cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compensation of measurable disturbances for two-time-scale nonlinear systems

This paper deals with a class of two-time-scale nonlinear systems with time-varying disturbances, modeled within the framework of singular perturbations. Systems in both standard and nonstandard form are considered. For these systems, we synthesize well-conditioned control laws that utilize feedback of the full state vector and feedforward compensation of disturbances to exponentially stabilize the fast dynamics and enforce a pre-specified input/output behavior independently of the disturbances in the closed-loop slow subsystem. Singular perturbation methods are employed to establish that the discrepancy between the output of the closed-loop full-order system and the output of the closed-loop slow subsystem is proportional to the value of the singular perturbation parameter. The stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed using Lyapunov's direct method and precise conditions that guarantee boundedness of the trajectories, for sufficiently small values of the singular perturbation parameter, are derived. The application of the developed methodology is illustrated through a catalytic continuous stirred tank reactor example, modeled as a singularly perturbed system in nonstandard form.
Atrial septal pacing in small dogs: a pilot study.

Abstract Objective To determine the feasibility of atrial septal pacing via a delivery catheter-guided small non-retracting helix pacing lead. Animals Six healthy beagles (8.3-12.9 kg). Methods Using single plane fluoroscopic guidance, Medtronic ® 3830 SelectSecure leads were connected to the atrial septum via Medtronic® Attain Select® II standard 90 Left Heart delivery catheter. Pacing threshold and lead impedance were measured at implantation. The Wenckebach point was tested via atrial pacing up to 220 paced pulses per minute (ppm). Thoracic radiographs were performed following implantation to identify the lead position, and repeated at 24 h, 1 month, and 3 months post-operatively. Results Macro-lead dislodgement occurred in two dogs at 24 h and in three dogs at one-month post-implantation. Lead impedance, measured at the time of implantation, ranged from 583 to 1421 Ω. The Wenckebach point was >220 ppm in four of the six dogs. The remaining two dogs had Wenckebach points of 120 and 190 ppm. Conclusions This pilot study suggests the selected implantation technique and lead system were inadequate for secure placement in the atrial septum of these dogs. The possible reasons for inadequate stability include unsuitable lead design for this location, inadequate lead slack at the time of implantation and inadequate seating of the lead as evidenced by low impedance at the time of implantation. Other implantation techniques and/or pacing leads should be investigated to determine the optimal way of pacing the atria in small breed dogs that are prone to sinus node dysfunction.
Relation Between Bond-Length Alternation and Second Electronic Hyperpolarizability of Conjugated Organic Molecules

The solvent dependence of the second hyperpolarizability, γ, of a variety of unsaturated organic compounds has been measured by third harmonic generation at 1907 nanometers. It is seen that the measured y is a function of solvent polarity. These solvent-dependent hyperpolarizabilities are associated with changes in molecular geometry from a highly bond-length alternated, polyene-like structure for a formyl-substituted compound in nonpolar solvents, to a cyanine-like structure, with little bond-length alternation, for a dicyanovinyl-substituted compound in polar solvents. By tuning bond-length alternation, γ can be optimized in either a positive or negative sense for polymethine dyes of a given conjugation length.
The Development of Spatial Skills Through Interventions Involving Block Building Activities

This study investigated the use of block-building interventions to develop spatial-reasoning skills in kindergartners. Two intervention conditions and a control condition were included to determine, first, whether the block building activities themselves benefited children's spatial skills, and secondly, whether a story context further improved learning. Spatial measures included: spatial visualization, mental rotation, and block building. Results showed: for block building, interventions within a story context improved performance compared to the other two conditions. For spatial visualization, both types of block-building interventions improved performance compared to the control condition. Findings suggest: (1) storytelling provides an effective context for teaching spatial content, (2) teaching block building develops wider spatial skills, and (3) 3-dimensional mental rotation tasks show a male advantage in kindergartners.
Genetic analysis of a papillary thyroid carcinoma in a patient with MEN1.

Background: MEN1 is an inherited tumor syndrome characterized by the development of tumors of the parathyroid, the anterior pituitary and the pancreatic islets. Tumors of these endocrine glands in MEN1 patients demonstrate loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the locus of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene. Menin, the protein encoded by the MEN1 gene, is ubiquitously expressed in endocrine tissue, and less commonly these patients can present with tumors of other endocrine tissues, including thyroid and adrenal. We hypothesize that MEN1 gene mutation may be involved in the oncogenesis of other less common tumors. Methods: We report a MEN1 patient who was found to have metastatic papillary thyroid cancer at the time of neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism. Genetic analysis of tumor tissue was performed using one intragenic (D11S4946) and two flanking (D11S4945 and D11S4940) polymorphic markers. Results: Two of the markers were informative. Consistent with previous studies, there was LOH in the parathyroid adenoma identified with the intragenic marker D11S4946. However, the papillary cancer was found to be heterozygous at two informative markers. Conclusions: The lack of obvious LOH of the MEN1 locus in the papillary cancer suggests that, in contrast to parathyroid adenoma, deletion of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene is not etiologically related to the oncogenesis of the papillary cancer in this patient.
No Low-Fat Diet for the Failing Heart?

