cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Deliberative Conditions An Analysis of Participant Freedom and Equality in Federal Open Market Committee Deliberation

Drawing from the literature on deliberative conditions, we analyze thirty years of verbatim transcripts of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The transcripts provide a rare opportunity for the systematic empirical analysis of deliberative conditions. The importance of the FOMC, and its recent policy failures, makes the case particularly interesting. Deliberative scholars argue that deliberation should occur in a setting where participants are free and equal. Using a unique set of deliberative measures, our model shows that FOMC members do enjoy deliberative freedom. In contrast, we find inequalities in rates of participation. Some deviation from equality may be reasonable. However, we demonstrate a sustained pattern of gender inequality in participation that could in turn influence the FOMC’s policy choices and which is difficult to justify on any grounds.
On Evaluation of Fracture Parameters in Statistical Fracture Mechanics

Statistical fracture mechanics includes models of both instantaneous and slow crack growth. The instantaneous crack growth models yield criteria of crack instability, the slow crack growth models result in probabilistic estimates of times to failure. A short reference to models both types is presented below. These models are not sufficiently ‘user friendly’ yet. In particular, an essential question of experimental evaluation of the fracture parameters introduced there appears to be buried in the formalism. In this paper, we list several non-conventional fracture parameters, their definitions, and some of the experimentally observable statistical distributions which contain them. Reference to “observable” (or ‘macroscopically observable’) distributions is necessary: the parameters reflect the microstructure of a material or the material’s resistance to crack growth on a microscale, consequently, the probability distributions in which they appear most immediately are not experimentally accessible. Various experimental setups are outlined together with statistical treatments of the data in order to evaluate these parameters. Some already performed experiments are mentioned.
A 3'-end structure in RNA2 of a crinivirus is essential for viral RNA synthesis and contributes to replication-associated translation activity

The terminal ends in the genome of RNA viruses contain features that regulate viral replication and/or translation. We have identified a Y-shaped structure (YSS) in the 3' terminal regions of the bipartite genome of Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV), a member in the genus Crinivirus (family Closteroviridae). The YSS is the first in this family of viruses to be determined using Selective 2'-Hydroxyl Acylation Analyzed by Primer Extension (SHAPE). Using luciferase constructs/replicons, in vivo and in vitro assays showed that the 5' and YSS-containing 3' terminal regions of LCV RNA1 supported translation activity. In contrast, similar regions from LCV RNA2, including those upstream of the YSS, did not. LCV RNA2 mutants with nucleotide deletions or replacements that affected the YSS were replication deficient. In addition, the YSS of LCV RNA1 and RNA2 were interchangeable without affecting viral RNA synthesis. Translation and significant replication were observed for specific LCV RNA2 replicons only in the presence of LCV RNA1, but both processes were impaired when the YSS and/or its upstream region were incomplete or altered. These results are evidence that the YSS is essential to the viral replication machinery, and contributes to replication enhancement and replication-associated translation activity in the RNA2 replicons.
(Un)Settling the Politics of Identity and Sexuality Among Indo-Trinidadian Same-Sex Loving Women

To gain insight into bisexual identities, agency, and politics, this chapter looks at the stories of eight bisexual women, four of whom identify as Indo-Trinidadian and the other four as mixed. The positionality of bisexual women can be used to clarify processes of identity formation, sexual subjectivity, and political participation, as bisexuals are still a largely invisible portion of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and engage in a conscious negotiation of their insider-outsider positions. This chapter reveals the ways in which Indo-Trinidadian bisexual women actively negotiate the sociocultural minefield of femininity and respectability, engage in protests and sexual rights movements, and use their online presence and personal lives to forward their political activism.
Iron foams created by directional freeze casting of iron oxide, reduction and sintering

Abstract Iron foams with aligned, lamellar channels were created by directionally freeze-casting slurries of water and Fe2O3 nanopowders, sublimating the ice, and reducing and sintering under hydrogen the powders accumulated in the interdendritic spaces. Foam porosity decreases from 85 to 50% with Fe2O3 slurry fractions increasing from 14 to 23 vol.%. For foams created from 18.5 vol.% Fe2O3 slurries, with increasing sintering temperature from 900 to 1100 °C, a decrease in porosity from 71 to 61% and an increase in unidirectional compression strength from 8 to 20 MPa are observed.
Abstract 410: 3-Dimensional Conformation of HDL ApoA-I Generated by ABCA1

