cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Seasonal Behavior and Ecology of the Boxelder Bug Leptocoris Trivittatus in Minnesota

In the summer of 1950, a study was made of the seasonal history and ecology of the boxelder bug (Leptocoris trivittatus Say) better to understand its periodic abundance and limitation to pistillate boxelder trees (Acer negundo L.). There has been a good deal of discussion of these phenomena in short notices, but no investigations have been made (Long 1928). In 1937 Smith and Shepherd published a survey of the literature, and gave a description of the life stages, life history, and control measures. At this time, they stated, "There are no published reports of a detailed study of the boxelder bug in the literature." My study consisted largely of frequent field observations during the summer of 1950 in an area that had a heavy infestation of boxelder bugs the year before. This study area was located north of St. Paul, Minnesota, near the northern limit of outbreak occurrences. This program was started before the bugs left their hibernaria and continued until after hibernation started in the fall. These general observations were supplemented by special field measurements and laboratory tests. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. A. C. Hodson for his assistance in selecting this problem and for his many helpful suggestions during the research and preparation of the manuscript. I also wish to thank Mrs. Olivia Ingersoll for her advice in preparing the illustrative material.
Eat this, not that! Parental demographic correlates of food-related parenting practices

To understand how parents of adolescents attempt to regulate their children's eating behaviors, the prevalence of specific food-related parenting practices (restriction, pressure-to-eat) by sociodemographic characteristics (parent gender, race/ethnicity, education level, employment status, and household income) were examined within a population-based sample of parents (n=3709) of adolescents. Linear regression models were fit to estimate the association between parent sociodemographic characteristics and parental report of food restriction and pressure-to-eat. Overall, findings suggest that use of controlling food-related parenting practices, such as pressuring children to eat and restricting children's intake, is common among parents of adolescents, particularly among parents in racial/ethnic minority subgroups, parents with less than a high school education, and parents with a low household income. Results indicate that that social or cultural traditions, as well as parental access to economic resources, may contribute to a parent's decision to utilize specific food-related parenting practices. Given that previous research has found that restriction and pressure-to-eat food-related parenting practices can negatively impact children's current and future dietary intake, differences in use of these practices by sociodemographic characteristics may contribute, in part, to the disparities that exist in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents by their race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status.
Feasibility of cranio-spinal axis radiation with the Hi-Art tomotherapy system

Abstract Background and purpose Helical tomotherapy can eliminate the need for junction lines. The goal of this study is to evaluate tomotherapy in the delivery of CSA radiation and measurement of plan quality using physical parameters in comparing conventional (CSA-RT) and helical tomotherapy (CSA-TOMO) plans. Patients and methods CSA-TOMO and CSA-RT plans were created for dosimetric comparison. Integral dose values were calculated. The ratios D 50% (dose received by 50% of the organ at risk's volume) and D 10% (dose received by 10% of the organ at risk's volume) were calculated representing large volumes and small volumes of organs at risk receiving significant dose. Results When considering D 50% and D 10% , CSA-TOMO has a dosimetric advantage over CSA-RT for most organs at risk. The body integral dose was higher for the CSA-TOMO plan by approximately 6.5%. Conclusions Tomotherapy is a feasible alternative for treatment of CSA. Analysis shows that tomotherapy improves dose ratios over conventional radiation for most organs at risk. The impact of a small increase in whole body integral dose is unknown. Long-term follow-up will be needed to answer this question as others have argued of the possibility of increased risk of secondary malignancies due to delivery of radiotherapy with IMRT.
Hirata's stability analysis refuted

The ecosystem-stability analysis of Hirata is shown to be in error owing to the use of a model that is not ecologically realistic.
Nuclear Separations for Radiopharmacy: The Need for Improved Separations To Meet Future Research and Clinical Demands

Several recent national and international reports have predicted that the demand for radionuclides used in medicine will increase significantly over the next 20 years. Separation science is an integral part of the production and development of new radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications and will play a major role in process improvements to existing radiopharmaceuticals to meet increasing demands. The role of separation science in the production of radionuclides for medical applications is briefly discussed, followed by an overview of the manuscripts from the American Chemical Society symposium 'Nuclear Separations for Radiopharmacy'. A listing of the most widely used radionuclides in clinical application and medical research serves as a foundation for the discussion of future research opportunities in separation science.
Antibody gene therapy: old wine in a new bottle.

