cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutathione as a primary osmotic driving force in hepatic bile formation.

Indirect evidence suggests that transport of glutathione (GSH) across the canalicular plasma membrane into bile contributes to the formation of the bile acid-independent fraction of bile flow. To directly test this hypothesis, the present study measured bile flow in isolated perfused rat livers whose biliary GSH excretion rate was selectively modulated by administration of GSH monoethyl ester (50, 100, and 200 mumol infused over a 20-min interval), a high dose of GSH itself (550 mumol over 20 min), and the three amino acid components of GSH (70 mumol each) with and without methionine (35 mumol). Animals were starved overnight to decrease hepatic GSH levels, and livers were pretreated with acivicin to inhibit gamma-glutamyl transferase. Livers perfused single pass with Krebs-Henseleit buffer excreted bile acids at a relatively low rate of 1-3 nmol.min-1 x g-1, and this rate was unaffected by agents used to alter biliary GSH efflux. In comparison, basal biliary GSH efflux rates were 8-13 nmol.min-1 x g-1. A...
Lymphocytic foci in the endometrium of pregnant dairy cows: Characterization and association with reduced placental weight and embryonic loss.

Abstract Lymphocytic foci (also known as lymphoid aggregates or tertiary lymphoid structures) form within the bovine endometrium after antigenic challenge. Their presence in the pregnant uterus provides evidence for a chronic inflammatory condition perhaps arising from an early postpartum uterine infection. The chronic inflammation that includes the foci could explain greater embryonic loss in dairy cows with early postpartum uterine disease. The objectives were to characterize the size and location of the foci in the pregnant uterus, determine their composition using immunohistochemistry, and associate their presence with the development of the pregnancy and embryonic loss. Pregnant cows (n = 43) were slaughtered on days 28, 35, or 42 of pregnancy. Uterine tissue was collected and processed for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. The number of small ( 250 micron diameter) foci was counted. The number of cows averaging 0, 0.1 to 1, 1.1 to 2, and more than 2 foci per section (small, intermediate, and large; combined) was 7 (16%), 14 (33%), 11 (26%), and 11 (26%), respectively. The average number of small and intermediate foci found in the histologic sections was greater in cows with evidence of uterine infection postpartum (P 2 = 0.49; P 2 = 0.33; P
Robotic Lung Resection for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Robotic-assisted pulmonary lobectomy can be considered for patients able to tolerate conventional lobectomy. Contraindications to resection via thoracotomy apply to patients undergoing robotic lobectomy. Team training, familiarity with equipment, troubleshooting, and preparation are critical for successful robotic lobectomy. Robotic lobectomy is associated with decreased rates of blood loss, blood transfusion, air leak, chest tube duration, length of stay, and mortality compared with thoracotomy. Robotic lobectomy offers many of the same benefits in perioperative morbidity and mortality, and additional advantages in optics, dexterity, and surgeon ergonomics as video-assisted thoracic lobectomy. Long-term oncologic efficacy and cost implications remain areas of study.
Characterization of the Initial Intermediate Formed during Photoinduced Oxygenation of the Ruthenium(II) Bis(bipyridyl)flavonolate Complex

A ruthenium(II) flavonolate complex, [RuII(bpy)2fla][BF4], was synthesized to model the reactivity of the flavonol dioxygenases. The treatment of dry CH3CN solutions of [RuII(bpy)2fla][BF4] with dioxygen under light leads to the oxidative O-heterocyclic ring opening of the coordinated substrate flavonolate, resulting in the formation of [RuII(bpy)2(carboxylate)][BF4] (carboxylate = O-benzoylsalicylate or benzoate) species, as determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Moderation of the excitation and temperature allowed isolation and characterization of an intermediate, [RuII(bpy)2bpg][BF4] (bpg = 2-benzoyloxyphenylglyoxylate), generated by the 1,2-addition of dioxygen to the central flavonolate ring.
National Arts and Disruptive Technologies in Blake’s Prospectus of 1793

After all, Blake’s so-called ‘prospectus’ of 1793 (E692-3) — titled and dated ‘To the Public October 10, 1793’ — is just an ad. It would be a forgettable bit of self-promotion were it not also his first and, as it turned out, only public statement on illuminated printing. But, as the prospectus gives us ‘Illuminated Books’ in ‘Illuminated Printing,’ the very terms by which we have come to know and name that body of work, and as those illuminated books have settled into their place as the centerpiece of Blake’s artistic identity and reputation, the little prospectus has become a key document, mined for insight into one man’s printing and publishing practices and his artistic ambitions.1
Student Profile Scoring for Formative Assessment

