cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An electron microscopic study of the crystal-matrix relationship in the teeth of the dogfish Squalus acanthias L

The outer tooth layer of Squalus acanthias is composed of tightly packed hexagonal crystallites about 200–1000 A across and 1500 A long. These crystallites are found in close association with a noncollagenous organic matrix consisting of 60–70 A thick membranes present in the form of small flattened saccules. Since crystallites, especially in the formative areas, are enveloped by this membranous organic matrix, it is suggested that the membranes provide compartments within which crystal formation is favored. On the basis of its large crystallites and its noncollagenous organic matrix, the outer mineralized layer must be regarded as enamel-like and should not be classified as a modified dentin. Until such time as the origin of the organic matrix of the outer layer is determined, one should refer to it as the enameloid layer; the term enamel being reserved for vertebrate hard tissue of ectodermal origin. The inner mineralized tooth layer, however, consisting of a collagen matrix associated with small needle-like crystals, resembles the structure of higher vertebrate dentin.
Early acquisition responding on trials following different rewards and nonrewards

Rat Ss were trained in the straight runway under a regular pattern of partial reward. Amount of reward and duration of nonreward were varied factorially.Responding in early acquisition on trials following the various rewards and nonrewards was fastest following large reward, slower following small reward, slower still following short nonreward, and slowest following long nonreward.
Studies of mercuric halide donor-acceptor complexes by nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Abstract The halogen NQR spectra of mercuric chloride, bromide and iodide in donor-acceptor complexes with pyridine-N-oxide and γ-picoline-N-oxide are reported. In addition, mercuric bromide complexes of tetrahydrofuran, acetophenone, benzophenone and phenoxathiin and the mercuric chloride-bismethanol complex are reported. In most of the compounds, two reasonably well separated halogen resonances are found which indicates that two quite different halogen sites exist. In several compounds, the frequencies are very closely spaced. The results indicate that tetrahedral mercury probably does not exist in these complexes.
The influence of dispersity in geometric structure on the stability of cellular solids

Geometric structures in cellular solids span the spectrum from perfectly periodic to strictly random. Depending on the degree of disorder at the cellular-scale, the corresponding continuum-scale mechanical response can admit instabilities or can remain stable for the entire range of compressive deformations. In the present work, the response of cellular materials to quasi-static uni-axial compression is investigated. The underlying geometric structures in these materials are allowed to range from highly ordered to highly disordered, and the corresponding transition from unstable to stable mechanical response is explored. A stochastic constitutive model is developed and used for this purpose. Model development begins with an established cellular-scale mechanical response description, but this cellular-scale model is generalized to accommodate finite strain. A continuum-scale constitutive model is established by averaging the cellular-scale model over an ensemble of foam cells, and stochastic variation in cellular-scale geometric structure and material properties is considered through the use of probability density functions for the associated model parameters. Results show that dispersity in geometric structure has little to no effect on the initial elastic properties of the cellular materials under investigation. For deformations occurring prior to any occurrence of instability, however, increasing dispersity is accompanied by decreasing stiffness, an increase in critical strain, and a decrease in the extent of localized deformation. Most notably, materials with the highest degrees of dispersity in their cellular structures exhibit mechanical response that remains stable for the entire range of compressive deformations, demonstrating a general stabilizing effect of dispersity in geometric structure on the continuum-scale mechanical response of cellular solids.
Untangling twisted nets for bus routing

Previous works of Ozdal and Wong on PCB bus routing assume matched pin ordering for both sides. But in practice, the pin ordering might be mismatched and the nets become twisted. In this paper, we propose a preprocessing step to untangle such twisted nets. We also present an algorithm to solve this untangling problem. Our algorithm produces an optimal single-detour routing scheme that rematches the pin ordering. By integrating our preprocessing step into the bus router in the work of Ozdal and Wong , we show that many routing problems that cannot be solved previously can now be solved with insignificant increase in runtime.
Mapping the Indices of Seats–Votes Disproportionality and Inter-Election Volatility:

Measures of electoral system disproportionality and of party system volatility (as well as malapportionment and vote splitting) present similar statistical issues in terms of deciding what index is most appropriate, but it is not common to view indices of disproportionality and volatility as serving similar ends. Making use of 12 different criteria, we evaluate 19 indices that have been previously proposed as measures of either disproportionality of electoral seats–votes results or over-time volatility of party vote (or seat) shares. We suggest that, on balance, Gallagher’s (1991) index, which has achieved increasing acceptance in the seats–votes literature on disproportionality (see esp. Lijphart, 1994) offers the most desirable combination of features, although the advantages it offers over the Loosemore-Hanby index are not large and are debatable. We also find that Dalton’s principle of transfers presents an ambiguity when one party has a larger number of excess seats, while another has a larger propor...
Disturbance, structure, and composition: Spruce beetle and Engelmann spruce forests on the Markagunt Plateau, Utah

