cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignition Triggering of Afterburner Fuel Using Partial Oxidation Mixtures

This study is the first of a three-part investigation into the feasibility of a practical augmentor operating without flame holders. The preliminary study presented herein investigated the enhancing effect that Partial Oxidation (POx) mixtures have on the ignition of propane, which simulated the Jet A fuel used in practical augmentors. The study used “synthetic” POx comprising a cold mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen. This allowed adjustments in the POx mixture composition to simulate the effect of short residence times in a partial oxidation reactor that could be used in practical applications to form the POx. The experimental setup used in this study consisted of a methane burning combustor whose products were further diluted with air to generate vitiated air with properties (e.g., temperature) simulating those that would be encountered in practical augmentor inlets subsequent to the expansion in the turbine. A secondary injector that was located downstream the main combustor was used to inject propane fuel with or without POx mixture into a simulated augmentor section. The secondary injection was performed so that the flame could not be readily stabilized by “conventional” flame holding processes. Instead, combustion occurred when the temperature of the vitiated air was sufficiently high to cause autoignition. The temperature of the vitiated air was controlled by the amount of the diluting air. The compositions of the gases upstream and downstream of the secondary injector were measured by a gas analyzer. The study used the autoignition limit of the augmentor fuel/POx mixture as a metric for the reaction kinetics responsible for the complete combustion of fuel in a realistic augmentor. The results indicate that a small amount of POx, with a composition that can be achieved in a reactor with 0.2 ms residence time, significantly enhanced the ignition process in the augmentor simulator. Specifically, the results showed that the ignition temperature of a mixture of propane and small amount of POx was nearly 100C lower than that of propane alone. Moreover, POx by itself had a nearly 200C lower ignition temperature than propane. This suggests that with proper design of the injection system even greater benefits could be obtained.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Sol-gel synthesis of amorphous five-component oxide systems using crown ether complexation: ZBLAN gels

Abstract Five-component hydrous oxide precursor gels comprised of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum and sodium cations (ZBLAN precursor gel), useful for synthesis of heavy metal fluoride glasses, were prepared via a sol-gel process. Crown ether complexation of soduum cation was used to prepare a gel that was amorphous and chemically uniform on a nanometer scale as determined by electron microscopy, chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. Characteristics of this gel are described in detail along with the impact of the chemical processing method on the structural and chemical homogeneity of the system.
The physical significance of the T0 anomalies in Schottky barriers

Abstract Levine's suggestion of an effective exponential energy density of interface states to explain the T 0 anomalies in Schottky barriers is compared with the Bardeen interface model with a parabolic density of states. Except for cases in which the characteristic energy E 0 is less than kT , the two models are shown to be equivalent with the Bardeen model revealing more of the physical situation. When E 0 is less than kT and the T 0 anomaly is still observed, the interface state model is physically untenable, but an alternative interpretation in terms of an appropriate doping profile and conversion of semiconductor type near the metal contact is a possible explanation. Except when E 0 kT it is impossible to distinguish between the two models from current-voltage characteristics alone.
Euro Crash: Implications of Monetary Failure in Europe

The recent European Union (EU) bailout of Ireland and Greece, along with a lack of confidence in the future of the euro zone makes this sequel to Brown’s [2006] Euro on Trial a timely read. Euro Crash puts forth a series of insightful accusations about policy decisions since the inception of the euro and artfully questions whether the euro zone is sustainable.
A Modelling and Tabu Search Heuristic for a Continuous Galvanizing Line Scheduling Problem

In this paper, we address a continuous galvanizing line scheduling problem in a steel plant. The continuous galvanizing line we research produces principally two kinds of coils, inner galvanized coils and outer galvanized coils. Due to the technical constraints, outer coils can not be produced continuously more than a specified number and some inner coils must be inserted between outer coils. The problem is to find a schedule of all coils that minimizes the sum of changeover costs, the number of inserted inner coils and the number of transition coils used. The difficulty of solving the problem lies in the interrelation of sequencing these two kinds of coils. We formulate the scheduling problem as an integer programming model by considering above practical requirements. A heuristic based on tabu search is developed to solve the problem. The matching algorithm is used during the procedure of generating an initial solution where the optimal assignment of candidate inner coils to be inserted and positions is found by Hungarian method and then the saving step is used to reduce the number of inner coils inserted. In implementing the tabu search heuristic, intensification search, diversification search and path relinking are used to improve the effectiveness of the algorithm. 28 instances of four sizes are randomly generated to simulate the actual production data. For all the instances with 20 and 30 coils and four out of five instances with 50 coils, the tabu search heuristic finds the optimal schedules as CPLEX does. For other instances, the heuristic always obtains the better schedules and consumes much less computation time than CPLEX. In real production environment, hundreds of coils are needed to be scheduled, and the heuristic is able to generate high quality schedules within reasonable computation time.
Graded Aggressive Calls in the African Painted Reed Frog Hyperolius marmoratus (Hyperoliidae)

