cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nerve electrical activity; depression by puromycin not related to inhibited protein synthesis.

Puromycin (1 mM) causes a reversible decrease in spike potential and positive after potential amplitudes of rabbit vagus nerve in vitro. This failure is independent of the rate of stimulation in contrast to the failure following sodium pump inhibition by ouabain. Puromycin does not inhibit brain Na-K ATPase in vitro. There is no reduction in the action potential by either of the protein synthesis inhibitors, chloramphenicol or cycloheximide. Puromycin inhibits even in the presence of cycloheximide, a compound which blocks the release of abnormal polypeptides by puromycin. Puromycin aminonucleoside does not have the puromycin effect nor does dibutyryl-cyclic-3′,5′-AMP protect the nerve against puromycin. Puromycin can inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis and interfere with purine metabolism but these actions do not appear to be the basis of the action potential decrease. A more likely site of action is interference with glycolipid and glycoprotein formation or a direct effect on the membrane. It is concluded that neither mitochondrial nor ribosomal protein synthesis is critical to the short term maintenance of the action potential.
Critical current speeds and microhabitats of the benthic fishes Percina roanoka and Etheostoma flabellare

Critical current speed (maximum current speed at which benthic stream fishes are able to hold station without active swimming) was determined in a laboratory flow chamber for Percina roanoka and Etheostoma flabellare. Mean critical current speeds differed significantly among adult P. roanoka, adult E. flabellare, and juvenile E. flabellare, and were consistent with microhabitat differences among these darters in natural environments. Behavior of E. flabellare enhanced its station-holding ability, but tests with preserved individuals suggested that morphological differences explained more of the difference in critical current speeds of the darters. On a smooth surface where grasping of the substrate was not possible, use of pectoral fins did not significantly enhance the ability of darters to maintain position in flowing water.
Vibrational analysis of the 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl halides

Abstract Normal coordinate calculations have been carried out for CF3CH2Cl using a 30-parameter valence force field. The resulting force constants for the CF3 group have been transferred to CF3CH2F, CF3CH2Br and CF3CH2I with excellent results. Previous vibrational assignments have been revised, the calculations showing that several of the normal modes are highly mixed.
Low-frequency neuromuscular depression is a consequence of a reduction in nerve terminal Ca2+ currents at mammalian motor nerve endings.

BACKGROUND The decline in voluntary muscle contraction during low-frequency nerve stimulation is used clinically to assess the type and degree of neuromuscular block. The mechanism underlying this depression is unknown. METHODS Simultaneous electrophysiological measurements of neurotransmitter release and prejunctional Ca currents were made at mouse neuromuscular junctions to evaluate the hypothesis that decreases in nerve terminal Ca currents are responsible for low-frequency depression. RESULTS Under conditions generally used to measure Ca currents at the neuromuscular junction, increasing the frequency of nerve stimulation briefly from 0.017 to 0.1-1 Hz caused a simultaneous reduction in the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to 52.2 ± 4.4% of control and the Ca current peak to 75.4 ± 2.0% of control (P < 0.001, n = 5 experiments for both measurements, mean ± SEM for all data). In conditions used for train-of-four monitoring (4 stimuli, 2 Hz), neurotransmitter release declined to 42.0 ± 1.0% of control and the Ca current peak declined to 75.8 ± 3.3% of control between the first and fourth stimulus (P < 0.001, n = 7 experiments for both measurements). Depression in acetylcholine release during train-of-four protocols also occurred in the absence of neuromuscular-blocking drugs. DISCUSSION The results demonstrate that neuromuscular depression during train-of-four monitoring is due to a decline in nerve terminal Ca currents, hence reducing the release of acetylcholine. As similar processes may come into play at higher stimulation frequencies, agents that antagonize the decline in Ca currents could be used to treat conditions in which neuromuscular depression can be debilitating.
Heat stress and age: Skin blood flow and body temperature

Abstract 1. 1. The ability to increase skin blood flow is an important mechanism for transferring heat from the body core to the skin for dissipation. 2. 2. During exercise, skin blood flow is typically 20–40% lower in men and women aged 55 and over (compared with 20–30 years old) at a given body core temperature. Yet criterion measures of heat tolerance (changes in core temperature, heat storage) often show minimal or no age-related alterations. From a series of studies conducted in our laboratory over the past 5 years, the following conclusions can be drawn. 3. 3. When fit healthy older subjects are matched with younger subjects of the same gender, size and body composition, VO2max, acclimation state, and hydration level, age-related differences in skin blood flow are evident. However, these differences often do not translate into “poorer” heat tolerance or higher core temperatures. 4. 4. The larger core-to-skin thermal gradient maintained by the older individuals allows for effective heat transfer at lower skin blood flows. 5. 5. Furthermore, there is an increased coefficient of variation for thermoregulatory response variables with increasing age. 6. 6. Despite differences in the mechanisms underlying thermoregulation, true thermal tolerance is less a function of chronological age than of functional capacity and physiological health status. 7. 7. While this conclusion is based primarily on cross-sectional studies, it is supported by the results of more recent studies using multiple regression analyses. 8. 8. Implicit in this conclusion is the notion that thermal tolerance, at any age, is a modifiable individual characteristic.
Domain switching and microcracking during poling of lead zirconate titanate ceramics

