cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching behavior in relation to the social-emotional climate of physical education classes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine by observational research the patterns of teaching behavior related to the climate of physical education classes. Subjects were 36 grade 9 girls physical education classes and their respective women teachers. Classes were arranged on a continuum from supportive to defensive climate according to the results of a pupil inventory. Data on teaching behavior were obtained from four 30-min. observations of each teacher-class unit. The more reliable items of teaching behavior were identified and submitted, along with the class climate scores, to factor analysis in order to find patterns of teaching behavior. Six patterns were found, two of which were climate-related. One pattern named integrative interactions was strongly related to supportive climate; the other pattern, restraining direction, was moderately related to defensive climate.
Supporting collaboration: impacts of using a group editor

Groups or teams are the inevitable work unit in modern organizations. Working in a group setting is, however, not always as productive as it could be. Individuals often feel constrained because they are prohibited from participating as much as they potentially could, and their performance suffers. An emerging body of research in group support systems (GSS) provides evidence that computer technology effects the quality of the group product. However, GSS researchers do not fully understand how groups interact, how their work process influences the quality of what they do, and how technology of different designs might affect different aspects of group behavior. This research builds on and extends the analysis of an experimental study which examines differences in behavior and the quality of the outcome of groups using a group editor compared to groups using conventional meeting tools such as whiteboard, paper and pencil. The group editor allows all participants to see and edit the same document at the same time. The design task used in this study, like many tasks carried out by groups, requires close collaboration among the group members. Findings from research on collaboration, group communication, human information processing and idea generation are combined to identify requirements for systems aimed at supporting this type of collaboration. The group editor used in this study is shown to be better suited to support collaboration than tools such as whiteboard and paper. The supported groups produced higher quality design documents than did the unsupported groups. One explanation for this difference is their increased ability to collaborate by seeing what everybody writes and being able to edit the text. This helped them communicate through their work instead of having to verbally discuss or tell other group members about their contributions. Supported groups also participated more equally because they were not prohibited from contributing while other members wrote or spoke. Combining several literatures starts building a foundation of knowledge about the interaction between task, support system and group behavior. Neither of the literatures used alone can explain group behavior in a more complex task such as design.
Ten Years of Leadership of the American Real Estate Society

From its inception, the American Real Estate society has benefitted from individuals willing to devote the time, energy and resources necessary to create and nurture the new organization. The goals of ARES are to be an open and friendly organization that is proactive and innovative in its ability to identify and meet the needs of its members. The success of the organization is not simply a tribute to its leadership but a tribute to the membership from whom its leaders have been drawn. For the success of ARES to continue, it must have membership heavily involved in the leadership selection process, and willing to serve when called upon.
Client‐based management qualifications

Client‐based management qualifications have been a big growth area in the 1990s. However, doubts have been raised about their academic and pedagogic validity. This paper explores the issues, and reports on a survey of large employers in the UK. Evidence of further growth potential is reported. A consideration of the design and delivery issues leads to guidelines for quality assurance for these programmes. These guidelines help overcome the objections raised about client‐based management qualifications. A typology of course‐based management education and development programmes is also created.
A Trade-Off Analysis between Cost Reduction and Product Differentiation for Sustained Competitive Advantage

The purpose of the current study is to explore various factors influencing managerial decision between cost reduction and product differentiation. A multiple logistic regression model is constructed to determine the likelihood of managerial tendency toward cost reduction or product differentiation. The RHS variables in the logistic regression model include age of process, complexity of process, stage of product life cycle, product portfolio, market share, and competitive nature (bargaining power of suppliers, new entrants, substitute products, and buyer power). Data obtained from online survey of production managers will be analyzed.
Sketched SVD: Recovering Spectral Features from Compressive Measurements

We consider a streaming data model in which n sensors observe individual streams of data, presented in a turnstile model. Our goal is to analyze the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix of data defined implicitly by the stream of updates. Each column i of the data matrix is given by the stream of updates seen at sensor i. Our approach is to sketch each column of the matrix, forming a "sketch matrix" Y, and then to compute the SVD of the sketch matrix. We show that the singular values and right singular vectors of Y are close to those of X, with small relative error. We also believe that this bound is of independent interest in non-streaming and non-distributed data collection settings. Assuming that the data matrix X is of size Nxn, then with m linear measurements of each column of X, we obtain a smaller matrix Y with dimensions mxn. If m = O(k \epsilon^{-2} (log(1/\epsilon) + log(1/\delta)), where k denotes the rank of X, then with probability at least 1-\delta, the singular values \sigma'_j of Y satisfy the following relative error result (1-\epsilon)^(1/2)<= \sigma'_j/\sigma_j <= (1 + \epsilon)^(1/2) as compared to the singular values \sigma_j of the original matrix X. Furthermore, the right singular vectors v'_j of Y satisfy ||v_j-v_j'||_2 <= min(sqrt{2}, (\epsilon\sqrt{1+\epsilon})/(\sqrt{1-\epsilon}) max_{i\neq j} (\sqrt{2}\sigma_i\sigma_j)/(min_{c\in[-1,1]}(|\sigma^2_i-\sigma^2_j(1+c\epsilon)|))) as compared to the right singular vectors v_j of X. We apply this result to obtain a streaming graph algorithm to approximate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian in the case where the graph has low rank (many connected components).
The effect of interferon-alpha on beta-1 integrin mediated adhesion and growth regulation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.

