cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of absorption levels in mid-infrared coated optics

The IR Upgrade FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) was used to make measurements of the absorption in laser cavity mirrors, both high reflectors and outcouplers. Measurements were made at 10, 6, and 3 um, by determining the temperature rise of the cooling water of the FEL cavity mirrors while operating at high average power, and by using a laser vacuum calorimeter and interpreting the data using the ISO 11551 standard.
An ultra-short lifetime apparatus

An apparatus is described for measuring the lifetimes of photo-injected excess carriers and surface-recombination velocities in semiconductors by the decay of photo-conductivity. The use of a high-intensity carbon arc, front-surface mirrors (one of which can be rotated at speeds up to 25000 r.p.m.), shaping slits and a relatively long optical lever (18–20 ft) produces a light pulse that is essentially rectangular. The apparatus has been used to measure time-constants from 32 microsec to 6.6 millimicrosec. Curves of photo-conductive rise and decay are shown for indium-antimonide detector cells, a multiplier phototube and high-resistivity silicon.
Quantum/classical hybrid dynamics of I2(A) photodissociation and recombination in matrix Ar, linear chain model

Abstract A quantum/classical hybrid model is developed for the photodissociation and recombination dynamics of an I 2 molecule in low temperature matrix Ar. This simplified model consists of an I 2 molecule embedded in a linear chain of Ar atoms. The dynamics of I 2 on its A state is treated quantum mechanically while the Ar matrix is described classically. The quantum system is self-consistently coupled with the classical bath. Our calculations show substantial energy transfer and retention of coherence in the early stages of the recombination process. The time-delayed pump-probe transients are calculated and compared with experiment and other theoretical simulations.
Increased onset of sudden cardiac death in the first three hours after awakening.

A circadian variation of sudden cardiac death has been documented, but its relation to individual time of awakening and possible triggering events has not been studied in the general population. By monitoring of mortality records in 4 cities and towns in Massachusetts, 148 potential cases of sudden cardiac death were identified. In 94 cases, the informants listed on the death certificates were contacted, the diagnosis of sudden cardiac death was established, and a telephone interview was completed within a mean of 19 days (range 8 to 28) after the death. The time of day of all 94 cases of sudden cardiac death (mean age 61 +/- 9 years, 74% men) demonstrated a circadian variation (p less than 0.05) with a peak from 9:00 A.M. to 12:00 noon. An analysis of time of death adjusted for individual wake-times of the decedents demonstrated an increased onset of sudden cardiac death during the initial 3-hour interval after awakening with a relative risk of 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.6, 4.2) compared with other times of the day. The increased risk of sudden cardiac death soon after awakening suggests specific triggering factors or mechanisms that are particularly likely to occur during this time. The narrowing of the time interval during which the risk of sudden cardiac death is increased should facilitate the study of possible pathogenetic mechanisms and triggering factors of the disease and may aid in the design of more effective preventive strategies.
Decomposing the differences in time allocation and research output between Latino and non-Latino White faculty

This study compares the time allocation and research output of Latino faculty relative to their non-Latino counterparts. We applied a single-equation and a two-equation method to decompose the differences in time allocation and research output between Latino and White faculty into the aggregate “explained” and “unexplained” portions. Results showed that Latino and White faculty allocate their time in similar ways among teaching, research and other activities. However, Latino faculty allocated more hours toward work activities without pay than did White faculty. Furthermore, the number of career publications, and presentations produced were similar for Latino and White faculty.
Paclitaxel-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers adversely affect microtubule structure through two independent modes of action.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an anticancer drug that induces mitotic arrest via microtubule hyperstabilization but causes side effects due to its hydrophobicity and cellular promiscuity. The targeted cytotoxicity of hydrophilic paclitaxel-conjugated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers has been demonstrated in cultured cancer cells. Mechanisms of action responsible for this cytotoxicity are unknown, that is, whether the cytotoxicity is due to paclitaxel stabilization of microtubules, as is whether paclitaxel is released intracellularly from the dendrimer. To determine whether the conjugated paclitaxel can bind microtubules, we used a combination of ensemble and single microtubule imaging techniques in vitro. We demonstrate that these conjugates adversely affect microtubules by (1) promoting the polymerization and stabilization of microtubules in a paclitaxel-dependent manner, and (2) bundling preformed microtubules in a paclitaxel-independent manner, potentially due to protonation of tertiary amines in the dendrime...
Anti-Inflammatory Cream Reduces Skin Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation

