cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of late adolescent delinquency: The protective role of after-school activities in low-income families

abstract Article history:Received 10 December 2010Received in revised form 7 March 2011Accepted 9 March 2011Available online 13 March 2011Keywords:DelinquencyMaternal employmentWelfareAfter-school activitiesThree-City Study Research suggests an important link between maternal welfare and employment, lack of after-school care,and a child's propensity to engage in increased levels of delinquency. Indeed, with welfare reform, manydisadvantaged families, typically single-mother households, face increased pressures to move off of welfareand into employment or risk losing their beneﬁts, which decreases the mother's ability to provide adequateafter-school care and supervision. Using longitudinal data from Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-CityStudy,thisstudyassessedhowchangesinmaternalwelfareandemploymentstatus,aswellasparticipationinafter-school activities inﬂuence rates of adolescents' delinquency 4 years later. Results show that early andincreased participation in after-school activities served as a protective factor against late adolescentdelinquency during a mother's transition off of welfare. Youth who increased their after-school activityparticipation from early to late adolescence had lower rates of delinquency at wave 3. Policy implications arediscussed.© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of Sugar-Treated Foods on Preference and Nitrogen Fixation in Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Information on feeding by subterranean termites is important because of their status as major pests in urban areas and their roles in forest nutrient cycles, in which they degrade wood litter and fix nitrogen. We examined the response of the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to sugar solutions of glucose, xylose, and sucrose in laboratory experiments. Termites consumed more filter paper treated with 1 or 3% (wt:vol) sugar solutions than water-treated paper in choice tests. No-choice diets of sugar-treated filter paper had little effect on termite survivorship, live or dry biomass, or rates of nitrogen fixation.
Credentialing and Peer Review

The landmark case of Darling v Charleston Community Memorial Hospital established the principle that a hospital may be held liable for a patient injured by a staff physician, based on the theory that the hospital should have known of the physician’s poor performance or incompetence but failed to investigate or take reasonable corrective actions.1 No longer able to deny responsibility for acts and omissions of its staff physicians, hospitals developed tighter procedures for credentialing the medical staff to maintain quality patient care. In this ongoing process, each physician’s training, skill, experience, and clinical competence are evaluated to ensure that the privileges granted match the level of expertise. All new applicants for privileges (or additional privileges), as well as physicians returning to practice after a significant absence, usually require proctoring. This is designed to ensure that the physician is competent to perform the procedure(s) for which privileges are requested. To encourage more aggressive peer review by medical staffs, many states have enacted immunity statutes to protect hospital peer review committees as long as they provide due process to the affected physician.2 Federal law related to Medicare and Medicaid programs mandate some form of peer review if hospitals are to be compensated for services.3 The Joint Committee on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) also requires that its member hospitals have a credentialing process in place to qualify for accreditation and holds the hospital’s governing board ultimately responsible for peer review by its medical staff.4
Natural Organic Matter Alters Biofilm Tolerance to Silver Nanoparticles and Dissolved Silver

Motivated by the need to understand environmental risks posed by potentially biocidal engineered nanoparticles, the effects of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure on viability in single species Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms were determined via dye staining methods. AgNP dispersions, containing both particles and dissolved silver originating from the particles, negatively impacted biofilm viability in a dose-dependent manner. No silver treatments (up to 100 ppm AgNPs) resulted in 100% biofilm viability loss, even though these same concentrations caused complete viability loss in planktonic culture, suggesting some biofilm tolerance to AgNP toxicity. Colloidally stable AgNP suspensions exhibited greater toxicity to biofilms than corresponding particle-free supernatants containing only dissolved silver released from the particles. This distinct nanoparticle-specific toxicity was not observed for less stable, highly aggregated particles, suggesting that biofilms were protected against nanoparticle aggregat...
Citizen Dickinson: The Intimacies of Print

Although Emily Dickinson wrote over 1700 poems, only ten were circulated in books or periodicals in her lifetime. In addition to the ten poems, a short prose piece by Dickinson, a satirical valenti...
The Czechoslovak Advisory Board for Economic Questions

A characteristic post-war institutional development has been the appearance, under one guise or another, of instrumentalities for the representation of functional or economic interests. There is scarcely a nation in Europe that has not in some fashion taken cognizance of social and economic groups by their recognition through definite legal agencies. Witness the Italian lower house, with representation based upon Fascist corporations; and note the Consiglio Superiore dell' Economia, the German Reichswirtschaftsrat, and the Conseil National Economique of France. These bodies are too well known to warrant comment. Czechoslovakia, however, has an agency for expert economic counsel and guidance that challenges comparison and invites examination. Her Advisory Board for Economic Questions is noteworthy as one of the most carefully contrived of institutions for the representation of interests and classes. This board, together with the bodies just mentioned, demonstrates the working compromises that have been made with parliamentarism in view of the ever-increasing technical complexities of the present day “public-service state.” Functional representation is recognized in varying forms in a large number of countries. The mere extent of this development is significant of the change in attitude that is taking place toward the state. The concept has been acknowledged in word, if not in action, in the constitutions of Yugoslavia, Poland, and Danzig. By decree or statute, the principle has been accepted in Spain, Turkey, Mexico, and Japan. Estonia, Latvia, and Luxembourg must likewise be added. There has been agitation in Norway for an economic council. Plans have been considered toward this end in Greece, Austria, Rumania, and Portugal.
Price Tier Competition: An Inventory of Research Propositions