The African painted reed frog, Hyperolius marmoratus, has a potentially complex communication system. Advertisement calls and aggressive calls, although distinct from each other, are in fact two ends of a continuum of graded calls. Playback experiments using standard advertisement calls showed that males increased the proportion of aggressive calls as the stimulus intensity was increased. In addition, three characteristics of the aggressive calls changed in response to higher playback levels. Males increased the number of pulses/call, increased call duration, and decreased dominant frequency. Aggressive calling occurred primarily during the early hours of the night, with considerable overlap with times when females were searching for mates in the chorus. Females tested in two-choice arena trials discriminated against aggressive calls in favor of advertisement calls. It is suggested that aggressive calls reduce a male's ability to attract a female and that a graded signalling system may enable males to escalate agonistic encounters with other males without rendering calls completely unattractive to females.
A Criterion for Axial Compressor Hub-Corner Stall

This paper presents a new criterion for estimating the onset of three-dimensional hub-corner stall in axial compressor rotors and shrouded stators. A simple first-of-a-kind description of hub-corner stall formation is developed which consists of (i) a stall indicator, which quantifies the extent of the separated region via the local blade loading and thus indicates whether hub-corner stall occurs, and (ii) a diffusion parameter, which defines the diffusion limit for unstalled operation. The stall indicator can be cast in terms of a Zweifel loading coefficient. The diffusion parameter is based on preliminary design flow variables and geometry. Computational simulations and single and multistage compressor data are used to show the applicability of the criterion over a range of blade design parameters. The criterion also enables determination of specific flow control actions to mitigate hub-corner stall. As an illustration, a flow control blade, designed using the ideas developed, is seen to produce a substantial reduction in the flow nonuniformity associated with hub-corner stall.
Progenitor Epithelium: Sorting Out Pancreatic Lineages.

Insulin-producing β cells within the vertebrate fetal pancreas acquire their fate in a step-wise manner. Whereas the intrinsic factors dictating the transcriptional or epigenetic status of pancreatic lineages have been intensely examined, less is known about cell–cell interactions that might constitute a niche for the developing β cell lineage. It is becoming increasingly clear that understanding and recapitulating these steps may instruct in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells and/or therapeutic regeneration. Indeed, directed differentiation techniques have improved since transitioning from 2D to 3D cultures, suggesting that the 3D microenvironment in which β cells are born is critical. However, to date, it remains unknown whether the changing architecture of the pancreatic epithelium impacts the fate of cells therein. An emerging challenge in the field is to elucidate how progenitors are allocated during key events, such as the stratification and subsequent resolution of the pre-pancreatic epithelium, as well as the formation of lumens and branches. Here, we assess the progenitor epithelium and examine how it might influence the emergence of pancreatic multipotent progenitors (MPCs), which give rise to β cells and other pancreatic lineages.
The role of experts in Federal hazardous waste legislative decisions

The history of hazardous waste legislation in the US has been problematic. The limited input of experts from EPA, industry and environmental organizations has been a significant factor in the unsatisfactorily effective legislation that has been adopted. A review of the legislative history exposes the perpetuation of errors. The Congress currently reviewing environmental laws is not "environmentally friendly". None the less, within its regulatory reform interests lies the possibility of improved hazardous waste regulation.
Nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: Prospective rates and risk factors in a 2 ½ year longitudinal study

Little is known about which risk factors longitudinally predict non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence, a period when these self-injurious behaviors become alarmingly prevalent. We prospectively studied the rates, course, and longitudinal prediction of NSSI from early through middle adolescence with a community sample of 103 youth (ages 11-14) who were assessed for NSSI at baseline and 2 ½ years later (94% retention; final N=97). Multiple risk factors (temperament, cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities, stressors; youths' and mothers' depression) were examined as prospective predictors of NSSI over the 2½ year follow-up. Analyses showed that 18% of youth engaged in NSSI over the 2½-year follow-up; 14% for the first time. Distal risks (assessed at baseline) that differentiated youth who engaged in NSSI from those who did not included negative cognitive style and mothers' prior depression. Proximal factors (assessed 2 years after baseline) that differentiated NSSI from non-NSSI youth included stressors, depressive symptoms, poor relationship quality, excessive reassurance seeking, and mothers' onset of depression. Several of these factors predicted new engagement of NSSI over 2½ years.
Atrioventricular Nodal Electrophysiology Still Exciting After All These Years

