cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving lithography throughput and minimizing waste using predictive multi-area scheduling

Many of the challenges in improving operational processes in wafer fabrication, such as throughput and on-time delivery, can be impacted by scheduling. While individual area predictive scheduling can provide significant benefit, especially for bottleneck tool sets, coordinated multiple area scheduling on top of individual area scheduling can address all of the challenges from a fab-wide optimized perspective. Thus we must leverage the technology of a predictive area scheduler into a fab-wide coordinated WIP optimization solution. In this coordinated solution the area predictive schedulers draw from the same set of scheduling services to achieve area objectives. These objectives are governed by a higher layer fab-level WIP management plan that determines how individual areas should be optimized to support overall fab scheduling objectives. In considering the implementation plan for predictive scheduling, the bottleneck process, which is oftentimes lithography, has been targeted first. As we expand the scheduling solution, we must focus on other potential bottleneck processes, and also look at processes that interact with the bottleneck process. The predictive multi-area scheduling and WIP optimization approach presented provides a framework for addressing individual area predictive scheduling as part of a coordinated effort to optimize scheduling to achieve fab-wide objectives.
Activity of the 1998 Leonid shower from video records

Video observations of the Leonid shower aboard two aircraft in the 1998 Leonid multi-instrument aircraft campaign and from ground locations in China are presented. Observing at altitude proved particularly effective, with four times higher rates due to low extinction and low angular velocity at the horizon. The rates, derived from a total of 2500 Leonid meteors, trace at least two distinct dust components. One dominated the night of 1998 November 16/17. This two-day wide component was rich in bright meteors with r = N (m + 1)/N (m) approximately equal 1.5 (s = 1.4) and peaked at an influx of 3.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(exp -12) /sq m.s (for particles of mass < 7 x 10(exp -5) g) at solar longitude lambda(sub 0) approximately equal 234.52 (Eq. J2000). The other more narrow component peaked on 1998 November 17/18 at lambda(sub 0) = 235.31 +/- 0.01. Rates were elevated above the broad component between lambda(sub 0) = 235.15 and 235.40, symmetric around the current node of the parent comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, peaking at 5.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(exp -12) /sq m.s. The population index was higher, r = 1.8 +/- 0.1 (s = 1.7), but not as high as in past Leonid storms (r = 3.0). The flux profile of this component has an unusual asymmetric shape, which implies a blend of contributions from at least two different but relatively recent epochs of ejection. The variation of r across the profile might be due to mass-dependent ejection velocities of the narrowest component. High rates of faint meteors occurred only in an isolated five-minute interval at lambda(sub 0) = 235.198, which is likely the result of a single meteoroid breakup in space.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATIONS : II. THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME.

The pericardium presents a limiting or constricting action to acute dilatation of the heart. The diastolic pressure tends to approach the systolic pressure in a circulatory system distended with blood. The limiting action of the pericardium may be responsible for the small differences in the size of the heart noted by Meek and Eyster in their studies on the effect of plethora. The views concerning the function of the pericardium are divergent. That it may restrict the heart in cases of acute dilatation is shown in the above experiments. If the tension upon the pericardium be exerted over a prolonged period of time, as occurs in cases of pericardial effusion, the pericardium readily enlarges. If, however, the intrapericardial pressure should at any time equal the pressure in the venae cavae, blood would no longer enter the heart and the condition would become fatal. In recovery experiments, pericardiectomy was followed by no demonstrable effect upon the general health of the dog, upon the response to exercise, or upon the size of the heart (6).
Benthic Invertebrates of the Lower Mississippi River

ABSTRACT: In 1976–77, benthic invertebrates were sampled at four sites in a 410-kilometer reach of the lower Mississippi River to define the communities in the river and to determine differences between communities upstream and downstream from the industrial and municipal complexes of Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana. The most common and most numerous organisms collected were Corbicula and tubificid worms. The benthic community structure of the lower Mississippi River is influenced by substrate type and stability, channel geometry, river velocity, vegetation and organic detritus, and salinity. Sampling stations near the left and right banks had low velocities, and substrate types ranged from medium silt to very fine sand. Burrowing organisms such as tubificids, chironomids, and ephemerid-type mayflies dominated these environments. At the center, left-center, and right-center stations, velocities were higher and substrate materials were coarser than at the bank stations; only Corbicula was present in large numbers. Near the river mouth, salinity and aquatic vegetation greatly affect the benthic community structure. Differences in benthic community structure in the Mississippi River are due primarily to different hydrologic conditions. Industrial and municipal wastes discharged into the river appear to have little or no widespread effects on benthic populations.
Feeding and Drinking Patterns of Broilers Subjected to Different Feeding and Lighting Programs

