cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
El derecho al agua en la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación durante la época posrevolucionaria: 1918-1946 (Water Rights in the Mexican Supreme Court during the Postrevolutionary Era: 1918-1946)

Spanish Abstract Este capitulo de libro analiza el desarrollo por el Tribunal Supremo de Mexico de una jurisprudencia de “aguas nacionales” despues de la Revolucion Mexicana de 1910-1920 mediante la revision judicial de los casos de amparo (desafios a la accion oficial). Aunque la Constitucion de 1917 generalmente se define cuerpos de agua dentro de los limites del pais como propiedad de la nacion, la Corte tuvo que aplicar esta disposicion a disputas especificas entre buracratas estatales o locales y propietarios de tierras particulares para el control de acceso. La competencia por los manantiales, las aguas de tormenta, las aguas subterraneas, el agua potable, y la infraestructura, asi como los problemas exclusivos de la propiedad de los recursos comunales y la explotacion petrolera, plantearon dudas sobre cuanto podria limitar el gobierno los usos individuales en nombre del publico. El autor concluye que, a pesar de los dramaticos conflictos ideologicos del periodo posrevolucionario, el Tribunal Supremo usualmente decidio los casos de acuerdo con los conceptos tradicionales de propiedad y evidencia independientemente de las tendencias politicas. English Abstract This book chapter analyzes the Supreme Court of Mexico’s development of a “national waters” jurisprudence after the 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution through judicial review of amparo cases (challenges to official action). Although the Constitution of 1917 generally defined bodies of water within the country’s boundaries as property of the nation, the Court had to apply this provision to specific disputes between state or local bureaucrats and particular landholders for access control. Competition over springs, storm water, groundwater, drinking water, and infrastructure, as well as problems unique to communal resource ownership and petroleum exploitation, raised questions about how much the government could limit individual uses on behalf of the public. The author concludes that despite the dramatic ideological conflicts of the postrevolutionary period, the Supreme Court usually decided cases according to traditional property and evidence concepts regardless of political trends.
Chapter 10 - Space Weather at Earth and in Our Solar System

Abstract The solar wind, flares, solar eruptions, and energetic particles are able to affect the near-Earth geospace directly through a variety of physical mechanisms. This is referred to as “space weather,” which is discussed in this chapter. At Earth, this occurs primarily through solar radio emissions, heating of the upper atmosphere by the additional ultraviolet radiation associated with flares, and compression and reconnection of Earth's magnetic field by the solar wind and interplanetary transients. These interactions between Earth's environment and these solar and interplanetary phenomena also occur in slightly different forms at other planets in our solar system and are thought to exist in many other exoplanetary systems. Here, we review past decades of space weather research in the solar system and discuss parallels to exoplanetary systems.
How to Succeed in Legal Writing by Really Trying

This column addresses how to make someone competent at legal writing if they currently are not and how to teach someone to be excellent if they already are competent.
Experimental assessment of the Tenti S6 model for combustion-relevant gases and filtered Rayleigh scattering applications

Accurate descriptions of Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering (RBS) spectra for gas-phase species are important in light scattering measurement techniques including filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS). The current manuscript targets evaluation of the well-known Tenti S6 model for calculating the RBS spectra for combustion-relevant species over a broad range of temperatures with relevance towards FRS applications in reacting flows. In this work, testing of the Tenti S6 model was performed by comparing measured FRS signals to synthetic FRS signals generated through the combination of the Tenti S6 model and an experimentally verified I2 absorption model. First, temperature-dependent FRS signals were measured for a number of individual gases including Ar, N2, O2, CH4, H2, CO, and CO2 from 300 to 1400 K. Comparisons between the measurements and synthetic FRS signals show excellent agreement (< 4% average difference) over the full temperature range. For pure CO2, rotational Raman scattering effects must be taken into account when comparing measured and synthetic FRS signals. FRS measurements in binary mixtures were performed to assess the commonly used (but not verified) assumption that the total FRS signal from a mixture can be treated as the mole fraction-weighted average of the FRS signals from each component. Measured FRS signals in mixtures with large variations in both molecular weight and Rayleigh scattering cross section show a linear relationship with constituent mole fraction, indicating that this assumption is valid within the kinetic regime. Finally, FRS measurements were performed in near-adiabatic H2/air and CH4/air flames. Comparisons between measured and synthetic FRS signals show excellent agreement over a broad range of equivalence ratios ( $$\phi$$ ), which includes a temperature range of 1100 < T(K) < 2400 and large relative changes in species mole fractions. Overall, the results indicate that the predicted RBS lineshapes calculated using the Tenti S6 model are sufficiently accurate in the context of FRS measurements for the species and temperatures evaluated.
Landscape- and site-level responses of woody structure and ground flora to repeated prescribed fire in the Missouri Ozarks

Landscape-scale prescribed burning may be appealing for natural community restoration due to operational efficiency and possible heterogeneity in fire effects across broad spatial scales. We monito...
Synthesis, Simulation, and Self-Assembly of a Model Amphiphile To Push the Limits of Block Polymer Nanopatterning.

