cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silanization of superficially porous silica particles with p-aminophenyltrimethoxysilane

Abstract The surface functionalization of silica particles for chromatographic applications is typically achieved by means of silanization reactions. A silane molecule (e.g., chlorosilanes or alkoxysilanes) with a functional group of interest is attached to the silica surface through a siloxane bond. Even though the surface modification via silanization is widely used, how the reaction parameters affect the degree of surface coverage is rarely discussed, particularly when using the less reactive alkoxysilanes reagents. We studied reaction conditions to graft p-aminophenyltrimethoxysilane (p-APTMS) on superficially porous particles. Theoretical calculations predicted that 3 grafts of p-APTMS per nm2 (~5 μmol/m2) can be accommodated on the silica surface. This value is not achieved unless the reaction conditions are optimized. To maximize the surface coverage of the aminophenyl layer at the silica surface, we investigated the influence of temperature, reaction time, and addition of water to the silanization reaction on the surface coverage. After optimization, it was found that using elevated temperatures (130 °C), adding 3.3 equivalents of water per p-APTMS molecule, and reacting for 24 h in decane as the solvent provided a surface coverage as high as 4.5 μmol/m2 (2.7 grafts/nm2), approaching the limit suggested via theoretical density functional theory calculations.
The City as “Dissonant” Fetish: Urban (Re)production, Gentrification, and the Conceptual Limits of Commodity Fetishism

This article exposes important conceptual limits to urban commodification in theorizing urban (re)production. We interrogate the concept of commodity fetishism—the process through which commodities...
Teaching Critically Where Rural and Nonrural Cultures Intersect

With the adoption of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) by much of the United States, local school districts are encouraged to develop CCSS-aligned curricula that are culturally relevant for an...
Functional nanocomposites for 3D printing of stretchable and wearable sensors

This paper presents highly flexible strain sensors fabricated by extrusion-based 3D printing of electrically conductive nanocomposites consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The effects of printing parameters and nanocomposite formulation on the piezoresistive behavior of the 3D-printed sensors are investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that the 3D printing-induced alignment of MWNTs results in the enhancement of piezoresistive sensing function of the nanocomposites. Detailed analyses are performed using the optimized sensors to characterize their sensing performance, including load rate dependency, repeatability under long-term cyclic loads, and relaxation behavior. The 3D-printed strain sensors demonstrate high flexibility, stretching to 146% strain before fracture, and exhibit a linear piezoresistive response up to 70% strain with a gauge factor of 12.15. The distribution of nanotubes in the polymer and the piezoresistive mechanism of the material are explored by in situ micro-mechanical testing under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The developed sensors are attached on gloves to monitor the motion of a human hand, demonstrating their application wearable electronics.
iMETX (Individualized Metabolic RX): An environmental intervention to increase energy expenditure in breast cancer survivors.

e23060Background: Despite survival and quality of life benefits associated with physical activity (PA), many breast cancer survivors remain inactive. Effective, sustainable PA interventions must ac...
Looking Forward to Cuts: A Simulation Decision Tool for Cutback Management

This study addresses managerial strategies to adapt public spending in anticipation of fiscal stress. It simulates a cutback to a federal agency, providing a decision tool that applies normative recommendations from the cutback management literature. Using agency data, we develop a menu of options that illustrate how organizational goals will be affected by different distributions of budget reductions. We show five alternatives that consider the political, legal, and fiscal implications of the agency’s responses to anticipated budgetary pressure. This simulation demonstrates that public agencies can apply existing data to generate rational and viable strategic plans for weathering fiscal stress.
Effects of hypoxia on the behavior and physiology of kelp forest fishes

Forecasts from climate models and oceanographic observations indicate increasing deoxygenation in the global oceans and an elevated frequency and intensity of hypoxic events in the coastal zone, which have the potential to affect marine biodiversity and fisheries. Exposure to low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions may have deleterious effects on early life stages in fishes. This study aims to identify thresholds to hypoxia while testing behavioral and physiological responses of two congeneric species of kelp forest fish to four DO levels, ranging from normoxic to hypoxic (8.7, 6.0, 4.1, and 2.2 mg O2 /L). Behavioral tests identified changes in exploratory behavior and turning bias (lateralization), whereas physiological tests focused on determining changes in hypoxia tolerance (pCrit), ventilation rates, and metabolic rates, with impacts on the resulting capacity for aerobic activity. Our findings indicated that copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) and blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) express sensitivity to hypoxia; however, the strength of the response differed between species. Copper rockfish exhibited reduced absolute lateralization and increased escape time at the lowest DO levels, whereas behavioral metrics for blue rockfish did not vary with oxygen level. Both species exhibited decreases in aerobic scope (as a function of reduced maximum metabolic rate) and increases in ventilation rates to compensate for decreasing oxygen levels. Blue rockfish had a lower pCrit and stronger acclimation response compared to copper rockfish. The differences expressed by each species suggest that acclimatization to changing ocean conditions may vary, even among related species that recruit to the same kelp forest habitat, leading to winners and losers under future ocean conditions. Exposure to hypoxia can decrease individual physiological fitness through metabolic and aerobic depression and changes to anti-predator behavior, with implications for the outcome of ecological interactions and the management of fish stocks in the face of climate change.
Using Malleable Task Scheduling to Accelerate Package Manager Installations.

