cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Reciprocal Reactivity on Positively and Negatively Valenced Self-Rated Behaviors

Abstract Reactivity refers to behavioral changes that occur in a target behavior when some assessment procedure is used to record that behavior (Webb. Campbell. Schwanz and Sechrest, 1966). One example of these reactive effects is the change in response frequency that occurs when individuals are asked to self-record their own behavior. Several studies have demonstrated that self-recorded behaviors will increase or decrease in frequency (Ciminero. Nelson and Lipinski. 1977). Kanfer (1970) speculated that the direction of this reactive behavior change is related to the social norms or valence of the response. Thus, appropriate or positively valenced behaviors are likely to increase when they are self-monitored whereas inappropriate or negatively valenced behaviors would be more likely to decrease (e.g. Broden. Hall and Mitts. 1971). Cavior and Marabotto (1976) directly examined the effects of behavior valence on the direction of change due to self-monitoring. They used heterosexual dyads to compare the effects of various monitoring procedures on behaviors that were selected by subjects as having one of three valences: High social desirability, neutral social desirability, or low social desirability. They found that the valence of a target behavior was important in determining the direction of change: positive verbal behaviors increased whereas negative verbal behaviors decreased during the dyadic interactions. Reactive effects other than those found in self-monitoring have also received some attention. In an examination of the parameters of reactivity Ciminero. Graham and Jackson (1977) studied a phenomenon they labelled reciprocal reactivity . This term describes the behavior changes that occur in individuals who are asked to record the behavior of others . Ciminero et al . reported four single-case designs in which parameters of reciprocal reactivity were examined in female dyads. In the first three experiments, various motor responses (e.g. leg-kicking, head-nodding, or face-touching) decreased in subjects when they were asked to monitor those behaviors in their partners. The fourth experiment showed that self-monitoring resulted in greater decreases in response rate than did the reciprocal reactivity. As with self-monitoring, the valence of the target behavior may have an important influence on the direction of the behavior change due to reciprocal reactivity. Since the valence of behaviors targeted in the study by C iminero et al . (1977) were not specifically evaluated the effects of valence could not be established. Therefore, the present study was designed to replicate the effects of reciprocal reactivity and to examine the influence of the valence of the target behaviors.
Characterization of Hemicellulose B from Corn Fiber by High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography with On-Line Molar Mass and Viscometric Detection

Abstract Hemicellulose B (arabinoxylan, corn fiber gum, CFG) was prepared from corn fiber (CF) by alkaline extraction with 2 meq/g of CF using either NaOH, Ca(OH)2 or an equimolar mixture of the two. Prior to CFG extraction, oil was removed from CF by extraction with hexane and starch was removed from CF by treatment with α-amylase. The solutions of alkali-extracted CFG were then bleached with alkaline H2O2. The effect of extractant composition on the weight-average molar mass M w, weight-average intrinsic viscosity [η]w, and z-average root-mean-square radius of gyration R gz on CFG was determined. Depending on extractant composition and method of calculation, M w ranged from 2.7–6.96 × 105, [η]w from 1.87 to 2.00 dL/g and R gz from about 31 to 50 nm. Substituting Ca(OH)2 for NaOH reduced M w and R gz but had little or no effect on [η]w. Chromatographic analysis in conjunction with molar mass detection revealed that molar mass distributions were bimodal. M w for the high-molar-mass component ranged from a...
Mesozoic accretion of exotic terranes along the New Zealand segment of Gondwanaland

Permian to middle Cretaceous strata in New Zealand can be genetically grouped into at least four tectonostratigraphic terranes. Each terrane is lithostratigraphically distinct, yet paleogeographic analyses indicate that each terrane is only part of a once larger geologic entity. The present distribution of terranes is inferred to represent accretionary processes along the margin of Gondwanaland. Accretion seems to have occurred intermittently until middle Cretaceous time, and accretion was immediately supplemented by rifting that broke New Zealand away from the Australia and Antarctica part of Gondwanaland. The terranes have been severed by Tertiary slip on the Alpine fault.
Effectiveness of a community-based advocacy and learning program for hmong refugees.

The effectiveness of a community-based advocacy and learning intervention for Hmong refugees was assessed using a comprehensive, multi-method strategy, which included a within-group longitudinal design with four data collection points and in-depth qualitative recruitment and post-intervention interviews. The intervention's impact on five aspects of refugee well-being was examined: Participants' psychological well-being, quality of life, access to resources, English proficiency, and knowledge for the U.S. citizenship exam. Twenty-eight Hmong adults and 27 undergraduate students participated together in the intervention, which had two major components: (1) Learning Circles, which involved cultural exchange and one-on-one learning opportunities for Hmong adults, and (2) an advocacy component that involved undergraduates advocating for and transferring advocacy skills to Hmong families to increase their access to resources in their communities. Undergraduate paraprofessionals and Hmong participants worked together for 6–8 hr per week for 6 months. Growth trajectory analysis revealed promising quantitative findings. Participants' quality of life, satisfaction with resources, English proficiency, and knowledge for the U.S. citizenship test increased and their levels of distress decreased over the course of the intervention. Mediating analyses suggested that participants' increased quality of life could be explained by their improved satisfaction with resources. Qualitative data helped to support and explain the quantitative data, as well as providing insight into other outcomes and processes of the intervention. Policy, practice, and research implications are discussed.
Does the Aral sea merit heritage status

