cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer rate limitation effects on partitioning tracer tests

Abstract Partitioning tracer tests are often used to quantify the amount of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) present in a porous medium. Results from such tests are usually interpreted by using models that assume local equilibrium exists between the NAPL and the aqueous phase or by using a moment method to solve for the fraction of the pore space occupied by the NAPL. We investigated the transport of partitioning alcohol tracers through heterogeneous sand porous medium systems containing a stationary trichloroethylene (TCE) phase for a range of aqueous phase velocities. NAPL saturations were quantified using a non-destructive X-ray absorption methodology. Experimental results were simulated using a numerical solution to an advective–dispersive model in which mass transfer between the NAPL and the aqueous phase was approximated using a dual-resistance approach consisting of a boundary layer mass transfer resistance and a diffusional resistance within the NAPL. The numerical model agreed well with the experimental data, and moment analysis yielded reasonable estimates of actual NAPL saturations.
Diagnosis of Intermittent Faults

The diagnosis of “intermittent” faults in dynamic systems modeled as discrete event systems is considered. In many systems, faulty behavior often occurs intermittently, with fault events followed by corresponding “reset” events for these faults, followed by new occurrences of fault events, and so forth. Since these events are usually unobservable, it is necessary to develop diagnostic methodologies for intermittent faults. Prior methodologies for detection and isolation of permanent faults are no longer adequate in the context of intermittent faults, since they do not account explicitly for the dynamic behavior of these faults. This paper addresses this issue by: (i) proposing a modeling methodology for discrete event systems with intermittent faults; (ii) introducing new notions of diagnosability associated with fault and reset events; and (iii) developing necessary and sufficient conditions, in terms of the system model and the set of observable events, for these notions of diagnosability. The definitions of diagnosability are complementary and capture desired objectives regarding the detection and identification of faults, resets, and the current system status (namely, is the fault present or absent). The associated necessary and sufficient conditions are based upon the technique of “diagnosers” introduced in earlier work, albeit the structure of the diagnosers needs to be enhanced to capture the dynamic nature of faults in the system model. The diagnosability conditions are verifiable in polynomial time in the number of states of the diagnosers.
Further results in robust Wiener filtering

Some aspects of a previously established minimax formulation of the robust Wiener filtering problem are considered. Existence results are obtained for least-favorable spectral pairs for general spectral-density uncertainty classes in the cases of general noncausal filtering and causal filtering in wide-sense Markov noise. Further, a general type of spectral-measure uncertainty class based on the notion of capacities is proposed. Existence results and a minimax theorem for robust filtering are established within this proposed framework, and a previously noted relationship between robust hypothesis testing and robust filtering is strengthened. Some possible extensions of earlier work on robust causal filtering are also discussed.
Intrauterine volvulus without malrotation.

Abstract This report describes two cases of intrauterine volvulus without associated intestinal malrotation. Polyhydramnios was present in one neonate; the presentation was very sudden and catastrophic in the other. Neither plain films nor contrast enema indicated the correct preoperative diagnosis in these infants. A “normal” plain film or enema in a suspected case of volvulus may lead to a delay in surgical management resulting in extensive ischemic necrosis of the bowel, often with extremely high mortality. Bile emesis or aspirate in neonates demands a high index of suspicion of intestinal obstruction. Shock, bloody diarrhea, and tense and distended abdomen are ominous, indicating volvulus often with gangrene.
Differential effect of vanadate on DNA synthesis induced by mitogens in T and B lymphocytes

The effect of sodium orthovanadate on enhancement of DNA synthesis by T and B cell mitogenic agents was studied using murine thymocytes and splenocytes. Addition of vanadate to thymocyte cultures inhibited the mitogenic response induced by concanavalin A in a dose dependent manner (50% inhibition at 10 μM). On the other hand, DNA synthesis induced in thymocytes by pokeweed lectin and periodate treatment essentially was not inhibited at the lower vanadate concentrations that were markedly effective for concanavalin A induced synthesis. In addition, no significant inhibition of mitogenesis of splenic B cells in response to lipopolysaccharide and dextran was detectable at lower vanadate concentrations. In the absence of added mitogens, vanadate was found to be mitogenic for a subpopulation of thymus cells but not for splenocytes or T cell enriched splenocyte populations. These results suggest that vanadate affects the mitogenic responses in lymphocytes and that the interaction of vanadate with T and B cells is different.
Left-to-right processing of alphabetic material is independent of retinal location

The effects of retinal location, serial letter position, and order of approximation to English on the accuracy of report of tachistoscopically presented letter arrays were examined. Processing time was controlled by a visual mask. The results show the following: (1) Overall accuracy is higher for arrays which appeared symmetrically around a central fixation point than for arrays which appeared either in the right or left visual field. (2) The first and last letters of an array are identified with the greatest accuracy except with symmetrical arrays. (3) Fourth-order approximations are more accurately reported than first-order approximations at each retinal location and at each letter position with the exception of the first and last letters. (4) Retinal location interacts with serial position in such a way that letters in middle positions are primarily affected by retinal location. (5) Letters are processed from left to right regardless of retinal location.
Freeze-Induced Changes in Carbohydrates Associated with Hardiness of Barley and Rye

