cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chlamydia trachomatis hyp operon is homologous to the groE stress response operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A hyp operon was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Two cotranscribed open reading frames, hypA and hypB, encoded polypeptides of 17 and 57 kilodaltons, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of serovar A HypA and HypB proteins were (respectively) 85 and 94% identical with HypA and HypB proteins of Chlamydia psittaci GPIC, and HypB was greater than 50% identical to 60-kilodalton stress response proteins from other procaryotes and eucaryotes. The sequence should be useful in defining the antigenic structure of the Chlamydia trachomatis HypB protein, a necessary step toward understanding the relationship between the immune response to this protein and the pathogenesis of human chlamydial diseases.
Filling the Gap: Oral History in the Archives

Few manuscript collections contain thorough documentation of all phases of the subject's life, especially of those important phases during which his impact was most clearly evident. Even those periods of a donor's life that appear best documented will usually be found wanting; the documents seldom adequately reflect the considerations that contributed to key decisions and very rarely betray the donor's candid opinion of events and people with whom he interacted. Collections of personal papers are especially weak in the information they provide on the formative years of their donors—years that often hold the keys to perceptions that influenced their subsequent actions. Even correspondence does not always betray the author's inner thoughts, and it may, depending upon the intent behind it, be quite misleading to the researcher.In these and related instances oral history seems a necessity rather than the luxury it often appears to be. Without properly conducted interviews, the papers of a politician or busine...
Minimal Change Disease in Adults

Minimal change disease (MCD) is the etiology of the nephrotic syndrome in the majority of children and up to one-fourth of adults with this condition. The pathophysiology of MCD is poorly understood, but recent studies suggest the roles of regulatory T-cell dysfunction and specific podocyte proteins in its pathogenesis. Oral glucocorticoids are considered first-line therapy for adult MCD and lead to remission in over 80 % of cases. Most patients experience relapse, and some develop glucocorticoid dependence or resistance with further treatment. Here we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of MCD in adults.
PULMONARY THROMBI AS A CAUSE OF DYSPNEA IN ADULT CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE

Silent pulmonary thrombi can occur in up to 15-20% of Fontan-corrected adult congenital patients, but the prevalence or effects of pulmonary thrombi in uncorrected cyanotic heart disease is not well defined. A 37 year old male with uncorrected cyanotic heart disease, characterized by double inlet
Three new species of Acaulospora (Endogonaceae) from high aluminum, low pH soils in West Virginia

Three new species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are described: Acaulospora dilatata, Acaulospora lacunosa, and Acaulospora rugosa. All three species were most commonly associated with Andropogon virginicus growing in low pH, high aluminum soils. Each fungus differed markedly in spore wall surface characteristics, but all possessed an elastic inner wall that was amorphous in lactophenolbased mountants and stained dark reddish purple in Melzer's reagent.
NIOSH AutoROPS Latch and Release Mechanism: Second Generation

Approximately 132 agricultural tractor overturn fatalities occur per year (Myers and Snyder, 1993). The use of rollover protective structures on farm tractors (ROPS), along with operator seat belt use, is the best known method for preventing these fatalities. One impediment to universal ROPS use, however, is low clearance situations, such as orchards and animal confinement buildings. To address the need for ROPS that are easily adapted to low clearance situations, the Division of Safety Research (DSR), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), developed a prototype automatically deploying, telescoping ROPS (AutoROPS). The NIOSH AutoROPS consists of two subsystems. The first is a retractable ROPS that is normally mounted to the tractor axle and latched in its lowered position for day-to-day use. The second subsystem is a sensor that monitors the operating angle and rate of roll on two axes of the tractor. If an overturn condition is detected by the sensor, the retracted ROPS will deploy and lock in the full upright position before ground contact. This paper discusses the second generation design of the latch and release mechanism (LRM) for the NIOSH AutoROPS and recommends key areas for future surveillance and design research to best facilitate reduction in farm rollover fatalities.© 2002 ASME
Groups in which Raising to a Power is an Automorphism

For any group G and integer n, let Pn:G→G be the function defined by Pn(g) = gn for all g ϵ G. If G is abelian then Pn is a homomorphism for all n. Conversely, it is well known (and easy to show) that if P2 or P-1 is a homomorphism then G is abelian. As the groups Gn described below show, for every n other than 2 and -1 there exist non-abelian groups for which Pn is a homomorphism.
Activation of Bacteroides fragilis toxin by a novel bacterial protease contributes to anaerobic sepsis in mice

