cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Phishing Phil: the design and evaluation of a game that teaches people not to fall for phish

In this paper we describe the design and evaluation of Anti-Phishing Phil, an online game that teaches users good habits to help them avoid phishing attacks. We used learning science principles to design and iteratively refine the game. We evaluated the game through a user study: participants were tested on their ability to identify fraudulent web sites before and after spending 15 minutes engaged in one of three anti-phishing training activities (playing the game, reading an anti-phishing tutorial we created based on the game, or reading existing online training materials). We found that the participants who played the game were better able to identify fraudulent web sites compared to the participants in other conditions. We attribute these effects to both the content of the training messages presented in the game as well as the presentation of these materials in an interactive game format. Our results confirm that games can be an effective way of educating people about phishing and other security attacks.
Modulation classification using a neutral tree network

A new classifier is presented for estimating the modulation type for digitally modulated signals. The new classifier is known as the neural tree network (NTN). The NTN is a self-organizing, hierarchical classifier that implements a sequential linear decision strategy. The NTN does not require a statistical analysis of the features, as do Bayesian methods or decision trees. The NTN also allows for a more flexible partitioning of feature space than the prior classification methods. The features used for modulation classification are obtained from an autoregressive model of the signal. These features include the instantaneous frequency, bandwidth, and derivative of the instantaneous frequency. The modulation types to be estimated are continuous wave, binary and quadrature phase shift keying, and binary and quadrature frequency shift keying. The experiment results show the NTN to perform well for low carrier to noise ratio (CNR) input signals, in addition to outperforming the decision tree classifier. >
Treatment Effects in the Presence of Unmeasured Confounding: Dealing With Observations in the Tails of the Propensity Score Distribution—A Simulation Study

Frailty, a poorly measured confounder in older patients, can promote treatment in some situations and discourage it in others. This can create unmeasured confounding and lead to nonuniform treatment effects over the propensity score (PS). The authors compared bias and mean squared error for various PS implementations under PS trimming, thereby excluding persons treated contrary to prediction. Cohort studies were simulated with a binary treatment T as a function of 8 covariates X. Two of the covariates were assumed to be unmeasured strong risk factors for the outcome and present in persons treated contrary to prediction. The outcome Y was simulated as a Poisson function of T and all X's. In analyses based on measured covariates only, the range of PS's was trimmed asymmetrically according to the percentile of PS in treated patients at the lower end and in untreated patients at the upper end. PS trimming reduced bias due to unmeasured confounders and mean squared error in most scenarios assessed. Treatment effect estimates based on PS range restrictions do not correspond to a causal parameter but may be less biased by such unmeasured confounding. Increasing validity based on PS trimming may be a unique advantage of PS's over conventional outcome models.
The diets of polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ) from August 2008 in the US Beaufort Sea

Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) play an integral part in the Arctic ecosystems linking the upper and lower trophic levels. Though their estimated biomass is considerable, recent knowledge of their diets in the US Beaufort Sea is sparse. Collections of polar cod from the US Beaufort Sea were made during August 2008 using demersal and pelagic trawls. Polar cod diet composition was quantified as percent prey weight, percent prey count, and frequency of occurrence of prey. The diet composition between the demersal- and pelagic-captured cod showed differences in all these categories. Polar cod captured in the demersal nets primarily fed on fish (by weight), and pelagic cod primarily fed on copepods (frequency of occurrence) and euphausiids (by weight). In general, these dominant preys are different than what has been reported in other studies describing polar cod diets.
Surgical Management of Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Multimodality therapy consisting of primary chemotherapy, mastectomy, and radiotherapy appears to offer the most favorable outcomes for patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC). Patients who respond well to chemotherapy are the best candidates for surgery; if response to chemotherapy is poor, radiotherapy should be undertaken before attempting surgery. The operative field must be wide enough to encompass all secondary skin changes, and every attempt should be made to assure negative margins. Breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy are not appropriate for patients with IBC. However, there are no medical contraindications to breast reconstruction after mastectomy, although most clinicians prefer to wait until after the completion of radiotherapy before attempting this additional surgery.
New agents that stimulate erythropoiesis

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) has proven to be remarkably safe and effective for treatment of anemias, primarily those secondary to renal disease and malignancy. Despite the worldwide use of rhEpo, concerns about its cost, the need for frequent parenteral administration, and the development of anti-Epo antibodies have prompted development of improved agents to stimulate erythropoiesis. Three strategies appear to be particularly promising. The half-life of Epo in the circulation can be prolonged by the addition of N-linked carbohydrate groups, by formation of adducts with polyethylene glycol, and by preparation of Epo multimers. Second, mimetic peptides can effectively trigger signal transduction at the Epo receptor, thereby boosting red-cell production. Finally, the hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF) can be pharmacologically induced by oral agents, resulting in enhanced expression not only of endogenous Epo but also of other genes important in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
Imagined Economies: Regionalism in the Russian Federation: Theories and Evidence

