cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Clinical Trials in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Since the first clinical trial of cortisone in ulcerative colitis in 1955, remarkable progress has been made in the design and conduct of clinical trials in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this review article, we will discuss evolution of clinical trials in IBD over the last 3–5 years. Recognizing limitations intrinsic to clinical disease activity indices in IBD, regulatory authorities have recommended evaluating co-primary endpoints of patient-reported outcomes and endoscopic disease activity in clinical trials. Biomarker-enriched trial enrolment and central endoscopy reading have emerged as critical events in trial recruitment and outcome assessment and have driven placebo response rates down. While trials of novel biologic therapies and advanced small molecules continue at an accelerated pace, pragmatic comparative efficacy trials of treatment strategy aimed at optimizing current therapies (such as early combined immunosuppression [REACT], tight disease control [CALM], therapeutic drug monitoring [TAXIT, TAILORIX]) have directly informed clinical practice. With emphasis on value-based care and population health management, multi-pronged remote monitoring, self-management, and telemedicine approaches in the era of smartphones have re-emerged with promise. Non-conventional therapies such as fecal microbiota transplantation, though still experimental, have provided insight into disease pathogenesis and offered hope for microbial manipulation strategies for treating these complex diseases. Clinical trials have rapidly evolved over the last 5 years not only focusing on novel therapies but also optimizing existing treatment approaches and population health management. Over the next decade, these trials will continue to advance the field, and be readily translatable into clinical practice.
Kelvin modes of a skyrmion line in chiral magnets and the associated magnon transport

Magnetic skyrmions in bulk crystals are linelike topologically protected spin textures. They allow for the propagation of magnons along the skyrmion line but are localized inside the skyrmion line. Analogous to the vortex line, these propagating modes are the Kelvin modes of a skyrmion line. In crystals without an inversion center, it is known that the magnon dispersion in the ferromagnetic state is asymmetric in the wave vector. It is natural to expect that the dispersion of the Kelvin modes is also asymmetric with respect to the wave vector. We study the Kelvin modes of a skyrmion line in the ferromagnetic background. In contrast, we find that the lowest Kelvin mode is symmetric in the wave vector in the low-energy region despite the inversion symmetry breaking. Other Kelvin modes below the magnon continuum are asymmetric, and most of them have a positive group velocity. Our results suggest that a skyrmion line can function as a one-way waveguide for magnons.
Spontaneous loss of surface antigen among adults living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and pooled meta-analyses.

Summary Background Spontaneous loss of HBsAg (known as functional cure) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection significantly reduces liver-related complications. HBsAg loss has been suggested to be higher in non-endemic regions than in endemic regions in individual studies. We systematically determined a pooled annual rate of HBsAg loss in adults with untreated chronic HBV infection and examined the effect of regional endemicity. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed and Embase for observational cohort studies and non-treatment arms of randomised controlled trials reporting proportions of patients with chronic HBV infection that achieved spontaneous HBsAg loss, published up to Oct 1, 2018. We excluded randomised controlled trials from meta-analyses because of substantial cohort differences. Two reviewers (KZ and CC) independently extracted data from accepted full-text studies, with discrepancies discussed with a third reviewer (NT). We assessed rate of HBsAg loss, and stratified results by whether the underlying cohort arose primarily from an endemic region (defined as having prevalence of chronic HBV greater than 2%) or non-endemic region. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018074086. Findings Of 5186 studies screened, 67 (11 randomised controlled trials, 39 prospective and 17 retrospective cohort studies) met the inclusion criteria and 56 were included in meta-analyses after exclusion of randomised controlled trials. Spontaneous HBsAg loss occurred in 3837 (7·8%) of 48 972 patients, with cumulative 352 381 person-years of follow-up. The pooled annual incidence of HBsAg loss was 1·17% (95% CI 0·94–1·41, I2=97%). Rates did not differ by endemicity: 1·19% (0·88–1·54) in endemic versus 1·29% (0·99–1·62) in non-endemic cohorts. Interpretation Globally, spontaneous HBsAg loss occurs infrequently (about 1% per year) in treatment-naive adults with chronic HBV infection. The low and homogeneous rate of HBsAg loss highlights the need for new therapeutics aimed at achieving functional cure across different patient groups and geographical regions. Funding NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Computer-generated isotope model achieves experimental accuracy of filiation for position-specific isotope analysis

