cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving classification accuracy using automatically extracted training data

Classification is a core task in knowledge discovery and data mining, and there has been substantial research effort in developing sophisticated classification models. In a parallel thread, recent work from the NLP community suggests that for tasks such as natural language disambiguation even a simple algorithm can outperform a sophisticated one, if it is provided with large quantities of high quality training data. In those applications, training data occurs naturally in text corpora, and high quality training data sets running into billions of words have been reportedly used.We explore how we can apply the lessons from the NLP community to KDD tasks. Specifically, we investigate how to identify data sources that can yield training data at low cost and study whether the quantity of the automatically extracted training data can compensate for its lower quality. We carry out this investigation for the specific task of inferring whether a search query has commercial intent. We mine toolbar and click logs to extract queries from sites that are predominantly commercial (e.g., Amazon) and non-commercial (e.g., Wikipedia). We compare the accuracy obtained using such training data against manually labeled training data. Our results show that we can have large accuracy gains using automatically extracted training data at much lower cost.
A dual-process account of female facial attractiveness preferences: Sexual and nonsexual routes

The current study conceptualizes facial attractiveness as a dual-process judgment, combining sexual and aesthetic value. We hypothesized that holistic face processing is more integral to perceiving aesthetic preference and feature-based processing is more integral to sexual preference. In order to manipulate holistic versus feature-based processing, we used a variation of the composite face paradigm. Previous work indicates that slightly shifting the top from the bottom half of a face disrupts holistic processing and enhances feature-based processing. In the present study, while nonsexual judgments best explained facial attraction in whole-face images, a reversal occurred for split-face images such that sexual judgments best explained facial attraction, but only for mate-relevant faces (i.e., other-sex). These findings indicate that disrupting holistic processing can decouple sexual from nonsexual judgments of facial attraction, thereby establishing the presence of a dual-process.
Significance of anterior ST depression in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction

Early tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium-99m sestamibi was performed during inferior wall acute myocardial infarction to determine the relation between the amount and location of myocardium at risk and the presence or absence or anterior ST depression. The total size of the acute perfusion defect and its lateral and septal borders were measured in 29 consecutive patients who were admitted with > 30 minutes of chest pain and acute inferior ST elevation on their initial electrocardiogram. The 22 patients with anterior ST depression had significantly more left ventricular myocardium at risk than the 19 patients who did not have anterior ST depression (23 +/- 2% of the left ventricle vs 15 +/- 1%, p = 0.008). All 8 patients with > 25% of the left ventricle at risk had anterior ST depression. Patients with anterior ST depression had a significantly greater lateral extent of the acute perfusion defect (49 degrees +/- 8 degrees from the midinferior wall vs 23 degrees +/- 7 degrees, p = 0.002). There was no difference in the septal border of the perfusion defect between patients with and without anterior ST depression (-44 degrees +/- 4 degrees vs -46 degrees +/- 7 degrees, p = NS). No patient had a measurable anterior perfusion defect. Although there is considerable overlap between groups with and without anterior ST depression, anterior ST depression is a simple and readily available indicator of myocardium at risk in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction.
Mapping heterogeneous task graphs onto heterogeneous system graphs

In this paper, a generic technique for mapping heterogeneous task graphs onto heterogeneous system graphs is presented. The task and system graphs studied in this paper have nonuniform computation and communication weights associated with the nodes and the edges. Two clustering algorithms have been proposed which can be used to obtain a multilayer clustered graph called a Spec graph from a given task graph and a multilayer clustered graph called a Rep graph from a given system graph. We present a mapping algorithm which produces a suboptimal matching of a given Spec graph containing M task modules, onto a Rep graph of N processors, in O(MP) fame, where P=max(M,N). Our experimental results indicate that our mapping algorithm is the fastest one and generates results which are better than, or similar to, those of other leading techniques which work only for restricted task or system graphs.
Triangular order of triangular phase-type distributions ∗

The order of a phase-type distribution is the least number of states needed to represent it. This quantity is not well understood. In this paper we introduce a simpler quantity in the context of triangular (acyclic) phase-type distributions, called triangular order.This is the least number of states needed for a triangular representation. A fairly complete theory of triangular order is developed. It is hoped that this simple theory will suggest natural approaches to the study of order in the general setting. The concept of span-minimality is introduced here, and plays a role in the argument. As an aside, we prove that the set of phase-type distributions of a given order is closed under weak convergence
Follow the Leader?: The Effects of Social Influence on Employer Choice

