cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attentional Control and Executive Function

The processes of attentional control and executive function are critical for navigating and operating efficiently in everyday life, and deficits in these core processes have serious consequences. Despite a long history of research into these topics, much is still unknown about the brain mechanisms supporting these processes. This special issue of Cognitive Neuroscience: Current Debates, Research & Reports presents nine new empirical papers investigating the dynamic neural mechanisms of attentional selection, working memory, and executive control. The papers in this special issue utilize electrophysiological and neuroimaging methods, along with advanced analysis techniques, to identify the neural substrates and dynamic mechanisms underlying the orienting and shifting of attention, as well as the representation and maintenance of information in working memory. These articles inform theories of attentional selection by providing a deeper understanding of social influences on the allocation of attention as well as illuminating the role of selection history in biasing neural activity and behavior. Finally, the research presented here has broader impacts on the field of cognitive neuroscience, as results from studies investigating the coupling between bands of oscillatory neural activity provide exciting new insights into the coordination between widespread brain networks.
Predictors of Major Adverse Limb Events after Open Forefoot Amputation in Patients with Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia.

Background Management of patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and extensive foot necrosis presents a challenge for limb salvage. Our study evaluates preoperative risk factors that contributed to durability and efficacy of limb salvage after open transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) in patients with critical limb-threatening ischemia. Methods We abstracted data from patients who underwent open TMA at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center and Keck Hospital of University of Southern California from 2009 to 2018. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for preoperative risk factors, was used to examine predictors of major adverse limb events (MALE). The aim was to evaluate outcomes following open TMA with MALE as the primary outcome. Our hypotheses were that outcomes would be worse for patients with foot infections and renal failure. Results Forty-three open TMAs were done in 39 patients during the study period. The cohort had a mean age of 63 ± 11.6 years, 89% had a history of diabetes, 95% hypertension (HTN), 54% had end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and 26% were current smokers. MALE occurred in 39% of the cohort. Sex, race, indication, HTN, smoking status, and history of prior ipsilateral revascularization or minor amputations were not associated with MALE (P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression found ESRD to be an independent predictor of MALE (odds ratio 7.43, 95% confidence interval 1.12–49.17, P = 0.038) after adjusting for clinically significant covariates. Conclusions Open TMA provides acceptable rates of limb salvage for complex patients with CLTI. ESRD is an independent risk factor for MALE following open TMA in these patients. Vigilant follow-up is essential for this morbid patient population given poorer outcomes after forefoot amputation.
Endometrial cancer recurrence at multiple port sites.

A 62-year-old woman presented in December 2016 with 1 year of vaginal bleeding. At that time, the pelvic examination was unremarkable. Past medical history was significant for gastric reflux, mixed hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Past surgical history was significant for salpingostomy for
What Teachers Want: School Factors Predicting Teachers’ Decisions to Work in Low-Performing Schools:

Attracting and retaining teachers can be an important ingredient in improving low-performing schools. In this study, we estimate the expressed preferences for teachers who have worked in low-perfor...
Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk by tumor tissue expression of immuno-inflammatory markers and fatty acid synthase: a nested case-control study

Previous studies of fatty acids and breast cancer risk have shown mixed results, which may be due in part to tumor heterogeneity. Prior research has also illustrated an important role of specific fatty acids in immune regulation, T cell function, and inflammation, indicating that the effects of specific fatty acids on breast cancer risk may vary by tumor expression of immuno-inflammatory markers. We therefore aimed to evaluate the relationships between prediagnostic erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk by tumor tissue expression of immuno-inflammatory markers (CD4, CD8, CD20, CD163, COX-2) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). We conducted a matched case-control study nested within the Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 235 cases and 235 controls). Blood samples were collected from 1996 to 1999. Tumor tissue blocks were collected for cases diagnosed after blood collection and through 2006. Unconditional nominal polytomous logistic regression adjusted for matching factors and potential confounders was used to assess whether associations between fatty acids and breast cancer risk varied by tumor expression subtype, ascertained via immunohistochemistry. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated separately by tumor expression subtype using unconditional logistic regression. Associations between fatty acids and breast cancer risk did not vary substantially by tumor CD4, CD20, CD163, or COX-2. However, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were inversely associated with CD8low but not CD8high cancers (CD8low ORT3 vs T1 = 0.45, 95% CI 0.23–0.87, Ptrend = 0.02; CD8high ORT3 vs T1 = 1.19, 95% CI 0.62–2.26, Ptrend = 0.62; Phet = 0.04). n-6 PUFAs were suggestively inversely associated with CD8high but not CD8low cancers (CD8high ORT3 vs T1 = 0.61, 95% CI 0.32–1.14, Ptrend = 0.11; CD8low ORT3 vs T1 = 1.63, 95% CI 0.87–3.04, Ptrend = 0.12; Phet = 0.02). Trans fatty acids were positively associated with FAShigh but not FASlow tumors (FAShigh ORT3 vs T1 = 2.94, 95% CI 1.46–5.91, Ptrend = 0.002; FASlow ORT3 vs T1 = 0.99, 95% CI 0.52–1.92, Ptrend = 0.97; Phet = 0.01). Results indicate that the effects of n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and trans fatty acids on breast cancer risk may vary by tumor tissue expression subtypes. Findings suggest potential immuno-modulatory and FAS-mediated mechanisms.
Personal Reflections of My Research in Structural Mechanics: Past, Present, and Future

