cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on older families when more than one member responds: Producing and interpreting findings

Abstract This article draws on data collected from a very old parent and two of her or his adult children in 20 older families to show how different strategies for analyzing data produce different images of families. The findings produced by means of five different analytical techniques are presented and compared. The degree to which each captures the reality of these older families is evaluated. The intent of the article is not to present findings but to show how different methods of data colletion and anlaysis create different images of older families.
Dependence of neutron yield on fragment mass for several low-energy fissioning systems

Neutron-yield functions for $^{245}\mathrm{Cm}$($n$,$f$), $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$(sf), $^{254}\mathrm{Cf}$(sf), $^{254}\mathrm{Es}$($n$,$f$), and $^{256}\mathrm{Fm}$(sf) are derived with an iterative method in which successive approximations to the pre-neutron-emission (initial) mass distribution are compared with the post-neutron-emission (final) mass distribution. Initial mass distributions are deduced from kinetic energy measurements of the fragments. Final mass distributions are determined from radiochemical measurements of fission product mass yields. The $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$(sf) neutron-yield function so derived agrees well with functions determined directly by neutron counting. All neutron-yield functions exhibit a saw-toothed character. The masses for which maximum neutron emission occurs and for which minimum neutron emission occurs are within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2 mass units of being complementary masses for the observed fissioning system, with the exception of the $^{245}\mathrm{Cm}$($n$,$f$) reaction. The effect of the neutron-yield function on various mass and energy correlations deduced from kinetic energy measurements is discussed.
Intraocular colchicine inhibits competition between resident and foreign optic axons for functional connections in the doubly innervated goldfish optic tectum.

After unilateral optic rectum ablation in the goldfish, regenerating optic axons grow into the optic layers of the remaining ipsilateral tectal lobe and regain visual function. The terminal arbors of the foreign fibers are initially diffusely distributed among the resident optic axons, but within two months the axon terminals from each retina are seen to segregate into irregular ocular dominance patches. Visual recovery is delayed until after segregation. This suggests that the foreign fibers compete with the residents for tectal targets and that the segregation of axon terminations is an anatomical characteristic of the process. Here we investigate whether inhibiting axonal transport in the resident fibers inhibits competition with foreign fibers. The eye contralateral to the intact tectal lobe received a single injection of 0.1/~g colchicine, which does not block vision with the intact eye. We measured visual function using a classical conditioning technique. Segregation of axon terminations was examined shortly following visual recovery by autoradiography. The no-drug control fish showed reappearance of vision with the experimental eye at 9 weeks postoperatively and ocular dominance patches were well developed. Colchicine administered to the intact eye (resident fibers) several weeks postsurgery decreased the time to reappearance of vision with the experimental eye by several weeks. Autoradiography revealed some signs of axonal segregation but the labeled foreign axons were mainly continuously distributed. Administration of colchicine at the time of tectum ablation, or of lumicolchicine at two weeks postoperatively produced normal visual recovery times. Fast axonal transport of 3H-labeled protein was inhibited by 1.0 and 0.5/ag but not by 0.1 gg of colchicine or by 1.0 gg of lumicolchicine. Previous studies showed that while 0.1 gg of colchicine does not block vision it is sufficient to inhibit axonal regeneration following optic nerve crush. We conclude that two retinas can functionally innervate one tectum without forming conspicuous ocular dominance columns, and that the ability of residents to compete with the ingrowing foreign axons is very sensitive to inhibition of axoplasmic transport or other processes that are inhibited by intraocular colchicine.
Thomas Jennings pace: Learning to cope with ambiguity

This article attempts to identify what constitutes an effective college professor. The professor being discussed is Thomas Jennings Pace, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Herein is an account of how Pace taught the tolerance for ambiguity as a major device for learning and for living. The concerns are for discriminating between the mundane and the significant as well as using dialogue for achieving communication as opposed to persuasion. Different philosophical perspectives provide a tool for analyzing audiences.
Role of oxidant stress in vascular proteolysis

Abstract Proteolytic degradation of the matrix scaffold is a necessary component of tissue remodeling. We have proposed that specialized enzymes, called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), allow vascular wall remodeling in response to a variety of stimuli, but may ultimately weaken it, bringing about the destabilization and failure responsible for acute cardiovascular events. We are currently briefly reviewing the main evidence we have obtained regarding the key role of oxidative stress in MMP-driven remodeling. An essential finding was that reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by inflammatory and vascular cells, could trigger activation of latent MMPs, thus leading to vascular matrix degradation. For instance, we showed that lipid-laden macrophages, a major source of both MMPs and ROS, are associated with increased proteolytic activity and drive expansive remodeling, which may explain their association with unstable human atherosclerotic plaques. Of note, vascular cells can also become a source of ROS. We found that active vascular remodeling was characterized by oxidant stress, MMP induction/activation, and matrix degradation. Conversely, we recently demonstrated that introduction of oxidative stress drives arterial lesion progression and angiogenesis. Thus, we propose that the therapeutic decrease of vascular oxidant stress may be used to control vascular remodeling and to increase the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
Lymphoid cell sets and serum immunoglobulins in patients with thalassaemia intermedia: relationship to serum iron and splenectomy.