Abstract Position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) can aid in understanding the origins of molecules. Destructive PSIA requires a model to track isotope substitution through reaction pathways. We present a general method based on the Reaction Mechanism Generator software to construct quantitative kinetic models with atom-specific isotope tracking and kinetic isotope effects during thermal decomposition of model compounds. A propane mechanism produced with this method is compared to experiments. Without tuning kinetic or thermodynamic parameters to experimental data, the mechanism replicated, within experimental uncertainty, the relationship between the parent molecule's position-specific values and the fragments' enrichments. These isotope-specific models can serve as an in silico platform to quantitatively assess secondary isotopic reactions which can scramble position-specific enrichments, design and optimize experimental conditions, and test feasibility of PSIA for new compounds. The proposed methodology creates new opportunities for applications in isotope analysis for a range of chemical compounds.
Computational insights into the binding of IN17 inhibitors to MELK

The protein kinase MELK is an important kinase in cell signaling and has shown to be a promising anti-cancer target. Recent work has resulted in a novel small molecule scaffold targeting MELK, IN17. However, there has been little structural information or physical understanding of MELK-IN17 interactions. Using Tinker-OpenMM on GPUs, we have performed free energy simulations on MELK binding with IN17 and 11 derivatives. This series of studies provides structural insights into how substitution on IN17 leads to differences in complex structure and binding thermodynamics. In addition, this study serves as an assessment of the current capabilities of the AMOEBA forcefield, accelerated by GPU computing, to serve as a molecular-dynamics-based free energy simulation platform for lead optimization.
Climate-Related Correlates of Several Metrics of Breeding Phenology in a Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Population in Ohio

Abstract Climate-related changes in breeding phenology have been demonstrated across a range of taxonomic groups. Amphibian phenology may be particularly susceptible to environmental variability, b...
Gene-environment interactions determine risk for dementia: the influence of lifestyle on genetic risk for dementia.

Modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, alcohol intake, and smoking, have well-established associations with risk of dementia. A poor diet, insufficient exercise, excessive alcohol intake, and smoking are individually associated with increased risk for dementia, while adhering to a healthy diet, abstaining from smoking, exercising regularly, and consuming alcohol in moderation have all been associated with decreased risk.
The Effect of Opinion Readability on the Impact of U.S. Supreme Court Precedents in State High Courts

Objective This article examines whether more readable U.S. Supreme Court opinions are cited with greater frequency in state courts of last resort. Methods We use random slope, random intercept multilevel models to analyze 30 years of state high court citations to U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions issued during the 1987–2006 terms. Results Our analysis reveals that opinion readability exerts a strong substantive impact on citation rates. This effect holds while accounting for a variety of factors previously shown to influence citation rates. Conclusion Institutional constraints, workload considerations, and audience costs should lead state high courts to find clearly written opinions more attractive than jargon‐laden ones. This makes the readability of a U.S. Supreme Court precedent a useful heuristic for state courts when selecting among potential relevant precedents. As these courts play a major role in implementing U.S Supreme Court decisions, our findings indicate that the readability of U.S. Supreme Court opinions has a strong effect on their long‐term impact.
A unified model of rule-set learning and selection.

Abstract The ability to focus on relevant information and ignore irrelevant information is a fundamental part of intelligent behavior. It not only allows faster acquisition of new tasks by reducing the size of the problem space but also allows for generalizations to novel stimuli. Task-switching, task-sets, and rule-set learning are all intertwined with this ability. There are many models that attempt to individually describe these cognitive abilities. However, there are few models that try to capture the breadth of these topics in a unified model and fewer still that do it while adhering to the biological constraints imposed by the findings from the field of neuroscience. Presented here is a comprehensive model of rule-set learning and selection that can capture the learning curve results, error-type data, and transfer effects found in rule-learning studies while also replicating the reaction time data and various related effects of task-set and task-switching experiments. The model also factors in many disparate neurological findings, several of which are often disregarded by similar models.
Practice, purpose, and master narrative: Teachers face race and the South in lesson design

Abstract This comparative case study examines the place of white supremacy in teacher lessons on the U.S. South. Multi-day lesson plans and interviews with three teacher participants revealed that open encounters with white supremacist histories were supported by a high degree of professional freedom in their school settings. The teachers held a common commitment to teach about white racism and violence. However, extending these lessons into a more comprehensive confrontation with harmful white supremacist master narratives is complicated by highly varied conceptions of the history classroom, among these teachers and in the field of social studies. This study supports continued efforts to provide teachers with resources and space to address racist legacies. I recommend that these efforts should be paired with an inspection of the individual and collective conceptions of social studies classrooms so that master narratives may be addressed more directly.
Necessity of brain imaging in COVID-19 infected patients presenting with acute neurological deficits

Abstract Background Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary stabilization in the intensive care unit for novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are often sedated, placing timely assessment of a neurological decline at risk. Case description Here, we present two cases of COVID-19 infected young patients transferred to our facility in a cardio-pulmonary crisis, with a poor neurological exam. While there was significant delay in obtaining brain imaging in the first patient, the second patient had timely recognition of her ischemic infarct, underwent emergent surgery, and is now doing well. Conclusions These cases highlight the importance of early head imaging in COVID-19 patients with a poor neurological exam. While lungs remain the primary target of COVID-19, these cases alert the medical community to suspect involvement of the central nervous system, since there may be life-saving surgical interventions available.
On Necessary Gratuitous Evils

