cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satellite remote sensing of atmospheric pollution : The far-reaching impact of burning in southern Africa

When the first observations of a tropospheric trace gas were obtained in the 1980s, carbon monoxide enhancements from tropical biomass burning dominated the observed features. In 2005, an active remote-sensing system to provide detailed information on the vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds was launched, and again, one of the most imposing features observed was the presence of emissions from tropical biomass burning. This paper presents a brief overview of space-borne observations of the distribution of trace gases and aerosols and how tropical biomass burning, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, has provided an initially surprising picture of the distribution of these species and how they have evolved from prevailing transport patterns in that hemisphere. We also show how interpretation of these observations has improved significantly as a result of the improved capability of trajectory modeling in recent years and how information from this capability has provided additional insight into previous measurements form satellites. Key words: pollution; biomass burning; aerosols; tropical trace gas emissions; Southern Hemisphere; carbon monoxide.
Detachment of a rigid solid from an elastic wavy surface: Theory

The mechanics of detachment between a wavy elastic half space and a rigid solid is considered. Solutions for the axisymmetric problem of a rigid sphere and the plane strain problem of a rigid cylinder detaching from a wavy surface are developed. The interacting solids are taken to be in complete contact over a finite area initially. It is shown that the surface waviness makes the detachment process unstable, with the interface separating in alternating stable and unstable segments. Each unstable segment dissipates mechanical energy, leading to an increase in the total work of separation compared to that of a flat surface. Further, waviness causes the maximum separation force or the pull-off force to increase during detachment, resulting in an apparent toughening of the interface. This mechanism provides an alternative explanation to the experimental observations in the literature that roughness can sometimes lead to increase in pull-off force. It also illustrates the role of roughness in the attachment capability of several insect feet possessing soft pads. The basic solution presented here can be used to analyze the detachment of surfaces with multiple scale roughness as well. The solution also suggests strategies to improve reversible adhesion of a soft material by designing optimal surface topographies.
Thin films derived from giant, tripod-shaped oligophenylenes end-capped with triallylsilyl groups on hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces.

Abstract Monolayers of giant, tripod-shaped molecules 1 with each tripod leg composed of seven phenylene units end-capped with a triallylsilyl group were prepared on hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces (H–Si(111)) via thermally induced surface hydrosilylation. The films were characterized by ellipsometry, contact-angle goniometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The measured ellipsometric thickness of 24 A of the films suggests anchoring of 1 on the substrate surface with a tripod orientation of high coverage. By measuring the contact angle hysteresis of a series of probe liquids with systematically varied sizes, the molecular pores present on the films consisting of the intercalated molecules of 1 are similar to the cross sectional areas of glycerol and decalin of 0.32–0.49 nm2. Finally, as evidenced by XPS, excellent yields ( ∼ 90 % ) of Suzuki coupling reactions with arylboronic acid derivatives on the films was achieved, suggesting that the desired tripod orientation of such giant molecules as 1 helps to eliminate the steric hindrance for the reaction.
Localized pain associated with seizures originating in the parietal lobe.

Summary: Purpose: Ictal pain is a rare symptom of seizures. Epileptic pain may be experienced unilaterally (lateral/peripheral), cephalically, or in the abdomen. Painful seizures have been associated with seizure origin in both the parietal and the temporal lobes. We report on the different types of epileptic pain and discuss its etiology and possible localizing value. Methods: We reviewed the records of patients referred to our epilepsy program over the last 6 years. Eight (1.4%) of 573 patients had pain as an early prominent symptom of their seizures. Results: Pain was predominantly unilateral in three patients, cephalic in two, and abdominal in three patients. Seizure onset was in or involving the parietal lobe in all patients, and when the painful symptoms were lateralized, they were contralateral to the side of seizure origin. Parietal lobe seizure origin was determined by both intracranial EEG recording and neuroimaging [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] in five patients, and by both scalp EEG and neuroimaging in three patients. Conclusions: We conclude that ictal pain is a rare symptom of parietal lobe seizure origin with lateralizing potential.
Charles Sanders Peirce's economy of research

Charles Sanders Peirce has authored an extraordinary ‘Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research’ (1879). The Note presents an economic model of research project selection in science. A case can be made that the Note was the first piece of modern scientific research in all of economics. This claim is based on the novelty of the method of argument, the graphical techniques, and the ratio of the marginal utilities found in the Note. The Note is also significant for making economic factors a central part of a theory of scientific inference, something which contemporary economic methodologists and philosophers still have not done except for a few notable exceptions. And it has been used by philosopher Nicholas Rescher to interpret and criticize Karl Popper's notion of falsification. All of these contributions suggest that Peirce's Note may be of unusual interest to the economics profession.
Suppurative keloidosis in a black woman.

