cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent pricing and lot sizing for make-to-order contract production

Abstract This paper develops a model for the simultaneous (i.e. concurrent) determination of the inventory and pricing policies of a supplier, which produces and supplies a product to a buyer, on the basis of a contractual agreement, calling for the delivery of a specific quantity periodically. Assuming that the customer is rational, i.e. it follows its own optimal purchasing policy, the objective of the supplier is to determine the product's selling price, in conjunction with an appropriate production/inventory policy, so that a predetermined gross profit level is achieved. It is further assumed that the supplier's production batch size is an integer multiple of the buyer's order quantity. In formulating a mathematical model of this situation, the interactions between the product's price, the buyer's economic order quantity and the supplier's selling price, costs and profit are taken into account. For solving this model, a simple iterative algorithm is proposed, which is illustrated through a numerical example. Sensitivity analysis performed on the model demonstrates that it is relatively robust and quite insensitive to errors in estimating the buyer's ordering to carrying cost ratio on the part of the producer.
The relation of hydration status to cognitive performance in healthy older adults

Little is known about the relation of hydration status to cognitive performance in older adults, who may be more vulnerable to poor hydration and cognitive impairment. We examined whether hydration status was related to cognitive functioning in 28 healthy community-dwelling older adults. Hierarchical regression models demonstrated that lower hydration status was related to slowed psychomotor processing speed and poorer attention/memory performance, after controlling for demographic variables and blood pressure.
Strategic Position Taking and Presidential Influence in Congress

The rise and fall of presidential success in Congress remains a central puzzle in the literature. We model success as two interrelated processes: presidential position taking and Congress’s decision to support or oppose the president. The analysis emphasizes the importance of strategic position taking in determining presidential success. We show that presidential approval significantly influences success, not only because it affects congressional behavior, but also because it shapes presidential decisions to take positions. Moreover, we explain that legislative success during the honeymoon period is driven by presidential position taking. Our findings highlight the role of a president’s strategic decisions for theories explaining congressionalexecutive relations. The framers of the U.S. Constitution envisioned an executive who would be limited in legislative affairs. Since the founders’ time, Congress and the president have sought to redefine their respective legislative roles (Wayne 2002), clashing over judgeships, budgets, war, and nearly all other matters of public policy. Presidential power is, more often times than not, a zero-sum struggle for policymaking influence fueled by both interinstitutional and partisan considerations. Scholars have made significant strides in explaining the conditions that have an effect on changes in the relative influence of these institutions on public policy. Still, the role and effects of strategic behavior on congressional-executive relations constitute a critically important yet relatively unexplored topic in the literature (Andres and Griffin 2002; Lindsay and Steger 1993). To date, most empirical studies have assessed the effects of executive power on outcome measures, such as congressional support scores or presidential success as defined by rollcall votes. The scholarly focus of “who wins” on such outcome measures can be quite misleading, not only because these measures tend to capture only one stage of congressional-executive bargaining,
Role of prostaglandins in blood-induced vasoconstriction of canine cerebral arteries.

We tested the hypothesis that the vasoconstriction produced by the application of blood to the adventitial surfaces of the vessels of an isolated perfused canine circle of Willis preparation was mediated by products of prostaglandin metabolism. In this preparation (perfused at constant flow and outflow pressure), topical application of blood produced an average 16.6 ± 1.8 (SE) mm Hg increase in inflow pressure. This response could be prevented with four structurally dissimilar cyclooxygenase inhibitors (aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and meclofenamate), suggesting that the blood-induced increase in vascular resistance was mediated by prostaglandins. Imidazole, an inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase, had no effect on the blood response. Further support for the involvement of prostaglandins in this response was provided by additional experiments in which either arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), or PGF2α were administered. All three treatments produced vasoconstriction. These results suggest that...
Rolling of elastic cylinders with friction at supersonic speed

Abstract A closed form solution is given for the supersonic rolling of an elastic cylinder on a plane using the method of the preceding paper [1]. Tangential and normal forces are transmitted and Coulomb friction is assumed.
Gain-Power Trade-Off in Low-Confinement Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

We report simulation and experimental results to explore the fundamental trade-off between small-signal gain (G0) and saturation output power (P0,SAT) in semiconductor optical amplifiers having very small (< 1%) optical confinement factor Gamma. We demonstrate a high-power 1.5-mum InGaAsP slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifier (SCOWA) exhibiting G0 = 22.5 dB and P0,SAT = +28.8 dBm.
Comparative biochemistry of insect exo-β-N-cetylglucosaminidases: Characterization of a third enzyme from pupal hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L

