cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular aspects of brain development

The formation of the central nervous system begins early in development with the induction of the neural ectoderm on the dorsal surface of the embryo. Subsequently, the neural ectoderm plate changes its shape to form a neural groove and eventually, a neural tube. The wall of the neural tube is composed of germinal cells, collectively called the neuroepithelium, that produces neurons and glia throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Three points will be made about cellular production in the CNS: (1) The neuroepithelium forms expansions (brain vesicles), folds, and lobules characteristic of particular CNS regions. The hypothesis that neuroepithelial "anatomy" is a blueprint for proper anatomical development of the CNS will be discussed. (2) Using tritiated thymidine autoradiography in the developing rat, we have found that the neuroepithelium generates neuronal populations according to specific timetables during CNS organogenesis. Some populations are produced early in a 1-2 day period, others are produced later during a 5-7 day period, while still others are produced after birth for periods of a few weeks. (3) By exposing perinatal rat pups to low level X-irradiation, we find that killing neuronal precursors and young postmitotic neurons results in permanent reductions in the number of cells that constitute the targeted neuronal populations. Even though some development continues after the X-ray exposures, there is no compensatory increase in cell proliferation to replace the lost cells. The implications of this finding will be discussed in light of the permanence of neurotoxic insults during human CNS development.
Recognizing realistic actions from videos .

In this paper, we present a systematic framework for recognizing realistic actions from videos ldquoin the wildrdquo. Such unconstrained videos are abundant in personal collections as well as on the Web. Recognizing action from such videos has not been addressed extensively, primarily due to the tremendous variations that result from camera motion, background clutter, changes in object appearance, and scale, etc. The main challenge is how to extract reliable and informative features from the unconstrained videos. We extract both motion and static features from the videos. Since the raw features of both types are dense yet noisy, we propose strategies to prune these features. We use motion statistics to acquire stable motion features and clean static features. Furthermore, PageRank is used to mine the most informative static features. In order to further construct compact yet discriminative visual vocabularies, a divisive information-theoretic algorithm is employed to group semantically related features. Finally, AdaBoost is chosen to integrate all the heterogeneous yet complementary features for recognition. We have tested the framework on the KTH dataset and our own dataset consisting of 11 categories of actions collected from YouTube and personal videos, and have obtained impressive results for action recognition and action localization.
Vegetation Disturbance and Recovery Following a Rare Windthrow Event in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract. The tornado outbreak of April 2011 in the Southeastern United States caused major damage to property and natural ecosystems. During the outbreak, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) was hit by an EF4 tornado, resulting in a long strip of broken branches and toppled old-growth forest trees. Little is known of the consequences of extreme windthrow events, partly due to limitations in characterizing and monitoring wind-driven vegetation disturbance and recovery over large areas and over time. This work analyzed vegetation damage in the GRSM resulting from the 2011 tornado outbreak and monitored vegetation recovery in the region over a four-year period. Anomalies of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) calculated using Landsat scenes showed that the 2011 tornado affected 21.38 km2 of forest, including submesic to mesic oak/hardwoods, Southern Appalachian cove hardwood forests and montane alluvial forests. Tornado damage severity was mapped and investigated by using anomalies of EVI over space and time and showed track discontinuity and significant variation in damage intensity along the tornado track, suggesting vortex-topography interactions. Temporal profiles and spatial representations of EVI anomalies for the period 2011-2015 indicated that EVI in 2015 was above pre-event values, indicating homogeneous canopy and lack of vertical structure during regrowth.
Determination of residual levels and migration of benzene from styrene-containing polymers

Dosage, par chromatographie en phase gazeuse, et confirmation, par spectrometrie de masse, du benzene residuel dans une serie de matieres plastiques destinees a la fabrication d'emballages alimentaires. Les essais de migration a differentes temperatures (temperatures de pasteurisation) indiquent que la teneur en benzene peut atteindre 3,47 ppm
Soils of the Southeastern USA: LRRs O, P, and T

