cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation and migration of a leaky-dielectric droplet in a steady non-uniform electric field

This work numerically investigates the dynamics of an initially uncharged droplet freely suspended in another immiscible fluid and influenced by a steady non-uniform electric field. Both the droplet and the suspending fluid are assumed leaky dielectric. A three-dimensional spectral boundary element method is employed. It is validated by comparing with other numerical results and experimental findings for droplet deformation in a uniform electric field. This work reveals the dominant influence of the relative conductivity of fluids on the droplet migration direction in a non-uniform electric field. We have also explored the complicated behavior of the droplet deformation and speed affected by the relative permittivity and conductivity. In addition, the impact of the electric capillary number and viscosity ratio on the droplet dynamics has also been investigated. Results found and numerical algorithms developed in this study pave ways for investigations on droplet motion in an electric field created by co-planar electrodes, which has direct applications in digital microfluidics.
A two-step procedure for purification of papain from extract of papaya latex.

Abstract A method is presented for purifying papain from extracts of papaya latex. The procedure involves precipitation of the extract of papaya latex with sodium chloride followed by affinity chromatography of the redissolved precipitate. Precipitation of the protein from the latex extract is necessary to separate the papain from material which interferes with the binding of papain to the affinity column. During affinity chromatography, the affinity column is overloaded to insure absence in the final product of impurities which are capable of binding to the affinity column. The papain prepared by this procedure yielded an amino acid analysis and an N-terminal amino acid analysis expected for a sample of pure papain. No Met was detected on amino acid analysis nor was the presence of N-terminal residues other than He detected. On polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3, papain prepared by the method described in this work was indistinguishable from crystalline papain which was prepared by the method of Kimmel and Smith, and further purified by affinity chromatography. Both disc gel patterns consisted of a single band and a trailing shadow which was less than 5% of the main band. In routine spectrophotometric assays, the specific activity toward N,α-benzoyl- l -arginine ethyl ester of papain prepared by the procedure described in this work was indistinguishable from crystalline papain prepared by the method of Kimmel and Smith, and further purified by affinity chromatography. Values of 24 sec−1' and 15 m m were obtained from the turnover number and Km for the papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N,α-benzoyl- l -arginine ethyl ester at 25 °C, pH 6.00, Γ 2 0.30 using a pH stat.
Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part II: Modeling the mixed layer response

Abstract The Mixed Layer Experiment (MILE) was an examination of the upper-ocean response to meteorological forcing. In Part I of this paper ( Davis, deSzoeke, Halpern and Niiler , 1981, Deep-Dea Research, 28, 1427–1451) temperature and velocity variability observed at two moorings, and the concurrent atmospheric forcing, were described. The one-dimensional heat budget closed satisfactorily and the low-frequency variability of wind stress and upper-ocean transport agreed qualitatively. In this paper, various aspects of the observed ocean response to wind forcing are modeled. For low frequencies a linear statistical model relating wind stress and currents is found; it describes wind-driven velocities parallel to the expected Ekman transport and decreasing with depth. On time scales long compared with a tidal period the rate of change of vertically integrated potential energy agrees well with 0.5 ϱu ∗ 3 , where u ∗ is the friction velocity in water. The response to wind forcing is also simulated using a one-dimensional mixed-layer model based on parameterizing the potential energy balance in terms of ϱu ∗ 3 and turbulent energy production by the interaction of velocity shear and the entrainment stress. Simulations of the MILE data indicate that both processes are important, the latter primarily during the start of wind events. This model also reproduces the major features of the observed statistical relationship between winds and currents.
Therapeutic flexible endoscopy replacing surgery: Part 3—Peroral esophageal myotomy

Abstract Peroral esophageal myotomy (POEM) is a novel endoscopic operation for achalasia, first performed clinically by Haru Inoue in Japan in 2008. Using techniques developed through experience in endoscopic submucosal dissection and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, during the POEM procedure a controlled surgical myotomy across the esophagogastric junction is created using a standard flexible gastroscope, thus eliminating all skin incisions. This article reviews the key steps of the procedure, and outlines the necessary skills, equipment, and instrumentation that are required to perform it. The existing literature regarding procedural and postoperative outcomes is reviewed, and recommendations are given regarding the symptomatic and physiological assessment of POEM patients going forward, so that the procedure can be objectively compared with the current standard of care, laparoscopic Heller myotomy.
Fuzzy neighborhood filters for UWB range radios in multipath environments

An ultra-wideband (UWB) inter-radio ranging technology with measurement resolution of +/-0.5 ft and range up to 0.5 kilometer under certain FCC regulation was recently introduced. However, measurement data are extremely erroneous due to stochastic variables in the device and multipath radio wave reflections. This paper presents fuzzy logic tuned double tracking filters as a solution to remove misinformation in the data. The 1st tracker locates the overall center of the data in the presence of the large sporadic noise. A fuzzy logic admits only neighborhood data to a 2nd tracker which takes care of smaller deviation noise. The fuzzy neighborhood filter approach has been successfully applied to clean up the UWB radio ranges. Experimental results are shown.
Life Events in a Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Phenotype Compared to Attention-Deficit Hyperactive and Normal Controls

Objective: To examine life events in subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP) compared to those in subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder...
The somatotopic pattern of afferent projections from the digits to the spinal cord and cuneate nucleus in macaque monkeys.