Federalism and sovereignty movements in Russia during 1990–3 have mainly been examined in terms of the actions of non-Russian ethnic republics. To gain a deeper understanding of the economic basis of sovereignty and autonomy movements for all regions of Russia, in this chapter I test existing explanations on an original data set that captures the spectrum of sovereignty-oriented activism among the Russian regions (oblasts and krais). I show that economic variables found in traditional quantitative data sets and used in previous explanations do not explain the pattern of Russian regionalism very well, but I analyze the complexity of economic data in Russia to suggest a different approach to the role of economic factors in sovereignty movements. Regions and Federalism in the USSR and Russia Any discussion of regionalism and federalism in the USSR and Russia must begin with an acknowledgment of the fact that the USSR was territorially divided in a very complicated way. The administrative and ethnic territorial divisions that constituted the state were irregular, uneven, and subject to change over the course of Soviet history. They were also fundamental in making and breaking the Soviet state. Beyond urban and rural districts, there were, broadly speaking, three main administrative levels in the USSR, although not all levels existed in every territorial unit. As shown in Table 1.1, as of 1989, there were 15 union republics ( Sovetskaia Sotsialisticheskaia respublika or Soviet Socialist Republic, SSR), whose specific names and institutional structures corresponded to ethnic groups (e.g., Estonian SSR, Ukrainian SSR).
Do Non-native Plant Species Affect the Shape of Productivity-diversity Relationships

ABSTRACT The relationship between ecosystem processes and species richness is an active area of research and speculation. Both theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted in numerous ecosystems. One finding of these studies is that the shape of the relationship between productivity and species richness varies considerably among ecosystems and at different spatial scales, though little is known about the relative importance of physical and biological mechanisms causing this variation. Moreover, despite widespread concern about changes in species' global distributions, it remains unclear if and how such large-scale changes may affect this relationship. We present a new conceptual model of how invasive species might modulate relationships between primary production and species richness. We tested this model using long-term data on relationships between aboveground net primary production and species richness in six North American terrestrial ecosystems. We show that primary production and abundan...
Collaborative Public Management and Collaborative Governance: Conceptual Similarities and Differences

There has been considerable interest among Public Administration scholars in collaborative public management and governance. However, there is a need for conceptual analysis of the two terms which share common aspects and differ essentially in scope and substance. We found that collaborative public management has a more local approach and focuses on the substance of collaboration practiced to solve societal problems and reach community goals at the organizational level. On the other hand, widely researched in management, political science, and public administration disciplines, collaborative governance has a global scope and focuses on both substance and process of collaboration in effectively solving societal problems with improved structures of nonhierarchical and decentralized institutions and mechanisms of citizen participation both through partnership projects and e-governance tools. The paper contributes to the better understanding of collaborative public management and collaborative governance with implications for both future research and practice.
From preposition to plural marker and much more: grammaticalization of Kuche ba?na?

While most Benue-Congo languages of West Africa retain only vestiges of a noun class system, Kuche, a language of Central Nigeria, has an extensive system similar in many ways to Bantu systems. One unusual feature of the system is the form ban( a), used to pluralize, for example, kin terms such as 'mother' and 'father' . Although it has been analyzed elsewhere as a noun class prefix, detailed analysis demonstrates that it is not a class prefix but rather a grammaticalized compound consisting of the class 2 pronoun ba plus the preposition na 'with'. Not only has this grammatic ali zed form come to be used as a pluralizer, it also functions as a type of comitative marker. The author shows that na has also combined with agreement prefixes a- and ba- (classes 1 and 2), and has grammaticalized with multiple functions: associative marker, directional marker, focus and topic marker.
Titanium silicide technology

Fundamental materials aspects of the titanium silicide technology have been reviewed with specific emphasis on its application to SALICIDE process. Various process integration concerns are discussed in light of its applicability and scalability to sub-quarter micrometre CMOS technology. Methods of extending the life of titanium salicide technology to below ~0.10 μm are also briefly reviewed.
Enrichment of GABAA Receptor α-Subunits on the Axonal Initial Segment Shows Regional Differences

