cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Withdrawal of lamivudine in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients after achieving effective maintained virological suppression

Abstract Background A recommendation was made by the ACT-HBV Asia-Pacific Steering Committee regarding the withdrawal of lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients after achieving effective maintained virological suppression. The outcome of patients following this therapeutic guideline has not been clearly investigated. Objective In this study, we examined the outcome of patients adherent to the lamivudine withdrawal guideline. Study design Seventy-one chronic hepatitis B patients achieving seroconversion of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) as well as effective maintained virological suppression during lamivudine therapy were included. Lamivudine was withdrawn provided that undetectable HBV-DNA had been documented on two separate occasions at least 6 months apart. The patients were followed for a median period of 15 months (range, 6–72 months). The effect of pre-therapeutic clinical and virological factors on time to relapse was analyzed. Results Of the 71 patients, 19 (27%) relapsed, of whom 5 showed reappearance of HBeAg and 14 had HBeAg-negative hepatitis. Cox proportional hazard model showed pre-therapeutic HBV-DNA level was the only predictor for time-to-relapse (hazard ratio = 1.023, 95% confidence interval = 1.004–1.043, P = 0.020). Categorical analysis showed that 15/34 (44.1%) and 4/37 (10.8%) patients with pretreatment HBV-DNA levels >108 and ≤108 copies/mL, respectively, relapsed during follow-ups. The accumulative relapse rates were significantly different between the two groups of patients (Kaplan–Meier method, P = 0.003). Conclusions In patients with pretreatment HBV-DNA levels ≤108 copies/mL, lamivudine could be withdrawn after achieving effective maintained virological suppression. Relapse of HBeAg-negative hepatitis remained a major problem.
The Use of Gendered Narratives in the Courtroom: Constructing an Identity Worthy of Leniency

In this article, we investigate interactional processes—the gendered construction and negotiation of creditable identities—that lend themselves to differential sentencing outcomes. Based on observa...
Distribution of trunk-injected 14C-imidacloprid in ash trees and effects on emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) adults

The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a destructive exotic pest of North American ash (Fraxinus sp.) trees. Trunk injection of imidacloprid is commonly used to protect landscape ash trees from A. planipennis damage. Efficacy can vary and little is known about the distri- bution, accumulation and persistence of this compound in trees. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and white ash (Fraxinus americana) trees were injected with 25 mCi of 14 C-imidacloprid plus non-labeled imidacloprid and were grown under water-sufficient and water stress conditions. Tree trunks, twigs, leaves and roots were sampled periodically for two years following injection. Imidacloprid concentra- tions did not vary (P > 0.05) between tree species or water treatments. Imidacloprid concentrations differed (P 30� ) than any of the other plant tissues. Imidacloprid concentrations in leaves increased steadily throughout the first (2004) growing season, whereas in the year following injection (2005), little imidacloprid was detected in leaves. Samples from outer bark and phloem collected with a cork-borer at 1 m and 2 m above ground line had low levels of imidacloprid as did fine roots. This suggests that imidacloprid translocation occurred mainly in the xylem. When adult A. planipennis were fed leaves from trunk-injected trees, an average of 71% of beetles were killed or intoxicated in 2004 compared with an average of 24% in 2005. Ash species and water treatment had little effect on A. planipennis mortality in either year.
The effects of potassium on early and late steps in aldosterone biosynthesis in cells of the zona glomerulosa.

It has been clearly established that potassium can modulate aldosterone biosynthesis. However, the site of action of potassium on the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway has not been definitively established. This study was designed to examine in vitro the effects of potassium on the isolated early phase and the isolated late phase of aldosterone biosynthesis in adrenal cell suspensions. When the potassium concentration was increased in glomerulosa cell suspensions from 0 to 6 mEq/liter, a significant increase in aldosterone production occurred (P < 0.01). However, when the potassium concentration was increased from 6 to 12 mEq/liter, changes observed in aldosterone production were small and inconsistent. The early phase of aldosterone biosynthesis was then isolated, using trilostane to inhibit the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and, therefore, to aldosterone. Increasing the potassium concentration of trilostane- treated glomerulosa cell suspensions either from 0 to 6 mEq/liter or from 6 to 12 mE...
Enhanced left ventricular systolic function early in type 2 diabetic mice: clinical implications.

