cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network Bistability Mediates Spontaneous Transitions between Normal and Pathological Brain States

Little is known about how cortical networks support the emergence of remarkably different activity patterns. Physiological activity interspersed with epochs of pathological hyperactivity in the epileptic brain represents a clinically relevant yet poorly understood case of such rich dynamic repertoire. Using a realistic computational model, we demonstrate that physiological sparse and pathological tonic-clonic activity may coexist in the same cortical network for identical afferent input level. Transient perturbations in the afferent input were sufficient to switch the network between these two stable states. The effectiveness of the potassium regulatory apparatus determined the stability of the physiological state and the threshold for seizure initiation. Our findings contrast with the common notions of (1) pathological brain activity representing dynamic instabilities and (2) necessary adjustments of experimental conditions to elicit different network states. Rather, we propose that the rich dynamic repertoire of cortical networks may be based on multistabilities intrinsic to the network.
Inner-Directedness and Other-Directedness in New Perspective

(1964). Inner-Directedness and Other-Directedness in New Perspective. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 193-220.
K-space design of methods for optical and imaging hardware

Multiple scattering imposes severe challenges for inverse scattering and inverse synthesis applications. We have been pursuing a relatively simple nonlinear filtering technique that could provide an estimate of the scattering structure from scattered far-field data. This cepstral filtering method assumes that one can obtain an estimate of the secondary source distribution and that under certain conditions this is well approximated by a product of the scattering potential and terms representing the total internal field. Preprocessing of this estimated function can render it a minimum phase function, and its logarithm is then well behaved and amenable to spectral filtering that allows an estimate of the scattering potential to be obtained. We have applied this to real and simulated scattering data with some success. The deliberate manipulation of scattered field data mapped into in reciprocal or k-space allows one to define certain scattering characteristics at specific wavenumbers and scattering angles. Inversion of these data using the inversion method described generates a possible structure that exhibits these properties in practice. We show some examples of this and consider its usefulness for the design of rough surfaces with prescribed optical properties.
Modeling of optical constants of InGaAs and InAlAs measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Two databases of complex dielectric constants, for InGaAs and InAlAs, near-lattice matched to InP, and around temperatures of 500°C, have been fit using a transfer function model with temperature and composition-dependent coefficients. The parameters of the model are determined with a least-squares algorithm with recursive “whitening” of the error, which shows fast convergence to a near-optimal solution, even when handling a large number of parameters. The model can be inverted by a simple algorithm to retrieve temperature and composition information from optical measurements obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The level of accuracy achieved makes this method adequate for temperature, composition, and thickness determination during MBE growth.
Basic contract law.

O r thodon t i s t s , l ike mos t p e o p l e , e n t e r in to con t rac t s every day. Mos t o f the i r con t rac tual r e l a t i onsh ips a re f o r m e d r a t h e r u n c o n sciously a n d d o n o t n e e d a wr i t t en d o c u m e n t , such as when you e n t e r a s tore , take a p r o d u c t off the she l f a n d r e t u r n to the c h e c k o u t c o u n t e r to pay for the p r o d u c t . Mos t o f these con t r ac tua l r e l a t i onsh ips a re t e r m i n a t e d uneven t fu l ly with n o t h o u g h t given to the legal aspects o f the r e l a t ionsh ip . T h e p u r p o s e o f this m a n u s c r i p t is to e x a m i n e the lega l p r inc ip l e s u n d e r l y i n g the con t r ac tua l r e l a t i onsh ips involved in the p rac t i ce o f o r t h o d o n t i c s to e n a b l e the p r a c t i t i o n e r to m a k e con t rac t s co r rec t ly a n d know each par ty ' s ob l iga t ions u n d e r the cont rac t .
Freedom of Expression in Hong Kong During and After the Transition to Chinese Sovereignty

(1995). Freedom of Expression in Hong Kong During and After the Transition to Chinese Sovereignty. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 65-77.
Age-related increases in right frontal activation during task switching are mediated by reaction time and white matter microstructure

Age-related increases in right frontal cortex activation are a common finding in the neuroimaging literature. However, neurocognitive factors contributing to right frontal over-recruitment remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the influence of age-related reaction time (RT) slowing and white matter (WM) microstructure reductions as potential explanatory factors for age-related increases in right frontal activation during task switching. Groups of younger (N=32) and older (N=33) participants completed a task switching paradigm while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed, and rested while diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed. Two right frontal regions of interest (ROIs), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and insula, were selected for further analyses from a common network of regions recruited by both age groups during task switching. Results demonstrated age-related activation increases in both ROIs. In addition, the older adult group showed longer RT and decreased fractional anisotropy in regions of the corpus callosum with direct connections to the fMRI ROIs. Subsequent mediation analyses indicated that age-related increases in right insula activation were mediated by RT slowing and age-related increases in right DLPFC activation were mediated by WM microstructure. Our results suggest that age-related RT slowing and WM microstructure declines contribute to age-related increases in right frontal activation during cognitive task performance.
A fault-tolerant architecture for an automatic vision-guided vehicle

