cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nicolas Bergasse and Alexander Hamilton: The Role of the Judiciary in the Separation of Powers and Two Conceptions of Constitutional Order

Since the end of the eighteenth century the separation of powers has been an essential element and, in a sense, a synonym of modern constitutionalism.1 It may be important to spell out from the outset two underlying dimensions of the question that will be discussed here: A. The separation of powers was conceived of generally as a technique, a mechanism or an instrument of constitutional engineering, and more specifically as an anti-despotic, anti-absolutist organizational principle of government, and not as a goal in itself — the goal being instead and famously individual freedom.2 Now, in order to understand the alternative French and American interpretations of this instrumental constitutional principle it is worth stepping back and focusing briefly on the difference between two major possible understandings of this idea of individual freedom.
Abstract 3233: Contribution of cell types and genetic alterations in breast cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Breast cancer is classified in to different subtypes based on gene expression profiling. Significantly distinct subtypes present different outcome for patient survival, thus underscoring importance of understanding the role of precursor cell and genetic alterations in breast cancer subtypes. In the present study we are evaluating the role of defined combination of oncogenes in two distinct cell types in regulating the oncogenesis and metastatic behavior. We have earlier developed two hTERT-immortalized human stem/progenitor cell lines that are designated as K5+/K19- or K5+/K19+. We introduced different oncogenes in these cell lines and then examined their oncogenic potential, tumor formation and metastasis, using both in vitro and in vivo assays. We found that combinations of mutant H-Ras(mRas) and mutant p53(mp53), together with either wild type ErbB2(wtErbB2) or wild type EGFR(wtEGFR) efficiently transformed both cell types. Tumors formed by these cells were histologically heterogeneous, with variable proportions of luminal, basal-like and claudin-low type components dependent on cell types and oncogene combinations. Notably, K5+/K19- cells transformed with mRas/mp53/wtEGFR combination had significantly longer latency for primary tumor development than those expressing mRas/mp53/wtErbB2. Despite the longer latency, overall oncogene combination mRas/mp53/wtEGFR give early lung metastasis onset in both K5+/K19- and K5+/K19+ cells as compared to mRas/mp53/wtErbB2 indicating higher metastatic potential of this combination. Besides the effect of different oncogene combinations, we also found that K5+/K19+ cells overall had shorter primary tumor latency, and high metastatic potential than K5+/K19- cells. Histological and biochemical characterization of metastatic tumors is underway and will be discussed at the time of presentation. Our results suggest that both the genetic alteration and cell type contribute to oncogenicity of breast tumors. Citation Format: Divya Bhagirath, Xiangshan Zhao, William W. West, Hamid Band, Vimla Band. Contribution of cell types and genetic alterations in breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3233. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3233
Forces That Supplement Visuomotor Learning: A “Sensory Crossover” Experiment

Previous studies on reaching movements have shown that people can adapt to either visuomotor (e.g., prism glasses) or mechanical distortions (e.g., force fields) through repetitive practice. Recent work has shown that adaptation to one type of distortion might have implications on learning the other type, suggesting that neural resources are common to both kinematic and kinetic adaptation. This study investigated whether training with a novel force field might benefit the learning of a visual distortion–specifically, when forces were designed to produce aftereffects that aligned with the ideal trajectory for a visual rotation. Participants training with these forces (Force Group) were tested on a visual rotation. After training with this novel field, we found that participants had surprisingly good performance in the visual rotation condition, comparable to a group that trained on the visual rotation directly. A third group tested the rate of learning with intermittent catch trials, where we zeroed the forces and switched to the visual rotation, and found a significantly faster learning rate than the group that trained directly on the visual rotation. Interestingly, these abilities continued to significantly improve one day later, whereas the direct training showed no such effect. All participants were able to generalize what they learned to unpracticed movement directions. We speculate that when forces are used in training, haptic feedback can have a substantial influence on learning a task that heavily relies on visual feedback. Such methods can impact any situation where one might add robotic forces to the training process.
Tumor Evasion of the Immune System: Inhibiting p38 MAP Kinase Signaling Restores the Function of Dendritic Cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) from cancer patients are functionally defective, however, molecular mechanisms underlying are still poorly understood. In this study, we used the murine 5TGM1 myeloma model to examine the effect and mechanism of tumor-derived factors on the differentiation and function of DCs. Myeloma cells (5TGM1) or tumor culture conditioning medium (TCCM) were shown to inhibit differentiation and function of BM-derived DCs (BMDCs), evidenced by the downregulated expression of DC-related surface molecules, decreased IL-12 but increased IL-10 secretion, and compromised capacity of the cells to activate allospecific T cells in vitro. Similar results were obtained with other murine myeloma cells MOPC-315 and MPC-11. Moreover, TCCM-treated BMDCs were inferior to normal BMDCs at priming tumor-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo (in the 5TGM1 mouse model). Neutralizing antibodies against IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β partially abrogated the effects. TCCM treatment activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and JNK but inhibited extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). Inhibiting p38 MAPK by three different specific inhibitors was found to restore the phenotype, cytokine secretion, and function of TCCM-treated BMDCs. Vaccinating mice with BMDCs obtained from cultures in which both TCCM and p38 inhibitor were added was as efficacious as normal BMDCs at inducing tumor-specific antibody, type-1 (IFN-γ) T-cell, and CTL responses. Thus, our results suggest that tumor-induced p38 MAPK activation and ERK inhibition in DCs may be a new mechanism for tumor evasion, and regulating these signaling pathways in vivo or during DC differentiation may provide new strategies for generating potent DC vaccines for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma and other tumors.
Alterations in Cardiac Electrophysiology After Spinal Cord Injury and Implications for Exercise

