cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PKC alpha regulates Sendai virus-mediated interferon induction through HDAC6 and β-catenin

Recognition of viral RNA by cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors initiates signals leading to the induction of type I interferon (IFN) transcription via transcription factors such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Here, we describe a new signalling pathway that involves protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and beta-catenin (β-catenin), which is essential for IFN gene induction following virus infection. Knockdown of PKCα in various human cells, including primary cells, inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-mediated IFN induction and enhanced virus replication. In the absence of this pathway IRF3 becomes activated, but does not bind to its promoter and is thus unable to support transcription. Mechanistically, SeV infection induced the activation of PKCα, which promoted its interaction with HDAC6 and enhanced its deacetylation activity in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Further downstream, HDAC6 caused deacetylation of β-catenin and enhanced its nuclear translocation and promoter binding. In the nucleus, β-catenin acted as a co-activator for IRF3-mediated transcription. Our findings suggest an important role of a novel signalling pathway mediated by PKCα–HDAC6–β-catenin in controlling IRF3-mediated transcription.
Social Movement Theory and the “Modern Day Tea Party”

The rise of the Tea Party movement took many political observers by surprise, but social movement theory can help us to understand how the Tea Party began. Frustration with the federal government's plans for economic recovery, combined with opposition to President Obama's election, morphed into nationwide protests and a vocal presence in the 2010 midterm elections. This paper uses the Tea Party as an example to illustrate social movement life cycles, explaining relevant theories, their application to the movement in each phase of its development, and areas in which the Tea Party challenges current literature on social movements. Social movement theory is discussed as a tool that is constantly being honed as new research increases our understanding of how movements develop and function.
Representing visibility for siting problems

Many siting and other terrain analysis problems require the determination of the visibility from large numbers of observer locations over their surrounding terrain. The computational costs of existing visibility algorithms often require serious compromises on the fidelity, accuracy, or scope of analysis in real world settings. A highly accurate viewshed determination algorithm, R2, is presented that executes in $O(R\sp2)$ time (where R is proportional to the number of points along the radius of the potential viewshed) and does not suffer from numerical problems, complex special cases, or high constant factors. Since the size of the output in viewshed determination is also $O(R\sp2),$ the time complexity of R2 is within a constant factor of optimality. The R2 algorithm is used to verify a fast and effective visibility index estimation procedure, WeightF. WeightF has time complexity O(R) and produces visibility index estimates with a correlated variation to R2 in excess of 0.9 on a variety of terrain datasets and problem settings. These visibility indexes can be used to select points with best aggregate visibility in an area. On real terrain, analysis using WeightF shows that points with significantly above average visibility index values are only a very small number of the total observer points. This property and the fast execution time of WeightF makes it useful for identifying high visibility points for use in siting algorithms, and to produce a viewable visibility index image that can display a large amount of visibility information in an intuitive fashion.
Determining the instantaneous frequency of the non-stationary process of electroencephalogram type

Implementation of the electroencephalograms (EEG) is considered. signal It is shown that EEG can be presented as a signal with stochastic frequency modulation. The spectra of implementations and a time-frequency dependences are calculated fro the zero level cross points.
The pharmacologic treatment of conduct disorders and rage outbursts.

Although this article focuses on psychopharmacology, pharmacotherapy is only part of a comprehensive treatment program. Treatment should be individualized to the patient's condition and level of intellectual functioning (e.g., conduct disorder, mental retardation). Clinicians should be acquainted with the Food and Drug Administration's regulations and the Physician's Desk Reference's guidelines. Psychoactive agents should be prescribed judiciously under careful clinical and laboratory monitoring, especially when given on a long-term basis. Knowledge of potential short- and long-term side effects is imperative to minimize impairment (cognitive, sedation) and to maximize achievement of adaptive behaviors. Aggressiveness is a low-frequency behavior and therefore difficult to assess. Aggressiveness with an explosive affective component and rage seems to be more responsive to pharmacotherapy than aggressiveness alone. Children who present with covert conduct disorder symptoms, such as stealing and lying, might not be as responsive to psychoactive agents as the conduct disorder with explosive characteristics. The neuroleptics are considered the standard drugs for the treatment of aggression but sedation and concern over tardive dyskinesia have led investigators to explore and study other classes of drugs. Lithium carbonate has been studied in short-term clinical trials and has been shown to be an effective alternative to the neuroleptics. Carbamazepine and propranolol seem to be promising agents but require further critical assessment in children and adolescents. Stimulants should be considered the first choice of treatment in coexisting conduct disorder and ADHD or in milder forms of aggression. In conclusion, there is a need for systematic investigation of the effectiveness and safety of psychoactive agents in children and adolescents with aggressiveness, explosiveness, and rage outbursts. There is some supportive evidence that some patients with these target symptoms are good responders to certain drugs. Future research should compare pharmacotherapy to psychosocial treatment and the combination of both.
A tale of two classifier systems

