cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LPAttack: Leverage point attacks against state estimation in smart grid

A novel class of malicious data attacks, LPAttack, are presented against the state estimation process in Smart Grid. Here LP represents leverage points, which are the outliers in the factor space of the regression model for Smart Grid state estimation. The attacker strategically manipulates the parameter data in Smart Grid to mislead the control center with incorrect system parameter information, such that leverage points are created within the factor space of the state estimation regression model. As a result, the attacker can freely inject arbitrary errors into the meter measurements corresponded with the leverage points, while bypassing the existing bad data detection mechanism. We first introduce the fundamental principles and strategies of launching LPAttack in Smart Grid. Then the potential countermeasure based on robust Schweppe-Huber Generalized-M estimator is proposed. Finally, we evaluate the LPAttack principles and its countermeasure through simulations in IEEE test system, and examine in particular the effect of the attacks on Locational Marginal Prices in real-time pricing power market.
A Dual-Hit Animal Model for Age-Related Parkinsonism

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder which afflicts an increasing number of individuals. If the wider complex of extrapyramidal symptoms referred to as “age-related parkinsonism” is included, the incidence is near 50% of the population above 80 years of age. This review summarizes recent studies from our laboratories as well as other research groups in the quest to explore the multi-faceted etiology of age-related neurodegeneration, in general, and degeneration of the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, in particular. Our work during recent years has focused on assessment of potential interactive effects of a reduction in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the aging process (intrinsic factors) and early neurotoxin exposure (an extrinsic factor) on dopamine (DA) systems and the behaviors they mediate. The guiding hypothesis directing the research to be described was that a combination of the two factors would exacerbate the decline in the DA transmitter system function that occurs during aging. The results obtained were consistent with the well-established aging-related decline in function and structure of neurons utilizing DA as a transmitter and motor function, and extended knowledge by establishing that the genetic reduction of Gdnf exacerbated these aging related changes. Thus, GDNF reduction appears to increase the vulnerability of the DA neurons to the many different challenges associated with the aging process. Assessment of methamphetamine effects on young Gdnf+/− mice indicated that reduced GDNF availability increased the vulnerability of DA systems to this well-established neurotoxin. The work discussed in this review is consistent with earlier work demonstrating the importance of GDNF for maintenance of DA neurons and also provides a novel model for progressive DA degeneration and motor dysfunction.
Characterization of Lethal Factor Binding and Cell Receptor Binding Domains of Protective Antigen of Bacillus anthracis using Monoclonal Antibodies

Lethal toxin from Bacillus anthracis is composed of protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF). Anti-PA mAbs that neutralized lethal toxin activity, either in vivo or in vitro identified three non-overlapping antigenic regions on PA. Two distinct antigenic regions were recognized by the four mAbs that neutralized lethal toxin activity by inhibiting the binding of 125I-LF to cell-bound PA. Mapping showed that one mAb, 1G3PA63, recognized an epitope on a 17 kDa fragment located between amino acid residues Ser-168 and Phe-314. The three other mAbs, 2D3PA, 2D5PA and 10D2PA, recognized an epitope between amino acids Ile-581 and Asn-601. A single antigenic region was recognized by the three mAbs, 3B6PA, 14B7PA and 10E10PA63, that inhibited binding of 125I-PA to cells. This region was located between amino acids Asp-671 and Ile-721. These results confirm previously defined functional domains of PA and suggest that LF may interact with two different sites on PA to form lethal toxin.
Statins and the response to myocardial injury.

The benefits of long-term statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) treatment for preventing coronary events have been well documented in several large-scale prospective clinical trials. By influencing the determinants of myocardial injury, statins may produce direct cardioprotective effects in the ischemic myocardium and prevent further damaging recurrent events. Although not proven fully in a clinical setting, cholesterol-independent or ‘pleiotropic’ effects of statins are thought to protect against myocardial injury and may occur via a number of mechanisms. Endothelial dysfunction occurs early in the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. Statins have been shown to increase the expression of endothelial NO synthase, with subsequent augmentation of NO in the vasculature. Statins have also been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing the release of cytokines and chemokines, decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cell adhesion molecules, and reducing the accumulation of neutrophils in myocardial tissue following ischemia and reperfusion. Indeed, the role of statins in reducing infarct size is supported by data from a number of preclinical studies. Statin treatment, administered at the onset of reperfusion, has been shown to reduce infarct size by approximately 50% following ischemia in various animal models, and this may be an NO-dependent effect. Randomized clinical trials have indicated that early initiation of statin treatment is associated with a reduction in both the rate of recurrence of cardiovascular events and death in patients with acute coronary syndrome. In addition, decreased rates of myocardial infarction and mortality were demonstrated in several retrospective studies where statin treatment was administered before an interventional procedure. There is a need for further clinical trials to fully elucidate the importance of preprocedural statin therapy and to determine the extent and mechanisms by which statins exert their cardioprotective effects.
Promises and possibilities : The application of research in the area of child maltreatment to policies and practices