It is unclear whether the increase in availability of substrates for energy production in diabetes can lead to enhanced systolic function early in the disease, before the onset of structural changes to the myocardium. To examine this issue, BKS.Cg-m +/+ Lepr db (db/db) mice with type 2 diabetes and wild type controls had left ventricular pressure-volume relationships determined in situ. We demonstrated that the db/db mice, when compared to their wild type controls, generated greater left ventricular pressure and an enhancement of left ventricular systolic function based on enhanced power/EDV, positive dP/dt, preload recruitable stroke work, dP/dt ‐ EDV relationship, and curvilinear end-systolic elastance. This enhancement in systolic function occurred despite the db/db mice having greater body weight, but similar preload (end-diastolic volume) and afterload (effective arterial elastance). We postulate that the previously described enhancement in renal glomerular filtration rate seen early in type 2 diabetes may be in part due to enhanced left ventricular systolic function early in this disease. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2004;1:89‐94
Denitrification and total nitrate uptake in streams of a tropical landscape

Rapid increases in nitrogen (N) loading are occurring in many tropical watersheds, but the fate of N in tropical streams is not well documented. Rates of nitrate uptake and denitrification were measured in nine tropical low-order streams with contrasting land use as part of the Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment II (LINX II) in Puerto Rico using short term (24-hour) additions of K(15)NO3 and NaBr. Background nitrate concentrations ranged from 105 to 997 microg N/L, and stream nitrate uptake lengths were long, varying from 315 to 8480 m (median of 1200 m). Other indices of nitrate uptake (mass transfer coefficient, V(f) [cm/s], and whole-stream nitrate uptake rate, U [microg N m(-2) s(-1)]) were low in comparison to other regions and were related to chemical, biological, and physical parameters. Denitrification rates were highly variable (0-133 microg N m(-2) min(-1); median = 15 microg N m(-2) min(-1)), were dominated by the end product N2 (rather than N2O), and were best predicted by whole-stream respiration rates and stream NO3 concentration. Denitrification accounted for 1-97% of nitrate uptake with five of nine streams having 35% or more of nitrate uptake via denitrification, showing that denitrification is a substantial sink for nitrate in tropical streams. Whole-stream nitrate uptake and denitrification in our study streams closely followed first-order uptake kinetics, indicating that NO3 uptake is limited by delivery of substrate (NO3) to the organisms involved in uptake or denitrification. In the context of whole-catchment nitrogen budgets, our finding that in-stream denitrification results in lower proportional production of N2O than terrestrial denitrification suggests that small streams can be viewed as the preferred site of denitrification in a watershed in order to minimize greenhouse gas N2O emissions. Conservation of small streams is thus critical in tropical ecosystem management.
Diffusion‐weighted radial fast spin‐echo for high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging at 3T

There is a need for an imaging sequence that can provide high-resolution diffusion tensor images at 3T near air–tissue interfaces. By employing a radial fast spin-echo (FSE) collection in conjunction with magnitude filtered back-projection reconstruction, high-resolution diffusion-weighted images can be produced without susceptibility artifacts. However, violation of the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) condition of diffusion prepared magnetization is a prominent problem for FSE trains that is magnified at higher fields. The unique aspect of violating the CPMG condition in trajectories that oversample the center of k-space and the implications for choosing the solution are examined. For collecting diffusion-weighted radial-FSE data at 3T we propose mixed-CPMG phase cycling of RF refocusing pulses combined with a 300% wider refocusing than excitation slice. It is shown that this approach produces accurate diffusion values in a phantom, and can be used to collect undistorted, high-resolution diffusion tensor images of the human brain. Magn Reson Med 60:270 –276, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phosphonate metabolism of Trichodesmium IMS101 and the production of greenhouse gases.

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate (1) the capacity of Trichodesmium IMS101 to hydrolyze phosphonates as a source of phosphorus (P) for growth, (2) the stoichiometric relationship between phosphonate use and biogenic gas production, and (3) the potential inhibition of phosphonate hydrolysis by additions of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Trichodesmium IMS101 is capable of cleaving the carbon-P bond found in methylphosphonate (MPn) and ethylphosphonate (EPn), and the decomposition of these particular phosphonates results in the stoichiometric production of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6), respectively. Growth on 2-aminoethylphosphonate (2-AEP) led to modest ethylene (C2H4) production. Normalized to rates of Trichodesmium carbon (C) fixation, biogenic gas production as a result of either MPn or EPn hydrolysis (0.95 ± 0.04 mmol CH4 (mol C)−1 and 1.18 ± 0.11 mmol C2H6 (mol C)−1, respectively) approximates rates of DIP use (1.11 ± 0.05 P mmol P (mol C)−1) measured in parallel cultures. DIP, MPn, and EPn can be used by Trichodesmium IMS101 as a sole source of P with equal metabolic efficiency. Additionally, neither MPn hydrolysis nor the production of CH4 was significantly inhibited by additions of up to 30 mmol DIP L−1. These results imply that Trichodesmium can use multiple P resources simultaneously for growth and that the production of greenhouse gases occurs during decomposition pathways of select phosphonates.
The use of vapor phase extraction in metabolic profiling of phytohormones and other metabolites.

