cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 – Mechanical properties

Publisher Summary Mechanical properties are important to the study and application of superconductors in three different respects: (1) scientifically through the electron-phonon interaction, (2) technologically through product design parameters and processing conditions, and (3) economically through the reliability and durability of the manufactured products. In all the three cases, superconductors require cryogenic environments within which the material may be required to survive long-term exposure to significant thermomechanical and electromagnetic stresses. Low structural reliability or poor mechanical properties could result in premature failure of superconductor materials during normal service conditions. The mechanical properties of superconductors with high critical temperature, Tc, are important to the development of commercial applications of these materials, particularly for tapes and wires. If the material is fragile, stresses arising from handling during the routine production operations can lead to formation of deleterious cracks in the material. Therefore, the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the material can be useful in safeguarding the material against the occurrence of such situations. It might be possible to utilize the same information for producing a superior material with tailored properties.
Movement-Based Behaviors and Leukocyte Telomere Length among US Adults.

AB Introduction: Short leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has become a hallmark characteristic of aging. Some, but not all, evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) may play an important role in attenuating age-related diseases and may provide a protective effect for telomeres. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between PA and LTL in a national sample of US adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1999 to 2002 (n = 6503; 20-84 yr) were used. Four self-report questions related to movement-based behaviors (MBB) were assessed. The four MBB included whether individuals participated in moderate-intensity PA, vigorous-intensity PA, walking/cycling for transportation, and muscle-strengthening activities. An MBB index variable was created by summing the number of MBB an individual engaged in (range, 0-4). Results: A clear dose-response relation was observed between MBB and LTL; across the LTL tertiles, respectively, the mean numbers of MBB were 1.18, 1.44, and 1.54 (Ptrend < 0.001). After adjustments (including age) and compared with those engaging in 0 MBB, those engaging in 1, 2, 3, and 4 MBB, respectively, had a 3% (P = 0.84), 24% (P = 0.02), 29% (P = 0.04), and 52% (P = 0.004) reduced odds of being in the lowest (vs highest) tertile of LTL; MBB was not associated with being in the middle (vs highest) tertile of LTL. Conclusions: Greater engagement in MBB was associated with reduced odds of being in the lowest LTL tertile
The gamma function and related functions

The function Γ(z) is a meromorphic function of z with simple poles at z = −n, (n = 0, 1, 2,...) with the respective residue \(\frac{{{{( - 1)}^n}}}{{n!}}.\).
Demonstrating the Impact of International Collaborative Disciplinary Experiences on Student Global, International, and Intercultural Competencies

This Work in Progress research paper describes a study that directly compares the impact of a globally themed Information Technology (IT) project on students’ global, international, and intercultural (GII) competencies. The authors will compare the change in student competencies by analyzing the impact of a common project with an international theme integrated into three different undergraduate IT classroom modalities: (1) a traditional classroom course with no interaction with students from a foreign university, (2) a virtual exchange context where teams of local students and students from a foreign university collaborate via information and communication technologies (ICT), and (3) a hands-on version of the course project that is implemented by local and remote students collaborating at a foreign university during a short-term study abroad program.This paper directly compares the changes in student GII competencies after executing the classroom project in the first and third modalities: a classroom without international collaboration and in conjunction with students at a foreign university during a short-term study abroad program. Preliminary results suggest that student competencies are more significantly improved when students collaborate with their international peers. However, the results might be influenced by the demographic profiles of students in the various courses. Students who pursue opportunities to study abroad may already have an innate expectation or desire to improve their GII competencies.
Variation in mtDNA haplotypes suggests a complex history of reproductive strategy in Cannabis sativa

ABSTRACT Cannabis is one example in angiosperms that appears to have a recent origin of dioecy and X/Y sex chromosomes. Several evolutionary explanations for this transition have been proposed, with the most parsimonious beginning with a mitochondrial mutation leading to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Our study utilized 73 Cannabis sativa whole genome shotgun libraries to reveal eight different mtDNA haplotypes. The most common haplotype contained 60 of the 73 individuals studied and was composed of only dioecious individuals. However, other haplotypes contained a mix of dioecious and monoecious individuals, so haplotype alone does not predict dioecy. From these haplotype groupings we further examined the fully annotated mitochondrial genomes of four hemp individuals and looked for genetic variation affecting reproductive strategy (e.g., monoecious vs. dioecious strategies). Specifically, we searched for markers associated with CMS and for gene rearrangements within these mitochondrial genomes. Our results revealed highly syntenic mitochondrial genomes that contained approximately 60 identifiable sequences for protein coding genes, tRNAs and rRNAs and no obvious rearrangements or chimeric genes. We find no clear evidence that the different reproductive patterns are due to easily identifiable CMS mutations. Our results refute the simplest hypothesis that there was a single recent origin of dioecy in a monoecious ancestor. Instead, the story of the evolution of dioecy is likely much more complex. Further exploration of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and their interaction is required to fully understand Cannabis’ mating strategies and the possible existence of CMS in this species.
New insights into predation through imaging

