cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Surprising Nonreward in Associative Learning

Early experimental accounts of learning assumed that reinforcement strengthened associative bonds whereas nonreinforcement weakened them. Strengthening-weakening models explain the adjustment of nonmammalian species to downshifts in incentive magnitude, but fail to explain a mammalian phenomenon known as successive negative contrast (SNC). In SNC, exposure to incentive downshift leads to poorer performance than that of unshifted controls. SNC forced the development of new learning models emphasizing the acquisition of expectancies and the induction of emotional responses when expectancies are violated. Comparative research suggests a distinction between allocentric learning (tracking changes in the environment) and egocentric learning (remembering the emotional response to environmental changes). Recent research shows that egocentric learning in the SNC situation is modulated by the opioid system. Similar modulation is observed in situations involving physical pain, fear, and social exclusion. An evolutionary hypothesis about the evolution of egocentric learning mechanisms suggests deep connections between the brain circuits controlling fear, frustration, and possibly grief.
Noise performance of a white-light optical signal processor. I. Temporally partially coherent illumination

White-light optical processors are known to perform better under noisy conditions as compared with their monochromatic counterparts. Here we give an analysis of their performance under temporally incoherent illumination and obtain quantitative results to support the claim. The output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the proposed white-light optical processor is evaluated as a measure of performance. We study the behavior of the system when the noise is presented at the input or at the Fourier plane. We show that, except for the case when the amplitude noise is present at the input plane, the resulting output SNR improves considerably with the increasing bandwidth of the light source employed.
Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo.

Upon activation, the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase converts arachidonic acid into principally three products, the peptido-leukotrienes, 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) or the leukotriene B 4 . We have shown that the peptido-leukotrienes (known as LTC 4 , LTD 4 , or LTE 4 ) and 5-HETE induce osteoclastic bone resorption and that receptors for LTD 4 are present on isolated avian osteoclast-like cells. Here, we show the effects of the third metabolic product of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, the leukotriene LTB 4 , on osteoclastic bone resorption both in vivo and in vitro. Because LTB 4 production is increased in a number of inflammatory conditions, it may be an important contributor to the bone loss which occurs in these disorders. LTB 4 increased osteoclastic bone resorption in vivo following local administration over the calvariae of normal mice and in vitro in organ cultures of neonatal mouse calvariae. When LTB 4 was injected over the calvaria of mice, there was a significant increase in bone resorption, osteoclast numbers, and eroded surfaces. LTB 4 also increased the formation of resorption lacunae by isolated neonatal rat osteoclasts. Greater potency was observed with LTB 4 compared with the peptido-leukotriene LTD 4 . This is in contrast to prostaglandins of the E series, which are reported to inhibit isolated osteoclasts. Experiments using marrow cultures suggest that LTB 4 stimulates bone resorption in part by enhancing the formation of osteoclasts.
Association Between Persistency of Lay and Partial Record Egg Production in White Leghorn Hens and Implications to Selection Programs for Annual Egg Production

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were: 1) to estimate the increase in accuracy of selection for annual egg production (YP123) based on partial record data (Yp12) by incorporating the predicted residual record (Yp3) into the selection objective, 2) to examine the effect of selection based on Yp12 versus Yp123 on the persistency of lay, and 3) to compare the relative efficiency of differential weighting of production periods on selection response. These objectives were accomplished by comparing expected responses per unit of time from alternative selection indices and examining genetic correlations among production traits, which were estimated from a pedigreed population of randombred White Leghorns. The traits were estimated from a 56-wk egg production curve, which was divided into 8-, 16-, and 32-wk periods corresponding to prepeak (Yp1), postpeak to end of partial record (Yp2), and residual (Yp3). Persistency was estimated by linear regression of production on months using either early postpeak (Bp2) or total postpeak (Bp23) records. Results indicated that: 1) Bp23 was negatively correlated with Yp1 and Yp2 but positively correlated with Yp3 and Yp123, thus, selection based on Yp12 is expected to have a deleterious effect on persistency, but selection based on Yp123 is expected to improve persistency; 2) Bp2 was poorly correlated with Yp3, thus, Ŷp3, the estimate of Yp3 from Yp2, did not improve the accuracy of selection; and 3) optimally weighting the portions of Yp123 gave expected annual responses equal to or greater than those obtainable from selection based on Yp12.
Lateral inhibition and geometric illusions.

