cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of Changes in hilA and rpoS Gene Expression of a Salmonella Typhimurium Poultry Isolate Grown at Fast Versus Slow Dilution Rates in an Anaerobic Continuous Culture System

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic responses of a Salmonella enterica Typhimurium poultry isolate during low and high dilution rates (D) in steady state continuous culture (CC) incubations. Samples for genetic analyses were taken from a previous study where S. Typhimurium cells had been grown in two chemostats operated concurrently, which were designated as Trials 1 and 2, with eight dilution rates sampled during steady state. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on two target genes (rpoS and hilA) was analyzed as changes in expression of the target gene relative to the reference gene (16S rRNA). At the lowest D (0.0125 h−1) in Trial 2, rpoS expression was more than twofold higher than the second highest relative expression. In Trial 1 hilA expression was 21.8-, 27.8-, and 21-fold higher in D 0.0125 h−1, 0.025 h−1, 0.05 h−1, respectively, compared to D 0.1 h−1, 0.54 h−1, and 1.08 h−1. In Trial 2, D 0.025 h−1 and 0.27 h−1 showed no difference in hilA expression but were significa...
Optical bistability and first order phase transition in a ring dye laser

Abstract The probability distribution of photoelectric counting has been measured for each of the two counter-propagating travelling-wave modes of a ring dye laser. Each distribution is found to be double-peaked. The system exhibits quasi-bistability, with spontaneous switching between states, and the relative intensity fluctuation of the weaker mode is greater than unity. These features are characteristic of a first order phase transition.
Power-rate-distortion analysis for wireless video communication under energy constraint

In video coding and streaming over wireless communication network, the power-demanding video encoding operates on the mobile devices with limited energy supply. To analyze, control, and optimize the rate-distortion (R-D) behavior of the wireless video communication system under the energy constraint, we need to develop a power-rate-distortion (P-R-D) analysis framework, which extends the traditional R-D analysis by including another dimension, the power consumption. Specifically, in this paper, we analyze the encoding mechanism of typical video encoding systems and develop a parametric video encoding architecture which is fully scalable in computational complexity. Using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), a hardware technology recently developed in CMOS circuits design, the complexity scalability can be translated into the power consumption scalability of the video encoder. We investigate the rate-distortion behaviors of the complexity control parameters and establish an analytic framework to explore the P-R-D behavior of the video encoding system. Both theoretically and experimentally, we show that, using this P-R-D model, the encoding system is able to automatically adjust its complexity control parameters to match the available energy supply of the mobile device while maximizing the picture quality. The P-R-D model provides a theoretical guideline for system design and performance optimization in wireless video communication under energy constraint, especially over the wireless video sensor network.
Citation, obliteration, and plagiarism, as discussed in ancient Jewish sources

The preface to a 16th-century Hebrew book entitled Devek Tov, a supercommentary on the Pentateuch, includes an apology by the author for not citing all his sources. In his defense, he cites a passage in the Jerusalem Talmud that discusses the obliteration phenomenon. Following the trail of Jewish sayings on the importance of citation leads to a discussion of stealing ideas, i.e., plagiarism. Details of the search process, cataloging issues, incomplete indexes, and descriptions of complex locator systems found in Hebrew texts, concordances, and full-text databases are included. This detective work led to the discovery that Devek Tov was itself obliterated by incorporation into a later commentary on the Pentateuch. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On Modeling the Energetics of the Ridging Process

A discrete element model is developed and used to simulate numerically the pressure ridging process in sea ice. With this model it is possible to keep track explicitly of frictional and collisional energy losses which has not been possible in previous studies. The results show the total energy losses in ridging to be two to three times larger than previously thought. These results are consistent with large-scale ice rheologies based on a statistical treatment of the ridging process.
Implications for RNase L in prostate cancer biology.

Recently, the interferon (IFN) antiviral pathways and prostate cancer genetics and have surprisingly converged on a single-strand specific, regulated endoribonuclease. Genetics studies from several laboratories in the U.S., Finland, and Israel, support the recent identification of the RNase L gene, RNASEL, as a strong candidate for the long sought after hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele. Results from these studies suggest that mutations in RNASEL predispose men to an increased incidence of prostate cancer, which in some cases reflect more aggressive disease and/or decreased age of onset compared with non-RNASEL linked cases. RNase L is a uniquely regulated endoribonuclease that requires 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) for its activity. The presence of both germline mutations in RNASEL segregating with disease within HPC-affected families and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor tissues suggest a novel role for the regulated endoribonuclease in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. The association of mutations in RNASEL with prostate cancer cases further suggests a relationship between innate immunity and tumor suppression. It is proposed here that RNase L functions in counteracting prostate cancer by virtue of its ability to degrade RNA, thus initiating a cellular stress response that leads to apoptosis. This monograph reviews the biochemistry and genetics of RNase L as it relates to the pathobiology of prostate cancer and considers implications for future screening and therapy of this disease.
Sampling Distributions for Scores On the Role Construct Repertory Test

