cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital image editing using PowerPoint: part 2, practical applications of the image-manipulation commands.

OBJECTIVE. This article, the second of two parts, suggests some practical applications for image manipulation using the 2002 version of PowerPoint.CONCLUSION. Applications include enhancing previously manipulated images and manipulating unedited images. The user can develop his or her preferred techniques of image editing.
An essay on the circulation as behavior

Most conceptual models of the organization of the cardiovascular system begin with the premise that the nervous system regulates the metabolic and nonmetabolic reflex adjustments of the circulation. These models assume that all the neurally mediated responses of the circulation are reactive, i.e., reflexes elicited by adequate stimuli. This target article suggests that the responses of the circulation are conditional in three senses. First, as Sherrington argued, reflexes are conditional in that they never operate in a vacuum but in a context together with other reflexes. Guided by functional utility, they interact rather than add. Second, as Pavlov argued, stimuli acquire meanings as a result of experience. This notion of stimulus effect plus the Sherringtonian notion of conditionality suggest that association is one of the ways stimuli eliciting cardiovascular reflexes acquire their meanings and thus their relative strengths. Finally, as Skinner and others have argued, operants are responses that act upon the environment to obtain consequences – that is, stimuli. As operants, cardiovascular responses fulfill a major biological need, functioning proactively. The cardiovascular response is an integral component of the animal's behavior regardless of whether it is an elicited reflex or the eliciting stimulus acquired its properties as a result of the genetic inheritance of the animal or through experience, or the cardiovascular response is emitted in anticipation of an environmental consequence. The main theses of this essay are: (1) behavior is an integrated set of responses and the circulation is one of the response systems comprising behavior; (2) behavior is, in part, determined by its functional significance within a context; (3) the contextual factors operative at the time of the behavior have a major role in determining which of the set of possible responses will determine the final act, that is, which behavior will be the effective response and which other behaviors will be concomitants.
Coulombic effects in the dissociation of large highly charged ions

Abstract Electrospray ionization has been shown to produce highly charged ions for classes of very large molecules. These ions (at relatively low m / z can be generally activated and dissociated with good efficiency. The effect of coulombic interactions on the stability of large highly charged ions is discussed for a model based on evenly distributed charges for a linear polymer, i.e. a “charges on a string” model. Both activation energy for dissociation and net thermodynamic stability are considered. As a result of the long-range nature of the coulomb potential and the short-range nature of chemical bonding interactions, calculations predict a large coulombic effect on thermodynamic stability, and a somewhat smaller effect on activation energy for ion fragmentation. The most important consequence of this analysis is that as the charge of an ion increases, it should become easier to dissociate. Experimental support for the reduced stability of the higher charged ions is cited. Another consequence of coulombic interactions is that we expect ions with high charge to give fragmentation patterns different from those of ions with low charge. As charge increases, increased rates of dissociation are expected for sites towards the center of large molecules where the coulombic forces are greatest. Limitations of the models and future directions for more rigorous calculations are discussed. The present results are discussed within the context of preliminary experimental results.
Toward more robust extreme flood prediction by Bayesian hierarchical and multimodeling

Flood information, especially extreme flood, is necessary for any large hydraulic structure design and flood risk management. Flood mitigation also requires a comprehensive assessment of flood risk and an explicit quantification of the flood uncertainty. In the present study, we use a multimodel ensemble approach based on Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method to account for model structure and distribution uncertainties. The usefulness of this approach is assessed by a case study over the Willamette River Basin (WRB) in Pacific Northwest, USA. Besides the standard log-Pearson Type III distribution, we also identified that the generalized extreme value and three-parameter lognormal distributions were both potential distributions in WRB. Three different statistical models, including the Bulletin-17B quantile model, index-flood model, and spatial Bayesian hierarchical model, were considered in the study. The BMA method is then used to assign weights to different models, where better performing model receives higher weights. It was found that the major uncertainty in extreme flood prediction is contributed by model structure, while the choice of distribution plays a lesser important role in quantification of flood uncertainty. The BMA approach provides a more robust extreme flood prediction than any single model.
Prognostic Significance of PVCs and Resting Heart Rate

