cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety and efficacy of antiplatelet/anticoagulation regimens after Viabahn stent graft treatment for femoropopliteal occlusive disease

Objective We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of antiplatelet/anticoagulation regimens after placement of Viabahn stent graft (W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) for the treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease. Methods Clinical, angiographic, and procedural data for patients undergoing endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease using Viabahn covered stent grafts at a single institution between 2006 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Graft patency and freedom from thrombolysis, major adverse limb event, and reintervention were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The influence of relevant variables on clinical outcome was determined through univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses. Results Viabahn stent grafts were placed in a total of 91 limbs in 61 patients (66% men; mean age, 69 ± 12 years) during the study period. Indication for intervention was either claudication (n = 59) or critical limb ischemia (n = 32), with the majority (70%) classified as TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II C (n = 33) or D (n = 31) lesions. Mean follow-up was 38.3 months (range, 1-91 months). Postprocedural pharmacologic regimens included aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin (47%); indefinite aspirin and clopidogrel (46%); or aspirin and temporary clopidogrel (7%). Primary and secondary patency rates were 60%, 44%, and 36% and 95%, 82%, and 74% at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated more aggressive antiplatelet/anticoagulation regimens to be associated with improved primary patency and freedom from reintervention. Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II D lesions, tobacco use, coronary artery disease, and smaller stent diameter to be independent risk factors for stent graft failure. Bleeding events were limited to those in the aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin group (11.6% [n = 5]; P = .052), although the majority of these events were not life-threatening, and only two cases required blood transfusion. Conclusions Increasingly aggressive antithrombotic regimens after Viabahn stent graft placement trended toward improved overall clinical outcomes, although the marginal patency benefit observed with the addition of warfarin to dual antiplatelet therapy was tempered by an observed increased risk of bleeding complications. Longer term follow-up and multicenter studies are needed to further define optimal type and duration of antithrombotic therapy after endovascular peripheral interventions.
Electrodiffusion of Molecules in Aqueous Media: A Robust, Discretized Description for Electroporation and Other Transport Phenomena

Electrically driven transport of molecules and ions within aqueous electrolytes is of long-standing interest, with direct relevance to applications that include the delivery/release of biologically active solutes to/from cells and tissues. Examples include iontophoretic and electroporation-mediated drug delivery. Here, we describe a robust method for characterizing electrodiffusive transport in physiologic aqueous media. Specifically, we treat the case of solute present in sufficiently low concentration as to negligibly contribute to the total ionic current within the system. In this limiting case, which applies to many systems of interest, the predominant electrical behavior due to small ions is decoupled from solute transport. Thus, electrical behavior may be characterized using existing methods and treated as known in characterizing electrodiffusive molecular transport. First, we present traditional continuum equations governing electrodiffusion of charged solutes within aqueous electrolytes and then adapt them to discretized systems. Second, we examine the time-dependent and steady-state interfacial concentration gradients that result from the combination of diffusion and electrical drift. Third, we show how interfacial concentration gradients are related to electric field strength and duration. Finally, we examine how discretization size affects the accuracy of these methods. Overall these methods are motivated by and well suited to addressing an outstanding goal: estimation of the net ionic and molecular transport facilitated by electroporation in biological systems.
Long-term outcomes after excision of choledochal cysts in a single institution: Operative procedures and late complications

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes for a minimum of 3 years after cyst excision in children with choledochal cysts, focusing on the relationship between operative procedures and outcomes. Methods Between 1977 and 2008, 138 children underwent cyst excision. Follow-up results were obtained from 120 patients. Their mean age was 20.9 years (range 4–49). The mean interval between surgery and conducting the analysis was 16.6 years (range 3–34). These patients were divided into two groups based on their operative procedures: group A (1977–2000) comprising 76 patients who underwent cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy below the hilum, and group B (2001–2008) comprising 44 patients who underwent excision of the extrahepatic bile duct from the confluence of the hepatic duct to near the level of the pancreatobiliary junction with wide hilar hepaticojejunostomy. When hepatic strictures were seen near the hilum, duct plasty was made. We evaluated the long-term outcomes in the two groups. Results Late complications were seen in a total of 18 patients (15.0%). In group A, 16 patients (21.1%) had late complications, which included cholangitis and/or hepatic stones in 9, stones in residual intrapancreatic cysts in 4, intestinal obstruction in 2, and pancreatitis in 1. Of these 16 patients, 12 patients (15.8%), including 7 with hepatic stones (6 IV-A and 1 Ic cysts), 4 with remnant intrapancreatic cysts, and 3 with intestinal obstruction underwent surgical intervention. In group B, none of the patients developed cholangitis, pancreatitis, or stone formation. However, 2 patients (4.5%) developed intestinal obstruction that required surgery. Conclusions Although a longer follow-up period is necessary, late complications were more frequent in group A than in group B patients and with type IV-A cysts. We believe that excision of the extrahepatic bile duct with wide hilar hepaticojejunostomy is essential for the prevention of postoperative complications.
Neuropeptides and inflammation. A somatostatin analog as a selective antagonist of neutrophil activation by substance P

