cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use in Pregnancy: Repercussions on the Oblivious Passenger

Depression is one of the most common comorbidities in pregnancy, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has become increasingly more common during this period. For this reason it is essential to understand the implications of SSRI use on fetal development and neonatal complications. As reviewed here, the preponderance of evidence suggests that the risk of teratogenicity with SSRI use is low. Poor neonatal adaptation or withdrawal syndrome is common among neonates exposed to SSRIs in the third trimester of pregnancy. However, the risk of severe neonatal adaptation syndrome, which would require neonatal intensive care, is low. The association between SSRI exposure and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn remains controversial, but the evidence suggests a weak relationship with this rare outcome. The decision to initiate an SSRI in pregnancy should be individualized. Providers caring for pregnant women using SSRIs should feel comfortable discussing possible neonatal adaptation syndrome associated with the antenatal use of SSRIs, with a primary focus on appropriate treatment of maternal depression after discussion of risks and benefits.
A Call for Collaborative Action against America's Greatest Health Threat.

In order to enact policies that will curb the rising rate of obesity in the U.S., Americans must emphasize scientific findings over special-interest politics. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Design of radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging applications: a computational electromagnetic approach

The advancement of MRI as a radiological instrument has been associated with a constant drive towards higher magnetic field strengths resulting in higher operational frequencies. More powerful magnets bring the promise of enhanced signal to noise ratio, exquisite resolution, and reduced scan times. At the same time however, MRI at higher frequencies adds significant engineering complexities to the MRI experiment, most notably in designing safe, versatile, and high-performance radio frequency (RF) coils. In this work, computational and theoretical electromagnetic analysis of several RF coils used in MRI are presented at Larmor frequencies that range between 64 and 470 MHz representing clinical imaging at 1.5:11 Tesla. The electromagnetic interactions with phantoms and anatomically detailed head models, including a developed high-resolution human head mesh, are studied at different field strengths. The computational tool of choice here was the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Combined with measurements using an 8 Tesla MRI system, currently the most powerful clinical magnet in the world and a 1.5 Tesla system, the FDTD method is utilized to study, analyze, and eventually design RF coils. Innovative Engineering approaches using phased array techniques are presented to improve the performance of RF head coils in terms of transverse magnetic field uniformity and reduction of specific absorption rate for operation at 4.7 and 8 Tesla. Novel analytical derivations are presented to explain the source of the MR signal. The combination of the analytical derivations, FDTD modeling, experiments, and infrared imaging gives a new prospective onto the electromagnetics associated with low and high field clinical imaging.
Harnessing Graft-Versus-Leukemia Without Myeloablative Therapy

High-dose chemotherapy and allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation has been used as a curative therapy for many patients with hematologic malignancies. However, because of the toxicity of myeloablative conditioning it had been limited to young patients in good medical condition. The use of less intensive nonablative regimens may provide a strategy that allows exploitation of the graft-versus-leukemia effect in older and debilitated patients.
Designing tools for system administrators: an empirical test of the integrated user satisfaction model

System administrators are unique computer users. As power users in complex and high-risk work environments, intuition tells us that they may have requirements of the tools they use that differ from those of regular computer users. This paper presents and empirically validates a model of user satisfaction within the context of system administration that accounts for the needs of system administrators. The data were collected through a survey of 125 system administrators and analyzed using structural data modeling techniques. The empirical results of this preliminary investigation demonstrate that user satisfaction models are appropriate in the context of system administration and support the idea that system administrators have unique system and information needs from the tools they use.
Late-life blood pressure association with cerebrovascular and Alzheimer disease pathology

Objective To examine associations of average and change in late-life blood pressure (BP) with cerebrovascular and Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology in a large group of decedents followed longitudinally in vivo. Methods This clinical-pathologic study was derived from prospective, community-based cohort studies of aging with similar design and data collection. Measurements of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were obtained annually (mean follow-up 8 years, SD = 4.8). Postmortem neuropathologic evaluations documented diseases of aging. Using regression analyses, we examined associations of average and decline in late-life SBP, and separately in DBP, with neuropathology. Results In 1,288 persons (mean age at death = 88.6 years; 65% women), the mean standardized person-specific SBP across the study was 134 (SD = 13) and DBP was 71 (SD = 8) mm Hg. The odds of brain infarcts were increased for participants with a higher mean SBP. Specifically, a person with a 1 SD SBP above the mean (147 vs 134 mm Hg) would have a 46% increased odds of having one or more infarcts, and an increased odds of gross infarct (46%) and microinfarct (36%). Furthermore, a more rapidly declining SBP slope over time increased the odds of one or more infarcts. Mean DBP, not slope, was related to brain infarcts. AD pathology analyses showed an association of a higher mean SBP with higher number of tangles ( p = 0.038) but not plaques or other pathology (all p > 0.06). Changes in BP were not significantly related to AD pathology. Conclusions Higher average late-life SBP and DBP, and independently a faster decline in SBP, are associated with increasing number of brain infarcts, including gross and microinfarcts. We found some evidence for a relation of SBP with AD, specifically tangles. Both average and decline in BP are related to brain disease.
Aspirin and the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

