cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Perspective on Perspective Taking: A Multidimensional Approach to Conceptualizing an Aptitude

Social perspective taking (SPT) is thought to be important in its own right and is often associated with other important skills, such as interpersonal conflict resolution. Previous research on SPT, however, has conceptualized it as a unidimensional construct leaving scholars with an insufficient understanding of this aptitude and how it relates to valued educational outcomes. To best understand SPT, a multidimensional approach should include assessments of personal characteristics (including the propensity and the ability to engage in SPT) and features of the situation (including features of the SPT task and the larger context). Using Richard Snow's conceptualization of aptitudes as a framework, this article illustrates the problems with treating SPT as a unidimensional construct, defines SPT as a complex aptitude, and provides a taxonomy of SPT to promote understanding and to guide future research in this area. The taxonomy organizes and reviews the existing literature that relates personal and situational characteristics to SPT aptitude. Where research has not yet been conducted, this article hypothesizes how these characteristics might relate to SPT aptitude.
Free gas at the base of the gas hydrate zone in the vicinity of the Chile triple junction

At Ocean Drilling Program Site 859 in the vicinity of the Chile triple junction, the source of the bottom simulating reflection (BSR) at the base of the gas hydrate layer has, for the first time, been logged to reveal the nature of the impedance contrasts producing the reflection. We estimate from the P-wave velocity (V[sub P]) that hydrate occupies no more than 18% of the pore space just above the BSR and is not concentrated enough to cause the reflections. The BSR is caused by a sharp drop in V[sub P], and presumably density, from [approximately]1950 to 1600 m/s (on average) within an 8 m interval. Seismic modeling of wave form and amplitude vs. offset of the BSR at Site 860 indicates that the BSR is produced by a 12 m interval with low V[sub P] and shear-wave velocities that are consistent with small quantities of free gas ([approximately] 1% of pore space) in the interval. 22 refs., 5 figs.
A histological study of scala communis with radiological implications.

Objectives: Scala communis or interscalar septum (IS) defect is a developmental abnormality of the inner ear characterized by a dehiscence in the partition separating the turns of t
The Council for Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction: advisory group reports on silent myocardial ischemia, heart rate control, and post-myocardial infarction management.

This yearly report from the advisory groups of the Council for Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction reflects the Council’s continued interest in silent ischemia, acute intervention, and postmyocardial infarction management. The Council reviews ongoing research in an effort to translate recent results into current, practical approaches to treatment. Some of its current consensual statements resemble those of the 1991 report. Research on silent myocardial ischemia, for example, continues to question whether treatment can modify its negative prognosis. Stratification of the postmyocardial infarction patient according to the use of thrombolytic therapy and then by type of infarction is still considered a reasonable approach. Certain guidelines, however, have been reinforced by new data and experience. For example, the pharmacologic options available for heart rate control have recently increased, engendering a reexamination of therapy with digoxin, traditionally the optimum treatment for atria1 fibrillation.
Sources of Disparity in the Spectrum of Diabetes Mellitus at Incidence and Prevalence

In a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, the clinical characteristics of 1135 patients newly diagnosed with diabetes (1945-69) were compared with those of 810 residents with diabetes mellitus on prevalence day (1 January 1970). The prevalence patients were older and the male: female ratio was reduced from that seen among incidence cases. The prevalence patients were more likely to be on oral agents, had lower fasting blood glucose levels, were less likely to be symptomatic, but were more likely to have macrovascular and microvascular complications. These differences seemed to come about as a result of variation in survival rates among patients with specific characteristics, differential migration of certain groups of patients, and changes in the status of individuals.
Fluorometric analysts of glycolytic intermediates in human red blood cells.

Abstract Methods for the fluorometric determination of glycolytic intermediates in red cells are described. Special attention was given to the technique used for drawing blood and producing filtrates. These factors were found to be very important, particularly with respect to FDP levels. Furthermore, to determine the feasibility of shipping samples, extracts were stored for 48 hr at different temperatures. No changes of the glycolytic intermediates were found when the PCA extracts after deproteinization were unneutralized and kept refrigerated or frozen.
Effect of Frequency on Let-Go Currents

