cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the role of poetic versus nonpoetic features in “kindred” and diachronic poetry attribution

Author attribution studies have demonstrated remarkable success in applying orthographic and lexicographic features of text in a variety of discrimination problems. What might poetic features, such as syllabic stress and mood, contribute? We address this question in the context of two different attribution problems: (a) kindred: differentiate Langston Hughes’ early poems from those of kindred poets and (b) diachronic: differentiate Hughes’ early from his later poems. Using a diverse set of 535 generic text features, each categorized as poetic or nonpoetic, correlation-based greedy forward search ranked the features and a support vector machine classified the poems. A small subset of features (∼10) achieved cross-validated precision and recall as high as 87%. Poetic features (rhyme patterns particularly) were nearly as effective as nonpoetic in kindred discrimination, but less effective diachronically. In other words, Hughes used both poetic and nonpoetic features in distinctive ways and his use of nonpoetic features evolved systematically while he continued to experiment with poetic features. These findings affirm qualitative studies attesting to structural elements from Black oral tradition and Black folk music (blues) and to the internal consistency of Hughes’ early poetry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gentamicin- and Cephalothin-Associated Rises in Blood Urea Nitrogen

Standardized rates of drug-attributed rises in blood urea nitrogen were 8.6%, 2.9%, and 9.3%, respectively, in patients receiving gentamicin alone, cephalothin alone, and both drugs together. These results provide evidence against a substantial synergism between the two drugs in the production of impaired renal function.
Contraction Anisocoria Resulting From Half-Field Illumination

We recorded pupillary responses to alternating half-field visual stimuli in 13 normal subjects (eight men and five women ranging in age from 23 to 28 years). We found that stimulation of the temporal visual field caused more pupillary constriction than did equivalent stimulation of the nasal field. Temporal stimuli also produced a direct pupillary response that was larger than the consensual response. Nasal stimulation, however, elicited a larger consensual pupillary response than a direct response. Our findings imply an asymmetric decussation of pupillomotor pathways in the midbrain in humans, as well as greater sensitivity of the nasal retina.
Diagnostics cannot have much power against general alternatives

Abstract Model diagnostics are shown to have little power unless alternative hypotheses can be narrowly defined. For example, the independence of observations cannot be tested against general forms of dependence. Thus, the basic assumptions in regression models cannot be inferred from the data. Equally, the proportionality assumption in proportional-hazards models is not testable. Specification error is a primary source of uncertainty in forecasting, and this uncertainty will be difficult to resolve without external calibration. Model-based causal inference is even more problematic.
Designing an Effective Microbial Forensics Program for Law Enforcement and National Security Purposes

Forensic capabilities that provide lead information, and investigative, intelligence, prosecution and policy decision support can be invaluable for responding to and resolving bioterrorism events. Attributing biological attacks through scientific and other resources and processes is an important goal, for which science can be instrumental. Some even believe that having effective microbial forensics capabilities along with others can even deter adversaries from using biological weapons. For those nations that do not have such or wish to integrate or upgrade capabilities, thoughtful analysis and consideration of certain design principles will increase the likelihood that success will be attained.
Synthesis of dodecanedioic acid fromvernonia galamensis oil

Dodecanedioic acid, currently available from elaborate synthesis utilizing petrochemical feedstock, was synthesized fromVernonia galamensis oil via an efficient, relatively simple three-reaction sequence that involved the room temperature oxidation of 12,13-epoxystearic acid. The first and second steps of the reaction scheme were saponification and hydrogenation, both of which were almost quantitative. The third reaction, involving chromic acid oxidation of the resulting epoxy acid, afforded greater than 50% of the theoretical yield of dodecanedioic acid (>95% purity, m.p. 123–125°C; lit. m.p. 128–130°C).
Pharmacist drug consultation behavior

Abstract Many studies have demonstrated that pharmacists perform inadequately when consulting with patients and physicians about drug therapy. The objective of this was to determine if this failure in drug consultation was due to a lack of knowledge or other factors. Fifty-five retail pharmacists were presented six prescriptions requiring consultation in order to ensure proper drug therapy. Three of the prescriptions required patient consultation and three necessitated physician consultation. Observation of pharmacist consultation behavior was conducted by the purchaser of the prescription at the time of dispensing. Each pharmacist was then administered a knowledge test to determine awareness of the problem area requiring consultation. The correlation between knowledge and consultation behavior was significant at the 0.01 level in the case of prescriptions requiring patient consultation. In contrast, there was not a significant correlation between knowledge and consultation behavior for prescriptions requiring physician consultation. Possible explanations for these differences are explored.
Non-Significance of Early Speech Delay in Children with Autism and Normal Intelligence and Implications for DSM-IV Asperger’s Disorder:

According to the DSM-IV, children with Asperger's disorder do not have significant cognitive or speech delays, whereas children with autistic disorder may or may not. In our study, children with normal intelligence who had clinical diagnoses of autism or Asperger syndrome were divided into two groups: those with and without a significant speech delay. The purpose was to determine if clinically meaningful differences existed between the two groups that would support absence of speech delay as a DSM-IV criterion for Asperger's disorder. No significant differences were found between the 23 children with a speech delay and the 24 children without a speech delay on any of the 71 variables analyzed, including autistic symptoms and expressive language. Results suggest that early speech delay may be irrelevant to later functioning in children who have normal intelligence and clinical diagnoses of autism or Asperger syndrome and that speech delay as a DSM-IV distinction between Asperger's disorder and autism may not be justified.
Identifying the variation of experiences when dealing with problems in complex systems

Engineering professional societies, engineering education thought leaders, and academics in engineering education have established the need to promote systems thinking in engineering students so they can deal effectively with the future complexity of engineering practice. Universities and schools have taught systems thinking, but currently there are limitations in measuring the effectiveness of these instructional interventions. Current research on assessment states that it is necessary to align modern theories of learning, the task and the interpretation of the outcomes from the task. Theories about the development of systems thinking are still scarce and are not based in modern theories of learning. This work intends to contribute to closing this gap by identifying the variation of experiences people have when dealing with problems in complex systems. The research approach used to answer this question is phenomenography (Marton's approach). Participants will be asked to perform a task, and each common way of dealing with the task will be identified as a category. These categories will be hierarchically arranged, yielding a developmental path. A developmental path explaining the development of systems thinking will facilitate the development of tools to assess the level of systems thinking which impacts academy and industry.
Cell migration: May the force be with you

Effective linkages between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton are crucial for cell migration. New insights into the formation of these links are provided by laser trap experiments and other recent advances.
Thomas Stackhouse's Theory of Linguistic Rhetoric: A Study of Reflections on the Nature and Property of Languages (1731)

SUMMARYThomas Stackhouse's (1657-1752) Reflections On the Nature and Property of Languages (1731) was directly concerned with two areas critical to an understanding of 18th century English linguistic theory: the nature and origin of language, and rhetorical grammar. Stackhouse's method was as follows: he defined language according to its origins and history, and he identified those rhetorical universals which he beheved were essential for the refinement of language. Assuming that all languages were equal in their capacity to communicate, Stackhouse argued that perspicuity, purity, copiousness, neatness, energy, sublimity, and number increased the effectiveness of language. A study oi Reflections suggests that theories of language, thought, and society must dovetail if we are to ever explain communication.RESUMEL'ouvrage de Thomas Stackhouse (1657-1752) Reflections sur la Nature et la propriete des langues (1731) traite de deux domaines capitaux pour la comprehension de la theorie linguistique en Angleterre au 18eme si£cle: la nature et Porigine de la langue, la grammaire rhetorique. La methode de Stackhouse consistait a definir la langue d'apres ses origines et son histoire et a relever les universaux rhetoriques qu'il croyait essentiels au raffmement de la langue. Presupposant toutes les langues egales par leur capacite de communiquer, Stack-house soutenait que le clarte, la purete, l'abondance, la nettete, Venergie, la sublimite, et le nombre accroissaient l'effeicacite de la langue: en etudiant les reflections, on est amene a penser qu'il faut combiner les theories du langage, de la pensee et de la societe, si on veut un jour expliquer la communication.
Counterion effects in the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate: Mechanistic relevance to GTP

The room temperature polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by the cesium or tetrabutylammonium salt of 9-methylfluorenide proceeds in an uncontrolled fashion. To understand these results, we have studied the structure of the propagating chain-ends using polymer microstructure and stopped-flow FT-IR spectroscopy of model compounds. Deprotonation of methyl isobutyrate with the cesium salt of 1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutane dianion afforded the corresponding cesium enolate (U=1645 cm−1). The deprotonation of methyl 2,2,4-trimethyl-4,6-dicarbomethoxyhept-6-en-1-oate (the trimeric ester of MMA) was accompanied by a rapid (2–4 s) intramolecular cyclization. Comparison of group transfer polymerization (GTP) to anionic polymerization reveals that the counterion is important but probably not the sole mechanistic feature responsible for the living behavior of GTP.
Binding of spin-labeled local anesthetics to lobster nerves.