This report describes the 3-dimensional conformation of nascent HDL apoA-I particles generated via ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Three main types of particles were consistently obtained from; overexpressing HEK293 cells, bone marrow derived mouse macrophages and HepG2 cells. Particles were separated by FPLC and sized using gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Total lipid compositions were obtained from HPLC and mass spectrometry and protein conformation by chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry (CCLMS). The first particle type corresponded to a lipid-rich nascent HDL (nHDL) between 13-10 nm in diameter, containing 3 molecules of apoA-I, with 45% of their total lipid as cholesterol, 35% as phosphatidylcholine and 20% as sphingomyelin with a total of ∼250 molecules of lipid per particle. The second type corresponded to 7-8 nm diameter particle containing 2 molecules of apoA-I and 26 total lipid molecules, while the third particle type was a monomer of apoA-I with 3 lipid molecules. Three-dimensional information was derived from the 13-10 nm nHDL particles by first crosslinking these purified particles and separating the monomeric, dimeric and trimeric apoA-I bands by SDS-PAGE. These CCL products were subjected to in-gel trypsin digest and LC-MS/MS. Reconstructed MS total-ion chromatograms were evaluated for CCL peptides with identity verified by MS/MS sequencing. Using several lysine-specific crosslinkers with arm lengths from 12A to 36A we compiled the distribution of CCLs. The same analysis was performed for the 7-8 nm nHDL that only yielded dimmer and monomer. Several intramolecular, interpeptide and intermolecular crosslinks were identified for each type category of nHDL. CCLs from the 7-8 nm nHDL suggested that the 2 apoA-I molecules assumed antiparallel counter-rotating helices. Tighter bending of the double belt was required to cover the 26 lipid molecules. Crosslinking of the 13-10 nm nHDL suggested that all three molecules were antiparallel to one another. The conformation that fit the CCLs was a belt with the middle apoA-I molecule antiparallel to the two outer apoA-I molecules. Overall, these data suggest that apoA-I adapts its conformation to encompass available lipid, but with larger amounts of lipid a belt conformation is preferred.
Hematolymphoid lesions of the breast.

Hematolymphoid malignancies of the breast are most commonly neoplasms of mature B-lymphocytes, and may arise as a primary disease or by secondary involvement of a systemic disease. Primary breast lymphomas (PBL) account for 0.04-0.5% of breast malignancies, less than 1% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), and less than 5% of extranodal lymphomas (Lakhani et al., 2012; Swerdlow et al., 2008; Joks et al., 2011; Barista et al., 2000; Giardini et al., 1992; Brogi and Harris, 1999; Topalovski et al., 1999).1-7 Secondary breast lymphomas (SBL) are also rare, with an estimated annual incidence of 0.07% (Domchek et al., 2002; Talwalkar et al., 2008).8,9 Recognition of breast lesions as hematolymphoid is critical to distinguish them from other entities that can occur in the breast.
Self-suspended polymer grafted nanoparticles

Addition of particulate fillers to polymers is a well-practiced method for augmenting properties of polymers. If at least one dimension of the filler is below 100 nm, large enhancements in properties are observed at particle concentrations well below the percolation threshold for micron sized fillers. For fundamental reasons, physical mixtures of nanoparticles and engineering polymers are rarely stable. This introduces as fundamental challenges in creating composites with reproducible structure and physical properties. Here we review recent progress in synthesis and in understanding of interactions, structure, and properties of a family of single-component nanocomposites created by densely grafting polymers of low and intermediate molecular weights to nanostructures. Under favorable conditions, these materials form self-suspended suspensions in which tethered polymers simultaneously provide steric barriers to aggregation and stretch to satisfy space-filling constraints, producing homogeneous materials. The review considers the role of interparticle forces in driving hyperuniform structure and in correlating dynamics of self-suspended materials.
Object-substitution masking weakens but does not eliminate shape interactions

At any moment, some objects in the environment are seen clearly, whereas others go unnoticed. Whether or not these gaps in awareness are actually problematic may depend on the extent that information about unseen objects is lost. Determining when and how visual awareness and visual processing become linked is thus of great importance. Previous research using object-substitution masking (OSM) demonstrated that relatively simple visual features, such as size or orientation, are still processed even when they are not visible. Yet this does not appear to be the case for more complex features like faces. This suggests that, during OSM, disruptions of visual processing and awareness may tend to co-occur beginning at some intermediate stage along the ventral pathway. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the extent to which OSM disrupted the perception and processing of two-dimensional objects. Specifically, we evaluated whether an unseen shape’s aspect ratio would influence the appearance of another shape that was briefly visible nearby. As expected, the aspect ratios of two shapes appeared to be more similar to each other when both were visible. This averaging effect was weakened, but not eliminated, when one ellipse in each pair received OSM. These shape interactions persisted even when one ellipse from each pair was invisible. When combined with previous work, these results suggest that during object-substitution masking, disruptions of visual processing tend to strengthen with increases in stimulus complexity, becoming more tightly bound to the mechanisms of visual awareness at intermediate stages of visual analysis.
Inhibition of fatty acid synthase induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cell growth

