cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monoamine neurotransmitters in diffuse reversible forebrain ischemia and early recirculation: Increased dopaminergic activity

Regional levels of brain monoamines and their metabolites were examined in a rat model of reversible and diffuse forebrain ischemia with and without reperfusion. During ischemia, blood flow decreased by 87 to 95%, but recovered to control values during recirculation. Norepinephrine and serotonin decreased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus during ischemia and diminished further during recirculation. On the other hand, dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, which were not much affected by ischemia, increased markedly in the cerebral cortex and striatum during recirculation, with a decrease in the ratio of dopamine to its metabolites. These results suggest central dopaminergic hyperactivity during recirculation, which may be related to the selective vulnerability of the striatum in similar models of reversible forebrain ischemia.
Multilayer Rayleigh–Benard Instability via Shooting Method

In recent papers by Catton and Lienhard (1984) and Lienhard (1987), consideration has been given to the Rayleigh-Benard stability problem for the multilayer situation interspersed with conductive solid walls, with possible application to solar collectors. The present note is concerned with pointing out and illustrating that this multilayer problem is readily amenable to a shooting technique. A general treatment of such an approach is given by Roberts and Shipman (1972), whereas examples of its application to hydrodynamic stability problems can be found, in e.g., Harris and Reid (1964) and Hieber and Gebhart (1971).
School Attendance, Child Labour, and Remittances from International Migration in El Salvador

International migrant remittances can increase household budget and reduce liquidity constraint problems, generating consumption and investment opportunities for recipient households. In particular...
Small fatigue crack growth in metallic materials: A model and its application to engineering alloys

Characterization of the growth behavior of small fatigue cracks is important for materials used in structurally demanding applications such as aircraft turbine discs and some automotive engine components. Here, we present a general, dislocation-based fracture mechanics approach to predict the growth rate of small fatigue cracks in metallic materials. The applicability of the model to the small fatigue crack growth behavior of four engineering alloys was examined. Small fatigue cracks were initiated and propagated, in a controlled manner, from micronotches fabricated by femtosecond pulsed laser micromachining. The results suggest that a methodology consisting of crack-tip damage accumulation and fracture provides a common framework to estimate the fatigue crack propagation lifetime of structural materials.
Nonlinear Thermal Model of Circular Foil Heat Flux Gauges

*† ‡ § ** This paper presents the solution to a non-linear model of a circular foil heat flux gage which is exposed to a blackbody source in a vacuum environment. This is the scenario typically used to calibrate a circular foil heat flux gage. The non-linear model is solved using a Green’s function approach. This approach results in an integral equation for the steadystate temperature profile in the gage, which is solved using the method of successive approximations. A relationship between the incident radiative heat flux and the temperature profile is developed using this model. This relationship is compared to previously published relationships which were derived using linear models. The first and simplest linear model neglects emission from the foil. The second linear model is obtained by linearizing the emissive power of the gage. It is shown that these linear models only produce accurate results when the gage design and operating conditions result in a nearly uniform foil temperature. A procedure based on the non-linear model is proposed for optimizing the design of a circular foil heat flux gage. A calibration procedure based on the non-linear model is also proposed.
Microprobes for highly localized cooling/heating applications

This paper reports a microfabricated array of probes suitable for highly localized temperature manipulation (cooling or heating) or temperature manipulation of micro- sized subject. These microprobes were fabricated with `LIGA' (German acronym for Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung) process--one of the MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) technologies. The LIGA technology is based on X-ray lithography and electroplating and suitable for making high- aspect-ratio metal or alloy structures with aspect-ratio up to 100 times. The array of microprobes with a height of 1000 m was fabricated on the top surface of a conventional electronic cooling device based on Peltier effect. Electrical current supplied to the cooling chip causes a cooling effect and thermal conduct effect of the microprobes carries the heat from the sample subject to be cooled to the cooling chip surface. A one-stage semiconductor-cooling device with a maximum temperature difference of 20 degree(s)C was used. It was found that the maximum temperature difference that could be achieved was very close to the temperature at the surface of the electronic device and the difference is small.
Angular distribution of two observed hadrons in electron-position annihilation

I discuss the angular structure of the cross section fore ++e −→A+B+X and the closely related energy-energy correlation function.
Incentive Contracting under Limited Liability

We examine the nature of incentive schemes between the principal and the risk-neutral agent in the presence of the agent's limited liability and ex ante action choice. We consider alternative schemes when a simple rental contract is infeasible due to the limited liability of the agent and study the effectiveness of a performance bonus scheme in achieving the first-best outcome. We also discuss some implications of such schemes in real practices.
Degenerately doped InGaBiAs:Si as a highly conductive and transparent contact material in the infrared range

We demonstrate molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown degenerately doped InGaBiAs:Si as a new transparent contact material usable from the near-infrared (near-IR) to the mid-infrared (mid-IR). This material system can exhibit high transparency over large portions of the 1.3-12.5 μm wavelength range, with the exact transparency windows determined by the material carrier concentration. As a comparison, the transmittance of the more conventional IR contact material, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), drops rapidly for wavelengths longer than 1.5 μm. The conductivity of InGaBiAs:Si is also much higher than ITO due to its high doping concentration and good mobility. Our transmission spectra are modeled using a transfer matrix formalism, and the resulting modeled IR transmission spectra closely match our experimental results with proper choice of two fitting parameters, the material plasma frequency and the scattering rate.
Carotid artery thrombosis and delayed stroke associated with the use of a shoulder belt in a teenager.