The role of generalist predators has long been considered an important component of mortality for many agricultural pests but can be difficult to quantify. We present the use of digital imaging as ...
Implementing a Strategic, Sequential, and Iterative Pedagogical Flow to Online IS Distance Education Learning

The Internet and World Wide Web have enabled the delivery of online instruction through content management and learning management systems. Many educational institutions and corporate organizations utilize the online environment to successfully extend the reach of their training and education programs. Away from the structure of a classroom, many students are unable to demonstrate sufficient discipline to organize work, and apply the rigor that is needed to successfully learn in an online environment. This report details a successful design initiative to create a learning cycle framework for online instruction of Information Systems courses. The Information Systems Learning Cycle (ISLC) integrates the elements of cognitive and applied instruction via a sequential and iterative pedagogical flow that maps the elements to specific online technologies. Content instruction and lab instruction through a virtual lab environment blend together in a strategic flow that allows for improved online student course completion rates, student satisfaction, and knowledge retention.
Effects of Storage in an Anaerobic Transport System on Bacteria in Known Polymicrobial Mixtures and in Clinical Specimens

Abstract An anaerobic transport system (ATS) which provides for catalytic removal of oxygen was evaluated by using in vitro-prepared polymicrobial mixtures of logphase bacteria and clinical specimens. Inoculated swabs were stored at room temperature in (i) aerobic, (ii) anaerobic glove box, and (iii) ATS environments, and bacteria were quantitated after 2, 24, 48, and 72 h. Bacteria in a three-part mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Escherichia coli and in a five-part mixture of B. fragilis, P. anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa survived 72 h of storage in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments, but the anaerobic species were inactivated in the aerobic storage except for B. fragilis in pure culture or in the three-part mixture. Changes in relative proportions among the species in a mixture were least in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments and greatest during the aerobic storage, particularly in the five-part mixture. Bacteria present in pure or mixed culture in clinical specimens generally survived 72 h of storage in the ATS. These data indicate that changes in relative proportions occur with prolonged storage even under anaerobic conditions, but that the ATS would be most effective for preserving anaerobic bacteria and preventing drastic concentration changes and overgrowth of facultative and aerobic bacteria.
The relationship between energy and GNP: Further results

This paper reexamines the casuality between GNP and energy consumption by using updated US data for the period 1947–1979. As a secondary contribution, we investigate the causal relationship between energy consumption and employment. Applying Sims' technique, we find no causal relationship between GNP and energy consumption. We find further that there is a slight unidirectional flow running from employment to energy consumption. Economic interpretations of the empirical results are also presented.
Management of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Organ Transplant Recipients

The lifelong immunosuppression required for maintenance of allograft function in organ transplant recipients (OTR) increases the risk of cutaneous malignancies in this population. Prolonged survival posttransplantation further permits the development of late dermatologic complications of iatrogenic immunosuppression, particularly skin cancer. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the most common posttransplant malignancy, and in OTR can present as multiple, aggressive, and rapidly metastasizing lesions that are challenging to manage. Due to the high morbidity and potential mortality of CSCC in OTR, close dermatologic surveillance and aggressive treatment are essential. This review will address the challenge of managing posttransplant CSCC in the OTR population with a summary of the current therapeutic strategies in this patient cohort. The management of metastatic CSCC remains challenging, despite promising results from chemotherapeutic agents and novel targeted molecular inhibitors combined with radiation therapy. Ultimately, therapeutic considerations for CSCC in OTR should be determined in a multidisciplinary setting including the dermatologist, the transplant team, and appropriate specialists.
Microsurgical lab testing is a reliable method for assessing ophthalmology residents' surgical skills.

Background: Formal assessment of clinical competencies is necessary to ensure that all residents are acquiring important skills and, in the United States, will soon become a requirement for residency programme accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The Eye Surgical Skills Assessment Test (ESSAT), a laboratory-based surgical skills obstacle course, was developed in response to the need for improved tools for the assessment of surgical skills during residency. The ESSAT has previously been shown to have face and content validity, and in this study we sought to determine its inter-rater reliability and, to some extent, its construct validity. Methods: Twenty-seven content experts (residency programme directors and faculty members involved with resident surgical training) watched videos of a junior resident and senior resident completing the three ESSAT stations (skin suturing, muscle recession, and phacoemulsification: wound construction & suturing technique) and completed assessment forms, both task-specific checklists and a global rating scale of performance. Results: The ESSAT showed strong inter-rater reliability for determining whether a resident “passed” a threshold of competency at each station for both the checklists and global rating scale. In addition, for each station, the senior resident was consistently rated above a “passing” threshold using either assessment form, whereas the junior resident was more often rated below (94% vs 30% passing on completed forms). Conclusion: These results, along with the findings of our face and content validity analysis, support the reliability and validity of the ESSAT, and indicate that it could be a useful tool for improving the assessment of surgical skill during residency. The ESSAT is a tool that all residency programmes could implement as a part of their ophthalmic surgical curriculum and competency assessment, and may be useful to set a threshold of competence that all residents would need to achieve prior to entering the operating room.
Detection of mutagen-induced lesions in isolated DNA using a new Bacillus subtilis transformation-based assay

