cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of a CD4+ T regulatory type 1 response by cyclooxygenase-2-overexpressing glioma.

PGE 2 , synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-overexpressing tumor, is known to contribute to cellular immune suppression in cancer patients, but the mechanism remains unclear. We report the mechanism of a CD4 + T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) induction by CD11c + mature dendritic cells (DCs) that phagocytose allogeneic and autologous COX-2-overexpressing glioma. A human glioma cell line, U-87MG, and primary cultured glioblastoma cells (MG-377) overexpressed COX-2. We did not detect IL-10Rα expression in these gliomas, and rIL-10 did not suppress their COX-2 expression. Exposure to COX-2-overexpressing glioma induced mature DCs to overexpress IL-10 and decreased IL-12p70 production. These DCs induced a Tr1 response, which is characterized by robust secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β with negligible IL-4 secretion by CD4 + T cells, and an inhibitory effect on admixed lymphocytes. Peripheral CD4 + T cell populations isolated from an MG-377 patient also predominantly demonstrated a Tr1 response against MG-377 cells. Selective COX-2 inhibition in COX-2-overexpressing gliomas at the time of phagocytic uptake by DCs abrogated this regulatory response and instead elicited Th1 activity. COX-2 stable transfectants in LN-18 (LN-18-COX2) also induced a Tr1 response. The effect of a COX-2 inhibition in LN-18-COX2 is reversible after administration of PGE 2 . Taken together, robust levels of PGE 2 from COX-2-overexpressing glioma, which is unresponsive to IL-10 within the local microenvironment, may cause DCs to secrete high levels of IL-10. These results indicate that COX-2-overexpressing tumors induce a Tr1 response, which is mediated by tumor-exposed, IL-10-enhanced DCs.
Small-signal analysis of the helitron oscillator

In this paper, a small-signal analysis of a microwave oscillator discussed by Watkins and Wada1is presented. This tube, the helitron, has an electron beam describing the trajectory of a helix between two concentric cylinders. Interaction is with a TEM mode supported on the inner cylinder, and the beam is focused by having a potential difference between the cylinders. This has been termed an E -type tube. The E -type tube had originally been conceived as a device for exchanging electron potential energy of an electrostatically focused beam for RF energy. In this manner, one would expect to obtain the high efficiencies associated with an M -type tube, without requiring a magnetic field. Watkins and Wada presented experimental results in their paper, and they indicated that the theory that had been developed did not predict the observed behavior. In particular, it was stated that if the propagation constants were those of an M -type tube, the measured starting current would be one-fiftieth of the theoretical starting current. The small-signal analysis of the E -type tube developed in the main body of this paper has yielded two interesting results: 1) The electrons bunch along the direction of rotation, and lose kinetic energy. In this sense the E -type tube behaves similar to the O -type oscillator. Electron motion transverse to the dc path, which is important in the M -type tube, is not important for E -type operation. 2) Space charge forces tend to increase the bunching along the direction of rotation. This results in a negative value for the space-charge parameter, and an attendant reduction in starting current. Growing waves can exist on an electron beam that is electrostatically focused between two conducting cylinders, even without the presence of a circuit field. In this sense the E -type oscillator is similar to the M -type tube.
Age and Gender Trends in Long-Term Opioid Analgesic Use for Noncancer Pain

Objectives. We describe age and gender trends in long-term use of prescribed opioids for chronic noncancer pain in 2 large health plans.Methods. Age- and gender-standardized incident (beginning in each year) and prevalent (ongoing) opioid use episodes were estimated with automated health care data from 1997 to 2005. Profiles of opioid use in 2005 by age and gender were also compared.Results. From 1997 to 2005, age–gender groups exhibited a total percentage increase ranging from 16% to 87% for incident long-term opioid use and from 61% to 135% for prevalent long-term opioid use. Women had higher opioid use than did men. Older women had the highest prevalence of long-term opioid use (8%–9% in 2005). Concurrent use of sedative-hypnotic drugs and opioids was common, particularly among women.Conclusions. Risks and benefits of long-term opioid use are poorly understood, particularly among older adults. Increased surveillance of the safety of long-term opioid use is needed in community practice settings.
Nonlinear inversion-based output tracking

An inversion procedure is introduced for nonlinear systems which constructs a bounded input trajectory in the preimage of a desired output trajectory. In the case of minimum phase systems, the trajectory produced agrees with that generated by Hirschorn's inverse dynamic system; however, the preimage trajectory is noncausal (rather than unstable) in the nonminimum phase case. In addition, the analysis leads to a simple geometric connection between the unstable manifold of the system zero dynamics and noncausality in the nonminimum phase case. With the addition of stabilizing feedback to the preimage trajectory, asymptotically exact output tracking is achieved. Tracking is demonstrated with a numerical example and compared to the well-known Byrnes-Isidori regulator. Rather than solving a partial differential equation to construct a regulator, the inverse is calculated using a Picard-like interaction. When preactuation is not possible, noncausal inverse trajectories can be truncated resulting in the tracking-error transients found in other control schemes.
Agricultural conservation practices and wetland ecosystem services in the wetland‐rich Piedmont‐Coastal Plain region

