cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of a Low Phytic Acid Wheat

Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, or Ins P 6 ) is the most abundant storage form of P in seeds, yet indigestible by humans and nonruminant livestock. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant is described herein with greatly reduced seed phytic add P but little change in seed total P, similar to Ipal-type mutants described in other grain species. One nonlethal mutant from 562 ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) mutageniied M 2 lines was identified with a high inorganic phosphate (HIP) phenotype and designated Js-12-LPA. Js-12-LPA homozygotes produced seed in which phytic acid P represented 48.2% of seed total P, in contrast to 74.7% of seed total P in nonmutant or wild-type control, Js-12-WT. The inorganic portion of seed P was increased from 9.1% in Js-12-WT to 50.1% in Js-12-LPA, with little effect on total seed P. Weight distributions among milling fractions were similar for the Js-12-LPA and Js-12-WT genotypes. The low phytic acid trait altered the distribution of total P within the kernel, increasing the P content of the central endosperm and decreasing the P content of the bran. The low phytic acid trait decreased the phytic acid concentration in the bran by 43% and increased the inorganic P concentration in the bran nearly four-fold. Inheritance data of F 2 and F 4:6 families was inconsistent with a single-gene mutation and suggests the involvement of two or more genes. This low phytic acid wheat mutant is a genetic resource for studying the biology of seed phytic acid metabolism and wheat quality improvement.
Lightfastness of Reactive Dyes

The lightfastness of a 2, 3-dichloroquinoxaline-6-carbonyl-amino fiber-reactive dye in cotton has been investigated. Fading has been measured as a function of exposure time by (a) reflectance measu...
Contribution of glutamate receptors to spontaneous and stimulus-evoked discharge in afferent fibers innervating hair cells of the Xenopus lateral line organ.

The relative contributions of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors to spontaneous and stimulus-evoked transmission at the hair cell/afferent fiber synapse were determined in the Xenopus laevis lateral line organ. The non-NMDA receptor antagonist, CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione), reversibly reduced both spontaneous and stimulus-evoked discharge rate with an EC50 of 0.5 μM. NMDA receptor antagonism with the combination of chlorokynurenic acid (100 μM) and elevated magnesium (1.1 mM), or elevated magnesium alone, blocked responses to NMDA without significantly altering spontaneous or stimulus-evoked discharge rate or the responses to kainate. All non-NMDA receptor agonists tested increased discharge rate at low concentrations and, at higher concentrations, increased, then suppressed discharge rate. The EC50s were: domoic acid (2.4 μM)<quisqualic acid (6 μM)<kainic acid (18 μM)<AMPA (82 μM)⪡glutamate (1150 μM). NMDA and ibotenic acid also produced an increase in discharge followed by a suppression, but the suppressive phase of the response predominated and maximum increases in discharge rates were low compared to effects of the non-NMDA agonists. The EC50s were: NMDA (148 μM)<ibotenic acid (463 μM). The EC50 for the suppression of afferent discharge that followed the initial excitatory effect was similar to the EC50 for excitation. Perfusion with active concentrations of kainate, AMPA, or NMDA did not alter the threshold for electrical stimulation of these nerve fibers. We conclude that most of the postsynaptic signal normally seen in afferent fibers is mediated by non-NMDA receptors.
ADAPTIVE POLE-PLACEMENT CONTROL OF A CONTINUOUS POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

A simulation of the polymerization of methylmethacrylate in a CSTR is adaptively controlled by two types of pole-placement algorithms. The strongly nonlinear polymerization process, exhibiting multiple steady states, presents difficult control problems for conventional feedback controllers. The performance of an adaptive explicit SISO controller and that of an adaptive implicit multivariable controller are compared and evaluated as applied to this process. The plant is identified by a recursive least squares estimator. Modifications made to the estimation algorithm help to maintain adequate closed-loop results. A simple warm-up procedure is introduced that successfully initializes the controller and estimator during plant start-up. Good servo and regulatory control are achieved by both pole-placement schemes.
From science to policy.

A recent conference on the environmental effects of nanoparticles leaves Chris Toumey reflecting on the difficulties of carrying out nanotoxicology research that can be used to develop informed environmental regulation.
Broad-Coverage Sense Disambiguation and Information Extraction with a Supersense Sequence Tagger

In this paper we approach word sense disambiguation and information extraction as a unified tagging problem. The task consists of annotating text with the tagset defined by the 41 Wordnet supersense classes for nouns and verbs. Since the tagset is directly related to Wordnet synsets, the tagger returns partial word sense disambiguation. Furthermore, since the noun tags include the standard named entity detection classes -- person, location, organization, time, etc. -- the tagger, as a by-product, returns extended named entity information. We cast the problem of supersense tagging as a sequential labeling task and investigate it empirically with a discriminatively-trained Hidden Markov Model. Experimental evaluation on the main sense-annotated datasets available, i.e., Semcor and Senseval, shows considerable improvements over the best known "first-sense" baseline.
Near-surface stresses in silicon(0 0 1)

Abstract We report here on a detailed atomistic stress analysis of the near-surface stresses on the 2 × 1 surface reconstruction on Si(0 0 1). We find that the surface stresses are spatially periodic with fairly large amplitude. We additionally investigate the stresses in the neighborhood of an S A -type step.
Benzodiazepines inhibit temperature-dependent L-[125I]triiodothyronine accumulation into human liver, human neuroblast, and rat pituitary cell lines.

