cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioinspired Flat and Conical Surfaces for Water Harvesting

It has been mentioned in Chap. 3, that beetles use surfaces, heterogeneous wettability cactus spines spider silk use conical geometry, and blades of grass use longitudinal grooves to drive water droplets for water transport and storage/use, before they evaporate. Bioinspired surfaces for water harvesting from fog have been inspired by the beetle (Garrod et al. 2007; Bai et al. 2014; Gurera and Bhushan 2019a), grass (Azad et al. 2015; Gurera and Bhushan 2019a, b), and cactus (Ju et al. 2013; Gurera and Bhushan 2019a, b, c, d; Schriner and Bhushan 2019). For water harvesting from condensation of water vapor, cactus- and spider silk-inspired conical surfaces have also been used (Gurera and Bhushan 2020).
Probing the Honey Bee Diet-Microbiota-Host Axis Using Pollen Restriction and Organic Acid Feeding

Microbial metabolites are considered important drivers of diet-based microbiota influence on the host, however, mechanistic models are confounded by interactions between diet, microbiota function, and host physiology. The honey bee harbors a simple microbiota that produces organic acids as fermentation products of dietary nectar and pollen, making it a model for gut microbiota research. Herein, we demonstrate that bacterial abundance in the honey bee gut is partially associated with the anterior rectum epithelium. We used dietary pollen restriction and organic acid feeding treatments to obtain information about the role of undigested pollen as a microbiota growth substrate and the impact of bacterial fermentation products on honey bee enteroendocrine signaling. Pollen restriction markedly reduced total and specific bacterial 16S rRNA abundance in the anterior rectum but not in the ileum. Anterior rectum expression levels of bacterial fermentative enzyme gene transcripts (acetate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase) were reduced in association with diet-induced microbiota shifts. To evaluate the effects of fermentative metabolites on host enteroendocrine function, pollen-restricted bees were fed an equimolar mixture of organic acid sodium salts (acetate, lactate, butyrate, formate, and succinate). Organic acid feeding significantly impacted hindgut enteroendocrine signaling gene expression, rescuing some effects of pollen restriction. This was specifically manifested by tissue-dependent expression patterns of neuropeptide F and allatostatin pathways, which are implicated in energy metabolism and feeding behaviors. Our findings provide new insights into the diet-microbiota-host axis in honey bees and may inform future efforts to improve bee health through diet-based microbiota manipulations.
Impact of multikinase inhibitor approval on survival and physician practice patterns in advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Abstract Background This study aimed to identify whether multikinase inhibitor approval for medullary thyroid carcinoma was associated with changes in systemic therapy administration or overall survival. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma patients. Clinicopathologic comparisons were performed between premultikinase inhibitor (2005–2010) and postmultikinase inhibitor (2011–2016) approval groups. Multivariable logistic and Cox regressions were applied to assess predictors of systemic therapy and overall survival. Results A total of 2,891 patients met the criteria. Postmultikinase inhibitor patients were less likely to undergo radiation (P = .02) and more likely to receive systemic therapy (P = .01). The rate of systemic therapy nearly doubled from 2010 to 2011 (8.1% to 13.8%, P = .04); it subsequently declined back toward preapproval rates. Before multikinase inhibitor approval, only metastases and radiation were associated with systemic therapy (P Conclusion After approval of multikinase inhibitors, physicians broadened the criteria for systemic therapy. Prescription rates have since declined. Given the toxicities of these drugs and no improvement in overall survival since introduction, selective utilization may be warranted.
Canalization and Robustness in Human Genetics and Disease

Canalization refers to the evolution of populations such that the number of individuals who deviate from the optimum trait, or experience disease, is minimized. In the presence of rapid cultural, e...
Nurse Fatigue and Nurse, Patient Safety, and Organizational Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Hospital nurses are at high risk of fatigue due to stressful work environments with heavy workloads and non-standard work schedules. This systematic review examined the relationship between hospita...
P-tau/aβ42 and aβ42/40 ratios in csf are equally predictive of amyloid pet status

Introduction Measurement of amyloid beta (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and tau (phosphorylated tau [p-tau] and total tau [t-tau]) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be utilized to differentiate clinical and preclinical Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD) from other neurodegenerative processes. Methods CSF biomarkers were measured in 150 participants from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. P-tau/Aβ42 (Roche Elecsys, Fujirebio LUMIPULSE) and Aβ42/40 (Fujirebio LUMIPULSE) ratios were compared to one another and to amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) classification. Results Strong correlation was observed between LUMIPULSE p-tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40, as well as Elecsys and LUMIPULSE p-tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 (Spearman's ρ = -0.827, -0.858, and 0.960, respectively). Concordance between LUMIPULSE p-tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 was 96% and between Elecsys p-tau/Aβ42 and both LUMIPULSE ratios was 97%. All ratios had > 94% overall, positive, and negative percent agreement with amyloid PET classification. Discussion These data suggest that p-tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 ratios provide similar clinical information in the assessment of amyloid pathology.
Automated detections reveal the social information in the changing infant view.