The standard position on moral perfection and gratuitous evil makes the prevention of gratuitous evil a necessary condition on moral perfection. I argue that, on any analysis of gratuitous evil we choose, the standard position on moral perfection and gratuitous evil is false. It is metaphysically impossible to prevent every gratuitously evil state of affairs in every possible world. No matter what God does—no matter how many gratuitously evil states of affairs God prevents—it is necessarily true that God coexists with gratuitous evil in some world or other. Since gratuitous evil cannot be eliminated from metaphysical space, the existence of gratuitous evil presents no objection to essentially omnipotent, essentially omniscient, essentially morally perfect, and necessarily existing beings.
Brightness matching in optical see-through augmented reality

A visual experiment using a beam-splitter-based optical see-through augmented reality (OST-AR) setup tested the effect of the size and alignment of AR overlays with a brightness-matching task using physical cubes. Results indicate that more luminance is required when AR overlays are oversized with respect to the cubes, showing that observers discount the AR overlay to a greater extent when it is more obviously a transparent layer. This is not explained by conventional color appearance modeling but supports an AR-specific model based on foreground-background discounting. The findings and model will help determine parameters for creating convincing AR manipulation of real-world objects.
Chapter 10 – Manufacturing Methods for Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials

After the material designing such as considering the solid solution compositions and dopants, we need to consider material fabrication processes. The fabrication of piezoelectric ceramic devices generally involves two steps: preparation of the ceramic powders and sintering of the shaped structures. Wet chemical preparation methods are utilized for producing the ceramic powders in order to ensure reproducibility of the advanced characteristics of the devices. Popular device designs include multilayers, bimorphs, and other composite types. Necessary basic knowledge of the effect that particle size and film thickness have on ferroelectricity will also be discussed in this chapter in conjunction with micro/nano technologies.
Sport Specialization and Quality of Life among Middle- and High-School Long-Distance Runners of Different Injury Status: A Retrospective Study.

Running-related injuries are prevalent in adolescent long-distance runners. The aim of our retrospective study was to compare differences in sport specialization, running habits,quality of life, and sleep habits among middle-and high-school long-distance runners of different injury statuses. Middle- and high-school long-distance runners across the United States were recruited via cross-country coaches and athletic directors between January and May 2020. Participants completed an online survey with questions related to demographics, sport specialization, running habits, quality of life, sleep, and self-reported injury history. Overall, 306 participants completed the survey (male = 107, female = 176, unspecified = 23; age = 15.7 ± 1.1 years). Of the participants, 178 (58.2%) reported no history of injury, 101 (33.0%) reported a previous injury, and 27 (8.8%) reported a current injury. Middle- and high-school runners with a current injury reported significantly lower overall health (p= .01) and average distance per run (p = .05) than uninjured runners. No significant differences were found among injury status and sport specialization level, quality of life, sleep habits, or running volume (p> .05). Runners with a self-reported previous or current injury do not appear to be classified as high-specialized runners more frequently than uninjured runners.
Building a spontaneously formed and self-healing protective layer with an F-rich electrochemically active organic molecule for ultra-stable Li metal batteries

Additives in the electrolyte act as engineers in Li metal batteries. Inspired by the superior cycle performance of organic materials in half cells, tetrafluoro-1,4-benzoquinone (TFBQ), the main structure of which has been widely applied as an organic cathode material, is utilized for the first time as an additive for Li metal protection. By chemical and electrochemical reactions between TFBQ and the Li metal surface, an F-rich interface layer is in situ formed on the Li metal surface during the charge and discharge process. From electrochemical tests and characterization, the powerful self-healing ability of the interface layer enabled by TFBQ is revealed, making an extremely stable Li metal anode. By using a lean electrolyte with 0.1 M TFBQ, the cycle life of Li|Li symmetric cells is increased at least 6 times compared to the control group. Moreover, impressive full cell performance was achieved. Ultra-stable Li–LFP cells showed a 0.026% average degradation for 600 cycles at 1C and Li–NMC622 cells showed a 36.8% higher capacity compared to the control group over 200 cycles at 0.5C, which are among the best results reported. This work efficiently and conveniently provides a new research direction to Li metal protection and Li metal batteries.
Reliability and Stability Challenges in ABCD Task fMRI Data

