cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium inhibits vacuolar H+-ATPase and endocytosis in rat kidney cortex

Cadmium inhibits vacuolar H + -ATPase and endocytosis in rat kidney cortex. The mechanism of cadmium (Cd)-induced damage in the mammalian proximal tubule that is manifested by defects in reabsorption of various compounds, is poorly understood. A vacuolar H + -ATPase (V-ATPase) in proximal tubule (PT) brush border and intracellular vesicles may be affected by Cd, and this may influence intracellular vesicle trafficking and reabsorption of the filtered proteins. We studied the effects of Cd on V-ATPase and endocytosis in rat renal PT in vivo and on acidification mechanisms in isolated renal cortical organelles in vitro . The V-ATPase activity in brush border membrane (BBM) from Cd-intoxicated rats was 40% lower compared to that in control animals. Immunofluorescence studies in cortical tissue sections and Western blot studies in BBM from Cd-treated rats showed a strongly decreased abundance of the 31 kDa and 70 kDa V-ATPase subunits. Functional studies in vivo showed a dramatically diminished endocytosis of fluorescein-labeled dextran in PT cells from Cd-treated animals, whereas morphological studies revealed a loss of endocytic invaginations and subapical vesicles in the same cells. In studies in vitro , Cd inhibited V-ATPase activity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in both BBM and endocytic vesicles, whereas in endocytic vesicles, Cd inhibited ATP-driven intravesicular acidification and accelerated the dissipation of transmembrane pH gradients. We conclude that Cd may impair acidification in cell organelles by ( a ) causing a loss of V-ATPase protein in their limiting membranes, ( b ) inhibiting the intrinsic V-ATPase activity, and ( c ) dissipating the transmembrane pH gradient. This may inhibit endocytosis of filtered proteins and impair vesicle-mediated recycling of some membrane transporters, thus contributing to the loss of reabsorptive capacity of the PT.
Paper 6. Some Theories for Ship Manoeuvring

This paper reviews and extends the available theories for predicting the hydrodynamic force and moment acting on a ship hull or submerged vessel during manoeuvres in the horizontal plane. Effects of free-surface waves and viscous separation are not considered, but attention is focused instead on recent developments in the theory of low-aspect-ratio geometries, including the effects of vortex sheets shed from sharp trailing edges, and in the use of slender-body theory to predict the manoeuvring characteristics of ships in restricted waters.
Covalence and Ionic Bonding In Business-to-Business Relationships: Insights From Chemistry

Abstract The paper examines business-to-business (B2B) relationships using the framework of the covalence–ionic bonding theory in chemistry as an analogy to help make soft phenomena and relationships in B2B marketing more understandable to engineers and scientists in organizations and to managers with scientific and technical backgrounds. In the tradition of cross-fertilization of various scientific fields, the authors propose that the covalence–ionic bonding theory may provide insights in determining the factors that contribute to the emergence of bilateral, unilateral, and market relationships. This study compares and contrasts interparticle bonding with ways of managing B2B relationships. Beyond sheer analogy of the two phenomena, an explanation of B2B relationships and decision-making mechanisms is proposed. In adapting this concept theoretically, the meaning of the original parameters in physical science is assigned a new meaning in the marketing context. Furthermore, the paper extends conceptually the predictive capabilities of chemistry theories to relational behaviors in marketing. Drawing from a resource-based view of the firm, complementarity of resources and dependence levels are postulated to have critical roles in business bonding. Appropriate propositions are advanced, along with implications for managers and researchers.
Clopidogrel-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome after coronary artery stenting.

The antiplatelet drug clopidogrel has largely replaced ticlopidine, due to an association between ticlopidine and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS). Clopidogrel at first was thought to be void of this potentially fatal adverse effect, but recent case reports have called that assumption into question. Even with proper treatment (plasma exchange), TTP-HUS can persist for weeks. Clinicians should be aware of this possible adverse effect because prompt therapy is imperative for patients' survival. Earlier reports of clopidogrel-related TTP-HUS have involved patients who had received at least 72 hours of therapy. We describe a case of TTP-HUS in a patient who had received only a 300-mg loading dose of clopidogrel.
Consequentiality and eyewitness person identification

The role of consequentiality in eyewitness person identification was examined. Subjects viewed a videotape depicting a simulated bank robbery and were then asked to identify the robber from a photographic lineup. Consequentiality was induced by leading some subjects to believe that the video tape was of an actual bank robbery, and that performance on the identification task would be influential in the suspected robber's court trial. The following manipulations were included to determine the interaction of consequentiality with commonly investigated eyewitness variables: lineup instructions, accountability and suspect presence in the lineup. In addition, the data were analysed for sex differences. Analyses of identification attempts and hits revealed interactions indicating that men were more influenced by consequentiality and lineup instructions than women. The results suggest that consequentiality does play a role in certain eyewitness identification situations.
Patient satisfaction with nursing care: a concept analysis within a nursing framework

