cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defect formation in epitaxial crystal growth

Factors affecting the nucleation and propagation of dislocations, stacking faults, microtwins, and inversion domain boundaries in epitaxially grown semiconductor layers are reviewed, with examples for heteroepitaxial MBE-grown layers on substrates having varying degrees of mismatch or different crystal symmetry. Mechanisms for generation of defects at the heterointerface and in the epilayer are discussed. For epilayers with bulk mismatch from 0 to 4%, methods for reducing defect density in the epitaxial layer are considered. Examples of structural details in the epilayers and at heterointerfaces, particularly those which may be revealed by transmission electron microscopy, are given.
Optimisation of the Amido Black assay for determination of the protein content of grape juices and wines

While the heat/chill stability of white wines cannot be predicted from the total protein concentration, this information is useful in assessing the effectiveness of fining treatments. We have adapted the Amido Black assay for use in grape juice and wine. The response of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was similar in water, model wine and model juice. The linear range of the assay (<100 mg l−1) extends beyond protein concentrations typically found in grape juices and wines. The limit of quantification was 11.1 mg l−1 for BSA in model wine and 7.6 mg l−1 in model juice, while the limit of detection was found to be less than 3 mg l−1 in either solution. In contrast to other methods of protein determination, this assay is not affected by common wine phenolic and pectic compounds or by glutathione. The mean response of BSA was similar in model juice and red and white grape juices. The mean response of BSA in red wine was lower than in white wine and model wine (p < 0.001), and there was considerable variation in response among wines. Protein concentrations determined using this method were reproducible (CV < 10%). This optimised assay can be used to monitor protein levels in grape juices and wines. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Crystal and molecular structure of barium 2-O-sulfonato-l-ascorbate dihydrate

The crystal and molecular structure of barium 2-O-sulfonato-L-ascorbate dihydrate, Ba(C6H6,O9S). 2H2O, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffractometer data. This sulfate derivative of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) crystallizes in a triclinic cell, space group P1, with Z = 1. Cell parameters are a = 5.201 (1), b = 6–951 (1), c = 8.732 (1) A, α = 99.54 (1), β = 93.29 (1), γ = 109.12 (1)°. A total of 1423 independent data were collected, and all had F2o > 10σ(F2o). The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by the full-matrix least-squares method to a final R(F) value of 0.008. With their lengths of 1.628 (2) and 1.389 (3) A, respectively, the ester S-O bond in the sulfonatoascorbate anion is longer and the ester C-O bond is shorter than corresponding bonds in other sulfate esters. The values determined for the structural parameters of the sulfonatoascorbate anion are in good agreement with the values reported by Hvoslef [Acta Cryst. (1969). B25, 2214–2223] for the corresponding parameters in the ascorbate anion. The sulfonatoascorbate anions are linked by barium-ion coordination and a three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds. One of the hydrogen bonds is in the edge of the barium-ion coordination polyhedron.
Pensieve: supporting everyday reminiscence

Reminiscing is a valuable activity that people of all ages spontaneously and informally partake in as part of their everyday lives. This paper discusses the design and use of Pensieve, a system that supports everyday reminiscence by emailing memory triggers to people that contain either social media content they previously created on third-party websites or text prompts about common life experiences. We discuss how the literature on reminiscence informed Pensieve's design, then analyze data from 91 users over five months. We find that people value spontaneous reminders to reminisce as well as the ability to write about their reminiscing. Shorter, more general triggers draw more responses, as do triggers containing people's own photos-although responses to photos tended to contain more metadata elements than storytelling elements. We compare these results to data from a second, Pensieve-like system developed for Facebook, and suggest a number of important aspects to consider for both designers and researchers around technology and reminiscence.
Finite mixture of nonlinear mixed-effects joint models in the presence of missing and mismeasured covariate, with application to AIDS studies

It is a common practice to analyze longitudinal data using nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) models. However, the following issues may standout. (i) Individuals may be possibly from a heterogeneous population following more than one mean trajectories, while a homogeneous population assumption for model structure may be unrealistically obscuring important features of between- and within-subject variations; (ii) some covariates may be missing and/or measured with errors. There has been few studies concerning both population heterogeneity and covariates measured with errors and missing data features simultaneously in longitudinal data analysis. A finite mixture of NLME joint (FMNLMEJ) models is developed to address simultaneous impact of both features under Bayesian framework, which offers a route to estimate not only model parameters but also probabilities of class membership. An AIDS data set is analyzed to demonstrate the methodologies in comparison of the proposed FMNLMEJ model with a commonly used NLME model.
Nanometer scale polarimetry studies using a near-field scanning optical microscope.

