cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of light reception on circulating estrogen levels in female goldfish, Carassius auratus: Importance of retinal pathways versus the pineal ☆

Abstract The effects of pinealectomy, optic tract section, or exposure to continuous darkness on serum estradiol-17β levels in the goldfish were examined during the spring and fall. Pineal removal had no effect on serum estrogen levels or GSI in either fall or spring. Optic tract section decreased serum estrogen levels in both spring and fall experiments. Ovarian regression was initiated in fish exposed to continuous darkness and optic tract-sectioned fish during the spring, but fish maintained in darkness exhibited no change in serum estrogen levels. Our data imply that it is primarily retinal pathways which mediate the effects of increasing daylength on goldfish ovarian development during the spring.
UPTAKE AND LOCALIZATION OF 3H‐1‐METHYLADENINE BY THE GONADAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF SEA URCHINS IN VITRO

The meiotic inducing hormone, 1-methyladenine, first isolated from starfish has been implicated to play some role in the gamete maturation of a number of marine invertebrates. However, there have been controversial and sometimes opposite conclusions due to the fact that there is no direct bioassay system other than in starfish. Using 3H-1-methyladenine, we demonstrated that the hormone was localized exclusively in the outer epithelial cells of gonads of sea urchins as revealed by autoradiography. Uptake by the testes differs from that by the ovaries. Competition data show that the uptake of the labelled hormone is real and also show the different rates of uptake by the gonads of male and female sea urchins. It is concluded that 1-MA may exhibit differential effects on cell types due to their differentiated state and the seasonal variations of the organisms. The action of 1-MA is, therefore, multiple and not restricted to the gametes although its action would ultimately result in gamete maturation.
Symbolic PathFinder: symbolic execution of Java bytecode

Symbolic Pathfinder (SPF) combines symbolic execution with model checking and constraint solving for automated test case generation and error detection in Java programs with unspecified inputs. In this tool, programs are executed on symbolic inputs representing multiple concrete inputs. Values of variables are represented as constraints generated from the analysis of Java bytecode. The constraints are solved using off-the shelf solvers to generate test inputs guaranteed to achieve complex coverage criteria. SPF has been used successfully at NASA, in academia, and in industry.
The Science of Managing Science: The Training Program at Humboldt University

In 1968 an independent department for science policy studies, named “Department for Theory and Organization of Science,” was established at Humboldt University. In accordance with the principle of unity of research, education, and practice, the main tasks of this section were defined as follows: 1 Training in socialist science management of qualified students for organizing scientific work, 2 Continued education of those active in the practice of science management, especially in the form of postgraduate study, 3 Research in the development of the science of science as insurance for a sound theoretical foundation and for the solution of certain tasks within the framework of socioscientific research i.e., improving the management at Humboldt University, 4 Training of scientific junior staff in the field of science facilities management at universities and other institutions of learning; tutoring for candidates who are not attached to a specific school, 5 Practical scientific activities and dissemination of information about projects, application research, promotion and support of continued education, papers, etc. and 6 Active participation in international scientific cooperation within the framework of the COMECON member countries, to insure the adoption of the most modern international developments in this branch of science. Cooperation in joint projects with others in accordance with the potential of the department.
Retention of Tactile Discriminations Following Somatosensory Cortical Lesions in the Rat

Rats with histologically confirmed bilateral lesions of one or both somatosensory cortical areas, occipital cortex, or sham operations were tested in a T-maze for the ability to relearn five tactile discriminations acquired before surgery. Although some lesioned rats were slow in relearning the discriminations, almost all animals mastered each of the problems in the allotted time, and analyses of variance failed to reveal group differences in errors to criterion on any of the tasks. Results contrast with severe deficits obtained in acquisition experiments under otherwise similar conditions.
Axonal transport of adenylate cyclase activity in normal and axotomized frog sciatic nerve

Adenylate cyclase activity accumulated proximal to a constriction placed around the frog sciatic nerve. The rate of accumulation was linear between 8 and 24 h following placement of the constriction; accumulation rate declined substantially after 24 h. Accumulation of activity distal to the constriction in normal nerve was not significantly different from control for the first 72 h, but increased at 5 days. These data are interpreted as indicating that adenylate cyclase is transported from the cell body to the nerve terminals in normal frog nerve, but not in the reverse direction. Following axon transection, anterograde transport of adenylate cyclase activity declined, but a transient retrograde transport of adenylate cyclase activity appeared. In addition, adenylate cyclase activity accumulated in the proximal transected nerve stump during the period when Schwann cell proliferation and the initiation of nerve regeneration both appear. The pattern of response of adenylate cyclase activity to nerve injury suggests that the adenylate cyclase: cAMP system could play some role in peripheral nerve regeneration.
Rebound insomnia and hypnotic self administration.

