cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ABSENCE OF TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL OF HISTONE SYNTHESIS DURING THE HELA CELL LIFE CYCLE

The cell-free synthesis of histone-like polypeptides has been achieved using a selected class of small polyribosomes as the only particulate fraction. This synthesis is prevented if the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitor, cytosine arabinoside, is added to the cells prior to disruption, and it is not detected when the cytoplasm used is derived from postmitotic (G1) cells. When the 100,000 g supernate from pure metaphase populations was compared with that from S phase cells, the cell-free synthesis of histone-like polypeptides in the presence of S phase polyribosomes remained unchanged. These data suggest that, except for the histone messenger RNA-ribosome complex, the cytoplasmic factors requisite for histone synthesis are present throughout the cycle, and that the shut-off of this synthesis is not under translational control.
Kinetically controlled lithiation: A variant of physical vapour deposition with application to lightweight alloys and lithium batteries

Abstract Employing a distinct variation of the physical vapour deposition technique, lithium vapour has been used to form Mg-Li alloy films whose physical structure can be modified through substrate temperature control over a considerable composition range. In addition to these Mg-Li alloy films, alloys of aluminium and copper can be prepared and modified primarily by controlling the interaction of lithium vapour with the precursor metal in the form of a cast sheet ranging in thickness from 0.02 to 0.07 in. A lithium-mediated process is found to produce a significant vaporization enhancement from the surface of the magnesium sheet at temperatures close to 200°C below that required for vaporization in the absence of lithium. The interaction process not only promotes the vaporization of the magnesium but also leads to an intimate mixing of magnesium and lithium vapours. The lithium and magnesium contents of the formed vapours have been varied to produce alloy films of between 0.08 and 30wt%Li. As the vapour...
Land-use dynamics in a southern Illinois (USA) watershed.

The Cache River of southernmost Illinois is used as a case study for developing and demonstrating an approach to quantitatively link (1) national agricultural policy and global agricultural markets, (2) landowner's decisions on land use, (3) spatial patterns of land use at a watershed scale, and (4) hydrologic impacts, thus providing a basis to predict, under a certain set of circumstances, the environmental consequences of economic and political decisions made at larger spatial scales. The heart of the analysis is an estimation, using logistic regression, of the affect of crop prices and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) rental rates on farmland owner's decisions whether to reenroll in the CRP or return to crop production. This analysis shows that reasonable ranges for crop prices (80%–150% of 1985–1995 values) and CRP rental rates (0–125% of 1985–1995 rates) result in a range of 3%–92% of CRP lands being returned to crop production, with crop prices having a slightly greater effect than CRP rental rates. Four crop price/CRP rental rate scenarios are used to display resulting land-use patterns, and their effect on sediment loads, a critical environmental quality parameter in this case, using the agricultural non point source (AGNPS) model. These scenarios demonstrate the importance of spatial pattern of land uses on hydrological and ecological processes within watersheds. The approach developed can be adapted for use by local governments and watershed associations whose goals are to improve watershed resources and environmental quality.
Roles of dosage, pharmacokinetics, and cellular sensitivity to damage in the selective toxicity of cyclophosphamide towards B and T cells in development

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a known immunomodulating agent. When presented to either late stage chick embryos (e.g. 18 days of incubation (DI] or neonatal chicks. CP induces selective B cell damage resulting in humoral immunosuppression in chickens. The present study was undertaken in order to provide further insights into CP's selective immunotoxic effects. We investigated the influences of age, CP-dose, and drug distribution on CP-induced cytotoxicity in the B and T cell compartments of the developing chick. In this test system, differential immunotoxicity was strongly dosage-dependent; at all ages tested, B cell depletion predominated at low CP dosages (50 and 100 mg/kg) whereas equally extensive lymphocyte toxicity was observed in both thymus and bursa at 200 mg/kg drug levels. Furthermore, while immunotoxicity profiles were similar at the two later developmental timepoints (18 DI and 1 day post-hatch), significantly higher CP dosages were required to induce lymphoid damage at 12 DI. Pharmacokinetic studies with radiolabeled CP revealed that approximately two-fold higher levels of CP and its metabolites are taken up in bursal tissue as compared to the thymus. Experiments concerning the possible inherent differences in susceptibility to CP-induced mitotic inhibition and cell killing mediating selective toxicity towards B cells versus T cells showed that B cell mitosis was inhibited at CP dosages as low as 5 mg/kg. No such inhibition of T cell mitosis was observed at this same low dosage. However, mitosis was completely arrested in both B and T cells at 50 mg/kg CP. Observations of cellularity in immune organs shortly after CP exposure revealed that the bursa is at least ten times more sensitive than the thymus to CP-induced mitotic inhibition and killing of resident lymphocytes. These studies reveal that multiple factors are involved in modulating CP selective immunotoxicity in the developing embryo. These include the dosage level, preferential distribution of the drug to the bursa, and a much greater sensitivity of B cells to CP-mediated mitotic inhibition and cell killing.
Direct experimental test of scalar confinement