There is considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms by which interferon-oc can induce hematological and cytogenetic remissions and prolong survival in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). There is evidence that the selective expansion and growth advantage of malignant hematopoietic progenitors in CML may be related, at least in part, to their deficient responsiveness to normal negative regulation by the marrow stromal microenvironment and that interferon-α may restore normal hematopoiesis in CML by restoring normal microenvironmental regulation of malignant CML progenitor proliferation. In normal hematopoiesis, β1 integrin receptors mediate progenitor adhesion to stroma. Stimulation of pi integrin receptors on normal progenitors results in transmission of proliferation inhibitory signals. CML progenitors demonstrate defective pi integrin receptor-mediated adhesion and regulation of proliferation. We have shown that interferon-α can restore both β1 integrin mediated adhesion as well...
Serial assessment of accessory pathway antegrade conduction in children

There is limited longitudinal data on accessory pathway (AP) antegrade conduction throughout childhood, with implications for risk stratification. Ten patients underwent serial electrophysiology study (EPS) with assessment of fastest 1:1 AP conduction. The median age at first and follow-up EPS was 0 (median 4 days) and 53 months. Median fastest 1:1 AP conduction was 255 ms at initial EPS and 275 ms at follow-up (P=0.24). The interval of time between studies had no influence on stability over time, nor was there any appreciable effect following changes in retrograde AP conduction. In conclusion, no patient displayed any marked shortening of 1:1 AP conduction over time.
Excess Dietary Zinc Decreases Tissue α-Tocopherol in Chicks

Experiments were conducted to determine the basis of the reduction in tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations by excess dietary zinc (Zn) in chicks fed purified diets. These reductions were preceded by elevations in the Zn concentrations of plasma and pancreas, and in the amylase activity of plasma and by reductions of exportable enzymes of the pancreas. Chicks fed similar levels of Zn as supplements to a non-purified diet showed no such impairments in either exocrine pancreatic function or tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Depression of feed intake and subsequent changes of concentrations of tissue lipid components by excess dietary Zn accounted for only a minor portion of the reduction of tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations were moderately correlated with tissue lipid concentrations. The rate of appearance of radioactivity from an oral dose of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol-[3,4-3H]2 in plasma was reduced by 64% by addition of 500 mg Zn/kg to the purified diet for 2 wk. These results indicate that impaired enteric absorption and/or transport of vitamin E as a consequence of Zn-induced pancreatic insufficiency is a major cause of reduced tissue concentrations of alpha-tocopherol produced by excess dietary Zn.
Pediatric Tramadol Ingestion Resulting in Seizurelike Activity: A Case Series

Tramadol has been reported to cause seizures in therapeutic dosing and in overdose. We present a series of 2 infants poisoned with tramadol, both presenting with abnormal neurologic findings: either seizures or seizurelike activity. Tramadol poisoning should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dystonia and seizures.
Developing Neurobiological Endophenotypes that Reflect Failure to Control Alcohol Consumption and Dependence

Alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) are a major public health concern in the United States. To better understand the etiology of alcohol dependence and to identify physiological and behavioral markers that predict alcohol use progression, research has focused on linking diagnostic phenotypes with genetic variation. In recent years, neurobiological endophenotypes have largely surpassed clinical symptoms as the major phenotypes of interest, because they are typically more proximal to underlying genetic mechanisms, and can help to fill the gaps between genetic variation and clinical diagnosis. To date, numerous useful neurobiological endophenotypes for alcohol dependence have been uncovered, including those related to reward dysregulation, impulsivity, and subjective response to alcohol, In general, further work is needed to demonstrate direct associations between AUD endophenotypes and specific genetic variation. Future research would also benefit from applying a theoretical framework emphasizing the shifting imbalance between reward and control networks that occurs during the typical progression from recreational drinking to alcohol dependence. Identifying endophenotypes characteristic of different stages of addiction could have important diagnostic and treatment implications.
Response to prolactin and ovarian steroids of normal mammary epithelial cell cultures

Abstract Mouse mammary epithelial cells in confluent primary monolayer cultures retain responsiveness to the specific hormones that induce mammary growth in vivo. Simultaneous stimulation by prolactin, progesterone and estrogen, in the presence of 5% fetal calf serum, is required to induce an increase in both thymidine uptake into DNA and in cell replication (as judged by mitotic indexes) over the hormone-free control. This increase in mitogenic response could not be elicited in either mouse fibroblasts or in mouse mammary tumor cells, the latter known to be hormone insensitive.
Hormonal Regulation of Complement Factor B in Human Endometrium