Abstract The application of a DC electric field (poling) to a ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic aligns domains in the field direction. The non 180°-domain switches involve mechanical deformations, which are detected as acoustic emission signals. Concurrent with AE signals, electrical current pulses arise from domain reorientations. When the poling field is large and domain switches are extensive, the resulting deformations, under the constraint of neighboring domains or grains, may exceed the elastic limit and cause microcracking. The onset and propagation of microcracking during poling of PZT is signalled by the appearance of continuous AE signals, unaccompanied by current pulses, in contrast to intermittent AE signals accompanied by corresponding current pulses during domain switching. The onset and extent of microcracking established by this method is confirmed by scanning electron micrographs and decrease in the value of piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ) and mechanical quality factor ...
Quaternary interglacial environmental stability in San Salvador Island (Bahamas): A land snail isotopic approach

Abstract The 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios of modern and fossil shells of two ecologically-distinct land snail taxa (Cerionidae and Annularidae) from San Salvador Island were analyzed to estimate the interglacial Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironmental conditions in the Bahamas. The average δ13C value of Cerion was − 5.0 ± 1.8‰ for modern (~ 0–0.1 ka) specimens, − 4.3 ± 0.7‰ for late Holocene (~ 2–4.6 ka) individuals, − 3.4 ± 1.6‰ for middle Holocene (~ 5–6.3 ka) shells, − 4.0 ± 1.5‰ for ~ 85 or ~ 110 ka specimens, and − 3.6 ± 0.4‰ for individuals that grew during OIS 5e (~ 125 ka). Annularidae specimens displayed average δ13C values of − 6.3 ± 2.5‰, − 6.1 ± 1.0‰, − 2.4 ± 1.0‰, − 4.4 ± 1.1‰, and − 5.0 ± 2.9‰, respectively. These results suggest that snails consumed C3 and C4 plants arbitrarily through time, however, higher proportion of C4 plants may have been consumed in the past compared to the present. Cerion was ~ 1‰ higher in average δ13C value than Annularidae specimens for some time-intervals, indicating greater C4 plant consumption and/or higher ingestion of carbonate-rich sediments. The average δ18O value of Cerion was − 0.5 ± 0.8‰ for modern individuals, − 0.5 ± 0.5‰ for late Holocene specimens, − 0.8 ± 0.2‰ for middle Holocene shells, − 0.4 ± 0.6‰ for ~ 85 or ~ 110 ka specimens, and − 0.3 ± 0.6‰ for OIS 5e individuals. Annularidae individuals exhibited average δ18O values of − 0.7 ± 0.8‰, − 0.5 ± 0.9‰, − 0.9 ± 0.3‰, − 0.3 ± 0.6‰, and − 0.9 ± 0.9‰, respectively. These results point to similar atmospheric conditions over time-intervals when shell was deposited. The shell δ18O values did not significantly differ between species despite the apparent differences in lifestyle. Calculations from a snail evaporative steady-state flux balance model and proxy data suggest that modern individuals deposited shell at air temperatures of ~ 24–25 °C, ambient water δ18O values between − 4.5‰ and − 3.5‰ (SMOW), and relative humidity of ~ 87–89%. Late to middle Holocene and interglacial late Pleistocene shells appear to have precipitated under a similar environmental setting. Overall, atmospheric conditions during these Quaternary interglacial time-intervals at coastal sites of San Salvador were largely comparable to the present. This apparent environmental similarity is consistent with the relatively comparable snail richness and diversity observed at those same locales and time-intervals.
The DinG protein from Escherichia coli is a structure-specific helicase.

The Escherichia coli DinG protein is a DNA damage-inducible member of the helicase superfamily 2. Using a panel of synthetic substrates, we have systematically investigated structural requirements for DNA unwinding by DinG. We have found that the helicase does not unwind blunt-ended DNAs or substrates with 3′-ss tails. On the other hand, the 5′-ss tails of 11-15 nucleotides are sufficient to initiate DNA duplex unwinding; bifurcated substrates further facilitate helicase activity. DinG is active on 5′-flap structures; however, it is unable to unwind 3′-flaps. Similarly to the homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad3 helicase, DinG unwinds DNA·RNA duplexes. DinG is active on synthetic D-loops and R-loops. The ability of the enzyme to unwind D-loops formed on superhelical plasmid DNA by the E. coli recombinase RecA suggests that D-loops may be natural substrates for DinG. Although the availability of 5′-ssDNA tails is a strict requirement for duplex unwinding by DinG, the unwinding of D-loops can be initiated on substrates without any ss tails. Since DinG is DNA damage-inducible and is active on D-loops and forked structures, which mimic intermediates of homologous recombination and replication, we conclude that this helicase may be involved in recombinational DNA repair and the resumption of replication after DNA damage.
Rings with (a, b, c) = (a, c, b) and (a, [b, c]d) = 0: A Case Study Using Albert