4462 Recently, FAS inhibition has been frequently reported to induce apoptosis in different cancer cells. Thus, FAS emerges as a potential target for the treatment of cancer. We have determined a bidirectional regulation between FAS and the oncogene HER2. However, the comprehensive role of FAS in cancer cells remains unknown. To assess the impact of FAS in breast cancer cells, we created a specific silencing RNA for FAS and introduced it into a retroviral vector to generate stable cell lines. Three cell lines were used to express the siRNA for FAS and the control vector. The cell lines used are SK-Br3 and BT474 (overexpressing FAS and HER2) and MCF-7 (expressing low levels of both). While expression of FAS was drastically diminished in SK-Br3/FAS-siRNA, BT474/FAS-siRNA and slightly decreased in the MCF-7/FAS-siRNA, the control vector siRNA had no effect on the level of FAS. Likewise, the level of HER2 was significantly reduced in both SK-Br3/FAS-siRNA and BT474/FAS-siRNA cells. No significant reduction in HER2 expression was observed in MCF-7/FAS-siRNA cells. Moreover, a significant decrease in HER2 transcriptional activity was also observed correlated with a decrease in HER2 expression, corroborating our previous observations. Constitutive inhibition of FAS expression promoted a significant inhibition in anchorage-dependent growth compared with the vector and wild type cells. FAS is an important contributor to the redox balance since it oxidizes fourteen moles of NADPH to synthesize one mole of product. To assess the mechanism by which FAS inhibition attenuates breast cancer cell growth, we tested the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A marked increase in ROS level was observed in SK-Br3/FAS-siRNA and BT474/FAS-siRNA cells as compared with their vector control cells measured by flow cytometry, indicating that while FAS expression is attenuated, the cells produce oxidative stress that induces ROS. To test this hypothesis we used NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine, a strong ROS scavenger) to decrease ROS level. Our results demonstrate that ROS indeed is a key modulator for cell growth inhibition by FAS attenuation since NAC rescues cell growth inhibition in FAS-siRNA expressing cells. More interestingly, while NAC does not bring back FAS level, it completely restores HER2 expression in SK-Br3/FAS-siRNA and BT474/FAS-siRNA cells. The results indicate that in this case, the slower growth of the engineered cell lines/FAS-siRNA is not directly due to inhibition of FAS expression; it strongly suggests that resulted increase in ROS production mediates expression of lower HER2 protein and is the key molecular basis for the growth inhibition via blockage of FAS expression. Therefore, our results suggest that FAS is a critical component to maintain the redox balance in breast cancer cells. FAS inhibition perturbs this balance and produces ROS to affect the growth of HER-2 overexpressing cells.
A Qualitative Investigation into Practitioners’ Perspectives of the Coping-Infused Dialogue through Patient-Preferred Live Music Protocol

The Coping-Infused Dialogue through Patient Preferred Live Music (CID-PPLM) protocol was designed to integrate receptive music therapy with a discussion of stressors and coping skills. However, to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of the protocol within the contemporary evidence-based practice framework, investigation with protocol practitioners is warranted. The purpose of this study was to understand practitioners’ perspectives of the CID-PPLM protocol. Specific research questions included practitioners’ perspectives of the following: (1) What are potential advantages of the CID-PPLM protocol and how might it function with adult medical patients? (2) What are potential disadvantages of the CID-PPLM protocol and how might it be improved? Five practitioners participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Themes were identified via thematic analysis. Member checking and trustworthiness were used. Participants had positive, as well as constructive, perceptions of the CID-PPLM. Emerging themes included: CID-PPLM provides choice, control, support, and autonomy; CID-PPLM allows for individualized patient responses within a distinct therapeutic interaction; and the CID-PPLM can be restrictive. Emerging themes and sub-themes can be used to modify the CID-PPLM and provide a framework for new protocols to offer clinicians additional flexibility to best serve adult medical patients. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Regulation of adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate metabolism in hybrid somatic cells

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a study analyzing regulation of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) metabolism in hybrid somatic cells. In the study, appropriate parental cell lines were fused in the presence of inactivated sendai virus, and hybrid clones were selected. Hybrid cell lines were usually studied approximately 25–40 generations after parental cell fusion. The hybrid nature of clones studied were verified by growth in appropriate selective medium, morphology, analysis of total chromosome number and of distinctive parental marker chromosomes, and in some cases, by analysis of strain specific isozymes by starch gel electrophoresis. Parent and hybrid cells were analyzed for their content of cyclic AMP after growth to confluency and incubation at 37°C with the chemical agent(s) under study for the indicated period of time. Seven different parental clones were utilized in six different types of mating. There were marked differences in the abilities of the parental clones studied to respond to catecholamines with elevated intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP. Three cell lines C6TG1A, BRL30E and 3T3-4(E) showed highly significant elevations of cyclic AMP concentration following brief exposures to norepinephrine or isoproterenol.
Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate on quisqualate-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in slices of kitten striate cortex.