This article examines career decision making in the rapidly changing organizational and employment context at the end of the 20th century, the context some scholars have called the “boundaryless career” environment. The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social influence and the combination of such sources affect employer choice: specifically, whether individuals conform to a dominant employer choice (i.e., make a popular employment decision). Hypotheses are tested with survey data on a sample of master of business administration students in the process of making career decisions for their work lives following graduate school. Results provide compelling evidence that normative sources of social influence have a significant effect on compliance with the dominant employer choice whereas informational sources of influence, such as one’s network of advisors, do not. Implications for how different types of social influence may affect different types of career decisions in today’s work...
A new view of hemineglect based on the response properties of parietal neurones

Lesion studies of the parietal cortex have led to a wide range of conclusions regarding the coordinate reference frame in which hemineglect is expressed. A model of spatial representation in the parietal cortex has recently been developed in which the position of an object is not encoded in a particular frame of reference, but instead involves neurones computing basis functions of sensory inputs. In this type of representation, a nonlinear sensorimotor transformation of an object is represented in a population of units having the response properties of neurones that are observed in the parietal cortex. A simulated lesion in a basis-function representation was found to replicate three of the most important aspects of hemineglect: (i) the model behaved like parietal patients in line-cancellation and line-bisection experiments; (ii) the deficit affected multiple frames of reference; and (iii) the deficit could be object-centred. These results support the basis-function hypothesis for spatial representations and provide a testable computational theory of hemineglect at the level of single cells.
Modeling Dependencies in International Relations Networks

Despite the desire to focus on the interconnected nature of politics and economics at the global scale, most empirical studies in the field of international relations assume not only that the major actors are sovereign, but also that their relationships are portrayed in data that are modeled as independent phenomena. In contrast, this article illustrates the use of linear and bilinear random-effects models to represent statistical dependencies that often characterize dyadic data such as international relations. In particular, we show how to estimate models for dyadic data that simultaneously take into account: (a) regressor variables, (b) correlation of actions having the same actor, (c) correlation of actions having the same target, (d) correlation of actions between a pair of actors (i.e., reciprocity of actions), and (e) third-order dependencies, such as transitivity, clustering, and balance. We apply this new approach to the political relations among a wide range of political actors in Central Asia over the period 1989-1999, illustrating the presence and strength of second- and third-order statistical dependencies in these data.
Jamming Vulnerabilities of IEEE 802.11e

It has long been recognized that complete jamming of wireless networks can be realized by generating continuous noise with sufficient power in the vicinity of the wireless network. Recent work has shown that for IEEE 802.11b similar jamming effectiveness can be achieved using "intelligent" or protocol specific techniques. These techniques support jamming with low energy requirements and low probability of detection. This paper extends those results to IEEE 802.11e. Many attacks that worked on 802.11b can be applied to 802.11e Some of them are not nearly as effective as they were for 802.11b, while others are more effective. Other jamming techniques specific for IEEE 802.11e are also discussed. We use OPNET to first study the effects of periodic jamming on the network throughput. The critical step for jamming effectiveness is adding intelligence to the jammer by using knowledge of the protocol and exploiting crucial intervals, control messages, and mechanisms. We discover and analyze new vulnerabilities using intelligent jamming in 802.11e. By exploiting the priority levels, we show that "misbehaving" nodes can be used to jam 802.11e by decreasing either the access time or contention window. We also show that the priority level is crucial in this attack. We document the areas of increased vulnerability of this protocol relative to 802.11b. Most importantly, we show that 802.11e can be "jammed" by nodes that obey all protocol rules and use only normal traffic.
In vitro and In vivo Models Analyzing von Hippel-Lindau Disease-Specific Mutations

Mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) tumor suppressor gene cause tissue-specific tumors, with a striking genotype-phenotype correlation. Loss of VHL expression predisposes to hemangioblastoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, whereas specific point mutations predispose to pheochromocytoma, polycythemia, or combinations of hemangioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, and/or pheochromocytoma. The VHL protein (pVHL) has been implicated in many cellular activities including the hypoxia response, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We have expressed missense pVHL mutations in Vhl −/− murine embryonic stem cells to test genotype-phenotype correlations in euploid cells. We first examined the ability of mutant pVHL to direct degradation of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) subunits HIF1α and HIF2α. All mutant pVHL proteins restored proper hypoxic regulation of HIF1α, although one VHL mutation ( VHL R167Q ) displayed impaired binding to Elongin C. This mutation also failed to restore HIF2α regulation. In separate assays, these embryonic stem cells were used to generate teratomas in immunocompromised mice, allowing independent assessment of the effects of specific VHL mutations on tumor growth. Surprisingly, teratomas expressing the VHL Y112H mutant protein displayed a growth disadvantage, despite restoring HIFα regulation. Finally, we observed increased microvessel density in teratomas derived from Vhl −/− as well as VHL Y112H , VHL R167Q , and VHL R200W embryonic stem cells. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that pVHL plays multiple roles in the cell, and that these activities can be separated via discrete VHL point mutations. The ability to dissect specific VHL functions with missense mutations in a euploid model offers a novel opportunity to elucidate the activities of VHL as a tumor suppressor.
Surgical Treatment of Kidney and Urinary Tract Trauma

