cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering from rotons and phonons in superfluid helium

A theoretical expression is presented for the Raman scattering from interacting rotons and phonons in He4. It is shown that the energy shift and zero-temperature linewidth of the scattering resonance are determined by both the roton-roton and the roton-phonon interactions. A contribution to the asymmetry in the scattered-light lineshape arises from the interference between the scattering amplitudes of rotons and phonons. The theoretical expression is fitted to the Raman data of Murray et al. (see ibid., vol.8, p.L90 (1975)), and the interaction potentials are estimated.
Need Satisfaction, Well-Being, and Perceived Return-to-Sport Outcomes Among Injured Athletes

The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether components of psychological well-being (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, self-esteem, and vitality) mediated the relationship between self-determination theory (SDT) basic needs (competence, autonomy and relatedness) and perceived return-to-sport outcomes. Competitive athletes (n = 204) from Australia, Canada, and the United States completed an injury need satisfaction scale, psychological well-being inventories, and a measure of perceived return-to-sport outcomes. Mediation analysis (Baron & Kenny, 1986) revealed that positive affect partially mediated the relationship between competence and autonomy need satisfaction and a renewed perspective on sport, while negative affect, self-esteem, and vitality fully mediated the relationship between relatedness need satisfaction and return concerns. Interpretation of the findings suggests the importance of components of well-being in mediating relatedness need satisfaction on “return concerns” in a s...
The dynamic and earthquake behaviour of concrete dams: review of experimental behaviour and observational evidence

Knowledge of the dynamic and earthquake behaviour of concrete dams comes from four sources: observations made from actual earthquakes including recorded histories of the dam response, experiments conducted on prototype dams for the purpose of determining their dynamic properties, experiments conducted on model dams including shaking table tests, and analytical investigations. The first three sources are extensively reviewed in this paper, while analytical investigations are included only if they were conducted to establish correlation to earthquake observations or experimental results. The subject of nonlinear constitutive modelling of concrete and foundation materials, together with its large body of experimental data, is omitted. While the review of the indicated subjects is by no means complete, it represents a much greater effort than has previously been attempted. Significant gaps occur with the non-English literature, including Japanese, Chinese and Russian, and with the work performed at ISMES in Italy and LNEC in Portugal which has not appeared to much extent in the earthquake engineering literature. A summary with recommendations for future work follows the review.
Geriatric Targeting Criteria as Predictors of Survival and Health Care Utilization

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of geriatric targeting criteria in predicting survival and health care utilization in a cohort of hospitalized older veterans. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study assessing geriatric targeting criteria, e.g., polypharmacy, falls, or confusion, with respect to adverse outcomes at 12 months. SETTING A Tertiary Care VA Medical Center. PATIENTS: 507 acutely hospitalized male veterans aged 65 years or more. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival status, nursing home placement, and total hospital days during 12 months following hospital admission. RESULTS: Patients who had a higher number of targeting criteria at admission showed a significantly increasing trend toward death (P ≤ .001), nursing home placement (P ≤ .01), and longer hospital stays (P ≤ .01) at 12 months. In univariate analyses, weight loss (relative hazard 3.8, 95% CI 2.4, 5.9), appetite loss (relative hazard 3.3, 95% CI 1.9, 5.8), depression (relative hazard 2.5, 95% CI 1.4, 4.5), falls (relative hazard 2.2, 95% CI 1.2, 4.1), confusion (relative hazard 2.2, 95% CI 1.2, 4.0), and socioeconomic problems (relative hazard 1.6, 95% CI 1.0, 2.5) predicted death. Polypharmacy (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3, 8.8), confusion (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5, 13.0), and prolonged bedrest (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.5, 39.3) predicted nursing home placement. Confusion (Beta 12.0, 95% CI 2.9, 21.3), falls (Beta 14.2, 95% CI 4.2, 24.3), and prolonged bedrest (Beta 22.4, 95% CI 3.9, 41.0) predicted total hospital days. In multivariate analyses, weight loss, depression, and socioeconomic problems predicted death; confusion and polypharmacy predicted nursing home placements; and falls predicted total hospital days. CONCLUSION: This prospective cohort study of hospitalized older veterans demonstrated geriatric targeting criteria as predictors of adverse hospital outcomes. Our findings suggest screening acutely hospitalized patients using chart abstracted geriatric targeting criteria is useful in identifying patients at risk for adverse outcomes of hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:914–921, 1996.
Flexible Justice: Neoliberal Violence and ‘Self-Help’ Security in Bolivia

As Bolivia has restructured its economic and political sectors according to a neoliberal model, citizens have been required to become more ‘flexible’ in securing their livelihoods, creating ‘self-h...
Computationally-efficient and scalable parallel implementation of chemistry in simulations of turbulent combustion