PROBLEM: Recent investigations have demonstrated the presence of complement components in human endometrium in a cycle-specific manner. Luteal phase endometrium has been shown to synthesize complement C3 de novo, whereas proliferative endometrium produces little or no C3. Likewise factor B. which is critical to the activation of the alternative pathway of complement, has been shown to be present only in the glandular epithelium of luteal phase endometrium. This investigation was designed to determine if factor B is present in the endometrium in a high progesterone state such as pregnancy or with exogenous progesterone treatment. METHOD: Endometrial biopsies were obtained from patients on progesterone therapy. The endometrium of early pregnancy was evaluated by obtaining biopsies from patients with ectopic pregnancies as well as from patients undergoing therapeutic termination. Immunohistochemistry was performed on each biopsy using monoclonal antibodies to factor B. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate the presence of factor B in the glandular epithelial cells of the endometrium of patients treated with exogenous progesterone therapy. Additionally. factor B was localized to the glandular compartment of the endometrium from patients with ectopic gestations. Interestingly, the evaluation of an implantation site from an early gestation demonstrated factor B in the maternal decidua only; trophoblast did not exhibit the presence of factor B. CONCLUSION: Factor B exists in the endometrium in a hormone-dependent manner and is not expressed in fetal tissue in early gestation.
Entry of migrating American eel leptocephali into the Gulf Stream system

Abundance, size and depth distributions of American eel(Anguilla rostrata) leptocephali collected in four transects across the Florida Current between the Straits of Florida and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, were examined in order to assess the relative importance of two migration routes into the Gulf Stream system. A nine-fold increase in the abundance and an increase in the mean length of leptocephali collected in the Florida Current north of the Straits of Florida indicate that most leptocephali enter the Gulf Stream system directly from the Sargasso Sea rather than by a more southern route through the Bahama Islands. Leptocephali were concentrated in the upper 140 m at night and upper 350 m during the day. Wide vertical ranges in daytime collections precluded more refined estimation of vertical distribution. The collection of eight small leptocephali (11 to 17 mm total length) in the western Caribbean Sea is discussed in relation to the origin of leptocephali taken in the Straits of Florida.
Elimination of Measles and of Disparities in Measles Childhood Vaccine Coverage among Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the United States

The gap in measles vaccine coverage between white and nonwhite children was as large as 18% in 1970. During the measles epidemic of 1989-1991, attack rates among nonwhite children <5 years of age were 4- to 7-fold higher than rates among white children. Because of the epidemic and of the known disparity in vaccine coverage and risk of disease, a dual strategy to eliminate measles in the United States was implemented: universal interventions likely to reach the majority of children and targeted interventions more likely to reach nonwhite children. In 1992, the gap in coverage between white and nonwhite children was reduced to 6% (from 15% in 1985); the risk of disease among nonwhite children was narrowed to <or=4-fold the risk of white children. During the 1990s, further implementation of the dual strategy resulted in narrowing the gap in vaccine coverage to 2% and elimination of endemic disease in all racial and ethnic populations. This dual strategy deserves close scrutiny by health professionals and policy makers in devising programs to meet the Healthy People 2010 objectives for the elimination of other health disparities.
Methemoglobin Levels in Generally Anesthetized Pediatric Dental Patients Receiving Prilocaine Versus Lidocaine

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare peak methemoglobin levels and times to peak methemoglobin levels following the use of prilocaine and lidocaine in precooperative children undergoing comprehensive dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia. Ninety children, 3-6 years of age, undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia were enrolled and randomly assigned into 3 equal groups: group 1, 4% prilocaine plain, 5 mg/kg; group 2, 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 2.5 mg/kg; and group 3, no local anesthetic. Subjects in groups 1 and 2 were administered local anesthetic prior to restorative dental treatment. Methemoglobin levels (SpMET) were measured and recorded throughout the procedure using a Masimo Radical-7 Pulse Co-Oximeter (Masimo Corporation, Irvine, Calif, RDS-1 with SET software with methemoglobin interface). Data were analyzed using chi-square, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation (significance of P < .05). Group 1 had a significantly higher mean peak SpMET level at 3.55% than groups 2 and 3 at 1.63 and 1.60%, respectively. The mean time to peak SpMET was significantly shorter for group 3 at 29.50 minutes than that of group 1 at 62.73 and group 2 at 57.50 minutes. Prilocaine, at 5 mg/kg in pediatric dental patients, resulted in significantly higher peak SpMET levels than lidocaine and no local anesthetic. In comparison to no local anesthetic, the administration of prilocaine and lidocaine caused peak SpMET levels to occur significantly later in the procedure.
Enhancement of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Androgen and Its Receptor in Mice

