cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverse entangled metal-organic framework materials incorporating kinked organodiimine and flexible aliphatic dicarboxylate ligands: synthesis, structure, physical properties, and reversible structural reorganization.

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a family of divalent metal adipate (adp) coordination polymers incorporating the kinked dipodal organodiimine 4,4‘-dipyridylamine (dpa). As revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, the structures of these materials are critically dependent on the metal coordination geometry, the carboxylate binding modes, and the conformations of the flexible adipate moieties. In all cases, hydrogen-bonding interactions imparted by the dpa tethers also play a structure-directing role. All materials were further characterized via infrared spectroscopy and elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. [Co(adp)(dpa)] (1) displays doubly interpenetrated three-dimensional (3-D) networks with a decorated α-Po-type (pcu) topology. In contrast, [Ni(adp)(dpa)(H2O)] (2) possesses a triply interpenetrated binodal cooperite-type (pts) framework, the highest level of interpenetration yet reported for this structure type. [Zn(adp)(dpa)]·H2O (3) presents mutually inclined polycatenated 2-D graphitic ...
Control of Larvae of the Western and Northern Corn Rootworm with Liquid Starter Fertilizer-Insecticide Combinations and the Influence of Depth of Placement

Carbofuran, ethoprop, fonofos, fensulfothion, CGA 12223 (O-[5-chloro-l-(l methylethyl)-1 H-1,2,4,-triazol-3-yl]O, O-diethyl phosphorothioate), and SRA 12869 (phosphoroamidothioic acid, N-isopropyl-O-ethyl ester, O-ester with isopropyl salicylate) were applied at planting time (1.2 oz AI/1000 ft of row) as mixtures with starter fertilizer (10-36-0 at 100 lb/acre) in split-boot placement at seed depth for control of larvae of western, Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, and northern, D. longicornis (Say), corn rootworms. When placed at seed depth the starter fertilizer-insecticide mixtures resulted in significantly less ( P =0.05) root damage than in the untreated rows. Carbofuran and CCA 1223 were the only mixtures that resulted in control equivalent to the soil insecticide treatment standard (carbofuran 10G in a 7-in. band over the row in front of the press wheel at planting time) every year of the study. Applications of carbofuran or fonofos as mixtures with starter fertilizer resulted in significantly less root protection when applied in split-boot placement 2 in. below the seed rather than at seed depth.
Complications of complexity: integrating environmental, genetic and hormonal control of insect diapause

Understanding gene interaction and pleiotropy are long-standing goals of developmental and evolutionary biology. We examine the genetic control of diapause in insects and show how the failure to recognize the difference between modular and gene pleiotropy has confounded our understanding of the genetic basis of this important phenotype. This has led to complications in understanding the role of the circadian clock in the control of diapause in Drosophila and other insects. We emphasize three successive modules – each containing functionally related genes – that lead to diapause: photoperiodism, hormonal events and diapause itself. Understanding the genetic basis for environmental control of diapause has wider implications for evolutionary response to rapid climate change and for the opportunity to observe evolutionary change in contemporary time.
Effect of heat treatment on the structure, properties and fracture of Nd:YAG laser welded Ti-14.8 wt% Al-21.3 wt% Nb

Etude de l'influence d'un traitement thermique post-soudage a 565˚C sur la decomposition de la phase β dans la zone fondue par le laser Nd:YAG et sur la microstructure, les proprietes mecaniques et les proprietes de rupture resultantes de l'alliage de titane.
Frequency-domain multiplexing system for in vivo diffuse light measurements of rapid cerebral hemodynamics

A novel frequency-domain multiplexing system has been developed for in vivo measurements of rapid cerebral hemodynamics. The instrument operates in the frequency-domain with three optical wavelengths, six source positions, and two detectors. Frequency-division multiplexing was used to modulate three wavelengths (690, 786, and 830 nm) at slightly different frequencies around 70 MHz. The three laser output beams were combined and switched into different source positions by use of fast optical switches (switch time <10 ms). Three narrowband, in-phase and in-quadrature demodulators decode the modulated signals. Our full-frame-acquisition rate is 2.5 Hz, with flexibility for acquisition rates greater than 50 Hz with smaller detection areas. We evaluate the performance of the instrument with tissue phantoms, and then employ the system to measure in vivo cerebral blood oxygenation during forepaw stimulation of a rat's brain.
Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: Search for the Elusive Correlation with Symptoms

In the last half-century, human neuroscience methods provided a way to study schizophrenia in vivo, and established that it is associated with subtle abnormalities in brain structure and function. However, efforts to understand the neurobiological bases of the clinical symptoms that the diagnosis is based on have been largely unsuccessful. In this paper, we provide an overview of the conceptual and methodological obstacles that undermine efforts to link the severity of specific symptoms to specific neurobiological measures. These obstacles include small samples, questionable reliability and validity of measurements, medication confounds, failure to distinguish state and trait effects, correlation-causation ambiguity, and the absence of compelling animal models of specific symptoms to test mechanistic hypotheses derived from brain-symptom correlations. We conclude with recommendations to promote progress in establishing brain-symptom relationships.
Courtship and mating behavior of Brachymeria lasus (Hym.: Chalcididae), an imported gypsy moth parasitoid.