Background: We sought to evaluate the prognostic significance of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) on a routine electrocardiogram (ECG) and to evaluate the relationship between heart rate and PVCs. Methods: Computerized 12-lead ECGs of 45,402 veterans were analyzed. Vital status was available through the California Health Department Service. Results: There were 1731 patients with PVCs (3.8%). Compared to patients without PVCs, those with PVCs had significantly higher all-cause (39% vs 22%, P 100 bpm) and by the presence or absence of PVCs, mortality increased progressively with heart rate and doubled with the presence of PVCs. Using regression analysis, heart rate was demonstrated to be an independent and significant predictor of PVCs. Conclusions: PVCs on a resting ECG are a significant and independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Increased heart rate predicts mortality in patients with and without PVCs and the combination dramatically increases mortality. These findings together with the demonstrated independent association of heart rate with PVCs suggest that a hyperadrenergic state is present in patients with PVCs and that it likely contributes to their adverse prognosis. A.N.E. 2007;12(2):1‐9 premature ventricular contractions; heart rate; electrocardiogram Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are common electrocardiographic findings in patients with and without structural heart disease. Prior evidence suggests that the presence of PVCs has prognostic value but it is unclear what underlying process they represent. A surprising observation in some studies has been an apparent association between higher mean resting heart rates and the presence of PVCs. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is an important factor in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. 1,2 Enhanced automaticity, triggered activity, and reentry are all mechanisms generating rhythm abnormalities; all
Conservation of mass in tidal loading computations

Summary. A re-examination of methods for including mass conservation in tidal loading shows that the spherical harmonic correction of Farrell is incorrect. The effect of unconserved mass for a nearly ocean-covered earth shows that the proper spherical harmonic expansion of the Newtonian Green function is the average of the internal and external expansions.
Small farm ponds: overlooked features with important impacts on watershed sediment transport

Despite their size, small farm ponds are important features in many landscapes. Yet hydrographical databases often fail to capture these ponds, and their impacts on watershed processes remain unclear. For a 230-km2 portion of central Texas, United States (U.S.), we created a historical inventory of ponds and quantified the accuracy of automated detection methods under varying drought conditions. In addition, we documented pond dredging/enlargement events and identified sites that had been abandoned. We also analyzed sediment cores from downstream reservoirs to track changes in watershed sediment transport. Over 75 years, pond densities increased more than 350% — to among the highest documented in the U.S. — and the ability of automated methods to detect these ponds was highly dependent on drought severity (R2 = 0.96). Approximately 5% of ponds present in the 1950s were no longer present in 2012, while 33% were dredged between 1937 and 2012. Downstream reservoir sedimentation has decreased by an average of 55% as ponds have increased in number. These findings suggest that small ponds and the maintenance of trapping efficiency have large-scale impacts on sediment dynamics. Accurately accounting for these storage effects is vital to water resource planning efforts.
Characteristics of efficacy evidence supporting approval of supplemental indications for prescription drugs in United States, 2005-14: systematic review

Objective To characterize the types of comparators and endpoints used in efficacy trials for approvals of supplemental indications, compared with the data supporting these drugs’ originally approved indications. Design Systematic review. Setting Publicly accessible data on supplemental indications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration from 2005 to 2014. Main outcome measures Types of comparators (active, placebo, historical, none) and endpoints (clinical outcomes, clinical scales, surrogate) in the efficacy trials for these drugs’ supplemental and original indication approvals. Results The cohort included 295 supplemental indications. Thirty per cent (41/136) of supplemental approvals for new indications were supported by efficacy trials with active comparators, compared with 51% (47/93) of modified use approvals and 11% (7/65) of approvals expanding the patient population (P<0.001), almost all of which related to pediatric patients (61/65; 94%). Trials using clinical outcome endpoints led to approval for 32% (44/137) of supplemental approvals for new indications, 30% (28/93) of modified indication approvals, and 22% (14/65) of expanded population approvals (P=0.29). Orphan drugs had supplemental approvals for 40 non-orphan indications, which were supported by similar proportions of trials using active comparators (28% (11/40) for non-orphan supplemental indications versus 24% (10/42) for original orphan indications; P=0.70) and clinical outcome endpoints (25% (10/40) versus 31% (13/42); P=0.55). Conclusions Wide variations were seen in the evidence supporting approval of supplemental indications, with the fewest active comparators and clinical outcome endpoints used in trials leading to supplemental approvals that expanded the patient population.
Application Limits for Thin-Film Polyethylene used in NASA's Super Pressure Balloon

The successful development of NASA’s super pressure balloon depends on a thorough understanding of the shell's polyethylene film behavior. The super pressure balloon film inevitably undergoes deformation during deployment. Therefore, it is imperative that one knows the deformation limits of the film; since, excessive deformation of the film may interfere with its gas containment purpose, and thus ultimately results in longevity and/or performance issues of the balloon flight. The super pressure balloon has two principal loading modes during its operational life: a slow ramp pressure mode during deployment and initial pressurization, and a near-constant pressure mode during the day-night cycle. During these loading modes, the levels of stresses in the film are different. The film is expected to experience higher stresses during the initial stages of the balloon deployment until the film deforms a finite percentage forming the lobes between tendons. Consequently, after the balloon deploys, the level of stresses will reduce due to the polyethylene film’s intrinsic viscoelastic property and the geometric changes of the lobes. Therefore, it is practical to have a failure limit that accounts for the different modes of loading during the operational life cycle of the balloon. Thus, the objective of this work is to establish a failure limit for the polyethylene film by experimentally studying the mechanical and physical properties of the film. Specifically, the creep behavior as a function of strain rates and formability properties of the film are investigated and correlated to the morphological changes in polyethylene in order to establish a deformation threshold and operational guidelines.
Effects of molecular weight distribution and chemical properties of natural organic matter on gold nanoparticle aggregation.

