cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of level-broadening on the polarizability and the mobility of a two-dimensional electron gas

Abstract The effect of collisional damping (Γ) of electronic levels on the Lindhard polarizability is studied for a degenerate two-dimensional electron gas interacting with ionized impurities using an effective mass approximation. A specific wave-vector dependence as well as the Γ -dependence of the correction to the polarizability is obtained. The consequence of this result on the low-temperature mobility is discussed.
A biosystematic study of the eupatorium rotundifolium complex (Compositae)

An analysis of variation of morphological characteristics was made in 29 populations of taxa related toEupatorium rotundifolium. Cytological data indicated that all taxa were potentially apomictic. Four species were recognized:Eupatorium pilosum Walt.,E. rotundifolium L.,E. sessilifolium L., andE. vaseyi Porter. Two subspecies were recognized inE. rotundifolium: subsp.rotundifolium and subsp.ovatum (Bigelow) Montgomery & Fairbrothers. Descriptions, a key, and distribution maps are included.
The experience of having cancer in Latin America.

When the human experience is reduced to basic feelings, it becomes evident that the impact of cancer produces similar responses in people around the world. These responses are affected by the individual's culture, myths, and beliefs. Latin America includes several countries, each with different trad
Systematic errors in Monte Carlo methods for fermions

Abstract The systematic errors introduced by various simulation methods for including dynamical fermions into lattice gauge Monte Carlo are analyzed. In particular, we find that a discretization of the Langevin equation leads to relative errors of order δτξ2, where ξ is the lattice correlation length.
Renal artery stent placement: complications at a single tertiary care center.

PURPOSE To describe complications after renal artery stent placement in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) at a single tertiary care center and analyze the risk factors for these complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records and angiograms of 171 patients who underwent a total of 179 consecutive percutaneous transluminal renal artery stent placement (PTRS) procedures for atherosclerotic RAS were retrospectively reviewed. Data on patient comorbidities, procedure indication, lesion location, serum creatinine level, and procedure-related complications were analyzed. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess the association of continuous risk factors with complications, and the χ 2 test was used to assess the association of categoric risk factors with outcomes. RESULTS The technical success rate for PTRS was 98%. Major complications included renal infarction in five patients (2.8%), permanently increased serum creatinine level in 10 patients (5.6%) that required hemodialysis in five (2.8%), blood transfusion in four patients (2.2%), surgical intervention for procedure-related complications in two patients (1.1%), and deep vein thrombosis in one patient (0.6%). Overall, major complications occurred in 15 procedures (8.4%). Death within 30 days after PTRS occurred in two patients (1.1%), but neither death was definitively caused by the procedure. No risk factors were found to be significantly ( P P = .01) and have higher creatinine levels ( P = .06). CONCLUSIONS Renal artery stent placement allows treatment of advanced atheromatous RAS in patients with significant medical and surgical comorbidities. Complications are frequent but few have long-term significance.
State Socialization and Structural Realism

One of the common criticisms of Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics is that its structural model is rather spare. This paper enriches neorealism by specifying the conditioning effects of competition and socialization operating on behalf of the international structure. Despite its neglected status in neorealist theory, I argue that socialization produces important effects on interstate interaction. I develop a model of the socialization process that uses role theory to demonstrate how interstate interaction is structured at the micro-level. Consistent with neorealism, the model assumes that socialization is heavily conditioned by material capabilities, and operates mainly on the adjustment of state behavior. I analyze several episodes of U.S. history to demonstrate that neorealism can explain how unit-level behavior is structured through socialization. The resulting elaboration of neorealism offers a more fully specified structural theory of international politics.
Accounting Educators' Opinions about Ethics in the Curriculum: An Extensive View

In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of accounting faculties' opinions and practices regarding ethics education. Consistent with recent state boards' decisions to require...
Fluorescent Dye-doped Sol-gel Sensor for Highly Sensitive Carbon Dioxide Gas Detection below Atmospheric Concentrations

Optical fluorescence sol−gel sensors have been developed for the detection of carbon dioxide gas in the 0.03−30% range with a detection limit of 0.008% (or 80 ppm) and a quantitation limit of 0.02% (or 200 ppm) CO2. Sol−gels were spin-coated on glass slides to create an organically modified silica-doped matrix with the 1-hydroxypyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate (HPTS) fluorescent indicator. The luminescence intensity of the HPTS indicator (513 nm) is quenched by CO2, which protonates the anionic form of HPTS. An ion pair technique was used to incorporate the lipophilic dye into the hydrophilic sol−gel matrix. TiO2 particles (<5 μm diameter) were added to induce Mie scattering and increase the incident light interaction with the sensing film, thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Moisture-proof overcoatings have been used to maintain a constant level of water inside the sensor films. The optical sensors are inexpensive to prepare and can be easily coupled to fiber optics for remote sensing capabilities. A fib...
TEENAGERS: MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES

Adolescence is a developmental period marked by multiple challenges and demands which create a heightened vulnerability to the development of emotional disorders. Primary care physicians are in an ideal position to intervene in the early stages and prevent the tragic consequences which can occur with an untreated mental health disorder. This article reviews the assessment and treatment of adolescent mental health in the primary care medical setting. Knowledge of these disorders and their manifestations in the primary care environment will enable clinicians to provide higher quality medical care and will reduce the potential for continual life disruptions into the adult years.
Microprocessor-based control of commuter trains

This paper describes microprocessor control of commuter trains using different scenarios. Each of the trains will have individual speed controls and various destinations. The systems discussed are adaptive in the sense that they respond to random traffic demands. The microprocessor is required to continually monitor the locations of all trains and thus avoid collision conditions. The specific problem of the commuter train in Athens is discussed, and a possible improvement using a microprocessor is presented.
Monte-Carlo modeling of dense polymer melts near nanoparticles

Abstract Using Monte-Carlo techniques, we study polymer chain conformations near nanoparticles for dense melts of high molecular weight. Our results indicate the presence of a thin interfacial region (1–2 nm in thickness) within which polymer segments orient tangentially to the particle surface causing a stretching and widening of the chain ellipsoid. That region is also characterized by an accumulation of chain ends and a decrease in polymer density. Nanoparticles also affect polymer properties far away into the bulk. Thus, at small particle radius, we observe an overall swelling of the polymer chains when the distance between the centers of mass of nearest-neighbor particles becomes smaller than the radius of gyration of the chains.
On creep rupture in materials containing an amorphous phase

Abstract Experimental observations of creep rupture in materials containing an amorphous second phase are presented. Based on these and other observations, a theoretical model is developed for a dominant aspect of rupture: creep crack growth. According to this model the crack extends into a damage zone consisting of cavities in the second phase. Two limiting solutions are recognised and presented. One occurs when cavity growth is unaffected by the constraint of the surrounding matrix, the crack velocity is then dominated by the properties and dimensions of the intergranular phase. In the other limit, the constraint is dominant and the bulk viscosity exerts an essential influence on the crack growth rate.
Influence of human presence on sleep-wake patterns in nervous pointer dogs.

Abstract Electrographic patterns of 5 normal and 5 nervous pointer dogs were recorded in a laboratory setting for 24 hr. States of sleep and wakefulness were indentified and compared under baseline and experimental conditions. The independent variable for the experimental condition was the visual presence of humans. Relative to baseline recording, nervous pointer dogs exhibited an initial suppression of sleep including significantly more alert wakefulness (p
Intestinal absorption of a modified heparin.

SummaryA modified heparin has been prepared. This heparin derivative has undergone slight methylation and partial de-sulfation. Anticoagulant activity was retained, and limited absorption from duodenum of dogs as measured by systemic anticoagulant effect occurred following instillation of the modified heparin in buffer solutions of pH 5, 6, and 7.
Scalable multimedia communication using IP Multicast and lightweight sessions

This survey describes the roots of IP Multicast, the evolution of the Internet Multicast Backbone, or Mbone, and the technologies that have risen around the Mbone to support large-scale Internet-based multimedia conferencing. The author explains the technical rationale for design decisions that underlay the Mbone tools, describes the evolution of this work from early prototypes into Internet standards, and outlines the open challenges that remain and must be overcome to realize a ubiquitous multicast infrastructure.
Analytic treatment of multistep processes in hadron-nucleus scattering

Multistep contributions to elastic and inelastic scattering of intermediate energy hadrons from collective nuclei are treated analytically to all orders. Exploiting the eikonal formalism and nuclear geometry, we obtain closed form expressions for the relevant amplitudes without the need for coupled channels. Agreement with experiment, where available, is excellent, and interesting predictions are made for large momentum transfer experiments and ''poor'' energy resolution.
Heterotrimeric Type I Collagen C-Telopeptide Conformation As Docked to Its Helix Receptor†

