cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The energy-momentum tensor and D-term of Q-clouds

Abstract The D-term is, like mass and spin, a fundamental property related to the energy-momentum tensor. Yet it is not known experimentally for any particle. In all theoretical studies so far the D-terms of various particles were found negative. Early works gave rise to the assumption the negative sign could be related to stability. The emerging question is whether it is possible to find a field-theoretical system with a positive D-term. To shed some light on this question we investigate Q-clouds, an extreme parametric limit in the Q-ball system. Q-clouds are classically unstable solutions which delocalize, spread out over all space forming an infinitely dilute gas of free quanta, and are even energetically unstable against tunneling to plane waves. In short, these extremely unstable field configurations provide an ideal candidate system for our purposes. By studying the energy-momentum tensor we show that at any stage of the Q-cloud limit one deals with perfectly well-defined and, when viewed in appropriately scaled coordinates, non-dissipating non-topological solitonic solutions. We investigate in detail their properties, and find new physical interpretations by observing that Q-clouds resemble BPS Skyrmions in certain aspects, and correspond to universal non-perturbative solutions in (complex) | Φ | 4 theory. In particular, we show that also Q-cloud solutions have negative D-terms. Our findings do not prove that D-terms must always be negative. But they indicate that it is unlikely to realize a positive D-term in a consistent physical system.
Long-term Evaluation of Peri-implant Bone Level after Reconstruction of Severely Atrophic Edentulous Maxilla via Vertical and Horizontal Guided Bone Regeneration in Combination with Sinus Augmentation: A Case Series with 1 to 15 Years of Loading.

Background To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is very limited clinical data on the outcomes of simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR) for horizontal and/or vertical bone gain for the reconstruction of severely atrophic edentulous maxilla. Therefore, the purpose of the clinical series presented herein was to clinically evaluate long-term horizontal and vertical bone gain, as well as implant survival rate after reconstruction of severely atrophic edentulous maxillary ridges. Material and Methods Sixteen patients (mean age: 64.6 ± 14.6 years of age) were consecutively treated for vertical and/or horizontal bone augmentation via GBR in combination with bilateral sinus augmentation utilizing a mixture of autologous and anorganic bovine bone. Implant survival, bone gain, intraoperative/postoperative complications and peri-implant bone loss were calculated up to the last follow-up exam. Results Overall, 122 dental implants were placed into augmented sites and have been followed from 12 to 180 months (mean: 76.5 months). Implant survival was 100% (satisfactory survival rate of 97.5%). Mean bone gain was 5.6 mm (max: 9 mm; min: 3 mm) While vertical bone gain was 5.1 ± 1.8 mm; horizontal bone gain was 7.0 ± 1.5 mm. No intraoperative/postoperative complications were noted. Mean peri-implant bone loss values were consistent within the standards for implant success (1.4 ± 1.0 mm). At patient-level, only one patient who had three implants presented with severe peri-implant bone loss. Conclusion Complete reconstruction of an atrophied maxilla can be successfully achieved by means of guided bone regeneration for horizontal and/or vertical bone gain including bilateral sinus augmentation using a mixture of anorganic bovine bone and autologous bone.
Parameter Estimation in Fermentation Using Partial Data

Frequently state variables in fermentation processes cannot be measured for the lack of sensors or interference. For example, in complex media fermentations it is nearly impossible to obtain reliable estimates of the cell concentration. Absence of such data makes it difficult to model the fermentation process accurately. In such situations a mathematical technique called “External Differential Representation” can be used to identify the system model by estimating the parameters in absence of part of the data. The objective of this method is to rewrite the system equations in terms of the higher order differential equations in the input and output variables. This reduces the number of the state variables needed to estimate the parameters. Additionally, relationships between the measured variables and the measured outputs and known inputs can also be developed which can be used to predict the unmeasured states. This method is demonstrated on gibberellin fermentation. The External Differential Representation is used to identify the system parameters using only partial data and the accuracy in predicting the unmeasured variables is checked with the complete data.
Mapping marginal croplands suitable for cellulosic feedstock crops in the Great Plains, United States

Growing cellulosic feedstock crops (e.g., switchgrass) for biofuel is more environmentally sustainable than corn-based ethanol. Specifically, this practice can reduce soil erosion and water quality impairment from pesticides and fertilizer, improve ecosystem services and sustainability (e.g., serve as carbon sinks), and minimize impacts on global food supplies. The main goal of this study was to identify high-risk marginal croplands that are potentially suitable for growing cellulosic feedstock crops (e.g., switchgrass) in the US Great Plains (GP). Satellite-derived growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, a switchgrass biomass productivity map obtained from a previous study, US Geological Survey (USGS) irrigation and crop masks, and US Department of Agriculture (USDA) crop indemnity maps for the GP were used in this study. Our hypothesis was that croplands with relatively low crop yield but high productivity potential for switchgrass may be suitable for converting to switchgrass. Areas with relatively low crop indemnity (crop indemnity <$2 157 068) were excluded from the suitable areas based on low probability of crop failures. Results show that approximately 650 000 ha of marginal croplands in the GP are potentially suitable for switchgrass development. The total estimated switchgrass biomass productivity gain from these suitable areas is about 5.9 million metric tons. Switchgrass can be cultivated in either lowland or upland regions in the GP depending on the local soil and environmental conditions. This study improves our understanding of ecosystem services and the sustainability of cropland systems in the GP. Results from this study provide useful information to land managers for making informed decisions regarding switchgrass development in the GP.
Distributed Learning for Stochastic Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems

This paper examines a stochastic formulation of the generalized Nash equilibrium problem where agents are subject to randomness in the environment of unknown statistical distribution. We focus on fully distributed online learning by agents and employ penalized individual cost functions to deal with coupled constraints. Three stochastic gradient strategies are developed with constant step-sizes. We allow the agents to use heterogeneous step-sizes and show that the penalty solution is able to approach the Nash equilibrium in a stable manner within $O(\mu _\text{max})$ , for small step-size value $\mu _\text{max}$ and sufficiently large penalty parameters. The operation of the algorithm is illustrated by considering the network Cournot competition problem.
Clinical Assessment of ADHD in Adults

Initial evaluation of an adult presenting with possible ADHD should determine if the diagnosis is present, identify traits commonly associated with ADHD, and establish a basis for treatment decisions. This chapter offers a practical guide to screening for ADHD, as well as step-by-step diagnosis of ADHD in adults. The approach detailed here is based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria, extensive experience operationalizing those criteria and is consistent with expert consensus guidelines. The chapter includes how to differentiate ADHD from other conditions, and conditions that are important not to miss because they may pose a contraindication to some forms of ADHD treatment. It has long been recognized that a subset of individuals with ADHD have more extreme difficulty with organization. This chapter offers a guide to identifying these “self-regulation” challenges that are not defined as core symptoms of ADHD, but are a common burden in this population.
A two-dimensional metal-organic framework composed of paddle-wheel cobalt clusters with permanent porosity

Abstract A cobalt(II)-organic framework, [Co2(TPEC)(DMA)2]·(DMA)3 (1) (H2TPEC = 1,1,2,2-tetra(4-(4-carboxyl-phenyl)benzenyl)ethene; DMA = N,N′’-dimethylacetamide), was synthesized and characterized by single crystal diffraction analysis. The structure shows a two-dimensional (2D) sheet composed of paddle-wheel Co2(COO)4 clusters linking TPEC ligands. The permanent porosity was established for the activated phase and gas sorption isotherms acquired.
Resilience in Adolescence, Health, and Psychosocial Outcomes

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine whether black adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds who have an unrelenting determination to succeed would, as adults, show “skin-deep resilience” by faring well in psychosocial domains but also show a heightened chance of having a chronic disease, specifically type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were executed with the use of waves 1 and 4 of the US Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). At wave 1, when participants were age 16, data were obtained on a behavioral style termed “striving.” Striving includes high aspirations, unwavering persistence, investment in education, and avoidance of activities that sidetrack success. At wave 4, when participants were age 29, college graduation, personal income, symptoms of depression, and type 2 diabetes status were assessed. RESULTS: Black and non-Hispanic white youth who displayed striving during adolescence evinced, at age 29, a higher likelihood of college graduation, greater personal income, and fewer symptoms of depression than did nonstrivers. Among black participants, the findings were consistent with the “skin-deep resilience” pattern for type 2 diabetes. High-striving black adolescents in the most disadvantaged families had a greater likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes during adulthood than did similar high-striving black adolescents living in more privileged families. The skin-deep resilience pattern did not emerge among non-Hispanic white participants. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that an unrelenting determination to succeed among black adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds forecasts an elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes during adulthood.
Physiological Functions of the β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 and 2.

BACE1 was discovered as the β-secretase for initiating the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-secretase site, while its close homology BACE2 cleaves APP with the Aβ domain region and shows distinct cleavage preferences in vivo. Inhibition of BACE1 proteolytic activity has been confirmed to decrease Aβ generation and amyloid deposition, and thus specific inhibition of BACE1 by small molecules is a current focus for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. While BACE1 inhibitors are being tested in advanced clinical trials, knowledge regarding the properties and physiological functions of BACE is highly important and this review summarizes advancements in BACE1 research over the past several years. We and others have shown that BACE1 is not only a critical enzyme for testing the “Amyloid Hypothesis” associated with Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, but it also important for various functions such as axon growth and pathfinding, astrogenesis, neurogenesis, hyperexcitation, and synaptic plasticity. BACE2 appears to play different roles such as glucose homeostasis and pigmentation. This knowledge regarding BACE1 functions is critical for monitoring the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in humans.
An Algorithm for Computing the Optimal Control of Large Structural Systems