Abstract Blunt carotid artery injury caused by shoulder belts is rare and requires a high index of suspicion to diagnose before the onset of neurologic sequelae. Neurologic abnormalities may be erroneously attributed to concomitant head trauma, and the onset of neurologic abnormalities may be delayed for hours or days. The case of a young, teenaged driver with a "seatbelt sign" and presentation of signs and symptoms of carotid artery thrombosis 13 days after injury is described. Occult vascular injury should be suspected if neurologic deterioration occurs after a lucid interval and/or computed tomography of the head is inconsistent with neurologic findings. Screening criteria and possible screening modalities are discussed.
Estimation of integral mixed surface curvature from vertical metallographic sections

Abstract The integral mixed curvature Q V of a population of surfaces in a microstructure is defined as follows. Q v = ∫ ∫ [3(K 1 ) 2 +2K 1 K 2 +3(K 2 ) 2 ] d s/4. The integration is over all surface elements of interest in a unit volume of microstructure. K 1 and K 2 are the principal normal curvatures of a surface element of area d s . A new stereological relationship is derived for the estimation of integral mixed curvature, Q V , of population of smooth surfaces from the measurements on the vertical metallographic sections. On the vertical sections, sample the boundary elements by using vertical straight test lines, and measure curvature k of only those boundary elements that intersect these test lines. From these data, compute the sum of the square of the curvatures, and divide it by the total test line length. Let [ k 2 ] L be the average value of this parameter in the vertical sections. It is shown that, Q v =2[ k 2 ] L . The stereological relationship is geometrically general and it is applicable to any arbitrary collection of smooth surfaces.
Ion-induced surface relaxation: controlled bending and alignment of nanowire arrays

It is a well-known fact that a sphere offers less surface area, and thus less surface energy, than any other arrangement of the same volume. From this perspective, all other shapes are metastable objects. In this paper, we present and discuss a manifestation of this metastability: the spontaneous alignment of free-standing amorphous nanowires towards, and ultimately parallel to, a flux of directional ion irradiation. The behavior expected from surface energy reduction is the opposite of that predicted by both theory and experiment regarding defect generation in crystalline nanowires, but is consistent with other observations on non-crystalline materials. We verify our expectations by bending and aligning finely stranded amorphous silica nanowires, noting that such nanostructures are particularly susceptible to bending through ion-induced surface energy reduction. We offer support for this mechanism through bending rate studies, thermal annealing experiments and mathematical modeling. Experimentally, we also demonstrate selective reorientation of nanowires in patterned areas, as well as conformal coating of reoriented arrays with functional materials. These capabilities offer the prospect of exploiting engineered surface anisotropies in optical, fluidic and micromechanical applications.
A Fifty‐Year Perspective on the Indian Reorganization Act

The achievement of John Collier, commissioner of Indian Affairs under Franklin Delano Roosevelt and father of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), has been increasingly ignored or denigrated by the anthropological profession, upon whose advice Collier relied to reverse the nation's Indian policy and resuscitate the inherent powers of Indian tribes. I assert that but for the IRA, Indian tribal governments would probably not exist today. I also attempt to refute those critics who assert (1) that the U.S. government imposed elective systems on the Indians against their will; (2) that even though Indian voters may have voted to accept the IRA, the vast majority indicated their rejection of the act by not voting at all; (3) that IRA governments are “puppet” governments; and (4) that Indians have lost independence and freedom as a result of the IRA. The tribal structures created or revived by the IRA are now vigorous and growing in power and authority, and I postulate that with the growth among anthropologists of a “resistance model” of Indian. White relations and the gradual repudiation of the assimilationist model held by most anthropologists 50 years ago, Collier's policy of locating tribal autonomy within the federal system of government rather than in resistance to it came to be seen as a “cop-out” by anthropologists who failed to realize that without the policy Indian tribal governments would probably soon have ceased to exist.
Calmodulin-induced early-onset diabetes in transgenic mice

