cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pneumocystis pneumonia increases the susceptibility of mice to sublethal hyperoxia

Patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia often develop respiratory failure after entry into medical care, and one mechanism for this deterioration may be increased alveolar epithelial cell injury. In vitro, we previously demonstrated that Pneumocystis is not cytotoxic for alveolar epithelial cells. In vivo, however, infection with Pneumocystis could increase susceptibility to injury by stressors that, alone, would be sublethal. We examined transient exposure to hyperoxia as a prototypical stress that does cause mortality in normal mice. Mice were depleted of CD4+ T cells and inoculated intratracheally with Pneumocystis. Control mice were depleted of CD4+ T cells but did not receive Pneumocystis. After 4 weeks, mice were maintained in normoxia, were exposed to hyperoxia for 4 days, or were exposed to hyperoxia for 4 days followed by return to normoxia. CD4-depleted mice with Pneumocystis pneumonia demonstrated significant mortality after transient exposure to hyperoxia, while all uninfected control mice survived this stress. We determined that organism burdens were not different. However, infected mice exposed to hyperoxia and then returned to normoxia demonstrated significant increases in inflammatory cell accumulation and lung cell apoptosis. We conclude that Pneumocystis pneumonia leads to increased mortality following a normally sublethal hyperoxic insult, accompanied by alveolar epithelial cell injury and increased pulmonary inflammation.
Relativistic energy-momentum relationship for a soliton.

By making a quantum expansion around the boosted soliton, we calculate the one-soliton energy eigenvalue of the renormalized unperturbed Hamiltonian in the (1 + 1)-dimensional kink field theory and demonstrate its relativistic dependence on the momentum.
Finlines in rectangular and circular waveguide housings including substrate mounting and bending effects-finite element analysis

The finite-element method is used to derive the dispersion characteristics and field components of dominant and higher order modes in finlines. The method is accurate and covers the metallization thickness, substrate mounting grooves, bending of the substrate, and arbitrary cross sections. Results for structures already obtained with other methods have been found to agree well with available data. As a new contribution, the effect of substrate bending on the propagation constant is studied. The dispersion characteristics for the dominant and higher order modes for bilateral finlines in circular waveguide housing are calculated. The field plots for all the modes are given. >
DYSMORPHIC SYNDROME, SPHEROCYTOSIS AND PARTIAL DELETION OF THE SHORT ARM OF CHROMOSOME 8

Congenital spherocytic anemia is a relatively common disorder but the genetic defect has not yet been definitively mapped to a chromosome. We studied a family in which 2 of 3 children were dysmorphic, affected by severe spherocytosis requiring intermittant transfusions, and showed deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p-). Both parents and the sibling were normal and showed no evidence of hemolysis or the deletion. Assays of carbonic anhydrase II, factor VII, thryroglobulin, and glutathione reductase, genes previously assigned to 8p were unremarkable. In order to elucidate the membrane defect, red cell membranes were electrophoresed using 1-D Fairbanks SDS polyacrylamide gels and a modified O'Farrell 2-D technique. Lipids were examined using thin-layer chromatography. Coomasie blue stained 1-D and silver stained 2-D electrophoretograms were normal; in particular members of the ternary binding complex, spectrin (α and β), band 4.1, and actin were normal as were membrane cholesterol and phospholipids. The association between the gene deletion and spherocytosis in the affected family members suggests that a gene for this defect lies on 8p, but does not affect the quantities of membrane proteins conventionally associated with rec cell membrane stability.
Expression and subcellular distribution of UNC119a, a protein partner of transducin α subunit in rod photoreceptors.

Abstract A recently discovered interaction of rod transducin α subunit (Gα t1 ) with UNC119a is thought to be important for transducin trafficking in photoreceptors. In this study, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of UNC119a under different conditions of illumination in vivo . Analyses by immunofluorescence and Western blotting of retina serial tangential sections demonstrated that UNC119a resides predominantly in the rod inner segment, with a small fraction of UNC119a also appearing to infiltrate the rod outer segment. Such a distribution is consistent with the proposed role of UNC119a in facilitating transducin transport from the rod inner segment to the outer segment in the dark. In addition, UNC119a was present in smaller amounts in the cell body and synaptic region of rods. The profile of UNC119a subcellular distribution remained largely unchanged under all tested conditions of illumination, and correlated with the profile of Gα t1 following its light-dependent translocation. Quantification by Western blotting suggested that mouse retina contains ~ 17 pmol of UNC119a, giving a ~ 1 to 4 molar ratio of UNC119a to Gα t1 . Hence, light-translocated Gα t1 can serve as a major partner of UNC119a. Supporting this role, the levels of UNC119a were downregulated by about 2-fold in mouse retina lacking Gα t1 . As a dominant partner, Gα t1 may potentially modulate the function of other known UNC119a-interacting proteins involved in photoreceptor ciliary trafficking and synaptic regulation, in a light-dependent manner.
In vitro suppression of Pseudomonas cepacia after limited exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of amiloride and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride

