cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Following the crowd: patterns of crowdsourcing on Twitter among urologists.

To examine patterns of crowdsourcing on the social media platform Twitter among urologists. Urologists’ public Twitter accounts were reviewed for original posts seeking clinical advice or feedback, and associated reply posts, before and after the 140-character-limit expansion in 2017. Predictors of responses to crowdsourcing requests were determined using multivariable regression. When patient data were posted, we noted whether consent was documented. A total of 276 posts in 23 crowdsourcing requests prior to character-limit expansion were analyzed. Reasons for crowdsourcing included requesting solutions to a clinical dilemma (82 posts, 30%); advice seeking about a surgical plan (77 posts, 28%); surveying colleagues’ experiences with a new product (64 posts, 23%); and soliciting feedback about a proposed course of action (53 posts, 19%). Recent completion of training (as a proxy for inexperience) did not appear to disproportionately motivate crowdsourcing; authors’ median time in practice was 7 years, and authors practicing for ≤ 7 years initiated 57% of requests. 22 (96%) crowdsourcing requests received ≥ 1 reply. Of 15 requests about a specific patient, eight included imaging, but only one cited patient consent. A second analysis of 184 posts in 17 crowdsourcing requests initiated after character-limit expansion demonstrated significantly more authors replying per request (P = 0.01), but no change in the frequency of patient-specific crowdsourcing or citation of consent. Urologists are leveraging Twitter for crowdsourcing clinical guidance and experiential knowledge. Nearly all requests were answered, suggesting low barriers to entry for novice users. Even after character-limit expansion, dissemination of potentially identifiable patient data remains a concern.
Spectral Approach to Plasma Kinetic Simulations Based on Hermite Decomposition in the Velocity Space

Spectral (transform) methods for solution of Vlasov-Maxwell system have shown significant promise as numerical methods capable of efficiently treating fluid-kinetic coupling in magnetized plasmas. We discuss SpectralPlasmaSolver (SPS), an implementation of three-dimensional, fully electromagnetic algorithm based on a decomposition of the plasma distribution function in Hermite modes in velocity space and Fourier modes in physical space. A fully-implicit time discretization is adopted for numerical stability and to ensure exact conservation laws for total mass, momentum and energy. The SPS code is parallelized using Message Passing Interface for distributed memory architectures. Application of the method to analysis of kinetic range of scales in plasma turbulence under conditions typical of the solar wind is demonstrated. With only 4 Hermite modes per velocity dimension, the algorithm yields damping rates of kinetic Alfven waves with accuracy of 50% or better, which is sufficient to obtain a model of kinetic scales capable of reproducing many of the expected statistical properties of turbulent fluctuations. With increasing number of Hermite modes, progressively more accurate values for collisionless damping rates are obtained. Fully nonlinear simulations of decaying turbulence are presented and successfully compared with similar simulations performed using Particle-In-Cell method.
Linguistic analysis of the autobiographical memories of individuals with major depressive disorder.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by biases in memory, attention, and cognition. The present study utilized the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to examine the content of specific autobiographical memories (AMs) recalled by individuals with MDD during an autobiographical memory task. Methods We examined various features of the text (including use of affective, cognitive, and self-referential terms), as well as their associations with clinical and cognitive features of MDD (depression severity, autobiographical memory specificity, amygdala activity), in 45 unmedicated adults with MDD compared to 61 healthy controls. Results When recalling positive memories MDD individuals used the word "I" less, fewer positive words, more words indicating present focus (present tense verbs), and fewer words overall to describe memories compared to controls. When recalling negative memories, MDD individuals used "I" more, more words indicating present focus, and more words overall to describe memories relative to controls. Depression severity was correlated with word count, the use of "I", and words indicating present focus in negative memories and inversely correlated with word count and the use of "I" in positive memories. Autobiographical memory specificity was correlated with word count, the use of "I", and words indicating present focus for positive memories and inversely correlated with the use of "I" and words indicating present focus for negative memories. Limitations Due to the nature of AM recall, we could not control for the number of memories which participants recalled in each mnemonic category. Conclusions Results align with literature implicating rumination and intensive self-focus in depression and suggest that interventions targeting specific word use may be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of MDD.
Response of Sugarcane Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Ethanol in Soil

The wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal), and the white grub, Cyclocephala parallela Casey, are important pests of Florida sugarcane. The objective of this study was to determine the orientation of fed and starved M. communis and C. parallela larvae to ethanol concentrations in soil. Tests were conducted in rectangular glass containers and circular aluminum containers containing sandy soil and marked off into zones with and without ethanol. Insects were held 48 h in containers and insect movement among zones recorded. At a high ethanol concentration (10 ml ethanol/860 cm3 soil), both species became comatose, negating any measurement of movement. However, at a low ethanol concentration (2.5 ml ethanol/860 cm3 soil), both species were attracted to ethanol in the soil.
Children on the Move: Placement Patterns in Children's Protective Services:

The author reviewed placement patterns in 447 systematically selected case records of abused and neglected children residing with either parents or relatives and under the supervision of children's...
Evidence for conservative transport of dissolved organic carbon in major river basins in the Gulf of Maine Watershed

Abstract Transport and fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rivers are important aspects of the carbon cycle and the critical linkage between terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems. Recent studies have quantified fluvial export to the marine environment in many systems, but in-stream losses of DOC are poorly constrained. This study compares DOC yields (kg C/ha) between the area-weighted averages of several tributaries within larger watersheds with the DOC yields of the larger watersheds to gain insight on in-stream losses in larger river systems. Four large watersheds, 22 tributaries to those watersheds, and 5 additional main stem locations in Maine were studied during 1 April to 15 November in 2011 through 2013. There were no significant differences in the area-weighted average DOC yield of the tributaries and the larger watersheds indicating little net in-stream loss in the main stems of the larger rivers. It is unlikely that inputs of DOC from un-gauged areas compensated for losses from gauged tributaries based on similarity in DOC yield longitudinally along the main stems of two of the rivers. In addition, wetland abundance, which is associated with higher DOC yield in this environment, did not consistently increase from tributaries to the larger watershed or longitudinally along the main stems. This geographic distribution of wetlands therefore also indicates that it is unlikely that inputs of DOC from un-gauged areas compensated for losses from gauged tributaries. These findings suggest that in-stream losses of DOC in these larger river systems are minimal and that the vast majority of DOC in major rivers in Maine is transported conservatively to the coastal ocean.
Optimal Signaling Schemes and Capacity of Non-Coherent Rician Fading Channels With Low-Resolution Output Quantization

Low-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been considered as a promising solution to save power and cost in communication systems using high bandwidth and/or multiple RF chains. The goal of this work is to address the design of optimal signaling schemes and establish the capacity limit of Rician fading channels with low-resolution output quantization. This fading channel can be used to accurately model a wide range of wireless channels with the line-of-sight (LOS) components, including emerging mm-wave communications. The focus is on non-coherent fast fading channels where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the channel state information (CSI). By examining the continuity of the input-output mutual information, the existence of the optimal input signal is first validated. Then, considering the case of 1-bit ADC, we show that the optimal input is $\pi /2$ circularly symmetric. A necessary and sufficient condition for an input signal to be optimal, which is referred to as the Kuhn-Tucker condition (KTC), and Lagrangian optimization problem are then established. By exploiting the novel log-quadratic bounds on the Gaussian $Q$ -function, it is then demonstrated that for a given mass point’s amplitude, the corresponding rotated mass points through the phase of LOS component must form a square grid centered at zero. Furthermore, the amplitude of the mass points in the optimal distribution can take on only one value. As a result, the capacity-achieving input with 1-bit ADC is a rotated quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) constellation, and the rotation angle depends on the Rician factor. The characterization of the optimal input has also been extended to the case of multi-bit ADCs. Specifically, it is shown that for a $K$ -bit ADC, the optimal input is discrete having atmost $2^{2K}$ mass points. In both the cases of 1-bit and $K$ -bit ADCs, the channel capacities are established in closed-form.
Energy-Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks with Deterministic Bit-Stream Processing

Stochastic computing (SC) has been used for lowcost and low power implementation of neural networks. Inherent inaccuracy and long latency of processing random bit-streams have made prior SC-based implementations inefficient compared to conventional fixed-point designs. Random or pseudo-random bitstreams often need to be processed for a very long time to produce acceptable results. This long latency leads to a significantly higher energy consumption than binary design counterparts. Low-discrepancy sequences have been recently used for fast-converging deterministic computation with stochastic constructs. In this work, we propose a low-cost, low-latency, and energy-efficient implementation of convolutional neural networks based on low-discrepancy deterministic bit-streams. Experimental results show a significant reduction in the energy consumption compared to previous random bitstream-based implementations and to the optimized fixed-point design with no quality degradation.
Memory Augmented Neural Network Adaptive Controller for Strict Feedback Nonlinear Systems

In this work, we consider the adaptive nonlinear control problem for strict feedback nonlinear systems, where the functions that determine the dynamics of the system are completely unknown. We assume that certain upper bounds for the functions $g_i$s of the system are known. The objective of the control design is to design an adaptive controller that can adapt to changes in the unknown functions that are even abrupt. We propose a novel backstepping memory augmented NN (MANN) adaptive control method for the control of strict feedback non-linear systems. Here, each NN, in the backstepping NN adaptive controller, is augmented with an external working memory. The NN can write relevant information to its working memory and later retrieve them to modify its output, thus providing it with the capability to leverage past learned information effectively and improve its speed of learning. We propose a specific design for this external memory interface and show that the proposed control design achieves bounded stability for the closed loop system. We also provide substantial numerical evidence showing that the proposed memory augmentation improves the speed of learning by a significant margin.
Reluctant Disclosure and Transparency: Evidence from Environmental Disclosures