Trauma to the genitourinary (GU) tract can be challenging to manage. The kidney is the most common GU organ to be involved. Currently, most of renal trauma is managed medically. Identifying patients who require intervention is vital due to rates as high rates of nephrectomy when patients are surgically explored. The management of grade V trauma is the most critical, as decisions to proceed to the angiography suite versus the operating room will continue to be driven by trauma-centered protocols and concomitant injuries. Other areas of controversy exist in the timing of surgical management in urethral injuries as well as early repair of extraperitoneal bladder rupture. The chapter provides a comprehensive and outlined method of demonstrating how to diagnose, treat, and follow-up patients with GU trauma.
Water Brings No Harm: Knowledge, Power, and Struggle for the Waters of Kilimanjaro

This paper examines struggles over the water resources of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, from the 1850s to the present. It proposes a very different way of thinking about water conflict than that which dominates much recent literature. Rather than thinking in terms of the physical control of water, this paper argues that conflicts more frequently occur in terms of competing ideas about the very nature of water, and the bodies of knowledge that are produced about it. Water conflicts are thus more multifaceted, and more historically and culturally contingent, than is recognized. Mount Kilimanjaro provides an excellent way of looking at these issues. An island of water abundance in a sea of steppe, it has been the focal point of competing bodies of water knowledge for more than 200 years. This paper traces struggles that have taken place between the mountains resident Chagga populations and outsiders who have encountered the mountain including Maasai, Swahili traders, European missionaries and explorers, German and British colonial officials, the independent Tanzanian state, NGOs, and climate scientists. These illuminate the ways in which knowledge of water has been contested, as well as how local populations struggle to negotiate new ideas on their own terms.
Abstract 2351: Poor Quality of Life and Low Social Support are Predictive of Depressive Symptoms in Chronic Stroke

Background: Depression is a common yet often unrecognized consequence of stroke, affecting between 20-50% of all survivors. Reported underlying factors affecting depression in acute and chronic str...
Synthesis and demonstration of antiserotonin activity of 1-benzyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (BAS-phenol).

SummaryA method was described for synthesis of 1-benzyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine involving cleavage of the methyl ether of 1-benzyl − 2-methyl − 5-methoxytryptamine (BAS) by heating with pyridine hydrochloride. The phenol so produced exhibited powerful antiserotonin action either orally or intravenously in dogs. In the intravenous test it was the most potent antiserotonin thus far encountered. It also had considerable serotoninlike activity.
Lung cancer in 2010: One size does not fit all

Advances in non-small-cell lung cancer over the past decade have resulted in new treatments with minimal toxic effects and dramatic clinical benefits. 2010 saw continued advancement in our understanding of the molecular genetics of lung cancer and of specific targeted inhibitors with remarkable clinical benefit in selected populations.
A systematic review of media parenting in the context of childhood obesity research

We conducted a systematic review to obtain studies on childhood obesity and parenting published between 2009 and 2015, and draw out those studies with a particular focus on media parenting. Our analysis addresses two major aims: 1) to describe how media use and media-related parenting practices and skills are operationalized in studies and 2) to explore whether studies measured ecological factors (e.g. individual-, family-, and community-level factors), which could be associated with media parenting practices. Using a standardized, multi-stage process, we identified and screened articles focused on parenting and childhood obesity (N = 667). Studies were eligible for this analysis if they measured media parenting and/or the home media environment, resulting in a sample of 103 studies. We used quantitative content analysis to code the full text articles for content related to our study aims; analyses were performed using SAS 9.4. Seventy nine percent of studies measured media use, 82 % measured media parenting, and 65 % measured the home media environment. Studies measuring media use focused on a limited number of devices; while all studies measured child/parent use of televisions, only 3 % measured use of smartphones, 1 % measured use of laptops, and no studies measured use of tablets. Measures of parenting practices focused largely on rules specific to limiting screen time. Although 60 % of studies measured at least one ecological factor, child-specific and neighborhood/community-level factors were rarely measured. More detailed measurements of media use that reflects current technology trends and diverse contexts of use are needed to better understand media use and parent regulation of child media exposure. Measures of the ecological context can more fully assess factors impacting media parenting and, subsequently, child risk for overweight and obesity.
Present Situation and Development Trend for Construction of Electric Vehicle Energy Supply Infrastructure