Abstract The somatotopic patterns of terminations in the spinal cord and cuneate nucleus of afferents from the digits of macaque monkeys were determined by the transganglionic transport of a mixture of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and free horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections placed in either a single digit or in various combinations of digits indicate that terminations from the digits are located medially in the superficial laminae of cervical segments 5–7 in the dorsal horn. Each digit has a distinct zone of terminations, and inputs from D1–D5 terminate in order in a rostrocaudal sequence. In the cuneate nucleus, afferents from single digits are ventrally situated and organized into rostrocaudally elongated columns of label. In the pars rotunda of the cuneate nucleus, the representations of the digits appear to be offset from one another with D1 represented most laterally, and the other digits represented in order progressively more medially. In portions of the cuneate nucleus rostral and caudal to the pars rotunda, the projections from the digits are more diffuse and overlap one another.
Enabling engineering of complex systems through simulation-based experimentation

We discuss lessons learned in the development and application of the Collaborative Experimentation Environment (CEE), a simulation-based environment for conducting multi-agency human-in-the-loop (HITL) experiments. Experiences across three different net-centric experiments (NETEXs) are summarized and the potential value of experimentation for improving multi-agency collaboration is reviewed.
Acids and quinine as dietary adulterants.

Abstract Female rats were maintained for 30 days on diets containing various concentrations by weight of quinine or of acetic, butyric, or citric acid. Concentration-dependent undereating and weight loss was induced with dry ground-chow diets containing citric acid (5.25, 10.5, 15.75 or 21%) or with wet-mash diets containing either acetic, butyric (1.75, 3.5, 5.25 or 7.0% for both acids) or citric acid (7.5, 15.0, 22.5 or 30.0%). Wet-mash diets containing quinine (0.08, 0.12, 0.16 or 0.20%) induced initial undereating and weight loss with considerable adaptation (weight gain) after the tenth day. Only butyric acid (all concentrations) induced rumenal ulceration. Both acetic and citric acid appear to be useful alternatives to quinine as dietary adulterants.
The role of male territories in the mating system of the Yellow‐shouldered Widowbird Euplectes macrourus

The territorial system and breeding biology of the Yellow-shouldered Widowbird Euplectes macrourus (Ploceidae) was investigated in western Kenya. Yellow-shouldered Widowbirds had a resource-defence polygynous mating system: males defended large (mean = 0.95 ha) territories and built the coarse framing for the nests in tall grass. Males had up to five females nesting per territory. Females provided nearly all parental care except for a territorial male seen feeding a fledgling: the first observation of paternal care in the wild for this genus. There was considerable variation in territory size, but the cause of this variation remains unknown: territory size was not related to potential indicators of territory quality, such as grass height and abundance, did not relate to male morphology (mass, size and ornament size) or territorial behaviour (boundary displays and singing) and did not affect female preferences. Although resources (territories and nests) were defended by the males, observations that males frequently fed outside their territories and formed communal roosts during the breeding season suggest that this species represents a transitional stage between typical resource-defence polygyny and lek breeding.
Malignant inflammatory histiocytoma (inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma) report of a patient with four lesions

A patient with four subcutaneous inflammatory fibrous histiocytomas is presented. Three of these tumors developed synchronously. The neoplasms were examined by light and electron microscopy and were composed of well differentiated histiocytes, multinucleated histiocytes, and less differentiated cells. The ultrastructural findings support the histiocytic nature of this particular tumor.
First-Principles Study of Vacancy-Assisted as Diffusion in Silicon

A set of interaction potentials for vacancy-assisted As diffusion in silicon have been provided via first-principles pseudo-potential calculations. Some important reactions such as As+V ⇌ AsV, AsV + As ⇌ As2V, AsV + V ⇌ V2, as well as V + V ⇌ V2 are considered. The results demonstrate that the existence of another As atom greatly reduces the migration barrier of vacancy moving between the two As atoms and speeds up the diffusion of As. The AsV pair can attract another nearby vacancy. The binding force mainly comes from the binding between two vacancies, rather than from the AsV pair. The obtained potential energy diagrams provide input information for atomistic diffusion simulations.
Identification and Characterization of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Formin-Mediated Actin Assembly

