cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-area outcoupling of quantum dot emission on multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials

Purcell enhancement can be realized using hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) composed of alternating metal/dielectric multilayers of subwavelength thickness. By adjusting the filling fraction of the metal layer, this structure possesses an effective hyperbolic dispersion and can access to epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) with one of the principal components of the permittivity tensor passes through zero. The unique property theoretically yields a large local density of state (LDOS) enabling to support a high Purcell factor and enhanced spontaneous emission rate of a quantum emitter in the vicinity. However, the property of the fabricated HMM deviates from the ideal characteristics estimated by effective medium theory (EMT) due to the finite thickness of the unit cell. Therefore, the actual LDOS and Purcell factor reduce significantly. Additionally, the outcoupling of the high-k waves from HMM remains challenging. It relies on small-area nanostructure due to the incapability of large-area nanofabrication. In this paper, we experimentally and theoretically study the effect of the unit cell thickness in Ag/ITO HMMs on the enhancement of QD emission. The study on 320 nm thick HMM formed by three different unit cell thicknesses ranging from 80 to 20 nm suggested that the Purcell factor increases as the unit cell thickness decreases. We also demonstrate a large-area outcoupling method using self-assembled nanoparticle monolayer to promote the detectable QD emission in the far field. A maximum enhancement factor of ~40 was observed by incorporating the nanoparticle monolayer. This enhancement technique and large-area outcoupling will find applications in display and biosensing.
Mechanisms that drive bone pain across the lifespan

Disorders of the skeleton are frequently accompanied by bone pain and a decline in the functional status of the patient. Bone pain occurs following a variety of injuries and diseases including bone fracture, osteoarthritis, low back pain, orthopedic surgery, fibrous dysplasia, rare bone diseases, sickle cell disease and bone cancer. In the past 2 decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the unique population of sensory and sympathetic nerves that innervate bone and the mechanisms that drive bone pain. Following physical injury of bone, mechanotranducers expressed by sensory nerve fibres that innervate bone are activated and sensitized so that even normally non-noxious loading or movement of bone is now being perceived as noxious. Injury of the bone also causes release of factors that; directly excite and sensitize sensory nerve fibres, upregulate proalgesic neurotransmitters, receptors and ion channels expressed by sensory neurons, induce ectopic sprouting of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres resulting in a hyper-innervation of bone, and central sensitization in the brain that amplifies pain. Many of these mechanisms appear to be involved in driving both nonmalignant and malignant bone pain. Results from human clinical trials suggest that mechanism-based therapies that attenuate one type of bone pain are often effective in attenuating pain in other seemingly unrelated bone diseases. Understanding the specific mechanisms that drive bone pain in different diseases and developing mechanism-based therapies to control this pain has the potential to fundamentally change the quality of life and functional status of patients suffering from bone pain.
Passing on Pot: High School Seniors' Reasons for Not Using Marijuana as Predictors of Future Use

Objective:Marijuana use is relatively common among youth and increases during the transition to adulthood. Yet a substantial number of adolescents and young adults do not use marijuana. The purpose...
All on one plate: Cultural expectations on American mothers

The author is an anthropologist interested in understanding the challenges faced by mothers as they go about their daily occupations of parenting, work, and relationships. She combines her research...
Information Usefulness as a Function of Information Quality: Differences among Functional Areas

The increased specialization of functional areas within organizations has increased the need for maintaining and improving effective integration between functional areas. Information sharing is a key component of integration. This study examines the perceived usefulness of information shared between functional areas during new product development. The study asks Marketing, Manufacturing and R&D managers to evaluate the perceived usefulness of information received from other functional areas. The results suggest that there are specific improvements that can be made to increase the usefulness of information shared during new product development.
Impacts and Challenges of Advanced Diagnostic Assays for Transplant Infectious Diseases

The advanced technologies described in this chapter should allow for full inventories to be made of bacterial genes, their time- and place-dependent expression, and the resulting proteins as well as their outcome metabolites. The evolution of these molecular technologies will continue, not only in the microbial pathogens but also in the context of host-pathogen interactions targeting human genomics and transcriptomics. Their performance characteristics and limitations must be clearly understood by both laboratory personnel and clinicians to ensure proper utilization and interpretation.
Securing the Insecure Link of Internet-of-Things Using Next-Generation Smart Gateways

Since low-cost IoT devices have limited computing resources and are often unable to guarantee sufficient security, it is imperative to ensure secure communication between IoT gateways and cloud. In this paper, we propose a flow-level adaptive mobile VPN solution specifically tailored for IoT ecosystems, called AdamVPN, which adapts its configuration dynamically at runtime in order to improve IoT gateway's application-level throughput while conforming to the security and privacy guarantees simultaneously. Our deployment experiments in both Wi-Fi and cellular environments demonstrate that AdamVPN significantly improves throughput by 2.75x-3.0x for Wi-Fi and 1.8x-2.16x for cellular networks when compared to OpenVPN.
Current targeted therapies in lymphomas.