Chances are that everyone knows about the heart’s oxygen requirement, but few would consider the heart’s metabolism of energy-providing substrates a big issue. Since the celebrated work of C. Lovatt Evans and Ernest Starling1,2 at the beginning of the last century, physiologists have recognized the heart as an efficient transducer of energy. Like an engine, the heart turns chemical energy into mechanical energy, efficiently and at a high rate. Metabolism of energy-providing substrates and contractions of the heart are tightly coupled.3 Because the heart’s energy for contraction is derived from oxidative phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate, myocardial oxygen consumption is also commonly used to measure cardiac efficiency.4 Another feature of the heart is also worth mentioning. The heart is a metabolic omnivore, and for any given environment it uses the most economic fuel available5 (Figure). In the fasted state, when the fatty acid levels are high, the heart oxidizes predominantly fatty acids.6 Metabolic adaptability comes into play when the heart is stressed and veers toward carbohydrate oxidation. With a short-term increase in workload, the working heart ex vivo covers its increased need for energy through the oxidation of glycogen, lactate, and glucose, in that order.4 For a given amount of oxygen used, the heart in vivo performs up to 40% more efficiently with glucose than with fatty acids as the main energy-providing substrate.7 In a simulated state of exercise, the heart spares glycogen and oxidizes lactate …
Surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

ABSTRACT • TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA, which is unilateral electric shock or knifelike pain occurring in one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, is evoked by stimulation of the face, lips, or gums caused by activities such as shaving, brushing the teeth, or moving trigger zones. • IT GENERALLY IS ACCEPTED that classic trigeminal neuralgia is a consequence of vascular compression and demyelination of the trigeminal nerve. Although medical therapy is available, it gradually becomes less effective because of the progressive nature of trigeminal neuralgia. • MICROVASCULAR DECOMPRESSION of the trigeminal nerve to treat trigeminal neuralgia is discussed in this article. Perioperative care, expected course of recovery, and potential complications are described. AORN J 78 (November 2003) 744–758.
Leveraging customer knowledge: a comparative study of eCRM functionality and its use in e-commerce websites

Customer knowledge is recognised as a source of innovation and a key strategic resource. Effective management of customer knowledge helps organisations to understand customer needs, increase customer satisfaction and loyalty, as well as maintain competitive advantages. In the online environment and in the absence of face to face interaction with customers, organisations are turning to modern information technology tools to help better manage customer knowledge and customer relations. In this paper, we explore and investigate how companies make use of eCRM functionality to attract and retain customers as well as leverage customer knowledge.
Predicting Success for Graduate Study in Business for English-Speaking and Non-English-Speaking Students:

The purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive validity of the Admissions Test for Graduate Study in Business (ATGSB) and alternative predictors for English-speaking and non-English speaking students in a Master's Degree Business Administration Program. Seven criterion variables (e.g., cumulative graduate GPA, number of incompletes received, number of months to graduation) were chosen to represent a variety of indices of academic success. Results indicated that seven of the 77 bivariate correlations were significantly different from zero for the English-speaking students in contrast to 24 statistically significant correlations for the non-English-speaking students.
Simulations of internal rotation potential energies for substituted ethanes

Two approaches to the simulation of internal rotation potential energies in substituted ethanes are formulated for general applications. Called the vicinal Fourier coefficient and vicinal pair energy methods, they differ only in form. The latter procedure has the advantage of yielding energy terms that represent pairwise interactions between vicinal substitutents. As numerical examples, the potential energies of ethane and five of its simple methyl and chloro derivatives are employed to simulate the corresponding energies of two higher derivatives of the series. The initial energy data were calculated by the molecular mechanics method (MM2) with geometry optimizations and the ab initio MO procedure (STO-3G) with standard geometries. Results indicate that simulated energies are reasonably accurate for the flexible-rotor model (MM2) and extremely accurate for the rigid-rotor model (STO-3G). Deviations appear to be systematic and may be rationalized on the basis of molecular structure.
Sensitivity of Numerical Simulations of Explosive Oceanic Cyclogenesis to Changes in Physical Parameterizations

Abstract The relative importance of different parameterized physical process and baroclinic dynamics in numerical simulations of explosive oceanic cyclogenesis is examined. The numerical simulations are derived from a global spectral model having nine vertical levels and a rhomboidal 31 truncation. Eleven cases of rapid cyclogenesis over the North Pacific Ocean that occurred in a 150-day simulation of perpetual January conditions are used as initial conditions for model sensitivity experiments. Statistical techniques based on predictability theory are employed to estimate the relative importance of the sensitivity experiments. Results from the simulation comparisons indicate that the total diabatic heating accounts for about one-half of the cyclone's deepening rate, with baroclinic dynamics accounting for the remaining part. The absence of diabatic heating also leads to a systematic error in the position of the cyclone. Surface fluxes of sensible heat are responsible for about one-half of the deepening ra...
Regional Ischemia and Ischemic Injury in Patients With Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke as Defined by Early Diffusion-Weighted and Perfusion-Weighted MRI

