cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of cholinergic sympathetic innervation from limb muscle vasculature in rats and mice.

Although the existence of cholinergic sympathetic vasodilatory innervation in limb muscle vasculature is well established for some species, previous pharmacological studies have failed to reveal the presence of such innervation in rats. Recently, Schafer and colleagues [Schafer, M.K., Eiden, L.E., Weihe, E., 1998. Cholinergic neurons and terminal fields revealed by immunohistochemistry for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. II. The peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 84(2), 361-376] reported that vesicular acetylcholine transporter immunoreactivity (VAChT-IR), a marker for cholinergic terminals, is present in the innervation of the microvasculature of rat hindlimb skeletal muscle and concluded that rats possess cholinergic sympathetic innervation of limb muscle vasculature. Because of our interest in identifying targets of cholinergic sympathetic neurons, we have analyzed the transmitter properties of the innervation of muscle vessels in rat and mouse limbs. We found that the innervation of vasculature in muscle is noradrenergic, exhibiting robust catecholamine histofluorescence and immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the peptide transmitters, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and occasionally vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In contrast, cholinergic phenotypic markers,VAChT-IR and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, are absent. Neuron cell bodies in sympathetic ganglia, retrogradely labeled with injections of tracer into limb muscles, also lacked VAChT but contained TH-IR. The innervation of large extramuscular feed arteries in hindlimbs was also devoid of cholinergic markers, as were the cell bodies of sympathetic neurons innervating extramuscular femoral arteries. These results, like those of previous physiological studies, provide no evidence for the presence of cholinergic sympathetic innervation of muscle vasculature in rats or mice.
Needed: mouse/human cross validation of reinstatement/relapse models (and drug reward models) to model human substance abuse vulnerability allelic variants

Classical human genetic studies document strong complex genetic contributions to abuse of multiple addictive substances. Recent molecular genetic studies have uncovered gratifyingly reproducible human allelic variants that contribute to this overall human genetic vulnerability to addictions in several populations (reviewed in Uhl et al. 1995, 2002; Uhl 1999). Behavioral assessments and gene variations identified in human studies can be studied in mice, where experimental control of genetic background and behavioral histories can produce power to isolate the effects of single gene variants that may not be available in human studies. Working mouse models are thus needed to be able to define the phenotypes that each human addiction vulnerability allelic variant can produce. Validated relapse/reinstatement mouse models for studies of human addiction vulnerability genetics could provide a potentially powerful pairing with better-studied models for acute drug reward.
Transurethral Collagen Injection in Neuropathic Sphincter Deficiency

A small but significant subset of patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction secondary to neurogenic etiology develop intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). This is manifested clinically as stress urinary incontinence. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of transurethral collagen injections in the management of ISD of neuropathic origin in the male patient. A retrospective chart review over a 3-year period revealed 11 patients who underwent between one and three collagen injections for ISD. Follow-up data were available for 9 patients. Preoperative symptoms and urodynamic studies as well as postoperative symptoms were recorded. The majority of our patients (67%) had symptomatic improvement of their urinary incontinence. Although more long-term data are needed, this method appears to be a viable alternative for the male patient with neurogenic ISD.
On the optimality of international capital market integration

Abstract The focus of this paper is on the benefits to investors, arising out of the integration of the capital markets of different countries. The notion that an expansion in the opportunity set of individual investors causes improvements in their welfare is analyzed to take account of the effects on their wealth. With the supplies of investments held constant, the effects of changes in the macroparameters of the risk-return pricing relationship, caused by the merger of capital markets, on the wealth of individuals in the new equilibrium, are determined. Using three specific utility functions – quadratic, exponential and logarithmic – it is shown that international capital market integration is Pareto-optimal, i.e., the welfare of individuals in the economies considered never declines, and will generally improve. The effect of expansion of the opportunity set, due to the integration of capital markets, nullifies the effect of a possible negative change in wealth.
Biochemical characterization of the PH-20 protein on the plasma membrane and inner acrosomal membrane of cynomolgus macaque spermatozoa

