cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin-wave resonance in a ferromagnetic metal

Abstract The spin-wave resonance studied in this paper is a modified ferromagnetic resonance which is strongly influenced by the exchange interactions existing in the akin depth. Experimental observations of this resonance are reported, the underlying physical conditions are explained and a general “exchange boundary condition” is formulated and derived. A description is given of an experimental method for measuring both components of the complex equivalent permeability. Static measurements as well as resonance curves at 3000 and 4000 Mc/s are presented for monocrystalline and polycrystalline samples of a nickel-iron alloy having extremely low magnetocrystalline anisotropy. At room temperature the complete experimental resonance curves can be interpreted on the basis of the theory of Ament and Rado by using an effective exchange stiffness constant, A , of (3.3±0.5) × 10 −6 erg/cm and a spectroscopic splitting factor, g, of 2.06±0.01. The agreement between theory and experiment would be destroyed if a Landau-Lifshitz or Bloch damping term were included. Possible processes influencing the value of A are discussed. Experimental data taken at liquid-nitrogen temperature show an increase in the resonance line width and a decrease in the resonance field. Both effects are in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with the theory. A part of the discrepancy can be attributed to anomalous effects caused by the electronic mean free path.
Hippocampal theta activity and the attention component of discrimination learning.

To assess the possibility that the occurrence of hippocampal theta during learning reflects the role of this structure in mediating attention or orienting responses, hippocampal electrical activity was monitored while chronically implanted cats learned and were shifted from a CRF to a cued DRL schedule in an operant conditioning apparatus. The end of the DRL was signaled by the onset of a panel of lights, and it was hypothesized that if theta is a correlate of attention to environmental responses, then as learning progressed and the animals attended to this relevant environmental cue, the incidence of theta between bar-presses should increase. Bennett and Gottfried (1970) previously reported that learning and performance of a noncued DRL are accompanied by hippocampal desynchronization. The results supported the hypothesis, and in conjunction with results previously reported by Bennett and Gottfried the present findings support the notion that the critical difference between those tasks in which learning and performance are correlated with theta versus those accompanied by hippocampal desynchronization is whether the animal can master the problem by attending to environmental cues. Some broader implications of these results for theories of hippocampal functioning are discussed.
Combinatorial investigation of dewetting: polystyrene thin films on gradient hydrophilic surfaces

Film stability and dewetting is important to control for applications in coatings such as photoresists, paints, adhesives, lubricants, and biomaterials. We demonstrate the use of 2D combinatorial libraries to investigate thin film dewetting. Substrate libraries with gradients in contact angle ðuÞ were prepared by immersing Si ‐ H passivated Si in a Piranha solution (H2SO4/H2O2/H2O) at a controlled rate. Libraries of thin films of polystyrene on gradient etched silicon substrates containing orthogonal continuous variation of thickness were screened for dewetting behavior using automated optical microscopy. After comparing the high-throughput screening method to conventional studies of thickness effect on dewetting, a detailed morphological phase-map of the effects of contact angle on dewetting of polystyrene film was generated. Dewetting trends were visibly apparent. The number of polygons of dewetted polymer is sensitive to surface hydrophilicity as characterized by contact angle studies. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Financial development by learning

Abstract This paper analyzes financial development driven by accumulation of information through ‘learning by doing’. Financial intermediaries discover good investment opportunities by making loans to industrial projects; they thereby accumulate information that improves the allocation of savings. An initial equilibrium with poor information, and thus no industrial investment, may trap the economy in financial underdevelopment. Such a trap is informational and can be overcome by the remedies that resolve informational externality.
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Reaching a Consensus Using DeGroot's Method

Abstract DeGroot (1974) proposed a model in which a group of k individuals might reach a consensus on a common subjective probability distribution for an unknown parameter. This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition under which a consensus will be reached by using DeGroot's method. This work corrects an incorrect statement in the original paper about the conditions needed for a consensus to be reached. The condition for a consensus to be reached is straightforward to check and yields the value of the consensus, if one is reached.
Picrylamino‐substituted heterocycles. VI. Pyrimidines

The condensation of various aminopyrimidines with picryl chloride and picryl fluoride has been investigated as part of our continuing effort in the field of picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. Most of the aminopyrimidines that can tautomerize reacted with picryl fluoride to form picryl derivatives of their imino forms, but they gave picrylamino derivatives when they condensed with picryl chloride.
Laboratory models of sepsis and septic shock