Package managers, containers, automated testing, and Continuous Integration (CI), are becoming an essential part of HPC development workflows. These automated tools often require software recompilation. However, large stacks such as those deployed on HPC clusters can have combinatorial dependencies, and may take a system several days to compile. Despite the use of simple parallelization (such as ‘make -j’), build execution time often do not scale with system resources. For such cases, it is possible to improve overall installation time by compiling parts of software stack independently, each scheduled on a subset of available cores. We apply malleable-task scheduling algorithms to better exploit available parallelism in build system workflows and improve stack build time overall. Using a prototype implementation in the Spack package manager, malleable-task scheduling can improve build times by more than 2x.
Resolving tensions in phenomenological research interviewing

Aim A discussion of five prevalent tensions in phenomenological interviewing and ways to diminish them. A rigorous interviewer training program for novices is presented, grounded in the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, and delivered in the context of a transdisciplinary phenomenology research group that provides constructive critique and mentoring. Design Discussion Paper. Data sources Personal experience as a trainer of novice researchers for over 25 years, and classic and contemporary literature on phenomenological research methodology and interview technique. Implications for nursing Phenomenological methodology is one of the most widely used research approaches across the globe in nursing and other human science disciplines. Current nursing literature contains reports in which a phenomenological approach is espoused, but the procedures are not consistent with the tenets of phenomenological philosophy. In particular, problems related to interview technique are evident. Interview training is essential for development of skill in eliciting comprehensive descriptions of the phenomena of concern to nurses, such as chronic pain and spiritual distress. Enhancing nurses' understanding of these phenomena ultimately impacts the provision of sensitive and compassionate care. Conclusion Tensions in phenomenological interviewing can be diminished by trainee grounding in phenomenological philosophy, bracketing and pilot interviews, constructive peer critique, and guidance of research mentors. Impact Problems in interview technique indicate the need to provide novice interviewers with rigorous training. A richly evocative interview is critical for powerful, credible, phenomenological research. This paper makes a unique contribution by identifying five tensions confronting the phenomenological interviewer, and ways to diminish them. Principles of the interviewer training program can be replicated in other locales by supervisors of student research in nursing and other human sciences.
Ibrutinib as a Potential Therapeutic for Cocaine Use Disorder

ABSTRACT Cocaine use presents a worldwide public health problem with high socioeconomic cost. Current treatments for cocaine use disorder (CUD) are suboptimal and rely primarily on behavioral interventions. To explore pharmaceutical treatments for CUD, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression data from publically availble human brain tissues (midbrain, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex neurons) from 71 individuals (mean age = 39.9, 100% male, 36 with CUD and 35 matched controls). We leveraged the L1000 database to investigate molecular associations between neuronal mRNA profiles from 825 repurposable compounds (e.g., FDA approved) with human CUD gene expression in the brain. We identified 16 compounds that were negatively associated with CUD gene expression patterns across all brain regions (padj 0.05). We tested the effectiveness of these compounds using independent transcriptome-wide in vitro (neuronal cocaine exposure; n=18) and in vivo (mouse cocaine self-administration; prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and midbrain; n = 12-15) datasets. Among these medications, Ibrutinib demonstrated negative associations with both neuronal cocaine exposure and mouse cocaine self-administration. To obtain experimental confirmation of therapeutic effects of Ibrutinib on CUD, we used the Drosophila melanogaster model, which enables highthroughput quantification of behavioral responses in defined genetic backgrounds and controlled environmental conditions. Ibrutinib altered cocaine-induced changes in startle response and reduced the occurrence of cocaine-induced seizures (n = 61-142 per group; sex: 51%female). Our results identify Ibrutinib, an FDA approved medication, as a potential therapeutic for cocaine neurotoxicity.
A Body of Knowledge and Pedagogy for Global Engineering

Global engineers must be taught to consider the historical and present causes of persistent poverty and systematic barriers to prosperity. Such training will better inform the choices engineers make and help move the engineering sector away from a product and community-level focus towards working to address the root causes of poverty. A framing for Global Engineering has recently been proposed by the Mortenson Center in Global Engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder, building on over 15 years of curricular efforts. Global Engineering, as taught by the Mortenson Center, positions the field as a complement to Global Health and Development Economics while further embracing a historically contextualized and anti-colonial training.
Single-Site Laparoscopic Percutaneous Extraperitoneal Closure (SLPEC) of the Internal Ring Using a Homemade Sled Needle