The development of suppuration and sinus tract formation within previously well developed keloidal scats is a rare event, predominantly occurring in the beard, neck, and presternal areas of black men. Keloidal entrapment of epithelial cystic elements, such as pilosebaceous units, has been suggested as one possible mechanism for the occurrence of suppurative keloids. We report the extremely rare development of a large, submental, submaxillary suppurative keloid in a black woman, with resulting sinus tract formation and intraoral drainage. The important clinical characteristics and treatment of suppurative keloidosis are discussed. The gross pathologic picture of keloidal epithelial-cystic entrapment and inflammation is also demonstrated.
Extending the range of adaptive misbelief: Memory distortions as functional features

A large amount of research in cognitive psychology is focused on memory distortions, understood as deviations from various (largely implicit) standards. Many alleged distortions actually suggest a highly functional system that balances the cost of acquiring new information with the benefit of relevant, contextually appropriate decision-making. In this sense many memories may be examples of functionally adaptive misbelief.
Office counseling: When, why, what, and how

Abstract Counseling patients is an important component of primary care. There is no standard definition of “counseling,” however. The term “counseling” can be used for activities ranging from simple explanations of a medical condition to long-term psychological treatment of individual or family problems. All primary practitioners do the former, but the extent of their counseling beyond that level varies widely. Many factors contribute to the variation: time, training, level of comfort, relationships with particular patients and families, experience with particular disease entities and patient populations, and the availability of qualified mental health professionals to advise the primary care provider and/or accept referrals of patients. This article will help the obstetrician/gynecologist decide when a patient's distress is likely to resolve on its own, when she needs counseling, what kind and how much, and when she should be referred to a mental health specialist. The article will also provide suggestions for the performance of office counseling.
Computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke

Stroke remains the third most important cause of mortality in industrialized countries; this has prompted research for improvements in both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with signs of acute cerebral ischemia. Over the last decade, there has been a parallel in progress in techniques in both diagnostic and therapeutic options. While previously only used for excluding hemorrhage, imaging now has the possibility to detect ischemia, vascular occlusion, as well as detect tissue at risk in one setting. It should also allow to monitor treatment and predict/exclude therapeutic complications. Parallel to advances in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke, computed tomography has improved immensely over the last decade due to the development of CT scanners that are faster and that allow to acquire studies such as CT perfusion or CT angiography in a reliable way. CT can detect many signs that might help us detect impending signs of massive infarction, but we still lack the experience to use these alone to prevent a patient from benefitting from possible therapy.
AC losses in stacked Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10/Ag tapes with different stacking arrangements

Abstract AC losses in perpendicular applied magnetic fields were measured for stacks of Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10 /Ag tapes having two different tape-stacking arrangements, straight and staggered tapes. Although the losses were the same at high fields, (above full penetration fields), they were significantly different at low fields. Also, a comparison of the losses was made in single stacks with and without paper insulation between the tapes in the stacks while the heights of the stacks were kept the same. These results were qualitatively explained by considering the relative ease of the magnetic flux penetration into the tapes in the stacks.
Internal Carotid Artery Patency following Common Carotid Artery Occlusion: Management of the Asymptomatic Patient

Rarely, internal carotid artery (ICA) patency is maintained above a common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) through collateral flow of the ipsilateral external carotid artery or an aberrant ICA branch. Several small series report excellent results of ICA revascularization in relieving cerebral ischemic symptoms in these patients. The natural history of CCAO with patent ICA in the asymptomatic patient, however, is unknown. The Greenville Memorial Hospital Vascular Teaching Service registry and all carotid duplex scans done in the Greenville Hospital System vascular laboratory from January 1994 through December 1997 were reviewed. Data collection included chart review, phone interviews, and the review of angiograms and duplex scans. This study suggests that carotid duplex is more sensitive for detecting ICA flow after CCAO than routine contrast angiography. It also suggests that while rare in presentation, asymptomatic patients with CCAO and a patent ICA appear to have a benign neurologic course and can probably be observed without a high risk of stroke.
The Boston keratoprosthesis type I in mucous membrane pemphigoid