The personal reflections of the author’s research in structural mechanics, covering the development of shear deformation theories of laminated composite plates and shells (past and present), and formulation of nonlocal theories (present), and the modelling of web core sandwich and architected materials (present and future) are presented. Various professional milestones are reviewed and the salient features are highlighted. The milestones include: (1) Reddy’s third-order shear deformation laminate plate theory for quadratic representation of the interlaminar shear stresses without the use of shear correction factors, (2) Reddy’s layerwise theory for laminates for accurate determination of interlaminar stresses, (3) algebraic relationships between the bending solutions of shear deformation theories and classical theories of beams and plates, (4) locking-free shell finite elements accounting for thickness stretch, (5) strain gradient/modified couple stress theories for beams and plates, and (6) nonlocal micropolar theory of plates to model web core structures. Due to the space limitations, a discussion of only topics 5 and 6 are included here.
Stem cell origins of JMML

In this issue of JEM, Louka et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180853) report that leukemia stem cells lie within the phenotypic hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor cell compartments in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Furthermore, they identify several candidate biomarker/therapeutic targets, such as CD96 and SLC2A1, that are of translational significance in JMML.
Web Infrastructure for Data Management, Storage and Computation.

The Data Storage for Computation and Integration (DSCI) proposes management innovations for web-based secure data storage, algorithms deployment, and task execution. Its architecture allows uploading, browsing, sharing, and task execution in remote computing grids. Here, we demonstrate the DSCI implementation and the deployment of Image processing tools (TMJSeg), machine learning algorithms (MandSeg, DentalModelSeg), and advanced statistical packages (Multivariate Functional Shape Data Analysis, MFSDA), with data transfer and task execution handled by the clusterpost plug-in. Due to its comprehensive web-based design, local software installation is no longer required. The DSCI aims to enable and maintain distributed computing and collaboration environment across multi-site clinical centers for the data processing of multisource features such as clinical, biological markers, volumetric images, and 3D surface models.
Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for AC1LPSZG and Pharmacokinetics Application in Rats.

Promising preliminary clinical data have stimulated research on the use of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in lung cancer. AC1LPSZG is an mTOR inhibitor that can significantly reduce the viability in lung adenosquamous carcinoma cell line HTB-178 cells, showing potential benefits in effective control of non-small cell lung carcinomas. In this study, a sensitive LC-MS/MS analytical method for quantification of AC1LPSZG has been developed and optimized to a running time of 3 min per sample. A linear dose-response for quantification was observed over the range of 10-5000 ng/mL in rat plasma with required precision and accuracy. High extraction recovery was achieved in the ranges of 86.87-102.51% at QC levels from rat plasma without significant matrix effect. Stability profile of AC1LPSZG in rat plasma and in extract after protein precipitation suggested that samples should be processed within 6 h after collection and stored at -80 °C until analysis within 30 days. The method was successfully applied to plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) study of AC1LPSZG in rat, showing the plasma drug concentration followed a two-compartment model.
THE CONSERVATION OF STAINED GLASS

‘You find in the churches of Poitiers and Brittany an infinite number of panes of glass which are incised outside by the injury of time, and the glass makerssay that it is the moon that has done this, but they will pardon me – it is the damp and rain which have melted part of the salt of the glass.’ (Bernard Palissy)
Book Review of Teaching in Rural Places : Thriving in Classrooms, Schools, and Communities

A review of the book: Teaching in Rural Places: Thriving in Classrooms, Schools, and Communities, by Amy Price Azano, Devon Brenner, Jayne Downey, Karen Eppley and Ann K. Schulte: New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. ISBN: 9780367376383. 292 pages.
A teenaged patient with spontaneous pneumopericardium after hookah smoking.