It has been suggested that lateral inhibitory processes, operating through the mutual inhibition and displacement of spatially adjacent contours imaged on the retina, may account for many of the classical geometric illusions. Two experiments were conducted, one using an alternative form of the Poggendorff illusion, and the other an alternative form of the Muller—Lyer, in which the adjacent contours necessary for the operation of the inhibitory mechanism were eliminated. In both instances the illusion was still found to exist, although somewhat reduced in magnitude. These results indicate that lateral inhibition may play a contributory role in illusion formation, but it is not the primary casual, mechanism.
High-temperature oxygen isotope fractionation among the phases of the kiglapait intrusion, Labrador, Canada

The fractionation of δ 18O between liquid and temperature-corrected mineral phases has been determined for the magma of the Kiglapait layered intrusion. The closed-system δ 18O behavior of the intrusion has permitted this calculation employing the Kiglapait δ 18O whole-rock and liquid trends, published intramineral fractionation factors, and material balance. The fractionation equations for Δliquid—mineral for the Kiglapait system in the temperature range 1200–1550 K are: δL−Fsp=0.0018T−2.81(± 0.12); δL−Cpx=−0.0008T+1.43 (± 0.13), δL−O1=−0.0011T+2.22 (± 0.13); δL−Ox=−0.0049T+8.96 (± 0.08) where temperature T is in kelvins. For the basaltic portion of the system (T = 1443 K) the fractionation factors are: δL−Fsp=−0.3; δL−Cpx=+0.2; δL−O1=+0.6; δL−Ox=+1.9 These values are similar to other reported values except for ΔL-Fsp which is lower than the published basaltic average, but still within the reported range. The extreme fractional crystallization of the magma has had little or no effect on the δ 18O of the magma. This is clearly supported by the comparisons between δ 18O of the mineral phases calculated at liquidus temperatures and the magma. The high-temperature δ 18O modelling of the mineral phases, using the modal variations among the minerals, demonstrates that the δ 18O of the whole rocks remains constant within ± 0.1‰.
Stereoelective polymerization of D,L-lactide using N-heterocyclic carbene based compounds.

A new Zn alkoxide catalyst supported by an N-heterocyclic carbene rapidly polymerizes D,L-lactide (D,L-LA) to heterotactic enriched poly(lactide) (PLA), while the free carbene and analogs instead yield highly isotactic enriched PLA.
Induction of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 (PAI-1) by Proinsulin and Insulin In Vivo

Background Fasting hyperinsulinemia (reflected by elevations in immunoreactive “insulin”) is typical of patients with non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and is often associated with obesity and hypertension. The elevated concentrations detected are indicative not only of insulin but also of its immunologically cross-reactive precursors, including proinsulin. Fasting hyperinsulinemia appears to be associated with decreased fibrinolytic activity in blood, which results from increased activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), a potential independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Patients who were given proinsulin in a previous clinical study by others exhibited an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. Thus, a “proinsulin–PAI-1 axis” may predispose to coronary thrombosis. To define the possible presence of such an axis, this study was designed to determine whether insulin, its precursors, or both increase the concentrations of PAI-1 in rabbits in vivo. Methods...
JISTIC: Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer

Background Cancer is caused through a multistep process, in which a succession of genetic changes, each conferring a competitive advantage for growth and proliferation, leads to the progressive conversion of normal human cells into malignant cancer cells. Interrogation of cancer genomes holds the promise of understanding this process, thus revolutionizing cancer research and treatment. As datasets measuring copy number aberrations in tumors accumulate, a major challenge has become to distinguish between those mutations that drive the cancer versus those passenger mutations that have no effect.
Linking Past, Present, and Future: Children's Ability to Connect Mental States and Emotions Across Time

Remembering the past can shape current emotions and behaviors as well as bias anticipations of the future. This awareness that mental states and emotions cohere across time—sometimes called mental time travel—is a fundamental component of social cognition critical for assessing risk, making decisions, and understanding others. In this article, I highlight early competencies and development in young children's reasoning about connections among life history, mind, and emotion. I focus primarily on children's knowledge about emotions and decisions caused by being reminded about the past and thinking about the future. Findings reveal surprising insights in children as young as 3–4 years of age, age-related changes through middle childhood into adulthood, and individual differences that have implications for mental health.
Infant mortality and life expectancy in the Arab world.

Abstract This exercise illustrates the concept of spatial correlation, the categorizing of data for mapping, and the use of the scatter diagram. It employs the variables of infant mortality and life expectancy as applied to the Arab World, though any region can be used. The factor of oil exports is added to enhance discussion of the findings. An extra advantage of the exercise is the learning of names of countries in a relatively painless way. The exercise teaches both content and methods of interpretation, and it is adaptable to high school and college levels.
Ideal Selves as Resources for the Situated Practice of Identity

