cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temporal structure of the environment may influence range expansions during climate warming

Understanding the processes that influence range expansions during climate warming is paramount for predicting population extirpations and preparing for the arrival of non-native species. While climate warming occurs over a background of variation due to cyclical processes and irregular events, the temporal structure of the thermal environment is largely ignored when forecasting the dynamics of non-native species. Ecological theory predicts that high levels of temporal autocorrelation in the environment– relatedness between conditions occurring in close temporal proximity– will favor populations that would otherwise have an average negative growth rate by increasing the duration of favorable environmental periods. Here, we invoke such theory to explain the success of biological invasions and evaluate the hypothesis that sustained periods of high environmental temperature can act synergistically with increases in mean temperature to favor the establishment of non-native species. We conduct a 60-day field mesocosm experiment to measure the population dynamics of the non-native cladoceran zooplankter Daphnia lumholtzi and a native congener Daphnia pulex in ambient temperature environments (control), warmed with recurrent periods of high environmental temperatures (uncorrelated-warmed), or warmed with sustained periods of high environmental temperatures (autocorrelated-warmed), such that both warmed treatments exhibited the same mean temperature but exhibited different temporal structures of their thermal environments. Maximum D. lumholtzi densities in the warmed-autocorrelated treatment were three- and eight-fold higher relative to warmed-uncorrelated and control treatments, respectively. Yet, D. lumholtzi performed poorly across all experimental treatment relative to D. pulex and were undetectable the end of the experiment. Using mathematical models we show that this increase in performance can occur alongside increasing temporal autocorrelation, and should occur over a broad range of warming scenarios. These results provide both empirical and theoretical evidence that the temporal structure of the environment can influence the performance of species undergoing range expansions due to climate warming. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Does the Level of Cervical Disc Herniation Surgery Affect Performance-based Outcomes in National Football League Athletes?

Study design Retrospective cohort study. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of a cervical disc herniation (CDH) procedure will uniquely impact performance-based outcomes in elite athletes of the National Football League (NFL). Summary of background data Comparative assessments of postsurgical outcomes in NFL athletes with CDH at different levels are unknown. Further, the surgical decision-making for these types of injuries in professional football athletes remains controversial. Methods NFL players with a CDH injury at a definitive cervical level were identified through a review of publicly available archives. Injuries were divided into upper- (C2-C4) and lower-level (C4-T1) CDH. The impact on player outcomes was determined by comparing return to play statistics and calculating a "Performance Score" for each player on the basis of pertinent statistical data, both before and after surgery. Results A total of 40 NFL athletes met inclusion criteria. In the upper-level group, 10 of 15 (66.6%) players successfully returned to play an average of 44.6 games over 2.6 years. The lower-level cohort had 18 of 25 (72%) players return to play with an average of 44.1 games over 3.1 years. There was no significant difference in the rate of return to play (P = 0.71). Postsurgical performance scores of the upper and lower-level groups were 1.47 vs. 0.69 respectively, with no significant difference between these groups (P = 0.06). Adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation occurred in 10% of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion patients. In 50% of foraminotomy patients, a subsequent fusion was required. Conclusion A uniquely high percentage of upper-level disc herniations develop in NFL athletes, and although CDH injuries present career threatening implications, an upper-level CDH does not preclude a player from successfully returning to play at a competitive level. In fact, these athletes showed comparable postsurgical performance to those athletes who underwent CDH procedures at lower cervical levels. Level of evidence 4.
Analysis of longitudinal diffusion-weighted images in healthy and pathological aging: An ADNI study.

Abstract Background & new method The widely used framework of voxel-based morphometry for analyzing neuroimages is extended here to model longitudinal imaging data by exchanging the linear model with a linear mixed-effects model. The new approach is employed for analyzing a large longitudinal sample of 756 diffusion-weighted images acquired in 177 subjects of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging initiative (ADNI). Results and comparison with existing methods While sample- and group-level results from both approaches are equivalent, the mixed-effect model yields information at the single subject level. Interestingly, the neurobiological relevance of the relevant parameter at the individual level describes specific differences associated with aging. In addition, our approach highlights white matter areas that reliably discriminate between patients with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls with a predictive power of 0.99 and include the hippocampal alveus, the para-hippocampal white matter, the white matter of the posterior cingulate, and optic tracts. In this context, notably the classifier includes a sub-population of patients with minimal cognitive impairment into the pathological domain. Conclusion Our classifier offers promising features for an accessible biomarker that predicts the risk of conversion to Alzheimer’s disease. Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database ( adni.loni.usc.edu ). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can be found at: http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/how to apply/ADNI Acknowledgement List.pdf. Significance statement This study assesses neuro-degenerative processes in the brain’s white matter as revealed by diffusion-weighted imaging, in order to discriminate healthy from pathological aging in a large sample of elderly subjects. The analysis of time-series examinations in a linear mixed effects model allowed the discrimination of population-based aging processes from individual determinants. We demonstrate that a simple classifier based on white matter imaging data is able to predict the conversion to Alzheimer’s disease with a high predictive power
Analysis of Mutant cMPL in Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Myeloproliferative Disorders (Ph − MPDs) Using a Novel High-Sensitivity Assay.