The complexity of natural organic matter (NOM) motivates determination of how specific components in a NOM mixture interact with and affect nanoparticle (NP) behavior. The effects of two Suwannee River NOM fractions (separated by a 100,000 g/mol ultrafiltration membrane) on gold NP aggregation are compared. The weight-average molecular weight, Mw, for the unfractionated NOM was 23,300 g/mol, determined by size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering. The NOM was comprised of ∼1.8 wt % of >100,000 g/mol retentate (NOMr, Mw = 691,000 g/mol) and 98 wt % of filtrate (NOMf, Mw = 12,800 g/mol). Ten ppm of NOMr provided significantly better NP stability against aggregation than 10 ppm of NOMf in 100 mM NaCl due to steric effects. In the unfractionated NOM, the relative importance of the two components was concentration-dependent. For a low concentration of unfractionated NOM (10 ppm), both fractions contributed to the NOM effects; for a high concentration (560 ppm), NP stability was controlled ...
A model for predicting micromechanical interfacial adhesion in polymer composites

The mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced composites is largely determined by adhesion at the fiber-matrix interface. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the interfacial region and a quantitative characterization of the level of interfacial adhesion can contribute to an evaluation of the mechanical behavior and performance of composite materials. Among numerous techniques for interface characterization, the vibration damping method has attracted continually more attention because it provides sensitive and nondestructive detection of the interfacial region in composites. In the research presented here, a new optical system for measuring vibration damping was introduced, and a model for evaluating the interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix from a damping parameter was developed. A quantitative relationship between the dynamic (vibration damping) and static (interfacial shear strength) adhesion measurements was established. The experimental data from glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites with different interfacial treatments showed good agreement with the theoretical model.
Impact of a University-Based Practicum Experience on Counseling Students’ Levels of Empathy and Assessed Counseling Competencies:

This study investigated the impact of a university-based practicum experience on counseling students’ (n = 87) levels of empathy and assessed counseling competencies. Data were analyzed using Withi...
Aphids Attracted to Light Traps

Very little information appears in literature concerning the response of aphids to light. It is generally believed that they are day-flying insects and do not respond to light. Broadbent (1947) was the first to point out that they fly throughout the night and are freely attracted to light. The writers have determined that some, but not all species of aphids are attracted to light. Broadbent took 3,400 aphids from a single trap during a period of four years, 1933 to 1930. The catches began in May, gradually increased, reached a peak in July and August and then declined. He found that they were active at temperatures above 47° F. and that rain during the afternoon, the night or both, reduced the catches considerably. The writers believe that moderate rain during the night, providing the temperature is above 50° F. increases the catches of aphids. According to Broadbent, wind during the day or evening affected the catches more than wind during the night. Although he captured a large number of aphids it is unfortunate that he did not indicate the species involved. Milne (1945) records Aphis maidis from a light trap, the only specific record to date.
Reference groups, socialization and achievement.

This paper suggests that there are three important types of reference groups which act together to foster achievement level striving. These are the normative group, the role model and the audience. The normative group defines the roles the individual is to assume, the model provides exemplification of how the role is to be performed, at least adequately, and the audience provides anticipation of rewards for outstanding performance in the role. Expectations for performance level attained in two types of situations are discussed: (a) instances where one or more of the three reference groups is missing in the individual's reference group reporters, and (b) instances where the three reference groups are not "located" in the same concrete group or person. Finally, the reference group theory of achievement is compared with David McClelland's theory of n-Achievement and Max Weber's theory of achievement implicit in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
Personal Views on Some Thoughts of Mao Tse-tung