Multiple laparoscopic pediatric herniorrhaphy techniques have been reported for the treatment of pediatric inguinal hernia (PIH) in the past three decades. These operations are becoming more manageable, showing a trend toward increasing use of extracorporeal knotting and decreasing use of working ports. We have developed our own technique termed single-site laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (SLPEC) of the internal ring using a homemade sled needle. This study included children who underwent laparoscopic surgery for treatment of indirect PIHs from January 2019 to May 2020. All patients underwent high ligation surgery with a modified single-site laparoscopic technique mainly performed by extracorporeal suturing with our homemade sled needle. The patients’ historical clinical data were analyzed. In total, 220 children were enrolled in this study. Among them, 200 and 20 were preoperatively diagnosed with unilateral and bilateral PIHs, respectively. All operations were successfully performed by the first author. The mean operation time was 10.1 min (range, 8–15 min) for unilateral hernias and 17.3 min (range, 13–22 min) for bilateral hernias. The mean postoperative stay was 21 h. During the mean follow-up period of 1 year, only one case of recurrence was noted. No patients developed major complications. No obvious scar was present postoperatively. Modified SLPEC of the internal ring utilizing a homemade sled needle is a safe and feasible alternative treatment for PIH. It has the advantages of minimal invasiveness, rapid recuperation, low recurrence, and low cost and is worthy of popularization in the clinical setting.
Feeling, Seeing, and Liking: How Bodily Resources Inform Perception and Emotion

Perception of the physical environment and emotions relevant to the social environment are integrated into a resource-based account. Animals, unlike plants, must move around their environment to obtain resources and avoid predators, which in turn necessitates perception. Animate creatures also must coordinate perceptions of their internal and external environments to balance bodily expenditures of energy and environmental demands. Consequently, perceptions of distances and the steepness of hills increase with exhaustion and glucose depletion and decrease with physical fitness. They also increase with emotions of sadness and fear and decrease with the accessibility of social resources. Social support during times of stress even increases the available glucose in the blood. The extraordinary success of the human species is believed to have depended on their living in cooperative social groups. Hence, social inclusion is a valuable resource. We propose an emotion-as-information model in which emotions serve as information for managing resources, especially social ones.
Coordinated regulation of bidirectional COPI transport at the Golgi by CDC42

The Golgi complex has a central role in the intracellular sorting of secretory proteins. Anterograde transport through the Golgi has been explained by the movement of Golgi cisternae, known as cisternal maturation. Because this explanation is now appreciated to be incomplete, interest has developed in understanding tubules that connect the Golgi cisternae. Here we show that the coat protein I (COPI) complex sorts anterograde cargoes into these tubules in human cells. Moreover, the small GTPase CDC42 regulates bidirectional Golgi transport by targeting the dual functions of COPI in cargo sorting and carrier formation. CDC42 also directly imparts membrane curvature to promote COPI tubule formation. Our findings further reveal that COPI tubular transport complements cisternal maturation in explaining how anterograde Golgi transport is achieved, and that bidirectional COPI transport is modulated by environmental cues through CDC42.
Increasing patient knowledge, satisfaction, and involvement: randomized trial of a communication intervention

A brief educational intervention to promote effective communication between physicians, children, and parents during pediatric office visits was designed and tested. A randomized clinical trial involving 141 children (5- to 15-year-olds) tested the effectiveness of the intervention to improve the process and outcome of medical care. The intervention was contained in three brief videotapes (one each for parents, physicians, and patients) and in accompanying written materials. Materials were designed to build skills and motivation for increased child competence and participation during pediatric medical visits. Control subjects saw health education videotapes and received materials comparable in length with those of experimental subjects. Postintervention medical visit process was analyzed using videotapes of visits. Visit outcomes, assessed with standardized instruments and interviews, included children's rapport with physicians, children's anxiety, children's preference for an active health role, children's recall of information, parents' satisfaction with the medical visit, and physician satisfaction. Results indicated that physicians in the intervention group, compared with their counterparts in the control group, more often included children in discussions of medical recommendations (50% vs 29%, t = 2.39, P less than .05); that children in the intervention group, compared with control children, recalled more medication recommendations (77% vs 47%, P less than .01) and reported greater satisfaction and preference for an active health role; and that the intervention and control groups did not differ in parent satisfaction, physician satisfaction, or child anxiety. The results suggest that a brief educational intervention administered during waiting room time can positively impact physician-child rapport and children's preference for an active role in health and their acquisition of medical information.
Atrial septostomy in patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension. No more needles but wires, energy and close anatomical definition.