Brachymeria lasus (Walker) courtship behavior consists of a sequence of discrete, stereotypic behavioral components which culminate in copulation. Courtship behavior ofB. lasus is similar to that reported for the congener,B. intermedia (Nees); however, interbreeding between these species is obstructed by qualitative differences in behavioral components preceeding copulatory attempts. No hybridization between these species occurred, evidenced by the sex and morphology of resultant progeny of reciprocal pairings of these congeners.
Bladder Neck Reconstruction is Often Necessary After Complete Primary Repair of Exstrophy

Purpose: A major goal of bladder exstrophy management is urinary continence, often using bladder neck reconstruction. We report our experience with bladder neck reconstruction after complete primary repair of exstrophy.Materials and Methods: Patient history, ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram, examination using anesthesia and urodynamics were performed during a prospective evaluation. Continence was assessed using the International Children's Continence Society classification and the dry interval. Bladder capacity was measured by examination using anesthesia, voiding cystourethrogram and/or urodynamics. Urodynamics were also done to assess bladder compliance and detrusor muscle function.Results: From 1994 to 2010 we treated 31 male and 15 female patients with bladder exstrophy after complete primary repair of exstrophy. Of patients 5 years old or older bladder neck reconstruction was performed after complete primary repair in 9 of 21 males (43%) and in 3 of 11 females (27%) at a mean age of 6.3 and 8.1 ...
Introduction: International Research Ethics Education

NIH's fogarty international Center has provided grants for the development of training programs in international research ethics for low- and middle-income (LMIC) professionals since 2000. Drawing on 12 years of research ethics training experience, a group of Fogarty grantees, trainees, and other ethics experts sought to map the current capacity and need for research ethics in LMICs, analyze the lessons learned about teaching bioethics, and chart a way forward for research ethics training in a rapidly changing health research landscape. This collection of papers is the result.
T*-phase superconductivity

Abstract The T ⋆ -phase is a mixed rare earth oxide phase forming at the composition R 2 CuO 4 . Its crystal structure is intermediate between the La 2 CuO 4 and Nd 2 CuO 4 structures. Sr-doped samples have T c onsets as high as 37 K. We discuss the systematics of T c of T ⋆ -phases as a function of Sr doping, rare earth mixture and oxygenation. Structural and transport data will also be presented.
Exploring the gain of Opportunistic Routing in wireless Multicast

Opportunistic Routing (OR) has recently been proposed to improve the efficiency of unicast in multi-hop wireless networks. OR exploits the broadcast nature of wireless transmission medium and opportunistically selects a relay path to deliver a packet to its receiver. In this paper, we explore the gain of adopting OR in wireless multicast. The main challenge is to efficiently share opportunistic relay paths between multiple receivers. We proposed a scheme in [1] named Minimum Steiner Tree with Opportunistic Routing (MSTOR). In MSTOR, the source and receivers are connected by a Steiner tree. Packets are transmitted using Unicast OR on each link of the tree. MSTOR does not exploit opportunistic receptions cross different links in the tree. In this paper, we propose a Multicast OR (MOR) algorithm follow another approach. Starting from the source, MOR opportunistically employs a set of forwarders to push a packet closer to all receivers round-by-round. Each forwarder is responsible for sending the packet to a subset of receivers, and transmits the packet once each round. Based on packet receptions at the end of each round, a new forwarder set is constructed to maximize the Expect Transmission Advancement (ETA) towards all receivers. We study the performance improvement of MSTOR and MOR using numerical simulations. Our results demonstrate that both MOR and MSTOR can achieve a much higher multicast efficiency than the original Unicast OR and the traditional minimum multicast-tree based schemes. MOR constantly achieves significant transmission cost savings in all studied cases.
The oxidation of 63Sn/37Pb at typical soldering temperatures

63Sn/37Pb is a common solder used in the electronics industry. The oxidation of this alloy on a soldering iron in air follows the parabolic rate law from 204–454°C and 0–600 sec. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the scale thickness, composition, and morphology.
Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health.