In this closing commentary, we discuss the policy implications of research concerning child maltreatment. We describe the links between the topics reviewed in this special issue and interventions for child victims as well as the state of research concerning consequences of maltreatment more broadly. We further discuss the implications of current research for policy and practice. We close by describing important directions not only for future research, but also for interventions to reduce adverse effects of maltreatment on children. Throughout our commentary, we highlight limitations in the application of empirical findings to actual child victims and we offer concrete suggestions for ways of improving this applicability.
Zeolite-Catalyzed Chlorination of Toluene by Sulfuryl Chloride: Activity, Selectivity, and Deactivation of ZSM-5

The chlorination of toluene by sulfuryl chloride was studied using ZSM-5 as the catalyst. A simple rate expression was developed that provides a reasonable quantitative description of the dependence of the initial rate of reaction upon temperature and reactant ratio. The selectivity did not vary significantly as temperature and reactant ratio changed. The effects of framework silica–alumina ratio and exchange cation were also examined. Changing the exchange cation had essentially no effect upon selectivity, but the catalytic activity was higher when K+ was used as the exchange cation compared to Na+ or H+. Varying the silica-alumina ratio of the zeolite had a very minor effect upon the activity, but the para-chlorotoluene/ortho-chlorotoluene product ratio increased from 1–1.5 to greater than 2.5 at the highest silica–alumina ratio. In all cases, the catalyst deactivated rapidly, but an oxidative treatment at elevated temperature fully restored the catalytic activity.
A new algorithm for multi-area reliability evaluation—Simultaneous decomposition-simulation approach

Abstract This paper presents a new and efficient approach for including a multi-state load model in multi-area reliability calculations. In the extended decomposition-simulation approach, indices are computed and stored for each load state separately, and then aggregated for all the load states, thus the computation time increases linearly with the number of load states. In the proposed approach, decomposition-simulation is performed for all load states simultaneously. This is achieved by using a modified generation model and a reference load state. The proposed algorithm is shown to be as accurate as the previous one and many times faster.
Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic measurement of the influence of a co-modifier functional group on the retention behavior of the β-cyclodextrin-

Abstract Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was used to determine the stoichiometry and formation constants of the complex of β-cyclodextrin with pyrene in
The Role of the Leader Sequence Coding Region in Expression and Assembly of Bacteriorhodopsin

Bacterio-opsin is made as a precursor in Halobacterium halobium, which has 13 additional residues at the amino terminus. The codons for these residues have been proposed to form a hairpin structure in the mRNA and play a role in ribosome binding; the leader peptide sequence also has been proposed to have a role in membrane insertion of bacteriorhodopsin (BR). We have made mutations in the bop gene region coding for the leader sequence and expressed the mutant genes in an H. halobium mutant lacking wild-type BR. The leader sequence coding region was found to be important for the stability of the mRNA and for its efficient translation. Single base substitutions in this region that did not affect the amino acid sequence caused significant reductions in protein expression. Deletion of the leader region resulted in unstable mRNA and almost no BR production. Introduction of a new ribosome-binding sequence within the coding region of the mature protein restored mRNA stability and some protein expression. Protein made without the leader peptide was properly assembled in the membrane.
A model of clostridial dominance in ensilage

A simulation model of the growth and fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and clostridia in silage is described. The model is used to predict the occurrence of a well-preserved lactate silage or a poorly-preserved clostridial silage. Results of the model are compared with published experimental studies not used in the model's development. The results are summarized with maps showing the combinations of initial water-soluble-carbohydrate content, crop buffering capacity, dry matter content, temperature, initial pH, and initial population of lactic acid bacteria which result in a clostridial silage. The specific processes modelled include the growth and death of lactic acid bacteria and clostridia; the use of substrate and accumulation of fermentation end products; release of ammonia; and change in silage pH.
Prolactin levels in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol.

Background: Prolactin levels are elevated to varying degrees by antipsychotics. Prolactin elevations may result in sexual and other adverse effects, and they may be related to antipsychotic effects. We used the data collected in a trial of antipsychotics to study the differential effect of these drugs on prolactin level, to explore the relation between clinical effects and prolactin level, and to determine the relationship between plasma levels of antipsychotics and prolactin level. Method: Treatment-resistant patients (133 men, 24 women) diagnosed with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a double-blind, randomized, 14-week trial comparing clozapine (N = 40), olanzapine (N = 39), risperidone (N = 41), and haloperidol (N = 37). Plasma levels of prolactin and antipsychotics were determined at baseline and at weeks 5, 8, 10, 12, and 14 during the trial. Clinical effects were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale. Statistical analyses were limited to the 75 men for whom repeated prolactin levels were available. Data were gathered from June 1996 to December 1999. Results: Risperidone caused significant elevation of prolactin levels (p <.05) that appeared to be dose-dependent. Clozapine and olanzapine were associated with decreases of prolactin, whereas haloperidol led to a minor, nonsignificant increase. Plasma olanzapine and prolactin levels were correlated. Prolactin levels were not related to clinical improvement or extrapyramidal side effects. Conclusion: Antipsychotics show major differences in their effects on prolactin, and risperidone has clearly the most robust effect.
Structural originations of irreversible capacity loss from highly lithiated copper oxides

