cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in BB Wistar Diabetic Rats

Spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis was observed at necropsy in 36 BB Wistar diabetic rats (63.2%) and in eight of their nondiabetic siblings (42.1%). The incidence of thyroiditis decreased both with age and with longer duration of diabetes. All rats with pancreatic insulitis (a manifestation of the onset of diabetes) also had thyroiditis. BB Wistar rats with insulitis had more severe lymphocytic thyroiditis, characterized by lymphocytic, plasmacytic, and macrophage infiltration of thyroid interstitium and follicles. A milder, mostly perivascular and interstitial lymphocytic thyroiditis was characteristic of lesions in rats which did not have insulitis. The histological appearance of the thyroiditis suggests that these rats may be subject to autoimmune disease at the onset of diabetes which involves sites other than just the pancreas.
Data staging effects in wide area task farming applications

Recent advances in computing and communication have given rise to the computational grid notion (I. Foster and C. Kesselman, 1998). The core of this computing paradigm is the design of a system for drawing compute power from a confederation of geographically dispersed heterogeneous resources, seamlessly and ubiquitously. If high-performance levels are to be achieved, data locality must be identified and managed. We consider the effect of server side staging on the behavior of a class of wide area "task farming" or parameter sweep applications. We show that staging improves task throughput mainly through the increased parallelism rather than the reduction in overall turnaround time per task. We derive a model for farming applications with and without server side staging and verify the model through live experiments as well as simulations.
Isolation of Albumin from Human Serum by Means of Trichloroacetic Acid and Ethanol A Comparison of Methods

A rapid method for nearly quantitative isolation of human serum albumin is described. The present technic ( 1 ) is a modification of the Schwert method ( 2 ). In the present method 4 ml. of serum is precipitated with trichloroacetic acid in a final concentration of 5% (w/v). The precipitate is washed with TCA, and after aqueous suspension, ethanol is added to a final concentration of 80%. The undissolved globulin is washed with ethanol and the solubilized albumin used for quantification, characterization, and isotope counting. Recovery of added human serum albumin was approximately 98%; recovery of added 131I albumin was 90%. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed a single band, and agar diffusion produced one precipitate line. Immunoelectrophoresis with anti-human serum revealed one or two very faint arcs in the α-, or α- and β-globulin regions, in addition to the major arc of albumin. The method has shown excellent reproducibility in replicate analyses of normal and pathologic serums.
The link between Parkinson's disease and breast and prostate cancers: A meta-analysis

Purpose: Clinical observations have shown an increased morbidity for breast cancer or prostate cancer in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), however, other reports have noted contradictory results. This pooled analysis was utilized to test whether PD is associated with the risk of breast or prostate cancer. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library and conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the correlation of PD with breast and/or prostate cancer risk. We identified 16 eligible articles from which odds ratios with 95% confident intervals were assessed as main measures in the pooled estimation. Subgroup analyses and cumulative meta-analysis were also performed. Results: Our results showed no PD risk associated with breast or prostate cancer in the overall population, which was supported by the results of cumulative meta-analyses. The subgroup analyses suggested no significant risk of breast or prostate cancer in patients with PD within relevant subsets, i.e. gender, ethnicity, PD diagnosis...
Coupled-pendulum model of the stimulated resonance Raman effect

A set of three classical coupled pendulums is used to model the stimulated resonance Raman interaction. This model provides a simple, intuitive, physical description of the resonance Raman process and can also be used to interpret experimental observations, including the dynamics of Raman-induced transparency, the physical nature of Ramsey fringes in separated-field excitation, and the effects of off-resonant laser excitation. The model has also been extended to suggest what might be observed for strong laser fields.
A regenerative biosensing surface using electrochemical desorption of self-assembled monolayer in microfluidics

We report a novel method to regenerate a biosensor surface in microfluidics. By applying a low DC voltage (0.9V) between two electrodes, the sensing surface resets to be reusable/reconfigurable through electrodesorption of short-chain self assembled monolayers (SAMs). This method is free from electrolysis (HER (Hydrogen Evolution Reaction)) and electrode oxidation (peel-off). Real-time SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) measurements demonstrate streptavidin-bound COOH-SAM completely desorbs and CH 3 -terminated SAM forms on the sensing surface to capture a target protein, fibrinogen, in a microfluidic device. The repeatability of the electrodesorption method is also presented.
Comparative analysis of parvalbumin and SERCA2a cardiac myocyte gene transfer in a large animal model of diastolic dysfunction

Diastolic dysfunction results from impaired ventricular relaxation and is an important component of human heart failure. Genetic modification of intracellular calcium-handling proteins may hold pro...
The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of aspiration pneumonitis.