Abstract In November 1972, the United Nations developed the World Heritage Convention in recognition of the need for protecting valuable cultural and natural sites of global importance. The convention was designed to identify and protect heritage sites worldwide. Although the Aral Sea has not yet been proposed by any of the Central Asian states as a world heritage site, it meets many of the criteria designated by the Convention as a site meriting such status. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, the notion of heritage and its application to world heritage status are discussed. Second, this notion is applied to the Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia in an attempt to answer the question, ‘Does the Aral Sea merit heritage status?’. Finally, ‘environmental Justice’ issues, which might arise as a result of such a designation, are discussed.
First selective mode excitation and amplification in a ribbon core optical fiber

We propose and demonstrate amplification of a single high-order mode in an optical fiber having an elongated, ribbon-like core having an effective mode area of area of 600 µm2 and an aspect ratio of 13:1. When operated as an amplifier, the double-clad, ytterbium doped, photonic crystal fiber produced 50% slope efficiency and a seed-limited power of 10.5 W, corresponding to a gain of 24 dB. The high order mode remained pure through 20 dB of gain without intervention or realignment.
Transparency in Student Learning Assessment: Can Accreditation Standards Make a Difference?.

In ShortAll regional accrediting agencies now require institutions to define learning goals and assess student learning, share these data with relevant stakeholders, and use their findings as part ...
A foot in the door for dermatophyte research.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The authors' research on dermatophytes is funded by NIH R21 AI081235. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
II — Tests on a typical Urban circuit

UNDER a cooperative arrangement with the Utilities Research Commission of Chicago, the engineering experiment station at Purdue University has been conducting an investigation of surge protection for distribution circuits. Many of the tests have involved the interconnection of the primary lightning arrester ground and the grounded neutral of the secondary main; it is this phase of the work which will be treated in this article.
T Cells and Natural Killer Cells Regulate Human IgG Subclass Concentrations in SCID Mice

Cytokine regulation of human IgG subclass production is not well understood. Since T cells and natural killer (NK) cells produce IL-4 and/or IFN-gamma, we examined the effect of these cells on human IgG subclass concentration in reconstituted severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. SCID mice receiving only B-cell-enriched splenocyte preparations had significantly decreased IgG concentrations and significantly decreased IgG1/IgG2 ratios compared to mice receiving B cells plus T cells (P = 0.02). IgG2 represented 58% of the total IgG at 28 days in mice receiving B-cell-enriched preparations compared to 19% of the total for the group receiving both B cells and T cells (P = 0.013). The effect of natural killer cells (CD16+) on IgG subclass was also studied in this model. IgG2 concentrations were twofold higher in mice receiving CD16-depleted cells compared to controls (P = 0.004). No significant differences were noted for IgG1, IgG3, or IgG4 subclass concentrations. In conclusion, T cells and natural killer cells influence human IgG subclass regulation in the SCID mouse model. We propose that the regulation of human IgG subclass production can be further examined in the SCID model.
Selective Copper Deposition on Barrier Layer Ta and TaN in the Presence of a Copper Seed Layer

Electrochemical deposition of copper on exposed barrier layer (Ta and TaN) was carried out without deposition on an existing Cu seed layer on the same substrate. This was accomplished by immersing the sample in a solution of 1 mM 1-dodecanethiol (RSH) in ethanol, where preferential adsorption of a self-assembled monolayer of RSH deactivated the copper surface. The Cu seed layer could be reactivated again by applying a negative potential pulse. Such an externally controlled reversible change in surface chemistry toward copper deposition is potentially useful for a copper seed layer repair in the fabrication of contacts and interconnects for integrated circuits. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Rescue of High Expression β-Tropomyosin Transgenic Mice by 5-Propyl-2-thiouracil REGULATING THE α-MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN PROMOTER

Tropomyosin is an essential component of the sarcomeric thin filament in striated muscle that participates in the regulation of muscle contraction through Ca2+-mediated activation. The two predominant tropomyosin isoforms expressed in striated muscle are α- and β-tropomyosin, which exhibit an 86% amino acid identity between themselves. Previous studies by our laboratory utilized a transgenic mouse system to overexpress β-tropomyosin in the heart to address the functional differences between these two tropomyosin isoforms. Interestingly, when a high percentage of β-tropomyosin replaces α-tropomyosin in the hearts of transgenic mice, the mice die due to severe cardiac abnormalities. In this study, we have rescued these high expression β-tropomyosin mice by turning off the α-myosin heavy chain promoter, which is driving the β-tropomyosin transgene. This down-regulation of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter was accomplished by the administration of 5-propyl-2-thiouracil, which disrupts thyroid hormone synthesis and inhibits promoter activity through thyroid regulatory elements located in the 5′-flanking region of the promoter. Results show that as β-tropomyosin expression is down-regulated, α-tropomyosin expression is increased. Also, α- and β-myosin heavy chain expression is modified in response to the changes in thyroid hormone expression. Morphological analysis of these rescued mice show a moderate pathological phenotype, characterized by atrial myocytolysis; echocardiographic analyses demonstrate altered ventricular functions, such as peak filling rates and left ventricular fractional shortening. This is the first report demonstrating that transcriptional regulatory elements located within the α-myosin heavy chain promoter can be manipulated to rescue potentially lethal phenotypes, such as high expression β-tropomyosin transgenic mice.
Social Work Professions in an Aging World: Opportunities and Perspectives