Title. Patient satisfaction with nursing care: a concept analysis within a nursing framework. Background. Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of quality of care, and healthcare facilities are interested in maintaining high levels of satisfaction in order to stay competitive in the healthcare market. Nursing care has a prominent role in patient satisfaction. Using a nursing model to measure patient satisfaction with nursing care helps define and clarify this concept. Data sources. Rodgers’ evolutionary method of concept analysis provided the framework for this analysis. Data were retrieved from the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and MEDLINE databases and the ABI/INFORM global business database. The literature search used the keywords patient satisfaction, nursing care and hospital. The sample included 44 papers published in English, between 1998 and 2007. Results. Cox’s Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior was used to analyse the concept of patient satisfaction with nursing care. The attributes leading to the health outcome of patient satisfaction with nursing care were categorized as affective support, health information, decisional control and professional/technical competencies. Antecedents embodied the uniqueness of the patient in terms of demographic data, social influence, previous healthcare experiences, environmental resources, intrinsic motivation, cognitive appraisal and affective response. Consequences of achieving patient satisfaction with nursing care included greater market share of healthcare finances, compliance with healthcare regimens and better health outcomes. Conclusion. The meaning of patient satisfaction continues to evolve. Using a nursing model to measure patient satisfaction with nursing care delineates the concept from other measures of patient satisfaction.
Analysis of diffraction efficiency of a holographic coupler with respect to angular divergence

We present a method to optimize the Coupling efficiency between two fibers using a Holographic Coupler taking diffraction effect into account. For this we obtain expressions for field distributions at the end facet of a fiber. The results obtained by using the expression is found to be in good agreement with the finite element method in literature, the small deviation is attributed to the negligence of field in the cladding. We then use the Kogelnik theory to obtain useful formulae suitable for diffracted optical elements. The diffraction efficiency expressions are then used to predict the different parameters of Holograting so as to get maximum diffraction efficiency in a direction where the field distribution from the end facet is minimum thereby increasing the coupling efficiency.
On a generalization of Blaschke's Rolling Theorem and the smoothing of surfaces

A generalization of Blaschke's Rolling Theorem for not necessarily convex sets is proved that exhibits an intimate connection between a generalized notion of convexity, various concepts in mathematical morphology and image processing, and a certain smoothness condition. As a consequence a geometric characterization of Serra's regular model is obtained and various problems in image processing arisng from the smoothing of surfaces with Sternberg's rolling ball algorithm are addressed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomass Production, Forage Quality, and Cation Uptake of Quail Bush, Four‐Wing Saltbush, and Seaside Barley irrigated with Moderately Saline–Sodic Water

Abstract: Beneficial use of water of impaired quality has gained attention globally as society's demand for domestic quality water has increased. Additionally, concerns about the environmental implications of disposal of water of impaired quality have necessitated assessment of alternatives to disposal of such water. The study reported here investigated capacity of Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. (Quail bush), Atriplex X aptera A. Nels. (pro sp.) (Wytana four‐wing saltbush), and Hordeum marinum Huds. (seaside barley) to produce biomass and crude protein and take up cations when irrigated with moderately saline–sodic water, in the presence of a shallow water table. Water tables were established at 0.38, 0.76, and 1.14 m below the surface in sand‐filled columns. The columns were then planted to the study species. Study plants were irrigated for 224 days; irrigation water was supplied every 7 days equal to water lost to evapotranspiration (ET) plus 100 mL (the volume of water removed in the most previo...
Mutational Analysis of Loading of Iron into Rat Liver Ferritin by Ceruloplasmin

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the loading of iron into rat liver ferritin by ceruloplasmin. Changes were made in the H chain to investigate the role of tyrosines involved in an inherent ferroxidase activity thought to be involved in the self-loading of iron into ferritin. Mutation Y34F affected the rate of iron loading by ceruloplasmin and incorporation of the oxidized iron into the core. Mutation Y29R (making it analogous to the L chain) had no effect on iron oxidation but slightly decreased core formation. A double mutation in the L chain, to open the alpha-helix bundle channel, and R25Y, making the protein more analogous to the H chain, increased the amount of iron incorporated into the core, again suggesting that this Tyr is involved in ligand exchange for core formation. Additional changes in the L chain involving the BC loop suggest that the entire BC loop is involved in the association of ferritin with ceruloplasmin, increasing its ferroxidase activity and the rate of iron loading into ferritin.
Sequences of 12 monoclonal anti-dinitrophenyl spin-label antibodies for NMR studies