Deficiencies in winter hardiness of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with respect to osmotic and adhesive components of freeze stress might be improved by genetic transfer of specific traits from rye (Secale cereale L.). These protective traits may include the hydrolysis of fructan for accumulation and secretion of sugars. The objectives of this research were (i) to measure total and intercellular water soluble carbohydrates (CHO), sucrose, glucose, fructose, and fructan, in «Hudson» barley and «Rosen» rye by ethanol/water extraction of plants and by perfusion of crowns; and (ii) to estimate relief of freeze stress caused by adhesive and osmotic energies. Carbohydrates were detected and quantified by refractometry after high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Freezing (−3°C, 4d) caused a greater change in the molar concentration of CHOs in rye than in barley extracts (26 vs. 16% increase, respectively), which would proportionally decrease freeze dehydration. The sugars perfused from frozen plants consisted of a higher proportion of monosaccharides in rye than barley, which would result in a greater potential for relief of adhesion. These mechanisms involve increase of sugar content in locations which relieve critical freeze stress
Calcium Uptake and Binding by Membrane Fractions of Human Placenta: ATP-dependent Calcium Accumulation

An ATP-dependent calcium (Ca2+) sequestration activity was demonstrated in membrane vesicles prepared from the human term placenta. Microsomal and brush border membrane fractions accmulated Ca2+ and within a vesicular space by a saturable process requiring Mg2+ and ATP. The “uptake” activity was enriched sixfold in a microsomal membrane fraction and was only 1.5-fold enriched in purified brush border membranes compared to the activity present in the filtered homogenate. Mitochendrial inhibitors such as azide and oligomycin did not inhibit Ca2+ uptake in these preparations. The process was temperature dependent and displayed Michaelis-like kinetics with respect to free Ca2+ concentrations. At 30°C, the Vmax was 1.05 nmole/mg/min; Km = 74 nM for free Ca2+ in the microsomal fraction. Oxalate and phosphate enhanced uptake in both fractions. Ca2+ uptake activity was not associated with Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, or other brush border markers during cell fractionation. The characteristics of the Ca2+ uptake process contrasted sharply with those of Ca2+-stimulated ATPase, and a Ca2+-stimulated, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity could not be identified in these membrane vesicle preparations. Speculation: The ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake activity and Ca2+ binding by placental vesicles are likely to be involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ within the placenta and in the transcellular transport of Ca2+ to the fetus while sewing to maintain low intracellular Ca2+ concentrations within the syncytium.
Ultrastructural Localization of the Membrane Attack Complex of Complement in Human Renal Tissues

Utilizing a monoclonal antibody (Poly C9-MA) to a neoantigen of the C9 portion of the membrane attack complex of complement (MAC), immunoelectron (IEM) and immunofluorescent (IF) microscopy were performed on kidney tissue from normal humans and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN II). Comparative studies were conducted using polyclonal antibodies to human C3, C5, IgG, IgA, and IgM. In normal human tissue, there was a close correlation between increasing chronologic age and the quantity of MAC deposited in the mesangial stalk, along the interstitial aspect of and within tubular basement membranes (TBMs) and in arteriolar walls. IF of kidney tissues from 12 patients with IDDM with varying degrees of mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis demonstrated a direct relationship between the degree of tissue damage and the amount of MAC deposited in the mesangium. IEM of three normal and four diabetic specimens revealed reaction product of Poly C9-MA on linear and circular membranous structures within the mesangium, TBMs, and vessel walls, and within the glomerular basement membranes (GBMs) in diabetic subjects. Evidence is presented that these structures, which have been previously described by routine electron microscopy, represent cellular debris in these loci on which Poly C9-MA has been deposited. In MPGN II, Poly C9MA and C3 were distributed within subepithelial deposits, along either side of the dense deposits (DDs) within the GBMs and TBMs, and around circular masses of DDs within the mesangium. These studies document the ultrastructural distribution of Poly C9-MA in aging normal and diseased human kidney. With aging and in diabetes, we speculate that the MAC may participate in cellular turnover, a process accelerated by progressive renal disease.
Solvent-Mediated Electronic Coupling: The Role of Solvent Placement