The recent development of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) has challenged the role of aspirin in the initial treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The ready availability of aspirin as "an over-the-counter" preparation has contributed to its low esteem among both patients and physicians as a truly potent anti-inflammatory agent. But whether these newer, more expensive NSAIDs are more efficacious in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis than aspirin remains to be proven. Most clinical trials of the newer agents have compared their efficacy against fixed doses of aspirin which were almost always too small to produce optimal anti-inflammatory serum salicylate levels. In our experience, individually tailored doses of aspirin remains the most predictable and consistently effective NSAID available for the initial treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We also want to make it clear that we almost never rely on aspirin or other NSAIDs to control seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Their chief advantage is rapidity of action. We do rely on the use of remittive agents to control rheumatoid joint inflammation, in conjunction with aspirin or other NSAID.
Decolonizing Everyday Islamophobia Through an Antiterrorist Ethic of Resistance

Decolonizing everyday Islamophobia entails both reflecting on and transforming the epistemology of (structural and interactional) Islamophobia through a radical humanist ontology. A manifestation o...
Abstract TP267: Performance of Components of the Canadian TIA Score to Predict Acute InfarctionAmong Patients Managed in an Emergency Department Observation Unit

Introduction: TIA risk stratification can help inform of impending stroke, but some scores lack sensitivity while others are impractical in the emergency department (ED) setting. The Canadian TIA S...
Analysis of Multiple Objective Cost Functions for Free Space Material Characterization with Genetic Algorithms

This work continues the research of implementing a genetic algorithm (GA) to perform electromagnetic characterization of RF magnetic materials. Four independent measurements of the Fresnel reflection coefficient are used to compute the multiple objective cost function. Characterization results using synthetic data are presented for a conductor-backed magnetic test sample.
The History of Surgical Staplers: A Combination of Hungarian, Russian, and American Innovation:

Since their development in 1908, surgical staplers have been used as a method of "mechanical suturing" in efforts to divide hollow viscera and create anastomoses in an efficient and sterile manner. The concept for the surgical stapler was first developed by Humer Hultl, a Hungarian professor and surgeon, and designed by Victor Fischer, a Hungarian businessman and designer of surgical instruments. The design was highly acclaimed; however, it was bulky, cumbersome, and expensive to manufacture. In 1920, Aladar Petz, a student of Hultl, incorporated two innovations to the Fischer-Hultl stapler to create a more lightweight model, which was named the Petz clamp. In 1934, Friedrich of Ulm designed what would be the predecessor to the modern-day linear stapler. In the 1950s, Russian and American staplers began to emerge. Throughout the 1960s, a variety of stapling instruments were developed in the United States, manufactured by the United States Surgical Corporation. In the 1970s, Johnson & Johnson Ethicon brand joined the market. The United States Surgical Corporation was later bought by Tyco Healthcare and became Covidien in 2007. Through the collaboration of Felicien Steichen, Mark Ravitch, and Leon Hirsch, surgical staplers were further modified to incorporate interchangeable cartridges with various designs. With the advent of minimally invasive surgery began production of laparoscopic surgical staplers. Since its inception, the surgical stapler has provided a means to efficiently create safe and effective visceral and vascular anastomoses. The surgical stapler design continues to evolve while still maintaining the basic principles that were implemented in the original design.
Laboratory Diagnosis of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy

Abstract Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a human retrovirus, is endemic in certain regions of the world and affects millions of people worldwide. Infected individuals are at risk of developing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Vertical and parenteral transmission are the main routes of infection. Diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection can be made by detection of HTLV-1-specific antibodies in plasma, serum, or cerebrospinal fluid using a combination of initial and supplemental serologic assays. In contrast, quantitative proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been used to predict and monitor disease progression. This review provides an overview of the virology, epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and laboratory testing methods for HTLV-1 infection.
Emerging Trends in Deciphering the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases through Genetic Analysis.

Any changes in gene expression or protein functions can cause abnormal anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral modifications in human beings, which can lead to disease [...]
An Assessment of Student Moral Development at the National Defense University: Implications for Ethics Education and Moral Development for Senior Government and Military Leaders

Senior service colleges provide professional education to prepare military and government civilians for public service at the senior levels of strategy and policy. Inclusive in the program of study...
Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study.