The concept of Lorentz scalar quark confinement has a long history and is still widely used despite its well-known theoretical faults. We point out here that the predictions of scalar confinement also conflict directly with experiment. We investigate the dependence of heavy-light meson mass differences on the mass of the light quark. In particular, we examine the strange and nonstrange $D$ mesons. We find that the predictions of scalar confinement are in considerable conflict with measured values.
Three-Dimensional Construction with Mobile Robots and Modular Blocks

We present a decentralized algorithmic approach to automatically building user-specified three-dimensional structures from modular units. Our bipartite system comprises passive units (blocks), responsible for embodying the structure and determining where further units can legally be attached, and active units (robots), responsible for transporting passive units. The algorithmic issues are correspondingly decomposed into two parts: (1) deciding where passive units may be attached; and (2) getting them to those locations. For the first part, we give simple, scalable rules for attachment and prove that they will reliably lead to the construction of any desired structure from a large class of three-dimensional shapes. For the second part, we compare three approaches: random movement, systematic search and gradient-following; each approach is successively faster but requires more communication overhead and/or unit capabilities. The system we describe enables guaranteed construction of desired structures using very simple agent algorithms, taking a high-level specification as the only required input. The topic of collective construction is related to the problems of programmed self-assembly and self-reconfiguration in modular robots, and the rules governing block attachment presented here may be usefully applied to such systems.
Xurography: rapid prototyping of microstructures using a cutting plotter

This paper introduces xurography, or "razor writing," as a novel rapid prototyping technique for creating microstructures in various films. This technique uses a cutting plotter traditionally used in the sign industry for cutting graphics in adhesive vinyl films. A cutting plotter with an addressable resolution of 10 /spl mu/m was used to cut microstructures in various films with thicknesses ranging from 25 to 1000 /spl mu/m. Positive features down to 35 /spl mu/m and negative features down to 18 /spl mu/m were cut in a 25 /spl mu/m thick material. Higher aspect ratios of 5.2 for positive features and 8 for negative features were possible in a 360 /spl mu/m thick material. A simple model correlating material properties to minimum feature size is introduced. Multilayered microstructures cut from pressure sensitive and thermal activated adhesive films were laminated in less than 30 min without photolithographic processes or chemicals. Potential applications of these microstructures are explored including: shadow masking, electroplating, micromolds for PDMS, and multilayered three-dimensional (3-D) channels. This inexpensive method can rapidly prototype microfluidic devices or tertiary fluid connections for higher resolution devices. [1488].
Anatomical and nutritional factors associated with susceptibility of elms (Ulmus spp.) to the elm leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

A wide range of susceptibility exists across elm (Ulmus) species and hybrids to the elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). We evaluated various elm species, hybrids, or cultivars (taxa) growing in an experimental plantation in the city of Holbrook, AZ, for leaf anatomical (toughness and trichome density) and nutritional (minerals and sugars) traits that may be associated with host resistance. Leaf toughness and percentage of defoliation (susceptibility) were not correlated. However, we found weak negative correlations between percentage of defoliation and density of trichomes on the leaf abaxial surface. Of the 11 leaf nutrients examined, concentrations of iron and phosphorus correlated inversely with percentage of defoliation. The remaining nine traits did not show any correlation with percentage of defoliation. We concluded that individual anatomical and nutritional traits of elm species/hybrids do not seem to create a strong barrier to elm leaf beetle defoliation. However, the results from a stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that collectively, these traits may play an important role in determining susceptibility.
Association of Longitudinal Changes in Left Ventricular Structure and Function With Myocardial Fibrosis The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Study

The association of longitudinal changes in left ventricular (LV) structure and function with myocardial fibrosis is unclear. We relate temporal changes in body size–indexed LV mass (LVMi) and end-d...
Elaborating the Correlates of Firearm Injury Severity: Combining Criminological and Public Health Concerns

AbstractThis research addresses recent calls to incorporate multidisciplinary approaches in the study of firearm violence by utilizing an elaborated criminal events perspective to explore the correlates of firearm injury severity. A unique dataset of nonfatal firearm injury data are derived from official police reports, allowing the use of a medically validated measure of injury trauma in place of more typical injury indicators. The relative and collaborative contributions of criminological and public health indicators for explaining variation in levels of injury severity are assessed. Multinomial logit models suggest that critical injuries are more likely among older victims, victims who knew their assailants, and victims who refused to cooperate with police. Additionally, the likelihood of critical victim injuries decreased as the time to report an incident to the police increased. The strongest correlates were measures of incident circumstances and the number of gunshot wounds a victim received. In all...
PCR-Based Ordered Genomic Libraries: a New Approach to Drug Target Identification for Streptococcus pneumoniae

