cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High specific energy and specific power aluminum/air battery for micro air vehicles

Micro air vehicles developed under the Army’s Micro Autonomous Systems and Technology program generally need a specific energy of 300 – 550 watt-hrs/kg and 300 -550 watts/kg to operate for about 1 hour. At present, no commercial cell can fulfill this need. The best available commercial technology is the Lithium-ion battery or its derivative, the Li- Polymer cell. This chemistry generally provides around 15 minutes flying time. One alternative to the State-of-the Art is the Al/air cell, a primary battery that is actually half fuel cell. It has a high energy battery like aluminum anode, and fuel cell like air electrode that can extract oxygen out of the ambient air rather than carrying it. Both of these features tend to contribute to a high specific energy (watt-hrs/kg). High specific power (watts/kg) is supported by high concentration KOH electrolyte, a high quality commercial air electrode, and forced air convection from the vehicles rotors. The performance of this cell with these attributes is projected to be 500 watt-hrs/kg and 500 watts/kg based on simple model. It is expected to support a flying time of approximately 1 hour in any vehicle in which the usual limit is 15 minutes.
Stability analysis of VEISV propagation modeling for network worm attack

In this paper, we propose VEISV (vulnerable – exposed – infectious – secured – vulnerable) network worm attack model, which is appropriate for measuring the effects of security countermeasures on worm propagation. Contrary to existing models, our model takes into consideration accurate positions for dysfunctional hosts and their replacements in state transition. Using the reproduction rate, we derive global stability of a worm-free state and local stability of a unique worm-epidemic state. Furthermore, simulation results show the positive impact of increasing security countermeasures in the vulnerable state on worm-exposed and infectious propagation waves. Finally, equilibrium points are confirmed by phase plots.
Expansion and growth of structure observables in a macroscopic gravity averaged universe

We investigate the effect of averaging inhomogeneities on expansion and large-scale structure growth observables using the exact and covariant framework of macroscopic gravity (MG). It is well known that applying the Einstein's equations and spatial averaging do not commute and lead to the averaging problem and backreaction terms. For the MG formalism applied to the Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, the extra term can be encapsulated as an averaging density parameter denoted ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathcal{A}}$. An exact isotropic cosmological solution of MG for the flat FLRW metric is already known in the literature; we derive here an anisotropic exact solution. Using the isotropic solution, we compare the expansion history to current available data of distances to supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, cosmic microwave background last scattering surface data, and Hubble constant measurements, and find $\ensuremath{-}0.05\ensuremath{\le}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathcal{A}}\ensuremath{\le}0.07$ (at the 95% confidence level). For the flat metric case this reduces to $\ensuremath{-}0.03\ensuremath{\le}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathcal{A}}\ensuremath{\le}0.05$. The positive part of the intervals can be rejected if a mathematical (and physical) prior is taken into account. We also find that the inclusion of this term in the fits can shift the values of the usual cosmological parameters by a few to several percents. Next, we derive an equation for the growth rate of large-scale structure in MG that includes a term due to the averaging and assess its effect on the evolution of the growth compared to that of the Lambda cold dark matter ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$) concordance model. We find that an ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathcal{A}}$ term of an amplitude range of [$\ensuremath{-}0.04,\ensuremath{-}0.02$] lead to a relative deviation of the growth from that of the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ of up to 2%--4% at late times. Thus, the shift in the growth could be of comparable amplitude to that caused by similar changes in cosmological parameters like the dark energy density parameter or its equation of state. The effect could also be comparable in amplitude to some systematic effects considered for future surveys. This indicates that the averaging term and its possible effect need to be tightly constrained in future precision cosmological studies.
Hydrolysis of tetriso by an enzyme derived from Pseudomonas diminuta as a model for the detoxication of O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX)

Abstract An enzyme termed organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), derived from Pseudomonas diminuta, had been found previously to hydrolyze the powerful acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX). This enzyme has now been shown to be correlated with the loss of AChE inhibitory potency (detoxication). OPH also hydrolyzed and detoxified the VX analogue, O,O-diisopropyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) phosphorothiolate (Tetriso), also a potent AChE inhibitor, about five times faster than VX. The Km for the hydrolysis of the Pz.sbnd;S bond of Tetriso was 6.7 × 10−3M. OPH also hydrolyzed diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) 50–60 times faster than Tetriso, and 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Soman) about seven times faster than Tetriso. DFP was a non-competitive inhibitor of Tetriso hydrolysis, Ki = 8.7 × 10−4M. The DFP hydrolysis product, diisopropyl phosphate, was a competitive inhibitor, Ki = 2.3 × 10−4M. The rate of detoxication of Tetriso compared with the rate of hydrolysis suggests that OPH may not be totally specific for P-S bond cleavage. OPH was inhibited completely by 1.5 × 10−4M 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate or 1,10-phenanthroline, both transition element chelators, but inhibited only partially by EDTA, a much more potent chelator.
Femininity, Race and Treachery: How ‘Tokyo Rose’ Became a Traitor to the United States after the Second World War

