cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron density and transport in top-gated graphene nanoribbon devices: First-principles Green function algorithms for systems containing a large number of atoms

The recent fabrication of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistors poses a challenge for first-principles modeling of carbon nanoelectronics due to many thousand atoms present in the device. The state of the art quantum transport algorithms, based on the nonequilibrium Green function formalism combined with the density-functional theory (NEGF-DFT), were originally developed to calculate self-consistent electron density in equilibrium and at finite bias voltage (as a prerequisite to obtain conductance or current-voltage characteristics, respectively) for small molecules attached to metallic electrodes where only a few hundred atoms are typically simulated. Here we introduce combination of two numerically efficient algorithms which make it possible to extend the NEGF-DFT framework to device simulations involving large number of atoms. Our first algorithm offers an alternative to the usual evaluation of the equilibrium part of electron density via numerical contour integration of the retarded Green function in the upper complex half-plane. It is based on the replacement of the Fermi function $f(E)$ with an analytic function $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}(E)$ coinciding with $f(E)$ inside the integration range along the real axis, but decaying exponentially in the upper complex half-plane. Although $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}(E)$ has infinite number of poles, whose positions and residues are determined analytically, only a finite number of those poles have non-negligible residues. We also discuss how this algorithm can be extended to compute the nonequilibrium contribution to electron density, thereby evading cumbersome real-axis integration (within the bias voltage window) of NEGFs which is very difficult to converge for systems with large number of atoms while maintaining current conservation. Our second algorithm combines the recursive formulas with the geometrical partitioning of an arbitrary multiterminal device into nonuniform segments in order to reduce the computational complexity of the retarded Green function evaluation by extracting only its submatrices required for electron density and transmission function. We illustrate fusion of these two algorithms into the NEGF-DFT-type code by computing charge transfer, charge redistribution and conductance in zigzag-$\text{GNR}\ensuremath{\mid}\text{variable}$-width-armchair-$\text{GNR}\ensuremath{\mid}\text{zigzag}$-GNR two-terminal device covered with a gate electrode made of graphene layer as well. The total number of carbon and edge-passivating hydrogen atoms within the simulated central region of this device is $\ensuremath{\simeq}7000$. Our self-consistent modeling of the gate voltage effect suggests that rather large gate voltage $\ensuremath{\simeq}3\text{ }\text{eV}$ might be required to shift the band gap of the proposed AGNR interconnect and switch the transport from insulating into the regime of a single open conducting channel.
Luminescence Oxygen Sensor Based on a Ruthenium(II) Star Polymer Complex

A novel quenchometric oxygen sensor based on a low polydispersity (PDI) star polymer [Ru(bpyPS2)3](PF6)2 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, PS = polystyrene) is reported. The synthesis, characterization, photophysics, and oxygen sensing properties are examined. Combining the polystyrene support with the oxygen sensing ruthenium complex provides much higher doping levels without microcrystallization of the complex than traditional two-component sensors. The single molecule approach also avoids sensor leaching. While the polydispersity was 1.10, indicating a very tight distribution of molecular weights, sensor heterogeneity was not completely eliminated, as the luminescence decays were still multiexponentials. The likely source of this heterogeneity and possible methods for generating more homogeneous materials are discussed.
The role of cytochrome P450 in developmental pharmacology

Numerous sources of human heterogeneity affect biotransformation of compounds. Cytochrome P450, the primary oxidative pathway of drug metabolism, is the dominant phase I oxidative system metabolizing, to some degree, most of the drugs used clinically in humans. The P450 pathway is a major site of drug-drug, drug-diet, and drug-disease/condition interactions. Functional variability in this system can have pronounced consequences in suboptimal therapeutic response or enhanced toxicity. Methods for cataloguing specific P450 enzymes are being developed and their identification will promote rational drug development, more efficient clinical trial evaluation, and improved therapeutic approaches to patients requiring special consideration. These methods will facilitate the study of the impact of pubertal development on function in this system.
Trauma mortality in Orange County: The effect of implementation of a regional trauma system

One hundred eighteen deaths from motor vehicle accidents were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the effect of implementation of a regional trauma system. Fifty-eight deaths occurring prior to implementation and 60 occurring after were reviewed by teams of four physicians. Following implementation the proportion of potentially salvageable deaths dropped from 34% (20/58) to 15% (9/60) (P less than .02). Seven of the nine potentially salvageable deaths occurred in 13 patients treated in non-trauma facilities (54%), while only two potentially salvageable deaths occurred in 47 patients treated in trauma facilities (4%) (P less than .0002). The median age of patients dying of trauma rose from 22 to 27 years (P less than .04); the median Injury Severity Score rose from 42.5 to 52.0 (P less than .03). The 1981 death rate for vehicular trauma dropped to 13.93 per 100,000 population compared to a projected rate of 15.72 (P less than .03); the 1982 rate dropped to 12.37 compared to a projected rate of 15.80 (P less than .02). Implementation of a regional trauma system has resulted in significant improvements in trauma care and a reduction in the death rate from vehicular trauma.
Younger Adults' Communication Experiences and Contact with Elders and Peers

