cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Lipid Lowering: The Anti-Hypertensive Role of Statins

Introduction The management of the hypercholesterolemic patient has evolved tremendously with the introduction of the HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors, a class of drugs better known as the statins. Statins modify cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, producing greater decreases in plasma cholesterol levels than previously realized with hypolipidemic therapy. With the advent of the classic statin-megatrials such as the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), WOSCOPS, CARE, and the more recent Heart Protection Study (HPS), the role of statins in both the primary and secondary prevention and ultimate risk reduction of patients with coronary disease has been firmly established.
Nitrogen desorption in the reaction of nitric oxide on carbon-supported platinum catalysts

The catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide on carbon- and γ-alumina-supported platinum was studied in a quartz flow reactor between 423 and 623 K. The measured turnover frequency, defined as the number of nitric oxide molecules reacting per surface platinum atom per second, was an order of magnitude higher on the carbon-supported catalysts than on the alumina-supported catalyst or than that projected from earlier work on platinum foil. The rate-determining step for nitric oxide decomposition on PtAl2O3 or Pt foil appears to be the chemisorption of NO on platinum, with inhibition by oxygen, the most abundant reaction intermediate (mari) in equilibrated chemisorption on the same sites as those required for NO chemisorption. By contrast, it appears that on PtC, the inhibition product oxygen is removed continuously from the platinum surface by the surrounding carbon support, producing CO and CO2. The kinetic data suggest that the mari now consists of adsorbed nitrogen atoms. The second-order rate constant k for the associative desorption of nitrogen from platinum obtained from our work is compared with that extracted from published data on NH3 decomposition or that measured directly by temperature-programmed desorption of nitrogen from platinum. We find for k a preexponential factor of 5 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 and an activation energy of 88 kj mol−1, in remarkable agreement with those reported by others.
The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on psychosocial outcomes and quality of life in early-stage breast cancer patients: a randomized trial

The aim of this study was determine the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress-reduction (MBSR) program on quality of life (QOL) and psychosocial outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer, using a three-arm randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT). This RCT consisting of 172 women, aged 20–65 with stage I or II breast cancer consisted of the 8-week MBSR, which was compared to a nutrition education program (NEP) and usual supportive care (UC). Follow-up was performed at three post-intervention points: 4 months, 1, and 2 years. Standardized, validated self-administered questionnaires were adopted to assess psychosocial variables. Statistical analysis included descriptive and regression analyses incorporating both intention-to-treat and post hoc multivariable approaches of the 163 women with complete data at baseline, those who were randomized to MBSR experienced a significant improvement in the primary measures of QOL and coping outcomes compared to the NEP, UC, or both, including the spirituality subscale of the FACT-B as well as dealing with illness scale increases in active behavioral coping and active cognitive coping. Secondary outcome improvements resulting in significant between-group contrasts favoring the MBSR group at 4 months included meaningfulness, depression, paranoid ideation, hostility, anxiety, unhappiness, and emotional control. Results tended to decline at 12 months and even more at 24 months, though at all times, they were as robust in women with lower expectation of effect as in those with higher expectation. The MBSR intervention appears to benefit psychosocial adjustment in cancer patients, over and above the effects of usual care or a credible control condition. The universality of effects across levels of expectation indicates a potential to utilize this stress reduction approach as complementary therapy in oncologic practice.
Image Quality Analysis: A New Method of Characterizing Microstructures

Polycrystalline aggregates are comprised of three microstructural features: grain centers, grain boundaries, and regions affected by grain boundaries. It is these features that determine the mechanical properties, and any advanced understanding of microstructure-property relations requires their quantitative description. Traditionally, descriptions of microstructures have been based on visualization, i.e., how grains appear in the optical or scanning electron microscope (SEM). While this may lead to classification systems that permit differentiation, it does not allow for quantification, especially in complex microstructures, and does not lend itself to either developing or applying structure-property relationships. The goal of this paper is to present a new approach to the characterization of complex microstructures, especially those found in advanced modern high strength steels. For such steels, the new approach employs the fact that different types of ferrite formed at different transformation temperatures have different dislocation or sub-grain boundary densities. Hence, measuring the degree of lattice imperfection of the grain centers of the ferrite is one way of first identifying, then grouping, and finally quantifying, the different types or forms of ferrite. The index chosen in this study to distinguish the degree of lattice imperfection is the image quality (IQ). Finally, as part of the new approach a procedure has been developed to improve the accuracy of applying IQ measurements.
A 1.1V 150GHz amplifier with 8dB gain and +6dBm saturated output power in standard digital 65nm CMOS using dummy-prefilled microstrip lines

