cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forensic issues in infant mental health: Challenging systems, clinical risk, future collaborations

Much clinical work in infant mental health includes working with families of young children involved in the complex arenas of the legal and child protection systems. These systems have their own distinctive languages, cultures, and values, but they share a concern with clinicians about the best interest of the child. This special issue explores selected topics in this area, calling attention to research, policy, and clinical issues in forensic infant mental health. The purpose of the issue is to stimulate additional thinking and additional scholarly attention to these vital issues that have such importance for families around the world.
Five Ingredients for Success: Two Case Studies of Advocacy at the State Level

Advocacy refers to individuals who believe in a particular cause and are willing to support it in multiple ways. This research includes two accounts of advocacy events regarding gifted education. In both cases, the result was legislation for increased funding and services for the gifted. This research describes how people met the challenge of being supporters of gifted education. Both group processes and individual efforts were analyzed. Five ingredients of success represented the key characteristics common to the leaders in each group: passion, preparation, inspiration, perseverance, and the ability to take advantage of serendipity.
People Identification with Limited Labels in Privacy-Protected Video

People identification is an essential task for video content analysis in a surveillance system. To construct a good classifier requires a large amount of training data, which may not be obtained in some scenario. In this paper, we propose an approach to augment insufficient training data by labeling identical video images that have removed people's identities by masking faces. We show user study results that human subjects can perform reasonably well in labeling pairwise constraints from face obscured images. We also present a new discriminative learning algorithm WPKLR to handle uncertainties in pairwise constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using video captured in a nursing home environment. The experiments show that the WPKLR approach can obtain a high accuracy of people identification using limited labeled data and noisy pairwise constraints, and meanwhile minimize the risk of exposing people's identities.
Living Ethics: Contributing to Knowledge Building Through Qualitative Inquiry:

In this column, the authors discuss ethical and scientific standards in research and publication in light of their worldviews; human science; human becoming; and Parse's conceptual, ethical, methodological, and interpretive dimensions of the research process.
Using Distance Education in Graduate Programs

There has been much hype around online education creating a revolution in education. Studies analyzing the use of distance education at the graduate level have been limited. This article uses Kansas State University's Master of Agribusiness program as a case study. Educational theory related to a distance environment is studied. Development and technology issues related to the Master of Agribusiness program are presented followed by survey information from students. Appropriate administrative and management practices that govern a program are essential to the success of the program.
Genome-Wide Estimation of Linkage Disequilibrium from Population-Level High-Throughput Sequencing Data

Rapidly improving sequencing technologies provide unprecedented opportunities for analyzing genome-wide patterns of polymorphisms. In particular, they have great potential for linkage-disequilibrium analyses on both global and local genetic scales, which will substantially improve our ability to derive evolutionary inferences. However, there are some difficulties with analyzing high-throughput sequencing data, including high error rates associated with base reads and complications from the random sampling of sequenced chromosomes in diploid organisms. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a maximum-likelihood estimator of linkage disequilibrium for use with error-prone sampling data. Computer simulations indicate that the estimator is nearly unbiased with a sampling variance at high coverage asymptotically approaching the value expected when all relevant information is accurately estimated. The estimator does not require phasing of haplotypes and enables the estimation of linkage disequilibrium even when all individual reads cover just single polymorphic sites.
A Salmonella typhimurium strain defective in uracil catabolism and β-alanine synthesis

A selection procedure for uracil catabolism mutant strains involving indicator dye plates was developed. Using this method, a strain defective in uracil catabolism has been isolated in Salmonella typhimurium that was temperature-sensitive at 42°C where it required low concentrations of N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, β-alanine or pantothenic acid for growth. An extract of the mutant strain degraded uracil at 37°C at a significantly diminished rate compared to that observed for the wild-type strain under the same growth conditions. The conversion of dihydrouracil to N-carbamoyl-β-alanine was blocked at all temperatures examined in the mutant strain. By means of genetic analysis, the mutant strain was determined to be defective at two genetic loci. Transduction studies with bacteriophage P22 indicated that the panD gene is mutated in this strain, accounting for its β-alanine requirement. Episomal transfers between Escherichia coli and the mutant strain provided evidence that the defect in uracil catabolism was located in another region of the S. typhimurium chromosome.
Urban parks as green walls or green magnets? Interracial relations in neighborhood boundary parks

A recent paper in this journal (Solecki and Welch, 1995) describes how urban parks that lie between racially different neighborhoods can become ‘‘green walls’’ or barriers to use and appreciation. Although this phenomenon is well grounded in the experience of many who plan for, manage, and live near parks in racially and ethnically segregated cities, an analysis of the authors’ logic and methods suggests that there may be better ways to test the green wall thesis than with physical‐ biological measures of park tree condition. Examples from research in Chicago area parks illustrates how alternative methods and measures from the social sciences might more clearly and directly identify the perception and experience of racially defined barriers. A case study of Chicago’s Warren Park provides a counterexample of a boundary park that acts more like a ‘‘green magnet’’ than a green wall, and addresses the potential role of such parks as active agents in improving interracial relations. # 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
The effect of text messaging on reactive balance and the temporal and spatial characteristics of gait

