cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of straining maneuvers on the pressor response during isometric exercise

Experiments were performed to determine to what extent increments in esophageal and abdominal pressure would have on arterial blood pressure during fatiguing isometric exercise. Arterial blood pressure was measured during handgrip and leg isometric exercise performed with both a free and occluded circulation to active muscles. Handgrip contractions were exerted at 33 and 70% MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by 4 volunteers in a sitting position and calf muscle contractions at 50 and 70% MVC with the subjects in a kneeling position. Esophageal pressure measured at the peak of inspirations did not change during either handgrip or leg contractions but peak expiratory pressures increased progressively during both handgrip and leg contractions as fatigue occurred. These increments were independent of the tensions of the isometric contractions exerted. Intra-abdominal pressures measured at the peak of either inspiration or expiration did not change during inspiration with handgrip contractions but increased during expiration. During leg exercise, intraabdominal pressures increased during both inspiration and expiration, reaching peak levels at fatigue. The arterial blood pressure also reached peak levels at fatigue, independent of circulatory occlusion and tension exerted, averaging 18.5–20 kPa (140–150 mm Hg) for both handgrip and leg contrations. While blood pressure returned to resting levels following exercise with a free circulation, it declined by only 2.7–3.8 kPa after leg and handgrip exercise, respectively, during circulatory occlusion. These results indicate that straining maneuvers contribute 3.5 to 7.8 kPa to the change in blood pressure depending on body position.
Control of bonded-hydrogen in plasma-deposited silicon nitrides : combined plasma-assisted deposition and rapid thermal annealing for the formation of device-quality nitride layers for applications in multilayer dielectrics

Abstract This paper discusses silicon nitride layers for applications in silicon device technologies, and in particular deposited nitride films for gate multi-layer dielectrics for (i) amorphous and microcrystalline silicon (a-Si and μc-Si, respectively) thin film transistors (TFTs), and (ii) crystalline silicon (c-Si) MOS capacitors and field effect transistors (FETs). A low temperature (300°C) remote plasma-enchanced chemical-vapor deposition process was used to form the silicon nitride films. A materials issue impacting on the targeted applications is the stability of bonded-hydrogen atoms in SiH and SiNH bonding groups at the respective TFT and FET processing temperatures.
Redirecting Threats, the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing, and the Special Wrongness of Solar Radiation Management

David Morrow (2014) argues that solar radiation management (henceforth SRM) falls afoul of the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing (henceforth DDA). If we were to engage in large-scale climate engineeri...
Contextual Intervention for Caregiver Non-Adherence With Behavioral Intervention Plans

The extent to which parents and other caregivers implement behavioral interventions with integrity has an important impact on treatment effectiveness. This article considers popular interventions that train caregivers and improve treatment integrity in applied behavior analysis. After considering these interventions a contextual approach is described, whereby the function of caregiver non-adherence is considered. In particular, interventions aimed at manipulating setting factors are reviewed. The examples of respite and social support groups are provided as function-based interventions to improve caregiver adherence to behavioral recommendations. Implications for more contextual, coordinated, and comprehensive function-based behavioral services are provided.
Complexity Analysis of Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Embedded into a Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract This paper presents computational and message complexity analysis for a multi-layer perceptron neural network, which is implemented in fully distributed and parallel form across a wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks offer a promising platform for parallel and distributed neurocomputing as well as potentially benefiting from artificial neural networks for enhancing their adaptation abilities and computational intelligence. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks are generic function approximators and classifiers with countless domain-specific applications as reported in the literature. Accordingly, embedding a multilayer perceptron neural network in a wireless sensor network in parallel and distributed mode offers synergy and is very promising. Accordingly, assessing the computational and communication complexity of such hybrid designs, namely an artificial neural network such as a multilayer perceptron network embedded within a wireless sensor network, of interest. This paper presents bounds and results of empirical study on the time, space and message complexity aspects of a wireless sensor network and multilayer perceptron neural network design.
Adaptation policy and adaptation realities: local social organization and cross-scale networks for climate adaptation on Mount Kilimanjaro

Least developed countries have prepared national adaptation programs of action (NAPAs) to coordinate international adaptation funding to reduce social vulnerability to climate change. The adaptation programs have been written for consistency with existing sectoral policies and development agendas—policies which have thus far led to inequitable and incomplete decentralization of responsibility to organize and manage adaptation at the local level. The capacity of local social organization and of cross-scale networks and flows of knowledge and resources from higher levels of government is insufficient to facilitate socially equitable and sustainable adaptation to climate change. Tanzania’s NAPA, poverty reduction strategy paper, and sectoral policies for forest, water, and agriculture/livestock illustrate the coordination of adaptation plans with existing policies. National and regional statistics and a survey of households on Mount Kilimanjaro—a regional priority for climate adaptation in Tanzania—demonstrate significant gaps in local social organization and cross-scale networks for adaptation. Challenging existing structural causes of vulnerability will be difficult under adaptation plans written for complementarity with the very policies that have produced social inequality. Outside of a few development projects of limited geographic extent, there is limited evidence for socially equitable and sustainable adaptation outcomes. Sustainable adaptation will require substantial new commitments to developing local capacity and cross-scale networks.
Trends in Hearing Protector Usage in American Manufacturing from 1972 to 1989