Based on archival and printed sources, this article revisits the ordeal of Iva Toguri d’Aquino (1916–2006), the Japanese American woman who became trapped in the myth of ‘Tokyo Rose’ and was tried for treason in 1949. It retells the tale by weaving together the various narratives of her story and pays particular attention to the ways in which the media constructed her story. The larger purpose is to explore why the federal government and the mainstream media deliberately ignored the other available narratives that explained Toguri's actions as a broadcaster for Radio Tokyo during the war. An analysis of the alternative narratives in conjunction with the stories of other female announcers who were not prosecuted (‘Manila Rose’) or who did not gain the infamy of ‘Tokyo Rose’ (‘Axis Sally’) will help us better understand how treason is gendered and orientalised.
A proposed z-plane criterion to expedite transient-performance analyses

A simple and insightful performance criterion is described with reference to the position of a pair of complex-conjugate poles in the z-plane. Introduced as the half-cycle decay factor, this criterion is a relative stability measure that is determined directly in the z-plane without reference to a corresponding damping ratio in the s-plane. Use of the proposed criterion expedites various analysis and design procedures, and this property is illustrated. The utilization is presented with several control system applications. One example presents a time-scaling procedure as required to implement an observer-the complex-pole pairs are moved in a manner that maintains the half-cycle decay factor for each complex pair at a fixed value. Other examples are considered in which the system model is characterized by a single pair (or single dominant pair) of complex-conjugate poles. In this situation specific conditions are described for which the half-cycle decay factor can be employed in expressions to evaluate percent overshoot and settling time in response to a step input. Finally, it is shown that the concept can be applied in either the z-plane or the s-plane using either discrete-time models or continuous models, respectively.
Chicken insulin discriminates between receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on centrally- and peripherally-derived glial cells

AbstractInsulin and IGF-I receptors in G26–20 cells, derived from a mouse oligodendroglioma, and in RN-2 cells, derived from a rat Schwannoma, were characterized by specific binding to [125I]insulin and [125I]IGF-I respectively. In both cell lines, the Kd for insulin was 1.5 nM. Insulin receptor number was 33,000/cell for RN-2 cells and 17,000 receptors/ cell for G26–20 cells. RN-2 cells have 700,000 IGF-I receptors/cell with a Kd of 2 nM while G26–20 cells have 60,000 receptors/cell with an affinity of 4.9 nM. However, the independence of these two receptor populations in each cell type was equivocal since the subunit structure of these receptors appears identical by electrophoresis. In both cell lines, competition with insulin analogs for [125I]insulin binding demonstrated chicken insulin>insulin>IGF-I. Competition for [125I]IGF-I binding showed that IGF-I was approximately 85-fold more potent than insulin. Chicken insulin was ineffective at all concentrations. Thus, chicken insulin can be used as a spe...
Spectral grouping using the Nystrom method

Spectral graph theoretic methods have recently shown great promise for the problem of image segmentation. However, due to the computational demands of these approaches, applications to large problems such as spatiotemporal data and high resolution imagery have been slow to appear. The contribution of this paper is a method that substantially reduces the computational requirements of grouping algorithms based on spectral partitioning making it feasible to apply them to very large grouping problems. Our approach is based on a technique for the numerical solution of eigenfunction problems known as the Nystrom method. This method allows one to extrapolate the complete grouping solution using only a small number of samples. In doing so, we leverage the fact that there are far fewer coherent groups in a scene than pixels.
Religion and state economic growth in the USA

This paper expands upon the recent literature on economic growth and religion. It investigates the influence that religious adherents have on cross-state differences in production growth in the USA. Following the capital stock apportionment procedures from Munnell (1990) and Garofalo and Yamarik (2002), and merging religious adherent data from both the Glenmary Research Center and the American Jewish Year Book, a unique three-period panel data set is constructed for the 48 contiguous states. The results indicate that the concentration of Jewish adherents has a positive and significant effect on interstate differences in economic growth. The concentration of Liberal Protestants tends to negatively influence economic growth. These findings support the arguments, first published by Max Weber over 100 years ago, that religion can have significant influences on regional economic outcomes.
Accountability in World Politics1

