cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF 17-HYDR0XY-11-DEHYDR0C0RTICOSTERONE UPON THE ADRENALS OF NORMAL AND OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS MAINTAINE WITH ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN1

THE authors working with De Majo (1949) showed that methyl testosterone, vinyl testosterone and testosterone propionate in a dosage of 2.5 mg. daily for 20 days and desoxycorticosterone acetate or progesterone at the level of 5 mg. daily for the same period of time produced a significant decrease in the size of the adrenals of normal female rats. No such atrophy was obtained with comparable doses of dehydroisoandrosterone, ethynyl testosterone or ethyl testosterone. It was noted in the course of these studies that testosterone propionate and methyl testosterone caused a decrease, whereas progesterone, desoxycorticosterone acetate and vinyl testosterone produced an increase in the cholesterol concentration of the adrenals. Wells and Kendall (1940) showed that the administration of 1 mg. daily of ll-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone (Cpd. E) to normal rats produced a suppression of growth and a marked decrease in the size of the adrenal glands.
Fast phase formation of double-filled p-type skutterudites by ball-milling and hot-pressing

Filled-skutterudites are promising mid-temperature thermoelectric materials for heat-to-electricity conversion. Traditional preparation methods need a very long time annealing (7 to 14 days) to form the right skutterudite phase. Annealing is especially critical for p-type filled-skutterudites, since Fe4Sb12 needs filler atoms to enter the cage to form a stable phase. In this work, we prepared Ce and Nd double-filled p-type skutterudite materials by directly ball-milling the quenched ingot without annealing followed by hot-pressing. The results showed that with appropriate ball-milling time, a pure p-type filled-skutterudite phase can be obtained in just 5 minutes by hot-pressing. The samples prepared in this way have the same quality as those prepared by traditional long time annealing methods, and showed ZT values above 1 between 700 and 800 K. This simple and efficient method is very useful for the preparation of many other materials that are kinetically difficult to make.
Removal of excess product water in a PEM fuel cell stack by vibrational and acoustical methods

Abstract The research presented here investigates the use of vibro-acoustic methods to improve the performance of a PEM fuel cell by enhancing water removal from the active reaction sites within the fuel cell. Removing the water increases the available reaction sites and thus increases the available power for a given operating condition. To examine the new water removal methods, first, the production of water in fuel cells and current water removal methods are reviewed. Then, the new methods are proposed that are based on structural and acoustical excitation of the stack. Specifically, the use of flexural waves, acoustic waves and surface waves to remove water from a fuel cell stack are examined. Analytical formulations are given in order to calculate the excitation frequency and amplitude required to move a droplet resting on a vibrating bipolar plate. Depending on the droplet radius and other parameters, it is estimated that a water droplet resting on a bipolar plate can be moved by structural displacement levels as low as 1 μm. The different approaches to droplet removal are compared in terms of the minimum vibration energy required per droplet. Water production in a commercial fuel cell stack is then estimated and used as a test case to compare the power required to effect removal of a certain number of droplets with the amount of power produced by the stack. It is shown that a water droplet clogging a plate channel may be moved with parasitic power requirements as low as 21 mW. For each method, the energy required to effect droplet removal is quite small, although among the three, the use of surface acoustic waves may be the best option in terms of minimal vibration energy and implementation feasibility.
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is critical for protection against Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease

Infection of dendritic and glial cells with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces various cytokines via Toll-like receptor- and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-dependent pathways. However, the involvement and role of MDA5 in cytokine gene activation and the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that MDA5 plays a critical role in the production of TMEV-induced alpha interferon (IFN-α) during early viral infection and in protection against the development of virus-induced demyelinating disease. Our results indicate that MDA5-deficient 129SvJ mice display significantly higher viral loads and apparent demyelinating lesions in the central nerve system (CNS) accompanied by clinical symptoms compared with wild-type 129SvJ mice. During acute viral infection, MDA5-deficient mice produced elevated levels of chemokines, consistent with increased cellular infiltration, but reduced levels of IFN-α, known to control T cell responses and cellular infiltration. Additional studies with isolated CNS glial cells from these mice suggest that cells from MDA5-deficient mice are severely compromised in the production of IFN-α upon viral infection, which results in increased cellular infiltration and viral loads in the CNS. Despite inadequate stimulation, the overall T cell responses to the viral determinants were significantly elevated in MDA5-deficient mice, reflecting the increased cellular infiltration. Therefore, the lack of MDA5-mediated IFN-α production may facilitate a massive viral load and elevated cellular infiltration in the CNS during early viral infection, leading to the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.
The Dynamics of Social Reproduction: How Class Works at a State College and Elite Private College †

This article examine how students from different class backgrounds at vastly different colleges interpret the role of social class in their past and future. It begins with a review of previous research findings based on freshmen and sophomore year interviews (2002–2004) with three groups of students: low income students at a state college; low income students at an elite private college (Little Ivy), and affluent students at the same elite private college. During a period of relative quiescence on college campuses, all three groups of students tended to look at their own lives in individualistic, non-structural ways, and generally downplayed the role of their own class backgrounds. Many of the students were interviewed again during their senior year to determine what, if any, changes had occurred in their overall outlook. Both groups of students at Little Ivy had become less politically progressive and active as they approached graduation; State College students had verbally moved to the Left, but without...
Microglia cells in diffuse and granulomatous encephalitis in the rabbit.