We describe a new technique that incorporates polarization modulation into near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) for nanometer scale polarimetry studies. By using this technique, we can quantitatively measure the optical anisotropy of materials with both the high sensitivity of dynamic polarimetry and the high spatial resolution of NSOM. The magnitude and relative orientation of linear birefringence or linear dichroism are obtained simultaneously. To demonstrate the sensitivity and resolution of the microscope, we map out stress-induced birefringence associated with submicrometer defects at the fusion boundaries of SrTiO3 bicrystals. Features as small as 150 nm were imaged with a retardance sensitivity of ∼3 × 10-3 rad.
Effects of cryoprotectants on enzyme structure.

Abstract The interaction between organic cosolvents and proteins is considered, especially from the point of view of effects on protein stability. It is concluded that each protein-cosolvent system constitutes a unique situation, making generalized predictions of expected effects difficult. Two classes of cosolvents are distinguished, based on the nature of their interactions with the protein surface. The thermodynamic instability to the system introduced by the presence of the cosolvent can be accommodated (i) by preferential exclusion of the cosolvent from the vicinity of the protein, (ii) by major structural changes of the protein, or (iii) by aggregation. Polyols tend to undergo preferential exclusion due to unfavorable interactions with nonpolar surface groups, whereas monohydric alcohols and other more hydrophobic cosolvents may undergo preferential exclusion due to adverse interactions with charged groups on the protein surface. Typical cosolvent effects on the structural and catalytic properties of enzymes are illustrated with data for ribonuclease and β-lactamase with alcohol cosolvents. The relative hydrophobicity of the cosolvent is the major determinant of the effect of a cryosolvent on the enzyme stability and properties. Thus the position of the unfolding transition in cryosolvent will be decreased more by a more nonpolar cosolvent. Different cosolvents can have significantly different effects on the catalytic and structural properties of the same enzyme. Conversely the same cosolvent can have significantly different effects on similar proteins. The number and distribution of the nonpolar and charged groups on the protein's surface probably are the major determinants of the protein contribution to the solvent-protein interaction. The large temperature dependence of the rates of protein unfolding and refolding can be beneficially utilized in cryoprotectant studies of living cells.
Portable parallel implementation of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory code

We describe a parallel implementation of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory of intermolecular interactions. Utilizing only sequential BLAS operations on distributed data structures and simplest message-passing calls for inter-process communication, the code is highly portable and runs efficiently on a variety of parallel systems, including the high-end shared- and distributed-memory machines, as well as on Linux clusters. A part of the code is a parallel implementation of the coupled cluster singles and doubles method, which has been shown to scale efficiently on as many as 64 processors. ∥This work is dedicated to Professor Andrzej J. Sadlej on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
Metabolism of arachidonic acid in vitro by ovine conceptuses recovered during early pregnancy

Metabolism of [3H] arachidonic acid ([3H] AA) and synthesis of prostaglandins were examined with ovine conceptuses and endometrial slices collected on various days after mating. Tissues were incubated for 24 hr with or without 5 μCi of [3H] AA and with 200 μg radioinert AA. In experiment 1, results of chromatography indicated that conceptuses collected on days 14 and 16 after mating metabolized [3H] AA to PGE2, PGF2α, PGFM, 6-keto-PGF1α, and to unidentified compounds in three chromatographic regions. One of these regions (region 1) contained triglycerides. Endometrial slices metabolized only small amounts of the [3H] AA to prostaglandins. In experiment 2, results of radioimmunoassays indicated that day 14 conceptuses released somewhat similar amounts (ng/mg tissue) of PGF2α (32.1 ± 17.9), PGFM (8.4 ± 6.2), PGE2 (12.3 ± 7.5) and 6-keto-PGF1α (41.4± 4.8), whereas day 16 conceptuses released more (P<.05) PGF2α (9.0 ± 4.1) and 6-keto-PGF1α (15.9 ± 2.7) than PGE2 (0.9 ± 0.2) or PGFM (0.5 ± 0.08). Day 14 and 16 endometrial slices released (ng/mg tissue) more (P<.05) PGFM (3.0 ± 0.2) and 6-keto-PGF1α (4.0 ± 0.4) than PGF2α (0.5 ± 0.08) or PGE2 (0.05 ± 0.02). In experiment 3, conceptuses were recovered on days 16, 20 and 24 of pregnancy and incubated with [3H] AA to determine the effects of indomethacin on [3H] AA metabolism. In general, indomethacin (Id; 4 × 10−4 M) reduced (P<.05) the percentage of total dpm recovered as prostaglandins, but Id increased the release of chromatographic region I. Experiment 4 was conducted with day 16, 20 and 24 conceptuses to evaluate the time course of metabolism of [3H] AA, and the appearance of region I and of prostaglandins. In general, the percentage of total dpm in region I increased as the percentage of dpm as [3H] AA decreased. The percentage of dpm as prostaglandins increased as the percentage of dpm in region I decreased. Prostaglandins, probably essential for embroynal survival and development, were synthesized in vitro by ovine conceptuses.
When is a bologna sandwich better than sex? A defense of small-n case study evaluations