This paper is adapted from an invited address delivered by Professor Stout and a symposium presentation delivered by Dr. DiBello at the 2001 International Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Osaka, Japan. This first IMPS meeting to be held in Japan was an auspicious occasion for bringing together statisticians and psychometricians from Japan with their North American and European colleagues. It provided an important forum for discussing new opportunities for assessment in the twenty-first century that result from a fortuitous conjunction of heightened public attention to school effectiveness and new psychometric methods that allow the practical operationalization of more complex cognitive models. In this paper we recall the term formative assessment as it is used in education, and define a class of scoring procedures called student profile scoring. We describe the formative aspects of the mostly summative US No Child Left Behind legislation. We outline the simple cognitive modeling that is reflected in the reparameterized unified model. We close with a call to psychometricians for a paradigm shift that moves the testing industry beyond an almost exclusive focus on low dimensional, data reductionist methods to include student profile scoring based on richer, substantively-grounded models.
The Roles of Growth Hormone, Prolactin and Placental Lactogen In Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Development

Human growth hormone (hGH), human placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant or hGH-V), human prolactin (hPRL), and human placental lactogen (hPL, also called human chorionic somatomammotropin or hCS) constitute a family of somatogenic and lactogenic polypeptide hormones that have similarities in structure and biological function. With diverse effects on growth factor production, nutrient metabolism, hormone secretion, and mammary function, the somatogens and lactogens play central roles in growth and sexual development, reproduction, immune function and intermediary metabolism. The metabolic effects of GH, PRL, and PL in the pregnant mother facilitate the delivery of nutrients to the fetus for normal growth and development (1, 2, 3). Through induction of maternal insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I, 4) and other growth factors, placental GH (and possibly PL) may stimulate the growth of maternal tissues such as the uterus and placenta (5,6). And through actions on the maternal breast and hypothalamus (7, 8, 9), PRL and hPL prepare the mother for feeding and caring for her newborn young after birth.
Osteoplastic flap for frontal sinus obliteration in the era of image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery.

Background This study evaluates the management of frontal sinus disease using osteoplastic flap surgery (OPFS) in the current era of image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery (IGESS). Study design A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who underwent OPFS and imaged-guided endoscopic frontal sintus surgery in the past 10 years at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods Chart reviews of clinic patients and inpatients who underwent OPFS were performed. Indications for surgery, prior sinus surgeries, time to OPFS, post-OPFS sinus surgeries, and associated comorbid factors were reviewed. Results In the period under review, 710 IGESS cases were performed. Thirty patients, who were candidates for OPFS, underwent IGESS for frontoethmoid disease. Fourteen patients from this group failed IGESS and underwent OPFS. The indications for OPFS included mucocele in 10 cases, tumors in 2 cases, and trauma in 2 cases. Four patients underwent revision OPFS. The patients who failed IGESS had prior trauma, tumor resection, radiation, or large septate frontal sinus with lateral extension in which the mucocele could not be drained endoscopically. The average time to OPFS was 6.2 years (0-27 years). Nine patients had prior sinus surgery (1-7 prior surgeries) and five patients had subsequent endoscopic surgical procedures. Conclusion In all patients with frontal mucocele, surgery should be attempted endoscopically using IGESS because of the low morbidity of the procedure. Patients with risk factors for failure should be considered for OPFS if IGESS proves to be unsuccessful.
Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions: Basic Principles and Mechanisms

In DIET, Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions, neutral and ionized atoms and molecules are ejected from solids by electronic excitations of the surface bonds induced by incident electrons, photons or heavy particles. By focusing in electronic transitions, we exclude from DIET desorption induced by direct momentum transfer (sputtering) or by thermal agitation. The term DIET includes electron stimulated desorption (ESD), photon stimulated desorption (PSD) and various forms of heavy-particle induced desorption.
Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions: Effects of Drug Prices and Health Insurance Mandates

Though data from broad household-based surveys indicate that illicit drug use in the U.S. has been steadily declining over the past two decades, more objective indicators of drug consumption show a reverse trend. The concern is that even if casual drug use is falling, drug abuse among heavy, hardcore users, imposing the heaviest costs on society, may be trending upwards. The cost effectiveness of treatment versus relying on the criminal justice system to reduce drug use has been supported by many studies. However, data from the Treatment Episodes Data Set (TEDS) indicate that per capita admissions into substance abuse treatment have been flat from 1992 through 2004 despite the increase among heavy users. An objective indicator, less likely to be plagued by reporting errors, substance abuse treatment admissions proxy the prevalence of drug use within a given city. As treatment may be less costly relative to increased enforcement spending, the outcomes are policy-relevant. This study investigates the effect of socio-economic and policy factors on the probability of seeking treatment for hard drug abuse using Poisson regression models. Data from TEDS are aggregated to the city level, yielding multiple city cross-sections spanning 13 years. Panel data econometric methodologies control for biases stemming from policy endogeneity and unobserved geographic confounders. The effect of drug prices which are impacted by interdiction and enforcement spending is also investigated. The estimates inform on the efficacy of further enforcement-driven price increases on the motivation to seek treatment by raising the cost of sustaining the drug habit. Models also investigate the effect of mental health parity laws, enacted by several states, on raising substance abuse treatment admissions by lowering the cost of treatment through cost-sharing. Identifying at-risk populations less likely to seek treatment and the potential economic factors affecting this decision, can aid in designing effective incentives and policies to lead individuals into treatment.
Ethnic Conversions: Family, Community, Women, and Kinwork