This study investigated the trends in hearing protector use in United States manufacturing industries. Using data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-sponsored National Occupational Hazard Survey (1972), the National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration-sponsored National Survey of Personal Protective Equipment Usage (1989), estimates were made of numbers of workers using hearing protection in various industries. Unique to this study is discussion of the impact of enactment of hearing conservation regulations during the same time frame as the two earlier surveys. In general, higher percentages of workers utilized hearing protection in 1989 than in 1972. Increased hearing protection use over time was also found when size of facility (number of employees) was taken into account. Differences in the use of hearing protection over the period 1972–1989 varied in individual industries, ranging from less than 10 to more than 30%.
Identification and characterization of the insulin receptor of bovine retinal microvessels.

The presence of specific, high affinity receptors for insulin has been demonstrated in purified preparations of bovine retinal microvessels. The binding of [125I]insulin to isolated retinal microvessels was inhibited by unlabeled insulin, but not by other peptide hormones. Scatchard analysis of the [125I] insulin binding data gave a curvilinear plot similar to that exhibited by insulin receptors in known insulin-sensitive tissues such as adipocytes and hepatocytes. Binding of [125I]insulin to retinal microvessels, followed by covalent cross-linking of the bound ligand to the a-subunit of the insulin receptor with the bifunctional reagent disuccinimidyl suberate, yielded a prominent specific [125I]insulin-labeled band when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography, and this band had a mobility identical to that of the corresponding complex obtained with rat liver plasma membranes (mol wt, 125,000). These results demonstrate for the first time that the retinal microv...
Swelling of uranium by mechanical cavitation

Abstract Swelling of natural uranium was investigated in specimens irradiated to burnups of 0.05 to 0.77 at % at temperatures in the range 130 to 550 °C. Cavities 10—200 microns in length were responsible for volume increases up to 50 % in specimens irradiated to burnups over 0.2 at % at temperatures of 370 to 500 °C. The cavities were absent at both lower and higher temperatures. These cavities are believed to form by shear along grain and twin boundaries in a manner similar to that responsible for the intergranular cavities or voids that form during plastic deformation at temperatures just below the recrystallization temperature. In the case of the irradiated specimens, the necessary stress arises from interaction of the crystallites that results from anisotropic growth. The volume increase caused by precipitation of fission gas bubbles (0.01 to 0.5 micron diameter) was only 0.5% for specimens irradiated at 370 to 500 °C. Only 50% of the generated fission gas was accounted for by the gas bubbles in these irradiated specimens although all of the fission gas could be accounted for in specimens irradiated at 400 °C and subsequently annealed at 580 °C for 100 hours.
Hale Boggs on J. Edgar Hoover: Rhetorical choice and political denunciation

Hale Boggs’ 1971 denunciation of J. Edgar Hoover was an unexpected and highly controversial rhetorical act. This essay proposes an explanation of why only Boggs stood in Congress to complain about FBI behavior feared by many, through consideration of public and private motives. In addition the accuracy of Boggs’ brief speech is explored.
Bayesian Versus Frequentist Hypotheses Testing in Clinical Trials with Dichotomous and Countable Outcomes

In the problem of hypothesis testing, a question of practical importance is: When do Bayesian and frequentist methodologies suggest similar solutions? Substantial progress has been made for one-sided hypotheses on the parameters of continuous distributions. In this article, we study the problem of testing one-side hypotheses in binomial and Poisson trials, using Bayesian models with conjugate priors. By correctly choosing prior parameters, we can make the posterior probability smaller than, equal to, or larger than the frequentist p-value. The results are illustrated through simulation modeling and analysis of data from clinical trials.
EXPRESSION OF TGF-beta-1 mRNA AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED PROLONGED PENILE ERECTION IN A CANINE MODEL

AbstractPurpose: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is known to induce fibrosis. Our objective was to study the role of TGF-beta as a possible mediator of fibrosis that may follow prolonged penile erection.Materials and Methods: Prolonged penile erection was induced in seven adult male mongrel dogs by intracavernosal injection of papaverine into one of the corpora cavernosa while the other was used as a control. Intracavernosal pressure measurements were carried out prior to administration of papaverine and at the end of the procedure. Penile tissue was collected from anesthetized animals prior to euthanasia for histological and electron microscopic (EM) studies. RT-PCR was carried out for detection of mRNA on same tissue samples.Results: The light microscopy showed stasis of blood in the cavernosal sinusoids. EM studies revealed sporadic endothelial defects, loss of plasma membrane integrity and cytoplasmic condensation. There was expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in 66.7% of the experimental group c...
Brain imaging and prophylactic therapy in children with migraine: recommendations versus reality.