World politics has never been a democratic realm. Now, with interdependence and globalization prompting demands for global governance, the lack of global democracy has become an important public issue. Yet the domestic analogy is unhelpful since the conditions for electoral democracy, much less participatory democracy, do not exist on a global level. Rather than abandoning democratic principles, we should rethink our ambitions. First, we should emphasize, in our normative as well as our positive work, the role played by information in facilitating international cooperation and democratic discourse. Second, we should define feasible objectives such as limiting potential abuses of power, rather than aspiring to participatory democracy and then despairing of its impossibility. Third, we should focus as much on the powerful entities that are the core of the problem, including multinational firms and states, as on multilateral organizations, which often are the focus of criticism. Finally, we need to think about how to design a pluralistic accountability system for world politics that relies on a variety of types of accountability: supervisory, fiscal, legal, market, peer and reputational. A challenge for contemporary political science is to design such a system, which could promote both democratic values and effective international cooperation. Much of the work for which you honour me with the Skytte Prize derives from my critique of a conventional view of the study of international relations that was more common 35 years ago than now. In this perspective, world politics is essentially a matter of interstate competition, which breaks out occasionally in warfare. The role of students of world politics, in this view, is to understand the causes of war and the conditions of peace. Without denying the importance of this subject, I have sought to redefine the study of world politics by broadening its scope. I have sought to analyse transnational relations and interdependence, and to explore the conditions under which institutionalized or legalized cooperation takes place among states. I have also investigated the implications of such cooperation for outcomes that we care about, ranging from the maintenance of alliances, to security against terrorism to environmental protection. The most comprehensive statement of my perspective on world politics is in my 1984 book, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World
A critical pathway for the management of elderly inpatients with malnutrition: effects on serum insulin-like growth factor-I.

A critical pathway for the management of elderly inpatients with malnutrition: effects on serum insulin-like growth factor-I
Hox transcription factors influence motoneuron identity through the integrated actions of both homeodomain and non‐homeodomain regions

Background: Hox transcription factors play a critical role in the specification of motoneuron subtypes within the spinal cord. Our previous work showed that two orthologous members of this family, Hoxd10 and Hoxd11, exert opposing effects on motoneuron development in the lumbosacral (LS) spinal cord of the embryonic chick: Hoxd10 promotes the development of lateral motoneuron subtypes that project to dorsal limb muscles, while Hoxd11 represses the development of lateral subtypes in favor of medial subtypes that innervate ventral limb muscles and axial muscles. The striking degree of homology between the DNA-binding homeodomains of Hoxd10 and Hoxd11 suggested that non-homeodomain regions mediate their divergent effects. In the present study, we investigate the relative contributions of homeodomain and non-homeodomain regions of Hoxd10 and Hoxd11 to motoneuron specification. Results: Using in ovo electroporation to express chimeric and mutant constructs in LS motoneurons, we find that both the homeodomain and non-homeodomain regions of Hoxd10 are necessary to specify lateral motoneurons. In contrast, non-homeodomain regions of Hoxd11 are sufficient to repress lateral motoneuron fates in favor of medial fates. Conclusions: Together, our data demonstrate that even closely related Hox orthologues rely on distinct combinations of homeodomain-dependent and -independent mechanisms to specify motoneuron identity. Developmental Dynamics 241:718–731, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Milbemycin A4 oxime as a probe of azole transport in Candida glabrata

Azole resistance in Candida glabrata, a pathogenic yeast, has prompted studies of compounds that have therapeutic potential by reversing azole resistance. Milbemycin A4 oxime blocked azole efflux and enhanced azole susceptibility fourfold in 28 clinical isolates of C. glabrata. Specificity of the milbemycin A4 oxime effect depended on the drug transporter and the substrate being effluxed. The major effect of milbemycin A4 oxime was inhibition of azole and rhodamine 6G efflux by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters CgCDR1 and PDH1. Milbemycin A4 oxime effect did not extend to oligomycin, transported by the ABC transporter YOR1 or to benomyl, transported by the major facilitator superfamily transporter, CgFLR1. Milbemycin A4 oxime did not suppress transcription of CgCDR1 but increased CgCDR1 expression 126-fold. Selectivity of the effect is compatible with the concept that milbemycin A4 oxime may interact directly with one or more drug-binding sites of the major azole transporters.
How much expression divergence after yeast gene duplication could be explained by regulatory motif evolution

We used the yeast genome sequences of gene families, microarray profiles and regulatory motif data to test the current wisdom that there is a strong correlation between regulatory motif structure and gene expression profile. Our results suggest that duplicate genes tend to be co-expressed but the correlation between motif content and expression similarity is generally poor, only ∼2–3% of expression variation can be explained by the motif divergence. Our observations suggest that, in addition to the cis -regulatory motif structure in the upstream region of the gene, multiple trans -acting factors in the gene network can influence the pattern of gene expression significantly.
PLANKTON ENERGETICS OF RARITAN BAY

