cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutamine metabolism in AS-30D hepatoma cells. Evidence for its conversion into lipids via reductive carboxylation.

A study was undertaken to assess the role of a physiological concentration of glutamine in AS-30D cell metabolism. Flux of14C-glutamine to14CO2 and of14C-acetate to glutamate was detected indicating reversible flux between glutamate and TCA cycle α-ketoglutarate. These fluxes were transaminase dependent. A flux analysis was compared using data from three tracers that label α-ketoglutarate carbon 5, [2-14C]glucose, [1-14C]acetate and [5-14C]glutamine. The analysis indicated that the probability of flux of TCA cycle α-ketoglutarate to glutamate was, at minimum, only slightly less than the probability of flux of α-ketoglutarate through α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The apparent Km for oxidative flux of [14C]glutamine to14CO2, 0.07 mM, indicated that this flux was at a maximal rate at physiological, 0.75 mM, glutamine. Although oxidative flux through α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was the major fate of glutamine, flux of glutamine to lipid via reductive carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate was demonstrated by measuring incorporation of [5-14C]glutamine into14C-lipid. In media containing glucose (6 mM), and glutamine (0.75 mM) 47 per cent of the lipid synthesized from substrates in the media was derived from glutamine via reductive carboxylation and 49 per cent from glucose. These findings of nearly equal fluxes suggest that lipogenesis via reductive carboxylation may be an important role of glutamine in hepatoma cells.
Antibodies as enzymes

Abstract Enzymes may act as catalysts because they are more closely complementary to the transition state than to the substrate or product of a reaction. Monoclonal antibodies were raised to synthetic analogs of an esterolytic transition state. As predicted, some of these antibodies had catalytic activity.
Effects of 8-azaguanine on acquisition of a temporal discrimination☆

Abstract When rats trained on a continuous avoidance schedule with an R-S interval of 30 sec were changed to a shorter R-S interval of 15 sec, the response rate increased immediately and then decreased to a new stable level as the new temporal discrimination was acquired. In contrast animals injected into the cerebral ventricles with 8-azaguanine immediately before the R-S interval was altered showed a delayed change in response rate and this delay was correlated with the concentration of the dose injected. This and other supporting evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis in the hippocampus resulted in the impairment of learning and in cellular changes observed histologically two weeks thereafter.
Friction between Diamond Surfaces in the Presence of Small Third-Body Molecules

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to examine the friction between the hydrogen-terminated (111) faces of diamond with small hydrocarbon (third-body) molecules trapped between them. In general, the presence of the trapped third-body molecules reduced the friction between the diamond surfaces with the most pronounced reduction at high loads. The size and shape of the third-body molecule, as well as the alignment of atoms on opposing diamond surfaces, were found to be paramount in determining the magnitude of the friction. These results are compared to results from previous simulations that examined the effects of chemically bound hydrocarbons on the friction between diamond surfaces and to available experimental data.
Dual-carrier transport model of SPRITE detectors

Abstract A numerical model for signal-processing-in-the-element (SPRITE) detectors is developed that incorporates both hole and electron motion, the effects of space charge and varying field, and boundary conditions. The model is used to generate a spatial-frequency response for a rectangular SPRITE structure. Further, we use this model to investigate two improved SPRITE structures: the tapered detector and the modulation-doped detector.
Trivalent and Hexavalent Chromium Issues in Medical Implants

Metal alloys containing chromium (Cr), primarily stainless steels and CoCr alloys, are used in a wide variety of implantable medical devices. These alloys are exposed to chloride containing environments with varying oxidizing potential and complexing agents. These corrosion assisted environmental effects may result in metal ions going into solution. The toxicity of Cr is dependent on valence state. Hexavalent Cr ions are recognized to be more toxic than trivalent Cr. This paper discusses the state of knowledge regarding Cr release, the chemical and mechanical factors that most significantly affect Cr release, and the potential toxicity of Cr as it applies to longterm implantable medical devices.
Cosmological upper bound on heavy-neutrino lifetimes

An upper bound on the lifetime of a massive, neutral, weakly interacting lepton, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{H}$, is derived from standard big-bang cosmology. Saturation of the bound and reasonable assumptions about the weak interaction of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{H}$ then yield a prediction of approximately 10 MeV for its mass.
Global consequences of activation loop phosphorylation on protein kinase A.