Although it is generally recognized that certain α-subunits of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) form enriched clusters on the axonal initial segment (AIS), the degree to which these clusters vary in different brain areas is not well known. In the current study, we quantified the density, size, and enrichment ratio of fluorescently labeled α1-, α2-, or α3-subunits aggregates co-localized with the AIS-marker ankyrin G (AnkG) and compared them to aggregates in non-AIS locations among different brain areas including hippocampal subfields, basal lateral amygdala (BLA), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and sensory cortex (CTX). We found regional differences in the enrichment of GABAAR α-subunits on the AIS. Significant enrichment was identified in the CA3 of hippocampus for α1-subunits, in the CA1, CA3, and BLA for α2-subunits, and in the BLA for α3-subunits. Using α-subunit knock-out (KO) mice, we found that BLA enrichment of α2- and α3-subunits were physiologically independent of each other, as the enrichment of one subunit was unaffected by the genomic deletion of the other. To further investigate the unique pattern of α-subunit enrichment in the BLA, we examined the association of α2- and α3-subunits with the presynaptic vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) and the anchoring protein gephyrin (Geph). As expected, both α2- and α3-subunits on the AIS within the BLA received prominent GABAergic innervation from vGAT-positive terminals. Further, we found that the association of α2- and α3-subunits with Geph was weaker in AIS versus non-AIS locations, suggesting that Geph might be playing a lesser role in the enrichment of α2- and α3-subunits on the AIS. Overall, these observations suggest that GABAARs on the AIS differ in subunit composition across brain regions. As with somatodendritic GABAARs, the distinctive expression pattern of AIS-located GABAAR α-subunits in the BLA, and other brain areas, likely contribute to unique forms of GABAergic inhibitory transmission and pharmacological profiles seen in different brain areas.
Using Computer-Aided Text Analysis to Elevate Constructs: An Illustration Using Psychological Capital

Applying individual-level constructs to higher levels of analysis can be a fruitful practice in organizational research. Although this practice is beneficial in developing and testing theory, there are measurement and validation concerns that, if improperly addressed, may threaten the validity and utility of the research. This article illustrates how computer-aided text analysis might be utilized to facilitate construct elevation while ensuring proper validation. Specifically, we apply a framework to develop organizational-level operationalizations of individual-level constructs using the psychological capital construct as an example.
Viability of vacuum-dried urediniospores of Melampsora lini maintained over three decades

(1985). Viability of Vacuum-Dried Urediniospores of Melampsora Lini Maintained Over Three Decades. Mycologia: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 491-493.
Effects of aluminum on the release and-or immobilization of soluble phosphate in corn root tissue

The effects of aluminum ions on the generation of mobile inorganic phosphate (Pi) within the cells of excised maize (Zea mays L.) root tips were examined using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy. When perfused with a solution containing 50 mM glucose and 0.1–5.0 mM Ca2+ at pH 4.0, 3–5-mm-long excised maize root tips from 3-d-old seedlings showed a significant (approx. 100%) increase in the amount of mobile Pi, (primarily vacuolar) over a period of 30 h. This increase was above that which can be accounted for by the hydrolysis of endogenous sugar phosphates and nucleotides. A change of the pH of the perfusion solution to 7.0 reduced the increase in Pi to approx. 50%. Omission of Ca2+ in the solution at pH 4.0 caused the mobile Pi to increase to about 170%. However, the presence of Al3+ or both Ca2+ and Al3+ in the solution resulted in a significant loss (35–50%) of mostly vacuolar Pi over the same period of time. When root tips containing up to 65% of newly released Pi, produced after 20 h perfusion, were exposed to Al3+, no additional increase in the level of the mobile-Pi signal area was noted. Exposure to Al3+ with Ca2+ and glucose under hypoxia at pH 4.0 resulted in a threefold decrease in intracellular Pi content after the root tips were returned to aerobic conditions. These results indicate that external pH plays an important role in the generation of mobile intracellular Pi and that the presence of both Ca2+ and Al3+ can independently suppress the production of this excess Pi and ultimately reduce the vacuolar Pi.
The experience of accommodating privacy restrictions during implementation of a large-scale surveillance study of an osteoporosis medication

PURPOSE: To explore whether privacy restrictions developed to protect patients have complicated research within a 15-year surveillance study conducted with US cancer registries. METHODS: Data from enrolling 27 cancer registries over a 10-year period were examined to describe the amount of time needed to obtain study approval. We also analyzed the proportion of patients that completed a research interview out of the total reported by the registries and examined factors thought to influence this measure. RESULTS: The average length of the research review process from submission to approval of the research was 7 months (range, CONCLUSIONS: Lengthy research review processes increased the time between diagnosis and provision of patient information to the researcher. Requiring physician permission for access to patients was associated with lower subject participation. A single national point of entry for use of cancer registry data in health research is worthy of consideration to make the research approval process efficient. © 2016 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.© 2016 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Language: en
Pulmonary fungal infections in HIV-infected persons