Summary Peripheral blood lymphocyte sets and serum immunoglobulins were examined in 15 patients with thalassaemia intermedia, aged between 5 and 30 years. They were divided in three clinical groups: Group I, non-splenectomized, with serum iron (SI) lower than 200 μg/dl; Group II, splenectomized with serum iron lower than 200 μg/dl; and Group III, splenectomized with serum iron levels greater than 200 μg/dl. High absolute lymphocyte counts were observed in the majority of patients, whether splenectomized or not. Following splenectomy, marked increases were observed in absolute number of lymphocytes and percentages of circulating surface immunoglobulin (SIg) bearing B lymphocytes, mouse rosette forming cells (MRFC) and ‘null’ cells. The increases in circulating B lymphocytes following splenectomy were due exclusively to cells bearing SIgM and/or SIgD. No changes were observed in numbers and proportions of circulating SIgA or SIgG bearing cells. Serum IgA levels were high in the majority of patients studied whether splenectomized or not. Following splenectomy increases in serum IgA and serum IgG were observed which seemed to relate to increasing SI levels. No significant changes occurred in serum IgM levels. Absolute numbers of circulating T lymphocytes were unaffected by splenectomy or SI levels. Changes were observed, however, in distribution of T lymphocyte subsets with decreases in number of Tμ cells and concomitant increases in numbers of non-Tμ, non-Tγ cells. Tγ cells were the least affected by splenectomy and increasing SI. The results are compatible with the proposition that iron participates in the regulation of lymphoid cell migration and in the modulation of expression of cell surface markers. The findings also illustrate the role of the spleen in the control of lymphocyte migration and immunoglobulin production.
Water, Energy, and Land Use Planning on Maui Island, Hawaii: Estimating Surface Water Supply

Maui Island in the State of Hawaii faces land use and freshwater allocation challenges associated with a growing population and a changing economic base as plantation agriculture has declined. Debate about whether water should be restored to environmental flows, allocated to new urban development for residents and tourists, or be used to irrigate food or fuel crops has highlighted Maui’s opportunity to make integrated resource decisions that consider land, water, and energy in particular. One major potential water demand on Maui is for irrigation for biofuels crops, such as sugarcane for ethanol. While Maui’s energy system is currently low in water intensity, using irrigated biofuels could increase the need for local water investment in energy systems. This paper aims to characterize surface water supply on Maui in order to draw conclusions about supply adequacy for biofuel irrigation. Narrow-scope empirical equations linking streamflow and precipitation tend to produce more accurate estimates for individual streams: for example, equations based only on northeast Maui streams tend to predict northeast Maui stream flows better than equations based on all of Maui’s streams. However, specific equations do not exist for most regions of Maui. This paper finds that general and specific empirical equations for northeast Maui predict nearly identical aggregate streamflows. Irrigation ditch flow comprises aggregate streamflow from a given region, so it is likely that existing, general equations can predict irrigation ditch flows with acceptable accuracy.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Synthesis, crystal structure, and physical properties of Sr2N

Abstract Sr2N has been synthesized from the elements and its structure determined by time-of-flight neutron diffraction. Crystal data: R 3 m, a = 3.8566(1) A, c = 20.6958(4) A, V = 266.58(1) A3, Z = 3, Dx = 2.13, T = 300 K, Rwp = 0.077, Rp = 0.056, reduced χ2 = 2.06 for 25,368 profile points and 53 variables. Sr2N crystallizes with the layered CdCl2 structure as formerly proposed. N atoms center flattened octahedra with six equal NSr distances of 2.6118(3) A. The SrSr distances in the octahedral layer are 3.8566(1) (6x) and 3.523(1) (3x). The SrSr distances between layers are 4.726(1). It has been argued that Sr2N is actually Sr2NxHy; but the neutron data show the absence of any hydrogen contamination. Sr2N is a metallic conductor with a weak temperature-independent paramagnetism.
On 4-manifolds with singular torus actions

This paper studies the homeomorphism classification problem for closed oriented 4-manifolds which support effective codimension-two torus actions. With suitable restrictions on the actions a classification is obtained in terms of numerical invariants computable from orbit data. These invariants are related to the fundamental groups and the cohomology rings of the underlying manifolds. They do not distinguish among all 4-manifolds with actions as above, and so the general classification problem remains open.
Rousseau: A Free Community of Equals

Joshua Cohen: Rousseau: A Free Community of Equals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 208. £42.00 (hb.). ISBN 978-0-19-958149-8. Self-consciously dedicated to presenting an account of Rous...
ENHANCEMENT BY PARATHYROIDECTOMY OF GLYCOPROTEIN MOBILIZING PROPERTY OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT.