Abstract Objectives To determine the concordance between referring physician behavior and published criteria for performance of imaging studies and institution of prophylactic therapy, respectively, in children referred to an academic children's hospital headache clinic. Study design A retrospective review of the records of 106 consecutive patients referred to an academic children's hospital headache clinic. Results Approximately half of patients referred to the clinic had already had head computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging ordered by the referring doctor and performed before their clinic appointment. However, using published criteria, only 10% of patients seen in the clinic would have required an imaging procedure before institution of therapy. The referring physician had initiated treatment with daily prophylactic medications for headache in more than 30% of patients before their clinic appointments, of whom 89% were on appropriate medications at age-appropriate and weight-appropriate doses. Half of these children exhibited a positive response to this medication before being seen by the consulting neurologist. However, more than 60% of the children actually met the criteria for recommending prophylactic therapy. Conclusions Imaging is more frequently obtained and prophylactic therapy less frequently implemented by the referring physician than would be indicated by published recommendations.
High-fat diet feeding elevates skeletal muscle uncoupling protein 3 levels but not its activity in rats.

Objective: The objective of this study is to test the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding on skeletal muscle (SM) uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression and its association with mitochondrial ion permeability and whole-body energy homeostasis. Research Methods and Procedures: Sprague–Dawley rats were fed ad libitum either a HFD (60% of energy from fat, n = 6) or a low-fat diet (12% of energy from fat, n = 6) for 4 weeks. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry in the last week of the dietary treatment. Blood samples were collected for plasma leptin and free fatty acid assays, and mitochondria were isolated from hindlimb SM for subsequent determinations of UCP3 levels and mitochondrial ion permeability. Results: Plasma leptin levels were higher in rats fed the HFD despite the same body weight in two groups. The same dietary treatment also rendered a 2-fold increase in plasma free fatty acid and SM UCP3 protein levels (Western blot) compared with the group fed the low-fat diet. However, the elevated UCP3 protein levels did not correlate with mitochondrial swelling rates, a measure of mitochondrial chloride, and proton permeability, or with 24-hour energy expenditure. Discussion: The high correlation between the levels of plasma free fatty acid levels and SM UCP3 suggests that circulating free fatty acid may play an important role in UCP3 expression during the HFD feeding. However, the dissociation between the UCP3 protein levels and 24-hour energy expenditure as well as mitochondrial ion permeability suggests that mitochondrial proton leak mediated by muscle UCP3 may not be a major contributor in energy balance in HFD feeding, and other regulatory mechanisms independent of gene regulation may be responsible for the control of UCP3-mediated uncoupling activity.
A Standard Digital Data Busing System for Use with NIM Modules

A NIM Committee working group has recently completed a specification that defines a standard digital bus for use with NIM modules. The standard bus is based on the General Purpose Instrumentation Bus of IEEE Standard 488. It incorporates a subset of the codes and conventions for the GPIB given in IEEE Standard 728. The standard bus definition also includes specifications for additional features and provisions that are special to the NIM application. The most prominent of these is the set of mnemonics defined for information transfer.
Dynamically tuning processor resources with adaptive processing

By using adaptive processing to dynamically tune major microprocessor resources, developers can achieve greater energy efficiency with reasonable hardware and software overhead while avoiding undue performance loss. Adaptive processors require few additional transistors. Further, because adaptation occurs only in response to infrequent trigger events, the decision logic can be placed into a low-leakage state until such events occur.
Thermal chemistry of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-enes.

At 300 °C, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene (1) isomerizes to bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (2) via a formal [1,3] sigmatropic carbon migration. Deuterium labels at C7 and C8 were employed to probe for two-centered stereomutation resulting from C1−C6 cleavage and for one-centered stereomutation resulting from C1−C8 cleavage, respectively. In addition, deuterium labeling allowed for the elucidation of the stereochemical preference of the [1,3] migration of 1 to 2. The two possible [1,3] carbon shift outcomes reflect a slight preference for migration with inversion rather than retention of stereochemistry; the si/sr product ratio is ∼1.4. One-centered stereomutation is the dominant process in the thermal manifold of 1, with lesser amounts of fragmentation and [1,3] carbon migration processes being observed. All of these observations are consistent with a long-lived, conformationally promiscuous diradical intermediate.
Mammary ductal foam cells: Macrophage immunophenotype