Fungal infections account for a large number of AIDS-index diagnoses and complicate the course of most patients with HIV disease. Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans is the most commonly encountered deep-seated fungal infection in AIDS and represents a major threat to HIV-infected people worldwide. Although most patients with cryptococcosis present with meningitis, pulmonary disease may occasionally dominate the clinical picture. Treatment of symptomatic pulmonary cryptococcosis remains amphotericin-B with or without 5-flucytosine. The toxicity and difficulty of administration of amphotericin-B has engendered interest in treatment alternatives with the new triazoles. As HIV infection has become more common in the American heartland, it has overlapped areas endemic for Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Blastomycosis dermatitidis. Disease from these deep-seated fungal pathogens, whether from de novo exposure or reactivation, has protean manifestations. Common to all is a protracted, febrile, wasting illness, with or without respiratory symptoms. Treatment of choice for all these infections remains amphotericin-B, followed by lifelong-maintenance therapy with a triazole. In this article I review the microbiology, epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of AIDS-associated deep-seated fungal infections.
Arizona Bifaces of Wyoming Chert

ABSTRACTSeven bifaces from sites in Arizona and one from New Mexico are so similar in material, form, and workmanship that a single source is inferred. The distinctive raw material is tentatively identified as “Tiger Chert” from southwestern Wyoming. These finds suggest widespread exchange of large bifaces among the pueblos of the late thirteenth to fourteenth centuries, and a previously unrecognized contact to the north.
Alteration of Surface Properties by Ion Implantation

Some exploratory experiments involving the bombardment of semiconductor materials by high-energy ions to alter the electrical properties of these materials were conducted in the 1950s. Since then, ion implantation has become a standard processing technique in the semiconductor industry to introduce dopants into a wide range of materials. During the 1970s interest in this technique was extended to modification of the chemical or mechanical properties of metals and the optical and electrical properties of insulators. Reference 1 contains a set of reviews covering studies outside of semiconductor technology. This paper describes studies to extend the use of ion implantation techniques to modify the mechanical properties of structural ceramics.
Opening the Channel: the Two Functional Interfaces of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OpmH with the Triclosan Efflux Pump TriABC

ABSTRACT TriABC-OpmH is an efflux pump from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an unusual substrate specificity and protein composition. When overexpressed, this pump confers a high level of resistance to the biocide triclosan and the detergent SDS, which are commonly used in combinations for antimicrobial treatments. This activity requires an RND transporter (TriC), an outer membrane channel (OpmH), and two periplasmic membrane fusion proteins (TriA and TriB) with nonequivalent functions. In the active complex, TriA is responsible for the recruitment of OpmH, while TriB is responsible for stimulation of the transporter TriC. Here, we used the functional and structural differences between the two membrane fusion proteins to link their functional roles to specific interactions with OpmH. Our results provide evidence that the TriB-dependent stimulation of the TriC transporter is coupled to opening of the OpmH aperture through binding to the interprotomer groove of OpmH. IMPORTANCE Multidrug efflux transporters are important contributors to intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in clinics. In Gram-negative bacteria, these transporters have a characteristic tripartite architecture spanning the entire two-membrane cell envelope. How such complexes are assembled and how the reactions separated in two different membranes are coupled to provide efficient efflux of various compounds across the cell envelope remain unclear. This study addressed these questions, and the results suggest a mechanism for functional integration of drug efflux by the inner membrane transporter and opening of the channel for transport across the outer membrane.
Partnering with a local concrete block manufacturing plant to improve quality of construction materials in Haiti’s Central Plateau

This paper presents a successful ongoing partnership between Clemson Engineers for Developing Countries (CEDC) and a concrete masonry unit (CMU) manufacturing plant in rural Haiti. The infrastructure destruction and resulting loss of life of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti highlighted the need for improved building materials and codes. This partnership has helped to improve the strength of CMUs in the plant, both creating a safer local built environment and expanding the economic opportunities for this plant. Using samples of aggregate and cement from the site in Haiti, students in Clemson performed experiments to optimise the CMU mix design and made other suggestions to improve efficiency and quality of their product. Consistency continues to be a challenge for the CMU plant, and this paper also describes proposed procedures to help the plant implement quality control and quality assurance plans.
New Opportunities for Nongovernmental Actors in the International Law Commission

