cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unique Ability of Integrin αvβ3 to Support Tumor Cell Arrest under Dynamic Flow Conditions

Shear-resistant arrest of circulating tumor cells is required for metastasis from the blood stream. Arrest during blood flow can be supported by tumor cell interaction with attached, activated platelets. This is mediated by tumor cell integrin αvβ3 and cross-linking plasma protein ligands. To analyze the mechanism of tumor cell ligand interactions under dynamic flow conditions, we used real-time video microscopy and tested human melanoma cell binding to fibrinogen, von Willebrand Factor, or fibronectin matrices in a buffer perfusion system. When perfused at venous flow, melanoma cells arrested abruptly and began to spread immediately. This was uniquely mediated by integrin αvβ3 on all tested ligands, and required αvβ3 activation and actin polymerization. Under static conditions, αvβ3 cooperated with αvβ1 and α5β1 in supporting melanoma cell adhesion to fibronectin. But even when activated, β1 integrins did not contribute to melanoma cell arrest during flow. Soluble ligand served as a cross-linker between attached and circulating tumor cells and enhanced melanoma cell arrest. Cohesion of activated melanoma cells was restricted to the matrix surface and did not occur in suspension. We conclude that the presence of αvβ3 in a functionally activated state provides a unique advantage for circulating tumor cells by promoting tumor cell arrest in the presence of flow-dependent shear forces.
Incorporation of Radioactive Acetate into Diacetyl by Streptococcus diacetilactis

Streptococcus diacetilactis was grown in a partially defined, lipoic acid-free medium containing radioactive acetate with and without addition of 0.1% unlabeled sodium pyruvate. Labeled carbon was incorporated into diacetyl, but neither the amount of diacetyl produced nor its specific activity was influenced by addition of pyruvate. Acetoin had low specific activity, indicating that it was a mixture of radioactive and nonradioactive acetoin. The specific activity of acetoin was lower when pyruvate, a precursor of unlabeled acetoin, was added to the medium, which indicated that the radioactive acetoin was produced from radioactive diacetyl by diacetyl reductase. Results substantiate condensation of acetyl-coenzyme A with hydroxyethylthiamine pyrophosphate as the in vivo mechanism for synthesis of diacetyl.
Microwave Joining of High‐Purity Alumina

Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) was used to join 99.5% pure alumina pieces 25 mm diameter and 25 mm long using 94% pure alumina as the interlayer material. The interlayer material was cut from a rod into discs approximately 2 mm thick. Joining was performed in a home model microwave oven. Temperatures for joining ranged from 1450{degrees}C to 1550{degrees}C and pressures from 1-3 MPa. For comparison, similar joints were made in a conventional furnace. Joined specimens were tested using four-point bend at room temperature. Statistical analysis was utilized to determine the relative effect of the different processing parameters on the strength of the joint.
Ageing and Resistance to Infection in Germfree C3Hf Mice

Germfree C3Hf mice were observed to have a high mortality rate which appears to be dependent on both the age and the sex of the mice at the time of their exposure to our conventional C3H mouse colony (Outzen, and Pilgrim, 1967). When germfree male mice were introduced into our conventional colony before two months of age, approximately 73% survived six weeks’ exposure. However, in animals 2–6 months old at the time of exposure, only 34% survived, and if the germfree mice were more than six months of age at the time of exposure, less than 10% survived.
Modulation of murine pluripotential stem cell proliferation in vivo by lithium carbonate.

The effect of administering lithium in vivo on murine pluripotential stem cell proliferation was studied. Lithium was injected i.p. at various meq/liter concentrations (0.5–5.0 meq/liter). Data was obtained establishing that lithium increased the pluripotential stem cell population from normal mice as measured by the Till and McCulloch CFUs assay. Significant increases were demonstrated in: (1) bone marrow CFUs; (2) bone marrow organ cellularity, and (3) peripheral blood WBC. Marrow CFUs increase was maximum at 4 days post-lithium injection and greatest in the 1 meq/liter group (p
Grounded theory and the constant comparative method : valid research strategies for educators

Grounded theory was developed by Glaser and Strauss who believed that theory could emerge through qualitative data analysis. In grounded theory, the researcher uses multiple stages of collecting, refining, and categorizing the data. The researcher uses the strategies of the making constant comparisons and applying theoretical sampling to obtain a theory grounded in the data. The justification of this paper is to provide discussion on the validity of grounded theory and the constant comparative method as effective research strategies for educators. The qualitative design of grounded theory will be the focus of this paper, along with a discussion of the constant comparative method, issues related to trustworthiness, and limitations inherent in grounded theory methodology.
EMILY's Friends: The Emerging Relationship between EMILY's List, Organized Labor, and Women Candidates in U.S. House Elections, 2002-2008