Preparations of sperm membranes (plasma membranes and outer acrosomal membranes) and denuded sperm heads were isolated from macaque sperm, and the PH-20 proteins present were characterized by Western blotting, hyaluronic acid substrate gel analysis, and a microplate assay for hyaluronidase activity. Because we have shown previously that PH-20 is located on the plasma membrane and not on the outer acrosomal membrane, the PH-20 in the membrane preparations was presumed to be plasma membrane PH-20 (PM-PH-20). PM-PH-20 had an apparent molecular weight of 64 kDa and the optimum pH for its hyaluronidase activity was 6.5. The PH-20 associated with denuded sperm heads was localized by immunogold label to the persistent inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) and was presumed to be IAM-PH-20, which included a major 64 kDa form and a minor 53 kDa form. The 53 kDa form was not detected in extracts of denuded sperm heads from acrosome intact sperm that were boiled in nonreducing sample buffer, but was present in extracts of sperm heads from acrosome reacted sperm and in the soluble material released during the acrosome reaction, whether or not the samples were boiled. Substrate gel analysis showed that the hyaluronidase activity of the 53 kDa form of PH-20 was greatest at acid pH, and this activity was probably responsible for the broader and lower optimum pH of IAM hyaluronidase activity. When hypotonic treatment was used to disrupt the sperm acrosome and release the acrosomal contents, less than 0.05% of the total hyaluronidase activity was released. The PH-20 protein released by hypotonic treatment was the 64 kDa form and not the 53 kDa form, suggesting that its source might be the disrupted plasma membranes. Our experiments suggest that the soluble form of hyaluronidase, which is released at the time of the acrosome reaction, is derived from the IAM. This soluble hyaluronidase is composed of both the 64 kDa form and 53 kDa form of PH-20. The 53 kDa form appears to be processed from the 64 kDa form at the time of the acrosome reaction.
ARMS TRADE, MILITARY SPENDING, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

There is a large literature on the relationship between economic growth and defense spending, but its findings are often contradictory and inconclusive. These results may be partly due to non‐linear growth effects of military expenditure and incorrect model specifications. The literature also appears lacking an empirical analysis of interaction between military spending and the arms trade and the impact of these two on growth. This paper investigates this non‐linear interaction in the context of the Solow and Barro growth models recommended by Dunne et al. 1 (2005). Using fixed effects, random effects, and Arellano–Bond GMM estimators, I examine the growth effects of military expenditure, arms trade, and their interaction in a balanced panel of 28 countries during 1965–2000. The augmented Solow growth model specified in Dunne et al. (2005) yields more robust estimates than the reformulated Barro model. I find that higher military spending and net arms exports separately lead to lower economic growth, but ...
Maltotetraose Production Using Pseudomonas stutzeri Exo‐α‐Amylase in a Membrane Recycle Bioreactor

For a continuous process using maltotetraose (G4)-forming amylase in a membrane recycle bioreactor (MRB), the enzyme was partially purified to specific activity 21.5 IU/mg protein. The enzyme was stable enough to convert starch into G4 in batch and MRB systems. Optimum conditions in the MRB using hollow fiber with 1,000 molecular weight cut-off were: substrate concentration 1.0% (w/v), enzyme concentration 70 IU/L reactant, and residence time 83 min. Productivity at steady state under optimized conditions was 0.99 g/L/hr. Excessive residence time decreased product purity by further conversion of G4 to lower molecular weight compounds due to endo-acting activity of the enzyme.
Outbreak of Multiantimicrobial-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Related to Pulsatile Lavage

Abstract ISSUE: We investigated an outbreak of multiantimicrobial-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) in a 1000-bed hospital. A. baumannii survives on surfaces for extended time periods and colonizes or infects the respiratory tract and wounds. PROJECT: In October 2003, 12 patients had MDR-AB cultured from wounds. Cases were patients with cultures (CX) growing MDR-AB. MDR-AB were resistant to all antibiotics except colistin. Strict contact isolation was implemented. Sign-in was required for entry into patient pt rooms to track potential exposures. Record review revealed that all case patients underwent wound care with Pulsatile Lavage (PL), which is a pressurized wound flush device. The procedure was observed, environmental CX were collected in the treatment area and all patients who underwent PL were identified. CX of the PL environment grew MDR-AB. The treatment area was closed and thoroughly cleaned. Staff was instructed on proper infection control. Surveillance CX of all patients treated with PL was obtained from the time the index case was identified. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that 6 patients who received PL had identical strains, which were also identical to environmental CX. We hypothesized the organism was aerosolized during PL therapy based on 1) environmental contamination matching the outbreak strain, and 2) infected patients. RESULTS: The outbreak resolved after all CX-positive patients were identified and aggressive infection control measures were instituted. No new cases were identified after October 2003. LESSONS LEARNED: MDR-AB can be transmitted by aerosolization during PL. The FDA and CDC have worked to change the infection control procedures in the product labeling on the PL device.
Eddy Feedbacks on the Zonal Index and Eddy–Zonal Flow Interactions Induced by Zonal Flow Transience

Abstract A mechanistic approach is used to determine the nature and frequency dependence of transient eddy feedbacks on zonally symmetric low-frequency variability. The zonal momentum of a simple though fully nonlinear atmospheric model is driven by an imposed periodic forcing. In the absence of the imposed forcing this is a model that spontaneously generates its own low-frequency zonally symmetric variability. The response to the imposed forcing is determined by the amplitude and phase of the transient eddy driving of the zonal flow, which depends strongly on the imposed forcing frequency. At short periods, less than 30 days, the driving of the zonal flow by transient eddies lags the zonal angular momentum by more than a quarter-cycle and is, therefore, a negative feedback. As the period is increased, the eddy driving becomes more in phase with the angular momentum, and for steady imposed forcing the eddy feedback is strongly positive. These results are consistent with the suppression of high frequencies...
Nanoporous Silica-Based Protocells at Multiple Scales for Designs of Life and Nanomedicine

