cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs

Hypoadrenocorticism is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition in dogs. It most commonly arises due to primary failure of all three layers of the adrenal cortex, resulting in reduced cortisol and aldosterone secretion. Clinical findings are non-specific and common to other conditions. Diagnosis can therefore be challenging, since hypoadrenocorticism can mimic other common diseases. A presumptive diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and laboratory findings. Definitive diagnosis, however, requires an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. This should be performed especially in patients with a history of vague, waxing and waning gastrointestinal signs, acute collapse or hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
Raman selection rules in the presence of an electric field gradient

Most of the Raman work (except NSOM) performed near metal surfaces has been concerned with SERS. We do not comment on SERS models here, but note which peaks not normally seen in Raman are expressed. We discuss elsewhere [4] the SERS work on benzene, several cyanides, and C 60 . Here we concentrate on pyrazine, which is a benzene ring with two opposing carbons replaced with N. It has been studied extensively since it is complicated enough to have several vibration modes (with D 2h symmetry), but simple enough that the bulk vibrations are either Raman or IR active, but not both. It has been studied on Ni, Cu, Au, and Ag. [5-7] When shifts of the usual Raman lines between bulk or solution and surface Raman are used as a gauge of substrate interaction, the pyrazine reacts most with Ni, then Au and Cu, and least with Ag. [5] We therefore concentrate on the Ag results. The strong IR line at1484 cm -1 is the strongest new line in the various papers, but with intensity comparable to the normally allowed modes in some studies [6, 7], and much reduced from them in others. [5] Another strong IR line at 1418 cm -1 is often nearly as strong as the 1484 cm -1 line, [5, 7] but absent in other studies [6] and for studies involving the strongly interacting metals. [5] The strong IR – strong new Raman lines analogy for GFR holds, but the irreproducibility is troublesome. Perhaps the orientation of the molecules, which matters in GFR, depends strongly on sample preparation. The intensity of these lines is sensitive to electrochemical potential, [7] and the orientation of pyrazine on Ni does change with concentration, lying flat at low concentrations and on-end at higher concentrations. [5] This could explain why these in-plane (so not GFR affected for flat orientation) vibrations are not completely reproducible. In NSOM, a sharpened optical fiber is coated with aluminum to form an aperture. The probe is positioned near the surface under lateral force feedback. The NSOM is used in illumination mode, with 514 nm Ar ion laser light coupled into the fiber probe. Reflected light is collimated with a 0.50 NA lens, passed through a holographic filter, focused into a Czerny-Turner spectrometer, and finally collected onto a cooled (-45 C) CCD camera. A near field spectra of KTP is shown in Fig. 1. The general shape is typical of the spectra at various distances from the sample. This region of the Raman spectrum contains vibrations primarily from TiO 6 stretching modes in the KTP. The near-field peak shown in green in figure 1 is the strong totally symmetric, A1, vibration mode, which has been observed before in both near- and far-field measurements. [3] The changes observed as the probe approaches the surface are rather small, so we resort to comparative spectra. Several spectra taken far from the surface were averaged and subtracted from single spectra acquired closer to the surface. Two peaks at different energies than the original peaks are observed: the B1 peak (not allowed in the
The Stresses of Unemployment

tions working in this field. This arti cle highlights the major parameters of current unemployment in the United States, discusses the nature of stress as it is described in the lit erature, and examines the stressful physical and emotional effects of be ing unemployed and the resulting be havior problems. In addition, the ar ticle provides some understanding of the empirical and hypothetical links between unemployment, stress, and problems. These links are physiolog ical, psychological, and interpersonal, and some of them interact to create
Sudden change from counterclockwise to clockwise flutter during cavotricuspid isthmus ablation: what is the mechanism?

Catheter ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus dependent flutter has become a commonly performed procedure with high success rate and is a prototype of macro–re-entrant arrhythmia. Although catheter ablation of isthmus-dependent flutter has become a routine procedure, not infrequently, its behavior in the electrophysiology laboratory is unusual. We present one such case highlighting some of the principles of electrophysiology of re-entrant arrhythmia and atrial flutter. See Editor’s Perspective p e71 A 69-year-old woman with history of prior hospital admission for congestive heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function in the setting of atrial tachyarrhythmia presented for atrial flutter ablation. Atrial flutter appeared to be typical on surface ECG and intracardiac electrogram recordings through 20-electrode halo catheter placed along the tricuspid annulus. Recordings through the halo catheter showed counterclockwise activation sequence, and entrainment from the cavotricuspid isthmus confirmed isthmus-dependent flutter. Catheter ablation was done with 8 mm nonirrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter to create a line of block in the cavotricuspid isthmus from tricuspid annulus to the inferior vena cava. During the ablation, the activation pattern changed from counterclockwise to clockwise in direction (Figure 1). What is the mechanism of this change in activation? Figure 1. Surface ECG and atrial electrogram recorded through duodecapolar halo catheter in the left half of the figure suggests counterclockwise flutter with atrial activation up the interatrial septum (dashed red arrow) and down the lateral right atrial wall (solid blue arrow). The upper 3 channels show the surface ECG with negative P waves in leads III and aVF and positive P waves in V1 typical of counterclockwise flutter (orange arrows ). The right half of the figure shows reversed activation pattern on the electrodes of halo catheter with ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus, suggestive of clockwise flutter with activation up the lateral wall of the right atrium and down the …
Comparisons of some aeromagnetic profiles with ground magnetic profiles

