cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Knowledge Data-Driven Event Detection for Power Distribution Networks

The power system has been incorporating increasing amount of unconventional generations and loads, such as distributed renewable resources, electric vehicles, and controllable loads. The induced dynamic and stochastic power flow require high-resolution monitoring technology and agile decision support techniques for system diagnosis and control. This paper discusses the application of micro-phasor measurement unit ( $\mu$ PMU) data for power distribution network event detection. A novel data-driven event detection method, namely hidden structure semi-supervised machine (HS3M), is established. HS3M only requires partial expert knowledge: it combines unlabeled data and partly labeled data in a large margin learning objective to bridge the gap between supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and learning with hidden structures. To optimize the non-convex learning objective, a novel global optimization algorithm, namely parametric dual optimization procedure, is established through its equivalence to a concave programming. Finally, the proposed method is validated on an actual distribution feeder with installed $\mu$ PMUs, and the result justifies the effectiveness of the learning-based event detection framework, as well as its potential to serve as one of the core algorithms for power system security and reliability.
A Return to Retention and Recollection: An Analysis of the Possible Mutual Influence of Consciousness and its Content

Most analyses of Husserl’s phenomenology of inner time-consciousness focus on the structures of this aspect of phenomenology. Inner time-consciousness is, after all, the foundation for all phenomenological research and for the relation of consciousness to its objects. However, the fact that I can make mistakes, that I can think I am recollecting when I actually am not, forces us to consider not just the structure of inner time-consciousness, but its content as well. How could any noetic act be incorrect? This paper takes up the intersection of Husserl’s analyses of recollection and belief in order to identify how apodictic acts of consciousness can be mistaken. In doing so, I examine: (1) the relation of the content of consciousness with its activity; (2) the importance of the context of an experience to how I take it up as actual or not; and (3) the relation of retention and recollection with regard to their content. Ultimately, I show that, at this level of analysis, no experience can be taken in isolation. Rather, every experience must be taken up in light of the horizons of its context, both meaningfully and temporally.
Fighting NOTA: The Greater Moral Obligation

In 2010, St. Mary's College of Maryland philosophy professor Michael Taber challenged his students to formulate an ethical argument on whether he should or should not, as a living donor, donate a kidney to an unknown person in need of transplant. The assignment received public attention, including a prominent write-up in the Washington Post. This paper, written by one of Taber's former undergraduate advisees, is a response to that assignment. The paper argues that, in light of the public attention given the assignment, Taber should use that platform to campaign for the repeal of a federal prohibition against compensating organ donors for the donations, going so far as to threaten that he will not donate the organ until that repeal happens. The paper explains why the prohibition is both unethical and bad public policy, and criticizes arguments made in defense of the prohibition. It further argues that such a media campaign by Taber could produce considerably more public benefit than a single kidney donation. This argument is made using utilitarian reasoning, but its arguments are supported by other ethical systems. However, the paper adds, in some ethical systems, it may be ethically superior to make that public pronouncement but then secretly donate a kidney anyway, and then publicize that sometime after the fact. The paper concludes with the author considering whether he should make a living donation of his own kidney as an inducement for Taber to follow this recommendation.
Regaining Lost Cycles with HotCalls: A Fast Interface for SGX Secure Enclaves

Intel's SGX secure execution technology allows running computations on secret data using untrusted servers. While recent work showed how to port applications and large-scale computations to run under SGX, the performance implications of using the technology remains an open question. We present the first comprehensive quantitative study to evaluate the performance of SGX. We show that straightforward use of SGX library primitives for calling functions add between 8,200 - 17,000 cycles overhead, compared to 150 cycles of a typical system call. We quantify the performance impact of these library calls and show that in applications with high system calls frequency, such as memcached, openVPN, and lighttpd, which all have high bandwidth network requirements, the performance degradation may be as high as 79%. We investigate the sources of this performance degradation by leveraging a new set of microbenchmarks for SGX-specific operations such as enclave entry-calls and out-calls, and encrypted memory I/O accesses. We leverage the insights we gain from these analyses to design a new SGX interface framework HotCalls. HotCalls are based on a synchronization spin-lock mechanism and provide a 13-27x speedup over the default interface. It can easily be integrated into existing code, making it a practical solution. Compared to a baseline SGX implementation of memcached, openVPN, and lighttpd - we show that using the new interface boosts the throughput by 2.6-3.7x, and reduces application latency by 62-74%.
Cross-property interaction between stiffness, damage and thermal conductivity in particulate nanocomposite

