. 85, 4251–8, and Guo et al. (2016) Anal. Chem. 88, 4780–7). The DNA retrieval methodology is robust; however, the procedure is time-consuming and labor intensive, and not amenable to rapid throughput processing. In this study, we have employed the Promega Maxwell 16 MDx system, which is commonly used in large scale genomics studies, for the rapid throughput extraction of DNA. This system streamlines the DNA isolation proce...
Relationships between brain metabolite levels, functional connectivity, and negative mood in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients compared to controls: A MAPP research network study

Abstract Until recently, the predominant pathology of chronic pelvic pain conditions was thought to reside in the peripheral tissues. However, mounting evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests an important role of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of these conditions. In the present cross-sectional study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the brain was conducted in female patients with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) to determine if they exhibit abnormal concentrations of brain metabolites (e.g. those indicative of heightened excitatory tone) in regions involved in the processing and modulation of pain, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior and posterior insular cortices. Compared to a group of age-matched healthy subjects, there were significantly higher levels of choline (p = 0.006, uncorrected) in the ACC of UCPPS patients. ACC choline levels were therefore compared with the region's resting functional connectivity to the rest of the brain. Higher choline was associated with greater ACC-to-limbic system connectivity in UCPPS patients, contrasted with lower connectivity in controls (i.e. an interaction). In patients, ACC choline levels were also positively correlated with negative mood. ACC γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were lower in UCPPS patients compared with controls (p = 0.02, uncorrected), but this did not meet statistical correction for the 4 separate regional comparisons of metabolites. These results are the first to uncover abnormal GABA and choline levels in the brain of UCPPS patients compared to controls. Low GABA levels have been identified in other pain syndromes and might contribute to CNS hyper-excitability in these conditions. The relationships between increased ACC choline levels, ACC-to-limbic connectivity, and negative mood in UCPPS patients suggest that this metabolite could be related to the affective symptomatology of this syndrome.
Postprandial Walking Reduces Glucose Levels in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

The purpose of this study was to investigate blood glucose changes, as measured by a continuous glucose monitoring system, that occur in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) following an acute bout of moderate-intensity walking after consuming a high-carbohydrate/low-fat meal. This study found that moderate-intensity walking induced greater postprandial glucose control compared with sedentary activity and it appears that moderate-intensity activity may be used to reduce postprandial glucose levels in women with GDM.
Secure and robust monitoring of virtual machines through guest-assisted introspection

Current monitoring solutions for virtual machines do not incorporate both security and robustness. Out-of-guest applications achieve security by using virtual machine introspection and not relying on in-guest components, but do not achieve robustness due to the semantic gap. In-guest applications achieve robustness by utilizing guest OS code for monitoring, but not security, since an attacker can tamper with this code and the application itself. In this paper we propose SYRINGE, a secure and robust infrastructure for monitoring virtual machines. SYRINGE protects the monitoring application by placing it in a separate virtual machine (as with the out-of-guest approach) but at the same time allowing it to invoke guest functions (as with the in-guest approach), using a technique known as function-call injection. SYRINGE verifies the secure execution of the invoked guest OS code by using another technique, localized shepherding. The combination of these two techniques allows SYRINGE to incorporate the best of out-of-guest monitoring with that of in-guest monitoring. We implemented a prototype of SYRINGE as a Linux application to monitor a guest running Windows XP and have evaluated its performance and security. We also implemented a monitoring application built on top of SYRINGE to demonstrate its usefulness. Our results show that for a calling period of 1 second, the performance overhead created in the guest by this application is 8%.
Ileal Pouch in Children

Abstract Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a valid option for pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis who require colectomy. J-pouch is the most commonly performed, with two common anastomotic techniques, stapled anastomosis vs hand-sewn anastomosis. Unique to practice in pediatric population, pull-through technique and straight ileo-anal anastomosis have also been performed, which have been shown to have advantages and disadvantages over the standard J-shaped ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Due to anatomy, the risk for immediate postoperative complications in restorative proctocolectomy in pediatric patients may be higher than that in adults. However, the long-term outcomes of the surgery appear to be comparable between the two age groups. In pediatric patient population, physical wellbeing as well as psychosocial aspects related to restorative proctocolectomy should be considered and closely monitored.
Social impacts of homelessness and long-term occupancy on national forests and grasslands: a national study of U.S. Forest Service law enforcement officers.