Bacteroides fragilis is the leading cause of anaerobic bacteremia and sepsis. Enterotoxigenic strains that produce B. fragilis toxin (BFT, fragilysin) contribute to colitis and intestinal malignancy, yet are also isolated in bloodstream infection. It is not known whether these strains harbor unique genetic determinants that confer virulence in extra-intestinal disease. We demonstrate that BFT contributes to sepsis in mice, and we identify a B. fragilis protease called fragipain (Fpn) that is required for the endogenous activation of BFT through the removal of its auto-inhibitory prodomain. Structural analysis of Fpn reveals a His-Cys catalytic dyad that is characteristic of C11-family cysteine proteases that are conserved in multiple pathogenic Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. Fpn-deficient, enterotoxigenic B. fragilis has an attenuated ability to induce sepsis in mice; however, Fpn is dispensable in B. fragilis colitis, wherein host proteases mediate BFT activation. Our findings define a role for B. fragilis enterotoxin and its activating protease in the pathogenesis of bloodstream infection, which indicates a greater complexity of cellular targeting and activity of BFT than previously recognized. The expression of fpn by both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains suggests that this protease may contribute to anaerobic sepsis in ways that extend beyond its role in toxin activation. It could thus potentially serve as a target for disease modification.
Can drug-induced Parkinsonism reveal pre-motor Parkinson disease? (P6.054)

OBJECTIVE: To characterize underlying striatal dopaminergic denervation in patients with presumed drug-induced Parkinsonism (DIP) and investigate its relationship to olfactory impairment (OI), a common pre-motor finding in Parkinson disease (PD). BACKGROUND: DIP associated with dopamine receptor-blocking antipsychotic (AP) drugs is common and can be clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Symptoms sometimes do not improve or worsen after AP withdrawal suggesting that DIP may represent “unmasking” of pre-motor PD. We have previously reported that OI was significantly more common in patients who did not recover from DIP. DESIGN/METHODS: We reviewed Ioflupane I123 SPECT scans (DaTI) that label striatal presynaptic dopaminergic neurons from 14 consecutive patients (13 male) with DIP. Scans were read as normal or abnormal by a nuclear medicine physician. Semi-quantitative analysis of uptake in the caudate, anterior putamen and posterior putamen was performed by a separate observer blinded to clinical and olfactory data. Olfactory scores below the 10th percentile normalized for age and gender were considered abnormal. RESULTS: DaTI was abnormal in 4/14 (29[percnt]) of DIP subjects. Olfactory testing was available for 9 subjects and was concordant with DaTI result in 8/9 (89[percnt]) of cases. In semi-quantitative DaTI, minimal uptake in the posterior putamen was significantly lower in DIP/OI (N=3) compared to those with normal olfaction (N=4) (1.1±0.5 vs 2.3±0.3, p=0.04). Posterior putamen uptake in DIP/OI was similar to a PD group (p=0.43, N=4) whereas DIP subjects with normal olfaction were similar to tremor patients (p=1.0, N=4). Average posterior putamen uptake was strongly correlated with olfactory score, adjusting for age (r=0.92, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Olfactory testing may be a simple, inexpensive screen to help identify DIP subjects with underlying dopaminergic denervation, consistent with pre-motor PD. Identification of cohorts with pre-motor PD offers opportunities to study and intervene at the earliest stages of disease. Disclosure: Dr. Morley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cheng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dubroff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wilkinson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Duda holds stock and/or stock options in General Electric and Celgene, Inc.
Nonlinear Elasticity for Mesh Deformation with High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for the Navier-Stokes Equations on Deforming Domains

We present a numerical framework for simulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on problems with deforming domains where the boundary motion is prescribed by moving meshes. Our goal is a high-order accurate, efficient, robust, and general purpose simulation tool. To obtain this, we use a discontinuous Galerkin space discretization, diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta time integrators, and fully unstructured meshes of triangles and tetrahedra. To handle the moving boundaries, a mapping function is produced by first deforming the mesh using a neo-Hookean elasticity model and a high-order continuous Galerkin FEM method. The resulting nonlinear equations are solved using Newton’s method and a robust homotopy approach. From the deformed mesh, we compute grid velocities and deformations that are consistent with the time integration scheme. These are used in a mapping-based arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, with numerically computed mapping Jacobians which satisfy the geometric conservation law. We demonstrate our methods on a number of problems, ranging from model problems that confirm the high-order accuracy to the flow in domains with complex deformations.
Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization in Sichuan,2009-2011