Abstract Eleven monoclonal antibodies specific for a spin-labeled dinitrophenyl hapten (DNP-SL) have been produced for use in NMR studies. They have been named AN01 and AN03-AN12. The stability constants for the association of these antibodies with DNP-SL and related haptens were measured by fluorescence quenching and ranged from 5.0 X 10(4) M-1 to greater than 1.0 X 10(8) M-1. cDNA clones coding for the heavy and light chains of each antibody and of an additional anti-DNP-SL monoclonal antibody, AN02, have been isolated. The nucleic acid sequence of the 5' end of each clone has been determined, and the amino acid sequence of the variable regions of each antibody has been deduced from the cDNA sequence. The sequences are relatively heterogeneous, but both the heavy and the light chains of AN01 and AN03 are derived from the same variable-region gene families as those of the AN02 antibody. AN07 has a heavy chain that is related to that of AN02, and AN09 has a related light chain. AN05 and AN06 are unrelated to AN02 but share virtually identical heavy and light chains. Preliminary NMR difference spectra comparing related antibodies show that sequence-specific assignment of resonances is possible. Such spectra also provide a measure of structural relatedness.
Selective Silence and the Shaping of Memory in Post-Apartheid Visual Culture: The Case of the Monument to the Women of South Africa

Abstract This paper focuses on a particular event in South African history and the ways in which the event is memorialised and remembered in post-apartheid South Africa. In her book History After Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa, Annie Coombes remarks, ‘Women's vital role in the overthrow of the apartheid state has been sorely neglected in favour of a more monolithic representation of the liberation movement’.1 In this paper I consider Coombes's claim in relation to one specific attempt at public memorial after apartheid: the Monument to the Women of South Africa located at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. As the only commemorative site dedicated entirely to women's apartheid-era political efforts, the Monument to the Women of South Africa is of vital importance to the memory of women's role in the struggle; and yet a tension exists between the monument's presence as a feminist site, and its disappearance from public view: the Monument has essentially been invisible...
Screening for low molecular weight compounds in fish meal solubles by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

There is increasing evidence that low molecular weight water soluble compounds of marine protein are important for fish performance, thus identifying and quantifying them to incorporate in feeds are needed. A simple analytical method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was developed to screen for low molecular weight water soluble compounds in enzyme treated and untreated Alaskan pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) stickwater (SW) generated from processing fish meal with pollock byproduct. Sample preparation was quick and involved centrifugation with ultrafiltration membrane (cut off <3000 g/mol) of reconstituted freeze dried samples for direct analysis on mass spectrum (MS). Full MS scan (50–2000 g/mol) in dual ion mode (atmospheric pressure chemical and electrospray ionisation) resulted in the identification of 5 abundant compounds (creatine, creatinine, inosine, trimethylamine and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)); quantification was performed with selective ion monitoring based on calibration standards. The major low molecular weight compound detected in untreated SW was TMAO at 25.2 ± 2.08 mg/g dry weight (dw) and in enzyme-treated SW was creatine at 10.5 ± 0.47 mg/g dw. 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Monitoring dynamic protein expression in living E. coli. Bacterial cells by laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy.

Background: Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) is a novel, nondestructive, and label-free method that can be used to quantitatively measure changes in cellular activity in single living cells. Here, we demonstrate its use to monitor changes in a population of E coli cells that occur during overexpression of a protein, the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein [MOG(1-120)]. Methods: Raman spectra were acquired from individual E coli cells suspended in solution and trapped by a single tightly focused laser beam. Overexpression of MOG(I-120) in transformed E coli Rosetta-Gami (DE3)pLysS cells was induced by addition of isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG). Changes in the peak intensities of the Raman spectra from a population of cells were monitored and analyzed over a total duration of 3 h. Data were also collected for concentrated purified MOG(1-120) protein in solution, and the spectra compared with that obtained for the MOG(I-120) expressing cells. Results: Raman spectra of individual, living E coli cells exhibit signatures due to DNA and protein molecular vibrations. Characteristic Raman markers associated with protein vibrations, such as 1,257, 1,340, 1,453, and 1,660 cm(-1), are shown to increase as a function of time following the addition of IPTG. Comparison of these spectra and the spectra of purified MOG protein indicates that the changes are predominantly due to the induction of MOG protein expression. Protein expression was found to occur mostly within the second hour, with a 470% increase relative to the protein expressed in the first hour. A 230% relative increase between the second and third hour indicates that protein expression begins to level off within the third hour. Conclusion: It is demonstrated that LTRS has sufficient sensitivity for real-time, nondestructive, and quantitative monitoring of biological processes, such as protein expression, in single living cells. Such capabilities, which are not: currently available in flow cytometry, open up new possibilities for analyzing cellular processes occurring in single microbial and eukaryotic cells, Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Large-Scale Preparation of Long-Chain ADMET Synthons