SummaryThe effects of PTE on serum Ca++ and serum total glycoprotein levels as well as on serum sialic acid levels in normal and parathyroidectomized rats were studied. Alterations in serum glycoprotein and serum protein fractions under these conditions were measured also. The degree of metastatic calcification and of tissue concentrations of glycoproteins was measured by special stains of kidney sections and by measurement of sialic acid concentration in gastric mucosa. The rise in serum Ca++ and glycoprotein levels normally occurring in rats given PTE was greatly enhanced by parathyroidectomy. PTE-induced alterations in serum protein and glycoprotein fractions were greater in parathyroidectomized rats. The latter also had more rapid onset of renal calcification and greater tissue deposition of glycoproteins.
The Role of Regulatory Focus in the Experience and Self-Control of Desire for Temptations

This research examines the role of regulatory focus in the experience and control of desire for temptations, the fulfillment of which conflicts with other salient goals of the consumer. Relative to a prevention focus (i.e., an orientation away from negative outcomes), our findings demonstrate that a promotion focus (i.e., an orientation toward positive outcomes) not only increases the intensity of desire experienced on encountering a temptation, but also increases success of its subsequent resistance. Differences in self-control efficacy are found to be mediated by the type of self-control strategies consumers use in the 2 foci. Convergent evidence obtained in 4 studies, considering situational and dispositional aspects of regulatory focus, indicates that when temptations are encountered by consumers, regulatory focus is an important determinant of the degree of desire, and the nature and outcome of self-control.
Accurate and Efficient Algorithms that Adapt to Privacy-Enhanced Video for Improved Assistive Monitoring

Automated monitoring algorithms operating on live video streamed from a home can effectively aid in several assistive monitoring goals, such as detecting falls or estimating daily energy expenditure. Use of video raises obvious privacy concerns. Several privacy enhancements have been proposed such as modifying a person in video by introducing blur, silhouette, or bounding-box. Person extraction is fundamental in video-based assistive monitoring and degraded in the presence of privacy enhancements; however, privacy enhancements have characteristics that can opportunistically be adapted to. We propose two adaptive algorithms for improving assistive monitoring goal performance with privacy-enhanced video: specific-color hunter and edge-void filler. A nonadaptive algorithm, foregrounding, is used as the default algorithm for the adaptive algorithms. We compare nonadaptive and adaptive algorithms with 5 common privacy enhancements on the effectiveness of 8 automated monitoring goals. The nonadaptive algorithm performance on privacy-enhanced video is degraded from raw video. However, adaptive algorithms can compensate for the degradation. Energy estimation accuracy in our tests degraded from 90.9p to 83.9p, but the adaptive algorithms significantly compensated by bringing the accuracy up to 87.1p. Similarly, fall detection accuracy degraded from 1.0 sensitivity to 0.86 and from 1.0 specificity to 0.79, but the adaptive algorithms compensated accuracy back to 0.92 sensitivity and 0.90 specificity. Additionally, the adaptive algorithms were computationally more efficient than the nonadaptive algorithm, averaging 1.7p more frames processed per second.
Measurement and Comparison of Glass Transition and Sticky Point Temperatures of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) with Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Drying Temperature Levels

ABSTRACT Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main coproduct of the U.S. fuel ethanol industry and has significantly impacted the livestock feed markets in recent years. Particle agglomeration and subsequent flowability problems during storage and transport are often a hindrance, a nuisance, and expensive. This paper aims at characterizing the glass transition (Tg) and sticky point (Ts) temperatures of DDGS samples prepared with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) levels (10, 15, and 20%, wb), drying temperatures (100, 200, and 300°C), and moisture contents (0, 10, and 20%, db), and it discusses implications on DDGS flowability behavior. Distillers wet grains were combined with specified levels of CDS and dried in a convection-style laboratory oven to produce DDGS. Subsequently, predetermined amounts of water were added to the DDGS to achieve desired moisture content levels. To determine Tg (°C), a differential scanning calorimeter was used, whereas Ts (°C) was determined through a ...
The properties of "active" Cl transport across the cornea of the toad Bufo marinus

Abstract 1. 1. Active Cl transport occurs from the endothelial to epithelial side of the cornea of Bufo marinus. Na transport is much less and is in the opposite direction. 2. 2. The rate of Cl transport is not saturable and is linearly related to the Cl concentration on the endothelial side. 3. 3. Active efflux (endo to epi) of Cl is reduced (50%) by CN and abolished by IAA. Ouabain and Na-free solutions on the endothelial side also reduce Cl efflux. 4. 4. O2 consumption or lactate production are also decreased by ouabain or Na-free solutions. However, metabolism was not inhibited by Cl-free solutions or a specific Cl blocking drug bumetanide. 5. 5. Cl transport exhibits some rather unusual characters and a model is proposed to account for them which involves an exchange of Cl for metabolically produced organic anions.
Reduction of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in eggs from chickens once or twice vaccinated with an oil-emulsified inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine.