This paper describes two classifier systems that learn. These are rule-based systems that use genetic algorithms, which are based on an analogy with natural selection and genetics, as their principal learning mechanism, and an economic model as their principal mechanism for apportioning credit. CFS-C is a domain-independent learning system that has been widely tested on serial computers. CFS is a parallel implementation of CFS-C that makes full use of the inherent parallelism of classifier systems and genetic algorithms, and that allows the exploration of large-scale tasks that were formerly impractical. As with other approaches to learning, classifier systems in their current form work well for moderately-sized tasks but break down for larger tasks. In order to shed light on this issue, we present several empirical studies of known issues in classifier systems, including the effects of population size, the actual contribution of genetic algorithms, the use of rule chaining in solving higher-order tasks, and issues of task representation and dynamic population convergence. We conclude with a discussion of some major unresolved issues in learning classifier systems and some possible approaches to making them more effective on complex tasks.
The behavior of gas-liquid interfaces in vertical tubes

Abstract Experimental studies of interface behavior when a gas flow, confined in a vertical tube, flows past a stationary body of liquid are presented. Critical conditions necessary for the interface to become unstable or break up are investigated. Specific phenomena studied include: penetration of liquid from a reservoir into the top open end of a vertical tube from which gas is emerging, flow of gas past a liquid ring maintained on the inside wall of the tube, conditions for the support of a “hanging film” on the tube wall, formation of droplets and establishment of a continuous upwards-flowing liquid film. A general mathematical formulation of this problem is presented and used to derive the set of relevant dimensionless parameters. Solutions are obtained to certain simple cases and are shown to be consistent with experiment in the limits in which one or more of the variables exerts negligible influence.
Behavioral communication: Individual differences in communication style

Behavioral communication is defined as an individual differences variable entailing indirect expression of feelings, needs, and thoughts as a substitute for more direct and open communication. A Behavioral Communication Questionnaire (BCQ) was developed with an Internet sample (N = 247). High alpha reliabilities were obtained in measuring behavioral communication toward three referents: partner, friend, and coworker. Strong positive intercorrelations among these versions of the BCQ suggested that people report consistency in what and how they communicate regardless of with whom they communicate. Scores for behavioral communication correlated expectably with measures of self-esteem, open communication, life distresses, and alexithymia, and were independent of major demographic variables. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Occupancy and abundance of wintering birds in a dynamic agricultural landscape

Assessing wildlife management action requires monitoring populations, and abundance often is the parameter monitored. Recent methodological advances have enabled estimation of mean abundance within a habitat using presence-absence or count data obtained via repeated visits to a sample of sites. These methods assume populations are closed and intuitively assume habitats within sites change little during a field season. However, many habitats are highly variable over short periods. We developed a variation of existing occupancy and abundance models that allows for extreme spatio-temporal differences in habitat, and resulting changes in wildlife abundance, among sites and among visits to a site within a field season. We conducted our study in sugarcane habitat within the Everglades Agricultural Area southeast of Lake Okeechobee in south Florida. We counted wintering birds, primarily passerines, within 245 sites usually 5 times at each site during December 2006-March 2007. We estimated occupancy and mean abundance of birds in 6 vegetation states during the sugarcane harvest and allowed these parameters to vary temporally or spatially within a vegetation state. Occupancy and mean abundance of the common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) was affected by structure of sugarcane and uncultivated edge vegetation (occupancy ¼ 1.00 (95% C _ I ¼ 0.96-1.00) and mean abundance ¼ 7.9 (95% C _ I ¼ 3.2-19.5) in tall sugarcane with tall edge vegetation versus 0.20 (95% C _ I ¼ 0.04-0.71) and 0.22 (95% C _ I ¼ 0.04-1.2), respectively, in short sugar- cane with short edge vegetation in one half of the study area). Occupancy and mean abundance of palm warblers (Dendroica palmarum) were constant (occupancy ¼ 1.00, 95% C _ I ¼ 0.69-1.00; mean abundance ¼ 18, 95% C _ I ¼ 1-270). Our model may enable wildlife managers to assess rigorously effects of future edge habitat management on avian distribution and abundance within agricultural landscapes during winter or the breeding season. The model may also help wildlife managers make similar management decisions involving other dynamic habitats such as wetlands, prairies, and even forested areas if forest management or fires occur during the field season. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Inhibition of mitosis of lymphocytes from human adults by lymphocytes from human newborns.

