cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An internal axis approach for the internal rotation problem in asymmetric-asymmetric molecules: Theoretical formulation

Abstract An internal axis (IAM) formulation for internal rotation in molecules has been developed when both the top and frame have planes of symmetry. The rotational coefficients are expanded in Fourier series after the internal axis system has been defined by coordinate transformations. The final form of the Hamiltonian has an extremely clean form which is suitable for computer solution. In the accompanying paper the theory is applied to the analysis of the microwave torsional-rotational spectra of CH 2 DOH and CHD 2 OH and then in a second paper to the prediction, assignment, and analysis of the spectrum of CHD 2 OD.
Flowsheet development, process simulation and economic feasibility analysis for novel suspension ironmaking technology based on natural gas: Part 3 – Economic feasibility analysis

A novel gas–solid suspension ironmaking process with much less energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions than the current blast furnace technology is under development at the University of Utah. The proposed process is based on flash reduction of iron ore concentrate with a gaseous reagent, such as hydrogen, syngas and/or natural gas. This Part 3 deals with economic feasibility analysis of a commercial scale novel ironmaking process based on natural gas, the flowsheet and process simulation of which are described in Parts 1 and 2. To evaluate economic feasibility, the net present value for 15 year operation was calculated for each process, using capital and operating costs estimated from available open references. The sensitivity of the estimated net present value to the variation in item costs was also analysed.
Evaluating coyote management strategies using a spatially explicit, individual-based, socially structured population model

Managing canid predation on livestock is the leading challenge facing canid conservation worldwide. However, removing canids, and coyotes in particular, to reduce livestock predation is environmentally and socially controversial. In addition, it can be expensive and logistically difficult to field evaluate the myriad of potential selective, spatial, and temporal canid management strategies. Here, we develop a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to evaluate commonly used or promoted coyote control strategies. We began with an already constructed non-spatial, individual-based stochastic coyote population model that incorporated behavioral features, such as dominance and territoriality. We added a spatial component and enhanced the social rule set to more realistically model coyote movement and territory replacement. This model merges coyote spatial, social, and population ecology into a management framework. The development, structure, and parameterization of this model are described in detail. For lethal methods, model results suggest that spatially intensive removals are more efficient and long lasting compared to random removal methods. However, sterilization appears to be the management strategy offering the largest and most lasting impact on coyote population dynamics. We recommend adding spatial prey/livestock density and environmental components to this model to further enhance its ecological reality and management usefulness. Although this model is applied to coyotes in particular, it is applicable to many canid species of conservation concern. This model provides a tool to assist in the development of more effective and socially acceptable livestock predation management strategies.
The Number Count Distribution for X-Ray--selected BL Lacertae Objects and Constraints on the Luminosity Function

A sample of 34 BL Lac objects extracted from the Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey is described. The number-count relationship is computed and compared with the results of other X-ray surveys. Then, different models of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity function are assumed and the effect of beamed X-ray emission is studied on the resulting observed luminosity function, comparing the predicted number-count distribution with the observed one.
The Pi Day Massacre

I was in bed, dreaming about a theorem, when the incessant ringing of my phone dragged me back to reality. ‘‘Hello?’’ I said groggily. ‘‘Yeah, Mangum, it’s Schmishschmitt. I got a case for you.’’ Schmishschmitt was my contact at LAPD. My name’s Mangum, Mangum P.I. That’s right. I’m a principal investigator on an NSF grant. I’m the guy they call when there’s a mathematical crime. And times being what they are, I get a lot of calls. ‘‘All right Schmishschmitt,’’ I said. ‘‘I was just dreaming up a new proof of the Hairy Ball Theorem. I’ll have to start over again, tonight.’’ ‘‘Sorry to disturb naptime, Mangum, but this is important. Come down to the Math Common Room on the second floor of Millikan Laboratory at Pomona College. I’ll meet you there.’’ A half hour later, I strolled into the wreckage. Students were sobbing and holding onto each other for comfort. A busload of grief counselors was working the room. Schmishschmitt was in the corner talking to a distraught woman with short grey hair, reading glasses hanging on a chain around her neck, and red cherry stains down the front of her white blouse. ‘‘Mangum, this is Freida Warminster, chair of the Pomona Math Department. She can explain what happened.’’ ‘‘Don’t bother,’’ I said, holding up a hand. ‘‘It’s obvious.’’ ‘‘What do you mean?’’ asked Shmishschmitt. ‘‘Well,’’ I said pointing to the broken pies littering the floor, the whipped cream sprayed around the room and the fresh blueberry stains dripping down the walls, ‘‘given that today is March 14, and the pies, one can deduce that the Pomona Math Department was putting on a Pi Day celebration. Timed to start at the traditional time of 3/14 at 1:59 and 26 and a half seconds, corresponding to the first nine digits of pi.’’ ‘‘You know about Pi Day?’’ said Schmishschmitt skeptically. ‘‘How could you? You’re at UCLA.’’ ‘‘Not surprised you might wonder, Schmishscmitt,’’ I said. ‘‘There are two types of math departments, the ones that celebrate Pi Day and the ones that don’t.’’ Schmishschmitt rolled his eyes, as he often did when I went into lecture mode, so I focused my attention on Warminster. ‘‘Which ones don’t, you ask. Sometimes it’s a department with a chair who’s allergic to shortening. Sometimes it’s a
Supporting communication needs of CubeSat constellation missions