Purpose This article summarizes current targeted therapies that have received regulatory approval for the treatment of B- and T-cell lymphomas. Summary Over the last 20 years, new drug therapies for lymphomas of B cells and T cells have expanded considerably. Targeted therapies for B-cell lymphomas include: (1) monoclonal antibodies directed at the CD20 lymphocyte antigen, examples of which are rituximab, ofatumumab, and obinutuzumab; (2) gene transfer therapy, an example of which is chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell (CAR-T) therapy directed at the CD19 antigen expressed on the cell surface of both immature and mature B cells; and (3) small-molecule inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, copanlisib, duvelisib, and idelalisib) that target the B-cell receptor signaling pathway. Of note, brentuximab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets CD30, another lymphocyte antigen expressed on the cell surface of both Hodgkin lymphoma (a variant of B-cell lymphoma) and some T-cell lymphomas. Although aberrant epigenetic signaling pathways are present in both B- and T-cell lymphomas, epigenetic inhibitors (examples include belinostat, vorinostat, and romidepsin) are currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for T-cell lymphomas only. In addition, therapies that target the tumor microenvironment have been developed. Examples include mogamulizumab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab. In summary, the efficacy of these agents has led to the development of supportive care to mitigate adverse effects, due to the presence of on- or off-target toxicities. Conclusion The therapeutic landscape of lymphomas has continued to evolve. In turn, the efficacy of these agents has led to the development of supportive care to mitigate adverse effects, due to the presence of on- or off-target toxicities. Further opportunities are warranted to identify patients who are most likely to achieve durable response and reduce the risk of disease progression. Ongoing trials with current and investigational agents may further elucidate their place in therapy and therapeutic benefits.
Prevalence and domains of disability within and outside Appalachian North Carolina: 2013-2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Abstract Background The health and social conditions of the Appalachian region generally are poorer than in the US overall, and this gap is widening, suggesting disability may be higher in Appalachia. Objective To describe the prevalence of disability overall and by domain in Appalachian and non-Appalachian regions in North Carolina (NC) and describe the characteristics of people with and without disability in each region. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the NC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 2013 to 2016 which assessed disability in five domains: vision, cognitive, mobility, self-care, and independent living. We calculated weighted proportions and age- and sex-adjusted prevalence using direct standardization to the 2010 Census. Results The prevalence of disability in Appalachian NC was significantly higher than in non-Appalachian NC after standardizing by age and sex (26.6% in Appalachia, 24.1% outside Appalachia, p Conclusions More than one in four adults in Appalachian North Carolina experience disability in at least one domain and one in eight experiences disability in multiple domains. The high prevalence of disability should be considered when planning programs and services across the spectrum of public health. Understanding common disability domains present in populations can inform public health agencies and service providers and help them develop programs and messaging that meet the needs of residents in Appalachia and are accessible to people with disabilities.
Lessons for machine learning from the analysis of porosity-permeability transforms for carbonate reservoirs

Abstract Prediction of permeability is one of the most difficult aspects of reservoir characterization because permeability cannot be directly measured by current well logging technology. This is particularly challenging for carbonate rocks. Machine learning (ML) and robust multivariate methods have been developed that have been used in many fields of study to make accurate estimators for variables of interest from both large and small datasets. ML has been criticized for utilizing approaches that are typically not interpretable. That is, it is not clear how the answers are arrived at and what aspects of input data may be resulting in inaccurate results. The current study uses a number of the mathematical algorithms that operate inside ML modules. It applies them to developing porosity-permeability transforms, with or without rock types, to two well-characterized data sets for carbonate reservoirs. One data set is from Jerry Lucia's 1995 study of carbonate rock types, and the other is from a study of the Seminole, West Texas, San Andres Unit. This study of statistical analysis of porosity-permeability transforms includes: transforming the data to normal distributions; performing cross-validation blind testing; and detecting heteroscedasticity by creating plots of residuals. Heteroscedastic data (populations with variable variance) may have an adverse impact on ML algorithms such as Random Forests (RF). We find that including lithofacies information does not greatly improve porosity-permeability transforms. We also propose a number of strategies to make ML analyses of reservoir (and other geosciences) data sets more robust and accurate.
Characterization of resin extracted from guayule (Parthenium argentatum): A dataset including GC–MS and FT-ICR MS

