cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
t‐Butyl α‐Lithiobis(trimethylsilyl)acetate

[62803-13-8] C12H27LiO2Si2 (MW 266.46) InChI = 1S/C12H28O2Si2.Li/c1-12(2,3)14-10(13)11(15(4,5)6)16(7,8)9;/h13H,1-9H3;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = YTFDDCMFLYIWES-UHFFFAOYSA-M (forms bis(trimethylsilyl)ketene at 25 °C; reacts with aldehydes to form α-silylated vinyl esters) Preparative Method: an approximately 1 M solution in THF is prepared by addition of tert-butyl bis(trimethylsilyl)acetate to a 1.0 M solution of Lithium Diisopropylamide maintained at −78 °C. The solution is stirred for 1 h at −78 °C following complete addition.1 A simplified procedure utilizes n-Butyllithium in place of LDA and produces the amine-free reagent in THF/hexane.2
Gain‐ and Loss‐of‐Function Approaches in the Chick Embryo

The chicken embryo has been used as a classical embryological model for studying developmental events because of its ready availability, similarity to the human embryos, and amenability to embryological and surgical manipulations. With the arrival of the molecular era, however, avian embryos presented distinct experimental limitations, largely because of the difficulty of performing targeted mutagenesis or transgenic studies. However, in the last decade and a half, a number of new methods for transient transgenesis have been developed that allow efficient alteration of gene function during early embryonic development. These techniques have made it possible to study the effects of gene inactivation or overexpression on downstream transcriptional regulation as well as on embryonic derivatives. This, together with sequencing of the chicken genome, has allowed the chicken embryo to enter the genomic era. While attempts to establish germ line transgenesis are ongoing, methods for rapid, transient spatiotemporally targeted gene alterations have thus again re‐established the chick embryo as an important experimental niche by making it possible to apply genetics in concert with classical embryological techniques. This provides a unique tool to explore the role of developmentally important genes (Ishii and Mikawa, 2005; Itasaki et al., 1999; Krull, 2004; Ogura, 2002; Swartz et al., 2001).
Concurrent/Distributed programming illustrated using the dining philosophers problem

Many paradigms and techniques of distributed computing and concurrent processing have matured and are popular. A quick and effective way to assimilate the basics of these principles is to illustrate them using a single but simple example, avoiding language-specific and tool-specific details and syntax. In this paper we consider the famous dining philosophers problem and indicate several solutions to it based on the various concurrent/distributed computing concepts.
Dectin-2 Recognition of House Dust Mite Triggers Cysteinyl Leukotriene Generation by Dendritic Cells

House dust mites are a significant source of airborne allergen worldwide, but there is little understanding of how they so potently generate allergic inflammation. We found that extracts from the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and from the mold Aspergillus fumigatus stimulated a rapid and robust production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), proinflammatory lipid mediators, from mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Con A affinity chromatography of the Df extract revealed that the relevant ligand is a glycan(s), suggesting stimulation via a dendritic cell (DC) lectin receptor. Cys-LT production in BMDCs from wild-type mice was inhibited by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors and was abolished in BMDCs from FcRγ−/− mice, implicating either Dectin-2 or DC immunoactivating receptor. Transfection of each receptor in bone marrow-derived mast cells revealed that only Dectin-2 mediates cys-LT production by Df, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Lentiviral knockdown of Dectin-2 in BMDCs attenuated Df extract-elicited cys-LT generation, thereby identifying Dectin-2 as the receptor. Lung CD11c+ cells, but not peritoneal or alveolar macrophages, also generated cys-LTs in response to Df. These findings place Dectin-2 among the C-type lectin receptors that activate arachidonic acid metabolism and identify the Dectin-2/FcRγ/Syk/cys-LT axis as a novel mechanism by which three potent indoor allergens may activate innate immune cells to promote allergic inflammation.
Seeing Cities Change: Local Culture and Class