Radio applications beyond 100GHz that will benefit from silicon technologies [1–5] include high-rate communication links, medical imaging systems, and chemical sensors. Challenges in CMOS mm-wave front-ends include low available transistor gain and strict metal density rules which alter passive element characteristics [1, 2, 5, 6].
Germline-soma relationships in ciliated protozoa: the inception and evolution of nuclear dimorphism in one-celled animals

Abstract Unique features of ciliates are reviewed in the framework of a speculative series of evolutionary transitions: a uninucleate protozoan gave rise to a multinucleate unicell and then a nuclear dimorphic unicell, with a germline micronucleus and a differentially amplified somatic macronucleus, possibly before the divergence of ciliates and heterokaryotic foraminiferans. Ciliates evolved to proliferate only in the diploid state. Macronuclear DNA fragmentation and amitotic karyokinesis arose multiple times. Variability arises in the macronucleus, a potential source of selectable diversity, and probably the cause of clonal senescence. Transposons may have played a role in micronuclear silencing, and proliferate rapidly in hypotrichous ciliate germlines due to their precise elimination from the developing macronucleus before its genes are expressed.
Theoretical Investigation of the Interaction between 2-Pyridone/2-Hydroxypyridine and Ammonia

The structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the closed complexes 2-pyridone−NH3 (2PY−NH3), 2-hydroxypyridine−NH3 (2HP−NH3), 2-pyridone−(NH3)2 (2PY−(NH3)2), and 2-hydroxypyridine−(NH3)2 (2HP−(NH3)2) were studied using the density functional theory (DFT). The final energies of each complex were obtained using the B3-LYP and MP2 methods. The NH3 molecule is both a proton donor and a proton acceptor in the 2PY−NH3 and 2HP−NH3 complexes, while in the 2PY−(NH3)2 and 2HP−(NH3)2 systems, the ammonia dimer acts both as a proton donor and a proton acceptor. Comparison is made between the theoretical results and recent experimental results for the 2PY−NH3 and 2PY−(NH3)2 complexes. In the heterotrimer complexes, the cooperative effects are substantial and this is reflected by the intermolecular distance of the ammonia dimer, by the elongation of the NH bond length, by the frequency shift of the ν(NH) mode, and by the additive interaction energy.
The irritational qualities of dental materials

A simple, short-term screening method for establishing an index to the irritational qualities of materials and drugs used in dentistry has been developed. It consists of the subdermal implantation of dental materials in the rat; as a screening test, this may be preferable to the test use of the materials in cavities in teeth because the new test avoids many factors and variables associated with cavity preparation. Twenty-two dental materials were implanted in the subdermal connective tissues of rats. After periods of about two days, two weeks and four weeks, the tissues around the pellets were studied microscopically and the inflammatory reactions classified as mild, moderate or severe. Most of the findings correlate well with previous studies involving the dental pulp.
A survey of cultivated heirloom tomato varieties identifies four new mutant alleles at the green-flesh locus

The process of crop domestication occurs through the selection and subsequent propagation of novel alleles that improve traits of interest. Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), particularly heirloom varieties, exhibit a wide range of variation in fruit size, shape and color. The green-flesh mutant of tomato possesses a stay-green phenotype resulting in fruits that ripen to a red-brown color, due to the retention of chlorophyll and the simultaneous accumulation of lycopene. The recent identification of the GREEN-FLESH gene provides a molecular tool with which to investigate the origin of a subset of cultivated tomato varieties that resemble the green-flesh mutant. Sequence analysis of the GF locus from 26 varieties revealed the existence of four previously unidentified null alleles. This study illustrates the potential of cultivated tomato varieties, including heritage cultivars, heirlooms, and land races, for uncovering new alleles in genes of interest.
Theoretical aspects of motion sensitivity and compensation in echo-planar imaging.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be performed on or below the time scale of most anatomic motion via echo-planar imaging (EPI) techniques and their derivatives. The goal is to image rapidly and reduce artifacts that typically result from view-to-view changes in the spatial distribution of spins due to motion. However, the required time-dependent magnetic field gradient waveforms remain sensitive to the dephasing effects of motion. Sources of motion artifact are simulated for spins moving along the imaging axes and are shown to be an important source of reduced image quality in EPI. A novel method of EPI is proposed that (a) refocuses single or multiple derivatives of motion at all echoes and (b) prevents accumulation of velocity (or higher derivative)-induced dephasing along the phase-encoding axis by moment nulling all phase-encoding-step waveforms about a single instant of time. Theoretical EPI sequences with considerable reductions in ghosts, blurring, and signal loss due to motion sensitivity are produced and compared with other EPI methods. Their time efficiency is presented as a function of available (relative) gradient strength for a variety of sequence waveforms.
Reappraisal of the relationship between the northern Nevada rift and Miocene extension in the northern Basin and Range Province