Purpose To evaluate the use of the Boston keratoprosthesis type I implantation in patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP). Methods Retrospective review of 8 eyes of 8 patients with severe ocular surface disease and corneal blindness as a result of MMP who underwent Boston keratoprosthesis type I implantation at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2009. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity, keratoprosthesis retention, and postoperative complications. Results The mean age of patients was 71.3 years (range, 55-94 years), and the mean duration of their disease preoperatively was 6.1 years (range, 1.7-11.4 years). Visual acuity after the surgery improved to 20/200 or better in 6 eyes (75%) and to 20/40 or better in 3 eyes (37.5%). Only 1 of 6 eyes (16.7%) was able to maintain visual acuity of 20/200 or better over a mean follow-up period of 3.2 years. Five of the 8 Boston keratoprosthesis type I devices (62.5%) extruded or had to be replaced during a mean follow-up time of 1.7 ± 1.7 years. Loss of vision to worse than 20/200 during the follow-up period occurred because of keratoprosthesis type I extrusion, end-stage glaucoma, and retinal or choroidal detachment. Conclusions The clinical outcomes of Boston keratoprosthesis type I implantation in MMP are guarded and, as judged from the literature, less favorable than those with the Boston keratoprosthesis type II for the same disease.
Which Practices Are Suitable for an Academic Software Project

This paper presents the practices observed in successful academic projects. It classifies them by the software lifecycle stage they belong to, most of the academic projects are in stage of evolution. It also classifies them by their purpose into the organizational and code development practices. The classification may help academic project managers and developers, who are often specialist in fields other than software engineering, to select the appropriate practices for their project.
Evidence for a coordination position available to solute molecules on one of the metals at the active center of reduced bovine superoxide dismutase

Abstract We have measured the contribution of the reduced form of bovine Zn Cu superoxide dismutase to the relaxation of the 35Cl nucleus of chloride ion. The reduced protein has a molar relaxivity approximately 2.5 greater than the metal free protein, and addition of a small excess of cyanide lowers the relaxivity of the reduced protein to that of the apo-protein. We have interpreted these observations in terms of an open coordination position on one of the two metal ions, and we have proposed a mechanism for the reduction of superoxide by reduced superoxide dismutase which requires that O 2 − binds to Cu+ prior to electron transfer.
Role of Osteotomy: Unloading the Compartments

Opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy continues to have a role in young active patients today. It is being used in combination with ligamentous and cartilage procedures for improved joint homeostasis with satisfactory early results. Our described technique with a single bone cut allows incremental increases in distraction for precise deformity correction, achieving satisfactory survival in midterm follow-up. The modern opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy represents a valid alternative for young patients for correction of varus deformity and early medial compartment osteoarthritis.
The Vascular Anatomy of the Vertebro-Spinal Axis

This article discusses the vascular anatomy of the vertebra-spinal axis and covers such topics as vascular supply to the spine, spinal dura, and paraspinal musculature; vascular supply to the spinal cord; and spinal veins.
Color and contrast perception in monochrome medical imaging flat-panel displays

The interpretation of diagnostic grayscale images by human beings relies on luminance discrimination at photopic levels. The observer in his search for abnormality relies on luminance modulation. If this hypothesis is valid, then the color of a monochrome presentation should not affect diagnostic performance when the image luminance is equivalent to grayscale levels. Does observer preference for a particular tint influence his performance defining an ideally colored grayscale? In this paper, we studied the variations in supra-threshold contrast perception when using different colored scales to display psychophysics targets on uniform background. We used targets with six different colored scales based upon the hue and saturation levels, while maintaining a constant luminosity. The six colored scales and the 'white' grayscale constituted our set of seven colored scales used in a two-alternative forced choice scheme with random presentation and eighteen observers. All image targets contained the same degree of physical contrast and the same luminance values. We computed the degree of preference for all possible combinations of two colored scales. In spite of large inter-observer variability, we found that green and blue scales result in higher perceived contrast.
Acetylcholine receptor-controlled ion flux in electroplax membrane vesicles: A minimal mechanism based on rate measurements in the millisecond to minute time region

Abstract The dependence of acetylcholine receptor-controlled transmembrane ion flux on carbamylcholine concentration was measured in the msec time region, using membrane vesicles and a quench flow technique. 4 Measurements were made: (1) transmembrane ion influx, (2) rate of inactivation of the receptor by carbamylcholine, (3) rate of recovery, and (4) ion influx mediated by “inactivated” receptor. The minimal model, based on the measurements, accounts for the time dependence of receptor-controlled ion flux over a 200-fold carbamylcholine concentration range. The maximum flux rate of 84 sec−1 indicates that we have succeeded in measuring the receptor-controlled processes which give rise to electrical signals in cells.
The role of magnetic resonance imaging in acute cervical spine fractures