Identity construction is often emphasized as an active process that results in the development of a distinctive, coherent self. This study considers what it means to frame identity construction as a situated communicative practice that draws on ideal selves, normative expectations about whom one should be. Based on qualitative fieldwork, this study demonstrates how participants drew on two ideal selves—one who delivers and one who practices wellbeing—in their identity constructions and leveraged the value of moderation to construct identities that achieved both ideals. This study suggests that a communicative perspective focused on the situated practice of identity enables scholars to attend to how socially constructed ideals of whom one should be shape identity construction.
Fisher Information and dynamic regime changes in ecological systems

Abstract Ecosystems often exhibit transitions between multiple dynamic regimes (or steady states), such as the conversion of oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions and associated aquatic ecological communities, due to natural (or increasingly) anthropogenic disturbances. As ecosystems experience perturbations of varying regularity and intensity, they may either remain within the state space neighborhood of the current regime or “flip” into the neighborhood of a regime with different characteristics. An increasingly integral aspect of many ecological, economic, and social decisions is their impact on the sustainability of particular dynamic regimes of ecosystems. Sustainability entails a human preference for one particular regime versus another, and the persistence of that regime with regard to the human and natural perturbations exacted on the system. Information theory has significantly advanced our ability to quantify the organizational complexity inherent in systems despite imperfect observations or ‘signals’ from the source system. Fisher Information is one of several measures developed under the theme of estimation theory. Fisher Information can be described in three ways: as a measure of the degree to which a parameter (or state of a system) can be estimated; as a measure of the relative amount of information that exists between different states of a system; as a measure of the disorder or chaos of a system. Fisher Information may be a useful measure to identify the degree to which a system is at risk of “flipping” into a different dynamic regime. We developed a Fisher Information index for dynamic systems in a periodic steady state and applied it to a simple, two species Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model. Changes in the carrying capacity (size) of the system resulted in different stable steady states establishing themselves, each with a characteristic Fisher Information. By repeatedly calculating Fisher Information over time, transitions or “flips” between steady states were identified with changes in Fisher Information. We then examined data collected from four ecological systems (of increasingly large spatial and temporal scale) that have demonstrated regime transitions: the Bering Strait/Pacific Ocean food web; the western Africa savanna; the Florida (USA) pine–oak system; the global climate system. These datasets are noisy and reflect several to many cycles that are out of phase, which complicates the identification of both dynamic regimes and transitions. If transition phases between regimes can be detected early enough, human activity suspected of contributing to regime changes can be altered (or continued if the resultant steady state is desirable, such as in ecosystem restoration efforts).
Identification and Characterization of the C3 Binding Domain of the Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Fibrinogen-binding Protein (Efb)*

Abstract The secreted Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) is a virulence factor that binds to both the complement component C3b and fibrinogen. Our laboratory previously reported that by binding to C3b, Efb inhibited complement activation and blocked opsonophagocytosis. We have now located the Efb binding domain in C3b to the C3d fragment and determined a disassociation constant (Kd) of 0.24 μm for the Efb-C3d binding using intrinsic fluorescence quenching assays. Using truncated, recombinant forms of Efb, we also demonstrate that the C3b binding region of Efb is located within the C terminus, in contrast to the fibrinogen binding domains that are located at the N-terminal end of the protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type binding assays demonstrated that recombinant Efb could bind to both C3b and fibrinogen simultaneously, forming a trimolecular complex and that the C-terminal region of Efb could inhibit complement activity in vitro. In addition, secondary structure analysis using circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the C-terminal, C3b binding region of Efb is composed primarily of α-helices, suggesting that this domain of Efb represents a novel type of C3b-binding protein.
Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 and “Basal Marker”—Expressing Small Cell Carcinoma of the Breast

Small cell carcinoma of the breast is a very rare entity that is histologically indistinguishable from small cell carcinomas of other organs. The presence of an in situ component is the most important feature that indicates the primary nature of the breast tumor. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a marker specific to lung and thyroid but is also expressed in small cell carcinoma of pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin. TTF-1 expression in breast small cell carcinoma has been reported only rarely. This reported case is unique because of the characteristic morphological features and immunohistochemical profile. The invasive tumor demonstrated neuroendocrine differentiation morphologically and immunohistochemically, expressed by TTF-1, EGFR, and basal-type cytokeratins. An unequivocal in situ component was identified intimately admixed with the invasive carcinoma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of breast small cell carcinoma showing the expression of "basal markers."
Comparison of Propane and Methane Performance and Emissions in a Turbocharged Direct Injection Dual Fuel Engine