When the spinal cord is injured at or below thoracic level 5 (T5), cardiovascular control is markedly unbalanced as the heart and blood vessels innervated by upper thoracic segments remain under brain stem control, whereas the vasculature of the lower body is affected by unregulated spinal reflexes. As a result, mid-thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in chronic arterial pressure and cardiac volume unloading due to a rapid and sustained reduction in arterial pressure, venous return and end-diastolic volume, secondary to the loss of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone below the level of the injury. The resulting hypotension and reduced cardiac filling initiates a dramatic and immediate reflex increase in sympathetic outflow and decrease in parasympathetic outflow to the heart. These high levels of sympathetic outflow and reduced parasympathetic outflow following mid-thoracic SCI have been reported to induce calcium overload, left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac injury and ST-segment elevation. The myocardial damage also promotes nerve growth factor-induced sympathetic sprouting, hyper-innervation of the heart and pathological neuroplasticity in the autonomic ganglia, spinal cord and autonomic centers within the brainstem. Pathological neuroplasticity following SCI is associated with many lingering complications such as chronic pain, spasticity, neurogenic bladder, and autonomic dysreflexia. Pathological neuroplasticity is also associated with changes in cardiac electrophysiology and an increased susceptibility to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. These complications are exacerbated by the sedentary lifestyle of the typical individual with SCI. Regular exercise may exert a protective effect via an increased plasma volume, increased venous return and a subsequent volume loading of the heart, which in turn maintains contractile function, arterial pressure and reduces sympathetic sprouting, hyper-innervation and pathological neuroplasticity.
Improving heart health among Black/African American women using civic engagement: a pilot study

Despite increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related conditions, evaluations of health interventions indicate that Black/African American women are less likely to benefit than their white counterparts and are not as likely to engage in behaviors that reduce CVD risk. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of civic engagement as an intervention strategy to address heart health in Black/African American women. Using a quasi-experimental pre-post study design, civic engagement was tested by convening a convenience sample of self-identified Black/African American women, ages 30–70 years, English-speaking, and BMI ≥25.0 (n = 28) into “Change Clubs” in four churches. Feasibility was examined through adherence, satisfaction, retention, and ability of Change Clubs to meet at least 50% of self-identified action steps for community change. Effectiveness data included: dietary intake, measures of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, and anthropometrics. Psychosocial factors hypothesized to serve as the mechanisms by which civic engagement enacts behavior change were also assessed. At baseline, the study sample (n = 28) had a mean age of 50.5 y; 53.6% had an associate degree or higher; 60.7% had an income of $35,000 or higher; and 57.4% were employed full time. At the conclusion of the study, all participants were satisfied with the progress of their Change Club and with the overall experience and Change Clubs met their self-identified action steps for community change. The intervention had a significant effect on finish time on the cardiorespiratory fitness test (p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001). Study results suggest feasibility and evidence of preliminary effectiveness of using a civic engagement approach to address behavior change in a way that is appealing and acceptable to Black/African American women. NCT02173366
O Processo de Inclusão no Ensino Regular