Abstract Examination of mixed cultures of lymphocytes from mothers and their newborn male babies for the occurrence of male and female metaphases using the fluorescent Y chromosome technique revealed that 88–100% of the dividing lymphocytes were of baby (male) origin. The same strong mitotic inhibition also occurred when lymphocytes from newborn male babies were mixed with lymphocytes from nonrelated recently delivered mothers and from nonpregnant women. Lymphocytes from the mother were not killed by lymphoid cells from the baby as judged by cytotoxicity tests using 51 Cr. Separate cultures of lymphocytes from adults and newborns responded to PHA stimulation by equal mitotic rates and 3 H thymidine uptake. These observations suggest that lymphocytes from adults, while not being destroyed, are nevertheless markedly inhibited from dividing by lymphocytes from newborn babies.
Social Interventions in the Care of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Pregnant Women

The incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing among women of childbearing age. Women now account for 18% of the total number of cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), compared with 9% a decade ago. The medical care of pregnant HIV-infected women must take into account the high prevalence of substance abuse, preceded and often accompanied by significant levels of physical, emotional, and sexual trauma, and the concomitant stigmatization of these women in their families and communities. Pregnancy is often a time when women are motivated to make major positive behavioral and life-style changes. To do this, they need ongoing, multidisciplinary counseling and support, with recognition that progress may be intermittent and slow. The Special Prenatal Care Program at Bellevue Hospital is described to show the level of resource commitment that is needed as well as the nearly universal acceptance of voluntary HIV counseling and testing in these conditions. Trends in permanency planning for the children of HIV-infected women are described. Future research needs are outlined, including female-specific drug treatment and more effective contraceptive technology for both men and women.
Combining peer instruction and audience response systems to enhance academic performance, facilitate active learning and promote peer-assisted learning communities

Current research shows that peer-assisted learning can enhance students' motivation, academic self-concept, academic performance and retention. Building on constructivist theory, this study investigates the use of audience response systems, or clickers, and peer instruction (PI) to engage students in class, to increase the students' engagement and sense of community, both in and out of the classroom, and to increase the students' academic performance. This article presents the results of a quasi-experimental study comparing the outcomes achieved by two equivalent student groups taking the same Textiles class by the same instructor in two adjacent semesters. While the control class utilised only audience response systems, the experimental class utilised clickers in combination with PI. The experimental group performed significantly better on examinations and final averages, while the control group performed significantly better on class projects. No significant difference was found between the quiz scores ...
Very low temperature properties of liquid helium-3

Heat capacity and phase-boundary-line data on liquid3He in the few millikelvin temperature range obtained by Wheatley and his co-workers are analyzed within the framework of thermodynamics. The data favor the thermally anomalous disordered high temperature liquid phase to become of normal thermal behavior in its ordered B phase. The latter exhibits entropy decrease on isothermal compression, or its isobaric volume expansion coefficient is positive. At temperatures substantially below the phase-boundary temperatures, the ordered liquid might revert smoothly into a modification of anomalous thermal behavior, i.e., with entropy increase on isothermal compression. This alternation in the thermal behavior of the B phase, on experimental confirmation, could become helpful for a determination of the nature of its dominant thermal excitations in the indicated two temperature ranges, a situation reminiscent of the one existing in liquid4He II. Currently available magnetic susceptibility data raise the possibility, at very low temperatures, of further cooling liquid3He-B on adiabatic magnetization.
Brief Strategic Family Therapy versus Community Control: Engagement, Retention, and an Exploration of the Moderating Role of Adolescent Symptom Severity*

This study extends a program of research investigating the effectiveness of Brief Strategic Family Therapy to engage and retain families and/or youth in treatment. The study contrasted Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) with a Community Comparison (CC) condition selected to represent the common engagement and treatment practices of the community; 104 families were randomly assigned to BSFT or CC. Results indicate that families assigned to BSFT had significantly higher rates of engagement (81% vs. 61%), and retention (71% vs. 42%). BSFT was also more effective than CC in retaining more severe cases. Post hoc analyses of treatment effectiveness suggest that BSFT was able to achieve comparable treatment effects despite retaining more difficult cases. We discuss these results from a public health perspective, and highlight the study's contribution to a small but growing body of literature that suggests the benefits of a family-systems paradigm for engagement and retention in treatment.
Cooperative Doctoral Programs: Georgia's Solution for Conserving Scarce Resources.

Johnson and his colleagues describe the joint ventures between a large state university and three public senior col leges in the development and imple mentation of cooperative residential doctoral programs. These programs, which have been in existence for five years, are highly cost effective com pared to the alternative of granting uni versity status to numerous state col leges. They also provide economical and quality educational opportunities to student populations that previously have not had access to doctoral level work.
Investigations into the coupling of cyclohexene oxide and carbon disulfide catalyzed by (salen)CrCl. Selectivity for the production of copolymers vs. cyclic thiocarbonates