Large scale combined Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)/Probability Density Function (PDF) parallel computations of reactive flows with detailed chemistry involving large numbers of species and reactions are computationally expensive. Among the various techniques used to reduce the computational cost of representing chemistry, the three approaches in widest use are: (1) mechanism reduction, (2) dimension reduction, and (3) tabulation. In addition to these approaches, in large scale parallel LES/PDF computations, we need strategies to distribute the chemistry workload among the participating cores to reduce the overall wall clock time of the computations. Here we present computationally-efficient strategies for implementing chemistry in parallel LES/PDF computations using in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) and x2f_mpi – a Fortran library for parallel vector-valued function evaluation (used with ISAT in this context). To test the strategies, we perform LES/PDF computations of the Sandia Flame D with chemistry represented using (a) a 16-species augmented reduced mechanism; and (b) a 38-species C1–C4 skeletal mechanism. We present three parallel strategies for redistributing the chemistry workload, namely (a) PLP, purely local processing; (b) URAN, the uniform random distribution of chemistry computations among all cores following an early stage of PLP; and (c) P-URAN, a Partitioned URAN strategy that redistributes the workload only among partitions or subsets of the cores. We show that among these three strategies, the P-URAN strategy (i) yields the lowest wall clock time, which is within a factor of 1.5 and 1.7 of estimates for the lowest theoretically achievable wall clock time for the 16-species and 38-species mechanisms, respectively; and (ii) for reaction, achieves a relative weak scaling efficiency of about 85% when scaling from 2304 to 9216 cores and a relative strong scaling efficiency of over 60% when scaling from 1152 to 6144 cores.
CK2 as a positive regulator of Wnt signalling and tumourigenesis

CK2 is upregulated in rapidly dividing cells including most human tumours. Transgenic overexpression of CK2 in lymphoid or mammary lineages predisposes to transformation. Multiple signalling and oncogene pathways could be regulated by CK2 in this process. Our studies suggest that phosphorylation of critical oncogenes by CK2, as well as by other serine-threonine kinases, regulates their stability via susceptibility to the proteasomal degradation system. β-catenin is a transcriptional co-factor in the Wnt signalling pathway that is regulated in this fashion. Inactivating mutations in the adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) gene, which encodes a carrier protein for β-catenin, or stabilizing mutations in β-catenin itself, frequently occur in human tumours. CK2 and the monomeric serine-threonine kinase GSK3 have opposing actions on β-catenin: GSK-3 phosphorylation of the N-terminus of β-catenin promotes degradation; while phosphorylation by CK2 in the armadillo repeat protein interaction domain protects it. β-catenin is overexpressed in mammary tumours occurring in mice transgenic for CK2 or a dominant negative form of GSK3, and also in mammary tumours arising following treatment with the environmental carcinogen DMBA. Experiments are underway to determine whether expression of both CK2 and kinase inactive GSK3 further accelerates tumorigenesis. Inhibitors of GSK3 under development for treatment of diabetes could promote tumours, while CK2 inhibitors should be useful agents for treatment of cancer.
Phase-stress partition during uniaxial tensile loading of a TiC-particulate-reinforced Al composite

Using neutron diffraction, we measured during in situ loading the lattice elastic mean phase (LEMP) strains in the matrix and reinforcement of a 15 vol pct TiC-particulate-reinforced 2219 Al composite. From the strain components longitudinal to and transverse to loading, the in situ normal phase stresses (average normal stresses in the constituent phases) were obtained through Hooke’s law. The internal stress partition between the matrix and reinforcement, i.e., load sharing, can then be inferred. Internal stress development was also modeled using the finite-element method (FEM), showing good agreement with the experimental results. Both indicate that the relationship between the LEMP strains/phase stresses and the applied load noticeably deviates from linearity during composite microyielding, long before the nominal 0.2 pct proof stress is reached. The nonlinearity arises (despite the linear elastic relationship between phase stresses and LEMP strains) because the applied traction is not synonymous with the phase stresses, and the ratio of phase stresses may vary during loading. Notably, the morphology of the LEMP strain development with applied load differs in the directions parallel to or perpendicular to the load. The differences are explained by considering the evolution of local matrix plasticity. Thermal residual stresses and inelastic stress relaxation, driven by interfacial diffusion, are also discussed.
Developing Measurement Scales of Organizational and Issue Legitimacy: A Case of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising in the Pharmaceutical Industry

The purpose of this paper is to explore the concepts of issue legitimacy and organizational legitimacy, providing a new measure of each construct. The scales were developed and tested using data collected through a statewide survey of Alabama residents. Assessments of issue legitimacy were based on perceptions of direct-to-consumer advertising, whereas assessments of organizational legitimacy were based on perceptions of the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. The findings provide evidence that organizational legitimacy can be reliably measured using a five-item scale and issue legitimacy can be reliably measured using a six-item scale. The implications of the results and potential uses of the scales are discussed.
The mechanical and structural response of skin to irradiation