A new mutagenesis assay based on the induction of mutations in isolated transforming DNA of Bacillus subtilis is described. The assay tests the ability of chemical to induce lesions in isolated DNA which lead to reversion of the ilvB2 base-substitution or leuA169 frameshift mutations which are carried by the recipient cells that are transformed with the treated DNA. This report demonstrates the capacity of the assay to detect as mutagens the following DNA-reactive chemicals: hydroxylamine (HA); N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG); chloroacetaldehyde (CAA); propylene oxide (PO) and N-acetyl-N-acetoxy-2-aminofluorene (AAAF). The later 4 chemicals were reacted with the test DNAs in a dimethyl formamide-containing buffer which was used both to maintain the denatured DNA in an extended single-stranded state and to increase the solubilities of the chemicals. The relative mutagenic activities of the compounds in this buffer system were PO < MNNG < AAAF < CAA. In addition to mutagenesis, the capacity of the test compounds to inactivate transforming activity and disrupt gene linkages in the treated DNAs also was assayed. PO, although a much weaker mutagen than CAA, produced more extensive disruption of gene linkage than CAA when compared at concentrations which produced comparable levels of inactivation of transforming activity. The new mutagenesis assay offers 2 advantages over previously described transformation-based assays. (1) In contrast to assays based on the induction of ribosome-associated drug resistances, the new assay can detect frameshift as well as base-substitution type mutagens. (2) The mutants generated can be detected at high cell-plating densities. The assay thus may be useful for general mutagen screening especially with highly bactericidal compounds which are not readily tested in other microbial assays.
NEGATIVE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG ADOLESCENT FEMALES FOLLOWING SEXUAL ABUSE, RAPE OR ASSAULT. † 30

NEGATIVE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG ADOLESCENT FEMALES FOLLOWING SEXUAL ABUSE, RAPE OR ASSAULT. † 30
Can the AAPM Task Group 21 protocol lead to optimum ion chamber designs

The recently published AAPM Task Group 21 protocol for high‐energy dosimetry is complicated in that it requires the physicist to obtain the values of about a dozen different physical variables by looking them up in tables or graphs. This should be compared with the procedure of earlier protocols using the concept of a single multiplier C λ. We have investigated how the physical principles outlined in the improved AAPM protocol could be utilized for the redesign of the therapy‐level ion chambers in such a way that one can reduce the number of factors that need to be looked up in tables or graphs for the calibration of high‐energy teletherapy photon beams. In our analysis presented in this paper we found that one such design could be for an ion chamber having a wall of acrylic or Bakelite of a thickness not exceeding 0.1 g/cm2 and having an inner diameter of 6 mm, and used in conjunction with a cobalt‐60 buildup cap of thickness 0.35 g/cm2 made of acrylic, Bakelite, or Tufnol. If a chamber of such a design is used in a water phantom, the dosimetry practically reduces to the simplicity of the former protocols of depending on a single value of energy‐dependent multiplier to be obtained from a table. With the above design parameters, it becomes possible to eliminate the explicit need to incorporate the factors P wall, P repl, A wall, βwall, and the variable α, representing the fraction of ionization due to electrons from the wall material of the chamber.
Design of tip-tilt and adaptive optics servos using measured angle-of-arrival and phase power spectra

The astronomical applicability of laser beacons depends critically on the ability to track on a faint object to less than the diffraction limit of the telescope. Detailed measurements taken at Apache Point Observatory and a search of published of the literature shows that measured power spectrum are often very different from the theoretical predictions of Greenwood and Tyler. This has important consequences and it is possible that the formula usually used to design the tip/tilt servos are in error, often by large factors, and that much wider band-widths are required both for the tip/tilt and higher order correction.
Neuroticism Predicts Depression and Disability in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration

OBJECTIVES: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, disabling disorder of older age that is associated with depression. We investigated the incidence rate of depression and its risk factors and consequences in this 6-month longitudinal study. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study in which subjects were interviewed 6 weeks after the onset of bilateral vision loss and 6 months later. SETTING: The sample was recruited from the retinovascular clinic of a specialty eye hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 5 1 patients with new onset bilateral AMD. MEASUREMENTS: We assessed depressive symptoms, personality traits, visual acuity, and vision and physical functioning. Additionally, we interviewed informants to obtain independent assessments of subjects' personality traits. RESULTS: The baseline prevalence rate of syndromal depression was 23.5% and high levels of depressive symptoms persisted over time. The 6-month incidence rate of depression was 27.8%. The strongest risk factors for incident depression were self-rated and informant-rated neuroticism. Patients who developed syndromal depression were 8.3 times (95% confidence interval = 1.1-63.4) more likely than nondepressed patients to become disabled in vision function, independent of change in visual acuity. CONCLUSION: AMD is associated with high rates of depression and visual disability independent of severity of vision loss. The personality trait of neuroticism is highly predictive of incident depression and identifies patients at high risk for excess disability. Psychotherapeutic treatments targeted to this group may prevent depression and reduce disability.
A new approach to measure melamine, cyanuric acid, and melamine cyanurate using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with gold nanosubstrates

Vibrational spectroscopic characteristics of melamine, cyanuric acid, and melamine cyanurate were measured using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanosubstrates. Trace amounts of melamine and its analogues (cyanuric acid and melamine cyanurate) were characterized and quantified quickly and accurately by SERS in combination with partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Based on the relationship between the Raman intensity of the most prominent peak at around 676 cm−1 and log values of melamine concentrations, the limit of detection (LOD) of SERS for melamine was estimated to be 2.6 × 10−7 mol L−1 (∼33 ppb). An approximately 3 × 104 fold of enhancement factor for SERS signals of melamine on gold nanosubstrates was obtained. This result was based upon the comparison of the peak at around 676 cm−1 in the SERS spectra with that of normal Raman spectra of melamine in aqueous solutions. SERS spectra of cyanuric acid acquired from its solid form differ significantly from this compound in an aqueous solution, indicating a possible keto-enol isomerization reaction of cyanuric acid in water. When equal amounts of melamine and cyanuric acid were added together, spoke-like crystals of melamine cyanurate formed instantly, which could be measured and characterized by SERS. This study demonstrates that SERS could provide a fast and ultra-sensitive tool for detection and characterization of melamine and its derivative compounds in aqueous solutions.
Life History and Narrative Research: Generating a Humanistic Knowledge Base for Occupational Therapy

As a profession, occupational therapists are guided in practice by the accumulated knowledge of occupational therapy. This article demonstrates the contributions of life-history and narrative research to this knowledge base. We are suggesting that in response to our humanistic roots, we must pursue additional knowledge, principles of practice, and ethical philosophies that support practice. We have argued that our ideologic concern for the client must guide our choice of epistemologies to investigate the lived experience to those whom we serve. "What is at stake here is the ethic that is embedded in the epistemology that gives rise to kinds of research" (Brock, 1995, p.157) that meet the societal demands for professionalism and support a humanistic practice.
Genetic Approaches to the Function of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins during Rodent Development

Gene targeting provides a direct method for introducing mutations into specific mouse loci. This approach has been used productively to demonstrate that insulin-like growth factor (IGF) peptides and receptors are required for normal prenatal growth. Six genes comprising a third major component of the IGF system, the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), are all expressed during prenatal rodent development. One of these genes, IGFBP-2, has also been disrupted using gene targeting, and homozygous null BP-2 mice are characterized by a decreased spleen size and an increase in circulating levels of other IGFBPs. These alterations are less dramatic than initially expected based on the fetal IGFBP-2 expression pattern. These results are discussed in light of both other genetic ablations involving members of gene families and in the context of the expression of other IGFBPs in rodent fetal and uterine tissues.
Effect of hyperfine structure on ionization efficiencies in stepwise ionization using broad bandwidth lasers

Abstract It has recently been shown that in the stepwise excitation and ionization of an element with broad bandwidth lasers, there are major effects due to the fact that even and odd isotopes have different hyperfine structures. The increase in the number of levels and the decrease in the dipole matrix elements of the individual transitions leads to easily observable differences in ionization probabilities for isotopes with different nuclear spins. Here we describe two methods for eliminating biases due to hyperfine structure on the measurement of isotope ratios using broad bandwidth resonance ionization mass spectroscopy (RIMS).
Electromyography in pathologic bladder.