Background and Purpose—We sought to map early regional ischemia and infarction in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them with final infarct size using advanced MRI techniques. MRI can now delineate very early infarction by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and abnormal tissue perfusion by perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). Methods—Seventeen patients seen within 12 hours of onset of MCA stroke had MR angiography, standard MRI, and PWI and DWI MRI. PWI maps were generated by analysis of the passage of intravenous contrast bolus through the brain. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) was determined after quantitative analysis of PWI data. Volumes of the initial DWI and PWI lesion were calculated and compared with a final infarct volume from a follow-up imaging study (CT scan or MRI). Results—Group 1 (10 patients) had MCA stem (M1) occlusion by MR angiography. DWI lesion volumes were smaller than the volumes of CBV abnormality. In 7 patients the final stroke volume was larger or the same, and...
Fichte's Social and Political Philosophy: Property and Virtue

David James: Fichte's Social and Political Philosophy: Property and Virtue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. xi+201. $64.00 (hb.). ISBN 9781139005647. Recent decades have witnessed ...
An integrated microfluidic platform for sensitive and rapid detection of biological toxins

Towards designing a portable diagnostic device for detecting biological toxins in bodily fluids, we have developed microfluidic chip-based immunoassays that are rapid (< 20 minutes), require minimal sample volume (<10 µL) and have appreciable sensitivity and dynamic range (µM–pM). The microfluidic chip is being integrated with miniaturized electronics, optical elements, fluid-handling components, and data acquisition software to develop a portable, self-contained device. The device is intended for rapid, point-of-care (and, in future, point-of-incident) testing in case of an accidental or intentional exposure/intoxication to biotoxins. Detection of toxins and potential host-response markers is performed using microfluidic electrophoretic immunoassays integrated with sample preconcentration and mixing of analytes with fluorescently labeled antibodies. Preconcentration is enabled by photopolymerizing a thin, nanoporous membrane with a MW cut-off of ∼10 kDa in the sample loading region of the chip. Polymeric gels with larger pores are located adjacent to the size exclusion membrane to perform electrophoretic separation of antibody–analyte complex and excess antibody. Measurement of the ratio of bound and unbound immune-complex using sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection provides quantitation of analyte in the sample. We have demonstrated electrophoretic immunoassays for the biotoxins ricin, Shiga toxin I, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). With off-chip mixing and no sample preconcentration, the limits of detection (LOD) were 300 pM for SEB, 500 pM for Shiga toxin I, and 20 nM for ricin. With a 10 min on-chip preconcentration, the LOD for SEB is <10 pM. The portable device being developed is readily applicable to detection of proteinaceous biomarkers of many other diseases and is intended to represent the next-generation diagnostic devices capable of rapid and quantitative measurements of multiple analytes simultaneously.
Developmental changes in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase associated with increased secretory capacity of Manduca sexta prothoracic glands.

Abstract In Manduca sexta, basal and PTTH-stimulated secretion of ecdysteroids by prothoracic glands in vitro increases from days 1 to 4 of the fifth larval stage. Glandular content of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was analyzed to determine if the enzyme changes in concert with increased secretory response. Photoaffinity labeling with [32P]8-N3 cAMP revealed a 55-kDa cAMP-binding protein characteristic of the regulatory subunit of type-II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (RII). It appears that RII is one of a limited number of cellular proteins that is phosphorylated in the presence of [γ-35S]ATP; the thiophosphorylated protein and the photoaffinity-labeled regulatory subunit possess the same Mr and pI, and thiophosphorylation is blocked by mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor. From days 1 to 4 of the fifth instar, glandular content of RII increases in conjunction with increased ecdysteroid secretory capacity. Application of JH analog on day 1 significantly inhibits the observed increase in RII. Catalytic subunit activity does not change from days 1 to 4 of the fifth instar, nor does cellular content of a 34-kDa protein previously shown to be phosphorylated in response to PTTH. While it is unlikely that increased content of RII is solely responsible for enhanced ecdysteroid secretion by the prothoracic glands, it may serve as a convenient marker for investigating the mechanism by which steroidogenic capacity is regulated.
UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETING HEMATOCRIT MEASUREMENTS IN PINNIPEDS