A fault-tolerant architecture for an automatic navigation system is presented. The system employs a mixed type of architecture in which the speed advantages of both pipelined and parallel architectures are exploited to achieve real-time navigation. The fault-tolerant architecture is presented using two reconfiguration strategies. To evaluate the proposed architecture, its reliability, availability, and safety are investigated using Markov models. The feasibility of implementing the proposed architecture is studied. It is found that the architecture be implemented to perform the required real-time navigation of the automatic vision-guided vehicle. >
Role of Additional Mutations outside the YMDD Motif of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase in l(−)SddC (3TC) Resistance

Abstract l (−)SddC (3TC) has been shown to be the most promising nucleoside analogue used for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Unfortunately, it has been reported that about 12% of HBV-infected patients experience a recurrence of HBV after a period of treatment with 3TC. Point mutations were detected in the HBV polymerase of those viruses from 3TC-resistant patients. A common mutation occurred at methionine in the YMDD motif. In this report, we present mutants that were generated from the HBV genome (adr subtype) by site-directed mutagenesis based on clinical reports from other investigators. With the transient transfection system, it was found that by changing methionine to valine or isoleucine at the YMDD motif, the viral DNA replication would be more than 100-fold less efficient than that of the wild-type virus. Some additional mutations outside the YMDD motif could enhance the replication of the virus containing a YMDD mutation. Various levels of resistance to 3TC were observed in HBV mutants containing point mutations both inside and outside the YMDD motif. These results suggest that the mutations outside the YMDD motif compensate the YMDD mutation to some extent for the viral replication and may also contribute to clinical viral resistance to 3TC.
Importance of the dependence of the secondary electron emission coefficient on E/p0 for Paschen breakdown curves in ac plasma panels

Apparent deviations from Paschen’s law, observed in ac plasma panels, have been resolved by generalizing the breakdown criterion to include the dependence of the secondary electron emission coefficient on E/p0. Incorporation of this dependence into the proposed effective coefficient involves consideration of both the back‐diffusion phenomenon and the influence of E/p0 on the efficiency of metastable atom generation. Calculated voltage breakdown curves in pure neon and neon plus 0.1% argon mixture are in good agreement with experimental data for both the metal electrode dc discharges and the insulator‐covered electrode discharges found in ac plasma panels.
Kinetic Investigation of the Polymerization of 1-Hexene by the {[t-BuNON]ZrMe}[B(C6F5)4] Initiator

We have investigated the rates of polymerization of 1-hexene by cationic monoalkyl zirconium catalysts that contain the [t-BuNON]2- ligand ([t-BuNON]2- = {[(CH3)(CD3)2CN-o-C6H4]2O}2-). Catalysts ob...
The renal afferent pathways in the rat: a pseudorabies virus study

Retrograde tract tracing studies have indicated that dorsal root ganglion cells from T8 to L2 innervate the rat's left kidney. Electrophysiology studies have indicated that putative second-order sympathetic afferents are found in the dorsal horn at spinal segments T10 to L1 in laminae V-VII. Here, the spread of pseudorabies virus through renal sensory pathways was examined following 2-5 days post-infection (PI) and the virus was located immunocytochemically using a rabbit polyclonal antibody. Two days PI, dorsal root ganglion neurons (first-order sympathetic afferents) were infected with PRV. An average of 1.2, 0.8, 2.1 and 4.4% of the infected dorsal root ganglion neurons were contralateral to the injected kidney at spinal segments T10, T11, T12 and T13, respectively. Four days PI, infected neurons were detected within laminae I and II of the dorsal horn of the caudal thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segments. The labeling patterns in the spinal cord are consistent with previous work indicating the location of renal sympathetic sensory pathways. The nodose ganglia were labeled starting 4 days PI, suggesting the involvement of parasympathetic sensory pathways. Five days PI, infected neurons were found in the nucleus tractus solitarius. In the present study, it was unclear whether the infected neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius are part of sympathetic or parasympathetic afferent pathways or represent a convergence of sensory information. Renal denervation prevented the spread of the virus into the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Sectioning the dorsal roots from T10-L3 blocked viral spread into the spinal cord dorsal horn, but did not prevent infection of neurons in dorsal root ganglion nor did it prevent infection of putative preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column. The present results indicated that renal afferent pathways can be identified after pseudorabies virus infection of the kidney. Our results suggest that renal afferents travel in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and that this information may converge at the NTS.
Multiple isotope effect study of the hydrolysis of formamide by urease from jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis).