Tumor cells engineered to overexpress molecules that activate an immune response have shown therapeutic promise in preventing growth of cancers. In a new study, tumor cells studded with a ligand-mimicking antibody fragment beckon their own destruction. (pages 343–348)
Dynamically reconfigurable architecture system for time-varying image constraints (DRASTIC) for HEVC intra encoding

We introduce the use of a dynamically reconfigurable architecture system for time-varying image constraints (DRASTIC) and consider applications in HEVC intra encoding. DRASTIC provides a framework for jointly optimizing complexity-rate-distortion for different operating modes. DRASTIC optimization involves dynamically reconfiguring parameters (e.g., the quantization parameter, encoding configuration modes) in software for achieving fine optimization control. The fine control achieved with the use of the DRASTIC modes is shown to perform significantly better than the standard use of fixed profiles.
Structured Group Programming on Men's Roles: A Creative Approach to Change.

Structured group programming is suggested as a means for helping men deal with difficulties that result from sex-role socialization. Several such programs are illustrated.
Nipple aspirate fluids in adult nonlactating women-lactose content, cationic Na+, K+, Na+/K+ ratio, and coloration

The presence of lactose in nipple secretions is considered biochemical evidence of breast secretory activity, and has been reported to occur more frequently in white compared to brownish or green colored breast fluid. We studied lactose, Na+, and K+ concentrations, the Na+/K+ ratio, and the coloration of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) from 49 nonpregnant women.
Ensuring Secrecy in MIMO Wiretap Channels with Imperfect CSIT: A Beamforming Approach

In this paper, we investigate transmit beamforming schemes based on artificial interference for physical layer security in a multi-antenna wiretap channel. We consider the case where no information regarding the eavesdropper is present, and we use the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio of a single transmitted data stream as our performance metric. Using a second-order perturbation analysis, we quantify the degradation in performance due to imperfect CSI of the main channel at the transmitter. We then present a robust beamforming scheme that approaches the performance obtained in the perfect CSI case. Numerical simulations verify our analytical performance predictions, and illustrate the benefits of the robust beamforming scheme.
Counting canonical partitions in the random graph

Joyce trees have concrete realizations as J-trees of sequences of 0’s and 1’s. Algorithms are given for computing the number of minimal height J-trees of d-ary sequences with n leaves and the number of them with minimal parent passing numbers to obtain polynomials ρ n (d) for the full collection and α n (d) for the subcollection. The number of traditional Joyce trees is the tangent number α n (1); α n (2) is the number of cells in the canonical partition by Laflamme, Sauer and Vuksanovic of n-element subsets of the infinite random (Rado) graph; and ρ n (2) is the number of weak embedding types of rooted n-leaf J-trees of sequences of 0’s and 1’s.
PENTACOORDINATE SILICONATE TETRAANIONIC MOLECULAR SQUARES. SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND SOLUTION CONFORMATION OF A NOVEL TETRAANION-TETRACATION ION PAIR

A tetraanionic molecular square containing four pentacovalent siliconates is produced in high yield by the condensation of phenyltriethoxysilane and spirocatechol 1. A single isomer, meso 2, is produced from this diastereoselective condensation reaction. The steps leading up to the formation of meso-2 are not known, but the reaction appears to be driven by the insolubility of the tetrakistriethylammonium salt 2a. The tetraanionic macrocycle is a stable salt that undergoes ion-exchange reactions. An ion pair composed of the tetraanionic siliconate macrocycle and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) tetracation (2e) has been synthesized by ion exchange. Following complete assignment of all proton resonances in this 4 × 4 complex, the solution conformation was analyzed by an intermolecular double pulsed field gradient spin−echo (DPFGSE) NOE study. These results, aided by a molecular mechanics modeling study, have led to a proposed dynamic solution structure that features the cyclic bisparaquat tetracation selectiv...
Total body imaging evaluation after initial resuscitation in paediatric trauma

Case reportA 4-year old child referred from a general practitioner to RedCross Children’s Hospital Trauma Unit with the history of beingstruck on the head by a falling table. The following was noted onthe referral letter (a) Glascow Coma Scale less than 8, (b)respiratory distress with a respiratory rate of 40 breaths perminute, (c)bloodpressureof130/90 mmHgand(d)pulserateof70beats per minute. On route to Red Cross Hospital Trauma Unit thechild clinically decompensate, was intubated and ventilated byparamedic staff for airway protection and stabilisation.On
Circling the Archimedean Viewpoint: Observations of Physiology in Nietzsche and Luhmann