Intergenerational communication research has overemphasized dissatisfying experiences and treated elderly conversation partners as an undifferentiated category. To redress these limitations, the authors surveyed 100 younger adults' (16–46 years) satisfying and dissatisfying experiences with both family and nonfamily elders, and compared these with own-age peers. Measures of social contact were also taken. As hypothesized, positivity of experiences and contact increased from nonfamily to family elders and to peers. Barriers of communication with nonfamily elders were due to contact more than experiences. For family elders and especially for peers, most measures of contact and experiences were positive. The authors also tested for effects due to respondents' gender and culture (New Zealanders of Chinese or European descent). Females had more positive experiences and contact on some of the measures. Views about elders held by Chinese were more favorable, yet this did not translate into improved experiences or contact.
Field Testing and Analysis of CRC Deck Girder Bridges

This paper presents findings of field tests and analysis of two conventionally reinforced concrete (CRC) deck girder bridges designed in the 1950s. The bridges are in-service and exhibit diagonal cracks. Stirrup strains in the bridge girders at high shear regions were used to estimate distribution factors for shear. Impact factors based on the field tests are reported. Comparison of field measured responses with AASHTO factors was performed. Three-dimensional elastic finite-element analysis was employed to model the tested bridges and determine distribution factors specifically for shear. Eight-node shell elements were used to model the decks, diaphragms, bent caps, and girders. Beam elements were used to model columns under the bent caps. The analytically predicted distribution factors were compared with the field test data. Finally, the bridge finite-element models were employed to compare load distribution factors for shear computed using procedures in the AASHTO LRFD and Standard Specifications.
In Determinism in Science and New Demands on Statisticians

Abstract The words “indeterministic study” are used to designate research aiming to determine how frequently a quantity X characterizing the phenomena considered assumes its various particular values. If the purpose of research is to establish the exact value of X as a function of other variables, then this research is “deterministic.” In the history of indeterminism in science four (overlapping) periods are discernible. a. Period of “marginal indeterminism.” This was the period, symbolized by the names of Laplace and Gauss, in which research in science was all deterministic with just one domain, that of errors of measurement, treated indeterministically. b. Period of “static indeterminism,” roughly covering the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, is symbolized by names of Bruns, Charlier, Edgeworth, Galton and Karl Pearson. Here, the main subject of study was a “population” and efforts were made to develop systems of frequency curves to describe analytically the empirical ...
Photoproduction of Neutral Pions from Hydrogen in the Energy Range 700-1100 Mev

Gamma-rays from the decay of neutral pions photoproduced from hydrogen by the bremsstrahlung beam of the Caltech synchrotron have been studied with a thallium chloride crystal total absorption spectrometer. The energy spectrum of the decay gamma-rays produced by a range of incident photon energy is obtained by the photon difference method and this spectrum enables a separation of the gamma-rays into two groups: (i) those from the decay of neutral pions produced singly from hydrogen and (ii) those from the decay of neutral pions from multipleproduction reactions. The cross sections for the single-production reaction are in agreement with the recoil proton experiments at Caltech and Cornell. For the multiple-production reactions we measure the cross section for producing neutral pions within a range of kinetic energies: It is shown that all available multiple-production data can be explained in terms of two compound states, one at about 750 Mev and the other at some higher energy. This is in agreement with an analysis of the single-photoproduction data, which is given in an appendix. These two states are, respectively, ($T=\frac{1}{2}$, $J=\frac{1}{2}+$) and ($T=\frac{3}{2}$, $J=\frac{1}{2}+$).
Transcript mapping for handwritten English documents

Transcript mapping or text alignment with handwritten documents is the automatic alignment of words in a text file with word images in a handwritten document. Such a mapping has several applications in fields ranging from machine learning where large quantities of truth data are required for evaluating handwriting recognition algorithms, to data mining where word image indexes are used in ranked retrieval of scanned documents in a digital library. The alignment also aids "writer identity" verification algorithms. Interfaces which display scanned handwritten documents may use this alignment to highlight manuscript tokens when a person examines the corresponding transcript word. We propose an adaptation of the True DTW dynamic programming algorithm for English handwritten documents. The integration of the dissimilarity scores from a word-model word recognizer and Levenshtein distance between the recognized word and lexicon word, as a cost metric in the DTW algorithm leading to a fast and accurate alignment, is our primary contribution. Results provided, confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Biology and taxonomy of American Leibnitzia (Asteracea: Mutisieae)