The northern Nevada rift is a prominent mafic dike swarm and magnetic anomaly in north-central Nevada inferred to record the Middle Miocene (16.5–15.0 Ma) extension direction in the northern Basin and Range province in the western United States. From the 245°–250° rift direction, Basin and Range extension is inferred to have shifted 45° clockwise to a modern direction of 290°–300° during the late Miocene. The region surrounding the northern Nevada rift was actively extending while the rift formed, and these domains are all characterized by extension oriented 280°–300°. This direction is distinctly different from the rift direction and nearly identical to the modern Basin and Range direction. Although the rate, structural style, and distribution of Basin and Range extension appear to have undergone a significant change in the late Miocene (ca. 10 Ma), the overall spreading direction does not. Middle Miocene extension was directed perpendicular to the axis of the thickest crust formed during Mesozoic shortening and this orientation may reflect gravitational collapse of this thick crust. Orientation of northern Nevada rift dikes may reflect a short-lived regional stress field related to the onset of Yellowstone hotspot volcanism.
Inhibition of mitogenesis in bovine lymphocytes by juvenile hormones.

Abstract Phytohemagglutinin and the co-carcinogenic phorbol ester, 12-0- tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, act synergistically in cultures of bovine lymphocytes to induce a mitogenic response. Insect juvinile hormones appear to act selectively to block or counteract an early hormones appear to act selectively to block or counteract an early event in the induction of DNA and nuclear replication while allowing other blastogenic events such as increases in RNA and protein synthesis and cell size to occur.
Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Potential Mechanism of Cryptic 3’ Splice Site Selection in SF3B1-mutated Cancers

Mutations in the splicing factor SF3B1 are found in several cancer types and have been associated with various splicing defects. Using transcriptome sequencing data from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer and uveal melanoma tumor samples, we show that hundreds of cryptic 3’ splice sites (3’SSs) are used in cancers with SF3B1 mutations. We define the necessary sequence context for the observed cryptic 3’ SSs and propose that cryptic 3’SS selection is a result of SF3B1 mutations causing a shift in the sterically protected region downstream of the branch point. While most cryptic 3’SSs are present at low frequency (<10%) relative to nearby canonical 3’SSs, we identified ten genes that preferred out-of-frame cryptic 3’SSs. We show that cancers with mutations in the SF3B1 HEAT 5-9 repeats use cryptic 3’SSs downstream of the branch point and provide both a mechanistic model consistent with published experimental data and affected targets that will guide further research into the oncogenic effects of SF3B1 mutation.
Diatom Succession in a Core from Pickerel Lake, Northeastern South Dakota

Percentage analyses of the diatoms from a core of sediment show the changes in the community since the formation of Pickerel Lake. The lake basin is in calcareous drift from the Wisconsin glaciation and is located on the Coteau des Prairies upland. This work supplements earlier studies of the pollen, plant macrofossils, and mollusks made by Watts and Bright (1968), in which they presented evidence for four vegetational stages: (1) spruce forest, (2) deciduous woodland, (3) bluestem prairie, and (4) continued open prairie with the return of some woodland. The diatom core was correlated with the nearby pollen core by pollen analysis. The diatom succession begins in diatom zone I, with an assemblage dominated by Fragilaria and Mastogloia species and containing many taxa of alkaline waters. It also includes several taxa that generally prefer acid environments and only occur in the lower part of this core. This diatom assemblage is correlated primarily with the presence of spruce forest and its associated soils; the change in the diatoms occurs when the deciduous woodland that follows is partly replaced by prairie openings. It is suggested that the changes in the type of material (mainly soil) washed into the lake produced a more alkaline environment, which excluded some of the acidophilous taxa. Diatom zone II is largely transitional to zone III, which is dominated by Melosira species and includes many indicators of a more eutrophic (nutrient-rich) environment, for example Fragilaria crotonensis. More brackish-water taxa also indicate an increase in the mineral content of the water. All of these features are consistent with evidence from the pollen stratigraphy, which indicates that this is the time of maximum prairie development in this area, along with maximum soil erosion and lake-water evaporation. Diatom zone IV is largely transitional, corresponding to the time when woodland was once again developing around the margins of the lake basin. Diatom zone V features increasing percentages of forms characteristic of surf zones in lakes, indicating perhaps a shallowing of the site as a result of sedimentation. There is some indication of recent enrichment, concurrent with an increase in Ambrosia pollen (ragweed), which is possibly due to disturbance by man. The use of a constant volume of material in the diatom preparation makes it possible to draw a diagram of diatom abundance for each level. The diatoms are scarce in samples from the lower part of the core, and four radiocarbon dates bear out a suggestion that more inorganic material was deposited at the core site during the early history of the lake than subsequently. A total of 207 taxa is reported, and ecological notes on all are included in an appendix. A diatom diagram shows curves for 71 of the taxa.
Welcome to Our World: Parent Perceptions of Interactions Between Parents of Young Children with ASD and Education Professionals.