How do postural developments affect infants' access to social information? We recorded egocentric and third-person video while infants and their caregivers (N = 36, 8- to 16-month-olds, N = 19 females) participated in naturalistic play sessions. We then validated the use of a neural network pose detection model to detect faces and hands in the infant view. We used this automated method to analyze our data and a prior egocentric video dataset (N = 17, 12-month-olds). Infants' average posture and orientation with respect to their caregiver changed dramatically across this age range; both posture and orientation modulated access to social information. Together, these results confirm that infant's ability to move and act on the world plays a significant role in shaping the social information in their view.
A Rare Iatrogenic Trio: Pneumopericardium, Pneumoperitoneum, and Pericarditis.

Abstract We present a rare case of iatrogenic pneumopericardium, pneumoperitoneum, and Escherichia coli pericarditis after emergency pericardiocentesis for pericardial tamponade. The patient had pr...
Estimation of thin metal sheets thickness using piezoelectric generated ultrasound

Abstract In the industry, many metal structures are constituted by thin plates which undergo, during their use, fatigue, corrosion, defects etc., these effects often result in a thickness variation. It is so, important to be able to measure, accurately, the thickness of these plates. Furthermore, only one side of the plate is often available, this disadvantage increases the difficulty of measuring the thickness variations. Generally, ultrasonic waves are used to test these structures, without dismantling or modifying them. This paper presents a method to measure the thickness of thin metal sheet by using the propagation of the first antisymmetric A0 Lamb mode generated by a piezoelectric transducer. Principle is based on the proportionality relation which exists between the group velocity and the thickness of the thin sheet, at low frequencies. We put in evidence this relation which we test on thin metal sheets (150 mm long and 70 mm (58 mm for the sheet of 25 μm thickness) width) of which we know the thicknesses (25; 75; 100; 160 and 200 μm), measured with a palmer (micrometer). This work is a feasibility study which shows that it is possible to use piezoelectric transducers to measure small thicknesses with the A0 Lamb mode method.
An Assessment of the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of Mitochondrial Energy Transduction

It is argued that a proton concentration difference and/or a membrane potential is not the form into which the free energy of the oxidation-reduction reactions of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is first transduced. It is suggested that the search for a chemical intermediate should be continued in spite of the conclusion by some investigators that the chemical hypothesis is untenable. It is asked whether pH changes when measured in solutions containing mitochondria can be interpreted as evidence for H+ movements, also, whether there is a continuous, renewable and stable electrochemical proton concentration difference (delta mu H+) across the mitochondrial membrane, and whether in fact the delta mu H+ is a necessary intermediate in the synthesis of ATP. The four postulates of Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy transduction are discussed point by point. It is agreed that "The systems are plugged through a topologically closed insulating membrane," which probably is not "a nonaqueous osmotic barrier," and which probably does not have an unusually "low permeability to solutes and to H+ and OH- in particular" when compared with other membranes. There is disagreement with the statement that "Respiratory and photoredox systems are chemiosmotic membrane-located protonmotive chains" in that it is suggested by others that chemiosmosis is chemically nonexistent and that thermodynamically it would lack control. The subsequent statement, "having a characteristic----H+/2 epsilon- stoichiometry," is rendered uncertain by the experimental findings of values greater than 2H+/2 epsilon-/site and probably as large as 4H+/2 epsilon-/site. The proposal that "The synthetase is a chemiosmotic membrane-located reversible motive ATPase" requires the assumption that the ATP synthetase is the same enzyme as the ATPase, but functioning in the reverse direction. It is considered possible that there are two enzymes in the multi-subunit ATPase complex: one the hydrolase, and the other the synthetase. The further proposal, "having characteristic----H+/P stoichiometry" requires that the ratio be 2 according to Mitchell. However, values of 3, as well as larger values, have been reported by others, which introduces a large element of uncertainty. There is no disagreement with the statement that "There are proton-linked (or hydroxyl ion-linked) solute porter systems for osmotic stabilization and metabolite transport." In fact, this may be the principal reason for having proton efflux or "proton-pumping.''(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Efficient mapping through exploitation of spatial dependencies

Occupancy grid mapping algorithms assume that grid block values are independently distributed. However, most environments of interest contain spatial patterns that are better characterized by models that capture dependencies among grid blocks. To account for such dependencies, we model the environment as a pairwise Markov random field. We specify a belief propagation-based mapping algorithm that takes these dependencies into account when estimating a map. To demonstrate the potential benefits of this approach, we simulate a simple multi-robot minefield mapping scenario. Minefields contain spatial dependencies since some landmine configurations are more likely than others, and since clutter, which causes false alarms, can be concentrated in certain regions and completely absent in others. Our belief propagation-based approach outperforms conventional occupancy grid mapping algorithms in the sense that better maps can be obtained with significantly fewer robot measurements. The belief propagation algorithm requires a modest amount of increased computation, but we contend that in applications where significant energy and time expenditure is associated with robot movement and active sensing, the reduction in the required number of samples justified the increased computation.
Patterns of astragalar fibular facet orientation in extant and fossil primates and their evolutionary implications

