cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of boron carbide nanoparticles

Boron carbide nanoparticles were made via a reaction of boron, obtained from thermal decomposition of magnesium diboride, with multiwall carbon nanotubes at 1150 °C for 3 h in vacuum. The size of the nanoparticles is smaller than 100 nm. The bamboo structure of the multiwall carbon nanotubes is the key to the successful synthesis of such nanoparticles. Good crystallinity was demonstrated by scanning electron microscope images and X-ray diffraction patterns. The single-crystal nature of each nanoparticle was evidenced by a high-resolution lattice image obtained using a transmission electron microscope.
Managing pipeline-reconfigurable FPGAs

While reconfigurable computing promises to deliver incomparable performance, it is still a marginal technology due to the high cost of developing and upgrading applications. Hardware virtualization can be used to significantly reduce both these costs. In this paper we describe the benefits of hardware virtualization, and show how it can be achieved using a combination of pipeline reconfiguration and run-time scheduling of both configuration streams and data streams. The result is PipeRench, an architecture that supports robust compilation and provides forward compatibility. Our preliminary performance analysis predicts that PipeRench will outperform commercial FPGAs and DSPs in both overall performance and in performance per mm2.
Soil Carbon Maps

The quality of soil property maps may be improved and spatial sampling intensities reduced by incorporating secondary data to enhance spatial estimates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how scale of sampling and secondary spatial information (terrain attributes) affected the quality of spatial estimates of soil C. A field in Central Michigan was sampled using 30.5- and 100-m regular grids and the samples were analyzed for total C. Extracting a 61-m grid from the 30.5-m regular grid (G 30 ) data set created an additional data set. Total C maps were created at each scale using ordinary kriging, kriging with a trend model, cokriging, kriging with an external drift, and multiple regression. Each resulting map was compared with an independent validation data set (n = 24) to evaluate map quality. At the 30-m grid scale, there were modest differences between maps created with ordinary kriging (root mean squared error [RMSE] = 2.9 g kg -1 , isotropic model; RMSE = 3.0 g kg -1 , anisotropic model), kriging with a trend model (RMSE= 2.8 g kg -1 ), cokriging (RMSE = 2.9 g kg -1 ), kriging with an external drift (RMSE = 2.6 g kg -1 ), and multivariate stepwise regression (RMSE = 3.2 g kg -1 ). Prediction errors were generally larger at the 61-m grid scale and procedures that utilized secondary the terrain data (cokriging, RMSE = 3.8 g kg -1 ; kriging with an external drift, RMSE = 3.8 g kg -1 ; stepwise multiple regression, RMSE = 3.0 g kg -1 ) outperformed procedures that did not (isotropic ordinary kriging, RMSE = 4.3 g kg -1 ; kriging with a trend model, RMSE = 4.3 g kg -1 ). At the 100-m grid (G 100 ) scale, geostatistical procedures were not appropriate because of the small sample size (n = 12) yet multiple regression performed well (RMSE = 3.8 g kg -1 ). Maps of soil C created with regression most resembled the soil color patterns evident in an aerial photograph of the field.
Type III posterior urethral valves: Presentation and management

The clinical and radiographic presentation of infants with type III posterior urethral valves help to distinguish them from patients with the more common type I valves. The diaphragmatic valvular obstruction may make catheterization impossible. Percutaneous cystography can confirm the diagnosis and allow for short-term decompression. The presence of smooth-walled bladders with narrow posterior urethras is unique to type III valves but is not always present. Type III valves present within a spectrum of clinical severity; however, the majority involve significant renal impairment. The prognosis for survival and renal function appears poorer for patients with type III valves than for those with type I valves.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 5-ethylpyrimidines and 5-methylpyrimidines in plasma

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method employing a C18 reversed-phase column, a mobile phase of sodium acetate and methanol, and an ultraviolet detector was developed for the analysis of 5-ethylpyrimidines and 5-methylpyrimidines in plasma. Samples were prepared for HPLC by sequential cation-exchange and anion-exchange column chromatography. Linear standard curves were obtained for samples containing 0.05–50 μg/ml 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-ethyluracil, 0.05–10 μg/ml 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)uracil, and 0.1–50 μg/ml thymidine, thymine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. Applicability of the method to determination of the kinetics of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine elimination by the isolated perfused rat liver was demonstrated; clearance of the drug was 1.29 ml/min.
Silica-Supported, Single-Site Titanium Catalysts for Olefin Epoxidation. A Molecular Precursor Strategy for Control of Catalyst Structure