L-T3 (T3) accumulates into cells in a temperature-dependent saturable manner through a purported iodothyronine membrane carrier protein. We report energy-dependent uptake of picomolar [125I]T3 into differentiated cell lines derived from human liver, human neuroblast, and rat pituitary malignancies. Furthermore, this cellular uptake is inhibited by classical and nonclassical benzodiazepine-type drugs (BZs); the apparent half-maximal inhibitory concentrations range from 50 nM to 50 microM, varying with drug and cell type. The site of this T3-BZ interaction was explored with cross-competitive radioligand binding to rat liver cell fractions. No interaction was seen in experiments cross-competing unlabeled T3 (10(-9)-10(-5) M) against [3H]Ro5 4864, a peripheral BZ receptor ligand, for binding sites in a crude rat liver mitochondrial fraction. As well, lormetazepam and triazolam, BZs that potently inhibit cellular uptake of [125I]T3, have no effect on [125I]T3 binding to rat liver nuclear sites. Studies of [3H]...
FLAME PHOTOMETER SPECIALIZED FOR CESIUM.

A new photometer system is described that allows very small traces of an element, such as cesium, to be determined quantitatively with greater precision than previously possible with flame-emission spectra. For example, with the new system it is possible to replicate measurements of the cesium in quantities that are normally present in one liter of sea water (about 0.3 μg) with standard error less than two percent. Dilute cesium standard solutions can be compared significantly within a few parts per billion. This, apparently, has not been reported for any previous flame photometer. The system consists of two photomultiplier tubes observing a flame simultaneously, from the same aspect, but each having a different optical filter interposed. Use is made of a beam splitter and two interference filters, one filter passing only a narrow band centered at the 8521.1-A line of cesium, the other filter passing a nearby band not containing much of this emission but rather passing a sample of the background of the flame that contributes much of the total statistical fluctuation. Signals from these two phototubes are compared by suitable differential circuits, and are continuously recorded. A specialized automatic sample-changing system was developed to provide for precise timing of the burning of the sample and the standard solutions and to carry out aspirator washings immediately following the burning of each sample. Finally, means are provided for continuously monitoring the aspiration rate by recording the brightness of the background (off-peak) signal independently.
Transformation and normalization of variates with specified distributions

Given two continuous random variables X and Y, with specified strictly increasing cumulative distribution functions F and G, respectively, the one-to-one transform t which maps one variate into another, say Y=t(X), has an analytic form, t(X)=G−1(F(X)) or t(X)=G−1(1−F(X)), depending upon whether t is increasing or decreasing. This fact of probability theory is reviewed and compared with another method for finding t that was recently proposed. Applications to system identification, normalization of a variate, and normalization of a sample are briefly discussed.
Evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele: a decision analysis

Objective To determine whether prenatal myelomeningocele repair is a cost-effective strategy compared to postnatal repair. Methods Decision-analysis modeling was used to calculate the cumulative costs, effects and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of prenatal myelomeningocele repair compared with postnatal repair in singleton gestations with a normal karyotype that were identified with myelomeningocele between T1 and S1. The model accounted for costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in three populations: (1) myelomeningocele patients; (2) mothers carrying myelomeningocele patients; and (3) possible future siblings of these patients. Sensitivity analysis was performed using one-way, two-way and Monte Carlo simulations. Results Prenatal myelomeningocele repair saves $ 2 066 778 per 100 cases repaired. Additionally, prenatal surgery results in 98 QALYs gained per 100 repairs with 42 fewer neonates requiring shunts and 21 fewer neonates requiring long-term medical care per 100 repairs. However, these benefits are coupled to 26 additional cases of uterine rupture or dehiscence and one additional case of neurologic deficits in future offspring per 100 repairs. Results were robust in sensitivity analysis. Conclusion Prenatal myelomeningocele repair is cost effective and frequently cost saving compared with postnatal myelomeningocele repair despite the increased likelihood of maternal and future pregnancy complications associated with prenatal surgery. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
49 Nucleic acids in anhydrous media: G-quadruplex folding governed by Kramers rate theory