Strategic management research increasingly examines firms’ strategies for corporate environmental and social disclosures. There are benefits to being perceived as having superior environmental perf...
Approaches to Facelifting

The evolution of the cervicofacial rhytidectomy spans more than 110 years, witnessing many successes and failures along the way and yielding the variety of facelift techniques available today. In this chapter, we review the key features and differences between the most common and well-established techniques in facelifting, including conventional SMAS (superficial musculoaponeurotic system) techniques such as the lateral-SMASectomy and extended-SMAS procedures such as the deep plane and high-SMAS rhytidectomy techniques. At the core of understanding the differences between these varied facelift types lies a comprehensive understanding of facial anatomy and the facial aging process. In this chapter, the history of facelifting, surgical approaches, and complications pertaining to this iconic surgery are discussed.
Time-Varying Robust Queueing

The natural queueing models for many operations research applications have time-varying arrival rates. In addition, the natural models often are not Markov stochastic processes, so that they are no...
Spectra of infinite graphs via freeness with amalgamation

We use tools from free probability to study the spectra of certain operators on infinite graphs, including the adjacency operator and the Laplacian. Special attention is devoted to universal covers of finite undirected graphs. In this direction we derive a new formula for the spectral radius of a universal cover and provide new proofs of results of [Sunada, 1992] and [Aomoto, 1988] using free probability. We then develop a framework that extends the applicability of the techniques mentioned above beyond universal covers to a broader class of infinite graphs. More specifically, we introduce a new combinatorial product operation on graphs and show that in the non-commutative probability context, it corresponds to the notion of freeness with amalgamation. Finally, we discuss the special case of Cayley graphs of amalgamated free products of groups. We show that that these graphs, as well as universal covers, can be constructed using our graph product and can therefore be analyzed using our framework.
Molecular mechanism for direct actin force-sensing by α-catenin

SUMMARY The actin cytoskeleton mediates mechanical coupling between cells and their tissue microenvironments. The architecture and composition of actin networks are modulated by force, but it is unclear how interactions between actin filaments (F-actin) and associated proteins are mechanically regulated. Here, we employ both optical trapping and biochemical reconstitution with myosin motor proteins to show force greater than one piconewton applied solely to F-actin enhances binding by the essential cell-cell adhesion protein αE-catenin, but not its homolog vinculin. Near atomic-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of both proteins bound to F-actin reveal unique rearrangements that facilitate their flexible C-termini refolding to engage distinct interfaces. Truncating α-catenin’s C-terminus eliminates force-activated F-actin binding, and addition of this motif to vinculin confers force-activated binding, demonstrating that α-catenin’s C-terminus is a modular detector of F-actin tension. Our studies establish that piconewton force on F-actin can enhance partner binding, which we propose mechanically regulates cellular adhesion through α-catenin.
Arylpyran Pseudoacid Racemization: Rate Estimation and Structural Influences