Plankton production in Raritan Bay is described based on total chlorophyll data and two series of 24-hr dark and light bottle differential oxygen experiments. Maximum chlorophyll (r) recorded was 663 ,ug L-l in a bloom of Massutiia rotundata. Utility of pigment data in estimating productivity or biomass is regarded as dubious: i) 17.3 x lo6 chains of Skeletonema costatum once corresponded to only trace quantities of chlorophyll; ii) production occurred several times in absence of detectable chlorophyll. In the first (1957) series of experiments, gross production (K) at 1 ft ranged from 4.8 to 531.6 pg O2 L-l hr-I. Ratios of ry-l (when y > 0) varied from -0.4 to 14.1 pg O2 L-l hr-l pg-l. Respiration (p) at 1 ft ranged from -49.1 to 230.8 pug O2 L-l hr-l, and net production (?r - p) from -24.7 to 483.0. In the second (1959) series at a station 15 ft deep, chlorophyll in the whole water column varied from 14.68 to 173.14 ,ug cmm2 (mean 50.75). The range of T was 1.6513.90, of p 1.42-24.51, and of (7r - p) -14.63 to 4.53 cal cmm2 day-l. Compensation depths ranged from 0 to 6.3 ft (mean 3.0); compensation points varied from 37.1 to 315.7 cal cm -2 day-l (mean 169.3). A model is developed which demonstrates that compensation is the critical variable in water mass metabolism, and that determination of this variable is the main reason for experimentation. Gross production per unit light intensity (I) at a given depth z , ( &l) =, ranged 0.3-828.6 pg 02 L-l call cmw2. Chlorophyll activity, (&I ~-l)~, varied from 0.03 to 6.62 ,ug 0, L-l call cme2 ,ug-l. Total production in the water column relative to incident radiation, ‘ITO+# IO-l, ranged from 0.17 to 1.78% (mean 0.88% ) . Production efficiency relative to amount of light in the water column, ( r&l),+ z , was 0.96-28.71 cal kcal-l (mean 9.07 or 0.907%). Thermodynamic cost of energy procurement varied from 0.54 to 2.58 cal Cal-l (mean 1.48), indicating a net energy loss during the study. It is concluded that even if this indicated dystrophy is widespread in the upper estuary, sufficient energy is probably introduced from Lower Bay in the form of standing
Design and experimental implementation of a compliant hybrid zero dynamics controller with active force control for running on MABEL

This paper presents a control design based on the method of virtual constraints and hybrid zero dynamics to achieve stable running on MABEL, a planar biped with compliance. In particular, a time-invariant feedback controller is designed such that the closed-loop system not only respects the natural compliance of the open-loop system, but also enables active force control within the compliant hybrid zero dynamics and results in exponentially stable running gaits. The compliant-hybrid-zero-dynamics-based controller with active force control is implemented experimentally and shown to realize stable running gaits on MABEL at an average speed of 1.95 m/s (4.4 mph) and a peak speed of 3.06 m/s (6.8 mph). The obtained gait has flight phases upto 39% of the gait, and an estimated ground clearance of 7.5 – 10 cm.
A Reaction to Counseling Psychology and School Counseling An Underutilized Partnership

Counseling psychologists and school counselors share some similarities in their history, training, and experiences. Although these similarities have fostered a common interest in educational and developmental interventions among children and some shared theoretical language, there remains several hurdles to effectively collaborating created by the significant differences in these two professions.
Enriching education through data mining

Education is acknowledged to be the primary vehicle for improving the economic well-being of people [1,6]. Textbooks have a direct bearing on the quality of education imparted to the students as they are the primary conduits for delivering content knowledge [9]. They are also indispensable for fostering teacher learning and constitute a key component of the ongoing professional development of the teachers [5,8].
Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated Events with Random Effects and Measurement Error

Abstract Statistical methodology is presented for the regression analysis of multiple events in the presence of random effects and measurement error. Omitted covariates are modeled as random effects. Our approach to parameter estimation and significance testing is to start with a naive model of semiparametric Poisson process regression, and then to adjust for random effects and any possible covariate measurement error. We illustrate the techniques with data from a randomized clinical trial for the prevention of recurrent skin tumors.
Factors influencing teachers' implementation of an innovative tobacco prevention curriculum for multiethnic youth: Project SPLASH.

Tobacco use prevention education beginning in middle school or earlier is critical for delaying the onset and decreasing the incidence of youth smoking, and for preventing smoking into adulthood.1,2 Studying factors related to the implementation of school health programs, including smoking prevention, are important because difficulties in the implementation process are common.3-6 Studies have found that in real-world settings, teachers do not always implement tobacco use and substance abuse prevention lessons according to specified guidelines. Hallfors and Godette found that only 19% of school district coordinators implemented evidence-based curricula with fidelity.7 Similarly, the School-Based Substance Use Prevention Program Study found that only 15% of teachers followed substance abuse prevention curricula guides very closely.8 Evidence-based youth tobacco use and substance abuse prevention programs use specific content, teaching strategies, and dosage to effectively influence and sustain changes in anti-use knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Effective programs have reduced students’ use of tobacco and other substances from 20% to 75%,9,10 with some sustaining changes in antismoking knowledge, attitudes, and behavior for up to 6 years after the end of the program.9,11,12 Content for effective youth smoking prevention programs may include resistance skills training9,10,12,13 and social influences.9,13,14 When programs use effective teaching strategies that involve direct peer interaction, their effects have been shown to be stronger than programs using only effective content.9,10,15 Evidence-based smoking and substance abuse prevention programs also involve an average intensity of 16 hours of programming9,16 and are interactive.16 Studies of the implementation of smoking prevention programs have identified several factors related to this process: teacher training, teacher characteristics, teacher attitudes, organizational factors, and curriculum attributes. Several studies have evaluated the relation of these factors to use, fidelity, and dose of curriculum implementation.15,17-28 However, until recently, factors related to implementing tobacco prevention programs have received less attention than factors related to a school's decision to adopt (ie, uptake, initiation, commitment, acceptance) these programs.4,5,15 Identifying strategies to successfully implement tobacco use prevention curricula contributes to an understanding of how such programs may be translated to the real-world setting. The purpose of this study was to identify organizational and individual factors associated with teachers’ implementation of an innovative tobacco use prevention curriculum targeting youth in Hawaii. Two research questions guided the study: To what extent did teachers implement the recommended dose of the intervention and control curricula? What factors were associated with teachers’ implementation of the curriculum?
Variation in Chicken Gene Structure and Expression Associated with Food-Safety Pathogen Resistance: Integrated Approaches to Salmonella Resistance