c MPL is a gene encoding for the thrombopoietin receptor that is essential for thrombopoiesis and contributes to pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell expansion. A gain of function c MPL mutation, MPLW515L , was identified in myeloid cells from patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Subsequent studies identified a second gain of function mutation, MPLW515K, in PMF and essential thrombocytosis (ET). The prevalence of MPLW515L and MPLW515K mutations was 5% in PMF and 1% in ET. No mutant cMPL was detected in Polycythemia Vera (PV). The methods utilized in these assays were sensitive to mutant frequencies of >3–5%. We developed a rapid, sensitive, quantitative real time PCR assay based on a unique primer design wherein allelic discrimination was enhanced by the synergistic effect of a mismatch in the −1 position, and a locked nucleic acid nucleoside at the −2 position of the allele-specific primers. An assay of similar design can detect G1849T mutation of JAK2 in MPL in Ph − MPDs. We analyzed genomic DNA from peripheral blood granulocytes of 197 MPD patients and found that 10/197 (5.1%) carried one of the two c MPL mutations. Further, 5 of these patients were also JAK2V617F positive. cMPL mutations were detected in 1/78 (1.3%) PV patients, 3/56 (5.4%) ET patients, 4/49 (8.2%) PMF patients, and 2/11 (18%) MPD-Unspecified patients. W515L accounted for 9/10 cases, with W515K accounting for only 1. Of the ten positive samples, five (including the patient with PV) had ≤1% mutant alleles. To confirm the validity of our assay, we tested DNA from 96 normal controls. Neither W515L nor W515K was detected ( p =0.03 compared to samples from the Ph − MPD patients). Additionally, when DNA from megakaryocytic colonies from a patient with 0.70% mutant alleles was analyzed, 12.5% of colonies were found to be heterozygous for c MPLW515L . These studies demonstrate the sensitivity and accuracy of our assay and show that cMPL activating mutations are more common in ET than previously reported. Mutant allele frequency appears greater in megakaryocytic cultures perhaps indicating a proliferative advantage for the c MPL-mutant clone. That mutant cMPL and JAK2V617F can be found in the same patient demonstrates the molecular heterogeneity of Ph − MPDs and emphasizes the need for prospective studies designed to determine the relationship between genotype and clinical phenotype. Scott J. Samuelson and Sabina Swierczek contributed equally to this project.
Hearsay and the Confrontation Clause (2017)

This material is a part of a lecture delivered at the Maryland Judicial Center on May 11, 2017. It is an update of previous versions. The material is a series of flowcharts that explain the nuances of hearsay law and the confrontation clause under Maryland law. Cross-references to "MD-EV" are to section numbers of L. MCLAIN, vols. 5, 6, and 6A of the Maryland Practice Series, MARYLAND EVIDENCE: STATE AND FEDERAL (Thomson Reuters 3d ed. 2013 and 2015-2016 pocket parts, which were compiled by Leonard Stamm, Esq.), which is available hardbound or on Westlaw. The books are most easily found on Westlaw by searching for "McLain" under "Secondary Sources" in the Maryland database. They contain much more detail than does vol. 7, which is softbound and provides a short overview of the Maryland Rules of Evidence. An earlier version of the charts in this handout is found in section 800:0 of the treatise. That version may be accessed on Westlaw by clicking on the PDF icon for each particular chart.
NR4A1 is an endogenous inhibitor of vocal fold fibrosis.

Objectives/Hypothesis NR4A1 was recently identified as an endogenous inhibitor of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–induced fibrosis, and the role of this nuclear receptor has not been elucidated in tissue health or the response to injury in the vocal folds. Given the clinical implications of vocal fold fibrosis, we investigated NR4A1 expression during vocal fold wound healing in vivo and the regulatory roles of NR4A1 on vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs) in vitro with the ultimate goal of developing targeted therapies for this challenging patient population. Study Design In vivo and in vitro. Methods In vivo, the temporal pattern of NR4A1 mRNA expression was quantified following rat vocal fold injury. In vitro, the role of NR4A1 on TGF-β1–mediated transcription of genes underlying fibrosis as well as myofibroblast differentiation and collagen gel contraction was quantified in our human VFF line. Small interfering RNA was employed to alter NR4A1 expression to further elucidate this complex system. Results Nr4a1 mRNA increased 1 day after injury and peaked at 7 days. Knockdown of NR4A1 resulted in upregulation of COL1A1 and TGF-β1, with TGF-β1 stimulation (both P < .001) in VFFs. NR4A1 knockdown also resulted in increased α-smooth muscle actin–positive cells (P = .013) and contraction (P = .002) in response to TGF-β1. Conclusions NR4A1 has not been described in vocal fold health or disease. Upregulation of TGF-β following vocal fold injury was concurrent with increased NR4A1 expression. These data provide a foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies given persistent TGF-β signaling in vocal fold fibrosis. Level of Evidence N/A Laryngoscope, 127:E317–E323, 2017
‘Ain’t I a feminist?’: the politics of gender violence, anti-violence, and education in Oakland, CA

