cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigations on a Novel Folded Ring Resonator Antenna With Multiband Characteristics

A novel loop antenna based on the volumetric folded ring resonator (FRR) structure is proposed. It is shown that the FRR antenna can be represented by an equivalent circuit model for approximate analysis with sufficient accuracy. Two practical implementations are presented: The first version is a single FRR antenna embedded in a dielectric substrate and excited by a 50 coaxial feed line. Parametric studies of the structural parameters are presented showing three resonances that can be impedance matched achieving positive gain. In the second implementation, the FRR is embedded in a slotted ground plane for improved matching and radiation performance. Two bands, one at 3.6 GHz and another between 4.75 GHz and 5.8 GHz, are matched to better than S11 = -10 dB and maintain a constant 2.5 dBi gain with >; 90% radiation efficiency. The simulated reflection coefficient and gain radiation patterns agree well with measurements.
Effect of Mercury on Response of Isolated Fat Cells to Insulin and Lipolytic Hormones

The effect of treatment of isolated fat cells with mercurial agents on responsiveness to a variety of hormones is reported. Mercurial agents have been previously shown to combine with free sulfhydryl groups with little penetration of cellular plasma membrane. We have found that mercurial treatment can inhibit the lipolytic action of ACTH, epinephrine, and TSH while at the same time potentiating the lipolytic actions of dibutyryl cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate and theophylline. Differences in action of various mercurial agents appear to correlate with the reported degree of lipid solubility. An exposure of fat cells to mercuric ion that was too brief to affect lipolytic hormone action significantly inhibited the stimulation of glucose metabolism by insulin without affecting the antilipolytic action of the hormone or glucose metabolism in the absence of insulin. An effect similar to that of Hg++ was obtained with p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate (CMS) (0.1 HIM) but only after a several hour delay suggest...
The Effects of Resource Scarcities and Agency Costs On the Choice of Organizational Form in the Us Restaurant Industry

Cooperative organizational forms such as franchising and joint venturing have long been popularamong hospitality chains. However, not all chains use cooperative organizational forms and those that ...
On the optimum resolution for a corrected STEM

Abstract In choosing the operating parameter for a STEM, we need to take into account various uncertainties and instabilities. This paper examines this question for a normal STEM, which is limited by third order spherical aberration and more particularly for a corrected STEM, which is limited by fifth order aberrations.
The Effects of Exposure Time and Retention Time on Location Memory in Visual Information Processing

Two experiments were conducted using sixty subjects. The task was to remember where black dots were positioned on a polar grid pattern. Three experimental parameters were used: Stimulus Complexity, Exposure Time, and Retention Time. The results showed that the effects of both Exposure Time and Stimulus Complexity were significant and non-linear. The effect of Retention Time was not significant. Language: en
How can we improve outcomes for upper tract urothelial carcinoma

In this month’s edition of European Urology, Chromecki and coworkers report on a retrospective series of 2492 patients, pooled from 16 centers, who underwent nephroureterectomy (NU) for the treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) [1]. A multivariate analysis of patients with organ-confined UTUC treated by NU showed cancerspecific mortality and progression-free survival to be significantly influenced by age, pathologic stage, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor multifocality. We applaud the authors because this study is the largest of its kind to identify risk factors for UTUC progression and cancerspecific mortality. This information improves our ability to risk-stratify patients with UTUC. In a similar study of 656 patients, Ouzzane et al. [2] identified age, pathologic stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, and tumor multifocality as predictors of cancer-specific mortality. Combined, these findings aid in discussions of disease prognosis and may guide management decisions. Despite these advances in our ability to identify patients most at risk of metastasis from UTUC, few strides have been made in the last 30 yr toward improving patient survival. How might we improve our ability to diagnose and manage patients with UTUC beyond the technical improvements of ureteroscopy and
Acephate bait for eliminating honey bee swarms in swarm traps

De l'acephate ajoute au sirop de saccharose utilise comme appât ou en nourrissement direct provoque une intoxication letale aigue ou chronique des colonies d'abeilles (Stoner et al, 1985; Williams et al, 1989; Danka et al, 1992). L'elimination automatique des essaims qui occupent les regles a essaims augmentera grandement l'utilite de ces pieges dans les programmes de surveillance et d'elimination de l'abeille africanisee dans le Sud des Etats-Unis en empechant l'etablissement des colonies, la desertion, l'essaimage et les dangers de piqure qui y sont associes
Carcinoma of the gallbladder: color Doppler ultrasound and CT findings

A case of a large polypoidal gallbladder carcinoma presenting with empyema is described. Heterogeneous echoes filled the gallbladder lumen on gray-scale sonography. Color Doppler ultrasound detected vascularity within the gallbladder lumen, thereby differentiating the intraluminal tumor from isoechoic sludge and pus. Correlative computed tomography showed an enhancing intraluminal mass, with small enhancing vessels that corresponded to those seen with color Doppler sonography.
Pelvic Echinococcosis in a Northern Iraqi Refugee