Abstract Long-term occupancy by homeless individuals in U.S. national forests and grasslands results in persistent management challenges and resource concerns. Management challenges associated with non-recreational campers (homeless long-term occupants) include: maintaining sanitary conditions, public safety, vandalism, and conflict with other forest visitors. These management challenges may already be a substantial concern for district rangers and law enforcement officers (LEOs) in many parts of the U.S. This exploratory study compares the social impacts of various types of non-recreational campers across different forest types in the U.S. In this paper, we compare the prevalence, social impacts, and types of criminal behavior associated with non-recreational campers, along a rural to urban forest continuum. ANOVA analysis reveals that transient retirees are most frequently encountered by law enforcement, with no differences apparent among forest types. Teens and runaways were least often encountered, but this group demonstrated a significant difference in frequency of encounters between rural and urban locations. In terms of conflict, LEOs reported that Forest Service staff are the group most frequently experiencing conflict with non-recreational campers, with no significant differences found among the forest types. With respect to unlawful behavior among the homeless on national forest lands, LEOs reported having to respond to stay violations most often, with no differences found among different forest area types. This paper considers these outcomes and the management challenges they represent.
Acute stress enhances general-knowledge semantic memory.

Abstract Acute psychological stress consistently impairs episodic memory, which consists of memory for events that are associated with a specific context. However, researchers have not yet established how stress influences semantic memory, which consists of general knowledge that is devoid of context. In the present study, participants either underwent stress induction or a control task prior to taking a trivia test that was designed to measure semantic memory. In contrast to the wealth of prior research on episodic memory, we found that stress enhanced semantic-memory retrieval. Supporting this finding, higher cortisol reactivity to stress was associated with better performance on the trivia test. Together with the results from previous studies of episodic memory, our findings suggest that stress differentially influences memory retrieval, depending on the degree to which the retrieval of a given memory relies on medial-temporal, neocortical, and striatal brain regions.
Super-resolution retinal imaging using optically reassigned scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Super-resolution optical microscopy techniques have enabled the discovery and visualization of numerous phenomena in physics, chemistry and biology1-3. However, the highest resolution super-resolution techniques depend on nonlinear fluorescence phenomena and are thus inaccessible to the myriad applications that require reflective imaging4,5. One promising super-resolution technique is optical reassignment6, which so far has only shown potential for fluorescence imaging at low speeds. Here, we present novel advances in optical reassignment to adapt it for any scanning microscopy, including reflective imaging, and enable an order of magnitude faster image acquisition than previous optical reassignment techniques. We utilized these advances to implement optically reassigned scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, an in vivo super-resolution human retinal imaging device not reliant on confocal gating. Using this instrument, we achieved high-resolution imaging of living human retinal cone photoreceptor cells (determined by minimum foveal eccentricity) without adaptive optics or chemical dilation of the eye7.
HIV and the Stomach

A significant number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients may present with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms related to involvement of the GI tract. Symptoms are mostly non-specific but can include abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, dysphagia, and diarrhea. Certain clinical entities may demonstrate primary or secondary involvement of the stomach. As control of HIV the disease has improved with highly active antiretroviral therapy, some of these manifestations which include infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases are less prevalent. Early recognition of these diseases may help improve outcomes and quality of life for patients living with HIV. This chapter provides an overview of gastric involvement in HIV.
Relationship between teaching assistants’ perceptions of student learning challenges and their use of external representations when teaching acid–base titrations in introductory chemistry laboratory courses

