cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental overproduction and selective attrition: New processes in the epigenesis of birdsong

All phases of song development from infancy to adulthood were studied intensively in a group of laboratory-reared birds. Male swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana, trained with tape-recorded songs in infancy, developed song some 8 months later, averaging 2.2 song types per bird. Analysis of the intermediate stage of plastic song revealed that the birds generated 4 to 5 times more song material than was needed for the species-specific song repertoire. The excess was discarded at the time of full song crystallization. Indications that the attrition process is selective include tendencies to retain imitated rather than nonimitated elements, and the rejection of heterospecific elements. Attrition may also be influenced by vocal stimulation at the time of song crystallization, providing an opportunity for behavioral adjustment even though new themes can no longer be learned. Attrition has been described in the transition in human infants from babbling to speech.
Crystal field surface orbital — Bond-energy bond- order (CFSO-BEBO) model for chemisorption: Application to hydrogen adsorption on a platinum (111) surface

Abstract A model describing adsorption which combines features of the bond-energy bond-order relationships of gas phase kinetics and spectroscopy, and the concept of crystal field orbitals has been formulated. This model is thus termed the crystal field surface orbital — bond energy bond order (CFSO-BEBO) model of chemisorption. The calculation is empirical in nature since single bond energies for metal-metal and metal-gas bonds are deduced from available data on bulk compounds or transition metal complexes. Alternatively, the single order bond energies may be estimated from suitable mixing rules or deduced from sublimation energies and spectroscopic gas phase data. Spectroscopic data are also used for the bond energies of the stable gas phase species and for the correlation between bond energy and bond order. The bond-energy bond-order correlation is assumed to be linear for metal-metal and metal-gas bonds. This model is used to describe the interaction of hydrogen with platinum (111) in a detailed way, i.e., the potential energy of interaction along the reaction (or adsorption) coordinate. The trapping probability of hydrogen on platinum is consistent with this CFSO-BEBO model, and the energies of the two predicted chemical adsorption states correspond to the observed experimental heats of adsorption, 17 and 31 kcal/mole, with the low energy state being molecular. LEED and flash desorption experiments also give strong support for the calculated potential energy along the reaction coordinate.
The steady state kinetics of some biological systems.

Steady state kinetic relations previously developed forclosed, homogeneous systems are extended toopen systems consisting of geometrically confined regions of arbitrary shape. The generalized system of consecutive reactions is considered to occur within the cell, and the cell plus environment are treated as an open system. The diffusion condition is imposed upon the kinetic solution for various special cases and the method ofgeneral solution when all products, reactants and intermediates, may enter and leave the cell is indicated.
A low dose of ethanol impairs working memory in mice in a win-shift foraging paradigm

Using a test of working memory which is not influenced by learning, the win-shift foraging paradigm, ethanol was found to produce amnesia in mice. This effect was produced by very low doses of ethanol, 0.5 and 1.5 g/kg, which did not alter motivation as measured by latency to leave the start box. These doses of ethanol also did not alter performance in the maze as measured by the time to traverse the maze. These data indicate that low doses of ethanol directly impair working memory--that is, the effects are not due to an alteration in learning. The win-shift foraging paradigm, which is free of some of the problems inherent in passive avoidance paradigms, may be useful in exploring the mechanism of this effect of ethanol.
High-Dose Biweekly Intraperitoneal Cisplatin: An Effective Way to Increase Cisplatin Dose Intensity

The amount of cisplatin (DDP) delivered per unit time (dose intensity, expressed in mg/m2/week) may be an important factor in determining the clinical outcome in tumors such as ovarian carcinoma. In this neoplasm, intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an effective form of treatment. In this trial we have explored the tactic of shortening the cycle interval as a way to increase the dose intensity of ip DDP. Sixteen patients with a variety of solid tumors received a total of 77 cycles of DDP 180 mg/m2 instilled ip concurrent with i.v. sodium thiosulfate at the dose of 4 g/m2 as loading dose, followed by 12 g/m2 over 6 hr. Each cycle was repeated every 2 weeks. The number of cycles delayed for 3 or more days was 28 (36%). The mean DDP dose intensity received by these patients was 77% of the planned dose or 69 mg/m2/week (confidence interval 95%, 60.5-77.5). The treatment was generally well tolerated: myelotoxicity was mild, only 1 patient had an increase in serum creatinine to > 2 mg/dl. Five patients (31%) developed symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. All patients were evaluable for response. The overall response rate (complete plus partial) in these heavily pretreated patients was 19%. When DDP is given in high doses by the ip route concurrently with systemic sodium thiosulfate, the dosing interval can be reduced to every 2 weeks permitting a marked increase in DDP dose intensity.
Paroxysmal Microarousals in Amygdala-Kindled Kittens: Could They Be Subclinical Seizures?