Seeing Cities Change: Local Culture and Class, by Jerome Krase, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. viii+290 pp., US$104.95 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-4094-2878-7 In Seeing Cities Change, Jerome Krase delivers a trans-disciplinary examination of visual methodologies and approaches to critical urban and social analysis. The book is mostly a collection of articles that span much of the author's career, and straddles the disciplinary boundaries of urban sociology, anthropology, planning, and geography. Krase's primary interest is with the utility of visual methods in understanding the complexities of how people enact social change through transforming (and therefore producing) the physical spaces they inhabit. In this frame, the ethnic vernacular landscape is used as the central lens through which processes of neighborhood change, such as succession and gentrification, are examined. The introduction presents and develops the book's conceptual framework, perhaps best summarized by Krase as spatial semiotics. Drawing upon literature from visual sociology and ethnography, the visual is promoted as an indispensable dimension of analysis that is, for Krase, typically given short change in urban studies. In the process, the strengths and weaknesses of two prominent traditions in urban studies are interrogated: urban political economy and urban ecology. Krase, although aligned more toward political-economic sensibilities, charts a middle-of-the-road path that navigates the work of notable scholars in both camps, such as Manuel Castells, Henri Lefebvre, David Harvey, and Sharon Zukin, as well as the Chicago School figures of Louis Wirth, Robert Park, and Ernest Burgess. Along the way, many other major figures are also thrust into what becomes a very eclectic review of a wide range of ontological and epistemological orientations, such as planners like Jane Jacobs, French social theorists like Pierre Bourdieu, and those working in the traditions of Symbolic Interactionism and Phenomenology. The point of engaging such a diverse range of conceptual paradigms is to identify what Krase asserts as the central organizing construct in urban studies: space. What would otherwise be a disorienting traversing of seemingly divergent and loosely related bodies of literature is cleverly linked through this central connecting thread. In this context, where space is positioned as a key dimension to understanding and explaining social processes, Krase convincingly argues that visual modes of analysis should hold a more privileged position in the social science methodological tool kit. The bulk of the book empirically examines the evolving landscapes of many historic and contemporary ethnic neighborhoods, particularly Chinatowns, Little Italy's, and Polish American neighborhoods. …
Visual sensitivity and spatial summation in goldfish with compressed retinotectal projections or total tectal ablation.

When a goldfish optic nerve is crushed and allowed to re-innervate a half-ablated lobe of the optic tectum, electrophysiological mapping shows that nearly the whole visual field eventually comes to be represented on the half tectum that remains2,7,12,1L In such a 'compressed' retinotectal projection, a given region of the tectal surface should receive input from a larger than normal region of visual space. There is, therefore, the opportunity for greater convergence of optic afferents onto tectal neurons, possibly enlarging their receptive fields. Among the conditions necessary for this to occur is that the retina and tectum do not alter their complement of neurons after tectal surgery in such a way as to redress the mismatch of retina and tectum. There is evidence that tectal neurons do not proliferate any faster than normal after partial tectal ablation 14 and that the number of retinal ganglion cells remains about the same after optic nerve crushL Increased convergence might also be expected to result from optic nerve crush and regeneration, because abnormally large numbers of optic axons are found in the stratum opticum of the tectum some months after its reinnervation has taken place 8. The visual consequences of optic nerve regeneration and tectal compression are most likely to be seen in measures of spatial vision, and in keeping with this expectation, there have been findings of reduced visual acuity in fishZ,l~, 16. In the present experiments, a related aspect of vision, the limit of spatial summation (Ricco area) was determined by measuring thresholds behaviorally in goldfish with rearranged retinotectal systems. Goldfish of standard length (5-6 cm) were maintained under a 12-h light 12-h dark lighting regime at 20-23 °C. Psychophysical data were obtained from 5 fish with unilateral, half tectal ablations (LCT fish), two with complete tectal ablation (NT fish), and two normals of the same batch. The surgical procedures were carried out under anaesthesia with tricaine methanesulfonate. A flap of bone overlying the optic rectum was relfected and the meninges removed. To prepare the compressed retinotectal projection, the caudal half of the left tectal lobe was removed by aspiration, and the right optic nerve was crushed in the orbit. Tectumless fish were prepared by aspirating both tectal lobes down to the
Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Resistant Hypertension: Implications for the Kidney

There is recognition that the obesity epidemic contributes substantially to the increasing incidence of CKD and resistant hypertension (HTN). The mechanisms by which obesity promotes resistance are an area of active interest and intense investigation. It is thought that increases in visceral adiposity lead to a proinflammatory, pro-oxidative milieu that promote resistance to the metabolic actions of insulin. This resistance to insulin at the level of skeletal muscle tissue impairs glucose disposal/utilization through actions on the endothelium that include vascular rarefaction, reductions in vascular relaxation, and vascular remodeling. Insulin resistance derived from increased adipose tissue and obesity has system-wide implications for other tissue beds such as the kidney that affects blood pressure regulation. The additional autocrine and paracrine activities of adipose tissue contribute to inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system that promote kidney microvascular remodeling, stiffness, and sodium (Na+) retention that in turn promote HTN and in the CKD patient, resistance. In this review, we will summarize the important mechanisms that link obesity to CKD as they relate to resistant HTN.
The decline of mass production and the challenge to union survival

The growing inability of America's mass production industries to underpin economic prosperity is argued by the author as contributing towards the loss of labour's standing in society. He sees some hope in a return to a modified version of the craft union model.
ORIENTATION EFFECTS IN SINGLE CRYSTAL RELAXOR RHOMBOHEDRAL FERROELECTRIC PZN-4.5%PT