Abstract The negative impact of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection on egg production and deposition of virus in eggs, as well as any protective effect of vaccination, is unknown. Individually housed non-vaccinated, sham-vaccinated and inactivated H5N9 vaccinated Once or Twice adult White leghorn hens were challenged intranasally/intratracheally 3-weeks post-vaccination with H5N2 HPAIV. The non-/sham-vaccinated layers experienced 100% mortality (0% survivability) within 3–4 days post-challenge (DPC), and major changes to reproductive parameters including precipitous drops in egg production (79–0% in
Contact with Domestic Dogs Increases Pathogen Exposure in Endangered African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus)

Background Infectious diseases have contributed to the decline and local extinction of several wildlife species, including African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Mitigating such disease threats is challenging, partly because uncertainty about disease dynamics makes it difficult to identify the best management approaches. Serious impacts on susceptible populations most frequently occur when generalist pathogens are maintained within populations of abundant (often domestic) “reservoir” hosts, and spill over into less abundant host species. If this is the case, disease control directed at the reservoir host might be most appropriate. However, pathogen transmission within threatened host populations may also be important, and may not be controllable by managing another host species. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated interspecific and intraspecific transmission routes, by comparing African wild dogs' exposure to six canine pathogens with behavioural measures of their opportunities for contact with domestic dogs and with other wild dogs. Domestic dog contact was associated with exposure to canine parvovirus, Ehrlichia canis, Neospora caninum and perhaps rabies virus, but not with exposure to canine distemper virus or canine coronavirus. Contact with other wild dogs appeared not to increase the risk of exposure to any of the pathogens. Conclusions/Significance These findings, combined with other data, suggest that management directed at domestic dogs might help to protect wild dog populations from rabies virus, but not from canine distemper virus. However, further analyses are needed to determine the management approaches – including no intervention – which are most appropriate for each pathogen.
Biological treatment of soils contaminated with hydrophobic organics using slurry- and solid-phase techniques

Both slurry-phase and solid-phase bioremediation are effective ex situ soil decontamination methods. Slurrying is energy intensive relative to solid-phase treatment, but provides homogenization and uniform nutrient distribution. Limited contaminant bioavailability at concentrations above the required cleanup level reduces biodegradation rates and renders solid phase bioremediation more cost effective than complete treatment in a bio-slurry reactor. Slurrying followed by solid-phase bioremediation combines the advantages and minimizes the weaknesses of each treatment method when used alone. A biological treatment system consisting of slurrying followed by aeration in solid phase bioreactors was developed and tested in the laboratory using a silty clay loam contaminated with diesel fuel. The first set of experiments was designed to determine the impact of the water content and mixing time during slurrying on the rate an extent of contaminant removal in continuously aerated solid phase bioreactors. The second set of experiments compared the volatile and total diesel fuel removal in solid phase bioreactors using periodic and continuous aeration strategies. Results showed that slurrying for 1.5 hours at a water content less than saturation markedly increased the rate and extent of contaminant biodegradation in the solid phase bioreactors compared with soil having no slurry pretreatment. Slurrying the soil at or above its saturation moisture content resulted in lengthy dewatering times which prohibited aeration, thereby delaying the onset of biological treatment in the solid phase bioreactors. Results also showed that properly operated periodic aeration can provide less volatile contaminant removal and a grater fraction of biological contaminant removal than continuous aeration.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of College Students Regarding the 1990 Nutrition Labeling Education Act food Labels