Mammary ductal foam cells are present in normal breast tissue as well as in a number of breast diseases. Such foam cells tend to be in particular abundance with fibrocystic changes of the breast. Foam cells may appear within duct lumens or plastered in cohesive masses along duct walls, simulating an epithelial structure. The nature and origin of these innocuous-appearing cells, based on morphologic studies, remain a controversy, for they appear to be of epithelial derivation. This study was undertaken to determine the nature of intraductal "foam" cells and their origin in the breast. Nine cases of adult fibrocystic disease were examined immunohistochemically with antibodies to cytokeratins (Mak-6, Cam 5.2), leukocyte common antigen, and the following macrophage antibodies: KP-1 (CD68), HAM 56, and MAC 387. The lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin content of foam cells also was studied. The immunohistochemical data in this study confirm the macrophage character of these foam cells, which are positive for CD68, HAM 56, and MAC 387, lysozyme, and alpha-1-antitrypsin and negative for leukocyte-common antigen and cytokeratins.
Workshop on internet economics (WIE2012) report

On December 12-13 2012, CAIDA and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hosted the (invitation-only) 3rd interdisciplinary Workshop on Internet Economics (WIE) at the University of California's San Diego Supercomputer Center. The goal of this workshop series is to provide a forum for researchers, commercial Internet facilities and service providers, technologists, economists, theorists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to empirically inform current and emerging regulatory and policy debates. The theme for this year's workshop was "Definitions and Data". This report describes the discussions and presents relevant open research questions identified by participants. Slides presented at the workshop and a copy of this final report are available at [2]
Temperature-dependent optical properties of wurtzite InN

Abstract Optical properties and carrier recombination dynamics of a series of InN epilayers, with varying free electron concentrations, grown by molecular beam epitaxy were studied by steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved differential transmission spectroscopy. At room temperature strong PL around 0.7 eV was observed. Temperature-dependent PL measurements show a redshift of the peak energy and a linear increase of the emission linewidth with temperature. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that room temperature carrier lifetimes are inversely proportional to the free electron concentrations for theses samples. Carrier lifetime as long as 1.3 ns was observed in the best quality sample, indicating a highly improved crystalline quality.
Total oil analysis of soybeans by simultaneous grinding and solvent extraction

A new, rapid method for total oil analysis of soybeans is proposed in which ground soybeans are mixed with solvent and further ground in a closed homogenizer until the oil is completely dissolved. A sample of the slurry can then be filtered and the oil content determined by evaporating the solvent from a measured amount of miscella. Parameters studied included times and speeds needed to produce sufficiently small particles so that all the oil was dissolved. The new analysis compared favorably with conventional Goldfisch extraction for total oil of soybeans. Preliminary experiments indicated that rapeseed could be extracted by the new procedure without preliminary grinding.
High power density thin film SOFCs with YSZ/GDC bilayer electrolyte

Abstract Bilayer electrolytes composed of a gadolinium-doped CeO 2 (GDC) layer (∼6 μm thickness) and an yttria-stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) layer with various thicknesses (∼330 nm, ∼440 nm, and ∼1 μm) were deposited by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique for thin film solid oxide fuel cells (TFSOFCs). The bilayer electrolytes were prepared between a NiO–YSZ (60:40 wt.% with 7.5 wt.% carbon) anode and La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3 –Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 (50:50 wt.%) composite cathode for anode-supported single cells. Significantly enhanced maximum power density was achieved, i.e., a maximum power density of 188, 430, and 587 mW cm −2 was measured in a bilayer electrolyte single cell with ∼330 nm thin YSZ at 650, 700, and 750 °C, respectively. The cell with the bilayer electrolyte (YSZ ∼330 nm) doubles the overall power output at 750 °C compared to that achieved in the GDC single layer cell. This signifies that the YSZ thin film serves as a blocking layer for preventing electrical current leakage in the GDC layer and also provides chemical, mechanical, and structural integrity in the cell, which leads to the overall enhanced performance.
Observations on the transmission of passive anaphylactic sensitivity in the guinea pig

Summary 1.Female guinea pigs actively sensitized to egg white produced offspring whose passive sensitivity could be demonstrated to an age of at least 199 days (Chart VIII). 2.That this passive sensitivity ultimately disappears is shown by the failure of the guinea pig to shock at 286 days (Chart IV). 3.Approximately half the offspring of passively sensitized mothers bred at six months were born sensitive. 4.Approximately half the offspring of passively sensitized mothers bred at three months were born sensitive.
Age and sexual culture among homosexually oriented males.