Este artigo objetiva analisa como se da o processo de inclusao no ensino regular. Inicialmente, entendemos por inclusao a capacidade de reconhecer o outro, e assim ter o privilegio de conviver e compartilhar com pessoas diferentes de nos, sem excecao. A inclusao escolar traz para alunos e professores a experiencia da diferenca, possibilitando aos que sao descriminados pela deficiencia, pela classe social ou pela cor que por direito ocupam seu espaco na sociedade vencer os preconceitos. A diversidade foi entendida como uma inovacao na area de educacao especial, mas, gradualmente, passou a ser compreendida como uma tentativa de oferecer educacao de qualidade para todo (a)s. O metodo de pesquisa utilizado foi o bibliografico, desenvolvido a partir de material ja elaborado. A revisao da literatura analisa o historico e contextualizacao da inclusao escolar no Brasil, a legislacao a favor da inclusao, a postura da escola e a adaptacao curricular, o processo de inclusao e a aprendizagem, escola e familia no processo de inclusao. Os resultados e discussoes revelam que a concepcao de inclusao do aluno com necessidades educacionais especiais no ensino regular favorece o encontro das possibilidades e capacidades da verdadeira inclusao. Portanto, do que se chama de conjunto central de valores deve valer a liberdade, a tolerância e a sabedoria de conviver com o diferente.
A novel ALS-associated variant in UBQLN4 regulates motor axon morphogenesis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS for short, is a disease in which parts of the brain and spinal cord progressively degenerate. Specifically, the condition causes the nerve cells that control movement – called motor neurons – to die. As a result, people with ALS lose control of their muscles. The cause of ALS is not known, but evidence suggests that a person’s genetics plays a role in the development of the disease. Learning which genes are involved and what they do within cells may help scientists figure out what goes wrong in patients with ALS and how to treat the condition. People with ALS often experience an abnormal build up of proteins in their brain and spinal cord. Cells normally rely on molecules working together in the so-called ubiquitin proteasome system to eliminate unwanted proteins. A few mutations linked with ALS, and some other neurodegenerative conditions, have been traced back to genes encoding parts of this protein disposal system, which may help to explain the build up of proteins. However, our understanding of the genetic causes of the disease is far from complete. Now, Edens et al. report a new mutation in a gene that encodes a protein involved in the ubiquitin proteasome system. The gene, called UBQLN4, had not previously been linked to ALS, but looking at this gene in nearly 700 patients with ALS revealed a mutation in one patient with an inherited form of the disease. This mutation was not found in public databases that contain genetic information from tens of thousands of people without ALS. To better understand the effect of this newly identified mutation, Edens et al. recreated it in zebrafish embryos and motor neurons from mice. The mutation in UBQLN4 changed the shape of the cells in the spinal cords of the zebrafish and the mouse motor neurons. There was also a build up of excess proteins because the breakdown of proteins by the ubiquitin proteasome system was slowed. Specifically, there was an excess amount of a protein called beta-catenin, which is important for development and activity of the nervous system. Treating the mutant motor neuron cells with a drug called quercetin, which suppresses beta-catenin, reversed the defects seen in the cells. Larger studies are now needed to see how often this mutation occurs in patients with ALS and to determine if other forms of the disease might have a similar cause.
Call to Action: The Case for Advancing Disaster Nursing Education in the United States.

Purpose Climate change, human conflict, and emerging infectious diseases are inexorable actors in our rapidly evolving healthcare landscape that are triggering an ever-increasing number of disaster events. A global nursing workforce is needed that possesses the knowledge, skills, and abilities to respond to any disaster or large-scale public health emergency in a timely and appropriate manner. The purpose of this article is to articulate a compelling mandate for the advancement of disaster nursing education within the United States with clear action steps in order to contribute to the achievement of this vision. Design and Methods A national panel of invited disaster nursing experts was convened through a series of monthly semistructured conference calls to work collectively towards the achievement of a national agenda for the future of disaster nursing education. Findings National nursing education experts have developed consensus recommendations for the advancement of disaster nursing education in the United States. This article proposes next steps and action items to achieve the desired vision of national nurse readiness. Conclusions Novel action steps for expanding disaster educational opportunities across the continuum of nursing are proposed in response to the current compelling need to prepare for, respond to, and mitigate the impact of disasters on human health. U.S. educational institutions and health and human service organizations that employ nurses must commit to increasing access to a variety of quality disaster-related educational programs for nurses and nurse leaders. Clinical Relevance Opportunities exist to strengthen disaster readiness and enhance national health security by expanding educational programming and training for nurses.
Status Spillovers: The Effect of Status-conferring Prizes on the Allocation of Attention:

We investigate the effect of a status-enhancing prize on the attention that a recipient’s “neighbors” subsequently receive. Do neighbors—individuals who work in economic, intellectual, or artistic domains that are proximate to prize winners—bask in the reflected glory of the ascendant actor and therefore gain as well? Or does competition for attention ensue, attenuating the recognition neighbors would otherwise have garnered? We study the spillover effects of status shocks using life sciences research articles published from 1984 through 2003. Exploiting expert-assigned article keywords, we identify papers that are topically related to publications of future appointees to the prestigious Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). In difference-in-difference specifications, we find that these scientific neighbor articles experience substantial declines in citation rates after HHMI appointments are announced. That is, neighboring articles attract less attention when authors of papers near them receive a presti...
Immunization against full-length protein and peptides from the Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan protects against Leishmania major infection in a murine model.