Rationale: A robust TNFα response is seen following aspiration of food particles, while there is only a modest response to acid. Objectives: To examine the direct effects of acid and particulate components of gastric content on local and systemic macrophages. Methods: Pathogen-free Long–Evans rats were injured with intratracheal instillation of normal saline (SHAM), low pH saline (ACID), small non-acidic particles (SNAP) or acidified particles (CASP). The alveolar (local) and the peritoneal (systemic) macrophages were harvested following the injury. Measurements: We examined the phagocytic activity and TNFα release by the alveolar and peritoneal macrophages following in vivo and in vitro exposure to acid and/or food particles. TNFα release by macrophages was examined in response to E. coli lipopolysaccaride (LPS) stimulation. Main Results: In rats injured with gastric particles, the number of the mononuclear cells was higher than those obtained from acid-injured animals. Both in vivo and in vitro exposure...
Scores for Post–Myocardial Infarction Risk Stratification in the Community

Background— Several scores, most of which were derived from clinical trials, have been proposed for stratifying risk after myocardial infarctions (MIs). Little is known about their generalizability to the community, their respective advantages, and whether the ejection fraction (EF) adds prognostic information to the scores. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and Predicting Risk of Death in Cardiac Disease Tool (PREDICT) scores in a geographically defined MI cohort and determine the incremental value of EF for risk stratification. Methods and Results— MIs occurring in Olmsted County were validated with the use of standardized criteria and stratified with the ECG into ST-segment elevation (STEMI) and non–ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) MI. Logistic regression examined the discriminant accuracy of the TIMI and PREDICT scores to predict death and recurrent MI and assessed the incremental value of the EF. After 6.3±4.7 years, survival was similar for the 56...
A Textual Approach to “Zhanguo Zonghengjia Shu”: Methods of Determining the Proximate Original Word Among Variants

When several versions of a text display variations, it is necessary, for a correct understanding of the text, to determine which variant best reflects the original. These variations can be categorized into graphic, lexical, vacant, and transpositional variations. The graphic variants display different graphs but represent a single word which is the proximate or most likely original. The variation is not significant since the word is known. To handle the other types of variation, one powerful method is to discover the transmission lineage for three or more versions of the text and detect alterations that were made in later versions. When the lineage method does not determine the proximate original, each variation must be approached independently. For lexical variation, the lectio difficilior is more often the proximate original than the lectio faciliior . A taboo character that was later avoided may also represent the proximate original, or the proximate original may be disguised as a dialectal word. For vacant variations, trends toward adding, deleting or altering certain words in a version of the text help to determine the proximate original. When transpositional variation creates differences in the meaning of the text and the lineage method is not of help, judgment must be applied through a careful examination of the context.These methods provide systematic solutions to textual problems that would otherwise require independent analysis.
Tryptophan Starvation is Involved in Human Interferon-Gamma Mediated Apoptosis

The tryptophan catabolic enzyme, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), has been shown to be induced in vivo in lungs of mice by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Yoshida and Hayaishi, 1978), by influenza virus (Yoshida et al., 1979) and by IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) (Carlin et al., 1987, Taylor and Feng 1991). Unlike other interferon responsive genes, this enzyme is not appreciably induced by any of the type I interferons. We (Feng and Taylor 1989) have previously reported that the human cell line ME180 undergoes cell death very rapidly following treatment with IFN-γ. This cell death appears to be the result of starvation for the essential amino acid tryptophan due to the induction of IDO (Feng and Taylor 1989, Ozaki et al., 1988, Aune and Pogue 1989). In ME180 mutants resistant to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-γ, there is no induction of IDO (Feng and Taylor 1989). Moreover the antiproliferative response to IFN-γ can be reversed by the addition of tryptophan back to the medium (Feng and Taylor, 1989, Ozes and Taylor 1993). In this paper we report that the antiproliferative response to IFN-γ results in apoptosis of treated cells, and that tryptophan starvation by itself appears to be sufficient to drive the cell to apoptosis through the same or similar mechanism.
Comparative Fourier Spectroscopy of Ho3+ and Yb3+ in KYF4, BaY2F8, and YLiF4

Fourier spectroscopy gives accurate energy levels in (Ho,Yb) doped KYF4, BaY2F8 and LiYF4 for upconversion energy transfer comparisons. The 1.7 K spectra reveal the presence of at least four sites in KYF4.
JORNAL DA CIÊNCIA COMO ATIVIDADE INTERDISCIPLINAR EXTRACLASSE: DETABES E REFLEXÕES SOBRE A CIÊNCIA NA COMUNIDADE ESCOLAR DE ENSINO MÉDIO