Formins stimulate actin filament assembly for fundamental cellular processes including division, adhesion, establishing polarity, and motility. A formin inhibitor would be useful because most cells express multiple formins whose functions are not known and because metastatic tumor formation depends on the deregulation of formin-dependent processes. We identified a general small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) by screening compounds for the ability to prevent formin-mediated actin assembly in vitro. SMIFH2 targets formins from evolutionarily diverse organisms including yeast, nematode worm, and mice, with a half-maximal inhibitor concentration of approximately 5 to 15 microM. SMIFH2 prevents both formin nucleation and processive barbed end elongation and decreases formin's affinity for the barbed end. Furthermore, low micromolar concentrations of SMIFH2 disrupt formin-dependent, but not Arp2/3 complex-dependent, actin cytoskeletal structures in fission yeast and mammalian NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.
Sensitivity of adenosine triphosphatases in different brain regions to polychlorinated biphenyl congeners

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) mixtures contain a number of different congeners, some of which have been proposed to be neuroactive. Recent studies have suggested that ortho-substituted PCBs may be neuroactive, while 'dioxin-like' non-ortho-substituted congeners are not. This study compared the in vitro effects of a putative neuroactive ortho-biphenyl (2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl; DCBP) with that of a putative non-neuroactive congener lacking ortho-chlorine substitutions (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; PCBP) on Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in mitochondrial and synaptosomal preparations from striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. In these studies, DCBP significantly inhibited oligomycin-sensitive (OS) Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in all four brain regions in a concentration-dependent manner; PCBP, on the other hand, had no effect on OS Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in any brain region examined at concentrations up to 100 microM. The striatum, a dopamine-rich region, was not preferentially sensitive to the effects of DCBP. Furthermore, DCBP did not inhibit synaptosomal Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity, suggesting a specificity of action on OS Mg(2+)-ATPase. These data support previous structure-activity relationships, suggesting that ortho-substituted PCB congeners are neuroactive while non-ortho-substituted congeners are not. Disruption of mitochondrial oxidative energy production may play a role in the neuroactivity of ortho-chlorinated PCBs.
Principles for microscale separations based on redox-active surfactants and electrochemical methods.

We report principles for microscale separations based on selective solubilization and deposition of sparingly water-soluble compounds by an aqueous solution of a redox-active surfactant. The surfactant, (11-ferrocenylundecyl)trimethylammonium bromide, undergoes a reversible change in micellization upon oxidation or reduction. This change in aggregation is exploited in a general scheme in which micelles of reduced surfactant are formed and then put in contact with a mixture of hydrophobic compounds leading to selective solubilization of the compounds. The micelles are then electrochemically disrupted, leading to the selective deposition of their contents. We measured the selectivity of the solubilization and deposition processes using mixtures of two model drug-like compounds, o-tolueneazo-beta-naphthol (I) and 1-phenylazo-2-naphthylamine (II). By repeatedly solubilizing and depositing a mixture that initially contained equal mole fractions of each compound, we demonstrate formation of a product that contains 98.4% of I after six cycles. Because the aggregation states of redox-active surfactants are easily controlled within simple microfabricated structures, including structures that define small stationary volumes (e.g., wells of a microtiter plate) or flowing volumes of liquids (e.g., microfabricated channels), we believe these principles may be useful for the purification or analysis of compounds in microscale chemical process systems. When used for purification, these principles provide separation of surfactant and product.
Seeing in 3-D: Examining the Reach of Diabetes Self-Management Support Strategies in a Public Health Care System

The authors examined whether tailored self-management support (SMS) strategies reach patients in a safety net system and explored variation by language, literacy, and insurance. English-, Spanish-, and Cantonese-speaking diabetes patients were randomized to weekly automated telephone disease management (ATDM) or monthly group medical visits. The SMS programs employ distinct communication methods but share common objectives, including behavioral "action plans." Reach was measured using three complementary dimensions: (a) participation among clinics, clinicians, and patients; (b) patient representativeness; and (c) patient engagement with SMS. Participation rates were high across all levels and preferentially attracted Spanish-language speakers, uninsured, and Medicaid recipients. Although both programs engaged a significant proportion in action planning, ATDM yielded higher engagement, especially among those with limited English proficiency and limited literacy. These results provide important insights for health communication and translational research with respect to realizing the public health benefits of SMS and can inform system-level planning to reduce health disparities.
Comparison of wave steepness based on spatial and temporal distributions

It is common practice to estimate wave steepness parameters from zero crossing analysis of wave elevation records in the time domain. Numerical and experimental investigations were carried out to compare steepness parameters based on spatial-domain and time-domain wave profiles. It was found that significant biases may occur in steepness parameters based on time-domain analysis of irregular wave trains. A new hybrid zero crossing analysis method is described that can provide more accurate information on wave steepness.
Kainate mediates nuclear factor-kappa B activation in hippocampus via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase.

