cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Glance Toward the Future: Where Do We Go from Here?

In environments where growth can be fast and production of proteins and metabolites is rapid, the stable isotope probing (SIP) approach is at its best. Rapid incorporation of stable isotopes into DNA, RNA, protein, and/or metabolites will be used routinely in medical and dental research, perhaps drawing these fields far closer toward environmental microbiology than they have been in the past. Eukaryotes evolved in a sea of Bacteria and Archaea, and it would be astounding if there were not many interdependent metabolic interactions that describe the total organism as a eukaryotic/bacterial/archaeal conglomerate. This understanding will be one of the great accomplishments of the next decades and will be greatly enhanced by SIP technologies at nearly every level (DNA, RNA, protein, and metabolites). The differences between hydrogen transfer and electron transfer could be significant and offer some major challenges to the understanding of microbial ecology: challenges that may be solved in part via the application of SIP approaches and others that will require new ways of thinking and experimentation. Several papers have appeared recently on extracellular electron transport. It is clear from the work in several laboratories that microbes have mechanisms available to them to donate electrons directly to solid surfaces and to take electrons directly from solid surfaces raising the possibility that an energy realm previously not thought possible by most microbiologists could exist in sedimentary environments, utilizing various types of extracellular electron transport mechanisms to deliver energy in the form of electrons among energy sources, cells, and electron acceptors.
SUMOylation of the C-terminal domain of DNA topoisomerase IIα regulates the centromeric localization of Claspin

DNA topoisomerase II (TopoII) regulates DNA topology by its strand passaging reaction, which is required for genome maintenance by resolving tangled genomic DNA. In addition, TopoII contributes to the structural integrity of mitotic chromosomes and to the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in mitosis. Post-translational modification of TopoII is one of the key mechanisms by which its broad functions are regulated during mitosis. SUMOylation of TopoII is conserved in eukaryotes and plays a critical role in chromosome segregation. Using Xenopus laevis egg extract, we demonstrated previously that TopoIIα is modified by SUMO on mitotic chromosomes and that its activity is modulated via SUMOylation of its lysine at 660. However, both biochemical and genetic analyses indicated that TopoII has multiple SUMOylation sites in addition to Lys660, and the functions of the other SUMOylation sites were not clearly determined. In this study, we identified the SUMOylation sites on the C-terminal domain (CTD) of TopoIIα. CTD SUMOylation did not affect TopoIIα activity, indicating that its function is distinct from that of Lys660 SUMOylation. We found that CTD SUMOylation promotes protein binding and that Claspin, a well-established cell cycle checkpoint mediator, is one of the SUMOylation-dependent binding proteins. Claspin harbors 2 SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs), and its robust association to mitotic chromosomes requires both the SIMs and TopoIIα-CTD SUMOylation. Claspin localizes to the mitotic centromeres depending on mitotic SUMOylation, suggesting that TopoIIα-CTD SUMOylation regulates the centromeric localization of Claspin. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic insight regarding how TopoIIα-CTD SUMOylation contributes to mitotic centromere activity.
Working together toward a common goal: A grounded theory of nurse-physician collaboration

Working together toward a common goal is an empirically derived theory that can guide education and practice to improve patient outcomes while saving money and lives. Grounded theory was used to explore nurses' and physicians' experiences with collaboration in order to understand the process intrinsically.
Nurturing Mindfulness in Children and Youth: Current State of Research

This article reviews the current state of research on contemplative practices with children and youth. It reviews contemplative practices used both in treatment settings and in prevention or health promotion contexts, including school-based programs. Although there is great interest and potential promise for contem- plative interventions, enthusiasm for promoting such prac- tices outweighs the current evidence supporting them. Interventions that nurture mindfulness in children and youth may be a feasible and effective method of building resilience in universal populations and in the treatment of disorders in clinical populations. This review suggests that meditation and yoga may be associated with beneficial outcomes for children and youth, but the generally limited quality of research tempers the allowable conclusions. Well-designed experimental studies that are grounded in developmental theory and measure multiple indicators of change must fully test the efficacy of such interventions. KEYWORDS—mindfulness; yoga; prevention
A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics

A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics. David Nugent and Joan Vincent, eds. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 500 pp.
The Work of Treason in the Age of User-Generated Content Revolution

Gil Anidjar's essay reflects upon the occurrence of revolution in the context of user-generated content: as a self-promulgating and, purportedly, instantly consumable spectacle of power. Anidjar discusses the ‘seeming collapse’ of the temporal distance between the event and its narrative, its actor and its spectator, its survivor and its witness. Drawing on the valuation of spectatorship, in Immanuel Kant's insights on the French revolution, as embodying the significance of the event itself, and invoking the inherent element of ‘danger’ Kant perceived in the act of public utterance of judgment on the event, Anidjar suggests that such judgment may only, in Kantian terms, be responsibly pronounced in the immediate wake of the event as a manifestation of ‘treason’. To seek to endow the revolutionary effort with the urgency of fame will be a necessarily premature gesture, and the shortening of the distance between the event and its judgment an impossible exercise, Anidjar argues, since ‘we have not been grant...
Chemiluminescence from the cesium-nitrogen trifluoride and the cesium clorine pentafluoride reaction systems

