cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High performance and energy-efficient in-memory computing architecture based on SOT-MRAM

In this paper, we propose a novel Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) array design that could either work as non-volatile memory or implement a reconfigurable in-memory logic (AND/OR/XOR) without addon logic circuits to memory chip as in conventional logic-in-memory designs. The computed logic output could be simply read out like a typical MRAM bit-cell through the modified memory peripheral circuits. Such intrinsic in-memory logic could be used to process data locally to greatly reduce power-hungry and long distance data communication in conventional Von Neumann computing systems. In this work, we further employ in-memory data encryption using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm as a case study to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design. The device to architecture co-simulation results show that the proposed in-memory data encryption design can achieve 71.2% and 17.3% lower energy consumption compared to CMOS-ASIC and recent Domain Wall (DW)-AES implementations, respectively. Furthermore, it shows ∼ 33% reduction in area compared to DW-AES.
The Effect of College Students’ Religious Involvement on Their Academic Ethic

This article examines the impact of college students’ religious commitments on 4 important outcomes: (1) academic ethic; (2) academic performance; (3) academic honesty; and (4) personal stress. An ...
Dualizing, projecting, and restricting GKZ systems

Abstract Let A be an integer matrix, and assume that its semigroup ring C [ N A ] is normal. Fix a face F of the cone of A. We show that the projection and restriction of an A-hypergeometric system to the coordinate subspace corresponding to F are essentially F-hypergeometric; moreover, at most one of them is nonzero. We also show that, if A is in addition homogeneous, the holonomic dual of an A-hypergeometric system is itself A-hypergeometric. This extends a result from [16] , proving a conjecture of Nobuki Takayama in the normal homogeneous case.
Using Cell‐Phone Tower Signals for Detecting the Precursors of Fog

In the last decade, published research has indicated the potential of commercial microwave links that comprise the data transmission infrastructure of cellular communication networks as an environmental monitoring technology. Different weather phenomena cause interference in the wireless communication links which can therefore essentially act as a low cost sensor network, already deployed worldwide, for atmospheric monitoring. In this study we focus on the attenuation effect caused in commercial microwave networks due to gradients in the atmospheric refractive index with altitude as a result of the combination of temperature inversions and falls in the atmospheric humidity trapped beneath them. These conditions, when combined with high relative humidity near ground level are precursors to the creation of fog. The current work utilizes this novel approach to demonstrate the potential for detecting these preconditions of fog, a phenomenon associated with severe visibility limitations which can lead to dangerous accidents, injuries and loss of lives.
The representation and use of a visual lexicon for automated graphics generation

Most automated graphics generation systems employ either a constructive or a parametric graphics synthesis approach. Constructive graphics synthesis is a deductive approach that builds visual presentations from scratch by gluing together the most basic visual variables. Conversely, parametric graphics synthesis defines a set of parametrized visual models and interprets the information to be presented through instantiation of the selected model. To increase efficiency, we have combined parametric and constructive approaches in a system called IMPROVISE. In this paper, we focus on the parametric aspect of our approach. We present a comprehensive, general, and extensible formalism to represent a visual lexicon for use in automated graphics generation. A visual lexicon is a collection of parametrized primitive visual objects that serve as building blocks for constructing more complex visual presentations. We also illustrate how this representation can be effectively employed to aid the selection and instantiation of a visual lexical item in the graphics generation process. Examples are given from IMPROVISE to demonstrate the representation and use of this visual lexicon.
Unicentric castleman disease complicated by paraneoplastic bronchiolitis obliterans and pemphigus