Abstract Calmodulin is implicated as the primary transducer of the calcium signal in pancreatic β cells, where it is present at very high concentrations. We have produced three lines of transgenic mice carrying a calmodulin minigene regulated by the rat insulin II promoter. Immunohistochemistry and hybridization analyses indicated a 5-fold increase in the content of calmodulin and its mRNA in β cells. Transgenic mice developed severe diabetes within hours of birth. The diabetes was progressive and characterized by elevated blood glucose and glucagon that coincided with reduced serum and pancreatic insulin. The disease appears to have both secretory and cell destruction components. β Cell pathology was evident in the diabetic neonate but not in the fetus, suggesting that the early onset of diabetes exacerbated possible toxic effects of excess calmodulin. These animals provide a new diabetes model to evaluate how abnormal calcium homeostasis alters the carefully programmed secretory activity and development of the β cell.
Generic Fluid Milk Advertising, Demand Expansion, and Supply Response: The Case of New York City

A transfer function was used to estimate the fluid milk demand equation of New York City. The consumption effect of a generic fluid milk advertising program in the city was found to be positive and statistically significant. The resulting higher blend price of milk was found to have a negligible effect on the subsequent supply of milk. Though being successful in generating positive returns on advertising it was found that a 35% reduction in the advertising expenditures would have been optimal in the marginal sense.
Quality-adjusted output cost economies of US adult versus paediatric physical therapy production

With rapid population ageing and continuing proliferation of diseases limiting physical mobility and flexibility, timely research is needed on the operational economics of US physical therapy clinics at the disaggregated level (e.g., adult versus paediatric). This is because of potential variations in the cost economies, reimbursement structures and quality-adjusted outcome mandates of the reformed health care system. As such, the production technology structure and resource use flexibility implications in adult compared with paediatric physical therapy would tend to differ. Specifying a Generalized Translog (GTL) cost-minimization model, the core innovation in this article is investigating the cost structure differences between ‘for-profit’ adult and paediatric physical therapy operations. Using a uniquely rich data set of 4552 bi-weekly, site-specific operations across 27 US states with measurements on output, labour inputs (clinical, technicians, support staff) and capital, we separately model the econ...
Infrared imaging of buried objects by thermal step-function excitations.

Sudden heating or cooling of a surface, by turning on or off radiation flux on the surface, is used as a means of enhancing the detection capability of buried objects by thermal infrared imaging. An experimental analysis of a sand-surface temperature is presented as a function of a buried object’s composition and depth, and it is compared with theoretical simulations. Object identification by means of the geometry of isothermal contours and the rate of change of the surface temperature with radiant flux is discussed.
Protocol-Driven Emergency Department Observation Units Offer Savings, Shorter Stays, And Reduced Admissions

Many patients who seek emergency department (ED) treatment are not well enough for immediate discharge but are not clearly sick enough to warrant full inpatient admission. These patients are increasingly treated as outpatients using observation services. Hospitals employ four basic approaches to observation services, which can be categorized by the presence or absence of a dedicated observation unit and of defined protocols. To understand which approach might have the greatest impact, we compared 2010 data from three sources: a case study of observation units in Atlanta, Georgia; statewide discharge data for Georgia; and national survey and discharge data. Compared to patients receiving observation services elsewhere in the hospital, patients cared for in “type 1” observation units—dedicated units with defined protocols—have a 23–38 percent shorter length-of-stay, a 17–44 percent lower probability of subsequent inpatient admission, and $950 million in potential national cost savings each year. Furthermore...
In vitro phosphorylation of purified tobacco-leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

C3-leaf phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC) was purified about 1,000-fold from tobacco and displayed a final specific activity of 35 mumol/min/mg protein, an apparent Km (total PEP) of 95 muM [corrected] (both at pH 8.0, 30 degrees C), and an I50(L-malate) value of 0.14 mM at pH 7.3, 0.2 mM PEP. The rapid, 5-step protocol involved polyethylene glycol fractionation and sequential FPLC on hydroxylapatite, phenyl-Sepharose, Mono Q and Superose 12. The electrophoretically pure protein and purified C4-leaf PEPC were phosphorylated in vitro in a reconstituted system with PEPC-kinase isolated from illuminated tobacco and maize leaves. These reciprocal phosphorylation experiments (i) indicate that Ser11 of tobacco PEPC is the likely target residue, situated in the plant-invariant Glu/Asp-Lys/Arg-X-X-Ser phosphorylation motif near the N-terminus, and (ii) lend support to the recent hypothesis that C3-leaf PEPC is subject to regulatory phosphorylation in vivo.
Second virial coefficients for mixed gases of low polarity

Abstract A simple method of calculation is presented for the cross second virial coefficient B12 for mixed gases. It is based on an equation in the acentric factor system and is appropriate for cases where the pure components are normal fluids. While reasonable estimates can be made on the basis of the properties of the components alone, the more important type of application arises when there is one accurate experimental value of B12. Then the equation predicts the entire temperature dependency with comparable precision.
Suicide attempts in veterans with bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium, divalproex, and atypical antipsychotics