Structures formed by human telomere sequence (HTS) DNA are of interest due to G-quadruplex forming HTS DNA that has recently generated a tremendous interest due to its involvement in aging process and cancer. The present study examines HTS in anhydrous, exceptionally viscous deep eutectic solvent (DES), comprised of choline, chloride, and urea. Under these conditions, HTS adopts an extremely stable “parallel-propeller” form of G-quadruplex, consistent with the previously observed effects of diminished water activity. Additionally, the high solvent friction of DES slows the dynamics of HTS folding on the order of months, as opposed to milliseconds in aqueous solution, and allows the entrapment of kinetic intermediates. Moreover, analogous transition studies of the quadruplex converting from the aqueous buffer structure to the parallel form in 90% DES (w/v) and 40% PEG 200 (v/v) differ from hours to days scaling inversely with viscosity ∼ 1/ƞ1.4. This diffusion control over the HTS folding is consistent wit...
The influence of heavy doping effects on silicon solar cell performance

Abstract Many modern crystalline silicon solar cells are highly doped in both the emitter and the so-called back-surface-field (BSF) structure. Auger recombination and band-gap narrowing thus take place in these regions with detrimental effects on cell performance. Through a design study is has been shown that these effects negate the benefits of the BSF structure if the latter contains a layer doped to a higher concentration than about 1017 cm−3, and that the primary benefit of the BSF structure is to permit the use of a thinner base region rather than to provide higher efficiency. For the emitter, a high dopant surface concentration is seen to be beneficial when the surface recombination velocity is high. However, to realize the cell performance gains potentially available from reducing the surface recombination velocity and the saturation current contribution from the base requires a reduction of the emitter dopant surface concentration. Attempts to obtain more than 20% (AM 1.5) efficiency will require the almost complete elimination of heavy doping effects through reducing the impurity concentration in the emitter.
New politics: Just post‐materialist? The case of the Austrian and Swiss Greens

While Inglehart's post‐material model figures very prominently in the literature on new politics, the limits of its relevance have seldom been critically assessed. This article uses various inconsistencies between his model and the socio‐economic features of the Austrian and Swiss Greens to point to some of its theoretical shortcomings. Because of its psychological assumptions, the model neglects various cultural and historical structures which are essential for any full and consistent explanation of new politics in Austria and Switzerland.
Rapid photometric method for the determination of taurine and cysteic acid

A method is described for the rapid determination of microgram quantities of taurine or cysteic acid in the presence of relatively large amounts of other amino-acids. Dinitrophenylation of the sample followed by chloroform extraction yields an aqueous solution containing only DNP-taurine or DNP-cysteic acid, the absorbance of which gives a direct measure of these components.
Temporal gene expression in equine corpora lutea based on serial biopsies in vivo.

A biopsy procedure was developed to enable repeated sampling of a single equine corpus luteum (CL) over the course of an estrous cycle. The tissue collected was utilized in characterizing mRNA abundance for genes involved in luteal formation, function, and regression in the cyclic mare. Serial biopsies of CL in cyclic mares (2.7 to 27.5 mg per biopsy) were collected using an ultrasound-guided transvaginal technique. Biopsies were collected from each mare on d 2 and 5 (d 0 = ovulation) of the estrous cycle, and every other day from d 12 through luteolysis. Samples were obtained from 4 mares with normal estrous cycles and 1 mare with a retained CL. The biopsy procedure did not adversely affect luteal size or function, as measured by luteal area and serum concentrations of progesterone. Real-time reverse-transcription PCR was used to quantify steady state mRNA concentrations in each tissue sample obtained. Mean abundance of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA was not different (P = 0.102 to 0.964) on any of the sampling dates, but a trend for mRNA encoding StAR to decrease between d 12 and 14 (P = 0.10) was observed. Values for mRNA encoding StAR were positively correlated to serum concentrations of progesterone on d 5 (R = 0.95; P = 0.05) and 14 (R > 0.99; P 0.99; P = 0.05). No difference was detected in abundance of mRNA encoding cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2; P = 0.340 to 0.840) or caspase-3 (P = 0.517 to 0.882) between any of the sampling dates. A successful luteal biopsy procedure was developed that did not negatively affect luteal function, and abundance of mRNA encoding StAR, 3β-HSD, cox-2, and caspase-3 was characterized in luteal biopsy tissue collected on d 2, 5, 12, and 14 of the estrous cycle in the mare.
Underwater shock response of a cylinder subjected to a side-on explosion