Context. —The main threats to adolescents' health are the risk behaviors they choose. How their social context shapes their behaviors is poorly understood. Objective. —To identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to 4 domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use, and sexuality. Design. —Cross-sectional analysis of interview data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Participants. —A total of 12118 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 drawn from an initial national school survey of 90118 adolescents from 80 high schools plus their feeder middle schools. Setting. —The interview was completed in the subject's home. Main Outcome Measures. —Eight areas were assessed: emotional distress; suicidal thoughts and behaviors; violence; use of 3 substances (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana); and 2 types of sexual behaviors (age of sexual debut and pregnancy history). Independent variables included measures of family context, school context, and individual characteristics. Results. —Parent-family connectedness and perceived school connectedness were protective against every health risk behavior measure except history of pregnancy. Conversely, ease of access to guns at home was associated with suicidality (grades 9-12: P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Conclusions. —Family and school contexts as well as individual characteristics are associated with health and risky behaviors in adolescents. The results should assist health and social service providers, educators, and others in taking the first steps to diminish risk factors and enhance protective factors for our young people.
Metal Ion Binding Properties of Perfluorosulfonate Membranes by Laser Excitation Spectroscopy

The metal ion binding properties of the perfluorosulfonate membrane Nafion® have been investigated in this study. The experiments involve laser-induced fluorescence measurements of europium (III) ions which are bound to the membrane. By the exploitation of the hypersensitivity of the D → F transitions of europium (III) to the ligand binding environment, the properties of the metal binding sites have been analyzed as a function of various experimental parameters. The spectra and fluorescence lifetime measurements provide evidence for distinct metal binding sites within the polymer, each of which is sensitive to the conditions of the membrane preparation.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.16e WiMAX Radio-over-fiber distributed antenna system

Interest in Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) networks has been gaining increasing popularity for RF distribution networks. This paper examines link transmission quality over RoF of the WiMAX signal between the base station and RAU in both downlink and uplink instances experimentally. EVM results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of a fiber link for RF signal distribution. Downlink EVM performance was measured to be better than 3.1% for a RF power range of between −3dBm to 10dBm over 5km RoF. Uplink EVM with AGC was better than 3.1% for an RF input signal range between −70dBm to −45dBm over 5km RoF.
Separation of Components in Fenestrated and Branched Endovascular Grafting – Branch Protection or a Potentially New Mode of Failure?

Abstract Objectives Modular component separation following endovascular aortic repair is recognized as a potential source of late failure. The aim of this study was to establish the extent of component separation occurring in branched and fenestrated endografts and to ascertain any factors that predict its occurrence. Design An analysis of component relationships following fenestrated and branched endovascular aneurysm repair was conducted on all patients with >1 year of digital imaging data. A mathematical model was developed, and retrospectively applied, to determine the minimum stentgraft overlap required to preclude any risk of component separation. Results Of the 184 patients treated prior to 2006, data (for patients with greater than 1 year follow-up) were available for 106 patients. Fourteen (13%) had evidence of inter-component movement of which 8 developed component separation ( Conclusions Component movement is commonly observed in modular devices, but clinical consequences are rare. The degree of overlap, aneurysm diameter, aneurysm length, and stentgraft diameter can be used to predict the risk of inter-component movement which may result in component separation.
Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonists: a patent review.

Introduction: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41 amino acid peptide hypothalamic factor that plays a key role in the body's response to stress. The receptors for CRF (CRF1 and CRF2) are members of the class B G-protein coupled receptor family and several small molecule antagonists have been evaluated clinically in stress-related disorders. Areas covered: The present review covers the disclosures of non-peptide CRF1 antagonists in the patent literature since 2006. Expert opinion: Antagonists of the CRF1 receptor have failed to demonstrate clinical utility. All of the compounds evaluated are similar structures and are allosteric inhibitors of the CRF1 receptor. Further clinical evaluation of new compounds appears unlikely unless novel structures are identified that interact with the receptor distinct to the first-generation antagonists.
What were they thinking?. Cognitive states may influence [11C]raclopride binding potential in the striatum

[11C]Raclopride ([11C]RAC) is a selective dopamine D2/D3 antagonist that is commonly used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies to assess both basal levels of receptor availability and changes in availability caused by alterations in striatal dopamine concentration. When designing [11C]RAC studies, it is important to understand what variables may affect the results. Here, we examined differences in baseline striatal [11C]RAC binding potential (BPND) under two different “rest” conditions. Thirteen subjects received [11C]RAC scans. Eight subjects were aware prior to initiation of scanning that they would receive a “baseline” scan, and that no additional procedures would take place during the scan (“certain rest” group, CER). Five subjects were informed that they might or might not receive an IV alcohol infusion during the scan (“uncertain rest” group, UNC). This group was informed five min after scan start that they would not receive alcohol. Voxel-wise analyses of binding potential (BPND) images generated for both “rest” conditions indicated that receptor availability was higher in UNC than in CER. This result was confirmed by a region-of-interest analysis, which indicated that the average BPND in right and left putamen was statistically higher in UNC. There were no differences in groups with respect to age or raclopride mass dose that could account for the difference in D2/D3 receptor availability. Our findings suggest that even slight differences in cognitive states between groups can have an effect on BPND, presumably mediated by changes in endogenous dopamine concentration.
Comorbidity of generalized social anxiety disorder and depression in a pediatric primary care sample

