cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Art, Meaning, and Perception: A Question of Methods for a Cognitive Neuroscience of Art

Neuroscience of art might give us traction with aesthetic issues. However it can be seen to have trouble modeling the artistically salient semantic properties of artworks. So if meaning really matters, and it does, even in aesthetic contexts, the prospects for this nascent field are dim. The issue boils down to a question of whether or not we can get a grip on the kinds of constraints present and available to guide interpretive behavior in our engagement with works of fine art. I argue that biased competition models of selective attention can be used to solve this problem, generalize to the affective content of our responses to artworks, and so show that research in cognitive neuroscience is germane to the types of problems of interest within the philosophy of art.
Consumer Purchase Decisions Under Asymmetrical Rates of Technological Advance and Price Decline

Prior research has shown that when making high tech purchase decisions, consumers consider not only the relative advantage afforded by currently available products, but also the relative advantage expected from future generation products. Additionally, empirical evidence suggests that prices for high tech products often decline faster than the technology advances. This research takes both these findings into account and investigates consumer purchase decisions for high and low tech products under asymmetrical rates of technological advance and price decline. Although consumers generally prefer the latest technological generation of a product, level of technological sophistication (high vs. low tech), rate of technological change and price decline, and expectations regarding future product introductions were found to moderate the effect of technological generation on preference.
Identification and genetic control of two rabbit low-density lipoprotein allotypes.

Rabbits were immunized with a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) preparation isolated from rabbit serum by ultracentrifugation. This elicited precipitin isoantibodies which distinguished two antigenically different genetic variants, i.e., allotypes of serum LDL. Both allotypes were identified as LDL by the following criteria: (1) the precipitin lines stained intensely with the lipid stain Sudan black B; (2) the antigens were found in the low-density but not the high-density lipoprotein fraction; (3) the antigens migrated electrophoretically on Agarose in the α2to β region. That the inheritance of these two allotypes is controlled by a pair of allelic genes at an autosomal locus is based on allotypes present in 323 progeny from six possible mating combinations. This LDL locus designated Lpqwas shown not to be linked to the light-chain or heavy-chain loci of immunoglobulins.
Randomized trial of nutrition education added to internet-based information and exercise at the work place for weight loss in a racially diverse population of overweight women

Randomized trial of nutrition education added to internet-based information and exercise at the work place for weight loss in a racially diverse population of overweight women
Endogenous opioids modulate the inhibitory effects of androgen on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of normal women.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on LH secretion in normal women and the role of endogenous opioids in modulating this effect. Pulsatile LH release and maximum LH responsiveness to exogenous GnRH were determined on 3 consecutive days: basally (day 1), during DHT infusion (day 2), and during DHT plus naloxone (Nal) infusion (day 3). Steady state plasma DHT levels of 6.5 ± 1.1 (±sem) ng/mL (22.5 ± 3.8 nmol/L) were achieved by infusion. DHT infusion significantly decreased the maximum LH response to GnRH from 35.5 ± 8.2 to 11.6 ± 2.8 IU/L (P < 0.05). This inhibitory effect was not altered by Nal. In addition, DHT significantly decreased LH pulse frequency (basal, 4.3 ± 0.3; DHT, 2.8 ± 0.3 pulses/6 h; P < 0.05), but not the amplitude of the LH pulses. However, after the addition of Nal to DHT, the pulse frequency increased significantly from 2.8 ± 0.3 to 4.7 ± 0.3 pulses/6 h (P < 0.05). The mean plasma LH level did not change during the infusion of DHT alone, but ...
Balkan smoke: tobacco and the making of modern Bulgaria

Balkan smoke: tobacco and the making of modern Bulgaria, by Mary Neuburger, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2013, 307 pp., $39.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-801-45084-6 The relationship between c...
The zebrafish pronephros: a genetic system for studies of kidney development

The zebrafish, as a model system for vertebrate development, offers distinct experimental advantages for studies of organogenesis. The simplicity of the zebrafish pronephros, the feasibility of isolating large numbers of mutants, and the growth in infrastructure for genomics makes the zebrafish an attractive system for the analysis of kidney development. Mutants affecting several aspects of nephrogenesis, including differentiation of the intermediate mesoderm, nephron patterning, epithelial polarity, and angiogenesis, have been isolated. Analysis of mutant phenotypes and the cloning of mutant genes has revealed: (1) a role for bone morphogenetic proteins in patterning the ventral mesoderm, (2) an essential role for the pax2.1 gene in pronephric development, (3) multiple loci required for establishing epithelial polarity in the pronephric duct, (4) a central role for podocytes in directing glomerulogenesis, and (5) 15 loci associated with cystic maldevelopment in the pronephros. The striking similarities of pronephric cell types to those found in higher vertebrates, as well as the conservation of kidney-specific gene expression patterns, suggest that insights gained from studies in zebrafish will be broadly applicable to cell differentiation in the kidney.
First principles derived, transferable force fields for CO2 adsorption in Na-exchanged cationic zeolites