Abstract Objectives This study examined the influence of 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act food labels on college students. The purposes of the study were to examine knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students regarding labels and relationships among these factors, and whether educational experience with labels was associated with label-reading knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Design A descriptive, nonexperimental research design was used. Data were gathered using a survey designed for the study. Subjects The study surveyed 208 undergraduate students enrolled in general education classes at a midwestern university. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics analyzed knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students regarding food labels. The Student t test and χ 2 analysis evaluated specific measures of behavior. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis examined relationships among variables and identified factors associated with label use. Results Students' mean knowledge score was 48%. Knowledge score was positively correlated with attitudes toward labels ( r =.14, P =.04) and use of labels ( r =.87, P =.0001). Previous education in reading labels was associated with higher knowledge scores ( P =.04). Ninety-five percent of participants perceived the label to be useful, but many distrusted nutrition claims. Seventy percent looked at the Nutrition Facts label when purchasing a product for the first time. The single best predictor of general label use was a positive attitude toward labels ( P P Conclusions The 1990 National Labeling and Education Act food label has influenced college students. Labeling education efforts are associated with greater knowledge about labels, more favorable attitudes toward them, and increased label use in making food choices. Special attention should be directed toward explaining terms and phrases on labels and the guidelines that ensure truthfulness of nutrition claims. College students need to understand their need for numerous nutrients instead of merely focusing on the fat and caloric content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:445-449 .
Anatomy of the left upper quadrant for cannula insertion

Abstract Study Objective . To determine the anatomy of the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abodomen in women with different body mass indexes. Design . Review of computed tomographic (CT) scans and medical records (Canadia Task Force classification II-2). Setting . Large tertiary care medical center. Patients . Sixty-three women over age 18 years who had scans performed for any indication. Nine women were excluded because of contraindication to LUQ laparoscopic cannula insertion and five because of incomplete records. Intervention . None. Measurements and Main Results . The closet organs to the LUQ insertion site were the liver and stomach. There was significantly more subcutaneous fat at the umbilicus than at the insertion site. A positive correlation was found between body mass index and distance between structures, and the site. Conclusion . Cannulas should not be inserted in the LUQ in women with hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. Because the stomach is so close to the insertion site, gastric drainage should be performed before cannula insertion. The site is likely safe in obese women whose abdominal organs are far away from it, and who have less subcutaneous fat there than at the umbilicus.
‘First follow nature’: An annotation

(1968). ‘First follow nature’: An annotation. English Studies: Vol. 49, No. 1-6, pp. 289-302.
Implications of the CERN LEP results for SO(10) grand unification.

We consider the breaking of the grand unification group SO(10) to the standard model gauge group through several chains containing one intermediate breaking scale. Using the values of the gauge coupling constants at the scale ${M}_{Z}$ derived from recent data from the CERN ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider LEP, we determine the intermediate and the unification scales using two-loop renormalization group equations with appropriate matching conditions. Some chains are ruled out from experimental constraints. For the allowed ones, the intermediate scale is high, in the range of ${10}^{9}$${\ensuremath{-}10}^{11}$ GeV.
Identification of Shared Components and Sparse Networks in Gene Expression Time-Course Data

High-throughput gene expression technologies such as microarrays have been utilized in a variety of scientific applications. In this article, we develop multivariate techniques for visualizing gene regulatory networks using independent components analysis (ICA) techniques. A desirable feature of the ICA method is that it approximates a biological model for the gene expression. The methods are outlined and illustrated with application to yeast gene expression data.
Different Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and γ-Irradiation on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Matrix Implications for Inhibiting Restenosis

gamma-Irradiation (gamma-RT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are known to inhibit intimal hyperplasia. The common mechanism is that both modalities produce free radicals, but unlike gamma-RT, PDT generates them through the absorption of light by photosensitizers. The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the differences that PDT and gamma-RT have on the fibroproliferative response after vascular injury by comparing their effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and on the extracellular matrix (ECM). Mitochondrial activity (tetrazolium salt), proliferation ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation), and the mechanisms of cell death (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling [TUNEL] staining) were used to assess differences between PDT (100 J/cm(2)) and gamma-RT (10 or 20 Gy) on SMC injury. The different effects on bioregulatory molecules were investigated by quantitating the proliferation of SMCs cultured with conditioned medium and on treated ECM. PDT of SMCs reduced proliferation and mitochondrial activity (0.5+/-0.75% and 1.7+/-4.25%, respectively, P<0.0001), whereas gamma-RT of SMCs decreased cell proliferation but did not affect metabolic activity. Stimulation with calf serum of gamma-RT-treated SMCs did not affect proliferation but increased mitochondrial enzyme activity (160+/-11%, P<0.0005). The conditioned medium, derived from PDT- but not gamma-RT-treated SMCs, did not stimulate effector SMC proliferation compared with gamma-RT-treated SMCs (16+/-4.1% versus 80+/-16.8%, P<0.0001). Apoptosis was the principle cytotoxic mechanism after PDT, whereas gamma-RT cells were growth arrested but viable. PDT of the ECM reduced effector SMC proliferation compared with controls and gamma-RT cells (18+/-6.5% versus 100+/-17.7% and 84+/-8.9%, respectively, P<0.0001). These data suggest that gamma-RT and PDT may inhibit restenosis but by different mechanisms. The effects of PDT are more diverse and may result in improved outcome while avoiding the teratogenic exposure due to ionizing irradiation.
Analysis and Neuronal Modeling of the Nonlinear Characteristics of a Local Cardiac Reflex in the Rat