The question of how our conception of the world could differ so widely from the disclosed nature of the world will with perfect equanimity be relinquished to the physiology and history of the evolution of organisms and concepts. (Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human 16). In an interview conducted by the Italian literary journal Alfabeta in April of 1987, 1 Niklas Luhmann was asked if sociology, in particular its systems-theoretical variant, could replace the privileged position that art, religion, philosophy, and politics had lost, and provide an Archimedean point from which to describe society as a whole. Luhmann responded that today it is no longer possible to imagine such an outside position for the observation of the whole, sociology being no exception. In its description of society, contemporary sociology can merely offer to reflect its own descriptions as being part of what they describe, and “reflect its own refusal to adopt an ontological, subject-transcendental or epistemologically privileged position” (Archimedes 165-6). 2 In the interview, Luhmann suggests that the forfeiting of an Archimedean viewpoint is what distinguishes his sociological theory from the Old-European tradition. In the latter, we are “always dealing with descriptions from an outside, for example, through the mediation of a subject. Traditional logic or traditional ontology always presupposed an external observer who was in the position to distinguish between false and correct, that is, who could apply a bivalent logic in its observations” (164). Alternatively, Luhmann’s adaptation of systems theory is an attempt to construct an epistemology that would not assume such an “outside” position for its observations, but includes “the observer and observational instruments” in its observation. Simply put, systems theory acknowledges what the assumption of an Archimedean point hides—namely that what one observes is what it is only by virtue of how it is being observed. Not restricting observation to attentive sensual perception, but defining it more broadly as any operation that draws a distinction and indicates one of its sides, Luhmann reads the spatial distinction between
TREM2 Lipid Sensing Sustains the Microglial Response in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model

TREM2 acts in microglia as a sensor for awide array of lipids that are associatedwith b-amyloid accumulation andneuronal loss. The TREM2 mutation thathas recently been identiﬁed as a riskfactor for Alzheimer’s disease attenuatesmicroglial detection of damage-associated lipids, providing amechanistic basis for the geneticassociation.
PRIMARY PENETRATION PROCESS IN POWDERY MILDEWED BARLEY RELATED TO HOST CELL AGE, CELL TYPE, AND OCCURRENCE OF BASIC STAINING MATERIAL

Summary The primary infection process of four near-isogenic lines of Manchuria barley by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei race CR-3 was studied. An unknown substance,‘basic staining material’, was associated with papillae when penetration by germinated conidia was unsuccessful but not in penetrated papillae. Genes conferring resistance (ML-a, Ml-g, and Ml-p) delay or reduce the frequency of penetration. The gene Ml-k has no effect during penetration. Resistance to penetration increased significantly in both susceptible and resistant hosts with increasing cell age. The type of host epidermal cell exhibited different degrees of resistance to penetration. The cells furthest from the guard cells showed the highest degree of resistance. Guard cells were never penetrated.
Theoretical pressure-strain term in a stratified fluid

The influence of buoyancy on the pressure–strain term is calculated approximately by an analytical theory. It is shown that the buoyancy contribution to (ϕ ij + ϕ ji ) 1 , the fluctuation part of the pressure–strain term, is approximately equal to the buoyancy contribution which comes from the mean-field part of the pressure–strain term, provided that the mean buoyancy does not vary rapidly in space or time. The latter, but not the former, buoyancy contribution was previously obtained by Launder (1975) and by Zeman & Lumley (1976). Both contributions are shown to be accounted for by use of a single numerical coefficient C θ *. The value of C θ * predicted from purely theoretical considerations is 0.7, and a value determined from an experiment is 0.9. The theoretical method has some generality and can be applied to higher than second-order correlations of velocity and temperature fluctuations.
An overview of the ORNL/NRC program to address aging of concrete structures in nuclear power plants

Abstract The Structural Aging (SAG) Program is being conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The SAG Program is addressing the aging management of safety-related concrete structures in nuclear power plants for the purpose of providing improved technical bases for their continued service. The program is organized into four tasks: Program Management, Materials Property Data Base, Structural Component Assessment/Repair Technologies, and Quantitative Methodology for Continued Service Determinations. Objectives and a summary of accomplishments under each of these tasks are presented.
Guest editorial for special section on BIOKDD2013

The four articles in this special section were presented at the 2013 International Workshop on Data Mining in Bioinformatics (BIOKDD) which was held in conjunction with the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) in Chicago, IL.
Effects of hormones on glucose utilization in fasted rats.

The permeability of tissues toward glucose was explored in rats under various hormonal and environmental influences. The velocity constant K expressing the rate of disappearance of glucose from blood after rapid intravenous injection of a small load of glucose was critically analyzed as an index of glucose utilization. Acute treatments with large doses of glucagon and hydrocortisone led only to negligible effects on K. One hour after epinephrine injection, the persisting hyperglycemia appeared to be due more to increased liver glycogenolysis than to inhibition of glucose utilization. A marked enhancement of K developed 2 hours after a moderate dose. As expected, severe insulin hypoglycemia was accompanied by a sharp increase in K; this was followed by a drasticdecrease during the restoration to normal of the blood glucose level. A single injection of thyroxin led to a rapid increase in K and to a small degree of hyperglycemia. After pretreatment of the animals with thyroxine, the moderate hyperglycemia pe...
Recall of scenes encoded from opposing viewpoints