The hyperfine coupling constant of spin-labeled local anesthetics, 2-(N-methyl N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl)) ethyl 4-alkoxybenzoates, showed these compounds to partition betwen the aqueous exterior and the hydrocarbon phase of the membrane. Increased partitioning into the hydrocarbon phase of the membrane was in the order: hexyloxy>butoxy>ethoxy. Since these compounds are known to have different durations of anesthesia in the same order, this suggests that durations of activity and ability to partition into the hydrocarbon region of the membrane are related.
A Study of the Spectral Dependence of the Fading of Dyed Textiles

A method for calculating the contributions of various spectral regions of light in causing fading is described, and results are given for three dyed samples. The materials were exposed to sunlight plus skylight, for which the spectral energy distribution is rather well known, behind a set of coloured filters. Fading was measured as an actual colour change by means of the Hunter colour-difference meter. A set of simultaneous equations is set up whose solution gives the relative efficiencies of the various regions in producing fading. A comparison of various equations to describe fading is also made.
The protein kinases of rat liver nuclei

Abstract Soluble proteins of rat liver nuclei were applied to a DEAE-Sephacel column and eluted with a linear gradient of 70–600 mM NaCl. Three major classes of nuclear protein kinase were identified. There were types I and II cAMP-dependent protein kinase, a Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and a third enzyme which was stimulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor.
Hydraulic and thermal effects of in‐stream structure‐induced hyporheic exchange across a range of hydraulic conductivities

In-stream structure-induced hyporheic exchange and associated thermal dynamics affect stream ecosystems. Their importance is controlled by spatial variability of sediment hydraulic conductivity (K). We calibrated a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of surface and groundwater hydraulics near a channel-spanning weir (represents log dams, boulder weirs) to field data and varied K from 10−7 to 10−2 m/s (silt to gravel). Surface water stopped cresting the weir for K > 10−3 m/s. Non-Darcy hyporheic flow was also prevalent for K > 10−3 m/s, and velocity errors using non-CFD models ranged up to 32.2%. We also modeled weir-induced heat transport during summer. As K increased from 10−7 to 10−3 m/s, weir-induced hyporheic heat advection steadily increased. Cooling and buffering along hyporheic flow paths decreased with increasing K, particularly above K = 10−5 and 10−4 m/s, respectively. Vertical heat conduction between surface water and groundwater near the weir decreased with increasing K, particularly for K > 10−5 m/s. Conduction between hyporheic flow paths and adjacent groundwater helped cool hyporheic flow. Downstream surface water cooling by hyporheic advection increased steadily with K as increases in hyporheic flow overwhelmed decreases in cooling along hyporheic flow paths. Yet such effects were small (0.016°C) even at K = 10−3 m/s. The largest thermal effect of weir-induced exchange was therefore spatial expansion of subsurface diel variability (particularly for K > 10−5 m/s) which affects benthic habitat and chemical reactions. The specific values of K where such trend shifts occur is likely variable among streams based on flow conditions, but we expect the presence of such trend shifts to be widespread.
Tetrahydrobiopterin improves diastolic dysfunction by reversing changes in myofilament properties

Despite the increasing prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular function, there are no specific treatments, partially because the mechanism of impaired relaxation is incompletely understood. Evidence indicates that cardiac relaxation may depend on nitric oxide (NO), generated by NO synthase (NOS) requiring the co-factor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Recently, we reported that hypertension-induced diastolic dysfunction was accompanied by cardiac BH4 depletion, NOS uncoupling, a depression in myofilament cross-bridge kinetics, and S-glutathionylation of myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C). We hypothesized that the mechanism by which BH4 ameliorates diastolic dysfunction is by preventing glutathionylation of MyBP-C and thus reversing changes of myofilament properties that occur during diastolic dysfunction. We used the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt mouse model, which demonstrates mild hypertension, myocardial oxidative stress, and diastolic dysfunction. Mice were divided into two groups that received control diet and two groups that received BH4 supplement for 7 days after developing diastolic dysfunction at post-operative day 11. Mice were assessed by echocardiography. Left ventricular papillary detergent-extracted fiber bundles were isolated for simultaneous determination of force and ATPase activity. Sarcomeric protein glutathionylation was assessed by immunoblotting. DOCA-salt mice exhibited diastolic dysfunction that was reversed after BH4 treatment. Diastolic sarcomere length (DOCA-salt 1.70±0.01 vs. DOCA-salt+BH4 1.77±0.01 μm, P<0.001) and relengthening (relaxation constant, τ, DOCA-salt 0.28±0.02 vs. DOCA-salt+BH4 0.08±0.01, P<0.001) were also restored to control by BH4 treatment. pCa50 for tension increased in DOCA-salt compared to sham but reverted to sham levels after BH4 treatment. Maximum ATPase rate and tension cost (ΔATPase/ΔTension) decreased in DOCA-salt compared to sham, but increased after BH4 treatment. Cardiac MyBP-C glutathionylation increased in DOCA-salt compared to sham, but decreased with BH4 treatment. MyBP-C glutathionylation correlated with the presence of diastolic dysfunction. Our results suggest that by depressing S-glutathionylation of MyBP-C, BH4 ameliorates diastolic dysfunction by reversing a decrease in cross-bridge turnover kinetics. These data provide evidence for modulation of cardiac relaxation by post-translational modification of myofilament proteins.
Molecular mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine

We reported that 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (3′-azido-ddG) selected for the L74V, F77L, and L214F mutations in the polymerase domain and K476N and V518I mutations in the RNase H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). In this study, we have defined the molecular mechanisms of 3′-azido-ddG resistance by performing in-depth biochemical analyses of HIV-1 RT containing mutations L74V, F77L, V106I, L214F, R277K, and K476N (SGS3). The SGS3 HIV-1 RT was from a single-genome-derived full-length RT sequence obtained from 3′-azido-ddG resistant HIV-1 selected in vitro. We also analyzed two additional constructs that either lacked the L74V mutation (SGS3-L74V) or the K476N mutation (SGS3-K476N). Pre-steady-state kinetic experiments revealed that the L74V mutation allows RT to effectively discriminate between the natural nucleotide (dGTP) and 3′-azido-ddG-triphosphate (3′-azido-ddGTP). 3′-azido-ddGTP discrimination was primarily driven by a decrease in 3′-azido-ddGTP binding affinity (Kd) and not by a decreased rate of incorporation (kpol). The L74V mutation was found to severely impair RT’s ability to excise the chain-terminating 3′-azido-ddG-monophosphate (3′-azido-ddGMP) moiety. However, the K476N mutation partially restored the enzyme’s ability to excise 3′-azido-ddGMP on an RNA/DNA, but not on a DNA/DNA, template/primer by selectively decreasing the frequency of secondary RNase H cleavage events. Collectively, these data provide strong additional evidence that the nucleoside base structure is major determinant of HIV-1 resistance to the 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides.
Visual Acuity and Visually-evoked Responses in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Gross Motor Function Classification Scale

Background/aims: Measurement of visual acuity can be difficult in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this study was to determine the probability of obtaining quantitative (logMAR) visual acuities in CP children with different severities of motor dysfunction. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional design study was conducted in 76 children (mean age 5.9 years) who had CP severity graded using the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS). Visual testing was performed using optotypes, spatial-sweep (SSVEP) or flash (FVEP) visually evoked potentials. Results: LogMAR acuity was obtainable in 88% of CP children, using either optotypes or SSVEPs. The success rate decreased with increasing severity of GMFCS Levels 1–5; nevertheless, logMAR acuities were obtainable in more than one-half (56%) of children with the most severe disease: Level 5. Similar results were obtained for CP severity assessed using physiological-anatomical subtype (hemiplegic; diplegic; quadriplegic) rather than GMFCS. The mean logMAR acuity (0.37; 20/48) in the CP cohort as a whole was ∼2 Snellen-equivalent lines worse than that recorded in age-matched, normal children (0.22; 20/33). Conclusion: Quantitative visual acuities can be obtained in the majority of CP children, including those with severe motor dysfunction. Difficulties in testing CP children lead often to the misconception that the children have immeasurably low vision.
Free volume and stochastic theory of volume relaxation

The stochastic theory of volume relaxation previously applied to the physical aging process in the glassy state of polymers had been formulated as a discrete set of coupled differential equations for the time-dependent, discrete free volume state probabilities. A reformulation of this theory for a continuum of free volume states is described in the present article. The result is a Schrodinger-like equation, which has the advantage of an extensive availability of numerical procedures for its solution under various conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2663–2666, 2006
Emission Spectrographic Analysis of Boron in 40% NH 4 F Solution

This paper describes a reliable emission spectrographic method capable of quantitatively determining boron in the 0.5 to 50 ppm range. The detection limit for the method is 0.1 ppm. Previous to this report no reliable method was available for the accurate determination of boron in reagent 40% ammonium fluoride solution in the ppm range; consequently, no incoming inspection or manufacturer's certification was available for boron content. Analysis of representative ammonium fluoride samples shows that the boron level is less than 0.1 ppm, suggesting that this element may not be a major problem in ammonium fluoride reagent.
VLSI challenges to more energy efficient devices

Delivering power efficiently to advanced technology VLSI is a top challenge and priority for mobile platforms. In addition, nearly 50% of the real estate on a typical mobile platform, such as a handheld, is used to convert power to the low voltages required by the advanced technology. This is so because as voltage continues to scale down with technology, the tolerances required by these circuits for reliable and energy efficient operation continues to tighten. In this presentation we review the state of the art and show a large gap between today's VLSI technology and the trends in form factor, energy efficiency regulatory specifications, and battery life requirements. We will also show how integration of the power delivery circuitry presents an opportunity for a non-linear improvements in energy efficiency of mobile devices. We will demonstrate the value of integration with models and experimentally with testchips. Finally, We will present our view of the required advancements in circuit technology, VLSI testing technology, and process technology needed to achieve such integration.
A separability theorem for 2M conjugate-symmetric signals impinging on an M-element sensor array

We show under reasonable assumptions that an M-sensor linear-conjugate-linear (LCL) processor can separate up to 2M conjugate-symmetric signals, including the cases in which up to M of the signals each share the same direction of arrival as each of M other signals. Numerical evaluations illustrate ways in which the performance of the M-sensor LCL processor is superior to that of a conventional 2M-sensor linear processor when 2M conjugate-symmetric signals are received.
Passive radiometric observations of geosynchronous satellites