Abstract Stimulation of phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis by excitatory amino acids (EAAs) was studied in coronal slices of kitten visual cortex. Coincubation with N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) markedly reduced the stimulation by quisqualate, however, this inhibition developed with a latency of > 10 min and occurred even when the NMDA exposure preceded, but did not overlap with,incubation in quisqualate. This time-course of NMDA inhibition of EAA-stimulated P1 turnover places new constraints on its possible mechanism of inhibition.
What Is Acalculous Cholecystitis? What Are Its Implications? How Is It Managed?

Acalculous cholecystitis (ACC) typically occurs in patients with underlying, severe comorbid medical or surgical conditions. It has increased morbidity and mortality compared to cholecystitis due to gallstones. ACC is difficult to diagnose but should be considered in elderly, hospitalized, or immune-compromised patients with fever and abdominal pain. Although cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment, many patients with ACC are poor surgical candidates because of their underlying comorbid conditions or clinical status. Thus treatment often initially involves percutaneous or endoscopic intervention and antibiotics.
Enhancement of Viable Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Lipoaspirate by Buffering Tumescent with Sodium Bicarbonate.

Background Fat grafting is a growing field within plastic surgery. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and stromal vascular fracture (SVF) may have a role in fat graft survival. Our group previously demonstrated a detrimental effect on ASC survival by the lidocaine used in tumescent solution. Sodium bicarbonate (SB) buffers the acidity of lidocaine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SB buffering is a practical method to reduce ASC and SVF apoptosis and necrosis seen with common lidocaine-containing tumescent solution. Methods Human patients undergoing bilateral liposuction for any indication were included in this study. An internally controlled, split-body design was utilized. Tumescent liposuction on one side of the body was conducted with tumescent containing lidocaine. On the opposite side, liposuction was conducted by adding SB to the tumescent. Tumescent solution and lipoaspirate pH were measured. Lipoaspirate from each side was processed for SVF isolation and ASC culture. The number of viable ASCs was counted and SVF apoptosis/necrosis was examined. Results The pH of the SB-buffered tumescent was significantly higher than that of the standard tumescent, an effect also seen in the lipoaspirate. Adipose-derived stem cell survival in the SB-buffered lipoaspirate was approximately 53% higher. However, there was no significant difference in SVF apoptosis and necrosis between the groups. Conclusions The acidic standard tumescent solution commonly used in liposuction diminishes ASC viability from lipoaspirates. Sodium bicarbonate buffering tumescent solution can enhance ASC viability, but does not affect SVF apoptosis and necrosis. We recommend buffering tumescent with SB to potentially improve fat graft take. Our findings advocate for further research investigating mechanisms and optimal harvest techniques that maximize SVF/ASC survival and the clinical effect on overall fat graft viability.
Country of Origin and Brand Image on Purchase Decision of South Korean Cosmetic Etude House

This research aims at knowing the influence of country of origin (COO) and brand image on purchase decision of Etude House, a South Korean cosmetic brand. A sample of 100 consumers of Etude House was the respondents that were selected using snowball method. The questionnaire were distributed to women consumers who live in Semarang and have been using the products in the last three months. Multiple regression analysis was to see if the influence of COO and brand image on purchase decision is significant. The results show that COO and brand image had positive and significant influence on the purchase decision of Etude House products
Do documented records and retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment similarly predict chronic inflammation

Background Childhood adversities have been associated with chronic inflammation and risk for cardiovascular disease. With some exceptions, existing knowledge of this relationship is based on retrospective self-reports, potentially subject to recall bias or memory problems. We seek to determine whether childhood maltreatment is associated with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) later in life and whether individuals with official and retrospective self-reports of maltreatment and men and women show similar increases in risk. Methods Data are from in-person interviews in 2009–2010 with 443 offspring (mean age = 23.4) of parents in a longitudinal study of the consequences of childhood maltreatment. Official reports of maltreatment were abstracted from 2011–2013 Child Protective Services records. Eleven measures were used to assess self-reported maltreatment retrospectively. Seventeen percent of offspring had official reports, whereas self-reported prevalence rates ranged from 5.4% to 64.8%. CRP was assessed through blood spot samples. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of maltreatment on inflammation, adjusting for age, sex, race, parent occupational status, current depression, smoking, and heavy drinking. Results Individuals with official reports of child maltreatment and, specifically, physical abuse, had significantly higher levels of CRP than non-maltreated individuals. Maltreated females showed elevated CRP, independent of control variables, whereas no significant association was observed in males. Retrospective self-report measures of child maltreatment did not predict elevated CRP. Conclusions Individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment are at increased risk for chronic inflammation and may benefit from targeted interventions. The results strengthen inferences about the effects of childhood maltreatment on inflammation in females.
History of DNA Helicases