Suicide attempt rates were assessed in 1306 subjects in this 6 year retrospective study of Bipolar disorder. Participants were Veterans from 5 different Veterans Administration Hospitals who met criteria for bipolar type 1 or 2 and who had at least one prescription for lithium or divalproex or both during the study period. This study focused on the impact of atypical antipsychotics on the suicide attempt rate when used in addition to or in place of lithium or divalproex. Medication exposure was calculated using computerized pharmacy records. Suicide attempts were established through chart review including emergency room records, inpatient records, and outpatient records. There were a total of 117 suicide attempts and 2 suicide completions during the study period. Most attempts (59%) occurred when patients were on no medications. Nearly 90% of subjects spent an average of 45 months during the 6 year period on none of the aforementioned medications. The lowest percentage of suicide attempts (15%) occurred while on lithium, 21% while on divalproex and 24% while on atypical antipsychotics. When total months of exposure were taken into account, the lowest attempt rate occurred on lithium plus divalproex (6.3 attempts per 10,000 months of exposure), followed by divalproex alone (7.0 attempts/10,000 months of exposure), and lithium alone (7.7 attempts per 10,000 months of exposure). Patients on atypical antipsychotics alone had an attempt rate of 26.1 attempts per 10,000 months of exposure. In this study, lithium and divalproex provided protection against suicide attempts. Results need to be replicated in future prospective studies and clearly strategies for improving medication compliance among veterans are warranted.
Carbon anions and dianion clusters

Abstract The techniques and equipment developed for AMS studies are well suited for identifying exotic negative ions. On learning that double-negative ions consisting of clusters of seven or more carbon atoms were tentatively identified using conventional mass spectrometry, we decided to use the AMS system at the University of Pennsylvania to incontrovertibly confirm the existence of these molecular dianions. Also Coulomb explosion studies have been made in the terminal of our tandem using carbon foils preceding Lexan track detectors to shed light on their structure. Similar, but preliminary searches for polyatomic dianions of Li, B, and Si were unsuccessful. We have also studied the polyatomic anions of several light elements of general interest to the AMS community and, for example, were surprised to observe 14N2−, and 14N3− ions to be stable or to have lifetimes > 10 μs.
Glycoconjugates in normal human kidney - A histochemical study using 13 biotinylated lectins

The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used with 13 lectins to study the glycoconjugates of normal human renal tissue. The evaluated lectins included Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Concanavalin ensiformis (ConA), Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin and erythroagglutinin (PHA-L and PHA-E), Lens culinaris (LCA), Pisum sativum (PSA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Glycine max (SBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia I (BSL-I), Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I) and Ricinus communis I (RCA-I). Characteristic and reproducible staining patterns were observed. WGA and ConA stained all tubules; PHA-L, PHA-E, LCA, PSA stained predominantly proximal tubules; DBA, SBA, PNA, SJA and BSL-I stained predominantly distal portions of nephrons. In glomeruli, WGA and PHA-L stained predominantly visceral epithelial cells; ConA stained predominantly basement membranes and UEA-I stained exclusively endothelial cells. UEA-I also stained endothelial cells of other blood vessels and medullary collecting ducts. Sialidase treatment before staining caused marked changes of the binding patterns of several lectins including a focal loss of glomerular and tubular staining by WGA; an acquired staining of endothelium by PNA and SBA; and of glomeruli by PNA, SBA, PHA-E, LCA, PSA and RCA-I. The known saccharide specificities and binding patterns of the lectins employed in this study allowed some conclusions about the nature and the distribution of the sugar residues in the oligosaccharide chains of renal glycoconjugates. The technique used in this report may be applicable to other studies such as evaluation of normal renal maturation, classification of renal cysts and pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. The observations herein reported may serve as a reference for these studies.
The changing outlook for the patient with hypertension

N THE patient with severe diastolic hypertension, both the vascular deteriorating effects of the disease as well as the beneficial effect of treatment can be demonstrated; and consequently, it is not difficult to defend the indications for drug therapy in these patients. Contrariwise, in patients with mild and uncomplicated hypertension, the beneficial effect of antihypertensive drug therapy is more difficult to determine because of the prolonged follow-up period required. Key questions to be considered are (1) whether the results of treatment indicate that severe hypertension and its various vascular complications can be prevented by treating the patient at an early stage of his disease, and (2) whether the prognosis can be improved by blood pressure control after vascular deterioration has occurred. This communication attempts to evaluate some aspects of these questions as they relate to treatment and therapeutic progress over the past 15 years.
The ultrastructure of striated muscle from Limulus polyphemus.