Twenty-one (three groups of seven), men and women, 25–50 years of age were studied to determine whether or not rebound insomnia would increase the likelihood of self administering a benzodiazepine (triazolam 0.25 mg) hypnotic. The groups compared were patients with insomnia and disturbed sleep, insomnia and normal sleep, and healthy normals. Rebound insomnia, by both subjective and polysomnographic assessment, was induced. The experience of rebound insomnia did not increase the likelihood of self administering a benzodiazepine hypnotic in any of the groups. There were clear group differences in pill self administration with normals rarely and insomnia patients frequently, but not differentially (placebo versus active drug) self administering pills.
Problems Encountered in Dental Identification of a Mutilated Body

A misleading dental chart can lead to a conflict in identification of a corpse. Such a conflict arose when it was necessary to identify the body of a man so severely mutilated in a bomb explosion in a car that identification appeared problematic. Eventually, the finding of fingernail fragments led to positive identification despite discrepancies between the dental chart and actual condition of the tooth remains.
On invariant integrals in the Marguerre-von Kármán shallow shell

Abstract By employing the second-order Noether's theorem, several new invariant integrals have been derived for the non-linear shallow shell—the Marguerre-von Karman shell. The dynamic effect is considered in the derivations. These invariant integrals are path-independent over the projection image of the middle surface of the shell in a Cartesian plane, in which the projection area of the middle surface of the shallow shell is maximum. The proposed invariant integrals can be used to evaluate the asymptotic field around a defect embedded in the shell. Unlike most other studies, the Lagrangian density of the invariant variational principle used here belongs to a mixed type variational principle.
Development of an impulse technique for measurement of muffler characteristics

It is often desirable to evaluate mufflers experimentally, especially when either complex configurations are involved or flow effects are of interest. Available measurement techniques have certain inherent limitations and strengths. The present paper describes an acoustic impulse technique which offers a combination of advantages not found in any other single method known to the authors. An acoustic impulse of short duration is generated and applied to the muffler specimen. Isolated incident, reflected and transmitted pulses are captured by appropriately located pressure transducers. A synchronous time domain averaging operation is performed to eliminate random flow noise components from these pressure signals. Desired muffler characteristics are then computed, in the frequency domain, from the Fourier transforms of the isolated wave time histories. Both magnitude and phase are obtained as continuous functions of frequency (with resolution limited only by the available computing facility). The technique is reliable, efficient and versatile. Its attractiveness lies in the fact that the muffler response, over a broad frequency range, is obtained from a single impulse excitation, which is especially advantageous in the case of difficult and unstable flow conditions. The major drawbacks to this technique are a somewhat limited dynamic range, cost and complexity of the hardware and software required, and limited applicability for the study of non-linear phenomen. The paper describes the various conceptual, physical and measurement considerations involved in the development of an impulse technique. Instrumentation details include its adaptation to a minicomputer based digital data acquisition and processing system (conventional discrete instruments can also be utilized as described in Appendix A). Excellent agreement with theory and standing wave tube method measurements verify the validity of the technique.
Uncertainty in Model-Based Seasonal Adjustment Procedures and Construction of Minimax Filters

Abstract Unobserved component autoregressive integrated moving average models are often the cornerstone of model-based seasonal adjustment procedures. Unfortunately these models are inherently underidentified and ad hoc assumptions must be made prior to the analysis. This article investigates the effect of seasonal adjustment filters on a class of observationally equivalent models. Bounds on the mean squared error (MSE) associated with arbitrary linear filters are derived. The article also derives robust seasonal adjustment filters. The filters are robust in the sense that they minimize the maximum MSE from the set of observationally equivalent models. The article shows that the minimax and minimum extraction filters are equivalent for a certain class of models. Empirical results for a number of economic time series are presented.
Realizing the Potential of Behavioral Intervention Technologies

Behavioral intervention technologies (BITs) apply behavioral and psychological intervention strategies by using digital media to target behaviors, cognitions, and emotions in support of physical and mental health. BITs offer promising opportunities to expand psychological practice. However, to realize the potential of BITs, psychologists must understand both the possibilities and the limitations associated with using technology to advance psychology. We review examples of the most cutting-edge BITs and discuss features that differentiate BITs from traditional modes of delivery. We highlight major challenges in designing BITs, including adherence, engagement, technological and interventional obsolescence, multidisciplinary collaboration, and a reliance on psychological skeuomorphisms. Psychologists who do not understand the conceptual and applied considerations involved in creating BITs risk being left out of the development of BITs in the future. Teaming psychologists with experts in technology will help ...
A set of axioms for nonstandard extensions

