cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emissions of ozone precursors from stationary sources:: a critical review

This paper discusses and critiques methods used to estimate emissions of, and create both aggregate and detailed modeling inventories for, nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO), the main pollutants involved in ozone formation. Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and methods to project emissions into the future are also briefly discussed. Many improvements have been made in emissions inventories over the past decade. For example, the required use of continuous emission monitors (CEMS) has produced site-specific emissions estimates from almost all US electric utility power plants, which are the major stationary source of NOx. However, many data quality issues remain. For example, the overall quality of standardized emission factors is very poor. In addition, uncertainties have been introduced by use of simplistic assumptions on the existent level of emission control. Even the use of CEMS has not eliminated uncertainty in emissions from power plants, because methods to deal with missing data can introduce bias. Emissions data for Mexico are not comprehensive, making ozone modeling in US border regions difficult. Data for VOC speciation is outdated, and crude data is often used to disaggregate emissions to the fine level of spatial and temporal detail needed for atmospheric modeling. It is difficult to make general statements about the importance of each of these problems, because there are no reliable estimates of the overall uncertainty of emissions values, and because the impact of emission inventory errors is very site specific. The Emissions Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) initiated by the US Environmental Protection Agency promises to enhance the quality of future inventories, mainly through communication of best practices among state agencies. Further inventory improvement efforts must be focused on problems that most strongly influence poor prediction of ozone concentrations. Targets for improvement could be based on comparison of photochemical modeling results to observed concentrations, coupled with other techniques that better explain source-receptor relationships.
The Missing Links in Legislative Politics: Attentive Constituents

In democratic theory one of the central postulates is that linkages between representatives and the represented provide for access, representation, and accountability. Some research has been focused on these linkages, but it has been confined largely to relations between legislators and the general publics of their districts.' It is very unlikely, however, that representatives actually think of their constituents en masse.? There is also some evidence that political interest groups organized on a system-wide basis do not supply the major linkage between constituents and representatives.3 Rather, the major linkage appears to be through the politically active subculture in legislative constituencies, those middlemen in politics who, in a variety of ways, mediate between mass publics and representative elites. V. 0. Key thought these middlemen constituted a "missing piece of the puzzle" in research efforts "to assemble the elements that
Abstract 5740: Alcoholic beverage consumption and the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Results of several case-control studies suggest an inverse association between alcohol consumption and risk of NHL, and potential differences in the strength of association across histologic subtypes. However, this relationship has been examined in few prospective cohort studies and of these, two included only women. Furthermore, most cohort studies had too few cases to explore potential differences in association according to histologic subtypes, gender and other factors. Using data from the large American Cancer Society CPS-II Nutrition Cohort, we examined the association of self-reported alcohol intake with the incidence of NHL in men and in women, and in ever and never smokers. We also examined associations according to specific NHL subtypes. Among the 70,424 men and 78,019 women included in this analysis, 1,120 male and 865 female incident cases of lymphoma were identified during the follow-up period (1992-2007). Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, family history of hematopoietic cancer, education, body mass index, height and physical activity (METS). For men, the RR (95% CI) estimates for all NHL subtypes combined associated with consumption of >0- 2 drinks per day compared to non-drinkers were 0.94 (0.82-1.08), 0.90 (0.74-1.08), and 0.80 (0.66-0.98) (p-trend=0.04). The corresponding RR (95% CI) estimates were similar for women (i.e., 0.92 (0.80-1.07), 0.87 (0.66-1.15) and 0.68 (0.47-0.99) (p-trend=0.04)). There was no effect modification of this association by gender (p for interaction=0.93). In addition, there was no effect modification by smoking status (p for interaction=0.76). In analyses of specific NHL subtypes, a statistically significant inverse association was observed for B-cell lymphomas, which comprised the majority of NHL neoplasms (i.e., >90%). For men and women combined, the RRs (95% CIs) for B-cell lymphoma associated with consumption of >0- 2 drinks per day compared to non-drinkers were 0.96 (0.86-1.06), 0.91 (0.77-1.07) and 0.76 (0.64-0.92) (p-trend=0.004). However, we also observed non-significant inverse associations of alcohol intake with nearly all NHL subtypes. In summary, results from this large prospective cohort study support previous reports from other studies showing an inverse association between alcohol intake and the incidence of lymphoma in men and in women. They also suggest no meaningful differences in the nature of the association of alcohol intake with the incidence of specific histologic subtypes of lymphoma, or by smoking status. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5740.
Hydrogen fugacities in Shaw bomb experiments

