cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Implant Resizing for Single-Stage Cranioplasty

Patient-specific customized cranial implants (CCIs) are designed to fill the bony voids in the cranial and craniofacial skeleton. The current clinical approach during single-stage cranioplasty involves a surgeon modifying an oversized CCI to fit a patient's skull defect. The manual process, however, can be imprecise and time-consuming. This article presents an automated surgical workflow with a robotic workstation for intraoperative CCI modification that provides higher resizing accuracy compared to the manual approach. We proposed a 2-scan method for intraoperative patient-to-CT registration using reattachable fiducial markers to address the registration issue caused by the clinical draping requirement. First, the draped defected skull was 3D scanned and registered to the CT space using our proposed 2-scan registration method. Next, our algorithm generates a robot cutting toolpath based on the 3D defect model. The robot then performs automatic 3D scanning to localize the implant and resizes the implant to match the cranial defect. We evaluated the implant resizing accuracy of the proposed paradigm against the resizing accuracy of the manual approach by an expert surgeon on two plastic skulls and two cadavers. The evaluation results showed that our system was able to decrease the bone gap distance by more than 60% and 30% on plastic skulls and cadavers respectively compared to the manual approach, indicating lower risk of post-surgical complication and better aesthetic restoration.
Dysregulated clock gene expression and abnormal diurnal regulation of hippocampal inhibitory transmission and spatial memory in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often have fragmentation of sleep/wake cycles and disrupted 24-h (circadian) activity. Despite this, little work has investigated the potential underlying day/night disruptions in cognition and neuronal physiology in the hippocampus. The molecular clock, an intrinsic transcription-translation feedback loop that regulates circadian behavior, may also regulate hippocampal neurophysiological activity. We hypothesized that disrupted diurnal variation in clock gene expression in the hippocampus corresponds with loss of normal day/night differences in membrane excitability, synaptic physiology, and cognition. We previously reported disrupted circadian locomotor rhythms and neurophysiological output of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the primary circadian clock) in Tg-SwDI mice with human amyloid-beta precursor protein mutations. Here, we report that Tg-SwDI mice failed to show day/night differences in a spatial working memory task, unlike wild-type controls that exhibited enhanced spatial working memory at night. Moreover, Tg-SwDI mice had lower levels of Per2, one of the core components of the molecular clock, at both mRNA and protein levels when compared to age-matched controls. Interestingly, we discovered neurophysiological impairments in area CA1 of the Tg-SwDI hippocampus. In controls, spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents (sIPSCs) in pyramidal cells showed greater amplitude and lower inter-event interval during the day than the night. However, the normal day/night differences in sIPSCs were absent (amplitude) or reversed (inter-event interval) in pyramidal cells from Tg-SwDI mice. In control mice, current injection into CA1 pyramidal cells produced more firing during the night than during the day, but no day/night difference in excitability was observed in Tg-SwDI mice. The normal day/night difference in excitability in controls was blocked by GABA receptor inhibition. Together, these results demonstrate that the normal diurnal regulation of inhibitory transmission in the hippocampus is diminished in a mouse model of AD, leading to decreased daytime inhibition onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Uncovering disrupted day/night differences in circadian gene regulation, hippocampal physiology, and memory in AD mouse models may provide insight into possible chronotherapeutic strategies to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease symptoms or delay pathological onset.
Controlled Release: Benefits vs. Risks

During the decade of the 1970s, new controlled-release technology continued to emerge from research laboratories around the world. A few controlled-release formulations and devices have already reached the market place, and many others are currently undergoing premarketing trials. One might say that controlled release has transgressed from its infancy through its childhood, and it is rapidly maturing to occupy a vital position in many important industries. The future of controlled release appears bright indeed.
Category I a Cyclizations

A variation of the Madelung cyclization involves installing a functional group at the o -methyl group, which can facilitate cyclization. For example, a triphenylphosphonio substituent converts the reaction into an intramolecular Wittig condensation. The required phosphonium salts can be prepared by starting with o -nitrobenzyl chloride or bromide. Retrosynthetic path has recently been realized as an effective synthesis of 2, 3-disubstituted indoles using low-valent titanium reagents to affect the reductive cyclization. Several aryl- and methyl-substituted compounds were prepared by using Ti-graphite prepared from K-graphite and TCl 3 . An improved methodology which avoids the preparation of K graphite was subsequently developed. This procedure uses zinc powder to effect in situ reduction of TiCl 3 . A stirred solution of o -methylpivalanilide (50 mmol) in dry THF (100 ml) was maintained at 15 O C under a nitrogen atmosphere. A 1.5 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (3 equiv.) was added dropwise. The solution was then maintained at room temperature for 16 h. The solution was cooled in an ice-bath and treated with 2 N HCI (60ml). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with benzene. The combined layers were dried (MgSO 4 ). The product was obtained in 87% yield and recrystallized from ether-cyclohexane.
Virus-Like Particles in Cephalosporium acremonium