Sampling distributions are obtained for scores on the grid form of the Role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test) using a null hypothe sis of random behavior. Three different scoring rules are considered; the method of tied-ratings based on 6-point scales (Bieri et al., 1966), the method of tied-ratings based on 2-point scales (Scott, 1962) and Fiedler's most preferred person score (Fiedler, 1967). In all three cases the mean and variance of the sampling distribution under Ho are given exactly and the distribution form is shown to be approxi mately normal. The sampling theory is compared to empirical re sults reported by Schneier (1979) for Bieri's rule. The discrepancies between theory and behavior form the basis for the discussion of a few test design issues.
The Future Roles for Tracked Levitated Vehicle Systems

The future roles for tracked levitated vehicle (TLV) systems are identified in the context of comparison with improved passenger rail systems and short haul air systems. These new TLV systems, anticipated to be available for operational use in the 1980,s will be capable of cruise speeds to about 500 mph, compared to 150-170 mph for high speed rail. The paper concludes that, when developed, TLV will be better than the best rail. Because of its higher speed, travel times will be shorter and operational costs per seat mile will be lower. Higher speed results in lower operating costs because it increases vehicle productivity in terms of seat-miles generated per hour. The relative preference between TLV and air systems depend on both ridership density and trip distance. TLV has much higher fixed costs than air because of the large investment in guideway and other infrastructure, so that TLV requires a larger ridership if fixed costs per passenger are to be reasonable. In operations, however, air systems lose much more time in terminal (airport) stops than TLV systems, which penalizes total trip time and vehicle productivity, especially for short trip distances. Thus air system operating costs are substantially higher than those of TLV systems for short trips. The net result is a general preference for TLV systems when ridership densities are high and trip distances are below 300-400 miles, and a preference for air systems at lower ridership densities or for longer trips. Air is distinctly superior beyond 500 miles. /Author/
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging of Human Prostates: Initial In Vivo Demonstration

Reliably detecting prostate cancer (PCa) has been a challenge for current imaging modalities. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is an elasticity imaging method that uses remotely generated, focused acoustic beams to probe tissue stiffness. A previous study on excised human prostates demonstrated ARFI images portray various prostatic structures and has the potential to guide prostate needle biopsy with improved sampling accuracy. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of ARFI imaging to portray internal structures and PCa in the human prostate in vivo. Custom ARFI imaging sequences were designed and implemented using a modified Siemens Antares™ scanner with a three-dimensional (3-D) wobbler, end-firing, trans-cavity transducer, EV9F4. Nineteen patients were consented and imaged immediately preceding surgical prostatectomy. Pathologies and anatomic structures were identified in histologic slides by a pathologist blinded to ARFI data and were then registered with structures found in ARFI images. The results demonstrated that when PCa is visible, it generally appears as bilaterally asymmetric stiff structures; benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) appears heterogeneous with a nodular texture; the verumontanum and ejaculatory ducts appears softer compared with surrounding tissue, which form a unique 'V' shape; and the boundary of the transitional zone (TZ) forms a stiff rim separating the TZ from the peripheral zone (PZ). These characteristic appearances of prostatic structures are consistent with those found in our previous study of prostate ARFI imaging on excised human prostates. Compared with the matched B-mode images, ARFI images, in general, portray prostate structures with higher contrast. With the end-firing transducer used for this study, ARFI depth penetration was limited to 22 mm. Image contrast and resolution were decreased as compared with the previous ex vivo study due to the small transducer aperture. Even with these limitations, this study suggests ARFI imaging holds promise for guidance of targeted prostate needle biopsy and focal therapy, as well as aiding assessment of changes during watchful waiting/active surveillance.
Fine-Grained Access to Smart Building Energy Resources

Smart city ecosystems provide fundamental resource services such as water and electricity through an intelligent management system. Here, the authors focus on energy resources for smart grids and smart buildings, investigating how a smart grid infrastructure accesses the energy resources in a smart building to obtain or control data. The energy service interface (ESI), which plays a communication gateway role at the boundary of a customer building, hasn't received much study. The authors examine its design principles for enabling fine-grained access, implement and deploy an ESI prototype, and illustrate interactive energy services between the grid infrastructure and smart buildings.
Opacity of the Martian atmosphere from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) observations

In this paper we present an analysis of the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) reflectivity measurements from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, during period of solar longitudes (Ls) 198° → 212°. Reflectivity can be interpreted as a product of the surface geometrical albedo and the two-way atmospheric transmission. Relative surface albedos were obtained from the red filter of Viking Color Mars Digital Mosaics (MDIM) to derive opacities at the MOLA wavelength (1.064 µm). Opacity measurements are interpreted in terms of atmospheric aerosol loading in the canyons. We also observed sudden increase of opacity in the northern regions (65°N), which we interpret as condensing ice clouds.
The nitric oxide catalyzed positional isomerization of 3-methylene-1,5,5-trimethylcyclohexene and the stabilization energy in the 3-methylenecyclohexenyl radical

