cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of acclimation temperature, season, and time of day on the critical thermal maxima and minima of the crayfish Orconectes rusticus

Abstract 1. 1. The critical thermal minima (CTMin) and maxima (CTMax) were determined for field-acclimatized and laboratory-acclimated crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) throughout 1984. 2. 2. The CTMin and CTMax of field-acclimatized crayfish were seasonally adjusted by 9.7 C and 14.7 C respectively. 3. 3. Seasonal variation in both tolerance regimes persisted in crayfish acclimated in the laboratory at 5 and 25°C for one week; however, no diel variation existed in either the CTMin or CTMax of laboratory-acclimated crayfish. 4. 4. Integration of thermal acclimation of the CTMin and CTMax with seasonal conditioning may influence the functional capacities of this species when considered in relation to the seasonal ranges in stream temperature.
Inhomogeneities in the early universe

The paper investigates certain nonlinear processes that are viable candidates for the mechanisms which produced large-scale inhomogeneities in the early Universe. Several nonlinear Lagrangians are presented for matter, the Korteweg-de Vries equation is analyzed, and the existence of solitons among its solutions is noted. A model based on the possibility of generating a cascade of solitons from an initial perturbation is proposed, and it is shown how large-scale inhomogeneities can be generated when an initial soliton fragments into many others through the nonlinear action of the terms in the Korteweg-de Vries equation. A second model is examined which is based on the interaction of matter with a strong radiation field (an almost monochromatic photon gas) and which involves changes in the refractive index of the vacuum. It is found that matter and radiation will not mix if the radiation field has a nonuniform intensity and that the matter will separate into dense portions or 'cosmological protogalaxies'. The evolution of these portions of matter is studied, and it is found that conditions would be appropriate for the interface between them and the surrounding radiation field to become unstable, giving rise to a turbulent layer.
Serum osmolality in alcohol ingestions: differences in availability among laboratories of teaching hospital, nonteaching hospital, and commercial facilities.

Abstract Freezing point depression osmometry is preferred over vapor pressure with ingestions of volatile substances. Sixty-six laboratories nationwide (23 teaching hospital, 22 nonteaching hospital, and 21 commercial facillities) were surveyed to determine the availability and use of these techniques. Overall, 80% conducted serum osmometry (teaching, 100%; nonteaching, 82%; commercial, 57%). Freezing point depression was the most common method used by all laboratories; however, 33% of commercial laboratories and 11% of nonteaching laboratories used vapor pressure exclusively. One half of all laboratory supervisors did not identify why one method was preferred. Only 3% identified vapor pressure as a possible source of error in ingestions of volatile substances. Most laboratories estimated that they were aware of the patient diagnosis
A slow-scan television film recorder.

Slow-scan television film recorder designed for Mariner Mars 1964 noting scope phosphors, film types and processing
Six propositions on the poor and pollution

The effect of improving the environment may be greater inequities in our society. Current environmental programs maintain this inequity, proposed environmental programs may make things worse, and even if we do improve the environment, contentment may decrease. A political coalition of environmental and equity enthusiasts may provide a viable way out of these dilemmas.
Enzyme, Protein, Carbohydrate, and Phenolic Contaminants in Commercial Tyrosinase Preparations: Potential Problems Affecting Tyrosinase Activity and Inhibition Studies

Commercial mushroom tyrosinase contains other proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and phenolic material besides tyrosinase. Carbohydrate and phenolic material comprise a large percentage of the powder resuspensions derived from Agaricus bisporus. Enzyme assays identified the presence of tyrosinase, laccase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-xylosidase, cellulase, chitinase, xylanase, and mannanase in the commercial tyrosinase. Protein sequencing indicated the presence of tyrosinase, a lectin, and a putative mannanase as well as 10 unidentified protein/peptides in the commercial tyrosinase preparations. Characteristics of tyrosinase isoforms were similar in two different commercial tyrosinase sources. Inhibition studies indicated that I50 values for some tyrosinase inhibitors were different when the crude powder was compared to a partially purified tyrosinase. The presence of these contaminants has the potential to affect studies using commercial tyrosinase.
Acquisition of anatomic parameters concerning molar pulp chamber landmarks using cone-beam computed tomography.