Abstract A nanocomposite made from epoxy and nano silica particles was subjected to compressive fatigue loading and the resulting interaction between stiffness, damage and thermal conductivity investigated. First, the thermal conductivity (K) and the elastic modulus (E) of the as-fabricated materials were measured prior to any fatigue loading. Then, the samples were subjected to cyclic loading, and the thermal conductivity and the modulus of elasticity of the specimens were measured after every 5 to 10 thousand cycle intervals until a significant change in the response of the material was observed. In addition, a semi-analytical model is proposed to quantify damage in the material by taking the modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity data obtained from the experiment. Finally, the cross-property relation between the modulus of elasticity, the thermal conductivity and the damage density in the material at any state of the fatigue cycle is investigated.
Screening Emotionally Disturbed Children in a Rural Setting

This study was undertaken to ascertain the efficacy of screening procedures in a 2 county rural area in east central Illinois. Two aspects of the problem were investigated: (a) the question of interpersonal bias and (b) the presence of correlational validity between a set of materials for screening problem children and the ratings of problem behaviors. It was found that teacher and/or student screening was not biased by the absence of interpersonal compatibility and that a significant but low order relationship existed between children screened in as potentially disturbed and ratings of problem behaviors.
How do socioeconomic factors affect disparities in maternal mortality

Socioeconomic factors affect nearly every cause of death, but not always in the same ways. Understanding which components of socioeconomic development were responsible for the great declines in maternal mortality in the United States and Britain can help us design effective programs in developing countries. The literature shows that maternal mortality is most strongly influenced by women's access to medical care for complications of pregnancy. In addition to international disparities in maternal mortality, there are still great disparities among racial groups in the United States. Here, too, analysis of the factors at work may be helpful in tailoring interventions.
Experimental Deformation Of Plagioclases

Strength properties and spatial orientation of deformation structures are de-cribed for 11 plagioclases, An2–An95, deformed in compression tests at 25° — 800°C, 5–10 kb confining pressure. At 800°C 10 kb, all single crystals oriented favorably for albite and pericline twin gliding have yield strengths of about 2 kb regardless of composition or structural state. Yield strengths of polycrystalline aggregates are 1.3 — 3.0 times greater. In both cases, the yield strengths are lowered by an increase in experimental temperature and anomalously raised by factors of 1.5—2.5 by prior annealing of the test material. The latter effect (hardening) may be due to either depletion of interstital water initially present or nucleation of additional phases during the long anneals.
The Interpersonal Model

As is well known, the field of psychiatry is divided into various theoretical schools—biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral, and interpersonal. Following upon the ideas of Kuhn, the author has interpreted these theoretical schools as competing paradigms. These paradigms define alternative approaches for understanding the nature of the mind in relationship to health and illness. Almost all of the paradigms approach the problem of depression in some manner, and differ in the extent to which they regard clinical depression as different from normal depressive mood; in the relative emphasis they give to social, biological, and developmental factors in the causation of mental illness; and even as to the validity of the concept of mental illness itself.
Momentum, Vorticity and Transport: Considerations in the Design of a Finite-Volume Dynamical Core

This chapter provides an end-to-end discussion of issues related to the design and construction of dynamical cores. The governing equations of motion are derived from basic principles cast in the Lagrangian frame of motion. The Reynolds Transport Theorem is derived so that these conservation statements can be recast in their weak, integral form in the Eulerian reference frame. Special attention is given to the relationship between the momentum equation and vorticity dynamics. The principles of conservation of circulation and vorticity are derived in the continuous system. It is demonstrated that the kinematic principles related to circulation and vorticity can be carried over exactly into the discrete system. The analysis is conducted in an idealized, two-dimensional setting that is meant to serve as a prototype system for the consideration of the full three-dimensional general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.
Sunbelt Capitalism, Civil Rights, and the Development of Carceral Policy in North Carolina, 1954–1970

This article investigates an important yet poorly understood aspect of the origins of the U.S. carceral state. Many explanations attribute the rise of mass incarceration to the conservative tide in American politics beginning in the late 1960s: “tough on crime” policies advanced by southern Democrats and Republicans, white backlash against black civil rights, and the law-and-order politics of Nixon's “Southern Strategy.” But in focusing on conservatives, prevailing theories have ignored how the changing economic and political landscape of the post-WWII South shaped how policymakers thought about crime. This article examines how key elements of the carceral state emerged in the rapidly growing, metropolitan, and business-minded Sunbelt South between 1954 and 1970, using North Carolina as a test case. Drawing on a variety of archival sources, it unearths how moderate southern politicians with material links to extra-regional sources of capital, political links to northern liberal elites, and ideological links to postwar liberalism pioneered state-level carceral policy. It argues that the swift development of crime policy in midcentury North Carolina was the product of how the state's moderate elites chose to govern the emerging Sunbelt economy in the wake of Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement. The problems of rampant civil disorder, racial extremism, and lawlessness, they argued, threatened the economic progress of North Carolina and required the implementation of strong yet race-neutral crime policy. This study offers an analysis of how the Sunbelt South, in shedding Jim Crow and entering the national political and economic mainstream, came to help spearhead the carceral turn in American politics.
Understanding the influence of water hydrogen bonding on the cathodic delamination rate of coated steel substrates from pre-exposure characterization