Abstract The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is an inducible regulator of genes that plays a crucial role in the nervous system. Glutamate receptor stimulation is one well-described mechanism for NF-κB activation. In the studies presented here we used the glutamate analog, kainate to investigate the signaling mechanisms that couple to NF-κB activation in hippocampus. Kainate (250nM) application to hippocampal slices elicited a time-dependent increase in nuclear NF-κB levels in areas CA3 and CA1, but not dentate, compared with controls. Further analysis focused on hippocampal area CA3, revealed increased NF-κB DNA binding activity in response to kainate stimulation. Supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that the kainate-mediated NF-κB complex binding DNA was composed of p65, p50, and c-Rel subunits. Through inhibition studies we found that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) couple to basal and kainate-mediated NF-κB DNA binding activity in area CA3. Kainate elicited decreased total and increased phospho-inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα), suggesting that kainate-mediated activation of NF-κB is via the classical IκB kinase pathway. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK but not PI3K blocked the kainate-mediated increase in phospho-IκBα. Thus, our findings support a role for the ERK and PI3K pathways in kainate-mediated NF-κB activation in hippocampal area CA3, but these kinases may target the NF-κB pathway at different loci.
Combined Liposuction and Excision of Lipomas: Long-Term Evaluation of a Large Sample of Patients

Background. Lipomas are benign tumors of mature fat cells. They can be removed by liposuction, yet this technique is seldom employed because of concerns that removal may be incomplete and recurrence may be more frequent than after conventional excision. Objectives. We assessed the short- and long-term clinical outcomes and recurrence of combined liposuction and limited surgical excision of subcutaneous lipomas. Methods. From 2003 to 2012, 25 patients with 48 lipomas were treated with liposuction followed by direct excision through the same incision to remove residual lipomatous tissue. Initial postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 week to 3 months, and long-term outcomes, complications, and recurrence were surveyed 1 to 10 years postoperatively. Results. Lipomas on the head, neck, trunk, and extremities ranged from 1 to 15 cm in diameter. Early postoperative hematoma and seromas were managed by aspiration. Among 23 survey respondents (92%), patients were uniformly pleased with the cosmetic results; none reported recurrent lipoma. Conclusions. The combination of liposuction and excision is a safe alternative for lipoma removal; malignancy and recurrence are uncommon. Liposuction performed through a small incision provides satisfactory aesthetic results in most cases. Once reduced in size, residual lipomatous and capsular tissue can be removed without expanding the incision. These favorable outcomes support wider application of this technique in appropriate cases.
Some aspects of the response of geothermal reservoirs to brine reinjection with application to the Cerro Prieto Field

Abstract It has become generally accepted that reinjection will be necessary for optimizing the exploitation of a geothermal field. Not only does this afford a way to solve the problem of disposing cooled geothermal brine, but it also serves the purpose of maintaining reservoir pressure, thus reducing possible subsidence effects and sustaining production flow rates. In addition, reinjection enhances thermal energy extraction from the reservoir rocks. However, reinjection creates a zone of relatively cold water around each injection well that will grow with time and eventually reach the production wells. When the cold water appears (‘breakthrough’) in the producing wells, the efficiency of the operation may be drastically reduced. It is, therefore, important to design the system of injection wells to prevent cold-water breakthrough before a specified time. For a given production field, it is essential that both the locations and flow rates of the injection wells be optimized. In this paper, preliminary results of two reinjection studies will be described: 1. (1) Initial investigation of several possible reinjection patterns for the Cerro Prieto geothermal field have been made based on a method developed by Gringarten and Sauty (1975). The resulting data show what may be expected from different reinjection schemes and may provide useful guidelines for the eventual choice of an optimal well arrangement. 2. (2) A numerical model was used to study the injection pressure expected when colder water is injected into a hot reservoir. Because of the large difference in the viscosities of cold and hot water, the usual Theis (1935) solution using one value for viscosity has had to be modified. The numerical model includes not only the viscosity variation but also the effects of the transition region between hot and cold water. The calculation can be easily generalized to a multiple-injection and production well system such as the Cerro Prieto field.
Nonclassical photon states generated by stimulated Compton scattering

