cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lake Ecosystems (Stratification and Seasonal Mixing Processes, Pelagic and Benthic Coupling)

Seasonal stratification in lakes is caused by the differential heating of surface waters, causing them to become less dense and buoyant above colder, denser water. Other forces oppose stratification, including wind energy and loss of heat from the surface. Wind imparts many types of motions to lake waters, each having distinct patterns, energy, and scales of mixing. Theoretical considerations are presented in detail on the expected response of lakes to physical forcing. In addition, empirical equations are given for diverse regions of the world to predict epilimnetic and thermocline depth and timing of stratification. Lake morphometry along with climatic conditions determines the depth of epilimnetic mixing. The seasonal patterns of mixing and stratification are observed in a northern temperate lake (Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin, USA). The influence of stratification and mixing on the coupling of benthic and pelagic zones through processes of sedimentation, resuspension, eddy diffusivity, and hypolimnetic entrainment are discussed. Through these mechanisms, the hydrodynamics of lakes directly and indirectly influence the chemical and biological environment of lake ecosystems. Keywords: stratification; mixis; thermocline; epilimnion; hypolimnion; sedimentation; sediment resuspension; eddy diffusion; hypolimnetic entrainment
An Extensible State Machine Pattern for Interactive Applications

The state design patternis the standard object-oriented programming idiom for implementing the state machine logic of interactive applications. While this pattern provides a number of advantages, it does not easily support the creation of extended state machines in subclasses. We describe the extensible state design pattern, which augments the traditional state pattern with a few additional constraints that allow subclasses to easily add both new states and new events. Further, we observe that delimited continuations, a well-known construct from functional programming languages, supports state refinementin subclasses as well as the modular expression of control flow in the presence of interaction. We illustrate our pattern in the context of Java, leveraging its generics to obviate the need for dynamic typecasts and employing a small library that implements delimited continuations. We have used our pattern to simplify and modularize a widely used application written by others.
knowledge-based system applications in engineering design: research at MIT

Advances in computer hardware and software and engineering methodologies in the 1960s and 1970s led to an increased use of computers by engineers. In design, this use has been limited almost exclusively to algorithmic solutions such as finite-element methods and circuit simulators. However, a number of problems encountered in design are not amenable to purely algorithmic solutions. These problems are often ill structured (the term ill-structured problems is used here to denote problems that do not have a clearly defined algorithmic solution), and an experienced engineer deals with them using judgment and experience. AI techniques, in particular the knowledge-based system (KBS) technology, offer a methodology to solve these ill-structured design problems. In this article, we describe several research projects that utilize KBS techniques for design automation. These projects are (1) the Criteria Yielding, Consistent Labeling with Optimization and Precedents-Based System (CYCLOPS), which generates innovative designs by using a three-stage process: normal search, exploration, and adaptation; (2) the Concept Generator (CONGEN), which is a domain independent framework for conceptual or preliminary design; (3) Constraint Manager (CONMAN), which is a constraint-management system that performs the evaluation and consistency maintenance of constraints arising in design; (4) the distributed and integrated environment for computer-aided engineering (DICE), which facilitates coordination, communication, and control during the entire design and construction/manu-facturing phases; and (5) DESIGN-KIT, which can be envisioned as a new generation of computer-aided engineering environment for process-engineering applications.
Theory of scattering from a nonlinearly loaded aperture

The Volterra-series method is used to develop a theory for predicting the scattering from a cavity-backed aperture loaded by a weak nonlinearity. An advantage of this method is that the reciprocity theorem can be used to calculate individually each frequency component produced by the nonlinearity. The method is illustrated for a thin slot loaded by a third-order nonlinear conductance.
Continuous and discontinuous volume-phase transitions in surface-tethered, photo-crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) networks

The water–polymer demixing behavior of surface-tethered poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) networks copolymerized with x mol% of photo-crosslinkable methacryloyloxybenzophenone (MaBP) (x = 1, 3, 5, 10%) was characterized with neutron reflection and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Neutron reflection revealed that water is expelled discontinuously at low crosslink densities and continuously at high crosslink densities. The demarcation between the two behaviors occurred roughly at the critical point as measured by cloud point experiments. The neutron reflection experiments further revealed that the discontinuous concentration jump at low crosslink densities takes place in the presence of significant amounts of water and that water is not completely expelled in the process, with 2–3 water molecules remaining per polymer segment after the collapse of the network, independent of crosslink density. Parallel measurements with ATR-FTIR confirm that the transition is driven by dehydration of the isopropyl groups, with water remaining confined between the amide groups even at temperatures well above the demixing temperature. The internal water, however, is readily exchanged with deuterium oxide at temperatures up to 100 °C. This exchange points to the absence of a hydrophobic skin or physical barrier that would prevent water from completely leaving the film above the demixing temperature.
The Ins and Outs of Pediatric Nuclear Medicine