Four years ago, I wrote an essay for the Centennial celebration of the American Journal of International Law on the topic of “Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law.” In the section of that essay where I discussed whether, under international law, states and international organizations have a duty to consult nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), I surveyed some current practices of consultation in international organizations. My invitation to participate in this symposium has presented me an opportunity to revisit those thoughts, to conduct more research, and to update our scholarship on how the ILC processes use input from private actors. My presentation contains three parts: First, my paper will survey ILC practices and trends in consultations with NGOs, business groups, academics, and practitioners. Second, my paper will discuss why the ILC should consult NGOs. Third, my paper will offer concrete proposals for additional steps that the ILC should take to enhance its dialogue with private economic and social actors.
FDA in the 21st Century: Focus on Tobacco Policies and Heart Failure Prevention

Cigarette smoking ranks among the most devastating, but modifiable, risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Of the more than 20 million premature deaths caused by smoking and secondhand smoke since the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health was published in 1964, nearly 7.8 million
Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Compliance at Michigan Community Colleges.

ABSTRACTIn 1989, Congress passed the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments to address illegal alcohol and drug abuse on college campuses. To receive federal funding, each college must comply by implementing an alcohol and drug prevention program, but the federal government and some colleges have paid little attention to this policy. Recently, the Department of Education vowed to intensify its scrutiny of colleges and has begun issuing fines for noncompliance. There have been no studies on this topic in over 20 years, leaving community college administrators, in particular, without guidance on how to implement the required programs. In this study, I analyzed public reports from Michigan community colleges to evaluate compliance with the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act and to examine their alcohol and drug programs. I found that 21 of Michigan’s 28 community colleges partially complied with the Act, only two implemented all the required mandates, and five were noncompliant. Most notably, co...
The Los Alamos Solid-State Optical Refrigerator

Optical refrigeration may provide the physical basis for solid-state cryocooling. Devices based on this physics would be vibrationless, compact, and free of electromagnetic interference. Having no moving parts and being pumped by a diode lasers, optical refrigerators would be rugged with operating lifetimes of years. Experiments at Los Alamos National Laboratory have demonstrated the basic physical principles of optical refrigeration.1 Design studies suggest that optical refrigerators with efficiencies comparable to other small cryocoolers should be realizable with existing technologies.2
A New Approach for Rod-Bundle Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis

The inherent shortcomings of the subchannel analysis were analyzed, and an alternative approach using volume porosity, surface permeability, and distributed resistance and heat source was developed. The volume porosity, surface permeability, and distributed resistance and heat source approach has advantages over the subchannel analysis because of the use of orthogonal coordinates and geometrically similar control volumes for both axial and transverse momentum equations. Furthermore, it can readily be reduced to the volume porosity and distributed resistance and heat source approach, which is the only viable method for thermal hydraulic analysis for large rod bundles.
Endophthalmitis prophylaxis by intracameral antibiotics: In vitro model comparing vancomycin, cefuroxime, and moxifloxacin.

Purpose To compare the efficacy of intracameral vancomycin, cefuroxime, and moxifloxacin on postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis rates. Setting Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Bacteria and intraocular lenses (IOLs) were incubated with vancomycin, cefuroxime, moxifloxacin, or combinations. Antibiotic concentrations were high, corresponding to clinical maximum intracameral doses (1.0 mg vancomycin or cefuroxime, 0.5 mg moxifloxacin), or low (one third of clinical maximum dose). The following bacteria were isolated from patients with endophthalmitis: 18 strains including 6 staphylococci, 6 streptococci, 3 pseudomonad, and 3 propionibacteria. Samples were diluted by half every 2 hours to model the half-life of intracameral antibiotics. At 24 hours, samples were vortexed to shake bacterial biofilms loose from the IOLs. The bacterial broth was plated and colonies were counted 24 hours later. Results Efficacy against staphylococci was concentration dependent; all antibiotics were effective at high concentrations, while low concentrations were in general ineffective. Streptococci and propionibacteria were nearly eliminated by all antibiotics at low concentrations. Pseudomonads were most effectively treated by high-dose moxifloxacin and its combinations. Conclusions Broadest coverage against common pathogens should be obtained by high-dose moxifloxacin (0.5 mg intracameral). Submaximum dosing, which could occur if aqueous is released to lower intraocular pressure after injection, compromises the efficacy against staphylococci and pseudomonads. All antibiotics, even at low doses, were effective against streptococci and propionibacteria, suggesting that many of the worst endophthalmitis outcomes could be prevented by intracameral use of any of the 3 antibiotics used in this study.
Serial Acquisition as a Function of the Meaningfulness ( m ) of Words Chosen VS Mean m Value of Words Learned

To assess the effect of allowing S to choose the items which might be learned later, 227 students from seven psychology classes were shown 30 words differing widely in meaningfulness (m) value. Experimental Ss were asked to select the 15 items they most preferred to learn. Several days later, Ss learned a 9-item list of either high or low mean m. The analysis of correct anticipations during learning showed that choice resulted in significantly faster acquisition of the low m list. No difference for Ss receiving items chosen vs rejected was obtained.
Other: Multiraciality, Community, and Cross-Racial Research.