One of the most promising satellite observation strategies still to be developed is the capability to conduct simultaneous multipoint observations of the Earth system from space. These types of observations are required to understand the “big picture” of coupling between disparate regions: solar-wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, atmosphere, land, ocean on a planetary scale. Affordable large constellations of scientific “space-buoys” can only be achieved through miniature spacecraft such as CubeSats due to the high cost of launching larger spacecraft. What has not yet been explored is how constellations of such satellites can be made effective for multipoint scientific studies. To be effective the architecture must: 1) Allow large amounts, Gigabits of data per day, of scientific data to be retrieved from the constellation and, 2) Address the orbital configuration and control of the constellation. The communications architecture, in which a constellation of “space-buoys” that are size, weight and power constrained addresses these needs, is lacking.
Challenges to the Sustainability of Space Exploration

NASA has an elaborate process for identifying and mitigating technical risks in its human space exploration program. However, non-technical risks—political, economic, and societal—are not captured in this process. Such risks are large in number, diverse in character, often unpredictable, and can be impossible to prevent because they are beyond the space agency's control. NASA's mission directorates are responsible for long-term strategic planning, so despite the difficulties, the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) must direct its attention to long-term sustainability risks and the development of mitigation plans. This article surveys long-term risk factors and, where possible, makes suggestions on mitigation approaches for consideration by ESMD and NASA's top management.
Endoscopic mucosal resection with an over-the-counter hyaluronate preparation.

Background Hyaluronic acid (HA) provides a long-lasting and distinct mucosal elevation for EMR, but expense and inconvenience have limited its adoption. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an over-the-counter 0.15% HA preparation for EMR. Design Retrospective study. Setting Veterans Administration Hospital and university hospital. Patients 30 patients with a total of 32 colonic lesions and 1 duodenal lesion. Intervention EMR by using HA. Main Outcome Measurements En bloc resection rate and complications. Results EMR was successful in all cases. En bloc resection was achieved in 26 of the 28 lesions up to 25 mm in diameter. Two lesions, both with fibrosis from prior attempted resection, had trace residual tissue necessitating cauterization with argon plasma. Five lesions measuring 30 mm to 60 mm all required piecemeal resection. There was one complication, a postpolypectomy bleed. Limitations Small number of patients and retrospective design. Conclusions EMR may be performed safely and effectively by using an inexpensive, over-the-counter 0.15% HA preparation. Further studies are needed to verify the results of this study and to compare the safety and efficacy of this HA preparation with saline solution.
Active demethylation of the IL-2 Promoter in CD4+ T cells is mediated by an inducible DNA glycosylase, Myh.

Epigenetic control of tissue-specific gene expression is often achieved by active demethylation of promoter regions; however, the nature of all the enzymes mediating this remodeling process is not fully clear. Here we describe a 5-methylcytosine glycosylase activity for the murine DNA base excision repair enzyme Myh and show that it is critically involved in remodeling the IL-2 Promoter for transcription. The enzyme is not expressed in naive CD4(+) T cells, but can be transiently induced following T cell activation. T cells deficient in Myh had blunted demethylation of the promoter and impaired IL-2 secretion but not IFN-γ. An in vitro assay for the glycosylase activity revealed the enzyme to be sequence specific for certain CpG sites in the IL-2 Promoter. These results suggest that DNA demethylation is being selectively used to orchestrate a part of the naive CD4(+) T cell differentiation program.
A new generation of textual corpora: mining corpora from very large collections

While digital libraries based on page images and automatically generated text have made possible massive projects such as the Million Book Library, Open Content Alliance, Google, and others, humanists still depend upon textual corpora expensively produced with labor-intensive methods such as double-keyboarding and manual correction. This paper reports the results from an analysis of OCR-generated text for classical Greek source texts. Classicists have depended upon specialized manual keyboarding that costs two or more times as much as keyboarding of English both for accuracy and because classical Greek OCR produced no usable results. We found that we could produce texts by OCR that, in some cases, approached the 99.95% professional data entry accuracy rate. In most cases, OCR-generated text yielded results that, by including the variant readings that digital corpora traditionally have left out, provide better recall and, we argue, can better serve many scholarly needs than the expensive corpora upon which classicists have relied for a generation. As digital collections expand, we will be able to collate multiple editions against each other, identify quotations of primary sources, and provide a new generation of services.
GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region