Dear Editor,We recently managed a previously healthy 14-year old male presenting to the emergency department with a complaint of chest pain [CP], the onset of which was the prior evening. Described...
Long-term outcomes and interventions of postoperative type 1a endoleak following elective endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the incidence and long-term outcomes of postoperative type 1a endoleak (PT1a) following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods A retrospective review of consecutive aorto-iliac EVARs performed at a single institution from June 2006 to June 2012 was conducted. Patients with PT1a were identified by postoperative imaging and compared with those who did not develop a PT1a. Late outcomes were also studied of a subset of patients with PT1a who had persistent intraoperative type 1a endoleak (iT1a) on completion angiogram during EVAR that had resolved on initial follow-up imaging. Results Three hundred eighty-nine patients underwent EVAR with median follow-up of 87 months (interquartile range, 64-111 months). The incidence of PT1a was 8.2% (n = 32) with a median follow-up of 74 months (interquartile range, 52-138 months). Compared with the total cohort, those who developed PT1a were statistically more likely to be female (32% vs 17%; P = .03) and have a higher all-cause mortality (71% vs 40%; P Conclusions Development of PT1a following elective EVAR is associated with increased all-cause and aneurysm-related mortality and presents an average of 52 months postoperatively. This underscores the importance of long-term surveillance. Patients with PT1a who had a successful intervention showed no significant difference in median survival. Those with iT1a had a higher risk for PT1a compared with the EVAR cohort overall and had decreased median survival, without increased aneurysm-related mortality.
Glucocorticoid signaling delays castration-induced regression in murine models of prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay therapy for recurrent and advanced prostate cancer. While human prostate cancers initially regress following ADT, many tumors fail this therapy and recur. To understand the response of prostate cancers to ADT, we have employed high frequency ultrasound imaging to track the kinetics of tumor volume in murine models of prostate cancer. Previously, we showed that normal (non-tumor) prostate regression begins within two days of castration. Following castration, murine prostate cancers also regress but only after a delay of 3-14 days, dependent on initial tumor size. Delayed regression is observed in two distinct mouse models (MYC over-expression, PTEN-deficient) implying that the genetic lesion which initiates carcinogenesis does not play a role. Intra-tumoral androgen levels are undetectable 16 hours post-castration, arguing that residual androgen signaling is not the cause of delayed regression. Castration induces tumor cell proliferation during this period. There is an increase in the active glucocorticoids, as well as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA and protein and a set of GR-regulated genes. A selective GR inhibitor eliminates the delayed regression phenotype in both models. Thus, GR signaling is activated following castration and transiently enhances tumor proliferation. This response to ADT resembles the GR-dependent mechanism of escape for prostate cancers that are resistant to anti-androgen therapies and may provide mechanistic insight into the development of castration resistant prostate cancer. If ADT-induced GR signaling is similar in human prostate cancers, simultaneous blockade of GR and androgen receptor signaling could improve prostate cancer therapy.
Variation in the Non-mimetic Vocalizations of Brood-Parasitic Indigobirds and Their Potential Role in Speciation

Indigobirds (Vidua spp.) are obligate brood parasites in which imprinting on heterospecific hosts shapes adult vocal behavior and mating preferences. Adult male indigobirds mimic the songs and other vocalizations of their respective hosts, which signals their own host environment to prospective mates and has important implications for speciation. In this study, we examined variation within and among indigobird species in the non-mimetic components of their vocal behavior, including both chatter calls and their impressive repertoires of intricate non-mimicry songs. We test whether indigobird species in Tanzania differ consistently in general features of their non-mimetic vocalizations, differences that might contribute to reproductive isolation, and we test whether local ecological conditions influence vocal behavior. Indigobird non-mimetic song repertories are learned from and shared with other males of the same species. We find that local dialect “neighborhoods” are variable in size among species and regions, depending on habitat continuity and the distribution of male territories. Despite the complete turnover of the specific songs comprising the non-mimicry song repertoire from one local dialect to the next, we find significant species effects for more general measures of non-mimicry songs such as repertoire size and diversity, frequency, song length, and pace. For some traits, we also found significant regional differences, which may be mediated by significant relationships between elevation and morphometrics. Chatter calls were broadly similar across both species and localities, but we found significant species and region effects for frequency and to a lesser extent pace. We discuss the possibility that the effects of learning and mimicking the vocalizations of different hosts might explain many of the species differences we detected in non-mimetic vocalizations. Whether these differences are purely due to phenotypic plasticity or also reflect genetic divergence in sound production and/or female preferences, they may contribute to reproductive isolation among nascent and recently evolved indigobird species.
Reversible phosphorylation of cyclin T1 promotes assembly and stability of P-TEFb

The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is a critical co-activator for transcription of most cellular and viral genes, including those of HIV. While P-TEFb is regulated by 7SK snRNA in proliferating cells, P-TEFb is absent due to diminished levels of CycT1 in quiescent and terminally differentiated cells, which has remained unexplored. In these cells, we found that CycT1 not bound to CDK9 is rapidly degraded. Moreover, productive CycT1:CDK9 interactions are increased by PKC mediated phosphorylation of CycT1 in human cells. Conversely, dephosphorylation of CycT1 by PP1 reverses this process. Thus, PKC inhibitors or removal of PKC by chronic activation results in P-TEFb disassembly and CycT1 degradation. This finding not only recapitulates P-TEFb depletion in resting CD4+ T cells but also in anergic T cells. Importantly, our studies reveal mechanisms of P-TEFb inactivation underlying T cell quiescence, anergy, and exhaustion as well as proviral latency and terminally differentiated cells.
Percutaneous Versus Standard Tracheostomy in the Critically Ill Adult

