cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inquiry-Based Education for Students with Visual Impairment

The purpose of the study presented here was to identify and synthesize studies of evidence-based practices for working with students with visual impairment in the science classroom. Expanding a comprehensive literature search conducted in 1992, 10 empirical reports were found and reviewed. A synthesis of the results showed strong support for inquiry-oriented approaches to science instruction for children with disabilities. Evidence also was found that knowledge of science pedagogy for children with disabilities is continuing to increase; however, the literature to support evidence-based methodology for students with visual impairment in the science classroom is sparse. This critical review is a call for research that provides support for inquiry approaches in science education for the learner with a visual impairment.
Chlorambucil dosage in frequently relapsingnephrotic syndrome: A controlled clinical trial

A controlled clinical trial was performed using two dosage regimens of chlorambucil to treat childrenwith frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. All children concurrently received prednisone (60 mg/m 2 on alternate days). Ten children (Group I) were given chlorambucil as a stable dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) for 56 to 60 days, and 11 children (Group II) received increasing doses (0.2 to 0.63 mg/kg/day) for 42 to 77 days. Two children in each group subsequently relapsed. Follow-up averaged 28.6 and 27.2 months in Groups I and II, respectively. Three children in Group II developed infectious complications. The data indicate that a stable dosage regimen for chlorambucil is as effective as an increasing dose regimen in achieving long-term remission of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome.
Tomorrow's academic health sciences library today.

In 2000, Davidoff and Florance introduced a new profession, the informationist [1], and two years later a conference jointly sponsored by the Medical Library Association and the National Library of Medicine looked at the efficacy of such a profession, including the requirements and financial models necessary to make it feasible in the health care environment [2]. In a 2005 New England Journal of Medicine article, Lindberg and Humphreys envisioned the future of medical libraries in 2015, including a move toward a totally electronic library with librarians becoming information specialists in context, working outside of the library with other health professionals [3]. A 2008 systematic review of literature looking at the new information specialist found that a lack of qualified candidates who had additional academic qualifications and a lack of financial support for candidates with more credentials than the traditional librarian precluded the full adoption of this new professional [4]. In a 2011 JAMA editorial, Davidoff and Miglus called for an expansion of the relatively nascent informationist concept in academic medical centers to support evidence-based practice [5]. More literature on new roles for librarians is reviewed in a companion comment and opinion piece, “Evolution, Revolution, or Obsolescence: An Examination of Writings on the Future of Health Sciences Libraries,” published in this issue of the Journal of the Medical Library Association [6]. To attempt to establish the directions that academic health sciences libraries are taking to meet future challenges, the author surveyed library directors to determine their progress toward next generation knowledge management roles, the changes in the format of their collections, the reengineering of their physical facilities, and their willingness to innovate beyond traditional library mandates.
Chlorambucil in Behçet's Disease: A Reappraisal

Ten patients with Behect's disease were treated with chlorambucil alone. At the therapeutic drug level of 0.2 mg/kg, seven patients developed oligospermia and three patients developed azoospermia. A 30-year-old patient underwent a testicular biopsy two years after the cessation of therapy. Histopathology revealed evidence of testicular atrophy. Fifteen (75%) out of 20 eyes had a visual acuity of 20/200 or less following therapy. It is concluded that chlorambucil should not be used as the first line of therapy in Behest's disease and that its long term benefits in patients with Behcet's disease should be reevaluated.
An Examination of Communication Behaviors as Mediators in Individual- Level Interorganizational Exchanges

This research attempts to address some of the gaps in our understanding of individual-level interorganizational exchanges. To this end, a conceptual framework that integrates cooperative norms, communication behaviors, and perceived problem-solving efficacy is developed. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were employed to explore relevance and significance of proposed constructs and relationships. Findings support the viability of constructs and proposed relationships. Specifically, communication behaviors were found to mediate the relationship between cooperative norms and problem-solving confidence to resolve conflict. These results hold implications for future research and management practice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Effects of Calcium Depletion on the Manganese Cluster of Photosystem II: Determination by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The structural consequences of calcium depletion of Photosystem II (PS II) by treatment at pH 3.0 in the presence of citrate has been determined by Mn K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. X-ray ab...
Bringing ethics education to the clinical years: ward ethics sessions at the University of Washington.

