cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal acceleration of time-domain integral-equation solvers for electromagnetic scattering from objects residing in lossy media

The computational cost and memory requirements of classical marching-on-in-time (MOT)-based time-domain integral-equation (TDIE) solvers for analyzing scattering of electromagnetic waves from surfaces residing in lossy media scale as O(NN) and O(NNt), respectively; here, Ns and Nt are the number of spatial and temporal degrees of freedom of the surface currents. The quadratic dependency of these costs upon Ns and Nt prevents these methods from being applied to the analysis of large-scale scattering phenomena. Here, an accelerator is proposed to improve the scaling of these TDIE solvers' computational complexity and memory requirements with Nt. The accelerator casts temporal tails in convolutions of the lossy medium-wave-equation Green's function and TDIE solver temporal-current basis functions in terms of a Prony series. This representation enables computation of the fields produced by surface currents within an MOT framework via recursive convolution. A technique that allows the reuse of Prony series poles for extended spatial interaction ranges, thereby greatly enhancing the scheme's efficacy, is proffered. The scheme's computational cost and memory requirements scale as O(NNtlog Nt) and O(Nlog Nt), respectively, with fairly small multiplicative factors. Besides being useful in the analysis of scattering from electromagnetically small objects residing in lossy backgrounds, the proposed scheme also constitutes a key building block in the construction of improved lossy-medium plane-wave time-domain algorithms with efficient near-field evaluation capability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 223–230, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20595
Infrared spectra (350-250 cm -1 ) of a series of hexachlororhenate (IV) salts

Abstract The infrared spectra of a series of [ReCl 6 ] 2− salts have been, recorded from 350–250 cm −1 . The position of the v 3 mode is found to be dependent upon the counter-ion. Factors leading to the asymmetric shape of the band peaks are briefly discussed.
Transcendental function analogue computation with magnetic cores

SQUARE loop magnetic cores used in conjunction with switching transistors can be made to perform a great number of arithmetical operations. Previous papers have shown how these elements can be used to obtain 4-quadrant multiplication1 and division2. This paper presents a basic circuit and shows how this circuitry can be utilized to obtain various sorts of computations. Specifically, experimental data are presented showing results obtained with the use of the circuit to obtain an output voltage proportional to the square root and other fractional powers of an input voltage, the arc sine of an input voltage, the sine of an input voltage and the product of two voltages. These are only a few of the possible outputs which are theoretically attainable.
Counseling youth about military service options and Selective Service registration: an integral part of anticipatory guidance of adolescents.

Pediatricians play a crucial role in counseling adolescents about numerous aspects of health and well-being. Anticipatory guidance for this age group includes discussion of risk-taking behaviors; drug, tobacco, and alcohol use; depression and suicide; sexuality and safe sex practices; family planning and dynamics; eating disorders; and a wide variety of other health and developmentally related topics.1–4 Counseling this age group may also include issues related to planning for higher education and future vocation. I propose that anticipatory guidance of adolescents should also include discussion about military service and alternatives, the laws regarding registration (and consequences for failure to register) with the Selective Service System (SSS), and the medical and psychological effects of war. Specific developmental challenges face adolescents who opt for (United States) or are required to participate in (many other countries) military service. By late adolescence, individuals have usually developed the ability to think in abstract terms, plan for their future, and engage in independent life choices,5 yet this age group still lacks full psychosocial maturation. Exposure to the demands of military service (absolute conformity and obedience, lack of independence, separation from family, real risk of physical harm) places unique stresses on adolescents in peacetime and even more so during times of war.5 The purpose of this commentary is to raise awareness among pediatricians and other providers of adolescent health care about current SSS laws, possible changes to such laws that could occur at any time, and options available to adolescents who, by reason of conscience, choose not to participate in military service or perhaps even register with the SSS. To my knowledge, this topic is rarely if ever discussed in the context of anticipatory guidance of adolescents facing educational and career choices, and extensive search of the literature failed to reveal any references … Address correspondence to Carl E. Stafstrom, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, H6-528, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792. E-mail: stafstrom{at}neurology.wisc.edu
Logical relations and comprehension in conversation

This study examines how logical relations (e.g., causality and identity) in spoken discourse affect comprehension. Research on cohesion, which shows that specific unit template structures link discourse and text together, is used to build a model of language comprehension that places template structures at the base of a context comparison operation. Subjects were engaged in ordinary conversation with a confederate trained to produce specific types of logical utterances unobtrusively. The comprehension model predicted that systematically different latencies, topical response, and remedial response of subjects would follow the test items produced by the confederate. The data support the predictions. It is shown that comprehension occurs via one processing path if there is a direct tie between the target item and the immediately prior item in discourse, and a separate processing path if the tie is between the target item and the earlier context. Subject response in conversation is shown to display useful evidence on the nature of comprehension achieved. The findings specify and extend the recent research on the integration of new information into a textual structure.
Effect of peroxisome proliferators on the methylation and protein level of the c‐myc protooncogene in B6C3F1 mice liver