With increasingly restrictive NO x and particulate matter emissions standards, the recent discovery of new natural gas reserves, and the possibility of producing propane efficiently from biomass sources, dual fueling strategies have become more attractive. This paper presents experimental results from dual fuel operation of a four-cylinder turbocharged direct injection (DI) diesel engine with propane or methane (a natural gas surrogate) as the primary fuel and diesel as the ignition source. Experiments were performed with the stock engine control unit at a constant speed of 1800 rpm, and a wide range of brake mean effective pressures (BMEPs) (2.7-11.6 bars) and percent energy substitutions (PESs) of C 3 H 8 and CH 4. Brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) and emissions (NO x, smoke, total hydrocarbons (THCs), CO, and CO 2) were measured. Maximum PES levels of about 80-95% with CH 4 and 40-92% with C 3 H 8 were achieved. Maximum PES was limited by poor combustion efficiencies and engine misfire at low loads for both C 3 H 8 and CH 4, and the onset of knock above 9 bar BMEP for C 3 H 8. While dual fuel BTEs were lower than straight diesel BTEs at low loads, they approachedmore » diesel BTE values at high loads. For dual fuel operation, NO x and smoke reductions (from diesel values) were as high as 66-68% and 97%, respectively, but CO and THC emissions were significantly higher with increasing PES at all engine loads« less
Medical image analysis with fuzzy models

This paper updates several recent surveys on the use of fuzzy models for segmentation and edge detection in medical image data. Our survey is divided into methods based on supervised and unsupervised learning (that is, on whether there are or are not labelled data available for supervising the computations), and is organized first and foremost by groups (that we know of) that are active in this area. Our review is aimed more towards `who is doing it' rather than `how good it is'. This is partially dictated by the fact that direct comparisons of supervised and unsupervised methods is somewhat akin to comparing apples and oranges. There is a further subdivision into methods for two-and three-dimensional data and/or problems. We do not cover methods based on neural-like networks or fuzzy reasoning systems. These topics are covered in a recently published companion survey by Keller et al.
Differences in the male mating calls of co-occurring epauletted fruit bat species (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae, Epomophorus wahlbergi and Epomophorus crypturus) in Kruger National Park, South Africa

Background: Almost nothing is known about the mating ecology and behavior of epauletted fruit bats (Epomophorus spp) of which eight species occur worldwide. Two species of epauletted fruits bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi and Epomophorus crypturus) overlap in their distributional ranges in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Morphologically, these two species are nearly identical to the human eye and field recognition is based upon the number and position of palatal rugae of captured individuals. In addition, the males of both species perform mating rituals during overlapping breeding seasons that appear quite similar and involve wing flapping and monotone vocalizations from calling stations in proximity to fruiting sycamore fig trees where females congregate to feed. The overlap in breeding seasons as well as physical and behavioral characteristics between these two species brings into question how species recognition occurs, and no research is available to understand how males are identified by the females of each species for mating purposes. We recorded vocalizations from calling males in local areas of KNP known to support both species and compared the sonograms to determine if the call structure of mating vocalizations between males of each species differs. Results: We recorded 25 mating vocalizations from seven male epauletted fruit bats near the Shingwedzi Research Camp and 31 mating vocalizations from nine individuals along the Sabie River near Skukuza. Analysis of calls showed significant distinctiveness of male mating vocalizations between the two species in terms of mean fundamental frequency, mean high frequency, mean low frequency, mean bandwidth, and mean call slope at the two sites. Conclusions: We hypothesize that differences in male mating vocalizations recorded at each of our study sites represent call structure differences that potentially may be used to avoid cross-mating between species.
"Masked" pulmonary venous obstruction in patients with isomerism of the right atrial appendages: an overstated association.

Isomerism of the right atrial appendages is associated with anomalies of pulmonary venous return, which may be obstructive. The associated pulmonary arterial obstruction, however, has been reported to "mask" the pulmonary venous obstruction, with resultant pulmonary edema following augmentation of the flow of blood to the lungs. We postulated that the frequency of "masked" pulmonary venous obstruction has been over-reported in the literature. To ascertain the true situation, we evaluated the frequency of "masked" pulmonary venous obstruction in a large, unselected, group of patients with isomerism of the right atrial appendages. We evaluated the clinical, anatomic, and radiographic data of 65 newborns seen with this syndrome since 1970. Development of pulmonary venous obstruction, both before and after systemic-to-pulmonary shunting and/or infusion of prostaglandin E1, was determined and correlated to clinical and radiographic findings. Of the 65 patients, 19 (29%) were ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary venous obstruction. The pulmonary veins themselves connected in infradiaphragmatic fashion in 10 patients, supracardiac in 3, to the atriums directly in 1, and in mixed fashion in the other 5. Pulmonary venous obstruction was readily apparent in 15 of the 19, as demonstrated by pulmonary edema on initial chest radiography. The remaining four cases ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary venous obstruction received augmentation of pulmonary blood flow with resultant pulmonary edema. Of these four severely cyanosed patients, pulmonary vascular markings on the initial chest radiograph had been normal in one but increased in three. Due to the presence of these clinical markers, they do not truly represent "masked" pulmonary venous obstruction. Except for two patients with minimally obstructed pulmonary arterial blood flow, 44 patients without pulmonary venous obstruction had normal or decreased pulmonary vascular markings at presentation. Of these 44, 14 received infusions of prostaglandin E1, with none developing pulmonary edema. We conclude that pulmonary venous obstruction is usually readily apparent at time of presentation in patients with right isomerism, and that "masked" pulmonary venous is a very rare event which has been over-emphasized in the literature. Careful evaluation of clinical and radiographic findings at time of presentation can correctly identify pulmonary venous obstruction in such patients.
Escaping high mortality