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) and paraneoplastic pemphigus are rare and ominous complications of Castleman disease. Collectively, these processes have been reported as part of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome (PAMS), and they can occur in the setting of various hematologic malignant tumors, carcinoid tumors, and melanoma. Irrespective of the underlying malignancy driving PAMS, the clinical outcomes are uniformly poor, and there are no standard treatment regimens, given the clinical rarity of the syndrome. We describe 2 patients with unicentric Castleman disease complicated by paraneoplastic pemphigus and bronchiolitis obliterans. In addition to primary surgical resection for Castleman disease, we also used therapy from a treatment protocol used for bronchiolitis obliterans resulting from hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). We were able to treat the patients using intravenous immunoglobulin; rituximab; fluticasone, azithromycin, and montelukast (FAM); and rosuvastatin therapy. One patient demonstrated a favorable response, while the other demonstrated minimal response to this therapy.
Assessing the incidence trend and characteristics of eosinophilic esophagitis in children in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Previous studies reported increased eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) incidence in children. It is unclear whether this reported increased EoE incidence is true or due to increased recognition and diagnostic endoscopy among children. A population-based study that evaluated EoE incidence in OC, Minnesota, from 1976 to 2005 concluded that EoE incidence increased significantly over the past three 5-year intervals (from 0.35 [range: 0-0.87] per 100,000 person-years for 1991-1995 to 9.45 [range: 7.13-11.77] per 100,000 person-years for 2001-2005). The aim of this study is to assess the change of incidence and characteristics of EoE in children in the same population between 2005 and 2015 and compare the findings to those reported in the previous study. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records from Olmsted Medical Center and Mayo Clinic between 2005 and 2015, using Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) resources. All children with EoE diagnosis based on the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) guidelines were included. The incidence and characteristics of children with EoE during the study period were compared to those diagnosed between 1995 and 2005. The incidence of EoE in children adjusted for age and sex was 5.31 per 100,000 population person-years in 1995, 15.2 in 2005, and 19.2 in 2015. Change in annual incidence and seasonal variation were not significant, (P = .48) and (P = .32), respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, 73 children received an EoE diagnosis (boys 49; 67%) compared to 16 children (boys 10; 62.5) between 1995 and 2005. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 7.5 (5.2) and 12.8 (4.3) years, respectively. Symptoms differed by age of presentation, with vomiting the most common in children younger than 5 years (41.1% and 43.5%) and dysphagia in those older than 5 years (35.6% and 60.9%). The incidence of EoE was not increased for any specific age-group during the study period (P = .49). This study showed increased incidence of EoE in children in Olmsted County between 2005 and 2015 compared to the incidence between 1995 and 2005 (5.31 per 100,000 population person-years in 1995, 15.2 in 2005, and 19.2 in 2015). However, between 2005 and 2015, the change of incidence was not statically significant, (P = .48) despite the steady increase of EGD performed during the same time frame (64 in 2005 to 144 in 2015). By comparing children diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 to those diagnosed between 1995 and 2005, the mean age at diagnosis was younger in the former group, 7.5 versus 12.8 years. Vomiting replaced dysphagia as the most common clinical presentation. Otherwise, the presenting symptom of EoE in children remained consistent across specific age groups.
Social Bonding and Attachment

The neurobiology of social bonds relies on neural systems that are involved in reproduction, social engagement behaviors, and homeostasis. Centrally active neuropeptides, including oxytocin, vasopressin, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), play a role in pair bond formation. These effects differ across species and between males and females, and are mediated, in part, through actions on the autonomic nervous system. In addition, dopamine, probably in conjunction with these neuropeptides, has an essential role in social bond formation. The systems underlying social bond formation are modified by experiences in early life with long-lasting consequences that are also sexually dimorphic.
Intradialytic nutrition and exercise: convenience versus efficacy.

Jeong et al. reported the results of a randomized controlled trial in patients on hemodialysis in which intradialytic protein supplementation, with or without exercise, failed to show any beneficial effect on physical function, vascular health, and nutritional markers. These data provide an opportunity to reconsider the appropriate strategy to gain the most benefit from these otherwise proven interventions, that is, prescribing the right intervention for the right patient, at the right dose and at the right time.
Spatial Imaging and Screening for Regime Shifts

Screening is a strategy for detecting undesirable change prior to manifestation of symptoms or adverse effects. Although the well-recognized utility of screening makes it commonplace in medicine, it has yet to be implemented in ecosystem management. Ecosystem management is in an era of diagnosis and treatment of undesirable change, and as a result, remains more reactive than proactive and unable to effectively deal with today’s plethora of non-stationary conditions. In this paper, we introduce spatial imaging-based screening to ecology. We link advancements in spatial resilience theory, data, and technological and computational capabilities and power to detect regime shifts (i.e., vegetation state transitions) that are known to be detrimental to human well-being and ecosystem service delivery. With a state-of-the-art landcover dataset and freely-available, cloud-based, geospatial computing platform, we screen for spatial signals of the three most iconic vegetation transitions studied in western USA rangelands: (1) erosion and desertification; (2) woody encroachment; and (3) annual exotic grass invasion. For a series of locations that differ in ecological complexity and geographic extent, we answer the following questions: (1) Which regime shift is expected or of greatest concern? (2) Can we detect a transition signal associated with the expected regime shift? (3) If detected, is the transition signal transient or persistent over time? (4) If detected and persistent, is the transition signal stationary or non-stationary over time? (5) What other signals do we detect? Our approach reveals a powerful and flexible methodology, whereby professionals can use spatial imaging to verify the occurrence of alternative vegetation regimes, image the spatial boundaries separating regimes, track the magnitude and direction of regime shift signals, differentiate persistent and stationary transition signals that warrant continued screening from the more concerning persistent and non-stationary transition signals, and then leverage disciplinary strength and resources for more targeted diagnostic testing (e.g., inventory and monitoring) and treatment (e.g., management) of regime shifts. While the rapid screening approach used here can continue to be implemented and refined for rangelands, it has broader implications and can be adapted to other ecological systems to revolutionize the information space needed to better manage critical transitions in nature.
Domestic Violence and the Law in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa

Emily Burrill, Richard Roberts and Elizabeth Thornberry, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2010, viii +303 pp. Domestic Violence and the Law in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa brings an important his...
High Heat Flux Testing of Castellated Graphite Plasma Facing Components

As part of the recovery project of the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment–Upgrade (NSTX-U), the divertor plasma-facing components (PFCs) were redesigned to handle significantly higher heat fluxe...
Substance Use Disorders in Pregnancy and Lactation

Women use substances and, for some, this use continues during pregnancy. It is not uncommon for women with substance use disorders to have a co-occurring mental health condition. Women who have substance use disorders and/or mental health disorders during and after pregnancy often face tremendous stigma and discrimination that impacts their ability to seek and engage in treatment. When women receive integrated medical and behavioral health care for their substance use and mental health disorders, they and their children have an increased probability of achieving healthy life outcomes.
Short-term Ambient Fine Particulate Matter and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Background: Short-term ambient fine particulate matter has been associated with exacerbations of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents as measured by psychiatric emergency department ut...
A systematic review of virtual reality for the assessment of technical skills in neurosurgery.

OBJECTIVE Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) systems are increasingly available to neurosurgeons. These systems may provide opportunities for technical rehearsal and assessments of surgeon performance. The assessment of neurosurgeon skill in VR and AR environments and the validity of VR and AR feedback has not been systematically reviewed. METHODS A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted through MEDLINE and PubMed. Studies published in English between January 1990 and February 2021 describing the use of VR or AR to quantify surgical technical performance of neurosurgeons without the use of human raters were included. The types and categories of automated performance metrics (APMs) from each of these studies were recorded. RESULTS Thirty-three VR studies were included in the review; no AR studies met inclusion criteria. VR APMs were categorized as either distance to target, force, kinematics, time, blood loss, or volume of resection. Distance and time were the most well-studied APM domains, although all domains were effective at differentiating surgeon experience levels. Distance was successfully used to track improvements with practice. Examining volume of resection demonstrated that attending surgeons removed less simulated tumor but preserved more normal tissue than trainees. More recently, APMs have been used in machine learning algorithms to predict level of training with a high degree of accuracy. Key limitations to enhanced-reality systems include limited AR usage for automated surgical assessment and lack of external and longitudinal validation of VR systems. CONCLUSIONS VR has been used to assess surgeon performance across a wide spectrum of domains. The VR environment can be used to quantify surgeon performance, assess surgeon proficiency, and track training progression. AR systems have not yet been used to provide metrics for surgeon performance assessment despite potential for intraoperative integration. VR-based APMs may be especially useful for metrics that are difficult to assess intraoperatively, including blood loss and extent of resection.
'Fingers Pointing at the Moon': New Perspectives on Teaching Legal Writing and Analysis

There is a Zen proverb: “Teachers’ words are fingers pointing at the moon. The student who looks too closely at the fingers never sees the moon.” Ineffably, this says as much about teaching legal analysis as it does about finding enlightenment. I have taught legal writing and reasoning at five laws schools, directed legal writing programs at two law schools, and served as coordinator of a lawyering program. I believe that the development of process-based “analytical” skills (e.g., cases analysis, synthesis, and analogization), organizational skills, memorization skills (e.g., accurate restatement of applicable rules of law), and written communication skills are crucial to law school success and provide the infrastructure for all other lawyering activities. While these skills may be identified readily, it is extremely difficulty for many law students to internalize and apply the aesthetics of legal analysis. In this presentation I candidly explore why this is so - why teaching legal analysis is often akin to trying to help students find enlighten.
Beyond warmth and conflict: the developmental utility of a boundary conceptualization of sibling relationship processes.

Translating relationship boundaries conceptualizations to the study of sibling relationships, this study examined the utility of sibling enmeshment and disengagement in predicting child adjustment difficulties in a sample of 282 mothers and adolescents (mean age = 12.7 years). Mothers completed a semistructured interview at the first measurement occasion to assess sibling interaction patterns. Adolescents, mothers, and teachers reported on children’s adjustment problems across 2 annual waves of assessment. Supporting the incremental utility of a boundary conceptualization of sibling relationships, results of latent difference score analyses indicated that coder ratings of sibling enmeshment and disengagement uniquely predicted greater adolescent adjustment difficulties even after taking into account standard indices of sibling relationship quality (i.e., warmth and conflict) and sibling structural characteristics (e.g., sex).
Towards Evidence of Visual Literacy: Assessing Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of Instructional Visuals.