Described here are the development and validation of a novel approach to identify genes encoding drug targets in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The method relies on the use of an ordered genomic library composed of PCR amplicons that were generated under error-prone conditions so as to introduce random mutations into the DNA. Since some of the mutations occur in drug target-encoding genes and subsequently affect the binding of the drug to its respective cellular target, amplicons containing drug targets can be identified as those producing drug-resistant colonies when transformed into S. pneumoniae. Examination of the genetic content of the amplicon giving resistance coupled with bioinformatics and additional genetic approaches could be used to rapidly identify candidate drug target genes. The utility of this approach was verified by using a number of known antibiotics. For drugs with single protein targets, amplicons were identified that rendered S. pneumoniae drug resistant. Assessment of amplicon composition revealed that each of the relevant amplicons contained the gene encoding the known target for the particular drug tested. Fusidic acid-resistant mutants that resulted from the transformation of S. pneumoniae with amplicons containing fusA were further characterized by sequence analysis. A single mutation was found to occur in a region of the S. pneumoniae elongation factor G protein that is analogous to that already implicated in other bacteria as being associated with fusidic acid resistance. Thus, in addition to facilitating the identification of genes encoding drug targets, this method could provide strains that aid future mechanistic studies.
Hint, Fhit, and GalT: function, structure, evolution, and mechanism of three branches of the histidine triad superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases.

HIT (histidine triad) proteins, named for a motif related to the sequence HφHφHφφ (φ, a hydrophobic amino acid), are a superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases, which act on the α-phosphate of ribonucleotides, and contain a ∼30 kDa domain that is typically either a homodimer of ∼15 kDa polypeptides with two active-sites or an internally, imperfectly repeated polypeptide that retains a single HIT active site. On the basis of sequence, substrate specificity, structure, evolution, and mechanism, HIT proteins can be classified into the Hint branch, which consists of adenosine 5‘-monophosphoramide hydrolases, the Fhit branch, which consists of diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolases, and the GalT branch, which consists of specific nucleoside monophosphate transferases, including galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, diadenosine tetraphosphate phosphorylase, and adenylyl sulfate:phosphate adenylytransferase. At least one human representative of each branch is lost in human diseases. Aprataxin, a ...
Coxsackievirus B3 Infects the Bone Marrow and Diminishes the Restorative Capacity of Erythroid and Lymphoid Progenitors

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to infect stem cells in the neonatal central nervous system. Here, we evaluated the effects of CVB3 infection on the major source and repository of stem cells, the bone marrow (BM). Viral genome was detectable in BM within 24 h of infection, and productive infection of BM cells was evident, peaking at 48 h postinfection (p.i.), when ∼1 to 2% of BM cells produced infectious virus particles. Beginning at 2 to 3 days p.i., a dramatic and persistent loss of immature erythroid cells, B and T lymphocytes, and neutrophils was observed in BM and, by day 3 to 4 p.i., the femoral BM stroma was largely destroyed. Analysis of peripheral blood revealed a modest neutrophilia, a loss of reticulocytes, and a massive lymphopenia. The abundance of multipotent progenitor cells (Lin(-)/c-kit(+)/Flt3(+)) in BM declined ∼10-fold during CVB3 infection and, consistent with a deficiency of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, serum levels of the hematopoietic growth factor Flt3 ligand were dramatically elevated. Therefore, we analyzed the regenerative capacity of BM from CVB3-infected mice. Granulocyte/macrophage progenitors displayed a relatively normal proliferative ability, consistent with the fact that the peripheral blood level of neutrophils-which are very short-lived cells-remained high throughout infection. However, erythroid and lymphoid hematopoietic progenitors in BM from CVB3-infected mice showed a markedly reduced colony-forming capacity, consonant with the observed loss of both lymphocytes and immature erythroid cells/reticulocytes from the BM and peripheral blood. In summary, CVB3 infects the BM and exerts differential effects on the various hematopoietic progenitor populations.
Estimating a random field in sensor networks using quantized spatially correlated data

We consider a fusion sensor-network architecture where sensor-processor elements (nodes) observe a spatially correlated random field within a region of interest and transmit quantized observations to a fusion center. The fusion center provides feedback by broadcasting summary information to the nodes. We assume that the observations follow a linear-regression model with known field correlations and propose a Bayesian framework for adaptive quantization, fusion-center feedback, and estimation of the field and its parameters. We consider local quantile and Lloyd-Max quantizers at the nodes; both quantization schemes are based on approximate predictive measurement distributions, constructed using the feedback information from the fusion center. We also apply our estimation approach to the no-feedback scenario and present numerical examples demonstrating the performance of the proposed methods.
Excitation of New Particles by High-Energy Neutrino and Antineutrino Beams

Recent experiments studying high-energy neutrino and antineutrino scattering indicate the existence of 9new physics9. The ‘new physics’ probably includes the existence of hadrons carrying new quantum numbers, a fundamental coupling to strangeness and the existence of V + A currents. It appears that more than one kind of new hadron is being excited at high energies.
Automated Lake Shoreline Mapping at Subpixel Accuracy