The gas phase, nitric oxide catalyzed positional isomerization of 3-methylene-1,5,5-trimethylcyclohexene (MTC) into 1,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene (TECD) has been studied for temperatures ranging between 296° and 425°C. The major reaction was first order with respect to nitric oxide and to MTC. The major side product, mesitylene, usually amounted to less than 10% of the TECD isomer formed. Only at high temperatures and large conversions has up to 20% been observed. Conditioned pyrex or quartz vessels coated with KCl have been used. The nitric oxide catalyzed isomerization is apparently a homogeneous process, as demonstrated by the insensitivity of the observed rate constants towards a 15-fold increase in the surface to volume ratio of the reaction vessels. However, a residual, presumably heterogeneous, thermal isomerization of the starting material could not be eliminated. Good mass balances were obtained for both NO and hydrocarbons. After correcting for the thermally induced conversion the observed rate constants for the nitric oxide catalyzed isomerization yield log k1 (1 mole−1 sec−1) = (10.7 ± 0.2) – (37.3 ± 0.9)/θ where θ is 2.303 × 10−3 RT (kcal mole−1). Plotting log k1 versus the ratio of the starting materials (MTC/NO)0 it was found that for temperatures ≥ 365°C the rate constants were systematically too high. Using extrapolated values for the higher temperature range yields the more reliable corrected Arrhenius equation log k = 8.6 – 31.7/θ. The reaction mechanism is outlined and the implications with respect to the stabilization energy generated in the MTCċ radical intermediate and the activation energy of the backreaction MTCċ + HNO are discussed. Using for the activation energy E−1 of the backreaction (Rċ + HNO) a literature value of 9.2 ± 0.9 kcal mole−1 reported for the cyclohexadiene1,3system, this yields 23.4 ± 2 kcal mole−1 for the stabilization energy in the methylenecyclohexenyl radical, which is to be compared with the corresponding values for the allyl (10.2 ± 1.4), methallyl (12.6 ± 1) pentadienyl (15.4 ± 1) and cyclohexadienyl (24.6 ± 0.7) radicals. The pre-exponential factor agrees well with the value of (8.4 ± 0.2) reported by Shaw and co-workers for the similar reaction of NO with 1,3-cyclohexadiene. It is noteworthy that HNO, acting as sole hydrogen donor in the system, is surprisingly stable under the reaction conditions used. Nitrous oxide, HCN, H2O and N2 are observed in the product mixture of experiments carried out to high conversions at higher temperatures.
Direct observation of a high spin 12C + 8Be cluster state in 20Ne

Abstract An 8+ state at Eex = 18.538 ± 0.010 MeV excitation in 20Ne was found to have a large reduced width for decay into 12C + 8Be. The state was populated using the 12C(12C, α)20Ne reaction at E( 12 C ) = 64 and 80 MeV ; its spin wa s determined by measuring triple α-α-γ angular correlations. Its relationship to other 8p-4h states in 20Ne is discussed.
Prestige from the Provision of Collective Goods

Groups often confer high prestige on individuals even when few members of the group ever interact with those individuals. To account for this phenomenon, I present a multilevel simulation model of a group's selection of its top-ranked member. In the model, the mechanism for social agreement on a top person is aggregation of group members' private acceptance of that rank due to the person's likely provision of a collective benefit. The simulation shows this process can generate group consensus on a top person, even in large groups in which there is no consensus on who has the most ability. It also generates predictions, including one that large groups will grant prestige primarily for nonrival benefits.
Differential effects of d-amphetamine in mature and immature rats

Twenty-eight- to 33- and 120- to 140-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with physiological saline, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Thirty minutes after the injection, they explored an open field for 8 min and were then trained in a one-way avoidance task. Mature animals were more active in the inner portion of the open field following 2.0 mg/kg and acquired the avoidance task more rapidly than those given saline or 5.0 mg/kg. Neither drug dose altered activity or avoidance of immature animals. Both mature and immature rats had shorter escape latencies to footshock following the drug. Differential effects of d-amphetamine in mature and immature animals are probably due to developmental changes in brain norepinephrine and/or dopamine.
An anodic drift of pH gradients in isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel

Abstract pH gradients in isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel (IFPA) are known to be unstable as a function of time and voltage. Under conditions generally used in IFPA, pH gradient decay is accompanied by migration of carrier ampholytes and isoelectric protein zones into the cathode chamber and progressive acidification of the gel starting from the anodic end. A first case of anodic drift of the pH gradient with progressive alkalinization of the gel and migration of isoelectric protein zones and the carrier ampholytes into the anode chamber has been found. It occurs under conditions of IFPA (carrier ampholyte pI range, 6–8) when glycine is the anolyte and arginine is the catholyte (contained in the upper buffer reservoir). The direction of the progressive displacement of pH gradient is reversed to cathodic when (i) the catholyte is positioned below the gel (in the lower buffer reservoir); (ii) tubes are coated by linear polyacrylamide; and (iii) arginine is replaced by lysine. A cathodic drift ensues when arginine is used as the catholyte and IFPA is conducted on a horizontal gel slab; mechanical stress on the gel gives rise to a reversal in the direction of the drift.
Radio Frequency Magnetron-Sputtered LiCoPO4 Cathodes for 4.8 V Thin-Film Batteries

Thin-film batteries employing sputtered LiCoPO 4 cathode layers, Li 3.3 PO 3.8 N 0.22 (LiPON) electrolyte, and Li anode films have been successfully fabricated and tested. The cells exhibit a high-voltage charge/discharge plateau of 4.8 V, with a lower plateau at 2.5 V corresponding to a much higher conductivity phase. Cells fabricated with as-deposited cathode layers are highly resistive and cannot be charged or discharged to appreciable capacities, even at very low rates of approximately C/100. Upon annealing, the films sputtered from the LiCoPO 4 target become discontinuous and take on a granular morphology. X-ray diffraction results show that these grains consist of untextured crystalline LiCoPO 4 on a Pt current collector layer, a finding further supported by the results from subsequent electrochemical analyses. Thin-film batteries fabricated with crystalline LiCoPO 4 cathodes are among the highest voltage thin-film batteries yet reported.
The effects of holding space on juvenile red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815), growth and survival

Rearing crustaceans communally for aquaculture, stock enhancement or research often results in high rates of cannibalism and low yields. One potential strategy to reduce loss from cannibalism is to rear crustaceans in individual cells. As small holding cell size can result in decreased growth or increased mortality, it is essential to identify the optimal holding cell size, both for mass culturing efforts and for experimental design purposes. In this study, we reared juvenile red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus (3.67–8.30 mm carapace length) in 20, 40 and 77 mm diameter holding cells, and monitored growth and survival over a 274-day experiment. A trend of lower growth per molt in the smallest holding cells resulted in crab 17% smaller than those in the large holding cells at the end of the experiment. In addition, mortality rates were an order of magnitude higher in the small holding cells compared with the large or medium cells. For individual rearing of this size of juvenile red king crab, the medium-sized cells (40 mm diameter) are the optimal size as there was no increase in mortality and only marginally lower growth rates compared to the large-sized cells.
The theory of the transient hot-wire method for measuring thermal conductivity

The paper contains a complete, modernized theory of the transient hot-wire method for measuring the thermal conductivity of fluids which can be employed in the form of an absolute instrument and which can be operated with a precision of 0.02% and an accuracy of 0.2%. It is a companion paper for ref. 1. The analysis demonstrates that the instrument can be designed to imitate very closely the behaviour of a finite portion of an infinite line source of constant heat flux, q, which transfers the heat radially into an infinite fluid. Expressions for the corrections are obtained by a general perturbation method which allows us to examine them one or several at a time. The principal corrections discussed in the form of nine subproblems are: finite inner cylinder, composite cylinders, Knudsen effects, radiation, outer cell circumference, compressibility and natural convection, finite cell dimensions, variable fluid properties and heating over a finite length. The last section summarizes the most important corrections for a reader who is interested in using them rather than in following the analysis itself. The main text supplies all data required by the designer of an instrument of this type.
Influence of Fusarium solani on citrus root rot caused by Phytophthora parasitica and Phytophthora citrophthora

Interactions between Fusarium solani and Phytophthora parasitica or F. solani and P. citrophthora influenced the development of root rot of citrus but depended on the temporal order of inoculation with F. solani or the two Phytophthora spp. Inoculation of citrus with either Fusarium solani and Phytophthora parasitica or Phytophthora citrophthora increased root rot compared to inoculation with P. parasitica or P. citrophthora alone when plants were inoculated with Phytophthora by dipping their roots in zoospore suspensions and subsequently transplanted into soil infested with F. solani. However, root rot was not increased by simultaneous co-inoculation of P. parasitica and F. solani or when plants were inoculated with F. solani first. Root rot was not increased when heat-stressed or non-stressed plants were inoculated with P. parasitica 30 days after transplanting into soil infested with F. solani. In most but not all experiments, F. solani alone reduced growth of tops or roots a small but significant amount. Co-inoculation of citrus by root-dipping into zoospore suspensions of P. parasitica and transplanting into soil infested with F. solani reduced feeder root length by 62% and root weight by 61% but did not significantly reduce the percentage of living roots when compared to inoculation with P. parasitica alone. When citrus roots were immersed in zoospore suspensions of P. citrophthora and transplanted into soil infested with F. solani, feeder root length was reduced by 68%, but feeder root weight and the percentage of living roots were not significantly reduced when compared to plants inoculated with P. citrophthora alone. Propagule densities of both P. parasitica and P. citrophthora in the rhizosphere of plants inoculated by root-immersion and then transplanting into soil infested with F. solani were not significantly different than propagule densities from plants transplanted into non-infested soil. Propagule densities of P. parasitica were suppressed an average of 41% when citrus was inoculated with P. parasitica 30 days after transplanting into soil infested with F. solani and by 41% when citrus was co-inoculated by transplanting into soil infested with both F. solani and P. parasitica.
New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model