Hematocrit data are relatively easily obtained from blood samples of pinnipeds but differences in methodology and variable physiological conditions of the subjects can significantly alter their values. This two-fold problem makes comparative data and modeling efforts difficult. To quantify the difficulty of obtaining accurate and representative hematocrit values in pinnipeds, hematocrit was measured by both microcentrifugation and Coulter counter methods in a range of pinnipeds under a variety of physiological and handling conditions. The data show that the Coulter counter hematocrit values were 4%-15% higher than those measured by microcentrifugation. In addition, blood samples from restrained animals showed consistently elevated hematocrit values relative to resting subjects. A significant difference was also found between hematocrit values from pups and adults. Finally, hematocrit was shown to decline over the course of isofluorane anesthesia. Taken together, these results suggest that laboratory methodology, developmental state, and animal handling techniques can significantly alter hematocrit values in pinnipeds. Thus, modeling efforts that require representative hematocrit values, such as calculations of total blood oxygen stores, can be markedly impacted by variations in hematocrit measurement techniques and sampling regimes.
Light-assisted collisional loss in a Rb 85 ∕ 87 ultracold optical trap

We have studied heteronuclear and homonuclear excited-state\char21{}ground-state collisions by loading both $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ into a far off resonant trap (FORT). Because of the relatively weak confinement of the FORT, we expect the hyperfine structure of the different isotopes to play a crucial role in the collision rates. This dependence on hyperfine structure allows us to measure collisions associated with long-range interatomic potentials of different structures, such as long and short ranged; or such as purely attractive, purely repulsive, or mixed attractive and repulsive. We observe significantly different loss rates for different excited-state potentials. Additionally, we observe that some collisional channels' loss rates are saturated at our operating intensities $(15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mW}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2})$. These losses are important limitations in loading dual isotope optical traps.
Construction of upper confidence limit of coefficient of variation for content uniformity

AbstractRelative standard deviation (coefficient of variation) plays an important role in meeting the current compendial requirements for content uniformity. Since the sample RSD value would vary from sample to sample in a population (batch), the scientist would need not only the sample estimate of the RSD but also its 95% two-sided upper confidence limit, for making the proper statistical inference as well as for arriving at the appropriate pharmaceutics decisions. The primary purpose of this paper is to depict the five available methods for determining the confidence limit and to discuss their relative merits and similarities in the context of a content uniformity study associated with Product-C. Suitable tables are furnished to facilitate rapid access to the desired RSD confidence limit.
Comparison of the effects of nucleus tractus solitarius and ventral medial medulla lesions on illness-induced and subcutaneous formalin-induced hyperalgesias

We have previously demonstrated that illness-inducing agents (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and inflammatory agents (subcutaneous (s.c.) formalin) induce hyperalgesia by similar pathways. The present series of experiments compared the effects of medullary lesions on these phenomena. These experiments demonstrate that s.c. formalin-induced hyperalgesia, like illness-induced hyperalgesia, is dependent on the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) but independent of the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (NRPgc). However, these two forms of hyperalgesia differ with regards to their dependence on the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Illness-induced hyperalgesia is abolished by unilateral (left) NTS lesions, whereas formalin-induced hyperalgesia remains unaffected by this procedure. These data provide further evidence that hyperalgesias induced by illness agents and by inflammatory agents are mediated by similar but not identical pathways. They also illustrate that neural structures have the capacity for opposed actions, in that both the NTS and NRM are documented to underlie hyperalgesia as well as analgesia. This capacity for opposed action may prove to be characteristic of structures involved in pain modulation.
More about metaphor

Summary An elaboration and defense of the “interaction view of metaphor” introduced in the author's earlier study, “Metaphor” (1962). Special attention is paid to the explication of the metaphors used in the earlier account. The topics discussed include: selection of the “targets” of the theory; classification of metaphors; how metaphorical statements work; relations between metaphors and similes; metaphorical thought; criteria of recognition; the “creative” aspects of metaphors; the ontological status of metaphors. Metaphors are found to be more closely connected with background models than has previously been recognized.
Purification and partial characterization of an ice nucleator protein from the intertidal gastropod, Melampus bidentatus

Abstract An ice nucleator protein has been purified from the intertidal gastropod Melampus bidentatus by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Partial characterization of this ice nucleator protein indicates that in the native form, it exists as an aggregate with a molecular weight in excess of 600 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that this aggregate is composed of two low molecular weight protein species of approximately 16.6 and 17.4 kDa. Biochemical analysis indicates that it is neither a lipoprotein nor a glycoprotein. The amino acid composition indicates that it contains a high percentage of polar amino acids with Asx and Glx representing over 20 mol% of the protein. The characteristics of this molluskan ice nucleator protein are compared with those of purified ice nucleator proteins obtained from bacteria and various species of insects.
A Transient Hot Wire Thermal Conductivity Apparatus for Fluids.