Various protocell models have been constructed de novo with the bottom-up approach. Here we describe a silica-based protocell composed of a nanoporous amorphous silica core encapsulated within a lipid bilayer built by self-assembly that provides for independent definition of cell interior and the surface membrane. In this review, we will first describe the essential features of this architecture and then summarize the current development of silica-based protocells at both micro- and nanoscale with diverse functionalities. As the structure of the silica is relatively static, silica-core protocells do not have the ability to change shape, but their interior structure provides a highly crowded and, in some cases, authentic scaffold upon which biomolecular components and systems could be reconstituted. In basic research, the larger protocells based on precise silica replicas of cells could be developed into geometrically realistic bioreactor platforms to enable cellular functions like coupled biochemical reactions, while in translational research smaller protocells based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles are being developed for targeted nanomedicine. Ultimately we see two different motivations for protocell research and development: (1) to emulate life in order to understand it; and (2) to use biomimicry to engineer desired cellular interactions.
Getting beyond neo-institutionalism: Virgil Storr’s culture of markets

Storr is a free trader in ideas, bringing back into economics meaning, long banished by behaviorist dogma. His elegant little book, though, is too kind to neo-institutionalists. The followers of Douglass North, repeating without much thought over and over, “Institutions matter,” mean to say that “Institutions are constraints like budget lines. They are not human conversations.” Since the conversational character of markets is Storr’s main point, he would do better to make common cause with “humanomics,” that is, an economics keeping its mathematics and statistics but entering, too, the human conversation since the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Characterizing stearate probes in vitro for the electrochemical detection of dopamine and serotonin.

Abstract This paper describes an electrochemical method for the detection of dopamine and serotonin in vitro. Dopamine and serotonin can be distinguished from each other without interference from metabolites, 3-4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The method also provides selective differentiation of dopamine and serotonin in the presence of other possible interfering chemicals, ascorbic acid and uric acid. Specific details for voltammetric technology, electrode fabrication, electrode conditioning, paste synthesis and experimental protocol are presented. The method uses semidifferential treatment of voltammetric data in conjunction with a graphite stearate indicator electrode. The methodology is relevant to the interpretation of electrochemical signals for dopamine and serotonin in vivo in neuroanatomical substrates, richly innervated by dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal circuitry.
Marketing: The Target of Ethical Dilemmas

In carrying out their jobs marketers face many ethical dilemmas. Several examples of such dilemmas and how managers may reduce unethical marketing behavior are discussed. Managers must expose unethical marketing practices and encourage ethical behavior. This can be done by establishing organizational goals, providing supportive corporate environments, and drafting codes of conduct or codes of ethics. Each of these factors is discussed in separate sections of h e article. Top managers can uphold marketing ethics by creating programs to mobilize the organization toward realizing its ethical goals. Top managers can support ethical marketing behavior by setting realistic marketing goals and rewarding ethical marketers. Finally, corporate marketing
Analysis of Host Gene Expression Changes Reveals Distinct Roles for the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Epstein-Barr Virus Receptor/CD21 in B-Cell Maturation, Activation, and Initiation of Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) attachment to human CD21 on the B-cell surface initiates infection. Whether CD21 is a simple tether or conveys vital information to the cell interior for production of host factors that promote infection of primary B cells is controversial, as the cytoplasmic fragment of CD21 is short, though highly conserved. The ubiquity of CD21 on normal B cells, the diversity of this population, and the well-known resistance of primary B cells to gene transfer technologies have all impeded resolution of this question. To uncover the role(s) of the CD21 cytoplasmic domain during infection initiation, the full-length receptor (CD21 = CR), a mutant lacking the entire cytoplasmic tail (CT), and a control vector (NEO) were stably expressed in two pre-B-cell lines that lack endogenous receptor. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis demonstrated that stable CD21 surface expression alone (either CR or CT) produced multiple independent changes in gene expression, though both dramatically decreased class I melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) family RNAs and upregulated genes associated with B-cell differentiation (e.g., C2TA, HLA-II, IL21R, MIC2, CD48, and PTPRCAP/CD45-associated protein). Temporal analysis spanning 72 h revealed that not only CR- but also CT-expressing lines initiated latency. In spite of this, the number and spectrum of transcripts altered in CR- compared with CT-bearing lines at 1 h after infection further diverged. Differential modulation of immediate early cellular transcripts (e.g., c-Jun and multiple histones), both novel and previously linked to CD21-initiated signaling, as well as distinct results from pathway analyses support a separate role for the cytoplasmic domain in initiation of intracellular signals. IMPORTANCE Membrane proteins that mediate virus attachment tether virus particles to the cell surface, initiating infection. In addition, upon virus interaction such proteins may transmit signals to the interior of the cell that support subsequent steps in the infection process. Here we show that expression of the Epstein-Barr virus B-cell attachment receptor, CD21, in B cells that lack this receptor results in significant changes in gene expression, both before and rapidly following EBV-CD21 interaction. These changes translate into major signaling pathway alterations that are predicted to support stable infection.
Effects of Wing-Tip Strakes on a Sheared-Tip Wing

