cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Immersion, Immersion/Oral Combination and Injection Methods for the Vaccination of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Against Edwardsiella ictaluri

.— Four different vaccination regimes, including non-vaccinated controls (C), immersion/oral combination (IO). late immersion (LI), and injection (IJ), were evaluated for antibody production and protection from challenge in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus that were hatched and raised in recirculating culture systems over a 28-wk period. For IO, fry were vaccinated by immersion on day 12 post-hatch and given an oral booster during week 10 post-hatch. The LI and IJ delivered vaccine was also administered at week 10 post-hatch. No titers were detected in the IO group prior to the oral booster at week 10. Mean titers rose sharply after the week 10 vaccinations in all treatment groups, maintained a high level for about 8 wk, and slowly declined over the next 4 wk. Injected fish had significantly higher titers during the primary response period than either LI or IO fish. There was no statistical difference in titers between LI and IO fish during the primary response. After an oral booster delivered during week 22, titers in LI and IO fish increased significantly at week 25, while titers in IJ fish declined despite the booster delivery. An immersion booster delivered during week 25 resulted in significant increases in titers in all vaccinated groups. Of multiple challenges, the only one not marred by concurrent columnaris infections revealed a low, but significant level of protection in IJ fish at 12 wk post-vaccination.
Hospitality Program Directors' Ratings on Hospitality Journals

(1998). Hospitality Program Directors' Ratings on Hospitality Journals. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 46-52.
Derivative Scanning for Wavelength Identification

With spectrographs of low dispersion, wavelength identification can become difficult even under high magnification. With prism instruments, such as the Bausch and Lomb Medium Quartz spectrograph used here, the problem is further compounded by nonlinear display on the photograph. However, if a small region of the spectrum is recorded, it is possible to calculate a dispersion that will be approximately linear. The problem is then reduced to measuring the distance between lines of known wavelengths on the strip chart recording. Such distances can be measured with good accuracy if a first derivative tracing is made from the densitometer output, rather than the conventional transmission recording.
The solvent extraction of trace antimony(V)

Abstract An investigation of the extraction of trace amounts of antimony(V) from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions into various others and chloroform has been carried out. Before extractions were made, mutual solubility studies of the two-phased systems were conducted. Then extraction experiments were performed using original aqueous acid concentrations from 0 to 12 N and non-aqueous phases of ethyl ether, isopropye ether, isoamyl ether, n -hexyl ether, and chloroform. Dielectric constant determinations were made in the equilibrated non-aqueous phases, and spectrophotormetric and salting-out studies were carried out on the ethyl ether system. It was found that the isopropyl ether system presents the most advantageous conditions for the extraction of trace antimony(V)
Estimating rate uncertainty with maximum likelihood: differences between power-law and flicker–random-walk models

Recent studies have documented that global positioning system (GPS) time series of position estimates have temporal correlations which have been modeled as a combination of power-law and white noise processes. When estimating quantities such as a constant rate from GPS time series data, the estimated uncertainties on these quantities are more realistic when using a noise model that includes temporal correlations than simply assuming temporally uncorrelated noise. However, the choice of the specific representation of correlated noise can affect the estimate of uncertainty. For many GPS time series, the background noise can be represented by either: (1) a sum of flicker and random-walk noise or, (2) as a power-law noise model that represents an average of the flicker and random-walk noise. For instance, if the underlying noise model is a combination of flicker and random-walk noise, then incorrectly choosing the power-law model could underestimate the rate uncertainty by a factor of two. Distinguishing between the two alternate noise models is difficult since the flicker component can dominate the assessment of the noise properties because it is spread over a significant portion of the measurable frequency band. But, although not necessarily detectable, the random-walk component can be a major constituent of the estimated rate uncertainty. None the less, it is possible to determine the upper bound on the random-walk noise.
Perceived infant temperament, locus of control, and maternal physiological response to infant gaze

Abstract Maternal physiologic response was used as an index of maternal attention to infant eye contact. Thirty-six women, each of whom had a 3-month-old infant, were shown 10-sec silent images of a 3-month-old infant on a videotape monitor. In one condition the en face position offered eye contact, in the other condition eye contact was not possible. Each woman viewed a sequence of six identical episodes of one condition followed by six episodes of the other condition. Heart rate and skin conductance were recorded continuously during the session. Skin conductance response did not differentiate between reciprocated and unreciprocated gaze. Cardiac response elicited by reciprocated gaze viewed first shifted from a predominately orienting response on early trials to an acceleratory response on Trial 6. The acceleratory response was most pronounced in those women identified as Externals by the Locus of Control Inventory ( Rotter, J. B. Psychological Monographs , 1966 , 80 , [No. 609]). Initial viewing of the infant looking away elicited a predominantly deceleratory heart-rate response that did not habituate. Mothers who described their infants as being difficult as assessed by the questionnaire method ( Carey, W. B. Journal of Pediatrics , 1970 , 77 , 188–194) were physiologically less sensitive to the change from the infant's averted gaze to its direct gaze. Results are discussed in terms of the role of direct and averted gaze during social transactions.
Cover Picture: Stereoselective Glycosylations Using (R)‐ or (S)‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)benzyl Chiral Auxiliaries at C‐2 of Glycopyranosyl Donors (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 22/2006)