The development of percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) has provided a feasible alternative to conventional surgical tracheostomy (ST). In this review we examine the current body of literature comparing PDT versus ST in terms of short-term, mid-term, and long-term outcomes. PDT is associated with slightly fewer early complications than ST and comparable intermediate outcomes. There is a minor trend toward more frequent tracheal stenosis following PDT. With regard to resource utilization, PDT tends to provide moderate cost savings compared to ST. We recommend use of PDT as a preferred modality if the institution has adequate resources and appropriately trained personnel.
MO‐F‐CAMPUS‐T‐01: A Comparison of Two Risk Analysis Techniques for Surface Image Guided Radiosurgery

Purpose: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) techniques have been used to analyze surface image guided radiosurgery (SIG-RS). Hazard model, a modified FMEA approach developed by the Dutch, is applied to SIG-RS risk assessment and evaluated against the AAPM’s FMEA approach. Methods: The SAFER approach uses a risk inventory matrix to categorize hazards (rather than probabilities). A multidisciplinary team was assembled to create the process map of SIG-RS and 91 steps and 167 failure modes were determined. Each failure mode was categorized for frequency (weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly and less than once a year) and severity (negligible, minor, moderate, major and catastrophic) according to the SAFER procedures. All failure modes are placed in the matrix of arbitrary risk score matrix: very high, high, low, and very low. The top 14 high risk failure modes from the Result of FMEA and SAFER analysis were compared. Results: 167 failure modes categorized in the risk inventory matrix with 1 very high, 13 high, 66 low and 87 very low. Comparison of top 14 high risk failure modes between two techniques shows 9 common failure modes and 5 isolated failure modes. Two failure modes (FM: 58, 145) with the highest risk priority number (both RPN=288) in FMEA are also ranked as high risk in SAFER analysis. However one failure mode (FM: 154) with very high risk score in SAFER is not recognized by FMEA analysis due to its low “lack of detectability” score. Conclusion: FMEA is a well-established technique for prospective risk analysis. SAFER is a practical alternative that is easy to implement with a reliable category structure. Also the risk inventory matrix is conceptually straightforward to obtain agreement among multidisciplinary team members but still demonstrates a full scale of criticality.
Nonholonomic Control and Gauge Theory

We present a dictionary between gauge theory and control theory. This is useful for problems involving the control of the orientations of deformable bodies (robots, gymnasts) by means of shape deformations. In the last section we present some ideas on the stabilization of nonholonomic control systems, where the objective is a given submanifold instead of a single point.
CRITIQUE - OF “NITROGEN INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: A VALLEY BASIN STUDY”

ABSTRACT Four nitrogen balance models are examined from the point of view of their appropriateness to the questions which they were designed to answer. Each of the models consists of one or more N pools with inputs of N to and outputs from them. The purpose of each of the models is to estimate values for unassigned parameters from the relationship among the input and output fluxes and the pool sizes represented in the model. It is pointed out with illustrations that the structure of the model often requires particular assumptions in order for the calculations to be made. It is recommended that models be structured, where possible, so that pool sizes are small compared to the fluxes through them. Otherwise, it is impossible to verify changes in pool size from differences in total input and output fluxes. Examples are given of cases in which even incomplete data can be very useful (such as, a listing of inputs with no explicit information about transformations or outputs). Results of a sensitivity anlaysis of one of the models are described. This analysis indicates which of many parameters are most important in the outcome of calculations from the model. In view of the large error likely to be associated with many of the data and the inability to determine the size of the error in many cases, the confidence that can be placed in conclusions drawn from mass balance models would be greatly enhanced by comparing values calculated from the model with independent experimental measurements, where possible. Such a comparison is presented for one of the models.
The effects of dexamethasone on plasma free androgens during the normal menstrual cycle.

Abstract In order to evaluate the ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral plasma concentrations of total testosterone (TTe), indexes of the plasma concentrations of free testosterone (FTeI), free 17β-hydroxysteroid androgens (FHSI), and testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) during the menstrual cycle, women were examined during three normal cycles and three other cycles under dexamethasone (0.5 mg., four times a day) suppression. All study cycles were apparently ovulatory. The mean TTe and FTeI during the midcycle period were significantly higher than during the early follicular (P
The color glass condensate and small-x physics

The Color Glass Condensate is a state of high-density gluonic matter which controls the high-energy limit of hadronic matter. The article begins with a discussion of general problems of high-energy strong interactions. The infinitemomentum- frame description of a single hadron at very small x is developed, and this picture is applied to the description of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Recent developments in the renormalization group description of the Color Glass Condensate are reviewed.
Conjecture, uncertainty, and cooperation in prisoner's dilemma games: Some experimental evidence

Abstract This paper presents experimental tests of two models of cooperation in finitely-repeated prisoner's dilemma games (Kreps, Milgrom, Roberts, and Wilson, 1982). The models suggest that either a perception that the other party may use the tit-for-tat strategy or mutual uncertainty concerning dominant noncooperative strategies can lead to rational cooperation. The experiment independently manipulated both types of uncertainty and allowed for inferences concerning the players' prior, ‘homemade’ preferences for cooperation. Only in relatively restricted situations did either type of uncertainty promote cooperation. Instead, players cooperated much more than was predicted; they also cooperated more when they were certain of their opponents' payoffs.
Johnson and Boswell: A Biography of a Friendship. By John B. Radner. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013. Pp. xii, 415. $45.00.)