This paper on electric shock covers the subject of sine-wave let-go currents for both men and women and contains an analysis which permits improved accuracy in predicting the response for large groups based on experiments made on a relatively small number of subjects. It should be of especial interest to persons who have had accidents in which they barely escaped ``freezing'' to an electrified conductor and also to those interested in electrical safety. The range of frequencies covered is from 5 to 10,000 cycles and also direct current. The paper is the most comprehensive treatment of the subject yet published as the analysis permits predicting currents of a specified degree of safety for both men and women for this wide frequency range.
Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Overview of chapters Discourse analysis 2. Involvement in discourse Involvement Sound and sense in discourse Involvement strategies Scenes and music in creating involvement 3. Repetition in conversation: toward a poetics of talk Theoretical implications of repetition Repetition in discourse Functions of repetition in conversation Repetition and variation in conversation Examples of functions of repetition The range of repetition in a segment of conversation Individual and cultural differences Other genres The automaticity of repetition The drive to imitate Conclusion 4. 'Oh talking voice that is so sweet': constructing dialogue in conversation Reported speech and dialogue Dialogue in storytelling Reported criticism in conversation Reported speech is constructed dialogue Constructed dialogue in a conversational narrative Modern Greek stories Brazilian narrative Dialogue in writers' conversation Conclusion 5. Imagining worlds: imagery and detail in conversation and other genres The role of details and images in creating involvement Details in conversation Images and details in narrative Nonnarrative or quasinarrative conversational discourse Rapport through telling details The intimacy of details Spoken literary discourse Written discourse High-involvement writing When details don't work or work for ill Conclusion 6. Involvement strategies in consort: literary non-fiction and political oratory Thinking with feeling Literary non-fiction Speaking and writing with involvement Involvement in political oratory Conclusion 7. Afterword: toward a humanistic linguistics Appendix I. Sources of examples Appendix II. Transcription conventions Notes List of references Author index Subject index.
Regional lymph node response to skin grafts between strains of mice differing by strong and weak histocompatibility genes

Summary A study was made of the weight increase of regional lymph nodes following skin homografts. Grafts were transferred between combinations of co-isogenic strains of mice differing by a strong histocompatibility gene at the H-2 locus, by a weak gene at the H-3 locus, or by both. In all cases, the onset of the node response was evident by seven days. The peak response in each combination came near the time of graft destruction: 20 days for H-3, and 10 days for H-2 and H-2:H-3. The relationship of these results to the mechanism of the longer survival of skin grafts between mice having only weak genetic differences is discussed. A possible use of the regional lymph node response to detect marginal or inapparent immunity is suggested.
The Impacts of Affective and Cognitive Social Conflict in Business-to-Business Buyer-Seller Relationships: A Comparison of New versus Ongoing Buyer-Seller Relationships

ABSTRACT Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to report empirical research that examined the impact of conflict in two different buyer-seller situations, an ongoing relationship and a choice situation where the buyer had to choose between two or more alternative suppliers. Conflict was defined as social conflict and has two distinct types, affective and cognitive. Methodology/Approach. The methodology used was two mail surveys to a random sample of purchasing association members who had buying responsibilities in their firms. In one survey respondents were asked to self-select a current buyer-seller relationship they had for a period of at least one year and to indicate the degree of perceived conflict they had with the key supplier representative as well as the amount of relationship loyalty they perceived they had with that supplier. The second survey randomly assigned respondents to evaluate either a supplier whom they gave business to in a choice situation or one they did not, thus establishing as th...
MORPHOLOGICAL STAGING OF WHEAT CARYOPSIS DEVELOPMENT

Growth and size measurements as well as morphological characteristics of wheat (Triticuin aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) caryopsis development are classified into five (I-V) groups, each representing a distinct developmental stage. Such staging will hopefully aid in experimental approaches and comparative studies of wheat embryo and endosperm development. IN A DEVELOPING SYSTEM such as caryopsis (grain) formation in cereals, experimental approaches demand a set of stable and reproducible characteristics that can be observed or easily measured to describe the developmental age of the structure and its parts. Such traits are very useful in comparing results from several studies which use plants grown under different environmental conditions, as well as to monitor the effect of various treatments and/ or mutations on the temporal and spatial patterns of morphological development. Although considerable morphological and cytological descriptions are available for the young (Bennett et al., 1973) and mature wheat grain (Bradbury, MacMasters and Cull, 1956a, 1956b), as well as for certain stages of wheat endosperm .(Evers, 1970; Campbell et al., 1981; Mares, I Received for publication 23 April 1982; revision accepted 19 October 1982. Supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agriculture Research Service (Grant 58-9AHZ1-621) and the Science and Education Administration (5901-0410-8-0196-0). 2 To whom all correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Norstog and Stone, 1975; Morrison and O'Brien, 1976) and embryo formation (Brenchley, 1909; Hector, 1936; Percival, 1921), these have been isolated studies which do not always relate their individual observations to the whole grain, to the development of other tissues, or to the overall rate of grain growth. Also, these descriptions and measurements have not been completed with a single variety to obtain a coherent picture of grain development. We describe here a set of measurements and characteristics of the developing caryopsis of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring that we hope will provide, along with the previous cytological and genetic studies with this variety, a useful guide for experimental approaches to the study of wheat embryo and endosperm development. MATERIAL AND METHODSWheat plants were grown singly in pots under greenhouse conditions with an average temperature of 20 C. All plants received water as needed and 1/4 strength Hoagland's solution weekly. At anthesis, inflorescences were dated and the plants were moved into a growth chamber with the TABLE 1. Characteristics of the different stages (I-V) in wheat caryopsis development
Circling behavior in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine or electrolytic nigral lesions☆

