cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of thionucleosides - A prebiotic pathway to deoxyribonucleosides

The biosynthesis of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is known to take place via the reduction of ribonucleotides, and the Principle of Continuity suggests to search for a similar pathway operating under prebiotic conditions. The facility by which the C-S bond can be reduced in comparison to the C-0 would favor 2′-thio-2′-deoxyribonucleosides as the most likely precursors. Previous work from our laboratory has presented a good case for the prebiotic existence of 2′-thio-2′-deoxycytidine which is not less plausible than the present argument for ribocytidine. The thio-analog is obtained from anhydro-araC with several sulfur-containing nucleophiles. The problem of reducing a C-S bond to C-H under prebiotic conditions has not yet received any attention. Besides the traditional Raney nickel treatment, we have now explored such plausible reductions as a) inorganic reduction by Fe(II), b) organic reduction by HCN, and c) photochemical reduction by UV light. All three methods proved to be suitable in producing deoxycytidine in 1 to 8% yield. This may be the best supported model of prebiotic synthesis of a deoxyribonucleoside.
Simultaneous Monitoring of Canine Heart Rate and Respiratory Patterns During Scent Detection Tasks

Man-made technological odor detection systems continue to improve but still cannot match the tracking efficiency, mobility, and selectivity in the presence of interfering odors achieved by detector dogs. The reliability of dogs as olfactory detectors does not depend solely on their performance but also on the handler’s skill in interpreting the behavior of the dog that signals the detection of the target odor. We present our efforts on a wireless wearable system combining electrocardiogram (ECG) and an electronic stethoscope for direct monitoring of cardiopulmonary events in dogs toward enabling cybernetic dog–machine interfaces. This is, to our knowledge, the first cyber-physical attempt to simultaneously record heart rate, heart rate variability, and continuous auscultation of respiratory behavior in a wearable form factor during scent-detection tasks. In this paper, we present: 1) a method to automate the detection of sniffing episodes based on power spectral density of the respiratory sounds; 2) proof-of-concept extraction and quantification of the ECG and respiratory sounds features that would enable the discovery of physiological patterns associated to scent-detection tasks; and 3) proof-of-concept correlation of such patterns with the presence/absence of target odors. These contributions pave the way for a novel real-time cybernetic olfactory detection monitoring system to provide decision support for handlers in the field in addition to enabling future computer-sniffing dog interfaces.
Cellular Components and Growth Factor Content of Platelet-Rich Plasma With a Customizable Commercial System.

Background:Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous orthobiologic treatment option for musculoskeletal conditions with favorable results in a limited number of high-quality clinical trials. Beca...
Modeling pH-Dependent NMR Chemical Shift Perturbations in Peptides.

Abstract Modeling the pH dependence of protein and peptide chemical shifts outside the range of physiological values (6.5-7) is key to understanding structure-function relationships of these systems. These capabilities are largely not available in current chemical shift prediction software. In this study, we utilize a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics (QM) to investigate the through-space and through-bond contributions of protonation dependent chemical shift perturbations (CSP) in model tri-peptides. By altering the protonation state of the titratable group in the tri-peptides, we observe a notable difference in the conformational ensembles and attendantly compute significant CSPs for all nuclei near the site of protonation. We thus demonstrate the ability to recapitulate experimental pH-dependent CSPs with good agreement (R = 0.85, 0.99, 0.98 for 13 C, 15 N and 1 H, respectively). Broadly, we provide the ground work for incorporating pH effects into empirical and semi-empirical chemical shift predictors.
Social Work and the Colonization of the Life-World

This paper examines the effect of technical-rational social work practice upon the lived experience of recipients. The authors explore the influence of technical-rational practice upon the creation of reality from a social constructionist perspective. Kondrat’s (1992) argument for the construction of professional knowledge independent of a technical-rational approach and Rosen’s (1994) response provide a path into the material. The differences between the two views are explored by means of a discussion of theories of language and reality as well as the contrasting worldviews found in comparing existential versus behavioral approaches and strengths perspective versus cognitive-behavioral approaches to social work. The emphasis upon a technical-rational practice is identified as an element in the deformation of the symbolic structure of the life-world.
Is Being “Gifted” a Blessing or a Curse, or Some of Both?:

Gifted children are an extremely precious resource. But what does it mean to be gifted? Ellen Winner has devoted much of her career to addressing this question. In this essay, I argue that our soci...
Phylogeny and relationships in Daucus based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site analysis of nine species of Daucus (covering four of five sections) and nine carrot accessions was done using 14 Petunia cpDNA clones as probes and 10 restriction enzymes. Cladistic analysis yielded a phylogeny generally concordant with a recent morphological classification. A cpDNA insertion-deletion mutation was found in the cultivated carrots (probe P10– Bgl II digest). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site analysis of the same material using four maize mtDNA clones as probes and 10 enzymes exhibited extensive mitochondrial diversity in Daucus, both within and between sections.
Chapter 25 – Plant Pathogens as Indicators of Climate Change