The use of genetics to enhance immune response and microbial resistance in poultry is an environmentally sound approach to incorporate into comprehensive health programs. Many research strategies can be used to investigate the relationship of host genetics with immune response and disease resistance. Gene discovery to enhance poultry health and food safety should build upon well-defined genetic populations, cell lines, gene identification, genome maps, comparative genomics, and analysis of gene expression. Because each investigative approach has its own shortfalls, the strongest level of confidence comes from the convergence of evidence from an integrated approach of several independent experimental designs, such as whole-genome scans, candidate gene analyses, and functional genomics studies, all supporting the relationship of a specific gene with a resistance or immunity trait. Defining the causal genes, including genomic location and organization, epistatic and pleiotropic effects, and the encoded protein function, opens the door for genetic selection to improve health and also for enhancement of vaccine efficacy and innate immunity. This chapter reviews the rationale and strategies for uncovering genetic resistance to food-safety pathogens in poultry and summarizes successes in elucidating the genetic control of host resistance to Salmonella.
The Long-Run Post-Offer Performance of Subsequent IPOs

We examine post-offer stock price performance of equity IPO firms that have prior public debt offerings (subsequent IPOs). We find that though subsequent IPO firms experience a lesser degree of stock price underperformance than regular IPO firms, the difference is not statistically significant. Information asymmetry, though explains the relative underpricing of subsequent IPOs, does not play a major role in the post-offer underperformance of subsequent IPO firms relative to their peers.
News Flow in the North African International Subsystem

The recent emphasis on the study of international regions as an intermediate level of analysis between the nation-state and the global international system appears to reflect in part an increasing problem in the discipline of isolating relatively stable units of analysis during periods of rapid social change. While it may be premature to sound the death knell for the nation-state as an effective social unit for processing what Almond and Powell call the regulative, extractive, distributive, and responsive tasks of a political system,' it is also clear that the technological revolution in communication, transportation, and modes of production does not respect the territorial boundaries recognized in international diplomatic practice. Structural-functional models of an integrated and largely self-contained social system have perhaps not proved more productive in guiding research to date because of the difficulties in defining the boundaries of a sociocultural system which are not necessarily coextensive with the territorial boundaries of the separate states upon which much of our aggregate statistical data is based. Cultural areas, as Shibutani reminds us, "are set neither by territory nor by formal group membership but by the limits of effective communication."2 Because the effectiveness of communica-
Beam scanning of lidar and the simulation of the improved VAD inversion methods

In order to remedy the shortage of the lidar velocity azimuth display(VAD) method and improve the precision of the inversion wind velocity,a new technique was put forward with iterative pretreatment to eliminate low and oddity wind velocity and with the summation average statistical method to obtain three-dimension wind field.The wind field model was built,and then the simulation and error analysis were carried out.The results show that the absolute error of inversion wind field is within 0.5m/s,only one half of that of traditional velocity azimuth display method.
Survey of a norovirus caused diarrhea outbreak in an university in Henan

Objective An outbreak of infectious diarrhea occurred in an university in Henan province. Then the epidemiological survey and emergency response were conducted,and samples were collected for testing. The outbreak lasted for 27 days,involving 753 cases. The attack rate was 3. 39%. Clinical symptoms of the cases mainly included diarrhea,abdominal pain,vomiting and nausea. Norovirus GⅡ was detected in 31 of 98 stool samples( 31. 63%).
Sex, Drugs, and Advisory Committees: An Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry Manipulation of FDA Vulnerability to Sociopolitical Influences on Matters of Women's Health

