cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of transtracheal aspiration on cardiac rate and rhythm. A prospective study.

To determine the effect of transtracheal aspiration (TTA) on cardiac rate and rhythm, we prospectively monitored by electrocardiography 14 cases before, during, and after the procedure. No serious or life-threatening arrhythmias occurred; sinus tachycardia was virtually a routine occurrence. Cardiac rate increased significantly from an average of 96 beats/min before the procedure to an average of 121/min during the procedure (P 2 measurements equal to or greater than 70 mm Hg; none had CO 2 retention or an unstable cardiac status. Patients with significant COPD (mean FEV 1 /FVC% = 48) were not at increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias during or immediately after TTA. Our results imply the following: (1) routine ECG monitoring in patients such as ours undergoing TTA does not appear to be necessary; and (2) premedication with narcotics, sedatives, or atropine does not appear to be warranted.
Glucuronidation of lipophilic substrates: preparation of 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid in multimilligram quantities by microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase.

Abstract convenient method for the enzyraic conversion of multimilli-gram quantities of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid in 90% yield is described. Commer-cially available freeze-dried rabbit liver microsomes were incubated in the presence of UDPGA, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and Triton X-100 detergent (Figure 1). The course of the biosynthetic reaction was followed by fluorimetry. The glucuronide product was extracted from the acidified incubation supernate with ethyl acetate and the acid function of the glucuronide was utilized in an acid-base extraction procedure to purify the glucuronide from biological and unreacted starting material. The glucuronide pre-cipitated from ethyl acetate and was collected by centrifugation. High pressure liquid chromatography and spectroscopic techniques were used to verify the structure and purity of 3-benzo[a]-pyrenyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid.
Sexual response in spinal cord injured adults: A review of the literature

The literature on sexual response in spinal cord injured (SCI) adults is reviewed and criticized. Principal characteristics of spinal cord injury are reviewed, and variables usually taken into account in studying sexual behavior in the SCI population are specified. Target behaviors of erection, ejaculation, attempts at intercourse, and male and female orgasm are isolated, and relevant data are reported. Attention is given to conceptual and methodological shortcomings of past research. Literature relevant to remediation of sexual problems in the SCI population is reported, and outcomes are noted. Future directions for research are indicated with particular emphasis placed on the appropriate utilization of psychophysiological techniques.
PRENATAL N G -NITRO-L-ARGININE METHYL ESTER (L-NAME) TREATMENT PRODUCES ASYMMETRIC FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION AND A PARADOXICAL INCREASE IN NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION. † 1490

PRENATAL N G -NITRO-L-ARGININE METHYL ESTER (L-NAME) TREATMENT PRODUCES ASYMMETRIC FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION AND A PARADOXICAL INCREASE IN NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION. † 1490
COMPARISON OF LOVE- AND RAYLEIGH-WAVE MULTIPATH PROPAGATION AT LASA.

abstract An analysis was made of the multipath propagation of Love waves by using data obtained from the array of three-component instruments located at the Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA). These data were analyzed by means of a high-resolution analysis technique, which provided a greater angular resolution and accuracy than was previously possible for the analysis of the multipath propagation of Love waves. The measurement of this phenomenon was made for the Love waves of six events distributed at various azimuths and distances from LASA. These measurements were used to make conjectures about the actual propagation paths for Love-wave groups in the 20 to 40-sec-period range. In addition, these paths were compared to the corresponding ones for Rayleigh waves, which were obtained previously. It is shown that in most cases, for both Love and Rayleigh waves, these propagation paths can be associated with refractions and reflections at the continental margins.
The FDA and tobacco regulation.

To the Editor: The American Heart Association enthusiastically supports the editorial by Curfman et al. (Sept. 4 issue)1 on a bill that would grant authority to the Food and Drug Administration to ...
Shifted-update rotation wavepacket propagation with a laser pulse

SUR is the simplest symplectic propagator applicable to quantum wavepacket propagation in the energy representation. We decompose the algorithm into unimodular modules that allow the implementation of complex, time-varying matrix elements. This allows the algorithm to be applied to the propagation of wavepackets coupled to a time-varying classical external field, without changing the scaling of the computational time with system size. An adaptive time step version of the algorithm is implemented.
What Does a Very Large-Scale Conversation Look Like? Artificial Dialectics and the Graphical Summarization of Large Volumes of E-Mail

E-mail-based conversations between thousands of people-very large-scale conversations (VLSCs)-now take place in a variety of on-line public spaces such as Usenet newsgroups and large listservs. This article describes the author's prototype Conversation Map system, which can automatically analyze and graphically summarize thousands of e-mail messages exchanged in VLSCs. Example conversation maps of nine VLSCs are presented. Finally, the sociolinguistic analysis performed by the Conversation Map is discussed as a form of artificial dialectics, and the graphical summaries produced by the system are considered as potential common ground between participants in a VLSC.
PHOTODISINTEGRATION OF LIGHT NUCLEI