The reactive changes of microglia cells were studied in encephalitic foci in different regions by a quadruple staining method for the demonstration of microglia cells and oligodendrocytes, vascular walls, myelin sheaths and neuronal contours.
Magnetic field induced orientation of photosynthetic systems.

Abstract 1. 1. The fluorescence of aqueous suspensions of Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Euglena and spinach chloroplasts is preferentially polarized in a plane perpendicular to an external magnetic field of 10 kG or more. The ratio of the fluorescence intensity viewed perpendicular to the field to the intensity viewed parallel to the field varies from 1.03 to 1.57. 2. 2. The suspensions also exhibit dichroism and anisotropic wavelength-dependent light scattering effects which are induced by the magnetic field. The dichroic maximum may nearly coincide with the absorption maximum of the bulk pigments and in some cases is shifted to the red by selective light scattering. 3. 3. It is concluded that the dichroism and fluorescence polarization are due to a preferred orientation of the chlorophyll porphyrin rings, and the plane of the lamellae, perpendicular to the field. 4. 4. If it is assumed that the magnetic field does not reorient individual chlorophyll molecules, then these results imply that chlorophyll in vivo possesses a higher degree of orientation than previously thought. 5. 5. It is shown for Chlorella that the magnetic field induces a reorientation of the entire cell. 6. 6. The physical basis of these effects can be adequately explained in terms of an anisotropy in the diamagnetic susceptibility of the cell components. 7. 7. Magnetic field induced orientation can be used to study the optical properties of a large number of suspended oriented cells in vivo.
Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for advanced hypopharyngeal cancer.

Background Although the standard therapy for locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer remains surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (RT), alternative treatment approaches include induction chemotherapy and RT. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the long-term outcome of these treatments performed in a single institution. Methods Twenty-six patients with advanced, resectable, squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx were treated with induction chemotherapy and definitive RT (group I), reserving laryngectomy for salvage. The induction phase of therapy consisted of 2–3 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by conventional fractionated RT to doses of 66–70 Gy. The outcomes of this group of patients were compared with the outcomes of 30 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer who were treated at our institution with surgery and postoperative RT (group II). The median follow-up times of the surviving patients in groups I and II were 5 and 9 years, respectively. Results The local recurrence-free survival at 5 years from the completion of therapy for group I was 50%, compared with 69% for group II (p = .41). Among patients with T3–T4 primary tumors, the 5-year local control rates were 58% and 59% for groups I and II, respectively (p = .78). The likelihood of larynx preservation, free of local disease at 5 years for group I, was 52%. The 5-year neck recurrence-free survival for groups I and II were 47% and 69%, respectively (p = .66). Among patients with N2–N3 stage disease, the 5-year incidence of neck failure for groups I and II were 73% and 68%, respectively (p = .74). The 5-year distant metastases-free survival for groups I and II were 67% and 57%, respectively (p = .19). The 5-year disease-free survival rates for groups I and II were 30% and 42%, respectively (p = .9). The 5-year overall survival rates for groups I and II were 15% and 22%, respectively (p = .65). Conclusions Nonsurgical therapy for advanced-stage hypopharyngeal cancer provides survivorship comparable with that achieved with standard approaches of surgery and postoperative RT. However, despite the therapy, the outcome is poor. Future studies will need to explore new treatment strategies in an effort to improve upon the outcome for this group of patients. HEAD & NECK 1996;18:405–411 © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Need for Autonomy Among Managers

Some MBA candidates have a high need for autonomy and in some managerial positions the manager should have autonomy in order to get the job done. Approaches to exploring the concept of autonomy, its identification, and its potential for improving managerial matching, along with some evidence, are proposed.
Kinetics of model energy landscapes: an approach to complex systems