We use electrochemistry, high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) with pair-distribution function analysis (PDF), and density functional theory (DFT) to study the instabilities of Li{sub 2}CuO{sub 2} at varying state of charge. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns revealed phase evolution from pure Li{sub 2}CuO{sub 2} body-centered orthorhombic (Immm) space group to multiphase compositions after cycling. The PDF showed CuO{sub 4} square chains with varying packing during electrochemical cycling. Peaks in the G(r) at the Cu-O distance for delithiated, LiCuO{sub 2}, showed CuO{sub 4} square chains with reduced ionic radius for Cu in the 3+ state. At full depth of discharge to 1.5 V, CuO was observed in fractions greater than the initial impurity level which strongly affects the reversibility of the lithiation reactions contributing to capacity loss. DFT calculations showed electron removal from Cu and O during delithiation of Li{sub 2}CuO{sub 2}.
Observations on the Inter-relationships of Egg Quality Traits and Their Association with Season, Age, and Strain of Bird

Abstract THE interior and shell quality of eggs laid by the domestic chicken are influenced by the age and strain of bird as well as season. The literature concerning the nature of these relationships has been reviewed by Johnson and Merritt (1955), Funk et al. (1958), Cunningham et al. (1960), Taylor (1960) and Bornstein and Lipstein (1962). The information presented here is meant to supplement information concerning the initial quality of eggs laid by birds of different ages and strains. This report is concerned with observations made on eggs from a number of flocks kept in cooperation with the Southern Regional Poultry Genetics Laboratory and the Poultry Department of the University of Georgia from 1960 through 1964. In 1960 ten egg production strains were placed at each of 10 stations including the Genetics Laboratory. In 1961 10 similar lots of birds were placed. The strains were intermingled at each station during …
Factors associated with survival in patients who undergo peritoneal dialysis catheter placement following cardiac surgery.

Abstract Purpose Pediatric post-cardiac surgery patients are at risk for acute kidney injury and intraabdominal hypertension. The present study assesses indications and outcomes of postoperative peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC) placement in this population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed single-institution patients who underwent PDC placement post-cardiac surgery between 1999 and 2011 ( n =55). Baseline, clinical course, and outcome data were recorded pre- and post-PDC. We used multivariable logistic and Cox analyses to assess factors associated with mortality. Results In-hospital mortality of the study cohort was 67.3% ( n =37). Peritoneal dialysis was performed in 21 patients (38.2%). Five patients (9.1%) experienced adverse events related to PDC placement. Greater post-PDC decreases in abdominal girth (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.43; P =0.02) and BUN (OR=1.06; P =0.04) were associated with survival. Additionally, preoperative ventilator independence (hazard ratio [HR]=1.18; P P P Conclusions In-hospital mortality of the study cohort was 67%. Less severe pre-PDC renal impairment, increased pre-PDC abdominal girth, and greater post-PDC improvement of abdominal girth, renal function, and inotrope requirements were associated with survival. Prospective trials are needed to assess appropriate indications and timing of PDC placement, with consideration of more aggressive treatment for intraabdominal hypertension.
LIGHT‐SCATTERING VECTORS OF SOME MARINE PARTICLES1

The volume-scattering function and particle size distribution of several marine sediments and species of phytoplankton were measured. The volume-scattering function of a single particle at a 45” scattering angle, j .ic, was computed. In general, increases in pd5 accompany increases in 3 for the biological material over the size range of particles measured (lo-70 k”), The geological samples displayed a wide range of specific scattering over the much narrower arca range studied (5-15 $), The specific volume-scattering function and the mean particle area form a two-dimensional optical vector (&, 2) which can be used to characterize the suspended material in seawater. Vertical profiles of the optical vector measured in the eastern equatorial Pacific and off the Oregon coast show surface values that appear to be in the biological section of the optical vector diagram and a smooth transition to the apparent geological portion of the diagram with depth.
Broadband UVB revisited: Is the narrowband UVB fad limiting our therapeutic options?