Under a mandate to protect the public health, the FDA is charged with ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs sold in the United States. Given the high level of scientific expertise required to judge a drug’s safety and efficacy, in deciding whether to approve a drug for marketing, the FDA uses independent, expert advisory committees to perform a scientific risk-benefit analysis of the drug. In light of the FDA’s rigorous, scientific analysis of the safety and efficacy of new drugs, David Kessler, a former FDA Commissioner, once characterized the FDA drug approval process as “the international gold standard.” However, like many other agencies, the FDA sometimes falls prey to political influence that threatens the integrity of its decision-making processes. Specifically, the FDA has shown particular vulnerability to sociopolitical influences on matters of women’s health, displaying a number of biases that distort scientific analysis, from normative judgments about women’s sexuality, to a patronizing sense that women require heightened protection against the risks posed by otherwise effective drugs. In August of 2015, following an advisory committee recommendation in favor of approval, the FDA approved the drug flibanserin (now marketed under the name, Addyi) for the treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in pre-menopausal women. The drug, which was rejected in two previous review cycles, has engendered quite a bit of public controversy. While some claim that the FDA’s delay in approving the drug was the product of gender bias that caused the FDA to undervalue female sexual pleasure and over-protect women against the risks posed by the drugs, others have criticized the FDA’s approval as a capitulation to political pressure to approve a drug that is neither safe nor effective, following a public campaign for approval of the drug orchestrated by flibanserin’s manufacturer, Sprout Pharmaceuticals. While debate continues as to whether the FDA’s approval of flibanserin was appropriate, the manner in which Advisory Committee review of flibanersin proceeded demonstrates that interest groups, whether industry or public interest driven, have become adept at utilizing the Open Public Hearing portion of advisory committee meetings, in conjunction with public campaigns, to exploit the FDA’s vulnerability to sociopolitical influences on issues of women’s health. Such infiltration of the advisory committee process is particularly problematic because it distorts the scientific risk-benefit analysis performed by advisory committees, which, in turn, damages public accountability and agency integrity and frustrates effective judicial oversight of FDA decision-making.
Poly(ether ester) Ionomers as Water-Soluble Polymers for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Processes.

Water-soluble polymers as sacrificial supports for additive manufacturing (AM) facilitate complex features in printed objects. Few water-soluble polymers beyond poly(vinyl alcohol) enable material extrusion AM. In this work, charged poly(ether ester)s with tailored rheological and mechanical properties serve as novel materials for extrusion-based AM at low temperatures. Melt transesterification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 8k) and dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate afforded poly(ether ester)s of sufficient molecular weight to impart mechanical integrity. Quantitative ion exchange provided a library of poly(ether ester)s with varying counterions, including both monovalent and divalent cations. Dynamic mechanical and tensile analysis revealed an insignificant difference in mechanical properties for these polymers below the melting temperature, suggesting an insignificant change in final part properties. Rheological analysis, however, revealed the advantageous effect of divalent countercations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Z...
Design flows and collateral for the ASAP7 7nm FinFET predictive process design kit

Educators and researchers exploring integrated circuit design methods need models and design flows for advanced integrated circuit processes. As commercial processes have become highly proprietary, predictive technology models fill the gap. This work describes a design flow for ASAP7, the first 7 nm FinFET PDK, including schematic and layout entry, library characterization, synthesis, placement and routing, parasitic extraction, and HSPICE simulation.
An introduction to the water recovery x-ray rocket

The Water Recovery X-ray Rocket (WRXR) is a sounding rocket payload that will launch from the Kwajalein Atoll in April 2018 and seeks to be the first astrophysics sounding rocket payload to be water recovered by NASA. WRXR's primary instrument is a grating spectrometer that consists of a mechanical collimator, X-ray reflection gratings, grazing-incidence mirrors, and a hybrid CMOS detector. The instrument will obtain a spectrum of the diffuse soft X-ray emission from the northern part of the Vela supernova remnant and is optimized for 3rd and 4th order OVII emission. Utilizing a field of view of 3.25° × 3.25° and resolving power of λ/δλ ≈40-50 in the lines of interest, the WRXR spectrometer aims to achieve the most highly-resolved spectrum of Vela's diffuse soft X-ray emission. This paper presents introductions to the payload and the science target.
Military Settings: Considerations for the Warfighter

Exertional heat illness (EHI) has a significant impact on the medical readiness of the United States military and is a common cause of preventable nontraumatic death. Much of the early wealth of knowledge about EHI has come from the US military experience. The military places a strong focus on heat injury prevention through the publication of policies, regulations, doctrine, and manuals that emphasize command responsibility, risk management, education, risk factor screening, treatment protocols, and regular training. Military protocols focus on the early identification and treatment of suspected exertional heat stroke (EHS). Prior planning ensures that rapid cooling capabilities are available in the field environment. Cold water immersion is the ideal modality, but ice sheets are a field expedient option. Other field expedient options exist for the desert environment. In order to assist military providers in the management of EHI cases, the Army has standardized its medical profiling for EHI by establishing recommendations for follow-up, return-to-duty, and referral indications for medical board evaluation.
Ultra Low Power SIMON Core for Lightweight Encryption