Abstract Detrusor electromyography, using a technique previously described, was performed on a group of conscious patients with pathologic bladders. A constant abnormal pattern was seen in patients with lower motor neuron lesions. The electromyographic pattern was different and also abnormal in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. In other patients with various voiding problems, the electromyographic pattern of detrusor activity appeared to correlate with the clinical findings. We recommend that when performing bladder electromyography an additional electrode be used simultaneously to monitor the electromyographic activity in the rectus abdominis muscle.
Japanese language model based on bigrams and its application to on-line character recognition

Abstract This paper deals with a postprocessing method based on the n -gram approach for Japanese character recognition. In Japanese a small number of phonetic characters (Kana) and thousands of Kanji characters, which are ideographs, are used for describing ordinary sentences. In other words, Japanese sentences not only have a large character set, but also include characters with different entropies. It is therefore difficult to apply conventional methodologies based on n -grams to postprocessing in Japanese character recognition. In order to resolve the above two difficulties, we propose a method that uses parts of speech in the following ways. One is to reduce the number of Kanji characters by clustering them according to the parts of speech that each Kanji character is used in. Another is to increase the entropy of a Kana character by classifying it into more detailed subcategories with part-of-speech attributes. We applied a bigram approach based on these two techniques to a Japanese language model. Experiments yielded the following two results: (1) our language model resolved the imbalance between Kana and Kanji characters, and reduced the perplexity of Japanese to less than 100, when Japanese newspaper texts (containing a total of approximately three million characters) were used for the learning of our model, and (2) the postprocessing using the model for on-line character recognition rectified about half of all substitution errors when the correct characters were among the candidates.
STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS AND METHYLATION OF TRANSFER RNA.

A rapidly labeled RNA fraction of the nucleolus has been isolated and partially characterized. This RNA component appears to be a precursor of transfer RNA. It contains neither pseudouridine nor methylated bases, and is unable to form amino acyl RNA. However, it resembles transfer RNA in base composition and molecular weight. It serves as a substrate for in vitro methylation to a greater extent than transfer RNA.
X-ray image reconstruction from a diffraction pattern alone

A solution to the inversion problem of scattering would offer aberration-free diffraction-limited three-dimensional images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems. Powerful algorithms are increasingly being used to act as lenses to form such images. Current image reconstruction methods, however, require the knowledge of the shape of the object and the low spatial frequencies unavoidably lost in experiments. Diffractive imaging has thus previously been used to increase the resolution of images obtained by other means. Here we experimentally demonstrate an inversion method, which reconstructs the image of the object without the need for any such prior knowledge.
Effect of mepiquat chloride and nitrogen levels on yield, growth characteristics, and elemental composition of cotton

A 3-year study was conducted to determine the effects of mepiquat chloride and N levels on yield and quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Mepiquat chloride (MC) treatments did not significantlyaffect yields; however, cotton lint yields (1980) were 688, 949, 1,011, and 1,045 kg/ha for N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen by MC interactions on yield were not significant for any of the 3 years. MC treatments reduced plant height for all N levels. Plant height averages over all N levels were reduced 15–33% by the addition of MC. The MC treatments significantly increased the percent of Ca and Mg in the cotton leaves on a dry-weight basis. Nitrogen concentrations of the leaves were not affected by MC treatments. Leaf N levels were not significantly affected by N fertilization in 1979, but leaf N levels in 1980 were significantly increased at the 90 kg N/ha rate when compared with the check treatment.
Unidimensional Versus Domain Representative Parceling of Questionnaire Items: An Empirical Example:

Two alternative methods for parceling questionnaire items for use in confirmatory analyses are presented. The first method requires that parcels must (a) pass a minimum standard of reliability and (b) provide indications of unidimensionality to be retained for analysis. The second method requires that parcels be equally representative of the multiple aspects of a domain. The parcels may then serve as adequate indicators for the general construct. The latter method is consistent with the rationale underlying aggregation of measures, a procedure currently recommended for improving the psychometric properties of behavioral measures of personality. The two methods for parceling and a comparison are illustrated with an empirical example.
Factors affecting the in vitro conversion of folic acid to citrovorum factor.

Abstract The occurrence of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of PGA to CF in vitro has been demonstrated in the supernatant fraction of chick liver homogenates after differential centrifugation. Precipitation with 40% alcohol was found to reduce greatly the enzyme activity. In confirmation of the work of others, ascorbic acid was found to stimulate the enzymatic formation of CF from PGA, and markedly to depress the conversion. Serine and homocysteine have a stimulatory effect on the system. As shown by Nichol (7) for extracts of S. faecalis/A, Mg++, ATP, and DPN stimulated the formation of CF from PGA by chick liver homogenates, but, in contrast to the results with cell-free fractions of bacteria, formate was inactive in this system.
Discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel SMN protein modulators.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the expression or function of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) due to the homozygous deletion or rare point mutations in the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1). The human genome includes a second nearly identical gene called SMN2 that is retained in SMA. SMN2 transcripts undergo alternative splicing with reduced levels of SMN. Up-regulation of SMN2 expression, modification of its splicing, or inhibition of proteolysis of the truncated protein derived from SMN2 have been discussed as potential therapeutic strategies for SMA. In this manuscript, we detail the discovery of a series of arylpiperidines as novel modulators of SMN protein. Systematic hit-to-lead efforts significantly improved potency and efficacy of the series in the primary and orthogonal assays. Structure–property relationships including microsomal stability, cell permeability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) studies were also investigated. We anticipate that a le...
Growth of vertically aligned Si wire arrays over large areas (>1 cm^2) with Au and Cu catalysts