Travel and tropical medicine practitioners who care for refugee or other geographically displaced populations may encounter patients with hydatidosis or echinococcosis. Human infection with one of the larval forms (metacestode) of one of the four species of Echinococcus (E granulosus, E multilocularis, E vogeli, E oligarthrus) may result in echinococcal disease.1–6 The metacestode stages develop into hydatid cysts by a process unique for each Echinococcus spp. Among these, E granulosus and E multilocularis are responsible for the large majority of human cases. Alveolar echinococcosis or multilocular echinococcosis is caused by E multilocularis . Cystic hydatid disease is an infection caused by E granulosus ,1,2 and polycystic hydatid disease is due to E vogeli or E oligarthrus . The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, natural history of hydatid disease and alveolar echinococcosis are different.1–5 Herein, we describe the case of a Northern Iraqi Refugee who presented with cystic hydatid disease due to E granulosus , with abdominal pain and elevated liver enzymes and multiple liver and pelvic cysts that responded to albendazole therapy. In addition, we briefly review other therapeutic modalities in patients with cystic hydatid disease. A 64‐year‐old Kurdish refugee from Northern Iraq presented to the hospital with a 3‐week history of postprandial right upper quadrant pain associated with nausea but no vomiting. He denied fever, chills, headache, or other complaints. He was a shepherd in Iraq. He had lived 5 years in the United States and currently works at a local grocery store. He referred to having surgery for the same symptoms in 1979 and in the early 1980s. On physical examination his vital signs were within normal limits. He was in no acute distress, and no jaundice or lymphadenopathy was identified. His skin revealed no rashes. His cardiac and pulmonary examinations were normal. His abdomen revealed the …
Recurrent disease four years after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy

A 71-year-old man with previous primary resection was found to have extensive liver metastases. Chemotherapy was initiated with FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab, in hopes of reducing the hepatic tumor burden; this resulted in manageable toxicity and was sufficiently effective to allow resection. After 6 weeks, 6 cycles of chemotherapy with FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab were administered; the patient was free of new lesions for the next 19 months. Readministration of FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab resulted in minor response and symptom control for another 9 months before further progression was observed. The subsequent administration of FOLFOX for 8 cycles and FOLFIRI plus cetuximab were unable to prevent further decline. Detailed explanation of the selection of appropriate surgical and chemotherapeutic options are provided throughout the case discussion.
A Poisson model for the coverage problem with a genomic application

SUMMARY Suppose a population has infinitely many individuals and is partitioned into unknown N disjoint classes. The sample coverage of a random sample from the population is the total proportion of the classes observed in the sample. This paper uses a nonparametric Poisson mixture model to give new understanding and results for inference on the sample coverage. The Poisson mixture model provides a simplified framework for inferring any general abundance-f coverage, the sum of the proportions of those classes that contribute exactly k individuals in the sample for some k in *, with * being a set of nonnegative integers. A new moment-based derivation of the well-known Turing estimators is presented. As an application, a gene-categorisation problem in genomic research is addressed. Since Turing's approach is a moment-based method, maximum likelihood estimation and minimum distance estimation are indicated as alternatives for the coverage problem. Finally, it will be shown that any Turing estimator is asymptotically fully efficient.
Accurate Mass Determination of Organotrifluoroborates

Exact mass measurements were obtained for a variety of potassium- and tetra-n-butylammonium organotrifluoroborates using commercially available organic sulfate salts as internal reference standards. Accuracies were determined within 5 ppm using a sector ESI mass spectrometer operating in the negative ionization mode.
Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

Fundamentals haunt me. Certain words ignite unavoidable trains of thought, trains that begin in a cascade, unexpectedly leaping chasm after chasm, rushing from single words to whole paragraphs to full books to men's lives. So it is with me with seeing the word “fundamental” in print. I cannot evade the euphoric excitement of thinking that someone has found something terribly original and simple, understandable by every journeyman, explaining everything.
Free trade impacts on US—Mexican meat trade

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) promises important impacts on US agriculture, including meats and livestock. Empirical analyses of free trade effects, using import demand elasticities, indicate that with moderate increases in income and similar decreases in price, Mexico could be expected to significantly expand meat imports by 400,000 tons annually, with the United States supplying increasing quantities of exports. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TUMOUR TRANSPLANTATION: A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE.