It is here argued that the thesis has been overgeneralized that the culture of homosexually oriented males is heavily youth oriented. It is suggested that any “youth orientedness” is due to their largely single “marital status” rather than to sexual orientation. Utilizing data from 243 males from the Detroit area, several qualifications to the thesis of youth orientedness are indicated. It was found that a majority of males aged 18–24 prefer a male partner who is older, a majority of those aged 25–34 years prefer a same-age person, and 50% of those over 35 prefer a younger partner. These relationships were found to be especially strong among those segments of the sample who attend gay bars infrequently or who are of lower occupational levels. Also, higher occupational status was found to be associated with preference for the younger, independent of age. It is suggested that, because of the heterogeneity of the male homosexual community, the degree of emphasis of youth will be found to vary with social setting.
Uses of tethered atmospheric research probes

In situ measurements in the lower thermosphere are rare because of the difficulty of reaching these altitudes with conventional instrument platforms. The emerging technology of tethered satellites as a means to probe these altitudes from above has matured to the point that a flight program is planned to verify the operational performance of a low-cost deployer mechanism for tethered satellites, and to demonstrate a basic understanding of the dynamics of tethered satellite deployment. With such operational developments at hand, it is appropriate to review some of the potential applications of tethered measurement platforms for acquiring in situ data in the upper atmosphere. This paper focuses on downward-deployed tethered satellite measurements of interest to atmospheric scientists and to hypersonic aerodynamicists, and discusses ways in which this technology may be able to support selected long-range research programs currently in progress or in various stages of pre-flight development. The intent is to illustrate for the potential user community some of the unique advantages of tethered measurement platform technology now under development, and to stimulate creative thinking about ways in which this new capability may be used in support of future research programs.
The Projector-Augmented Plane Wave Method Applied to Molecular Bonding

The projector-augmented wave (PAW) method proposed by Blochl is an all-electron ab initio approach to electronic structure calculations. Using a local basis set expansion, the LSDA wave function is mapped onto a smooth image which can be treated with a plane wave basis set of a practical size. We discuss our implementation of this approach and its application to the calculation of the bonding properties of several second row and transition metal diatomic molecules. Comparisons are made between PAW and other methods. Our results for binding energy, bond length, and vibration frequency indicate that the accuracy of the PAW method is similar to that of local basis and finite grid methods. The convergence with respect to number of plane waves is sufficient that practical calculations are possible even for systems which would be difficult to treat with pseudopotential methods. For example, for the F2 and Fe2 dimers the bonding energy is converged with a 60 Ry cutoff in the plane wave expansion. The local basis...
Rapid transient reversal of anemia and long-term effects of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin for autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders

Seven patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) associated with an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Five patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma with severe AIHA associated with a "warm" IgG antibody, and a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with an IgM "cold" antibody were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin G (0.4 g/kg) daily for five doses followed by maintenance therapy every 21 to 28 days if evidence of recurrence was noted. Two additional patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hypogammaglobulinemia were given maintenance therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin G every 21 days for previously recurrent AIHA and infections. Hematocrit levels of patients with AIHA stabilized followed by a gradual improvement at 21 days after intravenous immunoglobulin G infusion without steroids. Treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin G resulted in faster and higher increments in hematocrit levels in these patients. Other patients who had partial responses to steroids showed further improvement in their hematocrit levels by the addition of intravenous immunoglobulin G. Another patient with a cold agglutinin disease was refractory to intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy. Five patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute AIHA and two patients with previous recurrences of AIHA required maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin G every 21 days. All seven patients except one did not have any episodes of AIHA from six months to as long as four years while receiving the three-week intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy. These observations indicate a role for intravenous immunoglobulin G in the management of IgG-mediated but not IgM-associated autoimmune hemolysis in immunocompromised patients with lymphoproliferative diseases.
Norman Corwin and Radio: The Golden Years

Norman Corwin is regarded as the most acclaimed creative artist of radio's Golden Age (mid 1930s to late 1940s). Corwin worked as a producer for CBS at a time when radio was the centerpiece of American family life. His programs brought high moments to the medium during a period when exceptional creativity and world crisis shaped its character and conviction. Bannerman's book is more than biography: it is also social history--the story of network radio, its great achievements and ultimate decline. Many of Corwin's programs are considered radio classics. During World War II his programs energized the people and marshaled morale. "We Hold These Truths, " commemorating the 150th anniversary of the American Bill of Rights, was broadcast eight days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and "On a Note of Triumph," a VE-Day special for CBS, marked the historic culmination of a momentous conflict. Bannerman's work is a portrayal of a remarkable man, who led an influential fight for the art and integrity of broadcasting, who endured unfounded accusations during the blacklisting period of the McCarthy era, and who by his dedication accomplished significant programs of historic dimensions.
A MEASUREMENT OF THE POSITIVE pi- Mu DECAY LIFETIME