Since the discovery of the DNA double helix, there has been a fascination in understanding the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that account for: (i) the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and (ii) the remarkable stability of the genome. Nucleic acid biologists have endeavored to unravel the mysteries of DNA not only to understand the processes of DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription but to also characterize the underlying basis of genetic diseases characterized by chromosomal instability. Perhaps unexpectedly at first, DNA helicases have arisen as a key class of enzymes to study in this latter capacity. From the first discovery of ATP-dependent DNA unwinding enzymes in the mid 1970's to the burgeoning of helicase-dependent pathways found to be prevalent in all kingdoms of life, the story of scientific discovery in helicase research is rich and informative. Over four decades after their discovery, we take this opportunity to provide a history of DNA helicases. No doubt, many chapters are left to be written. Nonetheless, at this juncture we are privileged to share our perspective on the DNA helicase field - where it has been, its current state, and where it is headed.
Cancer Therapy–Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure: Part 1: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Imaging

Advances in cancer therapy have resulted in significant improvement in long-term survival for many types of cancer but have also resulted in untoward side effects associated with treatment. One such complication that has become increasingly recognized is the development of cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Whether a previously healthy person from a cardiovascular perspective develops cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction or a high-risk cardiovascular patient requires cancer therapy, the team of oncologists and cardiologists must be better equipped with an evidence-based approach to care for these patients across the spectrum. Although the toxicities associated with various cancer therapies are well recognized, limitations to our understanding of the appropriate course of action remain. In this first of a 2-part review, we discuss the epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, risk factors, and imaging aspects of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. In a subsequent second part, we discuss the prevention and treatment aspects, concluding with a section on evidence gap and future directions. We focus on adult patients in all stages of cancer therapy from pretreatment surveillance, to ongoing therapy, and long-term follow-up.
Autonomous Weapons: How Existing Law Can Regulate Future Weapons

This Article examines the rise of autonomous weapons systems (AWS), their transformative effect on warfare, and the novel and difficult challenges that autonomy will pose to current interpretations and applications of international humanitarian law (IHL), the legal framework applicable in armed conflict. Autonomous weapons will profoundly affect humans’ role in warfare. AWS will be able to make certain decisions that have traditionally been made exclusively by humans. They will also affect how humans exercise judgment over uses of force as commanders are further removed (temporally and geographically) from the point of kinetic action. At the same time, human judgment cannot be excised from warfare and must remain the focus of IHL. This Article analyzes that tension and the critical need to reconcile IHL’s focus on human decision-making with autonomous technology. This Article provides the first comprehensive analysis of how fundamental principles of IHL can and should be applied in light of rapidly changing advances in warfare and their correlated humanitarian risks. In particular, it critically assesses how IHL rules regarding weapons development, targeting, and accountability can be applied (and the interpretive challenges we confront in doing so) with respect to the use of AWS in armed conflict.
Leader Machiavellianism as an Antecedent to Ethical Leadership: The Impact on Follower Psychological Empowerment and Work Outcomes

Though considerable research has been conducted on ethical leadership, we still know very little about the antecedents to ethical leadership perceptions. Drawing primarily from social learning theo...
Algorithms and Autonomy: The Ethics of Automated Decision Systems

Algorithms influence every facet of modern life: criminal justice, education, housing, entertainment, elections, social media, news feeds, work… the list goes on. Delegating important decisions to machines, however, gives rise to deep moral concerns about responsibility, transparency, freedom, fairness, and democracy. Algorithms and Autonomy connects these concerns to the core human value of autonomy in the contexts of algorithmic teacher evaluation, risk assessment in criminal sentencing, predictive policing, background checks, news feeds, ride-sharing platforms, social media, and election interference. Using these case studies, the authors provide a better understanding of machine fairness and algorithmic transparency. They explain why interventions in algorithmic systems are necessary to ensure that algorithms are not used to control citizens' participation in politics and undercut democracy. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Age differences in the impact of a Positive Deviance/Hearth programme on the nutritional status of children in rural Bangladesh

Objective: To examine the difference in the rehabilitation rate from underweight by child age at enrolment in the Positive Deviance (PD)/Hearth programme. Design: This secondary data analysis used programme monitoring records of underweight children aged 6–60 months attending a 2-week PD/Hearth session and followed up for 6 months from September 2018 to March 2019. Data were analysed using multilevel mixed-effect regression and Poisson regression with robust variance. Setting: Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. Participants: A total of 5227 underweight (weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) <-2) children attended the PD/Hearth sessions. Results: From enrolment to 6 months follow-up, the mean WAZ improved from −2·80 to −2·09, and the percentage of underweight children decreased to 54·5 %. Compared to the enrolment age of 6–11 months, the estimated monthly change in WAZ at 6 months of follow-up were 0·05 lower for 12–23 months, 0·06 lower for 24–35 months, and 0·09 lower for 36–60 months of the enrolment age (all P < 0·001). The probability of rehabilitation at 6 months of follow-up were lower by 16·7 % for 12–23 months (RR = 0·83; 95 % CI 0·77, 0·91), 15·5 % for 24–35 months (RR = 0·84; 95 % CI 0·78, 0·92), and 34·9 % for 36–60 months of the enrolment age (RR = 0·65; 95 % CI 0·59, 0·72), compared to the enrolment age of 6–11 months. Conclusions: Enrolment in the PD/Hearth programme at a younger age had the advantage of greater rehabilitation from underweight than older age. Our findings provide a better understanding of the successes and failures of the PD/Hearth programme to achieve more sustainable and cost-effective impacts.
Acute Fractures in Sport: Cervical Spine