Abstract The nonlinear dynamic response of a cylinder subjected to a side-on, far-field underwater explosion was studied using both numerical and experimental techniques. Both ends of the cylinder were closed with thick flat plates. An explosive charge was located 25 feet (7.62 m) from the cylinder on a line perpendicular to the cylinder axis and equidistant from the cylinder ends. Comparison of axial and hoop strains was made between the strain gage measurements and the numerical results at several different locations on the cylinder. Overall, the comparison was in a good agreement. However, it was found that there were asymmetric strain gage data from the experiment. With the postulation of cylinder rotation so that the charge was not located at center of the cylinder length, an additional numerical study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the rotation on the strain distributions. This study showed improvements of the numerical results compared to the experimental data. The numerical study indicated that the dynamic motion of the cylinder has an accordion mode, a breathing mode and a whipping mode.
Cyclic voltammetric and aqueous equilibria model study of the pH dependant iron(II/III)ethylenediamminetetraacetate complex reduction potential

A mathematical interpretation of the voltammetric half-wave potential vs. pH (E1/2–pH) behavior of the FeII/III ethylenediamminetetraacetate (EDTA) redox system in the pH range of 2–8 is described. In the low pH range (<3.8), the formal potential of the FeII/IIIEDTA redox reaction decreases at 130 mV per pH and is a function of the concentration of EDTA. The latter is a consideration neglected by previous investigators. A Nernst-type equation for this characteristic is provided in Eq. (15). The cyclic voltammograms in the region of 3.8 < pH < 6.8 demonstrated near Nernstian reversibility and the E1/2 was constant at −110 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. This is an indication that the FeII and FeIIIEDTA complexes are involved only with electrochemical oxidation–reduction and no other chemical processes. In the high pH region above 6.8, the half wave potential shifted to more negative at the slope of 44 mV per pH unit. This result is attributable to the hydrolysis of FeIIIEDTA, the Nernst relationship is expressed in Eq. (22). Mass balance relationships are developed for each pH region which allows for the expression of Eqs. (15) and (21).
Acucise Incision of Ureteroenteric Strictures After Urinary Diversion

Four ureteroenteric strictures in three men were incised using the AcuciseTM catheter. All patients had undergone urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. One patient had a solitary kidney, and one patient had bilateral ureteroenteric strictures. Two patients were morbidly obese. One stricture involved the right ureter, and the left ureteral anastomosis was strictured in all three cases. After careful radiographie and endoscopic assessment of local periureteral anatomy, Acucise incision was performed successfully for all four strictures without complications. All incised ureteroenteric anastomoses have remained patent through postoperative follow-ups of 11,27, and 28 months, as judged by retrograde Ioopograms and diuretic renograms. Acucise incision of ureteroenteric strictures after urinary diversion provides an efficient and effective endourologic management option in these difficult cases. Emphasizing the need for careful preincision anatomic evaluation, this technologic approach can be employed eve...
Morphine-induced hyperthermia: lack of cross-tolerance with enkephalin analogs

Cats were made tolerant to the hyperthermic action of morphine by repeated intracerebroventricular injections. Tolerant animals exhibited little or no cross-tolerance to hyperthermic actions of d-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide or FK 33–824. A delay in the hyperthermic response to pentazocine, however, indicated that some thermoregulatory changes may have occurred that were unrelated to naloxone-sensitive receptors stimulated by morphine. The results provide further evidence that neither enkephalin analog influences thermoregulation primarily by activation of morphine-sensitive receptors.
The Serum Potassium in Two Gases of Sprue

SummaryTwo cases of sprue are reported in which the values of the serum potassium were found to be at low levels, 1.1 meq/L to 1.6 meq/L, before the institution of treatment.
Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes) : New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes

The Colubroidea contains over 85% of all the extant species of snakes and is recognized as monophyletic based on morphological and molecular data. Using DNA sequences (cyt b, c-mos) from 100 species we inferred the phylogeny of colubroids with special reference to the largest family, the Colubridae. Tree inference was obtained using Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony methods. All analyses produced five major groups, the Pareatidae, Viperidae, Homalopsidae, the Elapidae, and the Colubridae. The specific content of the latter two groups has been altered to accommodate evolutionary history and to yield a more stable taxonomy. We propose an updated classification based on the reallocation of species as indicated by our inferred phylogeny.
Temperature dependent deuterium quadrupole coupling constants of short hydrogen bonds

Abstract Very short hydrogen bonds universally show large positive dependences of the deuterium NMR quadrupolar coupling constant with temperature. We present temperature dependent NMR data for eight such systems, with O⋯O distances of between 238 and 250 pm, and show we can model the temperature dependences by density functional methods, as long as proper attention is paid to intermolecular effects and intermode couplings.
Pulmonary-Specific Intermountain Risk Score Predicts All-Cause Mortality via Spirometry, the Red Cell Distribution Width, and Other Laboratory Parameters