Purpose Although most medical schools teach medical ethics during preclinical years, incorporating these ethics into clinical training remains challenging. During clinical rotations, students' professional behaviors and attitudes are profoundly affected. This project was intended to develop an educational intervention to incorporate medical ethics training as a part of students' professional development within the context of clinical training. Method "Ward Ethics" is a series of peer discussions guided by clinical faculty mentors trained in fostering issue identification and strategy development. The sessions described here were conducted during medicine and surgery rotations for third-year medical students at the University of Washington School of Medicine from 1998 to 2003. Thirty clinical faculty participated as facilitators. Written evaluations were collected from students and faculty at each session, and faculty interviews were conducted in 2001. Results The data reported are from 24 sessions and 15 faculty interviews from 1999 to 2001. The topics were consistent with prior reports of ethical issues that students encountered. Students reported a variety of learned strategies such as knowing how and when to speak up and transitioning from prioritizing evaluations to focusing on patient care, resulting in their feeling more confident. Faculty reported noticing positive results to their professional development as well. Conclusions Medical students in the clinical years face ethically challenging situations. Some circumstances, if left unexamined, may erode students' abilities to maintain and develop appropriate professional behaviors. Students participating in this activity agreed that it served as a way to fight isolation, share stories, and exchange ideas for future problem solving.
The Complexity of Deep Brain Stimulation and Suicidality in Patients with Treatment Resistant Depression

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has completely changed the field of movement disorders, given its efficacious results in treating patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), dystonia, and essential tremor...
Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail.

The function of fixational eye movements, the tiny involuntary eye movements or 'retinal jitters' that occur when we fix our gaze on something, has been a matter of debate since they were first recognized in the 1950s. Using a combination of psychophysical experiments with statistical analysis of the visual signals entering the eye to counteract the visual effects of the eye movements, Rucci et al. show that without them, perception of fine-grained information is reduced. This suggests that fixational eye movements are part of a strategy used by the brain to extract fine details of visual information. Our eyes are constantly in motion. Even during visual fixation, small eye movements continually jitter the location of gaze1,2,3,4. It is known that visual percepts tend to fade when retinal image motion is eliminated in the laboratory5,6,7,8,9. However, it has long been debated whether, during natural viewing, fixational eye movements have functions in addition to preventing the visual scene from fading10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. In this study, we analysed the influence in humans of fixational eye movements on the discrimination of gratings masked by noise that has a power spectrum similar to that of natural images. Using a new method of retinal image stabilization18, we selectively eliminated the motion of the retinal image that normally occurs during the intersaccadic intervals of visual fixation. Here we show that fixational eye movements improve discrimination of high spatial frequency stimuli, but not of low spatial frequency stimuli. This improvement originates from the temporal modulations introduced by fixational eye movements in the visual input to the retina, which emphasize the high spatial frequency harmonics of the stimulus. In a natural visual world dominated by low spatial frequencies, fixational eye movements appear to constitute an effective sampling strategy by which the visual system enhances the processing of spatial detail.
The radiation pattern of a diffracted wave near the shadow boundary

On effectue l'etude uniforme, asymptotique d'une onde stationnaire haute frequence diffractee par un obstacle convexe pres de la limite d'ombre. On considere le noyau de la resolvante du laplacien avec des conditions aux limites de Dirichlet
An interactive MOLP procedure using epsilon-constraints

Interactive multiobjective programming seeks to aid decision making in complex problems where it is difficult to explicitly state decision maker utility. A decision making aid is presented which uses a controlled pattern of objective attainments to generate new alternatives for decision maker selection. This procedure follows the concept of Steuer's algorithm, but avoids the need for filtering by use of constraints on objective attainment. In addition, the technique is not limited to original model corner points. The overall system seeks to obtain the benefits of Steuer's method, but requires only standard linear programming code, and adds the ability to identify improved solutions relative to Steuer's method when nonlinear utility exists.
Theory of reverse osmosis and some other membrane permeation operations

The general permeation equations for various transport operations using membranes were correlated according to the solution-diffusion theory. It was shown that for some important conditions, the permeation properties for reverse osmosis can be generated from those of pervaporation. The use of reverse osmosis with pressure smaller than 2000 psi is calculated to be of limited use for the purification of water with small amounts of organic compounds.
Analysis of scattering from very large three-dimensional rough surfaces using MLFMM and ray-based analyses

Several techniques are considered for the analysis of electromagnetic scattering from rough ocean surfaces. A rigorous Multi-level Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) is employed, as well as a high-frequency ray-based solution. The MLFMM analysis is implemented in scalable form, allowing consideration of scattering from very large surfaces (in excess of 100/spl lambda//spl times/100/spl lambda/, where A represents the electromagnetic wavelength). Plane-wave incidence is assumed, and a key aspect of the MLFMM study involves investigating techniques for rough-surface truncation. The rough surface is modeled as a target placed in the presence of an infinite half-space background; to minimize edge effects, the surface is smoothly tapered into the planar half space. We also consider the technique of employing a resistive taper on the edges of the rough surface. These two truncation techniques are compared in accuracy, memory requirements (RAM), and in computational time (CPU). The MLFMM results are used to validate an approximate ray-based high-frequency model that allows rapid analysis of large surfaces. The computational results are compared to measured forward-scattering data from scaled laboratory measurements, used to simulate scattering from an ocean surface.
Calculation of Electrohydrodynamic Flow around a Single Particle on an Electrode