Through complex networks of signaling interactions, phytohormones regulate growth, development, reproduction and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Comprehensive metabolomic approaches, seeking to quantify changes in vast numbers of plant metabolites, may ultimately clarify these complex signaling interactions and consequently explain pleiotropic effects on plant metabolism. Synergistic and antagonistic phytohormone signaling interactions, referred to as crosstalk, are often considered at the level of transduction without proper consideration of synthesis or accumulation of phytohormones because of the limitation and difficulty in quantifying numerous signals. Significant progress has recently been made in the expansion of metabolic profiling and analysis of multiple phytohormones [Birkemeyer et al. (J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 993, 89); Chiwocha et al. (Plant J., 2003, 35, 405); Muller et al. (Planta, 2002, 216, 44); Schmelz et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 10552)]. We recently presented a novel metabolic profiling approach to the analysis of acidic phytohormones and other metabolites based on a simplistic preparation scheme and analysis by chemical ionization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We now provide a detailed description of this vapor phase extraction technique and use pathogen infection of Arabidopsis with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 to illustrate metabolic changes in salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, jasmonic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, unsaturated C(18) fatty acids, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and phytotoxin coronatine. Directions for further method expansion are provided and include issues of recovery, derivatization, range of accessible analytes, optimization, reproducibility and future directions.
Volunteering as Othering: Understanding A Paradox of Social Distance, Obligation, and Reciprocity

This article challenges the notion of border crossing through volunteer work, arguing that recent literature on volunteer/service learning tend to assume that difference between volunteers and the community they work in is a given. Based on interviews of volunteers in a college alternative spring break trip in March 2013, this article shows that such difference is socially constructed through the naming of certain work, but not others, as volunteer work. The common interview answer was that volunteer work is something done for people distant from oneself—when one helps family or friends, it is not called volunteer work. Focusing and closely analyzing interviews of three volunteers, this article argues that calling certain work volunteer work is an act of othering the people one is helping as strangers. Advocating acknowledgment of this aspect of labeling volunteer work and seeing the benefit of the work not in border crossing but in re-imagining connections with various individuals, this article discusses ways to overcome the othering aspect of volunteering.
First observations of SBAS/WAAS scintillations: Using collocated scintillation measurements and all-sky images to study equatorial plasma bubbles

[1] The first observations of amplitude scintillations on a Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS) satellite signal are presented. The scintillations occurred on the signal transmitted by a Wide Area Augmentation Satellite (WAAS) on 8–9 September 2004 from 2250–0045 LT. The GPS receiver that measured the scintillations is located on Haleakala, Hawaii (geomagnetic: 21.3°N, 271.4°E). With a maximum S4 = 0.35, corresponding to a peak-to-peak SNR variation of 8 dB, the scintillations are relatively weak, which is to be expected for a site poleward of the equatorial anomaly during declining solar conditions. Using a collocated all-sky imager, features of the irregularity structuring in the equatorial plasma bubbles are resolved. The satellite signals scintillate when the ray path intersects the three main bubbles. The scintillation intensity tends to peak near the walls, and decreases slightly in the interior of the bubbles. In this case, the bubbles' leading (east) walls contain smaller-scale-size irregularities than the trailing (west) walls.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Titanocene-Containing Polyethers Based on Reaction with Ethylene Oxide-Containing Diols, Including Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

Many metal-containing polymers are only difficulty soluble or are insoluble, exist only as powders, and degrade without softening making processing difficult. In an effort to overcome these difficulties a series of titanocene polyethers were synthesized. The products were formed through reaction of hydroxyl-capped poly(ethylene glycol)s with titanocene dichloride. While some of the products softened (PEG> 1000 Daltons) in the 28 to 55 C range, none were soluble even utilizing heated solutions.
Effect of gender on health related quality of life in sarcoidosis.

Background: Sarcoidosis has different phenotypic manifestations which may have a diverse effect on functional status and quality of life. There are few studies in sarcoidosis addressing gender disparity and its effect on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) and functional status. Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender on HRQL and to identify associations between poor HRQL and the results of common clinical tests. Design:We assessed HRQL for 221 patients with sarcoidosis in a prospective, crosssectional study using the Short Form-36 Health Survey and Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire.We evaluated the association between the scores of these measures with patient characteristics, pulmonary function test (PFT) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) data. Results:Women had lower scores than men on every measure of HRQL and weaker associations to findings from PFT and 6MWT. Multivariate linear regression analyses demonstrated that reduced 6MWT distance and DLCO were significantly associated with poor HRQL in both genders but the sensation of dyspnea played a significant role in women only. Conclusions: Our results indicate that women with sarcoidosis have a lower HRQL score and a greater degree of functional impairment than men. The factors that are associated with poor HRQL differ by gender. Predictors of poor HRQL include reduction in DLCO and 6MWT distance and an increased sensation of dyspnea.
Quaker Brotherhood: Interracial Activism and the American Friends Service Committee, 1917–1950