Arrays of vertically oriented Si wires with diameters of 1.5 µm and lengths of up to 75 µm were grown over areas >1 cm^2 by photolithographically patterning an oxide buffer layer, followed by vapor-liquid-solid growth with either Au or Cu as the growth catalyst. The pattern fidelity depended critically on the presence of the oxide layer, which prevented migration of the catalyst on the surface during annealing and in the early stages of wire growth. These arrays can be used as the absorber material in novel photovoltaic architectures and potentially in photonic crystals in which large areas are needed.
A credit-bearing course for training SI leaders

This chapter describes key components in the design of a training course for SI leaders. It describes course content and accompanying theoretical frameworks, and explains how content is delivered.
A New Class of High-Order Energy Stable Flux Reconstruction Schemes

The flux reconstruction approach to high-order methods is robust, efficient, simple to implement, and allows various high-order schemes, such as the nodal discontinuous Galerkin method and the spectral difference method, to be cast within a single unifying framework. Utilizing a flux reconstruction formulation, it has been proved (for one-dimensional linear advection) that the spectral difference method is stable for all orders of accuracy in a norm of Sobolev type, provided that the interior flux collocation points are located at zeros of the corresponding Legendre polynomials. In this article the aforementioned result is extended in order to develop a new class of one-dimensional energy stable flux reconstruction schemes. The energy stable schemes are parameterized by a single scalar quantity, which if chosen judiciously leads to the recovery of various well known high-order methods (including a particular nodal discontinuous Galerkin method and a particular spectral difference method). The analysis offers significant insight into why certain flux reconstruction schemes are stable, whereas others are not. Also, from a practical standpoint, the analysis provides a simple prescription for implementing an infinite range of energy stable high-order methods via the intuitive flux reconstruction approach.
Magneto-Mechanical Finite Element Analysis of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys With Body Force and Body Couple

This work describes the coupling between the magnetostatic and mechanical problems. The aim is to investigate the influence of magnetic body force and magnetic body couple on the equilibrium equations. The magnetic body force and couple are computationally evaluated using finite element analysis over the domain of a magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) specimen with rectangular cross-section, subjected to applied magnetic and mechanical boundary conditions. The analysis presented in this paper studies the non uniform distribution of magnetic body force and body couple in the specimen and their impact on the Cauchy stress distribution.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Multi-wavelength Extreme Starburst Sample of Luminous Galaxies. I. Sample Characteristics

This paper introduces the Multi-wavelength Extreme Starburst Sample (MESS), a new catalog of 138 star-forming galaxies (0.1 < z < 0.3) optically selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey using emission line strength diagnostics to have a high absolute star formation rate (SFR; minimum 11 M ??yr?1 with median SFR ~ 61 M ??yr?1 based on a Kroupa initial mass function). The MESS was designed to complement samples of nearby star-forming galaxies such as the luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and ultraviolet luminous galaxies (UVLGs). Observations using the Multi-band Imaging Photometer (24, 70, and 160 ?m channels) on the Spitzer Space Telescope indicate that the MESS galaxies have IR luminosities similar to those of LIRGs, with an estimated median L TIR ~ 3 ? 1011 L ?. The selection criteria for the MESS objects suggest they may be less obscured than typical far-IR-selected galaxies with similar estimated SFRs. Twenty out of 70 of the MESS objects detected in the Galaxy Evolution Explorer FUV band also appear to be UVLGs. We estimate the SFRs based directly on luminosities to determine the agreement for these methods in the MESS. We compare these estimates to the emission line strength technique, since the effective measurement of dust attenuation plays a central role in these methods. We apply an image stacking technique to the Very Large Array FIRST survey radio data to retrieve 1.4 GHz luminosity information for 3/4 of the sample covered by FIRST including sources too faint, and at too high a redshift, to be detected in FIRST. We also discuss the relationship between the MESS objects and samples selected through alternative criteria. Morphologies will be the subject of a forthcoming paper.
The Acceptability of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine among Parents and Guardians of Newborn to 10-year-old Children