The anatomical atrioventricular node was first described by Tawara in 1906.1 Although some surmised the node to be the region responsible for delay between contraction of atria and ventricles, Erlanger in 1912 localized the major portion of delay to a latency at the transition between atrial and nodal fibers.2 Nearly a century of research on properties of the atrioventricular (AV) node has substantiated the suggestion of Hoffman and Cranefield3 in 1960 that the term “atrioventricular node” should be used to describe “the entire complex of fibers functionally interposed between atrial fibers proper and His bundle fibers proper” (page 132) and not just the compact node of Tawara, since nodal-like properties have been found outside the compact node.4–8 Thus, the posterior nodal extension, the focus of the study by Dobrzynski et al9 in this issue of Circulation Research , is now included as part of the electrophysiological AV node. Identified as a nodal structure by its histological features, a bundle of tightly packed small cells extending posteriorly along the tricuspid annulus,10 it has nodal-like electrophysiological properties (low-amplitude slowly rising action potentials and slow activation) and it is likely the slow pathway in AV nodal reentry.6–8,11 Dobrzynski et al,9 by characterizing properties of this region further through the use of immunofluorescent techniques (see below), have provided additional evidence that it is indeed part of the electrophysiological AV node. Among the properties that were assigned to the AV node is the ability to initiate heart beats. In fact, Engelmann described “AV nodal rhythm” (page 48) in …
Broad versus narrow-spectrum herbicides and the future of mixtures

The weed flora of cereals is subject to changes in husbandry methods such as cultivations and crop rotations. The herbicide chemist inevitably has to aim at a moving target. Herbicides themselves apply a selection pressure to the weed flora and when newly introduced often give exceptional results. Continued use allows the less-susceptible species to become dominant and herbicide mixtures may prove necessary. The concept of mixtures is not new; the phenoxy-acid herbicides were being formulated together in the 1960s. More recently bromoxynil and ioxynil have been added to assist in the control of more difficult species like mayweeds and parsley piert. Grass weeds, which have been encouraged by minimum-cultivation techniques, can now be controlled, in addition to broad-leaved weeds, by suitable mixtures. Completing the weed spectrum is the most obvious reason for mixing two compounds in a formulation or in the spray tank but synergistic interaction, combination of different modes of action, simple convenience and lengthening a product's commercial life may all be involved. Despite the very large choice of products for use in UK cereal crops there is not a single herbicide that could not be replaced by more effective compounds, safer to the crop, more flexible in application criteria, and with generally more reliable action. The chances of new compound discovery are decreasing and the fluctuations in the weed flora make it difficult to aim at specificity. The development of resistant biotypes within species seems to happen rather slowly and compounds with less specificity or in mixture with others having different sites of action would almost certainly help to avoid the problem.
Comparing state-of-the-art visual features on invariant object recognition tasks

Tolerance (“invariance”) to identity-preserving image variation (e.g. variation in position, scale, pose, illumination) is a fundamental problem that any visual object recognition system, biological or engineered, must solve. While standard natural image database benchmarks are useful for guiding progress in computer vision, they can fail to probe the ability of a recognition system to solve the invariance problem [23, 24, 25]. Thus, to understand which computational approaches are making progress on solving the invariance problem, we compared and contrasted a variety of state-of-the-art visual representations using synthetic recognition tasks designed to systematically probe invari-ance. We successfully re-implemented a variety of state-of-the-art visual representations and confirmed their published performance on a natural image benchmark. We here report that most of these representations perform poorly on invariant recognition, but that one representation [21] shows significant performance gains over two baseline representations. We also show how this approach can more deeply illuminate the strengths and weaknesses of different visual representations and thus guide progress on invariant object recognition.
Power sensitivity—a new method to estimate power dissipation considering uncertain specifications of primary inputs

Power dissipation in CMOS circuits heavily depends on the signal properties of the primary inputs. Due to uncertainties in specification of such properties, the average power should be specified between a maximum and a minimum possible value. Due to the complex nature of the problem, it is practically impossible to use traditional power estimation techniques to determine such bounds. We present a novel approach to accurately estimate the maximum and minimum bounds for average power using a technique which calculates the sensitivities of average power dissipation to primary input signal properties. The sensitivities are calculated using a novel statistical technique and can be obtained as a by-product of average power estimation using a Monte Carlo based approach. The signal properties are specified in terms of signal probability (probability of a signal being logic ONE) and signal activity (probability of signal switching). Results show that the maximum and minimum average power dissipation can vary widely if the primary input probabilities and activities are not specified accurately.
A measurement study of correlations of Internet flow characteristics

Previous studies of Internet traffic have shown that a very small percentage of flows consume most of the network bandwidth. It is important to understand the characteristics of such flows for traffic monitoring and modeling purposes. Several prior researchers have characterized such flows using different classification schemes: by size as elephant and mice; by duration as tortoise and dragonfly; and by burstiness as alpha and beta traffic. However, it is not clear how these different definitions of flows are related to each other. In this work, using data recorded from two different operational networks, we study these ''heavy-hitter'' flows in four different dimensions, namely size, duration, rate and burstiness, and examine how they are correlated. This paper makes three contributions: first, we systematically characterize prior definitions for the properties of such heavy-hitter traffic. Second, based on our datasets, we observe that there are strong correlations between some combinations of size, rate and burstiness. Finally, we provide a plausible explanation for the observed correlations. We show that these correlations could be explained by transport and application-level protocol mechanisms.
Induction of apoptosis in murine coronavirus-infected 17Cl-1 cells.