In the eastern U.S. Coastal Plain and Piedmont region, diverse inland wetlands (riverine, depressional, wet flats) have been impacted by or converted to agriculture. Farm Bill conservation practices that restore or enhance wetlands can return their ecological functions and services to the agricultural landscape. We review the extent of regional knowledge regarding the effectiveness of these conservation practices. Riparian buffers and wetland habitat management have been the most commonly applied wetland-related practices across the region. Riparian Forest Buffers (RFB) have been most studied as a practice. Water quality functions including pollutant removal, provision of aquatic habitat, and enhanced instream chemical processing have been documented from either installed RFBs or natural riparian forests; forest buffers also serve wildlife habitat functions that depend in part on buffer width and connectivity. Wetland restoration/creation and habitat management practices have been less studied on regional agricultural lands; however, research on mitigation wetlands suggests that functional hydrology, vegetation, and faunal communities can be restored in depressional wetlands, and the wetland habitat management practices represent techniques adapted from those used successfully on wildlife refuges. Other conservation practices can also support wetland services. Drainage management on converted wetland flats restores some water storage functions, and viable wetlands can persist within grazed flats if livestock access and grazing are managed appropriately. Because wetland hydrogeomorphic type influences functions, ecosystem services from conservation wetlands will depend on the specifics of how practices are implemented. In a region of diverse wetlands, evaluation of ecological benefits could be improved with more information on the wetland types restored, created, and managed.
A survey of patients with inflatable penile prostheses for satisfaction.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We assessed patient satisfaction with 3 types of penile prostheses, namely the AMS 700 Series®, Mentor Alpha 1® and Mentor Alpha NB®.Materials and Methods:: The subjects consisted of 330 patients selected by stratified, systematic random sampling from among 1,298 subjects undergoing virgin 3-piece inflatable penile implant surgeries performed by the same surgical team at 1 hospital between January 1992 and December 1998. Data were collected by computer assisted telephone interviewing with a survey developed by the authors. The survey consisted of 37 questions in 7 sections, including 1 demographic section and 6 patient satisfaction sections.Results:: Of the 330 patients selected 248 (75%) could be contacted. Of these, 199 (80%) responded to the full survey and the remaining 49 (20%) agreed to respond only to the question, “How satisfied are you with the prosthesis?” Of the 199 full responders 12 (6%) had AMS implants and 187 (94%) had Mentor implants. Of the 49 single question responders...
Why do some drugs preferentially block open sodium channels

It has been known for some time now that many antiarrhythmics and local anesthetics block sodium channels especially when they are depolarized [ 2, 4, 5 ]. Two major phases of channel blocking occur, one “transient” and one “maintained” during the depolarization [ 6 ]. Open channel blocking is thought to occur when intracellular forms of drug access the open channel via an aqueous pathway [ 2 ]. This early phase of drug access is transient in the sense that opening of channels occurs for only a brief period of time (a few ms) after a depolarizing stimulus. There is also drug access to the receptor during maintained depolarizations, such as during the plateau phase of cardiac action potentials. New results provided by Kodama et al. [6] regarding these two phases of drug blocking, transient and maintained, have prompted the structural analysis presented here. A surprisingly simple size criterion is developed that explains why certain drugs cannot use the pathway that is available during maintained depolarizations.
Budgetary Politics and Decision-Making Development of an Alternative Hypothesis for State Government

In this article, a study of the budget process in Pennsylvania state government over the two fiscal years 1975-1976 and 1976-1977 is conducted in an effort to develop a hypothesis which accurately reflects the empirical events of the actual process during that period and which takes into account other recent empirical research findings. It is concluded that in state government budgeting there are two distinct styles of budgetary decision-making- distributive and redistributive. As long as the process remains in a distributive mode, rational-comprehensive approaches and techniques may have some success in influencing the final outcome; however, when the process turns from distributive to redistributive, rational-comprehensive analysis is replaced by traditional partisan-mutual-adjustment techniques.
Tropical deforestation and climate change

This article reviews the physical links between tropical rain forests and the atmos phere, and considers the results of studies which address the climatic impacts of deforestation. Tropical defores...
The prophylactic role for the human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine in males.