Abstract This study examined the daily feeding and drinking patterns of 18,800 broiler flocks, specifically the feeding and lighting programs. The feeding and lighting programs were a) ad libitum feeding (free access to feed) with a 23-hr light and 1-hr dark (23L:1D) photoperiod; b) meal-time feeding of 2-hr on and 2-hr off, six meals per day with a 23L:1D photoperiod; and c) meal-time feeding with continuous daytime light but intermittent nighttime light, which coincided with meal hours. Drinking water was continuously available. The ad libitum-fed boilers had more feeding activities in the morning, whereas the meal-fed broilers had more feeding activities during both morning and evening periods. Hourly feed use was much more uniform for the ad libitum-fed broilers than for the meal-fed broilers. The meal-fed broilers generally completed 70 to 75% of their meal in the first hour of the two-hour meal period, with the second hour feed use being similar to that in ad libitum feeding. Thus, the meal-fed broilers had higher peak feed demand than did the ad libitum-fed broilers. However, under intermittent nighttime lighting, the meal-fed broilers had uniform hourly feed use for the night and early morning meals. The drinking patterns of the broilers were influenced greatly by lighting programs, but were rather independent of the feeding schemes.
P1-316: Decreased white matter volumes in asymptomatic individuals at increased risk for familial Alzheimer's disease

Background: While much of structural imaging has focused on gray matter, the quantification of white matter integrity is of interest not only because of the noted white matter pathology seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but also because of the apparent breakdown of myelin in AD. To date there has been no longitudinal study of white matter integrity within asymptomatic samples at elevated risk for late-onset AD, the purpose of this study. Methods: Cognitively normal participants age 50 years and above were chosen from an ongoing longitudinal study, comparing those with increased genetic risk for AD to matched controls. 95 of the high-risk and 91 of the controls had structural scans at baseline (Time 1) and 87 high-risk and 74 controls at three-year follow-up (Time 2). Participants were imaged at each time point on the same 1.5 Tesla Philips Intera-NT system equipped with Galaxy gradients (66mT/m at 110 mT/m/s). High resolution anatomical images of the brain for structural measurements were acquired using a T1weighted, 3D MP-RAGE (Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo) sequence with the following parameters: TR 8.6 ms, TE 3.9 ms, FOV 240 mm, 8, matrix size 256x256, slice thickness 1.5 mm, 124 slices). Pre-processing was performed using a semiautomated method, followed by the manual removal of remaining skull and dura. All measurements were conducted by one rater blind to group status. Scans were then segmented into separate tissue classes using an adaptive fuzzy C-means algorithm. Volumes of gray matter and white matter tissue as well as total brain volume were calculated. Results: At both Time 1 and Time 2, the high-risk sample showed significantly smaller white matter volumes (Time 1 p 0.05, Time 2 p 0.04). Change across the time points, however, did not significantly differ between groups (control -50ccm, high-risk -53.28ccm). Conclusions: While the similar rate of white matter loss across groups may reflect aging, this would not provide an explanation for the initial significantly smaller white matter volume seen in the high-risk group. Further study is needed to more fully understand the significance of reduced white matter volume as it relates to AD. P1-317 DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING IN FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION
Flux continuity and probability conservation in complexified Bohmian mechanics

Recent years have seen increased interest in complexified Bohmian mechanical trajectory calculations for quantum systems as both a pedagogical and computational tool. In the latter context, it is essential that trajectories satisfy probability conservation to ensure they are always guided to where they are most needed. We consider probability conservation for complexified Bohmian trajectories. The analysis relies on time-reversal symmetry considerations, leading to a generalized expression for the conjugation of wave functions of complexified variables. This in turn enables meaningful discussion of complexified flux continuity, which turns out not to be satisfied in general, though a related property is found to be true. The main conclusion, though, is that even under a weak interpretation, probability is not conserved along complex Bohmian trajectories.
Mad Scientist: The Unique Case of a Published Delusion

In 1951, entomologist Jay Traver published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington her personal experiences with a mite infestation of her scalp that resisted all treatment and was undetectable to anyone other than herself. Traver is recognized as having suffered from Delusory Parasitosis: her paper shows her to be a textbook case of the condition. The Traver paper is unique in the scientific literature in that its conclusions may be based on data that was unconsciously fabricated by the author’s mind. The paper may merit retraction on the grounds of error or even scientific misconduct “by reason of insanity,” but such a retraction raises the issue of discrimination against the mentally ill. This article asks what responsibilities journals have when faced with delusions disguised as science, what right editors have to question the sanity of an author, and what should be done about the Traver paper itself. By placing higher emphasis on article content than author identity, scientific integrity is maintained and a balance is struck between avoiding discrimination against the mentally ill and not preventing patients from seeking needed treatment.
The research base for innovative practices in school health education at the secondary level.