The energy supply infrastructures construction is the prerequisite and basis for the large-scale promotion and application of electric vehicle(EV).The present construction situation for EV energy supply infrastructure in the United States and other developed countries is first introduced and compared,the present construction situation of the domestic EV energy supply infrastructure is expounded.The types and characteristics of the domestic main energy supply infrastructures,such as alternative current(AC) charging spot,charging station,battery swap station,are analyzed.Finally,the main problems and development trend for intelligence,network,standardization in the construction of EV energy supply infrastructure in China are also discussed.
Design and Implementation of an Embedded Gateway

Many embedded Internet systems have operated with limited memory and used processors with limited capacity, so they usually provide Internet services, such as WWW, supported by TCP/IP protocol stack based on Ethernet protocol. According to capacity of the low-cost systems, this paper presents a method of design and implementation of an embedded gateway WebitGateway, which can translate protocols between PPP protocol to Ethernet protocol. Using WebitGateways, these Embedded Internet systems can be accessed by remote dial-up users. The drivers and protocols needed by WebitGateway are simplified and showed in details. Specially, the failure recovery of Modem using watch-dog and shifting complex security computing from embedded gateway to remote host for CHAP are discussed in this paper.
Hidden Costs and Deadweight Losses: Bundled Parking and Residential Rents in the Metropolitan United States

AbstractThere is a major housing affordability crisis in many American metropolitan areas, particularly for renters. Minimum parking requirements in municipal zoning codes drive up the price of housing, and thus represent an important potential for reform for local policymakers. The relationship between parking and housing prices, however, remains poorly understood. We use national American Housing Survey data and hedonic regression techniques to investigate this relationship. We find that the cost of garage parking to renter households is approximately $1,700 per year, or an additional 17% of a housing unit’s rent. In addition to the magnitude of this transport cost burden being effectively hidden in housing prices, the lack of rental housing without bundled parking imposes a steep cost on carless renters—commonly the lowest income households—who may be paying for parking that they do not need or want. We estimate the direct deadweight loss for carless renters to be $440 million annually. We conclude by ...
Long-term effect of chemotherapy-intensity-modulated radiation therapy (chemo-IMRT) on dentofacial development in head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma patients

Dentofacial developmental abnormalities have been reported in head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) patients treated with conventional radiotherapy technique and chemotherapy. This current study investigates dentofacial long-term effects among HNRMS survivors managed with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and chemotherapy. In general, IMRT is a more effective 3D-conformal radiotherapy technique, which delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor target while minimizing doses received by the surrounding normal tissues. The medical records and radiographs of thirteen patients were reviewed to identify the following: 1. Facial asymmetry and jaw hypoplasia. 2. Effects on the dental tissue causing tooth agenesis/hypodontia, root agenesis/stunting/malformation, and/or enamel hypoplasia. 3. Trismus, hyposalivation/xerostomia. Seven patients presented with facial asymmetry and jaw hypoplasia, 9 patients presented with effects on the dental tissue [root agenesis/stunting/malformation (9), tooth agenesis/hypodontia (7) and enamel hypoplasia (3)] and 7 patients developed trismus and /or xerostomia. All patients with facial asymmetry and jaw hypoplasia also developed dental abnormalities. Patients with dentofacial developmental abnormalities were ≤7 years of age at treatment. Our study shows that dentofacial developmental abnormalities are still a burden in the era of IMRT and as prognosis of childhood malignancy improves and more patients survive, these late dentofacial sequelae among childhood cancer survivors will become more common. Dental oncologists should be integral members in the management of children with head and neck cancers.
Selection-Based Instruction with Touch-Screen Video and the Emergence of Exact, Recombinative, and Novel Topography-Based Responses to Interview Questions

The purpose of the present experiment was to replicate and extend the literature on using selection-based instruction to teach responses to interview questions by (a) evaluating the emergence of recombinative (i.e., combinations of taught) and novel (i.e., untaught) topography-based intraverbal responses, in addition to exact repetitions of taught responses, (b) providing a measure of social validity for the emergent response subtypes, and (c) including a touch-screen video interviewing component. Participants were two young adult males with a learning disability who attended a local vocational development center. Increases in accurate intraverbal responding and decreases in inaccurate responding across most interview questions were observed in both participants at posttest. Increases in the number of accurate recombinative responses were observed for both participants, and increases in accurate exact responses were observed for one participant. One accurate novel response was observed at posttest for each participant. Results suggest that selection-based instruction can generate appropriate topography-based responses that sound unscripted and the addition of a video component was viable.
Broadway Musicals and the Christian Sermon: Communicating Moral Reasoning, Church Values, and Prosocial Behaviors

