cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated, highly-accurate, bug assignment using machine learning and tossing graphs

Empirical studies indicate that automating the bug assignment process has the potential to significantly reduce software evolution effort and costs. Prior work has used machine learning techniques to automate bug assignment but has employed a narrow band of tools which can be ineffective in large, long-lived software projects. To redress this situation, in this paper we employ a comprehensive set of machine learning tools and a probabilistic graph-based model (bug tossing graphs) that lead to highly-accurate predictions, and lay the foundation for the next generation of machine learning-based bug assignment. Our work is the first to examine the impact of multiple machine learning dimensions (classifiers, attributes, and training history) along with bug tossing graphs on prediction accuracy in bug assignment. We validate our approach on Mozilla and Eclipse, covering 856,259 bug reports and 21 cumulative years of development. We demonstrate that our techniques can achieve up to 86.09% prediction accuracy in bug assignment and significantly reduce tossing path lengths. We show that for our data sets the Naive Bayes classifier coupled with product-component features, tossing graphs and incremental learning performs best. Next, we perform an ablative analysis by unilaterally varying classifiers, features, and learning model to show their relative importance of on bug assignment accuracy. Finally, we propose optimization techniques that achieve high prediction accuracy while reducing training and prediction time.
Non-invasive intravital imaging of cellular differentiation with a bright red-excitable fluorescent protein

Three new red-excitable monomeric fluorescent proteins obtained by structure-guided mutagenesis of mNeptune are described in this work. The authors show the use of one of them, mCardinal, to visualize the differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes in living mice.
Biomechanical evaluation of periprosthetic refractures following distal femur locking plate fixation.

A B S T R A C T Introduction: Distal femur fractures proximal to total knee femoral component constitutes the most prevalent type of periprosthetic fracture, and plate fixation treatment is associated with a 7.7% incidence of refracture proximal to the plate. The primary objective of this study was to compare proximal fixation techniques of a periprosthetic distal femur fracture plate in an osteoporotic bone model. The secondary objective was to determine the subsequent periprosthetic plate fracture pattern and/or complexity associated with each proximal plate fixation configuration. Materials and methods: A segmental defect was created in 21 synthetic osteoporotic adult femurs 6 cm proximal to the distal femur and all specimens were stabilised with a 246 mm locking femur plate. Fixation in the most proximal hole was varied by use of either a cerclage cable, unicortical locking screw, or a bicortical locking screw. Specimens were tested to failure in simultaneous eccentric compression and torsion. Results: Proximal cerclage fixation demonstrated higher mean maximum axial force at failure (4142.67 178.71 N, p < 0.001), stiffness (443.8 61.64 N/mm), and maximum torque (20.9 0.93 N m, p < 0.001). Unicortical and bicortical screw refractures occurred at the screw, cerclage wire refractures occurred at the first proximal screw distal to the cerclage. Conclusions: In periprosthetic distal femur fracture locking plate fixation, proximal hole stabilization with a cerclage wire tolerates significantly higher failure forces while distributing forces distal to the area within the plate fixation. Cerclage wiring may be an option in distal femur periprosthetic fractures to alleviate stress risers in vulnerable bone.
Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis of the Hip

Strength training and aerobic exercise can reduce pain and improve function and health status in patients with hip osteoarthritis and should be recommended for all patients (SOR = C). Acetaminophen is recommended as the first line of pharmacologic therapy in hip osteoarthritis (SOR = C). Additional therapeutic options include intra-articular injections, nutritional supplements and alternative therapies. Current treatment is focused on symptom control; however, disease-modifying agents are currently in development. After all conservative measures are exhausted, pain and function are the primary determinants for surgery (SOR = C).
Prevention and Cure of Prevalent Infections in the Mother and the Newborn

In the global village of the late 20th century, there is no problem we share with more conviction, no priority more universally accepted, than the health and future of the world’s children. For therein lies the health and the future of civilization. We are fortunate in one way. Problems in this area have been reasonably well defined, and their preventability is well established. It is a matter of applying what we know how to do, to what we know is wrong in the areas of maternal and child health in developed and developing nations of the world. It is a matter of emphasis on sanitation, availability of pure water and food, immunization, and health education.
Effect of Dehydration Conditions on the Bulk and Surface Properties of the Resulting Dehydrated Products

