cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Reform as Political Reform in the Writings of John Stuart Mill

Students of Mill's political theory know that he was both a political reformer and a social philosopher. An important part of Mill's life involved political struggles over the electoral franchise and schemes of parliamentary representation, the legal and social emancipation of women, land law and economic policy, and freedom of speech and the press. When turning to his best known writings such as On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, Principles of Political Economy and The Subjection of Women, issues of reform intrude at almost every point. Even his more philosophical writings—Utilitarianism, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy and System of Logic — can be seen as attacks on or supports for those theories of man and society which Mill sees as hindering or furthering ‘the improvement of mankind’. Moreover, Mill's subsidiary careers as a journalist, editor of the London and Westminster Review and member of parliament further demonstrate his commitment to political reform.
Impact of Controlled Burns on the Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Information on the effect of vegetative destruction by controlled burns in reducing the abundance of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, the vector for the agents of Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, is limited. Therefore, the abundance of nymphal, larval, and adult I. scapularis was monitored by dragging the vegetation at 2 separate 4-ha tracts in Cockaponset State Forest in Connecticut following a single controlled burn on 15 April or 21 May 1992. The burn at the April burn site was rated as light to moderate with a flame height of 0.3 m and consumed ≍67% of the surface leaf litter. The burn at the May burn site was rated moderate to severe with a flame height of 0.6–0.9 m., which consumed vegetation <5 cm in diameter and ≍100% of the surface leaf litter. The impact of the burn was strongly influenced by the intensity and timing of the burn. Burning of the vegetation resulted in a reduction of the abundance of nymphal I. scapularis by 74% at the moderately burned site and 97% at the severely burned site, compared with adjacent unburned woodland. No larvae were recovered later in the summer from the severely burned tract. However, judging by the comparable abundance of adult I. scapularis in the fall at the burned and unburned woodlands, the effect of the burns was temporary. Burning the vegetation for the control of I. scapularis appears limited in effect and could be applied only on a large scale in areas with little or no human habitations.
Partial orders on the truth value algebra of finite type-2 fuzzy sets

The elements of the truth value algebra of type-2 fuzzy sets are all mappings of the unit interval into itself, with operations given by various convolutions of the pointwise operations. This algebra can be specialized and generalized in various interesting ways. Here we replace each copy of the unit interval by a finite chain, and define operations analogously. Among these are two binary operations which are idempotent, commutative, and associative, and thus each yields a partial order. Here we investigate these partial orders. It is easy to show that each is a lattice. One principal concern is with the partial order given by the intersection of these two partial orders, which we call the double order. Some results are that two functions are incomparable under the double order unless they have the same least upper bound, and that the set of functions with a given least upper bound is a lattice under the double order. Thus the algebra itself is an antichain of lattices in a natural way.
Determination of trace elements in chewing gum by neutron activation analysis

Six trace elements of nutritional or toxicological interest (aluminium, calcium, chlorine, manganese, sodium and strontium) have been determined in three different brands of chewing gum by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Unlike graphite furnace atomic absorption, neutron activation requires essentially no treatment of the gum sample prior to analysis. As a result, most of these elements may be quantitated in only a few minutes. For the particular brands of gum examined, none of the detected elements was found to be present at a level representing a substantial contribution to the total dietary intake of the element for an American adult.
Microcellular foam of polymer blends of HDPE/PP and their composites with wood fiber

In this study, the effects of batch processing conditions (foaming time and temperature) and blend composition as well as the effect of incorporating wood fiber into the blends on the crystallinity, sorption behavior of CO2, void fraction, and cellular morphology of microcellular foamed high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/polypropylene (PP) blends and their composites with wood fiber were studied. Blending decreased the crystallinity of HDPE and PP and facilitated microcellular foam production in blend materials. The void fraction was strongly dependent on the processing conditions and on blend composition. Foamed samples with a high void fraction were not always microcellular. The addition of wood fiber inhibited microcellular foaming. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2842–2850, 2003
Detection of Callisto’s oxygen atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope

Abstract We report the result of a search for evidence of an O 2 -dominated atmosphere on Callisto, using the high far-ultraviolet sensitivity of the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). Observations of Callisto’s leading/Jupiter-facing hemisphere show, for the first time, variable-strength atomic oxygen (O I) emissions with brightness up to 4.7 ± 0.7 Rayleighs for the O I 1304 A triplet and 1.9 ± 0.4 Rayleighs for the O I 1356 A doublet, averaged over the 2.5 arcsec. diameter COS aperture. Because the observations were made in Earth’s shadow, and are brighter than expected emission from nighttime geocoronal airglow or other plausible sources, we are confident that they originate from Callisto or its immediate vicinity. In addition, COS’s limited (∼1 arcsec) spatial resolution implies a 2 σ detection of excess 1356 A emission concentrated on the disk of Callisto itself, with brightness 3.2 ± 1.6 Rayleighs. The (O I 1356 A)/(O I 1304 A) emission ratio from Callisto’s disk favors dissociative excitation of O 2 , suggesting that O 2 is the dominant atmospheric component rather than other possible oxygen-bearing alternatives. Photoelectrons, rather than magnetospheric electrons, are the most likely source of the dissociative excitation. This detection yields an O 2 column density of ∼4 × 10 15 cm −2 on the leading/Jupiter facing hemisphere, which implies that Callisto’s atmosphere is collisional and is the fourth-densest satellite atmosphere in the Solar System, in addition to being the second-densest O 2 -rich collisional atmosphere in the Solar System, after Earth. Longitudinal variations in published densities of ionospheric electrons suggest that O 2 densities in Callisto’s trailing hemisphere, which we did not observe, may be an order of magnitude greater. The aperture-filling emissions imply that there is also an extended corona of predominantly O I 1304 A emission around Callisto, with observed strength of 1–4 Rayleighs, likely due to solar resonance scattering from sputtered atomic O, with a density of up to 10 4 cm −3 at the exobase.
Foundations of cosmology

My Universe: Selected Reviews. By Ya. B. Zel'dovich. Harwood Academic: 1992. Pp. 252. a£19, $30 (pbk).
Cracking the Dual Code: Toward a Unitary Model of Phoneme Identification

The results of five experiments on the nature of the speech code and on the role of sentence context on speech processing are reported. The first three studies test predictions from the dual code model of phoneme identification (Foss, D. J., & Blank, M. A. Cognitive Psychology, 1980, 12, 1-31). According to that model, subjects in a phoneme monitoring experiment respond to a prelexical code when engaged in a relatively easy task, and to a postlexical code when the task is difficult. The experiments controlled ease of processing either by giving subjects multiple targets for which to monitor or by preceding the target with a similar-sounding phoneme that draws false alarms. The predictions from the model were not sustained. Furthermore, evidence for a paradoxical nonword superiority effect was observed. In Experiment IV reaction times (RTs) to all possible /d/-initial CVCs were gathered. RTs were unaffected by the target item's status as a word or nonword. but they were affected by the internal phonetic structure of the target-bearing item. Vowel duration correlated highly (0.627) with RTs. Experiment V examined previous work purporting to demonstrate that semantic predictability affects how the speech code is processed, in particular that semantic predictability leads to responses based upon a postlexical code. That study found "predictability" effects when words occurred in isolation; further, it found that vowel duration and other phonetic factors can account parsimoniously for the existing results. These factors also account for the apparent nonword superiority effects observed earlier. Implications of the present work for theoretical models that stress the interaction between semantic context and speech processing are discussed, as are implications for use of the phoneme monitoring task.
Algorithm and series expansion for the F distribution

POFF computes the probability of F values no greater than some assigned value. The method of evaluation is based on expressing the probability function in a simple algebraic form which is evaluated as a nested polynomial. In this respect it differs from Algorithm 322 [1] which computes the same function by recurrences. A comparison of their efficiency shows that POFF is faster but the core requirements and the accuracy of the results are identical.
Are immunizations an incentive for well-child visits?

Objective: To assess the beliefs of parents and the visit patterns of their children to determine whether immunizations act as an incentive to use well-child care. Design and Methods: Medical record audits provided data on immunizations and well-child visits. Two questions from a parent interview were used to identify 4 groups of parents: (1) motivated and (2) unmotivated to keep a well-child care appointment regardless of whether immunizations are scheduled, (3) vaccine-motivated and (4) checkup-motivated (parents who were influenced negatively by the prospect of receiving vaccinations). The percentage of children with a visit at each age window for well-child visits and the percentage up-to-date for their immunizations at given ages were compared across the 4 groups. The 4 groups were also compared for other parental attitudes about immunizations and well-child visits, and on sociodemographic and access characteristics. Results: Most (73.3%) of the 502 parents surveyed were classified as motivated and 5% as unmotivated to keep a well-child care appointment regardless of whether an immunization was scheduled. Only 18.3% were categorized as vaccine-motivated and 3.4% as checkup-motivated. For all 4 groups, there was no discernible difference in attendance between immunization and non-immunization visits. Attendance in the windows for well-child visits and percentage of children up-to-date on immunizations declined with increasing age. Conclusions: In this inner-city population, attendance patterns at visits did not support the incentive hypothesis. This finding should reassure clinicians that providing immunizations outside of regular well-child care visits will not necessarily decrease attendance at visits for well-child care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:690-695
Scientific Discovery and Technological Innovation: An Eclectic Odyssey Into Olefin Metathesis Chemistry

Abstract Thirty-three years in applied chemistry has taught me that technology is an endless marathon. Before we revisit that topic, I want to share insights into the discovery process in the physical sciences in a way that should make you wonder, “What role and function might I play in the scientific discovery process?” And should prompt you to ask, “How can I best contribute to the process of innovation and invention?” so that chemists can continue to produce “better things for better living.”
Donor and recipient contributions of ICAM-1 and P-selectin in parenchymal rejection and graft arteriosclerosis: insights from double knockout mice.