An idealized potential energy surface (PES), simply a PES-like network of stationary points, is demonstrated to be a useful tool to study kinetic relaxation of complex energy landscapes. Combined with a master equation, we show that if constructed with proper regularity, the kinetics of the PES is easy to predict and understand by carefully examining the eigenmodes of the master equation. By modifying the idealized PES model to make it more and more complicated, we demonstrate a systematic method to study the complex kinetics on large PES. The idealized PES model is used to explore the feasibility and the robustness of statistical sampling of large PES. We develop several sampling strategies, such as the “rough topography sampling” and the “low barrier saddle sampling” in the idealized PES model and find they are also applicable to a realistic PES of the 13-atom Morse cluster with range parameter ρ = 6. To measure the robustness of the sampling methods, we compare the eigenvalue spectra, the eigenvector similarity and the relaxation times of the total energy of the full and sample PESs.
Rail freight traffic assignment

Abstract This paper describes an algorithm for routing freight over a rail network whose tracks are controlled by several carriers in a manner that follows current industrial practices. In particular, the freight is routed to minimize the number of interline transfers and to maximize the revenue division for the originating carrier. The algorithm is based upon generalizing a shortest path algorithm to allow vector valued link impedances.
The effect of void or precipitate growth on their growth rate

Abstract The effect of the surface motion of a void or precipitate upon its subsequent growth rate is investigated. It is emphasized that when these sinks are present as members of a random array of like and/or dissimilar sink types, the classical analysis of Zener and Frank has very limited applicability. An alternative approach, named Adiabatic Growth theory, is developed. This applies where the earlier analysis fails. It gives a result for the growth rate in excellent agreement with commonly used steady state growth models. Moreover, the growth velocity it predicts joins smoothly onto the Zener-Frank form as the sink density tends to zero, despite the fact that its method of derivation fails in this limit. It is suggested that Adiabatic Growth theory should be used over most of the experimentally accessible range of void swelling. In this context, some qualitative remarks are presented on the related problem of surface motion-dependent void sink strength calculations.
Contrasting immune response following Rauscher leukemia virus infection in virus-susceptible vs. virus-resistant mice

Abstract Humoral (plaque-forming) and cellular (mitogenic) responses were monitored as a function of time after infection with a threshold lethal dose of Rauscher virus in virus-susceptible SJL/J mice and virus-resistant C57B1/mice. Plaque forming response was suppressed in the SJL/J, whereas in the C57B1/10, it was slightly elevated during the 2nd and 3rd weeks after infection; this correlated with a mild viremia. Increasing the dose of virus 40X did not significantly alter the humoral response pattern of either strain and did not cause the C57B1/10 response to mimic that of the SJL/J. For both strains the cellular immune response pattern differed from the humoral. Depression of T-cell mitogen responses occurred in the SJL/J, but at a later time than humoral response suppression. Neither T- nor B-cell mitogen responses were affected in the C57B1/10. The effect on mitogen responsiveness appeared to be independent of that on plaque-formation in both strains.
Initiation of stimulant and antidepressant medication and clinical presentation in juvenile bipolar I disorder

Pediatric bipolarity is a debilitating, chronic disorder that impairs afflicted youths’ developmental and emotional growth. Furthermore, pediatric bipolar disorder has been associated with high rates of suicide, school failure, aggression, and risk-taking behaviors such as sexual promiscuity and substance abuse (1, 2). Often, investigators have attempted to identify risk factors that may lead to the development of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents (3, 4). One complication in diagnosing pediatric bipolarity is that there is an overlap in symptoms of bipolar disorder (hyperactivity, dysphoria, irritability, and aggressive behavior) with other common psychiatric conditions in youths such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and conduct disorder (5–8). Juvenile bipolar disorder is commonly misdiagnosed, due to the high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, high rates of rapid cycling without inter-episode recovery, and brief periods of euthymia (9). These challenges in combination with changes in diagnostic practices to improve recognition of bipolar I disorder (BP I) may contribute to the varying rates of BP I among youths in community, epidemiological, and pediatric research centers. Given the lack of knowledge of the phenomenology, course, or symptomatic evolution of BP I, it is not surprising that some youths with BP I are treated with stimulants or antidepressants. Concerns have been raised about the effects of stimulant and antidepressant treatment in children with BP I (10,11). One theory is that prior stimulant and antidepressant exposure may put youths at higher risk for developing bipolar disorder (12–14). More specifically, the higher rate of BP I in the United States may be related to the greater use of antidepressants and stimulants by US children (13). The aim of this study is twofold: (i) to examine the initiation of antidepressant and stimulant treatment in relation to the onset of BP I; and (ii) to examine the clinical presentation of youths prescribed stimulant and antidepressant medication before and after the onset of BP I.
PULSED ION CYCLOTRON DOUBLE RESONANCE FOR THE STUDY OF ION-MOLECULE REACTIONS.