The amino (N-telo) and carboxyl (C-telo) telopeptides of type I collagen play crucial roles, in vivo and in vitro, in the assembly of collagen fibrils, regulating the axial alignment of the molecules within a fibril, azimuthal orientations of neighboring molecules, and cross-link formation. High-resolution structures of the telopeptides are not available from X-ray diffraction studies, but computational methods permitted prediction of the N-telo structure within a fibril. Here, using a suite of molecular modeling software, the more complex heterotrimeric C-telo of human type I collagen has been built from the correct sequences and energy minimized and the energy minimum confirmed by molecular dynamics. The receptor triple helix was modeled on the basis of the Protein Data Bank coordinates of a collagen-like sequence. Docking of the heterotrimeric C-telopeptide to its receptor showed that hydrophobic interactions involving the short alpha2 C-telopeptide are crucial determinants of its azimuthal orientation within the docked structure. A docked C-telo can interact with only one neighboring helix. The two alpha1(I) C-telo chains in the alpha1(Alpha)-alpha2-alpha1(B) chain stagger do not have identical docked conformations, and one of the alpha1(I) C-telo chains appears to be favored for formation of a cross-link between its K(16C) and a helix K87. Prior studies showed that a docked N-telopeptide can interact with two adjacent collagen monomers, forming a tightly packed region. A recent X-ray analysis showed the N- and C-telo regions pack differently, with the C-telo region being less densely packed than N-telo regions. This difference between N- and C-telopeptide docked structures demonstrates how unique and specific packing can occur in the fibril at each boundary of the type I collagen gap region.
Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions: who is affected now, who will be affected later? National Arthritis Data Workgroup.

Objective. We present national and state estimates for 1990 and projections for the year 2020 of the prevalence of self-reported arthritis and other rheumatic diseases and related activity limitations. We further suggest a research and policy agenda to address this important and growing public health problem. Methods. Estimates and projections were derived from household interviews conducted for the 1989–1991 National Health Interview Survey, and were applied to United States census population estimates for 1990 and projections for 2020. Results. The prevalence rate of self-reported arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States is projected to increase from 15.0% (37.4 million) of the 1990 population to 18.2% (59.4 million) of the estimated 2020 population. Activity limitation attributed to these conditions is projected to increase from 2.8% (7.0 million) of the 1990 population to 3.6% (11.6 million) of the 2020 population. Prevalence rates were higher for older persons, women, residents of nonmetropolitan areas, and those with less education or lower income. Conclusions. Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions are frequent and disabling public health problems now, and are projected to become even more so by 2020. Implementing the suggested research and public health agenda could reduce the occurrence and impact of these conditions.
Psychiatric Aspects of Liver Transplantation

Psychiatry plays an essential role in the selection and preoperative care of liver transplant patients. Unique to liver transplantation are the preponderance of candidates with alcoholic end-stage organ failure and also the reversibility of encephalopathy with postoperative normalization of hepatic function. The expense of liver transplantation necessitates documentation of quality of life among recipients. It can also be postulated that a "ripple effect" does occur, in which favorable operative outcomes provide a meaningful and beneficial effect on social networks of transplant candidates and on society in general.
An eleven-base-pair sequence determines the specificity of DNA uptake in Haemophilus transformation.

Abstract Only certain DNA fragments are taken up efficiently by competent Haemophilus cells; this implies that efficient uptake requires the presence of a specific nucleotide sequence on the incoming DNA (Sisco and Smith, 1979). To determine the structure of this “uptake site”, we have isolated and sequenced four small fragments of cloned H. parainfluenzae DNA which retain the ability to be taken up by cells. These fragments have a sequence of eleven base pairs in common, 5'-AAGTGCGGTCA-3' and ethylation of certain phosphoryl groups m this sequence causes significant decreases in fragment uptake. We conclude that this is the sequence of the uptake site.
Studies of ulcerative colitis. V. Psychological aspects and their implications for treatment.

The relevant psychologic facts bearing on treatment of ulcerative colitis patients are: 1. The colitic process begins or recurs in a setting in which the patient feels, consciously or unconsciously, that he has suffered or will suffer the loss of an important object relationship. 2. He responds to this with a feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, despair, a feeling that this is “too much,” and that he cannot go on. 3. By virtue of a lifelong mutually dependent relationship with certain key figures, especially the mother, he has not achieved the capacity for independent function that characterizes the more mature person. 4. He looks to the physician to take over in the areas in which he feels incompetent and not to let him down.
Developmental status of neurons selectively vulnerable to rapidly triggered post-ischemic caspase activation

Abstract Caspase activation occurs within 1 h of reperfusion in discrete cell populations of the adult rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia. Based on the proximity of these cells to regions of adult neurogenesis and the known susceptibility of developing neurons to apoptosis, we tested the hypothesis that rapidly triggered post-ischemic caspase activation occurs in immature neurons or neuroprogenitor cells. Adult male Long Evans rats were injected with BrdU to label mitotic cells 1, 7, or 28 days prior to being studied. Rats were then subjected to either sham surgery or 10-min transient forebrain ischemia. At 1 h after reperfusion, rats underwent perfusion fixation and brains prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. Immunolabeling for caspase-substrate cleavage, using an antibody directed at the caspase derived fragment of α-spectrin, was observed in discrete cell populations of the rostral dentate gyrus, dorsal striatum, extreme paramedian CA1 hippocampus, indusium gresium, olfactory tubercle, and thalamus. No cells double-labeled for caspase-substrate cleavage and BrdU at any time point after BrdU injection. Furthermore, cells immunolabeled for caspase-substrate cleavage did not double-label for markers of immature neurons (doublecortin) or progenitor cells (nestin), but did double-label for the mature neuronal marker NeuN. These results indicate that the phenomenon of rapidly triggered caspase activation in the adult rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia is specific to mature neurons and does not occur in neuroprogenitor cells or immature neurons.
Detecting Deception and Judge’s Involvement: Lower Task Involvement Leads to Better Lie Detection