The synthesis of poly(thiocarbonates) has been achieved via the (salen)CrCl/[PPN]Cl (salen = N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamino) and PPN+ = bis(triphenyl-phosphoranylidene)ammonium) catalyzed coupling of carbon disulfide and cyclohexene oxide. Optimal catalytic activity was observed at 50 °C and a 1 : 1 carbon disulfide to cyclohexene oxide loading ratio to afford copolymers with molecular weights ranging from 14 000–34 000 g mol−1 with narrow molecular weight distributions. The exchange of sulfur and oxygen atoms was observed in both the copolymer and cyclic products. In situ infrared monitoring of the coupling reactions revealed an initiation period followed by formation of copolymers enriched in oxygen content, and concomitantly cyclic thiocarbonates enriched in sulfur content. By way of contrast, the copolymerization of cyclohexene sulfide and carbon disulfide was found to be highly selective and effective for producing cyclohexylene trithiocarbonate vs. the all-sulfur copolymer at 30 °C. Density functional theory calculations were carried out on the possible cyclic materials from the coupling of cyclohexene oxide and CS2, which revealed cyclohexylene trithiocarbonate to be the most stable cyclic species.
Social context and personal expenditures for health care: federal policy and the experience of older adults in the 1970s.

The relationship between the intent and the outcome of legislated social policy is discussed. Specifically, this study documents some effects of federal health reimbursement and income policy in the late 1960s and early 1970s on health care behavior and expenditures in the decade 1970-1980. The Longitudinal Retirement History Study (LRHS), containing information on a panel of 6,270 men and unmarried women aged 58 to 63 in 1969, was used to provide information on the personal health expenditures in this decade. Medicare and Medicaid and the indexing of Social Security became operational at the beginning of the study, which permitted the exploration of intended and observed effects of legislation designed to make health care more accessible and affordable for older adults. As policy intended, utilization increased over the decade as indicated by both increases in the number of panelists with health care bills and increases in the size of total bills (constant dollars). Consistent with federal policy to redu...
Optical modeling activities for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Part V. Operational alignment updates

This paper is part five of a series on the ongoing optical modeling activities for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The first two papers discussed modeling JWST on-orbit performance using wavefront sensitivities to predict line of sight motion induced blur, and stability during thermal transients. The third paper investigates the aberrations resulting from alignment and figure compensation of the controllable degrees of freedom (primary and secondary mirrors), which may be encountered during ground alignment and on-orbit commissioning of the observatory, and the fourth introduced the software toolkits used to perform much of the optical analysis for JWST. The work here models observatory operations by simulating line-of-sight image motion and alignment drifts over a two-week period. Alignment updates are then simulated using wavefront sensing and control processes to calculate and perform the corrections. A single model environment in Matlab is used for evaluating the predicted performance of the observatory during these operations.
Safety and Efficacy of Brimonidine in Children with Glaucoma

Abstract Purpose: Brimonidine is a relatively selective α-agonist, which reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by decreasing aqueous production and increasing uveoscleral outflow. Brimonidine passes through the blood-brain barrier, potentially causing central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. There have been reports of bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, hypotonia, and apnea in infants after topical brimonidine. Methods: We reviewed the IOP data and side effects of children at the Duke University Eye Center placed on brimonidine from June 1997 to October 2000. Brimonidine 0.2% was used for patients whose glaucoma was uncontrolled on maximal tolerated medical therapy. A monocular trial was performed whenever possible, and brimonidine was not prescribed for infants. Included were 32 eyes of 30 patients with uncontrolled IOP and varied glaucoma diagnoses. Results: The mean patient age was 10.5 years, with a mean follow-up on brimonidine of 10.8 months. Most patients were on other glaucoma medications. In 11 of the 32 eyes the IOP data could be interpreted, and in these eyes the IOP decreased from a mean of 22.5 ± 4.9 mm Hg to a mean of 20.8 ± 4.0 mm Hg (a mean decrease of 6.7% ± 10%, P = .04) on brimonidine after a mean follow-up of 11.0 ± 6.9 months. Two young children (ages 2.4 and 3.7 years) repeatedly were unarousable soon after the administration of brimonidine. Five other children experienced extreme fatigue after brimonidine administration. All symptoms resolved after brimonidine was discontinued. Discussion/Conclusions: Brimonidine should be used with caution in young children because of the potential for CNS depression. In selected patients, brimonidine has a substantial ocular hypotensive effect. (J AAPOS 2001;5:281-4)
A locality-aware memory hierarchy for energy-efficient GPU architectures

As GPU's compute capabilities grow, their memory hierarchy increasingly becomes a bottleneck. Current GPU memory hierarchies use coarse-grained memory accesses to exploit spatial locality, maximize peak bandwidth, simplify control, and reduce cache meta-data storage. These coarse-grained memory accesses, however, are a poor match for emerging GPU applications with irregular control flow and memory access patterns. Meanwhile, the massive multi-threading of GPUs and the simplicity of their cache hierarchies make CPU-specific memory system enhancements ineffective for improving the performance of irregular GPU applications. We design and evaluate a locality-aware memory hierarchy for throughput processors, such as GPUs. Our proposed design retains the advantages of coarse-grained accesses for spatially and temporally local programs while permitting selective fine-grained access to memory. By adaptively adjusting the access granularity, memory bandwidth and energy are reduced for data with low spatial/temporal locality without wasting control overheads or prefetching potential for data with high spatial locality. As such, our locality-aware memory hierarchy improves GPU performance, energy-efficiency, and memory throughput for a large range of applications.
The mood of a firm