Phosphorylation of the activation loop is one of the most common mechanisms for regulating protein kinase activity. The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase autophosphorylates Thr197 in the activation loop when expressed in Escherichia coli. Although mutation of Arg194 to Ala prevents autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of Thr197 can still be achieved by a heterologous protein kinase, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1), in vitro. In this study, we examined the structural and functional consequences of adding a single phosphate to the activation loop of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by comparing the wild type C-subunit to the R194A mutant either in the presence or the absence of activation loop phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Thr197 decreased the Km by ∼15- and 7-fold for kemptide and ATP, respectively, increased the stability of the enzyme as measured by fluorescence and circular dichroism, and enhanced the binding between the C-subunit and IP20, a protein kinase inhibitor peptide. Additionally, deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry was used to compare the structural dynamics of these proteins. All of the regions of the C-subunit analyzed underwent amide hydrogen exchange at a higher or equal rate in the unphosphorylated enzyme compared with the phosphorylated enzyme. The largest changes occurred at the C terminus of the activation segment in the p + 1 loop/APE regions and the αH-αI loop motifs and leads to the prediction of a coordinated phosphorylation-induced salt bridge between two conserved residues, Glu208 and Arg280.
On the optimal choice of r for a population in a periodic environment

Abstract For each choice of the intrinsic growth rate r and the environmental carrying capacity K as positive, bounded, periodic functions with period p , the nonautonomous logistic equation, x (t)=r(t)x(t) 1− x(t) K(t) , possesses an asymptotically stable, positive, periodic solution x ∗ with period p . If K is not a constant function, but is piecewise continuous on [0, p ], then the minimum and maximum values of x ∗ are related as follows to the extrema of K : K inf ∗ min ∗ max sup . The following question is treated here: For each specification of the function K , which functions r come close to maximizing x ∗ min ? It is shown that if r is expressed in the form r ( t )= δγ ( t ) with δ>0 and γ a positive p -periodic function whose average value is unity, then, for δ small enough, x ∗ ( t ) is approximately equal to a number x (γ, K ) which is independent of t ; in fact, for each t , lim δ→0 x ∗ (t)=p ∫ 0 p γ(τ) K(τ) dτ −1 = x (γ,K) . By an appropriate choice of γ, the number x (γ, K ) can be made arbitrarily close to K sup . The appropriate choices are those for which γ is approximately a “Dirac function” with its support concentrated at times for which K is close to K sup .
Regulation of NMDA receptor Ca2+ signalling and synaptic plasticity

NMDARs ( N -methyl-D-aspartate receptors) are critical for synaptic function throughout the CNS (central nervous system). NMDAR-mediated Ca 2+ influx is implicated in neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, structural remodelling, long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and higher cognitive functions. NMDAR-mediated Ca 2+ signalling in dendritic spines is not static, but can be remodelled in a cell- and synapse-specific manner by NMDAR subunit composition, protein kinases and neuronal activity during development and in response to sensory experience. Recent evidence indicates that Ca 2+ permeability of neuronal NMDARs, NMDAR-mediated Ca 2+ signalling in spines and induction of NMDAR-dependent LTP (long-term potentiation) at hippocampal Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses are under control of the cAMP/PKA (protein kinase A) signalling cascade. Thus, by enhancing Ca 2+ influx through NMDARs in spines, PKA can regulate the induction of LTP. An emerging concept is that activity-dependent regulation of NMDAR-mediated Ca 2+ signalling by PKA and by extracellular signals that modulate cAMP or protein phosphatases at synaptic sites provides a dynamic and potentially powerful mechanism for bi-directional regulation of synaptic efficacy and remodelling.
A comparative study of vocational development of able bodied and disabled persons.

The vocational development of 547 disabled students in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany was compared with a group of able bodied students in the U.S. on the Goldberg Scale of Vocational Development (GSVD), measuring plans, realism, initiative, work values, commitment, and occupational awareness. The students were classified into 8 groups, and covaried by age. The average scores from high to low on vocational development were: able bodied, cystic fibrosis, congenital heart, orthopedic, facial burns, delinquent, developmental disability, learning or mental retardation. The German students made plans specifically tailored to training courses whereas the American students made more varied and open ended plans with higher aspirations for the future. All 7 disabled groups scored lower than the able bodied group, with only the cystic fibrosis group approaching normality.
Normative Representation of Stress and Strain Applied to Fiber Reinforced Composites

A novel method of contracted notation to represent stress and strain in the form of normative representation has been employed in this article to describe the global mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composite materials. A unified set of transforma tion equations governing orientational changes in stress and strain as well as that in stiffness and compliance was derived. A coordinate independent stress-strain law, the normal Hooke's law, was presented and several related concepts including the elastic eigenmodulus, elastic mode and modal stress were introduced. Considered also was the decomposition of the elastic strain-energy density mto irreducible, independent energy- orthogonal components which are related with distinct types of energy. Based on the nor mative representation approach and the various unique properties of the normal Hooke's law, a theory of material strength for anisotropic materials was established which encom passes the classical von Mises yield criterion for isotropic materials...
Construction of designs on the 2-sphere

Spherical t-designs are Chebyshev-type averaging sets on the d-dimensional unit sphere Sd-1 that are exact for all polynomials of degree at most t. The concept of such designs was introduced by Delsarte, Goethals and Seidel in 1977. The existence of spherical designs for every t and d was proved by Seymour and Zaslavsky in 1984. Although some sporadic examples are known, no general construction has been given. In this paper we give a simple construction of relatively small designs on S2.
Multi-agent deployment in the plane using stochastic extremum seeking