Abstract Introduction Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging is a valuable tool for endodontic therapy. The aim of this study was to verify whether clinical use of CBCT imaging can accurately acquire parameters concerning molar pulp chamber landmarks, which are important data to help start a successful access cavity and avoid iatrogenic furcation perforations. Methods Seventy CBCT images were used to measure 118 maxillary and 104 mandibular molars. The following vertical distances were measured: from the cusp tip/central fossa to the pulp chamber floor, to the pulp chamber ceiling, and to furcation; from the pulp chamber ceiling to furcation; from the pulp chamber floor to furcation; and the pulp chamber height. Measurements were read to the nearest 0.05 mm. Results The measurements were as follows: the pulp chamber floor to furcation (maxillary molar: 1.97 ± 0.58 [mean ± standard deviation, mm], mandibular molar: 2.24 ± 0.47), the pulp chamber ceiling to furcation (maxillary molar: 4.09 ± 0.68, mandibular molar: 3.78 ± 0.70), the central fossa to furcation (maxillary molar: 8.78 ± 0.79, mandibular molar: 8.53 ± 0.65), the central fossa to the pulp chamber floor (maxillary molar: 6.81 ± 0.83, mandibular molar: 6.29 ± 0.65), the central fossa to the pulp chamber ceiling (maxillary molar: 4.69 ± 0.59, mandibular molar: 4.75 ± 0.56); and pulp chamber height (maxillary molar: 2.12 ± 0.81, mandibular molar: 1.53 ± 0.68). Measurements showing the least standard deviation were the central fossa to furcation and the central fossa to the pulp chamber floor. Conclusions CBCT imaging may be used for precise clinical acquisition of the pulp chamber landmark measurements for molars thereby facilitating successful access cavity.
Developmental delays in exploration and locomotor activity in male rats exposed to low level lead

Abstract Delays in the development of exploratory and locomotor behavior in neonatal male rats (up to 21 days of age) are shown to accrue as a consequence of low level lead exposure. Cross fostering experiments indicate that these delays are primarily due to prenatal exposure. These Pb induced behavioral modifications appear to be associated with the delays in synaptogenesis and biochemical development of the cerebral cortex reported previously (4, 18). A new behavioral bioassay for detecting delays in brain development is described.
Non-Abelian descendant of Abelian duality in a two-dimensional frustrated quantum magnet

Several recent works on quantum criticality beyond the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson paradigm have led to a number of field theories, potentially important for certain two-dimensional magnetic insulating systems, where criticality is not very well understood. This situation highlights the need for nonperturbative information about criticality in two spatial dimensions (three space-time dimensions), which is a longstanding challenge. As a step toward addressing these issues, we present evidence that the O(4) vector model is dual to a theory of Dirac fermions coupled to both SU(2) and U(1) gauge fields. Both field theories arise as low-energy long-wavelength descriptions of a frustrated $XY$ model on the triangular lattice. Abelian boson-vortex duality of the lattice model, together with the emergence of larger non-Abelian symmetry at low energies, leads to this rare example of duality in two spatial dimensions involving non-Abelian global symmetry and fermions but without supersymmetry. The duality can also be viewed as a bosonization of the Dirac fermion gauge theory.
An improved inlet for precisely measuring the atmospheric Ar/N 2 ratio

The atmospheric Ar/N 2 ratio is expected to be useful as a tracer of air-sea heat exchange, but this application has been hindered in part due to sampling artifacts. Here we show that the variability in δ(Ar/N 2 ) due to thermal fractionation at the inlet can be on the order of 40-80 per meg, and we introduce the use of an aspirated solar shield that successfully minimizes such fractionation. The data collected using this new inlet have a mean diurnal cycle of 1.0 per meg or less, suggesting that any residual thermal fractionation effect is reduced to this level.
Commentary: CT Screening for Lung Cancer—Caveat Emptor

INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is occurring in epidemic proportions. In the U.S. alone there were projected to be 160,000 deaths in 2007 [1]. Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in both men and women. The majority of patients present with advanced-stage disease. Most patients are symptomatic at the time of diagnosis and symptomatic lung cancer is mostly advanced-stage disease. Though treatments for advanced-stage disease have improved, nearly all patients with advanced-stage disease will die of the disease. Prevention and early detection offer means to reduce the current devastation from lung cancer. Early detection is uncommon in usual clinical practice; only 16% of all new lung cancers are localized (stage I/II) at diagnosis [1]. These individuals are usually asymptomatic and the cancer is detected by an incidental radiograph performed for other reasons. Patients with stage I disease have the best chance for cure. There is a great need for a screening test that results in the detection of asymptomatic lung cancer, at a time when there is a substantially better chance for curative treatment. The question is whether or not computed tomography (CT) is that screening test.
Electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy (and electron spin-echo envelope modulation spectroscopy) in bioinorganic chemistry

This perspective discusses the ways that advanced paramagnetic resonance techniques, namely electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopies, can help us understand how metal ions function in biological systems.
Oncogenic mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) activate mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in mice and zebrafish

