cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogenetics of Linaceae with complete generic sampling and data from two plastid genes

The phylogeny of Linaceae is examined, with sampling from the 13 commonly recognized genera of the family and sequence data from the plastid genes matK and rbcL. Representatives of 24 additional families of the order Malpighiales are included in the analyses, with members of Celastrales, Fabales, Fagales, Oxalidales and Rosales used as outgroups. Linaceae and both subfamilies, the temperate Linoideae and the tropical Hugonioideae, are found to be monophyletic in likelihood- and parsimony-based analyses, although the monophyly of Hugonioideae is not well supported. Average divergence time estimates using rbcL indicate that the subfamilies diverged from each other during the Palaeocene, approximately 60 million years ago. No sister group to Linaceae is consistently identified in these analyses, and relationships among families of Malpighiales are not well resolved. In accord with previous estimates of Linoideae phylogeny, Linum is shown to be nonmonophyletic, with several segregate genera nested within it, but the relationships of the south-east Asian genera, Anisadenia, Reinwardtia and Tirpitzia, remain uncertain. In Hugonioideae, Indorouchera and Philbornea are found to be closely related to members of Hugonia section Durandea. Relationships of the neotropical genera Hebepetalum and Roucheria to the palaeotropical hugonioids are not consistently resolved. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 165, 64–83.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOPRODUCTION OF NEUTRAL VECTOR MESONS AND STRANGE PARTICLES.

Branching ratios for photoproduction of vector mesons and strange particles are discussed. The one-pion-exchange mechanism cannot explain the observed ratio between $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ photoproduction cross sections. Various versions of pseudoelastic mechanisms are studied and it is shown that although they correctly predict the large $\ensuremath{\rho}:\ensuremath{\omega}$ production ratio, they cannot account for the extremely small preliminary cross section for $\ensuremath{\phi}$ production. It is shown that no combination of one-pion exchange and the diffraction mechanism with exact or broken $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ can explain the low $\ensuremath{\phi}$ production rate. The multiperipheral model may explain the low $\ensuremath{\phi}$ production, but predicts the wrong $\ensuremath{\rho}:\ensuremath{\omega}$ production ratio. Various possible sources of this discrepancy are studied and experimental tests are discussed which can distinguish between the different proposed theories. A large number of new predictions based on exact or broken $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry are derived and compared with experiment.
The roles of steric and electronic effects in the 2-hydroxy-2′-nitrodiphenyl sulfones to 2-(o-nitrophenoxy)-benzene-sulfinic acids rearrangement (Smiles). Computational study

Abstract The potential energy surface of the reaction (C6H3RO)(SO2)(C6H4X)−→[C6H3R(SO2)]O(C6H4X)− (1) was studied for the various R and X substitutions at the density functional (B3LYP) and ONIOM(B3LYP:UFF) levels. It was demonstrated that the X=H-to-NO2 substitution dramatically accelerates the reaction (barrier height changes from Δ H=31.7 ( Δ G=32.3) to 5.5 (7.9) kcal/mol) mainly, because of the electronic effects introduced upon the substitution. Although the R=H-to-R substitution on the 6-position further increases the rate of the reaction, the calculations unambiguously show that this, mainly, is the result of steric effects as suggested by experimentalists. It was shown that the R=H-to-R substitution in the 6-position has two different types of contributions to the calculated energy barriers and exothermicity of the reaction (1) . Firstly, it destabilizes the reactant complex, consequently, reduces the barrier height and increases the exothermicity of the reaction. Secondly, it reduces the C1–O3 distance, the major component of the reaction coordinate at the transition state, and facilitates the formation of C1–O3 bond. The calculated C1–O3 distance in the reactant (C6H3RO)(SO2)(C6H4X)−) is 3.394>3.063>3.045>2.795>2.706 A, which correlates with the trend in the calculated energy barrier, 31.7 (32.3)>5.7 (8.0)>5.5 (7.9)>0.5 (2.6)>0.2 (1.4) kcal/mol, for the complexes 1 (R=X=H), 3 (R=4-Me and X=NO2), 2 (R=H and X=NO2), 4 (R=6-Me and X=NO2), and 5 (R=i-Pr and X=NO2), respectively. Furthermore, the calculated trends in the barrier heights and exothermicity of reaction (C6H3RO)(SO2)(C6H4X)−→[C6H3R(SO2)]O(C6H4X)− for all complexes well correlate with the Hammond postulate.
Studies of the reactivity of trolox with Mn3+/Fe3+ complexes by pulse radiolysis.

