cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test in patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

To evaluate the relationships of a 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test to intestinal fat absorption and to the absorption of radioactively labeled vitamin D and 25-hydroxy vitamin D, an investigation was undertaken in 19 patients with gastrointestinal disorders. A correlation was noted between the results of the 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test and baseline 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. No correlation was found between results of the 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test and quantitative fecal fat excretion. Peak values of the 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test correlated with net absorption of14C vitamin D. No correlation existed between the values obtained in the 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test and3H-25-OH D absorption. These studies indicate that the 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test probably does not serve as an effective screening test for intestinal fat malabsorption. The results of the test probably most accurately reflect the body stores of vitamin D at the time of testing, but there appears to be little advantage to performing a 25-hydroxy vitamin D absorption test in lieu of a single determination of the serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D as a method of evaluating vitamin D nutritional status.
Functional and molecular characteristics of t-cell growth factor☆

Abstract T-cell growth factor, a mitogenic protein released from lectin- or antigen-activated mononuclear cells, maintains T-lymphocytes in continuous exponential proliferative culture. Studies which explored the parameters required for TCGF production revealed that both mature thymic-dependent T-cells and adherent cells participated in the release of TCGF. Further experimentation suggested that T-cells released TCGF after receiving two signals; (1) lectin or antigen cell membrane binding, and (2) a soluble product derived from adherent cells. A separate subset of T-cells, which did not require thymic influence, responded to TCGF. TCGF appeared to interact with the TCGF-responsive subset via specific membrane receptors: TCGF could be absorbed only by lectin- or antigen-activated living or glutaraldehyde-fixed T-cells. The T-cell response was initiated by lectin or antigen, but proliferation was mediated solely by purified TCGF. Thus, the T-cell immune response, which culminates in clonal expansion and differentiation of antigenreactive cells, appears to be controlled by an endogenously-derived proliferative hormone, which is obligatory for the realization of a competent effector T-cell.
Cellular Responses in Chickens Treated with IFN-α Orally or Inoculated with Recombinant Marek's Disease Virus Expressing IFN-α

Mammalian type I interferons (IFN- a/b ) are potent mediators of innate antiviral immune responses, in particular through enhancement of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Recently, chicken IFN- a (ChIFN-a) has been identified and shown to ameliorate Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection when given to chickens at relatively high concentrations in the drinking water. In this report, the effect of recombinant ChIFN- a (rChIFN-a) on NK cell cytotoxicity was examined using 51 Cr-release assays. NK cell cytotoxic activity was also analyzed following inoculation with attenuated Marek’ s disease virus (MDV) serotype 1 strain R2/23 and a recombinant MDV (parent strain R2/23)-expressing ChIFN- a [rMDV(IFN-a)]. Treatment of chickens with high doses of rChIFN- a in the drinking water significantly decreased NK cell cytotoxicity compared with untreated chickens over a 7-day period. Inoculation of chickens with R2/23 significantly decreased NK cell cytotoxicity as well, whereas the rMDV(IFN- a) had no effect on NK cell cytotoxicity. Treatment of chicken embryo cell cultures with rChIFN- a inhibited replication of the very virulent MDV RB-1B strain in vitro, and oral treatment of chickens with rChIFN- a reduced MDV R2/23 replication in vivo.
Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on apple surfaces

Abstract The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas in inactivating a mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (C7927, EDL933, 204P) on different apple surfaces was investigated. The bacteria were spotted onto the calyx and stem cavities, and the skin at 3, 5, or 8 log cfu site−1, air dried, then treated with ClO2 gas at 21°C and 90–95% relative humidity. Bacterial populations were determined using surface plating, membrane transfer plating, or most probable number method. Bacterial log reductions increased with both increase of ClO2 concentration and treatment time. At least 3-log reductions were achieved after the following ClO2 gas treatments: 12.0 mg l−1 for 10 min or 3.3 mg l−1 for 20 or 30 min on the calyx cavities, and 12.0 mg l−1 for 10 min, 4.8 mg l−1 for 20 min, or 3.3 mg l−1 for 30 min on the stem cavities. A 7.2 mg l−1 treatment for 30 min showed the highest log reduction on the calyx (6.5±0.7 log) and stem cavities (4.1±0.2 log), respectively. More than a 5-log reduction on the skin was achieved by ClO2 gas treatment with 7.2 mg l−1 for 10 min or 3.3 mg l−1 for 20 or 30 min. A treatment with 12.0 mg l−1 for 10 min, 7.2 mg l−1 for 20 min, or 4.8 mg l−1 for 30 min completely inactivated the 8 log cfu site−1 bacteria initially inoculated on the skin, which was determined by an end-point method. It was concluded that ClO2 gas treatment was a promising non-thermal pathogen reduction technique for apples.
On tariffs and smuggling