The names Samuel Johnson and James Boswell go together like UFOs and Roswell in conspiracy speech. These two men had a close connection for twenty years, though it might seem more of a paternal/fil...
Scherzo: a FRBR-based music discovery system

The Scherzo music discovery system is one deliverable from the Variations/FRBR (V/FRBR) project at Indiana University (Riley, 2010). The objective of the V/FRBR project is to provide a real-world test of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model (IFLA, 1998) in the domain of music. In addition to creating a schema and FRBRization algorithm to populate a repository with data drawn from MARC bibliographic records, one experiment in the utility of the FRBR model has been to create a discovery system based on the FRBRized data, to explore the value of exposing FRBR structuring in the discovery interface.
A new qualitative defect of leukocyte function in ulcerative colitis.

Summary The pattern of leukocytic exudation in patients with ulcerative colitis has been studied by the skin window technique. A majority of patients with ulcerative colitis (13 of 19 patients studied) showed a difference from the pattern of exudation seen in normal subjects consisting of an excessive number of basophilic leukocytes. The biochemical and pathogenetic implications of this finding are discussed.
Nutritional Value of Guajillo as a Component of Male White-Tailed Deer Diets

Guajillo (Acacia berlandieri Benth.) is considered a medium- to high-quality forage for both wild and domestic ruminants. However, studies have shown that guajillo contains phenolic amines and alkaloids, and condensed tannins, which may cause toxicosis and reduced fertility, intake, and nutrient digestibility. To examine the nutritional value of guajillo to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) more thoroughly, we present a comparison of mixed diets of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% guajillo in male white-tailed deer. Four in vivo metabolism trials were completed with each diet. Dry matter intake and change in body mass did not differ among diets. Gross and digestible energy intakes did not differ among diets, whereas metabolizable energy intake decreased with increased dietary guajillo concentration. Nitrogen balance and digestibility decreased with increased dietary guajillo concentration. Urinary glucuronic acid excretion increased linearly with increased dietary guajillo concentration. Nitrogen requirements for body growth and antler development were met by diets containing < 60% guajillo, whereas energy requirements for maintenance and antler growth were met with diets containing < 20% guajillo. Therefore, concentrations of dietary guajillo < 20% will support the maintenance of white-tailed deer. The primary function of guajillo may be to facilitate maintenance of adult deer, which have fewer obligatory productive processes than young deer, during periods of drought.
Peer Rejection: Developmental Processes and Intervention Strategies

I. Understanding Problematic Peer Relations 1. The Developmental Significance of Peer Relations 2. Characteristics of Rejected Children 3. Rejection Processes: The Role of Peers 4. Peer Relations and the Developing Self II. Assessing Social Competence and Peer Relations 5. Assessment Goals and Strategies 6. Assessing Problematic Peer Relations 7. Assessing Social Behavior 8. Observing Peer Interactions 9. Assessing Self-System Processes III. Intervention Methods 10. Approaches to Intervention 11. The Design of Social Competence Coaching Programs 12. Intervention Process and the Promotion of Self-System Change 13. Collateral Interventions: Providing Support at School and Home 14. Future Directions Appendix. Description of Exemplar Session Activities
Phase equilibrium studies in the UO2ZrO2 system

Abstract Phase equilibria in the UO 2 ZrO 2 system were studied from 600 to 1130°C by agitation of mixtures of the separate oxides or solid solutions of the oxides in the presence of a molten salt solution (LiFBeF 2 UF 4 ZrF 4 ). After quenching, the oxide phases were freed of fluorides by water washing, separated by dissolution of the UO 2 phase in nitric acid, and then analyzed. From the results it was concluded that at a eutectoid temperature of 1110 ± 5°C, the three equilibrium solid solutions were (1) tetragonal ZrO 2 with 2·8 m/o (mole percent) UO 2 , (2) monoclinic ZrO 2 with 0·2 m/o UO 2 and (3) cubic UO 2 with 0·38 m/o ZrO 2 . Below 1110°C the compositions of the monoclinic ZrO 2 and cubic UO 2 phases were approximated by log X UM = −2·003 − 998/T and log X ZC = −2·201 − 298/T (wherein X UM is the mole fraction of UO 2 in ZrO 2 and X ZC is the mole fraction of ZrO 2 in UO 2 ). Above 1110°C the small mutual solubilities of the cubic UO 2 and tetragonal ZrO 2 phases were compared with published data showing much higher solubilities at higher temperatures. This was done by plotting log D vs. 1/T, in which D is a distribution ratio for wither UO 2 or ZrO 2 . These plots indicated that the published data below 1500°C are in error. They also indicated that the solid solutions involved were ideal only at the lowest concentrations. A revised phase diagram is proposed in which exsolution of UO 2 and ZrO 2 is nearly complete at a eutectoid temperature (1110°C) which is ∼ 1000°C higher than a previous estimate.
An evolutionary systems approach to policy intervention for achieving ecologically sustainable societies

