cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Die Reaktionen in einem System von Nickel oder Platin, Quecksilber und Natriumchlorid

Aus den hier beschriebenen Versuchen ergibt sich, das beim Stehen einer Losung von Natriumchlorid uber Quecksilber mit einem Nickeldraht in beiden Flussigkeiten sich kristallisiertes Nickelhydroxyd sehr langsam bildet, wahrend gleichzeitig Natriumhydroxyd entsteht. Ersetzt man das Nickel durch Platin, so tritt Merkurochlorid auf unter gleichzeitiger Bildung von Natriumhydroxyd.
STRESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND STUDENT USE OF UNIVERSITY PSYCHIATRISTS

This paper reports demographic and personality characteristics of student users and nonusers of a college psychiatric service. It describes, as well, techniques used to clarify the importance of the social structure of the college environment in stressing, shaping, or retarding the intellectual and emotional development of its students.
DEWEY AND THE DIALOGICAL PROCESS: SPEAKING, LISTENING, AND TODAY'S MEDIA

This article examines John Dewey's understanding of the importance of communication in the development and transmission of shared community values, and consequently, in the maintenance of democratic practices. At the root of any community is the storehouse of its common goods, and the process by which such goods are designated as common is dialogue. Dialogue is characterized by two activities—speaking and active listening—both of which involve the will of the actors to participate. This kind of dialogue becomes especially important in a democratic society when there are differences and disagreements about what constitutes the good. In a diverse and plural society, the communicative practice of dialogue then becomes a critical process for the maintenance and enrichment of the fundamental democratic bond. Failure to sustain authentic dialogue leads to social fragmentation and isolation and to the erosion of democratic community. Do today's media of communication—television, radio, and, especially, the Inter...
Association between anterior ST depression and increased myocardial salvage following reperfusion therapy in patients with inferior myocardial infarction

Abstract Purpose: To determine electrocardiographic features associated with myocardial salvage following reperfusion therapy in patients with inferior myocardial infarction. Patients and Methods: Ninety-two consecutive patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction were treated with reperfusion therapy in a tertiary care center. Several features were measured on the presenting electrocardiogram, including the presence or absence of ST depression in the chest leads and the total magnitudes of ST elevation or depression, and were then evaluated for their association with myocardial salvage. Myocardial salvage (% of left ventricle) was the difference between myocardium at risk and final infarct size. Tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium-99m sestamibi was performed acutely to measure myocardium at risk and repeated prior to hospital discharge to measure final infarct size. Results: The amount of myocardium at risk of infarction in the 92 patients was 19.1% ± 11.3% (range 1% to 68%), and the final infarct size was 10.6% ± 10.0% (range 0% to 45%). Thus, myocardial salvage in the 92 patients was 8.5% ± 8.4% (range −11% to 35%) of the left ventricle, or 0.51 ± 0.38 (range 0.0 to 1.0) when expressed as a fraction of the myocardium at risk (salvage index). The presence or absence of anterior ST depression was the only one of seven electrocardiographic variables that was associated with myocardial salvage. Myocardial salvage was significantly greater in patients with anterior ST depression compared with those without it (10.6% ± 9.0% versus 5.9% ± 6.7%, P = 0.025). Myocardium at risk was significantly greater in patients with anterior ST depression compared with those without the depression (22.8% ± 12.2% versus 14.6% ± 8.3%, P = 0.0006), and infarct size tended to be larger (12.1% ± 10.4% versus 8.7% ± 9.4%, P = 0.10). Myocardial salvage as a fraction of the myocardium at risk (salvage index) was similar between the two patient groups (0.52 ± 0.37 versus 0.50 ± 0.39, P = NS). Conclusion: The presence of anterior ST depression during inferior myocardial infarction identifies a group of patients with the potential for greater myocardial salvage with reperfusion therapy. Such patients derive greater absolute benefit from reperfusion therapy because they have a larger amount of myocardium at risk, although their response to therapy (salvage index) is not intrinsically different.
Penile bulb dose and impotence after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer on RTOG 9406: Findings from a prospective, multi-institutional, phase I/II dose-escalation study

Purpose To assess the relationship between the dose to the bulb of the penis and the risk of impotence in men treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9406. Methods and materials Men enrolled on a Phase I/II dose-escalation study, RTOG 9406, who were reported to be potent at entry and evaluable ( n = 158) were selected for inclusion. Follow-up evaluations were scheduled every 3, 4, and 6 months for the first, second, and the third through fifth years, then annually. At each follow-up visit an assessment of potency status was made. Penile structures were defined by a single observer blinded to the potency status, using Web-based, on-line software. The dosimetry for penile structures was calculated at the Quality Assurance Center at Washington University and provided to RTOG Statistical Headquarters to determine whether there was a relationship between dose and impotence. Results Patients whose median penile dose was ≥52.5 Gy had a greater risk of impotence compared with those receiving p = 0.039). In a multivariate analysis neither age, the dose to the prostate, nor the use of hormonal therapy correlated with the risk of impotence. Conclusions Dose to the bulb of the penis seems to be associated with the risk of radiation-induced impotence.
High Prevalence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Teenagers and Young Adults Evidence From Intravascular Ultrasound