The present research examined the effect, on recall of a scene, of the distribution of viewpoints during the encoding of the scene. Participants completed a visual search task in a 3-D model of a room during which they were given the opportunity to view the room from viewpoints at opposing sides of the room. Subsequently, participants were tasked to recall the locations of the objects in the room. Participants who distributed their views of the room unequally acrossavailable viewpoints remembered the objects inthe room as being too close to their preferred side of the room. Participants who distributed their views of the room equally across available viewpoints remembered the objects in each half of the room as being too close to the corresponding side of the room. Mindful of previous research that has shown exocentric distances to be underestimated along the depth dimension (Loomis, DaSilva, Fujita, & Fukusima, 1992; Wu, He, & Ooi, 2008), we suggest that the present results reflect underestimation of the distance between the objects and the sides of the room. We suggest that participants used an accumulator-like process to integrate the inconsistent location informationthattheyacquiredconsequenttotheir underestimation of distances from opposing viewpoints (Heathcote & Love, 2012).
Mechanical Strain Inhibits Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Stimulating a Durable β-Catenin Signal

The ability of exercise to decrease fat mass and increase bone mass may occur through mechanical biasing of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) away from adipogenesis and toward osteoblastogenesis. C3H10T1/2 MSCs cultured in highly adipogenic medium express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adiponectin mRNA and protein, and accumulate intracellular lipid. Mechanical strain applied for 6 h daily inhibited expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adiponectin mRNA by up to 35 and 50%, respectively, after 5 d. A decrease in active and total β-catenin levels during adipogenic differentiation was entirely prevented by daily application of mechanical strain; furthermore, strain induced β-catenin nuclear translocation. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by lithium chloride or SB415286 also prevented adipogenesis, suggesting that preservation of β-catenin levels was important to strain inhibition of adipogenesis. Indeed, mechanical strain inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which was preceded by Akt activation, indicating that strain transmits antiadipogenic signals through this pathway. Cells grown under adipogenic conditions showed no increase in osteogenic markers runt-related transcription factor (Runx) 2 and osterix (Osx); subsequent addition of bone morphogenetic protein 2 for 2 d increased Runx2 but not Osx expression in unstrained cultures. When cultures were strained for 5 d before bone morphogenetic protein 2 addition, Runx2 mRNA increased more than in unstrained cultures, and Osx expression more than doubled. As such, mechanical strain enhanced MSC potential to enter the osteoblast lineage despite exposure to adipogenic conditions. Our results indicate that MSC commitment to adipogenesis can be suppressed by mechanical signals, allowing other signals to promote osteoblastogenesis. These data suggest that positive effects of exercise on both fat and bone may occur during mesenchymal lineage selection.
Spectroscopic observations of winds on Venus.

Measurements of the differential Doppler shift between various points on Venus using a high-resolution PEPSIOS interferometer. Using both a CO2 line and a Fraunhofer line a mean zonal-wind velocity of about -83 m/s is found near the equator; the velocity appears to vary from about -2 to -125 m/s with a time scale of greater than one week. Meridional velocities are measured to be weak. The equatorial zonal velocity appears to be smaller in the 'morning' than in the 'afternoon'. A comparison with reported velocities of the ultraviolet dark markings reveals general agreement in that both find the motion to be retrograde, variable, and accelerated during the day. A new potential source of systematic error in all spectroscopic determinations of the differential Doppler shift of nonuniformly illuminated objects is pointed out.
Measurement of sprite streamer acceleration and deceleration

[1] Measurements of streamer velocity reflect the detailed internal microphysics of sprite development that is connected to the effects streamers create in the mesosphere. We report intensified high speed video observations of streamer development acquired at 5,000 to 10,000 frames per second that include the entire altitude range of sprites (∼40–90 km). Downward streamers accelerate to a maximum velocity 3–10% of the speed of light c and then immediately decelerate at an almost constant rate close to 1010 m/s2. This deceleration process dominates the downward streamer propagation in both time and distance. Measurements of the complete dynamics of sprite streamers from initiation to termination can give useful insight into their internal processes.
One wheel on my wagon: lysolipid phosphate signalling.

The work presented at this meeting further establishes the LLPs as an important class of receptor ligands and our understanding of this family of lipid signalling molecules continues to approach that of their more established relatives, the eicosanoids and platelet activating factor.
Taking the brakes off

In this issue of Blood , MacQarrie and colleagues show that histidine-rich glycoprotein (a negative acute-phase reactant), inhibits activated factor XII, a clotting protein implicated in inflammation and thrombosis.[1][1] Of the 2 mechanisms for triggering blood clotting, only the tissue factor
Association with natural organic matter enhances the sunlight-mediated inactivation of MS2 coliphage by singlet oxygen.