A molecular precursor approach involving simple grafting procedures was used to produce site-isolated titanium-supported epoxidation catalysts of high activity and selectivity. The tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy titanium complexes Ti[OSi(O(t)Bu)(3)](4) (TiSi4), ((i)PrO)Ti[OSi(O(t)Bu)(3)](3) (TiSi3), and ((t)BuO)(3)TiOSi(O(t)Bu)(3) (TiSi) react with the hydroxyl groups of amorphous Aerosil, mesoporous MCM-41, and SBA-15 via loss of HO(t)Bu and/or HOSi(O(t)Bu)(3) and introduction of titanium species onto the silica surface. Powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, infrared, and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet spectroscopies were used to investigate the structures and chemical natures of the surface-bound titanium species. The titanium species exist mainly in isolated, tetrahedral coordination environments. Increasing the number of siloxide ligands in the molecular precursor decreases the amount of titanium that can be introduced this way, but also enhances the catalytic activity and selectivity for the epoxidation of cyclohexene with cumene hydroperoxide as oxidant. In addition, the high surface area mesoporous silicas (MCM-41 and SBA-15) are more effective than amorphous silica as supports for these catalysts. Supporting TiSi3 on the SBA-15 affords highly active cyclohexene epoxidation catalysts (0.25-1.77 wt % Ti loading) that provide turnover frequencies (TOFs) of 500-1500 h(-1) after 1 h (TOFs are reduced by about half after calcination). These results demonstrate that oxygen-rich siloxide complexes of titanium are useful as precursors to supported epoxidation catalysts.
Two novel CRX mutant proteins causing autosomal dominant Leber congenital amaurosis interact differently with NRL.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a congenital retinal dystrophy characterized by severe visual loss in infancy and nystagmus. Although most often inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, rare individuals with mutations in the cone-rod homeobox gene, CRX, have dominant disease. CRX is critical for photoreceptor development and acts synergistically with the leucine-zipper transcription factor, NRL. We report on the phenotype of two individuals with LCA due to novel, de novo CRX mutations, c.G264T(p.K88N) and c.413delT(p.I138fs48), that reduce transactivation in vitro to 10% and 30% of control values, respectively. Whereas the c.413delT(p.I138fs48) mutant allows co-expressed NRL to transactivate independently at its normal, baseline level, the c.G264T(p.K88N) mutant reduces co-expressed NRL transactivation and reduces steady state levels of both proteins. Although both mutant proteins predominantly localize normally to the nucleus, they also both show variable cytoplasmic localization. These observations suggest that some CRX-mediated LCA may result from effects beyond haploinsufficiency, such as the mutant protein interefering with other transcription factors' function. Such patients would therefore not likely benefit from a simple, gene-replacement strategy for their disease. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is There Evidence of Separate Inflammatory or Metabolic Forms of Preeclampsia

Objectives. To examine whether high insulin resistance versus high inflammation identifies subtypes of preeclampsia. Methods. A cytokine panel, glucose and insulin were measured in 37 preeclampsia plasma samples. Wilcoxon rank sum assessed median concentration of HOMAIR by pro-inflammatory:anti-inflammatory ratio. Regression stratifying by BMI and preterm birth was conducted. Results. There was no difference in median HOMAIR by the pro-inflammatory:anti-inflammatory ratio (p = 0.16). No subsets scatterplot clusters emerged. A positive correlation between HOMAlog and the ratio was significant (p = 0.04). Conclusions. No dichotomous subsets of preeclampsia by inflammation versus insulin resistance were detected. Contrary to our hypothesis, insulin resistance was higher as inflammation increased in preeclampsia.
Why Get Involved? Exploring Gay and Bisexual Men's Experience of the Gay Community

Involvement in a gay community is a necessary step in the formation of a positive gay identity. However, how gay individuals think of a gay community and how they participate in these communities remains largely unexplored from a psychological perspective. The current study used an online survey containing several open-ended response items asking participants how they define the gay community, their first experience with it, and the advantages and disadvantages resulting from their involvement. The responses of a nationwide sample of 129 gay and bisexual men were coded in accordance with grounded theory. The results revealed substantial diversity in the perceptions and experiences of the gay community. Implications regarding these findings are discussed.
Functional design and evolution of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in euteleostean fishes

Functional and structural patterns in the pharyngeal jaw apparatus ofeuteleostean fishes are described and analysed as a case study of the transformation of a complex biological design. The sequential acquisition ofstructural novelties in the pharyngeal apparatus is cnnsidered in relation to both current hypotheses of eutrlrostran phylogeny and patterns of pharyngeal jaw function. Several euteleostean cladrs ai-e corroborated as being monophyletic, and morphologically consenzative features of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus are rccognimd. Functional analysis, using cinematography and electromyography, reveals four distinct patterns of muscle activity during feeding in primitive euteleosts (oil dcsian in vertebrates awaits fiirther information on the acquisition of both structural and function;il novelties at successive hicrarchical levels within monophyletic clades. This is suggcrted as a key goal of fiiture research in functional and evolutionary morphology.
Tissue angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity in ageing hamsters with and without cardiomyopathy