Abstract Fracture of the fibrous networks of normal and irradiated rat dermis have been studied using the SEM. The implications of these observations are discussed with regard to the mechanical behaviour of the tissue in the living animal. It is shown that after radiation the normal fibrous structure of collagen is replaced by a solid mat which is ill adapted to support stress, so that rupture at low stress levels is inevitable.
Clergy's attitudes toward suicide and recognition of suicide lethality

Abstract Five groups of clergy (Protestant ministers, Catholic priests, Jewish rabbi, Eastern religious leaders, and nontraditional ministers; N = 112) were administered a scale to assess their knowledge of suicide lethality (the Recognition of Suicide Lethality) and a suicide attitudinal questionnaire (the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire), scored on 15 factors. Significant group differences were obtained for the RSL scale and seven of the SOQ factors, and significant correlations were obtained between RSL scores and ten SOQ factors. The results indicate that clergy as a group are not able to recognize signs of suicide lethality any better than educated laypersons, and that such recognition is related to a cluster of attitudes, including that suicide is more reflective of personal dynamics rather than external factors.
A rapid assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase

A rapid method for the measurement of the 24-hydroxylated metabolites of 25-hydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D3 has been developed. This measurement has, in turn, made possible a rapid assay for the 24-hydroxylases of the vitamin D system. The assay involves the use of 26,27-3H-labeled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 as the substrate and treatment of the enzyme reaction mixture with sodium periodate, which specifically cleaves the 24-hydroxylated products between carbons 24 and 25, releasing tritiated acetone. The acetone is measured after its separation from the labeled substrate by using a reversed-phase cartridge. The results obtained with this assay were validated by comparison with the results obtained with a well-established high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The activity of the enzyme determined by both methods was equal. This assay has been successfully used for the rapid screening of column fractions during purification of the enzyme and in the screening for monoclonal antibodies to the 24-hydroxylase.
Expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, phosphatase of regenerating liver 1, in the outer segments of primate cone photoreceptors

Abstract Foveal cone photoreceptors are morphologically distinct and, presumably, express unique transcripts. We have identified a cDNA clone encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), phosphatase of regenerating liver 1 (PRL-1) in a screen for genes that are enriched in monkey fovea. PRL-1 was originally isolated as an immediate early gene in regenerating liver [R.H. Diamond, D.E. Cressman, T.M. Laz, C.S. Abrams, R. Taub, PRL-1, a unique nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase, affects cell growth, Mol. Cell Biol. 14 (1994) 3752–3762]. On cDNA Southern blots of human and monkey retina, radiolabeled PRL-1 cDNA hybridized to a single mRNA species of about 2.5 kb that was most intense in fovea-enriched samples. The monkey PRL-1 deduced amino acid sequence is identical to human, rat and mouse PRL-1. Affinity-purified antibodies directed against PRL-1 preferentially labeled cone photoreceptor cells and a subpopulation of bipolar cells in monkey retina. Immunoreactivity in cones was confined to red and green, but not to blue, cones and was restricted to the outer segments. Immunolocalization also revealed that PRL-1 protein expression was non-nuclear, suggesting that its function in the retina may be unrelated to its role in other tissues where it is expressed primarily in nuclei. Although both foveal and extrafoveal cones were PRL-1 reactive, the high abundance of PRL-1 mRNAs detected in monkey fovea correlates with the high concentration of cones in the fovea. The PRL-1 gene is located on chromosome 6q within an interval that also contains the genes that cause two hereditary retinal dystrophies. These studies demonstrate novel expression of the PRL-1 gene in the neural retina and suggest the phosphatase activity of PRL-1 may modulate normal cone photoreceptor cell function.
Infection in solid organ transplantation.

: Infection in the organ transplant recipient is a major determinant of the outcome of transplantation. The attributable mortality from invasive fungal disease and cytomegalovirus disease has been 50 and 30%, respectively. Determinants of infection include epidemiologic exposures to environmental pathogens or exposure to latent infection in the donated organ or recipient, and changes in the net state of immunosuppression. For the past two decades significant improvements have been made in the recognition, prevention and treatment of infections, such as cytomegalovirus and P. carinii. Future research will need to focus on treatment of invasive mold infections, and the management of hepatitis B and C in liver transplantation. In addition, improvement in the prevention of the post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease syndrome will be necessary ( Note).
Radio frequency energy effects on microorganisms in foods