The use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer often results in damage at the skin entry site, especially if the dose exceeds 30–40 Gy fractionated [1]. Ionizing radiation can cause erythema, skin discoloration, muscle soreness, death of hair follicles, tissue swelling, and skin breakdown [2]. Damage may be significant enough to interrupt treatment. Methods currently used to reduce radiation-induced entry site damage include the use of multiple entry sites, free radical scavengers, and creams containing metal oxides to block radiation. Radiation-induced skin damage can be attributed to either a direct effect of ionizing radiation causing DNA damage or an indirect effect resulting from inflammationinduced secondary injury [3]. Inflammation can be prevented using anti-inflammatory agents [4], but systemic anti-inflammatory agents are generally contraindicated when receiving chemotherapy. We assessed the hypothesis that the use of a topical anti-inflammatory agent at the radiation entry site would prevent skin damage. A patient undergoing fractionated proton therapy (54 Gy total) plus concurrent chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and etoposide) for mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone received twice-daily application of an anti-inflammatory cream containing 10% trolamine salicylate (Aspercreme ; Chattem, Inc., Chattanooga, Tennessee; over-the-counter; off-label use). Aspercreme treatment was started 1 week after beginning ra-
Coherence effects in multiphoton absorption processes

The statistical properties of light such as from an optical maser are related to the observable characteristics of multiphoton absorption processes. It is shown that multiphoton absorption provides a technique for investigating the coherence properties of intense light sources. Several simple models for the radiation field are considered, and the statistical properties of these models are derived and discussed.
Estimation of the Orientation and Shape Parameters of Canopy Scatterers from POLSAR Observations

Recent studies have shown that the volumetric scatterers of different canopy types warranted varying scattering models, which feature different orientation and shape characteristics. In this paper, we explore the possibility of estimating the orientation and shape parameters from POLSAR observations. Both the orientation and shape parameters of the canopy are defined by a cloud of spheroids with independent orientation and shape distributions. The respective parameters clearly express themselves in the circular polarization basis in which we derive the analytic solutions. Applying the estimation to POLSAR data, we demonstrate these parameters capable of characterizing the canopy scatterers, providing a consistent physical interpretation of the target scattering mechanisms and generating a fine-grained initialization for Wishart classifications of vegetation and forest targets.
Computation of electric fields and particle motion in electrodynamic balances

Abstract A numerical method based on the Green's function (the potential theory) approach is adapted for computation of the electric fields in electrodynamic balances. The accuracy of the method is checked against analytical solutions for the case of a single torus and excellent agreement is found. Explicit numerical results for a typical double-ring balance are obtained. The method is an improvement over the existing “charge simulation technique” which, although often adequate, is not rigorously founded. Additionally, the equations of particle motion are solved using the numerically precise electric fields (rather than the linearized fields). Overall, the rigor of potential theory is combined with the computational /display power of Mathematica® to provide accurate descriptions of the electric fields and the particle motion. Use of Mathematica® also leads to the simple computation of particle stability diagrams.
Combined Ku and Ka band observations of precipitation and retrievals for GPM Ground validation

The dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) aboard the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) core satellite is expected to improve our knowledge of precipitation processes. Ground validation is an integral part of all satellite precipitation missions which helps provide insight into the physical basis of the retrieval algorithm. A dual-frequency (Ku and Ka band) and dual-polarization ground radar will be built in near future to perform cross validation with GPM. This paper presents a new algorithm to retrieve parameters of the drop size distribution from this dual-frequency and dual-polarization ground. The method is based on combination of DFR (dual frequency ratio) and dual-polarization approach. Attenuation correction is solved within the retrieval process. The proposed algorithm is evaluated based on simulated Ku and Ka band realistic observations, for rain, melting layer and ice parts.
ASSESSING AFFECTIVE AND CONATIVE FACTORS IN READING

ABSTRACT When students in content area classrooms experience reading problems it is quite often a reflection of low interest. To the extent that teachers can inspire a commitment or emotional stake (Vacca & Vacca, 1993) in students toward text materials they up the likelihood that students will succeed in reading to learn. Searching for ways to ignite student interest and motivation is the business of affective domain assessment.
A PDI Family Network Acts Distinctly and Coordinately with ERp29 To Facilitate Polyomavirus Infection

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-cytosol membrane transport is a decisive infection step for the murine polyomavirus (Py). We previously determined that ERp29, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) member, extrudes the Py VP1 C-terminal arm to initiate ER membrane penetration. This reaction requires disruption of Py's disulfide bonds. Here, we found that the PDI family members ERp57, PDI, and ERp72 facilitate virus infection. However, while all three proteins disrupt Py's disulfide bonds in vitro, only ERp57 and PDI operate in concert with ERp29 to unfold the VP1 C-terminal arm. An alkylated Py cannot stimulate infection, implying a pivotal role of viral free cysteines during infection. Consistent with this, we found that although PDI and ERp72 reduce Py, ERp57 principally isomerizes the virus in vitro, a reaction that requires viral free cysteines. Our mutagenesis study subsequently identified VP1 C11 and C15 as important for infection, suggesting a role for these residues during isomerization. C11 and C15 also act together to stabilize interpentamer interactions for a subset of the virus pentamers, likely because some of these residues form interpentamer disulfide bonds. This study reveals how a PDI family functions coordinately and distinctly to promote Py infection and pinpoints a role of viral cysteines in this process.
Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape

We examine the abundance and distribution of Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and nine prey species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the relative abundance of tigers and their prey, as measured by camera traps, is directly related to independently derived estimates of densities for these species. The tiger population in the park is estimated at 40‐43 individuals. Results indicate that illegal hunting of prey and tigers, measured as a function of human density within 10 km of the park, is primarily responsible for observed patterns of abundance, and that habitat loss is an increasingly serious problem. Abundance of tigers, two mouse deer (Tragulus spp.), pigs (Sus scrofa) and Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) was more than four times higher in areas with low human population density, while densities of red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac) and pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were twice as high. Malay tapir (Tapirus indicus) and argus pheasant (Argusianus argus), species infrequently hunted, had higher indices of relative abundance in areas with high human density. Edge effects associated with park boundaries were not a significant factor in abundance of tigers or prey once human density was considered. Tigers in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, and probably other protected areas throughout Sumatra, are in imminent danger of extinction unless trends in hunting and deforestation are reversed.
Fiber-laser frequency comb: An explanation for the offset frequency linewidth

Fiber laser-based frequency combs typically exhibit broad optical linewidths in the wings of the frequency comb. We find these broadened linewidths originate from white amplitude noise on the pump laser.
Correlated Responses in Lines of Chickens Divergently Selected for Fifty-Six–Day Body Weight.2. Organ Growth, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Ribonucleic Acid, and Protein Content

Growth of organs relative to body weight and cellular protein, RNA, DNA, and cell unit size of breast muscle, liver, and small intestinal tissue were measured in females from four lines of chickens. Two lines had undergone 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight, and the other two lines were derived by sampling the first two lines at Generation 28 and relaxing selection for the next five generations. The diet used in the present experiment was the same diet under which selection was practiced (20% crude protein and 2,685 kcal of ME/kg). Comparisons at common chronological ages and a common body weight revealed that supply organ weights, especially that of the small intestine, were associated with subsequent growth of demand organs. Although the upper gastrointestinal tract was also important in this respect, it was more susceptible to influences such as feed intake. Selection for juvenile body weight resulted in correlated changes in cell size of breast muscle but not liver and small intestine. Muscle increased posthatch as cells underwent hypertrophy but liver and small intestine grew chiefly by hyperplasia.
A projective drawing system

We present a novel drawing system for composing and rendering perspective scenes. Our approach uses a projective 2D representation for primitives rather than a conventional 3D description. This allows drawings to be composed with the same ease as traditional illustrations, while providing many of the advantages of a 3D model. We describe a range of user-interface tools and interaction techniques that give our system its 3D-like capabilities. We provide vanishing point guides and perspective grids to aid in drawing freehand strokes and composing perspective scenes. Our system also has tools for intuitive navigation of a virtual camera, as well as methods for manipulating drawn primitives so that they appear to undergo 3D translations and rotations. We also support automatic shading of primitives using either realistic or non-photorealistic styles. Our system supports drawing and shading of extrusion surfaces with automatic hidden surface removal and highlighted silhouettes. Casting shadows from an infinite light source is also possible with minimal user intervention.
Autumn Leaves: Excellence in Design Development Using Draping Techniques, 2006

The purpose of this project was to make a gown that glorifies the colors and shapes of fall leaves. The plan was to exhibit replica leaves of fabric by sandwiching them between layers of satin and tulle. The top layer of tulle was necessary to inhibit the abrasion of the raw fabric edges and to create the composite fabric. Inspiration came from the leaves themselves that displayed so many interesting shapes and brilliant autumn colors.
Stereotypes, Negativity Bias, and the Discussion of Unshared Information in Decision-Making Groups

Previous research demonstrates that groups are more likely to discuss information shared by all group members than information known by only one group member (i.e., unshared information). It was hy...
Mode of delivery and cord blood cytokines: a birth cohort study