Among various names previously proposed for plants of the present study, only a single, widespread species is represented. It has been most recently considered asChaptalia, but its closest relationships instead are with the Asian genusLeibnitzia; it is here recognized asL. seemannii (Schultz-Bip.) Nesom. In addition, a closely related, previously undescribed species narrowly endemic to an area of the Sierra Madre of Sinaloa and Chihuahua is recognized asL. occimadrensis Nesom. Plants of both taxa display a type of capitular dimorphism, producing open, radiate heads in the spring but completely closed, essentially eligulate ones in the summer. The breeding system ofL. occimadrensis is unknown, but the embryos of the closed heads ofL. seemannii are produced apomictically. Because its ancestors probably were autogamous andL. seemannii itself has retained the mechanism for autogamy, the evolutionary development of agamospermy is an anomaly; this species is one of very few angiosperms known where the occurrence of such a transition can be observed. A chromosome number of 2n=46 is reported forL. seemannii.
Delayed Reward, Delay-Box Confinement, and Instrumental Performance: A within-Type Design

Summnry.-Three experiments were done on delayed reinforcement and extinction using a within-group design in training. Entering one alley of a Grice discrimination apparatus led to immediate reward, while entering the other led to 40-sec. delays either on 50% of the trials (Exps. I and 11) or on 100% of the trials (Exp. 111). Half of Ss were extinguished in the non-delay alley, half in the delay alley. Half of Ss in each extinction group were extinguished without delay-box confinement, half with 40-sec. delay-box confinement on 50% of the trials (Exps. I and 11) or 100% of the trials (Exp. 111). In all three experiments Ss learned to discriminate between the delay and non-delay alleys. In Exp. I Ss ran significantly faster in extinction in the non-delay alley. The same trend was evident in Exps. I1 and 111. Thus, the results were in the opposite direction to those which have been found in between-group smdies. In Exp. 111 Ss with 100% delay-box confinement in extinction ran slower ( . l o > P > .O5) than Ss without confinement.
Toward a modernized model of science

Abstract HRM and its allied fields have labored virtually since their inceptions under a model of science—logical positivism—that succumbed to the criticism of philosophers of science at least 30 years ago. These same philosophers have not yet agreed upon a viable replacement, leaving this field and others with little choice but to maintain the status quo. This article offers a hybrid model of science that embodies the desirable features of past models to serve as an interim basis for modernizing the way science is conducted in this field. This model emphasizes the role of theory and theorizing in expressing current knowledge, advancing knowledge, and setting the agenda for research. The types of conceptualizing and their roles in theorizing are also reviewed.
Common Antigen in Meningioma-Derived Cell Cultures

Serums of patients with intracranial meningiomas reacted in immunofluorescence assays with cell cultures and tumor imprints prepared from human meningiomas. Antibody in these serums appears to be specific for antigens in meningioma tissue and shows some cross-reactivity with neoplastic tissue of glial origin.
AVOIDANCE OF ALARM CHEMICALS BY PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS (GENUS EURYCEA): IMPORTANCE OF PHYLOGENY, ECOLOGY, AND METHODOLOGY

Variation among vertebrates in the response to alarm chemicals released from injured conspecifics and heterospecifics may be caused by differences in phylogeny and/or ecology. To investigate the relative importance of phylogeny and ecology in the evolution of alarm responses, we tested five species of plethodontid salamanders (genus Eurycea) for whether they avoid chemicals from injured conspecifics and congeners of sympatric and allopatric populations. We also examined whether different methods of data collection and analysis produce equivalent results. All methods indicate that E. guttolineata, E. multiplicata multiplicata, and E. quadridigitata do not avoid chemicals from injured conspecifics or congeners. Some methods indicate that E. longicauda melanopleura avoids alarm chemicals from conspecifics and sympatric E. lucifuga and that E. wilderae avoids alarm chemicals from conspecifics and allopatric E. m. multiplicata. However, other methods indicate that these species do not avoid chemicals from inju...
Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning decreases infarct in the regional ischemic sheep heart

Abstract Background . Recently we have reported a myoprotective protocol, adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning, that extends the protection afforded by ischemic preconditioning in the isolated crystalloid-perfused heart. In this report the efficacy of adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning in the in situ blood-perfused heart was investigated. Methods . Sheep were subjected to 60 minutes of regional ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioned hearts received 5 minutes of zero flow regional ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion before regional ischemia. Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioned hearts received a bolus injection of 10 mmol adenosine at the immediate start of ischemic preconditioning. Adenosine-treated hearts received an adenosine bolus, 10 minutes before regional ischemia. The ratio of infarct size to area at risk and mechanical function were determined. Results . The infarct size to area at risk ratio in regional ischemia was 55.4% ± 2.1%. This ratio was significantly decreased with ischemic preconditioning and adenosine (22.2% ± 2.2% and 19.3% ± 1.4%, respectively; p p p Conclusions . Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning significantly decreases infarct size in the in situ blood-perfused heart and provides superior protection compared with ischemic preconditioning.
"Struck" by Fraud?