Abstract The M w 7.6 October 8, 2005 Kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslides throughout the Himalaya of northern Pakistan and India. These were concentrated in six different geomorphic–geologic–anthropogenic settings. A spatial database, which included 2252 landslides, was developed and analyzed using ASTER satellite imagery and geographical information system (GIS) technology. A multi-criterion evaluation was applied to determine the significance of event-controlling parameters in triggering the landslides. The parameters included lithology, faults, slope gradient, slope aspect, elevation, land cover, rivers and roads. The results showed four classes of landslide susceptibility. Furthermore, they indicated that lithology had the strongest influence on landsliding, particularly when the rock is highly fractured, such as in shale, slate, clastic sediments, and limestone and dolomite. Moreover, the proximity of the landslides to faults, rivers, and roads was also an important factor in helping to initiate failures. In addition, landslides occurred particularly in moderate elevations on south facing slopes. Shrub land, grassland, and also agricultural land were highly susceptible to failures, while forested slopes had few landslides. One-third of the study area was highly or very highly susceptible to future landsliding and requires immediate mitigation action. The rest of the region had a low or moderate susceptibility to landsliding and remains relatively stable. This study supports the view that (1) earthquake-triggered landslides are concentrated in specific zones associated with event-controlling parameters; and (2) in the western Himalaya deforestation and road construction contributed significantly to landsliding during and shortly after earthquakes.
Responses to experimental fish manipulations in a shallow, hypereutrophic lake: the relative importance of benthic nutrient recycling and trophic cascade

Mesocosms were used in a shallow hypereutrophic lake, and three treatments were established in duplicate: (a) Fish — stocked with native fish at their natural relative densities, (b) Fish/Net — stocked with fish, but with a net blocking access to the sediments, and (c) No Fish. Total P and chlorophyll concentrations reached 140 and 170 µg l−1 in the Fish treatment. Total P was below 40 µg l−1 in both the Fish/Net and No Fish treatments. However, despite the nearly identical total P concentrations, chlorophyll averaged 40 µg l−1 in the No Fish treatment, where zooplankton biomass was high and the large cladoceran Moina was abundant, and 50 µg l−1 in the Fish/Net treatment, where zooplankton biomass was low and large herbivores were rare. The results showed that both benthic nutrient recycling and cascading trophic interactions were regulators of algal biomass, but that the former effect was by far the more important, accounting for roughly 60% of the chlorophyll increase associated with the presence of fish.
Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users' personality and social media use

In the increasingly user-generated Web, users' personality traits may be crucial factors leading them to engage in this participatory media. The literature suggests factors such as extraversion, emotional stability and openness to experience are related to uses of social applications on the Internet. Using a national sample of US adults, this study investigated the relationship between these three dimensions of the Big-Five model and social media use (defined as use of social networking sites and instant messages). It also examined whether gender and age played a role in that dynamic. Results revealed that while extraversion and openness to experiences were positively related to social media use, emotional stability was a negative predictor, controlling for socio-demographics and life satisfaction. These findings differed by gender and age. While extraverted men and women were both likely to be more frequent users of social media tools, only the men with greater degrees of emotional instability were more regular users. The relationship between extraversion and social media use was particularly important among the young adult cohort. Conversely, being open to new experiences emerged as an important personality predictor of social media use for the more mature segment of the sample.
Dynamics matter: differences and similarities between alternatively designed mechanisms

Cells selectively respond to external stimuli to maintain cellular homeostasis by making use of different regulatory mechanisms. We studied two classes of signal-dependent regulatory inhibition and activation mechanisms in this study. Inhibition mechanisms assume that inhibition can occur in two different ways: either by increasing the degradation rate or decreasing the production rate. Similarly, it is assumed that signal-triggered activation can occur either through increasing production rate or decreasing degradation rate. We devised mathematical models (deterministic and stochastic) to compare and contrast responses of these activation and inhibition mechanisms to a time dependent discrete signal. Our simulation results show that the signal-dependent increased degradation mechanism is a more effective, noisier and quicker way to inhibit the protein abundance compared to the signal-dependent decreased activation mechanism. On the other hand, the signal-dependent increased production mechanism can produce a much stronger and faster response than the signal-dependent decreased degradation mechanism. However, our simulations predict that both of the activation mechanisms have roughly similar noise structures. Our analysis exemplifies the importance of mathematical modeling in the analysis of biological regulatory networks.
Detailed and reduced order modeling of steady state counterflow mechanical draft cooling towers for analysis of Data Center energy efficiency