The rates and mechanisms for the reactions between Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a synthetic analogue of α-tocopherol, Br1− and Mn3+-phosphate were determined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by fast kinetic methods. In addition, the reaction between Fe(OH)2+ and Trolox at pH 6.0 was shown not to occur under the conditions of the experiment, leading to a limiting rate for that reaction of k < 103M−1s−1. These results are compared to studies of the reactivity of Trolox with HO2/O2− and are discussed in light of the known antioxidant properties of vitamin E.
An fMRI study of emotional face processing in adolescent major depression.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) often begins during adolescence when the brain is still maturing. To better understand the neurobiological underpinnings of MDD early in development, this study examined brain function in response to emotional faces in adolescents with MDD and healthy (HC) adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Method: Thirty-two unmedicated adolescents with MDD and 23 healthy age- and gender-matched controls completed an fMRI task viewing happy and fearful faces. Fronto-limbic regions of interest (ROI; bilateral amygdala, insula, subgenual and rostral anterior cingulate cortices) and whole-brain analyses were conducted to examine between-group differences in brain function. Results: ROI analyses revealed that patients had greater bilateral amygdala activity than HC in response to viewing fearful versus happy faces, which remained significant when controlling for comorbid anxiety. Whole-brain analyses revealed that adolescents with MDD had lower activation compared to HC in a right hemisphere cluster comprised of the insula, superior/middle temporal gyrus, and Heschl's gyrus when viewing fearful faces. Brain activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex was inversely correlated with depression severity. Limitations: Limitations include a cross-sectional design with a modest sample size and use of a limited range of emotional stimuli. Conclusions: Results replicate previous studies that suggest emotion processing in adolescent MDD is associated with abnormalities within fronto-limbic brain regions. Findings implicate elevated amygdalar arousal to negative stimuli in adolescents with depression and provide new evidence for a deficit in functioning of the saliency network, which may be a future target for early intervention and MDD treatment.
Oxidative remobilization of technetium sequestered by sulfide-transformed nano zerovalent iron

Our previous study showed that formation of TcS2-like phases is favored over TcO2 under sulfidic conditions stimulated by nano zerovalent iron. This study further investigates the stability of Tc(IV) sulfide upon reoxidation by solution chemistry, solid phase characterization, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Tc dissolution data showed that Tc(VII) reduced by sulfide-transformed nZVI has substantially slower reoxidation kinetics than Tc(VII) reduced by nZVI only. The initial inhibition of Tc(IV) dissolution at S/Fe = 0.112 is due to the redox buffer capacity of FeS, which is evidenced by the parallel trends in oxidation-reduction potentials (ORP) and Tc dissolution kinetics. The role of FeS in inhibiting Tc oxidation is further supported by the Mossbauer spectroscopy and micro X-ray diffraction data at S/Fe = 0.112, showing persistence of FeS after 24-h oxidation but complete oxidation after 120-h oxidation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data for S/Fe = 0.011 showed significantly increasing percentages of TcS2 in the solid phase after 24-h oxidation, indicating stronger resistance of TcS2 to oxidation. At S/Fe = 0.112, the XAS results revealed significant transformation of Tc speciation from TcS2 to TcO2 after 120-h oxidation. Given that no apparent Tc dissolution occurred during this period, the speciation transformation might play a secondary role in hindering Tc oxidation. Collectively, the results indicate that sequestrating Tc as TcS2 under stimulated sulfate reduction is a promising strategy to improve the long-term stability of reduced Tc in subsurface remediation.
Long cycles in critical graphs

It is shown that any k-critical graph with n vertices contains a cycle of length at least $2\sqrt{log(n-1)/log(k-2)}$, improving a previous estimate of Kelly and Kelly obtained in 1954. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 35: 193–196, 2000
Teaching Spirituality to Nurse Practitioner Students: The Importance of the Interconnection of Mind, Body, and Spirit

SpirituaLism is dormant, not dead, Let us hope. How to revive it, to rekindle it into life, is the great question – Florence Nightingale PURPOSE To describe the author's experience in locating and implementing a spiritual assessment tool in teaching a first semester clinical nurse prac-titioner (NP) course. DATA SOURCES Selected articles and responses of NP students to the use of the tool. CONCLUSIONS A spiritual assessment is an important component of a comprehensive health assessment. The use of a formal structured protocol provides a framework for beginning students to become comfortable with sprirituality and spiritual assessments and to begin to recognize spiritual distress in clients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The protocol used in the course is very extensive and might not be practical in a busy practice setting. An alternative, 4-point assessment is provided.
Exemplary Professional Practice Through Nurse Peer Review

The development and execution of a nurse peer review program to evaluate nursing practice associated with significant adverse events has resulted in systemic changes. Descriptive analyses were conducted for 23 peer-reviewed cases involving 41 RNs and 2 advanced practice nurses from 14 specialties over a 4-year period. Thematic analysis revealed four common event categories: assessment and monitoring, team communication, skin integrity, and vascular access. This approach demonstrates the impact of professional nurse accountability for improving the quality of care and may serve as an exemplar for professional practice.
Trypanocidal Activity and Toxicity of Antimonials