Broadband ultraviolet B (BB-UVB) phototherapy has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous disorders including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, uremic pruritus and idiopathic pruritus. In the last decade, there has been a rapidly escalating process of replacing BB-UVB phototherapy units with narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) equipment, as studies have demonstrated that NB-UVB (ranging from 311 mm to 312 nm) is more efficacious in the treatment of psoriasis. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize the efficacy of BB-UVB phototherapy in the treatment of uremic pruritus, idiopathic pruritus, eosinophilic folliculitis and other inflammatory pruritic conditions. Furthermore, as highlighted in this report, there is a small but significant proportion of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients who do not tolerate NB-UVB but demonstrate an excellent clinical response to BB-UVB. It is critical for dermatologists to recognize the role of BB-UVB as a complement to NB-UVB phototherapy for patients who cannot tolerate or experience an inadequate therapeutic response from NB-UVB.
Cortical slow negative waves following non-paired stimuli: Effects of task factors ☆

Abstract Negative afterwaves were recorded in response to single (unpaired) tone pips under a variety of task conditions. In all cases the waves reached their maximum peak at frontal sites, where they attained amplitudes up to 15μV or more within the first seconds and persisted as long as 2 sec. Compared to no-task conditions, instructions simply to count stimuli produced a several-fold increase in amplitude. Further enhancement was obtained by requiring a difficult pitch discrimination, or by embedding the counted target stimuli in a train of more frequent non-targets. Separate conditions using simultaneous trains of visual and auditory stimuli (each train having both rare and frequent stimuli) established that the enhancement occurred only for stimuli in the designated target modality. Whereas some of these conditions led also to a prominent P300 component at posterior sites, the P300 component and the frontal negative afterwave could be experimentally dissociated from one another. Little or no P300 was recorded in a simple stimulus counting condition, which yielded a sizeable negative afterwave. Conversely, a prominent P300, but little or no negative afterwave, accompanied the infrequent omission of a tone pip from a regular train. When analyzed by principal components analysis, the negative afterwave was shown to comprise two separate factors. The first accounts for the early negative peak of the wave at frontal sites, and incorporates in some conditions also the positive P300 component. The second factor reflects late negativity distributed widely over the scalp. The negative afterwave was similar in appearance to the early wave that is recorded often in long-interval CNV paradigms, suggesting that an appreciable portion of the CNV may reflect processes associated solely with the warning stimulus.
Molybdenum, rhodium, and tungsten anode spectral models using interpolating polynomials with application to mammography

Computer simulation is a convenient and frequently used tool in the study of x-ray mammography, for the design of novel detector systems, the evaluation of dose deposition, x-ray technique optimization, and other applications. An important component in the simulation process is the accurate computer-generation of x-ray spectra. A computer model for the generation of x-ray spectra in the mammographic energy range from 18 kV to 40 kV has been developed. The proposed model requires no assumptions concerning the physics of x-ray production in an x-ray tube, but rather makes use of x-ray spectra recently measured experimentally in the laboratories of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Using x-ray spectra measured for molybdenum, rhodium, and tungsten anode x-ray tubes at 13 different kV's (18, 20, 22, ..., 42 kV), a spectral model using interpolating polynomials was developed. At each energy in the spectrum, the x-ray photon fluence was fit using 2, 3, or 4 term (depending on the energy) polynomials as a function of the applied tube voltage (kV). Using the polynomial fit coefficients determined at each 0.5 keV interval in the x-ray spectrum, accurate x-ray spectra can be generated for any arbitrary kV between 18 and 40 kV. Each anode material (Mo, Rh, W) uses a different set of polynomial coefficients. The molybdenum anode spectral model using interpolating polynomials is given the acronym MASMIP, and the rhodium and tungsten spectral models are called RASMIP and TASMIP, respectively. It is shown that the mean differences in photon fluence calculated over the energy channels and over the kV range from 20 to 40 kV were -0.073% (sigma = 1.58%) for MASMIP, -0.145% (sigma = 1.263%) for RASMIP, and 0.611% (sigma = 2.07%) for TASMIP. The polynomial coefficients for all three models are given in an Appendix. A short C subroutine which uses the polynomial coefficients and generates x-ray spectra based on the proposed model is available on the World Wide Web at http:/(/)www.aip.org/epaps/epaps.html.
Mammalian Abasic Site Base Excision Repair: IDENTIFICATION OF THE REACTION SEQUENCE AND RATE-DETERMINING STEPS *

Base excision repair (BER) is one of the cellular defense mechanisms repairing damage to nucleoside 5'-monophosphate residues in genomic DNA. This repair pathway is initiated by spontaneous or enzymatic N-glycosidic bond cleavage creating an abasic or apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) site in double-stranded DNA. Class II AP endonuclease, deoxyribonucleotide phosphate (dRP) lyase, DNA synthesis, and DNA ligase activities complete repair of the AP site. In mammalian cell nuclear extract, BER can be mediated by a macromolecular complex containing DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) and DNA ligase I. These two enzymes are capable of contributing the latter three of the four BER enzymatic activities. In the present study, we found that AP site BER can be reconstituted in vitro using the following purified human proteins: AP endonuclease, beta-pol, and DNA ligase I. Examination of the individual enzymatic steps in BER allowed us to identify an ordered reaction pathway: subsequent to 5' "nicking" of the AP site-containing DNA strand by AP endonuclease, beta-pol performs DNA synthesis prior to removal of the 5'-dRP moiety in the gap. Removal of the dRP flap is strictly required for DNA ligase I to seal the resulting nick. Additionally, the catalytic rate of the reconstituted BER system and the individual enzymatic activities was measured. The reconstituted BER system performs repair of AP site DNA at a rate that is slower than the respective rates of AP endonuclease, DNA synthesis, and ligation, suggesting that these steps are not rate-determining in the overall reconstituted BER system. Instead, the rate-limiting step in the reconstituted system was found to be removal of dRP (i.e. dRP lyase), catalyzed by the amino-terminal domain of beta-pol. This work is the first to measure the rate of BER in an in vitro reaction. The potential significance of the dRP-containing intermediate in the regulation of BER is discussed.
Reaction mechanism for fluorine etching of silicon