The purpose of this study was to determine tissue angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in ageing hamsters with and without cardiomyopathy, and the factors that regulate its activity in vitro. We found that ACE activity was significantly increased in the heart and significantly decreased in the lung of ageing hamsters with hereditary cardiomyopathy in comparison to age/genetically-matched controls (P < 0.05). Kidney and cheek pouch ACE activity was similar in both groups. Lisinopril inhibition curves of tissue ACE activity were similar in ageing hamsters with and without cardiomyopathy. In both groups, tissue ACE activity was dependent on chloride anion concentration in the assay buffer. Substituting citrate for chloride abrogated, in part, this response. We conclude that cardiomyopathy is associated with significant changes in cardiac and lung ACE activity in ageing hamsters in comparison to age/genetically-matched controls. However, regulation of tissue ACE activity in vitro is similar in both groups.
Ultrastructure of sperm penetration of house fly eggs

Acrosomes of house fly sperm in the micropyle of eggs were examined and compared with those of sperm in the spermathecae and of sperm in the anterior fertilization chamber of females from which the accessory reproductive glands had been removed. The acrosomal membranes of sperm within the spermatheca and those of sperm in the anterior fertilization chamber of glandless females were intact, and the granular material of the acrosomal cavity was present; those of sperm within the egg micropyle of normal females were lysed and largely devoid of granular acrosomal material. Also, numerous clusters of tubular aggregates were identified within the micropylar cap substance of ovarian eggs and of eggs from glandless females but were greatly disassociated and less abundant in eggs that sperm had penetrated. The various enveloping layers that surround the ooplasm and the immediate consequences of sperm entry of the egg were revealed and documented.
Preparative isolation of peroxisomes from liver and kidney using metrizamide density gradient centrifugation in a vertical rotor.

A method for the preparative isolation of peroxisomes from the livers of rat, guinea pig, and mouse, and also from rat kidney is described. The light mitochondrial fraction, i.e., particles sedimenting between 33,000 and 250,000g-min, or the postnuclear supernatant of liver or kidney, is subjected to a 20-50% Metrizamide density gradient ultracentrifugation in a vertical rotor. After centrifugation, the peroxisomes (marker enzyme catalase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase) sedimented as a band near the bottom of the tube (rho = 1.22 g/ml). From the distribution of different marker enzymes and also from the morphometric examinations, it was demonstrated that the isolated peroxisomes are not contaminated with lysosomes, mitochondria, or microsomes.
Profile of children placed in out-of-home care: Association with permanency outcomes

Abstract The goals of this study were to explore characteristics and profiles of children who received out-of-home care services and to examine the relationship between their profiles and permanency outcomes. Results of latent class analysis suggest that there are three distinct subgroups of children served in out-of-home care (N = 33,092): Children with Complex Needs (6%), Children in Families with Complex Needs (64%), and Older Abused Children (30%). Of the three identified subgroups Children with Complex Needs consisted of youth who were at greater risk for adverse outcomes. These children were less likely to experience timely adoption, had the longest length of stay in out-of-home care, and were least likely to experience timely reunification. Although permanency outcomes for Older Abused Children are somewhat better than for Children with Complex Needs, they represent a vulnerable population of youth in out-of-home care who have a very low chance of being adopted. Overall, this study suggests that service provision by itself may not improve permanency outcomes for children unless both prevention and intervention efforts address co-occurring family needs and are tailored to specific characteristics of the children being served.
Adriamycin transport and sensitivity in fatty acid-modified leukemia cells.

Abstract The membrane phospholipids of L1210 murine leukemia cells were modified by supplementing the growth medium with micromolar concentrations of polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. This procedure results in enrichment of cellular phospholipids by the supplemented fatty acid. Enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids resulted in a marked increase in sensitivity to adriamycin as compared to enrichment with monounsaturated fatty acids. The increased cytotoxicity was directly proportional to the extent of unsaturation of the inserted fatty acid, but there was no difference in cells enriched with n − 3 compared with n − 6 family fatty acids. To explore the mechanism of this observation, we examined whether augmented uptake of the drug might explain the increased cytotoxicity. The uptake of [14C]adriamycin, which was approximately linear at later time points, was only partially temperature dependent and never reached a steady state. Initial uptake at time points prior to 60 s could not be measured due to high and variable rapid membrane adsorption. Cellular accumulation of drug was greater in the docosahexaenoate 22:6-enriched L1210 cells as compared to oleate 18:1-enriched cells and was about 32% greater after 20 min. When L1210 cells were enriched with six fatty acids of variable degrees of unsaturation, the accumulation of adriamycin was directly correlated with the average number of double bonds in the fatty acids contained in cellular phospholipids. There was no difference in efflux of drug from cells pre-loaded with adriamycin. We conclude that the greater accumulation of adriamycin by the polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched L1210 cells likely explains the increased sensitivity of these cells to adriamycin compared to 18:1-enriched cells.
Equivariant prequantization and admissible coadjoint orbits