Experiments show that equilibration times across Shaw hydrogen diffusion membranes are variable. Using quartz-filled platinum membranes with fugacity differentials less than 20 bars, equilibration times at 750 ° C range from 1–3 days with new membranes to greater than 10 days for membranes with extensive use. New membranes at 650 ° C equilibrate in ∼7 days. At these temperatures the steady state hydrogen lag pressure between the bomb and membrane is less than one bar as long as relatively new membranes are in use. These slow hydrogen equilibrations necessitate that exacting procedures be followed when using the bombs for equilibrium determinations. The initial unequilibrated hydrogen fugacity in the bomb must be higher than the final equilibrated hydrogen fugacity for a reduced starting assemblage or must be lower than the final equilibrated hydrogen fugacity if the starting assemblage is oxidized. This criterion can be met by carefully controlling the initial hydrogen/argon ratio in the pressurizing fluid, and can be verified by monitoring changes in the membrane pressure. Determinations of the Ni-NiO equilibrium at 750 °C and 850 °C at 1 kbar have been performed in order to test the method. The corrected 1 bar values, log $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ =−15.0±0.3 and −12.8±0.2 respectively, are in excellent agreement with electrochemical cell determinations.
Quantum versus classical polarizability in one-dimensional percolation models

The exact expression for the frequency-dependent polarizability near the static limit is obtained for a tight-binding electron in a one-dimensional chain with random interruptions. The critical exponent of the static polarizability at the percolation threshold is 4, different from its classical counterpart obtained by a hopping conduction model. A continuum model is also studied, the result of which also indicates differences in critical exponents for quantum and classical percolation processes.
Water Data Systems: Science, Practice, and Policy

Water agencies, governmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations accountable for water use, development, and conservation are dealing with ways to address changes in water data collection, maintenance, storage, visualization, and communication. As demand for water resources and variability of water availability increases, water data are essential to monitoring changes and finding solutions. Coupled with other data efforts to enhance “big data” and serve critical environmental issues, water data reveal the complex data-scape that demands streamlined data standards across scientific communities where data processing systems are fragmented due to multiple sources and methodologies, limited data sharing, and incomplete data coverage. With a better understanding of some of the discrepancies in the science, practice, and policy of water data systems, we need to consider and implement innovative ways to foster stronger water data sharing arrangements. This special issue on Water Data explores the science, practice, and policy of water data systems, provides examples in which data integration has been successful or ineffective, and explores the technological frontier of water data systems.
Effects of Reduction Temperature and Metal−Support Interactions on the Catalytic Activity of Pt/γ-Al2O3 and Pt/TiO2 for the Oxidation of CO in the Presence and Absence of H2

TiO2- and γ-Al2O3-supported Pt catalysts were characterized by HRTEM, XPS, EXAFS, and in situ FTIR spectroscopy after activation at various conditions, and their catalytic properties were examined for the oxidation of CO in the absence and presence of H2 (PROX). When γ-Al2O3 was used as the support, the catalytic, electronic, and structural properties of the Pt particles formed were not affected substantially by the pretreatment conditions. In contrast, the surface properties and catalytic activity of Pt/TiO2 were strongly influenced by the pretreatment conditions. In this case, an increase in the reduction temperature led to higher electron density on Pt, altering its chemisorptive properties, weakening the Pt−CO bonds, and increasing its activity for the oxidation of CO. The in situ FTIR data suggest that both the terminal and bridging CO species adsorbed on fully reduced Pt are active for this reaction. The high activity of Pt/TiO2 for the oxidation of CO can also be attributed to the ability of TiO2 t...
Genetics of Resistance to Field Kernel Infection by Aspergillus flavus in Maize

Abstract To solve the chronic problem of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus in the southeastern USA, genetic resistance to A. flavus is needed. A 2-yr study of a diallel cross of five parents containing the leafy gene (Lfy) was conducted to evaluate the inhertance of resistance to A. flavus during 2003 and 2004. The maize percent kernel infection (PKI) rates were determined via the media-free and kernel-isolated incubation method. Highly significant general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effects were found. Parents 914 and A619 had desirable (negative) GCA effects to enhance the average performance of A. flavus resistance in hybrid progeny. The crosses 914 X A632, 914 X Wf9, and Hy X Wf9 had consistently negative SCA effects across years. The reciprocal effects were detected, indicating the presence of maternal effects in the maize kernel and the importance of direction of a cross. For example, A632 X Hy had the largest positive significan...
Tentative identification of reactive species in the interfacial and aqueous solution synthesis of titanium polymers

Abstract The active species in the synthesis of titanium polyethers of the following form are tentatively identified as follows. A queous solution syntheses: Cp 2 Ti 2+ and RO θ ; interfacial syntheses: Cp 2 TiCl 2 and ROH with reaction occurring near the interface or in the organic phase. The above is based on pH studies and on studies as a function of diol nature. For aqueous solution systems the yield increases with increase in pH whereas for interfacial systems the yield remains constant over the pH range 8·7 to 12·7. For aqueous syntheses polymer is formed in only systems employing aromatic diols whereas for interfacial systems polyethers are formed using both aliphatic and aromatic diols. Other results are cited and are consistent with this.
Nebulized Opioids Use in COPD

