cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of solar radiation and estimation of optical depth in the high Andes of Peru

During an expedition to the high Andes of Southern Peru in June–July 1977, measurements of direct solar radiation in four spectral bands (0.270–0.530–0.630–0.695–2.900 μ) were conducted at six sites in elevations ranging from sea level to 5645 m. These measurements were evaluated in Langley plots to determine total optical depths (τ) and irradiances at the top of the atmosphere. In addition, water vapor optical depths (τwv) were calculated from the mean radiosounding over Lima during the expedition, and Rayleigh (τray) and ozone (τoz) optical depths were obtained from published tabulations. Subtracting τray, τoz, and τwv from τ yielded estimates of aerosol optical depth τaer. The components τray and τoz decrease from the shorter towards the longer wavelength bands and from the lower towards the higher elevation sites; τaer also decreases towards the higher elevations. Particularly pronounced is the decrease of τaer and τ from the lowlands of the Pacific coast to the highlands of the interior, reflecting the effect of a persistent lower-tropospheric inversion and the contrast from the marine boundary layer to the clear atmosphere of the high Andes.
Distributional Impacts of the 1986 Tax Reform Act

The 1986 Tax Reform Act (TRA) contains the most sweeping changes in tax laws in the last thirty years, affecting virtually every sector of the U.S. economy. Evaluations of its impacts on agriculture appearing in the farm and nonfarm press have been concerned primarily with commodityand/or producer-specific issues. In this paper, we provide a broader perspective on the interand intrasectoral effects of TRA. First, we examine equity versus efficiency effects of TRA. Next, we identify major changes wrought by TRA and explain briefly how they may alter tax obligations for the farm sector relative to the rest of the economy. Finally, we consider the distributional effects of TRA within the agricultural production sector with a focus on differences by size, type, tenure patterns, and debt level.
Reduction of Beam Breakup Growth by Cavity Cross-Couplings in Recirculating Accelerators

Reduction of beam breakup growth bycavity cross—couplings in recirculating acceleratorsDenis Colombant and Y. Y. LauBeam Physics Branch, Plasma Physics DivisionNaval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000David CherninScience Applications International CorporationMcLean, VA 22102ABSTRACTIt is shown that cross-coupling among cavities may reduce beam breakup (BBU)growth in a recirculating accelerator. The main reason for this growth reductioni; the sharing of the deflecting mode energy among coupled cavities. This resultis based on a numerical study of the proof—of-principle experiment currentlyplanned for the Spiral Line Induction Accelerator (SLIA, 35 ns, 10 kA, 8.5 MeV).Reduction of BBU amplitude by factors of several hundreds is also predicted for aSLIA Upgrade (35 ns, 10 kA, 25 Mev) which consists of a 7-turn, 70—cavity system.Various issues are addressed.
Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino eye study.

Abstract Objective To estimate the age- and gender-specific prevalence of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD; drusen and retinal pigmentary abnormalities) and advanced AMD (exudative AMD and geographic atrophy) in Latinos. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants Six thousand three hundred fifty-seven Latinos 40 years and older from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California. Methods The study cohort consisted of self-identified Latinos 40 years and over. Participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including stereoscopic macular photographs. Photographs were graded using a modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. Main outcome measures Prevalence of early AMD, drusen, geographic atrophy, and exudative AMD. Results Of the 7789 eligible subjects, 6357 participants (82%) completed an interview and clinical examination, and 5875 (75%) had gradable photographs. Prevalence of advanced AMD increased from 0% in those 40–49 years of age to 8.5% in those 80 or older; that of early AMD from 6.2% to 29.7%, that of retinal pigment abnormalities from 4.1% to 19.3%, that of large drusen (≥125 μm in diameter) from 8.5% to 45.3%, that of soft drusen from 15.4% to 58.1%, and that of soft indistinct drusen from 3.6% to 30.8%. The prevalence of early AMD and advanced AMD lesions increased with age ( P Conclusion Detailed population-based estimates of AMD in Latinos are provided. Despite relatively high rates of early AMD, corresponding rates of advanced AMD are not high. Data on progression of the high rates of early AMD in Latinos require further study.
Starting a new discussion about screening for lung cancer.