This paper discusses the value of quasi-experiments with small numbers of cases - small-n case studies. It argues that these evaluations of crime prevention have value. The first part of the paper shows that small-n evaluations are practical methods for producing information and that discarding this information reduces our ability to learn what works in crime prevention. The solution is to examine small-n evaluations in systematic reviews. In the second part this paper shows that more rigorous evaluations can sacrifice generalizability to gain internal validity and that this, too, reduces our ability to learn. The solution is to create a mixed portfolio of intrusive, less-intrusive, and non-intrusive evaluations. In the third part this paper shows why inference processes that make use of theory should replace naive inductionism. One implication of this is that ignoring theory also discards evidence. Another implication is that taking theory into account when we review program effectiveness allows us to better use small-n evaluations when we generalize. In the final part, this paper gives three recommendations for making use of small-n evaluations: adopt case study procedures developed in political science, improve the value of process evaluations, and improve crime theories.
Sleep and Alcohol Use in Rural Old-Old Women

Historically, the use of alcohol has been thought to enhance sleep (Dufour, Archer, & Gordis, 1992). Previous researchers suggest that some elders report having less difficulty falling asleep after its use (Baum-Baicker, 1985). However, due to the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system, increased doses result in an increase in disturbed sleep and sleep apnea (Gomberg, 1990). Furthermore, there is a decreased capacity for alcohol tolerance and metabolism as one ages (Rosin & Glatt, 1973). The acute use of alcohol as a self-care activity by the aged may increase wake time during the latter half of the night, suppress rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, reduce deep non-REM sleep, and depress respiratory effort (Dufour et al., 1992).
Peak Fitting to Resolve CN- isotope Ratios in Biological and Environmental Samples Using TOF-SIMS.

Abstract Our research has focused on developing TOF-SIMS to measure organic 15 N in environmental samples [Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (8) (2002) 4067]. Our goal was to develop a peak-fitting algorithm that would successfully remove the isobaric interferences of Al− and 13 C 14 N − from 12 C 15 N − ions under conditions of low mass resolution inherent in environmental samples. We tested a variety of peak-fitting models and found that the EMG + GMG ( E + G ) model performed better than the standard peak shape shifting method under conditions of high mass resolution, unless Al− was present as an interference. Under conditions of Al− interference and low 15 N content, the standard method performed better than the E+G model. As 15 N content increased, the E+G model worked comparably or better than the standard method. Limited mass resolution during analysis of organic 15 N standards on kaolin clay dictated using the standard method which performed acceptably on standards containing greater than 1 at.% 15 N . These data emphasize the potential utility of using analytical models to resolve isobaric interferences in TOF-SIMS.
Compensation, Unionization, and Deregulation in the Motor Carrier Industry

Abstract Previous research on the deregulation of the motor carrier industry has concluded that firms have become more efficient under deregulation and that costs have fallen, largely at the expense of labor. Most studies that examine the effects on labor use Current Population Survey data and find that wage premiums to union labor have fallen as a result of deregulation. This study uses firm data and finds that deregulation had a very small effect on the average compensation paid by surviving union firms. For nonunion firms, the impact of deregulation is much larger. These results suggest that the compensation premium for the labor of surviving union firms has increased, but this increase applies only to surviving union labor. In the paper, we also point to and note a major exodus of union firms with the result that union labor levels have fallen, and fallen dramatically.
Whole-animal mounts of Caenorhabditis elegans for 3D imaging using atomic force microscopy.

Abstract The 3D surface of Caenorhabditis elegans was imaged at nanometer resolution using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Oscillation of a medium stiffness silicon AFM cantilever at the upper second amplitude peak, typically 6 times above the fundamental frequency, vastly improved image quality on the moist, sticky, and soft worms. Whole-animal mounts of normal and double-headed mutants of the nematode worm were prepared and scanned. Well-preserved anatomical features including annuli, furrows, alae, and rows of never before seen nanometer-sized pores dotting the molted worm's outermost surface coat were resolved. Well-preserved anatomical features including annuli, furrows, alae, and rows of nanometer-sized pores or struts dotting the molted worm's outermost surface were resolved. This AFM method represents a simple and rapid new approach for nanometer-resolved 3D imaging and analysis of whole-animal specimens of C. elegans . From the Clinical Editor In this interesting article the authors describe a new AFM sampling method to allow better images on whole-animal mounts such as C. elegans. This method would generate more information and in the future may be useful for differentiating even individual animals with different genetic backgrounds.
Reconsidering the physics of the Chesapeake Bay estuarine turbidity maximum