Cephalosporium acremonium cultures were studied for the presence of virus-like particles. Relatively few particles were found in the preparations, indicating that the number of particles present in these cells may be much lower than in Penicillium species.
Observations of particle acceleration in solar flares

Solar flares provide several examples of non‐thermal particle acceleration. This paper reviews the information gained about these processes via X‐ray and γ‐ray astronomy, which can presently distinguish among three separate particle‐acceleration processes at the sun: An impulsive acceleration of ≳20 keV electrons, a gradual accelerator of ≳20 keV electrons, and a gradual accelerator of ≳10 MeV ions. The acceleration energy efficiency (total particle energy divided by total flare energy) of any of these mechanisms cannot be less than about 0.1%, although the gradual acceleration does not occur in every flare. The observational material suggests that both the impulsive and gradual accelerations take place preferentially in closed magnetic‐field structures, but that the electrons decay in these traps before they can escape. The ions escape very efficiently, on the other hand.
Perception of musical sources with impoverished spectral envelopes

A study was conducted to investigate an alternative method of manipulating musical sources with improvised spectral envelopes. A set of resynthesized musical tones was generated at a common pitch such that all spectral information was eliminated except at harmonics that occurred at average spectral peaks. The impact of these manipulations on timbre identification and discrimination was evaluated as a function of musical instrument. Tonnes were equated for loudness and compressed to 1755 ms while retaining amplitude envelopes. Three tones were synthesized for each instrument, while one included all harmonics from the original tone. Listeners completed two computer-controlled tasks that involved timbre identification, indicating the instrument from which the tone was derived.
Activity of β-Glucuronidase

Hydrolysis of phenolphthalein glucuronide by β-glucuronidase has been investigated in the presence of varying concentrations of sodium chloride or acetate buffer. Results indicate that differences in the activity of the enzyme are caused by differences in the ionic strength of the medium.
Age-dependent expression of P-glycoprotein gp170 in Caco-2 cell monolayers.

Purpose. To determine whether the expression and activity of the P-glycoprotein (P-GP) drug efflux pump vary with the culture age of Caco-2 cell monolayers.
Evolutionary relationships and their influence on plant breeding.

Clues providing insights into the evolutionary past may be found as patterns hidden in the morphology, cytology and biochemistry of today’s species. The commonality of the structure and function of DNA in almost all species is such a pattern. The ubiquitous distribution of DNA provides, in itself, the most convincing argument for the validity of evolution, and at the same time, the basis for the subtle changes in genotype that fuel the processes of evolution.
Population regulation in Gyrodactylus salaris – Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) interactions: testing the paradigm

Background Gyrodactylus salaris is a directly transmitted ectoparasite that reproduces in situ on its fish host. Wild Norwegian (East Atlantic) salmon stocks are thought to be especially susceptible to the parasite due to lack of co-adaptation, contrary to Baltic salmon stocks. This study i) identifies whether time- and density-dependent mechanisms in gyrodactylid population growth exist in G. salaris-Atlantic salmon interactions and ii) based on differences between Norwegian and Baltic stocks, determines whether the ‘Atlantic susceptible, Baltic resistant’ paradigm holds as an example of local adaptation.
Determining Cost-Effective Policy for Visibility of Overhead Guide Signs on Highways

Overhead guide sign visibility on highway, can be achieved either by illumination or by using retroreflective sheeting. Two surveys were sent to all U.S. departments of transportation, to determine the states’ policies for increasing overhead guide sign visibility. Results showed that 57% of states currently illuminate guide signs, and the most used retroreflective sheeting by states that do not illuminate signs is Diamond Grade for legend and High Intensity for background. Based on cost analysis, the LED light source and the High Intensity (types III and IV) retroreflective sheeting are the most cost-effective methods for increasing guide signs visibility.
Light Scattering as a Probe for Atomic Interactions

In this talk we should like to describe some recent work on the scattering of light by atomic and molecular collisions.1–8 This work, in our opinion, offers the prospect of a rather direct technique for studying the mechanisms of heavy particle collisions and reactions. We should also like to show that knowledge of such mechanisms, as well as being interesting in its own right, has important consequences for the field of laser assisted and modified collisions. Let us consider to begin with a conventional atomic or molecular crossed beam experiment where, for the sake of discussion, we suppose that we can specify all the relevant ingoing states of the colliding partners: translational and internal energies, spin, etc. Let us suppose that we can also measure all the corresponding quantities for the final or product states. If we have a ground state to ground state scattering problem with a single open channel there are well-established inversion procedures.9 For a multichannel problem, i.e. one where several asymptotic states are accessible, inversion is rarely possible. It may, in some cases, be possible to calculate an “ab initio potential” and do full quantal calculations; more often, however, we are forced to consider models of the interaction between the collision partners and consider which model fits the data best. It would, of course, be most advantageous if we could obtain some information more directly about the collision complex rather than have to be content with asymptotic information which may not tie down the form of the potential very well.
Arachne: A Portable Threads Library Supporting Migrant Threads on Heterogeneous Network Farms