Abstract We report a convenient process with minimal purification to produce large quantities of α,ω-alkenyl alcohols. These reagents are indispensable precursors in ADMET chemistry. Icos-19-en-1-ol, nonacos-28-en-1-ol, and octatriacont-37-en-1-ol were produced effortlessly in large quantities (up to 45 g in a single batch) from undec-10-en-1-ol. By extension of the method, any desired methylene run length in the ADMET precursor can be achieved.
The business risk audit: Origins, obstacles and opportunities

Abstract Is the business risk audit a better way to assess risks leading to focused audit testing, or is it simply a tool for generating opportunities to sell nonaudit services? Many feel strongly that the latter is more representative of the manner in which business risk audits were implemented. In this paper, I argue that the development of the business risk audit methodology in the 1990s was a complex process that arose naturally from the need to compensate for the commoditization of audits that occurred in the 1980s. The contemporaneous growth of risk management theories and processes provided a powerful perspective on which to base the re-engineering of the audit. However, the process of developing and implementing business risk audits was extremely difficult and may have run up against a number of unforeseen and unmanaged obstacles, particularly in regards to the existing rituals of the traditional audit. Given that the sales culture of consulting was taking hold among auditors at about the same time, it is possible that the well-intentioned efforts to revitalize the audit process were derailed by these difficulties and then diverted to support revenue growth via nonaudit services. When Enron and ensuing scandals occurred, questions arose as to whether the business risk audit was effective, or even appropriate. Regulatory initiatives that followed from the aftermath of Enron, such as an increased focus on management incentives for fraudulent reporting and greater in-depth analysis of internal controls, may provide a viable foundation for reconsidering business risk methods and melding the best of traditional substantive audits with the best of business risk auditing.
Great Toe Calorimetry in Peripheral Vascular Diseases

Blood flow was measured in the great toe calorimetrically in various peripheral vascular diseases, after release of sympathetic nerve tone by indirect heating supplemented by tetraethylammonium chloride. There was a striking decrease in blood flow in thromboangiitis obliterans.
An EB1-kinesin complex is sufficient to steer microtubule growth in vitro

Summary Proper microtubule polarity underlies overall neuronal polarity, but mechanisms for maintaining microtubule polarity are not well understood. Previous live imaging in Drosophila dendritic arborization neurons showed that while microtubules are uniformly plus-end out in axons, dendrites possess uniformly minus-end-out microtubules [1]. Thus, maintaining uniform microtubule polarity in dendrites requires that growing microtubule plus ends entering branch points be actively directed toward the cell body. A model was proposed in which EB1 tracks the plus ends of microtubules growing into a branch and an associated kinesin-2 motor walks along a static microtubule to steer the plus end toward the cell body. However, the fast plus-end binding dynamics of EB1 [2–5] appear to be at odds with this proposed mechanical function. To test this model in vitro, we reconstituted the system by artificially dimerizing EB1 to kinesin, growing microtubules from immobilized seeds, and imaging encounters between growing microtubule plus ends and static microtubules. Consistent with in vivo observations, the EB1-kinesin complex actively steered growing microtubules. Thus, EB1 kinetics and mechanics are sufficient to bend microtubules for several seconds. Other kinesins also demonstrated this activity, suggesting this is a general mechanism for organizing and maintaining proper microtubule polarity in cells.
Brain tissue selection procedures for image derived input functions derived using independent components analysis

Absolute quantification of positron emission tomography (PET) data requires invasive blood sampling in order to obtain the arterial input function (AIF). This procedure involves considerable costs and risks. A less invasive approach is to estimate the AIF directly from images, known as an image derived input function (IDIF). One promising method, EPICA, extracts IDIF by applying independent components analysis (ICA) on dynamic PET data from the entire brain. EPICA requires exclusion of non-brain voxels from the PET images, which is achieved by using a brain mask prior to ICA. Including the entire brain in the mask may degrade the performance of ICA due to noise, artifacts and confounding information. We applied EPICA to 3 [18F]FDG and 3 [11C]WAY data sets and investigated if altering the brain mask by including or excluding tissue structures improves EPICA performance. EPICA applied to whole brain data yields poor performance but with the appropriate brain mask IDIF curves approximate the AIF well. Different tissue structures are important for different radiotracers suggesting that the kinetics of the radiotracer and its diffusion characteristics in the brain influence IDIF estimation with ICA.
Synthesis and properties of lignin-highly branched poly (ester-amine) polymeric systems

