cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen attenuates antinociception produced by stimulation of Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the rat.

This is the first demonstration of sex-related differences in the alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated antinociceptive effects produced by stimulation of an endogenous noradrenergic pathway. Electrical or chemical (substance P) stimulation of Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF, A7) is known to produce antinociception mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord. KF stimulation has also been shown to inhibit the responses of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn of the medulla and the spinal cord. We investigated whether KF stimulation produces sex-specific modulation of trigeminal nociception. The N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced nociceptive behavior was employed as an index of nociception. Microinjection of NMDA (2 nmol/10 microL) in the trigeminal region produced nociceptive scratching behavior that was confined to the orofacial region. Male and ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a guide cannula dorsal to the KF nucleus and a PE-10 cannula in the trigeminal region dorsal to obex. Nociceptive testing was conducted after 5-7 days of recovery. A group of ovariectomized rats (OVX+E) was treated with estradiol benzoate 48 h prior to nociceptive testing. There were no significant differences in the number of NMDA-induced scratches or duration between the male, OVX and OVX+E groups. Microinjection of substance P (3.7 pmol/0.5 microL) in the KF significantly reduced the number of NMDA-induced scratches and their duration in male and OVX groups; these were restored to control levels by yohimbine (30 microg/15 microL), an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist. However, KF stimulation failed to inhibit the NMDA-induced scratching behavior in the OVX+E group. We conclude that stimulation of KF produces estrogen-dependent modulation of nociception.
Virus infection in remnant native bunchgrasses from invaded California grasslands.

Summary • This study examined the effects of infection with barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) on wild grass species in California, a region in which native perennial bunchgrasses have been largely replaced by exotic annual grasses. We sought to determine whether these widespread viruses compromise the fitness of wild hosts and thus have the potential to influence grassland dynamics. Plant viruses have been long overlooked in ecological studies, and their influence on wild hosts has often been assumed to be minimal. •We examined the short-term and long-term consequences of infection on field-grown individuals from 18 different populations of wild California grasses (from seven native and one exotic species). • Barley yellow dwarf virus infection was aggressive in most hosts and markedly impaired host fitness by reducing growth, survivorship, and fecundity. • Previous work indicates that the presence of exotic grasses can more than double BYDV incidence in natives. Given the ubiquity of BYDVs, our results suggest that apparent competition and other virus-mediated processes may influence interactions among native and exotic grasses and potentially contribute to shifts in grassland community composition.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy of living cells Part 2. Imaging redox and acid:basic reactivities

Abstract Amperometric feedback and potentiometric modes of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) have been used to image the topography and map redox and acid–base activities in single mammalian cells. The topographic images of cells were obtained using hydrophilic redox mediators, which cannot penetrate the cell membrane. In contrast, with a hydrophobic mediator one can map redox reactivity with a micrometer or submicrometer spatial resolution. The images obtained with oxygen used as a redox mediator show the distribution of the diffusion rate of oxygen in the cell membrane and inside the cell. The acid release by the cell was imaged with a Sb tip in a potentiometric mode, and the possibility of redox and pH imaging of the same cell with same tip is demonstrated. Significant differences were detected in the redox and pH images of normal human breast epithelial cells and metastatic breast cancer cells.
Influence of Ionic Strength on the P450 Monooxygenase Reaction and Role of Cytochrome b5 in the Process

A stimulatory effect of increased salt content on the metabolism of benzphetamine, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and coumarin by rabbit liver microsomes, CYP2B4 and rabbit CYP1A2, was seen, indicating that the effect was not specific for either substrate or form of cytochrome P450. The stimulation was not due to an action on the cytochrome P450 itself as increased salt concentration minimally affected the substrate turnover when cumene hydroperoxide was used as the source of active oxygen. The elevation of ionic strength increased the coupling efficiency of the monooxygenase reaction with benzphetamine as substrate. Cytochrome b5 also can increase the monooxygenase coupling efficiency. At low ionic strength cytochrome b5 did not much influence the reduction of P450, but the rate constant of the cytochrome b5 reduction was increased about 15-fold by its binding to cytochrome P450. A stimulatory effect of cytochrome b5 on benzphetamine oxidation was seen at low ionic strength, but it was lost at elevated ionic strength as the binding of cytochrome b5 to cytochrome P450 was weakened. At the higher ionic strength cytochrome b5 competes with cytochrome P450 for the reductase, an action that slows cytochrome P450 reduction. Based upon these observations, plus those in the literature, a scheme is suggested that proposes the stimulatory effect of cytochrome b5 on the cytochrome P450-mediated monooxygenation reaction is due to an increase in the efficiency of the electron transfer reaction: With cytochrome b5 bound to cytochrome P450, two electrons can be provided from the reductase to the P450-b5 complex in a single interaction, obviating the need for a second interaction with the reductase.
Cysteine Mapping in the Ion Selectivity and Toxin Binding Region of the Cardiac Na+ Channel Pore