Unilateral destruction of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) was performed in rats using either electrocoagulation or chemical lesioning (6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OHDA). Neostriatal dopamine concentration ipsilateral to an electrolytic lesion was 34% of the contralateral side 2-3 weeks after operation; serotonin and noradrenaline brain levels were not altered. In contrast, dopamine and noradrenaline forebrain concentrations ipsilateral to a 6-OHDA lesion were 20 and 31%, respectively, of the contralateral side. After 6-OHDA, dopamine concentrations in the ipsilateral neostriatum were reduced to levels below the sensitivity of the fluorometric assay; cortical, brainstem and neostriatal serotonin levels, on the other hand, were not altered after 6-OHDA. Ipsilateral circling behavior was elicited by d-amphetamine after electrolytic and chemical lesioning. In contrast, the direction of circling produced after apomorphine differed between the two lesion models: contralateral circling behavior was exhibited by 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, whereas ipsilateral circling was produced in animals with electrolytic lesions. Contralateral circling was induced in both lesion-type models by haloperidol or pimozide. S.c. atropine administration induced ipsilateral circling in rats with 6-OHDA lesions, whereas contralateral circling was observed after arecoline. Animals with electrolytic SNC lesions turn ipsilaterally after s.c. administrations of either arecoline or atropine. The data indicate that the electrolytic and 6-OHDA circling behavior models represent two different neuropharmacological states and it is, therefore, suggested that comparisons of data obtained from models using different methods of lesioning be made with caution.
New data for pitticite and a second occurrence of yukonite at Sterling Hill, New Jersey

Pitticite is re-examined analytically and found to be a gel-like mineral of widely varying composi- tion. Previously reported minor amounts of accessory elements are indeed present in pitticite. The name pitticite has validity only as a generic name for gel-like ferric iron arsenate minerals of varying composition. Yukonite is reported from the Sterling Hill mine, Ogdensburg, New Jersey, the second occurrence. New data for yukonite suggest the name should be retained. ThE occurrence of a mineral that appeared to be yukonite from the Sterling Hill mine, Ogdensburg, New Jersey, prompted an analytical re-examination of type yukonite and a study of some substances collectively referred to as pitticite. Yukonite had been previously known only from the type locality, Tagish Lake, Yukon Territory, Canada. This second occurrence adds some measure of authen- ticity to the species status of yukonite. Analytical procedures and reliability. The samples studied herein were chemically analysed using an ARL-SEMQ electron microprobe utiliz- ing an operating voltage of 15 kV and a beam current of 0.15/tA. The standards were manganite for Mn; synthetic olivenite for As; synthetic ZnO for Zn; hornblende for Fe, AI; celestine for S; fluorapatite for F; and diopside for Si, Mg, and Ca. The data were corrected using a modified version of the MAGIC-4 computer program of the Geophysical Laboratory. Water was determined for four samples using the Penfield method. The determined data are subject to a substantial error of at least +__ 5 ~o of the amount present. Although this is considerably higher than the error associated with good contemporary microprobe analyses, it is derived after consideration of a number of complex factors, which are discussed below. It was necessary to prepare the samples in epoxy which is cured at ll0~ Subsequent to their preparation, it was noted that the gel-like samples had, for the most part, cracked and generated a crazed surface similar to that sometimes found on
Radiation oncologists can assist head and neck cancer patients with smoking cessation

Despite the importance of continued treatment advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy for head and neck cancer patients, the most substantial and far-reaching gains clearly lie in disease prevention. With an estimate that two-thirds to three-quarters of all upper aerodigestive tract cancers might be avoided by tobacco elimination ( 10) even the laudable efforts of chemoprevention research pale somewhat in comparison to the gains achievable with smoking cessation. Indeed, the scientific rationale for providing chemopreventive agents to head and neck cancer patients who continue to smoke is unsettling. Cancer patients who use tobacco have a unique opportunity to consider alteration of their own behavior, and to powerfully influence the tobacco use behavior of family and friends. Oncologists can play a central role in educating their cancer patients to become more knowledgeable and motivated in the area of smoking cessation.
Complex cystic lesions in the liver causing abdominal pain.

A 74-year-old woman was seen by her primary care physician for dull epigastric and right upper quadrant abdominal pain of 1-year duration. Routine laboratory values were within normal limits. The patient underwent ultrasonography of the abdomen, and 2 cystic lesions were discovered in the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed 2 multiloculated cystic lesions in segments IV and V of the liver (Figure, A). Additional laboratory values included normal carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 19-9 levels. Percutaneous aspiration with a biopsy of one of the cystic lesions was performed that revealed atypical cells suspicious for malignancy. The patient was then referred for management to our institution, where she underwent an exploratory laparotomy and enucleation of these 2 complex multiloculated cystic lesions (Figure, B).
The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer.

