cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoreactive dynorphin-A in bovine anterior pituitary and its in vitro release

Abstract The anterior lobe (AL) of the bovine pituitary contained and released, during in vitro culture, a form of immunoreactive dynorphin-A (ir-DYN-A) larger than that occurring in neural tissue. Bovine AL tissue from intact females contained less ir-DYN-A than did AL tissue from castrated males. Enzymatically dispersed AL cells contained and released ir-DYN-A in vitro. Preincubation of dispersed AL cells for 18 hr, rather than 1.5 hr, increased the content and release of ir-DYN-A as well as LH. Addition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to tissue slices or dispersed cells stimulated release of LH, but in contrast to published observations from rat AL, GnRH had no effect on release of ir-DYN-A. Addition of estradiol-17β, with or without progesterone, increased release of ir-DYN-A but not LH during 2-hr cultures. In summary, bovine AL contains and releases in vitro a large molecular weight form of ir-DYN-A. Although this ir-DYN-A was not coreleased with LH, a reproductive role was suggested by in vivo and in vitro effects of gonadal hormones on ir-DYN-A in the bovine anterior pituitary.
Hydride Abstraction Initiated Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkenes and Alkynes on Porous Silicon

Hydride abstraction by triphenylcarbenium cations in the presence of terminal alkynes and alkenes results in hydrosilylation at room temperature on hydride-terminated porous silicon surfaces, leading to alkenyl- and alkyl-terminated surfaces, respectively. A wide range of surface terminations are possible as the reaction conditions tolerate a variety of functional groups. Silicon−carbon bond formation is substantiated by Fourier transform infrared and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopies, in addition to chemical and stability studies. Generation of an energetic surface silicon-based positive charge is thus a viable route to the formation of silicon−carbon bonds via hydrosilylation, a step previously postulated for the mechanism of exciton-mediated hydrosilylation on photoluminescent nanocrystalline silicon.
Origins of Anomalous Micellization in Diblock Copolymer Solutions

The phenomenon of “anomalous” micellization is investigated in dilute solutions of two nearly symmetric poly(styrene-b-isoprene) diblock copolymers, via dynamic light scattering. In two polystyrene-selective solvents, diethyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate, the critical micelle temperatures (cmt) are clearly determined by rather abrupt increases in the hydrodynamic radius and scattered intensity upon cooling; this corresponds to “normal” micellization. In contrast, for the same polymers dissolved in two polyisoprene-selective solvents, tetradecane and squalane, anomalous micellization was consistently observed: the hydrodynamic radius exceeded 1000 A and the intensity was unusually large, over a modest temperature interval just above the cmt. We propose that anomalous micellization is due to the incipient phase separation of small amounts of polystyrene homopolymer, resulting from incomplete crossover during the sequential anionic polymerization of styrene and isoprene. In one sample, the presence of h...
Spring Lamb Production on Alfalfa, Sainfoin, and Wheatgrass Pastures

Lamb (Ovis aries) weight gains from wheatgrass-sainfoin (Agropyron and Thinopyron spp.-Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) mixtures suggest that grazing sainfoin monocultures offers advantages over mixtures. Our objective was to determine levels of spring lamb production from irrigated 'Renumex' sainfoin, 'Cimmaron' alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), 'Luna' pubescent wheatgrass [T. intermedium subsp. barbulatum (Schur) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey], and pubescent wheatgrass-sainfoin pastures. Replicated pastures grown on a fine, mixed, thermic Torretic Paleustoll were rotationally stocked (herbage dry matter [DM] allowance of 6.5% of body wt.d -1 ) by weaned Rambouillet × Suffolk wether lambs for an average of 88 d in spring of 1991 and 1992 [...]
Evaluation of finite-plasticity theories for torsion-tension members made of tresca materials

Finite-incremental Tresca and von Mises theories are developed for solid circular-section torsion-tension members subjected to proportionate and nonproportionate loading. The materials are assumed to be isotropic and even. Two Tresca theories and a von Mises theory are compared with test data obtained from torsion-tension members. Three different kinds of steels were tested; they are hot-rolled mild steel, annealed mild steel, and hot-rolled SAE 1017 steel. The fully plastic values of axial load and torque predicted by the Tresca theories agree with the experimental results; however, the deformations, in the strain-hardening region, predicted by both of the Tresca theories were greater than observed. The von Mises theory is nonconservative in predicting the fully plastic loads of torsion members and torsion-tension members and in predicting the deformations of torsion members in the strain-hardening region, but gives good correlation between predicted and experimental deformations for the torsion-tension members in the strain-hardening region.
Response to Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in African Americans with Osteoarthritis of the Knee