The development of accurate force fields is vital for predicting adsorption in porous materials. Previously, we introduced a first principles-based transferable force field for CO2 adsorption in siliceous zeolites (Fang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 10692). In this study, we extend our approach to CO2 adsorption in cationic zeolites which possess more complex structures. Na-exchanged zeolites are chosen for demonstrating the approach. These methods account for several structural complexities including Al distribution, cation positions and cation mobility, all of which are important for predicting adsorption. The simulation results are validated with high-resolution experimental measurements of isotherms and microcalorimetric heats of adsorption on well-characterized materials. The choice of first-principles method has a significant influence on the ability of force fields to accurately describe CO2–zeolite interactions. The PBE-D2 derived force field, which performed well for CO2 adsorption in siliceous zeolites, does not do so for Na-exchanged zeolites; the PBE-D2 method overestimates CO2 adsorption energies on multi-cation sites that are common in cationic zeolites with low Si/Al ratios. In contrast, a force field derived from the DFT/CC method performed well. Agreement was obtained between simulation and experiment not only for LTA-4A on which the force field fitting is based, but for other two common adsorbents, NaX and NaY.
Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900. By Robert P. Watson. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. Pp. v, 491. $55.00.)

In an effort to understand better the men who have served as President of the United States, Robert P. Watson has embarked on a planned two‐volume examination of the personal relationships of sever...
Sustained active site rigidity during synthesis by human DNA polymerase μ

DNA polymerase μ (Pol μ) is the only template-dependent human DNA polymerase capable of repairing double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) with unpaired 3' ends in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). To probe this function, we structurally characterized Pol μ's catalytic cycle for single-nucleotide incorporation. These structures indicate that, unlike other template-dependent DNA polymerases, Pol μ shows no large-scale conformational changes in protein subdomains, amino acid side chains or DNA upon dNTP binding or catalysis. Instead, the only major conformational change is seen earlier in the catalytic cycle, when the flexible loop 1 region repositions upon DNA binding. Pol μ variants with changes in loop 1 have altered catalytic properties and are partially defective in NHEJ. The results indicate that specific loop 1 residues contribute to Pol μ's unique ability to catalyze template-dependent NHEJ of DSBs with unpaired 3' ends.
Morphometry of the galliform cecum: A comparison between Gambel's quail and the domestic fowl

Tissues from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the ceca of Gambel's quail and domestic fowl were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, mitochondrial volume fraction, microvillous surface area, proportion of goblet cells, and junctional complex characteristics, were quantified by a variety of stereologic procedures and other measurement techniques. The mucosal surface of quail cecum shows a much more highly developed pattern of villous ridges and flat areas than that of fowl cecum. The fowl has significantly greater cell heights than the quail in all cecal regions. The mitochondrial volume fraction does not differ significantly with species or region, but mitochondria are concentrated on the apical side of the nucleus. In both species, the proximal cecal region has the greatest microvillous surface area. All 3 components of junctional complexes, including zonula occludens, zonula adhaerens, and macula adhaerens, are quantified. When all factors are considered, the quail cecum appears to have morphological characteristics consistent with a greater potential capacity for absorption than the fowl cecum.
Habituation of the orienting response: a gating mechanism subserving selective attention.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether prior habituation of the phasic orienting response (OR) to stimuli which were later to be used as distractors in an attention demanding task, would improve task performance and reduce OR frequency to distractors during the task. The task was the solution of mathematical problems from immediate memory, and the distractors were random numbers and mathematical signs. Subjects were sequentially assigned to one of four conditions: 1) 15 presentations of distractors, problems with distractors; 2) 15 presentations of a tone, problems with distractors; 3) problems with distractors; and 4) 15 presentations of distractors or tone, problems without distractors. Results clearly indicated that prior habituation of the phasic OR to the distractors improved performance relative to no prior habituation or to prior habituation to a tone. There was also evidence of decreased OR activity during problem solving in the prior habituation group relative to the tone habituation and no habituation groups. The data supported an hypothesis that selective attention consists of at least two processes: 1) sensitization of phasic and tonic ORs to salient stimuli, and 2) habituation of phasic and tonic ORs to irrelevant stimuli.
Long-term outcomes after replacement of percutaneous leads with paddle leads in a retrospective cohort of patients with spinal cord stimulation systems.