A laterally sloping fibular facet of the astragalus (=talus) has been proposed as one of few osteological synapomorphies of strepsirrhine primates, but the feature has never been comprehensively quantified. We describe a method for calculating fibular facet orientation on digital models of astragali as the angle between the planes of the fibular facet and the lateral tibial facet. We calculated this value in a sample that includes all major extant primate clades, a diversity of Paleogene primates, and nonprimate euarchontans (n = 304). Results show that previous characterization of a divide between extant haplorhines and strepsirrhines is accurate, with little overlap even when individual data points are considered. Fibular facet orientation is conserved in extant strepsirrhines despite major differences in locomotion and body size, while extant anthropoids are more variable (e.g., low values for catarrhines relative to non-callitrichine platyrrhines). Euprimate outgroups exhibit a mosaic of character states with Cynocephalus having a more obtuse strepsirrhine-like facet and sampled treeshrews and plesiadapiforms having more acute haplorhine-like facets. Surprisingly, the earliest species of the adapiform Cantius have steep haplorhine-like facets as well. We used a Bayesian approach to reconstruct the evolution of fibular facet orientation as a continuous character across a supertree of living and extinct primates. Mean estimates for crown Primatomorpha (97.9°), Primates (99.5°), Haplorhini (98.7°), and Strepsirrhini (108.2°) support the hypothesis that the strepsirrhine condition is derived, while lower values for crown Anthropoidea (92.8°) and Catarrhini (88.9°) are derived in the opposite direction. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:420–447, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silicon based resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors for optical interconnects

This paper reviews efforts made in fabricating resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors on reflecting Si substrates. This includes Si photodetectors as well as recent advancements in Ge on Si resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors. These wafers offer the possibility of integrating a normally incident photodetector with Si receiver circuitry, reducing electrical coupling loss as well as reducing packaging and testing cost over a hybrid solution.
Development and use of modified live Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish

The present study showed that E. ictaluri RE-33 vaccine does not cause ESC but does stimulate protective immunity. The RE-33 vaccinates were protected against ESC for at least 4 months following a single bath immersion in a low number of E. ictaluri RE-33 without booster vaccination. Antibody responses are weak after RE-33 vaccination. Edwardsiella ictaluri RE-33 vaccine presents no risk or hazard to catfish. RE-33 vaccine will prevent ESC caused by most isolates of E. ictaluri in catfish. We recently obtained from USDA, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), and the state veterinariants of Alabama and Mississippi, approval to field test the RE-33 vaccine in young catfish. About 2–3 million 10− to 30-day-old channel catfish in Alabama and Mississippi have been vaccinated since June 1997 with no adverse effects of vaccination.
Plant-wide model predictive control for a continuous pharmaceutical process

Integrated continuous manufacturing offers ample opportunities for efficient and cost-effective pharmaceutical processes. Plant-wide control is required for meeting the stringent regulatory requirements on quality attributes of products in continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. This paper investigates plant-wide model predictive control (MPC) of an end-to-end continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process with nearly 8000 state variables. The process includes two series of chemical synthesis and crystallization steps, followed by tablet formation steps. A subspace identification approach is adopted to obtain a linear low-dimensional description of the complex plant-wide dynamics. Quadratic dynamic matrix control algorithm is used to enable input-output formulation of the control problem, whose online computational cost is independent of the state dimension. The performance of the plant-wide MPC system is evaluated in a closed-loop setting with an existing nonlinear plant simulator equipped with a stabilizing control layer. The closed-loop simulation results demonstrate the ability of plant-wide MPC to facilitate flexible process operation and effective regulation of quality attributes of tablets.
A Gravity Model of Globalization, Democracy and Transnational Terrorism

This paper provides an original study into how democratization and globalization influence transnational terrorism - examining the motives of terrorists and how democratic institutions and international integration influence non-state economic actors. We employ a gravity model to investigate the relative importance of globalization and democratization on transnational terrorism and external conflict. We construct an original database of over 200,000 observations from 1968-2003 for 189 countries, to examine the extent to which economic, political and historical factors influence the likelihood of citizens from one country to engage in terrorist activities against another. We find that the advent of democratic institutions, high income and more openness in a source country significantly reduces conflict. However, the advent of these same positive developments in targeted countries actually increases conflict. Ceteris paribus, the impact of being a democracy or participating in the WTO/IMF for a source country decreases the number of terrorist strikes by about 2 to 3 per year, which is more than two standard deviations greater than the average number of strikes between any two countries in a given year.
Suing the Government as a 'Joint Employer' - Evolving Pathologies of the Blended Workforce