This paper develops an economic analysis of mortality to account for the mortality decline during the demographic transition. We propose a unified growth model in which there is intra- and intergenerational health transmission: parental health affects child survival and investments in early life improve health over the entire life-cycle. Based on data from England and Wales between 1640 and 2000, we show that the role of economic changes in mortality is larger than previously estimated. As in current estimates, contemporary income has a minor impact on mortality change. Most of the economic influences, however, are unaccounted for by contemporary relationships.
A Finite Element Analysis of the General Rolling Contact Problem for a Viscoelastic Rubber Cylinder

Abstract Mathematical models of finite deformation of a rolling viscoelastic cylinder in contact with a rough foundation are developed in preparation for a general model for rolling tires. Variational principles and finite element models are derived. Numerical results are obtained for a variety of cases, including that of a pure elastic rubber cylinder, a viscoelastic cylinder, the development of standing waves, and frictional effects.
Review: Information Literacy Landscapes: Information Literacy in Education, Workplace and Everyday Contexts

Lloyd, Annemaree. Information Literacy Landscapes: Information Literacy in Education, Workplace and Everyday Contexts. Oxford: Chandos. 2010. 192 pp. ISBN: 9781843345077. Softcover, $75.00
SURVIVAL AND INFECTIVITY OF STEINERNEMA SCAPTERISCI (NEMATODA: STEINERNEMATIDAE) AFTER CONTACT WITH SOIL DRENCH SOLUTIONS

After a nematode application, mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.) are frequently assayed to confirm nematode establishment and infectivity. However, the standard soap flush was suspected of providing false negatives under field conditions. Thus, we examined the effect of several potential flushing solutions on the survival and infectivity of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) as well as flushing ability under field conditions. Seventy percent of S. scapterisci died in lemon dish detergent solution, confirming that assays for nematode infection of soap-flushed mole crickets are likely to be inaccurate. When sampling for mole crickets in areas where S. scapterisci has been applied, a potential alternative to the standard soap drench is a dilute permethrin drench.
Temporal associative memory (TAM) by spike-timing dependent plasticity

Spike-timing synaptic plasticity (STDP) describes the increase and decrease in synaptic strength depending on the relative arrival time of the pre- and post-synaptic spikes. The relative timing that determines whether the synapse is strengthened by long-term potentiation (LTP), or weakened by long-term depression (LTD) was first reported experimentally [1,2], and computationally [3]. Because of the asymmetry in timing, it is also called “temporally asymmetric Hebbian plasticity” theoretically [4]. Numerous studies on STDP had explored the biological mechanisms for induction of LTP and LTD. This paper will focus on the computational function of STDP in the formation of temporal associative memory (TAM). Traditionally, associative memory is often established relative to the spatial inputs, i.e., forming spatial memory. The formation of bidirectional associative memory [5] and spatiotemporal memory [6] using STDP has suggested that STDP can be used to encode spatiotemporal patterns. Our previous paper [7] also demonstrated that a time-delayed Hebbian associative network essentially computes the temporal relationship by the cross-correlation function between the pre- and post-synaptic input/output functions. The coefficients of cross-correlation can be retrieved by the final synaptic weights subsequent to the associative learning. The previous model only takes into account of Hebbian strengthening of synapses to establish the crosscorrelation function. We will extend this model to include STDP in the cross-correlation function to establish temporal association with time-delayed signals. The result suggests that temporal associative memory can be established by the contrast created by LTP and LTD.
9-aminoacridine Inhibition of HIV-1 Tat Dependent Transcription