That there are so many models of sepsis and septic shock is tacit evidence that none of them are perfect. Although sepsis presents in many forms clinically, most clinicians would probably agree that virtually all severely septic patients manifest respiratory failure and ventilator dependence. Furthermore, failure of organs other than the lungs typically occurs days to weeks after the onset of the septic process. Although early deaths occur commonly in some situations (e.g., meningococcemia, pneumococcal bacteremia in asplenic individuals, Gram-negative bacteremia in the setting of profound granulocytopenia), most deaths due to sepsis occur after a protracted course in an intensive care unit. Thus, for certain important experiments, there is a need for an animal model of severe chronic sepsis characterized by these features: persistent hypermetabolism, low systemic vascular resistance, respiratory failure severe enough to require mechanical ventilation, late (nonpulmonary) organ system failure, and death. Obviously, creation of such a model will require a major commitment of resources, because it will require, in essence, the creation of an animal intensive care unit. Nevertheless, we believe that progress in sepsis-related research would be substantially facilitated were such a model available. Even without such a model, progress will continue in this field. A wide variety of good animal models are already available to investigators. In the next decade, as new methods, such as the powerful tools of molecular biology, are applied to problems related to the sepsis syndrome, these models will be invaluable in improving our understanding of pathophysiology and in developing new and more effective approaches toward therapy.
A modification of the methylene blue method to measure bacterial sulfide production in feces

Abstract Human feces may contain large numbers of sulfate reducing bacteria. These bacteria oxidize H 2 and other compounds during the reduction of sulfate to sulfide, and this metabolism could play a role in colonic disease and influence the numbers and activity of other colonic bacteria. While fecal sulfide concentrations have been determined by a methylene blue method used to measure sulfide in water, we found the accuracy of this assay to be limited by turbidity and interference by fecal material with the colorimetric reaction. Centrifugation after color development largely eliminated turbidity; however, an acidified sample blank was necessary to correct for residual turbidity. Interference with the colorimetric reaction was markedly reduced by analysis of a 1:200 dilution of the fecal sample, and analysis of a sample spiked with sulfide allowed for correction for residual interference. Analysis of feces from eight healthy volunteers using this modified technique showed an average fecal sulfide concentration of 1.6 ± 0.85 μmol/g feces, a value roughly ten times higher than previously reported with the unmodified technique.
Selective Recovery of Dynamic Guest Structure in a Nanoporous Prussian Blue through in Situ X-ray Diffraction: A Differential Pair Distribution Function Analysis

We use in situ X-ray diffraction to obtain data suitable for differential PDF analysis, providing unique insight into the structure of weakly bound, dynamic N2 molecules in the Prussian blue system Mn3[Co(CN)6]2·x{N2}. The differential PDF shows a distributed orientation of N2 molecules constrained to sites centered about the (1/4,1/4,1/4) positions within the pores. The results show a subtle response of the framework to guest loading which corresponds principally to the perturbation of the Mn ion coordination.
Rawls on Human Rights: A Review Essay

In this essay, I first evaluate the conceptual analysis of human rights by Wilfried Hinsch and Markus Stepanians. Next I criticize Allen Buchanan’s claim that Rawls did not address basic human interests/capabilities theories of human nature. I argue Buchanan is doubly mistaken when he claims that John Rawls sought to avoid such theories because they are comprehensive doctrines. Then I evaluate David Reidy’s defense of Rawls, while questioning his efforts to show how Rawls’s list of human rights could be expanded. Finally, I accept James Nickel’s argument that Rawls has tied human rights too closely to intervention on their behalf. However, I reject his, and by implication Rawls’s, refusal to accept a two-tiered approach to human rights.
The validity of the semantic differential for psycholinguistic analysis

The validity of the semantic differential for psycholinguistic analysis was investigated. Functional validity was defined in terms of the paired-associate learning paradigm and positive results indicate that connotative meanings are functionally valid. The conclusion is that the semantic differential is a method of assigning differential meaning to various types of speech messages, when structural or intuitive meanings are not apparent.
Antiradiation compounds III. N-2-mercaptoethylpiperazines

For the purpose of obtaining 2-mercaptoethylamine derivatives having an additional basic function located two carbons distant from the nitrogen, several N-2-mercaptoethylpiperazines have been synthesized. Procedures were employed that involved conversion of the 2-hydroxyethylpiperazines to the corresponding bromo compounds with subsequent thiolation, as well as those employing ethylene sulfade. Both 1- (2′-mercaptoethyl)piperazine and 1, 4-bis (2′-mercaptoethyl)piperazine were found to give some protection to mice exposed to 575 roentgens of X-irradiation.
The Use of Multicultural Curricula and Materials to Counter Racism in Children