BACKGROUND:Although the long-term outcomes for spinal cord stimulation (SCS) have been reported, long-term outcomes of patients who underwent revisions of the SCS with paddle leads are lacking. OBJECTIVE:To report the long-term outcomes of 39 patients who had percutaneous SCS revised with a new paddle lead. METHODS:Baseline and follow-up mail-in questionnaires assessed pain and disability levels with numerical rating scales, somatotopical overlap between SCS-related paresthesias and areas of chronic pain, and overall satisfaction. Analysis was performed with regard to age, sex, diagnosis, duration of disease, number of surgical revisions, complications, and interval between surgeries. RESULTS:After surgical revision, 20 patients (50%) had at least a 3-point reduction in the numerical rating scale. Greater pain reduction was correlated with better coverage (P =. 001). Coverage area was greater in patients with a single revision than in patients with multiple revisions (P= .01). Good satisfaction was reported b y2 5 patients (62.5%) who indicated that they would undergo the procedure again in orderto achieve the same results. These patients had significantly greaterpainreduction(P=.001)andbettercoverage(P=.002)thanpatients who reported otherwise. No other major complication occurred. CONCLUSION:Revision of percutaneous SCS systems with implantation of a new paddle lead is safe and more effective in patients who have undergone not more than 1 prior revision.
Collective Strategy: Social Ecology of Organizational Environments.

Population ecologists, emphasizing the powerful constraining influence of environment on organizational autonomy, challenge the validity of the notion of strategic choice, which is so central to the field of business policy. This criticism may apply legitimately at the level of single organizations, but it does not reduce the importance of strategic choice at the collective level of analysis. A framework for analyzing strategic actions undertaken jointly by members of interorganizational collectivities is offered, based on a social ecological approach.
SU-GG-J-18: A Surface-Based Respiratory Surrogate for 4D Imaging

Purpose: Real‐time acquisition of three‐dimensional surface tracking has potential as an external surrogate for respiratory correlated CTimaging and radiation therapy. This study assesses the GateCT surfacetracking system (VisionRT, UK) by comparing real patient tracking and phantom imaging output to current surrogate systems.Method and Materials: Absolute tracking accuracy was tested using a 4D motion platform (Washington University, St. Louis) programmed with real‐patient respiratory trajectories. A cylindrical object was attached to the 4D phantom arm as a GateCT tracking surface. The optical RPM camerasystem (Varian Medical) and pneumatic bellows device were attached to the phantom arm for simultaneous monitoring of phantom motion. Respiratory traces from each of the three systems were compared against actual phantom motion. Next, a small sphere was placed on the phantom arm and the experiment was repeated while imaging in helical retrospective 4D mode. Three scans were acquired, each using a different surrogate system for reconstruction. All phases were reconstructed and the 0% and 50% phases were contoured. The centroid of each contoured volume was compared to the true phantom position. Finally, real patient respiratory tracking was performed simultaneously with the three systems on two volunteers. Respiratory traces from the three systems were compared for each volunteer to assess relative agreement between the waveforms. Results: Error for the three surrogate systems was < 0.5mm for phantom tracking. The GateCT system produced a root‐mean‐squared error of 0.6mm when tracking a moving surface during imaging. Additionally, the position of the contoured sphere on reconstructed 0% and 50% GateCT scans differed by < 0.3mm from scans performed with the other surrogate devices. Respiratory traces from human subjects closely correlated. Conclusion: The GateCT system produces comparable results to other surrogate devices and may offer additional advantages with its topography based acquisition method.
Why space exploration should be a global project

Abstract Apollo should not serve as a model for the many programs for lunar and planetary exploration currently making headway: it was a unilateral effort whose generous budget would be inconceivable today. Yet President Kennedy was an advocate of cooperation in major space missions, an attitude that makes perfect sense today, when so many agencies have ambitious exploration plans. The importance of President G.W. Bush's ‘Vision for Space Exploration’, by providing a focus for NASA and others, has been underestimated. It should give us a chance to find out whether a long-term objective of moving humans off the home planet is really feasible—surely the point of exploration.
Mechanics of mesenchymal contribution to clefting force in branching morphogenesis.

Branching morphogenesis is ubiquitous and may involve several different mechanisms. Glandular morphogenesis is affected by growth, cell rearrangements, changes in the basal lamina, changes in the stromal ECM, changes in cell–cell and cell–ECM adhesions, mesenchymal contractility, and possibly other mechanisms. We have developed a 3D model of the mechanics of clefting, focusing in this paper solely on the potential role of mesenchyme-generated traction forces. The tissue mechanics are assumed to be those of fluids, and the hypothesized traction forces are modeled as advected by the deformations which they generate. We find that mesenchymal traction forces are sufficient to generate a cleft of the correct size and morphology, in the correct time frame. We find that viscosity of the tissues affects the time course of morphogenesis, and also affects the resulting form of the organ. Morphology is also strongly dependent on the initial distribution of contractility. We suggest an in vitro method of examining the role of mesenchyme in branching morphogenesis.
Limbic lesions and the inhibition of startle reactions in the rat by conditions of preliminary stimulation.