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important pathogen that chronically infects more men than women. To understand the molecular mechanism of this gender disparity, we analyzed HBV replication in transgenic mice that carried the HBV genome with or without the ability to express the HBV X protein (HBx). We found that gender had no effect on HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), DNA, and RNA levels in mice before puberty, but its effect on HBV after puberty was apparent, with HBV replicating approximately twice more efficiently in male mice than in female mice whether or not HBx was expressed. The castration of male mice resulted in a reduction of HBV HBsAg, DNA, and RNA levels, which could be partially restored by the injection of the androgen agonist R1881, indicating a positive role of androgen in HBV replication. The introduction of HBV genomic DNA and androgen receptor (AR) short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into the liver of naive mice by hydrodynamic injection revealed that the effect of androgen on HBV was dependent on its receptor, which apparently could also stimulate HBV replication via an androgen-independent pathway. Further studies indicated that the two previously identified androgen response elements (AREs) in the HBV genome could indeed mediate the effect of androgen on HBV RNA transcription and DNA replication in vivo. These effects of androgen and its receptor on HBV thus provide an explanation for why men have a higher risk of HBV infection than women.
Diffusion in non-ionic and ionic polymer solutions: effects of shear rate and polymer concentration

Abstract Diffusion coefficients for ferricyanide ions in aqueous polymer solutions have been calculated from laminar flow mass transfer data obtained in a concentric annulus apparatus by the electrochemical voltammetric method. The electrolyte solutions containing one to five percent polyvinyl alcohol or polyacrylic acid were pumped through the annulus. Flow was longitudinal, and the shear rate ranged from 7 to 800 s-1 The diffusion coefficient for ferricyanide in the polymer solutions depended on polymer concentration in a different way for the non-ionic (polyvinyl alcohol) solutions compared to the polyelectrolyte (polyacrylic acid) solutions. Over the range of concentrations studied, the diffusion coefficient as a function of polymer concentration for polyacrylic acid solutions reached a minimum, increased to a maximum, and then decreased slightly.The polyvinyl alcohol data showed minimum and maximum but no decrease, and the minimum occurred at a higher polymer concentration. For each type of solution,...
A Sufi movement in Bangladesh The Maijbhandari tariqa and its followers

This article introduces the Maijbhandari Sufi brotherhood, perhaps one of the most important spiritual groupings in today's Bangladesh. Maijbhandari origins, leadership and shrines are briefly described, and the rootedness of the movement in the country's agrarian history is suggested. The roles of oral and musical performance, as well as buffalo sacrifice, as major ritual forms and practices are discussed and analysed in some depth. The article underlines the centrality of pir veneration and its associated Sufi ideation in Bangladeshi culture as well as in the country's religious politics.
Intermediate intrinsic diversity enhances neural population coding

Cell-to-cell variability in molecular, genetic, and physiological features is increasingly recognized as a critical feature of complex biological systems, including the brain. Although such variability has potential advantages in robustness and reliability, how and why biological circuits assemble heterogeneous cells into functional groups is poorly understood. Here, we develop analytic approaches toward answering how neuron-level variation in intrinsic biophysical properties of olfactory bulb mitral cells influences population coding of fluctuating stimuli. We capture the intrinsic diversity of recorded populations of neurons through a statistical approach based on generalized linear models. These models are flexible enough to predict the diverse responses of individual neurons yet provide a common reference frame for comparing one neuron to the next. We then use Bayesian stimulus decoding to ask how effectively different populations of mitral cells, varying in their diversity, encode a common stimulus. We show that a key advantage provided by physiological levels of intrinsic diversity is more efficient and more robust encoding of stimuli by the population as a whole. However, we find that the populations that best encode stimulus features are not simply the most heterogeneous, but those that balance diversity with the benefits of neural similarity.
Hyperthermia Sensitizes Glioma Stem-like Cells to Radiation by Inhibiting AKT Signaling

Glioma stem-like cells (GSC) are a subpopulation of cells in tumors that are believed to mediate self-renewal and relapse in glioblastoma (GBM), the most deadly form of primary brain cancer. In radiation oncology, hyperthermia is known to radiosensitize cells, and it is reemerging as a treatment option for patients with GBM. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of hyperthermic radiosensitization in GSCs by a phospho-kinase array that revealed the survival kinase AKT as a critical sensitization determinant. GSCs treated with radiation alone exhibited increased AKT activation, but the addition of hyperthermia before radiotherapy reduced AKT activation and impaired GSC proliferation. Introduction of constitutively active AKT in GSCs compromised hyperthermic radiosensitization. Pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K further enhanced the radiosensitizing effects of hyperthermia. In a preclinical orthotopic transplant model of human GBM, thermoradiotherapy reduced pS6 levels, delayed tumor growth, and extended animal survival. Together, our results offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for further evaluation of combined hyperthermia and radiation for GBM treatment.
Scale economies, entry, and welfare