As the 'blended workforce' - a realm in which contractors work alongside, and often are indistinguishable from, their Government counterparts - becomes more commonplace, the distinction between civil servants, members of the military and contractor employees increasingly blurs. One intriguing (and, apparently, accelerating), yet little-known trend is that contractor employees are more frequently suing the Government, alleging employment discrimination on the part of Government managers, supervisors or even coworkers. This short piece discusses the evolving 'joint employer' liability doctrine. It suggests that The federal courts' and the EEOC's willingness to define federal agencies as de facto employers of contractor employees is further evidence that the prohibition on personal service contracts is - or should now be deemed - a dead letter. Ultimately, it concludes that both the Government and its contractors need to understand that, as federal agencies continue to rely on contractors for their staffing needs, the ability to distinguish between civil servants and contractors - in the eyes of the law - will become increasingly more difficult.
The Evolving Ethics of Preservation: Redefining Practices and Responsibilities in the 21st Century

This article explores the ethics of preservation, both as they have been traditionally established and as they might apply to current and future digital preservation efforts. The first part of the article reviews the literature of the past two decades to see how the preservation community has defined the ethical dimensions of its work, as well as developed guidelines to support an ethical practice. The second part considers digital preservation and the ways it both extends and complicates established ethical tenets. Digital preservation challenges the library community to revisit fundamental preservation practices and responsibilities. Our ability to come to consensus on these issues will be critical for the public's continued trust in our roles as stewards of the cultural record.
Attenuation of 618 MHz SAW in multilayer Ni-Cu-Ni thin films

The authors report on the magnetic field (H) dependence of attenuation alpha (H) of 618-MHz SAW (surface acoustic waves) propagating in vacuum-evaporated multilayer Ni-Cu-Ni thin-film samples. Experimental results indicate that the magnetoelastic alpha (H) response of approximately=200-AA single layers of Ni ( alpha (H) approximately=22 dB/cm) is not affected by the deposition of overlayers of 75 AA and 180 AA of Cu; however, the deposition of a second approximately=200-AA layer of Ni onto the Ni-Cu structure reduces the alpha (H) response of the resultant Ni-Cu-Ni composite sample by over two orders of magnitude (from 22 dB/cm to approximately=1 dB/cm). Interpretation of these results in terms of a theoretical model for SAW attenuation in magnetostrictive thin films indicates that mutual magnetostatic coupling between the two Ni layers of the Ni-Cu-Ni composite films may be effectively self biasing the samples into a magnetically saturated low- alpha (H)-response operating regime. It is concluded that if multilayer magnetic-film-nonmagnetic-film structures are to be used in magnetically controllable SAW devices it appears that the effective magnetostatic coupling between the magnetic layers should be reduced. >
The Benefits of Human Resource Centralization: Insights from a Survey of Human Resource Directors in a Decentralized State

Texas is unique among American state governments in its approach to human resources because it has no central human resource (HR) or personnel office and no comprehensive set of centrally prescribed HR policies and procedures. Given contemporary calls for HR decentralization, Texas is an excellent case study of the practical implications of a decentralized approach to HR. This article examines findings from a survey of state agency HR directors. The results suggest that respondents do not see the putative benefits of a centralized HR model. However, respondents from small state agencies, those who perceive they do not have requisite HR expertise, and those with lower levels of educational attainment hold significantly different opinions about the benefits of centralized HR.
Auditory encoding in visual short-term recall: effects of noise intensity and spatial location

According to the primary memory masking hypothesis, speech noise increases serial recall errors made on visually presented lists because the list items are recoded and stored as auditory memory representations which are masked by the noise. In four experiments, both the spatial location of speech noise and its intensity were systematically varied to determine how they influenced recall. The results were consistent with the assumption that primary memory masking takes place in the preperceptual auditory store, which has been inferred from backward recognition masking studies, but were inconsistent with the assumption that primary memory masking takes place in the precategorical acoustic store, which has been inferred from modality and suffix studies.
Heterocyclic compounds. XI. Potential post-coital antifertility agents†

A series of heterocyclic analogs of diarylethylene and triarylethylene were synthesized as potential anti-implantation agents. Tested in rats as oral, post-coital antifertilily agents, a few of our compounds showed some activity.
The Hybrid Homage: Nathan Englander's WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT ANNE FRANK

Nathan Englander's short story “What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank” immediately announces itself as an homage to Raymond Carver's “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love.” Both st...
Effect of a dielectric overlay on a linearly tapered slot antenna excited by a coplanar waveguide

The effect of a dielectric overlay on a linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) is studied. The LTSA under study has very wide bandwidth and excellent radiation patterns. A dielectric overlay improves the patterns and directivity of the antenna by increasing the electrical length and effective aperture of the antenna. A dielectric overlay can also be used to reduce the physical length of the antenna without compromising the pattern quality.
Upper airway obstruction in Norwich Terriers: 16 cases.