Amiloride (A) for aerosolized therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) is under investigation. Antipseudomonal properties of A and A analogs in vitro have recently been described. This study was performed to determine if there was suppression of P. cepacia growth after a limited 2-hour exposure to (subinhibitory) concentrations of A +/- tobramycin (T) or to the analog 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA) in vitro. The MIC of each drug against five different P. cepacia strains was determined. Cells were prepared in Mueller Hinton broth to [10(6)] colony forming units (CFU)/mL and incubated at 35 degrees C for 2 hours in the presence and absence of subinhibitory A, HMA, T, or A+T. The CFU were measured before and at 1-hour intervals after dilutional removal of drug. The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) was defined as the time (in minutes) required for the test culture counts to increase 10-fold minus the time required for control counts to increase 10-fold. At 400 micrograms/mL or 200 micrograms/mL, the PAE for A against five different strains was 139 +/- 23 and 83 +/- 24 (mean +/- SD) minutes, respectively. For 100 micrograms/mL and 50 mu cg/mL HMA, the PAE was 122 +/- 38 and 65 +/- 25 minutes. For T and A+T (200 micrograms/mL + 32 micrograms/mL) the PAE ws 168 +/- 30 and 258 +/- 30 minutes. We conclude that A and the analog HMA in (subinhibitory) concentrations have a suppressive effect on P. cepacia after drug removal and potentiate the effect of T in vitro.
Structure of the Mount Raymond transverse zone at the southern end of the Wyoming salient, Sevier fold-thrust belt, Utah

Abstract The Mount Raymond transverse zone (MRTZ) forms the east-west-trending boundary between the Wyoming salient of the Sevier fold-thrust belt and the Uinta/Cottonwood arch in north-central Utah. Major faults in the zone dip 40° to 45° north. Our structural analysis indicates that the MRTZ contains both contractional and extensional structures. The contractional structures (thrusts and related folds) initially formed as part of a southeast-verging, northeast-trending thrust system. This system gradually curved and merged to the north with the east-verging Absaroka thrust system in the apex of the Wyoming salient. The contrast in trend between structures in the MRTZ and those in the apex of the Wyoming salient reflects the initial curvature of the salient. This curve formed because the stratigraphic sequence involved in thrusting thinned gradually southward, toward the axis of a proto-Uinta arch. The present east-west trend of the MRTZ developed during Laramide uplift of the Unita/Cottonwood arch, an event which tilted the faults into their present position. Cenozoic crustal extension subsequently reactivated segments of the MRTZ. In sum, the evolution of the MRTZ illustrates how post-thrusting processes can affect the map-view geometry of thrust belts to create transverse zones.
Influence of dispersants on trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons in a marine food chain

When crude oil is accidentally released into the ocean, it threatens many levels of marine life. Intervention, in the form of chemical dispersing agents, alters the normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing their functional water solubility and the extent of their exposure to sub-surface organisms. Dispersing agents may modify bioavailability as a result of altered interactions between dispersed PH droplets and organismal cell membranes.The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on PH bioavailability and trophic transfer in primary levels of a marine food chain. Uptake, bioaccumulation, depuration, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, {sup 14}C-naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit 9527 and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of PBCO at two salinities and temperatures. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana and Brachionus plicatilis. Direct aqueous exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary exposure. Fractionation and identification of metabolites was done by HPLC co-chromatography with analytical standards, and quantitation was done by liquid scintillation counting. GC-FID characterization of WAF and dispersed oil (DO) preparations shows higher concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and a greater number of individual constituents in themore » dispersed oil preparations.« less
Steal Syndrome Complicating Hemodialysis Access Procedures: Can It Be Predicted?

The development of steal syndrome distal to an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) created for hemodialysis access remains a significant clinical problem. This study was undertaken to determine the role of intraoperative noninvasive testing in the prediction and management of steal syndrome following arteriovenous fistula creation. First, in order to determine a threshold digital/brachial index (DBI) for patients at risk for steal syndrome, we performed a retrospective review of patients who had had the DBI measured and who developed symptoms (steal syndrome) following AVF creation. This was followed by a prospective evaluation of the ability of the DBI to predict which patients undergoing AVF surgery would develop steal syndrome. A DBI of 0.6. Failure to accomplish this puts the patient at risk for continued steal syndrome.
Developing the future of pharmacy through health-system pharmacy internship programs.