Arylpyran pseudoacids showed slow ring-opening to the oxocarboxylic acids, and fast ring-closure to the lactols (pseudoacids) in a process that amounts to racemization. Compounds studied were patterned on “Cooper’s Pseudoacid” [3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylisobenzopyran-1-one, 1], to which modifications were introduced to influence racemization rates by steric compression. Pseudoacid 1 in d6-DMSO had a barrier to racemization (ΔH‡) of +77.8(3) kJ/mol determined by dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance line-broadening measured from 25 °C to 100 °C, and coalescence of its diastereotopic gem-dimethyl signals at 78.5 °C. The solution half-life of 1 at room temperature is a few seconds. Introduction of various aryl 5-substituents lead to similar racemization barriers for the 5-fluoro-8-methyl derivative, and increasingly higher barriers for 5-methyl-8-methyl, 5-chloro-8-methyl, and 5-bromo-7-methyl derivatives. In 3-hydroxy-4,4,5,8-tetramethylisobenzopyran-1-one, the barrier was + 104(6) kJ/mol, and the solution enantiomer t1/2 at room temperature was of the order of hours. Chemical shift differences (ΔνMe) between diastereotopic methyls of 8-methyl-5-substituted enantiomeric pseudoacids were observed in the order F < CH3 < Cl, and generally decrease with increasing temperatures. The pseudoaxial and pseudoequatorial dispositions of the gem-dimethyl groups show smaller torsional differences in the presence of adjacent aryl 5-substituents. The crystal structures of 5-fluoro, 5-chloro and 5-methyl derivatives of 3-hydroxy-4,4,8-trimethylisobenzopyran-1-ones and of 5-bromo-3-hydroxy-4,4,7-trimethylisobenzopyran-1-one are reported, along with several relevant secondary endocyclic pseudoamide derivatives. Electronic energy computations (B3LYP/6-31 + (G(d,p) level of theory) generally support the steric compression model. Equilibration between diastereomeric pseudoacids 3-hydroxy-4-ethyl-4-methylisobenzopyran-1-one and 3-hydroxy-4,5,8-trimethyl-4-phenylisobenzopyran-1-one were rapid with trans isomers decreasingly favored as temperature increases, and cis isomers less stable by + 4.8(2) kJ/mol and + 7.0(4) kJ/mol, respectively. The first-order rate of cis → trans conversion was measureable for 3-hydroxy-4,5,8-trimethyl-4-phenylisobenzopyran-1-one at 25 °C was found to be 0.00403/min, t1/2 = 2.87 h. Attempts to produce 5-isopropyl, 5-t-butyl and 4-phenyl-5-methyl pseudoacid derivatives were frustrated by aryl substituent rearrangement upon ring closure to the intermediate indanones. Structures of rearranged 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-4-(2′-chloro-5′-methylphenyl)isobenzopyran-1-one (pseudoacid) and N-benzyl-6-isopropyl-4,4,8-trimethylisobenzopyrimidin-1-one (pseudoamide) are reported. Arylpyran pseudoacids undergo slow ring opening and fast ring closing in solution amounting to racemization, rates of which can be slowed considerably by steric compression between the 5-substituent and the adjacent gem-dimethyl groups.
Raman spectroscopic constraints on compression and metastability of the amphibole tremolite at high pressures and temperatures

Amphiboles, containing up to 2 wt% water in the form of hydroxyl units, contribute significantly to water transport into the deep lithosphere and upper mantle in subduction zones, where dehydration reactions make the water available for metasomatic processes and flux melting of the overlying mantle wedge. Here, we investigate the high-pressure and temperature behavior of the calcic end-member amphibole Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2-tremolite. Tremolite is characterized by Raman spectroscopy at pressures to ~ 49 GPa at room temperature, and at temperatures up to 540 K at ambient pressure. The behavior of the hydroxyl stretching vibration, concordant with previous infrared spectroscopic results, implies that the role of Davydov splitting in this amphibole is small, and the monotonically increasing mode shift of the hydroxyl peak under pressure indicates no approach toward hydrogen-bond symmetrization. As with a range of other hydroxyl-bearing minerals, the hydroxyl librations have slightly negative pressure-induced mode shifts. Intensity trends of Raman peaks that involve Ca–O displacements suggest changes in the calcium cation bonding environment above 10 GPa. The peak shifts of 18 modes are used to determine their isothermal and isobaric mode-Gruneisen parameters (γiT and γiP). The intrinsic mode anharmonicities, calculated from the Gruneisen parameters, indicate largely quasi-harmonic internal mode vibrations while the lower frequency vibrations associated with cations display significant anharmonicity. The general topology of the tremolite structure remains metastable to ~ 50 GPa, and our work provides constraints on the metastability of amphiboles in subduction zones and the upper mantle, as well as the intrinsic crystallographic stability of the monoclinic amphibole structure.
“Revenge of the Schwa”: A Metaphor for Teaching English Word Stress in Academic Vocabulary

Academic vocabulary presents myriad challenges for English learners (ELs), including the phenomenon of word stress alternations when derivational affixes are added to change the lexical category or “part of speech” of a word. Adjectives ending in –ic, based on one of these rules for instance, always exhibit word stress in the syllable just before the adjectival ending. For example, when the adjective academic is derived from the noun academy by addition of the –ic suffix, an English word stress rule requires that the stress now fall on the penultimate syllable. Unstressed vowels are often reduced schwa, which some pronunciation experts regard as “the most important sound in English” (Kenworthy J, Teaching English pronunciation. Longman, Harlow, 1987). Knowing word stress rules improves learners’ pronunciation, as well as their listening comprehension in academic lectures and other situations where multisyllabic words and scientific terminology are spoken. One way to ease the cognitive burden on learners is to create and implement metaphors for abstract concepts that can aid in presenting simple explanations of complex phonological processes. Teaching through metaphor has enormous benefits in the classroom for both learners and teachers, provided that certain cultural conditions obtain. After a brief history of metaphor and its application in teaching, this chapter establishes the phonological processes governing English word stress and then presents a metaphor for teaching some of these rules. Cultural considerations about the metaphor proposed are also addressed. A discussion of how to leverage classroom-based metaphors in order to boost ELs’ metaphorical competence is included.
The other side of the coin: Investor identity and its role in resource provision