Publisher Summary Plant disease risk is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. While some animal hosts may provide their pathogens with a consistent range of body temperatures, plant pathogens are generally much more exposed to the elements. Plant diseases will tend to respond to climate change, though a number of interactions taking place among host, pathogen, and potential vectors. In some cases, the actions of land managers may also complicate interpretation of climate change effects. This chapter presents a brief introduction to plant diseases and a synthesis of research in plant pathology related to climate change. It discusses the types of evidence for climate change impacts that might be observed in plant disease systems and evaluates what evidence of climate change fingerprints currently exists. The battle against plant disease is not a new one, and plant disease management is essential to feed a growing human population. Plant pathogen groups include fungi, prokaryotes, oomycetes, viruses and viroids, nematodes, parasitic plants, and protozoa. The very different life histories of this diverse group of organisms and their different interactions with host plants produce a wide range of responses to environmental and climatic drivers. Pathogen species may quickly develop resistance to pesticides or adapt to overcome plant disease resistance, and may also adapt to environmental changes, where the rate of adaptation depends on the type of pathogen. Pathogen populations may explode when weather conditions are favorable for disease development. The potentially rapid onset of disease makes it difficult to anticipate the best timing of management measures, especially in areas with high levels of interannual variability in climatic conditions.
Single-cell transcriptional profiling identifies a cluster of potential metastasis-associated UBE2C+ cells in immature ovarian teratoma

Abstract To dissect the disease heterogeneity and identify the underlying cellular and molecular events related to metastasis of immature ovarian teratoma in children, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed for a 2-year-old patient with liver metastases from immature ovarian teratoma. A total of 5976 cells were obtained for further analysis, with a median unique molecular identifier count of 6011 per cell and a median number of 1741 genes detected per cell. Fourteen clusters were recognized, with the main lineages comprising epithelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, glial cells, and dendritic cells. Ten subclusters of epithelial cells were further defined, originating from the urinary tract, esophagus, bronchus, lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. An undefined UBE2C + population in an active state of proliferation was also identified and its biological processes were related to meiosis and maturation of oocytes. Pseudotime analysis revealed different distributions of epithelial cells in the development trajectory. In conclusion, a cluster of UBE2C + epithelial cells in an active state of proliferation was identified in an immature ovarian teratoma in a child, and may contribute to metastasis by regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition. These findings help toward understanding the origin of the malignant behaviors, offer a potential biomarker for early determination of the tumor nature, and provide new ideas for the therapy of immature ovarian teratoma in children.
Anatomy of a crisis: governing youth mobility through vulnerability

In 2018, the Italian Coast Guard rescued 190 migrants onboard an overcrowded vessel from Libya. Held at sea for five days, the Italian government finally permitted the Coast Guard to dock in Catani...
Astigmatism Management with Intraocular Lens Surgery

Corneal astigmatism is common. More than 40% of patients undergoing cataract surgery have 1 diopter (D) power or more of astigmatism, which left untreated is visually significant. Because toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are available, the current standard of care is to offer treatment of astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase databases, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched from inception to October 2019. Search words included astigmatism, corneal astigmatism, toric IOLs, alignment, and IOL calculation. Studies evaluated included review articles regarding the origin and history of astigmatism, the diagnosis and management of the disease, and the history of surgical management options for astigmatism. Other studies evaluated in this review included clinical trials, meta-analyses, and retrospective analysis of surgical refractive outcomes. Prediction of refractive outcomes was evaluated with a review of IOL calculators and their use in lens prediction for cataract surgery. Evaluation of these articles also showed improved uncorrected visual acuity with the use of toric IOLs in patients undergoing cataract surgery. New diagnostic technology, new toric IOLs, updated lens formulas, intraoperative guidance, and advanced imaging technology and software have contributed to improvements in the surgical correction of astigmatism.
The Prevalence of Developmental Instruction in Public and Catholic Schools