Screening fordisease is conceptually simple: identifydiseases inan early stage increasing the likelihoodof cure.However, the trade-offs involved, including false-positive test results and diagnosing clinicallyunimportant lesions,make thedecision toscreencomplex.Perhaps that iswhyphysiciansandpatients find itdifficult to resolve the trade-offs inherent in screening programs and to find the appropriateplaceofscreening inprevention.Publicdiscussionsof thesetradeoffs in screening for breast, cervical, and prostate cancers have increased awareness of harms and uncertainty about benefits and are informing the decisionmaking about less intensive screening. Now, for lung cancer, it is time to embark on a new discussion of both the trade-offs and the appropriate role of screening when alternate approaches to reducing the societal disease burden are available. Although earlier studies suggested that chest radiography screening for lung cancerwas not effective, the 2011 National Lung ScreeningTrial (NLST) foundthat screeninghigher-riskpatientswith 3annual low-dosecomputedtomography(LDCT)scansreduced lung cancermortality by 16% (risk ratio, 0.84; 95%CI, 0.75-0.95; absolute risk reduction from21per 1000to18per 1000over6.5years).1,2 The NLST participants were generally healthy adults aged 55 to 74 yearswith a 30-pack-year history of cigarette smoking.1,2 These results have spawned multiple recommendations for lung cancer screening. Relying on models from the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer InterventionandSurveillanceModelingNetwork, theUSPreventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended more intensive screening for adults with more than a 30-pack-year history of smoking: they should undergo LDCTevery year fromages 55 to80 years rather than only 3 total annual screens for people aged 55 to 74 years in NLST.3 Before screening can be recommended, the trade-offs betweenthebenefitsof screeningwithharmsandcosts shouldbeconsidered.TheharmsofLDCTscreeningareonlypartially known.4The NLSTfoundahigh rateof false-positivescreening tests:39.1%ofparticipants in the LDCT group had at least 1 false-positive scan, almost all requiring some diagnostic evaluation. Although most of theseevaluations involvedonly further imaging, thenumberofstudy participantswithout lungcancerundergoing invasiveprocedures far outnumbered the number whose lives were extended by screening.Manyof theLDCTparticipantswithpositive screening testshad indeterminatediagnostic evaluations, resulting inextendedsurveilJAMA INTERNALMEDICINE
President Nixon Sees a "Cover Up": Public Relations in Federal Agencies.

Abstract Early in his first term. President Nixon initiated an effort to make major cuts in the number of personnel of federal agencies engaged in public relations as well as in the agencies' public relations budgets. He described those public relations employees as “covered up pretty properly.” His goal was to “get the public relations complement in each Department reduced by 50 per cent regardless of what they are officially called.” This article reports on the origin, implementation and denouement of President Nixon's war on public relations in public administration at the federal level of government.
INACTIVATTON OF S‐RNA BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS

. Various S-RNA's from E. coli show wide differences in sensitivity to ultraviolet (u.v.) radiation as measured by their amino acid acceptor capacities. S-RNA for valine is least sensitive and phenylalanine and lysine are most sensitive. S-RNA's for valine, isoleucine, glycine, aspartic acid, serine, and arginine give exponential type dose-effect curves. Those for alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and phenylalanine are rapidly inactivated at low doses and only at higher doses give exponential type inactivation curves having lower slopes than seen at low doses. Penylalanine and glutamic acid S-RNA inactivated by 2650 or 2804 A radiations are not reactivated by 2380 A radiation, indicating that uracil dimers are not involved in the inactivation process. Heating of irradiated S-RNA to bring about rehydration of uracil residues is not effective in restoring acceptor activity of phenylalanine and leucine S-RNA. Melting curve experiments suggest that photochemical products other than uracil diniers and hydrated uracil residues are formed and result in changes in the secondary structure of S-RNA.
Stapled excision of the left atrial appendage

LH, Gallucci V, editors. Cardiac bioprostheses: proceedings of the second international symposium on cardiac bioprostheses. New York: Yorke Medical Books; 1982. p. 140-53. 3. Love JW. Biological and engineering problems of tissue heart valves. In: Love JW, editor. Autologous tissue heart valves. Austin (TX): R. G. Landes, Inc; 1993. p. 25-31. 4. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1996. 5. Couetil JA, Berrebi A, Ferdinand FD, Fornes P, Adamopoulos C, Filsoufi F. New approach for reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract during the Ross procedure. Circulation. 1998;98(suppl II):II368-71. 6. Hvass U. Aortic valve replacement in children using a pulmonary artery wall [in French]. Presse Med. 1985;14:1926-7.
Ideality of pressure-sensitive paint. IV. Improvement of luminescence behavior by addition of pigment

We report the effect of inorganic pigments on the diffusion properties of a polymer matrix. The presence of pigments has a large effect on the frequency factor and the activation energy of the diffusion of oxygen in the polymer matrix. This effect is used to modify the overall temperature dependence of the luminescence in pressure-sensitive paint (PSP). Ideality of luminescence (i.e., independent effect of pressure and temperature on the luminescence intensity) can be achieved with a PSP formulation by using a low-cost and commercial silicone polymer using Al2O3 as the pigment. Ideality temperature limits (ITL) can be tailored by adjusting the pigment volume concentration (PVC) in the paint formulation. With the appropriate adjustment of PVC, the luminescence characteristics of the PSP can be designed to suit the particular needs of the wind-tunnel researchers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2824–2831, 2000
The Perceived Impact of Supply Chain Management on Organizational Effectiveness