Abstract Leishmaniasis is an arthropod vectored disease causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most realistic and practical means to interrupt the growing number and diversity of sand fly vectors and reservoirs of Leishmania . Since transmission of Leishmania is achieved exclusively by sand fly vectors via immune-modulating salivary substances, conventional vaccination requiring an unmodified host immune response for success are potentially destined to fail unless immunomodulatory factors are somehow neutralized. Using cationic liposome DNA complexes (CLDC) as an adjuvant system along with Lu. longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan (MAX) as antigen (Ag), we show that mice are protected from the MAX-induced exacerbation of infection with Leishmania major ( Lm ). The CLDC adjuvant and alum were comparable in terms of lesion induration and decreased parasite burden, however the alum adjuvant imposed more inflammation at the injection site. BALB/c, C3H and C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with MAX-CLDC containing either the full-length MAX or peptides spanning the N- and C-terminal regions of MAX are protected against footpad challenges with Lm co-injected with MAX. When compared to unvaccinated controls, all strains of mice immunized with CLDC containing either peptides encompassing the first 20 N-terminal AA or those spanning the last 15 AA of the C-terminal domain of MAX demonstrated decreased parasite burden after 9 or 18 weeks post challenge with Lm + MAX. MAX-CLDC immunized mice showed increased IFNγ-secreting and decreased IL-4-secreting CD4 + cells in footpad-draining lymph nodes. Antisera from C-terminal peptide (P11) MAX-CLDC-vaccinated animals was capable of recognizing FL-MAX and its C-terminal domain and also blocked MAX-mediated reprogramming of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) in vitro. This peptide vaccine targeting sand fly MAX, improves host immunity against MAX-mediated immunomodulation.
Legal Criteria and Clinical Predictions in Drug Legislation

Social workers are often asked to predict offender likelihood of benefiting from statutory drug treatment. However, many workers are unaware of the controversy surrounding such predictions and the ...
Marketing's Interfunctional Interfaces: The MSI Workshop on Management of Corporate Fault Zones

This paper first introduces the purposes and processesof the Marketing Science Institute's Workshop on “Interfunctional Interfaces: The Management of Corporate Fault Zones”. The motivatingissues of value migration and market orientation are considerednext followed by discussion of marketing's paradigm shift. Thelast half of the paper deals with several management problemsand research issues which were identified during the workshop.Hopefully, these questions and research needs will help to acceleratedevelopment of research into these interface issues.
A prospective cohort study of physical activity and body size in relation to prostate cancer risk (United States)

Objectives: To examine the associations of physical activity and body size with risk of prostate cancer. Methods: At baseline in 1988, 8922 men (mean age 67 years) completed a health questionnaire which included information on physical activity, body weight, and waist girth. In a subgroup (74% of men), physical activity data also had been provided in 1962 or 1966 and again in 1977. Additionally, body weight measured at age 18 was available for 92% of men. During follow-up from 1988 through 1993, 439 men developed prostate cancer. Results: In multivariate analyses that accounted for potential confounders, the RRs (95% CI) for 96.5 cm, they were 1.00 (referent), 1.30 (0.96–1.76), 1.31 (0.96–1.80), and 1.19 (0.85–1.65), respectively. Combining physical activity measures from the past, or examining vigorous activities only, did not yield any significant associations. BMI at age 18 also was not related to risk. Conclusion: These findings do not support a role of physical activity or body weight in prostate cancer etiology.
Physiology and clinical use of fetal heart rate variability.