We give an axiomatic characterization for complete elementary extensions, that is, elementary extensions of the first-order structure consisting of all finitary relations and functions on the underlying set. Such axiom systems have been studied using various types of primitive notions (e.g., [1, 3, 6]). Our system uses the notion of partial functions as primitive. Properties of nonstandard extensions are derived from five axioms in a rather algebraic way, without the use of metamathematical notions such as formulas or satisfaction. For example, when applied to the real number system, it provides a complete framework for developing nonstandard analysis based on hyperreals without having to construct them and without any use of logic. This has possible pedagogical and expository applications as presented in, e.g., [5], [6]. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
The Working Class Family, Women's Liberation, and Class Struggle: The Case of Nineteenth Century British History:

Recent Marxist analyses have focused on the working class family as the arena of domestic labour and the context of the reproduction of labour- power. The effect has been to view the family in terms of the functional prerequi sites of capitalism, and to locate its reproduction in the reproduction of capital. But to look only from the perspective of capital is to neglect the role of class struggle. This paper attempts to redress this bias by arguing that in certain per iods of capitalist development labour's defence of the family, a defence moti vated by the family's role in the determination of the standard of living, the development of class cohesion and the waging of class struggle, was an important reason for its survival.
Pulsed amplifier model for optical extraction from a supersonic oxygen iodine medium

A time-dependent model of a single-pass amplifier which treats upper laser level pumping by O2(1 Delta), deactivation by water, and stimulated emission within the flowing oxygen-iodine medium is described. An efficient algorithm for solving the coupled, flowing medium, and optical extraction equations is presented. The model indicates that extraction efficiencies comparable to CW efficiencies can be obtained with pulse repetition rates comparable to the rate of flow through the cavity and pulse lengths of the order of the time it takes to extract the energy stored in O2(1 Delta).
Properties of a motor output system involved in the optomotor response in flies

1. The optomotor response of tethered flying houseflies (Musca domestica) has been studied at the level of the neural output which controls the activities of some non-fibrillar flight muscles (N-muscles).-a) During visually induced turning responses in a given direction some N-muscles on the right side of the thorax are synergistically active together with other N-muscles on the left side of the thorax. The same muscles are inactive during turning reactions in the opposite direction while the corresponding antagonists are now active (synopsis in Table 1).-b) The response activities of the N-mussles show a considerable variation during the course of time in spite of constant visual input.-c) There is a strong tendency for N-muscle spikes to be phase-locked with respect to the wingbeat period.-d) The findings obtained fromMusca are in accordance with the corresponding results obtained fromCalliphora (Heide, 1971b). 2. TheN-muscle activities have also been investigated in tethered flying blowflies (Calliphora erythrocephala) which tried to yaw spontaneously with both wings beating. In spontaneous left (right) turn reactions the features of the observed neural output are nearly identical with the features of the motor output showing up during visually induced left (right) turn reactions.-A different motor output pattern has been found in flies with only one wing beating. 3. The wingbeat synchronous rhythm observed in spike trains from activeN-muscles is produced in the thorax without the participation of higher stages of the fly's CNS. On the other hand no distinct rhythms can be found in spike trains fromN-muscles of non-flying flies when their motoneurons are artificially activated by non-rhythmic stimuli. Afferent information from thoracic sense organs seems to be essential for the production of the rhythm observed during flight. 4. The results about the production of the wingbeat synchronous rhythm in spike trains fromN-muscles suggest that the information derived from the motion detectors only acts to gate the output needed to achieve yaw-turn reactions. The strength of the influence of signals from the motion detectors on the output producing system can be modified by the animals “state of excitement”. 5. A model is presented which summarizes some features of information processing in the output systems supplying theN-muscles of flies. Available physiological data are discussed in relation to the model.
ACM IT curricular guidance

As directed by the ACM Education Board, the ACM Committee for Computing Education in Community Colleges (CCECC) is finalizing its curricular guidance for associate-degree Information Technology (IT) programs, consisting of core IT learning outcomes with associated assessment metrics. The competency model, influenced by international perspectives, is available from www.capspace.org, and waits Ed Board approval in Q3 2014.
Evaluating the psychosocial adjustment of 2- and 3-year-old pediatric burn survivors

Very little information has been published about 2- and 3-year-old children who have experienced major burns. This study used a standardized instrument to measure the behavioral adjustment of these young burn survivors, and the results were compared with those of a nonclinical normative sample. Thirty-three pediatric burn survivors with 50% ± 28% total body surface area burns were evaluated 1.2 ± 0.7 years postburn. Parental observations were assessed with the use of the Child Behavior Checklist for 2- and 3-Year-Olds, a 99-item standardized checklist designed to identify behavior problems. Forty of the questions are specific to 2- and 3-year-olds, and the scores of male and female children are not differentiated. The raw scores of the children with burns were statistically compared with the reported normative sample for this version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Pediatric burn survivors in this sample exhibited significantly more internalizing behaviors than the children in the normative group. Parents reported children who had been burned to be more depressed and to have more somatic complaints and sleep problems. Determining the relationship of behavior problems to posttrauma sequelae and preburn environmental factors would assist with the establishment of appropriate psychosocial interventions.
Probiotics in Aquaculture