In the 1990s a spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak killed nearly all canopy Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) across the Markagunt Plateau, southern Utah, USA. We quantified attributes of the forest before and after the spruce beetle outbreak, including tree ages, structure and composition on three sites. Greater than 99% of the Engelmann spruce measured in this study were dead and 93% of those died as a result of the beetle outbreak. Age structure analysis revealed each site had originally regenerated from a different antecedent disturbance, and not from a single, landscape-wide event comparable to the recent spruce beetle outbreak. Profound structural and compositional changes from spruce dominance to subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), aspen (Populus tremuloides), or limber pine (Pinus flexilis) were found. No site was resistant to the spruce beetle and post-outbreak forest composition suggested that the response to the disturbance is at least partially due to species diversity. We suggest short-term (decades) system response will tend toward structures similar to pre-outbreak conditions however, composition will differ. Sparse Engelmann spruce regeneration (6% of understory trees <5 cm diameter at breast height) compared with subalpine fir (62%) and aspen (32%) will likely preclude spruce from dominance for many decades. Long-term (centuries) forest reorganization will tend toward structures similar to the pre-outbreak system (i.e. forest); however, dominance by Engelmann spruce will likely take longer. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Two-dimensional efficiency decomposition to measure the demand effect in productivity analysis

This paper proposes a two-dimensional efficiency decomposition (2DED) of profitability for a production system to account for the demand effect observed in productivity analysis. The first dimension identifies four components of efficiency: capacity design, demand generation, operations, and demand consumption, using Network Data Envelopment Analysis (Network DEA). The second dimension decomposes the efficiency measures and integrates them into a profitability efficiency framework. Thus, each component’s profitability change can be analyzed based on technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change and allocative efficiency change. An empirical study based on data from 2006 to 2008 for the US airline industry finds that the regress of productivity is mainly caused by a demand fluctuation in 2007–2008 rather than technical regression in production capabilities.
The miti-mere and pdm1 genes collaborate during specification of the RP2/sib lineage in Drosophila neurogenesis

We have investigated (i) the role of pdm1, a Drosophila POU gene, during the elaboration of the GMC-1-->RP2/sib lineage and (ii) the functional relationship between pdm1 and the closely linked second POU gene, miti-mere, in this lineage. We show that deletion of pdm1 causes a partially penetrant GMC-1 defect, while deletion of both miti and pdm1 results in a fully penetrant defect. This GMC-1 defect in miti- and pdm1- embryos can be rescued by the pdm1 or miti transgene. Rescue is observed only when these genes are expressed at the time of GMC-1 formation. Overexpression of pdm1 or miti well after GMC-1 is formed results in the duplication of RP2 and/or sib cells. Our results indicate that both genes are required for the normal development of this lineage and that the two collaborate during the specification of GMC-1 identity.
A Case Study in Organizational Change: Evaluation in Cooperative Extension.

This chapter examines how factors both internal and external to Cooperative Extension have influenced its commitment and capability to assess the quality and impact of its programs. The authors begin by documenting how the nature of Extension programming has changed dramatically in response to societal needs over the course of the organization's history. Because Extension's culture places great value on service to people, early attempts to measure organizational performance focused on the number of individuals reached and the quality of the interaction with those individuals. Over time, Extension educators began to turn their attention to program outcomes. But it wasn't until Extension was threatened with significant budget cuts that the organization responded with systemwide efforts to document the results of its programming. The authors conclude that so long as Extension educators consider program evaluation an obligation to be met rather than an opportunity to learn and grow, optimum levels of commitment and capability cannot be achieved. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Programmed Instruction for Teaching Java: Consideration of Learn Unit Frequency and Rule-Test Performance

At the beginning of a Java computer programming course, nine students in an undergraduate class and nine students in a graduate class completed a web-based programmed instruction tutoring system that taught a simple computer program. All students exited the tutor with an identical level of skill, at least as determined by the tutor’s required terminal performance, which involved writing the program and passing multiple-choice tests on the program’s elements. Before entering and after exiting the tutor, students completed a test of rule-based performance that required applications of general programming principles to solve novel problems. In both classes, the number of correct rule answers observed before entering the tutor did not predict the number of learn units that students subsequently used to complete the tutor. However, the frequency of learn units was inversely related to post-tutor rule-test performance, i.e., as the number of learn units used in the tutor increased over students, the number of correct answers on the post-tutor rule test decreased. Since time to complete the tutor was unrelated to learn unit frequency, these data suggest that high achieving students may have generated autoclitic learn units while using the tutor. Interteaching, as an occasion for generating and sharing interlocking learn units, may be an effective complement to programmed instruction in promoting optimal learning in all students.
Rational Clinical Experiment: Assessing Prior Probability and Its Impact on the Success of Phase II Clinical Trials