Abstract Two new primary ice-nucleation parameterizations are examined in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) cloud model via sensitivity tests on a wintertime precipitation event in the Sierra Nevada region. A model combining the effects of deposition and condensation-freezing nucleation is formulated based on data obtained from continuous-flow diffusion chambers. The data indicate an exponential variation of ice-nuclei concentrations with ice supersaturation reasonably independent of temperatures between −7° and −20°C. Predicted ice concentrations from these measurements exceed values predicted by the widely used temperatures dependent Fletcher approximation by as much as one order of magnitude at temperatures warmer than −20°C. A contact-freezing nucleation model is also formulated based on laboratory data gathered by various authors using techniques that isolated this nucleation mode. Predicted contact nuclei concentrations based on the newer measurements are as much as three orders of mag...
THE OXIDATION OF JP-8, JET-A, AND THEIR SURROGATES IN THE LOW AND INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE REGIME AT ELEVATED PRESSURES

Abstract The preignition reactivity behavior of five JP-8 samples, three Jet-A samples, one JP-7 sample, and four JP-8 surrogate mixtures was studied in a pressurized flow reactor in the low and intermediate temperature regime (600–800 K). A strong Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) behavior was observed to start near 692 K for all the fuels. No significant differences in the low-temperature oxidation behavior were observed between Jet-A and JP-8, suggesting that the two fuels can be used interchangeably for surrogate development. Two surrogates stood out as the best to mimic the low temperature reactivity of JP-8, the Hex-12 surrogate by Sarofim and coworkers (Eddings et al., 2005) and the S1 surrogate by Agosta (2002). The results showed that extreme care must be taken to ensure that the sample used for surrogate development is of average composition and properties, otherwise severe mistuning of the surrogate could occur.
Depressant Effect of Moonlight on Activity of Aquatic Insects

INVESTIGATIONS by Waters1, Muller2–5, and Wickett6 have conclusively demonstrated the diurnal periodicity of downstream drift of aquatic insects and other invertebrates. Prior to these investigations, Moon7 had shown that the nocturnal activity of aquatic insects is much greater than that observed during the day. Very little data are available to demonstrate whether these activity-levels are circadian rhythms or whether they are a direct response to the level of light intensity. Beeton8 observed a depression of the vertical migration of the freshwater shrimp, Mysis relicta, due to increased moonlight. Waters1 suggested that the magnitude of the nocturnal drift rate may be, in part, a function of moonlight. The following data appear to support Waters's contention.
Hazardous material sign detection and recognition

In this paper we describe two methods for hazardous material (hazmat) sign recognition. The first method is based on segment detection and grouping using geometric constraints. The second method is based on the use of a saliency map and convex quadrilateral detection. Our experimental results show a detection accuracy of 57.7% on a set of hazmat signs taken in the field under various lightning conditions, distances, and perspectives.
Hidden on-shell mediators for the Galactic Center γ -ray excess

We present simplified models for the galactic center $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray excess where Dirac dark matter annihilates into pairs or triplets of on-shell bosonic mediators to the standard model. These annihilation modes allow the dark matter mass to be heavier than those of conventional effective theories for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray excess. Because the annihilation rate is set by the dark matter--mediator coupling, the standard model coupling can be made parametrically small to ``hide'' the dark sector by suppressing direct detection and collider signals. We explore the viability of these models as a thermal relic and on the role of the mediators for controlling the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectral shape. We comment on ultraviolet completions for these simplified models and novel options for standard model final states.
Contact dermatitis of celery farmers.

Abstract 1.1. The literature on dermatitis due to celery has been reviewed. 2.2. Seventy-seven cases of dermatitis in celery workers have been observed. 3.3. The results of skin tests made by the scratch, intradermal, and patch methods, using various preparations from the celery plant, have been described. 4.4. The dermatitis is of the contact type and appears to be due to the oil in the celery plant. Dextro-limonene may be a factor in this oil. 5.5. The methods of treatment are discussed. In a pilot experiment two highly sensitive workers have been protected by injections of the celery oil.
Introducing Multicultural/ Multiethnic Music Education To the School Curriculum

Times have changed, students have changed, and so has the face of music education. Now, in addition to teaching the Great Masters, music educators are introducing the folk and popular music traditions of non-West ern societies to students who hail from a diversity of cultural back grounds.
Shock interference peak heating measurements using phase change coatings