Objectives To assess the usefulness of a new approach to atrial septal puncture and septostomy in patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension. Background Atrial septostomy in end-stage pulmonary hypertension has high mortality and morbidity rates mainly due to trans-septal catheterization. New approaches to safety during this technical step are expected. Methods Twelve patients with end-stage pulmonary arterial hypertension (5 males, 7 females, mean age 41, 9 ± 12, 0 years) underwent to balloon atrial septostomy. Intracardiac echography (ICE) was used to localize fossa ovalis while a radiofrequency wire was used to perforate the atrial septum. Then a septostomy was performed by progressive balloon dilatation of atrial septum. Septal perforation was successful at the first attempt in 4 patients and after 5 attempts in a single case, while Bas was successful in all. Results Pericardial effusion did not develop in any patient. Complications consisted in transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, transient cerebral ischemia and severe hypoxemia with ventricular tachycardia in 3 single patients. In-procedure death rate was 0%. Systemic cardiac output increased immediately, while systemic O2 saturation decreased significantly in all. Mean follow-up was 8, 2 ± 3, 8 months. Mortality was 16, 6% (2 patients). NYHA class improved in the rest of patients. Four patients (33, 2%) underwent to pulmonary transplant successfully. Conclusions This novel approach for trans-septal catheterization has shown very low rate of major complication during atrial septostomy in patients with end-stage pulmonary arterial hypertension. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:62–68)
Engineering Photosystem I Complexes with Metal Oxide Binding Peptides for Bioelectronic Applications

Conventional dye-sensitized solar cells comprise semiconducting anodes sensitized with complex synthetic organometallic dyes, a platinum counter electrode, and a liquid electrolyte. This work focuses on replacing synthetic dyes with a naturally occurring biological pigment–protein complex known as Photosystem I (PSI). Specifically, ZnO binding peptides (ZOBiP)-fused PSI subunits (ZOBiP–PsaD and ZOBiP–PsaE) and TiO2 binding peptides (TOBiP)-fused ferredoxin (TOBiP–Fd) have been produced recombinantly from Escherichia coli. The MOBiP-fused peptides have been characterized via western blotting, circular dichroism, MALDI-TOF, and cyclic voltammetry. ZOBiP–PSI subunits have been used to replace wild-type PsaD and PsaE, and TOBiP–Fd has been chemically cross-linked to the stromal hump of PSI. These MOBiP peptides and MOBiP–PSI complexes have been produced and incubated with various metal oxide nanoparticles, showing increased binding when compared to that of wild-type PSI complexes.
Structural chemistry of a green fluorescent protein Zn biosensor

We designed a green fluorescent protein mutant (BFPms1) that preferentially binds Zn(II) (enhancing fluorescence intensity) and Cu(II) (quenching fluorescence) directly to a chromophore ligand that resembles a dipyrrole unit of a porphyrin. Crystallographic structure determination of apo, Zn(II)-bound, and Cu(II)-bound BFPms1 to better than 1.5 A resolution allowed us to refine metal centers without geometric restraints, to calculate experimental standard uncertainty errors for bond lengths and angles, and to model thermal displacement parameters anisotropically. The BFPms1 Zn(II) site (KD = 50 muM) displays distorted trigonal bipyrimidal geometry, with Zn(II) binding to Glu222, to a water molecule, and tridentate to the chromophore ligand. In contrast, the BFPms1 Cu(II) site (KD = 24 muM) exhibits square planar geometry similar to metalated porphyrins, with Cu(II) binding to the chromophore chelate and Glu222. The apo structure reveals a large electropositive region near the designed metal insertion channel, suggesting a basis for the measured metal cation binding kinetics. The preorganized tridentate ligand is accommodated in both coordination geometries by a 0.4 A difference between the Zn and Cu positions and by distinct rearrangements of Glu222. The highly accurate metal ligand bond lengths reveal different protonation states for the same oxygen bound to Zn vs Cu, with implications for the observed metal ion specificity. Crystallographic anisotropic thermal factor analysis validates metal ion rigidification of the chromophore in enhancement of fluorescence intensity upon Zn(II) binding. Thus, our high-resolution structures reveal how structure-based design has effectively linked selective metal binding to changes in fluorescent properties. Furthermore, this protein Zn(II) biosensor provides a prototype suitable for further optimization by directed evolution to generate metalloprotein variants with desirable physical or biochemical properties.
Condylomata acuminata: Diagnosis and follow-up by retrograde urethrography

Intraurethral Condylomata acuminata can present as a serious problem. Prior to endoscopy, retrograde urethrography can help in diagnosing and determining the extent of the disease.
Activation of signaling pathways by putative scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) ligands requires CD14 but not SR-A.

