cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 21 – Factors That Affect Pesticide Metabolism and Toxicity

This chapter is an attempt to provide an overall integration of the factors that affect pesticide metabolism and toxicity. It is axiomatic that no matter how hazardous a pesticide may be, exposure must occur before toxicity can be manifested. Following exposure, pesticides can be absorbed through the skin, the alimentary canal, or the respiratory system, and it is apparent that both the rate and the extent of absorption may affect the expression of toxicity. Although it is generally assumed that skin absorption in the young will be greater than that in older animals, this is not always the case. Thus, although absorption of atrazine, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and hexachlorobiphenyl was greater in the young rat, absorption of carbofuran, captan, dinoseb, disodium methanearsonate, monosodium methanearsonate, nicotine, and parathion was greater in the adult. Pesticides are metabolized by numerous Phase I and Phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, and in addition to serving as substrates, they may also function as inhibitors and/or inducers. Any of the numerous factors that affect xenobiotic metabolism may affect the ultimate expression of toxicity.
Promoting Culturally Relevant Educational Practices: Leveraging Locally Designed Instructional Artifacts as Change Agents:

This qualitative multiple case study assesses two locally designed instructional artifacts created to support teacher enactment of culturally relevant educational (CRE) practices. Attention is paid...
Ether Hydrolysis, Ether Thiolysis, and the Catalytic Power of Etherases in the Disassembly of Lignin

The recycling of much of the carbon in Nature depends on the breakdown of polymers in woody matter, notably cellulose (a polyacetal) and lignin (a polyether). Here, we show that equilibrium favors ...
Concomitant periarticular fractures predict worse patient-reported outcomes in multiligament knee injuries: a matched cohort study

There is a shortage of high-level evidence regarding periarticular fractures affect outcomes after MLKIs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether concomitant periarticular fractures with mutliligament knee injuries (MLKIs) predict worse patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) when compared to MLKIs without concomitant periarticular fractures after surgical repair and/or reconstruction. Medical records of patients who sustained MLKIs from January 1, 2009 to June 1, 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients aged 18–65 years with grade III injuries of two or more knee ligaments and 1-year minimum follow-up were included. Patients with injuries or surgeries to either knee before their MLKIs were excluded. Radiographs and computed tomography imaging obtained at the time of injury were used to detect concomitant periarticular fractures. Patients with and without concomitant periarticular fractures were matched on a 1:2 basis, respectively. Multiple PROMs were collected, including the IKDC Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The independent t-test was used to compare PROMs between patients with and without periarticular fractures. Eighteen patients (10 males, 8 females) with a mean follow-up of 4.0 years (range 1.1–8.6 years) were included in the final analysis, with six patients having MLKIs and concomitant periarticular fractures. Compared to patients with isolated ligamentous MLKIs (n = 12), patients with concomitant periarticular fracture (n = 6) demonstrated significantly worse outcomes on the IKDC-SKF (54.2 ± 13.3 vs. 74.0 ± 19.6, p = 0.04) and KOOS-Sports and Recreation subscale (41.2 ± 32.4 vs. 70.8 ± 19.4, p = 0.03). The presence of a periarticular fracture predicted significantly worse clinical outcomes in the setting of MLKI. These findings may be useful in determining the prognosis of MLKI with concomitant periarticular fractures treated with surgical repair and/or reconstruction.
Before the Crisis

This chapter presents a brief introduction to how we got here. I start with a short history of when and how the global wealth grew, and explain how economics emerged as a consequence of this wealth. Then, I show how economists ignored most social sciences and their works were mostly shaped by the allure of mathematical physics. Other fields and disciplines, which might provide a more realistic explanation of human behavior, would have been very useful in understanding human decision-making. However, even though the writings of many early scholars like Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes were emphasizing the social aspects of economics, this thought disappeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. We had to wait until 2008 to realize that humans are not robots.
The role of neutrophils in host defense and disease.

Neutrophils, the most abundant circulating leukocyte, are critical for host defense. Granulopoiesis is under the control of transcriptional factors and culminates in mature neutrophils with a broad armamentarium of antimicrobial pathways. These pathways include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, which generates microbicidal reactive oxidants, and nonoxidant pathways that target microbes through several mechanisms. Activated neutrophils can cause or worsen tissue injury, underscoring the need for calibration of activation and resolution of inflammation when infection has been cleared. Acquired neutrophil disorders are typically caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents. Primary neutrophil disorders typically result from disabling mutations of individual genes that result in impaired neutrophil number or function, and provide insight into basic mechanisms of neutrophil biology. Neutrophils can also be activated by noninfectious causes, including trauma and cellular injury, and can have off-target effects in which pathways that typically defend against infection exacerbate injury and disease. These off-target effects include acute organ injury, autoimmunity, and variable effects on the tumor microenvironment that can limit or worsen tumor progression. A greater understanding of neutrophil plasticity in these conditions is likely to pave the way to new therapeutic approaches.
Designing Drugs Against Hsp90 for Cancer Therapy