Summary: Amygdala–kindled kittens exhibit frequent epileptiform EEG transients, often in conjunction with phasic arousal events of sleep [k–complexes, pontogeniculo–occipital (PGO) waves, and/or sleep spindles]. In this study, paroxysmal microarousals occurred throughout the sleep–wake cycle after kindling, but were most frequent during seizure–prone states of slow–wave sleep (SWS) and the transition into rapid–eye–movement sleep (REM). Their incidence correlated with interictal sleep fragmentation as well as onset of spontaneous convulsions. Results could reflect transsynaptic kindling effects on brainstem and forebrain arousal mechanisms with which amygdala is reciprocally connected. Increased discharge rates of neural generators for normal EEG and behavioral arousal could disrupt sleep at some times and recruit epileptic neurons in the kindled focus to precipitate seizures at others. Alternatively, epileptiform EEG paroxysms were accompanied by subtle behavioral stereotypes (a head nod, limb elevation, eye twitch, lip smack, or a combination of these). Behavioral correlates were elements of partial kindled seizures, suggesting that paroxysmal microarousals may be subclinical seizures. Whether or not the microarousals are true seizures, our findings may link ictal onset and interictal sleep disorders to a subclinical paroxysmal arousal disorder and suggest a common epileptic mechanism.
A High-Throughput Fluorescence Screen to Monitor the Specific Binding of Antagonists to RNA Targets☆

Since RNA molecules can form intricate three-dimensional structures, it should be possible to design specific, high-affinity antagonists directed against these structures. To begin to explore the validity of this possibility, high-throughput screening methods are required to assay for RNA antagonists. A fluorescence quenching technique is described here in a 96-well plate format which is capable of screening chemical diversity libraries. A pyrene-containing aminoglycoside analog is used to accurately monitor antagonist binding to a prokaryotic 16S rRNA A-site decoding region construct. This rRNA region comprises the natural target for aminoglycoside antibiotics. The fluorescence technique reported here should be generally adaptable to monitor the binding of structurally novel antagonists to any selected RNA target.
A survey of radio jets with Chandra and HST

Abstract Relativistic jets are a common property of radio-loud Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Understanding jet physical properties is an essential precursor to understanding the mechanisms of energy transport, and ultimately, how energy is extracted from the central black hole. In this paper, I highlight recent developments from Chandra and HST observations of kpc-scale jets in AGN, with particular emphasis on our survey of 17 radio jets in a sample of FRII radio galaxies. These observations show that (1) X-ray and optical emission is common from kpc-scale jets, (2) a large fraction of the bolometric luminosity is emitted at X-rays, and (3) in most sources, a candidate emission process for the X-rays is inverse Compton scattering of the Cosmic Microwave Background off the relativistic electrons in the jet. If the latter scenario holds, the implication is that jets are still relativistic on kpc scales.
Transient hole traps in PZT.

Abstract Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) that has been equilibrated with an oxidizing atmosphere contains a stoichiometric excess of oxygen, and, as a result, is a p-type semiconductor at high temperatures. It becomes an insulator near room temperature because of the strong trapping of holes by cation vacancies and/or acceptor impurity centers. The trapped holes are not detected by electron paramagnetic resonance suggesting that they are trapped in diamagnetic pairs according to the so-called “negative U” effect. Illumination by band gap light produces two metastable EPR active species, identified as Pb+3 and Ti+3. Near room temperature these centers gradually decay due to recombination and the drift of holes to deep, stable centers. The transient trapping of holes at shallow centers delays the return to the stable, insulating state, and also leads to a thermally-activated hole mobility. The trapping of holes as Pb+3 centers is attributed to the electronic structure of the Pb+2 ion with its “inert pair” 6s2 electrons.
Examining the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Group Cohesion

Collaborative learning experiences increase student learning, but what happens when students fail to collaborate? The authors investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence and group cohesion by studying 44 undergraduate teams who were completing semester-long projects in their business classes at a small private university in the South. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between overall emotional intelligence and total group cohesiveness. Of the quadrants of emotional intelligence, awareness of own emotions, and management of others’ emotions showed the strongest positive correlation with group cohesion. Implications of the results for future research and practice are discussed.
Angelica Kauffman and her Contemporaries

(1969). Angelica Kauffman and her Contemporaries. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 83-85.
Line-integral solution for the stress and displacement fields of an arbitrary dislocation segment in isotropic bi-materials in 3D space