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum), a shrub native to the arid region of the U.S. southwest and Mexico belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a source of high quality, hypoallergenic natural rubber with applications in pharmaceutical, tire, and food industries. Production of rubber results in a substantial amount of resin-containing residues which contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites (sesquiterpene esters, triterpene alcohols, fatty acids, etc.). In order to enhance the economic viability of guayule as an industrial crop, value-added use of the residues is needed and has the potential to reduce gross rubber production costs. The main objective of this research is the characterization of guayule resin using rapid and accurate analytical techniques to identify compounds of potential commercial value. Guayule resin is inherently complex and includes many high-molecular-weight and non-volatile compounds that are not easy to observe using traditional chromatographic techniques. The combination of two mass spectroscopy techniques: gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS), were used to characterize the composition of the extracted resin from guayule (Parthenium argentatum). FT-ICR MS was used to characterize hundreds of compounds with over a wide range of molecular weights and degrees of aromaticity at higher levels of mass accuracy than other forms of mass spectrometry. GC-MS was used to identify volatile compounds like mono- and sesquiterpene compounds.
Intentional Segmentectomy for Clinical T1 N0 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Survival Differs by Segment.

Background Outcomes after segmentectomy compare favorably with those after lobectomy in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whether long-term outcomes vary by segmentectomy location is unclear. We investigated whether disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) differ by segmentectomy location after intentional segmentectomy for clinical T1 N0 M0 NSCLC. Methods Patients who received intentional segmentectomy for cT1 N0 M0 NSCLC from 2000 to 2018 were reviewed. Patients with prior lung cancer, forced expiratory volume in 1 second of less than 50%, or R1/R2 resection were excluded. Segmentectomy groups were left (L) basilar, L segment 6, L lingula, L trisegment; right (R): basilar (R_Bas), segment 6 (R_S6), and R upper. The 5- and 10-year DFS and OS were estimated using Kaplan-Meier and compared between groups using the log-rank test. Factors associated with DFS and OS were determined using Cox proportional hazards models. Results In total, 416 patients met the inclusion criteria. Segmentectomy groups differed with regard to surgical approach, mediastinal lymphadenectomy, lymphovascular invasion, tumor histology, margin distance, and adjuvant therapy. Long-term outcomes were worst after R_S6 resection (5-year DFS, 57.6% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 45.7%-72.7%]; OS, 66.3% [95% CI, 54.7%-80.3%]) and best after R_Bas resection (5-year DFS, 77.1% [95% CI, 59.2%-100%]; OS, 79.5% [95% CI, 60.9%-100%]). On multivariable analysis, R_S6 resection was independently associated with DFS vs R_Bas (hazard ratio, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.18-7.08; P = .02) and OS vs R_Bas (hazard ratio, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.61-11.76; P = .004). Conclusions Resection of R_S6 is independently associated with worse DFS and OS in patients receiving intentional segmentectomy for cT1 N0 M0 NSCLC and may warrant more extensive resection, complete lymph node dissection, and closer postoperative surveillance.
Precollege Exposure to Racial/Ethnic Difference and First-Year College Students’ Racial Attitudes

Background/ContextDespite burgeoning racial and ethnic heterogeneity within the United States, many students grow up in racially homogeneous schools and neighborhoods. This lack of interracial inte...
Radioimmunoassays for specific human IgG4.

Various methods of detecting specific IgG4 antibodies have been described. These include the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 1-3 polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay (RIA), 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), s-7 quantitative immunofluorescence defined antigen substrate spheres system (DASS), 3 red cell linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR), s microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay (MSPRIA), 9 and histamine release. 1°'1~ RAST, polystyrene tube RIA, and MSPRIA are all radioimmunoassays, in which antigen-specific antibodies in serum samples bind to solid-phase-bound antigens and can thus be detected by radiolabeled subclass-specific reagents. In the RAST method, antigens are chemically coupled to cellulose or Sepharose 4B using cyanogen bromide. Serum samples are allowed to incubate at room temperature with these antigen-coupled cellulose disks or Sepharose, usually for 24 hr. The disks or Sepharose are then washed extensively and developed with radiolabeled (~2sI) human-IgG4-specific affinity column purified antibodies. The results are usually expressed as percentages of added radioactivity.
Stage Specific Transforming Genes in Lymphoid Neoplasms

Identification of activated cellular transforming genes in a variety of neoplasms has been greatly facilitated by the use of the NIH 3T3 transfection assay. A unique property of the NIH 3T3 cells is that they have the ability to undergo transformation following integration of dominantly acting genes, possibly because they have already progressed some way down the path toward overt malignancy. The cells have the ability to be transformed by a variety of transforming genes and therefore may represent a multi potential cell capable of responding to many different growth stimulatory signals.
Polygalaxanthone A : A revised structure