The cover picture shows the proposed mechanistic pathway for the stereoselective glycosylation based on Density Functional Theory calculations of the model compound. The protected sugar that has a chiral protecting group that is derived from mandelic acid and is attached to O-2 after activation to an oxacarbenium ion species can form energetically favorable 6-membered-ring dioxolenium ions. The favored dioxolenium ion has the phenyl substituent in an equatorial position in both cases, allowing for the chirality of the protecting group to be transferred to the stereochemistry of the synthetically isolated glycoside. Details are discussed in the article by D. Whitfield, G.-J. Boons et al. on p. 5007 ff.
Ionization state of the catalytic dyad Asp25/25′ in the HIV-1 protease: NMR studies of site-specifically 13C labelled HIV-1 protease prepared by total chemical synthesis

Total chemical synthesis was used to site-specifically 13C-label active site Asp25 and Asp25′ residues in HIV-1 protease and in several chemically synthesized analogues of the enzyme molecule. 13C NMR measurements were consistent with a monoprotonated state for the catalytic dyad formed by the interacting Asp25, Asp25′ side chain carboxyls.
nRoom: an immersive virtual environment for collaborative spatial design

In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study aiming to explore the collaborative user experience in an immersive virtual environment. We designed and implemented an application that enables users to collaboratively design a spatial layout using head-mounted VR displays and hand tracking devices. With a strong emphasis on the relationship between spatial interaction and communication, we assert that a shared-view virtual environment allows collaborative articulation of spatial design problems and improves communication between designers. Our study combines qualitative and quantitative methods to test the usability of the proposed system, and to determine the aspects of spatial communication in virtual environments.
Grazing management impacts on the viability of the threatened bog fritillary butterfly Proclossiana eunomia

Management of semi-natural open ecosystems has become a necessity for biodiversity conservation in Europe. However, management methods are most often experience-based, rather than science-based. Here, we explore the impact of extensive (light) grazing, which is often the only practical management solution to stop ecological succession towards forest. A metapopulation of the bog fritillary butterfly (Proclossiana eunomia), a wet meadow specialist, was monitored for 15 generations: 11 before and four after the introduction of cattle grazing in some habitat patches. We relate the observed changes in P. eunomia abundance and recruitment to the effect of grazing on vegetation descriptors linked to habitat quality for the butterfly. Cattle strongly decreased the abundance of the butterfly host plant, destroyed grass tussocks used by caterpillars for sun basking, and altered vegetation composition and physiognomy. Consequently, grazed habitat patches are less suitable for P. eunomia: recruitment rate and butterfly use decreased by 2/3, whereas emigration rate increased drastically; this is likely to alter the viability of the metapopulation. We therefore propose modifications to its current implementation to limit its negative side-effects. More generally, it is of prime importance that conservation biologists and site managers collaborate in ensuring that sound ecological evaluations become an integral part of the design and application of management plans. This implies the monitoring of crucial indicators of the system state and variability before the beginning of the management, and the maintenance of unmanaged areas as biological preserves in case of negative impact and as controls for statistical tests of impact. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
EFFECT OF TUBULIN ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE MUSCLE ISOENZYME OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

Abstract The interaction between muscle-type lactate dehydrogenase (LDH m ) and tubulin was investigated by monitoring the combined effect of NADH and tubulin on steady-state kinetics and the combined effect of NADH and pH on complex formation between tubulin and the enzyme. Steady-state kinetics showed that LDH m is inhibited by tubulin. Experiments with heart-type lactate dehydrogenase (LDH h ) showed that the inhibition is unique to the muscle-type enzyme. The magnitude of the inhibition is dependent upon the concentration of NADH as well as the pH of the buffer medium. The enzyme was less sensitive to inhibition at 50μM NADH than at 10μM NADH. Since this effect of NADH is not due to an ionic strength contribution, it is deemed to be specific. In contrast to the absence of tubulin, its presence induced a modification of the kinetic behavior of LDH m ; i.e., the velocity dependence on NADH concentration displayed a marked sigmoid response. The inhibition of LDH m by tubulin is more pronounced at lower pH values than at higher pH values. The pH-dependent inhibitory profile is shifted to the left (i.e., p K a is decreased) with increasing concentrations of NADH. This pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for the binding of the enzyme on Sepharose immobilized tubulin and is consistent with the premise that inhibition is a result of interaction between these proteins. NAD + was much less effective than NADH in dissociating LDH m from immobilized tubulin. Results from these in vitro studies are consistent with similar observations dealing with other glycolytic enzymes and cytoskeleton proteins, which show that enzyme catalytic properties are modified upon binding.
The concept of developmental potential