Objective To evaluate the implementation of the surveillance on adverse events following immunization(AEFI) in Sichuan province,and to analyze the characteristics of AEFI as well as the service quality of vaccination.Methods Monitoring data of AEFI reported by Sichuan province during 2009-2011 from the national AEFI monitoring system was collected and analyzed with the method of descriptive epidemiology.Results By December 31st.2011,96.20% counties in Sichuan reported AEFI.A total of 2 325 cases of AEFI were reported,mainly distributed in September,June and April.Among the cases,more males were reported than females;children under 1 year old accounted for 30.75% of the total;AEFI occurred within 1 day after inoculation accounted for 79.05%.Among the causes,the general reaction and abnormal response accounted for 87.06% of the total,followed by coupling,and other causes were few.The reported incidence rate of AEFI originated from the national immunization program(NIP) vaccine was 0.35-64.25 per one million agents,far less than the expected number.Conclusion The timeliness,integrity and sensitivity of AEFI monitoring in Sichuan province are comparatively low;the quality needs to be further improved.AEFI often occurs among young children and in the early stage after vaccinating,which should be the focus of monitoring.
Much Ado about Something Important: How do Exchange Rate Movements Affect Inflation?

Understanding how exchange rate movements ‘pass-through’ to prices and inflation is critically important for monetary policy. Yet key tenets of our standard framework for analyzing this ‘pass-through’ have recently not performed well in the UK. Instead, a new framework is needed—of incorporating the cause of the exchange rate movement when analyzing its effects. This new framework can explain why sterling's movements have had such different effects on import prices and inflation over time. It should also improve the ability of central banks to predict inflation and set monetary policy appropriately.
Conceptual design of a sapphire loaded coupler for superconducting radio-frequency 1.3 GHz cavities

This paper explores a hybrid mode rf structure that served as a superconducting radio-frequency coupler. This application achieves a reflection ${\mathrm{S}}_{(1,1)}$ varying from 0 to $\ensuremath{-}30\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{db}$ and delivers cw power at 7 KW. The coupler has good thermal isolation between the 2 and 300 K sections due to vacuum separation. Only one single hybrid mode can propagate through each section, and no higher order mode is coupled. The analytical and numerical analysis for this coupler is given and the design is optimized. The coupling mechanism to the cavity is also discussed.
Quantum Mechanical Information is Ubiquitous

Many scientists interested in the foundations of physics agree with Einstein that reality exists independently of the observer and that different observers will have a relative perception of reality. In deference to positivism these scientists then put their concern into how an observer is to function in a world structured by quantum mechanics where the data come from the collapsing of wave functions. The collapsing of a wave function brought on by an observation seems to create something like a contradiction with the first sentence in this paragraph. However, this is being removed in many ways.
Achieving Common Operational Data (COD): A conceptual informational framework using the Unified Incident Command and Decision Support™ (UICDS™) approach

Common Operational Data (COD) is the essential building block of emergency information sharing. This paper describes how a Conceptual Interoperability Framework is being operationalized by UICDS, a national middleware developed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and deployed across the country. The interoperability model defines three layers essential to composing an information sharing system: data, integration, and presentation. UICDS employs the principles of this model using international data exchange standards to achieve COD. UICDS links to existing applications and enables two-way, collaborative sharing of data through the integration layer. Content in the integration layer is managed by UICDS allowing applications to obtain and compose coherent views of the current situation. Overcoming the information sharing obstacles of governance and process is aided by having an operational integration layer which handles security, data ownership, and information sharing agreements in a flexible way that is defined by local concepts of operations. Finally, the UICDS concept of sharing only a fraction of data, that which is useful to manage relationships among organizations, contributes to building trust among the sharing partners.
A Process for Visualizing Disordered Molecular Data with a Case Study in Bulk Water

Existing molecular visualizations do a good job of illuminating well-defined structures, but are ill-suited to visualizing subtle organization when the data is almost entirely disordered. We introduce a process to explore these subtle structures by visualizing an abstraction of the data. The process includes a quantitative verification step to mitigate the ambiguity induced by abstraction. We perform a case study using molecular dynamics simulation data of bulk water to demonstrate the efficacy of our process. The visualized abstractions show molecular behaviors which only happen amongst aggregates, and which would be occluded or indiscernible in a direct visualization. The effect is shown across multiple data sets with different temporal and thermal parameters. In conjunction with domain experts from the Chemistry department who performed the simulation, we confirm our observations using the quantitative verification step of our process.
Low cycle fatigue analysis and test methodology for fine pitch leaded surface mount components

In support of Avionics Integrity Program (AVIP) contracts, Rockwell has implemented a methodology that allows for the rapid evaluation of fine pitch leaded surface mount components. In order to provide an evaluation tool at the front end of the design process, the methodology builds upon a set of simplified equations developed by Werner Engelmaier and Robert Kotlowitz. This paper describes the methodology used to correlate the simplified equations using a combination of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and temperature cycle life testing. The testing is designed to account for process variability and to verify the FEA results.
A novel method for identifying complex zeros by searching the laplace-plane for local minima