Abstract 1. 1. A third exo- β - N -acetylglucosaminidase (III) was purified from pupal hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta by ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion-exchange chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and gel filtration. 2. 2. Two forms of the enzyme were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, one composed of a single polypeptide chain with MW app = 6.1 × 10 4 and the other composed of two chains with MW app = 5.3 × 10 4 and 1 × 10 4 . 3. 3. The K m and k cat values for pNpβ GlcNAc were265 μm and 374 sec −1 , respectively. 4. 4. The pH rate profile suggested that two groups with pK a = 8.1 and 3.7 participate in catalysis. 5. 5. N -Acetylglucosamine and 1-O-methyl derivatives inhibited III in a competitive fashion with K i values = 3–10 mM. 6. 6. III was related immunologically to exo- β - N -acetylglucosaminidases I and II which are also present in pupal hemolymph. 7. 7. Only I was detected in pharate pupal molting fluid and integument.
5-Fluoro- and 8-fluorotrimetoquinol: selective .beta.2-adrenoceptor agonists

The 5-fluoro and 8-fluoro analogues of trimetoquinol, TMQ, have been synthesized and evaluated for beta 2- and beta 1-adrenoceptor activity in guinea pig trachea and atria, respectively. The fluoro analogues of TMQ maintained potent beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist activity but had reduced beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist activity. The changes in beta 1-activity of these compounds were correlated to differences in phenolic pKa's. The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor actions of 2 and 3 were blocked in a competitive manner by propranolol. The enhanced beta 2/beta 1 selectivity for the analogues was found to be 8-fluoro analogue 3 greater than 5-fluoro analogue 2 greater than trimetoquinol (1).
Direct fluorimetric assay for proteolytic activity against intact proteins.

Abstract The proteolytic activities of α-chymotrypsin, trypsin, pepsin, bromelain, and an extract from germinating pumpkin seeds were determined by their ability to effect the release of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate bound to internal hydrophobic sites in intact protein substrates resulting in a decline in fluorescence. Casein, glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, urease, catalase, pumpkin seed globulin, and bovine serum albumin enhanced the fluorescence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate sufficiently to be used as proteolytic substrates in this assay procedure. The activity of 1 μg chymotrypsin or trypsin and 100 ng pepsin could be easily detected by this method within 4 to 8 min depending upon the protein substrate. The digestive enzymes and bromelain exhibited activity against most if not all six of the protein substrates used. In contrast, the extract from germinating pumpkin seeds exhibited significant activity only against pumpkin seed globulin, with maximal activity at pH 7.4. Compared with the assay method for proteolytic activity utilizing ninhydrin analysis of the reaction products, this method was at least 10 times more rapid and gave significant detectable activity with much lower quantities of proteolytic enzyme.
Gendered Leadership: An Organizational Perspective.

This chapter provides a portrait of women's representation in the leadership ranks of community colleges and reviews data on how six women presidents talk about their lived experiences at the helm of their institutions. Findings indicate an uneven playing field for women on their way to a presidency.
Growth Performance and Proximate and Fatty Acid Compositions of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fed for Different Duration with a Commercial Diet Supplemented with Various Levels of Menhaden Fish Oil

A 15-wk study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental menhaden fish oil levels and feeding duration on growth performance and tissue proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions of juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Dietary fish oil levels had no effect on final weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of channel catfish. Tissue lipid contents were directly correlated to dietary lipid levels, while moisture contents were inversely related to dietary lipid levels. Fillet moisture contents progressively decreased, whereas fillet lipid increased with increasing feeding duration. Significant increase in saturated and total n-3 FAs and decrease in monoenoic and total n-6 FA in whole body and fillet were observed at each incremental level of dietary fish oil. Percentages of n-3 and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in fillet of fish fed the control and 3% fish oil diets decreased with increasing feeding periods, whereas those of fish fed 6 or 9% added fish oil diets remained stable or increased. Ratios of n-3/n-6 were statistically comparable throughout the 15-wk feeding. When expressed in terms of mg/g of fillet, the highest concentration of n-3 was obtained in fillets of fish fed the 9% added fish oil diet for 15 wk.
Screening Methodology for Regional-scale CO2 EOR and Storage Using Economic Criteria☆

Abstract Clean energy technologies are driving development of new commercial sources of anthropogenic CO 2 , opening the possibility of carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 EOR) in new areas. Evaluation of the economic potential of CO 2 EOR at the regional scale (e.g., a geologic basin or sub-basin) may solicit interest to implement CO 2 EOR projects in these areas. This paper outlines a screening methodology for adding economics to an existing CO 2 EOR bulk resource assessment for a sedimentary basin. To carry out this methodology, a field development strategy is chosen; estimates of expenses, revenues, and production and injection streams are made; economic screening of hypothetical mature fields of different sizes is carried out; field sizes which are likely to be able to support CO 2 EOR under the given conditions are identified; and a new basin-scale resource estimate is obtained by applying the economic screening results to the bulk resource estimate. A screening example using this methodology to assess CO 2 EOR with 16-ha (40-ac) five-spot patterns in the Illinois Basin, USA (the Basin) is presented.
Preparing daughters: the context of rurality on mothers' role in contraception.