This study investigated the effects of dehydration conditions on the surface morphology and melting point of the resulting anhydrous product. The hydrate of thymine, theophylline and cytosine hydrate, were prepared and then dehydrated under various heating temperature conditions. The bulk properties and surface morphology of the hydrate and dehydrated samples were characterized using x-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that although different heating temperatures gave the same solid state of processed samples, they displayed significant impact on the melting point and surface morphology of the samples.
Progressive aphasic syndromes: clinical and theoretical advances.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Knowledge of the neural basis for language and related aspects of cognition has been advanced through detailed studies of patients with primary progressive aphasia. This brief review highlights some recent work. RECENT FINDINGS The impairment of semantic knowledge in patients with semantic dementia appears to influence performance in a wide variety of linguistic and cognitive domains, including morphological agreements such as the irregular past tense. Computational studies modeling the deficits of these patients have advanced interpretations of the impairments in semantic dementia. Imaging analyses have confirmed the presence of temporal atrophy cross-sectionally and longitudinally in these patients. In patients with semantic dementia, it appears that both the left temporal and right temporal regions contribute in different proportions to naming and comprehension, although the nature of the process underlying the consolidation of knowledge in semantic memory continues to be actively debated. In patients with progressive non-fluent aphasia, recent work has emphasized an impairment with verbs. Functional neuroimaging work with progressive non-fluent aphasics, compared directly to non-aphasic patients with frontotemporal dementia, has demonstrated a dissociation for grammatical and working memory aspects of sentence processing within the left frontal cortex. SUMMARY These findings will improve diagnostic accuracy, prognostic ability, and therapeutic potential in patients with progressive aphasia.
How to Build Static Checking Systems Using Orders of Magnitude Less Code

Modern static bug finding tools are complex. They typically consist of hundreds of thousands of lines of code, and most of them are wedded to one language (or even one compiler). This complexity makes the systems hard to understand, hard to debug, and hard to retarget to new languages, thereby dramatically limiting their scope. This paper reduces checking system complexity by addressing a fundamental assumption, the assumption that checkers must depend on a full-blown language specification and compiler front end. Instead, our program checkers are based on drastically incomplete language grammars ("micro-grammars") that describe only portions of a language relevant to a checker. As a result, our implementation is tiny-roughly 2500 lines of code, about two orders of magnitude smaller than a typical system. We hope that this dramatic increase in simplicity will allow people to use more checkers on more systems in more languages. We implement our approach in μchex, a language-agnostic framework for writing static bug checkers. We use it to build micro-grammar based checkers for six languages (C, the C preprocessor, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Dart) and find over 700 errors in real-world projects.
Iron Pyrite Nanocrystal Inks: Solvothermal Synthesis, Digestive Ripening, and Reaction Mechanism

Colloidal iron pyrite nanocrystals (or FeS2 NC inks) are desirable as active materials in lithium ion batteries and photovoltaics and are particularly suitable for large-scale, roll-to-roll deposition or inkjet printing. However, to date, FeS2 NC inks have only been synthesized using the hot-injection technique, which requires air-free conditions and may not be desirable at an industrial scale. Here, we report the synthesis of monodisperse, colloidal, spherical, and phase-pure FeS2 NCs of 5.5 ± 0.3 nm in diameter via a scalable solvothermal method using iron diethyldithiocarbamate as the precursor, combined with a postdigestive ripening process. The phase purity and crystallinity are determined using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, far-infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Through this study, a hypothesis has been verified that solvothermal syntheses can also produce FeS2 NC inks by incorporating three experimental conditions: high solubility of the precursor, effi...
Image segmentation and adaptive superpixel generation based on harmonic edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellation

In this paper, we extend the basic edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellation (EWCVT) for image segmentation to a new advanced model, namely harmonic edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellation (HEWCVT). This extended model introduces a harmonic form of clustering energy by combining the image intensity with cluster boundary information. Improving upon the classic centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT) and EWCVT methods, the HEWCVT algorithm can not only overcome the sensitivity to the seed point initialisation and noise, but also improve the accuracy and stability of clustering results, as verified in several types of images. We then present an adaptive superpixel generation algorithm based on HEWCVT. First, an innovative initial seed sampling method based on quadtree decomposition is introduced, and the image is divided into small adaptive segments according to a density function. Then, the local HEWCVT algorithm is applied to generate adaptive superpixels. The presented algorithm is capable of gene...
Adrenal cortical carcinoma in children: a clinicopathological analysis of 21 cases

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features of adrenal cortical carcinoma(ACC) in children.Methods 21 cases of children ACC were studied by light microscopy,immunohistochemistry and analysis of clinical features. Results The mean age of the 21 patients at diagnosis was 4.9 years(range 1-12 years).77% patients were female and most of them had the functional tumors(86%).The tumors more commonly had a large size,52% more than 300?g in weight.Histologic findings included lack of clear cell,atypical mitotic figures,invasion of venous structures and capsule in 80% patients.Immunohistochemically,the tumor cells were positive for vimentin,Syn and PCNA(21 cases),CK(AE1/AE3)(7 cases) and negative for CEA and EMA. Conclusions Pediatric patients with ACC are more commonly seen in the female.Most of them have the functional tumor.The size of tumors,lack of clear cell,atypical mitosis,vascular and capsule invasion,PCNA and Ki-67 values are predictors for malignant behavior of the tumor.
Necropsy, Blood, Tissue Collection, and mRNA Isolation for Detection of Host Cytokine Gene Expression