The aim of this study was to determine the effects text messaging has on gait characteristics and reactive balance. Thirty-two subjects were recruited. Data was collected on texting ability in standing, while walking and while in perturbed stance. Data on gait parameters using the GAITRiteTM were collected while walking normally and while walking and texting. Data on reactive balance in perturbed stance (DMA score) using the PROPRIO 5000™ was collected while standing and while standing and texting. Repeated measures statistics were applied. No practical difference in texting ability was found between the three conditions of standing, walking and perturbed stance. A significant difference was found between mean gait characteristics of velocity, cadence, double limb support and mean step length during normal walking and walking while texting (p<.05). No statistical significance was shown between mean heel to heel support. A significant difference was found between reactive balance ability (mean DMA score) in perturbed stance and perturbed stance while texting (p<.05). The data imply that gait and balance are negatively impacted while texting and that subjects will maintain their baseline texting speed and accuracy at the expense of gait speed and impaired balance.
Cardioprotection With High-Density Lipoproteins: Fact or Fiction?

Epidemiological studies strongly suggest an inverse correlation between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration and the risk of ischemic heart disease.1,2 Experimental evidence also exists to indicate cardioprotective effects of HDL.3 However, the mechanism for protective effect of HDL against ischemic heart disease is not completely understood. Although the widely accepted mechanism comprises the ability of HDL to enhance reverse cholesterol transport,4 cholesterol-independent mechanisms have also been postulated. For example, lower HDL is associated with endothelial cell injury, which is involved both in the progression of atherogenesis and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The ability of HDL to inhibit endothelial adhesion molecule expression5 and to potentiate prostacyclin release from the endothelial cells6 further supports cholesterol-independent mechanism of HDL. Antiatherogenic property of HDL is mediated by its ability to release cholesterol from lipid-containing cells followed by esterification through lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and delivery to the liver and to steroidogenic organs for subsequent synthesis of bile acids and lipoproteins.7 Most importantly, HDL can inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as the atherogenic effects of oxidized LDL by virtue of its antioxidant property. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by adhesion of circulating monocytes to activated endothelial cells followed by migration to the subendothelium with the help of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin.8 Consistent with these reports, there is an increased expression of adhesion molecules in atherosclerotic plaque9 and upregulation of adhesion molecules in the acute thrombotic process. …
Dynamic restart policies

We describe theoretical results and empirical study of context-sensitive restart policies for randomized search procedures. The methods generalize previous results on optimal restart policies by exploiting dynamically updated beliefs about the probability distribution for run time. Rather than assuming complete knowledge or zero knowledge about the run-time distribution, we formulate restart policies that consider real-time observations about properties of instances and the solver's activity. We describe background work on the application of Bayesian methods to build predictive models for run time, introduce an optimal policy for dynamic restarts that considers predictions about run time, and perform a comparative Study of traditional fixed versus dynamic restart policies.
APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF MORPHING AIRCRAFT

Because of successes in advancing smart materials and adaptive structures, there is a growing interest in "morphing aircraft" that can substantially change their shape during flight to perform in highly dissimilar flight conditions with high efficiency. Important for investigating morphing aircraft is determining which geometric features should be changed and how much these features should be changed. To this end, the "morphing as an independent variable" approach presents a framework in which these questions could be answered. In this paper, an optimization technique is applied to the optimal sizing of a morphing aircraft to demonstrate the morphing as an independent variable approach. For the design mission used in these studies, a morphing aircraft design was found that could complete the mission at a lower takeoff gross weight than a fixed-geometry aircraft, indicating that morphing provides a benefit. The design mission, the morphing as an independent variable approach, and important features of the morphing aircraft sizing code are presented. The use of a genetic algorithm as the search method is discussed. The resulting morphing aircraft description is also examined. Based on this study, some recommendations about future work for conceptual design of morphing aircraft are presented before conclusions about this study.
Addressing Urinary Incontinence with Educational Continence-Care Competencies

This article is a report of a task force formed from a discussion group hosted by the American Nurses Association on the AHCPR Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence. The need to standardize content related to bladder incontinence to be used in curriculums was identified as an initial step in implementing the guidelines. A task force was formed to develop educational competencies to be used by schools in identifying content that should be addressed at various levels of preparation. Although special training is needed when continence care is a significant part of a nurse's practice, it is expected that by using the educational competencies, schools will produce graduates at the basic level able to provide beginning continence care and graduate nurses able to address advanced incontinence problems.
Growth patterns of Codium fragile ssp.tomentosoides in response to temperature, irradiance, salinity, and nitrogen source