For the first time at the secondary school level, a large-scale controlled study involving almost 5,000 students, 150 teachers, and schools in seven states across the nation has demonstrated that a self-reported reduction in drug use, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking can be achieved in schools using a comprehensive school health education curriculum.1
Isolation from BALB/c mouse cells of a structural polypeptide of a third endogenous type C virus

Abstract A 12,000 molecular weight type C viral polypeptide, p12, has been isolated from BALB/c mouse cells. This polypeptide is shown to be immunologically distinct from the p12 antigens of two previously described endogenous viruses of BALB/c cells. It is, however, indistinguishable from a viral antigen expressed in NIH Swiss mouse cells and present in type C viruses isolated from NIH Swiss mice. The expression of endogenous viruses containing each of the three distinguishable p12 antigens is shown to be differentially affected by two classes of chemical inducers, halogenated pyrimidines and inhibitors of protein synthesis. The present findings thus provide evidence for the existence of genetic information of three distinguishable endogenous viruses within cells of the BALB/c strain.
Cognitive Theories, Prior Knowledge, and Anchored Instruction on Mathematical Problem Solving and Transfer:

Using constructivist theories as a framework, this study tested the effects of prior knowledge and two models (structured problem solving, SPS, and guided generation, GG) of anchored instruction on student mathematical problem solving and transfer to an analogous task. Two groups (N = 50) of randomly assigned students to treatments were taught by 2 teachers for 15 days, using tasks in the Jasper Woodbury Problem Solving Series. ANOVA and t tests showed a significant main effect for prior knowledge, significant differences on transfer to analogous tasks, a significant difference between groups on transfer favoring the GG model, and a significant interaction between low priors and the GG treatment on transfer. In particular, findings showing learning success in mathematics problem solving with low prior achievers support the notion of encouraging and expanding this line of research with at-risk learners.
Retention of knowledge after an integrated 1-hour pediatric airway management course

Introduction: Pediatric residents that participate in a structured curriculum for pediatric resuscitation acquire greater knowledge, skills, confidence and leadership than those who do not participate in a formal curriculum. (1) It is reasonable to deduce that medical students would also benefit from a formal curriculum for pediatric airway management. Medical students at the University of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine do receive BLS training upon entering medical school but are formally introduced to pediatric airway management in their second year during a Clinical Procedures Course. In this course, one four hour session is dedicated to respiratory evaluation and airway management skills. Out of these four hours, one hour specifically focus on pediatric airway management. We were curious as to the retention of information immediately following this one-hour session. We were also interested in the difference in posttest performance based on prior exposure to pediatric airway management, since studies on paramedics have shown that clinical knowledge returns to baseline levels approximately six to twelve months after completing a pediatric resuscitation course. (2)
The Population Genetics of X–Autosome Synthetic Lethals and Steriles

Epistatic interactions are widespread, and many of these interactions involve combinations of alleles at different loci that are deleterious when present in the same individual. The average genetic environment of sex-linked genes differs from that of autosomal genes, suggesting that the population genetics of interacting X-linked and autosomal alleles may be complex. Using both analytical theory and computer simulations, we analyzed the evolutionary trajectories and mutation–selection balance conditions for X–autosome synthetic lethals and steriles. Allele frequencies follow a set of fundamental trajectories, and incompatible alleles are able to segregate at much higher frequencies than single-locus expectations. Equilibria exist, and they can involve fixation of either autosomal or X-linked alleles. The exact equilibrium depends on whether synthetic alleles are dominant or recessive and whether fitness effects are seen in males, females, or both sexes. When single-locus fitness effects and synthetic incompatibilities are both present, population dynamics depend on the dominance of alleles and historical contingency (i.e., whether X-linked or autosomal mutations occur first). Recessive synthetic lethality can result in high-frequency X-linked alleles, and dominant synthetic lethality can result in high-frequency autosomal alleles. Many X–autosome incompatibilities in natural populations may be cryptic, appearing to be single-locus effects because one locus is fixed. We also discuss the implications of these findings with respect to standing genetic variation and the origins of Haldane’s rule.
Regression of Daughter and Herdmate Milk Yield on Genetic Value of the Herdmates’ Sires