Background—Most of our knowledge about atherosclerosis at young ages is derived from necropsy studies, which have inherent limitations. Detailed, in vivo data on atherosclerosis in young individuals are limited. Intravascular ultrasonography provides a unique opportunity for in vivo characterization of early atherosclerosis in a clinically relevant context. Methods and Results—Intravascular ultrasound was performed in 262 heart transplant recipients 30.9±13.2 days after transplantation to investigate coronary arteries in young asymptomatic subjects. The donor population consisted of 146 men and 116 women (mean age of 33.4±13.2 years). Extensive imaging of all possible (including distal) coronary segments was performed. Sites with the greatest and least intimal thickness in each CASS segment were measured in multiple coronary arteries. Sites with intimal thickness ≥0.5 mm were defined as atherosclerotic. A total of 2014 sites within 1477 segments in 574 coronary arteries (2.2 arteries per person) were anal...
Hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in autism: Preliminary evidence of elevated choline/creatine ratio

Hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is only beginning to be studied in autistic individuals. We report an association between hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy choline/creatine ratios and severity of autism as measured by the Children's Autistic Rating Scale (Pearson r = .657, P = .04) in 10 autistic children. Hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy choline/creatine ratio measures the concentration of cytosolic choline including free choline used in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Elevation in this ratio has been interpreted as a result of membrane degradation such as caused by a tumor or, alternatively, as a result of choline synthesis associated with increased cellular proliferation. Recent neuropathologic evidence has implicated disruption of acetylcholine transmission in the brains of autistic adults. A case-controlled study of hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy choline/creatine ratios is warranted. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:245-249).
Nonlinear dynamic simulation of optimal depletion of crude oil in the lower 48 United States

Abstract In this study, we combine the economic theory of optimal resource use with econometric estimates of demand and supply parameters to develop a nonlinear dynamic model of crude oil exploration, development, and production in the lower 48 United States. The model is simulated with the graphical programing language STELLA. We simulate optimal time paths for crude oil depletion for the years 1985 to 2020. We emphasise the relevance of parameter adjustments for the computer simulation in response to uncertainty in the parameter values. The procedure presented in this study encourages use of economic theory and econometrics in combination with nonlinear dynamic simulation to enhance our understanding of complex interactions present in models of optimal resource use.
Finite Element Analysis of Wavy Composites

Wavy composite is a new form of constrained layer damping that uses opposing pairs of in-plane sinusoidal fiber patterns, and viscoelastic materials to create a composite structure that exhibits both high damping and stiffness. This paper reports on the author’s development of a specialty Finite Element Analysis code capable of modeling and predicting performance of wavy composite tubes and foam core samples using MathWorks’ Matlab® development software. The main use of the code has been to characterize various material combinations and correlate the results to material test results. The FEA code has been shown to be surprisingly accurate and fast and because it was developed in Matlab® , takes advantage of the numerous powerful matrix manipulation routines to perform analyses.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Are cholesterol and depression inversely related? A meta-analysis of the association between two cardiac risk factors.