Abstract The chemiluminescence of the Cs/NF3 and the Cs/ClF5 reaction systems was analyzed spectroscopically to give steady-state populations of the excited electronic states of the cesium atom. By correcting for cascade of excitation from higher states, the primitive populations have been calculated.
Aptamer-enabled efficient isolation of cancer cells from whole blood using a microfluidic device.

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood could provide important information for diagnosis of cancer metastasis and monitoring treatment progress. However, CTC are extremely rare in the bloodstream, making their detection and characterization technically challenging. We report here the development of an aptamer-mediated, micropillar-based microfluidic device that is able to efficiently isolate tumor cells from unprocessed whole blood. High-affinity aptamers were used as an alternative to antibodies for cancer cell isolation. The microscope-slide-sized device consists of >59 000 micropillars, which enhanced the probability of the interactions between aptamers and target cancer cells. The device geometry and the flow rate were investigated and optimized by studying their effects on the isolation of target leukemia cells from a cell mixture. The device yielded a capture efficiency of ∼95% with purity of ∼81% at the optimum flow rate of 600 nL/s. Further, we exploited the device for isolating col...
Effects on Blood Pressure of Injections of Urine Extracts of Normal and Hypertensive Individuals

SummaryAlthough Bohn and Hahn found pressor substances in hypertension and Bain found this material only in the normal, the results of these experiments indicated that no significant differences in the amount of pressor substances, other than possible normal variations, existed between the urine of normal individuals and the urine of the 2 essential hypertensive individuals that were tested. Furthermore, the normal dog was found to excrete pressor substances in variable quantities.
Engineering performance bound of an irreversible heat engine

Abstract The maximum power and efficiency at the maximum power of an irreversible heat engine is treated. The time factor is considered in the energy exchange between the heat engine and its surroundings. Literature in time-energy conversion is surveyed. It is found that the efficiency of the irreversible heat engine at its maximum power provides an engineering performance bound for practical engineers.
AVoN calling: AXL for voice-enabled Web navigation

Abstract The World Wide Web is a rich source of information that has become a universal means of communication. XML promises to be the future of the World Wide Web. However, as HTML is replaced by its more powerful counterpart, traditional browsers are not sufficient to display the information communicated in an XML document. Today's browsers are capable of showing only a textual version of an XML document. This is limiting not only for a viewer in a traditional scenario, but is a barrier for a user who wishes to access the information without having access to a traditional keyboard, mouse, and monitor. This paper presents a framework for developing non-traditional, schema-driven, customizable interfaces used to navigate and modify XML documents that may be served over the Web. Our system, Audio XmL (AXL) focuses on developing a speech-based component within that framework. At the most basic level, we provide a Speech DOM, a spoken equivalent to the Document Object Model. Beyond that, we provide an intuitive set of commands based upon schema as well as a customization language. AXL enables voice-based Web browsing, but without requiring extra effort on the part of the Web page designer. Given any XML document, AXL allows the user to navigate, modify and traverse the structure and links of the document entirely by voice. To illustrate, we focus on how AXL can enable a user to browse the Web via a cellular phone.
Prediction of African waves and specification of squall lines

This paper is part of a sequence of numerical weather prediction efforts utilizing the special observations from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). These observations, along with those available from the World Weather Watch, provide a unique opportunity to carry out numerical weather prediction (NWP) studies over portions of West Africa and the eastern Atlantic ocean utilizing high resolution limited area models. The present study reports on the results of 34 short-range numerical weather prediction experiments, with two simple models, designed to study the westward propagation of African waves. In the time frame of 24 to 48 hours, predictions at 700 mb (the level of maximum amplitude of these waves, and the level of non-divergence) show extremely promising results. These results are comparable to fine-mesh predictions in higher latitudes. Errors in phase speed and vector root mean square (RMS) wind errors are summarized for the third phase of GATE. A second part of this study deals with the problem of specification of the West African squall line with respect to the position of the predicted trough line of the African wave. A body of recent literature provides useful observational statistics relating the position of African waves, certain geographical regions, the time of day and the formation of line squall systems. These studies also provide information on the relative speeds of westward motion of the squall line and the wave trough. The decay of the squall lines during their westward propagation away from the trough is also a part of these observational statistics. Based on these observations, an empirical set of selection rules may be defined to specify the squall lines with respect to the predicted motion field. Successful results were obtained in the time frame of 24 to 48 hours for these experiments, the results of which are summarized below. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00949.x
A BEFORE AND AFTER ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING STUDENTS OF THE DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSE

AN AFTER-THE-FACT STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSE IN THE BALTIMORE AREA WAS UNDERTAKEN IN 1967. IMPETUS FOR THIS STUDY CAME IN PART FROM THE BALTIMORE SAFETY COUNCIL AND IN PART FROM THE MANY REPORTS OF SUCCESSFUL ACCIDENT REDUCTION ATTRIBUTED TO SUCH COURSES AMONG VARIOUS SEGMENTS OF THE U.S. POPULATION. LACK OF CONTROLS IN THIS WORK IS CONSIDERED SO SERIOUS THAT CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE EFFICACY OF THE COURSE MUST BE WEAKLY DRAWN (ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR DOES VENTURE A NEGATIVE OPINION). CERTAIN INTERNAL COMPARISONS, HOWEVER, ARE BELIEVED TO BE VALID. IN PARTICULAR THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF A CHANGE IN RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE, NUMBER OF INJURIES PER ACCIDENT (PERHAPS A FUNCTION OF PASSENGER RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE), OR ADMITTED CULPABILITY OF STUDENTS. FURTHER, NO SPECIFIC AGE, SEX, OR EDUCATIONAL LEVEL GROUPS SEEMS TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE COURSE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT IS REQUIRED TO MEASURE COURSE EFFECTIVENESS IN SOME DETAIL. /AAP/
The pre-school child sustains a traumatic brain injury: Developmental and learning issues

The incidence of acquired brain injury in infants and pre-school children is increasing, creating new challenges for assessment and intervention. This paper presents a context for assessment and interventions by describing the developmental effects of traumatic brain injury in young children, from birth to the age of 5 years. A review of the literature on the developmental and learning issues of the infants, toddlers and young children who sustain traumatic brain injury is presented. Information on resources including the federally-funded, state-administered Infant and Toddler and Pre-school Programs is included, along with suggestions for interventions.
Dynamics of Cyclic GMP Synthesis in Retinal Rods

Abstract In retinal rods, Ca 2+ exerts negative feedback control on cGMP synthesis by guanylate cyclase (GC). This feedback loop was disrupted in mouse rods lacking guanylate cyclase activating proteins GCAP1 and GCAP2 ( GCAPs −/− ). Comparison of the behavior of wild-type and GCAPs −/− rods allowed us to investigate the role of the feedback loop in normal rod function. We have found that regulation of GC is apparently the only Ca 2+ feedback loop operating during the single photon response. Analysis of the rods' light responses and cellular dark noise suggests that GC normally responds to light-driven changes in [Ca 2+ ] rapidly and highly cooperatively. Rapid feedback to GC speeds the rod's temporal responsiveness and improves its signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing fluctuations in cGMP.
Ethanol-induced anesthesia in inbred strains of long-sleep and short-sleep mice: A genetic analysis of repeated measures using censored data

We present a repeated-measures, genetic analysis of ethanol-induced anesthesia (sleep time) in mice from the inbred long-sleep (ILS) and short-sleep (ISS) strains of mice and their derived F1 and F2 generations. Mice (totalN>1300) were administered a 4.1 g/kg intraperitoneal dose of ethanol at two times, 7 to 10 days apart. A method suggested by Cohen was used to analyze the resulting data, which contained a known number of unmeasured observations. A genetic model that included both additive and epistatic parameters fitted the adjusted data well. A novel procedure, for estimating heritability, based on a comparison of repeatability coefficients from the isogenic and genetically segregating populations, was also employed. Results of this analysis suggested that the heritability for individual measurements of sleep time is about. 30, whereas the heritability of average scores is about. 40. Results of this analysis also confirm that the ILS and ISS strains differ for genes at seven or more loci that influence sleep time. Since the ILS and ISS were derived by inbreeding the LS and SS lines, these results further suggest that almost all of the genetic variation present in the selected lines have been maintained in the ILS and ISS strains.
Hereditary properties of words

Let P be a hereditary property of words, i.e. , an infinite class of finite words such that every subword (block) of a word belonging to P is also in P . Extending the classical Morse-Hedlund theorem, we show that either P contains at least n+1 words of length n for every n or, for some N , it contains at most N words of length n for every n . More importantly, we prove the following quantitative extension of this result: if P has m ≤ n words of length n then, for every k ≥ n + m , it contains at most ⌈( m + 1)/2⌉⌈( m + 1)/2⌈ words of length k .
Ribosomal RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei.