According to the straight-line theory of assimilation, ethnic groups by the third or fourth generation should be entirely assimilated into mainstream society and should identify themselves as “Americans.” Yet there has been a resurgence of ethnicity among white ethnics in the United States that has led to a renewed interest in particular ethnic groups and their cultures. Third- and fourth-generation European Americans claim an ethnic identity even though their ties to their ancestral homeland may be tenuous. Lithuanian Americans in Kansas City, Kansas, in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s would seem to provide support for the straight-line theory of assimilation, yet since the 1980s they have reconstituted themselves through the Lithuanians of America organization and are experiencing a renewal of their ethnic identity. The Lithuanian American community in Seattle, Washington, also experienced ebbs and flows in the activism and unity of its members. The community was active at the turn of the twentieth century, next revitalized by Lithuanian emigres following World War II, and then became active again in the late 1970s after a decade of inaction. Members of the two groups were given questionnaires in the early 1990s to address the ethnic identity fluctuations as well as the role of non-ethnics in the organizations. One of the more exciting findings from the surveys and from participant observation was the extensive role of “ethnic converts” in the Kansas City organization, and their lesser (but still significant) role in the Seattle Lithuanian-American community.
Jaal: Towards Network Intrusion Detection at ISP Scale

We have recently seen an increasing number of attacks that are distributed, and span an entire wide area network (WAN). Today, typically, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are deployed at enterprise scale and cannot handle attacks that cover a WAN. Moreover, such IDSs are implemented at a single entity that expects to look at all packets to determine an intrusion. Transferring copies of raw packets to centralized engines for analysis in a WAN can significantly impact both network performance and detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose Jaal, a framework for achieving accurate network intrusion detection at scale. The key idea in Jaal is to monitor traffic and construct in-network packet summaries. The summaries are then processed centrally to detect attacks with high accuracy. The main challenges that we address are (a) creating summaries that are concise, but sufficient to draw highly accurate inferences and (b) transforming traditional IDS rules to handle summaries instead of raw packets. We implement Jaal on a large scale SDN testbed. We show that on average Jaal yields a detection accuracy of about 98%, which is the highest reported for ISP scale network intrusion detection. At the same time, the overhead associated with transferring summaries to the central inference engine is only about 35% of what is consumed if raw packets are transferred.
Design Experiences in Minimalistic Flying Sensor Node Platform through SensorFly

Indoor emergency response situations, such as urban fire, are characterized by dangerous constantly changing operating environments with little access to situational information for first responders. In situ information about the conditions, such as the extent and evolution of an indoor fire, can augment rescue efforts and reduce risk to emergency personnel. Static sensor networks that are pre-deployed or manually deployed have been proposed but are less practical due to need for large infrastructure, lack of adaptivity, and limited coverage. Controlled-mobility in sensor networks, that is, the capability of nodes to move as per network needs can provide the desired autonomy to overcome these limitations.In this article, we present SensorFly, a controlled-mobile aerial sensor network platform for indoor emergency response application. The miniature, low-cost sensor platform has capabilities to self deploy, achieve three-dimensional sensing, and adapt to node and network disruptions in harsh environments. We describe hardware design trade-offs, the software architecture, and the implementation that enables limited-capability nodes to collectively achieve application goals. Through the indoor fire monitoring application scenario, we validate that the platform can achieve coverage and sensing accuracy that matches or exceeds static sensor networks and provide higher adaptability and autonomy.
Estrogen Receptor β in the Nucleus Accumbens Regulates the Rewarding Properties of Cocaine in Female Mice.

Background Females are more vulnerable to developing cocaine addiction compared with males, a phenomenon that may be regulated by the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. 17β-Estradiol enhances cocaine reward as measured by the conditioned place preference test. It is currently not known which estrogen receptor is involved or the neuroanatomical locations in which estrogen receptors act to enhance cocaine responses. The purpose of this study was to determine if the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ regulate cocaine conditioned place preference in mice and whether they act in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region critically involved in the development of cocaine abuse. Methods Ovariectomized mice were treated with 17β-estradiol or agonists selective for ERα or ERβ and tested for cocaine conditioned place preference and for c-fos expression in the nucleus accumbens. Female mice with intact ovaries were also tested for cocaine conditioned place preference after RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ERα or ERβ in the nucleus accumbens. Results We found that mice treated with 17β-estradiol or an ERβ agonist exhibited increased cocaine conditioned place preference, while knockdown of ERβ, but not ERα, in the nucleus accumbens of females with intact ovaries abrogated cocaine conditioned place preference. Acute treatment with 17β-estradiol or an ERβ agonist induced expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the nucleus accumbens, whereas the ERα agonist did not. Conclusions These data indicate that ERβ in the nucleus accumbens regulates the development of cocaine conditioned place preference in female mice. 17β-Estradiol may activate neurons in the nucleus accumbens via ERβ. We speculate that this might increase the saliency of cocaine cues that predict drug reward.
Human inference of force from impact sounds: Perceptual evidence for inverse physics