NUMEROUS techniques of tumour transplantation have been used since Hanau1 established the transplantability of animal tumours in 1889. One of us reported a technique using a curved surgical needle in 1963 (refs. 2 and 3).
Prospective randomized trial of glucose-insulin-potassium in acute myocardial infarction: Effects on myocardial hemodynamics, substrates and rhythm

Abstract Fifty consecutive patients admitted within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction were randomly assigned to treatment with intravenous glucose-insulin-potassium infusion (23 patients) or to a control group (0.5 N sodium chloride infusion) (27 patients). The glucose-insulin-potassium infusion consisted of 30 g glucose, 50 U regular insulin and 80 mEq KCl per liter infused at 1.5 ml/kg per hour for 2 days. Serial measurements were made of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, daily fluid intake and output, serum glucose, potassium, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, osmolarity, creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme and cardiac rhythm. Although all patients admitted comatose died (three glucose-insulin-potassium recipients, one control subject), hospital mortality in patients admitted noncomatose was 0 percent (0 of 20) in glucose-insulin-potassium recipients versus 12 percent (3 of 26) in the control group (three deaths secondary to late pump failure). Glucose-insulin-potassium recipients experienced 4.9 ± 1.3 hours of three or more premature ventricular complexes/min compared with 11.1 ± 1.9 hours for control subjects (P These data demonstrate that, in patients with acute infarction, glucose-insulin-potassium infusion (1) does not adversely alter hemodynamics, (2) reduces free fatty acids, (3) diminishes frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, but (4) has no demonstrable effect on infarct size as assessed with creatine kinase isoenzyme values. In this ongoing randomized clinical trial, the number of patients studied is too small to permit definite conclusions to be reached regarding the effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on hospital survival.
Transient Behavior of Thermosyphon-Coupled Sensible Storage with Constant Temperature Heat Addition

The time-dependent behavior of a thermal storage device incorporating an integrated thermosyphon is analyzed numerically. Energy is added from a constant temperature heat source situated within one portion of the thermosyphon loop. Comparison is made between the stratified thermosyphon-based system and a fully mixed storage volume with constant temperature heat addition by an immersed heat exchanger. In both systems, a fundamental limitation is the decay of the heating power as energy accumulates within the storage volume. The results show however, that the energy transfer rate to storage during charging is significantly higher for the thermosyphon-based system. In addition, the undesirable consequence of energy accumulation can be strongly offset by targeting the dominant frictional losses to a specific flow regime.
Diet for Fischer-344 Rats in Long-term Studies

about 20 years ago for reproduction, lactation, and growth of rodents in production colonies. This diet, which contains approximately 24% protein, 5% fat, and 3.5% fiber (2), may not be an optimal diet for rats in long-term studies, and some components such as protein may be increasing the severity of chronic diseases. A workshop on diet was held at NIEHS in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, on 23 June 1993 in conjuction with the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors Technical Report Review Subcommittee meeting. Approximately 40 people from NIEHS, EPA, the Food and Drug Administration, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, and feed manufacturers attended the workshop. The purpose of the workshop was 1) to review the effects of changes in protein, fat, and fiber concentrations of diet on chronic disease (e.g., nephropathy), tumor incidences (e.g., leukemia, mammary and pituitary tumors), and survival of rats, especially Fischer-344 rats, in various 2-year studies conducted by NTP/NIEHS and 2) to discuss modification of diet composition and ingredients. The format of the workshop was 1) presentation of results of NTP/ NIEHS studies, related literature information, and proposed concentration of protein, fat, and fiber in the new diet followed by 2) discussion of each diet component by the consultants, members of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors Subcom-
A Model of Small Firm Capital Acquisition Decisions

This paper presents a model that describes the dynamics of small firm capital acquisition decisions. The model proposes that the primary factors influencing capital acquisition decisions are (1) availability of information, (2) ease of capital acquisition, (3) owner’s goals, and (4) terms of external providers of capital. The paper discusses the relationships between these primary influence variables and capital acquisition decisions. A better understanding of the factors influencing capital acquisition can provide insight into the process by which small firms make capital acquisition decisions. A better understanding of these dynamics can also lead to improved support systems and conditions for small businesses that may be searching for capital. Insight from the model can be useful for business owners, business consultants, and classroom instructors.
Taking the engineering path to business leadership and entrepreneurial success in Canada and USA