Given world aging, social workers will be involved in assisting older persons in their home-country and/or abroad in various types of governmental or nongovernmental agencies. This paper identifies potential opportunities for social workers with gerontological backgrounds interested in working in international and cross-cultural settings. Discussed are the role of social work education in assisting the development of student interest and competence in working with and for older persons in an aging world. Also discussed are international opportunities in field placements for work with older people.
ANALYSIS OF SOME DEUTERON-INDUCED REACTIONS IN OXYGEN-18

The reactions ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, t){\mathrm{O}}^{17}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, {d}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{O}}^{18*}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, p){\mathrm{O}}^{19}$ are studied using 15-Mev deuterons and magnetic analysis of reaction particles. Absolute cross sections are determined for all reactions studied and the Butler-Born approximation is used to extract reduced widths when possible. Angular distributions of triton groups corresponding to the ground, 0.871-, 3.846-, 4.555-, 5.083-, and 5.378-Mev states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ are obtained. An estimate of the configuration admixtures in the ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$ ground state is made from analysis of the reduced widths and indicates the presence of a sizable (about 6%) ${(1{{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}}^{2})}_{0}$ component. The experimentally determined admixtures are compared with several theoretical estimates. All ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$ levels observed in the inelastic deuteron scattering have been previously reported---the known 5.01-Mev state is not observed. The angular distribution of inelastic deuterons corresponding to the 1.982-Mev state of ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$ is obtained and comparison of the absolute cross section with theory provides an estimate of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$ deformation. Proton groups from ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(d, p){\mathrm{O}}^{19}$ reactions are observed corresponding to ${\mathrm{O}}^{19}$ excitations of 0, 1.469, 3.164, 3.948, (4.123), (4.586), (4.706), (5.165), 5.45, 5.707, and 6.279 Mev, where assignment of the levels in parentheses to ${\mathrm{O}}^{19}$ is uncertain. The known 0.096-Mev state is not observed and the proton group corresponding to 5.45-Mev excitation contains contributions from at least two states. Angular distributions leading to the ${\mathrm{O}}^{19}$ ground, 1.469-, 3.164-, 3.948-, 5.707-, and 6.279-Mev states are obtained and reduced widths extracted. The ${l}_{n}$ values for these angular distributions are ambiguous except for the ground-state reaction (${l}_{n}=2$) and the 1.469-Mev state reaction (${l}_{n}=0$). Analysis of the data suggests that ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}} (\mathrm{ground}\mathrm{state})={\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ and ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}(0.096\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{v}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e})={\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$. Using parameter values estimated from the ${\mathrm{O}}^{19}$ energy level spectrum or obtained from neighboring nuclei, a description of this nucleus in terms of the strong-coupling unified model agrees with the data.
Measuring inequality with interval data

Abstract This paper employs the axiomatic approach underpinning the literature on income inequality measurement to analyze measures of dispersion in interval data. We find that some widely employed measures fail to properly measure dispersion when data are not of the ratio type. We go on to prove that, under reasonable conditions, variance is the only decomposable measure that can be used to consistently measure inequality of interval data. Moreover, the only proper Lorenz dominance condition for interval data is absolute Lorenz dominance that Moyes [Moyes, P., 1987. A new concept of Lorenz domination. Economics Letters 23, 203–207] introduced.
Raloxifene (LY156758) produces antimetastatic responses and extends survival in the paiii rat prostatic adenocarcinoma model

The benzothiophene antiestrogen, raloxifene (LY156758), has selective estrogen pharmacological antagonist activity in rats. The PAIII rat prostatic adenocarcinoma model was used to evaluate the effects of this agent on the lymphatic and pulmonary metastasis and survival in tumor-bearing male Lobund-Wistar (LW) rats. Reloxifene was inactive against colony formation of PAIII cells in vitro. Similarly, following subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of 106 PAIII cells in the tail, s.c. administration of raloxifene (2.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg/day) for 30 days failed to demonstrate cytoreductive activity against primary tumor growth in the tail. However, in these same animals, raloxifene administration produced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of PAIII metastasis from the primary tumor in the tail to the gluteal and iliac lymph nodes (maximal responses = 89% and 81% from control values, respectively). PAIII metastasis to the lungs was significantly inhibited by raloxifene treatment. Numbers of pulmonary foci in PAIII-bearing rats were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by raloxifene administration in a dose-related manner (maximal reduction = 97% from control values). In these animals, maximal regression of 20% for ventral prostate and 21% for seminal vesicle were also seen after raloxifene administration (P < 0.05 for both). Coadministration of E2B and raloxifene had no consistent antagonistic effect upon the antitumor responses produced by raloxifene. Raloxifene (40.0 mg/kg/day for 28 days) produced marked decreases in PAIII metastasis in the lymphatic and pulmonary components. Continued administration of the compound produced significant (P < 0.05) extension of survival of PAIII-bearing rats. Further studies are needed to define the maximal antitumor efficacy and the mechanism of action of raloxifene in urogenital solid tumor animal models. These data support the contention that raloxifene represents a class of active antimetastatic agents with potential efficacy in the treatment of hormone-insensitive human prostatic cancer. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The metals-HTP technique: Kinetics of the Cr/O2/Ar reaction system from 290 to 1510 K