A new apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of fluids is described. This is an absolute method utilizing a transient hot wire. Measurements are made with a 12.7 p,m diameter platinum wire at real times of up to 1 second. The data acquisition system includes a minicomputer and a digital voltmeter. The experimental core of the system incorporates a compensating hot wire in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The cell containing the core of the apparatus is designed to accommodate pressures from 0 to 70 MPa and temperatures from 70 to 320 K. Oxygel1 was measured over a wide range of physical states including the dilute gas, the moderately dense gas, the near critical region, the compressed liquid states, and the vapor ai temperatures below the critical temper· ature. Performance checks of the apparatus were conducted with nitrogen, helium and argon. Measurement of rare gases allows a direct comparison to the kinetic theory of gases through the viscosity. A second check looks at the variation of the measured thermal conductivity as a function of the applied power. The precision (2 a) of the new system is between 0.5 and 0.8 percent for wire temperature transients of 4 to 5 K, while the accuracy is estitnated at around 1.5 percent.
The impact of optical comb stability on waveforms generated via spectral line-by-line pulse shaping

Optical arbitrary waveform generation using the line-by-line pulse shaping technique has been shown to be sensitive to variations in the offset frequency of the input frequency comb due to time-domain waveform interference. Here we present a frequency-domain model that is able to predict waveform changes arising from offset frequency variations. In experiments we controllably shift the frequency of a comb derived from a phase-modulated CW laser, which allows us to quantitatively investigate waveforms generated by pulse shaping as a function of offset frequency. Experimental data are in excellent agreement with the predictions of our frequency-domain model. In addition, we propose and analyze new waveforms designed for monitoring of offset frequency variations by pulse shaping.
Intrathoracic Fluid Extravasation After Hip Arthroscopy

The case of intrathoracic extravasation of irrigation fluid after hip arthroscopy in a 21-year-old woman is presented. In this patient intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal fluid collection developed, as seen in other case reports documenting irrigation fluid extravasation during hip arthroscopy. The patient presented to the emergency department on the first postoperative day complaining of shortness of breath. Computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed retroperitoneal fluid, extensive abdominal ascites, and bilateral pleural effusions within the chest. The fluid diminished pulmonary volume by elevating the diaphragm and causing compression atelectasis of both lungs. The patient's hemodynamic status was stable and unaffected. She developed hypothermia during the procedure, which is consistent with other reports on extravasated irrigation fluid during arthroscopy. She was able to rapidly compensate for fluid overload and eliminated it uneventfully, with resolution of her symptoms. A similar procedure was performed on the contralateral hip 6 months later. During that procedure, there was a suspected (not confirmed) recurrence of intraperitoneal extravasation of the pump fluid as well as transient hypothermia, which resolved by the first postoperative visit. The physiologic effects of intrathoracic fluid accumulation and the literature regarding extravasation of irrigation fluid during hip arthroscopy are also reviewed.
A Worst-Case Analysis of Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum in Multipath Channels

Abstract We consider a direct-sequence spread-spectrum system operating in an indoors environment in the presence of multiaccess and multipath interference, and additive white Gaussian noise. We focus on the worst-case bit error probability of this system with a constraint on signal-to-interference ratio, and derive a Chernoff-type upper bound on this error probability. We evaluate the upper bound for a special case in order to gain understanding of the basic worst-case performance. We also compare the effects of the worst-case multipath interference with those of the worst-case multiuser interference of equivalent noise power, and observe that the worst-case performance under multipath interference is very similar to and only slightly worse than that under multiuser interference. We find out that the worst-case performance can be very good for a large number of chips per bit, whereas it is very poor for a smaller number of chips per bit, and for non-spread-spectrum systems.
Direct Photoaffinity Labeling of Cysteine-295 of α-Tubulin by Guanosine 5′-Triphosphate Bound in the Nonexchangeable Site

Abstract The αβ-tubulin heterodimer has two high affinity guanosine 5′-triphosphate binding sites, so that purified tubulin usually contains two molecules of bound guanosine nucleotide. Half this nucleotide is freely exchangeable with exogenous guanine nucleotide, and its binding site has been readily localized to the β-subunit. The remaining nonexchangeable guanosine 5′-triphosphate can only be released from tubulin by denaturing the protein. We replaced the exchangeable site nucleotide of tubulin with 2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-diphosphate, exposed the resulting tubulin to ultraviolet light, degraded the protein, and isolated ribose-containing peptide derived from the nonexchangeable site. A large cyanogen bromide peptide was recovered, and its further degradation with endoproteinase Glu-C established that cysteine-295 of α-tubulin was the major reactive amino acid cross-linked to guanosine by ultraviolet irradiation.
Aspects of the chemistry of donor solvent coal dissolution: Promotion of the bond cleavage reactions of diphenylalkanes and the related ethers and amines

Abstract The influences of Illinois No. 6 coal, benzyl phenyl sulphide, 9, 10-anthraquinone, tetracene, phenol and benzoic acid on the rates of decomposition of 1,2-diphenylethane, 1,3-diphenylpropane, 1, 4-diphenylbutane, benzyl phenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, N-benzylaniline, and dibenzylamine in tetralin have been investigated. Radical initiators such as benzyl phenyl sulphide enhance the rate of decomposition of the compounds that form benzylic radicals which can decompose via β-scission reactions. Weak organic acids enhance the reaction rates of the compounds, for example, benzyl phenyl ether and N-benzylaniline, that undergo the homolysis reaction via polar transition states. Among the reactive initiators considered in this Paper, benzyl phenyl sulphide is the only compound which, in small quantities, accelerates the conversion of Illinois No. 6 coal to pyridine-soluble products in tetralin at 400 °C. The facile reactions of Illinois No. 6 coal with tetralin and the accelerating effects of benzyl phenyl sulphide, anthraquinone, tetracene and phenols on the decomposition of the diphenylalkanes and the related heteroatom analogues are discussed.
Ink utilization by mesopelagic squid