Abstract Combined characteristics of hydrogen bonded/cross-linked polymer networks based on lignin motifs have been developed. This new type of polymeric material was prepared from an industrial lignin and a highly branched poly(ester-amine) (HBPEA) obtained by melt polycondensation of 1,1,1-triethanolamine (TEA) and adipic acid (AA). The lignin-HBPEA polymers were shown to be insoluble in common organic solvents and were characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. Thermo-mechanical measurements showed that melt mixing HBPEA with 40% lignin results in a flexible and tough material ( T g ; 7.7 °C and E′ 3.5 GPa). The hydrogen bonding recognition was based on various hydroxyl groups in lignin and aliphatic ester groups from HBPEA. The extent of interactions could be controlled by varying the amount of lignin added. These networks were thermally reversible and have highly tunable mechanical properties that were controlled by the extent of interactions. High level of mechanical properties could be achieved through the addition of lignin-poly(ester-amine) covalent cross-links. This study shows that the poly(ester-amine) structure plays an important role in the thermo-mechanical properties. By varying the spacer length between lignin and tertiary amine unit, materials with various thermo-mechanical properties were also obtained from the same parent polymer backbone.
ROLE OF GLUTATHIONE IN THE CATHEPTIC HYDROLYSIS OF PLASMA ALBUMIN.

Human plasma albumin and S 35 -labeled glutathione mixtures yield radioactive polypeptides when incubated with cathepsin at pH 3.6. The results show that substantial amounts of glutathione are incorporated in the products of hydrolysis of albumin. These results and those previously reported concerning the formation of albumin-GSH mixed disulfides at low pH suggest that GSH plays an important role in modifying the substrate and in rendering it susceptible to catheptic hydrolysis. The implications of these findings and their possible significance in intracellular protein catabolism are discussed.
INSEMINATION TEMPORARILY INHIBITS SEXUAL RESPONSIVENESS IN FEMALE SALAMANDERS (DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEUS)

After successful courtship and mating in the mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), sperm masses remained externally visible in the cloacae of females for as long as 24 h (Experiment 1). When mated females were exposed to males for a second time, they appeared to be attractive and were subjected to courtship, but they seldom became inseminated (Experiment 2). Courtship and mating appear to result in a temporary inhibition of female sexual responsiveness. Females whose sperm masses were removed on the morning following successful insemination were more likely to become inseminated during a second encounter than were females whose masses were left in situ (Experiment 3). This suggests that it is the presence of a sperm mass, not simply exposure to stimulation produced by males during courtship, that inhibits female sexual responsiveness. In Experiment 4, a small styrofoam ball was placed into the cloacae of females with no recent courtship experience. When paired with males, females bearing "surrogate" sperm masses exhibited lowered courtship frequencies similar to those of recently-mated females, suggesting that physical stimulation of the female cloaca is sufficient to inhibit female sexual responsiveness. Subtle manipulation of female sexual responsiveness by males probably does not occur in Desmognathus ochrophaeus.
Increase in Antidepressant Medication in the US Adult Population between 1990 and 2003

Background: The rate of antidepressant treatment in the US has significantly increased in the past decade. There are, however, concerns about undertreatment among traditionally unde
A TQM case of Centralized Sequential Decision‐making Problem

This paper considers that a public department under specialized TQM manpower constraints have to implement multiple total quality management (TQM) policies to promote its service performance (fundamental goal) by adopting a centralized sequential advancement strategy (CSAS). Under CSAS, the decision‐makers (DMs) start off by focusing specialized TQM manpower on a single policy, then transfer the specialized TQM manpower to the next policy when the first policy reaches the predetermined implementation time limit (in terms of education and training). Suppose that each TQM policy has a different desirous education and training goal. When the desirous goals for all TQM policies are acheived, we say that the fundamental goal will be satisfied. Within the limitation of total implementation period of time for all policies, assume the desirous goals for all TQM policies cannot be achieved completely. Under this premise, the optimal implementation sequence for all TQM policies must be calculated to maximize the weighted achievement of the desirous goal. We call this optimization problem a TQM case of “centralized sequential decision‐making problem (CSDMP)”. The achievement of the desirous goal for each TQM policy is usually affected by the experience in prior implemented policies, which makes solving CSDMP quite difficult. As a result, this paper introduces the concepts of sequential effectiveness and path effectiveness. The structural properties are then studied to propose theoretical methods for solving CSDMP. Finally, a numerical example is proposed to demonstrate CSDMP’s usability.
Routine use of thiopurines in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of thiopurines in maintaining steroid-free remission in routine clinical practice. METHODS: The multi-center Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Network (PIBDNet) cohort study prospectively collected data on thiopurine naive patients initiating mercaptopurine (6MP) or azathioprine. Patients with a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD) were included in our study upon entering remission as determined by physician global assessment (PGA) within 365 d of initiation of thiopurines. The primary outcome of the study was maintenance of steroid-free remission (SFR) at each follow up visit. Patients were considered treatment failures if there had been a change in PGA from remission to mild, moderate or severe disease; disease relapse between visits; need for rescue therapy (biologic therapy, methotrexate, steroids); thiopurine discontinuation, hospitalization or surgical intervention. A secondary outcome defined treatment failure as a change from remission to moderate or severe (not mild) in addition to the previously defined criteria. RESULTS: Sixty-five of 182 patients in the PIBDNet registry met criteria for inclusion in this study. Forty-five of 65 (69%) of included patients achieved remission within 180 d of thiopurine initiation. For the primary outcome, 47% and 23% of patients remained in SFR at 6 and 12 mo. The mean thiopurine dose at initiation for the 65 included patients was 0.89 ± 0.31 mg/kg per day. Metabolite levels were obtained in 48% (31/65) of the included patients with a mean 6TG level of 258 pmole/8 × 108 RBC ± 147. For the secondary outcome, 65% and 42% of patients remained in SFR at 6 and 12 mo. CONCLUSION: Thiopurines were less effective in maintaining remission for pediatric CD in this “real world” cohort than has been previously described. Variation in thiopurine dosing and metabolite measurement was found among practitioners.
Asymptotic generalization of Reissner–Mindlin theory: accurate three-dimensional recovery for composite shells