Purpose. A summer health-system pharmacy internship program developed outside the doctor of pharmacy curriculum is described. Summary. The summer pharmacy internship program was implemented in 2002. The main goal of the internship program is to develop the profession of pharmacy by providing pharmacy students an opportunity to work in various practice settings within a health system. The internship is also designed to develop students’ interest in health-system pharmacy by allowing them to meet and shadow pharmacists in various specialties. Learning objectives include the development of career goals, pharmacy technical skills (e.g., sterile preparation), drug literature review (e.g., journal club), pharmacy practice and practice leadership. Students are required to start their internship one week after the end of the school year and end it one week before the beginning of their next semester of classes. The internship is a paid position, with pay being commensurate with the student’s current pharmacy school year. Students spend 40 hours per week in the program, with one weekend commitment. Approximately 75% of the intern’s time is spent dispensing medications, and 25% is spent in meetings, working on projects, and shadowing pharmacists. Interns meet one-on-one each week with an assigned preceptor to discuss relevant pharmacy questions and career opportunities and to provide updates about current projects. Of the six interns who have graduated from pharmacy school since this program’s inception, five have pursued careers in health-system pharmacy. Conclusion. The summer pharmacy internship program at Johns Hopkins Hospital exposes pharmacy students to various practice settings and helps them realize the career opportunities available in health-system pharmacy.
Rewiring juvenile justice: the intersection of developmental neuroscience and legal policy

The past decade has been marked by historic opinions regarding the culpability of juveniles by the US Supreme Court. In 2005, the death penalty was abolished, 5 years later, life without parole for crimes, other than homicide, was banned, and then just last year, mandatory life sentences for any crime was abolished. The court referenced developmental science in all these cases. In this article, we highlight new scientific findings and their relevance to law and policy.
Liming influences growth and nutrient balances in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings on an acidic forest soil.

Abstract Forests in the northeastern US have been limed to mitigate soil acidification and the acidity of surface waters and to improve soil base cation status. Much of the area considered for liming is within the range of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), but there is a poor understanding of how liming influences growth and nutrient balance of this species on sites that are not deficient in Ca. Of particular concern is the balance of K, a nutrient deficient in parts of the range of sugar maple and a deficiency linked with sugar maple decline in vigor. This buried pot study used soil that was low in K availability to test the influence of liming an acidic forest soil on biomass production and nutrient balance in 2-year-old sugar maple seedlings. The influence of surface applied lime and lime incorporated into the soil were compared with a control. Seedlings were planted on May 9 and were harvested on August 30. Plant parts were freeze-dried, weighed and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al and Fe. In addition to concentrations, nutrient ratios and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) were used to estimate nutrient balances. Although seedlings were similar in mass and dimensions at the start of the experiment, harvested seedlings were 37% larger in the incorporated treatment and 9% smaller in the surface limed treatment compared to control. Only fine roots showed no difference in mass among treatments. Seedlings from the incorporated treatment had greater foliar Ca ( P =0.002), K ( P =0.004) and P ( P =0.004) than the other treatments. There were no significant differences in foliar Mg, N, Fe or Al concentrations. At the end of the experiment, seedlings from the surface limed treatment contained 11% less K and 3% less P than control seedlings, while seedlings in the incorporated treatment contained 23% more K and 86% more P than in the control. Of the 14 nutrient ratios analyzed, four became more balanced and three became more imbalanced in the incorporated treatment and 10 nutrient ratios became more imbalanced and one ratio improved in the surface limed treatment compared to control. The DRIS indices showed that N was the most closely balanced nutrient relative to other nutrients and K was the most imbalanced nutrient in all treatments. Also, P was quite deficient while Ca, Mg and Fe were overabundant and Al was highly overabundant in all treatments. Surface liming exacerbated K, P and Al imbalances and nutrients remained similarly balanced in seedlings from the control and incorporated seedlings. This study suggested that liming acidic forest soils could intensify nutrient deficiencies, but that over the long term, the availability of highly deficient nutrients could improve.
No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exercise

Abstract Objective To assess the effects of chronic supplementation with two different dosages of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on physiologic and psychological responses during graded maximal aerobic exercise. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects Thirty-six healthy men consuming an otherwise supplement-free diet who maintained their usual activity level. Intervention A standardized P ginseng C.A. Meyer concentrate (G115) was added to the normal diet of study participants at a dosage level of either 200 or 400 mg/day, where 100 mg of the preparation is equivalent to 500 mg P ginseng root. Main outcome measures Submaximal and maximal aerobic exercise responses before and after an 8-week trial intervention. Statistical analyses performed Analysis of variance. Results Thirty-one subjects completed the study. Supplementation with ginseng had no effect on the following physiologic and psychological parameters: oxygen consumption (mL/kg per minute), respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation (L/min), blood lactic acid concentration (mmol/L), heart rate (beats/min), and perceived exertion ( P >.05). Conclusions Our data in healthy men do not offer support for claims that P ginseng C.A. Meyer is an ergogenic aid to improve submaximal and maximal aerobic exercise performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1110–1115.
An instructive model of entropy