Objective. Substance P and somatostatin are neuropeptides found in peripheral sensory nerves. In vitro, these have opposing effects on inflammatory cells. We compared the effects of these peptides on the activation of neutrophils. Methods. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers, and chemotaxis, superoxide anion generation, aggregation, and changes in cytosolic calcium and GTPase activity were measured in the presence of substance P, somatostatin, and the chemoattractant FMLP. Results. Substance P was an effective chemoattractant, 20% as potent as FMLP at equimolar concentrations. Substance P also stimulated GTPase activity in neutrophil plasma membranes. Somatostatin did not activate neutrophils; however, it effectively inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis and GTPase activity provoked substance P, but not by FMLP. Conclusions. These studies demonstrate that substance P can effectively stimulate chemotaxis, possible via effects on a GTP-binding protein distinct from that triggered by FMLP, and that somatostatin is a selective antagonist of substance P. The biochemical specificities of these peptides on cells may modulate neurogenic inflammation at the local level.
General Metropolis-Hastings jump diffusions for automatic target recognition in infrared scenes

To locate and recognize ground-based targets in forward- looking IR (FLIR) images, 3-D faceted models with associated pose pa- rameters are formulated to accommodate the variability found in FLIR imagery. Taking a Bayesian approach, scenes are simulated from the emissive characteristics of the CAD models and compared with the col- lected data by a likelihood function based on sensor statistics. This like- lihood is combined with a prior distribution defined over the set of pos- sible scenes to form a posterior distribution. To accommodate scenes with variable numbers of targets, the posterior distribution is defined over parameter vectors of varying dimension. An inference algorithm based on Metropolis-Hastings jump-diffusion processes empirically samples from the posterior distribution, generating configurations of templates and transformations that match the collected sensor data with high prob- ability. The jumps accommodate the addition and deletion of targets and the estimation of target identities; diffusions refine the hypotheses by drifting along the gradient of the posterior distribution with respect to the orientation and position parameters. Previous results on jumps strate- gies analogous to the Metropolis acceptance/rejection algorithm, with proposals drawn from the prior and accepted based on the likelihood, are extended to encompass general Metropolis-Hastings proposal den- sities. In particular, the algorithm proposes moves by drawing from the posterior distribution over computationally tractible subsets of the param- eter space. The algorithm is illustrated by an implementation on a Silicon Graphics Onyx/Reality Engine. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)02404-5)
EFFECTS OF INGESTION OF A CARBOHYDRATE‐FAT MEAL ON THE LEVELS AND SYNTHESIS OF 5‐HYDROXYINDOLES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE RAT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

—The concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in spinal cord and most brain regions increase 2 h after fasted rats begin to consume a carbohydrate-fat meal: indole levels rise in all portions of the brain studied, but the increase is not statistically significant in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum. The rate at which the brain synthesizes 5-hydroxy-indoles (as estimated in vivo by measuring 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation following an injection of the decarboxylase inhibitor RO4-4602) is also accelerated in all of the regions in which the experimental diet elevates tryptophan, 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. These observations indicate that the previously reported increase in brain 5-hydroxyindole levels following consumption of a protein-free meal reflects accelerated serotonin synthesis, and occurs within both the cell bodies and the terminals of serotonin-containing neurons. It is possible that diet-induced changes in neuronal serotonin levels influence the quantities of the neurotransmitter released into synapses, either spontaneously or in response to drugs.
A reconsideration of the relationship between satisfaction and judged importance of environmental and job characteristics

Abstract Friedlander's (1965) results as well as the conclusion that his data represented support for the two-factor theory of job satisfaction ( Herzberg et al., 1959 , Herzberg, 1966 ) were critically examined. 442 male and female white-collar workers employed by the same company and living in a company town in Canada were asked to indicate their satisfaction and judge the importance of 21 environmental and job characteristics. Satisfaction with 16 of the characteristics was measured by 5-point Likert scales. Cumulative point adjective check lists were used to measure satisfaction with the remaining five characteristics. The importance of all characteristics was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Results indicated that for all environmental or job characteristics a V-shaped function between satisfaction and importance was obtained providing that both satisfaction and importance were assessed by Likert scales. No V-shaped relationship was found when satisfaction was measured by cumulative point adjective check lists. It was concluded that Friedlander's results depend on the measurement scale used and thus are basically artifactual. His results therefore cannot be interpreted as giving support for the two-factor theory of job satisfaction.
Protease XXIV increases detection of mucin gene expression during in situ hybridization in archival tissue.

Digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes of six groups of human mucins were evaluated for sensitivity in archival tissue, using protease XXIV or proteinase K during in situ hybridization.
Identification of sample donor by 24-plex short tandem repeat in a post-race equine plasma containing dexamethasone.

Background: Animal sport such as horseracing is tainted with drug abuse as are human sports. Treatment of racehorses on race day with therapeutic medications in most cases is banned, and thus, it is essential to monitor the illicit use of drugs in the racing horse to maintain integrity of racing, ensure fair competition and protect the health, safety and welfare of the horse, jockeys and drivers. In the event of a dispute over the identity of the sample donor, if the regulator can provide evidence that the DNA genotype profile of the post-race sample matched that of the alleged donor, then the potential drug violation case might be easily resolved without legal challenges. Case description: We present a case study of a racehorse sample that tested positive for dexamethasone in a post-race plasma sample in Pennsylvania (PA) but the result was challenged by the trainer of the horse. Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely used in the management of musculoskeletal problems in horses but its presence in the horse during competition is banned by the PA Racing Commissions. The presence of dexamethasone in the post-competition plasma sample was confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. However, this finding was challenged by the trainer of the horse alleging that the post-race sample was not collected from his/her horse and thus petitioned the Commission to be absolved of any wrong-doing. To resolve the dispute, a DNA test was ordered by the PA Racing Commission to identify the correct donor of the dexamethasone positive sample. For this purpose, a 24-plex short tandem repeat analysis to detect 21 equine markers and three human markers was employed. The results indicated that all the samples tested had identical DNA profiles and thus, it was concluded that the samples were collected from the same horse and that the probability of drawing a false conclusion was approximately zero (1.5 × 10 -15 ). Conclusions: The plasma sample confirmed for the presence of dexamethasone was collected from the alleged horse.
Compelling Counternarratives to Deficit Discourses: An Investigation into the Funds of Knowledge of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse U.S. Elementary Students’ Households

This study focused on household funds of knowledge or “historically accumulated bodies of knowledge and skills essential for household functioning and well-being” (Gonzalez, Andrade, Civil, & Moll, 2001). A Funds of Knowledge approach provides both a methodological and theoretical lens for educators to understand both themselves and their students in more complex ways. Participants included five culturally, economically, and linguistically diverse students and their families. The study setting was a middle- and working-class first-ring suburb in the Midwestern United States. Data collection included visits to home, church, and Sunday school settings; observations in Language Arts classroom settings; and informal conversations and ethnographic semi-structured interviews with students, parents, and teachers. Data sources included interview transcripts; fieldnotes and reflections on those fieldnotes; and data collected from each student’s school cumulative folder. I coded parent and child interview and home visit data to create a multifaceted portrait of each household. Findings reveal that households possess a breadth and variety of resources, skills, bodies of knowledge, and strengths. These findings provide compelling counterevidence to deficit discourses by demonstrating that these households possess valuable knowledge and experiences.
The Reality of Spirits: A Tabooed or Permitted Field of Study?

The tendency in the past has been for aruhropobgists to rationalize away the native claim that spirits exist. But in this study, a number of incidents, some of which happened to the author, are described and used to bring this positwistic assumption into question. The author shows that "participant observation" in the fullest sense requires taking the final leap and "going native" in the most complete way possible.
Comparative outcome of nonmyeloablative and myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients older than 50 years of age.

Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) is increasingly used in older patients. The impact of the shift from myeloablative transplantation to NST on relapse, transplant complications, and outcome has yet to be fully examined. We performed a retrospective analysis of 152 patients older than 50 years undergoing NST or myeloablative transplantation. Seventy-one patients received nonmyeloablative conditioning, fludarabine (30 mg/m2/d × 4) and intravenous busulfan (0.8 mg/kg/d × 4); 81 patients received myeloablative conditioning, primarily cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. NST patients were more likely to have unrelated donors (58% versus 36%; P = .009), a prior transplant (25% versus 4%; P = < .0001), and active disease at transplantation (85% versus 59%; P = < .001). Despite the adverse characteristics, overall survival was improved in the NST group at 1 year (51% versus 39%) and 2 years (39% versus 29%; P = .056). There was no difference in progression-free survival (2 years, 27% versus 25%; P = .24). The incidence of grade 2 to 4 graft-versus-host disease was similar (28% versus 27%). The nonrelapse mortality rate was lower for NST patients (32% versus 50%; P = .01), but the relapse rate was higher (46% versus 30%; P = .052). Our experience suggests that, in patients over age 50, NST with fludarabine and low-dose busulfan leads to an overall outcome at least as good as that following myeloablative therapy. (Blood. 2005;105:1810-1814)
Neurologic Disease in a Pig