Objective:To determine the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in males.Data Source:PubMed (1966–March 2010) was searched using the terms human papillomavirus, human papillomavirus vaccine, quadrivalent, males, cancer, and genital warts. Reference citations were reviewed for relevant information.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All studies including humans and published in English with data describing HPV quadrivalent vaccine administration in males were evaluated.Data Synthesis:The HPV quadrivalent vaccine is currently recommended in females, but its role in males is still being defined. Three clinical trials evaluated the immunogenicity and tolerability of the vaccine in more than 1100 males 9–26 years of age. Greater than 99.5% of males seroconverted for HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 at 1 month post-completion and titers were found to be numerically higher than those in females 16–26 years old. One study found that immune response persisted in >92.5% of males at 1 year. The results show ...
The engram found? Role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of nictitating membrane and eyelid responses

Electrophysiological recording of neural unit activity during paired training trials from the ipsilateral cerebellum in rabbits well trained in short-delay classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane (NM) and eyelid responses showed CS- and UCS-evoked responses and a pattern of increased neural activity that correlates with the learned behavioral response. Large ablations of the ipsilateral cerebellum completely and permanently abolished the conditioned response in well trained animals, as did more localized stereotaxic lesions. These lesions had no effect at all on the unconditioned reflex response. In marked contrast, conditioned responses were easily trained in the eye contralateral to the cerebellar lesion. We suggest that at least a part of the “engram,” the essential neuronal plasticity that codes the learned response, may be localized to the cerebellum.
High-performance parallel addition using hybrid wave-pipelining

Pipelining digital systems has been shown to provide significant performance gains over non-pipelined systems and remains a standard in microprocessor design. The desire for increased performance has seen a push for deeper pipelines, as well as the introduction of pipelining schemes such as wave-pipelining and hybrid wave-pipelining. In this paper we present a hybrid wave-pipelined parallel adder that operates at 1.79 GHz, 42% performance improvement compared to that of a superpipelined adder. The simulations have been performed using a modest 0.25 mum technology. The three stage hybrid wave-pipelined parallel adder sustains a total of 8 unrelated data waves within the pipe. Another performance benefit achieved by using the hybrid wave-pipelining scheme is the lessening of delays associated with clock skew and clock distribution
ω-3 fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid, and antioxidants: immunomodulators or inert dietary supplements?

Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock, P. Enteral Omega-3 Fatty Acid, γ-Linolenic Acid, and Antioxidant Supplementation in Acute Lung Injury. JAMA. 2011; 306(14):1574-1581. PubMed PMID: 21976613. The omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, along with γ-linolenic acid and antioxidants, may modulate systemic inflammatory response and improve oxygenation and outcomes in patients with acute lung injury. Objective: To determine if dietary supplementation of these substances to patients with acute lung injury would increase ventilator-free days to study day 28. Design: The OMEGA study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial conducted from January 2, 2008, through February 21, 2009. All participants had complete follow-up. Setting: This trial occurred at 44 hospitals in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network. Subjects: Participants were 272 adults within 48 hours of developing acute lung injury requiring mechanical ventilation whose physicians intended to start enteral nutrition. Intervention: Twice-daily enteral supplementation of n-3 fatty acids, γ -linolenic acid, and antioxidants compared with an isocaloric control. Enteral nutrition, directed by a protocol, was delivered separately from the study supplement. Outcomes: Ventilator-free days to study day 28. The study was stopped early for futility after 143 and 129 patients were enrolled in the n-3 and control groups. Despite an 8-fold increase in plasma eicosapentaenoic acid levels, patients receiving the n-3 supplement had fewer ventilator-free days (14.0 vs 17.2; P=.02) (difference, −3.2 [95% CI, −5.8 to −0.7]) and intensive care unit-free days (14.0 vs 16.7; P=.04). Patients in the n-3 group also had fewer nonpulmonary organ failure-free days (12.3 vs 15.5; P=.02). Sixty-day hospital mortality was 26.6% in the n 3 group vs 16.3% in the control group (P=.054), and adjusted 60-day mortality was 25.1% and 17.6% in the n-3 and control groups, respectively (P=.11). Use of the n-3 supplement resulted in more days with diarrhea (29% vs 21%; P=.001). Twice-daily enteral supplementation of n-3 fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid, and antioxidants did not improve the primary end point of ventilator-free days or other clinical outcomes in patients with acute lung injury and may be harmful.
Brief report: increased expression of a short splice variant of CTLA-4 exacerbates lupus in MRL/lpr mice.

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a costimulatory receptor in the immunoglobulin superfamily closely related to CD28 and ICOS, and binds to CD80 and CD86 (1;2). Expression of CTLA-4 is constitutive on regulatory T cells (3) and induced following activation on effector T cells (1). It exerts an essential inhibitory role and its absence causes an early and lethal autoimmune disease in mice (4). The CTLA4 gene is highly conserved (76% homology between human and mouse) (5). It is comprised of 4 exons: exon 1 codes for the signal peptide; exon 2 for the ligand-binding domain; exon 3 for the transmembrane region; exon 4 for the intra-cytoplasmic tail (Figure 1A) (6). Human peripheral blood lymphocytes express 3 isoforms of CTLA-4 produced by alternative splicing: full length CTLA-4 (flCTLA-4; all four exons), soluble CTLA-4 (exons 1, 2, and 4), and a short variant that lacks both the ligand-binding domain and the transmembrane domain (1/4 CTLA-4) (6). Allelic variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CTLA4 gene have been associated to several human autoimmune diseases including autoimmune thyroid disease (6), rheumatoid arthritis (7) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (8;9). Interestingly, the polymorphisms associated with autoimmune disease affect CTLA4 splicing and thus the relative expression of each variant isoform (6). How the differential expression of CTLA-4 isoforms impacts susceptibility to autoimmune disease is not yet clear. Figure 1 The 1/4 CTLA-4 splice variant codes for a secreted protein The 1/4 CTLA-4 isoform lacks the CD80/86-binding domain and the transmembrane portion and thus its function remains unclear. Forced expression of the 1/4 CTLA-4 isoform in T cells was shown to induce spontaneous autoimmune disease and facilitate the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice through an unknown mechanism (10). Here we demonstrate that in lupus-prone mice increased expression of 1/4 CTLA-4 accelerates autoimmunity, exacerbates disease pathology, and causes early mortality.
Towards Tolerance and Taste: Preferences for World Musics