Abstract Isolated nuclei from Xenopus laevis tissue culture cells synthesize RNA when incubated in vitro. A major fraction of this RNA is ribosomal RNA as shown by its specific hybridization to purified ribosomal DNA. The synthesis of ribosomal RNA is completely insensitive to the inhibitor α-amanitin. This suggests that ribosomal RNA is synthesized by form I, the major α-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase found in these nuclei, but cannot rule out the possible involvement of form III, a minor α-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase which is also present. The ribosomal RNA made in isolated nuclei is transcribed only from the H-strand of ribosomal DNA (the same as in the intact cell) and primarily from the 18 s and 28 s gene region. Little, if any, spacer sequences are transcribed.
Effect of pre‐harvest fungicides on the spoilage of soft fruit after harvest

SUMMARY In the 1972 season, Elvaron and Benlate reduced the count of Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp. and Aureobasidiutn pullulans on strawberry and raspberry fruits during the first 2 wk of the season, but not subsequently. No such reduction was recorded for Hainesia lythri (strawberries only), Phoma state of Didymella applanata (raspberries only), Mucor spp., and Rhizopus spp. Similar results were obtained in 1973. In the first half of either season, both fungicides decreased the rate of fungal spoilage of stored fruit (except for Benlate in the 1973 season), although in the latter part of the season, there was little difference in the incidence of fungal spoilage between sprayed and unsprayed fruit. Both fungicides, however, reduced the development of B. cinerea (and Cladosporium spp. on raspberries) on stored fruit irrespective of season or harvest date except for Benlate in the 1973 season where Benlate-resistant strains of the fungi developed on the fruit. The failure of either fungicide to reduce fungal spoilage in the latter part of the harvesting season was due to the development of Phycomycetes, particularly Mucor mucedo and to a lesser extent Rhizopus stolonifer and R. sexualis, except where Benlate-resistant strains of B. cinerea and Cladosporium spp. were present.
Effect of solvent system on microfluidization-induced mechanical degradation

Abstract The microfluidization-induced mechanical degradation of tragacanth was studied under constant processing conditions and in a variety of solvent media. Tragacanth solutions (200 mg%) in water-alcohol cosolvent systems including (in mole fraction alcohol) 0–0.1 methanol, 0–0.72 ethanol, 0–0.015 1-butanol, 0–0.026 isopropanol and 0–0.012 isobutanol were exposed to four cycles of microfluidization (M110T Microfluidizer, high pressure pump, 12 500 lb inch−2 interaction chamber, 23°C). Samples were removed after each pass and average molecular weight was estimated using photon correlation spectroscopy. The incorporation of alcohol into the bulk media increase both the bulk cosolvent viscosity and the excluded volume of the solvent system. In all cases within, at low alcohol concentrations increased bulk viscosity appears related to increases in the apparent mechanical degradation rate constants. At higher alcohol concentrations the increase excluded volume appears to decrease the apparent mechanical degradation rate constants. The effects appear to be dependent on alcohol size and/or hydrophobicity. The microfluidization-induced mechanical degradation of tragacanth was studied under constant processing conditions and in a variety of solvent media. Tragacanth solutions (200 mg%) in water-alcohol cosolvent systems including (in mole fraction alcohol) 0–0.1 methanol, 0–0.072 ethanol, 0–0.015 1-butanol, 0–0.026 isopropanol and 0–0.012 isobutanol were exposed to four cycles of microfluidization (M11oT Microfluidizer, high pressure pump, 12 500 lb inch–2 interaction chamber, 23°C). Samples were removed after each pass and average molecular weight was estimated using photon correlation spectroscopy. The incorporation of alcohol into the bulk media increased both the bulk cosolvent viscosity and the excluded volume of the solvent system. In all cases within, at low alcohol concentrations increased bulk viscosity appears related to increases in the apparent mechanical degradation rate constants. At higher alcohol concentrations the increased excluded volume appears to decrease the apparent mechanical degradation rate constants. These effects appear to be dependent on alcohol size and/or hydrophobicity.
Fern antheridiogen: cancellation of a light-dependent block to antheridium formation.

In the light (200 ft-c), prothalli of Onoclea sensibilis failed to form antheridia at any stage of development unless they were exposed to the antheridium-inducing hormone of Pteridium aquilinum (abbreviation: APt). If prothalli pregrown for 7 days in the light were transferred to near-darkness (ca. 0.8 ft-c), plus sucrose, then antheridium formation set in spontaneously ca. 15–19 days after transfer. Prothalli exposed to near-darkness, plus sucrose, plus APt, began to form antheridia within 4 days. This lag period was shortened to 3 and 2 days if, after transfer to near-darkness, the prothalli were exposed to APt with a delay of 5 and 12 days, respectively. These, and other results, led to the conclusion that a block to antheridium formation gradually decayed upon exposure to near-darkness and was reestablished in the light within 24–36 hr. The sucrose requirement for antheridium formation in near-darkness became operative after the block to antheridium formation had decayed. Antheridiogen was not detected during spontaneous antheridium formation in near-darkness. The results suggest that APt and near-darkness interchangeably cancel a light-dependent block to antheridium formation, APt acting more promptly than near-darkness. The observations indicate that this block must remain canceled while initials emerge and undergo differentiation.
Approaches to advancing quantitative human health risk assessment of environmental chemicals in the post-genomic era.