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the ability of planar and nonplanar wing tip strakes to improve the performance of a 4.18-aspect-ratio rectangular wing with a sheared tip. Strake leading-edge sweep, planform, and anhedral were varied. Force balance measurements, as well as surface-pressure measurement and off-surface smoke flow visualization were undertaken. Planar strakes exhibit a minimal drag penalty compared with the basic wing at low lift coefficients, while recording improvements in efficiency up to 12.8%. Nonplanar strakes can significantly improve the wing efficiency at the expense of a substantial increase in the minimum drag coefficient. Flow visualization showed that the wing-tip vortex system consists of four vortices, two on the strake and two above the wing tip
The sex-role egalitarianism scale: A measure of attitudes toward equality between the sexes

Two parallel forms of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES) were developed. Each form includes 19 items representing each of five domains of adult living: marital roles, parental roles, employee roles, social-interpersonal-heterosexual roles, and educational roles. To determine the psychometric characteristics of the scales, 367 persons were tested, including police, senior citizens, business undergraduates, and psychology undergraduates. Reliability estimates for domain and total scores ranged from .81 to .97. Correlations between social desirability and SRES scores ranged from −.03 to +.18. Preliminary evidence of validity was derived from the confirmation of two a priori hypotheses: (a) Women scored more egalitarian than men, and psychology students scored more egalitarian than business students; (b) Both student groups scored more egalitarian than senior citizens and police.
Corrigendum to “RhoB mediates antitumor synergy of combined ixabepilone and sunitinib in human ovarian serous cancer” [Gynecol. Oncol. 124 (2012) 589–597]

The authors regret an error in the Acknowledgments of their published paper. The Acknowledgments appear correctly below: We thank the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center for the use of the Genotyping Core, which provided short tandem repeat analysis services. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center is supported in part by an NCI Cancer Center Support Grant 5P30 CA15083-37. This work was funded in part from Mayo Clinic Research Committee (GC-O), NIH/NCI grant R01CA136665 and Mayo Clinic base budget (JAC).
Families and Incarceration: An Ecological Approach.

This article advances an ecological framework that emphasizes the context of parental incarceration and its impact on families and children. Particular attention is given to the disenfranchisement resulting from a family member's imprisonment, loss, and the experience of family visiting in corrections settings. Drawing from U. Bronfenbrenner's (1977) systemic approach to understanding development, the framework provides a basis from which to interpret existing scholarship as well as guide ecologically sensitive practice and policy.
Isolated teratozoospermia does not affect in vitro fertilization outcome and is not an indication for intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Objective To reevaluate clinical management of isolated teratozoospermia, in couples initiating IVF. Design Retrospective analysis of fertility indices in 535 cycles. Setting A large, university-based fertility center. Patient(s) Consecutive couples (n = 495) who had a semen analysis using Kruger/Tyberberg strict criteria at our center within 12 months before undergoing their first and/or second IVF cycle in 2002–2004 with >2 million postwash, motile sperm on the day of egg retrieval. Intervention(s) Eggs were fertilized either by conventional IVF or ICSI. Semen analysis and gamete/embryo manipulation was standardized in all cases. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fertilization, fertilization failure, pregnancy, and live birth rates. Result(s) There was no statistical difference in fertilization, fertilization failure, pregnancy, and live birth rates in the first or second IVF cycle when comparing couples with isolated teratozoospermia ( Conclusion(s) Because isolated teratozoospermia generally does not impact on the major indices of IVF, these patients need not be subjected to the unnecessary cost and potential risks of ICSI. Future studies, however, should focus on different sperm morphologic and biochemical parameters to determine if they are important for clinical management in IVF.
Multiple source heat pump development at the University of North Dakota

Resume La station experimentale d'ingenierie de l'universite du North Dakota a procede pendant les quatre dernieres annees a la mise au point d'un systeme de pompe a chaleur a sources multiples. Ce systeme tire de la chaleur a la fois de l'air ambiant et d' une source a temperature constante. On presente le processus pour la mise au point de la source multiple.
Infectivity of fuso-spirochetal exudates for guinea pigs, hamsters, mice and chick embryos by several routes of inoculation.