The main features of the electric-dipole-absorption cross section for light nuclei are clarified as a result of new experimental techniques in the study of the nuclear photoeffect. In general, this cross section is characterized by a broad maximum, designated as the giant resonance, located at an energy of 12 to 20 Mev depending on the nucleus under consideration. (R.E.U.)
Correlation between algogenic effects of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) and activation of trigeminal vascular system, in an in vivo experimental model of nitroglycerin-induced sensitization

The neural mechanism(s) underlying migraine remain poorly defined at present; preclinical and clinical studies show an involvement of CGRP in this disorder. However current evidence pointed out that CGRP does not exert an algogenic action per se, but it is able to mediate migraine pain only if the trigeminal-vascular system is sensitized. The present study was addressed to investigate CGRP-evoked behavior in nitric oxide (NO) sensitized rats, using an experimental model of nitroglycerin induced sensitization of trigeminal system, looking at neuropeptide release from different cerebral areas after the intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration of NO-donors. CGRP injected into the rat whisker pad did not induce significant changes in face rubbing behavior compared to controls. On the contrary, CGRP injected in animals pre-treated with 10mg/kg nitroglycerin significantly increased the time spent in face rubbing. Nitroglycerin pre-treated animals did not show any rubbing behavior after locally injected saline. Furthermore, the i.p. treatment with nitroglycerin produced an increase of CGRP levels in brainstem and trigeminal ganglia, but not in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. The absolute amounts of CGRP produced in the brainstem were lower compared to those in the trigeminal ganglion; however, after nitroglycerin stimulation the percentage increase was higher in the brainstem. In conclusion, findings presented in this study suggest that CGRP induces a painful behavior in rats only after sensitization of trigeminal system; thus supporting the concept that a genetic as well as acquired predisposition to trigemino- vascular activation represents the neurobiological basis of CGRP nociceptive effects in migraineurs.
history, myth, and the dynamics of territorial maintenance in Tierradentro, Colombia

Although they occupy a territory whose boundaries are determined by law, the Paez of southern highland Colombia maintain hegemony over this space through a set of practices and activities which crosscut economic, social, political, and ideological domains as well as levels of social integration. Choice of particular strategies for territorial maintenance is determined by social and historical context. Once employed, these strategies are then incorporated into the body of historical knowledge which provides examples for future action, and which is mapped out in myths associated with particular geographical features. [highland Colombia, Paez, territorial organization, myth, historical consciousness]
Comparative nutrition of pantothenic acid

Abstract Pantothenic acid, a B-vitamin, is essential for all mammalian species that have been studied: humans, calves, pigs, dogs, rodents, and cats, as well as for poultry and fish. The different species develop various deficiency signs such as growth retardation; anorexia; changes in hair, feather, or skin; locomotor abnormalities; gastrointestinal problems; compromised immunofunctions; impaired adrenal functions; altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; and adverse breeding outcome. Because there are no reliable and sensitive criteria for assessing pantothenate status, the dietary requirements of different species are most frequently set at the level that results in maximum growth. The pantothenate requirement varies widely among different species and strains, and depends on the age, growth rate, and breeding stages of the animals. This review summarizes the deficiency signs and the requirements for pantothenate of different species, and discusses various factors that affect pantothenate requirements of the animals.
Effect of broadened-specification fuels on aircraft engines and fuel systems

A wide variety of studies on the potential effects of broadened-specification fuels on future aircraft engines and fuel systems are summarized. The compositions and characteristics of aircraft fuels that may be derived from current and future crude-oil sources are described, and the most critical properties that may effect aircraft engines and fuel systems are identified and discussed. The problems that are most likely to be encountered because of changes in selected fuel properties are explored; and the related effects on engine performance, component durability and maintenance, and aircraft fuel-system performance are examined. The ability of current technology to accept possible future fuel specification changes is assessed and selected technological advances that can reduce the severity of the potential problems are illustrated.
Gain and loss of fluid in metamorphosing larvae of Manduca sexta

Abstract Larvae of Manduca sexta, (Sphingidae) increase their weight approx. 50% just before pupation and then secrete this fluid during the formation of their burrows. Time-lapse cinematography indicates that the fluid is ejected into the walls of the final burrow. It may offer some mechanical support; it is not particularly repellent to ants or mice, and it contains only small amounts of the alkaloids ingested from its preferred food plants. Comparison to other species indicates that the gain and loss of water is associated with burrowing behaviour; the fluid appears to be used in providing hydraulic pressure for burrowing, in forming and cementing the pupal chamber, and in acting as a CO2 trap underground. The secretion is a hypertonic, highly alkaline solution containing KHCO3 and small amounts of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4−3 and some proteins. Haemolymph levels of K+ decrease, and those of Ca2+ increase, during the secretory phase. When radioactive calcium is injected into mature larvae, it appears promptly in the secretion. If however, the injection is given more than 24 hr before the animal begins secreting, then the calcium is bound to haemolymph protein and does not appear in the secretion.
Underestimation of case severity by emergency department patients: Implications for managed care