We consider the problem of deployment of a group of N autonomous fully actuated vehicles (agents) in a non-cooperative manner in a planar signal field using the recently introduced method of stochastic extremum seeking. The spatial distribution of the signal is unknown to the vehicles but known to be convex. The vehicles are not able to sense their own positions but are capable of sensing the distance between their neighbors and themselves. Each vehicle employs a stochastic extremum seeking control law whose goal is to minimize the value of the measured signal, namely to be as close as possible to the bottom of the signal field, as well as to simultaneously minimizing a function of the distances between neighboring agents. Such a seemingly conflicting and mutually competitive nature of the agents' control laws produces a Nash equilibrium that depends on the agents' control parameters and the unknown signal distribution. We prove local exponential convergence, both almost surely and in probability, to a small neighborhood near the Nash equilibrium. The theoretical results are illustrated with simulations.
Combinatorial strategy facilitates spinal cord plasticity and repair after injury.

The prognosis for substantial and lasting neurological recovery after complete traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) remains dismal. Disruption of motor and sensory pathways involving not only limb activity, but also respiratory, urinary, and autonomic function, contributes to lifelong morbidity. Obstacles impeding the spinal cord’s ability for self-repair are multifactorial. Principal among these, however, is the limited growth potential of the injured spinal cord, as well as the problematic task of functionally reconnecting supraspinal to spinal neurons, and vice versa. Exciting recent developments in preclinical SCI research, however, are bringing to light novel strategies for circumventing these barriers to spinal recovery with potential for near-future translational therapies. Contrary to traditional thought, axons within the injured adult spinal cord have the capacity to grow, if given optimal circumstances. The propensity for spontaneous axonal growth, however, is limited by the extent of the intrinsic growth potential of adult neurons, and the degree of growth inhibition mediated by the injured cord. A significant component of the inhibitory, internal milieu after injury is due to the presence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) (2, 10). CSPGs are molecules found within the perineuronal net, which have been identified as key factors in preventing axonal growth. Under normal conditions, CSPGs likely function to stabilize mature axons and prevent aberrant growth. After injury, CSPGs are up-regulated at the glial scar that forms at the injury site, and around partially denervated neurons distal to the injury. This increase in CSPGs causes sprouting axons to dieback as they approach the injury epicenter, thereby failing to restore connectivity. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) is an enzyme that cleaves the inhibition-mediating sugar chains of CSPGs. In animal models, intraspinal delivery of ChABC has been shown to promote a growth-permissive environment, facilitating spontaneous axonal growth across a spinal cord injury (3, 4). Lasting neurological recovery, however, requires not only axonal growth but also the re-establishment of functional connections between relevant supraspinal and spinal neurons. Precise restoration of point-to-point neural circuitry is a therapeutic challenge that is seemingly unrealistic, particularly of complex long distance neuronal pathways. Increasing recent scientific studies reveal, however, that under ideal conditions, spinal interneurons can sprout new axons after injury. More remarkably, growing
AIRCRAFT CONTROL USING STAGNATION POINT DISPLACEMENT

A Stagnation Point Actuator is used to control the lateral dynamics of vortices generated over a sharp-pointed forebody, at high angles of attack, and the resulting rolling moment is studied. Effective roll control is demonstrated, including the ability to suppress the wing rock phenomenon. Piecewise-linear transfer functions are developed from experimental data for the changes in roll moment and pressure difference with actuator frequency content. These transfer functions are reduced to compact form in the frequency domain, and then to a time-domain model using 2 gains and 2 time scales. The roll response is classified according to angle of attack range. Some long time scales are observed in the surface pressure, velocity field and rolling moment, making the response relatively insensitive to speed. Thus over substantial speed ranges, linear transfer functions are shown to effectively describe the roll response to motion of the Stagnation Point Actuator. While much remains to be learned about vortex response, simple empirical approaches are thus shown to hold promise in developing controllers, when combined with adaptive control systems.
Direct observations of small gold clusters and in situ cluster growth by stem