MS2 coliphage, a surrogate for human enteric viruses, is inactivated by singlet oxygen (1O2) produced via sunlight-mediated excitation of natural organic matter (NOM) in surface waters. The 1O2 concentration within a NOM macromolecule or supramolecular assembly ([1O2]internal) is orders of magnitude higher than in the bulk solution ([1O2]bulk). In close proximity of NOM, MS2 is thus exposed to an elevated 1O2 concentration ([1O2]NOM), and inactivation is likely to be enhanced as compared to the bulk solution. In experiments using a solar simulator, we determined [1O2]bulk, [1O2]internal, as well as the association of MS2 with four NOMs (Fluka humic acid, FHA; Suwannee river humic acid, SRHA; Aldrich humic acid, AHA; Pony lake fulvic acid, PLFA), and studied their effect on the MS2 inactivation rate constant, kobs, over a range of 1−25 mg NOM/L. The kobs values were modeled as the sum of the inactivation rate constants in close proximity to the NOM and in the bulk solution, assuming Langmuir-type adsorptio...
Urinary F2-Isoprostanes Are Not Associated with Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Free radicals have been implicated in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated associations between oxidative damage and type 2 diabetes. However, no prospective data on this association are available. Research Methods and Procedures: A case control study was conducted within the prospective cohort of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study: 26 cases who developed type 2 diabetes in the follow-up period and 26 controls who remained free of type 2 diabetes were randomly selected. Oxidative status was assessed by measuring 2, 3-dinor-5, 6-dihydro-15-F2t-isoprostane (F2-IsoPM) in baseline urine samples using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Type 2 diabetes was defined by serial oral glucose tolerance tests and World Health Organization criteria. Results: Urinary F2-IsoPM varied between 0.18 and 2.60 ng/mg creatinine; 25th/50th/75th percentiles were 0.42, 0.60, and 0.89, respectively. A trend toward higher levels were observed in women and in persons with impaired glucose tolerance at baseline (p = 0.1). F2-IsoPM increased with BMI (r = 0.36, p = 0.01). After adjustment for age, gender, baseline impaired glucose tolerance status, and BMI, F2-IsoPM levels were inversely associated with development of type 2 diabetes: odds ratio = 0.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.81) for the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles. Discussion: These results suggest that oxidative damage is not a cause of type 2 diabetes. Positive cross-sectional associations of F2-IsoPM with the risk factors for diabetes, BMI, and impaired glucose tolerance and inverse associations with development of type 2 diabetes indicate that F2-IsoPM might reflect a compensatory mechanism.
Detecting molecular adaptation at individual codons in the glycoprotein gene of the geographically diversified infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus

Salmonid fishes, the principal hosts of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), are a candidate species for aquaculture in many countries. IHNV causes an acute disease resulting in severe economic loss in salmonid fish farming. Previous phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of multiple genogroups of this virus throughout the geographical range of its host. Here, we report the importance of natural selection in shaping the evolution of certain codons at the surface glycoprotein (G-protein) gene of this virus. Maximum likelihood (ML)-based codon substitution analyses revealed that approximately 2.8% of the codons for the entire G-protein are shown to have higher nonsynonymous substitution per nonsynonymous site (dn) than the synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (ds) (dn/ds=omega>4.335). Thus, the data suggest that positive selection (omega>1) is the major driving force in the evolution of certain codons. However, majority of these positively selected sites cannot be mapped to the regions of antigenic determinants of IHNV. Based on the reports of previous studies, epitopes with positively selected sites are immunodominant and viruses can escape from immune responses by producing antigenic variation at positively selected sites, therefore, vaccines directed against these neutralizing epitopes of IHNV that consist of no positively selected sites will be more effective. Some of the positively selected sites showed radical change in amino acids with respect to their charge and polarity; however, it is unclear how these changes affect the fitness of the virus.
Gender variation in the antecedents of task advice network size: Organizational tenure and core self-evaluations

Abstract Research finds gender differences in the size, quality, and consequences of social networks in the workplace. Building on these studies, we focus on one type of social network: task advice networks, which we define as the networks that act as conduits for information and knowledge directly related to work task completion. Using data on over 1300 employees, we test the relationships between task advice network size and two variables – organizational tenure and core self-evaluations, examining differences by gender. We find a larger positive association between core self-evaluations and task advice network size for men than for women. Additionally, we find that men, but not women, have larger networks when lower in tenure.
Synthesis and evaluation of 2′-substituted cyclobutyl nucleosides and nucleotides as potential anti-HIV agents