Typical aeromagnetic total intensity profiles are compared with ground-magnetic vertical intensity profiles over the same geologic structures in the Iron River district in the northern peninsula of Michigan. The magnetic surveys and the pertinent geologic conditions causing the anomalies are briefly discussed. Certain slate and volcanic rocks of Pre-Cambrian age produce the major anomalies; in addition, inversely magnetized diabase dikes cause pronounced negative anomalies. The aeromagnetic profiles are strikingly smoother than the ground-magnetic profiles chiefly because of the merging and attenuation of anomalies with increasing height. The commonly used depth rules applied to the aeromagentic data yield depth estimates that are usually too great.
Single phase algorithm for hierarchical graph visualization

Presents an algorithm to visualize hierarchical graphs which allows simultaneous minimization of the crossing number and total path length. The algorithm is based on a Hopfield-type neural network: employing the binary decision neuron model. The authors also compare the output results with those of heuristic methods. In terms of the readability requirements, the algorithm has performed with an improvement of total path length from 13 to 33 percent compared to the PR method.
Mechanism of Epinephrine Enhancement of Lidocaine-induced Skeletal Muscle Necrosis

Skeletal muscle damage produced in rats by 2% lidocaine in combination with agents that mimic or modify actions of epinephrine was assessed histologically. Only drugs producing vasoconstriction- epinephrine, phenylephrine, and felypressin — significantly augmented lidocaine myotoxicity. This potentiation was in direct relation to each drug's ability to retard absorption of the local anesthetic from its injection site.
Response time distributions in multidimensional perceptual categorization

Three speeded categorization experiments were conducted using separable dimension stimuli. The form of the category boundary was manipulated across experiments, and the distance from category exemplars to the category boundary was manipulated within each experiment. Observers completed several sessions in each experiment, yielding 300–400 repetitions of each stimulus. The large sample sizes permitted accurate estimates of the response time (RT) distributions and RT hazard functions. Analyses of these data indicated: (1) RT was faster for stimuli farther from the category boundary, and this stochastic dominance held at the level of the RT distributions; (2) RT was invariant for all stimuli the same distance from the category boundary; (3) when task difficulty was high, errors were slower than correct responses, whereas this difference disappeared when difficulty was low; (4) small, consistent response biases appeared to have a large effect on the relation between correct and error RT; (5) the shape of the RT hazard function was qualitatively affected by distance to the category boundary. These data establish a rich set of empirical constraints for testing developing models of categorization RT.
Strategic Decision Processes: Comprehensiveness and Performance in an Industry with an Unstable Environment

Comprehensiveness is a measure of rationality and is defined as the extent to which organizations attempt to be exhaustive or inclusive in making and integrating strategic decisions. Results from a...
‘Line of Wreckage’: Towards a Postindustrial Environmental Aesthetics

Environmental aesthetics, largely because of its focus on ‘natural’ rather than artifactual environments, has ignored postindustrial sites. This article argues that this shortcoming stems from the nature–culture divide and that such sites ought to be considered by environmental aestheticians. Three forms of artistic engagement with postindustrial sites are explicated by looking at the work of Serra, Smithson, and others. It is argued that postindustrial art leads to a successively richer ability to see and thus think about such sites. Finally, a new category is proposed, the interesting, in order to capture the aesthetic experience of postindustrial landscape art that eludes current terminology.
The role of domain-general cognitive control in language comprehension.