AbstractThis article focuses on the ways gender violence politics become reduced to liberal narratives of victimization in contemporary U.S. deployment of feminist identity politics, within academic and activist discourses. Such victimization narratives, I argue, exploit suffering and reproduce social stratification between a growing middle class in the academy and poor black people outside of it. This article draws from moments in California’s Bay area when questions of feminism, gender violence, and anti-violence in schools arose. In each case, left feminists had an opportunity to reshape these questions towards new political paradigms and new academic discourses. Instead, amidst the ‘safety’ of left discourse and practice, each moment confronted contradictory silences that called into question such ‘safety’ and made generative political movement impossible. I analyze the dynamics of this silencing as constitutive of the co-optation of feminist identity politics within a capitalist university that repro...
Non-vascularised fibula grafts for reconstruction of segmental and hemicortical bone defects following meta- /diaphyseal tumour resection at the extremities

The reconstruction of meta−/diaphyseal bone defects following bone tumour resection is challenging, and biological treatment options should be applied whenever possible, especially in benign lesions and early stage sarcomas. We aimed to evaluate the results of segmental (SR) and hemicortical reconstructions (HR) at the extremities using non-vascularised fibula grafts. We retrospectively enrolled 36 patients who were treated with non-vascularised fibula reconstructions (15 SR, 21 HR) after bone tumour resection (15 malignant, 21 benign). All cases were evaluated regarding consolidation, hypertrophy at the graft-host junctions, and complications; moreover, the functional and oncological results were assessed. The mean follow-up was 8.3 years (2.1–26.6 years). Primary union was achieved in 94% (SR 87%, HR 100%) of patients, and 85% (SR 81%, HR 88%) showed hypertrophy at the graft-host junction. The overall complication rate was 36% with 4 patients (11%) developing local recurrence. There was a significant correlation between the development of mechanical complications (fracture, delayed-/non-union) and a defect size of ≥12 cm (p = 0.013), segmental defects (p = 0.013) and additional required treatment (p = 0.008). The functional outcome was highly satisfactory (mean MSTS score 86%). Due to encouraging results and advantages (such as their remodelling capacity at the donor site), non-vascularised fibula reconstructions should be considered a valuable alternative treatment option for patients with hemicortical defects or segmental reconstructions of less than 12 cm in which no additional neo-/adjuvant treatment is necessary.
Soundball: Teaching Tennis to Students with Visual Impairments

The purpose of this article is to provide appropriate teaching strategies, equipment needs, modifications and adaptations that assist physical educators in teaching tennis (soundball) to students who are blind or visually impaired. Soundball is an easy addition to any physical education curriculum and allows students who are blind or visually impaired to socialize with peers while practicing basic skills, movement and game play in the least restrictive environment. Students who are blind or visually impaired can also participate in the lifetime activity of soundball outside of physical education through organized groups such as the United States Tennis Association or with family and friends.
FTC and Apple Sue Qualcomm for Cell Phone Standardization Skullduggery, Part 2: Apple’s Claims

This article, the second in a multipart series, discusses Apple’s complaint against Qualcomm—namely, that Qualcomm breached its contract to pay Apple a billion dollars in rebates, and engaged in anticompetitive practices injuring Apple.
The Association of Decision-to-Incision Time for Cesarean Delivery with Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes

Objective The objective of this study was to estimate whether the decision-to-incision (DTI) time for cesarean delivery (CD) is associated with differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods This analysis is of data from women at 25 U.S. medical centers with a term, singleton, cephalic nonanomalous gestation and no prior CD, who underwent an intrapartum CD. Perinatal and maternal outcomes associated with DTI intervals of ≤ 15, 16 to 30, and > 30 minutes were compared. Results Among 3,482 eligible women, median DTI times were 46 and 27 minutes for arrest and fetal indications for CD, respectively (p 30 minutes had similar odds to the referent group (DTI of 16–30 minutes) for the adverse neonatal and maternal composites (odds ratio [OR]: 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40–1.71 and OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.63–1.27). For arrest disorders, the odds of the adverse neonatal composite were lower among women with a DTI of > 30 minutes (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08–0.77), and the adverse maternal composite was no different (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.81–1.63). Conclusion In this analysis, DTI times longer than 30 minutes were not associated with worse maternal or neonatal outcomes.
Book Review: Brainerd, Goldberg, and Adams: Programmer's Guide to Fortran 90

This is a textbook at the tutorial rather than the comprehensive level: some language features are barely mentioned (for example, the syntax of construct names is described but they do not appear in any of the examples).
Memory efficient decoding graph compilation with wide cross-word acoustic context.