Abstract Establishing anticorrosive properties of new and modified coating formulations is a time intensive and expensive process. It is therefore desirable to develop methods capable of predicting corrosion performance of new or modified coating formulations from ambient measurements. Our objective was to understand how ambient, pre-exposure water hydrogen bonding affects cathodic delamination. Nano-carbon allotropes were incorporated into a parent epoxy-amine matrix material applied to steel substrates to alter water hydrogen bonding interactions. We validated that water hydrogen bonding distributions at the air/polymer interface were directly related to measured cathodic delamination rates and were useful in predicting experimental cathodic delamination rates.
Effect of Particle Mass Fraction on the Multiscale Dynamic Failure Behavior of Particulate Polymer Composites

In this study, the effect of particle mass fraction on the dynamic multiscale behavior of particulate polymer composite is investigated. High spatiotemporal resolution digital image correlation-based experiments are conducted to understand the local deformation and the failure mechanisms. The deformation fields at different length scales are compared to each other to understand the link between macroscaleand mesoscale behavior. All the experiments are carried out on polymer bonded sugar, a well-known mechanical simulant of polymer bonded explosives, with varying particle mass fraction. The transition of the soft binder dominated stress-strain behavior to a quasi-brittle type behavior was observed as the particle mass fraction is increased. The mesoscale experiments show that in samples with lower mass fraction, the deformation is mainly controlled by the binder. Whereas, at a higher mass fraction, the crystals are engaged in the load transferring process through the formation of force chain in the material. The formation of the force chain causes stress concentration followed by a brittle failure mode.
Adolescents' Engagement with Crisis Hotline Risk-management Services: A Report from the Emergency Department Screen for Teen Suicide Risk (ED-STARS) Study.

Objective This study examines the feasibility of a risk-management protocol for adolescent research participants at risk for suicide that relies on engagement with telephone crisis counselors. The study also examines whether engagement is moderated by adolescent demographics and clinical characteristics. Method Participants were 234 adolescents (83% female; 63% White) ages 12-18 (M = 15.3 years) drawn from the national study, Emergency Department Screen for Teens at Risk for Suicide (ED-STARS) Study One sample of adolescents randomized for 3-month telephone follow-up (n = 2,850). This study's sample was comprised of adolescents who completed the follow-up (69% retention), met study risk criteria, and were transferred to a crisis hotline for risk management. Engagement with a counselor was assessed by successful call connection, call duration, and information sharing. Results Ninety-four percent of calls resulted in a successful call transfer, and the majority of youth (84%) shared information with counselor about one or more coping strategies. Average call length was 12.6 min (SD = 9.9). Engagement did not vary by gender, race, age, ethnicity, or clinical characteristics. Conclusions Adolescents' engagement with telephone risk-management services was strong, suggesting that this strategy can address safety. Further, findings suggest telephone risk-management services effectively engage youth across demographic and clinical subgroups.
Collector Chemistry for Bastnaesite Flotation – Recent Developments

ABSTRACTOne of the most important aspects in any flotation separation is the choice of the flotation collector. For this reason, based on both our recent research developments and the results from ...
Overcoming Adverse Effects of Correlations in Microarray Data Analysis

Due to the existence of the strong correlation between microarray gene expression levels, procedures which are commonly used to select the significant genes between two or more phenotypes cannot overcome the main problems: high instability of the number of false discoveries and low power. It may be impossible to completely understand these correlations due to the complexity of the biology nature. Gordon et al. [1] proposed a new multiple testing procedure to balance type I and II errors in an optimal way. However, the correlation structure of microarray data is still the main obstacle standing in the way of various gene selection procedures. To remove this obstacle, we improved the statistical methodology by exploiting the properties associated with the low dependency of the so-called delta-sequence proposed in Klebanov et al. [4]. Our study showed a similar behavior has been observed that both the mean and the standard deviation of the number of false positives are monotonically decreasing as a function of the threshold parameter. In addition, working with pairs, we have substantial reduction in both numbers, which means we gain power and stability in our new study.
Outcomes associated with employee and organisational LGBT value discrepancies

While the congruence between the global values of an employee and those of their organisation is frequently studied, less research has examined outcomes associated with discrepancies pertaining to ...
Bendamustine-Based Therapy Is Highly Active In Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia

Abstract 4700 Background: Waldenstrom9s macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell malignancy characterized by lymphoplasmacytic cell infiltration of the bone marrow and production of an IgM monoclonal protein. Despite advances in treatment, WM remains incurable and novel agents are needed for ongoing disease control. Bendamustine represents an important novel agent for the treatment of B-cell disorders whose activity in WM remains to be clarified. Patients and Methods: We examined the outcome of 30 previously treated patients with the clinicopathological diagnosis of WM who received bendamustine-based therapy. The median prior therapies was 2 (range 1–9), and 16 (53%) patients were refractory to their previous treatment. Baseline characteristics for all patients: Median BM involvement 60%; serum IgM 3,980 mg/dL; Hct 31.0%; serum B2M 3.5 g/L. Treatment consisted of bendamustine administered at 90 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 2 as part of a 4 week cycle, along with rituximab (375 mg/m2 IV) given once on either day 1 or 2 for 24 patients. In the remainder 6 patients, severe rituximab intolerance prevented re-administration of rituximab. In these patients, bendamustine was either administered alone (n=4) or with ofatumumab (1000 mg IV) given on day 1 (n=2) following a test dose of 300 mg IV on day -7 prior to cycle 1 only. Intended therapy consisted of 4–6 cycles of treatment. Plasmapheresis was performed prior to treatment in patients exhibiting symptomatic hyperviscosity, or who had an IgM level >5,000 mg/dL and were to receive monoclonal antibodies in order to prevent a symptomatic IgM flare. Responses were assessed using modified WM consensus criteria, and patients were eligible for response assessment if they completed > 2 cycles of therapy. Results: 21 patients completed intended therapy; 9 patients continue on treatment. The median number of treatment cycles for all patients is 4 (range 2–6). Following treatment, median serum IgM levels declined from 3,980 to 1,210 mg/dL (p Conclusion: Bendamustine-based therapy is active in patients with relapsed or refractory WM and produces high response rates and durable responses both as monotherapy, and in combination with CD20 directed monoclonal antibodies. In patients previously treated with nucleoside analogues, prolonged myelosuppression may occur. Long term toxicities of bendamustine-based therapy remain to be clarified in this patient population. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Assessing the Control Literature: Looking Back and Looking Forward

This review provides a comprehensive picture of the range of control influences in organizations. We begin by describing and labeling the various types of control mechanisms and control systems exa...
The spinal distribution of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Support for locoregional rather than arterial hematogenous mode of early bony dissemination.

742Background: To investigate the distribution of spinal metastasis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and to explore relationships between biological and clinical factors and patterns of sp...
Shared neural substrates of cognitive function and postural control in older adults.

Introduction Poor cognitive function and postural control co-occur in older adults. It is unclear whether they share neural substrates. Methods Postural sway error during a novel visual tracking (VT) condition and gray matter volume (GMV) were compared between participants with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia (n = 179, mean age 82, 56% females, 56% white). Associations between VT error, cognitive function, and GMV were examined. Results Greater VT error was associated with having dementia compared to NC or MCI (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.15 [1.38, 3.36] and 1.58 [1.05, 2.38]). Regions with lower GMV related to greater VT error and worse cognition were: bilateral hippocampi, parahippocampi, entorhinal, and parietal cortices (all P ≤0.05). GMV of bilateral hippocampi and left parahippocampus explained >20% of VT error between dementia and NC. Discussion Postural control during visuospatial tasks and dementia may share neural substrates, specifically memory-related regions.
Tissue Oximetry Readings Accurately Predict Late Complications in Patients Undergoing Free Flap Breast Reconstruction: Exploring the Optimal Cut Point Value.

Background The use of tissue oximetry for monitoring following free tissue transfer has become a common practice across the United States to facilitate early detection of poor flap perfusion in the postoperative setting. There is no consensus on the optimal value, below which there is a higher chance of wound complications in patients undergoing free flap breast reconstruction. Methods Patients undergoing free flap breast reconstruction from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who returned to the operating room for a revision of the anastomosis were excluded from analysis. Patients were divided in two groups based on the development of late complications. Those were defined as fat necrosis, wound dehiscence, or distal flap ischemia/necrosis that developed after discharge from the hospital. Mean percutaneous oximetry readings of the first 24 hours were recorded and the mean change from the initial reading was calculated. The correlation between tissue oximetry change and development of complications was explored. Results A total of 120 patients were identified. The mean age was 53, while the mean body mass index was 33. A total of 38 patients developed late wound complication. History of smoking, diabetes mellitus, neoadjuvant radiation therapy, and the mean change of the tissue oximetry reading were identified as independent predictors of wound complications. The absolute number of the tissue oximetry reading did not predict late complications. A multivariate analysis revealed that patients who experienced a mean decrease Conclusion In patients undergoing free tissue breast reconstruction, tissue oximetry readings do not predict late wound complications. However, the mean change at 24 hours from the initial reading does. A decrease of
Oral drug repositioning candidates and synergistic remdesivir combinations for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19