The role of solvent location in mediating electronic coupling between electron donor and acceptor groups is investigated. The temperature-dependent electron-transfer rate constant in a C-clamp shaped donor−bridge−acceptor (DBA) molecule with a 7-A donor-to-acceptor separation is used to evaluate the solvent reorganization energy and the electronic interaction between the donor and acceptor sites. By studying the reaction in an homologous series of alkylbenzene solvents, it is demonstrated that the donor−acceptor electronic interaction is greatly reduced in solvents that are too bulky for their aromatic ring to position itself between the donor and acceptor groups. The temperature dependence of the reaction free energy for charge separation, ΔrG, is directly determined from the experimental data. This allows parametrization of a molecular-based solvation model and provides a means to estimate the outer-sphere reorganization energy and its temperature dependence in aromatic solvents.
Higher Preoperative Patient Activation Associated With Better Patient-reported Outcomes After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Background Despite widely reported success associated with hip and knee replacements, some patients remain dissatisfied with their outcomes. Patient activation, an individual’s propensity to engage in adaptive health behaviors, has been measured as a potentially important factor contributing to health outcomes, cost, and patient experience of care. However, to our knowledge, it has not been studied in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasties (TJAs).
The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum) supplement in fish diet on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was investigated. Fish were separated into four experimental groups of 0% (controls), 0.5%, 1.0% and 3% concentrations of garlic in diet and fed at 3% body weight per day in a renewal static bioassay system. Garlic supplemented diet did not have any significant effect on weight gain of C. gariepinus when compared to fish in the control diet. However, final fish weight was significantly (P 0.05) difference in total length was observed in fish fed different concentrations of garlic at the end of 12 weeks. An increase in total length was observed in fish with garlic supplemented diet over fish in the control diet. Fish fed different concentrations of garlic in diet showed slight differences in total length but did not significantly (P>0.05) differ from each other in total length. Fish in 0.5% garlic diet had higher weight gain and total length than fish in the rest of the treatment groups and the controls. Final white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) were observed to be significantly (P<0.05%) higher than the initial counts in the treatment groups as compared to the controls. RBC, PCV and Hb were however, significantly higher in fish fed 0.5% garlic supplemented diets than other concentrations. Plasma protein was observed to increase significantly (P<0.05) only in fish fed 0.5% and 1.0% garlic in diet. This study has shown that 0.5% (0.5g/kg) garlic supplement in fish feeds elicited more increase in fish total length and volume of haematological parameters of C. gariepinus. Garlic inclusion in fish diet at 0.5% (0.5g/kg) concentration is therefore beneficial for use in aquaculture to enhance the disease resistant status of C. gariepinus.
Loss of Lysosomal Ion Channel Transient Receptor Potential Channel Mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) Leads to Cathepsin B-dependent Apoptosis

Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene MCOLN1, which codes for the transient receptor potential family ion channel TRPML1. MLIV has an early onset and is characterized by developmental delays, motor and cognitive deficiencies, gastric abnormalities, retinal degeneration, and corneal cloudiness. The degenerative aspects of MLIV have been attributed to cell death, whose mechanisms remain to be delineated in MLIV and in most other storage diseases. Here we report that an acute siRNA-mediated loss of TRPML1 specifically causes a leak of lysosomal protease cathepsin B (CatB) into the cytoplasm. CatB leak is associated with apoptosis, which can be prevented by CatB inhibition. Inhibition of the proapoptotic protein Bax prevents TRPML1 KD-mediated apoptosis but does not prevent cytosolic release of CatB. This is the first evidence of a mechanistic link between acute TRPML1 loss and cell death.
Role of γδ T cells in West Nile virus-induced encephalitis: Friend or foe?

West Nile virus (WNV)-induced encephalitis has been a public health concern in North America over the past decade. No therapeutics or vaccines are available for human use. Studies in animal models have provided important information for investigations of WNV pathogenesis and the host immune response in humans. This article will give an overview of the role of γδ T cells, one of the non-classical T cell subsets in the murine model of WNV encephalitis.
Monte Carlo bounding techniques for determining solution quality in stochastic programs

A stochastic program SP with solution value z^* can be approximately solved by sampling n realizations of the program's stochastic parameters, and by solving the resulting ''approximating problem'' for (x^*"n,z^*"n). We show that, in expectation, z^*"n is a lower bound on z^* and that this bound monotonically improves as n increases. The first result is used to construct confidence intervals on the optimality gap for any candidate solution x@^ to SP, e.g., x@^=x^*"n. A sampling procedure based on common random numbers ensures nonnegative gap estimates and provides significant variance reduction over naive sampling on four test problems.
Brain concussion in the rat.