Videotaped samples of target individuals making honest or dishonest statements were shown to 66 male and female participants who judged each sample in terms of honesty. The participants were either highly involved in the judging task or relatively uninvolved. It was assumed that highly involved participants would engage in central route processing and therefore attend more to the verbal message, whereas less-involved participants would engage in peripheral route processing and therefore attend more to the nonverbal behavior of the targets. Because nonverbal cues are most indicative of deception, it was hypothesized—and found—that low-involvement participants would be more accurate at detecting deception than would high-involvement participants. Furthermore, gender differences and support for a motivational impairment effect were found, in which lies told by people who were highly motivated to lie successfully were more easily detected.
Characterization of microvascular cell cultures from normotensive and hypertensive rat brains: pericyte-endothelial cell interactions in vitro.

Abstract We used specific markers and fluorescence microscopy to identify and characterize cerebrovascular cells. Cultures were derived from brain microvessels isolated from normotensive (Wistar Kyoto, WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rat brains prior to, coincident with and following the onset of chronic hypertension. Endothelial cells were charatcerized using di-acyl LDL and non-muscle isoactin-spccific antibodies. Cerebrovascular pericytes were identified with the anti-muscle and non-muscle actin antibody staining. Using this combination of cell culture and fluorescence localization. we have been able to demonstrate that brain pericytes are tightly associated with the endothelial cells of the hypertensive-prone and hypertensive cell cultures, but not with the normotensive endothelial cultures. While the endothclial—pericyte ratio in the hypertensive-prone microvascular cultures was between 5:1 and 10:1, the number of pericytes associated with the hypertensive rat brain cultures increased two to five times (2:1-1:1). Muscle and non-muscle actin antibody staining localized the spindle-shaped pericytes of the hypertensive microvascular colonies. Pericytes were foand overlaying and encircling the endothelial cells. Normotensive pericytes were not endothelial-associated. Whereas the hypertensive pericyte is devoid of stress fibers, the normotensive pericyte is a larger, spread-out cell possessing numerous stress fibers rich in muscle and non-muscle actin. These results provide the first evidence that the etiology and inception of cerebrovascular disease may be pericyte-related and suggest that pericyte contraction could play a pivotal role in regulating the flow of blood within the brain microcirculation.
Constructing knowledge with an agent-based instructional program: A comparison of cooperative and individual meaning making

Abstract Participants in the present study were 87 college students who learned about botany using an agent-based instructional program with three different learning approaches: individual, jigsaw, or cooperative learning. Results showed no differences among learning approaches on retention. Students in jigsaw groups reported higher cognitive load during learning than students who learned individually; scored lower on a problem-solving transfer test than students in individual and cooperative learning groups; and were less likely to produce elaborated explanations and co-construct knowledge with their peers than students in cooperative groups. Students in cooperative groups reported higher situational interest than their counterparts. Implications for cooperative and individual meaning making in agent-based instructional programs are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
Evidence for TSH Autoregulation of Thyroid Carcinoma

Presumptive evidence for TSH dependency of thyroid hormone secretion from metastatic thyroid cancer is presented. In the patient described, the metastatic tumor was the only source of thyroid hormone production which was adequate enough to maintain the patient euthyroid. Tumor secretion of thyroid hormone appeared to regulate the TSH drive so that euthyroidism was maintained in the face of increasing tumor mass.
Life cycle and mode of infection of Leptolegnia chapmanii (Oomycetes) parasitizing Aedes aegypti.

Abstract The life cycle and mode of infection of mosquito larvae by Leptolegnia chapmanii (Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) were determined. The life cycle is typical of saprolegniaceous fungi, as the species is dimorphic producing diplanetic biflagellate zoospores. Sexual reproduction is by means of gametangial contact and results in the production of a characteristic papillate oogonium containing a subcentric or eccentric oospore. L. chapmanii is capable of infecting Aedes aegypti larvae both by germination of encysted secondary zoospores on the exterior cuticle and by germination of ingested zoospore cysts in the larval midgut. Once the fungus is established in the host, the disease, a coelomomycosis, is fatal. The encystment pattern of secondary zoospores on the larval cuticle appcars preferential. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that mechanical pressure is not the sole force utilized by the fungus for cuticle penetration.
The decay of 142Pr to 142Ce and 142Nd

Abstract The γ-rays from 142 Pr have been studied with a 30 cm 3 Ge(Li) detector both directly and in coincidence with a 1576±60 keV gate selected with a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The 142 Pr ground state was observed to decay to the 642 keV (2 + ) level in 142 Ce and the 2084.4 keV(3 − ) level in 142 Nd in addition to the previously known decay to the 1575.6 keV level in 142 Nd.
Hypotheses for and some kinetic studies with glutamine synthetase and acetate thiokinase.