We present an efficient technique for the compilation of static decoding graphs which can utilize full word of left cross-word context. We put an emphasis on memory efficiency, in particular to be able to deploy this technique on platforms with limited resources. The incremental application of the composition process efficiently produces a weighted finite state acceptor which is globally deterministic and minimized with the maximum memory need during the composition essentially the same as that needed for the final graph.
Primordial black holes from polynomial potentials in single field inflation

Within canonical single field inflation models, we provide a method to reverse engineer and reconstruct the inflaton potential from a given power spectrum. This is not only a useful tool to find a potential from observational constraints, but also gives insight into how to generate a large amplitude spike in density perturbations, especially those that may lead to primordial black holes (PBHs). In accord with other works, we find that the usual slow-roll conditions need to be violated in order to generate a significant spike in the spectrum. We find that a way to achieve a very large amplitude spike in single field models is for the classical roll of the inflaton to over-shoot a local minimum during inflation. We provide an example of a quintic polynomial potential that implements this idea and leads to the observed spectral index, observed amplitude of fluctuations on large scales, significant PBH formation on small scales, and is compatible with other observational constraints. We quantify how much fine-tuning is required to achieve this in a family of random polynomial potentials, which may be useful to estimate the probability of PBH formation in the string landscape.
Biochemical Characterization of Two Clinically-Relevant Human Fumarase Variants Defective for Oligomerization

Background Fumarase, a significant enzyme of energy metabolism, catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate. Mutations in the FH gene, encoding human fumarase, are associated with fumarate hydratase deficiency (FHD) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Fumarase assembles into a homotetramer, with four active sites. Interestingly, residues from three of the four subunits within the homotetramer comprise each active site. Hence, any mutation affecting oligomerization is predicted to disrupt enzyme activity. Methods We constructed two variants of hexahistidine-tagged human recombinant fumarase, A308T and H318Y, associated with FHD and HLRCC, respectively. Both Ala308 and His318 lie within the fumarase intersubunit interface. We purified unmodified human fumarase and the two variants, and analyzed their enzymatic activities and oligomerization states in vitro. Results Both variants showed severely diminished fumarase activity. Steady-state kinetic analysis demonstrated that the variants were largely defective due to decreased turnover rate, while displaying Km values for L-malate similar to unmodified human recombinant fumarase. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration experiments revealed that each variant had an altered oligomerization state, largely forming homodimers rather than homotetramers. Conclusion We conclude that A308T and H318Y render human fumarase enzymatically inactive via defective oligomerization. Therefore, some forms of FHD and HLRCC can be linked to improperly folded quaternary structure.
The Phenomena of Optical Activity. Terms and Definitions. Theoretical Considerations. The Drude and Moffitt Equations

When a ray of monochromatic polarized light strikes a solution, several events may occur: (1) reflection on the surface, (2) refraction, (3) rotation of the plane of polarization, and (4) absorption. Reflection can be minimized by proper optical arrangement and will not be discussed here. However, the other three events are important in the problems to be considered. Refraction is caused by slowing of the ray. In the language of the electromagnetic theory of light and electronic structure of matter, refraction is caused by interaction of the propagated electromagnetic field with the oscillating electrons of matter. A propagated electromagnetic field, according to the classical theory of Maxwell, is characterized by an electric vector E and a perpendicular magnetic vector H. If the light is monochromatic, i.e. has a definite wavelength λ or frequency v (λ=1/v), the electric vector E at any point is expressed as E=E0, cos w t, where E 0, is the maximum amplitude of the wave, ω = 2πv, and t is time. A similar expression, H=Ho cos ω t, is valid for the magnetic vector H, which shows that E and H, though perpendicular to one another, are in phase. In a refracting medium the wave is slowed and the amplitude of the electric field component E is diminished, and, according to the theory, the decrease is proportional to the factor 3/(n2 + 2), where n is the refractive index. The decrease in the magnitude of E is caused by induction of dipole moments in the refracting molecules, and the disturbance depends on the number and distribution of the electrons. In a nonabsorbing isotropic medium, e.g. a solution containing only symmetric molecules, refraction will be the only major event. All secondary waves emerging from the solution will be polarized in the same direction as the incident wave, i.e. no optical activity will be observed. In order to generate optical activity, the substance interacting with the light should be able to affect not only the electric but also the magnetic vector (see e.g. Schellman, 1958).
The Fallacy That Attorney-client Privilege Has Been Eroded: Ramifications and Lessons for the Bar