Accurate assessment of lake extent and variation is essential for understanding the global hydrological cycle and necessitates the use of satellite data. The intrinsic scale of lake dynamics is finer than the spatial resolution of available images. Lake change detection requires mapping lake shorelines with high positional accuracy as they are employed for calculating changes in area and volume. There exist many techniques for mapping lake shorelines from multispectral images, and their accuracy decreases as the image spatial resolution degrades. In addition, lake shorelines obtained from images have a zagged appearance, which not only provides an unrealistic representation but also overestimates the lake perimeter. This letter presents a method for subpixel lake shoreline mapping. The approach is used to map subpixel shorelines from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images acquired in the lake-rich Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, where lakes dominate the landscape and change significantly over time. High performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated by the agreement of subpixel shorelines with high-resolution QuickBird panchromatic images. The subpixel shorelines estimated by the proposed approach are smooth and lead to precise area estimation and displacement error reduction when compared with the shorelines obtained using image segmentation. The proposed approach has great potential in regional-scale shoreline mapping.
Empirical Interatomic Potential for Si-H Interactions

An empirical TersofF-type interatomic potential has been developed for describing Si-H interactions. The potential gives a reasonable fit to bond lengths, angles and energetics of silicon hydride molecules and hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces. The frequencies of most vibrational modes are within 15% of the experimental and ab initio theory values. The potential is computationally efficient and suitable for molecular dynamics investigations of various processing treatments of hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine IV: Process and methodology for systematic review and developing management recommendations. Reference manual for management recommendations writing committees.

methodology for systematic review and developing management recommendations Lorena Baccaglini, DDS, MS, PhD, Michael T. Brennan, DDS, MHS, Peter B. Lockhart, DDS, and Lauren L. Patton, DDS, Gainesville, FL, Charlotte, NC, and Chapel Hill, NC UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, CAROLINAS MEDICAL CENTER, AND UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;103(suppl 1):S3.e1-S3.e19)
Enoxaparin dosing and associated risk of in-hospital bleeding and death in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Background:Theefficacyofenoxaparinsodiuminnon– ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes is well established; however, concerns remain regarding bleeding risk. The extent to which bleeding risk is attributable to excess dosing of enoxaparin is unclear. Methods:UsingdatafromtheCRUSADE(CanRapidRisk StratificationofUnstableAnginaPatientsSuppressAdverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative, we determinedthefrequencyofadministrationofexcess(10 mgabovetherecommendeddose),lower-than-recommended (10mgbelowtherecommendeddose),andrecommended doses of enoxaparin. We also determined unadjusted and adjusted risks of in-hospital major bleeding and death associated with excess and lower-than-recommended doses of enoxaparin. Results:Of10687patients,2002(18.7%)receivedanexcess dose and 3116 (29.2%) received a lower-thanrecommended dose of enoxaparin. Patients receiving excessdoseswereolder(medianage,78vs66years),smaller (median body mass index [calculated as weight in kilogramsdividedbyheightinmeterssquared],26.2vs27.8), and more likely to be female (59.5% vs 38.2%) than patients receiving recommended doses (P.001 for all). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, an excess dose was significantly associated with major bleeding (odds ratio,1.43;95%confidenceinterval[CI],1.18-1.75)anddeath (oddsratio,1.35;95%CI,1.03-1.77)comparedwitharecommendeddose.Alower-than-recommendeddosewasnot associated with major bleeding (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.84-1.21), but there was a trend toward higher mortality (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.93-1.68). Conclusions:Almosthalfthepatientstreatedwithenoxaparindidnotreceivearecommendeddoseandhadworse outcomes, especially those receiving an excess dose. Improved adherence to the recommended dose could substantially improve the safety profile of enoxaparin.
Efficient RCS computation for multiple incident angles using the FMM/MNM technique

We extend the MNM (Markov and Maxwell) technique, originally developed for frequency sweeping in the context of RCS computation, to speed up the iterative solution of MoM matrix equations with multiple right hand sides, corresponding to different angles of incidence. We show that the use of this technique can reduce computation time while preserving the accuracy of the solution. The MNM itself places little additional computational burden on the iteration process and usually requires less than the time required for a single iteration in the CG (conjugate gradient) process. The time-saving realized over the zero initial guess can be significant, especially when the angular increment is small, which is needed to capture rapid variations of the RCS, typically associated with large or complex scatterers.
Reduced Switching-Frequency Active Harmonic Elimination for Multilevel Converters