Review of: "Quaker Brotherhood: Interracial Activism and the American Friends Service Committee," 1917–1950, by Allan W. Austin
Environmental Constitutionalism in South Asia: Analyzing the Experiences of Nepal and Sri Lanka

Why do some countries adopt constitutional environmental rights while others do not? This article uses qualitative content analysis of interviews conducted in Kathmandu (Nepal) and Colombo (Sri Lanka) to analyze the cases of Nepal, which adopted a constitutional environmental right in the 2007 Interim Constitution, and Sri Lanka, which has not enacted such a right in any of its governing charters. It finds that the presence of a constitutional environmental right in Nepal and the absence of such a right in Sri Lanka can be best explained directly with reference to domestic political conditions and structures, and indirectly in terms of the international normative environment in which the constitution was written. The article outlines a research agenda which focuses on evaluating the impacts of constitutional environmental rights. This research provides important insights into the process of constitutional design in developing states and the translation of international norms in domestic contexts.
A phase I/II study of induction oxaliplatin, 5FU chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer

15027 Background: Newly diagnosed locally advanced and unresectable pancreatic cancer has a 5 yr survival rate of less than 5%. Aggressive local therapy may provide the best means of achieving local control and prolonging survival. We administered concomitant chemoRT with Oxaliplatin and continuous infusional (CIV) 5FU to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in the phase I portion. Methods: Pts with histologically proven locally advanced pancreatic cancer were enrolled in standard Phase I 3+3 fashion to determine MTD. ChemoRT included 5FU 200mg/m2 CIV and Oxaliplatin wkly X5 wks. Radiation dose was 4500cGy in 25 fractions (180cGy/fx/d) over 5 wks followed by a conedown to the tumor and margin for an additional 540cGy x3 (total dose 5040 cGy in 28 fractions) Oxaliplatin was escalated from 30mg/m2 in 10mg intervals up to 60mg/m2. Following chemoRT, unresectable pts were treated with mFOLFOX6 x 6. Results: 15 pts enrolled in the phase I portion, all completed neoadjuvant therapy. Most hematologic toxic...
Principal Investigators and the Commercialization of Knowledge

The commercialization of scientific knowledge is playing an increasingly important role within the scientific community and especially for universities worldwide. Since policy makers expect an economic payoff from academic research and universities are faced with declining spending from the public sector, taking on technology transfer constitutes a new major objective of academia. As principal investigators (PIs) embody a key role within this process, scholars develop a growing interest in the unique skill and task set of these scientists. Therefore, this chapter highlights the process of commercialization of scientific knowledge as well as the role and concept of PIs by summarizing the existing strand of literature. Those researchers simultaneously act as project managers, negotiators as well as boundary spanners who bridge the gap between academia and industry. Getting a deeper understanding of the motives of PIs is crucial to provide an efficient infrastructure and facilitate the creation of research avenues fostering industrial innovation.
Geo-Economic Competition and Trade Bloc Formation: United States, German, and Japanese Exports, 1968–1992

AbstractIn the post-cold war world, geo-economic competition is thought to be replacing geopolitical competition as the focus of great power relations. The cold war years corresponded to the period of U.S. hegemony in world trade and relations in the Western bloc. With the shrinking of the power gap between the United States and the other two great trading states, Japan and West Germany, as well as increased competition for trade shares, a division of the world economy into trade blocs has been anticipated. An examination of export shares for the three great powers with 114 partners in the past quarter century, 1968 to 1992, indicates there is not much evidence for the hypothesis of a world devolving into trade blocs. While regional links have intensified somewhat between the United States and its neighbors in the Americas and between West Germany and its European Union partners, Japan is broadening and deepening its export linkages with extraregional partners. Fears of the formation of blocs in the world...
Applications of Faá Di Bruno's Formula in Mathematical Statistics

(1955). Applications of Faa Di Bruno's Formula in Mathematical Statistics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 340-348.
Connective tissue. VI. Synthesis of collagen by rat uterine slices.

SummaryUnder standardized conditions the formation of soluble collagen has been followed in uterine slices. Maximal incorporation of radioactivity under the conditions stated has been achieved by 1.250 μc of C14-lysine for an incubation period of 6 hours in Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37°C, with a pH range between 7.35 and 7.45 and an atmosphere of 95% oxygen and 5% CO2.
Numerical Simulation of Bentonite Extrusion Through a Narrow Planar Space