Peroxisome proliferators in general are nongenotoxic mouse liver carcinogens for which DNA hypomethylation and altered gene expression are proposed mechanisms. Therefore, the peroxisome proliferators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), gemfibrozil, and Wy-14,643 were evaluated for the ability to alter the methylation and expression of the c-myc protooncogene. Male B6C3F1 mice were administered for 6 days in their diet Wy-14,643 (5-500 ppm), 2,4-D (1,680 ppm), DBP (20,000 ppm), or gemfibrozil (8,000 ppm). All four peroxisome proliferators caused hypomethylation of the c-myc gene in the liver. Wy-14,643 appeared to be the most efficacious with a threshold between 10 and 50 ppm. The level of the c-myc protein was increased by Wy-14,643, but not the other peroxisome proliferators. When female B6C3F1 mice received a two-thirds partially hepatectomy and 16 h later were administered 50 mg/kg Wy-14,643 by gavage, hypomethylation of the gene occurred 24 h later. Hypomethylation was not found in mice that received Wy-14,643 following a sham operation. Hypomethylation of the c-myc gene within 24 h of administering Wy-14,643 after a partial hepatectomy but not after a sham operation supports the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferators prevent methylation of hemimethylated sites formed by DNA replication.
EEG correlates of emotional tasks related to attentional demands

Abstract This research brings together two separate areas: (1) that of EEG processes associated with positive and negatively valenced emotional material; and (2) that of traditional psychophysiological research related to the “intake” and “rejection” of environmental stimuli. Forty males on each of two days were presented with tasks reflecting both attentional demands and affectual processing. Heart rate and bilateral EEG measures from frontal, parietal and temporal sites were recorded. Using a FFT (fast Fourier transform) electrocortical activity in the 2–7 Hz, 8–15 Hz, and 16–24 Hz was determined and analyzed. The results suggest emotional valence (i.e. positive and negative) and attentional demands (i.e. intake vs rejection) are differentially represented in terms of EEG functioning. An interaction of attentional demand with hemisphere was found for EEG alpha activity in the temporal and parietal areas. For emotional valence there was a significant main effect for EEG beta activity in both the temporal and parietal areas. Differential hemispheric activity was found using a factor analytic technique (PARAFAC) with positively valenced tasks being associated with right temporal beta. Heart rate changes for the attentional dimension were consistent with previous research.
The enlightenment revolution: A historical study of positive change through science teacher education

The impact of Pestalozzian theory as embodied in object teaching was only significantly felt in America when teacher-education institutions began teaching the spirit and techniques of this method. Sheldon and his colleagues helped spread object teaching across America by utilizing inservice teacher education, preservice teacher education, a Practice School, and education of teacher educators. This enlightenment in education shifted the instructional focus to the child, stressing activity and concrete experiences, rather than dull rote memorization. Elementary school science evolved from object teaching, and methods of science instruction were influenced by the object teaching movement. Educational reform may never again occur as swiftly or as dramatically; however, the message is clear: Significant, meaningful changecan occur in schools through teacher education.
Energy-efficient hardware acceleration through computing in the memory

Energy-efficiency has emerged as a major barrier to performance scalability for modern processors. We note that significant part of processor's energy requirement is contributed by processor-memory communication. To address the energy issue in processors, we propose a novel hardware accelerator framework that transforms high-density memory array into a configurable computing resource to accelerate variety of tasks - both compute- and data-intensive. It exploits the block-based architecture of nanoscale memory to create a spatially connected array of lightweight processors, each of which uses a memory block as its local memory. The proposed framework provides some unique advantages for hardware acceleration compared to conventional accelerators: 1) memory array provides large set of parallel resources with high bandwidth, which can be configured to perform computing in spatio/temporal manner leading to dramatic reduction in processor-memory traffic; 2) it brings the computing engine close to the data, thus drastically minimizing the von Neumann bottleneck; 3) finally, it exploits the advances in memory technologies and integration approaches e.g. 3D integration to achieve better technology scalability compared to alternative reconfigurable accelerator platforms. Simulation results for several data-intensive applications show that the proposed computing approach provides significant improvement in energy-efficiency compared to software while achieving significantly lower hardware overhead.
Alcohol use and abuse among diagnosed agoraphobics.