A numerical solution of the equations describing electrohydrodynamic flow around a single particle next to an electrode during passage of alternating current is presented. The Stokes equations, the diffusion equation, and Laplace's equation are solved simultaneously. The results confirm earlier approximate calculations showing that electrohydrodynamic flow is a significant factor in aggregative and deaggregative behavior of colloidal particles near electrodes. Both electrode kinetics and the ratio of particle size to diffusion layer thickness affect not only the strength of the flow around the particle but also its direction. Sluggish electrode kinetics causes the lateral flow around a particle in KOH solution to move away from it at 100 Hz, but fast electrode kinetics causes the flow to reverse at the same frequency. Increasing the frequency can cause flow reversal, which might explain experimental observations of the existence of a critical frequency above which particles separate and below which they a...
Cold-inducible cloning vectors for low-temperature protein expression in Escherichia coli: application to the production of a toxic and proteolytically sensitive fusion protein

TolAI-beta-lactamase a fusion protein consisting of the inner membrane anchoring domain of the Escherichia coli transenvelope protein TolA followed by TEM-beta-lactamase was found to be toxic and highly unstable when transcribed from the bacteriophage T7 promoter at 37 degrees C. Expression at 15 or 23 degrees C alleviated toxicity, but led to only partial stabilization of the fusion protein. To evaluate the usefulness of cold-shock promoters for the production of proteolytically sensitive proteins at low temperatures, we constructed a set of cloning vectors suitable for rapidly positioning PCR products under cspA transcriptional control. TolAI-beta-lactamase degradation was completely abolished when cspA-driven transcription was induced by temperature downshift to 15 or 23 degrees C. Our results suggest that the cspA promoter system may be a valuable tool for the production of proteins containing membrane-spanning domains or otherwise unstable gene products in E. coli.
Far-Red Light Reflection from Green Leaves and Effects on Phytochrome-Mediated Assimilate Partitioning under Field Conditions

The influence of plant spacing and row orientation on spectral distribution of light received by growing soybean (Gylcine max [L.] Merr.) plants was measured under field conditions. Light absorption, reflection and transmission of individual leaves showed that most of the blue and red was absorbed while most of the far-red was either reflected or transmitted. Plants growing in the field received different ratios of far-red relative to red, depending on nearness and/or orientation of other vegetation. Plants grown in close-spaced rows, or high population densities, received higher far-red/red ratios than did those grown in wide rows, or sparse populations. Heliotropic movements of the leaves also contributed to the far-red reflection patterns associated with row orientation. Under field conditions, differences in far-red/red ratios associated with nearness of competing vegetation became more pronounced with low solar angle near the end of the day. Plants exposed to far-red for 5 minutes at the end of each day in controlled environments, and those grown in close-spaced rows in the field, developed longer internodes and fewer branches. Red, far-red photoreversibility in the controlled environment study indicated involvement of phytochrome. Dry matter partitioning among plant components in the field was related to far-red/red light ratio received during growth and development.
Metabolomics Identifies an Inflammatory Cascade Involved in Dioxin- and Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is among the most potent environmentally toxic compounds. Serum metabolomics identified azelaic acid monoesters as significantly increased metabolites after TCDD treatment, due to downregulation of hepatic carboxylesterase 3 (CES3, also known as triglyceride hydrolase) expression in an arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent manner in mice. The decreased CES3 expression was accomplished by TCDD-stimulated TGFβ-SMAD3 and IL6-STAT3 signaling, but not by direct AhR signaling. Methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-treated mice also showed enhanced serum azelaic acid monoester levels after attenuation of hepatic CES3 expression, while db/db mice did not, thus suggesting an association with steatohepatitis. Forced expression of CES3 reversed serum azelaic acid monoester/azelaic acid ratios and hepatic TGFβ mRNA levels in TCDD- and MCD diet-treated mice and ameliorated steatohepatitis induced by MCD diet. These results support the view that azelaic acid monoesters are possible indicators of TCDD exposure and steatohepatitis and suggest a link between CES3, TGFβ, and steatohepatitis.
The effect of subject expectations of "hypnosis" upon vividness of visual imagery

This study explored how the expectation of hypnosis and the expectation of relaxation affected the vividness of visual imagery. 63 Ss who volunteered for a visual imagination study were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Ss were administered the vividness subscale (VS) of the Vividness and Control of Imagery Scale twice. In the 3 experimental groups, expectations were varied during the 2 VS administrations. All 3 groups were presented with a relaxation exercise between VS administrations. In 2 groups, it was labeled "hypnosis," and in the third group it was correctly labeled "relaxation." A control group listened to a neutral tape between their VSs. All groups were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & E. C. Orne, 1962) after the 2 imagery tests. The results indicated that the vividness of visual imagery was significantly enhanced (equally) in the experimental groups but not in the control group.
Stochastic multi-agent equilibria in economies with jump-diffusion uncertainty