This paper describes an approach to policy intervention aimed at achieving sustainable relations between humans and their ecosystems. Following the Introduction, Section 2 defines an ecologically sustainable and economically healthy society, and advances the premise that the achievement of sustainable societies is impossible without the reorientation of social values. Sections 3 and 4 summarize the main principles of the theory of dissipative structures and add an ecosystem basis to this paradigm to develop a conceptual model for the purpose of evaluating alternative forms of intervention to influence the evolution of a society along a sustainable and healthy path. Section 5 outlines a methodology for assessing, evaluating, and tracking the system's transition from its current state to one that is within the acceptable definition of sustainable functioning. The final section proposes application of this approach to policy development problems in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem.
Nonlinear electrical dipolar switching at single molecular scale

Abstract At the single molecular scale (less than 2 A × 2 A × 9.8 A), the nonlinear electrical dipolar switching behavior from crystalline two-monolayer polyvinylidene fluoride films was measured using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The atomic structure of the polymer chain was clearly imaged by the STM. The nonlinear switching behavior at the single molecular scale appears as the hysteresis in the tunneling current–voltage relationship with switching onset voltage of 0.19 V/monomer. The nonlinear dipolar switching behavior at the single molecular scale has many potential applications including single molecular scale switching devices and re-writable non-volatile memories.
READING LIBERAL THEOLOGY

Gary Dorrien has presented to all who have an interest in religion, and religious ideas especially, a magnificent piece of scholarship. These three volumes on liberal theology in the United States have value in the massive amount of writings they bring under study and into the mainstream of American intellectual history. To that extent they address a historiographical gap; conservative thinking in the long evangelical tradition down to the contemporary “religious right” has received greater attention. Liberal theology, as Dorrien treats it, interconnects with a wide range of ideas—in philosophy, science, and history most importantly, and other topical maters like feminism and race. This trilogy should attract the attention of intellectual historians not only for its rich content but also for the suggestions it has for this discipline itself; that is, for practicing intellectual history and recognizing some of the contrasting approaches to its subject matter.
Computing the relative neighborhood graph in the L1 and L∞ metrics

Abstract The Relative Neighborhood Graph (RNG) of a set of n k -dimensional points connects “relatively close” neighbors: two points are connected by an edge if they are at least as close to each other as to any other point. Toussaint recently investigated the properties of the RNG in the Euclidean metric and proposed algorithms for its computation. This note examines one of the open problems listed by Toussaint: the extension of the analysis to non-Euclidean metrics. It is shown that Bentley's range query data structures may be used to improve the speed of the best known RNG algorithm in the L ∞ (for k ⩾ 2) and L 1 (for k = 2) metrics.
Trade-offs between responsiveness and naturalness for player characters

Real-time animation controllers are fundamental for animating characters in response to player input. However, the design of such controllers requires making trade-offs between the naturalness of the character's motions and the promptness of the character's response. In this paper, we investigate the effects of such tradeoffs on the players' enjoyment, control, satisfaction, and opinion of the character in a simple platform game. In our first experiment, we compare three controllers having the same responsiveness, but varying levels of naturalness. In the second experiment, we compare three controllers having increasing realism but at the expense of decreased responsiveness. Not surprisingly, our least responsive controller negatively affects players' performance and perceived ability to control the character. However, we also find that players are most satisfied with their own performance using our least natural controller, in which the character moves around the environment in a static pose; that differences in animation can significantly alter players' enjoyment with responsiveness being equal; and that players do not report increased motion quality with our most natural controller, despite viewers outside of a game context rating the same controller as significantly more natural than our other conditions.
Brush spaces and the fixed point property

Abstract We introduce the notions of a brush space and a weak brush space. Each of these spaces has a compact connected core with attached connected fibers and may be either compact or non-compact. Many spaces, both in the Hausdorff non-metrizable setting and in the metric setting, have realizations as (weak) brush spaces. We show that these spaces have the fixed point property if and only if subspaces with core and finitely many fibers have the fixed point property. This result generalizes the fixed point result for generalized Alexandroff/Urysohn Squares in Hagopian and Marsh (2010) [4] . We also look at some familiar examples, with and without the fixed point property, from Bing (1969) [1] , Connell (1959) [3] , Knill (1967) [7] and note the brush space structures related to these examples.
The RKR potential energy curve for the 23Π1 state of CsH