The solutions for the stress and displacement fields due to an arbitrary dislocation segment in an isotropic bi-material medium consisting of joined three-dimensional (3D) half spaces are derived and expressed in terms of line integrals, integrands of which are given in an exact analytical form that, in turn, can also be integrated to yield analytical expressions for the stress–displacement field. The solution is constructed by employing a general solution derived by Walpole [Int. J. Eng. Sci. 34 (1996) p.629] for any elastic singularity in joined isotropic half space, and combining it with Mura's integral formula for the displacement gradient of an arbitrary dislocation segment in homogeneous medium. The resulting new solution provides a framework for deriving analytical expressions for stress and displacement fields of dislocation curves of arbitrary shapes and orientations. The benefit of the method developed, as compared with other methods found in the literature, is that the new solution presented is...
Single photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of NO and SO 2 for atmospheric conditions of composition and pressure

Reported here are laboratory results from a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) study of the molecules NO and SO2 in which both the selectivity and sensitivity of the LIF method are examined. The laser excitation of these molecules occurred at 226 and 222 nm, respectively. The laser system employed consisted of a Nd: YAG-driven Quanta-Ray PDL dye laser, the fundamental of which was frequency doubled, and this output, in turn, was then frequency mixed with the Nd:YAG fundamental at 1064 nm. Two different dyes were required for generating the 226- and 222-nm wavelengths. To make these results as relevant as possible to the ultimate development of an atmospheric airborne field sampling system all experiments were carried out in atmospheric conditions of pressure and composition. In addition to the experimental data provided there has also been presented a theoretical assessment of the signal strength for both the NO and SO2 LIF systems, and these results have been compared with the experimentally measured values. Current state-of-the-art technology would suggest that both NO and SO2 can be measured by the LIF technique in atmospheric conditions at concentration levels of a few pptv.
Current guidelines for dementia screening: shortcomings and recommended changes

Summary The availability of various guidelines regarding the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leaves most primary care providers with the task of having to decide which guidelines to follow. This review will help them navigate these different guidelines and understand how they differ from previous guidelines. Challenges related to the use of these guidelines are discussed, including biomarker testing, the lack of recognition in the community of what constitutes memory impairment and how to best screen for it, and recommendations for easy and early detection and diagnosis in the clinical settings are made. Adoption of biomarkers in clinical practice will give primary care providers the means to establish with certainty the underlying pathology responsible for the observed clinical symptoms and increase their ability to establish the presence of AD pathology before symptoms occur and, therefore, potentially help prevent or slow down the progression to AD.
Modulation of glomerulosclerosis

Regardless of the initial injury, the long-term consequence for the patient depends upon the ensuing balance of profibrotic vs reparative modulators activated. The glomerulus has some capacity for repair. Even when sclerosis has developed with accumulation of extracellular matrix, this lesion may be remodeled, with a change in balance between profibrotic and antifibrotic and collagen synthesis vs proteolytic mediators. We will focus here on the interplay between mediators of fibrosis and reparative mechanisms and potential regression of fibrosis. Based on the clinical efficacy of interventions that inhibit angiotensin, we will focus on factors related to the renin-angiotensin system.
Multi-layer multi-domain networking

This paper presents an overview of a control plane architecture for multi-layer, multi-domain networks. Additionally, we report on experiences with implementation, deployment, and use of this architecture on operational networks.
Phonon Mediated Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

We are developing athermal-phonon mediated particle detectors using microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) as the phonon sensing elements. Since MKIDs are easily multiplexed, hundreds of sensors patterned on a single dielectric substrate can be read out simultaneously, leading to a precise, time-resolved measurement of the phonon flux at each point on the detector surface. In addition to providing a high-resolution measurement of the location of the interaction, the energy deposited by the particle can be reconstructed with an expected baseline resolution of tens of eV. The complexity of the cryogenic readout electronics is significantly reduced relative to designs based on multiplexed transition edge sensors (TES). Initial proof-of-principle devices demonstrate energy resolutions as good as 0.7 keV at 30 keV, dominated by the position dependence of the phonon signal. New designs are aimed at improving this resolution by more than an order of magnitude. Such high-resolution phonon mediated detectors would have applications including direct detection of dark matter, hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray astrophysics, neutrinoless double beta decay, and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering.
X-Ray Emission-Line Profile Modeling of O Stars: Fitting a Spherically Symmetric Analytic Wind-Shock Model to the Chandra Spectrum of ζ Puppis