Efforts to create block-polymer-based templates with ultrasmall domain sizes has stimulated integrated experimental and theoretical work in an effort to design and prepare self-assembled systems th...
Adverse drug-related effects among electronic dance music party attendees

Abstract Background Drug use is prevalent among electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees, but research is needed to determine the extent of adverse drug-related outcomes in this population in order to better inform prevention and harm reduction efforts. Method 1029 adults were surveyed entering EDM parties in New York City in 2018. Those reporting past-year use of a drug were asked if they experienced a harmful or very unpleasant effect after use in which they were concerned about their immediate safety. They were also asked about co-use of other drugs and whether they sought help. Results We estimate that a third (33.5%) of EDM party attendees have experienced a drug-related adverse effect in the past year. Two-thirds (67.8%) of adverse effects involved use of alcohol. Relative to use, adverse effects most commonly resulted from use of opioids (e.g., prescription opioid misuse, 41.2%) or alcohol (33.9%). Among those reporting an adverse effect, concomitant use of other drugs was common, particularly among users of LSD (56.5%), ketamine (56.3%), cocaine (55.7%), and ecstasy/MDMA/Molly (47.7%). Adverse effects resulting from synthetic cathinone (“bath salt”) use were most likely to result in a hospital visit (57.1%). Conclusion Adverse effects from drug use are common among those in the EDM party scene and polydrug use appears to be a common risk factor. More research is needed, however, to determine the extent of event-specific adverse outcomes. Results can inform prevention and harm reduction efforts in this population.
Online Measurement Based Power System Reduced Order Model Generation and Validation

In this paper, a new generalized algorithm is presented, which identifies subspace from power system measurement data in a recursive manner, to identify oscillatory modes and corresponding system model. Compared to a generalized framework presented in the literature, the paper introduces an algorithm which solves the generalized framework recursively to reduce the computation time, suitable for the online oscillation monitoring tool. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can identify the subspace in a predefined state coordinate system, which enables to identify the physical system states, which in turn can help in oscillation source localization. The proof of concept is tested on three machine nine bus system, and the efficacy of the proposed method is evaluated in Kundur two-area test system.
Anti-Semitism: A Christian Psychiatrist’s Perspective

Christians bear considerable responsibility for instigating and perpetuating anti-Semitism. History is replete with ways that theological differences have been used to justify cruelty and scapegoating, but psychological insights, including those of Freud, offer more compelling explanations than theological ones for this rivalrous behavior. While reactions to Freud, who was a secular Jew, continue to inform the responses of religious Christians to mental health treatment, recent efforts at dialogue offer hopeful ways forward.
The Importance of Decisive Leadership and Clear Direction During Crisis

This essay considers the importance of strong leadership during critical incidents and crisis, including a decisive approach that seeks to understand problems through exploring data and stakeholder feedback, but ultimately leadership's willingness to take ownership, and finally action. This work also sets forth organizational benefits of establishing clear direction, as well as the downfall of failing to provide support.
Diamond-like carbon films and their superlubricity

Abstract Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have existed for more than half century and are now used widely in several key industrial sectors. Among all thin-film coatings, they were shown to provide some of the lowest friction and wear coefficients under a wide range of test conditions with or without the use of lubricating oils. In this chapter, recent developments in the synthesis and tribological characterization of such superlubricious DLC films are provided. Special emphasis is placed on fundamental understanding of their surperlubric sliding behaviors with respect to many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Superlubricity of a wide range of doped or alloyed DLC films is also highlighted.
Sharp contrasts in observed and modeled crevasse patterns at Greenland's marine terminating glaciers

Abstract. Crevasses are affected by and affect both the stresses and the surface mass balance of glaciers. These effects are brought on through potentially important controls on meltwater routing, glacier viscosity, and iceberg calving, yet there are few direct observations of crevasse sizes and locations to inform our understanding of these interactions. Here we extract depth estimates for the visible portion of crevasses from high-resolution surface elevation observations for 52 644 crevasses from 19 Greenland glaciers. We then compare our observed depths with those calculated using two popular models that assume crevasse depths are functions of local stresses: the Nye and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) formulations. When informed by the observed crevasse depths, the LEFM formulation produces kilometer-scale variations in crevasse depth, in decent agreement with observations. However, neither formulation accurately captures smaller-scale variations in the observed crevasse depths. Critically, we find that along-flow patterns in crevasse depths are unrelated to along-flow patterns in strain rates (and therefore stresses). Cumulative strain rate is moderately more predictive of crevasse depths at the majority of glaciers. Our reliance on lidar limits the inference we can make regarding fracture depths. However, given the discordant patterns in observed and modeled crevasses, we recommend additional in situ and remote sensing analyses before Nye and LEFM models are considered predictive. Such analyses should span extensional and compressive regions to better understand the influence of advection on crevasse geometry. Ultimately, such additional study will enable more reliable projection of terminus position change and supraglacial meltwater routing that relies on accurate modeling of crevasse occurrence.
Non-line-of-sight object location estimation from scattered light using plenoptic data