O Jornal Escolar da Ciencia (JEC) e uma atividade interdisciplinar extracurricular de carater cultural e educativo promovido pelo Programa Estadual de Iniciacao Cientifica Junior da FAPES e CNPq. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o processo de construcao do jornal da ciencia na escola publica de ensino medio, promovendo debates e reflexoes sobre as questoes relativas a ciencia, tecnologia e ambiente, na comunidade escolar em uma regiao a margem da sociedade, alem de se constituir um espaco de aprendizagem para os alunos de iniciacao cientifica do projeto escolar. A equipe deste projeto foi formada por cinco alunos do ensino medio, um aluno de licenciatura, professores de ciencias e pesquisadores. Cada numero do JEC e composto por um editorial, uma pesquisa desenvolvida no Espirito Santo, uma pesquisa em nivel de Brasil/Mundo, um personagem da historia da ciencia e um acontecimento local. Acreditamos que este projeto contribuir com a alfabetizacao cientifica, rompendo paradigmas herdados da visao fragmentada do conhecimento presente nas salas de aula. Palavras-chave: alfabetizacao cientifica, jornal escolar, interdisciplinaridade, iniciacao cientifica junior, CTSA
Human Activity Influence and Diurnal and Nocturnal Foraging of Sanderlings (Calidris alba)

We studied the foraging behavior of Sanderlings (Calidris alba) in the winter of 1986, 1988 and 1990 in Florida to determine whether the presence of people influenced foraging behavior, and whether foraging behavior varied as a function of time of day. We used a focal animal sampling approach. For all three years, the models explaining the greatest variation in seconds per minute devoted to feeding included the number of people within 100 m of foraging Sanderlings. Although the number of people within 10 m of foraging Sanderlings during the day did not increase from 1986 to 1990, the number of people within 100 m rose dramatically, and foraging time per minute decreased. Sanderlings continued to feed through dusk into night and the time devoted to foraging and to aggression was greater at night, while the time devoted to avoiding people was less at night than during daylight or dusk.
Attitude Similarity and Familiarity and Their Links to Mental Health: An Examination of Potential Interpersonal Mediators

Similarity and familiarity with partner's attitudes are linked to positive relationship outcomes, while interpersonal variables have been linked to mental health. Using multilevel models (MLMs), we modeled the associations between these attitudinal variables and mental health outcomes in 74 married couples. We found that higher levels of attitude similarity in couples were linked to lower depression, while higher levels of attitude familiarity in couples were associated with greater satisfaction with life. Mediational analyses indicated marital satisfaction and interpersonal stress mediated the link between attitude similarity and depression. Marital satisfaction also mediated the link between familiarity and satisfaction with life. This study is the first linking attitude familiarity to mental health and provides evidence that familiarity and similarity have mental health effects partly due to their interpersonal consequences.
Morphological Taxonomy on Genus Myriactula (Choradariales,Phaeophyta) from China Coasts with Description of Two New Species(I)

The specimens of genus Myriactula(Phaeophyta,Elachistaceae) collected from China coasts were investigated.Four species were identified,including two new species,viz.Myriactula arabica(Kuetzing) Feldmann,M.clavata(Takamatsu) Feldmann,M.zhangpuensis Luan et Ding,sp.nov.and M.haizhouensis Luan et Ding,sp.nov.The taxonomic characteristics of the new species were described in detail.The holotypes were preserved in Marine Biological Herbarium,Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Cardiorrhaphy in the emergency center

The acutely injured patient may require emergency thoracotomy as an integral part of resuscitation. In critical circumstances, thoracotomy in the emergency center for control of hemorrhage, cardiac massage, and direct repair of crucial injuries can be lifesaving. Such an approach may be required for urgent repair of cardiac injuries. Between January, 1970, and December, 1973, over 6,000 emergency operations were performed for blunt and penetrating trauma at Ben Taub General Hospital. Emergency thoracotomy was required in more than 400 cases. Of these, 148 patients required thoracotomy in the Emergency Center due to rapid deterioration in their clinical condition. Forty-eight of these patients had injury to the heart. This aggressive approach allowed salvage of 67.5 per cent of these critically wounded patients with cardiac injuries who had any sign of life on arrival at the hospital. Autotransfusion, emergency cardiopulmonary bypass, and fine-screen filtration of transfused blood have been valuable adjuncts to this lifesaving measure. Thoracotomy in the Emergency Center should be considered as a primary modality in the management of moribund patients with penetrating wounds of the chest.
Solid state dielectric screening versus band gap trends and implications

Abstract High-frequency (optical) and low-frequency (static) dielectric constant versus band gap trends, as well as index of refraction versus band gap trends are plotted for 107 inorganic semiconductors and insulators. These plots are describable via power-law fitting. Dielectric screening trends that emerge from this analysis have important optical and electronic implications. For example, barrier lowering during Schottky emission, phonon-assisted or Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, or Frenkel-Poole emission from a trap is found to be significantly more pronounced with increasing band gap due to a reduction in the optical dielectric constant with increasing band gap. The decrease in the interface state density with increasing band gap is another optical dielectric constant trend. The tendency for a material with a wider band gap to be more difficult to dope is attributed to an increase in the ionization energy of the donor or acceptor dopant, which in turn, depends on the optical dielectric constant and the effective mass. Since the effective mass for holes is almost always larger than that for electrons, p-type doping is more challenging than n-type doping in a wide band gap material. Finally, the polar optical phonon-limited mobility depends critically upon the reciprocal difference of the optical and the static dielectric constant. Consequently, electron and hole mobility tend to decrease with increasing band gap in a polar material.
Analysis of a Reciprocal Network Using Google+: Structural Properties and Evolution