Aqueous exposure of critical residues in the selectivity region of voltage gated Na+ channels was studied by cysteine-scanning mutagenesis at three positions in each of the SS2 segments of domains III (D3) and IV (D4) of the human heart Na+ channel. Ionic currents were modified by charged cysteine-specific methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents, (2-aminoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA+) and (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (MTSES-) in all six of the Cys-substituted channels, including Trp --> Cys substitutions at homologous positions in D3 and D4 that were predicted in secondary structure models to have buried side chains. Furthermore, in the absence of MTS modification, each of the Cys mutants showed a reduction in tetrodotoxin (TTX) block by a factor >10(2). Cysteine substitution without MTS modification abolished the alkali metal ion selectivity in K1418C (D3), but not in A1720C (the corresponding position in D4) suggesting that the lysine but not the alanine side chains contribute to selectivity even though both were exposed. Neither position responded to MTSES- suggesting that these residues occupy either a size- or charge-restricted region of the pore. By contrast, MTSES- markedly increased, and MTSEA+ markedly decreased conductance of D1713C (D4) suggesting that the acidic side chain of Asp1713 acts electrostatically in an unrestricted region. These results suggest that Lys1418 lies in a restricted region favorable to cations, whereas Asp1713 is at a more peripheral location in the Na+ channel pore.
Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activity in 680 normals: Sex and age differences and stability over time

Abstract Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activities in 680 normals exhibited unimodal frequency distributions. Females had 20% higher mean platelet amine oxidase activities, but there were no male-female differences in the plasma enzyme. Age was not significantly correlated with either platelet or plasma amine oxidase activities. The activities of the two enzymes were not significantly intercorrelated. Platelet amine oxidase activity measured with benzylamine as the substrate in a rapid assay based upon platelet counts was highly correlated (r = 0.88) with activity measured in platelet pellets with tryptamine as the substrate. Benzaldehyde and indoleacetaldehyde were identified as the principal products in these assays. Platelet and plasma amine oxidase activities determined three times in the same individuals yielded similar results after approximately 2-week (r = 0.94, 0.97) and 2-month (r = 0.86, 0.84) intervals.
Repetition Suppression and Multi-Voxel Pattern Similarity Differentially Track Implicit and Explicit Visual Memory

Repeated exposure to a visual stimulus is associated with corresponding reductions in neural activity, particularly within visual cortical areas. It has been argued that this phenomenon of repetition suppression is related to increases in processing fluency or implicit memory. However, repetition of a visual stimulus can also be considered in terms of the similarity of the pattern of neural activity elicited at each exposure—a measure that has recently been linked to explicit memory. Despite the popularity of each of these measures, direct comparisons between the two have been limited, and the extent to which they differentially (or similarly) relate to behavioral measures of memory has not been clearly established. In the present study, we compared repetition suppression and pattern similarity as predictors of both implicit and explicit memory. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we scanned 20 participants while they viewed and categorized repeated presentations of scenes. Repetition priming (facilitated categorization across repetitions) was used as a measure of implicit memory, and subsequent scene recognition was used as a measure of explicit memory. We found that repetition priming was predicted by repetition suppression in prefrontal, parietal, and occipitotemporal regions; however, repetition priming was not predicted by pattern similarity. In contrast, subsequent explicit memory was predicted by pattern similarity (across repetitions) in some of the same occipitotemporal regions that exhibited a relationship between priming and repetition suppression; however, explicit memory was not related to repetition suppression. This striking double dissociation indicates that repetition suppression and pattern similarity differentially track implicit and explicit learning.
Review of Current and Future Consumption Trends for Milk and Dairy Products

Abstract The objectives of this paper are 1) to review previous US milk consumption data by product; 2) to discuss factors that have affected consumption; and 3) to predict future trends in consumption. Per capita commercial demand for milk and dairy products on a milk equivalent basis has been stable at 236 kg (520 lb) in the past 15 yr. Aggregate demand has increased directly in relation to population growth. The mix of factors affecting demand for milk and dairy products suggests that per capita commercial demand will continue to hold at about 238 kg (525 lb) milk equivalent in this next decade. Demographics, particularly higher median age in the United States, will have a dampening effect on demand. However, relatively low consumer prices for milk and dairy products, increased real incomes, and vigorous generic promotion programs should effectively hold per capita demand at recent amounts. Assuming an annual population growth of .9% in the United States to 1995, an aggregate commercial demand of 61.9 billion kg (136.5 billion lb) of milk would be generated in that year. Farm use of milk, school milk, and limited Commodity Credit Corporation donations could increase total milk usage to almost 65 billion kg (145 billion lb) in 1995.
Facile synthesis of bismuth(III) and antimony(III) complexes supported by silylated calix[5]arenes.