Letters from: [ Charles F. Wooley ][1] [ Paul de Sa and Ambuj Sagar ][1] The soft soap dispensers are back at it again, and Science is aiding and abetting. “Fraud strikes top genome lab,” a News & Comment piece by Eliot Marshall ([8 Nov., p. 908][2]) is pure cultural soft soap inflated
The incorporation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid into the lactone ring of dioscorine in Dioscorea hispida

Abstract [3- 14 C]- and [3,3′- 13 C 2 ,3- 14 C]-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid were administered to Dioscorea hispida plants, resulting in the formation of labelled dioscorine (0.2% absolute incorporation). A chemical degradation indicated that there was a non-random incorporation of 14 C into the lactone ring of the alkaloid, the major part of the radioactivity being at its C-10 position. This specific labelling was confirmed by examination of the 13 C NMR spectrum of the enriched dioscorine derived from the 13 C 2 -labelled precursor. There was some scrambling of label, presumably due to catabolism of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid to acetyl-coenzyme A followed by recycling of this intermediate. However the most significant satellites in the 13 C NMR spectrum were those arising from contiguous 13 C atoms at C-10 and C-13 of the dioscorine. Ethyl [6- 14 C] orcellinate failed to serve as a significant precursor of dioscorine. These results indicate that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, or more likely its monocoenzyme A ester, is an intermediate between acetate and the branched eight-carbon unit required for the biosynthesis of dioscorine.
Silicon on Sapphire of Single Crystal Quality Obtained by Double Solid Phase Epitaxial Regrowth

A dual-implantation and annealing procedure has been refined which results in silicon films of single crystal perfection on sapphire substrates. This double solid phase epitaxy (DPSE) procedure consists of two self-implantation steps that serve to amorphize the defect structure of the parent silicon film with subsequent annealing steps employed to recrystallize the amorphized structure. High resolution cross-section transmission electron microscopy (HRXTEM) and ion channeling have been employed to study the microstructure of the silicon films, the sapphire substrates, and the interface. The resulting perfection of the silicon layer is shown to be a sensitive function of the first self-implant energy, dose, and silicon film thickness. Also, a correlation has been established between microtwin density and dechanneling profiles. HRXTEM of microtwins in silicon on sapphire (SOS) starting material demonstrates contrast features identified as rotational Moire’ fringes between the microtwins and the matrix by means of optical diffractometry. Best results are achieved for the first implant energy of 170 keV 28Si+. Thus, the DSPE process is shown to give optimal results in defect reduction.
Modeling process-resource activity †

Many models are present in the literature that have been used for investigating deadlock avoidance, prevention, and detection algorithms. In this paper, a model is presented that concentrates on possible conditions that may exist in a system of n processes and k resource types with varying units of resources. The model is based on a graph in which each node represents a state of the entire system. It can be shown that this set of nodes can be partitioned into three sets such that all nodes in the first set represent the condition that the corresponding system is guaranteed to be free of deadlock; the second set represents the condition that the system is deadlocked; the third set represents the condition that the system may or may not be in a state of deadlock, depending on how each given node has been reached from the initial node of the graph. The model has been exercised with various system configurations to obtain probabilistic estimates of deadlock existing in each node of the third sets, and these r...
VIZOR: Virtually zero margin adaptive RF for ultra low power wireless communication

Modern wireless transceiver systems are often overdesigned to meet the requirements of low bit error rate values at high data rates under worst-case channel operating conditions (interference, noise, multi-path effects). This results in circuits being designed with ldquosufficientrdquo margins leading to lower efficiency and high power consumption. In this paper, we develop an adaptive power management strategy for RF systems that optimally trades-off power vs. performance for the RF front-end to maintain operation at or below a specified maximum bit error rate (BER) across temporally changing operating conditions. As the communication channel degrades, more power is consumed by the RF front end and vice versa. Since the maximum bit-error rate specification is not violated, minimum voice or video quality through the wireless channel is always guaranteed.
Application of Markov random fields to landmine detection in ground penetrating radar data

Recent advances in ground penetrating radar (GPR) design and fabrication have resulted in improved fidelity responses from relatively small, shallow-buried objects like landmines and improvised explosive devices. As the responses measured with GPR improve, more and more advanced processing techniques can be brought to bear on the problem of target identification in GPR data. From an electromagnetic point of view, the problem of target detection in GPR signal processing is reducible to inferring the presence or absence of changes in the electromagnetic properties of soils and thus the presence or absence of buried targets. Problems arise because the algorithms required for the full electromagnetic inversion of GPR signals are extremely computationally expensive, and usually rely on assumptions of electromagnetically constant transmission media; these problems typically make the real-time implementation of purely electromagnetic-inspired algorithms infeasible. On the other hand, purely statistical or signal-processing inspired approaches to target identification in GPR often lack a solid theoretical basis in the underlying physics, which is fundamental to understanding responses in GPR. In this work, we propose a model for responses in time-domain ground penetrating radar that attempts to incorporate the underlying physics of the problem, but avoids several of the issues inherent in assuming constant media with known electrical parameters by imposing a statistical model over the observed parameters of interest in A-scans - namely the signal gains, times of arrival, etc. The spatial requirements of the proposed statistical model suggests the application of Markov random field (MRF) distributions which provide expressive, but computationally simple models of spatial interactions. In this work we will explore the application of physics-based MRF's as generative models for time-domain GPR data, the pre-screening algorithms that this model motivates, and discuss how the model can be extended to other applications in GPR processing. Preliminary results showing how the MRF approach to understanding the underlying physics can improve performance are also shown.
Kinetics and mechanism of the collision-activated dissociation of the acetone cation