Purpose Despite a robust clinical trial enterprise and encouraging phase II results, the vast minority of oncologic drugs in development receive regulatory approval. In addition, clinicians occasionally make therapeutic decisions based on phase II data. Therefore, clinicians, investigators, and regulatory agencies require improved understanding of the implications of positive phase II studies. We hypothesized that prior probability of eventual drug approval was significantly different across GI cancers, with substantial ramifications for the predictive value of phase II studies. Methods We conducted a systematic search of phase II studies conducted between 1999 and 2004 and compared studies against US Food and Drug Administration and National Cancer Institute databases of approved indications for drugs tested in those studies. Results In all, 317 phase II trials were identified and followed for a median of 12.5 years. Following completion of phase III studies, eventual new drug application approval rates ...
Cellular nonlinear network based on semiconductor tunneling nanostructure

We propose and analyze a cellular nonlinear network (CNN) based on a semiconductor nanostructure consisting of multiple layers of two semiconductors along with an incorporated quantum dot layer. An elementary logic cell of the proposed CNN consists of two resonant tunneling diodes connected in series through a quantum dot. The cell may be realized with multiple layers of two semiconductor materials with an embedded dot layer in between. The local interconnections of nanocells are achieved via tunneling between the neighboring quantum dots. Cells may be biased by the common column contacts, and only edge cells have individual I/O ports. Using approximate tunneling characteristics, we simulated network dynamics and found procedures leading to useful logic functionality. In order to illustrate network capabilities for image processing, we present examples of filtering, erosion, dilation, and edge detection carried out on a test image on a 400/spl times/269 cell template. The realization of a number of logic functions in one module is possible due to the incorporation of nonlinear (tunneling) elements for cell interconnections. The proposed CNN architecture for nanostructures demonstrates powerful computing potential that will be beneficial for many practical applications.
A comparison of in vivo and in vitro rates of aging of soman-inhibited erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in different animal species.

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to assess differences in the rate of aging of soman-inhibited erythrocyte (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (Am) fm different species and to determine whether the rate of aging in vitro approximates that in vivo following a single exposure to soman. The logarithm of the percentage FU3C AChE reactivated by 2–PAM after soman exposure was plotted as a function of time. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the half-time (t1/2) for aglng. In the in vivo experiments, the rapidity of aging increased from rat to guinea pig to marmoset; the corresponding t1/2 values (mean ± standard error) were 8.6 (± 0.94) min, 7.5 (±1.7) min and 0.99 (± 0.10) min. The in vitro values of t1/2 in marmoset and guinea pig were 1.1 (± 0.08) min and 8.0 (± 0.82) rnin, respectively. Other t1/2 values computed for in vitro experiments were 1.4 (±0.11) rnin for cynomolgus monkeys and 0.88 (± 0.03) mln for squirrel monkeys. The results indicate that, for marmoset and guinea pig, the in vitro values cl...
Initial Laparoscopic Basic Skills Training Shortens the Learning Curve of Laparoscopic Suturing and Is Cost-Effective

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic suturing is an advanced skill that is difficult to acquire. Simulator-based skills curricula have been developed that have been shown to transfer to the operating room. Currently available skills curricula need to be optimized. We hypothesized that mastering basic laparoscopic skills first would shorten the learning curve of a more complex laparoscopic task and reduce resource requirements for the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery suturing curriculum. STUDY DESIGN: Medical students (n = 20) with no previous simulator experience were enrolled in an IRB-approved protocol, pretested on the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery suturing model, and randomized into 2 groups. Group I (n = 10) trained (unsupervised) until proficiency levels were achieved on 5 basic tasks; Group II (n = 10) received no basic training. Both groups then trained (supervised) on the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery suturing model until previously reported proficiency levels were achieved. Two weeks later, they were retested to evaluate their retention scores, training parameters, instruction requirements, and cost between groups using t-test. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics and performance were similar for both groups, and 9 of 10 subjects in each group achieved the proficiency levels. The initial performance on the simulator was better for Group I after basic skills training, and their suturing learning curve was shorter compared with Group II. In addition, Group I required less active instruction. Overall time required to finish the curriculum was similar for both groups; but the Group I training strategy cost less, with a savings of $148 per trainee. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching novices basic laparoscopic skills before a more complex laparoscopic task produces substantial cost savings. Additional studies are needed to assess the impact of such integrated curricula on ultimate educational benefit.
Transporting Motivational Interviewing to School Settings to Improve the Engagement and Fidelity of Tier 2 Interventions

