cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of Western forms of social control on China

This paper examines the impact of Western forms of social control on China. It first documents Western influences on Chinese law-making, policing, corrections, legal education, and control techniques under Qing, the KMT, and the CCP. It then analyzes the imperatives on and motivations from the Chinese to borrow Western control ideas and practices through modernization, denial of ethnocentrism, and participation in the world community. The channels through which Western forms of social control break into China are identified as third-party countries, communications, exchanges, and carry-in by imperialists and investors. In the end, Westernization, socialism, and Chinese characteristics are brought together to reflect upon possible changes in Chinese social control between de-politicization and politicization of offenses, pervasive surveillance of thoughts and acts and exclusive control of deviant and criminal behavior, informal and formal justice, crime control and due process, and rehabilitation and just deserts. The central points are: (1) Western impact on Chinese social control is a part of Western dominance in the global political economy; (2) Western influence helps China develop a legal and social control system which lends protection to individual rights but undermines various community-or virtue-based control measures which have proved effective and humane in maintaining harmony and order; and (3) As it continues modernization through foreign investments, trades, technological exchanges, and international participation, China will have to import more Western social control ideas and means to deal with its social reality increasingly similar to that of the West.
The use of simulation models on the Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel Project

This paper discusses how simulation models are being used on the Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel Project to develop incident response plans and to evaluate the design of the Integrated Project Control System. This simulation effort is comprised of four phases: use of the INTEGRATION Network Simulation Model to develop incident response plans; (2) use of the MIT Dynamic Traffic Model to test and evaluate the proposed control system design; (3) further development of the MIT model to be used as a tool in the operations control center (OCC) for fine-tuning incident response plans; and (4) development of a concept for a future predictive simulation model to be used on-line in the OCC. The first two of these efforts are underway, the third is being evaluated, and the fourth represents a possible future implementation in the OCC.
On the Use of Behavioral Models for the Integrated Performance and Reliability Evaluation of Fault-Tolerant Avionics Systems

In this paper, the authors propose an integrated methodology for the reliability and performance analysis of fault-tolerant systems. This methodology uses a behavioral model of the system dynamics, similar to the ones used by control engineers when designing the control system, but incorporates additional artifacts to model the failure behavior of the system components. These artifacts include component failure modes (and associated failure rates) and how those failure modes affect the dynamic behavior of the component. The methodology bases the system evaluation on the analysis of the dynamics of the different configurations the system can reach after component failures occur. For each of the possible system configurations, a performance evaluation of its dynamic behavior is carried out to check whether its properties, e.g., accuracy, overshoot, or settling time, which are called performance metrics, meet system requirements. After all system configurations have been evaluated, the values of the performance metrics for each configuration and the probabilities of going from the nominal configuration (no component failures) to any other configuration are merged into a set of probabilistic measures of performance. To illustrate the methodology, and to introduce a tool that the authors developed in MATLAB/SIMULINKreg that supports this methodology, the authors present a case-study of a lateral-directional flight control system for a fighter aircraft
Approximate solution of the linear heat equation in heterogeneous media

The asymptotic Vishik-Lyusternik method is used to solve the linear heat equations in heterogeneous media.
Review article : Age related alterations in respiratory function -anesthetic considerations

Purpose: This review examines the effect of aging on pulmonary reserve. Special emphasis is placed on how anesthetic and surgical factors may impose substantial stresses on the respiratory system of elderly patients, leading to increased risk for postoperative pulmonary complications including respiratory failure.
Race and outcomes in gastroschisis repair: a nationwide analysis

Abstract Background The incidence of gastroschisis has increased 30% between the periods 1995–2005 and 2006–2012, with the largest increase in Black neonates born to Black mothers younger than 20 years old. Objective Racial disparities in peri- and post-operative outcomes have been previously identified in several types of adult and pediatric surgical patients. Is there an association between race and clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilization in neonates with gastroschisis? Methods Retrospective study using national administrative data from the Kid's Inpatient Database (KID) from 2006, 2009, and 2012 for neonates (age Results We identified 3846 neonates with gastroschisis that underwent surgical repair, including 676 patients with complex gastroschisis. When controlling for birth weight, payer status, socioeconomic status, and hospital characteristics, Black neonates had increased odds of having complex gastroschisis and associated atresias. Mortality was higher in patients with complex gastroschisis, patients from the lowest income quartiles, and patients with Medicaid as primary payer (compared to those with private insurance). Length of stay (LOS) was increased in patients with complex gastroschisis, birth weight Conclusions There is an association between race and complex gastroschisis, associated intestinal atresias, and total charges in neonates with gastroschisis. In addition, income status is associated with mortality and hospital charges while payer status is associated with complications, mortality, LOS, and hospital charges. Public health and prenatal interventions should target at-risk populations to improve clinical outcomes. Prognosis Study Level of Evidence: II
Histopathology and Computerized Tomography of Human Traumatic Cerebral Swelling