A multicultural imperative has emerged in American educational philosophy and practices of the last decade. Never before has there been such an emphasis on multicultural understanding in the school curriculum. The changing philosophy of education as expressed in the literature suggests that the melting-pot theory is outdated; instead, the various ethnic groups present a rich tapestry of American national culture while maintaining their distinct identity. In this article Dr Shehan examines the relationship between these developing educational attitudes and the music teacher's task in helping to expand students' musical understanding and taste.
A Hybrid Network Processor with Support for High-Speed Execution of CPN and Upper Layer IP Protocols

The trend in network processing is towards layer 4-7 processing in the routers and switches. In this paper, we present a hybrid network processor (NPU) architecture that supports high-speed execution of higher layer TCP/IP protocol processing. The architecture achieves this by employing optimized logic blocks for specific tasks in the processing elements. This is a unique architecture such that it can realize both task-level and packet-level parallelism. We also present an example of implementation of a fast adaptive routing algorithm, Cognitive Packet Networks (CPNs), using the proposed NPU architecture. CPN uses a neural network model with a reinforcement learning algorithm to find routes. The applicability of the CPN concept has been demonstrated through several software implementations. Through hardware implementation, we show that this new network model can sustain similar line rates as the current IP protocols.
Circadian and seasonal variability of resting frontal EEG asymmetry

Asymmetrical frontal cortical activity at resting baseline relates to important aspects of personality and psychopathology. However, some research has failed to replicate these relationships, perhaps because of situational influences. The present research investigates two situational variables, circadian and seasonal variability. These variables affect basal cortisol levels and mood, which have also been found to relate to resting asymmetrical frontal activity. Results of two correlational studies revealed that relative right frontal activity was greatest during fall mornings. These results suggest the importance of assessing time of day (TOD) and time of year (TOY) effects on resting frontal EEG asymmetry, which could reflect circadian and seasonal influences, but also selection effects when participants are free to select among study session times.
Exploring Horticultural Employees' Attitudes Toward Their Jobs: A Qualitative Analysis Based on Herzberg's Theory of Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is likely the most studied work-related attitude and is assumed to influence a variety of behaviors. This study analyzes the job satisfaction of agricultural employees using Herzberg's theory, which is broadly employed in management. Fourteen horticultural businesses participated in case studies of labor-management practices. Fifteen nonsupervisory employee interviews were analyzed regarding job satisfaction. Components of job satisfaction relevant to horticultural employees were family-business values, achievement, recognition, work itself, involvement, personal life, interpersonal relationships, job security, supervision, working conditions, organization, safety, compensation, and information. While support for Herzberg's theory is weak, it is useful for classifying employees' attitudes.
Simple behavioral methods to assess the effect of drugs or toxins on sensory experience.

Abstract When behavioral pharmacologists/toxicologists study conditioned taste aversions (CTAs), or other conditioned responses, as a means to investigate the effects of various drugs or toxins on a learned response, failure to discover a CTA is frequently attributed to the treatment's influence on the associative process. This kind of analysis may fail to identify drug-induced sensory changes that may influence conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) saliency. The current paper outlines a simple method by which a drug's influence on CS or US sensation may be determined. Further, illustrative data are provided regarding how N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade modulates taste and the sensation of malaise. Ketamine (an NMDA receptor antagonist) has been reported to block CTAs in both neonatal and adult rats. The current experiments evaluated ketamine's ability to modulate the taste of a frequently employed CS (saccharin HCl=SAC) or the aversive aspects of a common US (Lithium Chloride=LiCl). Rats normally exhibit a preference for 0.3% SAC over 0.6% SAC and will suppress consumption of these liquids following an injection of LiCl. We report that ketamine did not markedly antagonize these consummatory patterns nor did it disrupt spontaneous locomotor movements. Taken together, these findings point to ketamine's limited ability to change the sensory capacities required for CTA formation. Investigators interested in determining the underlying causes of drug-induced CTA blockade may choose to employ paradigms similar to the one used here.
Investigation of Yersinia pestis laboratory adaptation through a combined genomics and proteomics approach

The bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague in humans and animals, normally has a sylvatic lifestyle, cycling between fleas and mammals. In contrast, laboratory-grown Y. pestis experiences a more constant environment and conditions that it would not normally encounter. The transition from the natural environment to the laboratory results in a vastly different set of selective pressures, and represents what could be considered domestication. Understanding the kinds of adaptations Y. pestis undergoes as it becomes domesticated will contribute to understanding the basic biology of this important pathogen. In this study, we performed a parallel serial passage experiment (PSPE) to explore the mechanisms by which Y. pestis adapts to laboratory conditions, hypothesizing that cells would undergo significant changes in virulence and nutrient acquisition systems. Two wild strains were serially passaged in 12 independent populations each for ~750 generations, after which each population was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing, LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis, and GC/MS metabolomics. We observed considerable parallel evolution in the endpoint populations, detecting multiple independent mutations in ail, pepA, and zwf, suggesting that specific selective pressures are shaping evolutionary responses. Complementary LC-MS/MS proteomic data provide physiological context to the observed mutations, and reveal regulatory changes not necessarily associated with specific mutations, including changes in amino acid metabolism and cell envelope biogenesis. Proteomic data support hypotheses generated by genomic data in addition to suggesting future mechanistic studies, indicating that future whole-genome sequencing studies be designed to leverage proteomics as a critical complement.
Type and Frequency of Food Images in Parenting Magazines: IdentifyingAreas for Improvement

Abstract Parents and children are influenced by food advertisements, which can impact children’s healthy weight. The purpose of the study was to identify the type and frequency of food images in parenting magazines. Content analysis of twelve issues from each of three parenting magazines (36) for 2010 was conducted by two researchers. The inter-rater reliability was 0.70 or above for the categories: food items, restaurants, infant feeding, feeding equipment, and supplements. From the 2445 food related images, breads and grains appeared most frequently (476), followed by the fats, oils, and sweets category (334). Few breastfeeding images (9) appeared compared to bottle (29) or formula (50) feeding images. Supplement images occurred more frequently than drink, condiment, restaurant, and infant feeding images. Knowledge of the type and frequency of food related images in magazines can be used by health professionals to provide education and information to parents that will address obesigenic behaviors and environments.
Deep Water Renewal in Subarctic Fjord

As part of a comprehensive program of marine environmental studies in Port Valdez, Alaska, currents were measured in or near Valdez Narrows almost continuously for more than two years. The purpose of these measurements was to investigate the exchange of water between Port Valdez and Prince William Sound. Intensive profiling of temperature and salinity in Port Valdez and adjacent waters has enabled observation of water exchange processes that are effective on a seasonal basis. However, the current meter data have shown that these processes are occasionally overshadowed by short-term events that are of comparable effectiveness in promoting the exchange of water between Port Valdez and Prince William Sound. The latter events have typical durations of two to five days and their timing is apparently related to the passage of weather systems through the Gulf of Alaska. The random nature of these events, in conjunction with the generally predictable seasonal exchange processes, suggests that the notion of a unique residence time for Port Valdez and similar fjords is inappropriate.
Permanent Draft Genome Sequence of Frankia sp. Strain AvcI1, a Nitrogen-Fixing Actinobacterium Isolated from the Root Nodules of Alnus viridis subsp. crispa Grown in Canada

Frankia strain AvcI1, isolated from root nodules of Alnus viridis subsp. crispa, is a member of Frankia lineage Ia, which is able to reinfect plants of the Betulaceae and Myricaceae families. Here, we report a 7.7-Mbp draft genome sequence with a G+C content of 72.41% and 6,470 candidate protein-encoding genes.
Growth and Fruiting Development of Normal and Terminal-Damaged Cotton Plants

Terminal damage to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., causes an initial decrease in growth and fruit development. This decrease appears to be less when damage occurs later in the growth period. Terminal damage does not change the relative allocation of nutrients to the roots, stems, leaves, or fruit; nor does it reduce the number of bolls when the season length is sufficient for compensation to occur.
Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors among Jingpo People in the Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life(QOL) and influencing factors among Jingpo people in the Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province. Methods Stratified random sampling method was used to select a representative sample of 1367 Jingpo people aged 35 and over from Dehong prefecture.Information was obtained from a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Results Among the subjects, the self-assessment of health score was the lowest(55.66±19.54),whereas physical functioning score was the highest(90.28±14.66). There was significant difference of mean QOL score between males and females,except for the mean scores of MH and SF. And the significant difference of mean QOL score was also found between people with chronic diseases and without chronic diseases,except for the mean score of MH. The results of multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that chronic disease conditions,age,marital status,education level and gender were the main influencing factors of QOL among Jingpo people. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the health education for the elderly and people with low education,and improve the self-management skills for chronic diseases patients,so as to improve patients' QOL in Dehong prefecture.
The survey and analysis of the flea species from the ground in Lijiang plague focus of Yunnan province