Multiple kinetic isotope effects have been measured for the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of formamide at pH 6.0 and 25 °C. These kinetic isotope effects include the carbonyl-C (13k = 1.0241 ± 0.0009), the carbonyl-O (18k = 0.9960 ± 0.0009), the formyl-H (Dk = 0.95 ± 0.01), the leaving-N (15k = 1.0327 ± 0.0006), and the nucleophile-O (18k = 0.9778 ± 0.0005). In addition, the enzyme does not catalyze the exchange of oxygen from the solvent into the carbonyl-O of formamide or the product, formate ion. The isotope effects are consistent with the rate-determining collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate (i.e., C−N bond cleavage). The pH optimum for formamide is at pH 5.3, whereas for urea, it is near 8.0. This is best accommodated by the mechanism proposed by Hausinger and Karplus, in which an active site cysteine binds to the nonleaving nitrogen in urea. For urea, the preference is for the anionic form of the sulfhydryl; for formamide, the neutral form is preferred, leading to the lower pH optimum.
A Comparison of the Individual and Collective Effects of Four Glucosinolate Breakdown Products from Brussels Sprouts on Induction of Detoxification Enzymes

Four glucosinolate derivatives were evaluated individually and as a mixture for their effects on hepatic P4501A (CYP1A), glutathioneS-transferase (GST), quinone reductase (QR), glutathione reductase (G-Rd), and GSH levels. Doses of the derivatives were chosen to represent their relative abundance in Brussels sprouts. Adult male F344 rats received either corn oil (vehicle); one of the agents: indole-3-carbinol (I3C, 56 mg/kg), iberin (38 mg/kg), phenylethylisothiocyanate (PEITC, 0.1 mg/kg), or cyanohydroxybutene (crambene, 50 mg/kg); orallof the agents at the doses shown (as a mixture) given by gavage daily for 7 days. The mixture and I3C caused an 11- and 9.4-fold induction of CYP1A, respectively. Crambene and I3C each caused a 1.4-fold increase in GST, while the mixture caused a 2.5-fold increase. Crambene and I3C caused a 2.5- and 1.9-fold increase in QR, respectively. The mixture caused a 6.2-fold increase. Crambene, PEITC, and the mixture caused a 1.8-, 1.6-, and 2.0-fold increase in hepatic GSH levels, respectively. Crambene, I3C, iberin, and the mixture caused 1.3-, 1.4-, 1.2-, and 1.7-fold increases in G-Rd, respectively. In a second study the mixture was given at 60 and 20% of the original dose. CYP 1A, QR, G-Rd, and GST elevations were dose-dependent; GSH levels were not elevated. It is concluded that I3C and crambene are responsible for the majority of enzyme increases seen. A synergistic effect of I3C and crambene was evident on induction of GST and QR, but not on GSH, G-Rd, or P4501A.
Laboratory investigations of the effects of nitrification-induced acidification on Cr cycling in vadose zone material partially derived from ultramafic rocks.

Abstract Sacramento Valley (California, USA) soils and sediments have high concentrations of Cr(III) because they are partially derived from ultramafic material. Some Cr(III) is oxidized to more toxic and mobile Cr(VI) by soil Mn oxides. Valley soils typically have neutral to alkaline pH at which Cr(III) is highly immobile. Much of the valley is under cultivation and is both fertilized and irrigated. A series of laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to assess how cultivation might impact Cr cycling in shallow vadose zone material from the valley. The first experiments employed low (7.1 mmol N per kg soil) and high (35 mmol N kg− 1) concentrations of applied (NH4)2SO4. Initially, Cr(VI) concentrations were up to 45 and 60% greater than controls in low and high incubations, respectively. After microbially-mediated oxidation of all NH4+, Cr(VI) concentrations dropped below control values. Increased nitrifying bacterial populations (estimated by measurement of phospholipid fatty acids) may have increased the Cr(VI) reduction capacity of the vadose zone material resulting in the observed decreases in Cr(VI). Another series of incubations employed vadose zone material from a different location to which low (45 meq kg− 1) and high (128 meq kg− 1) amounts of NH4Cl, KCl, and CaCl2 were applied. All treatments, except high concentration KCl, resulted in mean soil Cr(VI) concentrations that were greater than the control. High concentrations of water-leachable Ba2 + (mean 38 μmol kg− 1) in this treatment may have limited Cr(VI) solubility. A final set of incubations were amended with low (7.1 mmol N kg− 1) and high (35 mmol N kg− 1) concentrations of commercial liquid ammonium polyphosphate (APP) fertilizer which contained high concentrations of Cr(III). Soil Cr(VI) in the low APP incubations increased to a concentration of 1.8 μmol kg− 1 (5 × control) over 109 days suggesting that Cr(III) added with the APP fertilizer was more reactive than naturally-occurring soil Cr(III).
A non-dispersive spiral antenna for UWB applications

Broadband antennas are very useful in many applications as they operate over a wide range of frequencies. The objective of this paper is to study the transient response of the spiral antenna over broad frequency ranges. As such, the phase response of the antenna as a function of frequency is of great interest. In the ensuing analysis, the antenna is excited by a monocycle pulse. The antenna has a dispersed output response. This paper deals with ways of converting the resonating spiral antenna to a non-dispersed antenna by using resistive loading. Appropriate loading increases the bandwidth of operation of the antenna. But the drawback is the additional loss in the load applied to the antenna structure, leading to loss of efficiency to around fifty percent.
Role of the alpha1 and alpha2 integrin cytoplasmic domains in cell morphology, motility and responsiveness to stimulation by the protein kinase C pathway.