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone exploited by cancer cells to aid the function of numerous oncoproteins. The recognition of Hsp90 as a critical facilitator for oncogene addiction and survival of the cancer cell has opened a promising new niche for cancer treatment. The serendipitous discovery that the broad spectrum anticancer activity of the natural products geldanamycin (GM) and radicicol (RD) was a result of inhibition of Hsp90 resulted in the development of improved derivatives of these natural products. One of these was 17 allylaminogeldanamycin (17-AAG), a closely related analog of GM, and was in fact the first Hsp90 inhibitor to enter the clinic. However, GM and its analogs suffer from poor “drug-like” properties and this served as a strong impetus for the development of novel synthetic Hsp90 inhibitors. These efforts resulted in the development of numerous potent synthetic small molecule inhibitors with significant scaffold diversity as well as superior pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile to have entered clinical trials. This review highlights the drug discovery efforts pertaining to the development of the first and second-generation Hsp90 inhibitors, and also gleans over their individual promise as clinical agents for anticancer therapy.
Polarizability of 5 s 2 5 p ( P 1 2 2 ) atomic indium

We have measured the static electric dipole polarizability of ground state $_{ 49}^{115}\mathrm{In}5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})$ with a small (\ensuremath{\sim}9%) admixture of metastable $5{s}^{2}5p(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})$. Three different methods were used: (a) $E\ensuremath{-}H$ gradient balance, (b) comparison of deflection in an inhomogeneous electric field with an alkalimetal-atom "standard," and (c) a deflection analysis using a computer program with no adjustable parameters except the polarizability itself. All methods agree to within 11%. Our weighted final result is (10.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. This is in very close agreement to a recent computation by Liberman and Zangwill, using fully relativistic wave functions and including electron correlation.
The Hidden Value of Employee Pay Disclosures Evidenced through Cost of Capital

Voluntary disclosure theory suggests a firm increasing its disclosures should lower the information asymmetry component of its cost of capital. However, empirical results on specific disclosures are mixed because individual disclosures may not provide enough value to investors in disclosure rich environments. Salary expense disclosures, unlike some other cost disclosures, may provide insight into increasing firm risk leading to an increased cost of capital, as employee pay has been shown to increase in response to leverage increases. We examine whether salary expense disclosures provide valuable information to investors, as measured through a disclosing firm’s cost of capital, and we find that firms that disclose salary expense receive a lowered cost of capital if they are disclosing more stable cost structures and that the value of this disclosed information relates to the relative risk associated with the disclosed cost structures. We also find the propensity for firms to initiate disclosure increases as more analysts follow the firm, and these initiating firms receive a lower cost of capital in exchange for their initial disclosure. Additionally, this lower cost of capital for initial disclosers is not based on the relative stability of the disclosed cost structure.
Pragmatic trials with prespecified subgroups: what oncologists can learn from COVID-19.

Randomized controlled trials designed to test cancer therapies often fail to clarify effectiveness in real-world settings. Herein, we explore lessons for trial development in oncology that can be learnt from the large-cohort, pragmatic RECOVERY trial involving patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Vast population genetic diversity underlies the treatment dynamics of ETV6-RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract Ensemble-averaged genome profiling of diagnostic samples suggests that acute leukemias harbor few somatic genetic alterations. We used single-cell exome and error-corrected sequencing to survey the genetic diversity underlying ETV6-RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at high resolution. The survey uncovered a vast range of low-frequency genetic variants that were undetected in conventional bulk assays, including additional clone-specific “driver” RAS mutations. Single-cell exome sequencing revealed APOBEC mutagenesis to be important in disease initiation but not in progression and identified many more mutations per cell than previously found. Using this data, we created a branching model of ETV6-RUNX1 ALL development that recapitulates the genetic features of patients. Exposure of leukemic populations to chemotherapy selected for specific clones in a dose-dependent manner. Together, these data have important implications for understanding the development and treatment response of childhood leukemia, and they provide a framework for using population genetics to deeply interrogate cancer clonal evolution. One-Sentence Summary APOBEC and replication-associated mutagenesis contribute to the development of ETV6-RUNX1 ALL, creating massive leukemic population genetic diversity that results in clonal differences in susceptibilities to chemotherapy.
Low-cost Runge-Kutta integrators for incompressible flow simulations