It is a common conception that modern courts have eviscerated the doctrine of attorney-client privilege. This Article posits that courts have done no such thing. The perception stems largely from two phenomena: the use of privilege exceptions and privilege exclusions in complex civil practice and criminal prosecutions has increased over time; and the fact that courts, legislatures, and the bar continue to fail to grasp the differences between attorney-client privilege and attorney-client confidentiality. The bar's vision of appropriate secrecy diverges significantly from the vision of legislatures establishing just laws and judges evaluating claims of privilege within the truth seeking litigation process. This Article highlights the differences in vision. That, in turn, helps identify a central problem that ultimately redounds to the disadvantage of clients and the orderly development of the law; namely, the failure of all participants in the legal process to adequately distinguish privilege from confidentiality. The Article discusses some of the alternative responses available to the bar for addressing this failure.
Twitter Analytics for Disaster Relevance and Disaster Phase Discovery

Natural disasters happen at any time and at any place. Social media can provide an important mean for both people affected and emergency personnel in sharing and receiving relevant information as the disaster unfolds across the different phases of the disaster. Focusing on the phases of preparedness, response and recovery, certain information needs to be retrieved due to the critical mission of emergency personnel. Such information can be directed depending on the disaster phase towards warning citizens, saving lives, or reducing the disaster impact. In this paper, we present an analytical study on Twitter data for three recent major hurricane disasters covering the three main disaster phases of preparedness, response and recovery. Our goal is to identify relevant tweets that will carry important information for disaster phase discovery. To achieve our goal, we propose a cloud-based system framework focused on three main components of disaster relevance classification, disaster phase classification and knowledge extraction. The framework is general enough for the three main disaster phases and specific to a hurricane disaster. Our results show that relevant tweets from different disaster data sets spanning different disaster phases can be classified for relevancy with an accuracy around 0.86, and for disaster phase with an accuracy of 0.85, where key information for disaster management personnel can be extracted.
Multidisciplinary Learning: Redox Chemistry and Pigment History

The interface of art and science provides a broad range of educational and collaborative projects at various learning stages. Therefore, the use of historic artists’ materials for teaching chemistry is receiving more attention. We prepared and used copper acetate (verdigris pigment) for a series of interconnected, lab-based activities, which can be applied to high-school-level chemistry, to undergraduate general chemistry, and further to heritage conservation science research for emerging art conservators. The synthesis and degradation processes of artists’ materials like this pigment allow instructors to illustrate scientific concepts like redox chemistry, while extending the vision of science to arenas beyond the classroom.
Vocabulary Knowledge in Relation with Student's Reading Comprehension: a Review

In language learning, vocabulary knowledge is considered as a dominant factor, either as a second or a foreign language. Vocabulary knowledge is justified as a crucial site to overall language acquisition process. There are a lot of unknown words that language learners encounter while they are reading are probably the very basic and fundamental reasons. In this notion, the learner may have difficulties in comprehending the text they are reading. Language learner and educators alike know that many of the reading comprehension breakdowns that experienced by students involve word recognition and lexical access course. Hence, this paper is an attempt to extend knowledge of vocabulary and its relationship with reading comprehension. Through the review of various views in vocabulary role and reading comprehension, intended to broaden knowledge of vocabulary and its relationship with reading comprehension.
Imitative Pasts, Innovation Pathways and Intellectual Property

Throughout history, countries have transformed from imitators to innovators. Cases in point are Germany, the United States, Japan, Singapore and South Korea, all of which have crossed over from the pirating side of the intellectual property divide to its more promising side. Thus far, it has been unclear how much of that crossover can be attributed to the development of a well-functioning intellectual property system, as opposed to other factors, such as the improved quality of higher education and increased research-and-development expenditures. As important as intellectual property rights have been, their levels of protection and enforcement have not always been a good proxy for a country's innovative capabilities. Innovation comes in many different forms. While the past two centuries have seen intellectual property rights providing a major boost to innovation, such innovation can also be driven by necessity, patronage, grants and prizes. In the past decade, the relationship between intellectual property and innovation has become even more complicated with the growing popularity of open source projects, crowd source arrangements and 'IP without IP' scholarship. To interrogate this relationship, the present chapter draws on three decades of intellectual property developments in China. China was chosen for this study because it has recently transformed from the poster child of intellectual property piracy and counterfeiting to become one of the world's innovative powers. The chapter begins by recounting this dramatic transformation. The chapter then notes that the form of innovation found in today's China is different from the breakthrough innovation embraced by the United States and other leading innovative powers. This chapter concludes by identifying two distinct lessons on innovation, drawing on China's experience and innovation model.
Dissemination of the Integrative Review