Abstract Brain concussion was consistently produced in male white rats by striking the head with a dowel, shot by a bow. The advantage of the bow is that measurable amounts of elastic potential energy can be stored for instantaneous release. The criterion used to recognize concussion was the demonstration of a transient loss of all the righting reflexes. The postural paralysis of the rat was preceded by a convulsion, suggesting that brain concussion results from excitation rather than from neuronal paralysis. Postconcussive effects were consistently demonstrated by weight loss and reduction in activity. Several days were required for recovery. We suggest that the excitation of the central nervous system, following the impulsive movement of the head, results from a massive, high frequency discharge of receptors fired into the upper cervical cord and brain stem over peripheral afferent pathways rather than from a force acting directly on internuncial neurons of the brain.
Persistence models for mark-recapture

The stable of models available for analyzing mark-recapture data (Otis et al. Wild Momogr 66:135, 1978) includes those having behavioral characteristics, time variation, heterogeneity, along with combinations of those characteristics. This paper proposes use of a series of models based on the persistence model of Ramsey and Usner (Biometrics 59:331–339, 2003). We show that persistence can be modeled in combination with behavior and with time variation. We apply the persistence model to situations in which capture occasions are not equally-spaced in time. Two case studies illustrate the use of these extended persistence models.
Organ-confined primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising from the kidney

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney is a rare entity with high malignant potential. Of the reported cases of renal PNET, patients presented with metastatic disease and had a poor response to therapy. The authors describe a rare case of an organ-confined primary PNET arising from the kidney in a 16-year-old girl who presented with vague abdominal pain. Tumor behavior and treatment modalities are discussed.
Structure and reversion of an adenovirus type 2 mutant containing a duplication of the left end of the genome at the right end

Abstract A mutant ( dp 201) of human adenovirus type 2 has been isolated that has the left 3% (1110 bp) of the genome duplicated at the right terminus. The structure of the mutant genome was studied by restriction endonuclease analysis and by direct DNA sequence analysis. The duplication has resulted in a deletion of 10 by of the right inverted terminal repeat (ITR) at the junction of right and left end sequences. This internal ITR is not active in initiation or termination of DNA synthesis. Two subclones of dp 201 that bear a deletion between map positions 2.1 and 6.8 encompassing early gene blocks E1a and E1b were also isolated. One of these isolates ( dl 201.1) retains the left end duplication and the other isolate ( dl 201.2) lacks the left end duplication and is an apparent revertant of dl 201.1. The original mutant dp 201 also reverts to a wild type sequence at a low rate. Since 10 base pairs of the right ITR are deleted in the mutant, reversion must involve a repair mechanism using one of the two complete left end ITRs in the mutant genome. The mechanisms by which this reversion may occur are discussed.
Utilizing food effects to overcome challenges in delivery of lipophilic bioactives: structural design of medical and functional foods

Introduction: The oral bioavailability of many lipophilic bioactives, such as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, is relatively low due to their poor solubility, permeability and/or chemical stability within the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The oral bioavailability of lipophilic bioactives can be improved by designing food matrices that control their release, solubilization, transport and absorption within the GIT. Areas covered: This article discusses the challenges associated with delivering lipophilic bioactive components, the impact of food composition and structure on oral bioavailability and the design of functional and medical foods for improving the oral bioavailability of lipophilic bioactives. Expert opinion: Food-based delivery systems can be used to improve the oral bioavailability of lipophilic bioactives. There are a number of potential advantages to delivering lipophilic bioactives using functional or medical foods: greater compliance than conventional delivery forms; increased bioav...
The Fallacy of all Person-denying Arguments for Abortion

This article attempts to show that arguments in favour of abortion which deny personhood to the fetus (person-denying arguments) do not work. Several very common person-denying arguments for abortion are dealt with, and an analysis is provided of two well known person-denying arguments; those from the philosophers Mary Ann Warren and Michael Tooley. The result is that these fare no better. The conclusion is that there is a fallacy in person-denying arguments in general.
Day ahead dynamic pricing for demand response in dynamic environments

The problem of optimizing retail pricing of electricity for price-responsive dynamic loads is considered. For the class of day-ahead dynamic prices (DADPs), the problem of retail pricing is modeled as a Stackelberg game with the retailer as the leader and its customers the followers. It is shown that the optimal customer response to a DADP has an affine structure with a deterministic negative definite sensitivity matrix and a stochastic bias. With this structure, tradeoffs between consumer surplus and retail profit can be characterized by a convex region with a concave and non-increasing Pareto front, each point on the Pareto front corresponding to an equilibrium in a dynamic game with a particular payoff function; any consumer surplus-retail profit pair above the Pareto front is not attainable by any dynamic pricing scheme. The optimal DADP that maximizes the social welfare is shown to be that maximizes the consumer surplus thus making retail profit zero. Effects of renewable energy are also considered.
A Reexamination of Coombs' Data Quadrants:

Coombs' Data Quadrants are examined critically for consistency. Two classes of problems in his formulation are identified: (1) one of Coombs' three dichotomies is notably weaker than the other two, and breaks down entirely in two of the quadrants; and (2) the 'dichotomies' are not true dichotomies, and fail to include all logical analytical possibilities. Solutions to the problems are proposed.
Two-Stage Filtering for Joint State-Parameter Estimation