Practicing chemists use models, diagrams, symbols, and figures to represent phenomena which cannot be detected by the human senses. Although research suggests that these external representations (ERs) can also be used to address the challenges that students have in learning chemistry, it is not clear how instructors' use of ERs aligns with their perceptions of student learning difficulties. In other words, do instructors use ERs to address what they perceive as students' major challenges in learning chemistry, or are they using ERs for other reasons? The answer to this question could have implications for the professional development of chemistry instructors, including both classroom instructors and laboratory facilitators. As a pilot study to guide the development of a larger project focused on the use and interpretation of ERs, we interviewed eleven general chemistry teaching assistants at a major university in the U.S. Southwest about their use of ERs when facilitating acid–base titration laboratory activities. Our data suggest that there is a lack of alignment between teaching assistants’ primary reported use of ERs and the primary challenge that they perceive their students have when learning about acid–base titrations. We discuss potential reasons for this misalignment, as well as implications for teaching assistant training related to the use of ERs in the laboratory learning environment.
Multicultural Sensitivity in Course Design

Because universities are moving more of their courses online in an effort to increase their education footprint and institutional impact by distributing to foreign students, many in online learning courses are becoming more diverse. As course designers, this impact should be taken into consideration when analyzing the student audience and designing any course. This article discusses recent trends in the global online audience, reminds us of assumptions made during the design process that may impact the multicultural audience, and provides suggestions for working around those assumptions.
Shear Flow of Kinematically Hardening Rigid-Plastic Materials

Summary Several versions of kinematic hardening are considered in the presence of finite deformations. Recent work on shear flow of such materials is reviewed and clarified.
Autono-preneurial Agents in the Community: Developing a Socially Aware API for Autonomous Entrepreneurial Lawn Mowers

In this paper, we describe our efforts to appropriate an autono-preneurial agent---in this case, the Amazon Locust\footnoteThe Amazon Locust is a fictional autonomous lawn mowing robot that we imagine to be widely available through Amazon by 2035. ---through the development of an API that enables equitable and socially aware entrepreneurial decision making on the part of the Locust. We present a new API and our intended vision for this system, along with our proposed deployment plan for implementing appropriated Locusts in Midwestern USA suburban communities. These appropriated Locusts will allow community provisioning decision-making that moves beyond consideration of profitability to also include decisions based on equity, equality, community, and interpersonal relationships. We discuss the broader implications of this work and point toward future areas of inquiry.
Midwest College Outing Conference

(1941). Midwest College Outing Conference. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 410-441.
Isaac Sasportas, the 1799 Slave Conspiracy in Jamaica, and Sephardic Ties to the Haitian Revolution

Isaac Sasportas was a member of the Sephardic Diaspora who was born in French Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) around 1779. His uncle, Abraham Sasportas, with whom Isaac lived in Charleston in 1793–1795, was actively involved in the American Revolution and the political struggles of the French Revolution. Isaac embraced the radical politics of his uncle and returned to his native Saint-Domingue. There, he played a leading role in planning an invasion of British Jamaica, where he hoped to emancipate African slaves. But the plan was leaked by Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture and Isaac Sasportas was executed in Jamaica in December 1799.
Metaphylactic Antibiotic Treatment to Prevent the Transmission of Corynebacterium bovis to Immunocompromised Mouse Offspring

Current methods for eradicating Corynebacterium bovis, such as depopulation, embryo transfer, and cesarean rederivation followed by cross fostering, are expensive, complex, and time-consuming. We investigated a novel method to produce immunocompromised offspring free of C. bovis from infected NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wgl/SzJ (NSG) breeding pairs. Adult NSG mice were infected with C. bovis, paired, and randomly assigned to either a no-antibiotic control group (NAB, n = 8) or a group that received amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (0.375 mg/mL) in their drinking water for a mean duration of 7 wk (AB group, n = 7), spanning the time from pairing of breeders to weaning of litters. The AB group also underwent weekly cage changes for 3 wk after pairing to decrease intracage C. bovis contamination, whereas the NAB mice received bi-weekly cage changes. Antibiotics were withdrawn at the time of weaning. All litters (n = 7) in the AB group were culture- and qPCR-negative for C. bovis and remained negative for the duration of the study, whereas all litters in the NAB group (n = 6) remained C. bovis positive. A single adult from each breeding pair was sampled at weaning and at 5 and 10 wk after weaning to confirm the maintenance of (NAB) or to diagnose the reemergence (AB) of C. bovis infection. By the end of the study, C. bovis infection had returned in 3 of the 7 (43%) tested AB adults. Our data suggest that metaphylactic antibiotic use can decrease viable C. bovis organisms from adult breeder mice and protect offspring from infection. However, using antibiotics with frequent cage changing negatively affected breeding performance. Nevertheless, this technique can be used to produce C. bovis-free NSG offspring from infected adults and may be an option for salvaging infected immunocompromised strains of mice that are not easily replaced.
11 GHz Lateral-Field-Excited Aluminum Nitride Cross-Sectional Lamé Mode Resonator