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary function testing parameters predict cardiovascular and mortality outcomes. Previously, risk scores were created using the basic metabolic profile and complete blood count, including the Intermountain Risk Score (IMRS). This study sought to develop similar pulmonary-specific risk scores for mortality prediction. METHODS: Subjects evaluated by spirometry at 5 Intermountain Healthcare hospitals (females: n = 2,943; males: n = 2,495) were randomly assigned to risk score derivation (70% of subjects) or an independent validation set (the remaining 30%). Sex-specific scores used spirometry, age, and metabolic and blood count laboratory data. Cox regression β-coefficients formed the basis of risk score weightings. RESULTS: Among females, pulmonary IMRS was strongly associated with 5-y mortality in the validation set (hazard ratio = 1.24 per +1 risk score, CI 1.16–1.33, P trend CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary-specific IMRS and pulmonary-specific basic metabolic profile risk score provided excellent discrimination of mortality among pulmonary subjects. These risk stratification tools combine familiar, relatively inexpensive, commonly-measured, standardized laboratory parameters with spirometry data. They may be electronically calculated and delivered at the point of care, providing meaningful risk information to assist clinicians in patient evaluations.
A chemical kinetically based ignition delay correlation for iso-octane covering a wide range of conditions including the NTC region

An ignition delay correlation has been developed for iso-octane based on the functional behavior exhibited by a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism. The correlation employs a traditional Arrhenius-based, power law formulation, {tau}=A{phi}{sup {alpha}}p{sup {beta}}{chi}{sub O{sub 2}}{sup {gamma}} x exp ({lambda}), including dependencies for equivalence ratio ({phi}), pressure (p) and oxygen percentage ({chi}{sub O2}). However the exponents for these parameters, {alpha}, {beta}, and {gamma}, respectively, are expressed as third-order polynomials with respect to temperature in order to capture changes in functionality seen across different regimes. At very low temperatures {alpha}, {beta}, and {gamma} are forced to a constant value, as seen within the mechanism. The activation energy term, {lambda}, is written as a combination of two quadratic expressions so that the behavior in the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region can be captured. A pressure-dependent term is also included in the expression for {lambda} in order to reduce the activation energy at higher pressures in the NTC region due to increased low temperature reactivity, and the appearance of cool flame, or low temperature heat release (LTHR). The resulting expression contains 37 constants. The new correlation is applicable over a wide range of conditions and can be used for data comparisons and mechanism evaluation,more » as well as systems-level engineering simulations. In this work experimental data from rapid compression machines (RCM) and shock tubes (ST) are compared through normalizing features of the correlation, and the performance of a detailed kinetic mechanism is evaluated based on the functional behavior of the {alpha}, {beta}, {gamma} and {lambda} parameters. Six hundred and sixty-one (661) data points have been used to fit the 37 constants of the expression where the experimental conditions cover {phi}=0.2-2.0, p=1-60atm, {chi}{sub O{sub 2}} and T=650-2000 K. Data normalized through the correlation indicate a standard deviation of {+-}4%. Departures from the correlation can be attributed to an incomplete description of the functional dependencies, some inconsistencies with regard to diluent composition, experimental uncertainties, and facility-influenced phenomena. The experimental points have also been simulated using the LLNL detailed iso-octane mechanism, where the computed ignition delay times have been fit to the new correlation. Agreement and differences between the correlated experimental and simulation {alpha}, {beta}, {gamma} and {lambda} functions are highlighted, where it is noted that there is a substantial discrepancy concerning the increased low temperature chemistry at high pressure. Implications for future engine design are discussed. (author)« less
toward a convergence of cognitive and symbolic anthropology

Author(s): COLBY, BN; FERNANDEZ, JW; KRONENFELD, DB | Abstract: This review describes the conditions that have established the subfields of cognitive anthropology and symbolic anthropology as major clusterings of anthropologists. It discusses the influences in anthropology as well as in related areas of cognitive science, linguistics, and literary criticism that can bring the two subfields closer together. It also looks at future directions of study and suggests some of the characteristics that might be included in a single, unifying theory. [cognitive anthropology, symbolic anthropology, history of anthropology, method, theory, review of field, social anthropology] 1981 American Anthropological Association
Robust control of an aeroelastic system modeled by a singular integrodifferential equation

An aeroelastic system whose state space model described by a singular integro-differential equation is considered. The focus is on the so-called indicial problem where the initial conditions are zero. A finite-dimensional controller stabilizing this infinite-dimensional system is designed. The problem of reducing the closed-loop system sensitivity to disturbances is also discussed. Frequency-domain H/sup infinity / design techniques are used to achieve the control objectives. >
A Sparsity Regularization Approach to the Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problem