What role does domain-general cognitive control play in understanding linguistic input? Although much evidence has suggested that domain-general cognitive control and working memory resources are sometimes recruited during language comprehension, many aspects of this relationship remain elusive. For example, how frequently do cognitive control mechanisms get engaged when we understand language? And is this engagement necessary for successful comprehension? I here a) review recent brain imaging evidence for the neural separability of the brain regions that support high-level linguistic processing vs. those that support domain-general cognitive control abilities; b) define the space of possibilities for the relationship between these sets of brain regions; and c) review the available evidence that constrains these possibilities to some extent. I argue that we should stop asking whether domain-general cognitive control mechanisms play a role in language comprehension, and instead focus on characterizing the division of labor between the cognitive control brain regions and the more functionally specialized language regions.
Maximizing Photosynthetic Productivity and Light Utilization in Microalgae by Minimizing the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll Antenna Size of the Photosystems

The photosynthetic characteristics of the green alga Dunaliella salina were analyzed in growth under low or high irradiance and in the presence of NaHCO3 or supplemental CO2 as the inorganic carbon source. High-light NaHCO3-grown cells exhibited signs of chronic photoinhibition, characterized by a lower pigment content, a highly truncated chlorophyll antenna size for the photosystems, and accumulation of photodamaged photo-system-II reaction centers in the chloroplast thylakoids. In spite of these deficiencies, high-light NaHCO3-grown cells showed photosynthetic productivity on a per chlorophyll basis (300 mmol O2 mol−1 Chl s−1) that was ≈3 times greater than that in the normally pigmented LL-grown cells (≈100 mmol O2 mol−1 Chl s−1). Repair of photodamaged centers in the high-light NaHCO3-grown cells, occurring in the absence of a light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size enlargement, increased photosynthetic productivity further to ≈650 mmol O2 mol−1 Chl s−1 in these cells. From the analysis of the results, it was inferred that Dunaliella salina with a highly truncated chlorophyll antenna size, when grown under supplemental CO2 rather than NaHCO3, will display light-saturated rates of photosynthesis approaching 2000 mmol O2 mol−1 Chl s−1. Microalgae with such superior photosynthetic productivity and light utilization efficiency are ideal for commercial applications in CO2 mitigation, and novel biochemical, biomass, or hydrogen production.
Evidence for the distribution of perchlorates on Mars

Various Mars missions have detected Cl atoms, chlorides and perchlorates in martian surface materials. The global soils, in particular, always contain significant levels of observable Cl. Direct evidence points to this Cl being in the form of both chlorides and perchlorates, and possibly also chlorates and other oxychlorines. The most widespread measurements have been of Cl atoms, and cannot discern the chemical form. However, from separate evidence of perchlorate obtained at high latitudes (Phoenix lander) and low latitudes (Curiosity rover), it is likely that perchlorates are widespread, albeit in varying proportions relative to the total amount of ubiquitous Cl.
The Perceived Challenges of Implementing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

years. A mere 28 days after President Obama was sworn in, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was signed into law in response to the recession. The goal of ARRA is to stimulate the econ omy by providing specific grants to states to generate spending and create an upturn in the economy. The Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board was created to provide oversight, and the Web site Recovery.gov was established to educate the public about ARRA and help track transparency and accountabil ity. In order to reach this national goal, ARRA has specific objectives such as saving and creating jobs, reviving the renewable energy industry and increasing renewable energy capacity, encouraging home weatherization, providing tax credits and child care support for working families, increasing college af fordability, and investing in transportation infrastructure including roads, bridges, and mass transit systems. Some of this spending will take place at the national level, some at the local level, but states are the lynchpin of this spending; they tie together federal dollars and local action and are the channels through which the federal government can disburse funds. This article looks at how well ARRA is do ing at the state level and the perceptions of those who deal with ARRA on a day-to-day basis. Personnel charged with implementing ARRA in 10 states were interviewed by the author and State and Local Government Review
A Simple Method to Predict the 3-D Live Load Response of Slab-on-Girder Bridges

In the current bridge design methodology, beam line analysis and girder distribution factors are often used to compute the maximum live load demands on the girders. However, this method does not predict the response of all girders under live load. Furthermore, it has been found to be conservative compared to 3-D analysis results and load tests of bridges. With the proposed simple method, it can be possible to closely approximate the 3-D live load response of bridges with accuracy comparable to that from a detailed finite element analysis. For a given truck position, the bending moment resisted by each girder and individual girder deflections can be computed easily. The live load demand imposed on the secondary members, such as diaphragms or cross-frames, can also be predicted using the proposed analysis.
Permanent Labor Certifications for Alien Professionals, 1975–1982

This article deals with the effect of the Eilberg Act and the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act on labor certification of alien professionals. They are found to have enhanced the import...
Note on Psychological Screening of Preschool Children.

There is a critical need for the psychological screening of preschool children, particularly those who are bilingual and culturally deprived. Data obtained from a group of Head Start children are p...
Problem signs in law school: Fostering attorney well-being early in professional training

Attorneys suffer from high rates of stress, alcoholism, and mental health problems that are costly for the legal system and impair their abilities to serve their clients. There is some indication that these problems begin in law school. The present study assessed a cohort of law students at an American law school for their reported levels of stress, depression, anxiety, substance use, and overall adjustment/coping. Findings indicate that law students suffer from high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and alcohol use, and that these problem behaviors fluctuate throughout the course of law school. We discuss the implications for law student/lawyer well-being and legal education.
Neuroendocrine evaluation of depression in borderline patients.