A Review of nuclear medical procedures, which are in accepted usage and which apply to studies of the functions of absorption, uptake and excretion.
Structure of Neutron-Irradiated Quartz and Vitreous Silica

The structure of quartz and vitreous silica disordered by heavy irradiation (1020 neutrons per cm.2) of fast neutrons was studied by means of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the structure of the disordered amorphous form of silica resembles closely that of vitreous silica. The average Si–O distance (1.61 a.u.) remains unchanged, but the average Si–O–Si bond angle decreases from 142° to 138°; the radial distances of the more distant neighbor atoms show a wider distribution in the disordered material. It is suggested that the disordered form of silica results from thermal effects (thermal spikes) accompanying the passage of knocked-on atoms through the solid.
Analysis of a Computational Biology Simulation Technique on Emerging Processing Architectures

Multi-paradigm, multi-threaded and multi-core computing devices available today provide several orders of magnitude performance improvement over mainstream microprocessors. These devices include the STI Cell Broadband Engine, graphical processing units (GPU) and the Cray massively-multithreaded processors - available in desktop computing systems as well as proposed for supercomputing platforms. The main challenge in utilizing these powerful devices is their unique programming paradigms. GPUs and the Cell systems require code developers to manage code and data explicitly, while the Cray multithreaded architecture requires them to generate a very large number of threads or independent tasks concurrently. In this paper, we explain strategies for optimizing a molecular dynamics (MD) calculation that is used in biomolecular simulations on three devices: Cell, GPU and MTA-2. We show that the Cray MTA-2 system requires minimal code modification and does not outperform the microprocessor runs; but it demonstrates an improved workload scaling behavior over the microprocessor implementation. On the other hand, substantial porting and optimization efforts on the Cell and the GPU systems result in a 5times to 6times improvement, respectively, over a 2.2 GHz Opteron system.
Effect of Dried Poultry Excreta on Growth, Intake, and Digestion of Corn Stover Silage Diets by Yearling Dairy Heifers

Abstract Four complete diets, 1) 88.4% whole corn plant and 11.6% dried poultry excreta, 2) 71.6% whole corn plant and 28.4% dried poultry excreta, 3) 61.0% whole corn plant, 27.9% corn stover, and 11.1% dried poultry excreta; and 4) 49.7% whole corn plant, 25.0% corn stover, and 25.3% dried poultry excreta, were stored for 45 days above ground in sealed .02 cm plastic bag silos 2.4 m wide × 16.8 m long. Resulting silages were fed ad libitum to four groups of 7 yearling Holstein heifers for 140 days. Heifers were housed in an open free stall shed and fed individually via electronic feed-gates. Average daily intakes of dry matter and body weight gains (kg) by the growth trial heifers were: 8.85, .81; 8.95, .73; 8.99, .72; and 9.58, .69, respectively. Four additional heifers were fed diets in a 4 × 4 Latin square digestion trial. Dry matter, energy, and crude protein digestibilities were: 66.1, 69.2, 56.6; 62.8, 69.1, 58.8; 61.6, 70.2, 54.2; and 61.1, 71.3, 62.4%, respectively. Whole corn plant diluted with 25% corn stover provides for gains equal to all corn silage diets, and there is no advantage to adding more than 11% dried poultry excreta or that amount required to provide for 12% crude protein in silage diets from whole corn plant or from whole corn plant + 25% corn stover for growing yearling dairy heifers.
Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antagonist in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate–Salt Hypertensive Mice Lacking Ren-2 Gene

We previously reported that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) prevented the hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt (DOCA-salt) in 129/SvEvTac mice, which have 2 renin genes (Ren-1 and Ren-2 ). In the present study, we induced hypertension by uninephrectomy and DOCA-salt in mice having only the Ren-1 gene (C57BL/6J) and investigated the effect of an ACE inhibitor (ramipril, 4 mg · kg − 1 · d − 1 ) and an angiotensin type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor antagonist (L-158809, 4 mg · kg − 1 · d − 1 ) on the development of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and renal injury. After 4 weeks of treatment, systolic blood pressure in DOCA-salt mice was significantly increased (128±2 mm Hg) compared with controls (109±2 mm Hg) ( P P P P P 1 antagonist had any antihypertensive effect; however, they partially prevented cardiac hypertrophy and completely inhibited left ventricular collagen deposition. In the kidney, both the ACE inhibitor and AT 1 antagonist partially reduced the increase in collagen but had no effect on hypertrophy. They also significantly prevented the effect of DOCA-salt on urinary albumin and proliferating cell nucleic antigen expression in the kidney. Despite the lack of an antihypertensive effect, both ACE inhibitor and AT 1 antagonist prevented cardiac remodeling and renal damage. Our results indicate that ACE inhibitors and AT 1 antagonists exert beneficial effects on the heart and kidney in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice independently of their effects on blood pressure.
Selection of electronic health records software: Challenges, considerations, and recommendations