Abstract Mood is information. A good mood signals a desire to cooperate; a bad mood warns of a determination to oppose. Firms may communicate by mood. The paper makes three points about the mood of a firm. First, mood can change. A change in mood affects everyone in the market. Second, there exists a strong tendency for a firm frustrated by poor communication to have bad mood. Bad mood amplifies behavioral responses. Third, the attendant risks of bubbles and panics are a concern about policies that encourage firms to communicate by mood.
Amino terminal sequence studies on the Ia antigens of the guinea pig

The partial amino acid sequence of three β (25,000 daltons) chains from guinea pig Ia antigens have been determined. The radiolabeled Ia polypeptide chains were isolated from lymphocytes cultured with [3H]-amino acids and subjected to automated Edman degradation. The sequence analysis data suggest the assignment of 8 residues out of 17 positions in the β chain from the Ia molecule bearing the 4, 5 marker (strain 2); 4 or 7 from Ia. 7 (strain 13); and 10 of 16 from Ia. 3,5 (strain 13). Comparison of the tentative partial sequences indicates that although similar, each β chain is encoded in a separate gene. The guinea pig β chains show some homology to the human HLA-D analogue but little or none to three murine la β chains.
Effects of chronic gamma irradiation on the development of old field plant communities

Abstract First- and second-year old field plant communities were allowed to develop in sections of the Gamma Radiation Field at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The communities developing under irradiation differed in general from non-irradiated communities in lower diversity of species, in lower total plant cover, and in the densities of individual species. Changes in species composition of the communities along the radiation gradient were proportional to the daily radiation exposure, a 50 per cent reduction in the coefficient of community corresponding to an approximately 3-fold change in radiation exposure rate. While there was an overall decline in total density along the gradient of increasing radiation, densities of individual species varied greatly without simple relationship to radiation exposure. Individual plants in the irradiated communities differed in form and in reproductive potential from those in non-irradiated communities. At exposures in excess of 320 r/day growth of most species was inhibited and anomalies in form were common. The reproductive potential of Erigeron canadensis , one of the relatively resistant species of the second year communities, was zero at exposures of 320 r/day and above, although individual plants survived 640 r/day. This work shows: (1) that any threshold for effects of radiation on species composition of old field communities lies at less than 50 r/day; (2) changes in species composition are approximately linearly related to the logarithm of daily radiation exposure; (3) the principle of species individuality appears to apply to communities exposed to ionizing radiation as it does to communities along other environmental gradients ; (4) the individuality of species' responses to radiation results in a different community at each radiation exposure; (5) all the higher plants of the old field communities in this study are relatively radioresistant; (6) resistance is correlated in these field studies with low average interphase chromosome volumes and with relatively high degrees of polyploidy; (7) using the effects of irradiation on the reproductive capacity of Erigeron as an example, sexual reproduction remains substantially intact at exposures as high as 1/6–1/3 those required to exclude the species from the community: reduced quantities of viable seeds are produced at exposures about 1/2 those which excluded the species; (8) there is at present no clear relationship between the LD 50 's of laboratory studies and criteria useful in appraising effects on communities.
Effects of propranolol treatment on left ventricular function and intracellular calcium regulation in rats with postinfarction heart failure

Chronic treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents can improve survival in patients with heart failure. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects and whether these effects are generalizable to ischaemic heart failure are unresolved. We performed echocardiographic-Doppler examinations in rats (n=28) 1 and 6 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI) or sham surgery. Rats were randomized to no treatment or propranolol (500 mg/l in drinking water) after the first echocardiogram. Isometric contractions and intracellular Ca transients were recorded simultaneously in noninfarcted left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles. Untreated MI rats had significant LV dilatation (10.6±0.4* vs 8.9±0.3 mm, MI vs control), impaired systolic function (fractional shortening=11±2* vs 38±2%), and a restrictive LV diastolic filling pattern. MI rats receiving propranolol had similar LV chamber sizes (10.6±0.5 mm) and systolic function (13±2%). The propranolol treated animals had higher LV end-diastolic pressures (27±2* vs 20±3 mmHg) and a more restricted LV diastolic filling pattern (increased ratio of early to late filling velocities and more rapid E wave deceleration rate). Contractility of papillary muscles from untreated MI rats was depressed (1.6±0.3 vs 2.4±0.5 g mm−2). In addition, Ca transients were prolonged and the inotropic response to isoproterenol was blunted. Propranolol treatment did not improve force development (1.6±0.3 g mm−2) or the duration of Ca transients during isoproterenol stimulation. Chronic propranolol treatment in rats with postinfarction heart failure did not improve LV remodeling or systolic function. LV diastolic pressures and filling patterns were worsened by propranolol. Treatment also did not produce appreciable improvement in contractility, intracellular Ca regulation or beta-adrenergic responsiveness in the noninfarcted myocardium. British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 127, 1671–1679; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702701
Fluorescence Studies of Oxygen Binding in Limulus Hemocyanin