Abstract In an alternate formulation to the Hamilton-Jacobi approach for finding the optimal control of linear systems with Quadratic cost functionals, one must solve a Volterra integral equation of the second kind. Using explicit expressions derived from the Volterra formulation, the paper describes an ilerative algorithm for the numerical computation of the optimal control at equally spaced & number of time stations in the control interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. It is assumed that the structural system with large number of degrees-of-freedom n is identified with fewer vibration modes 1 ≤ r ≤ n. the computational complexity of the algorithm is shown to be of order [4r (qmax + r) ms +n2)], where m is the number of control variables, and qmax is the required maximum number of iterations of Jacobi-type
Preimplantation Genetic Screening and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.

Preimplantation genetic testing encompasses preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGS improves success rates of in vitro fertilization by ensuring the transfer of euploid embryos that have a higher chance of implantation and resulting in a live birth. PGD enables the identification of embryos with specific disease-causing mutations and transfer of unaffected embryos. The development of whole genome amplification and genomic tools, including single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays, comparative genomic hybridization microarrays, and next-generation sequencing, has led to faster, more accurate diagnoses that translate to improved pregnancy and live birth rates.
Reliability and Validity of Gaze-Dependent Functional Vision Space: A Novel Metric Quantifying Visual Function in Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome.

Purpose This study presents test-retest reliability of optotype visual acuity (OVA) across 60° of horizontal gaze position in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). Also, the validity of the metric gaze-dependent functional vision space (GDFVS) is shown in patients with INS. Methods In experiment 1, OVA was measured twice in seven horizontal gaze positions from 30° left to right in 10° steps in 20 subjects with INS and 14 without INS. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in each gaze. OVA area under the curve (AUC) was calculated with horizontal eye position on the x-axis, and logMAR visual acuity on the y-axis and then converted to GDFVS. In experiment 2, validity of GDFVS was determined over 40° horizontal gaze by applying the 95% limits of agreement from experiment 1 to pre- and post-treatment GDFVS values from 85 patients with INS. Results In experiment 1, test-retest reliability for OVA was high (ICC ≥ 0.88) as the difference in test-retest was on average less than 0.1 logMAR in each gaze position. In experiment 2, as a group, INS subjects had a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the size of their GDFVS that exceeded the 95% limits of agreement found during test-retest. Conclusions OVA is a reliable measure in INS patients across 60° of horizontal gaze position. GDFVS is a valid clinical method to be used to quantify OVA as a function of eye position in INS patients. This method captures the dynamic nature of OVA in INS patients and may be a valuable measure to quantify visual function patients with INS, particularly in quantifying change as part of clinical studies.
On Collisionless Shocks in a Cold Plasma

Motivated by the problem of shocks in a collisionless plasma, we consider the steady Vlasov–Maxwell system in one space dimension. In the case of a cold plasma, the problem reduces to a set of ordi...
Human Placental 17β-Estradiol Dehydrogenase III. THE SEPARATION OF A 17β-ESTRADIOL-DEPENDENT TRANSHYDROGENASE

Abstract Two placental enzyme systems that catalyze the transfer of hydrogen from reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide to diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the presence of 17β-estradiol have been separated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. One effects a substrate (17β-estradiol)-mediated transhydrogenation in the presence of DPN- and TPN-linked 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase activities and is completely inhibited by 1.67 M NaCl. The other is a 17β-estradiol-dependent transhydrogenase unassociated with 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase activities; its activity is increased 2.5 times in the presence of 1.67 M NaCl.
Gene Regulation in Van Buchem Disease

Van Buchem disease (VB) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which progressive bone overgrowth leads to very dense bones, distortion of the face, and entrapment of cranial nerves. It uniquely stands out as a congenital disorder likely to be caused by noncoding mutations for several reasons: (1) it maps to the same locus on human chromosome 17q12–21 as a highly similar disorder, sclerosteosis; (2) several single specific mutations have been identified in sclerosteosis patients that all predict null alleles in the determinant gene, sclerostin or SOST; (3) no coding mutations in SOST have been identified in VB patients; and (4) all VB patients carry a homozygous 52-kb noncoding deletion downstream of the SOST transcript. Here, we describe how by using comparative sequence analysis, BAC recombination, and enhancer assays, in combination with the generation of transgenic and knockout mice, it has been shown that human SOST is essential for maintaining healthy bone metabolism and that VB disease is caused by a noncoding deletion that removes a SOST-specific regulatory element, ECR5.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Maize Anthocyanin Pathway