The authors are engaged in on-going research on the functionality of Electronic Health Records (EHR) software, and challenges doctors and nurse practitioners face when they migrate from paper to electronic-based record keeping. Our goal is to assist small practices in the adoption of EHR software and in the optimization of their clinical and practice management functions. In this paper, we discuss challenges, considerations, and recommendations for identifying solutions suited to this health care delivery category. We present findings on installation, training and use of EHR software, based on our hands-on testing and experiences working with leading EHR vendors. We have conducted a detailed industry analysis of over 200 vendors and their offerings.
Standards for Electron Probe Microanalysis

Accurate quantitative electron probe microanalysis requires standards of known, homogeneous compositions. This is true for all data reduction procedures. Many pure elements and stoichiometric compounds that are commercially available can be used as reliable standards. Also, well-characterized naturally occurring minerals are used extensively as standards in the analyses of minerals and related materials.
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution: A Meta-Analysis

Unwarranted disparity taking place at the stage of prosecution has long been an interest for sentencing researchers. Research exploring the effect of offender race on prosecutorial decisions, howev...
Contingent identities: The politics and ethics of identity: in search of ourselves, by Richard Ned Lebow, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 431 pp., US$103 (cloth), US$34.99 (paper), ISBN 9781107027657

Richard Ned Lebow’s newest volume, The Politics of Ethics and Identity (Lebow 2012), is a powerful work of the same scope and intellectual breadth of his other recent works. It makes explicit the n...
Speech disorders in children.

For general practitioners, in whose practice is included a major proportion of the medical management of infants and children, and for the specializing pediatrician as well, Postgraduate Medicine presents this special regular department devoted to brief discussions by recognized authorities on their preferred methods of the treatment and management of diseases and problems of infancy and childhood.
Body composition, normal electrolyte concentrations, and the maintenance of normal volume, tonicity, and acid-base metabolism

Because the internal environment of the body is largely a fluid medium, the preservation of the volume and composition of the body fluids is absolutely vital to circulatory status and the extraordinarily complicated functions of the human body. The fluid compartments do not exist as fixed spaces with identical compositions but rather are in constant interchange with each other and have strikingly different compositions. Methods of movement of solutes and water include diffusion along electrochemical gradients, by hydrostatic pressure, osmotic forces, bulk flow, primary and secondary active transport, capillary blood flow, and oncotic pressure. Complex feedback control mechanisms exist to ensure homeostasis or equilibrium and include participation by the kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, the circulatory system, the endocrine system, and the CNS. The maintenance of extracellular volume is centered around the control of balance of the sodium salts. Multiple afferent (or sensing) and efferent (or effector) mechanisms exist to accomplish this homeostasis. The most important determinants of the osmolality or tonicity of the body fluids is the excretion or retention of water by the kidney, thirst mechanisms, and the intake of water. The serum sodium concentration is the laboratory test most often used clinically to assess tonicity. The pH of the body fluids and the major acid-base buffer systems are also carefully regulated. The lungs are responsible for the elimination of the carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism, and the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and regulate the concentration of bicarbonate in the body fluids. Urinary net acid excretion, the hydrogen ions excreted as titratable acid and ammonium ions minus any bicarbonate, equals the acid added to the ECF from the diet and metabolism plus any fecal losses of alkali.
Loving Whiteness to Death

There exists a state of emotionality that has propelled human beings to build the Taj Mahal, write constitutions for newly-found nations, and engage in generations of religious warfare. Yet despite the grandeur of such emotion, its everyday saliency and essentiality are often dismissed.
Cholangioscopy and Pancreatoscopy: Their Role in Benign and Malignant Disease

Cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy involve the insertion of a small-caliber endoscope into the bile duct or the pancreatic duct respectively, allowing direct observation of the ductal walls and lumen, facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers such as biopsy and lithotripsy. As an adjunct to ERCP, these procedures are vitally important for evaluating patients with indeterminate biliary or pancreatic duct strictures or fragmentation and removal of ductal stones that cannot be removed by traditional techniques. Although ERCP is the primary method of diagnosing and treating biliary and pancreatic diseases, it nonetheless has several shortcomings that cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy can help to overcome. ERCP alone does not always differentiate the biological nature of biliary or pancreatic ductal lesions and can fail to determine their intraluminal extension. In addition, ERCP alone provides limited information about mucosal lesions that do not project into the ductal lumen. In such instances, addition of cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy can provide valuable complementary information that can guide further evaluation and treatment. Once rarely performed, cholangioscopy is moving into mainstream practice and has seen much technological advancement. Although performance of pancreatoscopy is still limited to tertiary care referral centers by expert endoscopists, continuous advancements in flexible endoscopy with development of thinner endoscopes with improved image quality is expected to encourage more widespread use of this procedure. This chapter discusses the technique and current indications for cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

A thin-walled pressure vessel is one in which the skin of the vessel has a thickness that is much smaller than the overall size of the vessel, and the vessel is subjected to internal pressure that is much greater than the exterior air pressure.
Angular Momentum Recoupling: Matrix Elements of Coupled Tensor Operators in an Angular Momentum Coupled Basis

In Chapter 33, we evaluated the matrix elements of a vector-coupled spherical tensor of type in terms of the reduced matrix elements of both and in the appropriate angular momentum—coupled basis,
Androgens Mediate Sex-Dependent Gonadotropin Expression During Late Prenatal Development in the Mouse

Central organization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is initiated during fetal life. At this critical time, gonadal hormones mediate sex-specific development of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which then dictates reproductive physiology and behavior in adulthood. Although studies have investigated the effects of prenatal androgens on central factors influencing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release, the impact of fetal androgens on gonadotrope function has been overlooked. In the current study, we demonstrated that gonadotropin gene expression and protein production were robustly elevated in female mice compared with males during late fetal development and that this sex difference was dependent on fetal androgens. Treatment of dams from embryonic day (E)15.5 to E17.5 with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or the androgen antagonist flutamide eliminated the sex difference at E18.5. Specifically, flutamide relieved the suppression in male gene expression, elevating the level to that of females, whereas testosterone or DHT attenuated female gene expression to male levels. The gonadotrope population is equivalent in males and females, and gonadotropic cells in both sexes express androgen receptors, suggesting that androgen-dependent transcriptional regulation can occur in these cells in either sex. Studies using mouse models lacking GnRH signaling show that GnRH is necessary for enhanced gonadotropin expression in females and is therefore required to observe the sex difference. Collectively, these data suggest that circuits controlling GnRH input to the fetal pituitary are unrestrained in females yet robustly inhibited in males via circulating androgens and demonstrate plasticity in gonadotropin synthesis and secretion in both sexes depending on the androgen milieu during late prenatal development.
Use of an Antibiotic-Impregnated Spacer in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Two-stage reimplantation remains the gold standard for the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty, with success rates ranging from 90 to 96%. It is currently the standard of care in North America when dealing with chronic periprosthetic joint infections. The use of antibiotic-impregnated spacers between stages has been advocated. Selection of antibiotic dosage and type of spacer is typically tailored to the individual situation. Two varieties of spacers exist, static and articulating, each with their benefits and disadvantages. The current literature shows no difference between both varieties in terms of reinfection rates. Even though the ideal spacer design has not yet been established, articulating spacers seem to improve knee ROM and function scores in multiple series and may provide improved patient satisfaction during this difficult process.
Updates in the Evaluation and Management of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. More than 200,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States; approximately 40,000 patients die of the disease. The etiology of most breast cancer cases is unknown, although multiple factors predisposing to the disease have been identified. Apart from increasing age and female sex, these other factors account for only a minority of breast cancer diagnoses. This article provides an overview of the management of noninvasive and invasive breast cancer, which is often complex and varies according to patient factors, disease stage, and breast cancer subtype. Although much progress has been made, continued research endeavors are ongoing; enrollment of eligible patients in prospective clinical trials is an essential way to improve patient outcomes.
Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety

Anxiety is among the most common of human responses. When experienced in moderate quantity, it can serve to motivate, energize, and mobilize the individual (Izard & Blumberg, 1985; Lindsley, 1952, 1957, 1960). Many people maintain that they “work best under pressure,” that is, when their anxiety level is high enough, they are motivated to do their best, or only, work. On the other hand, the anxiety level may be so high that it can debilitate the individual and cause both emotional and physical discomfort and pain (Lindsley, 1952, 1957, 1960). Although the particular permutations of cognitive and behavioral anxiety symptoms differ from person to person, the basic physiological concomittants of the experience are common to all people. We experience the emotion of anxiety because of the physiological correlates (Gray, 1985; Schacter, 1964, 1967; Spielberger 1966, 1972; Stokes, 1985; Weiner, 1985). These physiological sequalae can affect every system of the body causing dermal, respiratory, circulatory, gastrointestinal, or muscular systems. In some cases, the problems can be severe enough to cause health problems, that is, ulcers, hypertension (Agras, 1985; Dimsdale, 1985). Given the potentially life-threatening impact of anxiety, it has persisted as a human response throughout human existence. Some authors have speculated that anxiety as a response mechanism has had survival value for the race (Plutchik, 1980), or a “significant evolutionary advantage” that “must have contributed in significant ways to adaptation to a dangerous environment” (Beck, 1985, p. 185).
Regulative and mosaic development, and the universality of morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm

This chapter discusses the regulative and mosaic development and the universality of morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm. Diverse factors contribute to the mosaic or regulative character of development in any particular organism. These include (1) the geometrical relations between the early cleavage planes and the distribution of the morphogenetically significant cytoplasm in the egg; (2) the point in development at which the localization patterns actually become established; (3) the relative extent to which the events of early embryogenesis depend on cellular interactions; and (4) the physical lability of the cytological structures on which the localization phenomena may depend. It became known early in the history of experimental embryology that isolated blastomeres of certain organisms are capable of giving rise to qualitatively normal dwarf embryos. No tissues appear lacking in such embryos and in the more fortuitous cases, there is no evidence of any qualitative failure of differentiation. Such organisms contrast sharply with those in which isolated blastomeres produce only the fractional embryonic structures to which their lineal descendants are normally destined to give rise.
The C* Parallel Programming Language

Publisher Summary This chapter describes C*as an extension of the C language designed for Thinking Machines Single Instruction Multiple Data) (SIMD) computer, the Connection Machine. The language design assumes a Von-Neumann style front-end computer (such as a VAX) working in cooperation with an array of identical processors each with local memory. The processors in the array simultaneously execute the same instruction stream while communicating data between each other and the front end. C* assumes the same abstract machine model as C sharing the features of (1) a uniform address space, (2) sequential execution, and (3) pointer arithmetic. The only difference in the models arises from C*'s execution of the instruction stream by many processors instead of just one. This difference is a key feature of the C* language which seeks to assign a processor to every data item of interest. Just as a well written C program scales with the size of arrays, C* scales by assuming a virtual processor is assigned to every point in an array. When more virtual processors are required than the actual number of physical processors requested, multiple virtual processors are assigned to each physical processor. The number of virtual processors that can be assigned to a physical processor is limited only by local memory.
Hypofractionated radiotherapy treatment preserves immune function and improves tumor control vs. hyperfractionated treatment.

Radiotherapy is one of the most effective means of treating solid tumors in cancer patients. The radiation acts in two ways to control tumor growth. First, by inducing cell death due to direct damage to the DNA, then by the dying tumor cells releasing cellular signals that boost antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, radiotherapy may also damage the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor, causing adverse side effects in patients. To limit this damage, radiotherapy in the clinic is generally delivered as multiple small doses (hyperfractionation) over the course of several weeks. However, in preclinical radiotherapy studies, radiation is often given as a single or a few high ablative doses (hypofractionation). We previously observed improved tumor growth control and an increased number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in tumors given an ablative dose when compared to a hyperfractionated scheme. As TILs are radiosensitive, we hypothesize that the multiple doses of a hyperfractionated scheme may result in increased killing of the TILs, reducing the effectiveness of the anti-tumor immune response. To further investigate this, we compared the responses of the mouse Colon38 tumor model to a hypofractionated vs. a hyperfractionated scheme, using doses based on current clinical protocols. In vitro , the hypofractionation treatment was more effective at killing tumor cells and inducing the tumor cells to produce IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 and IP-10. In vivo , the hypofractionated treatment also resulted in a significant delay in tumor outgrowth and improved survival rates when compared to the hyperfractionated treatment. Therefore, hypofractionated radiotherapy may increase immunity and be more beneficial in tumor control. Funded by NIH R01CA28332.
A discussion of Arana, A., Larrañaga, J., & Ulacia, I. (2019). Partial EHL friction coefficient model to predict power losses in cylindrical gears. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol. 233(2) 303–316:

There is presently a heated debate within the field of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Some have attributed this to a controversy regarding the shear dependence of viscosity. However, the rea...
Annotation projection for temporal information extraction