The orbit method has as its primary goal the construction and parametrization of the irreducible unitary representations of a (simply-connected) Lie group in terms of its coadjoint orbits. This goal was achieved with complete success for nilpotent groups by Kirillov[8] and for type I solvable groups by Auslander and Kostant[l] but is known to encounter difficulties when faced with more general groups. Geometric quantization can be viewed as an outgrowth of the orbit method aimed at providing a geometric passage from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. Whereas the original geometric quantization scheme due to Kostant[9] and Souriau[14] enabled such a passage in a variety of situations, it too encounters difficulties in broader contexts.
DRGs and severity of illness measures: an analysis of patient classification systems

Concerns about inefficiency and excessive expenditures has stimulated interest in the measurement of the output of the hospital, an organization that produces a wide variety of products. Diagnosis Related Groups and a number of severity measures including Disease Staging, the Severity of Illness Index, and Patient Management Categories are described and evaluated. Using criteria such as reliability, clinical validity, homogeneity, number of categories, and data acquisition costs, the analysis suggests that while none of the hospital patient classification systems is perfect, great strides have been made in reflecting the multiproduct nature of the hospital.
Modeling and analysis of an all-plastic flat-plate solar collector

The concept of an all-plastic liquid flat-plate solar collector was studied. Such a collector eliminates the need for coatings, metals, and all other materials except plastics. The concept appears to offer possibilities for the mass production of a lowcost, lightweight solar collector which is reasonably efficient. Material considerations for the concept are discussed, and thermal analysis is presented. Mathematical models were developed for study of this concept. Convection and nonlinear radiation between the covers was computed in all of the models. In addition absorptance and conduction in the cover(s) and the fluid cover plate were studied in order to determine their effects on the panel performance. A model panel was fabricated, and computer results were compared with test data for the efficiency of the panel.
Quality of life in a clinical trial of highly active antiretroviral therapy alone or with intravenous or subcutaneous interleukin-2 administration.

Objective: To assess the impact of subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults with HIV-1 receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: Twenty-two institutions from the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Patients: One hundred forty-eight HIV-infected adults randomized, with baseline HRQOL data. Methods: HAART (indinavir plus 2 nucleoside analogues) for 12 weeks, followed by 72 weeks of continued HAART alone, HAART plus subcutaneous IL-2, or HAART plus intravenous IL-2. Outcome Measures: Scores for 8 dimensions of HRQOL, an unweighted summary score, and a visual analogue health rating score. Results: The IL-2 subcutaneous group had the best mean change in 6 of 8 dimension subscales and in the summary scale at 28 weeks (16 weeks after baseline). At 52 weeks, the IL-2 subcutaneous group had the best mean change in all the subscales and the summary scale. The differences were statistically significant for 3 subscales and the summary scale. Midcycle changes were statistically significantly worse for the subcutaneous IL-2 group for 4 subscales and the summary scale. Conclusions: We found evidence of a short-term but not long-term adverse impact of IL-2 on HRQOL and some evidence of long-term benefit for the subcutaneous group.
Reaction of 3-Amino-1:2:4-Triazole with Lactoperoxidase'

Bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO) gradually lost its enzymatic activity when dialyzed against a solution of 3-amino-1:2:4-triazole (AT) and hydrogen peroxide at pH 7.0. Amino acid analysis of the completely inactive enzyme revealed the formation of a new ninhydrin-positive chromatographic peak. This peak which had been observed previously when catalases were similarly reacted with AT in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is attributed to the covalent reaction product of AT with a histidyl residue. Concurrently with the appearance of the new ninhydrin-positive peak, the histidine content of LPO decreased by approximately two residues. Four to five residues of tyrosine were also lost.
Drag of Vane-Type Vortex Generators in Compressible Flow

trajectories were calculated. These computations used identical sets of initial conditions, and a trim angle of 60° with either continuum aerodynamics or low Reynolds number aerodynamics. For the continuum case, a lift-drag ratio of 0.5 was used for the entire trajectory; for the low Reynolds number case, the L/D was varied linearly from 0.26 at 400,000 ft altitude to 0.5 at 250,000 ft, and then kept constant for the remaining trajectory. The calculations were made for an .azimuth angle of 32°, an Earth reference velocity of 25, 134 fps, and the lift vector in the positive vertical position (roll angle 0 = 0°) or inclined (roll angle 0 = 45°). The results of these computations are presented in Table 1. In all cases, the low density effects produce only minor changes in range, g loads, and maximum heating conditions. In summary, lift and drag forces were measured on a typical SSV design in the hypersonic flow regime using a free-flight technique. Significant decreases in lift due to low Reynolds number effects were measured for this space shuttle vehicle. However, calculated entry trajectories are essentially the same whether or not these low density effects are taken into account.
Critical fluctuation universality in chemically oscillatory systems: A soluble master equation