An impact sound is determined both by material properties of the objects involved (e.g., mass, density, shape, and rigidity) and by the force of the collision. Human listeners can typically estimate the force of an impact as well as the material which has been struck. To investigate the underlying auditory mechanisms we played listeners audio recordings of two boards being struck and measured their ability to identify the board struck with more force. Listeners significantly outperformed models based on simple acoustic features (e.g., signal power or spectral centroid). We repeated the experiment with synthetic sounds generated from simulated object resonant modes and simulated contact forces derived from a spring model. Listeners could not distinguish synthetic from real recordings and successfully estimated simulated impact force. When the synthetic modes were altered (e.g., to simulate a harder material) listeners altered their judgments of both material and impact force, consistent with the physical implications of the alteration. The results suggest that humans use resonant modes to infer object material, and use this knowledge to estimate the impact force, explaining away material contributions to the sound.
Ego Development: Inferring the Client's Frame of Reference:

The application of the ego development scheme to social work practice includes the development of more accurate empathy in formulating treatment expectations, in assessing outcome, in understanding...
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Lymphocyte and Muscle ADP-Ribosyltransferases

Mono-ADP-ribosylation, catalyzed by ADP-ribosyltransferases, is a posttranslational modification of proteins in which the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD is transferred to an acceptor protein(arginine). Several of the bacterial toxin ADP-ribosyltransferases have been well characterized in their ability to alter cellular metabolism. It has been postulated that these bacterial toxins mimic the actions of transferases from mammalian cells. We have cloned and characterized ADP-ribosyltransferases from rabbit and human skeletal muscle, and mouse lymphocytes. The muscle transferases are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins that are conserved among species. Two distinct transferases, termed Yac-1 and Yac-2 were cloned from mouse lymphoma (Yac-1) cells. The Yac-1 transferase, like the muscle enzymes, is a GPI-linked exoenzyme. The Yac-2 transferase, on the other hand, is membrane-associated but appears not to be GPI-linked. In contrast to Yac-1, the Yac-2 enzyme had significant NAD glycohydrolase activity and may preferentially hydrolyze NAD.
Early Time Evolution of Selective Oxidation in a CMnSi AHSS

The influence of dew point temperature (DPT) and oxidation time on the selective oxidation of a Fe-0.09C-2.02Mn-0.91Si (wt pct) advanced high-strength steel during the early stages of oxidation was investigated in this study. Samples were annealed at 1123 K (850 °C) in a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds in an N2 + 5 pct H2 atmosphere with 243 K (− 30 °C) or 273 K (0 °C) DPT. Oxide morphology and chemistry were examined with respect to time and atmosphere DPT using scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, focused ion beam (FIB) milling, FIB serial sectioning, and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques. Significant internal and external oxidation for all samples, including those with a 0 second isothermal hold, was observed. This indicated significant oxidation occurred upon heating. Samples oxidized in the 273 K (0 °C) DPT atmosphere exhibited intra- and intergranular internal oxidation and surfaces covered in discrete iron-rich nodules. These were attributed to stress generation during oxidation. Samples oxidized in the 243 K (− 30 °C) DPT atmosphere had shallow internal oxidation, sparse intragranular oxides, and surfaces rich in silicon and manganese containing oxide. Internal oxides for both atmospheres and all isothermal hold times were comprised of a silicon-rich core and manganese-rich outer shell was frequently observed. This core/shell structure was related to evolving oxide stability during the high-temperature exposure.
Force-sampling methods for density distributions as instances of mapped averaging

We show that two recently proposed methods for computing singlet and pair density distributions without histograms are particular implementations of the general mapped-averaging framework for deriv...
The Heart vs. The Head

This chapter explores the specific patterns of expectations that pre-service teachers often form for student performance. Using the “inspiration/content dichotomy” framework, the chapter outlines the ways in which pre-service teachers construct expectations in the affective and academic domains. As a general rule, their expectations place the relational in conflict with the intellectual. The teacher’s primary job is to equip students to meet a set of emotional outcomes, such as helping them “believe in themselves,” and this can often only be accomplished when academics take a back seat. The chapter outlines this categorization process, which is often subtle and unknown even to the pre-service teachers themselves. This chapter includes a series of brief case studies in which a variety of early-career teachers reflect on the expectations they held as they entered the field. The chapter ends with a short diagnostic quiz that readers can use explore the nature of their own expectations.
Estimating the Effects of Immigration Enforcement on Local Policing and Crime: Evidence from the Secure Communities Program