Many online social networks such as Twitter, Google+, Flickr and Youtube are directed in nature, and have been shown to exhibit a nontrivial amount of reciprocity. Reciprocity is defined as the ratio of the number of reciprocal edges to the total number of edges in the network, and has been well studied in the literature. However, little attention is given to understand the connectivity or network form by the reciprocal edges themselves (reciprocal network), its structural properties, and how it evolves over time. In this paper, we bridge this gap by presenting a comprehensive measurement-based characterization of the connectivity among reciprocal edges in Google+ and their evolution over time, with the goal to gain insight into the structural properties of the reciprocal network. Our analysis shows that the reciprocal network of Google+ reveals some important user behavior patterns, which reflect how the social network was being adopted over time.
Assessment of hepatic function decline after stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary liver cancer

Abstract Purpose This study aims to determine how the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score compares with the Child-Pugh (CP) score for assessing liver function following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods and materials In total, 60 patients, 40 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 20 with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), were treated with SBRT. Liver function panels were obtained before and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after SBRT. Laboratory values were censored after locoregional recurrence, further liver-directed therapies, or liver transplant. Results A significant decline in hepatic function occurred after SBRT for HCC patients only ( P = .001 by ALBI score; P P = .0005; by CP, P P = NS; by CP, P = .008). Conclusions ALBI score was similarly able to predict hepatic function decline compared with CP score, and both systems correlated with survival.
2.0mil Copper Wire - Tail Short Improvement and Robustness Study

Copper wire bonding technology has been introduced to the semiconductor manufacturing processes several years ago. However, copper interconnection technology still pose a challenge to most of the semiconductor players as the intrinsic hardness of copper material does come with technical challenges. With the spiraling of gold prices globally, the copper wire conversion and implementation has become even more attractive to maintain cost competitiveness and profitability. Fairchild Semiconductor have qualified S08 power discrete devices using 2.0 mil copper wire more than 2 years ago and have been running copper wire in production mode while continuing proliferation efforts, process research and development. This paper discussed about the tail short improvement and robustness study of 2.0 mil copper wire bonding. It covers the background and phenomenon of the tail short, investigations which include internal (machine setup variation, process window & etc) and external (shipping, handling, and storage conditions etc.) factors that could lead to the variation, failure analysis of copper wire material, experiment, and lastly, the improvement that yielded the solution. The analysis tool/equipment used throughout the investigation includes shock Log (recorder to check for the impact, temperature and humidity of copper wire during the product transportation), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), FIB (Focused Ion Beam), tensile tester, micro harness tester and other common analysis equipments. The tail short improvement study has been challenging and with the studies conducted in collaboration with the wire supplier, this yielded a favorable outcome resulting to a more robust copper wire bonding process.
Colonization of mature laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis by oral or intracloacal inoculation

Abstract Evidence of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in internal organs of White Leghorns once they are inoculated via the oral (OR) or intracloacal (IC) route has not been consistently demonstrated. The aim of the current study was to evaluate OR or IC inoculation route of a nalidixic acid (Nal) resistant SE (SENAR) on the SE colonization of ceca and the invasion of internal organs in mature White Leghorns. Five experiments were conducted, and hens were inoculated with 108 colony-forming units (cfu) of SENAR. Hens were euthanized at 7 and 14 d post inoculation (dpi), and the ceca, spleen, liver with gall bladder (L/GB), and ovaries were collected for bacteriological analyses. The recovery of SENAR in ceca was 100% at 7 dpi. Recovery from the ovaries was lower than the other organs for both routes of inoculation. The SE recovery of L/GB, spleen, and ovaries at 7 dpi was not different between the two routes. By 14 dpi, all organs approached negative, and the recovery rate was similar between OR and IC. Fecal shedding was 100% positive at 3 dpi and reduced to almost 0% by 14 dpi. Mature hens were colonized by SENAR with either OR or IC inoculation when using a larger volume and a higher cfu/mL (0.1 mL OR in experiment 1 vs. 1.0 mL OR and IC in the rest). SENAR showed some translocation into other organs, to a greater extent with IC. The colonization did not persist either in ceca or the internal organs at 14 dpi.
Targeting Y397 FAK scaffolding compared with FAK kinase inhibition: Efficacy and specificity for tumor cells.

e13547 Background: Focal Adhesion Kinase is a non-receptor kinase which is highly overexpressed and activated or autophosphorylated in many types of tumors and plays a major role in survival signal...
Mass and Energy