Abstract Macrophage scavenger class A type I and type II receptors (SR-A) are trimeric, integral membrane glycoproteins that bind an unusually broad array of macromolecular ligands. These ligands include modified proteins and lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and a variety of plant and microbial cell wall constituents, such as fucoidan and lipoteichoic acid. Early studies of SR-A functions indicated that the receptors bound, internalized, and degraded their ligands without provoking any macrophage activating signaling events. More recent studies have provided evidence that several SR-A ligands can activate macrophage gene expression via utilization of a receptor-linked, PI3-kinase pathway. To investigate the role of SR-A in engaging signal transduction events, we employed macrophages taken from mice lacking these receptors. Using either fucoidan or lipoteichoic acid, we confirm that both ligands stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of PI3-kinase and production of modest levels of the cytokine, TNFα. However, macrophages taken from SR-A null mice did not differ from wild type macrophages in these responses, indicating that these signaling events arise independently of SR-A activity. Employing mice lacking CD14, a GPI anchored receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide and signals via activation of Toll-like receptors, we show that the fucoidan and lipoteichoic acid responses are largely abrogated when CD14 is absent. These data do not provide support for direct SR-A involvement in signal transduction events and suggest that the early characterization of these receptors as initiators of a non-phlogistic, pathogen clearance pathway was correct.
The effect of opposing unsteady vorticity on turbulent wall flow

A cylinder and a thin plate were placed close together in a flow adjacent to a wall to study the effects on the turbulent boundary layer. Different spacings of the cylinder and plate within the shear flow were investigated to assess the possibility of lowering the production of fluctuating vorticity in the boundary layer by generating a fluctuating vorticity of opposite sign. Streakline photographs visualized changes in the flow induced by alterations in the cylinder/plate separation distance, the flow velocity and the angle of attack of the thin plate. Drag data were also acquired with varying thicknesses of the thin plate and diameters of the cylinder. Downstream skin friction reductions were obtained with the production of unsteady control vortices with a low turbulence boundary layer. Up to 4 percent drag reduction was also observed when the cylinder was sufficiently far from the wall.
Acute Infectious Purpura Fulminans: Pathogenesis and Medical Management

Purpura fulminans (PF) is a potentially disabling and life-threatening disorder characterized by acute onset of progressive cutaneous hemorrhage and necrosis, and disseminated intravascular necrosis. Acute infectious PF occurs most commonly in the setting of meningococcemia due to elaboration of endotoxin. Presence of purpura, particularly when generalized, is an important predictor of a poor outcome following meningococcal infection. Histopathologic hallmarks of acute infectious PF are dermal vascular thrombosis and secondary hemorrhagic necrosis, findings which are identical to those of the Shwartzman reaction. Acute infectious PF and the Shwartzman reaction have a common pathogenesis, involving a disturbance in the balance of anticoagulant and procoagulant activities of endothelial cells. This disturbance, which is triggered by endotoxin, appears to be mediated by cytokines, particularly interleukin-12, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1, leading to the consumption of proteins C and S and antithrombin III. State-of-the-art therapeutic interventions based on recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of acute infectious PF are discussed.
Accuracy versus efficiency when modelling investment

Abstract Previous formulations of investment in planning models contain a potential for inaccuracy. Where there are clearly defined productive units making up an industrial site, an aggregated functional relationship describing total investment costs was found to be potentially inaccurate. An alternative formulation, using a disaggregated formulation of the investment cost function, was developed to examine its accuracy and computational efficiency in relation to the aggregated form. It was found that this disaggregated formulation was computationally very inefficient, but generated a more accurate solution. It appears to be useful to first use an aggregated form of the investment cost function in securing tentative results for such a model as the one studied. The effort to reformulate to a more disaggregated model is not high and then one could explore for optimal solutions with this more computationally expensive version — reverting to the aggregated model only if reasonable solutions are impractical.
The site specificity of two species of Gregarina in Tenebrio molitor larvae

The site specificity of the apicomplexans Gregarina cuneata and Gregarina sleini, in larval Tenebrio molitor was investigated. Gregarina cuneata was found to inhabit the anteriormost region of the larval midgut, while G. steini was restricted to the posterior portion of the intestine. The site specificity of the pair was conserved in single and concurrent infections. Interspecific interactions do not seem to be presently responsible for the resource partitioning by the 2 gregarine species. Key words. Gregarina, site specificity, Tenebrio molitor.
Drift of Buoyant Wing-Tip Vortices