Abstract We study a multi-agent dynamic production economy that is subject to diffusive as well as shock sources of uncertainty. Using the theory of martingales and point processes, we establish existence of an equilibrium in the economy. The equilibrium commodity price, asset prices, and optimal policies of the individual agents are explicitly characterized. We also establish the general existence of a risk-neutral measure for equilibrium asset prices in the presence of jump risk.
Endogenous Institution in Decentralization

Decentralization policy by itself is not a panacea for problems of accountability. A model is developed to exemplify a condition whereby given widespread 'capture’ in local elections, voices or people’s participation stands out as the most important factor that determines whether the decentralization system produces positive or negative local capture. The size of local budget and the initial welfare condition matter as well. The latter can also explicate the persistent gap between poor and rich regions observed in many countries. The welfare effect of the policy depends on the behavior and quality of local leader that govern the interplay of the above factors. The model can thus produce multiple equilibria. To the extent that the quality and behavior of local leader play a critical role, a three-player coordination game is constructed to reflect the hypothesis postulated by the theory of endogenous institution.
Exploring the role of experience and compatibility in using mobile technologies

Advancements in mobile technologies hold the promise to reshape the way professionals work. With the help of these Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), employees can break free from the bounds of spatial and temporal constraints, being able to use the technology to work anywhere, anytime. However, hardly any research to date has attempted to understand the (voluntary) acceptance process of transitioning from a “static” desktop to a mobile environment. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to examine antecedents of an adoption decision for mobile (or ubiquitous) devices. Besides arguing that the notion of adoption becomes a different meaning in a mobile environment, we hypothesize that usage of a mobile device is mainly determined by a user’s compatibility perceptions between the desktop environment and the target system. In addition, we argue that prior experience plays a major role in determining these compatibility notions.
Presidential Address: The Faculty Time Divide

The time demands of academic life are examined, drawing on data from a large national sample of faculty. I outline the divide between full-time faculty, who work long hours irrespective of rank or institution type, and part-time faculty, who work at low pay with little job security, status, recognition, or fringe benefits. The expectations of academic life in dual-career couples are hard to reconcile with the demands of parenting. This is a common problem because assistant professors are generally too old to wait until they have tenure to have children. The segmentation of academic life into an overworked core and a marginalized periphery tends to perpetuate gender inequality.
Sensitivity analysis for a partially missing binary outcome in a two-arm randomized clinical trial

Although recent guidelines for dealing with missing data emphasize the need for sensitivity analyses, and such analyses have a long history in statistics, universal recommendations for conducting and displaying these analyses are scarce. We propose graphical displays that help formalize and visualize the results of sensitivity analyses, building upon the idea of 'tipping-point' analysis for randomized experiments with a binary outcome and a dichotomous treatment. The resulting 'enhanced tipping-point displays' are convenient summaries of conclusions obtained from making different modeling assumptions about missingness mechanisms. The primary goal of the displays is to make formal sensitivity analysesmore comprehensible to practitioners, thereby helping them assess the robustness of the experiment's conclusions to plausible missingness mechanisms. We also present a recent example of these enhanced displays in amedical device clinical trial that helped lead to FDA approval.
The presidential pulse of congressional elections

An intriguing phenomenon in American electoral politics is the loss of seats by the president's party in midterm congressional elections. Between 1862 and 1990, the president's party lost seats in the House of Representatives in 32 of the 33 midterm elections. In his new study, James Campbell examines explanations for these midterm losses and explores how presidential elections influence congressional elections. After reviewing the two major theories of midterm electoral change - the "surge and decline" theory and the theory of midterms as referenda on presidential performance - Campbell draws upon each to propose and test a new theory. He asserts that in the years of presidential elections congressmen ride presidential coattails into office, while in midterm elections such candidates are stranded. An additional factor is the strength of the presidential vote, which influences the number of seats that are won, only to be lost later. Finally, Cambell examines how the presidential pulse may affect electoral accountability, the relationship between Congress and the president, and the relative strength of Congress, the president, and political parties. He explores the implications of the presidential pulse for understanding electoral change, evaluating the American voter's competence, and assessing the importance of split-ticket voting. Including both election returns and survey data, this work offers a fresh perspective on congressional elections, voting behavior, Congress, and the presidency.
The variational subspace valence bond method