Abstract Background: Mice with target gene deletions were used in an immunosuppressed, heterotopic mouse cardiac transplant model to investigate the effects of simultaneous deficiencies of ICAM-1 and P-selectin on late cardiac rejection. Methods To determine the contribution of donor sources of ICAM-1 and P-selectin, ICAM-1/P-selectin gene deficient (I/P −/−) ( n = 7) or wild type ( n = 6) donor hearts were placed into CBA recipients. To study recipient sources of ICAM-1 and P-selectin, wild type donor hearts were placed into I/P −/− ( n = 7) or wild type ( n = 13) recipients. Recipients received a 30-day course of anti-CD4/8 mAb. Results I/P −/− donor allografts had prolonged survival (52–57 days) compared with wild type allografts (49–51 days). I/P −/− donor allografts underwent parenchymal rejection with mononuclear cell infiltration and developed α-smooth muscle actin positive vascular thickening (30 ± 7% luminal occlusion, n = 78 vessels). Wild type allografts had parenchymal rejection with vascular medial necrosis and an absence of arteriosclerotic thickening (10 ± 8%, n = 75, p = 0.008). Using the reverse combination, allografts from I/P −/− or wild type recipients had similar graft survival (50–57 days), comparable but variable degrees of parenchymal rejection, and comparable vascular occlusion (22 ± 15% vs 28 ± 19%, p = 0.442). Conclusion We have shown that donor and recipient sources of ICAM-1 and P-selectin may have independent roles in leukocyte trafficking to the graft. Simultaneous interruption of donor ICAM-1 and P-selectin delays onset of parenchymal rejection. However, donor I/P deficiency permits arteriosclerotic development, perhaps by attenuating the alloimmune injury. In contrast, recipient deficiency alone does not altergraft outcomes suggesting that the donor is the critical site of ICAM-1 and P-selectin.
A Vocational Evaluation Program for Handicapped Students: Focus on the Counselor's Role

The author describes a multidisciplinary vocational evaluation program for handicapped students that integrates the vocational evaluation and special education triennial reevaluation processes.
Comments on “Electrical conductivity of wadsleyite as a function of temperature and water content” by Manthilake et al.

Abstract In a recent paper, Manthilake et al. [Manthilake, M.A.G.M., et al. Electrical conductivity of wadsleyite as a function of temperature and water content. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, in press] presented the results of experimental study on the electrical conductivity of wadsleyite and concluded that the influence of water is small at transition zone temperatures and that a high concentration of water (hydrogen) cannot explain the observed conductivity in the transition zone as oppose to the conclusion originally obtained by Huang et al. [Huang, X., Xu, Y., Karato, S., 2005. Water content of the mantle transition zone from the electrical conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Nature 434, 746–749) from a similar experimental study. In this note, we discuss the causes of discrepancies between the results by two groups and show that almost all the differences are due to the experimental artifacts in the studies by Manthilake et al. and Yoshino et al. [Manthilake, M.A.G.M., et al. Electrical conductivity of wadsleyite as a function of temperature and water content. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, in press; Yoshino, T., Manthilake, G., Matsuzaki, T., Katsura, T., 2008a. Dry mantle transition zone inferred from the conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Nature 451, 326–329] namely (i) the use of inappropriate method of determining electrical conductivity and (ii) the use of the data from a sample of wadsleyite with a substantial amount of water as a “dry” conductivity. A comparison of electrical conductivity of truly “dry” wadsleyite and olivine shows that the conductivity is similar at the same pressure and temperature. We also show that the use of one frequency method results in systematic errors in the conductivity measurements that explains the discrepancies in the results by two sets of studies. When an appropriate method for determining electrical conductivity (i.e., the impedance spectroscopy) is used and when the results of truly dry sample are used for the background dry conductivity, we find that the influence of water (hydrogen) is large enough to explain a majority of variation of electrical conductivity by the regional variation in water content.
Q-switching of the CO 2 laser