Any discussion of cerebral edema must begin with a definition of terms. This relates to the question of whether a fundamental distinction can be drawn between cerebral swelling and cerebral edema, or whether these terms simply describe the gross and microscopic picture of what is essentially the same process (1–3). It has been proposed that a gross distinction can be made between swelling and edema. In the former the cut surface of the brain is dry and in the latter wet. Those holding the opposing view argue that this difference is quantitative, i.e. that the wet brain is more edematous than the dry brain. The resolution of this controversy depends upon the definition of the histopathologic basis of cerebral swelling. This has been a contribution of electron microscopy.
Response to Comments on “Microstrip T-Junction Power Divider With Exponentially Tapered Transmission Lines”

The authors recognize that the equation for the cutoff wavelength $\lambda _{c}$ in [1] is incorrect. It is unfortunate as it was directly used in the derivations in [2] . However, the authors would like to emphasize that by using the correct equation for $\lambda _{c}$ , the rest of the analysis in [2] is valid for the magnitude of the S-parameters, as was demonstrated in the comment by Sinha and Chatterjee [3] . In fact, this correction greatly improves the agreement between the theoretical, simulated, and measured responses. Using the corrected expression for $\lambda _{c}$ , updated results for Prototype 2 are shown in Fig. 1 .
Pseudoaneurysm in the Uterus

A 24-year-old woman came into the emergency room (ER) with complaints of significant vaginal bleeding. The patient recently had undergone a dilation and curettage (D&C), performed after early pregn...
Finding Pinkster: The Ethnoarchaeology of Dancing in the Street

In the early 1979, Morgan was the first scholar in 40 years to unearth primary source material pertaining to the Pinkster Festival that occurred in eighteenth century New York City and Albany. Her research uncovered a complex cultural dialogue between Dutch colonists and African-American slaves that occurred in both cities around the spring holiday of Pentecost. Utilizing anthropological theory of ritual, performance and topsy-turvy with archeological findings of eighteenth century land-use and outdoor market placement as well as a treasure trove of memoirs and literature of the times, and, Morgan makes a case for the way in which cities hold history in their streets in such a way that the Breakdancers of our modern times have found their place crossing boundaries and re-telling the past.
Increased reproducibility in RV mass measurement at end-systole

Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been shown to be accurate and reproducible for right ventricular (RV) function evaluation. RV mass, assessed in enddiastolic (ED) phase, is one of the least reproducible CMR derived variables. The end-systolic (ES) phase could offer an alternative way to improve reproducibility, since the selection of basal slice and visualization of the usually thin RV wall are easier in this phase. Our goal was to evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility and contouring time for both ED and ES segmentation of the RV. Methods
School Policy, Administrator Perceptions, and Student E-cigarette Use.

Objective In this study, we investigated the relationship between school e-cigarette policy and e-cigarette use among students. Secondarily, we examined whether this relationship varied by administrator perceptions about e-cigarette use being "an issue." Methods Data were utilized from written school policies, a school tobacco surveillance study of 2755 students (N = 310,412), and administrator interviews in 54 Texas schools. Results When administrators perceived e-cigarettes as an issue, the odds of ever e-cigarette use, susceptibility to use e-cigarettes, and perceived peer use of e-cigarettes were 0.20-0.54 times lower for students attending schools that had an e-cigarette policy compared to those without a policy (p Conclusion The impact of school policies on student e-cigarette use behavior is positive if policies are strongly implemented.
Combinatorial Phosphorylation-Dependent Synergy Between a G Protein γ Subunit and the Ste5 Scaffold Regulates Differential MAP-Kinase Activation in Yeast

Heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαβγ) play a critical role as transducers in G protein signaling systems responsible for activating a wide range of physiological processes including neurotransmitter and hormone signaling. In yeast, heterotrimeric G protein signaling results in the distinctly different activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) - Fus3 and Kss1 - a phenomenon that requires conformational switching of the scaffold protein Ste5. Here we show that rapid receptor-activated phosphorylation of the intrinsically disordered N-terminal tail of the yeast Gγ subunit (Ste18-Nt) has co-evolved to synergize with MAPK binding on Ste5 to control the kinetics and amplitude of Fus3 and Kss1 signaling. By modulating this synergistic component genetically, we show that the activation kinetics and amplitude of either kinase can be controlled - leading to preferential hyperactivation of Fus3 or Kss1. These results further resolve the mechanism by which scaffolds control pathway activation and provide compelling evidence that the intrinsically disordered N-terminal tails of Gγ subunits can serve as regulators of G protein signaling.
Preliminary investigation of a multimodal enhanced brain function index among high school and collegiate concussed male and female athletes.