ABSTRACT [001] cut [Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.955-[PbTiO3]0.045 (PZN-4.5%PT) displays extraordinary piezoelectric properties. An electric field applied in the ⟨001⟩ direction results in a very large strain and very little hysteresis. This electric field provides little or no driving force for domain wall motion. In this study, specimens were cut at different angles from [001] to [111]. Bipolar electric field cycles above the coercive field were run at a series of compressive stress levels to determine the effect of orientation on the ferroelectric behavior at different preloads. The results indicate that the [001] oriented crystal displays very little domain wall motion except during polarization reversal whereas the off axis cuts display successively more effects associated with domain wall motion as the cut is rotated from [001] to [111].
Field desorption of some diols and polyols adsorbed on 1-naphthalenylboronic acid surfaces

Abstract A series of diols with 2–6 carbon atoms between the hydroxyl groups gives ions corresponding to the molecular ions of boronate esters when they are desorbed from a 1-naphthalenylboronic acid surface under FD conditions. The reaction is not strongly influenced by stereochemistry in six-membered ring diols. Acyclic triols, tetraols, and a hexaol show analogous reactivity. However, reactivity is much reduced for cyclic polyols such as saccharide and anomalous results were obtained for some saccharide derivatives.
Crossover Clinical Trial of Benapryzine and Trihexyphenidyl in Parkinsonian Patients

A crossover clinical trial of benapryzine and trihexyphenidyl in ten parkinsonian patients during a four-month study is described. The improvement from initial disability ranged from 29.5 to 64.4 per cent for benapryzine and from 27.2 to 64.9 per cent for trihexyphenidyl. The effect of benapryzine and trihexyphenidyl on most parkinsonian symptoms did not differ significantly. Patients taking benapryzine had significantly fewer of the common side effects of trihexyphenidyl but more sialorrhea. It is uncertain whether benapryzine is superior to trihexylphenidyl in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
A simplified orthotropic viscoplasticity theory based on overstress

The viscoplasticity theory based on overstress, a simplified version of Sutcu (1985) theory, is presented for the case of orthotropy. The theory permits asymptotic solutions for checking numerical experiments and for identification of material properties. It is applicable to materials with rate(time) dependence, hysteresis, and a permanent set, such as cubic crystals, directionally solidified alloys, and metal matrix composites. Though it is a unified type theory, with effects of creep and plasticity not separated, it allows to identify viscous and plastic contributions to the stress in the asymptotic state.
Gender and body images: Stereotypes and realities

Body image is a multidimensional construct defined by persons' perceptions of and attitudes about their body. Although the sexes differ on some parameters of body image, the present experiment was conducted to determine the manner and extent to which the sexes are socially perceived to differ. Male and female college students (n=72) completed a standardized body-image inventory, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, in response to three counterbalanced instructional contexts—for self, for the typical male peer, and for the typical female peer. As compared with the actual, often modest, sex differences found on several body-image indices, the sexes were perceived to differ substantially on all measured aspects of body image. The stereotypical misperception of the sexes was clearly a more disparaging distortion of the body image of women than of men. The findings were interpreted in relation to possible contributing factors and directions for future research.
Angle resolved imaging of polymer blend systems: From images to a 3D volume of material morphology

Abstract ARXPS has been widely used for thickness calculations, discerning molecular orientation, and estimating both surface enrichment and concentration gradients. For multicomponent heterogeneous samples, not only the average concentration, but also morphology and chemical heterogeneity are important. In this work we demonstrate the results of combining ARXPS and imaging for analysis of polymer blend samples. Challenges in combining the two approaches include locating the same area for image acquisition at multiple take-off angles, the small depth of focus in imaging mode, and the geometrical transformation of images with changing take-off angle. The conversion of the original photoelectron images to a volume representing the top 3–10 nm of the polymer blend requires spatial image transformation to correct for geometry or image warping, automatic image registration, mapping images to concentration with the assistance of AR small area spectroscopy, image morphing and visualization. AR images were used to create volumes from the top 3–10 nm of blends of polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). These volumes allow for the visualization and estimation of the degree of surface segregation and separation of polymer phases.
The Gas Turbine-Air-Cleaner Dilemma

The person confronted with the selection of a gas-turbine air cleaner is faced with a dilemma because the data available to guide his selection are inconsistent and not complete. The need for air cleaners has been established. The level of air-cleaner efficiency required to protect the gas turbine from the effects of dust ingestion has not. This paper reviews the data available and relates it to Donaldson Company experience. Air-cleaner specifications and how they are influenced by gas-turbine needs and experience are discussed. Today’s gas-turbine air cleaners and what they will do are reviewed. The paper concludes that it is essential to determine the level of air-cleaner protection required by the various gas turbines and suggests programs to determine it through laboratory and field tests. Further work in air-cleaner and gas-turbine design is suggested to obtain an optimum gas-turbine air cleaner and to obtain long-life gas turbines.© 1963 ASME
Vertical-scanning Mutagenesis of a Critical Tryptophan in the Minor Groove Binding Track of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase MOLECULAR NATURE OF POLYMERASE-NUCLEIC ACID INTERACTIONS

While sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins interact predominantly in the DNA major groove, DNA polymerases bind DNA through interactions in the minor groove that are sequence nonspecific. Through functional analyses of alanine-substituted mutant enzymes that were guided by molecular dynamics modeling of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1-reverse transcriptase and DNA complex, we previously identified a structural element in reverse transcriptase, the minor groove binding track (MGBT). The MGBT is comprised of five residues (Ile94, Gln258, Gly262, Trp266, and Gln269) which interact 2–6 base pairs upstream from the polymerase active site in the DNA minor groove and are important in DNA binding, processivity, and frameshift fidelity. These residues do not contribute equally; functional analysis of alanine mutants suggests that Trp266contributes the most to binding. To define the molecular interactions between Trp266 and the DNA minor groove, we have analyzed the properties of eight mutants, each with an alternate side chain at this position. A refined molecular dynamics model was used to calculate relative binding free energies based on apolar surface area buried upon complex formation. In general, there was a strong correlation between the relative calculated binding free energies for the alternate residue 266 side chains and the magnitude of the change in the properties which reflect template-primer interactions (template-primer dissociation rate constant, K i,AZTTP, processivity, and frameshift fidelity). This correlation suggests that hydrophobic interactions make a major contribution to the stability of the polymerase-DNA complex. Additionally, tyrosine and arginine substitutions resulted in mutant enzymes with DNA binding properties better than predicted by buried surface area alone, suggesting that hydrogen bonding could also play a role in DNA binding at this position.
Impact of Family History in Persons With Dual Diagnosis.

Objective: This study examined relationships among family history of alcohol, drug, and psychiatric problems and substance use severity, interpersonal relationships, and service use in individuals with dual diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected with the family history section of the Addiction Severity Index administered as part of three studies of individuals with dual disorders (N = 413). Participants were categorized into family history risk groups for each problem domain based on the number of first- and second-degree relatives with alcohol, drug, or psychiatric problems. Results: Rates of alcohol, drug, and psychiatric problems were high across family member categories and highest overall for siblings. More than two-thirds of the sample was categorized in the high-risk group in the alcohol problem domain, almost half of the sample was categorized as high-risk in the drug problem domain, and more than a third of the sample was categorized as high-risk in the psychiatric problem domain. Across problem...
Recent advances in f element reduction chemistry

One of the most rapidly changing frontiers in organometallic chemistry involves the reductive chemistry of organolanthanide and organoactinide complexes. This contribution summarizes recent advances in this area arising from newly available divalent lanthanide systems and the sterically crowded (C5Me5)3M complexes as presented at the ‘Frontiers in Organometallic Chemistry Symposium’ at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Chicago in August 2001.
Owning Valence Issues: The Impact of a “Culture of Corruption” on the 2006 Midterm Elections

The 109th Congress commenced with a huge ethical cloud hanging over the Capitol. In January 2005, prominent Washington lobbyist Jack Abramoff admitted conspiring to defraud Native American tribes and corrupt public officials. As a result, the Democratic Party chose to adopt corruption as a central theme of their 2006 congressional campaign. They argued that the scandal resulted from a “culture of corruption” fostered by Republicans, who controlled Congress. Although past research shows that voters do punish at the polls congressional incumbents under criminal investigation, little is known about whether the mere appearance of wrongdoing can be assigned to an entire party and cost its candidates votes. Utilizing data from a variety of sources, we find that systemic efforts by House Democratic leaders to frame Republicans as “owning” the scandal—whether individual members actually received Abramoff funds or not—were largely successful in the polls and at the ballot box. These findings suggest that scholarly...
Kinetics of Carbon Tetrachloride Reduction at an Oxide-Free Iron Electrode

To address some of the fundamental questions regarding the kinetics of reduction of contaminants by zero-valent iron (Fe0), we have taken advantage of the mass transport control afforded by a polished Fe0 rotating disk electrode (RDE) in an electrochemical cell. The kinetics of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) dechlorination at an Fe0 RDE were studied in pH 8.4 borate buffer at a potential at which an oxide film would not form. In this system, the cathodic current was essentially independent of electrode rotation rate, and the measured first-order heterogeneous rate constant for the chemical reaction (kct = 2.3 × 10-5 cm s-1) was less than the estimated rate constant for mass transfer to the surface. Thus, for the conditions of this study, the rate of reduction of CCl4 by oxide-free Fe0 appears to be dominated by reaction at the metal−water interface rather than by transport to the metal surface. Activation energies for reduction of CCl4 and hexachloroethane by oxide-covered granular Fe0 (measured in batch sys...
Diagnostic and therapeutic yield is not influenced by the timing of small-bowel enteroscopy: morning versus afternoon