(1986). The concept of developmental potential. Roeper Review: Vol. 8, The IQ Controversy, pp. 190-197.
Patient Selection for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT): the Evolution of HCT Risk Assessment

The use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is expanding, with disproportionate growth witnessed in older adults with hematologic malignancies. As the chronological age barrier to transplant fades, refining the pre-hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) risk assessment to better capture host health status and disease characteristics is essential. This review summarizes recent efforts to move the field forward towards achieving this goal. Many of these risk assessment tools are currently included in prospective clinical trials; routine clinical use requires greater understanding of how to best incorporate this new information into HCT decision making.
Tracing the Galactic Anticenter Stellar Stream with 2MASS M Giants

The recently discovered, ringlike structure just outside the Galactic disk in Monoceros is detected and traced among 2MASS M giant stars. We have developed a method to recover the signature of this structure from the distance probability density function of stars along a given line of sight. Application of this method reveals the presence of a large group of M giant stars at a Galactocentric distance of 18 ± 2 kpc, over +36° < b < +12° and 100° < l < 270°. Evidence that the stream extends to high negative latitudes is also found. That the structure contains M giants shows that it contains populations of at least an order-of-magnitude higher abundance than the [Fe/H] = -1.6 mean metallicity previously reported for this system. The structural characteristics of the stellar stream as traced by M giants do not support the interpretation of this structure as a homogeneously dense ring that surrounds the Galaxy but possibly as a merging dwarf galaxy with tidal arms, like the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy.
Young People Who Sexually Abuse: A Historical Perspective and Future Directions

This article presents a historical overview of research on sexually abusive youth. The evolution of the field over the past 30 years is discussed—from the initial development of treatment interventions to contemporary efforts of professionals to move from traditional, adult-oriented interventions toward developmentally sensitive assessment strategies and practice models. Focus is on two critical areas: risk assessment and trauma-informed care. The article reviews contemporary research on risk assessment tools, stressing the need for validated tools that can accurately assess youth and follow changes in risk over time. Etiological models for understanding effects of trauma (Trauma Outcome Process Assessment and Family Lovemap) are presented. Discussed are new ecologically based therapy models for working with sexually abusive youth that approach the youth holistically and are attuned to youths' needs, including providing interventions to address effects of past trauma.
Crossover and Self-Controlled Designs in Clinical Research

Crossover studies (clinical trials in which each patient receives two or more treatments in sequence) and self-controlled studies (in which each patient serves as his or her own control) can produce results that are statistically and clinically valid with far fewer patients than would otherwise be required. We investigated the use of the crossover design in the 13 crossover studies that appeared in the Journal during 1978 and 1979. We considered the following important features of design and analysis as they applied to these studies: the method by which patients were assigned to initial treatment (only 7 of 13 studies used random assignment); the determination of when to switch treatments (10 of the 13 used a time-dependent rule, and 3 a less appropriate disease-state-dependent rule); blinding of the crossover point (in only 3 of the 13 studies was the crossover point concealed, but in 4 of the remaining 10 concealment was impossible); assessment of the effects of the order of treatments (included in only 1 of the 13 studies); and the use of at least minimally acceptable statistical analysis (11 of the 13 studies had such an analysis). We also report briefly on 28 additional studies of a single treatment each, in which each patient served as his or her own control before or after treatment or both. The scientific issues were much the same as in crossover studies except that self-controlled comparisons of treatments tended to be less precisely designed and conducted and to focus on clinical problems and patient groups that are especially difficult to study.
The influence of recording technique on the normal atrial vectorcardiogram

Abstract Atrial spatial vectorcardiograms (P sE-loops) were recorded for 20 normal individuals using high gain amplifiers with different halfpower upper frequency limits. The effects of deep inspiration and expiration were also recorded, showing that maximal respiratory movements alter the P sE-loop in an unpredictable fashion. Differences in the maximal frequency response of the vectorcardiograph influenced the configuration of the P sE-loop recorded. It is suggested that a maximal frequency response of 50 Hz is satisfactory for the recording of P sE-loops for clinical and some research purposes.
Successful aging through digital games: Socioemotional differences between older adult gamers and Non-gamers

