cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representations of African American Political Women in Scandal

Since its debut on April 5, 2012, ABC’s Scandal has become one of the most popular, mainstream dramas on television. Scandal features on of the only, African American female lead characters on network television, Olivia Pope. This paper utilizes scholarship regarding intersectionality and stereotypical representations of African American women to analyze the character of Olivia Pope. I argue that Pope’s education, confidence, and boldness help to confront the lack of complex African American female characters, but her affair with the president simultaneously reinforces negative stereotypes regarding African American women’s sexuality.
The Primitive Self and the Power of Catastrophic Threat

Humans are genetically primed to be alert and ready to react to a dangerous world. Humans are protective animals with deep brain structures that override conscious thought and are part of our origins, playing a major regulatory role determining how our brains and bodies function. Fight and flight are reflexive responses, and the fight-flight response is nested in deep, primitive brain structures that developed for survival and are hypersensitive to the threat of loss or actual loss. Our responses to threat of the self, the family, our loved ones and the tribes to which we belong alert the brain and body to concentrate, act without thought, and ignore the vagaries of sound argument and compassionate consideration that might delay the need to rapidly and decisively respond. They cue hormones, blood, and muscles, and signal tribal affiliation behavior for mobilization of the protective response system, as only the tribe was powerful enough to protect the individual and family as humans developed under evolutionary pressures. Our tribal genetics are expressed in ways that dominate the political landscape, and religious and cultural violence.
Beyond Annulus Size: Imaging for TAVR Planning

The aim of this article is to review the role of imaging in pre-procedural assessment prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)—with a focus on relevant anatomic findings apart from the size of the aortic annulus. Pre-procedure imaging prior to TAVR heavily emphasizes assessment of the aortic annulus for appropriate valve sizing, with computed tomography angiography (CTA) emerging as the test of choice due to its ability to assess not only the aortic annulus but also the thoracoabdominal aorta and peripheral vasculature. Some patients with underlying kidney disease may be at increased risk of renal dysfunction following contrast-enhanced CTA; however, alternate imaging techniques can be performed to mitigate this risk such as magnetic resonance imaging. Familiarity with underlying anatomic variability and pathology relevant to TAVR implantation in addition to annulus size, as well as imaging approaches in patients with renal dysfunction, will allow radiologists to better contribute to multidisciplinary discussion for potential TAVR candidates.
Comparative Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Wild-Type and rd10 Mouse Retinas

Purpose To conduct longitudinal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to characterize dynamic changes of trilaminar vascular plexuses in wild-type (WT) and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mouse retinas. Methods Longitudinal in vivo OCT/OCTA measurements of WT and rd10 mouse retinas were conducted at postnatal day 14 (P14), P17, P21, P24, and P28. OCT images were used to quantify retinal thickness changes, while OCTA images were used to investigate vascular dynamics within the trilaminar vascular plexuses, that is, superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP). Blood vessel densities of all three plexus layers were quantitatively evaluated separately. The caliber of first-order blood vessel branches in the SVP layer was also measured. Results Vascular densities in all three plexuses continuously decreased with aging in both WT and rd10. However, abnormal density reduction in rd10 occurred at P17 in both ICP (P < 0.001) and DCP (P < 0.001). While the ICP of rd10 showed density recovery at P24, the DCP of rd10 showed significantly low density. Remarkable vascular narrowing in rd10 was also observed in the SVP, especially at P28. Conclusions The most severe vascular impairment happened in the DCP, while the ICP showed the transient recovery of vascular density after the onset of retinal degeneration. The SVP was most resistant to the retinal degeneration, but the first-order blood vessel branches within the SVP showed progressive narrowing. Translational Relevance Better understanding of the vascular changes correlated with retinal development, and retinal degeneration can provide insights in advanced development of treatment protocols of retinal degenerative diseases.
Endoscopic Resection of a Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma via a Retrosigmoid Approach.

A variety of lesions may arise within the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Schwannomas and meningiomas are most commonly found in this location. Imaging characteristics of meningiomas include hyperdensity on head computed tomography (CT) and avid contrast enhancement on T1-weighted postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we present the case of a 49-year-old woman with enlarging right CPA meningioma. The patient reported mild hearing loss on the right but her neurological exam was otherwise benign. Since the lesion was enlarging and symptomatic, the patient was offered resection of the mass for diagnosis and treatment via an endoscopic retrosigmoid approach. We provide a video that illustrates the steps taken to resect this mass endoscopically. After cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was drained to achieve brain relaxation, the tumor was visualized. The tumor had a rich vascular supply and had the appearance of a typical meningioma. The bipolar was used to cauterize the tumor's vascular supply. The tumor capsule was then opened with the microscissors. The round knife, suction, and ultrasonic tissue debrider were used to debulk the tumor. After internal debulking of the tumor, the capsule was dissected off the cerebellum and mobilized. A combination of blunt and sharp dissection was done to free the tumor capsule from the adjacent structures. Inferiorly, the lower cranial nerves were visualized. Tissue pathology confirmed a diagnosis of grade I meningioma. A gross total resection was achieved and the patient remained neurologically stable, postoperatively. Furthermore, T1-weighted postcontrast brain MRI, 1 year after surgery, showed no residual. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/X9c_inLp-So .
"TEACHING TABLES II:" They Use It (and So Do You): Helping Students Critique Wikipedia and Other Online Sources