The majority of Tier 2 interventions are facilitated by specialized instructional support personnel, such as a school psychologists, school social workers, school counselors, or behavior consultants. Many professionals struggle to involve parents and teachers in Tier 2 behavior interventions. However, attention to the motivational issues for influencing parents and teachers’ decisions to participate or implement the intervention as it was intended are often missing. In this article, the authors describe their efforts to infuse motivational interviewing into a well-established Tier 2 intervention, First Step to Success. Specifically, they summarize the iterative process that they followed in order to develop this integrated model and the methods and results found in training coaches to implement it. Implications for practice and research are also discussed.
An MIS Approach To Case Analysis

This paper reports on an approach to case analysis designed to develop higher-order learning skills which is presented here as an appropriate format for an IS context. Higher-order learning skills include higher-order thinking skills - conducting research, problem-solving, critical thinking, and generating creative ideas, and team-building skills - communication skills, team cooperation and work coordination. The method adopted is a 9-step approach, based on analyzing managerial, organizational and technological issues. The approach proved to be successful in the three sections in which data was collected, both from the perspective of what was observed by the instructor and by the grades and perceptions of students taking the course. There did not seem to be a difference in perceptions between those in the regular classroom or the electronic classroom.
Setup Planning and Tolerance Analysis

A computer-aided manufacturing planning (CAMP) system is introduced in this chapter. When product design information is identified, a production plan can be rapidly generated with comparison of alternatives. It is based on the concept of production and process similarity and the best-practice knowledge in the automotive industry. Therefore, it is the intention that the system is applied in the mass-customisation environment, i.e. achieving a mass-production economic goal with the flexibility of product design changes. It is a CAD integrated system with defining bill of process in three levels: feature, part, and machine levels. A tolerance-analysis-based automated setup planning strategy is developed to generate new production plans. The system is validated by several production cases.
Comparison of posaconazole serum concentrations from haematological cancer patients on posaconazole tablet and oral suspension for treatment and prevention of invasive fungal infections

Posaconazole tablet formulation (PTF) was developed to optimise bioavailability. This study compared posaconazole levels between patients on the PTF and oral suspension formulation (OSF). We also examined factors that may impact posaconazole levels. The primary and secondary objectives were analysed by comparing trough levels and attainment of target level between the formulation groups. For the 86 patients on PTF and 176 on OSF, the mean first levels was 1.32 μg ml-1 (SD = 0.69) and 0.81 μg ml-1 (SD = 0.59), P < 0.0001 respectively. PTF group was more likely to achieve levels ≥0.7 μg ml-1 than OSF group (OR 7.97 [95 CI; 3.75-16.93], P < 0.0001). Levels from patients on PTF and with presence of acid suppression, GI GVHD, mucositis or diarrhoea were not statistically different from those without these factors. For PTF, no correlation was found between patient's weight (kg) and levels (R2 = 0.0536, P = 0.035). The incidences of elevation in ALT/AST or Tbili were similar between the formulation groups. In conclusion, PTF should be considered the preferred formulation because it demonstrated better absorption than the OSF. Patients on PTF for prophylaxis are more likely to attain target level and may not routinely require therapeutic drug monitoring during prophylaxis.
The Doctrinal Context of jābir’s Kitāb Al-Ahjār: Substance, Qualities and the Science of Balance

By the time Islam emerged on the world scene, the two towering giants of Greek philosophy, Plato and Aristotle, had been blended into Neoplatonism. In fact the marriage of the two sets of ideas had already been consummated when Porphyry (d. 309 A.D.) made it a philosophical orthodoxy that Plato and Aristotle were in agreement.1 Islam found itself heir to an Aristotle soaked in Neoplatonism both of the pagan Athenian as well as of the Christian Alexandrian kind, and inherited both the debates as well as the commentatorial preoccupations of the two schools.2
Hereditary angioneurotic edema. A case with recurring abdominal pain.

A case of hereditary angioneurotic edema in a 52-year-old Texas man who had repeated episodes of transient urticaria, laryngeal edema and abdominal pain is reported. He had a family history with various similar episodes, including urticaria following minor trauma in 1 son. His grandfather and an uncle died from laryngeal edema. The strong family background and the characteristic medical history of tracheostomies, negative laparotomy and facial edema are convincing evidence as to the nonsurgical nature of the abdominal symptoms in hereditary angioneurotic edema. Serum complement assay demonstrated depression of serum C1 esterase inhibitor.
Solvation and spectra of a charge transfer solute in ethanol confined within nanoscale silica pores.