This article first notes the misinterpretation of a common thought experiment, and the misleading comment that 'systems tend to flow from less probable to more probable macrostates'. It analyses the experiment, generalizes it and introduces a new tool of investigation, the simplectic structure. A time-symmetric model is built upon this structure, yielding several non-intuitive results. The approach is combinatorial rather than statistical, and assumes that entropy is equivalent to 'missing information'. The intention of this article is not only to present interesting results, but also, by deliberately starting with a simple example and developing it through proof and computer simulation, to clarify the often confusing subject of entropy. The article should be particularly stimulating to students and instructors of discrete mathematics or undergraduate physics.
The influence of anxiety and mental status on social isolation among the elderly in nursing homes

Social isolation is a pervasive problem for older adults and interventions designed to reduce it have met with only limited success. The current research was designed to identify observable behaviors and qualitative aspects of emotional distress that differentiate socially active from socially isolated elderly nursing home residents. The investigation consisted of two parts: The first involved direct observation of subjects (n = 51) and the second involved a structured interview with a subsample of subjects (n = 23), including an assessment of social anxiety, social competence and depression. Results of a multiple regression analysis suggest that staff views of social isolation are related to rates of specific social behaviors, social anxiety, and mental status. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Antiarrhythmic action of bethanidine

Abstract Studies were performed in 20 patients with symptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) to determine the efficacy of bethanldine compared with procainamide in preventing VT Induced by programmed electrical stimulation. Before administering bethanidine, 5 to 10 mg/kg, the patients received 15 mg of protriptyline orally 24 and 2 hours before electrophysiologic studies to prevent the orthostatic hypotensive effects of bethanidine. Sustained VT (VT not spontaneously stopping) was induced in 8 and nonsustained VT (10 beats or more, terminating spontaneously) was induced in 4 patients. Bethan-5 mg/kg, protected In 7 patients, and 10 mg/kg protected 1 additional patient. Procainamide, 1,000 and 1,500 mg intravenously, protected 8 of 16 patients. Bethanidine prevented VT induction in 50% of the patients not protected by procainamide. Bethanidine facilitated VT induction in 3 patients, while procainamide facilitated VT induction in 1 patient. Four patients with symptomatic VT have received bethanidine therapy for an average of 11 ± 1.3 months, without clinical recurrence of their VT. Concomitant administration of protriptyline attenuated the acute hemodynamic changes caused by bethanidine and chronic combined therapy of protriptyline and bethanidine abolished the severe orthostatic changes in blood pressure caused by bethanidine. These studies show that bethanidine is effective in preventing VT induction and, thus, its use may not be restricted only to cases of primary ventricular fibrillation.
Erectile dysfunction: The medicalization of male sexuality

Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disorder in males that increases markedly with aging. Diagnostic and treatment approaches for the disorder have proliferated in the past decade, along with increased understanding of the underlying physiology of male erection. Two specific themes have emerged in the recent literature on the topic: 1. (a) erectile dysfunction is a socially legitimate, medically treatable problem 2. (b) medical treatments are more reliable and effective than psychological interventions. This article reviews the efficacy and outcome data available for each of the major treatment approaches for ED, in addition to the risks and benefits associated with each approach. A variety of methodological issues are identified, including the lack of prospective study designs, inadequate assessment of sexual function, absence of long-term follow-up, and lack of attention to interactive effects of medical and psychological treatments. Although less widely publicized, cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal treatment approaches have been shown to be effective in a number of studies. Overall, there is a strong need for integration of medical and psychological approaches, in addition to increased outcome research in this area.
Neurons in the brain of fetal rhesus monkeys accumulate 3H-testosterone or its metabolites

Autoradiography was used to map sites in the primate brain at which testosterone may have sexual differentiating actions on brain function and behavior during fetal development. Two female rhesus monkey fetuses were injected in utero on days 112 and 114 of gestation respectively with 3H-testosterone, and were killed 30 and 60 minutes later. Thaw-mount autoradiography of the brains revealed the accumulation of radioactivity, representing 3H-testosterone or its metabolites, in neurons of the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area, bed nucleus (n.) of the stria terminalis, ventromedial hypothalamic n., and corticomedial amygdala. Thus, it appears that steroid receptors are present in a circumscribed system in the brain of the primate fetus at this stage of development.
Fine Addition Theorems, II

Abstract It is proved that if A ⊂ {1, 2, ..., N } and | A | ⪢ ( N log N ) 1/2 , then there is a "long" arithmetic progression all of whose elements can be represented as the sums of distinct elements of A . Several applications of this theorem are discussed.
Background-field method versus normal field theory in explicit examples: One-loop divergences in the S matrix and Green's functions for Yang-Mills and gravitational fields