The purpose of this investigation was to examine differences in psychological functioning (e.g., well-being, affect, depression, and social functioning) between older adults who play digital games compared to those older adults that do not play digital games. Analysis was conducted on a sample of 140 independently living older adults with an average age of 77.47years (SD=7.31). Participants were divided into three groups (Regular, Occasional Gamers, and Non-gamers) - 60% of the sample was either a Regular or Occasional Gamer. Differences among the groups were found for well-being, negative affect, social functioning, and depression with Regular and Occasional Gamers performing better, on average, than Non-gaming older adults. Findings suggest that playing may serve as a positive activity associated with successful aging.
Effects of joystick mapping and field-of-view on human performance in virtual walkthroughs

Virtual environments are increasingly used to visit virtual mockups of proposed buildings or virtualized models of real sites or buildings. This paper presents the results of a human-machine interaction experiment aimed at measuring the effects of the real field-of-view (FOV) and of the use of a third joystick axis on human performance for navigation in virtual walkthroughs in a closed-space environment. The results indicate that neither the real FOV nor the third joystick axis significantly affect performance. There is however a perceived increase of immersion with the larger real FOV, and an added freedom of movement when a third axis of movement is mapped onto the joystick.
Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Body Weight Status and Vegetable Intake in U.S. Children

The objective was to determine the relationship between dietary energy density (ED; kcal/g) and measured weight status in children. The present study used data from a nationally representative sample of 2442 children between 2 and 8 y old who participated in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Survey measures included 24-h dietary recall data, measurement of MyPyramid servings of various food groups, and anthropometry. The relationship among dietary ED, body weight status as calculated using the 2000 CDC growth charts, and food intake was evaluated using quartiles of ED. Additionally, other dietary characteristics associated with ED among children are described. Specific survey procedures were used in the analysis to account for sample weights, unequal selection probability, and the clustered design of the NHANES sample. In this sample, dietary ED was positively associated with body weight status in U.S. children aged 2–8 y. Obese children had a higher dietary ED than lean children (2.08 ± 0.03 vs. 1.93 ± 0.05; P = 0.02). Diets high in ED were also found to be associated with greater intakes of energy and added sugars, more energy from fat; and significantly lower intake of fruits and vegetables. Interventions that lower dietary ED by means of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and decreasing fat consumption may be an effective strategy for reducing childhood obesity.
510 Human Lungs Declined for Transplantation: Clinical and Pathologic Correlation

discovery and quality measure, especially in the early stages of medical advances. This has been true for cardiac transplantation as well, though many fewer autopsies are being performed. This is a descriptive study reviewing our autopsy experience over 25 years, with particular attention paid to trends in clinical and anatomic diagnoses (and any discrepancies between them), rejection rates, coronary allograft vasculopathy, and the overall autopsy rate. Methods and Materials: Autopsy reports for cardiac transplant recipients from the four hospitals in our transplant network were abstracted. General data about our cardiac transplant population were obtained from program databases. Results: 101 such autopsies were performed in the interval from 1985-2010. The majority (86%) of these were during the first 10 years (Table 1). Both clinical (prior to autopsy) and anatomic causes of death were recorded and included: infection (32), rejection (19), sudden death (24), perioperative complications (13), neoplasm (6), and other (6). Rates of unanticipated anatomic findings overall remained unchanged regardless of autopsy frequency. Immunofluorescence (IF) for antibody mediated rejection was performed on 66 cases, being “positive” in 29. Among these were the index cases of AMR reported at our institution. A pattern of global myocyte ischemic damage with negative (IF) was frequently seen with late sudden death.
The climatological minimum in tropical outgoing infrared radiation: Contributions of humidity and clouds

Satellite observations of outgoing terrestrial infrared (IR) radiation as a function of latitude exhibit a minimum near the equator 20–40 Wm−2 smaller than peaks in the subtropics. We attempt to dissect the causes of the dip through calculations with a spectrally-detailed multi-level radiative transfer model. Roughly one third of the dip can be attributed to the latitudinal variation of atmospheric water vapour; the remainder apparently is due to latitudinal variations in cloud amount and (especially) cloud-top height. However, inclusion of clouds as given by published climatologies enhances the clear-sky dip only slightly. Thus, about one half of the dip is essentially unexplained. We suspect the explanation is that near-equatorial cirrus and cumulonimbus heights are too low in the cloud climatology, emphasizing the need for a better cloud climatology. Since tropospheric humidity variations have a strong effect on clear-sky outgoing IR, empirical studies which correlate cloud with IR variations may overestimate the effect of clouds on outgoing IR if cloud amount is correlated with relative humidity. The effect of humidity variations on outgoing IR suggests that a measure of tropospheric humidity be incorporated explicitly in the parametrization of outgoing IR for simple climate models.
Nodal positivity in breast cancer correlated with the number of lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging versus mammogram.