Multiple time scale arguments are used to show that near a Hopf bifurcation to a chemical oscillation the dynamics of the system reduces to that of a classic soluble limit cycle system. A birth and death master equation is then introduced and the spectrum of the resulting transition operator is shown to be complex. Exact solutions of the master equation are obtained both for the steady and (for a rather general class of systems) “excited” states. Thus a simple basis of universality of critical properties in chemical oscillations is provided.
Response of White Clover to Ozone in Different Environments

The value of research on effects of O{sub 3} done in greenhouse or field exposure systems is often questioned because chamber environments may affect plant response. Foliar injury, chlorophyll, and forage weight responses of two clones of white clover (Trifolium reopens L.) to ambient O{sub 3} were compared for plants grown in charcoal-filtered (CF) and nonfiltered air (NF) in a greenhouse and open-top field chambers and in ambient air (NF) in a greenhouse and open-top field chambers and in ambient air (AA) plots at Raleigh, NC. One clone is sensitive to O{sub 3} (NC-S), whereas the other is resistant (NC-R). Comparisons of individual clone responses in CF vs. NF treatments in the greenhouse and in the field and the proportional response of the clones (defined as the NC-S/NC-R response ratio) were used to indicate the relative response to O{sub 3} in the different environments. Foliar injury and chlorophyll responses of NC-S to O{sub 3} were similar in the NF greenhouse, NF open-top chambers, and in AA. However, for individual harvests, the percentage decrease in NC-S forage weight in NF compared with CF was 7 to 23% greater in the greenhouse than in open-top chambers. The NC-S/NC-R forage ratios indicated thatmore » clover response to O{sub 3} in NF open-top field chambers was the same as in AA. Large environmental differences between greenhouse and open-top chambers apparently caused differences in plant responses to O{sub 3}, whereas relatively small environmental differences between open-top chambers and ambient air did not. 22 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less
An Assessment of nutrition education in selected counties in New York State elementary schools (kindergarten through fifth grade).

Abstract Objective To assess the extent to which nutrition education is implemented in selected counties in New York State elementary schools (kindergarten through fifth grade) and explore how nutrition knowledge is presented in the classroom and what factors support it. Design Cross-sectional, self-administered survey. Setting New York State elementary schools in selected counties. Participants New York State elementary school teachers (n = 137). Main Outcome Measures Hours spent teaching nutrition; nutrition topics, methods of teaching, education resources, and aspects of the school environment that may influence nutrition education. Analysis Crosstabs with a chi-square statistic and ANOVA. Results Eighty-three percent of teachers taught some nutrition (9.0 ± 10.5 hours) during the academic year. Teachers taught lessons about finding and choosing healthy food (61%), relationship between diet and health (54%), and MyPyramid (52%) most often. Suburban teachers (12.4 ± 12.5 hours) taught significantly ( P = .006) more hours of nutrition than rural teachers (4.2 ± 3.9 hours). Teachers at schools with fewer than 80% nonwhite students taught significantly ( P = .02) more (10.4 ± 11.4 hours) compared to schools with greater than 80% nonwhite students (5.6 ± 6.4 hours). Conclusions and Implications Teachers reported that nutrition education is important and that they are willing to teach nutrition. Efforts should be made that support integrated nutrition topics, methods of instruction, and availability of resources.
Calcium-dependent release of putative neurotransmitters in the chick visual system

Abstract The calcium-dependent release of putative neurotransmitters has been studied in the chick brain. Several radioactive compounds were taken up into chick optic lobe homogenates by a high-affinity sodium-dependent transport mechanism. At a concentration of potassium sufficient to cause extensive depolarization, a large proportion of the efflux of the accumulated labeled compounds was calcium dependent. Calcium-stimulated release was antagonized by magnesium. The calcium ionophore, A-23187, enabled calcium-related release to occur in the absence of depolarizing conditions, except after accumulation of [3H]choline. Veratridine was used in order to bring about depolarization in low external potassium concentrations. In this case magnesium was able to replace calcium in inducing the efflux of labeled compounds. Tetrodotoxin inhibited the veratridine-stimulated release of compounds in the presence of calcium. The rate of release of accumulated leucine was affected to a much lesser extent by the presence of calcium. Calcium-stimulated release was also found in homogenates of the optic nerve, indicating that this process is not confined to synapses. Calcium-stimulated release of different compounds varied according to the developmental age and temperature of incubation. This suggests that some dissimilarities in the nature of their release mechanisms exist. Our results suggest that much calcium-dependent efflux is related to presynaptic neurotransmitter release mechanisms. However, a similar release process may exist in non-synaptic regions of the neuron and in glia. Furthermore, the release of non-transmitter compounds under depolarizing conditions can also be enhanced by the presence of calcium.
Effect of Particle Size on Melting of Aluminum at Nano Scales