In this article, I use what Baszile terms critical autobiographical reflection to examine my experiences as a Black and Tamil American woman who engages in language and literacy research with Latinx adolescents. I describe my encounters with two types of research policing in which perceptions of my racial identity are used to challenge the “appropriateness” of my research. Then, I illustrate how my biographical journey as a multiracial woman has shaped how I envision the conception of community that is fundamental to my equity-focused work. Finally, I discuss that it was differences in racialized schooling experiences, not distinct ethnoracial identities, which had the potential to be the greatest barrier in my cross-racial dissertation research. Through this critical autobiographical reflection, I present a diverse representation of what it means to be a Woman of Color educational researcher and document how I enact what Paris conceptualizes as humanizing research.
Protonation underlies tonic vs. use-dependent block.

Eukaryotic voltage gated sodium-selective channels (VGSCs) enable influx of Na+ into excitable cells in response to a change in the transmembrane potential. This movement of ions causes the membrane depolarization occurring during the rising phase of the action potential and, as such, underlies propagation of electrical signals in neurons. The transmembrane region of VGSCs is characterized by a fourfold pseudosymmetrical architecture. In particular, the channel is constituted of four homologous repeats (referred to as domains, DI through DIV), each comprising six helical segments (S1 through S6). The first four helices (S1–S4) of each domain assemble into a separate helix bundle, the so-called voltage sensor domain, which undergoes a conformational transition in response to membrane depolarization. The remaining S5 and S6 helices from all of the domains form a tetrameric assembly, the pore domain, containing a lumen in its center. The latter constitutes a pathway connecting the extracellular and intracellular compartments, enabling diffusion of water molecules and ions across the membrane. Crucial milestones along this pathway are the selectivity filter, a section permeable to Na+ but not K+, and the activation gate, a hydrophobic plug that hinders the passage of waters and ions when the channel is in the closed state. The major features of this biological nanomachine are remarkably conserved along evolution: Voltage-gated ion channels from all kingdoms of life share a common “blueprint” with the same architecture and basic rules of functioning. In particular, VGSCs are members of a large phylogenetic family, the six-transmembrane family, also containing VGSCs from bacteria. Despite the large degree of sequence similarity, the structure of prokaryotic VGSCs is less complex than … [↵][1]1Email: vincenzo.carnevale{at}temple.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Necessity of Combining Adaptation Methods

Problems stemming from domain adaptation continue to plague the statistical natural language processing community. There has been continuing work trying to find general purpose algorithms to alleviate this problem. In this paper we argue that existing general purpose approaches usually only focus on one of two issues related to the difficulties faced by adaptation: 1) difference in base feature statistics or 2) task differences that can be detected with labeled data. We argue that it is necessary to combine these two classes of adaptation algorithms, using evidence collected through theoretical analysis and simulated and real-world data experiments. We find that the combined approach often outperforms the individual adaptation approaches. By combining simple approaches from each class of adaptation algorithm, we achieve state-of-the-art results for both Named Entity Recognition adaptation task and the Preposition Sense Disambiguation adaptation task. Second, we also show that applying an adaptation algorithm that finds shared representation between domains often impacts the choice in adaptation algorithm that makes use of target labeled data.
The Mechanics of Vibrothermography

Vibrothermography is a term coined by the authors to describe a concept and related techniques whereby the internal integrity and uniformity of materials and components is interrogated by observing the heat pattern produced by the energy dissipation which occurs when a specific vibratory excitation is applied to the test piece. In particular, “vibrothermography” consists of the study of thermographic (heat) patterns which are recorded or observed in real time during such an excitation. It has been observed that the details of the mechanisms which produce such dissipative heat are directly related to the mechanisms of material deformation and degradation in several important ways, a fact that provides the basis for the use of this scheme as a nondestructive test and evaluation method and general philosophy. The present paper is an overview of this field which begins with a tutorial explanation of the basic foundations of the method, continues with a development of the manner in which the information provided by the method is related to the mechanics of the response of the test specimens — to the extent that it is understood — and closes with a survey of results and applications of the method.
A Hierarchical Real-Time Balancing Market Considering Multi-Microgrids With Distributed Sustainable Resources