Dissemination of the integrative review is the planned process of presenting findings to a targeted audience. Approaches include peer-reviewed publications, podium, or poster presentations at conferences, social media, and news media. Integrative reviews critically analyze and synthesize diverse literature for varied audiences. Analysis of current publication practices demonstrates that confusion exists about appropriate methods to complete and disseminate the results of an integrative review. When presenting the results of an integrative review in podium, poster, or manuscript format, it is critical to clearly describe search techniques and analysis, appraisal, and synthesis methods. Space limitations in journal or poster format reduce the amount that can be included on each of these methodological features. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is on outlining strategies for disseminating the results of integrative reviews through podium presentations, posters, abstracts, and journal articles. Examples of each of these processes are included to increase understanding. Step-by-step guidelines for submitting a review manuscript for publication are discussed. The role of news media and the burgeoning role of social media as outlets for dissemination of integrative reviews are also considered.
Chapter 3 – Oil Shale

Publisher Summary Shale oil, known also as kerogen oil or oil-shale oil, is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The amount of shale oil that can be recovered from a given deposit depends upon many factors. Geothermal heating, or other factors, may have degraded some or all of a deposit, so that the amount of recoverable energy may be significantly decreased. Some deposits or portions thereof, such as large areas of the Devonian black shales in the eastern United States, may be too deeply buried to mine economically in the foreseeable future. Surface land uses may greatly restrict the availability of some oil shale deposits for development, especially those in the industrial western countries. The obvious need today is new and improved methods for the economic recovery of energy and by-products from oil shale. The bottom line in developing a large oil shale industry would be governed by the price of petroleum-based crude oil. When the price of shale oil is comparable to that of crude oil because of diminishing resources of crude, then shale oil may find a place in the world fossil energy mix.
Promoter-Interacting Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (pieQTLs) in Human Immune Cell Types

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) studies provide associations of genetic variants with gene expression but fall short of pinpointing functionally important eQTLs or providing mechanistic insights. Using proximity ligation-assisted H3K27ac ChIP-seq (HiChIP/PLAC-seq) assays, here we mapped eQTLs that overlap active cis-regulatory elements and interact with their target gene promoters (promoter-interacting eQTLs, pieQTLs) in five common immune cell types. This allowed us to narrow down functionally important eQTLs to a small minority and show mechanisms that explain their cell type restriction. We demonstrated genotype-dependent correlation between frequency of pieQTL interactions and gene expression. In addition, we discovered ultralong distance pieQTLs including several disease-risk variants, and new eGenes such as FHIT for which we validated the functional role of an eQTL-overlapping cis-regulatory element located >1Mb away from its promoter by CRISPRi assays. Our study provides insights into cell-specific gene regulation and highlights the potentially functional non-coding variants (pieQTLs) linked to human diseases.
Nephrology Provider Surprise Question Response and Hospitalizations in Older Adults with Advanced CKD.

Background Older adults with advanced non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) face a high risk of hospitalization and related adverse events. Methods This prospective cohort study followed nephrology clinic patients ≥60 years old with NDD-CKD stages 4-5. After an eligible patient's office visit, study staff asked the patient's provider to rate the patient's risk of death within the next year using the surprise question ("Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months?") with a 5-point Likert scale response (1, "definitely not surprised" to 5, "very surprised"). We used a statewide database to ascertain hospitalization during follow-up. Results There were 488 patients (median age 72 years, 51% female, 17% black) with median estimated glomerular filtration rate 22 mL/min/1.73 m2. Over a median follow-up of 2.1 years, the rates of hospitalization per 100 person-years in the respective response groups were 41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34-50), "very surprised"; 65 (95% CI: 55-76), "surprised"; 98 (95% CI: 85-113), "neutral"; 125 (95% CI: 107-144), "not surprised"; and 120 (95% CI: 94-151), "definitely not surprised." In a fully adjusted cumulative probability ordinal regression model for proportion of follow-up time spent hospitalized, patients whose providers indicated that they would be "definitely not surprised" if they died spent a greater proportion of follow-up time hospitalized compared with those whose providers indicated that they would be "very surprised" (odds ratio 2.4, 95% CI: 1.0-5.7). There was a similar association for time to first hospitalization. Conclusion Nephrology providers' responses to the surprise question for older patients with advanced NDD-CKD were independently associated with proportion of future time spent hospitalized and time to first hospitalization. Additional studies should examine how to use this information to provide patients with anticipatory guidance on their possible clinical trajectory and to target potentially preventable hospitalizations.
Simple and Low-Cost Online AC Ripple Current Injection Methods for a Single-Cell Li-ion Battery