Objective To evaluate the role of nebulized opioids in COPD. Methods A MEDLINE search was completed to obtain pertinent clinical literature. Key search terms included the following: nebulizer, opioids, COPD, dyspnea, morphine, and hydromorphone. Results Currently, the evidence in the literature is lacking regarding placebo-controlled studies to support nebulized morphine for the relief of dyspnea in patients with COPD. The studies reviewed varied considerably in the dose, opioid used, administration schedule, and methodology. One study found improved exercise capacity in 11 patients not reproducible in a larger sample, and another study found benefit in 54 terminal patients. All other studies found no benefit. Conclusions The recently published Global Initiative for Lung Disease guidelines have specifically stated that opioids are contraindicated in COPD management due to the potential respiratory depression and worsening hypercapnia. Nebulized opioids should be discouraged, as current data do not support their use.
Strained heterocyclic systems. 19. 1-azatriptycene and derivatives☆

Abstract The preparations of 1-azatripycene ( 1 ) and its 9-chloro, 9-deutero, and 1-oxide derivatives are reported. The basicity of 1 is compared to model compounds.
Attempted Mannich Condensation with Indanedione-1,3

All attempts to prepare Mannich bases of indanedione failed. In every instance the end product was an amorphous solid with a high melting point and insoluble in most organic solvents. In one instance, while using 3-azabicyclo (3.2.2)nonane as the secondary amine component, a small amount of white crystalline substance was isolated from the mother liquor and identified as methylenebis-3-azabicyclo (3.2.2)nonane dihydrochloride with the help of infrared and NMR spectra. The structure of this compound was confirmed by unambiguous synthesis.
Protein A-neutralizing monoclonal antibody protects neonatal mice against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a cause of sepsis and meningitis in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Clinical trials with S. aureus specific antibodies failed to protect VLBW neonates, which may be due to the immune evasive attributes of staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Here we show that mouse monoclonal antibody SpAKKAA-mAb 3F6, which neutralizes the immunoglobulin Fcγ-binding and B cell receptor crosslinking attributes of SpA, protects neonatal mice against S. aureus sepsis and raises protective immunity against subsequent staphylococcal infection. We developed a humanized SpAKKAA-mAb that protects neonatal mice against S. aureus sepsis and may therefore be subjected to clinical testing in VLBW neonates.
Early Visual Mechanisms Do Not Contribute to Synesthetic Color Experience

Color-graphemic synesthetes perceive colors when viewing alphanumeric characters. Theories of color-graphemic synesthesia posit that synesthetic color experience arises from activation of neural mechanisms also involved in ordinary color vision. To learn how early in visual processing those mechanisms exist, we performed several experiments. In one experiment, real colors were altered in appearance by the lightness of their backgrounds, but the appearance of synesthetic colors was immune to surrounding light levels. In the second experiment using a hue cancellation technique, adaptation to synesthetic color had no subsequent effect on the amount of cancelling light to achieve equilibrium yellow, whereas adaptation to real colors did. In the third experiment, vivid synesthetic color had no influence on equilibrium yellow settings of the actual color of the characters evoking synesthesia. Because brightness contrast and chromatic adaptation are putatively mediated by neural mechanisms early in visual processing including retina and primary visual cortex, our results imply that neural events responsible for synesthetic color emerge subsequent to these early visual stages.
Cellular automata and the humanities

THE COMPUTER can be used to investigate the boundary between rigorous and metaphoric language. We use cellular automata to model several Presocratic hypotheses about the evolution of the physical world from a set of first-principles. These hypotheses, formed at the very beginnings of Western science, combine the characteristics of both rigorous and metaphoric thought. Since the computer demands explicit instructions for each step in the evolution of the automaton, such models can reveal the conceptual strategies implicit in the ambiguities of metaphoric language.
Leuprolide acetate in the management of cesarean scar endometriosis

Background: Progestin or estrogen-progestin combination therapy has not proven useful in the treatment of endometriosis of the abdominal scar after cesarean delivery. We report our experience in managing this condition with a gonadotropin agonist. Case: A 22-year-old black woman with a history of two previous cesareans developed endometriosis of the abdominal scar. The extent of the lesion was estimated by computed tomographic (CT) scan, and a 6-month preoperative course of leuprolide acetate was administered. The patient exhibited prompt symptomatic response to the gonadotropin agonist, but the physical examination and CT scan findings were unchanged. Pathologic examination after surgical removal of the lesion confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: Leuprolide acetate administered to a patient with cesarean scar endometriosis was associated with an improvement in symptoms, but there was no change in lesion size.
SectionBuilder: An innovative finite element tool for analysis and design of composite rotor blade cross-sections

