cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions to linear system theory

Linear dynamic systems governed by first-order linear differential equations in state variables, emphasizing time reversal and differential controllability
Heterogeneity versus homogeneity: A conceptual and mathematical theory in terms of scale-invariant and scale-covariant distributions

Abstract Ecologists often use the words heterogeneity and homogeneity when they are describing the distribution of a variable, yet there has been no formal exploration into the relation of these two states to one another. This work formalizes their relationship within statistical theory with a conceptual framework that includes five parameters: L , K , S , D , and R . These parameters provide an increasing degree of specificity about a distribution as they are enumerated and accord with measurements of system extent, richness, evenness, variance, and scale-covariance. Moreover, a mathematical and physical basis for understanding heterogeneity and homogeneity is outlined in terms of Brownian motion, where the Hurst exponent H and the notion of variance are utilized to delimit these two states. Spatial and temporal patterns are quantified and classified according to the mathematical and physical basis at multiple scales, as well as within the conceptual framework that can be applied to other metrics. Concepts of scale-invariance and scale-covariance are discussed in terms of hierarchy theory. It is argued that in hierarchical distributions, we should expect more than simple scale-covariance; we should expect division by a transitional state that divides heterogeneity from homogeneity at some scale. By revisiting the underlying statistical theory behind these concepts, a more efficient approach to quantifying ecological distributions can result.
Intranasal infection of infant mice with Neisseria meningitidis.

In human meningococcal infection the mechanism of the transition from asymptomatic carriage to invasive disease is unknown, partly due to the lack of an effective animal model that mimics all stages of the human disease. Therefore, we have endeavoured to develop a model for the human infection by instilling a suspension of Neisseria meningitidis into the nostrils of infant mice and subsequently determining the numbers of organisms in the nasal passages, lungs, blood and brains. Intranasal (i.n.) instillation resulted in consistent nasal colonisation which usually developed into a lung infection. In many cases the lung infection preceded bacteraemia, which occasionally resulted in death of the mice. The severity of the infection and the transition to bacteraemia were enhanced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment of the mice with iron dextran or human transferrin. A N. meningitidis strain that was avirulent in an i.p. infection was also avirulent following i.n. infection. The requirement for lung colonisation to precede bacteraemia and the need for i.p. injection of iron compounds limit the use of i.n. infection of the infant mouse as a model for human meningococcal disease. However, various aspects of meningococcal virulence can be examined using this model.
STIM1 Function in Mitosis and Meiosis

Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a storehouse for intracellular Calcium. STIM1, a Calcium sensor localizes mostly to the ER membrane in interphase under resting conditions. Following Ca2+ store depletion, STIM1 forms puncta that localize to the cortical ER and binds Orai1, a Ca2+ channel to allow Ca2+ influx. This mechanism of Ca2+ influx is termed Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE). Orai1 is internalized during meiosis and STIM1 fails to aggregate even when intracellular Ca2+ stores are depleted in both mitosis and meiosis. This causes inhibition of SOCE during mitosis and meiosis. This is an important mechanism to prevent sporadic Ca2+ influx that could disrupt its specialized functions during the cell cycle. We are interested in elucidating the mechanisms that allow STIM1 to cluster during interphase but not during M-phase. We have taken a proteomics approach to identify proteins that function in hSTIM1 clustering following store depletion, and to determine what makes mitotic cells...
Melting and crystal structure of iron at high pressures and temperatures

High-pressure melting, phase transitions and structures of iron have been studied to 84 GPa and 3500 K with an improved laser heated diamond anvil cell technique and in situ high P-T x-ray diffraction. At pressures below 60 GPa, the lower bound on the melting curve is close to those measured by Boehler [1993] and Saxena et al. [1993]; however, at pressures above 60 GPa our data indicate melting at higher temperatures than these studies, but still lower than the melting curve of Williams et al [1990]. The e-γ-1 triple point is 60(±5) GPa and 2800(±200) K, based on our data of the e-γ phase transition and the observation of melting by in situ x-ray diffraction. No solid phases other than e-Fe and γ-Fe were observed in situ at high temperatures (>1000 K) and pressures to 84 GPa. However, the diffraction patterns of temperature quenched products at high pressure can be fit to other structures such as dhcp.
When normative perceptions lead to actions: Behavior-level attributes influence the non-deliberative effects of subjective norms on behavior

This research examines the non-deliberative (i.e., direct) effects of injunctive and descriptive norms on behaviors in the context of the theory of planned behavior. In particular it considers the moderating effects of social approval, social motivation, pleasantness/utility, and interpersonal-ness on the non-deliberative effects of the norms on behavior. Hypotheses were tested with a sample of 831 people nested within 31 behaviors, thus allowing the moderating variables to be modeled as attributes of behaviors instead of persons. Results indicate that social motivation influenced the non-deliberative effects of both injunctive and descriptive norms on behavior, and interpersonal-ness influenced the non-deliberative effects of injunctive norms only. Contrary to expectations there were no influences of social approval or pleasantness/utility on the non-deliberative effects of subjective norms on behaviors.
Generating true minima in constrained variational formulations via modified Lagrange multipliers