The recently developed Metals-HTP (high-temperature photochemistry) technique for kinetic measurements on gas-phase elementary combustion reactions of metallic species is described. This technique complements the HTFFR (high-temperature fast-flow reactor) technique and extends the achievable pressure range: 15 to 615 mbar has been covered in the present work. The reactions between ground state (7S3) Cr atoms and O2 have been studied. The observed Cr-consumption rate coefficients are pressure dependent over the entire 290–1510 K range. For T≤700 K only recombination is observed, while above that temperature O-atom abstraction is also evident. The low-pressure limiting rate coefficients for Cr+O2+Ar→CrO2+Ar are well described by log10[k0(290–1510 K)/(cm6molecule−2s−1)]=−24.4 −1.56log10(T/K), with 2σ precision limits varying from ±10% to ±21%, depending on temperature, and corresponding estimated 2σ accuracy limits of ±22% to ±29%. The rate coefficients for the Cr+O2 → CrO+O reaction are well fitted by k2(855−1510 K)=2.2×10−10 exp (−3560 K/T) cm3 molecule−1s−1 with estimated 2σ accuracy limits of ±28%. Chromium is a health hazard in its hexavalent form to which it is partially converted in waste incinerators. The present results indicate that over the approximately 700 to 1600 K range, of prime interest to that problem, the ratio k2/k0[M] increases, for atmospheric pressure, by over two orders of magnitude, i.e. the competition between the two described precursor pathways for Cr6+ compound formation is very temperature-sensitive.
Autoradiographic studies of efferent nerves from the celiac ganglion in the cat.

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers originating in the celiac ganglion can be traced by autoradiography to the stomach, spleen, liver and pancreas.
P‐wave stacking‐velocity tomography for VTI media

A major complication caused by anisotropy in velocity analysis and imaging is the uncertainty in estimating the vertical velocity and depth scale of the model from surface data. For laterally homogeneous VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media above the target reflector, P-wave moveout has to be combined with other information (e.g. borehole data or converted waves) to build velocity models for depth imaging. The presence of lateral heterogeneity in the overburden creates the dependence of P-wave reflection data on all three relevant parameters (the vertical velocity VP0 and the Thomsen coefficients e and δ) and, therefore, may help to determine the depth scale of the velocity field. Here, we propose a tomographic algorithm designed to invert NMO ellipses (obtained from azimuthally varying stacking velocities) and zero-offset traveltimes of P-waves for the parameters of homogeneous VTI layers separated by either plane dipping or curved interfaces. For plane non-intersecting layer boundaries, the interval parameters cannot be recovered from P-wave moveout in a unique way. Nonetheless, if the reflectors have sufficiently different azimuths, a priori knowledge of any single interval parameter makes it possible to reconstruct the whole model in depth. For example, the parameter estimation becomes unique if the subsurface layer is known to be isotropic. In the case of 2D inversion on the dip line of co-orientated reflectors, it is necessary to specify one parameter (e.g. the vertical velocity) per layer. Despite the higher complexity of models with curved interfaces, the increased angle coverage of reflected rays helps to resolve the trade-offs between the medium parameters. Singular value decomposition (SVD) shows that in the presence of sufficient interface curvature all parameters needed for anisotropic depth processing can be obtained solely from conventional-spread P-wave moveout. By performing tests on noise-contaminated data we demonstrate that the tomographic inversion procedure reconstructs both the interfaces and the VTI parameters with high accuracy. Both SVD analysis and moveout inversion are implemented using an efficient modelling technique based on the theory of NMO-velocity surfaces generalized for wave propagation through curved interfaces.
Behavioral Temperature Regulation in the Pill Bug, Armadillidium Vulgare (Isopoda)