The contribution of genomics and associated technologies to human health risk assessment for environmental chemicals has focused largely on elucidating mechanisms of toxicity, as discussed in other articles in this issue. However, there is interest in moving beyond hazard characterization to making more direct impacts on quantitative risk assessment (QRA) — i.e., the determination of toxicity values for setting exposure standards and cleanup values. We propose that the evolution of QRA of environmental chemicals in the post-genomic era will involve three, somewhat overlapping phases in which different types of approaches begin to mature. The initial focus (in Phase I) has been and continues to be on “augmentation” of weight of evidence — using genomic and related technologies qualitatively to increase the confidence in and scientific basis of the results of QRA. Efforts aimed towards “integration” of these data with traditional animal-based approaches, in particular quantitative predictors, or surrogates, for the in vivo toxicity data to which they have been anchored are just beginning to be explored now (in Phase II). In parallel, there is a recognized need for “expansion” of the use of established biomarkers of susceptibility or risk of human diseases and disorders for QRA, particularly for addressing the issues of cumulative assessment and population risk. Ultimately (in Phase III), substantial further advances could be realized by the development of novel molecular and pathway-based biomarkers and statistical and in silico models that build on anticipated progress in understanding the pathways of human diseases and disorders. Such efforts would facilitate a gradual “reorientation” of QRA towards approaches that more directly link environmental exposures to human outcomes.
Diffuse malignant infiltration of the liver manifesting as a case of acute liver failure.

This article considers the case of a 54-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and tobacco abuse who presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain, decreased appetite and jaundice. After admission, the patient's clinical status declined rapidly, with the development of confusion, respiratory failure, hypotension, renal failure and worsening lactic acidosis. The patient developed asystole and was pronounced dead on hospital day 4. Background A 54-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and 120 pack years of tobacco abuse presented to the emergency room with right upper quadrant abdominal pain, decreased appetite and dark urine. Investigations Laboratory investigations, chest radiograph, portal duplex, CT of the abdomen and pelvis, liver serologies and autopsy. Diagnosis Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to metastatic small-cell lung carcinoma. Management Supportive care.
EXPLORING ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES IN THE NORTHERN SOUTHWEST: WHAT WERE CHACO AND MESA VERDE?

Chaco and Mesa Verde were defined as archaeological cultures by Kidder in his 1927 synthesis of Southwestern prehistory and have been used since then as if they represented geographically and temporally bounded social units. This becomes especially problematic for understanding the role of the northern San Juan region in the Chacoan regional system and the nature of social formations after the Chacoan system ended. Recent studies of the formation and maintenance of social or ethnic groups emphasize the fluidity and situational aspect such groups and demonstrate the need to move beyond our often unconscious assumptions. This paper explores problems with the definition and use of Chaco and Mesa Verde as terms for geographically distinct cultural groups. The movement of people and ideas among these culture areas through time is suggested and it is argued that both areas were part of a larger social entity that continues until the end of the occupation of the northern Southwest.
Detection of circulating thyroid cells in peripheral blood

Background. Detection of circulating malignant thyroid cells may provide a method to identify postoperative patients at risk for metastatic thyroid cancer. Methods. On the basis of tissue specificity of thyroglobulin gene expression and the sensitivity of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, we performed RT-PCR using primers for thyroglobulin on blood samples from patients with thyroid disease to detect thyroglobulin RNA transcripts. Postoperative peripheral blood samples from 100 patients, including patients with known metastatic thyroid cancer (six papillary and three follicular), thyroid cancer and no evidence of current metastases (63 papillary, 10 follicular, and five patients with both papillary and follicular), benign thyroid disease (six nontoxic nodular goiters), and normal volunteers (seven). Results. Thyroglobulin transcripts were detected in nine of nine patients with metastatic thyroid cancer, seven of 78 patients with thyroid cancer and no current metastases (although of these seven patients, five had a history of metastatic disease that had been previously treated by surgery, one had a coexisting parathyroid cancer, and one had both papillary and follicular thyroid cancers), zero of six patients with benign thyroid disease, and zero of seven normal volunteers. Identity of amplicons was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and by cloning and sequencing of RT-PCR amplified thyroglobulin fragment (the latter in a limited number of cases). Conclusions. These data indicate that RT-PCR can be used to detect thyroglobulin mRNA in peripheral blood. The presence of these transcripts correlates with the existence of extrathyroidal disease.
Argon laser micro-irradiation of mitochondria in rat myocardial cells in tissue culture : III. Irradiation of multicellular groups