During last years the aquaculture production is growing thanks to its intensification (i.e.: growth promoters, use of antibiotics, and several other additives); obviously these practices create stressful conditions that cause problems related to diseases and deterioration of environmental conditions often occur and result in serious economic losses. The control of diseases using antibiotics has been questioned by acquisition of antibiotic resistance with a massive diffusion in the environment; so the use of probiotics (environmentally friendly) is an interesting alternative. Probiotics are used for: alternative measures to control the fish diseases, to promote health and finally formulate balanced diets for a better growth.
Full length article: Multivariate polynomial interpolation and sampling in Paley-Wiener spaces

In this paper, an equivalence between existence of particular exponential Riesz bases for spaces of multivariate bandlimited functions and existence of certain polynomial interpolants for functions in these spaces is given. Namely, polynomials are constructed which, in the limiting case, interpolate {(@t"n,f(@t"n))}"n for certain classes of unequally spaced data nodes {@t"n}"n and corresponding @?"2 sampled data {f(@t"n)}"n. Existence of these polynomials allows one to construct a simple sequence of approximants for an arbitrary multivariate bandlimited function f which demonstrates L"2 and uniform convergence on R^d to f. A simpler computational version of this recovery formula is also given at the cost of replacing L"2 and uniform convergence on R^d with L"2 and uniform convergence on increasingly large subsets of R^d. As a special case, the polynomial interpolants of given @?"2 data converge in the same fashion to the multivariate bandlimited interpolant of that same data. Concrete examples of pertinent Riesz bases and unequally spaced data nodes are also given.
Single particle electroproduction at large Q2 and the role of wee partons

Abstract A parton model is presented for single particle electroproductions with large electronic momentum-transfers. Two different asymptotic limits are discussed and related to two kinds of parton-mechanisms. Several testable predictions are made.
Comparisons of the mechanics of partial and total ossicular replacement prostheses with cartilage in a cadaveric temporal bone preparation

AbstractConclusions: Reconstruction of the ossicular chain differentially affects the motion of the tympanic membrane (TM) and the stapes. Objectives: To determine the effect of different ossicular replacement procedures on the sound-induced motion of the TM and stapes. Methods: A combination of digital stroboscopic holography and laser Doppler vibrometry was used to determine the sound-induced motion of the TM and stapes in cadaveric temporal bones in which the ossicular chain was reconstructed using 12 varied standard techniques. The variations included the use of total or partial ossicular prosthesis, size of cartilage interposed between the TM and the prosthesis, and the length or fit of the prosthesis between the TM and stapes. The measurements were carried out in repeated measures format, so that each manipulation was performed in each temporal bone. Results: The volume displacement of the TM was in general reduced by reconstruction, with the largest reductions occurring with high-frequency stimulat...
A Support Submatrix for the Generalized Linear Complementarity Problem

Abstract We provide an algorithm that selects, in a polynomial time, a representative submatrix whose appropriately defined LCP solution solves the GLCP. An algorithm based on support submatrices is also presented.
Mechanism of synergistic induction of DNA synthesis by epidermal growth factor and tumor promoters

Evidence is presented to support our previously proposed hypothesis that the hyperplastic effect of tumor promoters is related to their ability to alter existing physiological levels of growth factors in target tissues. Epidermal growth factor and phorbol ester tumor promoters acted synergistically at low (0.001-0.05 ng/ml) but not high (greater than 0.1 ng/ml) EGF concentrations to induce DNA synthesis in cultured Rat-1 fibroblast cells. The degree of synergism correlated with the tumor-promoting ability of the compound. The tumor promoters decreased 125I-EGF binding to cellular receptors in a dose-dependent manner that also correlated with the tumor-promoting ability of the compound. The inhibition of EGF binding by phorbol ester compounds resulted in a decrease in the amount of EGF degraded as compared to control cultures. At limiting EGF concentrations, the sparing of EGF degradation resulted in an increase in the amount of EGF remaining in the culture medium after 12 h of incubation and a concomitant increase in the amount of EGF bound to phorbol ester-treated cells at this time as compared to control cultures. The ability of a phorbol ester compound to alter EGF degradation and to stimulate DNA synthesis synergistically with EGF correlated with the tumor-promoting ability of the compound and occurred only a low EGF concentrations.
Experimental demonstration of active vibration control for flexible structures

Active vibration control of flexible structures for future space missions is addressed. Three experiments that successfully demonstrate control of flexible structures are described. The first is a pendulum experiment. The structure is a 5 m compound pendulum and was designed as an end-to-end test bed for a linear proof mass actuator and its supporting electronics. Experimental results are shown for a maximum-entropy/optimal-projection controller designed to achieve 5% damping in the first two pendulum modes. The second experiment was based upon the Harris Multi-Hex prototype experiment apparatus. This is a large optical reflector structure comprising a seven-panel array and supporting truss which typifies a number of generic characteristics of large space systems. The third experiment involved control design and implementation for the ACES structure at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The authors conclude with some remarks on the lessons learned from conducting these experiments. >
Interaction between Mothers and Preschool Children when Reading a Novel and Familiar Book.