Seasonal patterns of growth, reproduction, and productivity of Codium fragile spp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva were monitored at 3 locations in Rhode Island. Maximal growth occurred during the summer and was more significantly correlated with temperature than any other factor measured in this study. Multiple correlation models suggested an interaction between temperature, irradiance, and available nitrogen. Maximal reproduction occurred in late summer and early fall. The maximal productivity, based on harvested quadrats, was 2. 10 g dry weight m-2 day-1. A large amount (up to 87.3%) of the annual production entered the detrital food chain during the winter by fragmentation of the thallus. Culture studies examined the effects of temperature (6° to 30°C), irradiance (7 to 140 μE m-2 sec-1), daylength (8 h light: 16 h dark to 24 h light: O h dark) and salinity (6 to 48‰) on growth. Differentiated thalli grew over a broad range of experimental conditions, with maximal growth at 24°C, 24 to 30‰ S, a minimal irradiance of 28 μE m-2 sec-1, and 16 h daylength. The effect of increasing daylength was due to increased total daily irradiance rather than to a true photoperiodic effect. Undifferentiated sporelings survived and grew in a narrower range of environmental conditions than thalli. c. fragile spp. tomentosoides grew equally well with nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and urea as a nitrogen source. The addition of NaHCO3 stimulated growth at levels of 2.4 to 4.8 mM, suggesting an inorganic carbon limitation in static cultures. This study supports the hypothesis that the in situ seasonal growth pattern of c. fragile spp. tomentosoides is primarily due to the interaction of temperature and irradiance.
Initial validation and results of Geoscience Laser Altimeter System optical properties retrievals

In this presentation, we will show results from intercomparison case studies of Cloud Physics Lidar under-flights of GLAS orbit tracks during the GLAS Validation Experiment in October 2003. Compared products include Rayleigh backscatter profiles, calibrated attenuated backscatter, layer identification, optical depth, extinction, and backscatter cross section. We will show examples of GLAS operational optical data products.
Evidence for natural selection in a fern hybrid zone.

Morphological characters, chloroplast DNA, and allozymes were used to analyze the distribution of individuals within a hybrid population of the ferns Polystichum munitum and P. imbricans in northwestern California. Microsites within the population were characterized according to soil moisture and light levels reaching the plants. In sites with low soil moisture and high light levels, all of the ferns were genetically and morphologically like P. imbricans. In contrast, ferns with the genetic and morphological identity of P. munitum predominated in moist shady sites. Intermediate sites supported very few P.munitum, a wide variety of hybrid recombinants, and a majority of ferns with P. imbricans characteristics. The pattern of variation within the population is noteworthy because of the close proximity of the habitat extremes and the long-range dispersal of fern spores. We conclude that natural selection along environmental gradients must be a major factor in determining the ecological and genetic associations within the hybrid zone. The results of this study are evaluated in the context of the fern life cycle and compared to the assumptions of models explaining the establishment and maintenance of hybrid zones, which vary in the role attributed to environmentally mediated natural selection.
Bush: The Sequel

This article examines the likely foreign policy initiatives of the U.S. under the leadership of George W. Bush. The new president has outlined a fairly thorough critique of America's international behavior in the 1990s. Because a leader's public statements arguably serve to persuade various audiences and to build support for policy change, the article takes Bush's words quite seriously—along with those spoken or written by his closest foreign affairs advisors. Bush intends to abandon the so-called Clinton Doctrine and deploy national missile defenses. He is critical of American policies toward China and Russia, but has not presented bold new initiatives toward those powers. Under the rubric of “compassionate conservatism,” Bush may alter U.S. relations toward the Global South in some interesting ways. The president and his advisors often purport to be realists, but the article demonstrates that their own words belie this claim as they often justify policies based on ideals rather than the pursuit of power.
Don't give up on GWAS.

Buitelaar J, Bulik CM, Cichon S, Collier D, Corvin A, Craddock N, DeLisi LE, Ebstein R, Edenberg HJ, Estivill X, Faraone SV, Farmer AE, Fernandez-Aranda F, Flint J, Foroud T, Franke B, Gelernter J, Gill M, Grabe HJ, Hamilton SP, Hickie IB, Hoogendijk W, Jablensky A, Kalaydjieva L, Kaprio J, Kas M, Keller M, Kelsoe J, Kendler KS, Kennedy M, Kent L, Klump K, Knowles JA, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Lichtenstein P, Lucae S, Martin NG, McCarroll S, McGough J, McGrath JJ, McGuffin P, Mitchell P, Mowry B, Muglia P, Muller-Myhsok B, Neale B, Nothen M, Nurnberger JI, Oades RD, O'Donovan M, Ophoff R, Owen M, Pato CN, Pato MT, Penninx BW, Perlis RH, Porjesz B, Posthuma D, Potash JB, Preisig M, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Riley B, Ripke S, Rothenberger A, Rujescu D, Santangelo SL, Schachar R, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Schofield P, Schulze TG, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Sullivan P, Todorov A, Tozzi F, Tzeng JY, van den Oord EJ, Vorstman JA, Wang K, Weissman MM, Werge T, Wray NR, Zeggini E
Fear potentiated startle increases phospholipase D (PLD) expression/activity and PLD-linked metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated post-tetanic potentiation in rat amygdala