A reaction mechanism is proposed for etching of Si surfaces by F atoms in which ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{4}$ is formed. We proposed that in the rate-determining step the F atom attacks the back side of a ---${\mathrm{SiF}}_{3}$ moiety with simultaneous Si---F bond formation and Si---Si bond rupture (as in an ${S}_{N}$2 process). The transition state for this process involves charge transfer from the rupturing Si---Si bond to the attacking F atom and is consistent with recent observations that the etch rate is greater for n-type than for p-type silicon.
A diet high in fat stimulates adipocyte proliferation in older (22 month) rats

Abstract The effect of a high fat diet in stimulating adipocyte proliferation, as measured by the incorporation of [ 3 H]-thymidine into fat cell DNA, was studied in 22-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were fed a low fat ( n = 10) or a high fat diet ( n = 9) for a total of six days. On days 4 and 5 of dietary manipulation, rats were injected with 80 μCi/100 g body weight of [ 3 H]-thymidine. Rats were continued on their respective diets for one more day, starved for 72 h and then refed a stock diet for three weeks in order to increase turnover of stroma cells, thus diluting the specific activity of stromal DNA with minimal effect on specific activity of fat cell DNA. The diet groups did not differ significantly with respect to body masses, food intake, parametrial (PARA) and retroperitoneal (RP) depot masses, cell number or cell size. The specific activity of DNA in both PARA and RP depots was greater in the adipocyte than in the stromavascular fraction. Specific activity of fat cells was significantly greater from rats fed the high fat than the low fat diet in both PARA and RP depots. Radioautography of adipose tissue confirmed that there was a greater percentage of adipocyte nuclei labeled in the rats fed the high fat diet. Also, there were few labeled nuclei found in stroma cells. In conclusion, older female rats increased adipocyte proliferation when fed a high fat diet.
Exercise training decreases plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein.

To assess the effect of exercise on the plasma concentration of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and its possible influence in mediating the exercise-associated redistribution of cholesterol among plasma lipoproteins, we measured plasma CETP in 57 healthy normolipidemic men and women before and after 9 to 12 months of exercise training. The training protocol resulted in significant changes in VO2max (mean +/- SD, +5.3 +/- 3.5 mL.kg-1 x min-1), body weight (-2.5 +/- 3.5 kg), plasma triglycerides (-25.7 +/- 36.3 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (+2.6 +/- 6.2 mg/dL), and ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-C (-0.30 +/- 0.52) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL-C (-0.18 +/- 0.45) (all P < or = .05) but no change in lipoprotein(a). CETP concentration (in milligrams per liter) fell significantly in response to training in both men (n = 28, 2.47 +/- 0.66 to 2.12 +/- 0.43; % delta = 14.2%; P < .005) and women (n = 29, 2.72 +/- 1.01 to 2.36 +/- 0.76; % delta = 13.2%; P < .047). The CETP change was observed both in subjects who lost weight (n = 28, delta mean weight = -5.0 kg; delta CETP = -0.42 +/- 0.79; % delta = 15.4%; P < .009) and in those who were weight stable (n = 29, delta mean weight = -0.12 kg; delta CETP = -0.29 +/- 0.78; % delta = 10.4%; P < .055).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Peripheral artery disease. Part 1: clinical evaluation and noninvasive diagnosis

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a marker of systemic atherosclerosis. Most patients with PAD also have concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD), and a large burden of morbidity and mortality in patients with PAD is related to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death. PAD patients without clinical evidence of CAD have the same relative risk of death from cardiac or cerebrovascular causes as those diagnosed with prior CAD, consistent with the systemic nature of the disease. The same risk factors that contribute to CAD and cerebrovascular disease also lead to the development of PAD. Because of the high prevalence of asymptomatic disease and because only a small percentage of PAD patients present with classic claudication, PAD is frequently underdiagnosed and thus undertreated. Health care providers may have difficulty differentiating PAD from other diseases affecting the limb, such as arthritis, spinal stenosis or venous disease. In Part 1 of this Review, we explain the epidemiology of and risk factors for PAD, and discuss the clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of patients with this condition.
On the asymptotic number of small components created by planar Brownian motion