Abstract While research highlights the importance of an entrepreneurial identity in acquiring resources, our exploratory study advances research on identity, entrepreneurship, and resource exchange by highlighting the other side of the coin: the role of an investor identity. Based on our qualitative study, we find that investors engage in sensegiving through organizational identity claims and actions to (re)define their organizational reality about who they are and what they do. They engage in investor identity work to adapt to the strategic changes in a market category and sustain resource provision. Our findings have theoretical implications for identity and entrepreneurship research including the construct of investor identity and its sensegiving function, its dynamism and role in strategic changes, and its role in subjective assessment of investor decision-making.
Dynamic and asymmetric fluctuations in the microtubule wall captured by high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy

Microtubules are tubular polymers with essential roles in numerous cellular activities. Structures of microtubules have been captured at increasing resolution by cryo-EM. However, dynamic properties of the microtubule are key to its function, and this behavior has proved difficult to characterize at a structural level due to limitations in existing structure determination methods. We developed a high-resolution cryo-EM refinement method that divides an imaged microtubule into its constituent protofilaments, enabling deviations from helicity and other sources of heterogeneity to be quantified and corrected for at the single-subunit level. We demonstrate that this method improves the resolution of microtubule 3D reconstructions and substantially reduces anisotropic blurring artifacts, compared with methods that utilize helical symmetry averaging. Moreover, we identified an unexpected, discrete behavior of the m-loop, which mediates lateral interactions between neighboring protofilaments and acts as a flexible hinge between them. The hinge angle adopts preferred values corresponding to distinct conformations of the m-loop that are incompatible with helical symmetry. These hinge angles fluctuate in a stochastic manner, and perfectly cylindrical microtubule conformations are thus energetically and entropically penalized. The hinge angle can diverge further from helical symmetry at the microtubule seam, generating a subpopulation of highly distorted microtubules. However, the seam-distorted subpopulation disappears in the presence of Taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent. These observations provide clues into the structural origins of microtubule flexibility and dynamics and highlight the role of structural polymorphism in defining microtubule behavior.
Ultra-precise optical-frequency stabilization with heterogeneous III─V/Si lasers

The demand for low-noise, continuous-wave, frequency-tunable lasers based on semiconductor integrated photonics has advanced in support of numerous applications. In particular, an important goal is to achieve a narrow spectral linewidth, commensurate with bulk-optic or fiber-optic laser platforms. Here we report on laser-frequency-stabilization experiments with a heterogeneously integrated III/V-Si widely tunable laser and a high-finesse, thermal-noise-limited photonic resonator. This hybrid architecture offers a chip-scale optical-frequency reference with an integrated linewidth of 60 Hz and a fractional frequency stability of 2.5×10-13 at 1 s integration time. We explore the potential for stabilization with respect to a resonator with lower thermal noise by characterizing laser-noise contributions such as residual amplitude modulation and photodetection noise. Widely tunable, compact and integrated, cost-effective, stable, and narrow-linewidth lasers are envisioned for use in various fields, including communication, spectroscopy, and metrology.
Risk Factors for Complications Associated With Minimally Invasive Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy.

Background:Few studies have reported the outcomes following minimally invasive medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy (MDCO) for correction of pes planovalgus deformities.Methods:Charts were retro...
Impacts of electronic cigarettes usage on air quality of vape shops and their nearby areas.

Abstract With the rapid growth of the electronic cigarette (e-cig) market, there is an increasing number of vape shops that exclusively sell e-cigs. The use of e-cigs in the vape shop is a primary source of indoor particles, which might transport to its nearby indoor spaces in the multiunit setting. In this study, six pairs of vape shops and neighboring businesses in Southern California were recruited for real-time measurements of particulate pollutants between February 2017 and October 2019. The mean (SD) particle number concentration (PNC) and PM2.5 concentration in the studied vape shops were 2.8 × 104 (2.3 × 104) particles/cm3 and 276 (546) μg/m3, which were substantially higher than those in neighboring businesses and outdoor areas. In addition, 24-h time-weighted average (TWA) nicotine sampling was conducted in the six pairs and three additional pairs. Nicotine was detected in the air of all the studied vape shops and neighboring businesses, in which the mean (SD) concentration was 2.59 (1.02) and 0.17 (0.13) μg/m3, respectively. Inside vape shops, the dilution-corrected vaping density (puffs/h/100 m3) is a strong predictor of the particle concentration, and nicotine concentration highly depends on the air exchange rate (AER). Out of the six studied pairs, PNCs in five vape shops and PM2.5 in two vape shops were significantly correlated with those in their neighboring businesses. This correlation was stronger when the door of the vape shop was closed. When the door was open, environmental electronic vaping (EEV) aerosols, especially smaller particles, could transport from the vape shop to the outdoor environment. Overall, e-cig usage in the vape shop impacts both its own and nearby air quality, raising concerns regarding the risk of exposure to EEV aerosols in the surrounding environments.
Physical activity recommendation by health care providers to adults with and without functional limitations.