Abstract Liquids containing microorganisms were exposed to radio frequency (RF) energy to study non-thermal inactivation. RF energy was applied to the liquids while heat was simultaneously removed to control temperature. Turbulent flow was maintained to minimize localized heating. An 18 MHz RF processor applied an approximately 0.5 kV/cm electric field strength to the liquids. It was capable of pasteurizing the liquids provided that cooling was minimized. There were no non-thermal effects of RF energy detected on Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, or yeast in apple cider, beer, deionized water, liquid whole egg, and tomato juice; nor were there any synergistic effects of RF energy with heat. The low temperature effects of RF energy at 18 MHz and 0.5 kV/cm were due to heat.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SEED OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS AND OPEN POLLINATED VARIETIES

SUMMARY— The seed of high oil hybrids and open pollinated sunflower varieties from experimental plantings at nine locations in six southern states in 1969 was analyzed for moisture, crude protein, total oil and fatty acid composition. Total oil content ranged from 28.8–44.7% with an average of 35.3% for hybrid varieties and 39.5% for open pollinated varieties. The crude protein ranged from 16.9–25.1%. All the introductions mere relatively low in palmitic and stearic acids. Small amounts of palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids were present in all samples. Oleic acid ranged from 33.4–62.7% and linoleic acid from 27.3–54.2%. The average oleic and linoleic acid content of the open pollinated varieties at the nine locations was 46.6 and 41.6%, respectively, as compared to 49.4 and 39.6% for the hybrids. The linoleic acid content of sunflower oil varied inversely with temperature during development of the seed. The oil of the sunflowers grown at the warmer locations and at the lower latitudes had a lower linoleic acid content than of those grown at somewhat cooler locations and higher latitudes.
A note on reflexivity in Banach spaces

For any normed spaceX, the unit ball ofX is weak *-dense in the unit ball ofX **. This says that for any e>0, for anyF in the unit ball ofX **, and for anyf 1,…,f n inX *, the system of inequalities |f i(x)−F(f i)|≤e can be solved for somex in the unit ball ofX. The author shows that the requirement that e be strictly positive can be dropped only ifX is reflexive.
Curvilinear-path based theory of the energy transfer limited rate of a two-dimensional solute in a dissipative bath

Abstract We present a new theory for predicting the energy-diffusion-limited rate constant for the thermally-activated barrier crossing of a two-dimensional solute in a dissipative solvent bath. By using a unique, reaction-path-based periodic trajectory to compute the average energy lost from the solute to the bath, our theory takes into account the time dependence of the intramolecular energy transfer. As a result, it describes the competition between inter- and intramolecular energy transfer mechanisms, and can describe the crossover of the rate constant from one-dimensional to two-dimensional (RRKM) rate behavior as the intramolecular coupling strength is increased.
A Comprehensive Education and Support Program for Women Experiencing Hysterectomies

Women undergoing hysterectomies require special education and emotional support. A new comprehensive program of nursing interventions helps assist women in coping with hysterectomies. Nurses, combining their skills in gynecologic and mental-health nursing, conduct presurgery classes, provide information and support during hospitalization, and offer a postdischarge support group to hysterectomy patients. This article includes descriptions of the program's development process, class content, and ways in which continuity of care is provided.
Self-perceived and audiometric evaluations of hearing aid benefit in the elderly.

AbstractThis study was designed to monitor benefit received from the use of amplification by 58 elderly new hearing users. The longitudinal study assessed changes in self-perceived handicap and audiometric measures by analyzing data at prefitting and at 3wk, 3-mo, 6m0, and l-yr postfitting intervals
Impairment of acquisition of a DRL schedule following prolonged ethanol consumption.

Abstract Two groups of male hooded rats (N=9) were given either ethanol or sucrose solutions as their only source of fluid for six months. Thirty days after the ethanol treatment, the rats were reduced to 85% of their free-feeding weights and allowed to obtain 45 mg food pellets on an FR 1 schedule for five consecutive days. Subsequently, the rats were tested on four DRL schedules (6, 12, 18, 24 sec). There was no difference between the two groups on FR 1 or DRL 6 sec schedules; however, when the DRL interval was lengthened to 12, 18, and 24 sec, the ethanol group required more sessions than the sucrose group to reach criterion performance. After increases in the DRL interval, the modal interresponse time of the ethanol group shifted more slowly than that of the sucrose group.
Revised Model for Molecular Diffusion and Advection

Molecular diffusion of fluid constituents currently is most frequently defined as a flux relative to the mean flux. Different interpretations of “mean flux” exist in the literature; usually it refers to the mass average flux of a solution as a whole. The flux of constituents relative to the mean flux must sum to zero, and consequently diffusion, as currently defined, does not exist in a fluid consisting of a single constituent. Diffusion, as understood by the pioneers, applied to the flux of a single-species fluid as well as the flux of a constituent in a fluid mixture. The purpose of this study was to show that the current definition of diffusion is illogical because “mean flux” is not independent of diffusive flux. Defining diffusion as a flux proportional to a gradient of kinetic energy is consistent with diffusive flux as understood by the early investigators of diffusion, provided the kinetic energy gradients of a particular molecular species are correctly identified. For example, diffusive fluxes of ideal gas constituents are proportional to their partial pressure gradients, and diffusive flux of pure liquid water is proportional to its vapor pressure gradient. Advection is defined here as a volume flux (of a solution as a whole) in response to a pressure gradient and a body force. We evaluate the total flux of a solution as a whole as the vector sum of advection and diffusive fluxes of all constituents.
Activities of liquid titanium + vanadium alloys