The complement in R2 of the path of a planar Brownian motion {B(t):t≥0} will have infinitely many components. We obtain information about the limiting number of components which have area in an interval [πs/cs, [πxs) as x becomes small. The argument uses some inequalities from Le Gall [3] but otherwise relies on scaling properties and other well known facts concerning Brownian motion
Identification of O-phosphoserine, O-phosphothreonine and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the non-collagenous proteins of bovine cementum; comparison with dentin, enamel and bone

O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)], and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) have been identified in native, calcified cementum and in non-collagenous proteins which can be extracted from the tissue in EDTA at neutral pH. The concentrations of Ser(P) and Thr(P) and the amino acid composition of the EDTA extractable proteins are more similar to those found in bone than in dentin or enamel. The concentration of Gla in cementum is lower than it is in bone and higher than it is in enamel, which contains essentially no Gla. Based on the contents of Gla in these mineralized tissues and the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases in these tissues, it is speculated that Gla may be part of these or other proenzymes rather than being involved directly and structurally with the deposition of the mineral phase.
Sustaining high quality teaching and evidence-based curricula: Follow-up assessment of teachers in the REDI Project

Research Findings: Recent research has validated the power of evidence-based preschool interventions to improve teaching quality and promote child school readiness when implemented in the context of research trials. However, very rarely are follow-up assessments conducted with teachers in order to evaluate the maintenance of improved teaching quality or sustained use of evidence-based curriculum components after the intervention trial. In the current study, we collected follow-up assessments of teachers 1 year after their involvement in the REDI (REsearch-based, Developmentally Informed) research trial to evaluate the extent to which intervention teachers continued to implement the REDI curriculum components with high quality and to explore possible preintervention predictors of sustained implementation. In addition, we conducted classroom observations to determine whether general improvements in the teaching quality of intervention teachers (relative to control group teachers) were sustained. Results ind...
Design, implementation, and evaluation of optimizations in a just-in-time compiler

The Java language incurs a runtime overhead for exception checks and object accesses without an interior pointer in order to ensure safety. It also requires type inclusion test, dynamic class loading, and dynamic method calls in order to ensure flexibility. A “JustIn-Time” (JIT) compiler generates native code from Java byte code at runtime. It must improve the runtime performance without compromising the safety and flexibility of the Java language. We designed and implemented effective optimizations for the JIT compiler, such as exception check elimination, common subexpression elimination, simple type inclusion test, method inlining, and resolution of dynamic method call. We evaluate the performance benefits of these optimizations based on various statistics collected using SPECjvm98 and two JavaSoft applications with byte code sizes ranging from 20000 to 280000 bytes. Each optimization contributes to an improvement in the performance of the programs.
Black—White differences in body size perceptions and weight management practices among adolescent females

Objective: This study compares body size perceptions and weight management practices of black and white adolescent females. Design: Subjects were selected through a statewide, three-stage sampling procedure designed to provide a sample statistically representative of high school students in South Carolina. Subjects: Participants included black ( n = 1824) and white ( n = 2256) females, 14–18 years of age, enrolled in South Carolina public high schools. Methods: Respondents were asked to assess their perceived body size as overweight, underweight, or about right. Self-reported weight management practices included dieting (reducing caloric intake), exercise, and other methods (including diet pills and vomiting). Chisquare analysis was used to assess the differences in body size perception and weight management behaviors. Polychotomous logistic regression was performed to examine associations while controlling for socioeconomic status. Results: Forty-one percent of the white adolescents and 29% of the black adolescents perceive themselves as overweight ( p Conclusions: These findings suggest that white adolescents are more likely to perceive themselves as overweight than black adolescents and are more likelyto engage in unhealthy weight management practices than black adolescents.
Evaluation of the electrochemical stability of graphite foams as current collectors for lead acid batteries

Abstract Graphite foams with high electrical and thermal conductivities, good mechanical strength, and low mass have been synthesized and evaluated as possible current collector materials to replace lead alloys for the development of lightweight lead acid batteries. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed on these foams prior to and after graphitization to evaluate their electrochemical properties. In the voltage range where the negative electrode of lead acid batteries operates, the graphite foam is electrochemically stable. However, in the voltage range of the positive electrode, the graphite foam is not electrochemically stable due to intercalation of sulfuric acid into graphite. For the positive electrode, the non-graphitized foam shows better electrochemical stability and warrants further study for use as a current collector. Preliminary charge/discharge characterization of these graphite and non-graphitized foams coated with a lead oxide battery paste supports these conclusions, although the paste formulation and coating process need to be improved for cycle life evaluation.
Error in visually directed manual pointing

Errors in pointing at visual targets without sight of the hand or arm were measured for both hands in two cue conditions. The existence of large errors of overreaching, which increase as cues are reduced, was confirmed. These vary with target distance but not appreciably with the hand used or the target direction. Large lateral errors were also found. These can be reasonably well described by rotations about the midpoint of the eyes. Their magnitude and direction depend on the subject and the hand used, but are largely independent of cue condition and distance. The mean angular error across subjects taken without regard to sign was 4.8 deg. The mean difference between hands was 5.2 deg. The effect of eye dominance expected under the hypothesis of Walls and Ogle was not obtained
Resequencing of pooled DNA for detecting disease associations with rare variants