The interaction betWeen parents of children With ASD and education professionals is a critical issue, due to increasing prevalence rates, increasing litigation, and legal mandates of the 1997 amend...
Recent advances in monolithic integration of diverse technologies with Si CMOS

HRL Laboratories is part of an intense research and development effort to leverage the enormously advanced infrastructure of Si CMOS and the high performance of diverse electronic and photonic devices in an integrated technology. While System in a Package (SiP) and System on a Chip (SoC) approaches involve chips produced in their native foundries and subsequent integration using hybridization or multi-chip modules, HRL has pioneered approaches where partially completed wafers of diverse technologies are integrated using highly intimate placement and heterogeneous interconnects to enable transistor-level integration. Novel ICs have been produced in InP BiCMOS and CMOS memristor-integrated technologies. Unprecedented design flexibility is being enabled with intimate integration of GaN HEMTs together with InP and CMOS.
A review of research on distance education in computers and composition

Abstract This article provides a review of the research published in Computers and Composition about teaching writing with distance-learning technology. The purpose of the article is to assess what research has been conducted in the context of a prominent journal in the field. Distance education is an emerging focus in the field of computers and writing, and the goal of this review is to provide a foundation for further analysis that begins to locate research gaps. I outline research published in the journal from 1994 (the date of the first article dealing with distance education in Computers and Composition ) through 1999. Through analysis of twelve articles published in the journal during these six years, I describe two emerging categories of research in distance education: articles that theorize distance education in the context of writing instruction and articles that describe distance education in practice. In addition to describing the research already conducted, I include suggestions for further research that would build upon this foundation.
Bronchoactive metabolites of arachidonic acid and their role in airway function

Abstract The purpose of this brief review is to summarize some of the information currently available regarding the potential involvement of prostanoids and leukotrienes in bronchopulmonary function. A considerable amount of work in this area has been completed in recent years, in some cases confirming earlier concepts and in other cases, providing new interpretations and insights. Earlier reviews of the actions of prostaglandins in the lung include those of Rosenthale, et al. (1), Smith (2), Puglisi and Maggi (3) and Hedqvist and Mathe (4).
Demographic Diversity and the Size of the Public Sector

We investigate the possibility that diversity in income religion and ethnicity affects the size of a countrys public sector. Public provision of goods may be inefficient in the presence of diverse preferences about public sector spending and voters may be unwilling to finance transfer payments to people whom they perceive as different from themselves. We find that ethnic diversity discourages transfer payments by central governments and that income diversity discourages other public expenditure. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER) (EXCERPT)
Historical fires in Douglas-fir dominated riparian forests of the southern Cascades, Oregon

Despite the ecological importance of fire in Pacific Northwest forests, its role in riparian forests is just beginning to be documented. This study reconstructed the historical occurrence of fire within riparian forests along different stream sizes in coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirbel] Franco) dominated forests within the drier western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla [Raf.] Sarg.) forest series of the Upper Steamboat Creek watershed of the Umpqua National Forest, Oregon. Fire dates were determined from a total of 194 fire-scarred wedges from stumps sampled at 15 riparian and 13 upslope one-hectare plots. Fire was common historically in both the riparian zones and upslope forests of this study area. Riparian Weibull median probability fire return intervals (WMPIs) were somewhat longer (ranging from 35–39 years, with fire return intervals ranging from 4–167 years) than upslope WMPIs (ranging from 27–36 years, with fire return intervals ranging from 2–110 years), but these differences were not significant. Fires were probably mixed in severity and likely patchy, considering the high incidence of fires occurring only at a riparian plot or only at an upslope plot within a pair, but not at both. Finally, fire return intervals showed a non-significant trend of decreasing length from west to east to north aspects. An increased sampling effort may have shown this decrease to be significant. Based on the results from this study, it is evident that restoring fire will be necessary to protect riparian forest health in this study area. Historical recruitment of large woody debris was likely patchy and pulsed for these mixed-severity fire regime forests.
The structure of WTC expansions and applications

We construct generalized Painleve expansions with logarithmic terms for a general class of ('non-integrable') scalar equations, and describe their structure in detail. These expansions were introduced without logarithms by Weiss-Tabor-Carnevale (WTC-1983). The construction of the formal solutions is shown to involve semi-invariants of binary forms, and tools from invariant theory are applied to the determination of the type of logarithmic terms that are required for the most general singular series. The structure of the series depends strongly on whether 1 is or is not a resonance. The convergence of these series is obtained as a consequence of the general results of Littman and Kichenassamy (1993). The results are illustrated on a family of fifth-order models for water-waves, and other examples. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for -1 to be a resonance.
International Capital Mobility: What Do Saving-Investment Correlations Tell Us? Comment on Dooley, Frankel, and Mathieson