CONTEXT: The United States continues to have the highest rate of adolescent childbearing among developed countries. Lack of access and disadvantage contribute to this problem which disproportionately impacts rural women. Given the increased difficulty rural young women face regarding contraceptive access parental communication and support play an even more vital role in assisting them to navigate decisions about and access to contraception. PURPOSE: To examine rural womens perspectives on how living in a rural area impacts issues surrounding pregnancy prevention for their daughters and parent-child communication regarding pregnancy prevention. METHODS: Open-ended interviews were conducted with 30 mothers of adolescent women in 3 rural counties in southern Oregon. Thematic analysis within and across interviews using constant comparative analysis was used to explore barriers facilitators and strategies mothers identified in talking with their daughters about contraception. FINDINGS: Specific themes found that related to the rural environment included (1) conservatism (2) isolation (3) lack of privacy (4) stigma (5) the paradox of the rural environment and (6) the uniqueness of rural life. CONCLUSIONS: The context of living in a rural environment may present unique barriers to facilitate parent-child communication when discussing intimate topics. The design of interventions needs to take into consideration these issues particularly when attempting to serve hard-to-reach populations.
Collaborating With Seemingly Unrelated Disciplines: Connecting Transformational Leadership and Counseling Research

In this article, we examine the overlap in research related to counseling and transformational leadership abilities. A review of current research suggests that utilizing leadership measures may provide concise options for assessing specific common factors of successful counselors. Implications for counseling research are discussed, including future trends for research related to measurement of effective counselor attributes and counselor education.
Ultrastructure of freeze-substituted hyphae of the basidiomyceteLaetisaria arvalis

The ultrastructure of freeze-substituted (FS) hyphae ofLaetisaria arvalis is described and compared to that of similar hyphae preserved by conventional chemical fixation (CF). The outline of membrane-bound organelles as well as the plasma membrane was smooth in FS cells. In contrast, hyphae preserved by CF exhibited membrane profiles that were extremely irregular. Centers of presumed Golgi activity were best preserved by FS. Microvesicles, 27–45 nm diameter and hexagonal in transverse section, were observed most readily in FS cells. Filasomes (= microvesicles within a filamentous matrix) were only observed in FS cells. Apical vesicles, 70–120 nm diameter, associated with the centers of Golgi activity and within the Spitzenkorper region exhibited finely granular matrices in FS hyphae, whereas in CF hyphae the contents were coarsely fibrous and less electron-dense. Microvesicles were present at hyphal apices and regions of septa formation. Filasomes were also found at regions of septa formation as well as along lateral hyphal tip cell walls. Microvesicles, but not filasomes, were observed in membrane-bound vesicles (= multivesicular bodies) and in larger vacuoles. Filaments, 5.2–5.4 nm wide, were juxtaposed with centripetally developing septa. Cytoplasmic inclusions, 20–40 μm in length, composed of bundles of 6.7–8.0 nm wide filaments were observed in both FS and CF hyphae.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN DRUGS ON PERFUSED HUMAN PLACENTAS. II. VASODILATORS.

Perfusion studies conducted on full term human placentas produced the following results: marked vasodilation with isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol hydrochloride, nitroglycerin and papaverine hydrochloride, slight vasodilation, and vasoconstriction with cyclandelate and isoxsuprine hydrochloride. Except for alcohol, which produced a slight decrease in the volume flow rate through the placenta, the solvents employed with these drugs had no effect on placental vasculature.
Allerton Park 1983: the beginnings of a paradigm for landscape ecology?

In 1983, a group of incipient landscape ecologists met to discuss the nature and future directions for landscape ecology. The themes emerging from this conference—movement of materials, organisms, and energy through a landscape; the genesis of landscape patterns; the effects of landscape structure on the spread of disturbances; and the potential contributions of landscape ecology to resource management—established a foundation for the development of landscape ecology in North America over the following decades. I discuss these contributions in the light of where landscape ecology is today.
Purification of transmembrane proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae for X-ray crystallography.