The stimulated Compton scattering of photons between two oppositely propagating coherent lights by a relativistic electron moving along the same line is studied analytically. The system is described in a moving frame so that the electron becomes nonrelativistic and the frequencies of the two lights coincide. Except for the replacement of the static wiggler by a propagating light, our system is essentially the same as a free-electron laser working in the Compton regime and described in the usual Bambini-Renieri frame. The Q representation of two-mode coherent states is adopted to describe the radiation fields, and the electron states are expressed in terms of plane waves. A perturbative solution, with the quantum recoil of the electron as the perturbation parameter, of the time evolution of the system is carried out far beyond the first order. It demonstrates that two nonclassical effects, i.e., squeezing and photon antibunching, occur as results of the scattering. It also confirms once more the fact that quantum recoils play the exclusive role in generating such nonclassical photon states. A very important improvement in the present treatment is that the electron part of the density matrix is traced out before the calculation of the squeezing effect. As a result, it is found that there is no squeezing if the initial state is a vacuum. This is, perhaps, a significant new discovery. Many-electron effects are ignored in the present study.
Using the iPad as a tool to support literacy instruction

The purpose of this case study was to examine how iPads could be integrated into literacy instruction in a fourth-grade classroom in ways consistent with new conceptions of literacy and in ways that transform traditional literacy instruction by supporting readers in creating multimodal responses to reading. Results indicate that several features of the iPad support literacy instruction, a context in which both traditional literacy skills and new literacies must be taught. Data analysis revealed the following four themes that characterise the ways in which classroom instruction was supported by integrating iPads: (1) choosing new ways to communicate a message; (2) detailed work and revision; (3) spontaneous collaboration and (4) student interest and attention to the tasks. Results indicate that features of the iPad may provide a simplified path to integrating technology into literacy instruction.
The Henselization of a valued division algebra

The main result of this paper is the following: if (F, v) is a valued field, Fh its Henselization, D a division algebra with center F, and [D:F] < ∞, then v extends to D iff D⊗FFh is a division algebra. It is also shown that if p =char(F¯)(p = 1if char(F¯) = 0) then [D:F] = ¦ΓD:ΓF¦·[D:F] ·pb for some nonnegative integer b.
Dysphagia with head injury.

This retrospective study was conducted: (1) to establish the incidence of dysphagia with head injury, (2) to demonstrate the capabilities of videofluorography (VFG) in identifying the common areas of swallowing dysfunction, and (3) to demonstrate the dysphagia management advantages of the VFG. Nine patients (30%) were found to have significant swallowing problems among 30 patients admitted to the Head Injury Program, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, NY in 9 months. These nine patients represent 4-5% of all head-injured patients admitted. The most common swallowing problems demonstrated by videofluorography barium swallow were prolonged oral transit and delayed swallowing reflex; each occurring in 87-5% of eight cases. The study revealed a high correlation between swallowing dysfunction and prolonged hospitalization. Serial VFGs document improved swallowing function, and indicate when relatively safe cessation of nasogastric tube feedings can be achieved. This may permit shorter hospitalization.
Childhood urethral injuries: perspectives on outcome and treatment.

To elucidate the history of childhood urethral injuries, we undertook a retrospective review of 19 male patients comprising 2 groups: those requiring surgical intervention in adulthood and those with complete disruption of the posterior urethra requiring acute intervention (cystostomy drainage). Group 1 patients (n = 12) ranged in age from 17 to 63 years, had sustained urethral injury between the ages of 3 to 15 years and underwent initial surgery from 9 to 18 years after injury. In all 12 patients the strictures developed in the bulbar urethra. All now report continence and normal voiding and none is impotent. Group 2 patients (n = 7) ranged in age from 4 to 16 years and underwent delayed primary reconstruction of the urethral rupture defect. Six patients are now continent with a good stream but the seventh has required repeat optical urethrotomy. One patient with erectile capability at the time of injury was rendered impotent and remains so. Language: en
Children’s Insecure Representations of the Interparental Relationship and Their School Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Attention Difficulties

This study examined the role of attention difficulties as a mediator of associations between children’s insecure representations of the interparental relationship and their school adjustment in a sample of two hundred and sixteen 6-year-old children. Consistent with hypotheses, findings from structural equation models indicated that observer ratings of children’s insecure representations of interparental relationships in a story completion task predicted computerized task assessments and parent reports of children’s attention difficulties 1 year later. Children’s attention difficulties, in turn, were associated with concurrent levels of school problems and increases in school problems over a 1-year period as indexed by teacher reports. Attention difficulties accounted for an average of 34% of the association between insecure internal representations and school problems.
A psychometric investigation of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes

The present study investigated the reliability of the previously hypothesized four-factor model of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA; Brown & Holtzman, 1953, 1967). The reliabilities of the scales were marginal as measured by coefficient alpha. The hierarchical model of the SSHA was not supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Num erous test items were found to load highest on a factor other than the one hypothesized by the Brown-Holtzman model. In addition, many items exhibited very low communalities and failed to load highly on any factor.
Effect of virration on the ankle stretch reflex in man