Variational principles are important in the investigation of large classes of physical systems. They can be used both as analytical methods as well as starting points for the formulation of powerful computational techniques such as dynamical optimization methods. Systems with charged objects in dielectric media and systems with magnetically active particles are important examples. In these examples and other important cases, the variational principles describing the system are required to obey a number of constraints. These constraints are implemented within the variational formulation by means of Lagrange multipliers. Such constrained variational formulations are in general not unique. For the application of efficient simulation methods, one must find specific formulations that satisfy a number of important conditions. An often required condition is that the functional be positive-definite, in other words, its extrema be actual minima. In this article, we present a general approach to attack the problem of finding, among equivalent variational functionals, those that generate true minima. The method is based on the modification of the Lagrange multiplier which allows us to generate large families of effective variational formulations associated with a single original constrained variational principle. We demonstrate its application to different examples and, in particular, to the important cases of Poisson and Poisson-Boltzmann equations. We show how to obtain variational formulations for these systems with extrema that are always minima.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMMOBILIZED ENZYME REACTOR FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA

Current treatment modalities for neonatal jaundice have limited effectiveness and serious toxicities. We have developed an extracorporeal blood filtering system capable of removing bilirubin, enzymatically. After screening a variety of cyclic amidases, proteases, and oxido-reductases, we found that bilirubin oxidase (BOx) from the fungus Myrethicium was uniquely capable of rapid degradation of bilirubin to a safe product. Using SDS gel electrophoresis, we established 80% purity for the enzyme.Oxygen electrodes and the guaiacol assay for H202 demonstrated the mechanism was oxidation by 02 yielding water, not H202. Using NMR and electronic absorption spectra, TLC, and physical properties, biliverdin was identified as the sole initial product. Biliverdin, based on dose response curves, is 200 times less toxic than bilirubin in mitochondrial enzyme assays. Biliverdin is oxidized to the final product(s) only when all of the bilirubin in solution is oxidized. Free BOx was found to have a Km of 62 uM. BOx immobilized onto cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B beads retained 20% of free activity levels. That activity was retained under physiologic conditions, unchanged for ten hours. At a reactor flow rate of 1 ml/min, an immobilized enzyme reactor (bed volume 15 cc) reduced bilirubin levels from 20 to 10 mg/dl within 90 minutes. Immobilized BOx is also active in human whole blood. Testing the reactor for in vivo efficacy and safety remains before clinical application begins.
Differential diagnosis and management of renovascular hypertension through nuclear medicine techniques.

Identification of patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) among the larger group of patients with essential hypertension has been aided by a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo nuclear medicine procedures. The most valuable in vitro procedur remains the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for renin activity obtained from individual renal vein catheterization studies. Lateralizing renin activity provides valuable prognostic information about the likelihood for surgical cure of RVH. Older in vivo procedures for the diagnosis of RVH included rectilinear scanning and probe renography, which suffered from poor resolution and specificity, respectively. These tests have been replaced by computer-interfaced gamma camera scintirenography using 131 I- or 123 I-labeled orthoiodohippurate (OIH), or scintiangiography using 99m Tc-DTPA. False-positive (FP) results for RVH persist due to a wide variety of relatively common conditions that can cause asymmetric renal size and function, including outflow obstruction and parenchymal renal disease. Newer approaches promise to improve the specificity of nuclear medicine procedures for identification of RVH. In particular the number of FP exams appears to improve when scintirenography is performed before and after the administration of oral angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, using either 99m Tc-DTPA or OIH. The incentive for improved diagnostic testing has increased with the availability of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PCTA) for treatment of renal artery stenosis (RAS). Follow up of PCTA with scintirenography is of great value in assessing its effect on renal function and in evaluating the subsequent clinical course of the patient.
An eclectic review of the history of peripheral nerve surgery.

WE TAKE OUR present concepts of nerve repair for granted. In fact, the pioneers who established these principles traveled a road filled with erroneous dogma, bad advice, misleading data. The lessons learned from a review of the history of peripheral nerve surgery are applicable to all neurosurgical disciplines. In honor of Dr. David Kline's distinguished career, we will review 3 aspects of the history of peripheral nerve surgery: Can an injured nerve regain function? How do peripheral nerves regenerate? When should a neuroma in continuity be resected?
CD45 glycosylation controls T-cell life and death

CD45, an abundant and highly glycosylated cell-surface protein, is a critical regulator of T-cell development. CD45 is differentially glycosylated throughout the life of a T cell, and the glycosylation state of CD45 controls recognition by various binding partners, affects intracellular signaling by the cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase domain and modulates the response of the T cell to antigen. Although the importance of CD45 during T-cell development has been established, it is becoming increasingly clear that glycosylation of CD45 is a dynamic process that modifies T-cell survival, activation and immune function. In this review, we address changes that occur in CD45 glycosylation during T-cell development and differentiation, describe carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize differentially glycosylated forms of CD45, and discuss how differential glycosylation alters the T-cell response to a variety of signals involved in selection, activation and apoptosis.
Heterodyne measurements of submillimeter laser spectrometer frequencies