Apoptosis is an important process in the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms (Jacobson et al 1997). In most cases, apoptosis is executed by activating a proteolytic system involving a family of caspases. Caspases participate in a cascade that is triggered in response to proapoptotic signals and culminates in cleavage of a set of proteins, resulting in cell death (Cohen 1997). Apoptosis also represents a highly efficient defence mechanism against virus infection; apoptosis aids in removal of viral proteins and nucleic acids by the infected host.
Compact modeling of BJT self-heating in SPICE

Self-heating effects in bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) have been incorporated into PSpice DC and AC analyses. The effects are intrinsic to the operation of the transistor, and are treated within the device model, avoiding the need for thermal subcircuits. A physical thermal impedance model is provided, which allows prediction of the thermal impedance for devices with rectangular emitters from device geometry. A simple approximation is used to predict thermal frequency response. The predictive model can be overridden by measured thermal model parameters. The modifications made to the PSpice code are presented, along with some discussion of implementation alternatives. An example simulation is presented, demonstrating the significance of thermal effects in a typical circuits. Run-time comparisons show that the modified code is about half the speed of unmodified PSPice, mostly because of slower convergence. It is believed that this performance can be improved with suggested implementation changes. >
Space-filling trees: A new perspective on incremental search for motion planning

This paper introduces space-filling trees and analyzes them in the context of sampling-based motion planning. Space-filling trees are analogous to space-filling curves, but have a branching, tree-like structure, and are defined by an incremental process that results in a tree for which every point in the space has a finite-length path that converges to it. In contrast to space-filling curves, individual paths in the tree are short, allowing any part of the space to be quickly reached from the root. We compare some basic constructions of space-filling trees to Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRTs), which underlie a number of popular algorithms used for sampling-based motion planning. We characterize several key tree properties related to path quality and the overall efficiency of exploration and conclude with a number of open mathematical questions.
Period-doubling route to multiple-pulsing in soliton-like fiber lasers

An analytical model, compatible with large changes per roundtrip, describes soliton mode-locking in fiber lasers. The predicted period-doubling route to multiple-pulsing is confirmed experimentally. The simple model explains the remarkable observation that chaos does not follow period-doubling.
Effects of adding two forms of supplemental zinc to a practical diet on skin regeneration in Holstein heifers and evaluation of a procedure for determining rate of wound healing.

Abstract A procedure for measuring wound healing in terms of skin regeneration following removal of biopsy sections was evaluated. The effects of adding supplemental zinc oxide and zinc sulfate to a practical diet also were studied. Eighteen Holstein heifers, averaging 5.7 months, were fed limited concentrates and Coastal Bermudagrass hay ad libitum with two-thirds of the dry matter coming from hay. On a dry basis zinc contents of the total diets were: a) control, 30ppm; b) zinc oxide, 400ppm; and c) zinc sulfate, 384ppm. Weight gains, serum alkaline phosphatase, and rate of skin regeneration were not affected appreciably by the dietary treatments during the 6-wk treatment period. Calves fed the zinc supplements had somewhat higher whole blood zinc levels. The procedure for measuring rate of wound healing consisted of surgically removing diamond-shaped pieces of skin from the gluteal regions and determining length of diagonals of the unhealed area at weekly intervals. With the variance observed in this study, difference in skin regeneration rate of one to four days, from 1 to 6 wk following surgery would be sufficient to be statistically significant (P = 0.05). Two relatively untrained observers independently obtained estimates that were comparable.
Complete Atrioventricular Block Due to Potassium

Intravenous infusion of KC1 at a rate of 1.22 or 2.45 mEq per minute to anesthetized dogs frequently resulted in complete A-V block at a time when P waves were still recorded in the ECG. Furthermore, some of the observations suggest that in hyperkalemia a regular idioventricular rhythm may not be essential for the diagnosis of complete atrioventricular (A-V) block. Thus, with complete A-V block induced during a rapidly changing plasma K + , the ventricular pacemaker may be irregular. In addition, evidence was obtained that some parts of the atrial tissue, the automatic ventricular focus and the ventricular myocardium, are more resistant to K + than is the A-V conduction tissue. The relative sensitivity of the various tissues of the heart seems to depend, among other factors, on the rate of KCl infusion.
The toroidal bubble

It has been observed by Walters & Davidson (1963) that release of a mass of gas in water sometimes produces a rising toroidal bubble. This paper is concerned with the history of such a bubble, given that at the initial instant the motion is irrotational everywhere in the water. The variation of its overall radius a with time may be predicted from the vertical impulse equation, and it should be possible to make the same prediction by equating the rate of loss of combined kinetic and potential energy to the rate of viscous dissipation. This is indeed seen to be the case, but not before it is recognized that in a viscous fluid vorticity will continually diffuse out from the bubble surface, destroying the irrotationality of the motion, and necessitating an examination of the distribution of vorticity. The impulse equation takes the same form as in an inviscid fluid, but the energy equation is severely modified. Other results include an evaluation of the effect of a hydrostatic variation in bubble volume, and a prediction of the time which will have elapsed before the bubble becomes unstable under the action of surface tension.
INFLUENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUND(S) EXTRACTED FROM MILK FERMENTED BY STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS ON KEEPING QUALITY OF MEAT AND MILK