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of sports-related concussion (SRC) on a multi-faceted assessment battery which included neuropsychological testi...
Identifying Key Determinants of SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 Tight Interaction

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of Covid-19, has fired up a global pandemic. The virus interacts with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for invasion via receptor binding domain (RBD) on its spike protein. To provide a deeper understanding of this interaction, we performed microsecond simulations of the RBD-ACE2 complex for SARS- CoV-2 and compared it with the closely related SARS-CoV discovered in 2003. We show residues in the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 that were mutated from SARS-CoV, collectively help make RBD anchor much stronger to the N-terminal part of ACE2 than the corresponding residues on RBD of SARS-CoV. This would result in reduced dissociation rate of SARS-CoV-2 from human recep- tor protein compared to SARS-CoV. This phenomenon was consistently observed in simulations beyond 500 ns and was reproducible across different force fields. Altogether, our study shed light on the key residues and their dynamics at the virus spike and human receptor binding interface and advance our knowledge for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics to combat the pandemic efficiently.
Primary tumor volume as a predictor of distant metastases and survival in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma.

Background Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is an aggressive cancer with high mortality. Identifying patients at risk of distant metastasis assists with management and prognostication. We aimed to define the relationship between volume, survival, and risk of distant metastases. Methods A retrospective review of all patients with SNMM treated at a single institution over a 21-year period was conducted. Tumor volume was calculated using cross-sectional imaging and survival analysis was performed. Results Sixty-one patients were included. Tumor volume was predictive of local progression-free survival (P = .03), distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) (P = .002), and overall survival (OS) (P = .02). It was a better predictor than AJCC stage and T-classification. Tumor volume equal to or greater than 5 cm3 was associated with a significantly worse DMFS and OS (P = .02 and .009, respectively). Conclusion Calculation of tumor volume assists in quantifying the risk of distant metastases and death in SNMM.
Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation by a textured fluorinated alkoxyphosphazene surface.

Abstract The utilization of biomaterials in implanted blood-contacting medical devices often induces a persistent problem of microbial infection, which results from bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surface of biomaterials. In this research, we developed new fluorinated alkoxyphosphazene materials, specifically poly[bis(octafluoropentoxy) phosphazene] (OFP) and crosslinkable OFP (X–OFP), with improved mechanical properties, and further modified the surface topography with ordered pillars to improve the antibacterial properties. Three X–OFP materials, X–OFP3.3, X–OFP8.1, X–OFP13.6, with different crosslinking densities were synthesized, and textured films with patterns of 500/500/600 nm (diameter/spacing/height) were fabricated via a two stage soft lithography molding process. Experiments with 3 bacterial strains: Staphylococcal epidermidis, Staphylococcal aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that bacterial adhesion coefficients were significantly lower on OFP and X–OFP smooth surfaces than on the polyurethane biomaterial, and surface texturing further reduced bacterial adhesion due to the reduction in accessible surface contact area. Furthermore the anti-bacterial adhesion effect shows a positive relationship with the crosslinking degree. Biofilm formation on the substrates was examined using a CDC biofilm reactor for 7 days and no biofilm formation was observed on textured X–OFP biomaterials. The results suggested that the combination of fluorocarbon chemistry and submicron topography modification in textured X–OFP materials may provide a practical approach to improve the biocompatibility of current biomaterials with significant reduction in risk of pathogenic infection.
Fear of Falling, Community Participation, and Quality of Life Among Community-Dwelling People Who Use Wheelchairs Full Time

Research Objectives To examine the differences in community participation and quality of life among individuals who use wheelchairs full time with and without fear of falling. Design Cross-sectional study design. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Individuals (NZ85) who use a manual or power wheelchair full time who are living with various health conditions and have a history of at least 1 fall in the past 12 months (age, 45.4 15.8y; disability duration, 21.5 13.6y) were included. Forty-six (54%) were manual wheelchair users. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures To quantify FOF, participants responded (yes/no) to the question: “Are you worried or concerned that you might fall?” Community participation and QOL were indexed by the Community Participation Indicator (CPI) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF), respectively. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to examine the differences in CPI and WHOQOL-BREF scores among wheelchair users who reported FOF and no FOF. Results A total of 54 participants (63.5%) reported that they were worried or concerned about falling. The MANOVA revealed significant differences in overall CPI (F2,82Z4.714; PZ.012; Wilks’ lZ0.897) and WHOQOL-BREF (F4,63Z3.32; PZ.016; Wilks’ lZ.826) scores. Participants who reported FOF demonstrated significantly lower CPI and WHOQOL-BREF scores compared with those who did not report FOF. Conclusions FOF and associated activity curtailment are prevalent and may be a factor influencing full time wheelchair users’ community participation and QOL. Prospective research is needed to better understand how FOF influences community participation and QOL among individuals who use wheelchairs full time. Findings would support the development of interventions, specifically for individuals who use wheelchairs full time, to reduce FOF and improve community participation and QOL. Author(s) Disclosures Dr Sosnoff disclosed financial relationships with Abbvie and Permobil, outside the submitted work. The other authors have nothing to disclose.
Myths and Realities of Natural Disasters Revisited