The genetics of pigment production and its control in maize are well understood (Figure 1). Two classes of regulatory genes (b/r andc1/pl), required for the transcription of the genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes (target genes), have been characterized (Paz-Ares et al. 1986; Dellaporta et al. 1988; Chandler et al. 1989; Cone and Burr 1989). The proteins encoded by C1 and Pl alleles are 90% identical (K. Cone, personal communication). C1 alleles function in the seed and embryo, while Pl alleles function in most seedling and plant tissues. The proteins encoded by the B and R genes are 80% identical (Radicella et al. 1991), and both genes have a large allelic diversity with respect to their tissue-specific expression (Styles et al. 1973). Six target genes have been cloned, c2 (Wienand et al. 1986),chi (Grotewold and Peterson 1991), al (O’Reilly et al. 1985), a2 (Menssen et al. 1990), bzl (Fedoroff et al. 1984), and bz2 (McLaughlin and Walbot 1987; Theres et al. 1987). Herein, we review recent data on each class of regulatory protein and discuss models for their mechanism of action.
Seismic Safety Assessment

The emphasis in these notes is on the use of random vibration analyses to predict the response of structures to earthquake ground motion. Random vibration analysis has as its aim the prediction of the probability distribution of a dynamic response parameter of interest in terms of the dynamic properties of the structure and a statistical description of the earthquake. The most convenient ground motion representation for this purpose is in terms of a spectral density function and an equivalent duration of strong-motion shaking. This representation is discussed in detail in Section 3 of these notes.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Sulfonylurea Herbicides

Since their discovery by Levitt in the early 1970,s the sulfonylurea herbicides have been a major research program for many crop protection chemical companies. The importance of this class of herbicide, with their unprecedented levels of activity and the breadth of structural types, required the development of new synthetic methods in several chemical areas to enable the researcher to explore this class of herbicide. An in-depth review of the chemistry that has been developed for the synthesis of sulfonylureas is well beyond the scope of this manuscript. Rather, in this review we will attempt to summarize and highlight the recent developments in the chemistry of the sulfonylurea herbicides. We will cover newer and unusual synthetic methods that has been developed to prepare a variety of sulfonamides, sulfonylureas with modified bridges, and sulfonylureas containing the sulfonylurea bridge fused to the heterocyclic portion of the molecule.
Cartographic Rumors, Brazilian Nationalism, and the Mapping of the Amazon Valley

In 1988, J.B. Harley’s inspiring paper on silences, secrecy, and hidden agendas in early modern cartography stimulated a debate on power-knowledge relations in the history of cartography. Harley addressed maps as political discourses through which geographic details had been added or left out. Issues such as censorship, intentionality, and strategic interests underlined Harley’s argument that maps were “socially constructed perspectives on the world.” Despite the recent epistemological debates on authorship, access, and agency in the mapmaking process, the debate is mainly focused on printed maps and does not take into consideration the impact of the increasing number of historical maps that are accessible in the form of digital copies on the internet.
High-dose ondansetron reduces activation of interoceptive and sensorimotor brain regions.

Several psychiatric disorders involve abnormalities of interoception and associated neural circuitry centered on the insula. The development of interventions modulating interoceptive circuits could lead to novel treatment approaches for these disorders. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron is a good candidate for the modulation of interoceptive circuits, as 5-HT3 receptors are located abundantly on sensory pathways and ondansetron has shown some clinical utility in disorders characterized by sensory and interoceptive abnormalities. The present study tested the ability of three different doses of ondansetron to engage neural regions involved in interoception to determine the drug’s utility as a therapeutic agent to target circuit abnormalities in patients. Fifty-three healthy subjects were randomized to receive a single 8-mg (n = 18), 16-mg (n = 17), or 24-mg (n = 18) dose of ondansetron and placebo before MRI scanning on separate days. Subjects performed an fMRI task previously shown to engage interoceptive circuitry in which they viewed videos depicting body movements/sensation and control videos. The results revealed a highly significant relationship between dosage and activation in bilateral insula, somatosensory and premotor regions, cingulate cortex, and temporal cortex for control but not body-focused videos. These effects were driven by a robust reduction in activation for ondansetron compared to placebo for the 24-mg group, with weaker effects for the 16-mg and 8-mg groups. In conclusion, high-dose ondansetron reduces activation of several areas important for interoception, including insula and sensorimotor cortical regions. This study reveals the potential utility of this drug in modulating hyperactivity in these regions in patients.
National Burden of Hospitalization Due to Cutaneous Melanoma in Adolescents and Young Adults.