For center-of-mass collision energies Ecm = 1–60 eV, the major fragment ions for the collision-activated dissociation (CAD) of the acetone cation are the acetyl cation (m / z 43; absolute branching ratios of 0.96–0.60) and the methyl cation (m/ z 15; absolute branching ratios of 0.02–0.26); the absolute total cross-sections were 24–35) A2. The breakdown curves (viz, plots of the absolute branching ratios versus Ecm) show complex, complementary energy dependences for production of MeCO+ and Me+, indicating apparent closure of the Me+ channel for Ecm > 30 eV. Our observations are consistent with a competition between three fast, primary (direct) reactions, each of which opens sequentially at its respective threshold energy (viz, reactions 8, 10, and 8′). $$Me_2 CO^ + \cdot \to MeCO^ + + Me \cdot (X^2 A''_2 ) \Delta H = 0.82 eV$$ (1) $$ \to MeCO^ + + Me \cdot (B, 1^2 A'_1 ) \Delta H = 6.55 eV$$ (1) $$ \to Me^ + + Me \cdot + CO \Delta H = 4.24 eV$$ (1) That is, the breakdown curves for MeCO+ and Me+ (and other CAD fragments) are consistent with the interpretation by other authors that the collisional activation of the acetone cation involves electronic transitions, so that CAD occurs primarily from isolated electronic states (i.e., non-quasi-equilibrium theory (QET) behavior). For acetone we found a correspondence between the photoelectron-photoion-coincidence and CAD breakdown curves. This may indicate that collisional activation in non-QET systems corresponds to scattering angles that emphasize optically allowed transitions accessed by photoionization.
The arrest gene is required for germline cyst formation during Drosophila oogenesis.

Summary: In Drosophila, oogenesis is initiated when a germline stem cell produces a differentiating daughter cell called the cystoblast. The cystoblast undergoes four rounds of synchronous divisions with incomplete cytokinesis to generate a syncytial cyst of 16 interconnected cystocytes, in which one cystocyte differentiates into an oocyte. Strong mutations of the arrest (aret) gene disrupt cyst formation and cause the production of clusters of ill-differentiated germline cells that retain cellular and molecular characteristics of cystoblasts. These mutant germ cells express high levels of BAM-C and SXL proteins in the cytoplasm but do not accumulate markers for advanced cystocytes or differentiating oocytes, such as the nuclear localization of SXL or the accumulation of osk mRNA, orb mRNA, and cytoplasmic dynein. However, the mutant germ cells do not contain spectrosomes, the cytoplasmic structure that objectifies the divisional asymmetry of the cystoblast. The aret mutant germ cells undergo active mitosis with complete cytokinesis. Their mitosis is accompanied by massive necrosis, so that the number of germ cells in a stem cell-derived cluster ranges from one to greater than 70. These defects of aret mutants reveal a novel function of aret as the first gene with a defined function in the cystoblast to cyst transition during early oogenesis. genesis 29:196–209, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Missed fractures resulting from satisfaction of search effect

This study assessed whether subtle fractures are mised in multitrauma patients because other fractures are detected. Sixty-five simulated trauma patients were each depicted in series of radiographs that were assembled from radiographs of several actual patients. The radiographs were selected to look like they belonged to a single patient. Forty-six cases included a radiograph showing a subtle fracture (which we called the “target”). In one experimental condition, none of the other radiographs in the patient’s series contained a fracture. In a second experimental condition, a radiograph containing an additional fracture (called the “distracter”) was substituted for a radiograph that had no fracture in the first experimental condition. The accuracy of detecting the target fractures was significantly reduced for cases in which the distracter fracture was reported. Awareness of the nature of this type of miss may lead to realistic strategies to avoid it.
Cars measurement of vibrational temperatures in electric discharges

Abstract The measurement of vibrational and rotational temperatures of D 2 at the center of an electrical discharge has been demonstrated by a new diagnostic technique: Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). On the assumption of equilibration among vibrational levels, T v was estimated to be approximately 1050 K, whereas T r was determined to be near ambient (⋍400 K).
SELECTION AND ATTRITION PROFILES OF PHYSICIAN-EXTENDER STUDENTS

Summary.-Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Pcrsonal Orientation Inventory, and Rokeach's scale provided measures of various normal personality characteristics for 170 applicants interviewed between 1974 and 1977 for the physician-extender training program. Those 71 applicants selected were more self-actualizing and more intuitive than those 76 not selected. The 23 students who failed were significantly less intuitive than those graduating. They also were more judgmental, more dogmatic, and less perceptive. Psychological measurements of various normal personality characteristics have been collected on physician-extender students at the Medical University of South Carolina since 1972. Personality profiles of graduates have been described (2). Characteristics associated with predicting success in terms of the graduates' grade point average have also been described (3). This report describes the characteristics of individuals not selected and those individuals who failed academically.
Open field is more sensitive than automated activity monitor in documenting ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion in the development of an animal model for bipolar illness.

1. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of ouabain to rats induces motor hyper- and hypoactivity that have been hypothesized to model the mania and depression of bipolar illness, respectively. 2. The extent of ouabain-induced change in activity may vary according to the test environment. 3. To determine the degree of differential response to i.c.v. ouabain in the open field and automated activity monitors, the authors examined a large number of animals (n=40) in both environments. 4. I.c.v. ouabain produced a four-fold increase in open field activity versus i.c.v. artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (mean +/- SD: 258.7 +/- 316.61 vs. 84.8 +/- 86.16 squares traversed) (t = 2.648, P = 0.011), but did not alter horizontal activity in automated activity monitors (8193.5 +/- 4902.52 vs. 7088.47 +/- 3046.85 beam interruptions) (t = 0.847, P = 0.4). This increase in activity persisted for at least one week (161.0 +/- 186.35 for i.c.v. ouabain vs. 46.1 +/- 47.46 for i.c.v. aCSF, P = 0.065). 5. Open field is superior to automated activity monitors in capturing ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion response.
Absence of β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid in cleaned foraminiferal shells: Implications for use as a chemical criterion to indicate removal of non-indigenous amino acid contaminants

Abstract The amino acids β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid are known to compose only a very minor proportion of the total amino acid content in living matter. In deep-sea sediments, however, their abundance in high proportions is ubiquitous. The organic material within foraminiferal calcite tests that are recovered from marine sediments has been found to contain no β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid. This observation provides a chemical check that can be used to ensure that the tests have been thoroughly cleaned. Such checks are important because the amino acid composition of organic material contained within the test is currently being used to establish schemes for chronology and taxonomy of foraminifera.
Proinsulin: Metabolic Effects in the Human Forearm

Five subjects were studied by the forearm perfusion technique with proinsulin at a final plasma conceintration of 1.76 x 10 -9 millimole per milliliter. Two of these subjects were studied with single-component insulin at a concentration of 1.96 x 10 -9 millimole per milliliter. Proinsulin is, in general, biologically less potent than single-component insulin. In contrast to insulin, its effects upon adipose tissue are for the most part greater than upon muscle.
Effects of oxygen radicals on substrate oxidation by cardiac myocytes

Freshly isolated adult rat heart cells were used to study the effects of oxygen-free radicals on the myocardial oxidation of different substrates. The calcium-tolerant quiescent cells were incubated with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase as the source of free radicals. The oxidation of exogenous glucose, lactate and octanoate was severely inhibited (approx. 70%) by products of xanthine oxidase activity. Superoxide dismutase plus catalase effectively prevented the inhibition of oxidation. Cellular high energy phosphate levels were decreased in the presence of the oxygen free radical generating system although cell viability determined by Trypan blue exclusion and light microscopic assessment of normal morphology was not affected. These data suggest that oxygen free radicals decrease myocardial substrate oxidation which may contribute to the functional and ultrastructural changes in the myocardium under conditions such as reoxygenation after hypoxia and reperfusion after ischemia.
A personal-computer assisted decision support system for private versus common carrier selection

Abstract This paper presents a personal-computer assisted decision support system (DSS) which aims at aiding logistics managers in selecting the most appropriate transportation choice between private and common carriers. In contrast with a traditional stand-alone system, this DSS is designed for integration with the company’s internal data base systems, the analytic hierarchy process model base and user controlled dialogue systems for ‘what-if’ scenarios. The Master Lock case example provided in this paper illustrates how the proposed DSS can be utilized for carrier selection decisions and related contingency planning in dynamic distribution environments.
T2* relaxation times of intraductal murine mammary cancer, invasive mammary cancer, and normal mammary gland