Background: The mechanisms for the association between birth by cesarean section and atopy and asthma are largely unknown. Objective: To examine whether cesarean section results in neonatal secretion of cytokines that are associated with increased risk of atopy and/or asthma in childhood. To examine whether the association between mode of delivery and neonatal immune responses is explained by exposure to the maternal gut flora (a marker of the vaginal flora). Methods: CBMCs were isolated from 37 neonates at delivery, and secretion of IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-10 (at baseline and after stimulation with antigens [dust mite and cat dander allergens, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide]) was quantified by ELISA. Total and specific microbes were quantified in maternal stool. The relation between mode of delivery and cord blood cytokines was examined by linear regression. The relation between maternal stool microbes and cord blood cytokines was examined by Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results: Cesarean section was associated with increased levels of IL-13 and IFN-γ. In multivariate analyses, cesarean section was associated with an increment of 79.4 pg/ml in secretion of IL-13 by CBMCs after stimulation with dust mite allergen (P < 0.001). Among children born by vaginal delivery, gram-positive anaerobes and total anaerobes in maternal stool were positively correlated with levels of IL-10, and gram-negative aerobic bacteria in maternal stool were negatively correlated with levels of IL-13 and IFN-γ. Conclusion: Cesarean section is associated with increased levels of IL-13 and IFN-γ, perhaps because of lack of labor and/or reduced exposure to specific microbes (e.g., gram-positive anaerobes) at birth.
Combining field and circuit equations for the analysis of permanent magnet AC motor drives

A finite-element formulation for modeling permanent-magnet synchronous machines by combining the field and circuit equations is presented. For an optimized and reliable operation of a machine, an accurate prediction of the magnetic field distribution is required. The field and circuit are coupled, giving a set of nonlinear time-dependent equations, a solution of which gives the magnetic vector potential at every nodal point and the electric field intensity at the conductor nodal points. The model can be used to perform any desired tests and to calculate operational parameters in both steady-state and transient operation, when the machine is fed from any power supply. >
Effect of inflammatory and antiinflammatory stimuli on acyloxyacyl hydrolase gene expression and enzymatic activity in murine macrophages

Acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH) is an enzyme found in macrophages and neutrophils that specifically cleaves the acyloxyacyl moieties of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus rendering it non-toxic for human cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that LPS augments AOAH mRNA expression (10-20-fold) in murine macrophages. Following LPS treatment (100 ng/m]), AOAH mRNA was induced by 2 h, peaked at 6 h, and was sustained over 72 h. Optimal induction of AOAH mRNA was observed with as little as 0.1 ng/ml LPS. LPS also induced a concomitant increase in AOAH enzymatic activity in cytosolic extracts from murine macrophages and the ability of macrophages to deacylate LPS was not diminished in endotoxin-tolerized macrophages. LPS-stimulated AOAH mRNA expression was cycloheximide sensitive, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is required for AOAH mRNA production. Moreover, AOAH mRNA expression was also induced by IFN-γ. LPS-stimulated mRNA expression was not suppressed by either dexamethasone or IL-10. Finally, intr...
Transmedia Storytelling: Implicit Consumers, Narrative Worlds, and Branding in Contemporary Media Production

Many concepts have been developed to describe the convergence of media, languages, and formats in contemporary media systems. This article is a theoretical reflection on “transmedia storytelling” from a perspective that integrates semiotics and narratology in the context of media studies. After dealing with the conceptual chaos around transmedia storytelling, the article analyzes how these new multimodal narrative structures create different implicit consumers and construct a narrative world. The analysis includes a description of the multimedia textual structure created around the Fox television series 24. Finally, the article analyzes transmedia storytelling from the perspective of a semiotics of branding.
Metal-insulator transitions and giant magnetoresistance in perovskite oxides

Transition–metal oxides of perovskite structure exhibit compositionally controlledmetal–insulator (M–I) transitions wherein the temperature coefficient of resistivity changes sign at a resistivity value close to Mott9s maximum metallic resistivity. These oxides also obey the Mott9s criterion, n c 1/3 a H ≈ 0.25, arising from electron interactions. Cuprate superconductors, in spite of their anomalous properties in the metallic state, obey the above two criteria for metallicity. The cuprates also exhibit unusual insulator–superconductor and M–I transitions. Perovskite manganates which exhibit giant magnetoresistance, on the other hand, show high resistivities ( ρ > ρ max ) of Mott) at low temperatures, in the ‘metallic’ state, and the mechanism of the M–I transition in these materials is not clear. Jahn–Teller distortion and charge ordering compete with double exchange and the electronic properties are accordingly determined by the dominant interaction. While double exchange favours ferromagnetism and metallicity, charge–ordering and Jahn–Teller effects favour insulating behaviour. Charge ordering in the manganates is specially interesting being strongly affected by the size of the A–site cations.
Human and Artificial Agents in a Crash-Prone Financial Market

We introduce human traders into an agent based financial market simulation prone to bubbles and crashes. We find that human traders earn lower profits overall than do the simulated agents ("robots") but earn higher profits in the most crash-intensive periods. Inexperienced human traders tend to destabilize the smaller (10 trader) markets, but have little impact on bubbles and crashes in larger (30 trader) markets and when they are more experienced. Humans' buying and selling choices respond to the payoff gradient in a manner similar to the robot algorithm. Similarly, following losses, humans' choices shift towards faster selling.
Alterations in Ultrastructural Morphology of Two-Cell Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro and In Vivo Following a Physiologically Relevant Heat Shock