This paper seeks evidence of a similar partnership between organized labor and women’s PACs on behalf of women congressional candidates. I examine the electoral and fundraising activity of EMILY’s List and AFL-CIO’s PAC, the Committee on Political Education (AFL-CIO COPE) in the four most recent House election cycles (2002–2008). I find that EMILY’s List and AFL-CIO work in cooperation, not competition, on behalf of preferred women House candidates. The endorsement of a woman candidate by EMILY’s List, measured by the receipt of a hard money contribution, significantly increases the likelihood of the woman also receiving funds from AFL-CIO. I attribute the willingness of AFL-CIO to work in partnership with EMILY’s List to important demographic and organizational changes within the union (Asher, et al. 2001; Francia 2006). That EMILY’s List and AFL-CIO cooperate on behalf of women candidates raises intriguing possibilities for Democratic women candidates and provides one explanation for the growing party gap between Democratic women and their Republican counterparts in Congress.
Evidence that biological activity affects Ocean Bottom Seismograph recordings

Brief and impulsive signals of uncertain origin appear regularly on records from Ocean Bottom Seismographs (OBS) of several institutions. These signals have been recorded on nearly all deployments of the Texas OBS, including sites at depths greater than 7000 m. At some sites, they account for over 90% of the events recorded. They are of short duration (usually 0.5–4.0 s) and have a characteristic frequency (usually in the range of 4–18 Hz) that differs from site to site. When networks of OBS instruments are deployed, the signals are not recorded simultaneously by different instruments. Neither the frequency content nor the distribution of durations of these signals is similar to what is observed for known earthquake events. We present evidence suggesting that the signals are of biological origin, perhaps caused by animals touching the OBS units. (1) The distribution of these signals on instruments deployed at depths shallower than 1000 m shows a 24 h periodicity, while there is a 24 h periodic pattern on instruments deployed at sites deeper than 1000 m (where there is no visible light). (2) The frequency of occurrence of signals is similar to the vertical distribution of biomass in the oceans, i.e., they appear most frequently on OBS instruments deployed at very shallow depths. (3) Biological material has been found attached to several OBS units upon recovery.
Two-Doublet Higgs Structure at the Electroweak Energy Scale

The existence of supersymmetry above a few TeV and that of two Higgs doublets at the electroweak energy scale do not necessarily result in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). An interesting counter example is given with m_h < 2^{1/2} m_W + radiative corrections = 145 GeV instead of m_h < m_Z + radiative corrections = 128 GeV in the MSSM.
Modern Living and Vital Race: Foucault and the Science of Life

The paper examines the relation between Foucault’s account of modern race and racism in the "Society Must Be Defended" lectures and his analysis of the emergence of the modern notion of life and its science in The Order of Things . In "Society Must Be Defended ," Foucault uses the term ‘life’ both with respect to pre-modern and modern political regimes, arguing that in the pre-modern eras there was a particular relation of sovereign power to life and death that differs from the relation to life and death which prevails in the modern era. In The Order of Things , Foucault also discusses the concept of life and the historical emergence of the science of life, biology, in the nineteenth century. For Foucault, modern biological racism is a specifically scientific death sentence. The paper argues that the kind of death at issue in this modern racism must be understood in light of the new evolutionary accounts of life as a transorganismic continuity that emerge in the life sciences.
PDF's: What Do We Need To Know?

Reliable knowledge of parton distribution functions is crucial for many searches for new physics signals in the next generation of experiments. Presently, there remain a number of open questions regarding the PDF's and their uncertainties. We briefly discuss these issues, and consider aspects where a future high-precision fixed-target experiment might contribute.
From rationalization to reason.

The author reminds the profession that psychiatry is a branch of medicine, that psychiatrists are physicians especially equipped to treat mental illness, and that the medical model of mental illness is valid, heuristic, and humanitarian. He presents new data bearing on the reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenic illness and the importance of genetic factors in the transmission of that syndrome, arguing that the medical model is as appropriate for the major psychoses as it is for diabetes.
Modeling the Market and Welfare Effects of Mexico's “Agriculture by Contract” Program

“Agriculture by contract” ($\hbox {A}\times \hbox {C}$) is the main Mexican government program aimed at mitigating price risks for agricultural producers in Mexico. $\hbox {A} \times \hbox {C}$ has unique features involving forward contracts and the provision of basis subsidies and subsidized exchange-traded futures options for both producers and intermediaries. A simulation model is developed to analyze the market and welfare effects of $\hbox {A}\times \hbox {C}$. When applied to corn, results show that $\hbox {A}\times \hbox {C}$ exerts substantial impacts and causes large transfers across sectors. Even if $\hbox {A}\times \hbox {C}$ reduced intermediaries' market power to the largest extent feasible, results indicate that it would still cause important losses in aggregate welfare.
Optical Fiber Strength/Fatigue Experiments

Optical communication via hair-thin silica waveguides has revolutionized the telecommunications industry. Because its uses are spreading beyond telephony, with its relatively benign environments, to more exotic undersea and space applications, a new emphasis is now placed on optical fiber strength and fatigue characteristics. This paper will trace the historical development of optical waveguides strength/fatigue experiments and a recent attempt to determine the material fatigue constant "n" of modern silica waveguides. Stressing practical application, detailed derivations have been purposely left out for the sake of brevity.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase for pyrimidine nucleosides with anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity.