Previous experimental results have suggested the existence of a local cardiac reflex in the rat. In this study, the putative role of such a local reflex in cardiovascular regulation is quantitatively analyzed. A model for the local reflex is developed from anatomical experimental results and physiological data in the literature. Using this model, a systems-level analysis is conducted. Simulation results indicate that the neuromodulatory mechanism of the local reflex attenuates the nonlinearity of the relationship between cardiac vagal drive and arterial pressure. This behavior is characterized through coherence analysis. Furthermore, the modulation of phase-related characteristics of the cardiovascular system is suggested as a plausible mechanism for the nonlinear attenuation. Based on these results, it is plausible that the functional role of the local reflex is highly robust nonlinear compensation at the heart, which results in less complex dynamics in other parts of the reflex.
Correspondence Between Self- and Good-Manager Descriptions Examining Stability and Change Over Four Decades

Newly collected data from samples obtained from two different populations—undergraduate business students and part-time (i.e., evening) MBA students—were compared with data from samples obtained from the same two populations during each of the three previous decades (N = 1,818) to examine the correspondence between self-descriptions and descriptions of a “good manager.” Both stability and change in the correspondence between self- and good-manager descriptions were predicted. Providing strong support for stability, the correspondence between self- and good-manager descriptions was greater for men than women for all data combined as well as for data collected at each point in time. However, despite changes in women’s status and in views of effective leadership across the four decades in which data were collected, the correspondence between self- and good-manager descriptions exhibited a lack of support for consistent change over time for women and men considered separately. Implications for the nature of t...
The Undergraduate–Postgraduate–Faculty Triad: Unique Functions and Tensions Associated with Undergraduate Research Experiences at Research Universities

We present an exploratory study of how undergraduates' involvement in research influences postgraduates (i.e., graduate and postdoctoral researchers) and faculty. We used a qualitative approach to examine the relationships among undergraduates, postgraduates, and the faculty head in a research group. In this group, undergraduates viewed postgraduates as more approachable than the faculty head both literally and figuratively. Mentorship by postgraduates presented unique challenges for undergraduates, including unrealistic expectations and varying abilities to mentor. The postgraduates and faculty head concurred that undergraduates contributed to the group's success and served as a source of frustration. Postgraduates appreciated the opportunity to observe multiple approaches to mentoring as they saw the faculty head and other postgraduates interact with undergraduates. The faculty head viewed undergraduate research as important for propagating the research community and for gaining insights into undergraduates and their postgraduate mentors. These results highlight how the involvement of undergraduates and postgraduates in research can limit and enhance the research experiences of members of the undergraduate–postgraduate–faculty triad. A number of tensions emerge that we hypothesize are intrinsic to undergraduate research experiences at research universities. Future studies can focus on determining the generalizability of these findings to other groups and disciplines.
Multiscale Modeling of GeSe2 Glass Structure

We present a multiscale model of GeSe2 glass structure, where interatomic potentials are calculated using Moller–Plesset perturbation theory and a cluster expansion approach. The ab initio calculations are fit to continuous functions and used in a classical Monte Carlo simulation of 1200 atoms. The resulting GeSe2 glass structure accurately captures the defect characteristics recently observed by a neutron diffraction experiment incorporating isotopic substitution. Our simulation results allow for further elaboration on the structure of deformed Ge-centered tetrahedra occurring in GeSe2 glass. This level of detail has not been captured by previous modeling efforts using density functional theory.
¿Qué motiva a universitarios de primer nivel a dedicarse a la docencia? Resultados preliminares de Enseñá por Argentina

Diversos sistemes educatius han intentat elevar la qualitat dels seus mestres atraient joves amb unes altes habilitats cognitives i professionals a la docencia. Aquest estudi analitza la base de dades de reclutament d’Ensena por Argentina (EpA) —una iniciativa que recluta joves universitaris de primer nivell perque ensenyin durant dos anys en col·legis de baixos recursos— i els resultats d’una enquesta realitzada als aspirants en la penultima ronda de seleccio. L’analisi indica que: 1. EpA ha captat l’atencio d’un alt nombre de joves, pero ha estat menys reeixit aconseguir que aquests s’adhereixin al programa. 2. EpA ha atret joves de carreres i universitats diverses, pero no necessariament competitives. 3. Els aspirants seleccionats van ser mes sensibles a la dificultat de la labor docent i al fet que EpA es part d’una xarxa internacional d’organitzacions.
TYPHUS FEVER : IV. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKI IN TISSUE CULTURES