This paper reports the first experimental demonstration of a Lateral-Field-Excited (LFE) Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Cross-Sectional Lame Mode Resonator (CLMR) operating at 11 GHz. First, the device is modeled via Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Next, optimized design is realized via a simple 2-mask fabrication process. Fabricated LFE AlN CLMR demonstrates a loaded quality factor ( $Q_{l}$ ) of 615 and an electromechanical coupling coefficient ( $k_{t}^{2}$ ) of 1.3%, resulting in an exceptionally high Figure-of-Merit ( $\text{FoM}=k_{t}^{2}\cdot Q_{l}$ ) of 8. In addition, the capability to litographycally define the center frequency without significantly degrading its $k_{t}^{2}$ makes LFE ALN CLMRs one of the best candidates for the realization of low-cost yet high-performance filters scaled to operate in the X-band.
Information Flow: A Unified Basis for Vulnerability Mitigation, Malware Defense and Attack Scenario Reconstruction

Access control and information flow are the two building blocks in the design of secure software. Of the two, access control seems ubiquitous, being widely used in operating systems, databases, firewalls, servers, web applications, and so on. The successes of information flow seem less obvious, and its benefits and potential underappreciated. Yet, when it comes to defending against malicious code, access control based defenses have proved susceptible to evasion, or they end up being so restrictive as to interfere with legitimate use. In this talk, I will argue that defenses based on information flow can be more discerning, as they utilize not only the operations performed but also their context, e.g., whether malicious actors could be exerting control over these operation or their key arguments. I will then describe successful applications of information flow to defend against every stage of a cyber attack campaign, including: (a) exploit mitigation for a wide range of software vulnerabilities, (b) malware containment across diverse OSes, including Linux, BSD, and Windows XP through Windows 10, and (c) attack campaign reconstruction, where we achieve a five to six orders of magnitude data reduction by applying our techniques.
Judicial Impact and Factual Allegations

AbstractResearchers often study the impact of legal change by investigating judges’ decisions and ignoring litigants. Many scholars believe the Supreme Court’s decisions in Twombly and Iqbal increa...
Review of in vivo optical molecular imaging and sensing from x-ray excitation.

Significance: Deep-tissue penetration by x-rays to induce optical responses of specific molecular reporters is a new way to sense and image features of tissue function in vivo. Advances in this field are emerging, as biocompatible probes are invented along with innovations in how to optimally utilize x-ray sources. Aim: A comprehensive review is provided of the many tools and techniques developed for x-ray-induced optical molecular sensing, covering topics ranging from foundations of x-ray fluorescence imaging and x-ray tomography to the adaptation of these methods for sensing and imaging in vivo. Approach: The ways in which x-rays can interact with molecules and lead to their optical luminescence are reviewed, including temporal methods based on gated acquisition and multipoint scanning for improved lateral or axial resolution. Results: While some known probes can generate light upon x-ray scintillation, there has been an emergent recognition that excitation of molecular probes by x-ray-induced Cherenkov light is also possible. Emission of Cherenkov radiation requires a threshold energy of x-rays in the high kV or MV range, but has the advantage of being able to excite a broad range of optical molecular probes. In comparison, most scintillating agents are more readily activated by lower keV x-ray energies but are composed of crystalline inorganic constituents, although some organic biocompatible agents have been designed as well. Methods to create high-resolution structured x-ray-optical images are now available, based upon unique scanning approaches and/or a priori knowledge of the scanned x-ray beam geometry. Further improvements in spatial resolution can be achieved by careful system design and algorithm optimization. Current applications of these hybrid x-ray-optical approaches include imaging of tissue oxygenation and pH as well as of certain fluorescent proteins. Conclusions: Discovery of x-ray-excited reporters combined with optimized x-ray scan sequences can improve imaging resolution and sensitivity.
Crosses and Culture: State-Sponsored Religious Displays in the U.S. and Europe