Abstract Various nucleoside antiviral agents and their metabolites were examined for their ability to be cleaved across the glycosidic bond by Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. The increasing order of susceptibility to cleavage was U> T≫ C derivatives. Nucleosides that were unsaturated in the sugar moiety were more susceptible than saturated ones. 3′-Deoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine was a substrate, whereas 3′-azido-, 3′-fluoro-, 3′-oxo- and 3′-thiapyrimidine nucleosides were resistant to this enzyme.
Avalanche photodetector in the GaSb/AlSb/InAs material system by molecular beam epitaxy

GaSb/AlSb/InAs is an attractive system for making low noise avalanche photodetectors (APD) due to possible resonant enhancement of hole impact ionization in Al x Ga 1-x Sb and potential enhancement of electron impact ionization in GaSb/AlSb superlattices. We have employed molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to fabricate device structures so that these effects could be further explored. The devices were grown on GaSb substrates and incorporated a p + n + one sided abrupt junction. The p- multiplication region consisted of either bulk Al 0.04 Ga 0.96 Sb or 10 periods of alternating, 300 A thick GaSb and AlSb layers. A short period, selectively doped InAs/AlSb superlattice was used as the n + layer. Dark current suppression in these devices was found to be largely dependent on the InAs/AlSb superlattice configuration and the resulting band offset at the p - n + heterojunction. Notably, for devices with a 0.6 μm Al 0.04 Ga 0.96 Sb multiplication region and an optimized InAs/AlSb superlattice, an avalanche break down voltage of 13 V was observed. The dark current density for this device was 6 A/cm 2 at a multiplication factor of 10. Devices with GaSb/AlSb superlattice multiplication regions exhibited a higher breakdown voltage (18.5 V) and a lower dark current density (0.4 A/cm 2 ) at comparable gain. Impact ionization rates in Al 0.04 Ga 0.96 Sb were studied by using 781 nm and 1645 nm laser light. The results were consistent with enhancement of hole impact ionization in Al 0.04 Ga 0.96 Sb.
Puget Sound's Security Codependencyand Western Cold War Histories, 1950–1984

Puget Sound provides a case study of significant changes in the West9s Cold War experience and illustrates that this era can be understood in terms of two distinct phases, with a turning point in the late 1960s/early 1970s. This transition saw shifts in relationships between Puget Sound residents and the military, from a traditional, almost unanimous support for the military9s presence in the region, to the development of a much more hostile attitude among some segments of the public. This change reflected growing concerns about the environment and skepticism about military-related economic growth. It was also shaped by concerns about nuclear weapons and the role of the armed services in U.S. foreign relations, the result of the rebirth of the anti-nuclear movement across the United States in the 1970s.
Lamellar Body Count in Amniotic Fluid: A Comparative Study of Four Different Hematology Analyzers

The accurate antenatal prediction of fetal lung maturity (FLM) based on results from amniotic fluid samples is of utmost importance in the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and its complications. The current “gold standard” for the determination of FLM is the evaluation of phospholipids (i.e., measurement of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and quantification of phosphatidylglycerol) in amniotic fluid samples by thin-layer chromatography. These tests are, however, time-consuming and not continuously available at most institutions. Lamellar bodies are lamellated phospholipids that represent a storage form of surfactant (1). Because lamellar body diameter (range, 1–5 μm) is similar to that of small platelets, lamellar body counts (LBCs) can be obtained rapidly with use of the platelet channel of a hematology analyzer (2). Recently, a consensus LBC protocol was published, and a FLM cutoff of 50 000/μL was suggested without discussion regarding the hematology analyzer used (3). The majority of published reports to date have used a Coulter brand of hematology analyzer to establish clinical decision limits (2)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). The published experience with other hematology analyzers, such as the Sysmex NE-1500 (14), for obtaining LBCs is limited. One study used LBCs from three different analyzers (two from Coulter, one from Sysmex) to assess FLM without providing any evidence that the instrumentation was not a source of imprecision (9). Our objective was therefore to compare LBC concordance from the following four hematology analyzers: Coulter Gen-S (Beckman Coulter), Sysmex XE-2100 (Sysmex), Cell-dyn 3500 (Abbott Laboratories), and ADVIA 120 (Bayer Corporation). Leftover amniotic fluid samples sent to the Barnes-Jewish …
ArF imaging modeling by using resist simulation and pattern matching