Interaction between mothers and their 2-, 31/2-, and 5-year old children was examined during book reading sessions. Sixteen dyads at each age level read a novel and familiar book. Formal reading and interchange about story content increased with age and book familiarity, while labelling decreased with age and book familiarity. The results highlighted the informal teaching that takes place during early reading activity, and provide evidence that mothers adjust verbal input to their child in accord with the child's general cognitive and linguistic competence.
THE INACTIVATION OF ENDOGENOUS ESTROGEN BY THE LIVER1

EVANS AND BURR (1) discovered that ovarian hormone was more effica-cious when administered subcutaneously than when injected into the peritoneal cavity. The significance of this finding was clarified when Zondek (2) found that estrogen is rapidly inactivated in the animal body. He showed that liver mash could inactivate estrogen in vitro whereas mash from other organs was ineffective. An enzyme, estrinase, was postulated as the substance responsible for the inactivation. Subsequently Israel, Meranzie and Johnston (3) have shown by means of an heart-lung-liver perfusion experiment that estrogen is destroyed when the liver is present, but not when the liver is removed from the system. Recently Heller, Heller and Sevringhaus (4) re-ported that estradiol and estriol were completely inactivated by rat liver slices in vitro. Rat lung, spleen and uterus caused no decrease in potency, while rat kidney caused only a slight decrease.
Creativity in the Classroom Coda: Twenty Key Points and Other Insights

As you have seen, chapter authors approached the assignment in several different ways. Some of them (such as Baldwin; Hennessey; Piirto; and Richards) talked about their personal journey in discovering creativity in the classrooms. Others used specific, concrete examples of creativity-nurturing curriculum and activities (such as Craft; Fairweather & Cramond; Niu & Zhou; Skiba; Tan, Sternberg, & Grigorenko; and Stokes). Some discussed actually teaching courses on creativity or developing programs to encourage creativity (such as Halpern; Piirto; Plucker & Dow; and Renzulli & de Wet). One recurring theme in the book is the list of numerous (often unintentional) ways in which creativity can be (and has been) discouraged in the classroom. Nickerson offers a marvelously engaging tongue-in-cheek recipe for how the classroom can be a creativity stifling experience – in a way, his chapter serves as a synthesis of key points from the past literature. Our authors proposed a series of specific ideas and practices that can be used to increase student creativity. These range from tips for good practice to cautions to advice on how to use available resources for your advantage. We now offer our own synthesis of twenty key points that personally resonated with us as educators. We then highlight some other important themes and ideas that recur in these chapters.
Efficient coupling to metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides with subwavelength slit structures

We introduce compact micron-scale slit structures for incoupling free space light into subwavelength metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides. An optimized two-slit coupler leads to ∼3.3 transmission enhancement compared to the optimized single-slit coupler.
LARGE AUTOMORPHISM GROUPS OF COMPACT KLEIN SURFACES WITH BOUNDARY, I

Let X be a Klein surface [1], that is, X is a surface with boundary მX together with a dianalytic structure on X. A homeomorphism f: X → X of X onto itself that is dianalytic will be called an automorphism of X.
SUBUNIT STRUCTURES AND ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID RESIDUES OF WHITE KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) α‐AMYLASE INHIBITORS

Both white kidney bean alpha-amylase inhibitors WKB 858A (MW 42,000) and WKB 858B (MW 20,000) were composed of two subunits as determined by N-terminal amino acid analysis; by amino acid sequence, by SDS-PAGE and by separation on a chromatofocusing column in 8 M urea. N-Terminal amino acids for Inhibitor WKB 858A were alanine and glycine, with a sequence of H2N-Ala-Glu-Asn-Ala- Gly-Thr-Tyr----COOH for deglycosylated 19,000 MW peptide and H2N-Gly-Asn ----COOH for deglycosylated 12,000 MW peptide. N-Terminal amino acids for Inhibitor WKB 858B were alanine and serine, with a sequence of H2N-Ala-Thr -Glu-Thr-Ser----COOH for the deglycosylated 9,000 MW peptide and H2N-Ser -Ala- Val-Gly-Leu-Asp-Phe-Val-Leu-Val-Pro-Val-Gln-Pro-Glu-Ser-Lys -Gly-Asp -Thr-Val-Thr-Val-Glu-Phe-Asp----COOH for the deglycosylated 15,000 MW peptide. Chemical modification of 2 of 7 His residues with diethylpyrocarbonate resulted in 26% loss of inhibitory activity. Modification of 1.5 of 7 Trp residues with N-bromosuccinimide gave 60% loss of inhibitory activity. Modification of 2 of 6 Tyr residues with N-acetylimidazole gave 60% loss of inhibitory activity. Modification of 3.6 of 6 Arg residues with p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal gave 64% loss of inhibitor activity. These results indicate the possible importance of one or more His, Trp, Tyr and perhaps Arg residues for inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase.
The Ideal of Peace