[Diese Arbeit befast sich mit dem Verhalten der Rollassel Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804), das zum Temperaturausgleich fuhrt. Es wurde beobachtet, das diese Landisopoden Unterschlupfe suchen, in denen die Temperaturschwankungen der Umgebung gemindert werden. In Laboratoriumsversuchen zeigte sich die Rollassel in der Lage, in einem Warmegradienten ein gewisses Temperaturgebiet (22-23°C) mit einer relativen Genauigkeit zu wahlen. Diese Vorzugstemperatur kann leicht durch einen Konflikt zwischen der Thermotaxis und der Thigmotaxis, Phototaxis oder Hygrotaxis verandert werden. Des weiteren kann diese Vorzugstemperatur durch vorherige Gewohnung an Kalte (12°C) oder Warme (32°C) um einige Grade nach unten verschoben werden. Unter Warmeeinflus gesellen sich die Rollasseln zu Gruppen zusammen, was wahrscheinlich zu einem geringeren Wasserverlust fuhrt. Eine andere wichtige Eigenschaft des Verhaltens dieses Tieres ist die Moglichkeit, Verbindungen zwischen thermischen und optischen oder chemischen Reizen zu lernen. Es wurden keine Beweise gefunden, das die Rollassel sich bei Kalte in tiefere Erdlocher verkriecht; jedoch wurde beobachtet, das bei Temperaturen unter dem Gefrierpunkt die Rollassel in ein Schlafstadium verfallt. Zuletzt wurde noch festgestellt, das die Rollassel, obwohl sie tagaktiv ist, diesen Zyklus umkehren kann, wenn die Temperaturen in der Helligkeitsphase erhoht (30°C) und in der Dunkelphase neutral (20°C) gelassen werden., Diese Arbeit befast sich mit dem Verhalten der Rollassel Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804), das zum Temperaturausgleich fuhrt. Es wurde beobachtet, das diese Landisopoden Unterschlupfe suchen, in denen die Temperaturschwankungen der Umgebung gemindert werden. In Laboratoriumsversuchen zeigte sich die Rollassel in der Lage, in einem Warmegradienten ein gewisses Temperaturgebiet (22-23°C) mit einer relativen Genauigkeit zu wahlen. Diese Vorzugstemperatur kann leicht durch einen Konflikt zwischen der Thermotaxis und der Thigmotaxis, Phototaxis oder Hygrotaxis verandert werden. Des weiteren kann diese Vorzugstemperatur durch vorherige Gewohnung an Kalte (12°C) oder Warme (32°C) um einige Grade nach unten verschoben werden. Unter Warmeeinflus gesellen sich die Rollasseln zu Gruppen zusammen, was wahrscheinlich zu einem geringeren Wasserverlust fuhrt. Eine andere wichtige Eigenschaft des Verhaltens dieses Tieres ist die Moglichkeit, Verbindungen zwischen thermischen und optischen oder chemischen Reizen zu lernen. Es wurden keine Beweise gefunden, das die Rollassel sich bei Kalte in tiefere Erdlocher verkriecht; jedoch wurde beobachtet, das bei Temperaturen unter dem Gefrierpunkt die Rollassel in ein Schlafstadium verfallt. Zuletzt wurde noch festgestellt, das die Rollassel, obwohl sie tagaktiv ist, diesen Zyklus umkehren kann, wenn die Temperaturen in der Helligkeitsphase erhoht (30°C) und in der Dunkelphase neutral (20°C) gelassen werden.]
Single Camera Based Object Detection and Tracking for Mobile Robots

In order for a mobile robot to successfully navigate its environment, it must have knowledge about the objects in its immediate vicinity. The robot can use this information for localization, navigation and object avoidance. Among many sensors available for object detection we are primarily interested in camera-based vision for indoor robot navigation. In this work, we focus on using a single camera to detect objects in the field of view of the robot for the purpose of obstacle avoidance. In order to obtain an integrated robot obstacle avoidance and navigation technique, we investigate a modular approach. In the first module, we extend an appearance based object detection (ABOD) technique to automatically identify individual objects. We then extract strong corner features, overlaying them over the identified objects. This allows us to select a few representative corners for each object. In the second module, we attempt to group these strong corner features using a planar homography technique to define more natural features such as 'planes' for further processing. As an added feature, we utilize the strong corner features generated from module 1, the corresponding features in the next frame from module 2 and a basic optical flow technique for tracking these identified objects. In the third and final module, we obtain distance and heading information for each of obstacles as the robot avoids and navigates in an indoor environment. We show both simulation and actual results on a mobile robot for each of these three modules. We hope to integrate these three modules to obtain a single camera-based integrated robot obstacle avoidance and navigation technique in future.
FUNCTIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE YEAST SNF2, SNF5, AND SNF6 PROTEINS IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION

Abstract The SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are required for expression of a variety of differently regulated genes. Previous evidence implicated the SNF5 protein in transcriptional activation, and a DNA-bound LexA-SNF5 fusion protein was shown to activate expression of a nearby promoter. Here, we examine the functional relationship of the SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 proteins. Activation by DNA-bound LexA-SNF5 fusion protein was greatly reduced in snf2 and snf6 mutants, indicating that activation by LexA-SNF5 requires SNF2 and SNF6 function. An spt6 mutation, which suppresses transcriptional defects caused by snf2, restored activation by LexA-SNF5 in a snf2 mutant. The SNF2 gene was sequenced and encodes a 194-kDa protein that is targeted to the nucleus. DNA-bound LexA-SNF2 fusion protein also activated transcription, dependent on SNF5 and SNF6. These findings suggest that SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 function interdependently in transcriptional activation, possibly forming a heteromeric complex.
The combination of hyper-CVAD plus nelarabine as frontline therapy in adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-lymphoblastic lymphoma: MD Anderson Cancer Center experience.