Long-term memory (LTM) of fear stores activity dependent modifications that include changes in amygdala signaling. Previously, we identified an enhanced probability of release of glutamate mediated signaling to be important in rat fear potentiated startle (FPS), a well-established translational behavioral measure of fear. Here, we investigated short- and long-term synaptic plasticity in FPS involving metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and associated downstream proteomic changes in the thalamic-lateral amygdala pathway (Th-LA). Aldolase A, an inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD), expression was reduced, concurrent with significantly elevated PLD protein expression. Blocking the PLD-mGluR signaling significantly reduced PLD activity. While transmitter release probability increased in FPS, PLD-mGluR agonist and antagonist actions were occluded. In the unpaired group (UNP), blocking the PLD-mGluR increased while activating the receptor decreased transmitter release probability, consistent with decreased synaptic potentials during tetanic stimulation. FPS Post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) immediately following long-term potentiation (LTP) induction was significantly increased. Blocking PLD-mGluR signaling prevented PTP and reduced cumulative PTP probability but not LTP maintenance in both groups. These effects are similar to those mediated through mGluR7, which is co-immunoprecipitated with PLD in FPS. Lastly, blocking mGluR-PLD in the rat amygdala was sufficient to prevent behavioral expression of fear memory. Thus, our study in the Th-LA pathway provides the first evidence for PLD as an important target of mGluR signaling in amygdala fear-associated memory. Importantly, the PLD-mGluR provides a novel therapeutic target for treating maladaptive fear memories in posttraumatic stress and anxiety disorders.
Somatostatin regulates duodenal cholecystokinin and somatostatin messenger RNA.

The gastrointestinal peptides, cholecystokinin (CCK) and somatostatin, are produced by discrete endocrine cells in the mucosa of the small intestine. Although somatostatin may inhibit CCK secretion, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. The present study was designed to determine the effect of somatostatin on intestinal CCK and somatostatin mRNA levels. Rats, prepared with indwelling intraduodenal and jugular cannulas, were first fed an elemental diet that did not stimulate CCK release. Next, as a means of stimulating CCK secretion, soybean trypsin inhibitor was added to the diet and perfused intraduodenally at 50 mg/h for 24 h. Trypsin inhibitor caused an 11-fold increase in plasma CCK levels and a 2.4-fold increase in duodenal CCK mRNA levels. Simultaneous intravenous infusion of somatostatin-14 (1-100 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) reduced trypsin inhibitor-stimulated CCK levels by 50% and lowered trypsin inhibitor-stimulated CCK mRNA levels by 58%. Somatostatin infusion also reduced intestinal somatostatin mRNA levels stimulated by trypsin inhibitor but did not affect basal somatostatin mRNA levels. Duodenal CCK and somatostatin peptide concentrations did not change under any of the experimental conditions. These studies demonstrate that somatostatin reduces duodenal CCK mRNA levels stimulated by diet and suggest that somatostatin itself inhibits duodenal somatostatin gene expression.
Curing Cablevision: Prescribing a Functional Solution to a Technical Astigmatism

In a string of recent copyright cases, judges have increasingly adopted a technical approach to copyright law. Rather than evaluating contested technologies based on how the technologies are used, courts have focused their analysis on technical details of implementation. As a consequence, courts have constructed rules that limit technologies not in what they do, but how they do it. In this Article, I argue that courts should evaluate technologies based on functional considerations. I argue that this functional approach is constitutionally, statutorily, and practically preferable to a technical approach. Finally, I show that a functional approach would lead to decisions that are clearer, easier to understand, and better-reasoned.
Ishmael Reed's Multi-Culture: The Production of Cultural Perspective

All of Ismael Reed's literary efforts - his fiction, poetry, essays, his promotions of other novelists and poets - support an idea which he calls the "multi-culture": an amalgamation of perspectives, art forms, and lifestyles from different cultures, past and present. In his "Preface" to Calafia: The California Poetry, the latest of several collections of multi-ethnic writing he has edited, he describes the anthology as one which "attempts to bring together the poetry of different California cultures under one roof" (xiii). His novels also reveal this sort of attempt to bring different cultures "under one roof," but here his cultural "house" includes perspectives from ancient Egypt, Medieval Europe, Nineteenth century Haiti, and the American Old West, to name but a few. Reed envisions the multi-culture as a sort of collective consciousness to be created through cultural exchanges between individuals and groups which will revitalize not only their individual experiences but their culture as well. His kaleidoscopic surveys of history, art, and religion in his literature are based on the general conviction that a diversity of realities is more of an asset than a liability in furthering self-understanding as well as tolerance of the family of man. But more specifically, those surveys are organized around the cultural contributions made by ethnic groups within the United States to the country as a whole, contributions which Reed feels have not been given the recognitions they deserve by the majority of the American populace, past or present. As a black writer, one of his literary objectives is to present the cultural heritage of Afro-Americans as a rich combination of traditions and influences which in turn have contributed more to
High Stpength Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites

The effects of fiber reinforcement; on the response of high strength fiber reinforced concrete in compression, tension and flexure are reviewed. Tradeoffs between the use of high fiber contents to achieve composite strength and ductility, and a reduction in matrix porosity to achieve high matrix strength are discussed. Methods used to increase composite strength include application of pressure after casting, addition of fly-ash, silica fumes and or superplasticizers to the cement matrix, and mixing high volume contents of high strength stiff fibers.
Tolerance of strawberry cultivars to twospotted spider mites in Florida.

Two experiments were conducted in Florida to determine the tolerance of 4 strawberry cultivars to Tetranychus urticae Koch by comparing populations of mites on plants treated or not treated with cyhexatin for mite control. Based on percentage reductions of both numbers and weight of marketable fruit in the presence of dense mite populations, ‘Florida Belle’ and ‘Sequoia’ were more tolerant to T. urticae than were ‘Tioga’ and ‘Siletz’. Cyhexatin significantly reduced mite populations on all cultivars. There were no significant differences among cultivars in the number of mites present.
Modified two-dimensional correlation spectra for streamlined determination of sequential order of intensity variations

Abstract Modified forms of two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectra, i.e., sign-adjusted asynchronous spectrum and merged correlation spectrum, are discussed. They are developed for the streamlined determination of the sequential order of spectral intensity variations using only one 2D map by combining the pertinent information of synchronous and asynchronous spectra. Development of small side lobe artifacts near the peripheral of a cross peak is sometimes noted, especially for highly overlapped bands which are changing intensities in the opposite directions. The merit of the ease of interpretation afforded by the modification of correlation spectra probably outweighs the introduction minor artifacts, but some care certainly is required to avoid misinterpretation. Modified spectrum provides additional characteristic signature to the butterfly pattern cluster of cross peaks for the unambiguous identification of the presence of a band with position shift.
Optical Generation of Hot Plasmonic Carriers in Metal Nanocrystals: The Effects of Shape and Field Enhancement

We investigate theoretically photogeneration of excited carriers in plasmonic nanocrystals. The theory is based on the solution of the quantum equation of motion for the density matrix. Efficient photogeneration of plasmonic electrons and holes in small nanocrystals becomes possible due to the nonconservation of the electron momentum. The confinement and reflection of electrons in small nanocrystals allowed photon-assisted electron transitions with high excitation energies and therefore lead to a large number of energetic carriers. This process is a surface-scattering effect and efficient only for nanostructures with small sizes. Other important factors for the photogeneration effect are the field enhancement and the inhomogeneity of electromagnetic fields inside a plasmonic nanostructure. The plasmonic field effects strongly depend on the shape of the nanocrystal. For example, a plasmonic nanocube is more efficient for the electron photogeneration than a nanosphere and a nanosphere generates more energet...
The reliability of epidural anesthesia for repeat ESWL: a study of changes in epidural compliance

Changes in epidural compliance were investigated before and after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 11 outpatients. Epidural pressures were unchanged acutely by ESWL (p greater than 0.15). In contrast to previous reports of failures of epidural anesthesia in patients having repeat ESWL treatments, a review of our population of patients having repeat ESWL indicates that epidural anesthesia is reliable and not associated with any greater failure rate than for initial ESWL treatments. The difference between our results and previous reports of high failure rates is likely due to differences in anesthetic and surgical techniques such as: (1) use of air for loss-of-resistance when locating the epidural space, (2) differences in the time interval between ESWL treatments, and (3) frequency of use of epidural catheters.
Development of a Nonparametric Predictive Model for Readmission Risk in Elderly Adults After Colon and Rectal Cancer Surgery.