Abstract Single mitochondria of contracting myocardial cells were irradiated with an argon laser microbeam and the contractility changes of the cells were noted. Four series of irradiation experiments were conducted: (i) one cell of a two-cell group was killed, (ii) one cell of a multicell group was killed, (iii) one cell of a two-cell group was damaged, (iv) one cell of a multicell group was damaged. In series (i) and (ii) a majority of cells first fibrillated and then either returned to rhythmic contraction rate, or stopped contracting. In series (iii) and (iv) the individual contractility pattern following irradiation was quite variable, but by 30 min post irradiation a majority of the cells had returned to a rhythmic contraction rate. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using the laser microbeam to investigate cell-cell interactions, and factors involved in regulating myocardial cell contractility.
Volcanic ash and human complement

Abstract Volcanic ash shows slight conversion of C3 with little effect on hemolytic complement in vitro . No conversion of the alternative pathway component Factor B was noted. Complement activation should play only a minor role in any acute respiratory response to inhaled ash.
Coulomb effects in hadron--nucleus and nucleus--nucleus collisions and the hadron--neutron amplitude

Coulomb effects in high energy charged hadron-nucleus collisions are studied in a formalism which is exact within the framework of multiple diffraction theory and takes into account the extended charge effects of the incident hadron and the bound protons. Several more approximate but simpler formulas are also considered and their accuracy discussed. Results are extended to include heavy-ion collisions in the optical limit of the Glauber theory and in the Chou-Yang model. Applications are made to the proton-deuteron elastic and elastic plus quasielastic scattering measurements below 70 GeV to extract the ratio of real to imaginary part and the slope parameter of the proton-neutron elastic scattering amplitude. The results are compared with those from dispersion relation calculations and from earlier analyses. Approximate analytic formulas derived for $p\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering give results almost identical to the more exact expressions. For nucleus-nucleus collisions the Coulomb effects are found to be important over a rather wide range of momentum transfers.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $d(p, p)$, $E=10\ensuremath{-}70$ GeV; calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E, \ensuremath{\theta})$ in Coulomb-nuclear interference region; deduced $p\ensuremath{-}n$ scattering amplitude parameters. $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(p, p)$, $E=1.04$ GeV, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$), $E=2.1$ GeV/nucleon; Coulomb effects, calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$.
Exercise testing in the new millennium

The key performers of the exercise test appear to be changing. Cardiologists in general are less interested in anything related to the electrocardiogram (ECG) and are moving to other modalities. This is at least partly explained by reimbursement changes. As George Bernard Shaw said 80 years ago, ”the Doctor does the test he is paid (the most) for.” By attempting to decrease medical expenditures by targeting high-frequency procedures, the ECG and standard exercise test have been devalued. Unfortunately, that drives practice to the more expensive modalities that will just increase in volume and cause even greater increases in health care costs. It would have been better to apply the guidelines for reimbursement of appropriately ordered tests than use forced pricing changes. With internists and family practitioners becoming the main performers of the standard exercise test, it is very encouraging to see this issue of Pvimary Cure be so popular that it has been redone. Though a cardiologist, I am very involved in medical student and housestaff training. It is very difficult to adequately train these physicians in exercise testing because they have so much to learn and limited time. Also, the approach of the noncardiologist to testing is usually more practical than that of the specialist, and our guidelines and books do not meet their needs. It is best to teach specialty concepts to generalists from their unique perspective. This issue therefore addresses one of the most important problems of the new millennium: education of the noncardiologist who wishes to perform exercise tests. Where is exercise testing heading? Let me first deal with practical changes for the millennium and then get more theoretical. First, all diagnostic testing is being evaluated by standardized rules. Biostatiticians have
Nonselective Amplification of Ribosomal DNA Repeat Units in Compensating Genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster

Compensation is a mechanism by which the X-chromosome nucleolus organizer region of Drosophila melanogaster can increase its ribosomal DNA content up to twofold. It occurs in somatic cells under specific genetic conditions and is mediated by a defined genetic site, the compensatory response locus. The In and various type I ribosomal DNA repeat units were separated by restriction endonuclease digestion. Comparison of the percentages of these repeat unit types between compensating and noncompensating genotypes showed the same distribution. Therefore no selective amplification of these repeat unit types occurs during ribosomal DNA compensation. These results demonstrate that two processes of rDNA amplification in somatic cells, compensation and independent rDNA polytenization, are exclusive events.
Brittle-to-ductile fracture transition in Fe-3wt.%Si single crystals by thermal crack arrest