The frequencies of 46 CW laser lines commonly used for submillimeter spectroscopy, with wavelengths between 0.1 and 0.7 mm, have been measured by heterodyne methods. All the fines are optically pumped by a CO 2 laser, with threshold pump powers of 3 W or less. The precision of measurement, limited by the laser linewidth, is typically ± 1 part per million.
Extremal functions of forbidden double permutation matrices

We say a 0-1 matrix A avoids a matrix P if no submatrix of A can be transformed into P by changing some ones to zeroes. We call P an m-tuple permutation matrix if P can be obtained by replacing each column of a permutation matrix with m copies of that column. In this paper, we investigate nxn matrices that avoid P and the maximum number ex(n,P) of ones that they can have. We prove a linear bound on ex(n,P) for any 2-tuple permutation matrix P, resolving a conjecture of Keszegh [B. Keszegh, On linear forbidden matrices, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 116 (1) (2009) 232-241]. Using this result, we obtain a linear bound on ex(n,P) for any m-tuple permutation matrix P. Additionally, we demonstrate the existence of infinitely many minimal non-linear patterns, resolving another conjecture of Keszegh from the same paper.
Cryotherapy for chronic vasomotor rhinitis: technique and patient selection for improved results

Current methods of therapy of chronic vasomotor (non-allergic) rhinitis are frequently unsuccessful. This led to the development of a standardized technique of intranasal cryotherapy (longer freeze duration and larger area of therapy than previously reported) which was utilized in 50 patients. Indications for cryotherapy included: failure of medical therapy in anatomically normal patients with mucosal disease caused only by vasomotor rhinitis. Minimal follow-up was 2 years. Obstructive symptoms (subjective and objective evaluation) were eliminated in 92% and markedly improved in the remaining 8%. Excessive drainage (subjective) was relieved in 47%, markedly improved in 41%, and minimally improved (therapeutic failure) in 12%. Complications were minor; however, increased postoperative pain, drainage and healing duration (compared to prior series) were encountered. This cryotherapy technique provides significantly improved results in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis when proper patient selection and technique are utilized.
A novel ARMS2 splice variant is identified in human retina.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD, MIM 603075) is the major cause of irreversible visual impairment in developed countries. AMD damages photoreceptors located in the central region of the retina (the macula), resulting in an impairment of central visual acuity (Jager et al., 2008). A locus at chromosome 10q26 has been consistently linked to the disease and represents one of the two strongest genetic effects discovered (Weeks et al., 2001; Majewski et al., 2003; Weeks et al., 2004; Kenealy et al., 2004; Fisher et al., 2005). However, it has been difficult to identify with certainty the genetic variant at this locus biologically responsible for modulating risk of AMD. Studies have shown that the AMD-associated haplotype includes thesingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs10490924 in gene ARMS2 (Age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2, previously known as hypothetical LOC387715) and rs11200638 in the promoter region of HTRA1 (High-temperature requirement protein A1) (Jakobsdottir et al., 2005; Rivera et al., 2005; Schmidt et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2006; Dewan et al., 2006; Kanda et al., 2007; Fritsche et al., 2008). Unfortunately, the variations in genes ARMS2 and HTRA1 are in such strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) that their effects are indistinguishable using statistical analysis. While studies have suggested a functional effect for each SNP, evidence that the HTRA1 polymorphism is functional and influences gene expression is inconsistent (Yang et al., 2006; Chan et al., 2007; Kanda et al., 2007; Chowers et al., 2008; Tuo et al., 2008; Kanda et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010; Friedrich et al., 2011). This inconsistency, combined with the observation that the ARMS2 rs10490924 variant changes the corresponding amino acid sequence of the protein, suggests that ARMS2 is the more likely AMD gene in this region, although this continues to be debated in the literature.
The relationship between recall and meaningfulness of motive-related words.

(1961). The Relationship Between Recall and Meaningfulness of Motive-Related Words. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 229-233.
A murine xenograft model of spontaneous metastases of human lung adenocarcinoma.