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Directed Energy Directorate has collected and analyzed passive multispectral radiometric data for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) of geosynchronous satellites (GEOs). Two different filter sets have been used: astronomical broadband Johnson filters and a set of specialized filters designed to discriminate GEOs. The radiometric data of geosynchronous satellites were taken using a charge-coupled device (CCD) on the 24-inch Ritchey-Chretien telescope at Capilla Peak Observatory of the University of New Mexico. The target list is comprised of satellites with similar and dissimilar bus structures. Additionally, some of the satellites are in a cluster. The results presented will show the advances in classifying GEOs by their bus type and a resolution scenario of cluster cross tagging using these multispectral radiometric measurements.
A new technique for reducing switching losses in pulse-width-modulated boost converter

A circuit technique that reduces switching losses of the pulse-width-modulated boost converter is described. The losses are reduced by using a new switch cell that consists of an inductor, a diode, a capacitor, a main switch, and an auxiliary switch. This technique reduces the reverse-recovery-related losses of the rectifier with the inductor that controls the di/dt rate of the rectifier during its turn-off. In addition, the main switch turns off at zero current, while the auxiliary switch turns on at zero voltage. Due to the zero-current switching of the main switch, this technique is particularly suitable for boost converter implementations with insulated-gate bipolar transistors.
A simple, all-purpose nonlinear algorithm forunivariate calibration

The goal of univariate calibration is the estimation of some unknown concentration or amount and its uncertainty, from the sample’s response to a probe measurement, by reference to a set of known samples whose responses are similarly measured. For this purpose, a simple nonlinear algorithm has been devised, in which the unknown sample is included as the (n + 1)-th data point in the data set and is fitted directly to the unknown concentration while the n calibration points are fitted to the calibration function. For example, in straight-line calibration, y = a + bx, the response y0 of the unknown is fitted to y0 = a + bx0. The standard error in the estimated concentration x0 is obtained directly from the variance–covariance matrix for the fit. The method handles homo- and heteroscedastic data equally well, and is easily extended to more complex linear calibration functions (e.g., polynomials in x) and to nonlinear functions (exponentials, logs). Its implementation is illustrated for a typical microcomputer data analysis program.
The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale

This article reviews longitudinal data collected from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are relevant to the design and interpretation of clinical treatment trials. Longitudinal data from patients tested with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale demonstrate that cognitive symptoms, including memory loss, dysphasia, and dyspraxia, worsen relentlessly over time with the rate of change depending upon baseline dementia severity. Noncognitive symptoms, such as agitation, depressed mood, and psychosis, are episodic, do not necessarily worsen over time, and tend not to be highly correlated with one another. The reliability of cognitive change measures increases with follow-up duration so that the likelihood of detecting drug effects on the rate of cognitive deterioration is greater with longer treatment trials. Functional measures of activities of daily living are difficult to standardize for AD patients but are important for determining the overall clinical and economic impact of AD treatments.
CcpA Regulates Central Metabolism and Virulence Gene Expression in Streptococcus mutans

CcpA globally regulates transcription in response to carbohydrate availability in many gram-positive bacteria, but its role in Streptococcus mutans remains enigmatic. Using the fructan hydrolase (fruA) gene of S. mutans as a model, we demonstrated that CcpA plays a direct role in carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Subsequently, the expression of 170 genes was shown to be differently expressed (> or = 2-fold) in glucose-grown wild-type (UA159) and CcpA-deficient (TW1) strains (P < or = 0.001). However, there were differences in expression of only 96 genes between UA159 and TW1 when cells were cultivated with the poorly repressing substrate galactose. Interestingly, 90 genes were expressed differently in wild-type S. mutans when glucose- and galactose-grown cells were compared, but the expression of 515 genes was altered in the CcpA-deficient strain in a similar comparison. Overall, our results supported the hypothesis that CcpA has a major role in CCR and regulation of gene expression but revealed that in S. mutans there is a substantial CcpA-independent network that regulates gene expression in response to the carbohydrate source. Based on the genetic studies, biochemical and physiological experiments demonstrated that loss of CcpA impacts the ability of S. mutans to transport and grow on selected sugars. Also, the CcpA-deficient strain displayed an enhanced capacity to produce acid from intracellular stores of polysaccharides, could grow faster at pH 5.5, and could acidify the environment more rapidly and to a greater extent than the parental strain. Thus, CcpA directly modulates the pathogenic potential of S. mutans through global control of gene expression.
Cellular changes of the colon after mechanical bowel preparation.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) on the intracellular environment, specifically evaluating butyrate transport, within the colon of the Sprague–Dawley rat. Methods Sixty-eight Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to either an MBP group ( n = 34) or a control group ( n = 34). Twenty-four hours after the completion of the MBP, both groups were euthanized, and the colons were harvested. The level of cellular apoptosis was investigated after DNA fragmentation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and caspase assays. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the expression of the butyrate transporter protein, monocarboxylate transporters 1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for tissue proliferation). Immunohistochemical staining was performed to further investigate cellular proliferation. Statistical significance ( P Results Apoptosis was detected without significant differences in both groups. Western Blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of the monocarboxylate transporters 1 protein is downregulated in the MBP group (10.18 ± 3.09) compared with the control group (16.73 ± 7.39, P = 0.001), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels showed a decrease in cellular proliferation in the MBP group (13.35 ± 5.88) compared with the control (20.07 ± 7.55, P = 0.018). Immunohistochemistry confirmed a decrease in cellular proliferation after MBP with 23.4 ± 7.8% of the cells staining positive for Ki-67 in the MBP group versus 28.6 ± 7.9% in the control group ( P = 0.006). Conclusions MBP has a negative impact on cellular proliferation and intracellular transport of butyrate within the rat colon, not related to apoptosis. This is the first study to demonstrate the intracellular effects that MBP has on the rat colon.
Rational signal subspace approximation with applications to DOA estimation