Molecular-dynamics simulations are performed using isobaric−isoenthalpic (NPH) ensembles to predict the melting of nanosized aluminum particles in the range of 2−9 nm and to investigate the effect of surface charge development on the melting. Five different potential functions (the Lennard-Jones, glue, embedded-atom, Streitz−Mintmire, and Sutton−Chen potentials) are implemented, and the results are evaluated using the particle-size dependence of the melting phenomenon as a benchmark. A combination of structural and thermodynamic parameters, including the potential energy, Lindemann index, translational-order parameter, and radial-distribution functions, are used to characterize the melting process. Both bulk and particle melting are considered. The former features sharp changes in structural and thermodynamic properties across the melting point, as opposed to the smooth variations seen in particle melting in which surface premelting plays an important role. The melting temperature of a nanoparticle increa...
White to brite adipocyte transition and back again

Identification and characterization of a third type of adipocyte known as brite (brown-in-white) adipocytes has drawn considerable attention, as these cells are thought to regulate energy expenditure and may help combat obesity. Remarkably, white adipocytes can adopt the characteristics of brite adipocytes following cold stimulation, and this process is reversible in vivo.
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF A PAPILLOMA VIRUS ON THE TARRED SKIN OF RABBITS : I. DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENON.

The Shope papilloma virus elicits carcinomas forthwith, as well as papillomas in great variety, when it is distributed by way of the blood stream to the tarred epidermis of domestic rabbits. The phenomenon will be analyzed in succeeding papers with the aid of additional instances.
Projecting landscapes of death

Abstract Projecting the space needed for the disposal of the dead is often overlooked as a planning function, but the permanence of allocating land to cemetery use makes it critical to long range land use planning. There is very little contemporary guidance for planners on the variables which should be considered when projecting the land use needs of the dead. In this paper we present a method that illustrates the complexities of projecting landscapes of death. We then apply this method to the case of Palm Beach County, Florida, a county of over a million residents, many of whom are elderly, that may experience a shortage of cemetery land in the coming decades. This paper raises important issues when planning for the land use needs of the dead including burial migration and problems in estimating existing capacity. This work demonstrates that planners need to take a more active role in planning for the dead, especially given the lack of information on interment capacity in most locations in the country.
A molecular dynamics simulation study of crystalline 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6- trinitrobenzene as a function of pressure and temperature

Quantum chemistry-based dipole polarizable and nonpolarizable force fields have been developed for 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). Molecular dynamics simulations of TATB crystals were performed for hydrostatic pressures up to 10 GPa at 300 K and for temperatures between 200 and 400 K at atmospheric pressure. The predicted heat of sublimation and room-temperature volumetric hydrostatic compression curve were found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The hydrostatic compression curves for individual unit cell parameters were found to be in reasonable agreement with those data. The pressure- and temperature-dependent second-order isothermal elastic tensor was determined for temperatures between 200 and 400 K at normal pressure and for pressures up to 10 GPa on the 300 K isotherm. Simulations indicate considerable anisotropy in the mechanical response, with modest softening and significant stiffening of the crystal with increased temperature and pressure, respectively. For most properties the polarizable potential was found to yield better agreement with available experimental properties.
Students’ Expectations of an Online Histology Course: a Qualitative Study

Histology is a fundamental subject in health science education. The highly visual nature of the subject and its costly requirements (lab space, equipment, and demanding instructor contact hours) have resulted in limited course offerings and hindered the progress to convert histology into an effective online course that complies with the Quality Matters ( http://www.qmprogram.org/ ) standards, a set of best practice criteria for online course design by which the quality of the course may become certified via faculty-centered peer review process. With the advancement of technologies such as microscope simulators and course management systems, a stand-alone online histology course is becoming closer to realization. With the ultimate goal of establishing a stand-alone histology course that meets all Quality Matters standards, we report here results of a qualitative assessment of students’ experience with previous histology courses, virtual laboratory, and their expectations for a potential stand-alone online histology course. These results can be categorized into four themes that recommend corresponding functions to be included in an online histology course: (1) interactivity, (2) self-assessment, (3) multimedia support, and (4) access to peer and instructors via social media. Our findings provide a valuable insight into students’ expectations based on their comfort level and experience with technology and histology course.
Parental Perceptions of an Advanced Filial Therapy Model

This exploratory phenomenological study examines the experiences of nine parents who completed an advanced filial therapy model that provides participants with ongoing support and skill development after participating in a basic filial approach called child parent relationship therapy. Experiential and intensive, the advanced model is patterned after a training-supervision approach utilized for play therapists. Using a systems-relational lens, this in-depth analysis utilizes parent playtime notes, facilitator field notes, and transcripts of group process sessions and a focus group. Findings reveal that parents experienced (1) an improved ability to implement and generalize the basic filial skills across relationships and contexts, (2) positive relational influences across a wide variety of relationships, not just with their target child, and (3) an enhanced understanding of the relational benefits of parent–child playtimes. Adding to the research on filial therapy, this study represents the first examination of an advanced filial approach and highlights the systemic dimensions of play-based family therapy.
In vivo functional imaging of blood flow and wall strain rate in outflow tract of embryonic chick heart using ultrafast spectral domain optical coherence tomography