Abstract Vibration at frequencies above 50 Hz applied to the tendon of the extensor muscles of the ankle joint produce the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) which increases when the vibration frequency is increased. The TVR affects a joint's mechanical response to sinusoidal and random oscillations in a manner similar to that seen with tonic voluntary contraction. Although the myotatic reflex is suppressed by vibration, repeated stretches of sinusoidal oscillation produce an average EMG response which is not different in magnitude from the no vibration case. Either polysynaptic mechanisms at the spinal cord level or mechanisms involving higher centers (and possibly both) are able to overcome the inhibitory mechanisms at the Ia-alpha motoneuron level in producing a stretch evoked resonance near 6 Hz. The degree of inhibition of the myotatic component of the stretch reflex is proportional to the vibration frequency. This is in contrast to the facilitation of the myotatic reflex produced by tonic voluntary contraction. Vibration does not seem to influence the post-myotatic component (> 100 msec) of the stretch reflex. These results indicate that the post-myotatic responses to limb perturbation are not only different in their latency but also in their functional dependence upon peripheral influences.
Rare earth element transport in the western North Atlantic inferred from Nd isotopic observations

The isotopic composition of Nd in the water column from several western North Atlantic sites and formational areas for North Atlantic Deep Water shows extensive vertical structure at all locations. In regions where a thermocline is well-developed, large isotopic shifts (2 to 3 ϵ units) are observed across the base of the thermocline. Regions without a thermocline are characterized by much more gradual shifts in isotopic composition with depth. In general, the data reveal an excellent correlation between the Nd isotopic distribution in the western North Atlantic water column and the distribution of water masses identified from temperature and salinity characteristics. NADW, as identified from T-S properties, is also characterized by a well-defined isotopic composition having ϵ_(Nd)(0) = −13.5 ± 0.5. This signature is associated with waters identified as NADW from high latitudes near formational areas in the Labrador Sea down to the equatorial region. The isotopic signature of NADW would appear to be formed by a blend of more negative waters originating in the Labrador Sea (ϵ_(Nd)(0) < −18) and more positive waters originating in the overflows from the Norwegian and Greenland Seas (ϵ_(Nd)(0) ≈ −8 to −10) and is consistent with classical theories on the formation of NADW. The isotopic signature of NADW is propagated southward to the equator where it is gradually being thinned out by mixing from above and below with more radiogenic Nd associated with northward-spreading Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Waters. The preservation of the isotopic signature of NADW over these large distances indicate that the REE undergo extensive lateral transport. The isotopic composition of Nd is largely conservative over the time scales of mixing within the Atlantic in spite of the intrinsic nonconservative behavior of neodymium. Nd concentration gradients generally show surface waters to be depleted in Nd relative to deep waters, which must require vertical transport processes. However, isotopic differences in the water column preclude the local downward transport of REE from the surface into underlying deep waters as a simple explanation of the concentration gradient. The apparent decoupling of REE in NADW from overlying (local) surface waters and the increasing concentration with depth provide a conflict with simple vertical transport mechanisms that is not yet resolved.
Sensitivity of Dynamical Quantities to Horizontal Resolution for a Climate Simulation Using the ECMWF (Cycle 33) Model

Abstract The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model (cycle 33) was integrated for a full seasonal cycle at four horizontal resolutions, T21, T42, T63, and T106. Within the limits imposed by the varying horizontal resolution all other aspects of the model were identical for each integration. In this paper a comparison is made of the dynamical aspects of the simulations. Fields of zonally averaged zonal wind, eddy heat and momentum fluxes, global divergent wind and vorticity, and stationary wave patterns are presented and compared for each resolution. The conclusions reached by this study are (i) T21 is qualitatively different from the higher resolutions; (ii) the highest resolution does not provide a simulation that is egregiously superior to T42. There are aspects of the T21 simulation, especially in tropical convection, that are clearly better than the higher resolutions; (iii) aside from differences in smaller-scale boundary forcing at the higher resolutions, the T42. T63, T106...
The conformational changes of calf-thymus histone fractions as determined by the optical rotary dispersion.

Abstract The α-helical conformation of the unfractionated calf-thymus histone and of its four main fractions (F1, F2a, F2b and F3) was determined from their optical rotary dispersion in aqueous, saline and 2-chloroethanol solutions. It was found that in aqueous solutions all the histones were in form of disordered chains which changed partially into an α-helical conformation in solution containing salts or DNA. In 0.1 M NaCl, Fraction 2b had the highest per cent of α-helix conformation, whereas the very lysine-rich Fraction 1 remained in form of a random coil. Replacement of Na+ by K+, Ca2+ or Al3+ did not further increase the α-helical conformation of the histones; phosphate was found more effective in producing the α-helical transitions than chloride. Dissolving the fractions in 2-chloroethanol more than doubled their α-helical conformation (60% for F2b and 48% for F1 and F). The optical rotatory dispeersion data indicate that no appreciable denaturation takes place during the fractionation of histones.
Human rights, cultural, and scientific aspects of abstinence-only policies and programs