Limulus hemocyanin, a weakly fluorescent copper protein when oxygenated, is highly fluorescent in the deoxygenated forms. A large enhancement of the fluorescence yield, 8.8-fold at neutral pH, was observed on complete deoxygenation, and a 9.4-fold increase was observed on removal of copper from oxyhemocyanin. The weak fluorescence of oxyhemocyanin is attributed to radiationless energy transfer from the tryptophan residues to the Cu⋯O group. The average distance between these two moieties was 21.4 A. In oxyhemocyanin, the active site containing copper and oxygen is strongly hydrophobic, and a change in oxygen binding may profoundly alter the hydrophobic structure of the protein. This alteration is indicated by the binding of tetracycline to the protein where the distance between tryptophans and the tetracycline binding site is significantly increased when the protein is deoxygenated or when copper is removed. From the fluorescence results, it was found that the Cu⋯O group in Limulus, an arthropod hemocyanin, is nearer and interacts more strongly with the tryptophan residues than these groups in the mollusk (Leuentina hierosolima and Murex trunculus) hemocyanins. Deoxygenation of oxyhemocyanin by sodium sulfite was catalyzed by trace amounts of certain metal ions. The reaction rate was increased significantly by Co(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II), in decreasing order, but not by Zn(II).
A Live, Attenuated Dengue Virus Type 1 Vaccine Candidate with a 30-Nucleotide Deletion in the 3′ Untranslated Region Is Highly Attenuated and Immunogenic in Monkeys

The Δ30 deletion mutation, which was originally created in dengue virus type 4 (DEN4) by the removal of nucleotides 172 to 143 from the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR), was introduced into a homologous region of wild-type (wt) dengue virus type 1 (DEN1). The resulting virus, rDEN1Δ30, was attenuated in rhesus monkeys to a level similar to that of the rDEN4Δ30 vaccine candidate. rDEN1Δ30 was more attenuated in rhesus monkeys than the previously described vaccine candidate, rDEN1mutF, which also contains mutations in the 3′ UTR, and both vaccines were highly protective against challenge with wt DEN1. Both rDEN1Δ30 and rDEN1mutF were also attenuated in HuH-7-SCID mice. However, neither rDEN1Δ30 nor rDEN1mutF showed restricted replication following intrathoracic inoculation in the mosquito Toxorhynchites splendens. The ability of the Δ30 mutation to attenuate both DEN1 and DEN4 viruses suggests that a tetravalent DEN vaccine could be generated by introduction of the Δ30 mutation into wt DEN viruses belonging to each of the four serotypes.
Investigations into treatment strategies aiding the immune response to Haemophilus Influenzae

A predator-prey model to reflect the dominant immune response to the bacterium, Haemophilus Influenzae, is given. Using our model, we investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of antibiotic treatments by formulating the control problem as an LMI. Given the resulting robust control strategy, simulations demonstrate its superiority.
Topoisomerization of plasmid DNA in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4.

The degradation of host DNA, and the block to transcription of cytosine-containing DNA, which are a part of the normal course of infection by bacteriophage T4, can be eliminated in an appropriate T4 genetic background (designated as our reference type, or r.t.), so that T4 late promoters carried on plasmid DNA can function. The changes of topoisomer distribution that ensue when phage T4 r.t. infect Escherichia coli carrying a plasmid containing a T4 late promoter were analyzed. The linking number of the covalently closed circular plasmid DNA increased (implying relaxation) at the same time as the distribution of topoisomers became much broader. The relaxation of plasmid DNA was primarily, but not exclusively, due to T4 DNA topoisomerase II. The bacterial DNA topoisomerase II (gyrase) continued to function after phage infection to maintain some degree of superhelicity in plasmid DNA. When the DNA gyrase was inhibited by coumermycin or oxolinic acid, the topoisomer distribution became distinctly bimodal, part of the DNA remaining highly negatively supercoiled. It is argued that the observed post-infection topological changes involve relaxation of torsional stress and changes of binding by proteins that topologically constrain the plasmid DNA.
American Dairy Science Association Relations with Other Organizations

Summary I have tried in these past few minutes to review for you some of the activities and relationships that your Association have, particularly with other groups in the field of international relations. I have attempted to point out possibilities for increasing this activity, if this is the desire and policy of the Association. Many of the other scientific societies are likewise giving increasing attention to this subject. I am sure there is a boundless opportunity to be of service. From the standpoint of the production interests, I believe close liaison with ASAS in international activity is desirable. From the standpoint of the dairy processing interests, perhaps similar liaison with societies like the Society of Food Technology would be desirable.
Perseveration in the rat following hippocampal lesions