The potential of a methanol-acetone (M-A) extract prepared from milk fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus in extending the shelf-life of meat and milk was investigated. In experiment I, increasing amounts (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ml) of M-A extract with or without ascorbic acid were added to 20 g aliquots of ground beef subsequently stored at 5–7° C for 0, 3 and 6 days. Total and gramnegative bacterial counts and pH in ground beef treated with M-A extract were significantly (P<0.01) less than the corresponding values in control beef on days 3 and 6 for all dose levels tested with significant (P<0.01). In experiment II, rib-eye steaks were sprayed with H2O or 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ml of M-A extract and stored at 5–7° C for 0, 3 and 6 days. The total and gram-negative bacterial counts on the surface of steaks sprayed with M-A extract were significantly (P<0.01) lower than the counts in control steaks. Also, in experiment III, inhibition of bacterial growth by M-A extract was significant (P<0.01 or 0.05) both in milk stored at either room temperature or 5–7° C. M-A extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculated into milk.
Lane Keeping and Sentence Comprehension Dual-task Performance Comparison between Drivers from China and United States

Globalization in the automotive industry requires human factors research to consider drivers from different countries using different languages. As automotive companies are introducing new in-vehicle technologies to Chinese drivers, an important question is whether the results obtained from previous studies with English-speaking drivers can also be applied to Chinese drivers. The work reported in this paper compared lane keeping and sentence comprehension dual-task performances between drivers recruited from the U.S. and China. The dual-task experiments represented the scenarios of cruise-control driving while comprehending speech generated by in-vehicle auditory devices. The results showed that the Chinese drivers performed better in sentence comprehension than the American drivers in terms of higher correct rate. No significant difference was found between the lane keeping results of the two groups. In addition, a significant age effect on comprehension correct rate and a significant interaction involving gender were also identified. Implications and interpretations are discussed. Language: en
Topical therapy I: corticosteroids and vitamin D analogs

Topical therapy is the first-line of treatment for mild to moderate psoriasis (see Tab. 1). The following two chapters will describe the available topical therapies for psoriasis, providing insight into the progress that has been made for treatment of the disease. This chapter will focus on the most widely used topical regimens, topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogs, while the subsequent chapter will examine additional topical therapies used to treat psoriasis.
Cophylogenetic patterns are uncorrelated between two lineages of parasites on the same hosts

Free-living organisms are often host to multiple lineages of closely related parasites. Different lineages of obligate parasites living on the same hosts might potentially be expected to display similar cophylogenetic patterns. However, there are also reasons why these lineages might have different evolutionary histories (e.g. host switching, host geography). In the present study, we use mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data to evaluate the cophylogenetic patterns between doves and their wing and body lice. Previous studies have found that the wing and body lice of doves have different levels of congruence between their phylogenetic histories. However, these studies are limited in scope, either taxonomically or geographically. We used both new and existing data to generate a worldwide and taxonomically diverse data set for doves and two independent groups of lice: wing and body lice. Using event and topology-based methods, we found that cophylogenetic patterns were not correlated between wing and body lice, even though both groups showed evidence of cospeciation with their hosts. These results indicate that external factors vary in their impact on different groups of parasites and also that broad sampling is critical for identifying patterns in cophylogenetic analyses. © 2016 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 00, 000–000.
Extending intramedullary rods in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia

Five patients with Boyd type II congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia underwent excision of the pseudarthrosis and double onlay bone grafting. Stability was maintained by extending intramedullary rods. Clinical union was achieved in all cases at a mean of 8.6 months (range six to 11). The rods extended by 15.7% (range 2% to 31.4%) as growth occurred. One rod was removed because of infection and a vascularised free fibular graft was subsequently performed. The extending rods provided stability while union occurred and did not require revision as the legs grew. The rods can be removed easily and have not jeopardized further surgical options.
Perpendicular Magnetoresistance in Cu/Co and Cu/(NiFe) Multilayers

The Magnetoresistance measured perpendicular to the plane of the multilayer, (CPP-MR) has been measured for the Cu/Co and Cu/(Ni/Fe) systems. The predictions of a two spin-channel model are summarized, and the Cu/Co data are analysed in terms of this theory. The Cu/(NiFe) data show a more complex behaviour.
Ion Channel Probes for Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy

The sensitivity and selectivity of ion channels provide an appealing opportunity for sensor development. Here, we describe ion channel probes (ICPs), which consist of multiple ion channels reconstituted into lipid bilayers suspended across the opening of perflourinated glass micropipets. When incorporated with a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM), ICPs displayed a distance-dependent current response that depended on the number of ion channels in the membrane. With distance-dependent current as feedback, probes were translated laterally, to demonstrate the possibility of imaging with ICPs. The ICP platform yields several potential advantages for SICM that will enable exciting opportunities for incorporation of chemical information into imaging and for high-resolution imaging.
Lysosomale Enzymaktivitäten bei experimenteller ischämischer Myokardschädigung

Der biochemische Mechanismus der Zellschadigung im ischamischen Myokard ist nicht vollstandig geklart. Untersuchungen im Lebergewebe zeigten, das saure Hydrolasen wahrend ischamischer Schadigung uber mehrere Stunden freigesetzt werden [1, 2]. Ahnliche Untersuchungen wurden am Skelettmuskel nach Unterbindung der arteriellen Blutzufuhr beschrieben [3]. Wenn lysosomale Enzyme wesentlich zur Entwicklung eines Myokardinfarktes aus einer anfanglichen re versiblen hypoxischen Schadigung beitragen, mussen Veranderungen der Enzym aktivitat in einem fruhen Stadium des ischamischen Prozesses zu finden sein. Deshalb untersuchten wir ischamisches und Kontrollgewebe nach einer einstundigen ischamischen Schadigung in 5 subzellularen Fraktionen.
Wargame Simulation System Oriented Domain Development and Integration Platform

With the development of the new generation wargame simulation system, an open, extensible domain development and integration platform was given. Firstly, the three layers of the platform architecture were discussed. Secondly, the key technologies involved in the platform were analyzed in detail, which includes database system solution, the design of reference federation object model, RTI-based federate development middleware design and bridge-federate based multi- federations interconnection mechanisms. The platform and its relative technologies have been applied into the real systems.
Effect of propionate level in a volatile fatty acid salt mixture fed to lambs on weight gain, body composition and plasma metabolites.

Chopped hay supplemented with a volatile fatty acid salt mixture at 20% of metabolizable energy (ME) was fed to 30 Suffolk X Corriedale lambs (mean wt 29.6 kg) to determine the effects of dietary propionate on weight gain, body composition and plasma metabolites. Propionate accounted for 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the salt mixture energy, and acetate accounted for the remainder. Each diet was fed at two levels of daily intake (158.7 and 130.6 kcal ME/W.75). Lambs on the high level of intake lost more (P less than .05) energy in feces, lost less (P less than .05) energy in CH4 and had carcasses with more (P less than .10) water and fat than lambs on the low intake level. Percentage of propionate in the salt mixture had no effect on ME or body composition of lambs. Increasing the percentage of propionate in the salt mixture increased plasma propionate in blood samples taken at 1 and 2 h after feeding (linear, P less than .05). Empty body weight gain per megacalorie of ME above maintenance increased as the percentage of propionate in the salt mixture increased, but not until propionate reached 75% of the salt mixture (linear, P less than .05; cubic, P less than .05). These results show that propionate in the blood has a positive, but nonlinear, effect on weight gain, even when energy intake is held constant.
Exploring Consumer Acceptance and Engagement with “Smart Meters”

The electric power infrastructure is quickly reaching its limits (Galvin,Yeager, & Stuller 2009). Demand for electricity continues to increase faster than the ability of utilities and governments to produce it. The distribution systems are overwhelmed and inefficient to even allow the dramatic increase in power supply if that does happen. Renewable/Green energy PRODUCTION (solar, wind) accounts for only a small portion of need (<5 %) and even with a dramatic expansion of renewable energy production will not account for a significant amount of need in the respectable future. In fact even if renewable energy production can replace significant demand there will still be a need for a dramatic increase in the traditional means of producing energy because people want electricity even when there is no sun and no wind. If electrical production can keep up with demand it can only do so at the peril of further declination of the environment (e.g., coal fired electricity production is inherently “dirty (even though some claim to have clean coal technology) and nuclear energy favored in some parts of the world has a set of risk and waste storage problems that have not been fully answered making the building of new nuclear power plants at least 20 years off (in the US at least).
Effect of Waveform and Voltage Gradient on the Survival of Electroshocked Steelhead Embryos and Larvae

AbstractElectrofishing is commonly used to monitor fish populations and to control nuisance or invasive fishes. These applications typically focus on juvenile and adult fish, and comparatively less is known about how early developmental stages of fish are affected by electroshock. We examined the survival of hatchery steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss embryos and larvae exposed to three waveforms often emitted by commercially available electrofishing equipment—AC, square pulsed DC (PDC), and half-sine-wave PDC—at different voltage gradients across six developmental stages. There was a strong negative relationship between voltage gradient and survival of steelhead embryos and larvae. Fish were most resistant to electroshock after embryonic pigmentation had occurred (93% mean survival at 4.5 V/cm) until their sensitivity again increased at the swim-up larval stage (32% mean survival at 2.5 V/cm). The greater survival of embryonic and alevin steelhead exposed to half-sine-wave PDC (42% mean survival at a peak vol...
Analysis of Outcomes of Patients with Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