Abstract Polygalaxanthone A has been shown by synthesis to have the structure 1,2,3-trimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyxanthone ( 2a ) and not that originally proposed. The previous evidence for the structure is discussed, and the material is shown also to be identical with another xanthone previously isolated from Polygala macradenia .
Governance Indicators, Aid Allocation and Millennium Challenge Account

Aid works best when it is directed to countries with relatively good institutions and policies. But how should good governance be measured, and how can aid allocation rules be designed in light of the strengths and weaknesses of existing measures? We address in brief a number of methadological and applied challenges, motivated by the U.S. government's recent proposal to allocate resources from the new Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), although the issues and recommendations apply more broadly. Among others, we discuss the implications of margins of error in governance data, the difficulties in measuring trends, and the need to complement existing cross-country indicators with in-depth country diagnostics.
On Valuing Human Capital And Relating it to Macro-Economic Conditions

Human capital is the largest component of aggregate wealth, but its relation to other macroeconomic variables is murky due to the lack of market prices. Valuing human capital using historical costs or expected income is characterized by substantial measurement error. We develop a human capital index using slave prices and relate its dynamics to that of other indicators including equities, GDP, real estate and interest rates. The human capital values are extrapolated from the 19th Century to the modern era. Their evolution has substantial implications for our understanding of the human capital dynamics, with applications to growth and portfolio allocation.
The PA‐TM‐RING protein RING finger protein 13 is an endosomal integral membrane E3 ubiquitin ligase whose RING finger domain is released to the cytoplasm by proteolysis

PA-TM-RING proteins have an N-terminal protease-associated domain, a structure found in numerous proteases and implicated in protein binding, and C-terminal RING finger and PEST domains. Homologous proteins include GRAIL (gene related to anergy in leukocytes), which controls T-cell anergy, and AtRMR1 (receptor homology region-transmembrane domain-RING-H2 motif protein), a plant protein storage vacuole sorting receptor. Another family member, chicken RING zinc finger (C-RZF), was identified as being upregulated in embryonic chicken brain cells grown in the presence of tenascin-C. Despite algorithm predictions that the cDNA encodes a signal peptide and transmembrane domain, the protein was found in the nucleus. We showed that RING finger protein 13 (RNF13), the murine homolog of C-RZF, is a type I integral membrane protein localized in the endosomal/lysosomal system. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that expression of RNF13 is increased in adult relative to embryonic mouse tissues and is upregulated in B35 neuroblastoma cells stimulated to undergo neurite outgrowth. We found that RNF13 is very labile, being subject to extensive proteolysis that releases both the protein-associated domain and the RING domain from the membrane. By analyzing microsomes, we showed that the ectodomain is shed into the lumen of vesicles, whereas the C-terminal half, which possesses the RING finger, is released to the cytoplasm. This C-terminal fragment of RNF13 has the ability to mediate ubiquitination. Proteolytic release of RNF13 from a membrane anchor thus provides unique spatial and temporal regulation that has not been previously described for an endosomal E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Information Flow Analysis in Logical Form

We specify an information flow analysis for a simple imperative language, using a Hoare-like logic. The logic facilitates static checking of a larger class of programs than can be checked by extant type-based approaches in which a program is deemed insecure when it contains an insecure subprogram. The logic is based on an abstract interpretation of program traces that makes independence between program variables explicit. Unlike other, more precise, approaches based on a Hoare-like logic, our approach does not require a theorem prover to generate invariants. We demonstrate the modularity of our approach by showing that a frame rule holds in our logic. Moreover, given an insecure but terminating program, we show how strongest postconditions can be employed to statically generate failure explanations.
Writing requirements in computer security

This paper presents suggestions in incorporating essays in a Computer Security course. The first approach is a short essay that presents the student's personal view on computer security within the campus. In the paper, s/he uses information from the university's IT website and documents, as well as security disclosures of websites and software applications. This assignment is presented at the beginning of the course and serves as a basis of discussion both for the development of writing skills and for the identification of vulnerabilities faced by the campus community on the intranet and Internet illustrating the need for clear written regulations in IT security. The second approach requires an extended essay that describes the work performed in a term project. The essay assignment is developed in several stages that include a summary proposal, partial and complete drafts and final paper. The writing requires the student to go through all the steps needed to develop a significant scientific paper. The work must be original, supported by extensive literature review and follow a topic relevant to computer security. The essay development is complemented by ongoing class discussion of scientific papers, and by an in class presentation. The course was already piloted with the extended essay version and has received significant positive feedback from the students. It was recently approved to fit the Graduation Writing Requirements at our institution.
Design and fabrication of planar guard ring termination for high-voltage SiC diodes