The lifetime for the decay of a {pi} meson into {mu} meson and neutral particle was first measured by Richardson and later by Martinelli and Panofsky. The method was the same in both cases: The fraction of {pi} mesons surviving various times of flight is measured by placing photographic detectors at various path lengths from the target. In the experiment reported here we observe the time lag between the two bursts of fluorescence due to mesons decaying in a scintillation crystal. The first burst is due to the stopping of the entering {pi} meson, the second to the {mu}-meson. As is shown in Fig. 1, a particle penetrating the first and into the second crystal starts the sweep (10{sup -8} sec/mm) of an oscilloscope. The pulses in the second crystal are delayed 0.5 x 10{sup -6} sec to allow the sweep to start and brighten and are then photographed. If the responsible particle is a {pi}{sup +} meson which stops in the crystal, it undergoes {pi}-{mu} decay and two pulses appear on the trace. The {mu}{sup +} meson has a range of only 2 mm in the crystal. If its decay electron is detected some time (.5-2.5 x 10{sup -6}more » sec) later; a neon light flashes and is photographed together with the scope trace. Only such marked traces are measured. Of these marked traces, 650 or roughly one-half, show the two pulses of the {pi}-{mu} event. Five percent are calculated to be due to random delayed coincidences, and another 3 percent due to {pi} mesons which have decayed in flight and come to rest in the second crystal as {mu} mesons. The remaining traces are due to {pi}{mu} decays which are too fast to be resolved. The sweep speed of the oscilloscope is calibrated periodically with an oscillator of known frequency.« less
The effect of cortisone on the course of parabiotic hypertension in the rat.

SPONTANEOUS evolution of hypertension in rats placed in parabiosis has been described (Hall and Hall, 1951a, b, c). The condition, always confined to one member of a pair, is commonly accompanied by widespread cardiovascular damage consisting of myocarditis, renal arteriolosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis and periarteritis. The frequent occurrence of arthritis in such rats makes the syndrome strikingly similar to that which develops in rats treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) (Selye et al., 1943), and suggests that adrenal hyperactivity with respect to mineralocorticoids may be important in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. There is abundant evidence, both clinical and experimental, relating adrenal cortical hyperactivity and hypertension; some of which has recently been reviewed by Corcoran (1950). It is not surprising therefore that adrenal cortical preparations have been widely used in an attempt to modify the course of both clinical and experimental hypertension, perhaps with a view to dep...
Visualization techniques for computer network defense

Effective visual analysis of computer network defense (CND) information is challenging due to the volume and complexity of both the raw and analyzed network data. A typical CND is comprised of multiple niche intrusion detection tools, each of which performs network data analysis and produces a unique alerting output. The state-of-the-practice in the situational awareness of CND data is the prevalent use of custom-developed scripts by Information Technology (IT) professionals to retrieve, organize, and understand potential threat events. We propose a new visual analytics framework, called the Oak Ridge Cyber Analytics (ORCA) system, for CND data that allows an operator to interact with all detection tool outputs simultaneously. Aggregated alert events are presented in multiple coordinated views with timeline, cluster, and swarm model analysis displays. These displays are complemented with both supervised and semi-supervised machine learning classifiers. The intent of the visual analytics framework is to improve CND situational awareness, to enable an analyst to quickly navigate and analyze thousands of detected events, and to combine sophisticated data analysis techniques with interactive visualization such that patterns of anomalous activities may be more easily identified and investigated.
Evaluation of toluene dependence and cross-sensitization to diazepam.

Abstract Acute effects of the abused inhalant toluene resemble those of CNS depressant drugs. Since abuse of toluene involves repeated use, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of repeated or continuous exposure to toluene and to compare these effects to those of other inhalants and depressants. In experiment 1, ICR mice exposed continuously to 250 ppm toluene via inhalation for four days developed mild dependence upon termination that was characterized by an increase in severity of handling-induced convulsions. However, administration of the convulsants, N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), did not differentially affect toluene- vs. air-exposed mice. In experiment 2, CFW mice (but not ICR mice) developed cross-sensitization to the initial locomotor stimulatory effects of toluene following four days of injections with 10 mg/kg/day diazepam. Previous findings have shown that 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) produced robust dependence and cross-sensitization to diazepam's locomotor effects when tested under similar conditions. The present results suggest that the dependence and cross-sensitization with diazepam produced by toluene are milder than those induced by TCE. Further, these studies add to increasing evidence that abused inhalants do not have identical pharmacological effects.
Identification of Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Differentially Expressed in Singly and Multiply Innervated Fibers of Extraocular Muscles

