cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portfolio management in construction

When a construction company invests in a variety of projects, the combination can be viewed as a portfolio of projects. Such a portfolio is efficient if the contractor can diversify the projects. In general, a diversified portfolio of projects is less risky than the average of the individual projects considered alone. It is important to recognize that investment in construction projects differs some what from that in securities. For example, construction projects typically are not divisible, whereas securities are. These differences have caused many difficulties in the application of the portfolio theory in construction. The objective of this paper is to explore these problems and present solutions for them.
Molecular Differentiation of the Heterocystous Cyanobacteria, Nostoc and Anabaena, Based on Complete NifD Sequences

The segregation of Nostoc and Anabaena into separate genera has been debated for some time. The nitrogen fixation gene nifD was completely sequenced from representatives of these genera and analyzed phylogenetically, by using the representatives of other genera of the heterocystous cyanobacteria as outgroups. We were clearly able to differentiate between Nostoc and Anabaena in all analyses used. Our data suggest that Nostoc and Anabaena should remain as separate genera.
Responding to asymmetric threat: The dual-use strategy †

Asymmetric threat targets the weak points of a powerful state. Rather than building additional military capability, a state facing asymmetric threat can invest in dual-use research and development of technology and infrastructure that reduce losses from human error and natural disaster as well as losses from terrorism.
Evidence and a novel hypothesis for the role of dendritic cells and Porphyromonas gingivalis in adult periodontitis

We have proposed a novel overall hypothesis and approach to understanding the pathophysiology of adult periodontitis, one of the most common diseases that afflicts the US population. While mortality of the dentition is the most familiar outcome of adult periodontitis, its links with other more severe diseases, including coronary artery disease, respiratory diseases and pre-term labor, cannot be ignored. We have called attention to the many intriguing parallels between adult periodontitis and contact hypersensitivity (CHS). CHS is among the most common of dermatoses that afflicts mankind and one of the most intensively studied of in vivo immune responses. Both adult periodontitis and CHS target the host integument (gingiva or skin) and appear to involve the activation and sensitization of similar subsets of antigen capture and presenting cells, the dendritic cells (DCs), as well as similar T cell subsets. DCs have been termed "nature's adjuvant", being more efficient at antigen-presentation than macrophages or B cells and the only antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate naive T cells to proliferate. This immunostimulatory capacity can also have detrimental effects for the host, as typified by graft-vs.-host disease and CHS responses. Both AP and CHS involve a predominantly destructive T cell response mediated by both regulatory and effector T cells. In the present paper, we show intriguing evidence that Porphyromonas gingivalis is a unique pathogen in this regard, able to infect, sensitize and activate DCs in vitro and, probably, in situ. Many questions about the role of P. gingivalis-sensitized DCs in adult periodontitis, and of the parallels between adult periodontitis and CHS, however, remain to be answered.
Improvisational Acting Exercises and their Potential Use in Family Counseling

Expressive therapy interventions are a useful resource for counselors working with a wide range of presenting issues. This article illustrates a series of improvisational acting exercises that can be used within a family counseling context. Clear directions for specific exercises are provided, along with illustrative case examples.
Glycosylation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes.

While the gene and mRNA transcripts encoding PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) have been well characterized, the actual secretory form(s) of the peptide is unknown. Accordingly, synthetic and recombinant PTHrPs employed to date for biological and immunological characterization have necessarily been of arbitrary lengths. No prior evidence for glycosylation of PTHrPs has been described. To define the naturally occurring form(s) of this peptide secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes, we have affinity purified, using an anti-PTHrP-(l–36) antibody column, human PTHrP secreted under conditions of protease protection. Human keratinocyte-conditioned medium collected without measures to protect against proteolytic degradation contains multiple PTHrP immunoreactive and bioactive species. In contrast, under conditions of protease protection, human keratinocyte-conditioned medium contains a single 18,000 mol wt (Mr) form of the peptide. In contrast to recombinant and synthetic PTHrPs, which migrate as distinct, well foc...
Wireless personal communications networks

In the 1980s, personal computers and personal entertainment such as UCRS, Camcorders, Walkman, have revolutionized the way people relate to business information and entertainment. With cellular and cordless telephones in the vanguard, the 1990s will initiate an era of personal communications. Early systems owe their character to the means of radio transmission. There is a growing appreciation that the fixed infrastructure will play a critical role determining costs and capabilities. Optical communications systems will be key infrastructure components of wireless personal communication networks of the future.
Existence results for refinement equations

There is a non-trivial integrable solution to a two scale difference equation with non-negative coefficients, if and only if the corresponding random expansion is absolutely continuous. Utilizing this characterization a simple description in terms of the coefficients is given of all refinement equations with no more than six coefficients possessing an integrable solution.
Tissue specific regulation of transforming growth factor beta by omega-3 lipid-rich krill oil in autoimmune murine lupus