The purpose of this paper is to show that if a country wants to eliminate smuggling, it may have to increase rather than decrease the tariff. This paradoxical case could take place if the country in question is large and the foreign elasticity of demand for imports is inelastic.
Ruination and the Headless Man

Ruination and the Headless Man is a companion piece to an art installation titled Promethean Methods. Together my work explores the experience of viewing horrific images of suffering and brutality from the safety of home. Like the event of beheading itself, the installation work becomes something else through remediations. Rather than simply describing Promethean Methods this piece seeks to build on and extend that work.
Biomembrane Mimetic Surfaces by Phospholipid Self-Assembled Monolayers on Silica Substrates

A method of covalently bonding phospholipid molecules to silica substrates followed by loading with free phospholipids is demonstrated to form well-organized and stable phospholipid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Surfaces of such SAMs, which structurally mimic the aqueous sides of phospholipid bilayer membranes, are characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Dynamics of phospholipids and an adsorbed protein, lipase, in the SAMs are probed with the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), in terms of lateral diffusion of both phospholipids and protein molecules. The lateral diffusion coefficient of the free lipids in the SAMs is found as (1.9 ± 0.4) × 10-9 cm2/s whereas that of lipase is (2.7 ± 0.4) × 10-10 cm2/s; both are within an order of magnitude of those in cell membranes. The esterase activity of lipase on the SAM surfaces is confirmed by the hydrolysis reaction of a substrate, umbelliferone stearate.
510 GALACTOCEREBROSIDASE(GC) CROSS REACTING MATERIAL(CRM) 5X0 IN GLOBOID CELL LEUKODYSTROPHY(GLD)

The primary genetic defect in GLD is a deficiency of GC activity. In order to clarify the nature of the mutation in this disease, we have purified GC from placenta and used antibodies prepared against this normal enzyme to look for CRM in tissues of patients with GLD. Antigenic identity was observed between GC of normal brain, liver and skin fibroblasts. The antibodies were monospecific to this enzyme, precipitated only β-galactosidase activities toward galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide (assay I)and did not react with either GM1 or neutral β-galactosidases. Preparations of 1 brain, 2 livers and 4 fibroblast lines from GLD patients were examined by double gel immunodiffusion against the anti-GC antibodies and found to be CRM positive. The patients' CRM was identical to the normal enzyme and demonstrated a similar electrophpretic mobility on immunoelectrophoresis. However, activity towards naphthol-AS-BI-β-galactoside could be demonstrated in the immune precipitates of normal controls and other sphingo-lipidoses but not in those of the GLD patients. A single radial immunodiffusion assay was developed for quantitation of the CRM in the various tissues independent of its enzymic activity. Quantities of CRM within the normal range were determined in the brain, liver, and skin fibroblasts of the GLD patients. The existence of normal amounts of CRM in the patient's tissues indicates a structural gene mutation producing a protein which has lost its enzymic activity but retained its antigenicity.
The properties of hNT cells following transplantation into the subventricular zone of the neonatal forebrain.

Neurons derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line (hNT) establish structural polarity and a fully mature phenotype following transplantation into the rodent brain. Here we describe the transplantation of hNT cells into the anterior part of neonatal subventricular zone (SVZa), which is a prolific region of neuronal progenitor cells. Ordinarily, the progeny of endogenous or homotopically transplanted SVZa cells migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) along a restricted pathway, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and differentiate into interneurons. To compare the phenotype of cultured hNT cells to their transplanted cohorts, hNT cells labeled by the fluorescent dye PKH26 were cultured for 1 day and stained with cell-type-specific antibodies. Clusters as well as individual hNT cells were immunoreactive for TuJ1, an antibody that recognizes neuron-specific class III β-tubulin. The distribution and phenotype of the transplanted hNT cells were examined. The majority of transplanted PKH26-labeled hNT cells were found at their site of implantation in the SVZa, while a small proportion of the transplanted hNT cells was situated in the migratory pathway leading to the OB and in the subependymal zone and granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb. Many of the transplanted hNT cells, both within the SVZa and within the RMS, revealed a neuronal phenotype. Collectively, these results reveal the capacity of hNT cells to respond, at least partially, to cues that ordinarily govern the migration of SVZa-derived cells and maintain their neuronal identity.
Advocacy coalitions and policy change on nuclear power utilization in Taiwan