Background: Comorbidity between adult social anxiety disorder and major depression is extensive. Considerably less information about this relationship is available among youth. Methods: A randomly selected (from enrollees in a pediatric primary care clinic) sample of 190 families with children between the ages of 8 and 17 responded by mail to questionnaires assessing social anxiety, depression, and social functioning. Parents also completed a semi-structured telephone diagnostic interview about their child. Results: The generalized type of social anxiety disorder was highly comorbid with major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and ADHD, while little comorbidity was present for the nongeneralized subtype of social anxiety disorder. Logistic regression analyses indicated that generalized social anxiety disorder was the only anxiety disorder associated with an increased likelihood of major depression (OR=5.1). In all cases, social anxiety disorder had a significantly earlier age of onset than major depression. Limitations: This study relies on cross-sectional data and diagnoses are based on parent reporting of child behavior. Conclusions: Generalized social anxiety disorder is strongly associated with depressive illness in youth. Screening and treatment approaches that consider both social anxiety and depressive symptoms are necessary. Early intervention to treat social anxiety disorder may prevent later depressive disorders.
Molecular Mechanism by Which the K70E Mutation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Confers Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

The K70E mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) has become more prevalent in clinical samples, particularly in isolates derived from patients for whom triple-nucleoside regimens that include tenofovir (TNV), abacavir, and lamivudine (3TC) failed. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which this mutation confers resistance to these nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTI), we conducted detailed biochemical analyses comparing wild-type (WT), K70E, and K65R HIV-1 RT. Pre-steady-state kinetic experiments demonstrate that the K70E mutation in HIV-1 RT allows the enzyme to discriminate between the natural deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrate and the NRTI triphosphate (NRTI-TP). Compared to the WT enzyme, K70E RT showed 2.1-, 2.3-, and 3.5-fold-higher levels of resistance toward TNV-diphosphate, carbovir-TP, and 3TC-TP, respectively. By comparison, K65R RT demonstrated 12.4-, 12.0-, and 13.1-fold-higher levels of resistance, respectively, toward the same analogs. NRTI-TP discrimination by the K70E (and K65R) mutation was primarily due to decreased rates of NRTI-TP incorporation and not to changes in analog binding affinity. The K65R and K70E mutations also profoundly impaired the ability of RT to excise 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine monophosphate (AZT-MP) and other NRTI-MP from the 3′ end of a chain-terminated primer. When introduced into an enzyme with the thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) M41L, L210W, and T215Y, the K70E mutation inhibited ATP-mediated excision of AZT-MP. Taken together, these findings indicate that the K70E mutation, like the K65R mutation, reduces susceptibility to NRTI by selectively decreasing NRTI-TP incorporation and is antagonistic to TAM-mediated nucleotide excision.
Mutation spectra of Kras and Tp53 in urethral and lung neoplasms in B6C3F1 mice treated with 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene.

3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) is a contaminant formed during manufacture of various herbicide compounds. A recent National Toxicology Program study showed B6C3F1 mice exposed to TCAB devel...
Death following tonsillectomy in a child with Williams syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) is an uncommon genetic syndrome due to a deletion of several genes on chromosome 7. The syndrome is associated with dysmorphic facies, neurological manifestations, idiopathic hypercalcemia, and cardiac abnormalities, particularly supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). Children with Williams syndrome may have chronic serous otitis media and/or obstructive sleep apnea. Hyperacusis is also commonly seen in these children. We report a case of sudden death at the time of tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy and bilateral tympanostomy tube placement in a child with Williams syndrome. All children with Williams syndrome should have a thorough cardiac evaluation before undergoing general anesthesia for any otolaryngologic procedure.
A method to measure the effective spread of focally injected muscimol into the central nervous system with electrophysiology and light microscopy.

A method was developed to quantitate the volume of brain inactivated by muscimol focally injected. Tritiated muscimol was injected into the cerebellum and closely spaced sequential microelectrode recordings made at different depths by penetrations in an X-Y pattern centered at the injection site to evaluate changes in spontaneous activity in the tissue volume. Animals were euthanized after survivals from 40 min to 6 h, the cerebellum sectioned in the sagittal plane, and the sections dried onto glass slides. The slides were dipped in photographic emulsion, exposed in the dark and developed. Silver grain densities were quantitated by light microscopy from measured standards. The extent and concentration of bound, labeled muscimol co-varied with the observed reduction in recorded spontaneous activity. For future studies, the distribution and density of silver grains alone can serve as an accurate spatial indicator of the area of muscimol inactivation at high spatial resolution.
Response of Damaged and Undamaged Tailored Extension-Shear-Coupled Composite Panels