Trait stability of measures is an essential requirement for individual differences research. Functional MRI has been increasingly used in studies that rely on the assumption of trait stability, such as attempts to relate task related brain activation to individual differences in behavior and psychopathology. However, recent research using adult samples has questioned the trait stability of task-fMRI measures, as assessed by test-retest correlations. To date, little is known about trait stability of task fMRI in children. Here, we examined within-session reliability and longitudinal stability of task-fMRI using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study using its tasks focused on reward processing, response inhibition, and working memory. We also evaluated the effects of factors potentially affecting reliability and stability. Reliability and stability [quantified via an intraclass correlation (ICC) that focuses on rank consistency] was poor in virtually all brain regions, with an average ICC of .078 and .054 for short (within-session) and long-term (between-session) ICCs, respectively, in regions of interest (ROIs) historically-recruited by the tasks. ICC values in ROIs did not exceed the 9poor9 cut-off of .4, and in fact rarely exceeded .2 (only 5.9%). Motion had a pronounced effect on estimated ICCs, with the lowest motion quartile of participants having a mean reliability/stability three times higher (albeit still 9poor9) than the highest motion quartile. Regions with stronger activation tended to show higher ICCs, with the absolute value of activity and reliability/stability correlating at .53. Across regions, the magnitude of age-related longitudinal (between-session) changes positively correlated with the longitudinal stability of individual differences, which suggests developmental change was not necessarily responsible for poor stability. Poor reliability and stability of task-fMRI, particularly in children, diminishes potential utility of fMRI data due to a drastic reduction of effect sizes and, consequently, statistical power for the detection of brain-behavior associations. This essential issue needs to be addressed through optimization of preprocessing pipelines and data denoising methods.
Three contextual frameworks for siblingships: nonlinear thinking, disposition, and phallocentrism

This discussion of Juliet Mitchell's paper "Siblings: Thinking Theory" places her work within the context of three frameworks: nonlinear thinking, disposition, and phallocentrism. The nonlinear dimension of the developmental process demonstrates how the sibling experience is not static, but rather is subject to a natural transmogrification toward new adaptive forms and meanings that occur over the sequential progress of organizational growth. Secondly, dispositional variables tend to be overlooked in their role in how brothers and sisters engage one another, titrate closeness and separateness, and creatively live out their love, admiration, hate, envy, and rivalry with each other. Sensitivities in dispositional leanings, such as special empathic qualities, may even serve to mitigate sibling turbulence. Lastly, the phallocentricity in Western societies privileges an implicitly male perspective that envisions sibling relationships in terms of threatening competitors, as the common linguistic phrase sibling rivalry suggests. This inflection in culture disregards more-expanding qualities in object relationships and aim-giving strategies that are exchanged in sibling play. These variables are not the sole contributors to the sibling experience, but a sampling of influences both from within and outside the child that affect that experience.
Cage units and procedures designed for the testing of toxic rodent tracking powders

A versatile unit was designed for testing the efficacy of toxic tracking powders in controlling commensal rodents. The test units are relatively simple modifications of commercially available cages commonly used for laboratory rats and mice. Two modified cages are connected by a tunnel which, depending on test design, allows the test animal free access to the tracking powder. Racks of test units permit a wide variety of tracking powders to be tested on species ranging from wild house mice to wild Norway and roof rats. The emphasis is placed on the design and construction of the test cage units with only a brief account of test methods provided.
Alkaloid-Derived Pheromones and Sexual Selection in Lepidoptera

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses alkaloid-derived pheromones and sexual selection in Lepidoptera. In certain insects, foreplay is basically a sexually selective process, involving assessment by the female of certain male traits that are a measure of an eventual benefit to the offspring. The foreplay is in the nature of a pheromone-mediated dialogue, and the insects are certain butterflies and moths. What kindled the interest in this area of research was the seminal paper by Brower et al. on the courtship of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus, and the motion picture that these investigators made of this behavior. Their data showed clearly that the two brushlike structures, or hairpencils, that the males ordinarily keep tucked away in their abdomen are in fact everted and splayed during courtship, and are brushed against the female prior to copulation. The hairpencils of Danaus gilippus turned out to be chemically similar to those of Lycorea. While they lacked the esters, and had instead the viscous terpenoid alcohol, they too were laden with danaidone. It became clear that danaidone and closely related pyrrolizidines are very generally present in the hairpencils of these insects, having been found in a number of genera beside Danaus and Lycorea. Accompanying compounds are also present, but these are variable and have been identified in only a few species.
Rapid breakdown of allochthonous and autochthonous plant material in a eutrophic river