We investigate the use of plenoptic data for locating non-line-of-sight (NLOS) objects from a scattered light signature. Using Fourier analysis, the resolution limits of the depth and transversal location estimates are derived from fundamental considerations on scattering physics and measurement noise. Based on the refocusing algorithm developed in the computer vision field, we derive an alternative formulation of the projection slice theorem in a form directly connecting the light field and a full spatial frequency spectrum including both depth and transversal dimensions. Using this alternative formulation, we propose an efficient spatial frequency filtering method for location estimation that is defined on a newly introduced mixed space frequency plane and achieves the theoretically limited depth resolution. A comparison with experimental results is reported.
Continuum deformation of a multi-quadcopter system under time-varying communication weights

Abstract This paper studies the problem of continuum deformation of a multi-quadcopter system (MQS) under time-varying communication weights. Quadcopters are treated as particles of a deformable body with time-varying parameters, where a desired n-D continuum deformation is planned based on the trajectories of n + 1 leaders placed at the vertices of n-D simplex. The followers distributed inside the simplex acquire the desired continuum deformation by local communication with time varying communication weights, where stability and convergence of the MQS continuum deformation can be proven. This paper formally characterizes safety of the MQS continuum deformation by ensuring inter agent collision avoidance and followers containment. Therefore, a large-scale MQS can safely deform in an obstacle-laden environment with modest computational cost.
Parametric Optimization and Determination of a Suitable Welding Process for Stainless Steel-Mild Steel Dissimilar Metals Weld

Difficulties associated with dissimilar metals welding differ remarkably and can be minimized with the selection of a suitable joining process, modification of the joining technique, and the adoption of optimal process parameters. This study investigates the suitability of three fusion welding processes (gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc weld (GMAW), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)) in the welding of stainless steel to mild steel plates based on their mechanical properties and observed weld defects. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process which turned out to be the most suitable of the three, recording the least imperfections, an efficiency in mechanical properties of 8% higher compared to the other processes, furthermore analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain a models of the input and output relationship, as well as the optimal process parameters was conducted. An optimal parameters of 461.88N/mm2 for the tensile strength and 31.65% for the Elongation was observed at the combined input parameters of 200 amp, 15 volt, 20 l/min, and 2.4mm for the weld current, arc voltage, gas flow rate and filler rod respectively. Therefore, the application of optimal process parameters along with a compatible weld process is recommended in the welding of dissimilar metals to guarantee excellent weld qualities.
Yield strength insensitivity in a dual-phase high entropy alloy after prolonged high temperature annealing

Abstract Recent studies of FeMnCoCr-based high entropy alloys have demonstrated uncommon deformation behaviors such as transformation-induced plasticity, which were largely believed to be restricted to select families of steels. Coupled with the potential for entropy stabilization of high symmetry phases at high temperatures, this system represents a promising class of materials for structural applications in extreme environments. Yet, transformation-induced plasticity mechanisms are notably sensitive to microstructure parameters and the literature offers examples of deleterious decomposition of high entropy alloys under heat treatment, which raises concerns of resiliency in mechanical performance. Here, we evaluate the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of a FeMnCoCr high entropy alloy after prolonged heat treatment at high temperature. Microstructures are found to retain their characteristic austenite/martensite features, with parent face-centered cubic grains partitioned by hexagonal close-packed laths after heat treatment at 1200 °C for up to 48 hours. Results of mechanical testing reveal an unusual insensitivity of this alloy to grain growth-induced weakening effects. Namely, the yield strengths of FeMnCoCr samples are observed to remain constant across all heat treatment conditions, despite a near four-fold increase in the grain size. Close examination of post-heat treatment microstructures reveals a dramatic decrease in the inter-lath spacing at longer durations, which segments parent austenite grains. This crystal partitioning counteracts conventional grain growth-induced weakening by introducing additional barriers for dislocation pile-up. These results offer new insights into the mechanical resiliency of this transformation-induced plasticity high entropy alloy under prolonged high temperature heat treatment.
Predicting Adverse Events Among Patients With COPD Exacerbations in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: COPD exacerbations lead to excessive health care utilization, morbidity, and mortality. The Ottawa COPD Risk Scale (OCRS) was developed to predict short-term serious adverse events (SAEs) among patients in the emergency department (ED) with COPD exacerbations. We assessed the utility of the OCRS, its component elements, and other clinical variables for ED disposition decisions in a United States population. METHODS: We compared the OCRS and other factors in predicting SAEs among a retrospective cohort of ED patients with COPD exacerbations. We followed subjects for 30 d, and the primary outcome, SAE, was defined as any death, admission to monitored unit, intubation, noninvasive ventilation, major procedure, myocardial infarction, or revisit with hospital admission. RESULTS: A total of 246 subjects (median 61-y old, 46% male, total admission rate to ward 52%) were included, with 46 (18.7%) experiencing SAEs. Median OCRS scores did not differ significantly between those with and without an SAE (difference: 0 [interquartile range 0–1)]. The OCRS predicted SAEs poorly (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit [H-L GOF] P ≤ .001, area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve 0.519). Three variables were significantly related to SAEs in our final model (H-L GOF P = .14, area under the ROC curve 0.808): Charlson comorbidity index (odds ratio [OR] 1.3 [1.1–1.5] per 1-point increase); triage venous PCO2 (OR 1.7 [1.2–2.4] per 10 mm Hg increase); and hospitalization within previous year (OR 9.1 [3.3–24.8]). CONCLUSIONS: The OCRS did not reliably predict SAEs in our population. We found 3 risk factors that were significantly associated with 30-d SAE in our United States ED population: triage PCO2 level, Charlson comorbidity index, and hospitalization within the previous year. Further studies are needed to develop generalizable decision tools to improve safety and resource utilization for this patient population.
L2 within-language morphological competition during spoken word recognition