Background Small-bowel enteroscopies (BEs) are tedious and prolonged, and their efficacy may be affected by the timing of procedures. Objective We aimed to evaluate the differences in diagnostic yield, insertion depth, procedure duration, therapeutic yield, and adverse events (AEs) of enteroscopies performed in the morning versus the afternoon. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Patients who underwent BE for suspected small-bowel disease at a single institution between January 2008 and August 2009. Main Outcome Measurement Differences in diagnostic yield, insertion depth, procedure duration, therapeutic yield, and AEs between morning (started before noon) and afternoon (after noon) procedures. Results A total of 250 enteroscopies were performed on 250 patients, of which 125 patients (50%) underwent a procedure in the morning and 125 patients (50%) underwent the procedure in the afternoon. The diagnostic yield with anterograde enteroscopy was the same in both the morning and afternoon (63.7% and 63.7%, respectively; P = .99). The procedure durations were also similar (42.4 ± 21.5 minutes vs 46.2 ± 22.4 minutes, respectively; P = .25). Similarly the diagnostic yield with retrograde enteroscopy was similar in morning and afternoon (44.1% and 35.3%, respectively; P = .46). However, the procedure durations of retrograde BE were significantly shorter in the morning compared with the afternoon (51.3 ± 21.3 minutes vs 66.6 ± 32.9 minutes, respectively; P = .03). Therapeutic yield and AEs were similar. Limitations Retrospective study. Conclusions The timing of procedure, morning versus afternoon, did not affect the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of BE in patients with suspected small-bowel disease.
Interleukin 1α-induced NFκB Activation and Chemokine mRNA Stabilization Diverge at IRAK1

Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) is capable of driving pro-inflammatory gene expression through both the initiation of transcription and by prolonging the half-life of short-lived mRNAs. Although the signaling events linking the IL-1 receptor to the activation of NFκB and the initiation of transcription have been well characterized, less is known about the signaling events linking to mRNA stabilization. As a model to study the control of mRNA stability we have used the mouse chemokine KC, expression of which requires both NFκB-driven transcription and stabilization of the constitutively unstable mRNA. We have evaluated the role of signaling adaptors known to play a role in IL-1α-driven NFκB activation in the generation of mRNA stability. Surprisingly, although TRAF6 is essential for NFκB activation, it is not required for IL-1α-induced mRNA stabilization. IRAK1, which is recognized to function upstream of TRAF6, is required for both mRNA stabilization and activation of NFκB. Consistent with the previous findings, the TRAF6 interaction sites in IRAK1 are required for NFκB activation but do not play a role in mRNA stabilization. These findings indicate that signals from the IL-1 receptor segregate into at least two separate pathways at the level of IRAK1; one couples through TRAF6 to NFκB activation while a second utilizes a TRAF6-independent pathway that is responsible for mRNA stabilization.
The Mechanisms Involved in the Behavior of White Rats on the Inclined Plane

Resume L'analyse du comportement du rat sur le plan incline fait que l'auteur rejette la theorie de Crozier de la tension des muscles en faveur de la suivante: La direction negative du mouvement rampant et l'angle d'orientation, θ, sont dus (a) a une combinaison de reflexes de posture causes par certains des composants du stimulus de gravitation, (b) a la force relative de l'animal, (c) au fait de la progression normale en avant avec la correlation des griffes a l'anterieur des pieds du rat, et (d) a de tels facteurs que le glissement et la fatigue. L'attrait de la gravitation sur le rat place sur un plan incline a ete analyse en trois composants qui sont significatifs pour le comportement: Composant perpendiculaire sur le plan G cos α (1) Composant sur la ligne de progression G sin α sin θ (2) Composant perpendiculaire sur (2) et sur la pente du plan G sin α cos θ (3) On a montre que l'effet des changements en (1) est essentiellement celui d'augmenter ou de diminuer la force musculaire du rat relative au...
CRITICAL ISSUES IN THE DESKJET PEN DEVELOPMENT

The DeskJet thermal inkjet printer was introduced in February 1988 and represents a landmark in printing technology. The DeskJet pen is the culmination of seven years of linked projects involving market research, product, process, ink, and assembly development. We have introduced three inkjet architectures since 1984 they are summarized in figure 1. Two contributions stand out for the DeskJet pen. First is unquestioned letter quality shown in figure 2c and second is its ability to print on plain paper. A brief look at the history of the DeskJet program will explain why we arrived at 300 DPI printing, however; by far the most critical and difficult issue for the DeskJet pen was the decision to print on plain paper. Following is a brief history of the DeskJet pen and a discussion of some of the critical issues in its development.
Are head and neck specific quality of life measures necessary

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether head and neck-specific health status domains are distinct from those assessed by general measures of quality-of-life (QOL). Methods Cross-sectional study of 55 head and neck cancer patients in tertiary academic center was made. Three head and neck-specific measures,-including the Head & Neck Survey (H& NS); a brief, multi-item test which generates domain scores; and a general health measure,-were administered. Results The H& NS was highly reliable and more strongly correlated to the specific measures than to the general measure. Eating/swallowing (ES) and speech/communication (SC) were not well correlated with general health domains. Head and neck pain was highly correlated to general bodily pain (0.88, p < .0001). Despite correlations to some general health domains, appearance (AP) was not fully reflected by any other domain. Conclusions Head and neck-specific QOL measures are necessary and should include domains that reflect ES, SC, and AP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 19:474–480, 1997.
An enzyme-probe method to detect structural changes in the myosin rod