Abstract Gold at various coverages was deposited on clean amorphous carbon films and examined in one vacuum cycle without exposure to pressures higher than 10−6 Torr; the distribution and structure of the gold clusters was studied by high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). It was found that the cluster size and the degree of cluster aggregation increases with coverage and the data suggest that the clusters at all coverages consist of a crystalline core with a few disordered layers of mobile surface atoms. At very low coverage, in situ cluster growth at room temperature was observed, beginning with an average cluster diameter of 1.2 nm, and increasing after 15 h to 2.3 nm. The data are consistent with a model for cluster growth which includes concurrent monomer exchange between clusters and coalescence of multiple clusters.
Self-report of depressed mood and depression in women with type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis (N = 53) was to (a) describe the self-reported prevalence of depressed mood and depression in women with type 2 diabetes; (b) to describe the antidepressive agents and dosages prescribed for depression treatment in women with type 2 diabetes; and (c) to examine differences in diabetes-related health outcomes (physiologic, psychosocial, and health functioning variables) with respect to depressed mood. Forty-four percent of women in this sample reported a depressed mood and 34% of the sample reported a history of depression. The majority of women with a history of depression were taking an antidepressive agent at the time of assessment (94%). Most women were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Women with depressed mood demonstrated poorer psychosocial adjustment and health functioning compared to women without a depressed mood; however, no differences in physiological outcomes were demonstrated. Only 18% of the participants were currentl...
Limb Muscle Strength is Impaired Bilaterally after Stroke

University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Abstract. The purpose of this study was to describe the nature and implications of strength deficits onthe sides ipsilateral and contralateral to stroke. Subjects consisted of 16 patients who experienced a firststroke (2–40 days before testing) with hemiparesis (7 left, 9 right). The strengths of proximal (shoulderabduction, hip flexion), middle (elbow flexion and knee extension), and distal (wrist extension, ankledorsiflexion) muscle actions were measured by hand-held dynamometry. Muscle strength deficits werecalculated by subtracting measured forces from predicted forces determined from regression equations.The Functional Independence Measure was used to grade independence in transfers and gait. Analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) showed that the patients’ strength was impaired bilaterally. Further ANOVAsdemonstrated that impairments did not differ significantly from proximal to distal on the side contralateralto the lesion but that impairments were significantly greater proximally than distally on the side ipsilateralto the lesion. Muscle strength impairments tended to correlate significantly with one another (within andbetween sides) and with functional independence. The results challenge some traditional views of themuscle strength deficits that accompany stroke.Key words: Measurement, Stroke, Motor performance, Dynamometry.(This article was submitted Mar. 25, 1995, and was accepted Apr. 10, 1995)
A Minimax Regret Solution to a Transportation Problem for Handling Future Uncertainties

In this article we consider the case of a manufacturing firm which has several production centres providing finished goods to several warehouses. Both the manufacturing cost at each production centre as well as the cost of transportation between the production centres and warehouses will vary (typically due to different labour costs or because of varying distances between the production centres and warehouses). The objective is to determine the optimal allocation of goods between the production centres and warehouses which minimises the total production and transportation costs.
A LabVIEW-based expandable modular control system with a layered structure for a 3 MV tandem accelerator

An expandable modular control system with a layered structure has been developed for our 3 MV tandem accelerator and numerous experimental applications. New applications and devices may be added to the system modularly and programmatically, making the system easily upgradeable for future expansion. To facilitate the development of new accelerator applications and maintenance and upgrade of the existing devices, the control system has a four-layer structure. The top layer, consisting of accelerator applications, interfaces with the physicists who develop accelerator applications with high-level device operations without any knowledge of operating the devices electronically. The bottom layer, consisting of physical device drivers, interfaces with the electronics engineers/device driver programmers who develop or maintain the devices/device drivers without any knowledge of accelerator physics. The two middle layers connect the top and bottom layers and provide a platform for expansion of the control system. The higher level layer of the two middle layers consists of logical device drivers that interface with physicists, while the lower level layer consists of logical device drivers that interface with engineers. All applications, physical and logical device drivers are programmed as modules, minimizing the changes in programming that are required when applications and/or devices are changed or upgraded. As a result, adding, removing or replacing a module does not affect the rest of the system, as long as the new module has the same prototype as the replaced module.
Effects of Developmental Stage at Stocking on Growth and Survival of Atlantic Salmon Fry

Abstract Stocked fry are the primary source of fish for the restoration effort for Connecticut River Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, yet it is unknown whether there is a developmental stage at stocking that yields optimal growth and survival or whether good growth and survival can be achieved across a wide range of fry developmental stages. To evaluate the effects of developmental stage on growth and survival, we stocked otolith-marked (thermal-banding patterns) fry from four (1996) or three (1997) developmental stages (thermally delayed, nominal, thermally accelerated-fed, and thermally accelerated-unfed) into three rivers in the spring and sampled the age-0 fish in the fall. There was no difference in 1996 among delayed, nominal, or accelerated-fed developmental stage treatments in the final size or population estimate. Few fish from the accelerated-unfed treatment were recovered. Results from a laboratory starvation study suggested that fish from the accelerated-unfed treatment would die from starvation i...
The molecular structures and reactivity of supported niobium oxide catalysts