The elderly are at greater risk of harm in disasters than younger adults, making it crucial for planners to provide proper assistance. Mistaken assumptions are associated with the impact of disasters on public health. Disaster planners and managers should be familiar with the myths and realities of the situation. Responses that are not based on an impartial evaluation contribute to the chaos. It is better to wait until real needs have been assessed. Preventing diseases requires improving sanitary conditions and educating the public. Reporters rely on information from victims, survivors, rescue workers, relief activists, and government officials. Training is crucial to the mitigation of mortality and morbidity. Disasters are unique and affect areas with different levels of vulnerability and with distinct social, health, and economic conditions with some similarities. During the post-disaster period, the major issue is defined as re-building the physical environment by emphasizing housing in the recovery program.
59 Impact of A Mature Burn Telemedicine Program On Inpatient, Outpatient, and Aftercare Programs During COVID19

Introduction In 2014, a multidisciplinary burn telemedicine program was developed in order to increase access of burn specialists and improve care This proved to be beneficial in the face of the pandemic through utilization of existing programs and development of new processes Methods The basis of this burn telemedicine program utilizes a partnership approach Visit types include inpatient and outpatient consultation, with visits occurring in in-patient settings, emergency departments, out-patient clinics, and in patient's homes During the COVID 19 pandemic, a weekly meeting was held with telemedicine program and clinic leadership, program coordinators, and our burn surgeon to triage patients to telemedicine or inpatient visit types This often required the nursing staff to contact the patients to obtain more information about the injury and help them to securely upload photographs The telemedicine visits were primarily video visits occurring either in clinic settings or the patient's home The burn psychotherapist and occupational therapists also utilized telemedicine for patient care In addition, aftercare support groups, which originally were held twice each month onsite, transitioned to video and increased to three times Telemedicine is also being utilized for school re-entry programming and the annual burn camps The program is also tracking reimbursement for telemedicine activities Results The pandemic resulted in a significant increase of telemedicine visits as compared to in person clinic visits often occurring directly into the patient's homes A greater number of burn patients were seen overall than previous to this process Attached graphs show the comparison of in person visits compared to telemedicine visits during this time frame Additional data will be presented showing the breakdown of visit location, provider (psychotherapist versus surgeon for example), and usage with aftercare programming Conclusions This telemedicine program with established processes and partnerships, allowed transitioning alternative care due to the pandemic to be less stressful event Benefits to patient care included the ability of the multidisciplinary burn team to see more patients safely via video especially in their own homes and allowed continuation and expansion of aftercare support Challenges experienced included needing additional staff to ensure patients were triaged appropriately, scheduling of visits, and technology training for patients and families, and to ensure that patients were receiving medications and dressings as needed The increased volume of patients seen could be attributed to more frequent visits and an increased volume of burn injuries
Operation and grid interaction modeling of a house with a building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) system coupled to an air-source heat pump

In this study, the energy flexibility potential of a residential building with an air-based building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) system coupled to an air-source heat pump was investiga...
Speculative dynamics

We develop a method for solving for equilibrium outcomes in stationary strategic settings in which speculators are informationally large and understand how their actions affect the information content of prices. This allows us to characterize speculation by institutional investors who receive private long-lived information on a recurring basis, and trade strategically. When the underlying asset value process has a stationary autoregressive structure, we develop a contraction mapping argument to solve for the stationary linear equilibrium. We derive analytically and numerically how the characteristics of private information—its quantity, persistence and correlation, and division among speculators—affect trading profits, pricing and trading strategies. Our central finding is that what matters for equilibrium outcomes are the most recent signals that speculators receive. Speculators trade so much more aggressively on new information than old that the bulk of their profits come from their two or three most recent private signals. Trading on past prices drops off faster yet; effectively only the most recent price matters.
Chapter 10 On the Combinatorial Semantics of Noun Pairs: Minor and Major Adjustments to Meaning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of conceptual combination. The chapter outlines some empirical results of studies on conceptual combination and general challenges that any theory of conceptual combination addresses. Three psychological models of conceptual combination, specific psychological findings and general challenges are outlined in the chapter. The models are the attribute inheritance model, the selective modification model, and the concept specialization model. Both the selective modification and concept specialization models propose a type of slot filling as the primary mechanism for combining concepts. The chapter discusses a preliminary study that examines the kinds of descriptions that people give for noun–noun concepts. People defined novel combinations of count and mass nouns that are either artifacts or natural kinds.
Membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract A crude small particle pellet, obtained from postmitochondrial supernatant fractions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains about half the ergosterol and phospholipid of crude cell homogenates. Most of the phospholipid of this pellet is in a “heavy” fraction which, with the aid of electron microscopy, shows membranous elements in addition to discrete particles. The “heavy” fraction, upon treatment with deoxycholate, can be freed of membranes, or, with ribonuclease treatment, ribosomes can be removed, leaving relatively clean membranes. The “heavy” fraction resembles the microsomes of animal cells, but contains considerably less lipids, including phospholipids, thus suggesting a less well-developed intracellular membrane system.
Unified computational model for Fourier and non-Fourier motion