This teaching table proposal is based on data that I have collected in my classes regarding Wikipedia use. I will present this information briefly and then detail a short research assignment that I have used to help students critique online sources. I would then look forward to hearing other professorsâ€™ opinions on the topic.The assignment involves the following steps by students:1. the selection of a familiar topic (to the student that is)2. the comparison of Wikipediaâ€™s entry on the subject to another source3. the analysis of the â€œdiscussionâ€ tab attached to the Wikipedia entrya. students are ask to characterize the disagreements found on this page4. the comparison, using the â€œhistoryâ€ tab, of the first entry on the topic to the most recent version5. the creation of a student edit or addition to the Wikipedia entryWhile these steps are very easy for todayâ€™s computer-savvy students to take, few have actually investigated how information is presented and edited on Wikipedia. Understanding the process contributes, I believe, to the development of a healthy skepticism regarding oneâ€™s sources.
Outcomes of strabismus surgery in genetically confirmed congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.

Purpose To detail surgical strategy and strabismus outcomes in a genetically defined cohort of patients with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM). Methods A total of 13 patients with genetically confirmed CFEOM (via genetic testing for mutations in KIF21A, PHOX2A, and TUBB3) were retrospectively identified after undergoing strabismus surgery at Boston Children's Hospital and surgical outcomes were compared. Results Age at first surgery ranged from 11 months to 63 years, with an average of 3 strabismus procedures per patient. Ten patients had CFEOM1, of whom 9 had the KIF21A R954W amino acid substitution and 1 had the M947T amino acid substitution. Of the 3 with CFEOM3, 2 had the TUBB3 E410K amino acid substitution, and 1 had a previously unreported E410V amino acid substitution. CFEOM1 patients all underwent at least 1 procedure to address chin-up posture. Chin-up posture improved from 24° ± 8° before surgery to 10.0° ± 8° postoperatively (P Conclusions CFEOM is a complex strabismus disorder for which surgical management is difficult. Despite an aggressive surgical approach, multiple procedures may be necessary to achieve a desirable surgical effect. Knowledge of the underlying genetic diagnosis may help to inform surgical management.
Very High-Q Resonant MEMS for Liquid-Phase Bio-Sensing

Thin-film piezoelectric-on-silicon (TPoS) disc resonators, operating in 4–1 contour mode around 17.2 MHz, are coated with Parylene from the backside to form a biocompatible insulation layer that enables operation of the resonator in liquid media. The backsides of the resonators are chosen to be large to form a microwell that generates boundaries to the liquid assays and the diameter of such microwells is varied to allow for studying the effect of its size on the performance of the resonator under viscous damping. The results displayed very high quality factors ($Q$) in water, from 315–440, that are consistently affected by the size of microwells.
What drives heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume? Temporary shocks vs persistent characteristics

Abstract Many empirical studies show that cash on hand is the most important source of variation in explaining heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). To explain this, one class of models focuses on the role of heterogeneity in persistent characteristics across individuals while the other class focuses on the role of circumstances within individuals. This paper provides the first empirical measure of the relative importance of circumstances and characteristics in explaining the variance of the MPC. It then maps this empirical measure into a buffer stock model with discount factor heterogeneity to assess how well it explains the data.
Bank Ties, Wealth Gain and Operating Gain of Japanese M&A Acquirers - a Study of Corporate Governance by Controlling Debt-Holders

I document the wealth gain and operating gain of 133 Japanese M&A acquirers in the period 1990-2004, and their links with acquirer's bank ties. Stock returns and change in firm value over a 3-year period starting in Year 1 and ending in Year 2 relative to the merger announcement are examined for evidence of wealth gain, and change in cash flow return over the 3-year period is measured as evidence of operating gain. Acquirer's bank ties are captured in terms of bank directorship, group influence, bank borrowings, and bank ownership in acquirers. I find a negative association between bank ties and both wealth gain and operating gain. The findings are consistent with the notion that bank governance, in forming acquisition decisions for Japanese corporations and in monitoring them during the post-acquisition period, does not benefit acquirers' shareholders.
A Framework for Fairer Machine Learning in Organizations

The use of machine learning in organizations presents a double-edged sword: machine learning tools reduce costs on otherwise repetitive, time-consuming tasks, yet run the risks of introducing syste...
Feasibility study of a force-sensing resistor device for landmark detection for neuraxial procedures and anesthesiologists' impact on device improvement.

The standard of care for neuraxial procedures is landmark palpation to determine the site of placement. This research study aimed to test the primary feasibility of VerTouch™, a force-sensing resis...
Comments Confirm That Student Health Surveillance Needs Ethics Guidelines to Act on Risk-Cluster Findings.