Cholesterol and depression are both cardiac risk factors, but the direction and magnitude of the association between these risk factors is unclear. Meta-analytic techniques were used to evaluate the associations among total, high-, and low-density cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL, respectively) and depression in empirical studies. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and manual search strategies were used to identify descriptive studies reporting associations among TC, HDL, LDL, and depression; 30 reports were found for TC, 16 for HDL, and 11 for LDL. Effect sizes were computed and aggregated in accord with Hedges and Olkin’s (Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1985) procedures. Higher TC was associated with lower levels of depression, d = −0.29; this association was substantially larger among medication-free samples (d = −0.51). An inverse, non-significant association was observed between LDL and depression (d = −0.17). High HDL was related to higher levels of depression, especially in women (d = 0.20). TC and depression were inversely related, with the strongest associations in medically naive samples, which is noteworthy because such samples should involve fewer confounds. One clinical implication is that the lipids of patients treated for depression should be monitored.
Assessing renal function after partial nephrectomy using renal nuclear scintigraphy and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Nephron-sparing surgery has emerged as the preferred standard of treatment for patients with small renal tumors, providing curative oncologic results while intending optimal preservation of renal function, irrespective of approach.1-3 Despite the best of intentions and the most meticulous technique, however, nephron-sparing surgery often causes iatrogenic renal injury. Up to one-third of patients with a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of greater than 60 mL/min/1.73m2 will progress to stage III chronic kidney disease after this procedure.4 The degree of change in postoperative renal function is based on a number of variables that can be broadly characterized as either modifiable or immutable. Much of what can be technically controlled relates to ischemic renal injury and the quantity of resected functional renal tissue.5 In order to limit the effects of renal ischemia, appropriate methods of measuring postoperative function of the affected kidney are needed. The traditional model for quantifying kidney injury in the postoperative setting has relied on serial measurements of serum creatinine to calculate an eGFR. This model has several limitations. Serum creatinine levels are often inconsistent, dependent not only on renal function but also on overall plasma volume and the rate of creatinine biosynthesis.6 Further, pooled samples obtained from either serology or excreted urinary biomarkers cannot account for the compensatory influence of the contralateral kidney. In the setting of radical nephrectomy, the remaining kidney has been shown to compensate for the loss of renal units by increasing renal blood flow. This results in hyperfiltration, which is responsible for the observed 25% decrease in eGFR that is in contradistinction to the 50% drop that would be expected if the number of functional nephrons were divided in half. These changes are durable and may still be seen 10 years after surgery.7,8 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) renal scintigraphy is a valuable tool for measuring differential kidney function.9 It is a safe, noninvasive test that quantifies cortical function by detecting selective renal parenchymal perfusion.10 The utility of nuclear scans for predicting postoperative renal insufficiency of the affected kidney after radical and partial nephrectomy has previously been demonstrated.11-14 Nuclear scans can indicate damage to the affected kidney that is not reflected in serum creatinine measurements and eGFR calculations.14 We believe long ischemia time and large tumor size predict for renal damage that will impact postoperative kidney function. A useful measure of kidney function should be sensitive to nephrogenic injury induced by these variables. We hypothesized that a combination of eGFR and renal scintigraphy would be more strongly associated with ischemia time and tumor size than eGFR alone.
1299 – Are mental diseases synaptic diseases?

John Hughlings Jackson, an English neurologist of the 19th century, proposed that the nervous system was organised as a hierarchical system of three anatomical layers corresponding to a functional hierarchy. The concepts introduced in this description, for the most part in antinomic form, turned out to be fruitful for psychology and psychopathology: psychic evolution/dissolution, simplicity/complexity, organisation/disorganisation, stability/instability, automatism/intentionality, inhibition/disinhibition, brain topology, and Darwinian selection of the most stable states. Henri Ey's adaptation of this architectonic model to the psyche and conscience, which he called organodynamics, required making modifications such as including the intervention of nerve connections between the various brain areas, designated by the term “transanatomical sets”. The most recent synaptic and neuronal models of conscience (J-P Changeux, G Edelman) are presented briefly and include the “selective stabilisation of synapses”. Neurotransmitter anomalies in psychopathy; immunity, inflammatory and synaptic anomalies of certain acute psychoses; and the modifications of synaptic connections after electrical stimulation of the brain are also presented. The convergence of this theoretical and experimental data leads to a discussion of the hypothesis according to which mental diseases might be “synaptic diseases”.
Raptor mortality due to West Nile virus in the United States, 2002.

West Nile virus (WNV) has affected many thousands of birds since it was first detected in North America in 1999, but the overall impact on wild bird populations is unknown. In mid-August 2002, wildlife rehabilitators and local wildlife officials from multiple states began reporting increasing numbers of sick and dying raptors, mostly red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Commonly reported clinical signs were nonspecific and included emaciation, lethargy, weakness, inability to perch, fly or stand, and nonresponse to danger. Raptor carcasses from 12 states were received, and diagnostic evaluation of 56 raptors implicated WNV infection in 40 (71%) of these cases. Histologically, nonsuppurative encephalitis and myocarditis were the salient lesions (79% and 61%, respectively). Other causes of death included lead poisoning, trauma, aspergillosis, and Salmonella spp. and Clostridium spp. infections. The reason(s) for the reported increase in raptor mortality due to WNV i...
Competitive exclusion and coexistence in a Leslie–Gower competition model with Allee effects

The classical competitive exclusion principle states that two populations competing for a limited resource cannot coexist, one of the populations will drive the other to extinction. We prove in this work that when one population is subject to Allee effects, then for certain parameter regimes both competing populations may either coexist or one population may drive the other to extinction depending on initial conditions.
Word-Learning Skills of Deaf Preschoolers: The Development of Novel Mapping and Rapid Word-Learning Strategies.