Objectives Primary objective: to use advanced nonparametric techniques to determine risk factors for readmission after colorectal cancer surgery in elderly adults. Secondary objective: to compare this methodology with traditional parametric methods. Design Using data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), nonparametric techniques were used to evaluate the risk of readmission in elderly adults undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer in 2011 and 2012. Setting More than 200 hospitals participating in the NSQIP database. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer in 2011 and 2012 (N = 2,117). Measurements Age-stratified robust nonparametric predictive model (classification and regression tree (CART) analysis) of 30-day readmission for elderly adults undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Results Recent chemotherapy was the most important predictor of readmission in participants aged 65 to 74, with 20% of those with recent chemotherapy and 11% of with no recent chemotherapy being readmitted. Participants aged 75 to 84 who had recently undergone chemotherapy had a readmission rate of 23%, whereas those with no chemotherapy had a readmission rate of 9%. Being underweight was the greatest predictor of readmission (30%) in participants aged 85 and older. These methods were found to be more robust than traditional logistic regression. Conclusion Specific age-related preoperative factors help predict readmission in elderly adults undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. Results of the nonparametric CART analysis are better than traditional regression analysis and help physicians to clinically stratify based on age. This model may help identify individuals in whom intervention may be helpful in reducing readmission after surgery.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy with morcellation vs abdominal hysterectomy for presumed fibroids: an updated decision analysis following the 2014 Food and Drug Administration safety communications.

Previous decision analyses demonstrate the safety of minimally invasive hysterectomy for presumed benign fibroids, accounting for the risk of occult leiomyosarcoma and the differential mortality risk associated with laparotomy. Studies published since the 2014 Food and Drug Administration safety communications offer updated leiomyosarcoma incidence estimates. Incorporating these studies suggests that mortality rates are low following hysterectomy for presumed benign fibroids overall, and a minimally invasive approach remains a safe option. Risk associated with morcellation, however, increases in women age >50 years due to increased leiomyosarcoma rates, an important finding for patient-centered discussions of treatment options for fibroids.
Example Problems Related to Time Rate of Consolidation

This chapter reviews Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation theory, and applies it to solve several different problems.
Bisphenol-A exposure in utero programs a sexually dimorphic estrogenic state of hepatic metabolic gene expression.

Abstract Bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure in utero affects fetal development and metabolism leading to obesity. However, the mechanisms are not well characterized. We identified sexually dimorphic developmental programming of genes regulating metabolism in the liver after BPA exposure. Pregnant mice were treated with BPA on days 9–18 of gestation. At six weeks, female offspring were ovariectomized; both sexes were subsequently treated with estradiol (E2). Fetal BPA exposure altered the expression of genes in liver, including those involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and transporters, in both sexes. Adult gene expression in BPA-exposed mice often resembled normal adult response to E2 stimulation, even in the absence of estrogen treatment. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta gene expression was upregulated in females and downregulated in males. This is the first report demonstrating sexual dimorphism in liver after BPA exposure and our finding of estrogenization may explain the BPA-related increase in incidence of metabolic disorders and obesity.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

The diagnostic category “schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders” comprises a group of conditions spanning both primary mental disorders and those secondary to other medical conditions. Within the population of older adults, the symptoms of psychosis are highly prevalent, etiologically heterogeneous, clinically diverse, and the sources of marked excess morbidity and mortality. Approximately 5–62% of elders, dependent on the population sampled, will experience newly incident psychosis. With the aging of our global population, the prevalence of psychotic disorders is only expected to rise—along with the attendant personal and social costs. Clinically, these conditions likely represent the manifestation of interactions between genetic, neurodevelopmental, neurophysiological aging, physical comorbidities, environmental, and social influences—with up to 60% of these cases attributable to other medical conditions. The inherent complexity and fragile nature of the geriatric patient with psychosis necessitate comprehensive assessment combined with a treatment approach that prioritizes non-pharmacological management. Antipsychotic medications, when necessary, should be used in combination with other treatment modalities, utilizing the smallest effective dosage, with attempts to further minimize dosing made at regular intervals. This chapter focuses its review on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the primary psychotic disorders in older adults, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder.
Evaluation of Treatment Methods in Chronic Alcoholism

The past 20 years and the last 10 in particular have witnessed an impressive increase in interest both in treating and understanding chronic alcoholism. The early part of this period saw the introduction of disulfiram and citrated calcium carbimide. A little later, tranquilizers and antidepressants came to the fore. At the same time there was a rapid increase in the vogue for group as opposed to individual psychotherapy. (The latter, along with Alcoholics Anonymous, had been an established therapeutic mainstay since the Second World War.)
Exploring Core and Cache Hierarchy Bottlenecks in Graph Processing Workloads

Graph processing is an important analysis technique for a wide range of big data problems. The ability to explicitly represent relationships between entities gives graph analytics significant performance advantage over traditional relational databases. In this paper, we perform an in-depth data-aware characterization of graph processing workloads on a simulated multi-core architecture, find bottlenecks in the core and the cache hierarchy that are not highlighted by previous characterization work, and analyze the behavior of the specific application data type causing the corresponding bottleneck. We find that load-load dependency chains involving different application data types form the primary bottleneck in achieving a high memory-level parallelism in graph processing workloads. We also observe that the private L2 cache has a negligible contribution to performance, whereas the shared L3 cache has higher performance sensitivity. In addition, we present a study on the effectiveness of several replacement policies. Finally, we study the relationship between different graph algorithms and the access volumes to the different data types. Overall, we provide useful insights and guidelines toward developing a more optimized CPU-based architecture for high performance graph processing.
Efficient Set-Bit Driven Shift-Add Binary Multiplier