Background/ContextPrior research has investigated differences in course-taking patterns and achievement growth in public and Catholic schools, but the nature of instruction in Catholic schools is c...
Clinical Findings in Isolated Bulbar Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Background: Isolated bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (IBALS) is a regional variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with weakness restricted to the bulbar muscles for at least 2 years, and slower progression than generalized ALS. Bulbar-onset generalized ALS, by contrast, typically has a more rapid progression than limb-onset ALS.Objective: To characterize patients with IBALS and compare them to patients with isolated bulbar disease at presentation who progress to generalized ALS.Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients seen in our ALS specialty clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center between 2001-2011. Results: Of 543 patients seen in the ALS clinic, 150 presented with bulbar symptoms at disease onset: 28 (18.7%) had bulbar signs and no evidence of extremity involvement on exam or electrodiagnostic testing at their initial visit; and 14 (9.3%) had weakness restricted to the bulbar muscles after 2 years of follow up (IBALS). IBALS patients were 57.1% male, with a mean age of symptom onset of 60.8 years (range 39-77 years). The mean disease duration was 3.1 years (range of 2-8 years), with 50% mortality at a mean follow up of 3.5 years. Minimal denervation changes were seen in at least one limb in 6 subjects (42.9%). Other clinical features included: 4 subjects (28.6%) had cognitive impairment, 4 (28.6%) had pseudo-bulbar affect, and 5 subjects (35.7%) had impaired eye movements on smooth pursuit.Conclusion: Isolatred bulbar ALS IBALS is an identifiable restricted regional ALS pattern if there is no clinical limb weakness 2 years after symptom onset. It may have a slower progression from typical ALS. The biologic factors that account for the IBALS restricted pattern are unknown.
The Effect of SOX Internal Control Deficiencies and Their Remediation on Accrual Quality

This paper investigates the effect of internal control deficiencies and their remediation on accrual quality. We first document that firms reporting internal control deficiencies have lower quality accruals as measured by accrual noise and absolute abnormal accruals relative to firms not reporting internal control problems. Second, we find that firms that report internal control deficiencies have significantly larger positive and larger negative abnormal accruals relative to control firms. This finding suggests internal control weaknesses are more likely to lead to unintentional errors that add noise to accruals than intentional misstatements that bias earnings upward. Third, we doc- ument that firms whose auditors confirm remediation of previously reported internal control deficiencies exhibit an increase in accrual quality relative to firms that do not remediate their control problems. Finally, we find firms that receive different internal control audit opinions in successive years exhibit changes in accrual quality consistent with changes in internal control quality. Collectively, our cross-sectional and intertem- poral change tests provide strong evidence that the quality of internal control affects the quality of accruals.
Effects of Bisphenol-A on the morphology and survival of larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea)

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an ingredient used in phenol resins, epoxy resins, polyesters and polycarbonate plastics. BPA gets released into the aquatic environment through toxic waste disposal, groundwat...
Leadership at Play in Preschool Children: A Systematic Synthesis of Nearly Nine Decades of Research

Research Findings: While leadership is not a novel concept, child leadership is still an under-cultivated field. Despite nearly nine decades of research on play leadership in preschool children, th...
A Line of Light

ON SUNDAY, MERCEDES came to give my grandfather his second shower. This time she brought her daughter, Euxine, who sat with us on the front porch, turning the toes of her black patent leather shoes in, then out, then pigeon-toed in again, scuffing the sand and the gray paint that peeled up in thin curls along the floorboards. Jersey, my older sister, told Euxine right off not to step on the horseshoe crab that was lying on a paper towel next to the front door. It only looks dead, she warned, scratching her initials EJS into the porch rail with finger nails that had been manicured, for the first time, the day before with a kit from the five-and-ten. I was thinking about lunch; my grandmoth er had said we would have to wait until after the shower. Euxine sat herself on the only beach chair, her small shoulders squared to the jalousie that was kept closed in the mornings to keep the sun out. I had settled on the floor, the porch wall angling its shade across me, and was in the thick of a staring contest with the old she-cat, one up on her since I was practicing peripheral vision and could occupy myself with the sandy road to one side, and the screen door to the other, squinting to make the screen disappear and the edges of the front hall miraculously clear, then letting the moir? make a swirl of my grand mother holding the bath towels under her arm, the two plates, with quail painted in a ravished sunset, that hung on the wall, and Mercedes, in her white uniform and white shoes, and dark eyes pinned like bits of a fig to her pale, honey-yellow face. My grandmother was telling Mercedes that my grandfather hadn't finished with his second breakfast yet. The first nurse had come before he had finished with his first breakfast, and he had felt rushed and had refused the other half of the piece of toast. One piece of toast, she was saying, one piece he won't even finish. My grandmother shook her head the way she does, not really shaking it at all, but resting it on the air at either side, confined somehow by the proximity of walls and air, her eyes focused on the place where the walls met, her thick glasses making her eyes look dim and slightly damp. Mercedes said she would wait. I was sure my grandmother expected no less. The cat lengthened her paws beneath my knee, apparently releasing us both from our dry stare. ?What's gestation mean? Euxine asked, straightening the pleated edge of her cotton skirt, as if the word had been nestled all along in the humid air and only just now disengaged itself from the breeze.
Lessons learned when building a greenfield high performance computing ecosystem