The present investigation was undertaken with two objectives in view: (a) to devise a simple, quantitative method of assay of the therapeutic activity of antimonials; and (b) to make a comparison of the trypanocidal potency and the toxicity of some of the well-known organic antimony preparations under comparable conditions. Two procedures were devised: (a) based upon the suppressive, and (b) the curative effect of a drug in mice infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum. In the former, the difference in the lengths of survival between the treated and the infected con-
Re-establish the time-order across sensors of different modalities

Modern cameras can cut passengers' faces into boxes in 0.04 s per frame in parallel without time stamps. Unfortunately, that cre- ates random storage without the tracking capability, and one can no longer meet the 5 W's challenge—"who speaks what, where and when." We de- velop a time-order reconstruction methodology which sorts the boxes as follows. i. A morphological image preprocessing to overcome the facial changes is based on the peripheral invariance of a human visual system when focusing on a maximum overlapping central region. ii. Replacing the Wiener matched filter desired output with an averaged but blurred long exposure, one can select the best matched sharp short exposures called the anchor faces β's. iii. The time-order neighborhood chaining is done by an iterative self-affirmation logic that demands a mutually agreed- upon minimum distance: whether or not the two nearest neighbors of β, namely face A and face C, also consider β to be their two nearest neigh- bors. The reconstruction procedure mathematically amounts to a product of two triple correlation functions sharing an intermediate state. We have thus demonstrated the time-order helps us associate a video submanifold with the acoustic manifold that solves the 5 W's challenge. C 2011 Society of
The classical-limit S-matrix for Coulomb excitation

Abstract An expression for the classical-limit S -matrix for Coulomb excitation is derived and directly evaluated without resorting to stationary phase integration methods. The results obtained are in quantitative agreement with quantum mechanical calculations. This agreement and the simplicity of the method suggest tha feasibility of extending it to cases where other methods are not easily applied.
Shining Light on Pupillary Response After Paralysis and the Role of Case Series in Clinical Research

Editor’s Note: You are reading the 20th installment of Annals of Emergency Medicine Journal Club. The questions and the article they are about (Caro et al. Pupillary response to light is preserved in the majority of patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:234-237) were published in the March 2011 issue. Information about journal club can be found at http://www.annemergmed.com/content/journalclub. Readers should recognize that these are suggested answers. We hope they are accurate; we know that they are not comprehensive. There are many other points that could be made about these questions or about the article in general. Questions are rated “novice,” ( ) “intermediate,” ( ) and “advanced” ( ) so that individuals planning a journal club can assign the right question to the right student. The “novice” rating does not imply that a novice should be able to spontaneously answer the question. “Novice” means we expect that someone with little background should be able to do a bit of reading, formulate an answer, and teach the material to others. Intermediate and advanced questions also will likely require some reading and research, and that reading will be sufficiently difficult that some background in clinical epidemiology will be helpful in understanding the reading and concepts. We are interested in receiving feedback about this feature. Please e-mail journalclub@acep.org with your comments.
A New Bioimaging Carrier for Fluorescent Quantum Dots: Phospholipid Nanoemulsion Mimicking Natural Lipoprotein Core

Fluorescent quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) have the potential to revolutionize biological imaging, but their use has been limited by difficulties in obtaining quantum dots that are water soluble and biocompatible. The objectives of our research were to develop a methodology for encapsulation of cadnium-selenium (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) in phospholipid nanoemulsion that mimics the natural lipoprotein core and to study their interactions with cultured non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). We found that CdSe QDs can be efficiently encapsulated in the phospholipid nanoemulsion. The QD nanoemulsion has a particle size ∼80 nm and appears physically stable. The QD nanoemulsion interacts well with cells. The intensity of cellular fluorescence imaging increases with the cell incubation time, indicating more QDs were taken up by the cells, respectively. Two types of fluorescence microscopies confirm that QDs are primarily localized in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus of the cells.
Somatofugal axonal atrophy precedes development of axonal degeneration in acrylamide neuropathy.

Somatofugal axonal atrophy is part of the neuronal perikaryal response to axonal injury (axon reaction). Chronic administration of acrylamide (AC) produces proximal atrophy in virtually all sensory fibers in lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) despite the presence of many intact axons in the distal portion of the sciatic nerve. This suggests that the development of axonal atrophy in AC-intoxicated animals is not solely due to a toxic chemical-induced axonal degeneration (axotomy). In this study, we asked whether axonal atrophy arises before onset of axonal degeneration. Rats were given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) high dose of AC (75 mg/kg), which blocks retrograde axonal transport, followed by daily intraperitoneal injections (30 mg/kg, for 4 days). At 5 days, sensory fibers in the L4 and L5 DRG appeared smaller in caliber and less circular in shape compared to fibers from age-matched normal animals. Axonal diameters of sensory fibers in the L5 dorsal root were significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced at distances up to 2 mm from the DRG. Quantitative electron microscopy demonstrated that the reduction in caliber was due to a decreased neurofilament (NF) content. Axonal degeneration was not present in the distal portion of both centrally (dorsal root) and peripherally (sciatic nerve) projecting sensory fibers at this time, although primary afferent terminals in muscles of the hindfeet were packed with NFs. The somatofugal progression of the atrophy was evident following more prolonged exposures (10-28 days). It is suggested that AC produces somatofugal axonal atrophy by inhibiting the delivery of a retrogradely transported target-derived "trophic" signal to the neuronal perikaryon.
Notes from industry