Abstract To enhance the quantity and quality of eukaryotic transmembrane proteins (TMPs) available for structure determination by X-ray crystallography, we have optimized protocols for purification of TMPs expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . We focused on a set of the highest-expressing endogenous yeast TMPs for which there are established biochemical assays. Genes encoding the target TMPs are transferred via ligation-independent cloning to a series of vectors that allow expression of reading frames fused to C-terminal His10 and ZZ (IgG-binding) domains that are separated from the reading frame by a cleavage site for rhinovirus 3C protease. Several TMP targets expressed from these vectors have been purified via affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography at levels and purities sufficient for ongoing crystallization trials. Initial purifications were based on expression of the genes under control of a galactose-inducible promoter, but higher cell densities and improved expression have been obtained through use of the yeast ADH2 promoter. Wide variations have been observed in the behavior of different TMP targets during purification; some can be readily purified, while others do not bind efficiently to affinity matrices, are not efficiently cleaved from the matrices, or remain tightly associated with the matrices even after cleavage of the affinity tags. The size, oligomeric state, and composition of purified protein–detergent complexes purified under different conditions were analyzed using a colorimetric assay of detergent concentrations and by analytical size-exclusion chromatography using static light scattering, refractive index, and UV absorption detection to monitor the elution profiles. Effective procedures were developed for obtaining high concentrations of purified TMPs without excessively concentrating detergents.
Corporal punishment and communication in father‐son dyads

This study was based on a communication‐oriented perspective of corporal punishment of children. The perspective posits that physically aggressive influence tactics would be associated with aggressive communication and a set of communication outcomes. The perceptions of 74 father‐son dyads were solicited to test these relationships. Results indicated that when there was lower argumentativeness and higher verbal aggressiveness in father‐son communication there was more corporal punishment as an influence tactic and that fathers and sons perceived the relationship as less favorable in terms of influence success, communication competence, affirming style, and credibility.
Introduction: Technology as Catalyst

This volume addresses some of the implications of technologies for teaching and learning. Technology is viewed as a catalyst to improving educational practice.
THE SURVIVAL OF INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS IN THE AFTERMARKET

We estimate an accelerated failure time (AFT) model to investigate the effects of several characteristics suggested as indicators of firm survival for initial public offerings (IPOs). The results indicate that the survival time for IPOs increases with size, age of the firm at the offering, the initial return, IPO activity level in the market, and the percentage of insider ownership, while the survival time decreases with increases in the general market level at the time of the offering and the number of risk characteristics. Additionally, the survival time is negatively affected if the IPO is in the computer and data, wholesale, restaurant, or airline industries and positively affected if the IPO is in the optical or drug industries.
Minimal Access Cancer Management

Minimal access approaches in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors of the stomach, large bowel, and genitourinary system are now being advocated in several surgical specialty areas. The laparoscope has evolved from a diagnostic tool to a modality that allows for removal of tumors using small incisions and the application of pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide. Through studies using animal models and patient investigation, the immunologic benefits of laparoscopic cancer procedures appear to be beneficial when compared with conventional laparotomy. Overall benefits of analgesic reduction, more rapid postoperative recovery, and patient satisfaction are the byproducts of minimal access approaches. Patients with cancers of the stomach, colon, and kidney show similar long-term outcomes when compared with conventional open techniques. Caution, however, should be exercised in recommending laparoscopic approaches for routine management of primary tumors of the rectum and adrenal gland.
Skillful Inquiry as a Means to Success in Mixed‐Motive Negotiation

People typically regard mixed-motive negotiations as competitive situations requiring assertive strategies, which often preclude achieving integrative gains. However, much of Argyris' (1976, 1982, 1993) work suggests that questions, rather than just statements, are necessary to create clear understanding of other people's interests and goals, which has been shown (Allred, Mallozzi, Matsui, & Raia, 1997) to be linked to integrative gains. Experimental evidence indicated that the more positive regard negotiators felt for each other, the more they would inquire into the other's needs and interests. The evidence also suggested that more inquiry produced more accurate understanding of the other side's interests, which led to greater integrative gains. These findings are congruent with theory of successful dialogue derived in less contentious settings.
iVDR business perspective

This paper describes a perspective for information versatile disk for removable usage (iVDR) business. iVDR is the best bridge media for high-resolution image because of high capacity and high reliability. The first iVDR product was delivered with PMR technology hard disk drives and a copyright protection function for high-definition TV programs. The business opportunity and the new business model are discussed.
Preparing for the brain decade

Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Neuroscience. By John E. Dowling. Belknap (Harvard University Press): 1992. Pp. 447. $45, £29.95. The Neuron: Cell and Molecular Biology. By Irwin B. Levitan and Leonard K. Kaczmarek. Oxford University Press: 1991. Pp. 450. £55, $65 (hbk); £18.95, $39.95 (pbk). An Introduction to Molecular Neurobiology. Edited by Zach W. Hall. W. H. Freeman (UK)/Sinauer (US): 1992. Pp. 555. £32.95, $46.95.
The Components of the Bid-Ask Spread: A General Approach

A simple time-series market microstructure model is constructed within which existing models of spread components are reconciled. We show that existing models fail to decompose the spread into all its components. Two alternative extensions of the simple model are developed to identify all the components of the spread and to estimate the spread at which trades occur. The empirical results support the presence of a large order processing component and smaller, albeit significant, adverse selection and inventory components. The spread components differ significantly according to trade size and are also sensitive to assumptions about the relation between orders and trades.
Space–Time Characteristics of Light Transmitted through Dense Clouds: A Green's Function Analysis