Abstract This study shows how scale economies, initial size differences among firms, potential competition, and adjustment costs may influence the entry of firms into a dynamic oligopoly. It also examines the effects of these factors on the final size distribution of firms in an industry, and on the welfare levels of consumers and producers. We find that low to moderate scale economies are insufficient for Cournot-Nash competition to drive small firms from the market. Only when scale economies are quite high will the distribution of firm sizes become degenerate. Potential competition and the size of incumbent firms' capital stocks are additional barriers to entry. The welfare conclusion is that there may be a government role to preserve potential competition, but also to dissuade small firms from entering certain markets where there are economies of scale.
Mechanistic Basis for Type 2 Long QT Syndrome Caused by KCNH2 Mutations that Disrupt Conserved Arginine Residues in the Voltage Sensor

KCNH2 encodes the Kv11.1 channel, which conducts the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) in the heart. KCNH2 mutations cause type 2 long QT syndrome (LQT2), which increases the risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. LQT2 mutations are predicted to prolong the cardiac action potential (AP) by reducing IKr during repolarization. Kv11.1 contains several conserved basic amino acids in the fourth transmembrane segment (S4) of the voltage sensor that are important for normal channel trafficking and gating. This study sought to determine the mechanism(s) by which LQT2 mutations at conserved arginine residues in S4 (R531Q, R531W or R534L) alter Kv11.1 function. Western blot analyses of HEK293 cells transiently expressing R531Q, R531W or R534L suggested that only R534L inhibited Kv11.1 trafficking. Voltage-clamping experiments showed that R531Q or R531W dramatically altered Kv11.1 current (IKv11.1) activation, inactivation, recovery from inactivation and deactivation. Coexpression of wild type (to mimic the patients’ genotypes) mostly corrected the changes in IKv11.1 activation and inactivation, but deactivation kinetics were still faster. Computational simulations using a human ventricular AP model showed that accelerating deactivation rates was sufficient to prolong the AP, but these effects were minimal compared to simply reducing IKr. These are the first data to demonstrate that coexpressing wild type can correct activation and inactivation dysfunction caused by mutations at a critical voltage-sensing residue in Kv11.1. We conclude that some Kv11.1 mutations might accelerate deactivation to cause LQT2 but that the ventricular AP duration is much more sensitive to mutations that decrease IKr. This likely explains why most LQT2 mutations are nonsense or trafficking-deficient.
The dorsal inlay graft for hypospadias repair.

Purpose: Hypospadias is a common genitourinary anomaly affecting every 1/300 male newborns. The goals of hypospadiac surgery include a straight penis with a urethral meatus at the tip of the glans, a well vascularized neourethra of adequate caliber with a solid, straight urinary stream and achievement of sexual function when mature. Current theory advocates preservation of the urethral plate with chordee correction. Hypospadias repair without an adequate urethral plate to roll into a tube requires longitudinal incision of the plate or a transverse preputial island flap. We describe a technique of 1-stage urethroplasty using an inner preputial based dorsal inlay graft.Materials and Methods: After the penis is degloved and chordee corrected incisions are made bilaterally along the urethral plate from the native urethral meatus to the glans tip. The urethral plate is incised longitudinally. A graft harvested from the inner prepuce is defatted and sutured onto the incised urethral plate. The neourethra is rol...
Protein fractionation and properties of salicornia meal

Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is an annual salt-marsh oilseed plant. Hexane-defatted salicornia meal was extracted sequentially with 0.5 M sodium chloride (2x), water, 70% ethanol, and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (2x). Each sodium chloride extract was dialyzed against deionized water and centrifuged to separate a water-soluble fraction (albumin) from a salt-soluble fraction (globulin) before freeze-drying. Ethanol extracts and neutralized sodium hydroxide extracts (glutelin) were dialyzed against water and freeze-dried. Globulin accounted for the highest amount of protein nitrogen, followed by glutelin and albumin. SDS-PAGE of reduced albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed a number of protein bands. Nitrogen solubility of defatted salicornia meal from pH 2 to 11 indicated a minimum solubility of 22%, around pH 4.5. Nonprotein nitrogen of defatted meal was 23% of total nitrogen, higher than defatted soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed meals. Albumin had the highest proportion of lysine and sulfur amino acids per 16 g nitrogen among all the fractions analyzed.
Dyslipoproteinemia in murine systemic lupus erythematosus

Dyslipoproteinemia, a feature of systemic lupus erythematosus may contribute to premature atherosclerosis. In order to develop an experimental model for this dyslipoproteinemia we measured plasma concentrations of lipoproteins in juvenile NZB/W (lupus) and NZB/B (control) mice. Additionally to evaluate the effects of a diet rich in n - 3 fatty acids we measured lipoprotein concentrations in mice on normal or menhaden oil-enriched diets. The lupus mice had elevated triglycerides compared to the controls, similar to that seen in human SLE patients (161 +/- 31 vs 113 +/- 13 mg/dl, P less than 0.003). In contrast, the menhaden oil diet fed NZB/W mice had triglycerides similar to the NZB/B control fed group. In the NZB/W murine SLE model, dyslipoproteinemia is an early sign of disease as has been shown in man, therefore this model will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of dyslipoproteinemia in SLE.
Third-order verbal analogical reasoning: a developmental study of children and adolescents