of the substantial integration of international financial markets. The concept of covered interest rate parity is frequently invoked when international macroeconomic models are constructed, at least for industrial countries, and is extensively employed by foreign exchange traders. Thus the observation of a strong positive correlation between national saving and domestic investment rates calls into question accepted views regarding the degree of international capital mobility. If international capital is freely and highly mobile, then there is little reason to expect countries with high saving rates to have high investment rates as well, or so the story goes. That is, world saving, like water seeking a common level, flows from lowto high-interest-rate countries, financing capital accumulation in the most productive economies. Hence, the empirical regularity of a high correlation between national saving and domestic investment rates is in apparent contradiction with integrated international financial markets. Can this conundrum be resolved? Dooley, Frankel, and Mathieson (1987) explained the apparent contradiction by distinguishing between the international integration of markets for bonds and of markets for physical capital. Assuming that bonds substitute perfectly across coun-
On gradual disinflation, the real exchange rate, and the current account

Abstract We study the effects of a credible, gradual exchange-rate-based disinflation program in a two sector economy. After an initial exchange rate depreciation, the reductions in the rate of devaluation reduce the monetary wedge generated by the cash-in-advance constraint, leading to a gradual increase in absorption that yields progressive real exchange rate appreciations and current account deficits. An initial boom in economic activity is not followed by a later contraction, as labour supply expands during the whole length of the program. Many of the model's predictions are in accordance with the stylized facts on disinflation in chronic-inflation countries, in particular those of the Mexican program of 1988–1992.
Relation of attachment style to family history of alcoholism and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood.

The present study examined the association between paternal alcoholism and attachment style in early adulthood and sought to determine whether attachment style might, at least partially, mediate intergenerational risk for alcoholism. The current report focuses on the cross-sectional relation between family history (FH) of alcoholism, attachment styles, and alcohol use disorders (AUD) when cohort members were, on average, 29 years old (N=369; 46% male; 51% FH+). Results indicated that FH+ participants were more likely to have insecure attachment, characterized by fearful-avoidant and dismissed-avoidant styles. Additionally, fearful-avoidant and dismissed-avoidant attachment styles were related to the presence of an AUD even after controlling for sex and FH (P<0.05). There was little evidence, however, that attachment style mediated the relation between paternal alcoholism and AUD in offspring; the FH-AUD association was only negligibly reduced when the effect of attachment style was controlled. Our findings suggest that insecure attachment style is a risk factor for AUD, independent of familial risk for alcoholism.
Retrograde endoscopic cystgastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocyst drainage after a prior roux-en-y gastric bypass

A 47-year-old woman with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass developed a pancreatic pseudocyst after an episode of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. She presented with intractable abdominal pain and weight loss. Computed tomography scan revealed an enlarging pancreatic fluid collection abutting the gastric antrum. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, at which a Whipple procedure was aborted due to severe fibrosis and necrosis of her pancreas. Retrograde peroral endoscopic pancreatic pseudocyst drainage was successfully performed through the defunctionalized stomach.
Enzyme stabilization for pesticide degradation

Abstract Enzymes offer inherent advantages and limitations as active components of formulations used to decontaminate soil and equipment contaminated with toxic materials such as pesticides. Because of the catalytic nature of enzymes, each molecule of enzyme has the potential to destroy countless molecules of a contaminating toxic compound. This degradation takes place under mild environmental conditions of pH, temperature, pressure, and solvent. The basic limitation of enzymes is their degree of stability during storage and application conditions. Stabilizing methods such as the use of additives, covalent crosslinking, covalent attachment, gel entrapment, and microencapsulation have been directed toward developing an enzyme preparation that is stable under extremes of pH, temperature, and exposure to organic solvents. Initial studies were conducted using the model enzymes subtilisin and horseradish peroxidase.
Lead immobilization by hydroxyapatite in aqueous solutions

This study examines the possibilities for removing lead from water by reactions involving synthetic hydroxyapatite. batch experiments show that the rate of Pb2+ removal in these reactions is kinetically quite rapid. For example, ∼ 100 mg L−1 Pb2+ in the starting solution are reduced from the solutions to < 0.5 μg L−1 within several minutes. The reaction mechanisms are dominated by the dissolution of hydroxyapatite and the precipitation of lead apatites, namely hydroxypyromorphite and chloropyromorphite, both of which are very insoluble over the pH range of environmental concern. The results show that hydroxyapatite is capable of dissolving sufficient phosphate ions to promote lead precipitation and thus immobilized the lead from aqueous solutions. Further, evidence from the solid analysis shows how the morphology of the precipitates affects the reaction kinetics as well as the capacity of apatite to remove aqueous lead. For example, in the presence of chloride in the Pb2+-hydroxyapatite system. the formation of chloropyromorphite on the surface of hydroxyapatite provides an effective coating, which inhibits hydroxyapatite dissolution. While the potential for controlling lead exists, more work needs to be done to characterize the reactions fully. This study confirms the possibilities for using mineral apatite or natural phosphate rocks to treat lead-contaminated waste water or groundwater.
Age-related changes in initiation and maintenance of sleep: A meta-analysis