Abstract A new mass spectrometric technique, pulsed ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy, is described. The technique is particularly well suited for studying the kinetic energy dependence of gas-phase ion—molecule reactions. Ions of a given charge-to-mass ratio can be accelerated by a pulsed radio-frequency voltage to kinetic energies up to 40 eV while being trapped in an analyzer cell. A pulse compensator circuit has been developed so that ions of a given mass can be simultaneously irradiated by the pulsed r.f. and observed with the marginal oscillator-detector. The reaction of CH 4 ⨥ in methane is studied over the kinetic energy range from thermal to 10 eV as a test of the technique.
Boundary Control of a Linear Thermoelastic Beam

Abstract We show in this paper that the motions of a linear thermoelastic beam may be controlled exactly to zero in a finite time by a single boundary control that acts on one end of the beam. The optimal time of controllability depends upon the moment of inertia parameter of the beam and becomes arbitrarily small if this parameter is omitted, as in the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory.
Possible effect of readily available iron in volcanic ash on the carbon to sulfur ratio in lower Paleozoic normal marine sediments and implications for atmospheric oxygen

Near-surface rates of microbiological sulfate reduction in most sediments often exceed rates of iron release, which consequently limit the precipitation of early diagenetic iron sulfides. Excess hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate reduction generally escapes from the sediment before it can be fixed as iron sulfide; however, the efficiency of hydrogen sulfide fixation may be significantly increased by the presence of metastable, easily dissolved iron-bearing phases, such as volcanic glass. Sediments that efficiently trap hydrogen sulfide may have lower ratios of carbon to sulfur than those typically found in normal marine environments. The abundance of volcanic ash in sediments related to the closing of the proto-Atlantic may account for the low ratios of carbon to pyritic sulfur in lower Paleozoic sediments from Europe and the United States compared to equivalent sediments from Australia. The increase in the efficiency of trapping of hydrogen sulfide does not affect the amount of organic matter oxidized or sulfate reduced. It does, however, decrease the amount of sulfide that escapes the sediment and is reoxidized to sulfate. The net effect is a decrease in oceanic sulfate and an increase in atmospheric oxygen.
Model DPG continuous-access high-speed rotating-mirror streak camera and its applications

The technique features and main structure of Model DPG Continuous Access High Speed Rotation Mirror Streak Camera are presented and its application examples introduced in detonation experiments.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Myocardial glucose uptake after dobutamine stress in chronic hibernating swine myocardium.

Background In patients with hibernating myocardium, regional uptake of the glucose analog 2-fluorine 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is increased under resting conditions. It is unclear whether the degree of increased FDG uptake correlates with the degree of impaired blood flow response and whether chronic changes in the glucose transporters may play a role in the enhanced FDG uptake under fasted conditions.
α-Bromination of linear enals and cyclic enones

Abstract Facile α-bromination of cyclic enones and linear enals involving N -bromosuccinimide and 1–2 equiv of pyridine- N -oxide is reported herein. α-Bromination of linear enals was found to proceed with double bond geometry retention.
Rapid convergence of waveform relaxation

Abstract Many VLSI circuits to which WR might be applied exhibit a regular, symmetric structure. For such circuits, general spectral estimates of the convergence rate are not necessarily very accurate. By relying on a detailed analysis of the system structure, estimates for the convergence of the waveform relaxation method are given for RC circuits arising as simplified models of a VLSI interconnect. These examples suggest a new approach to WR convergence estimation.
Convergent Validity of Five Locus of Control Scales

Coefficient alpha reliability estimates and interscale correlations were obtained for five locus of control scales for a sample of 131 male and 136 female college students. Only four scales or sub-...
Rate limits in silicon sheet growth: The connections between vertical and horizontal methods

Meniscus-defined techniques for the growth of thin silicon sheets fall into two categories: vertical and horizontal growth. The interactions of the temperature field and the crystal shape are analyzed for both methods using two-dimensional finite-element models which include heat transfer and capillarity. Heat transfer in vertical growth systems is dominated by conduction in the melt and the crystal, with almost flat melt/crystal interfaces that are perpendicular to the direction of growth. The high axial temperature gradients characteristic of vertical growth lead to high thermal stresses. The maximum growth rate is also limited by capillarity which can restrict the conduction of heat from the melt into the crystal. In horizontal growth the melt/crystal interface stretches across the surface of the melt pool many times the crystal thickness, and low growth rates are achievable with careful temperature control. With a moderate axial temperature gradient in the sheet a substantial portion of the latent heat conducts along the sheet and the surface of the melt pool becomes supercooled, leading to dendritic growth. The thermal supercooling is surpressed by lowering the axial gradient in the crystal; this configuration is the most desirable for the growth of high quality crystals. An expression derived from scaling analysis relating the growth rate and the crucible temperature is shown to be reliable for horizontal growth.
Novel Outcomes and End Points: Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Clinical Trials