AbstractThis research describes how eight pre-service teachers interpreted and analyzed instructional visuals, defined visual literacy, and assessed the effectiveness of four instructional images. A phenomenological procedure was used to collect, organize, and analyze the data. Findings suggest that pre-service teachers in this study were able to define visual literacy conceptually and could extract the intended meaning of instructional visuals. In addition to demonstrating these skills, participants were able to provide principal-based recommendations for the redesign of instructional visuals. Implications for future research and assessment of visual literacy competencies conclude the paper.
Streamlining the patient journey: The interface between community‐ and hospital‐based eye care

Purpose – The patient journey from detection of an eye problem by optometrists to assessment and treatment by ophthalmologists can be streamlined by direct referral from optometrist to hospital eye service (HES). This requires locally agreed guidelines and training and feedback for optometrists to ensure high diagnostic competence. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of the West Suffolk Direct Referral Scheme, one of the first direct referral schemes in the UK to include all ophthalmic sub‐specialties.Design/methodology/approach – Two‐cycle audit of existing practice, including all new patients referred by optometrists and seen at West Suffolk Hospital during a three‐month period in 2003 and a seven‐week period in 2006. Three interventions: direct referral clinics for urgent patients; introduced in 2003; six‐monthly training sessions for optometrists; and regular, prompt feedback via letter about individual consultation outcome. Prospective data collection via proforma in both cycles; add...
Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Definitions and Applications

There are many improvements needed in concrete, especially for use in renewal and expansion of the world’s infrastructure. Nanomodification can help solve many of these problems. However, concrete has been slow to catch on to the nanotechnology revolution. There are several reasons for this lag in the nanoscience and nanotechnology of concrete (NNC). First is the lack of a complete basic understanding of chemical and physical mechanisms and structure at the nanometer length scale. Another reason is the lack of a broad understanding of what nanomodification means to concrete, which is a liquid-solid composite. NNC ideas need to profit from, but not be bound by, experience with other materials. As an illustration of these ideas, a specific application will be given of using nano-size molecules in solution to affect the viscosity of the concrete pore solution so that ionic diffusion is slowed. A molecular-based understanding would help move this project towards true nanotechnology. A final section of this paper lists some possibly fruitful focus areas for the nanoscience and nanotechnology of concrete.
North American dynamics and western U.S. tectonics

[1] Interest and controversy exist on the origin of forces that move and tectonically deform plates, especially regarding the relative importance of loads applied to the plate margins and base and those created internally (e.g., by elevated potential energy in uplifted regions). To quantify these loads, we evaluate predicted interplate stress through two-dimensional finite element analysis of the North American plate, finding that boundary loads are most important, followed by internal and basal loads. Craton root basal drag of ∼4 MPa opposes absolute plate motion, compared to basal tractions elsewhere that average ∼0.4 MPa, suggesting that North America is separated from a relatively static deep Earth mantle by a weak asthenosphere. San Andreas shear (∼1.5 TN/m), gravitational collapse, and southern Cascadia pull all contribute importantly to western U.S. deformation; the region also is relatively weak. Important future work includes incorporating three-dimensional plate structure onto global flow calculations and including the global set of plates.
The influence of PBL on students' self-efficacy beliefs in chemistry

A convergent mixed methods research study was used to investigate whether or not undergraduate students who participated in a problem-based learning (PBL) laboratory environment improved their self-efficacy beliefs in chemistry. The Chemistry Attitude and Experience Questionnaire (CAEQ) was used as a pre- and post-test to determine changes in students' self-efficacy beliefs in general chemistry laboratories at a Midwestern University in the USA. Interviews were used to augment the quantitative data. Paired sample t-tests were used to determine the difference in means between pre- and post-tests. Analysis of variance was used to determine the influence of confounding variables. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the interview data. There was an observed improvement in students' self-efficacy beliefs using both qualitative and quantitative data. Interviews with the participants indicated that students had higher self-efficacy beliefs in chemistry for conducting chemistry experiments and for participating in undergraduate research after the PBL laboratory experience than they had before it. Students felt that PBL provided them with autonomy while exploring phenomena and allowed them to take more responsibility for their own learning. This study is significant in that it adds knowledge to research on the effects of PBL instruction and strengthens existing information on the relationship between PBL and the affective domain. Results from this study may also be informative to chemistry laboratory instructors on what PBL has to offer with regard to student outcomes.
A selective survey of the use of artificial intelligence for database design systems