This article compares the recent jurisprudence of the U.S. Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights on the question of state-sponsored religious displays. Both tribunals insist that states have a duty of religious "neutrality," but each defines that term differently. For the Supreme Court, neutrality means that government may not proselytize, even indirectly, or appear to favor a particular church; neutrality may even mean that government must not endorse religion generally. For the ECtHR, in contrast, neutrality means only that government must avoid active religious indoctrination; the ECtHR allows government to give "preponderant visibility" to the symbols of traditionally dominant churches. The different conceptions of neutrality reflect institutional and cultural realities. Institutionally, the Supreme Court’s status as a constitutional court allows it to adopt a stricter version of neutrality than the ECtHR, which, as a supranational tribunal without formal appellate authority, must accommodate a variety of domestic church-state arrangements. Culturally, the Supreme Court’s conception of neutrality reflects what the recent sociology of religion literature refers to as the American model, which sees churches as voluntary associations that must compete in a free religious market. This model rejects government expressions of support for particular churches as inappropriate market distortions. In contrast, the ECtHR’s thinner conception of neutrality comports with the European model, which accepts culturally dominant, territorial churches as a given.
Modal analysis of post-buckled beams undergoing stable transitions between remote equilibria

Abstract Post-buckled structures are prone to snap-through instabilities when external loading causes the structure to lose local stability and jump to a remote equilibrium. However, using piezoelectric actuation, structures can undergo entirely stable transitions between remote equilibria, thereby avoiding snap-through. This paper investigates the linearized vibrational properties of post-buckled beams along these stable transition paths. Numerical results are calculated using an elastica model with allowances for piezoelectric actuation. The model is non-dimensionalized to provide a general view of how the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes evolve during stable transitions. Results are presented for two types of stable transitions—one in which the transition is accomplished by changing the external load under a constant actuation level, and one in which the actuation levels are changed without external loading. Results show that the first four natural frequencies of the beam undergo complicated changes during a stable transition. Results also indicate that the first two mode shapes tend to be asymmetric and localized during the early and later stages of the transition. Yet, during the middle of the transition, when the static configuration of the beam is an anti-symmetric “S” shape, the first two mode shapes are symmetric and global. The natural frequencies and modes predicted by the numerical model are validated with a series of experiments.
660 Chronotype Associations with Insomnia, Depressive Symptoms, and Changes in Sleep and Health Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Evening chronotype (i.e., night owl preference) is associated with worse insomnia and depressive symptoms, and poorer health behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine the association between chronotype and these symptoms and health behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. Methods: An online survey, distributed internationally via social media from 5/21/2020-7/1/2020, asked adults to report sociodemographic/economic information, changes in sleep (midpoint, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time-in-bed), and health behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary screen time, and outdoor light exposure patterns) from prior to during the pandemic, chronotype preference (definitely morning [DM], rather more morning [RM], rather more evening [RE], or definitely evening [DE]), and complete the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D-10). Multinomial logistic regression and ANCOVA models, adjusting for age and sex, examined associations of chronotype with COVID-19 pandemic related impacts on sleep, depressive symptoms, and health behaviors. Results: A subsample of 579 participants (M age: 39y, range: 18-80;73.6% female), currently under quarantine and neither pregnant nor performing shift work, represented each chronotype evenly (∼25%). Participants delayed their sleep midpoint by 72.0min (SD=111.5) during the pandemic. DE chronotypes had a greater delay than morning types (M±SD DE: 91.0±9.0 vs. RM: 55.9±9.2 & DM: 66.1±9.3;p=0.046) with no significant change in other sleep patterns relative to other chronotypes. However, DE and RE chronotypes had greater odds of reporting that their new sleep/wake schedule was still not consistent with their “body clock” preference relative to morning types (X2[15]=54.8, p<0.001), reported greater ISI (F[3,503]=5.3, p=.001) and CES-D-10 scores (F[3,492]=7.9, p<.001), and had greater odds for increased or consistently moderate-to-high sedentary screen time (X2[12]=22.7, p=0.03) and decreased physical activity (X2[12]=22.5, p=0.03) than DM chronotype. There was no significant difference in change in outdoor light exposure by chronotype (X2[12]=12.1, p=0.43). Conclusion: In an international online sample of adults under COVID-19 pandemic quarantine, evening chronotypes, despite taking the opportunity to delay sleep to match biological clock preference, reported their sleep/wake schedules were still inconsistent with personal preference, and reported greater insomnia and depressive symptoms, and odds of engaging in poorer health behaviors than morning chronotypes.
Acute and Severe Acute Pancreatitis and the Effect of Cannabis in States Before and After Legalization Compared With States Without Legalized Cannabis.