This paper presents a methodology for calibrating projection printing imaging/resist models and applying the calibrated models to line-end shortening simulations in the presence of image imperfections. A scheme for extracting monochromatic representations of resist patterns from SEM pictures and comparing them with simulated images is presented. Based on this scheme, a 2-dimensional metric for evaluating the simulation performance is defined and a framework for tuning simulation models is built. The experiments were conducted on a 193nm scanner, with a binary mask whose CD's were measured to eliminate the mask error effects. Comparison of the simulated resist patterns to the SEM micrographs allows evaluation of various levels of physical assumptions on simulation models over the defocus range. Several models were evaluated to quantify the impact of lens aberrations and resist characters on pattern fidelity. Then the effectiveness of these models was further validated by applying the models to simulate small patterns. Aberration effects were found to be very distinctive and a tuned resist modeling was also found to be essential for small features.
Optical imaging from scattering data: imaging from Fourier-intensity data

We discuss the problem associated with obtaining an image of an object from the magnitude of its Fourier transform. This problem arises in many imaging applications. We discuss some new ideas developed to address this problem and describe constraints on the object function that can lead to its Fourier transform having only real zeros, thereby eliminating the phase retrieval problem.
Psychiatric consultation of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum

The request for a psychiatric examination of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a unique challenge for the psychiatric consultant. Unfortunately, there are little data in the psychosomatic medicine literature to guide diagnostic evaluations and treatment of patients with HG. In this article, we summarize the existing literature and propose a practical approach to such patients based on the literature and our clinical experience.
Specimen preparation techniques for scanning electron microscopy of developing peanut pegs.

Abstract This study evaluated various specimen preparation techniques for light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Main conclusions from this study were: (i) Critical point drying (CPD) was preferred over freeze drying for SEM of whole or large pieces of specimens. However, CPD did not offer any additional advantage over air drying for SEM of thin (14 μm) microtomed sections of paraffin embedded specimens. (ii) Formaldehyde-acetic acid-alcohol (FAA) was found to be satisfactory as a general purpose fixative for LM and low magnification SEM. However, for magnifications higher than X500, where subcellular details become the subject of investigation, glutaraldehyde (GA) was found to be preferable over FAA. (iii) Certain artifacts appeared to be related to developmental stages of the peanut fruit.
Achieving 96% Mastery at National Scale through Inspired Learning and Generative Adaptivity

Most of the current research on improving learning outcomes focuses on a small subset of variables of an immensely multi-dimensional space of the learning ecosystem. Most digital learning tools primarily focus on individual students, other research focuses only on teacher professional development, or only on curriculum improvement. In this talk I will describe our efforts on how to discover optimal parameters of the entire ecosystem that considers student factors (engagement and mastery), classroom factors (blended learning variations and group learning variations), curriculum factors (multidimensional variation of existing curricula), and teacher factors (in-class tools that mitigate weaknesses, and promote teacher development). I will describe our work on algorithms to discover optimal learning pathways in this high-dimensional space. I will conclude with the outcomes of deploying a portion of our platform on algebra challenges conducted on two US states and the country of Norway.Zoran Popovic is a Director of Center for Game Science at University of Washington and founder of Enlearn. Trained as a computer scientist his research focus is on creating interactive engaging environments for learning and scientific discovery. His laboratory created Foldit, a biochemistry game that produced three Nature publications in just two years, an award-winning math learning games played by over five million learners worldwide.He is currently focusing on engaging methods that can rapidly develop experts in arbitrary domains with particular focus on revolutionizing K-12 math education. His Algebra Challenges conducted in Washington, Minnesota, and Norway, have shown that 96% of children even in elementary school can learn key algebra concepts in 1.5 hours. He has recently founded Enlearn to apply his work on generative adaptation to any curricula towards the goal of achieving full mastery by 95% of students. His contributions to the field of interactive computer graphics have been recognized by a number of awards including the NSF CAREER Award, Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship and ACM SIGGRAPH Significant New Researcher Award.
Sexual harassment and PTSD: Is sexual harassment diagnosable trauma?