A series of cruises was carried out in the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) region of Chesapeake Bay in 1996 to examine physical and biological variability and dynamics. A large flood event in late January shifted the salinity structure of the upper Bay towards that of a salt wedge, but most of the massive sediment load delivered by the Susquehanna River appeared to bypass the ETM zone. In contrast, suspended sediments delivered during a flood event in late October were trapped very efficiently in the ETM. The difference in sediment trapping appeared to be due to increases in particle settling speed from January to October, suggesting that the fate of sediments delivered during large events may depend on the season in which they occur. The ETM roughly tracked the limit of salt (defined as the intersection of the 1 psu isohaline with the bottom) throughout the year, but it was often separated significantly from the limit of salt with the direction of separation unrelated to the phase of the tide. This was due to a lag of ETM sediment resuspension and transport behind rapid meteorologically induced or river flow induced motion of the salt limit. Examination of detailed time series of salt, suspended sediment, and velocity collected near the limit of salt, combined with other indications, led to the conclusion that the convergence of the estuarine circulation at the limit of salt is not the primary mechanism of particle trapping in the Chesapeake Bay ETM. This convergence and its associated salinity structure contribute to strong tidal asymmetries in sediment resuspension and transport that collect and maintain a resuspendable pool of rapidly settling particles near the salt limit. Without tidal resuspension and transport, the ETM would either not exist or be greatly weakened. In spite of this repeated resuspension, sedimentation is the ultimate fate of most terrigenous material delivered to the Chesapeake Bay ETM. Sedimentation rates in the ETM channel are at least an order of magnitude greater than on the adjacent shoals, probably due to focusing mechanisms that are poorly understood.
Feasibility of detecting TCP-SYN scanning at a backbone router

IP address and TCP/UDP port scanning are critical components of many network attacks. Such scanning allows attackers to spread a self-propagating worm or collect detailed information about end-hosts in preparation for attacks. This paper investigates an algorithm to detect TCP-SYN scanning. Special care is taken to detect even stealthy scanners. Attackers are detected by tracking the number of half-open connections generated by each source. However, a source is only tracked until it is clear that it is not currently scanning. The computational load of this method is analyzed and it is found that the method is not computationally intensive and is suitable for online detection of scanning even on backbone links. Specifically, on a backbone link investigated it was found that the total number of sources that needs to be tracked at any one time is at most a few thousand.
TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY AFTER PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACT Purpose: A history of prostate cancer has been an absolute contraindication for testosterone supplementation. We studied a cohort of hypogonadal patients treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for organ confined prostate cancer to determine if testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) could be efficacious and administered safely without causing recurrent prostate tumor. Materials and Methods: Ten hypogonadal patients previously treated with RRP for organ confined prostate cancer were identified. They presented with low serum total testosterone (TT) and symptoms of hypogonadism after RRP. Patients had baseline serum determinations of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and TT, and were started on testosterone supplementation. They were assessed periodically for changes in PSA and TT, and for symptomatic improvement using the hormone domain of the Extended Prostate Inventory Composite Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire. Results: At a median followup of 19 months no patient had detectable (greater than 0.1 ng/ml) PSA. TT increased significantly after starting TRT from a mean ± SD of 197 ± 67 to 591 ± 180 ng/dl (p = 0.0002). The Hormone Domain of the Extended Prostate Inventory Composite Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire increased significantly from 38 ± 5 to 49 ± 3 (p = 0.00005), primarily due to a decrease in hot flashes and an increase in energy level. Conclusions: At a median of 19 months of TRT hypogonadal patients with a history of prostate cancer had no PSA recurrence and had statistically significant improvements in TT and hypogonadal symptoms. In highly select patients after RRP TRT can be administered carefully and with benefit to hypogonadal patients with prostate cancer.
La informalidad laboral: causas generales

El articulo examina la informalidad laboral desde el punto de vista de sus causas fundamentales, a fin de verificar la validez de teorias clasicas que explican el desempleo en economias de mercado y su relacion con la informalidad. Metodologicamente, el proyecto se desarrollo, en su parte empirica, con base en estadisticas internacionales, comparando la evolucion de la estructura del mercado laboral en una muestra combinada de paises altamente industrializados con otros menos industrializados. La evidencia empirica analizada permite concluir que la teoria economica clasica de origen marxista sobre las causas del desempleo es ineficiente para explicar este fenomeno en las economias de mercado contemporaneas y, por extension, tampoco contribuye a explicar satisfactoriamente la informalidad. Por el contrario, se concluye que la teoria en cuestion es mas pertinente para explicar la informalidad en economias centralmente planificadas, donde este fenomeno ha hecho presencia tanto o mas significativamente que en las economias de libre mercado.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the limelight of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with unknown etiology. It is marked by widespread neurodegeneration in the brain with profound loss of A9 midbrain dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Several theories of biochemical abnormalities have been linked to pathogenesis of PD of which mitochondrial dysfunction due to an impairment of mitochondrial complex I and subsequent oxidative stress seems to take the center stage in experimental models of PD and in postmortem tissues of sporadic forms of illness. Recent identification of specific gene mutations and their influence on mitochondrial functions has further reinforced the relevance of mitochondrial abnormalities in disease pathogenesis. In both sporadic and familial forms of PD abnormal mitochondrial paradigms associated with disease include impaired functioning of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, aging associated damage to mitochondrial DNA, impaired calcium buffering, and anomalies in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Here we provide an overview of specific mitochondrial functions affected in sporadic and familial PD that play a role in disease pathogenesis. We propose to utilize these gained insights to further streamline and focus the research to better understand mitochondria's role in disease development and exploit potential mitochondrial targets for therapeutic interventions in PD pathogenesis.
Sex, Marital Status, and Mental Health: A Reappraisal