Abstract The development of third-order verbal analogical reasoning was examined in 180 students from grades 5, 7, 9, and 11 ( n = 45/group). Accuracy in solving third-order analogy problems steadily improved through the ninth grade and was influenced by the semantic relationships that the problems expressed. For example, problems that expressed functional relationships were easier than those that expressed synonymous or sequential relationships. The results are discussed in relation to what is known about the development of second-order analogical reasoning.
An endogenous multiple scattering method for the calculation of the elastic scattering cross sections of electron shape resonances in polyatomic molecu

Abstract A procedure is described for obtaining the scattering potential for elastic electron—molecule scattering within the one-electron overlapping sphere multiple scattering Xα method. The method has been used to calculate the total elastic electron scattering cross sections for the nitrogen, ethylene and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene molecules, which compare well with experimental data.
Attack during time-out from a fixed-interval schedule in pigeons

Deweese (1977) reported that when a time-out followed food delivery on a fixed-interval 180-sec schedule, squirrel monkeys did not attack until after the time-out. A similar procedure was employed with pigeons in the present study, with different results. It was demonstrated that the time-out stimulus exerted control over food-key responses but did not attenuate attack. In addition, when subjects were subsequently allowed to initiate time-outs, responding on the time-out key was not maintained. The results of the present study support the conclusion that the time-out stimulus was aversive.
FeCa-phosphate, Fe-silicate, and Mn-oxide minerals in concretions from the Monterey Formation

Abstract Concentrically zoned phosphatic-enriched concretions were collected at three sites from the Monterey Formation. The following minerals were identified: vivianite, lipscombite, rockbridgeite, leucophosphite, mitridatite, carbonate fluorapatite, nontronite, todorokite, and barite. The mineralogy of the concretions was slightly different at each of the three collection sites. None of the concretions contains all of the minerals, but the spatial distribution of minerals in individual concretions, overlapping mineralogies between different concretions, and the geochemical properties of the separate minerals suggest a paragenesis represented by the above order. Eh increased from the precipitation of vivianite to that of rockbridgeite/lips-combite. The precipitation of leucophosphite, then mitridatite, carbonate fluorapatite and todorokite/Fe-oxide indicates increasing pH. Concretion growth culminated with the precipitation of todorokite, a Mn oxide, and minor amounts of barite along microfractures. Conspicuously absent are Fe-sulfide and Mn-phosphate minerals. The concretions are hosted by finely laminated diatomite. The laminations exhibit little to no deformation around the concretions, requiring that the concretions formed after compaction. We interpret this sediment feature and the paragenesis as recording the evolving pore-water chemistry as the formation was uplifted into the fresh-ground-water zone.
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 2-butoxyethanol and its metabolite, 2-butoxyacetaldehyde, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-AS52) cells

2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) is being substituted by 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE) as a solvent for the preparation of industrial and consumer products. Since we have shown that a metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol, methoxyacetaldehyde (MALD), is mutagenic in a subline of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-AS52), we have conducted a similar study using 2-BE and its metabolite, butoxyacetaldehyde (BALD). The results indicate that 2-BE and BALD are not mutagenic to CHO-AS52 cells. However, 2-BE is more cytotoxic than 2-ME. In comparison of our study with others on glycol ethers, the data indicate that, for glycol ethers, cytotoxicity increased with chain length of the alkyl groups. For their metabolites, mutagenicity increases with reduced chain length. Therefore, we suggest that safer solvents should be developed for use in preparation of products.
The reaction between dissociated fluorine and oxides of uranium

Abstract Fluorine at 1–5 torr pressure was dissociated with a microwave discharge and passed over samples of UO 2 or U 3 O 8 . The only reaction products were UF 6 and O 2 . The reaction rates were independent of particle size and sample depth, but depended upon the geometric surface of the sample. Kinetic studies were interpreted to show that F-atoms react immediately upon contact with the surface, and that both F 2 -molecules and F-atoms react with the sample. When the ratio, F/F 2 , is relatively low, the partial pressure of F-atoms is rate determining. When the ratio, F/F 2 , is relatively high the rate of diffusion of total fluorine (F+F 2 ) to the surface is rate determining.
Performance improvement of delta wings at subsonic speeds due to vortex flaps

Subsonic wind tunnel tests were conducted to determine performance improvements possible from the use of leading edge vortex flaps (LEVF) on delta wings. Various flap sizes and deflection angles were examined and lift-to-drag ratio improvements of up to 40% were found at moderate angles of attack on 60 deg and 75 deg swept wings. The LEVF is concluded to be effective in moving the wing's leading edge vortex onto the flaps, tilting the vortex-induced force vector forward to produce a thrust or reduce the wing's drag while maintaining attached flow and lift on the wing's upper surface.
Al(CN) 3−6 and Al(NC)3−6 trianions