As part of a continued search for more efficient anti-HIV-1 drugs, we are focusing on the possibility that small molecules could efficiently inhibit HIV-1 replication through the restoration of p53 and p21WAF1 functions, which are inactivated by HIV-1 infection. Here we describe the molecular mechanism of 9-aminoacridine (9AA) mediated HIV-1 inhibition. 9AA treatment resulted in inhibition of HIV LTR transcription in a specific manner that was highly dependent on the presence and location of the amino moiety. Importantly, virus replication was found to be inhibited in HIV-1 infected cell lines by 9AA in a dose-dependent manner without inhibiting cellular proliferation or inducing cell death. 9AA inhibited viral replication in both p53 wildtype and p53 mutant cells, indicating that there is another p53 independent factor that was critical for HIV inhibition. p21WAF1 is an ideal candidate as p21WAF1 levels were increased in both p53 wildtype and p53 mutant cells, and p21WAF1 was found to be phosphorylated at S146, an event previously shown to increase its stability. Furthermore, we observed p21WAF1 in complex with cyclin T1 and cdk9 in vitro, suggesting a direct role of p21WAF1 in HIV transcription inhibition. Finally, 9AA treatment resulted in loss of cdk9 from the viral promoter, providing one possible mechanism of transcriptional inhibition. Thus, 9AA treatment was highly efficient at reactivating the p53 – p21WAF1 pathway and consequently inhibiting HIV replication and transcription.
Electrical contact resistance of silver with different coatings

The contact resistance between silver rods is measured when different contact load is applied. The relation of tunnel resistivity and contact pressure is found based on the contact area calculation from Hertzian solution. The tunnel resistivity of clean silver rods, and silver rods with different coatings, such as stearic acid, adipic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, terephthalic acid, un-cured and cured epoxy, are measured. The tunnel resistivity - contact pressure curves of silver with difference coatings are plotted. The measured tunnel resistivity of silver can be used to calculate the contact resistance between silver contacts in electrically conductive adhesives.
Introduction: Repression and the Social Control of Protest

Of the phenomena studied by social scientists, few are as potent and moving as scenes of collective action under threats of repression. For instance, the commitment to political and social change that civil rights activists showed by day, with full knowledge that the wrath of the KKK might befall them by night, is a moving testament to their courage and perseverance. And yet, prior to the last decade, research on repression had been somewhat slower to develop when compared with other areas of social movement scholarship. Fortunately, the tide has dramatically shifted over the last decade. A large amount of research has been published recently on repression and the social control of protest: Davenport, Johnston, and Mueller (2005) published the proceedings of a 2001 conference on repression; della Porta and Reiter’s (1998) edited volume introduced a number of important claims and findings about protest policing; and a number of important articles have appeared in peer-reviewed journals (e.g., Earl 2003, 2004; Earl, Soule, and McCarthy 2003; Francisco 2004; Loveman 1998; Rasler 1996). In fact, this special issue stems, in part, from papers delivered at a session on repression at the 2004 Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association. In this introduction, I assess the fruits of this boom in repression-related research with an eye toward what theories and findings have been supported, what new research trajectories are particularly important, and what areas are still relatively underdeveloped. At the same time, I introduce the seven original research articles that comprise this special issue, pointing to the themes in the existing literature that they productively speak to or question. I will also point out the common themes within the articles that make the special issue more than the sum of its parts by collectively pointing to emergent issues in repressionrelated research.
Patient and Provider Determinants Associated With the Prescription of Adjuvant Hormonal Therapies Following a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Medicaid-Enrolled Patients

Purpose This study examined patient and provider characteristics associated with being prescribed an aromatase inhibitor (AI) vs tamoxifen-only therapy among a cohort of postmenopausal North Carolina Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. Methods A logistic regression model was built to determine the odds of an individual ever receiving an AI during the study period using data from the Linked North Carolina Central Cancer Registry-Medicaid Claims database. Results A total of 452 patients were included, of which 307 (67.9%) and 145 (32.1%) received tamoxifen only and AI (alone or in combination) therapy, respectively. Results of the final logistic model revealed that odds of receiving an AI generally increased over the study period; however, patients who lived in urban areas had 1.86 (95% CI, 1.20-2.89) times the odds of ever receiving some form of AI therapy compared to patients who lived in rural areas. Additionally, patients with distant stage or unstaged breast cancer (opposed to local stage) had 2.15 (95% CI, 1.39-3.32) times the odds of ever receiving an AI. Conclusions Result suggest that the use of AI therapy is becoming more widespread over time; however, differences in the type of antiestrogenic treatment prescribed based on urban/rural status may represent disparities in access to advanced care. Furthermore, it may be the case that women with local-stage breast cancer are not being treated aggressively enough with novel antiestrogenic drug therapies.
A Static SIMS Study of Interfaces between Evaporated Metal Films and Polyimides

Static SIMS has been used to characterize the surfaces of a variety of commercial polyimides and of the interfaces between a polyimide of the PMDA-ODA type and evaporated films of copper and chromium. The commercial materials were all contaminated with organic and inorganic materials: the most common one is a free anhydride. The spectra obtained from the metal-PI interfaces are initially different for Cu and Cr but become identical after a post-deposition annealing treatment. A possible mechanism for the metal-polymer interaction based on the SIMS results is presented.
Cellular distribution of H(+)-ATPase following acute unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats.