Abstract Adults with functional limitations are more likely to be physically inactive than those without functional limitations, despite evidence that regular physical activity (PA) slows the progression of functional decline. The health care setting provides an opportunity to communicate with patients about positive behavior changes, including increased PA, but there is little information about provider recommendation for PA to adults with functional limitations. This study investigated health care provider recommendation to increase PA among adults with and without functional limitations. Adults (≥18 years) who participated in the 2016 National Health Interview Survey and reported ≥1 primary care encounter within the previous 12 months were included (unweighted n = 23,540; weighted N = 170,004,764). Receipt of PA recommendation and physical functioning limitations were self-reported. Statistical analyses were weighted to account for complex survey sampling design. One-third (35.88%) of adults received a PA recommendation and 19.71% reported functional limitations. Adults who received a PA recommendation were more likely to have a functional limitation than those who did not (28.64% vs. 14.70%; p Only one-third of adults in the United States received PA recommendations. Health care providers recommended PA to approximately half of adults with functional limitations. Continued efforts to leverage health care encounters for behavior change should be explored, particularly for middle aged and older adults.
Pharmaceutical Virtue

In the early history of psychopharmacology, the prospect of developing technologically sophisticated drugs to alleviate human ills was surrounded with a fervor that could be described as religious. This paper explores the subsequent history of the development of psychopharmacological agents, focusing on the ambivalent position of both the industry and its employees. Based on interviews with retired pharmaceutical employees who were active in the industry in the 1950s and 1960s when the major breakthroughs were made in the development of MAOIs and SSRIs, the paper explores the initial development of educational materials for use in sales campaigns. In addition, based on interviews with current employees in pharmaceutical sales and marketing, the paper describes the complex perspective of contemporary pharmaceutical employees who must live surrounded by the growing public vilification of the industry as rapacious and profit hungry and yet find ways to make their jobs meaningful and dignified. The paper will contribute to the understudied problem of how individuals function in positions that require them to be part of processes that on one description constitute a social evil, but on another, constitute a social good.
Brain-gut communication: vagovagal reflexes interconnect the two "brains".

The gastrointestinal tract has its own "brain", the enteric nervous system or ENS, that executes routine housekeeping functions of digestion. The dorsal vagal complex in the CNS brainstem, however,...
Moderating Influences on the Relationship between Job Outcomes and Boundary Role Ambiguity

The paper presented here aims to develop theoretically grounded hypotheses for examining several moderators of the relationship between role ambiguity and various job outcomes. This follows Jackson and Schuler’s suggestion that investigation of potential moderators, especially for the relationship between role ambiguity and such important outcome variables as job satisfaction, performance, tension and intentions-to-turnover, is likely to provide clues to the wide variability in results and may help account for the significant "unaccounted" variance in the findings for these outcome variables.
Visualization of big data

Big data has many divergent types of sources, from physical (sensor/IoT) to social and cyber (web) types, rendering it messy, imprecise, and incomplete. Due to its quantitative (volume and velocity) and qualitative (variety) challenges, big data to the users resembles something like “the elephant to the blind men”. It is imperative to enact a major paradigm shift in data mining and learning tools so that information from diversified sources must be integrated together to unravel information hidden in the massive and messy big data, so that, metaphorically speaking, it would let the blind men “see” the elephant. This talk will address yet another vital “V”-paradigm: “Visualization”. Visualization tools are meant to supplement (instead of replace) the domain expertise (e.g. a cardiologist) and provide a big picture to help users formulate critical questions and subsequently postulate heuristic and insightful answers.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy: were we looking at the wrong chromosomes?

Purpose: Our purpose was to study aneuploidy frequencies of chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, and 22 in cleavage-stage embryos. These frequencies were compared to spontaneous abortion data to determine differences in survival rate of their aneuploidies. Methods: One hundred ninety-four embryos were analyzed with multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Embryos were divided into three maternal age groups: 20 to 34.9 years, (2) 35 to 39.9 years, and (3) 40 years and older. Embryos were also divided into two developmental and morphological groups: arrested and nonarrested embryos. Results: The rate of aneuploidy was 14.51%, 14.10%, and 31.48% for age groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.005). The chromosomes most frequently involved in aneuploidy events were 22, 15, 1, and 17. Conclusions: The chromosomes most involved in spontaneous abortions are not necessarily the ones causing a decrease in implantation rates with maternal age. Other aneuploidies, such as for chromosomes 1 and 17, may seldom implant or die shortly after implantation.
Lubrication of space systems