A recent phenomenon in the frequently purchased consumer goods market is the introduction of store private label brands and the competition they pose to established national brands. Due to the increasing presence of store private label brands and generics, academics, marketing managers, and retailers are interested in understanding the nature of competition between brands belonging to different price tiers. This paper develops a conceptual framework for understanding the nature of price tier competition and derives an inventory of ten research propositions. These propositions are expected to serve as a framework for further academic research and provide guidelines for retailing practice.
[Investigation of a family clustering of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Nanning, Guangxi].

Objective To understand the transmission mode of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Methods Field epidemiological investigation was conducted for a family clustering of human infection with H7N9 virus in Hengxian county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in February 2014. Two patients and their 82 close contacts were surveyed. The samples collected from the patients, environments and poultry were tested by using real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) , and the samples from patients were used for virus isolation. The samples from 5 close contacts were tested with RT-PCR. The clinical data, exposure histories of the patients and the detection results of the isolates and their homology were analyzed. Results Patient A became ill 4 days after her last exposure to poultry in Zhongshan, Guangdong province, and returned to her hometown in Hengxian 2 days after onset. Patient B was patient A' s 5 years old son, who had no known exposure to poultry but slept with patient A for 4 days. He developed symptoms 4 days after last contact with his mother. Two strains of H7N9 virus were isolated from the two patients. The 2 isolates were highly homogenous (almost 100%) indicated by gene sequencing and phylogenetic tree. None of the other 81 close contacts developed symptoms of H7N9 virus infection. Conclusion Patients B was infected through close contact with patient A, indicating that avian H7N9 virus can spread from person to person, but the transmissibility is limited and non-sustainable. Key words: Avian influenza A (H7N9); Cluster; Epidemiology
Human Rights Obligations of Business: Closing the governance gap in the business and human rights arena: lessons from the anti-corruption movement

This chapter addresses the issue of how a treaty focused on corporations and human rights might evolve, through continued advocacy and State practice. It also examines why it is more likely that a series of narrower treaties will emerge, focused on specific ways States might regulate corporations as a means of preventing harm. As a point of comparison, the article examines the anti-corruption movement - which began with a US law prohibiting foreign bribery and led to the 2005 United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC).
Filling in the Gaps: Memory Implications for Inferring Missing Content in Graphic Narratives

Visual narratives, including graphic novels, illustrated instructions, and picture books, convey event sequences constituting a plot but cannot depict all events that make up the plot. Viewers must generate inferences that fill the gaps between explicitly shown images. This study explored the inferential products and memory implications of processing gaps in visual narratives. Participants viewed picture-stories containing event sequences comprised of beginning, bridging, and end states and the presence of these event state panels was systematically manipulated. The pattern of processing times after omitted event panels suggests that participants inferred missing beginning and bridging states but not missing end states. In a recognition test including both seen and unseen event panels, participants' memories were most accurate for end state events. The results suggest that generating inferences distorts memory for explicit content, particularly content that has a high semantic overlap with potentially con...
Free Surface Shear Flow Over a Wavy Bed

An analytical treatment of free surface shear flow over a wavy bed of regular sinusoidal form is developed from the one-dimensional energy equation. The effects of curvilinearity on the velocity and piezometric heads are examined in some detail. The equation is expanded into a series in dimensionless terms to obtain a systematic ordering of the magnitudes of the various terms and associated physical quantities. The third-order equation is linearized and solved to obtain expressions for the phase shift between and amplitude ratio of the bed waves and depth variations. The second-order nonlinear equation is solved numerically for a particular flow, and the profiles are presented graphically. The various flow configurations predicted by the linearized and the nonlinear formulations are discussed in some detail and the occurrence of a bi-stable flow of moderate and high Froude numbers is explained.
Exogenous Hormone Use: Oral Contraceptives, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy, and Health Outcomes in the Nurses' Health Study.

Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) to our understanding of the complex relationship between exogenous hormones and health outcomes in women.Methods. We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II from 1976 to 2016.Results. Oral contraceptive and postmenopausal hormone use were studied in relation to major health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Current or recent oral contraceptive use is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (mainly among smokers), melanoma, and breast cancer, and a lower risk of colorectal and ovarian cancer. Although hormone therapy is not indicated primarily for chronic disease prevention, findings from the NHS and a recent analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative indicate that younger women who are closer to menopause onset have a more favorable risk–benefit profile than do older women from use of hormone therapy for relief of vasomotor symptoms.Conclusions. With updated informati...
Markov Properties and Discrete-Time Chains

Extended Markov property, transition kernels, finite-dimensional distributions, Chapman–Kolmogorov relation, existence, invariance and independence, random dynamical systems, iterated optional times, strong Markov property, space and time homogeneity, stationarity and invariance, strong homogeneity, occupation times, recurrence, periodicity, excursions, irreducible chains, convergence dichotomy, mean recurrence times, absorption.
Isotopic Lessons in a Beer Bottle

As a laboratory exercise for a course entitled “Isotope Tracers in the Environment,” we brewed beer with fermentable sugar sources that were from both C-3 and C-4 plants and thus had distinct δ13C values (−25.6‰ and −9.8‰ respectively). We measured the δ13C value of CO2 produced throughout the course of beer fermentation and observed a 6.8‰ decrease in the δ13C of the CO2 after about 30 hours. This δ13C change is due to exhaustion of the easily fermentable carbohydrates in the corn sugar starting material (glucose) and the later dominance of fermentation of the less easily metabolized sugars maltose and maltotriose found in malted barley extract. Students were instructed to write a “research paper” with this data set. This laboratory introduced students to techniques and concepts used in stable-isotope biogeochemistry.
Netrin-1 and Its Receptors Unc5b and DCC May be Useful Targets for Preventing Multiple Myeloma Bone Lesions

Purpose: Multiple Myeloma is a hematologic malignancy that involves the malignant proliferation of plasma cells. This type of malignancy is particularly trophic to bone where it induces osteoclastic destruction of bone. We have recently demonstrated that osteoclast differentiation is dependent upon the autocrine/paracrine expression of the laminin-like matrix protein and chemorepulsant netrin1 and binding of netrin1 to the receptor unc5b. We therefore asked whether targeting netrin1 and its receptors unc5b and DCC could regulate myeloma spread in a murine model of myeloma. Methods : 10 6 5TGM1-GFP myeloma cells (GFP expressing) were inoculated through the tail vein in 9 week old female C57Bl/KaLwRijHsd mice. Two weeks after inoculation animals were injected with monoclonal antibodies against Netrin-1, Unc5b and DCC weekly for 4 weeks (n=each). IVIS was performed for in vivo localization of myeloma bone lesions at the end of the experiment. Bone mineral density was measured by DEXA scanner and vertebrae and long bones were collected and prepare for microCT and histology analysis. Results: IVIS imaging revealed a marked decrease in bone lesions in the anti-Netrin-1 and anti-Unc5b treated groups (n=6 and 9 mice respectively) when compared to control mice (n=6), whereas treatment results with anti-DCC antibody were more heterogeneous (n=7). There was an increase in total bone mineral density in anti-Unc5b and anti-DCC treated mice (0.63±0.09 g/cm 3 and 0.8±0.09 g/cm 3 respectively vs. 0.42±0.02 g/cm 3 , p Conclusions: Netrin-1 and Unc5b treatment decreases osteoclast formation in a murine model of myeloma and decreases myeloma bone lesions. Targeting Netrin-1 or its receptor Unc5b may be a novel therapeutic approach for multiple myeloma. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Short Run, Capital, and Capacity Utilization

One of the first issues that arises when attempting to disentangle the determinants of productivity growth is distinguishing between short and long run costs. This in turn raises other capital-related questions, particularly about capacity utilization and its representation.
Standardized infotainment software platform

Microsoft’s “MS Auto” is one of the open, standardized software platforms in the automotive infotainment sector that are currently under discussion. The software manufacturer describes how modular the basic software is and how flexibly it can be developed with OEMs and suppli- ers to meet specific customer requirements. The first of many service applications is scheduled to go to market this month: with “Live Search for Devices”, the user is able to access current information on so-called points of interest (POIs) live in the vehicle.
Commands for testing conditional moment inequalities and equalities

In this article, we present two commands (cmi_test and cmi_interval) to implement the testing and inference methods for conditional moment inequality or equality models proposed in Andrews and Shi (2013, Econometrica 81: 609–666). The cmi test command tests the validity of a finite number of conditional moment equalities or inequalities. This test returns the value of the test statistic, the critical values at significance levels 1%, 5%, and 10%, and the p-value. The cmi_interval command returns the confidence interval for a one-dimensional parameter defined by intersection bounds. We obtain this confidence interval by inverting cmi_test. All procedures implemented are uniformly asymptotically valid under appropriate conditions (specified in Andrews and Shi [2013])
Decomposing cubes into smaller cubes

We explore the decomposition of n-dimensional cubes into smaller n-dimensional cubes. Let c(n) be the smallest integer such that if $$k\ge c(n)$$ then there is a decomposition of the n-dimensional cube into k smaller n-dimensional cubes. We prove that $$c(n)\ge 2^{n+1}-1$$ for $$n\ge 3$$ , improving on Hadwiger’s result that $$c(n)\ge 2^n+2^{n-1}$$ . We also show $$c(n)\le e^2n^n$$ if $$n+1$$ is not prime and $$c(n)\le 1.8n^{n+1}$$ if $$n+1$$ is prime, improving on upper bounds proven by Erdos, Hudelson, and Meier.
Meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and adverse events of biologics and thiopurines for Crohn's Disease after surgery for ulcerative colitis.