Taken as a whole, these articles build a strong scientific and human rights case against AOE. Together, they find that the very idea of an abstinence-only approach to sexuality education is scientifically and ethically flawed. Such programs reflect a religious and cultural belief system of socially conservative groups who have attained considerable political leverage at both state and federal levels. AOE programs not only fail the usual public-health standard of program efficacy but also actively restrict lifesaving information and promote misinformation about scientifically accepted public-health strategies such as condom use.
The Sintering and Leaching of Low-Grade Diasporic Bauxite by the Improved Lime-Sintering Process

An improved lime-sintering process was developed to produce alumina from low-grade diasporic bauxite in this paper. Both clinkers sintered by the real bauxite and simulated bauxite at 1350 °C when the molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 decreased to 1.4 were produced, the alumina leaching rates of which reached over 90% in sodium carbonate liquor. The main phases in the clinkers after sintering are 12CaO•7Al2O3, γ-2CaO•SiO2 and 2CaO•Fe2O3. Addition of alkali can decrease the C/A ratio and get a high alumina leaching rate of clinker.
Nonparametric Adaptive Learning with Feedback

Abstract Recently macroeconomists and game theorists have dropped the mutual consistency assumption for rational expectations equilibrium (REE) or Nash equilibrium (NE), considering instead plausible adaptive agent learning behaviors yielding “sensible” REE or NE. But when agents do not havedetailedknowledge of the relevant equilibrium relations, they can easily arrive at “incorrect belief equilibria” which are not rational and have no optimality properties [14]. REE and NE thus lose plausibility as outcomes of learning. Here we studynonparametricadaptive learning methods that enable agents to eventually learn the relevant equilibrium relations, leading to sensible REE and NE.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C14, C73, D83.
The Effect of Pilocarpine on the Visual Field in Normals

Despite generalized consensus that pilocarpine-induced miosis results in some degree of visual field constriction, studies describing the predictability of this occurrence, as well as the nature of the field defects that may be seen, have not been undertaken. We studied 20 normal subjects, ranging in age from 24 to 57 years. Baseline refraction, pupillary measurements, and visual fields were performed in both eyes on a standardized Goldmann perimeter with the I-2e, I-3e, and I-4e test objects. Pilocarpine 2% was then instilled into the study eye and the field repeated at 30 and 120 minutes. An IBM PC computer program, designed by the authors, was used to calculate the area contained within each isopter. The probability of visual field constriction at 30 and 120 minutes after instillation of pilocarpine was found to be significant, especially with pupillary diameters of 2 mm or less. The I-2e isopter was most sensitive to miosis. Visual field constriction persisted with correction of ciliary spasm induced myopia, suggesting that miosis, especially when marked, can independently alter the visual field. The clinician, then, should make every effort to control visual field testing conditions in glaucoma patients on miotics to allow reliable serial comparisons.
Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure after Water Pipe Smoking in Hookah Bars

Background: Water pipe tobacco smoking is spreading globally and is increasingly becoming popular in the United States, particularly among young people. Although many perceive water pipe smoking to be relatively safe, clinical experimental studies indicate significant exposures to tobacco smoke carcinogens following water pipe use. We investigated biomarkers of nicotine intake and carcinogen exposure from water pipe smoking in the naturalistic setting of hookah bars. Methods: Fifty-five experienced water pipe users were studied before and after smoking water pipe in their customary way in a hookah bar. Urine samples were analyzed for nicotine, cotinine, the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Results: We found an average 73-fold increase in nicotine, 4-fold increase in cotinine, 2-fold increase in NNAL, and 14% to 91% increase in VOC mercapturic acid metabolites immediately following water pipe smoking. We saw moderate to high correlations between changes in tobacco-specific biomarkers (nicotine, cotinine, and NNAL) and several mercapturic acid metabolites of VOCs. Conclusion: Water pipe smoking in a hookah bar is associated with significant nicotine intake and carcinogen exposure. Impact: Given the significant intake of nicotine and carcinogens, chronic water pipe use could place users at increased risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 1–12. ©2014 AACR .
Enhancement of antigen-presenting cell surface molecules involved in cognate interactions by immunostimulatory DNA sequences