Unilateral ureteral obstruction for 24 h produces an acidification defect in the rat kidney that closely resembles the human disorder. We examined the role of renal vacuolar H(+)-ATPase distribution and content in the generation of the postobstructive abnormality in distal hydrogen ion secretion. Rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction for 24 h, and the obstructed and contralateral kidneys were removed at 3 h, 5 days, and 10 days after release of the obstruction. The postobstructed and contralateral kidneys and kidneys from sham-operated rats were analyzed for intercalated cell number and subtype and for the cellular distribution of ATPase staining by means of a monoclonal antibody specific for the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. No change in the number or distribution of subtypes was detected in the cortex nor in the outer or inner stripe of the outer medulla. Immunoreactive H(+)-ATPase increased in both the cortex and medulla at 3 h after obstruction, and thereafter it decline...
Social capital and the search for information: Examining the role of social capital in information seeking behavior in Mongolia: Research Articles

The process of finding information to address problems that arise in everyday life situations is complex. Individuals are influenced by many factors when the information need occurs, including their social, psychological, political, economic, physical, and work environments. Research focusing on the social factors affecting information has stressed the importance of interpersonal communication and the quality of social networks in facilitating access to information. The study reported in this article investigates the role of social networks in affecting access to information and, more particularly, how social capital or the resources made available to individuals through their social networks influence their success in finding the information they need. Questionnaires were administered in a face-to-face format to a random sample of 320 residents of the city of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The theoretical framework for the study is Lin's theory of social capital whose main proposition is that the ability of people to achieve desired outcomes is positively associated with social capital. The findings indicate that social capital did have a significant effect on information behavior, particularly on the choice of source, which in turn had a direct influence on successful search outcomes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of High School Delinquency on Educational Attainment and Adult Occupational Status

High school delinquency negatively affects educational attainment. However, when controlling for years of schooling attained and other background variables, high school delinquency does not significantly shape adult occupational status. If high school delinquents are able to obtain as much schooling as others, their past delinquency does not exert a negative independent effect on occupational achievement. Other things being equal, is the tendency for high school delinquents to have a lower occupational achievement than nondelinquents a function of their having been a delinquent or a function of their generally lower educational attainment? Past research indicates that educational attainment positively shapes adult occupational attainment (Becker 1964, Blaug 1972; Duncan, Featherman, & Duncan 1972; Sewell & Hauser 1975). On the whole, high school delinquents have a lower educational attainment than those who were not delinquent in high school. Thus, one can argue that delinquency depresses educational attainment which in turn negatively impacts adult occupational status. My work examines adult occupational differences between high school delinquents and others to see if high school delinquency depresses adult occupational status when educational attainment is held constant. In other words, if high school delinquents are able to obtain as much schooling as others, does their past delinquency continue to exert a negative independent effect on occupational achievement? Utilizing multiple regression analysis, I examine how high school delinquency affects educational attainment. Next, differences in adult occupational status are analyzed with years of education, IQ, whether one was a delinquent in high school, and other relevant background variables constant (see Table 1 for variable construction). If high school delinquency significantly affects educational attainment, but not occupational status attainment (with background variables constant), then this would support the contention that educational experience not delinquency may be the critical factor shaping occupational status. Further, such a relationship would have policy implications. Namely, just because one is delinquent in high school does Direct all correspondence to: Elizabeth Monk-Turner, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.30 on Wed, 20 Jul 2016 05:19:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 414 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Volume 32, Number 3,1989
Man in Association with Extinct Fauna in the Great Basin

A recently published statement by Baumhoff and Heizer that the "large herbivores disappeared in the Great Basin before man’s entry into the area" is contrary to the facts in the case. The correct data are supplied. BAUMHOFF AND HEIZER (1965: 699) in their discussion of "Climate and Archaeology in the Desert West" state: Alleged associations of man and Equus in some Nevada and Oregon cave deposits are not adequately demonstrated. In brief, if uncertain associations of man and extinct Pleistocene mammals are ignored, evidence is still lacking that man knew or hunted or ate such animals in the western desert region other than in southern Arizona (italics ours). The simplest conclusion is that the large herbivores disappeared in the Great Basin before man's entry into the area.
Low-Velocity Impact Damage and Delamination Crack Arrestment with Translaminar Reinforcements

The process of z-pinning has been used to improve the delamination strength of laminated composites. Improvements in Mode-I and Mode-II fracture toughness and the degradation of in-plane properties have been studied in the past and documented in the literature. This paper presents a preliminary study on the use of z-pinning to improve the delamination resistance against barely visible impact damage. Experimental results indicated that the use of pinning can considerably improve the compression after impact strength. Non-destructive observations revealed a lower delamination area after impact when the samples were fully covered with z-pins. Additionally, samples with a surrounding z-pin boundary were able to provide a containment mechanism for an area with sub-surface delamination.
Whither Command of the Commons? Choosing Security over Control