Abstract The ongoing pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), necessitates strategies to identify prophylactic and therapeutic drug candidates for rapid clinical deployment. A high-throughput, high-content imaging assay of human HeLa cells expressing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 was used to screen ReFRAME, a best-in-class drug repurposing library. From nearly 12,000 compounds, we identified 66 compounds capable of selectively inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in human cells. Twenty-four of these drugs show additive activity in combination with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor remdesivir and may afford increased in vivo efficacy. We also identified synergistic interaction of the nucleoside analog riboprine and a folate antagonist 10-deazaaminopterin with remdesivir. Overall, seven clinically approved drugs (halofantrine, amiodarone, nelfinavir, simeprevir, manidipine, ozanimod, osimertinib) and 19 compounds in other stages of development may have the potential to be repurposed as SARS-CoV-2 oral therapeutics based on their potency, pharmacokinetic and human safety profiles.
A Comparison of Traditional Ultrasound and Sustained Acoustic Medicine (SAM)

Shortly after world war II therapeutic ultrasound was developed to treat musculoskeletal injuries (Figure 1). In 2008 doctoral student George Lewis gets literally “shocked” at the Cornel Lab.
A programmable dark-field detector for imaging two-dimensional materials in the scanning electron microscope

Unit cell orientation information is encoded in electron diffraction patterns of crystalline materials. Traditional transmission electron detectors implemented in the scanning electron microscope are highly symmetric and are insensitive to in-plane unit cell orientation information. Herein we detail the implementation of a transmission electron detector that utilizes a digital micromirror array to select anisotropic portions of a diffraction pattern for imaging purposes. We demonstrate that this detector can be used to map the in-plane orientation of grains in two-dimensional materials. The described detector has the potential to replace and/or supplement conventional transmission electron detectors.
Quantum Spin Torque Driven Transmutation of an Antiferromagnetic Mott Insulator.

The standard model of spin-transfer torque (STT) in antiferromagnetic spintronics considers the exchange of angular momentum between quantum spins of flowing electrons and noncollinear-to-them localized spins treated as classical vectors. These vectors are assumed to realize N\'eel order in equilibrium, $\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\cdots}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$, and their STT-driven dynamics is described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. However, many experimentally employed materials (such as archetypal NiO) are strongly electron-correlated antiferromagnetic Mott insulators (AFMIs) whose localized spins form a ground state quite different from the unentangled N\'eel state $|\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\cdots}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}⟩$. The true ground state is entangled by quantum spin fluctuations, leading to the expectation value of all localized spins being zero, so that LLG dynamics of classical vectors of fixed length rotating due to STT cannot even be initiated. Instead, a fully quantum treatment of both conduction electrons and localized spins is necessary to capture the exchange of spin angular momentum between them, denoted as quantum STT. We use a recently developed time-dependent density matrix renormalization group approach to quantum STT to predict how injection of a spin-polarized current pulse into a normal metal layer coupled to an AFMI overlayer via exchange interaction and possibly small interlayer hopping---mimicking, e.g., topological-insulator/NiO bilayer employed experimentally---will induce a nonzero expectation value of AFMI localized spins. This new nonequilibrium phase is a spatially inhomogeneous ferromagnet with a zigzag profile of localized spins. The total spin absorbed by AFMI increases with electron-electron repulsion in AFMIs, as well as when the two layers do not exchange any charge.
Religious Support Moderates the Long Reach of Adverse Childhood Events on Physical Health in Middle to Late Adulthood

Adverse childhood experiences are associated with impaired physical health in adulthood. Using data from the Midlife in the United States survey (N = 4041), this study examined whether four dimensions of religiosity moderated the long-term detrimental effects of early adversity on three distinct aspects of adult physical health (self-rated health, functional limitations, and shortness of breath). Regression analyses showed that religious support buffered the effect of childhood adversity on physical health, but religious identification, private religious practice, or religious service attendance did not. Results imply that interventions aimed at increasing religious support can be effective decades after the adverse experiences took place.
Parallelism in Endocarp form Sheds Light on Fruit Syndrome Evolution in Viburnum