A computational model is presented, the results of which agree closely with those from experiments in human motion perception. Both Fourier and non-Fourier motion components are included. This model consists of two parallel pathways: a first-order pathway and a second-order pathway that uses full-wave rectification. The model predicts behavioral performance accurately and offers evidence for the feasibility of a dual pathway in biological motion processing.
Distributed denial of service defense attack tradeoff analysis (DDOS-DATA)

Under sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Fault Tolerant Networks (FTN) program, the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has been conducting the distributed denial of service defense attack tradeoff analysis (DDOS-DATA). DDOS-DATA uses analysis to understand DDOS attacks, mitigation technologies, and their interaction. Through this effort, we have developed a better understanding of attacker-to-mitigation and mitigation-to-mitigation technology dynamics, giving rise to design principles and guidance.
Numerical investigation of microfluidic sorting of microtissues

We characterize through simulation a microfluidic-based particle sorting approach instrumental in flow cytometry for quantifying microtissue features. The microtissues are represented herein as rigid spheres. The numerical solution employed draws on a Lagrangian-Lagrangian (LL), Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) approach for the simulation of the coupled fluid-rigid-body dynamics. The study sets out to first quantify the influence of the discretization resolution, numerical integration step size, and SPH marker spacing on the accuracy of the numerical solution. By considering the particle motion through the microfluidic device, we report particle surface stresses in the range of ź = 0.1 , 1.0 Pa ; i.e.,źsignificantly lower than the critical value of 100 Pa that would affect cell viability. Lift-off of non-neutrally buoyant particles in a rectangular channel flow at the target flow regime is investigated to gauge whether the particle shear stress is magnified as a result of dragging on the wall. Several channel designs are considered to assess the effect of channel shape on the performance of the particle sorting device. Moreover, it is shown that a deviation in flow rate does not influence the focusing of the particles at the channel outlet.
Determination of Trace Metals in Drinking Water Using Solid-Phase Extraction Disks and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry:

A convenient method is described for monitoring Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb at trace levels in drinking water samples. These metals are preconcentrated on a chelating solid-phase extraction disk and then determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The method tolerates a wide pH range (pH 6-14) and a large amount of alkaline and alkaline earth elements. The preconcentration factor is well over 1600, assuming a 1 L water sample volume. The limits of detection for Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb are 3.8, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. These are well below the federal maximum contaminant level values, which are 5, 100, 1300, and 15 ng/mL, respectively. The proposed method has many advantages including ease of operation, multielement capability, nondestructiveness, high sensitivity, and relative cost efficiency. The solid-phase extraction step can be conducted in the field and then the disks can be mailed to a laboratory for the analysis, eliminating the cost of transporting large volumes of water samples. Furthermore, the color of the used extraction disk provides an initial estimate of the degree of contamination for some transition metals (for example, Ni and Cu). Thus, the overall cost for analysis of metals in drinking water can be minimized by implementing the method, and small water supply companies with limited budgets will be better able to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
The Balancing Act: The Role of Transnational Habitus and Social Networks in Balancing Transnational Entrepreneurial Activities

Transnational entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important global phenomenon with enormous impact on economic, social, and political structures worldwide. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of ...
Anisotropic Hardening of Initially Orthotropic Materials