This article presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art tribology, some current and future perceived space lubrication problem areas, and some potential new lubrication technologies. It is the author's opinion that tribology technology, in general, has not significantly advanced over the last 20 to 30 years, even though some incremental improvements in the technology have occurred. There is a better understanding of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication, some new lubricating and wear theories have been developed, and some new liquid and solid lubricants have been formulated. However, the important problems of being able to lubricate reliably at high temperatures or at cryogenic temperatures have not been adequately address.
Analysis of Antagonisms between Pineal Melatonin and other Agents which Act on the Amphibian Melanophore

This chapter analyzes the antagonisms among several agents that affect the frog melanophore to provide information regarding possible hormonal and drug receptors in the cell. The chapter describes the action of melatonin on the tissue-cultured melanophore by frame analysis of photographic records of the response. These studies provide information regarding the actions of melatonin and other agents at the cellular level. By the analysis of log dose–response curves, obtained with isolated frog skin, it is shown that the antagonisms between melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and melatonin and between MSH and epinephrine are competitive. However, the antagonisms between caffeine and melatonin and between caffeine and epinephrine are noncompetitive. There may be an MSH receptor and a caffeine receptor in the melanophore. The MSH receptor can also be occupied by indoles or catecholamines, but the caffeine receptor cannot. Further study of the response of tissue-cultured melanophores to melatonin reveals more aspects of the response. Melatonin reduces the perimeter of the melanophore and the area of the cell. These effects are fully reversible by physiological concentrations of MSH.
The effects of a reminiscence education program on Baccalaureate Nursing students’ cultural self-efficacy in caring for elders

Summary The increase in our minority elder population has created a need to develop innovative programs that prepares students who are competent in gerontological nursing skills and sensitive to cultural differences. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effects of a reminiscence education program on BSN students’ cultural self-efficacy in caring for elders. An interrupted time series design with a nonequivalent, no-treatment control group was used with 64 nursing students recruited from a northeast university in the United States. The intervention consisted of a two-hour reminiscence education program and a 13 week period in which the experimental group implemented integrative reminiscence with elders during their community health practicum. The eldercare cultural self-efficacy scale was the outcome measure. Results indicated that students receiving the reminiscence education program demonstrated significantly higher levels of eldercare cultural self-efficacy F(1, 62) = 5.34, p = 0.024 than those not receiving the intervention. Reminiscence education programs implemented as part of clinical practicums may assist to increase nursing students’ perceptions of confidence in caring for elders. Implications for nursing education and the care of diverse elders are discussed.
TEST SCENARIO GENERATION BASED ON FORMAL SPECIFICATION AND USAGE PROFILE

This paper presents a method for test scenario generation based on formal specifications and usage profiles. It is a major component of a framework for testing object-oriented programs. In this framework, the requirements of a software system are formally specified. The anticipated application of the system is expressed in a usage profile, which is a state model that indicates the dynamic behavior of the system and execution probabilities for the behaviors. The state model is used as a guide to derive the anticipated operation scenarios. An enhanced state transition diagram is used to represent the state model, which incorporates hierarchy, usage and parameter information. Since the number of feasible scenarios can be extremely large, probability and importance criteria are used to select the most probable and important scenarios.
The potential fall between striæ in electrical discharges through rarefied hydrogen

Abstract A study was made of the variation with gas pressure of the potential fall between striae in the positive column of a discharge through hydrogen because in this gas the distances between the striae change with pressure in an anomalous manner first noted by Willows. With decrease of pressure the stria distances at first increase, pass through a maximum value and then through a rather sharp minimum value at a pressure between 1 mm. and 2 mm. The color of the striae was found to be bluish in the pressure region of minimum separation and reddish at other pressures.
The Optical Characterization Of Electronic Materials

Three different examples for characterizing parallel-sided specimens with optical techniques are given; spectral emittance of an InAs specimen; AIRS (Angle of Incidence Reflectance Spectrometry) analysis of a III-V quaternary; calculations for AIRS measurerments on a silicon-like substrate having a relatively thick layer with a larger refractive index. Complete formulas ,along with appropriate approximations, are given. Starting with Maxwell's Equations, both the characteristic and Fresnel matrices are developed for the abrupt interface and homogeneous cases followed by indicated steps leading to the practical formulas. Also included is a discussion of dispersion and its relationship to the simultaneity of the duality of electro-magnetic radiation.
Vapor-deposited metal-gas alloys of sodium and ammonia

Films of sodium and ammonia were formed directly from vapor onto substrates held at or below 5 K. The electrical resistivity of the films was measured as a function of sodium concentration. A metal-nonmetal transition as a function of composition was observed at concentrations in the 45–50 mole % range. The transition was found to be anomalous in that the resistivity was not a monotonic function of the sodium concentration. The data indicate that there is enhanced conductivity over a narrow concentration range on the nonmetal side of the transition. The conductivity is not magnetic field dependent up to the maximum available field of 4 kOe. No evidence was found for the anomalous electrical conductivity previously reported for bulk, dilute sodium-ammonia solids that were quick-frozen from liquid solutions.
Investigating the structure of the WJ-III Cognitive at school age.