The α1β1 and α2β1 integrins, extracellular matrix receptors for collagens and/or laminins, have similarities in structure and ligand binding. Recent studies suggest that the two receptors mediate distinct post-ligand binding events and are not simply redundant receptors. To discern the mechanisms by which the two receptors differ, we focused on the roles of the cytoplasmic domains of the α subunits. We expressed either full-length α1 integrin subunit cDNA (XICI), full-length α2 integrin subunit cDNA (X2C2), chimeric cDNA composed of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of Q2 subunit and the cytoplasmic domain of α1 (X2C1), chimeric cDNA composed of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of α1 subunit and the, cytoplasmic domain of α2 (X1C2), α1 cDNA truncated after the GFFKR sequence (X1C0) or α2 cDNA truncated after the GFFKR sequence (X2C0) in K562 cells. Although the cytoplasmic domains of the ax and α2 subunits were not required for adhesion, the extent of adhesion at low substrate density...
Modeling of melt conveying in a deep-channel single-screw cheese stretcher

Numerical simulation was performed to analyze flow field and heat transfer developed inside a deep-channel, single-screw cheese stretcher channel. Modifications to the traditional flat-plate model of single-screw extruder geometry were applied to address flight effects and channel curvature effects. The finite difference and finite element methods were used to obtain numerical solutions to the flow and energy equations. Isothermal and non-isothermal conditions were considered for Newtonian flow and non-Newtonian (power-law and Bird–Carreau models) fluids. The model-predicted velocity distributions and screw characteristic curves were tested using the published experimental data. For Newtonian fluids at screw speeds above 150 rpm, our model predicted volumetric flow rate was within 0.5% of the experimental data compared to the typical 50% overprediction by the existing models. Our model performed much better than the published models for the case of the non-Newtonian fluids also. The simulation results show that in a deep-channel cheese stretcher, the flight effect is more important than the curvature effect in terms of the overall volumetric flow rate.
Alagebrium inhibits neointimal hyperplasia and restores distributions of wall shear stress by reducing downstream vascular resistance in obese and diabetic rats

Mechanisms of restenosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are incompletely elucidated, but advanced glycation end-product (AGE)-induced vascular remodeling likely contributes. We tested the hypothesis that AGE-related collagen cross-linking (ARCC) leads to increased downstream vascular resistance and altered in-stent hemodynamics, thereby promoting neointimal hyperplasia (NH) in T2DM. We proposed that decreasing ARCC with ALT-711 (Alagebrium) would mitigate this response. Abdominal aortic stents were implanted in Zucker lean (ZL), obese (ZO), and diabetic (ZD) rats. Blood flow, vessel diameter, and wall shear stress (WSS) were calculated after 21 days, and NH was quantified. Arterial segments (aorta, carotid, iliac, femoral, and arterioles) were harvested to detect ARCC and protein expression, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Downstream resistance was elevated (60%), whereas flow and WSS were significantly decreased (44% and 56%) in ZD vs. ZL rats. NH was increased in ZO but not ZD rats. ALT-711 reduced ARCC and resistance (46%) in ZD rats while decreasing NH and producing similar in-stent WSS across groups. No consistent differences in RAGE or TGF-β expression were observed in arterial segments. ALT-711 modified lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 but not RAGE expression by cells on decellularized matrices. In conclusion, ALT-711 decreased ARCC, increased in-stent flow rate, and reduced NH in ZO and ZD rats through RAGE-independent pathways. The study supports an important role for AGE-induced remodeling within and downstream of stent implantation to promote enhanced NH in T2DM.
Oligosaccharide Signalling in Plants

INTRODUCTION 295 FUNGAL CELL WALL FRAGMENTS AS DEFENSIVE SiGNALS 296 fJ-Glucans .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 296 Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Staining methods for studying ingredient distribution in baked cakes.