Abstract Background Long-term inflammatory complications of IPAA include Crohn’s Disease (CD) or “CD-like” (CDL) condition. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) with or without immunomodulator (IM) therapy in this group of patients. Methods Literature databases were searched from inception to October 4, 2017. Further searches using references from papers of interest were conducted and, abstracts from major GI conferences were searched. The primary endpoint was: complete clinical response in the two arms. Results Out of 9 identified studies 4 were included for quantitative analysis. 48% (84/175) were female and mean age was 30.7 years. There was no significant difference in complete clinical response rates, RR 0.58 (95%CI 0.13–2.54, p = 0.5) or partial clinical response rates of RR 0.98 (95%CI 0.52–1.83, p = 0.94). All patients achieved endoscopic and deep remission in the only study reporting these outcomes comparatively in the two arms. There was a trend towards higher risk of major [RR 3.89, (95%C 0.92–16.45 p = 0.09)], and minor adverse events [RR 3.07 (95%CI 0.7–13.52 p = 0.28)] when using anti-TNF therapy compared to anti-TNF with IM. Conclusion We found no difference in outcomes with anti-TNF monotherapy compared to concurrent anti-TNF therapy with IM. Additional studies are needed to define the optimal therapy for CD after IPAA.
Games as Technological Entry Point: A Case Study of Uzbekistan.

This paper considers cross-cultural patterns of game-playing activities. The paper is part of an overall argument regarding computer games as a possible technological entry point for novice users. In particular, increasing use of games in educational settings has drawn attention to the fact that computer games can be a way for young people to gain an initial exposure to computer technology. The paper discusses game-playing patterns in the US and South Korea in order to demonstrate that such patterns vary based on country. The paper then considers survey work conducted in March 2003 in Uzbekistan that presents a snapshot of game-playing activity in a country that is in early stages of computer technology adoption. This paper is part of a larger study that seeks to argue that game-playing, if fostered correctly, can serve as an effective point of entry to computer technology for youth in developing countries and in areas where computer penetration is relatively low.
Developmental Physiology-Overview

Urinary excretion is an essential aspect of body homeostasis and therefore appears at an early stage of fetal development. In the primitive lower urinary tract, storage and elimination of urine are presumably mediated by nonneural mechanisms; however at later stages of fetal and postnatal life these mechanisms are regulated by neural pathways that trigger involuntary or reflex voiding. As the nervous system matures during the postnatal period reflex voiding is eventually subject to voluntary control which originates in higher centers in the brain (1). Thus, the functions of the lower urinary tract can be grouped according increasing levels of complexity from the most primitive which are intrinsic to the target organs to the most complicated which require the participation of the cerebral cortex.
Variability in the Contour of Cadaveric Anterior and Posterior Glenoids Based on Ipsilateral 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Reconstructions: Implications for Clinical Estimation of Bone Loss.

Purpose To compare differences in the contour of the anterior and posterior glenoid in 3-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions as a reason for variability in estimating glenoid bone loss. Methods Three reviewers digitally placed 11 points (1 at 6 o'clock, 5 from 3 to 6 o'clock, and 5 from 6 to 9 o'clock) along the inferior half of glenoid 3-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions of 32 cadaveric specimens. A best-fit circle for the whole glenoid was determined from all 11 points. The anterior 6 points determined an anterior-based circle, as for estimation of posterior bone loss. The posterior 6 points determined a posterior-based circle, as for estimation of anterior bone loss. The area and radii were determined for all circles. Individual intraclass correlations were used to evaluate reliability. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare areas and radii of the anterior and posterior circles relative to the best-fit glenoid circle. Significance was defined as P Results There was good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for the overall best-fit circle (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-0.99]), anterior circle (ICC = 0.82 [95% CI, 0.71-0.90]), and posterior circle (ICC = 0.78 [95% CI, 0.65-0.88]). The average area of the posterior-based circle was significantly greater than the area of the best-fit circle for the intact glenoid (111% [95% CI, 104.3%-117.7%]; P = .0016). The average radius of the posterior-based circle was significantly larger than the radius of the intact glenoid (105% [95% CI, 101.7%-108.3%]; P = .0042). There were no significant differences between the average area (96% [95% CI, 89.0%-103.0%]; P = .16) and average radius (97% [95% CI, 93.5%-100.5%]; P = .19) for the anterior-based circle relative to the actual whole glenoid. Conclusions Estimation of anterior glenoid bone loss based on the normal posterior glenoid rim may overestimate glenoid bone loss because of differences in the contour of the anterior and posterior glenoid, whereas estimations of posterior glenoid bone loss based on the anterior rim did not differ significantly from the intact glenoid. Clinical Relevance A circle based on the remaining intact portion of the injured glenoid may lead to an inaccurate estimate of glenoid bone loss.
Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by fine particle concentrations in New York state: Before, during, and after implementation of multiple environmental policies and a recession.