We have previously reported that hybrid New Zealand female mice [(NZBxNZW) F1 or BW) fed a diet enriched in ω-3 lipid-rich fish oil vs. ω-6 lipid-rich corn oil show delayed development of autoimmune lupus nephritis and longer life span. The present study was carried out to explore the possible beneficial effects of oil from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) as an alternative source of ω-3 lipids. Weanling BW mice were fed a nutritionally adequate semipurified diet supplemented with either 10% (wt/wt) krill oil (KO) or corn oil (CO). Cross-sectional studies were carried out on kidneys and spleens at 3.5 and 6.5 months of age. Our results indicate that KO prolonged life span (CO, 266.7 days ± 12.5; KO, 330.2 days ± 19.2; P<0.001) and delayed the onset of proteinuria. Splenocytes from KO mice displayed greater proliferative responses to mitogen (concavalin A), and significantly lower Pgp-1+ cells in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Lipid extracts of splenocytes from KO fed mice revealed higher levels of eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6ω-3; DHA) acids; EPA suppresses prostaglandin synthesis. Further, Northern blot analysis showed decreased expression of the oncogene c-ras (1.5-fold, P<0.05) in the spleens of KO fed mice. The expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) was higher in spleen cell extracts (3.5-fold; P<0.025), but lower in kidney extracts (5.97-fold; P<0.025) of KO fed mice. The data indicate that dietary supplementation with KO modulates expression of TGFβ in an organ specific manner. In the spleen, TGFβ could be immunosuppressive, whereas its expression in the kidney may be pathological and proinflammatory. In summary, dietary KO, like fish oil, can suppress the development of autoimmune murine lupus, and its effects on inflammatory mediators are organ specific.
Capacity of Cooperative Wireless Networks Using Multiple Channels

The existence of channel variations (or fading) is one of the crucial challenges that affects the capacity of wireless networks. Recently, cooperative communications have emerged as a promising approach to achieve spatial diversity and thereby reduce the negative effects of fading on wireless channels. On the other hand, in addition to channel variations, it is well-known that interference among concurrent transmissions also severely limits the network capacity particularly in multi-hop settings. Recent studies indicate that the use of multiple channels can reduce the wireless interference and thus greatly improve the overall network capacity. In this paper, we propose a model termed as CoopMC which employs multiple channels in cooperative networks to mitigate the impact of interference. This work primarily investigates the capacity of CoopMC in multi-hop settings and derive the asymptotic capacity bounds under random placements of nodes. Our analysis reveals the important insights on when a network can benefit from cooperative communications and how multi-channel networking can further improve the network capacity.
Finite element modeling of the crushing behavior of thin-walled CFRP tubes under axial compression

Abstract A finite element modeling methodology was developed to study the crushing behavior and energy absorption characteristics of graphite/epoxy laminated circular tubes. Laminated tubes were modeled using multiple layers of shell elements with layers being tied together using tiebreak contact. A progressive damage model was used to simulate the failure within each layer while a mesh-independent energy-based failure criterion for the tiebreaks was implemented in the model to effectively simulate the delamination between layers during the crushing process. Simulation results compared very well with the experiments in terms of the load–displacement behavior, specific energy absorption, and surface strain distribution, and provided a good depiction of the failure process.
Iron-Centered Star Polymers with Pentablock Bipyridine-Centered PEG-PCL-PLA Macroligands

Elaborate biocompatible block copolymer architectures are achievable via controlled ring opening polymerization (ROP). Selective incorporation of donor groups results in macroligands that can coordinate metals to form site-isolated metallopolymers. A hydroxyl-functionalized bipyridine, bpy(CH2OH)2, was employed as an initiator for the ROP of ethylene oxide, producing bpyPEG2. Subsequent reaction with e-caprolactone followed by lactide (d,l- and l-) results in well-defined bpy-centered triblock PCL-PEG-bpy-PEG-PCL and pentablock PLA-PCL-PEG-bpy-PEG-PCL-PLA and PLLA-PCL-PEG-bpy-PEG-PCL-PLLA macroligands, respectively, with low polydispersity indices (PLA = d,l-polylactide, PCL = poly(e-caprolactone), PEG = poly(ethylene glycol), PLLA = l-polylactide). These systems were combined with FeCl2 to produce iron-centered star blocks [Fe{bpy(PEG-PCL)2}3]Cl2, [Fe{bpy(PEG-PCL-PLA)2}3]Cl2, and [Fe{bpy(PEG-PCL-PLLA)2}3]Cl2 with six diblock and triblock arms. Materials were characterized by gel permeation chromatography...
The discrete adaptive observer

This paper discusses the discrete version of the adaptive observer problem. First, a stable identification scheme for a linear discrete multivariable system when all its state variables are accessible is presented. The scheme is then extended to obtain stable identification laws for a single variable system using only input-output data.
Increased cerebral response during a divided attention task following sleep deprivation