Abstract A series of 2′-substituted cyclobutyl nucleoside analogs were efficiently prepared by constructing the core cyclobutyl ring using different [2+2] cycloaddition approaches. The triphosphate derivative of a cyclobutyl nucleoside was also synthesized and evaluated against wild-type and mutant HIV reverse transcriptases (RT). Whereas the nucleoside analogs were inactive against HIV-1 in culture, the nucleotide showed good activity not only against wild-type and recombinant HIV RT (IC50 = 4.7, 6.9 μM), but also against the M184I and M184V mutants (IC50 = 6.1, 6.9 μM) in cell-free assays.
The discovery of excellence: The assets of exemplars in business ethics

Exemplars, or concrete problems and resolutions, play a far more central role in business ethics than do detailed rules. Exemplars, such as case studies, anecdotes, parables, and fables, are nearly as important as general ethical principles. There are four arguments for recognizing this essential role for exemplars in business ethics. First, exemplars facilitate impartial agreement where agreement on detailed moral rules eludes us. Second, exemplars uniquely facilitate, for the purposes of training and decision making, the balanced integration of diverse sets of values. Third, the use of exemplars appropriately cultivates personal judgment, making detailed moral roles useful in exceptional cases only. Fourth, exemplars provide the flexibility necessary for making moral decisions within the continued flux of responsible business life.
Political Similarity and American Foreign Trade Patterns

International economic flows have become an increasingly prominent component of both international relations and domestic politics over the last two decades. Even though politically motivated governments have played a growing role in shaping these transactions, empirical studies have largely ignored the political determinants of international trade patterns. This study addresses that important gap in our understanding of the international political economy with particular reference to United States trade. We theorize that two aspects of the relations between nations should predict enhanced trade levels: similarity in political system and similarity in foreign policy orientation. We test this proposition for U.S. exports to 76 importing nations over an 18-year period in a pooled time- series design that controls for known influences on trade flows. Our results suggest that these two political factors have a substantial and predictable impact on U.S. export patterns. We consider some possible criticisms of ...
Hyperprolactinemia does not promote testicular recrudescence in photoregressed Siberian hamsters

Serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations, as well as body, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and testes weights, decrease in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus) following short-photoperiod exposure. Previously, we have shown that lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCNx) block regression of the testes and decreases in body weight and EWAT caused by short day-like, timed daily subcutaneous melatonin infusions in pinealectomized Siberian hamsters and elevate dramatically serum PRL concentrations. We also have shown that SCNx, as well as lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVNx) and an area immediately ventral to the PVN (subPVN), promote accelerated testicular recrudescence, increases in EWAT and body weights, and increases in serum PRL concentrations, in short-day (SD)-housed, photoregressed Siberian hamsters. The stimulation of the testes seen in these previous studies could have been due to the lesion-induced increases in serum PRL concentrations. Therefore, the purpose of the present experiment was to test whether experimentally induced hyperprolactinemia could stimulate testicular recrudescence. This was accomplished by giving photoregressed, SD-housed Siberian hamsters chronic subcutaneous infusions of ovine PRL (oPRL) to mimic either long-day- or lesion-induced serum concentrations of hamster prolactin (hPRL). No increase in testes, body, or EWAT weights were observed following 5 weeks of oPRL infusions in either group compared with their vehicle-infused counterparts. These data suggest that hyperprolactinemia was not solely responsible for the stimulation of testicular recrudescence in SCNx or PVNx photoregressed, or SCNx pinealectomized hamsters receiving timed melatonin infusions seen previously.
Fabrication and testing of artificial emerald ash borer visual decoys

The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis , is an invasive species threatening the ash trees of North America. EABs exhibit a mating behavior in which the flying male will spot a stationary female at rest, then execute a pouncing maneuver where he dives sharply onto the female. It is thought that this pouncing behavior is cued by some visual signal from the elytra of the EAB. A method for replicating the elytra of the EAB as artificial decoys was devised and implemented. In a field experiment, four types of bioreplicated EAB decoys with a dead EAB female to determine if the former were effective at cuing the pouncing behavior in males.
Europe, the euro and the ECB: Monetary success, fiscal failure

Abstract This paper considers the debate over reform of the Stability and Growth Pact. While recent reforms are a sensible step in the direction of greater flexibility, ambiguities in their design all but eliminate the possibility that the pact will be effectively enforced. The key problem is that these steps in the direction of greater flexibility are not married with greater enforcement powers for the European Commission. This outcome reflects the limited extent of political integration in Europe, which limits the mechanisms available for holding the Commission accountable for its actions and therefore creates resistance to giving it strong enforcement power over public spending and taxation.
Urinary excretion of dimethylnitrosamine: a quantitative relationship between dose and urinary excretion