A mathematical model for bentonite expansion through a narrow planar space has been developed based on Terzaghi’s theory for clay deformation due to water intrusion. The bentonite expands in a radial direction through a horizontal planar gap, with a constant aperture, filled with water. The permeability and the compressibility of the bentonite are assumed functions of its void ratio. The resulting governing equation is a non-linear diffusion-like equation with void-ratio-dependent coefficients. Numerical solutions for the space-time-dependent void ratio in the expanding bentonite are obtained by applying the Finite Element Method. The finite element solution is combined with a predictor-corrector scheme for evaluations of the void ratio distribution and the location of the moving bentonite-tip boundary. A computer code has been developed for the numerical solutions. The numerical scheme is supported by comparing the results with an analytical solution.
Social Control of Negro-White Intermarriage

oriented as evidenced by its leadership is most nonlocalistic with respect to belief in opportunities. The work-oriented group places more emphasis institutionally on opportunities for youth through education rather than on the decline of family and community life. Education is regarded as a means to success, especially in the city. While no personal background factors were significantly related to institutional conservatism, the least conservative groups tended to include country dwellers, males, farm tenants, young persons, persons who had changed neighborhood residence, persons with previous urban experience, persons with a low scale of living, and low participants in clubs or churches. One explanation might be a rebellion on the part of these groups toward traditional family and organizational leadership.
The in vitro restoration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in banked blood.

The demonstration that red cell levels of 2,3-DPG play a central role in determining the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen has resulted in a renewed interest in methods for maintaining or restoring the level of this organic phosphate in stored blood. The effects of addition of inorganic phosphate, inosine and pyruvate, individually or in various combinations, all in a final concentration of 10 mM were evaluated 1 and 4 hours after supplementation of ACD-stored blood, 21 to 28 days old. In 14 studies the initial 2,3-DPG level averaged 176 mµmoles/ ml. RBC. In normal fresh blood the 2,3-DPG was 4200 ± 400 mµmoles/ml. RBC. Inosine addition raised the 2,3-DPG to 1395, inosine and phosphate to 1528, inosine and pyruvate to 3363, while the combination of inosine, pyruvate and phosphate increased the level to 6637 mµmoles/ml. RBC. After 2-3 hours of incubation most of the 2,3-DPG restoration had occured. The maximum effects did not require prior pH correction of the blood. Although inosine in a final concentration of 10 mM was required for optimum effects, the phosphate and pyruvate concentrations could be reduced to 4 mM. In the presence of inosine and phosphate alone the red cell accumulated large quantities of triose phosphates, fructose diphosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. These levels were reduced by the addition of pyruvate. Pyruvate addition appears necessary to provide sufficient NAD for maximum 2,3-DPG synthesis. Associated with 2,3-DPG restoration of the stored blood there was a rise in the P50 (the oxygen tension at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated) from a mean of 16.7 to 31.6 mm. Hg.
Localizing Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: CT Angiography Versus Tagged RBC Scintigraphy

OBJECTIVE. Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common cause of hospitalization and has substantial associated morbidity and financial cost. CT angiography (CTA) is emerging as an alternative to 99mTc-labeled RBC scintigraphy (RBC scintigraphy) for the localization of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB); however, data on comparative efficacy are scant. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of CTA compared with RBC scintigraphy in the overall evaluation and management of acute LGIB. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed images from all CTA examinations performed for suspected acute LGIB at our tertiary care hospital from January 2010 through November 2011. The comparison group was determined by retrospective review of twice the number of RBC scintigraphic scans consecutively obtained from June 2008 to November 2011 for the same indication. All CTA and RBC scintigraphic scans were reviewed for accurate localization of the site and source of suspected active LGIB. RESULTS. I...
A Microfluidic Approach for Inducing Cell Rotation by Means of Hydrodynamic Forces

Microfluidic technology allows to realize devices in which cells can be imaged in their three-dimensional shape. However, there are still some limitations in the method, due to the fact that cells follow a straight path while they are flowing in a channel. This can result in a loss in information, since only one side of the cell will be visible. Our work has started from the consideration that if a cell rotates, it is possible to overcome this problem. Several approaches have been proposed for cell manipulation in microfluidics. In our approach, cells are controlled by only taking advantages of hydrodynamic forces. Two different devices have been designed, realized, and tested. The first device induces cell rotation in a plane that is parallel (in-plane) to the observation plane, while the second one induce rotation in a plane perpendicular (out-of-plane) to the observation plane.
Stem cell grafts in anterior cervical and lumbar fusion: Rationale and data

Abstract Use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for spinal fusion has increased in recent years through the use of either cellular bone matrices (CBM) or bone marrow aspiration (BMA). Advantages of these stem cell graft types are their potential ability to provide long-term cell proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation afforded by the gold standard of autologous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) without the known drawbacks of its harvest. The aim of this article is to review the evidence on the use of allogeneic or autologous MSCs in anterior spine surgery through the utilization of CBM or BMA, respectively. Practice recommendations will then be provided based on the available published evidence.
A Review of the Emerging Field of Underwater Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometers are versatile sensor systems, owing to their high sensitivity and ability to simultaneously measure multiple chemical species. Over the last two decades, traditional laboratory-based membrane inlet mass spectrometers have been adapted for underwater use. Underwater mass spectrometry has drastically improved our capability to monitor a broad suite of gaseous compounds (e.g., dissolved atmospheric gases, light hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds) in the aquatic environment. Here we provide an overview of the progress made in the field of underwater mass spectrometry since its inception in the 1990s to the present. In particular, we discuss the approaches undertaken by various research groups in developing in situ mass spectrometers. We also provide examples to illustrate how underwater mass spectrometers have been used in the field. Finally, we present future trends in the field of in situ mass spectrometry. Most of these efforts are aimed at improving the quality and spatial and temporal scales of chemical measurements in the ocean. By providing up-to-date information on underwater mass spectrometry, this review offers guidance for researchers interested in adapting this technology as well as goals for future progress in the field.
We’ll make a man out of you yet: The masculinity of Peter in the book of Acts