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in breast cancer can detect more than 15% additional lesions than mammography. We investigated lymph node metastases rates in patients with multifocal or multicentric disease detected by MRI compared with patients with a single lesion detected by mammography and magnetic resonance imaging. Methods A retrospective analysis of breast cancer patients undergoing MRI and mammography was performed. The objective was to compare lymph node metastases rates in patients with additional lesions detected by MRI versus a single lesion detected by mammography or MRI. Results Of 413 patients, 318 were included for the study. The overall nodal metastases rate was 24.8%. MRI detected multiple lesions in 83 (26.1%) patients; 67 (21.1%) patient MRI findings were not detected by mammography. The lymph node metastases rate was 37.3% when ≥2 lesions were detected compared with 20.2% when a single malignant lesion was detected ( P = .01). The evaluation of the 67 patients with additional lesions detected by MRI revealed 32 patients with invasive lesions, 29 with benign lesions, and 6 with in situ disease. Comparing patients with single malignant lesions with patients with additional malignant lesions detected by MRI, the lymph node metastases rate increased from 20.2% to 50% ( P = .002). Conclusions Our study shows a significant increase in the lymph node metastases rate in patients with additional malignant lesions detected by MRI. This finding suggests that MRI-detected malignant lesions are biologically significant and may predict more aggressive disease.
Investigation of Ion-Pairing Additives for the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Triphenylphosphinetrisulfonate, Sodium Salt

A screening study consisting of a fractional-factorial design is performed in order to identify the factors which contribute the most to the recovery of an anionic species, triphenylphosphinetrisulfonate (TPPTS), from a spiked-sand surface employing supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. The investigated experimental parameters are the type of ion-pairing additive (i.e., tetralkylammonium hydrogen sulfates) and its concentration, CO 2 density, extraction temperature, static extraction time, CO 2 mass used, liquid CO 2 flow rate, and the volume of methanol spiked into the matrix prior to extraction. Of the eight factors investigated, four factors are identified as significantly affecting the recovery of the anionic species: ion-pairing reagent added to the spiked sand surface, ion-pairing reagent concentration, static extraction time, and volume of methanol present in the extraction vessel. The experimental parameters and settings identified as influential by the statistical approach are later shown in concert to yield 100% recovery of TPPTS from the spiked sand.
Effect of Hatching Cabinet Sanitation Treatments on Salmonella Cross-Contamination and Hatchability of Broiler Eggs

Four trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of hatcher air sanitation utilizing ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, or hydrogen peroxide on bacterial populations, the spread of Salmonella, and hatchability of broiler eggs. The UV light (254 nm, 146 mu W/s) and ozone (0.2 or 0.4 ppm) treatments were continuously applied through the last 3 d of hatch, the hydrogen peroxide treatment (2.5%) was administered 1 or 2 min of each 10 min at rates of 500 or 100 mL/h. Hatchability was not significantly reduced by sanitizing treatments when compared with the untreated control (94 vs 95.6%). As compared to controls, all sanitizing treatments reduced 75 to 99% of the total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella in the hatching cabinet air samples. The use of hydrogen peroxide resulted in greater reduction of bacteria than ozone or UV light. Only hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced Salmonella levels on eggshell fragments. Significant reductions in the number of Salmonella-positive chicks occurred using the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced the magnitude of Salmonella colonization in chicken ceca. These trials demonstrated that the spread of bacteria can be effectively reduced in the hatching cabinet by air sanitization using UV light, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. The potential to reduce bacterial cross contamination in the hatcher is achievable without depressing hatchability.
The Natural History of the Intercondylar Notch After Notchplasty

Ten patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by one surgeon using autologous patellar tendon grafts were evaluated. A standardized technique of performing a notchplasty was done to remove at least 5 mm of bone at the anterior outlet of the intercondylar notch. Computed tomography scans were done preoperatively, within 1 week postoperatively, and after 1 year of follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences in the measured dimensions of the intercondylar notch between 1 week and 1 year postoperatively. While previous investigations have evaluated the relationship between intercondylar notch dimensions and risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury, we believe this is the first statistical study that addresses the natural history of the intercondylar notch in humans after bone resection. We believe that the data reported here may enhance our understanding and treatment of patients who have undergone previously failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
Automated diagnosis of VLSI failures