Three 4-week-old Yorkshire-Hampshire cross piglets from a litter of 9 (7 liveborn) developed convulsions the day of weaning. They were subsequently obtunded, ataxic, and hypermetric and had intention tremors. An affected male pig was presented live for necropsy on day 5 postweaning. This animal was euthanatized and necropsied. No significant grossly visible postmortem lesions were found. Histologic examination of the brain disclosed laminar necrosis of the submeningeal cerebral and cerebellar cortices with replacement by broad sheets of gitter cells. Occasional cerebral and cerebellar leptomeningeal and parenchymal vessels were surrounded by lymphocytes with fewer eosinophils. The morphologic diagnosis was severe multifocal subcortical cerebral and cerebellar laminar necrosis with moderate multifocal lymphocytic and eosinophilic cerebral and cerebellar leptomeningeal and parenchymal perivasculitis. The history and histologic findings are consistent with an etiologic diagnosis of sodium ion intoxication.
Comments on "Role of Anions (Tetrafluoroborate, Perchlorate) of Tetrabutylammonium Salts in Determining Solvation Effects Prevailing in Industrially Essential Solvents Probed by Conductance and FT-IR Spectra"

Several computational and graphical errors in the paper are pointed out, as well as errors in mathematical equations. The calculation of ionic limiting molar conductances is discussed based on the tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylboride reference electrolyte method.
Lyme carditis mimicking giant cell arteritis

Presenting an interesting case of a patient who complained of myalgias, fatigue, headache, jaw claudication and scalp tenderness. Patient’s physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory findings showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, bilateral temporal artery biopsy results were negative and first degree atrioventricular block was seen on electrocardiogram. Serology for Borrelia burgdorferi was positive; patient was diagnosed with Lyme carditis and treated with doxycycline. Lyme is a tick-borne, multi-system disease and occasionally its presentation may mimic giant cell arteritis. On follow-up there was complete resolution of symptoms and electrocardiogram findings.
ContentCascade incremental content exchange between public displays and personal devices

Public exhibits or displays are widely used to present information in public and semipublic places. Users may pass by several of these and observe a significant amount of interesting content, much of which may be forgotten. Unfortunately, there is no widely adopted way for users to acquire related information in locale for their subsequent perusal. We present ContentCascade, a mechanism that allows users to implicitly download various levels of detail of summary information about the content available at the public displays to their personal devices. It also naturally and informally enables users to trade off quality of summary information with presence time. This way, ContentCascade can potentially enhance the overall user experience with public displays as users can recall the summary information later.
Exotic annual grass invasion alters fuel amounts, continuity and moisture content.

Many exotic annual grasses are believed to increase wildfire frequency to the detriment of native vegetation by increasing fine fuels and thus, creating a grass-fire cycle. However, information on differences in fuel characteristics betweeninvadedandnon-invadedplantcommunitiesislacking,orisbasedmainlyonspeculationandanecdotalevidence. We compared fuel biomass, cover, continuity and moisture content in plant communities invaded and not invaded by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), an exotic annual grass, in 2010 and 2011 in south-eastern Oregon, USA. Annual grass- invaded communities had higher fine fuel amounts, greater fuel continuity, smaller fuel gaps and lower fuel moisture content than did non-invaded plant communities. These conditions would increase the probability that ignition sources would contact combustible fuels and that fires would propagate. Fuel characteristics in the annual grass-invaded communities in our study may also support faster spreading fires. Fuel moisture content was low enough to burn readily more than a month earlier in annual grass-invaded communities than in non-invaded communities, thereby expanding the wildfireseason.Thecumulativeeffectofthesedifferencesinfuelcharacteristicsbetweenexoticannualgrass-invadedand non-invaded plant communities is an increased potential for frequent, large-scale, fast-spreading wildfires. We suggest that research is needed to develop methods to mediate and reverse these changes in fuel characteristics associated with B. tectorum invasion. Additional keywords: cheatgrass, fire risk, invasive plants, wildfire.
TOWARDS IMPLEMENTING TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION: EXPLORING THE PEDAGOGY AND PEOPLE OF GOOD INNOVATIONS

With the amount of research and research journals available on the subject, it may seem like we have established many ‘facts’ and ‘truths’ about technology and pedagogy. More realistically, the ‘truth’ is that we are only just beginning to learn within and about the young field of educational technology (understanding the adoption, use, and impact of technologies such as computers in education). One important question we now face relates to understanding what makes a good technological innovation in education. Drawing on past and present research, it is crucial to re-examine the roles of pedagogy and people (innovators, educators, and learners) in technology innovations. In this paper, I describe both processes in detail. I conclude with implications for research and practice.
Influenza and the Vocal Performer: Update on Prevention and Treatment