Abstract Kinetic studies with glutamine synthetase showed that the apparent Michaelis constant for glutamine was independent of the concentration of ammonia. Similarly, with other substrate combinations little or no interdependency of apparent Michaelis constants was found. Measurements of the rate of isotope exchange at equilibrium with glutamine synthetase showed that by variation of equilibrium conditions the rate of incorporation of glutamate into glutamine could be made considerably less than, equal, to or considerably greater than the rate of incorporation of inorganic phosphate into ATP. Likewise, with acetate thiokinase, variation of equilibrium conditions resulted in a rate of acetate incorporation into acetyl CoA which was approximately equal to or definitely greater than the rate of AMP incorporation into ATP. This demonstrates that with these enzymes, steps other than covalent bond forming and breaking steps can control equilibrium exchange rates. The results, however, limit mechanistic deductions from exchange data. Glutamine synthetase was found to require prior incubation with ATP for demonstration of maximum initial velocity. The significance of the findings are discussed in relation to alternative hypotheses for the glutamine synthetase and acetate thiokinase reactions, including a new hypothesis based on prior reaction of two substrates before reaction with ATP. Present information appears insufficient to allow a choice among various hypotheses.
An Experimental Study of Perforated Muzzle Brakes

Abstract : A firing test was conducted to examine the recoil efficiency and blast characteristics of perforated muzzle brakes fitted to a 20-mm cannon. Recoil impulse blast overpressures, muzzle velocity, sequential spark shadowgraphs, and photographs of the muzzle flash structure were obtained. Three different muzzle devices were used with one device equipped with pressure transducers to measure the static pressure in the brake. Experimental results are compared with the earlier predictions of Dillon and Nagamatsu.
The Past, Present, and Future of Research in Distance Education

Abstract The articles published in four prominent distance education journals between 1997 and 2002 were categorized and the references cited were tallied. The study provides an opportunity to examine research topics, methods, and citation trends. The results can be used to review current research trends and to explore potential research directions.
Field-Current Identity, Partially Conserved Currents, and the Veneziano Model

Hard-meson partial conservation of axial-vector current and partial conservation of vector current are imposed upon the Veneziano amplitudes. It is seen that these determine inelastic amplitudes (e.g., $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}{A}_{1}$, etc.) in terms of corresponding elastic amplitudes (e.g., $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$). Mass formulas for the $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ meson, equality of many trajectory slopes of either normality, and $\ensuremath{\pi}K$ scattering lengths are obtained, in good agreement with experiment.
Incremental switch-level analysis

An algorithm is presented for extracting a two-level subnetwork hierarchy from flat netlists. They discuss the application of this algorithm to incremental circuit analysis in the Cosmos compiled switch-level simulator. The algorithm decreases the network preprocessing time for Cosmos by nearly an order of magnitude. The file system is used as a large hash table that retains information over many executions of the incremental analyzer. The hierarchy-extraction algorithm computes a hash signature for each subnetwork by coloring vertices somewhat the way wirelist-comparison programs do. It then identifies duplicates, using standard hash-table techniques. >
Multi-Stage Information Processing Behavior: An Experimental Investigation:

This paper presents an operationalization of Srinivasan's model for examining multi-stage information processing behavior. Based on theoretical considerations, specific hypotheses regarding multi-stage information processing behavior are posited. An experimental investigation undertaken to test these hypotheses is described.
Magnetic, electronic, and structural characterization of nonstoichiometric iron oxides at the nanoscale.

We have investigated the structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of nonstoichiometric iron oxide nanocrystals prepared by decomposition of iron(II) and iron(0) precursors in the presence of organic solvents and capping groups. The highly uniform, crystalline, and monodisperse nanocrystals that were produced enabled a full structural and compositional survey by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The complex and metastable behavior of nonstoichiometric iron oxide (wustite) at the nanoscale was studied by a combination of Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic characterization. Deposition from hydrocarbon solvents with subsequent self-assembly of iron oxide nanocrystals into superlattices allowed the preparation of continuous thin films suitable for electronic transport measurements.
Demonstration of particulate accumulations in solid tissue

We describe a histological clearing procedure involving partial tissue hydrolysis by pancreatin and demonstrate its application. Changes in distribution of 5.7-micrometers latex particles in mouse liver and heart muscle 6 months after i.v. latex injection were quantitated. The method is useful for studied of long-term redistribution of particles in vivo and for locating large, infrequent particles which are difficult to find by ordinary tissue-sectioning technique.
Three- and four-dimensional computed tomographic angiography and venography of the anterolateral thigh perforator flap.