A method is described for preparing cake crumb for sectioning and staining. Previous to embedding, the fat was stained and fixed by exposing small blocks of cake to the fumes from a 5%, freshly-prepared, aqueous solution of osmic acid (OsO4). This was followed by dehydration in ethyl alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol, removal of air under vacuum and infiltration with paraffin.Sections were cut 20 and 9Op thick and mounted with water.Wax was removed by immersion in xylene. The sections were rehydrated in a series of ethyl alcohol dilutions, from concentrated to dilute, then transferred to distilled water.Protein was then stained pink by immersion of the slides in an acidified 0.04% water solution of eosin Y, or starch was stained blue with a dilute aqueous solution of iodine. Ten grams iodine and 10 g. KI were dissolved in 25 ml. distilled water. This stock solution was diluted for use one to two hundred times.The relationship between protein and starch was demonstrated by staining the sections with eosin...
Experimental examination on the effectiveness of loss prevention technology: a case study

The negative impact of inventory shrinkage on bottom line performance in the retail industry reaches billions of dollars each year. Previous recommendations suggest that inventory shrinkage is a function of the merchandise tagging strategy. The current technology available for securing merchandise includes both electronic article surveillance (EAS) and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. However, few studies have empirically examined the impact of tagging strategies on inventory management. The present study attempts to fill this gap in the literature by experimentally investigating the relationship between merchandise tagging and inventory control. Our work includes a field experiment to test the effect of EAS systems on inventory shrinkage in a retail setting. Our findings indicate that merchandise tagging systems exhibit strong capabilities in terms of reducing inventory shrinkage and enhancing retail profitability. These conclusions provide evidence in favour of the logistical and financial benefits of this technology with respect to shrinkage reduction.
c-Abl-mediated Phosphorylation of WAVE3 Is Required for Lamellipodia Formation and Cell Migration

The activity of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome-related WAVE3 protein is critical for the regulation of the Arp2/3-dependent cytoskeleton organization downstream of Rac-GTPase. The Ableson (Abl) non-receptor tyrosine kinase is also involved in the remolding of actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular stimuli. Here we show that platelet-derived growth factor stimulation of cultured cells results in WAVE3-Abl interaction and localization to the cell periphery. WAVE3-Abl interaction promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of WAVE3 by Abl, and STI-571, a specific inhibitor of Abl kinase activity, abrogates the Abl-mediated phosphorylation of WAVE3. We have also shown that Abl targets and phosphorylates four tyrosine residues in WAVE3 and that the Abl-dependent phosphorylation of WAVE3 is critical for the stimulation of lamellipodia formation and cell migration. Our results show that the activation of WAVE3 to promote actin remodeling is enhanced by the c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of WAVE3.
Robotic Instrumentation, Personnel and Operating Room Setup

Robotic-assisted surgery using the da Vinci® Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) has rapidly expanded in the field of urologic surgery. Although originally reported for use during radical prostatectomy, the last decade has witnessed expansion of its use in both the lower and upper urinary tract. With the rapid growth and expansion of urologic robotic surgery comes the need for proper training of both surgeon and surgical team. This includes a thorough understanding of the various currently available robotic platforms, instrumentation, operating room configuration, robot setup and breakdown processes. In addition, each member’s precise role must be clearly defined including the surgeon, surgical assistant(s), anesthesiologist, scrub technician, and circulating nurse.
Multi-axis foot reaction force/torque sensor for biomedical applications

To support an Oak Ridge National Laboratory programs exoskeleton project, a unique multi-axis foot force/torque sensor was constructed and tested that has biomedical application such as clinical gait analysis. The challenging aspect of this multi-axis force sensor is that it had to conform to the bending of the human foot, withstand high impact loads, have high force sensitivity, feel comfortable to the human wearer, be integrated into a military style boot, measure the forces on the human foot when either the ball or the heel of the foot is in contact with the ground, respond to both positive and negative loading and have a low overall height and weight. This paper describes the design and testing of this unique sensor.
Computational monitoring and steering using network-optimized visualization and Ajax web server

We describe a system for computational monitoring and steering of an on-going computation or visualization on a remote host such as workstation or supercomputer. Unlike the conventional "launch-and-leave" batch computations, this system enables: (i) continuous monitoring of variables of an on-going remote computation using visualization tools, and (ii) interactive specification of chosen computational parameters to steer the computation. The visualization and control streams are supported over wide-area networks using transport protocols based on stochastic approximation methods to provide stable throughput. Using performance models for transport channels and visualization modules, we develop a visualization pipeline configuration solution that minimizes end-to-end delay over wide- area connections. The user interface utilizes Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) technologies to provide an interactive environment that can be accessed by multiple remote users using web browsers. We present experimental results on a geographically distributed deployment to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Biomass and mineral element responses of a Serengeti short-grass species to nitrogen supply and defoliation: compensation requires a critical [N].