We recently reported that the brain showed greater responsiveness to some cognitive demands following total sleep deprivation (TSD). Specifically, verbal learning led to increased cerebral activation following TSD while arithmetic resulted in decreased activation. Here we report data from a divided attention task that combined verbal learning and arithmetic. Thirteen normal control subjects performed the task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) scans after a normal night of sleep and following 35 h TSD. Behaviourally, subjects showed only modest impairments following TSD. With respect to cerebral activation, the results showed (a) increased activation in the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobes, particularly in the right hemisphere, following TSD, (b) activation in left inferior frontal gyrus correlated with increased subjective sleepiness after TSD, and (c) activation in bilateral parietal lobes correlated with the extent of intact memory performance after TSD. Many of the brain regions showing a greater response after TSD compared with normal sleep are thought to be involved in control of attention. These data imply that the divided attention task required more attentional resources (specifically, performance monitoring and sustained attention) following TSD than after normal sleep. Other neuroimaging results may relate to the verbal learning and/or arithmetic demands of the task. This is the first study to examine divided attention performance after TSD with neuroimaging and supports our previous suggestion that the brain may be more plastic during cognitive performance following TSD than previously thought.
Constituents of Lagerstroemia Flos-reginae Retz.

FOR many years people of the Philippines have used certain parts of a tree (Lagerstroemia Flos-reginae Retz.) as an aid in the lowering of blood sugar1,2. The drug, commonly called ‘banaba’, is usually administered in the form of an aqueous 20 per cent decoction prepared from the leaves. While the drug has been employed for many years and pharmacological studies have been made using extracts of the drug3,4, very little information has appeared in the literature concerning its constituents.
Vessel Occlusion with Transcatheter Electrocoagulation

Transcatheter intravascular electrocoagulation for therapeutic occlusion of vessels has been experimentally developed and successfully used clinically as an alternative to, and in conjunction with, more routine methods of vessel occlusion. A constant current power source and a steelguide wire anode are used for the occlusion. The subject is grounded with a standard bovie plate insulated from the skin by a highly lubricated sponge. Permanent occlusion of strategic vessels at accurately controlled sites has been achieved with little risk of embolization of non-target areas. There has been minimal damage to vessel walls, and complete occlusion has been possible despite heparinization and/or thrombocytopenia. One limitation is the inconstant ability to position the anode precisely at the desired site of occlusion. Also, a long time may be required (up to one hour) to occlude larger vessels with presently available anodes. Wider use must await refinements in development of the anode material and in its delivery system.
An optimal design of a high strength, ductile metallic Material: Criteria and application to a α-titanium alloy

One means of optimizing high strength and high ductility in metals can be characterized on the basis of five criteria: a metastable, single-phase fcc or bc starting material; a low strain-hardening exponent and good workability; a low stacking-fault energy and high recovery temperature ; a hardening mechanism active below the recovery temperature ; and a low sensitivity of flow stress to temperature. By application of these criteria, thermo-mechanical processing of aβ-titanium alloy has resulted in a material with an ultimate tensile strength in excess of 320,000 psi with 15 pct RA, exhibiting ductile behavior at elastic strains greater than 2 pct.
Effect of acidic phospholipids on sphingosine kinase.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) is a unique sphingolipid metabolite involved in cell growth regulation and signal transduction. SPP is formed from sphingosine in cells by the action of sphingosine kinase, an enzyme whose activity can be stimulated by growth factors. Little is known of the mechanisms by which sphingosine kinase is regulated. We found that acidic phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylserine, induced a dose-dependent increase in sphingosine kinase activity due to an increase in the apparent Vmax of the enzyme. Other acidic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, and cardiolipin stimulated sphingosine kinase activity to a lesser extent than phosphatidylserine, whereas neutral phospholipids had no effect. Diacylglycerol, a structurally similar molecule which differs from phosphatidic acid in the absence of the phosphate group, failed to induce any changes in sphingosine kinase activity. Our results suggest that the presence of negative charges on the lipid molecules is important for the potentiation of sphingosine kinase activity, but the effect does not directly correlate with the number of negative charges. These results also support the notion that the polar group confers specificity in the stimulation of sphingosine kinase by acidic glycerophospholipids. The presence of a fatty acid chain in position 2 of the glycerol backbone was not critical since lysophosphatidylserine also stimulated sphingosine kinase, although it was somewhat less potent. Dioleoylphosphatidylserine was the most potent species, including a fourfold stimulation, whereas distearoyl phosphatidylserine was completely inactive. Thus, the degree of saturation of the fatty acid chain of the phospholipids may also play a role in the activation of sphingosine kinase. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linear Covariance Analysis and Epoch State Estimators