Background Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in dogs. An association between proteinuria and gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown. Objective Determine if gallbladder mucocele formation or clinicopathologic comorbidities are associated with proteinuria. Animals Twenty-five dogs with mucocele formation and 25 breed and age-matched control dogs from a prior study. Methods Retrospective case control study. Proteinuria defined by calculated urine dipstick protein concentration (mg/mL) to urine specific gravity (USG) ratio. Clinicopathologic findings, postcosyntropin cortisol concentration, thyroid function profile, and illness severity score were recorded. Results Median urine dipstick protein concentration to USG ratio and number of dogs having a ratio ≥1.5 were significantly higher for dogs with mucocele formation compared to control dogs. Proteinuria was not significantly associated with CBC or serum biochemistry profile abnormalities but increased in relation to severity of illness. Conclusions and clinical importance Gallbladder mucocele formation is significantly associated with proteinuria in dogs. Diagnosis and treatment of proteinuria in dogs with mucocele formation might minimize long term kidney morbidity in these patients.
Hydroeconomic Analysis to Guide Climate Adaptation Plans

Title: Hydroeconomic Analysis to Guide Climate Adaptation Plans Successful climate adaptation needs to sustain food, water, and energy security in the face of elevated carbon emissions. Hydroeconomic analysis (HEA) offers considerable potential to inform climate adaptation plans where water is an important element of economic activity. This paper’s contribution is to identify how HEA can inform climate adaptation plans by minimizing economic costs of responding to climate induced changes in water supplies. It describes what HEA is, why it is important, how researchers implement it, who has made significant contributions, and places where it has informed policy debates. It also describes future directions for the use of HEA to guide climate adaptation.
Rejection of Space-Proportional Speed

This essay attempts to provide a critical understanding of the famous passage in Galileo’s Discourse on Two New Sciences where he rejects the idea that the speed of a falling body increases in proportion to the distance traversed. Accordingly, a new English translation of the passage is made. Several inadequacies in the standard translation of it by Crew and De Salvio are exposed. Stillman Drake’s interpretation, based on his discovery of one crucial translation error, is stated and criticized. The traditional interpretation, in accordance with the Merton Rule, is re-examined and shown to be both strengthened by Drake’s discovery and yet unacceptable. And a critical explanation is elaborated, avoiding both uncritical elucidation and misunderstanding criticism.
Wiring up recurrent neural networks

Functional subsystems of the macroscale human brain connectome are mapped onto a recurrent neural network and found to perform optimally in a critical regime at the edge of chaos.
That same stigma...that same hatred and negativity:" a qualitative study to understand stigma and medical mistrust experienced by people living with HIV diagnosed with COVID-19."

Background The COVID-19 and HIV epidemics have exacerbated existing inequities among vulnerable groups and severely impacted communities of color. People living with HIV (PLWH), who may already face stigma or discrimination, are at risk of experiencing further stigma as a result of COVID-19, which can result in medical mistrust. Methods We performed qualitative interviews between June and August 2020 among 32 PLWH, including 10 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. A majority of participants perceived themselves as having an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their HIV status. Results Of those who tested positive for COVID-19, the majority regarded their HIV diagnosis as having a more profound impact on their lives but found similarities between COVID-19 stigma and HIV-related stigma. Many participants also expressed mistrust. Conclusions These results can be used to better understand the perspectives of PLWH during the COVID-19 pandemic and have important implications for potential COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and future health crises.
Hot Plasma Model for Cluster Impact Fusion

Line broadening for the proton energy spectrum from the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction is used to extract the effective deuterium temperature in the recent clusterimpact fusion experiments. The two primary contributions to the proton line width are due to temperature and kinematic broadening. By deconvolving these contributions, we have determined a temperature ∼ 20 keV for the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction. This is substantially hotter than conventional estimates. Our analysis shows that the proton spectrum is an additional diagnostic tool that can rule out high energy monoenergetic contaminants in explaining the unexpectedly high yield. Furthermore, the proton spectrum indicates that the high temperature results from a one-dimensional rather than a three-dimensional velocity distribution.
Detection and tracking of vortex phenomena using Lagrangian coherent structures

The formation and shedding of vortices in two vortex-dominated flows around an actuated flat plate are studied to develop a better method of identifying and tracking coherent structures in unsteady flows. The work automatically processes data from the 2D simulation of a flat plate undergoing a $$45^{\circ }$$ pitch-up maneuver, and from experimental particle image velocimetry data in the wake of a continuously pitching trapezoidal panel. The Eulerian $$\varGamma _1$$ , $$\varGamma _2$$ , and Q functions, as well as the Lagrangian finite-time Lyapunov exponent are applied to identify both the centers and boundaries of the vortices. The multiple vortices forming and shedding from the plates are visualized well by these techniques. Tracking of identifiable features, such as the Lagrangian saddle points, is shown to have potential to identify the timing and location of vortex formation, shedding, and destruction more precisely than by only studying the vortex cores as identified by the Eulerian techniques.
Implementing Logo in Middle Level Classrooms