SUMMARY Supply chain management seeks to enhance competitive performance by closely integrating the internal functions within a company and effectively linking them with the external operations of suppliers and channel members. This study was undertaken to study the impact of supply chain management on overall organizational effectiveness and to identify problems that affect supply chain management success. The results show that organizations generally considered themselves successful at managing their supply chains. However, while they have achieved significant improvement in organizational performance, they have not reached the order of magnitude of improvements ascribed to supply chain management.
Deamination of 5-methoxytryptamine, serotonin and phenylethylamine by rat MAO in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with clorgyline, a selective inhibitor of MAO-A, significantly inhibited the in vivo deamination of intraventricularly administered serotonin (5-HT) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), but not phenylethylamine (PEA). Pretreatment with d, l-deprenyl, a selective inhibitor of MAO-B, significantly inhibited the in vivo deamination of all three substrates. Brain and liver homogenates from rats pretreated with clorgyline showed a decreased ability to deaminate ( in vitro ) 5-MT and 5-HT, but not PEA. Homogenates from animals pretreated with d,l-deprenyl showed a decreased capacity to deaminate PEA, but not 5-MT or 5-HT. Clorgyline, when added to brain and liver homogenates, selectively blocked the deamination of 5-MT and 5-HT, but not PEA, whereas, d,l-deprenyl blocked the deamination of PEA without affecting that of 5-MT or 5-HT. In addition, 5-MT was found to be 100 X more potent than PEA at inhibiting the in vitro deamination of 5-HT. These findings suggest that 5-MT and 5-HT are favored substrates for MAO-A in vitro and in vivo . However, in vivo , significant amounts of 5-MT and 5-HT can also be deaminated by MAO-B.
Reading characteristics of Chinese-English adolescents: knowledge and application of strategic reading

Integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study examined the knowledge and application of strategic reading among Taiwanese adolescents learning to read English as a foreign language. A total of 144 Grade 11 students participated in this study. Correlational analysis and t-tests were applied to analyzing quantitative data, including an English reading comprehension test and two sets of reading strategy questionnaires; the constant comparative method (Glaser and Strauss 1967) was used for analyzing qualitative data, comprising semi-structured interviews and think-aloud protocols. Results from quantitative analysis show a relatively strong link between the perceived use of first language (L1, Chinese) and second language (L2, English) strategies. Nonetheless, metacognitive and cognitive strategies were reportedly used more frequently for L1 reading, whereas support strategies were more often used for L2 reading. One salient theme that emerged from the qualitative analysis is that the reading of the English texts more closely resembled the reading of the texts written in the classic literary style of Chinese than the reading of the texts written in contemporary Chinese. These findings to some extent support the reading universals hypothesis (Goodman in Journal of Typographic Reseach, 103–110, 1970); yet, skills transfer is not uniformly automatic (Bell in TESOL Quarterly, 687–704, 1995; Urquhart and Weir 1998).
Frailty Is Common in Lung Transplant Candidates and Associated with Poorer Health-Related Quality of Life

Purpose Lung transplant (LT) aims to improve both survival and quality of life (HRQL). To achieve this, a better understanding of the factors determining HRQL is needed. We tested the impact of frailty on HRQL in LT candidates (LTC). Methods and Materials From 2010-12, all patients listed or near listing for LT were asked to complete a phone survey. HRQL was quantified with the EuroQOL-5D (EQ5D) utility instrument (range: -0.11-1.0; higher scores denote better HRQL; 0.06=Minimally Clinically Important Difference [MCID] in EQ5D). Respiratory-specific HRQL was quantified with the revised Airways Questionnaire-20 (AQ20R; range 0-20; lower scores denote better HRQL). Frailty was quantified by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; walking speed, chair stands, and balance scores integrated into a summary score ranging 0-12; higher scores denote better function). We ascertained frailty prevalence (SPPB≤6) across UNOS diagnostic groups (A:COPD, B:Pulmonary Hypertension, C: Cystic Fibrosis, D: Pulmonary Fibrosis). Using multiple linear regression, we tested sequential models of HRQL to assess the overall explanatory power based on model R2. In Model 1, we tested FEV1% predicted, 6 minute walk distance, age, diagnostic group, and AQ20R as predictors of EQ5D. In Model 2, we added the SPPB to Model 1. Results Of 123 LTC, 37(30%) were frail; frailty prevalence ranged from 25-32% across the 4 diagnostic groups A-D. There was a wide range of SPPB performance (mean 7±3). In regression analyses, the SPPB added significant (p Conclusions In summary, almost one third of LTC are frail. Frailty is strongly associated with HRQL, even after accounting for lung function, exercise capacity, and respiratory specific HRQL. Thus, frailty is common and drives HRQL independent of respiratory status. Interventions to improve HRQL in LT should take frailty into account.
IN MEMORIAM: SIDNEY W. BIJOU

When the history of behavior analysis is written, Sid Bijou will go down as one of the most influential and preeminent figures in its evolution. A modest man, Sid would recast this tribute as a tribute to the people and places in his life that influenced his own development. Yet this would be only half of the story. Part of Sid's genius was that, like an elite athlete, he made everyone around him better. Thus, the other half of the story would include the people and places in his life that he influenced. The whole story, then, would have a familiar ring to it: The organism changes the environment, and the environment changes the organism.
Temperature-dependent thermal expansion of cast and hot-pressed LAST (Pb―Sb―Ag―Te) thermoelectric materials