A cross-sectional longitudinal study of Canadian graduate engineers yielded unexpected percentages of engineers gravitating towards entrepreneurial opportunities. The aggregate of the classes of 1954, 1959, and 1964 demonstrate entrepreneurial / intrapreneurial outcomes at a rate that is many times higher than the general population. The rate is well over double the rate cited previously for engineers intending to pursue entrepreneurial outlets (Tremblay et al. 1998; Tremblay et al. 2007). This paper explores possible reasons for those findings. Existing literature is combined with a cross-sectional, longitudinal study of graduate engineers. Interpretive insight is offered from a separate exploratory study investigating the value of knowledge. Seeking to understand the high incidence of engineers gravitating to entrepreneurial opportunities, we refer to a separate study exploring potential knowledge; how knowledge is valued, and how the value of knowledge is shared between the organization and the employee. We present a framework for knowledge to be applied, or potential. Firms that saw potential knowledge in some employees recognized and captured its economic value. Instead of sharing the value generated by the knowledge with the individual, the firms indicated increasing the work load and adding responsibilities to the individual. We advance a proposition that the selection and training of engineers emphasizes potential knowledge, which is a form of intellectual property; a resource with economic value. As a valuable resource, one can expect the individual to seek a reasonable return on this asset. If the firm appropriates all of the returns, it is reasonable to expect the individual to seek a higher personal return from his or her intellectual property. Those with potential knowledge may seek alternative opportunities to capture some of the value of their intellectual property for themselves, and thereby pursue entrepreneurial outlets even if they had not initially intended or desired to do so.
The Distributional Politics of Fiscal Adjustment: A Case Study of Four Northeastern States

The federal Tax Reform Act of 1986 and an unexpected economic downturn soon thereafter resulted in a divergence between actual and anticipated revenues at the state level. To cope with the resulting budget deficits, states increased taxes, decreased expenditures, or both. This paper looks at the decisions made in four Northeastern States-New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.
Fucose-containing glycopeptides from the cell surface of Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in the presence or absence of cyclic AMP.

3′:5′ Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) has a profound effect on the growth pattern and morphology of several cell lines, which by standard in vitro criteria have the typical characteristics of transformed lines1–5. Such cells, when treated with cyclic AMP, its dibutyryl derivative (db cyclic AMP) or several drugs or hormones which increase cyclic AMP levels within the cells, are quickly converted from their normal compact morphology into elongated fibroblast-like cells which grow parallel to one another and form monolayers. The treated cells are also less easily agglutinated by plant lectins1,3, adhere more strongly to the substratum6, move more slowly7 and secrete more acidic mucopolysaccharide into the medium8,9. Although these changes are only temporary, they do resemble, at least superficially, the reverse of those that occur when fibroblast cells are transformed by either oncogenic virus or chemical mutagens.
On the nature of Aitken condensation nuclei

The number of Aitken condensation nuclei in the air is strongly influenced by human activities which increase the natural number manifold through release of combustion products from fires and combustion engines. The natural condensation nuclei near ground level increase during day and decrease during night; there is a general decrease with increasing altitude in the atmosphere. These natural Aitken nuclei are produced in light from volatile products released by the vegetation (mainly terpenes) and therefore are organic macromolecules. They disappear again mainly by agglomeration, or or near the inversion layers, and are then removed by precipitation. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00268.x
Resistance heating of Fe and W in diamond-anvil cells

A new method for internally heating a diamond-anvil cell is described. Fine wires of iron or tungsten are resistively heated in a gasketed cell, thus providing a uniformly distributed pressure that can be measured in situ by employing the ruby scale. Temperatures of several thousand degrees have been measured by fitting a black body radiation function to the spectrum of the hot wire taken with an optical multichannel analyzer. Temperatures as high as the melting temperature of tungsten have been achieved. The alpha-gamma and alpha-epsilon phase transitions of iron have been studied, and the results show excellent agreement with previous data obtained with piston-cylinder or externally-heated diamond cells.
Perceptions of Candidate Character Traits and the Presidential Vote in 2004

Many media pundits explained Bush's victory in the 2004 presidential election as due in large part to an advantage that he held over Kerry in personal characteristics or character traits, at least as perceived by the voters. By these accounts, Kerry was seen by many voters as aloof, humorless, vacillating, and indecisive. In contrast, Bush was viewed as warm, authentic, and a strong leader. Such interpretations were expressed by a wide range of journalists. For example, New York Times Op-Ed columnist David Brooks (2004a) claimed that if “… the Democrats had nominated Dick Gephardt, this election wouldn't be close, but character is destiny, and Kerry's could be debilitating …” Also in the New York Times, Kate Zernike and John Broder (2004) found that in interviews around the country taken the day after the election, “the voices of voters … fairly shouted that the outcome was … about a fundamental question of character.” Leadership was the trait most commonly cited as one of Bush's strengths. As one voter whom they interviewed put it, “People say George Bush is a cowboy … People say he shoots quick … sometimes you have to do that, you have to be decisive. Kerry never projected that.” Kerry was also faulted for being dull and uninspiring. Brooks (New York Times2004b) felt that Kerry talked “like a manager or an engineer.” Others felt that Kerry lacked the personal warmth or charm that would allow voters to relate to him. Klein (2006, 221) felt that Kerry “… remained aloof, a distant figure, a politician in all the worst senses of the word.” Perhaps the worst insult was hurled by one of my students, who called Kerry “too professorial.”Author's note: I appreciate the comments provided by two of my colleagues, David Holian and Greg McAvoy.
Effects of 14 days of prophylactic resveratrol supplementation in trained endurance runners upon the inflammatory markers TNF-a, IL1β, and IL-6 following a single bout of eccentric exercise