Background:This study presents a detailed three- and four-dimensional appraisal of the arterial and venous anatomy and perfusion of the anterolateral thigh flap using a novel computed tomographic technique.Methods:Eighteen anterolateral thigh flaps harvested from fresh Western cadavers were used. Fo
Use of Waste Materials for Control of Acid Mine Drainage and Subsidence

This paper presents the results of a study of the use of fluidized-bed combustion ash in an underground coal mine for control of acid mine drainage and subsidence. Fluidized-bed combustion ash (FBC ash) is a waste by-product of advanced coal combustion. Presently, most of the FBC ash produced in power generation is disposed in landfills. Subsidence and acid mine drainage are two major problems found in coal mining areas. The problems of disposal of FBC ash, mine subsidence, and acid mine drainage can be reduced by placing the ash in abandoned coal mines. The study included laboratory experiments, computer modeling, and a field application of FBC ash in an abandoned underground mine. Potential subsidence values under different backfill configurations were computed by using the finite element method. Strength requirements for the grout were determined on the basis of site-specific geologic information and a stress analysis. The FBC ash was placed in a mine cavity by pumping it in the form of a grout to explore the viability of hydraulic backfilling. Field observations were made on the field strength and flow characteristics of the FBC ash grout. The paper contains information on strength requirements of the grout, flow characteristics of the grout, expected reductions in potential subsidence, and acid mine drainage around the grouted mine. The results show that a grout made of fluidized-bed combustion ash can be successfully placed in a mine cavity by hydraulic backfilling in order to reduce the problems caused by subsidence and acid mine drainage.
Partially Conserved Axial-Vector Current and the Nonleptonic K -Meson Decays

Current commutation relations and a partially conserved axial-vector current hypothesis (PCAC) are applied to the nonleptonic K decays. On the assumption that the effective weak interactions should have the transformation property suggested by Gell-Mann in the quark model of the chiral symmetry, and that the axial-vector isospin charges to which the pions are related through PCAC should be generators of U(2)×U(2), the K2π and the K3π decay amplitudes, in which the four-momenta of all the final pions are continued to zero, are proved to obey the ΔI=1/2 rule. In the approximation of neglecting the continuation, the decay rate of the K3π is related to that of the K2π. The ratio of the decay rates is estimated and a reasonable agreement with experiment is obtained. Only the charge independence is assumed for the strong interactions.
Designing pipelined delay lines with dynamically-adaptive granularity for low-energy applications

A calibrated delay line is a key component in many modern digital systems. Traditionally, these lines are designed as real-time pipelines with static granularity, fine enough to handle a worst-case input rate. However, due to their rigid structure, they have sub-optimal energy for low- and varying-rate input streams. We introduce a complete methodology for designing reconfigurable delay lines which dynamically adapt granularity to traffic, on-the-fly, without stalling or disturbing normal operation. These lines have two modes: coarse- and fine-grain. During sparser traffic, the system is reconfigured to coarse-grain mode, thereby reducing total energy, and it reverts to fine-grain mode during denser traffic. In each case, overall delay is preserved. This strategy is especially beneficial for applications where input traffic is highly varied. The particular focus of this paper is on one promising domain, continuous-time digital signal processors (CT DSP's), a new class of processors targeting low-energy applications. The proposed system includes two lightweight asynchronous control blocks: a digital controller to continuously monitor input traffic, and a micropipeline to dynamically reconfigure the entire delay line. With a complete implementation in a 0.13 um IBM CMOS technology, post-layout simulations demonstrate an average overall dynamic power reduction up to 45.5% compared to a non-adaptive design, with only minimal area overhead. The design methodology is modular, supporting extensions to multiple configuration modes to provide even greater power reduction for a variety of input traffic. While results are presented for CT DSP's, significant benefits are also expected in many other domains where delay lines are used.
Local reaction to polyurethane--a comparative study in the mouse, rat, and rabbit.