Abstract Background Previous studies reported triggering of acute cardiovascular events by short-term increasedPM2.5 concentrations. From 2007 to 2013, national and New York state air quality policies and economic influences resulted in reduced concentrations of PM2.5 and other pollutants across the state. We estimated the rate of cardiovascular hospital admissions associated with increased PM2.5 concentrations in the previous 1–7 days, and evaluated whether they differed before (2005–2007), during (2008–2013), and after these concentration changes (2014–2016). Methods Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database, we retained all hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of nine cardiovascular disease (CVD) subtypes, for residents living within 15 miles of PM2.5 monitoring sites in Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Queens, Bronx, and Manhattan from 2005 to 2016 (N = 1,922,918). We used a case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression to estimate the admission rate for total CVD, and nine specific subtypes, associated with increased PM2.5 concentrations. Results Interquartile range (IQR) increases in PM2.5 on the same and previous 6 days were associated with 0.6%–1.2% increases in CVD admission rate (2005–2016). There were similar patterns for cardiac arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and myocardial infarction (MI). Ambient PM2.5 concentrations and annual total CVD admission rates decreased across the period. However, the excess rate of IHD admissions associated with each IQR increase in PM2.5 in previous 2 days was larger in the after period (2.8%; 95%CI = 1.5%–4.0%) than in the during (0.6%; 95%CI = 0.0%–1.2%) or before periods (0.8%; 95%CI = 0.2%–1.3%), with similar patterns for total CVD and MI, but not other subtypes. Conclusions While pollutant concentrations and CVD admission rates decreased after emission changes, the same PM2.5 mass was associated with a higher rate of ischemic heart disease events. Future work should confirm these findings in another population, and investigate whether specific PM components and/or sources trigger IHD events.
Amahuaca ergative as agreement with multiple heads

The mechanisms underlying ergative case assignment have long been debated, with inherent and dependent theories of ergative case emerging as two of the most prominent views. This paper presents novel data from the Panoan language Amahuaca, in which ergative case is sensitive to the position of the transitive subject. The interaction of movement and morphological case assignment in Amahuaca cannot easily be captured by current inherent or dependent case theories. Instead, I argue that a view of ergative case as exponing agreement with multiple functional heads (specifically v and T) is able to account for the Amahuaca data, while incorporating key insights from both inherent and dependent case theories of ergativity. I further demonstrate that this approach that takes case to be the exponence of multiple features is able to be extended to account for elements of the language’s case-sensitive switch-reference system as well as its focus-sensitive nominative marking. The Amahuaca data thus suggest that ergative case can be viewed as a feature bundle, rather than a single case feature, and that morphological ergative marking arises as the exponence of structural relationships between multiple heads and a nominal.
Dielectric Properties of Low-Loss Polymers for mmW and THz Applications

We present a systematic characterization of dielectric permittivity of 6 commonly used, low-loss polymers namely polystyrene, parylene, polyimide, SLA resin, SU-8, and SUEX for the 100-GHz to 2-THz bands using transmission mode time domain spectroscopy. The dielectric constant and loss tangent for each polymer was systematically recorded using the commercially available TeraView TPS-3000 system and an analytical multilayered media transmission model is used to extract sample permittivity and loss through curve fitting the measured data. Among the studied polymers, polystyrene exhibits the lowest material loss with a loss tangent less than 0.0069 up to 100 GHz to 2 THz. Also, effects of lithographic processing on permittivity and loss for commonly used epoxy-based photoresists SU-8 and SUEX are documented and compared. We show that the dielectric properties of dry film SUEX is comparable with those of SU-8. As such, SUEX is an easy-to-process alternative to commonly used SU-8 for mmW and THz frequency applications.
Examining the Validity, Reliability, and Measurement Invariance of the Social Support for Exercise Scale Among Spanish- and English-Language Hispanics:

The Social Support for Exercise Subscales are commonly used among Hispanic populations. The aims of this study were to test the validity and reliability of the Spanish-language version of the Social Support for Exercise Subscales, and test the invariance of the Spanish- and English-language versions. Data were from a subsample of Hispanic adults in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (n=1,447). A series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were used to assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish-language version of the subscales. A multi group CFA approach was used to test measurement invariance. Results indicated the Spanish-language versions of family and friend support subscales had good validity and reliability (RMSEA 0.95, TLI>0.94, and SRMR<0.05). There was also evidence of measurement invariance between the Spanish- and English-language versions. These findings indicate the Spanish-language family and friend support subscales are valid and can be compared between Spanish- and English-language Hispanic respondents.
Perioperative Pain Management Protocols for Robotic-Assisted Knee and Hip Arthroplasty

There have been significant advances in perioperative pain management in total and partial joint arthroplasty focused on multimodal pain control regimens. The primary goal of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and partial knee arthroplasty (PKA) is to alleviate pain to maximize functionality and improve quality of life. However, surgery is associated with significant short-term pain. Failure to control postoperative pain results in decreased patient satisfaction, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. This chapter will review recent developments in perioperative pain management for hip and knee replacement including medications, preemptive analgesia, regional anesthesia, intra-articular injections, and postoperative protocols. In most circumstances, there are no significant alterations in perioperative pain management protocols, whether or not robotic assistance is utilized.
Segmentation Analysis and Results Overview

In this chapter, I briefly discuss the purposes of segmentation analysis, and describe my methods and data. I provide an overview of the results, and discuss details of each type in the rest of this section.
Enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake along the rapidly changing West Antarctic Peninsula

The global ocean is an important sink for anthropogenic CO2 (ref. 1). Nearly half of the oceanic CO2 uptake occurs in the Southern Ocean2. Although the role of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink in the global carbon cycle is recognized, there are uncertainties regarding its contemporary trend3,4, with a need for improved mechanistic understanding, especially in productive Antarctic coastal regions experiencing substantial changes in temperature and sea ice5. Here, we demonstrate strong coupling between summer upper ocean stability, phytoplankton dynamics and oceanic CO2 uptake along the rapidly changing West Antarctic Peninsula using a 25-year dataset (1993–2017). Greater upper ocean stability drives enhanced biological production and biological dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown, resulting in greater oceanic CO2 uptake. Diatoms achieve higher biomass, oceanic CO2 uptake and uptake efficiency than other phytoplankton. Over the past 25 years, changes in sea ice dynamics have driven an increase in upper ocean stability, phytoplankton biomass and biological dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown, resulting in a nearly fivefold increase in summer oceanic CO2 uptake. We hypothesize that continued warming and declines in sea ice will lead to a decrease in biological dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown, negatively impacting summer oceanic CO2 uptake. These results from the West Antarctic Peninsula provide a framework to understand how oceanic CO2 uptake in other Antarctic coastal regions may be altered due to climate change. Along the West Antarctic Peninsula, a 25-year dataset indicates that oceanic CO2 uptake depends on upper ocean stability and phytoplankton dynamics. Diatoms achieve high oceanic CO2 uptake and uptake efficiency. There has been a nearly fivefold increase in oceanic CO2 uptake due to sea ice changes.
Stochastic isogeometric analysis in linear elasticity

Abstract A new stochastic method, integrating spline dimensional decomposition (SDD) and isogeometric analysis (IGA), is proposed for solving stochastic boundary-value problems from linear elasticity. The method, referred to as SDD–IGA, involves Galerkin isogeometric analysis as a deterministic solver for governing partial differential equations and a novel Fourier-like orthogonal spline expansion generated from the analysis-of-variance decomposition of a high-dimensional function. For the stochastic part of the SDD–IGA method, an innovative dimension-reduction integration technique is presented for efficiently calculating the expansion coefficients. Analytical formulae have been derived to calculate the second-moment properties of an SDD–IGA approximation for a general output random variable of interest. Numerical examples demonstrate the capability of a low-order SDD–IGA in efficiently delivering probabilistic solutions with an approximation quality as good as, if not better than, that obtained from a high-order polynomial dimensional decomposition. The proposed SDD–IGA method is most suitable in the presence of locally nonlinear or nonsmooth behavior commonly found in applications.
University of Kentucky measurements of wind, temperature,pressure and humidity in support of LAPSE-RATE using multi-sitefixed-wing and rotorcraft UAS

Abstract. In July 2018, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were deployed to measure the properties of lower atmosphere within the San Luis Valley, an elevated valley in Colorado, USA as part of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). Measurement objectives included detailing boundary-layer transition, canyon cold-air drainage, and convection initiation within the valley. Details of the contribution to LAPSE-RATE made by University of Kentucky are provided here, which include measurements by seven different fixed-wing and rotorcraft UAS totaling over 178 flights with validated data. The data from these coordinated UAS flights consist of thermodynamic and kinematic variables (air temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction) and include vertical profiles up to 900 m above the ground level and horizontal transects up to 1500 m in length. These measurements have been quality controlled and are openly available in the Zenodo LAPSE-RATE community data repository ( https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/ ), with the University of Kentucky data available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3701845 (Bailey et al., 2020).
INTRACELLULAR CHLORIDE ACTIVITY IN CAT VENTRICULAR MUSCLE