ABSTRACTThis article considers the influence of Broadway musicals on the spiritual growth, prosocial attitudes, church values, and moral reasoning of adults when used in Christian congregational worship. Can a church structure and use Broadway musicals in sermons to encourage its lay congregation to identify moral reasoning and recognize core church values and prosocial ideas through sermons based on Broadway musical theater? We applied humanistic psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning and development considered along with the church's stated core values and prosocial behavior to test if these themes were reflected in the rhetoric of sermons based on Broadway musicals presented from 2008–2015. Findings indicate that this series was well received by the congregation and leadership. Suggestions for further research and church applications for Christian education are given. This research highlights the importance of church archives and library support for the further development of inform...
The French Fourragère: Gore and Lore

The life and work of a Navy psychiatrist embedded in a Marine Corps Infantry Regiment is outstanding. The effects of war on society and the microcosm of culturally unique infantrymen create an unpatrolled dynamic in garrison. I now understand that applying the principles of war psychiatry in this atmosphere came with many successes and challenges.
Britain, Black Empowerment and Bogle L’Ouverture: Independent Black Publishing of the 1960s–1980s

By the mid-1960s, as many of the West Indian immigrants had settled with their families in the UK, racial tensions became most obvious in the educational system. West Indian children were considered a “problem” by teachers, headmasters, and in official government reports, and many were being placed into Educationally Subnormal (ESN) classrooms. Dismayed, West Indian parents began to organize, leading first to the supplementary schools movement and eventually to the start of several ventures to publish books for a Black British child audience. The development of and challenges for one of these publishers in particular, Bogle L’Ouverture, is considered in this chapter.
How to Write a Systematic Review of the Literature

This article provides a step-by-step approach to conducting and reporting systematic literature reviews (SLRs) in the domain of healthcare design and discusses some of the key quality issues associated with SLRs. SLR, as the name implies, is a systematic way of collecting, critically evaluating, integrating, and presenting findings from across multiple research studies on a research question or topic of interest. SLR provides a way to assess the quality level and magnitude of existing evidence on a question or topic of interest. It offers a broader and more accurate level of understanding than a traditional literature review. A systematic review adheres to standardized methodologies/guidelines in systematic searching, filtering, reviewing, critiquing, interpreting, synthesizing, and reporting of findings from multiple publications on a topic/domain of interest. The Cochrane Collaboration is the most well-known and widely respected global organization producing SLRs within the healthcare field and a standard to follow for any researcher seeking to write a transparent and methodologically sound SLR. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), like the Cochrane Collaboration, was created by an international network of health-based collaborators and provides the framework for SLR to ensure methodological rigor and quality. The PRISMA statement is an evidence-based guide consisting of a checklist and flowchart intended to be used as tools for authors seeking to write SLR and meta-analyses.
Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes.

Review of: Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey K, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:644-657. The report combines the data from two trials, CANVAS and CANVAS-Renal, which were designed to evaluate the safety and effect of canagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, on the appearance of cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Enrollees were patients with type 2 diabetes of at least 30 years of age, with a glycated hemoglobin of > or equal to 7.0% and 30 ml/min. Patients were randomized to canagliflozin at doses of either 100 mg or 300 mg or matching placebo in CANVAS, and to canagliflozin 100 mg with a possible increase to 300 mg, or placebo, in CANVAS-Renal. Physicians were instructed to continue appropriate diabetic management and other therapies in accordance with the best practices in their community. There was a significant 14% reduction in the combined endpoint of cardiovascular events of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke in the canagliflozin treated patients. There was also a pattern of improvement in markers of renal disease, including the change in the level and nature of albuminuria, a 40% decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, the need for renal replacement therapy, or death from renal causes. This study expands the scope of SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients beyond those with preexisting cardiovascular disease studied in the previous empagliflozin study, raising the question as to whether SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy should be considered appropriate for most, if not all, type 2 diabetes patients, not only to control hyperglycemia but also to reduce cardiovascular and renal events.
Slanted Unit Step Response

As was shown before the unit step response is of great importance. But built into the typical treatment is the assumption of abrupt edge effectively making the step ideal. In reality, and sometimes for intentional purposes the unit step will have a finite slope. This would impact both the frequency spectrum and time response. In this chapter we examine the impact of the rise time on the unit step response. We analyze both the impact on the frequency spectrum and time one. We use a few illustrative RLC circuits as demo vehicles and gather some insights into the mechanics of finite rise time.
In Vitro Growth Effects of Morphine and Naloxone on Various Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Cell Lines