The local reaction to polyurethane (Thurane foam-rigid type) varies significantly in the subcutaneous tissue of the mouse, rat, and rabbit. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes concentrated at the periphery of the particles of polyurethane in the mouse in conspicuous numbers for as long as 550 days. In the rat leucocytes were infrequent and in the rabbit they were absent. The mechanism by which this variation occurs is unknown. It is suggested that it may be attributed to an electrical phenomena with variations in different hosts. There was an accumulation of pigment in the local inflammatory reaction apparently resulting from a degeneration of the polyurethane as well as degeneration of erythrocytes. The amount of this pigment varied significantly in the mouse, rat, and rabbit. Proliferation of large fibroblast-like cells, apparently originating from adjacent striated muscle, occurred in the mouse but was absent in the rat and rabbit, another significant, variation in the reaction of the mouse to polyurethane when compared to that in the rat and rabbit.
The relationship among sex-role stereotyping, sex-role preference, and the sex difference in spatial visualization

At an early age, children attain concepts of sex-appropriate activities, behaviors, attitudes, and goals, i.e., sex-role stereotypes. These conceptual stereotypes seem to assign a less favorable role to females. Thus it seems plausible that their acceptance (by both sexes) might be at least partly responsible for the performance differences that begin to arise in adolescence and adulthood. In view of the importance of early adolescence as a transitional period during which sex-role requirements are augmented and intellectual sex differences emerge, 105 11-year-olds and 102 14-year-olds were selected as subjects. Their spatial abilities, sex-role concepts, and sex-role preferences were assessed. Stereotyping sex roles (in general) was not associated with spatial performance; stereotyping sex roles that included information regarding subjects' views about intellectual competence was related to performance. The sex difference in spatial ability that emerged at age 14 was among subjects with own-sex preferences only; there were no sex differences among subjects who preferred to be boys.
Neutrophils contain cholesterol crystals in transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).

Objectives: Intracellular components of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Methods: The lungs from 2 fatal TRALI cases and 2 controls, previously studied by scanning electron microscopy, were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Morphologic data by light and phase microscopy, along with scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations, were collated. Results: The 2 fatal TRALI cases exhibited dense laminated material within capillaries and postcapillary venules, similar to material identified within their neutrophils when viewed by transmission electron microscopy. This material polarized light and is presumed to be cholesterol crystals. Conclusions: The damage to the pulmonary vascular endothelium in TRALI is related to formation of cholesterol crystals originating within neutrophils.
Chronic viral hepatitis in kidney transplantation

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in potential kidney transplant candidates-once considered absolute contraindications to kidney transplantation-no longer creates overt barriers to transplantation. Advances in the medical management of HBV and HCV infection have created opportunities for a substantial number of patients to be effectively treated with antiviral therapy before transplantation. For HBV infection, a number of new drugs enable clearance of the virus with minimal adverse effects and drug resistance. Pretransplantation antiviral therapy is advisable for patients with HCV infection, but adverse effects are common and viral eradication remains challenging. Regardless of viral clearance, pretransplant patients without bridging fibrosis (as confirmed by liver biopsy) or clinical stigmata of cirrhosis should be considered for kidney transplantation as survival is superior when compared to treatment with dialysis, and progression of liver disease is unlikely. For patients with advanced liver disease, simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation is an important consideration. These treatment advances further increase the burden of organ donor shortage; however, organs from deceased donors with chronic HBV or HCV infection could be efficiently allocated to certain individuals with a viral infection of the same type to increase the pool of available transplant organs.
Levels of Perspectives and the Perception of Intimacy in Cross-Sex Friendships: A Balance Theory Explanation of Shared Perceptual Reality

Higher levels of interpersonal perception in personal relationships have been relatively ignored over the last decade, as well as the role played by those perceptions in the creation of a relationship. Through utilization of Balance Theory and a variation of Laing's Interpersonal Perception Method, this study investigated multiple levels of interpersonal perception in cross-sex friendships, and how those perceptions help create a shared perceptual reality among cross-sex friends. One hundred and three pairs of cross-sex friends completed a survey examining direct perspectives (DPs), metaperspectives (MPs), and metametaperspectives (MMPs), on various manifestations of intimacy, the importance of the friendship and the definition of the relationship. As predicted by Balance Theory, there was significant agreement, understanding and realization of understanding between cross-sex friends concerning intimacy in the relationship and the importance of friendship. Results also reveal that perceived agreement and ...
Vibration Studies Using Heterodyne Hologram Interferometry

Two-reference-beam stroboscopic heterodyne hologram interferometry was used to study beams vibrating at frequencies up to 29.9 kHz. This method allows measurement of vibration amplitudes with an accuracy of 1/1000 of one fringe. As such it is particularly useful in studies of objects vibrating at amplitudes below one micron. Comparison between results obtained from holograms and those computed using the finite element method showed good correlation, in this study.
Relativistic dispersion and the generation of auroral kilometric radiation