Background The flank is commonly used for primary xenografts in mice, but it is rare for these tumors to metastasize. Tail vein injection creates a pattern of metastases, but is artificial. We hypothesized that the liver is a convenient alternative xenograft site and that metastases would gradually proceed spontaneously. Materials and Methods Using 15 NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl (NOD/SCID) mice, 10,000 A549 cells were xenografted into the liver while a second group of five mice were xenografted in the flank with 100,000 A549 cells as a control. Mice were euthanized and grossly dissected at 7 wk. A third group of seven mice received liver xenografts with A549 and a mouse each week was euthanized for 7 wk and evaluated. The liver, lung, and spleen were examined histologically. Results At 7 wk, 15/15 liver xenografted mice had gross primary tumor in the liver. Histologic review confirmed multiple microscopic foci of metastatic disease in all mice (15/15) throughout the lungs, mediastinal nodes, and spleen. The control group had primary tumor in the flank (4/5), but none had histologic evidence of metastases. Serially euthanized liver xenografted mice revealed evidence of a gradual spontaneous metastatic model system with the first histologic findings of micrometastases appearing in the lungs by wk 5, which became wide spread by wk 7. Splenic and mediastinal lymph node metastases developed in wk 6 and 7. Conclusions Liver xenografting of A549 cells into NOD/SCID mice is a reliable way of developing widespread micrometastases. This model allows the study of a gradually developing solid tumor with subsequent metastatic spread.
Desmethylimipramine attenuates cocaine withdrawal in rats.

Depression and anhedonia are two major symptoms of cocaine withdrawal in humans. Hence, pharmacological treatments effective in depression might also alleviate the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal. In the present study, the effects of acute and repeated administration of a tricyclic antidepressant, desmethylimipramine (DMI), were investigated in naive and cocaine-withdrawing rats. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal was used that employs the elevation in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds following the termination of prolonged periods of cocaine self-administration as a measure of an animal's “anhedonic” state. The influence of chronic DMI treatment onβ-adrenergic receptor binding and affinity was also correlated with the behavioral signs of cocaine withdrawal. Neither acute nor repeated DMI treatment influenced reward functions in rats that were not undergoing cocaine withdrawal. However, repeated DMI treatment significantly down-regulatedβ-adrenergic receptors, and shortened the duration of the post-cocaine “anhedonia” (elevation in thresholds). Furthermore, the magnitude of theβ-adrenergic receptor down-regulation correlated significantly with the degree of effectiveness of DMI treatment in reversing the post-cocaine “anhedonia”. However, chronic DMI treatment did reduce the amount of cocaine self-administered by the animals. The reversal of the post-cocaine anhedonia in this animal model of cocaine withdrawal by chronic DMI treatment demonstrates the potential usefulness of the model in identifying new pharmacotherapies for cocaine withdrawal. In addition, the results indicate that tricyclic antidepressants may be able to ameliorate some of the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal.
Defective lymphocyte IgA production in inflammatory bowel disease.

Immunoglobulin production by cultured peripheral mononuclear cells from 31 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and 31 controls was measured using a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Unstimulated lymphocytes from the patients with active disease produced more IgG, IgM, and IgA than from controls (P < 0.02). Pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cells from inflammatory bowel disease patients synthesized significantly less IgA than controls (P < 0.05) but similar amounts of IgG and IgM. Incubation of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes with indomethacin resulted in increased levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM production in patients, but not in controls, suggesting the presence of increased activity of a prostaglandin-dependent suppressor system. There was no evidence, either in vivo or in vitro, that sulfasalazine, or its metabolites, altered immunoglobulin production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results support the hypothesis that in some patients abnormal IgA function may be important in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Subnanosecond optical diagnostics of laser-material interaction and dynamic microstructure of materials

Several optical diagnostic techniques are used to evaluate the dynamic response of materials to intense dynamic loading and unloading, high stress and strain, and pressure. Velocity interferometry and electronic streak photography, each with sub-nanosecond time resolution, are used to record dynamic material response. Laser-launched flat plates are accelerated to 10[sup 12] m/s[sup 2] with terminal velocities >5 km/s. By impacting these plates into target samples, high strain rates (10[sup 8] sec[sup [minus]1]) and pressures >100 GPa have been generated for a duration of 0.8--5 nanoseconds. The efficacy and limitations of each technique are detailed and applications to other fields discussed.
On the formation of the superoxide anion radical during the reaction of reduced iron-sulfur proteins with oxygen.

Abstract The formation of a free radical species, having the characteristics of the superoxide anion radical, (O2−), during aerobic catalysis involving milk xanthine oxidase, is confirmed. In the presence of erythrocuprein, which has been shown to catalyze dismutation of O2−, no radical was observed. Flavindepleted xanthine oxidase, although reducible by xanthine, did not produce' O2− radicals under conditions where native enzyme did. Similarly, on reoxidation of a number of flavin-free iron-sulfur proteins of the plant ferredoxin type, no O2− radicals were detected. With ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum , however, O2− radicals were observed.
Relationship of serum naproxen concentration to efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis

Twenty-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested in a randomized, double-blind. Latin-square comparison of 250, 750 and 1500 mg of naproxen daily. Each received each dose for 2 wk and baseline disease activity was established during withdrawal of medication before and after the study. Nine standard measures of efficacy were tested at each evaluation. No order effect or change in baseline was found. Total and unbound naproxen concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and equilibrium dialysis, respectively. A linear dose-response relationship (P less than 0.05) was demonstrated between naproxen and joint count, patient's pain assessment, activities of daily living index, physician's global assessment, and grip strength. The relationship to patients' global assessment was of uncertain significance (P less than 0.07). A positive dose to serum level correlation (1, 2, and 12 hr after dose) was apparent (r greater than 0.78). When patients were defined as responders or nonresponders by a summed efficacy score, there was a serum concentration-response relationship; the percentage of responding patients increased with each serum level quartile: 25%, 31%, 59%, and 75%. Patients with a trough total serum naproxen concentration under 18 micrograms/ml did not respond, while 76% of patients with trough total serum concentrations above 50 micrograms/ml responded. No serum naproxen toxicity level relationship was established.
Aerodynamic Control at Low Angles of Attack using Trapped Vorticity Concentrations

The aerodynamic characteristics of a swept wing are significantly altered at low angles of attack (when the baseline flow is fully attached) by vorticity concentrations that are engendered using integrated hybrid actuators each comprised of a miniature [O(0.01c)] small obstruction and a synthetic jet actuator. The present work demonstrates that the presence of controllable trapped vorticity concentrations near the leading and trailing edges on the pressure side of the airfoil can lead to a significant simultaneous increase in lift and reduction in drag compared to the baseline airfoil (L/Dp increases by a factor of 2.6 at α = 6°). It is also shown that the aerodynamic performance can be maintained at substantially reduced actuation power when the actuation waveform of the trailing edge actuator is pulse-modulated at a frequency that is commensurate with the unstable frequency of the wake.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Secondary Hydroxylamines to Nitrones with Hydrogen Peroxide, Catalyzed by Methylrhenium Trioxide

Secondary hydroxylamines, (RCH2)2NOH and (R2CH)2NOH, were converted to nitrones, RCH2N(O)CHR and R2CHN(O)CR2, in >94% yield with hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen donor and methylrhenium trioxide (MTO) as a catalyst. High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were used so that the methylrhenium diperoxide, CH3Re(O)(η2-O2)2(H2O), was the dominant and reactive form of the catalyst. Representative rate constants are as follows: k/L mol-1 s-1 = 150 (R = Me), 52 (Et), 13.8 (Pri), and 3.33 (PhCH2) in methanol at 25.0 °C. There is no H/D kinetic isotope effect on the rate constant for this step. The data are interpreted to infer the intervention of an oxygenated intermediate, (RCH2)2N(O)OH, which then rapidly dehydrates to yield the nitrone. Two products are formed from unsymmetrical hydroxylamines, the ratio of which establishes the reactivities of the intermediate toward the competing elimination reactions: (RCH2)(R‘CH2)NOH → {(RCH2)(R‘CH2)N(O)OH} → χRCH2N(O)CHR‘ + (1−χ)R‘CH2N(O)CHR.
SOLITONS IN THE PRESENCE OF CHEMICAL POTENTIAL

We study non-trivial effects associated to the introduction of chemical potential on spontaneous symmetry breaking, and in particular on the existence of solitons. Special attention is paid to the fact that vortex solutions appear in certain models when the chemical potential is raised above a certain critical value. Possible cosmological scenarios that incorporate these effects are briefly mentioned.
Synthesis and characterization of a dipyridocatecholate silicon complex

Abstract The reaction of [Si(bpy)2I2]I2 with 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione followed by metathesis provides various salts of [Si(bpy)2(dpcat)]+ 2 (1, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine and dpcat = dipyridocatecholate). Recrystallization of [Si(bpy)2(dpcat)](ClO4)2 from an aqueous solution of NaClO4 afforded orange crystals of Na[Si(bpy)2(dpcatH)](ClO4)4·3H2O (2), in which silicon possesses a distorted octahedral geometry. The dipyridocatecholate ligand is coordinated to the silicon through the oxygen atoms, and one of the nitrogen atoms is protonated. 29Si NMR and ESI-mass spectroscopy indicate [Si(bpy)2(dpcat)]+ 2 maintains its hexacoordinate structure in solution. The complex is stable with respect to hydrolysis, and degassed aqueous solutions luminesce at 410 nm.
Multiple Regression Analysis

So far we have considered only one regressor X besides the constant in the regression equation. Economic relationships usually include more than one regressor. For example, a demand equation for a product will usually include real price of that product in addition to real income as well as real price of a competitive product and the advertising expenditures on this product. In this case $$Y_i = \alpha + \beta_2 X_{2i} + \beta_3 X_{3i} + .. + \beta_K X_{Ki} + u_i \quad i= 1,2, \ldots, n$$ (4.1) where Y i denotes the i-th observation on the dependent variable Y, in this case the sales of this product. X ki denotes the i-th observation on the independent variable X k for k = 2, … , K in this case, own price, the competitor’s price and advertising expenditures. α is the intercept and β 2, β 3, … , β K are the (K − 1) slope coefficients. The ui’s satisfy the classical assumptions 1–4 given in Chapter 3. Assumption 4 is modified to include all the X’s appearing in the regression, i.e., every X k for k = 2, ’ , K, is uncorrelated with the ui’s with the property that \(\sum\nolimits^{n}_{i=1} (X_{ki} - \bar{X}_k)^2/n \ \hbox{where} \ \bar{X}_k = \sum\nolimits^{n}_{i=1} X_{ki}/n\) has a finite probability limit which is different from zero.
Fuel Effects on Nozzle Flow and Spray Using Fully Coupled Eulerian Simulations