Objective To provide the basis for plague prevention and control by investigating species composition and infection rate of Yersinia pestis in fleas collected from floor in the plague natural foci of Lijiang in Yunnan province.MethodsInvestigation was carried out at 8 villages of Yulong county and 5 villages of Gucheng district of Lijiang. Floor fleas were collected by sticky flea paper method. Species was identified based on morphological characteristics. Y. pestis was cultured from fleas in laboratory.Results The sticky flea paper 21 845 copies were collected in the 13 villages. Theaverage flea index of 0.0249. The sex ratio of fleas was 1.95∶1. In total, 545 fleas were collected, which belong to 2families, 3 genera and 3 species, including Ctenocephalides felis felis(69.54%), Pulex irritants(18.72%), and Ctenophthalmus quadrarus(11.74%). Infection of Y. pestis was negative for all fleas.Conclusion There are 3 flea species from floor in the plague focus, Ct. felis felis, P. irritant were predominating species. Infection of Y. pestis was not found.
Case Study: Distillers grains supplementation in a forage system with spayed heifers

ABSTRACT A 2-yr beef systems study evaluated winter and summer modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) supplementation in a forage system. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design as a 2 × 2 factorial. Each year, 229 spayed heifers (215 ± 26 kg of BW) grazed corn residue 144 d, bromegrass 32 d (winter), and native range 120 d (summer) and were followed through the feedlot. Treatments included 0.91 kg of DM MDGS (LO) or 2.3 kg of DM MDGS (HI) supplement while grazing corn residue, and MDGS fed at 0.6% of BW daily (SUP) or no MDGS (NO SUP) during the summer. Winter ADG was 0.24 kg greater ( P P P ≥ 0.12). At the end of the feedlot phase, HCW was greater ( P ≤ 0.03) by 23 and 15 kg (yr 1 and 2, respectively) for HI than LO. Summer SUP decreased finishing ADG by 0.21 kg ( P = 0.02) in yr 1 and decreased G:F ( P ≤ 0.07) both years. Across both years, profit was greater for HI than LO cattle ( P ≤ 0.02), but summer supplementation did not affect profit ( P = 0.15).
Examples of Area-Minimizing Surfaces

It can be quite hard to prove that any particular surface is area minimizing. After all, it must compare favorably with all other surfaces with the given boundary. Fortunately, there are a number of beautiful examples of area minimizing surfaces. This chapter presents some examples of area minimizing surfaces. The minimal surface equation just gives the necessary condition that under smooth variations in the surface, the rate of change of the area is 0. This condition turns out to be equivalent to the vanishing of the mean curvature. A smoothly immersed surface that is locally the graph of a solution to the minimal surface equation is called a minimal surface. The chapter presents some pictures of some famous minimal surfaces. It discusses complex analytic varieties. Any compact portion of a complex analytic variety in C n = R 2n is area minimizing. The chapter further describes fundamental theorem of calibrations.
Human Resource Management: Linking Strategy to Practice (Book Review)

Human Resource Management: Linking Strategy to Practice by Greg L. Stewart and Kenneth G. Brown. 2009. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 613 pp.
A Prediction of U.S. Knit Apparel Demand: Making the Case for Reshoring Manufacturing Investment in New Technology

Purpose: To demonstrate the demand of knit apparel products, and make a case for implementation of new knitting technologies to further bolster the U.S. reshoring movement. Design/methodology/approach: time-series analysis with ARIMA forecasting model Findings: A positive relationship of several knit apparel imports, explaining the consumer demand for these product categories and the need for investment in these areas. Originality/Value: Knit apparel imports have not been studied in the past, as well as connected with a claim for investment of technology
Development of a range-extended electric vehicle powertrain for an integrated energy systems research printed utility vehicle

Abstract Rapid vehicle and powertrain development has become essential to for the design and implementation of vehicles that meet and exceed the fuel efficiency, cost, and performance targets expected by today’s consumer while keeping pace with reduced development cycle and more frequent product releases. Recently, advances in large-scale additive manufacturing have provided the means to bridge hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimentation and preproduction mule chassis evaluation. This paper details the accelerated development of a printed range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, by paralleling hardware-in-the-loop development of the powertrain with rapid chassis prototyping using big area additive manufacturing (BAAM). BAAM’s ability to accelerate the mule vehicle development from computer-aided design to vehicle build is explored. The use of a hardware-in-the-loop laboratory is described as it is applied to the design of a range-extended electric powertrain to be installed in a printed prototype vehicle. The integration of the powertrain and the opportunities and challenges it presents are described in this work. A comparison of offline simulation, HIL and chassis rolls results is presented to validate the development process. Chassis dynamometer results for battery electric and range extender operation are analyzed to show the benefits of the architecture.
Inelastic electron scattering in the high-Tc compound YBa2Cu