OBJECTIVES Although adolescents and young adults (AYA) suffer disproportionately from cutaneous melanoma (CM), little is known regarding the burden of CM leading to hospitalization in AYA. The objective of this study was to elucidate sociodemographic/hospitalization characteristics of AYA CM inpatients, determine which factors lead to the greater length of stay (LOS) and cost of care for AYA CM inpatients, and evaluate trends in the prevalence, LOS, and cost of care for AYA CM hospitalizations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study of nationally representative data from the 2009 to 2015 National Inpatient Sample. Multivariable survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to determine sociodemographic factors associated with AYA CM hospitalization. Multivariable survey-weighted linear regression models were used to determine characteristics associated with the greater cost of care and LOS in AYA CM inpatients. RESULTS A total of 8986 AYA CM inpatients were included in this study. The prevalence of AYA CM hospitalizations is decreasing over time while the cost of care is increasing. On average, AYA CM hospitalizations were 3.3 days long and cost $38,018.40. Controlling for all covariates, male sex, older age, non-Hispanic white race, higher income, private insurance, and elective admissions were associated with AYA hospitalization due to CM (P<0.0001). Male sex was associated with longer LOS (P=0.007) and cost of care (P=0.01) among AYA hospitalized for CM. CONCLUSIONS Despite a decreasing prevalence of CM hospitalizations in AYA inpatients, the economic burden of these hospitalizations is increasing. Substantial sex-based differences exist in the inpatient burden of AYA CM. Further research is required to elucidate the causes of these differences and prevent AYA hospitalization due to CM.
Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Much has been learned about the role of vitamin D in MS, although our understanding remains incomplete. While the precise etiology of MS remains incompletely understood, low vitamin D status is one factor that appears to predispose to the development of MS, and patients with low 25(OH)D levels may be at greater risk of disease activity. Clinical trials are currently underway to more directly address the role of vitamin D supplementation in MS, yet further investigations are needed. This chapter reviews the role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of MS and the evidence related to clinical outcomes in patients with MS who have vitamin D deficiency.
SUOD: Toward Scalable Unsupervised Outlier Detection.

Outlier detection is a key field of machine learning for identifying abnormal data objects. Due to the high expense of acquiring ground truth, unsupervised models are often chosen in practice. To compensate for the unstable nature of unsupervised algorithms, practitioners from high-stakes fields like finance, health, and security, prefer to build a large number of models for further combination and analysis. However, this poses scalability challenges in high-dimensional large datasets. In this study, we propose a three-module acceleration framework called SUOD to expedite the training and prediction with a large number of unsupervised detection models. SUOD's Random Projection module can generate lower subspaces for high-dimensional datasets while reserving their distance relationship. Balanced Parallel Scheduling module can forecast the training and prediction cost of models with high confidence---so the task scheduler could assign nearly equal amount of taskload among workers for efficient parallelization. SUOD also comes with a Pseudo-supervised Approximation module, which can approximate fitted unsupervised models by lower time complexity supervised regressors for fast prediction on unseen data. It may be considered as an unsupervised model knowledge distillation process. Notably, all three modules are independent with great flexibility to "mix and match"; a combination of modules can be chosen based on use cases. Extensive experiments on more than 30 benchmark datasets have shown the efficacy of SUOD, and a comprehensive future development plan is also presented.
Too Well for an LVAD

Purpose There is a lack of data regarding the outcomes of patients who were subjectively assessed to have advanced heart failure (AdvHF) and therefore offered evaluation for left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) only to be determined to be “too well”. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all referrals to our Advanced Heart Failure outpatient clinic for LVAD evaluation from 1/1/13 to 12/31/17. Those individuals who were above the age of 18, subjectively determined to have a syndrome of AdvHF as assessed by a HF Faculty, but deemed “too well” for implantation after formal VAD evaluation and multidisciplinary Medical Review Board (MRB) discussion were included for analysis. Results 62 patients met inclusion criteria. 75% were male, median age at time of presentation to MRB was 57.5 years. Median time to MRB presentation from initial out-patient consultation was 33.5 days. Medication titration was recommended to nearly all (98%), while concomitant evaluation for stem cell therapy and inotropic support was recommended in 17% and 15% respectively. Median time to initial follow-up after MRB presentation was 29.5 days. Beyond initial follow-up 26% were lost to follow-up. Men were 31% more likely than women to be lost to follow up (p = 0.019). Of those who continued to follow in our system, survival 1 year after MRB presentation was 94%, during which time 28% required at least one unscheduled clinic visit, 25% required ED treatment and 27% required at least one hospitalization. 10 patients ultimately were represented to the MRB at a median time of 391 days after initial presentation. Of these, 3 patients were ultimately implanted with an LVAD. 26% of patients given the label of “too well” were noted to have relative contraindications precluding them from consideration. Conclusion Patients determined to be “too well” for LVAD despite a subjective assessment suggestive of a syndrome of AdvHF have good 1 year survival. However, the rates of follow-up and MRB re-discussion, as well as rates of implantation at later dates for “too well” patients is relatively low, despite the known progressive nature of HF. The “too well” label may diminish the perceived need for these patients to have close follow-up with an advanced heart failure team. Additionally, its use may be inaccurate and therefore should be avoided.
Microenterprise Intervention to Reduce Sexual Risk Behaviors and Increase Employment and HIV Preventive Practices Among Economically-Vulnerable African-American Young Adults (EMERGE): A Feasibility Randomized Clinical Trial