Abstract An optimized multiple floating guard ring structure is investigated for the first time as an edge termination method for high voltage 4H-SiC planar devices. Simulations were performed to investigate SiC guard ring termination, and determine the optimum guard ring spacing for planar diodes with up to four floating rings. Simulated optimized designs predicted breakdown values from 40% of the ideal breakdown with a single ring, to 84% of the ideal value for diodes with four rings. Implanted 4H-SiC pn diodes with optimized guard ring designs were fabricated and results correlated to simulation. Experimental breakdown values of 1.2–1.3 kV for guard ring structure with four rings were in good agreement with simulated results.
Direct synthesis of methanol over metallic catalysts

Abstract The energetics of the elementary reactions involved in the direct synthesis of methanol from methane over noble metal catalysts have been investigated using the bond order conservation Morse potential approach (BOC-MP). Enthalpy changes as well as activation energies for forward and reverse reactions were calculated for the different elementary steps which may occur by reaction of CH 4 and O 2 on the noble metal series Ni, Pd, Pt and Au. The calculations indicate that fuel rich conditions are required in order to avoid the complete oxidation of methane to produce CO and CO 2 . Under these conditions both methanol and formaldehyde may be synthesized primarily by hydrogenation or hydrogen abstraction of the common methoxy radical intermediate, respectively. In order to increase the selectivity to methanol, efficient hydrogen donors are required to hydrogenate formaldehyde which may be converted to methanol through the methyl hydroxyl radical. The direct synthesis of methanol over noble metals may proceed mainly on the less active metals such as Pt and Au, while on Ni the model predicts that methane will be oxidized to CO and CO 2 .
A meta-evaluation, or quality assessment, of the evaluations in this issue, based on the African Evaluation Guidelines: 2002

Abstract Fourteen evaluations of UNICEF and UNAIDS HIV/AIDS programmes underwent a quality control process called ‘meta-evaluation’, which is an evaluation of the quality of the evaluation. This process of evaluating an evaluation is considered professional good practice by African Evaluation Associations and Networks, as well as the American, Canadian, German, Korean, Swiss and other national professional associations of evaluators. The quality control criteria used were the African Evaluation Guidelines—a list of 30 quality-enhancing standards that can be used as a checklist by evaluators to ensure that evaluation studies are performed well. These quality control criteria can also be applied retrospectively as a quality control method, to assess completed evaluation studies. The results of this quality control review process, for the 14 papers in this issue of Evaluation and Program Planning, are presented and discussed. An indication of a possible area of weakness in HIV/AIDS programme evaluation emerges from this analysis.
Asymmetry of Io's outer atmosphere: Constraints from five Galileo flybys

[1] The Galileo spacecraft probed the Io atmosphere/torus interaction region along six flybys between 1995 and 2001. The instruments on board provided measurements of the plasma density, average ion temperature, composition, flow, and magnetic perturbations to which we compare models and from which we constrain Io's atmosphere asymmetries. We have developed a model of the local interaction at Io that couples an MHD model of the flow and magnetic perturbations around the moon with a multispecies chemistry model that includes the physical chemistry of the main species: atoms, molecules, and ions derived from Io's volcanic gases (S, O, SO2, SO). We prescribe several scenarios of the multicomponent neutral atmosphere of Io based on observations and compare our results with the plasma properties inferred from the Galileo measurements. Owing to limited data on the I25 flyby, it is excluded to make a total of five flybys for our comparisons. We show that the ion average temperature profile is a key quantity to constrain the radial extension and longitudinal asymmetries of the atmosphere of Io. We propose that the atmosphere has longitudinal asymmetries: its radial extension is limited upstream and significantly larger on the anti-Jovian downstream side. A very extended corona of SO2and SO is present mainly downstream of Io. We discuss the possible temporal variability of Io's plasma-atmosphere interaction by comparing two flybys at different times at approximately the same location in the wake. We also discuss the plasma composition in the wake and the O1356A auroral emissions observed on the flanks of Io.
Maximum work from an electric battery model

We address the fundamental problem of determining the optimal history (regime of operation) of a battery so that the work output is maximum. The essential features of the problem are: (i) the life of the battery is constrained, (ii) the battery has an internal resistance through which it can lose its charge even at open circuit, and (iii) the battery is connected to an electric motor with finite winding resistance. The optimal regime of time-dependent operation is determined based on variational calculus. It is shown that the maximized work output is smaller than the exergy stored initially in the battery, and decreases as the motor resistance increases. The exergy stored in a battery cannot be recovered fully as soon as the resistance of the external circuit is finite, no matter how small.
An Investigation of the Sampling Distributions of Equating Coefficients