Processing of tissue and blood must be done in a systematic and controlled fashion in order to optimize results and allow comparison of samples between experiments and between laboratories. Here we present our protocols for blood and tissue processing.
The Public’s Support for the Parties

In studying parties in a democratic society, there is a need for a clear understanding of the nature of the public’s involvement with, and support of, the party system. This includes attitudinal support as well as behavioral support. Citizen attitudes toward the parties probably condition citizen behavior and thus provide part of the context within which parties must function. Citizens’ feelings toward parties also constitute a final test of the effectiveness of the party system. If citizens do not want to affiliate with the parties or have only a weak commitment to them, or if citizens do not feel that parties are effective institutions and do not want to participate in them, the task of parties in providing linkages between citizens and government may be extremely difficult. On the other hand, where citizens join parties readily and identify with them, the parties’ tasks will be easier. Systems may differ considerably in these respects. Before describing party organizations and what they do, mention should be made of what appears to be the state of the American public’s attitudes toward parties.
Gonadotropin-regulated testicular helicase (GRTH/DDX25): a master post-transcriptional regulator of spermatogenesis.

Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25) is a multifunctional protein that is essential for the completion of spermatogenesis. Male mice lacking GRTH are sterile due to the lack of sperm caused by failure of spermatids to elongate. GRTH is a transport protein and as a component of mRNP particles is involved in gene-specific mRNA export (several spermatogenic genes and also its own message) from nuclear to cytoplasmic sites (i.e., chromatoid bodies–mRNA storage/processing and polyribosomes/translation) during spermatogenesis. GRTH is necessary to maintain the structure and function of the chromatoid body in round spermatids. In polyribosomes, GRTH regulates the translation of mRNAs encoding spermatogenic factors. In addition, GRTH prevents germ cell apoptosis. A missense mutation of the GRTH/DDX25 gene associated with the absence of phosphorylated GRTH cytoplasmic species in 5.8% of infertile patients with azoospermia indicates the relevance of GRTH as a post-transcriptional regulator of spermatogenesis
Genre Emergence and Disappearance in Feminist Histories of Rhetoric

The author invites scholars working in genre studies, feminist historiography, and the history of rhetoric to adopt an archaeological approach to genre, focusing on discarded, ephemeral, and non-dominant genres to investigate relations of power in communities of practice. Arguing that evolutionary metaphors for genre emergence and disappearance have served as terministic screens, deflecting our collective attention away from questions of materiality and power, this chapter outlines the affordances of an archaeological metaphor for genre change, drawing examples from the short-lived genres created by experimental ethnographers in the early 20th century.
Remote live forensics for Android devices

This research focuses on developing a new forensic mechanism to integrate Android devices into existing remote live forensic frameworks. Our mechanism allows incident responders and forensic data analysts to collect detailed usage data from a fleet of mobile devices in a way currently only available on computers. A prototype system named DroidGRR was developed to integrate Android devices into the GRR Rapid Response forensic framework. Analysis of our prototype shows that usage data can be successfully collected from a remote Android device through the GRR framework. Our findings indicate that the proposed solution is attainable and can provide new and rich data to incident responders, corporate IT administrators, and forensic analysts regarding the usage of mobile devices.
Comprehensive Analysis of Tissue-wide Gene Expression and Phenotype Data Reveals Tissues Affected in Rare Genetic Disorders

Summary Linking putatively pathogenic variants to the tissues they affect is necessary for determining the correct diagnostic workup and therapeutic regime in undiagnosed patients. Here, we explored how gene expression across healthy tissues can be used to infer this link. We integrated 6,665 tissue-wide transcriptomes with genetic disorder knowledge bases covering 3,397 diseases. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis using expression levels in each tissue and across tissues indicated significant but modest associations between elevated expression and phenotype for most tissues (maximum area under ROC curve = 0.69). At extreme elevation, associations were marked. Upregulation of disease genes in affected tissues was pronounced for genes associated with autosomal dominant over recessive disorders. Pathways enriched for genes expressed and associated with phenotypes highlighted tissue functionality, including lipid metabolism in spleen and DNA repair in adipose tissue. These results suggest features useful for evaluating the likelihood of particular tissue manifestations in genetic disorders. The web address of an interactive platform integrating these data is provided.
Are there fitness costs of adaptive pyrethroid resistance in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca?