Abstract Background context The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in neurologically intact cervical spine fractures is not well defined. To our knowledge, there are no studies that clearly identify the indications for MRI in this particular scenario. Controversy remains regarding the use of MRI in at-risk patients, primarily the obtunded and elderly patients. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to examine the predisposing conditions where an MRI would provide additional findings that would affect management in acute cervical spine fractures. Study design Retrospective cohort involving radiographic and clinical review. Patient sample Consecutive patients with acute cervical injuries at a single institution. Outcome measures Neurologic recovery. Methods A review of 830 patients with cervical spinal injuries between 2006 and 2010 was performed. Clinical information was obtained for all the patients: Glasgow Coma Scale, mechanism of injury, major medical comorbidities, associated injuries, neurologic examination, neurologic symptoms, sex, age, and alertness. Two experienced fellowship-trained spine surgeons determined if the MRI study changed the management in the individual cases based on the Sub-axial Cervical Spine Injury classification system. Results Ninety-nine patients with a cervical fracture were included in the final analysis: median age 54 years (interquartile range, 42 years), mean Glasgow Coma Scale 13 (standard deviation±3.0), 68% males, 32% females, 42% older patients (age>60 years), 30% spondylosis, 27% polytrauma, 67% alert, 28% neurologic deficit. Major medical comorbidities, prior to injury level of activity, atlantoaxial versus subaxial, and gender were not associated with changes in diagnosis and management (p>.05). Age >60 years, neurologic deficit, polytrauma status, alertness, and spondylosis were associated with having additional clinically relevant findings seen on MRI and changes in management (p Conclusions Older age (>60 years), obtunded or temporary non-assessable status, cervical spondylosis, polytrauma, and neurologic deficit are predisposing factors for further injury found on MRI but missed on computed tomographic scan alone. These additional findings can affect the management in acute cervical spine fractures. The rational of the on-call spine surgeon to order an MRI for a cervical spine fracture is well founded and often that MRI will affect the fracture management. Magnetic resonance imaging particularly helps with better defining the type of spinal cord compression. Picking up occult instability missed on computed tomographic scan was possible with MRI but not as common.
A fine structure map of spontaneous and induced mutations in the lambda repressor gene, including insertions of IS elements

Mutations at over 70 sites in the cI gene have been mapped by 4-factor crosses and assigned precise or approximate positions in the DNA sequence. 16 of 25 spontaneous mutations were insertions of IS1, IS3 or IS5 into AT-rich regions of cI. The 5-methylcytosine in the sequence Cm5CAGG is a hot spot for spontaneous cI amber mutations. Recombination frequencies between mutations were proportional to distance with the exception of amber mutations at 4 sites, including the host spot for spontaneous mutations. Mutations with a given phenotype are clustered on the genetic map. No missense mutations affecting repressor activity were found in the central one-third of cI, but 5 of 6 ind - mutations were located in this region. The aminoterminal third of the gene contains the sites of most trans-dominant cI- mutations, and of all ts mutations that result in repressors that are reversibly inactivated at high temperatures.
Traces of monotone Sobolev functions

In this paper we prove that ifu:\({\mathbb{B}}^n \to {\mathbb{R}}\), where\({\mathbb{B}}^n \) is the unit ball in ℝ n , is a monotone function in the Sobolev space W1·p (\({\mathbb{B}}^n \)), andn − 1 <p ≤n, thenu has nontangential limits at all the points of\(\partial {\mathbb{B}}^n \) except possibly on a set ofp-capacity zero. The key ingredient in the proof is an extension of a classical theorem of Lindelof to monotone functions in W1·p (\({\mathbb{B}}^n \)),n − 1 <p ≤n.
Reduced alpha adrenergic mediated contraction of renal preglomerular blood vessels as a function of gender and aging

As human males age, a decline in baroreflex-mediated elevation of blood pressure occurs due, at least in part, to a reduction in alpha-1 adrenergic vasoconstrictor function. Alpha adrenergic constriction is mediated by guanosine triphosphate binding Protein (G Protein) coupled signaling pathways. Alpha-1 A/C, B, and D adrenergic receptor expressions, measured by GeneChip array, are not reduced during aging in renal blood vessels of male or female rats. Alpha-1 A GeneChip expression is greater, at all ages studied, in females than in males. Prazosin binding by alpha-1 adrenergic receptors is greater in young adult female rats than in young adult male rats; however, it is reduced with aging in both male and female rats. G alpha q GeneChip expression declines while expression of adrenergic receptor kinase (GRK2) and tyrosine phosphatases (TyrP) increase with aging in male rats. The declines in alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding and G alpha q expression and also the increases in GRK2 and TyrP expression likely relate to the age-related decline of vasoconstriction in male rats. The information that the expression of alpha-1 A adrenergic receptors is greater in female rats and (GRK2) expression does not increase during aging could relate to the gender differences in vasoconstrictor function with aging. Gene therapy to ameliorate the age-related decline in renal function could possibly reduce the need for renal dialysis. Signaling pathways such as those reviewed herein may provide an outline of the molecular pathways needed to move toward successful renal gene therapy for aging individuals. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A convolution method for inverse heat conduction problems