The activities of both components in liquid titanium + vanadium alloys have been determined by use of a technique involving electromagnetic levitation in an inert atmosphere. The liquid titanium + vanadium system displays slight positive departures from Raoult's law in the temperature range 2073 to 2273 K and these results are consistent with activity measurements for the solid titanium + vanadium system which displays greater positive departures from ideality.
Nonparametric Evaluation of the Size of Limnological Sampling Networks: Application to the Design of a Survey of Green Bay

Abstract The uncertainty associated with estimates of the volume-weighted mean turbidity in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, is examined as a function of sampling network size using a nonpara-metric, computer-intensive technique. As is the case for many limnological properties, the major source of variation is the nonhomogeneous (i.e., dependent on position) distribution of the sampled variable. A quantitative estimate of the expected accuracy of the volume-weighted mean is determined empirically from calculations applied repeatedly to random selections of sample data. Analysis of data from five cruises, conducted using a network of 31 stations, shows that a network of 22 stations would provide a whole-bay volume-weighted mean accurate to within 10% of that determined using the full network with 80% confidence. A network of 23 stations would achieve these same accuracy and confidence limits when applied to a model in which Green Bay is divided into four geographic zones and the volume-weighted mean calculated for each zone. The nonparametric method offers an alternative to the classic analysis of variance method for evaluation of limnological sampling designs.
Lateral Impact of Railroad Bridges With Hybrid Composite Beams: Finite Element Modeling and Preliminary Dynamic Behavior Study of HCB

Grade separations have been used along High-Speed Rail (HSR) to decrease traffic congestion and the danger that occurs at grade crossings. However, the concern with grade separations is the potential damage due to lateral impact of bridge superstructures by over-height vehicles. This is a concern with existing bridges, and lateral impact is not included in standard bridge code provisions. A new bridge technology, Hybrid Composite Beam (HCB), was proposed to meet the requirements of another HSR objective, that of a sustainable solution for the construction of new and replacement bridges in rail infrastructure. The hybrid composite beam combines advanced composite materials with conventional concrete and steel to create a bridge that is stronger and more resistance to corrosion than conventional materials. The HCB is composed of three main parts; the first is a FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) shell, which encapsulates the other two parts. The second part is the compression reinforcement which consists of concrete or cement grout that is pumped into a continuous conduit fabricated into the FRP shell. The third part of the HCB is the tension reinforcement that could consist of carbon or glass fibers, prestressed strands, or other materials that are strong in tension, which is used to equilibrate the internal forces in the compression reinforcement. The combination of conventional materials with FRP exploits the inherent benefits of each material and optimizes the overall performance of the structure. The behavior of this novel system has been studied during the last few years and some vertical static tests have been performed, but no dynamic or lateral impact tests have been conducted yet. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of HCB when subjected to lateral impact loading caused by over-height vehicles. This paper explains the advantages of HCB when used in bridge infrastructures. The commercial software ABAQUS was used to perform the finite element (FE) modeling of a 30ft long HCB. Test data was used to validate the results generated by FE analysis. A constant impact loading with a time duration of 0.1 second was applied to an area at the mid-span of the HCB. Lateral deflection and stress distribution were obtained from FE analysis, and local stress concentration can be observed from the stress contour. Full-scale beam dynamic testing will be conducted in the future research to better study the behavior of HCB when subjected to over-height vehicles.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Algebraic families of E-spectra

Abstract We construct three different spectra, and hence three generalized cohomology theories, associated to an algebraic variety X : the morphic spectrum Z X —an E ∞ - ring spectrum—related to intersection theory when X is smooth; the multiplicative morphic spectrum M X and the holomorphic K -theory spectrum K X . The constructions use holomorphic maps from X into appropriate moduli spaces, and are functorial on X . The coefficients for the corresponding cohomology theories reflect algebraic geometric and topological invariants for the variety X . In the morphic case, the coefficients are given in terms of Friedlander–Lawson's morphic cohomology for varieties (Friedlander and Lawson, 1992). The theory carries total Chern class maps and total cycle maps , extending to the stable category classical constructions in algebraic geometry.
(2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)-perfluoro-tert-butyl 4-hydroxyproline: two conformationally distinct proline amino acids for sensitive application in 19F NMR.