Recent changes in U.S. immigration enforcement have sought to complement strong border enforcement with a renewed emphasis on enforcement in the country’s interior. In 2008, the federal government introduced “Secure Communities,” a program that requires local law enforcement agencies to share arrestee information with federal immigration officials at the time of booking. Supporters of the program have argued that it will enhance public safety by facilitating the efficient removal of criminal aliens. Critics of the program have expressed concern that it will encourage local law enforcement agencies to engage in discriminatory or arbitrary policing practices, making arrests for the sole purpose of checking an individual’s immigration status. Since its introduction in 2008, the program has expanded to include all U.S. jurisdictions. We employ the staggered activation dates of Secure Communities across counties to examine whether the program has a detectable effect on the crime rates or the arrest behavior of municipal law enforcement agencies across U.S. cities. We do not observe any clear effect of the program on either crime or arrest patterns, suggesting that at least across the nation’s biggest cities, there is little evidence either for the most ambitious promises of the program or the greatest fears behind involving local law enforcement agencies in immigration enforcement.
Para-Selective, Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylations of Sulfated Phenols, Benzyl Alcohols, and Anilines Directed by Ion-Pair Electrostatic Interactions.

Para C–H borylations (CHB) of tetraalkylammonium sulfates and sulfamates have been achieved using bipyridine-ligated Ir boryl catalysts. Selectivities can be modulated by both the length of the alkyl groups in the tetraalkylammonium cations and the substituents on the bipyridine ligands. Ion pairing, where the alkyl groups of the cation shield the meta C–H bonds in the counteranions, is proposed to account for para selectivity. The 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine ligand gave superior selectivities.
Michèle Valerie Cloonan. The Monumental Challenge of Preservation: The Past in a Volatile World . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2018. 280p. Hardcover, $30.00 (ISBN: 978-0-262-03773-0).

In her book The Monumental Challenge of Preservation , author Michele Valerie Cloonan addresses a wide array of issues, as diverse as they are immense. It’s not just library and information preservation engaging this professor and Dean Emerita of the Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences at Simmons College. Rather, as her subtitle, The Past in a Volatile World , suggests, her scope is broader, and her focus is the preservation of world culture itself, in all its manifestations.
With the wizard of the unit circle—An appreciation of T. Y. Wu

An account of my interactions with Prof. Theodore Yao-tsu Wu of the California Institute of Technology.
The MyProxy online credential repository: Research Articles

The MyProxy online credential repository has been used by the Grid computing community for over four years for managing security credentials in the Grid public key infrastructure. MyProxy improves usability by giving users access to their credentials over the network using password authentication, allowing users to delegate their credentials via Web browser interfaces to the Grid, and supporting credential renewal for long-running jobs. MyProxy helps administrators secure users' private keys by providing an online service from which users retrieve short-lived credentials without distributing long-lived keys to potentially vulnerable end-systems. This paper describes the MyProxy system and its use. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intersecting the body and curriculum: Nineteenth-century dandyism and physical training

The purpose of this paper is to situate the body's place within school curriculum as a product of history. In doing so, this paper explores nineteenth century historical archives, documenting early...
“It’s none of your business”: Adolescents’ reasons for keeping secrets about their engagement in problem behaviors:

Although parental knowledge of youth behavior is associated with less adolescent engagement in problem behaviors, many adolescents keep their engagement in various activities secret from their pare...
A General Theory of Stock Market Valuation and Return

We show that the long-term total market and average investor's compounded stock returns are determined by GDP growth and are much less than believed because of the infeasible assumption that dividends can be fully reinvested. The long-term stock return closely approximates the return on risk-free debt, thus yielding a zero premium on a compounded per-capita basis. We demonstrate that the market earnings yield ratio (inverse P/E) is akin to a minimum nominal expected return and a direct function of inflation and a real required yield equal to long-term real GDP per capita growth, with marginal regard to risk. Our derived valuation formula is tested against the S&P 500 index and produces a 21% mean percentage tracking error, compared to 32% for the 'Fed Model' over the period 1954 - 2002.
Pengaruh Guided Imagery Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Pre-Operasi (The Effects Of Guided Imagery On Preoperative Anxiety Level)