A hardening model for an orthotropic material is proposed. The corresponding anisotropic parameters are the components of a fourth order tensor function of the plastic strain, entering a quadratic equation for the yield surface. Assuming polynomial dependence on the plastic strain, the most general form of a polynomial fourth order orthotropic tensor function of a second order symmetric tensor is constructed. This is obtained by imposing on the anisotropic parameters form-invariance conditions under the orthogonal group of coordinate transformations associated with orthotropic symmetries. This yields the appropriate form of polynomial dependence of these parameters on the corresponding integrity basis. An interesting conclusion is that in addition to the initial orthotropic parameters, new anisotropic parameters appear with plastic strain. Kinematic hardening is also considered. The form-invariance of the rate constitutive equations is discussed. Es wird ein Verfestigungsmodell fur ein orthotropes Material vorgeschlagen. Die entsprechenden anisotropen Parameter sind die Komponenten einer Tensorfunktion vierter Ordnung der plastischen Dehnungen, die in eine quadratische Gleichung fur die Fliesflache eingehen. Indem eine Polynomabhangigkeit von den plastischen Dehnungen angenommen wird, gelingt es, die allgemeinste Form einer orthotropen Tensorfunktion eines symmetrischen Tensors zweiter Stufe zu konstruieren. Dies wird erreicht durch Auferlegung von Invarianzbedingungen fur die orthogonale Gruppe von Koordinatentransformationen, die mit orthotropen Symmetrien verbunden sind. Ein interessantes Ergebnis besteht darin, das zusatzlich zu den orthotropen Anfangsparametern neue anisotrope Parameter mit plastischen Dehnungen erscheinen. Kinematische Verfestigung wird auch betrachtet. Die Invarianz der Konstitutivgleichungen wird diskutiert.
A 12.5 GHz-spaced optical frequency comb spanning >400 nm for astronomical spectrograph calibration

A 12.5 GHz-spaced optical frequency comb spanning 1380 nm to 1820 nm is generated via filtering and nonlinearly broadening a 250 MHz-spaced comb. Sidemode suppression from 1380 nm to 1630 nm has been measured.
Coupled physical and digital cadaver dissection followed by a visual test protocol provides insights into the nature of anatomical knowledge and its evaluation

This research effort compared and contrasted two conceptually different methods for the exploration of human anatomy in the first-year dissection laboratory by accomplished students: "physical" dissection using an embalmed cadaver and "digital" dissection using three-dimensional volume modeling of whole-body CT and MRI image sets acquired using the same cadaver. The goal was to understand the relative contributions each method makes toward student acquisition of intuitive sense of practical anatomical knowledge gained during "hands-on" structural exploration tasks. The main instruments for measuring anatomical knowledge under this conceptual model were questions generated using a classification system designed to assess both visual presentation manner and the corresponding response information required. Students were randomly divided into groups based on exploration method (physical or digital dissection) and then anatomical region. The physical dissectors proceeded with their direct methods, whereas the digital dissectors generated and manipulated indirect 3D digital models. After 6 weeks, corresponding student anatomical assignment teams compared their results using photography and animated digital visualizations. Finally, to see whether each method provided unique advantages, a visual test protocol of new visualizations based on the classification schema was administered. Results indicated that all students, regardless of gender, dissection method, and anatomical region dissected performed significantly better on questions presented as rotating models requiring spatial ordering or viewpoint determination responses in contrast to requests for specific lexical feature identifications. Additional results provided evidence of trends showing significant differences in gender and dissection method scores. These trends will be explored with further trials with larger populations.
Effect of Eu magnetism on the electronic properties of the candidate Dirac material EuMnBi 2

The crystal structure and physical properties of the layered material ${\mathrm{EuMnBi}}_{2}$ have been characterized by measurements on single crystals. ${\mathrm{EuMnBi}}_{2}$ is isostructural with the Dirac material ${\mathrm{SrMnBi}}_{2}$ based on single-crystal x-ray diffraction, crystallizing in the $I4/mmm$ space group (No. 139). Magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of moments on divalent Eu ions near ${T}_{N}=22$ K. For low fields, the ordered Eu moments are aligned along the c axis, and a spin flop is observed near 5.4 T at 5 K. The moment is not saturated in an applied field of 13 T at 5 K, which is uncommon for compounds containing ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$. The magnetic behavior suggests an anisotropy enhancement via interaction between Eu and the Mn moments that appear to be ordered antiferromagnetically below $\ensuremath{\approx}$310 K. A large increase in the magnetoresistance is observed across the spin flop, with absolute magnetoresistance reaching $\ensuremath{\approx}$650% at 5 K and 12 T. Hall effect measurements reveal a decrease in the carrier density below ${T}_{N}$, which implies a manipulation of the Fermi surface by magnetism on the sites surrounding the Bi square nets that lead to Dirac cones in this family of materials.
A study of some factors affecting solvent losses in the solvent extraction — spherical agglomeration of oil sands

Abstract Environmental and operating problems encountered in the use of Hot Water separation of bitumen from oil-sands has led to the investigation of a number of other extraction schemes. Solvent extraction is one such alternative technique which has received considerable attention. Although bitumen is readily extractable by this method the overall process efficiency can be quite low because of substantial entrapment of solvent by the sand. A superior solids-solvent separation can be achieved by agglomerating the sand fraction using water as the bridging medium. In this process the residual bitumen solution is progressively displaced, by water, during the formation of spherical sand agglomerates. A number of process and feed variables have been quantitatively investigated and their effect on separation efficiency determined.
Differential regional zif268 messenger RNA expression in an escalating dose/binge model of amphetamine-induced psychosis.