Sexual harassment has become a major social, legal, and mental health problem because of its high prevalence and its negative consequences for victims. These consequences can include decreased productivity, loss of job, decreased income, and impaired psychological and physical well-being. Despite evidence from empirical studies that victims often exhibit posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, some have argued that sexual harassment does not constitute legitimate trauma. We argue that many forms of sexual harassment meet the diagnostic Criteria A1 and A2 of PTSD. Finally, the DSM-IV trauma criterion is explicated, and its relationship with sexual harassment and its effects are discussed.
c-myc and Chromosome 8 Centromere Studies of Ovarian Cancer by Interphase FISH

Abstract Forty tumor specimens from patients with ovarian cancer were studied for amplification of the c- myc oncogene relative to chromosome 8 centromere number using dual-color FISH. Interphase cytogenetic analysis showed amplification of the c- myc oncogene in 40% (16/40) of tumors using the standard oncogene:centromere ratio method of analysis. Eleven of these showed moderate amplification of c- myc , and 5 samples showed high amplification. Eight of the sixteen (50%) amplified tumors were polysomic centromere 8 as were 14 of the 24 (58%) non-amplified tumors. In previously reported work with these samples, the oncogene HER-2/ neu , the chromosome 17 centromere, and the tumor suppressor gene p53 had been studied. When using the standard oncogene:centromere ratio criteria, 5 samples had amplification of both the c- myc and the HER-2/ neu oncogenes, 5 samples had HER-2/ neu amplification but not c- myc , 11 samples had c- myc amplification but not HER-2/ neu , and 19 samples had neither oncogene amplified. The p53 gene was found to be deleted in 22.5% (9/40) of samples. The loss of the p53 gene did not appear to have any clinical correlation. The presence of an extra centromere 8 also did not appear to have any clinical correlation. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve for those patients who have c- myc amplification, while not statistically significant, appears to show a trend toward poorer survival. The survival curve for patients whose tumors have HER-2/ neu amplification shows no clinical significance. It is of great interest, however, that the Kaplan–Meier plot of survival for patients whose tumors have amplification of both c- myc and HER-2/ neu shows a significant difference ( P = 0.047). The median survival times of the doubly amplified patient group and the non-doubly amplified groups were 12 and 43 months, respectively. This is the first study of the oncogene c- myc using FISH. The results suggest that the amplification of c- myc may indicate a poorer patient survival and that the amplification of both c- myc and HER-2/ neu in combination may be a better prognostic indicator of poor patient survival.
An ABC Simulation Focusing on Incentives and Innovation

Current textbooks advocate activity‐based costing (ABC) because it provides more detailed information on resource usage, leading to better cost control and reengineering of production processes. However, there is often little attention paid to how other organizational control features can affect the use of the information provided by ABC systems. This active learning simulation demonstrates that incentives can have a significant impact on how workers use ABC information to manage costs and innovate a production process. The simulation involves two student teams that are furnished with identical ABC cost driver information and either a tournament‐ or group‐based incentive structure. The teams simulate a factory environment by creating products using a simple manufacturing process, while the remaining students observe the process and record differences in communication, innovative activity, and resulting profitability. The teams' outcomes under the two separate incentives illustrate the interaction of a fir...
Edge Emission in CdS Crystals that Show Mechanically Excited Emission

The characteristic green fluorescence of CdS single crystals that exhibit mechanically excited emission has been examined spectroscopically at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The fluorescence of the crystals was stimulated by either ultraviolet irradiation, or the application of an electric field. The uv-stimulated and field-induced emission spectra are compared and discussed. The low-temperature behavior of the conductivity (storage properties) in these crystals is also discussed. The uv-stimulated edge emission peaks in these crystals differ from those in normal CdS; these differences are discussed and quantitative comparisons are made. A simple trapping model is applied to the uv-stimulated emission data at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. On the basis of this model, the mean number of optical phonons cooperating in the optical transitions is shown to be higher than in normal CdS. The field emission, believed to be due to carrier injection, is explained on the basis of a previously proposed energy model of Warschauer and Reynolds for mechanically excited emission.
Influence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on the structure and properties of carbon aerogels

Abstract This letter describes the effects that the surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), has on the structure and electrical properties of monolithic carbon aerogels (CA). Using organic sol–gel chemistry, a series of novel CA materials prepared with different concentrations of SDBS were characterized to evaluate the influence the surfactant had on the network structure of the resultant material. Addition of the SDBS surfactant to the sol–gel reaction mixture was shown to generate CA structures that had different pore sizes, higher densities and improved electrical conductivity than those prepared without the surfactant. These results are discussed in comparison with relevant sol–gel literature and theory.
Nonparametric tests of association of multiple genes with human disease.