Abstract The brittle-to-ductile (BD) transition in fracture in Fe–3wt.%Si single crystals was studied through the arrest of cleavage cracks propagating up a temperature gradient under various loading rates. Through the dependence of the BD transition temperature on loading rate an activation energy for the overall fracture transition was determined to be Δ G ∗ =0.096 eV. This is very close to the measured activation energy of 0.1 eV for double kink nucleation on screw dislocations under high effective shear stresses in the range of 500 MPa in dilute solid solution iron alloys of Ni and Si and indicates that the BD transition by crack tip shielding was governed by the mobility of dislocations away from the crack tip. Observations of slip line patterns in the flank regions of the arrested cracks by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy provided direct verification of the expected modes of plastic crack tip shielding.
The many histories of community psychology: analyses of current trends and future prospects

Forty years since the seminal Swampscott Conference, the principles of community psychology transcend multiple areas of action and research, as well as international boundaries. The extensive development of community psychology offers an opportunity to examine from where the field has come and where it is going. Yet, a systematic approach to creating a history of community psychology is required to avoid distorting or excluding the voices of its diverse members. This special issue provides eight articles that highlight the importance of a pluralistic approach to historical analysis of the field. Of particular importance is the recognition of often-underemphasized members of community psychology, including the important role of women, ethnic minorities, applied community psychologists, and international influences on the field. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Threshold-alterable Si-gate MOS devices

An electrically threshold-alterable n-channel MOS device with polysilicon gate is experimentally realized by employing a polysilicon-oxynitride-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) structure. Because of several high-temperature processing steps after the nitride deposition, it was found necessary to increase the thin-oxide thickness of the SONOS devices in order to achieve better charge retentivity. It has been shown that the SONOS device can be used in MOS integrated circuits. Some memory and switching characteristics of the SONOS devices with oxide thickness of ∼30 A are presented.
A comparison of the effects of decarboxylase inhibitors on L-dopa-induced circling behavior and the conversion of dopa to dopamine in the brain

Abstract The conversion in the brain of intravenously administered 3 H-dopa to 3 H-dopamine was determined in mice at various times after the administration of several inhibitors of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. The effects of these same decarboxylase inhibitors were determined on the L-dopa-induced circling in mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of striatum. Pretreatment with hydrazinomethyldopa (25 mg/kg), which blocks only peripheral decarboxylase activity, increased the brain concentrations of 3 H-dopa and 3 H-dopamine and enhanced L-dopa-induced circling behavior. Drugs which block both peripheral and central decarboxylase activity, NSD 1015 (100 mg/kg) and a high dose of Ro44602 (800 mg/kg), blocked L-dopa-induced circling and the conversion of 3 H-dopa to 3 H-dopamine in the brain. Pretreatment with NSD 1055 (100 mg/kg) or α-methyl-dopa (500 mg/kg) did not block the conversion of 3 H-dopa to 3 H-dopamine in the brain. L-Dopa-induced contralateral circling is correlated temporally with the conversion of this amino acid to dopamine in the brain. The specific inhibitor administered and the pretreatment interval time chosen are critical factors to consider when inhibitors of cerebral decarboxylase are being employed.
Modeling of Flight Dynamics of Morphing Wing Aircraft

Aircraft with variable wing geometry (morphable wings) are of considerable interest, not only formission-specific optimization but for enhanced maneuverability as well. In the nascent field of mini or micro unmanned aerial vehicles, large and rapid changes inwing geometry are achievable, resulting in significant changes of the dynamics of the vehicle. In this paper, a simulationmethodology suitable for such aircraft is presented, accounting for the changes in both the aerodynamic and inertial properties. Because of the complexity of the possible wing configurations, the aerodynamics are simulated using an unsteady vortex-lattice approach, solved concurrently with six-degree-offreedom ( ) nonlinear equations of motion. The time dependence of the inertia tensor andmotion ofmass within the body frame are explicitly taken into account, resulting in additional body-frame forces andmoments. The simulation methodology is applied to various gull-wing configurations, and the flight dynamics are analyzed through nonlinear simulation.
Judgment by Quantity

Five studies are presented that demonstrate the influence of computationally simple quantity information on judgment and the regulation of behavior. Study 1 revealed that Ss used the height of a pile of pages of text to judge their proofreading performance, even when pile size was obviously not determined by the amount of text proofread. In Studies 2 and 3, Ss also used nondiagnostic size information to regulate the amount of time and effort they spent on the task. In Study 4, Ss regulated the amount of effort they spent on a complex essay-writing task by using nondiagnostic page length information. In Study 5, nondiagnostic size information dominated objective performance information, but only when the completed task was in full view of the S. A linguistic mechanism is suggested to explain the use of a judgment by quantity strategy.
Electron microscopic histochemical study on the localization and distribution of mercury in the nervous system after mercury intoxication.