This paper presents an approach for simultaneous estimation of the state and unknown parameters in a sequential data assimilation framework. The state augmentation technique, in which the state vector is augmented by the model parameters, has been investigated in many previous studies and some success with this technique has been reported in the case where model parameters are additive. However, many geophysical or climate models contains non-additive parameters such as those arising from physical parametrization of sub-grid scale processes, in which case the state augmentation technique may become ineffective since its inference about parameters from partially observed states based on the cross covariance between states and parameters is inadequate if states and parameters are not linearly correlated. In this paper, we propose a two-stages filtering technique that runs particle filtering (PF) to estimate parameters while updating the state estimate using Ensemble Kalman filter (ENKF; these two "sub-filters" interact. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated using the Lorenz-96 system, where the forcing is parameterized and the amplitude and phase of the forcing are to be estimated jointly with the states. The proposed method is shown to be capable of estimating these model parameters with a high accuracy as well as reducing uncertainty while the state augmentation technique fails.
Miscanthus × giganteus productivity: the effects of management in different environments

Miscanthus 9 giganteus is a C4 perennial grass that shows great potential as a high-yielding biomass crop. Scant research has been published that reports M. 9 giganteus growth and biomass yields in different environments in the United States. This study investigated the establishment success, plant growth, and dry biomass yield of M. 9 giganteus during its first three seasons at four locations (Urbana, IL; Lexington, KY; Mead, NE; Adelphia, NJ) in the United States. Three nitrogen rates (0, 60, and 120 kg ha � 1 ) were applied at each location each year. Good survival of M. 9 giganteus during its first winter was observed at KY, NE, and NJ (79–100%), and poor survival at IL (25%), due to late planting and cold winter temperatures. Site soil conditions, and growing-season precipitation and temperature had the greatest impact on dry biomass yield between season 2 (2009) and season 3 (2010). Ideal 2010 weather conditions at NE resulted in significant yield increases (P < 0.0001) of 15.6– 27.4 Mg ha � 1 from 2009 to 2010. Small yield increases in KY of 17.1 Mg ha � 1 in 2009 to 19.0 Mg ha � 1 in 2010 could be attributed to excessive spring rain and hot dry conditions late in the growing season. Average M. 9 giganteus biomass yields in NJ decreased from 16.9 to 9.7 Mg ha � 1 between 2009 and 2010 and were related to hot dry weather, and poor soil conditions. Season 3 yields were positively correlated with end-of-season plant height (^ ¼ 0:91) and tiller density (^ ¼ 0:76). Nitrogen fertilization had no significant effect on plant height, tiller density, or dry biomass yield at any of the sites during 2009 or 2010.
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare otitis media.

Atypical mycobacterial infections of the middle ear are extremely rare. To our knowledge, only eight cases have been reported in the literature, five of which involve Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. We present a case of culture-proven, M. avium intracellulare otomastoiditis in an 8-year-old boy with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. The patient clinically presented with pain and otorrhea. The histopathology was marked by acid-fast bacilli-laden histiocytes. Consideration of this entity in the differential diagnosis of chronic, recalcitrant otorrhea can lead to timely diagnosis, treatment, an decreased morbidity.
Political polarization, congressional redistricting, and trade liberalization

During the last 50 years, political polarization in the US House of Representatives has intensified. One explanation for this trend emphasizes the importance of congressional redistricting. This paper analyzes the relationship between political polarization and redistricting in the context of two trade liberalization bills. The results of the paper indicate that redistricting has not contributed significantly to party polarization over trade policy although it has produced a partisan shift in favor of trade liberalization. Redistricting does not appear to impact political polarization largely because district-level characteristics currently are dominated by broader, national factors such as party affiliation. The results of the paper clearly demonstrate this point by showing that changes in party affiliation have a much greater impact on voting behavior than changes in district characteristics. The paper also finds, however, that institutional control of the redistricting process at the state level has influenced political polarization with respect to trade policy.
Oxygen uptake in Sabella melanostigma (Polychaeta: Sabellidae): The role of chlorocruorin

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen affinity of the blood pigment chlorocruorin and body surface and tissue pO2s were such that chlorocruorin should transport O2 under normal physiological conditions in Sabella melanostigma. 2. 2. Oxygen capacity of chlorocruorin was 0.83 vol%. 3. 3. Oxygen uptake rates of worms with and without chlorocruorin blocked by NaNO2 were similar at high pO2. Worms with blocked pigment had lower uptake rates at low pO2, and the reduction was proportional to body weight. 4. 4. An oxygen permeation constant was calculated from intact worms to be −6.4 × 10−5 cm2.min−1. 5. 5. Chlorocruorin appears most significant in O2 transport at lower pO2s and in larger worms.
An experimental exploration of the incorporation of hydrogen isotopes from dietary sources into avian tissues