A combination of common and rare variants is thought to contribute to genetic susceptibility to complex diseases. Recently, next-generation sequencers have greatly lowered sequencing costs, providing an opportunity to identify rare disease variants in large genetic epidemiology studies. At present, it is still expensive and time consuming to resequence large number of individual genomes. However, given that next-generation sequencing technology can provide accurate estimates of allele frequencies from pooled DNA samples, it is possible to detect associations of rare variants using pooled DNA sequencing. Current statistical approaches to the analysis of associations with rare variants are not designed for use with pooled next-generation sequencing data. Hence, they may not be optimal in terms of both validity and power. Therefore, we propose here a new statistical procedure to analyze the output of pooled sequencing data. The test statistic can be computed rapidly, making it feasible to test the association of a large number of variants with disease. By simulation, we compare this approach to Fisher's exact test based either on pooled or individual genotypic data. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method provides good control of the Type I error rate, while yielding substantially higher power than Fisher's exact test using pooled genotypic data for testing rare variants, and has similar or higher power than that of Fisher's exact test using individual genotypic data. Our results also provide guidelines on how various parameters of the pooled sequencing design affect the efficiency of detecting associations.
(2 × 1) reconstructed Si(001) surface: Self-consistent calculations of dimer models

The electronic structure of the (2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1) reconstructed Si(001) surface is studied using the self-consistent pseudopotential method. The calculation is based on the asymmetric-dimer model recently proposed by Chadi using the tight-binding method. The present calculation confirms that the asymmetric-dimer model results in a semiconducting surface in agreement with experiment. The density of states is calculated, and it compares favorably with experiment. A study of the charge distributions and the energy dispersions of surface states allows us to determine the character of individual surface states. By doing comparative calculations of the total energy of the symmetric and asymmetric dimers, we conclude that the latter is more stable because of exchange-correlation energy contributions.
Microwave Electric-Field Mapping Using Optical-Fiber-Mounted Electro-Optic Probes

A microwave electric-field mapping system based on electro-optic sampling has been developed using micromachined gallium arsenide crystals mounted on gradient-index lenses and single-mode optical fibers. Three orthogonal polarization components of the electric field are distinguished, and two-dimensional field images are obtained by scanning the fiber-based probes in a plane above the device under test. Because the probes are simple dielectrics and require no metal or electrodes to extract the electric field amplitude and phase, they are uniquely useful in the imaging of the aperture-plane region of antennas and arrays, where they provide complete information on radiated, guided, and evanescent waves. Due to the high level of versatility afforded by the optical-fiber coupling, this diagnostic testing can be extended not only to open, guided-wave structures, but also to shielded microwave circuits and packages.
Modeling the flow properties of DDGS

ABSTRACT Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are an excellent source of energy, minerals, and bypass protein for ruminants. With the remarkable growth of the U.S. fuel ethanol industry in the past decade, large quantities of distillers grains are now being produced. DDGS flow is often restricted by caking and bridging during its storage and transportation. In our previous works, increased soluble and moisture levels significantly affected the flow properties of DDGS. Currently, however, there is no model available to predict the flowability of DDGS. So the objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate the data obtained from our previous work using exploratory data analysis techniques and to develop a comprehensive model to predict the flowability of DDGS. A simple and robust model (R2 = 0.93, SE = 0.12) was developed by combining the important flow properties obtained from conventional Carr and Jenike tests using dimensional analysis and response surface modeling. However, the model dev...
Site-directed antibodies as topographical probes of the gastric H,K-ATPase α-subunit

Abstract Gastric acid is secreted by an ATP-driven H + and K + exchanger (H,K-ATPase), an integral apical membrane protein of parictal cells. Although the primary structure of the enzyme is known, its higher order structure is uncertain. In order to acquire topographical probes of native, microsomal H,K-ATPase, synthetic peptides corresponding to the 17 amino-terminal (N-peptide) and 16 car☐yl-terminal (C-peptide) residues of pig gastric H,K-ATPase α-subunit were coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Rabbits were immunized with peptide-KLH conjugates and their sera were tested for specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. All sera showed high ELISA reactivities with synthetic peptides, peptide-BSA conjugates, and microsomal H,K-ATPase adsorbed to microtiter wells (some titers > 1:10 4 ). Immunoblots of H,K-ATPase resolved by SDS-PAGE showed both N-peptide and C-peptide antibodies reacting with a single 94 kDa band. All sera selectively stained parictal cells in pig gastric mucosal sections. Preimmune sera gave negative or weak signals in all assays. In competition ELISAs, N-peptide antibodies, but not C-peptide antibodies, were displaced from the corresponding bound synthetic peptides by added microsomal H,K-ATPase. One of the N-peptide antibodies inhibited H,K-ATPase activity by more than 50%; binding of this antibody was decreased when ATP or K + were bound to the enzyme. These results indicate a cytoplasmically-oriented α-subunit N-terminus which may participate conformationally in the H,K-ATPase catalytic cycle, and suggest that antibodies against synthetic H,K-ATPase peptides are potentially useful probes of native microsomal H,K-ATPase topography.
Tropical Pacific decadal variability and global warming