This paper presents simple and low-cost methods of injecting AC ripple current in order to perform online Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for a single-cell Li-ion battery. Based on a linear battery charger configuration, the proposed methods inject AC ripple current as a current amplifier using either function generator IC or digital-to-analog signal through a digital signal processor. Through these approaches, charging current of the linear charger is regulated by the resistive network and sinusoidal injection signal. To validate the proposed methods, 18650 Li-ion battery, linear battery charger, digital signal processor, and function generator IC are used through the use of two testbeds. A range of 1Hz to 1kHz AC ripple currents are injected successfully into the battery charger.
Abstract 12810: Cardiac Injury and Outcomes of Patients With Covid-19 in New York City

Background: Prior studies demonstrated COVID-19 patients with elevated troponin were associated with increased in-hospital mortality, however only 27% of patients with cardiac injury were assessed ...
Gravity and Conduction Driven Melting in a Sphere

The fundamental processes of melting, the well known Stefan and Neumann problems, have been of great interest from a theoretical point of view as well as for their wide applications. The yet unmolten part of the material undergoing phase change within spherical containments is generally presumed to remain stationary, an unlikely occurrence in practice. The differing densities of the liquid and the solid may readily cause a force imbalance on the solid in gravitational and perhaps microgravitational environments, thereby moving the solid away from the center. In the present work, an approach related to the theories of lubrication and film condensation was employed and an approximate closed-form solution of melting within spheres was obtained. It was shown that a group of dimensionless parameters containing, Prandtl, Archimedes and Stefan numbers describes the melting process. Fundamental heat transfer experiments were also performed on the melting of a phase-change medium in a spherical shell. Free expansion of the medium into a void space within the sphere was permitted. A step function temperature jump on the outer shell wall was imposed and the timewise evolution of the melting process and the position of the solid-liquid interface was photographically recorded. Numerical integration of the interface position data yielded information about the melted mass and the energy of melting that support the theory.
Purification of a native nicotinic receptor.

Abstract Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are members of the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. The electric organ of the Torpedo ray is extraordinarily rich in an acetylcholine receptor that is homologous to the human nicotinic receptor found at the neuromuscular junction. Due to this abundant natural source in the fish and the relatively accessible preparation of the neuromuscular junction (compared to a central synapse), this muscle-type receptor and specifically the fish receptors have long been used as the prototype for study of nicotinic receptors. However, an absence of structural detail at high resolution has limited the chemical interpretation of this archetypal nicotinic receptor. One of the main concerns in preparing receptor for high resolution structural analysis was its documented sensitivity to particular detergents and requirements for specific lipids in order to maintain function after reconstitution in a membrane. Here, we present methods for purifying native nicotinic receptor from Torpedo electric tissue that maintains functionality after reconstitution and that is amenable to high resolution structural analysis. The specific developments we describe include detergent exchange during purification, inclusion of specific lipids during purification and for nanodisc reconstitution, and synthesis of a new affinity reagent for rapid isolation of receptors.
Studies on the Mechanism of RNA Synthesis of a Murine Coronavirus

The mechanism of viral RNA replication in mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-infected cells was studied by oligonucleotide mapping of every mRNA. We discovered that an oligonucleotide. No. 10, was localized at the 5′-end of every mRNA, and was not colinear with the sequences of the virion genomic RNA. This result indicates that all of the mRNAs contain a leader sequence which is joined to the body sequences of the mRNAs. We have also studied the structure of the replicative intermediate (RI) RNA in the MHV-infected cells. This RI RNA consists of a single species corresponding to the MHV genomic RNA. No subgenomic RI structures were detected. Furthermore, the nascent RNA chains in the RI structure contained the leader sequences, suggesting that the leader RNA was not added to the mRNA post-transciptionally, but rather, it was probably synthesized independently and then used as a primer for the synthesis of mRNAs. We have also shown that the poly (A) sequences in the MHV genome were transcribed from the poly (U) sequences present in the negative-strand template. The RNA polymerases involved in the MHV RNA synthesis were also characterized. The early polymerase synthesizes a single negative-stranded, full-length RNA. The late polymerases could be separated into two activities, one synthesizing positive-stranded genomic RNA, and the other synthesizing genomic as well as subgenomic RNAs. Thus, the replication and transcription functions of MHV could probably be separated. A plausible model of MHV replication is presented.
PCPs and the Hardness of Generating Synthetic Data