All Viburnum species produce drupes with a hardened endocarp surrounding a single seed. Endocarp form varies greatly within Viburnum, and differences in shape have long been used to distinguish major subclades. Here we trace the evolution of Viburnum endocarp shape using morphometric analyses and phylogenies for 115 Viburnum species. Endocarp measurements were obtained from fruits sampled from herbarium specimens and from field collections, and shapes were analyzed using elliptical Fourier analysis. We infer that the first viburnums had flattened and grooved endocarps. Subsequently, there were multiple losses of grooving in conjunction with shifts to both highly flattened and nearly round endocarps. In several clades the parallel evolution of a derived endocarp shape was accompanied by changes in a suite of other fruit traits, yielding distinctive fruit syndromes likely related to bird dispersal. However, in other clades endocarp shapes similar to the ancestral form have been retained while other fruit traits (color, amount of flesh, nutritional content) have diverged. We quantify cases of parallel evolution in endocarp shape that cut across recognized fruit syndromes such as red, carbohydrate-rich fruits with flattened endocarps or blue, lipid-rich fruits with round endocarps. Our analyses now invite studies of function and the selective factors that have yielded the distinctive suites of fruit and seed traits that distinguish the major Viburnum lineages.
Microfiltration membranes developed from nanofibers via an electrospinning process

Abstract Membranes act as a barrier in the separation of two distinct phases, usually under a driving force, such as a pressure or concentration gradient. Compared to other types of conventional separation processes, membranes have such advantages as centrifugation, sedimentation, low energy and operating costs and high process efficiency. Therefore, nanofiber membranes developed via an electrospinning process were explored as microfiltration media in the separation of microparticles. Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, with an average diameter of 580 ± 57 nm, were developed via the electrospinning process. The nanofiber membranes resulted in a hydrophilic nanostructured material with a porosity of approximately 79.5% and a pure water flow of ∼19,500 L h−1 m−2. Efficient filtration was achieved with total retention of particles of diameter ∼1.75 μm using a 146 μm membrane. The electrospinning process enables the production of nanofiber membranes with potential applicability for efficient separation of microparticles in suspension.
Comments on Bernard H. Siegan’s “Hayek and the United States Constitution,”

Comments on Bernard H. Siegan’s “Hayek and the United States Constitution,” 23 Southwestern U. L. Rev.(1993)
The evolution of antipredator behaviour following relaxed and reversed selection in Alaskan threespine stickleback fish

Changing environments, whether through natural or anthropogenic causes, can lead to the loss of some selective pressures ('relaxed selection') and possibly even the reinstatement of selective agents not encountered for many generations ('reversed selection'). We examined the outcome of relaxed and reversed selection in the adaptive radiation of the threespine stickleback fish, Gasterostues aculeatus L., in which isolated populations encounter a variety of predation regimes. Oceanic stickleback, which represent the ancestral founders of the freshwater radiation, encounter many piscivorous fish. Derived, freshwater populations, on the other hand, vary with respect to the presence of predators. Some populations encounter native salmonids, whereas others have not experienced predation by large fish in thousands of generations (relax-selected populations). Some relax-selected populations have had sport fish, including rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, introduced within the past several decades (reverse-selected). We examined the behavioural responses of stickleback from three populations of each type to simulated attacks by trout and birds to determine whether relaxed and reversed selection has led to divergence in behaviour, and whether this divergence was predator specific. Fish from trout-free populations showed weak responses to trout, as predicted, but these responses were similar to those of oceanic (ancestral) populations. Fish from populations that co-occur with trout, whether native or introduced, showed elevated antipredator responses, indicating that in freshwater, trout predation selects for enhanced antipredator responses, which can evolve extremely rapidly. Comparison of laboratory-reared and wild-caught individuals suggests a combination of learned and genetic components to this variation. Responses to a model bird flyover were weakly linked to predation environment, indicating that the loss of predation by trout may partially influence the evolution of responses to birds. Our results reject the hypothesis that the consistent presence of predatory birds has been sufficient to maintain responses to piscivorous fish under periods of relaxed selection.
Are Motor Adjustments Quick Because They Don't Require Detection or Because They Escape Competition?

Smeets et al. (2016) suggested that motor adjustments may be quick because they don’t require stimulus detection. We agree that these rapid adjustments probably reflect rapid perceptual processing rather than rapid motor execution, but we question whether the absence of detection is the best way to explain the effect. We suggest that it is unclear what mechanisms would be involved in detection and why detection would be required in some of the cases discussed by Smeets et al. Instead, we suggest that ultra-fast motor adjustments require very little competition among possible stimuli or responses. We suggest that escaping competition rather than avoiding detection may be the cause of the very short reaction times that Smeets et al. identified.
Progress in Unifying Condensed Matter Theory