Summary Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are a major cause of morbidity among vocal arts professionals, both from their acute impairment of the vocal mechanism and their predisposing influence for the development of serious vocal sequelae. In this review, we present some of the salient features of currently available treatments effective against influenza, the virus family responsible for the most serious form of URI. At present, these include an inactivated vaccine and four antiviral drugs, each approved in the United States and many other countries for the prevention and treatment of influenza. A live attenuated vaccine is also available, and other vaccines and antiviral drugs are under development. This review details the current options available for treating both influenza and noninfluenza related URIs in the professional voice user.
Data-driven Learner Modeling to Understand and Improve Online Learning: MOOCs and technology to advance learning and learning research (Ubiquity symposium)

Advanced educational technologies are developing rapidly and online MOOC courses are becoming more prevalent, creating an enthusiasm for the seemingly limitless data-driven possibilities to affect advances in learning and enhance the learning experience. For these possibilities to unfold, the expertise and collaboration of many specialists will be necessary to improve data collection, to foster the development of better predictive models, and to assure models are interpretable and actionable. The big data collected from MOOCs needs to be bigger, not in its height (number of students) but in its width more meta-data and information on learners' cognitive and self-regulatory states needs to be collected in addition to correctness and completion rates. This more detailed articulation will help open up the black box approach to machine learning models where prediction is the primary goal. Instead, a data-driven learner model approach uses fine grain data that is conceived and developed from cognitive principles to build explanatory models with practical implications to improve student learning.
Vascular Epiphyte Communities in the Inner-Crown of Hyeronima alchorneoides and Lecythis ampla at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica

The community composition and percent cover of vascular epiphytes were examined in relation to photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD), temperature, vapor pressure, and tree characteristics in the inner-crown of two emergent tree species, Hyeronima alchorneoides and Lecythis ampla, at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. A total of 53 species were found in a total sampled branch area of 32 m2 in eight trees—four trees per species. Community composition varied both among individuals of the same tree species and between tree species. However, percent cover patterns of vascular epiphytes were significantly different between the two tree species; Hyeronima had a significantly greater percent cover of epiphytes than Lecythis. The higher percent light transmittance as well as lower humidity in Lecythis are likely causes of its lower percent cover of epiphytes. RESUMEN La composicion y abundancia de epifitas vasculares fueron examinados en relacion a flujo fotosintetico, temperatura, presion de vapor y caracteristicas de arboles en las ramas interiores de dos arboles emergentes, Hyeronima alchorneoides y Lecythis ampla, en Estacion Biologica La Selva, Costa Rica. En total encontre 53 especies en una area de 32 m2 en ocho arboles—cuatro arboles por especie. Habia pocas especies en comun entre individuos del mismo arbol o entre especies de arboles. Composicion de epifitas era variable entre individuos del mismo especies de arbol y entre especies de arbol. Habia una diferencia significativa en el patron de abundancia en epifitas vasculares entre especie de arbol; Hyeronima tenia significamente mas abundancia de epifitas que Lecythis. Lo mas alto flujo fotosintetico y humedad mas baja en Lecythis probablemente contribuye a la abundancia de epifitas mas bajas que Hyeronima.
Improving 2D microwave imaging using known background properties

This paper presented numerical simulation of imaging reconstruction of objects confined within a dielectric wall. The image for the unknown region can be improved if the scattering properties of the wall are known. This improvement is achieved by subtracting the scattered field of the wall. From the total scattered field. The scattered field for wall alone case is obtained by solving a forward scattering problem. Whether this approach can be applied to the partially known background needs to be further investigated.
Sinking fluxes of minor and trace elements in the North Pacific Ocean measured during the VERTIGO program

As part of the Vertical Transport in the Global Ocean (VERTIGO) program, we collected and analyzed sinking particles using sediment traps at three depths in the oceanic mesopelagic zone and at two biogeochemically contrasting sites (N. Central Pacific at ALOHA; N. Pacific Western Subarctic Gyre at K2). In this paper, we present the results of minor and trace element determinations made on these samples. Minor and trace elements in the sinking material showed 2 trends in flux with depth: increasing and constant. The sinking particulate phase of some elements (Al, Fe, Mn) was dominated by material of lithogenic origin and exhibited flux that was constant with depth and consistent with eolian dust inputs (ALOHA), or increasing in flux with depth as a result of lateral inputs from a shelf (K2). This shelf-derived material also appears to have been confined to very small particles, whose inherent sinking rates are slow, and residence time within the mesopelagic ‘‘twilight zone’’ would be consequently long. Furthermore, the flux of this material did not change with substantial changes in the rain of biogenic material from the surface (K2), suggesting mechanistic decoupling from the flux of organic carbon and macronutrients. Micronutrient (Fe, Co, Zn and Cu) fluxes examined in a 1-D mass balance suggest widely differing sources and sinks in the water column as well as impacts from biological uptake and regeneration. For example, total Fe fluxes into and out of the euphotic zone appeared to be dominated by lithogenic material and far exceed biological requirements. The export flux of Fe, however, appeared to be balanced by the eolian input of soluble Fe. For Zn and Cu, the situation is reversed, with atmospheric inputs insufficient to support fluxes, and the cycling therefore dominated by the draw down of an internal pool. For Co, the situation lies in between, with important, but ultimately insufficient atmospheric inputs.
Identified Aplysia Neurons with Rapid and Specific Glycine Uptake