Word-learning skills of 19 deaf/hard-of-hearing preschoolers were assessed by observing their ability to learn new words in two contexts. The first context required the use of a novel mapping strategy (i.e., making the inference that a novel word refers to a novel object) to learn the new words. The second context assessed the ability to learn new words after minimal exposure when reference was explicitly established. The children displayed three levels of word-learning skills. Eleven children learned words in both contexts. Five were able to learn new words rapidly only when reference was explicitly established. Two children did not learn new words rapidly in either context. The latter seven children were followed longitudinally. All children eventually acquired the ability to learn new words in both contexts. The deaf children's word-learning abilities were related to the size of their vocabularies. The present study suggests that word-learning strategies are acquired even when children are severely delayed in their language development and they learn language in an atypical environment.
Constructing the Spatial Weights Matrix Using a Local Statistic

Spatial weights matrices are necessary elements in most regression models where a representation of spatial structure is needed. We construct a spatial weights matrix, W, based on the principle that spatial structure should be considered in a two-part framework, those units that evoke a distance effect, and those that do not. Our two-variable local statistics model (LSM) is based on the G i * local statistic. The local statistic concept depends on the designation of a critical distance, d c , defined as the distance beyond which no discernible increase in clustering of high or low values exists. In a series of simulation experiments LSM is compared to well-known spatial weights matrix specifications – two different contiguity configurations, three different inverse distance formulations, and three semi-variance models. The simulation experiments are carried out on a random spatial pattern and two types of spatial clustering patterns. The LSM performed best according to the Akaike Information Criterion, a spatial autoregressive coefficient evaluation, and Moran’s I tests on residuals. The flexibility inherent in the LSM allows for its favorable performance when compared to the rigidity of the global models.
THE SOCIAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONS IN AMERICA

Abstract The social service activities of religious congregations reflect the dynamic relationship between church and state in the United States. Examining congregations in particular is helpful because of their ubiquity, their position as grassroots initiatives, and the expanded scholarship on the topic following the passage of the Charitable Choice legislation in 1996. Programs offered by congregations range from small and informal efforts to incorporated organizations with their own boards and tax-exempt status. Six very broad generalizations characterize the social services provided by religious congregations: high generosity, great diversity, uniqueness and flexibility, limited depth, and frequent collaboration.
Amino Acid-Based Fluorescent Chiral Ionic Liquid for Enantiomeric Recognition

We report on the synthesis and characterization of a new fluorescent chiral ionic liquid (FCIL), l-phenylalanine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (l-PheC2NTf2), capable of serving simultaneously as solvent, chiral selector, and fluorescent reporter in chiral analytical measurements. Enantiomers of different analytes, including fluorescent and nonfluorescent compounds, with a variety of structures were shown to induce wavelength- and analyte-dependent changes in the fluorescence intensity of this FCIL. This system may provide both chemo- and enantioselectivity toward multiple analytes simultaneously. The newly synthesized FCIL, derived from commercially available l-phenylalanine ethyl ester chloride and lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide, was obtained as liquid at room temperature and is stable to thermal decomposition up to 270 °C. Absorption and fluorescence properties of neat l-PheC2NTf2 were complex. While the absorption properties were similar to phenylalanine with a weakly absorbi...
Why English Teachers Must Write.

(1978). Why English Teachers Must Write. The Educational Forum: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 420-425.
The Comparison of Limited Resection to Lobectomy for T1N0 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: LCSG 821

The Lung Cancer Study Group, in order to investigate lesser resection within the community as definitive management for T1N0 lung cancers, in 1982 began a prospective trial of limited resection compared to lobectomy for these patients. First reported results demonstrated no significant differences for stratification and other prognostic variables, and no differences in postoperative complication rates. Interim analysis 3 years later suggested a higher local recurrence rate in the limited resection arm of the study. Further comprehensive analysis will be forthcoming.
Entanglement Spectrum as a Generalization of Entanglement Entropy: Identification of Topological Order in Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall Effect States

We study the "entanglement spectrum" (a presentation of the Schmidt decomposition analogous to a set of "energy levels") of a many-body state, and compare the Moore-Read model wave function for the nu=5/2 fractional quantum Hall state with a generic 5/2 state obtained by finite-size diagonalization of the second-Landau-level-projected Coulomb interactions. Their spectra share a common "gapless" structure, related to conformal field theory. In the model state, these are the only levels, while in the "generic" case, they are separated from the rest of the spectrum by a clear "entanglement gap", which appears to remain finite in the thermodynamic limit. We propose that the low-lying entanglement spectrum can be used as a "fingerprint" to identify topological order.
Endotoxin stimulated nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT)-test in patients with hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism and other forms of hypocalcemia.