In this issue, we report on an ethical challenge arising from the chance discovery of a suicidality cluster in a middle school that participated in an anonymous student health survey (Levinson et a...
Regularization of Deep Neural Networks for EEG Seizure Detection to Mitigate Overfitting

Seizure detection is a major goal for simplifying the workflow of clinicians working on EEG records. Current algorithms can only detect seizures effectively for patients already presented to the classifier. These algorithms are hard to generalize outside the initial training set without proper regularization and fail to capture seizures from the larger population. We proposed a data processing pipeline for seizure detection on an intra-patient dataset from the world's largest public EEG seizure corpus. We created spatially and session invariant features by forcing our networks to rely less on exact combinations of channels and signal amplitudes, but instead to learn dependencies towards seizure detection. For comparison, the baseline results without any additional regularization on a deep learning model achieved an F1 score of 0.544. By using random rearrangements of channels on each minibatch to force the network to generalize to other combinations of channels, we increased the F1 score to 0.629. By using random rescale of the data within a small range, we further increased the F1 score to 0.651 for our best model. Additionally, we applied adversarial multi-task learning and achieved similar results. We observed that session and patient specific dependencies were causing overfitting of deep neural networks, and the most overfitting models learnt features specific only to the EEG data presented. Thus, we created networks with regularization that the deep learning did not learn patient and session-specific features. We are the first to use random rearrangement, random rescale, and adversarial multitask learning to regularize intra-patient seizure detection and have increased sensitivity to 0.86 comparing to baseline study.
Preface to the Special Issue on Computational Economics

Economics is the study of how scarce resources are allocated. Operations research studies how to accomplish goals in the least costly manner. These fields have much to offer each other in terms of challenging problems that need to be solved and the techniques to solve them. This was the case after World War II, partly because the individuals who went on to be the leading scholars in economics and operations research worked together during WWII. In fact, the two fields share many early luminaries, including Arrow, Dantzig, Holt, Kantorovich, Koopmans, Modigliani, Scarf, and von Neumann. Unfortunately, as new generations of scholars took charge, those ties weakened, resulting in little interaction between operations research scholars and economists in the past three decades.In recent years, some economists and applied mathematicians have worked to reestablish ties between these fields. This special issue of Operations Research is an important step in that effort. It is not meant to be just a collection of current research that is of interest to both economists and operations researchers. It is an example of what we hope is a future in which we will not need "special issues" to describe computational economics.The papers in this issue cover a broad range of material, including the introduction of advanced mathematical techniques to computational economics, algorithm development and analysis, examples where advanced computational methods are used to solve important economic problems, and examples of where computational ideas are used to motivate concepts of bounded rationality.
Gender Differences in the Associations of Plasma Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate with Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids among US Young and Middle-Aged Adults: NHANES 2003-2004.

Vitamin B6-restricted diets and low plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) status altered plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compositions. Evidence suggests the role of gender in the metabolism of vitamin B6 and PUFA. However, no epidemiologic study examined the impact of gender on the relationship between vitamin B6 and PUFA status in adults. Thus, we investigated whether there were gender differences in the association of vitamin B6 intake and plasma PLP concentration with plasma PUFA concentrations and ratios (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), EPA + DHA, EPA/AA, (EPA + DHA)/AA) in US young/middle-aged adults. In total, 864 participants (20-59 years; 484 men, 380 women) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 were used for this cross-sectional study. Nutrient intakes were estimated from two 24 h recalls and supplement questionnaires; plasma PLP and PUFA were measured. Multivariate linear regression was utilized to obtain unstandardized (b) and standardized (β) coefficients. Covariates included demographic, socioeconomic, dietary variables, physical activity level, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, prescription medication use, and BMI. There were significant interactions between gender and PLP on EPA (P-interaction = 0.004), DHA (P-interaction = 0.020), EPA + DHA (P-interaction = 0.010), EPA/AA (P-interaction = 0.002), (EPA + DHA)/AA (P-interaction = 0.004), whereas no interaction between gender and B6 intake existed. In gender-stratified analyses, in men, PLP was positively associated with EPA (β = 0.138, b = 0.104, p = 0.0004), DHA (β = 0.101, b = 0.058, p = 0.036), EPA + DHA (β = 0.125, b = 0.073, p = 0.005), EPA/AA (β = 0.144, b = 0.099, p = 0.0002), (EPA + DHA)/AA (β = 0.123, b = 0.068, p = 0.005). However, no associations between PLP and PUFA existed in women. In conclusion, gender differences were found in the relationships between plasma PLP and plasma EPA, DHA, EPA + DHA, EPA/AA, and (EPA + DHA)/AA, with significant direct associations in men only among US young/middle-aged adults.
Preservation of Oxidative Phosphorylation by Lidocaine in Ischemic and Reperfused Myocardium