Previous research (cf. Gove) has suggested that the higher rates of mental illness among females may be due to the greater stress associated with the marital role for women in our society. Using data (N = 3674) gathered as part of a major epidemiologic study in the southeastern United States, the authors examine the relationships between Health Opinion Survey scores (a widely used psychiatric assessment instrument), marital status, marital history, length of marital status, and several sociodemographic variables. As anticipated, higher scores for females across race and in most marital statuses were found. But when data were analyzed via multiple regression which controlled for sociodemographic and marital status factors, it was found that low socioeconomic status (SES) was the strongest predictor of high scores. Being female was also significant. The only significant marital status variable in the equation was being separated. Persons who had been married more than once also had significantly elevated scores. Marital status, length of present status, and history of previous marital statuses were not powerful predictors of mental health problems: most of the explained variance was subsumed by sociodemographic variables. The authors conclude that the disproportionately high rates of mental illness among females cannot be accounted for by marital status and its incumbent stresses and suggest that other explanations need to be explored. The relationship between sex roles, marital status, and mental illness has received recently an increasing amount of attention in the social science and psychiatric literature (Brodsky: Clancy and Gove; Cooperstock; Gittleman-Klein and Klein: Gove; Gove and Tudor; Overall; Pokorny and Overall; Redick; Rosen et al.)1 Findings from these and other studies indicate that females in our society have higher rates of mental illness than males and/or that they more often seek treatment for problems related to psychiatric distress. The reasons for these differential rates have not been definitively established although a number of hypotheses have been offered. For example, Phillips and Segal have argued that the higher rates for females are due to methodological factors associated with response biases, e. g., naysaying and social desirability, a position refuted by Clancy and Gove. Gurin et al. have suggested the higher rates for females result from their finding marriage less satisfying than males. Others have contended that role strain, particularly as engendered by the changing status of females in industrial societies, produces ambiguous *This research was made possible by MH Grant No. 24740-01.
Gradient-ascending routing via footprints in wireless sensor networks

A novel gradient-ascending stateless routing protocol, called GRASP (gradient ascending stateless protocol), is proposed for stationary wireless sensor networks. GRASP is built with a novel packet forwarding method called FBF (footprint-based forwarding), in which each node maintains a Bloom filter that holds a dejavu image for the nodes whose packets were relayed through the filter. Forwarding a packet through networked sensors is then just running a membership test of the packet's destination against the networked Bloom filters, either dropping the packet before it reaches the destination or eventually delivering it to the destination. An extensive simulation study with various routing scenarios has shown the proposed method to achieve about 99% packet delivery while incurring only a small amount of overhead. It also achieves more than 86% packet delivery even for a lossy channel with up to 30% loss rate. Furthermore, our comparative evaluation against AODV or simple flooding shows that GRASP achieves a comparable, or even better, performance in terms of the packet delivery ratio and overhead under the simulation settings investigated. GRASP is shown to reduce the delivery overhead by a factor of 2.37 over AODV or 3.11 over the simple flooding, while providing more robustness to packet losses - this is a significant improvement for low-power sensors in a lossy wireless environment. Manipulating Bloom filters incurs a small space overhead and does not create any protocol conflict with the underlying gradient-descending protocols, thanks to its stateless routing
Traffic interactions: Estimate driving behavior's influence

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to deal influence of own vehicle behavior to driving scene which called “interactions” with surrounding traffic participants. Recently, various advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) have been proposed. In these ADAS, however, it is not sufficiently considering the influence of own vehicle behavior. With a novel driver assistance system based on the traffic interactions, each vehicle keeps not only own vehicle but also surrounding space in safety and comfortable, such as, Lane Change Assist for reducing traffic jam. We estimate the interactions from the behavior data of the traffic participants using Bayesian filtering techniques. Efficiency of the novel driving support with the interactions is evaluated in simple traffic simulations. In the simulated experiments, our approach improves traffic flow 140% smoother than without the driving support. Constructions of more detail traffic interaction models and demonstrations of effectiveness using real-vehicles are important feature works. It is also important that the development of the specific ADAS application based on traffic interaction.
In-service Analytical Investigation of Precast- Concrete, Short-Span, Skewed Bridges with Integral Abutment Walls