The Maoist conceptions of science and anti-bureaucracy go extremely in the Cultural Revolutionary.The conception of science separates the universal truths and the specificities of new particular situations,thus the Party,or the current leadership of the Party comes to have the exclusive authority to forge the linkage between them.It has populist implications and the ethical implications of "labor" as weapon against intellectuals,but it should be understood in the context of the vast and poverty-stricken country as a pragmatic view of science.In Mao's eyes the kind of social power and privilege deriving from the occupation of positions within a political institution or bureaucracy can be as primary and as autonomous a source of oppression,domination,and exploitation as the social power and privilege deriving from the possession of private property.It has its polarized version in Cultural Revolution that the Party has the same bureaucratic diseases as the state apparatus.Mao is,in fact,no anarchist,because he believes that within the national society there should be a supreme authority with overwhelming decision-making power.The answer provided by Mao is to moralize the holders of power;and related to Maoist conception of science,the holders of power should "participate in labor" and must not be separated from the masses.
Psoriasis in children

Psoriasis in children 16 years of age and younger is common. Frequently the disease is associated with a positive family history and often appears as acute guttate psoriasis. Acute guttate psoriasis is seen commonly after streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract, but may be associated with other viral and bacterial diseases as well. Acute guttate psoriasis responds well to treatment but often recurs as more typical small- or large-plaque disease. The treatment of childhood psoriasis should be simple and, if the disease is significant, carried out in the hospital. Results are much more impressive in hospitalized patients than in outpatient settings. Topical corticosteroids should be used only for short periods of time, whereas tar, ultraviolet light, and anthralin have much longer beneficial effects.
Some problems in collecting dietary data from individuals.

How-to-do-it is of great concern to nutritionists making dietary surveys in connection with medical investigations. In this article, the author provides new data on the effect on dietary findings of time, week-to-week, and collection method, record vs. recall.
Decline of the performance of a portable axial-flow fan due to the friction and duct bending loss of a connected flexible duct.

OBJECTIVES In a job site, a portable fan is often used to ventilate a confined space. When a portable fan is applied to such a space, the actual ventilation flow rate must be accurately estimated in advance because the safety level of contaminant and oxygen concentrations in the space will determine the ventilation requirements. When a portable fan is used with a flexible duct, the actual flow rate of the fan decreases due to the friction and duct bending loss of the duct. Intending to show the decline of a fan performance, the author conducted laboratory experiments and reported the quantitative effect of the friction and duct bending loss of a flexible duct to the flow rate of a portable fan. METHODS Four commercial portable fans of different specifications were procured for the experiments, and the decline of the performance of each portable fan due to the friction loss etc. of a connected flexible duct was investigated by measuring actual flow rate. RESULTS The flow rate showed an obvious decrease from the rated flow rate when a flexible duct was connected. Connection of a straight polyester flexible duct and a straight aluminum flexible duct reduced the flow rates to 81.2 - 52.9% and less than 50%, respectively. The flow rate decreased with an increase of the bend angle of the flexible duct. CONCLUSION It is recommended that flow rate check of a portable fan should be diligently carried out in every job site.
A Tradeoff between the Output and Net Foreign Asset Effects of Pension Reform

We use an overlapping generations model of a small open economy with perfect capital mobility to evaluate the long-term effects of pension reforms on output and net foreign assets. We compare reforms that achieve similar fiscal targets and show the existence of a tradeoff. Reforms that increase the retirement age have an expansionary effect on output, but a small (and oftentimes) negative effect on the net foreign asset position. In contrast, reforms that cut pension benefits improve the net foreign asset position but reduce output. Only mixed reforms that increase the retirement age and cut pension benefits sufficiently can boost both output and net foreign assets.
Sociology is an applied science, and the application is social change: a contribution to the discussion of Aldon Morris’ The Scholar Denied

ABSTRACTI argue that W.E.B. Du Bois’ expulsion from academic sociology at the beginning of the twentieth century was not only animated by the gatekeepers’ desire to maintain academe as a whites-only domain. It also constituted an active effort to defend Social Darwinist dogma, which dominated (white) social science at that time, from the formidable challenge of a resourceful and scientifically superior perspective. The successful exclusion of Du Bois (and his growing legion of colleagues) allowed sociology to drift into functionalist dogma, with its immutable hierarchy and denial of sociology’s role in facilitating social change. The exclusion of Du Boisean analysis, which placed human agency – and especially subaltern groups – at the centre of social change – rendered sociological analysis irrelevant to addressing social problems and social justice, until the Civil Rights Movement in America broke down the walls of the sociological ghetto, allowing it to access the rich Du Boisean perspective.
Nitrogen Source Inventory and Loading Tool: An integrated approach toward restoration of water-quality impaired karst springs.