18 Sacks, A. H., Lundberg, R. E., and Hanson, C. W., "A Theoretical Investigation of the Aerodynamics of Slender WingBody Combinations Exhibiting Leading-Edge Separation," CR-719, 1967, NASA. 19 Murty, G. S. and Sankara-Rao, K., "Numerical Study of a System of Parallel Line Vortices," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 40, Pt. 3, Feb. 1970, pp. 595-602. 20 Margason, R. J., "Analysis of the Flow Field of a Jet in a Subsonic Crosswind," Analytic Methods in Aircraft Aerodynamics, NASA, SP 228, 1969. 21 Beavers, G. S. and Wilson, T. A., "Vortex Growth in Jets," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 44, Pt. 1, Oct. 1970,. pp. 97-112. 22 Smith, J. H. B., "Theoretical Work in the Formation of Vortex Sheets," Progress in the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 7, edited by D. Kuchemann, Pergamon, 1966, pp. 35-51. 23 Ashley, H. and Landahl, M., Aerodynamics of Wings and Bodies, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1965, pp. 99-119. 24 Adams, M. C. and Sears, W. R., "Slender Body TheoryReview and Extension," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 2, Feb. 1953, pp. 85-98. 25 Lagerstrom, P. A. and Graham, M. E., "Remarks on Low Aspect Ratio Configurations in Supersonic Flow," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 2, Feb. 1958, pp. 91-96. 26 Sacks, A. H., "Aerodynamic Forces, Moments, and Stability Derivatives for Slender Bodies of General Cross-Section," TN 3283, 1954, NACA. 27 Behrbobm, H., "Basic Low Speed Aerodynamics of the ShortCoupled Canard Configuration of Small Aspect Ratio," TN 600, 1965, SAAB, Linkoping, Sweden. 28 Thwaites, B., Incompressible Aerodynamics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960, pp. 508-516.
Obtaining and Maintaining Vascular Access in the Home Parenteral Nutrition Patient

Obtaining and maintaining vascular access is a critical part of successful home parenteral nutrition (HPN) management. Most of the HPN related rehospitalization of patients is caused by problems associated with long-term vascular access. The causes of death in HPN patients are mostly related to their primary underlying disease. However, approximately 12% of deaths in HPN patients are related to catheter-associated problems. The appropriate placement of long-term vascular access devices and their care and management should be familiar to all clinicians helping to manage these patients and will be discussed.
FORMATION AND ORIGIN OF BASAL LAMINA AND ANCHORING FIBRILS IN ADULT HUMAN SKIN

The purpose of this investigation was to study the formation and origin of basal lamina and anchoring fibrils in adult human skin. Epidermis and dermis were separated by "cold trypsinization." Viable epidermis and viable, inverted dermis were recombined and grafted to the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs for varying periods up to 10 days. Basal lamina and anchoring fibrils were absent from the freshly trypsinized epidermis before grafting although hemidesmosomes and tonofilaments of the basal cells remained intact. Basal lamina and anchoring fibrils were absent from freshly cut, inverted surface of the dermis. Beginning 3 days after grafting, basal lamina was noted to form immediately subjacent to hemidesmosomes of epidermal basal cells at the epidermal-dermal interface. From the fifth to the seventh day after grafting, basal lamina became progressively more dense and extended to become continuous in many areas at the epidermal-dermal interface. Anchoring fibrils appeared first in grafts consisting of epidermis and viable dermis at five day cultivation and became progressively more numerous thereafter. In order to determine the epidermal versus dermal origin of basal lamina and anchoring fibrils, dermis was rendered nonviable by repeated freezing and thawing 10 times followed by recombination with viable epidermis. Formation of basal lamina occurred as readily in these recombinants of epidermis with freeze-thawed, nonviable dermis as with viable dermis, indicating that dermal viability was not essential for synthesis of basal lamina. This observation supports the concept of epidermal origin for basal lamina. Anchoring fibrils did not form in recombinants containing freeze-thawed dermis, indicating that dermal viability was required for anchoring fibrils formation. This observation supports the concept of dermal origin of anchoring fibrils.
Structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of La2−xBaxNiO4

Polycrystalline samples of the composition La/sub 2-chi/Ba/sub chi/NiO/sub 4/ (0 {le} chi {le} 1) were prepared by standard solid state chemistry techniques. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range 6 to 300 {Kappa}, and room temperature electrical resistivity. The effect of barium substitution on the structural magnetic, and electrical properties is reported.
STUDENTS' STATE MOTIVATION AND INSTRUCTORS' USE OF VERBALLY AGGRESSIVE MESSAGES '

This study examined the relationship between college students' (107 men, 123 women) state motivation and their instructors' perceived use of 10 verbally aggressive messages, e.g., attacks on competence, character, background, and physical appearance; malediction, teasing, ridicule, threats, swearing, or nonverbal symbols. Significant negative correlations were obtained between students' state motivation and instructors' use of seven verbally aggressive messages: attacks on competence, character, or background, malediction, ridicule, threats, and nonverbal symbols. These findings suggest that these types of verbally aggressive messages are related to students' state motivation whereas attacks on physical appearance, teasing, and swearing by the instructor are not related to students' state motivation.
Brief report: Contextual predictors of African American adolescents' ethnic-racial identity affirmation-belonging and resistance to peer pressure.

The current study examined whether contextual factors (i.e., familial cultural socialization, percentage of same-ethnicity friends in high school, and neighborhood ethnic-racial composition) predicted ethnic-racial identity affirmation-belonging and, in turn, resistance to peer pressure to engage in problem behavior. Participants were 250 African American adolescents (M age = 15.57 years; SD = 1.22). Consistent with ecological theory, findings indicated that familial cultural socialization and percentage of same-ethnicity friends predicted greater ethnic-racial identity affirmation-belonging. Furthermore, consistent with notions from social identity theory, youth who reported higher ethnic-racial identity affirmation-belonging also reported greater resistance to peer pressure. Findings highlight the significance of the family and school context, as well as the importance of ethnic-racial identity affirmation-belonging, for African American youths' positive development.
Binocular pattern stabilization by afterimage technique: reliability of children's time-dependent judgments of chromatic features.