The effect of lidocaine (2 mg/kg bolus, 0.04 mg/kg per min infusion) on ischemic and reperfused myocardial respiration was assessed in 32 dogs, using indices of mitochondrial respiration (ADP:O ratio, state 3 and state 4 respiration, and respiratory control index). Heart rate, left ventricular (LV) pressure, LV dp/dt, cardiac index, epicardial ST segment, and regional myocardial blood flow, using 9 ± 1 μm radiospheres, were measured after 40 min of constriction of the anterior descending coronary artery (N = 16) and after 20 min of reperfusion (N = 16). Results showed that lidocaine increased state 3 respiration and respiratory control in reperfused myocardium (P < 0.05) with both glutamate and succinate-rotenone as substrate. It is concluded that lidocaine improves postischemic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation independent of altered hemodynamics or change in myocardial blood flow.
Physical and Cognitive Activities as Deterrents of Cognitive Decline in a Biracial Population Sample

Objective Physical and cognitive activities are associated with slower cognitive decline. Few studies have examined racial differences in these associations, however. The aim of this study was to examine the association of physical and cognitive activities with level and change in cognitive function among black and white participants. A secondary aim was to explore observed differences between black and white participants using post hoc analyses based on education and cognitive function levels. Methods Data came from a longitudinal study of 7,742 (63% black and 61% female) participants assessed three times over an average of 9.5 years. At baseline, each participant reported number of hours of leisure time physical activity (categorized using quartiles) and rated frequency of participation in cognitively stimulating activities (range: 0–4). A standardized measure of cognition was derived from tests of memory, perceptual speed, and orientation. Results Of the 7,742 participants, 2,322 (30%) reported no physical activity. Cognitive decline was slower by about 20% (95% CI: 13%–27%) among whites with physical activity above 1.25 hours compared with those with no physical activity, but showed no significant decrease in cognitive decline relative to those with no physical activity among blacks. Further post hoc analysis revealed cognitive decline to be slower by about 29% (95% CI: 20%–38%) among blacks and whites with higher education and above average baseline cognition. A 1-point increase in cognitive activity frequency decreased cognitive decline by 8% (95% CI: 3%–14%) among blacks and by 14% (95% CI: 7%–20%) among whites. Conclusions The benefits of higher physical activity on cognitive decline was observed among whites, and among blacks with higher education and above average baseline cognitive function. Nevertheless, the protective effect of cognitive activity seems to be independent of education and baseline cognitive function among both blacks and whites.
'Tis Better to Construct than to Receive? The Effects of Diagram Tools on Causal Reasoning

Previous research on the use of diagrams for argumentation instruction has highlighted, but not conclusively demonstrated, their potential benefits. We examine the relative benefits of using diagrams and diagramming tools to teach causal reasoning about public policy. Sixty-three Carnegie Mellon University students were asked to analyze short policy texts using either: 1) text only, 2) text and a pre-made, correct diagram representing the causal claims in the text, or 3) text and a diagramming tool with which to construct their own causal diagram. After a pretest and training, we tested student performance on a new policy text and found that students given a correct diagram (condition 2 above) significantly outperformed the other groups. Finally, we compared learning by testing students on a third policy problem in which we removed all diagram or tool aids and found that students who constructed their own diagrams (condition 3 above) learned the most. We describe these results and interpret them in a way that foreshadows work we now plan for a cognitive-tutor on causal diagram construction.
A study of methods for engaging moving targets

Abstract : This research focused on two methods for engaging moving targets-- tracking and trapping. Our interests in determining the conditions under which either method would prove superior. It was hypothesized that a shooter's ability as well as the speed and range of the target may affect the outcome. All testing was accomplished on a M16A1 rifle marksmanship simulator which permitted the manipulation of the target's speed (velocity or duration) and range (apparent size). Following a 24-target pretest, the 24 subjects were evenly divided into high and low ability groups. All subjects then fired two additional 24-target sequences, being instructed to track and then trap targets or vice versa. Following testing, subjects were required to indicate their preference for either tracking or trapping. Neither method appears optimally suited for all individuals or for all targets. Trapping proved superior for low ability subjects and for the farthest (smallest) target moving at the slowest observed speed. Tracking proved superior for high ability subjects and for the closest (largest) target moving at the fastest observed speed. Subjects generally preferred to use the method producing better results. (Author)
Failure of Campylobacter pylori to grow in commercial blood culture systems.

Of 50 blood culture sets, 20 Bacto (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 20 Septi-Chek (Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, N.J.), and 10 BACTEC 6B and 7D (Johnston Laboratories, Inc., Towson, Md.) sets were inoculated with Campylobacter pylori and fresh human blood. None of the 50 blood cultures produced any detectable growth. Current commercial blood culture systems may be inadequate for the detection of C. pylori bacteremia.
Learning interactively: electromagnetics case study

Summary form only given. Graduating engineers must be prepared for the quickly changing technical environment they will be entering. Students need an experiential learning environment that provides them with a more intuitive approach to engineering problems, which in turn encourages them to study theory. It is also possible with such an approach to encourage and teach team interaction, which is important in today's industry. This paper focuses on lessons learned helping students learn to take control of their learning environment. Teaching a class interactively can be a challenge; students like familiar things. Interactive learning changes the rules about education students have become accustomed to. This can be a very uncomfortable experience, however once the students understand what is happening, learning the material often becomes fun.
Isolation and preliminary characteristics of two phosphorus-containing deoxysugars accumulating in division-blocked Tetrahymena.

