cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing Literary Criticism

THE DRAMA OF CU RRE NT literary criticism lies in the attempt of many talented people to cross a threshold between two conceptions of what it is they are doing. On the one side there is the idea that criticism is an activity or process of the mind that operates upon the literary work as its designated object; on the other side is the idea of criticism as a social and cultural practice?something that goes on in the world or in history rather than in the mind or between a subject and object. The first idea is unmistakably Cartesian-Romantic in character; the second is not so easy to name because it is not so well understood, but it is clearly related to Wittgenstein's reflections on what it means to make sense of anything, when making sense is not an epistemological process but simply a matter of knowing how to do such a thing when the situation calls for it. Think of making sense as something customary rather than as something mental, and you will have an idea of what sort of threshold literary critics now seem prepared to cross. Perhaps not quite fully prepared: the wise man probes with his foot. Take Geoffrey Hartman, the most artful and scrupulous critic now writing.1 Geoffrey Hartman can be described as a Cartesian-Romantic who, however, knows that everything occurs in history, even those most prestigious events called "acts of the mind." In order to understand what goes on in anyone's mind, one must first understand what goes on in history. "History" here is not history as an object of knowledge but history as a horizon of life. It is not the history conceived and studied by professional historians but history in the sense of "history of philoso phy," which is not a history of ideas but a history of philosophical practices?ways of doing what is called "philosophy," such as knowing how to talk about Plato and Kant. To become a philosopher does not require the having of philosophical ideas; rather, what is required is the close and meticulous study of philosophical texts from the Pre-Socratic fragments to Jacques Derrida's Glas. To understand these texts (that is, to be able to talk about them in a way that makes sense to those who also read them) is to be a philosopher. Philosophy in this social sense is not something that goes on in the mind; it is something that goes on
The Modulo 1 Central Limit Theorem and Benford's Law for Products

Using elementary results from Fourier analysis, we provide an alternate proof of a necessary and sufficient condition for the sum of M in- dependent continuous random variables modulo 1 to converge to the uniform distribution in L 1 ((0, 1)), and discuss generalizations to discrete random vari- ables. A consequence is that if X1 ,...,X M are independent continuous random variables with densities f1 ,...,f M , for any base B as M →∞ for many choices of the densities the distribution of the digits of X1 ··· XM converges to Ben- ford's law base B. The rate of convergence can be quantified in terms of the Fourier coefficients of the densities, and provides an explanation for the preva- lence of Benford behavior in many diverse systems. To highlight the difference in behavior between identically and non-identically distributed random vari- ables, we construct a sequence of densities {fi} with the following properties: (1) for each i, if every Xk is independently chosen with density fi then the sum converges to the uniform distribution; (2) if the Xk's are independent but non-identical, with Xk having distribution fk, then the sum does not converge to the uniform distribution.
Quantum Schubert polynomials

where In is the ideal generated by symmetric polynomials in x1,... ,xn without constant term. Another, geometric, description of the cohomology ring of the flag manifold is based on the decomposition of Fln into Schubert cells. These are even-dimensional cells indexed by the elements w of the symmetric group Sn. The corresponding cohomology classes oa, called Schubert classes, form an additive basis in H* (Fln 2) . To relate the two descriptions, one would like to determine which elements of 2[xl, ... , Xn]/In correspond to the Schubert classes under the isomorphism (1.1). This was first done in [2] (see also [8]) for a general case of an arbitrary complex semisimple Lie group. Later, Lascoux and Schiitzenberger [22] came up with a combinatorial version of this theory (for the type A) by introducing remarkable polynomial representatives of the Schubert classes oa called Schubert polynomials and denoted Gw. Recently, motivated by ideas that came from the string theory [31, 30], mathematicians defined, for any Kahler algebraic manifold X, the (small) quantum cohomology ring QH* (X, 2), which is a certain deformation of the classical cohomology ring (see, e.g., [28, 19, 14] and references therein). The additive structure of QH* (X , 2) is essentially the same as that of ordinary cohomology. In particular, QH* (Fln , Z) is canonically isomorphic, as an abelian group, to the tensor product H* (Fln , 2) (0 Z[ql,..., qn-1], where the qi are formal variables (deformation parameters). The multiplicative structure of the quantum cohomology is however
Control of Microorganisms by Destruction