During its development, the Woodcock-Johnson, Third Edition Cognitive (WJ-III Cognitive; McGrew & Woodcock, 2001) was never subjected to structural analysis using exploratory and higher order factor analyses. Instead, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on separate sets of WJ-III correlation matrices, yielding a seven-factor model across all age ranges. To see whether the structure holds for the WJ-III Cognitive, currently recognized best practice exploratory factor analysis (EFA) procedures were applied to two school-aged correlation matrices (ages 9‐13; 14‐19) from the normative sample. Using EFA and higher order factor analysis, four factors emerged at age 9 to 13 and three factors emerged at age 14 to 19. The results of this analysis indicated a robust manifestation of general intelligence (g) that exceeded the variance attributed to the lower order factors. An additional analysis was conducted that disregarded factor extraction rules and forced the seven-factor fit. The resulting solution was only partially aligned (i.e., Gc, Ga, and Gsm) with the theoretical structure posited in the WJ-III Technical Manual. Surprisingly, this study represents the first time to my knowledge that the WJ-III Cognitive has been subjected to EFA analyses given the instrument’s significant use by practitioners and that it has served as the initial evidentiary base for Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory.
Regulation of NaV1.2 Channels by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, TrkB, and Associated Fyn Kinase

Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for action potential initiation and propagation in neurons, and modulation of their function has an important impact on neuronal excitability. Sodium channels are regulated by a Src-family tyrosine kinase pathway, and this modulation can be reversed by specifically bound receptor phosphoprotein tyrosine phosphatase-beta. However, the specific tyrosine kinase and signaling pathway are unknown. We found that the sodium channels in rat brain interact with Fyn, one of four Src-family tyrosine kinases expressed in the brain. Na(V)1.2 channels and Fyn are localized together in the axons of cultured hippocampal neurons, the mossy fibers of the hippocampus, and cell bodies, dendrites, and axons of neurons in many other brain areas, and they coimmunoprecipitate with Fyn from cotransfected tsA-201 cells. Coexpression of Fyn with Na(V)1.2 channels decreases sodium currents by increasing the rate of inactivation and causing a negative shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Reconstitution of a signaling pathway from brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to sodium channels via the tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB)/p75 neurotrophin receptor and Fyn kinase in transfected cells resulted in an increased rate of inactivation of sodium channels and a negative shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation after treatment with BDNF. These results indicate that Fyn kinase is associated with sodium channels in brain neurons and can modulate Na(V)1.2 channels by tyrosine phosphorylation after activation of TrkB/p75 signaling by BDNF.
The shapes of irradiation‐produced voids in nickel

Voids were produced in nickel by protons and Ni++ ions at 500°C. Methods for an accurate determination and quantitative description of the shape of voids are discussed. The voids thus produced in Ni are prominently cubo-octahedral with 100% truncation, or octahedral with partial {100} truncation, and occasionally cubic with partial {111} truncation. The present results, coupled with previous observations, thus assert a ready change in shape of the voids. Reasons for the wide shape change are explained in terms of the anisotropy of surface energy, the kinetics of growth of void surfaces, and a preferential adsorption of carbon atoms on the {100} surfaces of voids during irradiation. Des cavites ont ete produits dans le nickel par irradiation aux protons et aux ions nickel a 500°C. Les methods pour une determination exacte et pour une description quantitative de la forme de cavites sont discutees. Les cavites ainsi produits dans le nickel ont eminemment la forme d'octaedres cubiques avec la troncature complete ou la forme d'octaedres reguliers tronques par les plans {100}, et par occasion la forme de cubes tronques par les plans {111}. Les resultats presents combines avec les observations precedentes revelent ainsi un changement prompt en forme de cavites. Les raisons pour le large changement de forme sont expliquees en fonction de i'anisotropie d'energie de surface, de la einetique de croissance de faces de cavites, et d'une absorption preferentiele d'atomes de carbone sur les faces {100} de cavites pendant l'irradiation.
On Aeroacoustic Coupling in Free-Stream Turbulence Manipulators,

Abstract : Wakes of inserts, such as honeycombs, perforated plates and screens, in duct flows often couple non-linearly with acoustic fields leading to objectionable sound levels and modification of the free-stream turbulence. It is experimentally demonstrated how the key mechanism, the shear-layer instabilities in the wakes of these turbulence manipulators, can be driven by artificial sound and how it can be spontaneously organized and intensified in the presence of local acoustic resonances. Tuning of the acoustic excitation can suppress or enhance the downstream turbulence. (Author)