We investigate solving the electromagnetic inverse scattering problem using the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) in conjunction with a variable-selection approach known as the elastic net. The elastic net applies both l 1 and l 2 penalties to regularize the system of linear equations that result at each iteration of the DBIM. The elastic net thus incorporates both the stabilizing effect of the l 2 penalty with the sparsity encouraging effect of the l 1 penalty. The DBIM with the elastic net outperforms the commonly used l 2 regularizer when the unknown distribution of dielectric properties is sparse in a known set of basis functions. We consider two very different 3-D examples to demonstrate the efficacy and applicability of our approach. For both examples, we use a scalar approximation in the inverse solution. In the first example the actual distribution of dielectric properties is exactly sparse in a set of 3-D wavelets. The performances of the elastic net and l 2 approaches are compared to the ideal case where it is known a priori which wavelets are involved in the true solution. The second example comes from the area of microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. For a given set of 3-D Gaussian basis functions, we show that the elastic net approach can produce a more accurate estimate of the distribution of dielectric properties (in particular, the effective conductivity) within an anatomically realistic 3-D numerical breast phantom. In contrast, the DBIM with an l 2 penalty produces an estimate which suffers from multiple artifacts.
Carotid dissection following a generalized tonic-clonic seizure

A 37-year-old woman experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Subsequent to the seizure, the patient observed left-sided face and neck pain. A left Horner syndrome was noted on examination. An MRI and magnetic resonance angiogram revealed a left skull base carotid artery dissection without infarction (figure, A and B). Previous MRI had shown normal carotid flow voids. The patient was treated conservatively and magnetic resonance angiogram 1 month later revealed recanalization (figure, C).
Back Pain in Children Who Present to the Emergency Department

The purpose of this study was to identify the causes and epidemiology of back pain in children who present to the emergency department. All children who presented to an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) during a 1-year period with the chief complaint of back pain were examined and evaluated with a uniform questionnaire. This was completed at the time of the ED visit in 48%, and within 48 hours in 52%. During a 1-year period, 225 children with a complaint of back pain were evaluated. The mean age was 11.9 +/- 4 years and 60% were female. Onset was acute ( or = 4 weeks) in only 11.6%. Pain awakened children from sleep in 47%, and caused 52% to miss school or work. The most common diagnoses were direct trauma (25%), muscle strain (24%), sickle cell crises (13%), idiopathic (13%), urinary tract infection (5%), and viral syndrome (4%). Radiographs of the back were rarely helpful. About 5% required hospital admission; one half of these were attributed to sickle cell crises. We conclude that back pain is an uncommon reason for children to present to an emergency department. When present, pediatric back pain is most often musculoskeletal, associated with an acute infectious illness or a traumatic event. Although the etiology is rarely serious, back pain often affects the daily activities of symptomatic children.
Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery.

The clinical course and pathologic findings in three cases of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta are described. The malformation is characterized by (1) absent right branch of the pulmonary artery, (2) a single large vessel arising from the ascending aorta, entering the hilus of the lung and constituting its sole arterial blood supply, and (3) normal size and structure of the right lung. A review of the literature indicates the rarity of this lesion as an isolated anomaly; patent ductus arteriosus is the most frequently described additional defect. Histologic examination of the right and left lungs reveals bilateral and symmetrical pulmonary vascular changes, despite the difference in their arterial supply. Some pathophysiologic observations based on the necropsy findings in these cases are discussed. Early diagnosis and surgical correction are imperative, since this malformation may lead to irreversible congestive heart failure and death in infancy. Surgical repair ma...
State Curriculum Mandates and Student Knowledge of Personal Finance

This study analyzes the relationship between high school students’ scores on a test of personal financial literacy and their state's personal finance curriculum mandate. At the time of the testing, twenty of the thirty-one states included in the study had some kind of educational policy in the area of personal financial management. The results of the study show that curriculum mandates, broadly defined, are not generally associated with higher students’ scores. However, students in states that required specific financial education course work scored significantly higher than those in states with either a general mandate or with no mandate.
An empirical study of Java bytecode programs

We present a study of the static structure of real Java bytecode programs. A total of 1132 Java jar-files were collected from the Internet and analyzed. In addition to simple counts (number of methods per class, number of bytecode instructions per method, etc.), structural metrics such as the complexity of control-flow and inheritance graphs were computed. We believe this study will be valuable in the design of future programming languages and virtual machine instruction sets, as well as in the efficient implementation of compilers and other language processors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding Mode Observer for Wide Speed Range Sensorless Induction Machine Drives: Considerations for Digital Implementation

The paper discusses the issues and provides solutions to digital implementation of sliding mode observer (SMO), especially for sensorless controlled induction machine (IM) operating over a wide speed range. An adaptive low pass filter (LPF) is proposed with variable cut-off frequency for a wide speed range, including a programming technique of using over-sampling to increase the sampling rate seen by the SMO. The sampling rate is made much higher than the system PWM frequency. Methods of designing proper gain are given for a specific SMO. Simulation and experimental results based on the fixed-point DSP TMS320F2812 are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods
Debugger visualization techniques for parallel architectures