SUMMARY The analysis of hydrogen stable isotopes (∂D) is a potentially powerful tool for studying animal ecology. Unlike other stable isotopes used in ecological research, however, we are less familiar with the physiological processes that influence the incorporation of hydrogen isotopes from dietary resources to animal tissues. Here we present the results of a controlled feeding experiment utilizing Japanese quail (Cortunix japonica) that was designed to: (1) estimate the relative contributions of diet to the ∂D signatures of blood plasma, red blood cells, intestine, liver, muscle and feathers; (2) investigate possible differences among these same tissues in diet to tissue discrimination; and (3) explore the differences in incorporation dynamics between deuterium (2H) and a well-studied isotope, 13C, for blood plasma solids and red blood cells. Tissues differed in both the relative contribution of diet to tissue ∂D and diet to tissue discrimination. The average residence time of both hydrogen and carbon was significantly lower in plasma solids than in red blood cells. The average residence time of hydrogen was significantly lower than that of carbon in plasma solids, but not in red blood cells. Although the average residence times of hydrogen and carbon were positively correlated, the correlation was weak. Hence the incorporation of carbon seems to be a poor predictor of that of hydrogen.
Renal potassium transport: the pioneering studies of Gerhard Giebisch

This essay looks at the historical significance of six APS Classic Papers that are freely available on line: Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of renal potassium excretion in the ...
Comparisons of Improvement-Over-Chance Effect Sizes for Two Groups Under Variance Heterogeneity and Prior Probabilities

The authors examined the distributional properties of 3 improvement-over-chance, I, effect sizes each derived from linear and quadratic predictive discriminant analysis and from logistic regression analysis for the 2-group univariate classification. These 3 classification methods (3 levels) were studied under varying levels of data conditions, including population separation (3 levels), variance pattern (3 levels), total sample size (3 levels), and prior probabilities (5 levels). The results indicated that the decision of which effect size to choose is primarily determined by the variance pattern and prior probabilities. Some of the I indices performed well for some small sample cases and quadratic predictive discriminant analysis I tended to work well with extreme variance heterogeneity and differing prior probabilities.
Health Literacy Out Loud

Health Literacy Out Loud is a series of podcasts designed specifically to enlighten health care professionals about health literacy. Providing clear and direct dialogue between patients and their health care providers can equip patients with a better understanding of the parameters of their condition, treatments available, and how to assist in their recovery as well as to maintain their health. When patients are educated about the means by which the health care provider is diagnosing and determining the optimum treatment for them, patients becomes knowledgeable participants on their own health care team.
The impact of previous leaders on the evaluation of new leaders: An alternative to prototype matching.

In 2 studies, this research demonstrated the existence of leader transference, a cognitive process whereby mental representations of previous leaders are activated and used for evaluation when new, similar leaders are encountered. The 1st study demonstrated that exposure to a new leader who was similar to a past leader led to erroneous generalization of leader characteristics and associated underlying attributions. The 2nd study showed that expectations of just treatment and abuse were also subject to transfer from old to new, similar leaders, although positive and negative affective responses were not. Results suggested that individuals exposed to a leader who was not reminiscent of an old leader were more likely to use a general leader prototype to form leader expectations, whereas individuals exposed to a leader who was similar to an old leader activated a significant other mental representation for use in making judgments. These results have implications for individual- and relational-level processes as characterized by implicit leadership theory and leader-member exchange theory as well as macro theories of leader succession and organizational culture change.
Myosin-II Puts the Squeeze on Asymmetric Cell Division

Asymmetric cell division—where two dissimilar daughter cells are produced—relies on asymmetric positioning of the telophase spindle midzone, which specifies the cleavage furrow. Ou et al. (2010) now report in Science a mechanism of asymmetric midzone positioning driven by a polarized cortical distribution of the contractile motor myosin-II.
A Kπ resonant state at 726 MeV

Author(s): Miller, Donald H.; Alexander, Gideon; Dahl, Orin I.; Jacobs, Laurence; Kalbfleisch, Goerge R.; Smith, Gerald A.
Reduced-order description of fluid flow with moving boundaries by proper orthogonal decomposition

Abstract The approach of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been extensively adopted for fluid dynamics in fixed geometries. This technique is examined here for fluid flow with moving boundaries; in the context of cavitating and phase change flows, and fluid–membrane interaction. The purpose is to assess the capability of POD in extracting the salient features and offering a compact representation to the CFD solutions associated with boundary movement. The cavitating flow simulations are investigated to distill the effect of turbulence modeling, between the Launder–Spalding and a filter-based turbulence models. The lower-order eigenmodes of the flow field, for both turbulence models, show different flow structures and global parameters between higher and lower cavitation numbers. The effect of multi-timescales produced by the filter-based turbulence model is discerned by POD analysis. For 3-D, membrane wing flows, very few POD modes seem sufficient for accurate representation of the velocity field. However, reduced-order analysis of the aerodynamic performance, which is strongly dictated by pressure, may be coarsened by moving membrane dynamics. The flow with fusion is further considered for its solid–liquid phase front propagation. While few modes can sufficiently construct the flow field for the later interval of the flow, a larger number of POD modes are required to provide the flow scales for the initial part of the phase change process.
Effect of antidepressants on striatal and accumbens extracellular dopamine levels