Background Norwich Terriers have grown increasingly popular as show animals and pets, and awareness of respiratory problems within the breed is growing. Objective To describe components of obstructive upper airway syndrome in a nonbrachycephalic terrier breed. Animals Sixteen Norwich Terriers; 12 with and 4 without clinical signs of respiratory disease. Methods Prospective case series. Physical and laryngoscopic examinations were performed by 1 investigator in all dogs. Medical and surgical interventions were summarized and results of follow-up examination or owner reports were recorded. Results The study population was comprised of 9 females (6 intact) and 7 males (5 intact). Median age was 3.0 years (range, 0.5–11 years). Of 12 dogs presented for a respiratory complaint, physical examination was normal in 4 dogs. Laryngoscopic examination was abnormal in 11/12 dogs with redundant supra-arytenoid folds, laryngeal collapse, everted laryngeal saccules, and a narrowed laryngeal opening in most. Of 4 dogs lacking clinical signs, all had normal physical examination; however, 3/4 dogs had similar appearance of the larynx to dogs with clinical signs. Response to surgical intervention was minimal to moderate in all dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Norwich Terriers suffer from an upper airway obstructive syndrome that differs from that encountered in brachycephalic breeds. Affected dogs are difficult to identify without laryngoscopic examination because of the lack of clinical signs and abnormalities in physical examination findings, despite severe airway obstruction. Care is warranted when anesthetizing Norwich Terriers because of the small size of the laryngeal opening.
STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF ME5SI3 (ME Y, LU, ZR) AND OF HF3SI2

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of Me5Si3 (Me  Y, Lu, Zr) and of Hf3Si2 have been determined by solute-solvent drop calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The following mean values are reported ΔHf0(Y5Si3) = −(573.9 ± 28.8) kJ mol−1; ΔHf0(Lu5Si3) = −(542.7 ± 26.5) kJ mol−1; ΔHf0(Zr5Si3 = −(573.2 ± 38.3) kJ mol−1; and ΔHf0(Hf3Si2) = −(400.0 ± 23.6) kJ mol−1. The results are compared with our own earlier value of ΔHf0(Sc5Si3) and with literature data for Me5Si3 (Me  Ti, V, Cr, Nb, Mo, Ta, W). This comparison shows strongly increasing negative enthalpies of formation from group VI to group IV and a further increase for Sc5Si3 in group III.
Pre-treatment with somatostatin in the anaesthetic management of a patient with carcinoid syndrome

Carcinoid syndrome produces flushing, bronchoconstriction and gastrointestinal hypermotility secondary to serotonin, histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin release. A variety of drugs, foods and anaesthetic agents may provoke this syndrome. Under anaesthesia, the flushing produced may be associated with acute hypotension and cardiovascular collapse; this phenomenon is called a carcinoid crisis. Recently, somatostatin analogue has been used successfully to treat intraoperative carcinoid crisis. In this report, we present a 66-year-old lady with carcinoid syndrome who was pre-treated with 50 micrograms somatostatin analogue IV and IM prior to surgical manipulation. The anaesthetic course was relatively uneventful and the patient did well postoperatively.
Variation of Microbial Contaminants in Classers' Raw Cottons

The content of endotoxin, gram negative bacteria (GNB), gram positive bacteria (GPB) and fungi was determined for 296 classers' raw cottons derived from various U.S.A. growing areas in 1980. Levels of endotoxin varied from 0.01 to 83 ng per mg of raw cotton, while GNB counts covered the range from 5 to 2.3 X 105 colony forming units per mg. Tinged and spotted color groups contained higher levels of endotoxin than white grades. Significant differences between geographical regions were observed in the content of each microbial contaminant entrained in raw cotton. The Southwest and Southeast growing regions were characterized by raw cottons with the highest endotoxin levels. In general, Southwest raw cotton had the highest counts of GNB, GPB, and fungi, whereas cotton from the Farwest contained the lowest numbers of these same microorganisms.
Advanced materiel systems planning

This report is concerned with the development of mathematical models, computer programs, and data requirements to conduct development systems planning in large Research and Development organizations. The specific planning decision problems are 1) the selection of technical alternatives, 2) the funding of system components, and 3) the funding of systems. Cost-effectiveness relationships are developed. A manual is presented for use in the training of planners in the utilization of computer results. Tests have been conducted utilizing simulated cost, risk, and value data.
Stabilizing influence of earth perturbations on polar lunar orbiters

A class of highly inclined lunar orbits is discussed for which earth perturbations have significant influence on the orbit evolution and the usefulness of the orbit for scientific exploration. The theory of the long-term motion of particles under third-body and zonal harmonic perturbations is taken as a starting point for investigations of orbits with relatively long lifetimes and evolutionary patterns that enhance the effectiveness of the satellite as a lunar farside relay. An equilibrium solution in the doubly-averaged three-body problem with oblateness is identified and the results of some numerical integrations are presented.
Bifurcation gap in a hybrid optically bistable system

The truncation of a period-doubling sequence in a hybrid optically bistable device with delayed feedback is observed as a function of the noise present in the system. Increasing the noise level decreases the number of period doublings observed.
Student knowledge and confidence in an elective clinical toxicology course using active-learning techniques.