Abstract We derive a novel class of low-cost explicit Runge-Kutta (RK) methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using pressure-based methods. Pressure-based methods require the solution of a Poisson equation for the pressure which is subsequently used to enforce mass conservation. In most cases, the Poisson equation is an expensive proposition, especially in the context of high-performance computing, where the cost of data transfers for global linear solvers can reduce scalability. In addition, when coupled with an RK scheme to achieve high accuracy in time, pressure-based methods require a Poisson solve at each intermediate RK stage, rendering pressure-based methods quite costly on large supercomputers. The proposed time integrators eliminate the need for a pressure-Poisson equation at intermediate stages while retaining formal order of accuracy. This is accomplished by deriving rational interpolants of the pressure from previous timesteps while preserving formal order of accuracy. For example, we will show that only one pressure Poisson equation is needed for second, third, and fourth-order Runge-Kutta schemes. We also find that while the proposed schemes impact stability, overall cost savings of up to 40% are still achievable over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. All the proposed integrators result in the same stability regions for cell Reynolds numbers of up to 10 while producing lower stability for larger cell Reynolds numbers.
Using Single Sign-On Authentication with Multiple Open OnDemand Accounts: A Solution for HPC Hosted Courses

Open OnDemand (OOD) greatly lowers the barrier to entry to high performance computing (HPC) resources and facilitates usage for new and experienced users. Moreover, using OOD for courses with computational components enables lecturers and teaching assistants to focus on the course instead of on-boarding students. To these ends the Yale Center for Research Computing (YCRC) adopted OOD to make its advanced cyberinfrastructure more accessible to researchers and students across the university. While the use of single sign-on authentication in OOD makes HPC clusters easier to access, as implemented this authentication method limits users to a single HPC account per university-provided identity. The YCRC provides separate and temporary course-specific accounts to isolate course usage, which presented a challenge for supporting users with pre-existing research allocations or who are participating in multiple courses. In this paper, we present an easy to implement and maintain solution that separates traffic for each course and maps a single user identity to multiple HPC accounts. This solution can be used for other situations other than courses; wherever one single sign-on identity should access multiple HPC accounts.
Expanding domains for multi-vehicle unmanned systems

In this paper, we present a modular multi-vehicle hardware and software architecture that expands swarm system capability into multiple domains and vehicle types. The Swarm Brick electronics stack integrates into various air and ground-based vehicles. The redesigned playbook style behavior architecture demonstrates reusability across missions and dissimilar platform types. This dual-track approach aims to advance swarm system scalability by further shifting the role of the operator from controller to supervisor. We discuss results of demonstrations conducted with the upgraded heterogeneous, multi-domain swarm system during simulation and live-fly field exercises.
Case Volume-Dependent Changes in Operative Morbidity following Free Flap Breast Reconstruction: A 15-Year Single-Center Analysis.

Background Operative morbidity is a common yet modifiable feature of complex surgical procedures. With increasing case volume, improvement in morbidity has been reported through designated procedural processes and greater repetition. Defined as a volume-outcome association, improvement in breast reconstruction morbidity with increasing free flap volume requires further characterization. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted among consecutive free flap patients using a two-microsurgeon model between January of 2002 and December of 2017. Patient demographics and operative characteristics were obtained from medical records. Complications including unplanned surgical intervention (take-back) and flap loss were obtained from prospectively kept databases. Individual surgeon operative volume was estimated by considering overall practice volume and correcting for the number of surgeons at any given time. Results During the study period, 3949 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 6607 breasts underwent reconstruction with 6675 free flaps. Mean patient age was 50 ± 9.4 years and mean body mass index was 28.8 ± 5.0 kg/m2. Bilateral reconstruction was performed on 2633 patients (66.5 percent), with 4626 breasts (70.5 percent) reconstructed in the immediate setting. Overall, breast and donor-site complications were reported in 507 breasts (7.7 percent) and 607 cases (15.4 percent), respectively. Take-back was required in 375 cases (9.5 percent), with complete flap loss occurring in 57 cases (0.9 percent). Based on annual flaps per surgeon, the incidence of complications decreased with increasing volume (slope = -0.12; p = 0.056). Conclusion Through procedural efficiency and execution of defined clinical processes using a two-microsurgeon model, increases in microsurgical breast reconstruction case volume result in decreased morbidity. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, IV.
Spatial and unobserved heterogeneity in consumer preferences for adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles: A Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach

The transition to low carbon vehicles known as alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) is well underway. This transition has been motivated partly by consumer demand and partly by legislation such as the ...
Molecular mechanism of basic calcium phosphate crystal-induced mitogenesis. Role of protein kinase C