Abstract All analyses done to date permit us to conclude that two compounds accumulating in heat treated Tetrahymena cells (referred to as No. 17 and 18 in this paper) contain amino groups, phosphorus and deoxysugars with reducing properties.
Effects of exit-condition, gravity, and surface-tension on stability and noise-sensitivity issues for steady condensing flows inside tubes and channels

Abstract The paper presents accurate numerical solutions of the full 2D governing equations for steady and unsteady laminar/laminar internal condensing flows of pure vapor (FC-72 and R-113) inside a vertical tube and a channel. The film condensation is on the inside wall of a tube or one of the walls of a channel (the lower wall in case of a downward sloping channel). Computations find that exit condition specifications are important and are able to characterize the flows’ sensitivity or insensitivity to the exit condition (which, in turn, depends upon the flow downstream of the condenser). If well-defined natural steady/quasi-steady flows exist—as is shown to be the case for gravity dominated or strong shear dominated condensate flows that remain parabolic up to the exit location—the computations are able to predict both the natural exit condition and any point of transition (from stable to unstable or smooth to wavy behavior) that may exist within this zone. Results on the role of surface tension and sensitivity to ever-present minuscule noise of the condensing surface are also reported.
Characterization of a high efficiency, ultrashort pulse shaper incorporating a reflective 4096-element spatial light modulator

We demonstrate pulse shaping via arbitrary phase modulation with a reflective, 1 × 4096 element, liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). The unique construction of this device provides a very high efficiency when the device is used for phase modulation only in a prism based pulse shaper, namely 85%. We also present a single shot characterization of the SLM in the spatial domain and a single shot characterization of the pulse shaper in the spectral domain. These characterization methods provide a detailed picture of how the SLM modifies the spectral phase of an ultrashort pulse.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina Causing Cushing's Syndrome by Ectopic Production and Secretion of ACTH: A Case Report☆

Background: Small cell carcinomas of pulmonary or extrapulmonary origin are neuroendocrine tumors classically associated with ectopic hormone production, particularly ACTH secretion resulting in Cushing's syndrome. However, ectopic Cushing's syndrome has not previously been reported in the setting of small cell carcinoma of the vagina. Methods: A primary vaginal tumor with hepatic metastases was evaluated with light microscopy. Serum cortisol and plasma ACTH levels were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and immunoradiometric assay, respectively, during a standard high-dose (8 mg) overnight dexamethasone suppression test. Results: Vaginal small cell carcinoma with hepatic metastases was demonstrated. Electrolyte abnormalities, elevated cortisol and ACTH levels, and failure to suppress ACTH secretion during high-dose dexamethasone administration confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic ACTH syndrome. Conclusions: This case report establishes a clinical association between vaginal small cell carcinoma and ectopic Cushing's syndrome, confirming the neuroendocrine potential of this malignancy and features common to small cell neoplasms originating in other sites.
Tropospheric oxidation of ethyne and But-2-yne. 1. Theoretical mechanistic study.

This paper (part 1) and the following one (part 2) aim to assess the viability of some tropospheric oxidation channels for two symmetrical alkynes, ethyne (acetylene) and but-2-yne. Paper 1 defines the features of the DFT(B3LYP)/6-31 1G(3df,2p) energy hypersurface and qualitatively considers the practicability of different pathways through the estimate of free energy barriers. Paper 2 will assess this in more detail by way of master equation simulations. Oxidized in the presence of HO and O 2 (with the possible intervention of NO), ethyne and but-2-yne are known to produce mainly glyoxal or dimethylglyoxal and, to a lesser extent, formic or acetic acid. The initial attack by HO gives an adduct, from which several pathways (la-c, 2a-e) originate. Pathway la passes through the 2-oxoethyl (vinoxyl) radical, or the analogous dimethyl-substituted intermediate, which could in principle undergo O 2 addition (and subsequently, but through a demanding step, give the dialdehydes). However, in paper 2 it is assessed that the vinoxyl, as a nonthermalized intermediate, will preferentially follow unimolecular pathways to ketene or acetyl. Pathway 2a is the most important pathway: a very steep free energy cascade, started by O 2 addition to the initial HO adduct with a concerted barrierless 1,5 H shift, gives a hydroperoxyalkenyloxyl radical intermediate. Peroxy bond cleavage finally produces the dialdehydes and regenerates HO. Pathways 2b and 2c originate from O 2 addition to the initial HO adduct and produce, via different ring closures, either dioxetanyl or alkyl dioxiranyl radicals, respectively. Two subsequent fragmentations occur in both cases and give the carboxylic acids and a carbonyl radical, which can indirectly generate hydroxyl. Two further pathways (1c and 2e) see NO intervention onto the peroxyl radicals formed along pathways 1 and 2. Both could enhance dialdehyde production, while simultaneously depressing the carboxylic acid yield.
Poly(ether urethane) and poly(ether urethane urea) membranes with high H2S/CH4 selectivity