The combination of hyper-CVAD plus nelarabine as frontline therapy in adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-lymphoblastic lymphoma: MD Anderson Cancer Center experience
Reversibility and Improved Hydrogen Release of Magnesium Borohydride

Desorption and subsequent rehydrogenation of Mg(BH_4)_2 with and without 5 mol % TiF_3 and ScCl_3 have been investigated. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments revealed a significant increase in the rate of desorption as well as the weight percentage of hydrogen released with additives upon heating to 300 °C. Stable Mg(B_xH_y)_n intermediates were formed at 300 °C, whereas MgB_2 was the major product when heated to 600 °C. These samples were then rehydrogenated and subsequently characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. We confirmed significant conversion of MgB_2 to fully hydrogenated Mg(BH_4)_2 for the sample with and without additives. TPD and NMR studies revealed that the additives have a significant effect on the reaction pathway during both dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation reactions. This work suggests that the use of additives may provide a valid pathway for improving intrinsic hydrogen storage properties of magnesium borohydride.
Longitudinal measurement of substance use in ethnographic samples

Using data from two samples of drug users, this study addresses several related methodological issues in longitudinal, ethnographic research. We evaluated the consistency of individual drug use reports over 8 weeks. We also observed and compared trends in reports of drug use over the same time period. Individual consistency in drug use reports varied according to type of substance and type of measure reported on. In general, individuals were more consistent when reporting on use frequency than when reporting on dollar amount of use. Overall trends in reduced substance use were found. These trends were stronger in the sample of men than they were in the sample of women. Downward trends were stronger for dollar amount indices than for use frequency indices. Downward trends were particularly strong for reports of cocaine and heroin use. Analyses suggested that when observed, these trends were general phenomena that were not a consequence of treatment or arrests during the study period. Implications for the design and analysis of community intervention studies with substance users are discussed.
The invariant factors of some cyclic difference sets

Using the Smith normal forms of the symmetric designs associated with the HKM and Lin difference sets, we show that not only are these two families of difference sets inequivalent, but also that the associated symmetric designs are nonisomorphic.
Word break conflicts in Bantu languages: Skirmishes on many fronts

Abstract Orthographies should not only represent phonology, but meaning and grammar as well, at the morpheme, word and sentence levels. Developing an orthography does not therefore depend on phonological analysis alone, but must be based on a multi-level linguistic analysis. With respect to deciding how to divide a string of morphemes into written words, these different levels may be in conflict, with semantic, grammatical, phonological and sociolinguistic factors all jostling for supremacy. This paper examines a set of nine criteria developed by Van Dyken and Kutsch Lojenga for determining word breaks in a writing system. These criteria compete with one another for dominance in the Bantu languages described, so we focus on cases where the criteria conflict, and present ways in which these conflicts can be minimised and an optimal orthography achieved.
Segmental characterization of defects in collecting tubule acidification

Segmental characterization of defects in collecting tubule acidification. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical collecting tubule (CCT) function in normal individuals and in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) using furosemide (80mg orally) as a tool to stimulate H+ and K+ secretion by enhancing Na delivery and transport in this nephron segment. In ten normal subjects, furosemide resulted in a fall in urine pH below 5.5 and an increase in net acid and K+ excretion. These effects were obliterated by amiloride, a drug which decreases transtubular epithelial voltage (lumen–negative) in the CCT by blocking Na reabsorption. In 13 patients with DRTA, defined by failure to lower urine pH below 5.5 during acidemia, three distinctive responses to furosemide were found. In six patients with the hyperkalemic variety, furosemide failed to lower urine pH below 5.5 and resulted in a blunted increase in K+ excretion, thereby suggesting that a normal transtubular voltage in the CCT could not be generated in such patients. In five patients with classic RTA, furosemide failed to lower urine pH below 5.5, but K+ excretion increased normally. The increase in K+ excretion indicated that a normal transtubular voltage in the CCT could be generated, while the inability to lower urine pH denotes the presence of a proton pump defect involving the CCT. In two patients with classic RTA, furosemide resulted in both a normal fall in urine pH and an increase in K+ excretion, thereby indicating that the CCT was normal in regards to both proton pump function and in its ability to generate a normal transtubular voltage. By exclusion, their defect in distal acidification was ascribed to a proton pump defect confined to the medullary portion of the collecting tubule. These patterns were also found after the administration of sodium sulfate. It is proposed that evaluation of the ability to lower urine pH and increase K+ excretion after furosemide or sodium sulfate may allow for the characterization of the type of defect underlying the DRTA syndromes and its localization within the collecting tubule.
Cognitive Impairment in Acquired Brain Injury: A Predictor of Rehabilitation Outcomes and an Opportunity for Novel Interventions