According to scholars of masculinity studies, manhood is won or lost through the performance of gender-based expectations. In any given culture, masculinities exist in hierarchal relationships. The author of the book of Acts shows Peter demonstrating elite masculine performances in the narrative of Acts. Through Peter’s self-control, and the lack of self-control on the part of those who oppose him, his persuasive, public speech and his ability to control others in the text, Peter exhibits a masculinity that contradicts early portraits of Peter found in 1 Corinthians and the gospels of Matthew, Mark and John. Peter is not overcome by other people in Acts, and he demonstrates a masculinity that is complicit with the types of masculinities prized by the Romans and often considered out of the reach of foreigners.
Tunable prism based on piezoelectric metamaterial for acoustic beam steering

This letter reports a tunable acoustic prism featuring continuous beam steering for transverse waves at a single frequency. The proposed prism is comprised of arrayed piezoelectric unit-cells with individually connected inductive shunt circuits. Taking advantage of wave velocity shifting in the vicinity of the local resonant frequency of unit-cells, we can steer the harmonic transverse wave by adjusting the inductive loads, i.e., tuning the inductances. This beam steering mechanism is facilitated by add-on piezoelectric circuitry through electro-mechanical coupling, whereas the host medium is not altered. Our analysis shows that the propagation direction of an acoustic wave has a tuning range of more than 30°. This tunable prism can be used as an acoustic metamaterial for various devices operating at broadband frequencies.
Entry and Exit: Transperitoneal Laparoscopic and Robotic Approach

It is imperative for a surgeon performing a laparoscopic and/or robot-assisted procedure to follow the basic principles of entry and exit to ensure a safe outcome. Engaging in shortcuts may have a strong potential to convert a relatively straightforward procedure into a formidable venture.
Harnessing the strength of families to prevent social problems and promote adolescent well-being

Abstract The family context exerts notable influence on many domains of adolescent development and well-being. Recent research indicates that the family has the power not only to help youth get back on course after problems emerge, but that the family can also play a critical role in preventing problems for youth by reducing the severity of a problem or mitigating its occurrence. The purpose of this paper is to outline the promise and challenges of family-based approaches to prevention in social work practice. Research and theory have identified numerous risk and protective factors in the family. Prevention programs that address these risk and protective factors have shown strong evidence of reducing youth risky behavior. Program effects vary based on the strength of program implementation. Agencies often face barriers to implementation including maintaining model fidelity, engaging families, and sustaining funding. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Thanks to Whom? The Virtuous Cycle of Targeted Gratitude in Organizations

Gratitude and expressions of gratitude are associated with a range of outcomes that are likely to benefit organizations. Despite a growing number of studies exploring the antecedents and consequences of gratitude, research related to gratitude in organizational settings remains limited. The extant literature has also yet to examine differences in outcomes related to workplace targets, i.e. who or what one is specifically grateful for. In this paper, I consider the role of gratitude towards distinct workplace targets and corresponding relationships with organizational citizenship behaviors. Coworker gratitude, supervisor gratitude, and organization gratitude are introduced. I also examine social exchanges characterized by gratitude as a “virtuous cycle,” a chain of reinforcing positive events that are relevant to the study of organizational culture. Relationships between affective gratitude states, expressions of gratitude, and associated cultural implications are discussed.
Confessions of a Recovering Utopian

This is the author's personal statement of his journey from a young utopian idealist to a chastened anti-utopian realist
Horizontal Inequality and Violent Unrest in Jerusalem

In 2014 and then again in 2015-16 in Jerusalem, some Palestinians attacked Israelis and others, including through stabbings and vehicular attacks. A case study of Israeli rule of Palestinians in Je...
Executive Turnover and the Legal Environment: The Case of California Hospitals, 1960–1995

Examinations of executive turnover have analyzed whether poor organizational performance predicts changing leadership. However, few have examined environmental factors affecting turnover. Applying event history analysis to a random sample of California hospitals, we find that poor performance prompts executive turnover and that the legal environment impacts turnover in three ways. First, the legal form of hospitals shapes evaluation and replacement of executives. Second, a shift in the legal definition of not-for-profit hospitals affects turnover. Finally, turnover increases when hospitals change from for-profit to not-for-profit and vice versa. These findings persist in the presence of numerous control variables.
Ecology’s Renewed Importance in Policy