Air-cooled Data Centers absorb heat in central room air conditioners or air handlers and most commonly reject the heat through cooling towers to ambient air. The energy efficiency of the overall cooling system is determined by the energy efficiency of its components, its thermodynamic design and layout, and the protocol for its control, operation and its operational set points. The current work is part of an effort to develop a comprehensive analysis tool for thermodynamic modeling and analysis of such cooling systems. The tool, called Villanova Thermodynamic Analysis of Systems (VTAS), allows integration of sophisticated thermodynamic models of data center components into system layouts and then allows simulation of both steady state and transient system behavior from chip to cooling tower. This paper reports on the development of a steady-state model for a constant flow rate, counterflow mechanical draft cooling tower using a finite difference method and the subsequent synthesis of data from this model into a fast reduced order model developed using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach. The outlet water temperature, moist air thermodynamic state, heat transfer, and exergy destruction are computed. By comparing the heat transfer and the exergy destruction from this model, an optimum range for the air flow rate was found for a set of inlet conditions based on the minimization of exergy destruction. An ANN model was developed using data generated from the detailed model. The ANN model is fast and accurate and is easily integrated into a system simulation code such as VTAS.
Swallowing and Tongue Function Following Treatment for Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

This study examined tongue function and its relation to swallowing in 13 subjects with oral or oropharyngeal cancer treated with primary radiotherapy ± chemotherapy and 13 age- and sex-matched cont...
Nonlinear adaptive reconfigurable controller for a generic 6-DOF hypersonic vehicle model

The development of a nonlinear adaptive controller with reconfiguration capabilities for a generic 6-DOF model of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle is considered in this paper. The proposed controller is endowed with a modular structure (comprised of an inner-loop adaptive attitude controller, a robust nonlinear outer-loop controller and a dynamic control allocation scheme) that avoids the complexity typical of solutions based on adaptive back-stepping. An observer-based algorithm achieves decoupling between adaptation and constrained actuator dynamics. A case study is presented to illustrate the capability of the proposed methodology to deal with the simultaneous occurrence of significant model uncertainty and actuator faults.
The pairing of light and heavy chains of isomeric anti-lactose antibodies

Sets of polyclonal isomeric anti-carbohydrate antibodies are present in sera of rabbits immunized with vaccines of non-viable streptococcal cells containing antigenic glycans. Anti-lactose antibodies have been purified by affinity chromatography and have been subjected to dissociation, electrophoretic and agar diffusion analyses. The anti-lactose antibody preparation was found to be composed of 16 isomeric proteins which yield 16 heavy chains and 16 light chains.
Electromodulation spectroscopy of confined systems

Abstract The convolution formalism of Aspnes and Rowe for the dielectric function in the presence of an electric field is applied to electromodulation spectroscopy of confined systems. It is shown that for isolated confined systems where excitonic effects are not important, electromodulation spectroscopy leads to first derivative like optical features of two dimensional critical points. For superlattices in weak fields (neglecting excitonic interactions), the familiar third derivative forms of Aspnes and Rowe are applicable. In contrast, when moderate and high electric fields are applied to superlattices, electromodulation spectroscopy will exhibit optical features characteristic of first derivative line shapes. This phenomenon arises because the electric field causes the envelope functions of the electron and hole states to become spatially localized. The importance of excitons and their inhomogeneous broadening to the experimentally observed line shapes are considered.
Gastric outlet obstruction caused by ascitic fluid entrapment in the lesser sac--a complication of advanced ovarian cancer: report of two cases.

Abstract Two patients are reported with advanced ovarian cancer presenting with symptoms suggesting gastric outlet obstruction. In each case the symptomatology and clinical findings were caused by gastric compression secondary to entrapment of ascitic fluid in the lesser sac. This complication may be suggested by an upper gastrointestinal series, but is unequivocally diagnosed by computed tomography. Resection of the lesser omentum, repeat paracenteses, or insertion of a LeVeen peritoneovenous shunt into the lesser sac may all be used therapeutically for decompression of the stomach.
Absence of an effect of injectable and implantable progestin-only contraceptives on subsequent risk of breast cancer