Glycine concentrations in individual cell bodies of the identified giant neurons R3–R14 in the parietovisceral ganglion of the mollusc Aplysia californica are up to 20 times higher than in neighboring neurons (Iliffe et al., 1977). High concentrations of putative neurotransmitters are present in invertebrate neurons thought to use those compounds as transmitters (Otsuka et al., 1967; Rude et al., 1969; McCaman et al.; Weinreich et al., 1973). In vertebrates, relatively high concentrations of glycine are present in the ventral grey matter of the spinal cord (Aprison et al., 1975), where glycine is probably used as an inhibitory neurotransmitter by interneurons (Davidson, 1976; Johnston, 1976). Glycine may, therefore, be in high concentrations in R3–R14 for use as a neurotransmitter, particularly since other putative transmitters have not been found in these neurons (Cottrell, 1974; McCaman et al., 1976).
Department Store Cross-Shoppers

With todays retail department store competitiveness, it is necessary to examine department store cross-shoppers of three department store types: traditional, national chain, and discount. Regular shoppers of one type as well as two or more department store types are examined. The multi-item constructs consist of behaviors and attitudes of these different department store shoppers. The needs of cross-shoppers are dramatically different from the needs of core department store customers suggesting the folly of looking only to the needs of their store loyal customers for the structuring of store strategy.
Just count the satisfied groundings: scalable local-search and sampling based inference in MLNs

The main computational bottleneck in various sampling based and local-search based inference algorithms for Markov logic networks (e.g., Gibbs sampling, MC-SAT, MaxWalksat, etc.) is computing the number of groundings of a first-order formula that are true given a truth assignment to all of its ground atoms. We reduce this problem to the problem of counting the number of solutions of a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) and show that during their execution, both sampling based and local-search based algorithms repeatedly solve dynamic versions of this counting problem. Deriving from the vast amount of literature on CSPs and graphical models, we propose an exact junction-tree based algorithm for computing the number of solutions of the dynamic CSP, analyze its properties, and show how it can be used to improve the computational complexity of Gibbs sampling and MaxWalksat. Empirical tests on a variety of benchmarks clearly show that our new approach is several orders of magnitude more scalable than existing approaches.
Impact of a clinical decision support tool on adherence to the Ottawa Ankle Rules.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study is to determine impact of a clinical decision support (CDS) tool on documented adherence to the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) and utilization and yield of ankle/foot radiography, for emergency department patients with acute ankle injury. Methods This is a before-and-after intervention study conducted at a 793-bed, quaternary care, academic hospital from August 2012 to October 2013. Emergency department visits from adults with acute ankle injury 6 months before and 8 months after the intervention were included. The intervention embedded the OAR into a CDS tool integrated with a computerized physician order entry system, which had data capture capability and provided feedback at the time of ankle/foot radiography order. Primary outcome was rate of documented adherence to OAR. Secondary outcomes were utilization and yield (clinically significant fracture rates among patients with acute ankle injuries) of ankle/foot radiography. Results The study population included 460 visits; 205 (44.6%) occurred preintervention. After intervention, documented OAR adherence increased from 55.9% (229/410) to 95.7% (488/510; P P = .800) and foot (48.6%; P = .514) radiography. Yield remained stable for ankle (17.8%; P = .891) and foot (19.8%; P = .889) radiography. Discussion Lack of documentation of key clinical data may hamper provider communication, delay care coordination, and result in legal liability. By embedding the OAR into a CDS tool, we achieved the same rate of documented adherence as previous onerous educational implementations while automating data collection/retrieval. In summary, implementation of the OAR into a CDS tool was associated with an increase in documented adherence to the OAR.
The Dynamism of China’s Civil Litigation System

Globally, civil procedure is the locus of dynamic experiments taking place under the radar screen of most political and social reformers. Viewed as technical answers to perceived increases in civil caseload and overburdened judges, civil procedure nevertheless contains within its rules clues about differing visions of civil justice and how that justice can be delivered. In China, civil procedure reforms take the form of the recent 2012 amendments to the Chinese civil procedure code. While changes to the Chinese civil procedure code are said to be motivated by concerns of efficiency and economy, how these reforms take shape in China, as in elsewhere, are arguably part and parcel of a country’s national identity. And China’s civil dispute resolution reflects its identity of “order over freedom, duty over rights, collective over individual interests.” (Shao-Chuan Leng & Hungdah Chiu, Criminal Justice in Post Mao China: Analysis and Documents 171 (State University of New York Press, 1985) But perversely, in the effort to preserve “order over freedom, duty over rights, collective over individual interests,” recent procedural reforms in China may undermine the raison d’etre of the procedure itself, with the potential to discourage rather than encourage the state’s goal of a “harmonious society.”
The study on the characters of the neural differentiation from embryonic stem cell induced by lineage selection method