Faced with a fragmented research computing environment and growing needs for high performance computing resources, Michigan State University established the High Performance Computing Center in 2005 to serve as a central high performance computing resource for MSU's research community. Like greenfield industrial development, the center was unconstrained by existing infrastructure. The lessons learned are useful when building or maintaining an effective HPC resource and may provide insight for developing other computational services.
Optimized salicide clean to reduce post fill defectivity

Post salicidization cleaning is known to be challenging. A marginal process may leave unreactive metal residues on the surface which may lead to gate & active area shorts or contact fill issues. Since the etch rates as well as PRE (Particle Removal Efficiency) are typically lower near wafer edge/bevel region, this area is more prone to residual contamination. Such near edge/bevel contamination is seen to get redistributed on top of the wafer surface during contact fill CMP (Chemical Mechanical Planarization) and cause further downstream contact shorting and lithography artifacts. In this work, a correlation between post salicide particles/flakes and post contact fill CMP defectivity is established. Salicide clean was optimized to reduce the wafer edge/bevel particles and a corresponding improvement was observed of post fill CMP defectivity. The defectivity reduction translated into die yield improvement.
A subexponential algorithm for discrete logarithms over the rational subgroup of the jacobians of large genus hyperelliptic curves over finite fields

There are well known subexponential algorithms for finding discrete logarithms over finite fields. However, the methods which underlie these algorithms do not appear to be easily adaptable for finding discrete logarithms in the groups associated with elliptic curves and the Jacobians of hyperelliptic curves. This has led to the development of cryptographic systems based on the discrete logarithm problem for such groups [12, 7, 8]. In this paper a Subexponential algorithm is presented for finding discrete logarithms in the group of rational points on the Jacobians of large genus hyperelliptic curves over finite fields. We give a heuristic argument that under certain assumptions, there exists a c e ℜ>0 such that for all sufficiently large g e Z>0, for all odd primes p with log p ≤ (2g + 1).98, the algorithm computes discrete logarithms in the group of rational points on the Jacobian of a genus g hyperelliptic curve over GF(p) within expected time: Lp2g+1[1/2, c] where c ≤ 2.181.
Court-Ordered Desegregation Successes and Failures Integrating American Schools since Brown versus Board of Education

This paper uses a new methodology to assess the effects of court-ordered desegregation plans on segregation and white enrollment. I then assess what characteristics of districts are predictive of having more or less white flight when desegregation plans are implemented. I exploit the wide variation in the timing of implementation of desegregation plans to identify their effects. I find strong evidence that segregation fell when districts implemented desegregation plans; plans were also associated with significant white enrollment losses that offset about one-third of the within-district reductions in segregation. White flight was particularly severe in districts with more public school districts in the same metropolitan area.
The Virgin Mary, Monotheism, and Sacrifice: Daughter of Zion: Mary in Matthew and Mark

Serene is the night on which shines forth the Serene One Who came to give us serenity. Do not allow anything that might disturb it to enter upon our watch. Let the path of the ear be cleared; let the sight of the eye be chastened; Let the contemplation of the heart be sanctified; let the speech of the mouth be purified. Mary today has hidden in us the leaven from the house of Abraham; Let us, therefore, love the poor as Abraham [loved] the needy. Today she has cast rennet into use from the house of David, the compassionate one; Let man have mercy on his persecutor as the son of Jesse on Saul. The sweet salt of the prophets today is scattered among the peoples; Let us acquire by it a new taste by which the former people would lose its flavor. On this day of redemption, let us speak a speech of interpretation. Ephrem the Syrian May the Lord make the woman who is coming into your house like Rachel and Leah, who together built up the house of Israel. Ruth 4 A s we have begun to see, the new testament stories of the annunciation to Mary and of the her role in the subsequent death and resurrection of her son are full of parallels to the accounts of mothers, fathers, and sacrificial sons in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, and they are structured around many of the same concerns for the perpetuation and renewal of the lineage of Israel and its religious and cultural legacy and for the opportunities and challenges presented by motherhood, fatherhood and the problem of rival siblings in its regard.
Nitrergic Mechanisms for Management of Recurrent Priapism.

Introduction Priapism is a condition involving prolonged penile erection unrelated to sexual interest or desire. The ischemic type, including its recurrent variant, is often associated with both physical and psychological complications. As such, management is of critical importance. Ideal therapies for recurrent priapism should address its underlying pathophysiology.
Percutaneous Extraction of Embolized Intracardiac Inferior Vena Cava Filter Struts Using Fused Intracardiac Ultrasound and Electroanatomic Mapping

This report describes the percutaneous extraction of embolized intracardiac inferior vena cava (IVC) filter struts using fluoroscopy and fused intracardiac echocardiography and three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. Six patients with indwelling IVC filters placed at outside institutions 5 months to 14 years previously presented with cross-sectional imaging of the chest demonstrating fractured IVC filter struts embolized to the myocardial free wall (four patients) or interventricular septum (two patients). All embolized filter struts were successfully retrieved, and open heart surgery was avoided.
Autoignition of a Jet-A Fuel Spray in a High Temperature Vitiated Air Flow