Abstract : The objective of this study is to examine the impact of single and multi-component surrogate fuel mixtures on the atomization and mixing characteristics of non-reacting isothermal diesel engine sprays. An Eulerian modeling approach was adopted to simulate both the internal nozzle flow dynamics and the emerging turbulent spray in the near nozzle region in a fully-coupled manner. The Volume of Fluids (VoF) methodology was utilized to treat the two-phase flow dynamics including a Homogenous Relaxation approach to account for nozzle cavitation effects. To enable accurate simulations, the nozzle geometry and in-situ multi-dimensional needle lift and off-axis motion profiles have been characterized via the X-ray phase-contrast technique at Argonne National Laboratory. The flow turbulence is treated via the classical k-e Reynolds Average Navier Stoke (RANS) model with in-nozzle and near field resolution of 30 mum. Several multi-component surrogate mixtures were implemented using linear blending rules to examine the behavior of petroleum, and alternative fuels including: JP-8, JP-5, Hydro-treated Renewable Jet (HRJ), Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) with comparison to single- component n-dodecane fuel on ECN Spray A nozzle spray dynamics. The results were validated using transient rate-of- injection measurements from the Army Research Laboratory at Spray A conditions as well as projected density fields obtained from the line-of-sight measurements from X-ray radiography measurements at The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. The conditions correspond to injection pressure, nominal fuel temperature, and ambient density of 1500 bar, 363 K, and 22.8 kg/m3, respectively. The simulation results provide a unique high-fidelity contribution to the effects of fuels on the spray mixing dynamics. The results can lead to improvements in fuel mixture distributions enhancing performance of military vehicles.
Studies on acid production during carbohydrate metabolism by extremely halophilic bacteria.

Several strains of extremely halophilic bacteria produced pyruvate when grown in the presence of glucose. One, M6, formed pyruvate and acetate from glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, and sucros...
Design of window comparators for integrator-based capacitor array testing circuits

This paper investigates the impact of window comparator threshold variations on the performance of integrator-based programmable capacitor array (PCA) testing circuits. It presents two window comparator designs that take different approaches to address the problem of comparator threshold variations in PCA testing. The first comparator design utilizes a fully symmetric circuit structure to achieve small threshold deviations. The second design relies on increasing testing time to reduce the effect of comparator threshold variations. Experimental results are presented to compare the performance of the two design approaches.
Emmett Leith: a personal perspective

"You can observe a lot by watching"American baseball hero and muddled sayings ?author Yogi Berra. Greatness observed is a privilege for the observer. I knew, admired, and appreciated Emmett Leith for many years and observed a lot about him. Here I propose to share some of what I have learned by watching Emmett. He had only one true peer--Yuri Denisyuk--who shared the adventure of inventing modern holography and was his good friend. Both were great and beloved men, but Emmett was funnier. I miss them both very much.
L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The typological primacy model

The present article addresses the following question: what variables condition syntactic transfer? Evidence is provided in support of the position that third language (L3) transfer is selective, whereby, at least under certain conditions, it is driven by the typological proximity of the target L3 measured against the other previously acquired linguistic systems (cf. Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2007, 2010; Rothman, 2010; Montrul et al., 2011). To show this, we compare data in the domain of adjectival interpretation between successful first language (L1) Italian learners of English as a second language (L2) at the low to intermediate proficiency level of L3 Spanish, and successful L1 English learners of L2 Spanish at the same levels for L3 Brazilian Portuguese. The data show that, irrespective of the L1 or the L2, these L3 learners demonstrate target knowledge of subtle adjectival semantic nuances obtained via noun-raising, which English lacks and the other languages share. We maintain that such knowledge is transferred to the L3 from Italian (L1) and Spanish (L2) respectively in light of important differences between the L3 learners herein compared to what is known of the L2 Spanish performance of L1 English speakers at the same level of proficiency (see, for example, Judy et al., 2008; Rothman et al., 2010). While the present data are consistent with Flynn et al.’s (2004) Cumulative Enhancement Model, we discuss why a coupling of these data with evidence from other recent L3 studies suggests necessary modifications to this model, offering in its stead the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) for multilingual transfer.
Cosmopolitanism and Localism among Undergraduate College Students: A Study in Anticipatory Socialization