Animal data indicate that both estrogens and progestins could be carcinogenic and that progestins could serve as tumor promoters. Human studies have not confirmed an increased risk of breast cancer from long-term use of oral contraceptives, but have shown an increased risk from hormone replacement therapy including progestins. The present study analyzed the relationship between breast cancer and use of injectable and implantable progestin-only contraceptives. Analyses were performed on data collected in a population-based, multicenter, case-control study, the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The study involved 4575 randomly sampled cases with invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 1994 and 1998, and 4682 controls, identified using random digit dialing. We assessed the association between exposure to injectable contraceptives and risk of breast cancer. The use of injectable contraceptives was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7, 1.2]. Risk was not increased among current users, defined as women who used injectable contraceptives within 1 year of the reference date (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.3) or those who initiated use in the 5 years immediately preceding the reference date (OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.4), or with use beginning before age 35 (OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.3). Among users, risk increased with increasing duration of use (p = 0.03). However, short-term users (<6 months duration) were at decreased risk relative to never users (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.0). When the short-term users were then excluded from the duration-response analysis, the slope of the duration-response became slightly (and nonsignificantly) negative. Risk was not increased among women with 24 or more months of use relative to never users (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.8, 2.5). No increased risk was seen from implantable contraceptives either, although the sample sizes were small. This study does not support an increased risk of breast cancer associated with the use of injectable or implantable progestin-only contraceptives in women aged 35 to 64.
Spin-orbit coupling in singly charged π -conjugated polymers

Understanding spin-orbit coupling in singly charged $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated polymer chains is of basic importance to the study of spin transport in organic semiconductors. We show that the spin-orbit coupling is quenched to first order because the diagonal matrix elements vanish and the energy levels in polymers are orbitally nondegenerate. Even the off-diagonal matrix elements are zero or negligibly small unless a twisted nonplanar polymer chain is considered. For such a twisted chain, we calculate these matrix elements using tight-binding wave functions based on ${p}_{z}$ orbitals. We show that the Kramers degeneracy prevents the spin-orbit-induced spin precession. Instead, we propose a phonon-assisted spin-flip process and calculate its rate.
Secondary Emission from Nickel by Impact of Metastable Atoms and Positive Ions of Helium

Experiments on the secondary electron emission from Ni electrodes due to bombardment by positive ions and metastable atoms in a helium discharge under conditions similar to those obtaining in a glow discharge are reported. The method of measurement is similar to that of Uyterhoeven and ${\mathrm{Harrington}.}^{1}$ The proportion of the measured current at the cathode which is carried by electrons is found to be 15 to 50 percent depending on experimental conditions. Similarly the number of electrons per slow positive ion is found to range between about 8 and 20 percent. The secondary electrons originate at the surface of the collector with about 15 volts maximum initial energy.
Effect of phase fluctuations upon penetration depth

The temperature dependence of the static penetration {Lambda}(T) has been used as a guide to the nature of the superconducting state in high-T{sub c} materials. It has been argued that an algebraic temperature dependence in the ratio {delta}{Lambda}(T)/{Lambda}(0) {triple_bond} [{Lambda}(T) - {Lambda}(0)]/{Lambda}(0) at low temperature is evidence for d-wave pairing. This paper examines the effect of superconducting phase fluctuations upon {Lambda}(T) and finds an algebraic dependence over a broad range of temperature.
Angiogenesis in normal tissue adjacent to colon cancer.

Background and Objectives Angiogenesis in malignant neoplasms, as measured by microvessel density, has been shown to correlate with survival or stage in some studies of breast, gastric, and colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that aggressive cancers promote angiogenesis in normal tissue adjacent to the invading neoplasm. Methods To test this hypothesis, 36 specimens of colon adenocarcinoma curatively resected between 1986 and 1990 were sectioned and stained for factor VIII-related antigen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Microvessel density was measured within the colon cancer and in adjacent, histologically normal tissue. Clinical/pathological variables were examined using multivariate analysis and Student t-test. Results Microvessel density was higher in the neoplasms (26.0 ± 1.66/0.25 mm2) than in the surrounding normal tissue (22.3 ± 1.88/0.25 mm2) (P = 0.03). The difference was primarily due to smaller neoplasms (T1 and T2) which had vessel counts of 10.6 ± 0.74/0.25 mm2 in the adjacent normal tissue compared to vessel counts of 18.9 ± 3.02/0.25 mm2 within these tumors (P = 0.02). T3 and T4 neoplasms had equivalent amounts of angiogenesis within the lesion (26.9 ± 1.81/0.25 mm2) and in the histologically normal margin (24.2 ± 1.98/0.25 mm2) (P = 0.12). VEGF was present in the tumor microenvironment in 100% and IL-8 in 45% of specimens stained for these angiogenic cytokines. Microvessel density did not correlate with 5-year survival. Conclusions Our data suggest that colon cancers that invade through the muscularis propria may have a greater ability to induce angiogenesis in adjacent normal tissue. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;69:230–234. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Undo for anyone, anywhere, anytime