In tissue cultures grown at 32 degrees C., typhus Rickettsiae increase rapidly within the cytoplasm of infected cells up to about the 14th day. At this time practically every cell is infected and the majority of cells are distended with organisms. This condition remains constant as long as successful cultures of the cells can be maintained (up to 52 days). Loss in virulence does not take place during this period in vitro. The number of Rickettsia-filled cells found in sections and the incubation period of the infection resulting from inoculation of cultures from each age group are definitely correlated. The behavior of typhus Rickettsiae in dividing cells is described and methods of spread of the infection other than by mitosis of cells are discussed. Normal tissues do not become infected in vitroto any considerable extent in spite of prolonged proximity to heavily infected cultures of scrotal sac exudate. Complete anaerobiosis and alterations in pH do not alter the intracellular location of the organism in tissue cultures. The organisms are not seen within nuclei of infected cells. They remain intact and infective for several weeks in cells which are kept alive but not multiplying. They disappear in less than 1 week, however, when the cells undergo degeneration.
Is Curation a Useful Heuristic

The heuristic value of the concept of “curation” is examined at two levels. First, Binford’s assertion that Middle Paleolithic stone tool assemblages are “largely non-curated” is tested in an analysis of nominal data from five stratigraphically distinct assemblages from Tabun Cave. The data suggest that behavior commonly described as “curation” was, in fact, present during the Middle Paleolithic. This leads to a more theoretical examination of what exactly “curation” has come to mean in archaeological interpretation. A review of the literature suggests that the “curation” concept has been used to describe and explain a great deal of morphological, technological, and assemblage-level variability with little or no standardization achieved in its usage. In fact, it is evident that “curation” now means vastly different things to different archaeologists. Archaeologists should, at the very least, make explicit their use of the term and concept; and archaeology might be better served if some standardization in usage could be achieved.
A 125 GeV SM-like Higgs in the MSSM and the γγ rate

We consider the possibility of a Standard Model (SM)-like Higgs in the context of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), with a mass of about 125 GeV and with a production times decay rate into two photons which is similar or somewhat larger than the SM one. The relatively large value of the SM-like Higgs mass demands stops in the several hundred GeV mass range with somewhat large mixing, or a large hierarchy between the two stop masses in the case that one of the two stops is light. We nd that, in general, if the heaviest stop mass is smaller than a few TeV, the rate of gluon fusion production of Higgs bosons decaying into two photons tends to be somewhat suppressed with respect to the SM one in this region of parameters. However, we show that an enhancement of the photon decay rate may be obtained for light third generation sleptons with large mixing, which can be naturally obtained for large values of tan and sizable values of the Higgsino mass parameter.
Galerkin Solution for Linear Stochastic Algebraic Equations

Algebraic equations with random coefficients, referred to as stochastic algebraic equations, are used extensively to solve approximately differential equations describing mechanics problems with uncertain material properties and applied loads. This paper (1) constructs optimal and suboptimal Galerkin solutions for linear stochastic algebraic equations, (2) reviews current procedures for deriving stochastic algebraic equations from stochastic differential equations and proposes alternative methods, (3) demonstrates the implementation of the proposed Galerkin method by numerical examples, and (4) calculates statistics of the displacement field for a plate on random elastic foundation. The optimal Galerkin solution coincides with the conditional expectation of the exact solution with respect to a σ-field coarser than the σ-field relative to which the exact solution is measurable, and is unbiased. Generally, suboptimal Galerkin solutions are biased but may provide approximations for the tails of the distribution of the exact solution that are superior to those by the optimal Galerkin solution.
The Australo-Papuan bird migration system: another consequence of Wallace's Line

With respect to its avian migrants, Australo-Papua is a largely self-contained region. Only some 30 species of shorebird and 10 species of land bird migrate from Asia to Australo-Papua to winter. Possible factors precluding migration of Asian birds include long over-water distances and lack of suitable habitats in Australia or New Guinea. Whether evolved within the region or descended from Asian relatives, Australasian species all confine their migratory movements east of Wallace's Line. The most likely factors restricting migration to the region are climate and habitat. The open forests and arid habitats of Australasia are absent from south-east Asia, so there is little, if any, selection promoting extra-regional migration. The arid or semi-arid but otherwise mild climates of much of Australia favour partial migration and widely varying movement patterns and pathways, although with an underlying north to south component. Movements also occur between mainland Australia and New Guinea and Tasmania. The restriction of migration within Australo-Papua and the high variability of migratory pathways have important implications for the ecology and evolution of the Australasian avifauna.
Targeted systemic therapy of prostate cancer with a monoclonal antibody to prostate-specific membrane antigen.