Carbon/nitrogen ratios and breakdown of leaves of Populustremuloides (allochthonous) and the aquatic macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus(autochthonous), were investigated in a eutrophic river. Theallochthonous material had a C/N ratio 5–6 × greaterand decayed slower than either of the macrophytes. The decay ratesmeasured for these species were greater in this eutrophicsystem than has been reported for the same species in moreoligotrophic systems. The rapid breakdown of the plant material and theeutrophic condition of the river suggest the microbialdecomposer community may have been limited, at least in part, by theavailability of detrital organic carbon, rather than dissolvednutrients only.
Infrared Spectroscopy in Analysis of Polymer Crystallinity

This article provides a comprehensive review of the application of infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the analysis of polymer crystallinity. A brief description of the theory behind the analysis of orientation in polymers using IR spectroscopy is followed by a comparison of various sampling methods for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These include transmission, attenuated total reflectance (ATR), external reflection, diffuse reflectance, photoacoustic and emission spectroscopic techniques. Various modes of measurement, such as polarized IR measurements, deuteration and rheo-optical measurements to obtain more information from IR spectra and make the interpretation of spectra easier, are also discussed. The use of IR spectroscopy in analyzing both semicrystalline polymers and liquid crystalline polymers is presented. In the case of semicrystalline polymers, applications involve measuring phase transformations, chain conformation/packing, degree of crystallinity, crystallization kinetics, isomer ratios and chain alignment during mechanical treatment. In the case of liquid crystalline polymers, IR spectroscopy has been used to analyze molecular orientation, segmental mobility, photo-induced reorientation and phase characterization/transformations. A comparison of IR measurements with other techniques used to analyze crystallinity in polymers such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and neutron scattering has been presented.
Micrognathia after radiation therapy for childhood facial tumors. Report of two cases with long-term follow-up.

Abstract As the survival duration and cure rate of children with malignant conditions improve, awareness of long-term side effects is crucial. Two case reports demonstrate long-term changes in dentition and orofacial development in children who had been treated for facial malignant conditions. Changes included mandibular and maxillary hypoplasia, partial anodontia, microdontia, altered eruption pattern, root stunting, and altered amelogenesis.
Modified NASA standard nickel-cadmium cell designs

The experimental design, parameters, and testing of a modified NASA standard nickel-cadmium cell are discussed. Modifications regarding positive plate loading levels and nickel attack levels, loading levels for the negative plates, interelectrode spacing, and the positive electrode impregnation process are addressed.
Historical Time Series Perspectives on Competitive Balance in NCAA Division I Basketball

In this article, we extend the literature on competitive balance to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s basketball. We track historical within-conference balance utilizing measures accounting for game-level uncertainty and consecutive season uncertainty. We find a host of structural changes in competitive balance across the sport that align closely with the GI Bill, racial integration, and the split of the NCAA into three divisions. We also find evidence of short-term improvements in balance following individual conference-level regulation specific to the Ivy League.
Sexual selection, phenotypic variation, and allometry in genitalic and non-genitalic traits in the sexually size-dimorphic stick insect Micrarchus hystriculeus

The mobility hypothesis could explain the evolution of female-biased size dimorphism if males with a smaller body size and longer legs have an advantage in scramble competition for mates. This hypothesis is tested by performing a selection analysis in the wild on Micrarchus hystriculeus (Westwood) (Phasmatodea), a sexually size dimorphic stick insect endemic to New Zealand. This analysis examined the form and strength of sexual selection on body size, leg lengths (front, mid and hind), and clasper size (a genitalic trait), and also quantified the degree of phenotypic variation and the allometric scaling pattern of these traits. By contrast to the mobility hypothesis, three lines of evidence were found to support significant stabilizing sexual selection on male hind leg length: a significant nonlinear selection gradient, negative static allometry, and a low degree of phenotypic variation. Hind leg length might be under stabilizing selection in males if having average-sized legs facilitates female mounting or improves a male’s ability to achieve the appropriate copulation position. As predicted, a negative allometric scaling pattern and low phenotypic variation of clasper size is suggestive of stabilizing selection and supports the ‘one-size-fits-all’ hypothesis. Opposite to males, the mid and hind leg lengths of females showed positive static allometry. Relatively longer mid and hind leg lengths in larger females might benefit individuals via the better support of their larger abdomens. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, , ••‐••.
Dynamic modeling of articulated vehicles for automated highway systems

This paper is concerned with dynamic modeling of articulated vehicles in automated highway systems (AHS). A modeling approach for roll, pitch and yaw motions of articulated vehicles is proposed and a complex model for a tractor-semitrailer vehicle is derived using this approach. A simplified linear model, which includes lateral and yaw motions, is obtained from this complex model based on the assumptions that the longitudinal velocity is constant and that the vehicle lateral and yaw motions are small. It is shown that the vehicle system damping is inversely proportional to the longitudinal speed, and the gyroscopic forces are proportional to the product of trailer mass and longitudinal speed.
An efficient method for collaborative compressive spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