Albert is an interactive computer system for building nonassociative algebras [2]. In this paper, we suggest certain techniques for using Albert that allow one to posit and test hypotheses effectively. This process provides a fast way to achieve new results, and interacts nicely with traditional methods. We demonstrate the methodology by proving that any semiprime ring, having characteristic ≠2,3, and satisfying the identities (a, b, c) - (a, c, b) = (a, [b, c]d) = 0,is asociative. This generalizes a recent result by Y. Paul [7].
Microbiological Validation of Microwave‐Circulated Water Combination Heating Technology by Inoculated Pack Studies

A 915-MHz Microwave-Circulated Water Combination (MCWC) heating technology was validated for a macaroni and cheese product using inoculated pack studies. Before the tests, heat resistances of a Clostridium sporogenes (PA 3679) spore crop were determined in neutral phosphate buffer and macaroni and cheese product. Trays of macaroni and cheese products were subjected to 3 processing levels: target process (F 0 = 2.4), under target process (F 0 = 1.2), and over target process (F 0 = 4.8). The inoculated packs were evaluated by count-reduction method and end-point method. The microbial results showed that microbial destruction resulting from MCWC heating technology matched the calculated degree of sterilization (F 0 value). This study suggests that the MCWC heating technology has potential in sterilizing packaged foods.
a computational approach enhances learning in Aplysia

A mathematical model based on the dynamics of molecular signaling pathways predicts an optimal training regimen that enhances learning and memory.
Methylation of mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene is altered upon cellular differentiation and loss of phenotypic expression.

Morphologically differentiated cell lines were previously isolated from a mouse teratocarcinoma stem cell line exhibiting an unstable heterozygous deficiency for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) expression. In this study, the methylation sensitive and insensitive isoschizomer restriction endonucleases HpaII and MspI, respectively, were used to demonstrate that theaprt gene in the heterozygous deficient stem cell line was hypomethylated. Loss of APRT activity in this stem cell line was not associated with DNA methylation change. However, differentiation of this stem cell line was associated with hypermethylation of three consecutive HpaII/MspI sites that were located in the second intron and the third exon of theaprt gene. A total of 15 independent APRT homozygous deficient cell lines were isolated from three differentiated heterozygous deficient cell lines, and in all 15 cell lines this differentiation-related methylation pattern was altered. Two classes of alterations were noted: (1) hypomethylation of a site located in the second intron or (2) the apparent spreading of methylation to downstream methylation sites. The CpG-rich promoter region remained hypomethylated in the APRT homozygous deficient differentiated cell lines and a methylation change affecting a specific CpG site upstream of the promoter region was noted in only two of the 15 homozygous deficient cell lines. It is proposed that methylation of the mouseaprt gene may be involved in controlling phenotypic expression in the differentiated cell lines, but not in the stem cell line they were derived from.
The Role of Cognitive–Affective Themes in the Assessment and Treatment of Trauma Reactions

Trauma is increasingly understood in terms of its effect on cognitive–affective meaning structures and processes, referred to as themes. This idea is contextualized within the theoretical perspectives now dominant in the field of traumatic stress to illustrate its potential as a unifying principal. An argument is developed for the clinical utility of focusing on themes in both assessment and treatment, and recent research supporting this perspective is reviewed. A clinical case is presented to illustrate the utility of a thematic approach to assessment and treatment. Finally, limitations and future directions of the research are discussed.
Sensory Attributes of Corn Tortillas with Substitutions of Potato, Rice, and Pinto Beans

Corn tortillas were prepared with substitutions of 12, 24, and 36% of two varieties of potato, 10, 20, and 30% of rice, and 5, 10, and 15% of pinto beans. Trained judges developed descriptors for appearance, aroma, manual and oral texture, flavor, and aftereffects, to quantify differences from the all-corn reference. Up to 24% of either variety of potato, 30% of rice, and 15% beans could be substituted before undesirable sensory differences were detected. Potato improved texture, producing a softer, more flexible tortilla. Beans produced a less yellow, harder tortilla, and rice caused few sensory changes. Sensory texture compared well with Instron hardness and elongation measurements. Protein and lysine were unchanged by potato, increased by bean, and slightly decreased by rice substitution.
Estimated folate intakes: data updated to reflect food fortification, increased bioavailability, and dietary supplement use

Background: There is a critical need to estimate dietary folate intakes for nutrition monitoring and food safety evaluations, but available intake data are seriously limited by several factors. Objective: Our objective was to update 2 national food consumption surveys to reflect folate intakes as a result of the recently initiated food fortification program and to correct folate intakes for the apparently higher bioavailability of synthetic folic acid (SFA; ie, folate added to foods or from dietary supplements) than of naturally occurring folate so as to express intakes as dietary folate equivalents. Design: It was not possible to chemically analyze foods, so adjustments were made to food-composition data by using information about food ingredients and characteristics. Total folate intakes were estimated for several sex and age groups by using the modified data coupled with dietary supplement use. Results: Within the limitations of the data, our findings suggested that 67‐95% of the population met or surpassed the new estimated average requirement, depending on the sex and age group and survey. Nonetheless, some subgroups had estimated intakes below these standards. Estimated SFA intakes suggested that <15‐25% of children aged 1‐8 y, depending on the survey, had intakes above the newly established tolerable upper intake level. We estimated that 68‐87% of females of childbearing age had SFA intakes below the recommended intake of 400 mg/d, depending on the age group and survey. Conclusion: There is a need to explore ways to improve folate intakes in targeted subgroups, including females of childbearing age, while not putting other population groups at risk of excessive intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:198‐207.
The risk of stillbirth and infant death stratified by gestational age in women with gestational diabetes