At this time the smallest trianions observed in the gas phase are fluorinated fullerenes and large organic ring systems with attached sulfonic acid groups. Considerably smaller trianions have been predicted to be sufficiently stable for observation in mass spectrometers, but have not yet been detected. Here two isomers of the aluminium cyanide trianion, Al(CN)3−6 and Al(NC)3−6, are studied using ab initio methods. These two isomers are predicted to be electronically stable and to show substantial barriers with respect to dissociation of CN− units. Thus, the investigated trianions hit a sweat-spot regarding the possibility of detection, as they are by far more robust with respect to dissociation than alkali halide trianions, while at the same time materials from which these trianions can at least in principle be formed are much more readily available than those needed for producing small covalently bound trianions.
ACTIONS OF STEROID HORMONES ON NEURAL GROWTH IN CULTURE: ROLE OF GLIAL CELLS

Abstract (1) This paper represents studies of hormone action on neural growth and differentiation using different types of neural culture: organ culture using neural tissue explants and maintaining the original organization of neural cells; organotypic culture in which the original organization of the tissue may be lost but the constituent cells emerge into the zone of outgrowth; dissociated brain cell cultures consisting of neurons and glial cells; and C-6 glial cells, a rat astrocytoma line. (2) Using RNA and DNA content, RNA synthesis and the activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as biochemical indices of neural growth, we found that specific hormones act on specific neural structures and that sensitivity to a hormone is dependent on the level of maturation of the neural structure. (3) Using cerebellar organ cultures we have found an interaction between neurohumor substances such as l -dopa, norepinephrine or dopamine and steroid hormones such as estradiol and cortisol, and this interaction appears to occur in glial cells. (4) The effect of hormones may result from a direct action on neural cells and this is suggested by studies on the accumulation of 3H-corticosterone by chick embryo neural explants in organ culture, dissociated brain cell cultures of cerebral hemispheres from chick embryos and C-6 glial cells in culture. (5) The hormone retention mechanism is saturable and is reduced by unlabelled corticosterone. (6) In the dissociated cell cultures, accumulation of 3H-corticosterone occurs both in neurons and in glial cells. (7) The corticosterone retention mechanism exhibits specificity since progesterone or 11-dehydrocorticosterone does not inhibit the accumulation of 3H-corticosterone. (8) In contrast, in the C-6 glial cells, the corticosterone retention mechanism is non-specific and inhibited by progesterone, cortisol, testosterone, or 11-dehydrocorticosterone. (9) It is proposed that hormones influence neural growth and function and regulate the micro-environment of the neuron via their actions on the glial cell.
Feature extraction and tracking in oceanographic visualization

The Ocean contains complex physical phenomena that evolve over both space and time and exhibit many dynamic mesoscale features, like eddies and fronts. Studying the evolution, deformation, and interaction of these dynamic features and accurately modeling them is the essence of research in ocean circulation. Scientific visualization provides an effective means for scientists to study the evolution and interaction of oceanographic features in large time-varying, multiparameter data sets. One of the goals of oceanographic visualization is to build and validate the mathematical models. This generally necessitates an accurate tracking and therefore numerical description of those ocean features over space and time. Many visualization techniques have been found effective in providing insight. However, a desirable capability for visualization of mesoscale features is automatically recognizing and tracking underlying features in oceanographic data sets. Important features that may not be anticipated in large data sets should be detected automatically during the visualization process. The existence and therefore the locations of features are often unknown even to a knowledgeable user at the beginning. Without an automatic mechanisms, intensive and time-consuming searches must be performed, otherwise the features may not be revealed. In order to best characterize the features, locally optimized data classification must be achieved at each time step, each depth level and for each parameter. This is a difficult, if not impossible, task with traditional data classification methods. In this paper, we present the work we have done in addressing the feature extraction problem in four dimensional oceanographic visualization. We developed feature tracking algorithms that exploited the features' temporal and spatial correlations and applied them to tracking eddies over space and time.
A Review of STI/HIV Interventions for Delinquent and Detained Juveniles: An Application of the Social–Ecological Framework

Youth involved in the juvenile justice system report significantly higher rates of STI/HIV infections, compared to youth in the general population. A limited number of epidemiological studies document that social–ecological factors at the peer, family, school, and policy levels are significantly related to unsafe sexual behaviors among this population. However, no existing studies have evaluated the extent to which existing STI/HIV intervention approaches target the various social–ecological factors that are implicated in STI/HIV risk behaviors among this cohort. Applying the social–ecological framework, we review research on STI/HIV prevention and intervention programs, which targeted family, peers, and school contexts of children and adolescent involved in the juvenile justice system. Our findings suggest that these youth report significantly higher rates of STI than do those with no juvenile justice involvement. However, we also found that a bulk of the programs reviewed have targeted individual risk factors as the primary target for behavior change, even though contextual factors beyond the individual are implicated in sexual behaviors. We conclude with implications for research and practice based on this review.
Mutual Projection in the Performance and the Criticism of Work in the Social Sciences: Reply to Obert