Abstract A new Rydberg-Klein-Rees (RKR) potential energy curve of the 2 3 Π 1 state of the CsH molecule is calculated using a reinterpretation (suggested by Carnell and Peyerimhoff) and a deperturbation reanalysis of Ringstrom's original data ( J. Mol. Spectrosc. 36 , 232–247 (1970)). This curve is compared to the recent theoretical results of both the relativistic effective core potential method by Jeung et al. ( J. Phys. B 16 , 2659–2675 (1983)) and the multireference configuration interaction method by Carnell et al. ( Chem. Phys. Lett. 154 , 484–486 (1988) and Z. Phys. D 13 , 317–333 (1989)). Also reported here are new term values and rotational constants based on Ringstrom's original data for the C 1 Σ + state of CsH (formerly labelled the B 1 Σ + state by Ringstrom).
A second quantized model of anharmonicity

A heuristic description is given for a simple harmonic oscillator as a basis for a model of anharmonicity. A formalism is applied in the process, which applies to complex excitation fields involving particle clusters and also facilitates a description of nonequilibrium multibody configurations by classical methods. The heuristic description is based on Streit's results (1965) and is free of linearization requirements in most physically interesting situations.
Role of microcomputed tomography in microvascular imaging

Micro-CT scans generate three-dimensional images consisting of the order of 1000 3 voxels (3D picture elements), each cubic voxel being sub-micron to 100 micrometer on a side. The gray-scale modulation within tomographic images reflects the local attenuation of the x-ray. This allows for differentiation of different tissues by virtue of their elemental content. However, the elements in blood vessel walls and within blood differ little from organ parenchyma, hence they are not readily distinguishable unless the attenuation of blood is enhanced by injecting a heavy element (such as iodine) into the blood stream or by staining the vessel wall tissues with heavy metals such as osmium tetroxide. Three-dimensional micro-CT images a volume (of light-opaque tissue) large enough to include entire, intact, vascular trees without the need to destroy the 3D tissue specimen. Hence, the fluid dynamic and the perfusion territory size consequences, as well the micro-anatomic relationship of the vascular branching geometry and interconnectivity to parenchymal structures (e.g., nephron, hepatic lobule or cancer) can be readily appreciated and quantified. The permeability of microvasculature can also be imaged by virtue of the increased contrast resulting from the fraction of the injected contrast agent passing through the endothelium into the surrounding extravascular tissue. In recent years micro-CT based on the imaging of coherent x-ray scatter and on x-ray phase shift caused by local electron density distributions (reflecting molecular bond type in some cases) provide greater inherent image contrast than does x-ray attenuation. These new capabilities are now active avenues of research and development.
Christmas and procrastination: Explaining lack of diligence at a "real-world" task deadline.

Abstract The present study examined 240 mall shoppers' procrastination scores (on arousal and avoidance measures), the closeness of the measurement to Christmas, and shoppers' rationales for why they were shopping at that particular time. Inventory scores were higher among shoppers on Christmas eve than 5 weeks earlier, and correlated positively with length of time to redeem mall gift certificates issued for participation. Further, people who scored high compared to low on the measures of procrastination cited different reasons for their shopping times, across measures. Procrastinators motivated by arousal from working against a deadline attributed their lack of diligence to job-related attributes (e.g. work, business commitments) that compelled them to begin shopping at the last possible opportunity. Procrastinators motivated to avoid situations involving threats to self-esteem attributed their postponed shopping to personal attributes (e.g. lack of energy, indecisiveness, perceived task aversiveness) reflecting their belief about their own inabilities. Results suggest that some procrastinators use situational attributes while others claim personal shortcomings for waiting to complete a “real-world” task at or before deadline.
Photochemical Ignition of Premixed Hydrogen/Oxygen Mixtures With ArF Laser