(2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)-perfluoro-tert-butyl 4-hydroxyproline were synthesized (as Fmoc-, Boc-, and free amino acids) in 2–5 steps. The key step of each synthesis was a Mitsunobu reaction with perfluoro-tert-butanol, which incorporated a perfluoro-tert-butyl group, with nine chemically equivalent fluorines. Both amino acids were incorporated in model α-helical and polyproline helix peptides. Each amino acid exhibited distinct conformational preferences, with (2S,4R)-perfluoro-tert-butyl 4-hydroxyproline promoting polyproline helix. Peptides containing these amino acids were sensitively detected by 19F NMR, suggesting their use in probes and medicinal chemistry.
Selective Activation of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Isoforms by the MAP Kinase Kinases MKK3 and MKK6

The cellular response to treatment with proinflammatory cytokines or exposure to environmental stress is mediated, in part, by the p38 group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. We report the molecular cloning of a novel isoform of p38 MAP kinase, p38β2. This p38 MAP kinase, like p38α, is inhibited by the pyridinyl imidazole drug SB203580. The p38 MAP kinase kinase MKK6 is identified as a common activator of p38α, p38β2, and p38γ MAP kinase isoforms, while MKK3 activates only p38α and p38γ MAP kinase isoforms. The MKK3 and MKK6 signal transduction pathways are therefore coupled to distinct, but overlapping, groups of p38 MAP kinases.
High-resolution optical imaging for analysis of displacement and deformation fields in cell biology

Although multiple responses of artery wall cells to an altered fluid mechanical environment have been characterized, the mechanisms by which cells transduce changes in blood flow forces into biochemical signals remain unknown. The expression of green fluorescent protein fused to cytoskeletal proteins has allowed direct observation of structural movement induced by fluid shear stress in living cells at high spatial and temporal resolution. Deconvolution and image restoration of fluorescence images acquired by 3D optical sectioning microscopy allows measurement of cytoskeletal displacement and strain fields using endogenous intracellular features. The data suggest a heterogeneous distribution of intracellular force that may play a significant role in the spatial organization of flow-induced signaling.
Measuring the short-term effects of incorporating academic service learning throughout a dental hygiene curriculum.

Objectives: Academic service learning (ASL) provides the venue for dental hygiene education to take oral healthcare services directly into communities while at the same time promoting professional responsibility within the student bodies. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively examine the change in pre-existing attitudes and behaviours of dental hygiene students following the incorporation of ASL activities throughout a five-semester dental hygiene curriculum. Methods: Seventy-seven first-year dental hygiene students who participated in ASL from the graduating classes of 2008 -2010 participated in the study. A survey instrument developed by Shiarella, based on Schwartz's Helping Behaviors Model, was used to assess students' attitudes towards community service. Additionally, questions were developed using Shinnamon's Methods and Strategies for Assessing Service-Learning in the Health Professions. Results: Internal estimates of reliability for scales (Cronbach's a) were all >0.8. The results revealed statistically significant improvements over time in enhanced learning (P = 0.0001), self-awareness (P = 0.0001), sense of volunteerism (P = 0.013), impact on career choices (P = 0.001) and decrease in personal costs (P = 0.0001). There were no significant changes in other subscales over time. Further investigating these domains revealed minimal to no changes in attributes of service learning. Conclusion: Service learning integrated into the dental hygiene curriculum can enhance learning and improve students' self- awareness, sense of volunteerism, career choices and perception of personal costs. In concert with the literature on ASL, these experiences throughout the curriculum have potential for increasing students' awareness of community need and their roles as oral health professionals.
Medial forebrain bundle stimulation or D-2 dopamine receptor activation increases preproenkephalin mRNA in rat striatum.

: Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, in a manner that augmented the release of dopamine in the forebrain, rapidly increased the striatal content of preproenkephalin (but not preprotachykinin) mRNA. This effect was mimicked by administration of either the indirect (do-pamine-releasing) agonist methamphetamine or by the D-2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole, but not by the D-1 agonist SKF 38393. These data suggest that D-2 receptors, which mediate a stimulatory effect on enkephalin gene expression, may be subsaturated under basal conditions and, therefore, responsive to increases in synaptic dopamine.
From the Editor: An International Potpourri