The results of an analytical and experimental investigation of the response of composite I-stiffener panels with extension-shear coupling are presented. This tailored concept, when used in the panel cover skins of a tiltrotor aircraft wing has the potential for increasing the aeroelastic stability margins and improving the aircraft productivity. The extension-shear coupling is achieved by using unbalanced plus or minus 45 deg. plies in the skin. Experimental and STAGS analysis results are compared for eight I-stiffener panel specimens. The results indicate that the tailored concept would be feasible to use in the wing skin of a tiltrotor aircraft. Evaluation of specimens impacted at an energy level of 500 in.-lbs indicate a minimal loss in stiffness and less than 30 percent loss in strength. Evaluation of specimens with severed center stiffener and adjacent skin indicated a strength loss in excess of 60 percent.
Evaluator Skill Acquisition Linking Educational Experiences to Competencies

This article presents the results of a survey conducted in an attempt to examine evaluators’ perceptions of the contributions that different educational experiences make to the development of their evaluation skill sets. Self-identified new and graduate student evaluators were asked to describe their evaluation training experiences and to indicate how important each experience was to the development of particular evaluation competencies. A paired-comparison analysis was conducted to determine the scaling of the contribution each educational experience made to the development of each competency. Results show that the perceived contribution of different training experiences changes depending on which evaluation competency is being developed. Pedagogical implications of these findings are also discussed.
The myth of Latin American multiracialism

Daedalus Winter 2005 Many Latin American nations have long proudly proclaimed a multiracial ideal: unlike the United States, countries like Brazil and Mexico have celebrated the mixing of races, and claimed to extend equal rights and opportunities to all citizens, regardless of race. As a result of the region’s regnant faith in racial democracy, it has long been widely assumed that Latin American societies are nondiscriminatory and that their deep economic and social disparities have no racial or ethnic component. Yet new statistical evidence (a byproduct of democratization) suggests that most of the region’s societies have yet to surmount racial discrimination. At the very time that some in the United States have timidly embraced multiracialism as a 1⁄2tting ideal for North Americans, Latin American critics have begun to argue that multiracialism, like racial democracy, functions as an ideology that masks enduring racial injustice and thus blocks substantial political, social, and economic reform.
Effects of Portasystemic Shunting on Visceral and Portal Blood Flow in the Dog

Late effects of portasystemic shunting on visceral and portal vein blood flows were evaluated in mongrel dogs with radioactive microspheres. Sham operation (n = 5) produced no significant long-term changes in visceral blood flow. In contrast, there was a significant increase in small bowel perfusion 3 wk after selective and nonselective portasystemic shunting: end-to-side (n = 7), side-to-side (n = 7), Hgra f t mesocaval (n = 5), and distal splenorenal (n = 11). Variable increases in pancreatic blood flow were noted in all shunt groups. Portal venous blood flow was significantly elevated in all dogs with total shunts and was substantially increased in animals with H-grafts. Compared with baseline levels, perfusion of organs left in continuity with the portal vein after splenorenal shunting was significantly increased. Blood flow from the small bowel was primarily responsible for the magnitude of the change in portal venous flow. The reduction in hepatic perfusion by portal venous blood appears to trigger these compensatory responses. A humoral mediator best explains the phenomena observed.
Youth, Civil Society, and New Political Strategies in Senegal

Political struggles and uprisings led by youth movements and hip-hop groups are not new in Senegal. They can, even, be considered as epiphenomena if we consider Senegal’s political history and its long and solid tradition of elections from 1840 to 2012. From its historical origins, the Senegalese political landscape was cast in a colonial mold and yet took on local idioms based on interactions, negotiations, and accommodation between local populations and the French colonial administration. However, what is relatively new in this political landscape is how Hip-hop voices succeed in imposing their societal views and claims on political leaders. In this paper, I first argue that we can read and better understand the trinity of “Hip Hop, Politics, and Civil Society” as commentary on an inextricably interwoven back-and-forth between colonial legacy and postcolonial nation and state building in Senegal. Second, I argue that hip-hop groups and their political strategies benefit from the colonial legacy, insofar as it granted Senegal its political stability. And finally, the philosophy of struggles incarnated by hip hop groups (led by Y’en a marre) could be better understood by tacking back-and-forth between the past and present and, very specifically, between Senghor’s vision of nation-and-state building by drawing upon the colonial legacy and the calls for democracy and strong civil society made by young hip-hop leaders.
Modeling the biological chemistry of vanadium: Structural and reactivity studies elucidating biological function

Prior to the 1980s vanadium was primarily studied because of its role as an industrial catalyst. However, with the discovery of its insulin-mimetic properties and its presence and functional role in certain haloperoxidases and nitrogenases, interest in vanadium chemistry from a biological and pharmacological perspective has exploded over the past 20 years. This paper addresses the biological roles of vanadium including (1) the coordination chemistry for biologically relevant oxidation states, (2) theories and discoveries related to the transport, coordination environment, and role of vanadium in both tunicates and Amanita muscaria mushrooms which accumulate vanadium in unusually high concentrations, (3) selective cleavage of proteins by photoactivation of vanadium-protein complexes, (4) the insulin-mimetic abilities of vanadyl, vanadate, and peroxovanadate complexes and their proposed mechanisms of action, and (5) the role of structural and functional model compounds in helping to elucidate the structure and function of vanadium in haloperoxidase and nitrogenase enzymes.
Associations between gender-based violence and personality disorders in U.S. women