Objectives Cannabis legalization has increased its use. The incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has also increased. In this study, data on pancreatitis were obtained from 2 states before and after cannabis legalization and compared with 2 states without legalized cannabis. Methods Data were extracted from State Inpatient Databases from the states of Colorado and Washington before recreational cannabis legalization (2011) and after legalization (2015). Arizona and Florida were used as the nonlegalized cannabis states. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit for AP and SAP to determine a trend difference between legalized and nonlegalized cannabis states. Results Cannabis use, AP, and SAP increased in all states. The increase in AP and SAP was not significantly different between the states that legalized cannabis use and those that did not. Legalized cannabis states had lower charges for AP and SAP and shorter length of hospitalizations. Conclusions The trend of AP and SAP increased during the study period, but this was not correlated to cannabis use. Cannabis users had lower hospitalization costs and hospital stay. The effects of other confounders such as cannabis dose and delivery methods, alcohol, tobacco, and others need to be studied further as use increases.
A Diagnostically Challenging Parotid Gland Tumor With Hybrid Features

Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon with most being benign. When diagnosed the most common benign and malignant tumors are pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), respectively. However, not uncommonly, it is difficult to differentiate between the histopathological entities, leading to a diagnostic dilemma that can impact a patient’s treatment and prognosis. A 24-year-old woman presented with a three-year history of asymptomatic left-sided facial swelling. She denied any prior history of head and neck radiation. There was no history of alcohol consumption or smoking exposure and there was no personal or family history of head and neck cancers. Additionally, she did not have any known occupational or environmental exposures. Due to the chronicity and painless nature of this facial mass, our patient did not pursue evaluation initially. Subsequently, she experienced an increase in size and pain for a few months exacerbated by swallowing. She had no other symptoms. On physical examination, a 3 x 3 cm left parotid gland mass was noted. There was no associated head or neck lymphadenopathy and compression of the left facial mass did not elicit secretions from the opening of Stensen’s duct. Due to the rapid increase in size, she was sent for CT neck/soft tissue with contrast which confirmed a 3.56 x 2.67 cm solid nodule within the superficial portion of the left parotid gland. This was followed by an MRI orbit/face/neck with and without contrast, for further delineation, which demonstrated a 4 x 3.7 x 3 cm complex heterogeneous mass within the superficial left parotid gland. Thereafter the patient underwent an uncomplicated ultrasound-guided biopsy of the parotid mass. The histopathological appraisal concluded that this was a cellular pleomorphic adenoma, with mucinous and squamous metaplasia with reactive lymph nodes. Due to the new rapid increase in size and intense painful nature of this tumor, nerve-sparing left parotidectomy, fat grafting and reconstruction were completed. Cellular pleomorphic adenomas are benign low-grade neoplasms, typified as biphasic with both epithelial and myoepithelial components. However, they have increased cellularity and focally increased mitotic activity, not advanced enough to qualify as malignant. The presence of mucinous and squamous metaplasia is of diagnostic interest as it makes diagnosis on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) morphologically challenging. These findings are typical of MEC and on FNA can be misleading in the setting of a pleomorphic adenoma. However, on histopathological evaluation of the gross specimen along with immunohistochemical staining the diagnosis is made much easier. A diagnosis of MEC would have potentially required neck dissection and adjuvant therapy with a potential increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This case emphasises the importance of an adequate tissue biopsy in regards to parotid gland tumors to optimise a patient's care plan.
Effects of a same-day post-detoxification residential alcohol use disorder treatment admission policy