Background Resveratrolis a natural polyphenol found in peanuts and grapes. Resveratrolpossesses antioxidative properties which have shown to reduce the oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Resveratrol also has the ability to attenuate inflammation via inhibiting TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and blocking NF-kB activation. Resveratrol supplementation may have the potential to mitigate the damages associated with intense orprolonged exercise; consequently improving recovery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a14 day prophylactic supplementation trans-resveratrol onTNF-a, IL-1b ,a nd IL-6 from a single bout of eccentric exercise in traineddistance runners. Methods Eight trained male distance runners ages 35 to 45 (38.13 ± 2.95yrs) were randomly assigned to consume in a double blind manner either a placebo (PL) or 1000mg of transresveratrol (polygonum cuspidatum)(RESV) daily for 14 days (Transmax, BiotiviaBioceuticals). Prior to supplementation participants’ height (69.5 ± 2.3in) and weight (165.2 ± 24.25lbs.) were recorded and body composition (17.75 ± 4.8BF%) was assessed using DEXA. VO2max (55.3 ± 6.4 ml/kg/min) was assessed using Fox and Costill protocol and 65% of VO2max heart rate (117±4.2 bpm) was established for use as intensity predicator in the downhill running protocol. Following 14 days of prophylactic supplementation, participants engaged in a 45 minute downhill running protocol at 65% of VO2max at a declined grade of 12%. Venous blood samples were taken prior to (PRE), immediately after(POST), one hour (1HR) and two hours (2HR) following the downhill protocol. Serum samples for each time point (PRE,POST, 1HR, 2HR) were assayed for TNF-a, IL-1b ,a nd IL-6 using ELISA. Dietary analyses were conducted during the four days prior to testing to determine any antioxidant and anti-inflammatory influences within the diet. Results A significant main effect for time (p = 0.003) for IL-6 (RESV: 0.613±0.253, 1.38±0.394, 1.978±0.479, 1.594±0.66; PL: 0.921±0.73, 2.25±1.05, 1.698±0.561, 1.953±1.87 pg/mL). Delta responses for IL-6 showed a 125.12% change at POST, 222.68% change at 1HR, and 160.03% at 2HR for the RESV group while the PL group showed a 144.3%, 84.36%, and 112.05% change at the same time points, respectively. No significant observationsfor time or between groups for TNF-a and IL-1b were observed. Responsefrom baseline for TNF-a showed a 10.91% change at POST, 53.33% change at 1HR, and 8.48% at 2HR for the RESV group while the PL group showed a 15.3%, -1.87%, and -8.96% change at the same time points (p > 0.05), respectively. For IL-1b, the response from baseline showed a 10.96% change at POST, 16.04% change at 1HR, and 18.18% at 2HR for the RESV group while the PL group showed a -39.67%, -31.15%, and -33.93% change at the same time points (p >0 .05), respectively.No differences were observed on pain scale values between groups resulting from the eccentric protocol (p > 0.05).
Stand-to-sit maneuver in paraplegia after spinal cord injury using functional neuromuscular stimulation

The paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) can compromise the independent performance of many activities of daily living. Neuroprostheses utilizing functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) are able to restore standing and stepping after SCI by actively contracting the paralyzed muscles. The stand-to-sit maneuver, however, requires good control of eccentric contractions of the knee and hip musculature, which is difficult to achieve with FNS alone. This preliminary study compares the biomechanics of the stand-to-sit maneuver with open-loop FNS to able-bodied in terms of upper extremity forces and sitting impact force. With FNS, the upper extremity forces reached an average of 25% of their body weight more than able-bodied controls during the maneuver. Individuals with SCI also exhibited twice the impact force when making contact with the chair as compared to able-bodied subjects. These large forces and quick descents are potential for injury and an improved method for controlling the stand-to-sit maneuver when using FNS is necessary.
Some cardiovascular effects of germine-3-monoacetate.