Abstract The temperature-dependence of local melting within the α-helical, coiled-coil structure of rabbit myosin rod has been investigated by following changes in the rate constants of proteolytic digestion. The kinetics of fragmentation of the rod by three different enzymes (α-chymotrypsin, trypsin and papain) over the temperature range 5 to 40 °C (pH 7, I = 0.5) has been monitored by electrophoresis of the digestion products on sodium dodecyl sulfate/ polyacrylamide gels. All rate constants were corrected for the intrinsic temperature-dependence of the enzyme by comparison with model substrates. Results from the three enzyme-probes are similar in showing that local melting within the rod occurs in two distinct stages. At temperatures between 5 and 25 °C, melting is confined to a restricted segment of the rod structure near the light meromyosin/heavy meromyosin junction. At temperatures between 25 and 40 °C, a wider segment of the rod lysing between the junction and the short subfragment-2 segment (the hinge domain) appears to be melting, judging from the broad spectrum of cleavage sites observed in this region. Results are compared with those from other physicochemical methods that measure the hinging or opening of the coiled-coil structure of the rod.
Fourier Analysis on GL(n,R)

Abstract Two problems of Fourier analysis on GL(n,R) are studied. The first concerns the decomposition of the additive Fourier operator in terms of the group representation theory of G. The second concerns the analytic continuation of certain zeta-functions defined on G. It is found that the generalized Gamma functions of Gelfand and Graev arise naturally in the solution of both these problems.
SOLUBILIZATION OF MOUSE LIVER GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE AND PHOSPHORYLASE DURING STARVATION GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND ITS REVERSAL BY CORTISOL.

DURING starvation, glycogenolysis is associated with the release of the enzymes phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase from insoluble granules into the cytoplasm. This event is accompanied by a decrease in the activity of glycogen synthetase and a transient increase in phosphorylase activity. The phenomena can be prevented by the prior administration of the glucocorticoid, cortisol. Moreover, once the alterations have occurred, they can be reversed by glycogenesis produced by either cortisol injection or glucose feeding, DOCA was ineffective.
Applications of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical chemistry

Two applications of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical chemistry, are described, namely the identification and determination of compounds present in biological fluids. For the first application, the biological substances are derivatized to stable forms for gas chromatography and to give appropriate spectra in the mass spectrometer operated in the scanning mode. This method is used for the diagnosis of organic acidurias, different enzyme deficiencies causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other disturbances of steroid metabolism, for differentiation between adrenal carcinoma or adenoma, etc. The second application is the use of the mass spectrometer as a very sensitive and selective gas chromatographic detector. This, in combination with stable isotope dilution methods, is the most accurate analytical method in clinical chemistry. The substances are derivatized to forms suitable for gas chromatography and to give a few specific and intense fragment ions in the mass spectrometer operated in selected-ion monitoring mode. Substances that can be detected in this way include steroids, vitamins, prostaglandins, carbohydrates, drugs and pesticides.
The role of cGMP in the regulation of rabbit airway ciliary beat frequency

The involvement of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and their interaction with the Ca2+-dependent mechanisms in the regulation of ciliary activity are not well understood. To investigate how cGMP regulates ciliary activity, changes in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of rabbit tracheal ciliated cells in response to 8-bromo-cGMP (Br-cGMP) were simultaneously quantified using digital, high-speed phase-contrast and fluorescence imaging. Br-cGMP induced a response in ciliary activity that could be separated into two parts. Firstly, Br-cGMP induced a concentration-dependent increase in the basal CBF that occurred without increasing the [Ca2+]i. This response was not affected by excessively buffering the [Ca2+]i with BAPTA but was abolished by KT5823, a PKG inhibitor. Secondly, Br-cGMP induced a series of transient increases in CBF that were superimposed on the sustained increases in CBF. These transient increases in CBF correlated with the stimulation of a series of transient increases in [Ca2+]i and were abolished by BAPTA, but were unaffected by KT5823. The magnitude of the transient increases in CBF and [Ca2+]i were not dependent on the concentration of Br-cGMP. The Ca2+-dependent changes in CBF induced by ionomycin or ATP were not affected by KT5823. From these results, we propose that cGMP increases CBF in two ways: firstly through a Ca2+-independent mechanism involving PKG, and secondly through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism following the stimulation of changes in [Ca2+]i. In addition, we suggest that the Ca2+-dependent stimulation of rabbit airway ciliary activity does not initially require PKG activation.
The Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein Complexes with Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans to Regulate Proteoglycan-mediated Lipoprotein Catabolism