OCEANPORT, N.J., SEPT. 25, 1973 -- A 16-bit minicomputer priced at under $2,000.00 in quantities and a 32-bit minicomputer priced at under $6,000.00 in quantities, were introduced today by Interdata, Inc.
Pemetrexed alters folate phenotype and inflammatory profile in EA.hy 926 cells grown under low-folate conditions

Elevated homocysteine is a risk marker for several major human pathologies. Emerging evidence suggests that perturbations of folate/homocysteine metabolism can directly modify production of inflammatory mediators. Pemetrexed acts by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT). EA.hy 926 cells grown under low (“Lo”) and high (“Hi”) folate conditions were treated with pemetrexed. The concentrations of several intracellular folate derivatives were measured using LC-MRM/MS. Lo cells had lower total folate concentrations and a different distribution of the intracellular folate derivatives than Hi cells. Treatment with pemetrexed caused a decrease in individual folate analytes. Microarray analysis showed that several genes were significantly up or down-regulated in pemetrexed treated Lo cells. Several of the significantly up-regulated transcripts were inflammatory. Changes in transcript levels of selected targets, including C3, IL-8, and DHFR, were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. C3 and IL-8 transcript levels were increased in pemetrexed-treated Lo cells relative to Lo controls; DHFR transcript levels were decreased. In Lo cells, IL-8 and C3 protein concentrations were increased following pemetrexed treatment. Pemetrexed drug treatment was shown in this study to have effects that lead to an increase in pro-inflammatory mediators in Lo cells. No such changes were observed in Hi cells, suggesting that pemetrexed could not modify the inflammatory profile in the context of cellular folate sufficiency.
Angiostatin upregulates E-selectin in proliferating endothelial cells.

Abstract Angiostatin, a 38 kilodalton fragment of plasminogen, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. However, little is known about how angiostatin affects endothelial gene expression. To learn more about its effect on endothelial-specific genes implicated in angiogenesis, we examined E-selectin expression and function in bovine capillary endothelial cells treated with recombinant angiostatin. Angiostatin caused a four to five-fold increase in E-selectin polypeptide levels in proliferating endothelial cells but little or no increase in confluent cells. P-selectin polypeptide levels were unaffected by angiostatin in either proliferating or confluent cells. E-selectin mRNA and adhesion activity in proliferating endothelial cells were also increased by angiostatin. Angiostatin had little effect on the distribution of endothelial cells in G 0 /G 1 , S, and G 2 /M, indicating angiostatin does not alter cell cycle progression significantly. These data demonstrate that angiostatin selectively upregulates E-selectin in proliferating endothelial cells in vitro. This selectivity may provide insights into the mechanism by which angiostatin inhibits tumor growth in vivo without apparent effects on quiescent endothelium.
Postbuckling of an elastic plate in a rigid channel

Abstract The postbuckling of a thin, elastic plate in a frictional channel of rigid parallel walls is studied. Different modes of contact between the plate and the channel walls are identified and modelled using the theory of the elastica. Example results are presented which illustrate the sequence of deflections through which the postbuckled plate passes. Loading on the plate is also studied, and it is found that narrow channels arrest the initial buckling of the plate but permit a second stage of collapse at higher force levels. This work would have application to the design of automatic machinery for the handling of flexible elastic sheets such as film, cloth and paper.
Attractive phones don't have to work better: independent effects of attractiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency on perceived usability

Participants sometimes rate products high in usability despite experiencing obvious usability problems (low effectiveness or efficiency). Is it possible that this occurs because high product attractiveness compensates for low effectiveness/efficiency? Previous research has not investigated the interplay between attractiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency to determine whether attractiveness accounts for additional variance in usability ratings beyond that which is explained by effectiveness and efficiency. The present research provides the first test of this idea. Using data from usability testing, we demonstrate that attractiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency each has an independent influence on usability ratings and, in the present research, attractiveness had the largest impact. We report results of quantitative analyses that suggest multiple mechanisms could be responsible for the relationship between attractiveness and usability.
Surgical ICU Recidivism After Cardiac Operations