Biomarker development in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a nascent field, in part because of the complexity underlying COPD pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to provide examples of how biomarkers may be effectively applied in clinical trials of COPD by limiting their use to specific contexts and using them to answer well delineated questions. Types of novel outcomes or "biomarkers" that may be useful in clinical trials in COPD include analyses performed on bronchoscopically obtained samples, sputum, exhaled gases, blood, and urine and "ex vivo" assays performed using biological samples obtained from trial participants. These novel biological outcomes are rarely useful as primary end points in phase III clinical trials in COPD, because they are not typically recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or other regulatory agencies. More commonly, the applications of these outcomes include "proof-of-concept" decisions, demonstration that the intervention had the intended pharmacologic or biological effect, identification of patient subgroups that benefit most, and safety monitoring. Examples given in this review include outcomes used in a phase IIA study of an inhaled small molecule inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor. Large observational studies of COPD, including the ECLIPSE, COPDGene, and SPIROMICS studies will further inform our use of biomarkers in COPD clinical trials. To encourage the application of novel biomarkers in clinical trials, the Food and Drug Administration has developed a new process for biomarker "qualification." This process has been designed to be more efficient and to promote consensus building and sharing of preclinical data.
The return of Thomas Salusbury's Life of Galileo (1664)

Thomas Salusbury's Life of Galileo (1664) was the first substantial biography of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in any language. All copies but one were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. The surviving copy was lost in the library of the Earls of Macclesfield at Shirburn Castle in the mid-nineteenth century. With the auction of the library in 2004–7, it temporarily re-emerged. This essay presents a preliminary description of the copy and its contents. It argues that to understand the existence and nature of the book we need to explore the social relations governing the control of information in early modern Europe. It is shown that Salusbury's project was launched in the face of social and political information blockades and in direct competition with other similar ventures. In particular, rumours of the future publication of an official biography by Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703) and continuing negotiations over the memory and reputation of Galileo in Italy presented insurmountable barriers to the successful completion of his project. Despite these problems Salusbury's biography, produced on the margins of the emerging Royal Society, presents a spirited portrait of Galileo. Moreover, nearly four hundred years after the event, it offers a new and provocative explanation of the famous trial.
Powerful dye laser oscillator-amplifier system for high resolution spectroscopy

Abstract Peak powers of 50 kW in the visible at line widths down to 6 × 10 -4 A can be generated with a gas-pressure tuned, dye laser oscillator with external filter interferometer, followed by a two-stage dye laser amplifier, pumped by one 1 MW nitrogen laser. Frequency doubling in lithium formate monohydrate permits high resolution, uv fluorescence spectroscopy down to 2300 A, as demonstrated in Hg and C 6 H 6 . The system has also been used successfully for high-resolution two-photon spectroscopy of C 6 H 6 .
Architecture in a Landscape of Unholy Unions

Abstract Vernacular is difficult to define, but we usually know it when we see it. As landscape became conurbation, and necessity gave way to greater degrees and higher forms of artifice, vernacular forms were subjugated to the products of industry, trades people and professionals. In the production of most domestic, commercial and industrial buildings architects are involved minimally if at all. When they are they' re too often prisoner to repeated conventions that result in a bland contemporary vernacular unworthy of that name.
Apo[a] size and PNR explain African American-Caucasian differences in allele-specific apo[a] levels for small but not large apo[a].

Apolipoprotein [a] (apo[a]) gene size is a major predictor of lipoprotein [a] level. To determine genetic predictors of allele-specific apo[a] levels beyond gene size, we evaluated the upstream C/T and pentanucleotide repeat (PNR) polymorphisms. We determined apo[a] sizes, allele-specific apo[a] levels, and C/T and PNR in 215 Caucasians and 139 African Americans. For Caucasians, apo[a] size affected allele-specific levels substantially greater in subjects with apo[a] 8. In a multiple regression model, apo[a] allele size and size and expression of the other apo[a] allele (and PNR > 8 for Caucasians) significantly predicted allele-specific apo[a] levels. For a common PNR 8 allele, predicted values were similar in the two ethnicities for small size apo[a]. Allele-specific apo[a] levels were influenced by the other allele size and expression. Observed differences between Caucasians and African Americans in allele-specific apo[a] levels were explained for small apo[a] sizes by the other allele size and PNR; the ethnicity differences remain unexplained for larger sizes.
Organic/elemental carbon and woodsmoke tracer concentrations following a community wide woodstove changeout program

