cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis is limited at high leaf to air vapor pressure deficit in a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that lacks trienoic fatty acids.

We have investigated the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in photosynthesis using a triple mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that lacks trienoic fatty acids (fad 3-2 fad 7-2 fad 8). Though this mutant is male sterile, vegetative growth and development under normal conditions are largely unaffected (McConn and Browse, 1996 Plant Cell 8: 403–416). At 0.2–1.0 kPa vapor pressure deficit (low VPD), maximum photosynthetic rates of wild-type and mutant plants were similar while stomatal conductance rates were up to 2 times higher in mutant plants. However, light-saturated rates of carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance in the mutant were lower than in wild-type plants when measured at ambient (35 Pa) CO2 and 2.0–2.8 kPa vapor pressure deficit (high VPD). The limitation to photosynthesis in the mutant plants at high VPD was overcome by saturating partial pressures of CO2 suggesting a stomatal limitation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements indicate that differences observed in maximum assimilation rates were not due to limitations within the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis. Stomatal response to VPD and intrinsic water use efficiency was drastically different in mutant versus wild-type plants. The results of this investigation indicate that for Arabidopsis, polyunsaturated fatty acids may be an important determinant of responses of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to environmental stresses such as high VPD.
High resolution solid-state N.M.R.

By means of rotations around two axes inclined at zeros (magic angles) of the l = 2 and l = 4 Legendre polynomials, first-order and second-order N.M.R. broadening can be averaged away. Experiments with a double-rotor on the central (1/2 ↔ - 1/2) transition of sodium-23 in polycrystalline sodium oxalate illustrate the elimination of broadening due to second-order quadrupolar effects leading to a thirtyfold increase in resolution compared to magic-angle spinning.
Opal: a single address space system for 64-bit architecture address space

The recent appearance of architectures with flat 64-bit virtual addressing opens an opportunity to reconsider the way in which operating systems use virtual address spaces. An operating system called Opal is being built for these wide-address architectures. The key feature of Opal is a single global virtual address space that extends to data on long-term storage and across the network. The case for the use of a single virtual address space is outlined, the model of addressing and protection used in Opal is presented, and some of the problems and opportunities raised by the approach are discussed. >
Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Epigenetic Glioblastoma Therapy

Abstract Glioblastoma is the most common and deadliest of malignant primary brain tumors (Grade IV astrocytoma) in adults. Current standard treatments have been improving but patient prognosis still remains unacceptably devastating. Glioblastoma recurrence is linked to epigenetic mechanisms and cellular pathways. Thus, greater knowledge of the cellular, genetic and epigenetic origin of glioblastoma is the key for advancing glioblastoma treatment. One rapidly growing field of treatment, epigenetic modifiers; histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), has now shown much promise for improving patient outcomes through regulation of the acetylation states of histone proteins (a form of epigenetic modulation) and other non-histone protein targets. HDAC inhibitors have been shown, in a pre-clinical setting, to be effective anticancer agents via multiple mechanisms, by up-regulating expression of tumor suppressor genes, inhibiting oncogenes, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and up-regulating the immune system. There are many HDAC inhibitors that are currently in pre-clinical and clinical stages of investigation for various types of cancers. This review will explain the theory of epigenetic cancer therapy, identify HDAC inhibitors that are being investigated for glioblastoma therapy, explain the mechanisms of therapeutic effects as demonstrated by pre-clinical and clinical studies and describe the current status of development of these drugs as they pertain to glioblastoma therapy.
The inhibitory effect of caffeine on hormone-induced rat breast cancer.

Studies have associated coffee and/or caffeine with human fibrocystic breast disease. Two animal studies have implicated caffeine as a promoter in rat mammary cancer. The current investigation examines the effect of two caffeine doses in ACI rats with and without diethylstilbestrol (DES). Without DES, cancer did not develop in any of the rats receiving either of the two caffeine dosages. With DES, increasing caffeine dosage lengthened the time to first cancer, decreased the number of rats that developed cancers, and decreased the number of cancers overall. The presence or amount of caffeine did not cause detectable histologic differences in the breast cancers. The presence or amount of caffeine did not influence animal weight or mortality, although the rats without DES weighed more and survived better into old age. The presence or amount of caffeine did not influence pituitary weights and prolactin levels, although values of the DES groups were three times higher than the values for the group without DES (P < 0.05). In conclusion, chronic caffeine ingestion inhibits rat breast cancer, neither by interfering with the high prolactin levels—a necessary step in murine tumor development—nor by causing hypocaloric intake. Cancer 56: 1977-1981, 1985.
New plasmid vectors for high level synthesis of eukaryotic fusion proteins in Escherichia coli