Endotoxin-stimulated NBT-tests were carried out in 15 patients with hypocalcemia of varying etiology and in 14 normocalcemic children free of infection. In the control group the formazan cell percentage (FCP) was 73.8±1.6% (range 63% to 83%). In 5 patients with hypoparathyroidism or pseudohypoparathyroidism the FCP before treatment was lower than normal. Vitamin D3 therapy produced a rapid increase of serum calcium but normalisation of NBT-test was only achieved after a latent period of one or more months. Patients with hypocalcemic rickets and children with an acute relapse of the nephrotic syndrome also showed abnormal results. The clinical significance of the NBT-test in hypocalcemic conditions is discussed.
Regulation of fibroblast proliferation in three-dimensional collagen gel matrix

Fibroblastsin vivo reside in a three-dimensional (3-D) matrix. The 3-D culture method using collagen gels provides valuable information, but is also has some practical difficulties. In particular, the changes caused by the contraction of gels and the occasional abrupt detachment from the underlying surface have made extended culture difficult. In this study, the 3-D culture method was modified in order to observe the cells with minimal change of substrata for longer periods. The proliferation characteristics of fibroblasts cultured in gels in response to fetal calf serum (FCS), to two defined growth factors, insulin and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and to a growth inhibitory factor, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were evaluated with this system in comparison with monolayer cultured fibroblasts. The DNA content of fibroblasts cultured both in gels and on dishes increased in response to FCS in a concentration-dependent manner. The proliferation of gel-cultured fibroblasts, however, was lower than that of dish-cultured cells, and higher concentrations of serum were necessary for proliferation. The response of gel-cultured cells to PDGF was also less than that of dish-cultured cells. In addition, fibroblasts cultured in gel culture did not respond to insulin, while the fibroblasts on dishes responded to insulin in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast to the reduced response to growth stimulators, PGE2 inhibited proliferation in gel culture and in monolayer culture similarly. The reduced responsiveness to growth stimulation but equivalent response to growth inhibition may account for reduced proliferation of fibroblasts in 3-D culture.
Parity and the Association With Diabetes in Older Women

Objective: To examine the relationship of parity with diabetes and markers of glucose homeostasis in older women. Research Methods: We used data from the female participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal cohort of adults aged 65 years and older. These data included an assessment of parity (baseline), and fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin and medication use (baseline, follow-up). We estimated both the cross-sectional relationship of parity with baseline diabetes, as well as the relationship of parity with incident diabetes. Results: In unadjusted analyses, women with grand multiparity (≥ 5 live births) had a higher prevalence of diabetes at baseline, compared to those with fewer births, and to nulliparous women (25% vs. 12% vs. 15%; p<0.001). In regression models controlling for age and race, grand multiparity was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes (PR 1.57; 95% CI 1.20-2.06); adding demographic and clinical factors to the model, the association was attenuated, (PR 1.33; 95% 1.00-1.77). In final models that included body anthropometrics, the association was no longer significant (PR 1.21; 95% CI 0.86-1.49). In those without diabetes at baseline, parity was not associated with incident diabetes or with fasting glucose; however there was a modest association of parity with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Conclusions: Grand multiparity is associated with diabetes in elderly women in cross-sectional analyses. This relationship appears to be confounded and/or mediated by variation in bodyweight and sociodemographic factors by parity status. In older non-diabetic women, higher parity does not pose an ongoing risk of developing diabetes.
Estrogen-mediated enhancement of rat liver sRNA methylase activity.

Abstract Daily subcutaneous injections of 2 mg of mestranol per rat for 6 days, or intubate feeding for 10 days, resulted in markedly enlarged hepatic nucleoli and a stimulation of liver sRNA methylase activity. The increased enzyme activity was dependent upon the presence of an intact pituitary gland. Enzyme activity was increased 64% by subcutaneous injections, and 45% by intubate feeding. The synthesis of the methylated derivatives of the four major bases was increased by the following percentages: adenine, 54%; cytidine, 57%; guanine, 83%; and uridine, 130%. The estrogen-mediated enhancement of sRNA methylase activity was totall iynhibited by actinomycin D.
Changes in the optical rotatory dispersion induced by the dilution inactivation of dehydrogenases

Abstract Optical rotatory dispersion properties of three dehydrogenases of Bacillus subtilis were examined under various conditions. 1. 1. Alanine dehydrogenase ( l -alanine:NAD + oxidoreductase, deaminating, EC 1.4.1.1), which consisted of 6 subunits, and lactate dehydrogenase ( l -lactate:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27), which consisted of 4 subunits, were partially inactivated by dilution at neutral pH. No significant changes in their optical rotatory dispersions and in their molecular weights accompanying the dilution inactivation were detected. 2. 2. Lactate dehydrogenase was completely inactivated by dilution at alkaline pH accompanied by dissociation into subunits. A change in optical rotatory dispersion, which indicated unfolding of the enzyme, was observed. 3. 3. Malate dehydrogenase ( l -malate:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37), which consisted of 4 subunits, was completely inactivated by dilution at alkaline pH in the absence of NADH accompanied by dissociation into subunits. A change in optical rotatory dispersion, suggesting unfolding and β-structure formation, was observed.
Repeated cocaine exposure induces sensitization of ultrasonic vocalization in rats.