Study Objective The purpose of our study was to evaluate HPV vaccine acceptance among parents and guardians of children aged 0-10 years. Design Prospective questionnaire study. Setting Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital. Participants Parents and guardians of children aged 0-10 years. Interventions Brief HPV vaccine educational intervention. Outcome Measure Desire for child to get HPV vaccine. Results We enrolled 81 participants in the study; 70 (86%) were female, and 39 (49%) were Caucasian. Prior to receiving an educational fact sheet about HPV and the HPV vaccine, only 49% of participants reported that they wanted their young child to receive the HPV vaccine when it becomes available. After receiving the fact sheet, this number increased to 70%, suggesting that a simple educational intervention could significantly affect vaccine acceptance in this population (P = .001). Other significant results of this study included that HPV vaccination would receive greater acceptance if the participants believed that it can prevent HPV infection in their child (P = .0024), it was perceived to be safe (P = .0005), and if the vaccine were recommended by a physician (P < .0001). Participants’ attitudes about HPV vaccination were not affected by concerns over whether receiving the vaccine might mean the child is more likely to have sex or to have multiple sexual partners. Conclusions Our results suggest that if it were approved for children aged 0-10 years, the HPV vaccine would be accepted by the parents and guardians provided they received adequate educational information about it.
The Continuing Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Considerations for Clinical Investigation

The Tuskegee Study, an observational study of over 400 sharecroppers with untreated syphilis, was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service to document the course of the disease in blacks, and racial differences in the clinical manifestations of syphilis. The men were not told they had syphilis, not given counseling on avoiding spread of the disease, and not given treatment throughout the course of the study. The study became the longest (1932-1972) nontherapeutic experiment on humans in the history of medicine, and has come to represent not only the exploitation of blacks in medical history, but the potential for exploitation of any population that may be vulnerable because of race, ethnicity, gender, disability, age or social class. It is important for physicians who will be caring for an increasingly diverse nation to understand the lasting implications of this study for their patients, but the effects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study are demonstrated most strikingly by unsuccessful attempts at improving representation of minority patients in clinical trials.
Symbolism in California’s Early Market for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This study explores the symbolic meanings being created, appropriated, and communicated by the owners of hybrid electric vehicles. As symbolic meanings are shown to be important to hybrid electric vehicle purchase and use, understanding the meanings, as well as their construction and communication, is essential for policy makers and others hoping to promote these new types of vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles embody combinations of meanings that were previously unavailable from automobiles. Market observers who fail to recognize this struggle to explain why some people buy hybrid electric vehicles. They may characterize buyers as naive about calculating payback on fuel economy, or dismiss owners as image-seeking environmentalists. This research belies such simplistic explanations. Through the telling and analysis of buyers' own stories, this study takes a robust approach to understanding the creation and spread of new symbolic meanings in the automotive market. Data were collected in ethnographic interviews with hybrid electric vehicle owners in the California, and analyzed using methods based on semiotic theory. In particular, the study explores how widely recognized social meanings (denotations) are connected to more personal meanings (connotations) and the effect that both types of meanings have on vehicle purchase and use.
A simple and robust approach for higher order hybrid shock capturing methods

In this work, we present a simple hybrid finite dierence scheme which simultaneously achieves low numerical dissipation in smooth flow regions and robust shock capturing near flow discontinuities. Shock capturing is carried out with a standard first-order upwind scheme, while a high-order upwind-biased scheme is used away from discontinuities. A smoothness indicator adapted from the previous work of Ren et al. 8 is used to detect discontinuities, and the two schemes are smoothly blended with no adjustable parameters. This new methodology is simpler than most previous hybrid approaches, which generally rely on a weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for shock capturing. By avoiding the expensive weighting of stencils of varying order of accuracy, the present method achieves considerable time savings, while retaining the robustness of the WENO method. The new method is demonstrated on several model problems, from inviscid onedimensional to viscous two-dimensional examples.
JANUS KINASES: COMPONENTS OF MULTIPLE SIGNALING PATHWAYS

Cytoplasmic Janus protein tyrosine kinases (JAKs) are crucial components of diverse signal transduction pathways that govern cellular survival, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Evidence to date, indicates that JAK kinase function may integrate components of diverse signaling cascades. While it is likely that activation of STAT proteins may be an important function attributed to the JAK kinases, it is certainly not the only function performed by this key family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Emerging evidence indicates that phosphorylation of cytokine and growth factor receptors may be the primary functional attribute of JAK kinases. The JAK-triggered receptor phosphorylation can potentially be a rate-limiting event for a successful culmination of downstream signaling events. In support of this hypothesis, it has been found that JAK kinase function is required for optimal activation of the Src-kinase cascade, the Ras-MAP kinase pathway, the PI3K-AKT pathway and STAT signaling following the interaction of cytokine/interferon receptors with their ligands. Aberrations in JAK kinase activity, that may lead to derailment of one or more of the above mentioned pathways could disrupt normal cellular responses and result in disease states. Thus, over-activation of JAK kinases has been implicated in tumorigenesis. In contrast, loss of JAK kinase function has been found to result in disease states such as severe-combined immunodeficiency. In summary, optimal JAK kinase activity is a critical determinant of normal transmission of cytokine and growth factor signals.
SRL1: a new locus specific to the phyB‐signaling pathway in Arabidopsis