A hierarchical market structure is proposed in this paper for multiple microgrids to participate in transmission-level real-time balancing markets and to provide ancillary services to the utility grid. At the distribution level, local microgrids with distributed sustainable resources, such as demand response, distributed renewables, and energy storage, are economically dispatched by a distribution system operator (DSO). A bi-level optimization model is formulated to guarantee the goals of both DSO and microgrids. It is solved by developing Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and combining the two problems into one mathematical programming with complementarity constraints. Furthermore, since the physical topology and distribution power flow constraints are enclosed to form a non-convex optimal power flow model, a convexification technique is implemented to transform the original problem into a mixed integer quadratic constrained problem for better computation performance. At the transmission level, DSOs strategically bid with generation companies to win the desired share of the market managed by a transmission system operator. A multivariate linear regression is developed to capture the correlation between the bid gained and the prices offered by the DSO and its opponents to maximize its possibility of winning the bid. Simulation studies on IEEE test systems verify the proposed framework.
Evaluation and Clinical Application of a Commercially Available Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm for CBCT-Based IGRT.

Purpose:We have quantitatively evaluated the image quality of a new commercially available iterative cone-beam computed tomography reconstruction algorithm over standard cone-beam computed tomograp...
From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia

The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa in the context of psychiatric disorders may be surprising to some. This intersection of disciplines, however, has a rich history and is currently revitalized by newfound functions of the microbiome and the gut-brain axis in human diseases. Schizophrenia, in particular, fits this model as a disorder with gene and environmental roots that may be anchored in the immune system. In this context, the combination of a precisely timed pathogen exposure in a person with genetically encoded altered immunity may have especially destructive consequences for the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, significant components of immunity, such as the development of the immune response and the concept of immune tolerance, are largely dictated by the commensal residents of the microbiome. When this community of microbes is imbalanced, perhaps as the result of a pathogen invasion, stress, or immune gene deficiency, a pathological cycle of localized inflammation, endothelial barrier compromise, translocation of gut-derived products, and systemic inflammation may ensue. If these pathologies enable access of gut and microbial metabolites and immune molecules to the CNS across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and studies of the gut-brain axis support this hypothesis, a worsening of cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms is predicted to occur in susceptible individuals with schizophrenia. In this chapter, we review the role of microbes in various stages of this model and how these organisms may contribute to documented phenotypes of schizophrenia. An increased understanding of the role of pathogens and the microbiome in psychiatric disorders will better guide the development of microbial and immune-based therapeutics for disease prevention and treatment.
Routing Networks and the Challenges of Modular and Compositional Computation.

Compositionality is a key strategy for addressing combinatorial complexity and the curse of dimensionality. Recent work has shown that compositional solutions can be learned and offer substantial gains across a variety of domains, including multi-task learning, language modeling, visual question answering, machine comprehension, and others. However, such models present unique challenges during training when both the module parameters and their composition must be learned jointly. In this paper, we identify several of these issues and analyze their underlying causes. Our discussion focuses on routing networks, a general approach to this problem, and examines empirically the interplay of these challenges and a variety of design decisions. In particular, we consider the effect of how the algorithm decides on module composition, how the algorithm updates the modules, and if the algorithm uses regularization.
An Investigation Into the Use of Yoga in Recreational Therapy Practice

Yoga is used in health care with a variety of populations, but limited knowledge exists regarding the details of how yoga is implemented in recreational therapy (RT) practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore how yoga is implemented in RT practice. As part of a nation-wide survey and through the use of individual interviews, this secondary analysis investigated how yoga is being used in RT practice across the United States. Sixteen recreational therapists completed both a nation-wide online survey and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative results describe the populations in which yoga is being used in RT practice, as well as the characteristics of recreational therapists who also are employing yoga in their RT practice. Then, conventional and summative content analysis identified four categories related to yoga in RT practice: recreational therapists’ practices, treatment planning, outcomes, and yoga intervention. The findings revealed that yoga is implemented with a variety of populations as part of RT practice. Yoga should be implemented by recreational therapists who are trained to teach yoga or provide population-specific yoga sessions to meet specific patient needs. Limitations of the study and implications are discussed.Subscribe to TRJ
PENERAPAN MOTIF FLORA PADA UNDANGAN PERNIKAHAN PRODUKSI GORESAN UNGU JUMINAHAN YOGYAKARTA PERIODE 2010-2012