Abstract The effect that average genetic value of the herdmates' sires has on daughter deviation from herdmate average and consequently upon sire summaries was examined. Lactation records from a national sample of herds from five breeds on official Dairy Herd Improvement testing were used. Regressions within sire, within year of calving of a) daughter yield, b) various herdmate averages, and c) daughter deviations from herdmate averages on average Predicted Differences of the herdmates' sires were calculated. As average Predicted Difference for herdmates' sires in artificial insemination (AI) increased, so did first lactation daughters' yield (b = .35 to .73) and AI herdmate average (b = 1.34 to 1.78), but the daughters' deviation from AI herdmate average decreased (b = −.72 to −1.14). Standard errors showed that these latter regressions were not different from minus one. Regression using artificial insemination contemporaries in both first and second lactation gave results similar to those expected. These results indicate that differences between bulls in the genetic value of herdmates affect present sire summary procedures and cause some misrankings among bulls. These regressions provide evidence that adjusting for the average genetic value of the herdmates' sires would significantly increase the accuracy of herdmate comparison sire summaries.
The impact of labelling and segregation on adolescent literacy learning

This qualitative case study, grounded in disability studies in education, explores the literacy development of an adolescent student, described by school officials as learning disabled and a non‐reader. The researcher highlights how this student learned to connect to books based on an apprenticeship model. Additionally, the acknowledgement of the impact of labelling and segregation in special education played a crucial role in literacy instruction. Providing varying perspectives about disability and the category of learning disabled was instrumental in facilitating literacy learning at the adolescent level. Using an apprenticeship approach to literacy, coupled with these analytic viewpoints, allows learners to take on the demands of literacy learning while providing the space necessary to reflect on the impact of being labelled as being innately disabled.
Orientation to nest material by the ant, Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille)

Summary 1. Workers separated from laboratory colonies of the harvesting ant Pogonomyrmex badius prefer sand from their own nests over purified sand and sand originating from other nests belonging to colonies of the same species. They are able to distingish these materials by odour alone. 2. All of eight closely grouped colonies in a wild population in Tampa, Florida, were able to recognize their own nest sand. 3. The ability of free colonies to discriminate their nest material appears to be greater in the afternoon than in the morning. 4. The possible role of nest odours in the origin of colony odours, and vice versa, is briefly discussed.
Double azeotropy in binary mixtures of NH3 and CHF2CF3

Abstract Vapor-liquid equilibrium pressures have been measured as a function of overall composition for binary mixtures of NH3 and CHF2CF3 at constant temperatures of −19.00, 3.23, 35.00, and 49.90°C. The coexistence curves for vapor-liquid equilibrium at each temperature were regressed from these measurements using a modified form of the Peng-Robinson equation of state to calculate molar volumes and the fugacities of each component in the two phases. The coexistence curve at 35.00 and 49.90°C exhibit both a maximum and a minimum in pressure, establishing the existence of double azeotropes at these two temperatures. The double azeotropes are unusual in that they exist at temperatures for which the vapor pressures of the two components are notably different. Double azeotropy is attributed to the weak association of NH3 in the liquid phase, leading to the maximum-pressure azeotrope at high NH3 concentrations, and to similar vapor pressures for unassociated NH3 and CHF2CF3 in nearly ideal (Raoult's law) dilute NH3 solutions, which leads to the minimum-pressure azeotrope.
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur and preferential canopy consumption of nitrate in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA

Abstract Wet, dry and throughfall deposition of N and S were measured for 2 years in three national parks in Washington State: Olympic, Mount Rainier, and North Cascades. Throughfall was measured using ion exchange resin (IER) collectors. A major objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of IER throughfall measurements for monitoring deposition inputs, including cloudwater deposition, to forest stands in national parks and other protected areas. Wet deposition (0.9–2.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and throughfall (0.5–1.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1) deposition of inorganic N in the three parks were relatively low. Wet deposition of sulfur (1.0–3.2 kg ha−1 yr−1) was similar to wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen except at OLYM where wet deposition of S was higher than for N because of marine sources of SO4–S. Throughfall N deposition was lower than wet deposition of N because of strong preferential canopy consumption of nitrate (NO3–N), particularly during the wet winter periods. This phenomenon was previously reported for forests in this region, but its apparent near ubiquity in the region had not been recognized. Data on preferential canopy retention of NO3–N from wet-deposited N is shown for 38 stands in the Pacific Northwest of which 21 are newly-reported data. Deposition of NO3–N in throughfall at MORA and NOCA was reduced by 87% and 93% compared to wet deposition over the 2 years. In contrast, wet deposition of NH4–N was generally increased by passage through the canopy. This strong preferential canopy retention of wet-deposited NO3–N limits the usefulness of throughfall measurements as a N deposition monitoring approach in forests of the Pacific Northwest region of North America and in some other regions with low to moderate N deposition. As a potential remedy to this limitation, a simple method is proposed for estimating total N deposition in the study sites based on S/N ratios in wet deposition and throughfall S deposition.
Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia pulex: Life history and morphological responses to Notonecta and Chaoborus