In this paper, we develop a novel technique for computing the complex-conjugate zeros of rational transfer functions in partial fraction form, by searching the complex Laplace s-plane for the local minima of the determinant of a block matrix derived from the state-space equations. A higher resolution scan, in the vicinity of each local minima, may be used to increase precision of the zeros. This method can be applied to antennas to extract the zeros from the antenna response. One numerical example and one practical coax patch antenna example have been used to illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.
On Direct vs. Indirect Peer Influence in Large Social Networks

With the availability of large-scale network data, peer influence in social networks can be more rigorously examined and understood than before. Peer influence can arise from immediate neighbors in the network (formally defined as cohesion or direct ties with one-hop neighbors) and from indirect peers who share common neighbors (formally defined as structural equivalence or indirect ties with two-hop neighbors). While the literature examined the role of each peer influence (direct or indirect) separately, the study of both peer network effects acting simultaneously was ignored, largely because of methodological constraints. This paper attempts to fill this gap by evaluating the simultaneous effect of both direct and indirect peer influences in technology adoption in the context of caller ringback tone (CRBT) in a cellular telephone network, using data from 200 million calls by 1.4 million users. Given that such a large-scale network makes traditional social network analysis intractable, we extract many de...
Visco-Elastic Models for Soft Tissues

The simplest, and much utilized (despite its numerous shortcomings), model for soft tissue is based on the assumption of a linear elastic medium, although there is substantial evidence to suggest that soft tissue is, in fact, visco-elastic in nature. Here we discuss the simple and direct inclusion of visco-elastic concepts into descriptions of soft tissue. The two most elementary linear visco-elastic mechanical models (Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt) are discussed. The wave equations for pressure propagation in these media are derived and their absorption and velocity dispersion characteristics are examined. One interesting feature is that explicit pulsed wave solutions may be derived in some cases. Another finding is that absorptive behavior may be characterized in a relative efficient manner, without recourse to the usual frequency-dependent description. The extent to which these media can be regarded as suitable for tissue modeling purposes is investigated. The incorporation of scattering into these models may be effected in the usual manner, except that scattering by absorption fluctuations is also predicted.
Central Nervous System Demyelination in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection

The pathogenesis of primary and reactivated herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is examined in mice to determine its nervous system effects and its potential for causing demyelination. In intracerebrally and vaginally infected mice, there is a broad spectrum of possible disease outcomes. A mainly demyelinative CNS pathology is the consequence of non-fatal infections, while animals with fatal infectious have non-selective, severe infection and disease of both the gray and white matter. The mechanism of demyelination involves the infection and loss of oligodendrocytes, but whether this is a purely cytolytic infectious process is unclear. Elongated spinal cord demyelinative lesions which appear to be tract associated, and presence of virus in axons in acute demyelinative lesions suggest a model of virus spread from neurons to the cells that myelinate their axons, with amplification of infection in the white matter. In the genital infection model, antibody responses may appear late or be undetected, thymic cortical necrosis tends to segregate with severe infection, and the capacity to isolate virus from lymphoid tissues is restricted to animals with fatal infections, raising the possibility that at virus-induced immunosuppression may be a determinant of severe infections. In a model of viral latency established by a genital route in which 50% or more of mice develop small demyelinative cord lesions during primary infections, HSV-2 reactivations were successfully induced in many mice using immunosuppressive treatment. With reactivation, virus could be isolated from the vagina and CNS. Antigen was found in T9-L2 and L6-S2 ganglia, with lesser amounts in distal roots and in the spinal cord; recurrent CNS demyelinative lesions were not found. The potential importance of these findings in understanding human HSV-2 infection and demyelinative disease is discussed.
The Impact of Economic Globalization On Compliance

The introductory chapter of this book begins by defining globalization and the novel notion of the “common concern of humanity” and describes the ethical, cultural, and economic considerations underlying protection of the biosphere. The chapter describes the evolution of the common concern of humanity in depth and describes the increased presence of international organizations. Next, the chapter introduces the Marrakesh Charter and its corresponding economic principles. The chapter concludes that there exists the need to create an international liability system for both states and individuals for environmental degradation caused by international trade.
Measuring park visitation vulnerability to climate extremes in U.S. Rockies National Parks tourism

ABSTRACTChanges in temperature and precipitation can affect tourist experiences. This study examines how summer park visitation has changed in response to temperature and precipitation extremes. The study goals were two-fold. The first is to introduce a framework and the second is to test it in a pilot region with four mountainous National Parks. The framework is designed to compare the vulnerability of seasonal park visitation to shifts in a combined indicator of temperature and precipitation. It uniquely considers needed measurements, and the data required to conduct an analysis. The second goal is to test it in four destinations in the U.S. Northern Rockies, including Glacier, Yellowstone, Grand Teton, and Rocky Mountain National Parks. The preliminary test reveals outlier cases of visitation under wet and dry extremes. The analysis connects time series climate and visitation data for the peak summer season from 1991–2012. Outlier analysis illustrates more change in extremely dry conditions, with four ...
A Novel Approach for Using TSVs As Membrane Capacitance in Neuromorphic 3-D IC