Abstract Before the mid-1980s, the development of nuclear power was regarded as essential to facilitate Taiwan's rapid economic growth. Since 1980s, the feasibility of utilizing nuclear power has been intensively challenged. The policy impact of rise of the anti-nuclear movement and environmental movement in conjunction with democratizing trends is especially evident in the controversy over constructing the Fourth nuclear power plant in Taiwan. Ongoing construction of the plant was halted after the anti-nuclear presidential candidate won in Taiwan's 2000 presidential election. However, the decision to scrap the project was abandoned and the project was resumed in less than four months. This article applies the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to explain and analyze the development of advocacy coalition and policy change on nuclear power utilization in Taiwan. Based on this study, it is argued that the ACF could be more useful for comparative applications if it takes both political context and international influences into account.
Eavesdropping on social life: The accuracy of stranger ratings of daily behavior from thin slices of natural conversations

Abstract In two studies the authors examined the accuracy of stranger ratings of daily behavior based on thin slices of natural conversations. Methodologically, the studies extend past research by using a behavioral accuracy criterion, benchmarking zero-acquaintance accuracy against target and informant accuracy, and employing a representative design that sampled contexts from targets’ daily situations. Theoretically, the studies investigate how stereotypes influence the accuracy of first impressions depending on their sample-based validity. Across both studies, after listening to five conversational snippets (2.5 min total), the ratings of strangers were as accurate as the targets’ and informants’ ratings. Further, ratings for gender-stereotypic behaviors with a kernel of truth resulted in greater initial accuracy than ratings for gender-stereotypic behaviors with no kernel of truth.
Investigation of the inhibitive effect of ortho-substituted anilines on corrosion of iron in 1 M HCl solutions

The inhibitory activity of some o-substituted anilines on iron corrosion in hydrochloric acid (HCl) was studied in relation to inhibitor concentration using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. O-substituted anilines were found to act as mixed type inhibitors. The results showed that o-substituted anilines suppressed both cathodic and anodic processes of iron corrosion in 1 M HCl by its adsorption on the iron surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic and EIS measurements reveal that these compounds inhibit the iron corrosion in 1 M HCl and that the efficiency increases with increasing of the inhibitor concentration. Data obtained from EIS are analyzed to model the corrosion inhibition process through equivalent circuit.
Twinnability of bimetal interfaces in nanostructured composites

Bimetal interfaces hold the extraordinary potential to promote or suppress deformation twinning in nanostructured composites. This article constructs a methodology for developing maps for identifying the twinnability of chemically sharp, bimetal interfaces based on their structure and properties. The map is shown capable of rationalizing the variation in experimental observations among several different bimetal interface structures.
Imaginary nuclear conflicts: Explaining deterrence policy preference formation

Although the question of how policymakers arrive at their nuclear doctrine and force structure preferences is one of unparalleled importance, it has not received systematic attention in internation...
Crusta: A new virtual globe for real-time visualization of sub-meter digital topography at planetary scales

Virtual globes are becoming ubiquitous in the visualization of planetary bodies and Earth specifically. While many of the current virtual globes have proven to be quite useful for remote geologic investigation, they were never designed for the purpose of serving as virtual geologic instruments. Their shortcomings have become more obvious as earth scientists struggle to visualize recently released digital elevation models of very high spatial resolution (0.5-1m^2/sample) and extent (>2000km^2). We developed Crusta as an alternative virtual globe that allows users to easily visualize their custom imagery and more importantly their custom topography. Crusta represents the globe as a 30-sided polyhedron to avoid distortion of the display, in particular the singularities at the poles characteristic of other projections. This polyhedron defines 30 ''base patches,'' each being a four-sided region that can be subdivided to an arbitrarily fine grid on the surface of the globe to accommodate input data of arbitrary resolution, from global (BlueMarble) to local (tripod LiDAR), all in the same visualization. We designed Crusta to be dynamic with the shading of the terrain surface computed on-the-fly when a user manipulates his point-of-view. In a similarly interactive fashion the globe's surface can be exaggerated vertically. The combination of the two effects greatly improves the perception of shape. A convenient pre-processing tool based on the GDAL library facilitates importing a number of data formats into the Crusta-specific multi-scale hierarchies that enable interactive visualization on a range of platforms from laptops to immersive geowalls and caves. The main scientific user community for Crusta is earth scientists, and their needs have been driving the development.
Regional correlation of Grande Ronde Basalt flows, Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho

The tholeiitic flood basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group of middle and late Miocene age cover more than 200,000 km2 in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The most voluminous formation of the Group, the Grande Ronde Basalt, erupted for 2 m.y. from north-northwest-trending fissure systems concentrated in southeast Washington and adjacent Oregon and Idaho. Four magnetostratigraphic units (designated R1, N1, R2, and N2 from oldest to youngest) are recognized on the basis of polarity in the Grande Ronde and provide the broad stratigraphic framework for the formation. In this study, major-element chemistry and relative stratigraphic position within the polarity intervals are used to identify and correlate individual flows and sequences of flows within the Grande Ronde Basalt on a regional scale. Systematic examination of more than 350 analyses from 47 stratigraphic sections show that most flows fall into one of five major chemical groupings, which are distinguished primarily by small but significant variations in MgO, TiO2, and P2O5 content. In addition, four minor chemical types local to the eastern part of the province have been identified. Feeder dikes of each chemical type have also been located. Flows or packets of flows of each chemical type can be correlated between field sections to define specific chemical-stratigraphic subunits. These subunits consist of several flows collectively 30–150 m thick. Subunits of most chemical types are repeated at irregular intervals throughout the formation; no progressive chemical trend occurs within the Grande Ronde. Many of the chemical-stratigraphic subunits extend to the margins of the province, although most are confined to the source region in eastern Washington. Although the total number of subunits is less in the west away from the fissure systems, the total thicknesses of the N2 and R2 magnetostratigraphic units are each as thick or thicker than the corresponding units in eastern Washington. The greatest thicknesses occur in the central part of the province within the Pasco basin. The distribution of basalt relative to the location of vents, as well as the relative east-west thicknesses, suggests that basalt flowed hundreds of kilometres westward during the most voluminous Grande Ronde eruptions, ponding against the irregular margin of the Cascade Range and being diverted through the ancestral Columbia Gorge toward the Washington-Oregon coast. Between these huge sheetflood events, smaller eruptions blanketed areas within the source region, and ongoing regional subsidence created a shallow westward-draining basin in the center of the province.
Electron Microscopic Study of the Adherence Properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the means by which three strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus adhere to surfaces. When observed with SEM, all strains adhered to glass coverslips; however, no attachment fibrils were seen. When viewed with TEM, strain BG2F04 showed a polysaccharide (PS) material outside the cell wall. This strain had previously been shown to adhere strongly to human intestinal tissue cells, while strain Lac 12 had shown weak adherence, and strain NCFM did not adhere. The PS layer on strain Lac 12 was variable, and a PS layer on NCFM could not be seen. These observations suggested that this PS material may be involved in the adherence of strain BG2F04 to surfaces.
Conditioning and generalization of hostile verbalization.

The present study was designed to determine the effects of stimulus generalization from conditioned hostile verbalization. Ss were divided into two groups of 10 males and 10 females each. One group was given partial reinforcement for using “intensely hostile” verbs, the other for “neutral” verbs. The results indicated significant differences in conditioning between the two groups, with a more accelerated acquisition rate for the group conditioned to “intensely hostile” verbs. Generalization of conditioned responses, as measured by the number of Ss who showed an increase in hostility in their post-conditioning stories, was significant only for male Ss in the group conditioned to “intensely hostile” verbs.
Nitrogen-15 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Applicability of nitromethane as an internal chemical shift reference

The 15N resonance position of nitromethane is influenced over a narrow range by choice of solvent, and nitromethane as solvent affects the resonance positions of a variety of nitrogen compounds. Limitations are hence imposed on the use of this substance as a chemical shift standard. Nitromethane 15N signals can be obtained within reasonable periods of time both with and without added paramagnetic complexes, making the material practically useful under both types of measurement conditions.
Troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione, represses combined stimulation by LH and insulin of de novo androgen biosynthesis by thecal cells in vitro.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (anovulatory hyperandrogenism) is marked by adolescent onset of systemic hyperinsulinism, oligoovulation, hirsutism, excessive LH and androgen secretion, and variable reduction in fertility. Insulin and LH are believed to act in concert to promote ovarian androgen hypersecretion in this disorder. Administration of troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent and putative PPARγ agonist, can decrease hyperinsulinism, suppress T production, and ameliorate oligoovulation in some women with this endocrinopathy. The present study tests the hypothesis that troglitazone directly inhibits de novo androgen biosynthesis stimulated jointly by LH and insulin in primary cultures of (porcine) thecal cells. We show that troglitazone dose-dependently antagonizes LH/insulin’s combined stimulation of androstenedione and T production by thecal cells in vitro. Consistent steroidogenic inhibition of 80–95% was achieved at drug concentrations of 3–6.8 μm (P < 0.001). Exposure of thecal cells to the thi...
Meta-analysis of short-term and mid-term outcomes following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Background Uncertainty continues to surround the relative benefits and harms of conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG). Possible reasons are that high-quality studies have not comprehensively examined relevant patient outcomes and have enrolled a limited range of patients. Some studies may have been too small to detect clinically important differences in patient outcomes. The present study addresses these issues using meta-analysis. Methods We comprehensively retrieved randomized and nonrandomized controlled studies according to predetermined criteria. We performed meta-analyses for each outcome and empirically determined whether potential biases that might result from differences in study design or patient characteristics actually biased a study's results. We also conducted sensitivity analyses and tested for publication bias. Results Rates of perioperative myocardial infarction, stroke, reoperation for bleeding, renal failure, and mortality were lower after OPCABG than after CABG. Reductions in length of hospital stay, atrial fibrillation, and wound infection were also associated with OPCABG, but statistically significant differences among study results for these outcomes could not be explained by available information. Midterm (3 to 25 months) angina recurrence did not appear to differ between treatments; a trend was noticed toward lower reintervention rates with CABG, and a trend toward lower overall mortality with OPCABG, at least when performed at experienced centers. These midterm outcome results require confirmation. Conclusions Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting appears to reduce length of hospital stay, operative morbidity, and operative mortality relative to on-pump CABG. More studies are required before firm conclusions can be drawn concerning the effect of OPCABG on midterm mortality, angina recurrence, and repeat intervention.
Physiological control of DNA nucleotide sequence redundancy in the eukaryote, Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Summary The amount of repeated DNA nucleotide sequences present in the macronuclear genome of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis was determined for cells displaying several different cell generation times. Depending on the average cell generation time, the fraction of redundant DNA formed at a given Cot varies over a five-fold range (from 10 – 50%). Two separate Cot plots can be distinguished: one which yields a Cot½ of 400 for the less repeated fraction (SRF) and combines all the DNA preparations derived from cells whose average cell generation times are greater than 24 hours (infradian mode of growth), and one which has a Cot½ of 100 for the SRF fraction and which represents all the DNA preparations derived from cells dividing at a rate of more than once a day (ultradian mode of growth).
ACORD Standards Based SOA Solution for Insurance Industry - Combine ACORD eForms with Business Services through XForms Standard