Abstract Production of eukaryotic proteins in Escherichia coli has become rather simple since commercially available bacteriophage and plasmid vector systems allow investigators to select the optimal system for their particular problem. A common question is which system to use to produce the largest quantity of soluble recombinant protein with minimal, if any, bacterial protein fused to it. We have constructed a new set of plasmid vectors that produce large amounts of a fusion proteins that contain less than 25 amino acids of bacterial protein. We started with pATH-1, a plasmid expression vector comprised of the trpEp promoter and 37 kDa of the TrpE protein followed by a M13mp13 multiple cloning site for insertion of sequences to be expressed. We deleted the majority of the eukaryotic trpE sequence to produce a multiple frame, multiple enzyme cloning site, plasmid expression vector set called pRX. Transformation of E. coli CAG-456 (Baker et al., 1984) with this vector with an Acanthamoeba myosin tail sequence inserted in the correct frame yields a fusion protein that represents 45 % of the total soluble protein. We have produced and purified 100 mg of this Acanthamoeba myosin-II fusion protein per liter of cell suspension.
Hybrid low noise charge sensitive preamplifier

Abstract A hybrid low noise charge sensitive preamplifier suitable for use with solid state radiation detectors is described. The preamplifier is completely transistorized except for a Nuvistor input stage. The preamplifier approaches the performance of an all vacuum tube preamplifier previously reported but is smaller, dissipates less power and uses power supplies compatible with associated all transistorized equipment. Typical open loop gains of 20 000 are achieved. Noise, for zero external capacitance averages 450 r.m.s. electrons. Rise time, for a closed loop gain of 100 is approximately 50 ns. Linearity and gain sensitivity data are given.
Sucrose phosphate synthase and other sucrose metabolizing enzymes in fruits of various species.

Recent reports have suggested that sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.14), a key enzyme in sucrose biosynthesis in photosynthetic “source” tissues, may also be important in some sucrose accumulating “sink” tissues. These experiments were conducted to determine if sucrose phosphate synthase is involved in sucrose accumulation in fruits of several species. Peach (Prunus persica NCT 516) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Chandler) fruits were harvested directly from the plant at various stages of fruit development. Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis), papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus) and mango (Mangifera indica) were sampled in postharvest storage over a period of several days. Carbohydrate concentrations and activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13), and acid and neutral invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) were measured. All fruits contained significant activities of sucrose phosphate synthase. Moreover, in fruits from all species except pineapple and papaya, there was an increase in sucrose phosphate synthase activity associated with the accumulation of sucrose in situ. The increase in sucrose concentration in peaches was also associated with an increase in sucrose synthase activity and, in strawberries, with increased activity of both sucrose synthase and neutral invertase. The hexose pools in all fruits were comprised of equimolar concentrations of fructose and glucose, except in the mango. In mango, the fructose to glucose ratio increased from 2 to 41 during ripening as sucrose concentration more than doubled. The results of this study indicate that activities of the sucrose metabolizing enzymes, including sucrose phosphate synthase, within the fruit itself, are important in determining the soluble sugar content of fruits of many species. This appears to be true for fruits which sweeten from a starch reserve and in fruits from sorbitol translocating species, raffinose saccharide translocating species, and sucrose translocating species.
A generalization of a result of G. Pólya and its application to a continuous extension of the de la Vallée Poussin means

Variation diminishing properties are established for the periodic kernels (1+cost)^@l,@l=12+n,[email protected]?Z^+. On the real axis, there are related variation diminishing properties of the functions u^msgnu, which are the Green's functions for the differential operator D^(^m^+^1^).
Antimutagenicity, cytotoxicity and composition of chlorophyllin copper complex

Abstract The preparation of chlorophyllin copper complex (CCC), shown to be a tumor promoter in an animal model (Nelson, R.L. (1992) Chlorophyllin, an antimutagen, acts as a tumor promoter in the rat-dimethylhydrazine colon carcinogenesis model. Anticancer Res., 12, 737–740), also inhibits the activities of direct- and indirect-acting mutagens in the Salmonella assay and exhibits cytostatic and cytocidal effects toward myeloma cells. Data from elemental analyses, spectrophotometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography indicate that CCC preparations generally used in antimutagenic/anticarcinogenic experiments are variable, complex mixtures of structurally distinct porphyrins lacking copper in some instances. This variability of the composition may be a cause for the differences reported for the tumor promotion activity of CCC.
Model for planning water‐energy systems

A mathematical programing model which has a nonlinear objective function and linear constraints is developed for the planning of composite regional water-energy systems and is solved using the largescale generalized reduced-gradient technique. Three interacting subsystems (the water subsystem, the power generation subsystem, and the coal and synthetic natural gas subsystem) are modeled to define the interlinked water-energy system. The objective of the model is to minimize the sum of the capital, operating, and distribution costs incurred in meeting future water, gas, coal and power demands within a region. The nonlinear objective function represents an improvement over existing models, as it permits analysis of nonlinear system response and economies of scale. The model is applied to a region located in northeastern Texas.
Comparison of the acid denaturation of several hemoglobins which differ in amino acid sequence.