We describe the design of an efficient and portable threads system that supports multi-threaded distributed computations on heterogeneous networks. The system enables threads to migrate between processes that run on different hardware platforms. We present a complete implementation of the design in ANSI C++. This implementation consists of a code preprocessor and a runtime library, and supports applications developed in C or C++. The runtime environment is capable of supporting tens to hundreds of thousands of threads. We also present some performance measurements on the costs of basic thread operations and thread migration.
A codebook, distribution and comparator (CDC) chip architecture for real-time image coding

A VLSI architecture for real-time high-quality coding of color TV images at a fixed bit rate of 1.12 BPP is developed. The architecture exploits pipeline/parallel processing an don-chip memory to partition a large codebook into smaller on-chip subcodebooks. The architecture is capable of real-time processing of 480*768 pixels per frame with a refreshing rate of 30 frames/s. A floorplan for the CDC chip is developed. >
Cutting Edge: Chemokine Receptor CCR4 Is Necessary for Antigen-Driven Cutaneous Accumulation of CD4 T Cells under Physiological Conditions

Dual expression of chemokine receptor CCR4 and E-selectin ligand is characteristic of skin-tropic CD4 T cells from blood, lymphoid organs, and the skin itself. A strong and specific correlation exists among CCR4, its ligand CCL17/TARC, and the cutaneous lymphocyte-homing process. Nevertheless, whether CCR4 function is required for skin-specific trafficking remains an open question, which we address in this study. We developed an Ag-specific, TCR-transgenic, murine CD4 T cell adoptive transfer model that induces a mixed Th1 and Th17 cutaneous response. Within the hosts, both CCR4+/+ and CCR4−/− donor CD4 T cells contribute equally well to the circulating E-selectin ligand+ pool in response to Ag. However, only CCR4+/+ donor cells accumulate efficiently within the skin. CCR4−/− cells home normally to the peritoneum, showing that they do not have a general defect in lymphocyte trafficking. We conclude that under physiological conditions, CCR4 is a nonredundant, necessary component of skin-specific lymphocyte trafficking.
Hydrogen atom as a four-dimensional oscillator

A coordinate transformation which exhibits the rotational invariance of the hydrogen atom in four-dimensional Hilbert space is introduced. The coordinates are shown to be directly related to the spherical polar and parabolic coordinates in position space. With the use of the transformation, the Schr\"odinger equation for the hydrogen atom left-multiplied by $4r$ is transformed into one for a four-dimensional harmonic oscillator. Solutions are obtained and related to the hydrogenic wave functions. Group-theoretical implications of the transformation and its application to the hydrogen Stark problem are briefly discussed.
Active gravity-gradient stabilization of a satellite in elliptic orbits

Abstract A tether can be utilized as an efficient actuator for the purpose of satellite attitude control. The tether tension generates a strong passive gravity stabilization effect. The combination of tether tension with a movable attachment point mechanism results in an effective and low cost active controller. This paper reviews the concept and presents the dynamical characteristics of the configuration. It then demonstrates that a feasible three-axis control can be achieved by means of only two actuators. The primary contribution is the development of a control law that works for eccentric orbits. In this case, the dynamical system that represents the configuration becomes periodic in time, and thus impossible to control by using constant gains. The solution is a periodic control law. A combination of Floquet transformation and sampled state periodic hold feedback control is proposed as an effective pointing method for small-eccentricity orbits.
Hypoxic hazards of traditional paper bag rebreathing in hyperventilating patients

It is traditional practice to treat acute hyperventilation (thought to be due to anxiety) by having patients rebreathe into a brown paper bag. The author reports three cases in which this treatment, erroneously applied to patients who were hypoxemic or had myocardial ischemia, resulted in death. This clinical experience motivated a study of the effects of paper bag rebreathing in normal volunteers. Subjects deliberately hyperventilated to an average end-tidal CO 2 concentration of 21.6 (SD, 3.2) mm Hg and then continued to hyperventilate into a no. 4 Kraft brown paper bag containing the calibrated sensors for a Hewlett-Packard 47210A capnograph and a Teledyne TED 60J digital oxygen monitor. Fourteen men and six women with an average age of 36 years (SD, 6.1) were tested. Results are reported as mm Hg. After 30 seconds of rebreathing, mean change in O 2 from room air was −15.9 (SD, 4.6) and mean CO 2 was 38.7 (SD, 6.2); at 60 seconds, −20.5 (6.0) and 40.2 (6.4); at 90 seconds −22 (6.8) and 40.5 (6.4); at 120 seconds −23.6 (6.8) and 40.7 (6.5); at 150 seconds −25.1 (1.2) and 41 (7.3); and at 180 seconds −26.6 (8.4) and 41.3 (7.5). A few subjects achieved CO 2 levels as high as 50, but many never reached 40. The mean maximal drop in O 2 was 26 (8.8); seven subjects had drops in oxygen of 26 mm Hg at three minutes, four had drops of 34 mm Hg, and one had a drop of 42 mm Hg. Three subjects rebreathed into an 18-L plastic bag filled with 100% O 2 , but although CO 2 rapidly exceeded 40, O 2 levels reached 21% within two to four minutes and continued to decline to less than 10% at 15 minutes. Paper bag rebreathing decreases inspired oxygen sufficiently to endanger hypoxic patients. Paper bag rebreathing should never be administered unless myocardial ischemia can be ruled out and the patient's oxygenation has been directly measured by arterial blood gases or pulse oximetry Since these conditions are impossible to achieve outside the hospital, its recommendation and use by prehospital personnel should be abandoned, and its use in hospital probably should be diminished.
Effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors on the formation of volatile compounds in wheat