Abstract For the last 60 years, hormonal therapy has been the cornerstone of treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Unfortunately, hormonal therapy is purely palliative and improved systemic therapies are necessary. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven valuable in the treatment of several diseases including cancer. mAbs act by focusing an immune response on or by targeting delivery of highly cytotoxic agents to the cancer cells without targeting normal cells. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been identified as an ideal antigenic target in prostate cancer. PSMA is the most well-established, highly restricted prostate cancer cell surface antigen. It is expressed at high density on the cell membrane of all prostate cancers, and after antibody binding, the PSMA-antibody complex is rapidly internalized along with any payload carried by the antibody. J591 is the first IgG mAb developed to target the extracellular domain of PSMA, and it has been deimmunized (humanized) to allow repeated dosing in patients. Three phase I studies are in progress, two using the β-emitting radiometals yttrium 90 and lutetium 177, and a third using a cytotoxin (DM1) linked to J591. Imaging of patients after they have received radiolabeled J591 demonstrates excellent tumor targeting.
Innovative Technology for Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities

During the 1980s, innovative use of technology was equated with microcomputer instruction. In the 1990s, a different kind of technology--videodisc instruction--has great potential for application in secondary special education. By examining its day-to-day use in naturalistic settings, this study builds on previous research with a specific videodisc program in fractions. Participants were seven secondary teachers of students with learning disabilities. Researchers measured the program's level of implementation, teacher reactions, and student achievement. Results were generally positive in all areas, with a surprisingly high acceptance of the program by the seven teachers.
C-shaped root canals in mandibular second molars in a Chinese population.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the prevalence of C-shaped roots, root canal orifices, and root canals in the mandibular second molars of a Chinese population. A total of 581 second mandibular molars were collected in Hong Kong and Taiwan. The teeth were demineralized and placed in methyl salicylate to induce transparency. The pulp chamber floor was examined to ascertain the number of root canal orifices. Chinese ink was then injected into the root canal system to demonstrate the root canal anatomy. The mandibular second molars had separate roots in 66.4%, cone-shaped roots in 2.1% and C-shaped roots in 31.5%. The C-shaped roots had C-shaped canal orifices in 68.3% (21.5% of whole material). True C-shaped root canals were observed in 65.8% of the teeth with C-shaped orifices and in 13.9% of the whole material. Separate root canals were seen in 34.2% of the teeth with C-shaped orifices. Separate canal orifices were found in 31.7% of the C-shaped roots and 7.4% of these roots had true C-shaped canals. In the whole material 0.9% of the roots with individual canal orifices had C-shaped canals. In conclusion, C-shaped root canals were common in mandibular second molars in the Chinese subjects studied. The C-shaped root canals were often, but not always recognized because of a C-shaped canal orifice.
Fundamentals of Biomedical Transport Processes

Abstract Transport processes represent important life-sustaining elements in all humans. These include mass transfer processes, including gas exchange in the lungs, transport across capillaries and alveoli, transport across the kidneys, and transport across cell membranes. These mass transfer processes affect how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in your bloodstream, how metabolic waste products are removed from your blood, how nutrients are transported to tissues, and how all cells function throughout the body. A discussion of kidney dialysis and gas exchange mechanisms is included. Another element in biomedical transport processes is that of momentum transport and fluid flow. This describes how blood is propelled from the heart and throughout the cardiovascular system, how blood elements affect the body, including gas exchange, infection control, clotting of blood, and blood flow resistance, which affects cardiac work. A discussion of the measurement of the blood resistance to flow (viscosity), bl...
Three-Dimensional Object Recognition With Multiview Photon-Counting Sensing and Imaging

We present a method for photon-counting sensing with three-dimensional (3-D) integral imaging for object recognition using independent component analysis (ICA). A lenslet array is used to capture multiple perspective images of a 3-D scene projected onto an image sensor. Photon-counting images of the captured elemental images are generated using a Poisson distribution. A kurtosis-maximization-based algorithm is used as a non-Gaussian maximization method to extract independent features from the photon-counting training data set. The photon-counting image data are preprocessed using principal component analysis to reduce the number of dimensions, increase the speed of the ICA step, and improve the classification performance. A photon-counting image of unknown input scene is classified using k-nearest neighbor and cosine angle metrics. Experimental results are presented, and the probability of classification errors is measured.
Analyzing and Estimating Real Stock Returns

What is the likelihood that real stock returns will average approximately 7% in the future, as they have done in the past? The author addresses this issue by analyzing the components of real stock returns over the period 1926 to 2005. The analysis allows investors to both understand real stock returns and make informed estimates of average real returns going forward. Although the typical case being made today for lower stock returns in the future is apparent, given today9s significantly lower dividend yield, the author explores the conditions under which real returns can continue at their historical average. Using this framework, investors can easily substitute their expectations about real earnings growth and market valuations into the model to make intelligent estimates of average real returns over some future period.