PREVIOUS investigators have reported the production of characteristic experimental lesions by inoculation of exudates from Vincent's and other fusospirochetal diseases in healthy animals of several species, including rabbits,'guinea pigs,5-8 mice, 5 9 hedgehogs,'0 monkeys," and a chimpanzee.'2 Hamsters and chick embryos do not seem to have been tested, and no previous attempt is known to have been made to determine the infectivity of these exudates by titration. The present investigation, part of a more extensive study of the bacteriology of fusospirochetal infections, includes roughly quantitative data on infectivity along with the results of efforts to determine which of the animals species tested is most satisfactory for titration and for maintenance of the infection by passage.
Equilibriums of some non-Hölder potentials

We consider one-sided subshifts σ with some potential functions ϕ which satisfy the Holder condition everywhere except at a fixed point and its preimages. We prove that the systems have conformal measures ν and invariant measures μ absolutely continuous with respect to ν, where μ may be finite or infinite. We show that the systems (σ,μ.) are exact, and μ are weak Gibbs measures and equilibriums for ϕ. We also discuss uniqueness of equilibriums and phase transition. These results can be applied to some expanding dynamical systems with an indifferent fixed point.
Investment Decision Making with Derivative Securities

This paper examines strategies employing stock options, index options, index futures options, and index futures contracts in an effort to establish under what conditions a portfolio manager should diversify into these derivative assets. The results show that futures option call writing and put buying were dominated by third-order stochastic dominance when compared to similar index options. Thus, when covered call writing or protective put buying are being considered, index options appear to be the better choice.
Release of anti-L chain antibody from antigen-antibody complexes by Fd fragment.

Abstract Significant amounts of free antibodies were liberated from the specific precipitate of rabbit L chain and goat anti-L chain antibody by incubation with rabbit Fd fragment at pH 8. The isolated antibodies were shown to be directed against those antigenic determinants on L chain molecules which disappear either by steric blocking or by conformational change when L chain associates with Fd fragment.
Algal growth in diluted pig waste

Society faces many problems related to its growth in numbers and standard of living. Of major concern are the consumptive use of non-renewable natural resources and the environmental degradation resulting from pollution. A procedure for management of animal waste was developed on the premise that one solution to these problems is the use of integrated systems of production utilizing recycled resources. One such system, described in this report, is the use of micro-organisms foor the conversion of animal waste into feed with a high protein content and a methane-rich fuel gas. A conceptual design for such a system is described and results of preliminary experiments conducted in the laboratory are presented. It was decided to use photo-autotroph algae for nutrient recovery. Based on its mineral composition, swine manure is a suitable medium for the culture of algae. The high temperature strain Chlorella vulgaris 211/8K proved to be the most suitable organism and was used in all experiments. Chlorella vulgaris 211/8K grew much better in fresh manure suspensions than in suspensions clarified by filtration through activated charcoal or by precipitation with FeCl3. The growth rate of the algae was a function of the concentration of manure as characterized by its content of ammonium-nitrogen. The growth rate decreased at concentrations of nitrogen less than 250 mg/l. The amount of nitrogen recovered by the algae ranged from about 35% for a retention time of 6.7 days to 18% for a retention time of 2.8 days. Approximately 58% of the nitrogen was volatilized in these experiments with high aeration rates and culture temperatures of 37° C. The content of essential amino acids of Chlorella vulgaris 211/8K grown in these experiments compares favorably with that of milk and soybeans. Preliminary feeding trials with rats showed the algal material to be superior to cotton seed meal as judged by protein efficiency ratio and growth rate. The cells used in these trials had not been treated to improve digestibility. The most encouraging aspect of the laboratory studies has been the stability of the cultures. The average production rate at 37° C for a 12 hour photoperiod and a retention time of 3.3 days was about 22 g/m2/day. The consistently high yield of cell dry matter and protein has been encouraging.
Pharmacological inhibition of the M‐current