Abstract Outpatient agoraphobics with panic were studied to determine the nature and extent of their alcohol use/abuse and its relationship to phobic symptoms. From 10 to 20% were alcoholic by DSM-III diagnoses, self-labeling and screening with the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test. Comparisons on self-report measures of demographically similar groups of alcoholic agoraphobics ( n = 22) and non-alocholic agoraphobics ( n = 21) revealed differences on a variety of etiological and current clinical dimensions. The identified alcoholics were more depressed, more socially phobic, more fearful of somatic symptoms when nervous or afraid and more likely to engage in catastrophic thinking. They also rated recent panic attacks as more intense, and reported smaller reductions in phobic avoidance when accompanied by a trusted companion. Use of alcohol to self-medicate for dysphoria was reported by 91% of the alcoholics and 43% of the nonalcoholics. Substantial proportions of the alcoholics used alcohol to reduce anxiety, to control disturbing cognitions, to accomplish necessary activities, including work or school requirements, to venture into public, and to cope with the anticipation of panic attacks. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia

The Oldowan Stone tool industry was named for 1.8-million-year-old (Myr) artefacts found near the bottom of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent archaeological research in the Omo (Ethiopia) and Turkana (Kenya) also yielded stone tools dated to 2.3 Myr. Palaeoanthropological investigations in the Hadar region of the Awash Valley of Ethiopia1, revealed Oldowan assemblages in the adjacent Gona River drainage2. We conducted field work in the Gona study area of Ethiopia between 1992 and 1994 which resulted in additional archaeological discoveries as well as radio-isotopic age control and a magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Gona sequence. These occurrences are now securely dated between 2.6–2.5 Myr. The stone tools are thus the oldest known artefacts from anywhere in the world. The artefacts show surprisingly sophisticated control of stone fracture mechanics, equivalent to much younger Oldowan assemblages of Early Pleistocene age. This indicates an unexpectedly long period of technological stasis in the Oldowan.
Spontaneous mineral deposition in sponge biopsy connective tissue.

SummaryCalcium and phosphorus content of connective tissue grown in rats implanted with polyvinyl alcohol sponges for 40 and 90 days was at high levels, which when correlated with histologic findings were indicative of salt formation. It appears that polyvinyl alcohol sponge has a greater tendency, from short term in vivo observations, to induce mineral deposits along its surfaces than other plastics tested. The data indicate a potential disadvantage to the usage of this plastic as a pliable prosthesis in human surgery.The authors are indebted to Dr. Robert J. Boucek for helpful suggestions and to Mr. Al Latimer for histologic technical assistance.
Amphibious communication with sound in hippos, Hippopotamus amphibius

The difference in acoustic impedance between air and water makes it difficult to communicate efficiently with sound in both media. Sounds made in either air or water, for example, are almost completely reflected at the boundary. Several species, however, may use amphibious communication. Here I report that hippos make sounds both in air and underwater, and, with their heads in an amphibious position (eyes and nostrils above water but mouth and throat submerged), are able to transmit sounds to both media simultaneously. Hippos on the surface respond to both natural production and playback of the surface component of a simultaneous amphibious sound (SAS) by calling in the amphibious position (territorial alpha males usually call first). Hippos underwater consistently surface immediately following an SAS, or the playback of the underwater component of an SAS, and usually call in a chorus that can spread in air from one territory to the next for long distances. I also found that hippos in the amphibious position respond to playback of underwater hippo screams that are inaudible in air, and also to natural underwater calls, suggesting that they can hear in air and water simultaneously. I discuss behaviour associated with amphibious communication and probable mechanisms for producing and receiving these sounds.
PALLADIUM, A PROGRAM TO MODEL THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF THE PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS, BASE METALS AND SULFUR IN A SOLIDIFYING PILE OF IGNEOUS CRYSTALS