The laser pulses obtainable from a Q -switched CO 2 laser are calculated and compared with the results of a number of different techniques of performing the Q -switching. The continuously operating laser is considered first. The transition rates between the molecular vibrational states and their occupations are derived from the measured CW power. The laser tube was 1.9 meters long, had a diameter of 2.4 cm, and used flowing CO 2 -N 2 -He gas. For rapid Q -switching, maximum pulses of 4.5 mJ energy and 85 ns half width are predicted. Such pulses were observed with a rotating mirror Q -switch. However, that technique has a limited pulse repetition rate and experiments on closely spaced pulses are difficult to interpret. A more flexible technique, which allows a much greater variation in the experimental parameters, is the use of a fast shutter to interrupt the laser beam in the cavity. While this switch is somewhat slower than the rotating mirror it does produce pulses of the same energy at repetition rates up to 5000 per second, and smaller pulses at any desired higher rate. From these measurements the upper and lower laser level lifetimes are deduced. They are found to agree well with the values obtained from the CW measurements.
Pathogenesis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), following intraperitoneal injection

Abstract. The pathogenesis of IPNV infection was examined in young brook trout following intraperitoneal inoculation. Fish were sampled sequentially and the distribution of virus determined by virus isolation, histopathology and immunofluorescence. Following intraperitoneal inoculation, virus entered the peritoneal cavity and by 2 days post-inoculation virus had interacted with the pancreatic exocrine cells. Replication in these cells resulted in the production of IPNV-specific antigen, necrosis of infected cells, and spread of infectious virus to adjacent tissue. Areas of viral replication were at first multifocal but tended to merge as they grew. Eventually, most of the acinar tissue became involved and only small pockets of normal acinar cells remained. Twelve-week old brook trout survived with only a small amount of functional exocrine pancreas and limited virus replication continued in this tissue for weeks. Extensive virus replication appeared to take place only in the pancreas although viral antigen and slight pathological changes were found in the renal interstitium and livers of some fish.
Inhibition of transcription and translation of an arginine-induced and rifampin-induced acetylornithine δ-transaminase of Escherichia coli

The addition of arginine to the growth medium of an Escherichia coli W mutant leads to the simultaneous induction of synthesis of acetylornithine δ-transaminase and burst of synthesis of acetylornithinase; the hurst of acetylornithinase synthesis is followed by the repression of synthesis of acetylornithinase. Chloramphenicol prevents the induction of acetylornithine δ-transaminase and acetylornithinase, indicating that the observed increase in activity is not due solely to either activation of preformed enzyme or to association of completed subunits. Trimethoprim will not prevent the synthesis of either of these enzymes. Rifampin, an inhibitor of the initiation of transcription, likewise is ineffective as an inhibitor of the synthesis of both of these enzymes. Actinomycin D, on the other hand, inhibits arginine-induced synthesis of acetylornithine δ-transaminase as well as the burst of synthesis of acetylornithinase. Since synthesis of acetylornithine δ-transaminase and acetylornithinase appears to be regulated at a point beyond initiation of transcription and translation, a model is proposed in which transcription and translation are physically coupled. The synchrony of these two processes is governed by the intracellular concentration of arginine.
Cooling, monopoles, and the string tension in SU(2) lattice gauge theory

We investigate local cooling of gauge field configurations in four-dimensional SU (2) lattice gauge theory. After abelian projection, abelian magnetic monopole current is identified in the cooled configurations and is used to compute the string tension. The string tension due to the monopoles is seen to be stable under many cooling steps, reproducing the uncooled result, although only 10–15% of the original monopole current links remain.
A study of moments and likelihood estimators of the odd Weibull distribution

Abstract The odd Weibull distribution is a three-parameter generalization of the Weibull and the inverse Weibull distributions having rich density and hazard shapes for modeling lifetime data. This paper explored the odd Weibull parameter regions having finite moments and examined the relation to some well-known distributions based on skewness and kurtosis functions. The existence of maximum likelihood estimators have shown with complete data for any sample size. The proof for the uniqueness of these estimators is given only when the absolute value of the second shape parameter is between zero and one. Furthermore, elements of the Fisher information matrix are obtained based on complete data using a single integral representation which have shown to exist for any parameter values. The performance of the odd Weibull distribution over various density and hazard shapes is compared with generalized gamma distribution using two different test statistics. Finally, analysis of two data sets has been performed for illustrative purposes.
Kinetics of carbonization and graphitization of PBO fiber

PBO [poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole)] fiber has been shown to convert to an ordered carbon fiber without the need for stabilization. This article presents the first detailed analysis of the carbonization and graphitization behavior of this unique material. The carbonization process was modeled as a series of free-radical reactions, and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine an activation energy of 76 ± 6 kcal/mol for the thermal initiation of free radicals. The initiation reaction data then were applied to determine the temperature dependence of the termination reaction. Additionally, the development of long-range order in the graphitizing fiber was examined. The spacing between graphene planes was shown to decrease with increasing treatment temperature and soak duration. Carbonized PBO fibers developed more long-range order than carbon fibers produced from other polymers, which may partially explain why these PBO-based fibers display excellent lattice-dependent properties. Finally, an Arrhenius analysis found the activation energy for graphitization to be 120 ± 17 kcal/mol.
Unexpected chlorine substitution by hydrogen in the reaction of 2-chloro-3-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide with DBU: Synthesis and molecular structure of 2-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide

The reaction of p-toluidine with 2,3-dichloromaleic anhydride in the presence of added 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) does not give the known compound 2-chloro-3-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide (1), but rather 2-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide (2) in low yields. Repeating this same reaction with Et3N, pyridine, tmeda, and 4-Me2Npyridine in place of DBU furnishes the expected product 2-chloro-3-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide, without the presence of 2-p-toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide. The participation of DBU in the chlorine for hydrogen exchange reaction in compound 1 has been demonstrated from the independent thermolysis reaction of 1 with DBU in toluene, where 2 was obtained as the sole isolable product. Compound 2 was isolated and fully characterized in solution, and the molecular structure was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. 2-p-Toluidino-N-p-tolylmaleimide crystallizes in the monoclinic space C2/c, a = 33.630(5), b = 12.508(2), c = 7.381(1), β = 90.668(3), V = 3104.3(8)3, Z = 8, and Dcalc = 1.251 Mg/m3; R = 0.0357, Rw = 0.0896 for 2011 reflections with I > 2σ(I).
WATER RELATIONS IN THE CELL I. THE CHLOROPLASTS OF NITELLA AND OF SPIROGYRA

Chloroplasts may contract under natural conditions and give up water to the rest of the cell, thus indicating changes in metabolism or constitution. Such contractions may be produced experimentally. In Nitella the chloroplasts are ellipsoid bodies which, under natural conditions, may contract to spheres with a loss of volume. This may be brought about by lead acetate, ferric chloride, and digitonin: the contraction may occur while the cell is alive. The contraction in lead acetate is reversible (in lead nitrate little or no contraction occurs). In Spirogyra the chloroplast is a long, spirally coiled ribbon which may contract under natural conditions to a short nearly straight rod with a loss of volume. This can be brought about by inorganic salts and in other ways while the cell is still alive.
The hypogastric nerve pathway to penile erectile tissue: histochemical evidence supporting a vasodilator role

Retrograde dye staining, combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, were used to characterize penile neurons in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat. Of the penile neurons 92% were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, while 95% of penile neurons stained intensely for acetylcholinesterase. None of the neurons were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. Penile neurons in the pelvic plexus receive preganglionic input from the pelvic and the hypogastric nerve, yet the shared histochemical features of the postganglionic neurons suggest that the two pathways have a similar role in penile erectile tissue.
Auditory function in the C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeSnJ mouse strains

The C3H inbred mouse strain arose in 1920 and includes several substrains, such as the C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeSnJ variants. However, use of these C3H mice in hearing research has been limited because their auditory function has not been described. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize auditory function in two C3H representative substrains. C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeSnJ mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories for auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing at ages from 2 to 30 months. Animals were tested with tone bursts at frequencies of 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 kHz. These early responses were evaluated for age-related threshold shifts as an index of peripheral auditory function. Both strains show normal sensitivity up to 14 months of age. Thresholds for both strains were slightly elevated at most frequencies at 18 months. C3H/HeSnJ mice tested at 30 months demonstrated little hearing function due to extensive sensorineural degeneration. Thus, these C3H strains maintain excellent cochlear function past 1 year of age.
US-American New Women in Italy 1853-1870

In her article "US-American New Women in Italy 1853-1870" Sirpa A. Salenius discusses the Italian experience of sculptors such as Harriet Hosmer and Edmonia Lewis, who were independent, career-oriented women studying and working in Rome in the mid-nineteenth century. They were among the most representative New Woman figures who started to challenge US-American society's male-dominant norm and gender-imposed limitations, while reinventing an identity for themselves. Other progressive women, who observed them in Italy, were impressed and influenced by the example of their lives and work. For instance, the influence of Frances Willard's visit to Italy became visible after her return to the U.S. where she became a distinguished lecturer, writer, and social reformer who dedicated her life to furthering women's rights within the temperance movement. The Italian experience changed the lives of many women who, in turn, influenced other women in the United States of the period. Sirpa A. Salenius, "US-American New Women in Italy 1853-1870" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.1 (2012):
Constraining reionization with the evolution of the luminosity function of Lyα emitting galaxies