In many industries there's a move from paper forms towards electronic forms (eForms) - speed and direction varies within and between industries. Within insurance, ACORD forms is such a standardized effort for properties & casualty and life & annuity. However, ACORD has not effectively linked their forms to the data models they've produced, ACORD forms are still used as static forms - this inhibits the move to SOA and effective straight through processing. This article will introduce how to leverage XForms W3C standardized technique into ACORD Forms and combine it with ACORD Message model in a SOA solution. It illustrates the necessary steps needed for initiating an end to end service invocation through a secure electronic forms channel, and how to utilize a feasible mechanism to makes the forms dynamic, thus the form content change with backend business rules adjustment automatically.
Bioavailability of Nickel in Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The world-wide nanotechnology movement is devoting a rapidly growing literature on biological interactions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), however the conflicting data have emerged about the biocompatibility and toxicity of carbon nanotubes, and there is no consensus on the overall risk to human health (Hurt et al., 2006; Smart et al., 2006). To resolve this issue, further study is needed, with particular emphasis on understanding the material features of carbon nanotubes, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, and metals content, and we hypothesize that some of the conflicting toxicity data are due to real sample-to-sample variation in these material properties. It is also unclear whether carbon nanotube catalyst residues can trigger these toxicity mechanisms due to apparent encapsulation of the nickel within carbon shells. Nickel, the majority component in Ni-Y catalysts commonly used in the commercial synthesis of single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) (Journet et al. 1997), is an established human carcinogen that induces gene silencing and hypoxia signaling through mechanisms involving intracellular nickel cation. The early toxicology literature includes nickle effects in SWNT by Lam et al, nickel nanoparticles and mostly nickel compounds such as nickel subsulfide (Lam et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 1998; Costa et al. 2005). Models of nickel induced respiratory tumors suggests that cellular bioavailability of nickel (the delivery of Ni (II) ions to the nucleus of target epithelial cells) is the major determinant for the carcinogenicity of nickel. A key material science question, therefore, is whether sufficient Ni (II) ion can be released from CNT samples. Moreover, the ability of various nickel compounds to be taken up by cells directly influences intracellular nickel levels, and their carcinogenic activity is proportional to cellular uptake(Oller et al., 1997; Costa et al., 1980). Soluble nickel ions can be transported directly, and insoluble or relatively insoluble nickel compounds can be taken up as particles by endocytosis or phagocytosis. Phagocytosis/endocytosis of poorly soluble nickel compounds such as Ni
The vertical humeral osteotomy for stem removal in revision shoulder arthroplasty: results and technique

Hypothesis Revision shoulder arthroplasty represents a complex and difficult problem for the treating surgeon, with multiple potential complications. In the setting of a well-fixed humeral component, removal can lead to fractures and compromise the outcome of the revision. The current study describes and evaluates the results of a novel vertical humeral osteotomy (VHO) for stem extraction. We hypothesized that the VHO will enable successful stem extraction without perioperative or postoperative fractures. Materials and methods Twenty-seven patients were retrospectively identified who had a VHO for revision shoulder arthroplasty, with 23 patients available for final follow-up. Records and radiographs were reviewed for postoperative complications. Final follow-up was completed with the inclusion of shoulder scores. Results There were no perioperative or postoperative fractures on clinical examination and radiographic review at an average follow-up of 41 months. Average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score was 64.7 (contralateral ASES, 76.9), average Simple Shoulder Test was 6.3, and the visual analog score pain average was 1.3. There were no instability events. Discussion The glenoid is the more common site for failure in both hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty. This can lead to a difficult revision procedure if the ingrown or cemented humeral stem requires removal. Conclusion In the current study, we found the VHO was an effective tool for the removal of the humeral prosthesis with no perioperative or postoperative fractures.
Multi-media educational materials for microelectronic device course