The thermal expansion for two compositions of cast and hot-pressed LAST (Pb–Sb–Ag–Te) n-type thermoelectric materials has been measured between room temperature and 673 K via thermomechanical analysis (TMA). In addition, using high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD), the thermal expansion for both cast and hot-pressed LAST materials was determined from the temperature-dependent lattice parameters measured between room temperature and 623 K. The TMA and HT-XRD determined values of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for the LAST compositions ranged between 20 × 10−6 K−1 and 24 × 10−6 K−1, which is comparable to the CTE values for other thermoelectric materials including PbTe and Bi2Te3. The CTE of the LAST specimens with a higher Ag content (Ag0.86Pb19Sb1.0Te20) exhibited a higher CTE value than that of the LAST material with a lower Ag content (Ag0.43Pb18Sb1.2Te20). In addition, a peak in the temperature-dependent CTE was observed between room temperature and approximately 450 K for both the ca...
Higher composition laws I: A new view on Gauss composition, and quadratic generalizations

Two centuries ago, in his celebrated work Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of 1801, Gauss laid down the beautiful law of composition of integral binary quadratic forms which would play such a critical role in number theory in the decades to follow. Even today, two centuries later, this law of composition still remains one of the primary tools for understanding and computing with the class groups of quadratic orders. It is hence only natural to ask whether higher analogues of this composition law exist that could shed light on the structure of other algebraic number rings and fields. This article forms the first of a series of four articles in which our aim is precisely to develop such “higher composition laws”. In fact, we show that Gauss’s law of composition is only one of at least fourteen composition laws of its kind which yield information on number rings and their class groups. In this paper, we begin by deriving a general law of composition on 2×2×2 cubes of integers, from which we are able to obtain Gauss’s composition law on binary quadratic forms as a simple special case in a manner reminiscent of the group law on plane elliptic curves. We also obtain from this composition law on 2× 2 × 2 cubes four further new laws of composition. These laws of composition are defined on 1) binary cubic forms, 2) pairs of binary quadratic forms, 3) pairs of quaternary alternating 2-forms, and 4) senary (six-variable) alternating 3-forms. More precisely, Gauss’s theorem states that the set of SL2(Z)-equivalence classes of primitive binary quadratic forms of a given discriminant D has an inherent group structure. The five other spaces of forms mentioned above (including the space of 2 × 2 × 2 cubes) also possess natural actions by special linear groups over Z and certain products thereof. We prove that, just like Gauss’s space of binary quadratic forms, each of these group actions has the following remarkable properties. First, each of these six spaces possesses only a single polynomial invariant for the corresponding group action, which we call the discriminant. This discriminant invariant is found to take only values that
Deformable roll coating flows: steady state and linear perturbation analysis

Roll coating is distinguished by the use of one or more gaps between rotating cylinders to meter a continuous liquid layer and to apply it to a continuous flexible substrate. Of the two rolls that make a forward or reverse roll coating gap, one is often covered by a layer of more-or-less deformable elastomer. Liquid carried into the converging side of the nip can develop high enough pressure to deform the resilient cover, which changes the nip profile and thus alters the velocity and pressure field. This elastohydrodynamic coupled action is not yet well understood. Theoretical modelling has to take into account the viscous flow, the roll deformation and the free-surface effects in order to predict the flow behaviour.In this work the flow between a rigid and a deformable counter-rotating roll that shares the same angular speed is described by the lubrication approximation together with a viscocapillary model, based in the film-flow equation, for the film-split region. The deformation of the elastomer layer is modelled by Hookean springs oriented radially, which constitute a one-dimensional model. The stability of the system to transverse perturbation is analysed by examining the time-dependent response to infinitesimal disturbances in order to identify those that grow fastest.The corresponding system of equations is solved by Newton's method with first-order continuation. The relationship between coating thickness, operational parameters (loading force, gap setting, roll velocities, etc.), liquid properties and the properties of the cover is reported, as well as the critical capillary number for onset of ribbing and wavelengths of the ribbing pattern predicted by the mathematical model. The results indicate how a deformable cover may be used in order to delay the onset of ribbing for a desired coating thickness.In order to validate the theoretical predictions of the viscocapillary/Hookean spring model, the symmetric film-split flows between a pair of rigid rolls and a pair consisting of a deformable roll and a rigid one were also analysed experimentally.
Treatment of anemia with erythropoietic agents in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Abstract Anemia is common in patients with hematologic malignancies, occurring in up to 70% of patients; it is associated with debilitating fatigue and weakness that negatively affect the ability of patients to conduct daily activities and cope with cancer. The severity of anemia in this population is dependent on the specific malignancy diagnosed, extent of disease, and the type and duration of chemotherapy received. Despite the well-known adverse consequences of anemia in patients with cancer, nearly half of patients with hematologic malignancies do not receive treatment for anemia. Clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment with erythropoietic agents (ie, epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, and darbepoetin alfa) in anemic patients with hematologic malignancies significantly increases hemoglobin (Hb) and reduces transfusion requirements. In addition, there is growing evidence to support the role of these agents in alleviating anemia-related symptoms and improving quality of life (QOL). Clinical practice guidelines issued by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommend erythropoietic therapy for patients receiving chemotherapy who have a Hb level ≤ 11 g/dL and symptoms or risk factors related to anemia. However, several trials of epoetin alfa therapy in patients with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies and mild-to-moderate anemia (Hb levels ≥ 8 g/dL to ≤ 12 g/dL) receiving chemotherapy have demonstrated a positive effect on hematologic and QOL outcomes. Final results from a recent clinical trial evaluating the effects of earlier treatment with epoetin alfa on hematologic outcomes, QOL, health care resource utilization, and work/productivity in patients with mild anemia will provide further information on the most appropriate strategy for anemia treatment in this population.
Dissecting cost impact of pension funds’ swing into bonds