Bilinguals recognize words with shared morphology and phonology cross-linguistically (i.e., cognates) faster than words that do not have these characteristics. Moreover, higher phonological overlap...
Graph analytics software libraries

Graph analytics is a burgeoning field that leverages the combined efforts of researchers who model and study graph models of a variety of different systems and processes. Activities include characterizing a graph’s overall structure, determining how information flows through a network, extracting subgraphs, finding clusters and patterns of connectivity, quantifying graph-wide metrics, determining how similar a graph model is to a reference graph type such as a small-world or scale-free graph. These are things that tend not to readily lend themselves to visual inspection of a graph. In this chapter, we will review some of the more common analytic techniques that are broadly applicable to many different types of graphs. Then we will look at several opensource graph analytic software libraries written in Java and Python. We close the chapter with a brief overview of Graph Edit Distance and its applications.
Solid-State Stability of Human Insulin I. Mechanism and the Effect of Water on the Kinetics of Degradation in Lyophiles from pH 2–5 Solutions

Purpose. Previous studies have established that in aqueous solution at low pH human insulin decomposition proceeds through a cyclic anhydride intermediate leading to the formation of both deamidated and covalent dimer products. This study examines the mechanism and kinetics of insulin degradation in the amorphous solid state (lyophilized powders) as a function of water content over a similar pH range. Methods. Solutions of 1.0 mg/mL insulin were adjusted to pH 2–5 using HC1, freeze-dried, then exposed to various relative humidities at 35°C. The water content within the powders was determined by Karl Fischer titration, and the concentrations of insulin and its degradation products were determined by HPLC. Degradation kinetics were determined by both the initial rates of product formation and insulin disappearance. Results. Semi-logarithmic plots of insulin remaining in lyophilized powders versus time were non-linear, asymptotically approaching non-zero apparent plateau values, mathematically describable by a reversible, first-order kinetic model. The rate of degradation of insulin in the solid state was observed to increase with decreasing apparent pH (‘pH’) yielding, at any given water content, solid-state ‘pH’-rate profiles parallel to the solution pH-rate profile. This ‘pH’ dependence could be accounted for in terms of the fraction of the insulin A21 carboxyl in its neutral form, with an apparent pKa of ≈4, independent of water content. Aniline trapping studies established that the mechanism of degradation of human insulin in lyophilized powders between pH 3–5 and at 35°C involves rate-limiting intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the AsnA21 C-terminal carboxylic acid onto the side-chain amide carbonyl to form a reactive cyclic anhydride intermediate, which further reacts with either water or an N-terminal primary amino group (e.g., PheB1, and GlyAl) of another insulin molecule to generate either deamidated insulin (AspA21) or an amide-linked covalent dimer (e.g., [AspA21-PheB1] or [AspA21-GlyA1]), respectively. The rate of insulin degradation in lyophilized powders at 35°C increases with water content at levels of hydration well below the suspected glass transition and approaches the rate in solution at or near the water content (20–50%) required to induce a glass transition. Conclusions. The decomposition of human insulin in lyophilized powders between pH 3–5 is a water induced solid-state reaction accelerated by the plasticization effect of sorbed water. The formation of the cyclic anhydride intermediate at A21 occurs readily even in the glassy state, presumably due to the conformational flexibility of the A21 segment even under conditions in which the insulin molecules as a whole are largely immobile.
Secondary and Tertiary Structure

