cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of chondromalacia of the patellofemoral compartment with axial magnetic resonance imaging

Axial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the patellofemoral compartment was performed in 75 patients with arthroscopic correlation. Proton density and T2(2500/20/80) weighted images were obtained in all patients. Chondromalacia in stages I and II could not be reliably identified with MR imaging. For the evaluation of stage III and IV chondromalacia, the accuracy of MR was 89%. Focal or diffuse areas of increased or decreased signal alterations of the hyaline cartilage without a contour deformity or cartilaginous thinning do not correlate reliably with arthroscopic staging of chondromalacia. A normal signal intensity is no assurance that softening of the cartilage is not present. The most reliable indicators of chondromalacia are focal contour irregularities of the hyaline cartilage and/or thinning of the hyaline cartilage associated with high signal intensity changes within frank defects or contour irregularities with T2-weighted images. The poor MR-arthroscopic correlation in earlier stages of chondromalacia may be due in part to the subjective basis of the arthroscopic diagnosis. In conclusion, stage I and II chondromalacia of the patellofemoral compartment cannot be reliably evaluated with MR imaging. Stage III and IV chondromalacia is reliably evaluated with MR using the combination of proton density and T2-weighted images.
An empirical investigation of the determinants of discount window borrowing: a disaggregate analysis

Abstract This article investigates the individual demand for discount window credit by employing a cross-sectional time-series database of commercial banks. The analysis employs a simple linear model that accounts for the latent nature of individual borrowing. Our findings reveal that borrowing is positively correlated with the federal funds-discount rate spread. Large borrowers are shown to have a stronger correlation between borrowing and the federal funds spread. In addition, we find that the nonpriee mechanism is more binding on large banks that avoid contiguous use of the discount facility or defer their visit in the expectation that interest rates will increase in the near future.
Cables Links Cdk5 and c-Abl and Facilitates Cdk5 Tyrosine Phosphorylation, Kinase Upregulation, and Neurite Outgrowth

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a small serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role during development of the CNS. Cables, a novel protein, interacts with Cdk5 in brain lysates. Cables also binds to and is a substrate of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Active c-Abl kinase leads to Cdk5 tyrosine phosphorylation, and this phosphorylation is enhanced by Cables. Phosphorylation of Cdk5 by c-Abl occurs on tyrosine 15 (Y15), which is stimulatory for p35/Cdk5 kinase activity. Expression of antisense Cables in primary cortical neurons inhibited neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, expression of active Abl resulted in lengthening of neurites. The data provide evidence for a Cables-mediated interplay between the Cdk5 and c-Abl signaling pathways in the developing nervous system.
YUKAWA COUPLING CONTRIBUTION TO MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCED DYNAMICAL MASS

By solving the gap equation in the quenched, ladder approximation for an Abelian gauge model with Yukawa interaction in the presence of a constant magnetic field, we show that the Yukawa interactions enhance the dynamical generation of fermion mass. The theory is then studied at finite temperature, where we prove that the critical magnetic field, required for the mass generation to be important at temperatures comparable to the electroweak critical temperature, can be substantially decreased due to the Yukawa coupling.
Transport, magnetic, and thermal properties of non-centrosymmetric Yb2Co12P7

We report magnetization and specific heat measurements down to 2 K and electrical resistivity down to millikelvin temperatures on polycrystalline samples of the non-centrosymmetric compound Yb2Co12P7. In addition to the previously reported ferromagnetic ordering of the cobalt sub-lattice at T C = 136 K we find a magnetic transition below T M = 5 K that is likely associated with ordering of the Yb ions. The broad nature of the specific heat anomaly suggests disordered magnetism and possible short-range correlations well above TM .
Dissipative Particle Dynamics and Other Particle Methods for Multiphase Fluid Flow in Fractured and Porous Media

Particle methods are less computationally efficient than grid based numerical solution of the Navier Stokes equation. However, they have important advantages including rigorous mass conservation, momentum conservation and isotropy. In addition, there is no need for explicit interface tracking/capturing and code development effort is relatively low. We describe applications of three particle methods: molecular dynamics, dissipative particle dynamics and smoothed particle hydrodynamics. The mesoscale (between the molecular and continuum scales) dissipative particle dynamics method can be used to simulate systems that are too large to simulate using molecular dynamics but small enough for thermal fluctuations to play an important role.
Synthesizing combination therapies for evolutionary dynamics of disease for nonlinear pharmacodynamics

Our previous results proposed an iterative scalable algorithm for the systematic design of sparse, small gain feedback strategies that stabilize the evolutionary dynamics of a generic disease model with linear pharmacodynamics. In this manuscript, we use piecewise linear approximations to model nonlinear drug effects. We leverage results from optimal controller synthesis for positive systems to formulate the feedback synthesis problem as an optimization problem that sequentially explores piecewise linear subsystems corresponding to higher and higher treatment dosages.
Losing the Message: Some Policy Implications of Anthropocentric Indirect Arguments for Environmental Protection