The pivotal relation \(E(v=0)=E_{0}=mc^{2}\) is demonstrated by considering the consistency of the measurement by two different observers of the energy content of a moving body. We discuss the difference between the energy of a body and the mass \(m=E_{0}/c^{2}\), as determined by the energy in the rest-frame of the body. We strongly discourage the consideration of \(E(v)/c^{2}\) as a speed-dependent mass and introduce comments in this matter made by Einstein and others.
Zero Boil-Off Methods for Large Scale Liquid Hydrogen Tanks Using Integrated Refrigeration and Storage

NASA has completed a series of tests at the Kennedy Space Center to demonstrate the capability of using integrated refrigeration and storage (IRAS) to remove energy from a liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank and control the state of the propellant. A primary test objective was the keeping and storing of the liquid in a zero boil-off state, so that the total heat leak entering the tank is removed by a cryogenic refrigerator with an internal heat exchanger. The LH2 is therefore stored and kept with zero losses for an indefinite period of time. The LH2 tank is a horizontal cylindrical geometry with a vacuum-jacketed, multilayer insulation system and a capacity of 125,000 liters. The closed-loop helium refrigeration system was a Linde LR1620 capable of 390W cooling at 20K (without any liquid nitrogen pre-cooling). Three different control methods were used to obtain zero boil-off: temperature control of the helium refrigerant, refrigerator control using the tank pressure sensor, and duty cycling (on/off) of the refrigerator as needed. Summarized are the IRAS design approach, zero boil-off control methods, and results of the series of zero boil-off tests.
Social Control of Hypothalamus-Mediated Male Aggression.

Summary How environmental and physiological signals interact to influence neural circuits underlying developmentally programmed social interactions such as male territorial aggression is poorly understood. We have tested the influence of sensory cues, social context, and sex hormones on progesterone receptor (PR)-expressing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) that are critical for male territorial aggression. We find that these neurons can drive aggressive displays in solitary males independent of pheromonal input, gonadal hormones, opponents, or social context. By contrast, these neurons cannot elicit aggression in socially housed males that intrude in another male's territory unless their pheromone-sensing is disabled. This modulation of aggression cannot be accounted for by linear integration of environmental and physiological signals. Together, our studies suggest that fundamentally non-linear computations enable social context to exert a dominant influence on developmentally hard-wired hypothalamus-mediated male territorial aggression.
"I don't know what I was expecting": Home visits by neonatology fellows for infants discharged from the NICU.

Background When families transition from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to the home, they become responsible for their infant's daily medical needs. Though neonatology physicians prepare families for hospital discharge, it is unclear how much clinicians understand about how their teaching and instructions translate into home care. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of a home visiting program on neonatology fellows’ understanding of family needs soon after hospital discharge. Methods Neonatology fellows conducted a home visit for an infant recently discharged. Before the visit, fellows reviewed their original discharge instructions, along with information about the family's neighborhood. During the home visit, fellows reviewed their discharge planning with families and discussed any challenges experienced. Afterwards, fellows completed a semi-structured interview; these transcriptions were manually coded for themes. Results Fellows identified several common women/family discharge challenges. These challenges fall into four domains: (1) inadequate discharge preparation, (2) medicalization of the home, (3) family adjustment to new “normal,” and (4) the relevance of social context to discharge planning. Most (90%) fellows reported the home visit experience would affect their future NICU discharge practices and all agreed that home visits should be a part of neonatology training. Conclusions Home visits allowed neonatology fellows to examine how their discharge preparation did, or did not, meet the family's needs. Incorporating home visits into neonatology training could help fellows learn about the relevance of social and community factors that are difficult to assess in the inpatient setting.
Modifying Surface Fluctuations of Polymer Melt Films with Substrate Modification

Deposition of a plasma polymerized film on a silicon substrate substantially changes the fluctuations on the surface of a sufficiently thin melt polystyrene (PS) film atop the substrate. Surface fluctuation relaxation times measured with X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) for ca. 4Rg thick melt films of 131 kg/mol linear PS on hydrogen-passivated silicon (H–Si) and on a plasma polymer modified silicon wafer can both be described using a hydrodynamic continuum theory (HCT) that assumes the film is characterized throughout its depth by the bulk viscosity. However, when the film thickness is reduced to ∼3Rg, confinement effects are evident. The surface fluctuations are slower than predicted using the HCT, and the confinement effect for the PS on H–Si is larger than that for the PS on the plasma polymerized film. This deviation is due to a difference in the thicknesses of the strongly adsorbed layers at the substrate which are impacted by the substrate surface energy.
Secure Randomized Checkpointing for Digital Microfluidic Biochips

Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) integrated with processors and arrays of sensors form cyberphysical systems and consequently face a variety of unique, recently described security threats. It has been noted that techniques used for error recovery can provide some assurance of integrity when a cyberphysical DMFB is under attack. This paper proposes the use of such hardware for security purposes through the randomization of checkpoints in both space and time, and provides design guidelines for designers of such systems. We define security metrics and present techniques for improving performance through static checkpoint maps, and describe performance tradeoffs associated with static and random checkpoints. We also provide detailed classification of attack models and demonstrate the feasibility of our techniques with case studies on assays implemented in typical DMFB hardware.
Localization of corneal epithelial stem cells in the developing rat.