Computer systems are complex and unforgiving. Users need environments more tolerant of errors, allowing them to correct mistakes and explore alternatives. This is the aim of Joyce. Joyce records application usage across the system in such a way that the semantic relationships between individual operations are preserved. Using this information Joyce enables an exploratory model of undo/redo; the user can navigate, visualize, edit and experiment with the history of the system safe in the knowledge that any history change will not have unforeseen and irreversible effects.
A Thermodynamic Approach for Modeling Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds on Atmospheric Particulate Matter: Humidity Effects

Humidity effects on the gas/particle partitioning of the different types of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in the organic layer of wood soot, diesel soot, and secondary aerosols were studied in outdoor environmental chambers. Experimental partitioning coefficients, Kp, of different SOCs were measured using outdoor Teflon film chambers and compared to theoretical Kp values calculated with the aid of activity coefficients and vapor pressures. A thermodynamic model based on group contribution methods was used to estimate SOC activity coefficients in the liquid organic layer of different atmospheric particles. The equilibrated water content in the organic phase of chemi cally different particles was estimated from the activity coefficient of water in the particle's organic liquid and the ambient relative humidity (RH). It was found that predicted SOC activity coefficients (i ) for diesel soot particles were not a strong function of RH. There was, however, a dramatic change in i on wood soot particles f...
Guided tours and tabletops: tools for communicating in a hypertext environment

The author of a complex hypertext document is often faced with the problem of conveying the document's meaning to future readers through a shared computer environment. Two tools implemented in the NoteCards hypertext environment, guided tours and tabletops, allow authors to employ annotation, graphic layout and ordered presentation when communicating to readers. This paper describes these tools and gives examples of their use. Issues of remote deictic reference arising from an application in legal argumentation are discussed as well as early work on the use of these tools to support sharing of hypertext strategies among NoteCards users.
A submersible autonomous sensor for spectrophotometric pH measurements of natural waters

An autonomous sensor for long-term in situ measurements of the pH of natural waters is described. The system is based upon spectrophotometric measurements of a mixture of sample and sulfonephthalein indicator. A simple plumbing design, using a small, low-power solenoid pump and valve, avoids the need for quantitative addition of indicator. A approximately 50-microL slug of indicator is pulled into the sample stream by the pump, and subsequent pumping and mixing results in a section of indicator and sample where absorbance measurements can be made. The design also permits direct determination of the indicator pH perturbation. Absorbances are recorded at three wavelengths (439, 579, and 735 nm) using a custom-built 1.7-cm path length fiber-optic flow cell. Solution blanks are obtained by periodically flushing the cell with sample. Field tests were performed in a local river over an 8-day period. The in situ accuracy, based on comparison with laboratory spectrophotometric pH measurements, was -0.003 pH unit (n = 16), similar to the measurement precision. No drift was observed during the 8-day period. The absorbance ratio used to calculate pH, in combination with a simple and robust optical design, imparts an inherent stability not achievable with conventional potentiometric methods, making the design feasible for long-term autonomous pH measurements.
Paclitaxel Modulates TGFβ Signaling in Scleroderma Skin Grafts in Immunodeficient Mice

Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by excessive fibrosis and obliterative vascular lesions. Abnormal TGFβ activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc. Aberrant TGFβ/Smad signaling can be controlled by stabilization of microtubules with paclitaxel.
Convergence of Outcomes for Hip Fracture Fixation by Nails and Plates

Background Recent popularity of intramedullary nails over sliding hip screws for treatment of intertrochanteric fractures is concerning given the absence of evidence for clinical superiority for nailing yet the presence of reimbursement differences.
A Model Pre-Service Teacher Conference: Getting New Teachers “Hooked on Geography”

For decades, the lack of effective pre-service teacher education in geography has limited improved geography education in the United States. This deficiency was formally recognized almost twenty ye...
A dorsal nasal advancement flap for off-midline defects.

Abstract Background The repair of nasal tip defects often poses a challenge as many of the commonly used techniques for repair of the distal nose can result in obvious scars, mismatched skin, or distortions of the nasal contour that can compromise the aesthetic outcome. Objective Our aim was to create a novel nasal tip flap and examine outcomes of its use. Methods The dorsal nasal advancement flap was studied in 30 patients. Results All patients had good to outstanding results and no complications. Conclusion This new flap, a modified Burow's advancement flap adapted to the nasal tip, provides an alternative to full-thickness skin grafts and transposition, rotation, and pedicle flaps for repair of the distal nose that is easy to execute and has optimal aesthetic results.
Relationship of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Action Sites with Egg Masses in the Cornfield