Abstract There are pronounced differences in kinetic and thermodynamic stability between human and horse hemoglobins. Since the amino acid sequences of the α, β dimers of horse and human hemoglobins differ in 61 locations, it is difficult to account for them in terms of specific direct or indirect effects of the sequence differences. Rhesus hemoglobin differs from human in only 12 locations and its stability resembles that of human more closely than does horse, although pronounced differences remain. The stabilities of rhesus ferrihemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb+ and Hb °) are intermediate between those of the corresponding high-spin forms of horse and human hemoglobin; but there are only small or negligible differences between the low-spin forms (carbonylhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin) of the two species. The equilibrium isotherm between native and acid unfolded forms of rhesus Hb+ resembles that of horse more than that of human, but it is slightly more stable and slightly less cooperative. The effects of octanol on the rates of unfolding of rhesus ferrihemoglobin are only slightly smaller than with human. There is no effect of octanol on the unfolding rate of any of the CO hemoglobins. Unlike the equilibria of horse and human, octanol is also without effect on the unfolding equilibrium of rhesus ferrihemoglobin, and thus qualifies as a true catalyst of the initial stage of the acid unfolding reaction of the monkey ferriprotein. Differences in stability are tentatively attributed to a limited number of the 12 differences between the two proteins.
Resistance exercise and plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotrophin immunoreactivity

Serum cortisol and plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotrophin hormone (LPH) immunoreactivity were measured in five males before and after endurance exercise (treadmill) and burst activity resistance exercise (weight lifting). Mean beta-endorphin/beta-LPH immunoactivity increased significantly following treadmill testing (p less than .05) and weight training (p less than .06). Post-exercise hormonal values were similar for the two activities. The hormonal changes previously reported with endurance activities also occur with burst activity exercise.
STUDIES ON THE INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE OF THE H-Y ANTIGEN IN MICE WITH NEONATAL SKIN GRAFTS

In contrast to the uniform rejection of adult male skin isografts by C57BL/6 females, neonatal male skin isografts are frequently accepted. Moreover, 50% of all females which accept a neonatal male skin graft for 50 days accept a subsequent adult male skin graft as well. This ability of neonatal skin to produce tolerance has been investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. The results indicate: (a) Even when a newborn male skin graft is transplanted concomitantly with an adult graft, it can produce tolerance of the latter although it is less effective in this regard than when transplanted beforehand. (b) The continued exposure of the host to the newborn graft is vitally important in maintaining the unresponsive state; and most females deprived of these grafts for 50 days manifest an immune response when challenged with adult male skin. (c) Newborn male skin isografts raised on adult females are not as antigenic as normal male skin grafts. (d) Occasionally, even a presensitized female can be rendered tolerant by grafting with neonatal male skin. (e) Neonatal male skin grafts are not accepted when transplanted to the spleens of adult females although they may occasionally induce tolerance of a subsequent orthotopic adult male skin graft. The failure of these intrasplenic grafts to survive can be attributed at least partly to their small size since orthotopic grafts of comparable size usually do not survive. (f) Females bearing neonatal male skin grafts are not perceptible cellular chimeras. Because the unresponsive condition induced with neonatal skin is similar to that which results from multiparity, this latter condition has also received attention. In this regard it has been established that unlike the removal of a neonatal male skin isograft, the delayed grafting of isolated females with a previous history of multiparity does not result in many of them manifesting what may be considered an immune response. However, this delay in grafting does seem to impair the tolerance multiparity produces. The results are discussed in relation to other methods of producing tolerance in adult animals.
Dynamics of Uncertain Opinions in Social Networks

We study the impact of uncertainty or lack of confidence on the propagation of opinions and the formation of consensus or divergence in social networks. Many social and political issues often lead to extreme divergence of opinions, however, very often people hold opinions without a full sense of confidence. In this work, we are interested in how uncertain opinions evolve through interactions in a social network. Our study considers two types of agents, informed agents with high confidence (low uncertainty) and uninformed agents with low confidence (high uncertainty), and examines the impact of the numbers of informed vs. Uninformed agents on opinion dynamics. In particular, we use the well-known Subjective Logic approach to model uncertain opinions (i.e., An opinion consisting of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty). We devise two different trust attitudes, certainty-based trust and similarity-based trust, and study how the opinions are affected by different trust attitudes and how this impacts consensus.
Plasma Effective Field Theory Advertised, Then Illustrated by e, p, H‐Atom Gas

The first part is a lightning fast overview of the application of ideas of modern effective quantum field theory (which originated in elementary particle theory) to plasma physics. An exhaustive account is presented in a long report with L. G. Yaffe [1] which contains all the details set out in a self-contained and pedagogical fashion. The second part shows how the low temperature but dilute limit of the partition fnction at two-loop order describes a gas of electrons, protons, and hydrogen atoms in their ground state. Hydrogen atoms emerge automatically from the general framework which does not begin with any explicit consideration of atoms.
Co-evolution of sphingomyelin and the ceramide transport protein CERT