The gauge dependence in the background-field method of counterterms on and off the mass shell is investigated in several gauges for Yang--Mills and gravitational fields, including the axial gauge. The results agree with theorems of DeWitt and Kallosh. The relation between the quantum and classical gauge- fixing terms is discussed. It is shown how to determine specific S-matrix elements in the background-field method. A complete calculation using normal field theory of the one-loop divergences of scalar--scalar scattering through graviton exchange is presented. The results agree with those obtained in the background-field method by 't Hooft and Veltman. (AIP)
Deconstructing the law of effect

Abstract Do the consequences of past behavior alter future policy, as the law of effect assumes? Or, are behavioral policies based on behaviorally produced information about the state of the world, but not themselves subject to change? In the first case, stable policies are equilibria discovered by trial and error, so adjustments to abrupt changes in the environment must proceed slowly. In the second, adjustments can be as abrupt as the environmental changes. Matching behavior is the robust tendency of subjects to match the relative time and effort they invest in different foraging options to the relative incomes derived from them. Measurement of the time course of adjustments to step changes in the reward-scheduling environment show that adjustments can be as abrupt as the changes that drive them, and can occur with the minimum possible latency. Broader implications for theories about the role of experience in behavior are discussed.
Sectoral wage rigidity in the Canadian and French economies

Abstract This paper estimates the degree of wage flexibility in seven French major sectors and 16 Canadian manufacturing industries in order to test the predictions of efficiency wage theory and to compare the degree of wage flexibility with the U.S. We estimate industry wage flexibility with disaggregated Phillips curves and find that efficiency wage theory explains the inter-industry pattern of wage flexibility in France and Canada quite well. Using previous estimates from the U.S., we find that wages are usually more flexible in French and Canadian industries than in the corresponding U.S. industry, and that the industries with the most flexible wages in France and Canada tend to have the most flexible wages in the U.S.
Genetic brain polypeptide variants in inbred mice and in mouse strains with high and low sensitivity to alcohol

Twelve genetically determined brain polypeptide charge variants were identified by comparing cerebellar vermis of 7 inbred mouse strains and of mice selectively bred from 8 strains closely related to these 7 ancestral strains and one other for acute behavioral sensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol. The selectively bred ethanol-sensitive (LS, long sleep) and insensitive (SS, short sleep) mice exhibited different allelic variants at 6 of these 12 gene loci expressed in the cerebellum. Variant polypeptide A1 (81 kdalton, pI 5.6) was shown to be associated with the membrane of synaptosomal mitochondria and to exhibit a basic variant in SS mice that is determined by a dominant allele. Other variant polypeptides showed codominant inheritance in F1 crosses. However, the phenotype of no single one of these brain polypeptides consistently correlated with the ethanol behavioral sensitivity of the 7 inbred mouse strains nor of 8 recombinant inbred (B X D, C57BL X DBA) strains. This finding supports the hypothesis that a substantial amount of inbreeding, leading to random fixation of alleles independent of selection for ethanol sensitivity, occurred during the breeding of the SS and LS mice. The present findings of a lack of a strong association between sleep time and a brain polypeptide variant do not preclude the existence of a major gene effect contributing to variation in acute sensitivity to ethanol but are consistent with reports that multiple loci are responsible for the difference in ethanol sensitivity between SS and LS mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits hypertonic saline-mediated decreases in renal hemodynamics

Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits hypertonic saline-mediated decreases in renal hemodynamics. The present study in the anesthetized dogs was designed to test the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) attenuates whole kidney tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mediated decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) produced by hypertonic saline (HS). Secondly, as adenosine (AD) has been implicated as a metabolic mediator of TGF, we also hypothesized that ANF would antagonize the renal actions of AD. To test this hypothesis, RBF and GFR were assessed in response to hypertonic saline (HS, 16%, i.r.) or adenosine (AD, 0.1 µmol/min, i.r.) in the presence and absence of exogenous ANF (100 ng/kg/min, i.r.). ANF attenuated HS-mediated reductions in GFR (HS, -39.6 ± 9.8ml/min vs. HS + ANF, -14.3 ± 4.5ml/min, P
The regional treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer

To determine the effect of aggressive regional therapy for liver metastasis from breast cancer, we retrospectively reviewed data on 74 patients identified with liver metastases. Forty had only liver metastases. In this group of 40 patients, 18 were treated with regional therapy only, i.e., surgical resection and/or regional chemotherapy via hepatic artery or portal vein catheters whereas 22 patients had systemic chemotherapy. The two groups were comparable. The regional chemotherapy regimen was 5-FU, Adriamycin, methotrexate, and cytoxan. Median survival (27 months) for those patients treated with regional therapy (N = 18) was significantly longer than for those (N = 22) treated with systemic therapy (5 months) (P = 0.001). Only 45% of the regional treatment group failed in the liver. Our data, although retrospective and selective, suggest that certain subgroups of breast cancer patients with metastatic liver disease may benefit from aggressive regional therapy. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
INTEGRATING COGNITIVE THERAPY AND MEDICATIONS IN TREATING BULIMIA NERVOSA