Truncating mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) are strongly linked to colorectal cancers. APC is a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway and constitutive Wnt activation mediated by enhanced Wnt–β-catenin target gene activation is believed to be the predominant mechanism responsible for APC mutant phenotypes. However, recent evidence suggests that additional downstream effectors contribute to APC mutant phenotypes. We previously identified a mechanism in cultured human cells by which APC, acting through glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), suppresses mTORC1, a nutrient sensor that regulates cell growth and proliferation. We hypothesized that truncating Apc mutations should activate mTORC1 in vivo and that mTORC1 plays an important role in Apc mutant phenotypes. We find that mTORC1 is strongly activated in apc mutant zebrafish and in intestinal polyps in Apc mutant mice. Furthermore, mTORC1 activation is essential downstream of APC as mTORC1 inhibition partially rescues Apc mutant phenotypes including early lethality, reduced circulation and liver hyperplasia. Importantly, combining mTORC1 and Wnt inhibition rescues defects in morphogenesis of the anterior-posterior axis that are not rescued by inhibition of either pathway alone. These data establish mTORC1 as a crucial, β-catenin independent effector of oncogenic Apc mutations and highlight the importance of mTORC1 regulation by APC during embryonic development. Our findings also suggest a new model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis in which mTORC1 is activated in parallel with Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Effect of hypophysectomy on the proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells

Conditions such as estrogen deficiency, skeletal unloading, and aging have all been demonstrated to have various effects on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stroma-derived osteoprogenitor cells. Here we have sought to examine the effects of pituitary hormone deficiency on the proliferation and the differentiation of these osteoprogenitor cells using the hypophysectomized (HX) rat as a model. In the present study, we use an in vitro culture system to examine the effects of HX on the osteogenic potential of rat bone marrow stroma. With the intact animal as a control, we used [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number as indexes of proliferation. We also measured alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity, relative levels of osteocalcin expression with RT-PCR, and osteopontin and bone sialoprotein steady-state levels by Northern blot to delineate the effect on differentiation. Our results indicate that osteoprogenitor cells exposed to a pituitary hormone-deficient environment in vivo demonstrate an enhanced proliferative capacity and also exhibit an augmented expression of differentiation markers when exposed to an optimal environment in vitro.
The Kinetics of the Distribution and Breakdown of I131-Albumin in the Rabbit : Observations on several mathematical descriptions

Rabbit plasma albumin was labelled with I131, injected intravenously, and measurements were made of the radioactivity in plasma, urine, and feces over many days. In some experiments plasma radioactivity was fractionated into I131-albumin activity and that of labelled breakdown products. Curves of these radioactivities were compared with corresponding curves predicted by four mathematical models. Each model included a vascular and extravascular albumin compartment in transfer equilibrium, a radioactive breakdown products compartment, and an excretion compartment; but model A supposed I131-albumin catabolism to occur within the vascular system, model B within the extravascular compartment, model C within both, and model D within a separate compartment receiving albumin for catabolism from the plasma. The experimental data were reasonably well predicted by models A and C. However, model D, though data were insufficient for its complete validation, gave the best predictions and agrees with present knowledge of albumin catabolism. Various methods for calculating the rate of albumin breakdown are discussed. When calculations are based solely on the plasma radioactivity data, identical rates are predicted by models A, C, and D. When, as a valuable independent method, catabolism is calculated from plasma and excreted radioactivities, an error (ordinarily small) is incurred unless account is taken of the rate of passage of I131-albumin to the breakdown sites, and of the rate of excretion of the radioactive breakdown products.
The abundances of selenium, tellurium, silver, palladium, cadmium, and zinc in chondritic meteorites.

Abstract The abundances of the elements Se, Te, Ag, Pd, Cd, and Zn have been determined in a number of carbonaceous, enstatite, and ordinary chondrites by a neutron activation technique. Of these, only palladium is essentially unfractionated among the various chrondrite groups; the fractionation of the other elements is generally consistent with the model proposed by Anders (1964) .
Quantal synaptic failures enhance performance in a minimal hippocampal model.

Despite the fact that animals are not optimal, natural selection is an optimizing process that can readily control small bits and pieces of organisms. It is for this reason that we need to explain certain parameters as found in Nature (e.g., number of neurons and their average activity) to fully understand the biological basis of cognition. In this optimizing sense, the failure of quantal synaptic transmission is problematic because this process incurs information loss at each synapse which seems like a bad thing for information processing. However, recent work based on an information–theoretic analysis of a single neuron suggests that such losses can be tolerated and lead to energy savings. Here we study computational simulations of a hippocampal model as a function of failure rate. We find that the failure process actually enhances some indices of performance when the model is required to solve the hippocampally dependent task of transverse patterning or when it is required to learn a simple sequence. A...
Phenytoin increases the severity of cortical hemiplegia in rats.