We have developed an approach for approximating the signal and noise subspaces which avoid the costly eigendecomposition or SVD. These subspaces were approximated using rational and power-like methods applied to the sample covariance matrix. It is shown that MUSIC and minimum norm frequency estimators can be derived using these approximated subspaces. These approximate estimators are shown to be robust against noise and overestimation of number of sources. A substantial computational saving would be gained compared with those associated with the eigendecomposition-based methods. Simulations results show that these approximated estimators have comparable performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to their standard counterparts and are robust against overestimating the number of impinging signals.
Sexual Experience increases Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Medial Preoptic Area of Male Rats

Nitric oxide in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is important for the expression and sensitization of male sexual behavior. In this article, the authors report that repeated sexual experience (mating for 2 hr on each of 3 days) increased levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the MPOA of male rats, regardless of whether they mated on the day they were given an overdose of sodium phenobarbital. This effect resulted from the previous experience and not acute mating, as NOS was not increased 2 hr after the first mating in previously naive males. Experience-induced increases in NOS in the MPOA may be one mechanism through which sexual experience facilitates sexual behavior in male rats.
Weakly coupled parametrically forced oscillator networks: existence, stability, and symmetry of solutions

In this paper, we discuss existence, stability, and symmetry of solutions for networks of parametrically forced oscillators. We consider a nonlinear oscillator model with strong 2:1 resonance via parametric excitation. For uncoupled systems, the 2:1 resonance property results in sets of solutions that we classify using a combinatorial approach. The symmetry properties for solution sets are presented as are the group operators that generate the isotropy subgroups. We then impose weak coupling and prove that solutions from the uncoupled case persist for small coupling by using an appropriate Poincare map and the Implicit Function Theorem. Solution bifurcations are investigated as a function of coupling strength and forcing frequency using numerical continuation techniques. We find that the characteristics of the single oscillator system are transferred to the network under weak coupling. We explore interesting dynamics that emerge with larger coupling strength, including anti-synchronized chaos and unsynchronized chaos. A classification for the symmetry-breaking that occurs due to weak coupling is presented for a simple example network.
Mammary Gland Development in Adult Mice Requires Epithelial and Stromal Estrogen Receptor α

Complete mammary gland development takes place following puberty and depends on the estrogen receptor (ER)α and the progesterone receptor (PR) and is tightly regulated by the interaction of the mammary epithelium with the stromal compartment. Studies using mammary tissues of immature mice have indicated that stromal but not epithelial ERα is required for mammary gland growth. This study investigates whether these same tissue growth requirements of neonate tissue are necessary for mammary development and response in adult mice. Mammary epithelial cells were isolated from adult mice with a targeted disruption of the ERα gene (αERKO) or from wild-type counterparts and injected into epithelial-free mammary fat pads of 3-wk-old female αERKO or wild-type mice. Ten weeks after cell injection, analysis of mammary gland whole mounts showed that both stromal and epithelial ERα were required for complete mammary gland development in adult mice. However, when the mice were treated with high doses of estradiol (E2) an...
Sources of Light

Every usual source of light is merely a group of radiating atoms21. If one atom could be isolated for study, it would be found to emit radiation of a single frequency, or wavelength, during any interval throughout which it radiates. This type of radiation is often called homogeneous or monochromatic in optics or radiation physics. However, the terms homogeneous and monochromatic have inappropriate connotations in discussions of appearance and color. For colorimetry, light that consists of a narrow range or “band” of frequency or wavelength is better described by the straightforward name spectrum light. This term is employed in this volume. However, the name monochromator will be used for any device that provides spectrum light, because there is no recognized alternative. It should not cause confusion.
Decreased hepatic accumulation and enhanced esterification of cholesterol in mice deficient in mdr1a and mdr1b P-glycoproteins