A monoclonal antibody, 4G10.3, was developed that preferentially binds limbal basal cells in adult rat, rabbit, and human corneas. These cells were hypothesized to be the stem cells for the corneal epithelium. The antibody 4G10.3 was localized by immunofluorescence microscopy in rats 1 d and 1,1.5,2,3, 4, and 6 wk of age. Until 1.5 wk, 4G10.3 bound intensely to all basal cells in the cornea and the limbus. At 2 wks, the basal cells at the central cornea abruptly changed their shape from flattened or ovoid to large and cuboidal and bound 4G10.3 with greatly reduced intensity. Increased stratification of epithelium also was seen. Cells binding 4G10.3 gradually became sequestered to the limbal area after 2 wk, concomitant with increased stratification. At 4 and 6 wk, 4G10.3 binding was identical to that in adult corneas with only limbal basal cells showing positive binding. Basal cells in the limbal epithelium did not decrease their intense binding of 4G10.3 or change their ovoid cellular shape from 1 d through adult life. These results suggest that, during development, stem or stem-like cells are localized throughout the basal layer of the corneal and limbal epithelium. As the cornea matures, these cells are sequestered in the limbus at the same time that stratification of the epithelium and shape changes occur in the basal cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2199-2206,1992
Helical Therapy is Safe for Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Despite Limitations in Achieving Sharp Dose Gradients.

Purpose:We observed that many of our helical therapy lung stereotactic body radiation therapy plans did not meet the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recommended R50% (volume of 50% of the p...
Emerging therapeutic biomarkers of autoimmune hepatitis and their impact on current and future management

Introduction: Autoimmune hepatitis lacks a quantifiable biomarker that is close to its pathogenic mechanisms and that accurately reflects inflammatory activity, correlates with treatment response, ...
Genetics of Idiopathic Male Infertility

Nearly 7% of men suffer from male factor infertility. In one-fourth of infertile males, the etiology remains unexplained. Unlike other multifactorial disorders, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the regulation of male fertility have been poorly characterized. A candidate-gene approach that incorporates biological information from model organisms is likely to be critical in deciphering the genetic basis of idiopathic male fertility. Genes that fulfill essential roles in spermatogenesis often have orthologs in several species wherein they serve similar functions. By using a comparative cross-species approach, major susceptibility genes underlying male infertility can be identified in association studies. With a better understanding of the molecular regulation of spermatogenesis, proper diagnosis and treatment of male infertility should be realized in the foreseeable future.
Use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition Plus Fibrinolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Pharmacological reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with intravenous fibrinolytic agents improves survival yet fails to achieve early and complete coronary blood flow in nearly half of treated patients. In principle, glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors, potent antiplatelet agents, might improve the efficacy and clinical outcomes associated with fibrinolysis. Preclinical research suggests more rapid and effective reperfusion with combined platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibition and fibrinolysis. Early clinical studies confirm improved early patency and more rapid electrocardiographic resolution, but increased bleeding complications, with the addition of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists to conventional fibrinolysis. Future studies may combine reduced-dose fibrinolytic therapy with GP IIb/IIIa inhibition to optimize efficacy and safety.
Cardiac failure and benzodiazepines

Nine patients with stable cardiac failure and mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% were investigated. All had previously been prescribed a benzodiazepine hypnotic by their home physicians, but the medication had been discontinued for at least 1 month. Subjects were monitored under three conditions: 1) without any sleeping medication, 2) during nasal CPAP administration and 3) at two points during a month-long administration of the benzodiazepine that had initially been prescribed to them. Overall, the benzodiazepine hypnotic improved the sleep fragmentation noted in these patients by decreasing the arousal index from a mean of 18 +/- 6 per hour at baseline to a mean of 9 +/- 6.5 per hour after one month of benzodiazepine therapy. Total nocturnal sleep time was consequently improved [baseline mean nocturnal total sleep time: 313 +/- 27.3 minutes; benzodiazepine mean nocturnal total sleep time: 350 +/- 17.3 minutes (p < 0.0003)], as was sleep efficiency. However, the benzodiazepine hypnotic had no significant effect on central hypopneas or apneas [baseline mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI): 20.5 +/- 5.85 events/hour; mean RDI after 1 month of drug intake: 21.3 +/- 2.5 events/hour]. Nasal CPAP was also ineffective on the disordered breathing. In this group of subjects, respiration was even significantly worsened with nasal CPAP compared to baseline, as indicated by RDI (p < 0.0001), lowest SaO2 (p < 0.0001) and total nocturnal sleep time (p < 0.0001) measurements.
Visualization of Social Interactions in Facebook