Diagnostic confusion may arise in the evaluation of borderline patients when bipolar affective disorder is masked by severe character disorder. In a group of 21 patients referred because of serve dysphoric decompensation, neuroendocrine evaluation suggested that in many cases this was a melancholic episode marked by confusing and atypical clinical features. The dexamethasone suppression test may be useful in the differential diagnosis of these complicated patients, whose disorder may constitute a special clinical variant of melancholia.
Identifying High Potential Well Targets with 3D Seismic and Mineralogy

Seismic reflection the primary tool used in petroleum exploration and production, but use in geothermal exploration is less standard, in part due to cost but also due to the challenges in identifying the highly-permeable zones essential for economic hydrothermal systems [e.g. Louie et al., 2011; Majer, 2003]. Newer technology, such as wireless sensors and low-cost high performance computing, has helped reduce the cost and effort needed to conduct 3D surveys. The second difficulty, identifying permeable zones, has been less tractable so far. Here we report on the use of seismic attributes from a 3D seismic survey to identify and map permeable zones in a hydrothermal area.
Fostering on the Farm: Child Placement in the Rural Midwest. By Megan Birk.

Fostering on the Farm: Child Placement in the Rural Midwest . By Megan Birk. (Urbana: University of Illinois Pres, 2015. ix + 236 pp. Illustrations, maps, nots, bibliography, index. $55.00.) Birk explores the evolution from placing dependent child on farms, especially in the Midwest, to placing them in paid foster homes. Influenced by the Jeffersonian Agrarian Ideal local private and public children’s home managers, and county and state governments, believed that orphans or children removed from or surrendered by their parents might best learn American values by “fostering on farms.” There they would be parented and schooled by and labor for farmers. These officials saw little need to vet the placement homes. While few balked at children … beglade{at}stcloudstate.edu
ON INTERFACIAL SHEAR IN SAPPHIRE FIBER-REINFORCED NIOBIUM

The interfacial shear response of sapphire fibers embedded in a niobium matrix has been studied using thin-slice fiber pushout tests. The combination of finite element analyses of the stress states along the interface and experimental observations suggest the following interfacial shear process: (a) initially a combination of crack initiation and propagation as well as matrix deformation causes stable fiber displacement under increasing applied stresses, (b) a shear instability within the niobium, but near the fiber-matrix interface, results in abrupt fiber displacement under decreasing stress, and (c) frictional sliding and galling govern the final stage as the fiber is pushed out of the matrix, leaving a layer of niobium adhered to the fiber. The radial stress component normal to the fiber-matrix interface, the equivalent stress within the matrix, as well as changes in the interfacial shear stress all influence the fiber-matrix displacement process.
RNAi-Mediated Inhibition of Activated Protein C- A New Approach for Hemophilia Treatment

Abstract Abstract 1204 Protein C is a major anticoagulation factor that serves as a key regulator of the clotting cascade. Activated protein C (APC), which is formed by limited proteolysis of the zymogen protein C by the thrombin–thrombomodulin complex, modulates thrombin generation. The anticoagulant effect of APC is due to subsequent inactivation of both activated factors V (FVa) and VIII (FVIIIa). The important role of APC in coagulation is highlighted in FV Leiden (FVL), the most common inherited form of thrombophilia. FVL is caused by a mutation in the FV gene at the initial APC cleavage site, which results in FVL being inactivated at approximately one tenth the rate of normal FVa, leading to high thrombin levels that create a procoagulant state. Several clinical studies have suggested that the severity or onset of bleeding phenotype in hemophilia patients is substantially reduced in association with impaired inactivation of FVa by APC in the presence of the FVL mutation. Transgenic animal studies also show that hemophilic mice, either heterozygous or homozygous for FVL, have improved clotting times with the ability to form clots at sites of laser-induced injury in a microvascular bed injury model, supporting the role of the FVL mutation in enhancing hemostasis. Therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the level of protein C and activated protein C, thereby increasing levels of FVa and thrombin could thus prove efficacious in hemophilia A and B. Here we investigate the systemic administration of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulated siRNA directed against Protein C (encoded by Proc). We have designed potent siRNA sequences against human, cynomologous monkey, dog, mouse and rat Proc mRNA. The lead human/cynomologous candidate has an IC50 of 5pM. The lead mouse/rat candidate has an IC50 of 30 pM and an ED50 of 20 ug/kg. We demonstrate robust and durable inhibition of Proc mRNA in normal mouse liver- a single injection of 0.3 mg/kg resulted in 90% silencing of Proc mRNA and reduction of more than 75% which was sustained for more than two weeks. We also demonstrate significant reduction of circulating protein as measured by Western blot. Further testing using genetic models of hemophilia is being conducted to provide proof-of-concept for developing a Proc siRNA as a novel therapeutic agent in hemophilia management. Disclosures: Toudjarska: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Cai: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Racie: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Hettinger: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Milstein: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Bettencourt: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Sah: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Bumcrot: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Maraganore: Alnylam pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Vaishnaw: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment.
Impact of obesity on atrial fibrillation ablation: Patient characteristics, long-term outcomes, and complications.