Abstract In anesthetized dogs germine-3-monoacetate (GMA), 40 to 640 μg/kg i.v., increased mean arterial pressure, right ventricular contractile force, left ventricular pressure and left ventricular dp/dt max. At 160 μg/kg i.v., GMA slightly increased the heart rate. The positive inotropic effect of GMA was not prevented by denervation of the carotid sinuses, pithing of the spinal cord, or adrenalectomy; it was blocked or greatly reduced by propranolol, sotalol, reserpine, mecamylamine or tetrodotoxin. When administered to the superior cervical ganglion of cats GMA enhanced contractions of nictitating membrane caused by electrical stimulation of preganglionic fibers with single electrical stimuli. At 6 to 100 μg/ml GMA had dose dependent positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the isolated guinea pig atria. The in vivo effects of GMA were apparently mediated by the sympathetic nervous system; in addition, at high concentrations, GMA had a direct cardiotonic action on the artrial muscle.
Modeling turbulent flame propagation

Laser diagnostics and flow simulation techniques are now providing information that, if available 50 years ago, would have allowed Damkohler to show how turbulence generates flame area. In the absence of this information, many turbulent flame speed models have been created, most based on Kolmogorov concepts that ignore the turbulence vortical structure. Over the last 20 years, the vorticity structure in mixing layers and jets has been shown to determine the entrainment and mixing behavior, and these effects need to be duplicated by combustion models. Turbulence simulations reveal the intense vorticity structure as filaments and simulations of passive flamelet propagation show how this vorticity creates flame area and defines the shape of the expected chemical reaction surface. Understanding how volume expansion interacts with flow structure should improve experimental methods for determining turbulent flame speed. Since the last decade has given us such powerful new tools to create and see turbulent combustion microscopic behavior, it seems that a solution of turbulent combustion within the next decade would not be surprising in the hindsight of 2004.
High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Magnetic Nanoclusters

The capture of magnetic nanoclusters in high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) operations, the rate-limiting step in magnetic nanoparticle-based separations and chemical processing, was studied experimentally, and a new model for HGMS capture that extends current single-wire models to column behavior was developed. Clusters >50 nm were captured very efficiently (>99.9%) at high flow rates. When a sufficiently long column was used, the lost particles were almost entirely single nanoparticles that were significantly smaller (<30 nm) than the average cluster size. When these small nanoparticles are removed, capture can be improved significantly. The column model allows quantitative prediction of HGMS capture over a wide range of conditions, whereas analysis of the limiting condition of an infinite number of stages yields new parameters that can be calculated much more simply than with the full-column model. These parameters can be used for quantitative estimates of the maximum capture efficiency and capaci...
Cylindrical hexameric antimony complexes, one with an enclosed hexaaquanickel(II) ion

The reaction of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and antimony trioxide produces an unusual hexameric cylindrical antimony complex. The cavity is large enough to accommodate the hexaaquanickel(II) cation. The crystal structures of both the parent hexamer and the Ni(II) species enclosed in the hexamer are reported. Bond valence sums were used to confirm that the antimony is +3 in both species and that the Ni ions are all +2 in the encapsulated complex.
Proteolytic-based method for the identification of human growth hormone.

: Human growth hormone (HGH) is a relatively small protein consisting of 191 amino acids and has an average mass of 22,125 amu. The forensic analysis of proteins such as HGH must meet the analytical sufficiency requirements for the laboratory and consists of a binary approach. A suspected sample is analyzed as the whole protein for retention time and mass determination using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Further fragmentation of the protein using a proteolytic enzyme adds another dimension to the specificity of the analysis. Porcine trypsin digests proteins in a very predictable manner and yields peptide fragments of the original protein that can be used as a means for fingerprinting the larger biomolecule. In silico, or theoretical, digestion of HGH by trypsin yields 21 peptides ranging in size from 1 to 23 amino acids in length. The larger fragments containing higher numbers of amino acids give more specificity to identifying a protein based on a fragment produced by the digestion of trypsin. Herein, the analysis of HGH using a proteolytic approach is presented that meets the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) recommendations for the identification of unknown substances.
Resistance and resilience of winter-emerging Chironomidae (Diptera) to a flood event: Implications for Minnesota trout streams

Disturbances caused by rainfall are common in streams with the impact on stream inhabitants determined by the frequency, intensity, and predictability of the event. Here, we examine the response of winter-emerging Chironomidae (Diptera) to extreme flooding disturbance. In August of 2007, a severe flood impacted southeastern Minnesota, imparting stress on aquatic communities. Chironomid pupal exuviae collections were obtained biweekly from 18 southeast Minnesota streams during the following winter to assess resistance and resilience of winter-active chironomids to flooding. Streams examined were divided into moderate (2.5–10 cm), heavy (10–20 cm), or extreme (20+ cm) rainfall categories with rainfall amounts in each category representing total precipitation during the 3-day storm. Post-flood samples were compared to samples obtained from the same localities during prior winters. Our findings contradict studies of responses by Chironomidae to flooding during warmer-water conditions and show that winter-emerging Chironomidae are resistant to stress imposed by summer spates. Significantly more taxa emerged during winter after flooding as compared to historic collections, and the number of species emerging in winter was positively correlated with rainfall severity, indicating that 15 species responded opportunistically to disturbance. This indicates that winter-active Chironomidae may be resistant to increased severity of summer spates associated with climate change predictions.
Acetylcholine depolarization of the dorsal root nerve terminals in the amphibian spinal cord.