Objective. To measure changes in students’ knowledge and confidence scores after completing an elective clinical toxicology course in an accelerated doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program.Design. Various active-learning techniques were used to create a learner-centered environment. Approximately two-thirds of the course used student-led presentations. Some of those not presenting were assigned to be evaluators, responsible for asking the presenter a question or writing quiz questions based on the presented material. Other learner-centered activities included weekly quizzes and discussions at the conclusion of each presented topic.Assessment. A test instrument designed to measure students’ knowledge and associated level of confidence on each item was administered at the beginning and end of the course. Students’ knowledge and confidence scores increased significantly from pretest to posttest.Conclusions. Students’ increased confidence and knowledge scores were well correlated after course completion, indicati...
Digital beamforming using highly integrated receiver-on-chip modules

This paper describes the demonstration of a four-channel digital beamforming system incorporating highly integrated silicon germanium downconverter modules. The downconverter modules are designed to translate X-band frequencies (9 to 10.5 GHz) down to a common 1.0 GHz IF output. The modules were integrated with an X-band antenna array and high-speed digitizer system to form a rudimentary digital beamforming subsystem. Data was collected in a compact antenna range and compared to simulated antenna patterns. Basic calibration and beamforming methods were applied to showcase the ability to include new, highly integrated components into digital beamforming subsystem demonstrations.
Development of Ultraviolet Raman Diagnostics for Rocket Engine Injector Analysis

The development of a laser-based combustion diagnostics system and its application to the analysis of a highpressure rocket engine injector e owe eld are described. One dimensionally spatially resolved (linewise), multispecies, single-pulseimages are obtained with an imaging spectrograph/digital camera detection setup that images spontaneousvibrational Raman light scattering caused by a pulsed ultraviolet laser, used to enhanceRaman signal strength by the inverse fourth power of laser wavelength scaling forRaman scattering cross sections. These images provide temporally and spatially resolved qualitative information about the presence of gaseous major species (water vapor and molecular hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen ) during a hot-e re, high-pressure (6.04-MPa) test of a single-element liquid oxygen/gaseous hydrogen swirled injector operating at a high oxidizer/fuel mixture ratio (100)inatestarticlepressurizedbyanitrogencoe ow.Ramanimages,takenevery40ms,aregenerallyuncorrelated with respect to each other during the constant pressure, main-stageportion of the test, but occasionally temporally adjacent imagepairsarecorrelated, suggesting large-scalemotion in thee ow, possibly from transverse movements of the reactant jet within the diluent coe ow. Simultaneous measurements of major species show unburnt ignitor gas (hydrogen) during the startup transient and excess diluent (nitrogen) during the shutdown transient, along with signie cant variations in the oxygen/nitrogen ratio during the test. Stimulated Raman and ozone production problems are investigated.
Steady-State Dynamics of Smooth and Non-Smooth Systems With Strong Nonlinearities

The nonlinear energy sinks (NESs) with strong essential stiffness nonlinearities have been shown to result in vibration isolation in the studied system. In comparison, we also studied the steady-state dynamic response of a system with its smooth high-order odd nonlinearity replaced with the best fitted nonsmooth “clearance nonlinearity”. The analysis was based on the complexification technique and the separation of the dynamic terms into the “slow-varying” and the “fast-varying” components. We found that the steady-state behavior of a system with the non-smooth NES resembles that of the system with the smooth high-order nonlinearity, preserving the nonlinear energy-pumping feature. This finding paves the way for constructing practical NESs and applying them to practical vibration-isolation problems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Using substructure mining to identify misbehavior in network provenance graphs

As distributed systems become more ubiquitous and more complex, the need for efficient, scalable tools to analyze these systems increases. Network provenance graphs offer a rich framework for this task, mapping dependencies between system states and allowing one to explain these states. In this paper, we investigate methods for more efficient substructure mining in the context of network provenance graphs. Specifically, we are interested in identifying frequent substructures that can be used as a feature set for modeling common execution patterns. Knowing these will help network administrators detect nodes in the distributed system that are misbehaving. Therefore, this paper focuses on applying and scaling up substructure mining for network provenance graphs by incorporating a graph database (neo4j) into the substructure mining process and implementing optimizations that improve the efficiency of the substructure mining task. Our results show that the use of the neo4j graph database combined with our algorithmic optimizations greatly improves the run time of our algorithm while not significantly affecting the quality of the substructures returned.
Macrophages, Inflammatory Mediators, and Lung Injury