Abstract Nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic sources has contaminated groundwater used as drinking water in addition to impairing water quality and ecosystem health of karst springs. The Nitrogen Source Inventory and Loading Tool (NSILT) was developed as an ArcGIS and spreadsheet-based approach that provides spatial estimates of current nitrogen (N) inputs to the land surface and loads to groundwater from nonpoint and point sources within the groundwater contributing area. The NSILT involves a three-step approach where local and regional land use practices and N sources are evaluated to: (1) estimate N input to the land surface, (2) quantify subsurface environmental attenuation, and (3) assess regional recharge to the aquifer. NSILT was used to assess nitrogen loading to groundwater in two karst spring areas in west-central Florida: Rainbow Springs (RS) and Kings Bay (KB). The karstic Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) is the source of water discharging to the springs in both areas. In the KB study area (predominantly urban land use), septic systems and urban fertilizers contribute 48% and 22%, respectively, of the estimated total annual N load to groundwater 294,400 kg-N/yr. In contrast for the RS study area (predominantly agricultural land use), livestock operations and crop fertilizers contribute 50% and 13%, respectively, of the estimated N load to groundwater. Using overall groundwater N loading rates for the KB and RS study areas, 4.4 and 3.3 kg N/ha, respectively, and spatial recharge rates, the calculated groundwater nitrate-N concentration (2.1 mg/L) agreed closely with the median nitrate-N concentration (1.7 mg/L) from groundwater samples in agricultural land use areas in the RS study area for the period 2010–2014. NSILT results provide critical information for prioritizing and designing restoration efforts for water-quality impaired springs and spring runs affected by multiple sources of nitrogen loading to groundwater. The calculated groundwater N concentration for the KB study area (1.45 mg/L) was approximately three times higher than the median N concentration (0.45 mg/L) for wells located in urban land use areas.
Winter range expansion of a hummingbird is associated with urbanization and supplementary feeding.

Anthropogenic changes to the landscape and climate cause novel ecological and evolutionary pressures, leading to potentially dramatic changes in the distribution of biodiversity. Warm winter temper...
Eight months of HeartMate II device support without drug therapy

Thromboembolic complication rates of 20%–30% were initially a major limitation to the widespread use of left ventricular assist devices. The success of the HeartMate (Thoratec, Corp., Pleasanton, CA, USA) device has been partly due to the reduced incidence of thromboembolic events, although anticoagulation regime has been recommended for this mechanical circulatory support. We here present a case with the placement of HeartMate II in a patient, noncompliant to medical therapy where device worked for 8 months without any anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy.
Narratives of legitimacy: Making nationalism banal

The chapter examines a set of strategic narratives by which national interests and values are successfully maintained among various populations. Such narratives are “banal” in the sense that they are deliberately not labeled nationalist. They derive their power by obscuring the ways national interests and values are reproduced in various political and cultural activities: in transnational or so-called global initiatives; in technical infrastructures; in cross-cutting forms of allegiance. Drawing on Monroe Price’s concept of “narratives of legitimacy,” the chapter examines the ways that nationalism is reinforced in our time, illustrating how it works to justify certain discourses and practices and marginalize others.
Effects of endosulfan isomers on cytokine and nitric oxide production by differentially activated RAW 264.7 cells.

Abstract Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide comprised of two isomers: endosulfan-α and endosulfan-β. Endosulfan exposure has been shown to elevate some inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in animals or cultures of animal cells. Because the two endosulfan isomers can vary in their biological activities, the goal of this study was to determine if individual endosulfan isomers differentially impact production of NO or TNF by the mouse macrophage cell RAW 264.7 at non-cytotoxic levels. We found elevated TNF with exposure to endosulfan-α (not endosulfan-β), but only at concentrations that were cytotoxic (≥100 μM), whereas neither endosulfan isomer altered baseline levels of NO at any concentration up to 300 μM. In interferon (IFN)-γ-activated cultures, NO levels were significantly suppressed by either endosulfan isomer at 10 μM (the lowest concentration examined), whereas only endosulfan-β significantly lowered TNF levels at non-cytotoxic concentrations. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated cultures, both endosulfan isomers significantly reduced NO, but not TNF, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These results suggest that the endosulfan isomers have some capacity to alter inflammatory responses differentially, particularly with IFN-γ stimulation.
Letter Writing: A Creative Tool for School Counselors Working with Adolescents

ABSTRACTLetter writing is a therapeutic tool used in many helping professions with many populations. In school counseling, letter writing can be a useful way for school counselors to build relationships and assess student needs. Letter writing may appeal to students who are more introspective and prefer less direct forms of communication (France, Cadieax, & Allen, 1995). Evidence to support school counselors’ use of letter writing with students is underdeveloped. Citing conceptual, empirical, and theoretical support, the authors propose prompting students to write Letters About Themselves (LAT) at the beginning, middle, and end phases of the school year. Considerations for school counselors using letter writing with adolescents are explored.
Why Isn’t This Wound Healing?