The objective of this study was to synthesize rubbery polymers with a high H2S/CH4 selectivity for possible use as membrane materials for the separation of H2S from ‘low-quality’ natural gas. Two poly(ether urethanes), designated hereafter PU1 and PU3, and two poly(ether urethane ureas), designated PU2 and PU4, were synthesized and cast in the form of ‘dense’ (homogeneous) membranes. PU1 and PU2 contained poly(propylene oxide) whereas PU3 and PU4 contained poly(ethylene oxide) as the polyether component. The permeability of these membranes to two ternary mixtures of CH4, CO2, and H2S was measured at 35°C, and for a PU4 membrane also at 20°C, in the pressure range from 4 to 13.6 atm (4.05–13.78×105 Pa). PU4 is a very promising membrane material for H2S separation from mixtures with CH4 and CO2, having a H2S/CH4 selectivity greater than 100 at 20°C as well as a very high permeability to H2S. Permeability measurements were also made with commercial PEBAXTM membranes for comparison. The possibility of upgrading low-quality natural gas to US pipeline specifications for H2S and CO2 by means of membrane processes utilizing both highly H2S-selective and CO2-selective polymer membranes is discussed.
Graft Copolymers from Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

We report the grafting of polystyrene (PS) and poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) from poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-co-CTFE)) via atom transfer radical polymerization (...
Effects of histamine receptor antagonists on alkali secretion by ileum

Although the effects of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists on the gastric mucosa have been studied extensively, little is known about the effects of such antagonists on the small intestinal mucosa. The present study examines the effects of histamine, pyrilamine (H1), and cimetidine (H2) on alkali secretion by the ileum of rabbits. Either HCO3-containing (25 mmole/liter) or HCO3-free saline solution (37°C) was perfused continuously through a 10-cm loop of terminal ileum. In the absence and presence of a major HCO3 concentration gradient across the mucosa, alkali secretion in the absence of histamine or H1 or H2 receptor antagonists did not change significantly over a 180-min interval. Neither histamine nor cimetidine significantly altered alkali secretion. However, pyrilamine caused a significant reduction in alkali secretion in both the absence and the presence of a major HCO3 gradient across the mucosa. The data suggest that endogenous stores of histamine play an important role in the active secretion of HCO3 by ileal mucosa. This process appears to be associated with H1 receptors.
Adequacy of Glutamic Acid Synthesis by the Chick for Maximal Growth

Abstract Similar weight gain but poorer feed efficiency was noted when chicks were fed a diet containing a mixture of l -aspartic acid, l -alanine, l -serine and diammonium citrate as compared with those of chicks fed l -glutamic acid as a source of dispensable amino acid nitrogen for 0–21 days of age. When the nitrogen supplied by diammonium citrate was replaced by increased amounts of l -aspartic acid and l -alanine, no differences in either weight gain or feed efficiency of chicks were noted. All comparisons of the utilization of the different sources of nitrogen were made on an isonitrogenous basis. These results indicate that there is not a dietary requirement for glutamic acid for maximal growth or feed efficiency of the young chick.
Plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of two elite aspen hybrid clones from in vitro leaf tissues

An efficient regeneration and transformation system was developed for two elite aspen hybrid clones (Populus canescens × P. grandidentada and P. tremuloides × P. davidiana). Callus was induced from in vitro leaf explants on modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MSA) and woody plant medium (WPM) containing four different combinations of cytokinins and auxins. Callus tissues regenerated into shoots on WPM medium supplemented with 2.0 mgl−1 (9.12 μM) zeatin or 0.01 mgl−1 (0.045 μM) thidiazuron. P. canescens × P. grandidentata exhibited the higher callus and shoot production. In vitro leaf explants from the two hybrid clones were cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the binary Ti plasmid pBI121 carrying the uidA gene encoding for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and the npt II gene encoding for neomycin phosphotransferase II. Transformation was confirmed by GUS assays, polymerase chain reaction, and Southern blot analyses. Agrobacterium concentration, acetosyringone, and pH of the cocultivation medium were evaluated for enhancing transformation efficiency with the clone P. canescens × P. grandidentata.
A novel time-multiplexed autostereoscopic multiview full resolution 3D display