Abstract Pyrethroid-resistant Hyalella azteca with voltage-gated sodium channel mutations have been identified at multiple locations throughout California. In December 2013, H. azteca were collected from Mosher Slough in Stockton, CA, USA, a site with reported pyrethroid (primarily bifenthrin and cyfluthrin) sediment concentrations approximately twice the 10-d LC50 for laboratory-cultured H. azteca. These H. azteca were shipped to Southern Illinois University Carbondale and have been maintained in pyrethroid-free culture since collection. Even after 22 months in culture, resistant animals had approximately 53 times higher tolerance to permethrin than non-resistant laboratory-cultured H. azteca. Resistant animals held in culture also lacked the wild-type allele at the L925 locus, and had non-synonymous substitutions that resulted in either a leucine-isoleucine or leucine-valine substitution. Additionally, animals collected from the same site nearly three years later were again resistant to the pyrethroid permethrin. When resistant animals were compared to non-resistant animals, they showed lower reproductive capacity, lower upper thermal tolerance, and the data suggested greater sensitivity to, 4, 4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), copper (II) sulfate, and sodium chloride. Further testing of the greater heat and sodium chloride sensitivity of the resistant animals showed these effects to be unrelated to clade association. Fitness costs associated with resistance to pyrethroids are well documented in pest species (including mosquitoes, peach-potato aphids, and codling moths) and we believe that H. azteca collected from Mosher Slough also have fitness costs associated with the developed resistance.
The Anatomy of Acoustic Structures in the Spinner Dolphin Forehead as Shown by X-Ray Computed Tomography and Computer Graphics

The dolphin’s unusual skull is characterized by profound displacement and modification of the bones composing the snout and pares, resulting from an evolutionary process referred to as “telescoping” (Miller, 1923). Deep within the forehead and acting as valves in the superior bony nares are two muscled nasal plugs. These both have connective tissue flaps (lips) on their lateral margins that may be involved in sound generation (Evans and Prescott, 1962). Above the nasal plugs the nasal passages empty into a single airway (spiracular cavity) which exits at the blowhole on top of the head. Along this airway are at least six blind-ended air sacs which are presumed to act as nearly perfect reflectors of sound propagated in the tissues of the forehead (Norris, 1964). The fatty melon is an ellipsoid structure anterior to the nasal passages that grades from a tough exterior shell, rich in connective tissue, to a pellucid fatty core.
Approaches to Stabilization of Hydrogenase and Nitrogenase Against Oxygen Inactivation

In the present energy crisis, it is obvious that non-conventional, alternative sources of energy must be explored. Solar energy seems a natural choice. Since green plants and photosynthetic bacteria developed systems to utilize this energy eons ago, it is logical to seek solutions to the energy crisis based on the mechanisms they employ. Thus, an early scheme suggested and demonstrated to be feasible (1) involved a scheme for “artificial” solar energy bioconversion, which consisted of two key elements, plant chloroplasts and bacterial hydrogenase. Under illumination, chloroplasts decompose water to evolve oxygen and generate the reduced electron carrier, ferredoxin. In the subsequent dark reaction, hydrogenase oxidizes reduced ferredoxin to evolve hydrogen. As a result of such a biophotolysis of water H2 gas—an ideal fuel—is produced.
Advances in the Generation of Transgenic Domestic Species via Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Genetically modified animals play a key role in the development of new therapies to treat human disease. To date, most of these models have been generated using rodents such as mice and rats. It was not until the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer that large animals such as swine and cattle could be considered as alternate or complementary models. At present, there are highly efficient technologies to generate a wide range of genetically modified large animals for use in biomedicine and agriculture. These technological advances permit the generation of animals with both gain and loss of function mutations. Moreover, there have been new developments in the field of meganuclease technology, which, combined with SCNT, will further increase the applicability of the technology and result in a wider availability of improved large-animal models of human disease.
Failure and critique in critical security studies

Debates imitates scholarship, which imitates debate. Using perspectives from both my policy debate career and my research career, this article argues that the enterprise of critique, whether in cri...
When Justices Do History: Clarence Thomas in Haywood

Clarence Thomas often finds himself a lone dissenter on the Court. In matters of constitutional interpretation, he consistently opines a return to the intent of the Founding generation. For him, their interpretation embodies the document’s true meaning. But how dedicated is Justice Thomas’s originalist inquiry? Who on the Court keeps him honest about what the Framers really meant? In Haywood v. Drown, Thomas was again alone in the originalist portion of his dissent. I seek to dismantle Thomas’s originalist analysis. In Haywood, Thomas neglects context in the original sources he cites. Many times, this context undermines the very conclusion he hopes to support. Beyond mere unawareness of context, Thomas neglects a broad survey of Founding-era source material, which would have allowed him to better support some conclusions and called others into doubt. I appeal to Thomas to be the Court’s honest originalist. He must acknowledge the limits of what originalism can prove, both on its own terms and in light of the changed circumstances of the modern era.
Informational Foundations for the Macroeconomic Role of Aggregated Accounting Disclosures

I show that, consistent with theory, the volume of business transactions increases during good economic states relative to bad (Veldkamp 2005). As more transactions are aggregated in financial reports, the precision of the macroeconomic signal in aggregated accounting information increases, so that accounting reports contain more precise macroeconomic information during good states of the economy when transaction volume is high than bad states when the volume is low (Van Nieuwerburgh and Veldkamp 2006). Lastly, the macroeconomic information dynamics of aggregate earnings follow economic theory: macro content grows throughout good states as agents become more confident and the information environment improves.
KLF5 is an essential regulator of Myc expression