A series of bismuth(III) and antimony(III) complexes supported by silicon-containing calix[5]arene ligands were synthesized and fully characterized by NMR, X-ray, IR, mp, UV/vis, and elemental analysis. Reaction of the para-tert-butylcalix[5]arene [tBuC5(H)5] disodium salt, Na2·tBuC5(H)3, with 1 equiv of R2SiCl2 (R = Me, iPr, Ph, CH═CH2) or treatment of the tBuC5(H)5 lower rim monobenzyl ether [tBuC5(Bn)(H)4] in a 1:1 ratio with Me2Si(NMe2)2 yields the tBuC5(SiRR′)(H)3 (1−5) and tBuC5(Bn)(SiMe2)(H)2 (6) ligands, respectively. The 1H NMR spectra of the tBuC5(SiRR′)(H)3 (1−5) ligands show three pairs of doublets and three singlets for the tBu peaks, consistent with a Cs symmetry. In the case of the tBuC5(Bn)(SiMe2)(H)2 (6) ligand, the presence of the monobenzyl group changes the 1H NMR patterns to indicate a C1 symmetry. Treatment of tBuC5(SiRR′)(H)3 (1−5) or tBuC5(Bn)(SiMe2)(H)2 (6) with 1 equiv of M(OtBu)3 (M = Bi, Sb) or Sb(NMe2)2 readily yields metalated products of the type [M{tBuC5(SiRR′)}] (7−16) and...
What Causes Sexual Assault

Sir .—The article by Jenny 1 in the July 1988 issue of AJDC represents a disturbing setback in our understanding of sexual assault that has developed over the past 20 years. 2 The focus on "risk-taking" behaviors such as alcohol use or agreeing to go into a car or house with a recent acquaintance implies that these women caused or were to blame for their assaults. Is it not self-evident that those who committed the assaults were also out after 10pmor that they were also probably using drugs? Is it not painfully clear that none of these behaviors justifies assault of a young woman by a man? Risk-taking behaviors are unwise for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is that young women who drink or stay out late are more likely to run into men who may assault them. Nevertheless, such behaviors do not mean
On the efficacy of pseudo-coordinates—Part 1: moving interior constraints

Abstract In a recent publication, a Gibbs–Appell type projection methodology for modeling non-holonomic hybrid parameter multiple body systems (HPMBS) was presented. In this methodology, pseudo-coordinates and pseudo-speeds were introduced felicitously into the kinematic chain to allow rigorous inclusion of holonomic or non-holonomic constraints that occur among the hybrid parameter bodies; including intra-domain constraints applied within distributed parameter bodies in the system. In this paper, a HPMBS that exhibits intra-domain holonomic constraints and is, for comparison purposes, analytically tractable by hand via Hamilton's principle is studied. The purpose of this comparison and study is to evince the utility and effectiveness of the pseudo-variable based technique. This is accomplished by demonstrating the novel and judicious use of pseudo-coordinates and speeds in modeling HPMBS. It is shown, by allowing the natural description of the kinematic chain (open or closed) to be manifested with the natural pseudo-coordinates and speeds, that low-order models can accurately describe the dynamics of complicated HPMBS. Thus, the trend of ever-increasing degrees of freedom in the modeling of complicated flexible systems is also shown to be unnecessary, provided the proper natural finesse is applied.
MCSCF study of the thermal isomerization of tricyclo[2.1.0.02,5]pentane to 1, 3-cyclopentadiene

The isomerization of tricyclo[2.1.0.02,5]pentane to 1,3-cyclopentadiene was studied using ab initio calculations at the multiconfiguration self-consistent field level of theory. Single-point energy calculations were also performed using the MCQDPT2 and CCSD(T) methods. The isomerization process was found to proceed through a concerted, asynchronous pathway characterized as a disrotatory ring opening of the bicyclobutane moiety. The activation barrier was found to be 42 kcal/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Determinants in Plane Partition Enumeration

In this paper we provide a new and concise evaluation of det(????????????)0?i,j?n?1. This determinant arose in the enumeration of certain set of plane partitions. Its previous evaluation was lengthy and complicated.
A mode switching, multiterminal converter topology with integrated fluctuating renewable energy source without energy storage

An important functionality of the Solid State Transformer (SST) is the integration of renewable energy sources within the topology itself, acting as a renewable energy hub. Due to the fluctuating nature of the renewable energy source, such integration becomes a challenge and energy storage becomes a requirement. In this paper a topology variant of single phase SST with multi limb magnetic core is proposed which directly integrates the renewable energy source in the high frequency magnetic stage and uses the grid as the energy buffer eliminating the requirement of energy storage.
Communicating standards through structured terminology

We present an informatics approach to synthesize and classify terminology as defined in standards. Traditional document style standards and dictionary style definitions are very limiting when it comes to getting a holistic picture of the application of standards and regulations. We focus on standards for sustainable manufacturing, but the approach is not limited to this domain. By studying the structure and relationships within those standards we developed a schema for representing and relating standards to each other. We then used that schema as a basis for visualization and querying, which enables interactive and intuitive perusal of the material. We develop a framework for categorizing and presenting terminology in standards.We develop a schema for classifying terminology from sustainable manufacturing standards.We develop a visualization and query mechanism for this information.This framework will allow non-experts to easily understand standards content.The interactive interface will allow non-experts to find and use specific information that is harder to find when browsing document standards.
The Relationship of Divergent Thinking to Intelligence, Social Class, and Achievement in High-School Students