1. The effects of muscarinic agonists, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues, uridine triphosphate (UTP) and divalent cations on K+-currents in voltage-clamped bullfrog sympathetic neurones have been studied. 2. Muscarine (1-10 μM), D-ala6 LHRH (1-5 μM), UTP (50-100 μM) and Ba2+ (1-4 mM) selectively depressed the M-current (IM), without appreciable effect on the delayed rectifier, Ca2+-activated or transient outward currents (IK, IC or IA). 3. IM-inhibition was characterized by: (a) elimination of slow current relaxations accompanying voltage jumps in the membrane potential range -30 to -60 mV; (b) reduced voltage-dependent chord conductance over this range with no change in the voltage-independent chord conductance at more negative membrane potentials; (c) suppression of outward rectification in the steady-state current—voltage curve between -70 and -25 mV; and (d) development of an inward current which increased in amplitude between -70 and -20 mV in proportion to the decrease in steady-state IM. The kinetics and voltage sensitivity of residual IM were unchanged. 4. The magnitude of the inward current produced by muscarine or LHRH could be accounted for quantitatively by the reduction in steady-state IM. No increase in leak current could be detected in the range -60 to -30 mV. In two cells muscarine (10 μM) increased the leak current and conductance at -70 to -100 mV, but not at more depolarized levels. 5. IM was not modified by removing extracellular Ca2+, adding a selective Ca2+-channel blocker (Cd2+), adding 1 mM-dibutyryl cyclic AMP or 8′Br cyclic GMP, or by intracellular ionophoresis of Ca2+, 8′Br cyclic GMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, GTP-γ-S or S-adenosylmethionine. 6. It is concluded that the principal effects of these agents in unclamped neurones — depolarization, increased input resistance, reduced outward rectification and increased excitability — are due entirely to a selective inhibition of IM. The intracellular transduction mechanism for IM inhibition is unknown.
Microstructure studies of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7–δ films

Thin films of YBaCuO were prepared as a superlattice of three constituents on SrTiO3 (100) substrates from three electron guns using a dedicated, computer‐controlled evaporator. The results indicate that the as‐deposited thin films grow as a superlattice of the three constituents, with a mixture of amorphous and polycrystalline regions. After annealing, however, the multilayer films are converted to the homogeneous superconducting phase; the morphology, studied with transmission electron microscopy, consisted of an array of orthogonal interconnecting rectangular bars. The better films had Tc(R=0)=90 K and Jc=2.9×106 A/cm2 at 4.2 K. The selected area electron diffraction pattern, and the high‐resolution electron microscopy images show that the interconnecting bars are single crystals of the 1‐2‐3 phase. During annealing, the growth rate along the a and b directions is faster than along the c direction. For the films with the a axis oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the grains nucleated directly on t...
Some Contributions to the Kinetics of Growth of Multicomponent Chains with Application to the Problems of Ciliation and Fractionation in Polymer Crystallization

The problem of the growth rate and purity of crystals formed by the sequential deposition of molecules in a mixed system is solved. The solution is given in terms of the fundamental rates aνij(βν+1ij) for laying down (taking off) species j at the (ν+1)th position of the growing crystal given that species i occupies the (ν)th position. The fundamental rates are thus dependent on nearest‐neighbor interaction but not on neighbors further removed. The method used complements a previously used method and additionally solves the problem for ν‐dependent ανij and βνij. The ν dependence of the α's and β's allows for the stochastic‐like distribution of the various species in the substrate upon which we are growing our linear chain of molecules. It is shown that there exists one unique flux‐determined steady‐state solution for a wide variety of initial conditions. Several diagrams descriptive of various physical processes are displayed. The one describing ciliation (the growth process which results in the ends of po...
A monotone streamline upwind method for quadratic finite elements

A direct streamline upwind method has been developed for convection-dominated flow problems utilizing quadratic elements. The approach presented retains the curve-sidedness feature offered by these elements. This facilitates the use of boundary conforming elements in domains that possess extreme curvature such as turbomachinery bladed components, for which the method is particularly suited. Three test cases are solved to evaluate the stability and diffusive characteristics of the numerical solution. The results presented clearly demonstrate that the proposed method does not exhibit any non-physical spatial oscillations, nor does it suffer from the traditional problem of excessive numerical diffusion
Semantic representation and naming in young children.

Children's semantic representations and semantic naming errors were the focus of this study. In Experiment 1, 25 normally developing children (mean age=5 years 4 months) named, drew, and defined 20...
Investigation of the stark effect on the lowest triplet states of 1-indanone single crystals

Abstract The Stark effect on the absorption, emission excitation, and phosphorescence spectra of neat 1-indanone single crystals was investigated. Only the phosphorescence, which stems from an X-trap, exhibited an effect. The absence of any effect in the absorption and emission excitation spectra of the triplet nπ* and ππ* exciton states is interpreted as evidence for significant excitation transfer interactions and small dipole moment difference vectors. A partial assignment of the factor group components of the two different exciton states is made. The similarity of the excitation transfer interactions for the two exciton states, the small dipole moment difference vectors, and the magnitude of the Stark effect for the trap are interpreted as evidence that the exciton and trap states result from significant mixing between nπ* and ππ* orbital configurations.
Survivability prediction of ad hoc networks under attack

Survivability analysis focuses on the ability of network entities to function during incidents such as attacks. Currently, testing survivability of ad hoc networks consists of running scenarios with several configurations, often thousands, to obtain an understanding of the impacts of an attack. This process is very latent, choice of configurations are subjective or random, and results do not generalize to different scenarios. Focusing on these problems, in this paper, we introduce a novel method for efficient survivability analysis that uses machine learning and an attacker-focused network representation. We have collected a dataset and use it to build a classifier that accurately (above 97% true positive rate) predicts flow loss due to spoofing and data forwarding attacks.
Local and nonlocal curvature elasticity in bilayer membranes by tether formation from lecithin vesicles.