Intervention programs designed to reduce racial stereotyping and prejudice among children using multicultural curricula and materials are reviewed. Specifically, the theoretical assumptions that have guided the development of multicultural programs for countering racism among children and the empirical limitations that characterize extant intervention studies are outlined. The failure to design more effective programs is attributed to a lack of breadth andsophistication in the theoretical models and empirical research on which intervention strategies have been based. Specific recommendations for expanding and evaluating the impact of multicultural curricula and materials are presented.
TOAC Spin Label Conformation Resolved by MD Simulation of Membrane-Bound Phospholamban

We have used all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to determine the conformational occupancy of the nitroxide spin label TOAC attached to membrane-bound phospholamban (PLB), as needed for interpretation of EPR spectra. EPR spectroscopy is sensitive primarily to the dynamic angular distribution of the probe principal axis relative to the magnetic field, θHP. MD simulations determine directly the orientation of the probe principal axis relative to the α-helix axis, θMP. Previously, θMP has been determined from X-ray crystallography of TOAC on α-helical peptides, which have indicated sole occupancy of a twistboat conformation, with θMP = 13.3° (Marsh 2006 JMagRes). We have employed all-atom MD simulations to determine the distribution of θMP values for TOAC bound to PLB. The PLB structure (PDB ID: 2KB7) was mutated with TOAC at residues 11, 24, 36, or 46, and placed in Monte-Carlo-generated lipid bilayers composed of either DOPC or DMPC:POPC. MD simulations were performed using NAMD with the CHARMM36 force field. Trajectories were computed to 100ns for chair, boat, and twistboat starting conformations of TOAC. Time-averaged geometry of PLB α-helices in the lipid bilayer membrane were calculated, and results agreed with published NMR data, validating the MD results. Furthermore, angle distributions in the probe frame - (θHP, ϕHP) and (θMP, ϕMP) - were calculated, indicating a bimodal TOAC occupancy model with sensitivity to label location. Coupling MD-derived conformational models with EPR data fitting has improved determination of the conformational distribution of PLB in a lipid bilayer and will allow us to determine PLB orientations in other conditions such as when bound to SERCA.
Does Karma Exist?: Buddhism, Social Cognition, and the Evidence for Karma

Many religious traditions, as well as nonreligious lay beliefs, suggest that people's actions should determine their impressions of their own future outcomes, a phenomenon commonly termed karma. The Mind Only school of Buddhist thought postulates mechanisms through which karma might operate, mechanisms that share much in common with Western psychological research on construct activation. The evidence for these mechanisms, taken from social-cognitive research literature, is reviewed. This review suggests that that construct activation can lead people to experience karma-like effects, which in turn supplies evidence in support of certain key Buddhist beliefs. The manner in which this mechanism and the Buddhist theory underlying it can advance the aims of psychological research is discussed.
The impact of faculty perceived reconfigurability of learning management systems on effective teaching practices

This study explores whether learning management systems (LMSs) enable faculty course developers to use the reconfigurable characteristics of the software to implement the seven principles of effective teaching (Chickering & Gamson, 1987). If LMSs are to be considered pedagogically effective, these systems must help engage faculty in effective teaching practices. A model is presented that contends: (1) faculty course developers' perceptions of interface reconfigurability, interaction reconfigurability, and content reconfigurability of the software facilitate LMS use for effective teaching practices and (2) the LMS use to implement these effective teaching practices enhances faculty perceived benefits. The model is tested using a sample of 379 faculty respondents. The results suggest that all three system reconfigurability dimensions have significant impacts on helping faculty use LMS to implement effective teaching practices. Interaction reconfigurability has the strongest relationship with the seven principles. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Theory of multiple NMR spin echoes of HD impurities in solid para-H2.

Abstract The theory of the formation of NMR multiple echoes for isotopic impurities (HD) in solid para-H2has been developed for the case of weak quantum tunneling of the impurities. The results show that even for low tunneling rates (100–1000 Hz), NMR multiple echoes can be observed for experimentally accessible nuclear spin polarizations and can be used to provide an independent test for the existence of tunneling in the solid hydrogens.
In vivo evaluations of morphologic changes of gastrocnemius muscle fascicles and achilles tendon in children with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE The Achilles tendon plays an important role in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle functions, including proper muscle force transmission and movement generation. However, few studies have examined concurrent changes of tendon and muscle properties in neurologic disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphologic characteristics of both the calf muscle fascicles and the Achilles tendon in children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN A cross-sectional study was planned, and 12 children with CP and 11 typically developing children participated in this study. For both groups, B-mode ultrasonography was used to evaluate the architecture of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, including fascicle length and pennation angle at various ankle (20, 10, and 0 degrees plantar flexion and 10 degrees dorsiflexion) and knee (full extension and 90 degrees flexion) positions. The length and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon were also evaluated using ultrasonography. RESULTS For both CP and control groups, muscle fascicle length, pennation angle, and Achilles tendon length and cross-sectional area varied with ankle and knee positions systematically. Compared with controls, children with CP had shorter muscle fascicles across the tested ankle range of motion (P ≤ 0.003), longer Achilles tendon (P = 0.001), and smaller cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The changes in Achilles tendon properties could be a result of adaptation to calf muscle fascicle shortening and stiffening, which may affect performance of the muscles. A better understanding of the interactions between calf muscle fascicles and Achilles tendon in children with CP may help treat the pathologic changes more effectively.
Isotopic ratios and release rates of strontium measured from weathering feldspars