Ultrasonic vocalization at 55 kHz (55 kHz-USVs) by rodents has been proposed to be a behavioral manifestation of affectively positive incentive motivation. To examine the extent to which 55 kHz-USV emissions correlate with cocaine-induced locomotor activity, we measured cocaine-induced 55 kHz-USVs and their relationship to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. We demonstrate that similar to locomotor responses, 55 kHz-USVs are also sensitized by exposure to cocaine. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of cocaine-induced 55 kHz-USV sensitization is positively correlated with that of locomotor sensitization. Moreover, we demonstrate that rats selectively bred for high rates of 55 kHz-USVs exhibit higher levels of cocaine-induced 55 kHz-USV sensitization than animals selectively bred for low levels of 55 kHz USVs. These results suggest that the neural circuits underlying 55 kHz-USV, which may directly reflect affective experience/motivation, can be sensitized by cocaine in a way that resembles locomotor sensitization.
Plasma surface treatment of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiozol) fibers

Poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiozol) (PBZT) fibers were subjected to radio-frequency (RF)-induced, glow-discharge plasma treatments using argon and carbon dioxide gases in order to modify the adhesion of the fibers to bisphenol-A epoxy. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was used as a measure of the adhesion and was determined using the microbond technique. Scanning electron photomicrographs revealed no visible surface etching at magnifications of up to 10 000 x . Slight, but statistically significant, improvements in IFSS were noted with the CO2 plasma-treated fibers as compared with control fibers, but Ar plasma-treated fibers showed no improvement.
Traducement: A model for record security

Security models generally incorporate elements of both confidentiality and integrity. We examine a case where confidentiality is irrelevant to the process being modeled. In this case, integrity includes not only the authentication of origin and the lack of unauthorized changes to a document, but also the acceptance of all parties that the document is complete, signed by all parties, and cannot be modified further. This is especially critical when the document is recorded, so that it is legally the agreement or statement of record, and any copies of the document have no legal force. We show that current security models do not capture the details of this process. We then present a new security model for this process. This model captures the recordation process, and augments, rather than supplants, existing models. Hence it can also be used with existing security models to describe other situations.
Anconeus arthroplasty: a new technique for reconstruction of the radiocapitellar and/or proximal radioulnar joint.

Background: Management of posttraumatic radiocapitellar and/or proximal radioulnar joint dysfunction and pain is a challenging problem, often with more than one pathological feature, and to date there are no consistently reliable solutions. The unreliability of prosthetic replacement prompted us to develop an anconeus arthroplasty wherein the anconeus muscle is rotated into the radiocapitellar and/or proximal radioulnar joint. Methods: Three interposition options were assessed in our laboratory and were employed clinically: interposition at the radiocapitellar joint (Type I), interposition at the radiocapitellar and proximal radioulnar joints (Type II), and proximal radioulnar interposition (wrap) (Type III). The clinical outcomes in fourteen patients who had been treated with one of the three types of anconeus interposition arthroplasty were reviewed at least two years (mean, 6.1 years) postoperatively. Results: Anatomic dissection of twenty-five specimens revealed that all three applications were possible. Of the fourteen patients, twelve (all six with a Type-I interposition, three of the five with a Type-II interposition, and all three with a Type-III interposition) had a satisfactory overall subjective result. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score averaged 63 points before the surgery and 89 points after it. Conclusions: Anconeus interpositional arthroplasty offers a reasonable likelihood of improved subjective and objective function in patients with the challenging problem of radiocapitellar and/or proximal radioulnar joint dysfunction and pain after trauma, even when there is Essex-Lopresti axial instability.
Using a Natural Language Understanding System to Generate Semantic Web Content

We describe our research on automatically generating rich semantic annotations of text and making it available on the Semantic Web. In particular, we discuss the challenges involved in adapting the OntoSem natural language processing system for this purpose. OntoSem, an implementation of the theory of ontological semantics under continuous development for over fifteen years, uses a specia lly constructed NLP-oriented ontology and an ontologicalsemantic lexicon to translate English text into a custom ontology-motivated knowledge representation language, the language of text meaning representations (TMRs). OntoSem concentrates on a variety of ambiguity resolution tasks as well as processing unexpected input and reference. To adapt OntoSem’s representation to the Semantic Web, we developed a translation system, OntoSem2OWL, between the TMR language into the Semantic Web language OWL. We next used OntoSem and OntoSem2OWL to support SemNews, an e xperimental web service that monitors RSS news sources, processes the summaries of the news stories and publishes a structured representation of the meaning of the text in the news story.
Timing is everything: regulation of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by the MEN and SIN