Background There is an association between obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF). The impact of obesity on AF ablation procedures is unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of body mass index (BMI) on patient characteristics, long-term ablation outcomes, and procedural complications. Methods We evaluated 2715 patients undergoing 3742 AF ablation procedures. BMI was ≥30 kg/m2 in 1058 (39%) and ≥40 kg/m2 in 129 (4.8%). Patients were grouped by BMI ranges ( Results As BMI increased from Conclusion In patients undergoing AF ablation, increasing BMI is associated with more patient comorbidities and more persistent and long-standing AF. BMI ≥35 kg/m2 adversely impacts ablation outcomes, and BMI ≥40 kg/m2 increases minor complications.
Integrating theory and practice: Factors shaping elementary teachers׳ interpretation of an inquiry model for teaching social studies

Abstract This study explored the use of a scaffolded version of lesson study to develop professional teaching knowledge for problem-based historical inquiry among three 4th-grade social studies teachers who taught Alabama History at the same high-poverty elementary school. Lesson study is a collaborative professional development approach that involves teachers designing, implementing, and reflecting on instruction in recursive cycles. Drawing upon observations of lesson study planning and debriefing sessions as well as classroom instruction, researchers examined the three teachers’ adoption of professional teaching knowledge for problem-based historical inquiry following three yearlong lesson study cycles. Findings suggest lesson study can be used to cultivate professional teaching knowledge for problem-based historical inquiry among elementary social studies teachers, though the transfer of that knowledge to more typical classroom instruction is fraught with challenges. Three factors appeared to explain variations in teachers’ adoption of professional teaching knowledge for problem-based historical inquiry: the degree to which each teacher deferred to professional authorities, whether and how each teacher prioritized developing prior knowledge before higher order thinking, and the extent to which each teacher held idiosyncratic views on teaching and learning.
Determination of heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by non-aqueous reversed phase liquid chromatography: Application and limitation in refining streams.

Abstract The heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) cause detrimental effects to hydrocracker operations by deactivating the catalysts and depositing in the downstream of the reactor/ exchangers. Therefore, it is essential to continuously monitor the accumulation of HPAHs in a hydrocracker unit. To accurately measure the concentration of HPAHs, the development of a fast and reliable analytical method is inevitable. In this work, an analytical method based on non-aqueous reversed phase chromatography in combination with high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was developed. As a first step, five different types of stationary phases were evaluated for the separation of HPAHs in non-aqueous mode and the best suited phase was further used for the fractionation of HPAHs in a fractionator bottom sample obtained from a refinery hydrocracker unit. The eight major fractions or peaks obtained from the separation were further characterized by UV spectroscopy and FT-ICR MS and the compounds in the fractions were tentatively confirmed as benzoperylene, coronene, methylcoronene, naphthenocoronene, benzocoronene, dibenzoperylene, naphthocoronene and ovalene. The developed liquid chromatography method can be easily adapted in a refinery laboratory for the quantitation of HPAHs in hydrocracking products. The method was further tested to check the interference of sulfur aromatics and/or large alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons on the determination of HPAHs in hydrocracking products.
Seasonal patterns in phytoplankton biomass across the northern and deep Gulf of Mexico: a numerical model study

Abstract. Biogeochemical models that simulate realistic lower-trophic-level dynamics, including the representation of main phytoplankton and zooplankton functional groups, are valuable tools for improving our understanding of natural and anthropogenic disturbances in marine ecosystems. Previous three-dimensional biogeochemical modeling studies in the northern and deep Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have used only one phytoplankton and one zooplankton type. To advance our modeling capability of the GoM ecosystem and to investigate the dominant spatial and seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass, we configured a 13-component biogeochemical model that explicitly represents nanophytoplankton, diatoms, micro-, and mesozooplankton. Our model outputs compare reasonably well with observed patterns in chlorophyll, primary production, and nutrients over the Louisiana–Texas shelf and deep GoM region. Our model suggests silica limitation of diatom growth in the deep GoM during winter and near the Mississippi delta during spring. Model nanophytoplankton growth is weakly nutrient limited in the Mississippi delta year-round and strongly nutrient limited in the deep GoM during summer. Our examination of primary production and net phytoplankton growth from the model indicates that the biomass losses, mainly due to zooplankton grazing, play an important role in modulating the simulated seasonal biomass patterns of nanophytoplankton and diatoms. Our analysis further shows that the dominant physical process influencing the local rate of change of model phytoplankton is horizontal advection in the northern shelf and vertical mixing in the deep GoM. This study highlights the need for an integrated analysis of biologically and physically driven biomass fluxes to better understand phytoplankton biomass phenologies in the GoM.
Main-Chain Zwitterionic Supramolecular Polymers Derived from N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) Adducts