Understanding the potential effects of mu-agonism and antagonism on cancer cells is important for the perioperative physician. Previous studies suggest some tumor cells may have altered growth with mu-agonism or antagonism. This study investigates the effects of morphine (mu-agonist) and naloxone (mu-antagonist) in head and neck tumor cell lines (laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), lateral tongue SCC and base of tongue SCC). Morphine showed no significant effect on tumor cell growth. Naloxone showed significant inhibition of growth in laryngeal SCC, but not in lateral or base of tongue SCC.
Modeling of rolling contact fatigue in rails at the microstructural level

Abstract A micromechanical-based finite element framework is developed to investigate the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) in rails. The microstructure of a representative part of the rail in contact with the wheel during wheel passage is modeled using Voronoi tessellation algorithm. The geometry explicitly represents microstructural grain and grain interface features that represent actual microstructure of rail steel. The grain interface is modeled using cohesive elements. For higher computational efficiency, moving Hertzian load is applied to the rail surface instead of moving the wheel explicitly on top of the rail. The jump-in-cycles approach is employed to efficiently simulate a large number of loading cycles, while the material degradation at the grain interface is represented by an accurate damage evolution law. Additionally, the model is used to evaluate the effects of temperature change, traction coefficient, and grain size on initiation and progression of RCF. The results indicate that colder temperatures increase the progression of RCF, while warmer temperatures do not have any significant effects. Large traction forces at the wheel-rail interface significantly accelerate RCF growth, mainly through migration of subsurface micro-cracks to the surface of the rail. The surface cracks grow into larger ones that lead to loss of rail material. Controlling the grain size can have a positive effect on both the initiation and migration of sub-surface cracks. Changing yield strength of material with the Hall-Petch relation, the model evaluates the effect of refining the grain size. The results indicate that smaller grains can improve RCF properties of the rail. The effect of maximum contact pressure on RCF is studied, and the results show a power relation between maximum contact pressure and RCF life. Also several case studies are simulated and compared with the experimental observations. The simulation results are in close agreement with the experimental observations for the crack pattern and crack depth.
Enzyme-Linked Immunomagnetic Electrochemical Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Apple Juice

We describe the application of enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry (ELIME) for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in buffered apple juice. The ELIME technique entails sandwiching bacterial analyte between antibody-coated magnetic beads and an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody. The beads (with or without bound bacteria) were localized onto the surface of magnetized graphite ink electrodes in a multiwell plate format. The enzyme substrate, 1-naphthyl phosphate, was added, and conversion of substrate to an electroactive product was measured using electrochemical detection. With this technique, detection of whole, live E. coli 0157:H7 bacterial cells was achieved with a minimum detectable level of ca. 5 × 10 3 cells per ml in Tris-buffered saline or buffered apple juice in an assay time of ca. 80 min. With adjustment of pH, the ELIME response for the bacteria in either sampling medium was similar, indicating that apple juice components did not contribute to any discernible sample matrix effects.
Risk, Relativism, and Rationality

Animals don’t take risks. Only human beings do. Risk is an ineluctably social construct. What counts as a risk, what weighs in the balance as a comparatively greater risk than some other, or as a risk worth taking in view of the expected benefit, or indeed, as a risk one is obliged to take despite the expected harm—all of this depends finally on some system of values within which such assessments can come to be made. And value systems are socially constituted, socially learned, and socially enforced. Though animals certainly respond to dangers and may behave in ways which put them in danger, they are incapable of taking risks. For whatever may be the stereotypical instinctive mechanisms or biological norms which have been selected out by species evolution as enhancing species survival, or whatever animals are capable of learning in order to cope with novel or species atypical threats, none of this yet counts as a system of values in terms of which something can come to be assessed as a risk, and judged to be acceptable or not. Being in danger or threatened by harm is not the same as being at risk—a distinction I hope to make clearer as I proceed. To put it differently, being at risk entails being in danger, but danger does not entail risk; the terms are not coextensive. Instinctive or learned responses to danger or threat among animals are, in this sense, neither risk taking nor risk avoiding. The category doesn’t apply to animal life. Human beings, by contrast, are a risk-taking and risk-avoiding species. For humans, the category of risk is indissolubly bound up with that of culture and with history, with the distinctive modes of cognitive praxis which are characteristic of human life. That is to say, risk is defined in relation to perceived values; and these in turn are possible only for a self-conscious creature who is capable of estimating present actions either in the light of norms or general principles, or of future outcomes.
Validating a model of benzodiazepine refractory nerve agent-induced status epilepticus by evaluating the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of scopolamine, memantine, and phenobarbital