We have been hinting all along that ecology has a more prominent role to play in public policy debates than ever before. The multiple-scale and large-scale ecological changes that are tailored to large, multiple-scale networked ecological observations that we discussed in Chapter 6 should also be the focus of policy changes at multiple scales of governance — from local to global. Yet career ecologists have been frustrated at how little progress ecology as a science has made in turning the tide of environmental degradation and destruction. In this chapter we dive into this paradox by looking at the ecology of policy making itself and identifing matches and mismatches between ecological science and the complex ecology of politics.
“Matter Battles”: Cognitive Representations, Boundary Objects, and the Failure of Collaboration in Two Smart Cities

In this paper, I present a longitudinal study of two smart city projects that brought together experts from diverse knowledge domains. Both projects structured collaboration around the development ...
Outcomes of Adrenal Venous Sampling in Patients with Bilateral Adrenal Masses and ACTH-Independent Cushing’s Syndrome

Management of patients with bilateral adrenal masses and ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome (AICS) is challenging, as bilateral adrenalectomy can lead to steroid dependence and lifelong risk of adrenal crisis. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) has been previously reported to facilitate lateralization for guiding adrenalectomy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the utility of AVS using protocol from study by Young et al. in the management of patients with bilateral adrenal masses and AICS. A retrospective review of all patients with bilateral adrenal masses and AICS who underwent AVS from 2008 to 2016 was performed. AVS for cortisol and epinephrine was performed with dexamethasone suppression. The adrenal vein to peripheral vein cortisol ratios and side-to-side cortisol lateralization ratios were calculated. AVS was successful in 8 of 9 patients. All 8 patients had AVS results indicating bilateral cortisol hypersecretion. Six patients underwent adrenalectomy: 3 had unilateral adrenalectomy of the larger size mass, 2 had bilateral adrenalectomy (both sides >4 cm.) and 1 had stepwise bilateral adrenalectomy. Final pathology revealed macronodular adrenal hyperplasia in all 6 patients that underwent surgery. AVS was useful in excluding a unilateral adenoma as the source of AICS in this study of patients with bilateral adrenal masses and AICS. However, adrenal mass size influenced surgical decision making more than AVS results. More data are needed before AVS can be advocated as essential for management of patients with bilateral adrenal masses and AICS.
A New Era of HIV Risk: It's Not What You Know, It's Who You Know (and How Infectious).

HIV is transmitted in social and sexual relationships, and HIV transmission risks, as well as protective actions, are evolving as HIV epidemics unfold. The current focus of HIV prevention is center...
5 V Stable Nitrile-Bearing Polymer Electrolyte with Aliphatic Segment as Internal Plasticizer

The electrochemical properties of polymer electrolytes based on poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) and hydrogenated poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) blended with lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) were characterized, showing that copolymerization of acrylonitrile with aliphatic comonomers is an effective means to develop conductive, yet oxidatively stable, polymer electrolytes. The copolymer compositions were both 40 wt % acrylonitrile, and the copolymer glass transition temperatures of NBR and HNBR were determined to be −17.7 and −24.3 °C, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the polymer electrolytes are amorphous when mixed with LiTFSI to a concentration of at least five nitrogen atoms for every one Li cation (N/Li = 5), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the nitrile stretch mode confirmed that the nitrile functional groups coordinate Li cations. At N/Li = 5, the ionic conductivity of HNBR:LiTFSI was determined to be 3.1 × 10–7 S/cm at 25 °C and ...
Numerical study of discretization algorithms for stable estimation of disease parameters and epidemic forecasting.

In this paper we investigate how various discretization schemes could be incorporated in regularization algorithms for stable parameter estimation and forecasting in epidemiology. Specifically, we compare parametric and nonparametric discretization tools in terms of their impact on the accuracy of recovered disease parameters as well as their impact on future projections of new incidence cases. Both synthetic and real data for 1918 ``Spanish Flu" pandemic in San Francisco are considered. The discrete approximation of a time dependent transmission rate is combined with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm used to solve the nonlinear least squares problem aimed at fitting the model to limited incidence data for an unfolding outbreak. Our simulation study highlights the crucial role of a priori information at the early stage of an epidemic in mitigating the lack of stability in over-parameterized models with insufficient data. Fortunately, our results suggest that a balanced combination of problem-oriented regularization techniques is one way in which scientists can still draw useful conclusions about system parameters and in turn generate reliable forecasts that policy makers could use to guide control interventions.
El fluir de lo erótico: circulación y posesión del Arte de putear de Nicolás Fernández de Moratín