Exposure of cultured preimplantation embryos to temperatures similar to those experienced by heat-stressed cows inhibits subsequent development. In this study, the effects of heat shock on the ultrastructure of two-cell bovine embryos were examined to determine mechanisms for inhibition of development. Two-cell embryos produced in vitro were harvested at ∼28 h postinsemination and cultured for 6 h at one of three temperatures: 38.5°C (cow body temperature), 41.0°C (characteristic temperature for heat-stressed cows), or 43.0°C (severe heat shock). Ultrastructural examinations revealed that both heat shocks resulted in the movement of organelles towards the center of the blastomere. In addition, heat shock increased the percentage of mitochondria exhibiting a swollen morphology. Distance between the membranes comprising the nuclear envelope was increased but only when embryos were treated at 43.0°C. To determine whether ultrastructural responses to heat shock in culture were similar for embryos produced in vitro and in vivo, two-cell embryos were collected from superovulated Angus cows 48 h postinsemination and treated ex vivo for 6 h at 38.5°C or 41.0°C. Again, heat shock caused an increase in number of swollen mitochondria and movement of organelles away from the periphery of the blastomere. Exposure of two-cell bovine embryos to physiologically relevant elevated temperatures causes disruption in ultrastructural morphology that is inimical to development. The observation that overall morphology and response to heat was similar for embryos produced in vitro and in vivo implies that the former can be a good model for understanding embryonic responses to heat shock.
Theory and application of a novel fuzzy PID controller using a simplifier Takagi-Sugeno rule scheme

We first present a novel general-purpose nonlinear PID controller realized via fuzzy PID control that uses our newly-introduced simplified Takagi‐Sugeno (TS) rule scheme. Analytical structure of the fuzzy PID controller is derived and its structure is analyzed in relation to the linear PID controller. The unique features of the fuzzy controller are as follows. First, the proportional, integral and derivative gains constantly vary with the output of the system under control. The gain variation leads to a shorter rise-time, a less overshoot and a smaller settling-time as compared to a comparable linear PID controller. Second, the characteristics of the gain variation are determined by the fuzzy rules, and can intuitively be designed. We have also investigated the local stability of the fuzzy PID control systems. As an application demonstration, we have developed a fuzzy PID control system to regulate, in computer simulation, blood pressure in postsurgical patients. We have chosen this particular control problem because the studies in the literature have established that, in order to achieve satisfactory control results, using a nonlinear controller with variable gains is necessary. The simulation results show that the fuzzy PID controller significantly outperforms its linear counterpart, and is safer and more robust over a wide range of patient condition. ” 2000 Published by Elsevier
Collusion-resistant fingerprints from WBE sequence sets

Digital fingerprinting protects multimedia content from being used for unauthorized purposes. One cost-effective strategy to attack digital fingerprints is collusion, where several colluders average their individual copies to disrupt the underlying fingerprints. In this work, we propose that fingerprints can be constructed using sequence sets satisfying the Welch bound equality (WBE). We further propose a detection algorithm utilizing sphere decoding that identifies the colluders from the colluded signal. We evaluate the performance of the proposed WBE-based anti-collusion codes (ACC) fingerprints with our proposed detection algorithm through simulations, and compare the performance of our scheme against orthogonal fingerprints and the BIBD anti-collusion codes proposed earlier. Simulation results show that the proposed WBE-based ACC and detection algorithm have better performance than BIBD-based ACC under the same configuration.
Clonal structure of invasive hoary cress (Lepidium draba) infestations

Abstract Hoary cress is a perennial herbaceous weed that has invaded agricultural and natural areas of western North America. Invasions are often composed of dense patches, and it is unclear whether clonal growth via lateral rhizomes or seedling recruitment is the dominant method of patch expansion. To study the clonal structure of this invasive, six patches from three USA populations (194 ramets) were analyzed with the use of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). Known siblings and clones were also included to ensure sufficient variation for discrimination between clonal and nonclonal ramets. Patches had low genet/ramet ratios (mean G/N = 0.25) and low diversity levels (mean D = 0.49) compared to similar clonal studies. Single genets represented 55–85% of the ramets sampled in a patch, and the largest genet was 38 m across. Hoary cress exhibits a strong bias toward patch-size increase from clonal reproduction rather than from seedling recruitment. Results indicate that biological control metho...
Lack of Population Response by Eastern Chipmunks (Tamias striatus) to Forest Fragmentation