Abstract Animals with either bilateral hippocampal or amygdala lesions and non-operated controls were compared on acquisition of a Sidman avoidance task under two conditions of prior experience. In one condition of prior experience the three groups of animals were trained to bar-hold in a shock-escape task and this pretraining was followed by the avoidance task which required repetitive bar-pressing. In the other condition, no pretraining was given before the avoidance task was introduced. Analysis of the shock-reduction and response patterning data during the avoidance task suggested that there was a differential effect of the pretraining on the animals with hippocampal lesions. These animals also manifested a significant increase in bar-holding during the avoidance task. The results suggest that hippocampal lesions produce a deficit in the giving up of old responses rather than in the learning of new ones.
A family of physics-based preconditioners for solving elliptic equations on highly heterogeneous media

Eigenvalues of smallest magnitude become a major bottleneck for iterative solvers especially when the underlying physical properties have severe contrasts. These contrasts are commonly found in many applications such as composite materials, geological rock properties and thermal and electrical conductivity. The main objective of this work is to construct a method as algebraic as possible. However, the underlying physics is utilized to distinguish between high and low degrees of freedom which is central to the construction of the proposed preconditioner. Namely, we propose an algebraic way of separating binary-like systems according to a given threshold into high- and low-conductivity regimes of coefficient size O(m) and O(1), respectively where [email protected]?1. So, the proposed preconditioner is essentially physics-based because without the utilization of underlying physics such an algebraic distinction, hence, the construction of the preconditioner would not be possible. The condition number of the linear system depends both on the mesh size @Dx and the coefficient size m. For our purposes, we address only the m dependence since the condition number of the linear system is mainly governed by the high-conductivity sub-block. Thus, the proposed strategy is inspired by capturing the relevant physics governing the problem. Based on the algebraic construction, a two-stage preconditioning strategy is developed as follows: (1) a first stage that comprises approximation to the components of the solution associated to small eigenvalues and, (2) a second stage that deals with the remaining solution components with a deflation strategy (if ever needed). Due to its algebraic nature, the proposed approach can support a wide range of realistic geometries (e.g., layered and channelized media). Numerical examples show that the proposed class of physics-based preconditioners are more effective and robust compared to a class of Krylov-based deflation methods on highly heterogeneous media.
Responding to ESL Students' Texts: The Myths of Appropriation

Responding to students' texts is central to successful composition teaching and learning, yet many ESL writing teachers are fearful that their responses to students' academic prose may appropriate student texts and thereby disempower their students. This paper reviews the historical bases for the appropriation issue in native English speaker (NES) and ESL writing classrooms, then focuses on the reasons for the development of myths of appropriation: the exclusion of the social context in writing, both in the classroom and in academic discourse communities, as well as a tendency not to differentiate intervention from appropriation. As a direct result of these myths, many teachers have stepped outside the communication processes of their students. Instead of entering the conversation of composing and drafting, instead of helping students negotiate between their interests and purposes and the experiences and intentions of their academic readers, many teachers have retreated into a hands-off approach to student writing. This article concludes with suggestions that encourage teachers to use their roles as writing experts and cultural informants to empower students in their writing.
Predicting judgment time from measures of psychological proximity.

Pathfinder networks are evaluated in terms of their ability to predict Ss' response time in category and size judgment tasks. For both tasks, pairwise proximities derived from the network representation of relatedness estimates predicted response times independently of the original relatedness estimates. These results indicate that Pathfinder proximities represent psychological proximity as measured by judgment time better than Ss' own estimates of relatedness. Pathfinder's predictive ability is derived from a focus on relatedness estimates from the more sensitive related end of the rating scale. Evidence supporting this account is presented, and an explanation for sensitivity differences among ratings is proposed
Ophiolites, the Sierra Nevada, “Cordilleria,” and Orogeny along the Pacific and Caribbean Margins of North and South America

Ophiolites are major expressions of orogeny; they are dominantly oceanic crust and mantle emplaced by collision of a mantle-rooted thrust (subduction zone) with a continental margin or island arc. Ophiolite nappes thus represent remnants of lithospheric plates; their basal thrusts (fossil subduction zones) intrinsically cannot be balanced; their displacements are unknown but very large. Two major belts of Mesozoic ophiolites and related island-arc complexes extend along the western and Caribbean margins of the Americas from Alaska to Ecuador. An eastern belt (e.g., Stikinia-Intermontane superterranes, Canada, United States; rocks of western Baja Californa and the Guerrero terrane, Mexico; ophioliticand related rocks of Guatemala, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and La Desirade; Cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela; and the Cordillera Central, Colombia) was an active island-arc complex in the Early to Middle Jurassic and was emplaced in Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous time. A western belt (e.g., the Wrangellia/Insu...
Purified octamer binding transcription factors stimulate RNA polymerase III-mediated transcription of the 7SK RNA gene

