cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water-sand mixture inrush through weakly cemented overburden at a shallow depth in the Yili coal mining area

The safety and efficiency of mining in western coal mining areas of China are threatened by water and sand bursting disasters. In the current study, we determined the possibility of sand bursting via formula of the related norms in China for the weakly cemented Paleogene glutenite aquifer located at the 21–1 coal seam roof within Yili ecological area, Xinjiang, China. We tested the failure characteristics of overburden under different mining thicknesses using a similar material model. Furthermore, we simulated the development process of overburden fractures and the water pressure of a Paleogene aquifer by varying mining thickness (4 m and 8 m) using a three-dimensional model with different working panels via PFC3D. Results demonstrate that at a mining thickness of 4 m, the caving zone does not affect the Paleogene aquifer and the probability of sand break is low. In contrast, at 8 m, the sand break probability is high as the caving zone development height enters the Paleogene. Furthermore, at the same thickness, the water pressure of the aquifer gradually drops to 0 during the later stage of mining. This indicates the entry of the aquifer water through the working panel cracks, and consequently, the probability of water and sand bursting in the working panel is high. When the mining thickness is 4 m, this probability is low due to the normal water inflow during the mining of the working panel. Our results strengthen the theoretical and technical systems required for the prevention and control of water and sand bursting in the western coal mine area of China.
Possessives in indefinite nominal phrases: A comparison between Italo-Romance and Daco-Romance

Southern Italian dialects exhibit a peculiar morphosyntactic device in licensing possessives in non‑definite noun phrases, i.e. the insertion of the functional element de followed by the definite article. This strategy shows striking similarities with the functional element A(-) employed in Romanian to introduce a possessive or a noun phrase marked as a genitive when it is not linearly preceded by a noun phrase marked as definite. This paper proves that an identical syntactic structure is detectable in both groups of varieties which stems from the definiteness requirements of the genitive.
Abstract MP62: Sars-cov-2 Spike Protein Regulation Of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 And Tissue Renin-angiotensin Systems: Influence Of Biologic Sex

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and an enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is on the X chromosome and stimulated by estrogen. Male sex is a risk factor for...
CdS/CdTe Analysis and Modeling

Simple mathematical solar models are introduced, starting from diode models with various amounts of adjustable parameters. Model applications are discussed. Current voltage characteristics are analyzed. Extensive comparison is made with different cell types and different production modes. Encouraging results are obtained from specific diode models with only two adjustable parameters showing surprising agreements with a large number of experiments. These results are compared with the solution curves (current voltage characteristics) of the transport and Poisson equations that contain in addition to some well-known parameters as e.g. band gap, optical absorption constant, and carrier mobility and some derived parameters, as minority carrier life time, most parameters that determine the quasi Fermi levels and band interconnections are missing. Consequently, even though the integration of this set of equations delivers instructive distribution of carrier density, space charges, potential and field distributions, the large quantity of adjustable parameters renders the results questionable and possibly misleading.
Towards scalable quantum information processing with cold atoms and Rydberg blockade

We are exploring several different approaches towards scalable quantum computing based on neutral atom qubits with long range Rydberg blockade. Rydberg interactions can be used to entangle single atom qubits, to entangle ensemble qubits, and to establish hybrid entanglement between atomic and other qubits. Using a 2D array of atomic qubits we demonstrate high fidelity single qubit control together with entanglement of nearby qubits. The ratio of qubit coherence time to entangling gate time exceeds 1000.
Isolation of "Renaturable" Transfer Ribonucleic Acids

Abstract A new type of fractionating step involving gel filtration is introduced for the purification of certain transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs). It is based on the increase that occurs in the molecular dimensions of these tRNAs when they are trapped, reversibly, in a denatured state under conditions where the other tRNA components of the mixture are in the native conformation. This step, coupled to countercurrent distribution, is used to obtain in a near homogeneous state a leucine-specific tRNA that cannot be so purified by countercurrent distribution alone, as several other tRNA species have very similar partition coefficients in the two-phase solvent system employed. The applicability of the same techniques for the partial purification of a methionine-, an arginine-, and a glutamine-specific tRNA from yeast is also demonstrated. The potential of this combination of methods for large scale fractionation of tRNA is discussed.
Coevolution and linear genetic programming for visual learning

In this paper, a novel genetically-inspired visual learning method is proposed. Given the training images, this general approach induces a sophisticated feature-based recognition system, by using cooperative coevolution and linear genetic programming for the procedural representation of feature extraction agents. The paper describes the learning algorithm and provides a firm rationale for its design. An extensive experimental evaluation, on the demanding real-world task of object recognition in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, shows the competitiveness of the proposed approach with human-designed recognition systems.
Studies in the Epidemiology of Murder—A Proposed Classification System