Microsoft Power Point (PPT) is used to develop a multimedia teaching and learning tools for microelectronic courses. The physical processes in semiconductor are usually difficult to visualize and to understand for students. The instructor also usually feels not easy to express clear and strong enough to convince the students. The PPT slides developed are to demonstrate the operating principles of solid state devices. It is difficult to imagine a complete transistor energy band variation with different bias conditions where two or more junctions are involved. PPT provides a simple yet useful animated function, which could implement to microelectronic lectures conveniently. It also increases the applicability of the course lectures to Web-linked materials which benefit to both students and faculty.
Analysis of retinol, 3-hydroxyretinol and 3,4-didehydroretinol in North American farm-raised freshwater fish liver, muscle and feed

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient in fish, vital for reproduction, vision and immunity. Freshwater fish species store and use VA in the form of retinol (ROL), as well as uncommon forms such as 3,4-didehydroretinol (DROL) and 3-hydroxyretinol (3ROL). We developed and validated an HPLC method capable of measuring ROL, DROL and 3ROL in the feed and tissues of North American freshwater fish, for which little information on retinoid concentrations is available. DROL and ROL were higher than expected in both fish feed and fish liver (at 9.5–29.6 mg kg−1 DROL and 26.9–79.2 mg kg−1 ROL for feed; and 19.8–548.8 μg g−1 DROL and 10.4–128.8 μg g−1 ROL for liver). Interestingly, DROL concentrations were lower than ROL in fish feed, but often substantially higher in fish liver. Concentrations of ROL and DROL were similar to each other in muscle. 3ROL was detected in fish liver only. To our knowledge, this is the first publication to measure DROL concentrations in North American farm-raised fish and commercial fish feed. Monitoring of not only ROL, but DROL and 3ROL as well, may be advisable to better assess the VA content of fish feed and tissue.
Genetic Structure of the Common Eider in the Western Aleutian Islands Prior to Fox Eradication

Abstract. Since the late 18th century bird populations residing in the Aleutian Archipelago have been greatly reduced by introduced arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We analyzed data from microsatellite, nuclear intron, and mitochondrial (mtDNA) loci to examine the spatial genetic structure, demography, and gene flow among four Aleutian Island populations of the Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) much reduced by introduced foxes. In mtDNA, we found high levels of genetic structure within and between island groups (ΦST = 0.643), but we found no population subdivision in microsatellites or nuclear introns. Differences in genetic structure between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are consistent with the Common Eider's breeding and winter biology, as females are highly philopatric and males disperse. Nevertheless, significant differences between islands in the mtDNA of males and marginal significance (P = 0.07) in the Z-linked locus Smo 1 suggest that males may also have some level of fidelity to island gr...
Studies of interactions of a propagating shock wave with decaying grid turbulence: velocity and vorticity fields

The unsteady interaction of a moving shock wave with nearly homogeneous and isotropic decaying compressible turbulence has been studied experimentally in a large-scale shock tube facility. Rectangular grids of various mesh sizes were used to generate turbulence with Reynolds numbers based on Taylor's microscale ranging from 260 to 1300. The interaction has been investigated by measuring the three-dimensional velocity and vorticity vectors, the full velocity gradient and rate-of-strain tensors with instrumentation of high temporal and spatial resolution. This allowed estimates of dilatation, compressible dissipation and dilatational stretching to be obtained. The time-dependent signals of enstrophy, vortex stretching/tilting vector and dilatational stretching vector were found to exhibit a rather strong intermittent behaviour which is characterized by high-amplitude bursts with values up to 8 times their r.m.s. within periods of less violent and longer lived events. Several of these bursts are evident in all the signals, suggesting the existence of a dynamical flow phenomenon as a common cause. Fluctuations of all velocity gradients in the longitudinal direction are amplified significantly downstream of the interaction. Fluctuations of the velocity gradients in the lateral directions show no change or a minor reduction through the interaction. Root mean square values of the lateral vorticity components indicate a 25% amplification on average, which appears to be very weakly dependent on the shock strength. The transmission of the longitudinal vorticity fluctuations through the shock appears to be less affected by the interaction than the fluctuations of the lateral components. Non-dissipative vortex tubes and irrotational dissipative motions are more intense in the region downstream of the shock. There is also a significant increase in the number of events with intense rotational and dissipative motions. Integral length scales and Taylor's microscales were reduced after the interaction with the shock in all investigated flow cases. The integral length scales in the lateral direction increase at low Mach numbers and decrease during strong interactions. It appears that in the weakest of the present interactions, turbulent eddies are compressed drastically in the longitudinal direction while their extent in the normal direction remains relatively the same. As the shock strength increases the lateral integral length scales increase while the longitudinal ones decrease. At the strongest interaction of the present flow cases turbulent eddies are compressed in both directions. However, even at the highest Mach number the issue is more complicated since amplification of the lateral scales has been observed in flows with fine grids. Thus the outcome of the interaction strongly depends on the initial conditions.
The treachery of images: how René Magritte informs medical education.