[1] An analysis of ocean surface temperature records show that low frequency changes of tropical Pacific temperature lead global surface air temperature changes by about 4 years. Anomalies of tropical Pacific surface temperature are in turn preceded by subsurface temperature anomalies in the southern tropical Pacific by approximately 7 years. The results suggest that much of the decade to decade variations in global air temperature may be attributed to tropical Pacific decadal variability. The results also suggest that subsurface temperature anomalies in the southern tropical Pacific can be used as a predictor for decadal variations of global surface air temperature. Since the southern tropical Pacific temperature shows a distinct cooling over the last 8 years, the possibility exists that the warming trend in global surface air temperature observed since the late 1970's may soon weaken.
Lightiella Incisa Sp. Nov. (Cephalocarida) From the West Indies

[Description de l'anatomie externe de 4 individus adultes d'une nouvelle espece de Cephalocaride. Lightiella incisa, trouves a la Barbade (localite typique), et a Porto Rico. D'apres les caracteres de cette espece, la validite de la famille des Lightiellidae (Jones, 1961) serait contestable. Certains points de morphologie theorique sont examines., Description de l'anatomie externe de 4 individus adultes d'une nouvelle espece de Cephalocaride. Lightiella incisa, trouves a la Barbade (localite typique), et a Porto Rico. D'apres les caracteres de cette espece, la validite de la famille des Lightiellidae (Jones, 1961) serait contestable. Certains points de morphologie theorique sont examines.]
Determination of ethanol by air-stream separation with flow injection and electrochemical detection at a nickel oxide electrode

Abstract Ethanol is separated by an air stream from a 1-ml sample with collection in 1 ml of 0.2 mol l -1 sodium hydroxide. Measurement is by voltammetry at a tubular, catalytic nickel oxide electrode with 30-μl sample injected into a continuous flow stream. Relative standard deviation for repetitive measurements is 1.8% for synthetic samples. Serum samples extracted for 100 s and then measured yielded linear results for concentrations of 2 × 10 -4 –5 × 10 -2 mol l -1 ethanol (0.001–0.23%), with relative standard deviation of 2.0%. The time per determination was about 2 min.
Burnout in medical students: Examining the prevalence and predisposing factors during the four years of medical school

Study objectives: Burnout has been demonstrated to various extent in residents, practicing physicians, and department chairs. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of burnout and contributing factors in medical students. Methods: The design was a survey of medical students at 1 top-ranked medical school. We surveyed 249 medical students using a modified Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Resources Survey. The survey also included an evaluation of stressors, assessment of workload, relaxation, control, accomplishment, support systems, and demographics. The response rate was 82%. Statistical analysis was performed using χ 2 and t test for univariate analysis. Factors significant on univariate analysis were entered in the multiple logistic regression. Results: A high degree of burnout was demonstrated in 2% of the first-year class, 15% of the second-year class, and 10% of the third-year class. A moderate or high degree of burnout was seen in 22% of the first-year class, 37% of the second-year class, and 41% of the third-year class. On univariate analysis, lower levels of support from administration, faculty, friends, family, and classmates were significantly associated with burnout ( P P Conclusion: We found a moderate amount of burnout reported across medical students groups, with the highest percentage during the third year. The data suggest that burnout progressively develops during the course of medical education, with the total amount of time spent studying and working as a contributing factor, whereas support and less response to stressors decreased burnout.
Autoxidation of pyrrolylurethanes

Abstract Oxygen sensitive pyrrolylurethanes have been prepared and their autoxidation products isolated and characterized by 1 H- and 13 C-NMR.
Human CD8+ T cells display a differential ability to undergo cytokine-driven bystander activation.

Abstract A subset of CD44hiCD8+ T cells in some, but not all mice, can be induced to rapidly secrete IFNγ during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. This response is dependent on the presence of both IL-12 and IL-18 and does not require engagement of the T cell receptor. In this study, we demonstrate that human CD8+ T cells also vary widely in their ability to secrete IFNγ within 15 h of either Listeria infection or cytokine stimulation. The magnitude of the rapid IFNγ response correlated more closely with the intrinsic responsiveness of the T cells to cytokine stimulation rather than the amount of IL-12 produced. CD8+ T cells from 2 out of 16 blood donors (12.5%) failed to generate a significant IFNγ response. These results demonstrate that bystander activation of CD8+ T cells varies among individuals and validate further study of the differential responses observed using BALB/c vs. C57BL/6 mice.