Based upon dissolution of feldspars under controlled laboratory conditions, we conclude that Sr release, at pH 3, is neither consistently stoichiometric nor constant for the feldspars measured. Bytownite, microcline, and albite all initially release Sr at rates which are 5 (bytownite) to 160 (microcline) times faster than steady-state release rates. The Sr/Si ratios in the early effluents are significantly elevated compared to the bulk mineral values. The 87Sr/86Sr measured in effluent early in dissolution is higher than the bulk mineral 87Sr/86Sr for bytownite, but lower than bulk mineral ratios for microcline and albite. 87Sr/86Sr ratios for the feldspar powders also changed markedly during dissolution of the three phases. In part, nonstoichiometric release of Sr can be explained by the presence of secondary phases (exsolution lamellae or minute quantities of accessory phases) or by surface leaching. Although we infer that these feldspars eventually release Sr with isotopic composition roughly equal to that of the bulk mineral at steady-state, the feldspars dissolve at extremely different rates (bytownite releases Sr at a steady-state rate ∼102 to 103 times faster than albite and microcline, at pH 3). Therefore, a mixture of these feldspars, or of other minerals exhibiting vast differences in dissolution rate, will release 87Sr/86Sr ratios distinctly different from the bulk whole rock. In addition, initial Sr release rates of the minerals (bytownite > microcline > albite) differ from steady-state release rates (bytownite > albite > microcline), complicating analysis of weathering solutions. Log (rate constants) for bytownite, albite, and microcline decrease from −13.5 to −16.4 to −17.2 (mol Sr cm−2 s−1). Interpretation of catchment scale riverine 87Sr/86Sr ratios on the basis of whole-rock Sr isotopes is, therefore, problematic at best, and would require normalization of bulk isotopic ratios by relative rates of dissolution of Sr-contributing phases. We also argue that abraded feldspar particles formed naturally, for example, during glaciation, will show this initial transient nonstoichiometric release. However, once the transient release is completed (perhaps 102 to 103 yr after abrasion), as long as the solution chemistry remains relatively constant, stoichiometric release of cations from feldspars, including Sr, is expected. The most likely way, therefore, to increase riverine fluxes of major cations or radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr is to create highly flushed (and, therefore, far from equilibrium) water-rock systems such as glacial sediments and soils, with reactive minerals (e.g., carbonate, plagioclase, or biotite) containing significant radiogenic strontium.
Geographic information systems and non‐point source water quality and quantity modelling

Hydrologic processes are affected by the spatial variability of soils, topography, land use and cover, climate, and human-induced changes and management. Because contaminants are transported by runoff to surface waters and by infiltration and deep percolation to groundwater, hydrologic processes are often at the core of water quality and quantity concerns. Water quality and quantity affected by non-point sources of contaiminants is dependent on spatially distributed attributes of a catchment or watershed. The integration or linkage of the spatial data handling capabilities of a GIS with a distributed process, hydrologic model offers the advantages associated with utilizing the full information content of the spatially distributed data to analyse the hydrologic processes. Distributed process models use computational elements smaller than the scale of the process or the system being modelled. The information content of the model output is greater than a lumped model though obtained at greater cost. A GIS is capable of manipulating both the input and output parameters required by distributed process models. This paper presents a review of water quality and quantity modelling and GIS applications in water resources. An application of the GIS, ARC/INFO and the finite element solution to the kinematic wave equations is presented. In this application, ARC/INFO is used to process the spatially variable terrain in a small watershed using a Triangular Irregular Network on TIN. The TIN facets are used to provide land surface slope in a finite element solution of overland flow which is a fundamental subprocess affecting non-point source, water quality and quantity.
Social ties in relation to health status of low-income Brazilian women.