Several versions of Logo are on the market. Since Apple microcomputers are so common in the schools, I will describe briefly the two versions available for Apple hardware, MIT Logo, and Apple Logo. MIT Logo is now marketed by Terrapin, Inc. and Krell Software. The two programs are nearly identical. Apple Logo was developed by Logo Computer Systems, Inc. and is distributed directly by Apple Computer. Both versions contain turtle graphics, offer list processing, and perform floating point arithmetic operations (e.g., FORWARD 2.5). The difference is a subtle one. Apple Logo was designed to stand alone. It is sealed from outside alterations and is therefore user-proof. For example, it will not permit you to save a file with a name that has already been used. MIT seems to be oriented toward the more advanced computer user who may desire to interface with assembly-language routines. There are many more detailed differences. See Lough (1983) for specifics. In general, Apple Logo seems more appropriate for the elementary school user. A word of caution is in order. Some companies advertise turtle-graphics programs. Generally these do not
Using semantics in non-context-free parsing of montague grammar

In natural language processing, the question of the appropriate interaction of syntax and semantics during sentence analysis has long been of interest. Montague grammar with its fully formalized syntax and semantics provides a complete, well-defined context in which these questions can be considered. This paper describes how semantics can be used during parsing to reduce the combinatorial explosion of syntactic ambiguity in Montague grammar. A parsing algorithm, called semantic equivalence parsing, is presented and examples of its operation are given. The algorithm is applicable to general non-context-free grammars that include a formal semantic component. The second portion of the paper places semantic equivalence parsing in the context of the very general definition of an interpreted language as a homomorphism between syntactic and semantic algebras (Montague 1970).
Needing Rights: An Essay on Granting Rights to 'the Needy' in U.S. Welfare Politics

This paper explores the figure of the needy in U.S. welfare politics, and in particular, some of the conundrums that emerge in trying to cast this figure as a rights-bearing subject. Specifically, I focus on the welfare rights movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s and its articulation and deployment of a new right, the right to social welfare. The specific case in question concerns the activism prior to and in the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s decision in Goldberg v. Kelly, which established a right to a pre-termination fair hearing for welfare recipients. This paper tells the story of the emergence of this new right in terms of the declaration and processing of a particular kind of political disagreement: the subject of the dispute is not just the distribution of benefits or recognition, but the very status of the needy as a party to the disagreement. Put in Ranciere’s terms, I argue the needy welfare poor used rights as a way to count themselves as those who are of no account in the existing order of things. Thus, I find in these new rights not an extension of the universal principles of liberal democracy into new domains (as political liberals and deliberative democrats might suggest), and not a reinforcing or rupturing of existing hierarchies (as some post-structuralists and radical democrats might suggest); rather, I find the democratic energies and excessive forms of yes-saying necessary to sustain the forms of life, attentiveness, and receptivity necessary to make rights and institutions meaningful.
Evapotranspiration in the Nile Basin: Identifying Dynamics and Drivers, 2002–2011

Analysis of the relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and its natural and anthropogenic drivers is critical in water-limited basins such as the Nile. The spatiotemporal relationships of ET with rainfall and vegetation dynamics in the Nile Basin during 2002-2011 were analyzed using satellite-derived data. Non-parametric statistics were used to quantify ET-rainfall interactions and trends across land cover types and subbasins. We found that 65% of the study area (2.5 million km 2 ) showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations between monthly ET and rainfall, whereas 7% showed significant negative correlations. As expected, positive ET-rainfall correlations were observed over natural vegetation, mixed croplands/natural vegetation, and croplands, with a few subbasin-specific exceptions. In particular, irrigated croplands, wetlands and some forests exhibited negative correlations. Trend tests revealed spatial clusters of statistically significant trends in ET (6% of study area was negative; 12% positive), vegetation greenness (24% negative; 12% positive) and rainfall (11% negative; 1% positive) during 2002-2011. The Nile Delta, Ethiopian highlands and central Uganda regions showed decline in ET while central parts of Sudan, South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia and northeastern Uganda showed increases. Except for a decline in
Modality and Databases

Two things are done in this paper. First, a modal logic in which one can quantify over both objects and concepts is presented; a semantics and a tableau system are given. It is a natural modal logic, extending standard versions, and capable of addressing several well-known philosophical difficulties successfully. Second, this modal logic is used to introduce a rather different way of looking at relational databases. The idea is to treat records as possible worlds, record entries as objects, and attributes as concepts, in the modal sense. This makes possible an intuitively satisfactory relational database theory. It can be extended, by the introduction of higher types, to deal with multiple-valued attributes and more complex things, though this is further than we take it here.
Microstimulators and Intramuscular Hook Electrodes for the Stimulation of Respiratory Muscles