The changing investment and regulatory landscape has prompted pension funds to ponder their investment strategies, but there are very few studies to quantify the actuarial impact of an asset allocation shift by pension funds. In their bid to match assets and liabilities to reduce risk, more and more pension funds have taken investment strategies of swinging into bonds. The article attempts to fill the gap in the literature by quantifying the price impact and gauging the actuarial cost of such a move. We find that the inadequate bond supply may result in a statistically and economically significant impact on bond yields and an actuarially significant impact on the cost of providing pension benefits.
Polymer films on electrodes: Part 29. Electropolymerized poly(7,14-diphenylacenaphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene): electrochemistry and conductance of a novel electrochromic hydrocarbon ladder polymer film

The electropolymerization of 7,14-diphenylacenaphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene on a platinum or indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode produces an electroactive film which displays fluorescence and electrochromism. We report a study of the electrochemical properties and other characteristics of this film, such as the resistance dependence by the potential applied to the electrode. In particular, the film showed dramatic changes in the resistance and color as a function of the potential applied to the film because of changes in the electronic state of the polymer. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies were also carried out to characterize the polymer film.
Events following ABA treatment of spruce somatic embryos

Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in various physiological processes in plant growth and in the development of embryos and the maturation of seed. There is still much to learn about the influence of ABA on regulation of gene expression during plant and seed development. Perhaps not surprisingly, ABA has a major role in the stimulation of somatic embryo maturation in several conifer species, especially spruces. In spite of this, our knowledge of the effects of exogenous ABA is incomplete, for example the effect of ABA concentration on its uptake and fate has rarely been investigated during somatic embryo culture, and our knowledge of molecular events in conifer somatic embryo development is very scant. The intent of this review is to summarize some of the recent research in spruce somatic embryo development related to the use of ABA and to the consequence of its use.
Readability of simulated state question ballots affects voting behavior

College students (N = 102) were given one of two state question ballots that were equivalent in content but differed in readability. Half the participants received the original state questions on the November 1984 Oklahoma ballot (with a mean grade-reading level of 9.7). The other subjects received rewritten versions of the state questions (with a mean grade-reading level of 5.8). The group reading the revised state questions was significantly more likely to vote negatively than the group given the less readable ballot. This finding suggests the following election strategies: proponents of a state question should strive for obscure language on the ballot, while opponents of a state question should strive for simplified language.
Spatial Dynamics and Growth of Two Native Species of Catostomids: are Movements Restricted?

Abstract We investigated movement and growth of two common suckers, Catostomus clarki and Catostomus insignis, in three streams that represent the broad environmental tolerances of these species. There was limited evidence of restricted movement in C. clarki, with many individuals moving 600 m and 50–90% of recaptured individuals detected outside the original location of capture. Catostomus insignis was more sedentary than C. clarki with only 25% recaptured outside of the original location of capture. Movement patterns of the two species also varied among streams, with C. clarki moving further in Sonoita Creek than Bonita Creek or West Fork Black River, Arizona. Sonoita Creek experienced a series of floods and while movements after flooding were predominately downstream, rates of recapture were similar to those during pre-flood sampling. Rates of growth and body condition also varied among streams.
Physical Processes in a Convergent Theory of the Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions

A previously proposed theory of leptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions is found to be free of the divergence difficulties present in conventional models. The experimental implications of this theory and its extension to hadrons are briefly discussed.
Mechanism of cellulose dissolution in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: a 13C and 35/37Cl NMR relaxation study on model systems

13C and 35/37Cl NMR relaxation measurements on several model systems demonstrate that the solvation of cellulose by the ionic liquid (IL) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) involves hydrogen-bonding between the carbohydrate hydroxyl protons and the IL chloride ions in a 1 ∶ 1 stoichiometry.
Suing for Your Supper? Resource Allocation, Teacher Compensation and Finance Lawsuits.