Economic vulnerability, such as homelessness and unemployment, contributes to HIV risk among U.S. racial minorities. Yet, few economic-strengthening interventions have been adapted for HIV prevention in this population. This study assessed the feasibility of conducting a randomized clinical trial of a 20-week microenterprise intervention for economically-vulnerable African-American young adults. Engaging MicroenterprisE for Resource Generation and Health Empowerment (EMERGE) aimed to reduce sexual risk behaviors and increase employment and uptake of HIV preventive behaviors. The experimental group received text messages on job openings plus educational sessions, mentoring, a start-up grant, and business and HIV prevention text messages. The comparison group received text messages on job openings only. Primary feasibility objectives assessed recruitment, randomization, participation, and retention. Secondary objectives examined employment, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV preventive behaviors. Outcome assessments used an in-person pre- and post-intervention interview and a weekly text message survey. Several progression criteria for a definitive trial were met. Thirty-eight participants were randomized to experimental (n = 19) or comparison group (n = 19) of which 95% were retained. The comparison intervention enhanced willingness to be randomized and reduced non-participation. Mean age of participants was 21.0 years; 35% were male; 81% were unemployed. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of experimental participants completed ≥ 70% of intervention activities, and 74% completed ≥ 50% of intervention activities. Participation in intervention activities and outcome assessments was highest in the first half (~ 10 weeks) of the study. Seventy-one percent (71%) of weekly text message surveys received a response through week 14, but responsiveness declined to 37% of participants responding to ≥ 70% of weekly text message surveys at the end of the study. The experimental group reported higher employment (from 32% at baseline to 83% at week 26) and lower unprotected sex (79% to 58%) over time compared to reported changes in employment (37% to 47%) and unprotected sex (63% to 53%) over time in the comparison group. Conducting this feasibility trial was a critical step in the process of designing and testing a behavioral intervention. Development of a fully-powered effectiveness trial should take into account lessons learned regarding intervention duration, screening, and measurement. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03766165. Registered 04 December 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03766165
A listeriolysin O subunit vaccine is protective against Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for the life-threatening disease listeriosis. The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) is a critical virulence factor that plays a major role in the L. monocytogenes intracellular lifecycle and is indispensable for pathogenesis. LLO is also a dominant antigen for T cells involved in sterilizing immunity and it was proposed that LLO acts as a T cell adjuvant. In this work, we generated a novel full-length LLO toxoid (LLOT) in which the cholesterol-recognition motif, a threonine-leucine pair located at the tip of the LLO C-terminal domain, was substituted with two glycine residues. We showed that LLOT lost its ability to bind cholesterol and to form pores. Importantly, LLOT retained binding to the surface of epithelial cells and macrophages, suggesting that it could efficiently be captured by antigen-presenting cells. We then determined if LLOT can be used as an antigen and adjuvant to protect mice from L. monocytogenes infection. Mice were immunized with LLOT alone or together with cholera toxin or Alum as adjuvants. We found that mice immunized with LLOT alone or in combination with the Th2-inducing adjuvant Alum were not protected against L. monocytogenes. On the other hand, mice immunized with LLOT along with the experimental adjuvant cholera toxin, were protected against L. monocytogenes, as evidenced by a significant decrease in bacterial burden in the liver and spleen three days post-infection. This immunization regimen elicited mixed Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses, as well as the generation of LLO-neutralizing antibodies. Further, we identified T cells as being required for immunization-induced reductions in bacterial burden, whereas B cells were dispensable in our model of non-pregnant young mice. Overall, this work establishes that LLOT is a promising vaccine antigen for the induction of protective immunity against L. monocytogenes by subunit vaccines containing Th1-driving adjuvants.
E-193 Cellular responses to flow diverters in a tissue-engineered aneurysm