PURPOSE. To identify the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) isoforms among the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of singly and multiply innervated fibers (SIFs and MIFs) of rat extraocular muscles (EOMs). METHODS. EOMs were dissected from adult rats and serially sectioned. Sections were simultaneously stained for acetylcholinesterase and with an antibody to the slow myosin heavy chain to identify NMJ topography and fiber types in the same section. Synapses and subsynaptic regions of SIFs and MIFs were isolated by laser capture microdissection and the AChR subunits identified by RT-PCR. RESULTS. The en plaque endings of SIFs expressed only the adult subunit, not the fetal subunit, of the AChR, whereas the en grappe endings of the MIFs expressed only the subunit, and not the subunit. Although the expression of the subunit was confined to the NMJ region of the SIFs, the subunit was expressed both synaptically and extrasynaptically within the MIFs. The subunit in MIFs correlated with the expression of the myogenic regulatory factor myogenin. Moreover, an unusual neuronal AChR subunit, 9, was found in the EOMs, but not in the limb muscles. CONCLUSIONS. The adult and fetal subunits of the AChRs are segregated into distinct synapses on distinct fiber types. The maintenance of the fetal subunit in a population of fibers is probably linked to the expression of myogenin and is a unique attribute of the EOM allotype. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3828‐3834) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-0073
Gaming for upper extremities rehabilitation

This paper presents a hand motion capture system. Its application is a wearable controller for an upper extremities rehabilitation game. The system consists of a wearable data glove platform (SmartGlove, a customized finger pressure, bending, and 9DOM motion extraction platform) and a 3D camera vision device (Kinect [1], vision based game controller supplied by Microsoft) to extract detailed upper extremities parameters as gaming inputs. The testing application is a jewel thief game [2] implemented with C# and Unity, which requires the tester, such as a stroked patient with upper extremities disabilities to perform a series of predefined upper extremities movements to accomplish the assigned jewel grasping tasks. The parameters and timing could recorded during the gaming process for further medical analysis. This system is targeted on lowering the cost of rehabilitating impaired limbs, providing remote patient monitoring, and acting as a natural interface for gaming systems. In addition, the extracted parameters can be exploited to reconstruct of an accurate model of the patient's limbs and body. Therefore, the proposed system can provide remote medical staffs a wide variety of information to aid a patient's rehabilitation, including, but not limited to aiding in progress evaluations and direct rehabilitative exercises and entertainment.
Effect of lactose, dextran and albumin on recovery and survival of frozen red cells.

We have studied the effect of albumin and dextran, with and without previous modification with lactose, on the recovery and posttransfusion survival of red cells subjected to rapid freezing and thawing. Dextran and albumin have been found to protect red cells during freezing and thawing, with a recovery rate of 98.5 and 98.57%, respectively. A mean survival of 69.14% of red cells was obtained 24 hours posttransfusion when the red cells were treated with lactose, prior to freezing with dextran. A relationship has been found to exist between the mean corpuscular volume of the frozen red cells and the posttransfusion survival; potassium loss, stability, dimensional changes and O2 dissociation of frozen red cells were determined.
Analysis of job assignment with batch arrivals among heterogeneous servers

Abstract We revisit the problem of job assignment to multiple heterogeneous servers in parallel. The system under consideration, however, has a few unique features. Specifically, repair jobs arrive to the queueing system in batches according to a Poisson process. In addition, servers are heterogeneous and the service time distributions of the individual servers are general . The objective is to optimally assign each job within a batch arrival to minimize the long-run average number of jobs in the entire system. We focus on the class of static assignment policies where jobs are routed to servers upon arrival according to pre-determined probabilities. We solve the model analytically and derive the structural properties of the optimal static assignment. We show that when the traffic is below a certain threshold, it is better to not assign any jobs to slower servers. As traffic increases (either due to an increase in job arrival rate or batch size), more slower servers will be utilized. We give an explicit formula for computing the threshold. Finally we compare and evaluate the performance of the static assignment policy to two dynamic policies, specifically the shortest expected completion policy and the shortest queue policy.
Starlike functions and linear functions of a Dirichlet distributed vector

It is shown that under specific conditions the limiting distribution of $\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^k {u_i z_i } $ will be a uniform distribution on the unit disk where $z_1 , \cdots ,z_k $ are increasingly dense points on the unit circle and ${\bf u} = (u_1 , \cdots ,u_k )$ has a Dirichlet distribution. More general circularly symmetric distributions are also obtained as such limits. This is motivated by a new representation of starlike functions as expectations over the unit disk. A new kind of characteristic function and its convergence theorem are used.
Grounding of Circuits on Self-Propelled Vehicles

SOME years ago a prominent member of a group of engineers, who at that time called themselves “efficiency” engineers, had for a pet slogan the expression “whatever is, is wrong.” For the present purpose any objections to this saying from the standpoint of syntax will be passed by but it has been observed that methods and procedures that for years have been refined in the crucible of practice usually have survived because they do have merit. Nevertheless the field of technology is anything but a quiescent one and it is desirable, therefore, that long existing methods, procedures, and standards be subject to constant scrutiny in the light of new developments.
The search for mechanisms of change in behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders: a commentary.