The objective was to examine differences in symptom severity assessment by emergency department (ED) patients and by emergency physicians (EPs) and to relate these assessments with case management and disposition. The design was prospective convenience sample of ED patients. The setting was a U.S. university hospital ED with an annual ED patient census 28,000. The participants were all ED patients registered when first author was in ED; excluded were patients treated by the major trauma response team and those with a psychiatric chief complaint. All patients were interviewed by the first author and asked to classify their symptoms as emergent, urgent, or nonurgent; the EP attending classed patients' symptoms at presentation and after work-up was complete. Three hundred-one cases were entered in the study from May to August 1996. Although 28% of ED patients self-rated their symptoms as nonurgent, 5% of this group required hospital admission. Of this group 35% were assessed by the EP attending as having required emergent or urgent ED care. Of this group 5% also rated by the EP initially as nonurgent had their case severity upgraded after work-up. Reliance on either patient symptom self-assessment or physician screening assessment by telephone to determine appropriateness of an ED visit is not reliably safe for at least 5% of presenting patients. Even prospective ED visit severity assessment does not reliably identify "unnecessary" ED visits.
Androgens and the social behavior of male and female lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

Abstract This study investigated the androgen specificity of aggressive and sexual behavior in the lizard Anolis carolinensis and the capacity of females of this species to exhibit male-typical copulation. Gonadectomized males and females were injected with testosterone propionate (TP) or dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) or were implanted with Silastic tubing containing TP or DHTP. Either TP or DHTP activated male-typical sexual behavior in both males and females and activated aggressive behavior in males; DHTP activated aggressive behavior in females. Thus conversion of androgen to estrogen is not essential for these behavior patterns, and endogenous dihydrotestosterone may be important. TP but not DHTP stimulated receptivity in females, suggesting that conversion of testosterone to estrogen may underlie TP-stimulated receptivity. Females treated with TP did not differ from males in their display of male-typical courtship, neck-clasping, and intromission.
An Image Filtering Algorithm for Removing Mixed Noise

In order to remove salt-and-pepper noise and Gaussian noise in image, a novel filtering algorithm is proposed in this paper. The novel algorithm can preserve image edge details as much as possible. Firstly, five-median-binary code (FMBC) is proposed and used to describe local edge type of image. Secondly, median filter algorithm is improved to remove salt-and-pepper noise by using FMBC. Then, local enhanced bilateral filter with FMBC and a new type of exponential weighting function is used to remove Gaussian noise. Simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is very effective not only in filtering mixed noise but also in preserving edge details.
CONSTRUCTION CONGESTION COST (CO3) BASIC MODEL

The Construction Congestion Cost System (CO3) is an integrated set of tools to estimate the impact of traffic maintenance contract provisions on congestion, road user cost, and construction cost. CO3 produces realistic budgets and selects practical contracting methods that provide an acceptable balance between construction cost and congestion. This paper describes the underlying CO3 model of traffic demand, delay, and user cost, particularly the methods by which CO3 calculates traffic backup and delay, diverted and canceled trips, and road user cost. It provides examples that illustrate the CO3 model and methods. CO3 models the common characteristic of construction work zones by which road capacity can vary from hour to hour as lanes close and open and work conditions change. Traffic demand also varies with time of day, and drivers may divert to an alternate route or cancel trips because of delays caused by construction. CO3 estimates traffic delay due to traffic congestion as a function of demand and capacity, and it estimates traffic cancellations and diversions as functions of traffic delay.
Neutron-diffraction study of Zr(Ca,Y)O/sub 2-x/: Evidence of differing mechanisms for internal and external distortions

We have deduced from measurements of the neutron elastic cross section that below the order-disorder transition in Zr(Ca)O/sub 2-x/ and Zr(Y)O/sub 2-x/ the oxygen atoms are shifted from their fluorite positions. We find quantitative agreement with experiment for a model containing a rearrangement (internal shear deformation with amplitude 0.23 A) of the oxygen sublattice. The (110) internal shear deformation is the same (in symmetry and magnitude) for Zr(Ca)O/sub 2-x/ and Zr(Y)O/sub 2-x/, however, only Zr(Y)0/sub 2-x/ exhibits an external distortion. These observations are consistent with the fact that the internal rearrangement is an inhomogeneous deformation and does not require the presence of an external strain. A successful test of Cooper's search criterion leads us to an internal rearrangement mode corresponding to a q = (0,0,2..pi../a) longitudinal phonon, and points to the dominance of cation-anion interactions in determining the nature of the lattice internal rearrangement.
New Drugs in the Frontier of Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

There have been great strides made in colon cancer therapy over the last 20 years, with the addition of oxaliplatin and irinotecan to the 5-fluorouracil backbone, and introduction of biologic agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways. Across the world researchers have elucidated the pathways involved in colon cancer tumorigenesis, and developed drugs designed to inhibit specific targets and overcome resistance to therapy. This article reviews drugs targeting angiogenesis, the EGFR pathway, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and discusses additional novel agents.
Concentration dependence of ionic transport in dilute organic electrolyte solutions.