This paper extends in two directions the results of prior work on generalized linear covariance analysis of both batch least-squares and sequential estimators. The first is an improved treatment of process noise in the batch, or epoch state, estimator with an epoch time that may be later than some or all of the measurements in the batch. The second is to account for process noise in specifying the gains in the epoch state estimator. We establish the conditions under which the latter estimator is equivalent to the Kalman filter.
A Global/Local approach to lengthwise cracked beams: dynamic analysis

A simple model is developed for the calculation of dynamic stress intensity factors for lengthwise cracked beams subjected to impact or transient loading. The model is based on a Global/Local approach that separates the Global structural dynamics from the Local crack tip zone dominated by singular stresses. The Global model is that of connected waveguides while the Local model is based on a novel application of the J-integral that converts dynamic structural resultants directly into strain energy release rate. The accuracy of this approach is assessed by comparing it to a fully two-dimensional finite element analysis in which the modified crack closure integral is used to calculate the dynamic strain energy release rate. Both mode I and mode II examples are given, and situations with multiple wave reflections are emphasized.
Corruption and saving in a panel of countries

Abstract Saving depends on the incentives to save and the ability to save. The literature provides evidence that many of the key determinants of saving are correlated with the incidence of corruption. There are also a priori reasons to expect a direct relationship between corruption and saving. Our paper extends the literature on corruption and capital flight to the empirical analysis of cross-country differences in the rate of saving. We present evidence that corruption adversely affects the gross national saving rate by encouraging capital flight. Our results also indicate that the level of income, the growth rate of real per capita income and the tax–GDP ratio are the important channels via which the effects of corruption on saving are transmitted.
Behavior of plasma alpha2 lipoproteins and triglycerides during carbohydrate induction and glucose tolerance testing

Abstract Use of cellulose acetate as a supporting medium for electrophoresis has made possible the simplification of existing methods for lipoprotein fractionation. The major lipoprotein fractions in some individuals appear to consist of multiple components. The coefficient of variation for replicate electrophoretic determinations is less than 10% for the major lipoproteins when fresh sera or plasma are analysed. Fasting and 2-hour plasma samples from individuals undergoing glucose tolerance testing show a high degree of correlation for lipid and lipoprotein values and can therefore be considered as duplicates. Interrelationships of alpha2 lipoprotein and triglyceride levels can be expressed by means of a linear regression equation, Y = 25.9 + 9.4 X; this allows calculation of serum or plasma triglyceride concentration when alpha2 lipoprotein composition has been determined by electrophoresis.
How Retailers Determine Which Products Should Go on Sale: Evidence From Store-Level Data

Recent theoretical research on retail pricing dynamics provides an explanation of why retailers periodically put items on sale, even when their costs are unchanged. The authors extend this research to show that more popular items (i.e., those that appeal to a wide range of consumers) are more likely to go on sale. One implication of the proposed model is that a good is more likely to be on sale when demand for the good is at its season peak (e.g., eggs at Easter). This implication is tested using store-level retail price data, and the prediction is borne out for the categories of goods that are examined. Additional tests also support the premise that popularity and frequency of sales are positively related.
Induction of lordosis behavior in female rats by intravenous administration of progestins.

Abstract Progesterone is rapidly metabolized by neural cells in the rat. Progesterone could, therefore, act as a “prohormone,” stimulating lordosis behavior in estrogen-primed rats only after metabolic conversion. Were such the case, one might expect one or more of the naturally occurring metabolites of progesterone to be more potent than the parent compound. Estradiol benzoate-primed rats were therefore administered intravenously 200 μg of progesterone or one of five immediate metabolites of progesterone. The steroid 20α-dihydroprogesterone was found to be more potent than progesterone. Both 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one were less potent than progesterone, but more potent than the vehicle propylene glycol. Neither 5α-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol nor 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (dihydroprogesterone, DHP) differed from the vehicle in potency. The data suggest that 20α-dihydroprogesterone, which is secreted at high levels during the estrous cycle, could play a role in the regulation of sexual receptivity. The data also suggest that 5α-reduction is probably not crucial for progesterone's action.
Stochastic Modelling of Grain Drying: Part 1. Experimental Investigation

Previous research has shown that the variance in the moisture content of individual maize kernels is significant at harvest. In this series of three papers, the stochastic nature of the moisture content of maize before and after drying is explored. Part 1 presents experimental data of the distribution of moisture content of maize kernels in samples taken at harvest time, after thin-layer drying, and after crossflow drying. The moisture content in recently harvested and in thin-layer dried maize appears to be normally distributed and in crossflow-dried maize to be skewed. In Part 2, stochastic models are developed of the distribution of moisture content of maize kernels dried in concurrent-flow, counter-flow and crossflow dryers, and in Part 3 one of the models is used to analyse the process of grain drying in a crossflow dryer.
Reactions involving selenium metal as an electrophile. The enolate - selenolate transformation

Abstract When enolate ions are allowed to react with selenium metal, followed by methyl iodide, the corresponding α-methylselenenyl derivatives are produced in high yield.
Processing aids for mixing and extrusion of silica–natural rubber compounds