This article presents the author's reaction to the response of researcher S.L. Obert to the author's article “Archetypal Social Systems Analysis: On the Deeper Structure of Human Systems.” The way in which Obert initially read the author and the way in which he in turn reacted to him is evidence of one of the primary laws by which the psyche operates. One of Obert's most serious criticisms is that the author's paper exhibits a vision of a unidimensional, hierarchical model. The author's difficulties with Obert's response are summarized.
Aligned crystallization in glasses: An analysis of heat transport and interface kinetics

Abstract An analysis of heat flow effects which are significant in the development of aligned microstructures in thermally crystallizable glasses is presented. Microstructures developed by heat treatment of a representative glass composition in the CdGeAs system have been interpreted on the basis of a heat flow analysis model developed in this work. The utility and limitations of the current analysis in problems related to interfacial kinetics and microstructure evolution in directionally crystallized glasses are discussed.
Production of 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 by Perfused Pig Skin

Abstract Keratinocytes produce large amounts of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) in vitro . 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is detectable in anephric humans and pigs and can be increased to near-normal levels by vitamin D or 250HD, indicating an extrarenal source. To determine whether the skin is one of these extrarenal sources, we perfused isolated flaps of porcine skin for 8 h with 250HD 3 in serum-free medium at 1 ml/min, collecting the venous effluent as 15-min samples. The samples were extracted and the vitamin D metabolites purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and assayed by competitive protein-binding techniques. Production of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 continued for the duration of the perfusion, tending to increase in the last 2 hours. The amount of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 produced varied both with time in the same pig skin and between pig skins; maximum production of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in these experiments was 8 pg/min. 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 production was higher than 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 production, reaching a maximum rate of 180 pg/min. Considering that the production rate of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in humans is 1.25 ng/min and that a 48-cm 2 skin flap represents 1/350 the surface area of a human, and assuming that human and pig skin make 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 at comparable rates, one can determine that the skin has the potential to maintain near-normal levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in the absence of kidneys when provided with adequate substrate.
Attempted Synthesis of Hexamethylfulvene

Abstract Synthesis of hexamethylfulvene by addition of isopropyl magnesium chloride to methoxyprotected tetramethylcyclopentadienone followed by acid-catalyzed dehydration/deprotection resulted in formation of two isomers of the desired hexamethylfulvene. The intermediate leading to the isomeric products was isolated and a mechanism for their formation proposed. Attempts to isomerize the isomeric products resulted in dimerization with no apparent isomerization. AM1 molecular orbital calculations on the isomers of hexamethylfulvene reveal that the desired isomer is not the most stable, suggesting that exploration of further isomerization routes will not result in the desired isomer.
Composition and Functional Properties of Apogee and Perigee Wheat Compared to Common Terrestrial Wheat Cultivars

Long duration space missions may include dwarf wheat cultivars to meet closed-loop food system constraints. Composition and functional properties of dwarf wheats (Apogee, Perigee) were characterized and compared to terrestrial cultivars (Parshall, Yecora Rojo, Yavaros 79). Proximate composition was determined using standard methods, and functional attributes were evaluated by mixograph and pasting profiles. Additional analyses measured antioxidant capacity, protein profiles, non-protein nitrogen, lipid oxidation, and starch damage. Apogee and Perigee were compositionally and functionally different from traditional cultivars, having higher protein (18–20%), ash (2–2.4%), and antioxidant (Perigee had 23.7 mol Trolox equivalent/g), and lipid oxidation levels but lower protein quality indicators. There was significant correlation (R2 = 0.84) between ash content and lipid oxidation. Apogee is a better candidate crop than Perigee for a self sustaining environment, but both dwarf varieties could be used for tail...
The Optics of Nerve Myelin

Qualitative studies on nerve birefringence have in the past indicated many important facts regarding the ultrastructure of the individual axons. In order to apply the sensitive optical method in greater detail to such investigations quantitative methods are necessary. It is also desirable that such procedures be applicable to the axons under physiological conditions. The myelin sheaths of the nerve fibers are most readily studied optically in this way because of their high birefringence, but the chief difficulties in the interpretation of the observations result from the radial orientation of the optic axes of the sheath elements. In this paper are presented simple mathematical considerations leading to an expression relating the experimentally measured sheath retardation and axon and sheath dimensions to the birefringence of the sheath, calculated as an intrinsic property of the sheath elements. Consideration of possible theoretical errors leads to confidence that the results obtained are accurate within a few percent. Typical frog sciatic axons show a birefringence of about 0.011, which is a fairly large value for biological materials. The results supplement x-ray evidence for a high degree of molecular or micellar orientation in the myelin sheath.