Abstract Amphetamine-induced psychosis is most often associated with a high-dose multiple binge pattern of stimulant abuse. To simulate these conditions in rats, we used an escalating dose/binge administration paradigm. Animals were pretreated with escalating doses of amphetamine (1.0–8.0 mg/kg) over four days, then exposed to nine daily binges (8.0 mg/kg every 2 h; four injections/day). Other animals received either multiple injections of saline, saline followed by acute amphetamine (8.0 mg/kg) or single daily injections of amphetamine (8.0 mg/kg) in parallel with the escalating dose/binge treatment. One hour after the last injection, all animals were decapitated and regional brain activation patterns were assessed using in situ hybridization with antisense probes for zif268 . Acute amphetamine resulted in a significant elevation of zif268 messenger RNA in both the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. However, whereas after single daily amphetamine treatment this index was no longer elevated above control levels in the dorsal striatum, multiple binge exposures were required for the nucleus accumbens to return to baseline. Agranular insular cortex and medial olfactory tubercle zif268 messenger RNA expression was also markedly increased after acute amphetamine treatment but, unlike the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum, this increase was not significantly attenuated by either single daily injection or multiple binge treatment. Zif268 messenger RNA expression in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala also remained elevated above baseline after binge treatment. The possible relationships of these changes in zif268 messenger RNA regional expression patterns to the development of psychosis in high-dose stimulant abusers are discussed.
Bosonization of Fermi liquids.

We bosonize a Fermi liquid in any number of dimensions in the limit of long wavelengths. From the bosons we construct a set of coherent states which are related to the displacement of the Fermi surface due to particle-hole excitations. We show that an interacting Hamiltonian in terms of the original fermions is quadratic in the bosons. We obtain a path-integral representation for the generating function, which, in real time, in the semiclassical limit, gives the Landau equation for sound waves and in the imaginary time gives us the correct form of the specific heat for a Fermi liquid even with the corrections due to the interactions between the fermions. We also discuss the similarities between our results and the physics of quantum crystals.
Probing helix formation in chains of vertex-linked octahedra

The rational design of crystal structures based on the chemical nature of molecular components, a longstanding and exciting research topic in organic solid state chemistry, is an emerging theme of crystal engineering in inorganic solid state chemistry. In particular, noncentrosymmetric structures, or those lacking inversion symmetry, are important for future technologies that are based on piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity and second harmonic generation (SHG). Materials that exhibit these properties provide a large and new class of solids for studies in basic science associated with the noncentrosymmetric (chiral, polar, or chiral–polar) space groups. Structures comprised of vertex-linked octahedra are common in inorganic solids. The subject of our Highlight is the rational synthesis of linear, zigzag or helical chains when two vertices of an octahedron, which are either adjacent (cis) or opposite (trans), are linked.
When Managers Become Philosophers: Integrating Learning With Sensemaking

My purpose here is to join the scholarly conversation (Huff, 1999) concerning the development of managers (Detrick, 2002; Donaldson, 2002; Pfeffer & Fong, 2002) and to introduce the reader to two s...
Is the Match Illegal

A class-action lawsuit claiming that “the Match” (the National Resident Matching Program) violates antitrust laws was filed against the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and seve...
Mapping the effects of positioning errors on the volumetric accuracy of five-axis CNC machine tools

Abstract Fixe-axis capabilities on machine tools are becoming increasingly common. However, the problem of modeling the propagation of errors of individual axes through the kinematic chain, and their effect on the position and orientation errors of the cutting tool in the machine's work space has not been addressed. To increase the accuracy capabilities of such machines it is crucial to be able to study this propagation and develop approaches to minimize their effects on the errors at the tool tip. This paper discusses an approach to model the effects of the positioning errors of a machine's axes on the accuracy (positioning and orientation) of the cutting tool in its work space. Computer programs are developed for implementing the models and generating error contours or maps showing the variation of the different components of a machine's volumetric errors in its work space. This is a useful tool that can be used in machine tool design for the budgeting of errors and for optimization of a machine's accuracy.
Oxygen sensitivity of photosynthesis and photorespiration in different photosynthetic types in the genus Flaveria.