Abstract An inhibitor of lipoxygenase, acetonylacetone bis-phenylhydrazone (AABPH), markedly reduced the formation of the major volatile C6 products isolated by reduced pressure steam distillation-hexane extraction of wheat plant homogenates. The compound was active on plant extracts containing lipoxygenase activity and completely inhibited activity at a concentration of 2.5 μM. Two other lipoxygenase inhibitors, phenidone and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, were not as active as AABPH. Linoleate added prior to homogenization increased the quantities of certain lipoxygenase derived volatiles, whereas heat treatment caused a marked reduction in the production of all volatile compounds.
Determining the pressure of refractory bodies at discharge from the feed tubes

For the design of presses, the height of the column of body in the feed tubes during filling needs to be fixed at not less than a certain level calculated for the dryest body which can be pressed in the press.
The effects of low dose ethacrynic acid on the guinea pig cochlea with special reference to normal variations in the stria vascularis.

A controlled study of the effects of ethacrynic acid (5 mg/kg/day) vs. saline for 7 days on the guinea pig cochlea is described. The a.c. cochlear potential, d.c. endocochlear potential, Preyer pinna reflex, number of hair cells and ultrastructure of the cochlear duct were studied as indices of cochlear integrity. There were no differences between control and experimental groups in any of these indices. An unexpectedly wide variation in the histologic and cytologic appearance of the normal stria vascularis at the light and electron microscopic levels is described.
Activity of endonuclease S1 in denaturing solvents: dimethysulfoxide, dimethylformamide, formamide and formaldehyde.

The endonuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae is shown to be active in aqueous solutions of greater than 60 percent formamide, 50 percent dimethylsulfoxide, 30 percent dimethylformamide and in 2 percent formaldehyde. The melting profile of T7 DNA is determined by S1 digestion in 50 percent formamide and is found to agree with the optical melting profile. The single-strand specificity of S1 is retained in 50 percent formamide at 37°C, 3°C below the DNA melting temperature. S1 is shown to be active at temperatures greater than 5°C above the DNA melting temperature in this solvent.
Differences in perineal lacerations in black and white primiparas

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in incidence of perineal and vaginal lacerations in primiparous black and white women. Methods: We reviewed University of Michigan Hospital delivery records, from July 1996 to December 1998, of black and white women 18 years and older and at least 35 weeks’ gestation who had their first vaginal delivery. Birth weight, episiotomy, gestational age, laceration, length of second stage, oxytocin use, epidural use, and operative vaginal delivery were analyzed by univariable and multivariable tests. Results: We analyzed 176 black women (mean age ± standard deviation 23.7 ± 4.7 years; range 18–41 years) and 1633 white women (27.8 ± 5.4 years; 18–49 years; P P P P P Conclusion: Black primiparas were less likely to deliver with second-degree or greater lacerations and more likely to deliver with their perineums intact.
Thermodynamic-like transformations in information theory

This article explores the application of thermodynamic and statistical thermodynamic formalism to information theory problems. In particular, the applicability of the transformation theory of thermodynamics is investigated. After a brief tutorial discussion of thermodynamic and statistical thermodynamic methods and concepts, their information theory analogues are developed. Besides information theory entropy, the information theory counterparts of temperature, chemical potential, Helmholtz free energy, etc., are developed and related to conventional information theory concepts such as channel capacity, matching of source and channel, etc. Information theory theorems are proved via the statistical thermodynamic analogue method; and, finally, several problems are formulated and solved using thermodynamic-like transformations. This article is aimed chiefly at bridging the interface between the two disciplines, and is intended to be provocative. Therefore, no attempt has been made to have it be all inclusive.
Disclosure of father-child sexual abuse: Dilemmas for families and therapists

Following disclosure of father-child sexual abuse, family members are faced with significant dilemmas related to the abuse disclosure and to the future of familial relationships. The resolution of these dilemmas has an impact on the resulting family structure as well as the therapist's stance, the therapeutic process, and therapeutic goals. This paper presents clinical issues that arise in relation to father/perpetrator and mother responses to the dilemmas they face following their child's disclosure of abuse. Clinical case examples are used to illustrate several resolutions that families reach following disclosure of abuse. The cases illustrate the systemic functioning of families and the impact that family members' decisions have on the therapeutic process.
Lipid Binding to Amyloid β-Peptide Aggregates: Preferential Binding of Cholesterol as Compared with Phosphatidylcholine and Fatty Acids