Wound healing is a complex, well-orchestrated series of cellular and noncellular processes that occur in a timely sequence and result in full wound closure and return to normal function when the injured tissue is healthy. There are, however, many factors that can interfere with the wound healing process, creating distress and poor quality of life for the patient and difficult and challenging conundrums for the clinician. This chapter discusses those factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, that can help the clinician answer the question, “Why isn’t this wound healing?” Factors are organized into comorbidities, infections, medications, nutritional deficits, and psychosocial behaviors.
Some applications of an integral transform

A representation for an absolutely convergent series of real numbers is given. A necessary and sufficient condition for the (Lebesgue) summability of a function and conditions for the summability of the intermediate derivatives of a function are presented.
Laser-Plasma Interaction Experiments at the 0.53-µm Novette Facility

We summarize the results obtained to date on laser-plasma interaction experiments conducted at the multikilojoule 0.53-μm Novette laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The large laser output power (Pl 2ω0 5 × 1015 W/cm2 in primarily 1 nsec (FWHM) near Gaussian pulses. Experiments utilizing exploding foils of both CH (with sulfur and silicon tracer dots for x-ray spectroscopy) and Au have also been performed in an attempt to generate extremely flat axial gradients to further explore laser-plasma coupling that will occur with facilities such as Nova.
Party Control of Government and American Party Ideology Development

Throughout U.S. history, the two major political parties have switched positions many times on a variety of issues, including how powerful the national government should be and how much it should regulate and guide the American economy. Are these changes simply the product of historical contingency, or are there structural factors at work that can help explain these developments? This article finds that change in party control of government can help explain change in party ideologies with respect to economic policy. Parties in long-term control of unified government tend to develop their ideology in ways that call for a stronger national government and more economic intervention, while parties in opposition tend to change their ideology in ways that call for less national government power and less economic intervention.
Laser system to laser-cool and trap cadmium: Towards a cadmium optical lattice clock

We use frequency doubling and summing to generate >1 W of 326 nm to laser cool cadmium. Other wavelengths, 361, 468, and 480 nm, are also generated from the high power fiber amplifier. We developed an FPGA controller to automatically lock the system.
Mozart in Space: A Love Story

The 1977 Voyager II Golden Record includes sounds of animals and humans on Earth, as well as music ranging from Bulgarian folk songs to the Queen of the Night’s famous aria from Mozart’s Magic Flute. This once-utopian project seems quaint in the era of climate crisis and renewed nuclear threats, not to mention the extreme unlikelihood of its being heard by alien “ears.” The recording tells a love story, through the collaboration between Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, and also of human beings toward the larger cosmos. At the same time, the violence of the Mozart aria “talks back” to its own, recorded historical moment from a darker future.
Pull Your Own Weight: Moral and Cultural Conditions for Productivity

In the four remaining chapters of this book, we compare economic paradigms before and after Keynes in light of a question that surfaces the moral worldviews implicit in each. These questions reveal stark differences between paradigms before and since Keynes, and help reveal the connection between the Keynesian Revolution and the hollow prosperity that contributes to our current political, economic and social crises. In this chapter we ask, “How do economic systems allow us to make use of our world?” The Keynesian Revolution makes consumption primary, while previous paradigms made production primary. This undermines the formation of virtues essential to economic success: diligent work, frugal saving, social solidarity and other critical factors. These virtues are harder to form in the empty economy of hollow prosperity.
Single-cell Analysis of CAR-T Cell Activation Reveals A Mixed TH1/TH2 Response Independent of Differentiation

The activation mechanism of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells may differ substantially from T cells carrying native T cell receptor, but this difference remains poorly understood. We present the first comprehensive portrait of single-cell level transcriptional and cytokine signatures of anti-CD19/4-1BB/CD28/CD3ζ CAR-T cells upon antigen-specific stimulation. Both CD4+ helper T (TH) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic CAR-T cells are equally effective in directly killing target tumor cells and their cytotoxic activity is associated with the elevation of a range of TH1 and TH2 signature cytokines, e.g., interferon γ, tumor necrotic factor α, interleukin 5 (IL5), and IL13, as confirmed by the expression of master transcription factor genes TBX21 and GATA3. However, rather than conforming to stringent TH1 or TH2 subtypes, single-cell analysis reveals that the predominant response is a highly mixed TH1/TH2 function in the same cell. The regulatory T cell activity, although observed in a small fraction of activated cells, emerges from this hybrid TH1/TH2 population. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced from the majority of cells regardless of the polarization states, further contrasting CAR-T to classic T cells. Surprisingly, the cytokine response is minimally associated with differentiation status, although all major differentiation subsets such as naive, central memory, effector memory, and effector are detected. All these suggest that the activation of CAR-engineered T cells is a canonical process that leads to a highly mixed response combining both type 1 and type 2 cytokines together with GM-CSF, supporting the notion that polyfunctional CAR-T cells correlate with objective response of patients in clinical trials. This work provides new insights into the mechanism of CAR activation and implies the necessity for cellular function assays to characterize the quality of CAR-T infusion products and monitor therapeutic responses in patients.
Inhibition of human prostate cancer growth and osteolysis in a bone metastasis model by a mechanism-based specific gelatinase inhibitor (SB-3CT)