At redshifts beyond z 6, as the mean fraction of neutral hydrogen xH i in the intergalactic medium (IGM) increases, the line flux of Lyα emitters can be significantly attenuated, which can result in a decrease in the observed number of emitters at a given Lyα flux. However, cosmological H II regions surrounding the Lyα emitting galaxies alleviate these effects. We use simple models of the Lyα line attenuation that incorporate the presence of H II regions to predict the overall effect of the Lyα absorption on the Lyα luminosity function (LF). We find, in agreement with other recent studies, that a fully neutral IGM is inconsistent with the Lyα LF remaining unchanged from z = 5.7 to z = 6.5, as suggested by recent observations. However, the presence of local H II regions prohibits placing a tight constraint on the mean neutral fraction. We find x 0.25; the presence of strong winds and/or the clustering of ionizing sources would further weaken this constraint. We conclude that the evolution of the Lyα LF is consistent with reionization occurring near this redshift, as suggested by other observations. Finally, we suggest that a measurement of observed Lyα line width as a function of the Lyα luminosity, in a future, larger sample of Lyα emitters, may serve as a robust diagnostic of the neutral fraction in the IGM.
Incremental Budgeting: Myth or Model?

^F nOR NEARLY two decades the notion of incrementalism has dominated conceptualization, analysis and description of the budgetary process. Incremental models have been applied to budgeting in the United States federal government, state and local governments in the United States, central and local budgeting in other countries, and in international organizations. (See Davis et al., 1966a, 1966b, 1971, 1974; Cowart et al., 1975; Crecine, 1969, 1970; Danziger, 1978; Edwards and Sharkansky, 1975; Hoole 1976; Hoole, Handley and Ostrom, 1979; Hoole, Job and Tucker, 1976; Ostrom, 1977, 1978a; Sharkansky, 1968a, 1968b, 1970; and Sharkansky and Turnbull, 1969.) Some regard incrementalism as the leading example of a law-like behavioral generalization which seems to be applicable over a broad range of cultures, levels of government, substantive activities, and time periods. Others have been critical of incremental models of budgeting. Conceptual and empirical challenges have been articulated which purport to offer evidence sufficient to refute incremental budgeting models. (LeLoup, 1978, identifies the following as important critiques: Natchez and Bupp, 1973; Wanat, 1974; Gist, 1974, 1977; Ripley et al., 1975; and Bailey and O'Connor, 1975.) At the extreme, incremental budgeting has been called a myth (LeLoup, 1978). It has become commonplace for reviews of budgeting research to acknowledge both adherents and critics of incrementalism. The points of disagreement between proponents and critics of incremental budgeting models have been numerous, complex, and often quite technical. As is so often the case, much of the debate is rooted in conflicting definitions, and disputants have been talking past each other. Fortunately, the argument has taken a positive turn. A number of parties have recognized that incrementalism is a label which has been applied to a wide range of ideas and empirical models. In a recent paper two incremental modelers have explained how their research interests and conceptual framework differ from those of their critics (Dempster and Wildavsky, 1979). This paper attempts to contribute further to clarification by exploring the extent to which inconsistent empirical findings are due to methodological choices. It will be argued that many studies commonly cited as "refuting" incremental models employ methodologies inappropriate to the models they seek to criticize. It will also be argued that methodological problems in some studies commonly cited as "confirming" incrementalism weaken their claims as well. The purpose here is not to defend or attack specific authors, ideas or methods. The goal is to facilitate communication and progress by identifying neglected methodological issues in budgetary modeling and their substantive implications.
Changes in Scholastic Achievement and Intelligence of Indian Children Enrolled in a Foster Placement Program.

this study investigated the longterm g effects ter of involvement in the indian placement program of the church of jesus christ of latterday saints day on academic achievement and intelligence of indian children data from standardized intelligence and achievement ti tests administered by the schools during the subjects r afs M narris committee member
Evaluating the severity of dermatologic disorders

Assessment of a patient's disease severity is an essential component of formulating therapeutic strategies. However, disorders of the skin are often not amenable to strict classification criteria, and the dermatologist relies upon personal thresholds of severity when assessing the patient's overall condition. A number of grading systems have arisen, primarily from the need for standardized end points in clinical trials; in some circumstances, these severity assessments may assist the clinician in the evaluation and treatment of dermatologic disease. In this review, we will summarize the results of available severity scores of frequently encountered dermatologic disorders and discuss their utility in the management of disease in a clinician's office.
Biosynthetic incorporation of 15N and 13C for assignment and interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of proteins