Fault dictionaries are examined as a tool for automated diagnosis of VLSI failures. A compressed fault dictionary format and diagnosis algorithms are presented. Both combinational and sequential circuits are considered. Dictionaries are created, for example ISCAS circuits and simulated errors diagnosed. >
Multiple Response Regression for Gaussian Mixture Models with Known Labels

Multiple response regression is a useful regression technique to model multiple response variables using the same set of predictor variables. Most existing methods for multiple response regression are designed for modeling homogeneous data. In many applications, however, one may have heterogeneous data where the samples are divided into multiple groups. Our motivating example is a cancer dataset where the samples belong to multiple cancer subtypes. In this paper, we consider modeling the data coming from a mixture of several Gaussian distributions with known group labels. A naive approach is to split the data into several groups according to the labels and model each group separately. Although it is simple, this approach ignores potential common structures across different groups. We propose new penalized methods to model all groups jointly in which the common and unique structures can be identified. The proposed methods estimate the regression coefficient matrix, as well as the conditional inverse covariance matrix of response variables. Asymptotic properties of the proposed methods are explored. Through numerical examples, we demonstrate that both estimation and prediction can be improved by modeling all groups jointly using the proposed methods. An application to a glioblastoma cancer dataset reveals some interesting common and unique gene relationships across different cancer subtypes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes observed in the growth fraction, labeling index, duration of S phase, and total cell cycle times of HL-60 cells as they undergo differentiation in response to retinoic acid

To assess the changes in the proliferative characteristics that occur during maturation, HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate along the granulocytic pathway by retinoic acid. Differentiation was documented by morphology, functional markers, and cytochemical staining. Durations of S phase, total cell cycle time, and the percentage of S-phase cells were determined simultaneously at each time point. In addition, the expression of two cell cycle related proteins with molecular weights of 110,000 (p110 measured by monoclonal antibody 5C2) and 145,000 (measured by monoclonal antibody p145) were measured to estimate the number of cycling cells or the “growth fraction.” Our data demonstrate that as HL-60 cells undergo maturation in response to retinoic acid, a large proportion of cells exit from the cycle, the majority lose their proliferative potential, and the total cell cycle time becomes markedly longer. The slowing of the cell cycle seems to be the result of a prolongation in both S phase and the G1 phase of the cycle. We conclude that more mature myeloid cells cycle more slowly than immature cells. The clinical implications of these findings in myeloid leukemias are discussed.
Effect of Orientation on Mechanical Behavior of an Extruded Al Alloy

The extruded materials are extensively used in chemical, food and nuclear industry and generally offer a unique combination of strength and freedom with regard to design solutions. During extrusion, material flow occurs in the direction of applied force and as a result microstructure change. The process ultimately induces variation in the mechanical properties when tested along or across the extrusion direction. The uniaxial tensile test is a simple and versatile test to expose most of the mechanical properties of the materials required to ensure the reliability of the systems. In present study, the mechanical behavior of an Al-Mg-Si alloy extruded cylinder has been determined with the help of uniaxial tensile test in longitudinal and transverse orientations. The microstructural features revealed significant difference in two orientations and constituent particles were found aligned in the direction of extrusion. Tensile tests were conducted in displacement mode at different cross head speeds corresponding to strain rates ranging from 10−5 to 10−1 s−1 . The tests were conducted at ambient temperature in air atmosphere. The data thus obtained include: yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation and reduction of area. Comparing the trends of strength variation, the material shows higher yield strength in longitudinal orientation as compared to transverse orientation. A slight increase in the yield strength with increasing strain rate was found in both the orientations. The ultimate tensile strength in both the directions was found similar and there was no appreciable change with increasing strain rate. The elongation and reduction in area were found higher in the longitudinal orientation. The effect of strain rate on these properties was negligible up to maximum speed tested. In longitudinal orientation typical dimpled fracture was observed indicating deformation before failure. In transverse orientation shallow dimples were present. The present study revealed that the distribution of constituent particles in an extruded thick-walled cylinder has a pronounced effect on its mechanical behavior and fracture morphology.© 2008 ASME
783: Protein-interaction pathways of VEGF receptor-2 in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies

783 Protein-interaction pathways of VEGF receptor-2 in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies Kiran Rao, John Tsibris, Stanley Stevens, Thora Steffensen, Maja Okuka, Valerie Whiteman, William Spellacy University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Tampa, FL, University of South Florida, The Florida Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery and Innovation, Tampa, FL, Tampa General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tampa, FL OBJECTIVE: Suboptimal placental vascularization is a hallmark in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Our goal is to define the protein complexes of VEGFR-2 which regulate placental vascularization. STUDY DESIGN: Large complexes of VEGFR-2 tolerate tissue freezing, homogenization and extraction by detergent ASB-14, as shown by Blue-Native electrophoresis. Tissue homogenates were spun at 100,000g and the pellets were cross-linked with DSP, a primary amine-reactive water-insoluble disulfide reagent, to ensure capture of small proteins bound to VEGFR-2 and thus decrease false negatives. After treatment with carbonate pH 11 to remove adhering proteins, the pellets were extracted with 1% ASB-14. Extracts were first mixed with magnetic M-280 sheep anti-rabbit IgG Dynabeads (InVitrogen) to reduce false positives and then applied to M-280 charged with VEGFR-2 antibody 55B11 (Cell Signaling). Immunoprecipitated proteins were eluted with ASB-14 at pH 2.8, fractionated by SDS-PAGE and after digestion with trypsin and Glu-C were identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Mitochondrial proteins prohibitins (PHB) and pyruvate dehydrogenase component E2 (PDC-E2) co-immunoprecipitated with VEGFR-2. Westerns blots (WB) of ASB-14 extracts (without DSP) showed that PHB levels (smaller-kDa band) were 25% lower, but PDC-E2 levels were 30% higher in preeclamptic than normal placentas (n 4-7 placentas each at 34-38 weeks gestation, p 0.05). A fraction of available Leptin, the top up-regulated gene in preeclampsia, and of VEGF-A and all of Notch-1 also co-immunoprecipitated with VEGFR-2, as revealed by WB of bead eluates. All proteins were eluted in two peaks, by 0.1% and 1% ASB-14, that may represent complexes of different affinity for VEGFR-2 and the plasma membrane and intracellular pools of VEGFR-2; in arterial morphogenesis, VEGFR-2 signals from the intracellular pool (Carmeliet and Jain, Nature 2011; 473:298). CONCLUSION: Sequential immunoprecipitations and membrane proteomics can identify the up-stream and down-stream members of the VEGFR-2 pathways and may provide new insights on their function and the etiology of preeclampsia.
Characterization of Maize Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Maize (Zea mays L.) leaf acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) was purified about 500-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration and blue Sepharose affinity and anion-exchange chromatography. Most ACCase activity (85%) recovered from the anion-exchange column was found in a highly purified fraction (specific activity 5.5 [mu]mol acid-stable product min-1 mg-1) that consisted primarily of a single 227-kD biotinylated polypeptide. The fraction represented 29% of the original activity and was designated ACCase I. A second partially purified ACCase activity (ACCase II) eluted earlier during anion-exchange chromatography, contained a single biotinylated polypeptide of 219 kD, was poorly recognized by antiserum raised against the ACCase I polypeptide, and was less inhibited by the herbicides haloxyfop or sethoxydim than was ACCase I. ACCase I and II both utilized propionyl-CoA as substrate about 50% as effectively as acetyl-CoA, and neither utilized methylcrotonyl-CoA. Immunoprecipitation with antiserum and protein blotting of crude extracts of leaf, embryo, and endosperm tissue and suspension cells indicated that most ACCase activity in these tissues was immunologically similar and consisted of ACCase I. Only leaves contained significant amounts of the ACCase II polypeptide; however, no ACCase II polypeptide was found in isolated mesophyll chloroplasts. The ACCase I and II polypeptides appear to be subunits of distinct ACCase isoforms.
Diel patterns in optical properties of the chlorophyte Nannochloris sp.: Relating individual-cell to bulk measurements

To investigate how cell growth and division affect the optical properties of phytoplankton, cultures of the chlorophyte Nannochloris were sampled over a diel cycle to measure cell size and concentration, light-beam attenuation and absorption, flow cytometric forward light scattering and chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbon content. Refractive index was calculated using the anomalous diffraction approximation. At six different light levels, ranging from 60 to 1,500 µmol photons m-2 s-l, cell division was tightly phased to the light: dark cycle, occurring soon after dark. There were pronounced diel patterns, with minima near dawn and maxima near dusk, in cell size, cell-specific beam attenuation and absorption, flow cytometric forward light scatter, and carbon content. The diel variations in attenuation cross section were primarily caused by changes in cell size due to growth and division, although there was some influence from changes in refractive index. Because the major constituents of many phytoplankton communities are small eukaryotic cells similar to Nannochloris in cell size and division pattern, the results presented here have important consequences for the interpretation of diel variations in optical properties observed in the ocean. There is increasing interest in using optical measurements, such as ocean color and beam attenuation, to provide convenient estimates of ocean biomass and primary productivity on large scales. Algorithms to interpret remote optical measurements in terms of ‘biogeochemical processes are based on the fact that the color of the ocean is largely determined by the optical properties of the suspended particles, particularly the phytoplankton and their products (Lewis and Cullen 1991). Understanding the variability in optical properties among the particles in the ocean can lead to a better interpretation of these bulk measurements and thus better esti
Aspects of large-scale chromatin structures in mouse liver nuclei can be predicted from the DNA sequence