The bond between the carbon atom of the carbonyl group and the amide nitrogen has partial double bond character that can be attributed to resonance: Open image in new window Accordingly, the carbonyl carbon and oxygen atoms, the amide nitrogen and hydrogen and the two adjacent α-carbon atoms He approximately in the same plane. Experimental evidence, mainly from x-ray crystallography, supports the near coplanarity of these six atoms in peptide backbones and also shows a relatively short distance between the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen. The carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen are on opposite sides of the (partial) double bond, at least in most peptide bonds. The cis arrangement is somewhat less stable and, since there is a considerable energy barrier between the cis and trans forms, the latter generally prevails.
IR820 Conjugates for Image-Guided Cancer Therapy

The development of novel agents for multifunctional approaches to cancer diagnosis and therapy is a growing area of research with great promise for clinical translation. Our group has created two conjugate formulations of the near-infrared dye IR820 that can be used as image-guided therapy agents. The first formulation combined IR820 with PEG-diamine to create ionic IR820-PEG diamine nanoplexes (IR820-PDNCs), and the second formulation was a covalent conjugate of IR820 and chitosan (IR820-chitosan). Both formulations retained the ability to fluoresce and generate heat upon laser exposure. IR820-PDNCs, approximately 50-nm in diameter, were characterized and studied in vitro using the cancer cell lines MES-SA, Dx5, and SKOV-3. Fluorescent imaging after 2.5-hour incubation with IR820-PDNCs showed enhanced cell uptake compared to free IR820 dye. Cytotoxicity studies showed an enhanced cytotoxic effect of IR820-PDNCs after exposure to 808-nm when compared to the use of free IR820 for all three cell lines. This enhancement was statistically significant in MES-SA and Dx5 (p<0.05). IR820-chitosan conjugates were characterized for their absorption and fluorescence properties and studied in vitro using the same cell lines as for IR820-PDNCs. The IR820-conjugate formulation was also studied in vivo using a Fisher-344 rat model. Our results showed that IR820-chitosan conjugates can be used in cell imaging and have an enhanced hyperthermia-mediated cytotoxic effect in MES-SA and Dx5 compared to free dye (p<0.05). During in vivo studies, IR-820 conjugates accumulated in the liver after an i.v. injection, and were subsequently excreted in bile. The conjugates traveled through the intestines and retained the ability to fluoresce for at least 24 hours. This indicates that IR820-chitosan conjugates may have applications as gastrointestinal contrast agents or delivery vehicles. Both IR820 conjugate formulations have the potential to be further developed as theranostic agents.
Commentary: Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history

Nogueiro et al. (2015) utilize Y chromosome and mitochondrial genotype data from a contemporary Iberian and non-Iberian human populations to explore the genetic identity of Portuguese “crypto-Jews.” In the first section of the paper, a historical introduction reviews the plight of Jews in the Iberian Peninsula from the earliest archaeological evidence, through the Inquisition, to the current day. In the second section, Y chromosome and mtDNA population genetic data from many previous studies are reviewed, along with a reanalysis of data from two Portuguese Jewish populations. In the final section, a historical narrative of the Portuguese crypto-Jews is presented, caveats to the analysis are discussed, and future directions are suggested.
LAT, the Linker for Activation of T Cells: A Bridge Between T Cell-Specific and General Signaling Pathways

A key event in the regulation of the adaptive immune response is the binding of major histocompatibility complex-bound foreign peptides to T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes. Recognition of the presence of cognate antigen in the host animal induces a series of biochemical changes within the T cell; these changes, in the context of additional signals from other surface receptors, ultimately result in massive proliferation of receptor-engaged T cells and the acquisition of effector and memory functions. Early studies established the importance of the activation of the enzymes phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), as well as the small molecular weight heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) Ras, in this process. These biochemical events are dependent on the activity of several protein tyrosine kinases that become activated immediately upon TCR engagement. An unresolved question in the field has been which molecules and what sequence of events tie together the early tyrosine phosphorylation events with the activation of these downstream signaling molecules. A likely candidate for linking the proximal and distal portions of the TCR signaling pathway is the recently described protein, LAT. LAT is a 36-kD transmembrane protein that becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated after TCR engagement. Phosphorylation of LAT creates binding sites for the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of other proteins, including PLC-γ1, Grb2, Gads, Grap, 3BP2, and Shb, and indirectly binds SOS, c-Cbl, Vav, SLP-76, and Itk. LAT is localized to the glycolipid-enriched membrane (GEM) subdomains of the plasma membrane by virtue of palmitoylation of two cysteine residues positioned near the endofacial side of the plasma membrane. Notably, in the absence of LAT, TCR engagement does not lead to activation of distal signaling events. This review examines the circumstances surrounding the discovery of LAT and our current understanding of its properties, and discusses current models for how LAT may be functioning to support the transduction of TCR-initiated, T cell-specific signaling events to the distal, general signaling machinery.
Enzyme-based formulations for decontamination: current state and perspectives