The effects of systemic phenytoin administration on the motor deficit resulting from a cortical lesion were studied in rats trained to walk coordinately on a narrow beam. The somatomotor cortex lesion was produced by an indwelling cannula through which saline or GABA were infused chronically via an osmotic minipump. Phenytoin (50 mg/kg i.p.) administered between days 3 and 5 after the intracortical catheter implantation produced a significant increase in the severity of the resulting hemiplegic syndrome. This DPH effect was more noticeable in those animals also receiving intracortical GABA infusions. The anticonvulsant at the dose used had no effect on motor performance when administered preoperatively or when given to the animals 14 days after surgical intervention when their hemiplegic syndrome had cleared. These findings suggest that phenytoin administration to brain-damaged individuals in the initial postlesion stage may be deleterious.
Next-generation medicines: past regulatory experience and considerations for the future.

Application of personalized medicine in drug development and regulation has been limited by similar logistical, informatics, and cultural barriers that limit use of pharmacogenetics in the clinic. An additional challenge is coordinated codevelopment of new drugs and diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, the impact of personalized medicine strategies (e.g., pharmacogenomics) is being realized. We highlight some of our experiences to date and considerations for the development of the next generation of targeted therapies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 95 3, 247–249. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.222
Injuries and outcomes associated with traumatic falls in the elderly population on oral anticoagulant therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Fall risk for older adults is a multi-factorial public health problem as 90% of geriatric injuries are caused by traumatic falls. The CDC estimated 33% of adults >65 years incurred a fall in 2011, with 30% resulting in moderate injury. While much has been written about overall risk to trauma patients on oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy, less has been reported on outcomes in the elderly trauma population. We used data from the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) to identify the types of injury and complications incurred, length of stay, and mortality associated with OACs in elderly patients sustaining a fall. METHODS: Using standard NTDB practices, data were collected on elderly patients (≥65 years) on OACs with diagnosis of fall as the primary mechanism of injury from 2007 to 2010. Univariate analysis was used to determine patient variables influencing risk of fall on OACs. Odds ratios were calculated for types of injury sustained and post-trauma complications. Logistic regression was used to determine mortality associated with type of injury incurred. RESULTS: Of 118,467 elderly patients sampled, OAC use was observed in 444. Predisposing risk factors for fall on OACs were >1 comorbidity (p3 complications (pCONCLUSIONS: Risks of anticoagulation in elderly trauma patients are complex. While OAC use is a predictor of 30-day mortality after fall, the injuries sustained are markedly different between the elderly who die and those who do not. As a result there is a greater need for healthcare providers to identify preventable and non-preventable risks factors indicative of falls in the anti-coagulated elderly patient. Language: en
Evaluation of a novel blood pressure scoring method and its association with clinical response in cancer patients treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Background The purposes of this study were to establish a novel blood pressure (BP) scoring method and to correlate it with clinical response in advanced cancer patients treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data for 368 patients from 23 clinical trials that included at least one anti-VEGF agent. We determined BP scores using the traditional Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0 and our novel method that considers both BP readings and number of anti-hypertensive medications the patient received. BP scores were categorized at baseline and four months. Logistic regression analysis correlated elevated scores with clinical response. Agreement between the CTCAE and the new method was assessed. Results Under the new BP scoring method, partial response rates were 20 % in patients with an elevated score at four months versus 6 % in patients without elevated score (P < 0.001). When adjusted for tumor type, age, sex, history of anti-VEGF treatment, and number of anti-VEGF treatments, elevated BP under the new scoring method had an odds ratio of 3.8 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.8, 8.2; P < 0.001). The kappa statistic for agreement between the CTCAE and new scoring methods was 0.57 (95 % CI: 0.47, 0.67; P < 0.001), indicating significant concordance. Conclusion Using the novel scoring method, an increase in BP scores was a marker for favorable clinical response in patients who received anti-VEGF treatment. This new method ultimately provides information with regard to clinical tumor response over and above that provided by the CTCAE scoring method.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COLLEGE CHOICE DECISIONS OF GRADUATE STUDENTS

This paper examines the relative influence of factors affecting the college choice decisions of graduate students. It is based on a 1986 survey of 2,834 admitted students at a major research university, to which 38 percent of the sample responded. Factor analysis of ratings of importance of 31 college characteristics yielded dimensions upon which student decisions are based. These results were used to build five scales of importance and preference, which were then tested with other variables in a regression model in which the dependent variable was the decision to enroll or not to enroll at the surveying institution. The following were found to influence decisions: residency status, quality and other academic environment characteristics, work-related concerns, spouse considerations, financial aid, and the campus social environment.
Politics, Culture, and Governance in the Development of Prior Informed Consent in Indigenous Communities.