The formation of platinum-group-element (PGE) deposits in layered intrusions involves an interplay of sulfide saturation and modifications that might be caused by migrating silicate liquid and volatile fluid. The program PALLADIUM has been written to illustrate the chromatographic effects occurring in a pile of igneous crystals + liquid in a fractionating magmatic system, with a pile of cumulates that is both growing in thickness while also undergoing compaction, solidification and possible separation and migration of a volatile fluid phase. The program links compaction-driven mass transport with conductive cooling and compositional evolution controlled by equilibrium partitioning between phases. The elements S, Pd, Ir, Cu and Ni are assumed to follow simple partitioning behavior among the potential phases that include immiscible sulfide liquid, silicate liquid, volatile fluid, and Pd metal. All other precipitated solids are included in the solid matrix. The initial composition of the magma, compaction parameters and other variables can be set by the user. Two examples involving the crystallization of a “dry” and a “wet” magma are presented to illustrate the utility of the program. Both cases illustrate how chromatographic and reaction effects can lead to chromatographic separation of the elements and the formation of metal alloys and other PGE-rich, S-poor phases beneath sulfide zones, as are observed in many PGE deposits. The principal difference between the “dry” magmatic precipitation of sulfide as a cotectic phase and those sulfides arising from fluid migration in a crystallizing “wet” pile of crystals is that the former cannot exceed cotectic proportions of sulfide unless there is preferential settling of sulfide, and the Pd metal zone is ephemeral. In contrast, the latter mechanism can produce sulfide-enriched zones in which sulfide abundance exceeds expected cotectic levels of saturation.
Effect of NAD on flounder muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Flounder muscle (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was characterized as to its stability towards various inactivating treatments in the presence and absence of the enzyme cofactor, NAD. Incubation of a partially purified enzyme preparation at urea concentrations greater than 2m produced a very rapid inactivation. NAD greatly reduced the rate of inactivation at all the urea concentrations tested. Incubation of each of the three major muscle enzyme forms in 0.1% trypsin or chymotrypsin for forty-five minutes decreased the activity of each form by 65% and 55%, respectively. NAD (5mm) afforded complete protection to each enzyme form from proteolytic digestion by these two enzymes. Exposure of each form to 50° or 20mm ATP also led to gross inactivation which could be greatly reduced if the respective incubations were performed in the presence of 5mm NAD. NAD was also found to be required for the renaturation of the unfolded urea-denatured subunits to form the active tetramer.
Learning Microbiology Through Cooperation: Designing Cooperative Learning Activities that Promote Interdependence, Interaction, and Accountability

A microbiology course and its corresponding learning activities have been structured according to the Cooperative Learning Model. This course, The World According to Microbes, integrates science, math, engineering, and technology (SMET) majors and non-SMET majors into teams of students charged with problem solving activities that are microbial in origin. In this study we describe development of learning activities that utilize key components of Cooperative Learning—positive interdependence, promotive interaction, individual accountability, teamwork skills, and group processing. Assessments and evaluations over an 8-year period demonstrate high retention of key concepts in microbiology and high student satisfaction with the course.
Assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas.

Seven immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, captured from Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu were used to evaluate methods for assessing their immune response. Two turtles each were immunized intramuscularly with egg white lysozyme (EWL) in Freund’s complete adjuvant, Gerbu, or ISA-70; a seventh turtle was immunized with saline only and served as a control. Humoral immune response was measured with an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell-mediated immune response was measured using in vitro cell proliferation assays (CPA) using whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) cultured with concanavalin A (ConA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble egg EWL antigen. All turtles, except for one immunized with Gerbu and the control, produced a detectable humoral immune response by 6 weeks which persisted for at least 14 weeks after a single immunization. All turtles produced an anamnestic humoral immune response after secondary immunization. Antigen specific cell-mediated immune response in PBM was seen in all turtles either after primary or secondary immunization, but it was not as consistent as humoral immune response; antigen specific cell-mediated immune response in whole blood was rarely seen. Mononuclear cells had significantly higher stimulation indices than whole blood regardless of adjuvant, however, results with whole blood had lower variability. Both Gerbu and ISA-70 appeared to potentiate the cell-mediated immune response when PBM or whole blood were cultured with PHA. This is the first time cell proliferation assays have been compared
SKWeak Attacks on Path Splicing: Vulnerability Assessment and Defense Mechanisms

Path splicing is a proposed routing architecture for the Internet in which end-hosts (and intermediate routers) are empowered to change the paths their traffic uses by modifying a number of bits in the packet headers. These bits allow intermediate routers to choose alternate paths from the shortest one. To that end, this paper exposes SKWeak (Selective K Weakest links) attacks that exploit the adaptive behavior of end-hosts, through attacking the K weakest links. We show that SKWeak attack can significantly increase the network overhead due to the use of non-optimal paths. Our results show a multiplicative factor of SKWeak attacks that are close to 700. We propose defense mechanisms that aim to limit the dynamics induced by preventing excessive splicing from end-hosts. Our assessment is conducted on the Sprint topology with synthetic traffic matrices.
Thermal Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell

Mathematical modeling of fuel cells can take place at many different levels of detail, from simplified spreadsheet representations to detailed CFD (computational fluid dynamics) models. All of these levels are utilized within General Motors Corporation Fuel Cell Activities. This paper describes the development and application of a model used for analysis of the thermal aspects of a PEM fuel cell. The model domain is a single cell in a fuel cell stack, which is broken into between ten and two hundred control volumes. Each control volume includes eleven lumps; one each for anode, cathode and coolant streams, three for diffusion media/membrane electrode assembly (DM/MEA), four for the cathode portion of the bipolar plate, and four for the anode portion of the bipolar plate. The resulting simulation has the following features; (1) Unlike most CFD representations which typically contain hundreds of thousands or even millions of elements, the model described here does not solve the equations of motion to determine velocity profiles in the anode, cathode or coolant channels. Rather, the flow rates in the anode and cathode flow fields are specified by the user. Typically, uniform flow profiles are assumed, although maldistributed flows may be specified as well. (2) By using between ten and two hundred control volumes, the model can represent the spatial variations of RH (relative humidity) and temperature, (3) The relatively low computational overhead of the modeling approach described here (as compared to a more detailed CFD approach) facilitates dynamic simulation of the cell, i.e. transient thermal response of the system can be simulated, (4) Heat effects simulated include heat released by electrochemical reaction, convection from the fluid streams to the solid lumps (DM/MEA, cathode and anode plates), and conduction in the bipolar plates. This paper also describes some of the ways the model has been used to analyze thermal aspects of fuel cell operations; (1) Sensitivity of the temperature difference between the DM/MEA and coolant plate thermal conductivity and contact resistance, and (2) Impact of coolant flow field (cross-flow and co-flow) on cathode RH. Other potential applications of this type of model are also outlined, including modeling of the cell during transient operation, and start-up.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Pancreaticobiliary biofilm: is cholesterol the answer?

Cholesterol stone formation may be a physiological response to limit bacterial biofilm development in bile. Its incorporation into plastic polymers may be a novel way to prevent biofilm development and subsequent stent occlusion in patients with biliary prostheses Bacteria in the biliary tree have been the bane of surgeons and gastroenterologists alike. On the one hand, up to 50% of patients with chronic cholecystitis have positive bile cultures, as do 75% of patients with acute cholecystitis, and virtually 100% of individuals with cholangitis.1,2 On the other hand, gut flora are thought to play a key role in the formation of at least black pigment and mixed gall stones, by virtue of mucus production, and the elaboration of B-glucuronidase that deconjugates bilirubin leading to its precipitation with calcium and palmitate.3–7 Moreover, in the form of a biofilm in which bacteria deposit themselves in complex patterns within a mucopolysaccharide or glycocalyx infrastructure, their presence has been associated with progressive occlusion of implanted medical devices which have a lumen and infections resistant to conventional courses of antibiotics.8 Plastic biliary stents, most often placed for malignant obstructive jaundice, have also been noted to occlude by virtue of biofilm development.9,10 This biofilm appears to be multidimensional and consists of slime, immunoglobulins, and other proteins in conjunction with multiple bacteria species in the setting …
Metadata requirements in a multi-layered networked environment

In future coalition operations, data assets originating from coalition partners will be made available to the broader networked community. It is expected that the ability to access networked data assets will improve the speed and accuracy of common operating picture (COP) formation. However, in such a networked environment there are issues related to the discovery and utilization of data assets when a multitude of similar assets are available. Metadata will play a key role in both the discovery and utilization processes. However, the metadata requirements are not consistent through all levels of the process. At the local level, metadata exists to support application level connection and interaction with the asset. This type of metadata may be particular to the application or in-house system. However, when the asset is exposed to the broader community, the metadata requirements change to being related to the discovery of the asset. After discovery, metadata requirements become related to the utilization of the data asset. This includes the necessary information to establish connection to the asset but also the semantic information required to understand the data being provided by the asset. This paper describes the metadata requirements for the connection of an asset to an information grid. This work focuses on Canadian efforts addressing a Technology Demonstration Project (TOP) in Networked Underwater Warfare (NUW). The NUW data model utilizes metadata efforts from the international military and marine communities.
DYNAMIC TRUCKLOAD TRUCK ROUTING AND SCHEDULING IN OVERSATURATED DEMAND SITUATIONS

The problem considered is dynamic online truckload routing and scheduling with time windows operating in oversaturated conditions, that is, when the demand for service exceeds the system's average capacity. The relationship between computation time and the solution quality, measured by system efficiency and response time, is discussed. A dynamic operation process for implementing various algorithms and procedures is described, with the aim of fully utilizing computational resources without wasting available time between successive demand requests. In addition, particularly when demand arrival rates result in oversaturated system conditions, application of intelligent acceptance and filtering decision procedures that consider system status and demand characteristics can result in significant operational benefits. Simulation experiments conducted to evaluate the relative performance of the proposed approaches confirm the existence of significant improvement potential in terms of both system efficiency and response time over previous approaches.
Effusion cytology: Keeping researchers and journals in business for the past 20 years—and it is not over yet

Summary Malignant cells, both mesothelioma and metastases, can be difficult to distinguish from reactive benign mesothelial cells. Careful attention must be paid to the morphology of the questionable cells as well as any background inflammation and pertinent clinical history. Various diagnostic adjuncts have been investigated, particularly immunocytochemistry, but with no firm consensus regarding an optimal approach to resolving difficult cases. This review examines the morphology, immunocytochemistry and future directions of effusion cytology.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of concrete armor units