The author outlines the requirements for debugger visualizations and describes the difficulties involved in devising graphical techniques which reduce the complexity of parallel behavior to manageable proportions. Examples are presented which demonstrate that visualization techniques can elucidate several aspects of run-time behavior. In this sense, they can improve the usefulness of parallel debugging tools: the application of specialized representational schema facilitates the recognition of patterns which would be hidden in any textual report. This allows the human programmer, adept at identifying visual anomalies, to isolate behavioral problems more quickly and accurately. >
Making Practice Public: Teacher Learning in the 21st Century

We propose that the advent and ubiquity of new media tools and social networking resources provide a means for professional, networked learning to “scale up.” We preface our discussion with a revie...
Popular Theater: A Useful Process for Adult Educators

This article recognizes an emerging social purpose agenda in adult education in the United States and the concomitant need for new processes and tactics to fulfill this agenda. Popular theater is o...
Discrete-time method for signal-to-noise power ratio measurement

The measurement of signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) is of fundamental importance in many areas of electrical engineering, such as communications, signal processing, tests and measurements, circuits and systems, etc. In this paper, we propose two algorithms for estimating the signal-to-noise ratio of a noisy sinewave from discrete-time data obtained by sampling the input signal. One algorithm is based on the estimation of the four parameters of the input sinewave. The second algorithm is based on estimating the average noise power by averaging the squared magnitude of the FFT bins attributed to the noise. Both methods show excellent performance. Simulation results indicate that the four-parameter method requires the input SNR to be at least 10 dB and the input signal frequency not exceeding one-third of the sampling frequency. On the other hand, the second approach, the spectrum averaging method, shows a remarkable robustness over a very wide range of normalized frequencies (with respect to the Nyquist frequency) and SNRs (well over 100 dB). This spectrum averaging method should prove to be very useful in a wide range of applications.
Calculating the number of people with Alzheimer's disease in any country using saturated mutation models of brain cell loss that also predict widespread natural immunity to the disease.

The series of mutations that cause brain cells to spontaneously and randomly die leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is modelled. The prevalence of AD as a function of age in males and females is calculated from two very different mutation models of brain cell death. Once the prevalence functions are determined, the number of people with AD in any country or city can be estimated. The models developed here depend on three independent parameters: the number of mutations necessary for a brain cell associated with AD to spontaneously die, the average time between mutations, and the fraction of the risk population that is immune to developing the disease, if any. The values of these parameters are determined by fitting the model’s AD incidence function to the incidence data. The best fits to the incidence rate data predict that as much as 74.1% of males and 79.5% of females may be naturally immune to developing AD. Thus, the development of AD is not a normal or inevitable result of the aging process. These fits also predict that males and females develop AD through different pathways, requiring a different number of mutations to cause the disease. The number of people in the USA with AD in the year 2000 is estimated to be 451,000. It is of paramount importance to determine the nature of the immunity to AD predicted here. Finding ways of blocking the mutations leading to the random, spontaneous death of memory brain cells would prevent AD from developing altogether.
On double transition faults as a delay fault model

We define a new delay fault model, called the double transition fault model. Under this model, a fault is associated with a pair of lines and a pair of transitions on these lines. The model captures the effects of defects that increase the delays of two (or more) individual lines by an amount that causes the circuit to fail when signals are propagated through both lines. It thus provides a simplification of the path delay fault model, that does not suffer from the exponential behavior of this model. We propose a test generation procedure for double transition faults, based on reordering of a given test set for stuck-at faults. The procedure does not require enumeration of all double transition faults, and is thus applicable to circuits with large numbers of lines. We present experimental results of this procedure for several benchmark circuits.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CROSS-LINKED DNA. I. REVERSIBLE DENATURATION AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS TRANSFORMATION.

One consequence of the reaction of HNO 2 with DNA is the covalent linkage of complementary polynucleotide chains. The introduction of a single cross-link into a DNA molecule confers the ability to undergo reversible denaturation. The rate of introduction of cross-links into Bacillus subtilis DNA has been measured at pH 4·15, 4·50 and 5·00 at 25°C. Comparison with published data on rates of deamination of cytosine and purines in DNA shows that formation of cross-links is, relative to deamination, a frequent event (approximately 1 cross-link per 4 deaminations at pH 4·15). Heat-stable transforming activity and reversibly denaturable DNA appear simultaneously upon reaction with HNO 2 , establishing the fact that cross-linked B. subtilis DNA is active in transformation. The appearance of heat stability is in competition with, and approximately 10 times faster than, the well-known concomitant inactivation.
Effects of Automatic Detection on Dynamic Decision Making