Precast-concrete, skewed bridges with integral abutment walls are typically designed as simplified two-dimensional rigid portal frames, neglecting the degrading effects of the skew angle and laterally unsymmetrical vertical loading. This practice produces under-designed bridges for certain aspect ratios, causing cracking and local deterioration near the obtuse corners of the deck. To evaluate the limitations of this practice, an analytical study was carried out for the live load response at the linear service level. Three-dimensional finite-element models of precast-concrete, short-span, skewed bridges with integral abutment walls were developed and analyzed. For some bridge configurations, both the positive and negative moment stresses are higher than the stresses given by simplified two-dimensional frame analysis. In other cases, the two-dimensional frame method results in over-designed bridges. The results were presented in correlation diagrams, enabling simple comparison and quantification. The correl...
Indigenous Culture and Lawyer's Law in India

Anthropologists' view of law, as Bohannan (1963: 288) recently summarized, is generally concerned with two aspects: one studies the legal procedures of foreign cultures and discovers and compares inquisitorial and correctional devices, and the other focuses on basic axioms or ‘postulates’ underlying the stated norms or laws of a society. Bohannan amplifies the scope by noting that not only the ‘institutions of counteraction’ should be studied but also the events that precede and follow counteraction, for the anthropologist has learnt that legal institutions are, after all, a product of and constantly molded by indigenous culture. We are better aware of this interrelationship in simple cultures (for examples, see Bohannan, 1957; Gluckman, 1955,1965; Hoebel, 1954; Llewellyn and Hoebel, 1941; Pospisil, 1958; Schapera, 1938; and Beattie, 1957). The anthropologist has attempted to compare and analyze the legal institutions of one society with another, and tried to learn what the natives thought they ought to do, and what they thought constituted a ‘breach’ of norms.
Body-Based “Bottom-Up” Psychotherapy for Military Sexual Trauma

As discussed in Chap. 7, the recommended treatments by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for sexual trauma are cognitive modalities and repeated exposure treatments such as prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). In addition, it has endorsed Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) which involves using the body to guide the cognitive and exposure treatment in trauma. This treatment is discussed below. Further, the VA has recently acknowledged mindfulness as a “promising” addition to trauma treatment (cite). The act of mindfulness is varied for each treatment modality, but generally involves paying attention to the breath and body states that arise from a person’s thoughts.
An empirical comparison of dynamic impact analysis algorithms

Impact analysis - determining the potential effects of changes on a software system - plays an important role in software engineering tasks such as maintenance, regression testing, and debugging. In previous work, two new dynamic impact analysis techniques, CoverageImpact and PathImpact, were presented. These techniques perform impact analysis based on data gathered about program behavior relative to specific inputs, such as inputs gathered from field data, operational profile data, or test-suite executions. Due to various characteristics of the algorithms they employ, CoverageImpact and PathImpact are expected to differ in terms of cost and precision; however, there have been no studies to date examining the extent to which such differences may emerge in practice. Since cost-precision tradeoffs may play an important role in technique selection and further research, we wished to examine these tradeoffs. We therefore designed and performed an empirical study, comparing the execution and space costs of the techniques, as well as the precisions of the impact analysis results that they report. This paper presents the results of this study.
Instructional Case: Detecting Earnings Manipulation

This case focuses on the use of financial statement analysis in the detection of earnings manipulation. Specifically, it draws on advances in the accounting research literature and provides a way of integrating this knowledge into an auditing or master's level accounting/financial statement analysis course. Students are required to assess the probability that a set of financial statements contain fraud by analyzing excerpts from the company's financial and proxy statements, and applying the Beneish (1997) probit model for detecting earnings manipulation. Students are also encouraged to utilize the Compustat database to compare the company's financial data to a peer group of firms in the industry. The appendix provides a discussion of academic research relevant to the analysis, including a description of simple analytical procedures, a listing of important qualitative risk factors to consider in assessing the likelihood of fraud (in part from Statement on Auditing Standards No. 82), and an in‐depth descrip...
More mixotrophy in the marine microbial mix.