An advanced neurophysiological computing system can incorporate a 3-D integration system composed of emerging nano-scale devices to provide massive parallelism having high speed, low cost, and energy efficient hardware implementation. Due to process technology constraints, a certain amount of redundant through silicon vias (TSVs) and dummy TSVs are always required in a 3-D integrated system. In this paper, we propose to use these redundant and dummy TSVs to supply the neuronal membrane capacitance that maps the membrane electrical activity in a hybrid 3-D neuromorphic system. This proposition could also serve the need of neuronal ion transportation dynamics. We also investigate two new methodologies that could significantly enhance the TSV capacitance in a 3-D neuromorphic system. The capacitance of these enhanced TSVs is studied with analytical models; the accuracy of the models are evaluated against 3-D field extracted values. The advantage of using the TSVs to mimic membrane capacitance in a 3-D neuromorphic chip is demonstrated through comparisons of both silicon area and energy consumption against their 2-D counterpart designs.
Proceedings of the NASHNP Companion Meeting, March 18th, 2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada: Salivary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma—An Overview of a Rare Disease with an Emphasis on Determining Tumor Origin

Salivary neuroendocrine carcinomas are rare and the overwhelming majority is high-grade. The parotid gland is the most commonly involved site followed by the submandibular gland. Most arise de novo but rare examples occurring as a high-grade transformation of another type of salivary gland neoplasm exist. There is significant morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap with neuroendocrine carcinomas of other sites, especially the skin. Like cutaneous neuroendocrine (or Merkel cell) carcinomas, approximately three-fourths are cytokeratin 20 positive. Cytokeratin 20 positive salivary neuroendocrine carcinomas are often referred to as being of the ‘Merkel cell type’ since most other non-cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinomas are cytokeratin 20 negative. Salivary neuroendocrine carcinomas may be challenging to separate from Merkel cell carcinomas of the head and neck on pathologic grounds because the latter often metastasize to the parotid gland. Clinical history is often relied upon to separate primary salivary tumors from cutaneous metastases but may not be helpful in all cases. Here we review the clinical, pathologic and molecular features of salivary neuroendocrine carcinomas focusing on high-grade major salivary gland tumors. The difficulty in separating salivary tumors from metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma will be highlighted.
Infinite-horizon average-cost Markov decision process routing games

We explore an extension of nonatomic routing games that we call Markov decision process routing games where each agent chooses a transition policy between nodes in a network rather than a path from an origin node to a destination node, i.e. each agent in the population solves a Markov decision process rather than a shortest path problem. This type of game was first introduced in [1] in the finite-horizon total-cost case. Here we present the infinite-horizon average-cost case. We present the appropriate definition of a Wardrop equilibrium as well as a potential function program for finding the equilibrium. This work can be thought of as a routing-game-based formulation of continuous population stochastic games (mean-field games or anonymous sequential games). We apply our model to ridesharing drivers competing for fares in an urban area.
Formulating Conceptual Framework for Multidisciplinary STEM Modeling

This chapter builds on the accumulated research findings of previous chapters and proposes a theoretical framework to design multidisciplinary STEM activities whose main learning goal is to develop students’ mathematical and scientific reasoning skills. Research showed that mathematics in the STEM is underrepresented; therefore, enhancing mathematical reasoning was given a priority. Also, the theoretical framework aims to have students mathematize phenomena and use the structures to support problem-solving techniques. This chapter explains the structure of the framework (Fig. 6.1) along with how the links between mathematical and scientific concepts will mediate. While the framework is proposed for mathematics classes, it can also be used to design activities in other STEM disciplines. The framework was used to develop activities that are described in Chaps. 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Examining Statistics of Workflow Evolution Provenance: A First Study

Provenance (also referred to as audit trail, lineage, and pedigree) captures information about the steps used to generate a given data product. Such information provides documentation that is key to determining data quality and authorship, and necessary for preserving, reproducing, sharing and publishing the data. Workflow design, in particular for exploratory tasks (e.g., creating a visualization, mining a data set), requires an involved, trial-and-error process. To solve a problem, a user has to iteratively refine a workflow to experiment with different techniques and try different parameter values, as she formulates and test hypotheses. The maintenance of detailed provenance (or history) of this process has many benefits that go beyond documentation and result reproducibility. Notably, it supports several operations that facilitate exploration, including the ability to return to a previous workflow version in an intuitive way, to undo bad changes, to compare different workflows, and to be reminded of the actions that led to a particular result [2].
Risk in Defense Policy Decisions