Bilayer membranes exhibit an elastic resistance to changes in curvature. This resistance depends both on the intrinsic stiffness of the constituent monolayers and on the curvature-induced expansion or compression of the monolayers relative to each other. The monolayers are constrained by hydrophobic forces to remain in contact, but they are capable of independent lateral redistribution to minimize the relative expansion or compression of each leaflet. Therefore, the magnitude of the expansion and compression of the monolayers relative to each other depends on the integral of the curvature over the entire membrane capsule. The coefficient characterizing the membrane stiffness resulting from relative expansion is the nonlocal bending modulus kr. Both the intrinsic (local) bending modulus (kc) and the nonlocal bending modulus (kr) can be measured by the formation of thin cylindrical membrane strands (tethers) from giant phospholipid vesicles. Previously, we reported measurements of kc based on measurements of tether radius as a function of force (Song and Waugh, 1991, J. Biomech. Engr. 112:233). Further analysis has revealed that the contribution from the nonlocal bending stiffness can be detected by measuring the change in the aspiration pressure required to establish equilibrium with increasing tether length. Using this approach, we obtain a mean value for the nonlocal bending modulus kr of approximately 4.1 x 10(-19)J. The range of values is broad (1.1–10.1 x 10(-19)J) and could reflect contributions other than simple mechanical equilibrium. Inclusion of the nonlocal bending stiffness in the calculation of kc results in a value for that modulus of approximately 1.20 +/- 0.17 x 10(-19)J, in close agreement with values obtained by other methods.
Massive-scale multimedia semantic modeling

Visual data is exploding! 500 billion consumer photos are taken each year world-wide, 633 million photos taken per year in NYC alone. 120 new video-hours are uploaded on YouTube per minute. The explosion of digital multimedia data is creating a valuable open source for insights. However, the unconstrained nature of 'image/video in the wild' makes it very challenging for automated computer-based analysis. Furthermore, the most interesting content in the multimedia files is often complex in nature reflecting a diversity of human behaviors, scenes, activities and events. To address these challenges, this tutorial will provide a unified overview of the two emerging techniques: Semantic modeling and Massive scale visual recognition, with a goal of both introducing people from different backgrounds to this exciting field and reviewing state of the art research in the new computational era.
Fatigue Failure in Copper Single Crystals at Low and High Amplitudes of Torsion

IN the discussions of fatigue failure under cyclic stresses a distinction should be made, as has been pointed out by Wood1, between cycling at low-strain amplitudes and cycling at high-strain amplitudes. By low-strain amplitudes are meant amplitudes in the flat part of the S–N curve where the specimens are relatively long lived. High-strain amplitudes are those on the steep part of the S–Ncurve corresponding to relatively short lives. In Fig. 1 is sketched an S–N curve wth the H (hardening) and F (fatigue) regions indicated according to Wood. In the course of work being carried out on the modes of fatigue failure of oriented single crystal copper rods cycled in alternating torsion some rather striking examples of the distinction between high- and low-amplitude fatigue were observed.
CO2-induced ocean acidification impairs calcification in the tropical urchin Echinometra viridis

Abstract Atmospheric carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) has risen from approximately 280 to 400 ppm since the Industrial Revolution, due mainly to the combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement production. It is predicted to reach as high as 900 ppm by the end of this century. Ocean acidification resulting from the release of anthropogenic CO 2 has been shown to impair the ability of some marine calcifiers to build their shells and skeletons. Here, we present the results of ocean acidification experiments designed to assess the effects of an increase in atmospheric p CO 2 from ca. 448 to 827 ppm on calcification rates of the tropical urchin Echinometra viridis . Experiments were conducted under the urchin's winter (20 °C) and summer (30 °C) water temperatures in order to identify seasonal differences in the urchin's response to ocean acidification. The experiments reveal that calcification rates decreased for urchins reared under elevated p CO 2 , with the decline being more pronounced under wintertime temperatures than under summertime temperatures. These results indicate that the urchin E. viridis will be negatively impacted by CO 2 -induced ocean acidification that is predicted to occur by the end of this century. These results also suggest that impact of CO 2 -induced ocean acidification on urchin calcification will be more severe in the winter and in cooler waters.
In vitro release behavior of insulin from biodegradable hybrid hydrogel networks of polysaccharide and synthetic biodegradable polyester.