Why did an early effort to build an ethical bioprospecting relationship with indigenous people in Peru survive when a more sophisticated approach with arguably better opportunities for indigenous communities in Mexico later foundered in a sea of criticism? Two projects funded under the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG), one working with Aguaruna people in Peru and another working with Maya people in Chiapas, Mexico, have struggled with identification of appropriate representation of community interests and with concerted campaigns by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to halt their efforts despite broad interest among the indigenous communities they contacted. The Peru ICBG ultimately succeeded in developing credible working partnerships and carried the project through to completion, while the Maya (Mexico) ICBG became mired in defense of its approach to prior informed consent and was terminated early. In this paper I summarize relevant aspects of the history of these two landmark projects and draw some lessons about the role of culture, politics, and local governance in the differing outcomes of their efforts. In particular, I point to the role of preexisting and broadly representative indigenous governance as a key factor in determining the feasibility and integrity of prior informed consent for the use of traditional knowledge. This conclusion is important because it suggests concerted movement away from the traditional model of individually oriented ethnobotanical studies for bioprospecting that involves indigenous communities toward one that is structured around institutional relationships. The central thesis of the ICBGs is that research and development projects designed to discover new pharmaceutical precursors in developing countries can, carefully constructed and equitably managed, produce benefits to health, conservation, and sustainable development. Since 1993 several agencies of the U.S government—the National Institutes of Health
Biliary cryptosporidiosis in a patient without HIV infection: endosonographic, cholangiographic, and histologic features (with video).

1. Huibregtse K, Gish R, Tytgat GNJ. A frightening event during endoscopic papillotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 1988;34:67-8. 2. Ben-Zvi JS, Siegel JH, Yatto RY. Opacification of the portal system during ERCP: demonstration of an anomalous pancreatico-portal connection in patient with pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35:445-7. 3. Ricci E, Mortilla MG, Conigliari R, et al. Portal vein filling: a rare complication associated with ERCP for endoscopic biliary stent placement. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:524-5. 4. Quinn C, Johnston SD. Portobiliary fistula at ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:175-7. 5. Lum C, Cho KC, Scholl DG, et al. Portal vein opacification during ERCP in patients with pancreatitis. Abdom Imaging 1998;23:81-3. 6. Espinel J, Pinedo ME, Calleja JL. Portal vein filling: an unusual complication of needle-knife sphincterotomy. Endoscopy 2007;39:E245.
The force on an axisymmetric body in linearized, time-dependent motion: a new memory term

In contrast to the steady Stokes equations for creeping motion, the time-dependent linearized Navier–Stokes equations have only been solved for very restricted geometries, the solution for the sphere being the sole solution for an isolated finite body. In the present paper, the linearized Navier–Stokes equations are further explored and a simple expression is derived which relates the force on an arbitrary axisymmetric body in oscillatory motion to the solution for the stream function in the far field. This result is applied to the case of a slightly eccentric spheroid and it is shown that the total hydrodynamic force contains four terms, three of which correspond to the classical solutions for the Stokes drag, added mass and Basset force on the perturbed sphere; the fourth term is only present when the body is non-spherical. In contrast to the three classical forces, the new term is not a simple power of the dimensionless frequency parameter iL2ω/ν, in which L is a length-scale, ω is the frequency of oscillation and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. A Laplace superposition is then used to find the force on the spheroid in an arbitrary axisymmetric motion with velocity U(t). The new memory term decays faster than the Basset force at large times and is bounded at short times.
On reset based functional broadside tests

Functional broadside tests were defined to avoid overtesting that may occur under structural scan-based tests. Overtesting occurs due to non-functional operation conditions created by unreachable scan-in states. Functional broadside tests were computed assuming that functional operation starts after the circuit is synchronized. We discuss the definition of functional broadside tests for the case where hardware reset is used for bringing the circuit into a known state before functional operation starts. We show that the set of reachable states for a circuit with hardware reset contains the set of reachable states based on a synchronizing sequence. Consequently, the set of functional broadside tests and the set of detectable faults for a circuit with hardware reset contain those obtained based on a synchronizing sequence. In addition, there are differences between different reset states in the sets of reachable states and the sets of detectable faults.
A simple on-line arterial time-activity curve detector for ~O-15\ water PET studies

A simple, automated on-line detector system has been fabricated and implemented to detect the arterial time-activity curve (TAG) for bolus-injection [O-15] water PET studies. This system offers two significant improvements over existing systems: a pump mechanism is not required to control arterial blood flow through the detector and dispersion correction of the time-activity curve for dispersion in external tubing is unnecessary. The [O-15] positrons emanating from blood within a thin-walled, 0.134 cm inner-diameter plastic tube are detected by a 0.5 cm wide by 1.0 cm long by 0.1 cm thick plastic scintillator mounted to a miniature PMT. Photon background is reduced to insignificant levels by a 2.0 cm thick cylindrical lead shield. Mean cerebral blood flow (mCBF) determined from an autoradiographic model and from the TAC measured by 1-second automated sampling was compared to that calculated from a TAC acquired using 5-second integrated manual samples. Improvements in timing resolution (1-sec vs. 5-sec) cause small but significant differences between the two sampling methods. Dispersion is minimized due to small tubing diameters, short lengths of tubing between the radial arterial sampling site and the detector and the presence of a 3-way valve 10 cm proximal to the detector.
A new species of Hemus (Majoidea: Majidae: Mithracinae) from the Pacific coast of Panamá, with a key to the genus