Abstract A rigorous and systematic dimensional reduction of a shell-like structure is undertaken. It starts with geometrically nonlinear, three-dimensional (3-D), anisotropic elasticity theory and takes advantage of small parameters associated with the geometry. This reduction is carried out using the variational asymptotic method and splits the 3-D problem into a linear, one-dimensional (1-D), through-the-thickness analysis and a nonlinear, two-dimensional (2-D), shell analysis. The 2-D equations are put into the form of a nonlinear Reissner–Mindlin shell theory, details of which are dealt with in a separate paper. The focus of this paper is on the through-the-thickness analysis, which is solved by a 1-D finite element method and which provides two useful pieces of information: a generalized 2-D constitutive law for the shell equations, and a set of recovery relations that can be used to express the 3-D field variables through the thickness in terms of 2-D shell variables calculated in the shell analysis. The resulting analysis can be incorporated into standard Reissner–Mindlin shell finite element codes. Numerical results are compared with the exact solution, and the excellent agreement validates the fidelity of this modeling approach.
Tenure as a necessary but not sufficient requirement for academic freedom

Although the job security afforded by tenure is one important factor in deciding whether or how to exercise academic freedom, professors must weigh a number of other important career goals that constrain their choices. This multiplicity of goals, combined with concerns about career mobility, may help to explain the differences Ceci et al. observe between professors at different ranks.
Exciton Dynamics and Biexciton Formation in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Studied with Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

We used femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to examine the excited state dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles embedded in polymer matrices. The SWNTs were excited...
Photoluminescence in UHV/CVD tensile-strained Si type-II quantum wells on bulk crystal SiGe substrates

Near band-edge photoluminescence (PL) in high-quality UHV/CVD tensile-strained Si type-II quantum wells (QWs) with varying well width grown on bulk crystal SiGe substrates has been studied. In contrast to the blue-shifts observed in the PL lines of Si1-xGex QWs on Si, the PL lines of Si QWs exhibit red-shifts with increasing excitation density. The PL from the SiGe substrate shows no such shift. The PL red-shifts decrease as the well width decreases, and are essentially independent of temperature up to 15K where a transition from bound exciton emission to higher energy free exciton emission occurs. The rapid thermal annealing (RTA) was found to improve the crystal quality of the samples. RTA enhances the integrated PL intensity, results in narrowing and blue-shifting of PL bands, and reduces the exponent in the excitation power dependence as well as the amount of red-shifting at a given excitation density. Possible mechanisms for the observed shifts to lower energies of the PL lines with excitation density were examined, including band bending, band-filling, and binding of excitons to impurities.
Relationship Between Combined Fetal Biophysical Activities, Oligohydramnios, and Fetal Acid–Base Status

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between combined fetal biophysical activities, oligohydramnios, and fetal acid-base status at the time of testing. In a prospective study of 101 patients undergoing cesarean section before the onset of labor, a fetal biophysical profile was performed within 3 h before the cesarean section. Different combinations of fetal biophysical activities (fetal heart rate reactivity, fetal breathing movements, fetal body movements, and fetal tone) and oligohydramnios were correlated with umbilical cord blood gas and acid-base measurements (artery and vein). Fetal acidemia was defined as umbilical arterial blood pH <7.20. The group of fetuses with reactive nonstress test (NST) and/or fetal breathing present had significantly higher pH, pO2, bicarbonate, and base excess and significantly lower pCO2 levels compared with fetuses who had nonreactive NST, absent fetal breathing, and compromised or absent body movements and tone. These blood gas and acid-base diff...
Hydrology and Impervious Areas