Here, previous work using photon diffusion theory to describe radiative transfer through dense plane-parallel clouds at nonabsorbing wavelengths is extended. The focus is on the scaling of space- and time-domain moments for transmitted light with respect to cloud thickness H and optical depth t; and the new results are as follows: accurate prefactors for asymptotic scaling, preasymptotic correction terms in closed form, 3D effects for internal variability in t, and the rms transit time or pathlength. Mean pathlength is }H for dimensional reasons and, from random-walk theory, we already know that it is also }(1 2 g)t for large enough t (g being the asymmetry factor). Here, it is shown that the prefactor is precisely 1/2 and that corrections are significant for (1 2 g)t , 10, which includes most actual boundary layer clouds. It is also shown that rms pathlength is not much larger than the mean for transmittance (its prefactor is 0.59); this proves that, in sharp contrast with reflection, ˇ7/20 pathlength distributions are quite narrow in transmission. If the light originates from a steady point source on a cloud boundary, a fuzzy spot is observed on the opposite boundary. This problem is formally mapped to the pulsed source problem, and it is shown that the rms radius of this spot slowly approaches H as t increases; ˇ2/3 it is also shown that the transmitted spot shape has a flat top and an exponential tail. Because all preasymptotic corrections are computed here, the diffusion results are accurate when compared to Monte Carlo counterparts for t $ 5, whereas the classic scaling relations apply only for t $ 70, assuming g 5 0.85. The temporal quantities shed light on observed absorption properties and optical lightning waveforms. The spatial quantity controls the three-dimensional radiative smoothing process in transmission, which was recently observed in spectral analyses of time series of zenith radiance at 725 nm. Opportunities in ground-based cloud remote sensing using the new developments are described and illustrated with simulations of 3D solar radiative transfer in realistic models of stratocumulus. Finally, since this analytical diffusion study applies only to weakly variable stratus layers, extensions to more complex cloud systems using anomalous diffusion theory are discussed.
Gustatory nerve response to sugars in neonatal puppies

Sugars were used as stimuli to investigate developmental changes in neural gustatory response in puppies from birth to weaning age. Chorda tympani nerve responses to chemical stimulation of the tongue were present at birth. No developmental changes were detected between birth and weaning, and the relative stimulatory effectiveness of six sugars in the neonate and older puppy was identical to that reported for the adult dog. The steady-state component of the puppy's integrated neural response was absent for many sugars and the immature animal exhibited irreversible decrement in response amplitude with repeated stimulation. Keratinization of tongue epithelium, which thickens after weaning, possibly makes the tongue less permeable so that the gustatory receptors of older animals receive less damage from test stimuli.
A Rigorous Solution for Finite-State Inflow throughout the Flowfield

In previous work, a complete dynamic inflow model for flow above the rotor disk has been developed; and numerical results have been presented in both the frequency domain and the time domain. In this paper, we extend the inflow model to all three components of inflow below the disk. The inflow model, which is expressed in terms of a finite number of states, is derived in a mathematically rigorous way. The essence of the extension is that if one computes the co-states of the inflow equations (along with the normal states), then one can find the velocity in the hemisphere below the plane of the rotor disk (including the velocity within the wake) with accuracy equal to that of the flow above the rotor plane. The derivation is for the case of general skew angle. Numerical comparisons with exact solutions for the z-component of flow in axial flow––given for some special cases––illustrate the effectiveness of the new model. The simulations also illustrate that the model is valid for either the frequency domain or the time domain. Nomenclature n m a : real part for cosine induced inflow expansion coefficients n m b : imaginary part for cosine induced inflow expansion coefficients [ ] D :
Evidence that tolbutamide induces prolactin secretion by a mechanism which does not involve blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels

Abstract Tolbutamide is an important member of the sulfonylureas, drugs which stimulate secretion of several hormones, including insulin and prolactin (PRL), through a mechanism postulated to involve blocking ATP-sensitive K + channels. In the present study, we have evaluated the hypothesis relating the induced secretion to an effect on K + channels by examining the effect of tolbutamide and the ATP-sensitive K + channel-opener, diazoxide, on PRL secretion by acutely dispersed perifused adenohypophyseal cells from young adult male rats. Five-min perifusion of 0.1–50 μM tolbutamide induced a concentration-correlated secretion of PRL with a minimum effective concentration of 0.1 μM. Both basal and 50 μM tolbutamide-induced PRL secretion were significantly suppressed by 10 μM dopamine or 2 μM nifedipine, which block Ca 2+ influx through L-type channels, but not by 100 μM diazoxide, indicating that tolbutamide induces PRL secretion by a mechanism involving Ca 2+ influx through L-type Ca 2+ channels which is note related to its ability to block ATP-sensitive K + channels.
Reading Narrative Fiction Reduces Arab-Muslim Prejudice and Offers a Safe Haven From Intergroup Anxiety