Background and Objective Notwithstanding the widespread implementation of flow diverters (FDs) in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, the exact mechanism of action of these devices remains elusive. The aim of this study is to advance the understanding of cellular responses to FD implantation using a 3D tissue engineered in vitro aneurysm model. Methods Aneurysm-like blood vessel mimics (aBVMs) were constructed by first electrospinning polycaprolactone nanofibers on desired aneurysm-like geometries to create scaffolds. After conditioning, aBVMs were mounted into sterile bioreactor chambers and incubated with a cell culture media under steady state flow. Then aBVMs were sodded with human carotid smooth muscle cells (SMCs) followed by endothelial cells (ECs). Then, appropriately sized FDs (Pipeline Embolic Device, Medtronic, CA) were deployed in the parent vessel of aBVMs under fluoroscopic guidance, covering the neck. AVBMs with implanted flow diverters were cultivated for 7, 14 or 28 days (n=3 for each time point). En face immunofluorescence imaging of the aBVMs was performed for EC and SMC markers. The cell coverage in the neck was measured semi-quantitatively. Results The mean diameter of the parent vessel of aBVMs was 4.50 mm. The mean neck diameter, width, and height were 6 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.0 mm, respectively. The device segment in the parent artery was completely endothelialized at 7 days. The majority of device struts, but not the pores between struts, at the parent artery and the neck interface were partially covered with ECs and SMCs. The device struts in the middle of the neck were lacking cell coverage. At 14 days, histology verified that a neointimal lining like human tissue had formed coverage. Translucent tissue islands partially covering both the struts and pores in the center of the neck were observed. Almost the entire necks of aBVMs were covered with translucent neointimal layer at 28 days. A higher degree of cellular coverage was seen on the struts and pores at the neck at 28 days compared to both 7 and 14 days. Conclusion Implantation of FDs in the tissue engineered aneurysm model simulates the cellular responses demonstrated in the experimental rabbit model. ABVMs would be a valuable alternative tool for evaluating the healing mechanisms of endovascular aneurysm devices. Disclosures W. Liu: None. D. Ding: None. Y. Ding: None. K. Temnyk: None. T. Shen: None. K. O’Halloran Cardinal: None. D. Kallmes: None. R. Kadirvel: 1; C; NIH grant# NS076491.
Indicators of hydro-ecological alteration for the rivers of the United States

Abstract Recent decades have produced a river of field data linking hydrologic alteration to fish populations in hundreds of U.S. river systems. Adverse impact thresholds and relationships between flow alteration and fish populations are key for advancing environmental flow conservation and environmental flow regulations in U.S. waterways. Prior work has established relationships in individual rivers and fine scale basins, but not for large basins or at national scale. As a first step toward establishing consistent fish-flow relationships and adverse impact thresholds in every US waterway, we analyze a nation-wide aggregated dataset from McManamay et al., 2017 containing co-located estimates of altered hydrologic metrics (HMs) for flow and native fish richness. In each medium sized river system (HUC4) we (1) identify the hydrologic metrics that most powerfully explain observed impacts on native fish richness, (2) estimate an adverse resource impact threshold defining excessive flow alteration, and (3) attribute the main causes of observed flow alteration. Strong empirical relationships between hydrologic metrics and native fish richness are thus established for most HUC4 basins in the continental U.S., and can be used as guidelines for science-based management. However, the findings underline a major aquatic ecology data gap in the western U.S. where a lack of statistically adequate field observations currently prevent clear results, and this gap will hinder science-based management of those river basins until it is filled.
Vapor Pressures of RDX and HMX Explosives Measured at and Near Room Temperature: 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane

Knowing accurate saturated vapor pressures of explosives at ambient conditions is imperative to provide realistic boundaries on available vapor for ultra-trace detection. In quantifying vapor content emanating from low-volatility explosives, we observed discrepancies between the quantity of explosive expected based on literature vapor pressure values and the amount detected near ambient temperatures. Most vapor pressure measurements for low-volatility explosives, such as RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), have been made at temperatures far exceeding 25 °C and linear extrapolation of these higher temperature trends appears to underestimate vapor pressures near room temperature. Our goal was to measure vapor pressures as a function of temperature closer to ambient conditions. We used saturated RDX and HMX vapor sources at controlled temperatures to produce vapors that were then collected and analyzed via atmospheric flow tube-mass spectrometry (AFT-MS). The parts-per-quadrillion (ppqv) sensitivity of AFT-MS enabled measurement of RDX vapor pressures at temperatures as low as 7 °C and HMX vapor pressures at temperatures as low as 40 °C for the first time. Furthermore, these vapor pressures were corroborated with analysis of vapor generated by nebulizing low concentration solutions of RDX and HMX. We report updated vapor pressure values for both RDX and HMX. Based on our measurements, the vapor pressure of RDX at 25 °C is 3 ± 1 × 10-11 atm (i.e., 30 parts per trillion by volume, pptv), the vapor pressure of HMX is 1.0 ± 0.6 × 10-14 atm (10 ppqv) at 40 °C and, with extrapolation, HMX has a vapor pressure of 1.0 ± 0.6 × 10-15 atm (1.0 ppqv) at 25 °C.
Race and the Evidence of Experience: Accounting for Race in Historical Thinking Pedagogy

How can history pedagogy account for racialized experiences impacting historical thinking in the present? In contrast to a more universalized set of historical thinking skills, this article asserts...
Loan Proceeds and Article 9 Proceeds