Abstract: Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) aggregates are one of the key neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ belongs to a group of proteins that aggregate and form β-sheets, and some of these proteins bind cholesterol and other lipids. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to determine if cholesterol, fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) would bind to Aβ1–40 and if such binding would be dependent on aggregation of Aβ1–40. Lipid binding was determined using fluorescent-labeled lipids. Incubation of Aβ1–40 for 0, 1, 3, 6, 21, and 24 h resulted in aggregation of the peptide with formation of dimers, trimers (1–24 h), and polymers (6–24 h) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. No change in the fluorescence of the lipids was observed when lipids were added to Aβ1–40 that had been incubated for 0, 1, or 3 h. However, the fluorescence intensities of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and PC were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) when added to Aβ1–40 that had been incubated for 6, 21, and 24 h in which Aβ1–40 polymers were detected. The binding affinity of cholesterol to Aβ1–40 polymers (KD of 3.24 ± 0.315 × 10−9M) was markedly higher as compared with the other lipids (stearic acid, 9.42 ± 0.41 × 10−8M; PC, 7.07 ± 0.12 × 10−7M). The results of this study indicate that Aβ1–40 polymers bind lipids and have a higher affinity for cholesterol than PC or saturated fatty acids. Aggregated Aβ1–40 may affect lipid transport between cells or remove specific lipids from membranes, and such effects could contribute to neuronal dysfunction.
The effect of a simulated scaphoid malunion on wrist motion.

A scaphoid malunion results when a scaphoid fracture heals in a flexed position or when a scaphoid nonunion with carpal collapse is grafted without correction of the angular deformity. The effects of scaphoid malunion on wrist motion were simulated in a cadaveric study. It was found that the loss of wrist extension is proportional to the angular deformity. Loss of radiocarpal extension occurred at 15° of angulation and loss of midcarpal extension occurred at 30° of angulation.
Electronic energy band structure of UH3

Abstract We have calculated the electronic energy bands of α- and β-UH 3 . These systems are unique among hydride formers in that a transformation directly to a trihydride occurs without an intervening dihydride phase and in that two trihydride structures form, both of which are based on the A15 (V 3 Si) structure. We have found evidence of a fairly large bonding interaction between U f electrons and H s electrons, which is allowed and favored by these structures. β-UH 3 has eight formula units in the unit cell with the hydrogen atoms tetrahedrally coordinated. As usual there is a low-lying set (24) of hydrogen-derived states which overlaps the U f levels. This leads to the result of two types of f character: localized (magnetic) and itinerant. The itinerant type may be as large as one electron per uranium atom with a greater contribution from the “linear chain” atoms which form three of the four hydrogen neighbors than from the b.c.c.-like uranium atoms. This makes the localized contribution more consistent with f 1 and agrees more with the observed moment, 1.18 β B , than that expected for U 4+ f 2 .
Generation of 1180 Å period gratings with a Xe ion laser

Holographic lithography with the 2315 A line of a xenon ion laser is used to produce gratings in polymethylmethacrylate. An 1180 A period grating is made and examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This grating period is appropriate for use as a first-order grating with a GaAs distributed feedback laser.
A Journal of Retailing Retrospective Based on ISI Web of Knowledge

Abstract In this article, we attempt two things. First, we begin with reviewing the three principal ways by which academic institutions make their quality assessments regarding different journals. We conclude this section with an assertion that citation-based measures of journal influence are the “most objective.” Second, we review the history of Journal of Retailing (from 1956 Issue 1 to 2009 Issue 2) using citation counts as a surrogate for quality assessment using the citation data contained in the ISI Web of Knowledge database. 2 We conclude with noting the recent impressive scores of the Journal of Retailing in terms of these citation scores and a discussion of what we perceive to be the next set of challenges for the Journal of Retailing.
Inhibition of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes by a putative aberrant metabolite of serotonin, tryptamine-4,5-dione.