Since the turn of the century, the paradigm of the marine microbial assemblage being composed primarily of photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs is shifting and challenging our understanding of how the microbial diversity contributes to the flow of energy, carbon, and other nutrients in the oceans. In PNAS, Munoz-Marin et al. (1) add another piece to the puzzle by demonstrating that natural populations of Prochlorococcus, the smallest and most abundant oxygenic phototroph in the oceans, can take up glucose in nanomolar amounts and has a gene (Pro1404) that codes for a sugar transporter.
Monitor placement for stepping stone analysis

The precondition for stepping-stone analysis is to record network events through network monitors. Little work has been done on how to place monitors. In this paper, we propose the technique for the optimal placement of passive monitors in a network where there are constraints on the number of available monitors for deployment. The placement problem is defined in terms of information theory metrics. For a given number of monitors and network topology, average entropy and "worst-case" entropy that describe the remaining uncertainty in the origin of an attack when monitors work perfectly are considered as the optimal object. A brief proof that the worst-case deployment problem is NP-complete is presented. Greedy algorithms based on graph centrality heuristics for finding high quality deployments are introduced to solve this problem. An automatic monitor placement tool, which implements our approach, is developed and we use real network topology in the experiments to evaluate our results.
Measuring the tightness of a marriage squeeze

The “marriage squeeze,” or the effect on marriage of an imbalance between the numbers of males and females, has been seen as having a great influence on contemporary marriage behavior. Nonetheless, the literature does not contain a clear definition of exactly what a marriage squeeze is and contains few quantitative estimates of its impact on marriage. The present article provides a precise definition of the marriage squeeze in equation (2), and applies it to measure both artificially produced marriage squeezes in two-sex nuptiality stable populations and the experience of the United States during the period 1950–1990. The marriage squeeze is shown to be capable of producing significant changes in both the level and distribution of marriage, and it appears to be having such an impact in some contemporary Third World societies. For developed
Time-Sharing Parallel Applications with Performance Isolation and Control

Most parallel machines, such as clusters, are space-shared in order to isolate batch parallel applications from each other and optimize their performance. However, this leads to low utilization or potentially long waiting times. We propose a self-adaptive approach to time-sharing such machines that provides isolation and allows the execution rate of an application to be tightly controlled by the administrator. Our approach combines a periodic real-time scheduler on each node with a global feedback-based control system that governs the local schedulers. We have developed an online system that implements our approach. The system takes as input a target execution rate for each application, and automatically and continuously adjusts the applications' realtime schedules to achieve those rates with proportional CPU utilization. Target rates can be dynamically adjusted. Applications are performance-isolated from each other and from other work that is not using our system. We present an extensive evaluation that shows that the system remains stable with low response times, and that our focus on CPU isolation and control does not come at the significant expense of network I/O, disk I/O, or memory isolation.
Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong

In 1861, the French surgeon, Pierre Paul Broca, described two patients who had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain. Since that time, an infinite number of clinical and functional imaging studies have relied on this brain-behaviour relationship as their anchor for the localization of speech functions. Clinical studies of Broca's aphasia often assume that the deficits in these patients are due entirely to dysfunction in Broca's area, thereby attributing all aspects of the disorder to this one brain region. Moreover, functional imaging studies often rely on activation in Broca's area as verification that tasks have successfully tapped speech centres. Despite these strong assumptions, the range of locations ascribed to Broca's area varies broadly across studies. In addition, recent findings with language-impaired patients have suggested that other regions also play a role in speech production, some of which are medial to the area originally described by Broca on the lateral surface of the brain. Given the historical significance of Broca's original patients and the increasing reliance on Broca's area as a major speech centre, we thought it important to re-inspect these brains to determine the precise location of their lesions as well as other possible areas of damage. Here we describe the results of high resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the preserved brains of Broca's two historic patients. We found that both patients' lesions extended significantly into medial regions of the brain, in addition to the surface lesions observed by Broca. Results also indicate inconsistencies between the area originally identified by Broca and what is now called Broca's area, a finding with significant ramifications for both lesion and functional neuroimaging studies of this well-known brain area.
Distortions of Progress: Evolutionary Theories and Public Administration

Evolution and evolutionary theories in the social sciences in general, and applied fields in particular, are often grounded in the discredited (in biology) Lamarckian conceptualization. Lamarckian ideas of progress, with their associated teleology and totalizing influences, tend not to be useful for public administration. This article proposes that public administration instead consider an alternative image of evolution that enables the practical use of evolutionary theories, enabling them to better understand the nature of wicked problems in both theory and practice.
Chloride transport stimulatory factor in human urine: effects on sodium fluxes and preliminary characterization.

We have previously found a lipid-soluble urinary factor in chronically NaCl-loaded man (HiNa) which induces active Cl− transport outward (secretion) in frog skin. Activity was not found in urine of normal NaCl-deprived (LoNa) man or HiNa adrenal-insufficient man. Since the active Cl− transport change was not accompanied by appropriate short circuit current change, the effect of the factor was tested on simultaneous 24Na and 36C1 bidirectional fluxes in isolated short circuited frog skin pairs. Methylene chloride extracts of HiNa and LoNa urine (1/24 of 24-h specimans) were placed in the inside chamber (8 ml) of an isolated short circuited frog skin preparation. LoNa extracts produced no significant alteration in Na+ or Cl−fluxes. After HiNa extract administration, an increase in Na+ outflux occurred which approximately counterbalanced the net Cl− outflux produced by the factor. The concomitant increase in Na+ and Cl− outfluxes resulted in no change in short circuit current. These findings can be explained...
Patella fracture fixation with suture and wire: you reap what you sew.