The United States’ ability to command the global commons – the sea, air, and space domains through which goods, people, and information flow – has been a pillar of United States national security for the last thirty years. The United States has ensured its command by pursuing what we term control of the commons: preventing the emergence of plausible threats to U.S. military dominance by state and non-state actors alike, well ahead of their actual manifestation. At a time when budgets are being cut and new great powers exert increasing influence in international affairs, control of the commons is increasingly unsustainable.In its stead, this paper advocates for a new approach to retaining command of the commons, what we term “security of the commons.” Focusing on the maritime domain, we first argue that the global maritime commons is far more resilient than many recognize: potential threats to the commons are overstated as other actors lack sufficient means or incentives to severely disrupt U.S. command. As a result, there is significant room for the United States to reduce its military footprint while retaining command. Thus, the security-based approach we advocate calls for the United States to reduce its military presence around the world as part of a move towards an over-the-horizon strategic presence. This change would reduce the problem of free-riding and the risk of spirals of insecurity with other powerful actors while leaving the United States a significant capacity – on its own and in partnership with other nations – to defeat threats to the commons if and when they manifest. This approach will also allow the United States to reinvest in the sources of American power that will sustain its position in the global order.
A Screen Printed Phenanthroline-Based Flexible Electrochemical Sensor for Selective Detection of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions

A flexible electrochemical sensor was screen printed on polyethylene terephthalate. Carbon- and silver-based inks were used for metallization of the working, counter, and reference electrodes. 1,10-phenanthroline and its derivative naphtho[2,3-a]dipyrido[3,2-h: $2'$ , $3'$ -f]phenazine-5,18-dione were synthesized as sensitive layers for Hg2+ and Pb2+, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry response of the sensor resulted in reduction peaks at 0.2 and −0.6 eV for the selective detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+, respectively. An 87% and 9% change in the average peak currents were observed for the 50- $\mu \text{M}$ concentration of Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively, against a reference signal established for deionized water. The response of the electrochemical sensor demonstrated the use of traditional printing processes and synthesized chemicals for the selective detection of heavy metal ions.
Synchronous Adenocarcinoma and Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Associated with Augmentation: Case Report And Review of the Literature

AbstractWe report a case of synchronous transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in an augmented bladder 8 years after cecocystoplasty. We discuss the clinical presentation as well as current clinical and basic research concepts, and suggest that the anastomotic zone in such cases may be at risk for malignant transformation.
Have NEC Coat, Will Travel: Structural Basis of Membrane Budding During Nuclear Egress in Herpesviruses

Herpesviruses are unusual among enveloped viruses because they bud twice yet acquire a single envelope. Furthermore, unlike other DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus, herpesviruses do not exit it by passing through the nuclear pores or by rupturing the nuclear envelope. Instead, herpesviruses have a complex mechanism of nuclear escape whereby nascent capsids bud at the inner nuclear membrane to form perinuclear virions that subsequently fuse with the outer nuclear membrane, releasing capsids into the cytosol. This makes them some of the very few known viruses that bud into the nuclear envelope. The envelope acquired during nuclear budding does not end up in the mature viral particle but instead allows the capsid to translocate from the nucleus into the cytosol. The viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) is a critical player in the nuclear egress, yet its function and mechanism have remained enigmatic. Recent studies have demonstrated that the NEC buds membranes without the help of other proteins by forming a honeycomb coat, which established the NEC as the first virally encoded budding machine that operates at the nuclear, as opposed to cytoplasmic, membrane. This review discusses our current understanding of the NEC budding mechanism, with the emphasis on studies that illuminated the structure of the NEC coat and its role in capsid budding during herpesvirus nuclear escape.
Semantic Labeling: A Domain-Independent Approach

Semantic labeling is the process of mapping attributes in data sources to classes in an ontology and is a necessary step in heterogeneous data integration. Variations in data formats, attribute names and even ranges of values of data make this a very challenging task. In this paper, we present a novel domain-independent approach to automatic semantic labeling that uses machine learning techniques. Previous approaches use machine learning to learn a model that extracts features related to the data of a domain, which requires the model to be re-trained for every new domain. Our solution uses similarity metrics as features to compare against labeled domain data and learns a matching function to infer the correct semantic labels for data. Since our approach depends on the learned similarity metrics but not the data itself, it is domain-independent and only needs to be trained once to work effectively across multiple domains. In our evaluation, our approach achieves higher accuracy than other approaches, even when the learned models are trained on domains other than the test domain.