The value of anthropocentric indirect arguments (AIAs), as stated by Elliott (2014), is to focus on non-environmental benefits that derive from actions or policies that also benefit the environment. The key difference with these indirect arguments—from more direct anthropocentric arguments—is they focus on human benefits unrelated to the environment. So, for example, less coal burning power plants means less respiratory illness and higher worker productivity. The air is cleaner, but rather than clean air being the goal in arguing for less coal burning power plants, healthier people is the goal. Or as Elliott notes, clean energy can create jobs, and energy efficiency in military operations can save taxpayer money.
Standing swells surveyed showing surprisingly stable solutions for the Lorenz '96 model

The Lorenz '96 model is an adjustable dimension system of ODEs exhibiting chaotic behavior representative of the dynamics observed in the Earth's atmosphere. In the present study, we characterize statistical properties of the chaotic dynamics while varying the degrees of freedom and the forcing. Tuning the dimensionality of the system, we find regions of parameter space with surprising stability in the form of standing waves traveling amongst the slow oscillators. The boundaries of these stable regions fluctuate regularly with the number of slow oscillators. These results demonstrate hidden order in the Lorenz '96 system, strengthening the evidence for its role as a hallmark representative of nonlinear dynamical behavior.
A Multiple Degree of Freedom Cavity Element for Acoustic Transmission Lines

Mathematical modelling of acoustic transmission lines containing elements which can be represented by their acoustic modes is considered. Of particular interest are tapered elements and acoustic cavities which operate at frequencies above which a simple volume expansion representation or a plane wave representation is adequate. An element matrix formulation is given which is suitable for inclusion in the Acoustic Wave Finite Element assembly procedure, or with suitable modifications, to the more traditional transfer matrix approach. Numerical examples are provided demonstrating the accuracy of the procedure.
Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Families with Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To evaluate the ophthalmic phenotype in families with three or more individuals who have age-related maculopathy. Methods Eight families were identified at academic centers in Massachusetts and North Carolina. Macular findings were graded based on a modification of the grading system used in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Results All families had at least three members with stage 3 (extensive drusen change) or higher maculopathy in at least one eye, and six families had at least two members with advanced maculopathy (stage 4, geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, or stage 5, exudative maculopathy). Both stages 4 and 5 maculopathy were observed among different individuals in four families. Individuals with stage 3 maculopathy were members of families with more advanced maculopathy (six families) and were of similar age as more severely affected family members but tended to be older than those with stage 2. Conclusion The phenotypic appearance of the macula in families with multiple affected individuals is heterogeneous and representative of the spectrum of macular findings typically associated with age-related maculopathy.
MMT HYPERVELOCITY STAR SURVEY

We describe a new survey for unbound hypervelocity stars (HVSs), stars traveling with such extreme velocities that dynamical ejection from a massive black hole is their most likely origin. We investigate the possible contribution of unbound runaway stars, and show that the physical properties of binaries constrain low-mass runaways to bound velocities. We measure radial velocities for HVS candidates with the colors of early A-type and late B-type stars. We report the discovery of six unbound HVSs with velocities and distances exceeding the conservative escape velocity estimate of Kenyon and collaborators. We additionally report four possibly unbound HVSs with velocities and distances exceeding the lower escape velocity estimate of Xue and collaborators. These discoveries increase the number of unbound HVSs by 60%-100%. Other survey objects include 19 newly identified z ~ 2.4 quasars. One of the HVSs may be a horizontal branch star, consistent with the number of evolved HVSs predicted by Galactic center ejection models. Finding more evolved HVSs will one day allow a probe of the low-mass regime of HVSs and will constrain the mass function of stars in the Galactic center.
Frequency domain state-space system identification

This paper presents an algorithm for identifying state-space models of linear systems from frequency response data. A matrix-fraction description of the transfer function is employed to curve-fit the frequency response data, using the least-squares method. The parameters of the matrix-fraction representation are then used to construct the Markov parameters of the system. Finally, state-space models are obtained through the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm using the Markov parameters. The main advantage of this approach is that the curve-fitting and the Markov-parameter-construction are linear problems which avoid the difficulties of non-linear optimization of other approaches. Another advantage is that it avoids windowing distortions associated with other frequency domain methods.
Matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations in the quasi-adiabatic limit

Abstract We introduce simple analytic expressions for the neutrino survival probability in media valid in the quasi-adiabatic limit. These expressions provide a quick but accurate alternative to numerical solution of the neutrino propagation equations for the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect. They can also be used to extract information about the density scale height from the neutrino data. As an example, we present calculations for solar neutrinos.
Finite generation of canonical ring by analytic method

An overview of the analytic proof of the theorem on the finite generation of the canonical ring for the projective algebraic manifold of general type is given.
Use Patents Can Be Useful: The Case of Rescued Drugs

Contrary to conventional wisdom, use patents can have both commercial and therapeutic value.
Penetration patterns of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer in human skin.