This article states a basic truth about secured lending: The advance against collateral is itself not collateral. This holding describes the Sixth Circuit holding in White Family Companies v. Slone (In re Dayton Title Agency, Inc.), 724 F.3d 675 (6th Cir. 2013). Paradoxically, this same advance is proceeds to a junior creditor. This principle describes the Fifth Circuit holding in Garner v. Knoll (In re Tusa-Expo Holdings, Inc.), 811 F.3d 786 (2016), a case, which, though correct in its result, was decided on grounds which are disastrous for Article 9 jurisprudence. The text of this article (which we cannot post on SSRN) is available at 48 U.C.C.L.J. 155 (2018).
Are fat and sugar just as detrimental in old age

Aging and poor nutrition are independent risk factors for the development of chronic disease. When young animals are given diets high in fat or sugar, they exhibit hallmarks of aging like mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation, and also develop a greater risk for age-related disease. The same mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation that progress with aging may also further predispose older individuals to dietary insults by fat and sugar. The purpose of this work is to review the most recent studies that address the impact of fat and sugar consumption on hallmarks of aging (mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation). Findings from these studies show that obesogenic, high-fat diets can exacerbate age-related disease and hallmarks of aging in young animals, but high-fat diets that are non-obesogenic may play a beneficial role in old age. In contrast, high-sugar diets do not require an obesogenic effect to induce mitochondrial dysfunction or inflammation in young rodents. Currently, there is a lack of experimental studies addressing the impact of sugar in the context of aging, even though empirical evidence points to the detrimental effect of sugar in aging by contributing to a variety of age-related diseases.
Case 17-2021: An 82-Year-Old Woman with Pain, Swelling, and Ecchymosis of the Left Arm

A Woman with Pain, Swelling, and Ecchymosis of the Left Arm An 82-year-old woman was admitted with pain, swelling, and discoloration of the left arm. CT revealed hematoma involving the brachioradia...
Thermal tolerance and preference are both consistent with the clinal distribution of house fly proto-Y chromosomes

Selection pressures can vary within localized areas and across massive geographical scales. Temperature is one of the best studied ecologically variable abiotic factors that can affect selection pressures across multiple spatial scales. Organisms rely on physiological (thermal tolerance) and behavioral (thermal preference) mechanisms to thermoregulate in response to environmental temperature. In addition, spatial heterogeneity in temperatures can select for local adaptation in thermal tolerance, thermal preference, or both. However, the concordance between thermal tolerance and preference across genotypes and sexes within species and across populations is greatly understudied. The house fly, Musca domestica, is a well-suited system to examine how genotype and environment interact to affect thermal tolerance and preference. Across multiple continents, house fly males from higher latitudes tend to carry the male-determining gene on the Y chromosome, whereas those from lower latitudes usually have the male-determiner on the third chromosome. We tested whether these two male-determining chromosomes differentially affect thermal tolerance and preference as predicted by their geographical distributions. We identify effects of genotype and developmental temperature on male thermal tolerance and preference that are concordant with the natural distributions of the chromosomes, suggesting that temperature variation across the species range contributes to the maintenance of the polymorphism. In contrast, female thermal preference is bimodal and largely independent of congener male genotypes. These sexually dimorphic thermal preferences suggest that temperature-dependent mating dynamics within populations could further affect the distribution of the two chromosomes. Together, the differences in thermal tolerance and preference across sexes and male genotypes suggest that different selection pressures may affect the frequencies of the male-determining chromosomes across different spatial scales.
Overcoming Student Resistance to Learning-Centered Pedagogies

Examine the origins of student A¢â¬AresistanceA¢â¬Â to active-learning tasks and assignments, and discuss how communication, assignment design, and reinforcement can help students become better learners.
Pursuing Change or Pursuing Credit? Litigation and Credit Claiming on Social Media

Social media provides an inexpensive way for interest groups to inform and mobilize large audiences, but it is puzzling why organizations would spend time posting about activities like litigation that do not depend on public opinion or mobilization. We argue there are two reasons interest groups post about judicial advocacy on social media. First, organizations provide information about the courts on social media to build credibility and recognition as a trusted source of information. We hypothesize that membership groups will be less likely to use social media in this way than non-membership public interest organizations. Second, organizations use social media to claim credit for activity in the courts in order to increase their public and financial support. We expect that this strategy will be used most frequently by legal organizations. Using an original dataset of millions of tweets and Facebook posts by interest groups, we find support for these expectations.
Varieties of early experience: implications for the development of declarative memory in infancy. Preface.

Volume 38 of the Advances in Child Development and Behavior series is concerned with the development of memory in the first years of life. It covers an introduction to normative development of memory during this period and an introduction of a means of assessing memory in preverbal infants--namely, elicited imitation. Three chapters each concern a special population in which we have reason to believe the development of memory will be affected due to compromised hippocampal development as a result of maternal gestational diabetes, preterm birth, early deprivation resulting from institutional (orphanage) care, and abuse and/or neglect by the caregiver. *Goes in depth to address the varieties of Early Experience: Influences on Declarative Memory Development *A necessary resource for both psychology researchers and students