Cognitive impairment is a common sequela in acquired brain injury and one that predicts rehabilitation outcomes. There is emerging evidence that impairments in cognitive functions can be manipulated by both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to improve rehabilitation outcomes. By using stroke as a model for acquired brain injury, we review the evidence that links cognitive impairment to poor rehabilitation outcomes and discuss possible mechanisms to explain this association. Furthermore, we examine nascent promising research that suggests that interventions that target cognitive impairments can lead to better rehabilitation outcomes.
Spectral moving removal of non-isolated surface outlier clusters

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for the fast removal of non-isolated surface outlier clusters. It consists of three basic components: (a) an intrinsic metric for detecting outliers on the basis of minimum variance principle; (b) bi-means clustering of a normalized histogram; (c) surface propagation for a geometric coherence check. The unique contributions of our approach include (a) a new idea of identifying non-isolated outlier clusters and linking the local spectral property to a global outlier removal process; (b) a modified data clustering scheme with a geometric coherence check. In comparison with existing algorithms, our algorithm is evaluated in terms of the quality and computational cost of outlier removal. Numerical experiments indicate the effectiveness of our approach in the aspects of convergence, accuracy, time and space efficiency.
Relations of prolactin and thyroid hormone to molting, skin texture, and cutaneous secretion in the red-spotted newt.

The effects of prolactin on skin texture, on cutaneous secretion and on molting have been examined in the red-spotted newt under several hormonal conditions. In the adult newt skin is smooth and is covered with varying amounts of cutaneous secretion. Under laboratory conditions the skin ordinarily becomes rough and tuberculated within one or two weeks. Doses of 1.2–120 units of prolactin caused the skin of intact, laboratory-conditioned, red-spotted newts to become smooth and slimy. Similar changes were seen in newts bearing pituitary autografts which are presumed to secrete excessive amounts of prolactin or prolactin-like hormone. No change in skin texture or secretion was detected in hypophysectomized newts treated with prolactin. It has been reported recently that 120 units of prolactin induces molting in the hypophysectomized European crested newt (Vellano et al., ';70). Although 3 of 15 hypophysectomized red-spotted newts molted in response to that dose of prolactin, TSH in amounts equivalent to that which may have contaminated the prolactin produced similar results. Thyroidectomized newts showed no cutaneous response to 120 units of prolactin. Thyroidectomized newts kept in water to which 10 μgm/liter of 1-thyroxine had been added molted only rarely, but when thyroidectomized animals were put into 10 μgm/liter of 1-thyroxine and injected with 12 units of prolactin they began to molt normally and their skins became smooth and slimy. It is concluded that in the red-spotted newt prolactin alone does not induce molting but may facilitate molting, probably through the stimulation of cutaneous secretion, when introduced with thyroid hormone. It is further concluded that although prolactin induces changes in skin texture and in cutaneous secretion, those responses are to some extent mediated by the thyroid hormone.
Magnons and crystal-field transitions in hexagonal RMnO 3 (R = Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) single crystals

Far-infrared optical transmission spectra of the antiferromagnetic resonances, or magnons, and crystal-field (CF) transitions have been studied in hexagonal $R$MnO${}_{3}$ ($R$ $=$ Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) single crystals. The magnon and CF frequencies, their oscillator strengths, and effective $g$ factors have been measured using external magnetic fields up to 9 T in the temperature range between 1.5 and 100 K. The magnon frequency increases systematically with a decrease of the $R$ ion radius. The magnetic ordering of $R$ ions ($R$ $=$ Er, Tm, Yb) was observed at low temperatures $Tl3.5$ K and in strong external magnetic fields. The observed effects are analyzed taking into account the main magnetic interactions in the system including exchange of the Mn${}^{3+}$ spins with ${R}^{3+}$ paramagnetic moments.
Prediction of gas solubility in binary polymer+solvent mixtures

This paper is devoted to a theory of gas solubility in highly asymmetrical mixed solvents composed of a low molecular weight (such as water, alcohol, etc.) and a high molecular weight (such as polymer, protein, etc.) cosolvents. The experimental solubilities of Ar, CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 in aqueous solutions of polypropylene glycol and polyethylene glycol were selected for comparison with the theory. The approach for predicting these solubilities is based on the Kirkwood–Buff formalism for ternary mixtures, which allowed one to derive a rigorous expression for the Henry constant in mixed solvents. Starting from this expression, the solubilities could be predicted in terms of those in each of the two constituents and the properties of the mixed solvent. This expression combined with the Flory–Huggins equation for the activity coefficient in a binary mixed solvent provided very accurate results, when the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter was used as an adjustable quantity. A simple expression in which the solubility could be predicted in terms of those in each of the two constituents and the molar volumes of the latter was also derived. While less accurate that the previous expression, it provided more than satisfactory results.
The Wnt co-receptor LRP5 is essential for skeletal mechanotransduction but not for the anabolic bone response to parathyroid hormone treatment.