Abstract Background: Social support resources are thought to buffer stressful life events and have been associated with numerous health outcomes in industrialized countries. Because the nature of supportive relationships varies by culture and social class, we studied the relationship of informal social support and networks to self-rated health among low-income women in northeastern Brazil. Methods: Participants included 595 randomly sampled mothers from nine low-income communities in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Data on sociodemographic variables, social support, quality of the partner relationship, and self-rated health were collected cross-sectionally in 2002. Using multivariable logistic regression, we modeled the association between different aspects of social support and self-rated health. Results: Poor or fair health was reported by 47% of participants. Women with poor partner relationships had an increased likelihood of poor or fair health (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7), as did those with no material support...
RESCUE TREATMENTS FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Rescue treatments are herein defined as treatments designed to produce an immediate and clinically evident benefit in one of two situations after failure of standard therapy: 1. an acute attack of MS that leads to severe disability from which a patient has no or a poor response following intravenous high dose corticosteroids 2. patients with aggressive step-wise or continuously worsening disability accompanied by evidence for active inflammatory disease typically detected as an or multiple gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI images in a patient who has been managed with one or more of the “first line” disease-modifying therapies (interferon beta 1a or b; glatiramer acetate). The mechanisms responsible for the disease and for the treatment benefits in these two different contexts may differ, be the same, or overlap. Patients with progressive forms of MS without clinical or radiological evidence of active inflammation and patients with pseudo-exacerbations for whom immunoactive treatments are either not indicated or less likely to be effective are excluded from consideration. Rescue treatments are considered successful when they result in reversal of a recently acquired neurological deficit or arrest of rapidly deteriorating MS. From that point of view, they are easier to study than long term treatments, for which no immediate effects are usually perceived by patients or their physicians. However, such patients constitute a small minority ( “ hyperacute ” course, estimated in one study as 8% of MS cases). The pathogenesis of their diseases may be diverse, their natural history is highly variable, and the ethics of their enrollment into placeboand shamcontrolled studies is complex. No template for conduct of clinical trials is readily available especially considering the multitude of different presentations, which in general are more heterogeneous than seen in progressive forms of MS. Unfortunately, the evaluation of rescue treatment remains an art, informed by limited numbers of open-label uncontrolled studies, small controlled trials of a limited number of agents and subset analyses of clinical trials that have included patients who may not have one of the two clinical situations mentioned above.
Abundance, growth and mortality of very large trees in neotropical lowland rain forest

Very large trees, arbitrarily defined as those over 70 cm diameter above buttresses, account for a major portion of the above-ground biomass in neotropical rain forests. Owing to the scarcity of individuals of a given species and the difficulty of accurate measurement, there are few species-level data on the growth, mortality, and abundance of species that regularly reach emergent status. We report such data for very large individuals from old-growth tropical wet forest at the La Selva Biological Station in the Atlantic lowlands of the Republic of Costa Rica. The landscape-scale abundance of all species reaching over 70 cm diameter was assessed using 515 0.01-ha quadrats located at grid points in a 500 ha area of old-growth forest. In the total sample of 2301 stems 10 cm or more in diameter, very large individuals accounted for 2% of the stems, 23% of the basal area, and 27% of the estimated above-ground biomass. Growth and survival for five species that regularly attain emergent status were measured in a 150 ha area within the 500 ha plot. Survival of 282 very large individuals of the five species was measured over 6 years. The mean annual mortality rate of the total sample was only 0.6% year-1. Mean annual diameter growth increments varied from 1.9 to 5.2 mm year-1 among species, and were negatively correlated with diameter in four of the five species. For a sample of 193 individuals measured over 7 years, growth almost exactly equalled losses in basal area and biomass due to mortality. Because all of these species are regularly recruiting new trees into the over 70 cm diameter class, the amount of biomass in the large-individual size class is increasing over the 150 ha old-growth study area. Historic disturbance and/or current climatic change are hypothesized to account for the increase. We identify lack of standard diameter measurement criteria, and small and potentially unrepresentative plot locations as two problems in assessing the role of very large trees in other neotropical forests. Future studies should sample larger areas; this will increase the generality of the conclusions and will make possible a species-level comparison of the ecology of very large tropical trees.
The Influence of Alternative Outcomes on Gut-Level Perceptions of Certainty.

Recent research has demonstrated that the perceived certainty of a focal outcome depends not only on the overall amount of evidence supporting the alternatives to the focal outcome, but also on how that evidence is distributed across those alternatives (e.g., Windschitl & Wells, 1998). Three experiments replicated this alternative-outcomes effect across a variety of evidence distributions and investigated a heuristic comparison account for the effect. Participants provided gut-level certainty estimates for winning hypothetical raffles in which they and several other players held specified numbers of tickets. Results revealed that alternative-outcomes effects are not dependent on variations in the rank-order status of the focal outcome (Experiment 1) and are reliable but reduced in magnitude when the focal outcome is the least likely outcome (Experiment 2). Also, consistent with a core premise of the heuristic comparison account, evidence supporting the strongest alternative outcome was shown to play the primary role in producing alternative-outcomes effects (Experiment 3). Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Struggling with the issue of who the client is in organization development interventions