The fine structure of Limulus polyphemus skeletal muscle has been studied with the electron microscope. The striations were found to consist of A, I and Z bands only; no M lines, H zones, or other striations were observed. In addition mitochondria, sarcolemma, and sarcoplasmic reticulum were figured and described. The myofilament structure seemed to consist of large filaments about 160 A in diameter in the A band, and small filaments, about 30 A in diameter, in the I band. Small filaments were sometimes observed in the A band when the specimen was prepared under tension. When no tension was applied during fixation, cross-bridging material and large filaments only were observed in the A band. An occasional hexagonal pattern of large filaments was also seen in this muscle. It was proposed that Limulus striated muscle represents a structural, biochemical, and physiological type intermediate between “classical” smooth muscle and striated muscle. It was proposed that a double filament structure might serve a function in stretch, rather than as a basis for contraction.
Interference with tolerance induction in mice by poly A:U.

Abstract Poly A:U, a polymer of synthetic polyribonucleotides, interfered with the induction of tolerance to a protein antigen in mice. Administration of poly A:U simultaneously with or 3–12 hr after the injection of tolerogenic BGG prevented the establishment of tolerance as shown by immune elimination of tracer antigen and hemagglutinin response. In contrast, poly A:U administered 24 or 12 hr before or 24 hr after tolerogen had little effect on tolerance induction.
Longitudinal changes in cognition and behavior in asymptomatic carriers of the APOE e4 allele

Objective: To determine whether memory loss is detectable before the symptomatic presentation of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in those at greater genetic risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) based upon presence or absence of the e4 allele of APOE. Methods: Participants were age 50 years or older who responded to newspaper advertisements. A total of 212 cognitively normal individuals of known APOE genotype were initially enrolled in a match paradigm that included e4 homozygotes, e3/4 heterozygotes, and e4 noncarriers in a 1:1:2 ratio (53 sets). Of the original 212 individually matched participants, 180 completed at least two epochs of testing including 45 APOE e4/4 homozygotes, 42 APOE e3/4 heterozygotes, and 93 APOE e4 noncarriers, mean age 60 (±6.2) years. Of these, four developed MCI or AD during the follow-up period and were excluded from analysis. Longitudinal neuropsychological study included two verbal (Auditory Verbal Learning Test [AVLT], Selective Reminding Test [SRT]) and two visual (Complex Figure Test [CFT], Visual Retention Test) memory tests. Results: Multiple measures on both verbal memory tests showed poorer performance over a mean interval of 33 months in e4 carriers than noncarriers: AVLT total learning, long term delayed recall; SRT free and cued recall. Among those age 50 to 59 years, AVLT long term delayed recall, SRT free and cued recall, and CFT recall declined more in APOE e4 carriers. No differences were found in the domains of language, spatial skills, or executive function. Conclusions: Memory declined in APOE e4 carriers before the symptomatic presentation of MCI in a cohort whose mean age was 60 years over a median period of 33 months. The decline began prior to age 60.
A case of de novo partial tetrasomy of distal 6p and review of the literature

We report on a 3-year-old girl with bilateral eyelid colobomas, bulbous nose, blepharophimosis, blepharoptosis, sensorineural hearing loss, atrial septal defect, psychomotor retardation, and growth delay. Cytogenetic analysis showed additional material of unknown origin on the short arm of chromosome 8. Whole chromosome paint FISH identified the additional material to originate from chromosome 6. Subtelomeric metaphase FISH analysis detected a bright signal pattern for the 6p subtelomere probe on the derivative 8 as well as two short arm signals for the normal chromosomes 6. Interphase FISH with the 6p subtelomere probe demonstrated four 6p signals. Interestingly, metaphase FISH with a probe for the 8p subtelomere region demonstrated a signal for 8p just proximal to the translocated material. Comparative genomic hybridization studies confirmed tetrasomy of the 6p subtelomere region from 6p25.1 --> 6p25.3. Thus our patient represents the first reported case of "pure" partial tetrasomy 6p, meaning the tetrasomy was not associated with a significant deletion of chromosome arm 8p. We compare here this case with previously reported cases of partial trisomy 6p and the resulting phenotypes.
Nanostructured scintillating optical fiber prepared via sol-gel technique for detecting gamma radiation

An innovative scintillating material prepared through distributing cesium iodide (CsI) nanocrystals into pores of a transparent nanoporous silica using a sol-gel technology has been developed. The CsI nanocrystals doped porous silica material has been designed and made into an optical fiber by using a patented sol-gel technique. This CsI-doped sol-gel silica optical fiber was conveniently connected to a highly sensitive photon detector in testing the material for detecting gamma radiation. The preliminary test result reported in this Letter clearly demonstrates the feasibility of this scintillating fiber for detecting high-energy radiations.
Extracellular activation of fluorinated aziridinylbenzoquinone in HT29 cells EPR studies