Once upon a time, urban hydrologic analysis and design simply meant quantifying and planning for the larger peak flows associated with floods in an urban setting Leopold 1968. While amplified flood peaks and runoff volumes are certainly common results of urbanization, other hydrologic consequences of urbanization include decreased baseflow; increased loads of nutrients, sediment, and heavy metals; and large thermal shock loading of the stream. These latter effects have become particularly apparent in more recent years as engineers and others have come to view the stream channel more holistically. Of particular importance is the recent engagement of the ecological community in the study and quantification of urban storm water systems. An urbanized landscape has many hallmarks, but the presence of many impervious areas is probably the most pervasive, relevant characteristic leading to hydrologic impacts Arnold and Gibbons 1996. In this issue, the authors focus on the role of imperviousness in mediating the hydrology of an urbanized landscape. The important collection of papers assembled here spans a spectrum of issues from water quality impacts, to methods of measurement, to modeling considerations, to policy implications. However, all papers are unified by the central role imperviousness plays in urbanized watersheds. I would like to take a few moments to provide a bit of an overview to the papers contained in this issue. Although there is considerable crossover of themes among all papers, it is possible to group these papers into several broad categories: • Central role of imperviousness in influencing hydrology; • Ongoing basic research quantifying the effects of imperviousness on hydrologic response; • Surface runoff characterization of impervious areas; • Hydrologic modeling with imperviousness; • Imperviousness mitigation design; and • Impervious cover policy: issues, implications, and consequences. I will expand a bit on each of these themes to serve as an
Reactions to the Death of a Parent during Midlife

Interviews with eighty-three adults aged thirty-five to sixty who had lost a parent one to five years previously found that 60 percent continued to experience emotional reactions and 44 percent continued to experience somatic reactions to the death. The majority also reported changes in their sense of maturity, personal priorities, work and/or career objectives, feelings about their own mortality, and the importance and nature of various social relationships. These impacts generally corresponded to developmentally significant midlife themes of autonomy, personal freedom, and responsibility.
Ipratropium-bromide-induced acute anisocoria in the intensive care setting due to ill-fitting face masks.

Anisocoria, or unequal pupil size, may be an early sign of an impending neurologic emergency in any patient.1 Acute unilateral mydriasis is often suggestive of a lifethreatening condition affecting cranial nerve function, such as tumor compression, intracranial hypertension with impending uncal herniation, expanding intracranial aneurysm, or hemorrhage. Benign mydriasis can be due to prior trauma, medication effects, and congenital abnormalities. Determining the cause of anisocoria can be challenging in critical care settings because patients often are sedated, paralyzed, intubated, or have a baseline altered mental status that makes full neurologic examination difficult. The workup of acute anisocoria frequently involves costly and/or invasive procedures, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, lumbar puncture, and neurologic consultations before ruling out the most serious causes. We report 2 cases of anisocoria in elderly intensive care unit (ICU) patients, that were probably due to inadvertent ocular exposure to ipratropium caused by ill-fitting face masks. The unilateral mydriasis resolved spontaneously after life-threatening causes were excluded, and when the masks were removed or better fitted. Cases of ipratropiumbromide-induced anisocoria have rarely been reported, and we include a review of the English-language literature.1–12 Ipratropium bromide-induced anisocoria may be seen more frequently with the increased use of aerosolized anticholinergics and noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in the management of respiratory insufficiency. Case Report 1
Validation of a Radioimmunoassay Procedure for N,N′-Diacetylbenzidine, a Metabolite of the Chemical Carcinogen Benzidine, in Urine

The biaryl amine benzidine has been reported to produce tumors of the bladder in both man and animals. We have developed and validated a radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for monitoring potential human exposure to benzidine through detection in urine samples of one of its known urinary metabolites. The antibody used in the assay was produced in rabbits and is specific for N,N'-diacetylbenzidine (N,N'-DAB). At a 1/15000 initial dilution, this antiserum bound 50% of an iodinated tracer [125I]-N4'-[4-hydroxyphenethylaminohemisuccinyl]-4-acetamido-4-aminobiphenyl. One hundred pg (0.373 pmol) of N,N'-DAB displaced 50% of the tracer initially bound to the antiserum. The validity of the RIA procedure was established by the parallelism exhibited between the standard curve and aliquots of spiked human urine samples. The RIA has good spiked human urine samples. The RIA has good sensitivity (average minimal detectable dose less than 10 pg) and reproducibility (within-and between-assay coefficients of variation at midrange of the standard curve were 3.94 and 12.48, respectively). A series of 109 randomly selected human urine control samples were analyzed and a nonspecific interference of 0.52 +/- 0.04 ng of N,N'-DAB/mL urine was found.
Single‐peaked preferences and probabilities of cyclical majorities