Gender-based violence (GBV) is prevalent and associated with deleterious outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance use disorders. Despite substantial comorbidity between these conditions and personality disorders (PDs), few, if any, studies have examined associations between lifetime exposure to GBV and risk for a range of PDs in nationally representative U.S. SAMPLES: The current study addressed this gap in the literature by examining adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) of 10 PDs by lifetime GBV exposure. Participants were 20,089 women who participated in wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Lifetime GBV and PD were reported by 25% and 20% of women, respectively. Logistic regressions indicated that women with GBV had 3.5 times the odds of lifetime PD; aORs ranged from 2.3 to 6.3 for Schizoid and Borderline PD, respectively. GBV was associated with 38% of all PD cases, and women who had experienced all 3 GBV types had 8.5 times the odds of PD compared to nonvictims. Preventing GBV, particularly multitype GBV, may be critical to reducing the burden of PDs. Clinicians working with GBV victims should consider assessing PDs and providing treatment targeting multiple outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
An Investigation of Three Probabilistic Approaches for Levee Underseepage Analysis

A variety of probabilistic approaches can be applied when performing levee underseepage analyses, as part of larger assessments of the reliability or probability of failure of a levee system. Historically, much of the work that has been conducted in this area has used probabilistic approaches that utilize a mean value first order second moment (MVFOSM) technique, due to the inherent simplicity of this probabilistic approach. This paper investigates the effect of three probabilistic approaches for assessing the likelihood of failure of a levee via an underseepage mechanism: MVFOSM, advanced first order second moment (AFOSM), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). For each of these approaches, two limit state criteria are explored: safety margin and safety factor. Analyses are conducted in accordance with the current U.S. Army Corps of Engineers levee design code, and representative results from some classic USACE design cases are presented. For the various design cases that were examined, results were found to be sensitive to both the probabilistic approach that was utilized and the limit state criterion that was selected. The results provide useful guidance for practicing engineers that are trying to select a probabilistic approach for these types of analyses that is both accurate and as computationally efficient as possible.
Notes on the Nature of Standards

Standards certainly contribute to the success of human endeavors. But standards also can contribute to the stagnation of ideas, technologies, and organizations. These two aspects of standards will ...
Evaluation of effects of intervention on health literacy in Yuhuatai District in Nanjing

The decrease of antibiotics efficacy induced by the transformation of single-drug resistant bacteria to multi-drug resistant bacteria can has become a serious problem in clinical medicine and treatment.Intergron is a conservative and movable genetic element which can express via capturing exogenous gene by cassette site-specific recombination system under the mediation of the integrase.Intergron can make resistant gene transfer between bacterial species and within species via locating in the plasmid or be involved in transfer as a part of transposon.Currently,there are many reports about classⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ integron,the first 3 has been verified to be associated with bacterial resistance.The established theory of intergron-gene cassette provides a new direction for in-depth study of the mechanism of bacterial resistance.This paper summarize the origin,structure,classification and distribution,transfer mechanisms and the latest biological detection method of intergron-gene cassette.
Induced myotonia in man and goat.

Abstract Treatment of 41 hypercholesterolemic patients with the cholesterol-lowering agent, diazacholesterol, an analogue of cholesterol, was associated with the development of muscular spasms in 30 individuals; electromyography (EMG) disclosed myotonia in 27 of 28 patients so tested. Associated with the clinical and EMG myotonia were alterations in the body sterol composition, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The plasma of all but one of the 36 patients so studied showed a fall in total sterols, while the plasma, erythrocyte membrane, and the one muscle sample examined were marked by the appearance of desmosterol, the immediate precursor of cholesterol. Discontinuation of diazacholesterol therapy was accompanied by the disappearance of clinical and EMG manifestations of myotonia, a marked reduction in plasma and erythrocyte desmosterol, and a concomitant rise in total sterol levels. Administration of diazacholesterol to normal, myotonic, and hybrid goats was associated with the appearance of myotonia or the worsening of pre-existing myotonia, a decline in plasma total sterols, and the appearance of desmosterol in plasma, erythrocyte membrane, and muscle. The findings suggest that diazacholesterol may cause clinical and electromyographic findings similar to those observed in the human myotonic disorders and in myotonic goats. The role of altered sterol synthesis in the pathogenesis of the findings is now being investigated.
Chloride channels in apical membrane patches of stellate cells of Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti.