The problem of determining the temperature at one end of a rod by means of interior temperature measurements has considerable practical importance and has been well studied, however, few exact solutions have been found. Most of the applicable results therefore, have been obtained from the (numerical) analysis of discretized systems. In this paper we present an analytic method for obtaining solutions to this problem which does not require differentiation (only integration) of the interior temperature readings and is valid for general finite energy boundary data and for general radiation boundary conditions at the known end of the rod.
geWorkbench: an open source platform for integrative genomics

Summary: geWorkbench (genomics Workbench) is an open source Java desktop application that provides access to an integrated suite of tools for the analysis and visualization of data from a wide range of genomics domains (gene expression, sequence, protein structure and systems biology). More than 70 distinct plug-in modules are currently available implementing both classical analyses (several variants of clustering, classification, homology detection, etc.) as well as state of the art algorithms for the reverse engineering of regulatory networks and for protein structure prediction, among many others. geWorkbench leverages standards-based middleware technologies to provide seamless access to remote data, annotation and computational servers, thus, enabling researchers with limited local resources to benefit from available public infrastructure. Availability: The project site (http://www.geworkbench.org) includes links to self-extracting installers for most operating system (OS) platforms as well as instructions for building the application from scratch using the source code [which is freely available from the project's SVN (subversion) repository]. geWorkbench support is available through the end-user and developer forums of the caBIG® Molecular Analysis Tools Knowledge Center, https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Molecular/forums/ Contact: ude.aibmuloc.2b2c@hcnebkroweg Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Transport ofS-Adenosylmethionine in Isolated Rat Liver Mitochondria

Abstract Mitochondria do not have the enzyme, methionine adenosyltransferase (ATP: l -methionine S -adenosyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.6), necessary for the biosynthesis of S -adenosylmethionine. Nevertheless, about 30% of total hepatic S -adenosylmethionine resides in the mitochondria and radiolabeled S -adenosylmethionine may be isolated from the mitochondria after administration of radiolabeled methionine. This leads to the hypothesis that a carrier-mediated system is responsible for S -adenosylmethionine transport from the cytosol into the mitochondria. We have characterized such a system in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Uptake of S -adenosylmethionine consisted of two components. One component was incorporation of the methyl group into phospholipids as shown by thin-layer chromatography. The second component represented uptake into the mitochondria since addition of excess unlabeled S -adenosylmethionine resulted in efflux of labeled substrate. This countertransport is characteristic of a carrier-mediated transport system. Uptake (corrected for incorporation into phospholipids) was saturable with an apparent K m = 8.9 μ m and V max = 54.3 pmol·mg protein −1 ·min −1 . Uptake was not inhibited by methionine, adenosine, 5′-methylthioadenosine, carnitine, choline, betaine, quinine, or hemicholinium-3. Uptake was inhibited by sinefungin and by S -adenosylhomocysteine ( K i = 53.4 μ m ). Uptake of S -adenosylmethionine was not dependent on the electrical potential across the mitochondrial membrane. These results indicate that S -adenosylmethionine is taken up into mitochondria via a specific, carrier-mediated system.
Impact of Protocol Deviations in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated With Intravenous rt-PA Within 4.5 Hours After Symptom Onset.

Background: There is limited experience in the community with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administered 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) onset. Many patients do not meet entry criteria of pivotal clinical trials because of severe stroke, age >80, severe hypertension (sHTN), or history of previous stroke and diabetes. Whether rt-PA benefits these patients is unclear. Thus, we investigated the outcomes of stroke patients treated with rt-PA with or without these adverse clinical characteristics. Methods: Chart review of patients with AIS treated with intravenous rt-PA at a single institution. Outcomes at discharge were compared between patients with severe stroke, age >80, sHTN, or previous stroke/diabetes and those without these characteristics. Good outcome was defined as modified Rankin score (mRS) of 0 to 1. Analysis of variance and t tests were used to compare the outcomes. Results: Of the 118 cases analyzed, 103 (87%) were treated ≤3 hours and 15 (13%) between 3 and ...
IMPROVING PROCESS METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURING PLUTONIUM BURDEN IN HUMAN URINE USING FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS

The aim of this paper is to clearly define the chemical and nuclear principles governing Fission Track Analysis (FTA) to determine environmental levels of239Pu in urine. The paper also addresses deficiencies in FTA methodology and introduces improvements to make FTA a more reliable research tool. Our refined methodology, described herein, includes a chemically-induced precipitation phase, followed by anion exchange chromatography and employs a chemical tracer,236Pu. We have been able to establish an inverse correlation between Pu recovery and sample volume and our data confirms that increases in sample volume do not result in higher accuracy or lower detection limits. We conclude that in subsequent studies, samples should be limited to approximately two liters. The Pu detection limit for a sample of this volume is 2.8 μBq/l.
Promoting tolerance for homosexuality: An evaluation of intervention strategies

This article presents a methodological critique of the few attempts to promote tolerance for homosexuality through education. The d statistic was utilized to assess the extent of attitude change from pre‐ to post‐intervention assessment. With few exceptions, data have been gathered from college students in courses focused on human sexuality. These data suggest that students who complete these courses become less fearful of contact with homosexuals, more tolerant of homosexuals in social roles, and more tolerant of homosexual behavior, although the extent and duration of the changes may be limited. Although some attribute attitude change to the intensiveness of the course, methodological and conceptual problems, including volunteer bias, provide alternative explanations. Further attempts to promote tolerance toward homosexuality must consider differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and the extent to which men and women differ in their level of tolerance toward these groups.
PATHWAYS TO THE PALACE AND TO PRISON: CAREER PATTERNS OF NATIONAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES

One hundred twenty-two national chief executives in office in 1990 are classified according to the formal pathways they followed in becoming of a head of government. Over half the leaders faced a variety of personal and political threats at various stages in their careers. The threats faced by executives following the five career paths are tabulated according to the career stage at which the incidents occur. Individuals arrive at the position of chief executive through vastly different routes, which vary considerably in length. Overcoming detours before reaching the top further legitimizes a bid for the highest office. Leaders who survive severe career setbacks will differ in both attitudes and behavior from those who followed less threatening routes. The insecurity of the post-executive period may have significant political consequences. Finally, personal insecurity is a constant fact of political life.
A comparison of heat transfer laws for mantle convection at very high Rayleigh numbers

Abstract The Nusselt number ( Nu )-Rayleigh number ( Ra ) law for heat transfer in convection at very high Rayleigh numbers serves as the basis for modeling the temperature distribution in the mantle and the Earth's thermal history. Three different approaches are commonly used to construct the Nu  Ra law; two-dimensional grid calculations, one-dimensional calculations using the mean field approximation, and boundary layer theory. The three approaches give significantly different results. A comparison is made of Nu  Ra laws derived from these methods for the classical problem of steady isoviscous convection in a layer with stress-free, isothermal boundaries. The comparison indicates the following: mean field calculations become exact as Ra → Ra (critical), but systematically overestimate Nu at large Ra by assigning too large a correlation coefficient to temperature and vertical velocity. Boundary layer theory underestimates Nu , but becomes exact as Ra → ∞. Nusselt numbers from finite difference, uniform grid calculations by Jarvis and finite element, variable grid calculations by Schubert and Anderson in the range 10 5 Ra 9 converge slowly to the Nusselt number predicted by boundary layer theory. The discrepancy is 14% at Ra = 10 6 and 3–7% at Ra = 10 8 . Mean field computations by Quareni et al. over the same range give Nusselt numbers 50–60% higher. All three methods predict maximum heat transfer for cells with aspect ratio ∼ 0.8. The heat transfer falls off rapidly with increasingly elongate cells.
Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006

This paper outlines the history of the C++ programming language from the early days of its ISO standardization (1991), through the 1998 ISO standard, to the later stages of the C++0x revision of that standard (2006). The emphasis is on the ideals, constraints, programming techniques, and people that shaped the language, rather than the minutiae of language features. Among the major themes are the emergence of generic programming and the STL (the C++ standard library's algorithms and containers). Specific topics include separate compilation of templates, exception handling, and support for embedded systems programming. During most of the period covered here, C++ was a mature language with millions of users. Consequently, this paper discusses various uses of C++ and the technical and commercial pressures that provided the background for its continuing evolution.
Comparison of the orthodontic load systems created with elastomeric power chain to close extraction spaces on different rectangular archwires.