Two major indicators were used to access the degree of photorespiration in various photosynthetic types of Flaveria species (C3, C3-C4, C4-like, and C4): the O2 inhibition of photosynthesis measured above the O2 partial pressure which gives a maximum rate, and O2- and light-dependent whole-chain electron flow measured at the CO2 compensation point (Γ). The optimum level of O2 for maximum photosynthetic rates under atmospheric levels of CO2 (34 Pa) was lower in C3 and C3-C4 species (ca. 2 kPa) than in C4-like and C4 species (ca. 9 kPa). Increasing O2 partial pressures from the optimum for photosynthesis up to normal atmospheric levels (ca. 20 kPa) caused an inhibition of photosynthesis which was more severe under lower CO2. This inhibition was calculated as the O2 inhibition index (ΘA, the percentage inhibition of photosynthesis per kPa increase in O2). From measurements of 18 Flaveria species at atmospheric CO2, the ΘA values decreased from C3 (1.9–2.1) to C3-C4 (1.2–1.6), C4-like (0.6–0.8) and C4 species (0.3–0.4), indicating a progressive decrease in apparent photorespiration in this series. With increasing irradiance at Γ under atmospheric levels of O2, and increasing O2 partial pressure at 300 μmol quanta·m−2·s−1, there was a similar increase in the rate of O2 evolution associated with whole-chain electron flow (Jo 2, calculated from chlorophyll fluorescence analysis) in the C3 and C3-C4 species compared to a much lower rate in the C4-like and C4 species. The results indicate that there is substantial O2-dependent electron flow in C3 and C3-C4 species, reflecting a high level of photorespiration compared to that in C4-like and C4 species. Consistent with these results, there was a significant decrease in Γ from C3 (6–6.2 Pa) to C3-C4 (1.0–3.0 Pa), to C4-like and C4 species (0.3–0.8 Pa), indicating a progressive decrease in apparent photorespiration. However, C3 and C3-C4 species examined had high intrinsic levels of photorespiration with the latter maintaining low apparent rates of photorespiration and lower Γ values, primarily by refixing photorespired CO2. The C4-like and C4 Flaveria species had low, but measurable, levels of photorespiration via selective localization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in bundle sheath cells and operation of a CO2 pump via the C4 pathway.
ABA and Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Issues and Considerations for Effective Practice

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is recognized as an essential and scientifically valid method of educating and managing children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. At the same time, ABA is at the center of a number of strident debates regarding methodological preferences for educating students with autism-related disabilities. This article discusses issues related to the ABA debate: implementation forms, outcome expectations, exclusive versus selective use of applied behavior analysis, time-related considerations, and personnel requirements for effective ABA implementation, evaluation, and communication.
Evidence for Two Photoreactions and Possible Involvement of Phytochrome in Light-dependent Stomatal Opening

Leaves of the xantha mutant of Helianthus annuus have a higher rate of transpiration and a lower diffusive resistance in the light than in the dark. Stomates of this nonphotosynthetic mutant open in the light and close in the dark.Comparative studies of tobacco, xantha mutant, and wild-type sunflower stomatal opening over a range of light intensities in isolated portions of the spectrum reveal two patterns of response: (a) a low intensity opening in the green and far red characterized by partial opening, absence of a threshold, and saturation of the response at low light intensities; (b) a high intensity response in the blue characterized by a threshold (intensities greater than 100 microwatts per square centimeter needed for opening) and a linear opening response at higher incident light intensities. In xantha mutant stomates only the low intensity system appears to be operational, while both low and high intensity systems are present in the wild-type sunflower and tobacco.Red light has an inhibiting effect on stomatal opening in both mutant and wild-type sunflowers. They require prior exposure to far red for opening to occur in red light. This redfar red antagonism suggests the involvement of phytochrome.
Determinants of maximal right ventricular function: role of septal shift.

Abstract Background: Right heart failure can occur after orthotopic heart transplantation and can complicate implantation of left ventricular assist devices. The functional codeterminants of right ventricular function are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of left ventricular preload and afterload, systemic pressure, and the contribution of the interventricular septum to right ventricular function. Methods and Results: In vivo studies were conducted in 12 dogs by using a highly defined, isovolumic right heart preparation. At any given arterial pressure, maximal right ventricular developed pressure was not influenced by left heart output; however, right ventricular volumes at which peak right ventricular developed pressure occurred differed significantly between the volume-loaded versus the unloaded left ventricle ( P P Conclusions: Right ventricular function has multiple determinants, including the right ventricular free wall, the left ventricle, and the interventricular septum. Changes in right ventricular performance caused by alterations in left ventricular volume load and mean arterial pressure are mediated partially through the interventricular septum, as well as through perfusion of the right ventricular free wall; inactivation of the interventricular septum leads to a significant decrease in right ventricular function. Maintaining left ventricular developed pressure and hence the contribution of the interventricular septum to right ventricular function may be important in the management of right ventricular failure.