This study examined pre- and post-implementation of a same-day post-detoxification residential admission policy within a Veteran Health Administration (VHA) facility to determine improved outcomes ...
Java with Borland C

An overview of Java what you need to get started using the Borland C++ Java tools how Java applications, Applets, HTML interrelate writing simple Java applets a discussion of Java types, expressions and logic flow a discussion of classes, interfaces and packages a discussion of threads and exceptions development of advanced Java Applets using the browser and AWT class libraries using HTML with Applets specific applications illustrating animation, sound etc. appendices: Java language summary HTML language summary internet addresses.
Environmental Samples as Evidence: Labeling and Documentation at a Crime Scene

This chapter provides a detailed examination of the sample documentation process, highlighting the importance of each step for criminal investigations. For the criminal sampling process, knowing that something needs to be documented is important but understanding why something needs to be documented is critical. There are generally three types of samples that require extensive documentation in the aftermath of a biological release. The first type of sample is the public health and safety sample. The second type of sample is the environmental sample. The analysis of these samples helps guide those responsible for the decontamination of a specific area and the restoration of the environment. The third type of sample is the criminal sample. Duct tape consists of cloth/cotton fabric coated with polyethylene. When the duct tape is torn, cotton fibers may become airborne. Should these airborne particles come into contact with protective clothing (e.g., gloves or sleeves), sampling tools, or sampling containers, they may contaminate the item with foreign DNA. If footprints are found within the contaminated zone, it may be difficult to differentiate between those made by a suspect and those created by emergency responders. The documentation supporting these activities must also be collected and securely stored in a central location at the crime scene. At the completion of these activities, the crime scene investigation team should conduct a postsearch briefing. In summary, the importance of documentation throughout the sampling process cannot be stressed enough.
Simulating Society: A Mathematica®Toolkit for Modeling Socioeconomic Behavior

1: Modeling a Society of Mobile Heterogeneous Individuals.- 2: Transmitting Culture.- 3: Deciding Whether to Interact.- 4: Choosing How to Behave.- 5: Grouping and Conforming.- 6: Social Networking and Moving to Far-Flung Locations.- Appendix B: List and Matrix Essentials.- Appendix C: Graphics and Efficiency.
A Grid Computing Environment for Enabling Large Scale Quantum Mechanical Simulations

This paper describes work-in-progress towards developing a simulation environment that utilizes recent advances in in the areas of grid middleware and computational kernels. Our goal is to develop an environment suitable for composing and deploying an overall high-performance, flexible and robust software solution for large-scale quantum mechanical simulations.
Peggy Pascoe. What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America

Peggy Pascoe, in her wide-ranging work on anti-miscegenation law, claims that the memory of America's opposition to interracial marriage has fallen out of the modern collective consciousness. I was...
Surface heat flux estimation with the ensemble Kalman smoother: Joint estimation of state and parameters