Background Decreasing the ICU length of stay (LOS) after cardiac operations may increase ICU recidivism, obviating the benefit of early discharge. Methods From January 1, 1994 to January 1, 1998, there were 2,388 consecutive cardiac operations, from which 2,228 patients were discharged alive from the ICU and had sufficient information to determine their incidence of ICU return, the reasons for their return, their ICU LOS (initial and secondary LOS), and mortality. Results A decrease occurred in the initial ICU LOS from 1994 through 1997 (medians for 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively: 31 h, 26.4 h, 24.5 h, and 24 h; and means, respectively: 69.4 ± 139.8, 62.8 ± 114.1, 52.5 ± 104.0, and 56.2 ± 103.4 h; p = 0.048). In association with this, however, ICU recidivism increased (as percentage of discharges, respectively: 3.9%, 4.2%, 6.1%, and 8.4%; p = 0.005). Inclusive of secondary ICU LOS, the total ICU LOS hours still decreased over the 4-year period. Most notably, the incidence of readmission increased with longer initial LOS (initial LOS quartiles from shortest to longest: 3.9%, 5.2%, 4.7%, and 9.2%; p = 0.0008). Predictors of ICU recidivism included preoperatively, a history of congestive heart failure, and a lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction (52.7 ± 19.3% vs 49.8 ± 21.5%; p = 0.0080); and, postoperatively, an increased mean weight gain (8.5 ± 5.6 kg vs 10.3 ± 4.7 kg; p = 0.040) and longer mean initial ventilator time (157 ± 299 h vs 35 ± 107 h; p = 0.038). The most common reason for readmission was pulmonary problems. Conclusions Over the years studied, the initial ICU LOS after cardiac operations has decreased in association with a significant increase in ICU recidivism. Importantly, however, patients readmitted to the ICU are those with longer initial LOSs. Decreased initial stay does not account for our increased ICU recidivism, and efforts to decrease ICU recidivism can focus on the patients with poor preoperative cardiac function and longer initial ICU stays.
Diterpanes, triterpanes, steranes and aromatic hydrocarbons in natural bitumens and pyrolysates from different mimic coals

Data are presented on the distribution of diterpanes, triterpanes, steranes, and aromatic hydrocarbons in the natural bitumens extracted from unheated coals identified as Rocky Mountain coal (RMC), Australian Gippsland Latrobe Eocene coal (GEC), Australian Gippsland Latrobe Cretaceous coal (GCC), and Texas Wilcox lignite (WL), as well as from pyrolysates obtained from heating of these coals. It was found that pentacyclic triterpanes are dominant in GEC, GCC, and WL, whereas diterpanes strongly predominate in the bitumen of RMC, indicating that resin is a more important constituent of RMC than of the other coals and that it releases the diterpenoids at an early stage of diagenesis. It was also found that the composition of diterpanes is different among these coals and that the distributions of sterane and triterpane in the natural bitumen of coals are very different from those of pyrolysates.
A three-step approach to the functional partitioning of large behavioral processes

Earlier work has demonstrated that partitioning one large behavioral process into smaller ones before synthesis can yield numerous advantages, such as reduced synthesis runtime, easier package constraint satisfaction, reduced power consumption, improved performance, and hardware/software tradeoffs. In this paper, we describe a novel three-step functional partitioning methodology for automatically dividing a large behavioral process into mutually-exclusive subprocesses, and we define the problems and our solutions for each step. The three steps are granularity selection, pre-clustering, and N-way assignment. We refer to experiments throughout that demonstrate the effectiveness of the solutions.
Marital Satisfaction and Emotional Adjustment After Breast Cancer

Abstract The Profile of Mood States was used to measure distress in 44 patients with breast cancer at 15 and 34 months after the diagnosis. Marital satisfaction, measured by the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, was found to predict change in patients' distress over time. Patients who reported that their marriage was unsatisfactory, regardless of their report of distress 15 months after the diagnosis, were at greater risk for elevated distress in the future than were those who were satisfied with their marriage. The findings suggest that marital satisfaction could be used as an indicator of a patient's trajectory of distress over time.
Cluster proper motion programs utilizing large astrometric reflectors

Abstract The prominent role now being played by open clusters in studies of stellar evolution indicates a need for more extensive and precise knowledge of the proper motions of members of such systems. Indeed, it is likely that the solutions to many problems in this field must depend predominantly upon them. This article briefly reviews recent investigations of proper motions of stars in open clusters and describes several recent advances in our knowledge of the nature of open clusters resulting mainly through accurate photometry of stars in cluster fields. It amplifies the outline of a large-scale program for the determination of cluster proper motions with the 61-inch Astrometric Reflector of the U.S. Naval Observatory ( Guetter and Upgren , 1966). This telescope and its recently inaugurated parallax and proper motion program have been described by Strand (1966) and by Worley (1966a), respectively. The significance of the greater magnitude range accessible to the 61-inch telescope in terms of recent studies of the evolution of stars in clusters of all ages is discussed. Particular attention is given to recent theoretical and observational conclusions which maintain that fainter stars form an extended corona about the central regions of open clusters as defined by the brighter members.
Character Building Programs in Churches

(1936). Character Building Programs in Churches. Religious Education: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 28-32.
Homotrimeric Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Drives Inflammatory Responses in the Corneal Epithelium by Promoting Caveolin-rich Platform Assembly in Response to Infection