This paper explores the use of silica as a major component, 67% and 100%, of total filler content in natural rubber, carbon black being the minor component. In order to overcome the mixing difficulty, a coupling agent was used. A previous study dealt with the causes of difficulty in extruding high-silica and all-silica compounds. A premature reaction of the coupling agent with natural rubber resulted in wavy extrudates. In the case of a 100% silica compound, the filler dispersion and distribution were not satisfactory in spite of the presence of the coupling agent. The compound was too stiff to be extrudable. In the present work, metal carbonates were added to the formulation. They included calcium, zinc, magnesium, and lead carbonates. These additives significantly facilitated the incorporation, distribution, and dispersion of the filler. The resulting compounds were soft enough to be extruded. The extrudate surfaces were smooth to slightly wavy. Decreasing the amount of the coupling agent to 75% of the original recipe still allowed the compounds to be extruded, although the waviness of the extrudates increased somewhat.
Empyema in children: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management

Pleural empyema is defined as a collection of pus in the pleural space. Although the overall incidence of empyema in children has decreased over the last several decades, parapneumonic effusion and empyema remain significant sources of morbidity in the pediatric population. A pleural effusion in a child poses dilemmas regarding the best approach to evaluation and treatment. The emergence of resistant pathogens, as well as the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, makes pleural empyema a clinical challenge. This article discusses the epiclemiology, presentation, and current strategies for diagnosing and treating empyema in children.
Reactions of iridium and rhodium complexes containing η2-benzyne, η2-tetrafluorobenzyne, and η2-trifluorobenzyne ligands. Differential rates of arene elimination by protonation of isomeric fluoroaryl complexes and restricted rotation of PMe3 ligands in ortho-iodo and ortho-bromoaryl complexes

Treatment of the tetrafluorobenzyne complex Cp*Ir(η2-C6F4)(PMe3) (1) with MeCO2H affords the tetrafluorophenyl complex Cp*Ir(2,3,4,5,-C6F4H)(PMe3)(O2CMe) (2), which, on treatment with NaBH4, afford...
Evidence in support of the neoplastic nature of cardiac myxoma.

Abstract The clinical and pathologic features of an example of atrial myxoma occurring in a 25-year-old man are presented. Histochemical study has revealed tinctorial similarities between this lesion and examples of cutaneous myxoma and umbilical cord: notably the presence of acid mucopolysaccharide of the sulfated and nonsulfated types. On the other hand, similar material was not observed in atrial or other thrombi—except at the sites of early organization—or examples of degenerative verrucal endocardiosis of Llambl. Moreover, dissimilar morphologic characteristics were apparent in the myxoma and the latter lesions. Although these considerations indicate the neoplastic nature of the cardiac myxoma, no explanation for its site of predilection at the fossa ovalis is evident. Examination of the endocardium of this site in normal adult and infantile hearts has failed to disclose myxoid or other unusual tinctorial or morphologic abnormalities. Attention is directed to a myxomatous change in the arteries at the base of the atrial myxoma, and its possible role in histogenesis is discussed.
Telepresence for touch and proprioception in teleoperator systems

The control and operation of mechanical manipulators by a human and the use of sensory tactile and force feedback is reviewed. The terms telepresence, teleproprioception, and teletouch are defined and relevant technologies that have or could have been applied to teleoperation are discussed. An ideal method of tactile sensory feedback for teleoperators that is based upon reproduction of the object's contour is discussed, and its practicality considered. Previously developed components that could be used to build a system incorporating sensory tactile and force feedback are presented. >
Optimization Guidelines in Decision Based Design

In order to maximize the potential of decision based design, optimization should be an integral part of the process. In this paper, several guidelines are proposed while assessing and fitting utility functions, defining constraint sets, defining backtracking rules and choosing optimization algorithms. We discuss the central role convexity plays in optimization and how it is relevant to maximizing utility functions of risk-averse decision makers, which are the most common type of decision makers. Strong convexity and Lipschitz continuity are also relevant to the discussion since they allow finding optimal designs and facilitate proofs of convergence. The commonly used exponential form is shown to have these properties. We further discuss the motivation to backtrack within an optimization process in order to account for varying preferences of the decision maker across the design space. Design implications of these guidelines are also covered. We conclude with a summary of guidelines and observations. A discussion on future work regarding optimization under uncertain designer preferences is also presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
MEG in the macaque monkey and human: Distinguishing cortical fields in space and time