Ion transport is studied in dilute organic liquid electrolyte solutions in which close cation−anion interactions are minimized either through steric hindrance imposed by the bulky tetrabutylammonium cation or by strong solvation of alkali metal cations by DMSO or 1-propanol. In these solutions, the molar conductivity does not appear to depend on either the solvent viscosity or the size of the solvated charge carrier in a manner consistent with Walden’s rule. The molar conductivities plotted as a function of the solvent dielectric constant frome = 5.48 to 63.5 appear to lie on a smooth curve for a set of 0.0055 M solutions of tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate in a variety of aprotic solvents. The molar conductivity smoothly increases with increasing dielectric constant to a maximum at roughly e = 33 and then decreases with further increase of the dielectric constant. The conductivity appears to depend only on the dielectric constant and not the specific functional group in this broad family of s...
Sonic hedgehog functions through dynamic changes in temporal competence in the developing forebrain

Morphogens act during development to provide graded spatial information that controls patterning and cell lineage specification in the nervous system. The role of morphogen signaling in instructing the expression of downstream effector transcription factors has been well established. However, a key requirement for morphogen signaling is the existence of functional intracellular machinery able to mediate the appropriate response in target cells. Here we suggest that dynamic changes in the temporal responses to Shh in the developing ventral telencephalon occur through alterations in progenitor competence. We suggest these developmental changes in competence are mediated by a transcriptional mechanism that intrinsically integrates information from the distinct signaling pathways that act to pattern the telencephalic neuroepithelium.
Real-Time Fault Detection for Solar Hot Water Systems Using Adaptive Resonance Theory Neural Networks

The objective of this work is to design and test a real-time solar hot water (SHW) fault detection system that can reliably detect anticipated and unforeseen faults using only those sensors that are normally required to operate a system. The fault detection system includes a data acquisition module and a hierarchical Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART)-based neural network fault detection module. The data acquisition system logs the collector fin temperature and the water tank heat exchanger outlet temperature. The detection module uses a hierarchical ART neural network that can detect faults and classify them by level of severity. The hierarchical ART neural network is trained with information collected from a verified solar hot water system TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation program) model. The TRNSYS model uses weather data for Albuquerque, NM, extracted from the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB), for the 5-year period 2000–2004. The neural network is trained under different weather conditions. The simulation and experimental results show that the trained fault detection system has the capability to detect expected faults including pump faults, impeller degradation, thermosyphon and potential unexpected ones. Simulated and experimental test results are presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Nitric oxide reduction in the freeboard of a fluidized bed coal combustor

Nitric oxide mole fractions of 650 to 1350 ppm were observed in the combustion productsnear the bed surface during fluidized combustion of bitminous coal. Reduction of NO to N 2 in the freeboard above the bed decreased NO to the characteristically low levels (80–400 mol ppm) observed in the exhaust from fluidized bed combustors. The experimentally measured variations of NO with height in the freeboard are compared with the predictions of a semi-empirical model in which NO reduction is assumed to occur by reaction with entrained coal char. The concentration of char particles is determined from measured bed properties using mechanistic models for the initial particle flux at the bed surface and the motion of particles in the freeboard. The nitric oxide reduction predicted by the model is in good agreement with the reduction observed in five of the six sets of measurements.
Analytic Light Curves for Planetary Transit Searches

We present exact analytic formulae for the eclipse of a star described by quadratic or nonlinear limb darkening. In the limit that the planet radius is less than a tenth of the stellar radius, we show that the exact light curve can be well approximated by assuming the region of the star blocked by the planet has constant surface brightness. We apply these results to the Hubble Space Telescope observations of HD 209458, showing that the ratio of the planetary to stellar radii is 0.1207 ± 0.0003. These formulae give a fast and accurate means of computing light curves using limb-darkening coefficients from model atmospheres that should aid in the detection, simulation, and parameter fitting of planetary transits.
Desired and Feared—What Do We Do Now and Over the Next 50 Years?