We investigated penetration patterns of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), experimentally and as part of commercial products, in excised full-thickness human skin at 5, 10, 30, or 60 min after exposure. We observed that both monomeric and polymeric HDI were readily absorbed into the skin and that the clearcoat composition affects the penetration rate of the individual isocyanates. The short-term absorption rates for HDI monomer, biuret, and isocyanurate were determined and used to estimate the exposure time required to reach a body burden equal to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) inhalation threshold limit value (TLV) or Oregon State occupational exposure limit (OEL). Oregon is the only government entity in the United States to promulgate a short-term exposure limit (STEL) for HDI-based polyisocyanates biuret and isocyanurate. Based on these absorption rates for a slow-drying clearcoat after 10 min (1.33 μg cm−2 h−1) or 60 min (0.219 μg cm−2 h−1), we calculated that 6.5 and 40 min dermal exposure, respectively, is required to achieve a dose of HDI equivalent to the ACGIH TLV. For biuret, the time to achieve a dose equivalent to the Oregon OEL for slow-drying clearcoat was much shorter (<31 min) than that for fast-drying clearcoat (618 min). Isocyanurate had the shortest skin absorption times regardless of clearcoat formulation (14 s–1.7 min). These results indicate that the dose received through dermal exposure to HDI-containing clearcoats has a significant potential to exceed the dose equivalent to that received through inhalation exposure at established regulatory limits. A critical need exists to monitor dermal exposure quantitatively in exposed workers, to use proper protective equipment to reduce dermal exposure, and to re-evaluate regulatory exposure limits for isocyanates.
Surface and bulk changes in iron nitride catalysts in H2/CO mixtures

Abstract Preparation of the ζ-, e-, and γ′-iron nitride phases was confirmed by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and quantitative mass spectrometry of NH3 evolved during decomposition. Computer fitting of the e-nitride Mossbauer spectra with a distribution of hyperfine fields shows the conversion of iron with two nitrogen nearest neighbors (Fe 2nn) to Fe 3nn as the nitrogen content increases. The dynamic response of the nitrides to H 2 CO mixtures at reaction temperatures was followed by constant-velocity Mossbauer spectroscopy and transient mass spectrometry. The rapid decomposition of the iron nitrides in H2 at 523 K occurs with surface reaction as the rate-limiting step, initially. At lower temperatures or after significant nitride decomposition, the data are best fit with a shrinking core model. For reaction at 473 K, the Mossbauer effect identified an α-Fe shell, a ζ-Fe2N core, and an e-FexN transition region. Surprisingly, loss of the pure nitride phase is barely retarded for H 2 CO mixtures compared to H2 alone at 523 K. Mass spectrometric studies show that the freshly prepared nitride has a substantial hydrogen inventory, equivalent to a monolayer of NH3 for ζ-Fe2N. On exposure to synthesis gas, the nitride catalysts produce no methane until one to two monolayers of N have been removed, but carbon is deposited on the catalyst by the Boudouard reaction. Mass spectral measurements show no evidence for active nitrogen on the surface after the synthesis reaction has been established. Both Mossbauer spectroscopy and mass spectral measurements confirm, however, that following the initial loss of nitrogen, bulk carbonitrides form which lose their nitrogen very slowly as the reaction proceeds. These data suggest that differences in the performance of iron and iron nitride catalysts may be strongly influenced by the way surface carbon is deposited during reactor startup.
Optimized TRIAD Algorithm for Attitude Determination

TRIAD is a well known simple algorithm that generates the attitude matrix between two coordinate systems when the components of two abstract vectors are given in the two systems. TRIAD however, is sensitive to the order in which the algorithm handles the vectors, such that the resulting attitude matrix is influenced more by the vector processed first. In this work we present a new algorithm, which we call Optimized TRIAD, that blends in a specified manner the two matrices generated by TRIAD when processing one vector first, and then when processing the other vector first. On the average, Optimized TRIAD yields a matrix which is better than either one of the two matrices in that is ti the closest to the correct matrix. This result is demonstrated through simulation.
Digital simulation by partitioning and uncoupling the system model