An essay review of The Invention of Peace, by Michael Howard, London, Profile Books, 2000, Oasis of Dreams: Teaching and Learning Peace in a Jewish-Palestinian Village in Israel, by Grace Feuerverger, New York, RoutledgeFalmer, 2001, and Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices around the World, edited by Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
Behavior of Laying Hens on Alfalfa Crumble Molt Diets

ABSTRACT Several dietary alternatives to feed withdrawal have been proposed to induce a molt in laying hens. This study compared the behavior of laying hens on an alfalfa crumble diet (ALC) to hens that were either on a conventional layer diet (FF) or hens that had feed withdrawn (FW) during a 9-d trial. Each treatment consisted of 24 hens (3 hens per battery cage), and treatment began after a 2-week acclimation period. Video cameras connected to a digital multiplexer recorded the behavior of the hens. The percentages of observations performing nonnutritive pecking, feeder activity, drinking, walking, preening, head movement, and aggression were quantified for two 10-min periods at daily intervals. The FF hens spent significantly more (P ≤ 0.05) time drinking than the other treatments, whereas FW hens displayed the most head movements. From d 1 through 7, FW hens walked less than ALC hens except on d 8 when FW hens walked more than ALC and FF hens. On d 4 and 6, the FW hens spent an increased amount of time preening compared with FF hens until the last few days of the molt period. For the most part, FW hens generally displayed more nonnutritive pecking than ALC and FF hens throughout the molt period. However, FW hen visits to the feeders declined as the trial proceeded, whereas ALC and FF hens generally spent more time at the feeder. In summary, the ALC diet showed potential as an alternative to FW for inducing a molt in laying hens based on reduced nonnutritive pecking behavior, head movements, and greater feeding activity.
Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in hypertension

Based on mosaic theory, hypertension is a multifactorial disorder that develops because of genetic, environmental, anatomical, adaptive neural, endocrine, humoral, and hemodynamic factors. It has been recently proposed that oxidative stress may contribute to all of these factors and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of hypertension. Previous studies focusing on the role of vascular NADPH oxidases provided strong support of this concept. Although mitochondria represent one of the most significant sources of cellular ROS generation, the regulation of mitochondrial ROS generation in the cardiovascular system and its pathophysiological role in hypertension are much less understood. In this review, the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cross talk between angiotensin II signaling, pathways involved in mechanotransduction, NADPH oxidases, and mitochondria-derived ROS are considered. The possible benefits of therapeutic strategies that have the potential to attenuate mitochondrial oxidative stress for the prevention/treatment of hypertension are also discussed.
Differential expression of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 in early and late gestational mouse skin and skin wounds

Early gestation fetal mouse skin heals without scars. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been associated with postnatal organ fibrosis. We hypothesized that the relative balance between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and PAI-1 expression in favor of uPA prevents scarring in early fetal skin wounds, whereas a change in favor of PAI-1 in late gestation results in wound scarring. To evaluate uPA and PAI-1 expression, 1-mm skin wounds were made in E14.5 and E18 mice and harvested 24, 48, or 96 hours postwounding. Aprotinin (2 mg/ml)-coated beads were injected into selected E14.5 wounds. Normal skin and skin wounds were evaluated for uPA, PAI-1, and collagen expression. We showed that in normal skin uPA level is higher in E14.5 than in E18 mice, while PAI-1 is lower in E14.5 than in E18 mice. After wounding, E14.5 wounds show a moderate increase in uPA and a minimal increase in PAI-1. E18 wounds show a transient increase in uPA but a significant, sustained increase in PAI-1. Addition of aprotinin to E14.5 wounds causes an increase in collagen deposition. We conclude that the differential expression of uPA and PAI-1 in the skin of early vs. late gestation mice may contribute to the degree of scar formation seen after cutaneous injury.
In-line ozone cleaning for plated ceramic substrates