AbstractBackground/Objectives: We determined the feasibility of stimulating the major muscles of respiration with different types of electrodes. Intramuscular hook electrodes, model microstimulators (M-Micro) developed in our laboratory, and commercial radiofrequency microstimulators (RFM) (Alfred Mann Foundation, Valencia, CA), were employed in this investigation.Methods: In 8 anesthetized dogs, M-Micro were placed bilaterally on the diaphragm and in the abdominal muscles, and hook electrodes were placed in the 3rd and 5th intercostal regions adjacent to the intercostal nerves known to support inspiration. In 3 of the 8 animals, RFMs (Alfred Mann Foundation) in addition to the M-Micros were sutured to each hemidiaphragm at the same optimal site for phrenic nerve stimulation. During a hyperventilation-induced apnea, 2-second stimulations were applied to the diaphragm and with various combinations of diaphragm plus supporting muscles, both thoracic and abdominal.Results: Diaphragm stimulation alone provide...
Conceiving the "West": Early Twentieth-Century Visions of Kham

AbstractAs the nineteenth century drew to a close, the Tibetan plateau in the eyes of the gentry and officials of Sichuan Province was little more than a defensive fence bolting the back door of the empire. Although a stone stele erected in 1727 proclaimed much of the Kham region of ethnographic Tibet to be under Sichuan's jurisdiction, its invested rulers were administered by a “loose rein” policy, leaving its polities effectively independent of Chinese authority, the borderland and its inhabitants being of little interest to the Qing state. Yet the turn of the nineteenth century marked the reenvisioning of the once-barren borderland as a resource-rich terrain worthy of industrial development and inhabited by a population in need of cultural transformation. This article examines the convergence of local and regional dangers and opportunities with the influence of absolutist notions of two newly globalizing norms, territoriality and sovereignty, a convergence that fostered this new vision of Kham as integ...
Potential for Industrial Application of Microbes in Symbioses that Influence Plant Productivity and Sustainability in Agricultural, Natural, or Restored Ecosystems

Abstract Microbes in three widespread and evolutionarily stable mutualistic symbioses with plants offer a range of nutritional and other benefits that may be modified or enhanced through selection or genetic manipulation for biotechnological applications. In this review, the biology, ecology, and genetics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi partnering with more than 80% of all land plant species; rhizobia bacteria that nodulate legumes and fix atmospheric nitrogen; and Epichloe fungi endophytic on cool-season grasses, are discussed. Research on these symbioses indicates considerable potential to utilize modified or natural microbial strains to stimulate production selectively of desirable compounds in plants or to introduce or over-express genes that can stimulate beneficial effects of the mutualisms on desirable traits in plant hosts, whether in agricultural or more natural ecosystems.
The Illusion of Inclusion

Abstract CSWE standards pertaining to diversity have been criticized for being vague and impotent (Hooyman,1995). A pattern in social work education of “diversity by numbers” has emerged in which the emphasis is placed on the representation of certain groups on the faculty, the staff, the student body, and the curriculum. There exists an illusion of inclusion, in which the curriculum, personnel and students are desegregated. However, the school's culture has yet to be transformed to the stage of institutional development in which equitable treatment for all members is a primary goal and diversity is a driving force which permeates organizational life. This analysis explores the challenges associated with conceptualizing and infusing diversity, specifically as it relates to race and ethnicity, throughout social work programs. The symbolic interactionism theoretical perspective is used to interpret the experiences of African American faculty in predominately white schools of social work. An African-centered...
BROWN SHRIMP ON THE EDGE: LINKING HABITAT TO SURVIVAL USING AN INDIVIDUAL-BASED SIMULATION MODEL