Objective:This 6-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study compared the analgesic efficacy, tolerability and safety of celecoxib, naproxen and placebo in African Americans with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.Methods:A total of 322 patients aged ≥ 45 years with OA of the knee in a flare state received 200 mg celecoxib orally once daily, 500 mg naproxen orally twice daily or placebo for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in the Patient's Assessment of Arthritis Pain.Results:Celecoxib was as effective as naproxen in reducing OA pain. Similar efficacy was observed in many of the secondary outcome measures. Celecoxib was well tolerated and demonstrated favorable upper gastro-intestinal tolerability. Improvements in outcome measures were numerically greater in the active treatment groups compared with the placebo group, but did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions:Celecoxib was as effective as naproxen in relieving OA pain in African Americans and was well tolerated. Fe...
Thermochemical studies of nitrides and oxynitrides by oxidative oxide melt calorimetry

Abstract High temperature oxidative solution calorimetry is a versatile technique for obtaining enthalpies of formation of nitrides and oxynitrides. In this method, the solid phase is dissolved in a molten oxide solvent (sodium molybdate or an alkali borate) while oxygen gas is bubbled through the melt. The nitrogen is evolved as N 2 and the final state is a dilute solution of dissolved oxides in the solvent. A thermochemical cycle may then be written to obtain the enthalpy of formation. The energetics of silicon nitride and of binary and ternary nitrides are discussed to illustrate the methodology.
Cytoprotective effects of adrenomedullin in glomerular cell injury: Central role of cAMP signaling pathway

Activation of cAMP signaling pathway was shown to inhibit some pathobiologic processes in mesangial cells (MC). We investigated whether adrenomedullin (ADM), a potent agonist of adenylate cyclase, is synthesized in MC and whether it can, via cAMP, suppress the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and proliferation of cells in glomeruli. With the use of an immunohistologic technique ADM was detected in mesangial and microvascular areas of rat glomeruli. MC grown in primary culture synthesized ADM, and the synthesis was stimulated by TNF alpha and IL-1 beta but not by PDGF and EGF. ADM inhibited ROM generation in MC dose-dependently and caused in situ activation of protein kinase A (PKA). In macrophages (cell line J774) ROM generation was about four times higher than in MC and was inhibited by ADM in a similar way as in MC. The rate of MC proliferation, measured by [3H]-incorporation, and the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) stimulated by PDGF and EGF were dose-dependently inhibited by ADM; the maximum inhibition (at 10 nM ADM) was about -80%. Mitogenesis of MC and MAPK activity when stimulated to a similar extent by endothelin (ET-1) was inhibited by ADM to a significantly (P < 0.01) lesser degree (-30%). Further, ADM inhibited PDF-stimulated mitogenesis and activation of MAPK in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The inhibition of PDGF-activated MAPK by ADM in VSMC was reversed by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89. Taken together, results indicate the adrenomedullin (ADM) generated in mesangial cells (MC) can suppress, via activation of the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) generation in MC and infiltrating macrophages as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated mitogenesis in MC and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We suggest that introglomerular ADM may serve as a cytoprotective autoacoid that suppresses pathobiologic processes evoked by immuno-inflammatory injury of glomeruli.
Systemic treatment of breast cancer: past, present and future.

In many experimental tumor systems, small numbers of cancer cells can grow to kill the host animal. Cure demands the erradication of all cancer cells. Surgery and radiotherapy effectively eliminate the gross primary tumor masses; the major curative limitations for these modalities mainly are anatomical and/or the technical skills of the therapist. The number and size of micrometastatic foci located in vital visceral organs eventually will limit the success when only local therapy is used. Application of tumoricidal systemic treatments is an absolute necessity to achieve total cure, since these metastatic foci, if left untreated, eventually will kill the host. Based on experimental data Schabel recently has restated the cardinal principles of effective treatment for these micrometastases.*’ Briefly, they are: (1) When the primary tumor becomes visible, micrometastatic foci already are present. (2) The response of the clinically apparent tumors to chemotherapy may not predict from the sensitivity of the micrometastases. (3) The combination of local effective therapy and systemic treatment often produces cure even when neither modality alone can erradicate the cancer cells. How can we apply these principles to human breast cancer? The translation of these experimental approaches to the clinic requires a consideration of the systemic modalities which currently are avaiiable in breast cancer treatment and the development of new strategies based on knowledge of the biology of human breast cancer. This report is not intended to be an exhaustive review, but a selective presentation to illustrate certain principles of systemic treatment methods, to review important new data and to state what the future problems may be.
Mode Splitting in Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microresonators in Aquatic Environment

We demonstrate scatterer-induced mode splitting in Whispering-Gallery-Mode resonators as a new sensing scheme in water. It is used to achieve detecting polystyrene particles of radii 50nm with a similar size as influenza A virus.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Contingent Valuation Method: A Comparison of General Population and Visitor Responses

The reliability of the contingent valuation method is evaluated by resurveying the same general households and visitors nine months after their original survey. Test-retest correlations on willingness to pay are statistically significant and ranged from .422 for the general population sample to .782 for the visitor sample. Using a paired T-test, there was no statistical difference between an individual's first and second reported willingness to pay. Chow tests comparing the original and resurvey willingness-to-pay functions showed no statistical difference at the .01 level. Reported willingness to pay is reasonably stable over the time period surveyed.
Pulsed differential reactors and their use for kinetic studies of gas-solid reactions-application to mechanistic studies of the reactions of hydrogen sulfide and the alkaline minerals in coal.