The phase change coating technique is used to obtain peak heating measurements in shock interference flow regions with high surface shear and heating. This technique provides heat transfer coefficients which are determined by measuring the time for a point on the surface to reach the phase change temperature of the thin fusible coating. Measurements were conducted on a 5.08-cm diameter hemisphere-cylinder made of silica based epoxy at Mach 6 for free stream Reynolds numbers of 3.3 to 25.6 million per meter. A sketch of the shock interference pattern produced by a flat plate shock generator is included. Heating data obtained on a 5.08-cm diameter stainless steel hemispherical model instrumented with thermocouples is presented for the purpose of comparing the phase change technique with the thermocouple-calorimeter technique.
Dual-film cassette technique for studying the effect of radiographic image quality on diagnostic accuracy.

In order to investigate the relationship between diagnostic accuracy and radiographicimage quality, we have developed a dual‐film cassette which produces two radiographs simultaneously with a single exposure. One of these radiographs is of standard quality; the second is of lower quality because of degraded spatial resolution and a significantly lower exposure. We have studied the basic physical properties of the standard and low‐dose screen–film systems which we use in the dual‐film cassette by comparing their beam hardening, scatter fractions, contrasts,modulation transfer functions(MTFs), and Wiener spectra. The x‐ray spectrum incident on the low‐dose system contained more high‐energy photons than that incident on the standard system, and the scatter fractions for the low‐dose system were slightly less than or comparable to those for the standard system. While the radiographiccontrast produced by the two systems were generally comparable, the standard system had a slightly higher contrast than the low‐dose system in some cases. The MTF of the low‐dose system was considerably lower than that of the standard system, and the low‐dose system had a noise level considerably greater than did the standard system. Phantom images and clinical radiographs indicated that, for the low‐dose system, the image quality degraded significantly.
Lattice thermal conductivity of antiferromagnetic MnF2 below its néel temperature

Abstract The theoretical model of Callaway for lattice thermal conductivity at low temperatures has been used for MnF 2 to calculate the l ga (T) term in the reciprocal mean free path equation l −1 g = l −1 ga + l −1 ma . The l ga ( T ) part has also been calculated to get l g ( T ). The K g ( T ) value calculated from these K g ( T ) are compared with Slack's results. For satisfactory agreement it is necessary to conclude that, at low temperatures the boundary scattering term in the relaxation time formula of Callaway is temperature dependent and diverges from Casimir's model by a factor which changes from 6 to 1·2 in the temperature range 3–10°K.
Dog Thyroiditis: Occurrence and Similarity to Hashimoto’s Struma

Histologically proved thyroiditis indistinguishable from human Hashimoto’s struma was found to occur in 12.5 % of 541 males and 10.9% of 440 females in a purebred beagle colony started in 1958. Most affected dogs descended from dog 461. The use of stud “I” more than doubled the prevalence. Among a noncolony purchased group of beagles in the same facilities, 4% of 336 males and 3% of 408 females had thyroiditis. We have studied 11 of the adult colony dogs, 11 purchased control adult dogs, 4 litters of the purebred colony and 16 control purebred beagle pups. Histologic involvement covering the entire gamut of Hashimoto’s struma seen in human thyroid glands was seenonly in the adult dogs of the purebred breeding colony. Only the 3 dogs with the most severe degree of thyroid histopathology showed a fall in the serum PBI values to <1.0 μg/100 ml on a low iodine diet, a subnormal 131I uptake, and a subnormal response of per cent thyroidal uptake of injected 131I to thyroid stimulating hormone. One dog with thyr...
DISTRIBUTION OF GLYCOCONJUGATES IN THE OPTIC VESICLE AND OPTIC CUP

Lectin histochemical methods and immunohistochemical techniques have been utilized to investigate and partially characterize glycoconjugates in the developing eye. Peanut-lectin-binding sites associated with radial glial cells were found in the diencephalon. In the optic primordia, binding sites associated with radial glia were masked by terminal sialic acid, and only reacted with peanut lectin when pretreated with sialidase. This finding indicates that glycoconjugates associated with diencephalic radial glia contain terminal galactose-beta-(1----3)N-acetyl galactosamine, but glycoconjugates associated with radial glia in the optic primordia contain sialic acid----galactose-beta(1----3)N-acetyl galactosamine. The selective distribution of galactose, N-acetyl galactosamine and fucose associated with radial glial cells has also been demonstrated. We postulate that these distributions mediate the shaping of the developing eye.
Controlled Surface Flaw-Initiated Fracture in Reaction-Densified Silicon Carbide