Synovial tissue hyperplasia in basic calcium phosphate deposition disease has been suggested to develop through the stimulation of cell growth by basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals deposited in joints. These crystals have been used in vitro to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent fibroblasts to experimentally study this proliferative disease. The stimulation of DNA synthesis, in density-arrested Balb/c 3T3 cells, by BCP crystals was inhibited after down-regulating protein kinase C activity with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). No effect on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated DNA synthesis was observed under the same conditions. The expression of c-myc and c-fos increased in response to BCP stimulation in a manner similar to the increase produced by stimulation with PDGF. The BCP stimulation of c-fos and c-myc messages was inhibited 60 and 90%, respectively, in TPA-pretreated, protein kinase C-down-regulated cells. The induction of these transcripts by PDGF was unaffected in cells pretreated with TPA. TPA was unable to stimulate c-fos and c-myc expression or DNA synthesis following protein kinase C down-regulation. Both PDGF and TPA stimulated phosphorylation of an 80-kDa protein, whereas BCP crystals had no effect on phosphorylation of this protein. The exposure of density-arrested Balb/c 3T3 cells to BCP crystals had no effect on high affinity epidermal growth factor receptor binding under conditions in which PDGF and TPA reduced epidermal growth factor binding. The data suggest that PDGF can act to stimulate c-fos and c-myc expression as well as DNA synthesis through a protein kinase C-independent pathway, whereas BCP crystals require at least endogenous levels of protein kinase C to stimulate these events.
Shakespeare and Masculinity

The peculiar challenge posed by studying Shakespearean masculinity is its resistance to inquiry. Patriarchal ideologies function precisely by taking a specific form of male power, the power of the father, as neutral, given and, therefore, not an available object of study. Scholars have faced this challenge by examining masculinity at those very moments when it falters and fractures. The study of Shakespeare's male characters has an extensive history, and for much of that history, these characters were interesting and significant because they told us something about mankind, about human beings in general. Examining masculinity rather than men, scholars rethought the study of maleness as a feminist project and made a fertile space for historical study that draws out the contours of manliness in all its historical specificities. Such study lays the groundwork for new analyses that interrogate the association between masculine attributes and culturally valued forms of self. These analyses do more than simply question the dominance of men but propose alternative ideas of the masculine and alternative forms of human flourishing.
Multiple sclerosis: a cure or a contradiction?

Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating disease. An Italian study seems to offer a cure. Small wonder that sufferers are queuing for the operation that it suggests ― and that some surgeons are offering to perform it and offer "liberation" — for a fee. But are the hopes and operations justified? As Stephanie Kovalchik reports, a statistical contradiction at the heart of the theory has still to be resolved.
The law and the prophets: black consciousness in South Africa, 1968–1977

Daniel Magaziner has written a fine survey of the religious dimensions of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) of South Africa over a nine-year period. The book comprises three parts, on intellec...
The yeast GLC7 gene required for glycogen accumulation encodes a type 1 protein phosphatase.

The glc7 mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not accumulate glycogen due to a defect in glycogen synthase activation (Peng, Z., Trumbly, R. J., and Reimann, E.M. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 13871-13877) whereas wild-type strains accumulate glycogen as the cell cultures approach stationary phase. We isolated the GLC7 gene by complementation of the defect in glycogen accumulation and found that the GLC7 gene is the same as the DIS2S1 gene (Ohkura, H., Kinoshita, N., Miyatani, S., Toda, T., and Yanagida, M. (1989) Cell 57, 997-1007). The protein product predicted by the GLC7 DNA sequence has a sequence that is 81% identical with rabbit protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit. Protein phosphatase 1 activity was greatly diminished in extracts from glc7 mutant cells. Two forms of protein phosphatase 1 were identified after chromatography of extracts on DEAE-cellulose. Both forms were diminished in the glc7 mutant and were partly restored by transformation with a plasmid carrying the GLC7 gene. Southern blots indicate the presence of a single copy of GLC7 in S. cerevisiae, and gene disruption experiments showed that the GLC7 gene is essential for cell viability. The GLC7 mRNA was identified as a 1.4-kilobase RNA that increases 4-fold at the end of exponential growth in wild-type cells, suggesting that activation of glycogen synthase is mediated by increased expression of protein phosphatase 1 as cells reach stationary phase.
Cyclin' on the viral path to destruction.

Viruses are the masters of trickery. They mimic, manipulate and usurp cellular functions, but always with an interesting twist. γ-herpesvirus genomes encode an abundance of homologues of cellular factors, including cyclin and Bcl-2. These viral homologues differ from their cellular counterparts in that the viral proteins have gained new functions and eliminated others to harness the cell and benefit the virus.
Sexual differences in European Neanderthal crania with special reference to the Krapina remains