Abstract Estrogens, including diethylstilbestrol (DES), were used as the primary medical treatment for metastatic prostate cancer for many years but have been superceded in the past two decades by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, primarily because of the cardiovascular toxicity associated with oral estrogen therapy. Recently, a renewed interest in estrogen therapy for prostate cancer in the United States has developed as a result of 3 major issues. First, when measured by declines in prostate-specific antigen of ≥ 50%, clinical trials have demonstrated activity of DES, DES diphosphate, and the estrogenic herbal therapy PC-SPES in 21%–86% of patients treated in phase II trials of androgen-independent prostate cancer patients. Second, the recent description of estrogen receptor (ER)-β has led to a reevaluation of the role of estrogens i normal prostate development and cancer pathogenesis. In contrast to ER-α, ER-β is strongly expressed in normal prostate epithelium. Furthermore, loss of ER-β expression has been demonstrated in prostate cancers, suggesting a possible role for this pathway in the development of cancer. Finally, the issues of cost and safety of estrogens are being reassessed in the current environment of rising health care costs and improved cardiovascular care. In Europe, estrogen therapy is more accepted as a low-cost and effective alternative to LHRH agonists and antiandrogens. Toxicity of DES and other estrogens has also been attenuated by strategies that use lower doses and parenteral routes of administration, thereby avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism and decreasing the risk of thromboembolism. Nonetheless, there remain many unanswered questions about the role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer, including differences between specific drugs, optimal dose, timing, and patient selection. Further research is needed.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Thymine-Thymine Adduct

Thymine-thymine adduct is a product isolated from thymine irradiated with ultraviolet light in frozen aqueous solution. This compound is presumably formed through the rearrangement of an initial photoproduct. Single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis has confirmed the molecular formula of the adduct, 5-hydroxy-6-49-(59-methylpyrimid-29-one)-dihydrothymine, except for the possibility of a hydrogen atom on the 39 nitrogren rather than the 19 nitrogen, and has established the stereoconfiguration of the molecule.
Evaluation of the Relative Ureide Content of Xylem Sap as an Indicator of N2 Fixation in Soybeans: GREENHOUSE STUDIES

The use of the relative ureide content of xylem sap [(ureide-N/total N) × 100] as an indicator of N 2 fixation in soybeans (Merr.) was examined under greenhouse conditions. Acetylene treatments to inhibit N 2 fixation were imposed upon the root systems of plants totally dependent upon N 2 fixation as their source of N and of plants dependent upon both N 2 fixation and uptake of exogenous nitrate. Significant decreases in the total N concentration of xylem sap from plants of the former type were observed, but no significant decrease was observed in the total N concentration of sap from the latter type of plants. In both types of plants, acetylene treatment caused significant decreases in the relative ureide content of xylem sap. The results provided further support for a link between the presence of ureides in the xylem and the occurrence of N 2 fixation in soybeans. The relative ureide content of xylem sap from plants totally dependent upon N 2 fixation was shown to be insensitive to changes in the exudation rate and total N concentration of xylem sap brought about by diurnal changes in environmental factors. There was little evidence of soybean cultivars or nodulating strains affecting the relative ureide content of xylem sap. `Ransom9 soybeans nodulated with Rhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 were grown under conditions to obtain plants exhibiting a wide range of dependency upon N 2 fixation. The relative ureide content of xylem sap was shown to indicate reliably the N 2 fixation of these plants during vegetative growth using a 15 N method to measure N 2 fixation activity. The use of the relative ureide content of xylem sap for quantification of N 2 fixation in soybeans should be evaluated further.
On Adaptive Contention Management Strategies for Software Transactional Memory

Software Transaction Memory (STM) is an alternative synchronization method to the traditional lock-based schemes. In an STM system, the contention manager(CM) decides what action to take when a conflict occurs. CM is crucial to the performance of STM systems. However, the performance of existing CMs is sensitive to the transaction workloads and STM configurations. A static policy is therefore unsatisfactory. In this paper, we argue that adaptive contention manager (ACM) is necessary and feasible. We further present an ACM policy that can adaptively choose a suitable CM during run-time. We prove that our adaptation strategy preserves live-lock (starvation) freedom as long as the pool of CMs to adapt from contains at least one live-lock free (starvation free) CM. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach can choose proper CMs and achieves higher average throughput than existing static CM strategies.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR LONG-TIME WATER WAVE PROPAGATION OVER RAPIDLY VARYING BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY

We study numerically the linear water wave equations for shallow channels with rapidly varying bottom topography. We do not use the shallow water approximation because it is not valid when the bottom is rapidly varying. We use the boundary element method because it allows accurate tracking of the surface waves for long times. We present the results of a range of numerical validation experiments and a comparison between propagation over a periodic and a random rough bottom topography.
Robust control synthesis with uncertain initial state