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the magnitude of change over the adult life span in four key sleep characteristics and to explore research design features that may account for variability in reported age-related sleep change. Forty-one published studies (combined N = 3293) provided 99 correlational effect sizes. Waking frequency and duration increased with age as previously concluded by narrative reviewers. Although narrative reviewers were less certain whether nighttime sleep amount or the ability to initiate sleep decreased with age, the meta-analysis suggested that both decreased. When sleep variables were measured by polysomnography rather than self-report, larger age-related changes were found. Few researchers who studied normal sleep controlled for important health moderators or studied women.
Systems Analysis of the Insulin Signaling Pathway

Abstract Analysis of a detailed mathematical model of the insulin signaling pathway yields a more quantitative understanding of the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance and its subsequent progression to type 2 diabetes. A sensitivity analysis of the model allows optimization of input perturbation as well as state measurement selection for experimental parameter identification. Finally, a stochastic version of the model yields interesting results on the impact of cellular noise on insulin signaling.
Interaction of stress and ethanol: effect on β-endorphin and catecholamines

To examine the interaction of ethanol (ET) and stress on beta-endorphin and catecholamine (CA) levels, male rats pretreated with ET (3.0 g/kg, i.p.) or saline were immobilized for 30 min and killed 90 min after the initial injection. Stress resulted in (a) an increase in plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE, 243%), epinephrine (E, 175%), beta-endorphin (220%) and corticosterone (CS, 151%) and a decrease in dopamine (DA, 54%); (b) a decrease in hypothalamic NE (15%) and beta-endorphin (33%) levels and an increase E (23%) and DA (58%) levels; (c) a decrease in pituitary beta-endorphin levels in both the neurointermediate (23%) and anterior (131%) lobes. Treatment with ET resulted in: (a) an increase in plasma NE (81%), E (53%), CS (71%), and beta-endorphin (33%) levels and decrease in DA (54%); (b) a decrease in the hypothalamic NE (12%) levels and an increase DA (27%) and beta-endorphin (46%) levels, and (c) a decrease in beta-endorphin (15.5%) in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Treatment with ET of stressed animals had only a small effect: (a) in plasma NE, E, CS, and beta-endorphin levels decreased by 30, 31, 14, and 36%, respectively; (b) in the hypothalamus DA levels decreased by 40% and beta-endorphin increased by 71%; (c) in the pituitary beta-endorphin increased in both the intermediate lobe (25%) and anterior (50%) lobes. Thus when the data of the stressed ET-treated group is compared to that of the nonstressed saline injected group, none of the measures differ significantly. These results confirm our earlier work indicating a significant interaction of ET and stress.
A Compressible Model for the Simulation of Moist Mountain Waves

A two-dimensional, nonlinear, nonhydrostatic model is described which allows the calculation of moist airflow in mountainous terrain. The model is compressible, uses a terrain-following coordinate system, and employs lateral and upper boundary conditions which minimize wave reflections. The model's accuracy and sensitivity are examined. These tests suggest that in numerical simulations of vertically propagating, highly nonlinear mountain waves, a wave absorbing layer does not accurately mimic the effects of wave breakdown and dissipation at high levels in the atmosphere. In order to obtain a correct simulation, the region in which the waves are physically absorbed must generally be included in the computational domain (a nonreflective upper boundary condition should be used as well). The utility of the model is demonstrated in two examples (linear waves in a uniform atmosphere and the Jan. 11, 1972 Boulder windstorm) which illustrate how the presence of moisture can influence propagating waves. In both cases, the addition of moisture to the upstream flow greatly reduces the wave response.
Transient Heat Transfer in a Semitransparent Radiating Layer with Boundary Convection and Surface Reflections

Surface convection and refractive index effects are examined during transient radiative heating or cooling of a grey semitransparent layer with internal absorption, emission and conduction. Each side of the layer is exposed to hot or cold radiative surroundings, while each boundary is heated or cooled by convection. Emission within the layer and internal reflections depend on the layer refractive index. The reflected energy and heat conduction distribute energy across the layer and partially equalize the transient temperature distributions. Solutions are given to demonstrate the effect of radiative heating for layers with various optical thicknesses, the behavior of a layer heated by radiation on one side and convectively cooled on the other, and a layer heated by convection while being cooled by radiation. The numerical method is an implicit finite difference procedure with non-uniform space and time increments. The basic method developed in earlier work is expanded to include external convection and incident radiation.
A consumer theory with competitive markets for work in marriage