Oxygen plasma ashing is commonly used to remove organic residues from surfaces, such as alumina substrates, after the plating process. An innovative cleaning method was developed in order to replace the oxygen plasma batch process by a continuous, in-line, process using ozone as the reactive gas. This paper describes the development and qualification of the ozone ashing process. Feasibility experiments and equipment design are briefly presented. Process parameters considered in the Design of Experiments and chosen methods to evaluate the efficiency of the process, along with results, are discussed. Qualification requirements as well as functional and reliability test results are also reviewed. An integrated approach was used throughout this project, taking into account possible substrate-assembly interactions while considering the need for evaluation methods representative of the actual manufacturing process. A discussion of this approach concludes the paper.
Interferometric laser diode probing of micrometer- and nanometer-scale materials

We are developing a method for real-time detection, tracking, and categorization of micrometer- and nanometer-scale particles and materials using light scattered from a swept standing-wave probe. Synchronous, phase-sensitive detection of the weakly scattered optical field is exploited to provide interferometric sensitivity and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, allowing use of low-power laser diode sources and photodiode detectors. To demonstrate the technique, we probe a set of W, C, and Cu microfibers and determine diameters and refractive-index values from a detailed comparison of light-scattering data and a numerical model. We extrapolate these results and discuss the application of laser diode sources and photodiode receivers for the detection and study of nanoscale materials.
Heterogeneity of lower airway inflammation in children with severe-persistent asthma.

Summary. Rationale: The treatment of children with severe-persistent asthma remains problematic. Recent studies suggest that stratification of this cohort by inflammatory type may be useful in designing effective treatment strategies. In this study, we examined the inflammatory profile in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with severe-persistent asthma and compared this profile with serum IgE levels. Methods: The inflammatory profile in the bronchoalveolar fluid from 32 children who met criteria for severe-persistent asthma as defined by the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) were analyzed retrospectively. Inflammatory patterns were classified as neutrophilic, eosinophilic, mixed, or pauci-granulocytic. Serum total IgE was measured prior to bronchoscopy and determined by ELISA at each hospital’s lab by standard procedures. Results: The most common pattern of inflammation in this cohort was neutrophilic (37.5%) followed by eosinophilic (28.1%), mixed (21.9%), and pauci-granulocytic (11.1%). The odds ratio of an eosinophilic BAL pattern for patientswith an elevated serum IgE was 4.67 (CI 0.78‐28, P ¼0.12). A correlation between serum IgE levels and BAL eosinophil percentages was present (P ¼0.04). Conclusions:Toour knowledge,oursisoneof fewstudiestosystematicallyinvestigatethepattern of lower airway inflammation in children with severe-persistent asthma. Our results differ from a recent investigation in children, showing more heterogeneity and a greater proportion of neutrophilic inflammation. Further investigation is required to determine whether specific inflammatory patterns are associated with specific etiologies, and whether individualized therapy
Modeling Flow Through and Around a Net Panel Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Flow through and around nets is computed using computational fluid dynamics implemented using FLUENT software. The presented study is focused on net panels with different angle of attack, but once the approach is validated on net panels, it should be applicable to 3D aquaculture net-pens. The approach is to model the net as a thin sheet of porous material with a pressure drop that is a function of velocity through the porous material. The objective is to find out what porous media model has the best agreement with measured data and how to assess the material constants for the porous media. The results show that a thin sheet of porous media with pressure drop proportional to velocity squared has the best agreement with measured data. Optimal comparisons were achieved when the proportionality coefficient for tangential flow was less than that for the normal direction.
Open Source Theory .01

This paper attempts to introduce the idea of an Open Source theory of human behavior; a theory emerging out of the capabilities and possibilities offered to humans through activities on the Internet. The Internet offers new types of connections and links between distributed human thinking that can transcend traditional boundaries and hierarchies. Open Source activities began in limited hacker/programming communities, the most famous of which is the Linux development project. These communities began to develop activity trajectories and ethical perspectives that stretched beyond programming—including the importance of sharing information early and often and inviting participants to be co-owners in the developing project. Open Source theory has the potential to play a role in our understanding of the evolution of the human mind as a separate, uniquely human phenomenon, acting as a counterweight to the more biologically oriented explanations offered by much of evolutionary psychology.
Taming Web Services from the Wild

Service-oriented computing is about building new cross-organizational applications by combining, composing, consuming, or interconnecting existing services. So, why do most composite Web service-based systems currently rely on pre-established relationships that aren't created by automated, dynamic discovery and integration? One perceived reason is the inconsistency in service-based interface descriptions and message names. Here, the authors investigate whether human nature - specifically, software developers' tendencies to name service descriptions in significantly consistent ways - can provide syntactical methods for service discovery..
An Experiment Planner for Parallel Multidirectional Searches Using an Automated Chemistry Workstation