Abstract Macrophages and the various inflammatory mediators they release have been implicated in lung injury induced by a number of different pulmonary toxicants. Exposure of humans or experimental animals to toxic doses of xenobiotics such as ozone, bleomycin, or mineral dusts results in an accumulation of macrophages in the lung. These cells are activated to release increased amounts of proinflammatory and cytotoxic mediators such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, bioactive lipids, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Each of these mediators has the capacity to induce tissue injury directly and/or augment the inflammatory response. When animals are treated with agents that block macrophage functioning and/or mediator release, pulmonary injury induced by agents such as ozone or endotoxin is abrogated. Conversely, treatment of animals with macrophage activators enhances toxicant-induced lung damage. These data provide direct support for a role of macrophages and inflammatory mediators in pulmonary toxicity.
Tyrosine metabolism for cuticle tanning in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) and other Lepidoptera: identification of beta -D-glucopyranosyl-O-L-tyrosine and other metabolites.

Abstract When [ 14 C ]tyrosine and [ 14 C ]glucose were fed or injected into feeding fifth-instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), they were incorporated into a conjugate identified in hemolymph and carcass extracts as β- d -glucopyranosyl-O- l -tyrosine. In wandering larvae and pupae, the conjugate was hydrolyzed, and tyrosine was hydroxylated and decarboxylated to dihydroxyphenylalanine and 2-(dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine. None of these metabolites were formed in fourth-instar larvae or in adults. [ 14 C ]Phenylalanine was hydroxylated to tyrosine in all stages of insect development. β- d -Glucopyranosyl-O- l -tyrosine was also detected in 18 other species of Lepidoptera but not in species from other insect orders. This conjugate appears to be the major tyrosine storage metabolite for production of tanning diphenol substrates in Lepidoptera.
Mechanism of glycine protection in hypoxic injury: Analogies with glycine receptor

Addition of glycine to the recirculating perfusate of isolated perfused rat kidneys protects against hypoxic injury to the medullary thick ascending limb and slows functional deterioration in the course of perfusion. This effect is dependent on dose; the earliest significant protection is seen at 0.25 mM, and the protective effects increase as glycine concentration is increased to 2 mM, the highest level tested. Two specific agonists of the strychnine-insensitive (NMDA) glycine receptor in neural membranes, 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) and d-serine, also exerted a cytoprotective effect at a concentration of 2 mM. On the other hand, 1-serine and taurine, ineffective agonists of the NMDA-glycine receptor but effective agonists of the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, had no protective effect in this system. Two antagonists to glycine at its binding site on the N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor, 7-chlorokynurenic acid (2 mM) and indole-2-carboxylic acid (12.5 mM), did not reverse the cytoprotective action of 0.25 mM glycine. The data are consistent with a ligand-acceptor type of interaction to account for cytoprotection. The configuration of the glycine acceptor may resemble, but is not identical with, that of certain glycine receptors in the nervous system.
Gastric perforation following stereotactic body radiation therapy of hepatic metastasis from colon cancer.

Surgical resection of liver metastases from colon cancer is a safe and effective therapy, yielding a 5-year survival rate of 35%-40%.1 For patients who are medically inoperable or who decline surgery, nonsurgical methods such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) have been employed. SBRT treatment of liver metastases from colon cancer has been in general clinical use only over the last 5-6 years. While there have been published reports on efficacy and technique from some large centers,2-4 clinical experience with SBRT has been limited. In this paper, we report a significant and life-threatening complication related to the SBRT of a hepatic metastasis.
Climate Change Increases Reproductive Failure in Magellanic Penguins

Climate change is causing more frequent and intense storms, and climate models predict this trend will continue, potentially affecting wildlife populations. Since 1960 the number of days with >20 mm of rain increased near Punta Tombo, Argentina. Between 1983 and 2010 we followed 3496 known-age Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) chicks at Punta Tombo to determine how weather impacted their survival. In two years, rain was the most common cause of death killing 50% and 43% of chicks. In 26 years starvation killed the most chicks. Starvation and predation were present in all years. Chicks died in storms in 13 of 28 years and in 16 of 233 storms. Storm mortality was additive; there was no relationship between the number of chicks killed in storms and the numbers that starved (P = 0.75) or that were eaten (P = 0.39). However, when more chicks died in storms, fewer chicks fledged (P = 0.05, R 2 = 0.14). More chicks died when rainfall was higher and air temperature lower. Most chicks died from storms when they were 9–23 days old; the oldest chick killed in a storm was 41 days old. Storms with heavier rainfall killed older chicks as well as more chicks. Chicks up to 70 days old were killed by heat. Burrow nests mitigated storm mortality (N = 1063). The age span of chicks in the colony at any given time increased because the synchrony of egg laying decreased since 1983, lengthening the time when chicks are vulnerable to storms. Climate change that increases the frequency and intensity of storms results in more reproductive failure of Magellanic penguins, a pattern likely to apply to many species breeding in the region. Climate variability has already lowered reproductive success of Magellanic penguins and is likely undermining the resilience of many other species.
State-Space Analysis of Wildlife Telemetry Data