Purpose: This study investigates the feasibility of T2* to be a diagnostic indicator of early breast cancer in a mouse model. T2* is sensitive to susceptibility effects due to local inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, e.g., caused by hemosiderin or deoxyhemoglobin. In these mouse models, unlike in patients, the characteristics of single mammary ducts containing pure intraductal cancer can be evaluated. Methods: The C3(1)SV40Tag mouse model of breast cancer (n = 11) and normal FVB/N mice (n = 6) were used to measure T2* of normal mammary gland tissue, intraepithelial neoplasia, invasive cancers, mammary lymph nodes, and muscle. MRI experiments were performed on a 9.4T animal scanner. High resolution (117 microns) axial 2D multislice gradient echo images with fat suppression were acquired first to identify inguinal mammary gland. Then a multislice multigradient echo pulse sequence with and without fat suppression were performed over the inguinal mammary gland. The modulus of a complex double exponential decay detected by the multigradient echo sequence was used to fit the absolute proton free induction decay averaged over a region of interest to determine the T2* of water and fat signals. Results: The measured T2* values of tumor and muscle are similar (∼15 ms), and almost twice that of lymph nodes (∼8 ms). There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.03) between T2* in normal mammary tissue (13.7 ± 2.9 ms) and intraductal cancers (11 ± 2.0 ms) when a fat suppression pulse was applied. Conclusions: These are the first reported T2* measurements from single mammary ducts. The results demonstrated that T2* measurements may have utility for identifying early pre-invasive cancers in mouse models. This may inspire similar research for patients using T2* for diagnostic imaging of early breast cancer.
Co-immunoprecipitation of putative proteins that interact with mosquito proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

We have sequenced cDNAs encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) from Aedes albopictus cells and from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The mosquito cDNAs contained an open reading frame encoding a 260 amino acid protein with a calculated mass of 29.0 kDa and a pI of 4.46. There was a single amino acid difference between PCNA proteins from Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. In An. gambiae, the PCNA homolog contained 260 residues, and the pcna gene was interrupted by a single 67 nucleotide intron in the [beta]C2 region of the protein. A phylogenetic comparison grouped known Dipteran PCNA sequences into two clusters, representing the Nematocera and the Cyclorrhapha. PCNA transcripts measured 1.1 kb, and were stable, as was PCNA protein. Mosquito PCNA was efficiently recognized by a commercially available mouse anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody, which coprecipitated 29 kDa and 35 kDa proteins from mosquito cells representing different growth states. These results support the feasibility of recovering mosquito cell cycle inhibitory proteins by virtue of their interaction with PCNA.
Auditory sensitivity of the diencephalon of the leopard frogRana p. pipiens

Evoked potentials were recorded from the posterocentral nucleus in the dorsal diencephalon of leopard frogs (Rana p. pipiens) in response to acoustic stimulation. This electrophysiological study confirms the anatomical study by Neary (1974) of the existence of an auditory area within this nucleus.
Rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) process: Formation of 2-aminobenzoic acid nanoparticle

Abstract A high solubility in supercritical fluid is desired for performing rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) to produce particles. Unfortunately, extremely low solubility of polar compounds in supercritical CO2 makes RESS unviable for commercial applications. Liquid cosolvents can improve the solubility, but are unsuitable due to the dissolution of particles in expansion chamber. This work uses a solid cosolvent, menthol, for 2-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) solubilization in CO2. ABA solubility is increased from 57 to 6600 μmol/mol at 236 bar and 50 °C by using menthol-saturated CO2. The other drawback of the conventional RESS process is the size of the particles obtained which is mostly in the micron range, due to growth by agglomeration in expansion chamber. In rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) process, solid cosolvent hinders the particle growth resulting in small nanoparticles. For example, RESS-SC process produced ∼80 nm size ABA particles, which is significantly smaller than ∼610 nm size particles obtained from RESS process. Menthol is easily removed from ABA nanoparticles by sublimation (lyophilization). DSC, XRD and SEM analyses are used to characterize the particles.
A counterexample to the contrastive account of knowledge

Many epistemologists treat knowledge as a binary relation that holds between a subject and a proposition. The contrastive account of knowledge developed by Jonathan Schaffer maintains that knowledge is a ternary, contrastive relation that holds between a subject, a proposition, and a set of contextually salient alternative propositions the subject’s evidence must eliminate. For the contrastivist, it is never simply the case that S knows that p; in every case of knowledge S knows that p rather than q. This paper offers a counterexample to the contrastive account of knowledge. Part 1 summarizes the contrastive theory developed by Schaffer in a series of recent papers. Part 2 presents an example from a class of cases characterized by compatibility between the proposition p and each of the alternative propositions that occupy q. In such cases the alternative propositions that partially constitute the ternary contrastive relation play no role in the acquisition of knowledge. Part 3 considers and rejects potential responses to the counterexample. The paper concludes that the contrastive theory is not a general account of knowledge.
The Impact of Training on the Accuracy of Teacher-Completed Direct Behavior Ratings (DBRs).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three levels of training (direct, indirect, and none) on teachers’ ability to accurately rate video of student behavior. Direct and indir...
Granulocyte adherence in newborn infants