Abstract The molecular structure-reactivity relationships for supported niobium oxide catalysts were achieved by combining Raman spectroscopy structural studies with chemical probes that measured the acidity and reactivity of the surface niobium oxide sites. The Raman spectra of niobium oxide compounds are related to the specific niobium oxide molecular structures. The molecular structures of the surface niobium oxide phases present in supported niobium oxide catalysts under ambient conditions, where adsorbed moisture is present, are controlled by the surface pH of the system. Basic surfaces result in the formation of highly distorted NbO6 groups and acidic surfaces result in the formation of slightly distorted NbO6, NbO7, and NbO8 groups. Under in situ conditions the adsorbed moisture desorbs upon heating and the surface niobium oxide overlayer on oxide supports become dehydrated. The dehydration process further distorts the highly distorted NbO6 octahedra due to removal of the coordinated water, but does not perturb the slightly distorted NbO6 octahedra. The highly distorted NbO6 octahedra possess NbO bonds and are associated with Lewis acid sites. The slightly distorted NbO6 octahedra as well as NbO7 and NbO8 groups only possess NbO bonds and are associated with Bronsted acid sites. The Lewis acid surface sites are present on all the supported niobium oxide systems, but the Bronsted acid surface sites are limited to the Nb2O5/Al2O3 and Nb2O5/SiO2 systems. The surface niobium oxide Lewis acid sites are significantly more active when coordinated to the Al2O3 and SiO2 surfaces than to the TiO2, ZrO2, and MgO surfaces (surface oxide-support interaction). Furthermore, these surface niobium oxide sites on SiO2 behaves as redox sites and the surface niobium oxide on Al2O3 are acid sites during partial oxidation reactions.
Spectral structure of laser light scattering revisited: bandwidths of nonresonant scattering lidars

It is well known that scattering lidars, i.e., Mie, aerosol-wind, Rayleigh, high-spectral-resolution, molecular-wind, rotational Raman, and vibrational Raman lidars, are workhorses for probing atmospheric properties, including the backscatter ratio, aerosol extinction coefficient, temperature, pressure, density, and winds. The spectral structure of molecular scattering (strength and bandwidth) and its constituent spectra associated with Rayleigh and vibrational Raman scattering are reviewed. Revisiting the correct name by distinguishing Cabannes scattering from Rayleigh scattering, and sharpening the definition of each scattering component in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum, the review allows a systematic, logical, and useful comparison in strength and bandwidth between each scattering component and in receiver bandwidths (for both nighttime and daytime operation) between the various scattering lidars for atmospheric sensing.
Slavery, Diplomacy, and Empire: Britain and the Suppression of the Slave Trade, 1807–1975 – Edited by Keith Hamilton and Patrick Salmon

Historians have long recounted the broad outlines of Britain's attempts to suppress the slave trade with both heartfelt praise and sneaking suspicion. W. E. B. Du Bois's famous Harvard dissertation...
The characteristics of embryonal carcinoma cells in teratocarcinomas

The orchiectomy specimens and the respective lymphadenectomies of 33 teratocarcinomas (teratoma and embryonal carcinoma) and 30 embryonal carcinomas were identified in a series of 457 consecutive germ cell tumors of the testis. Although teratocarcinomas were larger tumors the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomies revealed metastases in only 10 of 33 (30%) teratocarcinomas as compared to 19 of 30 (63%) embryonal carcinomas. Even after subtracting the teratoma component and stratifying for size of the embryonal carcinoma component, the teratocarcinomas were still less likely to metastasize than comparably sized pure embryonal carcinomas. Statistical significance was found between the differences in size and the differences in the rates of metastases, before and after stratifying for size of the embryonal carcinoma component of the teratocarcinomas. Further, all embryonal carcinomas metastasized as embryonal carcinoma while only 5 teratocarcinomas metastasized as embryonal carcinoma. This study supports experimental evidence that the embryonal carcinoma cells in teratocarcinomas are not necessarily identical to embryonal carcinoma cells in embryonal carcinomas.
Analyzing the relationship between CCHIT certification criteria and HIPAA

In the health field, there is an immense amount of personal data that is collected, stored and transmitted from providers to patients, within the electronic health systems, to insurance companies, etc. Important law and regulations, such as Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), have been adopted and enforced as national standards for the protection of health information. The Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT), an organization that certifies and tests electronic health record (EHR) modules, has designed test scripts and certification criteria to certify EHR modules. This paper analyzes CCHIT certification criteria and its relationship with HIPAA's Privacy and Security rules. This analysis discloses to what degree CCHIT certification criteria covers the testing of compliance of the HIPAA rules. The analysis results could provide useful information for improving the CCHIT certification criteria.
Structural Modulation in Lanthanide Tetracyanoplatinates Incorporating Terpyridine: Synthesis and Structures of Four Distinct One-Dimensional Variants