Abstract Problems relating to the identification of sex in Neanderthal specimens are discussed. Three morphological features—morphology of the mastoid process and surrounding area, form of the supraorbital torus at glabella and the superciliary region, and the rugosity of the nuchal plane—were selected as most indicative of sex in Neanderthal crania based on observations from the Krapina collection and on those European specimens with pelvicly determined sex. Thirteen Neanderthal crania (eight males, five females) are sexed on the basis of these criteria, and the pattern and degree of sexual dimorphism determined for this sample is compared to those exhibited by other samples of more recent European hominids. It is concluded that the degree of sexual dimorphism in Neanderthal crania, as defined by this study, is consistent with that observed in the other fossil samples and that Neanderthals exhibit slightly more cranial sexual dimorphism than more recent Europeans. Models for explaining this are discussed as is the difference in pattern of change and degree of sexual dimorphism between the cranium and postcranium during later prehistoric hominid evolution in Europe.
Deposition and Characterization of Layer-by-Layer Nano Self-Assembled Carbon Nanotube Multilayer Thin Films

We present a simple, effective, and accurate method to grow single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) multilayer thin films with layer-by-layer (LbL) nano self-assembly. The thin film is assembled on the substrate by alternate adsorption of SWNTs and poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) inspection shows that the SWNT multilayer is formed with a dense network of nanotube bundles. The average thickness of a single (PDDA/SWNT) bi-layer is measured as 76 Aring. The volume and mass ratios of SWNTs in the multilayer are calculated as 63.2% and 75%, respectively. With nanoindentation measurement, the Young's modulus of the SWNT thin film is approximately 17 GPa. The electro-thermal properties of the SWNT multilayer are studied with current-voltage (I-V), four-point probe, and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) techniques. The conductance of the SWNT thin film at 300degC is measured as 2.29 mS, which is 50 times higher than that at room temperature (0.045 mS).
Effect of Intrauterine Infusion of Penicillin-Streptomycin and Furacin and Vaginal Deposition of Furacin on Chemical Residue Levels in Milk

Summary The milk from 25 dairy cows was examined for chemical residues, using the disc assay technique, following intrauterine infusion of penicillin-streptomycin and Furacin and vaginal deposition of Furacin. Milk samples were collected during the 12- to 96-hr period after the single treatment with antibiotics. They were collected over a 3-wk period during the extended Furacin treatment with suppositories. No chemical residues were found in any of the milk samples from animals subjected to the three types of treatment. There was no evidence of Furacin build-up during the 3-wk treatments.
Susceptibility to apoptosis is enhanced in immature cortical neurons

The susceptibility of cortical neurons to two forms of apoptotic death was compared with susceptibility to excitotoxic death during development in vitro (DIV 4-21). Murine cortical cultures were exposed for 48 h to the phosphatase inhibitor cyclosporine, the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine or the excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Susceptibility to apoptosis induced by staurosporine or cyclosporine was maximal between DIV 4-10 and declined from DIV 10 through 18. The opposite pattern was observed with susceptibility to NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic necrosis, which was minimal at DIV 6 and progressively increased through DIV 21.
Design and analysis techniques for trajectory correction maneuvers

Selecting a spacecraft maneuver strategy usually involves tradeoffs of many competing factors. This paper describes such a tradeoff process. The method uses parametric data to cope with targeting requirements, thruster configuration and performance, hardware constraints, operational considerations, propellant optimization demands, and expected execution and orbit determination errors, while remaining flexible to react to new conditions.
Context and discourse

Current theories of context see context as composed of information that is localizable to individual utterances. Current theories of discourse grant that discourses have important global properties that are not so localizable. In this paper, I argue that context, even narrowly construed as whatever combines with a sentence to determine truth conditions, must have a discourse–global component. I identify a context–dependence phenomenon related to the linguistic concepts of topic and focus, isolate the pertinent feature of context, and show that this feature must be discourse–global in nature. I thus argue that context is as complicated as an entire discourse.
Distribution of 7-year risk of diabetes mellitus among United States adults.

Abstract Approximately 7.2% of 4739 United States adults had a 7-year risk of ≥21% during 1999–2004. Similar age-adjusted percentages of men and women were at high risk (≥21%). A larger age-adjusted percentage of Mexican Americans than whites and African Americans were at high risk.
Higher order eigenpair perturbations

A matrix method is presented for the exact calculation of large eigenpair perturbations arising from design variable changes. This method of forward analysis is presented that takes into account all order of the perturbation expansion
Determination of Longwave Heat Flux at the Air-Sea Interface Using Measurements from Buoy Platforms

Abstract A theory for pyrgeometer operation is utilized for determining downwelling longwave radiation. Errors in downwelling longwave radiation measurements are due to differences in pyrgeometer body and dome temperatures compared to that of the atmosphere. Additionally, incident shortwave radiation fluxes may be important. Using the present theory along with laboratory and field observations, it appears that downwelling longwave heat fluxes can be measured with errors less than 6 W m−2. Longwave heat flux observations from surface buoys deployed in four different oceanic regions suggest that 1) incoming longwave measurements from buoys are repeatable, 2) uncertainties in radiometer calibration are significant and systematic, and 3) pyrgeometers are affected by direct and indirect solar heating. A hybrid measurement method for the determination of net longwave heat flux at the air-sea interface is described. The authors recommend improvement in calibration procedures as well as development of a radiomete...
Synthesis and characterization of thienyl phosphines and thienyl phosphine chalcogenides