The effect of the selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg s.c.), two tricyclic antidepressants, clomipramine (10 mg/kg s.c.) and imipramine (10 mg/kg s.c.), and vehicle on extracellular dopamine levels was studied in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum by in vivo microdialysis. Fluoxetine produced significant decreases in extracellular dopamine levels in both the nucleus accumbens and striatum (mean maximum percentage decrease: 58% and 57% of pre-drug baseline, respectively). In contrast, imipramine and clomipramine significantly increased extracellular dopamine in the striatum (148% and 150%, respectively) compared to the effect of vehicle alone (118%). These results suggest that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, and the tricyclic antidepressants, clomipramine and imipramine, affect dopaminergic activity in diverse ways and in a region-specific manner. Thus, the antidepressant effect of these drugs is unlikely to be related to their acute effects on dopaminergic neurotransmission. The differential effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and tricyclic antidepressants on extracellular dopamine could account for other differences in their clinical and side effect profiles. Further studies of the chronic effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and the tricyclic antidepressants on dopaminergic activity are required to elucidate the role of dopamine in the antidepressant effect.
Melt segregation and strain partitioning: implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow.

One of the principal means of understanding upper mantle dynamics involves inferring mantle flow directions from seismic anisotropy under the assumption that the seismic fast direction (olivine a axis) parallels the regional flow direction. We demonstrate that (i) the presence of melt weakens the alignment of a axes and (ii) when melt segregates and forms networks of weak shear zones, strain partitions between weak and strong zones, resulting in an alignment of a axes 90° from the shear direction in three-dimensional deformation. This orientation of a axes provides a new means of interpreting mantle flow from seismic anisotropy in partially molten deforming regions of Earth.
Reduced Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortical Activity During Emotional Regulation and Top-Down Attentional Control in Generalized Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Comorbid Generalized Social Phobia/Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Background Generalized social phobia (GSP) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are both associated with emotion dysregulation. Research implicates dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in both explicit emotion regulation (EER) and top-down attentional control (TAC). Although studies have examined these processes in GSP or GAD, no work compares findings across the two disorders or examines functioning in cases comorbid for both disorders (GSP/GAD). Here we compare the neural correlates of EER and TAC in GSP, GAD, and GSP/GAD. Methods Medication-free adults with GSP (EER n = 19; TAC n = 18), GAD (EER n = 17; TAC n = 17), GSP/GAD (EER n = 17; TAC n = 15), and no psychopathology (EER n = 18; TAC n = 18) participated. During EER, individuals alternatively viewed and upregulated and downregulated responses to emotional pictures. During TAC, they performed an emotional Stroop task. Results For both tasks, significant group × condition interactions emerged in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and parietal cortices. Healthy adults showed significantly increased recruitment during emotion regulation, relative to emotion-picture viewing. GAD, GSP, and GSP/GAD subjects showed no such increases, with all groups differing from healthy adults but not from each other. Evidence of emotion-related disorder-specificity emerged in medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. This disorder-specific responding varied as a function of emotion content but not emotion-regulatory demands. Conclusions GSP and GAD both involve reduced capacity for engaging emotion-regulation brain networks, whether explicitly or via TAC. A reduced ability to recruit regions implicated in top-down attention might represent a general risk factor for anxiety disorders.
The Heritage of Cross Cultural Management Research: Implications for the Hofstede Chair in Cultural Diversity

Cross cultural research has made a number of contributions to social thought and has a number of limitations that suggest directions for future work. Understanding the current state and potential future of the field requires understanding how the history of culture analysis has shaped what we as scholars do and what our audience hears. That sort of understanding influences the significance of establishing a Hofstede Chair in Cultural Diversity at Maastricht University as well as influencing the purposes for which the chair should be used.
New Natural Growth Promoting Substance in Young Citrus Fruit

A naturally occurring compound that induces curvature in the Avena coleoptile test has been found in young orange fruits. Cochromatography with C(14)-labeled indole-3-acetic acid, plus excitation and fluorescence spectra determinations, indicates that this compound is not one of the known indoles or gibberellins.
Why social interaction and good communication in academic libraries matters

SUMMARY In these times of extraordinary development in information and communication technologies (ICT) many new tools and services, and traditional tools, such as the catalog, could be developed or enhanced by librarians to effectively support the academic community in teaching and learning. This paper will discuss how social interaction between technical and public service librarians could enhance library services to the academic faculty and students during these demanding times of technologies and information overload. The paper will also point out that the team approach to library services can improve social interaction between librarians when the perpetuation of the traditional academic organizational model is not efficient enough for the faculty and students' need-driven use of information. Rapid changes resulting from ICT demand constant social interaction that would be facilitated by establishing working teams for specific tasks.
The MEEF NILS divergence for low k1 lithography