X-ray emission-line profiles provide the most direct insight into the dynamics and spatial distribution of the hot, X-ray-emitting plasma above the surfaces of OB stars. The O supergiant ζ Puppis shows broad, blueshifted, and asymmetric line profiles, generally consistent with the wind-shock picture of OB star X-ray production. We model the profiles of eight lines in the Chandra HETGS spectrum of this prototypical hot star. The fitted lines indicate that the plasma is distributed throughout the wind starting close to the photosphere, that there is significantly less attenuation of the X-rays by the overlying wind than is generally supposed, and that there is not a strong trend in wind absorption with wavelength.
Ending corporate impunity for genocide: The case against China's state-owned petroleum company in Sudan

This case study explores the corporate criminal liability of the Chinese National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) for complicity in the Darfur genocide in Sudan. Together with theoretical elements published elsewhere, this paper builds the prosecution's case as an example of the type of litigation that should be undertaken as a complement to civil liability for corporate wrongdoing.
Test-Enhanced Learning of Natural Concepts: Effects on Recognition Memory, Classification, and Metacognition.

Three experiments examined testing effects on learning of natural concepts and metacognitive assessments of such learning. Results revealed that testing enhanced recognition memory and classification accuracy for studied and novel exemplars of bird families on immediate and delayed tests. These effects depended on the balance of study and test trials during training. Metacognitive measures provided results suggesting that participants were aware of the beneficial effects of testing. A new measure of metacognition at the level of categories is introduced and shown to be potentially useful for theory and applied purposes. It is argued that focusing on optimizing the learning of natural concepts encourages the convergence of theorizing about memory, concept learning, and metacognition and holds promise for the development of applications to education.
Comparison of Cloacal and Oropharyngeal Samples for the Detection of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds

Abstract This study was conducted to compare oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal samples of wild birds (n = 137) for the detection and isolation of avian influenza virus (AIV). A total of 39 (28.5%) cloacal and 85 (62.0%) OP samples were positive for AIV by real-time reverse transcription–PCR (RRT-PCR). The AIV nucleic acid was detected in both cloacal and OP samples from 27 (19.7%) birds, in cloacal samples only from 12 (8.8%) birds, and in OP samples only from 58 (42.3%) birds. Thus, a total of 97 (70.8%) birds were AIV positive by RRT-PCR. The cycle threshold values for the cloacal samples ranged from 16.6 to 36.9 (mean 31.5), and those for OP samples ranged from 18 to 38.9 (mean 34.9). Of the cloacal samples, 12 were positive for H5 subtype influenza virus by RRT-PCR, with one being low pathogenic H5N1. In contrast, five of the OP samples were H5 positive, but none was H5N1. None of the cloacal or OP samples was H7 positive. Eight cloacal samples yielded AIV on inoculation in embryonated chicken eggs, wh...
Expression of shRNA from a tissue-specific pol II promoter is an effective and safe RNAi therapeutic.

It has been observed that overexpression of some short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) can induce acute cytotoxicity. This has raised concerns about the safety of using RNA interference (RNAi) technology as a potential therapeutic tool. We have sought to address this challenge of expression control by developing a mono-cistronic vector for the tissue-specific expression of an shRNA from a liver-derived polymerase (pol) II promoter. This new construct efficiently induces target silencing in hepatoma cells in vitro and in mouse livers in vivo. In order to demonstrate the therapeutic potential and improved safety of this approach, we selected an shRNA targeting the envelope surface antigen (sAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is among the most toxic when expressed from the commonly used U6 promoter. Packaging it as a double-stranded DNA into an adeno-associated virus (AAV) pseudotype 8 and delivering it at a high particle dose (1 × 1012) to HBV transgenic mice resulted in the stable reduction of serum sAg to 85% of starting levels, without any concomitant sign of liver damage. With this improved tolerability, the liver-specific pol II shRNA expression persisted for more than one year after the injection. We conclude that this pol II shRNA expression system combined with a potent delivery vector represents an effective alternative to either U6-based strategies or systems that achieve tissue specificity through the use of additional elements.
Addison's disease and hypothyroidism (Schmidt's syndrome)

Abstract In a patient with Schmidt's syndrome, the diagnosis of Addison's disease was clinically obvious, but the presence of hypothyroidism was not. The patient did not look myxedematous, but myxedema was suspected because the thyroid was slightly enlarged and the deep tendon reflexes were slowed. Despite multiple theories, the cause of Schmidt's syndrome is not known.
The precise evaluation of derivatives of the anisotropic elastic Green's functions