Since the original description of bulimia nervosa as a common psychiatric disorder by Russell in 1979, 14 a large treatment literature has accumulated concerning this condition. Several alternative strategies have been used in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Patients in many treatment programs receive some sort of nutritional or dietary counseling designed to stress the importance of resuming a pattern of appropriately sized and balanced meals to be consumed on a regular basis. Additionally, as described elsewhere in this issue, other strategies used include pharmacotherapy, primarily with antidepressants, and psychotherapy using a variety of individual and group approaches, often including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or behavioral therapy techniques. Many of these treatment strategies have been shown to be effective in diminishing the frequency of bulimic behaviors and in improving associated problems, such as depression, over the course of short-term treatment trials. Although these various strategies all have a number of potential strengths and limitations, among the most important observations regarding the available treatments is the fact that they are not universally effective. Although both psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic techniques can produce marked reduction in target behaviors, the percentage of patients achieving complete abstinence has been modest in most controlled studies. Patients who achieve improvement but not complete cessation of symptoms may be at higher risk for experiencing a relapse into bulimic behavior than those individuals who achieve abstinence. 12 If abstinence, then, is an appropriate (though certainly not exclusive) goal for the treatment of bulimia nervosa, it appears important to attempt to devise alternative treatment strategies that result in higher rates of abstinence, or else to combine or sequence treatment strategies that have been shown individually to be somewhat effective (but that produce suboptimal results when used in isolation). In this article we review the later of these two possibilities. Combining CBT and psychopharmacologic medication is one strategy that has been used and studied extensively in the treatment of major depression; a more limited controlled treatment literature exists in the use of such combined treatments for bulimia nervosa, although the combination appears to be widely used clinically. Potential benefits of combined treatments include the possibility of converting nonresponders to treatment responders, the possibility of improving the response of partial responders so that they may achieve abstinence, and the possibility that combined treatments might affect different aspects of the illness. In addition to diminishing distress and various forms of morbidity, and perhaps mortality, such combinations may also diminish health care utilization and thus cost over the long run.
Harvey Cushing's open and thorough documentation of surgical mishaps at the dawn of neurologic surgery.

The recognition of surgical mishaps and their correction in subsequent cases was criticalintheevolutionofthedisciplineofneurosurgeryduringitsinfancy.TheJohnsHopkins Hospital surgical records from 1896 to 1912 were reviewed, and 30 cases documenting the self-reported surgical errors of Harvey Cushing, MD, were selected for further analysis. We demonstrate that alongside pioneering profound advancements in medical care, Cushing openly acknowledged and described significant instances of human error, mistakes injudgmentandtechnique,andequipmentandsupplyoversights,regardlessofwhethertheseevents affected patient outcome. Mistakes were analyzed and recorded to be drawn on as lessons to improve future care. This review defines the attitude toward documenting and reporting medical errors present at the founding of the field of neurosurgery as one of forthright acknowledgment in the pursuit of innovation.
Why marketing should quit giving subliminal advertising the benefit of the doubt

The popular belief in subliminal advertising has remained robust in spite of the fact that advertising professionals almost universally discount it as a practical technique. The current psychological theories of Silverman [Silverman, L. H. (1976). Psychoanalytic theory: The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated. American Psychologist, 31 (Sept.), 621–637] and his colleagues provide a conceptual basis for how changes in behavior might result from subliminal stimulation. However, the theory specifies stimulus conditions which make it highly unlikely that successful use of subliminal messages could be achieved in a promotional context. In light of Silverman's theories, even two recent demonstrations of subliminal effects in the advertising literature fail to enhance the credibility of subliminal advertising as a professional tool.
Selected perinatal outcomes associated with planned home births in the United States

Objective More women are planning home birth in the United States, although safety remains unclear. We examined outcomes that were associated with planned home compared with hospital births. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of term singleton live births in 2008 in the United States. Deliveries were categorized by location: hospitals or intended home births. Neonatal outcomes were compared with the use of the χ 2 test and multivariable logistic regression. Results There were 2,081,753 births that met the study criteria. Of these, 12,039 births (0.58%) were planned home births. More planned home births had 5-minute Apgar score Conclusion Planned home births were associated with increased neonatal complications but fewer obstetric interventions. The trade-off between maternal preferences and neonatal outcomes should be weighed thoughtfully.
Characteristics of adsorbed films

Discussions of wetting and clustering in van der Waals films, given in the authors' previous papers, are extended and corrected.
Adenomas with high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma are more likely to be sessile in the proximal colon.