This paper shows how the use of risk analysis and decision theory can improve the strategic debate and the choice of some defense policies. Three different levels of abstraction and quantification in the use of these methods are presented and illustrated. In all three cases, Bayesian techniques permit reasonings and conclusions that are not easily achievable, if at all reachable, by classical methods of strategic analysis.
The Leadership Challenge in Family-Based Services: Policy, Practice, and Research:

Growing interest in family-based services creates challenges and opportunities for individual practitioners as well as service agencies. This paper focuses on the specific nature of these challenge...
Trends in nonindigenous aquatic species richness in the United States reveal shifting spatial and temporal patterns of species introductions

Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics underlying the introduction and spread of nonindigenous aquatic species (NAS) can provide important insights into the historical drivers of biological invasions and aid in forecasting future patterns of nonindigenous species arrival and spread. Increasingly, public databases of species observation records are being used to quantify changes in NAS distributions across space and time, and are becoming an important resource for researchers, managers, and policy-makers. Here we use publicly available data to describe trends in NAS introduction and spread across the conterminous United States over more than two centuries of observation records. Available data on first records of NAS reveal significant shifts in dominance of particular introduction patterns over time, both in terms of recipient regions and likely sources. These spatiotemporal trends at the continental scale may be subject to biases associated with regional variation in sampling effort, reporting, and data curation. We therefore also examined two additional metrics, the number of individual records and the spatial coverage of those records, which are likely to be more closely associated with sampling effort. Our results suggest that broad-scale patterns may mask considerable variation across regions, time periods, and even entities contributing to NAS sampling. In some cases, observed temporal shifts in species discovery may be influenced by dramatic fluctuations in the number and spatial extent of individual observations, reflecting the possibility that shifts in sampling effort may obscure underlying rates of NAS introduction.
Certainty as social justice: Understanding childless academic women's reproductive decisiveness

Abstract This paper explores how two Canadian academics make sense of their experiences as voluntarily childless women, and what their accounts can tell us about the social relations of not-mothering. Drawing on in-depth semi-structured interviews, the paper argues that these accounts present a challenge to the neoliberalization of academia, pronatalism, and essentialist discourses equating women's voluntary childlessness with selfishness. More specifically, the paper suggests that both women embody “responsible ambivalence” – that is, intersecting ethics of responsibility to the self and others. In honouring their preference not to mother, and in interpreting that preference in critically reflexive terms, the women demonstrate a commitment to social justice belying the suggestion that they are thinking only of themselves. Their certainty about what they want personally is inextricable from an orientation to progressive social change, demonstrating that voluntary childlessness is not selfish, but is in fact responsible in a variety of complex and interrelated ways.
Differences in the research domains of knowledge organization between academic researchers and library practitioners: preliminary results

This poster presents preliminary findings from a study that explores the research domain in the field of Knowledge Organization (KO) by comparing the publications contributed by academic researchers and library practitioners. We analyzed 914 articles in three representative KO journals using text mining. The preliminary findings reveal the distinct gaps in research topics between the two groups. Academic researchers contributed more to the realm of theories and fundamental concepts while library practitioners were more interested in specific library practices.
Renal Dopamine Oxidation and Inflammation in High Salt Fed Rats.

Background Oxidative stress and high salt intake could be independent or intertwined risk factors in the origin of hypertension. Kidneys are the major organ to regulate sodium homeostasis and blood...
Correction to: Ultrathin Metasurface Wavelength-Selective Mirror for Millimeter/TerahertzWave Fabry-Perot Cavities

The original article contains error in one of the author family names John Koulakisf should read as John Koulakis.
Promoting Solar Panel Investments: Feed-in-Tariff Versus Tax-Rebate Policies