Abstract We compared age- and sex-class structure between two populations of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) occupying study plots within uncut (reference) and managed (fragmented) forest sectors in central Pennsylvania from 1992–1995. In addition, we compared reproductive condition, weight and length of time chipmunks remained on study plots between the two populations. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in age class, sex class or reproductive condition between the populations occupying each sector. Chipmunks remained on plots in both uncut and managed forest sectors for an average of 2.2 and 2.3 mo, respectively. Weights of individual chipmunks did not differ (P > 0.05) between the two populations and averaged 81.5 g. Chipmunks in both populations, however, weighed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less in 1993 following a poor acorn crop in 1992 than in other years. Although eastern chipmunks primarily inhabit mature eastern deciduous forests, fragmentation had no apparent influence on the demography of pop...
The Approximability of the Binary Paintshop Problem

In the Binary Paintshop problem, there are m cars appearing in a sequence of length 2m, with each car occurring twice. Each car needs to be colored with two colors. The goal is to choose for each car, which of its occurrences receives either color, so as to minimize the total number of color changes in the sequence. We show that the Binary Paintshop problem is equivalent (up to constant factors) to the Minimum Uncut problem, under randomized reductions. By derandomizing this reduction for hard instances of the Min Uncut problem arising from the Unique Games Conjecture, we show that the Binary Paintshop problem is ω(1)-hard to approximate (assuming the UGC). This answers an open question from [BEH06,MS09,AH11].
Molecular Recognition in Micelles

Micelles provide a microenvironment that permits small molecules to hydrogen bond to each other in aqueous solution. 1H NMR titration studies establish that adenine and thymine derivatives basepair inside sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles but fail to base-pair in bulk aqueous solution. The supramolecular assemblies composed of nucleic acid bases in micelles may serve as a first step in the development of more complex systems in which recognition and replication events are linked to the microenvironments provided by cell-like structures.
High Planarization Efficiency and Wide Process Window Using Electro-chemical Mechanical Planarization (Ecmp TM )

EcmpTM is a revolutionary planarization technology uniquely combining removal rate controlled by charge with superior planarization efficiency in the near no shear regime. In addition, the electrochemical removal mechanism has excellent within-wafer profile control. Multiple electrical zones configuration combined with a precise end-point control by electric charge, make it more predictable to control the remaining thickness and profile of copper film. The factors affecting the planarization such as the concentration and the efficiency of the inhibitors will be discussed in this paper. Meanwhile a planarization mechanism for Ecmp will be proposed to match the high planarization efficiency. The effects of applied voltage on removal rate and planarization efficiency will be presented in this paper. The electrical feature allows Ecmp to be a planarization process with removal rate independent of down force, enabling a wide removal rate window based on applied voltage.
For the Enrichment of Childhood

To CONSERVE and promote the health of children, a comprehensive health education program is essential. It must be sound in its conception and practical in its application, thus requiring wise leadership in planning and administration coupled with public understanding and support. Health education is a dominant factor in the modern public health program which has for its ultimate objectives the increased vigor, happiness, and life expectancy of the people. In the campaign to promote human efficiency through the development of optimum health for each individual making up the general public, the weapons include not only devices to insure safe water and milk supplies, but also measures to influence the conduct of daily life. Mothers living in tenement districts as well as in spacious homes must have a clear knowledge of maternity and child care; fathers working in factories require an understanding of disease prevention, and children need to begin early the formation of health habits. New discoveries added to existing public health practices have shown how a large portion of sickness and incapacity may be prevented and how life may be made more complete. The provision of adequate community health programs and the proper utilization of resources, however, depend upon a sympathetic public and require interpretation of programs and possibilities. To bring to public attention factual information concerning these personal and public health benefits in such a manner as to induce acceptance and action is the task of those engaged in health education.
Municipal Managers: Regional Champions or Agents of Parochialism?

How local government managers acquire skills and knowledge of policy approaches applicable to multijurisdictional problems is the primary focus of this paper. Managers work in an environment where cities and their infrastructures are getting older and more expensive; economic and social disparities are increasing; and the cost of local services is rising faster than elected officials are willing to raise revenues (Miller, 2002). Municipal managers face these concerns on a daily basis, and they are the officials most likely to realize the inadequacy and ineffectiveness of acting alone when trying to solve problems that have metropolitan origins and effects. Solving these problems requires engaging in intergovernmental and inter-local activities in new and innovative ways. For that reason it is important that managers be prepared with a range of skills that facilitate regional solutions. To address this concern, we review the Model City Charter as well as training materials and guidelines from the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) and National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) to determine whether the current emphases in local government management training prepare local managers to handle multijurisdictional or regional problems. Our conclusion is that there is a serious mismatch between the traditional skill set and what is now required for multijurisdictional problem solving.
Systems considerations in aircraft antenna design