The value of baseline variability in fetal heart rate as an indicator of fetal condition is now generally accepted. The physiologic, pathophysiologic, and clinical factors affecting fetal heart rate variability are concentrated on in this article, since they provide the basis for applying the empirical observations in individual clinical situations. A discussion of these clinical applications of intrapartum variability in fetal heart rate follows.
Mechanisms of flame extinction and lean blowout of bluff body stabilized flames

Abstract Lean flame blowout is investigated experimentally within a high-speed combustor to analyze the temporal extinction dynamics of turbulent premixed bluff body stabilized flames. The lean blowout process is induced through fuel flow reduction and captured temporally using simultaneous high-speed particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and CH* chemiluminescence. The evolution of the flame structure, flow field, and the resulting flame strain rate are analyzed throughout extinction to distinguish the physical mechanisms of blowout. The flame–vortex dynamics are found to be the main driving mechanism of flame extinction; namely, a reduction of the flame-generated vorticity coupled with an increase in the downstream shear layer vorticity. The vorticity dynamics are linked to hydrodynamic instabilities that vary as a function of the decreasing equivalence ratio. A frequency analysis is performed to characterize the dynamic changes of the hydrodynamic instability modes during flame extinction. Various bluff body inflow velocity regimes are investigated to further characterize the extinction instability modes. Both equivalence ratio and flow-driven instabilities are captured through a universal definition of the Strouhal number for the reacting bluff body flow. Finally, a Karlovitz number-based criterion is developed to consistently predict the onset of global extinction for the different inflow velocity regimes.
Teaching Yourself to Learn: A Case for Incorporating Self-directed Learning Concepts into Information Literacy Education

The ACRL’s Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education is designed to help librarians teach students to learn more effectively within the structured environment of higher education, in which arguably most information needs have been determined by the curriculum. As students enter their chosen professions and live their lives after the period of their formal education, however, they will need to set their own learning priorities. Self-directed learning theory is offered as a complement to current information literacy education practice. Self-directed learners strive to identify the moment and circumstances of their information need, and to evaluate the efficacy of their efforts. With guidance from information literacy instructors, students can learn to become their own teachers. Using the ACRL’s Framework for Information Literacy as a proxy for current information literacy practice, this paper argues for the inclusion of self-directed learning concepts into information literacy education to support lifelong learning.
Enhancing Students Engagement in IATA Classes using Blended Learning Strategy

The purpose of this study was to explore the teaching approaches using a blended learning incorporated with the IATA Rules and Regulations course content. In the 2019, action research was conducted in Airline Business classes of International College, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Thailand. In the blended learning, the researcher created online lessons of his lectures and the students viewed them prior to attending class. The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world's airlines. That is consisting of 290 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, the IATA's member airlines account for carrying approximately 82% of total of air traffic in the world. Thailand is now on the path of industrialization, the need of new innovation and technology product is a must the reach this goal. A new method of learning that is called blended learning has been introduces for this IATA class to enable student benefit from learning. In the blended learning, the researcher created online lessons of his lectures and the students viewed them prior to attending class. Students worked on problem-solving activities in their classrooms. The students used smart phones, tablets & computer. The research findings indicated that the blended learning of instruction was new teaching strategy that moved the lecture on outside classroom via technology and brought assignments/exercises of IATA contents and concepts inside the classroom via learning activities. The research findings shown the students engagement in the blended learning were higher than the using traditional classroom. Based on the students' interviews they revealed that using blended learning incorporated with smartphone and students group activities they were able to make learning fun and challenging.
Effect of manufacturing and installation location on environmental impact payback time of solar power

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are a promising technology to reduce the environmental impacts of electricity production. Several locations in the USA are favorable for solar PV deployment due to having a high solar potential. This study evaluates the environmental impact payback time (PBTI) for installing multi-crystalline silicon PV systems in multiple US cities, Seattle, Miami, Los Angeles, Phoenix and Indianapolis, with varying electricity mixes and solar potential, using life cycle inventory data and the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemicals and other environmental impacts as the impact assessment method. China, USA and European manufacturing scenarios were analyzed to compare the effect of the electricity mix used during manufacturing on PBTI. The results show that the PBTI ranges between < 1 year and 3000 + years across all impact categories. A Chinese manufacturing scenario increased the PBTI in some impact categories (i.e., global warming) compared to the USA and Europe manufacturing, but had no effect for others. The PBTI is within the solar panel life span for the impact categories of global warming, acidification and fossil fuel depletion, but is longer than the lifespan for other impact categories (i.e., eutrophication and ozone depletion). According to the global warming PBTI, policies should incentivize solar panels in the following order: Phoenix, Indianapolis, Miami, Los Angeles, Seattle. This work provides guidance to policy makers and manufacturers on the PBTI when the manufacturing location, solar potential and electricity mix are known.
Diagnostic and treatment challenges of eating disorders after adolescent bariatric surgery: A case report

It is increasingly evident that bariatric surgery is an effective treatment option to manage severe obesity and its comorbidities in adolescent patients. This case report follows an adolescent who developed a restrictive eating disorder within months after bariatric surgery. Identifying and treating eating disorders after bariatric surgery can be difficult due to the conflicting goals of weight loss after surgery and weight gain in treatment of a restrictive eating disorder. Moreover, treating older adolescents can be challenging when they refuse treatment or go against medical advice. As more adolescents choose bariatric surgery, it is imperative that clinicians remain sensitive to weight-related outcomes, possible eating disorders and adolescent autonomy. Early collaboration between weight management and eating disorder programs is essential.
Beyond personal protective equipment: adjunctive methods for control of healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections.