We have carried out inelastic electron scattering transmission measurements on the high-${T}_{c}$ compound $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ in the energy range 1-100 eV. We have directly observed the free-electron plasma peak at 1.1 eV in addition to the bound electron plasmon at 25.5 eV. The interband threshold is at 2.1 eV, above which the material behaves as a typical oxide insulator.
Gromov-Hausdorff hyperspace of nonnegatively curved $2$-spheres

We study topological properties of the Gromov-Hausdorff metric on the set of isometry classes of nonnegatively curved $2$-spheres.
Improved Learning Outcomes After Flipping a Therapeutics Module: Results of a Controlled Trial

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact on learning outcomes of flipping a pain management module in a doctor of pharmacy curriculum. METHOD In a required first-professional-year pharmacology and therapeutics course at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, the pain therapeutics content of the pain management module was flipped. This redesign transformed the module from a largely lecture-based, instructor-centered model to a learner-centered model that included a variety of preclass activities and in-class active learning exercises. In spring 2015, the module was taught using the traditional model; in spring 2016, it was taught using the flipped model. The same end-of-module objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) and multiple-choice exam were administered in 2015 to the traditional cohort (TC; n = 156) and in 2016 to the flipped cohort (FC; n = 162). Cohort performance was compared. RESULTS Learning outcomes improved significantly in the FC: The mean OSCE score improved by 12.33/100 points (P < .0001; 95% CI 10.28-14.38; effect size 1.33), and performance on the multiple-choice exam's therapeutics content improved by 5.07 percentage points (P < .0001; 95% CI 2.56-7.59; effect size 0.45). Student performance on exam items assessing higher cognitive levels significantly improved under the flipped model. Grade distribution on both exams shifted, with significantly more FC students earning an A or B and significantly fewer earning a D or F compared with TC students. CONCLUSIONS Student performance on knowledge- and skill-based assessments improved significantly after flipping the therapeutics content of a pain management module.
150 anos da Confederação: momento para refletir sobre redefinições identitárias canadenses em termos de inclusão e de articulação de “comunidades de memória”

Resumo: As comemoracoes dos 150 anos da Confederacao estimulam uma reflexao sobre as redefinicoes das identidades canadenses no momento atual. As mobilidades culturais apresentam-se como um desafio a levar nosso pensamento para alem dos nacionalismos e ate mesmo dos transnacionalismos (beyond translationalisms ) e nos instigam a vislumbrar perspectivas transculturais capazes de nos guiar em direcao a uma possivel redefinicao das questoes identitarias sem cair nas situacoes perversas de exclusao. O objetivo do presente artigo e o de partir do conceito de Pierre Ouellet proposto no livro Testaments, le temoignage et le sacre , de 2012, ou seja, o de “comunidades de memoria” que pode tornar-se um instrumento para a redefinicao das identidades nos contextos canadense e quebequense. Ao inves de distinguir autoctones, povos fundadores e migrantes, podemos pensar as comunidades em termos de partilha de um stock memorial comum, comunidades reagrupadas com base no compartilhamento de formas semelhantes de organizacao dos imaginarios coletivos e de seu desejo de pertenca a America. Ouellet considera que, no contexto atual de constantes migracoes, mais importante do que falar de identidades nacionais ou mesmo transnacionais, e falar de «communautes de memoire », conceito que compreende, para alem da memoria dos povos fundadores, as culturas dos que acabam de chegar ao pais, e que vao constituir - atraves das trocas - uma memoria multipla que o autor chama de comunidades de memoria.
Gender inequality and family formation in Japan

The way Japanese culture forms families (ie) has historically provided women with great autonomy. The formation of the ie as a perpetuating, corporate, stem family with impartible inheritance raise...
Distance-Matched Tagging Sequence Optimizes Live-Cell Protein Labeling by a Biarsenical Fluorescent Reagent AsCy3_E.

Cell permeable biarsenical fluorescent dyes built around a cyanine scaffold (AsCy3) create the ability to monitor the structural dynamics of tagged proteins in living cells. To extend the capability of this photostable and bright biarsenical probe to site-specifically label cellular proteins, we have compared the ability of AsCy3 to label two different tagging sequences (i.e., CCKAEAACC and CCKAEAAKAEAAKCC), which were separately engineered onto enhanced green fluorescent proteins (EGFPs) and expressed in Escherichia coli. The cysteine pairs within the shorter protein tag (i.e., Cy3TAG) are designed to specifically match the 14.5 A interarsenic atomic separation within AsCy3, whereas the longer protein tag (Cy3TAG+6) was identified using a peptide screening approach and reported to enhance the binding affinity and brightness. We report that AsCy3 binds both the tagged proteins with similar high affinities (Kd < 1 μM) under both in vivo labeling conditions and following isolation and labeling of the tagged...
Neurobehavioral Analysis Methods for Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) Models and Risk Assessment