Remotely operated vehicle dive video recordings of deep-sea squid ink release were examined to determine species, ink release type, release depth, and accompanying behavior/s. Ink release was commonly observed between the surface and 1,842.1 m in Monterey Bay, CA, and surrounding waters. Six ink release types were observed: pseudomorphs, pseudomorph series, ink ropes, clouds/smokescreens, diffuse puffs and mantle fills. Each species released ink throughout all or most of its depth range; inking was not limited to shallow, sunlit waters. Individuals of each species produced one ink release type more commonly than other types, however, multiple ink types could be released by individuals of all species. Common behaviors preceded and/or followed each release type; pseudomorphs and pseudomorph series were generally associated with escape behaviors, while ink ropes, clouds, and puffs normally involved the animal remaining adjacent to or amid the ink. Deep-sea squids may use ink for defensive purposes similar to those of shallow-dwelling species when they release pseudomorphs, pseudomorph series, or large clouds, and may use ink puffs in intra-specific communication. The function of ink ropes and mantle fills is unknown.
Epidemiologic Research in Hypertension: A Critical Appraisal

Epidemiologic studies of blood pressure have been conducted for over twenty-five years, but the results of this research can only be described as modest. The basic epidemiologic and demographic description of blood pressure distributions in human populations remains problematic and psychosocial studies have not yielded clear and solid hypotheses pointing the way to future research. There is no doubt that blood pressures vary among and between population groups, and there seems little doubt that variations in life-style are associated with these differences. It is puzzling that we have failed to discern systematic and patterned relationships among these variables. It is suggested that a more useful approach to research in this field would be to distinguish factors that affect general susceptibility to becoming ill from those that initiate or maintain particular disease states.
Rapid and Sensitive Paradigm for Screening Patients With Headache in Primary Care Settings

Objective.—To determine the sensitivity and specificity of a brief headache screening paradigm for primary care clinicians. Background.—Migraine and drug rebound headache are disabling primary headache disorders. Both are underdiagnosed and undertreated. A method for rapid screening of migraine, drug rebound headache, and other daily headache syndromes would be useful. The Brief Headache Screen uses 3 questions—the frequency of severe (disabling) headache, other (mild) headache, and use of symptomatic medication—to generate diagnoses. Methods.—The Brief Headache Screen was evaluated in an emergency department, a family practice department, and a referral headache clinic. Diagnoses from the Brief Headache Screen were compared to diagnoses of trained researchers and headache specialists. Results.—Three hundred ninety-nine patients were screened and interviewed. The criterion of episodic severe (disabling) headache correctly identified migraine in 136 (93%) of 146 patients with episodic migraine and 154 (78%) of 197 patients with chronic migraine, with a specificity for any migraine (episodic or chronic) of 32 (63%) of 51. The inclusion of episodic or daily severe headache identified migraine in 100% of patients with chronic migraine. Only 6 (1.7%) of 343 patients with migraine were not identified by severe (disabling) headache. The combination of severe and mild headache frequency was sensitive to daily headache syndromes in 218 (94%) of 232 patients with a specificity of 87 (54%) of 162. Medication overuse was correctly identified in 146 (86%) of 169 patients with a specificity of 22 (79%) of 28. Conclusion.—The frequency of severe (disabling) and mild headaches and use of symptomatic medications, rapidly and sensitively screens for migraine, daily headache syndromes, and medication overuse. The use of this paradigm in primary care settings may improve the recognition of these important headache syndromes.
Part II: Where Do Reputations Come From?: Theory Development and the Study of Corporate Reputation

The first panel session of the conference examined some of the key perspectives researchers and practitioners take when they discuss corporate reputations. Among the more common views are those of Organization Theory, Marketing, Strategic Management, and Social Responsibility. Panelist presentations were as follows:
New synthesis of Δ6-estrogens