Many people believe that in the future, autostereoscopic 3D displays will become a mainstream display type. Achievement of higher quality 3D images requires both higher panel resolution and more viewing zones. Consequently, the transmission bandwidth of the 3D display systems involves enormous amounts of data transfer. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel time-multiplexed autostereoscopic multi-view full resolution 3D display based on the lenticular lens array in association with the control of the active dynamic LED backlight. The lenticular lenses of the lens array optical system receive the light and deflect the light into each viewing zone in a time sequence. The crosstalk under different observation scanning angles is showed, including the cases of 4-views field scanning. The crosstalk of any view zones is about 5% respectively; the results are better than other 3D type.
Negative electron affinity and electron emission at cesiated GaN and AlN surfaces

Abstract The electronic structure of GaN and AlN (0001) surfaces and modification by cesium (Cs) adsorption are investigated via ultra-violet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS, XPS) and total yield spectroscopy. The electron affinity (EA) of the clean and ordered 1×1 surfaces is found to be equal to 3.3 and 1.9 eV for GaN and AlN, respectively. Cs adsorption (with the help of oxygen pre-treatment in the case of GaN) reduces EA on both surfaces by about 2.6–2.8 eV, leading to true negative electron affinity (NEA) in the case of AlN and effective NEA in the case of GaN. Total yield spectroscopy confirms NEA on both surfaces.
Color Mutations in a Small, Partially Isolated Population of Pocket Gophers (Geomys breviceps)

A series of twelve pocket gophers (Geomys breviceps) from a locality five miles southwest of Colbert, Bryan County, Oklahoma, show four apparently independent mutations. These pocket gophers came from a colony estimated to be comprised of eighteen individuals on March 3, 1950, the date this work was completed. Deep alluvial and red clay soils combine with two continuous creeks to form ecological barriers which serve to keep this small population partially isolated from other populations of the same species. The relationship of the barriers to pocket gopher dispersal in the area occupied by the small population is shown in Figure 1. Area I is wooded. This area of gumbo soil was subject to flooding prior to 1946, and was covered with water during all except the summer months. Areas II and III are hillsides that have been eroded down to the characteristic red clay of this region. Area II is possibly of sufficient width to restrict the movements of gophers, since it is approximately 50 to 75 yards wide. I doubt that area III, which is only 15 to 20 yards wide, would seriously limit their dispersal. Area IV is forested. The soil is a dark sandy loam, easily worked by gophers, although I was unable to find any evidence of their activity here. Area V is a cultivated field of sandy loam, and while the gophers are not active in this area, it does not constitute a barrier. Sandy Creek is a continuous stream maintaining a flow of water two to three inches deep and four to five feet wide. This creek has had water in it continuously since 1936. The drainage ditch was dug in 1946, and it has had a continuous flow of water six inches to one foot deep and approximately three feet wide since that date. While these streams may not be complete barriers they would certainly impede the distribution of the pocket gophers. The four mutations occurring in the gophers from this locality are shown in Table 1.
A general study of maximal robust stability regions

In the study of robust stability, the largest coefficient region of a given stable polynomial that guarantees stability preservation under perturbation of coefficients is to be determined. A general consideration including both Hurwitz and Schur polynomials is treated in this paper. For this purpose, the notion ofperturbation constant is introduced. As a consequence of our results, we also introduce a general Kharitonov-type stability test which is based on testing the stability and perturbation constant of a single polynomial.
Beyond autocomplete: Automatic function definition

Programmers have used autocomplete to reduce the cognitive overhead of remembering exhaustive lists of APIs for years. Autocomplete has a primary and obvious point of failure: when a programmer expects a certain method or function name to exist and it does not, the autocompletion list simply stops displaying results and disappears. We describe automatic function definition (AFD), which can succeed where autocomplete fails. It is a novel way to reduce the impact of threadbare libraries, increase the coding speed of primary programming tasks, and distribute work among different types of programmers and automatic tools. Instead of seeing an empty list, users can instead perform automatic function definition, which uses several sources to define the function that the user intended to use. We present three complementary techniques for defining functions based on the information about the function that a user provides while writing code as usual: code search, fellow programmers, and the crowd. Finally, we discuss our implementation of this work in progress and plans for evaluation.
Asymmetrical effects of morphine and naloxone on reward mechanisms

Rats with bilaterally implanted lateral hypothalamic electrodes were tested daily for self-stimulation to each side of the brain, and rotation (circling behavior) was recorded concomitantly. All rats rotated in a preferred direction regardless of the side of the brain stimulated and all rats had asymmetries in self-stimulation sensitivity related to the direction of rotation. Morphine increased rotation and lowered self-stimulation thresholds at low doses (e.g., 2.5 mg/kg) and decreased rotation and raised self-stimulation thresholds at high doses (e.g., 20.0 mg/kg). The changes in self-stimulation thresholds preferentially occurred on opposite sides of the brain, i.e., the low-dose decrease in thresholds was greater in the normally less sensitive side of the brain whereas the high-dose increase in thresholds was greater in the normally more sensitive side of the brain. Naloxone produced no changes in rates of rotation but did elicit small changes in self-stimulation that varied with the side of the brain, i.e., dose-related decreases in thresholds occurred in the normally more sensitive side of the brain whereas dose-related increases in thresholds occurred in the normally less sensitive side of the brain. Subsequently rats were tested in a choice procedure providing concurrent access to rewarding stimulation of either side of the brain; currents were titrated such that, under baseline conditions, rats continually alternated between self-stimulating one side of the brain or the other. Morphine induced a preference for the less sensitive side of the brain that was comparable in magnitude at all doses and independent of its biphasic effects on rates of responding. Naloxone induced a dose-related preference for the more sensitive side of the brain while not altering rates of responding. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) also completely antagonized the effects of all doses of morphine. The results are discussed in terms of lateralized actions mediating the discriminable effects of reinforcing drugs.
A Study of the Transfer of Group Counseling Skills from Training to Practice