A state-space approach to the synthesis of a controller is formulated in terms of a matrix inequality. Real parametric uncertainty, unknown initial state, and exogenous disturbance on the output are considered in the synthesis of a linear fixed-order controller. By considering a trade-off between transient performance and disturbance attenuation, a synthesis technique for performance robust control is given in terms of a bilinear matrix inequality.
Comparison of the Reflexes Elicited from Combined or Separate Stimulation of the Aortic and Carotid Chemoreceptors on Myocardial Contractility, Cardiac Output and Systemic Resistance

Changes in left ventricular performance, stroke volume, and peripheral vascular resistance were studied in dogs after combined and separate stimulation of the aortic and carotid chemoreceptors. Selective stimulation of the aortic chemoreceptors produced an immediate increase in myocardial contractility as judged by the force developed by a strain gauge arch sewn into the left ventricular myocardium and by changes in the first derivative of the left ventricular pressure. Similar results were seen when heart rate changes were prevented by prior administration of atropine, when changes in outflow impedance were prevented by previous blockade of the alpha-adrenergic receptors, and when there was combined chemoreceptor stimulation. Beta-adrenergic blockade prevented the increase in myocardial contractility observed after chemoreceptor stimulation. With selective carotid chemoreceptor stimulation there was no significant change in contractility. Aortic chemoreceptor stimulation increased the heart rate and peripheral vascular resistance, while stroke volume decreased; carotid chemoreceptor stimulation slowed the heart rate and increased the stroke volume, but not change peripheral vascular resistance.
Ontogeny of Local Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Signals in Cerebral Arteries : Ca2+ Sparks as Elementary Physiological Events

Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a key element of excitation-contraction coupling in muscle. In arterial smooth muscle, Ca2+ release through RyRs activates Ca2+-sensitive K+ (KCa) channels to oppose vasoconstriction. Local Ca2+ transients ("Ca2+ sparks"), apparently caused by opening of clustered RyRs, have been observed in smooth and striated muscle. We explored the fundamental issue of whether RyRs generate Ca2+ sparks to regulate arterial smooth muscle tone by examining the function of RyRs during ontogeny of arteries in the brain. In the present study, Ca2+ sparks were measured using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Diameter and arterial wall [Ca2+] measurements obtained from isolated pressurized arteries were also used in this study to provide functional insights. Neonatal arteries (<1 day postnatal), although still proliferative, have the molecular components for excitation-contraction coupling, including functional voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, RyRs, and KCa channels and also constrict to elevations in intravascular pressure. Despite having functional RyRs, Ca2+ spark frequency in intact neonatal arteries was approximately 1/100 of adult arteries. In marked contrast to adult arteries, neonatal arteries did not respond to inhibitors of RyRs and KCa channels. These results support the hypothesis that RyRs organize during postnatal development to cause Ca2+ sparks, and RyRs must generate Ca2+ sparks to regulate the function of the intact tissue.
Identification of low productivity sites for European larch (Larix decidua Miller) in Maine, USA

As silvicultural capital becomes limited, allocation of funds to high quality sites becomes critical and sites with low productivity potential should be avoided. Data collected from 31 plots located in 12 plantations established between 1930 and 1982 throughout central Maine were used to develop a soil-based rule to identify sites having a low productivity potential for European larch in Maine, thereby removing them from consideration for plantation establishment. Stepwise regression and discriminant analyses identified several variables that were associated with site index at an index age of 20 years breast height (SI20): solum thickness, B horizon clay content, and B horizon exchangeable K. Using these variables, a classification rule was developed to classify sites into 2 categories (poor, average SI20=14.7 m; and good, average SI20=17.7 m). Cross-validation demonstrated that the classification functions correctly identified 88% of the poor sites and 81% of the good sites.
Current Status of Endoscopic and Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery

Doctor C. Walton Lillehei and his colleagues set a standard for innovation and new technology development in cardiac surgery. Robotic mitral valve surgery has taken a similar translational course proffered by Lillehei. We evaluated 341 video-assisted and 100 da Vinci robotic mitral repairs done at East Carolina University between 1996 and 2004. The 30-day mortality was 2.2% and 1% for the video-assisted and robotic series, respectively. Complex anterior and posterior leaflet repairs were performed in both cohorts. Repair results were excellent. For the da Vinci group there was a clear learning curve, with repair, perfusion, and aortic cross-clamp times falling significantly (p < 0.05). This reports suggests that robotic and endoscopic minimally invasive mitral surgery could evolve to become the standard of care.
The binding energy of a Schwarzschild sphere in D space-time dimensions

We calculate the binding energy of a Schwarzschild gas sphere in D space time dimensions. To the post-Newtonian approximation we demonstrate that the interior Schwarzschild solution does not exhibit an instability before the Schwarzschild radius is reached for D = 4. For D = 5, 6 we find binding energy is negativ to the post-Newtonian approximation. Extending the approximation to the post-post-Newtonian approximation we find that the post-post-Newtonian contribution to the binding energy of a Schwarzschild gas sphere is positive for the cases D = 4, 5, 6. The effect of the post-post-Newtonian contribution to the binding energy on the stability of higher dimensional gas spheres is discussed.
Multilocus linkage analysis with the human argininosuccinate synthetase gene