Abstract Despite a large literature examining the effect of litigation on education finance and student achievement, there is relatively little recent evidence about how extra resources generated by litigation are spent. This paper uses national data to examine the effects of high court finance rulings from 1991 to 2002 on school districts’ education spending: including the categories of capital, plant, and support expenses as well as the teacher wage bill. It also decomposes the latter change into a quantity effect from teacher hiring and a price effect due to increased wages. I find that the largest spending increase comes from salary increases to teachers, with other large increases for hiring more instructors and increasing support spending. Further evidence suggests that the higher salaries are manifest more in an increased experience premium rather than higher salaries for new teacher hires. This evidence helps rationalize the role teachers unions play in supporting, and sometimes originating finance lawsuits.
HUILIN ON BLACK AND WHITE, JIANG YAN ON WUWEI: TWO BUDDHIST DIALOGUES FROM THE LIU-SONG DYNASTY

The genre of the lun (discourse) in early medieval Buddhism most often pertains to scriptural commentary or to interpretation of doctrine. But it can also accommodate other approaches to Buddhist topics, including those that more heavily emphasize literary flair. This article focuses on two essays in dialogue form that illustrate how far the genre can be stretched. These works are from early and late in the Liu-Song dynasty, by a monk and by a scholar-official, are from a large-scale and from a very personal perspective, are aimed at different audiences and were differently received. Attention is given here to the political and religious background of the two texts as well as to their literary qualities.
DEPENDENCE OF NEUTRON PRODUCTION IN FISSION ON RATE OF CHANGE OF NUCLEAR POTENTIAL

A study is made of the possibility of pre-scission neutron emission caused by excitatlon of individual nucleons in the dividing nucleus by nonadiabatic changes in the nuclear potential. lt is questioned whether enough energy can be transferred to some neutrons to free them by the nonadiabatic distortion of the potential as the nucleus flssions, To study this possibility, a square well containing a Fermi sea of nucleons in the middle of which is erupting'' an inverted square well volcano'' is considered. lt rises and divides the origlnal square well into the two fission fragments. The energy transferred to the nucleons can be calculated analytically for the two limiting cases, adiabatic and sudden changes of potential. The transition between these limiting situations is studied on a computer. It is found that there exist reasonable rates of rise of the volcano (i.e., scission times approx equal 5 x 10 sec) for whlch the number of neutrons ejected is of the same order of magnitude as the total number of neutrons ejected on the average per fission as a result of all mechanisms. By varying the ratio of the width of the volcano to the width of the square well, or by smoothlngmore » the volcano out in space (rounded volcano instead of an inverted square well volcano), the number of particles ejected can be changed also. For a particular set of parameters, conslstent with the experimental facts, it is found that about 1% of the neutrons in the nucleus are ejected. For a heavy nucleus such as Cf/sup 252/ this corresponds to about 1.5 neutrons per fission. It is not proposed that all prompt fission neutrons are ejected by thls mechanism, nor even a fraction necessarily anywhere as large as thls example might suggest; but only that some fraction of the neutrons is certainly produced by this mechanism. (auth)« less
On weighted Hochberg procedures

SUMMARY We consider different ways of constructing weighted Hochberg-type step-up multiple test procedures including closed procedures based on weighted Simes tests and their conservative step-up short-cuts, and step-up counterparts of two weighted Holm procedures. It is shown that the step-up counterparts have some serious pitfalls such as lack of familywise error rate control and lack of monotonicity in rejection decisions in terms of p-values. Therefore an exact closed procedure appears to be the best alternative, its only drawback being lack of simple stepwise structure. A conservative step-up short-cut to the closed procedure may be used instead, but with accompanying loss of power. Simulations are used to study the familywise error rate and power properties of the competing procedures for independent and correlated p-values. Although many of the results of this paper are negative, they are useful in highlighting the need for caution when procedures with similar pitfalls may be used.
Role of superoxide dismutase in the protection and tolerance to the prooxidant allelochemical quercetin in Papilio polyxenes, Spodoptera eridania, and Trichoplusia ni

Larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, have different feeding habits and dietary breadth, which contributes to differences in their exposure and tolerance to dietary prooxidant allelochemicals. The antioxidant enzyme activities of larvae of these insects have been previously determined, with the levels being P. polyxenes > S. eridania > T. ni. The relative activities of these antioxidant enzymes are consistent with the relative exposure of these insects to prooxidants. This suggests that the antioxidant enzymes may play a role in the defense against allelochemical toxicity in these insects. Dietary diethlydithiocarbamate (DETC), a copper chelating agent and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, was shown to inhibit SOD in all three insects. Toxicological studies were conducted using four diets for each insect. The standard diets for each insect were supplemented with either control (solvent), quercetin (a prooxidant), DETC, or DETC plus quercetin. Nontoxic doses of each compound for each insect were used. Inhibition of SOD in P. polyxenes and S. eridania dramatically increased quercetin-induced toxicity as measured by relative growth and consumption rates in these species. DETC had no effect on quercetin toxicity in T. ni. These results elucidate the important role of SOD in the prooxidant allelochemical defense of insects.
Cardiovascular risk profile of veteran men beginning androgen deprivation therapy.