Life creates many varieties of lipids. The choline-containing sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin (SM) exists ubiquitously or widely in vertebrates and lower animals, but is absent or rare in bacteria, fungi, protists, and plants. In the biosynthesis of SM, ceramide, which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, is transported to the Golgi region by the ceramide transport protein CERT, probably in a non-vesicular manner, and is then converted to SM by SM synthase, which catalyzes the reaction of phosphocholine transfer from phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to ceramide. Recent advances in genomics and lipidomics indicate that the phylogenetic occurrence of CERT and its orthologs is nearly parallel to that of SM. Based on the chemistry of lipids together with evolutionary aspects of SM and CERT, several concepts are here proposed. SM may serve as a chemically inert and robust, but non-covalently interactive lipid class at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The functional domains and peptidic motifs of CERT are separated by exon units, suggesting an exon-shuffling mechanism for the generation of an ancestral CERT gene. CERT may have co-evolved with SM to bypass a competing metabolic reaction at the bifurcated point in the anabolism of ceramide. Human CERT is identical to the splicing variant of human Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP) annotated as an extracellular non-canonical serine/threonine protein kinase. The relationship between CERT and GPBP has also been discussed from an evolutionary aspect. Moreover, using an analogy of "compatible (or osmoprotective) solutes" that can accumulate to very high concentrations in the cytosol without denaturing proteins, choline phospholipids such as PtdCho and SM may act as compatible phospholipids in biomembranes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
Oriented subtrees of an arc digraph

Abstract A simple formula can be given for the number of subtrees of the arc digraph D* of a directed graph D, in terms of the number of subtrees of D, thereby generalizing certain results of van Aardenne-Ehrenfest and de Bruijn [1].
Some biochemical properties of alkyl phosphotriesters of cyclic AMP.

Abstract The biochemical properties of several alkyl phosphotriesters of cyclic AMP were studied with respect to their interactions with beef heart protein kinase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Ethyl and propyl triesters did not enhance the phosphorylation of histone by protein kinase and methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl triesters were poor competitors for the cyclic AMP binding site of the enzyme. However, these alkyl phosphotriesters were effective inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with the K i 's arrayed in the following order: methyl > ethyl > propyl > butyl > cetyl triester. Metabolic studies with mice indicated that intraperitoneal injection of low doses of propyl triester for one week significantly increased cyclic AMP concentration.
Increased cyclic AMP response to norepinephrine in the rat brain following 6-hydroxydopamine

Abstract 6-hydroxydopamine has been shown to deplete brain norepinephrine levels in rats. In the present study, rats were injected intraventricularly with either 6-hydroxydopamine (250 μg per day for 2 days) or a control solution. Seven days later the animals were killed and slices from the hypothalamus, brain stem, cerebrum and cerebellum were incubated in vitro in the presence of norepinephrine. After 6-min exposure to norepinephrine (10 −5 M) there were enhanced cyclic AMP levels in the hypothalamus, cerebrum and brain stem of animals treated with 6-hydroxydopamine when compared to controls. These results suggest that adrenergic denervation supersensitivity to catecholamines may be mediated by adenyl cyclase.
Randomized Study of Neoadjuvant Testicular Androgen Ablation Therapy Before Radical Prostatectomy in Men with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether 12 weeks of neoadjuvant testicular androgen ablation therapy using a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist could improve pathological outcomes in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized (stages T1C, T2A and T2B) prostatic carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A total of 56 participants was randomized to receive either monthly injections of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist at 4-week intervals followed by radical retropubic prostatectomy (28) or to undergo immediate radical retropubic prostatectomy alone (28). Operations were performed via a similar technique and all prostatic specimens were processed histologically in their entirety.Results: There was no improvement in pathological outcome using a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist preoperatively compared to surgery alone. Of 28 men undergoing immediate radical retropubic prostatectomy 23 had organ-confined (17) or specimen-confined (6) disease versus 22 of...
Plywood punk: a holistic approach to designing animated artifacts

Animated artifacts require many different electronic and mechanical components as well as appropriate drive software. This complexity has led to a kit-of-parts thinking in designing robotic assemblies. For example, Dynamixel or Lego Mindstorms provide designers, enthusiasts and children standard components from which they can assemble a multitude of creations. Despite the open-endedness of these kits, the most basic component parts such as servos present a designer with a set of constraints such as form that she cannot control. The underlying logic for these factors derives from mass-production rather than specific design requirements. The resulting black box becomes a factor around which design is created rather than an integral part of the completed artifact. In this paper, we explore the benefits of designing animated artifacts holistically. As an example, we compare the re-design of a servo in plywood and electronic components with a typical RC servo. This juxtaposition demonstrates how form-factors, materials and materiality, tactile and visual qualities and the performative aspects of a design can be reintroduced into design thinking for animated artifacts. From the example, we distill four guidelines for a design approach: (1) iterate, (2) explore material properties, (3) engage the performative aspects of the artifact, (4) cross disciplinary boundaries.
Salivary gland hyperglycemic factor: an extrapancreatic source of glucagon-like material