Land Resource Regions (LRRs) O, P, and T encompass the southeastern USA with the exception of the Florida peninsula (LRR U). Although climate is uniformly warm and humid, the region has a wide variety of soil parent materials and topographies that give rise to a broad range of soils. Soils in LRR O have primarily developed in Holocene and Pleistocene alluvium associated with floodplains and terraces of the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red Rivers. The region has fertile soils, smooth topography, abundant moisture, and a long growing season, which favor agricultural production. The relatively flat topography gives rise to a preponderance of somewhat poorly and poorly drained Vertisols, Inceptisols, and Alfisols. Only on topographically high convex landforms are moderately well- and well-drained soils found. LRR P is dominated by two types of soil parent materials: saprolite from Precambrian to late Paleozoic acid igneous and metamorphic rocks (Southern Piedmont), and Tertiary and younger fluviomarine sediments that comprise the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. In the Southern Piedmont, most upland soils are Ultisols that are deep, well drained, and moderately permeable. Loamy surface horizons are thin and overly red clayey subsoils dominated by kaolinite and other low-activity clays. Although the area was historically used for crop production, it is currently dominantly forest and pasture. The Southern and Western Coastal Plains are underlain by sediments ranging in age from Cretaceous at the interior margin to Holocene in coastal areas and alluvial valleys. Topography varies from rolling hills in the interior to broad swampy flats at low elevations. Most upland soils are Ultisols that are deep and acidic and have low base saturation. Crops, forests, and pasture are dominant land covers across the region. LRR T is the lowest elevation part of the Southern Coastal Plain. As elevations decrease toward the sea, relief decreases, and upland interfluves become wider with large areas of poorly and very poorly drained soils interspersed with swamps , estuaries, and lagoons. Along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts east of the Mississippi River, soils are dominantly Ultisols similar to those in the inland part of the coastal plain although Spodosols and Histosols are common. The region west of the Mississippi River (Louisiana and Texas) has similar landscapes, but soils have thicker surface horizons, more fertile subsoils with active clays, and are dominantly Mollisols, Alfisols, and Vertisols.
Stuck in a Vicious Cycle? Career Aspirations and Entrapment Among Turkish Au Pairs in the United States

While the service demands of au pair programs have come under much scrutiny, less visible are the ways in which au pair positions are utilized as a career transformation strategy for skilled young women. Building on in-depth and semi-structured interviews with a dozen college-educated Turkish au pairs who left their jobs in Turkey to take care of children abroad, this study shows how young women hope to utilize the educational component of the au pair year to realize their aspirations for career change. However, attempting to stretch the au pair system beyond its original purpose runs the risk of trapping mobile young women in a continuing cycle of service jobs that hinder their academic and career goals. The study shows that transient positions provide only a limited venue to create sufficient human capital and capability to realize such aspirations, instead leading to the effective entrapment of young women abroad in potentially precarious legal and financial positions.
Energetics of Sn2+ isomorphic substitution into hydroxylapatite: first-principles predictions

The energetics of Sn2+ substitution into the Ca2+ sublattice of hydroxylapatite (HA), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, has been investigated within the framework of density functional theory. Calculations reveal that Sn2+ incorporation via coupled substitutions at Ca(II) sites is energetically favourable up to a composition of Sn6Ca4(PO4)6(OH)2, and further substitutions at Ca(I) sites proceed once full occupancy of Ca(II) sites by Sn2+ is achieved. Compositions of SnxCa10−x(PO4)6(OH)2 (x = 4–9) are predominant, with an optimal stoichiometry of Sn8Ca2(PO4)6(OH)2, and Sn-substituted HA follows approximately Vegard's law across the entire composition range.
Spencer’s the Faerie Queene, I. iii. 30

(1978). Spencer’s the Faerie Queene, I. iii. 30. The Explicator: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 18-19.
Enlightened Minds and Stone Disease

Introduction and Objectives The knowledge of the seventeenth century was rapidly applied in the eighteenth. Within this century, the term “enlightenment” was coined from the French term “Lumieres” and Kant’s essay of 1784 Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung? New thoughts on disease, especially stone disease, would rise from these enlightened minds.
Bounds on ratios of modified Bessel functions with complex arguments

Abstract A simple uniform bound for the ratio of two modified spherical Bessel functions is derived. The arguments of the two functions are complex but their ratio is real.
Abstract 20332: Oxidative Inactivation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Underlies Aging-associated Increases in Inflammation in VSMC and Atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− Mice

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases with age. Numerous studies have implicated oxidative stress induced activation of receptor and cytosolic tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesi...
Design of K-user massive MIMO networks

Network densification enables ultra high capacity gains in 5G networks by shrinking cell sizes, thereby bringing users closer to base stations. However, this leads to severe levels of interference. A promising method to suppress interference in K-user MIMO networks is interference alignment. Massive MIMO is another technology that is expected to contribute to increased capacity by the deployment of hundreds of transmit and receive antenna elements. In this paper we describe a design methodology for evolved 5G dense networks using interference alignment and K-user MIMO techniques. Our contributions include mathematical models showing the extension of the interference alignment protocol for K > 3 users using a modified hypercube network structure. We also provide a model for interference alignment under Cramer-Rao bound channel estimation error constraints. Further, we show how large numbers of transmit and receive antennas can provide additional signal power gains and present a user scheduling protocol to maximize capacity.
Appellate Jurisdiction in Sanchez-Gomez: A Hard Case that Should Be Easy