We sought to describe the cardiovascular profile of veteran men before beginning androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), with the eventual benefit of targeting treatments to manage harmful cardiovascular side effects. We performed a secondary analysis with chi-square and Fisher's exact tests for associations between demographics and cardiovascular comorbidities on 375 veteran men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Those who were overweight and current smokers were more likely to be younger, whereas men with a systolic blood pressure >120 mmHg were more likely to be older (all P
A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and phaeophytin by fluorescence

Abstract The concentration of chlorophyll, principally chlorophyll a , and after acidification phaeophytin, is measured in 85% acetone extracts using a sensitive fluorometer. The method is very sensitive in the 10 fluorescence units are equal to 0·001 O.D. 665 mμ 10 cm . The maximum variation is 15%. The method is highly suitable for routine analysis at sea or in the laboratory.
Volumetric Irrigation Water Pricing Considerations

Volumetric water pricing is a popular topic within donor agencies for irrigation project modernization and sustainability. Implementation of an effective pricing program is quite complex and requires consideration of physical modernization, fee structure, enforcement procedures, and the level of water delivery service. Variations of volumetric water pricing and allocation are discussed.
Characterization and treatment of waste discharged from high-density catfish cultures

Abstract Warm condenser cooling water that is discharged from a steam-electric power plant was used to achieve optimum temperature levels for high-density production of catfish. The heated water extended the catfish growing season, enhanced growth rates, and increased production poundage. Characteristics of the wastewater from the high-density warm water culture (90 to 160 g of fish per liter of water and average water temperature of 28.2°C) were evaluated including evaluation of settleable solids, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total and soluble phosphates, ammonia nitrogen, organic nitrogen, nitrate and nitrate nitrogen, and fecal coliform bacteria for hourly and daily variations and for the effects of feeding on waste production. Unit waste loads were computed and compared to limits promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A pilot-scale sedimentation basin was evaluated for reducing settleable solids, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and phosphates. Difficulties in reducing fecal coliforms are discussed.
Seasonal variability of N:P ratios in eutrophic lakes

The ratios of different forms of nitrogen to phosphorus (particulate, total, total dissolved, and dissolved inorganic N:P) from four eutrophic lakes are presented to assess their variability during two consecutive growing seasons. Particulate and total N:P ratios showed the lowest amplitude of fluctuations, while the total inorganic N:P ratios showed the highest. All N:P forms demonstrated substantial variations and seasonal pattern over the growing period April-October. It was the short-lasting spring minima of the N:P ratios, ranging from less than 1:1 to 6:1, which triggered the onset of nitrogen-fixing cyanophyte blooms. Seasonal mean values were as high as 20:1 to 30:1 and misleading in assessing nitrogen limitation. The nitrogen fixation rapidly restored the N:P values to normal levels (TN:TP of 15:1 and over).
Similar Survival for Patients Undergoing Reduced-Intensity TBI Versus Myeloablative TBI as Conditioning for Allogeneic Transplant in Acute Leukemia

uncertain. A total of 56 patients have died, 32 within the first year after BMT. Pulmonary/pulmonary toxicity was the reported cause of death for six patients, five (5.7%) within the first year. It is estimated that radiationinduced lung injury has attributed to three deaths within the first year; and the three patients received 12 Gy. Eight patients had symptoms of grade 23 radiation pneumonitis; three are still alive more than one year after BMT and five died of causes other than pulmonary toxicity. Conclusions: TBI is an important component of the conditioning regimen for ALL patients undergoing BMT, and the incidence of pulmonary toxicity, using our technique and lung dose, is comparable to the documented literature about TBI based conditioning regimens. Author Disclosure: R.K. Ujaimi: None. N. Isfahanian: None. D.J. La Russa: None. R. Samant: None. C. Bredeson: None. P. Genest: None.
Ineffectiveness of penicillin prophylaxisin cardiac catheterization

In a total of 452 cardiac catheterizations, penicillin prophylaxis was given to oneseries of patients and withheld from another. Statistical analysis of the bacteriologic findings in these patients showed that the incidence of bacteremia and fever was not lessened by penicillin prophylaxis. Febrile reactions appeared to be the result of pyrogens. In no instance did bacterial endocarditis develop. The fact that antibiotic prophylaxis did not lower the incidence of significant bacterial cultures or fever following cardiac catheterization supports the contention that its use is not warranted in this procedure.
Management of uterine adenosarcomas with and without sarcomatous overgrowth