Abstract The startle reflex to intense acoustic stimuli and its inhibition by light and sound prepulses was examined before and after septal, amygdaloid or hippocampal lesions or control procedures. There was no effect of limbic damage on acoustic startle or its inhibition. Lesions which included damage to the optic tracts or lateral geniculate nucleus abolished the light prepulse produced inhibition of startle but left auditory prepulse produced inhibition unaffected.
Managing technology transfer for coastal zone development : Caribbean experts identify major issues

Abstract Remote sensing technology offers a set of tools that can be used in providing large amounts of data about coastal zone resources in a cost-efficient manner. However, this technology is not being applied to development activities to the extent that it could be. This paper provides a summary of Caribbean experts' opinions concerning this issue. Their responses include a discussion of technological factors, as well as other significant factors in the transfer process, such as political and economic constraints, that hinder the flow of technology to the region. The purpose of this research was to develop a series of recommendations that could be considered by policy-makers and managers concerned with remote sensing applications in the region.
Response of an ultrasonically excited bubble near a fixed rigid object

Various independent studies suggest that echo-contrast agents can increase the likelihood of ultrasonic bioeffects. To better understand bioeffects involving cavitation, a two-dimensional boundary element model was used to simulate ultrasonically excited bubble behavior near a rigid object, either a plane, sphere, or disk, the approximate size of a red blood cell. As the distance between the object and bubble increases, the bubble collapse becomes more spherically symmetric, producing higher maximum bubble pressures. Pressure and velocity fields around a bubble collapsing near a rigid disk are compared for two distances, demonstrating differences between more spherically symmetric and asymmetric bubble collapses.
Quantitative HPLC Assay of Strigol and Epistrigol-Witchweed Germination Stimulants

Abstract In the preparation of strigol, the last step of an 18-step synthesis produces strigol and its diastereomer, epistrigol. The two can be separated by column chromatography and recrystallization. It would be advantageous to be able to monitor the purity of each of these isomers in the presence of the other at each step of purification. Also, strigol is a much more potent witchweed seed germination stimulant than epistrigol and it is important to know the purity of samples submitted for bioassay. A satisfactory method was devised which utilized HPLC on a C-18 reverse phase column with a ternary solvent mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-water (10-50-40). The method gave good separation and reproducibility of analyses of mixtures of epistrigol and strigol and was sensitive enough to detect 1–2% of either isomer in the presence of the other.
Endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II interferes with VEGF-induced proangiogenic signaling.

Endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) is a proinflammatory cytokine with antiangiogenic properties. EMAP II functions as a potent inhibitor of primary and metastatic tumor growth, has strong inhibitory effects on endothelial cells (ECs), and can reduce intratumoral expression of the angiogenesis inducer vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF influences EC functions such as proliferation, migration, survival and tube formation. Therapeutic strategies that target VEGF have been demonstrated to reduce the tumor growth. We investigated the effects of EMAP II on VEGF-induced angiogenesis signaling. Primary human fetal lung ECs (HFLECs) and human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) were grown in E-Stim medium. Protein binding was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. EC proliferation and migration was determined using WST-1 reagent and transwell membrane, respectively. EMAP II efficiently and dose dependently binds to VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) as observed by ELISA. Bmax values for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were 0.45 and 0.17, respectively. In addition, EMAP II inhibited binding of VEGF to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. EMAP II significantly reduced VEGF-induced expression of phosphorylated VEGFR1 (in HFLEC and HUVEC) by >50%, and of phosphorylated VEGFR2 (in HUVEC) by 66%. EMAP II also inhibited downstream VEGF signaling. Although VEGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2, p38 and Raf 2.8-, 1.5-, 2.2- and 3.6-fold, respectively, EMAP II preincubation blocked this induction in phosphorylation to control levels. VEGF-induced EC proliferation 2.5-fold, and EMAP II pretreatment abrogated this effect. Similarly, VEGF-induced EC migration (2.5-fold) was significantly inhibited by EMAP II. These finding suggest that inhibition of VEGF signaling is one possible antiangiogenic mechanism of EMAP II, which may explain its in vivo antitumor activity and delineate therapeutic strategies to enhance anti-VEGF therapy to inhibit tumor growth.
Correlated observations in distributed detection systems

We consider parallel binary distributed detection in a wireless sensor network, in which sensors send their binary phase shift keying (PSK) modulated decisions to the fusion center (FC) over communication channels, that are subject to Rayleigh fading and noise. The FC is tasked with detecting the presence of a Gaussian signal source. When it is present, sensors' observations are spatially correlated samples of the signal source, corrupted by Gaussian noises. Using identical energy detectors as local decision rules, we derive a linear fusion rule that combines likelihood ratios of received signals at the FC and maximizes modified deflection coefficient. Our numerical results show that at high signal-to-noise (SNR) regime, this rule outperforms the linear fusion rule which only combines the outputs of wireless communication channels.
Interactions of Remote Alkyl Groups with Lanthanide Metal Centers: Synthesis, Characterization and Ligand Redistribution Reactions of Heterobimetallic Species Containing Trialkylaluminum Fragments