A binary shift-add multiplier with a variable multiplication completion time that ranges from 1 to n clock cycles, where n is the number of bits in the input operands, is presented. The number of cycles required for this multiplier equals the number of bits that are set in one of the input operands except when it equals zero in that case it is one. The multiplier architecture and control logic are presented in this paper. Circuit simulation results are also reported.
High dose estradiol increases but lower dose estradiol with progesterone decreases the time for tumor development in (Her-2/neu x BALB/c) F1 transgenic mice.

2221 This study investigates the effect of short term treatment with ovarian steroids on the latency of tumor appearance in hybrid transgenic FVB (MMTV)Her-2/neu female x BALB/c male mice, in which all mice will eventually develop mammary cancer. Her2/neu which is also known as ErbB2 is a proto-oncogene, and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. When present in human breast cancer its overexpression is associated with a more aggressive disease, increased disease occurrence and a worse prognosis. Since FVB (MMTV)Her-2/neu mice have multiple insertion sites of the transgene, Her-2/neu, hybrids were made to increase the latency of mammary tumor development by decreasing the Her-2/neu gene multiplicity. This breeding scheme was done to possibly enable the efficacious use of various hormonal combinations to either decrease or increase the latency of tumor appearance. We have earlier shown that pregnancy level of estradiol (E) used in short, continuous 3 week treatments with or without progesterone (P) greatly decreases the incidence of mammary cancer induced by the injection of the carcinogen, MNU (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96, 2520, 1999 and 98, 11755, 2001). At 6 weeks of age female F1 mice were implanted with silastic capsules and left for 3 weeks. At 9 weeks the capsules were removed and thereafter the mice were palpated weekly for the appearance of mammary tumors. Tumors were monitored and removed when they reached 1 cm in diameter. Mice were terminated when a third mammary tumor reached 1 cm. Groups of 15 -20 mice with the latency in days of first tumor appearance were: (1) untreated (274 ± 10 ), (2) 10 ug E (277 ± 13) , (3) 10 ug E + 15 mg P (237± 7), (4) 20 ug E (251 ± 8), (5) 20 μg E + 15 mg P (234 ± 10), (6) 100 ug E (260 ± 12), (7)100 ug E + 15 mg P (245 ±11), (8) 15 mg P (258 ± 9), (9) 2 mg E (311 ± 15).All E + P groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the time of appearance of the 1st tumor when compared with the untreated control as did 20 μg E and 15 mg P. Only the highest dose of E at 2 mg showed a statistically significant increase (p
TIME AND ENERGY IN THE INTERMITTENT INCUBATION OF BIRDS' EGGS

ABSTRACT The intermittent incubation of an egg imposes costs on the parent in both time and energy. Heretofore, time and energy costs in intermittent incubation have tended to be considered separately, in part because no suitable theoretical framework has existed to describe how time and energy interact in the intermittent warming of an egg by a brood patch. This paper outlines a new approach to this problem, based upon the thermal properties of transient-state physical systems. Among the interesting results of this approach is a descriptive parameter, the thermal impedance, that provides a unitary description of how time and energy flow through an egg interact. Data describing the transient-state thermal properties of chicken eggs are presented, showing that an egg incubated by a brood patch behaves as a low-pass thermal filter, with a cutoff period of about 100 min. Birds have several ways of adjusting the time and energy costs of intermittent incubation. High efficiency of heat transfer from the brood ...
Automatically Translating Quantum Programs from a Subset of Common Gates to an Adiabatic Representation

Adiabatic computing with two degrees of freedom of 2-local Hamiltonians has been theoretically shown to be equivalent to the gate model of universal quantum computing. But today’s quantum annealers, namely D-Wave’s 2000Q platform, only provide a 2-local Ising Hamiltonian abstraction with a single degree of freedom. This raises the question what subset of gate programs can be expressed as quadratic unconstrained binary problems (QUBOs) on the D-Wave. The problem is of interest because gate-based quantum platforms are currently limited to 20 qubits while D-Wave provides 2,000 qubits. However, when transforming entire gate circuits into QUBOs, additional qubits will be required.
Insights from a Systematic Examination of a Novel Heart Failure Risk Prediction Tool: The Pooled Cohort Equations to Prevent Heart Failure