The Medical Examiner's Office of Dade County has investigated 3282 homicides during the years 1956 through 1975. Forty-one percent (1340) of the homicides occurred in the last five years, 25% of the time period. The overall homicide rate has risen from 11.2 per 100 000 population during 1956–1960 to 20.0 per 100 000 population during 1970–1975. The 1975 homicide rate was 20.9 per 100 000 population.
Electromagnetic Scattering by a Moving Conducting Sphere

A relativistically correct expression for the far zone electromagnetic field scattered by a perfectly conducting sphere, moving with constant velocity, through an incident plane wave is developed. It is seen that if the scattered field is expressed in a special "retarded" coordinate system, a result that is more tractible, allowing physical interpretation, is obtained. When the field is expressed in this way, the expected first-order effects are manifest, yet the higher order effects are also present. This solution may be directly applied to the finite bodies with more complicated shapes than the sphere. For the case of the sphere it is found that the form of the scattered field allows the calculation of the scattering cross section, the total scattering cross section, and the rate of exchange of electromagnetic and mechanical energies. The Special Theory of Relativity gives a rigorous means of discussing a situation involving electromagnetic scattering by a uniformly moving body, For such a situation, in free space, the theory specifies how one may restate the problem so that it is viewed with respect to an observer moving with the body. From this viewpoint the problem appears that of scattering by a stationary body. This implies that there exists a straightforward means of obtaining the field scattered by a uniformly moving body in free space, providing only that its stationary scattering properties are known. Historically, the first situation attacked by this method was that of reflection by a moving infinite mirror (Sommerfeld, 1964b; Pauli, 1958). Scattering by a moving dielectric half space also has been discussed by Tai (1965), Yeh (1965), and by Pyati (1966). Their work has been extended to a moving uniaxially anisotropic half space by Lee and Lo (1967). Recently, Lee and Mittra (1967) have considered the case of scattering by a moving conducting cylinder. It is seen that as the geometry of the scattering body becomes more complex, the original symmetry of the stationary solution is lost in the transformation between the moving systems, resulting in an expression that is awkward, yielding little physical meaning. In this paper a coordinate system is chosen to express the far field scattered by a moving finite body, a sphere, giving a solution that is relativistically correct and at the same time allows physical interpretation. Although a sphere is considered here, the method may be used to express the far field scattered by other moving finite objects or the radiation field from a finite, moving electro­ magnetic source.
Design of delayed-input wide area power system stabilizer using the gain scheduling method

Centralized wide area control design using system-wide data has been suggested to enhance large interconnected power system dynamic performance. Because of the nature of wide area interconnections, communication delay cannot be ignored in wide area control. A long time delay may be a detriment to system stability and degrade system robustness. The general linear fractional transformation (LFT) method to describe the time delay uncertainty can lead to a conservative design. In this paper, a gain scheduling (GS) method based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) is proposed to design a dynamic controller to accommodate time delays in supervisory power system stabilizer (PSS) design. The new approach achieves better performance than the general LFT method, and the order of the controller remains the same with that of the system plant.
Association of Household Rice Expenditure with Child Nutritional Status Indicates a Role for Macroeconomic Food Policy in Combating Malnutrition

Macroeconomic food policies have the potential to reduce malnutrition by improving access to food, a determinant of nutritional status. However, very little is understood about the mechanisms and the magnitude of the effects of macroeconomic food policies such as food price policies on nutritional status. Data collected by the Nutritional Surveillance Project on a total of 81,337 children aged 6-59 mo in rural Bangladesh between 1992 and 2000 were used to examine how changes in rice price affect child underweight. Rice consumption per capita declined only slightly during the period but rice expenditure per capita varied widely due to fluctuations in rice price. Rice expenditure was positively correlated with the percentage of underweight children (r = 0.91, P = 0.001). Households were found to spend more on nonrice foods as their rice expenditure declined, and nonrice expenditure per capita was negatively correlated with the percentage of underweight children (r = -0.91, P = 0.001). Expenditure on nonrice foods per capita increased with the frequency with which nonrice foods were consumed (P < 0.05) and with the diversity of the diet (P < 0.001). The findings suggest that the percentage of underweight children declined when rice expenditure fell because households were able to spend more on nonrice foods and thereby increase the quantity and quality of their diet. We hypothesize that macroeconomic food policies that keep the price of food staples low can contribute toward reducing child underweight.
Of power and laughter: Carnivalesque politics and moral citizenship in Lithuania

During Lithuania's 2008 parliamentary elections, National Resurrection Party members dressed up as vampires, insane people, criminals, and prostitutes to gain people's votes. They mocked the state and laughed at political elites and electoral politics. I argue that the 2008 electoral carnivalesque was a politics of becoming, a fluid and open-ended process that engaged communities of despair and promoted moral citizenship through laughter. It was a form of political opposition, grounded in future-oriented moral and affective reassemblages of social and political fields. This politics of becoming attracted new people to politics, reframed political debates, and challenged state policies, practices, and ideologies.
Healthy steps in an integrated delivery system: child and parent outcomes at 30 months.