Abstract We have identified three restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) from within the argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) gene which maps to human chromosome 9q34-qter. Although RFLPs at pseudogene loci are detected by the cDNA, these are the first polymorphisms reported at the ASS locus. The three RFLPs are in linkage equilibrium with each other, and haplotypes for the ASS locus are highly informative. Two-locus recombination estimates between ASS and seven other 9q markers indicated that ASS is closest to the ABO blood group with a recombination fraction of 0.04 (0.005–0.11). A multilocus lod score analysis with these seven 9q markers indicated that ASS maps between ABL and MCT136 close to ABO, but it is uncertain if ASS is centromeric or telomeric to ABO.
In vivo measurement of local biomarker concentrations

The reaction has been explored in vitro in solution and the results for a DNA target are provided in Fig. 2. The 24 base pair DNA target can be found with 100 pM sensitivity. Shorter 20 base pair DNA target molecules bound the NPs together with less affinity so the sensitivity is only 2 nM. DNA molecules with incorrect sequencing produced no change in the MSB signal. Thrombin can also be measured with 4 nM sensitivity and streptavidin with 150 pM sensitivity. These proof of concept experiments demonstrate that the method is feasible for hormone concentrations.
Rain-induced vibration

The purely longitudinal response of an elastic rod structural model of a space vehicle moving through rain at a constant velocity has been calculated. A statistical model and a related deterministic model which describe the rain-induced force on the nose of the space vehicle are formulated. These models are used to predict first- and second-order statistical properties of the excitation and response. Results show that the average force due to the raindrops in a typical weather encounter is small compared to the atmospheric drag. It is further found that the structural response is dominated by frequencies in the 1 MHz regime. A comparison between the responses of the rod theory which allows only longitudinal motion and that which includes the effects of radial inertia and radial shear suggests that the simpler theory provides an upper bound on the axial response of a rod cross section.
LER E ESCREVER MATEMÁTICA: DESAFIOS PARA O ENSINO DE MATEMÁTICA NA MODALIDADE A DISTÂNCIA

O presente trabalho relata um estudo de caso cujo cenario e um Curso de formacao de professores de Matematica na modalidade a distância. Para a efetiva realizacao construimos um referencial teorico que norteou questoes intrinsecas ao ensino a distância e ao ensino e aprendizagem de matematica. Partindo do pressuposto epistemologico que a construcao do conhecimento matematico, sobretudo em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagens (AVAs) esta relacionada a leitura e escrita matematica. Portanto reforcamos nossa fundamentacao teorica nesta etapa. Apos a tecitura de problematizacoes inerentes a educacao a distância (EAD) e ao ensino de matematica ligado ao pressuposto supramencionado, apresentamos as observacoes e analises que constituimos no desenrolar do estudo. Para sua efetivacao analisamos os registros escritos dos foruns das disciplinas, que ocorreram no segundo semestre de dois mil e onze. Tais registros constituiram o corpus de pesquisa. Os individuos envolvidos foram os alunos, professores e tutores, que em conjunto compoem a malha de participantes do curso. Tecemos as analises de maneira qualitativa, a luz da analise textual discursiva (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2007). Encontramos conclusoes provisorias relativas a escrita matematica em AVAs. Dentre estes apontamentos, percebemos que a escrita matematica pode ganhar uma simbologia propria dentro da conjuntura do curso, diferindo-se daquela convencionada pelos livros. Por outro lado, tambem foi observado que quando o suporte permite, os simbolos matematicos ja conhecidos e utilizados em outras circunstâncias sao empregados. Indicamos resultados preliminares que certamente devem ser aprofundados e debatidos por outros pesquisadores. Palavras-chave : Matematica; EAD; Letramento Matematico.
Incisor Crowding in Untreated Persons 15–50 Years of Age: United States, 1988–1994

The purpose of this study was to (1) describe the prevalence of mandibular incisor irregularity (II) among untreated adults in the United States and (2) evaluate the factors explaining individual differences in II. Data were derived for a random sample of 9044 individuals (49% male and 51% female; 35% Mexican American, 34% black, and 31% white) between 15 and 50 years of age collected as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Although the differences were small (0.5 mm), males had significantly greater II than did females; blacks showed less II than did whites (0.9 mm) and Mexican Americans (1.1 mm). Family income was negatively related with II. Incisor irregularity increased in a curvilinear fashion with age, with the greatest increases occurring during early adulthood. Although the number of premolars and molars (first and second) were positively related with II, the presence of third molars had a negative effect on II. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses showed that the ethnicity, the number of first and second molars, sex, and age combined to explain differences in II. Odds ratios were relatively low, indicating that these factors explained relatively small amounts of between-subject variation. We conclude that (1) approximately 50% of individuals in the United States who were 15-50 years of age have little or no II, 23% have moderate II, and 17% have severe irregularity, (2) erupted third molars are not associated with increased crowding, (3) crowding increases most during early adulthood, and (4) although individual differences in crowding are multifactorial, the primary determinants remain unidentified.
Bilateral ureteral meatal obstruction after ureteroneocystostomy