The free energy and electronic fluorescence spectra of a model solute solvated by ethanol in a nanoscale silica pore are examined as a function of the solute position, with the aim of improving our understanding of solvation in nanoconfined environments. The results indicate that the position distribution of the solute depends on its dipole moment as well as on the surface interactions of the silica pore, i.e., hydrophilic or hydrophobic (uncharged). Further, the solute fluorescence spectrum is a function of the solute position in the hydrophilic pore, but is independent of position in the hydrophobic pore. The origins of these results are investigated, including by decomposition of the free energy as a function of solute position into the contributing interactions. The implications for time-dependent fluorescence (TDF) experiments, used commonly to probe solvation dynamics in nanoconfined solvent systems, are considered. The possible role of chromophore diffusion in TDF measurements, and chemistry in nan...
Performance analysis method for evaluating design features of tactical hypersonic intercepts

A performance analysis method is developed t o analyze aerodynamic design features for advanced hypersonic intercept vehicles. The control laws and guidance control method are evaluated to intercept a known penetrator in minimal time. Two cases of penetrator performance are investigated with the optimal switching point from optimal climb t o intercept maneuvering defined. Evaluated are tradeoffs between control law parameters, missed distance, intercept time, and intercept guidance control range €or a selected vehicle.
Visible Light Mediated Activation and O-Glycosylation of Thioglycosides

Visible light catalysis allows the efficient construction of single electron transfer (SET) redox cycles that result in minimal formation of byproducts and proceed under exogenous control of a removable light source. The O-glycosylation of thioglycosides via visible light photoredox chemistry is reported. Mechanistic studies show that the reaction is fully light responsive and support a mechanism involving decomposition of an oxidatively generated sulfur radical cation and propagation via reduction of the thiol side product.
Transparency or Accountability? The Purpose of Online Technologies for Nonprofits

Transparency and accountability are two issues that are ubiquitous for nonprofits. Today, the application of these issues has moved from solely traditional mediums to include online technologies. Through content analyses of nonprofit websites and in-depth interviews, this paper seeks to determine if nonprofit leaders see a conceptual connection between transparency and accountability and their online communication mediums. It was found that most still visualize online communication tools as a medium to push information out to stakeholders. In addition, a pattern was found between an executive director’s conceptualization of the purpose of online tools and the organization’s use of its website with regard to the amount of information it provided and the tools it adopted.
An Extended Finite Element Model of Crevice and Pitting Corrosion

A sharp interface model formulation is developed for simulating the electrochemical environment in crevices/pits due to galvanic corrosion in aqueous media. The concentration of ionic species and the electrical potential in the crevice is established using the non-dimensionalized Nernst-Planck equations along with the assumption of local electro-neutrality. The crevice/pit interface fluxes are defined in terms of the cathodic and anodic current densities using Butler-Volmer kinetics. The extended finite element method is used to discretize the governing equations and the level set function to describe the interface morphology independent of the underlying finite element mesh. The advantage of this formulation is that it eliminates the need for cumbersome mesh generation and remeshing when the interface morphology changes. Numerical investigations of steady-state intergranular crevice corrosion in idealized Al-Mg alloy microstructures in two-dimensions are conducted to establish the viability of the formulation. Simulation results predict large pH and chloride concentration within the crevice environment, which leads us to the conclusion that chemical reactions and precipitation play a prominent role during crevice corrosion.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Performance of LDPC Decoders With Missing Connections

Due to process variation in nanoscale manufacturing, there may be permanently missing connections in information processing hardware. Due to timing errors in circuits, there may be missed messages in intra-chip communications, equivalent to transiently missing connections. In this paper, we investigate the performance of message-passing LDPC decoders in the presence of missing connections. We prove concentration and convergence theorems that validate the use of density evolution performance analysis. Arbitrarily small error probability is not possible with missing connections, but we find suitably defined decoding thresholds for communication systems with binary erasure channels under peeling decoding, as well as binary symmetric channels under Gallager A and B decoding. We see that decoding is robust to missing wires, as decoding thresholds degrade smoothly. Moreover, there is a stochastic facilitation effect in Gallager B decoders with missing connections. We also conduct finite-length simulations, compare the decoding sensitivity to channel noise and to missing wiring, and perform preliminary error-tolerant manufacturing yield analysis.
Application of DSC in Test for Critical Water Determination of Brown Coal Spontaneous Combustion

In the initial stage of coal oxidation,little water can accelerate coal spontaneous combustion,and plenty of water can control it.So,some water can make coal spontaneous combustion most easy.To Probe into influence of water on coal spontaneous combustion,coal is analyzed in low temperature by DSC way.The result tell us the quantitative influence of different water before 100℃ in the initial stage of coal oxidation,and have got the critical water of Brown coal spontaneous combustion.
An Evaluation on the Cure Effects of Transcatheter Occlusion Using Domestic Occluder on Congenital Heart Disease