Objective To test the effects of the Healthy Steps for Young Children program (HS) (which supports parents managing children's developmental and behavioral issues)—with and without a prenatal component—on child health and development, parenting practices, and parental well-being. Design A concurrent comparison with clinic-level assignment to intervention or usual care status. Nested in the intervention arm, a randomized trial compared HS with and without a prenatal component. Setting Five primary care clinics in an integrated delivery system in the Pacific Northwest. Participants A consecutive sample of 439 pregnant women (80% of eligible) were enrolled. Follow-up data were obtained for 78% when the child was 30 months old. Intervention Families in intervention clinics received HS services, including developmental and behavioral advice and risk factor screening. In addition, those randomized to prenatal services received 3 home visits during pregnancy. Main Outcome Measures Assessed by telephone interview in the 3 domains of child health and development, parenting practices, and parental well-being. Results Intervention was associated with positive outcomes in timely well-child care, immunization rates, breastfeeding, television viewing, injury prevention, and discipline strategies. Prenatal initiation of services was associated with larger expressive vocabularies at age 24 months. Mothers who received the intervention reported more depressive symptoms, but there was no increase in the proportion with clinically significant depression. Conclusions For members of an integrated delivery system, the HS intervention was associated with positive effects on children's health and parenting practices. There was little evidence of any additional benefit of HS services initiated during the prenatal period.
COMBINED SHOCK-WAVE AND IMMUNOGENE THERAPY OF MOUSE MELANOMA AND RENAL CARCINOMA TUMORS

The effects of ultrasonic shock waves (SW), recombinant interleukin-12 (rIL-12) protein and DNA plasmids coding for interleukin-12 (pIL-12) were investigated on progression of mouse B16 melanoma and RENCA renal carcinoma tumors. Tumor cells were implanted and grown on the hind legs of syngeneic mice. Before treatment, mice were anesthetized and the tumor region was shaved and depilated. Air bubbles at 10% of tumor volume and an equal volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), either with rIL-12 or pIL-12 were injected into the tumor. SW treatment consisted of 500 SWs (7.4-MPa peak negative pressure) from a spark-gap lithotripter. Tumor volume was measured every other day and tumor growth was statistically modeled. SW treatment augmented by air injection induced a tumor growth delay for a few days immediately after exposure. Intratumor rIL-12 injection enhanced the SW effect on tumor progression, to the extent that a statistically significant increase in survival was realized in both tumor models. pIL-12 injection alone, which is known to produce some gene transfer, provided no detectable tumor-growth reduction. The combination of SW and pIL-12 injection provided a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth relative to SW alone for both tumor models. IL-12 expression due to SW-induced gene transfer was confirmed in ELISA assays. This research demonstrates a potentiality for further development of ultrasound (US)-enhanced cancer gene therapy.
RRKM model of C2H4 dissociation: Heat of formation of vinylidene

Abstract RRKM analysis of shock-tube data on M + C 2 H 4 →C 2 H 2 + H 2 + M yields a barrier of 85±2 kcal mol −1 , suggesting Δ H f,298 0 ⩽99±2 kcal mol −1 for singlet vinylidene.
Far transposition of intermediate-size in preverbal children

Abstract That children lacking functional verbal labels can transpose distantly following multiple discrimination training suggests that attentional-discriminative responses rather than verbal responses mediate acquired equivalence and transfer between disparate stimuli. This possibility, coupled with our own empirical observations, implies that some label-deficient S s (particularly those above 4 years and female) may be further advanced than others in the abstraction of middle-size, presumably because of previous discriminative experience. This expectation was tested by administering multiple discrimination training and far transposition to preverbal boys and girls at three age levels (3:6, 4:0, 4:6); possible confounding factors such as MA, “attentiveness,” and “learning to learn” were controlled. On both speed of training and transposition (a) girls significantly surpassed boys, and (b) the oldest group, the two younger groups. Transposing to stimuli within the absolute range of the training sets also proved easier than transposition beyond the range of the training sets.
Efficient Bayesian inference methods via convex optimization and optimal transport

In this paper, we consider many problems in Bayesian inference - from drawing samples to posteriors, to calculating confidence intervals, to implementing posterior matching algorithms, by finding maps that push one distribution to another. We show that for a large class of problems (with log-concave likelihoods and log-concave priors), these problems can be efficiently solved using convex optimization. We provide example applications within the context of dynamic statistical signal processing.
Phase Hamiltonian and depinning electric field in the charge-density wave and the spin-density wave.

Making use of the phase Hamiltonian derived from microscopic models, we study theoretically the threshold electric field when the charge-density wave (CDW) or the spin-density wave starts sliding. Unlike earlier phenomenological models, we can describe the temperature dependence of the threshold field. Most of experimental results on the threshold field in quasi-one-dimensional CDW's are interpreted in terms of the three-dimensional CDW. Curious exceptions are the CDW's in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$, which appear to be described better by the two-dimensional CDW.
Cooperative binding of ATP and RNA substrates to the DEAD/H protein DbpA.