The emerging use of neurobehavioral analysis techniques in toxicology promotes the implementation of neurobehavior, a powerful integrator of molecular, physiological, and environmental stimuli, in the development of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) models. In recent years, zebrafish have been extensively investigated for their potential as a model organism in behavioral toxicology due to their low maintenance cost and similarities with rodent behavior and physiology. This chapter will review: (1) the beneficial role of neurobehavioral assays in the development of AOPs; (2) the diverse neurobehavioral endpoints to be considered in the evaluation of neurotoxicity and; (3) the challenges of integrating neurobehavioral outcomes into AOP development. Discussion of the many neurobehavioral screening assays that have been adapted from rodents to zebrafish is included. Furthermore, this chapter will review studies in which behavioral phenotypes and neurophysiological outcomes have been anchored to specific molecular initiating events induced by a chemical exposure. Although the study of the genetic and physiological basis of behavior is still nascent, there are many noteworthy studies that have enabled the creation of AOP models for the prediction of how chemical exposure affects the behavior of individuals in a population and, in turn, how these alterations can affect population dynamics.
Residential Family Camping: Altering Family Patterns:

A family residential camp program, a temporary system for change, is used to alter family behavior patterns and to provide skills that can be used on return home
Heat stroke and related heat stress disorders.

Medical disorders related to environmental heat exposure are exceptionally common in persons who perform hard work in hot climates. They are also common in competitive athletes as well as in persons who participate in casual exercise to maintain health. The important issue of salt and water disturbances consequent to heavy sweating in hot climates is discussed in detail as are mechanisms of potassium deficiency and its implications. The major forms of environmental heat illness including heat syncope, heat cramp, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are presented in detail with relevant clinical examples. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis follows. Because of the difference in treatment and complications, heat stroke is subdivided into the classic variety that affects the elderly and very young and that form that follows heavy physical work and is always associated with rhabdomyolysis. Because severe heat exhaustion and heat stroke are life-threatening disorders, the chapter includes a detailed discussion of complications and plans for treatment. Language: en
Social Responses to the Environmental Impact of Reproduction in the Global West: A Critique of Christine Overall’s “Overpopulation and Extinction”

This paper provides an ecofeminist response to Christine Overall’s moral argument in her 2012 volume, Why Have Children?, which recommends that individuals in the global West ought to reproduce at a replacement rate in light of environmental concerns. Overall’s recommendation does not adequately account for the sociopolitical context in which human beings have children. The ecofeminist response is one which recommends increased access to education, and sexual education in particular, of low-income women and women of color. Increased educational opportunities for these key groups will lower birth rates by allowing women to choose how and when to have children, as well as by improving access to financial and career incentives for delaying childbirth.
Mechanistic Interrogation of Co/Ni-Dual Catalyzed Hydroarylation

Cobalt/nickel-dual catalyzed hydroarylation of terminal olefins with iodoarenes builds complexity from readily available starting materials, with a high preference for the Markovnikov (branched) product. Here, we advance a mechanistic model of this reaction through the use of reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA), radical clock experiments, and stoichiometric studies. Through exclusion of competing hypotheses, we conclude that the reaction proceeds through an unprecedented alkylcobalt to nickel direct transmetalation. Demonstration of catalytic alkene prefunctionalization, via spectroscopic observation of an organocobalt species, distinguishes this Csp2–Csp3 cross-coupling method from a conventional transmetalation process, which employs a stoichiometric organometallic nucleophile, and from a bimetallic oxidative addition of an organohalide across nickel, described by radical scission and subsequent alkyl radical capture at a second nickel center. A refined understanding of the reaction leads to an op...
Multiscale meshfree method for the analysis of carbon nanotube-based materials

Publisher Summary Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a new generation of nanoscale material. This chapter presents a new multiscale meshfree approach for the mechanical analysis of carbon nanotubes and related nanostructures. By projecting the solution from direct molecular dynamics simulation onto its coarse-scale representation, a unique bridging scale decomposition of the displacement field is proposed. To approximate the curved surface at nanoscale, meshfree approximations are introduced to interpolate a single layer of atoms. Unlike the traditional shell or continuum element, the geometric constraint is only imposed in2D . The high order continuity property of the meshfree shape functions guarantees the accuracy in describing the geometry of the atomic bond. The chapter highlights the robustness of the method through a number of examples involving carbon nanotube-based structures.
Neuroanatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve and Proximal Innervation of the TMJ

The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. It divides into three branches and provides primarily sensory input into the central nervous system (CNS) from the head and face. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve run in close proximity to other cranial nerves. The ophthalmic nerve (V1) and maxillary nerve (V2) are purely sensory divisions. However, the mandibular nerve (V3) contains a large sensory and a small motor root. The auriculotemporal nerve (AT), a subdivision of V3, innervates the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), while the motor branch innervates the muscles of mastication.It is very important to understand the neuroanatomy of the trigeminal nerve and its central connections to other portions of the CNS. Trigeminal drive can cause a peripheral overload into the CNS resulting in central sensitization and neuro-inflammation. An understanding of the relevant anatomy and neurology will help clinicians to better understand and treat patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and correlated neurological disorders. This chapter covers the neuroanatomy and physiology of the trigeminal nerve system and its central connections.