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an increasingly popular non-invasive tool used to record, on a millisecond timescale, the magnetic field changes generated by cortical neural activity. MEG has the advantage, over fMRI for example, that it is a direct measure of neural activity. In the current investigation we used MEG to measure cortical responses to tactile and auditory stimuli in the macaque monkey. We had two aims. First, we sought to determine whether MEG, a technique that may have low spatial accuracy, could be used to distinguish the location and organization of sensory cortical fields in macaque monkeys, a species with a relatively small brain compared to that of the human. Second, we wanted to examine the temporal dynamics of cortical responses in the macaque monkey relative to the human. We recorded MEG data from anesthetized monkeys and, for comparison, from awake humans that were presented with simple tactile and auditory stimuli. Neural source reconstruction of MEG data showed that primary somatosensory and auditory cortex could be differentiated and, further, that separate representations of the digit and lip within somatosensory cortex could be identified in macaque monkeys as well as humans. We compared the latencies of activity from monkey and human data for the three stimulation types and proposed a correspondence between the neural responses of the two species. We thus demonstrate the feasibility of using MEG in the macaque monkey and provide a non-human primate model for examining the relationship between external evoked magnetic fields and their underlying neural sources.
CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE IRON IN SEAWATER ENCLOSED IN CONTAINERS1

Seawater samples collected along the Washington coast (Puget Sound) were used as sources of naturally occurring iron fractions. Once the water was enclosed in a container, approximately half of the iron in the soluble fraction disappeared and could be quantitatively accounted for by an increase in the iron of the particulate fraction; when the particulate fraction was removed at zero time, soluble iron likewise disappeared, but most of it went onto the walls of the container. The changes were independent of temperature and soluble iron disappeared even when the particulate fraction (including organisms ) was removed at zero time, ruling out biological activity. These changes were completed in 3040 hr. Part of the soluble fraction was ferrous iron. Addition of Naz-EDTA stabilized a portion of the soluble iron equivalent to the ferrous content and kept it from disappearing during the experiment. Ferrous iron may be present in a chelated form in the natural seawater.
Storing Covariance by the Associative Long-Term Potentiation and Depression of Synaptic Strengths in the Hippocampus

In modeling studies or memory based on neural networks, both the selective enhancement and depression or synaptic strengths are required ror efficient storage or inrormation (Sejnowski, 1977a,b; Kohonen, 1984; Bienenstock et al, 1982; Sejnowski and Tesauro, 1989). We have tested this assumption in the hippocampus, a cortical structure or the brain that is involved in long-term memory. A brief, high-frequency activation or excitatory synapses in the hippocampus produces an increase in synaptic strength known as long-term potentiation, or LTP (Bliss and Lomo, 1973), that can last for many days. LTP is known to be Hebbian since it requires the simultaneous release or neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminals coupled with postsynaptic depolarization (Kelso et al., 1986; Malinow and Miller, 1986; Gustatrson et al, 1987). However, a mechanism ror the persistent reduction of synaptic strength that could balance LTP has not yet been demonstrated. We studied the associative interactions between separate inputs onto the same dendritic trees or hippocampal pyramidal cells or field CA1, and round that a low-frequency input which, by itself, does not persistently change synaptic strength, can either increase (associative LTP) or decrease in strength (associative long-term depression or LTD) depending upon whether it is positively or negatively correlated in time with a second, high-frequency bursting input. LTP of synaptic strength is Hebbian, and LTD is anti-Hebbian since it is elicited by pairing presynaptic firing with postsynaptic hyperpolarization sufficient to block postsynaptic activity. Thus, associative LTP and associative LTD are capable or storing information contained in the covariance between separate, converging hippocampal inputs.
Treatment of Spinal Metastases by Vertebral Body Resection

(1984). Treatment of Spinal Metastases by Vertebral Body Resection. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 383-397.
Influences of turbulence on suspension feeding by planktonic protozoa; experiments in laminar shear fields

Laminar shear below the turbulence microscale can create relative motion between protozoan suspension feeders and their prey, potentially influencing encounter and retention. Theory suggests that ingestion rate may rise sigmoidally with increasing turbulence strength, although interference with feeding mechanisms might occur at some turbulence levels. We measured rates of feeding on fluorescently labeled prey at concentrations below feeding saturation in a survey of cultured bacterivorous and herbivorous flagellates, ciliates, and a helioflagellate over a wide range of shear rates produced in rotating Couette flows. Shears of 0.1-10 s-l (corresponding to moderate to extremely strong marine and estuarine turbulence) enhanced clearance rates by the aloricate choanoflagellate, Monosiga sp., up to 2.7 x the mean rate in still water. Shears of l10 s- l enhanced clearance rates by the helioflagellate, Ciliophrys marina, up to 7.0 x the mean in still water. The data are consistent with a sigmoidal response to increasing shear rate. In contrast, clearance rates of the tintinnid, Helicostomella sp., were suppressed at 10 s-l to as low as 0.42 x the still-water rate. Several other flagellates and ciliates (Paraphysomonas sp., two unidentified chrysomonads, Diaphanoeca grandis, Favella sp., and an unidentified heterotrich) showed no significant effects. We hypothesize that the protozoa most susceptible to an influence of turbulence are nonmotile (e.g. Heliozoa, Foraminifera, Radiolaria) or are weak swimmers (e.g. some flagellates and ciliates). Current methods for measuring feeding rates in still-water incubations may underestimate grazing by these taxa under strong turbulence in the field. Through speciesspecific influences on feeding rates, spatial and temporal variations in turbulence may have very selective effects on microbial food-web dynamics.
ESPAÇAMENTO E DENSIDADE DE SEMEADURA PARA A CULTURA DO MILHO, EM PLANTIO TARDIO, NO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS

The levels of maize productivity currently reached in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, are placed below the potential of this crop, due to, among other factors, the lack of knowledge on the best sowing density and row spacing. The present study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of plant distribution on the grain yield, in kg.ha-1. Two maize genotypes (AGN2012 and BRS2020), in two sowing densities (50,000 and 60,000 plants.ha-1), were used, in row spacing of 50 cm, 65 cm, and 80 cm, in Alvorada (TO), in the 2004/2005 growing season. Considering the results, it was possible to observe that the AGN2012 cultivar was more productive than the BRS2020, with significant difference, according to the F test (5% probability), for grain yield. The stalk diameter and plant height increased significantly (p KEY-WORDS: Density; hybrids; agronomic features.
Unremediated learning disabilities and reincarceration

Abstract Fifty-six teenage male students at Elk Hill Farm were identified as having learning disabilities. At the time of discharge, 39 were identified as academically remediated, while 17 were identified as unremediated. Information with regard to subsequent reincarceration, in the form of a success rate index, was analyzed in comparing the two subgroups. Academic remediation appears to be a predictor of future reincarcerations. Also, academic remediation (and social-emotional growth) appear to have a greater impact on later incarceration than the length of time in trouble with the law prior to the placement.
Hard Break-Up of Two-Nucleons from the He-3 Nucleus

We investigate a large angle photodisintegration of two nucleons from the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nucleus within the framework of the hard rescattering model (HRM). In the HRM a quark of one nucleon knocked out by an incoming photon rescatters with a quark of the other nucleon leading to the production of two nucleons with large relative momentum. Assuming the dominance of the quark-interchange mechanism in a hard nucleon-nucleon scattering, the HRM allows the expression of the amplitude of a two-nucleon breakup reaction through the convolution of photon-quark scattering, $\mathit{NN}$ hard scattering amplitude, and nuclear spectral function, which can be calculated using a nonrelativistic $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ wave function. The photon-quark scattering amplitude can be explicitly calculated in the high energy regime, whereas for $\mathit{NN}$ scattering one uses the fit of the available experimental data. The HRM predicts several specific features for the hard breakup reaction. First, the cross section will approximately scale as ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$. Second, the ${s}^{11}$ weighted cross section will have the shape of energy dependence similar to that of ${s}^{10}$ weighted $\mathit{NN}$ elastic scattering cross section. Also one predicts an enhancement of the $\mathit{pp}$ breakup relative to the $\mathit{pn}$ breakup cross section as compared to the results from low energy kinematics. Another result is the prediction of different spectator momentum dependencies of $\mathit{pp}$ and $\mathit{pn}$ breakup cross sections. This is due to the fact that the same-helicity $\mathit{pp}$-component is strongly suppressed in the ground state wave function of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. Because of this suppression the HRM predicts significantly different asymmetries for the cross section of polarization transfer $\mathit{NN}$ breakup reactions for circularly polarized photons. For the $\mathit{pp}$ breakup this asymmetry is predicted to be zero while for the $\mathit{pn}$ it is close to $\frac{2}{3}$.
Design of a Wideband Radio Telescope

A wideband Radio Telescope is being designed for use in the Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope program. It uses an existing 34-meter antenna retrofitted with a tertiary offset mirror placed at the apex of the main reflector. It can be rotated to use two feeds that cover the 1.2 to 14 GHz band. The feed for 4.0 to 14.0 GHz is a cryogenically cooled commercially available open boundary quadridge horn from ETS-Lindgren. Coverage from 1.2 to 4.0 GHz is provided by an un-cooled scaled version of the same feed. The performance is greater than 40% over most of the band and greater than 55% from 6 to 13.5 GHz.
Patient classification using association mining of clinical images

Automated clinical image data collection tools and apparatus are becoming increasingly important to the medical industry, and imaging databases are growing at an unprecedented rate. Consequently, grid-based telemedicine efforts require the autonomous classification of patient images from distributed sources for fast and accurate image storage, management, and retrieval. In this paper, we present a unique algorithm that performs feature discovery to find class-wise isomorphic association rules (ARs) among features. By discovering ARs, we are able to find unique and useful knowledge in images. To find knowledge, we first uniformly segment every image in a series and extract color and texture features for every segment., Next, we discover ARs for the color and texture features for image segments. We then exploit redundancy in the differentials of rule sets for the autonomous classification of patient image data with significant sensitivity and specificity. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach with experimental results on a data set of diabetic retinopathy patients.
The Construction of Author Voice by Editorial Board Members