Objective: To evaluate the effects of transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus(PDA),atrial septal defect(ASD),ventricular septal defect(VSD) using domestic occluder.Methods: Data of 90 patients in our hospital from January 2003 to May 2005were analyzed.Among them,28 patients suffered from PDA,35 from ASD,and 27 from VAD.Results: The implantation in all the 90 cases of congenital heart disease were successful and no residual flow exited after the operation.Brain stroke occurred in one case with VSD on the 4~(th) day after the operation and was remitted with medicine therapy.Bundle block supervened in two cases in 12 hours after the implantation and was remitted by cortical hormone.The mean hospitalization time was(7.2±3.15) days,mean operation time(103.5±23.8)min,and mean expenses(25 800±4 100) yuan. Conclusions: Domestic occluder is a safe and effective interventional apparatus and is cheaper than the Amplatze ones.
528 ARTERIAL SWITCH OPERATION IN INFANTS WITH ABNORMAL CORONARY PATTERNS: CLINICAL OUTCOMES.

Objective To determine the short- and midterm outcome of the arterial switch operation (ASO) in infants with normal and abnormal coronary artery patterns. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of the experience with the ASO at one institution over the span of 20 years from 1985 through 2005. Two hundred eight consecutive ASOs were performed by the same surgeon for transposition and double-outlet ventricle complexes. Of the 208 coronary artery patterns, 159 (76%) and 49 (24%) were normal and abnormal, respectively. These were classified into 4 groups: Type I (n = 159, 76%) had the typical dual arrangement (1AD, Cx; 2R), Type II (n = 26, 13%) had a dual system other than the typical, Type III (n = 11, 5%) had a single ostium coronary system, and Type IV (n = 12, 6%) included any pattern that had an intramural coronary course or commissural take-off. The primary end points were short- and long-term mortality. Results There was no difference at operation in weight, gender, preoperative inotropic support, presence of VSD and RVOTO between the normal and abnormal groups. There were a total of 16/208 deaths over 20 years (7.7%), with a mean follow-up time of 7.2 years (range 3 months to 19 years). There was no significant difference in the early mortality rate for the normal coronary patterns, 6 out of 159 (3.7%) and the abnormal coronary patterns, 3 out of 49 (6.1%) (p = .29). Similarly, there was no difference in late deaths in the normal, 4 (2.5%), and abnormal, 3 (6.1%), groups (p = .12). Conclusions The existence of abnormal coronary patterns is not a risk factor for early or late mortality after ASO. The impact on late ventricular function awaits determination.
Study on craft optimization of corn starch make fuel alcohol

In this paper,the production of corn-based fuel alcohol was researched.In view of traditional alcohol-producing production technology.The concentration of alcohol in the fermentation liquid is on the low side,the energy consumption is high,the raw materials consumption is very low.In different conditions,through changing the temperature,the addition of the yeast,the addition of glucoamylase and the time of fermentation to optimize the craft of making fuel alcohol.The conclusion is the addition of glucoamylase is 150 u/g,fermentation temperature is 40 ℃,fermentation time is 60 h and the addition of yeast is 1‰.
The relation of age and sex to distribution of values in healthy adults of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, and blood urea.

Abstract Distribution of values of serum calcium, serum magnesium, serum inorganic phosphorus, blood urea, total serum proteins, serum albumin, and serum alkaline phosphatase has been studied in 278 women and 298 men, 20 years of age and older, who upon careful examination have been found to be in good health. The ranges of normal values observed (except those for inorganic phosphorus) were considerably narrower than commonly described. Significant changes in distribution between men and women and with advancing age were observed for all substances studied except magnesium. These observations may in some circumstances prove clinically useful, and they possibly have relevance to the aging process, the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism, and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
Epithelium-off versus transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for progressive corneal ectasia: a randomised and controlled trial

Aim To compare the outcomes of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) for the treatment of progressive corneal ectasia using a standard epithelium-off technique versus a transepithelial technique with enhanced riboflavin solution. Methods One hundred and forty-four eyes with progressive corneal ectasia were prospectively randomised into a transepithelial CXL study arm or an epithelium-off CXL control arm. Follow-up examinations were set at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome measure was change in the maximum simulated keratometry value (K steep ) after 24 months of follow-up. The secondary outcome measure was change in the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) after 24 months follow-up. Results One hundred and thirty-one eyes completed the 24-month follow-up interval. Change in K steep was −1.52±0.66 dioptres (D) for the control group versus −0.54±0.58 D for the study group at 24 months of follow-up (p=0.0320). Change in BSCVA was −0.18±0.09 logMAR for the control group versus −0.14±0.08 logMAR for the study group at 24 months of follow-up (p=0.4978). Two eyes in the control group had minor postoperative complications that did not affect the final visual acuity, and one eye in the control group underwent keratoplasty during the study interval. Conclusions At 24 months of follow-up, subjects in the epithelium-off CXL group demonstrated a greater improvement in K steep compared with subjects in the transepithelial CXL group, but no statistically significant difference in BSCVA was found between groups. Trial registration number NCT01708538; pre-results.
The Future of Major Ambulatory Surgery