Development of noncorrosive, cost-effective, environmentally benign, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial formulations is necessary for clinical, industrial, and domestic purposes. Many current decontaminating formulations are effective, but they require the use of strong oxidizing agents or organic solvents that have deleterious effects on human health and the surrounding environment. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has motivated researchers to develop enzyme-based self-decontaminating formulations as alternatives to such chemical decontamination approaches. Hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes can be used to deactivate pathogens, including bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi. Laccases, haloperoxidases, and perhydrolases catalyze the generation of biocidal oxidants, such as iodine, bromine, hypohalous acid (e.g., HOCl or HOBr), and peracetic acid. These oxidants have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Due to the multi-pathway action of these oxidants, it has proven extremely difficult for microbes to gain resistance. Thus far, few examples have been reported on enzyme-based antimicrobial formulations. For these reasons, various enzyme-containing antimicrobial formulations are highlighted in this review.
A REGIME FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS: COOPERATION AND RECONCILIATION OF FEDERALIST IMPERATIVES

The diffusion of authority characteristic of federal governance challenges national leadership and complicates even the implementation of policy that promises mutual gains. To explore the problems of implementing national policy in a federalist context, this paper proposes a new approach to analysis, t h e implementation regime framework. From the regime perspective, the essential task of the implementation process is to create a context in which implementors are likely to cooperate to achieve policy goals despite the absence of dominating authority. Drawing upon the literature on international cooperation, the regime framework outlines the contextual conditions and elements of policy design that are likely to lead to cooperation in collective decision making.
27.2 A 6mW 5K-Word real-time speech recognizer using WFST models

Hardware-accelerated speech recognition is needed to supplement today's cloud-based systems in power- and bandwidth-constrained scenarios such as wearable electronics. With efficient hardware speech decoders, client devices can seamlessly transition between cloud-based and local tasks depending on the availability of power and networking. Most previous efforts in hardware speech decoding [1-2] focused primarily on faster decoding rather than low-power devices operating at real-time speed. More recently, [3] demonstrated real-time decoding using 54mW and 82MB/s memory bandwidth, though their architectural optimizations are not easily generalized to the weighted finite-state transducer (WFST) models used by state-of-the-art software decoders. This paper presents a 6mW speech recognition ASIC that uses WFST search networks and performs end-to-end decoding from audio input to text output.
Twitch Response in Myofascial Trigger Points

(1998). Twitch Response in Myofascial Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 97-110.
Severe cervical spine distraction

A 41-year-old man was brought to the Emergency Department (ED) by ambulance after being struck on his bicycle by an automobile traveling 40 mph. At the scene the patient was apneic, pulseless and unresponsive. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated, an airway was established by oral endotracheal intubation, and two doses of intravenous epinephrine were given en route. On arrival at the ED, the patient had a systolic blood pressure of 170 mm Hg, a heart rate of 120 beats per minute (bpm), and a Glasgow Coma Score of 3. Head examination demonstrated a 3 cm laceration with surrounding hematoma to the right forehead. The pupils were 8 mm and nonreactive. The trachea was midline without crepitus. Chest and abdominal examinations demonstrated multiple abrasions. Rectal examination revealed decreased tone and normal prostate position. The endotracheal tube (ETT) was noted to be advanced completely, so that the hub was aligned at the level of the teeth. Despite this tube position, a portable chest radiograph demonstrated the ETT tip at the thoracic inlet, 7.5 cm above the carina, with the balloon in the subglottic larynx (Figure 1). Fourteen minutes later, the patient’s blood pressure increased to 210/180 mm Hg with a heart rate of 110 bpm. Moments later the patient went into pulseless electrical activity. Bilateral chest tubes were placed without demonstration of air or blood. Pulses were regained with a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg and a heart rate of 60 bpm. The pupils became pinpoint and nonreactive. A head computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a subarachnoid hemorrhage in the prepontine cistern, hemorrhage in the fourth ventricle, and an extra-axial hemorrhage at the tentorium. Cervical spine films revealed 3 cm of distraction at the C5–6 level (Figure 2), accounting for the apparent paradox in ETT position. Following neurosurgical consultation, the patient was admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit service, brain death was established, and the organ donation service was contacted. Complete transection of the spinal cord at the C5–6 level was demonstrated at autopsy.
Components of Attention in Children with Complex Partial Seizures With and Without ADHD