Over the years, experimentalists have uncovered an array of fascinating properties of condensed matter. The initial response of theorists has been to treat each new property as a separate problem to be solved, with the result that condensed matter theory presents the appearance of “a different Hamiltonian for every problem.” But there has always been an undercurrent of work aimed at searching out common ground, and of reconstructing disparate theories from a more universal basis. Ultimately, the same wavefunctions and energy levels should explain all the properties of a given material in a given state. Here we sketch development along this line, and note how it is useful in continuing research.
Copper Absorption and Retention in Pregnant Women Fed Diets Based on Animal and Plant Proteins

Copper absorption was determined by using 65Cu, a stable isotope of copper, in pregnant and nonpregnant women who were confined to a metabolic unit for 21 or 42 days. Absorption and retention of copper were determined from two diets. One diet was comprised primarily of animal protein sources and the other of plant protein sources. The percentage of absorbed copper from the animal protein diet was higher than from the plant protein diet. Copper absorption from the animal protein diet averaged 41.2 and 42.2% in nonpregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Copper absorption from the plant protein diet averaged 33.8% in nonpregnant women and 40.7% in pregnant women. The plant protein diet contained more copper and therefore the absolute amount absorbed was greater from the plant protein diet. The results suggest that either the level of dietary copper or a component of the diet may have an effect on copper absorption. Copper absorption from both diets tended to be higher in pregnant than in nonpregnant women, but the difference was significant only with the plant protein diet. The levels of copper fed in this study, 1.44 and 2.53 mg per day from the animal and plant protein diets, respectively, were sufficient to result in positive balance in all subjects. The amount of copper retained by pregnant women appeared adequate to provide for the increased requirements of pregnancy.
2012 Association of American Physicians Presidential Address Next-generation academic medicine

Today I would like to speak to you about the remarkable successes of academic medical centers to date, the significant problems that we are now facing, and the need for us to evolve into the next generation of academic medical centers.
Fusion of global and local information for object detection

This paper presents a framework for fusing together global and local information in images to form a powerful object detection system. We begin by describing two detection algorithms. The first algorithm uses independent component analysis to derive an image representation that captures global information in the input data. The second algorithm uses a part-based representation that relies on local properties of the data. The strengths of the two detection algorithms are then combined to form a more powerful detector The approach is evaluated on a database of real-world images containing side views of cars. The combined detector gives distinctly superior performance than each of the individual detectors, achieving a high detection accuracy of 94% on this difficult test set.
An Analytical Framework for Value Co-Production in Services

Although services are often defined as co-productive of value, the concept of value is often difficult to measure. Yet measuring value is not necessarily a prerequisite for service process improvement. In this paper, we propose a general framework for the modeling and analysis of services with co-production. The framework identifies three major process stages: i the production stage, which involves co-production, ii the output sharing stage, and iii the consumption stage. Value realization and distribution depends on all three stages. Using our framework, we argue that process improvement efforts may often shift away from value measurement to focus on more actionable levers such as the co-production process, the rules of operation, and sharing rules. Furthermore, we use our framework to discuss a broader perspective on value measurement, the application of the gap quality model to co-productive process management, the distinction between products and services, and the impact of information and communication technologies on service processes.
Induction of metallothionein-I (MT-I) mRNA in primary astrocyte cultures is mediated by hypotonicity

Astrocytes occupy about 20% of the cell volume within the central nervous system (CNS). Their processes are found around synapses and in close association with nodes of Ranvier, axon tracts, and blood vessels [1, 2]. A partial list of astrocyte functions includes secretion of neurotrophic factors, control of extracellular pH, inactivation of extracellular glutamate, and concentrative uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters [1, 3].
Retrospective Frequency Formats Promote Consistent Experience-Based Bayesian Judgments

Summary: On the basis of their experiences with pregnant patients in their practice, obstetrician/gynecologists estimated the posterior probability of Down syndrome given a positive screening result. They also estimated the base rate of Down syndrome in their practice, along with the hit and false alarm rates for the screening test; for each subject, these numbers were combined to calculate a posterior probability to which the initial estimated posterior probability could be compared. Physicians gave highly consistent estimates when asked to think about their past experiences in terms of event frequencies. However, those told to respond using single event probabilities or to use past experiences to predict prospective frequencies gave inconsistent Bayesian estimates. Thus, when making Bayesian judgments based on real life experience, natural frequency formats only lead to better judgments, compared with single event probability formats, if people think retrospectively, not when using past experiences to make prospective predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Recent debates in the Bayesian judgment literature focus on why reasoning differences are found when data are provided as single event probabilities compared with natural frequencies (Barbey & Sloman, 2007). Consider two versions of a conditional probability problem from Bramwell, West, and Salmon (2006) where participants are to find the posterior probability of Down syndrome give a positive test result. Single event probability The serum test screens pregnant women for babies with Down’s syndrome. The test is a very good one, but not perfect. Roughly 1% of babies have Down’s syndrome. If the baby has Down’s syndrome, there is a 90% chance that the result will be positive. If the baby is unaffected, there is still a 1% chance that the result will be positive. A pregnant woman has been tested and the result is positive. What is the chance that her baby actually has Down’s syndrome? % Natural frequency The serum test screens pregnant women for babies with Down’s syndrome. The test is a very good one, but not perfect. Roughly 100 babies out of 10,000 have Down’s syndrome. Of these 100 babies with Down’s syndrome, 90 will have a positive test result. Of the remaining 9900 unaffected babies, 99 will still have a positive test result. How many pregnant women who have a positive result to the test actually have a baby with Down’s
The morbidity and mortality of pregnancy: still risky business.