Abstract Introduction Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) irreversibly block acetylcholinesterase activity, resulting in accumulation of excess acetylcholine at neural synapses, which can lead to a state of prolonged seizures known as status epilepticus (SE). Benzodiazepines, the current standard of care for SE, become less effective as latency to treatment increases. In a mass civilian OPNA exposure, concurrent trauma and limited resources would likely cause a delay in first response time. To address this issue, we have developed a rat model to test novel anticonvulsant/ neuroprotectant adjuncts at delayed time points. Methods For model development, adult male rats with cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes were exposed to soman and administered saline along with atropine, 2-PAM, and midazolam 5, 20, or 40 min after SE onset. We validated our model using three drugs: scopolamine, memantine, and phenobarbital. Using the same procedure outlined above, rats were given atropine, 2-PAM, midazolam and test treatment 20 min after SE onset. Results Using gamma power, delta power, and spike rate to quantify EEG activity, we found that scopolamine was effective, memantine was minimally effective, and phenobarbital had a delayed effect on terminating SE. Fluoro-Jade B staining was used to assess neuroprotection in five brain regions. Each treatment provided significant protection compared to saline + midazolam in at least two brain regions. Discussion Because our data agree with previously published studies on the efficacy of these compounds, we conclude that this model is a valid way to test novel anticonvulsants/ neuroprotectants for controlling benzodiazepine-resistant OPNA-induced SE and subsequent neuropathology.
Library Makerspaces and Connected Learning to Advance Rural Teen Creativity

This paper addresses the problems rural libraries and information centers have in attracting and serving teens. It discusses the changing demographics of teens, continued impact of learning technologies, teens’ lack of adequate preparation for the workforce, the importance of connected learning, and the need for interactive learning opportunities for youth. The difficulties of reaching youth in rural communities can be addressed by developing training, creating makerspace models, and producing connected learning activities for teens.
Predicted Coronary Occlusion and Impella Salvage During Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Abstract We describe an interesting case of a 71 years old fragile female, with progressive shortness of breath on exertion and ankle swelling, cardiac failure NYHA class III. She also had chest irradiation due to Hodgkin's disease many years before, previous surgical aortic valve replacement using bioprosthetic stent-less Freestyle #25 mm valve (Medtronic, Inc) in 2000 for severe aortic stenosis , history of cardiac arrest in 2012 and angioplasty to ostial RCA , PCI to ostial RCA in 2014, CABG (RA graft to RCA) in 2014 (RCA intra-stent restenosis with refractory ischemia), anemia requiring regular transfusions, bronchiectasis and chronic kidney disease . Because of the great comorbidities, STS 4.9% and worsening of the symptoms due to severe aortic valve regurgitation , heart team decided to perform “valve-in-valve” Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (VIV-TAVR), but we already predicted coronary occlusion while performing this procedure because of the low left main coronary ostium and short aortic valve sinus. So regarding the probable left main coronary occlusion during the valve implantation, we decided to perform the placement of a not deployed stent inside the left main prior to the valve procedure, and to deploy it in case the predicted left main occlusion occurred. So just after the VIV-TAVR procedure, we observed left main coronary occlusion and the patient got ischemic cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest, so we performed immediate PCI and deployed the bailout stent. After some minutes of chest compressions, an Impella mechanical circulatory support system (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) had to be installed. Patient recovered spontaneous circulation, and after hemodynamic stabilization, she was sent to the Intensive Coronary Unit, without further complications. She was discharged successfully without neurological or cardiac sequelae after 1 week.
Children's Inattention and Hyperactivity, Mother's Parenting, and Risk Behaviors in Adolescence: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Chilean Children.

OBJECTIVE To examine how mothers' nurturant and, separately, hostile parenting mediate the effects of young children's inattentiveness and hyperactivity on risk behaviors in adolescence. METHOD Data were analyzed from 920 healthy Chilean children, studied at 5.5, 10 years, and adolescence. Children's hyperactivity and inattentiveness at 5.5 years were assessed by mother ratings on the Children's Adaptive Behavior Inventory. Mothers' nurturance and hostility toward the child at 10 years were assessed by maternal interview on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Youth's delinquent and aggressive behaviors in adolescence were compiled from the Youth Self-Report questionnaire, and youth's substance use in adolescence was assessed by an extensive self-report substance use inventory. Structural equation modeling was used to identify direct and indirect effects. RESULTS Findings supported a mediating effect, with more severe child hyperactivity at 5.5 years leading to mothers' greater hostility toward her child at age 10, which, in turn, led to greater delinquency and aggression in adolescence. Marginal mediating effects were also found from child hyperactivity and inattention at 5.5 years to mothers' lower nurturance at 10 years to youth substance use in adolescence. CONCLUSION Mothers' hostile treatment of children with hyperactive or inattentive behaviors contributed to adolescent risk behaviors and is an area of intervention.
In Vitro Evaluation of Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Bioactivity for Regenerative Medicine.