The usefulness of the dual-process theory of automaticity to dynamic decision-making tasks is unclear. Dynamic decision making is characterized by multiple, diverse, and interrelated decisions that are often constrained by time limitations and workload. We investigated the relevance of this theory in a compound task consisting of multiple, dynamic components. In the first experiment, we reproduced the original findings that shaped the theory in a dynamic visual search task. In the second experiment, we added a decision-making component. The results replicated the original findings and extended them to decision-making components. Working under consistent-mapping conditions in the visual search component led to more accurate decision making despite variability in the decision-making conditions. Likewise, working under varied-mapping conditions in the visual search component led to poorer decision making, particularly under high workload. The implications of these results to real-world dynamic tasks are discussed.
The Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC

The Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider[2] (RHIC) will provide glimpses of the universe some microseconds after the Big Bang in 197Au+197Au collisions at beam energies up to 100 GeV/nucleon/beam (√s∼39 TeV). RHIC will also become the world’s highest energy polarized proton collider when it delivers up to 250 GeV p beams. Detailed studies of parton distribution functions will be possible, including for the first time the evaluation of the gluon contribution to the nucleon spin in a region where the theory is perturbative. This more complete information on the parton distributions will be applied to understand the data from RHIC’s p+A and A+A programs, where the ion mass, A, can be anything. Deviations of the character of RHIC’s central 197Au+197Au collisions from purely hadronic interpretations will then be apparent. These deviations may signal the formation of the Quark-Gluon Plasma — a (predicted) state of matter that has never before been studied in the laboratory.
Technology Development for the ExaVolt Antenna (EVA). 1/20-Scale Deployment Test

The ExaVolt Antenna (EVA) is the next generation balloon-borne ultra-high energy (UHE) particle observatory under development for NASA’s suborbital super-pressure balloon program in Antarctica. The design is based on a novel application of toroidal reflector optics. An array of patch antennas are suspended inside a super-pressure balloon with an RF reflective band surrounding the balloon’s equator, creating an ultra-large radio antenna system with a synoptic view of the Antarctic ice sheet below it. To validate this concept, a balloon/antenna system at 1/20-scale was fabricated for a test conducted at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) in Fall 2014. In a ground test that mimicked aspects of ascent, the balloon and feed array successfully deployed. After pressurizing, the toroidal RF-reflector was pulsed using a microwave dish and the EVA data acquisition systems were validated. In this paper, we will present an overview of the EVA 1/20-scale test results and discuss implications for a full-scale mission.
Spatial Distribution of Adult Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton and Development and Validation of Fixed-Precision Sampling Plans for Estimating Population Density

We conducted studies to examine distributional patterns of adult Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) strain B (also referred to as Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. , and to develop and validate a sequential sampling plan for estimating population density. Adults were consistently more abundant on mainstem leaves from the top stratum of cotton plants than on mainstem leaves from the middle and bottom strata. Counts on mainstem leaves from the top of the plant also had the lowest relative variation. Adults on the top stratum of the plant were fairly uniformly distributed over leaves from mainstem nodes 2–7 (terminal = node 1), but numbers of adults were highest and least variable on fifth-node leaves. Patterns of aggregation, as measured by Taylor's power law, did not differ among the top, middle, and bottom strata of cotton plants and were similar among the first six mainstem leaves below the mainstem terminal. Ratios between counts of adults on individual leaves from the top stratum of the plant and whole plant counts were variable and averaged (± SD) 0.075 ± 0.071. Based on fifth mainstem node leaves as the sample unit, we used Kuno's and Green's methods to develop fixed–precision sequential sampling plans. The underlying mean-variance models for these methods and performance of the sequential stop lines were compared and evaluated using a resampling simulation of independent data sets with means ranging from 2 to 50 adults per leaf. Compared with lwao's mean crowding regression, Taylor's power law was a less biased predictor of variance. As a result, Green's plan, on average, achieved the desired precision better than Kuno's plan even though neither plan consistently gave mean estimates with the desired precision. Further simulations provided preliminary adjustments in the stop lines for field implementation.
Advantages and Challenges of Private CHS

Objectives Through analyzing advantages and challenges facing the private(CHS),some suggestions are proposed to stimulate its development.Methods With the methods of questionnaires and interviews a survey on 3 private CHS was made in a specific city.Results Although the private CHS developed in such a few years,it had already presented its vigorous vitality.Followings are the development factors for the private CHS: highly qualified superintendent,flat shaped management level,advantageous external bracing,ideal geographical place,flexible house and equipment;the service pattern of "major medical service,minor public health",high proportion of drug income;the connotation culture based on humanist and so on.Meanwhile some challenges such as service items,drug use,people employment,and sustainable development had been also discussed in this paper.Conclusion How to deal with the confliction of pursuing profit or non-profit is the key for the sustainable development of private CHS.