In Cognitive Radio (CR), spectrum sensing is an important process for implementing the whole CR system. As each single CR node has a limited search range, collaborative compressive sensing can significantly improve the ability of detecting the spectrum usage for whole CR networks. In this model, each CR node takes the linearly measurements from the powers of all channels. Then the measurements are sent to a fusion center (FC), where the occupied channels can be detected through recovery algorithms by exploiting the joint sparsity property. Although a variety of recovery algorithms for collaborative spectrum sensing and joint sparse optimization methods have been proposed, designing some more efficient algorithms is still staying in demand. Thus, we proposed a new recovery method for collaborative spectrum sensing in this paper, which is named as Joint-SAMP (sparsity adaptive matching pursuit) algorithm. Compared with previous collaborative spectrum sensing methods and joint sparse optimization algorithms, our method presents superior performance. Besides, Joint-SAMP also has the feature of sparsity adaptive, which makes it more suitable for the application in spectrum sensing. Furthermore, we also give the theoretical analysis of the recovery behavior of the Joint-SAMP algorithm. Simulation results also confirm the effectiveness of our method.
Contribution of neurons born during embryonic and adult life to the brain of adult canaries: Regional specificity and delayed birth of neurons in the song‐control nuclei

Neurogenesis occurs in adult song birds, which suggests that neurons born after hatching may contribute to histogenesis and plasticity of the avian brain. However, little is known about the overall contribution to the mature brain of neurons born in juveniles and adults, and how this process affects different regions of the avian brain. In fact, studies of the histogenesis of the avian forebrain have made the classical assumption that neuronal birth ends before hatching. Here we determined the contribution of neurons born before and after hatching to different regions throughout the adult canary brain. Male canaries were injected with [3H]-thymidine at different times during embryonic, juvenile, and adult life. The position of labeled neurons was mapped in parasagittal brain sections. Because all birds were killed as adults, results indicate the time of birth of neurons that survived to adulthood in different structures of the avian brain. Injection at embryonic day (E) 5 or E9 resulted in labeled neurons in all regions of the neuroaxis. The vast majority of neurons outside of the telencephalon were born before E9. One exception was a discrete region in the dorsal thalamus, a part of the song-control circuit, where neurons continued to be born after E9. Most regions of the telencephalon had a high proportion of its neurons labeled by the embryonic injections. In particular, archistriatum, anterior neostriatum, and the hippocampus had most of their neurons labeled before hatching. This indicates that many of the telencephalic neurons born in the embryo are long lived and are not replaced by other neurons that continue to be added to the telencephalon after hatching. Neurons labeled by [3H]-thymidine injections after hatching were restricted to the telencephalon and contributed importantly to many regions. In particular, the avian striatum (lobus parolfactorius, LPO) received a large number of its neurons during the first 20 days of life, but continued to incorporate new neurons throughout juvenile and adult life. Neurons continued to be added to the telencephalon of adults (even in 4-year-old birds). The distribution of labeled neurons after [3H]-thymidine injections in adults was similar to that observed in latter stages of juvenile development. The contribution of neurons born at different ages from embryonic development to adulthood varied among different anatomical subdivisions of the canary brain. This could, in part, explain differences in the cytoarchitecture and plasticity between brain regions. Neurogenesis after hatching may allow the modification of selected brain circuits as the bird matures and ages. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rural Labor Movements in Egypt and Their Impact on the State, 1961–1992

Rural Labor Movements in Egypt and Their Impact on the State, 1961–1992. James Toth. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. ix. 265 pp., illustrations, diagrams, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
DNA octamer element can confer E1A trans-activation, and adenovirus infection results in a stimulation of the DNA-binding activity of OTF-1/NFIII factor.

Abstract Adenovirus E1A-dependent trans-activation of viral transcription involves the utilization and alteration of multiple sequence-specific transcription factors. Cellular genes are also activated by E1A, one example being the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus when assayed by transfection into fibroblast cells. We have explored the basis for the E1A-dependent activation of this cellular transcription unit. We demonstrate that the ATTTGCAT ("octamer") element found in the heavy-chain enhancer and promoter is a target for E1A trans-activation since this sequence can confer inducibility to the normally unresponsive simian virus 40 early promoter. In addition, adenovirus infection stimulates the DNA-binding activity of the ubiquitous octamer-specific factor, OTF-1, and we presume that this is the basis for the stimulation of transcription. Although there are no octamer elements in the adenovirus genome that are known to be important for transcription, there are octamer elements in the viral terminal repeat sequences. These elements bind the NFIII factor and are important for the initiation of DNA replication. Since the NFIII factor has been shown to be identical to OTF-1, we suggest that the stimulation of OTF-1/NFIII activity during an adenovirus infection may be important for efficient initiation of adenovirus DNA synthesis.
A case of apparent active transport. I