The reaction of [Ln(OAr)3]2 with four equivalents of trialkylaluminum leads to the formation of the bis-trialkylaluminum adducts (ArO)Ln[(μ-OAr)(μ-R)AlR2]2 [Ln = La, R = Me (1); Ln = La, R = Et (3); Ln = Sm, R = Et (4)]. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 reveals short La−C(bridging) distances of 2.800(5) and 2.759(5) A. A reduced 1JC-H coupling constant of 110 Hz and a low energy ν(C−H) stretch in the solution and solid state IR spectra are consistent with a strong agostic La···H−C interaction in solution. Crystal data for 1: a = 11.708(2) A; b = 18.416(4) A; c = 20.949(4) A; α = 90°; β = 90°; γ = 90°; V = 4516.8(15) A3; Z = 4; R1 = 4.69%. The solid-state structure of the samarium ethyl derivative 4 reveals close contacts of 2.627(4) and 2.649(4) A between the samarium center and the methylene carbons of the triethylaluminum groups. The room temperature 13C NMR spectrum of 4 exhibits a 1JC-H coupling constant of 102 Hz; additionally, the fluxional process that exchanges methyl groups in 1 and 2 is slow enough on the NMR time scale to allow distinct methylene groups in 4 to be observed. Crystal data for 4: a = 19.318(1) A; b = 20.150(1) A; c = 26.280(1) A; α = 90°; β = 90°; γ = 90°; V = 10229.8(9) A3; Z = 8; R1 = 3.53%. Thermolysis of 1−4 results in ligand redistribution to form [R2Al(OAr)]2 [R = Me, Et (5)] and other unidentified species. Crystal data for 5: a = 9.496(4) A; b = 10.183(4) A; c = 18.794(7) A; α = 90.06(1)°; β = 92.394(7)°; γ = 114.976(6)°; V = 1645.6(11) A3; Z = 2; R1 = 10.13%.
Speech Production of Normally Aging Adults

A number of changes in older adults' speech characteristics accompany aging. This article reviews the changes usually perceived in elders' speech, then focuses on several key components of older adults' speech that account for these changes: vowel productions, voice onset time and phoneme segment duration, and speaking rate. Although laryngeal factors are evident in older voices and associated with declining physiological conditions, certain changes are associated with advanced age.
Self-help plus minimal therapist contact in the treatment of panic disorder: A replication and extension

A self-help (SH) treatment for panic disorder was compared to a wait-list (WL) control. The SH treatment consisted of reading the book Coping With Panic, watching a 15-minute videotape providing information regarding panic attacks and instruction in diaphragmatic breathing, and being provided with a relaxation tape that taught progressive muscle relaxation. Evidence strongly supported the effectiveness of SH relative to WL both at posttreatment and at 2-month follow-up. The results provide support for the possible treatment of panic disorder with SH methods.
Lightweight integration of documents and services

This research's primary contribution is providing a relatively straightforward sustainable infrastructure for integrating documents and services. Users see a totally integrated environment. The integration infrastructure generates supplemental link anchors. Selecting one generates a list of relevant links automatically through the use of relationship rules.
Hemocyte Density Increases with Developmental Stage in an Immune-Challenged Forest Caterpillar

The cellular arm of the insect immune response is mediated by the activity of hemocytes. While hemocytes have been well-characterized morphologically and functionally in model insects, few studies have characterized the hemocytes of non-model insects. Further, the role of ontogeny in mediating immune response is not well understood in non-model invertebrate systems. The goals of the current study were to (1) determine the effects of caterpillar size (and age) on hemocyte density in naive caterpillars and caterpillars challenged with non-pathogenic bacteria, and (2) characterize the hemocyte activity and diversity of cell types present in two forest caterpillars: Euclea delphinii and Lithacodes fasciola (Limacodidae). We found that although early and late instar (small and large size, respectively) naive caterpillars had similar constitutive hemocyte densities in both species, late instar Lithacodes caterpillars injected with non-pathogenic E. coli produced more than a twofold greater density of hemocytes than those in early instars. We also found that both caterpillar species contained plasmatocytes, granulocytes and oenocytoids, all of which are found in other lepidopteran species, but lacked spherulocytes. Granulocytes and plasmatocytes were found to be strongly phagocytic in both species, but granulocytes exhibited a higher phagocytic activity than plasmatocytes. Our results strongly suggest that for at least one measure of immunological response, the production of hemocytes in response to infection, response magnitudes can increase over ontogeny. While the underlying raison d’ etre for this improvement remains unclear, these findings may be useful in explaining natural patterns of stage-dependent parasitism and pathogen infection.
Teaching Public Administration by Exploiting Managerial Experience

2. The main sources for these video clips were the ABC News interactive discs, Powers of the Congress, Powers of the President, and Powers of the Supreme Court; a preproduction video disc designed to accompany Ken Janda's American government text, The Challenge of Democracy, Houghton Mifflin Publisher; an American government disc marketed by Harper-Collins; and various VHS clips collected by members of the department over the years. 3. Statistically this creates a one-tail test for significance. 4. The fact that the students in the video
The autopolyploidy enhanced evolution of large-N fractal-random arrays