Purpose of review Prevention of nosocomial transmission of respiratory viruses is a priority in all healthcare settings and often achieved with the use of personal protective equipment. Several adjunctive infection prevention methods are in common use but their effectiveness in reducing healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections is unclear. In this review, recent advances regarding the effectiveness of several adjunctive infection prevention methods to reduce healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections are discussed. Recent findings Training and education on hand hygiene guidelines, mandatory influenza vaccination for healthcare personnel, access to paid sick leave to reduce ill presenteeism, cohorting of patients with the same infection or clinical syndrome, neuraminidase inhibitor chemoprophylaxis during influenza outbreaks, and enhanced visitor restrictions in pediatric hospitals all have shown some degree of effectiveness in observational or quasi-experimental studies. Summary Most of the studies evaluating the effect of adjunctive infection prevention methods on healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections are observational or quasi-experimental and are often combined with other interventions. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the precise effectiveness or efficacy of these interventions and more controlled trials are needed. Multimodal infection prevention policies are likely to be most effective in reducing healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections.
Extending Crop Type Reference Data Using a Phenology-Based Approach

The combination of high spatial resolution and multi-date satellite imagery offers new opportunities for mapping and monitoring crop types of different agricultural field sizes. However, mapping of crop types at high spatial resolution requires high-quality crop type reference data typically collected from the ground-based surveys to create the maps and/or to assess the map accuracy. The availability of sufficient crop type reference data is limited over large geographic regions because of the time, effort, cost, and accessibility in different parts of the world. To generate large area crop type maps, any existing, but limited reference data must be spatially extended to other regions using appropriate and available non-ground-based sources. There is the potential to classify High Resolution Imagery (HRI) using a phenology-based approach to generate additional reference data within similar agriculture ecological zones (AEZs) based on the crop characteristics, their types, and their growing season. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate if existing, limited crop type reference data could be extended using this approach. Multi-date, high spatial resolution satellite images were used to spatially extend the limited crop type reference data from one region (called the training region (TR)) to another region (called the test region (TE)) within the same AEZ using a phenology-based Decision Tree (DT) classifier for three different field sizes. The results demonstrate that this phenology-based classification approach can efficiently and effectively extend the limited crop type reference data to other regions in same AEZ for different field sizes.
Consumers’ Declining Power In The Fintech Auto Loan Market

Automobiles have become part of America’s infrastructure. For most people, having access to a car is crucial to their livelihoods and they will take on significant amounts of debt to purchase vehicles. Auto debt is unlike any other consumer debt, both in its structure, which allows creditors to easily seize collateral, and in its lack of regulation. The unique and lucrative nature of auto debt has not gone unnoticed by lenders or by companies leveraging fintech to offer people new ways to purchase cars and car loans. This Article assesses the evolving marketplace for auto sales, leasing, and loans to evaluate how Americans access cars, including consumer bankruptcy’s place in helping people keep their cars. Based on this assessment, it argues that power imbalances between auto lenders and consumers have widened and likely will continue to widen, to people’s detriment. The Article ends by outlining and evaluating a series of ideas to facilitate needed “car security” for Americans.
The Geriatric Feelings of Burdensomeness Scale (GFBS).

Objectives: The present article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Geriatric Feelings of Burdensomeness Scale using two samples of older adults collected through Amazon Me...
Preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-Physical Function and Perioperative Complication in Major Abdominal Colorectal Operations