Abstract Functionalized phosphine and phosphine chalcogenide ligands have the potential for applications in organometallic, inorganic and polymer chemistry. They serve as traditionally versatile donor ligands but also as handles for further chemical modification. The synthesis of 2-diisopropylphosphinothiophene ( 1 ), 2-bromo-5-diisopropylphosphinothiophene ( 2 ) and 5-diisopropylphosphino-2,2′-bithiophene ( 3 ) were performed. Compounds 1 , 2 and 3 were isolated via lithium halogen exchange of 2-bromothiophene, 2,5-dibromothiophene, or 2,2′-bithiophene followed by addition of chlorodiisopropylphosphine, respectively. Compounds 1 , 2 , and 3 were then converted to the phosphine chalcogenides by reaction with elemental sulfur or selenium in toluene to yield 2-diisopropylphosphinothiophene sulfide ( 4 ), 2-diisopropylphosphinothiophene selenide ( 5 ), 2-bromo-5-diisopropylphosphinothiophene sulfide ( 6 ), 2-bromo-5-diisopropylphosphinothiophene selenide ( 7 ), 5-diisopropylphosphino-2,2′-bithiophene sulfide ( 8 ) and 5-diisopropylphosphino-2,2′-bithiophene selenide ( 9 ). All compounds 1 – 9 were isolated in excellent yields (85%-quantitative). 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P NMR, elemental analysis and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, were used to characterize the new phosphines and phosphine chalcogenides.
Twin Tail/Delta Wing Configuration Buffet Due to Unsteady Vortex Breakdown Flow

The buffet response of the twin-tail configuration of the F/A-18 aircraft; a multidisciplinary problem, is investigated using three sets of equations on a multi-block grid structure. The first set is the unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes equations. The second set is the coupled aeroelastic equations for bending and torsional twin-tail responses. The third set is the grid-displacement equations which are used to update the grid coordinates due to the tail deflections. The computational model consists of a 76 deg-swept back, sharp edged delta wing of aspect ratio of one and a swept-back F/A-18 twin-tails. The configuration is pitched at 32 deg angle of attack and the freestream Mach number and Reynolds number are 0.2 and 0.75 x 10(exp 6) respectively. The problem is solved for the initial flow conditions with the twin tail kept rigid. Next, the aeroelastic equations of the tails are turned on along with the grid-displacement equations to solve for the uncoupled bending and torsional tails response due to the unsteady loads produced by the vortex breakdown flow of the vortex cores of the delta wing. Two lateral locations of the twin tail are investigated. These locations are called the midspan and inboard locations.
Influence of gold particle size on the aqueous-phase oxidation of carbon monoxide and glycerol

Carbon-supported Au particles with mean sizes ranging from 5 to 42 nm and unsupported Au powder were evaluated as catalysts in the aqueous-phase oxidation of CO and glycerol. For the aqueous-phase oxidation of CO at pH 14 and 300 K, the turnover frequency (TOF) for the 5-nm Au particles was 5 s−1, whereas the TOF for large supported Au (42 nm) and bulk Au were only 0.5 and 0.4 s−1, respectively. The observed rate of peroxide formation during CO oxidation also was much higher on the small Au particles. Oxidation of glycerol in the aqueous phase at 333 K and elevated pH over the same catalysts revealed a similar influence of particle size, with the 5-nm Au particles giving a TOF of 17 s−1 at pH 13.8 and the larger particles and bulk Au nearly an order of magnitude less active. However, large Au particles (>20 nm) were more selective to glyceric acid. The lower selectivity of small Au particles is attributed to a higher formation rate of H2O2 during glycerol oxidation, because peroxide promotes CC cleavage reaction.
New synthesis of the 4- and 6-pyridones of 1-methylnicotinamide and 1-methylnicotinic acid (trigonelline)

Abstract New routes are described for preparation of the 4- and 6-pyridones of 1-methylnicotinamide and 1-methylnicotinic acid (trigonelline). For the 4-pyridone series, a carboxyl group is introduced into 4-hydroxypyridine at C-3 by high-pressure carbonation and the resulting 4-hydroxynicotinic acid converted to the amide through ammonolysis of the methyl ester. Both the acid and the amide are then N 1 -alkylated with methyl iodide. For the 6-pyridone series, commercially available 6-hydroxynicotinic acid is N 1 -alkylated with methyl iodide and the resulting 6-pyridone of 1-methylnicotinic acid converted to the 6-pyridone of 1-methylnicotinamide by ammonolysis of the acid chloride. The above alkylations do not occur under neutral conditions but do proceed smoothly in the presence of alkali. Spectrophotometric data are given for the compounds of major interest, and a chromatographic separation is described for the naturally occurring pyridones and other urinary metabolites of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.
H.264 Scalable Video over Finite-State Markov Chain Wireless Channels