Abstract One of the significant developments of research in Artificial Intelligence and databases is the adoption of knowledge-based techniques for automating database design. This paper examines the database design process by phases, identifies the key challenges of each, and discusses how a knowledge-based approach could contribute to meeting these challenges. For each design phase, two or three prototype systems that employ interesting knowledge-based techniques are analyzed using a common framework and example. Based on this discussion, suggestions are made for future research.
Impact of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccines on the Changing Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae-related infections have a major global impact on healthcare, especially in the developing world, and are considered the number one vaccine-preventable cause of death in children. There are more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes and 46 serogroups. The first capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine was licensed in the USA in 1977 for individuals older than 2 years of age at high risk for pneumococcal disease. Two decades later, the first 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine completed the required clinical trials and was introduced as part of the national immunization program of various countries. New-generation vaccines that include emerging serotypes, while maintaining protection against the 7-valent pneumococcal serotypes, have recently been approved. With the addition of these serotypes, the majority of potential pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive disease in most parts of the world could be covered.
The SEASAT Surface Truth Experiment

SEASAT-A has expanded the interest in remote sensing as a tool to study and monitor world oceans. The available instruments make it possible to detect waves, tides, surface temperature, wind and current boundaries. A research and calibration effort is discussed; its aim is to obtain comparisons between remote sensors and surface truth measurements. A pre-launch experiment was conducted offshore of Marineland, Florida. Another experiment is being planned for the winter of 1977. Post-launch surface truth calibration needs are discussed in preliminary form.
Introduction: Discoveries, A Special Double Issue

Introduces the special double issue of Walt Whitman Quarterly Review containing newly discovered Whitman materials.
System dynamics: A methodology for testing dynamic behavioral hypotheses

The use of system dynamics as a methodology for modeling and testing dynamic behavioural hypotheses in organizational behavioural studies is presented. The system dynamics equivalent of March and Simons' (1958) motivation model is constructed to study its behavioural consequences; it provides an analysis of both the steady-state behaviour and the transient behaviour of the March-Simon motivation model. The methodology yields the dynamic consequences of hypotheses concerning relationships among the variables in the model. Furthermore, it does not necessarily require extensive empirical data for model construction. Rather, it may pinpoint the critical nature of certain variables prior to conducting the actual research. The dynamic behaviour obtained from this approach is identical to the analytical solution of the system of differential equations given in March and Simon's mathematical model. Three distinctive patterns of system behaviour emerge from the numerous experiments conducted with the model. Experimental results leading to these patterns and additional results concerning the time reach equilibrium and levels for the satisfaction variable are discussed.
Emitter injection efficiency in heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract Experimental approaches for measurement of the emitter injection efficiency in heterojunction bipolar transistors are discussed. The electron and hole currents crossing the base-emitter junction and the currents recombining within the quasi-neutral emitter and base region are also determined. The influence of the interface and space-charge region recombination is discussed qualitatively. New figures of merit for a bipolar transistor are introduced. Preliminary experimental results obtained on AlGaAs/GaAs transistors are presented.
Testing for a trend in exponential means: A two-moment approximation to the null distribution of the likelihood-ratio statistic*

The likelihood-ratio test statistic for testing homogeneity of exponential means with an ordered alternative has a rather complex null distribution. Expressions for the mean and variance of its null distribution are derived, and the accuracy of a two-moment chi-squared approximation is studied. The coefficients needed to implement the approximation are tabled. The application of these results in testing for a constant versus a nondecreasing intensity in a nonhomogeneous Poisson process is also discussed. La statistique du rapport de vraisemblance pour tester l'egalite des moyennes de lois exponentielles, contre une hypothese d'ordre, suit une loi plutot compliquee sous l'hypothese nulle. On trouve des expressions pour la moyenne et la variance de cette loi et on etudie la precision d'une approximation de celle-ci par une loi du chi-deux. On donne le tableau des coefficients necessaires pour calculer l'approximation. On discute aussi comment on peut utiliser ces resultats pour tester si l'intensite d'un processus de Poisson non-homogene est constante ou non-decroissante.
Requirements and capabilities of interorbital shuttles

Unmanned and manned interorbital shuttle systems for satellites placement and repair and planetary spacecraft insertion, emphasizing cost analysis
Transesterification reactions of ethylene glycol cyclic phosphate with 2-aminoalcohols.