Assuming the existence of one-way functions, we show that there is no polynomial-time differentially private algorithm $${\mathcal {A}}$$ that takes a database $$D\in (\{0,1\}^d)^n$$ and outputs a “synthetic database” $${\hat{D}}$$ all of whose two-way marginals are approximately equal to those of D. (A two-way marginal is the fraction of database rows $$x\in \{0,1\}^d$$ with a given pair of values in a given pair of columns.) This answers a question of Barak et al. (PODS ‘07), who gave an algorithm running in time $$\mathrm {poly}(n,2^d)$$ . Our proof combines a construction of hard-to-sanitize databases based on digital signatures (by Dwork et al., STOC ‘09) with encodings based on the PCP theorem. We also present both negative and positive results for generating “relaxed” synthetic data, where the fraction of rows in D satisfying a predicate c are estimated by applying c to each row of $${\hat{D}}$$ and aggregating the results in some way.
E-notebook Middleware for Accountability and Reputation Based Trust in Distributed Data Sharing Communities

This paper presents the design of a new middleware which provides support for trust and accountability in distributed data sharing communities. One application is in the context of scientific collaborations. Multiple researchers share individually collected data, who in turn create new data sets by performing transformations on existing shared data sets. In data sharing communities building trust for the data obtained from others is crucial. However, the field of data provenance does not consider malicious or untrustworthy users. By adding accountability to the provenance of each data set, this middlware ensures data integrity insofar as any errors can be identified and corrected. The user is further protected from faulty data by a trust view created from past experiences and second-hand recommendations. A trust view is based on real world social interactions and reflects each user’s own experiences within the community. By identifying the providers of faulty data and removing them from a trust view, the integrity of all data is enhanced
Group Technology: Generation and Selection of the Best Multi-Criteria Alternative

Group technology is a modern manufacturing approach which has been widely used in many industries. This paper addresses the machine-part cell formation problem while several criteria are considered for the evaluation of alternatives. The criteria include the number of work stations or cells, the cost of set-up and operation of different designs, and the volume of inter-flow traffic. Methods are presented for generation of efficient alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, and selection of the best alternative. This paper develops an approach to determine the machine-part cells and to choose the part processing plans minimizing the inter-cell part flow. The proposed approach solves the problem iteratively until a set of plans and the machine-part cells are obtained with minimal inter-cell part flow.
Conformational aspects of oligosaccharides

The three dimensional structure of oligosaccharides determines their interaction with receptors and hence is important for their biological activity. Conformational analysis of oligosaccharides makes the three dimensional structure available. The analysis of the conformation of oligosaccharides is usually determined by a combination of computational methods and experimental techniques. NMR spectroscopy is the most important experimental tool. The calculational techniques cover a wide range with most emphasis put into force field calculations. Conformational flexibility plays an important role in many though not in all oligosaccharide structures. Glycosidic linkages to a side chain of a pyranose ring are more flexible than are linkages to the pyranose ring. The major attempts are described to determine the three dimensional structure of oligosaccharides with the exception of homooligomers. This review covers conformational analyses of blood group antigens of N-linked and of O-linked oligosaccharide chains, of glycolipids, of oligosaccharides related to O-specific polysaccharides of bacteria, and of oligosaccharides related to proteoglycans.
Synthesis of high-surface-area α-LiAlO2

The preparation of LiAlO{sub 2} is described. LiAlO{sub 2} was found to adopt three different structures, the hexagonal phase, the orthorhombic phase, and a tetragonal phase. These three polymorphs are formed under similar reaction conditions, and mixtures of the polymorphs usually result if the preparative reaction is carried out below 700{degree}C. Crystal structures of the LiAlO{sub 2} prepared at several reaction temperatures are reported. Surface area of the -LiAlO{sub 2} was studied by the BET method, and the results are reported. 15 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
A note on the existence of stable vector bundles on Enriques surfaces

We prove the non-emptiness and irreducibility of \(M_H(v,L)\), the moduli space of Gieseker semistable sheaves on an unnodal Enriques surface Y with primitive Mukai vector v of positive rank and determinant L with respect to a generic polarization H. This completes the chain of progress initiated by Kim (Nagoya Math J 150:85–94, 1998). We also show that the stable locus \(M^s_H(v)\ne \varnothing \) for non-primitive v with \(v^2>0\).
Price Endogeneity and Marginal Cost Effects on Incentive Compatible Stormwater Management Policies

Incentive based stormwater management policies offer the prospect of reducing urban stormwater runoff while increasing developer profits. An incentive compatible Stormwater Banking Program (SBP) is presented that allows developers to build at higher residential densities in exchange for including low impact stormwater Best Management Practices (MPs) in the development’s stormwater management infrastructure. Price endogeneity presents itself when the smaller residential lots created by building at a greater density sell for a lower price than the original, larger lots. Stormwater management authorities must be aware of this and the effects of the program participation fee structure in designing voluntary incentive based policies that meet runoff reduction objectives.