An intense debate about Harvard University’s General Education Curriculum demonstrates that statistics, as a discipline, is now both desired and feared. With this new status comes a set of enormous challenges. We no longer simply enjoy the privilege of playing in or cleaning up everyone’s backyard. We are now being invited into everyone’s study or living room, and trusted with the task of being their offspring’s first quantitative nanny. Are we up to such a nerve-wracking task, given the insignificant size of our profession relative to the sheer number of our hosts and their progeny? Echoing Brown and Kass’s “What Is Statistics?” (2009), this article further suggests ways to prepare our profession to meet the ever-increasing demand, in terms of both quantity and quality. Discussed are (1) the need to supplement our graduate curricula with a professional development curriculum (PDC); (2) the need to develop more subject oriented statistics (SOS) courses and happy courses at the undergraduate level; (3) the...
States of delinquency: race and science in the making of California’s juvenile justice system, by Miroslava Chavez-Garcia

Although the juvenile justice system has undertaken the role of handling delinquent juveniles and preventing them from reoffending over the past decades, its discriminatory practices have not been ...
Work Values Inventory Scores from 1970 to 1980

Super's (1970) Work Values Inventory was administered to 204 undergraduates from 1970 to 1980. Data were collected in a classroom setting where the inventory was used for pedagogic purposes. Consid...
A chemical compound commonly used to inhibit PKR, {8-(imidazol-4-ylmethylene)-6H-azolidino[5,4-g]benzothiazol-7-one}, protects neurons by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase

Activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. We find that a compound widely used as a pharmacological inhibitor of this enzyme, referred to as PKR inhibitor (PKRi), {8-(imidazol-4-ylmethylene)-6H-azolidino[5,4-g]benzothiazol-7-one}, protects against the death of cultured cerebellar granule and cortical neurons. PKRi also prevents striatal neurodegeneration and improves behavioral outcomes in a chemically induced mouse model of Huntington's disease. Surprisingly, PKRi fails to block the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, a downstream target of PKR, and does not reduce the autophosphorylation of PKR enzyme immunoprecipitated from neurons. Furthermore, neurons lacking PKR are fully protected from apoptosis by PKRi, demonstrating that neuroprotection by this compound is not mediated by PKR inhibition. Using in vitro kinase assays we investigated whether PKRi affects any other protein kinase. These analyses demonstrated that PKRi has no major inhibitory effect on pro-apoptotic kinases such as the c-Jun N-terminal kinases, the p38 MAP kinases and the death-associated protein kinases, or on other kinases including c-Raf, MEK1, MKK6 and MKK7. PKRi does, however, inhibit the activity of certain cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), including CDK1, CDK2 and CDK5 both in vitro and in low potassium-treated neurons. Consistent with its inhibitory action on mitotic CDKs, the treatment of HT-22 and HEK293T cell lines with PKRi sharply reduces the rate of cell cycle progression. Taken together with the established role of CDK activation in the promotion of neurodegeneration, our results suggest that PKRi exerts its neuroprotective action by inhibiting CDK.
Commentary: sonography in the evaluation of children following blunt trauma: is it to be or not to be?

Over the past decade CT scanning has become generally accepted in North America as the diagnostic modality of choice for the evaluation of abdominal injury in children following blunt trauma [1–5]. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of sonography as the primary screening examination in this area. Initial studies utilizing sonography in the evaluation of trauma patients focused primarily on identifying hemoperitoneum in adults [6–8]. More recent studies have also attempted to evaluate the accuracy of sonography for the diagnosis of solid viscus injury [9–14]. Filiatraut and colleagues recently reported a long and successful experience using sonography for the investigation of blunt abdominal trauma in children [12]. Their work in this area should be applauded. However, whether wide-spread application of this modality can be successful remains uncertain. In the space below a critical evaluation of sonography and CT in the assessment of injured children is presented.
Thermal stability and immersion solution dependence of second order nonlinear optical ionically self-assembled films

ABSTRACTPolymeric films fabricated from ionically self-assembled monolayers (ISAMs) spontaneously form in a noncentrosymmetric structure requisite for a nonzero second order nonlinear optical (NLO) susceptibility, without the need for electric field poling. ISAM NLO films exhibit excellentlong-term temporal stability of having shown no decay over a period of nearly three years. Theyare also remarkably stable at elevated temperatures. While decreases by 20% as the temperatureis raised to 150° C, total recovery of the susceptibility is observed upon cooling, demonstrating thatthe decrease is not due to an irreversible randomization of the chromophore alignment. The thickness,onentational order, and NLO response are found to be strongly dependent on the pH and ionic strength of the solutions from which the films are deposited. The largest values are observed infilms with the smallest bilayer thickness. This suggests that polar orientation is obtained primarily atthe interfaces between adjacent layers rather than throughout a full monolayer.Keywords: second order nonlinear optical susceptibility, ionically self-assembled monolayers,thermal stability, pH, ionic strength1. INTRODUCTION
Evaluation of the recovery of waterborne Giardia cysts by freshwater clams and cyst detection in clam tissue.