An experimental system has been constructed and used to measure the rate of gas–solid reactions. The main advantages of the experimental technique are that it can be used to measure the individual rates of reactions when complex reactions occur simultaneously, and that it permits one to measure very accurately the isothermal rate of reaction of very exothermic or endothermic reactions. The components of the system are a microdifferential reactor, a gas chromatograph, and a pulse injector, all of which are available commercially. Pulses of reactive gas were injected periodically into the differential reactor and the pulses of gaseous reaction products were separated and analyzed by chromatographic techniques. The signal from the chromatograpgh was recorded and integrated. The injector and the integrator were synchronized so that completely automatic operation was possible. The system was used to measure the rate of reaction of hydrogen sulfide with the alkaline minerals which are present in coal, calcit, dolomite, and sidrite. Data are presented and the mathematical analysis of the data is described in detail.
HIV symptom burden and anemia among HIV-positive individuals: cross-sectional results of a community-based positive living with HIV (POLH) study in Nepal.

Background: Previous research has reported high rates of anemia in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in hospital or tertiary care settings. The objective of this community-based study was to measure the prevalence of anemia and describe the risk factors, with a specific emphasis on HIV symptom burden, in PLWHA in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 319 PLWHA residing in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. We recruited participants from five non-governmental organizations in the Kathmandu Valley. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Results: Our study found a 55.8% prevalence of anemia in PLWHA in the Kathmandu Valley. The prevalence of anemia among the participants with first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of HIV symptom burden was 44.8%, 49.3%, 60.3%, and 69.6%, respectively. Compared to the participants with lowest level of HIV symptom burden, the participants with highest level of HIV symptom burden were more likely to have anemia (adjusted odds ratio52.14; 95% confidence interval51.07 to 4.30). Conclusion: Due to a high prevalence of anemia in a community-based sample of PLWHA, HIV patients should be counseled on their risk of developing anemia and encouraged to seek timely care for HIV symptoms.
Cultural perspectives on child trafficking, human rights & social justice: A model for psychologists

Every region in the world is affected by some form of human trafficking. This article discusses the complex factors involved in child trafficking from a cultural perspective. The role of the psychologist in addressing human rights and social issues such as child trafficking is also discussed. The article also provides recommendations on how psychologists can be proactive advocates on human rights issues and the Multi-Level Model of Psychotherapy, Social Justice and Human Rights (MLM) in working with human trafficking issues on individual, community, societal and global levels.
The Performance of an LSI-11/23 with a SKYMNK-Q Array Processor as a High Speed Front End Processor

The SKYMNK has been found to be an easy to use device that gives the LSI-11/23 a very significant boost in computing power. It is capable of analysing data at speeds comparable to the VAX. In addition the MNKLIB routines give easy access to buffers in the extended memory so that large data buffers are practical. Consequently the experimenter can use an easy to program high speed processor that gives easy acess to the extended memory and the need to move the data to the VAX for analysis is reduced. The SKYMNK does not significantly interfere with CAMAC DMA devices and introduces much less interrupt latency than does the use of the LSI extended instruction set.
The effects of reciprocal peer tutoring with a group contingency on quiz performance in vocabulary with seventh‐and eighth‐grade students

The purpose of this study was to compare reciprocal peer tutoring with a group contingency to a traditional vocabulary program in a regular middle-school classroom. The participants were 20 seventh and 12 eighth-grade students enrolled in a private parochial school. A counter-balanced time-series design was employed to evaluate the effects of reciprocal peer tutoring across the two groups of students. The overall results indicated that when students participated in reciprocal peer tutoring, scores on weekly quizzes in vocabulary were signifcantly higher. Reciprocal peer tutoring with a group contingency was beneficial to middle school students, easy to implement, and a cost- and time-efficient system for teachers and students. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A static SIMS/TPD study of the kinetics of methoxy formation and decomposition on O/Pt(111)☆

The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of methanol (CH3OD) on oxygen-covered Pt(111) were studied using static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The initial sticking coefficient and the saturation first layer coverage of CH3OD are unity and 0.36 ML, respectively. The maximum amounts decomposed in TPD on O/Pt(111) and clean Pt(111) are 0.19 and 0.047 ML, respectively. At low methanol coverages (< 0.05 ML) on O/Pt(111) the only reaction products were CO2, H2O and D2O, whereas at saturation CO, H2O, D2O and H2 were observed. The decomposed amount did not saturate at or before the onset of molecular methanol desorption, but increeased monotonically until saturation of the first layer. No oxygen exchange was observed between CH3OD and preadsorbed 18O. A decomposition mechanism involving methoxy and hydroxyl type species is proposed. Methanol coverages as low as 0.002 ML could be detected with SIMS. The CH3+ ion was the most intense ion in the positive SIMS spectrum of both methanol and methoxy. Larger ion clusters such as (CH3OD)n+ (n = 2, 3) developed successively at specific multilayer coverages. At low coverages on O/Pt(111), methoxy formation occurs above 125 K and its decomposition becomes detectable above 150 K during temperature programming. In the isothermal mode, the SIMS CH3+ ion was used to follow the kinetics. Over the temperature range 120–145 K, the second order Arrhenius rate parameters for methoxy formation are E = 5.5±0.7 kcal/mol and A = 1.5×10−7±0.6 cm2/s·molecule for an initial methanol coverage of 0.05 ML. Methoxy decomposition was studied in the temperature range 150–165 K and at an initial coverage of 0.015 ML. The first order kinetic parameters, E = 11.4±0.5 kcal/mol and A = 5.3×1013±1 s−1 were derived. Advantages and limitations of using SIMS as a tool for kinetic studies are discussed.
Thermal stability and kinetics of ylide-borane complexes