Acute inflammation that arises during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced ocular infection can trigger tissue damage resulting in long term impairment of visual function, suggesting that the appropriate treatment strategy should include the use of anti-inflammatory agents in addition to antibiotics. We recently identified a potential target for modulation during ocular infection, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF deficiency protected mice from inflammatory-mediated corneal damage resulting from acute bacterial keratitis. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MIF activity, we analyzed the oligomeric states and functional properties of MIF during infection. We found that in human primary corneal cells infected with P. aeruginosa, MIF is primarily in a homotrimeric state. Homotrimeric MIF levels correlated with the severity of infection in the corneas of infected mice, suggesting that the MIF homotrimers were the functionally active form of MIF. During infection, human primary corneal cells released more IL-8 when treated with recombinant, locked MIF trimers than when treated with lower MIF oligomers. MIF promoted P. aeruginosa–induced IL-8 responses via the formation of caveolin-1-rich “signaling hubs” in the corneal cells that led to elevated MAPK p42/p44 activation and sustained inflammatory signaling. These findings suggest that inhibiting homotrimerization of MIF or the functional activities of MIF homotrimers could have therapeutic benefits during ocular inflammation.
Using the Earned Value Management System to Improve Electrical Project Control

In many cases, disorganized cost and schedule tracking practices, as well as inaccurate data collection, cause many projects to experience distress and possible profit loss. This paper introduces an earned value management system that allows electrical contractors to monitor construction progress, perform forecasts on the project, uncover problems occurring on-site, and respond to problems in the project as early as possible. This paper also presents a case study, along with its results, to supplement the application of the earned value management system. In the case study, several progress reports for the earned value system were used, including the field personnel loading curve, Hanna’s control points, S-curves, performance factor profiles, and work-hour forecasts. Results from the analysis showed that early determination of probable project outcome is possible with reasonable forecasting accuracy. Early warning signs are discussed and explained by the author. Using an earned value management system can...
Hyaluronan-binding receptors: possible involvement in osteoarthritis

Our objectives were to compare the expression of the hyaluronan receptors CD44 and RHAMM in knee synovial tissue of patients with and without advanced osteoarthritis (OA). Both receptors were detected immunohistochemically; the staining appeared more intense in the tissues from the patients with advanced OA. Expression of CD44 and RHAMM were each significantly increased (p < 0.05) in synovial tissue from patients with OA, as determined by means of Western-blot analysis. The findings suggested that changes in levels of the HA-binding proteins might be implicated in the development or progression of OA.
Intraspecific variability modulates interspecific variability in animal organismal stoichiometry

Interspecific differences in organismal stoichiometry (OS) have been documented in a wide range of animal taxa and are of significant interest for understanding evolutionary patterns in OS. In contrast, intraspecific variation in animal OS has generally been treated as analytical noise or random variation, even though available data suggest intraspecific variability in OS is widespread. Here, we assess how intraspecific variation in OS affects inferences about interspecific OS differences using two co-occurring Neotropical fishes: Poecilia reticulata and Rivulus hartii. A wide range of OS has been observed within both species and has been attributed to environmental differences among stream systems. We assess the contributions of species identity, stream system, and the interactions between stream and species to variability in N:P, C:P, and C:N. Because predation pressure can impact the foraging ecology and life-history traits of fishes, we compare predictors of OS between communities that include predators, and communities where predators are absent. We find that species identity is the strongest predictor of N:P, while stream or the interaction of stream and species contribute more to the overall variation in C:P and C:N. Interspecific differences in N:P, C:P, and C:N are therefore not consistent among streams. The relative contribution of stream or species to OS qualitatively changes between the two predation communities, but these differences do not have appreciable effects in interspecific patterns. We conclude that although species identity is a significant predictor of OS, intraspecific OS is sometimes sufficient to overwhelm or obfuscate interspecific differences in OS.
The evolution of small DNA viruses of eukaryotes: past and present considerations.

Historically, viral evolution has often been considered from the perspective of the ability of the virus to maintain viral pathogenic fitness by causing disease. A predator-prey model has been successfully applied to explain genetically variable quasi-species of viruses, such as influenza virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which evolve much faster rates than the host. In contrast, small DNA viruses (polyomaviruses, papillomaviruses, and parvoviruses) are species specific but are stable genetically, and appear to have co-evolved with their host species. Genetic stability is attributable primarily to the ability to establish and maintain a benign persistent state in vivo and not to the host DNA proofreading mechanisms. The persistent state often involves a cell cycle-regulated episomal state and a tight linkage of DNA amplification mechanisms to cellular differentiation. This linkage requires conserved features among viral regulatory proteins, with characteristic host-interactive domains needed to recruit and utilize host machinery, thus imposing mechanistic constrains on possible evolutionary options. Sequence similarities within these domains are seen amongst all small mammalian DNA viruses and most of the parvo-like viruses, including those that span the entire spectrum of evolution of organisms from E. coli to humans that replicate via a rolling circle-like mechanism among the entire spectrum of organisms throughout evolution from E. coli to humans. To achieve benign inapparent viral persistence, small DNA viruses are proposed to circumvent the host acute phase reaction (characterized by minimal inflammation) by mechanisms that are evolutionarily adapted to the immune system and the related cytokine communication networks. A striking example of this is the relationship of hymenoptera to polydnaviruses, in which the virus is crucial to the recognition of self, development, and maintenance of genetic identity of both the host and virus. These observations in aggregate suggest that viral replicons are not recent “escapies” of host replication, but rather provide relentless pressure in driving the evolution of the host through cospeciation.
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship

Invoked by advocates on all sides in recent controversies over marriage equality, police brutality, immigration, and access to contraceptives, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitu...
Single-vessel coronary artery stenosis: myocardial perfusion imaging with Gadomer-17 first-pass MR imaging in a swine model of comparison with gadopentetate dimeglumine.

To evaluate the ability of Gadomer-17 to depict perfusion defects in a closed-chest swine model of single-vessel coronary artery disease.
A history of weed control in the United States and Canada——a sequel

The weed science discipline has changed significantly since 1970. New herbicides have been introduced, many herbicide-resistant weeds have been documented, herbicide-resistant crops have been introduced, federal laws affecting pesticides and weeds have been modified, the number of companies discovering and developing herbicides has been drastically reduced, basic studies on weed biology have received more emphasis, and integrated methods of controlling weeds with nonchemical as well as chemical methods have received increasing attention.
Vertical mixing above Summit, Greenland: Insights into seasonal and high frequency variability from the radionuclide tracers 7Be and 210Pb

Abstract The activity of the natural radionuclide tracers 7 Be and 210 Pb has been determined in bulk aerosol samples collected over 2-day intervals for nearly five full years at Summit, Greenland. Year-round sampling was conducted in three campaigns; summer 1997 to summer 1998, summer 2000 to summer 2002, and summer 2003 to present. As in previous summer campaigns at Summit, and a year-round investigation at Dye 3, variations in the activities of the tracers on short time scales were strongly correlated despite the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere source of 7 Be and the continental surface source of 222 Rn (precursor of 210 Pb). This behavior is attributed to boundary layer dynamics exerting the dominant control on activities in air just above the ice sheet. Aerosols and associated species are depleted from the boundary layer above the snow when a strong inversion limits exchange with the free troposphere. Episodic weakening of the inversion allows ventilation of the boundary layer. This cycle drives simultaneous decreases and increases in the radionuclide tracers. The correlation between 7 Be and 210 Pb on seasonal and annual bases was found to be stronger than at Dye 3, and the average activity of 7 Be was lower at Summit despite the higher elevation (3.0 versus 2.5 km). These observations indicate that the boundary layer at Summit is more effectively isolated than at Dye 3. The activity of 7 Be at Summit peaked in June or July all 5 years, closely following the seasonality of stratospheric injection of 7 Be into the Arctic troposphere (based on seasonality of the 10 Be/ 7 Be ratio previously measured at Alert, NWT). This suggests that when the boundary layer at Summit is replenished by ventilation, it receives air reflecting the composition of the mid and upper troposphere.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE : IV. THE MALIGNANT FIBROBLAST OF JENSEN SARCOMA.

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from the Jensen rat sarcoma. The cells give rise to tumors on transplantation into animals and during several months of life in vitro have maintained their malignancy unchanged. 2. The malignant cells are generally coarser and more refringent than normal cells. They possess the cytological characteristics of fibroblasts without showing any morphological abnormality. They can be considered as healthy cells. The texture of their colonies is looser than that of normal fibroblasts and Sarcoma No. 10 fibroblasts. Their residual activity does not differ markedly from the normal. They proliferate unlimitedly in a nutrient medium. 3. They liquefy the fibrin of rat plasma and turn phenol red golden yellow. They do not liquefy the fibrin of chicken plasma. 4. They multiply in chick embryo juice, calf liver digest, and also in rat serum. Their growth activity is increased by the presence of bone marrow. 5. The unlimited growth of Jensen sarcoma within the body may possibly be attributed to the ability of the fibroblasts to maintain themselves upon the substances present in rat serum. This property itself probably depends upon the increased enzyme activity of the cells.
Medication Adherence and Health Outcomes of People Living with HIV Who Are Food Insecure and Prescribed Antiretrovirals That Should Be Taken with Food

Introduction Food insecurity is a well-established predictor of poor health outcomes. Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) that should be taken with food to increase bioavailability may further challenge food insecure patients. This study examined factors associated with antiretroviral adherence and HIV viral suppression among people living with HIV who are food insecure and prescribed medications that require food.
Remote and alone: coping with being the remote member on the team