The cosmopolitan-local distinction has traditionally been applied to the differing role orientations of salaried professionals confronted with the dilemmas of organizational employment In order to assess the possible existence of such orientations prior to organizational employment, the pres ent study examined data collected from a sample of undergraduate college students majoring in chemistry and business. Analysis of these data indicated chemistry majors to be significantly more cosmopolitan than business majors ; and, business majors to be significantly more local than chemistry majors. Furthermore, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, analysis devoted to specifying when such anticipatory socialization is most apt to take place revealed both cosmopolitanism and localism to peak in one's junior year, the latter in a statistically significant manner
Risk of Violence by Psychiatric Patients: Beyond the "Actuarial Versus Clinical" Assessment Debate

Recently adopted statistical approaches improve researchers' ability to describe what is, and what is not, possible in the prediction of violence by psychiatric patients. At the base rates of violence routinely encountered in outpatient settings, current assessment methods would require hospital admission of large numbers of patients who are potential offenders in order to prevent the actual offending of a few. Suggestions that substantially greater accuracy is possible for short-term predictions, for particular symptom clusters, and for particular offenses have yet to be tested and confirmed. Further research may improve this state of affairs, for instance, by concentrating on particular patient groups. There are reasons to suspect that any improvement will be limited. Clinical practice, however, is likely to continue to require the assessment of a patient's potential for acting violently. Future research should aid such assessments by clarifying the mechanisms by which risk factors correlate with violence and by establishing the clinical usefulness of actuarial scales.
Long-term temporal and spatial trends in phytoplankton biomass and class-level taxonomic composition in the hydrologically variable Neuse-Pamlico estuarine continuum, North Carolina, U.S.A.

Phytoplankton diagnostic photopigments in near-surface waters (≈0.5 m) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography beginning in April 1994 in the Neuse River Estuary and in October 1999 in the Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Photopigment concentrations were analyzed using ChemTax to determine the class-specific biomass of the dominant phytoplankton groups. Long-term annual and seasonal trends in phytoplankton biomass and composition were characterized along the river-estuarine continuum and compared to river flow rates, which were variable because of droughts, uncharacteristic seasonal rainfall patterns, and, since 1996, an increase in the frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes. We tested the hypothesis that temporal and spatial patterns of phytoplankton biomass and composition were largely controlled by changes in river flow rate through associated changes in salinity and residence time or through physical transport and advection of phytoplankton classes with river flow along the estuary. Significant interannual, seasonal, and spatial variability in phytoplankton biomass and composition was observed and coincided with variability in river flow rates. The five dominant phytoplankton classes (Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae, and Dinophyceae) were physically displaced downstream during periods of elevated river flow. Dinoflagellates were reduced in abundance during high flow conditions, especially in the upper Neuse River Estuary. The abundance of cyanobacteria was also reduced throughout the system during elevated river flow conditions, although chlorophytes were more abundant. Changes in hydrology can be a useful indicator of seasonal phytoplankton distribution and higher level compositional changes along hydrologic gradients in these and similar systems.
Negotiation Lessons from the Under Secretary for Thugs

Bill Richardson has had a remarkable career. He has been an eight-term member of Congress,United States ambassador to the United Nations,United States secretary of energy,and a two-term governor of New Mexico,becoming along the way a force within the Democratic Party, a leading Hispanic American politician,and a presidential hopeful in 2008. In the course of that career,he has developed a particular professional sideline — negotiating with international adversaries of the United States, a rogue’s gallery that has included Fidel Castro, Hugo Chavez, Saddam Hussein, two generations of North Korean Kims,and two Congolese Kabilas — both father and son — as well as an assortment of warlords and tribal leaders.Often the subject of those negotiations was the release of hostages and political prisoners,a task at which Richardson has been surprisingly successful, leading one wag within President Bill Clinton’s administration to label him“the Under Secretary for Thugs.” But “thugs” is not the word that Richardson uses to describe his negotiating counterparts — he chooses to call them“sharks”instead,a perhaps more apt and somewhat less pejorative term. Sharks, after all, are forces of nature that must feed their hunger or die.The people with whom Richardson negotiated also had a hunger that needed to be fed — a hunger for power. Sharks, as Richardson reminds us, are to be found not only in the waters of the Third World, but also in both houses of Congress, the White House, state capitals, town halls, and sometimes even our own homes.
Assessing Frost Resistance of Concrete Aggregates in Minnesota

This study was undertaken to identify test procedures capable of reliably assessing concrete aggregate freeze-thaw durability and establish appropriate acceptance criteria for the same. Highway condition surveys were performed to document the field freeze-thaw performance of selected aggregate sources representing a range of frost resistance. Cores were obtained for laboratory testing and evaluation, and samples of the original aggregate sources were obtained for use in performing environmental simulation tests [i.e., variations of ASTM C 666 and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI) single-cycle slow-freeze test] and correlative tests (e.g., absorption capacity, Iowa pore index test, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis, and hydraulic fracture test). Petrographic examination was used to correlate aggregate geological and engineering properties with the results of environmental and correlative tests. A suite of tests was developed for more accurately assessing the probable field performance of a...
The larva of Nordus fungicola (Sharp) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), with notes on natural history