Sought to compare the different mortality risks between delivery and expectant management in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
It isn’t like this on TV: Revisiting CPR survival rates depicted on popular TV shows

Abstract Background Public perceptions of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be influenced by the media. Nearly two decades ago, a study found that the rates of survival following CPR were far higher in popular TV shows than actual rates. In recent years, major strides toward enhanced education and communication around life sustaining interventions have been made. This study aimed to reassess the accuracy of CPR portrayed by popular medical TV shows. Additionally, we sought to determine whether these shows depicted discussions of care preferences and referenced advance directives. Methods Three trained research assistants independently coded two leading medical dramas airing between 2010 and 2011, Grey's Anatomy and House. Patient characteristics, CPR survival rates, and goals of care discussions were recorded. Results CPR was depicted 46 times in the 91 episodes, with a survival rate of 69.6%. Among those immediately surviving following CPR, the majority (71.9%) survived to hospital discharge and 15.6% died before discharge. Advance directive discussions only occurred for two patients, and preferences regarding code status (8.7%), intubation (6.5%) and feeding (4.3%) rarely occurred. Conclusions Both popular TV shows portrayed CPR as more effective than actual rates. Overall, the shows portrayed an immediate survival rate nearly twice that of actual survival rates. Inaccurate TV portrayal of CPR survival rates may misinform viewers and influence care decisions made during serious illness and at end of life.
Electron holography for 2-D dopant profiling

We have demonstrated that off-axis holography can be realized in TEM and applied to 2-D quantitative analysis of p-n junctions in submicron devices. Examples of the recent work showed that millisecond laser anneal does not cause lateral diffusion of As extension implant in n-FET devices. The reduction of potential variation across depletion region in n-FET devices with carbon co-implant was directly observed. In combination with the SIMS data it is attributed to suppression of Boron halo diffusion. The short channel device characteristics can be improved if carbon co-implant is used.
Zinc Deficiency Is Associated with Increased Brain Zinc Import and LIV-1 Expression and Decreased ZnT-1 Expression in Neonatal Rats

Zinc (Zn) deficiency has been associated with adverse behavioral outcomes in infants and children. However, Zn deficiency does not affect brain Zn concentration, suggesting that brain Zn homeostasis is tightly regulated. The recent identification of Zn-specific transport proteins allowed us to examine effects of low Zn intake on tissue Zn level, brain Zn uptake, and zinc transporter expression and localization in neonatal rat brain. Female rats were fed diets differing only in Zn content [7, moderately zinc deficient (ZD); 10, marginally zinc deficient (MZD); or 25 mg Zn/kg, control] and pups were killed on postnatal d 11. Plasma and brain Zn concentrations were measured, brain Zn uptake was assessed using (65)Zn, brain metallothionein-I and -III; LIV-1, zinc transporter ZnT-1, and ZnT-3 expression was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR. LIV-1 localization in the brain was determined by immunohistochemistry; brain and hippocampi LIV-1 and ZnT-1 protein expressions were measured by Western blotting. Plasma Zn concentration was lower in MZD and ZD pups, whereas brain Zn concentration was not affected. Brain Zn uptake was higher in MZD and ZD rats compared with controls. Metallothionein-I and ZnT-1 expressions were lower and LIV-1 expression was higher in the whole brain of MZD and ZD pups. Metallothionein-III and ZnT-3 mRNA expressions were not affected. LIV-1 was localized to the plasma membrane of many brain cell types, including hippocampal pyramidal neurons and the apical membrane of the choroid plexus. Our results indicate that Zn deficiency results in alterations in Zn transporter expression, which facilitates increased brain Zn uptake and results in the conservation of brain Zn during Zn deficiency.
Mink Subdomains That Mediate Modulation of and Association with Kvlqt1