Abstract 3554 Background: Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), formerly known as CD4 + CD56 + hematodermic tumor or blastic NK cell lymphoma, is a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy. Little is known about the outcome of patients (pts) with BPDCN. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of pts age ≥ 18 years of age with a pathological diagnosis of BPDCN. Results: 19 pts, diagnosed and treated at our institution between October 1998-January 2011, were identified. There were 16 (84%) males and 3 females with a median age of 56 years (range 20–86 years). Bone marrow (BM) was involved in 13 (68%), skin in 13 (68%), lymph nodes in 5 (26%), and 1 (5%) pt each had disease involving the brain, CSF, uterus/ovary, elbow soft tissue, and pleural fluid. The tumor immunophenotype was: CD4+ (17/17), CD56+ (16/17), and TCL-1+ (9/9). Conventional cytogenetics in10 pts showed: diploid (5 pts), complex karyotype (4 pts), and del (12p13) (1pt). The median complete blood count was: WBC 6.7 × 10 9 /L (1.7–76.5), Hb 13.3 g/dL (8.3–17.0), and platelet count 107 × 10 9 /L (44–294). The median BM blast count was 40% (0–77). Therapy for these pts was: 13 (68%) first-line therapy with Hyper-CVAD alternating with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine (in 1 pt following one cycle of CHOP), 4 (21%) CHOP, 1 (5%) oral MTX (1), and 1 (5%) interferon-based therapy. 4 (21%) pts received radiation (XRT) as part of their therapy. The median follow-up time was 13 months (5–25 mo). The median number of chemotherapy regimens was 1 (1–6). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 12 pts. The median CR1: 18 mo (4–39 mo). Median overall survival (OS) was 29 mo (1–44 mo). 14 (74%) pts died, with the most common cause of death being multi-organ failure (8 pts). For 6 (32%) pts without BM involvement at diagnosis; all 6 had skin involvement. Comparison of pts with BM involvement versus those with skin only showed no differences. For pts with BM disease, the median OS, and median CR1 were 23 mo (1–44 mo), 21 mo (4–39 mo), respectively. For pts with skin only disease, the median OS and median CR1 were 29 mo (8–31 mo), 18 mo (8–23 mo), respectively, p =0.82 (OS), p =0.78 (CR1). 6 pts (32%) received stem cell transplant (SCT) (3 autologous, 2 allogeneic,1 cord blood). The median OS for pts receiving SCT (n=6) was 31 mo (10–40 mo) versus a median OS for non-SCT group (n=13) of 29 mo (1–44), p = 0.82. 13 pts (68%) received HCVAD as part of first line therapy: the median OS was 29 mo (1–44 mo) and median CR1: 21 mo (4–39 mo). Eleven (92%) of 12 of these pts achieved CR1; 1 pt did not achieve CR1 (died, pneumonia, day 15). Conclusions: Despite intensive multi-agent chemotherapy and SCT, response rates are low and survival is short for pts with BPDCN. A better understanding of the biologic basis of this disease and novel treatment approaches are needed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Data On Race, Ethnicity, And Language Largely Incomplete For Managed Care Plan Members

The Affordable Care Act requires the federal government to collect and report population data on race, ethnicity, and language needs to help reduce health and health care disparities. We assessed data availability in commercial, Medicaid, and Medicare managed care plans using the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set. Data availability varied but remained largely incomplete.
Filling the Void: A Review of Intragastric Balloons for Obesity

Endoscopic bariatric therapies are predicted to become much more widely used in North America for obese patients who are not candidates for bariatric surgery. Of all the endoscopic bariatric therapies, intragastric balloons (IGBs) have the greatest amount of clinical experience and published data supporting their use. Three IGBs are FDA approved and are now commercially available in the USA (Orbera, ReShape Duo, and Obalon) with others likely soon to follow. They are generally indicated for patients whose BMI ranges from 30 to 40 mg/kg2 and who have failed to lose weight with diet and exercise. IGBs have been shown to be safe, effective, and relatively straightforward to place and remove. Accommodative symptoms commonly occur within the initial weeks post-placement; however, major complications are rare. Gastric ulceration can occur in up to 10% of patients, while balloon deflation with migration and bowel obstruction occurs in <1% of patients. The effectiveness of the Orbera and ReShape Duo IGBs ranges from 25 to 50% EWL (excess weight loss) after 6 months of therapy. The use of IGBs is likely to grow dramatically in the USA, and gastroenterologists and endoscopists should be familiar with their indications/contraindications, efficacy, placement/removal, and complications.
Effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia on heart rate variability in a porcine model.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is increasingly recognized as a means of evaluating autonomic tone. Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) has been previously demonstrated to suppress the electrical storms in patients. However, the effect of TEA on HRV during sympathoexcitation remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of TEA on HRV response to left stellate ganglion stimulation (LSS) in a porcine model. In 12 anesthetized pigs after insertion of an epidural catheter to T1 level, a median sternotomy was performed to expose the heart and the left stellate ganglion. A 56‐electrode sock was used for obtaining epicardial activation recovery interval (ARI). Animal received LSS at 4 Hz for 30 sec. After 30 min of bupivacaine epidural injection, LSS was performed in the same way as the baseline condition. LSS significantly increased low‐frequency normalized units (LF: 44.9 ± 6.7 vs. 13.6 ± 3.1 msec2 baseline, P < 0.05) and decreased high‐frequency normalized units (HF: 11.5 ± 4.6 vs. 41.9 ± 5.1 msec2 baseline, P < 0.05). As a result, LF/HF significantly increased from 0.3 ± 0.2 to 3.9 ± 1.4 during LSS. TEA significantly attenuated the LF/HF from 3.9 ± 1.4 to 1.6 ± 0.8 with increased HF components from 11.5 ± 4.6 to 26.5 ± 3.2 msec2. LF component significantly correlates with global ARI ( r = −0.81) and dispersion of repolarization ( r = 0.85). HRV can precisely reflect the cardiac autonomic tone and TEA modulates the HRV by enhancing the HF components probably through a parasympathetic nerve system.
Age-varying relationships between physical function and cognition in older adulthood