Unlike most DEAD/H proteins, the purified Escherichia coli protein DbpA demonstrates high specificity for its 23S rRNA substrate in vitro. Here we describe several assays designed to characterize the interaction of DbpA with its RNA and ATP substrates. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays reveal a sub-nanomolar binding affinity for a 153 nucleotide RNA substrate (R153) derived from the 23S rRNA. High affinity RNA binding requires both hairpin 92 and helix 90, as substrates lacking these structures bind DbpA with lower affinity. AMPPNP inhibition assays and ATP/ADP binding assays provide binding constants for ATP and ADP to DbpA with and without RNA substrates. These data have been used to describe a minimal thermodynamic scheme for the binding of the RNA and ATP substrates to DbpA, which reveals cooperative binding between larger RNAs and ATP with cooperative energies of ∼1.3 kcal mol-1. This cooperativity is lost upon removal of helix 89 from R153, suggesting this helix is either the preferred target fo...
Symmetric Permutations Avoiding Two Patterns

Symmetric pattern-avoiding permutations are restricted permutations which are invariant under actions of certain subgroups of D4, the symmetry group of a square. We examine pattern-avoiding permutations with 180° rotational-symmetry. In particular, we use combinatorial techniques to enumerate symmetric permutations which avoid one pattern of length three and one pattern of length four. Our results involve well-known sequences such as the alternating Fibonacci numbers, triangular numbers, and powers of two.
Removal of the acetate-moiety of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in Ribes sativum

Abstract Ten minutes after uptake of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-1- 14 C(2,4-D-1- 14 C) by excised Ribes sativum leaves, 37·8 % of the radioactivity in water-soluble metabolites was in glyoxylic acid. When 2,4-D- 2- 14 C was supplied under the same conditions, 23·0 % of the radioactivity of the water-soluble rnetabolites was in glyoxylic acid. Radioactive glycine and glyoxylic acid, isolated from Ribes sativum 6 hr after uptake of 2,4-D-1- 14 C, contained essentially all of the 14 C in the carboxyl-carbon atoms. When 2,4-D-2- 14 C was the precursor, the glycine isolated contained 64·8 % of its radioactivity in C 2 , while 60·0 % of the radioactivity in glyoxylic acid was in C 2 . The side-chain label of 2,4-D-2- 14 C-4- 36 Cl was more efficiently incorporated into ethanol-insoluble plant residue than the ring-label. The metabolism of glyoxylic acid-1- 14 C and 2,4-D-1- 14 C in excised Ribes sativum leaves were compared. The data suggest a cleavage of the acetate-moiety of 2,4-D resulting in a C 2 compound, perhaps glyoxylate.
A System for Reconstructing Integrated Texture Maps for Large Structures

We consider the problem of creating integrated texture maps of large structures scanned with a time-of-flight laser scanner and imaged with a digital camera. The key issue in creating integrated textures is correcting for the spatially varying illumination across the structure. In most cases, the illumination cannot be controlled, and dense spatial estimates of illumination are not possible. We present a system for processing multiple color images into an integrated texture that makes use of the laser scanner return intensity and the captured geometry, together with color balancing and mapping of illumination-corrected images onto the target geometry after filtering into two spatial frequency bands.
A comparative analysis of the electrostatic potentials of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Electrostatic potential maps for benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, 5-methylchrysene, and 12-methyl-benz[a]anthracene are presented and compared. These maps permit an interpretation of the fact that chrysene, a weak carcinogen, becomes as potent as benzo[a]pyrene upon substitution of a methyl group at position 5. It is speculated that a key factor in hydrocarbon carcinogenicity may be the presence of two regions of significant negative potential on opposite sides of the molecule, suitably located with respect to each other.
Flexible forming of sheet metal using plasma arc

Abstract Conventional precision forming of sheet metal requires the use of mechanical tools. During product development, different tools may be required to form various shapes. If the required shapes can be formed without tools, the potential reduction in product development cost and lead time will be quite significant. To explore the potentials of flexible forming without tools, various researchers have used lasers as a heat source to form sheet metals. Promising results have been obtained. To investigate more economical and potentially safer heat sources, the authors recently established an experimental system to investigate the feasibility of forming sheet metals using plasma arc as the energy beam and CO 2 as the cooling jet. Several samples have been formed using the developed experimental system. Experiments showed that the forming direction, either toward or away from the plasma arc beam, can be completely controlled to allow the formation of complex shapes.
Validation of an Arab name algorithm in the determination of Arab ancestry for use in health research.