(1972). The Relationship of Divergent Thinking to Intelligence, Social Class, and Achievement in High-School Students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 179-186.
Holland's Theory and Occupational Information

Abstract Holland's (1997) RIASEC model is predicated on the assumption that appropriate vocational choices are a function of a successful match between an individual's vocational personality (e.g., Social) and the work environment (e.g., high interpersonal contact). Therefore, the use of the RIASEC model in career guidance requires a method for linking an individual's interests, operationalized as his or her RIASEC profile, to the occupational demands which must also be expressed in RIASEC codes. In this paper, we review the use of Holland's RIASEC model in career delivery systems and demonstrate how individual interests were linked to specific occupations in two large occupational information systems.
Stability in the growth of knowledge

Merely more documents, more specialties, and more people who use or add to growing knowledge do not constitute an explosive situation: what is critical is whether or not the growth remains stable in the sense that cumulated knowledge relates to real life. Two developments which can be anticipated during the next few decades are computer-aided bibliographic control and computer aids to individual decision-making. The first will give us greater options for tracing and detecting aggregations of bibliographic items which “belong together” through a network of interrelated (e.g., biographic and bibliographic) elements. The second will enrich our capabilities for posing and solving real-life problems. Underlying the development of technologies and their use in well-engineered information systems such as these two is an emerging new scholarly discipline. This paper outlines some of the concepts, methods, and problems in this field. Priority is given to evaluation and synthesis above access. The main idea behind the proposed logical structuring of this field is that the “growing literature” organizes knowledge analogously to the way a learner, by creating models of his relevant environment, is able to take increasingly effective actions.
The Shoreline Environment Aerosol Study (SEAS): A Context for Marine Aerosol Measurements Influenced by a Coastal Environment and Long-Range Transport*

The Shoreline Environment Aerosol Study (SEAS) was carried out in Hawaii on the southeast coast of Oahu in an area exposed to relatively steady onshore flow. This location provided favorable opportunities to test and evaluate new instrumentation designed to improve measurements of marine aerosol and its physical, chemical, and optical properties, including the remote sensing (lidar) of coastal aerosol fields. Data acquired from the diverse instruments deployed before and during SEAS demonstrate that environmental and meteorological features actively influence aerosol measurements at this location. Both a ceilometer and a visibility sensor were operated continuously and found to be effective autonomous tools for characterizing mixed-layer aerosol conditions. These instruments also helped demonstrate that changes in physical and optical properties measured during SEAS were also linked to volcanic aerosol transported across the Pacific in the free troposphere from Japan and later entrained into the marine boundary layer. This and various local effects of wind direction, wind speed, tides, and sampling altitude were superimposed on the variations in offshore marine aerosol. Characterization of these site-specific effects provides a context and guidance for the interpretation of coastal aerosol data and evaluation of SEAS data.
High-strength polyethylene

Polyethylene (PE) continuous filaments having high tensile strength as well as high Young's modulus have been obtained from several linear polyethylene materials by stretching a partially oriented spun yarn to a draw ratio of ≃30. The high draw ratio was readily attained for linear PE fiber extruded at a temperature of at least 250°C and quenched in air while under some intermediate tension. The number average molecular weight of the polymer was found to have the predominant effect on the ultimate tensile strength of the drawn fiber. Yarn with a tensile strength of 19 gpd (167 kg/mm2) and a Young's modulus of 854 gpd (7380 kg/mm2) was produced. Yarn with a Young's modulus of 1145 gpd (9890 kg/mm2) was made by sacrificing some tensile strength.
Supercapacitor performance of carbon nanofiber electrodes derived from immiscible PAN/PMMA polymer blends

Polymer blends yield carbon materials with superior performances for supercapacitor applications since blending can lead to controlled and fine pore architectures. In this study, a supercapacitor electrode material derived from an immiscible polymer blend comprising polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was investigated. PAN was used as the carbonizing polymer while PMMA was used as the sacrificial polymer. The polymer blend solutions in DMF were electrospun to obtain freestanding nanofiber mats. The resulting mat was carbonized and activated by CO2 at 1000 °C to obtain porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs), as PAN converts to carbon and the sacrificial polymer decomposes creating pores. We demonstrated that the pore sizes can be tuned by varying the amount of PMMA loading in the blend compositions. PAN : PMMA (95 : 5), was found to be the optimum blend composition, affording the highest surface area of 2419 m2 g−1, higher degree of graphitization, higher carbon yield and lower charge transfer resistance among the blend compositions studied. Furthermore, the PAN : PMMA (95 : 5) CNFs showed the highest capacitance of 140 F g−1 and energy densities of 67 W h kg−1 at 3.5 V and 101 W h kg−1 at 4 V in an ionic electrolyte (EMITFSI) and also showed good cycling stability with 85% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles.
Partial inverse regression