Approaches to building temporal information extraction systems typically rely on large, manually annotated corpora. Thus, porting these systems to new languages requires acquiring large corpora of manually annotated documents in the new languages. Acquiring such corpora is difficult owing to the complexity of temporal information extraction annotation. One strategy for addressing this difficulty is to reduce or eliminate the need for manually annotated corpora through annotation projection. This technique utilizes a temporal information extraction system for a source language (typically English) to automatically annotate the source language side of a parallel corpus. It then uses automatically generated word alignments to project the annotations, thereby creating noisily annotated target language training data. We developed an annotation projection technique for producing target language temporal information extraction systems. We carried out an English (source) to French (target) case study wherein we compared a French temporal information extraction system built using annotation projection with one built using a manually annotated French corpus. While annotation projection has been applied to building other kinds of Natural Language Processing tools (e.g., Named Entity Recognizers), to our knowledge, this is the first paper examining annotation projection as applied to temporal information extraction where no manual corrections of the target language annotations were made. We found that, even using manually annotated data to build a temporal information extraction system, F-scores were relatively low (<0.35), which suggests that the problem is challenging even with manually annotated data. Our annotation projection approach performed well (relative to the system built from manually annotated data) on some aspects of temporal information extraction (e.g., event–document creation time temporal relation prediction), but it performed poorly on the other kinds of temporal relation prediction (e.g., event–event and event–time).
Economic Operation Analysis of Circulating Water Pump in a Power Plant

This paper calculates the main indexes of circulating water pump in a power plant, such as flow rate, head, shaft power and efficiency, and shows the test results. The results reach the guaranteed value of design technical specifications.
Left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: can we improve survival while decreasing ECMO?

Mortality and ECMO rates for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remain ~30%. In 2016, we changed our CDH guidelines to minimize stimulation while relying on preductal oxygen saturation, lower mean airway pressures, stricter criteria for nitric oxide (iNO), and inotrope use. We compared rates of ECMO, survival, and survival without ECMO between the two epochs. Retrospective review of left-sided CDH neonates at the University of Utah/Primary Children’s Hospital NICUs during pre (2003–2015, n = 163) and post (2016–2019, n = 53) epochs was conducted. Regression analysis controlled for defect size and intra-thoracic liver. Following guideline changes, we identified a decrease in ECMO (37 to 13%; p = 0.001) and an increase in survival without ECMO (53 to 79%, p = 0.0001). Overall survival increased from 74 to 89% (p = 0.035). CDH management guideline changes focusing on minimizing stimulation, using preductal saturation and less aggressive ventilator/inotrope support were associated with decreased ECMO use and improved survival.
Gender and Metaphysics: Judith Butler and Bernard Lonergan in Conversation:

There has long been a mutual distrust between gender theory and Catholic metaphysics. However, this article argues that at least one significant figure in gender studies, Judith Butler, has been br...
[Investigation on a cluster epidemic of COVID-19 in a supermarket in Liaocheng, Shandong province].

Objective: To explore clustered epidemic of COVID-19 in Liaocheng city and analyze infection status and chain of transmission of the cases. Methods: A joint investigation team of emergency response for COVID-19 epidemic by CDC professional workers of Liaocheng city and district at two levels on January 30, 2020. According to a indicator case from ZH supermarkets, close contacts and related subjects were tracked and screened on February 1, including ZH supermarket employees, family members having contact history with related cases during January 13-26, supermarket clients during January 16-30 and family members of related cases. an epidemiological investigation was carried on and their swab of nose /throat were collected and were sent to Liaocheng CDC laboratory, real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect nucleic acids of SARS-CoV-2. Results: a total of 8 437 people were screened during January 30 to February 9, 2020 (120 employees of supermarket, 93 family members, and 8224 clients of supermarket). The epidemic was caused by ZH cases and brought clustered cases in four families. A total 25 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the total infection rate of subjects was 0.30% (25/8 437) with 22 confirmed cases (0.26%, 22/8 437) and 3 asymptomatic patients (0.04%, 3/8 437), asymptomatic patients accounted for 12.00% (3/25) of all infection cases. The infection rates of supermarket employees, family members of confirmed cases and supermarket clients were 9.17% (11/120), 12.90% (12/93) and 0.02% (2/8 224). Conclusions: This was a cluster epidemic caused by one imported case of COVID-19 in a supermarket of Liaocheng city. Prevention and control of cluster epidemic should be focused on chain of community transmission and family cluster cases. It must also be an attention for transmission risk of asymptomatic patients.
Effect of Sn nanoparticle additions on thermal properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder paste