66 KLF5 is a transcription factor that plays important roles in multiple physical and pathological processes including cell growth, cell cycle regulation and angiogenesis. KLF5 and MYC have similarities in distribution and functions in epithelial cells. Similar to MYC, expression of KLF5 strongly correlates with cell proliferation. In their physiological role, both KLF5 and MYC are broadly expressed during embryogenesis and in adult tissue compartments that possess high proliferative capacity, such as skin epidermis and gut. In addition, both of them up-regulate Cyclin D1 and suppress p15 in epithelial cells. Therefore, we investigated whether and how KLF5 regulates MYC expression. In the HaCaT immortalized epidermal epithelial cell line, we found that KLF5 knockdown reduced the expression of MYC at both RNA and protein levels, which was accompanied by reduced expression of MYC target genes hTERT and CDK4. To identify the binding site(s) of KLF5 on c-myc promoter, three different promoter activity reporter plasmids containing P1 and P2 c-myc promoters were transfected into HaCaT cells, and their activities were dramatically decreased by KLF5 knock down. Through CHIP assay, it was found that KLF5 binds to -108 to +54 bp of the c-myc promoter in vivo. To further identify the exact binding site of KLF5 in this region, TGF-β Inhibitory Element (TIE) GGCTTGGCGGG, which is essential for MYC expression and could be a potential KLF5 binding site as a GC rich element, was mutated to an AT-rich sequence in oligonucleotides or reporter plasmids. Through Oligo pull-down assay, we found that KLF5 bound to wildtype TIE, but the GGCT mutant abolished their interaction. This result suggests that KLF5 binds to GGCT in the TIE to regulate MYC expression. This was confirmed by luciferase activity assay in which the GGCT mutant significantly decreased c-myc promoter activity. Since KLF5 binds to TIE sequence, we further detected the effect of KLF5 on MYC expression in the presence of TGFβ. In HaCaT cells, KLF5 knockdown decreased the inhibitory effect of TGFβ on MYC expression. On the other hand, over-expression of KLF5 in PC3 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells rescued the inhibition of MYC by TGFβ. These results indicate that deletion of KLF5 in prostate and breast cancers may impair the inhibition of MYC expression by TGFβ. Our findings suggest that KLF5 is an essential regulator of MYC expression in epithelial cells.
The Complex Nature of Youth Aggression: Relations Between Cognition, Discrimination, and Peer Perceptions of Bullying Involvement:

Youth victimization and aggression are common in adolescents’ everday lives. This study examines relations between youth cognition and reasoning around bullying and possible responses to bullying, ...
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Care Continuum Outcomes and HCV Community Viral Loads Among Patients in an Opioid Treatment Program.

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains endemic among people who use drugs (PWUD). Measures of HCV community viral load (CVL) and HCV care continuum outcomes may be valuable for ascertaining unmet treatment need and for HCV surveillance and control. Methods Data from patients in an opioid treatment program during 2013-2016 were used to (1) identify proportions of antibody and viral load (VL) tested, linked-to-care, and treated, in 2013-2014 and 2015-2016, and pre- and postimplementation of qualitative reflex VL testing; (2) calculate engaged-in-care HCV CVL and "documented" and "estimated" unmet treatment need; and (3) examine factors associated with linkage-to-HCV-care. Results Among 11 267 patients, proportions of HCV antibody tested (52.5% in 2013-2014 vs 73.3% in 2015-2016), linked-to-HCV-care (15.7% vs 51.8%), and treated (12.0% vs 44.7%) all increased significantly. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with less linkage-to-care, and Manhattan residence was associated with improved linkage-to-care. The overall engaged-in-care HCV CVL was 4 351 079 copies/mL (standard deviation = 7 149 888); local HCV CVLs varied by subgroup and geography. Documented and estimated unmet treatment need decreased but remained high. Conclusions After qualitative reflex VL testing was implemented, care continuum outcomes improved, but gaps remained. High rates of unmet treatment need suggest that control of the HCV epidemic among PWUD will require expansion of HCV treatment coverage.
Modal Analysis of Acoustic Directivity in Turbulent Jets

The directivity of noise from three large-eddy simulations of turbulent jets at Mach 0.7, 0.9, and 1.5 is investigated using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD). The most energetic patt...
Does Experience Matter? Understanding the Changes of Consumers’ Evaluation After Using an Online Apparel Mass Customization System

By conducting an experiment, this research investigated consumers’ evaluation before and after using an Online Apparel Mass Customization (OAMC) system. A research model and hypotheses were developed based on a review of literature on technology acceptance (i.e., usefulness and ease of use), with additional factors including enjoyment, risks, and choice variety. The empirical study was conducted in a marketing research lab with student participants recruited from a major university in the United States. Descriptive statistics, reliability, K-Means cluster analysis, and paired-samples T-test were used to test the proposed hypotheses. Results indicated that consumers who have better impressions toward an OAMC turned to have a significantly lower rate on enjoyment, ease of use, and choice variety evaluation; while consumers who have a lower expectation beforehand have a significantly higher evaluation on enjoyment, but a significantly lower evaluation on ease of use. Theoretical and practical implications were presented.
(+)-(1S,5R,10S)-11,11-Dimeth­yl-4-oxa­tricyclo­[8.4.0.01,5]tetra­deca­ne-3,12-dione