Abstract An efficient approach to synthesize Δ 6 -estrogens is described. The key steps in the synthesis are the introduction of a hydroxyl group at the C-6 position of a suitably protected estrogen using a superbase and subsequent dehydration with Martin sulfurane reagent or methyltriphenoxyphosphonium iodide. The two-step synthetic procedure readily gave the Δ 6 -estrogens in high yield.
Preoperative docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Perioperative chemotherapy plus surgery improves survival compared to surgery alone in GE junctional (GEJ) and gastric adenocarcinomas. The docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (DCF) combination is superior to CF in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of preoperative DCF chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric and GEJ cancer. Twenty-one gastric and 10 gastroesophageal junctional (GEJ) cancer patients received 2–3 cycles of preoperative docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1, 5-FU 750 mg/m2 (continuous infusion) on days 1–5 every 3 weeks. Clinical response was evaluated by comparing pre- and postchemotherapy CT scans. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated from the initiation of chemotherapy. None of the patients achieved complete clinical remission while 11 (35%) patients achieved partial clinical remission. Ten patients with GEJ cancer (100%) and 13 with gastric cancer (62%) underwent curative surgery (P = 0.023). Seventeen (55%) patients experienced grade 3–4 chemotherapy-related adverse events. The most common adverse events were anemia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and febrile neutropenia. At a median follow-up of 17.0 months, median OS and PFS were 26.1 months (95% CI: 22.7–29.5) and 18.8 months (95% CI: 9.9–27.7), respectively. The DCF regimen is active in patients with gastric and GEJ adenocarcinoma in the preoperative setting.
Cerebral microvascular smooth muscle in tissue culture

Cerebral endothelium is being studied rather extensively in tissue culture, but no reports are available describing the tissue culture of cerebral microvascular smooth muscle. The present paper describes for the first time the isolation and culture of non-neoplastic mouse cerebral vascular smooth muscle. Microvessels from a dounce homogenate of mouse brain are plated onto plastic culture dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle media plus 20% fetal bovine serum and treated briefly with collagenase. Cells migrate from vessels and proliferate sufficiently to be transferred out of primary culture in 2 to 3 wk. Light microscopy reveals generally broad, polygonal cells that grow collectively in a "hill and valley" pattern. By transmission electron microscopy the cells possess many characteristics of smooth muscle: basal laminas, clusters of pinocytotic vesicles, and bundles of thin filaments. Several ill-defined cell-to-cell junctions are also present. Isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis of cellular proteins on polyacrylamide gels after pulse labeling cultures with [S-35]methionine demonstrate that these cells actively synthesize a smooth-muscle-specific isoactin, alpha-actin. The identity of alpha-actin is confirmed by analysis of NH2-terminal peptides after actin digestion with trypsin and subsequent peptide cleavage with thermolysin. Both their morphology and active synthesis of alpha-actin strongly suggest that these cells are of smooth-muscle origin. Future studies of their metabolism and interactions with endothelium and astrocytes should provide a better understanding of the cerebral microcirculation.
Application of local co-ordinate systems to the solution of integral equations referred to plane fluid flow problems

Two-dimensional fluid flow problems expressed in terms of velocity potentials or stream functions are often summarized as boundary-value problems for the Laplace or Poisson equations, or the homogeneous or non-homogeneous biharmonic equations. Simple local co-ordinate systems have been applied to the solution of integral equations associated with these boundary-value problems. This procedure has been shown to be an efficient technique in the numerical solution of fluid flow problems.
Psychopharmacological effects of MK-801 in infant and preweanling rat pups

-Neonatal (3-4-day-old) and preweanling (17-18-day-old) Sprague-Dawley rat pups were tested following SC administration of saline, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg MK-801. In neonatal rat pups, reductions in a number of behaviors (forward locomotion, mouthing) were seen at the higher (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) doses. In contrast, evidence of behavioral stimulation in forward locomotion at 30 min postinjection was seen at a lower dose (0.1 mg/kg). In preweanling rat pups, marked sedative effects of MK-801 were seen at higher doses (decreases in forward locomotion, headlift and sniff), with signs of behavioral stimulation (increases in forward locomotion and mouthing) evident at low doses. Thus, as in adults, low doses of MK-801 may be behaviorally stimulatory and higher doses inhibitory to both neonatal and preweanling pups, although the stimulatory effects appear to be somewhat less pronounced in these young animals than has been previously reported in adulthood.
Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis of Atmospheric Dynamics: Application to the Case of Multiple Observables

The matrix approach to the adjoint sensitivity analysis of atmospheric models with multiple observables is presented.
Improving fault resilience of high performance applications

For large-scale systems with hundreds to thousands of nodes, failures are likely to be more frequent as the system reliability decreases exponentially with the increasing count of components. Many parallel applications that span a large number of nodes are designed to run for days or weeks until completion. Hence, application-level fault resilience is of critical importance to the continued scaling of high performance computing (HPC). In this poster, we present and evaluate an adaptive fault resilience framework for HPC applications which adaptively selects an optimal corrective or preventive action based upon failure predictions at runtime. The proposed framework is implemented with a production-level MPI package and assessed with a variety of real-world parallel applications on production HPC systems. The experiment results demonstrate promising performance improvement of FT-Pro against traditional checkpointing/recovery schemes under a wide range of prediction accuracies and application characteristics.
Applying FecAl endocrine Monitoring to conservAtion And BehAvior studies oF Wild MAMMAls: iMportAnt considerAtions And preliMinAry tests

The desire to apply fecal steroid metabolite monitoring to key questions in conservation biology and behavioral ecology has steadily increased over the past decade. In particular, the measurement of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, which reflect changes in an individual's adrenal activity, and are thus a measure of the stress response, has become a sought-after tool for conservation biologists and behaviorists alike. The noninvasive nature of this method facilitates longitudinal physiological monitoring concomitant with behavioral observations and other noninvasive ecological and biological data collection, providing an increased level of insight and complexity that was previously impossible to obtain. While the method has huge potential, some doubt is beginning to emerge regarding its general applicability to field studies. This doubt may largely result from some misconceptions and lack of knowledge about the method itself. The perceived simplicity of this methodology has led some to believe that it is ...
Methods for brain autoradiography.