During cardiac development, the cardiac wall and flowing blood are two important cardiac tissues that constantly interact with each other. This dynamic interaction defines appropriate biomechanical environment to which the embryonic heart is exposed. Quantitative assessment of the dynamic parameters of wall tissues and blood flow is required to further our understanding of cardiac development. We report the use of an ultrafast 1310-nm dual-camera spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) system to characterize/image, in parallel, the dynamic radial strain rate of the myocardial wall and the Doppler velocity of the underlying flowing blood within an in vivo beating chick embryo. The OCT system operates at 184-kHz line scan rate, providing the flexibility of imaging the fast blood flow and the slow tissue deformation within one scan. The ability to simultaneously characterize tissue motion and blood flow provides a useful approach to better understand cardiac dynamics during early developmental stages.
Plane-strain propagation of a fluid-driven fracture during injection and shut-in: Asymptotics of large toughness

This paper considers the problem of plane-strain fluid-driven fracture propagating in an impermeable elastic medium under condition of large toughness or, equivalently, of low fracturing fluid viscosity. We construct an explicit solution for a fracture propagating in the toughness-dominated regime when the energy dissipated in the viscous fluid flow inside the fracture is negligibly small compared to the energy expended in fracturing the solid medium. The next order corrections in viscosity to this limiting solution are then derived, allowing the range of problem parameters corresponding to the toughness-dominated regime to be established. The first-order small viscosity (large toughness) solution is shown to provide an excellent approximation of the solution for the crack length in the wide range of the viscosity parameter. Furthermore, this solution, when combined with the first-order small-toughness solution of Garagash and Detournay [Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2005], provides a simple analytical approximation of the crack length solution in practically the entire range of viscosity (toughness). It is also shown that the established method of asymptotic expansion in small parameter is equally applicable to study other small effects (e.g., fluid inertia) on the otherwise toughness-dominated solution. A solution for the fracture evolution during shut-in (i.e., after fluid injection rate is suddenly stopped) is also obtained. This solution, which corresponds to a slowing fracture evolving towards the toughness-dominated steady state, draws attention to the possibility of substantial fracture growth after fluid injection is ceased especially under conditions when the fracture propagation during injection phase is dominated by viscous dissipation.
Water Soluble Polymers. 74. pH Responsive Microdomains in Labeled n-Octylamide-Substituted Poly(sodium maleate-alt-ethyl vinyl ethers): Synthesis, Steady-State Fluorescence, and Nonradiative Energy Transfer Studies

n-Octylamide-substituted copoly(sodium maleate-alt-ethyl vinyl ethers) [poly(SM−EVEs)] have been synthesized and fluorescently labeled with naphthyl and/or dansyl chromophores attached to the polymer backbone with either a long (C8) or short (C2) carbon spacer. The chromophores serve as monitors of the local environmental character of these amphiphilic macromolecules as they undergo the “polysoap-to-polyelectrolyte” transition. Intramolecular (closed) associations tend to predominate over a wide range of environmental conditions in aqueous media. The extent and reversibility of these interactions have been investigated by conducting viscometric measurements, light scattering, nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) quantum efficiency, and fluorescence quenching studies as a function of the solution pH. The results obtained for the 30% n-octylamide-modified poly(SM−EVE) in aqueous media have been contrasted with results obtained for 30% n-octylamide-modified poly(SM−EVE) in 6 M urea solution and unmodified pol...
The origin of the large bending enhancement of the reaction of C2H2+ with methane: the effects of bending momentum, ruling out the precursor mechanism, and steps toward ``Polanyi rules'' for polyatomic reactions

Quasi-classical trajectories for the hydrogen abstraction (HA) reaction C2H2++ CH4→ C2H3++ CH3, were analyzed to probe the mechanistic origins of the large, mode-specific reactivity enhancement observed experimentally following excitation of the C2H2+cis-bending mode. The trajectories show the correct trend in reactivity vs. CC stretch and bending excitations, and also reproduce the experimental recoil velocity map. Analysis of the trajectories shows that at collision energy of 0.5 eV hydrogen abstraction is dominated by a direct mechanism, but ∼15% of the reaction is mediated by a precursor complex. The vibrational enhancement mostly comes from direct collisions. The bending vibration enhances the reactivity in two ways. Collisions in bent geometries (of C2H2+) are more reactive; however, the dominant vibrational effect is a consequence of the momentum associated with the bending vibration. Enhancement by vibrational momentum is reminiscent of the behavior seen by Polanyi and co-workers for late barrier A + BC reactions, and indeed, the atom transfer event in the C2H2++ CH4 system does occur late in the collision. We, therefore, explore the possibilities for interpreting polyatomic vibrational dynamics in a “Polanyi Rule” context, using trajectories to guide the construction of a reduced dimensionality surface.
The cost of non-compliance: when policies fail