The death of some microbial cells occurs during refrigeration, freezing, drying, or chemical treatment. However, these systems are not expected to produce a sterile food. Sterilization is considered to be a process by which all forms of life are destroyed. When subjected to a lethal process, a bacterial culture is reduced at a rate that is approximately logarithmic. This indicates a first-order reaction. The inactivation or death of cells can be determined by theformula $$ K=\frac{\log a-\log b}{t} $$ where K is the death rate, a is the initial number of organisms, and b is the number of cells remaining at time t.
Hypothalamic Neurons Regulating Body Temperature

The sections in this article are: 1 Types of Neurons 1.1 Criteria for Neuronal Thermosensitivity 1.2 Distribution of Thermosensitive Neurons 2 Mechanisms of Neuronal Thermosensitivity 2.1 Warm-Sensitive Neurons 2.2 Cold-Sensitive Neurons 2.3 Temperature-Insensitive Neurons 3 Neuronal Integration of Central and Peripheral Temperature
Herbicides and planting date affect early performance of container-grown and bare-root loblolly pine seedlings in Alabama

The survival of bare-root and container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings exceeded 90% when outplanted in March at two sites in Lee County, Alabama. At both sites, soil moisture and seedling survival were greater in March than in May. A March herbicide application reduced weed biomass by 75–80% at both sites. At the moist site, herbicide application did not affect survival. However, at the drier site, a reduction in weed biomass increased both the percent soil moisture and the survival of May-planted bare-root seedlings. When soil moisture at planting time was less than 13% on a dry weight basis container-grown seedlings survived better than bare-root seedlings. At both sites, reduced weed competition resulted in greater seedling heights and diameters.
Complexity of Scheduling Shops with No Wait in Process

We show that obtaining minimum finish time schedules with no wait in process is NP-Hard for flow shops, job shops and open shops. Specifically, it is shown that the two processor job and open shop problems are NP-Hard even when jobs are restricted to have no task of length zero. The two processor flow shop problem is NP-Hard if jobs with only one task are permitted. Note that Gilmore and Gomory Gilmore, P., R. Gomory. 1964. Sequencing a one state-variable machine: A solvable case of the travelling salesman problem. Oper. Res.12 655--679. have obtained a polynomial time algorithm for the two processor flow shop for the case where every job has two tasks. The 4-sum and 2-pair problems are also shown NP-Hard.
Student ethics in an era of personal entitlement.

Summary 397 students arriving to take an exam in a junior level Principles of Management course were clearly warned on several occasions to keep cell phones outside the testing area or receive a failing test grade if the policy was violated. Just before the examination was administered, with all students sitting in their assigned seats, the professor made a final announcement that anyone still in possession of a cell phone would have one last opportunity to come forward and place it in a box at the front of the testing room. After eight students accepted this final “opportunity,” the professor produced a handheld metal detector, demonstrated how it could detect cell phones placed inside clothing, and informed the class that random screening of students would be conducted as they handed in their examinations. He then added that, as a special favor, he would allow a two-minute amnesty period during which any student could bring a cell phone to the front of the room for storage during the test. 38 students r...
Purkinje cell and cerebellar effects following developmental exposure to PCBs and/or MeHg

Abstract We recently reported that rats exposed to PCBs and MeHg during development were impaired on the rotating rod, a test of balance and coordination that is often indicative of cerebellar damage. In addition, developmental PCB exposure is known to dramatically reduce circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, which may have a negative impact on cerebellar development. Therefore, we investigated the effects of combined PCB and MeHg exposure on Purkinje cells and the cerebellum. The serum and brains from littermates of the animals tested on the rotating rod were collected at weaning, and we also collected brains from the adult animals at the end of motor testing. Four groups were studied: 1) vehicle controls, 2) PCBs only (Aroclor 1254, 6 mg/kg/d, oral), 3) MeHg only (0.5 ppm, in dams' drinking water), and 4) PCB + MeHg (at the same doses as in individual toxicant exposures). Female Long–Evans rats were exposed beginning 4 weeks prior to breeding with an unexposed male and continuing until postnatal day (PND) 16. There was a significant reduction in serum T4 and T3 concentrations in the PCB and PCB + MeHg pups on PND21. Golgi-impregnated Purkinje cells were examined in PND21 brains, but there were no significant exposure-related effects on primary dendrite length, branching area, or structural abnormalities. However, all three male exposure groups had a marginally significant increase in Purkinje cell height, which may suggest a subtle thyromimetic effect in the cerebellum. Cresyl-violet stained sections from the adult brains showed no exposure-related effects within paramedian lobule in Purkinje cell number, total lobule volume or layer volumes (molecular, granule cell and white matter layers). Evidence is provided for the dysregulation of expression of cerebellar ryanodine receptor (RyR) isoforms in PCB-exposed brains, and this could contribute to the rotating rod deficit by changing critical aspects of intracellular calcium signaling within the cerebellum.
Lymphocytic leukemia, atypical dermatomyositis, and hyperlipidemia in a 4-year-old boy.