Abstract The plasma membrane of HT29 human colon carcinoma cells was characterized by EPR spectroscopy as the site for redox activation of 3,6-difluoro-2,5- bis (aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (F-DZQ). Supplementation of HT29 cells with F-DZQ yielded an EPR signal ascribed to the semiquinone species; the hyperfine splitting constants of the 11-line spectrum were 1.4 and 1.35 G for a N and a F , respectively. The intensity of the EPR signal was inhibited competitively by potassium ferricyanide, a compound which has no access to the intracellular milieu and used to evaluate transmembrane NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity. The extracellular localization of the signal was confirmed by using chromium trioxalate, a membrane-impermeant spin-broadening agent, which abolished in a concentration-dependent manner the semiquinone signal originating from the metabolism of F-DZQ by HT29 cells. The intensity of the semiquinone signal was decreased by agents which block sulfhydryl groups upon alkylation, fluorodinitrobenzene and p -chloromercuribenzoate, presumably acting on plasma membrane dehydrogenases. Other flavin dehydrogenase inhibitors, such as allopurinol, deprenyl or clorgyline, and d -arginine or N G -methyl- l -arginine did not affect the EPR signal. Conversely, the intensity of the semiquinone signal was increased upon supplementation of HT29 cells with glucose and insulin, which may enhance the intracellular levels of electron donors for the transplasma membrane dehydrogenase activity. The extracellular semiquinone signal was abolished by superoxide dismutase by a mechanism implying displacement of the equilibrium of the autoxidation reaction. Formation of oxygen-centered radicals during this redox activity was evaluated by EPR in conjunction with the spin trap 4-POBN. A composite signal consisting of the spin adducts of methyl, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals was observed (the former arising from hydroxyl radical attack on the quinone solvent, dimethylsulfoxide). The formation of these spin adducts was abolished by superoxide dismutase and their detection became impossible in the presence of the line broadening agent chromiun trioxalate, thus indicating their extracellular formation and localization, respectively. The occurrence of a redox site at the plasma membrane of HT29 cells for the activation of this halogenated aziridinylbenzoquinone is discussed in terms of its significance for intracellular processes and a build-up of oxyradicals in the extracellular milieu.
Emerging interdisciplinary fields in the coming intelligence/convergence era

Dramatic advances are in the horizon resulting from rapid pace of development of several technologies, including, computing, communication, mobile, robotic, and interactive technologies. These advances, along with the trend towards convergence of traditional engineering disciplines with physical, life and other science disciplines will result in the development of new interdisciplinary fields, as well as in new paradigms for engineering practice in the coming intelligence/convergence era (post-information age). The interdisciplinary fields include Cyber Engineering, Living Systems Engineering, Biomechatronics/Robotics Engineering, Knowledge Engineering, Emergent/Complexity Engineering, and Multiscale Systems engineering. The paper identifies some of the characteristics of the intelligence/convergence era, gives broad definition of convergence, describes some of the emerging interdisciplinary fields, and lists some of the academic and other organizations working in these disciplines. The need is described for establishing a Hierarchical Cyber-Physical Ecosystem for facilitating interdisciplinary collaborations, and accelerating development of skilled workforce in the new fields. The major components of the ecosystem are listed. The new interdisciplinary fields will yield critical advances in engineering practice, and help in addressing future challenges in broad array of sectors, from manufacturing to energy, transportation, climate, and healthcare. They will also enable building large future complex adaptive systems-of-systems, such as intelligent multimodal transportation systems, optimized multi-energy systems, intelligent disaster prevention systems, and smart cities.
Cofactor requirements of splicing of purified messenger RNA precursors

The origin and functions of introns in protein coding genes is one of the enigmas of molecular biology. Splicing processes that remove intervening sequences from precursor RNAs must have either predated or co-evolved with introns. Inferences about the origin of introns and the possible modes of regulation of splicing should emerge from an understanding of the bio chemical mechanisms of splicing. The biochemistry of splicing of tRNA1,2 and rRNA3,4 precursors has rapidly advanced with the development of in vitro reactions containing soluble components that duplicate in vivo reactions. We have recently shown that accurate splicing of an adenovirus mRNA precursor occurs during a coupled transcription/splicing reaction in a soluble whole cell extract5. We now report that an exogenous RNA substrate containing the first and second leaders of adenovirus 2 is accurately spliced when added to an extract of HeLa cells. ATP and Mg2+ are essential cofactors for the reaction. The time course of splicing is unusual; a lag of 45 min is observed before the appearance of spliced product.
Probabilistic Analyses for the Performance Characteristics of the Main Bearings in an Operating Engine Due to Variability in Bearing Properties