Controlled surface flaws were produced in commercial reaction-densified SiC by Knoop microhardness indentation. The flaws themselves could not be observed easily, thus an etching technique was used to delineate their semielliptical shape, thereby enabling calculation of the critical stress- intensity factor KIC at room temperature. Room-temperature fracture was insensitive to annealing environment (air or vacuum), flaw “healing” being observed at ≫1000°C. The variation in fracture stress of indented specimens with temperature showed 3 distinct regions of behavior which were interpreted in terms of residual stress relief, flaw healing, and Si-SiC bond weakening.
Evaluation of volume-based and surface-based brain image registration methods

Establishing correspondences across brains for the purposes of comparison and group analysis is almost universally done by registering images to one another either directly or via a template. However, there are many registration algorithms to choose from. A recent evaluation of fully automated nonlinear deformation methods applied to brain image registration was restricted to volume-based methods. The present study is the first that directly compares some of the most accurate of these volume registration methods with surface registration methods, as well as the first study to compare registrations of whole-head and brain-only (de-skulled) images. We used permutation tests to compare the overlap or Hausdorff distance performance for more than 16,000 registrations between 80 manually labeled brain images. We compared every combination of volume-based and surface-based labels, registration, and evaluation. Our primary findings are the following: 1. de-skulling aids volume registration methods; 2. custom-made optimal average templates improve registration over direct pairwise registration; and 3. resampling volume labels on surfaces or converting surface labels to volumes introduces distortions that preclude a fair comparison between the highest ranking volume and surface registration methods using present resampling methods. From the results of this study, we recommend constructing a custom template from a limited sample drawn from the same or a similar representative population, using the same algorithm used for registering brains to the template.
Teaching-Related Stress: The Emotional Management of Faculty

The work of faculty is stressful, yet most stress studies focus on faculty's research rather than teaching. This study examined the experience of nine tenured professors in search of answers to these questions: What classroom interactions do faculty find stressful? Why do faculty find these activities stressful? How do faculty explain, perform, and organize classroom practices to cope with these stresses?
A Binary Noncoherent Frequency-Shift-Keying (NCFSK) Multiple-Message One-Shot Radio Transmission System that Uses a Sync Preamble

A binary noncoherent frequency-shift-keying (NCFSK) multiple-message one-shot radio transmission system is discussed where the receiver has no prior knowledge of the possible starting time of transmission. In this system each transmitted signal has a common preamble for signal acquisition and self-synchronization purposes. System design procedures are described for allowable frequency of occurrence of false alarm and probabilities of a miss and a message error specified for the system. In addition, the probability of premature response (i.e., the probability that the receiver makes an affirmative decision on acquisition of the signal when the sync preamble is only partially received) is taken into account. It is shown that the selection of sync preamble codes from randomly generated binary sequences can be a highly attractive approach. A simple, but very meaningful, criterion is suggested for aid in such a selection. The system described here can be used as a radio warning system and also as a selective call or selective interrogation system.
Photochemical repair of Achilles tendon rupture in a rat model.

Background Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is an emerging technique for bonding or sealing tissue surfaces that requires light and a photoactive dye for its effect. The potential of PTB for tendon repair was assessed in a rat model. Materials and methods The optical properties of bovine tendon were determined ex vivo to gauge the depth of light penetration as a function of wavelength and dosimetry parameters were established for PTB repair of ruptured tendon. PTB was then tested in vivo to repair transected tendons in Sprague-Dawley rats. Repair strengths were measured using a strain gauge up to 14 days post treatment. Results The effective penetration depth in tendon was estimated to be 0.68 mm at 514 nm. Following PTB treatment of mechanically ruptured tendon, significant bonding was dependent on the presence of both light and dye and attained a plateau strength at a fluence of 125 J/cm2. In a subsequent in vivo study to investigate PTB for repair of transected rat Achilles tendon, the ultimate stress required to break the repaired tendon was measured immediately after irradiation and at 7 and 14 days post-repair. Results showed that the difference in the ultimate stress between control and PTB treatment groups was statistically significant immediately after treatment and at 7 days (p = 0.04) but not 14 days (p = 0.75) post-repair. Conclusions PTB provides a benefit to tendon repair at early stages in repair and is worthy of further investigation as a potential surgical adjunct for tendon repair in orthopedic surgeries.
β‐Receptor antagonism does not fully explain esmolol‐induced hypotension

Esmolol is an ultra-short-acting beta-blocker that is widely used to lower blood pressure in acute settings intraoperatively and in patients with hypertension. Other beta-blockers have not been used in this way because of the belief that beta-blockers do not acutely lower blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine if esmolol has a hypotensive effect that is greater than other beta-blockers at similar degrees of beta-blockade. Esmolol, metoprolol, and propranolol were administered intravenously at three doses chosen to produce comparable degrees of beta-blockade. In spite of achieving comparable beta-blockade, esmolol produced a greater reduction in blood pressure than the other beta-blockers, implying that the hypotensive effect of esmolol cannot be accounted for simply by beta-blockade. There was no evidence to support a direct vasodilatory action of esmolol, and esmolol did not lower plasma norepinephrine concentrations.
Power-Proxying on the NIC: A Case Study with the Gnutella File-Sharing Protocol