Abstract Complexes of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide ( 1 ) and organoboranes are crystalline for ylide·BH 3 ( 2 ), ylide·BPh 3 ( 3 ), ylide·B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ( 4 ), and ylide·BF 3 ( 5 ). These complexes undergo exothermic rearrangement by 1,2-migration upon heating to produce homologated organoboranes and dimethylsulfoxide. Non-isothermal kinetic analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data for ylide·BPh 3 ( 3 ) and ylide·B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ( 4 ) complexes was applied using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The calculated apparent activation energy for the reaction of ylide·BPh 3 ( 3 ) yielded consistent results between the A 1.5 model ( E a =120 kJ mol −1 , A =4.79×10 13 min −1 ) and Kissinger method ( E a =129 kJ mol −1 , A =1.73×10 17 min −1 ). The analysis for the reaction of ylide·B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ( 4 ) gave consistent results between R 2 , R 3 , and F 1 models with the average parameters, E a =262 kJ mol −1 , A =3.33×10 33 min −1 . The Kissinger analysis for the reaction of ylide·B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ( 4 ) gave Arrhenius activation parameters ( E a =171 kJ mol −1 , A =7.80×10 19 min −1 ) that were higher than for the reaction of ylide·BPh 3 ( 3 ). The kinetic data revealed that the C 6 F 5 electron-deficient group has a higher activation energy for 1,2-migration and a higher entropy of activation for 1,2-migration than the C 6 H 5 group. HF/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations agree with the kinetic data.
Synthesis of cationic dialkylgold(III) complexes: nature of the facile reductive elimination of alkane

Abstract A series of gold(III) cations of the type cis-[CH3)2AuL2]+ X− where L  Ph3, PMePh2, PMe2Ph, PMe3, AsPh3, AsPh3, SbPh3, 1 2 H2NCH2CH2NH2, 1 2 Ph2PCH2CH2-PPh2, 1 2 Ph2AsCH2CH2AsPh2, and 1 2 o-C6H4(AsMe2)2 and X  BF4−, PF6−, ClO4−, and F3CSO3− has been prepared. In addition, the cis complexes [(CH3)(CD3)-Au(PPh3)2]F3CSO3, [(C2H5)2Au(PPh3)2]F3CSO and [(n-C4H9)2Au(PPh3)2]F3-CSO3 have been synthesized. All have been characterized by PMR, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. These [R2AuL2]X compounds yield only ethane, butane, or octane via reductive elimination, and no disproportionation is observed. The alkane eliminations have been studied in CHCl3, CH3Cl2, and CH3COCH3 solution as a function of temperature, concentration of the complex, and concentration of added ligand L. Elimination is fastest when L is bulky (PPh3 > PMePh2 > PMe2Ph > PMe3), decreases in the sequence SbPh3 > AsPh3 > PPh3, is slow with chelating ligands, is inhibited by excess ligand, and there is small anion effect as X is varied. As R is varied, the rate of elimination decreases Bu ⋍ Et > Me. An intramolecular dissociative mechanism is proposed which involves rapid elimination of alkane from an electron deficient dialkylgold(III) complex with nonequivalent gold—carbon bonds and produces the corresponding [AuL2]X complex.
Automated rivet detection in the EOL image for aircraft lap joints inspection

Abstract An enhanced visual inspection technique named Edge of LightTM (EOL) was invented and developed at the Institute for Aerospace Research, National Research Council Canada. One application is the detection and measurement of “pillowing” deformation caused by corrosion in the faying surfaces of riveted aircraft fuselage joints. To quantify the hidden corrosion products, one solution is to relate the average corrosion in a region to the peak-to-peak amplitude of the EOL image brightness profile between two diagonally adjacent rivet centers. This raises the requirement to automatically detect and locate the rivets in an EOL image. The variation in illumination over individual rivets degrades the performance of most of the edge detection algorithms. In this study, a phase congruency algorithm is employed to provide an absolute measurement of EOL image features. The detected feature together with the knowledge of rivet size and the number of rows are used to locate rivets in the EOL image. The performance of the approach is compared with commonly used circle detection algorithms and an adaptive threshold approach. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is assessed experimentally and the results are used in the quantitative evaluation of aircraft hidden corrosion.
A DNA fragment hybridizing to a nif probe in Rhodobacter capsulatus is homologous to a 16S rRNA gene.