This paper presents the development of surrogate models (metamodels) for evaluating the bearing performance in an internal combustion engine. The metamodels are employed for performing probabilistic analyses for the engine bearings. The metamodels are developed based on results from a simulation solver computed at a limited number of sample points, which sample the design space. An integrated system-level engine simulation model, consisting of a flexible crankshaft dynamics model and a flexible engine block model connected by a detailed hydrodynamic lubrication model, is employed in this paper for generating information necessary to construct the metamodels. An optimal symmetric Latin hypercube algorithm is utilized for identifying the sampling points based on the number and the range of the variables that are considered to vary in the design space. The development of the metamodels is validated by comparing results from the metamodels with results from the actual simulation models over a large number of evaluation points. Once the metamodels are established they are employed for performing probabilistic analyses. The initial clearance between the crankshaft and the bearing at each main bearing and the oil viscosity comprise the random variables in the probabilistic analyses. The maximum oil pressure and the percentage of time (the time ratio) within each cycle that a bearing operates with oil film thickness less than a user defined threshold value at each main bearing constitute the performance variables of the system. The availability of the metamodels allows comparing the performance of several probabilistic methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. A useful insight is gained by the probabilistic analysis on how variability in the bearing characteristics affects its performance.© 2003 ASME
Solids Extraction of Cod Frame and Effects on Ultrafiltration of the Aqueous Extract

Grinding, pH adjustment, heat treatment and centrifugation were studied to recover solids from ground cod frames and to apply ultrafiltration (UF) to the resulting aqueous phase. Early heat treatment (90 o C/20 min) dissolved collagen into aqueous phase resulting in a very low UF flux. A pH adjustment to 4.5 after grinding (≃0.32 cm die), with no heat resulted in efficient separation after centrifuging. UF of the aqueous phase showed an increase in initial flux (23 L/hr m 2 ). However, when the same aqueous material was heated and then centrifuged (1-2% solids removed), UF flux was further increased to 46 L/hr m 2 and this process gave highest solids recovery (90%)
Morphological alterations in the developing fetal rat limb due to maternal injection of chlorambucil.

On day 14 of pregnancy, rats were injected i.p. with 9.5 mg/kg of chlorambucil. At term, all the fetuses were stunted and had obvious skeletal malformations. From days 15--20 of gestation there was a steady progression of cell death and histologic derangement in long bone formation. This began on day 15, the day following exposure to chlorambucil, with extensive cell death of chondroblasts in the long bone primordia. By day 16, dead or dying cells were located in the cartilage model and became associated with a higher than normal matrix to cell ratio. In day 17 limbs, many cells of the cartilage model were irregular in size and shape so that the normally precise cellular arrangement was lacking. On day 18, periosteal and enchondrial calcification was delayed and scanty. The fibular hemimelia observed in all drug-treated term fetuses stained with alizarin appeared to result from lack of development of the proximal half of the cartilage model. The observed alterations, particularly bowing of the ulna, in the teratogen-treated fetuses appeared to result primarily from specific cell death and formation of aberrant cell types but abnormal cell products may also play a role.
Ranking departments or sites within colleges of education using multiple standards: departmental and individual productivity

Abstract To rank departments in colleges of education, experts in the departmental areas were asked to list the most prestigious departments, to indicate relevant standards of productivity, and to list the best journals in their field. Staffs of the prestigious departments were then asked to list faculty in their departments and answer several questions. Standards for productivity/impact rankings were publications in the ERIC database, editorships in 1979 and 1989, scholars produced, citations, and external funds.
Introducing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy to air medical practice

Abstract Introduction: In patients with myocardial infarction, platelet aggregation inhibition with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists helps restore and maintain coronary blood flow when administered alone, with fibrinolytics, or with angioplasty. This article evaluates whether an adequate number of patients transported by an air medical program could benefit from flight team administration of these agents and describes the implementation issues surrounding a treatment protocol. Methods: A retrospective chart review and a discussion of the program's implementation experience Results: Seven percent of the patients transported by the air medical program met clinical and electrocardiographic criteria for administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The program identified systemic, budgetary, and logistical issues with protocol implementation that require ongoing consideration.
Effects of habitat complexity and relative larval supply on the establishment of early benthic phase red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus Tilesius, 1815) populations in Auke Bay, Alaska

Abstract Between September 1996 and May 1998, the influence of habitat complexity and larval supply on the establishment of early post-settlement populations of red king crab ( Paralithodes camtschaticus ) was studied in situ in Auke Bay, southeast Alaska. Dive transects and suction dredge surveys conducted during fall 1996 and spring 1998 indicated that late age 0 to 1+ red king crabs were located only in the most complex habitat. This pattern was similar to patterns observed for early age 0 crabs, using settlement pails, during the summer of 1997. Early instars recruited into settlement pails containing ambient sediment at both the rocky cobble and shell-hash sites, but no settlement could be detected in muddy habitat. Population density of benthic age 0+ crab peaked in mid-July, then dropped throughout the summer, and greater densities were always observed in rocky cobble than in shell-hash. Simultaneous use of passive larval collectors ruled out the possibility that these patterns were simply a reflection of larval supply. Rather, the highest levels of larval supply were associated with the muddy site at which no settlement could be detected. The availability of complex habitat, defined simply as substrate rich in available crevice space that is scaled to the body size of the crab instars, appeared to be the primary determinant of the value of nursery habitat, and it is likely to be the critical factor determining early post-settlement survivorship within the population. Such considerations are vital to management of red king crab fisheries where complex nursery habitat is likely to be relatively rare and where conflicts with trawl fisheries and other anthropogenic disturbances to bottom habitat are a potential concern.
Feeding responses of two grain aphids to barley yellow dwarf virus‐infected oats