Recently, the author facilitated a particularly difficult organization development (OD) intervention with a private non‐profit organization. It was an organization whose staff and governing board were deeply divided by interpersonal conflict. Although he tried to avoid it, the author found himself pulled into the politics of this organization. This intervention caused him to ask the question: Who is the client in an OD intervention? Is it the person who hired him? The entire organization? The organization's board? OD practitioners, as reflected in the academic literature, either provide conflicting views on this point or ignore the question altogether. Citing quotations from many prominent OD practitioners, including Golembiewski, Bennis, Burke, French and Bell, and Weisbord, the author searches for a definitive answer in the literature. In this paper, which is part literature review and part case study, he takes a critical look at the OD literature on this topic; ties OD to Jean Jacques Rousseau's concept of the general will; writes an in‐depth case study; and provides his reflections on this issue. The author concludes that within a highly politicized and contentious organization, it can be highly problematic for the OD practitioner to work for the organization as a whole, since he/she may, at times, be forced to take sides.
PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE CHANGES IN HUMAN NEWBORN INFANTS FROM BIRTH TO 3 DAYS OF AGE.

Pulmonary arterial and systemic pressure measurements were obtained in 51 normal full-term infants ranging from 1 to 54 hours of age by retrograde catheterization of the aorta, ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery, and right ventricle via the umbilical artery. A left-to-right shunt through the ductus arteriosus was demonstrated in the majority of the infants under 15 hours. Pulmonary arterial pressure does not fall abruptly after the establishment of respiration. The systolic pressure level approximates that in the aorta during the first few hours of life and is accompanied by a drop in diastolic pressure. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure approaches the 50 per cent value of mean systemic pressure by the end of the first day.
Effect of temperature on thermoperiodic determination of diapause

Abstract Under continuous darkness, thermoperiodic determination of larval diapause in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, is strongly influenced by the temperatures of the thermoperiodic phases. Cryophase temperatures are most inductive if lower than the thermoperiodic response threshold (17.5°) but not below about 10°, the larvae's developmental threshold. Thermophases are most effective if their temperatures are only slightly above the thermoperiodic response threshold, especially in regimes in which the cryophase temperatures approach the freezing point. The implications of these findings are discussed from the standpoint of biological periodism and biological clock function.
Nuclear Medicine Hepatobiliary Imaging

Nuclear medicine hepatobilary imaging (HIDA) is a time proven imaging methodology that uses radioactive drugs and specialized cameras to make imaging diagnoses based on physiology. HIDA radiopharmaceuticals are extracted by hepatocytes in the liver and cleared through the biliary system similar to bilirubin. The most common indication for HIDA imaging is acute cholecystitis, diagnosed by nonfilling of the gallbladder due to cystic duct obstruction. HIDA can detect high grade biliary obstruction prior to ductal dilatation; images reveal a persistent hepatogram without biliary clearance due to the high backpressure. HIDA also aids in the diagnosis of partial biliary obstruction due to stones, biliary stricture, and sphincter of Oddi obstruction. It can confirm biliary leakage postcholecystectomy and hepatic transplantation. Calculation of a gallbladder ejection fraction after cholecystokinin infusion is commonly used to diagnose chronic acalculous gallbladder disease. Diseased gallbladders do not contract. There are many other less common but valuable diagnostic indications for HIDA imaging.
Semantics-guided procedural rendering for woodcut maps

We present a technique for taking a vector representation of geographical features as input and rendering a map in the style of antique woodcut maps. The patterns are created with procedural approaches that depend on the semantic labeling of each vector element, with, for example, mountain ranges drawn differently from coastlines. The technique can be used to create stylistic visualizations of maps, for games and other applications that seek to set a mood when displaying geographical information.
GATA-6 Induces p21Cip1 Expression and G1Cell Cycle Arrest

GATA transcription factors represent a family of highly conserved zinc finger proteins with tissue-specific expression patterns. Previous studies have shown that GATA-6 is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and rapidly down-regulated when VSMCs are induced to proliferate. Here we investigated whether the GATA-6 transcription factor can modulate cellular proliferation. Transient transfection with a GATA-6 expression vector inhibited S-phase entry in VSMCs and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking both p53 alleles. The GATA-6-induced growth arrest correlated with a marked increase in the expression of the general cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21. In contrast to p53-deficient MEFs and VSMCs, MEFs null for both p21 alleles were refractory to the GATA-6-induced growth inhibition. These data demonstrate that elevated GATA-6 expression can promote the quiescent phenotype in VSMCs.
Scalable workload management for water efficiency in data centers