Bacterial genomic DNA, plasmid DNA (pDNA) and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) have been proposed to foster a Th1 response via the release of type 1 cytokines from macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells and B cells. In this study, we show that ISS-enriched DNA up-regulates a distinct profile of cell surface molecules on macrophages and B cells in vitro and in vivo. ISS-ODN and ISS-containing pDNA enhanced the expression of antigen presentation molecules (MHC class I and II), co-stimulatory molecules (B7-1, B7-2 and CD40), cytokine receptors (IFN-g receptor and IL-2 receptor), an adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and an Fc receptor (Fcg receptor) on murine B cells or bone marrow-derived macrophages. The increased expression of these surface molecules is seen in purified cell populations and is largely independent of the effects of type 1 cytokines. Splenic antigenpresenting cells stimulated with ISS-ODN in vivo efficiently activate naive T cells and bias their differentiation toward a Th1 phenotype in vitro. Thus, the induction of both type 1 cytokines and a distinct profile of cell surface molecules contributes to the potent immunostimulatory effects of ISS-containing DNA on innate and adaptive immunity.
James Buchanan’s Economic Theory of Morals: The Case of the Work Ethic

James M. Buchanan is a unique figure in modern economics. A Nobel Prize winner and a pioneer of public choice theory, he is in some ways a respected pillar of the profession. Yet at the same time, he is an outspoken critic of certain fundamental practices of mainstream economics who refuses to confine his work within the conventional boundaries of the discipline. Whether seen as an innovator or an iconoclast, he has consistently been among the most methodologically and philosophically self-aware of the profession's elite.
Human Papillomavirus in Metastatic Lymph Nodes from Unknown Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective. Determine human papillomavirus (HPV) incidence in unknown primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCCa) of the head and neck and assess if HPV status influenced survival.Study Design. Historical cohort study.Setting. Tertiary care center.Subjects. Patients with unknown primary SCCa despite a complete workup who underwent neck dissection or excisional biopsy and postoperative comprehensive ± chemoradiotherapy between 2002 and 2009.Methods. HPV fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) were performed. Results were compared with survival, age, race, gender, tobacco use, alcohol use, and nodal stage.Results. Twenty-five patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 88% were >10 pack year tobacco users. Twenty-eight percent were HPV positive defined by both p16+ and FISH+. Five-year overall survival was 66.7% in HPV-positive and 48.5% in HPV-negative patients (P = .35). Similarly, 5-year disease-free survival rates were 66.7% in HPV-positive and 48.5% in HPV-nega...
Adaptive power control and MMSE interference suppression

Power control algorithms assume that the receiver structure is fixed and iteratively update the transmit powers of the users to provide acceptable quality of service while minimizing the total transmitter power. Multiuser detection, on the other hand, optimizes the receiver structure with the assumption that the users have fixed transmitter powers. In this study, we combine the two approaches and propose an iterative and distributed power control algorithm which iteratively updates the transmitter powers and receiver filter coefficients of the users. We show that the algorithm converges to a minimum power solution for the powers, and an MMSE multiuser detector for the filter coefficients.
A comparison of multifrequency HF radar and ADCP measurements of near-surface currents during COPE-3

A high-frequency multifrequency coastal radar operating at four frequencies between 4.8 and 21.8 MHz was used as part of the third Chesapeake Bay Outflow Plume Experiment (COPE-3) during October and November, 1997. The radar system surveyed the open ocean east of the coast and just south of the mouth of Chesapeake Bay from two sites separated by about 20 km. Measurements were taken once an hour, and the eastward and northward components of ocean currents were estimated at four depths ranging from about 0.5 m to 2.5 m below the surface for each location on a 2 by 2 km grid. Direction of arrival of the signals was estimated using the MUSIC algorithm. The radar measurements were compared to currents measured by several moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) with range bins 2-14 m below the water surface. The vertical structure of the current was examined by utilizing four different radar wavelengths, which respond to ocean currents at different depths, and by using several ADCP range bins separated by 1-m intervals. The radar and ADCP current estimates were highly correlated and showed similar depth behavior, and there was significant correlation between radar current estimates at different wavelengths and wind speed.
A Modular Neural Network Model of Concept Acquisition

Previous neural network models of concept learning were mainly implemented with supervised learning schemes. However, studies of human conceptual memory have shown that concepts may be learned without a teacher who provides the category name to associate with exemplars. A modular neural network architecture that realizes concept acquisition through two functionally distinct operations, categorizing and naming, is proposed as an alternative. An unsupervised algorithm realizes the categorizing module by constructing representations of categories compatible with prototype theory. The naming module associates category names to the output of the categorizing module in a supervised mode. In such a modular architecture, the interface between the modules can be conceived of as an “information relay” that encodes, constrains, and propagates important information. Five experiments were conducted to analyze the relationships among internal conceptual codes and simple conceptual and lexical development. The first two experiments show a prototype effect and illustrate some basic characteristics of the system. The third experiment presents a bottom-up model of the narrowing down of children's early lexical categories that honors mutual exclusivity. The fourth experiment introduces top-down constraints on conceptual coding. The fifth experiment exhibits how hierarchical relationships between concepts are learned by the architecture, and also demonstrates how a spectrum of conceptual expertise may gradually emerge as a consequence of experiencing more with certain categories than with others.