Using Fourier transforms a simple scheme for numerically obtaining derivatives of the tensor Green's functions of elasticity with great precision is derived. The technique developed circumvents the need for solving an auxiliary eigenvalue problem and a related sextic algebraic equation common to previous treatments of this problem. Numerical results for the dilatation associated with a “dilatation center” in copper are given. The speed and accuracy of the present technique indicates that a previous suggestion by Lothe is indeed quite practical — namely, that internal stress problems (dislocations, point defects, inclusions, thermal stresses) in anisotropic media may be treated using tabulated data for the Green's functions and their derivatives. Mit der Fouriertransformation wird ein einfaches Schema fur die numerische Ableitung der Greenschen Tensorfunktionen der Elastizitat mit groser Genauigkeit erhalten. Die ent-wickelte Technik umgeht die Losung eines damit verbundenen Eigenwertproblems und einer algebraischen Gleichung sechsten Grades, die zu fruheren Behandlungen des Problems gehorten. Numerische Ergebnisse fur die mit einem „Dilatationszentrum” in Kupfer verknupfte Dilatation werden angegeben. Die Schnelligkeit und Genauigkeit der vorgelegten Technik zeigt, das ein fruherer Vorschlag von Lothe, das innere Spannungsprobleme (Versetzungen, Punktdefekte, Einschlusse, thermische Spannungen) in anisotropen Medien mit tabellierten Daten fur Greensche Funktionen und deren Ableitungen behandelt werden konnen, tatsachlich praktikabel ist.
Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor in the cerebellum and precerebellar nuclei of the cat.

The present study analyzes the distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive (CRF-IR) fibers and neuronal cell bodies within the cerebellum and brainstem, respectively, of the cat. Within the cerebellum, CRF is present in climbing fibers, mossy fibers, and a population of varicose fibers which traverses the lower molecular layer. CRF-IR fibers are present throughout all lobules of the cat cerebellar cortex, though the density and immunostaining intensity of each fiber system vary. Bands of intensely immunoreactive climbing fibers are prominent within the vermis, intermediate cortex, and crus II. Bands of intensely immunoreactive mossy fiber terminals accompany the climbing fiber bands within the vermis. Collaterals of climbing and mossy fibers contribute to a beaded fiber plexus localized to the Purkinje cell layer. Varicose fibers containing CRF immunoreactivity are present in all deep cerebellar nuclei. CRF-IR neuronal cell bodies are prominent within several brainstem nuclei known to project to the cerebellum: all divisions of the inferior olivary complex, the lateral reticular nucleus, paramedian reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei, perihypoglossal complex, medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and cell groups f and x, locus ceruleus, and nucleus subceruleus. This study confirms and extends a previous study of CRF distribution within cerebellar afferent systems of the cat (Cummings et al.: J. Neurosci. 8:543–554, '88) and compares this distribution with previous descriptions in other species. The ubiquitous distribution of CRF throughout the cat cerebellum suggests a primary role for this peptide in signal transduction.
A scientific visualization synthesizer

We describe methods for displaying scientific data using textures and raster operations rather than geometric techniques. The flexibility and simplicity of raster operations allow a greater choice of visualization techniques with only a small set of basic operations. In addition, texture mapping techniques will be shown that allow the representation of several variables simultaneously, without a high degree of clutter. The combination of traditional geometric techniques, image composition techniques and image rendering techniques can be integrated into a single framework for the display of scientific data. This paper presents a system for generating and operating on textures and images for the purposes of scientific visualization. The advantages of using such a system are demonstrated through the use of examples. In particular, the development of bump maps for vector filters and contour lines is demonstrated.
Conservation surgery for recurrent carcinoma of the glottic larynx

Background Partial laryngectomy following previous irradiation is an oncologically sound procedure with excellent local control and survival rates. Several reports suggest an increased complication rate in previously irradiated patients. Methods To analyze whether previous irradiation affected complications, disease control, or survival we performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent vertical partial laryngectomy (VPL) for squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx between January 1984 and August 1993. Results Sixty-eight patients had adequate followup. The overall 5-year survival rates were 79% for previously treated patients and 95% for primary VPL patients ( P = NS). The local control rates with surgical salvage were 93% and 98%, respectively. No increase in wound complications, time to decannulation, length of hospitalization, or ability to swallow were found. Conclusions VPL can be performed safely in selected patients following previous radiotherapy without a significant increase in complications or cost.
Unravelling Sex Differences in Drug‐Induced Liver Injury

Liver toxicity accounts for 40% of failed drugs in clinical studies and approximately 21% of drugs that are removed from the market. It is suspected that drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is more common in females, thus impacting women's health to a higher degree. However, it is unclear how common this potential sex-based sensitivity may be and the mechanisms underlying the differences. High-content and high-throughput molecular technologies such as DNA microarrays have contributed significantly to the understanding of health and disease at the molecular level. In 2001, DNA microarray studies began to emerge to investigate sex-associated liver gene expression profiles under physiological and pathological conditions. This review is an analysis of clinical reports published to date to determine the weight of evidence in support of sex-biased sensitivity to DILI. Sex differences related to disease susceptibility/progression and adverse drug events are discussed at the molecular level with emphasis on genomic data in an attempt to place the evidence in a biological context. Keywords: DILI; sex difference; genomics; drug-induced liver injury
Spanish for You: Student-Centered and Languages for Specific Purposes Methods in Lower-Division Spanish.