Problem Definition: Governments have adopted various subsidy policies to promote investment in renewable energy sources, such as rooftop solar panels. The German government uses a feed-in-tariff policy that provides a guaranteed stream of payments for each unit of electricity generated by a household. In contrast, the U.S. government uses a tax-rebate policy that reduces the initial investment cost and the household receives the retail price for the generated electricity. In this paper, we study the key practical factors that favor one policy over the other from the perspective of the government. These factors are the heterogeneity in the generating efficiency, the variability in the electricity price, and the variability in the investment cost. Academic Relevance: Unlike the previous literature on the feed-in-tariff and tax-rebate policies, we focus on the effects of variability on a household's investment timing. We identify the optimal policy for the government to manage the aggregate household investment, accounting for the heterogeneity in efficiency. Methodology: We consider an infinite-horizon, continuous-time model where the government moves first and announces either a feed-in tariff or tax rebate. Then, each household dynamically decides if and when to invest in a unit of solar panel. The objective of the government is to maximize the expected value of a subsidy policy, i.e., the difference between the societal benefit of solar panel investments and the subsidy cost over time. Results: We characterize the timing of the investment decision of the households and the optimal subsidy parameters for the government. We identify which practical factors favor the feed-in-tariff or the tax-rebate policy. Policy Implications: Our results suggest that a government should prefer the feed-in-tariff policy when the electricity price is highly uncertain. Intuitively, feed-in-tariff policy eliminates the price variability; thus, it removes the strategic delay in the investment. The tax-rebate policy should be adopted if the households are heterogeneous in generating efficiency, if the investment cost is highly variable, or if the price and cost uncertainty are positively correlated.
Levels of Analysis for Machine Learning

Machine learning is currently involved in some of the most vigorous debates it has ever seen. Such debates often seem to go around in circles, reaching no conclusion or resolution. This is perhaps unsurprising given that researchers in machine learning come to these discussions with very different frames of reference, making it challenging for them to align perspectives and find common ground. As a remedy for this dilemma, we advocate for the adoption of a common conceptual framework which can be used to understand, analyze, and discuss research. We present one such framework which is popular in cognitive science and neuroscience and which we believe has great utility in machine learning as well: Marr's levels of analysis. Through a series of case studies, we demonstrate how the levels facilitate an understanding and dissection of several methods from machine learning. By adopting the levels of analysis in one's own work, we argue that researchers can be better equipped to engage in the debates necessary to drive forward progress in our field.
Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management Principles in the Design of a Salmon Ocean Ecology Program

Two decades have passed since the initiation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s research program aimed at advancing the understanding of estuary and ocean ecology of U.S. West Coast Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). In this review and prospectus, we summarize key findings from this program and describe a plan for transitioning it to better support Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM). While we focus on salmon research, our approach applies to research design generally. Our path forward involves increasing understanding of ecosystem processes to improve the dependability of scenario testing under novel conditions. Over the past two decades, we developed a conceptual model for how climate, predators, prey, fisheries, and human activities influence salmon. Knowledge gaps we identified from our conceptual model include limited understanding of salmon distributions, behavior, maturation dynamics, and population dynamics, and salmon interactions with predators, competitors, and prey during winter. We consider emerging risks and vulnerabilities facing salmon and propose analysis frameworks for evaluating them. Increased predator populations, coupled with climate change, pose increasing threats to West Coast salmon and will require new strategies and actions to mitigate their negative impacts. We propose research to support the development of decision-support tools to evaluate tradeoffs associated with alternative management strategies and to inform an adaptive ecosystem management system to improve the resilience of salmon populations and salmon-dependent fisheries.
Association between Respiratory Morbidity and Labor in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Objective This study aimed to the assess risk of respiratory morbidity in neonates born to women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) delivered after labor compared with those delivered without exposure to labor. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a prospective single-center cohort study of singleton pregnancies complicated by GDM. Neonates who were liveborn and delivered at ≥34 weeks' gestation were included. The primary outcome was respiratory morbidity defined as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) resulting in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Neonates born after labor (either spontaneous or induced) were compared with those delivered by cesarean delivery without labor. Associations between labor and neonatal morbidities were estimated using logistic regression. Covariates were adjusted for if they differed significantly between neonates exposed to and not exposed to labor (p Results Of the 581 neonates meeting study inclusion criteria, 23.2% delivered without exposure to labor. Those who did and did not experience labor delivered at similar gestational ages (38.6 vs. 38.4 weeks). Thirty-six neonates (6.2%) developed RDS or TTN and were admitted to the NICU. Exposure to labor was associated with a lower frequency of respiratory morbidity requiring admission to NICU, 4.9% (22/446) versus 10.4% (14/135) (p = 0.04). After adjusting for parity, body mass index, birth weight, gestational weight gain more than Institute of Medicine guidelines, race, and exposure to labor were associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.41 (95% confidence interval: 0.18–0.89). Conclusion Exposure to labor was associated with decreased odds of respiratory morbidity in neonates born to mothers with GDM. Limiting elective cesarean in this population can reduce health care costs and optimize neonatal health. Key Points
The structure of generic automorphisms of the random poset

We examine properties of generic automorphisms of the random poset, with the goal of explicitly characterizing them. We associate to each automorphism an auxiliary first-order structure, consisting of the random poset equipped with an infinite sequence of binary relations which encode the action of the automorphism. We then explicitly characterize generic automorphisms in terms of properties of this structure. Two notable such properties are ultrahomogeneity, and universality for a certain class of finite structures in this language. As this auxiliary structure seems to be new, we also address some model-theoretic questions. In particular, this structure fails to be saturated, and its theory neither is $\omega$-categorical nor admits quantifier-elimination, in contrast to many known ultrahomogeneous structures in finite languages. We also examine orbitals -- order-convex hulls of orbits -- and their use in describing automorphisms. In particular, we introduce and use new orders on the space of orbitals.
Assessment of Course-Based Research Modules Based on Faculty Research in Introductory Biology.