Using Rene Magritte’s well-known painting The Treachery of Images (This is not a pipe), we argue that the current focus on competencies throughout medical education can sometimes lead educators to rely too heavily on scores, checkmarks, or other forms of assessment that come to be viewed as equivalents for the actual existence of what is being measured. Magritte insisted that the image he created on the canvas was not a pipe but rather a representation of a pipe, an important distinction for educators to remember as we seek ways to evaluate trainees’ attainment of the fundamental knowledge and skills of the profession. We also urge that the focus on broader skills, values, flexibility, reflection, and insight development should fall outside the net of a competency orientation in a supportive environment spared from traditional assessment methods, using a classroom in undergraduate medical education as an example of working toward this end.
Key issues for planning and implementing organizational transitions

The author attempts to integrate several sources of information on transition management and to show strategy and implementation. He builds on theoretical models of the management of change in current research by adding lessons learned in current industrial practice. Particular reference is made to the work of a research team from his Department charged by NASA with researching transitional management theory and practice. Three sources of information are used: interviews with top managers of high-tech companies which had recently undergone significant change, a questionnaire sent to 250 high-tech Fortune 500 companies, and the literature on the management of change extant today. >
Neurons of origin and fiber trajectory of amygdalofugal projections to the medial preoptic area in syrian hamsters

The amygdaloid neurons of origin and the trajectory of amygdaloid fibers to the medial preoptic area of the adult male Syrian hamster were identified by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry. After iontophoresis of HRP into the medial preoptic area, retrogradely labeled amygdaloid neurons were located in the dorsal and caudal parts of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and throughout the amygdalohippocampal area. No amygdaloid neurons were labeled after HRP applications confined to the most rostra1 portion of the medial preoptic area (anterior to the body of the anterior commissure). Following more caudal medial preoptic area injections (body of the anterior commissure to the suprachiasmatic nucleus) the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the amygdalohippocampal area revealed no topographic organization of the amygdalopreoptic connections. When amygdaloid neurons were labeled, the amygdalohippocampal area contained two to five times as many HRP-filled cells as the medial amygdaloid nucleus. Retrogradely transported HRP could be followed from the medial preoptic area to the amygdala through fibers in the dorsomedial quadrant of the stria terminalis. In addition, electrolytic lesions of the stria terminalis prior to iontophoresis of HRP into the medial preoptic area prevented retrograde transport to neurons in both the dorsocaudal medial amygdaloid nucleus and the amygdalohippocampal area. These results confirm earlier observations describing the location of autoradiographically labeled efferents from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the medial preoptic area and provide new information about the restricted region within the medial amygdaloid nucleus from which these projections arise. They also suggest that, unlike the projections from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the efferents to the medial preoptic area travel entirely in the stria terminalis.
Remarks on Fodor on having concepts

Fodor offers a novel argument against Bare-bones Concept Pragmatism (BCP). He alleges that there are two circularities in BCP's account of concept possession: a circularity in explaining concept possession in terms of the capacity to sort; and a circularity in explaining concept possession in terms of the capacity to draw inferences. We argue that neither of these circles is real.
The Political Socialization of Adolescent Children of Immigrants

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the adolescent political socialization processes that predict political participation in young adulthood, and whether these processes are different for children of immigrants compared to white third-plus-generation adolescents. We focus on socialization agents based in the family, community, and school. Methods We use a nationally representative longitudinal survey of adolescents to evaluate the predictors of three measures of political participation—voter registration, voting, and political party identification—and whether the process leading to political participation varies by immigrant status and race/ethnic group. Results We find that the parental education level of adolescents is not as predictive for many minority children of immigrants compared to white children of native-born parents for registration. Additionally, the academic rigor of the courses taken in high school has a greater positive estimated effect on the likelihood of registration and party identification for Latino children of immigrants compared to white third-plus-generation young adults. Conclusions The process of general integration into U.S. society for adolescent children of immigrants may lead to differing pathways to political participation in young adulthood, with certain aspects of their schooling experience having particular importance in developing political participation behaviors.
Surface thermal stability of iron pyrite nanocrystals: Role of capping ligands