The theory presented here aims at explaining individual consumer behavior inside marriage and prior to marriage. It is a New Home Economics (NHE) model in the sense that it assumes the existence of household production. It is an intra-household bargaining model in the sense that it assumes that husbands and wives typically have different economic interests with respect to marriage, and they try to negotiate arrangements that suit them best. The more resources they have, the more they may obtain results that favor them rather than their spouse. It is a market theory similar to standard labor market theory. This theory throws light on gender differences in demand for commercial goods that have home-produced substitutes. This theory leads to an explanation why women are charged more for dry-cleaning. The theory can also explain differences in demand for different products. Predictions include that of a sex ratio effect on consumption. For example, it is predicted that in countries with more emigration of men than women, women will be expected to make higher contributions to newly weds’ costs of housing. It is also predicted that there will be compensating differentials in marriage. For instance, women married to considerably older men are expected to have relatively more control over the use the couple’s income than women married to men who are close to their own age. In contrast to bargaining theory, the insights presented here apply to both married individuals and to those who anticipate being married in the future.
Venous neointimal hyperplasia in polytetrafluoroethylene dialysis grafts

Venous neointimal hyperplasia in polytetrafluoroethylene dialysis grafts Background Vascular access dysfunction is the most important cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population in the United States at a cost of $1 billion per annum. Venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) characterized by stenosis and subsequent thrombosis accounts for the overwhelming majority of pathology resulting in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dialysis graft failure. Despite the magnitude of the problem and the enormity of the cost ($1 billion), there are currently no effective therapies for the prevention or treatment of venous neointimal hyperplasia in PTFE dialysis grafts. Methods Tissue samples were collected from the graft-vein anastomosis of stenotic PTFE grafts during surgical revision. Specimens were graded using standard light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for the magnitude of neointimal hyperplasia and for the expression of specific cell types, cytokines, and matrix proteins. Results VNH was characterized by the ( 1 ) presence of smooth muscle cells/myofibroblasts, ( 2 ) accumulation of extracellular matrix components, ( 3 ) angiogenesis within the neointima and adventitia, and ( 4 ) presence of an active macrophage cell layer lining the PTFE graft material. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were expressed by smooth muscle cells/myofibroblasts within the venous neointima, by macrophages lining both sides of the PTFE graft, and by vessels within the neointima and adventitia. Conclusions Our results suggest that macrophages, specific cytokines (bFGF, PDGF, and VEGF), and angiogenesis within the neointima and adventitia are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of VNH in PTFE dialysis grafts. Interventions aimed at these specific mediators and processes may be successful in reducing the very significant human and economic costs of vascular access dysfunction.
Virus strains differentially induce plant susceptibility to aphid vectors and chewing herbivores

Plants are frequently attacked by both pathogens and insects, and an attack from one can induce plant responses that affect resistance to the other. However, we currently lack a predictive framework for understanding how pathogens, their vectors, and other herbivores interact. To address this gap, we have investigated the effects of a viral infection in the host plant on both its aphid vector and non-vector herbivores. We tested whether the infection by three different strains of Potato virus Y (PVYNTN, PVYNO and PVYO) on tomato plants affected: (1) the induced plant defense pathways; (2) the abundance and fecundity of the aphid vector (Macrosiphum euphorbiae); and (3) the performance of two non-vector species: a caterpillar (Trichoplusia ni) and a beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). While infection by all three strains of PVY induced the salicylate pathway, PVYNTN induced a stronger and longer response. Fecundity and density of aphids increased on all PVY-infected plants, suggesting that the aphid response is not negatively associated with salicylate induction. In contrast, the performance of non-vector herbivores positively correlated with the strength of salicylate induction. PVYNTN infection decreased plant resistance to both non-vector herbivores, increasing their growth rates. We also demonstrated that the impact of host plant viral infection on the caterpillar results from host plant responses and not the effects of aphid vector feeding. We propose that pathogens chemically mediate insect–plant interactions by activating the salicylate pathway and decreasing plant resistance to chewing insects, which has implications for both disease transmission and insect community structure.
Jet Impingement under VTOL Aircraft

A previous analytical solution for the flowfield beneath a VTOL model was extended to include tilted jet configurations. Additionally, a laboratory model was constructed to test the effects of variation hi the parameters governing the flow. Free streamline profiles, pressure coefficients on the "ground" and "fuselage" of the apparatus and velocity profiles in the nozzles were determined from hot wire anemometer traverses of the flowfield. Experimental data compared favorably with theoretical determinations over the flow regions tested.
Accounting for the Multi-Period Impact of Service When Determining Employee Requirements for Labor Scheduling