Objective. Data about Arab-Americans, a growing ethnic minority, are not routinely collected in vital statistics, registry, or administrative data in the USA. The difficulty in identifying Arab-Americans using publicly available data sources is a barrier to health research about this group. Here, we validate an empirically based probabilistic Arab name algorithm (ANA) for identifying Arab-Americans in health research. Design. We used data from all Michigan birth certificates between 2000 and 2005. Fathers' surnames and mothers' maiden names were coded as Arab or non-Arab according to the ANA. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of Arab ethnicity inferred using the ANA as compared to self-reported Arab ancestry. Results. Statewide, the ANA had a specificity of 98.9%, a sensitivity of 50.3%, a PPV of 57.0%, and an NPV of 98.6%. Both the false-positive and false-negative rates were higher among men than among women. As the concentration of Arab-Amer...
Effects of Visceral Fat Area and Other Metabolic Parameters on Stone Composition in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Purpose: Obesity is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis, particularly uric acid stones. As estimated by visceral fat area, visceral obesity is a more specific measure of the risk of metabolic syndrome than body mass index. We investigated the effects of visceral fat area and other metabolic factors on uric acid stone formation in patients treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 269 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Visceral fat area was measured in each patient on a CT axial slice at the umbilical level using the Aquarius® iNtuition™ fat analysis tool. Analysis was performed to determine the effect of visceral fat area and other comorbidities on uric acid stone formation.Results: Of the 269 patients analyzed there was no difference in baseline comorbidities between uric acid and nonuric acid stone formers. Patients with uric acid stones had a significantly higher mean visceral fat area (209.3 vs 161.9 ...
Results from a high-power, high-frequency sodar

Abstract A high-power, high-frequency minisodar to investigate the fine structure of the surface layer and lower planetary boundary layer, especially during stable situation is described. Acoustic returns from as high as 300 m were detected at Pack-Canyon.
Deprenyl reduces serum prolactin concentrations in rats.

The effects of i.v. administration of deprenyl (2.5, 5, and 10.0 mg/Kg body wt), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, on serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In the rats treated with the highest dose (10 mg/Kg), serum PRL decreased by 48% (p < 0.05) within 30 min and remained depressed during a 240-min period. Serum PRL concentrations also decreased by 38% (p < 0.05) within 30 min in the rats treated with the 5 mg dose and remained low during the remainder of the period of observation. Serum PRL levels showed no change in the group treated with 2.5 mg of deprenyl/Kg BW, except at 240 min when it was 48% (p < 0.05) below the pretreatment levels. In the control group, injected with the vehicle (0.5 ml saline) no decreases in PRL levels were observed. The average serum PRL concentrations during the entire posttreatment period were 45% above the pretreatment levels in the control group, whereas they were 31% and 43% below the respective pretreatment levels in the 5 and 10 mg groups, respectively. In the 2.5 mg group, the average serum PRL levels during the posttreatment period were not different from those in the pretreatment period. It is concluded that deprenyl is a potent inhibitor of PRL release in the rat.
Laser-enhanced chemical etching of solid surfaces

The laser-enhanced chemical etching of Si, SiO2, Ta, and Te films with halogen-containing gases excited by a pulsed CO2, laser and a continuous-wave (cw) Ar+ laser has been studied. Detailed measurements of the etch rates as functions of the laser frequency, the laser intensity, and the gas pressure have been performed for some of the gas-solid systems. The enhanced surface reactions have been classified into three categories: those activated by the vibrational excitation of the etchant molecules, those with radicals generated by photodissociation, and those induced by laser excitation of solid substrates. Examples which illustrate the effects of laser radiation on these surface photochemical processes are given. Achievable etch rates and spatial resolutions for the various reaction mechanisms are also examined.
Current definitions of reflectance

Eight definitions of reflectance are compared with experimental results presented in an earlier paper. Two types of reflection, diffuse and specular, usually take place simultaneously at all incidence and viewing angles. Only one of the eight definitions that we study, the equation of Spencer and Gray, agrees entirely with experiment. Half of the definitions apply only for purely diffuse reflection (i.e., reflection devoid of any specular component). Apparently, many illuminating engineers treat all reflecting surfaces as though they were purely diffuse. We also show that some of the definitions that do not agree with experiment are nevertheless valid for the extreme cases of purely diffuse and purely specular reflection. Definitions that apply to these special cases do not necessarily apply in general.
The role of background knowledge in speeded perceptual categorization

We examined the time-course of the influence of background knowledge on perceptual categorization by manipulating the meaningfulness of labels associated with categories and by manipulating the amount of time provided to subjects for making a categorization decision. Extending a paradigm originally reported by Wisniewski and Medin (1994) (Cog. Sci. 18 (1994) 221), subjects learned two categories of children's drawings that were given either meaningless labels (drawings by children from 'group 1' or 'group 2') or meaningful labels (drawings by 'creative' or 'non-creative' children); the meaningfulness of the label had a significant effect on how new drawings were classified. In addition, half of the subjects were provided unlimited time to respond, while the other half of the subjects were forced to respond quickly; speeded response conditions had a relatively large effect on categorization decisions by subjects given the meaningless labels but had relatively little effect on categorization decisions by subjects given the meaningful labels. These results suggest that some forms of background knowledge can show an influence at relatively early stages in the time-course of a categorization decision.
Wide-plate crack-arrest tests utilizing a prototypical pressure vessel steel