This study investigates the autoignition of a Jet-A fuel spray in a preheated air flow in a 75mm inner diameter quartz tube at atmospheric pressure. Fuel was injected via a pressure-swirl atomizing injector enclosed in an aerodynamically-shaped outer body (7mm diameter) that is installed coaxially with the flow using 3 water-cooled pylons. The air temperature and oxygen content were in the range of 1000–1400 K and 9–12%, respectively by controlling the equivalence ratio in the primary zone of the pre-burner/vitiator and by adding dilution air downstream. The co-flow air velocity ranged from 25–30 m/s for this study (Re = 10,000–12,000), with a trapezoidal profile. Fuel spray was characterized using PDPA. Shape of the spray was transitional between hollow and solid cone with the corner angle of 35° to the axis near injector which reduced to 22° downstream. Spray density varied significantly over cross-section of the tube with the minimum on the axes. Droplets produced have average diameters (D10) of 15–70μm on the axes and periphery, respectively, at 6 cm downstream from the injector. Character of the droplet size distribution was polydisperse. Auto-ignition time delays were captured using a time-averaged camera with CH* (432nm) filter. The measured values agree with delay times previously reported in literature. Two synchronized high-speed cameras with 432nm and 307nm filters were used to investigate dynamics of auto-ignition kernel initiation and convection by capturing of CH* and OH* chemiluminescence at 5000 f ps. This methodology allowed qualitative characterization of the equivalence ratio of kernels in process of their convection and growth. It was shown that kernels are always initiated on the axes of the spray where the average droplet size is minimum. Kernels were formed leaner and become richer as they grow down-stream as indicated by the increase of CH*/OH*intensity ratio. Additionally, kernel behavior depends greatly on air temperature with kernels transitioning from randomly appearing (i.e. single kernel), to periodic, to a constantly auto-igniting flame with the spatial scatter of ignition kernels decreasing with temperature.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A regularization approach to blind restoration of images degraded by shift-variant blurs

This paper presents shift-adaptive blind image restoration algorithms which can deal with realistic shift-variant blurs and which integrate the usually separate tasks of blur identification and image restoration. The key to success is the effective utilization of the piecewise smoothness of both the image and the PSF to compensate for the severe lack of information in this type of problems. This is achieved through regularization of the image and the point spread function (PSF) by anisotropic diffusion which has the property that smoothing is allowed only in the direction of edges.
Synthetic approach to analogues of betulinic acid

Abstract 2-Methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione 14 was converted via the Wieland–Miescher analogue 15 into the 6-silyloxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecalin-1-one 21 by an efficient process. Several routes were examined to transform this compound into the pentacyclic triterpene skeleton of betulinic acid and its structural analogues. For example, the iodide 39, easily prepared from 21, was converted via a Sonogashira-hydroboration–Suzuki process into the E-triene 45. Photolysis of 45 using a benzanthrone sensitizer afforded the Z-triene 43. However, all attempts at effecting the cyclization of this triene 43 to the cyclohexadiene 47 (electrocyclic via photochemical or thermal means, metal-catalyzed processes, oxidative and radical cyclizations) failed to produce the key pentacyclic material.
Topology of four-dimensional lattice gauge fields.

An extremely careful implementation of Woit's definition of the topological charge for SU(2) lattice gauge fields reveals a scaling violation by the topological susceptibility in the region 2.1< or =..beta..< or =2.3. The result leaves open the possibility that Woit's charge approaches Luscher's charge at weak enough coupling.
Acquired vulvar lymphangioma circumscriptum: a comparison of 12 cases with Crohn's associated lesions or radiation therapy induced tumors.

Background: Lymphangioma circumscriptum (LC) is a benign lesion of lymphatic origin. Vulvar involvement occurs in various clinical settings. Methods: We present 12 cases, and compare lesions in patients with Crohn's disease and those associated with pelvic radiation. Results: The average age at presentation was 49 years. Thirty-three percent of the patients had Crohn's disease, 58% had radiation therapy and 9% had no significant medical history. Sixty-seven percent of the patients had multifocal lesions in anatomically distinct regions. Patients presented on average 16 years after onset of predisposing factors. Presenting complaints were pruritus, wetness and vulvar edema. Lesions were clinically heterogeneous, often found on the labia majora. Lesions consisted of dilated lymphatic channels at the junction of the reticular and papillary dermis. The cells lining these spaces lacked cytologic atypicality or mitotic activity. All lesions so examined were immunoreactive for D240. Patients were most often treated with surgical excision followed by laser ablation. Four of twelve patients, all with radiation-associated lesions, experienced disease progression necessitating additional surgery. Conclusions: Patients with LC secondary to radiation, when compared to those with Crohn's disease, were 10 years younger, more likely to have associated co-morbidities, and frequently experienced disease progression needing additional surgeries. Acquired vulvar LC has multiple causes with differing prognosis. Papalas JA, Robboy SJ, Burchette JL, Foo W-C, Selim A. Acquired vulvar lymphangioma circumscriptum: a comparison of 12 cases with Crohn's associated lesions or radiation therapy induced tumors.
Ramifications of Video Game Play for Academic Learning and Cognitive Skill Acquisition: Introduction