Introduction Operative fixation of displaced inferior pole patella fractures has now become the standard of care. This study aims to quantify clinical, radiographic and functional outcomes, as well as identify complications in a cohort of patients treated with non-absorbable braided suture fixation for inferior pole patellar fractures. These patients were then compared to a control group of patients treated for mid-pole fractures with K-wires or cannulated screws with tension band wiring.
Suspending the Ontology of Effectiveness in Education: Reclaiming the Theatrical Gestures of the Ineffective Teacher

In this chapter, Lewis argues for a new understanding of the art of teaching beyond what Giorgio Agamben refers to as the ontology of effectiveness in modern, Western society. Taking as his starting point the current terrain of educational discourse and practice, Lewis criticizes the dominance of learning as a symptom of this modern ontology which conflates potentiality and actuality, being and doing. The problem with effectiveness is that it leaves no ontological ground for impotentiality (the ability not to be this or that). And for Agamben, this means that there is equally no place in effectiveness for freedom. But Lewis also goes one step further and argues that even the most ardent critic of learning, Gert Biesta, reproduces the ontology of effectiveness. Through a careful reading of Biesta’s work, Lewis discovers the need to reinvent teaching—and teacher education in particular—beyond both poiesis and praxis. What is needed here is a form of teaching that does not erase impotentiality but rather embraces it. To do so means understanding the gestures of the teacher as theatrical gestures, and thus beautiful.
MEASUREMENT OF THE L/K-CAPTURE RATIO IN Fe$sup 55$ DECAY

The $L$ and $K$ x-radiations of manganese resulting from orbital-electron capture in a gaseous source of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{55}$ have been studied in a multiwire proportional counter. The $\frac{L}{K}$-capture ratio was found to be 0.108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006, in good agreement with the theoretical value.
Impact Fees and Employment Growth

Local jurisdictions across the country continue to adopt alternative financing options, although the effects of these remain uncertain. There are two views of impact fees: (a) an old view, that fees are a tax on development increasing prices and reducing quantity and (b) a new view, that fees provide services and reduce future taxes, thus increasing demand and prices. The research presented in this study, based on data from Florida counties, finds that the relationship between fees on commercial development and fees on employment differs across different categories of economic activity. The use of fees is positively related to service-sector employment growth and negatively related to manufacturing employment growth. This result suggests that different sectors realize different levels of benefits from infrastructure provided through fee revenue and that policy decisions based on total employment may suffer from overaggregations and lead to unintended consequences.
Queering women, peace and security

The aim of the eight Women, Peace and Security (WPS) United Nations Security Council resolutions, beginning with UNSCR 1325 in 2000, is to involve women in peacebuilding, reconstruction and gender mainstreaming efforts for gendered equality in international peace and security work. However, the resolutions make no mention of masculinity, femininity or the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer) population. Throughout the WPS architecture the terms ‘gender’ and ‘women’ are often used interchangeably. As a result, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) tracking and monitoring fail to account for individuals who fall outside a heteronormative construction of who qualifies as ‘women’. Those vulnerable to insecurity and violence because of their sexual orientation or gender identity remain largely neglected by the international peace and security community. Feminist security studies and emerging queer theory in international relations provide a framework to incorporate a gender perspective in WPS work that moves beyond a narrow, binary understanding of gender to begin to capture violence targeted at the LGBTQ population, particularly in efforts to address SGBV in conflict-related environments. The article also explores the ways in which a queer security analysis reveals the part heteronormativity and cisprivilege play in sustaining the current gap in analysis of gendered violence.
Data Localization and the Role of Infrastructure for Surveillance, Privacy, and Security

Due to the increased awareness of the politics embedded in Internet technologies, there has been a growing tendency for state and nonstate actors around the world to leverage Internet infrastructure configurations to attain various political and economic objectives. Governments push for infrastructure modifications in pursuit of economic development, data privacy and security, and law enforcement and surveillance effectiveness. Information intermediaries set and enact their infrastructure to maximize revenue by enabling data collection and analytics, but have the capacity to implement tools for protecting privacy and limiting government surveillance. Relying on a conceptual framework of the politics of infrastructure, this article explores tensions and competing interests that emerge around intermediaries’ technical and policy infrastructure through analysis of (a) data localization strategies in a number of countries and (b) privacy and security undertakings by information intermediaries.