The synthesis of four different lanthanide tetracyanoplatinates all incorporating 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine have been carried out in acetonitrile/water mixtures by reaction of an appropriate Ln3+ salt with 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and potassium tetracyanoplatinate. The use of different Ln3+ salts as reactants results in the isolation of {La(tpy)(H2O)3}2[Pt(CN)4]3·2CH3CN·2H2O (La-1) space group $$ P\bar{1} $$ , a = 9.3862(15) A, b = 12.186(1) A, c = 13.493(1) A, α = 88.082(7)°, β = 80.22(1)°, γ = 74.88(1)°, {Pr(tpy)(H2O)3}2[Pt(CN)4]3·2H2O (Pr-2) space group $$ P\bar{1} $$ , a = 9.2458(15) A, b = 10.8068(9) A, c = 13.6178(14) A, α = 84.554(8)°, β = 74.905(10)°, γ = 79.490(9)°, Ho(tpy)(H2O)2(NO3)[Pt(CN)4] · CH3CN (Ho-3) space group P21/c, a = 12.867(1) A, b = 15.1046(15) A, c = 13.651(4) A, β = 105.39(1)°, or Yb(tpy)(H2O)2(NO3)[Pt(CN)4]·0.5CH3CN·1.5H2O (Yb-4) space group Pbcn, a = 13.226(7) A, b = 15.870(2) A, c = 24.276(3) A under quite similar reaction conditions. All four of these compounds have been isolated as single crystals and X-ray diffraction has been used to investigate their structural features. None of these compounds are isostructural with one another, but all contain one-dimensional, polymeric structures that contain tris chelation of the Ln3+ cations by terpyridine and bridging of the Ln3+ ions by tetracyanoplatinate. La-1 and Pr-2 contain both cis- and trans-bridging of Ln3+ cations by tetracyanoplatinate resulting in double chains with a ladder-type structure. Ho-3 and Yb-4 are similar in that they contain chelation of Ln3+ by both terpyridine and a nitrate anion and both structure types only contain cis-bridging by tetracyanoplatinate. All four structures contain Pt–Pt interactions in the form of dimeric units. The structures are presented for four non-isostructural lanthanide tetracyanoplatinates all incorporating 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, all containing one-dimensional, polymeric structures, and all illustrating Pt–Pt interactions in the form of dimeric units.
Recent advances in the field of nutritional immunology.

Every 4 years, researchers in the cross-disciplinary field of nutritional immunology convene for a FASEB-sponsored meeting entitled, “Nutritional Immunology: Role in Health and Disease”, which was held this summer in Carefree, AZ, USA. The scope of the conference encompassed a diverse list of research topics, including, but not restricted to, obesity and immune dysfunction, nutrient–gene interactions, mucosal immunity and a discussion of future directions for the field. Here, we summarize some of the findings shared at the conference, specifically focusing on obesity, immunological function of dietary components (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and flavanoids), gut immunity and the microbiota, and relevant emerging technologies and databases.
Unsteady flow in a collapsible tube subjected to external pressure or body forces

Flows in thin-walled, collapsible tubes are of fundamental importance to various physiologic phenomena and clinical devices.A one-dimensional, unsteady theory is developed for flows generated either by externally applied pressures or by body forces. Part 1 deals with small-amplitude, linearized flows, part 2 with large amplitude, nonlinear flows. Experimental results for a tube collapsing under external pressure are given in part 3, together with theoretical interpretations and comparative results of numerical simulations.Several new and unanticipated phenomena are revealed. These are in part associated with the highly nonlinear ‘equation of state’ (transmural pressure versus area) for a partially collapsed tube, and in part with whether the flow speed is sub- or supercritical relative to the speed of area waves. For instance, a flow produced by a spatially uniform external pressure applied to a limited region becomes choked at a flow-limiting throat at which point the fluid speed reaches the local wave speed. This throat forms at the edge of the pressurized region. The critical velocity can be exceeded with the application of certain types of spatially graded external pressures.
Experimental Ion Mobilities in Liquid He 3 below 1°K

The low-field mobility of positive and negative ions in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ was measured using a time-of-flight technique for temperatures between 0.03 and 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and pressures of 27.9, 7.5, and less than 0.35 atm. Details of the experimental procedures as well as of the experimental apparatus and its construction are presented. The positive-ion mobility ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{+}$ was found to be larger than the negative ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$, except at 27.9 atm above 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, where both are \ensuremath{\sim}0.036 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec. By increasing the pressure, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ was observed to increase while ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{+}$ decreased. Furthermore, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ was found to be a continuous function of the temperature, reproducible within 1% throughout the entire temperature range of the measurements, whereas ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{+}$ presented hysteresis in a temperature range that was dependent on the pressure. Some typical mobility values are: The systematic error involved in the absolute value of the mobility is less than 10%. No theoretical calculation presently available correctly predicts ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{+}$.
Practicing moral medicine: patient care to public health.