The controlled release of insulin from a series of biodegradable hybrid hydrogel network containing dextran derivative of allyl isocyanate (dex-AI) and poly (D,L) lactide diacrylate macromer (PDLLAM) over a wide range of composition ratio was investigated. Laser confocal scanning microscope was used to understand the insulin dispersion and release mechanism in the hydrogels. We found that the dispersion of insulin in the hydrogel network appeared to become less homogeneous as the PDLLAM composition in the hydrogel increased. The increase in hydrogel degradability imparted by PDLLAM incorporation shifted the hydrogel to a more open structure at a later release time, which facilitated the release rate and extent of insulin. From the result of release kinetics study (i.e., diffusion coefficient), insulin release occurred through diffusion and degradation controlled mechanisms. In addition, a comparison of the release characteristics of indomethacin, insulin and bovine serum albumin from the hydrogel network ...
Harvesting community knowledge

This paper addresses challenges system designers may face when building a community information system for a Latino community. Particularly it examines: how can social network analysis, Latino studies and computer supported cooperative work help in understanding the community's information needs? How can the design of an interface enhance access to its networked resources? What are the challenges faced when designing a tool whose goal is to harvest community knowledge from a diasporic community? A scenario is included in order to analyze issues related to the design of community information systems, including social capital strategies for harvesting community knowledge.
Cotton's Renaissance: A Study in Market Innovation . By Timothy Curtis Jacobson and George David Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 346. $29.95.

Cotton holds much meaning for economic historians; it brings to mind the industrial revolutions of Europe and Japan, as well as the economic and social fabric of the American South both before and after the Civil War. Yet nothing so weighty as social transformation is entertained in this book; instead the authors chronicle the transformation of cotton from crop to “brand”—with its own logo—as cotton's share of the raw-fiber market recovered from a long decline. Timothy Curtis Jacobson and George David Smith's work is a study of how organizations moved the U.S. cotton industry from supply to demand management and coordinated the stages of production in a setting in which incentives did not favor vertical integration. That story in itself has interest as a case study in marketing and industrial organization. Its hero is “Cotton Incorporated,” formed in 1971 to promote marketing, support research and development, provide technical support for fiber users worldwide, and organize elements in a coherent fashion.
Safety of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Patients with Insect Venom Allergies

Objective:To review the literature with respect to the safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients allergic to insect venom and those undergoing venom immunotherapy (VIT).Data Sources:A MEDLINE search was conducted (1966–March 2006) using the following search terms: bee sting, venom, insect stings, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, immunotherapy, and desensitization. The bibliographies of qualifying articles were also searched for relevant references.Data Synthesis:Several case reports have described severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in patients taking ACE inhibitors subsequent to being stung or receiving VIT. Exacerbation of the allergic response by ACE inhibitors is thought to be related to accumulation of bradykinin and inhibition of the formation of angiotensin II. Similar reactions have not been described with angiotensin-receptor blockers, but are theoretically possible.Conclusions:ACE inhibitors may exacerbate the response to insect venom, re...
Adolescent acting out when a parent has cancer

The psychological stresses which cancer exerts on a family system can be immense, both situationally and developmentally. These stresses can be unusually intense for the adolescent who has a parent ill with cancer. They can impact upon the adolescent in overt ways, such as increased household or child care duties, or in more covert ways such as in subtle role shifts in the relationship between the adolescent and both the ill and the well parent. The covert role shifts are especially thought to promote acting out and potential decompensation on the part of the adolescent. The acting out can have system-defecting and sytem-unifying properties, with the decompensation secondary to unbearable role shifts that reintensify the adolescent emotional contact with parents in the midst of a developmental process of separation. General clinical intervention points are suggested to reduce the crisis and ameliorate the negative developmental potential.
Human Face Detection in Visual Scenes

We present a neural network-based face detection system. A retinally connected neural network examines small windows of an image, and decides whether each window contains a face. The system arbitrates between multiple networks to improve performance over a single network. We use a bootstrap algorithm for training, which adds false detections into the training set as training progresses. This eliminates the difficult task of manually selecting non-face training examples, which must be chosen to span the entire space of non-face images. Comparisons with another state-of-the-art face detection system are presented; our system has better performance in terms of detection and false-positive rates.
Clinical Model to Predict Survival in Chemonaive Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Third-Generation Chemotherapy Regimens Based on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Data

Purpose (1) Identify clinical factors that can be used to predict survival in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with third-generation chemotherapy regimens, and (2) build a clinical model to predict survival in this patient population. Patients and Methods Using data from two randomized, phase III Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) trials (E5592/E1594), we performed univariate and multivariate stepwise Cox regression analyses to identify survival prognostic factors. We used 75% of randomly sampled data to build a prediction model for survival, and the remaining 25% of data to validate the model. Results From 1993 to 1999, 1,436 patients with stage IV or IIIB NSCLC with effusion were treated with platinum-based doublets (involving either paclitaxel, docetaxel, or gemcitabine). The response rate and median survival time were 20% and 8.2 months, respectively. One- and 2-year survivals were 33% and 11%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, six indep...