Studies of blind manuscript review have illustrated that readers often form impressions of or speculate about unknown authors' identities in the manuscript review task. In this article, the authors...
Childhood Poverty and the Transition to Adulthood

The authors used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2007 Transition to Adulthood data in combination with the 2002 Child Development Supplement to examine social class bifurcation in young adulthood. Results indicate that poor youth possibly take on adult roles "too early" at the same time that high-income youth may be supported for a long period past their 18th birthday. Although not all evidence is consistent with this bifurcated story, childhood poverty does play a key role. Young adults from poor families establish financial independence early (e.g., contributing to family bills during adolescence, considering themselves fully responsible for their finances as young adults), whereas young adults from more affluent homes are more likely to receive financial transfers from their parents (who often help them pay for college and other expenses). These findings highlight the ways in which socioeconomic inequality in childhood can differentiate youth's experiences of adolescence and young adulthood.
AdS / CFT correspondence, quasinormal modes, and thermal correlators in N=4 SYM

We use the Lorentzian AdS/CFT prescription to find the poles of the retarded thermal Green’s functions of N=4 SU(N) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in the limit of large N and large ’t Hooft coupling. In the process, we propose a natural definition for quasinormal modes in an asymptotically AdS spacetime, with boundary conditions dictated by the AdS/CFT correspondence. The corresponding frequencies determine the dispersion laws for the quasiparticle excitations in the dual finite-temperature gauge theory. Correlation functions of operators dual to massive scalar, vector and gravitational perturbations in a five-dimensional AdS-Schwarzschild background are considered. We find asymptotic formulas for quasinormal frequencies in the massive scalar and tensor cases, and an exact expression for vector perturbations. In the long-distance, low-frequency limit we recover results of the hydrodynamic approximation to thermal Yang-Mills theory.
INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY

Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalizationodecategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.
A logarithmic cost function for principal singular component analysis

An un-unconstrained optimization problem involving logarithmic cost function that incorporates a diagonal matrix is utilized for deriving gradient dynamical systems that converge to the principal singular components of arbitrary matrix. The equilibrium points of the resulting gradient systems are determined and their stability is thoroughly analyzed. Qualitative properties of the proposed systems are analyzed in detail including the limit of solutions as time approaches infinity. The performance of this system is also examined.
Wireless on Networks-on-Chip

On-chip wireless interconnects are being investigated for applicability on network-on-chip systems of contemporary Multiprocessor Systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). Targeting both 2D and 3D semiconductor technologies, wireless interconnects are established with multiple antennas on the same die or couplers on the layers of a 3D IC package. The wireless interconnects are typically considered as a hierarchical layer or a supplementary network utilized in a hybrid implementation with the traditional wire-based interconnects of the common network-on-chip implementations.
Oral Doses of α-Retinyl Ester Track Chylomicron Uptake and Distribution of Vitamin A in a Male Piglet Model for Newborn Infants

α-Retinol has utility in determining chylomicron trafficking of vitamin A to tissues given that it will not be recirculated in blood on retinol binding protein (RBP). In this study, α-retinol was used as a chylomicron tag to investigate short-term uptake from high-dose supplements given to piglets as a model for neonates. The distribution of orally administered α-retinol doses in liver and extrahepatic tissues was assessed at varying times after dosing. Male piglets (n = 24 per group) from vitamin A-depleted sows were orally given 26.2 or 52.4 μmol of α-retinyl acetate, the molar equivalent of 25,000 and 50,000 IU of vitamin A, respectively. Tissues were collected and analyzed by HPLC. Lung (6.46 ± 2.94 nmol/g), spleen (22.1 ± 11.3 nmol/g), and adrenal gland (17.0 ± 11.2 nmol/g) α-retinol concentrations peaked at 7 h after dosing, and, by 7 d, α-retinol was essentially cleared from these tissues (≤0.25 ± 0.12 nmol/g). This demonstrates that the lung, spleen, and adrenal gland receive substantial vitamin A from chylomicra to maintain concentrations. Conversely, storage of α-retinol in the liver reached a plateau at 24 h (1.72 ± 0.58 μmol/liver) and was retained through 7 d (2.10 ± 0.38 μmol/liver) (P > 0.05). This indicates that α-retinol was not substantially utilized locally in the liver nor transported out from the liver via RBP. In serum, the majority of α-retinol was in the ester form, which confirms that α-retinol does not bind to RBP but does circulate. α-Retinyl esters were detectable at 7 d in the serum but were not different from baseline. Collectively, these data suggest that crucial immune organs need constant dietary intake to maintain vitamin A concentrations because α-retinol was quickly taken up by tissues and decreased to baseline in all tissues except long-term storage in the liver.