Using the characteristic curve method for dichoto mously scored test items, the sampling distributions of equating coefficients were examined. Simulated data for broad-range and screening tests were analyzed using three equating contexts and three anchor-item configurations in horizontal and vertical equating situ ations. The results indicated that the sampling distribu tions were bell-shaped and their standard deviations were uniformly small. There were few differences in the forms of the distributions of the obtained equating coefficients as a function of the anchor-item configura tions or type of test. For the equating contexts studied, the sampling distributions of the equating coefficients appear to have acceptable characteristics, suggesting confidence in the values obtained by the characteristic curve method.
The molecular biogeochemistry of manganese(II) oxidation.

Micro-organisms capable of oxidizing the redox-active transition metal manganese play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of manganese. In the present mini-review, we focus specifically on Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria oxidize Mn(II) include a two-electron oxidation reaction catalysed by a novel multicopper oxidase that produces Mn(IV) oxides as the primary product. Bacteria also produce organic ligands, such as siderophores, that bind to and stabilize Mn(III). The realization that this stabilized Mn(III) is present in many environments and can affect the redox cycles of other elements such as sulfur has made it clear that manganese and the bacteria that oxidize it profoundly affect the Earth9s biogeochemistry.
Social Control: A Reformulation

mains in common usage, systematic attention to the field has long since withered away, a development which we attribute primarily to inadequate delimitations of the field. Accordingly, this paper suggests a distinctive subject matter for social control in the hope that a reformulation will lend new life to this sociological specialty. The felt necessity for a reformulation is not original with us. Hollingshead made a similar plea in 1941,1 when he contended that social control
Pyrolysis of subbituminous coal in relation to in-situ coal gasification☆

Abstract Pyrolysis of Roland Seam (Wyodak) subbituminous coal has been investigated from 383 to 1273 K in an inert gas at 0.1 MPa (1 bar). The gas, liquid (condensibles at 0 °C) and solid products were analysed and characterized. Evolution of the major noncondensible gas products was measured quantitatively. By measuring the rate of gas evolution under linear heating conditions the effective activation energy and kinetic frequency factor for release of each gas were determined. These activation energies range from about 80 to 150 kJ/mol. Most of the liquid product was released between 570 and 770 K and was approximately 75% water and 25% organic tar phase. The composition of the organic tar phase was characterized by its elemental composition, boiling-point range, and chromatographic ‘finger-print’. The effect of temperature on the structure of char was determined by analysing changes in elemental composition, surface area, and electrical conductivity.
Learning mixture models via component-wise parameter smoothing

The task of obtaining an optimal set of parameters to fit a mixture model has many applications in science and engineering domains and is a computationally challenging problem. A novel algorithm using a convolution based smoothing approach to construct a hierarchy (or family) of smoothed log-likelihood surfaces is proposed. This approach smooths the likelihood function and applies the EM algorithm to obtain a promising solution on the smoothed surface. Using the most promising solutions as initial guesses, the EM algorithm is applied again on the original likelihood. Though the results are demonstrated using only two levels, the method can potentially be applied to any number of levels in the hierarchy. A theoretical insight demonstrates that the smoothing approach indeed reduces the overall gradient of a modified version of the likelihood surface. This optimization procedure effectively eliminates extensive searching in non-promising regions of the parameter space. Results on some benchmark datasets demonstrate significant improvements of the proposed algorithm compared to other approaches. Empirical results on the reduction in the number of local maxima and improvements in the initialization procedures are provided.
Penguin blood serum proteins.

Abstract The blood serum proteins of the two principal Antarctic penguins, the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) and the Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), have been studied. Comparative studies were made with the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus), man, and another species of penguin, the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Studies included starch-gel electrophoresis, disc electrophoresis, immunoeleetrophoresis, immunodiffusion, autoradiography, separations by gel filtration, and separations by ion-exchange chromatography. The serum proteins of Adelie and Emperor penguins separated on Sephadex G-200 into three main fractions very similarly to chicken serum proteins. The sera of both penguins, however, contained more multiple molecular forms of the serum transferrin than did chicken or human sera. The transferrins of all three penguins also had more alkaline mobilities on electrophoresis than either the chicken or human serum transferrins. The serum transferrin and the ovotransferrin of the Adelie penguin were found to be nearly identical electrophoretically. The high sialic acid content previously reported for Adelie penguin egg white was not reflected in comparatively high values in penguin blood serum. The blood sera of the three penguin species showed a strong immunological cross-reactivity by immunoelectrophoresis on rabbit antiserum to Adelie sera. Strong cross-reactions were found between Adelie penguin blood serum and Adelie egg-white proteins, particularly between the ovotransferrin and the serum transferrin.
Phenomenological Theories of Elastoplasticity and Strain Localization at High Strain Rates