Abstract We have sequenced the Rhodobacter capsulatus nifH and nifD genes. The nifH gene, which codes for the dinitrogenase reductase protein, is 894 bp long and codes for a polypeptide of predicted Mr 32412. The nifD gene, which codes for the α subunit of dinitrogenase, is 1500 bp long and codes for a protein of predicted Mr 56113. A 776-bp BglII-XhoI fragment containing only nif sequences was used as a hybridization probe against R. capsulatus genomic DNA. Two HindIII fragments, 11.8 kb and 4.7 kb in length, hybridize to this probe. Both fragments have been cloned from a cosmid library. The 11.8-kb fragment contains the nifH, D and K genes, as previously demonstrated (Scolnik and Haselkorn, 1984). In this paper we present evidence that suggests that the 4.7-kb HindIII fragment contains a gene coding for 16S rRNA, and that although homology between nif and this fragment can be observed in filter hybridization experiments, a second copy of the nif structural genes seems not to be present in this region.
Transfer of transposon Tn916 from Bacillus subtilis to Thermus aquaticus

Broad host range conjugating transposon Tn916 has been introduced into the extreme thermophile Thermus by transposon transformation and transposition into the Bacillus subtilis chromosome followed by broth mating with Thermus aquaticus ATC27634. Tetracycline resistant Thermus transconjugants were obtained at a frequency of 1.4×10−7 per donor and 1.2×10−7 per recipient. Transposon transfer from Thermus to Bacillus subtilis was also demonstrated in similar broth matings. Transfer characteristics were consistent with the conjugation mechanism described for Tn916 in mesophiles.
A unique host defense pathway: TRIF mediates both antiviral and antibacterial immune responses

Both anti-viral and anti-bacterial host defense mechanisms involve TRIF signaling. TRIF provides early clearance of pathogens and coordination of a local inflammatory ensemble through an interferon cascade, while it may trigger organ damage. The multipotentiality of TRIF-mediated immune machinery may direct the fate of our continuous battle with microbes.
PCR primers for the amplification of four insect mitochondrial gene fragments

Insect mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) analysis is a powerful tool for the study of population genetics and phylogenetics. In the past few years primer sequences for the PCR amplification of various insect mtDNA genes have been published. The objectives of this study were (1) present new primer sequences for six insect mitochondrial genes and (2) test primers designed in our laboratory and some previously published primers on a wide range of insects to determine if amplification of the target fragment could be obtained. The primers for the amplification of the two ribosomal RNA gene (16S and 12S rRNA) fragments are universal for insects and related groups; the primers for NADH5 and NADH4 dehydrogenase gene fragments and cytochrome c oxidase I gene fragment are applicable broadly.
Dynamics of a Coulomb Damped Helical Spring: A Finite Element Approach

This work presents the results of a mathematical modeling to study the dynamic behavior of a helical spring under a periodic excitation induced by a rotating cam. The spring is sleeved over a mandrel; thereby it is further subjected to a Coulomb damping force as it oscillates. Helical springs expand radially when they are compressed. The effect of this radial expansion is included in the mathematical model. Standard wave equation that includes variable Coulomb damping was used to examine the vibratory behavior of the spring. Numerical solution to the no-friction, constant-friction, and varying-friction forces were obtained from the wave equation, using Explicit Finite Difference method. Finite Element was used to model the radial expansion of the spring to determine the variations of the Coulomb friction force. The spring response to the prescribed cam excitation, under the variable Coulomb friction force, was found not to be significantly different from that of a previously assumed constant friction force, for the cases that were studied in this work. In case of postulating a variable damping force the residual vibrations of spring loops are slightly higher than of the constant damping force.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Blame, shame, and contamination: the impact of mental illness and drug dependence stigma on family members

Family members of relatives with mental illness or drug dependence or both report that they are frequently harmed by public stigma. No population-based survey, however, has assessed how members of the general public actually view family members. Hence, the authors examined ways that family role and psychiatric disorder influence family stigma. A national sample (N = 968) was recruited for this study. A vignette design describing a person with a health condition and a family member was used. Family stigma related to mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, is not highly endorsed. Family stigma related to drug dependence, however, is worse than for other health conditions, with family members being blamed for both the onset and offset of a relative's disorder and likely to be socially shunned.
Acoustic transient classification of passive sonar signals by using vector quantization

The automatic classifications of ice-generated transient signals is examined. The classification method is a modified version of one previously used to classify speech sounds and is based on vector quantization. It uses a clustering algorithm on training data to design a signal-specific classification codebook (a set of reference spectra) for each signal type, and it compares an unknown signal event with each of the classification codebooks to make a classification decision. On a test set consisting 7 types of ice-generated signals, a recognition accuracy of 71% was achieved. Details of the experimental conditions and results are given, and recommendations for improving the performance are provided. >
Rethinking Federalism for More Effective Governance