Wide-plate crack-arrest tests are being performed at the National Bureau of Standards (Gaithersburg, MD) under the Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program and are designed to provide fracture-toughness measurements at temperatures approaching or above the onset of the upper-shelf regime, in a rising toughness region and with increasing driving force. The test specimens are 1 × 1 × 0·1 m and possess a single-edge notch (crack) that initiates in cleavage propagation at low temperature and arrests in a region of increased fracture toughness. The toughness is achieved through a linear transverse temperature profile across the plate. Results obtained using a prototypical reactor pressure vessel steel (A533 grade B class 1 material) exhibit a significant increase in toughness at temperatures near and above the onset of Charpy upper shelf. Additionally, cleavage crack propagation and arrest at temperatures above the onset of Charpy upper shelf have been demonstrated.
Diet and Cardiovascular Risk in University Marching Band, Dance Team and Cheer Squad Members: a cross-sectional study

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Diets high in fat, especially saturated fat, are often linked to obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, all risk factors for CVD. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between diet and CVD risk factors in members of a university marching band, dance team and cheer squad.
A Pilot Study for Integrating Volunteers With Core Psychiatry Faculty

Objective Among psychiatric educators of medical students and residents are those who are referred to as volunteer faculty. Their unpaid status, limited time to devote to teaching, and isolation from most of the core faculty present us with the challenge of better integrating them with the team of educators. The author describes a faculty development demonstration project in a community-based medical education setting.
Measurement of the low-energy Na + -Na total collision rate in an ion-neutral hybrid trap

to be 7.4 ± 1.9 × 10 8 cm 3 /s for the type I Na MOT immersed within an � 140 K ion cloud and 1.10±0.25×10 7 cm 3 /s for the type II Na MOT within an � 1070 K ion cloud. Our measurements show excellent agreement with previously reported theoretical fully quantal ab initio calculations. In the process of determining the total rate coefficient, we demonstrate that a MOT can be used to probe an optically dark ion cloud’s spatial distribution within a hybrid trap.
Rice in Dravidian

The Dravidian languages, now spoken mainly in peninsular India, form one of two main branches of the Zagrosian language family, whose other main branch consists of Elamitic and Brahui. Proto-Dravidian, the oldest reconstructible form of Dravidian, shows a society whose economy is based mainly on herding. While the speakers of Proto-Dravidian had some agricultural knowledge, they do not appear to have brought cereals with them when they moved from western Iran to the borderlands of South Asia in the fourth millennium BCE. Linguistic evidence shows that they had contact with Indo-Iranian speakers, and some groups of Dravidian speakers entered the Indus Valley before or during the period of the Harappan civilization. Dravidian-speaking groups played a significant role in herding and agriculture during that period and later, and may have been the first to cultivate rice on a large scale in the Indus Valley.
Response-set size effects in recall and recognition

A retroactive inhibition design was employed to study the role of rules in paired-associate learning and retention. Subjects first learned one of three unmixed lists of paired nonsense syllables. A rule applied to all items in two of the lists: Pair members changed first letter (rhymed) or changed middle letter. In the third list, pair members were not related. A common second list was learned, and either a first-list recall test or a four-alternative forced-choice recognition test followed. First-list learning and recall were superior for lists with rules. Recognition, which did not show a ceiling effect, was not superior for lists with rules when both target and distractors followed a rule. The results supported the hypothesis that rules facilitate retrieval rather than storage, and that they do so to the extent that they reduce response-set size.
A new metastable phase near 60 at % Zr from amorphous Ni-Zr

Metallic glass alloys of Ni-Zr were prepared by vapour and liquid quenching. For glass compositions at and near 60 at% Zr, crystallization proceeded by the sequence: amorphous → metastable crystalline phase → NiZr2 + NiZr. The metastable Ni40Zr60 phase exhibited a very distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern and was present in both liquid- and vapour-quenched samples. Long-term anneals of samples with the metastable structure produced the equilibrium phases NiZr2 and NiZr. The crystallization of the amorphous structure directly to a single metastable phase shows a correspondence between the compositions of the amorphous and crystalline phases. These results thus suggest a connection between the short-range structure of the glassy phase and the crystalline phases to which they transform. An observation of peaks and valleys in a plot of the X-ray scattering vector,Qp, against glass composition is noted.
Studies of axon-glial cell interactions and periaxonal K+ homeostasis—II. The effect of axonal stimulation, cholinergic agents and transport inhibitors on the resistance in series with the axon membrane