Aim Size and the sessile morphology of an adenoma may explain why colonoscopy is less effective in preventing proximal colonic cancer than distal cancers. We wanted to determine if advanced polypoid neoplasms (APNs, i.e. adenoma with high-grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma) are more likely to be sessile and/or smaller in the proximal colon. Method We searched our institution's pathology database from 2004 to 2012 and identified patients with APNs. Polyps were categorized by size, morphology and location in the colon. Average polyp size and morphology were determined for each location. Results During the study period, 564 patients with APNs were identified. Of these, adenocarcinoma was noted in 21.6% and high-grade dysplasia in 78.4%. The average patient age was 64.4 years and 54.9% were men. The proportion of APNs that were ≤ 5 mm was 1.7%, ≤ 10 mm 19.3% and ≤ 15 mm 39%. APNs in the proximal colon were larger than those in the distal colon, but the difference was not statistically significant (27 vs 24 mm; P = 0.06). Eighty-three per cent of APNs in the proximal colon were sessile vs 57% in the distal colon (P = 0.001). APNs in the proximal colon were almost four times more likely to be sessile than in the distal colon (OR = 3.7). A similar association was noted for polyps ≤ 20 mm or polyps with high-grade dysplasia. Conclusion APNs in the proximal colon were almost four-times more likely to be sessile than those in the distal colon. No difference in the size of polyps was noted.
Counseling skills and the child care worker: A research-based training program

A microcounseling training program was implemented to train child care workers in two counseling skills. Results of the investigation indicated that the model was effective in training the child care workers to a high level of competence although there was not a significant rate of transfer to the environment. Explanations for the results are reviewed, and suggestions for increasing the transfer of the skills outlined. It is recommended that the microcounseling model be used as a training component for child care workers in residential treatment institutions.
Meta-Analysis of Correlates of Diabetes Patients' Compliance With Prescribed Medications

This study quantitatively integrated the results of independent research papers containing correlates of objectively measured diabetes patients' compliance with prescribed medications. A total of 183 correlations were extracted from 26 studies. Separate meta-analytic syntheses were conducted to calculate average correlations for different subsets of studies, each of which represented homogeneous results. In general, emotional stability, internal and external motivations, perceived benefit, and supportive structure were positively associated with patients' compliance; perceived barriers and negative social environment were correlated with poor compliance. The directions of relationships of knowledge and age with compliance varied, depending on other study characteristics.
Formation of Carbon Coatings on Carbide Fibers and Particles by Disproportionation Reactions

Carbon coatings can be obtained on silicon carbide particles, whiskers, platelets and fibers by disproportionation reactions. A gaseous or liquid disproportionator (chlorine, water, etc.) can extract metals from carbides, leaving carbon behind. This approach allows us to solve the problems of uniformity and adherence of coatings, as well as avoid bridging of filaments. The principal difference between the suggested method and other approaches is that the coating is not deposited on the surface of the carbide; rather the carbide surface is converted into carbon. This method can provide a simple and inexpensive route to carbon coatings (thickness from 10 nm to 1–2 μm) for a wide range of applications.
Processes and Problems in the Formative Evaluation of an Interface to the Foundational Model of Anatomy Knowledge Base

The Digital Anatomist Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) is a large semantic network of more than 100,000 terms that refer to the anatomical entities, which together with 1.6 million structural relationships symbolically represent the physical organization of the human body. Evaluation of such a large knowledge base by domain experts is challenging because of the sheer size of the resource and the need to evaluate not just classes but also relationships. To meet this challenge, the authors have developed a relation-centric query interface, called Emily, that is able to query the entire range of classes and relationships in the FMA, yet is simple to use by a domain expert. Formative evaluation of this interface considered the ability of Emily to formulate queries based on standard anatomy examination questions, as well as the processing speed of the query engine. Results show that Emily is able to express 90% of the examination questions submitted to it and that processing time is generally 1 second or less, but can be much longer for complex queries. These results suggest that Emily will be a very useful tool, not only for evaluating the FMA, but also for querying and evaluating other large semantic networks.
Learner Hypothesis and Past Tense Marking in Vietnamese English