Introduction The 3-dimensional load system (forces and moments) was quantified at the canine bracket during space closure with sliding mechanics with elastomeric chain on dry and wet stainless steel and beta-titanium 0.019 × 0.025-in archwires. Methods A custom-made maxillary dentoform simulating first premolar extractions was attached to an orthodontic force tester. The canine was attached to a load cell through an adaptor with silicone simulating the periodontal ligament. The orthodontic force tester simultaneously measured the entire load system produced at the canine bracket by an elastomeric chain. The effects of archwire material, time (activation and 1 hour), and lubrication were analyzed by using 3-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, α = 0.05). Results Stainless steel provided a greater ( P = 0.001) load system than did beta-titanium. The force was greatest on the canine in the lingual axis. The greatest moment was about the y-axis. The moment-to-force ratio, the most critical ratio, was greater for beta-titanium than stainless steel; however, both were close to the ideal 10:1. Conclusions With a stainless steel archwire for retraction sliding mechanics, a canine will experience a greater load system in all 3 dimensions than with a beta-titanium wire. Both archwires produced a moment-to-force ratio adequate for translation.
On disturbance propagation in vehicle platoon control systems

This paper considers the problem of disturbance propagation in a vehicle platoon control system, where each vehicle has access to its position error relative to the preceding vehicle in the string. It is known that in such systems a small disturbance acting on one member can propagate downstream and cause large spacing errors between vehicles. A lower bound to the integral of the sensitivity function of the position errors with respect to a stochastic disturbance acting on the lead vehicle is presented. The tightness of the lower bound is discussed and numerical evaluations are provided to illustrate how this result can assist in practical controller design.
Hispanic Mothers' and High School Girls' Perceptions of Cervical Cancer, Human Papilloma Virus, and the Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine

Abstract Purpose Cervical cancer incidence and mortality are higher for Hispanic women than for women in other population groups. However, the incidence could be reduced if teenaged Hispanic girls received the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine before they become sexually active. Unfortunately, few Hispanic girls receive this vaccine, which prevents cervical cancer. This study assessed Hispanic mothers' and girls' perceptions about cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine. Results show factors that affect whether Hispanic high school girls receive the vaccine. Methods Twenty-four Hispanic mothers and 28 Hispanic girls from an urban school district in southeast Texas each participated in one of eight focus groups. Bilingual moderators facilitated the mothers' groups in English and Spanish and the girls' groups in English. We analyzed transcripts of the discussions and identified themes using the grounded theory approach. Results Our analysis found several themes that affect whether Hispanic girls get the HPV vaccine: gaps in knowledge; fears and concerns about the vaccine; sociocultural communication practices; and decision-making about HPV vaccination. Both mothers and girls had limited knowledge about cervical cancer, HPV, and the vaccine. Some girls who received the vaccine said they wished their mothers had involved them in making the decision. Conclusions Findings may help in developing school or community-based educational programs for Hispanic families. Such programs should provide information on the HPV vaccine and the link between HPV and cervical cancer, and they should assist mothers and girls in communicating to make informed decisions about the vaccine.
The design of coupled-resonator AT-cut quartz crystals for operation on the third thickness-shear overtone

The coupling equation is derived for coupled-resonator AT-cut quartz crystals operating on the third harmonic overtone using the waveguide cavity analogy. The equation is derived for coupling along the x axis. Dimensional ratios for spurious suppression are obtained.
Egg characteristics and larval growth of bluegill from stunted and non-stunted populations

Many bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) populations are characterized by a stunted adult size structure and consist primarily of individuals that mature at a relatively young age and small size. Little is known about maternal effects in bluegill populations and whether they may explain the occurrence of stunted growth. We spawned bluegill from both stunted and non-stunted populations in experimental tanks and collected eggs and larvae from each clutch. We determined whether differences in egg and oil globule diameter and larval growth existed between eggs collected from females from each population. Egg and oil globule diameter were not related to female length and did not differ between stunted and non-stunted populations. Larvae length after 21 d was positively related to egg diameter but was not related to either female length or oil globule diameter. Consequently, egg diameter had a greater influence on larval growth than female source population or size. No differences were observed between source popula...
Altered Gene Expression Profiles in the Brain, Kidney, and Lung of Deceased Neonatal Cloned Pigs

Abstract Limited studies have been published analyzing the gene expression patterns of cloned pigs. We compared the expression profiles of brain, kidney, and lung tissues, representing each of the three germ layers, of deceased neonatal cloned pigs with those of age-matched controls using a 13K oligonucleotide microarray. We found 42 (0.7% of total genes analyzed), 178 (2.9%), and 121 (1.9%) genes differentially expressed in the brain, kidney, and lung of clones, respectively, when compared with the corresponding organs from controls (fold change >1.5, p < 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.05). These expression aberrations could potentially cause the following pathological anomalies in clones: diabetic nephropathy in the kidney and dysregulated surfactant homeostasis in the lung. Interestingly, upregulated expression of genes belonging to the MAPK pathway was observed in all three organs. To investigate whether the differences in levels of gene expression were caused by differential DNA methylation, th...
Effect of N-acetylcysteine on some aspects of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity and immunosuppression.