State variable simulation of linear time-invariant dynamic systems is reviewed with its advantages in accuracy and computational efficiency described. Then a technique for simulation of large order, nonlinear, time-varying dynamic systems is developed by partitioning the system state variable model and uncoupling the resulting subsystem models so that the linear time-invariant ones can be simulated by state variable solution. A simulation error introduced by this technique of partitioning and uncoupling is derived and analyzed in the form of a state variable model. Results are presented of a simulation error analysis utilizing the derived error state variable model for the simulation of a Saturn V attitude control system. In addition to computational savings, the technique of partitioning and uncoupling is shown by practical example to result in a modular simulation with flexibility to implement easily changes or additions. The digital simulations by this technique of two large-order dynamic systems, the LST (Large Space Telescope) fine pointing control system and a Shuttle Orbiter/Spacelab SEM (suspended experiment mount) precision attitude control system, are described; and simulation responses are included.
Post-quantum key exchange protocols

If an eavesdropper Eve is equipped with quantum computers, she can easily break the public key exchange protocols used today. In this paper we will discuss the post-quantum Diffie-Hellman key exchange and private key exchange protocols.
Early interventions to prevent disability for workers with mental health conditions: Impacts from the DMIE

Abstract Background As of 2011, over 9 million working-age adults were receiving federal disability benefits and this number is expected to rise steadily. Early intervention programs that seek to maintain employment and forestall the receipt of federal disability benefits offer a promising strategy to reduce the growing number of working-age adults on the disability rolls. Objectives Using random assignment, this study examined whether an early intervention program of personal navigators, enhanced medical care, and employment supports can reduce dependence on federal disability benefits for adult workers with mental health conditions. Methods The study reports multivariate and descriptive findings based on 2279 participants in the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate program impacts in the treatment group relative to the control group. Data were integrated from state participant surveys and the SSA Ticket Research File. Results The DMIE intervention significantly reduced the percent of participants who received disability benefits after 12 months of enrollment. Across both states, the difference between the treatment group and control group was 1.1 percentage points (2.5% versus 3.6%, p p Conclusions Early intervention programs with a personal navigator can reduce dependence on federal disability benefits for adult workers with mental health conditions. Future studies on the cost-effectiveness of such programs are needed.
Bounding noncommutative QCD

Abstract Jurco, Moller, Schraml, Schupp, and Wess have shown how to construct noncommutative SU(N) gauge theories from a consistency relation. Within this framework, we present the Feynman rules for noncommutative QCD and compute explicitly the most dangerous Lorentz-violating operator generated through radiative corrections. We find that interesting effects appear at the one-loop level, in contrast to conventional noncommutative U(N) gauge theories, leading to a stringent bound. Our results are consistent with others appearing recently in the literature that suggest collider limits are not competitive with low-energy tests of Lorentz violation for bounding the scale of spacetime noncommutativity.
Systems engineering and engineering management: keys to the efficient development of products and services

Because of globalization and technology, the roles of the traditional engineering manager are changing. All practicing engineering managers must be able to understand the tools available in order t...
Increasing adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness by using an upstream ramp

A new design concept is presented to increase the adiabatic effectiveness of film cooling from a row of film-cooling holes. Instead of shaping the geometry of each hole; placing tabs, struts, or vortex generators in each hole; or creating a trench about a row of holes, this study proposes a geometry modification upstream of the holes to modify the approaching boundary-layer flow and its interaction with the film-cooling jets. Computations, based on the ensemble-averaged Navier-Stokes equations closed by the realizable k-e turbulence model, were used to examine the usefulness of making the surface just upstream of a row of film-cooling holes into a ramp with a backward-facing step. The effects of the following parameters were investigated: angle of the ramp (8.5 deg, 10 deg, 14 deg), distance between the backward-facing step and the row of film-cooling holes (0.5D,D), blowing ratio (0.36, 0.49, 0.56, 0.98), and "sharpness" of the ramp at the corners. Results obtained show that an upstream ramp with a backward-facing step can greatly increase surface adiabatic effectiveness. The laterally averaged adiabatic effectiveness with a ramp can be two or more times higher than without the ramp by increasing upstream and lateral spreading of the coolant.
Dynamic Response of a Plane-Symmetrical Exothermic Reaction Center

?sger,An analysis of the dynamic behavior of an idealized, plane-symmetrical exothermic reaction center is presented. The conservation equations for the reaction center are combined and yield a single integral equation expressing a nonlinear transfer function of the system for which the input is provided by a given time profile of the heat released per unit mass while the output gives the pressure pulse it generates under the restriction of plane-symmetrical motion. The solution is governed by a Daumk]hler number. For a given form of the exothermic power pulse profile, the dynamic behavior of the system is completely specified in terms of only this Daumk]hler number and the heat of reaction per unit mass of the combustible medium. Specific solutions are worked out for a set of typical elementary power pulse profiles, and the practical significance of the results is illustrated by their application to the problem of transition to detonation in an explosive gas.
Gross-Neveu models, nonlinear Dirac equations, surfaces and strings