This paper introduces a novel approach for the optimization of large-N fractal random antenna arrays using genetic algorithms. Genetic algorithms often become overwhelmed by large numbers of input parameters, leading to an inefficient optimization processes. Fractal-random geometries lend themselves well to genetic algorithm optimization through the ability to describe their complex array structures with only a small number of input parameters. In addition, the recursive properties of fractal-random arrays allow for the rapid calculation of the array factor, which can be exploited to significantly speed up the convergence of the GA. This paper describes a method that increases the number of generators used to construct the array as the optimization progresses, maximizing the benefit of using fractal-random geometries to describe large-N arrays. Several optimized solutions are discussed, the largest being a 1650 element linear fractal-random array with a -23.57 dB side-lobe level and a beamwidth of 0.05/spl deg/.
Hypertypes of torsion-free abelian groups of finite rank

Let G be a torsion-free abelian group of finite rank n and let F be a full free subgroup of G. Then G/F is isomorphic to T1 ⊕ … ⊕ Tn, where T1 ⊆ T2 ⊆ … ⊆ Tn ⊆ ℚ/ℤ. It is well known that type T1 = inner type G and type Tn = outer type G. In this note we give two characterisations of type Ti for 1 < i < n.
Vasoconstriction by Electrical Stimulation: New Approach to Control of Non-Compressible Hemorrhage

Non-compressible hemorrhage is the most common preventable cause of death on battlefield and in civilian traumatic injuries. We report the use of microsecond pulses of electric current to induce rapid constriction in femoral and mesenteric arteries and veins in rats. Electrically-induced vasoconstriction could be induced in seconds while blood vessels dilated back to their original size within minutes after stimulation. At higher settings, a blood clotting formed, leading to complete and permanent occlusion of the vessels. The latter regime dramatically decreased the bleeding rate in the injured femoral and mesenteric arteries, with a complete hemorrhage arrest achieved within seconds. The average blood loss from the treated femoral artery during the first minute after injury was about 7 times less than that of a non-treated control. This new treatment modality offers a promising approach to non-damaging control of bleeding during surgery, and to efficient hemorrhage arrest in trauma patients.
Firing rate and pattern heterogeneity in the globus pallidus arise from a single neuronal population

Intrinsic heterogeneity in networks of interconnected cells has profound effects on synchrony and spike-time reliability of network responses. Projection neurons of the globus pallidus (GPe) are interconnected by GABAergic inhibitory synapses and in vivo fire continuously but display significant rate and firing pattern heterogeneity. Despite being deprived of most of their synaptic inputs, GPe neurons in slices also fire continuously and vary greatly in their firing rate (1–70 spikes/s) and in regularity of their firing. We asked if this rate and pattern heterogeneity arises from separate cell types differing in rate, local synaptic interconnections, or variability of intrinsic properties. We recorded the resting discharge of GPe neurons using extracellular methods both in vivo and in vitro. Spike-to-spike variability (jitter) was measured as the standard deviation of interspike intervals. Firing rate and jitter covaried continuously, with slow firing being associated with higher variability than faster firing, as would be expected from heterogeneity arising from a single physiologically distinct cell type. The relationship between rate and jitter was unaffected by blockade of GABA and glutamate receptors. When the firing rate of individual neurons was altered with constant current, jitter changed to maintain the rate-jitter relationship seen across neurons. Long duration (30–60 min) recordings showed slow and spontaneous bidirectional drift in rate similar to the across-cell heterogeneity. Paired recordings in vivo and in vitro showed that individual cells wandered in rate independently of each other. Input conductance and rate wandered together, in a manner suggestive that both were due to fluctuations of an inward current.
Amino Acid Odorants Stimulate Microvillar Sensory Neurons

The olfactory epithelium (OE) of zebrafish is populated with ciliated and microvillar olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Whether distinct classes of odorants specifically activate either of these unique populations of OSNs is unknown. Previously we demonstrated that zebrafish OSNs could be labeled in an activity-dependent fashion by amino acid but not bile acid odorants. To determine which sensory neuron type was stimulated by amino acid odorants, we labeled OSNs using the ion channel permeant probe agmatine (AGB) and analyzed its distribution with conventional light- and electron-microscope immunocytochemical techniques. Approximately 7% of the sensory epithelium was labeled by AGB exposure alone. Following stimulation with one of the eight amino acids tested, the proportion of labeled epithelium increased from 9% for histidine to 19% for alanine; amino acid stimulated increases in labeling of 2–12% over control labeling. Only histidine failed to stimulate a significant increase in the proportion of labeled OSNs compared to control preparations. Most amino acid sensitive OSNs were located superficially in the epithelium and immuno-electron microscopy demonstrated that the labeled OSNs were predominately microvillar. Large numbers of nanogold particles (20–60 per 1.5 µm 2 ) were associated with microvillar olfactory sensory neurons (MSNs), while few such particles (<15 per 1.5 µm 2 ) were observed over ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (CSNs), supporting cells (SCs) and areas without tissue, such as the lumen above the OE. Collectively, these findings indicate that microvillar sensory neurons are capable of detecting amino acid odorants.
Mechanisms of bone lesions in multiple myeloma and lymphoma