A new species of spider crab, Hemus magalae n. sp. (Majidae), is described from a single male specimen from Islas de las Perlas, Pacific Ocean coast of Panama. This species differs from its congeners with respect to many features of the carapace including mid-line elevation and lateral dentition. Hemus A. Milne-Edwards, 1875, now includes four species, three from coastal waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean and one from shallow waters in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. A key to the Pacific and Atlantic species of Hemus is provided.
Dysmorphic Growth and Genetic Abnormalities

1. Growth and development represent a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. 2. Screening for genetic risk factors ideally begins in the preconception period.
A Parametric Study of the Modeling of Orthogonal Machining Using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method

Modeling machining processes with conventional finite element methods (FEM) is challenging due to the severe deformations that occur during machining, complex frictional conditions that exist between the cutting tool and the workpiece, and the possibility of self contact due to chip curling. Recently, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method has emerged as a potential alternative for modeling machining processes due to its ability to handle severe deformations while avoiding mass and energy losses encountered by traditional FEM. The method has been implemented in several commercial finite element packages such as ABAQUS and LS-DYNA for solving problems involving localized severe deformations.Numerous control parameters are present in a typical SPH formulation. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of the three most important parameters, namely, the smoothing length, particle density, and the type of SPH formulation. The effects of these parameters on the chip morphology and stress distribution in the context of orthogonal machining of AISI 1045 steel are investigated. The LS-DYNA finite element package along with Johnson-Cook material model is used for this purpose. Results from the parametric study are presented and compared with the previously reported results in the literature. In addition, the sensitivity of chip morphology and stresses to Johnson-Cook parameters for AISI 1045 steel is also investigated by considering five different sets of values reported in the literature for this steel.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Bi-Negativity: The Stigma Facing Bisexual Men

The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of heterosexual college students about bisexuality. Although there is considerable information about attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, mu...
Increasing Selective CO2 Adsorption on Amine-Grafted SBA-15 by Increasing Silanol Density

Two template removal methods were employed to create porosity in mesoporous silica SBA-15: ethanol extraction versus conventional high-temperature calcination. The resulting silicas were subjected to amine (3-aminopropyl) grafting and studied for their CO2 adsorption properties. The goal was to significantly increase the surface silanol density, and hence the grafted amine loading, leading directly to increased CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 selectivity. Thus, the silanol density was increased from 3.4 OH/nm2 for the calcined SBA-15 to 8.5 OH/nm2 for the SBA-15 by solvent extraction. Correspondingly, for these two samples, the grafted amine loading was increased from 2.2 to 3.2 mmol/g, and the CO2 adsorption capacity was increased from 1.05 to 1.6 mmol/g at conditions relevant to CO2 capture (0.15 bar and 25 °C), or a 52% increase. The CO2/N2 selectivity was increased from 46 to 131. The isosteric heats of adsorption, the sorbent stability during cyclic adsorption–desorption, and the (positive) effect...
Detection of charge storage on molecular thin films of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) by Kelvin force microscopy: a candidate system for high storage capacity memory cells.

Retention and diffusion of charge in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) molecular thin films are investigated by injecting electrons and holes via a biased conductive atomic force microscopy tip into the Alq3 films. After the charge injection, Kelvin force microscopy measurements reveal minimal changes with time in the spatial extent of the trapped charge domains within Alq3 films, even for high hole and electron densities of >1012 cm–2. We show that this finding is consistent with the very low mobility of charge carriers in Alq3 thin films (<10–7 cm2/(Vs)) and that it can benefit from the use of Alq3 films as nanosegmented floating gates in flash memory cells. Memory capacitors using Alq3 molecules as the floating gate are fabricated and measured, showing durability over more than 104 program/erase cycles and the hysteresis window of up to 7.8 V, corresponding to stored charge densities as high as 5.4 × 1013 cm–2. These results demonstrate the potential for use of molecular films in high storage ca...
Diagnostic Value of Brush Cytology in the Diagnosis of Duodenal, Biliary, and Ampullary Neoplasms

Endoscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of duodenal lesions and biliary strictures. We assessed the value of cytology in the evaluation of these lesions and analyzed the causes of discrepancy among clinical, histologic, and cytologic parameters. The study included 118 patients with duodenal ulcers, ampullary neoplasms, or biliary strictures who were examined between 1975 and 1995; 120 cytologic examinations were performed. The specimens included brushings of the duodenum (DB, n = 50), ampulla (AB, n = 32), and biliary ducts (BB, n = 38). Endoscopic biopsies performed concurrently included the duodenum (n = 37), the ampulla (n = 22), and the biliary ducts (n = 23). Comparison of cytologic and histologic results showed the following sensitivity and specificity: DB, 40% and 97%, respectively; AB, 100% each; BB, 75% and 93%, respectively. The DB, AB, and BB revealed malignant neoplasms in 2 of 5, 7 of 7, and 6 of 8 cases, respectively. Twenty-three duodenal neoplasms were diagnosed by either modality and included 11 adenocarcinomas, 9 villous tumors, 2 metastatic renal cell carcinomas, and 1 large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Endoscopic brush cytology is an effective means of diagnosing ampullary neoplasms, and it complements tissue biopsy in cases of bile duct stricture. Location, predominance of tumor-induced stroma, an extramucosal growth pattern, sampling error, and interpretative experience influence the diagnostic evaluation. Cytologic diagnosis of an adenoma does not exclude an underlying malignant neoplasm in ampullary tumors. In some instances, it may be difficult to distinguish between villous tumors with severe dysplasia and adenocarcinomas by cytology alone.
Functional Status Measurement in Elderly Diabetic Patients

The impact of diabetes on physical, emotional, cognitive, and social function in elderly patients with diabetes has been well documented, and nearly all physicians informally assess functional status. However, formal, systematic assessment of functional status has been shown to be superior to use of informal methods in many clinical settings. This article advocates a pragmatic, formal approach to functional assessment and intervention in the older person with diabetes and illustrates the use of data-flow sheets and lists of problems as a way to monitor the patient’s functional status and response to intervention.
Management of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a multidisciplinary approach.

The cooperation of physicians in different disciplines, i.e., surgery, radiation therapy, dentistry, and medical oncology, is essential. After careful evaluation of the patient, members of the team will jointly recommend a form of therapy that is most likely to control the disease with a minimum of complications.
Electrical Characterization of Epitaxial Titanium Contacts to Alpha (6H) Silicone Carbide

Titanium circular contacts grown epitaxially via electron beam MBE on unheated n-type 6H-SiC (0001) substrates were rectifying with low ideality factors (1.02–1.09) and leakage currents as low as 9 × 10−8 A/cm2 at -10V. The contacts have remained stable after annealing for one hour at 700°C in ultra-high vacuum. Barrier heights for as-deposited and annealed contacts have been estimated from capacitance — voltage measurements to be 0.88 eV and 1.04 eV, respectively. A 1×1 ordered LEED pattern similar to that of the SiC surface was observed for all Ti coverages. Cross-sectional TEM diffraction patterns and images confirmed the deposition of crystalline Ti and revealed threading dislocations which relieve the strain caused by the 4% lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate.
Observing System Impacts on Estimates of California Current Transport

Abstract The impact of different observing platforms and control vector elements on 4D-Var analyses of California Current transport are explored using the adjoint Kalman gain matrix to map a transport metric into observation space. The contribution of control vector elements on the metric provide a useful measure for tracking performance characteristics of the 4D-Var algorithm, and they can be used to detect potential inconsistencies within the analysis system. Observation impact calculations provide detailed information about the contribution of each observation or observing platform on the transport. A novel aspect of this work is that it provides a direct quantitative measure of the observing system impact on ocean state estimates spanning three decades, and it reveals the complex interplay between different observing platforms within the 4D-Var analyses as different observing systems become available. The method employed here requires considerably less computational effort than more traditional ones.
The Sustainability of Demographic Progress Around the World

In contrast to the current enthusiastic embracing of the concepts of sustainability and adaptation, the idea of progress has, in recent times, fallen out of vogue. Sack (Progress: geographical essays. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002) noted: “contemporary science rarely thinks of nature in terms of design. Nature is constantly changing, but, generally speaking, it has no preferred direction or goal.” In this paper, I examine the concept of demographic progress and speculate about the types of regional science and population geographic research that will be critically needed as we transition into a post-demographic transition world, one in which countries and people are confronted with the economic and societal issues attendant to population momentum, aging, and shrinking labor forces, together with significant global environmental change. I track the recent course of a number of demographic indicators for countries from around the world to argue the case for an ongoing role for demographic progress. As humans grapple to harmonize their affairs and adapt their socioeconomic systems on a planet now embarking on a radically altered demographic course, I argue that relatively predictable population trends can and should inform a policy-relevant agenda for regional science research capable of contributing to sustainable human progress.
Longitudinal Changes in Depression Symptoms and Survival Among Patients With Lung Cancer: A National Cohort Assessment