With the popularity of social networks such as Facebook, we have greatly extended our social interactions from the physical into the digital. With social networks we have an increase in interaction opportunities; however, how we experience the interaction is rather bland. Accompanying social interactions with interesting visual feedback is one way to enrich this new space. In our demo, we present E15:FB -- a visualization application which shows a graphical representation of social interactions with individual Facebook users. The application also provides alternative methods to navigate Facebook content beyond what is provided through the Facebook website, and creates new opportunities to interact with related content outside of Facebook.
Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Risk Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and Gender

Parental monitoring can reduce adolescents’ engagement in risky behaviors; however, adolescents’ internalizing symptoms may alter the effectiveness of parental monitoring. The current study examines independent and interactive effects of maternal and paternal monitoring, adolescent’s internalizing symptoms, and adolescent gender on sexual behaviors and substance use with data from 659 of the 15-year-olds enrolled in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Results suggest girls who experienced less maternal monitoring and more internalizing symptoms—both independently and interactively—engaged in more risky sexual behaviors. Greater substance use was associated with less maternal and paternal monitoring for girls and boys, more internalizing symptoms for girls, and interactively with less maternal and paternal monitoring depending on girls’ levels of internalizing symptoms. The current study highlights the unique influences of mothers’ and fathers’ monitoring efforts on adolescent risky behavior based on the adolescent’s level of internalizing symptoms.
Modulation of Bronchomotor Tone Pathways in Airway Smooth Muscle Function and Bronchomotor Tone in Asthma

Airway smooth muscle is the primary cell mediating bronchomotor tone. The milieu created in the asthmatic lung modulates airway smooth muscle contractility and relaxation. Experimental findings suggest intrinsic abnormalities in airway smooth muscle derived from patients with asthma in comparison with airway smooth muscle from those without asthma. These changes to excitation-contraction pathways may underlie airway hyperresponsiveness and increased airway resistance associated with asthma.
Evaluation of Low-Temperature Saturation Velocity in $\beta$ -(Al x Ga 1–x ) 2 O 3 /Ga 2 O 3 Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistors

We report on the high-field transport characteristics and saturation velocity in a modulation-doped $\beta $ -(AlxGa1–x)2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructure. The formation of a 2-D electron gas (2DEG) in the modulation-doped structure was confirmed from the Hall measurements, and the 2DEG channel mobility increased from 143 cm $^{2}/\text{V}\cdot \text{s}$ at room temperature to 1520 cm $^{2}/\text{V}\cdot \text{s}$ at 50 K. The high electron mobility at 50 K made it feasible to achieve velocity saturation inside the channel. The saturation velocity was estimated based on both pulsed current–voltage measurements and small-signal radio frequency (RF) measurements. The measured velocity–field profile suggested a saturation velocity above $1.1\times 10^{7}$ cm/s at 50 K. The small-signal RF characteristics were measured for the fabricated modulation-doped field-effect transistors with a Pt-based Schottky contact. The current gain cutoff frequency ( $\text{f}_{\text {t}}$ ) and maximum oscillation frequency ( $\text{f}_{\text {max}}$ ) showed significant increases from 4.0/11.8 GHz at room temperature to 17.4/40.8 GHz at 50 K for the device with gate length of $\text{L}_{{\textsf {G}}} = 0.61\,\,\mu \text{m}$ . The analysis of the low temperature $\text{f}_{\text {t}}$ based on device simulations indicated a peak velocity of $1.2\times 10^{7}$ cm/s. The three-terminal off-state breakdown measurement further suggested an average breakdown field of 3.22 MV/cm. The high saturation velocity and high breakdown field in $\beta $ -Ga2O3 make it a promising candidate for high-power and high-frequency device applications.
Food combinations and food and beverage combinations in meals

Abstract The concept of “food pairing” is widespread throughout popular culture. The idea that combinations of foods and/or beverages go “better” together than separately is a common theme in published recipes and cookbooks. Food pairing is an issue of context: the chapters in this volume show, again and again, that one food influences another in a variety of ways, through a variety of pathways, when they are consumed together—thus, a food pairing is foundational in creating the context of consumption. While there is generally wide agreement on the working definition of food pairing, causal theories vary widely and often disagree. This chapter critically reviews the existing research on food pairings, with a particular focus on explanatory theories for the empirical fact of food pairing. Explanations range from the chemical—shared flavor compounds—to the psychological—increasing or decreasing complexity and “harmony” in pairing partners—to the cultural—learned familiarity. Overall, the most convincing explanations for food pairing are rooted in cultural theory, stemming from sociology and anthropology. This chapter reviews some of these theories and suggests how food- and consumer-sensory scientists might operationalize these theories in experimental research to better understand how food pairings occur in actual meal contexts.
An adaptive trial design to optimize dose-schedule regimes with delayed outcomes