Abstract SectionBuilder is a finite element based tool for analysis and design of composite rotor blade cross-sections. The tool can create the cross-sections with parametric shapes and arbitrary configurations. It has the ability to generate single- and multi-cell cross-sections with arbitrary lay-ups where the material properties for each layer can be defined on the basis of the design requirements. It can create the variation of thickness of skin and D-spars for rotor blades by considering ply drops. Cross-sections are often reinforced by core material for constructing realistic rotor blade cross-sections. The tool has the ability to integrate core materials into the cross-sections. After meshing the cross-section, the tool determines the sectional properties using finite element analysis. This tool computes sectional properties including stiffness matrix, compliance matrix, mass matrix, and principal axes. A visualization environment is integrated with the tool for visualizing the stress and strain distributions over the cross-section. The detail about the development steps and application of SectionBuilder is presented in this paper.
Understanding Expressions of Unwanted Behaviors in Open Bug Reporting

Open bug reporting allows end-users to express a vast array of unwanted software behaviors. However, users’ expectations often clash with developers’ implementation intents. We created a classification of seven common expectation violations cited by end-users in bug report descriptions and applied it to 1,000 bug reports from the Mozilla project. Our results show that users largely described bugs as violations of their own personal expectations, of specifications, or of the user community’s expectations. We found a correlation between a reporter’s expression of which expectation was being violated and whether or not the bug would eventually be fixed. Specifically, when bugs were expressed as violations of community expectations rather than personal expectations, they had a better chance of being fixed.
STABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF PHOSPHATE‐TREATED AND PRECOOKED CHICKEN PIECES REHEATED WITH MICROWAVE ENERGY

A procedure for precooking and reheating chicken with microwave energy, suitable for a centralized processing operation, was evaluated. Chicken pieces, with and without a sodium polyphosphate marination and precooked using microwave energy and steam followed by breading and browning, were compared with those breaded and precooked in corn oil under pressure. All pieces were individually quick frozen (IQF), packaged and later reheated with microwave energy. One-half of the pieces were stored for 3 months under fluctuating temperature conditions. Prestorage chicken was more acceptable than that held 3 months under fluctuating temperatures. Phosphate-treated fresh chicken was more juicy and tender than controls, and highest yields were obtained by a combination of phosphate marination and microwave-steam precooking.
Afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis in maize. 1. Evidence, and relationship to stand density

Abstract Diurnal courses of net carbon dioxide uptake of maize ( Zea mays L.) leaves under field conditions at high photosynthetic photon flux density ( Q ) indicated constant or decreasing rates over the temperature range of 25–35°C. This was in contrast to short-term responses to temperature, in which photosynthetic rates at 35°C were 1.4 times those at 25°C. These results suggested an afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates of leaves kept at constant temperature at high Q decreased by 30–40% from morning to afternoon. The amount of afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis increased with increasing stand density over the range 4–20 plants per m 2 . Stomatal conductance did not decline during the afternoon inhibition of photosynthesis, and the inhibition was not prevented by maintaining the measured part of the leaf at elevated humidity.
Phase measuring fiber optic electronic speckle pattern interferometer

In this paper we discuss a fiber optic phase measuring Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer. The phase stepping is obtained by stretching the reference arm fiber. We also outline briefly the theory of determining the phase by differentiating the interferogram. Preliminary results obtained with four bucket and differentiation algorithms are presented. 2.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Atomistic Origins of Molecular Memristors

Memristive conductance switching has been observed recently in molecular junctions, offering another instance of the newly discovered electronic device, the memristor, and a gamut of novel possibilities to the microelectronics industry. However, the underlying mechanism of this type of switching is not well understood, with current debate centering on whether the molecule “or” the metal−molecule interface is responsible for the switching. Here, we pinpoint the atomistic origin of the switching and demonstrate that it arises from electronic and ionic changes at the metal−molecule interface. The role of the molecule is important, however, in determining the geometrical arrangement of the interface and thus its electronic properties. Understanding the memristive-switching mechanism in these devices allows the design and engineering of target molecules, necessary to achieve the full promise of nonvolatile memory devices.
A cesium resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator

Abstract A cesium-based resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator (RFIM) is described. The spectral bandwidth of the detector was shown to be 0.4 GHz, the line width of one component of the hyperfine structure. The RFIM features sharp attenuation as close as 0.5 GHz from the center of a hyperfine component. The two-step excitation scheme gave a linear dependence on photon signal from the first ground state transition (852.12 nm), which was the wavelength detected in the RFIM. The spatial resolution of the detector was approximately 200 μm .
Tubal transport of fertilized ova in protein-deficient rats.