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) Mengetahui jenis-jenis undangan pernikahan yang diproduksi Goresan Ungu Juminahan Yogyakarta pada periode 2010-2012, 2) Mengidentifikasi penerapan motif flora pada desain undangan pernikahan Goresan Ungu Juminahan Yogyakarta periode 2010-2012, 3) Mengidentifikasi penggunaan unsur warna ungu pada undangan pernikahan Goresan Ungu Juminahan Yogyakarta periode 2010-2012, 4) Mendeskripsikan tema data lapangan yang berkaitan dengan persoalan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Studi Kasus Sedangkan jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Variabel dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi titik perhatian atau keunikannya yaitu Penerapan motif flora pada undangan pernikahan Goresan Ungu Juminahan Yogyakarta, yang dijadikan subyek penelitian adalah produk undangan pernikahan yang diproduksi Goresan Ungu Yogyakarta, sedangkan obyeknya adalah Penerapan motif flora pada undangan pernikahan Goresan Ungu Juminahan Yogyakarta, dengan teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara : Observasi, Wawancara, dan Dokumentasi. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen seperti : kepustakaan, chech list, tanya jawab dan Kamera digital. Teknik analisa data menghimpun data, mereduksi data, dan mengklasifikasi data, dan analisis data, menarik kesimpulan, dan menyusun laporan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Jenis undangan pernikahan yang diproduksi goresan Ungu Yogyakarta ialah Undangan Softcover dan Undangan Hardcover, 2) Goresan Ungu menerapkan Motif Flora Pada Desain Undangan Pernikahan karena untuk memperindah tampilan. Entah itu dalam ruangan, luar ruangan, maupun tempat-tempat lainnya. Begitu pula pada desain undangan, 3) Menggunakan Unsur Warna Ungu pada Undangan Pernikahan karena merupakan warna yang sakral dalam pernikahan. Warna ini populer dalam berbagai undangan yang digunakan, karena asosiasinya dengan rasa agung yang ditambahkan, 4) Konsep Secara Umum yang Diterapkan pada Desain Undangan Pernikahan ialah konsep art nouveau design yang secara langsung dan bersinergi dengan budaya adiluhung Jawa khususnya Kota Yogyakarta. Kata Kunci : Penerapan, Motif, Flora, Undangan
Seasonal Variation of Chronic Villitis of Unknown Etiology.

IntroductionChronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is a chronic inflammatory lesion of the placenta. VUE is hypothesized to result from an alloimmune response or as response to an unidentified ...
Achievable Rate-Distortion Region for Robust Distributed Source Coding

We derive a new inner bound to the rate-distortion (RD) region of the robust distributed source coding (RDSC) problem. The derived bound is proven to strictly enlarge the previous known largest for identified examples. This builds on the fixed block-length coding scheme that has been proposed in a series of recent works. Detailed results are available in [1].
PROTEOMICS REVEALS PROTEIN TARGETS TO LIMIT INFARCT WALL THINNING

Myocyte necrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) initiates wall thinning of the left ventricle (LV), with maximum thinning occurring by 24 h in mice. Because neutrophils launch the early pro-inflammatory cascade, we hypothesized that neutrophil-derived proteins might be causative agents of LV wall
The N-terminal domain of Staphylothermus marinus McrB shares structural homology with PUA-like RNA binding proteins.

Abstract McrBC is a conserved modification-dependent restriction system that in Escherichia coli specifically targets foreign DNA containing methylated cytosines. Crystallographic data show that the N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli McrB binds substrates via a base flipping mechanism. This region is poorly conserved among the plethora of McrB homologs, suggesting that other species may use alternative binding strategies and/or recognize different targets. Here we present the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain from Stayphlothermus marinus McrB (Sm3-180) at 1.92 A, which adopts a PUA-like EVE fold that is closely related to the YTH and ASCH RNA binding domains. Unlike most PUA-like domains, Sm3-180 binds DNA and can associate with different modified substrates. We find the canonical ‘aromatic cage’ binding pocket that confers specificity for methylated bases in other EVE/YTH domains is degenerate and occluded in Sm3-180, which may contribute to its promiscuity in target recognition. Further structural comparison between different PUA-like domains identifies motifs and conformational variations that correlate with the preference for binding either DNA or RNA. Together these data have important implications for PUA-like domain specificity and suggest a broader biological versatility for the McrBC family than previously described.
Leveraging Iterative Design of Experiments to Innovate in a High-Risk Production Environment: A US Army Aviation Case Study

This paper invokes the utility of design of experiments (DOE) as a means for achieving innovation in a high-risk production environment. DOE enables objective scrutiny of causal relationships between the inputs and outputs of a system. This scrutiny empowers researchers and decision makers to better understand, not only the behavior of the system, but also the potential trade-space that could be exploited for innovation. A high-risk production operation, characterized by high cost and high value products, encourages process stability and deters innovation. Operators maintain the working status-quo unless positive outcomes can be realized with a high degree of certainty. Iterative DOE provides the capability to develop that desired certainty, while mitigating the requirements of a high-risk production pipeline. The U.S. Army Aviation training pipeline provides a unique lens through which we can observe the prescribed utilization of DOE as a means to innovative ends.