Abstract As part of the Libby, Montana community-wide woodstove changeout program conducted between 2005 and 2008, nearly 1200 older model woodstoves were replaced with cleaner burning devices such as EPA-certified stoves. The reduction in overall ambient wintertime PM 2.5 mass has been documented. However, much less is known about the changes in the chemical (specifically the organic) makeup of the ambient particles as the emission sources changed within the community with the implementation of the cleaner-burning home heating devices. Overall, PM 2.5 mass levels decreased by 25%, while Total Carbon (TC) showed a 26% reduction when comparing the pre- and post-changeout concentrations. As the TC fraction is heavily influenced by Organic Carbon (OC) in Libby, trends were similar. Differential effects were observed for OC fractions according to analytical temperatures. Concentrations of Elemental Carbon (EC) were fairly consistent throughout the changeout, and did not show a dramatic reduction similar to the measured OC. Results from the polar organic compound program showed that the majority of the secondary aerosols were reduced, as were the majority of the woodsmoke markers such as levoglucosan and several methoxyphenols. However, the concentrations of resin acids actually increased following the woodstove changeout, suggesting that the chemistry of the particles have been altered as a result of this community-wide intervention.
First South-North Human Genome Conference.

Easi ly 75% of the human genome is in the possession of those inhabi tan t s of this globe who live in developing countries. I t seems evident t ha t these peoples and the nat ions to which they belong have a s take in the human genome project. The F i r s t S o u t h N o r t h Human Genome Conference discussed the appropr ia te role for one developing area, Lat in America. The conference was a useful exercise in examining the problems, opportunit ies , challenges, and solutions. The conference was sponsored pr imar i ly by UNESCO and the Brazi l ian Society of Biochemist ry and Molecular Biology. There were, however, a number of o ther sponsors, including the Human Genome Organisat ion (HUGO) and the Thi rd Wor ld Academy of Sciences (TWAS). The cha i rman of the local organizing commit tee was Professor S@rgio D. J. Pena of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. I t was held in Caxamb6, Brazil, May 12-15, 1992, and attended by about 200 par t ic ipants . F rom discussions in the pas t a t several in ternat ional conferences, such as the two at Valencia, Spain, organized by Professor S. Grisolia, it is clear tha t all the peoples of the world must have access to the informat ion and knowledge coming out of the H u m a n Genome Project and be given an oppor tuni ty to benefit from it. Fur thermore , all peoples of the world must be represented in discussions of the ethical and societal implicat ions of the new-found knowledge. All peoples of the world should have a chance to profit from the appl icat ion of this knowledge in medicine, in the forensic setting, and in the s tudy of nonhuman genomes, such as those of economic p lants and animals and of paras i tes and other infectious agents. The Caxambfi conference provided an oppor tuni ty to survey what is being done in the area of molecular genetics in Lat in America and what could and should be done. I t pointed up the problems and proposed tenta t ive solutions. The invited speakers included several working on various aspects of the human genome project in developed countries, others who are doing research in molecular biology under difficult condit ions in the developing world, and many representat ives from Lat in American countries. Human biological diversi ty was one focus of the conference. Developing countries must be involved, and can be usefully involved, in any studies of genetic diversi ty tha t are undertaken. Background
Health Status in Veterans Undergoing Noninvasive Lower Extremity Arterial Evaluation

Abstract The health status of outpatients (n= 299) undergoing lower extremity arterial Doppler studies (LES) in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center-based vascular laboratory was assessed from 9/95 through 6/96 using the SF-36 Health Survey. The purpose of this study was to compare health status of these outpatients to national norms and to determine whether Doppler-derived ankle/brachial indices (ABI) correlated with the eight health concepts measured by the SF-36 Health Survey. Physical functioning (PF), role limitations by physical illness (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role limitations by emotional illness (RE), and mental health (MH) were more impaired in study patients (65.9 ± 9.6 years of age) undergoing LES than national norms for males ≥65 years old (P
Nonlinear effects of an aquatic consumer: causes and consequences.

Abstract: The assumption that per capita consumer effects on prey density are independent of consumer and prey density is examined with a large‐scale manipulation of an aquatic herbivore (Daphnia). A gradient of consumer removal was maintained long enough to allow the abundances of both consumer and prey (phytoplankton) to equilibrate to the manipulation. Strong and unequivocal nonlinearities were found in the effect of Daphnia on total phytoplankton abundance and the abundance of most of the common phytoplankton species. Daphnia's suppression of phytoplankton was strong between 0 and ∼400 μg Daphnia L−1 but essentially nil from ∼400 to 900 μg Daphnia L−1. The sharp deceleration in Daphnia's effect was not caused by a shift within the phytoplankton community toward consumption‐resistant forms. The most likely explanation for the deceleration was a reduction in Daphnia's filtering effort at low phytoplankton abundance, that is, a Type III functional response. A review of experimental literature suggested t...
The preparation of amorphous thin films