A purified protein-free diet was fed during pregnancy to 56 Long-Evans rats to determine the effect upon tubal transport time. An equal number of control rats received complete diet. Beginning at 6 AM on day 3 of gestation, laparotomy was performed at 3 hr intervals on 7 groups of protein-deficient and 7 groups of control animals. In each rat 1 uterine horn was ligated at the uterotubal junction. Animals were sacrificed on day 8 or 9 and the uterus and ovaries were examined for implantation sites and corpora lutea. The distribution of sites indicated that fertilized ova had entered the uterus between 6 AM and 9 PM on day 3 whether rats received protein- deficient or complete diet. It is concluded that protein deficiency does not affect the rate of tubal transport in the Long-Evans rat. (Endocrinology 84: 1266, 1969)
Perceptions of methylphenidate effects on hyperactive children's peer interactions

The behavioral constructs that emerge from observers' openended impressions of methylphenidate effects on the social behaviors of hyperactive children were examined. Ninety-six undergraduates observed videotapes of two different hyperactive “target” boys, each playing an interaction game with three peers. One target was taking methylphenidate and the other was taking placebo. The valence and content of observers' social perceptions were analyzed. Overall, more negative than positive behaviors were detected, a pattern more pronounced for the placebo than for the medication condition. Interestingly, placebo targets received negative evaluations for poorly controlled behaviors such as noncompliance, aggression, and disruption, but medicated targets received negative evaluations for social inhibition—passive and submissive behaviors. In contrast, the boys' medication state did not consistently influence observers' perceptions of positive social behaviors. Discussion focused on the extent and consequences of medicationrelated increases in social disengagement and on the ultimate impact of stimulant treatment on hyperactive children's social worlds.
Antiproton production from high energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract Based on the fireball model, we find that the secondary process ϱϱ → pp involving the ϱ meson produced from the reaction contributes significantly to the production of antiprotons from heavy-ion collisions at subthreshold energies. Using the kinetic model, we have calculated the ratio of the antiproton number to the pion number in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. At an incident energy of 2.1 GeV/nucleon available at Bevalac, this ratio is found to be ≈ 1.1 × 10−7, which has a similar magnitude as that of the preliminary data.
Projections of auditory responsive cortex in the squirrel monkey.

The cortical areas of the squirrel monkey, identified by Massopust et al.24 as auditory responsive, were lesioned in 29 young adults. The degenerated fibers were traced from the lesioned sites by reduced silver technics12,29. The auditor responsive areas are differentiated anatomically on the basis of their projection patterns. The supratemporal planes projects to two auditory nuclei, the medial geniculate body and the inferior colliculus. The dorsolateral superior temporal gyrus projects to these nuclei and also to the caudate, putamen, superior colliculus, posterior thalamic area, pontine gray and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Additional responsive areas, the insula, fronto-parietal operculum and ventrolateral superior temporal gyrus do not project to any auditory nuclei. These findings suggest that the supratemporal plane is the probable site of the primary auditory area and that the dorsolateral superior temporal gyrus is the probable site of the secondary areas. Any role that the insula, fronto-parietal operculum and ventrolateral superior temporal gyrus may have in the organization of the descending auditory pathways is not apparent from their anatomical projections.
On Becoming a Spirit Medium in a "Rational Society"

The recruitment and socialization (enculturation) of spirit mediums in the United States is investigated through ethnographic interviews, participant observation and library biographies in Lily Dale, New York. Spirit mediumship, alleged transfer of information from departed souls to the living through another living human (the medium) is a deviant way of knowing in this society. Most children with signs of mediumistic ability are discouraged by family and community. Moving into the role requires positive definitions and social support, such as in Spiritualist Church classes. Given general scepticism about intuition in Western society, even mediums themselves look for "confirmations" to validate their nonrational communications. Thus, the dominance of scientific rationality is accepted to an important degree even by this group that practices an alternate way of knowing.
First international workshop on architectures for software systems workshop summary