The Asian freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, inhabits environments recognized to be contaminated with waterborne Giardia cysts. Sixty-four tissue samples of Giardia-free clams were spiked with various numbers of Giardia duodenalis cysts within the range of 50–700 cysts. Regression analysis showed that paired numbers of spiked (x) versus recovered (y) cysts regressed significantly (P < 0.01) according to the equation y= 42.57 + 1.81x (±64.3). The cyst detection threshold was 43 cysts/clam, the coefficient of determination was 77%, and the overall sensitivity of cyst detection was 42.9%. All 20 values of cyst numbers in clam tissue samples that were processed blind were located within the 95% prediction limits of the linear regression equation. The cyst retention rate of 160 clams kept in an aquarium with 38 l of water spiked with 1.00 × 105G. duodenalis cysts was approximately 1.3 × 103 cysts/clam. No waterborne cysts were detected by the membrane filtration method 90 min after spiking the aquarium water. G. duodenalis cysts were detected in clam tissue up to 3 weeks post-exposure. Filtration of water by clams substantially depleted the aquarium water of its particulate matter. The sampling program demonstrated that the population of 160 clams examined during the study could be accurately assessed for exposure to waterborne Giardia cysts by random sampling of 86 (54%) clams. The results indicate that C. fluminea clams can be used␣for biological monitoring of contamination with Giardia.
Flow management and fish density regulate salmonid recruitment and adult size in tailwaters across western North America

Rainbow and brown trout have been intentionally introduced into tailwaters downriver of dams globally and provide billions of dollars in economic benefits. At the same time, recruitment and maximum length of trout populations in tailwaters often fluctuate erratically, which negatively affects the value of fisheries. Large recruitment events may increase dispersal downriver where other fish species may be a priority (e.g., endangered species). There is an urgent need to understand the drivers of trout population dynamics in tailwaters, in particular the role of flow management. Here, we evaluate how flow, fish density, and other physical factors of the river influence recruitment and mean adult length in tailwaters across western North America, using data from 29 dams spanning 1-19 years. Rainbow trout recruitment was negatively correlated with high annual, summer, and spring flow and dam latitude, and positively correlated with high winter flow, subadult brown trout catch, and reservoir storage capacity. Brown trout recruitment was negatively correlated with high water velocity and daily fluctuations in flow (i.e., hydropeaking) and positively correlated with adult rainbow trout catch. Among these many drivers, rainbow trout recruitment was primarily correlated with high winter flow combined with low spring flow, whereas brown trout recruitment was most related to high water velocity. The mean lengths of adult rainbow and brown trout were influenced by similar flow and catch metrics. Length in both species was positively correlated with high annual flow but declined in tailwaters with high daily fluctuations in flow, high catch rates of conspecifics, and when large cohorts recruited to adult size. Whereas brown trout did not respond to the proportion of water allocated between seasons, rainbow trout length increased in rivers that released more water during winter than in spring. Rainbow trout length was primarily related to high catch rates of conspecifics, whereas brown trout length was mainly related to large cohorts recruiting to the adult size class. Species-specific responses to flow management are likely attributable to differences in seasonal timing of key life history events such as spawning, egg hatching, and fry emergence.
Telomerase activity in lens epithelial cells of normal and cataractous lenses.

Abstract Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein responsible for maintaining telomere length, preventing chromosomal degradation and recombination, and repairing DNA strand breaks. These activities are believed to be important in preventing cell senescence. Telomerase activity is normally found in germinal, neoplastic and stem cells, but not any ocular tissue studied to date. The epithelium of the crystalline lens is comprised of a population of cells with diverse mitotic potential including the germinative epithelium which contains cells with the potential for unlimited replicative capacity, equatorial cells which terminally differentiate into lens fibers, and the central epithelium which are considered to be quiescent and nonreplicative under normal circumstances. We speculated that the germinative region of lens epithelial cells might have telomerase activity, and that dysregulation of its activity might be associated with cataractogenesis. We investigated these hypotheses in lens capsule specimens from normal and cataractous dogs and from cultures of canine lens epithelial cells using standard assays for telomerase activity and telomere length. Telomerase activity was found in normal canine lens epithelial cells in the central, germinative and equatorial regions of the anterior lens capsule at equivalent levels. Similar findings were made in feline and murine lens epithelial cells, indicating that the presence of telomerase activity in the lens was not species specific. Lens fiber cells, corneal epithelium and endothelium and nonpigmented ciliary epithelium were telomerase negative. Telomerase activity and telomere lengths were significantly greater in lens epithelia from cataractous lenses when compared with normal lenses. Since telomerase activity is associated with an immortal phenotype, the presence of telomerase activity in the lens epithelial cells may function to prevent conversion to senescence. It was, therefore, difficult to explain why these cells cannot be passaged more than four times in culture. We found that telomerase activity and telomere lengths gradually decreased with increased passages until telomerase activity was no longer present at passage two. Consistent with these findings, there were no senescent cells present on the lens capsule when the lens was initially dissected for culture, but an increasing number of cells were senescent with each passage, correlating well with the loss of telomerase activity. Telomerase activity is likely important in the germinative epithelium to maintain its proliferative potential and prevent cell senescence. Telomerase may function in the quiescent, central lens to maintain telomeres damaged by oxidative stress and ultraviolet light exposure, thereby preventing accelerated loss of these elements which triggers cell senescence. It remains to be determined if the increase in telomerase activity in lens epithelial cells from cataractous lenses is a primary dysregulation that may have a role in the development of the cataract, or is secondary to cataract formation.
Autonomous Device for Application in Late-Phase Hemorrhagic Shock Prevention