Large mammalian herbivores in grassland ecosystems influence plant growth dynamics in many ways, including the removal of plant biomass and the return of nutrients to the soil. A 10-week growth chamber experiment examined the responses of Sporobolus kentrophyllus from the heavily grazed short-grass plains of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, to simulated grazing and varying nitrogen nutrition. Plants were subjected to two clipping treatments (clipped and unclipped) and five nitrogen levels (weekly applications at levels equivalent to 0, 1, 5, 10, and 40 g N m−2), the highest being equivalent to a urine hit. Tiller and stolon production were measured weekly. Total biomass at harvest was partitioned by plant organ and analyzed for nitrogen and mineral element composition. Tiller and stolon production reached a peak at 3–5 weeks in unclipped plants, then declined drastically, but tiller number increased continually in clipped plants; this differential effect was enhanced at higher N levels. Total plant production increased substantially with N supply, was dominated by aboveground production, and was similar in clipped and unclipped plants, except at high nitrogen levels where clipped plants produced more. Much of the standing biomass of unclipped plants was standing dead and stem; most of the standing biomass of clipped plants was live leaf with clipped plants having significantly more leaf than unclipped plants. However, leaf nitrogen was stimulated by clipping only in plants receiving levels of N application above 1 g N m−2 which corresponded to a tissue concentration of 2.5% N. Leaf N concentration was lower in unclipped plants and increased with level of N. Aboveground N and mineral concentrations were consistently greater than belowground levels and while clipping commonly promoted aboveground concentrations, it generally diminished those belowground. In general, clipped plants exhibited increased leaf elemental concentrations of K, P, and Mg. Concentrations of B, Ca, K, Mg, and Zn increased with the level of N. No evidence was found that the much greater growth associated with higher N levels diminished the concentration of any other nutrient and that clipping coupled with N fertilization increased the total mineral content available in leaf tissue. The results suggest that plants can (1) compensate for leaf removal, but only when N is above a critical point (tissue [N] 2.8%) and (2) grazing coupled with N fertilization can increase the quality and quantity of tissue available for herbivore removal.
Load Testing of a Deteriorated Concrete Box Girder Bridge

This paper reports on load testing of a continuous three cell concrete box girder bridge. The bridge is non-prismatic, curved in plan, and has skewed supports. The bridge is over thirty years old, and it was designed with a construction joint between two continuous spans and a span with a cantilever. The tests were carried out to evaluate the cause of large cracks extending through most of the height in some of the webs. Evaluation of the test results has shown that the distribution of strains in the bridge is significantly different than assumed in design. This has resulted in a redistribution of the load carrying capacity across the bridge. It is concluded that this is due to the varying cross-sectional dimensions and the reductions in the stiffness that occurs following development of the major cracks. The test results have been used to evaluate the bridge's overall behaviour and condition.
Edge Effect in Perfectly Conducting Periodic Subwavelength Structures

The subterahertz (THz) region of absorption spectra (2-30 cm-1) of biomolecules reveals low-frequency molecular motions as resonances that can serve as fingerprints specific to molecules. Nanoscale edge effect in subwavelength periodic slit arrays can be used to increase the coupling of incident THz radiation to the biological material under the test due to the local electric-field enhancement, thus improving detection sensitivity and special resolution of THz resonance vibrational spectroscopy. In this paper, propagation of polarized light through 1-D grating made of perfect conducting metallic slits is considered. The analytical integral equation is derived and numerical solution is found in a long wavelength limit. The simulation program is developed that permits to find transmission characteristics of periodic structures and distribution of electromagnetic (EM) field across the slit with the goal to optimize the structure geometry. The perfect conductor approximation gives us an upper estimate of achievable enhancement of electric field in this case.
Does Practice Make Perfect? Frequency of Single Passes and Multiple Consecutive Passes Over the Season on a College Soccer Team

The purpose of this observational study was to determine the proportion of multiple-sequence passes made by members of a college soccer team during a series of games. The hypothesis was that the proportion of multiple-sequence passes would increase with practice and experience. The data obtained did not support this hypothesis. In the main, the proportion of single, double, triple, and quadruple(plus) passes did not change over the period of eight games, and there was no correlation between wins and losses and the types of passes made. Some of the reasons for this result are proposed together with suggestions for future research.
Future Trends in Computing

According to a Top500.org compilation, large computer systems have been doubling in sustained speed every 1.14 years for the last 17 years. If this rapid growth continues, we will have computers by 2020 that can execute an Exaflop (10 18 ) per second. Storage is also improving in cost and density at an exponential rate. Several innovations that will accompany this growth are reviewed here, including shrinkage of basic circuit components on Silicon, three-dimensional integration, and Phase Change Memory. Further growth will require new technologies, most notably those surrounding the basic building block of computers, the Field Effect Transistor. Implications of these changes for the types of problems that can be solved are briefly discussed.
Off-pump coronary bypass provides reduced mortality and morbidity and equivalent 10-year survival.