As systems become more complex, the high-level organization of the overall system---the software architecture---becomes a critical aspect of design. Architectural concerns include organization of a system as a composition of components; global control structures; protocols for communication, synchronization, and data access; assignment of functionality to design elements; physical distribution; scaling and performance; dimensions of evolution; and selection among design alternatives.Recently, software architecture has begun to emerge as an important field of study for software engineering practitioners and researchers. Architectural issues are being addressed by work in areas such as module interface languages, domain-specific architectures, software reuse, codification of organizational patterns for software, architectural description languages, formal underpinnings for architectural design, and architectural design environments.While there has been considerable recent activity in this area, much of it has gone on in small groups and many of these efforts are operating without detailed knowledge of other on-going work. This workshop brought together researchers and practitioners interested in software architecture to discuss the current state of the practice and art. The primary goal was to establish a common understanding of the state of the practice, the kinds of research and development efforts that are in progress, and the important challenges for this emerging field.The response to the call for papers for this workshop provides convincing evidence of the increasing interest and importance of software architecture. There were 86 papers submitted, involving over 140 authors. Of these, 32 were chosen for inclusion in the workshop.These papers were distributed to the participants in the form of a workshop proceedings. The proceedings has recently been reissued as a Carnegie Mellon Technical report, "Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Software Architecture", CMU-CS-TR-95-151. Copies may be obtained from CS Documentation, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 (tel: 412-268-2596, email: reports@cs.cmu.edu).The workshop organizing committee consisted of David Garlan, Workshop Chair (Carnegie Mellon University), Bob Balzer (USC Information Sciences Institute), Barry Boehm (University of Southern California), Martin Griss (Hewlett Packard Laboratories), Jeffrey Kramer (Imperial College), Doug Lea (SUNY Oswego & NY CASE Center), Dewayne Perry (AT&T Bell Labs), Mary Shaw (Carnegie Mellon University), Will Tracz (Loral Federal Systems), and Alexander Wolf (University of Colorado at Boulder).
Analysis of errors on the Trail Making Test.

This study was designed to determine whether the number and/or types of errors on the Trail Making Test differentiated head-injured and normal control subjects. Errors on Part B were categorized in...
HWIL weapon system simulations in the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (USAAMCOM)

This paper describes the Advanced Simulation Center (ASC) role, recaps the past 2000-2001 year, describes the hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) components and advancements, and outlines the path-ahead for the ASC in terms of both missile and complete system HWIL simulations and test.
Interactions Among Tympanometric Variables

To gain a better understanding of tympanometric results that have been difficult to interpret, such as asymmetrical and W-shaped tympanograms, acoustic susceptance and conductance tympanograms were measured from subjects with normal hearing and from subjects with well-defined middle ear pathology. Acoustic reactance, resistance, and impedance were computed and predicted from the measured data. Asymmetrical tympanograms derive in large part from the marked asymmetry in acoustic resistance as a function of ear canal pressure. W-shaped tympanograms result from interactions between reactance and resistance that occur when the two quantities assume similar absolute values or when reactance is mass controlled. A criterion for distinguishing between W-shaped tympanograms that are normal from those that are abnormal is discussed.
5B-4 A Backend Processing System for High-Frequency, High-Frame Rate Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging

This paper presents a recently developed backend processing system for high-frequency high-frame rate ultrasound B-mode imaging, which is responsible for extracting clinically useful information from acquired echo signals and displaying the information on a monitor in real time. The system is capable of producing up to 400 images per second with minimal signal processing error for real-time display. With this capability, the system can be used for cardiac imaging of the mouse where the heart rate is 5-10 beats per second. The backend processing system was implemented by using a single FPGA (Stratix EP1S60F1020C6, Altera Corporation, San Jose, CA) and software programs written by C++. Its performances were evaluated by wire phantom, in vitro pig eye, and in vivo mouse heart imaging tests. Experimental results demonstrate that the implemented system is capable of acquiring up to 400 images per second of which an image size is 256 by 256 pixels and providing the -6 dB axial and lateral resolutions of 48 mum and 103 mum, respectively. In addition, it is shown that the image display rate of the system is currently 95 images per second due to the limitation of a monitor's capability although one thousand consecutive images can be stored in a hard disk of a personal computer.
Solution-based direct readout surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) detection of ultra-low levels of thiram with dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles

We report the use of two different sizes of dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles as colloidal substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based detection of ultra-low levels of thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide. We demonstrate the ability to use a solution based, direct readout SERS method as a quantitative tool for the detection of ultra-low levels of thiram. The two different sizes of dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles are synthesized by using the seed-mediated growth method and characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The smaller dogbone shaped nanoparticles have an average size of 43 ± 13 nm. The larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles have an average size of 65 ± 15 nm. The nanoparticle concentration is 1.25 × 1011nanoparticles per mL for the smaller dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles and is 1.13 × 1011nanoparticles per mL for the larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles. Different concentrations of thiram are allowed to bind to the two different sizes of dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles and the SERS spectra are obtained. From the calibration curve, the limit of detection for thiram is 43.9 ± 6.2 nM when the smaller dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles are used as colloidal SERS substrates In the case of the larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles, the limit of detection for thiram is 11.8 ± 3.2 nM. The lower limit of detection obtained by using the larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles as colloidal substrates is due to the lightning rod effect, higher contributions from the electromagnetic enhancement effect, and larger number of surface sites for thiram to bind.
Enhanced electrooptic modulation efficiency utilizing slow-wave optical propagation