Results from a laboratory life-table study show Daphnia pulex has a unique set of rapidly induced responses to waterborne chemicals from each of two predator species. Additionally, Daphnia exhibits a unique set of induced responses when simultaneously exposed to both predators. Daphnids possessed neck teeth and experienced delayed maturity when exposed to waterborne chemicals released from larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus americanus. Possessing the Chaoborus-induced phenotypic plasticity was not associated with a lower population growth rate relative to that in the control treatment. When exposed to waterborne chemicals released from the backswimmer Notonecta undulata, D. pulex exhibited an unexpected assemblage of responses. The Notonecta-induced phenotypic plasticity included rapid juvenile growth to a large size at first reproduction, little growth beyond maturity, and high reproductive output. Simultaneous exposure to chemical cues from Notonecta and Chaoborus resulted in a life history and morphologies that agreed with predicted life history and morphological responses of Daphnia that had been simultaneously exposed to large- and small-size selective predators.
Children' s comprehension of deceptive points

This study investigated children’ s ability to comprehend deceptive point gestures. Thirty 3‐ 4 1 2-year-olds participated in a game in which a sticker was hidden under one of two containers. A confederate provided misleading clues about the location of the sticker by either pointing to or placing a marker on the container without the sticker. Across ages, children performed less well when the clue was the point than when it was the marker. They were able to use the misleading marker cue, learning to look under the unmarked container. However, they could not do this for the misleading point. These results concur with those from studies of point production (Carlson, Moses & Hix, 1998) in indicating that deceptive pointing may be a misleading measure of children’ s abilities. At a very early age children learn the communicative value of the point gesture. This knowledge may become so entrenched that children have dife culty interpreting points in a novel manner. A challenge facing developmental psychologists is e nding behaviours to index children’ s underlying knowledge. This issue has come to the foreground in research on children’ s theories of mind. Finding problems with the classic ‘ Maxi’ task (Wimmer & Perner, 1983), several researchers have argued that children’ s ability to deceive another person may be a more sensitive indicator of whether children understand false beliefs (e.g.
A text image enhancement system based on segmentation and classification methods

This paper describes document processing techniques used in ImageRefiner, the automatic image enhancement system developed by CACI International Inc. Though other methods are used in the system, we discuss two techniques that are novel and well tested or particularly important in the system. The first is a novel segmentation method that segments the text image file into "homogeneous" segments. The second is the use of a neural network to select the best transformation for each segment. Our experiments show that after applying the transformation selected by the neural network method to each specific segment, the fully processed images usually have more accurate OCR output. On average, the OCR accuracy for processed images is 35% better than the original images for a test set of Arabic files.
HASP server: a database and structural visualization platform for comparative models of influenza A hemagglutinin proteins

Influenza A viruses possess RNA genomes that mutate frequently in response to immune pressures. The mutations in the hemagglutinin genes are particularly significant, as the hemagglutinin proteins mediate attachment and fusion to host cells, thereby influencing viral pathogenicity and species specificity. Large-scale influenza A genome sequencing efforts have been ongoing to understand past epidemics and pandemics and anticipate future outbreaks. Sequencing efforts thus far have generated nearly 9,000 distinct hemagglutinin amino acid sequences. Comparative models for all publicly available influenza A hemagglutinin protein sequences (8,769 to date) were generated using the Rosetta modeling suite. The C-alpha root mean square deviations between a randomly chosen test set of models and their crystallographic templates were less than 2 A, suggesting that the modeling protocols yielded high-quality results. The models were compiled into an online resource, the Hemagglutinin Structure Prediction (HASP) server. The HASP server was designed as a scientific tool for researchers to visualize hemagglutinin protein sequences of interest in a three-dimensional context. With a built-in molecular viewer, hemagglutinin models can be compared side-by-side and navigated by a corresponding sequence alignment. The models and alignments can be downloaded for offline use and further analysis. The modeling protocols used in the HASP server scale well for large amounts of sequences and will keep pace with expanded sequencing efforts. The conservative approach to modeling and the intuitive search and visualization interfaces allow researchers to quickly analyze hemagglutinin sequences of interest in the context of the most highly related experimental structures, and allow them to directly compare hemagglutinin sequences to each other simultaneously in their two- and three-dimensional contexts. The models and methodology have shown utility in current research efforts and the ongoing aim of the HASP server is to continue to accelerate influenza A research and have a positive impact on global public health.
Increased collagen content of cerebral microvessels in Alzheimer's disease