Proper completion of mitosis requires careful coordination of numerous cellular events. It is crucial, for example, that cells do not initiate spindle disassembly and cytokinesis until chromosomes have been properly segregated. Cells have developed numerous safeguards or checkpoints to delay exit from mitosis and initiation of the next cell cycle in response to defects in late mitosis. In this review, we discuss recent work on two homologous signaling pathways in budding and fission yeast, termed the mitotic exit network (MEN) and septation initiation network (SIN), respectively, that are essential for coordinating completion of mitosis and cytokinesis with other mitotic events.
Inverse Raman effect: Applications and detection techniques

The processes underlying the inverse Raman effect are qualitatively described by comparing it to the more familiar phenomena of conventional and stimulated Raman scattering. An experession is derived for the inverse Raman absorption coefficient, and its relationship to the stimulated Raman gain is obtained. The power requirements of the two fields are examined qualitatively and quantitatively. The assumption that the inverse Raman absorption coefficient is constant over the interaction length is examined. Advantages of the technique are discussed and a brief survey of reported studies is presented.
The Shock-Compression Processes

In this chapter: solid-state physics and chemistry; future directions in shock-compression science.
Trends and Opportunities in Science and Technology Studies A View from the National Science Foundation

The Science and Technology Studies (STS) Program at the National Science Foundation (NSF) spends about $3 million per year to support research and related activities in the history, philosophy, and social studies of science and technology. In conjunction with its close cousin, the Societal Dimensions of Engineering, Science and Technology Program (SDEST), STS supports and guides the field. In this chapter I would like to comment on the field and its future, drawing upon the perspective and experience I acquired during a 2.5 year tour as program director.
Automatic feature selection - a hybrid statistical approach

This paper describes a hybrid feature selection algorithm that uses three different statistical measurements to evaluate features: between-class pairwise distance, linear separability, and overlapped feature histogram. The paper presents detailed steps of each feature measurement. The hybrid feature selection algorithm applies the Bayesian EM (expectation maximization) to the features ranked by the three measurements referred to above to select a sub-optimal feature set. The hybrid feature selection algorithm can be used as a preprocessing in a classification system and is independent of the classifier to be used in the subsequence stage. We applied the hybrid feature selection algorithm to select vehicle signal features for fault diagnosis. Our experiments show that the hybrid algorithm provides a sub-optimal feature set that can be used to train a classifier to have very good generalization capability.
Elevated occipital β-amyloid deposition is associated with widespread cognitive impairment in logopenic progressive aphasia

Background Most subjects with logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) have β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition on Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography (PiB-PET), usually affecting prefrontal and temporoparietal cortices, with less occipital involvement. Objectives To assess clinical and imaging features in lvPPA subjects with unusual topographic patterns of Aβ deposition with highest uptake in occipital lobe. Methods Thirty-three lvPPA subjects with Aβ deposition on PiB-PET were included in this case–control study. Line plots of regional PiB uptake were created, including frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions, for each subject. Subjects in which the line sloped downwards in occipital lobe (lvPPA-low), representing low uptake, were separated from those where the line sloped upwards in occipital lobe (lvPPA-high), representing unusually high occipital uptake compared to other regions. Clinical variables, atrophy on MRI, hypometabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and presence and distribution of microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were assessed. Results Seventeen subjects (52%) were classified as lvPPA-high. Mean occipital PiB uptake in lvPPA-high was higher than all other regions and higher than all regions in lvPPA-low. The lvPPA-high subjects performed more poorly on cognitive testing, including executive and visuospatial testing, but the two groups did not differ in aphasia severity. Proportion of microbleeds and WMH was higher in lvPPA-high than lvPPA-low. Parietal hypometabolism was greater in lvPPA-high than lvPPA-low. Conclusions Unusually high occipital Aβ deposition is associated with widespread cognitive impairment and different imaging findings in lvPPA. These findings help explain clinical heterogeneity in lvPPA and suggest that Aβ influences severity of overall cognitive impairment but not aphasia.
Formation of Silk Monolayers

Cast silk membranes exhibit useful properties. However, there is limited control over the molecular architecture in these structures. The Langmuir-Blodgett technique can enhance the control of the membrane structure and allow improved control over membrane properties. We have formed natural silk monolayers using the Langmuir technique. Silk fibroin, regenerated from Bombyx mori cocoons, formed stable monolayers evident from pressure/area isotherms. Multilayers of the silk fibroin monolayers were deposited on a number of substrates and characterized. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and ellipsometry data provide basic information about the physical characteristics of the monolayer. Preliminary analysis of electron diffraction data of the monolayer indicate polycrystalline structure, consistent with the known structure of silk. Infrared spectrometric analysis of the monolayer using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) gave wavenumbers for Amide I, II, III and V bands which compare with the silk II conformation reported for cast silk membranes.
Episodic Memory and the Hippocampus It's About Time