Security is a significant challenge for a variety of emerging applications within pervasive computing such as the deployment of IoT devices at a massive scale. SIMON, a lightweight cryptographic algorithm, is a promising candidate for encryption in a resource-constrained environment. An ultra low power hardware implementation of a SIMON block cipher is developed in this paper. The theory of adiabatic switching is leveraged in a bit-serialized SIMON core with 32-bit plaintext and 64-bit key. The proposed hardware-level innovations enable 27.5X higher energy efficiency (kilobit per second per Watt) at the expense of 18% less throughput as compared to conventional implementations.
Engagement with Sanskrit Philosophic Texts

This chapter has two parts, first a pedagogical complaint that will serve to introduce part two which concerns indological and philosophical hermeneutics. The first part is focused on a particular problem with English translations that do not acknowledge how the Sanskrit texts have been understood by Sanskrit commentators and others in the classical culture. The second part presents a general characterization of the methods of indology and of philosophy, and shows how in one sense, not appreciated by some within indology, philosophic engagement trumps context and placement of a work within a stream of intellectual history.
Making the difference: Benchmarks der Innovation in deutschen KMU

Aus einer Online-Befragung zur Innovationsfahigkeit von 45 KMU prasentieren wir hier Benchmark-Daten, mit denen zukunftige Teilnehmer dieser kostenlosen Befragung sich in Bezug auf die wichtigsten Faktoren der Innovationsfahigkeit einschatzen konnen. Mithilfe einer Cluster-Analyse konnten drei homogene Untergruppen identifiziert werden, die sich in der Innovationsfahigkeit und vielen Bedingungsfaktoren unterscheiden. Eine Gruppe von 19 Unternehmen dient dabei mit ihren Mittelwerten aus der Befragung als Benchmark bzw. als Best-Practice-Vergleich. Anhand eines konkreten Survey-Feedback wird immer wieder beispielhaft gezeigt, wie die Befragungsdaten zur Verbesserung der Innovationsfahigkeit genutzt werden konnen.
Functional Trajectories of Persons with Cardiovascular Disease in Late Life.

Objectives Physical function declines with aging and is accelerated for persons with cardiovascular disease (CVD). While CVD increases the risk of functional decline in late life, little is known about differences in trajectories of functional decline. To determine whether there is more than 1 trajectory of functional decline in Americans with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who are functionally independent. Design Secondary analysis of National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Latent class growth modeling was used to estimate trajectories of function over 4 years of follow‐up. Setting Annual structured in‐home interviews. Participants Americans aged 65 and older with CVD who were functionally independent at baseline (N = 392). Measurements We compared trajectories of function in individuals with CVD with trajectories of those without and examined the association between risk factors (sex, age at baseline, education level, comorbidity) and trajectory group membership. Function was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery. Results Three functional trajectories emerged: rapid functional decline (23.8%), gradual functional decline (44.2%), and stable function (32.0%). Similar trajectories were seen for those without CVD, with a smaller proportion in the rapid functional decline group (16.2%). Women, older participants, and those with less education and greater comorbidity were less likely to be in the stable function group than the rapid functional decline group. Conclusion Although function declines in late life for independently functioning persons with CVD, some individuals remain stable, and others decline gradually or rapidly. Persons with CVD were more likely to experience rapid functional decline than those without, suggesting that CVD increases the risk of rapid functional decline. Risk factors predicted functional trajectory group membership, not just overall decline. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:37–42, 2019.
"You have to have some fun to go along with your work": The interplay of race, class, gender, and leisure in the industrial New South.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the leisure experiences of Southern women textile and tobacco workers from 1910 to 1940 as a way to analyze the meaning of recreation to working-class Southe...
Effects of replacing milk and soybean products with wheat glutens on digestibility of nutrients and growth performance in nursery pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of wheat gluten (WG) for weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 72 pigs (4.2 kg average BW) were used in a N metabolism experiment. Treatments were 1) casein-corn-based control; 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) Diet 1 with flash-dried WG, spray-dried WG, two enzyme-modified (to increase solubility) WG, and soybean meal (SBM) used to replace casein, respectively. The diet with casein had the greatest apparent N digestibility and apparent biological value (P < .002), and diets with WG had greater apparent N digestibility than the diet with SBM (P < .01). In Exp. 2, 180 pigs (5.6 kg average BW) were used. Treatments for d 0 to 14 were 1) dried skim milk (DSM)-dried whey-SBM-based control; 2, 3, 4 and 5) Diet 1 with the DSM replaced by lactose and flash-dried, spray-dried, and enzyme-modified WG (ModWG), and soybean protein isolate (SPI), respectively. All pigs were fed a common diet from d 14 to 35. For d 0 to 14, pigs fed diets with WG had greater gain/feed than those fed SPI (P < .01), and for d 14 to 35, pigs fed spray-dried WG and ModWG had greater ADG (P < .04) than pigs fed flash-dried WG. In Exp. 3, 180 pigs (5.7 kg average BW) were used. Treatments for d 0 to 14 were 1) DSM-dried whey-SBM-based control; 2) spray-dried WG and lactose replacing DSM; and 3) spray-dried WG replacing SBM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kievan Rus’ Theology:: Yes, No, and It Depends