Although rare, cervical spine fractures in athletes can have devastating consequences. Fractures of the cervical spine are separated into upper cervical spine fractures and subaxial cervical spine fractures. This chapter will discuss the epidemiology, classification, treatment, complications, rehabilitation, and preventative measures of upper cervical spine fractures, subaxial cervical spine fractures, and spinal cord injury.
LiDAR-sensed tree canopy correction in uneven terrain conditions using a sensor fusion approach for precision sprayers

Abstract Precision spraying is one of the most promising techniques to produce healthy and sustainably profitable crops. However, accurate canopy density measurements for precision spraying decisions are still a challenging endeavor, especially in orchards with uneven terrain conditions. A sensor fusion-based canopy point correction system was developed with a 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor and an inertial navigation system-global navigation satellite system (INS-GNSS) for accurate tree canopy density measurement. The LiDAR sensor was used to acquire the tree canopy architectures, while the INS-GNSS sensor was to evaluate the terrain slopes and the tree georeferenced locations. A mathematical model was developed to perform the simulation for correction of canopy points based on given changes in the roll, pitch, and yaw angles. A sensor fusion algorithm was developed to process the canopy point corrections for the tree fruit orchards with three different sloping conditions, including longitudinal, lateral, and combination of both slopes. Simulation results reported that the developed model established the correction of tree canopy points with varying roll, pitch, and yaw angles. Field evaluation results suggested that the developed system could be used for correcting canopy points at any sloping conditions in various terrains. The measured tree canopy density from the corrected canopy points reported a possible of off-target chemical reduction up to 13.87%, 5.19%, and 15.45% in orchard sites 1, 2 and 3, respectively. With the accurate tree canopy density measurement, it is anticipated that the developed system could be used to reduce the off-target deposition for precision spraying applications in uneven tree fruit orchards.
Prebiopsy MRI and MRI-ultrasound Fusion-targeted Prostate Biopsy in Men With Previous Negative Biopsies: Impact on Repeat Biopsy Strategies.

Objective To report outcomes of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound fusion–targeted biopsy (MRF-TB) and 12-core systematic biopsy (SB) over a 26-month period in men with prior negative prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods Between June 2012 and August 2014, 210 men presenting to our institution for prostate biopsy with ≥1 prior negative biopsy underwent multiparametric MRI followed by MRF-TB and SB and were entered into a prospective database. Clinical characteristics, maximum mpMRI suspicion scores (mSS), and biopsy results were queried from the database, and the detection rates of Gleason ≥7 prostate cancer (PCa) and overall PCa were compared between biopsy techniques using McNemar's test. Results Forty seven (29%) of 161 men meeting inclusion criteria (mean age, 65 ± 8 years; mean prostate-specific antigen, 8.9 ± 8.9) were found to have PCa. MRF-TB and SB had overall cancer detection rates (CDRs) of 21.7% and 18.6% (P = .36), respectively, and CDR for Gleason score (GS) ≥7 disease of 14.9% and 9.3% (P = .02), respectively. Of 26 men with GS ≥7 disease, MRF-TB detected 24 (92.3%) whereas SB detected 15 (57.7%; P < .01). Using UCSF-CAPRA criteria, only 1 man was restratified from low risk to higher risk based on SB results compared to MRF-TB alone. Among men with mSS <4, 72% of detected cancers were low risk by UCSF-CAPRA criteria. Conclusion In men with previous negative biopsies and persistent suspicion of PCa, SB contributes little to the detection of GS ≥7 disease by MRF-TB, and avoidance of SB bears consideration. Based on the low likelihood of detecting GS ≥7 cancer and overall low-risk features of PCa in men with mSS <4, limiting biopsy to men with mSS ≥4 warrants further investigation.
Carnitine palmityltransferase. Location of two enzymatic activities in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Carnitine palmityltransferase in rat liver was investigated by three different assay methods. Intracellular distribution studies showed that carnitine palmityltransferase was an exclusively mitochondrial enzyme. Digitonin fractionation of rat liver mitochondria demonstrated that carnitine palmityltransferase had a dual localization within the mitochondria. The enzymatic activity catalyzing the formation of palmityl-l-carnitine from palmityl-CoA and l-carnitine, designated carnitine palmityltransferase A, was loosely bound to the external surface of the inner membrane. Digitonin treatment released this enzymatic activity from mitochondria resulting in a preparation which had a severely limited ability for carnitine-dependent palmityl-CoA oxidation, but retained the ability to oxidize palmityl-l-carnitine. The other mitochondrial enzymatic activity, carnitine palmityltransferase B, catalyzed the formation of intramitochondrial palmityl-CoA from exogenous palmityl-l-carnitine and endogenous CoA. It was firmly bound to the inner membranes and not released by digitonin. An unusual biphasic CoA-saturation curve was observed for mitochondrial carnitine palmityltransferase. The possibility was explored that the biphasic CoA-saturation curve reflected different CoA affinities for the two carnitine palmityltransferases in mitochondria. CoA-saturation curves were done on fractions isolated following digitonin treatment of mitochondria which were enriched with either carnitine palmityltransferase A or B activity. In these crude fractions half-maximal activity occurred at CoA concentrations which differed by only about 0.5 mm CoA. Therefore, following fractionation, instead of a magnification of differences in CoA affinity, suggested by the biphasic curve, the observed values revealed no significant differences. The designations, carnitine palmityltransferase A and B, represent enzymatic activities in two different intramitochondrial compartments with different functional roles. Further evidence is needed to determine if these are isoenzymes. A scheme is proposed for the role of the two carnitine palmityltransferase activities in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids.
Design of l 1 Optimal Controllers