In United States v. Sanchez-Gomez, the Supreme Court will decide whether the Ninth Circuit had jurisdiction to strike down a district court rule requiring that all criminal defendants be shackled in full restraints for most non-jury proceedings. As the Court and the parties have approached Sanchez-Gomez, it’s a hard case. It presents difficult and unresolved issues about the meaning and application of two major aspects of federal appellate jurisdiction: the collateral-order doctrine and appellate mandamus. But Sanchez-Gomez should be easy. It’s what I call a “one-shot” interlocutory appeal—it presents a relatively abstract issue of law that, once resolved, will resolve the issue for all litigants and will not require any future appeals on case-specific applications of the law. The lower risk of increasing appellate caseloads, coupled with the chance that the shackling rule might otherwise evade appellate review, merits an immediate appeal. The Supreme Court might make its task easier by recognizing the one-shot nature of Sanchez-Gomez. In the future, a rule of procedure allowing discretionary appeals from any district court decision might avoid turning easy cases like Sanchez-Gomez into hard ones.
Chelated aluminum alkoxides

The present contribution will demonstrate that monomeric alkoxide compounds can be formed by the use of the Salen(tBu) ligand. These alkoxides, LAlOR (with L=Salen (tBu), R=Me (1), Salomphen(tBu), R=Me (3) and L=Salen(tBu), R=Et (4)) feature five-coordinate monomeric aluminum (Salen(tBu)=N,N′-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine) and Salomphen(tBu)=N,N′-(4,5-di-methyl)phenylenenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine). Crystallization of 1 from MeOH affords the six-coordinate complex, Salen(tBu)AlOMe(MeOH) (2). The manner in which these compounds may be obtained, as well as the structures of 2 and 4 will be described
A new source of restorable cytoplasmic male sterility in quinoa

Normal hermaphrodite and male sterile quinoa plants were found in accession PI 510536 in the USDA-ARS Chenopodium collection. This male sterility is under cytoplasmic control and is characterized by small shrunken anthers and the absence of pollen. A dominant nuclear allele which interacts with this male sterile cytoplasm to restore male fertility was present in PI 510536 and was also found in fourteen out of fifteen quinoa cultivars from different geographic origins. Ratios of male fertile: male sterile plants observed in F1 and F2 generations from crosses between male steriles and plants carrying the restorer allele suggest either duplication of the restorer locus within the quinoa genome or tetraploid segregation. The PI 510536 male sterile cytoplasm differs from those previously reported, being stable and readily restorable. These characters will facilitate hybrid production in quinoa.
Effects of in ovo injection of L-ascorbic acid on growth performance, carcass composition, plasma antioxidant capacity, and meat quality in broiler chickens,,

ABSTRACT The current study was designed to investigate the effects of the in ovo injection of different dosages of L-ascorbic acid (AA) on posthatch growth performance, carcass characteristics, plasma antioxidant capacity, and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 2,220 Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs containing live embryos at 17 D of incubation were subjected to 1 of 6 treatments (trt): non-injected control, saline-injected control, or saline containing 3, 6, 12 or 36 mg of AA. An Inovoject m semi-automatic multi-egg injector was used to inject a 100 μL volume of sterile saline (0.85%) alone or containing the different AA dosage into each egg. After hatch, 14 male hatchlings from each trt group were randomly selected and placed in each of 10 replicate floor pens for growth performance evaluation through 45 D posthatch. Chicks from the 3 and 6 mg AA trt groups had a higher average daily BW gain and a higher feed intake compared to the saline-injected control group during the grower phase. Chicks in the 12 mg AA trt group exhibited a better feed efficiency in the late finisher phase and the entire growing phase than those in the saline-injected control group. Higher thigh and leg percentages were observed in chicks from the 3 and 6 mg AA trt groups than in the non-injected control group. Compared to the non-injected or saline-injected control groups, birds in the 12 mg AA trt group were observed to have a lower plasma malondialdehyde content during the grower and finisher phases, and breast muscle tenderness was elevated in chicks from the 36 mg AA trt group. Taken together, these results suggest that the in ovo injection of AA (3 to 12 mg per egg) have lasting positive effects on the posthatch growth, leg muscle development, and systemic antioxidant capacity of broilers. Higher injected dosages of AA (36 mg per egg) may also have the potential to improve broiler meat quality.
PCFI: Program Counter Guided Fault Injection for Accelerating GPU Reliability Assessment

Reliability has become a first-class design objective for GPU devices due to increasing soft-error rate. To assess the reliability of GPU programs, researchers rely on software fault-injection methods. Unfortunately, software fault-injection process is prohibitively expensive, requiring multiple days to complete a statistically sound fault-injection campaign.Therefore, to address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel fault-injection method, PCFI, that reduces the number of fault injections by exploiting the predictability in fault-injection outcome based on the program counter of the soft-error affected instruction. Evaluation on a variety of GPU programs covering a wide range of application domains shows that PCFI reduces the time to complete fault-injection campaigns by 22% on average, without sacrificing accuracy.
Burn angle in forced and natural convection: a simplified scaling approach

The surface regression of burning solid fuels facing a forced flow has been observed and measured by several authors, because of its connection with mass burning rate and heat transfer between flam...
El arco del universo moral: la salvación como emancipación