When ACh or carbachol was directly applied to the isolated amphibian spinal cord, a slow depolarization which originated at or near the dorsal root nerve terminals could be recorded by means of the sucrose-gap method. This depolarization was a transient phenomenon. A marked and transient decrease in the amplitude of the DR-DRP was observed during the development of the ACh depolarization. With relatively small concentrations of ACh, the reduced amplitude of the DR-DRP was gradually restored to an almost normal value within 30–40 min. The depolarization of the dorsal root nerve terminals as well as the reduction in the size of the DR-DRP, caused by ACh or carbachol, were enhanced by anti-AChE's and prevented by atropine, DHE, d-TC or nicotine. These pharmacological properties were similar to those of the VR-DRP. On the basis of the experimental observations, the possible location of the cholinoceptive receptor sites in the amphibian spinal cord was discussed.
Acidic residues emulate a phosphorylation switch to enhance the activity of rat hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesterol esterase

Abstract Site-directed mutagenesis of rat hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (rhncCEH) was used to substitute acidic, basic or neutral amino acid residues for Ser506, required for activation by protein kinase A. The substitution of acidic Asp506 resulted in esterase activities with cholesteryl oleate, p-nitrophenylcaprylate (PNPC) and p-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA) equivalent to those of native rhncCEH with Ser506. The substitution of 2 acidic residues (Asp505/506), emulating the 2 negative charges of phosphoserine, resulted in a 10-fold greater cholesterol esterase activity than that of native rhncCEH, similar to the activity of rhncCEH treated with protein kinase A. In contrast to mutants with Ser506, protein kinase A did not increase the specific activities of mutants with Asp505/506. The substitution of basic (Lys506) or neutral (Asn506) residues abolished activity with cholesteryl oleate but not PNPC or PNPA. The substitution of neutral Gln for basic residues Lys496/Arg503 also abolished cholesterol esterase activity but not PNPC- and PNPA-esterase activities. These structure–activity relationships are modeled by homology with a recently reported crystal structure for the homologous human triacylglycerol hydrolase. The results suggest that the cholesterol esterase activity of carboxylesterases is enhanced by interactions between one or more basic residues on helix α16 (residues 485–503) and acidic groups at residues 505–506 in the adjacent surface loop.
The Strange Disappearance of Investment in Human and Physical Capital in the United States

Many scholars have argued that there are strong incentives for states to spend less money on redistributive or consumption programs, such as welfare, and more on developmental or investment programs, such as highways. Yet, over the last few decades, the proportion of state budgets allocated to expenditures intended to develop human and physical capital, specifically education and highways, has declined. In real terms, spending on virtually every government program has increased but expenditure increases to redistributive programs have been much greater than those to investment programs. Why this shift has happened despite theory predicting the contrary has not been adequately examined in a way that considers multiple developmental programs and multiple ways of conceptualizing spending over a substantial time period. We undertake this task in the following article using a large, cross-sectional time series data set of state budgeting toward K-12 education, higher education, and highways from 1965 to 2004. We test competing theories of the determinants of state spending using these data and then discuss the factors that we believe have led to the relative de-emphasis on developmental programs. We find that the most consistent predictors of state developmental spending patterns are federal grants, the state of the economy, and interstate and intrastate competition.
Effect of language barriers on follow-up appointments after an emergency department visit.

Research has shown that Latinos average fewer physician visits per year than other ethnic groups.1,2 Many factors may contribute to Latinos' lower use of physician services, including lower rates of health insurance coverage,3 lower levels of income and education,3,4 and limited English proficiency.5–7 One study found that Latinos with limited English proficiency reported fewer visits than native English-speaking patients,8 while an analysis of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey found that insurance was the predominant determinant of the number of physician visits and inability to speak English was not a significant predictor of physician visits.9 Patients with limited English proficiency may also utilize health care less because of dissatisfaction with the health care they have received in the past. Baker et al. found that Latino patients who communicated through an interpreter or who did not have an interpreter when they thought one was necessary were less satisfied with the patient-provider relationship.10 Similarly, Carrasquillo et al. reported that emergency department patients who said that English was not their first language were less satisfied overall and reported more communication problems.11 There may also be differences in how physicians care for Latino patients, and this may affect their satisfaction and future health care use. Todd et al. reported that Hispanics with isolated long-bone fractures were twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to receive no pain medication in an emergency department.12 Latinos with limited English proficiency may also be less likely to receive follow-up appointments after an initial physician visit because of discrimination, communication barriers leading to misdiagnosis or lack of awareness of a problem, or even physician frustration over difficulty communicating. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the effects of limited English proficiency or communicating through an interpreter on physician referral patterns. Finally, Latinos with limited English proficiency might be less likely to comply with referral appointments because of dissatisfaction, or poor understanding of the reason for the referral, or simply because they are unaware that they are supposed to have a follow-up appointment. Manson found that asthmatic patients receiving extended follow-up care in an ambulatory care setting from a language-discordant physician were more likely to miss office appointments than were patients with a language-concordant physician.13 To further examine these issues, we conducted this study to determine the association between language barriers and (1) rates of referral for a follow-up appointment after an emergency department visit, (2) patients' knowledge that an appointment had been scheduled, and (3) actual compliance with scheduled follow-up appointments.
Moving Neighborhoods and Health Research Forward: Using Geographic Methods to Examine the Role of Spatial Scale in Neighborhood Effects on Health