In many coastal areas, natural habitats are being fragmented and lost to encroaching human development. These landscape changes can affect the production of recreationally and commercially important fisheries because many exploited species of fish and shellfish are estuarine dependent and utilize coastal marshes as nursery grounds. Brown shrimp are an example of a commercially exploited species that may be highly affected by changes in the spatial distribution of habitat types. We used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to explore the role of marsh vegetation and edge habitat in brown shrimp survival. The model simulated shrimp movement, mortality, and growth of individual shrimp from arrival as postlarvae to 70-mm body length, when they emigrate offshore. Simulations were performed on 100 × 100 m spatial grid of 1-m2 cells, with each cell labeled as “water” or “vegetation”. Predation mortality was influenced by shrimp size, movement, and habitat. Simulated shrimp growth depended on temperature, habitat, and local shrimp density. We examined the relationships between shrimp survival and marsh attributes (amount of vegetation and edge habitat) by simulating a series of four habitat maps that we created from aerial photographs. Biological parameters were derived from published estimates and from field data. We corroborated the model by comparing the simulated shrimp abundance with summary statistics from long-term monitoring data, by comparing the simulated density with fine-scale patterns observed in field studies, and by comparing simulated and measured stable-isotope values. Surviving shrimp grew faster, moved less, spent more time in vegetation, and experienced slightly higher local densities than shrimp that died during the simulation. Habitat maps with more edge habitat invariably produced higher simulated shrimp survival rates. High-edge habitats increased survival by providing shrimp more direct access to vegetation without additional movement-related mortality and density-dependent growth costs associated with low-edge habitats. Model predictions were robust to higher numbers of initial postlarvae and to alterations to the movement rules. The results of this study suggest that the management of brown shrimp should be extended from protecting the spawning stock through catch regulations to also protecting the estuarine life stages through habitat conservation and restoration.
Interaction of slip with grain boundary and its role in cavity nucleation

Abstract Localized stress evolution resulting from the interaction of slip with a grain boundary is characterized by a superposition of the “internal loading” of a subsystem by dynamic dislocation pile-up and the diffusional relaxation along the grain boundary. The probability of cavity nucleation per stress pulse is evaluated by using a quasi-steady-state extension of the classical nucleation theory. The nominal efficiency of a grain boundary as vacancy source and sink is related to the climb mobility of grain boundary dislocations. The critical stress for cavity nucleation (a Hall-Petch type relationship) is derived, which is related to the effective slip length. Once nucleated, cavities are stable through the transient growth stage. The frequency of slip/grain-boundary interaction and continuous cavity nucleation during creep are discussed by comparing theoretical predictions with the available experimental data.
ERPs and morphological processing: the N400 and semantic composition

Both behavioral and electrophysiological evidence suggests that fluent readers decompose morphologically complex words into their constituent parts. Previous event-related potential (ERP) research has been equivocal with regard to whether the N400 component indexes morphological decomposition or the integration of the products of decomposition, a process called semantic composition. In a visual lexical decision task with college students, we recorded ERPs to a well-controlled set of words and nonwords made up of bound morphemes (discern, predict; disject, percern) or free morphemes (cobweb, earring; cobline, bobweb) and monomorphemic control words and nonwords (garlic, minnow; gartus, buzlic). For each of the three morphological types, participants were faster to respond to words than to nonwords. Furthermore, for each of the three morphological types, the amplitude of the N400 was more negative to nonwords than to matched words, an effect indicating that the N400 is more sensitive to the lexicality of the whole stimulus than to the meaningfulness of the constituent parts of the stimulus. The N400 lexicality effect was not significantly different across the three morphological types. To our knowledge, this is the first ERP study to directly compare the processing of printed sets of words composed of bound and free morphemes and monomorphemic control stimuli in order to explore the relative sensitivity of the N400 to morphological decomposition (i.e., the status of the parts) and semantic composition (i.e., the status of the whole). Our findings are consistent with an interpretation of the N400 as an index of a process of semantic composition.
Variations in the makeup of lens insoluble proteins.

In this study differences in the composition of lens water-insoluble protein of several species were sought. Lenses of young and old rats, X-irradiated rats, young and old dogfish and cows, and normal and nuclear cataractous humans were separated into cortex and nucleus from which total insoluble protein was isolated by centrifugation. Urea soluble (US) and urea insoluble (UI) portions were separated, and the amounts of protein represented by these fractions were estimated. The soluble components comprising these fractions were observed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. In rat and dogfish lenses, UI levels increased with aging in the nucleus of the lens, while in bovine and normal human lenses US predominated in both cortex and nucleus. Human nuclear cataractous lens nuclei, however, contained much higher levels of UI than of US material. Possible modifiers of the formation of insoluble protein leading to the diversity of compositions observed are discussed.
Redundant stimulus coding and keeping-track performance

The effect of redundant color coding on keeping-track performance was investigated, using symbols as the primary cue. Ss were assigned to one of four coding conditions: symbol color (SC), color symbol (CS), symbol only (S), or color only (C). Performance was measured on a task requiring S to monitor eight information channels, which were being updated randomly. Results indicated that the addition of a redundant color code did not yield a significant improvement in performance, as compared to performance on the component codes (i.e., the S and C groups).
Metameric modulation for diffuse visible light communications with constant ambient lighting