Background Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function (PF) is a validated tool for capturing a patient’s perception of their physical capacity. The goal of this study was to determine whether preoperative PF correlates with a risk of postoperative complications. Study Design Patients from a single-institution American College of Surgeons NSQIP database undergoing elective colorectal abdominal operations from January 2018 to June 2019 with a preoperative PROMIS-PF T-score were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into moderate to severe (score Results In total, 249 patients were included: 78 (31%) with self-scored moderate to severe disability and 171 (69%) with minimal to mild disability. Patients who scored as moderate to severe disability had a higher frequency of comorbidities and an open operative approach compared with patients with minimal to mild disability. These patients then had higher rates of any complication (37.2% vs 19.9%; p = 0.0036) and Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher complications (14.1% vs 7.6%; p = 0.017). After adjusting for patient factors, surgical procedure, and approach, patients scoring as moderate to severe disability were 2.00 times more likely (95% CI, 1.05 to 3.84; p = 0.036) to have any complication and 2.76 times more likely (95% CI, 1.07 to 7.14; p = 0.036) to have a Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher complication. Conclusions Moderate to severe PF disability score is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications among patients undergoing colorectal operations. PROMIS-PF T-score can be a useful tool to identify patients who would benefit from targeted preoperative interventions, such as patient education, nutritional optimization, and prehabilitation.
Visible light. Part I: Properties and cutaneous effects of visible light

Approximately 50% of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is visible light (400-700 nm). Other sources of visible light include lasers, light-emitting diodes, and flash lamps. Photons from visible light are absorbed by photoreceptive chromophores (e.g., melanin, heme, and opsins), altering skin function by activating and imparting energy to chromophores. Additionally, visible light can penetrate the full thickness of the skin and induce pigmentation and erythema. Clinically, lasers and light devices are used to treat skin conditions by utilizing specific wavelengths and treatment parameters. Red and blue light from light-emitting diodes and intense pulsed light have been studied as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatments for acne. Pulsed dye lasers are used to treat vascular lesions in adults and infants. Further research is necessary to determine the functional significance of visible light on skin health without confounding the influence of ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths.
An FDA pooled analysis: Characteristics and outcomes of patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, based on prior history of prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy.

197Background: Patients (pts) enrolled in trials of androgen receptor inhibitors (ARI) in the non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) setting may or may not have received defin...
The ethics of news media reporting on coronavirus humor

This essay explores the news media's portrayal of humor during the early phase of COVID-19-related lockdowns. Examining a collection of online news articles reveals the media tended to frame the issue as an ethical one (e.g., "is it okay to laugh at the coronavirus?"). After reviewing work on humor ethics, a qualitative content analysis of 20 news media articles is presented. Three issues from the news stories are identified, allowing comparison of the media's claims against the ethical principles articulated. The essay concludes with a consideration of how news media's coverage of humor fits within a broader pandemic narrative.
Cranial Musculoskeletal Description of Black-Throated Finch (Aves: Passeriformes: Estrildidae) with DiceCT.

This research was funded by the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences and NSF EAGER 1450850 and DEB 1457180 awarded to P. M.G.
Remodeling of nucleoproteins during gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the transformation of nucleoprotein types during gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development, outlines chromatin structural changes that accompany these nucleoprotein transitions, and discusses some functions of the nucleoproteins and histone variants associated with gamete, zygote, and early embryonic nuclei. As a result of nucleoprotein transitions during spermatogenesis, most sperm nuclei enter egg cytoplasm with proteins which may, to varying degrees, be incompatible with subsequent chromosomal activities such as replication, transcription, recombination, and mitotic condensation. Transitional proteins might be utilized before or after fertilization for effective histone replacement or might serve specific structural role during meiosis or pronuclear decondensation. Although fundamental conservation of histone sequence and structure remains the rule in chromosome construction, variation on histone forms, including their extreme replacements by other types of nucleoproteins, continue to offer insight into nucleoprotein function.
Radiative forcing of the Venus mesosphere. II - Thermal fluxes, cooling rates, and radiative equilibrium temperatures

A radiative heat-transfer model is presently used to ascertain the way in which radiative forcing contributes to the up to 20 K higher temperature of the Venus polar regions, by comparison with the tropics, in the 60-100 km mesospheric levels. Model global-mean radiative equilibrium temperatures for 55-100 km are compared with observations to show how each opacity source contributes to the thermal structure. The results obtained from latitude-dependent radiative equilibrium experiments indicate that meridional variations in radiative forcing obliterate observed mesospheric temperature gradients and yield polar temperatures up to 40 K cooler than the tropics.
Survival and Growth of Clostridium perfringens on Commercial No-Nitrate-or-Nitrite Added (Natural and Organic) Bacon and Ham

Four out of nine commercial brands of natural/organic bacon showed significantly greater (P<0.05) growth by inoculated Clostridium perfringens than that observed for the conventionally cured control (n=1). All natural/organic commercial ham analyzed in the study (n=7) showed significantly greater (P<0.05) growth by inoculated Clostridium perfringens than that observed for the conventionally cured control hams (n=4). These products also demonstrated a wide variation in growth response. This means that natural and organic processed meats may require additional protective measures in order to consistently provide the same level of safety from bacterial pathogens that is achieved by conventionally cured meat products.
The Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing at 21 and My Perspective on the Field of B to B Marketing