This article investigates a project that used student-centered teaching and languages for specific purposes to increase university students’ motivation to study Spanish and willingness to communicate. After reflecting on their personal goals and interests, students were required to choose a purpose or context in which they might use Spanish in their future. Then students were encouraged to seek opportunities to foster their own language and culture learning related to the unique purposes that each student had selected. Data sources included an anonymous online survey with Likert scale responses and open-ended written responses, plus personal observations of the teacher. Results indicated that many students’ perceptions of Spanish speakers and their cultures changed in positive ways and that students were more willing to communicate with native speakers. However, students reported only a marginal increase in their motivation to continue studying Spanish. The author concluded that student-centered teaching and languages for specific purposes can be effective in lower-division Spanish but may require adjustments on the part of students and more guidance than anticipated from instructors.
Covalent Attachment of a Rhenium Bipyridyl CO2 Reduction Catalyst to Rutile TiO2

We have characterized the covalent binding of the CO2 reduction electrocatalyst ReC0A (Re(CO)3Cl(dcbpy) (dcbpy =4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine)) to the TiO2 rutile (001) surface. The analysis based on sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicates that ReC0A binds to TiO2 through the carboxylate groups in bidentate or tridentate linkage motifs. The adsorbed complex has the dcbpy moiety nearly perpendicular to the TiO2 surface and the Re exposed to the solution in a configuration suitable for catalysis.
Internal Deployment of the Parfait Static Code Analysis Tool at Oracle (Invited Talk)

The term static code analysis is used these days to refer to tools that find bugs and/or security vulnerabilities in source or exe- cutable code by performing static analysis of the code. In the past years, several static code analysis tools have transitioned from a research envi- ronment onto production mode; examples include Coverity (1), SLAM (2) and Goanna (3). Parfait was developed as a research project at Sun Microsystems Lab- oratories with the aim to look into precision and scalability of static bug- detection analyses over millions of lines of source code (MLOC). The Or- acle acquisition of Sun brought Parfait into a new playground where, in the course of one year, a small team of researchers and students showed "value for money" against codebases from "legacy" Oracle. Key to this value proposition was not only showing that the tool reported real bugs of interest to developers, but also that there was a high hit rate of reports and that it scaled well, allowing for not only nightly integration but also incremental, commit-time integration. In this talk we summarise our experiences in the transitioning of Par- fait from a research prototype at Oracle Labs, onto production mode at Oracle, as well as its deployment throughout the company, where it is used on a day-to-day basis by thousands of developers. We also elaborate on our recent experiences on extending Parfait to support the Java TM language, for the purposes of detecting vulnerabilities in the Java Platform.
Identifying the public's concerns and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's reactions during a health crisis: An analysis of a Zika live Twitter chat

The arrival of the Zika virus in the United States caused much concern among the public because of its ease of transmission and serious consequences for pregnant women and their newborns. We conducted a text analysis to examine original tweets from the public and responses from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during a live Twitter chat hosted by the CDC. Both the public and the CDC expressed concern about the spread of Zika virus, but the public showed more concern about the consequences it had for women and babies, whereas the CDC focused more on symptoms and education.
β-Arrestin mediates the Frank–Starling mechanism of cardiac contractility

The Frank-Starling law of the heart is a physiological phenomenon that describes an intrinsic property of heart muscle in which increased cardiac filling leads to enhanced cardiac contractility. Identified more than a century ago, the Frank-Starling relationship is currently known to involve length-dependent enhancement of cardiac myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. However, the upstream molecular events that link cellular stretch to the length-dependent myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity are poorly understood. Because the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and the multifunctional transducer protein β-arrestin have been shown to mediate mechanosensitive cellular signaling, we tested the hypothesis that these two proteins are involved in the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart. Using invasive hemodynamics, we found that mice lacking β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, or AT1R were unable to generate a Frank-Starling force in response to changes in cardiac volume. Although wild-type mice pretreated with the conventional AT1R blocker losartan were unable to enhance cardiac contractility with volume loading, treatment with a β-arrestin-biased AT1R ligand to selectively activate β-arrestin signaling preserved the Frank-Starling relationship. Importantly, in skinned muscle fiber preparations, we found markedly impaired length-dependent myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, and AT1R knockout mice. Our data reveal β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, and AT1R as key regulatory molecules in the Frank-Starling mechanism, which potentially can be targeted therapeutically with β-arrestin-biased AT1R ligands.
Abstract CN08-03: 3-D electron microscopy in cellular and molecular imaging: Applications to cancer