— The prevalence of video game play as an integral part of children and adolescents’ media diet has generated interest in how it might affect academic learning. However, current developmental research fails to highlight this issue. The 5 articles in this special section are designed to spark developmental psychologists’ greater interest by suggesting ways to conceptualize what children and adolescents gain from the time they spend playing video games, and how the cognitive skills and strategies they use may transfer to, or at least influence, what they do in the context of more academic tasks.
Dorsal Nasal Mucocele: A Delayed Complication of Rhinoplasty

Mucocele formation is a very rare complication of rhinoplasty surgery, with only 26 incidences documented in the medical literature. Postrhinoplasty nasal mucoceles are believed to result from the growth of ectopic nasal respiratory epithelium displaced during the rhinoplasty procedure. Although most cases of nasal mucocele present within weeks of rhinoplasty surgery, exceptional accounts describe nasal mucoceles presenting years after rhinoplasty. This case report describes an extremely delayed case of dorsal nasal mucocele that presented 21 years after the patient underwent a septorhinoplasty. The aesthetically bothersome mucocele was successfully removed with an open rhinoplasty approach, and the histopathologic analysis was consistent with a simple benign mucous retention cyst. The history, etiology, and prevention of mucocele formation in rhinoplasty surgery also are discussed. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Dislocation Nucleation From Bicrystal Interfaces in FCC Metals

Atomistic simulations are used to study dislocation nucleation from tilt bicrystal interfaces in copper subjected to a tensile deformation. Specifically, three interface misorientations are examined, including the Σ5 (310) interface, which has a high density of coincident atomic sites. The initial interface configurations, which are discussed in terms of structural units, are refined using energy minimization techniques. Molecular dynamics simulations are then used to deform each interface in tension. The role of boundary conditions and their effect on the inelastic deformation response is discussed in detail. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the interface structural units are directly involved in the partial dislocation nucleation process. The maximum tensile strength of the Σ5 (310) interface shows a modest increase in the case where lateral confinement of the interface is an important consideration.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Central projections of the vestibular nerve: a review and single fiber study in the Mongolian gerbil

The primary purpose of this article is to review the anatomy of central projections of the vestibular nerve in amniotes. We also report primary data regarding the central projections of individual horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-filled afferents innervating the saccular macula, horizontal semicircular canal ampulla, and anterior semicircular canal ampulla of the gerbil. In total, 52 characterized primary vestibular afferent axons were intraaxonally injected with HRP and traced centrally to terminations. Lateral and anterior canal afferents projected most heavily to the medial and superior vestibular nuclei. Saccular afferents projected strongly to the spinal vestibular nucleus, weakly to other vestibular nuclei, to the interstitial nucleus of the eighth nerve, the cochlear nuclei, the external cuneate nucleus, and nucleus y. The current findings reinforce the preponderance of literature. The central distribution of vestibular afferents is not homogeneous. We review the distribution of primary afferent terminations described for a variety of mammalian and avian species. The tremendous overlap of the distributions of terminals from the specific vestibular nerve branches with one another and with other sensory inputs provides a rich environment for sensory integration.
Developmental Toxicology Evaluation of 60-Hz Horizontal Magnetic Fields in Rats

Abstract Epidemiological and laboratory studies have indicated various biological effects resulting from exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. The possibility of early embryonic loss and fetal malformations arising from such exposures required investigation. A replicate study, using large numbers of animals, was conducted to determine if 60-Hz magnetic fields would produce developmental toxicity in rats. Systems used previously for electric field exposures were retrofitted to provide magnetic field exposures to small laboratory animals. Large coils, separated from the rat cages, were energized by computer-controlled function generators providing a relatively pure, 1000-μT, 60-Hz, horizontal magnetic field for the high exposure group. Leakage fields to a second system provided a second exposure group with average exposures of 0.61 μT. Ambient fields within a third (control) system were 0.09 μT. Field intensities utilized in this study represent a range of exposures encountered by humans; how...
DSH-MRAM: Differential Spin Hall MRAM for On-Chip Memories

A new device structure for spin-transfer torque-based magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is proposed for on-chip memory applications. Our device structure exploits spin Hall effect to create a differential memory cell that exhibits fast and energy-efficient write operation. In addition, because of inherently differential device structure, fast and reliable read operation can be performed. Our simulation study shows 10× improvement in write energy over the standard 1T1R in-plane STT-MRAM memory cell, and 1.6× faster read operation compared with single-ended sensing (as in standard 1T1R STT-MRAMs). The bit-cell characteristics are promising for high performance on-chip memory applications.
Clinicopathologic analysis of mullerian adenosarcoma: the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience.