Anuria due to complete obstruction at the level of the ureteral meatus was encountered after bilateral ureteral reimplantation. The cause was thought to be due, at least in part, to excessive length of distal ureter drawn into the submucosal tunnel. At reoperation, both ureteral meatus were found to be stenotic and to project intravesically. Bilateral ureteral meatotomy was performed and proved to be curative.
Antinuclear autoantibodies in flaky skin (fsn) mutant mice.

Mice homozygous for the flaky skin ( fsn ) single gene mutation have a severe hyperproliferative disease resulting complex phenotype, which includes widespread inflammation and autoimmunity. Flaky skin mice have several serological and pathological features that share similarities with the human systemic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Analyses of the antinuclear and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in fsn / fsn mice indicate that they are low titer IgG antibodies. These low titer anti-dsDNA autoantibodies can ultimately form immune complex deposition in the glomeruli associated kidney damage. IgE antibodies were identified in the immune complex deposition, however their role in the pathology is not determined. It is hypothesized that the mechanism of autoantibody production and autoimmune disease pathogenesis in mice homozygous for the fsn mutation is initiated by non-specific polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes resulting in the synthesis of low affinity autoantibodies.
A kinetic study of the reaction between di-h5-cyclopentadienyltungsten dihydride and benzotrichloride

Abstract The reaction of di-h5-cyclopentadienyltungsten dihydride with benzotrichloride proceeds to produce as the only observed products di-h5-cyclopentadienyltungsten dichloride and benzal chloride. The reaction was shown to be first order with respect to Cp2WH2. The relative rate of reaction increases substantially with the use of 3,4-dichlorobenzotrichloride in place of benzotrichloride as the oxidizing agent.
Genesis of Pre–Hurricane Felix (2007). Part II: Warm Core Formation, Precipitation Evolution, and Predictability

Abstract This is the second of a two-part study examining the simulated formation of Atlantic Hurricane Felix (2007) in a cloud-representing framework. Here several open issues are addressed concerning the formation of the storm’s warm core, the evolution and respective contribution of stratiform versus convective precipitation within the parent wave’s pouch, and the sensitivity of the development pathway reported in Part I to different model physics options and initial conditions. All but one of the experiments include ice microphysics as represented by one of several parameterizations, and the partition of convective versus stratiform precipitation is accomplished using a standard numerical technique based on the high-resolution control experiment. The transition to a warm-core tropical cyclone from an initially cold-core, lower tropospheric wave disturbance is analyzed first. As part of this transformation process, it is shown that deep moist convection is sustained near the pouch center. Both convecti...
Long-term low-protein, low-calorie diet and endurance exercise modulate metabolic factors associated with cancer risk

BACKGROUND Western diets, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles are associated with increased cancer risk. The mechanisms responsible for this increased risk, however, are not clear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that long-term low protein, low calorie intake and endurance exercise are associated with low concentrations of plasma growth factors and hormones that are linked to an increased risk of cancer. DESIGN Plasma growth factors and hormones were evaluated in 21 sedentary subjects, who had been eating a low-protein, low-calorie diet for 4.4 +/- 2.8 y (x +/- SD age: 53.0 +/- 11 y); 21 endurance runners matched by body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2); and 21 age- and sex-matched sedentary subjects eating Western diets. RESULTS BMI was lower in the low-protein, low-calorie diet (21.3 +/- 3.1) and runner (21.6 +/- 1.6) groups than in the Western diet (26.5 +/- 2.7; P < 0.005) group. Plasma concentrations of insulin, free sex hormones, leptin, and C-reactive protein were lower and sex hormone-binding globulin was higher in the low-protein, low-calorie diet and runner groups than in the sedentary Western diet group (all P < 0.05). Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and the concentration ratio of IGF-I to IGF binding protein 3 were lower in the low-protein, low-calorie diet group (139 +/- 37 ng/mL and 0.033 +/- 0.01, respectively) than in the runner (177 +/- 37 ng/mL and 0.044 +/- 0.01, respectively) and sedentary Western (201 +/- 42 ng/mL and 0.046 +/- 0.01, respectively) diet groups (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Exercise training, decreased adiposity, and long-term consumption of a low-protein, low-calorie diet are associated with low plasma growth factors and hormones that are linked to an increased risk of cancer. Low protein intake may have additional protective effects because it is associated with a decrease in circulating IGF-I independent of body fat mass.
Transcriptional Organization and Regulation of the l-Idonic Acid Pathway (GntII System) in Escherichia coli