Abstract The location of wildlife is frequently determined from telemetry data. Current procedures may inadequately account for time-dependencies in the data and errors in the observations. We propose a nonlinear state-space model that addresses these two shortcomings. Let y t be a vector of angles measured between known antenna locations and unknown animal positions, and let states x t be the rectangular coordinates of animal position at time t. If x t follows a two-dimensional stochastic process and observation errors are additive, independent, and normal, then location estimates and their precisions may be determined recursively using extensions of the Kalman filter-smoother. We outline the application of the iterated extended Kalman filter-smoother to this situation and consider problems of initial conditions, the identification of filter parameters based on maximum likelihood principles, and the treatment of missing data. Using simulated data, we compare state-space and current procedures according t...
Corona discharges in sub-millimeter electrode gaps

Abstract Atmospheric pressure wire-to-plane positive corona discharges have been explored experimentally in electrode gaps from 0.3 mm to 5 mm. Reductions in the gap distance and wire diameter resulted in a significant increase in discharge currents and lowered onset potentials, and the current–voltage characteristics followed the typical Townsend’s relationship. The experimentally observed onset potentials were higher than Peek’s prediction although they still showed the same logarithmic behavior with gap distance. Additionally, a theoretical relationship for the current–voltage discharge in a wire-to-plane configuration was derived to obtain the dependence on the geometric parameters, and it compared well with the experimental results.
Fabrication of Enzymatic Glucose Hydrogel Biosensor Based on Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Nanoclusters

Glucose oxidase was immobilized using a poly (hydroxyethylmethacrylate)-based hydrogel composite material containing polyethylene glycol and cross-linked with tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate onto a ZnO-modified microdiamond biosensor. The ZnO-modified biosensor was grown by hydrothermal decomposition on array of gold patterned microdiamonds with an electroactive area of 18.8 mm2. The morphology of the ZnO-modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscope. A potential of +0.7 V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode was applied to the biosensor. The hydrogel composite ZnO-modified microdiamond biosensor exhibited a linear dynamic range from 0.01 to 15 mM and a reproducible sensitivity of 31.4 μA/mM cm2. The experimental detection limit was 0.01 mM with a rapid response time of <;2 s.
Nuclear Arms Reductions, Abolition and Nonproliferation: What's Ideal, What's Possible, What's Problematical?

The triangulation of U.S.-Russian nuclear arms reductions, nuclear abolition, and nonproliferation creates problematical paradoxes and issue overload for the currently challenged policy making processes throughout the international community. Success in Russian-American strategic arms limitation is a necessary condition for further success in nonproliferation, but not a guarantee of eventual success. Interest in nuclear abolition and in missile defenses complicates linear and time tested approaches to nuclear arms limitation, although not fatally.
Primary structure of the trpC gene from Aspergillus nidulans.

We have determined the structure and complete nucleotide sequence of the trifunctional trpC gene from the Ascomycetous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Results from RNA gel blot analyses showed that this gene encodes two size classes of polyribosomal, poly (A)+RNAs with approximate lengths of 2,400 and 2,600 nucleotides. S1 nuclease protection studies demonstrated that the distribution into the two size classes is due to selection of alternative sites for polyadenylation. The transcription units contain a single open translation reading frame of 2,304 nucleotides. The sequence of this reading frame is approximately 40% divergent from the sequence of the functionally analogous trp-1 gene from Neurospora crassa (Schechtman, M.G. and Yanofsky, C., J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 2:83–99). The predicted amino acid sequence of the A. nidulans trpC polypeptide is also 40% divergent from the predicted amino acid sequence of the N. crassa trp-1 polypeptide. The A. nidulans gene has considerably less bias in codon selection than observed for the N. crassa gene. Discrete regions of DNA homology were also found in similar positions in the 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences of the Aspergillus and Neurospora genes. Similar regions of homology were not observed in other Aspergillus or Neurospora genes that have been sequenced. Thus, if these evolutionarily conserved sequences act as signals for transcription initiation or polyadenylation, or are involved in gene regulation, their functions are restricted to a subset of protein coding genes in these two closely related fungi.
Laser-Induced Photoconductivity in Thin Organic Films

Photoconductivity in polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons has been shown to be wavelength dependent and related to the electronic absorption spectrum. Photoconductivity is studied in several PNAHs with the use of light from a pulsed dye laser. The voltage dependence, light intensity dependence, and temperature dependence and the effect of ambient gases on the photocurrent are investigated in thin-film samples on a surface-type cell. The majority charge carriers are holes which flow across the surface of the sample. Photocurrents on the order of microamperes are observed. A preliminary investigation of the effect of temperature on the spectral dependence of the photocurrent shows that the peaks narrow when the sample is cooled to 80 K. This technique may prove useful as a method of obtaining sharp spectra of some organic thin films.