The title compound, C15H22O3, was prepared via amino-acid-promoted Robinson annulation followed by tandem Pd/C-mediated hydrogenation and oxidative cyclization. This product was instrumental in determining the feasibility of a stereocontrolled hydrogenation in which the directing hydroxyl group is adjacent to the 6–7-ring network and its olefinic component. The asymmetric unit consists of a single mol­ecule with normal geometric parameters. The absolute configuration was assigned based on the known enanti­omeric prescursor. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link each mol­ecule with four neighboring mol­ecules.
Tax Malpractice: Issues and Avoidance

Despite considerable regulation of tax practitioners by both statutory rules and professional ethical standards, when a tax advisor mishandles a client’s tax work, whether because of incompetence, a conflict of interest or for some other reason, the client seeking redress must generally resort to malpractice or related actions against the errant tax advisor. Such actions draw upon a peculiar mixture of tax law, professional ethical standards promulgated by state bars and the IRS Office of Professional Responsibility and torts law, three areas of law usually frequented by different groups of experts. This article attempts to further understanding of this peculiar mixture by addressing core issues of malpractice and related causes of action in a tax practice context, covering issues such as the duties to the client, possible causes of action, damages, privity, statutes of limitations and repose, and the relevance of ethical rules. In addition, it discusses key procedures that tax practitioners can use to reduce their malpractice risk and explores some classic tax practice situations fraught with malpractice potential. While the discussion is largely based upon the standards applicable to lawyers, much of it applies equally to other tax practitioners, particularly CPAs. However, unlike other tax practitioners, lawyers generally cannot limit their malpractice liability prospectively or, if they can, can only do so with some difficulty. In addition, in some contexts lawyers may be subject to special rules, such as with regard to the applicable statutes of limitations. The article represents one view of important legal issues and concerns that tax professionals should bear in mind, along with other factors, in trying to prevent, avoid or mitigate the risk presented by malpractice-type litigation.
Gamma-secretase: proteasome of the membrane?

γ-Secretase — a protease that cleaves within the membrane — was first recognized for its role in the production of amyloidogenic Aβ peptides, but was subsequently found to mediate Notch signalling by releasing the Notch-receptor intracellular domain. Many other γ-secretase substrates have recently been identified, which indicates a broader biological function for this unusual protease. Emerging evidence implies that whereas some intracellular cleavage products of γ-secretase function as signalling molecules, others might simply be intermediates that are destined for degradation.
An investigation of the scrambled‐book system of programing oral assignments in the beginning speech course

(1967). An investigation of the scrambled‐book system of programing oral assignments in the beginning speech course. Speech Monographs: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 160-166.
Reducing critical path execution time by breaking critical loops

Increasing bandwidth and decreasing latency are two orthogonal techniques for improving program performance. However, many studies have shown that microarchitectural designs that improve one of these may have a negative effect on the other. For example, bypass latency, or the time it takes to forward a result from one functional unit to another, may increase as the number of functional units increases because of longer wires and multiplexor delays. As another example, techniques used to exploit ILP such as out-of-order execution with large instruction windows will increase dynamic instruction scheduling latency. While exploiting ILP allows the number of instructions processed per cycle (IPC) to be increased, the increased scheduling latency may lower clock frequency, increase power consumption, or even negatively impact IPC if additional cycles are needed to schedule instructions for execution. This dissertation addresses microarchitectural techniques that allow ILP to be increased but have traditionally had a negative impact on the latency of the execution core. Critical loops are pieces of logic that must be evaluated serially by dependent instructions. A program's critical path is the set of instructions that determine the execution time of a program, and this set of instructions is determined in part by critical loop latency. The length of a program's critical path can be shortened by breaking critical data dependence loops, thereby improving performance. This dissertation introduces ways to break three critical data dependence loops: the execute-bypass loop, the steering loop, and the scheduling loop. The execute-bypass loop is reduced by means of clustering and steering. The steering loop is broken by introducing scalable steering algorithms that perform as well as the best previously published algorithms that did not scale with issue width. The scheduling loop is broken into multiple smaller loops, thus reducing the critical path through the scheduling logic.
Dietary Marine Algae (Schizochytrium sp.) Increases Concentrations of Conjugated Linoleic, Docosahexaenoic and Transvaccenic Acids in Milk of Dairy Cows