The genetic organization of the idn genes that encode the pathway for l-idonate catabolism was characterized. The monocistronic idnK gene is transcribed divergently from the idnDOTR genes, which were shown to form an operon. The 215-bp regulatory region between the idnK and idnD genes contains promoters in opposite orientation with transcription start sites that mapped to positions −26 and −29 with respect to the start codons. The regulatory region also contains a single putative IdnR/GntR binding site centered between the two promoters, a CRP binding site upstream of idnD, and an UP element upstream of idnK. The genes of the l-idonate pathway were shown to be under catabolite repression control. Analysis of idnD- and idnK-lacZ fusions in a nonpolar idnD mutant that is unable to interconvert l-idonate and 5-ketogluconate indicated that either compound could induce the pathway. The l-idonate pathway was first characterized as a subsidiary pathway for d-gluconate catabolism (GntII), which is induced by d-gluconate in a GntI (primary gluconate system) mutant. Here we showed that the idnK and idnD operons are induced by d-gluconate in a GntI system mutant, presumably by endogenous formation of 5-ketogluconate from d-gluconate. Thus, the regulation of the GntII system is appropriate for this pathway, which is primarily involved in l-idonate catabolism; the GntII system can be induced by d-gluconate under conditions that block the GntI system.
Effect of multiple non-coincident impacts on residual properties of glass/epoxy laminates

A series of low-velocity drop-weight tests were conducted on glass/epoxy laminates to study the effect of multiple non-coincident impacts on residual compression and flexural properties. The impact characteristics and residual properties were recorded to determine the damage tolerance to various impact energies and impact separation distances. A flexure after impact method was also developed and compared to the compression after impact test. Experimental results were combined with a finite element model of the test. The damaged region was modeled as an elastic inclusion of reduced stiffness resulting in a stress concentration that was used to predict residual strength. Post-impact tests and stress analyses revealed that damage size, inclusion stiffness, and strength reduction were sensitive to impact energy and impact separation distances. Multiple impacts at larger distances create distinct, non-interacting damage regions that cause no more reduction in residual properties than the damage regions from a ...
Lunar Prospector: developing a very low cost planetary mission

Lunar Prospector, the first competitively selected planetary mission in NASA's Discovery Program, is described with emphasis on the lessons learned from managing a very low cost project. Insights into government-industry teaming, project management, contractual arrangements, schedule and budget reserve approach are discussed. The mission is conducting an orbital survey of the Moon's composition and structure. A mission overview and scientific data return is briefly described in the context of low cost mission development. The suite of five instruments is outlined: neutron spectrometer (NS), alpha particle spectrometer (APS), gamma ray spectrometer (GRS), magnetometer (MAG) and an electron reflectometer (ER). Scientific requirements and measurement approaches to detect water ice to a sensitivity of 50 ppm (hydrogen), measure key elemental constituents, detect gas release events and accurately map the Moon's gravitational and magnetic fields are described.
Monetary Calculation and Mises's Critique of Planning

Over the last decade or so, there has been a renewed interest in the problems of economic calculation under socialism and a rethinking of the classic socialist calculation debate of the interwar era. A great deal of this work has been stimulated by Don Lavoie's (1985) reinterpretation of the debate that suggested a fundamental misunderstanding of the Austrian argument. In addition, the general growth of interest in Austrian economics since the mid-1970s, as well as the increasingly obvious failures of the so-called planned economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, surely has played a role in the increased attention paid to these topics. Although the general consensus of the literature since Lavoie's book has been that the Austrians were largely correct,l not all of the writers have understood the full depth of the Mises-Hayek argument and its
Effect of an Electrostatic Space Charge System on Airborne Dust and Subsequent Potential Transmission of Microorganisms to Broiler Breeder Pullets by Airborne Dust

High levels of dust and microorganisms are known to be associated with animal confinement rearing facilities. Many of the microorganisms are carried by dust particles, thus providing an excellent vector for horizontal disease transmission between birds. Two environmentally controlled rooms containing female broiler breeder pullets (n = 300) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of an electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) in reducing airborne dust and gram-negative bacteria levels over an 8-wk period (starting when the birds were 10 wk old). The ESCS was used to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing airborne microorganism levels by charging airborne dust particles and causing the particles to be attracted to grounded surfaces (i.e., walls, floor, equipment). The use of the ESCS resulted in a 64% mean reduction in gram-negative bacteria. Airborne dust levels were reduced an average of 37% over a 1-wk period in the experimental room compared with the control room on the basis of samples taken every 10 min. The reductions of airborne dust and bacteria in this study are comparable with earlier results obtained with the ESCS in commercial hatching cabinets and experimental caged layer rooms, suggesting the system could also be applied to other types of enclosed animal housing.