The records of 41 patients diagnosed with adenosarcoma of the female genital tract between 1982 and 1996 were reviewed. The median age at diagnosis is 51 years (range, 14-84). The most common symptom is vaginal bleeding (71%). Clinical signs at presentation include pelvic mass (37%), uterine polyps (29%), and enlarged uterus (22%). In 71% of patients, the tumor originates from the uterus. Other sites include ovary (15%), pelvis (12%), cervix (2%). A history of thyroid cancer, benign ovarian cyst, and polycystic ovarian disease is found more frequently than expected in this patient population, whereas no relationship to endometriosis is observed. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, but platin-based chemotherapy given upfront in inoperable patient has definite efficacy. An overall response rate of 92.5% was observed after primary therapy (surgery with or without radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy), with a median survival of 48 months (range, 1-174). Thirty-eight percent of patients had recurrent disease. The median time to recurrence is 12 months (range, 5-132). Although 60% of patients with recurrence achieved a complete remission after treatment, only 1 (8%) is alive without disease, and 3 (22%), with disease at the time of this analysis. In our series, histologic sarcomatous overgrowth is a predictor of poor prognosis (p<0.03), however myometrial invasion and stage of disease seem to be of less prognostic significance. Adenosarcoma is a tumor with a fair prognosis. Most tumor can be cured with surgery, but recurrence carries a bad prognosis.
Translational imaging of lymphatics in cancer

Imaging in the lymphatic system has gone through much advancement over the past 70 years since its beginnings. In this review, we will examine the modalities available for lymphatic imaging. We will explore the modern uses of early modalities, such as ultrasound as well as more modern modalities, such as Positron-Emission Tomography (PET). We will also describe some of the new modalities currently in development and their potential uses for the future as well as some of the current imaging modalities being studied in animal models.
Attributes of natural enemies in ephemeral crop habitats

Abstract Ephemeral habitats differ from perennial habitats by their temporal and spatial continuity. The ephemeral habitats that compose annual crops impose constraints on the herbivorous pests and their natural enemies that exploit such habitats. Biological control theory that is based largely on the experiences and successes associated with perennial habitats may not align with opportunities that exist in ephemeral crop habitats. Traits of natural enemies that are successful in ephemeral habitats may not be the same as those associated with natural enemies that are successful in perennial habitats. We suggest that the practice of biological control in ephemeral crop habitats may require a different perspective that recognizes the duration of habitat structure and that desired traits of natural enemies might differ, depending on the particular biological control objective.
QSAR approaches to predicting toxicity.

Due to the demands of time and the high cost of testing compounds for toxicity in test animals, it would be an advantage to be able to estimate the toxic response of chemical agents using theoretical approaches. Predicting whether a compound will be toxic or nontoxic is a classification problem and the methods of studying quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) can be used for this purpose [Hansch, C. (1969) Accounts Chem. Res., 2, 232]. It should be recognized, however, that formulating the QSAR problem as one of active vs. inactive makes it different from classical QSAR problems. This requires that methods be applied that can predict the category of a compound to be used, i.e., so-called methods of pattern recognition (Varmuza, K. (1983) J. Chem. Info. Comp. Sci. 23, 6) being required. There are several methods of pattern recognition that can be used with some being more suitable than others. The nature of this unique QSAR problem, the appropriate methods to apply, and some of the pitfalls of applying QSAR techniques to predicting toxicity are discussed.
An approach to teaching innovation processes in engineering

Engineering curricula are typically jam-packed with technical courses, leaving little room for important non-technical topics. One of the subjects many engineers in a wide variety of fields would benefit from is innovation, but the full scope of innovation theory is seldom taught at universities. One reason for this is that innovation is an interdisciplinary topic, with insights available from many different fields. At UALR, we have implemented several classes that teach innovation from an interdisciplinary viewpoint. These classes contain students from a variety of majors, including engineering, business, psychology and art. The mix of students creates an exciting dynamic in the classes, but also raises some challenges. In this paper, our approaches to teaching innovation and design are discussed, with attention paid to successes and failures. Finally, ideas for effectively creating an engineering program that includes innovation theory are discussed.
Supralevator anorectal abscess presenting as acute low back pain and sciatica

Anorectal abscess is a suppurative process that begins in the anal glands. Clinical presentation is variable and depends on the direction and tissue plane along which the infection tracks. All cases require urgent incision and drainage. We report an unusual case of a supralevator abscess in a man who presented to the emergency department on two occasions with acute low back pain and sciatica. The case demonstrates the importance and difficulty of identifying the exceptional case among the numerous routine cases of mechanical low back pain. Attentiveness to atypical features should direct the clinician to a more extensive evaluation for serious illness. The case also illustrates that sciatica is not a diagnostic end-point but rather a label for a pain syndrome that encompasses a long differential diagnosis.
A note on the generalizability of a study of retirement: the problem of sample loss.