The variational subspace valence bond (VSVB) method based on overlapping orbitals is introduced. VSVB provides variational support against collapse for the optimization of overlapping linear combinations of atomic orbitals (OLCAOs) using modified orbital expansions, without recourse to orthogonalization. OLCAO have the advantage of being naturally localized, chemically intuitive (to individually model bonds and lone pairs, for example), and transferrable between different molecular systems. Such features are exploited to avoid key computational bottlenecks. Since the OLCAO can be doubly occupied, VSVB can access very large problems, and calculations on systems with several hundred atoms are presented.
Lipid class composition of bleached and recovering Porites compressa Dana, 1846 and Montipora capitata Dana, 1846 corals from Hawaii

Corals rely on stored reserves, especially lipids, to survive bleaching events. Lipid class composition reveals the lipid source, and provides evidence of metabolic changes (i.e., photoautotrophic or heterotrophic) during bleaching and recovery. Porites compressa Dana, 1846 and Montipora capitata Dana, 1846 corals were experimentally bleached in outdoor tanks with seawater temperature elevated to 30 °C (treatment corals). Additional control fragments were maintained in separate tanks at ambient temperatures (27 °C). After one month, all fragments were returned to the reef for 0, 1.5, 4, or 8 months. Lipid class composition was analyzed by Iatroscan (thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection). In treatment P. compressa, triacylglycerol (TG) decreased at 0 and 1.5 months, phospholipid (PL) also decreased at 1.5 months, and both remained lower relative to controls along with wax esters (WE) after 8 months. Neither treatment nor control P. compressa had any detectable monoacylglycerol (MG) or diacylglycerol (DG). Overall, P. compressa first consumed available storage, then structural lipids, and all lipid classes remained low at the end of the study. In treatment M. capitata, TG and PL decreased, while MG increased relative to controls at 0 months. At 4 months, free fatty acid (FFA), sterol (ST), and PL in treatment M. capitata were two to ten times higher than controls. Treatment and control lipid class composition were not different from each other at 8 months. In contrast to P. compressa, M. capitata consumed some lipid classes and augmented others, probably due to sequential metabolism of storage lipids and increased heterotrophy. Overall, lipid class assimilation was more rapid in treatment M. capitata corals that switch between heterotrophy and photoautotrophy, than in treatment P. compressa corals that rely mostly on photoautotrophy.
Mesenteric Circulation in Hemorrhagic Shock

The effect of hemorrhage and of reinfusion on the mesenteric circulation of dogs was determined. During the control period, the average mesenteric vascular resistance was 0.6 P.R.U., and the average mesenteric plasma volume was 100 ml. Hemorrhagc produced an early reduction in mesenteric plasma volume, averaging 50 per cent, without any accompanying change in mesenteric vascular resistance. As the hemorrhagie period progressed, mesenteric vascular resistance rose to a level 120 per cent above control coincidental with the autoinfusion of blood from the hemorrhagc reservoir. With the elevation in mesenteric vascular resistance, mesenteric plasma volume displayed a slight additional decline. Reinfusion produced only a slight and transient recovery of mesenteric vascular resistance and plasma volume. A comparison of mesenteric vascular resistance changes with those of mesenteric plasma volume indicates that no uniform relationship exists. Similar dissociation was seen between mesenteric plasma volume and portal venous pressure. No evidence of pooling of blood in the mesenteric circulation during the induction and development of normovolemic hemorrhagie shock was observed.
Protein kinase Cδ activation induces apoptosis in response to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion damage: A mechanism involving bad and the mitochondria

Heart attacks caused by occlusion of coronary arteries are often treated by mechanical or enzymatic removal of the occlusion and reperfusion of the ischemic heart. It is now recognized that reperfusion per se contributes to myocardial damage, and there is a great interest in identifying the molecular basis of this damage. We recently showed that inhibiting protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion-induced damage. Here, we demonstrate that PKCdelta activity and mitochondrial translocation at the onset of reperfusion mediates apoptosis by facilitating the accumulation and dephosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic BAD (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), dephosphorylation of Akt, cytochrome c release, PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) cleavage, and DNA laddering. Our data suggest that PKCdelta activation has a critical proapoptotic role in cardiac responses following ischemia and reperfusion.
Macromonomer living character in the cobalt(II) porphyrin chain transfer catalysis for radical polymerization of methacrylic acid in water

Macromonomers formed by cobalt(II) porphyrin catalyzed chain transfer in the aqueous radical polymerization of methacrylic acid acquire living character by continual reinitiation through reaction with an intermediate cobalt hydride.
Calculations on the 2S ground states of some members of the Li I isoelectronic series.