Abstract A recently developed electron microscopic-histochemical method was employed to study the general cellular as well as the precise intracellular localization and distribution of mercury in various parts of the nervous system after mercury intoxication. The general cellular distribution pattern of mercury seems to correspond to the anatomical localization of the pathological changes. Intracellularly, mercury was found binding mainly to the membraneous structures in the cytoplasm. Only very minimal amounts of mercury were found inside the nucleus.
CATASTROPHIC AND NONCATASTROPHIC MECHANISMS FOR CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

It has been suggested that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are triggered by the loss of equilibrium of a coronal magnetic field configuration containing a twisted flux rope. We propose that there are two types of CMEs: fast CMEs that are triggered by a catastrophic loss of equilibrium and slow CMEs that do not involve a true catastrophe, but nevertheless show rapid evolution of the system. As an extension of the 1991 work by Forbes and Isenberg, we investigated the evolution of a magnetic configuration taking into account deviations from ideal MHD. We find that the non ideal-MHD evolution makes it easier for the catastrophic loss of equilibrium to occur, and the catastrophic behavior of the system is no longer constrained by the radius of the flux rope. For ideal-MHD evolution, we find that noncatastrophic solutions can account for slow CMEs. We also discuss the conditions under which the ideal-MHD approximation holds.
Radiation-pattern improvement of patch antennas using a compact soft/hard surface (SHS) structure on LTCC multilayer technology

A compact soft/hard surface (SHS) structure consisting of a square ring of short-circuited metal strips is employed to surround the patch antenna for blocking the surface-wave propagation, thus alleviating the effect of the edge diffraction and hence improving the radiation pattern. The operating frequency of the SHS is determined by the width of the metal strip, therefore it is suitable for a substrate with arbitrary thickness and dielectric constant. The compact SHS structure is realized on a low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology. It is shown that the gain of a patch antenna can be increased to near 9 dBi through the use of the proposed compact SHS structure.
Heritage issues in urban tourism: An assessment of new trends in Lancaster County

Abstract Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a popular heritage tourism destination in the northeastern US Megalopolis, is undergoing new trends that have significant implications for its natural and cultural heritage. One involves growing direct participation of segments of the Amish community in tourism. Is the growing complexity of the Amish response towards tourism a sign of the incipient breakdown of the Amish cultural heritage, and what are the implications for the future of tourism? A second trend, promotion of major new discount outlet centers, has contributed to further diversification of the county's tourist base and a partial move away from focus on the Amish. Has this development affected the county's unique cultural heritage and produced environmental problems? The premise of the investigation is that a passive response by the public planning sector to tourist marketing in the private sector may have been detrimental to Lancaster County's authentic heritage; therefore, a proactive planning approach seems needed.
Blood management in orthopedic surgery

The orthopedic surgeon has several options available for blood conservation. Preoperative autologous donation (PAD) of blood is a cost-effective measure when the cost of managing transfusion-transmitted infectious disease is considered; overuse and underuse are expensive problems, however. Hemodilution, while used successfully in prostate surgery, is logistically impractical in joint replacement centers. Intraoperative blood salvage, although costly, is useful in orthopedic procedures when the anticipated blood loss is > 1,000 mL. Reinfusion of postoperative drainage that has been filtered and washed is being used in some orthopedic procedures. Studies are under way to determine whether this method of blood conservation alters transfusion requirements. Recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin alfa) has a role in elective procedures with significant blood loss, including complex revision joint replacement, bilateral joint arthroplasty, and spinal fusion. Preoperative Epoetin alfa administration enhances preoperative autologous blood collection and increases perioperative red blood cell mass.
The purification of horseradish peroxidase by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound concanavalin A

Abstract This report describes the use of affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound concanavalin A for the purification of horseradish peroxidase. Samples of horseradish peroxidase with A403:A280 ratios ranging from 0.62 to 2.45 were purified to A403:A280 ratios ranging from approximately 2.8 to 3.1 with the recovery of 73% or more of the enzymatic activity. Characterization of the purified horseradish peroxidase showed an increased enzymatic activity with respect to both absorbance at 403 nm and protein content.
Clinical strategies and animal models for developing senolytic agents

Aging is associated with increasing predisposition to multiple chronic diseases. One fundamental aging process that is often operative at sites of the pathology underlying chronic age-related diseases is cellular senescence. Small molecule senolytic agents are being developed. For successful drug development: 1) appropriate animal models of human age-related diseases need to be devised. 2) Models have to be made in which it can be proven that beneficial phenotypic effects are actually caused through clearing senescent cells by putative senolytic agents, as opposed to “off-target” effects of these agents on non-senescent cells. 3) Models are needed to test efficacy of drugs and to uncover potential side effects of senolytic agents. Development of the optimal animal models and clinical trial paradigms for senolytic agents warrants an intensive effort, since senolytic agents, if successful in delaying, preventing, alleviating, or reversing age-related diseases as a group would be transformative.