Abstract This paper reviews some salient literature on the problems of sample loss in longitudinal studies of aging and draws attention to the significance of this issue for cross-sectional studies. The importance of a methodology which excludes relevant phenomena is discussed. Sample loss in a study of retirement is reported, and a comparison of the study sample with individuals eliminated by geography, refusal, or other reasons, is presented.
Retroelements in genome organization.

Transposons, mobile pieces of DNA, were first described in maize by B. McClintock. Now maize yields another surprise, as shown by SanMiguel et al . ([p. 765][1]) in this week's issue. One particular class of transposon, retrotransposons, is present in the maize genome in numbers so vast that it may constitute half of the plant's genome. Voytas discusses in his Perspective the implications of these findings for genome organization and the strategies that these elements might use to avoid integrating into active genes. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5288.765
The visual tongue-twister effect: Phonological activation in silent reading

We discuss the activation of phonological information during silent reading and report two experiments demonstratng a visual tongue-twister effect. Judgments of semantic acceptability took longer for sentences which repeated initial consonants or consonant pairs differing only in voicing such as /p/ and /b/ (tongue-twisters), compared with matched phonetically “neutral” sentences (those containing a natural mix of phenemes). In addition, concurrent vocalization with a tongue-twister phrase slowed performance, but did not produce reliable specific interference when the vocalization phrase repeated the same word-initial consonant (for example, bilabial /p/) as the sentences being read. We argue that the longer reading times for tongue-twisters is caused by interference due to the similarity of the phonetic representations automatically activated during reading. The lack of specific interference between concurrent vocalization and the reading task suggests that these automatically activated phonetic repreesntations are not subvocal motor programs and that the concurrent vocalization paradigm is not an appropriate method to examine the phonological information used during reading.
Doppler evaluation of normalized peak filling rate in normal children and children with left ventricular outflow obstruction.

To evaluate the early diastolic peak filling rate of the left ventricle, three groups of children (normal children, patients with aortic valvular stenosis, and patients with aortic coarctation) were examined with the peak filling rate normalized to stroke volume calculated from the mitral valve inflow Doppler recording as the peak E velocity divided by the velocity time integral. The normal value for this index in children was 6.78 ± 0.99 SV/sec and did not vary with age, weight, body surface area, or heart rate. Compared with normal subjects, both patients with aortic stenosis and patients with coarctation had increased left ventricular mass, but patients with aortic stenosis had decreased normalized peak filling rates (5.3 ± 0.84 SV/sec, p p = 0.97). Compared with patients with aortic coarctation, patients with aortic stenosis had higher Doppler gradients. Thus the Doppler index of peak filling rate normalized to stroke volume is particularly useful in children because it is independent of heart rate, age, weight, and body surface area. Patients with coarctation may have normal peak filling rates normalized to stroke volume despite increased left ventricular mass because of milder obstruction or better coronary artery perfusion compared with that of patients with aortic stenosis.
Thermotaxis in third and fourth-stage Dirofilaria immitis larvae.

Third-stage and fourth-stage Dirofilaria immitis larvae exhibited positive thermotaxis when placed in a thermal gradient. Negative thermotaxis was not observed. Positive thermotaxis may be important for the successful transmission and for directing third and fourth-stage larval migration toward predilection sites in the Host.
Are Some Speech Recognition Errors Easier to Detect than Others

This study investigates whether some speech recognition (SR) errors are easier to detect and what patterns can be identified from those errors. Specifically, SR errors were examined from both non-linguistic and linguistic perspectives. The analyses of non-linguistic properties revealed that high error ratios and consecutive errors lowered the ease of error detection. The analyses of linguistic properties showed that ease of error detection was associated with changing parts-of-speech of reference words in SR errors. Additionally, syntactic relations themselves and the change of syntactic relations had impact on the ease of error detection.
99mTc-labeling of a hydrazinonicotinamide-conjugated vitronectin receptor antagonist useful for imaging tumors.

This report describes the 99mTc labeling of a HYNIC-conjugated vitronectin receptor antagonist (SQ168 = [2-[[[5-[carboonyl]-2-pyridinyl]hydrazono]methyl]benzenesulfonic acid]-Glu(cyclo{Lys-Arg-Gly-...