Based on previous evidence suggesting abnormalities in the brain microvasculature, we examined basement membrane collagen in isolated cerebral microvessels (CMV) from subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls. Concentrations of hydroxyproline, the principal constituent of collagen IV, were significantly increased by 55% in CMV from AD subjects compared to controls. This result was corroborated by the finding of 60% increased total collagen content in CMV as evident by the selective binding of Sirius red dye. Hydroxyproline and collagen concentrations in samples of cerebral cortex assayed in parallel were 6-20 times smaller than in CMV and were not changed between controls and AD subjects. To further differentiate AD and control samples, fractions of CMV were solubilized and the pepsin digested collagen proteins resolved by SDS-PAGE. Upon immunoblotting, AD samples with increased collagen revealed proportionally greater specific immunoreactivities detected by antibodies to collagen IV. Our observations suggest altered collagen IV content of cerebral vessels in subjects with AD that may affect brain microvascular functions.
Physical effects of hadronic bremsstrahlung: Reactions at large and small momentum transfers

The synthesis of Regge behavior and other hadronic features with the parton model is discussed. Regge behavior of electromagnetic and weak amplitudes is shown to be a consequence of hadronic bremsstrahlung and the Regge behavior of hadronic amplitudes. A characterization of the hadronic wave function in terms of two components is emphasized. One component, which arises from the constituents of the hadronic bremsstrahlung, yields the wee-parton spectrum and Regge behavior and falls rapidly as any one constituent is constrained to take most of the momentum of the incident hadron. The second component, which is hadron irreducible, and most probably involves the minimum number of parton constituents, must have approximately power-law falloff in invariant variables. Only this second component contributes to large-angle exclusive scattering, the form factors at large t, and the scaling structure function for x near 1. This component is responsible for the Drell-Yan-West relation and yields simple crossing to the annihilation channel at x∼1. Our approach and analysis clarify the nature of the impulse approximation in hadronic scattering. For example, the dramatic fixed-pole nature of the Compton amplitude at large t is discussed and its importance is emphasized.
The effect of variations in airflow pattern on gas exchange. A theoretical study

Abstract It has been shown that gas exchange between the alveolar space and pulmonary capillary blood is affected by the pattern of airflow at the mouth in the non-homogeneous lung. The present theoretical study shows that even in the homogeneous lung, the pattern of airflow can affect gas exchange. When tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory times remain constant, variations in the pattern of airflow result in significantly different values of steady state arterial PO2 and PCO2 This difference in steady state blood gases is exaggerated by low levels of minute ventilation and by long inspiratory times, but is unaffected by changes in the diffusion coefficient of the alveolar-capillary membrane.
The origin of the land under the sea.

The article discusses the processes which form the material at the floor of Earth's oceans. The eruption of underwater volcanoes is discussed, noting that lava from the volcanoes produces the rocky material on ocean floors. The origin of the rocky material as microscopic liquid rock droplets is also discussed. INSET: Water on Land Flows Like Melt in the Mantle.
Of metaphors and literalization: Reconceptualizing scaffolding in Language Teaching.

The metaphor of scaffolding is ubiquitous in the field of education and that of Language Teaching in particular. However, the term has become literalized thus losing its original meaning and is now an umbrella term encompassing various forms of teacher intervention. Added to this, the methaphor has come under extended criticism as a consequence of the spread of Sociocultural Learning Theory. This paper explores the metaphor of scaffolding and attempts to validate it as a legitimate form of mediation within the sociocultural construct of Zone of Proximal Development by promoting a reconceptualization of the term in light of alternative definitions. Implications for language teaching and language teacher education are highlighted and new perspectives advanced.
Erratum to: The Transitional Cardiac Pumping Mechanics in the Embryonic Heart

This is a change to the first sentence of the discussion section: The original sentence reads ‘‘The above presented results are, to our knowledge, the first to document blood flow patterns and kinematics during the early transitional phases of the developing heart using the zebrafish model’’ We would like to drop the claim to be the first as it could be mis-interpreted and change the sentence to ‘‘The above presented results document blood flow patterns and kinematics during the early transitional phases of the developing heart using the zebrafish model’’
Algebraic values of meromorphic functions

Abstract W e continue the study of the possible distributions of numbers at which certain meromorphic functions take on algebraic values. In particular, a 1-parameter subgroup of a linear group or an abelian variety which contains sufficiently many algebraic points must itself be an algebraic subgroup.
Radiation Safety and Medical Education: Development and Integration of a Dedicated Educational Module into a Radiology Clerkship, Outcomes Assessment, and Survey of Medical Students’ Perceptions