Abstract Concrete armor units are commonly employed for the protection of shorelines and rubble structures. Their design is primarily based on hydrodynamic stability, but their structural response to wave loading is poorly understood. In this study, a simple model is presented to estimate impact loads due to wave slamming on the concrete armor unit, dolos. A nonlinear dynamic analysis indicates that the units will experience a structural failure at hydrodynamically stable wave conditions.
The Wayward Child: an ideological analysis of sports contract holdout coverage

Abstract Journalists write and talk frequently about the escalating salaries earned by professional athletes. Special scorn is reserved for those athletes who hold out—for more money, or to renegotiate their contracts. In this ideological analysis, I explore the ideology that emerges from beat coverage by Seattle sportswriters of the 1999 holdout by Joey Galloway, a star receiver for the Seattle Seahawks. From July to November 1999, Galloway and the Seahawks were embroiled in a very public dispute over a contract extension sought by Galloway. My analysis is built on the idea that certain ideologies become dominant, to the exclusion of ideologies that present alternative perspectives. These perspectives are marginalized or suppressed. Thus, one way of “seeing the world” holds sway—it achieves hegemony. For sports fans in Seattle, it becomes the preferred reading of Galloway's conduct. Articles for the analysis were taken from Seattle's two daily newspapers and cover the entire holdout. The ideology that em...
Cytokinins and insect galls

Abstract 1. 1.Galls are abnormal swellings of plant tissue caused by insects, bacteria, fungi, mites, and nematodes. Galls form due to the abnormal growth of plant cells and take on characteristic sizes, shapes and colors. 2. 2.Gall tissue is formed in response to a specific stimulus received from an invading organism. Among the chemicals implicated in gall formation are the cytokinins, or substituted adenines, a class of naturally occurring plant hormones. 3. 3. The significance of gall-formation as it relates to plant stress, and its possible significance in the study of animal neoplasms, has not been fully explored.
Crafting non-kinetic warfare: the academic-military nexus in US counterinsurgency doctrine

Written in response to the ongoing insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan, the new US Army/Marine Corps counterinsurgency manual reflects a unity of effort between the military and academic worlds rarely seen at the doctrinal or operational level. Because counterinsurgency operations are predicated upon an intimate understanding of human behavior as well as the social, economic, and political forces that can aggravate and encourage insurgents to take up arms against the standing authority, the American military has called upon scholars to lend their expertise towards developing nonmilitary or ‘nonkinetic’ prescriptions for battling ‘internal’ war over the years. Since the early 1960s many within the academic community have answered that call. Such participation, however, has sparked a bitter debate among members of both academe and the military. This article will examine the role that human rights advocates and social scientists have played in shaping counterinsurgency doctrine as well as the controversy th...
Boys' friendships during adolescence: Intimacy, desire, and loss

Longitudinal, mixed method research on friendships, conducted over the past two decades with Black, Latino, Asian, and European American boys, reveals three themes: (1) the importance for boys of being able to share their secrets with their close friends; (2) the importance of close friendships for boys' mental health; and (3) the loss of but continued desire for close male friendships as boys transitioned from middle to late adolescence. While boys often had intimate male friendships during early and middle adolescence, they typically lost such friendships by late adolescence, even though they continued to want them. Other researchers have reported similar patterns over the past century, suggesting a need to revise our conceptions of boys' friendships as well as of boys themselves.
Studies with the ballistocardiograph in acute cardiac infarction and chronic angina pectoris

Abstract Ballistocardiograms were made 106 times on 55 patients with coronary heart disease. In the acute period after infarction the circulation may be either normal or below. If normal, it tends to diminish, and usually reaches a minimum below the normal limit between the third and fifth week. Later, recovery sets in. The left ventricular work, as calculated from the cardiac output and the blood pressure, follows a generally similar course. In chronic coronary heart disease, with angina of effort, the circulation is subnormal in the great majority of cases, and the ballistocardiogram provides objective evidence to support the diagnosis. Abnormalities of the form of the ballistocardiogram are frequently encountered in coronary heart disease, usually when the patient has greatly reduced exercise tolerance.
Task Structures, Student Practice, and Skill in Physical Education

Abstract Task structures and practice variables for students of differing skill levels were examined. Eight teachers and their middle school-aged students were videotaped during 2 class periods so that all instruction could subsequently be coded. Teachers ranked their students on perceived skill level. In each class, 3 students at each of the 3 perceived skill levels (high, medium, and low) were selected (N = 72). Process data were collected on the tasks that teachers implemented and on the appropriate and inappropriate practice trials executed by each of the selected students. Analyses occurred at different levels and indicated that task organization is associated with both the quantity and quality of student practice. Although the students of differing skill levels had similar numbers of practice trials, the relationships between trials and some organizational variables differed among skill levels.
Prevalence of colonic motor or evacuation disorders in patients presenting with chronic nausea and vomiting evaluated by a single gastroenterologist in a tertiary referral practice.