Abstract Techniques describing the preparation of neural tissue for autoradiographic analyses are reviewed under the categories of emulsion coating, brain removal, microtome-cryostat procedure, exposure and development. Unfixed brain tissue sliced at 2–6 μ is mounted on emulsion coated slides under safelight conditions. This procedure reduces the possibility of translocation artifacts resulting from the diffusion of labeled compound, and allows for a topographical analysis of silver grain concentrations in various neuroanatomical areas.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with a der(16)t(1;16) translocation

Abstract Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common subtype of RMS that predominantly involves the genitourinary tract and the head and neck regions in children younger than 10 years of age. Cytogenetically, ERMS is most frequently hyperdiploid, with extra copies of chromosomes 2, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 20. No consistent structural chromosomal alteration has been identified in ERMS. In contrast, a t(2;13)(q35;q14) or t(1;13)(q36;q14) corresponding to PAX3 – FOXO1A (previously FKHR ) and PAX7 – FOXO1A gene fusions are considered tumor-specific anomalies for alveolar RMS (ARMS). Occasionally, a recurrent secondary structural rearrangement involving chromosomes 1 and 16 is seen in translocation-positive ARMS, a der(16)t(1;16) resulting in an imbalance of 1q and 16q material. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of an ERMS arising in the urinary bladder of a 22-month-old male child revealed this nonrandom secondary chromosomal aberration, der(16)(1;16)(q22;q24), in a hyperdiploid complement with extra copies of chromosomes 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 19, and 20. Subsequent analyses showed tumor cells to be negative for FOXO1A , PAX3 , or PAX7 gene locus rearrangements (by fluorescence in situ hybridization) and also negative for PAX3 – FOXO1A and PAX7 – FOXO1A fusion transcripts (by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction). These results suggest that the unbalanced t(1;16) translocation may be seen in RMSs lacking a primary genetic rearrangement.
Cervical cancer screening in the 21st century: is it time to retire the PAP smear?

Although cytology-based cervical cancer prevention programs have reduced the incidence of cervical cancer in many industrialized countries, the limited sensitivity of cervical cytology makes these programs difficult and expensive to maintain. Therefore, over the next several years it is likely that
No-touch technique for intraocular malignant melanomas

Large variations in intraocular pressure occur during enucleation, scleral depression, 32P testing, and vigorous rubbing of an eye. Data from animal studies show that during a critical phase of an intraocular malignant melanoma, ocular massage significantly decreased longevity due to increased metastastic disease. We report "no-touch" technique to prevent tumor spread from occurring secondary to ocular manipulation during enucleation. This technique avoids IOP elevations above 50 mm Hg before freezing completely around the tumor, thereby preventing flow of fluid and blood to or from the tumor prior to the manipulation necessary for enucleation. Theoretically, the patient with an ocular tumor should be warned against vigorous rubbing of his eyes and hard lid squeezes or diagnostic techniques that elevate IOP. The ophthalmologist should perform enucleation with gentieness and avoid pressure on the globe. Patients who are being followed up with a suspected ocular tumor should be warned not to rub or vigorously squeeze their eyelids.
Nonlinear optical transmission through a multiple quantum well system

Abstract We consider a superlattice built of an array of narrow layers of a narrow gap material (quantum wells) sandwiched hy thick layers of a wide gap material (barriers). The electromagnetic wave with frequency below the band gap of the wells results in optical nonlinearities confined to narrow layers. We model this system by an array of equally spaced, infinitesimally thin layers. characterized by Kerr nonlinearity. It is shown that the electromagnetic wave induces intensity dependent gaps in the spectrum giving rise to a multivalued transmission coefficient. The origin of gaps, their connection to chaos, and a possible application for bistable devices are discussed.
Functional and gel characteristics of liquid whole egg as affected by pH alteration

Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of pH alteration of liquid whole egg (LWE) from newly laid shell eggs on their functional and gel characteristics. The pH of LWE was altered either with 1 N NaOH or 1 N HCl to 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0 and tested for their foaming capacities (FCs), foam stabilities (FSs), and baked volumes (BVs). Gels were also prepared and tested for firmness (FM), strain at failure (NF), and stress at failure (SF), as well as Hunter color values. The FC and FS of LWE were altered by pH alterations. As the pH increased, the FM, NF and SF of gels increased and the structure became more dense. Hunter L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values of the gel decreased and Hunter − a (greenness) values increased as the pH of LWE increased.