Abstract Providing good customer service, inexpensively, is a problem commonly faced by managers of service operations. To tackle this problem, managers must do four tasks: forecast customer demand for the service; translate these forecasts into employee requirements; develop a labor schedule that provides appropriate numbers of employees at appropriate times; and control the delivery of the service in real-time. This paper focuses upon the translation of forecasts of customer demand into employee requirements. Specifically, it presents and evaluates two methods for determining desired staffing levels. One of these methods is a traditional approach to the task, while the other, by using modified customer arrival rates, offers a better means of accounting for the multi-period impact of customer service. To calculate the modified arrival rates, the latter method reduces (increases) the actual customer arrival rate for a period to account for customers who arrived in the period (in earlier periods) but have some of their service performed in subsequent periods (in the period). In an experiment simulating 13824 service delivery environments, the new method demonstrated its superiority by serving 2.74% more customers within the specified waiting time limit while using 7.57% fewer labor hours.
Hydrologic model calibration using discontinuous data: an example from the upper Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia

Hydrologic models using water balance approaches typically use continuously observed streamflow data for calibration. Many large river basins in developing countries such as the upper Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia have discontinuous hydrographs that contain short continuous periods. Therefore, the efficient use of observed hydrographs for calibration of a hydrologic model is important to improve model performance. The goal of this study is to assess how limitations of continuity and duration in data affect hydrologic model calibration. A previously developed water balance model for the upper Blue Nile River basin was calibrated here using continuous and discontinuous (randomly sampled) data of different lengths. The performance of both methods was then compared each other in terms of parameter uncertainty and model efficiency. The results revealed that randomly sampled data require a shorter calibration length than continuous data to reach good model performance, about 36 and 120 months, respectively. This fact implies that discontinuous hydrographs can be useful in calibration. However, the number of high flow months included in the calibration data greatly affects model efficiency. This study suggests that randomly sampled calibration data should include at least 30% of high flow months of sufficient quality. The findings of this study will be essential to develop a hydrologic monitoring strategy for remote basins of the upper Blue Nile River basin and other similar basins where continuous observations are limited.
Anonymity in Applied Communication Research: Tensions Between IRBs, Researchers, and Human Subjects

This essay examines the rather complex role of anonymity in communication research as revealed in the narratives submitted to this special issue. First, narratives were examined quantitatively to assess the prevalence of issues related to anonymity, with terms such as “anonymous” and “confidential” emerging most often. Next, a thematic analysis of the narratives suggests five tensions discussed in some detail: anonymity or (not and) confidentiality, over-promising and under-delivering anonymity, to sign and record … or not, named vs. anonymous vs. pseudonymous, and whether institutional review boards (IRBs) should be anonymous. The essay concludes with several applied recommendations for IRBs, researchers, and participants as they confront these tensions linked to the role of anonymity in human subjects research.
Spectroscopic signatures of galaxy evolution in Cl0024+16 at $z\sim 0.4$

We report the first results from a panoramic spectroscopic survey of galaxies in the rich cluster Cl0024+1654 (z ≃ 0.4). Using HST imaging we examine the properties of early-types as a function of cluster radius. At all cluster radii, our sample lies on a selfconsistent Fundamental Plane whose zero point implies evolution since z = 0 corresponding to Δ[log(M/L_V )] = 0.14 ± 0.06, an overall trend consistent with previous work. Using diagnostic [O II] emission and Balmer absorption lines, we locate a population of intrinsically faint galaxies at 1–2.4 Mpc radius undergoing a period of star formation. The luminosity-dependent radial trends are suggestive of the gradual quenching of star formation for infalling galaxies. We discuss physical mechanisms that may be responsible for this environmental evolution.
ELECTROENDOSMOSIS THROUGH MAMMALIAN SEROUS MEMBRANES : II. COMPARISON OF HYDROGEN ION REVERSAL POINTS WITH ACETATE AND WITH CITRATE-PHOSPHATE BUFFERS.

The hydrogen ion reversal points of human, dog, and cat serous membranes have been determined with acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer mixtures, and are compared with the reversal points of the same membranes estimated with citrate-phosphate mixtures. The values with acetate buffer are about one-quarter of a pH unit higher (more alkaline) for fat membranes and almost one-half a pH unit higher for lean membranes. The acetate values are believed to correspond more closely to the true hydrogen ion reversal points. The reversal points are again found to be characteristic for membrane and species. No evidence of a postmortem shift in reversal point has been found. The charge of the membranes even in the living animal is capable of ready and repeated reversal.
Demand and Supply-Side Determinants of Conditional Cash Transfer Program Effectiveness

Summary The Programa Nacional de Becas Estudiantiles is a conditional cash transfer program designed to promote human capital accumulation and reduce poverty among Argentine youth. This study follows a 1999 cohort of students for five years and uses matching methods with a comparison group of students excluded due to quotas to estimate average and marginal program impacts. Multilevel methods are used to explore the role of program management and execution in explaining variation between schools in student outcomes. The results suggest that the Becas program improved students’ attendance and performance, in part through program conditions requiring good attendance and academic progress for continued scholarship receipt.