KvLQT1 is a voltage-gated potassium channel expressed in cardiac cells that is critical for myocardial repolarization. When expressed alone in heterologous expression systems, KvLQT1 channels exhibit a rapidly activating potassium current that slowly deactivates. MinK, a 129 amino acid protein containing one transmembrane-spanning domain modulates KvLQT1, greatly slowing activation, increasing current amplitude, and removing inactivation. Using deletion and chimeric analysis, we have examined the structural determinants of MinK effects on gating modulation and subunit association. Coexpression of KvLQT1 with a MinK COOH-terminus deletion mutant (MinK ΔCterm) in Xenopus oocytes resulted in a rapidly activated potassium current closely resembling currents recorded from oocytes expressing KvLQT1 alone, indicating that this region is necessary for modulation. To determine whether MinK ΔCterm was associated with KvLQT1, a functional tag (G55C) that confers susceptibility to partial block by external cadmium was engineered into the transmembrane domain of MinK ΔCterm. Currents derived from coexpression of KvLQT1 with MinK ΔCterm were cadmium sensitive, suggesting that MinK ΔCterm does associate with KvLQT1, but does not modulate gating. To determine which MinK regions are sufficient for KvLQT1 association and modulation, chimeras were generated between MinK and the Na+ channel β1 subunit. Chimeras between MinK and β1 could only modulate KvLQT1 if they contained both the MinK transmembrane domain and COOH terminus, suggesting that the MinK COOH terminus alone is not sufficient for KvLQT1 modulation, and requires an additional, possibly associative interaction between the MinK transmembrane domain and KvLQT1. To identify the MinK subdomains necessary for gating modulation, deletion mutants were designed and coexpressed with KvLQT1. A MinK construct with amino acid residues 94–129 deleted retained the ability to modulate KvLQT1 gating, identifying the COOH-terminal region critical for gating modulation. Finally, MinK/MiRP1 (MinK related protein-1) chimeras were generated to investigate the difference between these two closely related subunits in their ability to modulate KvLQT1. The results from this analysis indicate that MiRP1 cannot modulate KvLQT1 due to differences within the transmembrane domain. Our results allow us to identify the MinK subdomains that mediate KvLQT1 association and modulation.
Identifying similar words and contexts in natural language with SenseClusters

SenseClusters is a freely available intelligent system that clusters together similar contexts in natural language text. Thereafter it assigns identifying labels to these clusters based on their content. It is a purely unsupervised approach that is language independent, and uses no knowledge other than what is available in raw un-annotated corpora. In addition to clustering similar contexts, it can be used to identify synonyms and sets of related words. It has been applied to a diverse range of problems, including proper name disambiguation, word sense discrimination, email organization, and document clustering. SenseClusters is a complete system that supports feature selection from large corpora, several different context representation schemes, various clustering algorithms, the creation of descriptive and discriminating labels for the discovered clusters, and evaluation relative to gold standard data.
Organic integration: the natural process underlying communication integration

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to progress research on integrated communication management from its current debates on definitions and normative models to research‐based understanding of how integration works and is implemented at an organisation with a high level of integration. Also, the paper seeks to provide insights for communication managers on implementing successful integrated communication programs.Design/methodology/approach – This research incorporated a qualitative single case study of an exemplary organisational case of integrated communication, using three data sources: depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis.Findings – Communication integration operates organically, through cross‐functional connections and knowledge sharing and facilitated by an open organisational structure whereby integration occurs naturally.Research limitations/implications – Though other configurations may exist in high‐functioning integrated programs, this study provides a new directio...
Coccidioidomycosis: Clinical Update

Over the last decade coccidioidomycosis, a fungal infection endemic to the desert Southwest of the United States, has gained national prominence. This review summarizes recent advances in the clinical understanding of this disease. Immunosuppressive therapy and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus are recognized risk factors for the development of severe, progressive disease. Although relatively uncommon, extrapulmonary dissemination of Coccidioides immitis can lead to chronic infection of the skin, bones, and meninges. Culture and histologic examination are important in establishment of the diagnosis, but serologic tests remain both diagnostically and prognostically useful. Treatment is problematic. Coccidioidomycosis is an unpredictable disease, and assessments of drug efficacy are difficult. Ketoconazole is challenging amphotericin B as the preferred treatment for some manifestations. However, many of the adverse effects of ketoconazole have only recently been recognized. Newer antifungal agents, such as fluconazole and itraconazole, hold promise for the future. Coccidioidomycosis has traditionally been considered a disease of only regional interest. In the United States, acquisition of the infection is confined to the arid sections of the Southwest, areas which until recently have been sparsely populated. Because of its regional confinement, coccidioidomycosis is not perceived to have a substantial national impact. This view should be reconsidered, however, in light of several recent developments. First, within the endemic area or closely adjacent to it are some of the fastestgrowing and largest population centers in the country. Second, the desert Southwest remains a tourist center, and visits to the region result in exposure and infection of an uncounted number of people each year. Third, the increasing use of immunosuppressive therapies in transplantation, oncology, and rheumatology as well as the epidemic of AIDS have greatly increased the incidence of recurrent and severe coccidioidal disease. Because of these factors, coccidioidomycosis is now a regional mycosis of national significance. Since Drutz and Catanzaro published their exten
Feedback control of the nuclear magnetization state: modeling and control design