Anxiety is a reaction to psychological disorders experienced by most patients in the face of surgery. Signs and symptoms are tremors, tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia, sweating and shortness of breath. The preoperative patient anxiety level is in the category of severe, moderate. If it is not handled properly, it will have a negative impact on the operation process that will be carried out by the patient so that relaxation measures are needed so that the patient can control his anxiety. One recommended therapy is guided imagery. Various studies have been conducted to prove its effect. The objective of this research was to analyze effects of guided imagery towards anxiety level decrease on pre-operative patients. This research used literature review design, database used were 2018- 2020 Google Scholar. Research populations were all research journals regarding effects of guided imagery and progressive relaxation towards anxiety level decrease on pre-operative patients using flow diagrams technique (data synthesis) thus n-value was obtained = 3. Analyzed journals result showed that there was a decrease in anxiety level of pre-operative patients after guided was given. Guided imagery affected the decrease of anxiety level on pre-operative patients. Kecemasan merupakan reaksi psikologis yang dialami oleh sebagian besar pasien dalam menghadapi operasi. Hal ini ditandai dengan gerakan tremor, takikardi, gelisah, susah tidur, berkeringat dan sesak nafas. Kecemasan yang dirasakan oleh pasien pra-operasi berada pada kategori berat, sedang. Apabila tidak teratasi dengan baik, maka akan menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi proses operasi yang akan dijalankan pasien sehingga dibutuhkan tindakan norfarmakologi berupa pemberian tindakan rileksasi pada pasien agar pasien mampu mengontrol perasaan cemas yang dirasakannya. Salah satu terapi yang direkomendasikan adalah guided imagery . Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk membuktikan pengaruhnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh guided imagery terhadap tingkat kecemasan pasien pra-operasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain literature review dengan jenis database yang digunakan, yaitu Google Scholar tahun 2018-2020. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh jurnal penelitian tentang pengaruh terapi guided imagery terhadap tingkat kecemasan pasien pra-operasi dengan menggunakan teknik diagram flow (sintesis data) sehingga didapatkan n = 3. Hasil analisis jurnal penelitian menunjukan bahwa guided imagery efektif menurunkan kecemasan pasien pra-operasi.
An Analytical-Computational Model for Predicting the Temperature of a Computer Central Processing Unit Cooler

This study presents a simple method for predicting the temperature of the base-plate of a central processing unit (CPU) cooler. These coolers are used in desktop computers to keep the CPU at an opt...
An Uneasy Balance: International Relief Efforts in the Chaco War

War over the Chaco Boreal, a desolate region claimed by both Bolivia and Paraguay, caused disproportionately high loss of life and treasure for both sides. Neither state could afford to prosecute a war on its own, despite recent modernization programs that drew attention from outsiders. International interest included prewar calls for refugee resettlement via the League of Nations—but once fighting did break out, there was significant and increasing intervention and involvement by international relief organizations and diplomats. This chapter’s focus on the involvement of foreign actors in the Chaco War unveils important trends in the history of war-making in the twentieth century, which places this South American conflict closer to the World Wars that served as the conflict’s bookends.
American Government: Enduring Principles, Critical Choices

1. Introduction Part I. Formative Experiences: 2. Political inheritance, political culture 3. Contesting the Constitution 4. Political development Part II. Pivotal Relationships: 5. Federalism 6. Political economy Part III. Governing Institutions: 7. Congress 8. The presidency 9. The judiciary 10. Bureaucracy Part IV. Political Forces: 11. Parties, campaigns, and elections 12. Participation, public opinion, media 13. Concluding thoughts.
Chapter 9 Micromanipulation of Ameba Nuclei

Publisher Summary This chapter describes themicromanipulation of ameba nuclei. . As the principle of handling a nucleus with a microprobe remains the same, technical instructions given by earlier authors can be directly applied. The easy maneuverability of ameba nuclei is very useful and offers an unusual opportunity for studying nuclear–nuclear and nuclear–cytoplasmic relationships at both cellular and macromolecular levels. In particular, nuclear transplantation in amebas differs from similar procedures used in various cell types in that the amount of cytoplasm transferred along with a nucleus is minimal, and the number of nuclei transplanted can be controlled at will. This type of manipulation is possible because of the toughness of ameba nuclei that apparently has its physical basis in the unique structure of their membranes. The new method of manipulating ameba nuclei has proved to have definite advantages over the conventional methods. For example, there is no hook to make and use, thus eliminating the troublesome task. Also the procedures of preparing the operation surfaces and handling amebas are much simpler. As a result, operations can be performed with greater ease and rapidity with this rather than with other methods. The advantage of being able to manipulate cell nuclei both in vivo and in vitro is considerable.
Fundamental Differences in Actions of Arachidonate Mediators and NO in the Pulmonary Circulation

We are interested in the actions of arachidonic acid and NO mediators on the pulmonary circulation. AA mediators can directly cause vasoconstriction or dilatation and peptide leukotrienes can directly cause increased permeability. There appear to be tonic production of prostacyclin and NO in the pulmonary circulation (Am Rev Resp Dis 137:1343–1349, 1988) although it is not known if either is necessary for low perfusion pressure. To study the actions of EDRF-NO in the pulmonary circulation, we administered the NO-synthase inhibitor, N-Nitro-L-Arginine (NLA) to a well characterized isolated lung preparation (ibid) perfused with K-H buffer. At a perfusate concentration of 150uM, NLA caused pulmonary hypertension and edema formation. An index of capillary filtration coefficient was significantly increased. These changes could be prevented with pretreatment with 300uM L-Arginine or a combination of pretreatment and treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP. Although we did not study L-Arginine in arachidonate lung injury, 8-bromo-cAMP did not ameliorate lung injury as measured by capillary filtration coefficient. In keeping with a fundamental different mechanism of injury, cAMP did not ameliorate NLA lung injury but is very effective in inhibiting AA mediator induced oxidant lung injury.
Composite powder metal synchronous reluctance machine