[1] The estimation of surface heat fluxes based on the assimilation of land surface temperature (LST) has been achieved within a variational data assimilation (VDA) framework. Variational approaches require the development of an adjoint model, which is difficult to derive and code in the presence of thresholds and discontinuities. Also, it is computationally expensive to obtain the background error covariance for the variational approaches. Moreover, the variational schemes cannot directly provide statistical information on the accuracy of their estimates. To overcome these shortcomings, we develop an alternative data assimilation (DA) procedure based on ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS) with the state augmentation method. The unknowns of the assimilation scheme are neutral turbulent heat transfer coefficient (that scales the sum of turbulent heat fluxes) and evaporative fraction, EF (that represents partitioning among the turbulent fluxes). The new methodology is illustrated with an application to the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE) that includes areal average hydrometeorological forcings and flux observations. The results indicate that the EnKS model not only provides reasonably accurate estimates of EF and turbulent heat fluxes but also enables us to determine the uncertainty of estimations under various land surface hydrological conditions. The results of the EnKS model are also compared with those of an optimal smoother (a dynamic variational model). It is found that the EnKS model estimates are less than optimal. However, the degree of suboptimality is small, and its outcomes are roughly comparable to those of an optimal smoother. Overall, the results from this test indicate that EnKS is an efficient and flexible data assimilation procedure that is able to extract useful information on the partitioning of available surface energy from LST measurements and eventually provides reliable estimates of turbulent heat fluxes.
Symmetries of quantum group coupling coefficients

Quantum groups are new algebraic symmetry structures which have recently found application in many diverse fields of physics. We discuss the simplest of such structures: SUq(2) - the q-analog of the familiar quantal angular momentum group SU(2) - and determine in complete detail the symmetries, under exchange of q-angular momenta, of the (q-3j) and (q-6j) coefficients.
Upper semicontinuity of KLV polynomials for certain blocks of Harish-Chandra modules

We show that the coefficients of Kazhdan–Lusztig–Vogan polynomials attached to certain blocks of Harish-Chandra modules satisfy a monotonicity property relative to the closure order on K-orbits in the flag variety.
Analysis of five-point bending for determination of the interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional composite materials

Abstract Analyses of a beam under five-point and three-point bending are presented, using orthotropic plane elasticity to investigate the interlaminar shear failure of unidirectional composites. The approach uses Fourier series expansions of the applied concentrated loads, together with the Saint Venant's semi-inverse method in which the stresses are obtained by a non-dimensional stress function. The computations of the stresses and displacements are conducted by a CRAY XM-P/25 supercomputer. The comparison of stress analyses between the fivepoint and three-point bending configuration is presented for a T300/5208 graphite/epoxy unidirectional composite with a span-to-height ratio of four. It has been found that five-point loading provides the advantage of a specimen having both high shear stresses and almost zero bending stresses over a substantial region of the specimen. This provides the possibility of using the five-point test configuration to measure interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional composites. In addition to the shear dominated stress distributions, the five-point bending fixture has several advantages against other test methods, such as simple fabrication of the specimen, economical testing jig, and easy stopping of test for study of phenomenon, and it can be used to take photographs of a failure. An optimal design in terms of the loading configuration, especially the load line distance of the upper loading applicators, is recommended for the most favorable stress states for interlaminar shear failure of a given composite beam.
Real-Time Scheduling of Distributed Resources

We develop and analyze real-time scheduling algorithms for coordinated aggregation of deferrable loads and storage. These distributed resources offer flexibility that can enable the integration of renewable generation by reducing reserve costs. We present three scheduling policies: earliest deadline first (EDF), least laxity first (LLF), and receding horizon control (RHC). We offer a novel cost metric for RHC-based scheduling that explicitly accounts for reserve costs. We study the performance of these algorithms in the metrics of reserve energy and capacity through simulation studies. We conclude that the benefits of coordinated aggregation can be realized from modest levels of both deferrable load participation and flexibility.
The geological interpretation of photometric surface roughness

A computer-generated km-scale relief map, whose topographic facets on scales of less than a few m are assumed to have smooth particulate surfaces, is the basis of the present investigation of the relationship between photometrically-derived values of Hapke's (1984) roughness parameter theta and topographic scale. The addition of m-km scale-range relief to the otherwise smooth surface alters integral photometric behavior in a way that is consistent with Hapke's equation; the roughness characterized by theta is an integral property over all scales up to the resolution limit of the photometric data used in its determination. With sufficient phase angle coverage, theta can distinguish terrains with very different integral roughnesses.