Abstract We have analyzed the upstream promoter of the human 7SK RNA gene to determine which protein factors are involved in the transcription of this gene by RNA polymerase III. Using a reconstituted in vitro system, we show directly that octamer binding transcription factors (OTFs) are required for efficient transcription and that they interact with a series of nonconsensus OTF binding sites between positions −70 and −240. The same purified factors that stimulate RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of the histone H2b gene (OTF-1) and an immunoglobulin light chain gene (OTF-2) also stimulate 7SK transcription by RNA polymerase III. Moreover, OTF-dependent stimulation requires a sequence between positions −48 and −65 that is homologous to the proximal sequence element of the class II snRNA genes. Our findings indicate that some transcription factors are utilized in the transcription of both class II and class III genes.
Field Theoretical Interpretation of Multiple Meson Production

The formula for the cross section of multiple production of mesons is derived under the following assumptions: the interaction between a nucleon and a meson( ith Cr deposite ) is present only for a finite time interval 0 to t with the free Hamiltonian H/sub o/ regarded as a C-number; the concept of renormalization is assumed to get only the relative cross section of n meson( ith Cr deposite ) production. (C.J.G.)
The relationship between breeding coloration and mating success in male pygmy sculpin (Cottus paulus Williams)

Carotenoid-based coloration is well studied in birds and fishes because carotenoid pigments must be acquired from the diet, and therefore it may be used as an honest signal of condition. Females may select males based on the color and intensity of the carotenoid pigments found in a high quality male. The orange patches on the pectoral fins and body of male Pygmy Sculpin (Cottus paulus) differ in aspects of coloration between successful and unsuccessful males (defined as nest holders who either obtain egg clutches or not); however, these males do not differ in length or condition. Within successful males, condition was correlated with mating success (average eggs gained and average egg clutches gained) but coloration was not. However, aspects of coloration were correlated with male condition. Female Pygmy Sculpin seem to prefer males with more intense coloration and that are in good condition, which may correlate with numerous benefits such as effective brood defense, decreased filial cannibalism and fungal infections.
Range of the posterior probability of an interval for priors with unimodality preserving contaminations

Range of the posterior probability of an interval over the e-contamination class Γ={π=(1−e)π0+eq:qeQ} is derived. Here, π0 is the elicited prior which is assumed unimodal, e is the amount of uncertainty in π0, andQ is the set of all probability densitiesq for which π=(1−e)π0+eq is unimodal with the same mode as that of π0. We show that the sup (resp. inf) of the posterior probability of an interval is attained by a prior which is equal to (1−e)π0 except in one interval (resp. two disjoint intervals) where it is constant.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the clitoris

Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 1(2) April 2008 hemoncstem.edmgr.com 133 Soft tissue sarcomas are the sixth most common malignancy in childhood and rhabdomyosarcot mas constitute about 50% of soft tissue sarcot mas. This tumor accounts for 10% to 15% of solid mat lignant tumors and 6% of all malignancies in children under 15 years of age. In the United States, the malet totfemale ratio is 1.5:1, and the tumor is twice as comt mon in whites as in AfricantAmericans. Approximately 250 new cases are diagnosed every year.1 Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of strit ated muscle but, because of its mesenchymal origin, can originate in tissue that does not normally contain striated muscle (for example, the ureter). There is a bit modal distribution of rhabdomyosarcoma with peaks between 2 and 4 years of age and 12 and 16 years of age. Nearly 80% of rhabdomyosarcoma is diagnosed by the age of 14 years. The most common primary sites for rhabdomyosarcomas include the head and neck, the genitourinary tract, and extremities. However, primary sites with a favorable prognosis include the orbit and nonparameningeal, head and neck, paratestis, the vat gina, and the biliary tract.2,3
Memory monitoring accuracy and modification of rehearsal strategies

In Experiment 1, subjects studied 10 five-word lists using either maintenance rehearsal (overt recitation), elaborative rehearsal (interactive imagery), or free rehearsal (strategy of their choice). Half of the subjects using each type of rehearsal expected and were given immediate recall tests on each list; the other half received only a final test. As expected, final recall was higher following free rehearsal than following maintenance rehearsal only when the delayed test was expected. Unexpectedly, free rehearsal subjects who expected the final test reported relying on silent maintenance rehearsal. This finding led to two experiments directly examining subjects' abilities to assess the effectiveness of rehearsal strategies. Subjects were asked to predict the likelihood of recall of individual pairs rehearsed either under maintenance or elaborative instructions. In spite of consistently higher recall of elaborative rehearsal pairs, subjects judged the two types of rehearsal to be equally effective using both absolute judgment (Experiment 2) and paired comparison (Experiment 3) tests. This memory-monitoring failure suggests that subjects chose to use silent maintenance rehearsal in Experiment 1 because they considered it an effective strategy.