In this paper certain fundamental concepts underlying the phenomenological theories of elastic-plastic deformations at finite strains and rotations are presented, and some of the commonly discussed theories are summarized, emphasizing the constitutive parameters which influence strain localization and material instability often observed in finite deformation of ductile materials. Particular attention is paid to the thermodynamic basis of inelastic deformation. Conditions for the existence of inelastic potentials are discussed. The results are presented in terms of a general material strain and its conjugate stress, and then specialized for particular applications, emphasizing quantities and theories which are reference- and strain measure-independent. Rate-independent and rate-dependent elastoplasticity relations are developed, starting from a finite deformation version of the J{sub 2}-plasticity with isotropic and kinematic hardening, and leading to theories which include dilatancy, pressure sensitivity, frictional effects, and the noncoaxiality of the plastic strain and the stress deviator. A class of commonly used deformation plasticity theories is then examined and its relation to nonlinear elasticity is discussed. The question of plastic spin, and its relation to the decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic constituents, is reviewed in some detail, and it is shown that this decomposition yields explicit relations which uniquely definemore » all spins in terms of the velocity gradient and the elastic and plastic deformation rates, hence requiring no additional constitutive relations for the plastic spin. The phenomenon of strain localization at high strain rates is illustrated and discussed, and a series of numerical results are given. Finally, a recent breakthrough in elastoplastic explicit computational algorithms for large-strain, large-strain-rate problems is briefly reviewed. 144 refs., 6 figs.« less
Statistical Considerations and Sampling Techniques for Ground‐Water Quality Monitoring

Recent emphasis on the need to protect ground-water quality has resulted in an increased interest in ground-water quality monitoring, particularly that monitoring performed in support of a regulatory ground-water quality management program. Such monitoring must involve intensive surveys or special studies, as well as routine trend types of sampling. In both cases, adequate monitoring strategies require careful consideration of the statistical aspects of sampling theory. The purpose of this paper is to present statistical concepts that should be incorporated in the initial planning of a ground-water quality monitoring program. The means of incorporating statistical theory into ground-water quality monitoring suggested in this paper involves selecting the number of samples required based on a specified confidence interval about the mean of the variable under consideration. This approach requires that the variance of the sample mean be known. The expression for Var(x) will depend on the correlation structure of the population in question. If the observations taken can be assumed independent in both space and time (i.e., no spatial or serial correlation exists), then the number of samples required can be determined in a very straightforward manner. However, if the samples are correlated, part of the information contained in one observation will be contained in other observations as well. As a result, the sample size must be increased in order to achieve the same level of information that would be obtained in uncorrelated observations. Various sampling techniques can be employed in a ground-water monitoring plan, including simple random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified random sampling. Each technique has certain advantages and disadvantages with regard to ground-water monitoring. An overall monitoring program should incorporate the most effective sampling techniques in order to achieve optimum information content from a minimum number of samples.
Optimal Nurse Scheduling based on quantitative models of work-related fatigue

Previous nurse scheduling models have mainly focused on managerial constraints to minimize costs. Although some models incorporate nurse preferences and safety guidelines, human factors considerations related to performance of nurses (fatigue) have not been studied extensively. Fatigue has been linked to nursing injuries and medical errors, and shown to be impacted by schedule-related parameters (shift length). Thus, the objective of this article was to develop a nurse scheduling model incorporating quantitative models of fatigue. This model can help a nurse manager to make schedule-related decisions by highlighting trade-offs among many (conflicting) objectives including nurse shift preferences and nurse fatigue levels obtained from two different fatigue models, namely survey-based and circadian function-based fatigue models. The data used in the numerical experiments were obtained from real patient census data and various surveys of nurses working in different hospitals across the United States. Numeric...
Support Needs of Fathers and Mothers of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Little research has examined the support needs of mothers versus fathers of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We identified and compared the important and unmet support needs of mothers and fathers, and evaluated their association with family and child factors, within 73 married couples who had a child or adolescent with ASD. Mothers had a higher number of important support needs and higher proportion of important support needs that are unmet than fathers. Multilevel modeling indicated that child age, co-occurring behavior problems, presence of intellectual disability, parent education, and household income were related to support needs. Findings offer insight into the overlapping and unique support needs of mothers and fathers of children and adolescents with ASD.
Diurnal patterns of blowing sand