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is the leading cause of death for people with traumatic injuries. The onset of HS is correlated with marked changes in the plasma vasopressin levels and some studies indicate that administrating vasopressin in the bloodstream can help stabilize the situation. This situation calls naturally for the use of implantable devices for both the monitoring and treatment of HS. In this work, we present a self-powered hemorrhagic-shock autonomous integrated device (hemoAID) that continuously monitors vasopressin levels and releases vasopressin automatically when levels drop below a certain threshold. We demonstrate that the device can operate at physiological concentrations of vasopressin, in sheep serum, thus paving the way towards the development of an autonomous implantable device for HS prevention.
Geometry and folding history of the Baraboo Syncline: Implications for the Mazatzal Orogeny in the north-central U.S.

Abstract The Baraboo Syncline in south-central Wisconsin formed during the Mazatzal Orogeny. It is a doubly plunging, asymmetric syncline. Internal structures, such as chocolate-tablet style boudinage and tension gashes, indicate stretching parallel to the fold axis, and preclude folding by plane-strain models. Both the fold geometry and the internal deformation within the fold limbs suggest a history of (1) buckling that varied along the fold axis resulting in doubly plunging folds and stretching along the fold axis followed by (2) continued buckling combined with top-to-the-south simple shearing that may have varied along the fold axis. The second stage of deformation could be the result of the onset of an overriding thrust package. The deformation history is consistent with a typical south-verging fold forming in a fold and thrust belt that inherited its geometry from a north-dipping subduction zone.
An expression for the drag force of small spherical particles in an ideal-gas media analyzed using configuration-specific kinetic molecular theory

Abstract Epstein [P.S. Epstein, Phys. Rev. 23 (1924) 710] provided the benchmark analysis for a series of expressions describing the drag force exerted on small moving particles by an ideal gas media. His expression for elastic collisions shows that the drag force increases according to the function 1 + 4 s /9, in which s is the fraction of molecules diffusively reflected. For inelastic collisions in which the particles are thermally conducting and non-conducting, the drag force increases as 1+π s /8 and 1 + 9π s /64, respectively. Analysis using configuration-specific kinetic molecular theory reproduces Epstein’s expression for the drag force where s = 0, but predicts that the drag force decreases according to the function 1- s /6. This work also includes an expression for s derived from Massalimov’s [I.A. Massalimov, Chem. Sust. Dev. 10 (2002) 119] equation for the probability of phonon energy transmission.
The Stock Market Game: Classroom Use and Strategy

Questions about the costs and benefits of the Stock Market Game are considered, with market and survey evidence used to provide guidance to educators considering whether and how to play the game in the classroom.
National dissemination of supported housing in the VA: Model adherence versus model modification.

OBJECTIVE The continuing development and dissemination of emerging evidence-based practices may be facilitated by the availability of descriptive information on the actual delivery of the service, and its variability, across sites. This paper presents data on the participation of 2,925 homeless veterans in the Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supported Housing (HUD-VASH) program at 36 sites across the country, for up to five years. While most conceptual models emphasize rapid placement, sustained intensive case management, rehabilitation services, and "permanent" housing, no program has yet presented empirical data on the actual delivery of such services over an extended period of time. METHODS Using extensive longitudinal data from the VA's national homeless outreach program, the Health Care for Homeless Veterans (HCHV) program, a quantitative portrait presents what happens in supported housing in a large real-world dissemination effort. RESULTS Program entry to HUD-VASH was generally slow with 108 days (sd = 92 days) on average passing between program entry and housing placement. Total program participation lasted 2.6 years on average (sd = 1.6 years)-just half of the possible 5 years. Service delivery became substantially less intensive over time by several measures, and three-fourths of the veterans terminated within five years, although the vast majority (82%) were housed at the time. Few veterans received rehabilitation services (6%) or employment assistance (17%) and most service delivery focused on obtaining housing. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that real-world supported housing programs may not adhere to the prevalent model descriptions either because of implementation failure or because veteran needs and preferences differ from those suggested by that model.
Target pattern and spiral solutions to reaction-diffusion equations with more than one space dimension