Modification of milk fat to contain long-chain (n-3) fatty acids and increased concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid has potential for improving health of consumers. Natural modification of milk through nutritional manipulation of diets for dairy cows is preferable to post-harvest modification. The objectives of this study were to increase the concentrations of beneficial fatty acids in milk fat by feeding a diet rich in (n-3) fatty acids from algae to dairy cows. Cows were fed a control diet, a diet containing algae (Schizochytrium sp.) protected against ruminal biohydrogenation, or a diet containing unprotected algae for 6 wk. Feed intake and milk production were recorded daily. Milk samples were obtained weekly for analysis of milk composition and profile of fatty acids. Percentage of fat in milk of cows fed algae was lower (P 0.05). Inclusion of algae in diets decreased (P < 0.01) feed intake. Milk fat from cows fed algae contained greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid, (n-3) fatty acids (particularly docosahexaenoic acid), and transvaccenic acid. Concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid were greater (P < 0.01) in milk fat from cows fed protected algae compared to milk fat from cows fed unprotected algae. Milk fat from cows fed algae contained lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of total saturated fatty acids compared to cows fed the control diet. In conclusion, milk fat can be modified through nutritional management of dairy cows to provide more favorable fatty acids for consumers.
Selective expression of one Ca2+-inhibitable adenylyl cyclase in dopaminergically innervated rat brain regions

Type I adenylyl cyclase, which can be stimulated by elevated cellular levels of Ca2+, has been proposed to provide a positive coincidence signal detection system, which can integrate signals arising via Gs- and Ca(2+)-mediated pathways. The occurrence of this adenylyl cyclase in brain regions implicated with associative learning in invertebrates and with the mammalian model of plasticity--hippocampal long-term potentiation, supports the notion that the ability of this species of adenylyl cyclase to detect two signals simultaneously may play a role in this neuronal function. In the present study, two recently cloned, closely-related adenylyl cyclases (Types V and VI), are shown to be inhibited by physiological elevation in [Ca2+]i. As a first step towards probing the neuronal significance of Ca(2+)-inhibitable adenylyl cyclases, their distribution was evaluated by in situ hybridization analysis of the rat brain. Strikingly distinct patterns of gene expression were found, ranging from a highly selective distribution of Type V mRNA within the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, to a weak and ubiquitous distribution of Type VI mRNA. Type V AC mRNA is expressed exclusively in medium-sized striatal neurons, which also express D1-dopaminergic (Gs-linked) and M1-muscarinic cholinergic (Ca(2+)-linked) receptors. Thus the adenylyl cyclase is primed for simultaneous detection of opposing regulatory influences. The utility of this novel mode of signal detection to dopaminergic function remains to be established.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OINTMENT ON THE PERCUTANEOUS POTENCY OF ANDROGENS

VARIOUS WORKERS (1, 2, 3) have reported that the percutaneous effectiveness of the sex hormones may be influenced by the vehicle in which they are applied. In general, alcohol, ether and benzene have been found more efficient than oils or ointments. Zondek (1) and other workers (3, 4) have compared the effectiveness of sex hormones when administered percutaneously in an ointment and when administered subcutaneously in oil. In each of these investigations a single type of ointment was used, but generalized conclusions were drawn as though applicable to ointments or creams as a class of substances. More recently Scott (5) has compared the percutaneous effectiveness of three androgens using two different ointments. In her conclusions she suggested that the androgens were more effective in her “tegin” base than in her “lanol” base. Small groups of animals were used in this study and, as in all other studies previously cited, the hormones were compared on the basis of equal milligram amounts.
Soot detection using excimer laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy

Excimer laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS) fragments soot particles with 193 nm photons to produce excited carbon atoms that emit at 248 nm. The ELFFS detection limit for soot is 40 ppt in cooled combustion exhaust. We quantify and correct for interferences from carbon dioxide (248 nm emission) and oxygen (250 nm); unburned hydrocarbons are removed with a diffusion denuder. We find that the ELFFS signal is more closely proportional to the surface area concentration of the particle than the volume fraction over a large range of concentrations. The technique is suitable for measuring soot from spark ignition and diesel engine exhaust. The soot particles are produced using a methane/air/nitrogen diffusion flame in an inverted flow reactor, designed to generate soot particles with independently variable and repeatable concentrations and size distributions. By varying the methane, nitrogen, and air flow rates, we independently vary the mean particle diameter from 60 to 250 nm and the volume concentration from 40 ppt to 9 ppb.
Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 2. Behavioral changes during prolonged abstinence.