A transient energy impairment with resultant release and subsequent reuptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and NMDA receptor activation with consequent cytoplasmic superoxide (O2-•), nitric oxide (NO•), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generation have all been implicated in a neurotoxic cascade which ultimately leads to the degeneration of serotonergic neurons evoked by methamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Such observations raise the possibility that the O2-•/NO•/ONOO--mediated oxidation of 5-HT, as it returns via the plasma membrane transporter to the cytoplasm of serotonergic neurons when the MA/MDMA-induced energy impairment begins to subside, may generate an endogenous neurotoxin. In vitro the O2-•/NO•/ONOO--mediated oxidation of 5-HT forms tryptamine-4,5-dione (T-4,5-D). When incubated with intact rat brain mitochondria, T-4,5-D strongly inhibits state 3 respiration with pyruvate or α-ketoglutarate as substrates at concentrations which do not affect succinate-supported (complex...
Mental health factors and teaching behaviors among low-income hispanic mothers

The relationships among anxiety, depression, parenting stress, social support, and teaching behaviors were studied in a group of 101 low-income Dominican and Puerto Rican mothers with children in H...
Tylosin Sorption to Silty Clay Loam Soils, Swine Manure, and Sand

The objectives of this study were to assess sorption and desorption of tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial chemical used in swine, cattle, and poultry production, in three silty clay loam soils of South Dakota and compare soil sorption to sand and manure sorption. The silty clay loam soils, from a toposequence in eastern South Dakota, standardized sand samples, and swine manure were used in 24-h batch sorption studies with tylosin concentrations ranging from 25 to 232 micro mole/L. Desorption from soil was conducted over a four-day period. Partition coefficients, based on the Freundlich isotherm (K(f)) or K(d) values, were calculated. K(f) values for the silty clay loams were similar, not influenced by landscape position, and averaged 1,350 with isotherm slopes ranging from 0.85 to 0.93. K(f) values for sand were dependent on solution/sand ratios and pH, ranging from 1.4 to 25.1. K(d) values of manure were dependent on the solution type and ranged from 840 L/kg with urine to about 175 L/kg when sorbed from water. Desorption of tylosin from each soil over the four-day period was < 0.2% of the amount added. The soils' high K(f) values and low desorption amounts suggest that once tylosin is in these soils, leaching to lower depths may not occur. However, this does not preclude runoff with soil eroded particles. If tylosin reaches a sand aquifer, through bypass flow or other mechanism(s), movement in the aquifer most likely would occur.
Letter reversal frequency in normal and learning‐disabled children

Abstract The presence of letter reversals beyond the 2nd grade is often considered a manifestation of a neurologically based learning disability (LD). In order to test this assumption and to provide data on reversals frequency, a reversals frequency test was devised. Section I tests for reversals execution, and Section II for reversals recognition. The normal group consisted of 500 children (251 boys and 249 girls); the LD group of 343 children (245 boys and 98 girls). The children ranged in age from 5 to 15 1/2. Significant differences between normals and LD's were present for both sections of the test. Most important for differential diagnostic purposes, the data are presented with ranges, means, standard deviations, and percentile ranks (for each age, sex, and group)‐enabling the examiner to determine how a given patient compares to other children in the normal and LD groups.
The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of Barley yellow dwarf virus-RMV reveals it to be a new Polerovirus distantly related to other yellow dwarf viruses

The yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) of the Luteoviridae family represent the most widespread group of cereal viruses worldwide. They include the Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) of genus Luteovirus, the Cereal yellow dwarf viruses (CYDVs) and Wheat yellow dwarf virus (WYDV) of genus Polerovirus. All of these viruses are obligately aphid transmitted and phloem-limited. The first described YDVs (initially all called BYDV) were classified by their most efficient vector. One of these viruses, BYDV-RMV, is transmitted most efficiently by the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Here we report the complete 5612 nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of a Montana isolate of BYDV-RMV (isolate RMV MTFE87, Genbank accession no. KC921392). The sequence revealed that BYDV-RMV is a polerovirus, but it is quite distantly related to the CYDVs or WYDV, which are very closely related to each other. Nor is BYDV-RMV closely related to any other particular polerovirus. Depending on the gene that is compared, different poleroviruses (none of them a YDV) share the most sequence similarity to BYDV-RMV. Because of its distant relationship to other YDVs, and because it commonly infects maize via its vector, R. maidis, we propose that BYDV-RMV be renamed Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV (MYDV-RMV).
Effects of waterborne copper or zinc on the osmoregulatory response of bluegill to a hypertonic NaCl challenge

Abstract 1. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to copper (0.77 mg/1) or zinc (2.35 mg/1) for 7 days after which they were challenged by being placed in a 250 mM NaCl solution. 2. Non-metal exposed controls started to die in the NaCl after 8 hr but those that had been exposed to copper survived at least 22 hr and some survived for at least 3 days. Zinc exposure also caused better survival in the hypertonic NaCl but not to the same extent. 3. Blood plasma osmolality, chloride, and protein, as well as the hematocrit, muscle and liver water, and gill Na-K-activated ATPase were determined in fish before and after 8 hr in the NaCl. 4. Metal exposure alone produced no significant effects on the variables measured except for a decline in plasma chloride in zinc-exposed fish. 5. Both copper- and zinc-exposed fish exhibited less of an increase in chloride upon being challenged with the NaCl than did controls. Osmolality showed a similar effect from copper but not from zinc exposure. Metal exposure produced no other differences. 6. All fish exhibited an elevated hematocrit but no change in plasma protein or tissue water when challenged. The elevated hematocrit is probably a non-specific stress response. The other data are consistent with the hypothesis that there was an influx of salt but little if any efflux of water while in the hypertonic NaCl. 7. The data suggest indirectly that copper, and to a much lesser extent zinc, seemed to reduce the permeability of the gills to an influx of chloride in this stenohaline species.
Phase I clinical and pharmacology study of 502U83 given as a 24-h continuous intravenous infusion