The l 1 norm of a discrete-time system determines its peak gain, whereas its H ? norm determines its RMS gain. In many cases it may be desirable to make a certain map small in the peak gain sense; this is l 1 optimal controller design. This overview talk covers the basic results in this area.
Teacher practices that support students' construction of scientific explanations in middle school classrooms

Scientific explanation is an important inquiry practice emphasized in national standards, yet research has neglected the role of the teacher in supporting students' explanation construction. The present study considers whether two teacher practices, modeling explanation and making a framework for explanation explicit to students, predict students' improvement in explanation during a middle-school chemistry unit. Six teachers enacted the unit with a total of 21 classes in urban public schools. We coded the teachers' practices during a focal lesson in which they introduced their students to scientific explanation. Regression analyses showed that teachers' scores for the two practices made unique contributions to the prediction of students' posttest scores for one component of the explanation framework, reasoning (i.e. justification for why evidence supports a claim). Furthermore, charting students' explanations across the unit showed that both teacher practices had an immediate impact on students' reasoning in the focal lesson, relative to the pretest, an effect that carried through the unit. We identify avenues for future research that build on our initial effort at mapping teacher practices to student learning outcomes for explanation.
Antidepressant efficacy of sertraline: a double-blind, placebo- and amitriptyline-controlled, multicenter comparison study in outpatients with major depression.

A double-blind, placebo- and amitriptyline-controlled comparison study was performed to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy of sertraline, a specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. Patients with DSM-III-defined major depression randomly received either sertraline (N = 149), amitriptyline (N = 149), or placebo (N = 150) once daily for the 8-week study period. The mean final daily medication dose for the all-patients group was 145 mg and 104 mg for the sertraline- and amitriptyline-treatment groups, respectively. As measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale, both the sertraline and amitriptyline treatment groups showed a significantly greater improvement from baseline (p less than or equal to .001) than the placebo group. The sertraline group had a higher proportion of gastrointestinal complaints and male sexual dysfunction than either the amitriptyline or the placebo group. The amitriptyline group showed a higher proportion of anticholinergic and sedative side effects and dizziness compared with patients who received either sertraline or placebo.
Religion and mental health from the muslim perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the religion and mental health from the Muslim perspective. Islam is the most rapidly growing religion in the United States, and if this trend continues, Islam will become the second largest religion in the country. Islam, in addition to being a religion, is also a sociopolitical system which offers a comprehensive methodology of solving mankind's spiritual, intellectual, and day to day problems. Allah is the absolute transcendent creator and the master of all things. The Islamic strategy for the promotion of mental health and well-being is based on the recognition of the inherent human defects and calls for systematic and constructive enactment to overcome the problems. Most often, Muslims patient tries religious approaches to achieve mental health concurrently with the modern methods. This should not be resisted or discouraged. If a faith healer is involved, work with that faith healer. Muslims believe in the existence of the supernatural beings called the Jins who are made of fire and have powers of metamorphoses into different shape and form. And this chapter summarizes that Islamic traditions contain a very elaborate system of health care which promotes mental health and prevents mental illness.
Law's Allure and an Interbranch Perspective on Law and Politics