When an experimenter determines the “internal concentration” of a substance in a cell (or cell suspension) it is in general the average concentration (quantity of substance divided by cell volume or volume of cell water) which is measured. When this concentration is less than that in the ambient medium but there is either no flow into the cell or flow from the cell into the medium, then (under the usually tacit assumption of spatial uniformity in the cell) the possibility of active transport is considered. The possibility that lack of spatial uniformity could lead to apparent active transport was early proposed by A. Bierman and later examined quantitatively by N. Rashevsky for a special case. In this paper spherical cells are treated but under quite general conditions regarding the metabolic aspects of the problem. It is shown that apparent active transport can result for a metabolite which is a reactant in one set of reactions and a product in another provided the sites of these sets of reactions are spatially separated in the cell.
Performers of sovereignty: on the privatization of security in urban South Africa

The police force was the most hated and visible representation of South Africa's apartheid state. The massive crime wave after 1994 and the new anxieties in a democratic South Africa have made secu...
Expanding the boundaries of work—family research: A review and agenda for future research

Given the dominance of work—family research within the context of the United States and a disparate and fractured understanding of the dynamic interplay between work and family for those who live and work beyond the borders of the United States, we review and synthesize 219 empirical work—family studies that have targeted employees outside of the United States. Our review answers four questions about international work—family research. First, what constitutes the work—family interface and is there consensus about how to measure it? Second, what theories have researchers used to explain the work—family interface? Third, which antecedents and consequences of the work—family interface are common across countries and which are unique to particular countries? Fourth, what can we learn from this review that will inform future research in this area? Based on our review, a universal theoretical framework that integrates both work—family conflict and facilitation is provided. Future research directions are also di...
Illicit use of clonidine in opiate-abusing pregnant women

Objective To examine prevalence rates and psychosocial correlates of clonidine use in a sample of opiate-dependent pregnant women. Methods Clonidine use was assessed in 90 treatmentseeking, pregnant, opiate-abusing women using both selfreport and urinalysis toxicology. Clonidine-positive and -negative subjects were compared for selected demographic, substance use, and psychosocial measures. Results One-third of the sample was clonidine-positive. Urinalysis identified 26 clonidine-positive subjects, whereas self-report detected only six cases. Logistic regression identified four predictors of clonidine use at treatment admission: recent clinical anxiety, greater severity of family or social problems, recent cocaine use, and recent drug treatment. Conclusion Clonidine use is prevalent in treatmentseeking opiate abusers, particularly those with concurrent cocaine use. The abuse potential of the drug warrants further study in this high-risk population.
Hemodynamic Studies During Pregnancy

(1992). Hemodynamic Studies During Pregnancy. Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 75-77.
Piezoelectric ceramics for high reliability ring laser gyros

Abstract Piezoelectric ceramic micropositioning transducers and dithering motors have been used extensively in ring laser gyros (RLG) supplied to DOD and Commercial Avionics customers. The three applications for these elements are path length control (PLC) transducers, dither motor piezoelectric bender elements and dither motor sensors. This paper will review the operation of the RLG and the unique piezoelectric ceramics used, and some of the design considerations which are necessary to apply these ceramics to the RLG components.
Natural History of Posterior Vitreous Detachment with Early Management as the Premier Line of Defense against Retinal Detachment

Purpose: This study was designed to elucidate various aspects of the natural history of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), in particular the relation between symptomatology and prognosis as it relates to management of patients with the earliest symptoms of PVD. Methods: A prospective study of 350 consecutive patients with PVD was performed, excluding all patients referred from an ophthalmologist, those with symptoms of more than 3 months in duration, and those with a history of ocular trauma, except for cataract surgery. Aphakia was present in 21 eyes, and 50 patients were bilaterally involved. Results: Of 163 patients who had one to two floaters as their presenting symptom, with or without light flashes, a retinal tear developed in 12 (7.3%). Of 31 phakic eyes with secondary retinal tears on initial examination, 9 (29%) had one to two floaters and light flashes as the only symptoms. Of eight phakic eyes that initially, or eventually, had a retinal detachment, three (37%) had an interval of 21/2 to 3 weeks before visual field loss, during which they noticed only one to three visual floaters plus light flashes as their only symptoms. This early stage in which symptoms are detectable is crucial in terms of providing an opportunity for early treatment that might prevent retinal detachments. Conclusions: The prompt and conscientious vitreoretinal examination of each patient older than 45 years of age who experiences vitreous floaters, even though limited to one or two, should be undertaken without delay. This practice, combined with expeditious treatment of any secondary retinal tears, provides the most effective known means of preventing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and currently it appears to be neglected. A national public educational effort should be pursued to publicize the importance of these symptoms.
Frequent breakpoints in the region surrounding FRA3B in sporadic renal cell carcinomas