Extracts of homogenates of rat, mouse, rabbit, and human submaxillary salivary glands contain a significant quantity of a material with glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Fractionation of this material on columns of Sephadex G-100 reveals a single peak immediately following a gamma globulin marker but in advance of a rat growth hormone marker, crystalline amylase, and isotopically labeled porcine insulin and glucagon. This material, which is urea stable, shows identical immunoassay dilution curves when measured with the highly specific K-30 glucagon antiserum. Study of paired glands in vitro shows that low concentrations of glucose stimulate and high concentrations of glucose suppress release of this material. Arginine promotes brisk release in vitro. Somatostatin does not influence arginine-stimulated secretion and insignificantly suppresses basal release in vitro. These findings lend support to previous speculations that the salivary glands may possess endocrine as well as exocrine functions. Salivary gland glucagon may also be the source of circulating glucagon recently reported in pancreatectomized and eviscerated rats.
Air fatigue of notched 1018 steel in the endurance limit range

Reverse bend, constant deflection fatigue tests were performed in ambient temperature air on notched 1018 steel specimens. Endurance limit for these exhibited scatter in excess of 25 pct, and this was correlated with concentration of manganese sulfide inclusions at the notch root vicinity. For specimens designated as “high inclusion” the endurance limit was 95 MN/m2 (14 ksi); and for “low inclusion” ones it was 130 MN/m2 (19 ksi). By monitoring crack length as a function of number of cycles it was observed that unbroken specimens tested above approximately 85 MN/m2 (12.5 ksi) contained nonpropagating cracks. Also, high inclusion specimens fatigued at stresses above their endurance limit, but less than about 140 MN/m2 (20 ksi) exhibited fatigue crack hesitation; that is, cracks initiated and grew to microscopic size but then arrested for a finite number of subsequent cycles. The endurance limit for high inclusion specimens was then a stress above which arrested cracks repropagate and below which they do not. Repropagation of hesitant fatigue cracks is projected to result from inclusion related cyclic stress damage near the crack tip, which was possibly stimulated by atmospheric interactions.
A cooling concept for improved field winding performance in large superconducting ac generators

Abstract An analytical study of a flow circuit for large superconducting generator rotors is presented. The flow circuit provides regulation of the level of liquid in the rotor externally by adjusting the helium supply pressure. It also protects the vapour cooled structural members of the rotor from overcooling during transient periods of operation. Furthermore, it is capable of reducing the winding temperature below 4.2 K thereby enhancing the superconductor's performance. For example, a large generator rotor with NbTi superconducting field winding experiences approximately a 50% increase in its critical current density compared to that at 4.2 K.
Stack emissions from refuse‐derived fuel admix to boiler coal

Emissions tests were run on a boiler fueled with coal and admixtures of fuel pellets prepared from solid wastes. The tests showed that use of the admixtures significantly lowered the sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons in the stack gas while raising the lead emissions manyfold.
Pediatric Lymphomas and Histiocytic Disorders of Childhood

Although there have been dramatic improvements in the treatment of children with non-hodgkin lymphoma, hodgkin lymphoma and histiocytic disorders over the past 3 decades, many still relapse or are refractory to primary therapy. In addition, late effects such as 2nd malignancies, cardiomyopathy and infertility remain a major concern. Thus, this review focuses on the current state of the science and, in particular, novel treatment strategies that are aimed at improving outcomes for all pediatric patients with lymphoma and histiocytic disorders while reducing treatment related morbidity.
Spatial, temporal, and amplitude characteristics of parallel electric fields associated with subsolar magnetic field reconnection

[1] The electric field experiment on the Polar satellite collected bursts of data at rates of 1600 and 8000 samples/second to measure the parallel and perpendicular components of the vector electric field. Because data at these rates are required for full resolution measurements of the parallel component associated with subsolar magnetic field reconnection, some 150 such bursts from 2000 through 2003 were examined during 5 month intervals when the spacecraft was on the dayside of the Earth and the apogee of 9.5 RE was near the equator. Seventeen events were found at reconnecting magnetopauses with perpendicular electric field components as large as 200 mV/m and parallel electric field components as large as 80 mV/m. The parallel electric fields were associated with significant plasma density depletions, and they all appeared on the magnetospheric side of the current sheet. The large magnitudes of the parallel fields and their anticorrelations with plasma density are not found in simulations. For one example, the speed of the parallel electric field structure was 1.2 times the local Alfven speed. The directions of the parallel fields were such as to accelerate electrons moving along the magnetic field toward the reconnection site. The full widths at half maxima of the parallel field events ranged from less than 0.2 to 15 ms, in general agreement with simulations. Although the events occurred over ±20 degrees of magnetic latitude and for clock angles of 100 to 180 degrees, their statistics suggest that the X line for these events was within a few degrees of the magnetic equator.
Vibration and sound radiation from a sandwich cylindrical shell with prismatic core