Background : Our previous investigations have suggested that alcohol abuse may induce persistently compromised hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, which could increase risk for subsequent alcohol abuse. The apparent similarity of chronic alcohol abuse–induced HPA defects to the compromised HPA functions associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and atypical depression also suggest potential common mechanisms shared with varied neurobehavioral disorders. Accordingly, we have investigated persistent behavioral effects of previous repetitive daily ethanol consumption and withdrawal. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either daily ad libitum chow, ad libitum liquid diet containing ethanol, or pair-fed isocaloric control liquid diet. The ethanol was gradually introduced over 4 weeks, maintained at 5% w/v for four subsequent weeks, and then gradually removed over 1 week. Results: Four weeks after removal of ethanol from the diet, the previously ethanol-consuming rats exhibited greater (p < 0.05) evidence of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze test and in the novel cork-gnawing test, as well as greater (p < 0.05) locomotor response to a novel environment, compared with controls. Conclusions: These results suggest that repetitive daily alcohol consumption and withdrawal can induce not only persistent defects in HPA function, but also persistent increases in anxiety and behavioral responsiveness to novelty, all consistent with characteristics of abstinent alcoholics as well as with rats that self-administer increased amounts of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. This suggests that alcohol abuse can induce persistent common or interacting changes in neuroendocrine and behavioral responses that may increase risk for subsequent abuse.
Boundary-layer effect on chemical signal movement near the antennae of the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta : temporal filters for olfaction

For olfaction to occur, signal molecules must move through the environment from the source to the receptor cells. As molecules approach receptor structures they pass through a boundary layer surrounding those receptor structures. Within boundary layers the interaction between the forces causing chemical dispersion changes. To investigate how the boundary layer changes the dynamics of the chemical signals, we measured chemical dynamics within the boundary layer around the moth antennae using microelectrodes. The results showed that the boundary layer amplified three aspects of the chemical signal: peak height, peak onset, and decay time. Spectral analysis of turbulent signals showed that the temporal aspects of the chemical signal were altered. The boundary layers around the male and female antennae have different effects on the spectrum of chemical temporal fluctuations. Specifically, at a flow speed of 0.12 m s−1, the analysis showed distinct amplification patterns for each sex. Thus, the fluid flow around the antennae functions as a filter, altering the structure of the chemical signal that is arriving at the receptors. The results illustrated in this study show that male and female moths have different physical filters that can alter the information that can be extracted from odor plumes.
Microscopic, model-space approach to parity nonconservation in compound nuclei.

We propose a unified approach to parity nonconservation in compound nuclei in which statistical and collective properties both enter the theory and play an important role. Taking the model space to consist of 0-\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} excitations and motivating our choice of the microscopic effective interaction by the doorway picture of Auerbach, the effect of the one-body parity-violating (PV) interaction enters as a renormalization of the standard two-body PV interaction through collective ${0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ nuclear excitations. We present semi-quantitative numerical results and compare with previous models. For the model space chosen, the sizes of the contribution from the one- and two-body PV interactions are shown to be comparable. This contrasts to the extreme statistical model (complete mixing in a large model space containing 1-\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} as well as 0-\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} excitations), where the one-body PV interaction dominates. We also find that the dynamics of the ${0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ resonances and their coupling to nucleons is a more important quantitative consideration than hitherto recognized.
Effect of edema, relative biological effectiveness, and dose heterogeneity on prostate brachytherapy.

Many factors influence response in low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy of prostate cancer. Among them, edema, relative biological effectiveness (RBE), and dose heterogeneity have not been fully modeled previously. In this work, the generalized linear-quadratic (LQ) model, extended to account for the effects of edema, RBE, and dose heterogeneity, was used to assess these factors and their combination effect. Published clinical data have shown that prostate edema after seed implant has a magnitude (ratio of post- to preimplant volume) of 1.3-2.0 and resolves exponentially with a half-life of 4-25 days over the duration of the implant dose delivery. Based on these parameters and a representative dose-volume histogram (DVH), we investigated the influence of edema on the implant dose distribution. The LQ parameters ({alpha}=0.15 Gy{sup -1} and {alpha}/{beta}=3.1 Gy) determined in earlier studies were used to calculate the equivalent uniform dose in 2 Gy fractions (EUD{sub 2}) with respect to three effects: edema, RBE, and dose heterogeneity for {sup 125}I and {sup 103}Pd implants. The EUD{sub 2} analysis shows a negative effect of edema and dose heterogeneity on tumor cell killing because the prostate edema degrades the dose coverage to tumor target. For the representative DVH, the V{sub 100} (volume covered by 100%more » of prescription dose) decreases from 93% to 91% and 86%, and the D{sub 90} (dose covering 90% of target volume) decrease from 107% to 102% and 94% of prescription dose for {sup 125}I and {sup 103}Pd implants, respectively. Conversely, the RBE effect of LDR brachytherapy [versus external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy] enhances dose effect on tumor cell kill. In order to balance the negative effects of edema and dose heterogeneity, the RBE of prostate brachytherapy was determined to be approximately 1.2-1.4 for {sup 125}I and 1.3-1.6 for {sup 103}Pd implants. These RBE values are consistent with the RBE data published in the literature. These results may explain why in earlier modeling studies, when the effects of edema, dose heterogeneity, and RBE were all ignored simultaneously, prostate LDR brachytherapy was reported to show an overall similar dose effect as EBRT and HDR brachytherapy, which are independent of edema and RBE effects and have a better dose coverage.« less