Automated chemical workstations capable of parallel, adaptive experimentation are well suited for performing reaction optimization. A new method for simplex-based optimization has been developed that enables multiple multidirectional search (MDS) procedures to be implemented in parallel. The MDS method employs a simplex with n + 1 points, where n is the number of dimensions or variables of the optimization. After the initial simplex is evaluated, a new simplex is generated by reflection about the one best point, where n new points are projected and all but the one best point are discarded. The MDS movements continue in the same fashion until a termination criterion is satisfied. The parallel version (PMDS') enables multiple, distinct optimizations in parallel in a single search space to find the global optimum, or individual optimizations in parallel of multiple independent search spaces. The PMDS' method is complementary to the parallel Simplex search method, in which only one new point is projected to g...
Romancização ou serialização: ou diferentes formas de tempo

This article explores Bakhtin’s notion of novelization in relation to his theory of time and serialization. For Bakhtin, the novel is historical without history. He traces the novel’s history to ancient Greece, without giving it a fixed identity, seeing it in terms of tendencies and crises. Novelization, for Bakhtin, is a means of opening up literary history to a more dialogic analysis of form and a discursive mode to critically assess ideologies. He underlines the novel’s destabilizing ability, its decentralizing of discourse, and its accommodation of unofficial and alien voices. Bakhtin’s suggestive historical account of the novel’s development allows us to extend his thinking and sketch an outline of novelization as a future conditional, rather than a generic law. Bakhtin offers a problematic version of modernity, in which the novel activates time’s purchase on the present. But because of modernity’s propensity for crisis, time is suspended. The article also examines a chronotope of the novel about which Bakhtin has little to say: the time/space of nation. Benedict Anderson and Etienne Balibar, whose interests include the themes of comparatism, multiculturalism, and postcolonialism, question the idea of nation through their analyses that privilege the novel genre.
Impersonal and generic reference: a cross-linguistic look at Finnish and English narratives

In linguistic communication, in addition to referring to specific, known referents, we also need to deal with unknown, generic or non-specific referents. I investigated how the English generic you and impersonal they compare to the Finnish zero person construction and impersonal passive, respectively. In the first part of this paper, I compare the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of these constructions, using examples from a range of sources. In the second part of this paper, I investigate how English generic you and impersonal they are translated into Finnish. As we will see, the differences in the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of these constructions mean that the translator sometimes has to opt for alternative constructions (such as first person expressions or generic nouns). A detailed analysis of these patterns sheds light on our understanding of these typologically different constructions, and contributes to our understanding of how reference to generic and impersonal entities is accomplished in language.
A Dream Revived: The Rise of the Black Reparations Movement

This paper serves as an introduction for a conference on the Black Reparations Movement. The author gives a short overview of the topic, and then gives synopses of the papers of the other presenters in the conference. These overviews give different perspectives on the development and history of this subject.
An Update on Pediatric Trauma

Trauma care for children is examined from a demographic perspective. Critical issues, such as "who should care for acutely injured children" and "where should they receive care" are addressed. Specific issues regarding blunt trauma and indications for and outcome of emergency department thoracotomy are discussed also. A strategy for injury prevention is reviewed.
Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence is a preventable and costly public health challenge that affects more than one in three women and one in four men in the United States. Survivors of these forms of violence can experience frank physical injury and mental and physical health consequences including STDs, gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and suicide. LGBT individuals in same-sex relationships, particularly transgender individuals, experience IPV at rates greater than their heterosexual counterparts; however, despite the higher prevalence of IPV within the LGBT community, same-sex IPV and transgender is far less likely to be addressed adequately by healthcare providers, policy makers, educators, and social services. This chapter defines intimate partner violence, explores the sociopolitical and methodological issues around this complex and sensitive topic, outlines challenges unique to vulnerable LGBT communities, and provides clinicians a comprehensive guide to recognize and address this public health challenge within the doctor-patient relationship. A list of national regional resources is also included for reference.
PATTERN OF CHROMOSOME VARIABILITY IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

It has been noted by several investigators (Dobzhansky 1944; Novitski 1946; Pavan 1946) that in some species of Drosophila, variability in chromosome structure is virtually restricted to one chromosome. At the same time, they note, the variable chromosome has a large number of inversions distributed throughout the species. This paper shall be addressed to the former observation, i.e., the concentration of inversions in one chromosome. One possible explanation is that the third chromosome is intrinsically more subject to breakage and rearrangement. This was tested by 1Hlelfer (1941) who irradiated D. pseitdoobscitra and demonstrated that the induced breaks and rearrangements occurred at random throughout the chromosonme complement. It is the purpose of this paper to present evidence for an alternative explanation for this non-random variation. It has been shown by Cooper, Zimmering, and Krivshenko (1955) that female D. melanogaster, heterozygous for two unlinked inversions, produce an appreciable proportion of inviable eggs; whereas females heterozygous for only one inversion are fully fertile, or virtually so. To explain this phenomenon, they suggest that in the females heterozygous for two unlinked inversions, there is the possibility of non-homologous pairing in meiosis, with unsymmetrical disjunction, and production of unbalanced gametes. If this situation were to hold for a natural population in which one chromosome had