Il a ete trouve que l'ethylene glycol phosphate cyclique reagit en solution aqueuse avec plusieurs amino-2 alcools pour donner les phosphodiesters resultants d'une transesterification.
Relative size of SU(3) symmetry-breaking effects and penguin diagrams

We use the data on the decays $D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{KK}$ as a test vehicle for evaluating the effects of penguin diagrams in exclusive heavy meson decays. Evaluating $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}})$, we find good agreement between our theoretical $\mathrm{SU}(2L)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(3)}^{c}$-based predictions and observation. Contributions from penguin diagrams are small and SU(3) flavor breaking effects account for the large value of $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}$. Implications for $B$ decays are discussed briefly.
The Comparative Boron Nutrition of Several Green and Blue‐Green Algae

The boron requirements of filamentous and non-filamentous species of green and blue-green algae have been investigated. A primary feature of this study was the quantitative analysis of the cells for boron. This permitted expression of the degree of purification of the environment and the boron requirements of the organisms in terms of cell content. Three species of green algae were shown neither to require boron nor to absorb it in appreciable amounts. In contrast, three species of blue-green algae readily absorbed boron and nitrogen fixing species showed a marked growth response to boron when nitrate was omitted from the culture medium. The response to boron was less with nitrate in the medium, probably due to increased contamination from the nitrate salt rather than an involvement of boron in the fixation process. The boron content of the deficient blue-green algae was 1–2 μg/g, suggesting a requirement below dicot angiosperms and comparable to monocots. In agreement with other reports, the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum neither required nor absorbed boron.
Monitoring for land application of wastewater.

In order to ensure adequate performance and warn of potential ground water contamination, land application systems must be monitored. The monitoring system for the Lake George Village Sewage Treatment Plant land application system is described, including suction lsyimeters, observation wells and tracer studies.
Dual ACE-inhibition and AT1 receptor antagonism improves ventricular lusitropy without affecting cardiac fibrosis in the congenic mRen2.Lewis rat:

Purpose—Hypertension and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy often precede diastolic dysfunction and are risk factors for diastolic heart failure. Although pharmacologic inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) improves diastolic function and functional capacity in hypertensive patients with LV hypertrophy, the effects of combination therapy with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) are unclear. Methods—We assessed the effects of the combined 10-week administration of lisinopril (10 mg/ kg/day, p.o.) and losartan (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) (LIS/LOS) on diastolic function and LV structure in seven young (5 wks), prehypertensive congenic mRen2.Lewis male rat, a model of tissue renin overexpression and angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension compared to vehicle (VEH) treated (n=7), age-matched rats. Results—Systolic blood pressures were 64% lower with the combination therapy (P<0.001), but there were no differences in heart rate or systolic function between groups. RAS inhibition increased myocardial relaxation, defined by tissue Doppler mitral annular descent (e’), by 2.2 fold (P< 0.001). The preserved lusitropy in the LIS/LOS-treated rats was accompanied by a reduction in phospholamban-to-SERCA2 ratio (P<0.001). Despite lower relative wall thicknesses (VEH: 1.56 ± 0.17 vs. LIS/LOS: 0.78 ± 0.05) and filling pressures, defined by the transmitral Doppler-to-mitral annular descent ratio (E/e’, VEH: 28.7 ± 1.9 vs. LIS/LOS: 17.96 ± 1.5), no differences in cardiac collagen were observed.
Implications of ammonia emissions from post-combustion carbon capture for airborne particulate matter.

Amine scrubbing, a mature post-combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, could increase ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) due to its ammonia emissions. To capt...
The prognostic value of architectural patterns in a study of 37 type AB thymomas.

Spindle cell thymomas with prominent amount of lymphocytes are classified as WHO type AB tumors. However, there are architectural pattern differences in these tumors. We investigated the importance of architectural pattern in type AB thymomas in relation to prognostic value. Archival hematoxylin–eosin stained slides of 37 AB type thymomas were reviewed for the presence (type 1) or absence (type 2) of reticular growth pattern. Reticular growth pattern is defined as the presence of a network of elongated bland spindle cells separating nests of tumor cells admixed with lymphoid cells. The architectural patterns were correlated with tumor stage at diagnosis and presence or absence of recurrent disease. The analysis identified 18 cases of type 1 AB thymoma and 19 cases of type 2. Type 2 cases also had greater cytologic atypia within the spindle cells. Patients with type 1 tumors were more likely to have early stage disease. In contrast, type 2 pattern was associated with higher stage at diagnosis (P<0.001) and greater likelihood for recurrence (P<0.05) and metastases. Architectural features are prognostically relevant in classification of WHO AB type thymomas and may constitute a form of personalized medicine. Independent confirmation of the findings is necessary to confirm the association of architectural pattern with outcomes.
Localization of Xenopus homoeo-box gene transcripts during embryogenesis and in the adult nervous system