The cell surface receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) is a key regulator of bone mass. Loss-of-function mutations in LRP5 cause the human skeletal disease osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severely reduced bone mass and strength. We investigated the role of LRP5 on bone strength using mice engineered with a loss-of-function mutation in the gene. We then tested whether the osteogenic response to mechanical loading was affected by the loss of Lrp5 signaling. Lrp5-null (Lrp5-/-) mice exhibited significantly lower bone mineral density and decreased strength. The osteogenic response to mechanical loading of the ulna was reduced by 88 to 99% in Lrp5-/- mice, yet osteoblast recruitment and/or activation at mechanically strained surfaces was normal. Subsequent experiments demonstrated an inability of Lrp5-/- osteoblasts to synthesize the bone matrix protein osteopontin after a mechanical stimulus. We then tested whether Lrp5-/- mice increased bone formation in response to intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH), a known anabolic treatment. A 4-week course of intermittent PTH (40 μg/kg/day; 5 days/week) enhanced skeletal mass equally in Lrp5-/- and Lrp5+/+ mice, suggesting that the anabolic effects of PTH do not require Lrp5 signaling. We conclude that Lrp5 is critical for mechanotransduction in osteoblasts. Lrp5 is a mediator of mature osteoblast function following loading. Our data suggest an important component of the skeletal fragility phenotype in individuals affected with osteoporosis-pseudoglioma is inadequate processing of signals derived from mechanical stimulation and that PTH might be an effective treatment for improving bone mass in these patients.
Polarization isolation requirements for linear dual-polarization weather Radar in simultaneous transmission mode of operation

A dual-polarization radar system operating in simultaneous transmission mode of both horizontal and vertical polarization states is a viable implementation if only copolar measurements are needed. The simultaneous transmission of horizontal and vertical polarizations results in an arbitrary elliptical polarization state transmitted, whereas the reception states in horizontal and vertical polarizations are neither copolar nor cross-polar to the transmitted state. Because of this, it is often referred as the hybrid mode. Previous studies have shown that the hybrid mode in the linear horizontal and vertical polarization basis is capable of providing measurements similar to the alternate transmission mode for most measurement conditions. These findings are based on the assumption of perfect sensing systems. This paper presents the results of radar system limitations on hybrid mode measurements that in turn are converted to system requirements. It is shown that the polarization purity requirement is more stringent for the hybrid mode compared to the alternate mode of operation
Development of additional pituitary hormone deficiencies in pediatric patients originally diagnosed with idiopathic isolated GH deficiency

textabstractObjective: We assessed the characteristics of children initially diagnosed with idiopathic isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) who later developed additional (multiple) pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD). Design: Data were analyzed for 5805 pediatric patients with idiopathic IGHD, who were GH-naive at baseline and GH-treated in the multinational, observational Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study. Methods: Development of MPHD was assessed from investigator diagnoses, adverse events, and concomitant medications. Analyses were performed for all patients and for those who developed MPHD within 4.5 years or had ≥3.5 years, follow-up and continued to have IGHD (4-year cohort). Results: MPHD developed in 118/5805 (2.0%) children overall, and in 96/1757 (5.5%) in the 4-year cohort. Patients who developed MPHD had more profound GHD, with decreased height SDS, IGF1 SDS and peak stimulated GH, and greater height decrement vs target, compared with children who continued to have IGHD (P<0.001 for each variable). Delivery complications, congenital anomalies, and perinatal/neonatal adverse events occurred more frequently in patients who developed MPHD. The most frequent additional deficiency was TSH (82 patients overall); four patients developed two pituitary hormone deficiencies and one developed three deficiencies. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that years of follow-up (odds ratio 1.55), baseline age (1.17), baseline height SDS (0.69), and peak stimulated GH (0.64) were associated with the development of MPHD. Conclusions: MPHD is more likely to develop in patients with more severe idiopathic IGHD. Older baseline age, lower baseline height SDS, and longer follow-up duration are associated with increased risk of development of MPHD.
How Essential is Hydrologic Model Calibration to Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting

Abstract Hydrologic model calibration is usually a central element of streamflow forecasting based on the ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) method. Evaluation measures of forecast errors such as root-mean-square error (RMSE) are heavily influenced by bias, which in turn is readily reduced by calibration. On the other hand, bias can also be reduced by postprocessing (e.g., “training” bias correction schemes based on retrospective simulation error statistics). This observation invites the question: How much is forecast error reduced by calibration, beyond what can be accomplished by postprocessing to remove bias? The authors address this question through retrospective evaluation of forecast errors at eight streamflow forecast locations distributed across the western United States. Forecast periods of length ranging from 1 to 6 months are investigated, for forecasts initiated from 1 December to 1 June, which span the period when most runoff occurs from snowmelt-dominated western U.S. rivers. ESP forecast ...
Effectively teaching self-assessment: preparing the dental hygiene student to provide quality care.

Literature on self-assessment presents substantial evidence regarding the impact of self-assessment on dental practitioners and quality of care. Related dental hygiene research documents a need to enhance self-assessment curricula; however, no published curriculum module exists to effectively teach self-assessment. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of a self-assessment educational module for dental hygiene curricula designed using adult learning principles. This module was implemented with thirty-three dental hygiene students in their junior year using a one-group, pretest-posttest design. Results analyzed using matched pairs Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated the self-assessment module was effective (p