Resumen: Muchas interpretaciones modernas de la salvacion trasfiguran y personalizan la salvacion. La estancia eterna de un alma en el cielo es posible por medio de la salvacion. Las ideas judias y cristianas son mas profundas y complicadas e incluyen una idea de la salvacion como una emancipacion de "poderes y principios." La salvacion llega despues de una adaptacion por el dirigente legitimo del universo y una liberacion de la esclavitud a otros dirigentes falsos. Yo resumo el significado del Exodo y las interpretaciones cristianas del reino de Dios en tres de los movimientos mas importantes de la emancipacion en la historia de los Estados Unidos, y hasta se podria decir del mundo: la Revolucion Americana, la campana abolicionista y el movimiento por los derechos civiles. Abstract: Many modern Christian understandings of salvation spiritualize and personalize salvation. Salvation is what makes it possible for an individual soul to spend eternity in heaven. Jewish and Christian notions of salvation are richer and more complicated, and include an understanding of salvation as emancipation from "powers and principalities." To be saved is to be adopted by the rightful ruler of the universe and liberated from servitude to all other false rulers. I briefly outline the significance of the Exodus and Christian understandings of the kingdom of God for three of the major emancipation movements in the history of the United States, and arguably the world, namely the American Revolution, the abolitionist movement, and the Civil Rights movement.
Gender, LGB status, and attitudes toward traditional wedding practices

Historically, traditional wedding customs reflected marital values and gender power dynamics. Though preference for egalitarian partnerships and marriages is growing, patriarchal and heteronormativ...
Revisiting the Room-Temperature Metastable 2E Lifetime in Ruby for an Upper Division Phosphorescence Laboratory Experiment

Many existing advanced laboratory experiences associated with the metastable 2E term of Cr3+ in ruby, which gives rise to the R-lines at 692.7 and 694.3 nm, focus on a room-temperature measurement of the radiative lifetime of the 2E term. In our local work developing a laboratory experience in atomic phosphorescence, we noted a lack of consistency in the literature for the lifetime of the Cr3+ 2E term. These projects typically use commercially available ruby spheres for which the manufacturer(s) only state an ∼2% Cr concentration. The uncertainty in chromium concentration represents one major source of systematic error for this laboratory experience, as does the neglect of reabsorption of R-line photons within the respective sample. We present our results and corrections for systematic issues that make this project a more rewarding experience for students. Our result for the room temperature radiative-lifetime for the 2E term is 3.3 ± 0.1 ms; which, unlike some more recent reports1, compares favorably with that of Nelson and Sturge3.
The Exclusionary Politics of Digital Financial Inclusion: Mobile Money, Gendered Walls: by Serena Natile, Oxfordshire, Routledge, 2020, 180 pp., $155.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780367179588 / $57.95 (e-book), ISBN 9780367179618

For its supporters, M-Pesa, the Kenya-based mobile payment system, embodies the ideals of financial inclusion, gender equality, and socioeconomic development. In allowing underbanked individuals – ...
The Role of Gender in Careers in Medicine: a Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Literature.

Gender disparities exist in the careers of women in medicine. This review explores the qualitative literature to understand how gender influences professional trajectories, and identify opportunities for intervention. A systematic review and thematic synthesis included articles obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), APA PsycInfo (Ovid), and GenderWatch (ProQuest) on June 26 2020, updated on September 10, 2020. Included studies explored specialty choice, leadership roles, practice setting, burnout, promotion, stigma, mentoring, and organizational culture. Studies taking place outside of the USA, using only quantitative data, conducted prior to 2000, or focused on other health professions were excluded. Data were extracted using a standardized extraction tool and assessed for rigor and quality using a 9-item appraisal tool. A three-step process for thematic synthesis was used to generate analytic themes and construct a conceptual model. The study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020199999). Among 1524 studies identified, 64 were eligible for analysis. Five themes contributed to a conceptual model for the influence of gender on women’s careers in medicine that resembles a developmental socio-ecological model. Gender influences career development externally through culture which valorizes masculine stereotypes and internally shapes women’s integration of personal and professional values. Medical culture and structures are implicitly biased against women. Equitable environments in education, mentoring, hiring, promotion, compensation, and support for work-life integration are needed to address gender disparities in medicine. Explicit efforts to create inclusive institutional cultures and policies are essential to support a diverse workforce.
A disaggregated, categorical analyses of depression among sexual gender minority university students

Attending college and belonging to a sexual or gender minority (SGM) are associated with increased depression. The severity of symptoms may be more pronounced due to gender identity and sexual orie...
Low-Cost Inertial Navigation

Recent advances in sensor technology have led to opportunities for the development of inertial-centric navigation systems, even for smaller Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms. In particular, the emergence of micro-machined electromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors, which are encroaching on performance levels heretofore the exclusive domain of larger more expensive devices, offers the potential of small, low-cost navigation grade inertial measurement units (IMU). This chapter seeks to present a self-contained introduction to the topic of inertial navigation, with an emphasis on application of MEMS inertial sensors, and a brief foray into the subject of aided inertial navigation.
HHV-8 is present in multiple myeloma patients.