For common reasons the federal government and most state governments face rising structural deficits even as the economy recovers. An aging population requires retirement income and increasingly expensive health care, while a prosperous economy requires public investment in skills, technology, and infrastructure. However, stressed federal and state tax systems are increasingly inadequate. The author revisits proposals, made twenty years ago, for substantial changes in fiscal federalism designed to help both levels function more effectively. She argues that the case for dividing the governmental job more sharply between the two levels is stronger than ever and explores the pros and cons of devolving elementary and secondary education to the states. She argues for common shared taxes, especially a broad-based federal consumption tax shared with the states.
Population Structure of Summer Flounder Between New York and Florida Based on Linear Discriminant Analysis

Abstract We used a stepwise linear discriminant analysis to investigate the population structure of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus). Analysis was based on 18 morphometric and meristic variables taken from 1,214 specimens collected in coastal waters between Montauk Point, New York and Cape Canaveral, Florida. Two populations were identified: one in the Middle Atlantic Bight, or between New York and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; the other in the South Atlantic Bight, or between Cape Hatteras and Florida. Discriminant analysis coefficients, based on five morphometric variables taken from specimens collected at geographic extremes of the survey area, provide a mathematical means for classifying summer flounder into either the northern or southern population with an accuracy of 93%.
Suckling Mouse Cataract Agent (SMCA) in Tissue Culture

SummarySuckling mouse cataract agent, a new addition to the “slow” virus group, has shown appreciable growth in explant tissue cultures of SMCA-infected chick embryos. SMCA readily propagated for the first time in significant titers in organ cultures of rabbit lens. In addition, several serial passages of SMCA in rabbit lens organ cultures were made with no significant loss in infectivity titers. The data presented should be of considerable value in further studies on the nature of this agent and its pathogenesis in chronically infected brain.
Clinical Updates on EGFR/HER Targeted Agents in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Recent updated reports from the large adjuvant trials in HER2-positive breast cancer indicate that the remarkable benefits of adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy appear, so far, to be sustained rather than transient. Other studies show that even small, node-negative, HER2-positive tumors carry some risk of recurrence and might benefit from trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy. Evaluations of HER2 test results have examined the benefit of trastuzumab in cancers that exhibit focally positive gene amplification and also have raised the question of whether the criteria that correlate HER2 positivity with trastuzumab benefit in the adjuvant setting may be different from the criteria that apply in the treatment of metastatic disease. New results from trials combining targeted agents in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer provide strong rationale for the current adjuvant trials. In addition, neoadjuvant studies lend further support for combining targeted agents and may also provide an optimal setting to identify biomarkers that correlate with patient outcome. A new generation of therapies, including novel targeted agents and vaccines, is moving forward in clinical development and will be incorporated into adjuvant regimens in the future.
Allometry of the Growth of Pink Shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum in a Subtropical Bay

Abstract We developed robust allometric relationships for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus (=Penaeus) duorarum by focusing on appropriate mathematical models and statistical procedures for parameter estimation. We utilized fishery-independent data on the abundance and size of juvenile and subadult pink shrimp from an efficient sampling program in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Total length (TL), carapace length (CL), and wet weight (W) were obtained from 440 male and 487 female pink shrimp ranging from 3 to 30 mm CL. The TL−CL function was linear. Because we noticed a pronounced shift in the relationship at the onset of sexual maturity, however, we estimated separate models for juveniles (CL < 18 mm; TL = 1.616 + 4.503·CL) and subadults (CL ≥ 18 mm; TL = 11.636 + 3.985·CL). The dependence of W on CL was best described by nonlinear allometric functions of the form W = αCLβ. Model parameters were estimated by least-squares regression methods after log-transformation of the original nonlinear power function. The allometr...
Ligand Effects on the δ → δ* Band Energies and Intensities in a Series of Diimine Complexes of Dimolybdenum

Abstract The complexes Mo 2 X 4 (diimine) 2 (X = Cl, Br, I and diimine = 2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 2,2′-bipyrazine, 3,3′-bipyridazine, 2,2′-bipyrimidine, 1,10-phenanthroline and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) have been prepared by reaction of Mo 2 (OAc) 4 with (CH 3 ) 3 SiX in the presence of excess diimine. The product complexes apparently contain non-bridged quadruple molybdenum—molybdenum bonds. Each molybdenum is coordinated to a bidentate diimine and two halogen atoms. Electronic absorption and electrochemical studies have shown that shifts in the energy of the δ → δ * band are affected by the mixing of this transition with a metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition, probably a δ → π * transition. It was also found that the compounds Mo 2 X 4 (diimine) 2 react slowly with oxygen to form Mo 2 O 4 Cl 4 (diimine) 2 and then MoO 2 Cl 2 (diimine). The crystal and molecular structure of MoO 2 Cl 2 (4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′bipyridine), determined by a three-dimensional X-ray diffraction study, is reported.
A role for host–parasite interactions in the horizontal transfer of transposons across phyla