Inquiry into the written narrative's effect on social cognition is normally left to literary scholars and philosophers. Two experiments demonstrated narrative fiction's power to elicit empathy and reduce implicit and explicit prejudice against Arab-Muslims. Participants were randomly assigned to read a full narrative, condensed narrative, or a non-narrative. Critically, the full and condensed narratives were matched on counterstereotypical exemplars and exposure to Arab-Muslim culture so that the additional reduction in prejudice in the full narrative condition represented the unique power of the narrative. The narrative was particularly effective at reducing implicit prejudice in low dispositional perspective-takers. Partially explaining this effect, the narrative appeared to provide a safe haven from intergroup anxiety so that they could use perspective-taking to reduce prejudice. These findings demonstrate the narrative's power to induce spontaneous empathy and perspective-taking and consequently reduc...
ISOLATION AND TRANSPLANTATION OF MULTIPOTENTIAL POPULATIONS OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-RESPONSIVE, NEURAL PROGENITOR CELLS FROM THE CANINE BRAIN

Glial cell transplantation into myelin-deficient rodent models has resulted in myelination of axons and restoration of conduction velocity. The shaking (sh) pup canine myelin mutant is a useful model in which to test the ability to repair human myelin diseases, but as in humans, the canine donor supply for allografting is limited. A solution may be provided by self-renewing epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive multipotential neural progenitor cell populations ("neurospheres"). Nonadherent spherical clusters, similar in appearance to murine neurospheres, have been obtained from the brain of perinatal wildtype (wt) canine brain and expanded in vitro in the presence of EGF for at least 6 months. Most of the cells in these clusters express a nestin-related protein. Within 1-2 weeks after removal of EGF, cells from the clusters generate neurons, astrocytes, and both oligodendroglial progenitors and oligodendrocytes. Transplantation of lacZ-expressing wt neurospheres into the myelin-deficient (md) rat showed that a proportion of the cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes and produced myelin. In addition, cells from the neurosphere populations survived at least 6 weeks after grafting into a 14-day postnatal sh pup recipient and at least 2 weeks after grafting into an adult sh pup recipient. Thus, neurospheres provide a new source of allogeneic donor cells for transplantation studies in this mutant.
Motor Cortical Representation of Hand Translation and Rotation during Reaching

Previous studies have shown that hand translation is well represented by neuronal activity in the proximal arm area of primary motor cortex (M1). However, little is known about cortical representation of hand rotation in M1. In this study, single-unit activity was recorded from monkeys while they performed a "center-out with rotation" task. When reaching for a target, subjects had to match four separate kinematic parameters: three-dimensional location and one-dimensional orientation of the target. Among the 512 neurons modulated by hand movement, 446 were tuned to hand translation, 326 were tuned to hand rotation, and 260 neurons were tuned to both hand translation and hand rotation. Approximately half of the neurons that encoded both translation and rotation did so in a nonlinear manner. This nonlinear interaction can be modeled as a gain-field type of encoding whereby hand rotational velocity modulated the hand translational cosine tuning curves in a multiplicative manner. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that both hand translation and hand rotation can be decoded simultaneously from a population of motor cortical neurons.
XI. A sensitive-strip spectropolariscope

(1903). XI. A sensitive-strip spectropolariscope. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 5, No. 25, pp. 161-170.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON POLYMER-BASED AQUEOUS BIPHASIC EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY IN THE PAPER PULPING PROCESS

In order to apply a polymer-based aqueous biphasic system (ABS) extraction to the paper pulping process, the partitioning behavior of six model lignin species (Indulin AC, Indulin C, Reax 85 A, Reax 825 E, Polyfon T, and Alkali lignin) were studied in PEG-2000/NaOH ABS prepared from stock solutions of 40% (w/w) PEG-2000 and increasing concentrations of NaOH. In a given salt concentration, the distribution ratios increase in the order Polyfon T < Reax 825 E < Reax 85 A < Indulin C < Alkali lignin < Indulin AT due to the degree of sulfonation. In both chemical pulping and Organosolv pulping, temperatures in excess of 120 °C are needed to solubilize the lignin from the cellulose, however, the availability of data on all relevant ABS system parameters, especially phase diagrams under process conditions, is limited. Phase diagrams of PEG-2000/(NH4)2SO4 at higher process temperatures have thus been measured. The partitioning of phthalic acid was studied in order to understand temperature effects not only on sys...
Urban High School Students’ IT/STEM Learning: Findings from a Collaborative Inquiry- and Design-Based Afterschool Program