Class I P-glycoproteins (Pgp; MDR1 ( ABCB1 ) in humans, mdr1a and mdr1b in mice) confer resistance to struc- turally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs in cultured cells and in- tact animals, but the function of these proteins in normal phys- iology remains poorly characterized. Based on studies in cell culture, a putative role for class I Pgp in absorption and intra- cellular trafficking of sterols has been proposed. We examined wild-type and mdr1a � / � / 1b � / � mice to determine whether class I Pgp affects cholesterol absorption and esterification in vivo. Using a dual-isotope protocol, absorption of orally admin- istered radiolabeled cholesterol into serum did not differ be- tween wild-type and mdr1a � / � / 1b � / � mice, demonstrating that class I Pgp is not essential for overall absorption of cholesterol through the intestine. However, the ratio of oral to intravenous labeled cholesterol in liver was decreased significantly in mdr1a � / � / 1b � / � mice. In the liver, but not other tested or- gans, deletion of class I Pgp enhanced kinetics of esterification of an oral bolus of radiolabeled cholesterol without affecting esterification of cholesterol administered intravenously. Steady- state hepatic content of cholesterol and esterified cholesterol also were unaffected by absence of mdr1a and mdr1b. Thus, in normal animals, class I Pgp functions to kinetically increase hepatic accumulation and decrease esterification of orally ad- ministered cholesterol in vivo. —Luker, G. D., J. L. Dahlheimer, R. E. Ostlund, Jr., and D. Piwnica-Worms. Decreased hepatic ac- cumulation and enhanced esterification of cholesterol in mice deficient in mdr1a and mdr1b P-glycoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 1389-1394.
Psychosocial Factors, Exercise Adherence, and Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients Insights From Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION)

Background— Psychosocial factors may influence adherence with exercise training for heart failure (HF) patients. We aimed to describe the association between social support and barriers to participation with exercise adherence and clinical outcomes. Methods and Results— Of patients enrolled in Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION), 2279 (97.8%) completed surveys to assess social support and barriers to exercise, resulting in the perceived social support score (PSSS) and barriers to exercise score (BTES). Higher PSSS indicated higher levels of social support, whereas higher BTES indicated more barriers to exercise. Exercise time at 3 and 12 months correlated with PSSS ( r = 0.09 and r = 0.13, respectively) and BTES ( r =−0.11 and r =−0.12, respectively), with higher exercise time associated with higher PSSS and lower BTES (All P <0.005). For cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, there was a significant interaction between the randomization group and BTES ( P =0.035), which corresponded to a borderline association between increasing BTES and cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization in the exercise group (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 0.99, 1.59), but no association in the usual care group (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.66, 1.06). Conclusions— Poor social support and high barriers to exercise were associated with lower exercise time. PSSS did not impact the effect of exercise training on outcomes. However, for cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, exercise training had a greater impact on patients with lower BTES. Given that exercise training improves outcomes in HF patients, assessment of perceived barriers may facilitate individualized approaches to implement exercise training therapy in clinical practice. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT00047437][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00047437&atom=%2Fcirchf%2F8%2F6%2F1044.atom
The Mwanje project: engaging preservice teachers in global service learning

This article reports the findings of a study that engaged preservice social studies teachers at two institutions of higher education in Ohio and West Virginia in a service learning to benefit the Mwanje school in Malawi. The findings suggest that despite some initial levels of apprehension the project enhanced the student teachers' global awareness and kindled their predisposition to engage their future students in service learning beyond their own region to include a global perspective as well.
Fast crystal growth from organic glasses: comparison of o-terphenyl with its structural analogs.

Crystal growth kinetics and liquid dynamics of 1,2-diphenylcyclopentene (DPCP) and 1,2-diphenylcyclohexene (DPCH) were characterized by optical microscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. These two molecules are structurally homologous and dynamically similar to the well-studied glassformer ortho-terphenyl (OTP). In the supercooled liquid states of DPCP and DPCH, the kinetic component of crystal growth ukin has a power law relationship with the primary structural relaxation time τα, ukin ∝ τα–ξ (ξ ≈ 0.7), similar to OTP and other fragile liquids. Near the glass transition temperature (Tg), both DPCP and DPCH develop much faster crystal growth via the so-called GC (glass to crystal) mode, again similar to the behavior of OTP. We find that the α-relaxation process apparently controls the onset of GC growth, with GC growth possible only at sufficiently low fluidity. These results support the view that GC crystal growth can only occur in systems where the liquid and crystal exhibit similar local packing arrangements.
Role of Edge Chirality and Isotope Doping in Thermal Transport and Thermal Rectification in Graphene Nanoribbons