Recent studies of the thermodynamic phase diagrams of the Gross-Neveu model (GN2), and its chiral cousin, the NJL2 model, have shown that there are phases with inhomogeneous crystalline condensates. These (static) condensates can be found analytically because the relevant Hartree-Fock and gap equations can be reduced to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, whose deformations are governed by the mKdV and AKNS integrable hierarchies, respectively. Recently, Thies et al. have shown that time-dependent Hartree-Fock solutions describing baryon scattering in the massless GN2 model satisfy the Sinh-Gordon equation, and can be mapped directly to classical string solutions in AdS3. Here we propose a geometric perspective for this result, based on the generalized Weierstrass spinor representation for the embedding of 2d surfaces into 3d spaces, which explains why these well-known integrable systems underlie these various Gross-Neveu gap equations, and why there should be a connection to classical string theory solutions. This geometric viewpoint may be useful for higher dimensional models, where the relevant integrable hierarchies include the Davey-Stewartson and Novikov-Veselov systems.
Norway's Regional Colleges.

The regional college movement in Norway is in direct response to societal pressure felt worldwide to democratize and decentralize higher education. Created in 1969 as a three-college system coordinated by the Regional College section of the Ministry of Education, the current six institutions represent Norway's attempt to extend equal opportunity and employment-oriented education to rural and remote areas. Although initially established on a five-year experimental basis, the institutions appear to be in a solid position, having university endorsement as well as strong support of the local community constituencies.
The Microlensing Properties of a Sample of 87 Lensed Quasars

Gravitational microlensing is a powerful tool for probing the physical properties of quasar accretion disks and properties of the lens galaxy such as its dark matter fraction and mean stellar mass. Unfortunately, the number of lensed quasars (~90) exceeds our monitoring capabilities. Thus, estimating their microlensing properties is important for identifying good microlensing candidates as well as for the expectations of future surveys. In this work, we estimate the microlensing properties of a sample of 87 lensed quasars. While the median Einstein radius crossing timescale is 20.6 years, the median source crossing timescale is 7.3 months. Broadly speaking, this means that on ~10 year timescales roughly half the lenses will be quiescent, with the source in a broad demagnified valley, and roughly half will be active with the source lying in the caustic ridges. We also found that the location of the lens system relative to the cosmic microwave background dipole has a modest effect on microlensing timescales, and in theory microlensing could be used to confirm the kinematic origin of the dipole. As a corollary of our study we analyzed the accretion rate parameters in a sub-sample of 32 lensed quasars. At fixed black hole mass, it is possible to sample a broad range of luminosities (i.e., Eddington factors) if it becomes feasible to monitor fainter lenses.
Contests With Doping

Doping, or the use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs, is an epidemic problem in sports ranging from the Olympics to high school athletics. This article presents a theoretical model of doping use in a contest environment. The authors show that, under fairly general conditions, the minimal frequency of random testing to prevent doping use increases in the number of contestants. The presence of even a small penalty, in addition to expulsion from the contest, makes random testing more effective, especially in large contests. For a given testing frequency, the minimal penalty to prevent doping can be nonmonotonic in the number of contestants.
The relationship between social identity, normative information, and college student drinking

The role of peer influence has long been recognized as important in the drinking decisions and behaviors of young people. Specifying the mechanisms behind these relationships, however, remains relatively underdeveloped. In this study we examine the moderating influence of group identity on the relationship between injunctive norms and drinking behavior. A total of 620 male and female undergraduate students completed an Internet questionnaire comprised of social identity, injunctive norms (perceptions of others' approval of their heavy drinking), and alcohol consumption measures (drinks per occasion). Three separate hierarchical regression models were run examining the relationship between social identity, injunctive norms, and alcohol consumption for three reference groups: friends, peers, and fraternity/sorority members, controlling for participant gender and race/ethnicity. Stronger identification with a reference group was associated with heavier drinking for all three models. Participants' perceptions...
Sociology: A disinvitation?

Translation: Peter Berger's article "Sociology: A Disinvitation?" was first published in a journal Society (1992, vol. 29 (6)). The editorial board of Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas is thankful to the State University for permitting to republish this article in Lithuanian.
The high temperature pyrolysis of ethylbenzene

The thermal decomposition of ethylbenzene has been investigated behind reflected shock waves over the temperature and pressure ranges of 1350–2080 K and 0.25–0.5 atm using a 1.6% C8H10 Ne mixture. Major products of the pyrolysis are C7H8, C7H7, C6H6, C4H2, C2H4, C2H2, and CH4; C8H8 appears throughout the temperature range as a minor product. Comparison of the product profiles obtained by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the results of model calculations strongly supports the initiation step of β CC bond homolysis for C8H10 dissociation. A 51 kinetic step reaction mechanism with 24 species was formulated to model the temperature and time dependence of the major products observed in our experiments.
Quantum-disordered slave-boson theory of underdoped cuprates