A new methodology for producing a synchronous reluctance machine (SyRM) has been developed. The new methodology involves fabricating powder metal (P/M) disks 8 mm to 25 mm thick which are constructed of sintered together ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic powder metal layers. The advantages for adopting the composite P/M SyR rotor over the conventional axially or radially laminated SyR rotors are mechanical integrity, safe high-speed operation, low-cost manufacture and higher torque/power density. To cite a couple of examples associated with these claims, comprehensive load point testing of an initial prototype has revealed that torque density was improved by 16% over a radially laminated prototype utilizing the same stator and housing. Also robustness has been greatly improved such that the composite sintered rotor is capable of mechanically operating at 30% greater than the maximum speed of a comparable size, high-speed induction rotor. In this paper these examples will be presented more fully along with the design finite element analysis (FEA magnetic), and testing (centrifugal stress testing and electric machine performance testing).
Analysis of the N Gene of Nicotiana

The genetic history of the N gene, which is responsible for the hypersensitive (necrotic) response (HSR) exhibited by many species and varieties of Nicotiana upon infection by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), is traced from its origin in N. glutinosa to its introduction into N. tabacum cultivars. Experiments have been designed to characterize the gene products and isolate the gene responsible for HSR. Messenger RNAs and proteins specific to HSR have been identified by utilizing the temperature-sensitive nature of the re- sponse to enrich for HSR-specific products. A minimum of four polypeptides specific to HSR were detected by in vitro translation of these mRNAs. Several differential hybridization protocols have been utilized in attempts to identify the gene(s) that are unique to N. tabacum showing HSR. Over 110 000 clones have been screened, but none were found to be specific to HSR, although several promising candidates are being examined in detail. 1987 Plant resistance to viruses. Wiley, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 133 p 120-135 ' One way in which plants exhibit defence against virus disease is by developing necrosis at the site of the initial infection. There is limited virus replication around these sites and the virus does not usually spread systemically; thus the plant is resistant to disease in a practical sense. Holmes (1929) described this host response with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection of Nicotiana spe- cies, and was the first to recognize its usefulness in bioassays. This hypersensi- tive response (HSR) has probably been the single most studied phenomenon in plant virology, but it is still poorly understood in many respects. Many of the biochemical processes that are activated in the plant as a consequence of the virus-host interaction are known (Legrand et a1 1976) but the underlying factor that initiates the response is not. In Nicotiana this trait is controlled by a single dominant gene, the N gene; its expression is temperature sensitive in Nicotiana species which carry that gene. Strategies for the isolation of the N gene and the corresponding HSR- related genes must take into account the origin of these genes in the cultivars selected. This paper reviews the genealogy of the N gene in tobacco and outlines our strategy and progress towards the isolation of these genes.
Two-Year Humanities: “Let Me Count the Ways”

With flexibility and humor, it is (often) possible to bridge the gap between the lofty goals of the typical humanities syllabus and the expectations of current nontraditional students.
Eugene V. Debs and the Politics of Dissent in Modern America

asked, "How do we avoid reifying what we're trying to deconstruct?" Mike Wayne (University of Toronto) asserted: "We all think whiteness is a bad idea." While scholars saw considerable political utility in examining white positionali ty, the danger remains that "whiteness" can be and will be studied outside of the frame of the dismal history of North American racism. In the closing plenary, many scholars stressed that "whiteness" studies must maintain a critical edge and stay away from the "we were black, too," stance. The unease expressed at this conference indicates that it may be time to turn the history of "whiteness" into a broader study of racialization that forefronts the history of white racism.
DeFries-Fulker analysis of longitudinal reading performance data from twin pairs ascertained for reading difficulties and from their nontwin siblings.

Reading difficulties are both heritable and stable; however, little is known about the etiology of this stability. Results from a preliminary analysis of data from 56 twin pairs who participated in the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study of Reading Disability (Astrom et al., Twin Res Hum Genet 10:434–439, 2007) suggested that about two-thirds of the proband deficit at follow-up was due to genetic factors that also influenced deficits at their initial assessment. Although our proband sample is now nearly twice as large, it is still relatively small; thus, to increase power, we subjected data from probands, co-twins and their nontwin siblings to a novel extension of DeFries–Fulker analysis (DeFries and Fulker, Behav Genet 15:467–473, 1985; DeFries and Fulker, Acta Genet Med Gemellol, 37, 205–216, 1988). In addition to providing estimates of univariate and bivariate heritability, this analysis facilitates a test of the difference between shared environmental influences for twins versus siblings. Longitudinal composite reading performance scores at 10.6 and 15.5 years of age, on average, were analyzed from 33 MZ and 64 DZ twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair had reading difficulties, and from 44 siblings of the probands. Scores were highly stable (.86 ± .03, across probands, co-twins and siblings) and heritability of the group deficit at initial assessment was .67 ± .22. Longitudinal bivariate heritability was .59 ± .21, suggesting that nearly 60% of the proband reading deficit at follow-up is due to genetic factors that influenced reading difficulties at the initial assessment. However, tests for special twin environmental influences were nonsignificant.
Amino acid replacements that compensate for a large polypeptide deletion in an enzyme