Extensive variational calculations using Hylleraas-type functions are carried out on the $^{2}\mathrm{S}$ ground states for the following members of the Li i isoelectronic series: Li i, B iii, C iv, N v, O vi, F vii, and Neviii. For each species, the nonrelativistic energy, the electronic density at the nucleus, the specific mass shift, the transition isotope shift, the Fermi contact interaction, the diamagnetic susceptibility, the nuclear magnetic shielding factor, moments of 〈${r}_{i}^{n}$〉 for n=-1, 1, 2, and 3 and of 〈${r}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{n}$〉 for n=-1, 1, and 2 are reported. The nonrelativistic energies obtained are lower than any previously published values for each member of the Lii series examined. The effect of one versus two spin eigenfunctions in the basis set is examined. The rates of convergence for both the one- and two-spin-eigenfunction basis sets are examined for each expectation value.
Labeling of Starch Granules by Bombardment with Tritium Atoms

Starch granules were labeled by exposure to tritium atoms produced by thermal dissociation of tritium gas at a tungsten filament. Activity was shown by α-amylase etching experiments to be confined to the surface of the granule. Dextrins and low molecular weight compounds could be partially resolved on Sephadex G-75. The dextrin produced during tritiation had an elution volume corresponding to dextrin of 20–35 glucose units and was hydrolyzeable by α-amylase. Labeled starch was hydrolyzed first with s-amylase and the limit dextrin hydrolyzed further with α-amylase. A comparison of the specific activities of the maltoses produced by the two enzymes demonstrated that labeling was more heavily concentrated in outer brunches than in inner branches. Amylose obtained from labeled potato starch was purified by crystallization and on DEAE-Sephadex columns. The ion-exchange purified potato amylose was hydrolyzed with s-amylase with 50% of the activity retained in maltose. Tritium was found to be concentrated at the nonreducing ends of the amylose molecules. These results suggest that starch molecules are organized in granules with nonreducing ends oriented to the surface.
CPAP mask management of varicella-induced respiratory failure

Pneumonia is a complication of primary varicella infection that occurs most commonly in adults and may lead to life-threatening respiratory failure. We report a case of varicella pneumonia with impending respiratory failure in which endotracheal intubation was averted by the use of CPAP mask ventilation with a favorable outcome. (Chest 1993; 103:1894-95)
Neutron Spectroscopy by Foil Activation in Radiation Effects Studies

A new technique is presented for determining neutron spectra from foil activation data. The set of activation integral equations are replaced by an underdetermined system of linear equations whose solutions are piecewise linear representations of the differential flux. The technique then selects that solution which is closest to a trial solution in a least squares sense. Examples are presented showing various neutron spectra determined from activation data and certain radiation effects computed with these resultant spectra. A comparison of these "calculated" effects with the "actual" effects as computed with the actual spectra shows excellent agreement.
Design Criteria and Considerations for Building a Primary Substation for an Industrial Plant

Parameters that must be considered in the design of a large substation are described based on experience with a 40 MVA outdoor primary substation for an industrial plant including the installation of the primary transformation from the 138 kV utility system. Selections of equipments such as bus sizes, transformer ratings, circuit breaker type, and ratings necessary to achieve the desired degree of continuity of service and coordination are discussed. In addition, a description of the protective relaying circuitry for both primary and desired backup protection is included.
Renal function in children and adolescents following 72 g/m2 of ifosfamide

A detailed analysis of the renal function of 18 children and adolescents aged 7–20 years (median, 16 years) was performed at least 3 months following the completion of a non-platinum-containing chemotherapy regimen with a total dose of 72 g/m2 of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide had been given as a 1-h infusion of 1.8 g/m2 daily for 5 days at 5- to 6-week intervals along with mesna uroprotection. The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as determined by inulin clearance was 100 ml/min/1.73 m2. Although 6 of 18 patients had GFRs below normal, the lowest was only 18% less than the lower limit of normal and would not account for any clinical compromise. The renal plasma flow and filtration fraction were normal. Proximal tubular function evaluation revealed normal fractional excretion (FE) of glucose; normal mean tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption per GFR (TMP)/GFR values; high FE of urate (17%); and mild, generalized aminoaciduria in 6 of the 18 patients. Distal tubular function evaluation showed normal 24-h urinary calcium levels and FE of magnesium as well as normal urinary osmolality after water deprivation. Two patients had mild proteinuria. The findings in this study are encouraging in terms of the lack of clinically significant renal abnormalities observed in patients who had received a cumulative dose of 72 g/m2 of ifosfamide.
Ten Puzzles and Surprises Economic and Social Change in Vietnam, 1993-1998

Between 1993 and 1998 Vietnam's GDP grew by 8.9% annually. Recently-available household survey data of high quality show several apparently surprising changes: the total fertility rate fell rapidly from 3.2 to 1.8, son preference has almost disappeared, child stunting fell from 53% to 34% among under-fives, the open unemployment rate is just 1.6%, teenage girls are more likely to be at school and at work, more people report being sick, poverty rates have plummeted, and rural lenders also borrow. Two broad conclusions emerge. Vietnam is undergoing rapid social change. And when the changes are compared with neighboring countries, especially China, they largely cease to be puzzling or surprising.
“Have you heard about an African cinderella story?”: The hunt for multiethnic literature