Advances in solid-state lighting are renewing interest in the adoption of the visible spectrum for optical wireless communications. Under the luminaire-as-transmitter model, wireless communication is achieved by modulating LED(s) that must simultaneously meet the illumination mission. Illumination requirements include maintaining energy efficiency, constant color and intensity control whereas communications requirements are speed and BER goals. In this paper we explore the perceptual qualities of visible light from LED luminaires to render color. We then propose a novel modulation scheme for visible light communications which can maintain constant perceived ambient lighting. By using D>3 LEDs, multiple lighting states that are indistinguishable to humans but are distinguishable to an electronic receiver can be achieved. Changes between these states are detected as intensity modulation in different wavelength bands.
Cholesterol assays in the seralyzers® instrument

We evaluated the Seralyzer instrument for the assay of serum cholesterol and compared it to the Kodak Ektachem method. The Seralyzer showed good accuracy in the analysis of cholesterol in Abell-Kendall-verified serum pools, and the bias from the expected value was small in all cases but one. The Seralyzer exhibited CVs of less than 5% in all cases and good comparison with the Ektachem method. The Seralyzer is easy to use; however, some training in the proper pipetting technique is necessary. The Seralyzer meets medical needs criteria of total error greater than 5% from the true cholesterol value.
AGS Injector Beam Monitoring System

The performance of the AGS depends critically on the linac beam characteristics such as beam intensity, proton momentum, momentum spread and beam transverse phase space distribution. These parameters are measured by pulse deflection of the 50 MeV proton beam into a separate analyzing channel in which continuous beam analysis and monitoring is possible without interruption of regular AGS operation. In addition to a general description of the linac-synchrotron beam transport and analyzing system, details of the momentum spread and monitoring system are presented.
Intestinal obstruction in a neonate with adrenal hemorrhage and renal vein thrombosis

Adrenal hemorrhage and renal vein thrombosis are two distinct vascular entities encountered in the newborn period. Occasionally, both entities may co-exist in the same patient. A premature infant of a diabetic mother presented with intestinal obstruction secondary to extrinsic compression by the mass effect of the enlarged hemorrhagic adrenal and thrombosed kidney on the left hemicolon, a phenomenon which to our knowledge has not previously been described.
Noninvasive Estimation of Black Bear Abundance Incorporating Genotyping Errors and Harvested Bear

Abstract Estimating black bear (Ursus americanus) population size is a difficult but important requirement when justifying harvest quotas and managing populations. Advancements in genetic techniques provide a means to identify individual bears using DNA contained in tissue and hair samples, thereby permitting estimates of population abundance based on established mark–capture–recapture methodology. We expand on previous noninvasive population-estimation work by geographically extending sampling areas (36,848 km2) to include the entire Northern Lower Peninsula (NLP) of Michigan, USA. We selected sampling locations randomly within biologically relevant bear habitat and used barbed wire hair snares to collect hair samples. Unlike previous noninvasive studies, we used tissue samples from harvested bears as an additional sampling occasion to increase recapture probabilities. We developed subsampling protocols to account for both spatial and temporal variance in sample distribution and variation in sample quali...
Ultrastructural changes in the left ventricular rat myocardial cells with age.

The ultrastructural changes in the left ventricular myocardial cells of rats that ranged in age from 6 to 33 months is described. There were marked age-associated changes which begin to occur at about 18 months and continue through 33 months. These changes were: (1) increases in the number of residual bodies among mitochondria in the nuclear pole zones and in the mitochondrial rows separating the myofilament masses; these bodies were localized in only these two regions; (2) increases in the number of primary lysosomes in close association with the mitochondria in the nuclear pole zones and in the mitochondrial rows separating the myofilament masses; (3) the lysosomal degradation of mitochondria which occurred by two methods: (a) the direct coalescence of mitochondria with primary lysosomes without their prior segregation by cytomembranes from other components in the sarcoplasmic matrix; this mechanism of mitochondrial degradation has thus far not been reported although it was the most common type observed in myocardial cells in this study; and (b) the segregation and digestion in autophagic vacuoles, commonly observed in other cell types, but rarely encountered in myocardial cells; large numbers of glycogen particles were similarly degraded with mitochondria in this fashion; (4) increases with age in the number of lipid droplets, changes in their electron density and solubility, and their partial or complete segregation by smooth membranous elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, for their presumed degradation in autophagic vacuoles. The present studies suggest that lysosomes function in aging rat myocardial cells in the degradation of mitochondria, and cellular inclusions, glycogen, and lipid, in droplet form. The extent of this degradation may decrease the capacity of the heart to function with age, as shown by others.
Simulation and design of piezoelectric microcantilever chemical sensors