This paper presents a reduced switching-frequency active-harmonic-elimination method (RAHEM) to eliminate any number of specific order harmonics of multilevel converters. First, resultant theory is applied to transcendental equations to eliminate low-order harmonics and to determine switching angles for a fundamental frequency-switching scheme. Next, based on the number of harmonics to be eliminated, Newton climbing method is applied to transcendental equations to eliminate high-order harmonics and to determine switching angles for the fundamental frequency-switching scheme. Third, the magnitudes and phases of the residual lower order harmonics are computed, generated, and subtracted from the original voltage waveform to eliminate these low-order harmonics. Compared to the active-harmonic-elimination method (AHEM), which generates square waves to cancel high-order harmonics, RAHEM has lower switching frequency. The simulation results show that the method can effectively eliminate all the specific harmonics, and a low total harmonic distortion (THD) near sine wave is produced. An experimental 11-level H-bridge multilevel converter with a field-programmable gate-array controller is employed to experimentally validate the method. The experimental results show that RAHEM does effectively eliminate any number of specific harmonics, and the output voltage waveform has low switching frequency and low THD.
Effect of Annealing on Hardness and the Modulus of Elasticity in Bulk Nanocrystalline Nickel

Experiments on hardness and the modulus of elasticity were conducted at room temperature on samples of electrodeposited (ED) nanocrystalline (nc) Ni that were annealed at temperatures ranging from 323 to 693 K (50 to 420 °C). The results showed the presence of three regions: I, II, and III. In region I (300 K (27 °C) 500 K (227 °C)), the hardness dropped and then decreased with increasing grain size, whereas the modulus of elasticity approached a maximum plateau of ~240 GPa. It is suggested that while the increase in hardness in region II can be attributed in part to the formation of annealing twins, which serve as a source of strengthening, the decrease in hardness above 500 K (227 °C) is due to the occurrence of significant grain growth. The increase in the modulus of elasticity with increasing temperature in region II was attributed to the preferred orientation along (200) that was observed in the as-received samples and that continuously diminished with increasing temperature. In region III (T > 500 K (227 °C)), the preferred orientation disappeared and, a result, the modulus of elasticity approached a constant value of approximately 240 GPa.
Safety Practices with Children in Autos: Observations of Inadequate Behaviors

The safety of children in automobile accidents is a national concern. The number of injuries and deaths occurring to young children in automobile accidents is considered to be excessive. Previous surveys have indicated that many individuals are not familiar with some of the procedures and devices associated with safety for young children in that they cannot describe the appropriate locations for children of various ages and sizes. The present study involved observations of children in vehicles as they approached elementary schools. The results of the observations indicate that the surveys are likely correct in showing poor understanding of the necessity for locating children safely and using safety devices appropriately. Further, the data indicate that some of the unsafe practices used with children are associated with parents or caregivers unsafe practices.
Mix and match: Investigating heteromeric and heterotypic gap junction channels in model systems and native tissues

This review is based in part on a roundtable discussion session: “Physiological roles for heterotypic/heteromeric channels” at the 2013 International Gap Junction Conference (IGJC 2013) in Charleston, South Carolina. It is well recognized that multiple connexins can specifically co-assemble to form mixed gap junction channels with unique properties as a means to regulate intercellular communication. Compatibility determinants for both heteromeric and heterotypic gap junction channel formation have been identified and associated with specific connexin amino acid motifs. Hetero-oligomerization is also a regulated process; differences in connexin quality control and monomer stability are likely to play integral roles to control interactions between compatible connexins. Gap junctions in oligodendrocyte:astrocyte communication and in the cardiovascular system have emerged as key systems where heterotypic and heteromeric channels have unique physiologic roles. There are several methodologies to study heteromeric and heterotypic channels that are best applied to either heterologous expression systems, native tissues or both. There remains a need to use and develop different experimental approaches in order to understand the prevalence and roles for mixed gap junction channels in human physiology.
Maternal and foetal heart rates during exercise in horses

This study tested two hypotheses. First, that moderate exercise would alter maternal and foetal heart rate (HR) in the horse. Second, that pregnancy would alter the HR, plasma cortisol and plasma lactate response to moderate exercise in mares. Six unfit, pregnant Standardbred mares (6–19 years) underwent two incremental graded exercise tests (GXT). The first GXT was performed at approximately 9 months of gestation, which represents c. 80% of the total pregnancy time, and the second GXT at approximately 6 months post-parturition. During the GXT, mares ran on a treadmill up a fixed 6% incline completing three 1 min steps at velocities of 4, 6 and 7 m s− 1. Maternal HR was obtained via both electrocardiograph (ECG) and the ventricular waveform obtained from a micromanometer catheter. Data were recorded at rest, at 4, 6 and 7 m s− 1 of the GXT and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min post-GXT. Foetal HR rate was measured via ECG before, immediately after and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min post-GXT. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits were used to measure plasma cortisol concentration in samples collected before the GXT, immediately after exercise and after 5 min of recovery. Plasma lactate concentrations (LA) were measured at rest, at 4, 6 and 7 m s− 1 and at 5 min post-GXT. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured using RIA and the samples collected at rest, immediately after and at 5 min post-GXT. Exercise caused no change (P>0.05) in foetal HR. Maternal HR, plasma LA and plasma cortisol concentration were greater (P < 0.05) during the post-parturient GXT compared with the pre-parturition GXT. Body weight (mean ± SE) was lower after parturition (570 ± 20 vs. 505 ± 22 kg; P < 0.05). Consequentially, there were differences (P < 0.05) in work rate (watts) at each step of the GXT (1557 ± 53 vs. 1381 ± 60; 2339 ± 80 vs. 2071 ± 90; and 2571 ± 121 vs. 2416 ± 105 W). These data suggest that mares benefit from greater cardiovascular efficiency during pregnancy. Additionally, the lack of a change in foetal HR suggests that the unborn foal is not stressed during moderate maternal exercise.
Activation-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of the Human fas Promoter Requires NF-κB p50-p65 Recruitment

Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand (CD95L) are an interacting receptor-ligand pair required for immune homeostasis. Lymphocyte activation results in the upregulation of Fas expression and the acquisition of sensitivity to FasL-mediated apoptosis. Although Fas upregulation is central to the preservation of immunologic tolerance, little is known about the molecular machinery underlying this process. To investigate the events involved in activation-induced Fas upregulation, we have examined mRNA accumulation, fas promoter activity, and protein expression in the Jurkat T-cell line treated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin (P/I), pharmacological mimics of T-cell receptor activation. Although resting Jurkat cells express Fas, Fas mRNA was induced approximately 10-fold in 2 h upon P/I stimulation. Using sequential deletion mutants of the human fas promoter in transient transfection assays, we identified a 47-bp sequence (positions −306 to −260 relative to the ATG) required for activation-driven fas upregulation. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a previously unrecognized composite binding site for both the Sp1 and NF-κB transcription factors at positions −295 to −286. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershift analyses of this region documented constitutive binding of Sp1 in unactivated nuclear extracts and inducible binding of p50-p65 NF-κB heterodimers after P/I activation. Sp1 and NF-κB transcription factor binding was shown to be mutually exclusive by EMSA displacement studies with purified recombinant Sp1 and recombinant p50. The functional contribution of the κB-Sp1 composite site in P/I-inducible fas promoter activation was verified by using κB-Sp1 concatamers (−295 to −286) in a thymidine kinase promoter-driven reporter construct and native promoter constructs in Jurkat cells overexpressing IκB-α. Site-directed mutagenesis of the critical guanine nucleotides in the κB-Sp1 element documented the essential role of this site in activation-dependent fas promoter induction.
Estimation of Parameters in Weighted Generalized Beta Distributions of the Second Kind

This paper applies the class of weighted generalized beta distribution of the second kind (WGB2) as descriptive models for size distribution of income. The properties of WGB2 including mean, variance, coecient of variation(CV), coecient of skewness(CS), coecient of kurtosis(CK) are presented. Other properties including top-sensitive index, bottom-sensitive index, mean logarithmic deviation(MLD) index and Theil index obtained from generalized entropy(GE) are applied in this paper. WGB2 proved to be in the generalized beta-F family of distributions, and maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) is used to obtain the parameter estimates. WGB2 is tted to U.S. family income
Discipline and delegation: colonial governance in Malayan towns, 1880-1930

British colonial administrators had two strategies for governing towns in Malaya during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They used Sanitary Boards to improve public health and to control populations indirectly, and they relied on police forces for direct forms of discipline. Both strategies reveal the overall weakness of the British colonial regime in that region.
How Does Cultural Participation Contribute to Social Capital and Well-Being?

Pierre Bourdieu has contributed to the theory of cultural capital in his works since the 1960s. Bourdieu deviated from the traditional sociological conception of culture, which tended to view culture primarily as a source of shared norms and values, or as a vehicle of collective expression. He argued that culture shares many of the properties characteristic of economic capital (Bourdieu 1979/1984), emphasizing that cultural habits and dispositions constitute a resource that is capable of generating profits. In simple terms, hopefully sufficient for the purpose of this book, the Bourdieuan conceptualization of cultural capital consists of embodied skill that is inseparable from its holder. But, cultural capital is also objectified as the means of cultural expression, such as singing, painting, writing, dancing, and so on. The third element of cultural capital is institutionalized in the form of, for example, school certificates, academic qualifications or other such credentials (Bourdieu 1979/1984, 1986).
Acoustic Fluctuations and Their Harmonic Structure

Acoustic fluctuations are experimentally and theoretically shown to be harmonically related to the sound speed. The acoustic data analyzed here is shown to fluctuate predominately at the first and second harmonics of the M2 tide. Theoretical results based on the Pekeris waveguide show that a large-scale, slowly fluctuating sound speed like the M2 can cause more rapid fluctuations in the acoustic field in the form of acoustic harmonics. The theoretical results compare favorably with the acoustic data. The theoretical results also show the impact of the water column sound speed on the horizontal wave numbers and possibly on acoustic inversion methods that utilize them.
Trajectory Optimization for n-Vehicles Using a Reduced Order Formulation