Background Nausea and vomiting are thought to result from upper gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Our clinical observations led to the hypothesis that colonic motor dysfunction is associated with nausea and vomiting. Methods We reviewed electronic medical records (EMR) of 149 patients presenting with complaints of nausea and/or vomiting in a tertiary gastroenterology practice to investigate the association with disorders of colonic motor or evacuation disorders. We extracted demographics, gastric emptying (GE in 149) and colonic transit (CT in 138) of solids, ascending colon emptying half-time (AC t1/2), rectal evacuation by anorectal manometry (ARM) in 91 and balloon expulsion test (BE) in 55 patients. We estimated the proportions with delayed GE or CT, based on the 5th percentile of GE (in 319) and CT in 220 healthy volunteers using same method. Key Results Among 11 patients with nausea and/or vomiting with only GE measured, five had delayed and six normal GE. Among the 149 patients, 77 (52%) patients had evacuation disorders, confirmed by objective tests in 68 patients, and clinical examination in nine patients. In the 138 patients with both GE and CT measured, 106 (76%) had both normal GE and CT, 11 (8%) only delayed GE, 16 (11%) normal GE with delayed CT, and five (3%) delayed GE and CT. Among 21 patients (15%) with delayed CT, nine had slow AC t1/2 and 12 evacuation disorder. Conclusions & Inferences In patients with chronic nausea and/or vomiting in gastroenterology practice, evaluation of colonic motility and rectal evacuation should be considered, since about half the patients have abnormal functions that conceivably contribute to the presenting nausea and/or vomiting.
The chemistry of aluminum in the environment

There is increased concern over the effects of elevated concentrations of Al in the environment. Unfortunately, studies of the environmental chemistry and toxicity of Al have been limited by our understanding of the processes regulating the aqueous concentration, speciation and bioavailability of this element.Although Al is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust, it is highly insoluble and generally unavailable to participate in biogeochemical reactions. However, under highly acidic or alkaline conditions, or in the presence of complexing ligands, elevated concentrations may be mobilized to the aquatic environment. Ecologically significant concentrations of Al have been reported in surface waters draining "acid-sensitive" regions that are receiving elevated inputs of acidic deposition. Acid- sensitive watersheds are characterized by limited release of basic cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+)) and/or retention of strong acid anions (SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), Cl(-)). Under these conditions inputs of strong acids are not completely neutralized, but rather acidic water is exported from the terrestrial environment. It has been hypothesized that acidic deposition to acid-sensitive watersheds mobilizes Al within the mineral soil, causing elevated concentrations in soil solutions and surface waters. As a result of mineral phase solubility constraints, concentrations of aqueous Al increase exponentially with decreases in pH below 6.0.Monomeric Al occurs as a series of complexes in the aqueous environment, including aquo, OH(-), F(-), SO4 (2-), HCO3 (-) and organic species. Of these aquo, OH(-), F(-) and organic complexes are the most significant in natural waters.Elevated concentrations of Al are ecologically significant because: 1) Al is an important pH buffer in acidic waters, regulating the lower limit of pH values following acidification by strong acids; 2) through adsorption and coagulation reactions, Al may alter the cycling and availability of important elements like phosphorus, organic carbon and certain trace metals; 3) Al may serve as a coagulant facilitating the removal of light attenuating materials, thereby increasing the clarity and decreasing the thermal stability of lakes; and 4) Al is potentially toxic to organisms. Better understanding of the chemistry and speciation of Al is essential to assess these effects.
DNA Content of a Chromosome of Trillium erectum: Effect of Cold Treatment

The DNA (Feulgen) contents of a specific cold-treated (3°C) chromosome and of a control (25°C) were measured by means of photographic-plate microdensitometry. Despite marked morphological alterations in the cold-treated B chromosome of Trillium erectum, its DNA content was unchanged from that of the control.
Elevated carbon dioxide does not offset loss of soil carbon from a corn-soybean agroecosystem.

The potential for storing additional C in U.S. Corn Belt soils - to offset rising atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] - is large. Long-term cultivation has depleted substantial soil organic matter (SOM) stocks that once existed in the region's native ecosystems. In central Illinois, free-air CO{sub 2} enrichment technology was used to investigate the effects of elevated [CO{sub 2}] on SOM pools in a conservation tilled corn-soybean rotation. After 5 and 6 y of CO{sub 2} enrichment, we investigated the distribution of C and N among soil fractions with varying ability to protect SOM from rapid decomposition. None of the isolated C or N pools, or bulk-soil C or N, was affected by CO{sub 2} treatment. However, the site has lost soil C and N, largely from unprotected pools, regardless of CO{sub 2} treatment since the experiment began. These findings suggest management practices have affected soil C and N stocks and dynamics more than the increased inputs from CO{sub 2}-stimulated photosynthesis. Soil carbon from microaggregate-protected and unprotected fractions decreased in a conservation tilled corn-soybean rotation despite increases in primary production from exposure to atmospheric CO{sub 2} enrichment.
Reply to ``Comment on `Exact solution of the wave dynamics of a particle bouncing chaotically on a periodically oscillating-wall'''