In “Toward a Reconstruction of Medical Morality,” Pellegrino proposes a philosophical basis for medical practice founded on the unequal relationship of the vulnerable patient and a clinician who pr...
Simulation points for SPEC CPU 2006

Increasing sizes of benchmarks make detailed simulation an extremely time consuming process. Statistical techniques such as the SimPoint methodology have been proposed in order to address this problem during the initial design phase. The SimPoint methodology attempts to identify repetitive, long, large-grain phases in programs and predict the performance of the architecture based on its aggregate performance on the individual phases. This study attempts to compare accuracy of the SimPoint methodology for the SPEC CPU 2006 benchmark suite with that of SPEC CPU 2000 and to study the large-grain phases in the two benchmark suites using the SimPoint methodology. We find that there has not been a significant increase in the number of simulation points required to accurately predict the behavior of the programs in SPEC CPU 2006, despite its significantly larger data footprint and dynamic instruction count. We also find that the programs in both benchmark suites have similar characteristics in terms of the number of phases that contribute significantly towards overall behavior, further emphasizing the similarity between the two benchmark suites with respect to the number of simulation points required for similar accuracies.
Interpreting prosodic cues in discourse context

Two visual-world experiments investigated whether and how quickly discourse-based expectations about the prosodic realisation of spoken words modulate interpretation of acoustic-prosodic cues. Experiment 1 replicated the effects of segmental lengthening on activation of onset-embedded words (e.g. pumpkin) using resynthetic manipulation of duration and fundamental frequency (F0). In Experiment 2, the same materials were preceded by instructions establishing information-structural differences between competing lexical alternatives (i.e. repeated vs. newly assigned thematic roles) in critical instructions. Eye movements generated upon hearing the critical target word revealed a significant interaction between information structure and target-word realisation: Segmental lengthening and pitch excursion elicited more fixations to the onset-embedded competitor when the target word remained in the same thematic role, but not when its thematic role changed. These results suggest that information structure modulate...
Monitor Unit Checking in Heterogeneous Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Treatment of lung cancer using very-high-dose fractionation in small fields requires well-tested dose modeling, a method for density-averaging compound targets constructed from different parts of the breathing cycle, and monitor unit verification of the heterogeneity-corrected treatment plans. The quality and safety of each procedure are dependent on these factors. We have evaluated the dosimetry of our first 26 stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) patients, including 260 treatment fields, planned with the Pinnacle treatment planning system. All targets were combined from full expiration and inspiration computed tomography scans and planned on the normal respiration scan with 6-MV photons. Combined GTVs (cGTVs) have been density-averaged in different ways for comparison of the effect on total monitor units. In addition, we have compared planned monitor units against hand calculations using 2 classic 1D correction methods: (1) effective attenuation and (2) ratio of Tissue-Maximum Ratios (TMRs) to determine the range of efficacy of simple verification methods over difficult-to-perform measurements. Different methods of density averaging for combined targets have been found to have minimal impact on total dose as evidenced by the range of total monitor units generated for each method. Nondensity-corrected treatment plans for the same fields were found to require about 8% more monitor units on average. Hand calculations, using the effective attenuation method were found to agree with Pinnacle calculations for nonproblematic fields to within ±10% for >95% of the fields tested. The ratio of TMRs method was found to be unacceptable. Reasonable choices for density-averaging of cGTVs using full inspiration/expiration scans should not strongly affect the planning dose. Verification of planned monitor units, as a check for problematic fields, can be done for 6-MV fields with simple 1D effective attenuation-corrected hand calculations.
A study of the temperature and moisture dependent dielectric properties of oil-impregnated pressboard

The authors present dielectric spectra for oil-impregnated pressboard samples of two different moisture contents at five temperatures. The temperature range examined was 30/spl deg/C to 70/spl deg/C. Results are presented for a relatively dry sample with a moisture content of 1% and for a sample of higher humidity, 3%. >
Learning from Normal Accidents

Normal Accidents’ growing influence since 1984 on social science scholarship and across academic, business and governmental disciplines was not accidental. Author Charles Perrow intended to shake up the study of safety and bring organization theory into the fore-front. This article examines ongoing debates about the management of technological systems, reviews the book’s important seeds of theory, and discusses the theoretical and practical issues related to a world growing more complex and technologically hazardous.
Targeted therapies in metastatic esophageal cancer: Advances over the past decade

Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite advances in surgical techniques and multi-modality therapies, the 5-year survival rate remains poor (14%). Over the past decade, efforts have been focused on the field of drug development with the advancement of novel molecularly targeted therapeutic agents. These agents target a variety of cancer relevant pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or its receptor, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. The number of approved targeted agents remains few, with HER-2 inhibitors leading the list for treatment of HER-2 expressing metastatic adenocarcinomas. Novel agents have not yet been widely explored in esophageal cancer. In this review, we will provide a concise and systematic overview of the development of novel targeted therapies currently under investigation for the treatment of metastatic esophageal disease.
DEVELOPING PREFERRED STORIES OF IDENTITY AS REFLECTIVE PRACTITIONERS

This article describes the “Preferred Stories of Identity” assignment through which social work, counseling, psychology, and family therapy students directly experience the narrative practices they are studying. The author offers the “Preferred Identity” assignment as a vehicle through which to teach five aspects of narrative practice: (1) reauthoring conversations, (2) intentional understandings of identity, (3) double listening, (4) re-membering practices, and (5) outsider witness practices and definitional ceremonies. Throughout the article, excerpts of students' work illustrate the power of this assignment in aiding reflective practitioners to become clearer about their own personal values and perspectives and about the applicability of narrative practices in the teaching process.
Changes in the length of office visits.