I N MYELOMA, THE ROLE of the bone marrow microenvironment has been shown to be of increasing importance in supporting the malignant plasma cell.[1][1] [2][2] Specifically, nonmalignant stromal cells in the bone marrow from myeloma patients have been shown to promote the growth and prevent the
Federated description logics for the semantic web

We introduce F-ALCI, a federated version of the description logic ALCI. An F-ALCI ontology, like its package-based counterpart ALCIP−, consists of multiple ALCI ontologies that can import concepts or roles defined in other modules. Unlike ALCIP−, which supports only contextualized negation, F-ALCI, supports contextualization of each of the logical connectives, a feature that allows more flexible reuse of knowledge from independently developed ontologies. We provide a new semantics for F-ALCI based on image domain relations and establish the conditions that need to be imposed on domain relations to ensure properties, such as preservation of unsatisfiability and monotonicity of inference, that are desirable in distributed web applications. We also establish the decidability of F-ALCI.
Mechanosignaling with ischemia-reperfusion: restart of flow triggers a signaling cascade (1180.11)

We concluded earlier that endothelial mechanotransduction with ischemia in the lung activates a signaling cascade comprised of KATP channel closure that leads to NOX2 activation and reactive oxygen...
Modeling and Throughput Analysis for X-MAC with a Finite Queue Capacity

MAC layer duty-cycling is widely used to reduce idling listening, which is energy-intensive in wireless sensor networks. Among duty-cycling MAC protocols, asynchronous protocols generally have higher energy-efficiency and lower packet latency than synchronized ones. In this paper, we propose a Markov model to analyze the throughput of X-MAC, an asynchronous duty-cycled MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Simulations show that our analytical model provides throughput values that closely match the simulation results under various network conditions. Using our model to estimate the throughput of X-MAC is computationally efficient, providing accurate results quickly compared with simulations, which take a long time to run and require many iterations due to the large standard deviations in throughput. More importantly, our model enables designers to obtain a better understanding of the effect of different numbers of nodes and data arrival rates on the performance of X-MAC.
Producing a safety case for IMA blueprints

The aim of this paper is to show how a safety argument could be constructed for the use of blueprints in platforms using Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA). It is assumed that the IMA system will contain safety-critical elements. Given current safety analysis techniques, there is no certainty that this can be achieved satisfactorily. Initially there is a need to define a blueprint; once this is done the blueprints will be considered by looking at the impact of Blueprints on IMA Safety. The ultimate objective of IMA is to produce a reconfigurable system. Whilst this has potential safety benefits, there are substantial problems with the ability to argue that a reconfigurable IMA is safe. Consequently, this project will concentrate on a 3 Step Approach towards developing full IMA capability. The three steps are: 1) Fixed number of prioritised configurations (e.g. lookup table); 2) Ground (static) reconfiguration (between operations); 3) Dynamic reconfiguration. This approach is progressively more complex, but will enable confidence to be gained from success at each step. At each step, the above considerations need to be investigated and areas of research will be examined to determine whether they can contribute towards the IMA blueprint safety argument. The safety argument that is produced in this paper is generic and has been produced as part of an MSc project. However, the overall IMA safety argument needs to consider many other issues and factors, which may affect the safety of blueprints and by implication, the ability to certify such systems. This is not covered in this paper, but is expanded in more detail in the MSc project (Jolliffe, 2004)
The Gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9-Implications for Invasion and Metastasis

The gelatinase subgroup of matrix metalloproteinases consists of two highly homologous members, a larger 92 kDa enzyme MMP-9 and a smaller 72 kDa, MMP-2. These enzymes have been shown to be frequently overexpressed in carcinomas and there is considerable evidence pointing to the involvement of these enzymes, MMP-2 and 9, that have also been termed gelatinase A and B or the 72 and 92 kDa Type IV collagenase in malignant progression of tumors and in invasion and metastasis. Their expression is frequently elevated in carcinomas compared to comparable normal tissues [for review see Curran and Murray (Curran and Murray, 2000)]. In some cases the overexpression of MMP-9, or of activation of MMP-2 can be shown to correlate with a worse prognosis. Interestingly, sometimes the elevation in expression is in the tumor cells themselves, but it can also be in the host stroma. In this review we will consider the structure of these two homologous enzymes, the evidence for their biological functions in vivo and for their involvement in invasion and metastasis.
Optimizing internal excitation of H5O2+ in a fast ion beam by glancing collisions with argon: A multiple collision analysis