I. Abstract Different methods of optimizing terrain following and terrain masking trajectories have been investigated as an extension of earlier reduced order formulations. This paper examines simultaneous optimal path planning for multiple aircraft maneuvering in the same terrain section, where both vehicles are flying at a constant velocity. First, equations are derived for the simultaneous optimal path planning of two vehicles. Next, those equations are expanded to include an n-number of vehicles. Two forms of the 2D equations of motion are investigated – a simplified form and a local tangent plane set. In addition, the trajectories can be optimized with respect to two different criteria – a minimum time case and a terrain masking case.
Are mitochondrial genes useful for the analysis of monocot relationships

A phylogenetic analysis of monocots and related dicots was conducted, using a four-gene matrix consisting of two genes from the plastid genome (matK and rbcL) and two from the mitochondrial genome (atpA/atp1 and cob). The taxon sample includes 101 monocots and 36 dicots, and all four genes were sampled for all 137 taxa. Jackknife support was assessed for clades resolved by the four-gene analysis, and compared to support for the same clades by each of the four three-gene subset matrices, in order to quantify the degree to which each gene contributed to or detracted from support for each clade. Instances of positively and negatively correlated support for clades by genes of the same and different genomes were observed. In particular, the placement of Acorus within a clade that also includes Tofieldiaceae, Araceae, and Alismatales s.s., as opposed to its frequent placement as sister of all other monocots, is supported by atpA and matK. The results indicate that genes from the mitochondrial genome provide a unique test of relationships that have been inferred with plastid-encoded genes.
2-Furaldehyde from baldcypress : A chemical rationale for the demise of the Georgia silkworm industry.

2-Furaldehyde was growth inhibitory and toxic to larvae ofBombyx mori at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Baldcypress,Taxodium distichum, heartwood released this volatile at concentrations in excess of these levels. The adverse effect of this chemical on silkworms may partially account for the demise of the Georgia silkworm industry (circa 1765), after the construction of a baldcypress rearing facility.
G327(P) Neurological outcomes of pneumococcal meningitis before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccination

Aims Pneumococcal vaccination (PnV) was introduced into the UK immunisation schedule in 2006. This paper reviews presentation, diagnosis, management and outcomes of children with pneumococcal meningitis from a tertiary children’s hospital before and following the introduction of the PnV. The study evaluated differences in outcome between patients in the hospital’s catchment area (internal) and those transferred from another hospital (external). Method Retrospective case note audit of patients admitted with a diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis. The audit covered six years before and following the introduction of PnV. Results Sixty two case notes were audited, 37 in the pre-PnV and 25 in the post PnV group. Forty-four patients (71%) were internal and 18 were transferred in from another hospital (external). Mean age was 2.2 years (median 11 months, range The mean time from presentation to diagnosis was twice as long in the post-vaccination (0.72 days), compared to the pre-vaccination group (0.33 days). 5 patients died, 4 (80%) in the pre-vaccination group. The average number of neurological sequelae in survivors was just over 1 in the pre-vaccination and under 0.5 in the post-vaccination group (i.e. for every two patients in this group one would be expected to have neurological sequelae). All of the patients who died were internal. There was an average of one neurological sequelae per patient in the external group. Conclusion There were fewer patients in the post-PnV group, mortality was less and on average fewer patients had neurological sequelae in this group. This may reflect a reduced population of pathogenic serotypes following vaccination. Time to diagnosis was longer on average in the post-PnV group, which could suggest that as pneumococcal meningitis has become less common it takes longer to make the diagnosis, the small number of patients (62) precludes definitive conclusion. Management and duration of admission were similar. Internally-derived patients were less likely to die but slightly more likely to have neurological sequelae. These findings require confirmation with a nationally-conducted audit.
Limits to using HPA axis activity as an indication of animal welfare.

HPA axis activity is often measured by corticosteroid release as a means to evaluate stress and well-being in animals. While the analysis of corticosteroid levels can provide useful information in some circumstances, a variety of methodological and technical problems make them difficult to accurately interpret. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence that is inconsistent with the widespread notion that high levels of stress result in a large amount of corticosteroid release, and in some cases the converse is true. This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques used to measure corticosteroids, describes a number of studies that failed to find a positive correlation between stress and corticosteroid levels, and delineates ancillary behavioral and cognitive tests that provide insight into an animal’s well-being. We conclude by emphasizing that the most holistic account of animal welfare is provided by utilizing a combination of physiological and psychological methods.
Federal AMT and the State Income Tax Deduction: Gateway to Reform