502U83 is an arylmethylaminopropanediol that displays significant antitumor activity in a number of murine and human tumor-model systems. In the present phase I study, a 24-h continuous intravenous infusion of this agent was given every 28 days to patients with advanced or refractory solid tumors. In all, 46 patients received a total of 96 cycles of 502U83 at doses ranging from 25 to 8,000 mg/m2. No significant hematologic, gastrointestinal, or neurologic toxicity was observed. At doses of 2,000 mg/m2 and higher, prolongation of the corrected QT interval on ECG was evident in most patients but was completely reversible, was not associated with arrhythmias, and was not dose-limiting. Dose-limiting pulmonary toxicity characterized by acute onset of dyspnea, severe hypoxemia, interstitial pulmonary edema, and death occurred in three patients treated at the highest dose levels. Plasma concentrations of 502U83 and its metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The 502U83 maximal concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were proportional to the delivered dose; however, substantial interpatient variability in total body clearance was note at all dose levels. Significant conversion of 502U83 to two glucuronide metabolites was detected. Metabolite concentrations were highest in the three patients who succumbed to pulmonary toxicity, although the precise contribution of these metabolites to the observed toxic effects is unknown. In view of the unfavorable clinical profile of QTc prolongation and pulmonary toxicity produced by 502U83, further clinical development of this agent has been suspended.
JOB RELEASE CONTROL USING A CYCLIC SCHEDULE

In just-in-time inventory management in any manufacturing setting, the general idea has been to release jobs as late as possible (to reduce inventory costs) while still having them arrive at bottleneck machines in time to maintain the desired throughput (by not starving a bottleneck machine). When a cyclic schedule is employed, the throughput is determined by a cyclic sequence of operations known as the cyclic critical path. These operations are not, in general, all performed on a single bottleneck machine. We present an algorithm for releasing jobs that treats this cyclic critical path as the bottleneck. Although this algorithm has the somewhat complex task of not delaying any of these operations on the cyclic critical path, it is greatly simplified by being able to take advantage of the fixed sequence of the cyclic schedule. The result is that the algorithm is relatively simple to implement. Although it uses a simulation-based analysis, this analysis can all be done and the necessary results stored in advance of its use. We test the algorithm in a job shop environment with stochastic operation times. This algorithm is shown to be effective at reducing inventory while avoiding decreases in throughput.
Electrically conductive polymer composites: polymerization of acetylene in polyethylene

Abstract Composites of low density polyethylene, LDPE, and polyacetylene, (CH)x, were prepared by polymerization of acetylene in LDPE films impregnated with a Ti(OBu) 4 Et 3 Al Ziegler-Natta catalyst. LDPE films were immersed in a toluene solution of this catalyst at 70°C to accomplish impregnation. Polymerization of acetylene in the LDPE films was carried out at 100°–110°C. The resulting composite films remain flexible and tough upon prolonged air exposure and those containing
A degeneracy exploiting LU factorization for the simplex method

For general sparse linear programs two of the most efficient implementations of the LU factorization with Bartels—Golub updating are due to Reid and Saunders. This paper presents an alternative approach which achieves fast execution times for degenerate simplex method iterations, especially when used with multiple pricing. The method should have wide applicability since the simplex method performs a high proportion of degenerate iterations on most practical problems. A key feature of Saunders' method is combined with the updating strategy of Reid so as to make the scheme suitable for implementation out of core. Its efficiency is confirmed by experimental results.
Introduction of first passage time (FPT) analysis for software reliability and network security

The study of the First Passage Time (FPT) problem (also known as first passage problem, FPP) started more than a century ago, but its diverse applications in science and engineering mostly emerged in the last two to three decades. Assuming that X(t) is a one-dimensional stochastic process, the First Passage Time is defined as the time (T) when X(t) first crosses a threshold. Engineering reliability is obviously a suitable application domain, and indeed applications such as optimal dam design in hydrology and analysis of structural failure in civil and mechanical engineering are typical examples. Although we envision that the FPT problem has great potential in network and software reliability, it should be more useful for network security and survivability because the approaches developed for the FPT problem are mostly analytical. The assumption for this inference is that in reliability analysis, experimental or historical data are often more readily available, which makes statistical approaches such as survival analysis more convenient and likely more realistic. In contrast, data is generally more difficult to obtain in security and survivability analyses, and analytical approaches can be leveraged to play more important roles. Furthermore, security and survivability often have to deal with malicious actions that may be driven by sophisticated cognition and behavioral processes, which are highly variable over time and very difficult to detect with short term data. If the behavior of an intruder can be characterized with some stochastic process such as Brownian motion, then the FPT approach may be applied to find the closed-form solution of the probability density function (PDF) of the first passage time, which can be the time when the system breaks down or when the hacker is successful in compromising a network. In addition, the solutions to FPT depend on boundary and initial conditions of the corresponding partial differential equations, and they also describe the evolution of PDF over time. This may suggest that it is possible to model the behavior changes of an intruder over time and circumstances. Another advantage of FPT analysis is that it may help solve some non-Markov stochastic process problems in reliability analysis and survival analysis. In this article, we first briefly introduce the FPT problem with Brownian motion as an example, and then suggest its potential applications in software reliability and network security.
Image Algebra And Morphological Template Decomposition