In this paper, a wireless channel is viewed as a heterogeneous network in the time domain, and an adaptive video transmission scheme for H.264 scalable video over wireless channels modeled as a finite-state Markov chain processes is presented. In order to investigate the robustness of adaptive video transmission for H.264 scalable video over wireless channels, statistical channel models can be employed to characterize the error and loss behavior of the video transmission. Among various statistical channel models, a finite-state Markov model has been considered as suitable for both wireless links as Rayleigh fading channels and wireless local area networks as a combination of bit errors and packet losses. The H.264 scalable video coding enables the rate adaptive source coding and the feedback of channel parameters facilitates the adaptive channel coding based on the dynamics of the channel behavior. As a result, we are able to develop a true adaptive joint source and channel based on instantaneous channel estimation feedback. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate that the estimation of the finite-state Markov channel can be quite accurate and the adaptive video transmission based on channel estimation is able to perform significantly better than the simple channel model in which only average bit error rate is used for joint source and channel coding design.
Memory for nonattended auditory material

Abstract Subjects performed a dichotic listening task. They shadowed prose in one ear and attempted, after delays ranging from 0.3 to 20.3 sec, to recall single digits that had been embedded in prose presented to the nonattended ear. Recall performance decreased from 0 to 5 sec in a typical negatively accelerated fashion. No memory for the nonattended material was apparent between 5 and 20.3 sec. The data indicate that verbal material presented auditorily to a nonattended channel persists briefly, but is not transferred into a long-term store.
Flow Rate Dependence of Elution Volumes in Size Exclusion Chromatography: A Review

Abstract This review summarizes experimental data which indicate that elution volumes can change with flow rate in size exclusion chromatography experiments. The mechanisms resulting in flow rate dependent elution volumes are discussed. They can be roughly divided into two classes: 1) anomalous effects, and 2) flow rate dependence of the partitioning of molecules into the micropores of the column packing. The partitioning can depend on flow rate if the partition coefficient is concentration dependent, if viscous fingering occurs, or if molecular migration phenomena are important.
Craniofacial abnormalities and altered wnt and mmp mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to gasoline oxygenates ETBE and TAME

a b s t r a c t Gasoline additives ethyl tert butyl ether (ETBE) and tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) are used world wide, but the consequence of developmental exposure to these hydrophilic chemicals is unknown for aquatic vertebrates. The effect of ETBE and TAME on zebrafish embryos was determined following OECD 212 guidelines, and their toxicity was compared to structurally related methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), which is known to target developing vasculature. LC50s for ETBE and TAME were 14 mM (95% CI = 10-20) and 10 mM (CI = 8-12.5), respectively. Both chemicals caused dose dependent developmental lesions (0.625-10 mM), which included pericardial edema, abnormal vascular development, whole body edema, and craniofacial abnormalities. The lesions were suggestive of a dysregulation of WNT ligands and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) protein families based on their roles in development. Exposure to 5 mM ETBE significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased relative mRNA transcript levels of mmp-9 and wnt3a, while 2.5 and 5 mM TAME significantly decreased wnt3a, and wnt8a. TAME also significantly decreased mmp-2 and -9 mRNA levels at 5 mM. ETBE and TAME were less effective in altering the expression of vascular endothe- lial growth factor-a and -c, which were the only genes tested that were significantly decreased by MTBE. This is the first study to characterize the aquatic developmental toxicity following embryonic expo- sure to ETBE and TAME. Unlike MTBE, which specifically targets angiogenesis, ETBE and TAME disrupt multiple organ systems and significantly alter the mRNA transcript levels of genes required for general development.
Oversight of shale gas production in the United States and the disclosure of toxic substances

Abstract With the encouragement of shale gas production in the United States, governments have considered a range of legislative and regulatory proposals to manage health and environmental damages that may accompany extraction activities. Exceptions adopted by Congress to major federal environmental legislation have meant that individual US states have deemed it necessary to provide oversight through regulations to protect people and safeguard environmental quality. In responding, states have legal structures under which drilling firms may not need to disclose the toxic substances used in fracturing wells. Yet, with increasing numbers of drilling sites, more people are at risk from accidents and exposure to harmful substances used at fractured wells. To provide for meaningful health and safety protection, governments may need to reevaluate legal provisions offering trade secret protection for toxic substances used in fracturing.
Feline histoplasmosis: fluconazole therapy and identification of potential sources of Histoplasma species exposure