This essay addresses the long-standing and much-discussed question of the intellectual silence of Rus’ culture, which was first formally posed by Georges Florovsky in a 1962 forum published in the Slavic Review. Initially viewing the issue within the context of Donald Ostrowski ‘s recent book, Europe, Byzantium, and the “Intellectual Silence” of Rus’ Culture (2018), the study contends that in contrast to the practice of theology in Byzantium and the West, Rus’ theology, as Gerhard Podskalsky maintained, is not expressed through traditional theological disciplines but assumes a decidedly pragmatic function that is best served by narration, exhortation, and admonition. The analysis leads to the conclusion that questions concerning the absence of intellectual developments of the medieval West are not helpful in the study of Rus’ culture, as they can obstruct a more productive approach that focuses on Rus’ narrative sources. A brief example illustrating the direction such an approach might take is provided.
Modeling and Simulation of a Piston-Type Work Exchanger for Mechanical Energy Recovery

Heat and work are two common forms of energy. Over past decades, thermal energy recovery via heat integration has been very successful in the process industry. Recovery of mechanical energy, however, has not drawn sufficient attention until recently. It is shown that mechanical energy can be recovered systematically through integrating work exchange networks in plants. It is conceived that the pressure-driven work exchange device can be used as a main type of unit in work exchanger networks. In this paper, we introduce a piston-type device to perform work exchange for mechanical energy recovery among pairs of process streams in the gas phase. Computational fluid dynamics-based modeling and simulation is conducted to study the design of the device and its operational behavior under different operating conditions. A case study is illustrated to demonstrate its application potential for mechanical energy recovery.
Macrosteatotic Allografts and Obese Recipients Have Nearly Equal Negative Impact on Liver Transplant Survival.

BACKGROUND Our aim was to evaluate liver transplant outcomes involving donors with high macrosteatosis grafts in the obese modern liver transplant recipient population. METHODS A high-steatosis graft was defined as donor graft macrosteatosis ≥30% on biopsy. Recipient obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) >35 adjusted for ascites. Raw and adjusted recipient liver transplant survival were evaluated and compared between 4 cohorts: (1) high-steatosis graft in high-BMI recipient; (2) low-steatosis graft in high-BMI recipient; (3) high-steatosis graft in normal-BMI recipient; and (4) low-steatosis graft in normal-BMI recipient. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple factors, recipient high-BMI remained an independent predictor of posttransplant mortality at 30 days (P < 0.0001) and persisted at 1 year (P = 0.009). A high-steatosis graft was the strongest independent predictor of mortality at 30 days (hazard ratio 2.05, 1.66-2.53; P < 0.0001) and that effect was diminished but persistent at 1 year (1.27, 1.10-1.46; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Recipient high-BMI and a high-steatosis graft are both significant independent and equally powerful predictors of mortality after modern liver transplant. High-steatosis grafts transplanted into obese recipients have the highest mortality. The increase in mortality associated with a high-steatosis graft into a normal-BMI recipient is similar in magnitude to a low-steatosis graft placed into a high-BMI recipient.
Precluding rare outcomes by predicting their absence

Forecasting extremely rare events is a pressing problem, but efforts to model such outcomes are often limited by the presence of multiple causes within classes of events, insufficient observations of the outcome to assess fit, and biased estimates due to insufficient observations of the outcome. We introduce a novel approach for analyzing rare event data that addresses these challenges by turning attention to the conditions under which rare outcomes do not occur. We detail how configurational methods can be used to identify conditions or sets of conditions that would preclude the occurrence of a rare outcome. Results from Monte Carlo experiments show that our approach can be used to systematically preclude up to 78.6% of observations, and application to ground-truth data coupled with a bootstrap inferential test illustrates how our approach can also yield novel substantive insights that are obscured by standard statistical analyses.
A Bayesian nonparametric semi-supervised model for integration of multiple single-cell experiments

Joint analysis of multiple single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data is confounded by technical batch effects across experiments, biological or environmental variability across cells, and different capture processes across sequencing platforms. Manifold alignment is a principled, effective tool for integrating multiple data sets and controlling for confounding factors. We demonstrate that the semi-supervised t-distributed Gaussian process latent variable model (sstGPLVM), which projects the data onto a mixture of fixed and latent dimensions, can learn a unified low-dimensional embedding for multiple single cell experiments with minimal assumptions. We show the efficacy of the model as compared with state-of-the-art methods for single cell data integration on simulated data, pancreas cells from four sequencing technologies, stem cells from male and female donors, and mouse brain cells from both spatial seqFISH+ and traditional scRNA-seq.