Deletion of more than 400 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of an enzyme causes a severe reduction in catalytic activity. Selected point mutations within the residual protein partially reverse the effects of the missing segment. The selection can yield mutants with activities at least ten times as high as those of the starting polypeptides. One well-characterized mutation, a single amino acid replacement in the residual polypeptide, increases the catalytic activity of the polypeptide by a factor of 5. The results suggest substantial potential for design of protein elements to compensate for missing polypeptide sequences. They also may reflect that progenitors of large aminoacyl-tRNA (transfer RNA) synthetases--one of which was used in these studies--were themselves much smaller.
Tailoring the spectral response of liquid waveguide diagnostic platforms.

Liquid filled waveguides that form the basis for on-chip bio-photonics diagnostic platforms have primarily found application in fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy experiments that require sensitive discrimination between weak analyte signals and a variety of background signals. Primary sources of background signal can include light from excitation sources (strong, narrow frequency band) and photoluminescence generated in waveguide cladding layers (weak, wide frequency band). Here we review both solid and liquid core filtering structures which are based on anti-resonant reflection that can be integrated with waveguides for attenuating undesirable optical bands. Important criteria to consider for an optimized biosensor include cladding layer materials that minimize broad-spectrum photoluminescence and optimize layer thicknesses for creating a desired spectral response in both solid and liquid guiding layers, and a microfabrication process capable of producing regions with variable spectral response. New results describing how spurious fluorescence can be minimized by optimized thermal growth conditions and how liquid-core filter discrimination can be tuned with liquid core waveguide length are presented.
Oat Grain Density Measurement by Sand Displacement and Analysis of Physical Components of Test Weight

ABSTRACT Test weight or bulk density of oats (Avena sativa L.) has a major influence on the monetary value of oat grain. We hypothesize that test weight can be attributed to grain density and packing efficiency. We have measured oat grain volume and density by a sand-displacement method and derived the packing factor for six oat cultivars grown in three environments. Volumes of individual grains were 31–38 mm3 and were highly correlated with grain mass. Grain densities were 0.96–1.03 g/cm3. Packing efficiency, defined as the space proportion occupied by the grains, was 53–55%. Regression analysis suggested that 78% of the variation in test weight could be attributed to grain density. Size fractionation of grain by sieving and analysis by digital image analysis indicated that smaller grains within an oat sample packed more efficiently than larger grains and larger grains in a sample were less dense than the smaller grains. Analysis of oat grain components indicated groat densities were ≈1.29 g/cm3 and hull...
Strength and sprint performance in wheelchair athletes

The relationship between strength, exhibited by an athlete in both dynamic constant resistance and isokinetic exercise, and sprint performance was investigated in 12 wheelchair track athletes (32.2 ± 9.3 years old, National Wheelchair Athletic Association functional classification ranging from II to V). Strength tests included a 1 repetition maximum (RM) bench press and an isokinetic arm compound movement (60°.sec‐1 and 180o‐sec‐1). Times for a 40 and 100 m wheelchair sprint were also measured. A nonsignificant correlation was observed between the 40 or 100 m sprint time and the 1 RM bench press (r = ‐0.38 and r = ‐0.31) and between the 40 or 100 m sprint time and the arm compound movement both at a speed of 60°.Sec‐1 (r = ‐0.05 and r = ‐0.16) and 180°.sec‐1 (r = ‐0.18 and r = ‐0.11). Therefore, strength in the upper body musculature of the wheelchair athlete appears not to be a valid predictor of their wheelchair sprint speed. This finding emphasizes the importance of additional factors, such as racing t...
A Longitudinal Study of Gendered Vocabulary and Communicative Action in Young Children.

Development of children's vocabularies for gender-typed words and communicative actions was investigated longitudinally from 13 to 36 months and in a group of 9.5-month-olds. Vocabularies of gendered words were assessed using lists of adult-rated gender-typed words from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI; L. Fenson et al., 1994). At 24 to 36 months, girls' and boys' productive vocabularies contained more same-gender-typed words than other-gender-typed words. Receptive vocabulary gender-differential effects were apparent among boys at 18 months. At 13 and 18 months, gender-typed differences were apparent in communicative actions. The research reveals the utility of unobtrusive, nonexperimental measures for assessing gender-related knowledge and behavior in young children.