Abstract Lead-free nanocomposite solder pastes were prepared with Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC 305) microsolders, 1–5 wt% Sn nanoparticles, and a flux. The nanocomposite pastes were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to understand their thermal properties and the interactions between the different sized powders. DSC measurements showed two distinct endothermic peaks in all nanocomposite pastes with Sn nanoparticle additions, with one peak attributing to the melting of SAC micropowders and another peak to the melting of Sn nanoparticles. With the increased amount of Sn nanoparticle additions, the SAC material showed little change in its melting temperatures due to its large mass fraction. Multi-cycle DSC measurements of the nanocomposite solder pastes showed additional endothermic peaks, suggesting that the SAC 305 microsolder powders and pure Sn nanoparticles may have interacted with each other to form additional alloys. Changes in enthalpy of melting from DSC measurements were also used to analyze the melting characteristics of the nanocomposite pastes. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that more weight was retained for the nanocomposite solder pastes with increasing Sn nanoparticle additions, compared to the baseline SAC solder paste.
The Enzymology of Human Milk

Modern mammalian milk has evolved over more than 200 million years to optimally nourish the infant (Oftedal, J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7(3):225–252, 2002; Lefevre et al., Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 11(1):219–238, 2010Q2). Milk provides the infant with essential nutrients, including high quality proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, as well as micronutrients and water. In addition to its nutrient content, milk also contains enzymes that both aid in the breakdown of macronutrients into smaller fragments for easier absorption and provide additional bioactivity and protective effects to the milk. Human milk proteases aid in protein digestion and release protein fragments—peptides—that have an array of bioactivities. Human milk lipases assist with infant lipid digestion, thus increasing absorption and, ultimately, growth. Human milk also contains an array of glycosidases, yet whether these glycosidases have important functions within milk or within the infant is not completely known. Additional enzymes in human milk include phosphatases, antioxidant enzymes and many others that are not well understood. Understanding the unique functions of enzymes in human milk may reveal key insights into improving neonatal health.
We Must Fix US Health and Public Health Policy.

Despite a history of public health progress and the most expensive health care system in the world, the United States failed in its initial response to COVID-19. Much of this failure resulted from a presidential administration that sidelined, undermined, and maligned public health. But the roots of failure are deeper. Recovering from the pandemic and building health and public health back better will require recognizing the roots of failure and working persistently to achieve the progress that the country needs-especially among the most underserved communities. This must begin with recognizing the shortcomings in the US health system response to the pandemic, but the multiple overlapping failures laid bare by this crisis demonstrate the need for a systemic, multifaceted, sustained approach to reform that goes beyond pandemic preparedness. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 28, 2021: e1-e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306125).
Of the Conditional Fee as a Response to Lawyers, Bankers and Loopholes

In this essay, we make a concrete proposal to limit the extent to which lawyers facilitate problematic transactions of the sort that contributed to, and may have caused, the financial crisis. We propose that the fees of securities lawyers and perhaps other regulatory lawyers such as banking lawyers be "conditional." If the client became insolvent and was found to have materially violated the relevant regulations in the period leading up to insolvency, outstanding legal fees would not be payable and any fees paid to the lawyers by the client during the period of the violation would be disgorged. A finding of legal malpractice or other fault on the part of the lawyer would not be necessary, nor would proof that the violation caused the insolvency be required.
Sonographic Evaluation of Serous Cystadenofibroma With Evidence of Intermittent Torsion

Serous cystadenofibromas are benign surface epithelial stromal tumors of the ovary. Many of the sonographic features of serous cystadenofibromas mimic what are traditionally considered possible cha...
The Relationship of Parental Health Literacy to Health Outcomes of Children with Medical Complexity.

Abstract Theoretical principles Children with medical complexity experience negative health outcomes despite the high costs associated with their care. There is growing evidence that low parental health literacy is associated with a number of poor child health outcomes, including medication errors. However, less is known about the relationship between parental health literacy and the health outcomes of children with medical complexity, whose care is known to be more complex and demanding of parents. Phenomena addressed The challenges faced by parents of children with medical complexity are presented, including those related to communication, care coordination, and medication administration. The historical and theoretical perspectives of health literacy are discussed, and the relationship of parental health literacy to pediatric health outcomes for children with medical complexity is explored. Research linkages Remaining knowledge gaps about parental health literacy and its influence on the health of children with medical complexity are outlined. Future research and clinical practice implications of health literacy and its importance to family-centered care are discussed.
Can Government Intervention Increase Volunteers and Donations? Analyzing the Influence of VISTA With a Matched Design

The United States has long relied on private organizations to provide public services to poor communities. However, while the federal government’s support of the civic sector through grants and con...
Perceptions and affordable rental housing: A small-town perspective from Georgia

Many rural small towns are facing a shortage of rental housing affordable to low-income households at a time when the stock of existing affordable housing is increasingly vulnerable. Previous resea...
Support for the parental practice hypothesis: Subadult prairie voles exhibit similar behavioral and neural profiles when alloparenting kin and non-kin.