Nutrition in low birth weight infants. III. Lipolysis and free fatty acid elimination after intravenous adminstration of fat emulsion, Acta Paediatr Scand 64:745, 1975. 19. Gustafson A, Kjellmer I, Olegard R, and Victorin LH: Nutrition in low birth weight infants. I. Intravenous inje ction of fat emulsion, Acta Pediatr Scand 61:149, 1972. 20. Gurson CT, and Saner G: Lipoprotein lipase activity in 9 marasmic type of protein-calorie malnutrition, Arch Dis Child 44:765, 1969. 21. Krauss RM, Levy RI, and Fredrickson DS: Selective measurement of two lipase activities in post heparin plasma from normal subjects and patients with hyperlipoproteinemia, J Clin Invest 54:1107, 1974. 22. Brunzell JF, Chait A, Nikkila EA, Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, and Steiner G: Heterogeneity of primary lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Metabolism 29:624, 1980. 23. Coran AG: Total intravenous feeding of infants and children without the use of a central venous catheter, Ann Surg 179:445, 1974. 24. Pereira GR, Fox WW, Stanley CA, Baker L, and Schwartz JG: Decreased oxygenation and hyperlipemia during intravenous fat infusions in premature infants, Pediatrics 66:26 1980. 25. Pereira GR, Ziegler MR, Roth K, and Jacobowski D: Incidence , severity and outcome of hyperalimentation induced cholestasis in neonates, Pediatr Res 14:508, 1980.
Interaction of free-stream turbulence with screens and grids: a balance between turbulence scales

Effects of screens and perforated plates (grids) on free-stream turbulence are studied in several test flow conditions. The level, structure and decay of the turbulence generated by such ‘manipulators’ depend in part on their shear-layer instabilities, and can therefore be modified by inserting additional devices immediately downstream. The performance of screens and some perforated plates is found to depend on the characteristics of the incoming flow such as velocity, turbulence level and spectra. Combinations of perforated plates and screens are found to be very effective flow manipulators. By optimizing the intermanipulator separation and carefully matching the scales between the manipulator pair, the turbulence decay rate downstream of a grid can be quadrupled.
Managing the Periphery in the Gilded Age: Writing Constitutions for the Western States

In this essay I argue that in the Gilded Age (the last quarter of the nineteenth century), delegates to constitutional conventions in the western territories designed state governments to manage, as best they could, the development of their economies. They were, and understood themselves to be, citizens of the periphery of the United States. Delegates to the conventions hoped to shield their states from the worst possible outcomes of that peripheral relationship, and foster the best ones. My arguments contribute to our understanding of state constitutions and, more broadly, to central concerns of American political development—regionalism, labor law, and state building.
Improving robot navigation through self‐supervised online learning

In mobile robotics, there are often features that, while potentially powerful for improving navigation, prove difficult to profit from as they generalize poorly to novel situations. Overhead imagery data, for instance, have the potential to greatly enhance autonomous robot navigation in complex outdoor environments. In practice, reliable and effective automated interpretation of imagery from diverse terrain, environmental conditions, and sensor varieties proves challenging. Similarly, fixed techniques that successfully interpret on-board sensor data across many environments begin to fail past short ranges as the density and accuracy necessary for such computation quickly degrade and features that are able to be computed from distant data are very domain specific. We introduce an online, probabilistic model to effectively learn to use these scope-limited features by leveraging other features that, while perhaps otherwise more limited, generalize reliably. We apply our approach to provide an efficient, self-supervised learning method that accurately predicts traversal costs over large areas from overhead data. We present results from field testing on-board a robot operating over large distances in various off-road environments. Additionally, we show how our algorithm can be used offline with overhead data to produce a priori traversal cost maps and detect misalignments between overhead data and estimated vehicle positions. This approach can significantly improve the versatility of many unmanned ground vehicles by allowing them to traverse highly varied terrains with increased performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shedding light on water structure at air-aqueous interfaces: ions, lipids, and hydration.

An account is given of the current state of understanding of aqueous salt, acid, and lipid/water surfaces, interfacial depth, and molecular organization within the air–solution interfacial region. Water structure, hydration, surface propensity of solutes, and surface organization are discussed. In this perspective, vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopic studies of aqueous surfaces are interpreted. Comment on future directions within the field of aqueous surface structure is provided.
On the Passage of High-Level Pulsed Radio Frequency Interference Through a Nonlinear Satellite Transponder

Under examination in this paper is the uncoded bit error rate (BER) performance of a satellite communications system in which the modulation scheme is binary PSK, the transponder contains an arbitrary amplitude nonlinearity, and high-level pulsed radio frequency interference (RFI) is present. The RFI may be characterized as either pulsed Gaussian noise or pulsed CW, with the burst duration shorter than that of the information bit and arrivals assumed to follow a Poisson law. Of special significance is the fact that a general approach is presented for direct BER evaluations; this is in contrast to other approaches which may, for example, employ signal-to-noise ratio suppression factors. Computed results are based on arbitrarily specified RFI scenarios and the presence of one of three amplitude nonlinearities-hard limiter, clipper, or blanker. In the context of these three specific nonlinearities, performance curves demonstrate the superiority of an appropriately chosen blanker when the RFI environment is particularly severe. Comparisons between hard limiting and clipping are also made. Additional results examine performance sensitivity to information bit rate, variations in signal power, and the ratio of CW to noise content. With respect to the latter, CW effects are found to be most severe.