This paper proposes a two-stage phase I-II clinical trial design to optimize dose-schedule regimes of an experimental agent within ordered disease subgroups in terms of the toxicity-efficacy trade-off. The design is motivated by settings where prior biological information indicates it is certain that efficacy will improve with ordinal subgroup level. We formulate a flexible Bayesian hierarchical model to account for associations among subgroups and regimes, and to characterize ordered subgroup effects. Sequentially adaptive decision-making is complicated by the problem, arising from the motivating application, that efficacy is scored on day 90 and toxicity is evaluated within 30 days from the start of therapy, while the patient accrual rate is fast relative to these outcome evaluation intervals. To deal with this in a practical manner, we take a likelihood-based approach that treats unobserved toxicity and efficacy outcomes as missing values, and use elicited utilities that quantify the efficacy-toxicity trade-off as a decision criterion. Adaptive randomization is used to assign patients to regimes while accounting for subgroups, with randomization probabilities depending on the posterior predictive distributions of utilities. A simulation study is presented to evaluate the design's performance under a variety of scenarios, and to assess its sensitivity to the amount of missing data, the prior, and model misspecification.
An Elevated Metrorail as a Source of Orthopedic Injuries and Death at a Level-I Trauma Center.

Background Elevated Metrorail systems differ from conventional trains by their slower speeds and collisions with pedestrians predominantly occurring at accessible stations or platforms. Here, the orthopedic implications of pedestrians struck by a Metrorail are evaluated, as were the correlations of substance abuse and psychiatric history on injury and death. Methods Retrospective cohort study at a single Level-1 trauma center of patients requiring admission with orthopedic injuries following Metrorail impact from 1/2004-2/2017. Demographics, substance abuse, psychiatric history, intentionality, LOS, follow-up, fracture characteristics, and management were studied. Results 33 patients sustained 104 total orthopedic injuries requiring admission; nine sustained 15 traumatic amputations. There were at least 37 open fractures, with some incomplete data in deceased (5) and amputation (9) patients. Suicide attempts were completed at 35.7% and were associated with a documented psychiatric illness and prior psychiatric evaluation. Spine injuries were associated with increased traumatic brain injuries, rib fractures, and open pelvic ring injuries, yet fewer humerus fractures. Open fractures were significantly predictive of death. 14 patients (42.4%) required ICU admission, and 26 (78.8%) patients required orthopaedic surgery (mean 1.3 ± 1.4 operations). Conclusions Metrorail systems are unique sources of orthopaedic injuries requiring high rates of critical care and surgical intervention. Patients sustain multiple injuries, many with amputations. With this mechanism, there is a high rate of open fractures and suicide. Trauma centers should emphasize an extensive evaluation of orthopaedic injuries in this patient setting.Level of Evidence: II.
A Transdisciplinary Approach to Teacher Preparation: Providing Equitable Access for All Students to Learn Social Studies Content, Skills, and Processes

Contextualized in the critical pedagogies of universal design for learning (UDL) and social justice education, our study aimed to equip teacher candidates (TCs) to provide students with equitable a...
Modified electrochemical processes for industrial-scale treatment of wastewater having high TKN content

Abstract Electrochemical phenomena were implemented to treatment of industrial wastewater containing high nitrogen concentrations. Organic nitrogen and ammonia, measured by Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), raise concerns for most conventional wastewater treatment plants having limited capability of their removal. To avoid contamination of ecosystems with an excessive nitrogen discharge, environmental regulations do not permit for dilution of effluent containing nitrogenous compounds but rather require their adequate removal. This is a challenge for many industrial facilities producing wastewater containing TKN at the level of thousands milligrams per liter. The studied wastewater comprised such TKN along with a significant concentration of ferrous ions in a dissolved form. It was found that ferrous ions in so high concentrations could be advantageous as they provide a platform for designing a sustainable process. In this study, combined electrochemical advanced oxidation and modified electro-Fenton like process was designed and validated at three distinct scales with the goal of finding a scalable solution for TKN removal. An Electro-Fenton Sequential Batch Reactor (EF-SBR) was developed to facilitate the removal efficiency of ammonia and TKN, by more than 99% and 98%, respectively. The reproducibility of the process was validated through several SBR cycles. Moreover, the implementation of EF-SBR permitted to optimize the specific energy consumption and resulted in a pronounced decrease in sludge production.
Estimation of aerosol liquid water from optical scattering instruments using ambient and dried sample streams

Abstract Relative humidity (RH) is generally considered to be an interference (“bias”) factor for optical scattering instruments used for measuring aerosol mass concentrations. In this study, the “bias” of one kind of nephelometric monitors (Thermo PDR-1500) caused by high RH is shown to be quantitatively related to the aerosol liquid water (ALW). The method utilizes ambient and dried air samples measured by identical optical scattering instruments and a companion continuous mass concentration measurement, also sampling the dried air stream. This novel and simple method for estimating observed ALW (1) avoids the use of the complicated and expensive instruments for ALW measurement or estimation; (2) can be replicated elsewhere, (3) will improve the performance of models that predict ALW, and (4) indicates the correction of single channel nephelometers using RH alone and empirical equations is subject to error due to variation in the aerosol composition.