The urinary excretion of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were given DMN (3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) or [3H]DMN (0.1, 1 and 3 mg; 8.7, 1.5 and 0.28 mCi/kg body weight, respectively, i.p.) diluted with sterile 0.9% NaCl. Urine was collected for 24 h after dosing. DMN was quantitated by gas chromatography using a Thermal Energy Analyzer as detector and [3H]DMN by liquid scintillation counting after purification by high pressure liquid chromatography. Multiple regression analysis programs were used to evaluate the fit of the data to a variety of models relating excretion to dose. All models which gave an acceptable fit including a term for dose squared. The models are discussed in terms of the relationship between urinary excretion and blood clearance of DMN.
Reduction of floating substrate effect in thin-film SOI MOSFETs

The presence of a floating substrate in SOI transistors gives rise to a decrease of threshold voltage when drain voltage is increased. When the devices are made in a very thin silicon film, the latter is completely depleted when the device is in the 'on' state, and no part of the film can act as a floating substrate. This brings about a dramatic decrease of the so-called 'kink effect'.
B73-11 Digital Circuits and Devices

This book comprises two distinct parts. The first five chapters form a standard exposition on logic design, while the remainder, which is of about the same length as the first part, deals with digital electronics. Each chapter is followed by a set of problems and references, and a lengthy bibliography is included as an Appendix.
Application of mass spectrometry to the study of gaseous plasmas

Abstract A survey of the main desirable characteristics of a mass spectrometer for studies on plasma ionic constituents is reported. These considerations have led to the choice of the quadrupole mass spectrometer as being the most suitable type to be used. It is shown that isotopic techniques applied to the studies of the ionic structure of gaseous plasmas can be a very useful and important tool for obtaining correct identification of monatomic and polyatomic ion species existing in the plasma.
Mutational Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Enhancer 2

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. HBV infection is primarily restricted to hepatocytes, and replication and gene expression of HBV require liver-specific transcription factors. Regulation of HBV gene expression has been shown to be controlled by two enhancers, and liver-specific gene expression of HBV can be attributed largely to the activity of enhancer 2. In this study, we have used mutational analysis to identify a 20-base-pair sequence motif essential for the liver-specific enhancer 2 activity. Analysis of the sequence reveals that this motif is similar to the regulatory region of several other liver-specific cellular genes, suggesting that common transcription factors may be involved in the activation of cellular as well as HBV gene expression in hepatocytes.
Effect of particle size on the chemisorption and decomposition of carbon monoxide by palladium and nickel clusters

The chemisorption of gases on well‐defined, supported metal particles is a model for basic processes in heterogeneous catalysis. In this study, the chemisorption and decomposition of carbon monoxide on palladium and nickel particles was examined as a function of particle size. Particulate films with average particle sizes ranging from 1 to 10 nm were grown by vapor deposition on UHV‐cleaved mica. Successive CO adsorption–desorption cycles resulted in the accumulation of carbon on the particles, which suppressed CO adsorption. The rate of carbon accumulation was strongly dependent on particle size and was higher for Ni than for Pd over the same size range. Carbon was removed from both metals by oxygen treatments at elevated temperatures. However, a mixture of CO and O2 was effective for monitoring the removal of carbon from palladium.
Instructional Technology and Personnel Preparation

Advancements in instructional technology offer an array of unprecedented opportunities and challenges for persons engaged in personnel development. This article first defines instructional technology, identifies current issues in higher education, and then identifies specific instructional designs, strategies, and media applications for persons involved in early childhood special education personnel preparation.
Geometric interpretation of continuity over triangular domains

Abstract In this paper, the geometric interpretation of higher order continuity conditions is presented. The concept of duality of “Bezier points” and “extension points” is developed by considering different domain triangulation. Subsequently, the notion of “Continuity around a vertex” is realized and it results in some very interesting and symmetric geometries. These constructs may motivate the geometric interpretation of triangular B-splines or triangular NURBS.
The Law of Assembly in China

This paper is a comparative study of the law of assembly between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) vs. the Republic of China (ROC). The comparison is achieved by looking at how these two Chinese societies structure police powers during assembly, procession, and demonstration; textually and contextually. Particularly, it investigates into how the forces of history, constitution and politics converge to define and shape the law of assembly. This comparative project is conducted with a view to understand the relative development in police powers in the two Chinese societies, once linked by history and culture and now divided by geography and ideology. In a still larger context, this research rides the tide of comparative policing in exposing and explicating how police in two closed societies, ROC (Confucianism) and PRC (Socialism), come to terms with social protests and political challenges; more broadly how to balance the forces of reform and control with the use of law.
Crazes and fracture in polymers