Emerging methods in 3-D biological electron microscopy provide powerful tools and great promise to bridge a critical gap in imaging in the biomedical size spectrum. This comprises a size range of considerable interest that includes cellular protein machines, giant protein and nucleic acid assemblies, small subcellular organelles and bacteria. These objects are generally too large and/or too heterogeneous to be investigated by high resolution X-ray and NMR methods; yet the level of detail afforded by conventional light and electron microscopy is often not adequate to describe their structures at resolutions high enough to be useful in understanding the chemical basis of biological function. The long-term mission of our research program is to obtain an integrated molecular understanding of cellular architecture by combining novel technologies for 3-D biological imaging with advanced methods for image segmentation and computational analysis. I will review our recent progress in imaging and modeling dynamic biological systems, with particular emphasis on applications to signal transduction, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Lab website: http://electron.nci.nih.gov Citation Format: Sriram Subramaniam. 3-D electron microscopy in cellular and molecular imaging: Applications to cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr CN08-03.
Semantic Image Retrieval with Feature Space Rankings

Learning to hash is receiving increasing research attention due to its effectiveness in addressing the large-scale similarity search problem. Most of the existing hashing algorithms are focused on learning hash functions in the form of numeric quantization of some projected feature space. In this work, we propose a novel hash learning method that encodes features’ relative ordering instead of quantizing their numeric values in a set of low-dimensional ranking subspaces. We formulate the ranking-based hash learning problem as the optimization of a continuous probabilistic error function using softmax approximation and present an efficient learning algorithm to solve the problem. As a generalization of Winner-Take-All (WTA) hashing, the proposed algorithm naturally enjoys the numeric stability benefits of rank correlation measures while being optimized to achieve high precision with very compact code. Additionally, the proposed method can also be easily extended to nonlinear kernel spaces to discover rankin...
Precipitating Quasigeostrophic Equations and Potential Vorticity Inversion with Phase Changes

AbstractPrecipitating versions of the quasigeostrophic (QG) equations are derived systematically, starting from the equations of a cloud-resolving model. The presence of phase changes of water from vapor to liquid and vice versa leads to important differences from the dry QG case. The precipitating QG (PQG) equations, in their simplest form, have two variables to describe the full system: a potential vorticity (PV) variable and a variable M including moisture effects. A PV-and-M inversion allows the determination of all other variables, and it involves an elliptic partial differential equation (PDE) that is nonlinear because of phase changes between saturated and unsaturated regions. An example PV-and-M inversion is provided for an idealized cold-core cyclone with two vertical levels. A key point illustrated by this example is that the phase interface location is unknown a priori from PV and M, and it is discovered as part of the inversion process. Several choices of a moist PV variable are discussed, inc...
Response to Comment on Jackson et al. Insulitis in Autoantibody-Positive Pancreatic Donor With History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2017;40:723–725

We greatly appreciate the interest of Marchand et al. (1) in our article (2), which we indeed hoped would stimulate interest regarding gaps in knowledge of diabetes during pregnancy. In some cases, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) could certainly represent previously undiagnosed/presymptomatic type 1 or type 2 diabetes secondary to β-cell stress during pregnancy. Indeed, both the case presented in our original article and the example case described by the Thivolet group (1) highlight the need for further studies of GDM to determine the role of type 1 diabetes–associated autoantibodies during pregnancy and postpartum. Our intention was to highlight an interesting presentation of insulitis and autoantibody positivity …
Investigation of Package Effects on the Edge Termination E-Field for HV WBG Power Semiconductors

Abstract The edge termination of a power semiconductor is defined as the spatial junction terminations around the edges of the power devices. Guard rings are used to contour the internal depletion regions and E-fields as they terminate at the edge termination, i.e. the intersection of the depletion regions and the wafer saw line where the crystal damage is located. Since there is no specific package for WBG power devices, wire bonds are still widely used to interconnect to the topside metal pads of the power devices. From previous research it is shown that wire bonding will not affect the E-field around the guard rings on a WBG device. However, planar power package, such as double-sided and power flip-chip device packaging could be a problem where the close distance between the topside of the power device and conducting plane may negatively affect the E-field distribution of the guard rings, which in turn lowers the reverse blocking capability of the WBG power device and increases leakage current creating...
Sleep Disturbance and Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review