Thermal transport processes in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) within and beyond the linear response regime has been studied using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Zigzag-edged GNRs have higher thermal conductivities than armchair-edged ones, and the difference diminishes with increasing width. Analysis on the cross-sectional distribution of heat flux reveals that edge atoms cannot transport thermal energy as efficiently as interior ones. Edge localization of phonon modes reduces thermal transport through edge carbon atoms, especially on armchair edges, which results in a lower thermal conductivity. Isotope (13 C) doping can reduce the thermal conductivity of GNRs by 30%–40% by an addition of only ∼20% isotope atoms. The significant reduction in thermal conductivity is partially attributed to phonon localization induced by isotope defects, which is confirmed by phonon mode participation ratio analysis. We also demonstrate that a GNR asymmetric in edge chirality or mass density can generate considerable thermal rectification, which is essential for developing GNR-based thermal management devices.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Studies on Brdicka's Catalytic Hydrogen-Wave II, Polarography of α-Lipoic Acid in Co(II) or Co(III)-Ammoniacal Ammonium Chloride Solution.

It was reported by Shinagawa, et al. that some onium compounds and miscellaneous compounds have also shown similar catalytic waves to that by cysteine in ammoniacal cobalt solution, but a consideration for this effect brings more complicate relation on studying the mechanism of Brdicka's catalytic hydrogen-wave. In the series of this study, therefore, a compound containing sulf hydryl or disulfide group and the related compound are discussed mainly. The catalytically acting part of the compound lowering the hydrogen overvoltage in the ammoniacal cobalt solution is, in most instances, the sulfhydryl group, which is either present in solution or is formed by the reduction of disulfide group at more positive potential before the catalytic process gives rise. The relations between the structure of the compound given a catalytic wave and the catalytic effect in ammoniacal Co(II) or Co(II) solution are summarized as follows:1) The compounds containing amino, sulf hydryl or disulfide, and carboxyl groups in a molecule ; such as cysteine, cystine, glutathione, cystinylglycine, penicillamine (dimethylcysteine), ergothioneine and thiolhistidine are amino acids and peptides, and give a similar wave to the catalytic wave shown by cysteine in ammoniacal cobaltous solution . In the ammoniacal cobaltic solution, cystine or homocystine at high concentration give a catalytic wave, but other compounds stated above were not tested in cobaltic solution .2) The compounds containing amino and sulfhydryl group in a molecule; such as β-aminoethylmercaptan, diethylaminoethylmercaptan, vitamin B1, thiothiamine, ethylthiamine', benzothiamine give catalytic wave in both cobaltous and cobaltic ammoniacal ammonium chloride solution.3) The compound containing sulf hydryl or disulfide and carboxyl group in a molecule; such as thioglycolic acid, thiomasalate1 or dithiodiglycolic acid give a catalytic wave in ammoniacal cobaltous solution. Thioglycolic acid in cobaltic solution is inactive (10-3-10-4M).4) The compounds containing sulf hydryl or disulfide and other group e.g ., hydroxyl, aldehyde etc., such as ethylendithiol, or 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) give a catalytic wave in ammoniacal cobaltous solution, BAL gave catayltic waves in both cobaltic and cobaltous ammoniacal ammonium chloride solution,
Specific Phenotyping of T-Cell Proliferations in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues: Use of Antibodies to the T-Cell Receptor βF1

Antibody beta F1 to a common framework determinant of the beta subunit of the T-cell receptor (TCR) was used as a specific phenotypic marker for T-cell differentiation in malignant lymphomas. Sensitivity of immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin sections was enhanced by pronase pretreatment, overnight incubation of primary antibody in Tween 20, and use of streptavidin horseradish peroxidase complexes to amplify the reaction. All 43 cases of B-cell lymphoma were negative for TCR. Reed Sternberg (RS) cells in 3 of 20 cases of Hodgkin's disease exhibited cell membrane staining for TCR (all nodular sclerosis type), further evidence that some RS cells may be T-cell derived. Twenty-nine of 44 cases of T-cell lymphoma expressed TCR (66%). These included 11 of 12 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) of small and mixed cell type, 8 of 9 cases of lymphoepithelioid cell (Lennert's) lymphoma, and 2 of 4 cases of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Loss of immunoreactivity for TCR occurred in lymphomas of large or activated T-cell type, including 7 of 9 cases of T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma and 3 of 4 cases of large cell PTCL. Antibody beta F1 is a specific and relatively sensitive marker of T-cell phenotype in formalin-fixed paraffin sections of malignant lymphomas.
Effects of Biological Versus Psychosocial Explanations on Stigmatization of Children With ADHD.

Objective: Previous studies have found biological conceptualizations of psychopathology to be associated with stigmatizing attitudes and prognostic pessimism. This research investigated how biologi...
Research of Work Theory for CSMA/CD Protocol

Several different is posed on present several explaining of work theory for CSMA/CD protocol.On the basis of the concept model and the back off algorithm for CSMA/CD protocol,work theory for CSMA/CD protocol is analyzed.Finaly,a correct work theory of CSMA/CD protocol is given.