For tight pitch patterning with sub-wavelength mask features, simulations and wafer data show that many mask stacks that provide superior image contrast, can provide inferior MEEF performance. For example, 6% MoSi EPSM is found to have higher MEEF than binary masks despite having better contrast and exposure latitude when equal lines and spaces on the mask are used to pattern equal lines and spaces on the wafer. Likewise, the deposition of SiO2 on-top of the chrome surface of a binary mask improves contrast but degrades MEEF compared to a binary mask. When contrast is varied by mask stack or by print bias, MEEF is poorly correlated with contrast and often increases with increasing contrast. The optimal print bias for exposure latitude is significantly different than the optimum print bias for MEEF. MEEF, on the other hand, is highly correlated with the difference between maximum and minimum intensity when one varies mask stack, print bias and illumination. Analytical MEEF equations are derived that support this strong relationship between MEEF and the difference between maximum and minimum intensity.
Warfarin-Induced Pulmonary Metastatic Calcification and Calciphylaxis in a Patient With End-stage Renal Disease

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis (HD) suffer from a number of metabolic derangements. Ectopic deposition of calcium in the skin, soft tissues, blood vessels, and viscera is a potentially devastating consequence of disorders of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. We report the case of a patient with ESRD and secondary hyperparathyroidism receiving HD who developed metastatic pulmonary calcification and calciphylaxis following initiation of warfarin therapy after mechanical valve replacement. Because not all patients with ESRD receiving HD develop ectopic calcification, there appears to be a complex cascade of metabolic interactions that predispose patients to this process. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist with inhibitory effects not only on proteins of the coagulation cascade, but also on other important protein systems. Its role in ectopic calcium deposition has been the subject of theories and has been reported in the literature, but no link with metastatic pulmonary calcification has been made. Patients receiving HD have an increased incidence of conditions that require chronic anticoagulation with warfarin, such as VTE, atrial fibrillation, and valvular heart disease requiring valve replacement surgery. Bioprosthetic valves should be considered in these patients because of the potential risk of metastatic calcification when warfarin is used in the setting of mechanical valve replacement.
B74-46 Pattern Recognition, Learning and Thought

The combination of the subjects of pattern recognition, learning and thought is an interesting combination of related disciplines that perhaps falls within the notion of total-concept approach. This book has an interesting and well-structured approach to the mixture of the interrelated concepts of pattern-characteristic recognition, cognitive processes, thought development, and retention abilities by machines programmed to perform such tasks. The author, in conversing with the reader, relates an extensive surveyed background in the areas of pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, psychology, biology, and mathematics. This is done so as to be able to facilitate understanding and comprehension by both the non-computing layman and the avid practitioner.
Nerve conduction velocity, laser Doppler flow, and axonal caliber in galactose and streptozotocin diabetes

In an initial study, the effects of galactose intoxication on nerve laser Doppler blood flow (NLDF) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) were assessed after 1-16 weeks of galactose feeding in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. NLDF was not significantly changed at any time point. NCV was significantly reduced after 16, but not 1 or 4, weeks of galactose feeding. In a second study, NLDF was not significantly changed by 4 weeks of galactose intoxication, but streptozotocin-diabetic NLDF was significantly reduced compared to both control (P<0.001) and galactose-intoxicated rats (P<0.05). Compared to control animals, sciatic motor NCV was significantly (P<0.001) reduced in the galactose group, while sciatic and saphenous sensory NCVs were not significantly changed. In the streptozotocin-diabetic rats, motor and sensory NCVs were all significantly reduced (P<0.001). In contrast to the NCV findings, mean caliber of myelinated axons in both the saphenous and sciatic nerves was reduced in galactose-intoxicated, but not streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The observed sequence of changes associated with these two models of diabetic neuropathy is not consistent with the proposed roles of ischemia and axonal dwindling in the reported nerve conduction deficits.
Edge Effects on Thermal Disorder in Laterally Confined Diblock Copolymer Cylinder Monolayers

The edges of channels etched into topographically patterned substrates impart orientational order to monolayers of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) cylinders. Quantitative measures of orientational order as well as defect densities are presented for cylinder arrays confined in channels of width varying between 1 and 3 μm, with little, if any, difference observed between these different channel widths. As the temperature is raised, the cylinder monolayers undergo a nematic-to-isotropic disordering transition. However, above this transition temperature, orientational order is retained within several cylinder repeat spacings next to the channel edges (distances significantly less than the channel widths considered here). This effect arises from an effective repulsion of defects from those edges, as confirmed by position-dependent defect density measurements.