Development and testing of image processing algorithms for real-time aerospace pattern recognition applications can be extremely time consuming and labor intensive. There is a need to close the gap between high-level software environments and efficient implementations. Image algebra is an algebraic structure designed for image processing that can be used as a basis for a high-level algorithm development environment. Systematic methods for mapping algorithms represented by image algebra statements to specific architectures are being studied. In this paper we discuss template decomposition, a problem encountered in mapping image algebra statements to combinations of parallel and pipeline architectures. In particular, we show that the gray scale morphological template decomposition problem can be viewed as a linear problem, even though morphological transformations are nonlinear. We show how methods for solving linear programming problems and, in particular, the transportation problem can be applied to template decomposition.
Frequency modulation and stochastic variability of the Elatina varve record: a proxy for solar cyclicity?

A sequence of 1337 laminae of cyclically varying thickness, interpreted as periglacial varves, obtained from drill cores of the late Precambrian Elatina Formation may record by proxy an ancient solar activity cycle similar to that of the present epoch Sun. This inferred ancient activity cycle, represented by a sequence of 110 varve-cycles, has a variable period which approximates a normal distribution (chi square = 3.5), with mean and median values of 12 varve years, standard deviation 1.6 varve years, and maximum variability of ± 4 varve years. The time-sequence of varve-cycle periods consists of both deterministic and stochastic elements. The intrinsic period of the varve-cycle is modulated principally by a longer period of ∼ 160 varve years, during which the varve-cycle period displays superimposed stochastic variation. The power spectral density of the varve thickness sequence is endowed with a strong multiplet of spectral lines centered on the median period, a second weaker multiplet at ∼ 22–25 varve years, and several very long periods. The line spacing within the multiplets favors a separation of period mainly of about 160 varve years, while the superimposed random variability of the varve-cycle period is expressed in the amplitude of the sideband envelope. Running autocorrelation of the varve sequence supports the interpretation of frequency modulation (deviation ratio ∼ 1.5) of the late Precambrian solar activity cycle principally by a period of ∼ 160 varve years.
Regulation of pancreatic physiology by adrenomedullin and its binding protein

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid, multifunctional hormone. It is expressed in many tissues of the human body including the pancreas, where it is mainly localized to the periphery of the islets of Langerhans and specifically to the pancreatic polypeptide-expressing cells. The AM receptor, a complex formed by calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), and the recently discovered AM-binding protein, complement factor H (fH), are expressed in the insulin-producing beta-cells. The colocalization of these key elements of the AM system in the endocrine portion of the pancreas implicates AM in the control of both normal and altered pancreatic physiologies. AM inhibits insulin secretion both in vitro (isolated rat islets) and in vivo (oral glucose tolerance test in rats) in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of fH to isolated rat islets produces a further reduction of insulin secretion in the presence of AM. Furthermore, AM is elevated in plasma from patients with pancreatic dysfunctions such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes and insulinoma. Using a diabetic model in rats, we have shown that AM increases circulating glucose levels whereas a blocking monoclonal antibody against AM has the opposite effect and improves postprandial recovery. Such experimental evidence implicates AM as a fundamental factor in maintaining insulin homeostasis and normoglycemia, and suggests the implication of AM as a possible causal agent in diabetes. Further investigation focused on the development of blocking agents for AM could result in new treatments for pancreatic AM-related disorders.
The relationship between childhood support and later emergence of PTSD.

The authors examine the relationship between three sources of social support (maternal, paternal, and peer) and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study utilized data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), a large (N = 5,877) nationally representative population survey. Persons with and without a lifetime history of PTSD and those with and without a history of trauma exposure were compared on levels of social support received prior to age 15. Persons with a history of PTSD reported that they received less maternal, paternal, and peer support as children than those without PTSD. Importantly, persons who developed PTSD after the age of 17 reported lower levels of early childhood support from their fathers.*
A transportation and production model

A transportation and production model is given in which costs of transportation and production are considered. There are no restrictions on the number of transport paths, and losses in transportation as well as those at terminals are incorporated in the model. Also, products of one type may be converted into products of another type at known terminals. There are many applications of interest in the use of this model, where the demands for products are known and the desired solution allocates production in such a manner that the total cost of maintaining the system is minimized.