The use of slow-wave optical propagation to promote highly efficient electrooptic modulation of light is investigated theoretically. The proposed modulators utilize a traveling wave (TW) design in which a grating integrated with a single-mode waveguide induces coupling between forward- and reverse-propagating waves. This contradirectional coupling leads to a reduction in the average optical propagation speed in the forward direction. The "slow" waveguide structures provide two features which facilitate improved modulator performance over conventional "fast" TW designs: (1) optical/microwave velocity matching in substrates with high electrooptic coefficients and dielectric constants and (2) enhancement of electrooptic phase shift due to the "dwell time" of the light in the modulation region. For the ideal case of perfect velocity matching, these two factors lead to a potential improvement of nearly an order of magnitude in electrical power dissipation over velocity-matched designs in the conventional lithium niobate (LN) substrate material. Additional orders-of-magnitude improvement in the required electrical power could result from the use of tungsten bronze substrates such as strontium barium niobate (SBN), which have such higher electrooptic coefficients than LN. The prediction of a large reduction in electrical power dissipation is confirmed by calculations for specific slow-wave designs utilizing multireflector etalons in SBN, although response speed limitations result from the fact that perfect velocity matching is not achieved.
Depletion of lysophosphatidic acid triggers a loss of oriented detyrosinated microtubules in motile fibroblasts

We reported earlier that isolated plasma membranes trigger a number of responses comprising contact inhibition of motility, including loss of oriented detyrosinated microtubules (Glu MTs) from the lamella of motile fibroblasts. In this study, we show that the membranes trigger this loss of Glu MTs, not by binding to cells, but by removing an essential component from the medium necessary to maintain oriented Glu MTs. Preincubation of membranes with medium containing serum followed by removal of the membranes by sedimentation rendered the membrane-treated medium capable of triggering the loss of oriented Glu MTs. Membrane activity was inhibited by high concentrations of serum and removal of serum from medium triggered the loss of oriented Glu MTs similar to that triggered by membranes. These results suggest that the membranes trigger the loss of Glu MTs by inactivating factors in serum that are required for the maintenance of oriented Glu MTs. By fractionating serum, we have identified lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as the principal serum factor that is responsible for supporting oriented Glu MTs. The activity of LPA to maintain oriented Glu MTs upon serum withdrawal was half maximal at 100 nM and no activity was observed with structurally related phospholipids. Serum LPA levels were sufficient to account for the ability of serum to support oriented Glu MTs. Enzymatic degradation of serum LPA strongly reduced the ability of serum to support oriented Glu MTs. That membranes degrade LPA was shown by the ability of membranes to block LPA's ability to maintain oriented Glu MTs, and by direct measurement of the loss of radiolabeled LPA after incubation with membranes in vitro. These results show that isolated plasma membranes trigger the loss of Glu MTs from the lamella of motile cells by degrading serum LPA. Coupled with earlier results showing that membranes trigger a number of contact inhibition responses, our data suggest a new model for contact inhibition of motility in which local degradation of LPA and/or interference with LPA-stimulated signalling pathways initiates a contact inhibition response in colliding cells.
Nitrogen Metabolism and N2 Fixation in Phototrophic Green Bacteria

The ability of phototrophic purple bacteria to fix N2 was discovered during studies of tight-dependent H2 production by Rhodospirillum rubrum (Gest and Kamen, 1949; Kamen and Gest 1949). Subsequent studies of N2 fixation in nonsulfur purple bacteria have shown this important metabolic process to be nearly universally distributed across the group (Madigan et al., 1984). Shortly after the discovery of N2 fixation in R. rubrum, strains of Chromatium and Chlorobium were also shown to be capable of fixing molecular nitrogen (Lindstrom et at., 1950). Until the 1980’s all subsequent work on aspects of nitrogen fixation in green bacteria employed the syntrophic mixed culture “Chloropseudomonas” (Zakhvateva et al., 1970; Zakhvateva and Kondrateva, 1971; Evans and Smith, 1971; Evans et al., 1971; Smith et al., 1971). These studies, of course, cannot be considered definitive because of the likelihood that the heterotrophic component of the “Chloropseudomonas” culture was itself a N2-flxer (many sulfate-reducing bacteria are known to fix N2 (Postgate and Kent, 1985).
Strain-Specific Effects of Alachlor on Murine Olfactory Mucosal Responses