A relative sampling method for second flight adult European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), was used to predict egg mass levels within hybrid seed cornfields ( Zea mays L.). An aluminum bar (1 m) was swept through adult aggregation areas of giant and green foxtail grass ( Setaria spp.) and adults were counted as they flushed from the grass. Numbers of scouted egg masses in the field were regressed onto numbers of flushed adults during early to late silking stages of corn. Egg masses were dependent on the number of European corn borer adults in aggregation areas (example: predicted 0.5 egg masses per corn plant with an average of 52 moths flushed from 10 m2 grass at 5% silking or an average of 66 moths flushed from 10 m2 grass at 80% silking). This relationship between flushed adults and egg masses can be used to determine the need and timing of field scouting by consultants or seed companies for second-generation egg masses in the Corn Belt.
Tensions of Marriage: Love, Cooperation, Capitulation, Annihilation

This paper addresses the inevitable conflicts endemic to couple relationships. These conflicts are a manifestation of the mutual subjugation experienced by all couples engaged in an ongoing intimate relationship. The author describes this universal dimension of the life of a couple, applying what Ogden (1994a) calls “the subjugating intersubjective third”—a third subject co-created through mutual projective identification, binding them together as a couple. The unconscious and conscious relationship between each partner and “the third” generates a spectrum of primitive emotions from bliss to entrapment. Consequently, an identical situation in a relationship can evoke feelings of love and cooperation or capitulation and annihilation in one or both partners, depending on what is occurring in “the third,” of which the members are both creators and captives. A clinical case illustrates this dynamic.
BARGAINING AND WAGE RESISTANCE IN AN OPEN MACROECONOMIC MODEL

This paper develops a model of an open economy in which wages and employment are determined by bargaining between firms and unions. It can be regarded as an extension of an earlier paper (Ellis and Fender, 1985) to an open economy; this allows us to investigate a number of contemporary issues. In particular, we shall explore some aspects of wage resistance - the tendency for nominal wages to rise so as to offset either partially or totally any rise in the aggregate price level. Empirical evidence on wage resistance has been produced by Sachs (i980), who also shows that the assumption of real, as opposed to nominal, wage rigidity reverses the conclusions about the relative efficacy of monetary and fiscal policy in the Fleming-Mundell model. A number of other papers have incorporated wage resistance, sometimes due to wage indexation; see, for example, Gray (1976) for analysis in a closed-economy context and Marston (I982), Modigliani and Padoa-Schioppa (1978) and Eichengreen (I983) for open-economy models. In all these papers, however, wage resistance is assumed rather than derived from more basic assumptions about agents' behaviour. However, some work has appeared recently which attempts to endogenise wage resistance in a closed economy by modelling union-employer bargaining (see, for example, McDonald and Solow, I98I and Ellis and Fender, I985).
Strain, Structure and Electronic States in MBE Grown (Nb, Ti)O2 Mixed Rutile

We have grown and characterized epitaxial Nb{sub x}Ti{sub 1-x}O{sub 2} on TiO{sub 2}(11) and (100) for the purpose of investigating the role of chemically-inequivalent metal atoms on the thermal and photocatalytic properties of TiO{sub 2}. Our goal is to introduce, in a highly controlled fashion, a Group VA transition metal into the lattice of a Group IVA transition metal oxide without altering the crystallographic structure. So doing would alter the electronic structure in interesting and potentially useful ways by the addition of one valence electron per substituted metal atom. However, strain builds in the film as more Nb is added at a rate which depends on the crystallographic orientation of the growth direction. Films grown along (110) can accommodate Nb mole fractions as high as {approximately}0.3 without forming misfit, dislocations, whereas those grown along (100) are limited to {approximately}10 at. % Nb. Nb-O bond lengths in Nb{sub x}Ti{sub 1-x}O{sub 2} are the same as Ti-O bond lengths in pure TiO{sub 2} prior to the onset of dislocation formation. The extra 4d valence electron per Nb atom forms a nonbonding band which is degenerate with bonding states in the valence band region.
Functional Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease: Selective Loss of Mitochondrial-encoded Cytochrome Oxidase mRNA in the Hippocampal Formation

The activity of cytochrome oxidase (CO), the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, has been reported to be decreased in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In experimental models, CO activity decreases following functional deafferentation of neural circuits. CO is a holoenzyme composed of 13 nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded subunits and experimental data indicate that the change in CO activity following deafferentation is controlled primarily by regulation of mitochondrial CO gene expression. It has been proposed that the hippocampal formation is deafferented in AD. We therefore hypothesized that an alteration in mitochondrial CO gene expression might underlie the reduction in CO activity in AD. Using in situ hybridization, we found a selective reduction in mRNA levels for a mitochondrial-encoded subunit, CO II, with preservation of mRNA for a nuclear-encoded subunit, CO IV, in the hippocampal formation of individuals with AD. The reduction in CO II mRNA levels was seen both in regions with neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and neuronal loss and regions relatively spared from these neuropathological changes. These data suggest that the reduction in CO activity in brain regions from individuals with AD may be a result of an alteration in mitochondrial CO gene expression that extends beyond neurons directly affected by structural pathology.
New mechanistic insights to the O(3P) + propene reaction from multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry.