We study the stability of the spin gap phase in the U(1) slave-boson theory of the t-J model in connection with the underdoped cuprates. We approach the spin gap phase from the superconducting state and consider the quantum phase transition of the slave bosons at zero temperature by introducing vortices in the boson superfluid. At finite temperatures, the properties of the bosons are different from those in the strange-metal phase and lead to modified gauge field fluctuations. As a result, the spin gap phase can be stabilized in the quantum-critical (QC) and quantum-disordered (QD) regime of the boson system. We also show that the regime of QD bosons with the paired fermions can be regarded as a strong-coupling version of the recently proposed nodal liquid theory.
Computer description and recognition of printed Chinese characters

An increasingly important aspect of computer pattern recognition research is automatic pattern description. Investigators have emphasized that pattern analysis should be basic to any pattern recognition scheme. Pattern analysis may be defined as the identification of elements of a structure and the description of the relationship among those elements. Chinese characters, by virtue of their regular structure, seem well suited for pattern recognition based upon pattern analysis.
Toward Understanding and Optimizing Separation Control Using Microjets

Flow separation in engine inlets and diffuser ducts and over external aerodynamic surfaces such as wings can significantly compromise performance. In a previous experimental study, we demonstrated the value of microjets for separation control. In this paper, we significantly broaden the range of conditions and parameters to explore the effects of microjet control on the efficiency of separation control over a backward-facing ramp. The parameters explored include the following: the freestream velocity, the ramp angle of attack, and the microjet pressure, location, and injection angle. Detailed velocity field investigations and unsteady pressure measurements have been conducted to study the effect of flow control over this parametric space. The results indicate that, by activating the actuator arrays in the immediate vicinity of the separation location, the control efficiency can be greatly enhanced, reducing the actuator mass flow needed dramatically. By correlating the unsteady surface pressure measurements with the measured velocity field, we demonstrate that, at least in the present geometry, the unsteady pressure alone can be used to 1) detect separation and hence identify which actuator(s) to activate, and 2) estimate the effect of control on a separated flowfield. Finally, based on the response of the flowfield to actuation, we propose some simple scaling laws for detecting and implementing separation control.
Hybrid Monte Carlo Simulation of Stress-Induced Texture Evolution with Inelastic Effects

A hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) approach is employed to quantify the influence of inelastic deformation on the microstructural evolution of polycrystalline materials. This approach couples a time explicit material point method (MPM) for deformation with a calibrated Monte Carlo model for grain boundary motion. A rate-independent crystal plasticity model is implemented to account for localized plastic deformations in polycrystals. The dislocation energy difference between grains provides an additional driving force for texture evolution. This plastic driving force is then brought into a MC paradigm via parametric links between MC and sharp-interface (SI) kinetic models. The MC algorithm is implemented in a parallelized setting using a checkerboard updating scheme. As expected, plastic loading favors texture evolution for grains that have a bigger Schmid factor with respect to the loading direction, and these are the grains most easily removed by grain boundary motion. A macroscopic equation is developed to predict such texture evolution.
Shock acceleration of electrons and ions in solar flares

The simultaneous first-order Fermi shock acceleration of electrons, protons, and alpha particles are compared to observations of solar energetic particle events. For each event, a unique shock compression ratio in the range of approximately 1.6-3 produces spectra in good agreement with observation. The range in compression ratios predicts that the more than five orders of magnitude spread in electron-to-proton intensity ratios observed at MeV energies is compressed to about three orders of magnitude at an assumed injection energy of 100 keV. The remaining spread can be accounted for with a modest range of injection conditions. The model predicts that the acceleration time to a given energy will be approximately equal for electrons and protons, and for reasonable solar parameters, can be on the order of 1 s to approximately 100 MeV. 37 references.
Dividends, Corporate Monitors and Agency Costs

We report new evidence on the hypothesis that dividends reduce agency costs. Consistent with dividends as a mechanism to reduce agency costs, we find that, on average, firms with a majority of strict outside directors on their boards experience significantly lower mean abnormal returns around the announcements of sizeable dividend increases. Our results are robust to multivariate controls for firm size, leverage, ownership, growth options, and change in dividend yield. However, we find no evidence that dividend increases reduce agency costs as measured by poison pills or outside blockholdings
A quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme for Euclidean capacitated vehicle routing

In the capacitated vehicle routing problem, introduced by Dantzig and Ramser in 1959, we are given the locations of n customers and a depot, along with a vehicle of capacity k, and wish to find a minimum length collection of tours, each starting from the depot and visiting at most k customers, whose union covers all the customers. We give a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme for the setting where the customers and the depot are on the plane, and distances are given by the Euclidean metric.
Synthesis of tetrahydrofurocarbazolones via intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions

Abstract 10-Aryl-3a,4,10,10a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-b]carbazol-1-ones were synthesized by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction. Exo / endo product ratios were found to be sensitive to both solvent and temperature. The synthesis of iso elliptitoxin 2 , a hybrid molecule of ellipticine and 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin, is presented.
The Mercury (II) Catalyzed, One-Pot Oxidation of Terminal Alkynes by Sodium Perborate in Acetic Acid

A series of terminal alkynes has been reacted with sodium perborate and mercuric acetate catalyst in acetic acid to produce 1-acetoxyalkan-2-ones in good yield. The reaction constitutes a mild and ...
Real Estate Ownership, Leasing Intensity, and Value: Do Stock Returns Reflect a Firm’s Real Estate Holdings?

Little is known about the effects of real estate ownership and leasing on the stock return characteristics of public firms. In this study, we first examine the sensitivity of retail firm returns to a real estate factor over the period 1998–2008. The retail industry is chosen because of the significant use of real estate in a typical retail firm’s production function. Consistent with our expectations, retail stocks exhibit positive real estate risk exposure, even after controlling for sensitivity to general market risk as well as other standard risk factors. The second part of our analysis examines whether the intensity of real estate ownership and the use of off-balance operating leases to finance real property holdings are reflected in the market and real estate betas of retail stocks. We find that greater use of off-balance sheet operating leases is associated with higher market betas. In fact, the use of operating leases appears to have a larger impact on sensitivity to market risk than does the use of on-balance sheet debt. Our findings also confirm our hypothesis that real estate intensive firms display significantly greater exposure to a real estate factor. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that investors are fully aware of the risk associated with off-balance sheet operating leases.
AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION WITH 4-HYDROXYPYRIDINE

Abstract The compound 4-hydroxypyridine is reacted with aromatic substrates that have a leaving group (usually halogen) and that is activated by an electron-withdrawing group or a heterocycle. Only N-aryl-4(1H)-pyridones are produced in this efficient aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. Some mechanistic aspects of the reaction have also been examined.
Heavy quark production and gluon shadowing at RHIC and LHC

I review the colour dipole formulation of heavy quark production in the light of recent RHIC data. Since charm and bottom production directly probe the gluon density, these processes allow one to study shadowing and parton saturation at RHIC and LHC. The dipole approach provides a convenient framework to calculate these nuclear effects. I present numerical results for open charm and bottom production in proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions and discuss transverse momentum broadening of heavy quarkonia.
Density of sets of natural numbers and the Lévy group

Abstract Let N denote the set of positive integers. The asymptotic density of the set A ⊆ N is d ( A ) = lim n → ∞ | A ∩ [ 1 , n ] | / n , if this limit exists. Let AD denote the set of all sets of positive integers that have asymptotic density, and let S N denote the set of all permutations of the positive integers N. The group L ♯ consists of all permutations f ∈ S N such that A ∈ AD if and only if f ( A ) ∈ AD , and the group L * consists of all permutations f ∈ L ♯ such that d ( f ( A ) ) = d ( A ) for all A ∈ AD . Let f : N → N be a one-to-one function such that d ( f ( N ) ) = 1 and, if A ∈ AD , then f ( A ) ∈ AD . It is proved that f must also preserve density, that is, d ( f ( A ) ) = d ( A ) for all A ∈ AD . Thus, the groups L ♯ and L * coincide.
Gender, ethnicity and cumulative disadvantage in education : evidence from Latin American and African censuses

This paper studies the impact of gender and ethnicity on educational outcomes using cross-country evidence from Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. It uses the Minnesota Population Center's Integrated Public Use Microdata Series-International database, which includes individual-level data from large, harmonized, and representative samples of country censuses. Using an estimation method analogous to difference-in-differences, the paper finds that gender-based differences in literacy, primary school completion, and secondary school completion are larger for minority ethnic groups compared with others or, alternatively, ethnicity-based differences are larger for women compared with men. The findings suggest that the intersection of gender and ethnicity confers cumulative disadvantage for minority groups, especially in Latin America. The paper discusses the implications of these findings on the design of, targeting in, and resource allocation for development programs.
Bilinear Hilbert transforms along curves, I: the monomial case

We establish an L2×L2 to L1 estimate for the bilinear Hilbert transform along a curve defined by a monomial. Our proof is closely related to multilinear oscillatory integrals.
Ask a better question, get a better answer a new approach to private data analysis

Cryptographic techniques for reasoning about information leakage have recently been brought to bear on the classical problem of statistical disclosure control – revealing accurate statistics about a population while preserving the privacy of individuals. This new perspective has been invaluable in guiding the development of a powerful approach to private data analysis, founded on precise mathematical definitions, and yielding algorithms with provable, meaningful, privacy guarantees.
Communicative Competence for Individuals who require Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A New Definition for a New Era of Communication?