Background This study compared in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and long-term survival after off-pump (OPCAB) vs on-pump (CPB) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods Reviewed were 12,812 consecutive isolated CABG patients from 1997 to 2006. A propensity score (PS), including 40 preoperative risk factors, balanced characteristics between OPCAB and CPB groups. Multiple logistic regression models tested whether gender or surgery type, or their interaction, were associated with in-hospital mortality and MACE. A proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier curves related long-term survival with gender, surgery type, and their interaction, adjusted for PS and age. Results OPCAB was associated with a significant reduction in operative mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.68; p = 0.045), stroke (AOR, 0.48; p p = 0.018). Female gender was associated with higher rates of death (AOR, 1.93), stroke (AOR, 1.82), myocardial infarction (AOR, 2.19), and MACE (AOR, 1.97; each p p = 0.04). Odds of death for women on CPB were higher than for women treated with OPCAB (AOR, 2.07, p = 0.005). Odds of death for men on CPB were not significantly higher than for men treated with OPCAB (AOR, 1.16, p = 0.51). Male gender was associated with longer-term survival ( p = .011), but surgery type (OPCAB vs CPB) was not ( p = 0.23). Conclusions OPCAB provides significant early mortality and morbidity advantages, especially for women. During the 10-year follow-up, OPCAB and CPB result in similar survival, regardless of gender.
Treatment for infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: What options do we still have?

The global spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is increasingly becoming a major challenge in clinical and public health settings. To date, the treatment for serious CRE infections remains difficult. The intelligent use of antimicrobials and effective infection control strategies is crucial to prevent further CRE spread. Early consultation with experts in the treatment of infections with multidrug-resistant organisms is valuable in patient management. This brief review will focus on the current, yet limited, treatment options for CRE infections.
Meal sharing among the Ye'kwana.

In this study meal sharing is used as a way of quantifying food transfers between households. Traditional food-sharing studies measure the flow of resources between households. Meal sharing, in contrast, measures food consumption acts according to whether one is a host or a guest in the household as well as the movement of people between households in the context of food consumption. Our goal is to test a number of evolutionary models of food transfers, but first we argue that before one tests models of who should receive food one must understand the adaptiveness of food transfers. For the Ye’kwana, economies of scale in food processing and preparation appear to set the stage for the utility of meal sharing. Evolutionary models of meal sharing, such as kin selection and reciprocal altruism, are evaluated along with non-evolutionary models, such as egalitarian exchange and residential propinquity. In addition, a modified measure of exchange balance—proportional balance—is developed. Reciprocal altruism is shown to be the strongest predictor of exchange intensity and balance.
Adsorption Kinetics of Wild Type and Two Synthetic Stability Mutants of T4 Phage Lysozyme at Silanized Silica Surfaces

Abstract The adsorption kinetics exhibited by the wild type and two synthetic stability mutants of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme at silanized silica surfaces were monitored within situellipsometry. Mutant lysozymes purified fromEscherichia colistrain RRI were produced by substitution of the isoleucine at amino acid position three with cysteine and tryptophan, yielding proteins of greater and lower thermal stability than that of the wild type. Adsorption kinetics were measured over a period of 8 h and interpreted with reference to mechanisms allowing for binding into one of two states, characterized by different binding strengths. Each interpretation suggested that a protein of lower structural stability would more readily undergo a structural change at the interface, all other things being equal, and this change was more pronounced on hydrophilic than on hydrophobic surfaces.
Adaptive sensing of target signature with unknown amplitude

The problem of selecting the optimal linear measurement, subject to energy constraints, for nonlinear parameter estimation is stated. While the problem is similar to previously reported measurement selection problems for Gaussian random vectors, there are some key differences stemming from the fact that the signal amplitude is a nuisance parameter. An objective function based on minimizing the Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound is proposed. Through a linearization of the response vector and other simplifying assumptions, the objective function is reduced to a one-parameter function that is easily maximized. Simulation results comparing the optimal measurement to the traditional measurement suggest the potential for significantly improved estimator performance, although the linearization assumption is problematic when the parameter being estimated has a large prior variance.
Quantum control of molecular magnets using magnetic force microscopy

We describe a proposal for the experimental observation and control of quantum dynamics in molecular magnets which uses a magnetic force microscope.
Equations of motion for maneuvering flexible spacecraft

This paper is concerned with the derivation of the equations of motion for maneuvering flexible spacecraft both in orbit and in an earth-based laboratory. The structure is assumed to undergo large rigid-body maneuvers and small elastic deformations. A perturbation approach is presented in which the quantities defining the rigid-body maneuver are regarded as the unperturbed motion and the elastic motions and deviations from the rigid-body motions are regarded as the perturbed motion. The perturbation equations are linear, non-self-adjoint, and with time-dependent coefficients. A maneuver force distribution exciting the least amount of elastic deformation of the spacecraft is developed. Numerical results highlight the vibration caused by rotational maneuvers.
Dehydroepiandrosterone attenuates preadipocyte growth in primary cultures of stromal-vascular cells