The large amount of non-coding DNA present in mammalian genomes suggests that some of it may play a structural or functional role. We provide evidence that it is possible to predict computationally, from the DNA sequence, loci in mouse liver nuclei that possess distinctive nucleosome arrays. We tested the hypothesis that a 100 kb region of DNA possessing a strong, in-phase, dinucleosome period oscillation in the motif period-10 non-T, A/T, G, should generate a nucleosome array with a nucleosome repeat that is one-half of the dinucleosome oscillation period value, as computed by Fourier analysis of the sequence. Ten loci with short repeats, that would be readily distinguishable from the pervasive bulk repeat, were predicted computationally and then tested experimentally. We estimated experimentally that less than 20% of the chromatin in mouse liver nuclei has a nucleosome repeat length that is 15 bp, or more, shorter than the bulk repeat value of 195 ± bp. All 10 computational predictions were confirmed experimentally with high statistical significance. Nucleosome repeats as short as 172 ± 5 bp were observed for the first time in mouse liver chromatin. These findings may be useful for identifying distinctive chromatin structures computationally from the DNA sequence.
Pseudouridine Synthases: Four Families of Enzymes Containing a Putative Uridine-Binding Motif Also Conserved in dUTPases and dCTP Deaminases

Using a combination of several methods for protein sequence comparison and motif analysis, it is shown that the four recently described pseudouridine syntheses with different specificities belong to four distinct families. Three of these families share two conserved motifs that are likely to be directly involved in catalysis. One of these motifs is detected also in two other families of enzymes that specifically bind uridine, namely deoxycitidine triphosphate deaminases and deoxyuridine triphosphatases. It is proposed that this motif is an essential part of the uridine-binding site. Two of the pseudouridine syntheses, one of which modifies the anticodon arm of tRNAs and the other is predicted to modify a portion of the large ribosomal subunit RNA belonging to the peptidyltransferase center, are encoded in all extensively sequenced genomes, including the 'minimal' genome of Mycoplasma genitalium. These particular RNA modifications and the respective enzymes are likely to be essential for the functioning of any cell.
FDG-PET and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer

Summary Purpose To investigate the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) in patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on prospective institutional trials. Patients and methods Fifty-eight patients with medically inoperable stage I NSCLC who participated in prospective phase I and II trials of SBRT, had ≥2 years of follow-up, and received FDG-PET imaging are the focus of this evaluation. Fifty-seven of 58 patients received pre-SBRT FDG-PET to confirm stage I status. All patients received stereotactic body frame immobilization and treatment with 7–10 photon beams. SBRT total doses ranged from 24 to 72 Gy in three fractions. No elective nodal irradiation was undertaken. Regular follow-up with planned CT imaging was performed on all patients. Post-SBRT FDG-PET was not mandated by protocol and was typically ordered upon concern for disease recurrence. Thirty-eight post-SBRT PET studies were performed in 28 patients at a median 17.3 months following SBRT. Results With a median follow-up of 42.5 months, the 3-year actuarial overall survival and local control for this select subset of our SBRT experience were 48.9% and 74.8%, respectively. Pre-SBRT FDG-PET SUV did not predict 3-year overall survival or local control. Fourteen of 57 patients eventually failed in nodal stations by CT and/or PET. Isolated first site of failure was nodal in 6 patients (10%). Out of 28 patients with post-SBRT PET, 4 (14%) had delayed PET imaging (22–26 months after SBRT) showing moderate hypermetabolic activity (SUV 2.5–5.07), but no evidence of local, nodal, or distant recurrence by clinical examination and conventional imaging performed 20–26 months following these concerning PET findings. Conclusions Isolated nodal recurrence following PET-staged I NSCLC treated with SBRT is uncommon. Moderate post-SBRT PET hypermetabolic activity may persist 2 years following treatment without definite evidence of recurrence. Further study is needed to confirm these results in larger populations with longer follow-up.
A simple information theoretic proof of the maximum entropy property of some Gaussian random fields

A well known result of Burg (1967) and Kunsch (1981) identifies a Gaussian Markov random field with autocovariances specified on a finite part L of the n-dimensional integer lattice, as the random field with maximum entropy among all random fields with same autocovariance values on L. A simple information theoretic proof of a version of the maximum entropy theorem for random fields in n dimensions is presented in the special case that the given autocovariances are compatible with a unilateral autoregressive process. >