Feline histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection often treated with itraconazole, which can be cost-prohibitive for some clients. Additionally, although the clinical disease in cats has been documented, sources of Histoplasma species spore exposure in cats have yet to be thoroughly investigated. The objectives of this study were to compare the outcomes of cats with histoplasmosis treated with fluconazole to those treated with itraconazole, and to evaluate possible sources of exposure for affected cats. Medical records from feline patients with confirmed histoplasmosis (n = 32) at Kansas State University were systematically reviewed and follow-up was performed by owner telephone interview. Cats treated with fluconazole (n = 17) had similar mortality and recrudescence rates when compared with cats treated with itraconazole (n = 13). Thus, fluconazole may be a viable alternative therapy for the treatment of feline histoplasmosis. Eleven cats were housed strictly indoors and possible sources of exposure reported for these cats included potted plants (5/11) and unfinished basements (6/11).
Clarifying the Ethics of Continuous Sedation

The time has come to implement the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for voluntary, routine opt-out screening for HIV infection in all areas of health care and t...
Hepaticoduodenostomy vs hepaticojejunostomy for reconstruction after resection of choledochal cyst

Abstract Purpose Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) is currently the favored reconstructive procedure after resection of choledochal cysts. Hepaticoduodenostomy (HD) has been argued to be more physiologically and technically easier but is feared to have associated complications. Here we compare outcomes of the 2 procedures. Methods A retrospective chart review identified 59 patients who underwent choledochal cyst resection within our institution from 1999 to 2009. Demographic and outcome data were compared using t tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Pearson χ 2 tests. Results Fifty-nine patients underwent repair of choledochal cyst. Biliary continuity was restored by HD in 39 (66%) and by HJ in 20 (34%). Open HD patients required less total operative time than HJ patients (3.9 vs 5.1 hours, P = .013), tolerated a diet faster (4.8 days compared with 6.1 days, P = .08), and had a shorter hospital stay (7.05 days for HD vs 9.05 days for HJ, P = .12). Complications were more common in HJ (HD = 7.6%, HJ=20%, P = .21). Three patients required reoperation after HJ, but only one patient required reoperation after HD for a stricture (HD = 2.5%, HJ=20%, P = .037). Conclusions In this series, HD required less operative time, allowed faster recovery of bowel function, and produced fewer complications requiring reoperation.
Managing compost stability and amendment to soil to enhance soil heating during soil solarization

Abstract Soil solarization is a method of soil heating used to eradicate plant pathogens and weeds that involves passive solar heating of moist soil mulched (covered) with clear plastic tarp. Various types of organic matter may be incorporated into soil prior to solarization to increase biocidal activity of the treatment process. Microbial activity associated with the decomposition of soil organic matter may increase temperatures during solarization, potentially enhancing solarization efficacy. However, the level of organic matter decomposition (stability) necessary for increasing soil temperature is not well characterized, nor is it known if various amendments render the soil phytotoxic to crops following solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2–4 °C higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization.
Analysis of the vibrational spectra of 1-methyluracil and its isotopic derivatives by ab initio calculations

Abstract The vibrational spectrum of 1-methyluracil trapped in an argon matrix has been analysed based on ab initio Hartree—Fock SCF calculations with a split-valence 4–21 basis set. The directly computed theoretical harmonic force field was scaled with empirical scale factors which were transferred from uracil (except for the methyl vibrational modes) to provide an a priori prediction of fundamental frequencies and intensities. The average deviations between experiment and prediction were 9.8 cm−1 for the in-plane vibrations and 18.3 cm−1 for the ring out-of-plane modes. After a few corrections of assignment of the observed spectrum, a new set of scale factors was optimized to give the best force field available from combined consideration of the experimental and theoretical information. These scale factors reduced the average deviations to 6.7 cm−1 for the in-plane modes and to 11.7 cm−1 for the out-of-plane ones. The vibrational spectra of seven isotopic derivatives (-2180, -4180, -3d, -5d, -6d, -5, 6d2 and -CD3) of 1-methyluracil were predicted with the force field resulting from the optimized set of scale factors, and compared with the crystal-phase experimental data. A few misassignments in the experimental isotopic spectra have been corrected. Vibrational absorption intensities have been computed and compared with experiment and with an earlier calculation.
Life cycle differences in neighborhood satisfaction

We hypothesize that life cycle differences in expectations for improvements in financial status and neighborhood quality influence life cycle differences in neighborhood satisfaction. We argue that these differences in expectations influence the standards against which current neighborhoods are assessed. Satisfaction should be greatest among the life cycle stages where expectations and current conditions are most similar. Our data support this hypothesis.