Stellate cells of Aedes aegypti Malpighian tubules were investigated using patch-clamp methods to probe the route of transepithelial Cl(-) secretion. Two types of Cl(-) channel were identified in excised, inside-out apical membrane patches. The first Cl(-) channel, type I, had a conductance of 24 pS, an open probability of 0.816+/-0.067, an open time of 867+/-114 ms (mean +/- s.e.m., four patches) and the selectivity sequence I(-)>Cl(-)(much greater than) isethionate>gluconate. The I(-)/Cl(-)>>isethionate>gluconate. The I(-)Cl(-) permeability ratio was 1.48, corresponding to Eisenman sequence I. The type I Cl(-) channel was blocked by 2,2'-iminodibenzoic acid (DPC) and niflumic acid (2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilo]nicotinic acid). The removal of Ca(2+) from the Ringer's solution on the cytoplasmic side had no effect on channel activity. The second Cl(-) channel, type II, had a conductance of 8 pS, an open probability of 0.066+/-0.021 and an open time of 7.53+/-1.46 ms (mean +/- s.e.m., four patches). The high density and halide selectivity sequence of the type I Cl(-) channel is consistent with a role in transepithelial Cl(-) secretion under control conditions, but it remains to be determined whether these Cl(-) channels also mediate transepithelial Cl(-) secretion under diuretic conditions in the presence of leucokinin.
Confirmation study of prostate cancer risk variants at 8q24 in african american men identifies a novel risk locus

B102 Prostate cancer still remains the most common male specific malignancy diagnosed in the U.S. and disproportionately affects African American Men (AA) compared to European Americans (EA). Recent published findings have identified several common variants on chromosome 8q24 to be associated with increased risk for prostate cancer. These findings were found not only in multiple studies but also in different ethnic groups specifically in AA men further making these findings very interesting. Our objective was to confirm these common variants associated with prostate cancer in our hospital-based-case-control sample set of 1,057 AA men (490 prostate cancer cases and 567 healthy male matched controls). 24 markers along 8q24 were genotyped using the Sequenom platform. Association analyses of the 8q24 markers with prostate cancer risk were adjusted for both global and local 8q24 admixture stratification using estimates from the ancestry informative markers that had been previously genotyped in this sample set. We replicated the association of rs16901979 with prostate cancer (P=0.002) yet found that other published risk variants in the region such as rs1447295 and DG8S737 did not replicate in our data set. Interestingly though we identified rs7008482, which maps to the 8q24.13 region, as an additional independent prostate cancer risk variant (P= 5 x 10-4). Both rs7008482 and rs16901979 independently predicted risk and remained significant (P
High-potency benzodiazepines for short-term management of panic disorder: the U.S. experience.

Interest in benzodiazepines for treatment of panic attacks followed a report of the success of alprazolam, used for generalized anxiety, in blocking such attacks. Twelve controlled trials and several open studies have substantiated the antipanic and antiphobic activity of alprazolam and concluded it is comparable to but more rapid than antidepressants in its effects and better tolerated. In a controlled trial of clonazepam, alprazolam, and placebo, the two active agents had similar positive effects. Diazepam and lorazepam have been effective in other studies. Clonazepam, with its relatively long half-life, permits less frequent dosing than possible with benzodiazepines with shorter half-lives and more continuous control of anxiety, although around 20% of patients experience unacceptable sedative effects or no reduction in anxiety. In general, benzodiazepines are safe and well tolerated. The most common adverse effects are intoxication, dependence, rebound, withdrawal, hostility, and affective disturbances. Discontinuation of alprazolam is particularly difficult and is sometimes associated with serious rebound and withdrawal symptoms. The morbidity and mortality associated with panic disorder suggest that the benefits of benzodiazepine treatment outweigh its risks.
Trace Ethnography, Affect, and Institutional Ecologies in the Distributed Records of a Plaster Model

This article investigates the classification and record-keeping history of a medicine man model in the Wellcome Library archives and the Science Museum archives in London, and the multifarious ways that information is constructed or lost in the history of a museum collection. First, attending to the affective turn in information scholarship, I argue that people's relationships and idiosyncratic preoccupations are formative in the histories of records and yet obscured in them. Second, I argue that broader “epistemic cultures” and “ecologies of standards”—belief systems, histories of disciplinary thought, and institutional histories—are formative in the legacy of information systems. A “trace ethnographic” approach to the history of one ethnographic piece illuminated the formation of authoritative knowledge as it played out in the acquisition and classification of the object and its institutionalized records.
Effects of monoethylene glycol (MEG) on three-phase flow characteristics in near-horizontal pipes