Publisher Summary Nonpassive distribution of chloride could have important physiological implications. This chapter reviews the state of intracellular chloride in resting mammalian ventricular muscle cells. It describes an experiment in which papillary muscles isolated from the ventricles of young cats were used for this study. The preparations were placed in a tissue bath where they were left unstimulated while being superfused with Tyrode's solution at a constant temperature, either 25°C or 37°C. The experiment demonstrated that intracellular chloride activity in quiescent cat papillary muscle is greater than expected even after the upper limit of intracellular interference is subtracted from the measured value. Thus, chloride appears to enter these cells against its electrochemical gradient. The results of the study indicate that a significant component of chloride movement into the cat ventricular muscle cells occurs against an electrochemical gradient. The mechanism of the process is unclear. The results provide base line data for further studies of the problem of chloride distribution in heart muscle.
Near-Term Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 in the United States Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness: A Modelling Study

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will likely disproportionat
Patient Tolerability With Office Transperineal Biopsy Using a Reusable Needle Guide.

Objective Transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy is associated with a 1%-5% risk of severe sepsis, despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of transperineal (TP) prostate biopsy in the outpatient setting under local anesthetic (LA). We demonstrate the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of our technique for performing TP biopsy under LA in the clinic setting using a reusable needle guide. Methods A biplanar ultrasound probe with an attached adjustable, reusable needle guide was evaluated for transperineal biopsy. A 17 gauge x 10 cm coaxial needle is attached to the needle guide. The skin is infiltrated, bilaterally, approximately 2 cm anterolateral to the anal verge with 1% lidocaine using a 25 gauge needle. A deeper prostatic block is then performed using a 20 gauge spinal needle. Administration of the anesthetic is delivered to the musculature of the pelvic floor, superficial-to-deep. Prostate samples are obtained using an 18 gauge x 25cm biopsy gun. All biopsies on a side can be obtained utilizing a single perineal skin puncture site. Patients who underwent office TP biopsy after May 2019 also completed a 10-item patient experience questionnaire regarding pain or discomfort experienced during the procedure. Results In 2019, a total of 74 patients underwent office TP prostate biopsy under local anesthesia using a reusable needle guide, while 564 underwent office TRUS biopsy. Prostate biopsy was positive for malignancy in 58.1% of TP patients vs 57.6% in TRUS patients (P = .93). TP biopsy had a lower utilization of prophylactic antibiotics compared to TRUS biopsy: 33.8% vs 99.5% (P Conclusion We demonstrate that office TP biopsy under LA with a reusable needle guide can be safely introduced with equivalent cancer detection rates whilst nearly eliminating the risk of urinary sepsis. This was achieved while also significantly reducing the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The procedure was well tolerated, with the most common complaint being local infiltration of anesthetic. We believe that office TP biopsy under LA can be performed with good patient tolerability, as almost 94% of patients were willing to undergo the procedure again. There is also the potential for reduction in overall cost with the use of a reusable needle guide.
Assessing Online Library Guide Use and Open Educational Resource (OER) Potential: An Evidence-Based Decision-Making Approach

This research aims to measure the impact of an online guide on user learning experience and to gather evidence for staffing allocations and for conversion of the guide to an open educational resour...
Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices in Managing Obesity Among Endocrinologists.

Abstract Objective Obesity is globally recognized as a critically important disease by professional medical organizations in addition to the World Health Organization and American Medical Association, but the health care systems, medical teams, and the public have been slow to embrace this concept. Methods American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) staff drafted the survey, and two endocrinologists independently reviewed the survey questions and modified the survey instrument. The survey included inquiries related to practice and patient demographics, awareness of obesity, treatment of obesity, barriers to improving obesity outcomes, digital health, cognitive behavioral therapy, lifestyle medicine, anti-obesity medications, weight stigma, and social determinants of health. The survey was emailed to 493 endocrinologists, with 305 completing the study (62%). Results Ninety-eight percent of the responders agree that obesity is a disease, while 2% neither agree nor disagree. 53% of respondents are familiar with the term "adiposity-based chronic disease." 13% of the respondents are certified by the American Board of Obesity Medicine (ABOM). 57% of the respondents use published obesity guidelines as a resource for treating patients with obesity. Most endocrinologists recommend dietary and lifestyle changes, but fewer prescribe anti-obesity medication (AOM) or recommend bariatric surgery. ABOM-certified endocrinologists are more likely to use a multidisciplinary approach. Conclusion Self-reported knowledge and practices in the management of obesity highlight the importance of a multimodal approach to obesity and foster collaboration among healthcare professionals. It is necessary to raise awareness about obesity among clinicians, identify knowledge gaps and create educational tools to address those gaps.
Clinical Features of Chronic Pancreatitis