In regression with a vector of quantitative predictors, sufficient dimension reduction methods can effectively reduce the predictor dimension, while preserving full regression information and assuming no parametric model. However, all current reduction methods require the sample size n to be greater than the number of predictors p. It is well known that partial least squares can deal with problems with n < p. We first establish a link between partial least squares and sufficient dimension reduction. Motivated by this link, we then propose a new dimension reduction method, entitled partial inverse regression. We show that its sample estimator is consistent, and that its performance is similar to or superior to partial least squares when n < p, especially when the regression model is nonlinear or heteroscedastic. An example involving the spectroscopy analysis of biscuit dough is also given.
Use of satellite measurements in the retrieval of aerosol properties

The column optical thickness of the atmospheric aerosol load is routinely retrieved using space borne measurements of the natural levels of upwelling shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. The information content of the measurements includes contributions from several components of the earth-atmosphere system: the scattering and absorption processes of the molecular atmosphere (i.e., Rayleigh scattering and gas absorption), the scattering and absorption of aerosol particles, as well as the reflection from clouds and the underlying surface. The relative contribution from each component is a strong function of the wavelength of the incident radiation. Generally, the aerosol contribution is a very small fraction of the measurement. Therefore, as a part of the retrieval process, corrections for non-aerosol effects need to be applied to isolate the net aerosol effect.
Differences in the proteins synthesized by the progeny of the first two blastomeres of Ilyanassa, a “mosaic” embryo☆

Abstract Ilyanassa embryos were chemically dissociated into AB and CD blastomeres. Double-label procedures permitted detection of differences between the progeny of these two cells, in terms of the profiles of proteins synthesized approximately 4 hr after separation. The relevance of this finding to the phenomenon of cytoplasmic localization is discussed.
“The challenge for still unresolved development of multi-band equatorially orbiting POLSAR satellite sensors - an integral task for the major space-SAR technology centers world-wide”

With the relentless increase in population density, the anthropogenic expansion into natural terrestrial hazard zones has become irreversible resulting in ever more catastrophic disasters, not only in the Asia-Pacific region more so within the entire tropical belts engulfing Mother Earth. Thus not only the Indonesian-Pacific Islands, so also South America, Africa and back via the Indian Ocean Islands to Asia-Pacific, these natural events like volcano eruptions, earthquakes with emerging tsunami, cyclones and severe down pours have caused havoc, loss of lives, destruction of infrastructure and above all intentional manmade interference resulting in the deterioration of pristine tropical jungle forests. Matters have become so bad that proposals are forthcoming for equating oil-palm mono-cultures with pristine tropical jungle habitat by greedy developers mostly exterior to local environmental regions suffering helplessly from such criminal machinations.
Posterior fossa reexploration for persistent or recurrent trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm: surgical findings and therapeutic implications.

Objective To evaluate the surgical findings and subsequent therapeutic implications of posterior fossa reexploration for persistent or recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS) after failed microvascular decompression (MVD). Methods Between December 1975 and October 1996, the senior author performed 31 reexplorations for failure or recurrence after MVD: 23 for TN and 8 for HFS. Records were analyzed retrospectively for evidence of vascular compression in primary and secondary operations, other pertinent intraoperative findings, intraoperative therapeutic interventions, and postoperative results and complications. Results The previously placed polyvinyl alcohol foam (Ivalon sponge; Unipoint Industries, High Point, NC) or Teflon implant (Teflon felt; CR Bard, Inc., Bard Implants Division, Billerica, MA) was found to be in good position in 100% of the patients (31 of 31 patients). New vascular compression from an arterial source was found in three patients during posterior fossa reexploration: one with TN and two with HFS. New vascular compression from a venous source was observed in one patient with HFS. A scarred Ivalon sponge or Teflon implant with apparent mass effect on the nerve root was identified in seven reexplorations. One bony source of compression was seen. No new compressive elements or other sources of root irritation were appreciated in 61% of reexplorations. Partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy was performed in 83% of reexplorations for persistent or recurrent TN. Of eight patients undergoing reexploration for persistent or recurrent HFS, six sustained complications. Conclusion Recurrent vascular compression was seldom identified during posterior fossa reexploration for failed MVD in patients with persistent or recurrent TN or HFS. The previously placed Ivalon sponge or Teflon implant was consistently found to be in good position. Partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy is an often effective alternative in cases of recurrent TN when neurovascular compression is not identified. However, because of the relatively high incidence of complications associated with reexploration, we recommend other ablative or medical treatments for most patients after failed MVD for TN or HFS.
Field Emergence and Plant Density of Sand Bluestem Lines Selected for Increased Seed Germination