This essay views Gordon Silverstein's book Law's Allure: How Law Shapes, Constrains, Saves, and Kills Politics (2009) from the perspective of the burgeoning interbranch literature on law and courts, which seeks to place judicial decision making within the context of ongoing political and policy-making processes. It argues that Law's Allure reflects the strengths and weaknesses of this literature. On the plus side, it compellingly reinterprets the concept of legal precedent in political terms, showing how the content of judicial decisions serves as an iterative framing mechanism within and across various policy areas. On the downside, it struggles to provide a rigorous framework for analyzing the risks of the juridification of American politics. Despite any weaknesses, its attempt to map different pathways of legalistic court-based policy development in diverse settings represents a useful step for those interested in bringing the study of law and courts back into the core of analyzing American politics and policy making.
Open-Minded Cognition

The present research conceptualizes open-minded cognition as a cognitive style that influences how individuals select and process information. An open-minded cognitive style is marked by willingness to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, opinions, or beliefs-even those that contradict the individual's opinion. An individual's level of cognitive openness is expected to vary across domains (such as politics and religion). Four studies develop and validate a novel measure of open-minded cognition, as well as two domain-specific measures of religious and political open-minded cognition. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (controlling for acquiescence bias) are used to develop the scales in Studies 1 to 3. Study 4 demonstrates that these scales possess convergent and discriminant validity. Study 5 demonstrates the scale's unique predictive validity using the outcome of Empathic Concern (Davis, 1980). Study 6 demonstrates the scale's unique predictive validity using the outcomes of warmth toward racial, religious, and sexual minorities.
Optimal Regulation in a Two-Sided Model of Banking

I present a model of banking in which nancial intermediation transmits the nancial friction to the real economy. In the model the bank simultaneously raises capital from the households and lends to a rm. The bank can monitor the cash ows after the investment has been made but the households cannot. I show that it is optimal for the bank to nance itself by demand deposits. Bank runs have a strategic value as a disciplining device to induce the bank to truthfully report the cash ows to the households. However, bank runs change the incentives of the bank ex ante. The bank reduces its lending when it cannot capture the entirety of surplus from its lending decision. The nancial friction, therefore, spills over to the real economy, leading to underinvestment. This main result implies that aiming at nancial stability is necessary to improve welfare on the real side. I provide a welfare analysis of banking regulations such as capital, liquidity and reserve requirements and government bailouts, and evaluate their eectiveness in mitigating real ineciency.
Telemanagement for inflammatory bowel disease

TELEmedicine for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease is supported by an R01 award from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (1R01HS18975-01A1).
Functional Analysis of Hairpin Ribozyme Active Site Architecture

The hairpin ribozyme is a small catalytic motif found in plant satellite RNAs where it catalyzes a reversible self-cleavage reaction during processing of replication intermediates. Crystallographic studies of hairpin ribozymes have provided high resolution views of the RNA functional groups that comprise the active site and stimulated biochemical studies that probed the contributions of nucleobase functional groups to catalytic chemistry. The dramatic loss of activity that results from perturbation of active site architecture points to the importance of positioning and orientation in catalytic rate acceleration. The current study focuses on the network of noncovalent interactions that align nucleophilic and leaving group oxygens in the orientation required for the S(N)2-type reaction mechanism and orient the active site nucleobases near the reactive phosphate to facilitate catalytic chemistry. Nucleotide modifications that alter or eliminate individual hydrogen bonding partners had different effects on the activation barrier to catalysis, the stability of ribozyme complexes in the ground state, and the internal equilibrium between cleavage and ligation of bound products. Furthermore, substitution of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with seemingly equivalent pairs sometimes had very different functional consequences. These biochemical analyses augment high resolution structural information to provide insights into the functional significance of active site architecture.
Array processing—a new method to detect and correct errors on array resistivity logging tool measurements

In recent years more and more multi-array logging tools, such as the array induction and the array lateralog, are applied in place of conventional logging tools resulting in increased resolution, better radial and vertical sounding capability and other features. Multi-array logging tools acquire several times more individual measurements than conventional logging tools. In addition to new information contained in these data, there is a certain redundancy among the measurements. The sum of the measurements actually composes a large matrix. Providing the measurements are error-free, the elements of this matrix show certain consistencies. Taking advantage of these consistencies, an innovative method is developed to detect and correct errors in the array resistivity logging tool raw measurements, and evaluate the quality of the data. The method can be described in several steps. First, data consistency patterns are identified based on the physics of the measurements. Second, the measurements are compared against the consistency patterns for error and bad data detection. Third, the erroneous data are eliminated and the measurements are re-constructed according to the consistency patterns. Finally, the data quality is evaluated by comparing the raw measurements with the re-constructed measurements. The method can be applied to all array type logging tools, such as array induction tool and array resistivity tool. This paper describes the method and illustrates its application with the High Definition Lateral Log (HDLL, Baker Atlas) instrument. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, several field examples are shown and discussed.
Soft drink consumption and obesity: it is all about fructose.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of the review is to suggest that fructose, a component of both sucrose (common sugar) and high fructose corn syrup, should be of concern to both healthcare providers and the public.Recent findingsConsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has increased steadily over the pa