The huge demand for data center computing nowadays has resulted in a significant amount of electricity consumption as well as environmental impacts. While current works mainly focus on the energy cost of data centers, the severity of water consumption problem in data centers is largely neglected. In this paper, we propose an optimization framework for the workload management of data centers, which takes the efficiency of water usage into account. The workload management is formulated as a revenue maximization problem. To solve the large-scale optimization problem with scalability, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is utilized. The optimization problem is decomposed into independent subproblems, which can be solved in a parallel fashion on distributed computing units and coordinated through dual variables. We evaluate the performance of proposed algorithm by simulations, and numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Atypical aortic coarctation and innominate artery stenosis associated with clubfoot and lower leg ischemia in an infant

We report findings in a male infant born with talipes equinovarus and ischemic necrosis of the left lower leg and foot associated with atypical coarctation of the ascending aorta and stenosis and hypoplasia of the proximal innominate artery. We hypothesize that a vasculopathy of unknown etiology occurred in utero that resulted in ascending aortic arch coarctation and innominate artery stenosis. The presence of a thrombus in the coarcted segment suggests that one or more emboli could have been responsible for vascular compromise and subsequent clubfoot deformity and lower leg ischemia. Alternatively, a vasculopathy similar to that hypothesized as occurring in the aorta might also have occurred in the left anterior tibial artery, causing structural deformity and soft tissue ischemia of the left lower leg and foot. We believe that this is the first report of this association of findings.
Evaluation of Pheromone-Baited Traps for Winter Moth and Bruce Spanworm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

ABSTRACT We tested different pheromone-baited traps for surveying winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), populations in eastern North America. We compared male catch at Pherocon 1C sticky traps with various large capacity traps and showed that Universal Moth traps with white bottoms caught more winter moths than any other trap type. We ran the experiment on Cape Cod, MA, where we caught only winter moth, and in western Massachusetts, where we caught only Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a congener of winter moth native to North America that uses the same pheromone compound [ (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9 -nonadecatetraene] and is difficult to distinguish from adult male winter moths. With Bruce spanworm, the Pherocon 1C sticky traps caught by far the most moths. We tested an isomer of the pheromone [ (Z,Z,Z) -1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene] that previous work had suggested would inhibit captures of Bruce spanworm but not winter moths. We found that the differ...
Decision Analysis of the Treatment of AVMs with Radiosurgery

Decision analysis uses a tree-like diagram to describe treatment outcomes, the likelihood and value of which are obtained from the literature. A personal computer program entitled ''D-Tree'' was used
Creating brand equity when using travel-related online social network Web sites

Based on an empirical analysis, the author offers an online social network (OSN), user-based brand equity framework, for application in business branding efforts and investigation. The author finds novel elements of brand equity that should be contemplated by travel researchers and practitioners. Elements of brand equity produced from literature review are portrayed in theoretical relationships. The proposed model is examined with data collected from travel-related OSN Web site users in the United States. Findings authenticate the validity and reliability of the designed theory-driven framework.
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among White Mountain Apache Adults, 1991-2005

Background Certain Native American populations have high rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We aimed to determine the disease spectrum and risk factors of White Mountain Apache adults (age, ≥18 years) with IPD and the use and effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) in this population. Methods We conducted active surveillance for IPD between 1991 and 2005. Medical records were reviewed, and isolates were serotyped. Vaccine use was assessed in 2004-2005 among White Mountain Apache adults with an indication for pneumococcal vaccination. The effectiveness of PPV was determined through an indirect cohort method. Results Among the 115 IPD cases (in 109 persons), the mean age was 43 years; 62% were male; 91% had risk factors, and alcoholism predominated (73%). Alcoholic patients were younger (mean age, 40.1 years; P P = .001) compared with nonalcoholic patients. The case fatality rate was 15%; all deaths occurred among those with risk factors. Only age 65 years or older was associated with increased risk of death. Of 447 White Mountain Apache persons at high risk, 76% had received PPV. Vaccination rates were highest among subjects with pulmonary disease (95%) and diabetes (89%) and lowest among those aged 50 to 64 years (40%). Of the 115 IPD cases for which serotypes were available, 77% were due to serotypes contained in PPV. The effectiveness of PPV against serotype-specific IPD, as measured by the indirect cohort analysis of IPD cases, was 68% (95% confidence interval, 3%-90%). Conclusions Among White Mountain Apache adults with IPD, alcoholism is common and contributes to the younger age and male predominance of cases. Pneumococcal vaccination rates are high, and there is suggestive evidence of the effectiveness of PPV in this population. Additional preventive strategies, including risk factor modification and vaccination of younger high-risk adults, should be pursued.
Gathering Narrative Data Through Interviews: Empirical Observations and Suggested Guidelines