Abstract Amorphous thin films of antimony selenide of controlled composition have been prepared by vacuum evaporation. Various evaporation techniques are compared and their influence on optical properties is discussed. The optical energy gap is shown to increase with increasing selenium content.
Interaction energy of point imperfections in metals due to the free electrons

Abstract The interaction energy between two δ-function wells is calculated for a one dimensional model metal in which the potential is constant. For small wells, a large distance, a , apart, the energy is proportional to cos(2k'a) a , where k ' is the wave vector of the maximum energy electron. (If the potential has a small time dependent fluctuation the above energy is multiplied by a factor exp(−λ a )). By using a theorem on the average perturbation of degenerate levels the same result is obtained to the second order. It is shown that the perturbation theory diverges for low energy electrons. The interaction energy in three dimensions is proportional to cos(2k'a) a 3 according to perturbation theory.
Turbulent Fluid Interfaces and Mixing Efficiency: Dynamics, Optimization, and Regularization

In many fluid engineering devices, improved design and performance require knowledge of the dynamics of turbulent fluid interfaces. Depending on the device, and the application, the performance may be more sensitive to the large scales or the small scales of the interfaces. We distinguish between cases depending on whether the surface area of, or the volume enclosed by, the interfaces is practically more relevant. For turbulent interfaces, the surface area is dominated by the small scales whereas the volume enclosed is dominated by the large scales. We examine the interfacial dynamics in separated flows and we demonstrate the differences in the area-volume behavior in the context of mixing. Resolution effects on the interfacial behavior reveal that the mixing efficiency is strongly dominated by the large-scale interfacial properties. This has broad implications, at least for fluid-mixing devices, for the development of flow-prediction and flow-control techniques.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Redox control of aryl sulfotransferase specificity.

Abstract Aryl sulfotransferase IV from rat liver has the very broad substrate range that is characteristic of the enzymes of detoxication. With the conventional assay substrates, 4-nitrophenol and PAPS, sulfation was considered optimal at pH 5.5 whereas the enzyme in the physiological pH range was curiously ineffective. These properties would seem to preclude a physiological function for this cytosolic enzyme. Partial oxidation of the enzyme, however, results not only in a substantial increase in the rate of sulfation of 4-nitrophenol at physiological pH but also in a shift of the pH optimum to this range and radically altered overall substrate specificity. The mechanism for this dependence on redox environment involves oxidation at Cys66, a process previously shown to occur by formation of a mixed disulfide with glutathione or by the formation of an internal disulfide with Cys232. Oxidation at Cys66 acts only as a molecular redox switch and is not directly part of the catalytic mechanism. Underlying the activation process is a change in the nature of the ternary complex formed between enzyme, phenol, and the reaction product, adenosine 3′,5′-bisphosphate. The reduced enzyme gives rise to an inhibitory, dead-end ternary complex, the stability of which is dictated by the ionization of the specific phenol substrate. Ternary complex formation impedes the binding of PAPS that is necessary to initiate a further round of the reaction and is manifest as profound, substrate-dependent inhibition. In contrast, the ternary complex formed when the enzyme is in the partially oxidized state allows binding of PAPS and the unhindered completion of the reaction cycle.
Metadata tensions: a case study of library principles vs. everyday scientific data practices

Data sharing requirements and mandates are becoming more common, and many institutions are investigating data curation methods. Metadata are a critical component to any institutional scientific data curation initiative. As libraries and other information institutions become more active in this area, a number of metadata challenges will arise. In this paper we discuss four important issues: 1) the ambiguous responsibility for metadata creation between information professionals, working scientists, and hardware/software tools, 2) the tension between the highly principled library metadata approach and the ad hoc everyday practices of working researchers, 3) the ways that metadata creation and knowledge are distributed socially in research settings, and 4) the role of metadata at different stages of the data life cycle. We illustrate how they are manifested in a case study of data and metadata management in a large science and technology research center.
Phase retrieval method for in-line phase contrast x-ray imaging and denoising by regularization.