This exploratory study examines the impact of a collaborative inquiry- and design-based afterschool program on urban high school students’ IT/STEM learning—using information technology (IT) within the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The study used a mixed methods design, involving 77 participants within two cohort groups, each participating in an eighteen-month intervention period. Data were collected from the pre- and post-surveys, analysis of the participants’ IT/STEM projects, external evaluation reports, and follow-up interviews. Findings indicate that the program had a significant impact on students’ technology and IT/STEM skills, frequency of technology use, and understanding of IT use in STEM-oriented fields. Some degree of impact on attitude changes toward IT/STEM and career aspirations in these fields was also in evidence. The study demonstrates that IT/STEM experiences supported through technology-enhanced, inquiry- and design-based collaborative learning strategies have significant impact on urban high school students’ IT/STEM learning. Effect of afterschool programs on attitude changes and IT/STEM-related career aspirations of urban high school students are recommended areas of further investigation.
A reader for the cognitive map

Abstract A local diffusion model (Staddon and Reid, 1990) can reproduce exponential and Gaussian stimulus-generalization gradients. We show that a two-dimensional diffusion model, together with simple reinforcement assumptions, can reproduce many of the empirical properties of goal-directed spatial search, including area-restricted search, open-field foraging, barrier and detour problems, maze learning and spatial “insight.” The model provides a simple, associationistic “reader” for Tolman's cognitive map.
Semantic processing in the free recall of autistic children: Further evidence for a cognitive deficit

Two memory experiments were conducted with groups of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children, matched on verbal mental age and digit span. In the first experiment free recall of semantically related and semantically unrelated word lists was investigated. Autistic children were found to be comparable to the control groups in recalling the unrelated list; however, they were significantly poorer in recalling words from the related list. The second experiment utilized a cued recall paradigm, comparing the subjects' ability to use semantic and rhyme cues to retrieve unrecalled words from memory. This time the autistic children were no different from the retarded and normal children in using semantic cues. These findings extend earlier work on cognitive deficits specific to autism, suggesting that autistic children cannot make use of linguistic knowledge to facilitate retrieval of stored information. It is speculated that this failure to use memory strategies is related to autistic children's hypothesized deficit in developing a ‘theory of mind’.
Position calibration of audio sensors and actuators in a distributed computing platform

In this paper, we present a novel approach to automatically determine the positions of sensors and actuators in an ad-hoc distributed network of general purpose computing platforms. The formulation and solution accounts for the limited precision in temporal synchronization among multiple platforms. The theoretical performance limit for the sensor positions is derived via the Cramer-Rao bound. We analyze the sensitivity of localization accuracy with respect to the number of sensors and actuators as well as their geometry. Extensive Monte Carlo simulation results are reported together with a discussion of the real-time system. In a test platform consisting of 4 speakers and 4 microphones, the sensors' and actuators' three dimensional locations could be estimated with an average bias of 0.08 cm and average standard deviation of 3.8 cm.
Mammalian cell growth controls reflected through protein interactions with the adenovirus E1A gene products

Abstract The adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) products infiltrate host transcription control pathways by binding directly to key cellular proteins through several distinct protein binding sites. Closely-spaced sites within E1A conserved region 3 bring various promoter-specific transcription factors into close proximity with the TATA binding protein (TBP) through simultaneous binding of TBP and any one of these factors. These activated transcription complexes are exploited to transcribe the remaining viral genes. To replicate in quiescent cells, the virus must additionally take control of transcription factors that regulate cell cycle specific gene expression and host cell DNA synthesis pathways. Two protein binding sites in E1A mediate these functions. The region 2-specific site activates the cellular transcription factor, E2F. The role of E1A region 2 is to bind negative regulators of E2F, and dissociate them from E2F transcription complexes. As a result of their binding by E1A, several cellular proteins have been recognized as components of E2F complexes. These include the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product, pRB, as well as pRB-related proteins and cellular cyclins and kinases associated with them. Equally critical for E1A-mediated host cell proliferation is the function of the E1A amino terminal active site. The apparent target of this protein binding site is a large cellular protein designated p300. The protein sequence derived from the recently cloned p300 cDNA suggests that p300 is involved with cyclic AMP responsive pathways. E1A can bind p300 and the pRB related proteins simultaneously, and thus has the potential to promote interactions between them. These genetically manipulatable interactions make the E1A proteins important guides in deciphering the complex transcription network mediating the changing gene expression patterns characteristic of regulated cell growth and differentiation.
Group-theoretical derivation of hydrodynamic equations: Symmetry breaking.