As part of an effort to isolate new Arabidopsis mutants specifically defective in responsiveness to red light, we identified srl1 (short hypocotyl in red light) by screening an EMS-mutagenized M2 population derived from a phytochrome B (phyB)-overexpressor line (ABO). The srl1 mutant shows enhanced responsiveness to continuous red but not far-red light, in both wild-type and ABO backgrounds, consistent with involvement in the phyB-signaling pathway but not that of phyA. The hypersensitive phenotype of srl1 is not due to overexpression of endogenous phyA or phyB, and the locus maps to the center of chromosome 2, distinct from any other known photomorphogenic mutants. srl1 seedlings display enhancement of several phyB-mediated responses, including shorter hypocotyls, more expanded cotyledons, shorter petioles and modestly higher levels of CAB gene expression under red light than the wild type. Double mutant analyses show that the hypersensitive phenotype of srl1 is completely phyB-dependent. The data suggest, therefore, that SRL1 may encode a negatively acting component specific to the phyB-signaling pathway.
A study of the herpes simplex virus-rabbit kidney cell system by the plaque technique

Abstract Herpes simplex virus on rabbit kidney monolayers forms plaques, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, in 4 to 6 days. There is a linear relationship between the virus concentration and the number of plaques. Approximately 50% of the virus is adsorbed on monolayers in 90 minutes. The titer of virus as determined by plaque count is 10 to 100 times higher than the titer on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. A study of some of the physical properties of herpes virus showed that less than 1% of the virus survives incubation at 37° for 24 hours. The virus is extremely sensitive to ether. It is quite resistant to sonic vibration and to freezing and thawing; these procedures actually increase the titer of crude virus preparations. Growth curves in monolayer cultures reveal a latent period of 8 hours and an average virus yield per cell of 280 plaque-forming units (pfu). When cells infected with virus:cell ratios of 1.6 or 0.22 were studied in dilute suspension, the latent period was 7 hours and there was an increase in the final yield by a factor of 100 over the latent period. When the virus:cell ratio was increased to 14 or 64, the latent period was reduced to 5 hours and the average factor of increase was 125. Sonic vibration of suspended cells infected with virus:cell ratios of 3 to 4 showed that intracellular virus makes its first appearance about 5 hours after infection; the average release time of intracellular virus was calculated to be 2.3 to 3.5 hours. The ability of rabbit kidney cells to support the growth of herpes virus is very resistant to irradiation with X-rays.
Optimum illumination for machine vision using optical scatter data

Knowledge of the bidirectional optical scatter function of surfaces comprising a 2D scene is used to predict and optimize characteristics of a digitally captured image of the scene. Mathematical expressions that describe certain image properties including contrast, brightness, glare, etc., are developed from the scatter functions. It is these mathematical expressions that are maximized or minimized with respect to a set of coordinates used to describe the orientation of a collimated light source and imaging system relative to the scene. In this way, it is shown how illumination can be analytically prescribed to attenuated or accentuated certain properties of digital images without the trial-and-error procedure currently in practice.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Magnetic resonance characterization of solid-state intermediates in the generation of ceramics by pyrolysis of hydridopolysilazane

Chemical intermediates produced from the pyrolysis of hydridopolysilazane (HPZ) were studied in the solid state by multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance. When pyrolysed at temperatures of 1200°C, uncured HPZ forms a ceramic material with a composition of Si2.2N2.2C1.0. A series of HPZ-derived ceramics was produced using a number of different heat-treatment temperatures, varying between 300 and 1200°C. Solid-state magnetic resonance data generated from this set of HPZ-derived ceramics elucidate important features of this complex transformation. Silicon atoms initially exist in two types of sites in the polymer, Si(Me)3 and ( )3SiH sites. Upon pyrolysis between 300 and 400°C, the silazane cyclizes and cross-links, forming an intractable, insoluble solid. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature to between 400 and 600°C creates a matrix that is partially inorganic; at heat-treatment temperatures in this range, many of the C-H bonds of the starting polymer are cleaved. Elevating the heat-treatment temperature to between 600 and 1200°C generates a series of chemical structures with silicon in a tetrahedral site of the general form SiN4−xCx, where x=0, 1, 2, 3, 4. No crystalline forms of Si3N4 or SiC were detected in the material prepared at even the highest heat-treatment temperature of 1200 °C.