Tissue distribution and localization of RNAs from the Xeb1 homoeo-box-containing gene were monitored with Northern blots and in situ hybridization. Xeb1 transcript distribution in larval stage embryos was established by blotting RNAs extracted from microdissected embryos. Those transcripts are restricted to a limited number of embryonic regions such as the dorsal trunk. The tissue/cell localization of Xeb1 transcripts was then monitored at several embryonic stages with in situ hybridization methods using [35S]RNA probes. These homoeo-box transcripts accumulated in a progressive and dynamic fashion. First localized in late gastrulae, they are distributed along the neural tube and in caudal mesoderm at later stages. By the swimming tadpole stage the spatial distribution of the homoeo-box transcripts is limited to specific regions of the central nervous system. Adult spinal cord shows the signal in specific neurons in the ventrolateral field of the gray matter.
The direct fluorination of hydrocarbon polymers

Abstract A new technique for direct fluorination has been used to prepare several new fluorocarbon polymers. The direct fluorination of poly- p -xylylene, polyisobutylene, Novolac and a highly crosslinked phenolic resin has produced fluorocarbon polymers which bear a strong structural resemblance to their hydrocarbon polymer precursors, though some crosslinking may occur. The thermal properties of these polymers have been investigated by DSC and TGA techniques.
Free radicals and new end groups resulting from chain scission: 1. y-Irradiation of polyethylene

Abstract Measurements of the concentrations of free radicals by electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) and of new chemical species by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT i.r.) were carried out on polyethylene specimens exposed to γ-irradiation at dosages from 3 to 50 Mrads both in the presence and absence of oxygen. The improved signal-to-noise capability of the FT i.r. method permitted a direct comparison of the free radical concentration and the resultant concentration of new chemical groups. It was found that approximately 10 carbonyl groups and 2 carbon-carbon double bonds were formed per free radical. These results are comparable with previous estimates and form the basis for an investigation of chemical species formed during mechanical deformation and fracture which will be discussed in the second paper of this series.
Maturation of circulatory system in three mammalian models of human development.

Abstract 1. 1. The review surveys the literature on maturation of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator functions in cerebral, renal and intestinal circulations of three non-primate models of human development. 2. 2. An ovine model has been refined for use at both fetal and neonatal stages of development. Important variables controlling regional circulations in the lamb fetus at term include arterial O2 content and pCO2 (brain), angiotensin-II (kidney) and norepinephrine (small intestine). Blood flow autoregulation to decreasing perfusion pressure has been inferred for the renal circulation of the neonate. 3. 3. A canine model has been employed in the postnatal period, usually later than the first week after birth. Important variables controlling regional circulations in the young puppy include arterial pO2 and pCO2 (brain) and epinephrine and angiotensin-II (kidney). Blood flow autoregulation to decreasing pressure has been demonstrated in the cerebral circulation at birth and in the renal circulation at one week thereafter. The intestinal circulation has not been studied with respect to blood flow control. 4. 4. A porcine model has been examined from birth through at least two months of postnatal life. Important variables controlling regional circulations in swine at birth include adrenergic nerve stimulation, arterial pCO2 (brain), angiotensin-II (kidney) and norepinephrine (kidney and small intestine). Blood flow autoregulation to decreasing perfusion pressure has been demonstrated in the brain by the fourth day, in the kidney by the end of the second week and in the small intestine by the end of the first month after birth. 5. 5. The advantage of each model for further investigation of functional maturation of regional circulatory control is summarized.
Norm formation, social conformity, and the confederating function of humor

The following analysis was carried out in two parts. First, a quantitative measure was developed of the strength of the tendency toward conformity within social groups exposed to ambiguous situations. And second, two experiments were conducted in an attempt to reproduce empirically the confederating function of homer hypothesised in groups facing such situations. Exactly what is the effect of the opinions of others in the joking situation on our own? The results of these experiments are clear-cut. The effects upon individuals of majority opinions of humor have been investigated. By means of a simple experimental design and analytical model we have produced and observed the ways in which norm formation and social conformity are engendered in the joke setting. Despite the "cautious" operational definition of the convergence concept, the basic finding of convergence nevertheless seems fairly absolute and pertinent to the individual's day-to-day social relations.
Note-Optimal Work-Rest Scheduling with Exponential Work-Rate Decay

This note develops optimal multiple rest break models for the case when the decay in work rate is an exponential function of time worked and recovery of work rate potential during rest is a linear function of time rested. While empirical evidence indicates that work rate decay functions tend to be best approximated by either exponential or linear functions, previous multiple rest break models were based upon a linear work rate decay function. Efficient solution procedures are developed which require only the solution of a transcendental equation using Newton's or an equivalent method. Although linear-linear and exponential-linear models are demonstrated to share some important general characteristics, a preliminary analysis indicated that use of linear-linear policies resulted in substantial sacrifices in productive output when relatively high rates of exponential decay were present. The observed losses were exacerbated by higher rates of recovery.
Chaos in Magnetoplasmas