Under fi eld conditions water is often inadequate for satisfactory seedling establishment. This research investigated the fi eld emergence and plant density of two lines (AB-medium and CD-tall) of sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.) and three generations of selection (Syn0, Syn-1, and Syn-2). Populations AB-medium Syn-1 and AB-medium Syn-2 were developed from AB-medium Syn-0 using two cycles of recurrent selection for increased seed germination at a low water potential. Similarly, CD-tall Syn-1 and CD-tall Syn-2 were developed from CD-tall Syn-0. Our objective was to verify if the increase in seed germination of selected populations would also lead to an increase in fi eld emergence and plant density. Field testing involved planting the six lines in a randomized block design replicated four times at three locations over a 3-yr period. Field emergence and plant density were determined using a frequency grid method at 30, 60, and 90 d after planting (DAP). Percentage fi eld emergence and plant density varied only with sand bluestem line (P < 0.01), generation of selection (P < 0.01), and number of DAP (P < 0.05). Field emergence averaged 52.5, 57.4, and 61.1% for generation Syn-0, Syn-1, and Syn-2, respectively. Plant density averaged 13.8, 15.2, and 16.1 plants m −2 for generation Syn-0, Syn-1, and Syn-2, respectively. Therefore, selection for increased seed germination in sand bluestem also resulted in greater fi eld emergence and higher plant density.
Presynaptic alpha-receptor subsensitivity after long-term antidepressant treatment

After 3 weeks of twice-daily administration of desipramine to rats, the frequency-response curve for field stimulation of adrenergic neurons in isolated left atrial strips was shifted markedly to the left and the efflux of [3H]norepinephrine was enhanced greatly. After 1 day of treatment, only slight shifts in the frequency-response curve and small increases in [3H]norepinephrine efflux occurred although inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake was already maximal, and phenoxybenzamine caused a further shift to the left in the frequency-response curve similar to that which occurred after 3 weeks of desipramine treatment alone. A gradual decrease in the sensitivity of the presynaptic alpha receptor would explain the delay in the onset of the linical effect of the tricyclic antidepressants.
Interchain contributions to soliton properties in polyacetylene

The energetic degeneracy of the phase‐shifted trans polyacetylene chain segments on opposite sides of a soliton center is removed by interchain interactions, which are shown to have important consequences for soliton physics. This energy difference (ESL), the solition‐lattice energy, has been calculated from available structural data as a sum of atom‐centered, bond‐centered, and electrostatic contributions. While ESL is small per C2H2 length of phase‐shifted chain (roughly 4 cal/mol for P21/n and 14 cal/mol for P21/a), the resultant total energy cannot generally be ignored since it diverges with increasing separation between soliton and antisoliton or between soliton and chain segment end. Consequences of the interchain interactions are major changes in the equilibrium concentration of soliton pairs, localization of solitons in the proximity of a stationary defect which shifts bond alternation (for chains much longer than the soliton width), and a predicted temperature dependence of phase coherence in bon...
Regionalism and the nationalization of the legislative vote in post-communist Russian politics

Abstract This study examines the extent to which the nationalization of the vote has occurred in Russia since 1993. To what extent is the Russian party vote “nationalized”, or in other words, to what extent are there differences between the national party vote and the party vote in the various regions of the country? What explains why such variations exist? To answer these questions, I examine a number of factors (the strength of the local executive, the degree to which local parties are entrenched, etc.) that explain why party politics in certain regions in Russia are characterized by a more “nationalized” vote than others.
Calcium carbonate equilibria in solutions open to the air. II. Enhanced solubility of CaCO3 in the presence of Mg2+ and SO42−

The solubility of CaCO3 was determined in natural waters and in synthetic solutions containing Mg2+ or SO42− near 25° and at partial pressures of CO2 in the range normal for the atmosphere. Solubility enhancement relative to the theoretical solubility of calcite was encountered in all the waters and solutions studied. A theory was developed on the basis of Langmuir adsorption of Mg2+, SO42−, and the ions of CaCO3 on a crystal surface consisting of calcite and of CaCO3 having a modified calcite lattice. Both types of surface are in intimate contact through surface flow of adsorbed ions. From the theory an equation was derived relating the activity product (Ca2+)(CO322−) to the concentration ratios[Mg2+][Ca2+] and [SO42−][CO32−] at equilibrium. The equation was fitted to solubility data on the synthetic solutions. Parameters thus evaluated separately for the effect of Mg2+ and of SO42− were used together in the equation to calculate solubilities in six natural waters of widely different compositions. Good agreement was obtained with measured solubilities.
Cooperation and competition

Faculty self-interest in the graduate school gives a prospective teacher second thoughts about entering the teaching profession.
Solvent and temperature dependence of spin echo dephasing for chromium(V) and vanadyl complexes in glassy solution.