Magnetic resonance (MR) images are obtained by observing the fluctuations in nuclear magnetization produced by sequences of RF pulses and applied magnetic field gradients. The design of a pulse sequence is based on the expected response of the nuclear magnetization. Currently, all pulse sequence parameters are loaded into the pulse programmer before the start of the sequence and remain unchanged until the completion of the sequence. A fundamentally different approach is considered, whereby the sequence parameters are adjusted between successive RF excitation pulses. In this manner, the nuclear magnetization is regulated to a desired state by using measurements of the magnetization to adjust the amplitude and duration of the RF pulses. Feedback control of the nuclear magnetization state may be advantageous in certain types of MR experiments, for example those requiring a repeated spin-echo or gated MR image acquisition. As a first step in developing this approach a simple scheme for regulating the angle between the bulk magnetization and the axis applied static magnetic field is presented. The behavior of the closed-loop system is explored using computer simulations. >
A Descriptive Study of Nurse Managers and Leadership

This descriptive study was designed to examine the leadership activities of nurse managers. Through the use of an open-ended questionnaire, 42 nurse managers were asked to describe how they operationalized seven leadership concepts identified through a literature search: goals, change, influence, power, growth, mentoring, and vision. Findings indicate that the leadership activities described by the nurse managers were congruent with the descriptions in the leadership literature. Given the complex nature of the role of the nurse manager, leadership skills are essential for survival.
DayStar: Modeling the Daytime Performance of a Star Tracker for High Altitude Balloons

High altitude balloon platforms are capable of flying diffraction limited telescopes with numerous advantages over orbital observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope. A requisite for such long-term missions is an attitude determination system that can operate diurnally with sub-arcsecond accuracy to provide continuous attitude knowledge. The common choice for such an instrument is a star tracker; however, even at altitudes above 30 kilometers, atmospheric scattering of daylight produces enough ambient light to prevent star trackers from operating in the full visible spectrum. DayStar, designed and constructed at the University of Colorado at Boulder, is a prototype star tracker that combines a high quality CMOS camera and custom filtered optics to provide an attitude solution during the day that is accurate to better than 1.0 arcseconds RMS. The system design is qualitatively straightforward; the blue end of the spectrum is filtered out, eliminating most of the scattered daylight and leaving many stars in the red portion of the spectrum visible. A camera with sufficient red performance can then capture the residual light. However, quantifying this system requires that the ambient background, starlight and camera performance all be characterized as a function of wavelength, which has proven to be nontrivial. In this paper the system design process for DayStar is discussed, focusing on the modeling required to quantify its daytime performance. Such a model demonstrates that, despite daytime ambient light conditions in the stratosphere, a star tracker can still operate with accuracy comparable to the diffraction limit of high performance telescopes. By using a star tracker such as DayStar, a high altitude balloon observatory would be able to match the image quality of Hubble for a fraction of the price.
Dynamic Channel Allocation and Space-Time LMMSE Joint Detection in a TDD/CDMA Cellular Network with Traffic Asymmetry

In a TDD/CDMA network with variable traffic asymmetry across cells, dynamic channel allocation (DCA) enhances resource utilization compared to fixed channel allocation (FCA). However, it also induces crossed-slot intercell interference, which can severely degrade the system performance. To tackle this problem, we propose a scheme that combines a decentralized interference-aware DCA algorithm with space-time LMMSE joint detection at the receivers. Thus, crossed-slot interference is initially mitigated at the resource allocation layer and, then, residual intercell interference is suppressed (along with intersymbol and intracell interference) at the physical layer. The uplink performance of this scheme is evaluated in terms of SINR outage and average throughput via system-level simulations and is compared to that of benchmark random DCA and FCA schemes. The proposed scheme is shown to outperform random DCA and achieve a considerable throughput gain over FCA, that increases with the number of receive antennas.
Linearly rising Regge trajectories and bag and string models for hadrons.

Experimental evidence conclusively establishing rising Regge trajectories is strongly suggestive of a universal string or vortex connecting quarks. We perform fits incorporating the latest data (highest-spin states) and show that apparent deviations from a universal, linear Regge trajectory can be completely explained in terms of nonzero masses for the quarks at the end of the string. We advocate continued, detailed study of Regge trajectories and their high-spin members as one of the best laboratories for exploring the nature of quark confinement in QCD.
The effects of an intensive behavior and nutrition intervention compared to standard of care on weight outcomes in CF.

Inadequate intake and suboptimal growth are common problems for patients with CF and a critical target for intervention. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth outcomes of children with CF who participated in a randomized clinical trial to improve energy intake and weight to children with CF receiving standard of care during the same time period. Our primary outcome was change in body mass index z-score (BMI z-score) over 2 years. An exploratory outcome was forced expiratory volume at 1-sec (FEV(1) ) over 2 years. Participants were children ages 4-12 with CF, who participated in a randomized clinical trial of behavior plus nutrition intervention versus nutrition education alone, and a matched Comparison Sample receiving standard of care drawn from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) Registry. Children in the Clinical Trial Group (N=67) participated in a 9-week, nutrition intervention and were followed at regular intervals (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months) for 2 years post-treatment to obtain anthropometric and pulmonary function data. For each child in the Comparison Sample (N=346), these measures were obtained from the CFF Registry at matching intervals for the 27-month period corresponding to the clinical trial. Over 27 months, children in the Clinical Trial Group (the combined sample of the behavior plus nutrition and the nutrition alone) demonstrated significantly less decline in BMI z-score, -0.05 (SD=0.68, CI= -0.23 to 0.13), as compared to children in the Comparison Sample, -0.21 (SD=0.67, CI= -0.31 to -0.11). No statistically significant differences were found for decline in FEV(1) between children in the Clinical Trial Group and the Comparison Sample. The key implication of these findings is that intensive behavioral and nutritional intervention is effective and needs to be adapted so that it can be broadly disseminated into clinical practice.
Strength, workload, anaerobic intensity and the immune response to resistance exercise in women