Employees are the greatest threat to an organization's security. Their non-compliance with security policies not only threatens the integrity of the system, it also costs the organization a significant amount of money due to the loss of information or the man-hours spent fixing problems that the user causes. This paper looks at the man-hour cost due to non-compliance at a branch of a large university. We identified what constituted non-compliance and then had the IT staff track the number of hours they spent addressing these problems over a 13-month period. This paper also covers what actions and tools the IT department is using to combat the problem of user non-compliance.
Spectrum governance regimes: efficiency properties and policy choices

Purpose – This paper proposes to describe a model and the results of a simulation exercise used to compare welfare outcomes for four governance regimes that might be employed for wireless services: two spectrum ownership regimes and two open commons regimes. Aims also to examine practical implications for policy makers.Design/methodology/approach – A formal economic model was constructed and computational techniques were employed to explore the welfare consequences of alternative applications of policy instruments.Findings – For the model examined, the market does as well as can be expected from government in setting interference tolerance for both types of regimes. However, commons regimes always generate excessive entry. While the theoretical optimum achievable by government in an ownership regime exceeds predicted welfare for a commons regime, for most model specifications the difference is not too large and an ownership regime can easily under‐perform a commons regime if imperfectly‐informed policy ma...
A reconfigurable holonomic omnidirectional mobile bed with unified seating (RHOMBUS) for bedridden patients

A hybrid wheelchair/bed system for bedridden persons is developed and tested. A powered wheelchair can be docked to a bed portion and reconfigured to a flat stationary bed so that the bedridden person does not have to change seating when transferring between the chair and bed. Moreover the wheelchair can also be docked to a toilet directly and automatically. A holonomic omnidirectional vehicle with a ball wheel mechanism is used for the wheelchair. The high maneuverability and holonomic nature of the vehicle allow the chair to be docked easily and precisely against a fixture. The wheelchair is equipped with teleconferencing facility so that the bedridden patient may communicate face-to-face with a distal caregiver, friends and relatives. This paper describes the basic concept of the reconfigurable holonomic omnidirectional mobile bed with unified seating (RHOMBUS). Issues on the mechanical design of the vehicle, chair, and bed are addressed, followed by control issues. A force-guided docking control method using force sensors embedded in the bumper of the vehicle is developed. A prototype system is designed and tested.
The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster

This is a revised version of the KatzNewcomb lecture presented at the University of Michigan, April 23-24, 1993. The 1993 lecture celebrated the life of Rensis Likert, the founding director of the Institute for Social Relations. All three people honored at the lecture-Dan Katz, Ted Newcomb, and Ren Likert-were born in 1903, which meant this lecture also celebrated their 90th birthdays. I am grateful to Lance Sandelands, Debra Meyerson, Robert Sutton, Doug Cowherd, and Karen Weick for their help in revising early drafts of this material. I also want to thank John Van Maanen, J. Richard Hackman, Linda Pike, and the anonymous ASQ reviewers for their he lp with later drafts.
Sonographic Evaluation of a Testicular Fracture

Testicular fracture with or without rupture is a rare but serious complication of scrotal trauma. Sonography is well established as the gold standard for testicular injury in an acute setting. The normal testicular parenchymal pattern is homogeneous by gray-scale sonography and free of internal irregularities. The sonographic findings in testicular fracture include a distinct or indistinct fracture line coursing through the testicle. This case study demonstrates an acute testicular fracture with associated hematocele. The fracture line in this examination was seen dissecting the left testicle without scrotal wall rupture and sustained flow to the superior half of the testicle. Prompt evaluation by gray scale and color and spectral Doppler revealed adequate flow to the superior portion of the testicle. Sonography proved helpful in guiding the surgical treatment that resulted in salvage of the upper half of the traumatized testicle instead of the customary orchiectomy (removal of the testicle).
Dysphoria and Hopelessness Following Battering: The Role of Perceived Control, Coping, and Self-Esteem

Coping, perceived control, dysphoria, hopelessness, and self-esteem in a sample of 100 battered women were assessed. Participants reported dysphoria and low self-esteem, but not hopelessness. High perceived control over current abuse and greater use of drugs, behavioral disengagement, denial, and self-blame as coping mechanisms were associated with increased dysphoria and low self-esteem. High expectations for control over future abuse were associated with decreased dysphoria and hopelessness and increased self-esteem. After controlling for the effects of abuse severity and low self-esteem, self-blame was a unique contributor to dysphoria and high expectations for control of future abuse were unique contributors to hopelessness. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for clinical intervention with battered women.
Compressive Creep of CoO Single Crystals

Uniaxial compressive creep of single-crystal CoO was investigated at 1000° to 1290°C and stresses of 1200 to 2100 psi. The activation energy for creep at inflection and steady state was ≅50 kcal/mol. The stress exponent was ≅5 at both inflection and steady state. The results are explained in terms of diffusion-controlled dislocation motion.