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced bladder toxicity and lethality were inhibited by N -acetylcysteine (NAC) when given systemically at a 4 : 1 ratio prior to CPA. This dose of NAC did not affect the production or the formation of free alkylating agents from CPA in vivo or in vitro . The immunosuppressive effect of CPA against T cell response systems, such as graft vs host reaction, antibody to sheep red blood cells and (PHA) phytohemagglutin stimulation was unaffected by NAC. It is concluded that the metabolic products of CPA for cytotoxicity as expressed as cystitis and lethality are different from the alkylating agents, which appear to affect immunological phenomena.
Expanding women in undergraduate engineering: A mixed-methods analysis of recruitment cultures, practices, and policies

Bringing a diverse set of perspectives to bear on problems is important for spurring scientific and technical innovation. Thus, it is imperative to identify effective ways to enable the recruitment of additional women into engineering. Using a concurrent mixed methods approach, we investigate this issue using 1) qualitative data from 468 faculty, student, and administrator interviews from six case study institutions, and 2) quantitative data from nationally representative surveys of faculty and administrators from 31 institutions. Our study highlights three themes consistent across the institutions: 1) institutional commitment and self-awareness, 2) strategic admissions policies and "high touch" efforts, and 3) integrated outreach programs. Quantitative data show higher diversity perceptions at case study institutions in comparison to the full population. Outreach responsibilities tend to fall on the backs of only a few faculty members, especially women faculty. Furthermore, there is the perception that such efforts are not given strong consideration in determining promotion and tenure or merit salary decisions. Our findings imply that institutions need to consider ways to adjust policies to reward faculty members for their time spent in this manner so that they will have incentives to continue supporting activities that appear to enhance the field's diversity.
Kinetic study on lithium-aluminosilicate (LAS) glass-ceramics containing MgO and ZnO

Abstract Magnesium oxide and zinc oxide are widely used to reduce batch cost and increase the working range for the production of commercial Li 2 O–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (lithium aluminosilicate), LAS, glass-ceramics. However, little work is done on the crystallization kinetics of the glass-ceramic containing MgO and ZnO. In this work, an investigation was conducted to study the crystallization kinetics using non-isothermal and isothermal methods by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD), respectively. Both non-isothermal and isothermal methods confirm a bulk crystallization mechanism in the glass-ceramic. Activation energy values of 373 and 442 kJ/mol were determined using a modified Kissinger model and the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kohnogorov (JMAK) model, respectively.
Connecting local environmental knowledge and land use practices: A human ecosystem approach to urbanization in West Georgia

Issues of urban sprawl and migration of exurban residents into the surrounding countryside of metropolitan areas have generated considerable debate across the US. These debates often revolve around the ecological footprint of urban areas and the erosion of quality of life indicators associated with rapid expansion of urban and residential areas. Although there has been much research done on the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of urbanization, little attention has been given to cultural impacts. This paper focuses specifically on the role of local environmental knowledge as an important resource in human ecosystems, and looks at the implications of environmental knowledge loss associated with urbanization and its related demographic changes. We compared environmental knowledge among rural, urban, and developing watersheds in western Georgia, and also look at relationships between local environmental knowledge and variables such as gender, education, income, and participation in outdoor recreational activities. We then explored how variations in environmental knowledge affected land use practices at the household level. The mean knowledge scores of residents in all three classifications of rural watersheds were higher than those living in developing and urban watersheds. We found residents of managed pine watersheds possessed the highest mean scores (p = 0.006), while urban watershed residents were the lowest. We also found that local environmental knowledge was influenced by active participation in outdoor recreation, with active bird-watchers having the highest environmental knowledge scores. However, we found less influence of factors such as education and income on environmental knowledge. We also found a clear connection between local environmental knowledge and land management practices. Timber owners scored higher than non-timber owners (p = 0.099), and landowners who constructed streamside management zones (SMZs) scored higher than those who did not (p = 0.034).
Vitrification of an incinerator blowdown waste containing both chloride salts and carbon

Abstract A low‐level, mixed‐waste simulant, derived from incinerator blowdown residue, has been vitrified in a series of crucible tests. Major components of this waste simulant included carbon, sodium chloride, silica, and alumina. Hazardous and surrogate radioactive metal complexes were also included. Two different formulations of additives were combined with the waste to facilitate glass formation. These glass formulations included NaNO3 to serve as a flux and to assist in the oxidation of the carbon. During vitrification, a chloride salt layer was observed on the melt surface which volatilized during the course of heating. Furthermore, significant concentrations of As, Cd, Cs, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, and Zn had volatilized during vitrification. It is postulated that this was due, in part, to the formation of volatile metal chlorides. Upon quenching, small metal nuggets, containing Pb, Sb, Ag, and Ni separated from the glasses. This reduction of the metal oxides was caused by the presence of carbon in the s...