The clinical features of chronic relapsing pancreatitis as typified by alcoholic pancreatitis may be identical to acute pancreatitis as typified by biliary tract disease. The reader is referred to Chapter 5 for a full discussion. The relationship of pain to alcohol consumption is variable. Some patients claim no recent alcohol ingestion whatsoever, some have clearly ingested alcohol in an effort to relieve the pain of pancreatitis, and others have clearly consumed alcohol and then experienced an episode of pancreatitis. The time lag may be variable. One interesting pattern that has been observed is the development of pain during the afternoon following an evening of heavy alcohol consumption.1 This prolonged latent period cannot be explained on the basis of the known metabolic and physiologic effects of alcohol. Another interesting observation is that in severe chronic pancreatitis pain may recur after consumption of only modest amounts of alcohol whereas in earlier years considerably more alcohol was required. The explanation for this phenomenon may involve the progressive blockade of pancreatic ductules in severe chronic pancreatitis such that eventually any stimulus of pancreatic secretion, even a relatively weak one such as alcohol, causes pain on the basis of ductal distention.
Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior

Part I. Introduction: 1. Do rules matter? 2. Classifying electoral systems 3. Evaluating electoral systems Part II. The Consequences for Voting Behavior: 4. Party systems 5. Social cleavages 6. Party loyalties 7. Turnout Part III. The Consequences for Political Representation: 8. Women 9. Ethnic minorities 10. Constituency service Part IV. Conclusions: 11. The impact of electoral engineering.
Abstract 19754: Effect of Naturally Random Allocation to Lower LDL-C Mediated by Polymorphisms in NPC1L1, HMGCR or Both on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: a 2x2 Factorial Mendelian Randomization Study

Introduction: Considerable uncertainty exists as to whether lowering LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) by inhibiting the NPC1L1 receptor with ezetimibe, either alone or in combination with an HMGCR inhibitor (statin), will reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Hypothesis: We evaluated the effect of naturally random allocation to lower LDL-C mediated by polymorphisms in the NPC1L1 gene (as a proxy for treatment with ezetimibe), the HMGCR gene (as a proxy for treatment with a statin), or both (as a proxy for combination therapy) on the risk of CHD. Methods: We constructed an HMGCR genetic LDL-C score and an NPC1L1 genetic LDL-C score. We used these genetic scores to naturally randomize participants into one of four groups: reference, lower LDL-C mediated by NPC1L1 polymorphisms, lower LDL-C mediated by HMGCR polymorphisms, or lower LDL-C mediated by the combined effect of polymorphisms in both NPC1L1 and HMGCR. We then compared the risk of CHD (fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction) among each group usi...
A Multiclass Likelihood Ratio Approach for Genetic Risk Prediction Allowing for Phenotypic Heterogeneity

The translation of human genome discoveries into health practice is one of the major challenges in the coming decades. The use of emerging genetic knowledge for early disease prediction, prevention, and pharmacogenetics will advance genome medicine and lead to more effective prevention/treatment strategies. For this reason, studies to assess the combined role of genetic and environmental discoveries in early disease prediction represent high priority research projects, as manifested in the multiple risk prediction studies now underway. However, the risk prediction models formed to date lack sufficient accuracy for clinical use. Converging evidence suggests that diseases with the same or similar clinical manifestations could have different pathophysiological and etiological processes. When heterogeneous subphenotypes are treated as a single entity, the effect size of predictors can be reduced substantially, leading to a low-accuracy risk prediction model. The use of more refined subphenotypes facilitates the identification of new predictors and leads to improved risk prediction models. To account for the phenotypic heterogeneity, we have developed a multiclass likelihood-ratio approach, which simultaneously determines the optimum number of subphenotype groups and builds a risk prediction model for each group. Simulation results demonstrated that the new approach had more accurate and robust performance than existing approaches under various underlying disease models. The empirical study of type II diabetes (T2D) by using data from the Genes and Environment Initiatives suggested heterogeneous etiology underlying obese and nonobese T2D patients. Considering phenotypic heterogeneity in the analysis leads to improved risk prediction models for both obese and nonobese T2D subjects.
A Graph-Theoretic Approach to Image Database Retrieval

Feature vectors that are used to represent images exist in a very high dimensional space. Usually, a parametric characterization of the distribution of this space is impossible. It is generally assumed that the features are able to locate visually similar images close in the feature space so that non-parametric approaches, like the k-nearest neighbor search, can be used for retrieval. This paper introduces a graph-theoretic approach to image retrieval by formulating the database search as a graph clustering problem to increase the chances of retrieving similar images by not only ensuring that the retrieved images are close to the query image, but also adding another constraint that they should be close to each other in the feature space. Retrieval precision with and without clustering are compared for performance characterization. The average precision after clustering was 0.78, an improvement of 6.85% over the average precision before clustering.