Background: Definitive results from efforts to identify mechanisms of change in behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders have been elusive. The working hypothesis guiding this paper is that one of the reasons for this elusiveness is that the models we hypothesize to account for treatments effectiveness are unnecessarily restricted and too simple. Methods: This paper aims to accomplish 3 things. First, a typography for locating potential mediators of change will be presented. In the course of doing so, a nomenclature will be proposed with the hope that this will facilitate communications among alcohol treatment researchers studying mechanisms of change. Second, alternatives to the classic test of mediation of alcohol treatment effects will be considered and one such alternative described. Third, alternative ways of conceptualizing, constructing and analyzing variables to measure mediators will be suggested. Results: It is hoped that this commentary will facilitate research on mechanisms of change in behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders. Conclusions: Behavioral change is a complex process, and the models that we develop to account for this process need to reflect this complexity. Advances in statistical approaches for testing mediation, along with a better understanding as to how to use these tools should help in moving toward this goal.
Effects of daily consumption of one or varied peanut flavors on acceptance and intake

Abstract To realize the health benefits associated with peanut consumption, it is important that they remain acceptable with regular intake. Peanuts are marketed with various flavorings so that consumers will not become fatigued by frequent consumption of any single flavor. This study sought to determine whether liking of peanuts or compliance to a peanut feeding intervention would differ based on receiving an individual flavor or a variety of flavors. Participants (n = 151) were directed to consume 42 g peanuts/d for 12 weeks as 14-g servings of 3 different flavors (n = 50) or a single flavor (n = 25–26/group). The trial was randomized, with a parallel-group design. Neither the peanut flavor consumed nor the presence of variety had an impact on liking of the peanuts or compliance with the study protocol (p > 0.05). Men had significantly greater compliance and liking ratings than women (p clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01886326.
DNA Methylation Down-regulates CDX1 Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract CDX1 is a homeobox protein that inhibits proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and regulates intestine-specific genes involved in differentiation. CDX1 expression is developmentally and spatially regulated, and its expression is aberrantly down-regulated in colorectal cancers and colon cancer-derived cell lines. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of CDX1 gene expression. In this study, we characterized the CDX1 gene structure and identified that its gene promoter contained a typical CpG island with a CpG observed/expected ratio of 0.80, suggesting that the CDX1 gene is a target of aberrant methylation. Alterations of DNA methylation in the CDX1gene promoter were investigated in a series of colorectal cancer cell lines. Combined BisulfiteRestriction Analysis (COBRA) and bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that the CDX1 promoter is methylated in CDX1 non-expressing colorectal cancer cell lines but not in human normal colon tissue and T84 cells, which express CDX1. Treatment with 5′-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induced CDX1 expression in the colorectal cancer cell lines. Furthermore, de novo methylation was determined by establishing stably transfected clones of theCDX1 promoter in SW480 cells and demethylation by 5-azaC-activated reporter gene expression. These results indicate that aberrant methylation of the CpG island in the CDX1 promoter is one of the mechanisms that mediate CDX1 down-regulation in colorectal cancer cell lines.
Iterative methods for nonsymmetric systems in DAEs and stiff ODEs codes

Abstract Past research demonstrated that the Newton method coupled with Krylov subspace iterative methods is more efficient than the Newton method coupled with Gaussian elimination when used to solve the corrector equation in stiff systems of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)-with large and sparse Jacobian. Some Krylov subspace methods have been incorporated in the mathematical software codes (such as LSODE), which solve numerical stiff systems of ODEs. In this article we review the past results on this topic and three iterative methods for solving nonsymmetric linear systems of equations. We then incorporate these iterative methods in DASSL, which is a program for numerical integration of systems of stiff ODEs and Differential-Algebraic Equations (DAEs). We present numerical tests (with systems of stiff ODEs) and timing comparisons on the CRAY-2 supercomputer.
Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Sexual Fantasies, Psychological Adjustment, and Close Relationship Functioning

SUMMARY This study focused on the impact of relationship functioning, relationship satisfaction, psychological adjustment, and the thematic content of sexual fantasies endorsed by lesbian and bisexual couples during masturbation and sexual relations. The sample consisted of 129 women (85 lesbian, 44 bisexual) who were part of a same-sex couple (average relationship duration of 5–10 years). Participants (94% The authors would like to acknowledge Wendy E. Stock, PhD, of Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay Campus, who provided assistance during the preliminary phases of this research endeavor. Portions of this data set have been presented at the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Western Region Meeting as well as the American Psychological Association Convention. Euro-Americans) were recruited through advertisements placed in national gay and lesbian periodicals. Relationship functioning significantly predicted the thematic content of sexual fantasies. However, psychological adjust...
Unemployment, suicide and homicide in metropolitan areas.

Suicide and homicide rates were not associated with male unemployment rates over 23 metropolitan areas in the USA in 1975.