Rationale and Objectives This study assesses the effect on medical student understanding of a new radiobiology and radiation safety module in a fourth-year radiology clerkship. Materials and Methods A dedicated radiobiology and radiation safety module was incorporated into the fourth-year medical school radiology clerkship at our institution. Student understanding of the material was assessed via pretest and posttest. Statistical analysis was performed to assess significance of changes in student performance. In addition, we surveyed student perceptions of the importance of this material in medical education and practice. Results Monthly pretest mean scores ranged from 47.8% to 55.6%, with an average monthly pretest score of 50.3%. Monthly posttest mean scores ranged from 77.3% to 91.2%, with an average monthly posttest score of 83.9%. The improvement in exam scores after the educational intervention was statistically significant (all P Conclusion The introduction of a new educational module can significantly improve medical student understanding of radiobiology and radiation safety.
Some elementary Ramanujan graphs

We give elementary constructions of two infinite families of Ramanujan graphs of unbounded degree. The first uses the geometry of buildings over finite fields, and the second uses triangulations of modular curves.
Hierarchical sorting and learning costs: Theory and evidence from the law

Abstract Garicano and Rossi-Hansberg [Garicano, L., Rossi-Hansberg, E., 2005. Organization and Inequality in a Knowledge Economy. NBER Working Paper 11458] show that knowledge-based hierarchies are characterized by positive sorting between workers and managers when knowledge acquisition takes place before production. We extend the analysis and find that complementarities between manager and worker skill are even stronger when knowledge is acquired on the job. We then examine empirically the existence of sorting in law firms along the dimensions of cognitive ability and experience. We find strong evidence of positive sorting by cognitive ability, as proxied by the quality of the law school attended, but little evidence of sorting by experience, suggesting little substitutability between cognitive ability and experience.
Emotional reactions in adults with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Adults with a high number of symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were examined with regard to their emotional reactions to reward and punishment, emotional intensity, and the traits of introversion/extraversion and neuroticism. The Emotional Reactions to External Consequences Scale (ERECS) was developed to assess the strength of a person's emotion in relationship to perceived reward and punishment situations. The Emotional Intensity Scale (Bachorowski & Braaten, 1994) was used to measure the intensity of a person's emotional experience, while the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) was used as a measure of extraversion and neuroticism. When adults with high symptoms of ADHD were compared with controls, the high symptom group had lower subjective emotional responses to negative consequences and scored higher on measures of extraversion and neuroticism. There were no differences between groups on emotional intensity. The results indicate that while adults with symptoms of ADHD do not appear to differ on emotional intensity when compared with control subjects, they do appear to have a lower emotional response to situations involving punishment.
Fire and drought as drivers of early Holocene tree line changes in the Peruvian Andes

Three pollen and charcoal records from three lakes lying at 3400 m elevation in southern Peru provided a record of landscape change spanning the last ca.18 000 cal. a BP. The tree line lay close to the site between ca. 16 000 and 12 000 cal. a BP, with Polylepis woodlands growing near the lakes. Progressively drying conditions led to increased fire after 12 000 cal. a BP, coinciding with a decline in Polylepis cover and Andean forest relicts as puna grasslands expanded. A strong decrease in the rate of sediment deposition between ca. 12 000 and ca. 4400 cal. a BP was interpreted to indicate the presence of sedimentary hiatuses. With the return of wet conditions after 4400 cal. a BP, forests did not reassemble around the lakes. Instead, fire-maintained grasslands dominated the landscape. Humans probably induced the intensified fire activity during the late Holocene and thereby deflected local successions. The modern fragmented landscape, with Polylepsis woodlands existing in fire-resistant pockets above the general limit of the Andean tree line, resulted from the intensification of human land use practices during the last 4400 cal. a BP. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation of organic coatings. I. Hydrolysis of melamine formaldehyde/acrylic copolymer films

The hydrolysis of melamine formaldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer films has been studied using infrared spectroscopy. It has been found that during hydrolysis, crosslinks between the acrylic copolymer and the melamine crosslinker are broken and that crosslinks between melamine molecules are formed. The rate of hydrolysis depends on the following: (1) the type of crosslinker used (partially alkylated melamines hydrolyze faster than fully alkylated melamines); (2) the amount and strength of acid catalyst used and whether or not the catalyst can be extracted from the coating during hydrolysis; (3) the initial crosslink density; (4) the hydrolysis temperature. In some formulations, it can be expected that virtually all of the acrylic–melamine crosslinkes will be hydrolyzed. However, due to the formation of melamine–melamine crosslinks, the overall crosslink density does not necessarily decrease significantly as a result of this hydrolysis.
Static extraction of sound hierarchical runtime object graphs