Abstract The solvent and temperature dependence of the rate constant for spin echo dephasing, 1/ T m , for 0.2 to 1.2 mM glassy solutions of chromyl bis(1-hydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid), CrO(HCA) − 2 ; aquo vanadyl ion, VO 2+ (aq), and vanadyl bis(trifluoroacetylacetonate), VO(tfac) 2 were examined. At low temperatures where 1/ T 1 ⪡ 1/ T m , 1/ T m in 1:1 H 2 O:glycerol is dominated by solvent protons. At low temperature 1/ T m increases in the order 1:1 H 2 O:glycerol or 9:1 CF 3 CH 2 OH:ethyleneglycol (no methyl groups) i -PrOH:MeOH (hindered methyl groups) n -PrOH:MeOH (less hindered methyl groups). This solvent dependence of 1/ T m is similar to that observed for nitroxyl radicals, which indicates that the effect of solvent methyl groups on spin-echo dephasing at low temperature is quite general. At higher temperatures the echo dephasing is dominated by spin–lattice relaxation and is concentration dependent. As the glass softens, echo dephasing is dominated by the onset of molecular tumbling.
Sequences in the UL11 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus that control association with detergent-resistant membranes

The product of the UL11 gene of HSV-1 is a small, membrane-bound tegument protein with features that are conserved among all herpesviruses. For all viruses examined, mutants lacking this protein (or its homolog) have budding defects and accumulate capsids in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. UL11 binds to the cytoplasmic faces of host membranes via N-terminal myristate and nearby palmitate moieties. These fatty-acid modifications are typical of proteins that localize to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), and the experiments described here revealed that a small amount (approximately 10%) of UL11 retains the ability to float in sucrose gradients following treatment of cells with Triton X-100. However, mutants lacking sequences previously shown to be involved in the trafficking of UL11 from the plasma membrane (LI and acidic cluster motifs) were found to have a dramatically increased association with DRMs. These findings emphasize the dynamic properties of this poorly-understood but conserved tegument protein.
Discrimination of operator schemata in problem solving: Learning from examples

Abstract Three studies investigate how problem solvers learn to apply appropriate actions in problem solving. Part of this knowledge appears to result from learning the sets of problem features (schemata) that predict the success of different problem-solving actions (operators). A major claim is that this learning can be produced, in part, by the same mechanisms that produce concept formation and abstraction of object schemata. Studies using geometry proof problems and an abstract maze-searching task produce results similar to common findings in the schema abstraction literature: Performance improves as the prototypicality of the feature sets increases. Also examined are the effects of active processing of problem features, relevance of the discriminating features to the problem solution, amount of practice, and delay of feedback regarding the accuracy of operator selection. Subjects learn when to apply an operator better during active, deliberate hypothesis testing, regardless of feature relevance. Delayed feedback produces poorer performance with extended practice. A model of classification learning and a simulation of explicit hypothesis testing produced reasonable fits to the data. The failure to find evidence for unconscious learning is evidence against the automatic discrimination mechanism proposed in ACT ∗ .
The solidarity axiom for quasi-linear social choice problems

Recently, Moulin gave various axiomatic characterizations of solutions to quasi-linear social choice problems. He used a consistency axiom, which relates solutions for societies of different sizes, in addition to some basic axioms. In this paper, we introduce another axiom relating solutions for societies of different sizes, called the “Solidarity Axiom”. This axiom demands that when additional agents enter the scene, all of the original agents be affected in the same direction, i.e., all of them gain or all of them lose. Our main result is a complete characterization of solutions satisfying the solidarity axiom, in addition to Pareto optimality, anonymity and two normalization axioms. All solutions satisfying these five axioms are in the egalitarian spirit; each solution assigns to every agent an equal share of the surplus over some reference level, but uses a different method to compute the reference level. Then, using additional milder axioms, we give further characterization results concerning various subfamilies.
Holtzman Inkblot Anxiety and Shading Scores Related to State and Trait Anxiety