We prove the existence of homogeneous target pattern and spiral solutions to equations of the form c"t = F(c) + @?^2c, where F(c) = (@[email protected]@[email protected])c, @l = @l(|c|^2), @w = @w(|c|^2), @l' < 0, @l(1) = 0, @w' <0 and |@w'|@? 1; the spatial dimension is greater than one. As in the one-dimensional case, such solutions exist for discrete values of the asymptotic wave number (or equivalently, the frequency of oscillation of the entire solution). For target patterns, we construct solutions for a sequence of frequencies. For spirals, we construct only the ''lowest mode'' solution.
Metal-Organic Frameworks from Dipodal and Tripodal Silicon-Centered Tetrahedral Ligands

Six metal-organic frameworks from organic systems with tetrahedral geometry have been prepared and their crystal structures solved. The organic portions contain different central atoms (M = S, C, Si), a common binding group (4-carboxyphenyl), and a sterically variable series of nonbinding groups (H, ═O, CF3, phenyl, and tolyl). Five of these systems are dipodal, with two carboxyphenyl groups, and one is tripodal, with three. Dipodal systems with small, nonbinding groups produced two-dimensional, layered structures with medium void percentages. The nonbinding groups are positioned away from the voids. Dipodal systems with large (aryl), nonbinding groups produced three-dimensional networks with larger void percentages. The nonbinding aryl groups are directed into the voids, where they line the surfaces. The single tripodal case produced a two-dimensional, layered structure with a high void percentage. The pore sizes and shapes are tailored by and for the nonbinding groups.
Directing Stem Cell Fate by Controlling the Affinity and Density of Ligand–Receptor Interactions at the Biomaterials Interface

Sticky situation: the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells can be influenced by the affinity and density of an immobilized ligand for the integrin receptors. Cells adherent to monolayers that present the high-affinity, cyclic-RGD peptide (left) show increased expression of osteogenic markers, while cells on monolayers presenting the lower-affinity, linear-RGD peptide (right) express early markers of myogenesis at a high density and neurogenesis at a low density of the ligand.
Direct visualization of lipid deposition and reverse lipid transport in a perfused artery : roles of VLDL and HDL.

The major goal of this study was to determine the interactions of VLDL surface and core lipids with the artery wall. We first demonstrated in vitro that surface lipid in VLDL could be traced using the phospholipid-like fluorescent probe 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3, 3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine (DiI). The core of VLDL particles was traced by fluorescently labeling apolipoprotein B with TRITC. The labeled VLDLs were perfused through rat carotid arteries, and accumulation of the fluorescently labeled VLDL components in the arterial walls was determined by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Addition of lipoprotein lipase increased the accumulation of both DiI and TRITC by >2.3-fold. Histological examination showed that DiI and TRITC were primarily localized to the endothelial layer; however, DiI also accumulated as small "lakes" deeper in the artery, in a subendothelial position. Addition of HDL to the perfusion decreased the accumulation of surface lipid and apolipoprotein B-containing particles and eliminated the DiI lakes. Moreover, the increase in endothelial layer permeability associated with lipolysis was attenuated 21% by HDL. If VLDL surface lipid first was allowed to accumulate in the arterial wall, its subsequent rate of loss was more than twice as fast if HDL was included in the perfusate. These studies directly demonstrate atherogenic effects of VLDL lipolysis and their inhibition by HDL.
Variational study of J 1 - J 2 Heisenberg model on kagome lattice using projected Schwinger-boson wave functions

Motivated by the unabating interest in the spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model on the kagome lattice, we investigate the energetics of projected Schwinger-boson (SB) wave functions in the J_(1)-J_(2) model with antiferromagnetic J_(2) coupling. Our variational Monte Carlo results show that Sachdev’s Q_(1)=Q_(2) SB ansatz has a lower energy than the Dirac spin liquid for J_(2) ≳ 0.08J_(1) and the q=0 Jastrow-type magnetically ordered state. This work demonstrates that the projected SB wave functions can be tested on the same footing as their fermionic counterparts.
Contributors to traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in juvenile justice youths

This study considers demographic, offense, and disorder contributors to exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a large (N = 9,611) dataset of standardized psychiatric assessments resulting from nationwide collaborations with justice agencies. Youths' antisocial history may elevate risk for traumatic exposure and PTSD; additionally, traumatic victimization increases risk for externalizing behavior. Rates of all types of traumatic exposure and PTSD were clearly elevated and expectably related to disorder and antisocial behavior. Males were significantly more likely than females to report assaultive violence, whereas females were significantly more likely than males to report forced sexual activity. Gender interactions with disorder and antisocial behavior were contributory only in predicting forced sexual activity: females' exposure was not conditional on features characterizing males' exposure. Findings highlight the high levels of trauma exposure at all levels of juvenile justice processing, and the particular vulnerability of males with internalizing psychopathology. Consistent with increased recent interest in the diagnosis of developmental trauma disorder, and given the likely interconnectedness between traumatic exposure and externalizing symptoms, treatment approaches for justice youths should address their co-occurrence.