The derivation and generalization of the Navier-Stokes equation is discussed from a group-theoretical point of view. The distinction between longitudinal and shear modes is a broken-symmetry effect, which arises when a direction is chosen for the wave vector. Other symmetry-breaking effects encountered in computer simulations are discussed. The results are used in an accompanying paper [Logan and Visscher, following paper, Phys. Rev. A 39, 1298 (1989)] to extract transport coefficients from simulation data.
Excited state decay of tetrahalomanganese(ii) complexes

Abstract The excitation and emission spectra and decay times of several MnX 2- 4 (X = Cl − , Br − , 1 − ) complexes of various tetraalkylammonium, -phosphonium, and -arsonium salts have been measured for the pure solids at 298°K and 77°K. High luminescence quantum yields (0.3-1.0) reveal that lifetimes fairly accurately reflect radiative decay rates. An impressive correlation exists between the lifetime, τ, of the 4 T 1 (G) → 6 A 1 emission and the ligand, X: for X = Cl − , τ = 1.2 - 3,5 x 10 −3 sec; X = Br − , τ = 0.35 - 0.43 X 10 −3 sec; X =l − , τ = 0.036 – 0.055 X 10 −3 sec. We attribute this decreasing lifetime largely to the enhanced spin-orbital coupling associated with the heavier halide. We find that direct population of high energy charge-transfer (CT) states gives smaller emission yields than excitations in the ligand-field (LF) region.
A solution to the weighted procrustes problem in which the transformation is in agreement with the loss function

This paper provides a generalization of the Procrustes problem in which the errors are weighted from the right, or the left, or both. The solution is achieved by having the orthogonality constraint on the transformation be in agreement with the norm of the least squares criterion. This general principle is discussed and illustrated by the mathematics of the weighted orthogonal Procrustes problem.
The Fate of ‘Big Government’ in the United States:Not Over, But Undermined?

Big government in the United States has never been as expansiveas the big state abroad. Whatever its scope, there is little evidence that the days of big government are numbered. Among both the public and organized interests there is at once antagonism toward big government and yet consistent support for many of the protections it affords, including those provided by the U.S. federal government's largest, and sure to get larger, social programs. The most important story is not the threat of a reduced state, but rather itstransformation. Continuing attempts to privatize its administration could put much of the big state, including its social programs, in the hands of big business.
Impact of within-person variability on identifying children with hypercholesterolemia: Framingham Children's Study.

Background and objective: The National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines recommending that children be screened to detect abnormal levels of blood lipids depend on accurate assignment to risk categories. Our objective was to assess the impact of within-person variability of blood lipids on such risk classification. Design and subjects: We measured total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) at three successive weekly visits in 24 children aged 6 to 9 years. Main outcome measures: Using within-person variance estimates, we constructed 95% confidence intervals to evaluate how well one, two, and three lipid measurements per child allowed assignment of risk as recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Results: The mean, overall, and within-person standard deviations were 145.7, 24.5, and 9.2 mg/dl, respectively, for TC, and 42.8, 10.1, and 4.6 mg/dl, respectively, for HDL-C. One TC measurement allowed confident assignment to the "acceptable" ( 215.1 mg/dl. The average of two TC values allowed assignment to these categories if 210.7 mg/dl, respectively. For the average of three TC values, these ranges were 208.7 mg/dl, respectively. With one TC measurement, no value allowed assignment to the "borderline" (170 to 199 mg/dl) category. The average of two TC values allowed assignment to the "borderline" category if between 180.7 and 189.3 mg/dl. Using the average of three values enlarged this range by 4 mg/dl. For HDL-C, multiple measurements improved risk assignment in a similar fashion. Conclusion: The magnitude of within-person variability of TC and HDL-C limits the ability to classify children into risk categories recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program.
Towards a framework for safety analysis of body sensor networks

Body sensor networks (BSNs) are an emerging class of medical cyber-physical systems which have the potential to change the healthcare paradigm. However, they present many new challenges, chief of which (like any medical device) is assuring patient safety. This requires not only a precise definition of safety, but also techniques for assessing the safety of BSN designs. Although solutions are possible and important for specific BSNs used in specific applications, addressing this issue on a case-by-case basis usually results in an ad-hoc process, and more importantly, makes the translation of experiences and solutions between different applications more difficult.A generic and conceptual framework for guiding the safety analysis process would provide all stakeholders a common basis for communicating, discussing, and examining the safety of BSN designs, and provide manufacturers with an exemplary process that they can follow to improve and gain confidence in the safety of their devices. This paper presents our current efforts in developing such a framework. In particular, we present a theoretical foundation for modeling and analyzing BSNs, and identify the general class of hazards based on this foundation. These efforts explore critical issues that deserve attention in designing safe BSN systems, and more importantly, can help advance the understanding of BSNs and their safety.
REVERSAL OF DIAZOXIDE EFFECTS BY TOLBUTAMIDE

Abstract In dogs, short-term administration of tolbutamide reversed diazoxide-induced hyperglycaemia, hypotension, and antidiuresis. In rats, the results suggest that these effects are related and have a common receptor site. Further work is in progress.