Summary The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the group Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) were administered to 52 college Ss in order to determine the relationship between HIT Anxiety (Ax) and Shading (Sh) scores and A-Trait and A-State scores. Neither Ax or Sh correlated with A-Trait. Ax correlated with A-State, both before and during the administration of the inkblots. To determine the influence of productivity or inhibition, inkblot protocol word counts were obtained. Word count failed to correlate with the sc ores on the STAI, but did correlate significantly with the HIT scores.
Correlation of tumor size and axillary lymph node involvement with prognosis in patients with T1 breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with T1 breast carcinoma remains controversial. Some studies have shown a low risk of lymph node metastasis and distant failure whereas others have not, possibly due to differences in the definition of tumor size. In this study, the authors assessed the relation between macroscopic tumor size, microscopic invasive tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, and prognosis in a group of patients with clinically lymph node negative disease. METHODS Between 1968 and 1986, 1865 women with American Joint Committee on Cancer clinical Stage I or II infiltrating carcinoma of the breast were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy with conservative surgery and radiation therapy. The study population was limited to 118 patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes for whom the macroscopic pathologic tumor size was identified unambiguously as being ≤ 2.0 cm, who underwent an axillary lymph node dissection with at least 6 lymph nodes sampled, and for whom the microscopic size of the invasive component could be determined. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 134 months (range, 90-208 months). No patients with pathologically negative axillary lymph nodes received systemic therapy. RESULTS Macroscopic and microscopic tumor sizes differed by > 5 mm in 17 patients (14%), by 3-5 mm in 24 patients (20%), and by ≤ 2 mm in 77 patients (65%). The macroscopic tumor size was smaller than the microscopic size in 37 patients (31%), larger in 55 patients (47%), and equal in 26 patients (22%). Pathologic axillary lymph node involvement was present in 21% of all patients. The risk of lymph node involvement was not significantly different for those patients with tumors ≤ 1 cm compared with patients with tumors ≥ 1.1 cm, regardless of whether tumor size was measured by macroscopic or microscopic examination. The 10-year actuarial rate of freedom from distant recurrence (FFDR) was 91% for lymph node negative patients with macroscopic tumors measuring ≤ 1.0 cm compared with 77% for patients with macroscopic tumors measuring ≥ 1.1 cm (P = 0.07). When measured microscopically, the rates were 96% and 72%, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There often is a discrepancy between microscopic tumor size and macroscopic tumor size. T1 tumors have a substantial risk of axillary lymph node metastasis whether measured macroscopically or microscopically. Among those patients with pathologic lymph node negative tumors who are not treated with systemic adjuvant therapy, microscopic invasive tumor size is a better predictor of 10-year FFDR than macroscopic tumor size. There is a substantial risk of distant failure for patients with tumors whose invasive component microscopically measure ≥ 1.1 cm, whereas the prognosis for patients with tumors that microscopically measured ≤ 1 cm is excellent. These results suggest that the microscopic size of the invasive component of breast carcinomas ≤2.0 cm routinely should be reported. Cancer 1998;83:2502-2508. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Deformation-induced microstructure and martensite effects on transgranular carbide precipitation in type 304 stainless steels

Abstract Plastic deformation of 304 stainless steel (SS) induces transgranular (TG) carbide precipitation, which is critically dependent on deformation-induced microstructural changes occurring during thermal treatment of the SS. Uniaxial deformation of the 304 SS to 40% strain produces a high density of intersecting micro-shear bands composed of heterogeneous bundles of twin-faults and about 12–17% strain-induced α′-martensite at the intersections of the twin-faults. Thermal treatment of 670°C for 0.1–10 h, however, results in a rapid annihilation/transformation of the strain-induced martensite and the concurrent formation of zones containing mixed thermal martensite laths and fine-grained austenite, though the thermal martensite also decreases with increasing heat treatment time. Simultaneous with these thermomechanically-induced microstructural changes, TG chromium-rich carbides form at intersections of twin-faults and on fine-austenite or thermal martensite boundaries in the SS; however, no correlation between strain-induced α′-martensite and carbides was observed in this work. The mechanisms of deformation-induced microstructure and (strain-induced and thermal) martensite effects on TG carbide precipitation in 304 SS are discussed.
Interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 receptor gene expression in pituitary tumors

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays a role in the stimulation, inhibition, differentiation, and regulation of cell growth. IL-6 has been shown to act as an autocrine growth factor in several tumors, and is expressed by a variety of tumors. IL-6 also exhibits a regulatory role in the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. It is produced by both the hypothalamus and the pituitary, and it induces the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Because of the regulatory role of IL-6 in tumor growth and its involvement in the pituitary, we decided to evaluate IL-6 and IL-6 receptor expression in pituitary tumors. For this purpose we utilized complimentary cDNA probes specific for the IL-6 and IL-6 receptor mRNA, as well as monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibodies for immunohistochemical analysis. Our results show that the IL-6 gene is expressed in the normal pituitary tissue. However, the non-functioning and functioning pituitary tumors such as the prolactin and growth hormone secreting tumors express increased levels of the IL-6 gene. The IL-6 receptor gene was only expressed in the prolactin secreting and non-functioning pituitary tumors. These results show that the IL-6 and IL-6 receptor gene expression is enhanced in pituitary tumors, thus suggesting a possible role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
Generation of Guanine–Thymidine Cross-Links in DNA by Peroxynitrite/Carbon Dioxide

Nitrosoperoxycarbonate derived from the combination of carbon dioxide and peroxynitrite is an important chemical mediator of inflammation. In aqueous solutions, it rapidly decomposes to the reactive species CO3•– and •NO2 radicals that are known to initiate the selective oxidation and nitration of guanine in DNA. We have previously demonstrated that the reactions of carbonate radical anions with guanine in 2′-deoxyoligoribonucleotides generate a previously unknown intrastrand cross-linked guanine–thymine product G*-T* with a covalent bond between the C8 (G*) and the thymine N3 (T*) atoms (CreanNucleic Acids Res. 2008, 36, 742−755). In this work, we demonstrate that G*-T* cross-linked products are also formed when peroxynitrite (0.1 mM) reacts with native DNA in aqueous solutions (pH 7.5–7.7) containing 25 mM carbon dioxide/bicarbonate, in addition to the well-known nitration/oxidation products of guanine such as 8-nitroguanine (8-nitro-G), 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole (NIm), 8-oxo-7,8-dehydroguanine (8-ox...