: A number of recent studies on tense in L2 have claimed that the past tense is acquired in developmental stages: verbs, such as ‘build’ and ‘work,’ which are lexico-aspectually more event-like (less state-like) are claimed to be marked for past tense earlier in the developmental process than those, such as ‘be’ and ‘want,’ which are less event-like (more state-like). In this paper, I will closely examine seven samples of writing by L1 speakers of Vietnamese to show that grounding, rather than lexical aspect, properly accounts for the selective marking of past tense. I will suggest that the learner-hypothesis that governs this use of English past tense derives from the transference of a grounding-marking principle from a tense-free language, and I will briefly address the pedagogical implications of this finding.
GABAA receptor structure-function studies: a reexamination in light of new acetylcholine receptor structures.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the earlier results of the GABA A receptor structure; function studies. It focuses on three regions of the receptor: the agonist–benzodiazepine binding sites; the interface between the largely β strand extracellular domain; and the largely α helical, membrane-spanning domain, and the ion channel in the membrane-spanning domain. The GABA A receptors are members of the Cys-loop family of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. Binding of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) induces the opening of an anion-selective ion channel that is an integral part of the receptor protein. They are the major fast inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system. GABA A receptor channel function is modulated by a variety of drugs and toxins. Molecular cloning identified numerous ligand-gated ion channel GABA receptor subunits. Each subunit has a similar overall transmembrane topology. In the absence of GABA, the GABA A receptor channels formed by αβγ subunits have a very low spontaneous open probability. The chapter provides an overview of the channel's functional properties and discusses the structural bases for these properties. In addition, the chapter outlines the substituted-cysteine accessibility method (SCAM). The results of cysteine accessibility studies in the GABA A receptor and the related receptors is discussed related to the recent high-resolution structures of the ACh receptor and binding protein. The recent advances in structural studies of the ACh receptor and the ACh-binding protein (AChBP) have provided a strong foundation for future studies of Cys-loop receptors.
Compatibilization of poly(vinyl chloride) and polyolefin elastomer blends with multiblock/blocky chlorinated polyethylenes

Asymmetric double cantilever beam and peel test experiments were completed to evaluate the ability of chlorinated polyethylenes to compatibilize poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polyolefin elastomer (POE) blends. A series of chlorinated polyethylenes that are blocky in nature (bCPEs) with varying composition (% chlorine) and molecular weight (melt index) were compared to one chlorinated polyethylene, where the chlorine is randomly distributed throughout the chain (rCPE). Results indicate that improvement in the interfacial adhesion between the PVC and the POE is dramatically more pronounced with the bCPEs than with the rCPE. In addition, the optimum bCPE composition was determined to be 20% chlorine and the interfacial adhesion force was found to increase with increasing molecular weight. Finally, the POE/CPE interaction was found to govern the ability of the chlorinated polyethylene to compatibilize PVC and POE.
Error Detection and Correction in Microprocessor Core and Memory Due to Fast Dynamic Voltage Droops

Built-in resiliency features enable a microprocessor to detect and correct errors due to fast dynamic voltage droop events as well as other types of dynamic variations. Timing errors in the microprocessor core as well as read (RD) and write (WR) errors in the 8T SRAM based cache can be detected. As a result, guardbands added for these variations are reduced or eliminated, improving performance and reducing power consumption. Measurements on a 45 nm research microprocessor core demonstrate 41% improvement in throughput or 22% reduction in energy at 0.8 V. Measurements on the cache demonstrate reduction of the minimum operating Vcc (VMIN) by 9% thereby resulting in a 7.5% reduction of net operating power.
Economic growth and stationarity of real exchange rates: Evidence from some fast-growing Asian countries

The possible implications of economic growth for the trending behavior of real exchange rates are explored. Given that prior studies consider mainly industrial countries, an issue concerns whether parity reversion holds for countries with sharply different growth experiences. For countries undergoing dramatic income growth from a low level, substantial changes in the relative price structure between tradables and nontradables can often occur. An implication is that real exchange rates for these countries are likely afflicted by trend shifts, which should bear on empirical testing for unit-root nonstationarity. This study analyzes the trend stationarity property of dollar-based real exchange rates for several fast-growing Asian countries. Considerable evidence is found to support the trend-shift hypothesis and reject the unit-root hypothesis. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Contact of crack surfaces during fatigue : Part 1. Formulation of the model

A model has been developed to predict crack opening and closing behavior for propagating fatigue cracks which undergo significant sliding displacements at crack flanks. Crack surfaces were described statistically by assuming a random distribution of asperity heights and a mean density of asperities and asperity radii. The propagating crack was subdivided into strips, and each strip was treated as a contact problem between two randomly rough surfaces. The remote tensile stresses were varied in a cyclical manner. The contact stresses at minimal load were determined by analyzing the local crushing of asperities via a sliding mechanism. Then, upon loading, the crack opening stress levels were computed when the contact stresses were overcome. Part 1 of this article includes a discussion of the previous models, then introduces statistical contact mechanics concepts which are utilized in the fatigue crack growth simulations. In addition, the numerical algorithms for the modeling work and the sensitivity of results to model parameters are described. The role of stress ratio, maximum stress level, crack length, and the geometry of crack surfaces on the crack growth behavior will be discussed in Part 2 of this article.