Under the conditions at which auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is known to be produced by a plasma sheet electron region, relativistic effects of the dispersion of extraordinary-mode waves near the electron cyclotron frequency are found to be very significant. The application of linear theory and computer simulation to a model distribution indicates that an extraordinary mode of a particular Reynolds number dominated the radiation emission due to the cyclotron maser instability, suggesting that hot electrons determine the propagation characteristics of AKR and that larger growth rates are possible for direct amplification of extraordinary waves in the auroral region than had been predicted by calculations employing cold plasma dispersion.
Contributing Factor Map: A Taxonomy of Influences on Human Performance and Health in Space

The ability of crewmembers to perform critical functions during spacecraft operations is widely recognized as essential to mission success. This necessity motivates the characterization of factors influencing crewmember performance so that those with positive effects can be enhanced, and those with negative impacts can be minimized. Risk analysis techniques support such characterization, and whether qualitative or quantitative, they require a model of the system of interest. In human reliability analysis (HRA) applications, performance-shaping factors (PSFs) represent the model of the environment influencing human performance within a given scenario. Sets of PSFs in existing HRA methods are terrestrially based and, therefore, do not address additional factors relevant to spaceflight. This paper focuses on the development of a taxonomy, or qualitative model, of factors specific to spaceflight. The development as influenced by software and system modeling concepts and data availability constraints is discussed. A visual representation of the taxonomy, the contributing factor map (CFM), is also presented. We discuss current benefits resulting from the two contributions of the taxonomy and CFM. These include the existence of a set of PSFs specific to spaceflight, a framework for relating data at various levels of abstraction, and the CFM as a visual communication tool supporting horizontal and vertical integration across disciplines and throughout organizational structures. This paper includes an example application based on the risk of bone fracture in spaceflight. It also suggests follow-on applications of the CFM as a quantitative model framework and a “menu” of factors to consider in risk analysis and management activities.
Physical aspects of the growth and regulation of microtubule structures.

The growth of microtubules through the so-called dynamical instability is analyzed within a simple theoretical model in which the polymers are nucleated by a flat surface. For an isolated microtubule the model predicts the existence of a transition between bounded and unbounded growth. It is also shown that this transition alters the assembly of dense structures, e.g., by drastically limiting the number of long microtubules grown from the surface. Coupled to the microscopic biochemical control of the growth, such physical effects seem to play an important role in the regulation of the formation of cellular structures (such as the mitotic spindle).
The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880–1930 Robert Pruter. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013.

The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880-1930 Robert Pruter. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013.When one considers the pervasive role that high school sports play in our society, it is surprising that there has been no study of their early history. Now there is. Robert Pruter's The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880-1930 fills an important historiographical gap in the study of American sports.Pruter begins the unenviable task of outlining the rise of high school sports by confirming what many scholars have already assumed: high school athletics followed a similar pattern of development as college athletics. Both began as student activities organized and managed by students, often with the help of alumni, that competed against similar teams and clubs aligned with other schools and organizations, such as the YMCA or church. Indeed, many of the early high schools that Pruter mentions were elite boarding schools in Northeastern cities.As college athletic competitions expanded, so too did those in high schools. By the late-1890s and early1900s, major cities such as New York, Boston, and Chicago began creating formalized leagues for high school sports. These developments coincided with a movement to legitimize physical education as academic discipline and pursuit which was valuable for all students. Following the arguments of the leading Progressive reformers and Muscular Christians, coaches and instructors began taking an active role in the athletics and physical education opportunities of students as a means to instill discipline and good character.What followed was an era of reform and a takeover of high school sports by the educational establishment, which Pruter describes as the "search for control." Students resisted and pushed back against administrative efforts to curb team travel, limit lost class time, and standardize eligibility. By the 1910s, institutional control of high school sports was largely accomplished. Fueled by sports such as basketball and track and field, cities and states began creating leagues to better facilitate the scheduling of large tournaments and meets. By 1915, most of states had formed their own high school athletics association.High school sporting opportunities expanded during the 1920s. New sports, like cross country, golf, hockey, soccer, and lacrosse, joined the traditional high school sports of football, basketball, tennis, and track and field. This expansion faced little opposition and likely helped administrators justify their control. …
A planner for the automation of programming environment tasks

The authors have developed an approach that significantly reduces the time to develop heterogeneous parallel systems. Current, state-of-the-art environments provide most of the necessary tools but leave to the user the task of coordinating the invocation of the tools. They describe a tool, implemented in the Unix environment, that transforms a set of goals and constraints specified by a user into the correct set of tool invocations. >
The Political Economy of On-line Education:

This article assesses the argument that on-line education will revolutionize institutions of higher learning by early in the next century. Pros and cons of on-line education are examined. The budgetary implications of on-line education are discussed with reference to six existing models of on-line education. Differences between corporate training and university education are highlighted with regard to on-line education. The conclusion calls attention to dangers on-line education may pose for traditional academic values.