Although the demand for multicultural children's literature dates back to the mid-nine-teenth century, recent years have seen a rejuvenation and expansion of the field. Publishers large and small have responded to this demand in a variety of ways. This article reviews the current status of multicultural children's literature and trends in publishing. It also offers suggestions for publishers who want to be more responsive to these demands and the growing market they represent.
An MHD simulation model of time-dependent co-rotating solar wind

[1] We present a treatment of observation-based time-dependent boundary conditions for the inner boundary sphere in the time-dependent three-dimensional MHD simulations of the global solar wind. With this boundary treatment, we obtain super-Alfvenic MHD solutions of time-dependent co-rotating solar wind structures. The boundary variables on the inner boundary sphere, at 50 solar radii in this study, are assumed to change linearly from one instant to the next. A new feature is that, in order to maintain the divergence-free condition of the magnetic field, the changes of the time-dependent boundary magnetic field are expressed as the potential field in a thin shell volume. The solar magnetic field data from the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) and the solar wind speed data from the interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observations at Nagoya University, Japan, are used as the input boundary data. The solar wind simulated with the time-dependent boundary condition is compared with the near-Earth and Ulysses in situ measurement data and the solar wind simulated with the fixed boundary condition over a 7-month period in 1991. Reasonable agreements with the in situ measurements are obtained. The differences between the two simulations in the interplanetary field line paths are significant. The three-dimensional time-dependent MHD solution of the global solar wind will help enhance space weather models and other fields in heliophysics.
Effects of Alterations in Sodium and Water Metabolism on Urinary Excretion of Active and Inactive Kallikrein in Man

Renal kallikrein is present in human urine inboth an active and an inactiveform. Several previous studieshave examined the response of active kallikrein excretion toalterations in sodium and water metabolism, but the responseof inactive kallikrein ha not been evaluated systematically. Wehave developed a method for determining inactive kallikrein inurine using two assays. Active kallikrein is measured using akininogenase assay. Total (active plus inactive) kallikrein ismeasured using a direct RIA. Inactive kallikrein is calculatedfrom the difference between active and total kallikrein excretion.Wehave used this technique to study the effect of alterations insodium and water metabolism on kallikrein excretion. Acute volume expansion with saline and moderate acute orchronic increases in water intake did not alter the excretion ofeither active or inactive kallikrein. Dietary sodium restrictionincreased the excretion of total kallikrein by 30%; active kallikreinincreased 82%, while inactive kallikrein excretio...
Ergodic averaging sequences

We consider generalizations of the pointwise and mean ergodic theorems to ergodic theorems averaging along different subsequences of the integers or real numbers. The Birkhoff and Von Neumann ergodic theorems give conclusions about convergence of average measurements of systems when the measurements are made at integer times. We consider the case when the measurements are made at timesa(n) or ([a(n)]) where the functiona(x) is taken from a class of functions called a Hardy field, and we also assume that |a(x)| goes to infinity more slowly than some positive power ofx. A special, well-known Hardy field is Hardy’s class of logarithmico-exponential functions.
Stress-induced changes in the expression of monocytic β2-integrins: The impact of arousal of negative affect and adrenergic responses to the Anger Recall Interview

Adhesion of circulating monocytes to the vascular endothelium is one of the earliest steps in the development of atherosclerosis. This leukocyte-to-endothelium interaction is mediated in part by β2-integrins, a group of cell adhesion molecules that bind to endothelial ligands. Given the significance of this interaction to atherogenesis, we examined the effects of stress, operationalized as the arousal of negative affect (NA) and cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to the Anger Recall Interview (ARI), on the expression of LFA-1 (CD11a), Mac-1 (CD11b) and p150/95 (CD11c) on circulating monocytes (CD14+). Subjects were 173 healthy, nonsmoking men and women (60% men, 40% minorities, aged 18–49 year). Arousal of NA, cardiovascular responses (heart rate [HR], systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP]), circulating catecholamines (epinephrine [Epi], norepinephrine [Ne]) and β2-integrin (CD11/CD18) expression were determined prior to and following the ARI. The principal findings were that the ARI, on average, induced a decrease in monocyte expression of β2-integrins. However, after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, exercise status, and baseline level of β2-integrin expression, those individuals who showed the largest increases in NA, Ne and DBP during the ARI showed an increase in monocyte β2-integrin expression. Thus, heightened psychological and physiological stress responses induced phenotypic changes in monocytic expression of β2-integrins that are consistent with the role of monocytes/macrophages in vascular inflammation and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Duplex doppler sonography of small (<3 cm diameter) liver tumours : Intralesional arterial flow does not exclude cavernous haemangioma