Objective To investigate the characters of nerve differentiation procession induced from mouse embryonic stem cells( ESCs) through lineage selection method and then develop the neural differentiation model in vitro. Methods Dopaminergic neurons development model was induced from undifferentiated ESCs through pendent drop and suspension culture,lineage selection culture,neuron-like cells proliferation and differentiation culture of nerve cells. The morphology was observed and the detection of characteristics of neural specific genes and proteins expression at various differentiation stages was performed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence and immunochemistry. The secretion ability of neurotransmitter dopamine at each stages was detected by high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC). Results With the extending of differentiation time, numerous neuron-like cells were observed in differentiating cells and some neuron structures including synapses were clearly visible in the later differentiation period. In initial differentiation period,only a limited number of neural specific genes and proteins were expressed in low levels while all relating genes and proteins expressed in significantly increased levels with culture proceeding. The neurotransmitter dopamine had not been detected in the undifferentiated and initially differentiating stages but there was a remarkable rising trend in later period. Conclusion The cells acquired from the ESCs differentiation using ITSFn culture has the properties of dopaminergic neurons and this is an available model for developmental neurotoxicity research.
Effect of serum inflammatory factors on cardiocerebral vascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To investigate the effect of the serum inflammatory factor on type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) especially among elderly patients complicated with cardiocerebral vascular disease.Methods We studied 103 T2DM patients,and divided them into groups according to the age and whether complicated with cardiocerebral vascular disease or not.The levels of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein(Hs-CRP),fasting blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,cholesterol total,triglyceride(TG),and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were detected with automatic biochemistry analyzer and serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) with ELISA in all patients.Results(1)Among them,the levels of serum Hs-CRP,TNF-α and IL-6 in patients of age≥65 years old were higher than those of age65 years old(P=0.003,P=0.001,P=0.007,respectively).(2)The level of serum Hs-CRP in patients with T2DM complicated with cardiocerebral vascular disease was higher than those without it(P=0.015).And in patients of age≥65 years old,the level of serum Hs-CRP in patients complicated with cardiocerebral vascular disease was higher than that in the those without it(P=0.040).(3)The level of serum Hs-CRP was positively correlated with age and the level of serum TG(r=0.257,P=0.000;r=0.220,P=0.003).The impact factor on Hs-CRP was age,the regression equation was Y(Hs-CRP)=2.407+0.100X(age).(4)The incidence of cardiocerebral vascular disease in T2DM patients of age≥65 years old was higher than that in the patients of age65 years old(P=0.000).Conclusion Inflammatory factors such as CRP,TNF-α and IL-6 are correlated with elderly T2DM patients complicated with cardiocerebral vascular disease;and age is a main impact factor on Hs-CRP.
Epidemiological characteristics of malarias in Henan Province in 2011 and 2012

Aim: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Henan Province in 2011 and 2012.Methods: Data of the malaria in 2011 and 2012 in Henan Province were collected. Descriptive epidemiological analysis method was used to analsize the types and distribution characteristics. Results: A total of 314( including 146 cases of imported malarias) and 156( imported malarias) malaria cases were reported and the annual incidence were 0. 33 and 0. 17 per 100 000 in 2011 and 2012 in Henan Province,respectively. The proportion of subtertian malaria,ovale malaria and malarial malaria in 2012 were more,the cases of tertian malaria were lower compared with those in 2011. Young and middleaged males were the major population in the cases. The rate of male / female was 3. 24∶1 in 2011 and 38. 00∶1 in 2012,respectively. Farmers,workers and migrant workers were the top three. The cases were reported every month. The imported cases were infected mainly from the malaria epidemic regions such as Africa and SE. Asia. Conclusion: The malaria situation drops obviously in Henan Province,but the imported malaria cases increase.
Choosing opioid policies our patients can live with

In 1997, the American Academy of Pain Medicine and the American Pain Society jointly issued recommendations regarding the care of patients with chronic pain.(1) Several years later, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations issued pain management standards "recommending" that hospitals identify patients with pain upon initial screening and collect data to monitor the effectiveness of pain management.(2) Nearly two decades later, we find ourselves in the midst of a opioid epidemic triggered, in part, by excessive utilization of opioid pain medications.(3) We now find ourselves playing "catch up," as we try to undo some of the practices of the past, and change the culture to better balance benefit and risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
The Nobel Prize