Polyzwitterions have found extensive applications in biological and materials sciences. Despite this success, most polyzwitterions have nondegradable polyolefin backbones with pendant zwitterionic ...
The Oxygen-Iodine Chemical Laser

I will discuss four general areas of the oxygen-iodine chemical laser. First, the basic physics and chemistry of the device; second, kinetic measurements of rate constants in both the free iodine atom regime, and third, the region in which I2 dissociation is occurring. These kinetic experiments will then be compared with real laser systems. Finally, I will describe the diagnostics being used in the oxygen-iodine system.
Some hypersonic intake studies

A ‘two dimensional’ air intake comprising a wedge followed by an isentropic compression has been tested in the Cranfield Gun Tunnel at Mach 8·2. These tests were performed to investigate qualitatively the intake flow starting process. The effects of cowl position, Reynolds number, boundary-layer trip and introduction of a small restriction in the intake duct were investigated. Schlieren pictures of the flow on the compression surface and around the intake entrance were taken. Results showed that the intake would operate over the Reynolds number range tested. Tests with a laminar boundary layer demonstrated the principal influence of the Reynolds number on the boundary-layer growth and consequently on the flow structure in the intake entrance. In contrast boundary layer tripping produced little variation in flow pattern over the Reynolds number range tested. The cowl lip position appeared to have a strong effect on the intake performance. The only parameter which prevented the intake from starting was the introduction of a restriction in the intake duct. The experimental data obtained were in good qualitative agreement with the CFD predictions. Finally, these experimental results indicated a good intake flow starting process over multiple changes of parameters.
Integration of Tumor Genomic Data with Cell Lines Using Multi-dimensional Network Modules Improves Cancer Pharmacogenomics

Leveraging insights from genomic studies of patient tumors is limited by the discordance between these tumors and the cell line models used for functional studies. We integrate omics datasets using functional networks to identify gene modules reflecting variation between tumors and show that the structure of these modules can be evaluated in cell lines to discover clinically relevant biomarkers of therapeutic responses. Applied to breast cancer, we identify 219 gene modules that capture recurrent alterations and subtype patients and quantitate various cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Comparison of modules between tumors and cell lines reveals that many modules composed primarily of gene expression and methylation are poorly preserved. In contrast, preserved modules are highly predictive of drug responses in a manner that is robust and clinically relevant. This work addresses a fundamental challenge in pharmacogenomics that can only be overcome by the joint analysis of patient and cell line data.
A “Necessary Companion”: The Salian Consort’s Expected Role in Governance

The Salian empress and queen consorts (1024–1125) maintained power and wielded authority as queen, performing their expected role within the monarchy. This chapter examines chronicles, manuscript images, and charters—well-used sources—in new ways to demonstrate the decidedly “unexceptional” nature of women’s accustomed participation in governing and advancement of their family’s power. The Salian queens participated in the administration of the realm and the promotion of the dynasty, particularly through the memorialization of deceased family members. They operated within and fashioned a set of expectations that while informed by gender ideals were not limited by them. Chronicles attest to the use of gendered language, both masculine and feminine, to praise the queen’s actions. Manuscript images portray the royal couple emphasizing both divine and earthly authority without great concern for gender differences. Charter evidence demonstrates the complementary roles of the king and queen in governance. The Salian queen- and empress-consorts were necessary companions in the Salian monarchy.
Textual Spanning: Finding Discursive Holes in Text Networks:

We propose a measure of discursive holes well suited for the unique properties of text networks built from document similarity matrices considered as dense weighted graphs. In this measure, which w...
Electrospun nanostructures for conversion type cathode (S, Se) based lithium and sodium batteries

Sulfur and selenium based rechargeable batteries have attracted great attention due to their high gravimetric/volumetric energy densities owing to multielectron conversion reactions. Over the last few years, rationally designed nanomaterials have played a crucial role in the continuous growth of these battery systems. In this context, electrospun nanostructures are of paramount interest for the development of these rechargeable secondary batteries due to their high surface area to volume ratio and good mechanical stability. Here, a systematic and comprehensive review of the recent advances in the development of electrospun nanostructures as novel materials for next generation sulfur and selenium based lithium and sodium batteries is presented. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made in Li–S, RT Na–S, Li–SxSey, RT Na–SxSey, Li–Se and RT Na–Se batteries using electrospun carbon, polymers or heterostructures with tailored textural properties, compositions and surface functionalities (polysulfide trapping capability and catalytic activity) in cathodes, interlayers, separator coatings, and electrolyte membranes. The emphasis is placed on various synthesis strategies to design advanced electrospun nanostructures with tunable structural properties and the impact of these features on capacity, rate capability and long-term cycling. Moreover, we have introduced the ‘fraction of (electrochemically) active cathode (FAC)’ as a parameter to highlight the advantages of free-standing electrospun nanostructures compared to their non-electrospun or slurry-cast electrospun counterparts. Furthermore, current challenges and prospects in the use of electrospun nanostructures in each battery system are also discussed. We believe that this review will provide new opportunities in the field of advanced sulfur and selenium based rechargeable batteries using electrospun nanostructures.
On the nature of active sites for formic acid decomposition on gold catalysts