The vibration and the sound radiation of cylindrical shells with cellular core is here analyzed. The considered structure is composed of a repeated unit cell and can be classified as a Linear Cellular Alloy (LCA) core. The unit cells are of a tetrahedral configuration, arranged according to a honeycomb lay-out. The considered configuration has previously been proposed for core designs of sandwich beams with superior structural properties. In here, the effects of the core configuration on the structural-acoustic behavior of the considered sandwich shell is investigated through a FE model. The FE model is created with ANSYS, a commercially available Finite Element Analysis (FEA) package. The sensitivity of the shell's dynamic characteristics to changes in the geometric properties of the core is investigated. An optimization problem is formulated to determine the core configuration which minimizes, within a target frequency range, the sound radiation of the shell in an unbounded fluid environment.
Selection for accelerated penetration in cell culture coselects for attenuated mutants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

Abstract Previous studies with Sindbis virus (SB) suggested that a single point mutation in glycoprotein E2 (serine 114 to arginine 114) conferred three phenotypic alterations: attenuation in neonatal mice, accelerated penetration of cultured cells, and efficient neutralization by two E2-specific monoclonal antibodies ( Davis, Fuller, Dougherty, Olmsted, and Johnston (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 6771–6775). Moreover, selection for rapidly penetrating mutants of SB coselected for attenuation in vivo , indicating that a domain of SB E2 which influences penetration in culture overlaps an E2 domain which influences pathogenesis ( Olmsted, Meyer, and Johnston (1986) Virology 148, 245–254). To test the possibility that overlapping penetration and pathogenesis domains exist in other alphaviruses, the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (TRD-VEE) was serially passed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells under a stringent selective pressure for accelerated penetration. Isolates were biologically cloned from the first through the fourth passages and were characterized as to penetration time course in BHK cells and virulence in adult mice following intraperitoneal inoculation. Twenty-two of the 27 isolates segregated into two major categories: slowly penetrating and virulent (like the TRD-VEE parent) and rapidly penetrating and avirulent. Mice which received the avirulent mutants were positive for anti-VEE neutralizing antibody and were refractory to challenge with TRD-VEE. Of the seven mouse avirulent mutants, two also were attenuated in hamsters, indicating the presence of at least two genetic loci at which mutations may influence both pathogenesis and penetration.
Dominance within broods of the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker

. The study of dominance among juvenile broodmates controls for factors such as age and experience that are known to influence dominance. In acorn woodpeckers, Melanerpes formicivorus, broodmates remain together on the natal territory for at least 1 year and potentially compete for various resources. Moreover, many broodmates remain together for their entire lives and share mates as members of polygynous or polyandrous groups. Dominance interactions were observed between acorn woodpecker broodmates following fledging. Although dominance interactions occurred both within and between sexes, neither sex was over- or under-represented among dominants. Dominance appeared to have no effect on post-fledging mortality. Relative wing length prior to fledging was the best predictor of dominance, followed by relative body mass prior to fledging. Relative bill length showed the poorest association with dominance. The highly significant association between dominance and relative wing length at the time of banding appears to be due to the strong relationship between hatch order and subsequent wing length rank prior to fledging.
The “Wages of Burman-ness:” Ethnicity and Burman Privilege in Contemporary Myanmar

Abstract Ethnicity is one of the primary lenses through which scholars view conflict in Burma/Myanmar. In this paper I examine the dominance of the majority ethnic group in Myanmar, the Burmans, and the ways in which Burman-ness functions as a privileged identity. I draw from the theoretical framework of Whiteness and White privilege in critical race theory to argue that, although there are important analytical differences between race and ethnicity, we can conceptualise Burman-ness as a form of institutionalised dominance similar to Whiteness. I support this argument by documenting the ways in which Burmans are privileged in relation to non-Burmans, while still, in many cases, seeing themselves as equally subject to government repression. This analysis of Burman privilege (and blindness to that privilege) is particularly relevant given the fact that the political reforms implemented by Myanmar's new, partly civilian government since 2011 have opened new opportunities for (mostly Burman) activists while c...
Bifurcations and loadability issues in power systems