PurposeDepression symptoms are common among patients with lung cancer; however, longitudinal changes and their impact on survival are understudied.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium from five US geographically defined regions from September 2003 through December 2005. Patients enrolled within 3 months of their lung cancer diagnosis were eligible. The eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was administered at diagnosis and 12 months’ follow-up. The main outcome was survival, which was evaluated using Kaplan-Meyer curves and adjusted Cox proportional hazards modeling.ResultsAmong 1,790 participants, 681 (38%) had depression symptoms at baseline and an additional 105 (14%) developed new-onset depression symptoms during treatment. At baseline, depression symptoms were associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.32; P = .01). Participants were classified into the followin...
Physiological and ecological drivers of early spring blooms of a coastal phytoplankter

Climate affects the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms that fuel marine food webs and influence global biogeochemical cycles. Changes in bloom timing have been detected in some cases, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, contributing to uncertainty in long-term predictions of climate change impacts. Here we describe a 13-year hourly time series from the New England shelf of data on the coastal phytoplankter Synechococcus, during which the timing of its spring bloom varied by 4 weeks. We show that multiyear trends are due to temperature-induced changes in cell division rate, with earlier blooms driven by warmer spring water temperatures. Synechococcus loss rates shift in tandem with division rates, suggesting a balance between growth and loss that has persisted despite phenological shifts and environmental change.
A review of the coastal marsh water beetle Ochthebius queenslandicus Hansen (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)

Ochthebius (s. str.) queenslandicus Hansen is taxonomically reviewed. The species is redescribed, male genitalia illustrated, distribution data given, and geographical distributions mapped. High resolution digital images of the holotype are presented (online version in color). Ochthebius queenslandicus, the only Australian member of the genus, is known from four widely separated coastal localities, near the cities of Perth, Darwin, Karumba, and Townsville; only 41 specimens are known. It is primarily a coastal marsh species that appears to be most closely related to a species in Thailand. Members of the subgenus are not yet known from areas between Thailand and Australia.
Jane Addams: Public Philosopher, and Practicing, Feminist Pragmatist

This chapter examines Jane Addams’s contribution to Classical American Pragmatism. In the mid 1990s philosophers began to recover the work of Jane Addams and establish her as a founder of American Pragmatism.
Automatic Cochlear Duct Length Estimation for Selection of Cochlear Implant Electrode Arrays.

Hypothesis:Cochlear duct length (CDL) can be automatically measured for custom selection of cochlear implant (CI) electrode arrays.Background:CI electrode array selection can be influenced by measuring the CDL, which is estimated based on the length of the line that connects the round window and the
"The Service I Rendered Was Just as True": African American Soldiers and Veterans as Activist Patients.

In this article, I examine how African American soldiers and veterans experienced and shaped federally sponsored health care during and after World War I. Building on studies of the struggles of Black leaders and health care providers to win professional and public health advancement in the 1920s and 1930s, and of advocates to mobilize for health care rights in the mid-20th century, I focus primarily on the experiences and activism of patients in the interwar years. Private and government correspondence, congressional testimony, and reports from Black newspapers reveal that African American soldiers and veterans communicated directly with policymakers and bureaucrats regarding unequal treatment, assuming roles as “policy actors” who viewed health and medical care as “politics by other means.” In the process, they drew attention to the paradoxes inherent in expanding government entitlements in the era of Jim Crow, and helped shape a veterans’ health system that emerged in the 1920s and remained in place fo...
Trends in the Prevalence of Morbid Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Shandong, China, 1995-2014.

Background Childhood obesity has increased dramatically during the past decades; however, data on the prevalence of morbid obesity is limited. The present study examined the prevalent trends in morbid obesity among children and adolescents during the past 19 years (1995-2014) in Shandong, China. Methods Data for this study were obtained from five cross-sectional surveys (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014) of schoolchildren in Shandong Province, China. A total of 41 500 students aged 7-18 years were included in this study. Body mass index cutoffs recommended by the International Obesity Task Force were used to define morbid obesity. Results The prevalence of morbid obesity was increasing continuously during the past 19 years (1995-2014), from 0.25% for boys and 0.11% for girls in 1995 to 2.73% for boys and 1.29% for girls in 2014. Boys had higher prevalence of morbid obesity than girls (p<0.01). Regional socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities in morbid obesity were observed; children and adolescents from high SES district had a rapid increase in the prevalence of morbid obesity than their counterparts from moderate SES and low SES districts in the past 19 years. Conclusion Although the current prevalence of morbid obesity was at a relatively low level, a continuous increasing trend was observed between 1995 and 2014. We should not relax our vigilance, and policymakers and experts should pay more attention to the monitoring and prevention of morbid obesity among children and adolescents in the future decades.