The horizontal transfer (HT) of genetic material between non-mating species, common in bacteria, is increasingly being recognized as a significant force in eukaryotic evolution. Most instances of HT described so far in metazoans involve mobile genetic elements — mainly transposons — but the mechanisms enabling this exchange between widely divergent species are unknown. Gilbert et al. now show that transposable elements spread between disparate species by hitch-hiking in the genomes of parasites shared by these species. Specifically, Rhodnius prolixus, an insect that feeds on the blood of tetrapods and which is the vector of Chagas disease in humans, carries four distinct transposon families in its genome that can invade the genomes of a range of tetrapods including the opossum and squirrel monkey. One of these transposon families is also present in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a vector of trematodes infecting many vertebrates. 'Horizontal gene transfer' refers to the passage of genetic material between non-mating species. Transposable elements (transposons) may be especially prone to horizontal gene transfer, but the mechanisms by which they can spread across diverged species have been elusive. Here it is shown that transposons can spread by hitchhiking in the genomes of parasites. The amount of DNA that can be transferred in this way underscores the impact of horizontal gene transfer on genome evolution. Horizontal transfer (HT), or the passage of genetic material between non-mating species, is increasingly recognized as an important force in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes1,2. Transposons, with their inherent ability to mobilize and amplify within genomes, may be especially prone to HT3,4,5,6,7. However, the means by which transposons can spread across widely diverged species remain elusive. Here we present evidence that host–parasite interactions have promoted the HT of four transposon families between invertebrates and vertebrates. We found that Rhodnius prolixus, a triatomine bug feeding on the blood of various tetrapods and vector of Chagas’ disease in humans, carries in its genome four distinct transposon families that also invaded the genomes of a diverse, but overlapping, set of tetrapods. The bug transposons are ∼98% identical and cluster phylogenetically with those of the opossum and squirrel monkey, two of its preferred mammalian hosts in South America. We also identified one of these transposon families in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a cosmopolitan vector of trematodes infecting diverse vertebrates, whose ancestral sequence is nearly identical and clusters with those found in Old World mammals. Together these data provide evidence for a previously hypothesized role of host–parasite interactions in facilitating HT among animals3,7. Furthermore, the large amount of DNA generated by the amplification of the horizontally transferred transposons supports the idea that the exchange of genetic material between hosts and parasites influences their genomic evolution.
Coset-based formalism for the nonlinear realization of the supersymmetry algebra

We present an alternative formalism for the off-shell, nonlinear realization of the supersymmetry algebra first given by Akulov and Volkov. This formalism is developed using the Akulov-Volkov Goldstino fields as coordinates for the coset manifold $\frac{\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{H}}$, where $\mathcal{G}$ and $\mathcal{H}$ are, respectively, the super-Poincar\'e and Poincar\'e groups. Group transformations on this space may be described by a set of vectors analogous to the Killing vectors of symmetric-space scalar field theory. We show that the Akulov-Volkov Lagrangian and other physical quantities of theoretical interest may be constructed in terms of these vectors. The connections between this approach and other superfield-based approaches to the Akulov-Volkov model are discussed.
Predictors of poor coronary heart disease knowledge level in women without prior coronary heart disease

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure coronary heart disease (CHD) knowledge levels in women without a history of CHD and to determine predictors of poor CHD knowledge in these women. Data sources: The sample included 120 women between the ages of 35 and 60, who had no CHD history. Women were asked to complete self-administered surveys including demographic data, personal CHD risk factors, and a CHD Knowledge Test. Conclusions: Women lack CHD knowledge. Low educational level, normal serum lipids, high body mass index (BMI), and lack of access to a nurse practitioner (NP) were predictors of poor CHD knowledge levels in women without CHD history. Implicationsforpractice: Women who had access to an NP were more likely to have higher CHD knowledge. In an attempt to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with CHD, NPs may be able to improve CHD knowledge in women, particularly in those with lower educational level, normal serum lipids and higher BMI.
Bayesian analysis of concurrent time series with application to regional IBM revenue data

Business data frequently arise in the form of concurrent time series. We present a general framework for simultaneous modeling and fitting of such series using the class of Box—Jenkins models. This framework is an exchangeable hierarchical Bayesian model incorporating dependence among the series. Our motivating data set consists of regional IBM revenue available monthly for several geographic regions. Stationary seasonal autoregressive models are simultaneously fit to the regional data series using various error covariance specifications for the strong interregional dependence. A modified Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to carry out the fitting and to enable all subsequent inference. Graphical techniques using predictive distributions are employed to assess model adequacy and to select among models. Outlier estimation and prediction under the chosen model are used for planning and to measure the effect of special promotional events.
A molecular clock for malaria parasites.

The evolutionary origins of new lineages of pathogens are fundamental to understanding emerging diseases. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on DNA sequences has revealed the sister taxa of human pathogens, but the timing of host-switching events, including the human malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum, remains controversial. Here, we establish a rate for cytochrome b evolution in avian malaria parasites relative to its rate in birds. We found that the parasite cytochrome b gene evolves about 60% as rapidly as that of host cytochrome b, corresponding to ~1.2% sequence divergence per million years. This calibration puts the origin of P. falciparum at 2.5 million years ago (Ma), the initial radiation of mammalian Plasmodium at 12.8 Ma, and the contemporary global diversity of the Haemosporida across terrestrial vertebrates at 16.2 Ma.
Coupling of redox indicator dyes into an enzymatic reaction cycle.