Formic acid decomposition has been studied experimentally on supported gold nanoparticles with strong evidence showing the critical role of gold clusters in the subnanometer range in catalyzing the reaction. However, there is a lack of theoretical studies capable of explaining these experimental observations. In this work, without accounting for support effects, vapor phase formic acid decomposition was studied systematically on sub-nanometric gold clusters from Au4 to Au25, among which several candidate Au clusters were identified as promising active site models for Au/SiC catalysts. Combining theoretical and experimental results suggested that the active site on Au/SiC catalysts could be represented by an Au18 cluster, on which the reaction rates calculated from the microkinetic model closely match the experimentally measured rates. On Au18, formic acid decomposition proceeds through the same formate mediated pathway as that on extended Au surfaces (HCOOH → HCOO + H → CO2 + 2H → CO2 + H2), with the reaction taking place on a triangular Au3 site where the reactive Au atoms have a coordination number of 5. Despite the fact that other Au clusters among those studied, including Au17 and Au19, also expose the same triangular Au3 site, they were not found to be an accurate representation of the active sites, suggesting an atom-specific activity of gold clusters for formic acid decomposition.
The CANVAS Program: implications of canagliflozin on reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Canagliflozin is a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that reduces blood glucose, as well as blood pressure, body weight, and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) Program, patients with T2DM and high cardiovascular risk treated with canagliflozin had a significantly lower risk of the composite outcome of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke; hospitalization for heart failure; and renal outcomes, but also a greater risk of lower-limb amputation. Cardiovascular outcomes trials of some other T2DM agents (i.e., empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, liraglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide) have also shown potential cardiovascular and renal benefits. As a result, diabetes treatment guidelines have begun to incorporate consideration of cardiovascular and renal benefits into their treatment recommendations. Antihyperglycemic agents with proven beneficial cardiovascular effects represent a new opportunity for the diabetologist and cardiologist, in the setting of a multidisciplinary approach, to concomitantly improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM. This review briefly discusses the pharmacology of canagliflozin, including clinical and preclinical data; it also describes the effects of canagliflozin on cardiovascular outcomes and side-effects, and compares these effects with other glucose-lowering agents with proven cardiovascular benefits.
ULTRAFAST SOLITON MULTIPLE-ACCESS NETWORKS

Potential advantages of ultra-high speed optical time-division-multiplexed (TDM) systems, operating at single stream data rates of 100 Gbit/s, include increased intelligence within the network, provision of packet service to high-end users, and truly flexible bandwidth-on-demand. A number of key technologies must come together to realize high performance TDM networks. High-speed optical sources, all-optical switches, buffers and rate converters are all required. In this talk, we will give an overview of an appropriate architecture for ultra-high-speed TDM networks, as well as describe recent key technology developments.
Abstract 2815: Sulindac reverses an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment associated with obesity-driven metastatic mammary tumors in mice

Obesity is an established risk factor for several breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Obese BC patients also show poorer response to therapy, increased metastases, and increased mortality. While high levels of inflammation are thought to be a driver for BC metastasis, it is unknown how chronic exposure to low levels of obesity-associated inflammation contributes to BC progression and metastasis. We previously showed that treatment with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Sulindac (140 ppm mixed into control [10% kcal/fat] or diet induced obesity [DIO, 60% kcal/fat] diets) offset both the pro-growth and pro-metastatic effects of obesity on BC using three different mouse models of metastatic BC - basal-like E0771, and claudin-low metM-Wnt-lung and metM-Wnt-liver. To characterize the effect of Sulindac treatment on the tumor microenvironment, we conducted microarray analysis on E0771 tumors from mice in all four diet groups (Control, Control+Sulindac, DIO, and DIO+Sulindac). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed significant Sulindac-induced differences (q Citation Format: Shannon B. McDonell, Alyssa J. Cozzo, Lydia K. Eisenbeis, Andrew J. Dannenberg, Stephen D. Hursting. Sulindac reverses an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment associated with obesity-driven metastatic mammary tumors in mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2815.
SSP: Eliminating Redundant Writes in Failure-Atomic NVRAMs via Shadow Sub-Paging

Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) technologies are closing the performance gap between traditional storage and memory. However, the integrity of persistent data structures after an unclean shutdown remains a major concern. Logging is commonly used to ensure consistency of NVRAM systems, but it imposes significant performance overhead and causes additional wear out by writing extra data into NVRAM. Our goal is to eliminate the extra writes that are needed to achieve consistency. SSP (i) exploits a novel cache-line-level remapping mechanism to eliminate redundant data copies in NVRAM, (ii) minimizes the storage overheads using page consolidation and (iii) removes failure-atomicity overheads from the critical path, significantly improving the performance of NVRAM systems. Our evaluation results demonstrate that SSP reduces overall write traffic by up to 1.8×, reduces extra NVRAM writes in the critical path by up to 10× and improves transaction throughput by up to 1.6×, compared to a state-of-the-art logging design.
Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback in Mountain Car

As computational agents are increasingly used beyond research labs, their success will depend on their ability to learn new skills and adapt to their dynamic, complex environments. If human users — without programming skills — can transfer their task knowledge to the agents, learning rates can increase dramatically, reducing costly trials. The TAMER framework guides the design of agents whose behavior can be shaped through signals of approval and disapproval, a natural form of human feedback. Whereas early work on TAMER assumed that the agent's only feedback was from the human teacher, this paper considers the scenario of an agent within a Markov decision process (MDP), receiving and simultaneously learning from both MDP reward and human reinforcement signals. Preserving MDP reward as the determinant of optimal behavior, we test two methods of combining human reinforcement and MDP reward and analyze their respective performances. Both methods create a predictive model, H-hat, of human reinforcement and use that model in different ways to augment a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm. We additionally introduce a technique for appropriately determining the magnitude of the model's influence on the RL algorithm throughout time and the state space.
Accuracy of Non-Invasive Measurement of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Patients with Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Systematic Review

Purpose To determine the accuracy of non-invasive blood mean blood pressure (MAP) assessment in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices. Methods Systematic electronic search was performed on four online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Knowledge) for the terms “Blood Pressure” AND (“Heart-Assist Devices” OR “Left ventricular Assist Devices”). Only studies where a non-invasive blood pressure measurement was compared with intra-arterial blood pressure recording were included. Results A total of 12 studies with 502 participants were included, of those 402 had intra-arterial blood pressure measurement. The median number of participants per study was 30.5 (range: 5-154). The mean age of participants was 53 years old and 77% were male. All were single center prospective studies and intra-arterial blood pressure recordings were performed in the context of routine medical care in the Intensive Care Unit. Characteristics of the included studies are shown in figure 1. Intra-arterial recording was obtained using fluid filled catheter in all studies. Statements regarding the leveling and calibration of transducer 6 (50%) studies. Simultaneous recording occurred in 4 (30%) studies. The correlations between non-invasive and intra-arterial recordings are shown in Figure 2 Conclusion Standardization of quality of signal acquisition and assessment of pulsatility was variable among studies. Non-invasive MAP has variable accuracy and this may adversely influence patients outcomes.
An Exploration of the Relationship Between Diabetes and Depression Among Immigrants in the United States

Research on health outcomes, especially about chronic conditions, among immigrants is necessary to meet the health care needs of this growing population. This study examines the relationship between diabetes and depression among immigrants using the 2006–2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We find a correlation between having diabetes and depression among foreign-born individuals. Being a woman, poor, and from specific regions in Latin America are associated with a higher odds of comorbid diabetes and depression. Out of the individuals with both diabetes and depression, the burden of both conditions seems to be concentrated among foreign-born individuals from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. We find a correlation between having diabetes and depression among foreign-born individuals, similar to that found in U.S.-born populations. Both of these conditions contribute to the burden of disease in the U.S, and we question whether patterns of both diseases (co-morbidities) are evenly or unevenly distributed in the immigrant population.
Trends in Youth Exposure to Alcohol Advertising on Cable Television, United States, 2013–2018

Objective:A growing body of research suggests that exposure to alcohol advertising increases the risk of alcohol-related adverse health consequences among underage populations. The alcohol industry...
Our Constitutional Constraints: Adjudication -- Table of Contents & Excerpt

Suitable for the American law school classroom or self-study, this book is about the criminal attorney—what the federal Constitution says prosecutors and defense attorneys can and cannot do in the adjudication of crime. It is also critically about what those actors _ought_ to do in the adjudication of crime. The text proceeds as chronologically as possible through the process of a prosecution, beginning with pretrial release and the charging decision, considering trial preparation and the right to counsel, turning to the jury and then the defense, stepping back to consider guilty pleas and plea bargaining, and finishing off with double jeopardy and sentencing.