Abstract Glancing collisions of H 5 O 2 + in a fast ion beam with argon have been shown to impart an average of 1 eV of internal energy to a large fraction of the incident H 5 O 2 + molecules (6.4%) without knocking them out of the beam. Collision-induced dissociation studies have been performed for attenuations of up to 95%. A multiple collision theory is applied to the parent attenuation and fragment appearance data providing a quantitative window on the internal excitation of H 5 O 2 + parent ions. Prospects for detecting infrared emission from molecular ions in this way are discussed.
Incremental Techniques for Efficient Normalization of Nonlinear Rewrite Systems

In [8] we described a nonlinear pattern-matching algorithm with the best known worst-case and optimal average-case time complexity. In this paper we first report on some experiments conducted on our algorithm. Based on these experiments we believe that our algorithm is useful in speeding up normalization of nonlinear rewrite systems even when it has a small number (≥5) of rewrite rules.
Database transaction models for advanced applications

1 Transaction Management in Database Systems 2 Introduction to Advanced Transaction Models 3 A Cooperative Transaction Model for Design Databases 4 A Flexible Framework for Transaction Management in Engineering Environments 5 A Transaction Model for Active Distributed Object Systems 6 A Transaction Model for an Open Publication Environment 7 The ConTract Model 8 Dynamic Restructuring of Transactions 9 Multidatabase Transaction and Query Processing in Logic 10 ACTA: The Saga Continues 11 A Transaction Manager Development Facility for Non Standard Database Systems 12 The S-Transaction Model 13 Concepts and Applications of Multilevel Transactions and Open Nested Transactions 14 Using Polytransactions to Manage Interdependent Data
Exploring the Effects of Court Dispositions on Future Domestic Violence Offending: An Analysis of Two Specialized Domestic Violence Courts

This study seeks to explore the relationship between court dispositions and reoffending within and across two specialized domestic violence (DV) courts located in the United States. The samples for this study are comprised of defendants whose cases were disposed of within the two courts between 2004 and 2006. This study assessed the effects of prosecution, conviction, and sentencing decisions on the prevalence, incidence, and time-to-rearrest for a new DV offense in the 3 years post-disposition both within and across courts. Findings indicate a limited crime-control effect of court dispositions on future offending. Furthermore, despite differences in the community context, policies, and court dispositions across the two courts, the magnitude of the disposition-recidivism relationship is similar across courts. It is important to understand the findings within the context of the specific courts; a discussion of the results is provided.
Work-related violence experienced by urban taxi drivers

OBJECTIVES: This study measured violence (physical assault, robbery, or weapon confrontation) in taxi drivers, and determined socio-demographic/work factors associated with violence. METHODS: In 2010, 130 taxi drivers, working in a large city in the Western US, were administered a survey evaluating workplace violence events. RESULTS: The study population was male (94%), mean age 45, married (54%), foreign-born (55%), with 24% speaking Arabic at home. Drivers drove at night (51%), for an average of 9.7 years and 41 hr/week. Almost half reported a history of violence during their driving careers: physical assault, weapon confrontation, or robbery. In the prior 12 months, 12% were physically assaulted, 8% robbed, and 6% confronted with a weapon. Night drivers reported more assaults over their lifetime compared to day drivers (mean = 1.64 [sd 4.29] vs. mean = 0.53 [sd 1.05], P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Taxi drivers experience violence at work. Strategies are needed to prevent violence especially in night drivers. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
SURGE: intended and unintended learning in digital games

Well-designed video games can support learners in building accurate intuitive understandings of the concepts and processes embedded in the games due to the situated and enacted nature of good game design (Gee, 2007). Most commercial games fall short as platforms for learning, however, because they do not help students articulate and connect their evolving intuitive understandings to more explicit formalized structures that would support transfer of knowledge to other contexts. In Thought and Language, Vygotsky (1986) discusses the potential for leveraging intuitive understandings from everyday experience ("spontaneous concepts") with instructed scientific concepts to build robust understandings. The SURGE project (Scaffolding Understanding by Redesigning Games for Education) focuses on integrating and overlaying popular gameplay dynamics with formal physics representations and visualizations (see Figure 1 (a) for a snapshot). The design combines cognitive processing-based design and socio-cognitive scripting with design principles and mechanics of popular commercial video games such as Mario Galaxy, Switchball, Tiger Woods PGA Tour, Orbz, and Portal.
Duodenal Perforation as an Unusual Celiac Disease Presentation in Two Patients

Celiac disease (CD) is a common genetic autoimmune disease, triggered by gluten sensitivity. CD can present at any age in both children and adults after consuming gluten containing diet. Presentation of CD varies widely. There is paucity of data regarding emergency presentation of CD in the literature. Severe abdominal pain and gastric obstructions have been reported, but there are no reports of spontaneous duodenal perforation as of CD presentation. We searched the Mayo Clinic electronic medical records, between 1997 - 2011 for any cases of association between celiac disease and duodenal perforation. We identified two patients (7 yo M, 31 yo F). First patient presented with gastric obstruction due to duodenal perforation. Gastroduodenostomy was performed and elevated celiac serology few years after his initial presentation lead to the diagnosis of CD. Second patient had sudden acute RUQ abdominal pain and was found to have sign of visceral perforation on abdominal CT. Evaluation for anemia and rectal bleeding few years later showed positive CD markers that was confirmed by histology. Spontaneous duodenal perforation can be the presenting sign of CD. Celiac serology testing may be considered in patients presenting with spontaneous duodenal perforation. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1006e
Numerical analysis of HgCdTe simultaneous two-color photovoltaic infrared detectors