Summary: Purpose: To evaluate attentional difficulties in children with complex partial seizures, we reviewed the records of 12 children with complex partial seizures with attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (CPS/ADHD); 21 children with CPS without ADHD (CPS); 22 children with ADHD; and 15 control children. Methods: Each child completed a computerized performance test (CPT), which evaluated sustained attention, inhibition of response, response time, and consistency of response. The ADHD groups also completed the CPT after a dose of methylphenidate. Results: The results found poorest performance on the CPT by the CPS/ADHD group. Particular difficulty in attention was found for children with epilepsy regardless of the ADHD diagnosis. When methylphenidate was administered to the ADHD groups, both groups improved in performance on the CPT. Conclusions: Epilepsy may predispose children to attention problems that can significantly interfere with learning. Similar improvement for children with CPS/ADHD was found with methylphenidate compared with baseline as for children with ADHD but without CPS.
Single Cell Battery Charger for Portable Electronic Devices in Developing Countries

Many household electronic devices — flashlights, stereos, radios — require AA, AAA, C, and D size batteries. These batteries are often disposable in remote areas of the world that lack access to grid electricity. In parts of the globe, disposable batteries can account for over 50% of household energy expenditures and amount to 25 or more batteries disposed of per person per year. This amounts to more than 25,000 batteries annually for a village of 1000 people. Solutions to this problem can address economic and environmental concerns. Replacing disposable batteries with rechargeable batteries maintained by a local entrepreneur is one business-driven method to reduce environmental waste and household energy expenditures. This study evaluates technical options for providing rechargeable batteries to a decentralized population, and introduces a prototype portable charging kit that addresses the techno-economic requirements of charging batteries, delivering batteries at a reasonable cost to consumers, providing a profit margin for local entrepreneurs, and allowing for portability during travel between villages or refugee camps. The unit includes a solar PV power source, a lead-acid battery for intermediate energy storage, a battery charger equipped with single cell batteries, a charge controller to manage power flow, and a protective suitcase to house the equipment.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Evaluation of nasal obstruction in rhinoplasty.

Many techniques have been advocated for the treatment of nasal obstruction, a common complaint in the rhinoplasty patient. Resection of the septum, straightening of the septum, resection of all or part of the inferior turbinate, cauterization of the turbinates, and various forms of nonsurgical management have been documented in the literature to such an extent as to be sometimes confusing and contradictory. The surgeon is left with the dilemma of too many choices and too little information on how to make the best decision for the individual patient. The objective of this paper is to present a relatively simple algorithm that will allow the plastic surgeon to accurately diagnose and treat the causes of nasal obstruction in a thoughtful and efficient manner
Using an Integrated Typology of Deviance to Analyze Ten Common Norms of the U.S. Middle Class

In a recent article we presented an integrated typology in which we categorized deviance based on both norms and evaluations. Cross-classifying normative expectations and societal evaluations ident...
Linking Change Drivers and the Organizational Change Process: A Review and Synthesis

This theory-building article advances prior research related to change drivers and the organizational change process. First, we identify the most frequently identified steps in the organizational change process. Second, we summarize the literature related to change drivers, clarifying each driver, and we link each change driver to the most frequently identified steps in the organizational change process. This allows exploration of the relationship between change drivers and the steps in the change process, as well as discussion of how change drivers vary in terms of their effect. Our contribution to organizational change theory include reviewing and clarifying change drivers in prior research, and linking the drivers to specific steps in the organizational change process.
Rapid solvothermal fabrication of hexaniobate nanoscrolls

Abstract A rapid solvothermal method for the fabrication of hexaniobate nanoscrolls in high-yield is reported. Surfactant-containing organic solutions of HxK4−xNb6O17 crystallites treated above 200 °C result in complete conversion to nanoscrolls in 6 h. Both simple nanoscroll structures (SNS) as well as intercalated nanoscrolls (INS) with various surfactants can be readily obtained. Nanoscrolls prepared by this route appear to be more rigid and symmetric compared to those made by standard aqueous methods. Further, on exchange of surface groups, nanoscrolls can be suspended in either hydrophobic or hydrophilic solvents. This approach is significant to bulk nanoscroll production and should be effective in the development of new composite materials.
Calculation of dielectric constant and loss of two-phase composites

The field distribution, dielectric constant, and loss in a two-phase composite, in which phase A is distributed inside a square matrix of phase B, have been calculated using the finite-element method (FEM). The calculation was carried out by taking into account different shapes for phase A, such as circles, triangles, and rings with different sizes. The modeling by FEM in the dielectric composite indicates that the shape for phase A has an influence on the electric-field distribution. In the case of the triangular shape of phase A, the electric flux condensed on the sharp angles of phase A. In a particular case of a ring for phase A, the electric-field distribution in the composite was quite different from that of circles/triangles due to the shielding effect of flux, and hence the dielectric constant and loss are greatly changed. The calculated values are analyzed and compared with that from the empirical Licktenecher relation. The results indicate that the FEM method can reflect the change in the shape ...
Geochemical and Kinetic Evolution of a Karst Flow System: Laurel Creek, West Virginia