With growing interest in the narrative aspects of occupational therapy practice, the question arises as to how therapists can effectively gather narrative data. This article explores the formal interview as a means of obtaining stories. Secondary analysis of existing data was used to examine when and how the Occupational Performance History Interview elicited and suppressed patients' narratives responses. Based on the findings and on literature concerning the nature of narrative, guidelines for successful narrative interviewing are offered.
Pixel-by-pixel calibration of a CCD camera based thermoreflectance thermography system with nanometer resolution

This work presents for the first time a method for calibrating pixel-by-pixel and in-situ a CCD camera-based thermoreflectance thermography system with nanometer spatial resolution. Using the thermoreflectance method to determine the temperature map of an activated device requires two steps: first, the thermal image is acquired using a CCD camera or laser-diode set-up and, second, the obtained thermal image is converted to the actual temperature map by multiplying each pixel of the thermal image with the corresponding thermoreflectance coefficient. The critical aspect is that even if the thermoreflectance coefficient is known, or measured independently for each surface material, converting the thermal image to the temperature map requires building manually the exact corresponding map of the thermoreflectance coefficient, which sometimes can be difficult. In addition, the thermoreflectance coefficient is highly dependent on the wavelength of the probing light, numerical aperture, focus level, light uniformity, and other measurement effects. To mitigate these issues, one must obtain the thermoreflectance coefficient map of the same measurement area of interest, while ensuring that the same objective lens is used, the same focus level is maintained, and the same exact position is kept for frame acquisition at both the low and high temperature settings. To satisfy all of these requirements, the position of the sample must be adjusted in 3D space with nanometer spatial resolution.
The supersolvable residual of an -group

Let be the class of groups possessing a subgroup of index n for each divisor n of the group order. McLain (7) initiated the formal investigation of and observed that every solvable group is a direct factor of an -group. However, subclasses of provide some interesting problems. Various subclasses of which satisfy other properties were studied by McLain; the upshot being that these classes approach supersolvability. This program was pursued by Humphreys (3) and Humphreys and Johnson (4), among others. In particular, , the largest quotient closed subclass of , was considered in (3) and (4). Humphreys (3) has shown an odd order -group is supersolvable, but provides some non-supersolvable groups. Our motivation is that if S ∈ QR 0 ( S 3 ), the formation generated by S 3 , and V is a faithful irreducible GF (2) [ S ]-module, the semidirect product VS ∈ .
Influences of spousal support and control on diabetes management through physical activity.

Objectives Spouses may be involved in their partner's diabetes management by providing social support to affirm healthy behaviors and social control to modify health behaviors. Yet, investigations of the influence of spousal involvement on daily patient health behaviors are limited. In daily diaries, we investigated how spousal support and control independently and jointly influence patient physical activity and efficacy to engage in physical exercise on a daily basis. Methods Older adults (age 55 and older) with Type 2 diabetes and their spouses (N = 70 couples) completed electronic diaries for seven consecutive days that assessed spouse-reported involvement and patient-reported minutes of physical exercise and efficacy to engage in future physical exercise. A subset of patients (N = 53) also wore an activity monitoring device on the wrist that provided a measure of energy expenditure. Results Multilevel analyses indicated that on a daily basis, spousal support was positively associated with physical activity, whereas spousal control was either unrelated or linked to less physical activity. On days in which spouses provided high levels of both support and control, however, patients felt more efficacious that day about exercising tomorrow and exhibited an increase in energy expenditure on the next day. Conclusions Findings suggest that spousal exercise support on its own or in conjunction with spousal exercise control may facilitate daily diabetes management through physical activity.
A hybrid approach to reducing computed tomography metal artifacts in intracavitary brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose To develop a hybrid approach to reduce computed tomography (CT) metal artifacts caused by the Fletcher-Suit applicator. Methods and materials Using the acquired raw projection data, the hybrid algorithm determines the separate contributions from the metal and non-metal objects. Next, reconstructions of metal and non-metal images are separately obtained from their estimated projections. A final image is formed by appropriately combining the individual images. Phantom and patient data are used to evaluate the performance of this method. Results CT images reconstructed by use of the standard filtered-backprojection (FBP) algorithm contain significant artifacts even for small metal objects. However, images reconstructed using the hybrid algorithm contain virtually no artifacts. For metal objects with complex structures, the hybrid algorithm can also yield images containing fewer severe streak artifacts than those reconstructed using the FBP algorithm alone. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that the hybrid approach can effectively reduce CT metal artifacts caused by the Fletcher-Suit applicator.