The probing behavior of greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and oat-bird cherry aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), was electronically monitored on healthy oats, Avena sativa (L.), and on oats infected with the RPV-NY isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). S. graminum fed better on infected oats than on healthy oats. This was manifested by a shorter time before initiation of ‘committed’ phloem ingestion, and by increased duration of ingestion from phloem of infected compared to healthy plants. In addition, on infected oats S. graminum made fewer interruptions in their probing once their stylets were inserted into tissues, including phloem. R. padi fed similarly on infected and healthy oats, except that these aphids made fewer short probes to the phloem (lasting < 15 min) on infected compared to healthy oats. BYDV infection of oats increased the rate of population growth of S. graminum relative to that on healthy oats but had no effect on the population growth of R. padi. The proportion of aphids of R. padi which developed into alatae on BYDV-infected oats was significantly greater than on healthy oats, but S. graminum showed no such response. RESUME Comportement alimentaire de Schizaphis graminum et Rhopalosiphum padi sur avoine contaminee par par le virus jaune du nanisme de l'orge. Le comportement de sondage de S. graminum (Rond.) et de R. padi (L.) a ete suivi electroniquement sur avoine (Avena sativa L.) saine ou contaminee par l'extrait RPV-NY du virus jaune du nanisme de l'orge (BYDV). S. graminum s'est mieux alimente sur avoine contaminee que saine; ceci se traduisait par un temps de latence inferieur avant l'ingestion de phloeme et par une prolongation de la periode d'ingestion. De plus, sur avoine contaminee, S. graminum a moins souvent interrompu le sondage, une fois que les stylets avaient ete inseres dans les tissus, y compris le phloeme. Les resultats avec R. padi presentaient les memes tendances, mais les ameliorations des performances alimentaires de cette espece sur avoine contaminee ont ete moins nettes que pour S. graminum. La contamination de l'avoine par BYDV a accru le taux de croissance de la population de S. graminum par rapport a ce qui a ete observe sur avoine saine; l'effet etait moins prononce pour R. padi. La proportion de pucerons devenant alies etait plus elevee sur avoine contaminee que saine, rien de tel n'a ete observe avec S. graminum.
Public welfare and state-local government finance

Abstract Many state and local governments in the United States have experienced major financial problems during the economic recessions of the 1970s. These problems can be attributed to (1) the instability associated with the present tax structure, resulting from the increasing importance of unstable taxes and (2) the rapid increase in welfare expenditures which can be categorized as uncontrollable. In financing public services including welfare, state and local governments can organize their tax structures so as to dampen the effect of business cycles. This paper develops concepts and methodology to be used in identifying efficient tax structures.
Cloning of an EcoRI-generated fragment of the leucine operon of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Recombinant plasmids carrying part of the leucine operon of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated following transformation of an Escherichia coli leucine auxotroph to prototrophy with a ligated mixture of Eco RI-treated Salmonella DNA and plasmid pSC101 DNA. Plasmids pCV11 and pCV13, containing a 3.4·10 6 dalton DNA fragment ligated to the vector, had the leu operon oriented in opposite directions. The orientation of the leu operon relative to plasmid genes was determined. The 3.4·O 6 dalton fragment was ligated in to the Eco RI site of plasmid pMB9 yielding plasmids pCV12 (orientation as in pCV11) and pCV14 (orientation as in pCV13). The results of enzyme assays and complementation tests indicated that these plasmids carry functional leuA , leuB , and leuC genes but not a functional leuD gene. Furthermore, the following results indicated that they have a functional leu control region and promoter. Expression of plasmid leu genes was markedly enhanced under conditions of leucine limitation whereas introduction of a leu promoter mutation into the operon oriented in either direction with respect to plasmid genes had a strong negative effect upon leu operon expression. Transcriptional readthrough from plasmid promoters, if it occurs at all, must be small in comparison with transcription initiated at the leu promoter. RNA was isolated from leucine auxotrophs grown under conditions of repression and derepression and from prototrophic strains derepressed for the leucine operon as a result of mutations in leuO , leuS , and flrB . The rate of synthesis of leu mRNA, measured by hybridization to plasmid pCV12 DNA, was proportional in each case to leu enzyme levels.
Bronchial diverticula in short‐tailed shrews: Pulmonary adaptation to dust contaminated environment

Examination of the lung and unusual extrapulmonary bronchial diverticula of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) showed that this mammal aspirates a considerable quantity of foreign material during its constant burrowing. Experimental inhalation of an aerosol of carbon black indicated that the diverticula trapped and expelled some of the particles and may be a pulmonary adaptation to a contaminated environmental atmosphere.