This article examines the information we have on the circulation, possession, and reading of Nicolas Fernandez de Moratin’s erotic poem Arte de putear with the objective of clarifying some aspects of its fluid reception during the decades after it was written. I will use some little-cited documents, as well as the data that can be obtained from the copies of the poem that are currently available. In a related process, I will also correct some erroneous information that has been presented during the last few years about one of the copies of the poem, which helps untangle the textual relationships among them and allows constructing a hypothetical stemma .
Recreation's Role in Total Fitness

(1956). Recreation's Role in Total Fitness. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 24-79.
Measurement of the angular dependence of the spontaneous Raman scattering in anisotropic crystalline materials using spherical samples: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate as a case example

A specialized experimental configuration was developed to allow for more-accurate characterization of the spontaneous Raman scattering properties in anisotropic materials. This need stems from the challenges, arising from the complexity of light propagation, in obtaining accurate measurements of the angular dependence of the Raman scattering cross section in birefringent materials. The nonlinear optical material KH2PO4 (KDP) is used as a model medium. This study is motivated by the need to improve our understanding and management of transverse stimulated Raman scattering in KDP crystals and its deuterated analog, DKDP, typically used for frequency conversion and polarization control in large-aperture laser systems. Key to this experimental platform is the use of high-quality spherical samples that enable one to measure the Raman scattering cross section in a wide range of geometries using only a single sample. The effect of polarization rotation of both the pump light and the collected Raman signal must be carefully considered in data analysis and can give rise to artifacts, which can, in part, be mitigated by reducing the input and collection cone angles.
Epileptic encephalopathy with features of rapid‐onset dystonia Parkinsonism and alternating hemiplegia of childhood: a novel combination phenotype associated with ATP1A3 mutation

Mutations in ATP1A3 have been found to cause rapid-onset dystonia Parkinsonism, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, epileptic encephalopathy and other syndromes. We report a four-year, nine-month-old boy with episodes of frequent and recurrent status epilepticus, who first began having generalized tonic-clonic seizures at four months of age. Development was normal until the age of four months, and markedly slowed down after the onset of seizures. Between the age of seven months and two and a half years, the patient had recurrent attacks of unilateral and bilateral hemiplegia. At the age of 21 months, after a febrile illness with status epilepticus, he regressed and developed continuous severe dystonia and bradykinesia with superimposed intermittent painful dystonic spasms. Extensive neurological and genetic workup revealed a de novo p.V589F ATP1A3 mutation (NM_152296.5:c.1765G>T, NC_000019.9:g.42482344C>A). This is a novel mutation associated with a novel phenotype that shares features with epileptic encephalopathy, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, and rapid-onset dystonia Parkinsonism.
Metabolomics for Rice Grain Quality

The rice grain metabolome encompasses all small molecules present in the grain at a certain time under a specific condition. Grain chemical composition is directly linked to food quality, and a number of analytical approaches have been applied to address the challenge of chemical complexity of grain matrix. These approaches have been utilized in order to achieve specificity, sensitivity, and coverage. In many instances, a combination of different analytical platforms, followed by multivariate data analysis, has been utilized to assess rice quality attributes. Metabolomics approaches for sample profiling, compound identification, and quantification include compound separation either by capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas chromatography (GC), or liquid chromatography (LC), or direct infusion or ionization without prior separation such as used in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) followed by mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The analytical platform employed will depend on the research goal and on the analytes of interest and may require specific sample preparation steps accordingly. General aspects of each metabolomic platform and details regarding data acquisition, processing, analysis, and interpretation are discussed within the context of different applications to the quality of rice grain and rice-derived products.
Portraiture as collage: ethnic studies as a methodological framework for education research

In this article, Curammeng addresses how Ethnic Studies can inform portraiture and its capacity for qualitative research studies. Using Filipino American teachers’ narratives, Curammeng describes p...
Breaking electrolyte symmetry in induced-charge electro-osmosis

Induced-charge electro-osmotic (ICEO) flow caused by an alternating electric field applied around an infinitely long, ideally polarizable, uncharged circular cylinder in a binary electrolyte with unequal cation and anion diffusion coefficients is analysed. The thin-Debye-layer and weak-field approximations are invoked to compute the time-averaged, or rectified, quadrupolar ICEO flow around the cylinder. The inequality of ionic diffusion coefficients leads to transient ion concentration gradients, or concentration polarization, in the electroneutral bulk electrolyte outside the Debye layer. Consequently, the electric potential in the bulk is non-harmonic. Further, the concentration polarization alters the electro-osmotic slip at the surface of the cylinder and generates body forces in the bulk, both of which affect the rectified ICEO flow. Predictions for the strength of the rectified flow for varying ratio of ionic diffusion coefficients are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. Our work highlights that an inequality in ionic diffusion coefficients – which all electrolytes possess to some extent – is an important factor in modelling ICEO flows.