The genetic basis of many common human diseases is expected to be highly heterogeneous, with multiple causative loci and multiple alleles at some of the causative loci. Analyzing the association of disease with one genetic marker at a time can have weak power, because of relatively small genetic effects and the need to correct for multiple testing. Testing the simultaneous effects of multiple markers by multivariate statistics might improve power, but they too will not be very powerful when there are many markers, because of the many degrees of freedom. To overcome some of the limitations of current statistical methods for case-control studies of candidate genes, we develop a new class of nonparametric statistics that can simultaneously test the association of multiple markers with disease, with only a single degree of freedom. Our approach, which is based on U-statistics, first measures a score over all markers for pairs of subjects and then compares the averages of these scores between cases and controls. Genetic scoring for a pair of subjects is measured by a “kernel” function, which we allow to be fairly general. However, we provide guidelines on how to choose a kernel for different types of genetic effects. Our global statistic has the advantage of having only one degree of freedom and achieves its greatest power advantage when the contrasts of average genotype scores between cases and controls are in the same direction across multiple markers. Simulations illustrate that our proposed methods have the anticipated type I–error rate and that they can be more powerful than standard methods. Application of our methods to a study of candidate genes for prostate cancer illustrates their potential merits, and offers guidelines for interpretation.
A Spatial Causal Model of Economic Interdependency among Neighboring Communities

A model is presented with which one may identify appropriate spatial lags in a recursive system. The example system represents economic well-being of municipalities in an urban region; the Boston region is used for the case study. The additional explained variation due to the effect of nearby municipalities on the municipality in question may be accounted for with this model. Methods for handling the problems of data additivity and overlap of spatial units are given. The criterion for spatial lag identification is the absolute sum of the path coefficients. Results indicate that poverty levels in a given municipality are affected maximally by an economic variable representing employment and unemployment in neighboring muncipalities up to a distance of eight miles from the center of the community.
Functional imaging of the sleeping brain: review of findings and implications for the study of insomnia.

Abstract Despite the growing literature indicating that insomnia is prevalent and a substantial risk factor for medical and psychiatric morbidity, the pathophysiology of both Primary and Secondary Insomnia is poorly understood. Multiple trait and state factors are thought to give rise to and/or moderate illness severity in insomnia, but ‘hyperarousal' is widely believed to be the final common pathway of the disorder. To date, very little work has been undertaken using functional imaging to explore the CNS correlates, underpinnings, or consequences of hyperarousal as it occurs in Primary Insomnia. In fact, all but one of the extant studies have been of healthy good sleepers or subjects with Secondary Insomnia. In the present article, we: (1) review the studies that have been undertaken in good sleepers and in patients using functional neuroimaging methodologies, and (2) discuss how these data can inform a research agenda aimed at describing the neuropathophysiology of insomnia.
The chemisorption of CO and CO2 on Rh(111) studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract We have applied the techniques of high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS), thermal desorption mass spectrometry (TDS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) to a study of CO and CO 2 chemisorption on the Rh(111) single crystal surface. The vibrational spectra of carbon monoxide indicate two distinct binding sites (atop and bridged) whose relative populations and vibrational frequencies are determined by both the substrate temperature and the background pressure. TDS measurements show the bridge bonded CO to have an approximately 4 kcal mole lower binding energy to the surface than the species located in the atop site. Surface pretreatment also had a marked effect on CO adsorption: oxygen and carbon both inhibited carbon monoxide chemisorption and weakened the metal-adsorbate bond strength. Hydrogen had no observable effects. The adsorption of carbon dioxide yields virtually identical spectra to that of chemisorbed CO, indicating dissociative adsorption. By combining the present data with earlier infrared and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopic studies, a consistent set of force constants for the two types of chemisorbed carbon monoxide can be calculated.
High-energy handling capabilities of optical fibers: Application to pulse compression and direct generation of megawatt picosecond pulses

The compression of the output of a Q-switched, mode-locked Nd:YAG (130 ps, 1.06 μm) is reported for a number of different core-size single mode, multimode and polarization preserving fibers at power levels near the damage threshold. In maximizing the energy throughput, the main limitations are dielectric breakdown and nonlinear induced birefringence. Compressed pulse stability is found to depend critically on core size at this power level. An optimized compressor has been obtained capable of compression factors up to 35 (3.7 ps) with peak power in excess of 2 MW. Second-harmonic generation has been observed in polarization preserving fibers.
Numerical results and stability analysis for the computation of the transonic flow problems using an artificial time formulation

Abstract A numerical method for the computation of the entropic solution for transonic flow is developed and studied. Within the use of the pseudo-time-formulation, stability for Δt → 0+ is provided. Finite element implementation of the artificial compressibility method and time-dependent treatment of the Kutta-Joukowski condition are included. Test examples of the flow around NACA 0012 and RAE 2822 airfoils for supercritical flows are presented.
Patterns of complementary and alternative medicine use in children with common neurological conditions.