The spectral properties of ten redox indicator dyes were evaluated with the aim of finding the optimal choice for coupling to enzymatic reactions with high sensitivity for the production of the reduced form. Eight of the dyes were selected for coupling into a reaction cycle formed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase with substrates ethanol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and diaphorase with substrates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, produced by the prior reaction) and the oxidized form of the respective dye. Two of the dyes exhibited decreased absorption on reduction, whereas all (eight) tetrazolium dyes increased in their absorption substantially upon reduction. Bis-tetrazolium dyes had a significantly higher molar extinction coefficient (up to 23,000 M-1.cm-1) than mono-tetrazolium dyes (down to 8000 M-1.cm-1). Kinetically, most dyes could be reduced with NADH (and diaphorase), but the rate of reduction varied considerably among the dyes with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and tetranitroblue tetrazolium (TNBT) being the fastest. Therefore, NBT and TNBT seem to be the most suitable for fast response.
Flow behavior of a cationic biopolymer: chitosan

The effect of ionic strength (0.1 M ≤ [Cl] ≤0.4M), pH (3.0 ≤ pH≤ 5.0) and shear rate (up to 1000 sec−1) on the rheological response of concentrated chitosan solutions have been studied. It has been observed that viscosity increases with increasing chitosan concentration and that a shear thinning behavior is present for polymer concentrations above 0.50 g/dl. Also, it has been shown that the zero shear viscosity is independent of the ionic strength of the media, but increases as pH is increased. This behavior has been related to the role of the surface charge density on the chitosan backbone upon the intermolecular entanglement which control the rheological behavior of concentrated chitosan solutions.
Dielectric loss of quartz crystals electrodiffused with either Na+ or Li+

Abstract Dielectric relaxation techniques were used in order to better understand the behavior of defects that affect the frequency stability of α-quartz crystals. Crystals were studied that have been swept (electrodiffused) either with Na + or with Li + . The Na-swept samples showed two well-known loss peaks (called α and β) due to the Al-Na pair, corresponding to the Na + ion, respectively, in nn and nnn interstitial sites about a substitutional Al 3+ ion. Precise activation energies and preexponentials were obtained by comparison with analogous anelastic loss peaks. It was also found that the α:β equilibrium is frozen-in below 300 K and can be varied, by heat treatment. Values of the components of the dipole moment of the α and β pairs were determined, and absolute calibrations obtained for the two peaks. In the case of the Li-swept samples, however, there were no peaks present, from which it was concluded that for the Al-Li pair, the Li + ion sits on the twofold symmetry axis of the AlO 4 tetrahedron.
DNA Replication Stress-induced Phosphorylation of Cyclic AMP Response Element-binding Protein Mediated by ATM

The DNA damage-response regulators ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ATM-Rad3-related) are structurally and functionally related protein kinases that exhibit nearly identical substrate specificities in vitro. Current paradigms hold that the relative contributions of ATM and ATR to nuclear substrate phosphorylation are dictated by the type of initiating DNA lesion; ATM-dependent substrate phosphorylation is principally activated by DNA double strand breaks, whereas ATR-dependent substrate phosphorylation is induced by UV light and other forms of DNA replication stress. In this report, we employed the cyclic AMP-response element-binding (CREB) protein to provide evidence for substrate discrimination by ATM and ATR in cellulo. ATM and ATR phosphorylate CREB in vitro, and CREB is phosphorylated on Ser-121 in intact cells in response to ionizing radiation (IR), UV light, and hydroxyurea. The UV light- and hydroxyurea-induced phosphorylation of CREB was delayed in comparison to the canonical ATR substrate CHK1, suggesting potentially different mechanisms of phosphorylation. UV light-induced CREB phosphorylation temporally correlated with ATM autophosphorylation on Ser-1981, and an ATM-specific small interfering RNA suppressed CREB phosphorylation in response to this stimulus. UV light-induced CREB phosphorylation was absent in ATM-deficient cells, confirming that ATM is required for CREB phosphorylation in UV irradiation-damaged cells. Interestingly, RNA interference-mediated suppression of ATR partially inhibited CREB phosphorylation in response to UV light, which correlated with reduced phosphorylation of ATM on Ser-1981. These findings suggest that ATM is the major genotoxin-induced CREB kinase in mammalian cells and that ATR lies upstream of ATM in a UV light-induced signaling pathway.
Elementary Social Studies Textbooks and Legitimating Knowledge

Abstract Several critics have suggested that elementary social studies texts present a naive image of society by not including information on political or other social conflict, and by presenting students with an overly positive view of the benevolence and accountability of political authority. One explanation for the unrealistic information chosen for students in their elementary social studies texts is that it represents what Silberman and Shaver have called educator “mindlessness” or inattention to critical thought. The present paper attempts to counter this type of explanation by discussing the possible social meanings of social studies knowledge. It is argued that a major social function of the information in social studies textbooks is to provide formal justification for and legitimation of ongoing institutional practices.