The constitutive fragile site at chromosomal band 3p14.2, FRA3B, is the most active common fragile site in the human genome. We have localized aphidicolininduced breakpoints to two distinct clusters, separated by 200 Kb, in FRA3B (Paradee et al., 1996). Sequence analysis of these regions identified two polymorphic microsatellite markers immediately adjacent to each of these breakpoint clusters. In this report we have used these two new microsatellites and 14 additional 3p microsatellites to analyse chromosome 3p breakage and loss in 94 sporadic RCC samples, including nonpapillary, papillary and oncocytomas. We have found heterozygous loss of 3p14 sequences in 460% of the RCC samples, including both clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinomas. We have found frequent breakage in the region immediately surrounding FRA3B, demonstrating that FRA3B does play a role in chromosome breakage and loss in RCC. In contrast to other reports, 450% of the papillary tumors also showed LOH of 3p markers. We also observed microsatellite instability (MIN) with most of the tested markers in seven of eight oncocytomas and one of 69 clear cell carcinomas. The MIN in some oncocytomas was of the RER+ (replication error) type I phenotype. None of the five 3p14.2 markers detected any homozygous deletions in tumor samples, but 69/94 (73%) of the tumors had LOH for the region, which includes the recently identified FHIT gene.
Discussion of “Report of the Committee on Evaporation and Transpiration, 1945–1946”

The report on the studies of evaporation from snow surface at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station indicates the need for intensive research on apparatus and procedures before reliable data can be obtained. Seasonal evaporation from the 500 square-foot pan is reported as varying in individual years from 1.33 to 2.75 inches of water. For the spring season, evaporation from the small weighing pans was smaller than from the large volumetric pans.
A Nonuniform Cell Partition for the Analysis of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems

This paper presents a study of nonuniform cell partition for analyzing the response of nonlinear stochastic systems by using the generalized cell mapping GCM ) method. The necessity of nonuniform cell partition for nonlinear systems is discussed first. An ad hoc scheme is then presented for determining optimal cell sizes based on the statistical analysis of the GCM method. The proposed nonuniform cell partition provides a roughly uniform accuracy for the estimate of the one-step transition probability density function over a large region in the state space where the system varies significantly from being linear to being strongly nonlinear. The nonuniform cell partition is shown to lead to more accurate steady-state solutions and enhance the computational efficiency of the GCM method.
Coherent structure in solar wind C6 +/C4 + ionic composition data during the quiet-sun conditions of 2008

This analysis offers evidence of characteristic scale sizes in solar wind charge state data measured in situ for 13 quiet-Sun Carrington rotations in 2008. Using a previously established novel methodology, we analyze the wavelet power spectrum of the charge state ratio C6 +/C4 + measured in situ by ACE/SWICS for 2?hr and 12?minute cadence. We construct a statistical significance level in the wavelet power spectrum to quantify the interference effects arising from filling missing data in the time series, allowing extraction of significant power from the measured data to a resolution of 24?minutes. We analyze each wavelet power spectrum for transient coherency and global periodicities resulting from the superposition of repeating coherent structures. From the significant wavelet power spectra, we find evidence for a general upper limit on individual transient coherency of ~10?days. We find evidence for a set of global periodicities between 4-5?hr and 35-45?days. We find evidence for the distribution of individual transient coherency scales consisting of two distinct populations. Below the ~2?day timescale, the distribution is reasonably approximated by an inverse power law, whereas for scales 2?days, the distribution levels off, showing discrete peaks at common coherency scales. In addition, by organizing the transient coherency scale distributions by wind type, we find that these larger, common coherency scales are more prevalent and well defined in coronal hole wind. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for current theories of solar wind generation and describe future work for determining the relationship between the coherent structures in our ionic composition data and the structure of the coronal magnetic field.
Poorly differentiated pediatric head and neck neuroblastoma: a diagnostic dilemma

Primary pediatric head and neck neuroblastoma is rare, with metastatic disease being the more common mode of involvement in this anatomic region. Poorly differentiated neuroblastoma initially presenting in head and neck locations presents a diagnostic dilemma, especially when evidence of primary disease in typical abdominal, retroperitoneal and thoracic sites is lacking. This tumor cannot easily be distinguished from the other common pediatric small round cell malignancies that may originate in or metastasize to the head and neck. Recent years have seen great strides in the immunohistochemical as well as cytogenetic characterization of certain pediatric small round cell lesions. A never before reported solitary, poorly differentiated neuroblastoma of the right parotid gland in a 20-month-old female is presented in order to familiarize the otolaryngologist with the modern diagnostic armamentarium available for the accurate characterization, and thus appropriate workup and treatment of this disease.