Abstract Parental care is critical for offspring survival in altricial species. Although parents are the most common caregivers, other individuals (e.g., older siblings) can also provide alloparental care . Some have argued that animals engage in alloparental behavior to practice providing care for their eventual offspring, whereas others have argued that alloparental behavior enhances indirect fitness. Proximate measures have the potential to test ultimate functions of behavior. A focus on neural expression of oxytocin and vasopressin (two neuropeptides modulating alloparental care) or neural activation following exposure to related and unrelated individuals could reveal whether practice or investment in indirect fitness explains alloparental behavior. This study examined alloparental behaviors and neural responses in prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ), a species that engages in alloparental behavior. Subadult (independent, yet sexually immature) male prairie voles were exposed to one of four stimuli: same-age sibling, neonatal sibling, unrelated neonate, or inanimate neonate-sized object. We assessed alloparental behaviors and quantified cFos protein expression in oxytocin and vasopressin neuronal populations of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to stimulus exposure. We detected no differences in cFos and nonapeptide co-localization among stimulus groups. Subjects performed similar amounts of alloparental care toward related and unrelated neonates, but not other subadults or inanimate objects. Notably, caregiving did not differ based on kin-status. The lack of difference in alloparenting toward related and non-related neonates suggests that alloparental care in prairie voles primarily serves to provide subadults with parental practice.
Human confidence in artificial intelligence and in themselves: The evolution and impact of confidence on adoption of AI advice

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown its promise in assisting human decision-making. However, humans' inappropriate decision to accept or reject suggestions from AI can lead to severe consequences in high-stakes AI-assisted decision-making scenarios. This problem persists due to insufficient understanding of human trust in AI. Therefore, this research studies how two types of human confidence that affect trust, their confidence in AI and confidence in themselves, evolve and affect humans’ decisions. A cognitive study and a quantitative model together examine how changing positive and negative experiences affect these confidences and ultimate decisions. Results show that human self-confidence, not their confidence in AI, directs the decision to accept or reject AI suggestions. Furthermore, this work finds that humans often misattribute blame to themselves and enter a vicious cycle of relying on a poorly performing AI. Findings reveal the need and provide insights to effectively calibrate human self-confidence for successful AI-assisted decision-making.
Black People vs. Educational Culprits Engaged in Our Systemic Mass Incarceration in the United States of America

Eight culprits in the systematic mass incarceration of black people are interrogated in this fictitious courtroom proceeding. Each defendant is somehow involved in the ecosystem of schooling that r...
Application of Potentiokinetic Hysteresis Technique to Characterize the Chloride Corrosion of High-Copper Dental Amalgams

The potentiokinetic hysteresis technique was utilized to characterize the electrochemical reactions involved in the corrosion of six silver-tin dental amalgams containing approximately 2.0 to 15.0 weight percent copper ina 1.0 percent sodium chloride (NaCI) solution at 23°C over a potential range of -1200 to 0 mV (saturated calomel electrode). The results indicated that the corrosion of these amalgams is associated with several oxidation-reduction reactions, namely, Sn/Sn (OH) 2 , Sn/Sn (OH) 4 , SN/SN(OH)C1, H 2 O, Cu/Cu 2 O, and Cu/CuCl, which are thermodynamically possible in the range of potentials scanned. The occurrence of these reactions at around their respective thermodynamic potentials was clearly indicated during the reverse scan of the potentiokinetic measurement. From the height of the peak currents associated with these various reactions, it is possible to rank these amalgams from the standpoint of electrochemical activities of copper and tin in each amalgam. These results offer an insight into the mechanism of corrosion of dental amalgams, and at the same time demonstrate the usefulness of the potentiokinetic technique in the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of dental amalgams.
Electron Attachment to NF3

Nitrogen trifluoride has been used for over a decade as a fluorine donor in rare gas-fluoride excimer lasers, and more recently has found increasing use in plasma etching discharges for the fabrication and semiconductor materials. Modeling of the NF3discharges in these applications requires a knowledge of the electron scattering and electron gain and loss processes for NF3. Several electron attachment studies using electron beam and electron swarm techniques have been performed in NF3, but the uncertainty in the rate of electron attachment from these studies is large.
Fundamental Limits in X-Ray Holography

At the present time, soft x-ray holographic microscopy is beginning to reach the point where it can be considered for use in scientific investigations [1].It has a long history which is reviewed elsewhere [2–4]. The general theme has been that improvements were brought about by advances in technology. It is not our purpose to discuss this here except to say that we believe that there will be further advances in technology and this raises the issue of more fundamental limits to the performance of a holographic soft x-ray microscope. In this paper we consider two important classes of performance limitation: that due to sample damage and that due to the twin image problem [5]. In the spirit of the title, both are discussed for an ideal experiment involving perfect detectors, etc.