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine i f students trained in the Skilled Group Counseling lhining Model learn and transfer group counseling skills to actual group counseling sessions with clients Thirteen master's degree students who completed a 45-hour group counseling class and, subsequently, a 300-hour group counseling internship were participants in the study. Fifteen of 18 subtest scores and the overall score showed significant improvement from pretest to posttest after skills training but before the internship. Ten of the skills transferred from training to internship-specifically, attending and empathy skills The skills that did not transfer were more behavioral in nature and may not have been used by the counseling interns because of theoretical orientations.
Ion mixing in Al, Si, and their oxides

The redistribution of thin metallic markers due to ion irradiation was studied by backscattering spectrometry in Al, Al2O3, Si, and SiO2. Marker species were selected for their similar masses and different chemical reactivities with the host media and included Ti, Fe, W, Pt, and Au. It was found that the marker signals are Gaussian and that the varianceσ2 of the marker atom distributions increases linearly with the dose of the irradiation, is insensitive to the temperature of irradiation in the range of 80–∼300 K, and depends linearly on the nuclear stopping power of the incident ions. The absolute values ofσ2 for Ti, Fe, W, Pt, and Au markers in Al and Al2O3, W, and Pt in SiO2 and W in Si is, within±50 %, of 6.5×103A2 for 300 keV, 8×1015 Xe ions/cm2. These observations suggest that collisional cascade mixing is a dominant mechanism in this type of impurity-matrix combinations. Only Au and Pt in Si mix at a larger rate:σ2 for Pt is about 3 and for Au about 5 times larger thanσ2 for all other markers. Lower threshold displacement energies and/or the contribution of processes other than cascade mixing are possible considered reasons. In polycrystalline Al, a rapid migration of Au and Pt atoms throughout the Al layer, similar to grain boundary diffusion, is observed.
Nonlinear structural analysis of cylindrical thrust chambers using viscoplastic models

The results are presented of a viscoplastic stress-strain analysis of a cylindrical thrust chamber used in experiments that were designed to simulate the SSME operating conditions. The inelastic strain was calculated by using a viscoplastic model, and a quasi-three-dimensional structural analysis was performed by using a finite element program MARC. The temperatures and pressures were calculated by using the loading cycles of experiments, and these temperatures and pressures were used in the computations. The deformed shape of the component was predicted after the end of each loading cycle. The predicted shape qualitatively replicated the deformed shape of the component as observed in experiments. The results indicate that the use of viscoplastic models for structural analysis may lead to more realistic life assessments of experimental thrust chambers.
A minicomputer program for automatic saccade detection and linear analysis of eye movement systems using sine wave stimulus

Abstract A FORTRAN IV program is described, which may be run interactively or in batch and which allows a user to obtain the frequency response amplitude ratio and phase resulting from the linear analysis of an eye movement system using sine wave stimuli. The response (eye position) signal may contain components contributed by the saccadic eye movements. The program can digitize analog signals and store data on a magnetic tape. With the aid of digital filters, the program can detect saccades without requiring any input parameters from the user. The program interpolates the saccade interval using a method of least square curve fitting with a sine wave. The interpolation is relatively noise immune and works well regardless of the stimulus frequencies and the width of a saccade interval. Moreover, the program can handle long duration of signals such as 90 min of data which covers about 5 cycles of a 0.001 Hz sine wave signal. Sample runs for the cases of 0.001 and 0.1 Hz are given. The resident driver and the overlayable segments of the program have been implemented on a DEC (Digital Equiment Corp.) LAB-11 minicomputer (PDP 11/20).
Conservative surgical correction of horseshoe abscess and fistula.

A conservative surgical procedure for complicated horseshoe abscess fistula-in-ano is presented. It minimizes the disadvantage associated with complete unroofing of these abscesses. The morbidity is low, anatomic deformity is minimal, and function is only slightly altered.
An Extension of the Spectrum in the Extreme Ultra-Violet

THE researches of Schumann led him to extend the spectrum to the neighbourhood of wave-length 1250. His limiting wave-length was determined by the absorption of the fluorite which formed a necessary part of his apparatus. In 1904 I succeeded in pushing the limit to wave-length 1030 by the use of a concave diffraction grating.