Abstract Iron pyrite (FeS 2 ) is a promising photovoltaic absorber material with a high natural abundance and low cost, but surface defects and low photoresponse inhibit sunlight energy conversion. The surface stability of pyrite FeS 2 nanocrystals synthesized in oleylamine (OLA) with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as an additional capping ligand was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Tunable laser exposure during Raman spectroscopy measurement was developed for convenient and systematic evaluation of the stability of FeS 2 nanocrystals. The surface stability of 100–200 nm diameter cubic nanocrystals with long-chain (OLA, TOPO) or small-molecule (pyridine) capping ligands was evaluated after high-intensity laser exposure as well as after thermal annealing in air and N 2 . While increasing surface coverage with OLA and TOPO capping ligands provided additional protection against oxidation, FeS 2 nanocrystals capped with pyridine showed good stability at temperatures up to 200 °C in air and 400 °C in N 2 . These results provide greater understanding of the processing of nanocrystal-based iron pyrite thin films for photovoltaic applications.
Role of Neutrophils in IL-17–Dependent Immunity to Mucosal Candidiasis

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans, is an opportunistic infection associated with infancy, AIDS, and IL-17-related primary immunodeficiencies. The Th17-associated cytokines IL-23 and IL-17 are crucial for immunity to OPC, but the mechanisms by which they mediate immunity are poorly defined. IL-17RA-deficient humans and mice are strongly susceptible to OPC, with reduced levels of CXC chemokines and concomitantly impaired neutrophil recruitment to the oral mucosa. Paradoxically, humans with isolated neutropenia are typically not susceptible to candidiasis. To determine whether immunity to OPC is mediated via neutrophil recruitment, mice lacking CXCR2 were subjected to OPC and were found to be highly susceptible, although there was no dissemination of fungi to peripheral organs. To assess whether the entire neutrophil response is IL-17 dependent, IL-17RA(-/-) and IL-23(-/-) mice were administered neutrophil-depleting Abs and subjected to OPC. These mice displayed increased oral fungal burdens compared with IL-17RA(-/-) or IL-23(-/-) mice alone, indicating that additional IL-17-independent signals contribute to the neutrophil response. WT mice treated with anti-Gr-1 Abs exhibited a robust infiltrate of CD11b(+)Ly-6G(low)F4/80(-) cells to the oral mucosa but were nonetheless highly susceptible to OPC, indicating that this monocytic influx is insufficient for host defense. Surprisingly, Ly-6G Ab treatment did not induce the same strong susceptibility to OPC in WT mice. Thus, CXCR2(+) and Gr-1(+) neutrophils play a vital role in host defense against OPC. Moreover, defects in the IL-23/17 axis cause a potent but incomplete deficiency in the neutrophil response to oral candidiasis.
Increasing Self-Regulated Learning Through the LinguaFolio

Within foreign language classrooms, one intervention gaining recognition is LinguaFolio, a portfolio-based formative assessment designed to increase self-regulated learning. The question emerges whether such an intervention impacts student motivation, learning, and achievement. Researchers conducted a classroom-based, quasi-experimental, one-semester quantitative study with first-year French and Spanish classes at a Midwestern university. Stu dents (N =168) completed a pre- and post-questionnaire. Accuracy in self-assessment was investigated by comparing data from LinguaFolio to student performance on unit tests. The impact of instructor beliefs on LinguaFolio use was analyzed via questionnaires. The results indicate that LinguaFolio use is linked to increased student intrinsic motivation, increased task-value, and more accurate self-assessment of learning. This study supports LinguaFolio as an effective approach to increase self-regulated learning in students.
Optimal routing table design for IP address lookups under memory constraints

The design of lookup tables for fast IP address lookup algorithms using a general processor is formalized as an optimization problem. A cost model that models the access times and sizes of the hierarchical memory structure of the processor is formulated. Two algorithms, using dynamic programming and Lagrange multipliers, solve the optimization problem optimally and approximately respectively. Experimental results show our algorithms have visible improvements over existing ones in the literature.
Low field mobility, effective saturation velocity and performance of submicron GaAs MESFETs

Analytical model is proposed which related the transconductance of submicron GaAs MESFET’s to a low field mobility, effective electron saturation velocity and device geometry and doping. The model predicts that the effective saturation velocity determines the performance of the devices at relatively high pinch-off voltages (Vpo > 5 V). At smaller pinch-off voltages (especially for enhancement mode devices) the low field mobility becomes increasingly important leading to additional advantages of GaAs devices over Si devices. Another prediction is a higher transconductance in thinner and higher doped devices. This effect is also more important for devices with low pinch-off voltage. The obtained results may be used to deduce the effective values of the electron drift velocity in GaAs MESFET’s as a function of the gate length.