The larva of Nordus fungicola (Sharp) is described and illustrations are presented for its identification. The larva is compared with other related staphylinid larvae and notes on the natural history are provided.
Some Assumed Characteristics of Voluntarily Childfree Women and Men

Two experiments were conducted to assess students' perceptions from written descriptions of voluntarily childfree women and men. In Experiment 1, a sterilized, childfree wife was rated as less sensitive and loving, less typical an American woman, more likely to be active in women's liberation (ps < .01), and as less happy, less well-adjusted, less likely to get along with her parents, and less likely to be happy and satisfied at age 65 (ps < .05), relative to an otherwise identically described mother of two. In Experiment 2, similar differential trait ascriptions appeared for both childfree men and women. In fact, ratings of the childfree man were less favorable than those for the childfree woman, suggesting possible greater bias against childfree men than women.
Control flow prediction for dynamic ILP processors

Introduces a technique to enhance the ability of dynamic ILP processors to exploit (speculatively executed) parallelism. Existing branch prediction mechanisms used to establish a dynamic window from which ILP can be extracted are limited in their abilities to: (i) create a large, accurate dynamic window, (ii) initiate a large number of instructions into this window in every cycle, and (iii) traverse multiple branches of the control flow graph per prediction. The authors introduce control flow prediction which uses information in the control flow graph of a program to overcome these limitations. They discuss how information present in the control flow graph can be represented using multiblocks, and conveyed to the hardware using Control Flow Tables and Control Flow Prediction Buffers. They evaluate the potential of control flow prediction on an abstract machine and on a dynamic ILP processing model. The results indicate that control flow prediction is a powerful and effective assist to the hardware in making more informed run time decisions about program control flow. >
Why do we Redistribute so Much but Tag so Little? Normative Diversity, Equal Sacrifice and Optimal Taxation

The workhorse model of optimal taxation strongly recommends tagging, but its use in policy is limited. I argue that this puzzle is a symptom of a more fundamental problem. Conventional theory neglects the diverse normative criteria with which, as extensive evidence has shown, most people evaluate policy. In particular, if the classic principle of Equal Sacrifice augments the standard Utilitarian criterion, optimal tagging is limited. Calibrated simulations of optimal policy with normative diversity of this type simultaneously match three features of U.S. policy: substantial income redistribution; rejection of gender, race, and height tags; and acceptance of a blindness tag. Additional implications increase the appeal of this revision to conventional theory.
BRACHYTHERAPY IN CANCER OF THE HEAD AND NECK

This article provides a review of the general principles of brachytherapy for tumors in the head and neck. The different radionuclides used for this technique are discussed, as are the different capacities in which brachytherapy can be used, such as intraoperatively, as an adjuvant to surgery, to control nasopharyngeal carcinoma, following chemoradiotherapy, and for management of recurrent cancers.
Quadratic pulse inversion ultrasonic imaging (QPI): detection of low-level harmonic activity of microbubble contrast agents [biomedical applications]

We present an ultrasonic imaging approach that combines harmonic-sensitive pulse sequences with a post-beamforming quadratic kernel derived from a 2nd-order Volterra filter (SOVF). This approach is designed to produce images with high sensitivity to nonlinear oscillations (20-30 dB below the fundamental) from microbubble ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) while maintaining high levels of noise rejection. In this paper, we demonstrate the performance of this approach with a pulse-inversion imaging sequence consisting of two transmit pulses with opposite polarity whose echoes are summed to enhance the even harmonics and suppress the fundamental. This is followed by an optimally designed SOVF-based quadratic kernel for further enhancing the harmonic signals, while maximizing the noise rejection. The approach is demonstrated experimentally using images from in vivo kidney after bolus injection with UCA. Imaging results, as well as the spectral contents of QPI data, show a significant increase in harmonic sensitivity and reduction in noise levels. Implications of this approach on new forms of functional ultrasound imaging are discussed.
Differential item functioning due to gender between depression and anxiety items among Chilean adolescents.

Although much is known about the higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among adolescent females, less is known about the differential item endorsement due to gender in items of commonly scales used to measure anxiety and depression. We conducted a study to examine if adolescent males and females from Chile differed on how they endorsed the items of the Youth Self-Report (YSR) anxious/depressed problem scale. We used data from a cross-sectional sample consisting of 925 participants (Mean age = 14, SD=1.3, 49% females) of low to lower-middle socioeconomic status. A two-parameter logistic (2PL) IRT DIF model was fit. Results revealed differential item endorsement (DIF) by gender for six of the 13 items with adolescent females being more likely to endorse a depression item while males were found more likely to endorse anxiety items. Findings suggest that items found in commonly utilized measures of anxiety and depression symptoms may not equally capture true levels of these behavioral problems among adolescent males and females. Given the high levels of mental disorders in Chile and surrounding countries, further attention should be focused on increasing the number of empirical studies examining potential gender differences in the assessment of mental health problems among Latin American populations to better aid our understanding of the phenomenology and determinants of these problems in the region.