To investigate visual afterimage technique as a means of producing retinally stabilized pattern, children's judgments of time-dependent shifts in chromatic appearance of random-dot configurations were twice examined within a 3-wk. interval. 13 subjects, aged 7 to 12 yr., were very consistent (r = .93) in their test-retest response times. This supports the belief that after image procedures can be developed as a reliable means of studying developmental aspects of stabilized pattern perception.
Economic Forces Shaping the Food-Processing Industry

From 1950 to the present, per capita food consumption in the United States increased 0.78% per year.' Demand growth has occurred from changes in the level, distribution, and sources of income, the demographic composition of the population, perferences, prices, and foreign trade. Since 1950, real per capita PDI has grown at 2% per year. Increases in income have little impact on overall food demand. However, as incomes increase, consumers shift to higher quality and more convenient foods. Processed foods with relatively high income elasticities are frozen fruits and vegetables, meat substitutes, cheese, nuts, alcoholic beverages, and food-away-from-home (FAFH). Relatively unprocessed foods with similar income elasticities are veal, shellfish, lamb and vitamin C-rich noncitrus fruits. Processed foods with negative income elasticities will experience declining demand; they include processed milk, cooking oil, cereals, lunch meats, canned fruits and vegetables. As incomes rise consumers acquire time-saving durables which augment the demand for frozen foods. The highest income elasticity of all (.81) is for FAFH. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines convenience foods as those which are fully or partially prepared and which transfer time and skill from the kitchen to the food-processing firm. One-half of foodat-home expenditure is for convenience foods. Fresh food which can be eaten raw and FAFH are also convenient.
Imaging Children with Abdominal Trauma

OBJECTIVE. Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The abdomen is the second most common site of injury. This article discusses abdominal trauma in children.CONCLUSION. The clinical evaluation of children with potential blunt abdominal injury presents a challenging task. Therefore, imaging plays an essential role in the evaluation of such children.
Patients’ views of consent for research enrollment during acute myocardial infarction

AbstractObjective: The goal of this study was to improve understanding of patients’ perspectives of informed consent for clinical trial enrollment during ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Background: STEMI research poses challenges regarding informed consent due to time constraints, symptom severity, and potential cognitive impairment.Methods: An interview study was embedded within a clinical trial of an ischemic post-conditioning procedure for STEMI. An interactive, structured interview guide was used.Results: Twenty interviews were conducted (median 1.5 days after initial procedure). Only 11/20 (55%) initially remembered being asked to participate in a trial. Comprehension of study details and the research process was limited; for example, many patients believed their decision was primarily clinical or that the study intervention was clearly superior. Patients described limitations regarding their ability to make a decision, including pain, discomfort, lack of time, and stress. However, patient...
Epidemiology of Hearing Impairment and Noise-Induced Hearing Injury Among U.S. Military Personnel, 2003–2005

INTRODUCTION: Rates of noise-induced hearing injury (NIHI) among U.S. active duty military have not been previously described using available military medical surveillance data. METHODS: NIHI were identified in the Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS) using a list of ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes selected in collaboration with military audiologists. To provide a more comprehensive view of the NIHI problem, NIHI-related ICD-9 codes beyond the traditional 388 noise injury-code set were included. Visit rates by gender and age group are reported by quarter, 2003-2005. Overall frequencies and rates by occupational specialty, 2003-2005, are also described. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2005, rates for men were significantly higher than rates for women, with rate ratios (RR) ranging from 1.15 (95% CI =1.07, 1.23) to 1.78 (95% CI= 1.62, 1.93). Rates among women ranged from 2.9 to 6.2 per 1000 person-years; rates among men ranged from 4.5 to 6.7 per 1000 person-years. NIHI rates were highest among those aged > or =40 years and lowest among those aged 17-19 years, with RRs ranging from 3.06 (95% CI=2.77, 3.40) to 5.51 (95% CI=4.88, 6.30) during this time period. Among occupational groups, general officers/executives had the highest NIHI rate over this time period (29.5/1000 person-years), followed by enlisted personnel in training (14.3/1000 person-years) and scientists and professionals (12.8/1000 person-years). CONCLUSIONS: While data on outpatient injury causes and use of hearing protection are also needed to guide the future design and/or modification of interventions, existing military medical surveillance provides essential information for tracking NIHI and monitoring NIHI intervention effects. Language: en
Synthesis and Characterization of Water Soluble Carboxymethyl Chitosan Grafted with Glycidyl Methacrylate