ABSTRACT Calls for early exposure of all undergraduates to research have led to the increased use and study of course-based research experiences (CREs). CREs have been shown to increase measures of persistence in the sciences, such as science identity, scientific self-efficacy, project ownership, scientific community values, and networking. However, implementing CREs can be challenging and resource-intensive. These barriers may be partly mitigated by the use of short-term CRE modules rather than semester- or year-long projects. One study has shown that a CRE module captures some of the known benefits of CREs as measured by the Persistence in the Sciences (PITS) survey. Here, we used this same survey to assess outcomes for introductory biology students who completed a semester of modular CREs based on faculty research at an R1 university. The results indicated levels of self-efficacy, science community values, and science identity similar to those previously reported for students in the Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) full-semester CRE. Scores for project ownership (content) were between previously reported traditional lab and CRE scores, while project ownership (emotion) and networking were similar to those of traditional labs. Our results suggest that modular CREs can lead to significant gains in student affect measures that have been linked to persistence in the sciences in other studies. Although gains were not as great in all measures as with a semester-long CRE, implementation of modular CREs may be more feasible and offers the added benefits of exposing students to diverse research fields and lab techniques.
COMMUNITY ROLE IN MODAL CHOICE FOR TRANSIT SYSTEM PLANNING

The Buffalo, N.Y., SMSA is currently anticipating the construction of a rail rapid transit system. This rail rapid transit system is to be contained in a central corridor going from the existing CBD in Buffalo to the rapidly developing new State University campus and planned new community in the suburban areas. Current travel patterns and their changes in the past decade have been examined together with changes in population, employment, and shopping characteristics. As the proposed rapid transit is the culmination of a long transportation planning process begun in the early 1960's, the history of this process is reviewed. Issues that have arisen by community groups in the impact area are traced. It is noted that the diversity of the issues and current concerns regarding planning have arisen from previous transportation actions, job availability, and dependence upon the car. The paper concludes with an assessment of current actions in the corridor area.
Enflurane inhibits NMDA, AMPA, and kainate-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing mouse and human brain mRNA.

Effects of enflurane, an inhalational anesthetic, on NMDA, AMPA, and kainate-gated currents were examined in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing mouse or human brain mRNA. In oocytes expressing mouse...
The polyserine tract of herpes simplex virus ICP4 is required for normal viral gene expression and growth in murine trigeminal ganglia.

ICP4 of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is essential for productive infection due to its central role in the regulation of HSV transcription. This study identified a region of ICP4 that is not required for viral growth in culture or at the periphery of experimentally inoculated mice but is critical for productive growth in the trigeminal ganglia. This region of ICP4 encompasses amino acids 184 to 198 and contains 13 nearly contiguous serine residues that are highly conserved among the alphaherpesviruses. A mutant in which this region is deleted (ΔSER) was able to grow on the corneas of mice and be transported back to the trigeminal ganglia. ΔSER did not grow in the trigeminal ganglia but did express low levels of several immediate-early (ICP4 and ICP27) and early (thymidine kinase [tk] and UL42) genes. It expressed very low levels of the late gC gene and did not appear to replicate DNA. This pattern of gene expression was similar to that observed for a tk mutant, dlsptk. Both ΔSER and dlsptk expressed higher levels of the latency-associated transcript (LAT) per genome earlier in infected ganglia than did the wild-type virus, KOS. However, infected ganglia from all three viruses accumulated the same level of LAT per genome at 30 days postinfection (during latency). The data suggest that the polyserine tract of ICP4 provides an activity that is required for lytic infection in ganglia to progress to viral DNA synthesis and full lytic gene expression. In the absence of this activity, higher levels of LAT per genome accumulate earlier in infection than with wild-type virus.
Vertical integration in the U.S. auto industry : A note on the influence of transaction specific assets

Abstract Recent refinements in the theory of the firm suggest that organization form may be sensitive not only to the degree to which assets are specific to a transaction but also to the type of capital employed. This paper reports evidence regarding the relative influence of transaction-specific investments in physical and human capital on the pattern of vertical integration using new data obtained directly from U.S. auto manufacturers. The results support the proposition that investments in specialized technical know-how have a stronger influence than those in specialized physical capital on the decision to integrate production within the firm.