In small liver lesions (<3 cm diameter), detection of internal arterial flow with duplex Doppler sonography is thought to virtually exclude the diagnosis of cavernous haemangioma. We retrospectively reviewed 114 consecutive small lesions confirmed or suspected to be haemangiomas. Doppler sonography revealed intralesional arterial flow in four lesions for which correlative imaging studies were diagnostic of haemangioma, and for which stability was documented with follow-up sonography. We conclude that intralesional arterial flow should not be interpreted as conclusive evidence that a small liver lesion is not a haemangioma. If the presence of arterial flow within a small liver lesion prompts concern that the lesion is not a haemangioma, our findings suggest that a correlative imaging study should be considered before percutaneous biopsy is performed.
A novel fluorescent tracer for visualizing coupled cells in neural circuits of living tissue

Gap junctions have diverse roles in a wide variety of tissues and have recently become a subject of intense investigation in neural circuits where synchrony and oscillations may play an important part. In circuits where gap junctions are present, the possibility arises of identifying intercommunicating cells via introduction of tracer into one cell and observing its spread into its coupled neighbors. Staining the coupled cells by this means opens the door to many vital techniques including paired-cell electrophysiology, RT-PCR, and morphological characterization of previously unknown coupled cells. Tracers commonly used at the present time are not generally suitable for these purposes in many tissues, including neurons. This paper describes how a fluorescent nuclear tracer, Po-pro-1, can be used to visualize coupled cells in several types of retinal neurons thought to be comprised of different connexin proteins including Cx36, Cx45, Cx50, and Cx57.
Concerning the mechanism of the reductive cleavage of α-nitrocumene and cumyl chloride

Abstract The reductive cleavages of α-nitrocumene and cumyl chloride by sodium naphthalenide in tetrahydrofuran have been studied. It is concluded that the cumyl carbanion is the first intermediate formed in these reactions.
X-Band +24 dBm CMOS power amplifier with transformer power combining

A monolithic 10 GHz CMOS power amplifier has been demonstrated in a 0.18 µm commercially available CMOS process. The design utilizes on-chip transformer based power combining to achieve a saturated output power of 24.5 dBm at 10 GHz, with a power added efficiency of 18%. The circuit has a small signal gain of 25 dB, with a 3 dB bandwidth from 8.6 to 10.3 GHz. The circuit operates off of a 3.0V supply and can deliver > 21 dBm of power over an 8 – 11 GHz bandwidth.
Factors Contributing to Depressive Symptoms among Mexican Americans and Latinos

Survey results from 90 Mexican Americans and Latinos found that individuals who experienced social and economic challenges were more likely to self-report depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among this sample was 30 percent. Results from a logistic regression analysis identified three significant predictors for depressive symptoms: (1) Individuals concerned about discrimination were twice as likely to self-report depressive symptoms; (2) individuals with concerns about access to medical care had a greater likelihood of having depressive symptoms by 94.8 percent; and (3) those who had experienced a dramatic loss of income were 1.1 times more likely to have depressive symptoms than those who had not experienced income loss. Results from the study also confirmed that the majority of Mexican Americans and Latinos prefer to seek assistance for mental health issues from a medical doctoral or from indigenous community resources, such as family members, friends, and religious consultation. Strategies for overcoming barriers to receive adequate and culturally competent mental health care and for coping with dramatic loss of income may help to alleviate depressive symptoms among the Mexican American and Latino populations.
Determination of Peptide Amide Configuration in a Model Amyloid Fibril by Solid-State NMR

The ‚-amyloid proteins (A‚), especially the variant A‚1-42, are the primary constituent of the amyloid plaques which are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The C-terminus of A ‚ has been identified as crucial for rapid amyloid formation. A 9-residue C-terminal fragment of A‚ (designated ‚34-42, with sequence LMVGGVVIA) forms a structured aggregate which is classified as an amyloid fibril based primarily on its morphological and solubility properties and the classic cross- ‚ fiber diffraction pattern it displays. We have adopted this aggregate as a model of the A‚-dominated amyloid plaques associated with AD. Previous results from a series of internuclear 13 C- 13 C distance measurements along the peptide backbone indicate that the ‚34-42 backbone conformation differs considerably from that of the classic ‚-sheet, possibly including an unusual cis amide bond in the peptide's central glycyl -glycyl region. Here we report evidence which demonstrates the presence of a trans configuration at the peptide linkage between these residues. The evidence derives from solid-state NMR static echo and n ) 2 rotational resonance experiments which probe the orientation of the 13 C carbonyl chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensor of the peptide bond with respect to the dipolar tensor connecting the carbonyl carbon to the 13 C-