Major ambulatory surgery has grown steadily in its availability and use for the past two decades. This growth and expansion have come about because of three facts: major ambulatory surgery has become a totally accepted modality for delivery of surgical care; it benefits all participants; and it is cost-effective. Public interest and demand, surgeon satisfaction and participation, and payor encouragement and mandate will ensure its continued growth.
Ensuring Data Quality in Extension Research and Evaluation Studies.

This article presents a checklist as a guide for Extension professionals to use in research and evaluation studies they carry out. A total of 40 statements grouped under eight data quality components—relevance, objectivity, validity, reliability, integrity, generalizability, completeness, and utility—are identified to ensure that research carried out by Extension professionals is credible, followed research protocols, was conducted in an ethical manner, and can withstand the test of scrutiny by reviewers. Researchers and Extension professionals can use the checklist to identify the areas that are methodologically sound and the areas that need improvement.
An HLA DRw52 Split Defined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism: Population Genetics in Normals and in an HLA DRw52 Associated Autoimmune Disease

Using an HLA DR-specific repeated element probe (1) and the RFLP technique, two HLA DRw52-associated alleles, A and a, were defined with BamH I and five other restriction endonucleases, the two BamH I bands being 5.8 and 2.9 Kb (Fig. 1). The gene frequencies of A/a were 0.16 and 0.20, respectively, in 50 normal controls. The distribution relative to 0 (non-A/a alleles) met Hardy Weinberg equilibrium conditions (G2 = 1.4, df = 3, p > 0.5) (Table 1). In DNA from 36 HTCs and the 50 normal controls, allele A correlated with HLA DRw52 in HLA DR5, HLA DR3 (non-HLA Al, B8) and some HLA DRw6 haplotypes; whereas, allele a correlated with HLA DRw8, HLA DRw3 (HLA A1, B8) and the remaining HLA DRw6 haplotypes. The RFLPs designated as A/a appear to correlate with variant HLA DRw52b and RFLP HLA DRw52a, respectively, described by others (2).
CHAPTER 23 – Neurosurgical Treatment Planning

Safe neurosurgery is predicated on intimate knowledge of anatomic corridors and physiological response. The amalgamation of conventional imaging for anatomic structures and functional mapping techniques has revolutionized the surgical approach for and clinical outcomes of brain tumors. While neurosurgeons have long used invasive brain mapping techniques, less invasive methods have now evolved for mapping brain function. These methods differ in their methodology, physiologic basis, spatial and temporal resolution, and cost. Prudent selection of multimodality imaging strategies will improve our ability to perform more complete and precise resections of lesions while preserving neurological functions.
Demonstrating the 81-Helicity and Nanomechanical Function of Self-Organizable Dendronized Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates

A library of six dendronized polymers synthesized via single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of self-assembling dendrons with a methacrylate or acrylate apex is reported. Structural and retrostructural analysis by X-ray diffraction, molecular modeling, reconstructed electron density maps, and circular dichroism demonstrated that dendronized polymethacrylates and polyacrylates adopt a chiral, 81-helix induced by self-organization of the dendritic side groups. The helical handedness is selected by the stereocenter of the ethylene glycol linker between the dendron and polymer. Upon heating, oriented fibers of polymers with this linker undergo a phase transition between two columnar hexagonal phases, accompanied by unidirectional macroscopic thermal expansion. Replacement of the flexible linker with a shorter, rigid linker eliminates this expansion. Polyacrylates exhibit substantially quicker phase transition dynamics than polymethacrylates. The relationship between the primary struc...
An Evaluation of Certain Hypotensive Agents II*: Acetylenic Bis-Onium Derivatives

A series of nine new bis-quaternary and three bis-tertiary ammonium compounds were screened and evaluated for their hypotensive activity in rats. Further studies were conducted on dogs. It was found that there was a definite qualitative correlation between the responses in rats and dogs. Pentolinium bitartrate and chlorisondamine dimethochloride were utilized as standards in the rat evaluation studies. The most promising of the experimental compounds were 1,5-bis(diethylamino)-2-pentyne dimethobromide, 1,6-bis(morpholino)-2-hexyne dimethobromide, and 1,6-bis(pyrrolidino)-3-hexyne dimethobromide.
Simultaneous measurements of transport and poroelastic properties of rocks