Abstract Objectives Uterine adenosarcomas (AS) are rare tumors composed of malignant stromal and benign epithelial components. We sought to evaluate the role of primary surgery, adjuvant treatments, and salvage therapies for patients with uterine adenosarcomas. Methods We identified all patients diagnosed with AS from 1990 to 2009 at our institution. Patient demographics, surgical procedures, sites of metastatic disease, and histologic features (e.g., presence of sarcomatous overgrowth, and heterologous elements) were collected. Treatment regimens and survival outcomes were evaluated. Results Thirty-one patients were evaluable for this study: 19 (61%) received up-front treatment at our institution and 12 (39%) received treatment for recurrent disease. Most of the up-front treated patients (15, 79%) were diagnosed with stage I disease and underwent hysterectomy (100%) with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (84%). Of the 19 patients treated at our institution from time of initial diagnosis, 5 (26%) patients recurred (median follow-up, 72.9months; range, 3–154). In 5 patients with sarcomatous overgrowth (AS+SO), the 2-year progression-free and overall survival rates were both 20% versus 100% for 14 patients without sarcomatous overgrowth. Responses to systemic treatment of measurable disease were observed in patients with and without sarcomatous overgrowth, but no optimal treatment strategy could be identified for either groups. Conclusions Unlike AS without sarcomatous overgrowth, AS+SO is an aggressive disease with a high recurrence rate. In our series, no optimal adjuvant or systemic treatment strategy was identifiable but standard sarcoma chemotherapy regimens appear to have efficacy in both AS and AS+SO.
The control of mating type heterokaryon incompatibility by vib-1, a locus involved in het-c heterokaryon incompatibility in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract The mating-type ( mat ) locus of Neurospora crassa has a dual function. It is required for mating during sexual development, but it also mediates heterokaryon incompatibility following hyphal fusion during vegetative growth. Previously, it was determined that mutations in vib-1 , which encodes a putative transcriptional regulator, suppress het-c heterokaryon incompatibility. This study showed that mutations in vib-1 suppress mat heterokaryon incompatibility in A/a partial diploids; suppression in ( A + a ) heterokaryons was variable and affected by unknown genetic factors. tol , a gene required for mat heterokaryon incompatibility, is epistatic to vib-1 in mediating mat heterokaryon incompatibility. vib-1 and tol also display a hierarchical order of strength of heterokaryon incompatibility that affected fertilization patterns. In addition to its role in heterokaryon incompatibility, vib-1 also negatively regulates conidiation. This study shows that FL, a positive regulator of conidiation, may partially activate conidiation by repressing VIB-1 function. VIB-1 may also partially regulate heterokaryon incompatibility mediated by genetic differences at het-e and het-8 because mutations in vib-1 increased the survival rate of self-incompatible het-8 and het-e partial diploid progeny.
Osmotically active organic solutes in the renal inner medulla

Several osmotically–active mammalian kidney organic solutes have been identified in the medulla of mammalian kidney over the past 25 years, but only recently has their significance been clarified by the convergence of several otherwise unrelated lines of investigation, including electron probe and NMR studies and comparative studies of marine organisms. The purpose of this review is to summarize those studies and to consider the likely roles of the osmotically–active organic solutes. Since the comparative studies provided much of the theoretical framework for this analysis, we will start with them.
In Situ Diffraction Study of the Formation of Rhenium Hydride at High Pressure

The formation of rhenium hydride from rhenium and hydrogen at high pressure has been studied using a diamond anvil cell and in-situ X-ray diffraction. Rhenium hydride forms by 5.3 GPa at room temperature. The hydride has an hcp structure with interstitial hydrogen. By 8.6 GPa, the stoichiometry of rhenium hydride saturates to ReH{sub 0.38{plus_minus}0.04}, a value significantly greater than found in earlier studies of quenched material. After saturation at 8.6 GPa, the interstitial hydrogen is {open_quotes}incompressible,{close_quotes} such that the difference in the volumes between rhenium metal and rhenium hydride remains nearly constant up to at least 20 GPa.
An examination of the PROMIS® pediatric instruments to assess mobility in children with cerebral palsy

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) provides adult and pediatric self-report measures of health-related quality of life designed for use across medical conditions and the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and validity of the PROMIS® Pediatric Short Form and computer-adaptive test (CAT) mobility measures in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Eighty-two children with CP completed self-report (PROMIS® Mobility Short Form, PROMIS® Mobility CAT, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™) and performance-based assessments of mobility (Timed Up and Go, Gross Motor Function Measure). Parents provided three proxy reports of child mobility (Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, Functional Assessment Questionnaire, Shriners Hospitals for Children CP-CAT). Validity of PROMIS® instruments was examined through correlations with other measures and “known groups” analyses determined by Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). On average, the PROMIS® CAT required less than seven items and 2 minutes to administer. Both PROMIS® measures showed moderate to high correlations with child- and parent-proxy report of child mobility; correlations with performance-based measure were small for the PROMIS® Short Form and non-significant for the PROMIS® CAT. All measures except for the PROMIS® CAT were able to distinguish between GMFCS categories. Results support the convergent and discriminant validity of the pediatric PROMIS® Mobility Short Form in children with CP. The PROMIS® Mobility CAT correlates well with child report and parent report of mobility but not with performance-based measures and does not differentiate between known mobility groups.