ABSTRACTPurpose: The author shares his thoughts on the progression of the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing and the field of business-to-business (B to B) marketing over the last 21 years. The author discusses the field of B to B marketing research and examines the gaps that exist between theory and practice and in the quality of papers among the top-tier marketing journals and the three journals that are dedicated to B to B marketing research.Methodology[#x0002F]approach: Because the article represents both the author[#x02019]s perspective on the current state of B to B research and his views on how well the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing has contributed to and influenced the field, the approach taken is primarily conceptual. Also, the approach allowed the author to opine as to the future direction of the field.Findings: Although much progress has been made in improving the quality and relevance of B to B research, there still exists a relative gap in the number of submitted papers, th...
Specifying rule-based query optimizers in a reflective framework

Numerous structures for database query optimizers have been proposed. Many of those proposals aimed at automating the construction of query optimizers from some kind of specification of optimizer behavior. These specification frameworks do a good job of partitioning and modularizing the kinds of information needed to generate a query optimizer. Most of them represent at least part of this information in a rule-like form. Nevertheless, large portions of these specifications still take a procedural form.
Pharmacotherapy of Obesity

Medicating for treatment of obesity can be a useful adjunct to diet and exercise and can help selected patients achieve and maintain meaningful weight loss. A report from the Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health entitled Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Report (1) emphasizes the need for physicians to address obesity in their patients. This report sanctions the clinical use of weight loss drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long-term use as part of a concomitant lifestyle-modification program. Appropriate patients include those who have been unsuccessful in previous weight-loss attempts and whose BMI exceeds 27 kg/m2 who have associated conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, or whose BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2. Still, for many physicians, treatment of obesity is not a routine part of their clinical practices, in part because of the stigma associated with medication usage.
METHADONE AND CHILDREN

The increasing use of methadone maintenance (substitution) programs1-3 in the treatment of adult heroin addiction has created situations for children which require the attention of pediatricians. Methadone is an analgesic drug. In urban areas, thousands of heroin addicts are now receiving high dosage of methadone, usually 80 to 120 mg daily. This approach to heroin addiction has met with greater success than any other form of treatment. It is expected that increasing numbers of heroin addicts will be treated in the near future by this method throughout the United States and Canada.4 Pediatricians should focus on three aspects of the problem as follows:
An energy-efficient memory-based high-throughput VLSI architecture for convolutional networks

In this paper, an energy efficient, memory-intensive, and high throughput VLSI architecture is proposed for convolutional networks (C-Net) by employing compute memory (CM) [1], where computation is deeply embedded into the memory (SRAM). Behavioral models incorporating CM's circuit non-idealities and energy models in 45nm SOI CMOS are presented. System-level simulations using these models demonstrate that the probability of handwritten digit recognition P r > 0.99 can be achieved using the MNIST database [2], along with a 24.5× reduced energy delay product, a 5.0× reduced energy, and a 4.9× higher throughput as compared to the conventional system.
Inflammation and enhanced nociceptive responses to bladder distension produced by intravesical zymosan in the rat

Mycotic infections of the bladder produce pain and inflammatory changes. The present study examined the inflammatory and nociceptive effects of the yeast cell wall component, zymosan, when admininstered into the urinary bladder in order to characterize this form of bladder sensitization. Parametric analyses of the time-course (0–48 hr) and concentration (0–2% solutions) variables associated with intravesical zymosan-induced bladder inflammation were performed in female rats. Plasma extravasation of Evan's Blue dye was used as a measure of tissue inflammation. Cardiovascular and visceromotor responses to urinary bladder distension were used as measures of nociception. Zymosan-induced bladder inflammation, as indexed by plasma extravasation of Evan's Blue, was significantly greater in rats treated with either 1 or 2% solutions as compared to either 0.1 or 0.5% zymosan solutions. In time-course studies (1 – 48 hr post-treatment), 1% zymosan-induced inflammation progressively increased with time following administration, was greatest at 24 hr and began to normalize by 48 hr. In the studies of inflammation-induced changes in nociception, arterial blood pressure (ABP) and visceromotor responses to graded distension of the urinary bladder were significantly increased relative to controls 24 hr after zymosan administration. These studies provide important time-course and solution concentration parameters for studies of zymosan-induced inflammation of the bladder and suggest utility of this model for the study of bladder-related pain.