A novel laboratory apparatus has been developed for simultaneous measurements of transport and poroelastic rock properties. These transport and poroelastic properties at reservoir pressure and temperature conditions are required inputs for various geoscience applications, such as reservoir simulation, basin modeling, or modeling of pore pressure generation. Traditionally, the transport and poroelastic properties are measured separately using, for example, the oscillating pore pressure method to measure hydraulic transport properties, static strain measurements for elastic properties, and pore volumometry for storage capacity. In addition to time, the separate set of measurements require either aliquot cores or subjecting the same core to multiple pressure tests. We modified the oscillating pore pressure method to build an experimental setup, capable of measuring permeability, storage capacity, and pseudo-bulk modulus of rocks simultaneously. We present here the test method, calibration measurements (capillary tube), and sample measurements (sandstone) of permeability and storage capacity at reservoir conditions. We establish that hydraulically measured storage capacities were overestimated by an order of magnitude when compared to elastically derived ones. Our concurrent measurement of elastic properties during the hydraulic experiment provides an independent constraint on storage capacity.
Contrast Leader, Manager, and Administrator

This chapter defines leader, manager, and administrator and provides examples of what each position does.
ON THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Computational techniques for the bifurcation analysis of autonomous systems of ordinary differential equations are described. These techniques have been implemented in a computer program (AUTO). Results from the application of AUTO to a typical problem are given.
A Rock of Defence for Human Nature

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) document entitled “Tolerance Today: A Philosophical Inquiry” presented at the Official Closing Ceremony of the XIX World Congress of Philosophy held in Moscow in August 1993, echoed Director-General Federico Mayor’s published lament that violence is now global and intense, and harmony threatened, mainly because people no longer perceive that “the ability to value each and every person is the ethical basis for peace, security and intercultural dialogue.” Finally, Mayor concluded in that document, “it is intolerable that tolerance itself remains the most important item on the agenda of building democracy and a culture of peace in today’s world.” Mayor’s speech and the document released to the World Congress of Philosophy closing session cite only the all-too-lamentable effects of global violence and neglects the causes. But to simply state that the opposite of tolerance, “intolerance” is the cause, is much too general and can hardly be termed “Philosophical Inquiry” (as the sessions were entitled). Rather than “intolerance,” which is too passive a word for the cause of something as devastating as violence, the more accurate term would be pornography, a “pornography of relationships” underlying attitudes which have today become (as Mayor said) “global and intense” (UNESCO).
Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments on Soda-Lime Glass at Pressures Beyond 20 GPa

Recent modifications of a powder gun facility at Caltech have enabled pressure-shear plate impact (PSPI) experiments in a regime of pressures and strain rates that were previously inaccessible. A novel heterodyne diffracted beam photonic Doppler velocimeter (DPDV) has also been developed for simultaneous measurement of the normal and transverse particle velocity histories using the ±first order diffracted beams produced by a 400 lines/mm diffraction grating deposited onto the polished rear surface of the impacted target plate. We present and interpret the results of PSPI experiments conducted on 5 μm thick soda-lime glass samples subjected to normal stresses beyond 20 GPa and shear strain rates approaching 108 s−1. Transverse particle velocity measurements are used to infer the shearing resistance of soda-lime glass under these extreme conditions.
Tandem Solar Flow Batteries for Conversion, Storage, and Utilization of Solar Energy

In this issue of Chem, Jin and coworkers present the design principles and demonstration of a highly efficient integrated solar flow battery (SFB) device that can be configured to perform all the requisite functions from solar energy harvest to electricity redelivery with a record solar-to-output electricity efficiency of 14.1%.
You Are Because I Am: Toward New Covenants of Equity and Diversity in Teacher Education.

Racial disparities in the demographic composition of K-12 students and teachers has led university teacher education programs and school districts to endeavor to prepare all teachers, especially Wh...
Can Earth-like plate tectonics occur in ocean world ice shells?

Abstract The outer H2O ice shell of Europa, a Galilean satellite of Jupiter thought to exhibit a global interior water ocean, shows evidence for plate-like surface motions along tectonic boundaries. In this study, we investigate whether forces similar to those that drive plate tectonics on Earth may drive plate motions on icy satellites. We focus on whether the forces of slab pull and ridge push, driven by thermal and compositional buoyancy, can overcome the mechanical forces resisting plate motions to sustain interaction between surface ice and the interior ocean. We find that Earth-like plate tectonics is implausible within the outer ice shell of icy satellites because the forces resisting self-sustaining plate cycling are of significantly greater order than the driving forces. In the case of Ganymede and Triton, if it has a thick shell, plate tectonics would require warm, low-viscosity slabs to remain intact for timescales that are orders of magnitude longer than those of interior convection.