Several recent studies have sought to develop animal models of episodic memory, the capacity to recollect unique personal experiences. However, these studies have not yet provided unambiguous evidence that this capacity is based on recollection of the learning episodes. A recent study that examined memory for the ordering of events within unique experiences, and demonstrated a critical and selective role for the hippocampus, suggests a new and promising model for neurobiological analyses of episodic memory.
Globalisation, Reterritorialisation and the Political Economy of Tourism Development in the Middle East

A major limitation of most political economy studies of globalisation is that they view globalisation almost exclusively in terms of deterritorialisation. This essay, in contrast, emphasises how increases in the transnational mobility of people, capital and information can also result in reterritorialisation, which is the increased relevance of location and characteristics of place for global economic activity. In contrast to the erosion of the territorially based powers of nation-states often associated with deterritorialisation, the reterritorialisation of economic activity can increase the power and regulatory influence of state, societal and transnational agents who are able to exert control over territorial assets and the reterritorialisation process. The essay uses the concepts of deterritorialisation and reterritorialisation to develop a framework to analyse the changing political economy of one of the most understudied aspects of globalisation, the international tourism economy. With a focus on th...
On the origin of polar ion streams

It is reaffirmed in this reply that the 'classical' polar wind is based on the thermal escape of the light ions H(+) and He(+). It is asserted that the polar ion flow observations presented in the Gurgiolo and Burch (1985) comment paper, made by the High Altitude Plasma Instrument (HAPI) instrument on Dynamics Explorer-1 (DE), are O(+) and that the probable origin of these ions, which is consistent with the observations, is a highly localized region in the dayside polar cleft; this is a distinctly different source region than that of the polar wind. Velocity and mass selection, as a result of E x B convection acting on ions from a localized source region in the polar cusp or the dayside polar cap boundary, determines the measured HAPI ion distribution. The Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument on DE, during the same time period, was measuring the light ion polar wind with flow energies of less than 2.5 eV which originated in the polar cap ionosphere very near the north magnetic pole.
Effect of the intracellular Ca+2 antagonist TMB-8 on serum-stimulated Na+ influx in human fibroblasts.

Abstract The effects of the intracellular Ca+2 antagonist TMB-8 on the amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx pathway in human fibroblasts was investigated. It was found that TMB-8 inhibits serum- or growth factor-stimulated Na+ influx in a dose dependent fashion with a Ki value = 15 μM. A23187-stimulated Na+ influx on the other hand, was not inhibited by TMB-8. Furthermore, serum-stimulated Na+ influx could also be blocked by the calmodulin antagonist W-13. These results suggest that serum- or growth factor-stimulated Na+ influx is associated with an elevation of cytosolic free Ca+2 levels, which then combine with calmodulin to activate the amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx pathway.
Search-quality Tradeoffs for Routing in Non-ideal Wireless Networks

Typical wireless routing protocols like AODV/DSR are not scalable to very large networks because they employ flooding for route discovery. Geographic routing protocols like GPSR are highly scalable because they require minimum control overhead, but depend on idealized link quality models (such as the unit disk model) which are not always applicable. We explore the routing spectrum between these two extremes under a realistic random link quality model. It is common wisdom that by adding limited flooding to a protocol like geographic routing improves quality. In this paper, we provide a formal and quantitative formulation of this trade-off, and show both analytically and experimentally that a significant improvement in path quality is possible by searching a narrow region around the geographic straight-line path between the source and destination. In particular, if the end-to-end throughput is measured as the product of link reliabilities in a path, then we demonstrate that the path quality improves exponentially as the search region is broadened
Rates and Predictors of Sexual Aggression Among Students and Nonstudents

The authors compared rates and predictors of sexual aggression for women attending college with those of women from the same population who were not attending college. Because it has been suggested that less parental monitoring at college may be associated with risky behaviors that contribute to sexual aggression, they also compared rates and predictors of sexual aggression for those living with parents versus not living with parents. The results showed that women living away from parents reported significantly higher rates of sexual aggression than women living with parents, regardless of student status. Logistic regression analyses showed that for student and nonstudent women, heavy episodic drinking and number of sex partners predicted past-year rape and/or attempted rape. The current results do not provide evidence that college is a uniquely risky environment for experiencing sexual aggression. Rather, the behaviors in which young women engage are associated with sexual aggression during this time period.