Background: Recent literature suggests that one in nine children in the United States uses some type of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Children with challenging neurological conditions such as headache, migraine, and seizures may seek CAM in their attempts at self-care. Our objective was to describe CAM use in children with these conditions. Methods: We compared use of CAM among children aged 3 to 17 years with and without common neurological conditions (headaches, migraines, seizures) where CAM might plausibly play a role in their self-management using the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data. Results: Children with common neurological conditions reported significantly more CAM use compared to the children without these conditions (24.0% vs 12.6%, P<.0001). Compared to other pediatric CAM users, children with neurological conditions report similarly high use of biological therapies and significantly higher use of mind-body techniques (38.6% vs 20.5%, P<.007). Of the mind-body ...
Coronary artery and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells express mRNA for both the classical estrogen receptor and the newly described estrogen receptor beta

Abstract Estrogens exhibit potent anti-atherogenic effects through mechanisms which may involve direct effects on the artery. The existence of the classical estrogen receptor (ERα) in vascular tissues has been established. Recently a new estrogen receptor (ERβ) has been discovered which represents a distinct gene product with homology to the classical ERα. The purpose of the present study was to determine if ERβ mRNA is expressed in vascular tissues of female and male primates. Oligonucleotide primers were developed for the specific RT-PCR amplification of ERα or ERβ mRNA. RT-PCR products of the appropriate size for ERα and for ERβ were observed after amplification of RNA isolated from coronary arteries of both male and female cynomolgus monkeys. Similar results were obtained from cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and from monkey reproductive tissues such as ovary and uterus. The relative expression of ERβ to ERα mRNA was greatest in ovary, on the same order of magnitude in monkey vascular tissues and uterus, while the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 exhibited a very low level of ERβ relative to ERα. Sequence analysis of isolated RT-PCR products showed >95% similarity between the monkey and the published human sequences for both ERα and ERβ. These findings suggest that estrogen may influence vascular gene expression not only through classical ERα but also through the newly described ERβ. These findings also demonstrate the potential for targeting of these receptors in males for prevention or treatment of heart disease.
Immunoglobulin isotype influences affinity and specificity

For almost half a century the Ig molecule has been considered a bifunctional molecule consisting of two independent regions, a variable (V) region responsible for specificity and affinity, and a constant (C) region responsible for such effector functions as complement activation and interaction with Fc receptors. The origin of this view dates back to the Nobel Prize-winning work of Rodney R. Porter, who used proteolytic digestion in the late 1950s to cleave the Ab molecule into fragments that eventually were known as the antigen (Ag) binding fragment, or Fab, and the Fc domain, so named because it could be easily crystallized (1). Two decades later, the elucidation of the mechanism for the generation of Ab diversity supported this concept by showing that distinct genes encoding V and C regions were rearranged to express the Ig molecule (2). Additional evidence for the independence between V and C region roles came from the demonstration that isotype switching produced new effector functions, while preserving antibody specificity. Furthermore, studies done by Oi et al. (3), using fluorescent labels, failed to provide any evidence of interaction between the two regions. Consistent with this view, X-ray crystallographic studies of Fab fragments showed that V region sequences were separated from the first domain of the C region (CH1) by long polypeptide chains that lacked ordered structure and seemed to insulate the V regions from the C regions, while tethering the two regions into one molecule (4). However, this neat view of one molecule with two independent functional regions is at odds with several observations in the literature, and recent studies, including the study by Tudor et al. in PNAS (5), suggest that the basic model of Ig structure-function needs to be reconsidered and revised.
Effect of Conditioning Regimen Intensity on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Outcomes after Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation is increasingly used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) for older and medically unfit patients. Data on the efficacy of HCT after RIC relative to myeloablative conditioning (MAC) are limited. We compared the outcomes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients >18 yrs who received UCB grafts after either RIC or MAC. One hundred nineteen adult patients with AML in complete remission (CR) underwent an UCB transplant after RIC (n =74, 62%) or MAC (n = 45, 38%) between January 2001 and December 2009. Conditioning was either reduced intensity and consisted of cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg, fludarabine 200 mg/m2, and total-body irradiation (TBI) 200 cGy or myelablative and consisted for cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg, fludarabine 75 mg/m2, and TBI 1200-1320 cGy. All patients received cyclosporine (day −3 to day +180) and mycophenolate mofetil (day −3 to day +45) post-HCT immunosuppression and hematopoietic growth factor. Use of RIC was reserved for patients >45 years (n = 66, 89%) or preexisting severe comorbidities (n = 8, 11%). The 2 groups were similar except for preceding myelodysplastic syndrome (RIC = 28% versus MAC=4%, P
Tax Rates, Labor Supply, and the Structure of Preferences

This article examines the labor supply response to a change in the income tax rate when tax revenues finance the provision of government goods. It first shows that even if taxpayers value government goods directly as equivalent income, there will still exist an income effect. It then discusses the nature of the "income effect" and the issues of complementarity and substitutability that arise when government goods are not valued as equivalent income. Finally, it proves that there is no income effect associated with a cut in the income tax rate if and only if preferences are weakly separable between private and government goods and linear in nonleisure private goods.
New deal or no deal in the Cotton South: The effect of the AAA on the agricultural labor structure