Abstract An experimental study is conducted using a 0.152-m ID facility to investigate the effects of the presence of monoethylene glycol (MEG) on three-phase stratified wavy flow in horizontal pipelines. The experiments are conducted under low liquid loading condition, which is very commonly observed in wet gas pipelines. The analyzed flow characteristics include wave pattern, liquid holdup, aqueous phase fraction and pressure gradient. The experimental range of this study covers superficial gas velocity, v Sg , values from 8 to 23 m/s, superficial liquid velocity, v SL , values of 0.01–0.02 m/s, and inlet liquid stream aqueous phase fraction, WC MEG , values of 0–100%. Experiments are conducted with 51 wt% of MEG in the aqueous phase, and the results are compared to the case with no MEG, presented by Karami et al. (2016) . Differential pressure transmitters, a quick closing valve and pigging system, and a high speed camera are used to acquire the measurements. The trends in the resulting data with respect to input parameters are investigated. The performances of common models and predictive tools are compared to liquid holdup, pressure gradient and aqueous phase fraction experimental results. The observed wave patterns include stratified smooth and stratified wavy with 2-D waves, 3-D waves, roll waves, and atomization flow, with transitions varying by changing the liquid phase. The trends of pressure gradient, liquid holdup, and aqueous phase fraction with respect to v Sg , v SL , WC MEG , and wt% of MEG are observed and physical justifications are provided. The predictions of OLGAS 7.1, TUFFP unified model v. 2012, Beggs and Brill (1973) , Taitel and Dukler (1976) , and Xiao et al. (1990) are compared to the acquired experimental data. The liquid holdup experimental data are under-predicted by all the models, especially for higher WC MEG values. However, the results from OLGAS 7.1 and Xiao et al. (1990) model are in better agreement with experimental data. The three-phase aqueous phase fraction trends are not predicted well. The complicated nature of liquid-liquid interactions causes higher prediction uncertainties. In addition, a statistical analysis is conducted to find the best applicable closure relationships in the modeling of two-phase low liquid loading flow. MEG is used continuously in deep water gas production systems as a hydrate inhibitor. However, MEG mixing in multiphase flow and its effects on flow parameters are not well understood. This paper provides with comprehensive data for three-phase stratified flow for a 0.152-m ID pipe, with MEG in the aqueous phase. In addition, the prediction performance of the commonly used predictive tools in the industry is provided.
Liquid Alternative Mutual Funds versus Hedge Funds

Despite the rapid rise of the number of liquid alternative mutual funds (LAMFs) available to retail investors in recent years, few studies have compared how their return and risk characteristics differ from their hedge fund counterparts across their entire history. Being among the ﬁrst comprehensive studies to look at over two decades of LAMF performance, we use risk based factors to compare the performance of LAMFs to hedge funds both in aggregate and broken down by investment styles including equity long-short, market neutral, multi-strategy and managed futures. Overall, we ﬁnd that LAMFs underperform hedge funds on average by 1-2% per year on a net-of-fee basis when controlling for standard risk factors. These ﬁndings provide important implications for investors seeking hedge fund-like returns while considering the importance of liquidity, transparency, and fees as well as for policymakers who have recently proposed imposing derivative position limits on 1940 Act investment vehicles.
Years of Struggle for RMS 1673–1708

The decision in the early 1670s to create a specialist mathematics/navigation training program within a school whose buildings had been badly damaged by the Great Fire of London was both creative and brave. It was creative because it recognized that Christ’s Hospital could provide a steady source of boys for the kind of advanced training needed by apprentices in the Royal Navy or in the merchant marine. It was brave because such a scheme had never previously been tried anywhere in the world. This chapter tells of the teething troubles that Samuel Pepys, Jonas Moore, and others, experienced in developing the RMS curriculum and its associated teaching and learning program. It is argued that the program designed by Pepys and Moore was naive in that the level of mathematics which it required of students was too high for 12- to 16-year-old boys who had virtually no formal education beyond elementary reading, writing, and cyphering.
Towards Operating Standards for Cube Satellites and Small Spacecraft

ABSTRACTThe availability of low-cost, high-performance miniaturized electronics, and rocket ride-share capabilities and other factors, have generated a significant increase in the development of small spacecraft. Over a hundred entities and thousands of individuals are now working on numerous small satellites. However, these entities and individuals lack the operations legacy and risk posture of existing satellite manufacturers. Although these new entrants have much less to lose, small satellites may be in a position to damage other, more expensive spacecraft, including manned spacecraft. This article considers the need for and benefits of a community-generated set of small spacecraft operating standards. A prospective pathway to their refinement and adoption, specific elements in such a set of standards, the increased confidence this provides larger operators, and the additional opportunities advanced by standards are discussed.
Mechanical evidence that flamingos can support their body on one leg with little active muscular force

Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae) often stand and sleep on one leg for long periods, but it is unknown how much active muscle contractile force they use for the mechanical demands of standing on one leg...
Dental Ceramics for Restoration and Metal Veneering

A survey of the development of dental ceramics is presented to provide a better understanding of the rationale behind the development and clinical indications of each class of ceramic material. Knowledge of the composition, microstructure, and properties of a material is critical for selecting the right material for specific applications. The key to successful ceramic restorations rests on material selection, manufacturing technique, and restoration design, including the balancing of several factors such as residual stresses, tooth contact conditions, tooth size and shape, elastic modulus of the adhesives and tooth structure, and surface state.