Aim: The mechanism linking exercise intensity to the magnitude of the immune response is not completely understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the immune response to resistance exercise was associated with (1) changes in workload or (2) anaerobic exercise intensity. Methods: Previously untrained women underwent 6 months of resistance training for lower and upper body (TOTAL, n = 34) or for upper body alone (UPPER, n = 30). Lymphocyte subsets [T (CD3+), CD4+, CD8+, NK and B], functional markers (CD45RA+ and CD45RO+), and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin-M, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen) and superantigen (staphylococcus a. cowans)-stimulated proliferation were measured from blood samples collected pre- and post-exercise for a squat resistance exercise consisting of six sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum. This protocol was performed before (T0) and after 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6) of training. Results: Lymphocyte recruitment to the circulation and proliferation following resistance exercise did not differ between training groups at any time, although the TOTAL group performed at a higher workload as training progressed. With respect to anaerobic intensity, exercise-induced increases in NK, CD4+, CD8+ and B lymphocyte concentrations were 42 (P = 0.07), 76 (P < 0.05), 72 (P < 0.05) and 242% (P < 0.01) greater in women in the highest compared with the lowest post-exercise lactate quartiles. Lymphocyte proliferation did not differ between lactate quartiles. Conclusions: Anaerobic intensity, rather than increased strength and workload, is associated with the number of lymphocytes recruited to the circulation, but not T and B cell proliferation responses.
Open-Flask Synthesis of Amine-Boranes via Tandem Amine-Ammonium Salt Equilibration-Metathesis.

An amine–ammonium salt equilibration–metathesis sequence provides high-purity amine–boranes in excellent yields from sodium borohydride in refluxing reagent-grade tetrahydrofuran in an open flask.
Melgunov’s Field Trip (1858–1860)

In the period between 1834 and 1859, the Russians had pursued a relentless campaign against the Chechen and other peoples of the Caucasus. Since an earlier date, Sheikh Shamil, a Moslem militant figure also known as Imam Shamil, had emerged as the leader of anti-Russian resistance. The command of the Russian forces headquartered in Tbilisi and charged with subduing the sheikh’s people was with Field Marshal Prince Aleksander Ivanovich Bariatinski, a descendant of the Ruriki dynasty that had founded Russia. After a series of inconclusive operations, finally, in 1859, the Bariatinski’s forces defeated the Chechen and captured the sheikh.
We Are Coming Home: Repatriation and the Restoration of Blackfoot Cultural Confidence

We are Coming Home is an oral history of relationship building between museums and First Nations and their efforts over thirty years to return sacred bundles to Blackfoot First Nations in Canada, f...
The effects of immersiveness and future VR expectations on subjec-tive-experiences during an educational 360° video

Virtual reality may potentially create immersive experiences compelling people to believe they are physically present in a virtual space. This may augment learning by increasing interest in the lea...
The Role of Musical Experience in Hemispheric Lateralization of Global and Local Auditory Processing.

The global precedence effect is a phenomenon in which global aspects of visual and auditory stimuli are processed before local aspects. Individuals with musical experience perform better on all asp...
Biomarkers for selection of therapy for adenocarcinoma of the lung

To suggest that the discovery of targetable driver mutations in many patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung has completely transformed the work-up and therapeutic options for this disease would not be hyperbole. Although not curative, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors directed at oncogene-addicted tumors have led to significantly improved response rates compared with cytotoxic chemotherapy, with often manageable toxicities and better tolerance. However, the absence of reliable clinical predictors has made molecular testing essential to ensure that patients receive the proper medical management. We outline the many recent advances with regard to diagnosis and treatment of oncogene-addicted advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer.
Catalytic Dinuclear Nickel Spin Crossover Mechanism and Selectivity for Alkyne Cyclotrimerization

Homodinuclear transition-metal catalysts with a direct metal–metal bond have the potential to induce novel reaction mechanisms and selectivity compared with mononuclear catalysts. The dinuclear (i-PrNDI)Ni2(C6H6) (NDI = naphthyridine-diimine) complex catalyzes selective cyclotrimerization of monosubstituted alkynes, whereas mononuclear Ni catalysts generally give cyclotetramerization of alkynes. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the homodinuclear Ni–Ni catalyst induces a spin crossover mechanism that involves metallacyclopentadiene and nonclassical bridging metallacycloheptatriene intermediates. The cis configuration of the nonclassical bridging metallacycloheptatriene Ni–vinyl bonds results in alkyne cyclotrimerization by fast reductive elimination. This dinuclear mechanism differs from previously reported mononuclear Ni mechanisms and provides an explanation for cyclotrimerization versus cyclotetramerization selectivity and arene regioselectivity.
Selling Subversion: An African City and the Promise of Online Television