It has been proposed that clearance of cholesterol-enriched very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles occurs through a multistep process beginning with their initial binding to cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), followed by their uptake into cells by a receptor-mediated process that utilizes members of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, including the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). We have further explored the relationship between HSPG binding of VLDL and its subsequent internalization by focusing on the LRP pathway using a cell line deficient in LDLR. In this study, we show that LRP and HSPG are part of a co-immunoprecipitable complex at the cell surface demonstrating a novel association for these two cell surface receptors. Cell surface binding assays show that this complex can be disrupted by an LRP-specific ligand binding antagonist, which in turn leads to increased VLDL binding and degradation. The increase in VLDL binding results from an increase in the availability of HSPG sites as treatment with heparinase or competitors of glycosaminoglycan chain addition eliminated the augmented binding. From these results we propose a model whereby LRP regulates the availability of VLDL binding sites at the cell surface by complexing with HSPG. Once HSPG dissociates from LRP, it is then able to bind and internalize VLDL independent of LRP endocytic activity. We conclude that HSPG and LRP together participate in VLDL clearance by means of a synergistic relationship.
FIELD AND CULTURE STUDIES ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CALLITHAMNION BYSSOIDES (RHODOPHYTA, CERAMIALES) IN NORTH CAROLINA1,2

The life history of Callithamnion byssoides Arnott ex Harv. in Hook. from North Carolina is shown to be of the Polysiphonia-type. Cross-gradient light-temperature culture in 8:16 and 14:10 LD cycles was utilized to investigate the effects of light intensity, temperature and day-length on growth and reproduction. Carposporophyte and tetrasporangium development were controlled by total light energy rather than photoperiod. Results of these studies explain the observed seasonal periodicity of growth and reproduction on the North Carolina coast. Variations between these results and previously published data for this species in Texas are explained in terms of ecotypic differentiation.
Personality characteristics of male and female participants in team sports

Abstract Males members of two college teams, baseball and football, and female members of two teams, field hockey and lacrosse (combined) and equestrians, were compared on the five scales of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). All teams were significantly higher on the Activity and lower on the Neuroticism-Anxiety scales than the general college population of the University of Delaware. Lacrosse and field hockey athletes were higher on activity than equestrians and baseball players were higher than football players on this scale. Contrary to predictions, football players scored lower than the general university male population on Impulsive Sensation Seeking and the lacrosse and field hockey players did not differ from the general college females on Impulsive Sensation Seeking. The baseball players also scored lower on this scale. The hypothesis that body contact sports attract high sensation seeking and aggressive participants was not supported. Sensation seeking is more characteristic of participants in high risk sports offering unusual sensation and personal challenges.
EUVL square mask patterning with TaN absorber

Using TaN as extreme ultra-violet lithography (EUVL) mask absorber has been previously explored in wafer format. Due to substrate material difference between the square mask format and Si wafer format, e.g., electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity difference, etc., the etch process does not behave the same when mask substrate switches from the Si wafer to the square quartz substrates. With low thermal conductivity on quartz material and no backside cooling, mask etch prefers low power as compared to the Si wafer etch. In the study, we found that for a given source and bias power, the cooling of the substrate plays a role in TaN etch rate and selectivity to the buffer oxide layer. In this paper, we will present detailed study and comparison of TaN EUVL mask absorber etch characteristics for both the Si substrate and the square quartz substrate cases. The effect of source power, bias power, and backside cooling will also be discussed. The etchers used in study to etch TaN film on the wafer substrate and on the square format mask substrate have the similar configuration. With the optimized etch process, we have achieved good TaN etch profile with high etch selectivity to SiO 2 buffer layer on the square quartz mask substrate.
On the convergence of a class of algorithms using linearly independent search directions

Powell has shown that the cyclic coordinate method with exact searches may not converge to a stationary point. In this note we consider a more general class of algorithms for unconstrained minimization, and establish their convergence under the assumption that the objective function has a unique minimum along any line.
Consumption of sodium chloride and lithium chloride in normal rats and in rats with septal lesions

Rats were trained to consume their daily fluid requirements by drinking a dilute (.077 M) NaCl solution during a 20-min test session. In Experiment I. an equimolar solution of LiCl was introduced on test days. Following the first exposure to LiCl. conditioned aversion to NaCl was observed. With repeated exposures, the conditioned aversion declined and the rats learned to discriminate the LiCl during the test session, suggesting that the onset of the aversive consequences of LiCl ingestion was rapid. Experiment II, which was designed to measure the time course of the onset of LiCl illness, confirmed the results of Experiment I. In both experiments, rats with septal lesions were more reactive to the aversive postingestive effects of LiCl. In Experiment III, taste differences were introduced by changing the concentration of the LiCl. Rats with septal lesions were more reactive to these differences in taste.
A randomized controlled trial using insinuated standardized patients to assess residents' domestic violence skills following a two-hour workshop.