This paper deals with bifurcations and loadability issues in power systems. A single machine system with dynamic state space represented by a set of differential algebraic equations is considered. It is emphasized that this small system can give a first step in understanding the issues discussed in this paper. Using system loading as a bifurcation parameter and considering two methodologies for calculating system equilibrium points — specification of a fixed terminal voltage and a voltage-controller reference — the incidence of voltage imposed by the machine in the system stability is studied. The results of this paper reveal that careful attention must be paid to all methodologies for calculating equilibrium points, as some may obscure likely solutions in the state space. In addition, a proper adjustment of a machine voltage-controller reference can be exploited to provide relief to a system when it is operating close to collapse.
Microcomputer-based aid for the handicapped computer programmer

Business computer programming is one of the professions taught to trainable quadriplegics at the Woodrow Wilson Rehabilitation Centre, Fishersville, Virginia. Described in this paper is a device which was designed to allow the quadriplegic to handle the many pages of computer output which he must read and debug. A microcomputer is included in the system to provide a variety of features plus ease of modification. Features included are the rapid access of user-defined pages, page by page advance and simple, slow forward and reverse paper feed.
Integer points on hypersurfaces

Very general hypersurfaces in ℝ4 contain ≪r2+(4/9) integer points in any ball of radiusr>1. As a consequence, an irreducible algebraic hypersurface in ℝn (wheren≥4) which is not a cylinder and is of degreed, contains ≤c(d, n)rn−1−(5/9) integer points in a ball of radiusr. This improves on the known boundc(d, n)rn−(3/2).
Low-catalyst concentration atom transfer radical polymerization of a phosphonium salt-type monomer

Polymeric phosphonium salts are an important class of polyelectrolytes that are currently gaining increasing interest due to their solution properties and reactivity. The successful controlled/living radical polymerization of a phosphonium salt-type monomer, 4-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (4VBTPPBF4), under initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) conditions employing a low concentration of catalyst is reported. After optimization of the reaction conditions, high monomer conversions to the polymeric phosphonium salt, poly4VBTPPBF4, were reached with very good polymerization control. The living character of the polymerizations was further evidenced via chain extension experiments that yielded either higher molecular weight homopolymers or block copolymers. It is also shown that poly4VBTPPBF4 can be efficiently converted to linear poly(4-vinylstyrene) using the Wittig olefination reaction.
Sapphire: experiences in scientific data mining

The size and the complexity of the data from scientific simulations, observations, and experiments are becoming a major impediment to their analysis. To enable scientists to address this problem of data overload and benefit from their improved data collecting abilities, the Sapphire project team has been involved in the research, development, and application of scientific data mining techniques for nearly a decade. In this paper, I first describe the Sapphire system architecture that was motivated by the needs of a diverse set of applications. Then, using examples from different domains, I discuss our experiences in mining science data and some of the challenges we faced in analyzing data ranging from a megabyte to several terabytes.
Framing Sustainability in Human-Centered Product Design

Engineers today have access to a myriad of tools for developing sustainable products that have minimal environmental impact. Although consumer interest in sustainability is increasing, it is still not foremost on the minds of many consumers. Engineers are thus faced with the dilemma of developing sustainable solutions for consumers who may not yet want or be able to articulate sustainability needs. We explore this issue by examining user research conducted by students in a graduate-level product design course. We present findings on how users define and describe sustainability, how sustainability needs interact with other user needs, and what tradeoffs people make and feelings people have when faced with sustainability trade-offs. We present a case study of one design team’s findings about sustainability, and how those findings affected the formulation of the team’s mission statement and product strategy. Based on these results, we propose recommendations for how to facilitate the design of innovative and sustainable consumer products.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons

The daily solar cycle allows organisms to synchronize their circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles to the correct temporal niche. Changes in day-length, shift-work, and transmeridian travel lead to mood alterations and cognitive function deficits. Sleep deprivation and circadian disruption underlie mood and cognitive disorders associated with irregular light schedules. Whether irregular light schedules directly affect mood and cognitive functions in the context of normal sleep and circadian rhythms remains unclear. Here we show, using an aberrant light cycle that neither changes the amount and architecture of sleep nor causes changes in the circadian timing system, that light directly regulates mood-related behaviours and cognitive functions in mice. Animals exposed to the aberrant light cycle maintain daily corticosterone rhythms, but the overall levels of corticosterone are increased. Despite normal circadian and sleep structures, these animals show increased depression-like behaviours and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning. Administration of the antidepressant drugs fluoxetine or desipramine restores learning in mice exposed to the aberrant light cycle, suggesting that the mood deficit precedes the learning impairments. To determine the retinal circuits underlying this impairment of mood and learning, we examined the behavioural consequences of this light cycle in animals that lack intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. In these animals, the aberrant light cycle does not impair mood and learning, despite the presence of the conventional retinal ganglion cells and the ability of these animals to detect light for image formation. These findings demonstrate the ability of light to influence cognitive and mood functions directly through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
Examination of the nickel site structure and reaction mechanism in Streptomyces seoulensis superoxide dismutase