Objectives There are positive relationships between physical and cognitive function in older adulthood; however, the strength of these relationships are inconsistent across studies. Although novel statistical tools provide flexibility to explore age-related differences in relationship magnitude, such methods have not been implemented in gerontological research. This study applied such methods to examine variations in relationship magnitude between physical function and cognition in healthy older adults (N = 2,783). Method Time-varying effects modeling (TVEM) is an extension of regression that models changes in relationships as a function of time-varying metrics like age. TVEM was used to examine if physical function (Turn 360, grip strength) predicted cognitive performance (memory, processing speed/attention, and reasoning) similarly across adults aged 65-90. Results All associations between Turn 360 and all cognitive domains were significant and positive; however, speed of processing had significant magnitude variation across age such that the young-old and the old-old demonstrated the strongest relationships. Associations between grip strength and all cognitive domains significantly strengthened with increased age. Discussion Results suggest that depending on the sample age, there may be inconsistencies in the relationships between physical and cognitive performance. Future research should explore these relationships longitudinally to better elucidate discrepant findings.
Landau and Hadamard Inequalities in W1Hω(ℝ+) and W1Hω(ℝ)

In this chapter we describe the extremal functions of the Kolmogorov-Landau problem $$ {{\left\| {f'} \right\|}_{{\mathbb{L}\infty \left( I \right)}}} \to \sup ,\quad f \in {{W}^{1}}{{H}^{\omega }}(I),\quad {{\left\| f \right\|}_{{\mathbb{L}\infty \left( I \right)}}} \leqslant B, $$ (0.0) for all concave moduli of continuity ω and I = ℝ or ℝ+. These results generalize the solution of the problem (0.0) for ω(t) = t by E. Landau [54] in the case I = ℝ+ and J. Hadamard [31] in the case I = ℝ. A number of other elementary cases of the Kolmogorov-Landau problem for ω(t) = t are discussed by I. J. Schoenberg in [72].
Superhierarchical Nickel–Vanadia Nanocomposites for Lithium Storage

New materials are critically needed for advanced energy storage devices due to the limited performance of currently used electrodes. We report an alternative approach to fabricate a novel class of nanostructured cathodes with a three-dimensional configuration that shows superior performance. A superhierarchical Ni/porous-Ni/V2O5 nanocomposite is designed and synthesized using a simple electrodeposition process followed by a hydrothermal treatment. Hierarchical V2O5 nanostructures are deposited directly on a Ni microchanneled current collector. Morphological characterization shows that two-dimensional V2O5 nanosheets are uniformly distributed on the porous Ni substrate. A peony-like V2O5 microstructure arises having a diameter of ∼4 μm. The superhierarchical Ni/porous-Ni/V2O5 nanocomposite exhibits superior electrochemical performance as a binder-free cathode. Its maximum reversible discharge capacity reaches 165.6 mAh g–1 at 0.2 C, which is higher than the theoretical capacity of bulk V2O5 cathodes. The c...
What does AI have to do with RV

Runtime Verification (RV) consists of monitoring the behavior of a system, either on-the-fly as it executes, or post-mortem after its execution for example by analyzing log files. Within the last decade several systems have been developed to address this issue. These systems usually implement specification languages which are based on formalisms such as state machines [11,14,8,12,5], regular expressions [1,8], temporal logic [16,10,15,3,19,9,18,8,5], or grammars [8].
Book Review: Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition, by Ray Bareiss. Academic Press, 1989

Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition is about the design, construction and testing of the PROTOS knowledge acquisition system for classification tasks in weak domain theories. It touches issues in knowledge representation, problem-solving, human-computer interaction, machine learning, and psychological validity. This review tries to evaluate the book as well as the PROTOS system itself from a knowledge acquisition perspective.