Carboxymethyl chitosan grafted with glycidyl methacrylate was synthesized by the reaction of carboxymethyl chitosan (CSCM) which was prepared from chitosan first and glycidyl methacrylate. The product has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), solid 13carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (Solid 13C-NMR), 13carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), and chemical analysis, which had different thermal properties from chitosan.
Natural Gas Plays in the Marcellus Shale: Challenges and Potential Opportunities

Tapping the lucrative Marcellus Shale natural gas deposits may have a host of environmental concerns.
Selective ablation of pit and fissure caries from occlusal surfaces using λ=355-nm laser pulses and air-abrasion demonstrated using PS-OCT and near-IR imaging

Several past studies have suggested that lasers with and without added chromophores can be used for the selective removal of dental caries from stained pit and fissures in preparation for composite sealant placement with minimal damage to sound, unstained tooth structure. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a new nondestructive imaging technology that can be used to acquire images of caries lesions in occlusal surfaces. PSOCT is ideally suited to measure the caries depth and severity before and after selective removal from occlusal surfaces. In this study, λ=355-nm laser pulses of 5-ns duration at irradiation intensities ranging from 0.5-1.3 J/cm 2 were scanned across tooth surfaces to selectively remove decayed enamel with and without the addition of India ink. PS-OCT images were acquired before and after removal. The laser removal was also compared to air abrasion in order to compare selectivity of these two conservative caries removal technologies.
Evaluation of Organizational Communication Competency: The Development of the Communication Training Impact Questionnaire.

As organizations devote more time and financial support to the development of training programs, the field of organizational communication needs to meet the demand for applications of organizational theory to the work world. This research reports the development of an evaluation instrument designed to go beyond participants' reactions to the training program, and assess the application of a specific skill to work tasks. The degree to which the participants perceive they have mastered the skill also is assessed. Data were collected on 267 participants in various communication training programs. Strong internal reliability, validity tests and factor analysis indicate that the Communication Training Impact Questionnaire can be used to assess two of Kirkpatrick's levels of training impact. Suggestions for using the instrument are discussed and implications for the field of organizational communication are presented.
Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the visualizing of individual proteins, DNA molecules, protein-protein complexes, and DNA-protein complexes. On the end of the microscope's cantilever is a nano-scale probe, which traverses image areas ranging from nanometers to micrometers, measuring the elevation of macromolecules resting on the substrate surface at any given point. Electrostatic forces cause proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to loosely attach to the substrate in random orientations and permit imaging. The generated data resemble a topographical map, where the macromolecules resolve as three-dimensional particles of discrete sizes (Figure 1) 1,2. Tapping mode AFM involves the repeated oscillation of the cantilever, which permits imaging of relatively soft biomaterials such as DNA and proteins. One of the notable benefits of AFM over other nanoscale microscopy techniques is its relative adaptability to visualize individual proteins and macromolecular complexes in aqueous buffers, including near-physiologic buffered conditions, in real-time, and without staining or coating the sample to be imaged. The method presented here describes the imaging of DNA and an immunoadsorbed transcription factor (i.e. the glucocorticoid receptor, GR) in buffered solution (Figure 2). Immunoadsorbed proteins and protein complexes can be separated from the immunoadsorbing antibody-bead pellet by competition with the antibody epitope and then imaged (Figure 2A). This allows for biochemical manipulation of the biomolecules of interest prior to imaging. Once purified, DNA and proteins can be mixed and the resultant interacting complex can be imaged as well. Binding of DNA to mica requires a divalent cation 3,such as Ni2+ or Mg2+, which can be added to sample buffers yet maintain protein activity. Using a similar approach, AFM has been utilized to visualize individual enzymes, including RNA polymerase 4 and a repair enzyme 5, bound to individual DNA strands. These experiments provide significant insight into the protein-protein and DNA-protein biophysical interactions taking place at the molecular level. Imaging individual macromolecular particles with AFM can be useful for determining particle homogeneity and for identifying the physical arrangement of constituent components of the imaged particles. While the present method was developed for visualization of GR-chaperone protein complexes 1,2 and DNA strands to which the GR can bind, it can be applied broadly to imaging DNA and protein samples from a variety of sources.
Form, Species and Predication in Metaphysics Z, H, and θ

My aim in this paper is to show how a distinction in Z-19 between two kinds of substance-predications (what I call form-predications and species-predications) provides us with the resources for unravelling some of the puzzles surrounding the central books of the Metaphysics. My strategy is to begin with a related doctrine of Z-19, the view that substance-words are ambiguous or homonymous. In section I, I try to show how certain problems about the description of unqualified coming-to-be provide a context for this doctrine; then in section II, I relate the doctrine of the homonymy of substance-words to the distinction between formand speciespredications. Finally, in the remaining three sections, I try to show how the doctrine of the homonymy of substance-words as it is expressed in the contrast between these two forms of predication enables us to clarify some of the central themes of Z-e.