One of the aspects of editing this journal that I most enjoy is its international orientation, as indicated in its subtitle and with its emphasis on encouraging and including articles submitted by family therapists from around the world. I find it fascinating to hear so many varied voices, to learn about the unique challenges and dynamics of therapy in different cultures, and at the same time to see the commonalities that are part and parcel of the therapy process despite differences in context. In an era when international connections are so easily facilitated and maintained via such technological wonders as email or the use of skype, it seems only appropriate that we take as broad a view of the family therapy world as possible. And I especially laud those who are willing to overcome the potentially daunting challenge of conveying their ideas in a language that is not their first in order to have their articles published in this journal. Although unplanned, I therefore was gratified to see that three of the four articles selected for publication in this edition were submitted by residents of countries other than the United States. From Finland Aarno Laitila shares thoughts about ‘‘The Expertise Question Revisited: Horizontal and Vertical Expertise,’’ advocating for a both/and perspective that encourages a recognition of the importance of making recourse to expertise as defined relative to both modernist and postmodernist perspectives. Monica Wong provides food for thought from Canada relative to the importance, as well as the creation and application of pre-marital inventories in ways that are culturally sensitive and thus appropriate in her article ‘‘Strengthening Connections in Interracial Marriage Through Pre-Marital Inventories: A Critical Literature Review.’’ Another Canadian contribution comes from Heather Ramey, Donato Tarulli, Jan Frijters, and Lianne Fisher, who report on ‘‘A sequential Analysis of Externalizing in Narrative Therapy with Children,’’ describing findings that support Michael White’s model of narrative therapy. Finally, our lone article from the US was written by Anibal Torres Bernal, whose focus is ‘‘Family Therapy Education and Higher Education Administration Policy: Facing New
Unstable Quantum Systems

Schrodinger’s equation is formulated in terms of a vector space and the time evolution is given by a unitary transformation. This assumes the time invariance of the norm. When we have states corresponding to unstable particles, the possibility of introducing complex energies is resorted to, but this is not either time translation or time inversion invariant. The way out of this difficulty is to work in terms of dual states which are vectors in dual spaces [E. C. G. Sudarshan, Phys. Rev. A 50 (1994), 2006; E. C. G. Sudarshan, V. Gorini and C. B. Chiu, Phys. Rev. D 18 (1978), 2914; E. C. G. Sudarshan and C. B. Chiu, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993), 2602]. The question of the short time and long time behaviour of unstable particle states is also discussed.
What Is the Outcome of Allograft and Intramedullary Free Fibula (Capanna Technique) in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Bone Tumors

Background After bone tumor resection, reconstruction for limb salvage surgery can be challenging because of the resultant large segmental bony defects. Structural allografts have been used to fill these voids; however, this technique is associated with high complication rates. To circumvent the complications associated with this procedure, massive bony allografts have been supplemented with an intramedullary vascularized free fibula. However, few studies have examined the outcomes using this technique in the pediatric and adolescent populations.
Key equivalence in heterogeneous databases

Semantic heterogeneity in heterogeneous databases (HDBs) has been recognized as a difficult problem. One of the probable causes of the little progress made in this area is the lack of well-defined subproblems that individual researchers can attack and achieve results. The author formulates the key equivalence problem in HDBs. By its nature there is no single algorithm that can solve the general key equivalence problem, but the author proposes a framework (a meta-algorithm) to approach it. He applies the framework to a concrete instance of the problem, the name matching problem and describes his experience so far. >
Growth estimates for electric displacement fields and bounds for constitutive constants in the Maxwell-Hopkinson theory of dielectrics

Abstract Employing a modified version of a concavity argument for abstract differential equations, we obtain growth estimates for solutions to a class of initial-value problems associated with an undamped linear integrodifferential equation in Hilbert space. Our results are applied to the derivation of growth estimates for the gradients of electric displacement fields occurring in rigid nonconducting material dielectrics of Maxwell-Hopkinson type and these, in turn, are used to bound constitutive constants appearing in theories associated with such material response.
Principles of revision total knee arthroplasty

Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is considered by some to be the most difficult procedure in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Good results can be consistently obtained if a meticulous and methodic approach is taken by the provider. Keeping the goals of treatment in mind as well as possible compounding factors specific to each individual case will aid in achieving optimal results. This article presents the schema one should undergo in a revision TKA, from mechanism of failure to preoperative assessment as well as intra-operative technique and a discussion on rehabilitation principles.
Extremophiles--a source of innovation for industrial and environmental applications.

In the near future, extremophiles are going to play an increasingly important role in various industries and in environmental biotechnology, as a source of new enzymes and processes that will occur...
Adenovirus mediated cytosine deaminase gene transduction and 5-fluorocytosine therapy sensitizes mouse prostate cancer cells to irradiation.