Most investigations of multidimensional single-peaked preferences presume that the set of decision alternatives is a product set. In the present paper, it is assumed that alternatives exhibit two or more salient attributes, but no product structure is presumed. It is assumed that each voter can conditionally order the alternatives on the basis of each salient attribute, that the sets of voters' preference orders conditioned on each attribute are singlepeaked in the traditional sense, and that a voter unconditionally prefers alternative x to alternative y when he prefers x to y conditionally for every attribute. The analysis strongly supports the assertion that, with three alternatives and two salient attributes, the probability of getting a simple majority cycle becomes vanishingly small as the number of voters becomes large. The cases of more than three alternatives and/or more than two attributes are also discussed.
Disordered Ground States of Classical Lattice Models

We use strictly ergodic dynamical systems to describe two methods for constructing short range interactions of classical statistical mechanics models with unique ground states and unusual properties of disorder; in particular, these ground states can be mixing under translations (and therefore have purely continuous spectrum), and can have positive entropy. Because of the uniqueness of the ground state the disorder is not of the usual type associated with local degeneracy.
A randomized clinical trial of oral versus intramuscular delivery of steroids in acute exudative pharyngitis.

Previous study has shown that the use of intramuscular (IM) steroid leads to improved symptoms in patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). Objective: To compare oral with IM steroids as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy in the treatment of acute exudative pharyngitis. The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in effectiveness of oral versus IM steroids. Methods: The study was a randomized, double-blind outpatient clinical trial. After consent was obtained, each patient was asked to rate his or her pain on a 10-cm numbered visual analog scale (VAS; 0-10). All of the patients received injectable benzathine penicillin or, if allergic to penicillin, a ten-day course of polyenteric-coated erythromycin. Each patient was randomized to receive either injectable steroid plus oral placebo or injectable placebo plus oral steroid. All medications were given in the emergency department. All patients were contacted by telephone at 24 hours (first follow-up) and 48 hours (second follow-up) by one of the study investigators and asked to rate their pain based on another VAS. If their pain was not resolved by 48 hours, they were called again daily for the third to seventh day after the initial visit. The time to total resolution of the sore throat was documented. The main outcome measures were time to complete relief of pain and VAS scores. Pain medication was not controlled; however, use of pain medications and amounts were recorded. Results: A total of 78 patients were initially enrolled in the study. Eight patients were excluded from the statistical analysis because of inability to follow up. A total of 70 were entered, with 35 randomized to IM steroid plus oral placebo and 35 to IM placebo plus oral steroid. There was no difference in pain scores for the oral versus IM group at first follow-up (p = 0.13) and second follow-up (p = 0.82), and in number of hours to relief of pain (p = 0.06). Using repeated-measures analysis of variance, no difference in the effects of the two medications over time was detected (p = 0.83). Conclusions: The results of this clinical trial suggest that oral steroid and IM steroid provide similar levels of pain relief in acute exudative pharyngitis.
Testing the ATI hypothesis: Should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style? !

Abstract College students (Experiment 1) and non-college adults (Experiment 2) studied a computer-based 31-frame lesson on electronics that offered help-screens containing text (text group) or illustrations (pictorial group), and then took a learning test. Participants also took a battery of 14 cognitive measures related to the verbalizer-visualizer dimension including tests of cognitive style, learning preference, spatial ability, and general achievement. In Experiment 3, college students received either both kinds of help-screens or none. Verbalizers and visualizers did not differ on the learning test, and almost all of the verbalizer-visualizer measures failed to produce significant attribute x treatment interactions (ATIs). There was not strong support for the hypothesis that verbal learners and visual learners should be given different kinds of multimedia instruction.
How does cytochrome oxidase pump protons

We are now in an exciting era of molecular bioenergetics. High-resolution x-ray structures have been determined for several of the key components of bioenergetics systems, including the respiratory enzymes cytochrome oxidase (1–4) and the bc1 complex (5, 6), the F1 component of the F1Fo-ATPase (7), the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (8, 9), and the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (10–12). Each of these membrane proteins generates (or can use) a protonmotive force across the membrane by using unique mechanisms. In cytochrome oxidase the complex oxygen chemistry is somehow linked at different stages to driving protons about 50 A across the membrane against an electrochemical gradient. In this issue of the Proceedings, Hartmut Michel (45) offers a new model of how this process might work. He presents a challenge to a paradigm that has been generally accepted by researchers in the field for the past decade. To be sure, his proposal will spark healthy debate and a new round of experiments designed to test the predictions of the new model that distinguish it from other models that have been offered.