This article focuses on the total tax burden faced by wage earners and uses wages as a surrogate for any form of income not taxed at a differential rate. It varies income for single individuals across jurisdictions and assesses the relationship between wages, alternative minimum tax, and the potential state income tax deduction. The findings indicate that taxpayers are subject to the AMT if their wage level falls between specific lower and upper limits. For 2011 the maximum AMT liability for single taxpayers was at $306,000 in wages. Note that the AMT liability increases if there are AMT preferences or net positive AMT adjustments.
Influence of heat treatment on residual stress of P92 steel pipe girth weld

Firstly, the welding temperature field of P92 steel pipe was measured with thermal imaging system, and the thermal cycles were achieved. Secondly, the finite element method (FEM) was utilized to simulate the welding process of P92 pipe girth weld, and to analyze the distribution of welding temperature in the welded joint. It was found that the simulation results had good agreement with the experimental results. Lastly, the simulated welding temperature field was used to calculate the residual stress of P92 steel pipe girth weld, and the emphasis was focused on the influence of the postweld heat treatment on the residual stress. The results showed that the postweld heat treatment could partially release the residual stress, while the comparatively large residual stress still survived in the weld joint. Therefore, the effect of residual stress must be considered in the life evaluation of P92 pipe.
Scalable, Global, Optimal-bandwidth, Application-Specific Routing

High performance computing platforms can benefit from additional bandwidth from the interconnection network because there are many applications with significant communication demands. Further, many HPC applications expressed as MPI programs have stable communication patterns across runs. Ideally, one would like to exploit the stable communication patterns by using global routing of communication paths to minimize network contention. Unfortunately, existing optimal-bandwidth, global routing techniques use mixed integer linear programs which fundamentally do not scale to the sizes that HPC workloads and platforms demand. Consequently, HPC platforms use simple distributed routing techniques, possibly with local adaptive routing, at best. Our design – Scalable Global Routing (SGR) – addresses this gap. Simulations reveal that in a 4096-node, 4D-torus network, SGR achieves global route computation with a speedup of nearly two orders of magnitude over prior global routing techniques. SGR outperforms simpler (non-global) routing techniques such as minimal adaptive routing by a 3.1X margin and non-minimal adaptive routing by a 37% margin.
Growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood, Gooding willow, and salt cedar seedlings after large floods in central Arizona

During winter 1993, Arizona experienced regional river flooding. Floodwaters at the Hassayampa River eroded floodplains and created a 50-m-wide scour zone available for colonization by pioneer plant species. The slow rate and long duration of the floodwater recession allowed the establishment of spring-germinating native trees (mainly Freemont cottonwood [ Populus fremontii ] and Gooding willow [ Salix gooddingii ] as well as summer-germinating species included the introduced salt cedar ( Tamarix chinensis and related species). Gooding willow and Freemont cottonwood seedlings showed zonation in the floodplain, while salt cedar was equally abundant in zones with saturated and dry surface soils. Floodplain elevation (and soil moisture) influenced shoot growth rate to different degrees among the 3 species. For example, Gooding willow seedlings were significantly taller in areas with saturated soils than dry surface soils; Freemont cottonwoods were taller in the dry surface soil areas; and salt cedar were equally short in both soil moisture zones. Other factors that differentially influenced abundance or growth rates included competition with herbaceous species ( Melilotus spp., an introduced plant, locally preempted salt cedar establishment) and herbivory (selective browsing by livestock at 1 river site reduced the natural height advantage of the native tree species). I draw on the results of this descriptive field study to suggest ways in which stream flows and floodplain land use can be managed to restore ecological conditions that favor native tree species over the introduced and widespread salt cedar.
Regulatory Aspects of PET Radiopharmaceutical Production in the United States

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act (the Modernization Act) of 1997 directed FDA to establish current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements for positron emission tomography (PET) drugs. As directed by the US Congress in the Modernization Act, the costly CGMP regulations which the FDA applies to large pharmaceutical manufacturers are not appropriate for the PET drugs due to the unique properties of these drugs mainly the short half-lives. In consideration of the unique nature of PET drugs and PET drug production, FDA instituted specific CGMP requirements in 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 212. Sections 1 and 2 of this book chapter illustrate the significant different aspects and the rationales for such differences between part 212 and parts 210/211 which are the CGMP requirements for non-PET drugs. The PET drug CGMP regulation found in part 212 also provides a more flexible regulatory framework for investigational PET drugs for human use produced under an investigational new drug application (IND) in accordance with part 312 and PET drugs produced with the approval of a Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC) in accordance with part 361. The PET CGMP requirements for these PET drugs can be met either by compliance with part 212 or by producing such drugs in accordance with the 32nd edition of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter , “Radiopharmaceuticals for Positron Emission Tomography – Compounding,” which was published in 2009. In 2012, USP revised and renamed this General Chapter , “Positron Emission Tomography Drugs for Compounding, Investigational, and Research Uses.” FDA is currently considering whether to amend the PET CGMP regulations to incorporate this revised chapter into part 212. Section 4 describes format/content of the revised USP General Chapter which is very much in line with part 212 and offers more flexible requirements than the in 32nd USP.