Despite impressive gains in safety in recent decades, pregnancy remains risky business. From early in pregnancy until some weeks after its conclusion, pregnant women are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality compared with women who are not pregnant. This review summarizes recent national data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including vital statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics. Ectopic pregnancy is substantially more dangerous (38 deaths/100,000 events) than either childbirth (nine) or legal abortion (less than one). The three leading causes of maternal death today are pregnancy-induced hypertension, hemorrhage, and pulmonary embolism. Although comprehensive data on pregnancy-related morbidity are lacking, about 22% of all pregnant women are hospitalized before delivery because of complications. Women of minority races have much higher risks of death than do white women, and the same holds true for older women and those with limited education. For most women, fertility regulation by contraception, sterilization, or legal abortion is substantially safer than childbirth.
New causal theory and ethnomethodology: Cocitation patterns across a decade

Twenty-one authors were selected from NicholasMullins' 1972 lists of leaders in two emergent sociological theory groups, new causal theory and ethnomethodology. Data on cocitation of their works for the periods 1972–1976 and 1977–1981 were extracted from theSocial Scisearch database and subjected to factor analysis and multidimensional scaling programs. Interpretation of the results, based on examination of a sample of the cited literature, confirmed Mullins' division of these authors into two distinct groups. The evidence indicates that ethnomethodology is neither dying out nor becoming more alienated from mainstream sociology.
Physiologic correlates dependent upon mode of death

Abstract Some of the physiologic changes that occur in small mammals and that are dependent upon mode of death have been evaluated in an investigation with 180 rats. Nine different methods of sacrifice (ether inhalation, chloroform inhalation, intraperitoneal ether, intraperitoneal chloroform, intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital, decapitation, concussion intracranial ethanol, and cervical dislocation) have been comparatively studied. The differential dependency upon these modes of death of organ weight and appearance, and of the time required for cessation of heart beat, cessation of respiration, loss of righting reflex, and duration of neuromuscular convulsion has been determined. The terminal method of intracranial injection of ethanol is demonstrably the best method of sacrifice in view of (1) the instantaneous blockage of respiration, (2) the very brief period of neuromuscular convulsion, (3) the lack of significant hemorrhage, (4) the usual immediate cessation of heart beat, (5) the convenience of the method, and (6) the lack of circulatory responses characterized by changes in organ weights. This method should be avoided, as well as decapitation, cervical dislocation, and concussion, when pulmonary tissue is to be extracted from animals because of the capillary rupture of the lungs following these methods. Two commonly employed methods of sacrifice, chloroform anesthesia and concussion, have been found less suitable than other methods. Concussion is to be particularly avoided since it results in relatively long periods of neuromuscular convulsion, respiration, and cardiac beating, and is further complicated by significant gross hemorrhage, traumatic interpulmonary hemorrhage, and related losses of weight in liver and other organs.
Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes: A comparison of a kinetic and an electrophoretic method in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction

A comparison has been made of the results of the levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase by a kinetic and an electrophoretic method performed on patients suspected of having myocardial infarction. Reviewed in depth are those cases in which discrepant results have occurred. On the basis of the combined clinical and laboratory data, the kinetic method is a more sensitive but less specific indicator of myocardial necrosis. Thus, the kinetic method may be used as a screening test, with confirmation of positive results by electrophoresis.
Keeping up with the zone of polarizing activity: New roles for an old signaling center

The vertebrate limb is an excellent model organ system to investigate how signaling pathways interact. Over the last half-century, experiments investigating patterning in the vertebrate limb have led directly to the discovery of many of the molecules and molecular pathways that are not only responsible for limb patterning but the patterning of many different organ systems. In the limb bud, the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) has long been known to produce factor(s) that are essential for normal limb formation. Recently, one of these factors, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) was shown to function not only in the limb bud mesenchyme but also in the ectoderm overlying the ZPA. This review discusses the role and potential implications hedgehog signaling in the limb bud ectoderm plays in patterning the vertebrate limb. Developmental Dynamics 240:915–919, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.