The reaction of O(3P) with propene (C3H6) has been examined using tunable vacuum ultraviolet radiation and time-resolved multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry at 4 Torr and 298 K. The temporal and isomeric resolution of these experiments allow the separation of primary from secondary reaction products and determination of branching ratios of 1.00, 0.91 ± 0.30, and 0.05 ± 0.04 for the primary product channels CH3 + CH2CHO, C2H5 + HCO, and H2 + CH3CHCO, respectively. The H + CH3CHCHO product channel was not observable for technical reasons in these experiments, so literature values for the branching fraction of this channel were used to convert the measured product branching ratios to branching fractions. The results of the present study, in combination with past experimental and theoretical studies of O(3P) + C3H6, identify important pathways leading to products on the C3H6O potential energy surface (PES). The present results suggest that up to 40% of the total product yield may require intersystem crossing from the initial triplet C3H6O PES to the lower-lying singlet PES.
Endometrial biology and the etiology of endometriosis

Two recent studies reported in this issue of Fertility and Sterility have explored important issues regarding the understanding and diagnosing of endometriosis. These studies emphasize the complexity of endometriosis and underscore the different roles of clinicians and translational scientists in exploring this disease.
Experiments with Littorina species to determine the relevancy of oil spill data from Southern California to the gulf of Alaska

Abstract 1. (1) Littorina scutulata were collected from Alaska, Canada and southern California and L. sitkana were collected from Alaska and Canada. These animals were exposed to a range of petroleums at a range of temperatures. 2. (2) Gasoline was the most toxic of all compounds tested. 3. (3) 6°C and 29°C temperatures both during and prior to experiments had a greater influence on survival and attachment rates a week after exposure to petroleum than did the different types of petroleum. The temperature influence can be related to both zoogeographical distribution and seasonal temperatures. 4. (4) Data obtained in the Santa Barbara Channel can be extrapolated to the Gulf of Alaska when differences such as temperature tolerance and type of oil are considered for the same and closely related species. 5. (5) Attachment rates and mortality rates changed after the animals were removed from petroleum. This suggests a weakness in standard toxicity testing procedures when mortality rates are compared immediately after removal from test solutions.
Organic geochemical study of mineralization in the Keweenawan Nonesuch Formation at White Pine, Michigan

The role of organic matter in the formation of metal ores has been investigated in the Nonesuch Formation at White Pine, Michigan. Organic matter in mineralized strata was characterized by isotopic, molecular and spectrophotometric procedures and compared to organic matter in non-mineralized rocks. Samples from the White Pine copper mine contain little organic carbon in comparison to samples from non-mineralized sections of the Nonesuch Formation. Residual organic matter in mine samples is depleted in solvent-extractable matter, is relatively aromatic in character, and appears to be thermally overmature, yet no difference in carbon isotopic contents exists between kerogcn isolated from mineralized and non-mineralized rocks. Comparisons suggest that oxidation of organic matter was involved in the reduction of oxidized metalliferous brines to precipitate copper sulfides and native copper and silver in this setting.
From Process Data to Publication: A Personal Sensemaking

How do field researchers make sense of voluminous process data, much of it qualitative data? When this author began to analyze her dissertation data in 1992, she did not have a clear answer to this question. However, with several articles from this research safely in publication, she took the opportunity to make sense of her 7-year data analysis experience. Her sensemaking of process data analysis is broken down into three phases and compared to the data analysis schema of Langley (1999). The role of outside influences, which aided movement through the phases, is highlighted at the end of the article. Finally, a model of this overall process—from process data to publication—is articulated. The article does not provide a definitive answer to the above question, but it is hoped that it will provide clues for researchers searching to answer that question themselves.
Ethylene as a natural agent inducing plumular hook formation in pea seedlings

Removing endogenous ethylene by hypobaric treatment, or displacing it with carbon dioxide inhibits hook development in etiolated pea seedlings. When seedlings are returned to a normal atmosphere, hook formation occurs in darkness. Addition of ethylene accelerates this process. When ethylene induces hook formation, cell division in the hook tissue is rather inhibited by the gas. These data suggest that endogenous ethylene causes formation of the hook by inducing expansion of certain cells.