The small electrical resistance in series with the axon membrane is generally modeled as the intercellular pathway for current flow through the periaxonal glial (Schwann cell) sheath. The series resistance of the medial giant axon of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, was found to vary with conditions known to affect the electrical properties of the periaxonal glia. Series resistance was estimated from computer analysed voltage waveforms generated by axial wire-constant current and space clamp techniques. The average series resistance for all axons was 6.2 +/- 0.5 omega cm2 (n = 128). Values ranged between 1 and 30 omega cm2. The series resistance of axons with low resting membrane resistance (less than 1500 omega cm2) increased an average of 30% when stimulated for 45 s to 7 min (50 Hz) whereas the series resistance of high membrane resistance (greater than 1500 omega cm2) axons decreased an average of 10%. Carbachol (10(-7) M) caused the series resistance of low membrane resistance axons to decrease during stimulation but had no effect on high membrane resistance axons. d-Tubocurare (10(-8) M) caused the series resistance of high membrane resistance axons to increase during stimulation but had no effect on low membrane resistance axons. Bumetanide, a Na-K-Cl cotransport inhibitor and low [K+]o, prevented the stimulation-induced increase in series resistance of low membrane resistance axons but had no effect on the high membrane resistance axons. The results suggest that the series resistance of axons varies in response to the activity of the glial K+ uptake mechanisms stimulated by the appearance of K+ in the periaxonal space during action potential generation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Financial policy and speculative runs with a crawling peg: Argentina 1979–1981

Abstract In this paper we present a model of a balance-of-payments crisis and examine the Argentine experiment with a crawling peg between December 1978 and February 1981. The approach taken allows us to examine the evolution of a crisis when a collapse is not perfectly foreseen and yields plausible estimates of one-month-ahead probabilities of a collapse of the crawling peg. The results suggest that the viability of an exchange rate regime depends on the consistency of exchange rate policy with domestic credit policy. If the two are not consistent, confidence in exchange rate policy is undermined.
LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL, NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL, VIRAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SIV INFECTION IN RHESUS MONKEYS

: A model is proposed in which a neurovirulent, microglial-passaged, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is used to produce central nervous system (CNS) pathology and behavioral deficits in rhesus monkeys reminiscent of those seen in humans infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The time course of disease progression was characterized by using functional measures of cognition and motor skill, as well as neurophysiologic monitoring. Concomitant assessment of immunological and virological parameters illustrated correspondence between impaired behavioral performance and viral pathogenesis. Convergent results were obtained from neuropathological findings indicative of significant CNS disease. In ongoing studies, this SIV model is being used to explore the behavioral sequelae of immunodeficiency virus infection, the viral and host factors leading to neurologic dysfunction, and to begin testing potential therapeutic agents.
Lifetime test for high-current-injection strained-layer superlattice light-emitting diode

Successful long-term room-temperature operation of InGaAs/GaAsP strained-layer superlattice (SLS) light-emitting diodes (LED's) under high constant current injection is reported. The devices have been tested up to 1000 h with 830 A/cm2, 2000 h with 3000 A/cm2, and 2000 h with 4000 A/cm2with no observed degradation in the optical outputs. These results indicate that an SLS with lattice constant well matched to that of the substrate is stable under high-level current injection.
Advection diffusion past a strip. I. Normal incidence

The concentration p(x,y) of particles moving by diffusion and advection or drift is analyzed. The motion is impeded by an impenetrable strip that is parallel to the z axis. It is assumed that p satisfies the linear advection-diffusion equation with a boundary condition on the strip. It is also assumed that p=1 at infinity. This problem is solved asymptotically for vL/D≫1, where v is the drift velocity, D is the diffusion coefficient, and 2L is the strip width. It is found that p is large on the side of the strip facing the incident flow, that p is small in the shadow behind the strip, and that p is nearly constant elsewhere. The case of a strip normal to the incident flow is rather different from that of a strip oblique to the flow. Methods of asymptotic analysis are used.
The crystal and molecular structure of Bis(O-tricyanoethyleneoate)bis(2,2N,Nbispyridylamine)copper(II)

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of bis(O-tricyanoethyleneoate)bis(2,2 , N,N - bispyridylamine)copper(II), (triclinic, P 1 a = 10.075(2), b = 10.911(2), c = 7.841(2) A , α = 107.98(2), β = 104.78(2) γ = 108.40(2)°. V = 716.19 A 3 , Z = 1, MoK α radiation), has been determined by three dimensional x-ray analysis. The structure was solved by conventional Patterson and Fourier techniques, and refined by a full matrix least-squares procedure to a final conventional residual index, R = (Σ∥F o ¦− |F c ‖)/Σ|F o |, of 7.2% for 1984 unique observed reflections (F o > 3σF o ). The copper atom is hexacoordinate (∼D 4h symmetry) with the four equatorial sites occupied by pyridyl nitrogens, and the two axial positions each occupied by an oxygen atom of a tricyanoethylenol moiety. The molecule itself has a center of inversion.
Diagnosis and Management of Vocal Cord Dysfunction