BACKGROUND. Bone lesions and hypercalcemia occur rarely in patients with hematologic malignancies, except those patients with multiple myeloma and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) associated with the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus-1 (HTLV-1) virus. The primary mechanism for bone destruction in patients with myeloma and lymphoma is increased osteoclastic bone resorption. In patients with multiple myeloma, new bone formation is also inhibited. Mediators including lymphotoxin, interleukin-lβ, parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), and interleukin-6, produced by the myeloma cells or by marrow stromal cells in response to myeloma cells, have been implicated as osteoclast-activating factors (OAF) in multiple myeloma. However, most studies to identify OAF produced by myeloma cells have been inconclusive. METHODS. To try to identify the OAF produced by myeloma cells, we developed an in vivo model of human myeloma bone disease using the ARH-77 myeloma cell line transplanted into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. RESULTS. We found that a novel cytokine(s) may be responsible for bone destruction. Interleukin-1 and PTHrP mediate bone destruction in patients with ATL. These factors can be detected in media conditioned by ATL cells or by lymphocytes infected with HTLV-I. Furthermore, serum PTHrP levels are increased in ATL patients. In patients with Hodgkin's disease or other types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 or PTHrP is produced by the lymphoma cells and mediates bone destruction. Chemotherapy or resection of the lymphoma decreases 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 levels and hypercalcemia in these patients. CONCLUSION. Thus, OAF produced locally by the tumor or the marrow microenvironment play an important role in the bone destruction seen in patients with hematologic malignancies.
Microfluidic-assisted analysis of replicating DNA molecules

Single molecule-based protocols have been gaining popularity as a way to visualize DNA replication at the global genomic- and locus-specific levels. These protocols take advantage of the ability of many organisms to incorporate nucleoside analogs during DNA replication, together with a method to display stretched DNA on glass for immunostaining and microscopy. We describe here a microfluidic platform that can be used to stretch and to capture labeled DNA molecules for replication analyses. This platform consists of parallel arrays of three-sided, 3- or 4-microm high, variable-width capillary channels fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane by conventional soft lithography, and of silane-modified glass coverslips to reversibly seal the open side of the channels. Capillary tension in these microchannels facilitates DNA loading, stretching and glass coverslip deposition from microliter-scale DNA samples. The simplicity and extensibility of this platform should facilitate DNA replication analyses using small samples from a variety of biological and clinical sources.
Crystallographic orientation and indenter radius effects on the onset of plasticity during nanoindentation

The effect of crystallographic orientation and sample volume on incipient plasticity of commercially pure polycrystalline nickel 200 was investigated using electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) and nanoindentation. A nickel sample was annealed, and grain orientations were determined using EBSD. Specifically oriented grains were indented using tips of nominal radii 100, 1000, and 1300 nm. The onset of plasticity in relatively defect-free small volumes is characterized by a sharp “pop-in” event during load-controlled nanoindentation. Grains in the (001) orientation yield at higher pressures; larger radii tips are more sensitive to orientation effects but yield at lower stresses. Subsurface defects may result in the dominance of tip radius over orientation, indicated by statistical analysis of yield points. An activation volume analysis, in conjunction with the yield pressure as a function of tip size, suggests that dislocation loops may play a critical role in causing these effects.
Release of Free Fatty Acids from Raw of Processed Soybeans and Subsequent Effects on Fiber Digestibilities

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rates of lipolysis and the extent of biohydrogenation of fat from raw or processed soybeans and to examine the subsequent effects on fiber digestibilities. In Experiment 1, substrates containing soy oil, raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, and soybeans roasted at 132, 146, or 163 degrees C were incubated with ruminal contents for 2, 4, 6, 12, or 24 h; and release of FFA was measured. The FFA released from substrates containing soy oil, extruded soybeans, and raw or roasted soybeans reached maxima at incubations of 4, 6, and 12 h, respectively. As the roasting temperature increased from 132 to 163 degrees C, release of FFA decreased at incubations of 2, 12, and 24 h. Fatty acids in roasted soybeans were subjected to less biohydrogenation than those in raw or extruded soybeans, suggesting that FFA of roasted soybeans are partially protected from ruminal bacteria. In Experiment 2, ground alfalfa hay was added to substrates used previously to determine the effect of release rate of FFA on ADF and NDF digestibilities. At all incubation times, the substrates containing soy oil and extruded soybeans had lower digestibilities, and those containing raw or roasted soybeans had higher digestibilities of NDF and ADF.
Vascular Neointimal Formation and Signaling Pathway Activation in Response to Stent Injury in Insulin-Resistant and Diabetic Animals

Diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with increased disease risk and poor outcomes from cardiovascular interventions. Even drug-eluting stents exhibit reduced efficacy in patients with diabetes. We now report the first study of vascular response to stent injury in insulin-resistant and diabetic animal models. Endovascular stents were expanded in the aortae of obese insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic Zucker rats, in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats, and in matched controls. Insulin-resistant rats developed thicker neointima (0.46+/-0.08 versus 0.37+/-0.06 mm2, P=0.05), with decreased lumen area (2.95+/-0.26 versus 3.29+/-0.15 mm2, P=0.03) 14 days after stenting compared with controls, but without increased vascular inflammation (ED1+ tissue macrophages). Insulin-resistant and diabetic rat vessels did exhibit markedly altered signaling pathway activation 1 and 2 weeks after stenting, with up to a 98% increase in p-ERK (anti-phospho ERK) and a 54% reduction in p-Akt (anti-phospho Akt) stained cells. Western blotting confirmed a profound effect of insulin resistance and diabetes on Akt and ERK signaling in stented segments. p-ERK/p-Akt ratio in stented segments uniquely correlated with neointimal response (R2=0.888, P=0.04) in insulin-resistant and type 1 and 2 diabetic rats, but not in lean controls. Transfemoral aortic stenting in rats provides insight into vascular responses in insulin resistance and diabetes. Shifts in ERK and Akt signaling related to insulin resistance may reflect altered tissue repair in diabetes accompanied by a shift in metabolic:proliferative balance. These findings may help explain the increased vascular morbidity in diabetes and suggest specific therapies for patients with insulin resistance and diabetes.
Evolutionary stasis, constraint and other terminology describing evolutionary patterns☆

Current use of terms to describe evolutionary patterns is vague and inconsistent. In this paper, logical definitions of terms that describe specific evolutionary patterns are proposed. Evolutionary inertia is defined in a manner analogous to inertia in physics. A character in a static state of evolutionary inertia represents evolutionary stasis while a character showing consistent directional evolutionary change represents evolutionary thrust. I argue that evolutionary stasis should serve as the null hypothesis in all character evolution studies. Deviations from this null model consistent with alternative hypotheses (e.g. random drift, adaptation) can then give us insight into evolutionary processes. Failure to reject a null hypothesis of evolutionary stasis should not be used as a serious explanation of data. The term evolutionary constraint is appropriate only when a selective advantage for a character state transition is established but this transition is prevented by specific, identified factors. One type of evolutionary constraint discussed is evolutionary momentum. A final pattern of evolutionary change discussed is closely related to evolutionary thrust and is referred to as evolutionary acceleration. I provide examples of how this set of definitions can improve our ability to communicate interpretations of evolutionary patterns.
Staged unilateral versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulator implantation in Parkinson disease

In 17 consecutive patients with Parkinson disease (PD), bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulators were implanted during staged surgeries. The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Dyskinesia Disability Scale were completed both off and on medication prior to any surgery and also OFF and ON stimulation after each surgery. On-medication UPDRS activities of daily living (ADL) and motor examination scores changed little with unilateral or bilateral stimulation. Off-medication UPDRS motor examination scores improved to similar degrees after each staged STN electrode implantation. Most of the improvements in off-medication ADL scores, dyskinesia scores, complications of therapy, and medication dose reduction occurred after unilateral STN stimulation with smaller improvements after the second operation.
An unstructured multigrid method based on geometric smoothness

For non-M-matrices, this paper proposes an unstructured multigrid method that only attempts to interpolate in the directions of geometric smoothness. These directions are determined by analysing samples of algebraically smooth error, e. Neighbouring grid points i and j are called smoothly coupled if ei and ej are consistently nearby in value. In addition, these differences may be used to define interpolation weights. These new ideas may be incorporated into the algebraic multigrid method. Test results show that the new method can have much lower grid and operator complexities compared to AMG, leading to lower solve timings. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Walk in the Woods: A Step‐by‐Step Method for Facilitating Interest‐Based Negotiation and Conflict Resolution

In this article, we describe a method we have used successfully in both academic and professional settings to rapidly introduce novice negotiators to the principles and practice of interest-based negotiation: “the walk in the woods.” The walk incorporates much of the principles of interest-based negotiation: fostering self-awareness, cultivating curiosity, and understanding the importance of world view. The walk's effectiveness is illustrated in this article using the case of the merger of two large, complex health-care organizations.
Cytomimetic Biomaterials. 4. In-Situ Photopolymerization of Phospholipids on an Alkylated Surface

A stable, substrate-supported phospholipid film was created by in-situ photopolymerization of an acrylate functionalized lipid assembly. The lipid film was generated on alkylated substrates by vesicle fusion and polymerized by irradiation with visible light, using eosin Y/triethanolamine as the photoinitiating species. Optimal experimental conditions were determined with respect to vesicle fusion time and duration of irradiation. The resulting polymeric lipid film was characterized by contact angle measurements, angle-resolved ESCA, and polarized external reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Static stability and desorption studies indicate enhanced stability of the photopolymerized system when compared with a heat-initiated analogue prepared by classical free-radical techniques.