4348 Using a model of prostate cancer (PC) skeletal metastases, where human cancer cells are injected into the marrow of human bone xenografts previously implanted in SCID mice, we previously demonstrated that systemic administration of the broad spectrum MMP inhibitor BB-94 reduced intraosseous PC cell proliferation, decreased osteoclast recruitment, and prevented degradation of trabeculae (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94: 17, 2002). Recently, in the same in vivo model, we demonstrated specific upregulation of net tissue MMP-9 activity two weeks after intraosseous injection of PC cells, most likely due to an influx of osteoclasts induced by the presence of cancer cells (In press, Am J of Path, 2005). Herein, we investigated the effect of the first irreversible mechanism-based MMP inhibitor, designated SB-3CT. Biochemical studies have demonstrated that SB-3CT is a selective gelatinase inhibitor (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122: 6799, 2000). In this study, 1x105 PC3 cells were injected into the marrow of human fetal femur fragments previously implanted in SCID mice. Beginning one day later, mice in the experimental arm received 50 mg/kg SB-3CT i.p. every other day. Mice in the control arm received vehicle alone (10% DMSO). Five weeks later, the bone xenografts (bone tumors) were harvested, imaged, and processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Bone tumors obtained from mice treated with SB-3CT demonstrated significantly reduced intraosseous tumor area compared to bone tumors from control mice (38.1±10.0 % vs. 68.3±8.9 %, respectively, p
The Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact

This article provides a critical overview in five stages of roughly 50 years of research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact. In the first stage, I document that resea...
Pre-operative Static Anterior Tibial Translation Assessed on MRI does not Influence Return to Sport or Satisfaction after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:

BackgroundIt has been suggested that the degree of anterior tibial translation (ATT) as measured passively on imaging studies (static ATT) after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury may influ...
A Cycle of Altered Proteasome and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells.

Aims An intricate relationship exists between the mitochondrial function and proteasome activity. Our recent report showed in a rat model of renal transplantation that mitochondrial dysfunction precedes compromised proteasome function and this results in a vicious cycle of mitochondrial injury and proteasome dysfunction. In this study, we studied whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) has a role in proteasome alteration in renal cells and vice versa. Methods We used the genomic and pharmacologic approach on rat normal kidney proximal tubular (NRK) cell lines. First, we knocked down β5 or Rpt6 subunit of the proteasome using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in NRK cells. We also treated NRK cells with Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, and peroxynitrite (a potent ROS). Results Studies with RNA interference showed increased mitochondrial ROS following knockdown of β5 or Rpt6 subunit in NRK cells. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome in NRK cells using Bortezomib also showed an increase of mitochondrial ROS in a dose-dependent manner. Next, exposing NRK cells to different concentrations of peroxynitrite provided evidence that the higher levels of peroxynitrite exposure decreased the key subunits (β5 and α3) of the proteasome in NRK cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that proteasome inhibition/downregulation increases ROS, which then impairs proteasome subunits in renal proximal tubular cells.
Canonical Kähler metrics on classes of Lorentzian 4-manifolds

Conditions for the existence of Kahler–Einstein metrics and central Kahler metrics (Maschler in Trans Am Math Soc 355:2161–2182, 2003) along with examples, both old and new, are given on classes of Lorentzian 4-manifolds with two distinguished vector fields. The results utilize the general construction (Aazami and Maschler in Kahler metrics via Lorentzian geometry in dimension four, Complex Manifolds 7:36–61 (2020) of Kahler metrics on such manifolds. The examples include both complete and incomplete metrics, and some reside on Lie groups associated with four types of Lie algebras. An appendix includes a similar construction for scalar-flat Kahler metrics.
Banking Regulation Principles

US banking regulation addresses privacy, disclosure, fraud prevention, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, anti-usury lending, and the promotion of lending to lower-income populations. The five elements of banking regulation include: (i) safety and soundness; (ii) capital requirements; (iii) asset management; (iv) consumer protection compliance; and (v) community reinvestment.
Abstract B40: Minimal mutational determinants of human squamous cell carcinoma