When An African City, an online television series produced in Ghana, debuted in 2014, the show immediately garnered a following, both within Ghana and abroad. The success of An African City demonst...
Vibrational spectroscopy modeling of a drug in molecular solvents and enzymes

Abstract Modeling of drugs in enzymes is of immensurable value to many areas of science. We present a theoretical study on the vibrational spectroscopy of Rilpivirine, a HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in conventional solvents and in clinically relevant enzymes. The study is based on vibrational spectroscopy modeling of the drug using molecular dynamics simulations, DFT frequency maps, and theory. The modeling of the infrared lineshape shows good agreement with experimental data for the drug in molecular solvents where the local environment motions define the vibrational band lineshape. On the other hand, the theoretical description of the drug in the different enzymes does not match previous experimental findings indicating that the utilized methodology might not apply to heterogeneous environments. Our findings show that the lack of reproducibility might be associated with the development of the frequency map which does not contain all of the possible interactions observed in such systems.
Characterization of coherent quantum frequency combs using electro-optic phase modulation

We demonstrate a two-photon interference experiment for phase coherent biphoton frequency combs (BFCs), created through spectral amplitude filtering of biphotons with a continuous broadband spectrum. By using an electro-optic phase modulator, we project the BFC lines into sidebands that overlap in frequency. The resulting high-visibility interference patterns provide an approach to verify frequency-bin entanglement even with slow single-photon detectors; we show interference patterns with visibilities that surpass the classical threshold for qubit and qutrit states. Additionally, we show that with entangled qutrits, two-photon interference occurs even with projections onto different final frequency states. Finally, we show the versatility of this scheme for weak-light measurements by performing a series of two-dimensional experiments at different signal-idler frequency offsets to measure the dispersion of a single-mode fiber.
Evaluation of various models of propane-powered mosquito traps

Large cage and field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of various models of propane-powered mosquito traps. These traps utilized counterflow technology in conjunction with catalytic combustion to produce attractants (carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat) and a thermoelectric generator that converted excess heat into electricity for stand-alone operation. The cage studies showed that large numbers of Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus were captured and that each progressive model resulted in increased trapping efficiency. In several field studies against natural populations of mosquitoes two different propane traps were compared against two other trap systems, the professional (PRO) and counterflow geometry (CFG) traps. In these studies the propane traps consistently caught more mosquitoes than the PRO trap and significantly fewer mosquitoes than the CFG traps. The difference in collection size between the CFG and propane traps was due mostly to Anopheles crucians. In spring 1997 the CFG trap captured 3.6X more An. crucians than the Portable Propane (PP) model and in spring 1998 it captured 6.3X more An. crucians than the Mosquito Magnet Beta-1 (MMB-1) trap. Both the PP and MMB-1 captured slightly more Culex spp. than the CFG trap.
Some Important Background Material

Criminal justice forecasts of risk are increasingly being associated with machine learning and artificial intelligence. One might get the impression that constructing statistical forecasts of criminal behavior is primarily a technical enterprise. But the forecasted risks inform real decisions by criminal justice officials and other stakeholders. As a result, a wide range of matters can arise, only some of which are technical. Although for expositional purposes the issues must be examined one at a time, in practice each should be considered as part of a whole. Decisions about one necessarily affect decisions about another. Implied is the need to consider tradeoffs between competing priorities. We begin with some rather broad concerns and gradually narrow the discussion.
On Designing Health Care Plans and Systems from the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Perspective

Many studies of medical decision making focus on the cost effectiveness of taking action A for disease X. These focused evaluations do not consider that the recommended actions must compete in aggregate for available resources. Relatively fewer studies have considered the aggregate decision making required for the rational design of health care. The operations research perspective and, in particular, the MCDM perspective can aid our understanding of the design of health care plans from the insurer’s and payer’s perspectives. This paper considers issues in defining health benefits plans and suggests how MCDM methodology can assist in structuring the appropriate decision context. Issues to be addressed in designing health plans include global budgets, new technology, system objectives, the hierarchy of decision makers in medical care, and data requirements. While MCDM methods may be useful in health policy making, considering these complex applications can also provide a focus for further conceptual and methodological developments in MCDM.
Carcinogenicity of nitrosothiomorpholine and 1-nitrosopiperazine in rats

Two cyclic nitrosamines, nitrosothiomorpholine and 1-nitrosopiperazine, have been tested by long term feeding to rats in drinking water, at 50 mg/l and 200 mg/l. Nitrosothiomorpholine produced tumors, both benign and malignant, of the esophagus and tongue. Nitrosopiperazine appeared to be definitely tumorigenic, although it showed no selectivity of site for tumor induction and induced tumors in a wide range of organs and tissues. Nitrosopiperazine was very much less acutely toxic than dinitrosopiperazine.