For many object-oriented systems, it is often useful to have a runtime architecture that shows networks of communicating objects. But it is hard to statically extract runtime object graphs that provide architectural abstraction from existing programs written in general purpose languages, and that follow common design idioms.Previous approaches extract low-level non-hierarchical object graphs that do not provide architectural abstraction, change the language too radically for many existing implementations, or use a dynamic analysis. Static analysis, which takes all possible executions into account, is essential to extract a sound architecture, one that reveals all objects and relations that could possibly exist at runtime.Ownership domain type annotations specify in code architectural intent related to object encapsulation and communication. We propose a static analysis that leverages such types and extracts a hierarchical approximation of all possible runtime object graphs. The representation provides architectural abstraction, first by ownership hierarchy, and then by types. We proved core soundness results for the technique and evaluated it on 68 KLOC of real code.
Position-Dependent Superconductivity

A discussion is given of several methods used in generalizing the Bardeen-- Cooper-- Schrieffer theory of superconductivity to problems where position dependence plays a key role. It is pointed out that the method in most common use (that of Gorkov) is inappropriate for discussing the rather long-range effects on each other (extending over distances of about 10/sup -5/ cm) of two metals in contact. A method appropriate for describing such effects is obtained by generalizing the Nakamura theory of position-independent superconductivity. This method leads to results qualitatively similar to those obtained previously by Parmenter using heuristic arguments. The various methods of treating position- dependent superconductivity are all different limiting forms of a very general form of theory due to Blatt, or, in an equivalent but particle-nonconserving form, due to Bogoliubov and Valatin. The saddle-point method of summing cluster expansions, used in both the Blatt and Nakamura theories, is shown to be mathematically justified, in contrast to the situation with most condensed systems. (auth)
Industrial Applications of Inorganic Chemistry: A Junior-Senior-Level Interdisciplinary Course

We report the development of a one-semester lecture and laboratory course in inorganic chemistry that focuses on industrially relevant topics. It provides the students—both chemistry and chemical engineering majors—with a realistic perspective and appreciation for this important branch of chemistry and chemical technology, thus better preparing them for future careers in industry. We summarize the topics considered in the lecture part of the course, the learning objectives and organization of the course, and the underlying teaching philosophy. A summary of the associated laboratory, which both illustrates and complements the lecture topics, is included. The course is team-taught by faculty from chemistry and chemical engineering. We found this partnership to represent a great strength, since fundamental issues of chemistry (bonding, reactivity, physical properties) and fundamental aspects of chemical engineering (material and energy balances, process design) are interlocked, and each aspect is presented b...
Body composition and temperature regulation in newborns

The relationship of body composition to temperature regulation was studied in 196 black, white, and Puerto Rican neonates. Body composition was measured anthropometrically and rectal temperature taken on the first four days following birth. No differences in any variables were found among the three samples. Subjects with greater lean body mass displayed significantly higher means and significantly lower day-to-day variation in body temperature. Fatness, measured by skinfolds, was not related to either measurement of thermoregulatory ability.
Isolation of Ia-like antigen-bearing cells from human peripheral lymphocytes through the use of a monoclonal antibody to framework determinants of Ia-like antigens

Abstract A non-complement fixing monoclonal antibody (Q2/70) to framework determinants of human Ia-like antigens was used to develop a method for isolating Ia-like antigen bearing, i.e., Ia-like (+) cells and cells lacking these antigens, i.e. Ia-like (−), from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The method was based on sensitization of PBL with the antibody Q2/70, followed by rosetting with sheep (ShE) coated with purified rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibodies, differential centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, and finally recovery of Ia-like (+) and Ia-like (−) cells from the bottom and the interface of the gradient respectively. Marker analysis of the two cell subpopulations showed that the majority of the bottom cell fraction were Ia-like (+) and carried B cell markers such as membrane bound immunoglobulins (MbIg) and C3 receptors. On the other hand, the majority of the interface cell fraction were Ia-like (−) and carried T cell markers such as receptors for 2-aminoethylisothiouronium treated sheep erythrocytes (AETShE) and goat erythrocytes (GoE). Serological and functional studies showed that the Ia-like (+) cells (1) were useful targets in complement mediated cytotoxicity assays for HLA-DR typing; (2) served as stimulator but not as responder in unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs); (3) did not display lytic activity in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); and (4) proliferated in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation in the presence of helper T cells. On the other hand, the Ia-like (−) cells (1) responded to but failed to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes in the MLRs; (2) were highly active in NK and ADCC assays; and (3) provided helper activity in PWM stimulation of purified B cells.