In this paper, we present a physics-based full three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulation of simultaneous two-color medium-wave infrared long-wave infrared (MWIR-LWIR) and LWIR-very-long-wave infrared (VLWIR) detectors. The present approach avoids geometrical simplifications typical of one- or two-dimensional models that can introduce errors which are difficult to quantify. We include all the relevant material physics and the drift-diffusion equations are solved on a 3-D finite element grid. We simulate device structures that have been fabricated and characterized for operation in the MWIR-LWIR spectral regions and compare the numerical results with the measured values. Furthermore, we apply the same model to predict the performance of similar detector structures intended for operation in the LWIR-VLWIR spectral regions.
Selected Heralds of 20th Century Science A Sequel

Even though they heralded profound changes in 20th century daily life and/or led to greater understanding of the physical world, many of the first published reports of this century's landmark discoveries and inventions are little known and valued. In order to promote recognition of their historic importance, 34 scientific advances and citations to their initial published reports are herewith presented. These are additions to 39 advances/citations of an earlier paper. The arrangement is chronological from 1900 to 1987.
Response to Letter by Bray and Bladin

Response: We thank Ms Bray and Dr Bladin for their comments and agree with their general points. Audit and feedback can improve performance, but the effect is usually modest.1 Although we did not provide the specific type …
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN QUIESCENT DARK CLOUD CORES DETERMINED FROM MULTITRANSITION OBSERVATIONS OF CCS

We have studied three transitions of the CCS molecule to determine physical conditions in L1498 and TMCD10D, two narrow-line dense cores in the Taurus region.
Electron spin resonance from impurities in coal-derived pyrites

The first observation of several e.s.r. lines in coal-derived pyrites (FeS2) is reported. These lines are due to Mn2+ impurities in FeS2 and to free radicals in coal kerogens associated with pyrites as inclusions.
Structure and properties of metallic tin films deposited onto heated substrates in a glow discharge

Abstract The microstructures of thin metallic tin films prepared by plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (PE-MOCVD) were investigated. The structure and properties of the plasma-formed tin films are found to be strongly influenced by the substrate temperature. In this paper, emphasis is focused on the mechanisms of nucleation and growth related to the microstructure of the resulting films. It is found that the grain growth of films deposited at low temperatures (less than 120°C) is mainly by a non-diffusional process, whereas the diffusional processes are found to dominate in the grain growth of films deposited in the higher temperature range. Electrical sheet conductivities of films deposited at various temperatures were measured and correlated to the microstructures of the resulting films.
Butterfly migration from and to peninsular Florida

. 1 Migrating butterflies were monitored with traps for 10 years at a site in north peninsular Florida, to determine seasonal and annual variation in numbers and directions of flight. 2 In the spring, 81–96% of the principal migrants, Phoebis sennae (L.), Agraulis vanillae (L.), Precis coenia (Hubner) and Urbanus proteits (L.), flew northward; in the autumn, 86–95% flew southward. 3 Estimated mean net numbers of these four species flying northward in spring across each ENE-WSW metre were 3, 6, 69 and <1 respectively; numbers flying southward in autumn were 222, 413, 37 and 146. 4 During a 5-year period, the ratio of highest to lowest seasonal migration for a species did not exceed 9.3. 5 The average median date of spring migration was 27 March for P.sennae, 23 April for P.coenia, and 12 May for A.vanillae. The average median date of autumn migration was 2–5 October except for U.proteus, whose average date was 14 October. 6 The autumn migratory period, as measured by the duration of the middle half of migration, was about 2 weeks in P.coenia and about 4 weeks in the other three species. 7 Compared to previously reported butterfly migrations, the ones studied here were notably uniform in magnitude and regular in timing. 8 These and other data suggest that 4 million or more of these butterflies migrate northward from peninsular Florida almost every spring and that 40 million or more migrate southward to peninsular Florida almost every autumn.
Fabrication, biodegradation behavior and cytotoxicity of Mg-nanodiamond composites for implant application