Abstract Vocal cord dysfunction is often incorrectly identified as asthma. Unlike asthma, this condition does not respond to inhalers and affects the upper airway. These patients may present with a sudden onset of inspiratory stridor or wheeze, choking sensation, tightness, or heaviness over the larynx that ends just as abruptly with deep-breathing exercises or distraction. Treatment includes gradual taper and discontinuation of unnecessary asthma medications, diaphragmatic breathing exercises, adequate hydration, nasal saline lavage to reduce postnasal drainage, prevention and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, and treatment of allergies and chronic sinusitis.
Calculation of Real-Gas Effects on Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics

The effects of high temperature thermochemical phenomena on the aerodynamic characteristics at hypersonic speeds are calculated for two-dimensional airfoils in air. The calculations are performed on an airfoil similar to that used for the Space Shuttle Orbiter, and ellipses of thickness ratios varying between 5 and 15 percent. For the airfoil, one flight condition is considered. For the ellipses, the calculations are carried out over a range of chord lengths, flight velocities, flight altitudes, and angles of attack. It is shown that the lift and drag coefficients are consistently reduced by the thermochemical phenomena, and that the behavior can be represented by a specific heat ratio value less than 1.4. The center of pressure shifts forward due to the thermochemical phenomena, but its extent is sensitively affected by the geometry and angle of attack and cannot be represented by a fixed specific heat ratio. The calculated results are in qualitative agreement with the data obtained during the entry flights of the Space Shuttle vehicle.
The Future of Shared Governance.

Shared governance between administration and faculty needs to be viewed as a sanctioned vehicle of collaboration, not a rivalry.
How long after neutrophil recovery should myeloid growth factors be continued in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Growth factors are routinely used after autotransplantation to accelerate hematopoietic recovery, and are continued until the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is ⩾0.5 × 109/l on 3 consecutive days. Since ANC often increases to very high levels with this strategy, we discontinued growth factor on the first day ANC reached 0.5 × 109/l in 45 patients (Study Group), and compared their subsequent ANC to 108 historic controls who received growth factor longer. While ANC on the day after reaching 0.5 × 109/l was comparable between groups, ANC on the third day was significantly higher in the Control Group (2.3 vs 4.9 × 109/l; P=0.0003). When compared to the first day, ANC in the Study Group was higher by a median of 140% on the third day and by 450% in the Control Group (P=0.0002). A significantly higher proportion of patients experienced a decline in ANC after the first day in the Study Group. However, only one patient in the Study Group became neutropenic transiently and ANC recovered spontaneously the next day. The incidence of fever and hospitalization were comparable. We conclude that growth factors can be discontinued after autotransplantation the day the ANC reaches 0.5 × 109/l, without compromising neutrophil recovery.
A NEW ROLE FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGE PRESIDENTS: PRIVATE FUND RAISER AND DEVELOPMENT TEAM LEADER

With private fundraising being more and more a necessity for community colleges, the role of fund raiser is becoming an increasingly important responsibility for community college presidents. This ...
Synchrotron x-ray study of multilayers in Laue geometry

Zone plates with depth to zone-width ratios as large as 100 are needed for focusing of hard x-rays. Such high aspect ratios are challenging to produce by lithography. We are investigating the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio linear zone plates by multilayer deposition followed by sectioning. As an initial step in this work, we present a synchrotron x-ray study of constant-period multilayers diffracting in Laue (transmission) geometry. Data are presented from two samples: a 200 period W/Si multilayer with d-spacing of 29 nm, and a 2020 period Mo/Si multilayer with d-spacing of 7 nm. By cutting and polishing we have successfully produced thin cross sections with section depths ranging from 2 to 12 μm. Transverse scattering profiles (rocking curves) across the Bragg reflection exhibit well-defined interference fringes originating from the depth of the sample, in agreement with dynamical diffraction theory for a multilayer in Laue geometry.
Design of hail measurement networks

Abstract Hail and rain data collected in the National Hail Research Experiment's 1976 dense precipitation network have proved useful in defining the requirements of hail measuring networks. It is shown, at least for the hailstorm of 22 June 1976, that the primary maxima and minima of the spatial distribution of hail mass are revealed by a hailpad spacing of about 4 km, and that increasing detail obtains with smaller spacings until with spacings of 0.4 to 0.8 km finer scale features with dimensions of 1–3 km become defined. Monte‐Carlo and conventional statistical analysis show that the confidence limits on the errer in estimating the true hail mass for a storm increase approximately linearly with the mean spacing of hailpads. For the hailfall of 22 June 1976, there is 90% confidence that the true hail mass is estimated within ± 10% for a hailpad spacing of 1.7 km. Estimates of hail kinetic energy and number of hailstones of this accuracy require that hailpads be approximately 10–20% closer or farther apar...