Letter to the Editor commenting on how pediatricians spend their time with patients during office visits compared to physicians. Pediatricians espouse emphasizing the quality, not the quantity, of parents' time with children. The author suggests that should be the case for physicians' time with patients.
Experimental results in range-only localization with radio

We present an early experimental result toward solving the localization problem with range-only sensors. We perform an experiment in which a mobile robot localizes using dead reckoning and range measurements to stationary radio-frequency beacons in its environment, incorporating the range measurements into the position estimate using a Kalman filter. This data set involves over 20,000 range readings to surveyed beacons while a robot moved continuously over a path for nearly 1 hour. Careful groundtruth accurate to a few centimeters was recorded during this motion. We show the improvement of the robot's position estimate over dead reckoning even when the range readings are very noisy. We extend this approach to the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), localizing both the robot and tag positions from noisy initial estimates.
MODIFICATION OF HOST RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS : II. PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY TO BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN WITH FRACTIONS CONTAINING 19S ANTIBODIES

Serum from rabbits rendered tolerant or immune to 100 MPD-3/kg of endotoxin when passively transferred to normal rabbits gave partial tolerance to the standard dose of endotoxin. The same serum was fractionated by DEAE chromatography into 4 major fractions. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicated that the 7S γ2-and the 19S γ1-immunoglobulins were separated into two distinct fractions. Of the four fractions tested, only fraction IV containing 19S γ1-immunoglobulm conferred complete pyrogenic tolerance to 100 MPD-3/kg of endotoxin. Additional fractionation of DEAE fraction IV by exclusion chromatography on sephadex G-200 gave 3 fractions. Of these only the first, containing 19S γ1-immunoglobulin conferred complete pyrogenic and lethal tolerance to normal rabbits. There was no correlation between the quantity of O-specific antibodies and the ability to transfer tolerance. It is concluded that endotoxin tolerance involves a classical immune mechanism which includes both 19S γ1-immunoglobulin specific for toxophore groups common to many endotoxins and a normally functioning RES. To avoid confusion with immunologic tolerance, it is suggested that the term endotoxin immunity be substituted for endotoxin tolerance.
The smart grid applied to railway traction systems: A future vision and integrated protection & control

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: railway electrification infrastructure; smart grid; AC electric railway traction system; station bus; integrated protection; fibre cable; GOOSE messaging; fault protection sequence; rationalised autotransformer system; smart traction power system; and integrated control system.
Anaphylactoid reactions to radiocontrast material

CASE PRFSENTATION Dr. Erffmeyer: A 53-yr-old white man was having an intravenous pyelogram performed to evaluate asymptomatic hematuria. Approximately 30 set after the RCM had been infused, the patient complained of generalized pruritus. This was followed in rapid succession by the appearance of scattered urticarial lesions and sensations of chest tightness, shortness of breath, and light-headedness. The patient was found on examination to have scattered expiratory wheezes on auscultation of the lungs, a blood pressure of SO/O mm Hg, and a regular .heart rate of 170 bpm. The patient was administered 0.3 ml of epinephrine subcutaneously. Within a few minutes the blood pressure had returned to normal, and the shortness of breath and pruritus had subsided. Fortunately, no further treatment was necessary, and the patienj, recovered completely.
Metamemory for faces following frontal lobe damage.

Previous research has provided evidence of metamemory impairments in patients with frontal lobe damage on verbal episodic memory tasks. In the present study, we employed metamemory paradigms to investigate whether patients with frontal lesions show monitoring deficits on semantic memory tasks involving facial stimuli. Patients with frontal lobe damage and healthy control subjects made memory decisions to famous faces in a retrospective confidence judgment task and in a prospective feeling-of-knowing (FOK) task. Results indicated that frontal patients performed worse than controls on the retrospective confidence task, but there were no differences between the groups on the FOK task. These findings suggest that metamemory deficits in frontal patients are not confined to specific stimulus domains (words vs. faces) or memory systems (episodic vs. semantic). In addition, the dissociation between retrospective confidence judgments and FOK accuracy documented in this study and also in a recent report by Schnyer et al. suggesting that metamemory should not be considered a unitary function with a single neuroanatomic substrate. (JINS, 2005, 11, 668–676.)