Abstract The current work seeks to determine the feasibility of using radicals to improve the combustion of propulsion systems fueled by hydrogen. An ArF excimer laser (193 nm) with focused optics was used to photodissociate molecular oxygen in hydrogen/oxygen mixtures, producing ground-state atomic oxygen, O(3P). In these experiments, the laser penetrated more than 20 cm into the mixture, there producing a maximum atomic oxygen concentration which leads to pure photochemical ignition. The minimum laser pulse energy required for ignition has been determined over a range of equivalence ratios (0.2 to 2.0) and initial temperatures (400 to 520°C) at a baseline pressure of 0.5 atm. Based on these values, the atomic oxygen concentration produced in the focal volume has been calculated. For these conditions, both the minimum laser energy and atomic oxygen concentration decrease strikingly as the initial mixture temperature increases. Results from a simplified ignition model agree with the experimental data. Bot...
Removal of small nonenveloped viruses by antibody-enhanced nanofiltration during the manufacture of plasma derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Filters with nominal pore sizes in the nanometer range are well-established tools for enhancing the virus safety margins of plasma-derived products, yet intrinsically less successful for smaller viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human parvovirus B19 (B19V). The formation of virus-antibody complexes increases the effective size of these smaller viruses and would thus improve their removal by nanofiltration. While the principle of virus removal by antibody-dependent nanofiltration has been demonstrated with animal antisera and viruses spiked into human plasma product intermediates, the significance of these results remains unclear due to the potential contributions of xenoanti-bodies and/or heteroagglutination in such heterologous systems. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The current study investigated antibody-dependent virus removal by nanofiltration in a heterologous animal parvovirus system to establish the concentration dependence of the effect. In addition, the phenomenon was investigated in a homologous system with custom-made HAV and B19V antibody–free and -containing human immunoglobulin intermediates. Viruses were analyzed with infectivity assays and fully validated polymerase chain reaction assays that also circumvent the obscuring effects of neutralizing antibodies with infectivity assays. RESULTS: By use of the heterologous mice minute virus and the homologous HAV and B19V systems, viruses passed the 35-nm (Planova 35N) filter in the absence of specific antibodies. Beyond a threshold virus antibody concentration, nanofiltration resulted in effective virus removal of viruses smaller than the nominal pore size of the filter used. CONCLUSION: HAV and B19V are effectively removed by antibody-dependent 35N nanofiltration, already at intermediate antibody concentrations well below those comparable to human plasma pools for fractionation.
Challenges: Clinical applications of oncogene research

The following is adapted from the testimony, on 6 June 1984, of Dr T. G. Krontiris before the U.S. House Science and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, on the subject of oncogene research. In a previous report (BioEssays, 1, 3), the testimony of Dr C . J. Sherr, describing the molecular biology of oncogene action was given. Here, Krontiris describes the challenges in applying the new5ndings in diagnosis and therapy.
Clinical and management challenges in preventing venous thromboembolism in health systems: a case-based panel discussion.

Purpose To illustrate clinical and management issues in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in health systems. Summary Lack of evidence to guide the choice among available anticoagulants and the dosing, timing of initiation, and duration of therapy for VTE prevention in certain clinical situations can present challenges for clinicians. Patient characteristics such as the presence of obesity, epidural catheters, renal impairment, or heparin- induced thrombocytopenia complicate the decision-making process. The introduction of new anticoagulants may overcome some of the clinical challenges associated with VTE prophylaxis, but determining whether to add new agents to the formulary and restrict their use may pose management challenges. The safety, effectiveness, ease of use, and cost of new agents compared with older agents already on the formulary are primary considerations. Conclusion An understanding of the clinical and management issues involved in preventing VTE is needed to improve the use of anticoagulants and reduce the incidence of VTE in health systems.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist increases both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particle size and small high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of diabetic control.

OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether troglitazone, independent of control of diabetes, increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size. METHODS We administered 600 mg of troglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist) daily for 8 weeks to 10 patients with type 2 diabetes (8 of whom completed the study). Then troglitazone therapy was discontinued, and alternative medication for diabetic control was used for another 4 weeks. The LDL, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations and subpopulations, as well as blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), were determined at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 and analyzed statistically. RESULTS Small, dense LDL cholesterol is commonly seen in patients with diabetes and is thought to be associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease. After both 4 and 8 weeks of troglitazone therapy, control of diabetes was significantly improved (mean HbA1c values at baseline, week 4, and week 8 were 8.0 +/- 0.7%, 7.4 +/- 0.5%, and 7.0 +/- 0.7%, respectively; P<0.05). HbA1c (6.5 +/- 0.6% at 12 weeks) and blood glucose levels (126 +/- 19 mg/dL at 8 weeks versus 145 +/- 9 mg/dL at 12 weeks) were not significantly different 4 weeks after troglitazone therapy was discontinued. Troglitazone treatment increased the large LDL particle at 4 and 8 weeks, a change that significantly (P<0.05) enlarged the LDL particle size (20.5 +/- 0.3 nm, 21.2 +/- 0.3 nm, and 21.3 +/- 0.2 nm at baseline, week 4, and week 8, respectively). After 8 weeks of troglitazone therapy, VLDL triglycerides were reduced (195 +/- 37 mg/dL versus 136 +/- 28 mg/dL; P<0.05) and HDL was increased (31.6 +/- 2.4 mg/dL versus 35.5 +/- 2.9 mg/dL; P<0.05). This greater HDL value was due to an increase in the small HDL particles. A decrease in the larger VLDL particles (V5 and V6) resulted in a reduction in the mean VLDL particle size (59 +/- 3 nm versus 46 +/- 2 nm; P<0.05). Despite the fact that control of diabetes remained significantly improved after troglitazone therapy was discontinued, the LDL particle size decreased to the baseline value. This change was due to a reduction in the large LDL cholesterol particle (L3). CONCLUSION This study shows that troglitazone therapy increases LDL particle size, reduces VLDL particle size, and increases small HDL particles. These changes may lower the risk for coronary artery disease.