Edge devices such as desktop and laptop computers constitute a majority of the devices connected to the Internet today. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file-sharing applications generally require edge devices to maintain network presence whenever possible to enhance the robustness of the file-sharing network, which in turn can lead to considerable wastage of energy. We show that energy can be saved by permitting edge devices to enter into standby state and still maintain network connectivity by proxying protocols in the Network Interface Card (NIC).
Forskolin has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on bone resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures

The diterpene forskolin which increases 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations (cAMP) in intact cells by directly activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase, was examined for its ability to alter bone resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures. After 48 h, forskolin inhibited resorption at 1.0 and 10 microM. However, after 120 h, it had a small stimulatory effect at 1.0 microM and no net effect on resorption at 10 microM. Isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX), which elevates cAMP levels in cells by inhibiting the enzyme 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase, produced a resorptive response which was slightly different from that of forskolin. After both 48 and 120 h, IBMX at 0.1 mM stimulated resorption while at 1.0 mM, it had only inhibitory effects. In bones which were stimulated to resorb with either parathyroid hormone or 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, forskolin inhibited resorption. The inhibitory effects of forskolin on hormonally stimulated resorption were transient in cultures treated with 1.0 microM but were sustained with 10 microM. Inhibitory responses to forskolin did not appear to result from toxicity since they were completely reversed when forskolin was removed from the media. These results imply that agents which increases 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations in bone activate two resorptive pathways: one which is inhibitory and another which is stimulatory.
SNAP: Combine and Map modules for multilocus population genetic analysis

Summary: We have added two software tools to our Suite of Nucleotide Analysis Programs (SNAP) for working with DNA sequences sampled from populations. SNAP Map collapses DNA sequence data into unique haplotypes, extracts variable sites and manipulates output into multiple formats for input into existing software packages for evolutionary analyses. Map collapses DNA sequence data into unique haplotypes, extracts variable sites and manipulates output into multiple formats for input into existing software packages for evolutionary analyses. Map includes novel features such as recoding insertions or deletions, including or excluding variable sites that violate an infinite-sites model and the option of collapsing sequences with corresponding phenotypic information, important in testing for significant haplotype--phenotype associations. SNAP Combine merges multiple DNA sequence alignments into a single multiple alignment file. The resulting file can be the union or intersection of the input files. SNAP Combine currently reads from and writes to several sequence alignment file formats including both sequential and interleaved formats. Combine also keeps track of the start and end positions of each separate alignment file allowing the user to exclude variable sites or taxa, important in creating input files for multilocus analyses. Availability: SNAP Combine and Map are freely available at http://snap.cifr.ncsu.edu/. These programs can be downloaded separately for Mac, Windows and Unix operating systems or bundled in SNAP Workbench. Each program includes online documentation and a sample dataset. Contact: ignazio_carbone@ncsu.edu Supplementary information: A description of system requirements and installation instructions can be found at http://snap.cifr.ncsu.edu
How to review a scientific paper

Scientific observations must survive the scrutiny of experts before they are disseminated to the broader community because their publication in a scientific journal provides a stamp of validity. Although critical review of a manuscript by peers prior to publication in a scientific journal is a central element in this process, virtually no formal guidance is provided to reviewers about the nature of the task. In this article, the essence of peer review is described and critical steps in the process are summarized. The role of the peer reviewer as an intermediary and arbiter in the process of scientific communication between the authors and the readers via the vehicle of the particular journal is discussed and the responsibilities of the reviewer to each of the three parties (the author/s, readers, and the Journal editor) are defined. The two formal products of this activity are separate sets of reviewer comments to the editor and the authors and these are described. Ethical aspects of the process are considered and rewards accruing to the reviewer summarized.
Material priming: The influence of mundane physical objects on situational construal and competitive behavioral choice ☆

Abstract Inspired by potential theoretical linkages between nonconscious priming work in psychology and the anthropological emphasis on the impact of material culture, five studies were conducted to investigate the role of implicitly presented material objects and automatic processes in interpersonal and organizational contexts. These studies showed that exposure to objects common to the domain of business (e.g., boardroom tables and briefcases) increased the cognitive accessibility of the construct of competition (Study 1), the likelihood that an ambiguous social interaction would be perceived as less cooperative (Study 2), and the amount of money that participants proposed to retain for themselves in the “Ultimatum Game” (Studies 3 and 4). A fifth study, in which the ambiguity of the governing social situation was manipulated, demonstrated that these types of effects are most likely to occur in contexts that are ambiguous and/or lacking in explicit normative demands. The importance of these situation-specific “material priming” effects (all of which occurred without the participants' awareness of the relevant influence) to judgment and behavioral choice in specific contexts, as well as to the fostering of less competitive organizational settings, is discussed.