The present review summarizes recent research on the association between sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction in MS. Assessment methodology, domain-specific associations between sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction, and implications for future research and treatment are discussed. All 12 studies included in this review found significant associations between sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction; however, results varied considerably depending on the assessment method used and the cognitive domain assessed. Self-reported sleep disturbance generally predicted self-report but not objective measures of cognitive dysfunction. Objective sleep measures (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy) generally predicted objective impairments in processing speed and attention; however, objective sleep disturbance was more variable in predicting performance in other cognitive domains (e.g., memory, executive function). Sleep disturbance may help predict future cognitive decline in MS. Results highlight the need to integrate sleep assessment into routine MS care. Interventions aimed treating sleep disturbance may offer promise for improving cognitive dysfunction in MS.
Technical Section: A ShortStraw-based algorithm for corner finding in sketch-based interfaces

We present IStraw, a corner finding technique based on the ShortStraw algorithm. This new algorithm addresses deficiencies with ShortStraw while maintaining its simplicity and efficiency. We also develop an extension for ink strokes containing curves and arcs. We compare our algorithm against ShortStraw and two other state of the art corner finding approaches, MergeCF and Sezgin's scale space algorithm. Based on an all-or-nothing accuracy metric, IStraw shows significant improvements over these algorithms for ink strokes with and without curves.
Immune evasion mechanisms of varicella-zoster virus.

Varicella-zoster virus can to modulate the expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. MHC class I expression is downregulated in VZV-infected T cells as well as in fibroblasts. VZV-infected cells do not respond to exposure to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) by upregulation of MHC class II expression. However, MHC class II expression is induced when cells are treated with IFN-y before VZV infection. These effects on MHC class I and class II expression can be expected to interfere transiently with adaptive immune responses of the host, mediated by CD4 and CD8 T cells, ensuring that the virus has sufficient opportunity for transmission to susceptible contracts.
Quantitative Molecular Imaging in Living Cells via FLIM

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) employs fluorophore lifetime, rather than fluorescence intensity, for image contrast. Compared to intensity-based methods, lifetime imaging requires less calibration and/or correction for fluorophore concentration variations, photobleaching, and other artifacts that affect intensity measurements. We describe FLIM applications to probe the microenvironments of endogenous and exogenous fluorophores, including measurements of cellular metabolic co-factors, intracellular and extracellular oxygen, and molecular interactions via Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Several applications of FLIM for quantitative, live cell imaging are presented, including studies of cellular metabolic pathways, improved FRET detection of oncogene association, microfluidic bioreactor characterization for continuous cell culture, and improved analysis of FLIM images including image restoration and precision enhancement.
What Triggers Revision

This chapter provides a brief review of empirical findings and theoretical positions concerning the conditions that lead writers to revise texts. The review identifies a need for further research in two directions. First, much of revision research is focused on revisions that are triggered by the discovery of text faults. More research is needed to explore revisions that are triggered by the discovery of opportunities for text improvement other than the correction of text faults. Second, more research is needed to identify effective means for teaching students to recognize and apply standards of text quality while they write.
Highlights of Parastring Theories

Most of the attempts at the construction of consistent string theories in four-dimensional space-time begin with the construction of the corresponding string theories in space-times Which have more than four dimensions and then proceed to the compactification of the extra dimensions.1 The schemes which have been developed to this end so far are elegant and promising but not completely satisfactory. For one thing, the non-existence of a compactification scheme which is uniquely dictated by the string theory itself runs counter to notion that we are dealing with an ultimate theory. From the physical point of view, it is also important to keep in mind that the current enthusiasm for ten-dimensional superstring theories is based on the plausibility that these theories make contact with phenomenology through a grand unified model such as E6 or S0(10). If it turns out that in the next generation of experiments quarks or leptons begin to exhibit structure, then a fundamental theory of elementary particles and its unification with gravity would have to be related to a superstring theory at a deeper level.
What Should the Middle East and Ukraine Learn from the Balkans

The UN-endorsed doctrine known as “Responsibility to Protect” is one important outcome from the Balkans, honored more in the breach than the observance in the Middle East and Ukraine. There are others: leadership is important to starting, preventing, and ending wars; prevention can work, if undertaken early with adequate resources; ethnic partition likely will not; international contributions can be vital; neighborhood counts; power sharing and decentralization can help. Applying these lessons to the Middle East is difficult, not least because there are so many warring parties involved. Ukraine is far simpler and could prove negotiable, but only if Russia, the EU, and the United States are prepared to engage seriously to restore the country’s sovereignty while allowing its regions a large measure of autonomy.