Abstract The Agricultural Adjustment Act has often been held responsible for the rapid reduction of share tenants and sharecroppers (laborers paid shares of the crop) during the 1930s. However, this conclusion has come with limited empirical backing. We shed new light on the consequences of this New Deal policy by empirically testing the role that the AAA cotton reduction program had on the displacement of share tenants and sharecroppers in the Cotton South. The results suggest that the AAA played a significant role in the displacement of black and white sharecroppers and black managing tenants even though it was a violation of AAA contracts for landlords to displace these workers.
Effects of orientation on dynamic shear behavior of some amorphous polymers from 4.2° to 300°K

The dynamic shear behavior of four highly amorphous polymers in the unstretched and stretched states (draw ratios 3:1 to 6:1) was investigated with a torsion pendulum at temperatures from 4.2°K to 180–300°K and frequencies from 0.4 to 3.2 cps. The polymers studied were polystyrene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl propionate), and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether). Previously unreported loss maxima were found at 48°K (1.5 cps) and 149°K (1.3 cps) for poly(vinyl proplonate), at 10°K (1.0 cps) for poly(vinyl acetate) and at 9°K (1.6 cps) for poly(isobutyl vinyl ether). Uniaxial orientation increased the shear storage modulus G, measured with the torsion axis parallel to the stretch direction and caused changes in the loss peaks which depended on the polymer material studied.
Molecular composites of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) with thermoplastics: coagulation studies

The solubility limits of solutions of poly (p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBZT), poly(ether-ether-ketone), and two nylons (du Pont, Zytel®42 and Zytel®330) in methane sulphonic acid (MSA) were determined by turbidimetric titration with water. The solubilities rank as follows: Zytel®42 > Zytel®330 > PEEK > PBZT. The coagulation of solutions of these polymers was examined in two limiting case: very slow (exposure to water vapour) and very fast (immersion in a water bath) coagulation rates. The slow coagulation of ternary solutions shows that PBZT may either precipitate first from the composite solutions or coprecipitate with the thermoplastic depending on their relative solubility. The immersion coagulation process can be described by a simple diffusion model and the diffusion coefficient of water in the polymer solution is determined to be on the order of 10−5 cm2s−1. Our results suggest that PBZT will coagulate first from ternary solutions of PBZT, nylon, and MSA during wet-spinning, resulting in a continuous microfibrillar network structure of PBZT followed by the precipitation of nylon.
Effect of Working Fluid on Sub-2 nm Particle Detection with a Laminar Flow Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter

The effect of working fluid on size-dependent activation efficiencies with the laminar flow ultrafine condensation particle counter described by Stolzenburg and McMurry (1991) was studied theoretically and experimentally. Criteria considered include tendency to avoid homogeneous nucleation within the condenser and toxicity. The working fluids that were identified have vapor pressures below that of butanol, so particles grow to smaller sizes and are more difficult to detect optically. Therefore we use a second, conventional CPC as a “booster” to grow particles to a detectable size. Experiments were performed to obtain the size- and material-dependent activation efficiencies for ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, oleic acid, and DOS. Using diethylene glycol and oleic acid, values of the 50% activation efficiency diameter, Dp50 , for negatively charged particles generated by evaporating sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and silver were < 1.2 (< 0.8) nm, 1.4–1.5 (1.0–1.2) nm, and 1.9–2.0 (...
4-D seismic monitoring of an active steamflood

Multiple 3-D seismic surveys have been acquired at time-lapse intervals over a heavy oil reservoir in the Dud Field, Indonesia, to monitor the progress of an active steamflood. Time-lapse 3-D seismic images show dramatic and complex changes in the reservoir zone over a wide area, compared to baseline seismic data recorded prior to steam injection. Careful consideration of steamflood fluid-flow, rock physics measurements, finite-difference seismogram modeling, 3-D seismic imaging and velocity analysis leads to an integrated interpretation of this 4-D data set. Anticipated large decreases in seismic P-wave velocity near the injection well correlate with the presence of a hot steam-saturated zone. Unanticipated large velocity increases and reflectivity changes in an annulus around the steam zone are consistent with a transient high-pressure front, in which initial free gas in pore space is raised above the bubble point pressure and dissolves into liquid oil. Horizontal and vertical anisotropy in flow directions inferred from these seismic observations correlate with two temperature monitor wells, and in situ measurements of upper and lower reservoir permeability. Since the pressure front propagates out from the injector at least one order of magnitude faster than either the thermal or steam fronts, monitoring it may be useful formore » predicting flowpaths of heated oil and steam, months in advance.« less