In 1989, Light defined communicative competence for individuals with complex communication needs who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) as a dynamic interpersonal construct ba...
From Packet to Power Switching: Digital Direct Load Scheduling

At present, the power grid has tight control over its dispatchable generation capacity but a very coarse control on the demand. Energy consumers are shielded from making price-aware decisions, which degrades the efficiency of the market. This state of affairs tends to favor fossil fuel generation over renewable sources. Because of the technological difficulties of storing electric energy, the quest for mechanisms that would make the demand for electricity controllable on a day-to-day basis is gaining prominence. The goal of this paper is to provide one such mechanisms, which we call Digital Direct Load Scheduling (DDLS). DDLS is a direct load control mechanism in which we unbundle individual requests for energy and digitize them so that they can be automatically scheduled in a cellular architecture. Specifically, rather than storing energy or interrupting the job of appliances, we choose to hold requests for energy in queues and optimize the service time of individual appliances belonging to a broad class which we refer to as "deferrable loads". The function of each neighborhood scheduler is to optimize the time at which these appliances start to function. This process is intended to shape the aggregate load profile of the neighborhood so as to optimize an objective function which incorporates the spot price of energy, and also allows distributed energy resources to supply part of the generation dynamically.
Monochromatic simplices of any volume

We give a very short proof of the following result of Graham from 1980: For any finite coloring of R^d, d>=2, and for any @a>0, there is a monochromatic (d+1)-tuple that spans a simplex of volume @a. Our proof also yields new estimates on the number A=A(r) defined as the minimum positive value A such that, in any r-coloring of the grid points Z^2 of the plane, there is a monochromatic triangle of area exactly A.
A "Super" Folk Theorem for dynastic repeated games

We analyze dynastic repeated games. These are repeated games in which the stage game is played by successive generations of finitely-lived players with dynastic preferences. Each individual has preferences that replicate those of the infinitely-lived players of a standard discounted infinitely-repeated game. Individuals live one period and do not observe the history of play that takes place before their birth, but instead create social memory through private messages received from their immediate predecessors. Under mild conditions, when players are suciently patient, all feasible payo vec- tors (including those below the minmax of the stage game) can be sustained by Sequen- tial Equilibria of the dynastic repeated game with private communication. In particular, the result applies to any stage game with n 4 players for which the standard Folk Theorem yields a payo set with a non-empty interior.
The Oromo in Exile: Creating Knowledge and Promoting Social Justice

This paper explains how some Oromos who were forced to leave their country, Oromia, by successive colonial Ethiopian governments and live in exile have been organized in foreign lands to liberate their people and country by supporting the Oromo national movement. By demonstrating how global and regional forces have collaborated in the colonization, continued subjugation and dehumanization of the Oromo people, the paper illustrates how the Oromo people have lost their cultural, political, and social rights that are enshrined in the UN Universal Declaration of human rights and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and how they are still facing state terrorism and genocidal massacres. The financial support from powerful Western countries as well as the support from China to the Tigrayan-led Ethiopian government is threatening the survival of the Oromo people in the 21st century. In response to these gross human rights violations, Oromo activist intellectuals and other Oromos in the Diaspora are engaged in creating knowledge and promoting justice for their downtrodden people on global level.
Transient Solutions From Scattered Fields In A Waveguide

Abstract : We examine a transient acoustic signal that scatters from a submerged object traversing a waveguide using the object in a waveguide model developed at NOARL. We are concerned with shallow water waveguides using realistic elongated targets. We show how to employ different pulse forms for resonant and nonresonant targets to determine distinguidhing characteristics in the pulse signals that scatter from the target via bistatic measurements. Some numerical examples are presented for both frequency and time domain solution.
Design and performance of a multiterawatt, subpicosecond neodymium:glass laser

A tabletop Nd: phosphate glass laser system capable of producing subpicosecondpulses with a peak power > 8.5 TW is described. Relay imaging and optimization of the chirped-pulse amplification technique, including spectral shaping and careful attention to beam quality, produce a transform-limited, 800-fs compressed pulse with an energy of 6.8 J in a near-diffraction-limited spatially uniform beam.
Analysts' forecasts as proxies for investor beliefs in empirical research

Abstract We analyze how analysts' forecasts relate to investor beliefs and describe the implications of these relations for price and volume reactions to earnings surprises. We show that dispersion among forecasts does not fully capture investor uncertainty. We also show how the relations between market reactions and forecast properties differ under the alternative assumptions of exogenous and endogenous private information acquisition. Finally, the analysis suggests refined tests for volume reactions at the time of an announcement. Our results indicate that the model is useful for understanding and interpreting empirical work and developing empirical tests of market reactions to announcements.