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the antiobesity actions of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are due to an influence on preadipocyte proliferation and/or differentiation in primary c...
Promoting Cultural Capital in a Medical Camp for American Indian Youth with Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disease that previously was characterized with an onset in the fourth decade of life or later, is now being diagnosed in children, particularly children from minority groups, including American Indians. Because children with the disease are frequently asymptomatic, they tend to ignore recommendations from their health care providers about appropriate self-management behaviors, thus increasing their risk for early onset of secondary complications, including retinopathy and end-stage renal disease.This problem with self-management can in part be attributed to a lack of knowledge as well as to denial about their disease. This article describes an intervention that encourages and motivates American Indian youth with type 2 diabetes to improve their diabetes self-management. The Medical Wellness Camp is a partnership program hosted by several Arizona tribes and the University of Arizona. The camp provided these youth with the education and the skills needed to prevent or delay diabe...
Online Self-Presentation on Facebook and Self Development During the College Transition

Self-presentation, a central element of young people’s identity development, now extends from face-to-face contexts to social networking sites. Online self-presentation may change when youth transition to college, faced with the need to reclaim or redefine themselves in the new environment. Drawing on theories of self-presentation and self development, this study explores changes in youth’s online self-presentation during their transition to a residential college. It also examines associations between online self-presentation and students’ self-esteem and self-concept clarity. We surveyed 218 college freshmen (M age = 18.07; 64 % female, 79 % White) at the beginning and again at the end of their first semester. Freshmen’s Facebook self-presentation became less restricted later in the semester. Broad, deep, positive, and authentic Facebook self-presentation was positively associated with perceived support from the audience, which contributed to higher self-esteem contemporaneously, though not longitudinally. Intentional Facebook self-presentation engaged students in self-reflection, which was related to lower self-concept clarity concurrently but higher self-esteem longitudinally. Findings clarified the paths from multifaceted online self-presentation to self development via interpersonal and intrapersonal processes during college transition.
From the Physical to the Social: Twitter as a Pedagogical Innovation in the Sport Communication and Sport Management Classroom

This essay discusses how Twitter can be used as a pedagogical tool for sport communication and sport management courses. Given the prevalence with which Twitter has penetrated the sport industry and the frequency with which college students use social media, Twitter is a complementary and viable classroom component. The essay provides ways in which Twitter can be used for formal assignments in the sport communication and sport management classroom. The essay concludes by discussing some challenges to using Twitter in the classroom, describing strategies for overcoming these barriers, and encouraging sport communication and sport management educators to embrace the culture of convergence that Twitter affords. The appendix offers detailed guidelines for the assignments discussed in the essay.
Falstaff as Actaeon: A Dramatic Emblem

N the final act of The Merry Wives of Windsor, Shakespeare confronts his audience with an obvious burlesque of the Actaeon myth. In impersonating Herne the Hunter, Sir John becomes a comic counterpart of the legendary hunter from Thebes. As Professor Bullough has observed, there is a certain T "poetic justice" in Shakespeare's exploitation of this parallel. "Actaeon had become a cant-name for a cuckold", and when Falstaff "dons the horns which he would have placed on Ford's brows he suffers the poetic justice of a failed Don Juan." 1 Professor Bullough has likewise emphasized the dramatist's indebtedness to Golding's translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses: "That Shakespeare had Ovid in mind when Falstaff assumed the disguise is proved by the latter's allusions at V.v. 2-I7 to the amorous metamorphoses of Jove.... Actaeon was bitten by his own dogs, of whom Ovid names thirty-five and Golding calls one 'Ringwood' (a common name). Shakespeare substitutes the fairies who burn and pinch the fat knight; and for this part of the scene he takes hints from Lyly's Endimion" (p. i8). Nevertheless, Shakespeare's treatment of the Falstaff-Actaeon parallel also displays several marked affinities with the representation of this myth in Renaissance iconography and mythography. The knight's disguise is virtually identical with a conventional illustration of Actaeon in Renaissance emblem literature? and editions of the Metamorphoses.3 Moreover, the moral significance of Falstaff's ordeal-the punishment the "unclean knight" receives for his "corrupted heart" and "lecheries"-closely resembles a familiar Renaissance interpretation of Actaeon's fate. As Green's study of Shakespeare's relation to the emblem books does not consider the implications of Falstaffs disguise,4 it seems advisable to examine this problem in some detail.
Study of the N=2 Kazakov-Migdal model.

We study numerically the SU(2) Kazakov-Migdal model of induced QCD.'' In contrast with our earlier work on the subject we have chosen here [ital not] to integrate out the gauge fields but to keep them in the Monte Carlo simulation. This allows us to measure observables associated with the gauge fields, and thereby address the problem of the local [ital Z][sub 2] symmetry present in the model. We confirm our previous result that the model has a line of first-order phase transitions terminating in a critical point. The adjoint plaquette has a clear discontinuity across the phase transition, whereas the plaquette in the fundamental representation is always zero in accordance with Elitzur's theorem. The density of small [ital Z][sub 2] monopoles shows very little variation and is always large. We also find that the model has extra local U(1) symmetries which do not exist in the case of the standard adjoint theory. As a result, we are able to show that two of the angles parametrizing the gauge field completely decouple from the theory, and the continuum limit defined around the critical point can therefore not be QCD.''