The use of isotopic substitution is a time-honoured method for simplifying the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of biological macromolecules. For example, the biosynthetic incorporation of a heteronucleus such as 15N or 13C into a specific amino acid residue in a protein followed by direct observation of the 15N or 13C NMR spectrum could provide a means to specifically observe a given amino acid type in that protein. By observation of the chemical shift or relaxation properties as a function of pH, ligand concentration, etc. a number of important conclusions concerning the pKa values of specific residues, the affinity of the protein for various ligands, or dynamic properties of the protein can be deduced. (See Henry et al. 1986 a, b; 1987 for an elegant modern example). In such situations, direct observation of the heteronucleus is a powerful means to observe environmental changes (Niu et al. 1979) but often these measurements are not readily interpretable in terms of alterations of protein structure. Although proton-proton dipolar interactions (NOEs) typically provide the richest source of such structural information, these interactions are not monitored in most experiments which directly observe the heteronucleus.
Performance study of MRC systems with multiple cochannel interferers in a non-Gaussian multipath fading environment

We investigate the performance of maximal ratio combining (MRC) systems operating in a non-Gaussian multipath fading environment. Specifically, we model the fading process by a spherically invariant random process (SIRP), which has many Gaussian-like properties and has been shown to be appropriate for modeling the multipath fading phenomenon in some practical fading environments. Closed-form expressions are derived for the average error probability of coherent binary modulation in the presence of multiple, equal-power non-Gaussian interferers in a non-Gaussian multipath fading environment.
Normalized irreducible tensorial matrices and the Wigner–Eckart theorem for unitary groups: A superposition hamiltonian constructed from octahedral NITM

The concepts of normalized irreducible tensorial matrices (NITM) are extended to all finite and compact unitary groups by a development that clarifies their relationship to group theory and matrix algebra. NITM for a unitary group G are shown to be elements of a basis obtained by symmetry adapting to G the matrix basis of a matrix space M(α1 × α2). Elements [X] ∈ M(α1 α2) transform under Ga ∈ G according to [Ga] [X][G−1a], where [Ga] and [G−1a] belong to irreducible representations of G. The usual properties of NITM and the Wigner–Eckart theorem follow from these results, which are valid for both finite and compact unitary groups. The NITM span M(α1 × α2) are orthonormal under the trace and transform irreducibly with respect to G. This NITM basis of M(α1 × α2) is said to be simple. A compound NITM basis of a matrix space results when the space is partitioned into two or more subspaces, each spanned by a simple NITM basis. NITM determined from Griffith's V coefficients for the octahedral group are tabulated and used to construct a six-coordinate superposition Hamiltonian.
Quantile BEAST Attacks the False-Sample Problem in Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis

The multiple linear regression approach typically used in near-infrared calibration yields equations in which any amount of reflectance at the analytical wavelengths leads to a corresponding composition value. As a result, when the sample contains a component not present in the training set, erroneous composition values can arise without any indication of error. The Quantile BEAST (Bootstrap Error-Adjusted Single-sample Technique) is described here as a method of detecting one or more “false” samples. The BEAST constructs a multidimensional form in space using the reflectance values of each training-set sample at a number of wavelengths. New samples are then projected into this space, and a confidence test is executed to determine whether the new sample is part of the training-set form. The method is more robust than other procedures because it relies on few assumptions about the structure of the data; therefore, deviations from assumptions do not affect the results of the confidence test.
Experimental design for simulation

This tutorial introduces some of the ideas, issues, challenges, solutions, and opportunities in deciding how to experiment with simulation models to learn about their behavior. Careful planning, or designing, of simulation experiments is generally a great help, saving time and effort by providing efficient ways to estimate the effects of changes in the model's inputs on its outputs. Traditional experimental-design methods are discussed in the context of simulation experiments, as are the broader questions pertaining to planning computer-simulation experiments.
Zygomatic dysmorphology in unicoronal synostosis

Summary Introduction Unicoronal synostosis (UCS) imparts a fronto-facial deformity, the hallmark feature being orbital and forehead dysmorphology. The facial and malar regions also consistently display asymmetry, however, zygomatic structural characteristics have not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to objectively analyze the zygomata of UCS patients compared to normal controls. Methods Three dimensional-computed tomographic images and demographic information were obtained from normal control and UCS patients. Volumetric and morphometric analyses were performed and results statistically analyzed. P values Results A total of 68 zygomatic sides were analyzed: twelve control (6 females; mean age: 6.6 months) and 22 UCS patients (10 females; mean age: 5.1 months). The affected side was right in 55% ( n = 12) and left in 45% ( n = 10) of UCS patients. The affected zygomata were volumetrically deficient compared to unaffected and normal control zygomata. Unaffected zygomata demonstrated diminished volume compared to norms. Morphometrically, affected zygomata differed, while both the unaffected and control zygomata were similar. Age stratification revealed marked differences in zygomatic volume and morphometry between the affected and unaffected zygomata was greatest at an early age interval. Conclusion The affected UCS zygomata are on average smaller compared to unaffected and normal control zygomata. Moreover, distinct morphometric differences exist on the affected zygomata versus both unaffected and control zygomata. These differences are not addressed by commonly employed treatment approaches. Further studies evaluating the growth effect of UCS zygomatic morphology should be entertained.
NATIONAL LAND‐COVER PATTERN DATA