Chloracetanilide herbicides are multisite carcinogens in rodents. Progression of alachlor-induced olfactory tumors in rats is accompanied by cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear localization of β-catenin, suggesting activation of Wnt signaling. Female CD-1 mice were resistant to alachlorinduced olfactory carcinogenesis. The current studies were performed to determine whether Apc Min/+ mice, which have activated Wnt signaling due to mutation of the second allele of Apc ,w ould be susceptible to alachlor olfactory carcinogenesis. Female and male Apc Min/+ mice, as well as Apc +/+ littermates received alachlor in the diet (260 mg/kg/d) for up to 3 months. Female A/J and C57BL/6J wild-type mice were also treated (for 10 and 14 months, respectively), as these strains vary in sensitivity to many respiratory tract insults. No olfactory mucosal tumors were observed in any of the mice, although alachlor-treated Apc Min/+ mice developed histological changes similar to those in alachlor-treated rats. Alachlor-treated A/J mice developed pronounced intracellular accumulation of amorphous eosinophilic material in the olfactory mucosa, foci of respiratory-like metaplasia, and hyperplasia of nasal mucus glands. A similar but less intense response was seen in C57BL/6J mice. Mice and rats had equivalent levels of the putative bioactivating enzyme (CYP2A) in olfactory mucosa, and mice had induced hepatic CYP3A and CYP2B enzymes with alachlor treatment, which may increase alachlor elimination. These studies extend previous observations by describing alachlor-induced olfactory mucosal changes in mice and suggest that hepatic metabolic enzyme induction may be responsible for resistance of mice to alachlor-induced olfactory carcinogenesis.
A physiological measure of shifting connections in the Rana pipiens retinotectal system.

The retinotectal connections of developing Rana tadpoles and froglets have been studied using light-pipe techniques to directly assay the pattern of the projection from the retina to the tectum. The projection site of the retina surrounding the optic nerve head was determined at two different stages of development (late larval and metamorphic frog) on the same animal. Small electrolytic marker lesions were used to mark the tectal sites to which the optic nerve head projected at these two times. Comparison of the positions of the two lesions gives a direct measure of the shift in the projection during the interlesion time interval of one week. The results indicate a shift in the projection of 275 µm week–1 in late larval life. Previous work in Xenopus using the light-pipe techniques indicated a qualitatively similar shift during equivalent stages of development, but significantly smaller in magnitude. In the present study, topographic postsynaptic units could be recorded at all stages investigated, indicating functional synapses between the optic nerve fibres and the tectum. Thus, these studies offer evidence of a significant shift in the functional connection pattern of the amphibian retinotectal map during development, in agreement with the recent anatomical data from other laboratories on the Rana and goldfish visual system.
Towards obtaining all possible contacts-growing a polyhedron by its location uncertainty

This paper provides a general and exact method of growing a polyhedral object in three-dimensional Cartesian space to take into account its orientation and position uncertainties. The work is particularly motivated by the need for automatically recognizing contact situations among objects in spite of uncertainties. The technique of growing surface elements of a polyhedron by uncertainty can be used to extract the set of all possible contact situations among polyhedral objects in the presence of location uncertainties, which can then serve as a basis for further and more accurate extraction of contact information by additional sensing means, such as vision and force/moment sensing. >
Set membership identification of switched linear systems with known number of subsystems

This paper addresses the problem of robust identification of a class of discrete-time linear hybrid systems, switched linear models, in a set membership framework. Given a finite collection of input/output data from a noisy process the objective is twofold: (i) establish whether this data was generated by a system that switches amongst an a priori known number of subsystems, and (ii) in that case identify a suitable set of linear models along with a switching sequence that can explain the available experimental information. Our main result shows that these problems are equivalent to minimizing the rank of a matrix whose entries are affine in the optimization variables, subject to a convex constraint imposing that these variables are the moments of an (unknown) Borel measure with finite support. The use of well known (tight) convex relaxations of rank allows for further reducing the problem to a semidefinite optimization that can be efficiently solved. In the second part of the paper we extend these results to handle sensor failures that result in corrupted input/output measurements. Assuming that these failures are infrequent, we show that the problem can be recast into an optimization form where the objective is to simultaneously minimize the rank of a matrix and the number of nonzero rows of a second one. In both cases, appealing to well known convex relaxations of rank and sparsity leads to overall semidefinite optimization problems that can be efficiently solved. These results are illustrated with multiple examples showing substantially improved identification performance in the presence of noise and sensor faults.
Towards the Large N Limit of Pure N = 1 Super Yang-Mills Theory

We find the gravity solution corresponding to a large number of Neveu-Schwarz or D5-branes wrapped on a two sphere so that we have pure $N\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ super Yang-Mills in the IR. The supergravity solution is smooth, it shows confinement, and it breaks the $\mathrm{U}(1{)}_{R}$ chiral symmetry in the appropriate way. When the gravity approximation is valid the masses of glueballs are comparable to the masses of Kaluza-Klein (KK) states on the 5-brane, but if we could quantize strings on this background it looks like we should be able to decouple the KK states.