Dozens of driver mutations and copy number changes have been implicated in human squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and each tumor harbors multiple putative driver mutations. However, the minimal set of mutations sufficient to transform a normal keratinocyte into squamous cell carcinoma is unknown. By analyzing TCGA data and previously published datasets, we have identified common combinations of driver mutations in SCCs. Among the most common driver events are mutations in TP53, CDKN2A, and NOTCH1. Using CRISPR editing at endogenous loci in primary human keratinocytes, we demonstrate that no single driver mutation is sufficient to transform keratinocytes, and in fact many single gene mutations appear toxic to keratinocytes. The combination of loss-of-function mutations in TP53 and CDKN2A is sufficient to immortalize both skin and oral primary human keratinocytes in 2D culture and confer a selective advantage in competition assays. Simultaneous mutation of TP53, CDKN2A, and NOTCH1 demonstrates a very similar phenotype in 2D culture as mutation of TP53 and CDKN2A alone. However, using 3D organotypic squamous epithelial cultures consisting of genome-edited keratinocytes grown on decellularized dermis impregnated with fibroblasts and grown at an air-liquid interface demonstrates that keratinocytes with TP53 and CDKN2A mutation alone are sufficient to induce dysplasia, whereas keratinocytes harboring TP53, CDKN2A, and NOTCH1 mutation exhibit an SCC-like phenotype, including invasion through the basement membrane. RNAseq analysis demonstrates that the transition to SCC by NOTCH1 loss involves a partial EMT-like program. Targeted hybrid capture sequencing of edited keratinocytes revealed no other driver mutations or copy number changes other than the experimentally induced ones, consistent with the notion that TP53, CDKN2A, and NOTCH1 mutations alone are sufficient to reprogram a normal keratinocyte into SCC. Thus, despite a high mutation burden and frequent chromosomal instability, as few as three mutational events appear to be sufficient to induce SCC. Citation Format: Vicente Planells-Palop, Angie Koo, Heydi Malave, Katharine Lee, Aaron Tward. Minimal mutational determinants of human squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B40.
The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors.

Abstract Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
Crystal Chemistry of Carnotite in Abandoned Mine Wastes.

The crystal chemistry of carnotite (prototype formula: K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O) occurring in mine wastes collected from Northeastern Arizona was investigated by integrating spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analyses. Raman spectroscopy confirms that the uranyl vanadate phase present in the mine waste is carnotite, rather than the rarer polymorph vandermeerscheite. X-ray diffraction patterns of the carnotite occurring in these mine wastes are in agreement with those reported in the literature for a synthetic analog. Carbon detected in this carnotite was identified as organic carbon inclusions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses. After excluding C and correcting for K-drift from the electron microprobe analyses, the composition of the carnotite was determined as 8.64% K2O, 0.26% CaO, 61.43% UO3, 20.26% V2O5, 0.38% Fe2O3, and 8.23% H2O. The empirical formula, (K1.66Ca0.043Al(OH)2+0.145 Fe(OH)2+0.044)((U0.97)O2)2((V1.005)O4)2·4H2O of the studied carnotite, with an atomic ratio 1.9:2:2 for K:U:V, is similar to the that of carnotite (K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O) reported in the literature. Lattice spacing data determined using selected area electron diffraction (SAED)-TEM suggests: (1) complete amorphization of the carnotite within 120 s of exposure to the electron beam and (2) good agreement of the measured d-spacings for carnotite in the literature. Small differences between the measured and literature d-spacing values are likely due to the varying degree of hydration between natural and synthetic materials. Such information about the crystal chemistry of carnotite in mine wastes is important for an improved understanding of the occurrence and reactivity of U, V, and other elements in the environment.
Social (Dis)order and Social Change: Anarchic Meditations

Anarchist social theory has, for centuries, advanced the importance of natural order as a human process that questions and, ultimately, subverts the artifice of state-imposed authoritative order. Within criminology, however, anarchist theory has received little more than passing attention — the vast majority of it categorically critical and dismissive. Critics of anarchist thought have most often been inclined to admonish any and all of its theoretical variants, claiming that its proponents advocate the meaningless creation of disorder and chaos without any regard for established civic norms or for societal consequences. In part, this criticism is traceable to the anarchist conviction that social justice demands that authority, in all its forms, be abolished. Thus, it is not surprising that anarchist theory is perceived in a negative light by the public at large and the academic community. The negation of imposed order that anarchists endorse is generally understood to mean the inevitable inception of chaos, destruction, and disorder — consequences perceived by most as negative in their own right. Yet, as Kropotkin (1992/1885: 78) explained, “those who reproach anarchism for being the negation of order are not speaking of that future harmony [the natural order that anarchy establishes to replace artificial State order]; they speak of order as it is conceived in our present society.” In other words, critics are often quick to dismiss anarchism as mere negation without sufficient regard for its positive, life-affirming aspects.1