Abstract. A nonlinear wave, in general, is equivalent to a nonlinear dynamical system, which exhibits the phenomena of chaos. By means of techniques of nonlinear dynamical systems, we have investigated the conditions under which nonlinear Alfven waves and lower-hybrid waves can become chaotic. The role of heavy ions, in controlling the chaos in magnetoplasmas, is examined. Chaotic routes to Alfvenic turbulence, with k-1 spectra, are observed in case of externally driven nonlinear Alfven waves. Anomalous heating and particle acceleration resulting from chaotic fields, generated by lower-hybrid waves, are briefly outlined.
Interview with Eugene Garfield, Founder and Chairman Emeritus of Thomson Scientific

ABSTRACT This interview with Eugene Garfield describes the development of citation indexes for scientific journals, mentors and colleagues who influenced his work, and the importance and value of medical librarians in educating users to use various tools.
Comparison of visually evoked local field potentials in isolated turtle brain: Patterned versus blank stimulation

Abstract Isolated turtle brain/eye preparation has recently been used as a bloodless animal model for detecting the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes produced by visually evoked neuronal currents. The present work aims to determine whether checkerboard-patterned or full field flash (blank) stimulation should be used in order to achieve stronger neuronal responses in turtle brain/eye preparation. The knowledge gained in this study is essential for optimizing the visual stimulation methods in functional neuroimaging studies using turtle brain/eye preparation. In this study, visually evoked local field potentials (LFPs) were measured and compared in turtle visual cortex and optic tectum elicited by checkerboard and full field flash stimuli with three different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs = 5, 10, and 16 s). It was found that the behavior of neuronal adaptation in the cortical and tectal LFP signals for checkerboard stimulation was comparable to flash stimulation. In addition, there was no significant difference in the LFP peak amplitudes (ISI = 16 s) between these two stimuli. These results indicate that the intensity of neuronal responses to checkerboard is comparable to flash stimulation. These two stimulation methods should be equivalent in functional neuroimaging studies using turtle brain/eye preparation.
A Comparison of High- and Low-Distress Marriages That End in Divorce

We used data from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households to study high- and low-distress marriages that end in divorce. A cluster analysis of 509 couples who divorced between waves revealed that about half were in high-distress relationships and the rest in low-distress relationships. These 2 groups were not artifacts of the timing of the interview or of measurement error. Irrespective of marital quality, couples who divorced shared many risk characteristics, such as having divorced parents. Individuals in high-distress marriages reported increases in happiness following divorce, whereas those in low-distress marriages reported declines in happiness. These results suggest two basic motivations to divorce: poor relationship quality and a weak commitment to marriage.
E and M Circadian Pacemaker Neurons Use Different PDF Receptor Signalosome Components in Drosophila

We used real-time imaging to detect cAMP levels in neurons of intact fly brains to study the mechanisms of circadian pacemaker synchronization by the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) in Drosophila. PDF receptor (PDF-R) is expressed by both M (sLNv) and E (LNd) pacemaker subclasses and is coupled to Gsα in both cases. We previously reported that PDF-R in M pacemakers elevates cAMP levels by activating the ortholog of mammalian adenylate cyclase 3 (AC3) but that AC3 disruptions had no effect on E pacemaker sensitivity to PDF. Here, we show that PDF-R in E pacemakers activates a different AC isoform, AC78C, an ortholog of mammalian AC8. Knockdown of AC78C by transgenic RNAi substantially reduces, but does not completely abrogate, PDF responses in these E pacemakers. The knockdown effect is intact when restricted to mature stages, suggesting a physiological and not a development role for AC78C in E pacemakers. The AC78C phenotype is rescued by the overexpression of AC78C but not by overexpression ...
Model Transport Studies Utilizing Lecithin Spherules III: Transport of Taurocholic Acid-[cholic-3H(G)] in Buffered D-Glucose Solutions

The transport of taurocholic acid-[cholic-3H(G)] in liposome dispersions prepared from lecithin-dicetyl phosphate in buffered glucose solutions at different pH's was studied. The transport experiments were carried out using previously developed techniques in which the release of the solute is studied from dispersions contained in the dialysis bags. The experimental results of the direct-release and the uptake-release cases were analyzed by the monosize, multiconcentric layer Model 1 which was developed, evaluated, and used recently for D-glucose transport studies. Uniformly good fits of the experimental data with the model were observed, and the permeability coefficients and the aqueous-lipid partition coefficients for taurocholate transport in liposome dispersions were calculated. The pH dependence of the permeability coefficient indicated that the unionized form of taurocholic acid was being preferentially transported at low pH and that the taurocholate ion was the main species involved at high pH.