Superoxide dismutases are metalloenzymes involved in protecting cells from oxidative damage arising from superoxide radical or reactive oxygen species produced from superoxide. Examples of enzymes containing Cu, Mn, and Fe as the redox-active metal have been characterized. Recently, a SOD containing one Ni atom per subunit was reported. The amino acid sequence of the NiSOD deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the structural gene sodN from Streptomyces seoulensis is reported and has no homology with other SODs. X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies coupled with EPR of the Ni center show that the Ni in the oxidized (as isolated) enzyme is in a five-coordinate site composed of three S-donor ligands, one N-donor, and one other O- or N-donor. This unique coordination environment is modified by the loss of one N- (or O-) donor ligand in the dithionite-reduced enzyme. The NiSOD activity was determined by pulse radiolysis, and a value of kcat = 1.3 × 109 M-1 s-1 per Ni was obtained. The rate is pH sensitive a...
Preparation and characterization of antisera and monoclonal antibodies to serotonergic and dopaminergic ligands.

Summary In an attempt to produce polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies to serotonin, SKF 38393 (D-1 agonist), dopamine, and haloperidol (D-2 antagonist) several procedures for the preparation of immunogenic ligand-protein carrier conjugates were investigated. The Mannich reaction utilizing formaldehyde as the chemical linker was used to prepare serotonin-protein conjugates; antibodies raised to this conjugate reacted specifically to the conjugated serotonin moiety but did not react to native serotonin. Chemical conjugations involving dimethylpimelylimidate or N-carboxymethyl derivatives for the coupling of serotonin, dopamine and SKF 38393 to carrier proteins produced antibodies primarily directed against the ‘chemical coupling arm’ and very little antibody activity against the ligand itself could be detected. Synthesis of a haloperidol derivative suitable for chemical coupling to a protein carrier via oxobutyric acid produced an immunogen which was capable of eliciting both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for the hapten. The pitfalls of the various chemical conjugation procedures and the difficulties of producing antibodies to free ligands are discussed.
EVAPORATIVE COOLING IN THE ZEBRA FINCH.

O2-Verbrauch und Gesamt-Wasserverdunstung wurden bei australischen Zebrafinken gemessen. Bei geringem Warmeaustausch zwischen Korper und Umgebung durch Strahlung, Konvektion und Ableitung konnen diese Wustenvogel den fur die Warmebilanz erforderlichen Warmeabfluss einzig durch Verdunstung auf dem normalen Niveau halten. Eine solche Fahigkeit ist bei Passeres bisher nicht beobachtet worden.
Shopping with friends and teens' susceptibility to peer influence

Abstract While some retailers may discourage groups of teenagers from shopping in their stores, there is reason to believe that peer groups may affect teen behaviors and evaluations in ways that could benefit retailers. In this paper, we examine the phenomenon of teenagers’ shopping with friends, and, in particular, whether shopping with friends might enhance teens’ attitudes toward retailing and their tendency to spend more when shopping with friends. We also examine why teens shop with friends. Specifically, we relate friends’ knowledge and teens’ age to teenagers’ susceptibility to informational and normative influence from friends. Susceptibility to peer influence is then related to various aspects of teen shopping, such as frequency and enjoyment of shopping with pals, which, in turn, are related to sentiment toward retailing and spending tendencies. With the exception of susceptibility to normative influence, results based on data from a sample of high school students generally supported the model.
Refuge for native lady beetles (Coccinellidae) in perennial grassland habitats

The proportion of native individuals in North American lady bee- tle communities has declined precipitously over the past 30 years, particularly in annual cropping systems. At the same time, the number and abundance of exotic coccinellid species have been on the rise as beetles are introduced both inadvertently and intentionally for the purposes of biological control. 2. Perennial grasslands have been proposed as refuge habitats that promote native lady beetles, either by resisting the invasion of exotics or by providing a consistent source of shelter and resources. 3. Our objective is to compare the conservation value for native lady beetles of different perennial grassland habitats that vary in their degree of habitat modification and disturbance. 4. The abundance, species richness, and species composition of native and exotic lady beetles were compared across remnant native tallgrass prairies, native tallgrass prairies actively restored from cultivation and exotic tall fescue grasslands grown as forage crops. 5. Native species dominated the lady beetle community in all perennial grass- land habitats, with more than 95% of captured individuals being native in ori- gin. Exotic lady beetle species were equally rare across all habitat types. 6. The grassland habitat considered the most disturbed, agriculturally grown exotic tall fescue, had the highest abundance and species richness of native lady beetles and a unique composition of species as compared to prairie habitats. Lady beetle communities in remnant and restored tallgrass prairies were indistinguishable, indicating that prairie restoration successfully re-established coccinellid communities. 7. Promoting perennial grasslands, both natural and agricultural, within disturbed landscapes has the potential to enhance native lady beetle populations.