An approach that couples flow rate measurement with mass balance calculations has been used to evaluate the geochemical evolution and kinetic behavior of Laurel Creek, West Virginia as it flows from a siliceous, noncarbonate caprock onto the Greenbrier Group Limestones, into and through the Laurel Creek-Cross Road Cave System, and out of the spring at the lower end of the system. At a discharge of 1.0 m3 s−1, the stream was calculated to be removing calcite from the aquifer by dissolution at a rate of 4.1 mg 1−1 hr−1, for a total removal of 46 kg CaCO3/hr. Laurel Creek remained undersaturated with respect to calcite throughout the entire reach studied. Comparison of calculated saturation states with laboratory based kinetic mechanism information provided by the work of Plummer et al. (1978) suggests that the elementary reaction that describes attack by carbonic acid dominates calcite dissolution within the main conduit portion of the flow system.
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF GALLIUM(II1). CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF K3 [Ga(catecholate)3)]·1.5H2O AND [Ga(benzohydroxamate)3]·H2O·CH3 CH2OH

Abstract Although Ga(III) has been used extensively as a substitute for Fe(III) in microbial iron chelating agents or their analogues, there are some striking differences in their in vivo behaviour. A search for a structural difference is reported here, in which the structures of K,[Ga(C & O)] 1.5 H, O, 1, and [Ga(C, H, NO)] .H, O.CH, CH,OH, 2, have been determined by single crystal X-ray diflraction. Colorless crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group C2/cwitha= 20.679(1)° b= 15.868(1)A, c= 12.350(1)8, p= 91.90(1)″, V= 405ql)A. Foreight formulaunits per cell, dcOlc = 1.766, and dabs = 1.77(2) g cm-,. Refinement of268 variables on4181 reflections resulted in agreement factors of R = 3.24%, and R, = 3.87%. Crystals of 2 are triclinic, space group P1, and have a= 10.267(1)A, b= 11.388(2)%c= 13.027(1)8, a= 71.48(1)″),§= 73.32(1)″, y= 60.72(1)″, and V= 1243.6(3)A3. For two formula units of 2 per unit cell, dcarc = 1.448 g cm-' and dabs = 1.44(1) g cm-'. Of 5696 unique reflections. 3426 were used to refine307 ...
Therapy with a severely abused child: An object relations perspective

This paper focuses upon therapy with the violently abused child who shows clinical signs of having internalized the abusive object relationship. The writer presents diagnostic, descriptive and structural analysis of these youngsters from an object relations framework. A long-term individual treatment experience with an abused child is described. The child initially relates to the therapist in a “nonhuman” mode, using the therapist as an inanimate-like doll or puppet to relive and work through the abusive relationship. Gradually, the child's relationship to the therapist comes alive as she accepts empathy and support.
Caspase-8 isoform 6 promotes death effector filament formation independent of microtubules

Caspase-8 can trigger cell death following prodomain-mediated recruitment to the ‘death-inducing signaling complex.’ The prodomain consists of two death effector domain (DED) motifs that undergo homotypic interactions within the cell. Aside from mediating recruitment of procaspase-8, the prodomains have also been implicated in regulating cell survival, proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation, and substrate attachment. Here, we perform the initial characterization of a novel isoform of caspase-8, designated caspase-8 isoform 6 (Casp-8.6), which encodes both prodomain DEDs followed by a unique C-terminal tail. Casp-8.6 is detected in cells of the hematopoietic compartment as well as several other tissues. When Casp-8.6 expression is reconstituted in caspase-8-deficient cells, Casp-8.6 does not significantly impact cellular proliferation, contrasting with our previous results using a domain-defined ‘DED-only’ construct that lacks the C-terminal tail. Like the DED-only construct, Casp-8.6 also robustly forms ‘death effector’ filaments, but in contrast to the DED construct, it does not exhibit a dependence upon intact microtubules to scaffold filament formation. Both types of death effector filaments promote apoptosis when expressed in the presence of full length caspase-8 (isoform 1). Together, the results implicate Casp-8.6 as a new physiological modulator of apoptosis.
Prenatal Cardiac Function and Postnatal Cognitive Development: An Exploratory Study

Fetal cardiac function was measured at 24, 30, and 36 weeks gestation and quantified in terms of heart rate, variability, and episodic accelerations. Children's representational capacity was evaluated at 27 months in terms of language and play. Thirty- and 36-wcek-old fetuses that displayed greater heart-rate variability and more episodic accelerations, and fetuses that exhibited a more precipitous increase in heart-rate variability and acceleration over gestation achieved higher levels of language competence. Thirty-six-week-old fetuses with higher heart-rate variability and accelerations, and steeper growth trajectories over gestation, achieved higher levels of symbolic play. Cardiac patterning during gestation may reflect an underlying neural substrate that persists through early childhood: Individual variation in rate of development could be stable, or efficient cardiac function could positively influence the underlying neural substrate to enhance cognitive performance.