Purpose: We assess the ability of adenovirus mediated expression of the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase gene in conjunction with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to result in radiation sensitization in the mouse prostate cancer cell line RM-1 in vitro.Materials and Methods: To document cytotoxicity of gene therapy, RM-1 cells were exposed to escalating doses of adenovirus mediated cytosine deaminase and a fixed dose of 5-fluorocytosine or phosphate buffered saline. Viable cells as determined by exclusion of trypan blue were counted the following day. Cytosine deaminase expressing RM-1 cells were then irradiated as single cell suspensions at various doses of radiation in a cesium source (4.4 Gy. per minute) and randomized to receive 5-fluorocytosine therapy at different times in relation to the external radiation therapy. End points were determined in a clonogenic assay by counting colonies with greater than 50 cells 7 days after replating.Results: Use of adenovirus mediated cytosine deaminase plus 5-fluor...
The Glass Ceiling is the Floor My Boss Walks on: Leadership Challenges in Managing Diversity

This article analyzes layers of meaning that are embedded in the concept of diversity in a financial institution. It examines the discourses about diversity that emerged over 21/2 years, during whi...
Task Role Ambiguity, Satisfaction, and the Moderating Effect of Task Instruction Source:

The literature regarding the relationship between role ambiguity and satisfaction has produced mixed results. Evidence suggests that factors such as the source of role expectations may affect this relationship. In order to examine one source of expectations (the supervisor), an experiment was conducted in which ambiguity (presence/absence of task clarity instructions) and instruction source (supervisor, nonsupervisor) were manipulated within the same objective task environment. Thirty-two men and 65 women participated in a full factorial design. An instruction source, satisfaction with supervisor interaction (F(1,92) = 3.5, p < .07) was found, supporting the general proposition that the source of task role expectations would affect the relationships between role ambiguity and satisfaction.
Market Cycles: Bicycles, Riders, Industries, and Environments in France and the United States, 1865–1914

Issues of supply and demand are basic to markets, but economic sociologists ignore consumers, while sociologists of consumption rarely treat consumption as demand. I conceptualize markets as cyclic interactions of producers and consumers around a product, each group embedded in different types of macrosocial patterns, with different purposes and structures. I apply this conceptualization to the French and U.S. bicycle markets from 1865 to 1914. The model helps explain differing market trajectories in these cases.
Synthesis and SAR comparison of regioisomeric aryl naphthyridines as potent mGlu5 receptor antagonists

We describe three novel regioisomeric series of aryl naphthyridine analogs, which are potent antagonists of the Class III GPCR mGlu5 receptor. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities of these analogs are discussed.
The Stages and Strategies of Advocacy Among Nonprofit Reproductive Health Providers

Research suggests that 501(c)(3) organizations play an active role in governance, shaping both the formulation and implementation of policy through advocacy. Previous work has, however, produced relatively inconsistent findings concerning the causes of and constrains on the advocacy function. In an attempt to reconcile these inconsistencies, this study draws on a theoretical model of strategic decision making in organizations, which suggests that decisions such as advocacy are best conceived of as a two-stage process. This approach produces the expectation that nonprofit organizations considering advocacy first decide whether the potential policy benefits are sufficient to undertake any form of political activity and then choose among the set of political tactics available to them. These hypotheses are tested in an analysis of the advocacy activities of more than 500 nonprofit reproductive health service providers.
Grism-based pulse shaper for line-by-line control of more than 600 optical frequency comb lines

We construct a line-by-line pulse shaper using a grism (grating plus prism) dispersive element, which provides constant angular dispersion over 13.4THz centered at ~311THz (965nm). When combined with a dual-mask liquid crystal modulator, this grism-based shaper is capable of line-by-line amplitude and phase control of over 600 modes of a 21GHz stabilized optical frequency comb.
Template‐based modeling and free modeling by I‐TASSER in CASP7

We developed and tested the I-TASSER protein structure prediction algorithm in the CASP7 experiment, where targets are first threaded through the PDB library and continuous fragments in the threading alignments are exploited to assemble the global structure. The final models are obtained from the progressive refinements started from the last round structure clusters. A majority of the targets in the template-based modeling (TBM) category have the templates drawn closer to the native structure by more than 1 A within the aligned regions. For the free-modeling (FM) targets, I-TASSER builds correct topology for 7/19 cases with sequence up to 155 residues long. For the first time, the automated server prediction generates models as good as the human-expert does in all the categories, which shows the robustness of the method and the potential of the application to genome-wide structure prediction. Despite the success, the accuracy of I-TASSER modeling is still dominated by the similarity of the template and target structures with a strong correlation coefficient ( approximately 0.9) between the root-mean-squared deviation (RMSD) to native of the templates and the final models. Especially, there is no high-resolution model below 2 A for the FM targets. These problems highlight the issues that need to be addressed in the next generation of atomic-level I-TASSER development especially for the FM target modeling.
The Evolution of Methods for Imaging Vocal Fold Phonatory Function

In this article, we provide a brief summary of the major technological advances that led to current methods for imaging vocal fold vibration during phonation including the development of indirect laryngoscopy, imaging of rapid motion, fiber optics, and digital image capture. We also provide a brief overview of new emerging technologies that could be used in the future for voice research and clinical voice assessment, including advances in laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy, depth-kymography, and dynamic optical coherence tomography.