Mg-based biodegradable implants offer several advantages over their non-degradable or degradable polymeric counterparts used today. However, the low corrosion resistance of Mg in physiologic environment remained as concerns. In this research, nanodiamond (ND) was uniformly dispersed in Mg matrix to induce a protective layer on Mg surface during corrosion. Compared with pure Mg, fabricated Mg-ND nanocomposites had lower corrosion rates, higher corrosion potential, and higher corrosion resistance. Specifically, the corrosion rate of Mg was reduced by 4.5 times by adding 5 wt% of ND particles. Corrosion inhibition effect of ND was thus validated. The chemical interaction and physical adsorption of the ions from simulated body fluid on ND might be the main reason for enhanced corrosion resistance. In vitro biocompatibility test results indicated that Mg-ND nanocomposites were biocompatible since cells growing in contact with corrosion products of Mg-ND maintained high cell viability and healthy morphology. Therefore, Mg-ND nanocomposites with homogenous ND dispersion, enhanced corrosion resistance, and good biocompatibility might be an excellent candidate material for biodegradable implant application.
Spacer pinhole effect on potential field in magnetic bubble devices

Potential field perturbations are investigated as a result of the interactions between the spacer pinholes under the permalloy overlay and the magnetic and stress fields. Considering these interactions, the potential field of a single permalloy bar is calculated, first against permalloy trapping effect, then against in-plane field driving effect, and finally against bias field polarization effect. The calculated potential well is found to have considerable local variations around the pinhole. The overall potential well is also found to be influenced by the pinhole. These perturbations can be further modulated by the mechanical stress field around the pinhole. These effects may cause pinning and/or nucleation of bubbles under the permalloy overlay.
Adsorption behavior of a silane coupling agent on colloidal silica studied by gel permeation chromatography

The adsorption behavior of a silane coupling agent deposited onto silica is examined as a function of both drying time and silane concentration using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Information concerning the bonding of the silane to the surface, the amount adsorbed, and the molecular species present is obtained from GPC by measuring the extractable, physisorbed silane. Chemisorption occurs rapidly within 1 day, and continues to gradually increase until 14 days. Fourier transform-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFT) is used to obtain information concerning the adsorption behavior of the chemisorbed silane. The effect of surface coverage on the orientation of silane molecules has been studied. The effect of acid on the adsorption behavior is investigated as a function of concentration of acid. Addition of hydrochloric acid increases the molecular weight of the adsorbed silane species. The molecular species chemisorbed on the silica surface is different with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid, and strongly affects the adsorption behavior. Higher-molecular-weight species of silane molecules reduce the maximum amount of chemisorbed silane. In addition, the non-hydrogen-bonded carbonyl component increases with increasing concentration of hydrochloric acid.
Cut Site Selection by the Two Nuclease Domains of the Cas9 RNA-guided Endonuclease

Cas9, the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease from the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–CRISPR-associated) system, has been adapted for genome editing and gene regulation in multiple model organisms. Here we characterize a Cas9 ortholog from Streptococcus thermophilus LMG18311 (LMG18311 Cas9). In vitro reconstitution of this system confirms that LMG18311 Cas9 together with a trans-activating RNA (tracrRNA) and a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) cleaves double-stranded DNA with a specificity dictated by the sequence of the crRNA. Cleavage requires not only complementarity between crRNA and target but also the presence of a short motif called the PAM. Here we determine the sequence requirements of the PAM for LMG18311 Cas9. We also show that both the efficiency of DNA target cleavage and the location of the cleavage sites vary based on the position of the PAM sequence.
On the Ability of Humans to Apply Controlled Forces to Admittance-Type Devices

Human–robot collaborative systems have the potential to dramatically change many aspects of surgery, manufacturing, hazardous-material handling, and other dextrous tasks. We are particularly interested in precise manipulation tasks, which are typically performed under an admittance-control regime, where the controlled velocity of a non-backdrivable robot is proportional to the sensed user-applied force. During fast movements, there is a noticeable degradation in control precision and prior results have indicated that system velocity, and not system admittance, is the factor that is most correlated with force control precision. In this paper, we report evidence that system admittance is more important than velocity in determining the user’s ability to control applied force and that both factors are less important than the force level itself, and we provide an explanation as to why prior results might have indicated otherwise. We find the conditions under which human force control performance is best when operating under admittance control. We also report the conditions under which human force control on a moving admittance-type device is indistinguishable from isometric force control, which can be used to design better device controllers. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and The Robotics Society of Japan, 2011
THEORETICAL STUDY OF PD(II)- AND NI(II)-CATALYZED ALTERNATING COPOLYMERIZATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE WITH ETHYLENE

The mechanism of the copolymerization of carbonyl with ethylene by model cationic d8 transition-metal complexes, (HCNH)2MMe+ (M = Pd, Ni) has been studied. In addition to the hybrid density functional B3LYP method, ab initio MO methods such as MP2, CPF, and PCI-80 have been used as well. In particular, the steps of insertion of carbonyl and ethylene into M−Me and M−COMe bonds have been examined in detail. The activation barriers theoretically determined for the Pd catalyst are compared to recently reported experimental results, and temperature effects are studied for some insertion steps. The Pd-based catalyst is shown to have a better selectivity but a lower reactivity in the alternating copolymerization compared to the Ni analog.