Phase contrast X-ray imaging is increasingly popular in the past decade. In order to acquire phase contrast X-ray images, different types of imaging mechanisms have been proposed. Among them, in-line phase contrast X-ray imaging shows the highest potential because of its simplicity. In the study of in-line phase contrast imaging, based on different physical assumptions, many non-iterative phase retrieval methods, such as Bronnikov method, modified Bronnikov method, phase-attenuation duality (PAD) method, single-material method, and two-material method have been proposed. The main step of the non-iterative methods is a filtering process, thus different methods involve different filter design. In this paper we showed that every filter applied in the methods listed above is indeed the minimizer of a L2-norm regularization problem. In addition, two methods were proposed to overcome the over smoothing problem owing to the nature of L2-norm regularization.
Nonexistence of a (783,69,6)-difference set

Abstract It is shown that no (783,69,6)-difference set exists in ##Z##33 × ##Z##29. This excludes one of the last four open cases of abelian (v,k,λ)-difference sets with k ⩽ 100.
Automatically tuning control systems for simulated legged robots

Rather than create a control system from scratch each time we build a new robot creature, we would like to generate control systems automatically. I have implemented an algorithm which, given a control system that works well for one creature, automatically tunes it to work for a new, similar creature. Using this approach, the control system for a horse might be adjusted for use with elephants, giraffes, and dogs. The adjustment is accomplished by gradually altering the original creature to make it like the new one and repeatedly tuning the control system as these changes are made. Because the creature's alteration is gradual, the control system can be tuned using a local search such as gradient descent. In simulation tests, the tuning algorithm has successfully tuned the control system of a planar quadruped simulation to accommodate a reduction in leg length by a factor of two, an increase in body mass by a factor of three, and changes in the commanded speed while trotting.
The effect of relatedness on reproductive success and mate choice in the white-footed mouse, peromyscus leucopus

Abstract Genetic similarity between mates has a significant effect on the reproductive success of whitefooted mice. Pairs of mice bred over a range of degrees of relatedness demonstrated a significant inbreeding depression in litter size at weaning and offspring weight at weaning. If juveniles that are lighter at weaning are less likely to be recruited into the breeding population, these experiments also demonstrated a mild outbreeding depression. However, this cost does not appear to be due to the traditional mechanisms of outbreeding depression. Kin recognition appears to affect mate choice in white-footed mice and to act as a mechanism for reducing the costs of inbreeding and outbreeding. In an arena, oestrous females presented with either male odours or actual males showed a preference for males on an intermediate degree of relatedness. Non-oestrous females showed no such preferences.
Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset

Differential activation of the Toll receptor leads to the formation of a broad Dorsal nuclear gradient that specifies at least three patterning thresholds of gene activity along the dorsoventral axis of precellular embryos. We investigate the activities of the Pelle kinase and Twist basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor in transducing Toll signaling. Pelle functions downstream of Toll to release Dorsal from the Cactus inhibitor. Twist is an immediate-early gene that is activated upon entry of Dorsal into nuclei. Transgenes misexpressing Pelle and Twist were introduced into different mutant backgrounds and the patterning activities were visualized using various target genes that respond to different thresholds of Toll-Dorsal signaling. These studies suggest that an anteroposterior gradient of Pelle kinase activity is sufficient to generate all known Toll-Dorsal patterning thresholds and that Twist can function as a gradient morphogen to establish at least two distinct dorsoventral patterning thresholds. We discuss how the Dorsal gradient system can be modified during metazoan evolution and conclude that Dorsal-Twist interactions are distinct from the interplay between Bicoid and Hunchback, which pattern the anteroposterior axis.
The People Doth Protest Too Much: Explaining Away Subtle Racism

The present study examined whether the length of an individual’s written explanation for an instance of subtle, attributionally ambiguous racism related to their perception of racism, levels of prejudice, and social dominance orientation. Individuals (n = 51) read a brief vignette describing an instance of subtle racism and then wrote a description explaining what they believed was happening in the situation. Individuals higher in prejudice and social dominance orientation wrote longer situational explanations. Individuals who wrote longer situational explanations were less likely to perceive the situation as racist and more likely to attribute that situation to a chance happening. Finally, longer explanations also contained more situational attributions unrelated to race. As the number of attributions unrelated to race increased, the perception of racism decreased. The present results suggest that longer explanations helped individuals explain away subtle racism.
Morphine-induced metabolic changes in human brain. Studies with positron emission tomography and [fluorine 18]fluorodeoxyglucose.

• Morphine sulfate effects (30 mg, intramuscularly) on cerebral glucose utilization and subjective self-reports were examined in 12 polydrug abusers by positron emission tomography and [fluorine 18]fluorodeoxyglucose in a double-blind placebocontrolled crossover study. During testing, subjects sat with eyes covered, listening to white noise and "beep" prompts. Morphine significantly reduced glucose utilization by 10% in whole brain and by about 5% to 15% in telencephalic areas and the cerebellar cortex, assuming no contribution of hypercapnia. When the contribution of Paco 2 (45 minutes after morphine was administered) was partialled out, significant morphine-induced reductions persisted in whole brain and six cortical areas. Irrespective of morphine, left-greater-than-right asymmetry occurred in the temporal cortex, and an interaction between hemisphere and drug was noted in the postcentral gyrus. In most cases, effects on glucose utilization were not significantly related to measures of euphoria.