Abstract A review of crazes in glassy thermoplastic polymers is presented with particular emphasis on those aspects of craze properties that influence and control fracture behavior. Both crazes as they normally occur, and crazes at the top of cracks are covered. The occurrence of crazes, their microstructure, the stress distribution within them and the nature of craze fibrils are discussed. Theoretical treatments of the effect of crazes on polymer fracture are reviewed.
Acetolysis of 4,4-disubstituted 4-silacyclohexyl tosylates: effect of remote silicon substitution on organic reactivity

Abstract 4,4-Dimethyl-(Ia), 4,4-diphenyl-(Ib), and phenyl-methyl-substituted 4-silacyclohexyl tosylates (IcId) were compared with isosteric 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexyl tosylates. The rates of acetolysis of the silatosylates were three to five times greater than those of the carbocyclic analogs. With the exception of Ia, which largely fragmented to di-4-pentenyltetramethyldisiloxane, the acetolysis products of compounds I were acetates and olefins in proportions similar to that observed for cyclohexyl tosylates. It is concluded that the kinetic and product-determining effect of a γ-silyl substituent on a tosylate is slight, although where a stabilized β-silylcarbonium ion can form by rearrangement, such as with Ia, fragmentation products will predominate.
Analysis of piezoelectrically actuated beams using a layer-wise displacement theory

Abstract The static and dynamic interaction between a bonded piezoelectric actuator and an underlying beam substructure is investigated using four different displacement-based finite element models all of which are derivable from the generalized laminate plate theory of Reddy. Two 'equivalent single-layer' models and two multi-layer models are developed and compared in order to ascertain the level of model complexity necessary to accurately represent piezoelectric actuation of beam structures.
Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean

The great mass extinctions of the fossil record were a major creative force that provided entirely new kinds of opportunities for the subsequent explosive evolution and diversification of surviving clades. Today, the synergistic effects of human impacts are laying the groundwork for a comparably great Anthropocene mass extinction in the oceans with unknown ecological and evolutionary consequences. Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease. Rates of change are increasingly fast and nonlinear with sudden phase shifts to novel alternative community states. We can only guess at the kinds of organisms that will benefit from this mayhem that is radically altering the selective seascape far beyond the consequences of fishing or warming alone. The prospects are especially bleak for animals and plants compared with metabolically flexible microbes and algae. Halting and ultimately reversing these trends will require rapid and fundamental changes in fisheries, agricultural practice, and the emissions of greenhouse gases on a global scale.
Collocation Translation Acquisition Using Monolingual Corpora

Collocation translation is important for machine translation and many other NLP tasks. Unlike previous methods using bilingual parallel corpora, this paper presents a new method for acquiring collocation translations by making use of monolingual corpora and linguistic knowledge. First, dependency triples are extracted from Chinese and English corpora with dependency parsers. Then, a dependency triple translation model is estimated using the EM algorithm based on a dependency correspondence assumption. The generated triple translation model is used to extract collocation translations from two monolingual corpora. Experiments show that our approach outperforms the existing monolingual corpus based methods in dependency triple translation and achieves promising results in collocation translation extraction.
MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF DROSOPHILA NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS BY DIMMED

Summary Background In Drosophila , the basic-helix-loop-helix protein DIMM coordinates the molecular and cellular properties of all major neuroendocrine cells, irrespective of the secretory peptides they produce. When expressed by nonneuroendocrine neurons, DIMM confers the major properties of the regulated secretory pathway and converts such cells away from fast neurotransmission and toward a neuroendocrine state. Results We first identified 134 transcripts upregulated by DIMM in embryos and then evaluated them systematically using diverse assays (including embryo in situ hybridization, in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation, and cell-based transactivation assays). We conclude that of eleven strong candidates, six are strongly and directly controlled by DIMM in vivo. The six targets include several large dense-core vesicle (LDCV) proteins, but also proteins in non-LDCV compartments such as the RNA-associated protein Maelstrom. In addition, a functional in vivo assay, combining transgenic RNA interference with MS-based peptidomics, revealed that three DIMM targets are especially critical for its action. These include two well-established LDCV proteins, the amidation enzyme PHM and the ascorbate-regenerating electron transporter cytochrome b 561-1 . The third key DIMM target, CAT-4 ( CG13248 ), has not previously been associated with peptide neurosecretion—it encodes a putative cationic amino acid transporter, closely related to the Slimfast arginine transporter. Finally, we compared transcripts upregulated by DIMM with those normally enriched in DIMM neurons of the adult brain and found an intersection of 18 DIMM-regulated genes, which included all six direct DIMM targets. Conclusions The results provide a rigorous molecular framework with which to describe the fundamental regulatory organization of diverse neuroendocrine cells.