The diurnal pattern of blowing sand results from a complex process that involves an interaction between solar heating, thermal instability, atmospheric turbulence, wind strength, and surface threshold conditions. During the day, solar heating produces thermal instability, which enhances the convective mixing of high momentum winds from the upper levels of the atmosphere to the surface layer. The sun also dries the sand surface so that the critical threshold is as low as possible. Thus, in the afternoon, the combination of strong turbulent winds and a low surface threshold increases the likelihood that winds may intermittently exceed the critical threshold of the surface to produce bursts of blowing sand. Here an attempt has been made to explore this dynamic aeolian process using a new method for monitoring the diurnal pattern of blowing sand. This technique involves detecting blowing sand with a piezoelectric saltation sensor to determine the relative proportion of time that blowing sand is detected for a given ‘time of day’. Measurements taken over a seven-month period on the high plains of the Llano Estacado of West Texas and eastern New Mexico suggest that sand movement tends to occur more frequently during daylight hours with a peak in aeolian activity occurring in the afternoon between 14:00 and 15:00 Local Standard Time (LST). Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on location accuracy in bistatic radar network

The location algorithm and accuracy of bistatic radar network are discussed in this paper. Firstly the location method based on least square is analyzed. Then the combined location accuracy of two or more subsets is calculated. The results show that two disjoint subsets can be combined by the least square method and the location covariance matrix can be obtained. Least square estimation for subsets that has intersection does not exist. The location precision contours of measurement subsets and their combination are obtained from the simulation. It can be seen that the least square method can improve the location precision effectively. Research of this paper provides a theoretical base of detecting and tracking for near space bistatic radar network.
Direct feeding of the black hole at the Galactic Centre with radial gas streams from close‐in stellar winds

We show that the recently discovered orbits of massive stars with closest approach of ∼10 3 Schwarzschild radii from Sgr A* allow winds from these stars to provide the required mass deposition rate near the black hole horizon. The observed luminosity of Sgr A* does not require viscous transport of angular momentum, as long as the total wind mass loss rate reaches ∼10 -6 M ○. yr -1 from the close-in stars. The specific orbits of the nearest stars should cause modulation of the radio and infrared flux from Sgr A* on a time-scale of years in a predictable fashion.
Objective Criteria for Absorbance Subtraction

Using an iterative linear least-squares algorithm it is possible to selectively subtract known spectral components from a mixture in an automated procedure. The proposed approach circumvents the subjective decisions encountered with interactive real-time graphics programs and enables simultaneous removal and/or optimization of scaling coefficients of multiple known pure components in order to yield the difference spectrum.
Dynamically adaptive and reliable approximate computing using light-weight error analysis

Prior art in approximate computing has extensively studied computational resilience to imprecision. However, existing approaches often rely on static techniques, which potentially compromise coverage and reliability. Our approach, on the other hand, decouples error analysis of the approximate accelerator from quality analysis of the overall application. We use high-level, application-specific metrics, or Light-Weight Checks (LWCs), to gain coverage by exploiting imprecision tolerance at the application level. Unlike metrics that compare approximate solutions to exact ones, LWCs can be leveraged dynamically for error analysis and recovery. The resulting methodology adapts to output quality at runtime, providing guarantees on worst-case application-level error. To ensure platform agnosticism, these light-weight metrics are integrated directly into the application, enabling compatibility with any approximate acceleration technique. Our results present a case study of dynamic error control for inverse kinematics. Using software-based neural acceleration with LWC support, we demonstrate improvements in coverage, reliability, and overall performance.
Comparisons of the diets and reproductive performances of two sympatric rotifers, Asplanchna girodi and Asplanchna priodonta

SUMMARY. 1. Diet composition and the production of embryos were measured in Asplanchna girodi and Asplanchna priodonta collected through 3 years in the San Joaquin-Sacramento delta of California. The two species are sympatric in low to moderate densities for 5 months of the year. 2. Despite marked differences in the structure of the trophi, both species consumed the same array of prey species. Percentage composition of the diet varied both intra- and interspecifically. The food niches of the two species appear to differ little from one another. 3. Individuals of Asplanchna girodi had a larger mean number of prey in the gut per individual than did those of A.priodonta, due to their larger size. Per unit volume, each species prey gathering performance was the same. Asplanchna priodonta produced more embryos per calculated unit volume of prey ingested than did A.girodi. 4. During spring, when both species were present in the plankton, A.priodonta did not capture Size Class 2 and 5 animals (volumes 0.09–1.0 μm3×106 and 3.0–3.5 μm3X106 respectively) nor large Synchaeta. Both these prey classes were in the diet during the summer and autumn months. Several hypotheses are examined as possible explanations for this phenomenon.