Introduction Early identification of individuals at risk for heart failure (HF) in the community would facilitate targeted preventive interventions. We recently developed a new tool to predict incident HF in the general population: the Pooled Cohort equations to Prevent Heart Failure (PCP-HF). The PCP-HF tool was derived and validated using individual-level data from seven diverse US population-based cohorts. A better understanding of the intrinsic properties of the multivariable PCP-HF tool would be useful to clinicians to allow recognition of risk factor profiles resulting in high or low predicted risk and to clarify the inherent limitations of the tool. Objective This study aimed to examine the PCP-HF tool systematically to determine the impact of varying risk factor patterns on predicted HF risk in different age, sex, and race groups. Methods The PCP-HF tool integrates age and clinical risk factors into a multivariable sex- and race-specific risk model to estimate absolute 10-year risk of incident HF among adults aged 30-79 years. We created spreadsheets for each race-sex group, incorporating the coefficients for each risk factor and interaction term based on the published formulas to create 10-year predicted HF risk score estimates for a hypothetical white man, black man, white woman, and black woman. We varied individual risk factors and combinations of risk factor levels using the PCP-HF risk tool and examined the range of predicted 10-year HF risks. Results The 10-year predicted HF risk was substantially higher with older age when other risk factors were held constant at age-adjusted national mean values for each race-sex group (Figure). Risk for HF was significantly higher in current smokers and among those requiring treatment for hypertension or diabetes. Predicted 10-year HF risk in a hypothetical 60-year old varied from 1.9% to 31.9% in a white male, 1.7% to 31.7% in a black male, 1.4% to 27.9% in a white female, and 1.3% to 33.0% in a black female. There were significant race-sex interactions with different risk factors which impacted the predicted 10-year risk of HF. Conclusions This analysis provides context of specific risk factor patterns that identify individuals who are likely to be at high risk of HF. Our analysis highlights the importance of a race and sex-specific multivariable risk prediction model for HF to guide the clinician-patient discussion. However, younger adults tend to have low 10-year predicted HF risk in spite of high-risk factor levels.
EMBRYOLOGY, FEMALE SEMINA AND MALE VINCIBILITY IN LUCRETIUS, DE RERVM NATVRA

In a poem setting forth the way things are in nature, it is fitting for Lucretius to address, among many other phenomena, human conception and embryonic determination. With an eye toward ethics, Lucretius demonstrates how sexual reproduction at the seminal level can be explained by Epicurean atomism. In this paper, I am concerned with the biological ‘how’ of conception as explained in De Rerum Natura (= DRN) but also with the ethical ‘therefore’ for Lucretius’ readership and (over)estimations of male autonomy. For modern audiences with a basic grasp of procreation that includes sperm supplied by a male and egg supplied by a female, encountering Lucretius’ verses on women contributing semen (semina) to the process of conception can be surprising (4.1209–62). The idea of female semen may give us pause as we calibrate it with our understanding of eggs and ovulation, but Lucretius, in his time, was not advancing some novel theory. Wading into established debates on male-only or joint male-female semen production and gendered insemination (that is, who produces semen and whose semen is active at conception), Lucretius sides with those promulgating mutuality for both questions (for example Democritus [DK 24 A13]) and rejects Aristotle's representative exclusivist claim of male activity vs female passivity (τὸ ἄρρeν ἐστὶν ὡς κινοῦν καὶ ποιοῦν, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ ὡς παθητικόν, Gen. an. 729a28–30; cf. 726a30–6). That is to say, a sexually mature female, like her male counterpart, emits semen that has determining potency in the formation of a human embryo (Lucr. 4.1209–62). Although the discharge and activity of female semen is the focus of this paper, my investigation is not a Quellenforschung or historical survey of Greco-Roman ideas about women's contributions to insemination and fertility, since others have treated these matters extensively. I concentrate rather on how Lucretius employs the concept of female semen in terms of his poetics in Book 4 and what I see as an ethical argument against the domineering nature of Roman masculinity. The problem of female semen, from the point of view of Lucretius’ Roman male audience, is that it is potentially costly to men because it rivals and threatens their status from the physiological to the discursive level. Iain Lonie broaches the same issue from Greek perspectives.
Sexual Harassment of College and University Students: A Systematic Review:

Increased attention to Title IX and the #MeToo movement has led to more interest in developing strategies to prevent forms of gender-based violence beyond acquaintance rape, including sexual harassment (SH). This study reviewed the extant literature published since 2000 on SH of college/university students (n = 24) to determine (a) study methods, (b) sample sociodemographic characteristics, (c) prevalence, (d) risk and protective factors, and (e) consequences of campus SH. These studies shared the view that overall SH rates are high, but their findings were difficult to cross-evaluate due to variations in their study designs. Generally, unwanted sexual attention and gender harassment were more commonly experienced in campus SH occurrences than sexual coercion. Findings indicated that being White, a woman, or a sexual minority increased a student's likelihood of experiencing SH while at a college/university. Student SH survivors rarely filed official reports but often faced a variety of mental and physical health consequences. Women of color experienced lower rates of SH but more severe consequences in the aftermath. This review concludes by detailing several implications for future research, as well as possible campus SH prevention, intervention, and policy protocols.