A rich history of research documents the effects of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) conditions on health outcomes. Recent criticism of the neighborhoods and health literature, however...
Knowledge‐based Adhesive Selection for SMT Assemblies

The last decade witnessed the increasing use of Surface Mount Technology (SMT) in the assembly of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). This fact coupled with increasing component densities, decreasing component pitch, and the need for reliable PCBs has focused attention on the critical components of the manufacturing process including the adhesive used. Components used in PCBs manufactured using SMT, which are to be wave soldered, must be adhesively attached to the board so that they remain in place during the wave soldering process. Utilisation of non‐conducting adhesives for the attachment of electronic components prior to wave soldering has become common throughout the electronics manufacturing industry. The knowledge based adhesive selection adviser described in this paper assists the user (process engineer) in the selection of adhesives for wave soldering of surface mount components. In addition to guiding the user through the adhesive selection process, it provides dispenser related information. This ‘advice’ is derived from the restrictions imposed by the user (including the user's facility temperature), material property requirements, productivity measures and the adhesive dispensing method. The adhesive selection adviser helps the user understand the relationships that need to be considered during adhesive selection. It is applicable to any existing SMT line that uses adhesives within the commercial PCB manufacturing domain.
Radiative Heating on the After-Body of Martian Entry Vehicles

This paper presents simulations of the radiative heat flux imparted on the after-body of vehicles entering the Martian atmosphere. The radiation is dominated by CO2 bands emitting in the mid-wave infrared spectral region. This mechanism has traditionally not been considered in the design of past Mars entry vehicles. However, with recent analysis showing that the CO2 radiation can be greater than convective heating in the wake, and with several upcoming and proposed missions to Mars potentially affected, an investigation of the impact of this radiation is warranted. The focus of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the impact to aerothermal heating predictions and to provide comparisons between NASA's two main radiation codes, NEQAIR and HARA. The tangent slab approximation is shown to be overly conservative, by as much as 58 percent, for most back- shell body point locations compared to using a full angular integration method. However, due to the complexity of the wake flow, it is also shown that tangent slab does not always represent an upper limit for radiative heating. Furthermore, analysis in this paper shows that it is not possible to provide a general knock-down factor from the tangent slab results to those obtained using the more rigorous full integration method. When the radiative heating is accounted for on the after-body, the unmargined total heat flux can be as high as 14 watts per square centimeter.
Amelanotic small flat lesions of the choroid.

• On routine examination, three patients demonstrated yellow-white lesions in the posterior third of the fundus. These lesions have a subtle but unique appearance. They are in the choroid and have definite borders, minimal or no elevation, a lack of secondary changes in the overlying pigment epithelium or neuroepithelium, and no pigment within the lesion or at its borders. Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic data permit discussion of the differential diagnosis of these lesions. They may represent amelanotic nevi of the choroid.
The hub number of a graph

A hub set in a graph G is a set U@?V(G) such that any two vertices outside U are connected by a path whose internal vertices lie in U. We prove that h(G)=h"c(G)>=4 are obtained by substituting graphs into three consecutive vertices of a cycle; this yields a polynomial-time algorithm to check whether h"c(G)=@c"c(G).
Politics of Aging Political Science and the Study of Gerontology

Although social gerontology had evolved for 20 years or more prior to 1969, the contribution to it made by political science was minimal. While a handful of pioneering political scientists in this period did pursue research in the aging field, they were not generally recognized for such work among their disciplinary peers, nor were they regarded as part of the social gerontology mainstream. Over the past decade, however, this picture has changed fundamentally as several political scientists have gained a significant measure of recognition for their aging research and a number of promising younger scholars are manifesting a -marked interest. In explaining this interesting development, events external to political science are viewed as facilitating factors, while a factor of more fundamental import is seen in paradigm change occurring within the discipline. Whereas earlier political science paradigms tended to dismiss all policy studies-old age policy included-as mere "applied" research worthy of little est...