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is a commonly used growth factor in bone regeneration due to its high potency and ability to induce osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast...
"I Do" But I Can't: Immigration Policy and Gay Domestic Relationships

In early 1975, when Richard Frank Adams, a United States citizen, and Anthony Corbett Sullivan, an Australian citizen, obtained a marriage license from the Boulder, Colorado county clerk, they thought their immigration worries were over. Four days after they were married by a minister, Adams petitioned the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) for adjustment of Sullivan's status from that of a non-immigrant visitor to that of a permanent resident alien "immediate relative."1 The INS, and subsequently the Bureau of Immigration Appeals, rejected the petition, holding that the relevant portions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA or the Act) did not apply to gay persons.2 The federal courts affirmed,3 and Sullivan was ordered deported. I will argue here that the INS should accord preference status to approve and expedite immigration not only for heterosexual aliens married to American citizens but also for gay aliens in domestic relationships with American citizens.4 It is true that gay marriage per se
Simulating Galactic Cosmic Ray Effects: Synergy Modeling of Murine Tumor Prevalence After Exposure to Two One-Ion Beams in Rapid Sequence

Health risks from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in space travel above low earth orbit remain a concern. For many years accelerator experiments investigating space radiation induced prevalence of murine Harderian gland (HG) tumorigenesis have been performed to help estimate GCR risks. Most studies used acute, relatively low fluence, exposures. Results on a broad spectrum of individual ions and linear energy transfers (LETs) have become available. However, in space, the crew are exposed simultaneously to many different GCR. Recent upgrades at the Brookhaven NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) now allow mixtures in the form of different one-ion beams delivered in rapid sequence. This paper uses the results of three two-ion mixture experiments to illustrate conceptual, mathematical, computational, and statistical aspects of synergy analyses and also acts as an interim report on the mixture experiments' results. The results were interpreted using the following: (a) accumulated data from HG one-ion accelerator experiments; (b) incremental effect additivity synergy theory rather than simple effect additivity synergy theory; (c) parsimonious models for one-ion dose-effect relations; and (d), computer-implemented numerical methods encapsulated in freely available open source customized software. The main conclusions are the following. As yet, the murine HG tumorigenesis experimental studies show synergy in only one case out of three. Moreover, some theoretical arguments suggest GCR-simulating mixed beams are not likely to be synergistic. However, more studies relevant to possible synergy are needed by various groups that are studying various endpoints. Especially important is the possibility of synergy among high-LET radiations, since individual high-LET ions have large relative biological effectiveness for many endpoints. Selected terminology, symbols, and abbreviations. DER - dose-effect relation; E(d) - DER of a one-ion beam, where d is dose; HG prevalence p - in this paper, p is the number of mice with at least one Harderian gland tumor divided by the number of mice that are at risk of developing Harderian gland tumors (so that in this paper prevalence p can never, conceptually speaking, be greater than 1); IEA - incremental effect additivity synergy theory; synergy level - a specification, exemplified in Fig. 5, of how clear-cut an observed synergy is; mixmix principle - a consistency condition on a synergy theory which insures that the synergy theory treats mixtures of agent mixtures in a mathematically self-consistent way; NTE - non-targeted effect(s); NSNA - neither synergy nor antagonism; SEA - simple effect additivity synergy theory; TE - targeted effect(s); β* - ion speed relative to the speed of light, with 0 < β* < 1; SLI - swift light ion(s).
Parent Perspectives of Neonatal Intensive Care

As in all areas of paediatrics, neonatology requires the nuanced skill and holistic approach of supporting both the patient and their families. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) presents a unique challenge to clinicians, who will often be supporting parents through a prolonged and difficult period in their child’s first few days, weeks or months of life.
Chemotherapy within the last 30 days of life among patients with metastatic solid tumors.

e16574 Background: Metastatic solid tumors (MST) are rarely curable. However, treatment options for MST (stage IV) are increasing. Thus, discussing realistic therapeutic goals is critical to planni...
Chapter 10 – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease primarily affecting women. While a genetic predisposition is required for lupus to develop, the disease usually presents in adulthood and then follows a chronic relapsing course with flares and remissions. Lupus flares are triggered by drugs like procainamide and hydralazine and environmental agents that cause oxidative stress. These agents inhibit DNA methylation in dividing CD4+ T cells, causing overexpression of genes that convert normal antigen-specific “helper” T cells into autoreactive, cytotoxic, inflammatory cells, and the epigenetically modified cells cause lupus in mouse models. Importantly, the same changes in DNA methylation and gene expression are found in CD4+ T cells from patients with active lupus.