In 1986, William Vickrey and James Mirrlees were the joint recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for, as the citation phrased it, their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information”.1 The committee added: In the late 1940s, Vickrey also formulated a model indicating how income taxation can be designed to attain a balance between efficiency and equity. A quarter of a century later, interest in this model was renewed when James Mirrlees found a more thorough solution to the problems associated with optimal income taxes. Mirrlees soon realized that his method could also be applied to many other similar problems. It has become a principal constituent of the modern analysis of complex information and incentive problems. Mirrlees’s approach has become particularly valuable in situations where it is impossible to observe another agent’s actions, so-called moral hazard.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions with Photometric Bases Reveal Free Energy Relationships for Proton Transfer.

The proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidation of p-aminophenol in acetonitrile was initiated via stopped-flow rapid-mixing and spectroscopically monitored. For oxidation by ferrocenium in the presence of 7-(dimethylamino)quinoline proton acceptors, both the electron transfer and proton transfer components could be optically monitored in the visible region; the decay of the ferrocenium absorbance is readily monitored (λmax = 620 nm), and the absorbance of the 2,4-substituted 7-(dimethylamino)quinoline derivatives (λmax = 370–392 nm) red-shifts substantially (ca. 70 nm) upon protonation. Spectral analysis revealed the reaction proceeds via a stepwise electron transfer-proton transfer process, and modeling of the kinetics traces monitoring the ferrocenium and quinolinium signals provided rate constants for elementary proton and electron transfer steps. As the pKa values of the conjugate acids of the 2,4-R-7-(dimethylamino)quinoline derivatives employed were readily tuned by varying the substituents a...
Stuck Between a Clot and a Cold Place: The Specter of Early In-Stent Thrombosis With Therapeutic Hypothermia.

Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), for the minority of those who survive the index hospitalization, experience high morbidity with respect to neurological prognosis. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has emerged as the standard of care in post–cardiac arrest patients without immediate
When memes are mean: Appraisals of and objections to stereotypic memes.

Internet memes are messages—usually in the form of images, videos, and phrases—that are spread in Internet spaces, and which undergo selective changes by Internet users as they propagate. Memes using negative stereotypes, a form of disparagement humor, may serve to communicate bias online. The objec
Low-Power and Compact Analog-to-Digital Converter Using Spintronic Racetrack Memory Devices

Current-induced domain wall (DW) motion in spintronic racetrack memory promises energy-efficient analog computation using compact magnetic nanowires. This paper explores the feasibility of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on current-induced DW motion and introduces an n-bit ADC using n racetrack magnetic nanowires. With each magnetic nanowire having a different configuration granularity, an n-bit binary or gray code is generated simultaneously. The proposed ADC structure achieves 21 fJ/conversion-step at 20 MHz with an area of about $10~\mu \text{m}^{2}$ . The racetrack ADC is suitable for applications requiring dense ADC arrays, such as image sensors. This paper describes one ultrahigh speed digital pixel sensor imaging system benefiting from the racetrack ADC.
Plasma Membrane Protein Disulfide Isomerase: Its Role in the Translocation of Diphtheria Toxin and HIV Virus Across Endosomal and Cell Membranes

As attested by the recent publication of a monograph on protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and related enzymes and as pointed out in its Forward by an early participant and a major contributor in this field, there has been in the last few years a spectacular expansion in work on this enzyme and in our understanding of its properties (Freedman, 1995; 1997). The first mention of a microsomal thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase, later called protein disulfide isomerase, goes back to 1963, when Anfinsen and colleagues described an enzyme capable of forming and rearranging incorrect disulfide bridges in disulfide-containing proteins, a critical step in protein synthesis (Goldberger et al., 1963). Reduced and denatured Ribonuclease A and lysozyme were the first proteins in which this function was studied and the assay based on RNase refolding became instrumental in the isolation and characterization of the enzyme. The sequence of the 57 kDa PDI published in 1985 by Edman et al. allowed to relate its oxidoreduction function to the presence of a Cys-X-X-Cys motif (-CXXC-), which had been previously characterized by Holmgren (1985) as the active site of thioredoxin (Thx). The 12 kDa Thx is known to act as hydrogen donor in the reduction of protein disulfides. The sequence homology or either side of this PDI and Thx active site motif led to the concensus that PDI had two Thx domains. About at the same time, PDI was shown to reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consistent with its involvement in the formation of correct disulfide bonds in nascent proteins.
Remembering Dionysus: revisioning psychology and literature in C.G. Jung and James Hillman

Reading Susan Rowland, I always think of Commisaire Maigret, especially the recent version played by Rowan Atkinson (ITV, 2016). Maigret is extremely bright, but he also demonstrates a rare sense o...