This paper presents an analytical modeling of a piezoelectric multi-layer cantilever used as a micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) chemical sensor. Selectively coated microcantilevers have been developed for highly sensitive chemical sensor applications. The proposed piezoelectric chemical sensor consists of an array of multi-layer piezoelectric cantilevers with voltage output in the millivolt range that replaces the conventional laser-based position-sensitive detection systems. The sensing principle is based upon changes in the deflection induced by environmental factors in the medium where a microcantilever is immersed. Bending of the cantilever induces the potential difference on opposite sides of the piezoelectric layer providing an information signal about the detected chemicals. To obtain an application specific optimum design parameters and predict the cantilever performance ahead of actual fabrication, finite element analysis (FEM) simulations using CoventorWare (a MEMS design and simulation program) were performed. Analytical models of multi-layer cantilevers as well as simulation concept are described. Both mechanical and piezoelectric simulation results are carried out. The cantilever structures are analyzed and fabrication process steps are proposed.
Expression of Interferon-γ by a Coronavirus Defective-Interfering RNA Vector and Its Effect on Viral Replication, Spread, and Pathogenicity

Abstract A defective-interfering (DI) RNA of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was developed as a vector for expressing interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The murine IFN-γ gene was cloned into the DI vector under the control of an MHV transcriptional promoter and transfected into MHV-infected cells. IFN-γ was secreted into culture medium as early as 6 hr posttransfection and reached a peak level (up to 180 U/ml) at 12 hr posttransfection. The DI-expressed IFN-γ (DE-IFN-γ) exhibited an antiviral activity comparable to that of recombinant IFN-γ and was blocked by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IFN-γ. Treatment of macrophages with DE-IFN-γ selectively induced the expression of the cellular inducible nitric oxide synthase and the IFN-γ-inducing factor (IGIF) but did not affect the amounts of the MHV receptor mRNA. Antiviral activity was detected only when cells were pretreated with IFN-γ for 24 hr prior to infection; no inhibition of virus replication was detected when cells were treated with IFN-γ during or after infection. Furthermore, addition of IFN-γ together with MHV did not prevent infection, but appeared to prevent subsequent viral spread. MHV variants with different degrees of neurovirulence in mice had correspondingly different levels of sensitivities to IFN-γ treatment in vitro, with the most virulent strain being most resistant to IFN-γ treatment. Infection of susceptible mice with DE-IFN-γ-containing virus caused significantly milder disease, accompanied by more pronounced mononuclear cell infiltrates into the CNS and less virus replication, than that caused by virus containing a control DI vector. This study thus demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of this MHV DI vector for expressing cytokines and may provide a model for studying the role of cytokines in MHV pathogenesis.
Revisiting the Link between Lipid Membrane Elasticity and Microscopic Continuum Models

Fluid lipid membranes can be described by a continuum-elastic Hamiltonian that features two central parameters mean and Gaussian curvature modulus. Of those two, the Gaussian modulus is much less understood, since it affects the membrane energetics only through topology or boundaries and is thus difficult to measure experimentally. Moreover, recent work by Hu et al. [Biophys. J. 102, 1403 (2012)] to determine this modulus from computational studies revealed discrepancies with more microscopic expectations, according to which this modulus should be given by the second moment of the lateral trans-membrane stress profile. Our goal in the present study is to revisit the arguments linking the Gaussian modulus to properties of thin sheets, using thin plate theory as a starting point, but allowing for a number of generalizations. For instance, membranes are more generally described as anisotropic continua with in-plane fluidity and a nontrivial distribution of pre-stresses. It is easy to see that in this case linear elasticity, combined with the additional but common approximation of a linear strain tensor, will predict that the Gaussian curvature modulus vanishes. We therefore need to include the possibility of nonlinear strains (while still using linear constitutive equations), but this in turn leads to some subtle inconsistencies within Monge gauge. Another difficulty is that virtually all existing theories treat Young's modulus and the Poisson ratio as constant throughout the width of the membrane. Starting from fundamental linear elasticity theory, amended by a nonlinear strain tensor, and using consistent geometrical constructions, we then investigate the elastic properties of membranes, especially the Gaussian curvature modulus.
Life table demography of the rotifer Lecane Tenuiseta under culture conditions, and various age distributions

The rotifer Lecane tenuiseta found contaminating an unpolluted culture water reservoir, was cultured in a dilute baker's yeast suspension using the same water. Ova, cultured individually in 10 µl wells at 20°C, were observed at half day intervals for hatching, daughter ova and death. Data were subjected to life table demographic analyses. With a stable age population of parthenogenic females, laying 6.8 ova per lifetime and increasing at 0.23 per individual day, mean life expectancy of a newly laid ovum was 26 days, generation time was 8.4 days and 11% of the population appeared as developing embryos. With a stationary age population calculated by the Leslie-Ranson method, there would be no change in life expectancy but a decrease in embryos to 9%; a stationary age distribution calculated by the Hummon method would show a decrease in life expectancy to 4.9 days and a increase in embryos to 46%. Calculation by the latter method is more consistent with available field data for species of planktonic rotifers.