Land cover and its spatial patterns are key ingredients in ecological studies that consider large regions and the impacts of human activities. Because land-cover maps show only cover types and their locations, further processing is needed to extract pattern information and to characterize its spatial variability. We are producing a nationally consistent spatial database of six land-cover pattern indices: forest area density, forest connectivity, the U index (a measure of general land-use pressure by humans), land-cover connectivity, land-cover diversity, and landscape pattern types. We use the land-cover maps produced by the Multi-resolution Land Characteristics Consortium for the conterminous United States at 30-m resolution. The goal of this paper is to encourage use of the pattern data as: contextual information and independent variables for studies involving a set of field sites; indicators of landscape conditions for ecological assessments; and dependent variables in biogeographic and socioeconomic models. The new maps will be most useful in studies that require consistent and comparable land-cover pattern measurements over large regions and can be combined with the original land-cover maps and other data. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at http://esa.sdsc.edu/Archive. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Measuring quality of life in early HIV disease: the modular approach.

Rationale: to examine the reliability and validity of the General Health Self-assessment, a modular questionnaire for self-assessment of quality of life (QoL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical trials and to describe the baseline QoL of participants in a large HIV clinical trial. Design: the domains assessed include health perceptions, physical, psychological and role/social functioning, health care utilization and symptom distress. Method: 1,694 subjects with early HIV infection enrolled in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 175 completed the scale at baseline. Results: the domains demonstrated reliability, construct and discriminant validity. A worse QoL was associated with recent hospitalization and symptomatic status. Prior antiretroviral therapy was associated with higher health perceptions and well-being. The presence of symptom distress was related to lower QoL on the other scales. There was no relationship between QoL scales and the baseline CD4 count. Women showed a lower QoL than men on all scales, while ethnicity was related to differences in health perceptions and physical and psychological functioning. Conclusions: the General Health Self-assessment shows excellent potential as a measure of QoL for HIV-infected patients in clinical trials. Further research is necessary to determine the responsiveness of the scale to clinical and immunological changes in HIV-infected individuals.
Ultraviolet and blue light induced damage to the Drosophila retina: microspectrophotometry and electrophysiology.

Intense ultraviolet (UV) and blue stimulation decreases visual pigment concentration and increases long wavelength fluorescent emission in R1–6 photoreceptors in the white eyed fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We used microspectrophotometry to show that the threshold for visual pigment decrease is about 1 log unit lower for UV than for blue light (18.7 vs approximately 19.9 log quanta/cm2 respectively). UV and blue stimuli about 0.2 log units brighter had been shown to cause structural degeneration. Above the threshold for structural damage, visual pigment is decreased permanently while below this level, a recovery of visual pigment was achieved within several hours. Microspectrofluorometric data are partially consistent with the hypothesis that the visual pigment is converted into a fluorescent product which had been named M'. M' had been proposed to be a new form of metarhodopsin which absorbs chiefly in the yellow and which has a fluorescent emission in the red; long wavelength stimulation had been r...
Evaluating the efficiency of using second-trimester nasal bone hypoplasia as a single or a combined marker for fetal aneuploidy.

Objective. Although second-trimester nasal bone (NB) hypoplasia has been associated with fetal aneuploidy, its role as a single marker is still uncertain. Our objective was to evaluate the efficiency of NB hypoplasia as an independent marker for fetal aneuploidy. Methods. This was a prospective cohort study of women undergoing an anatomic survey between 16 and 22 weeks’ gestation. The fetal NB and other markers of fetal aneuploidy, including nuchal fold, femur and humeral lengths, choroid plexus cysts, major fetal anomalies, echogenic bowel, pyelectasis, and hypoplastic fifth digits, were evaluated. Nasal bone hypoplasia was defined either as an absent NB or by a ratio of the biparietal diameter to NB. Fetuses or infants with fetal aneuploidy were compared with those without for the presence of NB hypoplasia either as a single marker or in the presence of other markers for aneuploidy. Results. Of 2885 women evaluated, NB measurements were obtained in 2465 (85%). There were 35 (1.4%) cases with fetal aneuploidy. The sensitivity and specificity of a single NB in detecting Down syndrome varied from 23% to 64% and 57% to 99%, respectively, depending on the definition of NB hypoplasia used. There was an improvement in the efficiency of using the NB when combined with other markers, with sensitivity and specificity increasing from 59% to 82% and 74% to 87%, respectively. Conclusions. Nasal bone hypoplasia is a marker for fetal aneuploidy. The combination of the NB