The success of a modern military aircraft depends on the successful integration of a suitable airframe, appropriate armament, and a variety of complex radio systems. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the radio systems performance requirements of modern military aircraft, particularly with respect to the performance required of the airborne antenna systems. On the basis of this discussion, we will survey the available antenna system techniques to determine how well the presently available solutions meet these requirements and, when possible, the direction in which further efforts can most profitably be directed.
Emesis in the Neonate: Recommendations for Initial Management

Abstract The symptom of emesis in the neonate is common and caused by a myriad of clinical states, some pathologic and some benign. There are many clinical data points that steer the astute clinician toward certain diagnoses and away from others. The focus of this article is to provide a framework for evaluating a neonate that presents to an emergency department with emesis. After reading this article, the emergency department clinician will have a better understanding of the clinical presentation and evaluation of surgical and nonsurgical etiologies of emesis in the neonate.
A Residual Granuloma in Association With a Dental Implant

At times, dental implants are placed into sites with a history of periapical pathology. Sometimes the infection is active, and other times the tooth may have been extracted years before implant placement. In either case, the possibility exists for long-term residual cysts or infections that can negatively impact the prognosis of the implant. In this case report, an implant is placed into a healed mandibular ridge several months after extraction of the tooth. A radiolucency was noted on routine radiographic examination 2 years later. Surgical inspection and histology revealed a periapical granuloma with acute and chronic inflammatory cells. After surgical curettage of the site, the patient healed without complication. Implants may develop apical pathology as a result of a preexisting long-term residual infection.
Quantitative Assessment of the Effect of Wide-Base Tires on Pavement Response by Finite Element Analysis

Various studies have shown that the new-generation wide-base tire (WBT) for trucks causes more damage to pavement than does the dual-tire assembly (DTA). However, there is no substantive approach that quantifies the difference in pavement responses produced by WBTs and the DTA. This study filled this gap by developing linear equations that connect pavement responses produced by these two tire types. Equations were developed for 10 different pavement responses through 480 finite element method simulations (240 for the DTA and 240 for WBTs) that were run in ABAQUS with the same material properties and pavement structures. The only difference was the contact stresses and contact areas that were measured under the same axle load for WBTs and the DTA. The cases modeled in simulations were selected to capture extreme conditions, that is, thick and thin pavement structures with strong and weak material properties. The equations will help pavement researchers to understand quantitatively the effect of WBTs on pav...
Extensive aqueous deposits at the base of the dichotomy boundary in Nilosyrtis Mensae, Mars

Abstract Thermal emission imaging system (THEMIS) and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) spectral datasets were used to identify high bulk SiO 2 and hydrated compositions throughout the Nilosyrtis Mensae region. Four isolated locations were identified across the region showing short wavelength silicate absorptions within the 8–12 μm spectral region, indicating surfaces dominated by high Si phases. Much more extensive exposures of hydrated compositions are present throughout the region, indicated by a spectral absorption near 1.9 μm in CRISM data. Although limited in spatial coverage, detailed spectral observations indicate that the hydrated materials contain Fe/Mg-smectites and hydrated silica along with minor exposures of Mg-carbonates and an unidentified hydrated phase. The high SiO 2 and hydrated materials are present in layered sediments near the base of topographic scarps at the hemispheric dichotomy boundary, typically near or within low albedo sand deposits. The source of the high SiO 2 and hydrated materials appears to be from groundwater discharge from Nili Fossae and Syrtis Major to the south, where there is evidence for extensive aqueous alteration of the subsurface. Although discontinuous, the exposures of high SiO 2 and hydrated materials span a wide area and are present in a similar geomorphological context to previously identified deposits in western Hellas Basin. These regional deposits may reflect aqueous conditions and alteration within the adjacent crust of the martian highlands.
Age-related impairment of humoral response to influenza is associated with changes in antigen specific T follicular helper cell responses

T follicular helper (TFH) cell responses are essential for generation of protective humoral immunity during influenza infection. Aging has a profound impact on CD4(+) T cell function and humoral immunity, yet the impact of aging on antigen specific TFH responses remains unclear. Influenza specific TFH cells are generated in similar numbers in young and aged animals during infection, but TFH cells from aged mice exhibit significant differences, including reduced expression of ICOS and elevated production of IL-10 and IFNγ, which potentially impairs interaction with cognate B cells. Also, more influenza specific T cells in aged mice have a regulatory phenotype, which could contribute to the impaired TFH function. Adoptive transfer studies with young T cells demonstrated that TGF-β1 in the aged environment can drive increased regulatory T cell accumulation. Aging and the aged environment thus impact antigen specific TFH cell function and formation, which contribute to reduced protective humoral responses.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis: Fundamentals, Applications, and Opportunities

Proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs) are unconventional redox processes in which both protons and electrons are exchanged, often in a concerted elementary step. While PCET is now recognized to play a central a role in biological redox catalysis and inorganic energy conversion technologies, its applications in organic synthesis are only beginning to be explored. In this chapter, we aim to highlight the origins, development, and evolution of the PCET processes most relevant to applications in organic synthesis. Particular emphasis is given to the ability of PCET to serve as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation that is complimentary to more traditional hydrogen atom transfer processes, enabling the direct generation of valuable organic radical intermediates directly from their native functional group precursors under comparatively mild catalytic conditions. The synthetically advantageous features of PCET reactivity are described in detail, along with examples from the literature describing the PCET activation of common organic functional groups.
Study on Reason of Rot of Concentrated Coconut Juice

Objective To study the cause of rot of concentrated coconut juice. Methods The coconut juice samples were assigned into the experiment group and control group according to their emulsified degrees and examined according to GB/T4789.26-2003. Result Samples in the experiment group occurred rot with massive bacterial contamination, and samples in the control group did not occur any rot. Conclusion The reasons of rot of concentrated coconut juice are due to bad emulsification and oil water dissociation resulted in massive bacterial replication.
Hardware atomicity for compiler-directed control speculation

This dissertation introduces the atomic region as a novel compiler abstraction which eases the development of speculative compiler optimizations. As this dissertation will show, speculation enables a compiler writer to exploit dynamically occurring opportunities which would otherwise be difficult or even impossible to expose. Despite their potential, speculative optimizations typically involve complex implementation and significant compiler re-engineering. In comparison, the atomic region abstraction is both simple to incorporate into a compiler infrastructure and also exposes speculative opportunity to existing and unmodified optimizations. The utility of the atomic region abstraction largely derives from its use of hardware atomicity—the execution of a region of code either completely, and as if all operations in the region occurred at one instant, or not at all. Hardware atomicity is an architectural primitive which provides software with a simple and intuitive model of execution, namely the ability to either explicitly commit or rollback a region of code. The atomic region abstraction leverages hardware atomicity to enable a compiler writer to easily reason about and implement speculative optimization. In the atomic region abstraction, the compiler encapsulates commonly executed regions of the program using the hardware atomicity primitive. This permits the compiler to generate a speculative version of the code where uncommonly executed code paths are completely removed such that they do not need to be considered in (and hence do not constrain) a region's optimization. Pruned paths are converted into assert operations that trigger an abort in the uncommon case that one of these paths is needed. On an abort, hardware reverts state back to the beginning of the region and transfers control to a non-speculative version of the code. Two implementations of the atomic region abstraction are also presented, the first of which demonstrates potential for a 10–15% average performance improvement in the context of a Java Virtual Machine, albeit running on simulated hardware. Incorporation of the atomic region abstraction is shown to be a simple and, thereby, a cost-effective means for exposing speculative optimization opportunities to the compiler. The second implementation leverages a real system to demonstrate that at least some of these gains are achievable in practice. By incorporating the atomic region abstraction into the dynamic translator of the Transmeta Efficeon processor, practical concerns related to the identification of speculative opportunities and adaptation to misspeculations are explored. In the context of this real system, a straightforward implementation using simple control mechanisms is shown to be sufficient to achieve a 3% average performance improvement.
SU-F-T-410: Investigation of Treatment Planning Accuracy with the Presence of Magnetic Injection Port (breast Tissue Expander)

Purpose: Mastectomy patients with breast reconstruction usually have a magnetic injection port inside the breast during radiation treatments. The magnet has a very high CT number and produces severe streaking artifact across the entire breast in CT images. Our routine strategy is to replace the artifact volumes with uniform water, and it is necessary to validate that the planned dose, with such an artifact correction, is sufficiently accurate. Methods: A phantom was made with a gelatine-filled container sitting on a Matrixx detector, and the magnetic port was inserted into gelatine with specific depths and orientations. The phantom was scanned on a CT simulator and imported into Eclipse for treatment planning. The dose distribution at the Matrixx detector plane was calculated for raw CT images and artifact-corrected images. The treatment beams were then delivered to the phantom and the dose distributions were acquired by the Matrixx detector. Gamma index was calculated to compare the planned dose and the measurement. Results: Three field sizes (10×10, 15×15 and 20×20) and two depths (50mm and 20mm) were investigated. With the 2%/2mm or 3%/3mm criteria, several points (6–10) failed in the plan for raw CT images, and the number of failure was reduced close to zero for the corrected CT images. An assignment of 10,000 HU to the magnet further reduced the dose error directly under the magnet. Conclusion: It is validated that our routine strategy of artifact correction can effectively reduce the number of failures in the detector plane. It is also recommended to set the magnet with a CT number of 10,000HU, which could potentially improve the dose calculation at the points right behind the magnet.