Geographically distributed work has become a popular way to work. Past CSCW research has shown that remote workers rely on innovative communication platforms but still face challenges being remote. Research has also provided organizational and managerial strategies to bridge the distance gap. Our study in contrast investigates how individuals develop strategies to cope with the daily challenges of working remotely and alone, and what managers can do to help them. We interviewed seventeen individuals involved in remote work about their experiences, identifying unique challenges and their workarounds. Our interview results suggest that, although people may work alone, the process of conducting distributed work is actually very social. Individual remote workers establish a unique kind of work rhythm, visibility management for evaluation, social support infrastructure, and personal connection as a part of their coping strategies to balance their professional and personal lives.
The United States Marine Corps Shock Trauma Platoon: The Modern Battlefield's Emergency Room

Objective. The Shock Trauma Platoon (STP) is a small, mobile medical unit designed to support United States Marine Corps combat operations. The experience of one STP deployed to Iraq is reviewed to evaluate its designated mission. Method. Between February17, 2004, andSeptember 21, 2004, STP 2 was the only STP to remain mobile during its deployment to Iraq. Data concerning patient care were maintained prospectively. Results. During the 7 months reviewed, 180 casualties were admitted to the STP. Excluding noncombat related injuries, 141 patients were seen for combat-related injuries with 138 (97.9%) patients surviving to the next level of medical care. In this group of patients, 114 (80.9%) were injured by fragmentation devices with 67 (47.5%) suffering injury to more than one organ system. Conclusion. Small specialized medical units are capable of providing effective emergency lifesaving medical care in the austere prehospital environment of the battlefield.
Sibship size and education in South Africa: Black–White variations

Abstract Recent studies suggest that the generally observed negative sibship size effect on education is much less consistent in developing nations. Using data from a national survey in the early 1990s, this study assesses the effect of number of siblings on education in South Africa for two major population groups with distinctive cultural customs, Whites and Blacks. A negative effect exists for Whites, who have adopted a Western nuclear family system, whereas no effect is shown for Blacks, whose family life operates under extended family arrangements. Several sensitivity analyses suggest that the lack of a sibship size effect for Blacks can be partly explained by their extended family arrangements, in which the responsibilities and financial costs of raising children are shared across a wide circle of relatives. The study further addresses the longstanding debate as to whether the link between sibship size and education is contaminated by endogeneity and a confounding birth order effect. Results suggest that the sibship size effect is not an artifact of the interactive birth order effect. However, the observed negative effect for Whites tends to be exaggerated by endogenous factors – mostly likely parental quality–quantity calculation – a pattern found in several other industrialized societies that conform to western values of childbearing.
Causality reconsidered: A note

Abstract This note extends the recent work of Steinnes by formulating and testing a similar but more complete dynamic reduced form model of intraurban location decisions. The formulation of the model corrects a specification error by Steinnes, and a dummy variable technique is applied to yield consistent estimates. The results include relations between the employment sectors as well as between population and employment and, when they differ from those previously published, they are more plausible. The basic conclusion of the note is that “jobs follow people.”
Lean or ultra-lean stretched planar methane/air flames

Abstract Lean premixed combustion has potential advantages of reducing pollutants and improving fuel economy. In some lean engine concepts, the fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber resulting in a distribution of lean fuel/air mixtures. In this case, very lean mixtures can burn when supported by hot products from more strongly burning flames. This study examines the downstream interaction of opposed jets of a lean-limit CH 4 /air mixture vs. a lean H 2 /air flame. The CH 4 mixtures are near or below the lean flammability limit. The flame composition is measured by laser-induced Raman scattering and is compared to numerical simulations with detailed chemistry and molecular transport including the Soret effect. Several sub-limit lean CH 4 /air flames supported by the products from the lean H 2 /air flame are studied, and a small amount of CO 2 product (around 1% mole fraction) is formed in a “negative flame speed” flame where the weak CH 4 /air mixture diffuses across the stagnation plane into the hot products from the H 2 /air flame. Raman scattering measurements of temperature and species concentration are compared to detailed simulations using GRI-3.0, C 1 , and C 2 chemical kinetic mechanisms, with good agreement obtained in the lean-limit or sub-limit flames. Stronger self-propagating CH 4 /air mixtures result in a much higher concentration of product (around 6% CO 2 mole fraction), and the simulation results are sensitive to the specific chemical mechanism. These model-data comparisons for stronger CH 4 /air flames improve when using either the C 2 or the Williams mechanisms.
Cleaved NOTCH1 expression pattern in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with NOTCH1 mutation, HPV status and high-risk features

The Notch pathway is frequently altered in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC); however, the clinical significance of NOTCH1 dysregulation is poorly understood. This study was designed to characterize expression of the transcriptionally active NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD1) in HNSCCs and evaluate its association with NOTCH1 mutation status and clinical parameters. IHC for NICD1 was performed on 79 previously sequenced archival HNSCCs with known NOTCH1 mutation status. Three distinct immunohistochemical staining patterns were identified: positive/peripheral (47%), positive/nonperipheral (34%), and negative (19%). NICD1 expression was associated with NOTCH1 mutation status (P