A reexamination of the results of my earlier paper [Phys. Rev. E 50, 3116 (1994)] is supplied using entirely straightforward methods, i.e., without appealing to operator formalism. This reexamination confirms the consistency of the work in that paper by extracting a term proportional to time that Dembrinski et al. [Phys. Rev. E 53, 4243 (1996)] claim is not present. The arguments of Dembinski et al. are not refuted, but it is pointed out that they are based upon methods within which one readily encounters paradoxes such [p${\mathrm{^}}^{2}$,p^]\ensuremath{\ne}0 and [x^,p^]\ensuremath{\ne}i^. The present exposition avoids such methods. Unfortunately I am not prepared to address their numerical results. This will have to await further investigation. However, an example of numerical results of my own is presented in order to illustrate the richness of the dynamics of the model. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
High-resolution measurements of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plume regions

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was measured in the spring and summer in the northern Gulf of Mexico with the ECOShuttle, a towed, instrumented, undulating vehicle. A submersible pump mounted on the vehicle supplied continuously flowing, uncontaminated seawater to online instruments in the shipboard laboratory and allowed discrete samples to be taken for further analysis. CDOM in the northern Gulf of Mexico was dominated by freshwater inputs from the Mississippi River through the Birdfoot region and to the west by discharge from the Atchafalaya River. CDOM was more extensively dispersed in the high-flow period in the spring but in both time periods was limited by stratification to the upper 12 m or so. Thin, subsurface CDOM maxima were observed below the plume during the highly stratified summer period but were absent in the spring. However, there was evidence of significant in situ biological production of CDOM in both seasons. The Mississippi River freshwater end member was similar in spring and summer, while the Atchafalaya end member was significantly higher in the spring. In both time periods, the Atchafalaya was significantly higher in CDOM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than the Mississippi presumably due to local production and exchange within the coastal wetlands along the lower Atchafalaya which are absent along the lower Mississippi. Nearshore waters may also have higher CDOM due to outwelling from coastal wetlands. High-resolution measurements allow the differentiation of various water masses and are indicative of rapidly varying (days to weeks) source waters. Highly dynamic but conservative mixing between various freshwater and marine end members apparently dominates CDOM distributions in the area with significant in situ biological inputs (bacterial degradation of phytoplankton detritus), evidence of flocculation, and minor photobleaching effects also observed. It is clear that high-resolution measurements and adaptive sampling strategies allow a more detailed examination of the processes that control CDOM distributions in riverdominated systems. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Assembly and Disassembly of Viral Capsids

We address here a theoretical basis for the icosahedral symmetry that is observed so commonly for viral capsids, i.e., the single-protein-thick rigid shells that protect the viral genome. In particular, we outline the phenomenological hamiltonian approach developed recently (see Zandi, R., Reguera, D., Bruinsma, R., Gelbart, W.M. and Rudnick, J. (2004), Original of icosahedral symmetry in viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 15556–15560) to account for the overwhelming prevalence of the Caspar-Klug “T-number” structures that are found for “spherical” viruses. We feature the role of “conformational switching energies” defining the competing multimeric states of the protein subunits. The results of Monte Carlo simulation of this model are argued to shed light as well on the mechanical properties and genome release mechanism for these viruses.
PATERNAL CONDITION DRIVES PROGENY SEX-RATIO BIAS IN A LIZARD THAT LACKS PARENTAL CARE

Sex-allocation theory predicts that females in good condition should preferentially produce offspring of the sex that benefits the most from an increase in maternal investment. However, it is generally assumed that the condition of the sire has little effect on progeny sex ratio, particularly in species that lack parental care. We used a controlled breeding experiment and molecular paternity analyses to examine the effects of both maternal and paternal condition on progeny sex ratio and progeny fitness in the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), a polygynous lizard that lacks parental care. Contrary to the predictions of sex-allocation theory, we found no relationship between maternal condition and progeny sex ratio. By contrast, progeny sex ratio shifted dramatically from female-biased to male-biased as paternal condition increased. This pattern was driven entirely by an increase in the production of sons as paternal condition improved. Despite strong natural selection favoring large size and high condition in both sons and daughters, we found no evidence that progeny survival was related to paternal condition. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the paternal phenotype in studies of sex allocation and highlight the need for further research into the pathways that link paternal condition to progeny fitness.