Background: Residents feel inadequately trained to treat domestic violence victims. Purpose: The purpose was to assess clinical skills of residents participating in a domestic violence workshop. Methods: Twenty-seven internal medicine residents were randomized to receive one of two workshops (domestic violence or control workshop). Standardized patients were trained to two domestic violence cases (depressed; injured). The two cases were randomized and insinuated into each resident's continuity clinic at either 1 to 3 months or more than 3 months after the workshops. Results: The domestic violence workshop residents did not identify the standardized patients as domestic violence victims any more often than residents participating in the control workshop; 16/25 (64%) versus 13/23 (56%), p = .86. However, domestic violence workshop residents were more likely to score 75% or higher on the domestic violence checklist items compared to control workshop residents; 9/25 (36%) versus 2/23 (9%), p = .04. Conclusion...
Abstract B26: Targeting glucose and glutamine metabolism in melanoma cells influences Noxa and Mcl‐1 levels as well as susceptibility to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis

Melanoma cells are notoriously resistant to conventional therapeutics (some of which trigger the intrinsic mitochondrial‐based apoptotic pathway), whilst some melanoma cells are also resistant to extrinsic death ligand‐mediated apoptosis. Emerging studies focused on metabolomics of cancer cells revealed that metabolic alterations in tumors could be exploited as novel targets for cancer therapy. Many tumor cells not only display a high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis, but also exhibit increased glutamine consumption. In this study, apoptotic susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO2L) was investigated in four human melanoma cell lines in the presence of a metabolic inhibitor of glucose (2‐deoxyglucose, 2DG, 10 mM) or glutamine (aminooxyacetate; AOA; 1mM, inhibitor of glutamate dependent transaminase). 2DG or AOA alone did not trigger significant apoptosis measured by Annexin V‐PI staining and FACS analysis in these melanoma cell lines within a period of 24 hrs. However, the combined treatment with either 2DG plus TRAIL (100ng/ml), or AOA plus TRAIL, significantly induced apoptosis in 3 of 4 melanoma cell lines, compared to a single treatment protocol. Furthermore, the co‐treatment selectively enhanced TRAIL mediated cytotoxicity only in melanoma cells, but not in normal human melanocytes or skin derived dermal fibroblasts. To more firmly establish the vital links between inhibition of glucose or glutamine metabolism and TRAIL efficacy, melanoma cells were also cultured with medium depleted of either glucose or glutamine for 1 day followed by adding TRAIL for another 24 hrs. Withdrawal of either glucose or glutamine by itself induced low level of spontaneous apoptosis in both melanoma cell lines tested. Similar to the treatment with 2DG or AOA, withdrawal of glucose or glutamine also sensitized both melanoma cell lines to TRAIL mediated apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by co‐treatment with 2DG or AOA plus TRAIL was markedly blocked by a pan caspase inhibitor (Z‐VAD), implicating a caspase‐dependency. Western blotting analysis confirmed cotreatments effectively induced caspases 3 cleavage and Bid degradation in melanoma cells. Additionally 2DG or AOA plus TRAIL also resulted in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (reduced Rhodamine123 uptake). Furthermore, both 2DG and AOA changed the balance between anti‐ and pro‐ apoptotic proteins of Bcl‐2 family members. AOA was a stronger inducer compared to 2DG in enhancing BH3‐only protein Noxa levels. 2DG was more effective in reducing Bcl‐XL levels, while AOA more strongly inhibited Mcl‐1 expression. Taken together, the findings of this study described a novel strategy to overcome the apoptotic resistance of melanoma cells by potentially activating both TRAIL‐based, and mitochondrial‐based, apoptosis by targeting either glucose or glutamine metabolic pathways for future melanoma therapeutic trials. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B26.
Domain structure in high molecular weight high mobility group nonhistone chromatin proteins

The high mobility group (HMG) proteins1 are a small set of nonhistone chromatin proteins which exhibit preferential affinity for single-stranded DNA2–4. Large portions of the amino acid sequences of calf thymus HMG-1 and HMG-2 have recently been published5. We have analysed that information and describe here an internal sequence homology in the proteins which, coupled with a prediction of secondary structure, strongly suggests that all the high molecular weight HMG proteins (HMG-1, HMG-2 and HMG-E) exist in three domains of comparable lengths. The N-terminal and central domains have homologous sequences and are probably similar in conformation. The C-terminal domain is nonhomologous and highly acidic. We also present results of trypsin digestion experiments which are consistent with the postulated domain structure. We propose that the N-terminal and central domains of the proteins are DNA-binding regions and that the highly acidic C-terminal domain interacts with histones.
An Analysis of 3D Crack Propagation using Cohesive Zone Models and the Theory of Configurational Forces

A continuum theory of 3D fracture with a cohesive zone model is presented. The analysis uses the theory of configurational forces and is valid for any crack propagation regime. The theory provides insight into the modeling of crack growth accompanied by progressive damage accumulation and other types of local microstructural changes. Furthermore, it offers justification for the introduction of less traditional cohesive zone models which, in addition to the opening displacement, include other types of crack surface deformation parameters.