SYMPTOMS similar to rheumato id arthri t is may occur early in the course of chi ldhood leukemia, ~ 2 but the presenta t ion of mal ignancy with a dermatomyosi t i s l ike syndrome has rarely been men t ioned in the pedia t r ic age group, in contrast to adults in whom reports o f the coexistence of mal ignancy and dermatomyosi t i s have ranged f rom 13% to 52%. 3. ~ In this pape r we repor t the occurrence of a dermatomyosit isl ike syndrome in a child with an undetec ted malignancy.
Neural tolerance in high and low ethanol selecting mouse strains.

Abstract Determinations were made of neural tolerance in high and low ethanol selecting mouse strains. Neural tolerance was assessed by infusing a 10% ethanol solution intraperitoneally while stimulating and recording the amplitude of the jaw-jerk reflex. The high ethanol selecting C57BL/6j strain required twice as much infusion time as the low ethanol selecting BALB and CBA/j strains to depress the jaw-jerk amplitude to 50% of the pre-infusion level. These results and previous findings suggest that neural tolerance may play a role in ethanol selection.
Combined external urethral bulking and artificial urinary sphincter for urethral atrophy and stress urinary incontinence

OBJECTIVE To describe a technique of externally bulking the urethra with a soft-tissue graft before placing another artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), as when placing another AUS for recurrent male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) other manoeuvres, e.g. placing a tandem cuff or transcorporal cuff, must be used to obtain urinary continence in an atrophic urethra, and each is associated with morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2003 to July 2004, five patients (mean age 74 years, range 62–84) treated by radical prostatectomy were referred for recurrent SUI after placing an AUS (four, including one with urethral erosion) or a male sling (one, with a resulting atrophic urethra). Each patient was treated with an external urethral bulking agent (Surgisis® ES, Cook Urological, Spencer, Indiana) and had an AUS placed. RESULTS In each patient the greatest urethral circumference was <4 cm. To place a functional 4 cm cuff, the diameter of the urethra was enhanced by wrapping it with Surgisis ES. Continence was significantly improved in all patients except one 84-year-old man who had the replanted artificial sphincter removed because of erosion 14 months after surgery. CONCLUSION In cases of severe recurrent SUI from urethral atrophy after placing an AUS, externally bulking the urethra with Surgisis ES before placing another AUS is well tolerated, and gives satisfactory results.
The first example ot the benzo[b]pyrimido[4,5-f]azocine king system

Base catalyzed cyclization of ethyl 4-[2-(2-amino-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate, derived from ethyl 4-methyl-2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate and 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenz-aldehyde, gave 5,6-dihydro-8,9-dimethoxy-3-phenylbenzo[b]pyrimido[4,5-f]azocine-12(11H)-one, the first reported example of this ring system.
The decomposition of substituted benzoyl peroxides in the presence of dimethoxybenzenes

Abstract Benzoyl peroxides, particularly those containing electron withdrawing substituents, undergo rapid decomposition in the presence of m-dimethoxybenzene, p-dimethoxybenzene, 2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene, and 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene. Reactions are first order in peroxide and dimethoxy benzene, increasing in the order given. Identified products are the acids corresponding to the peroxide and esters involving ring substitution, ring-substitution with elimination of a t-Bu group, and benzylic substitution. It is proposed that reaction involves a rate-determining charge transfer transition state leading to radical ion pairs which collapse to products. No free radicals have been detected.
Phosphorylation of Tyr319 in ZAP-70 is required for T-cell antigen receptor-dependent phospholipase C-γ1 and Ras activation

Accumulating evidence indicates that the interdomain B regions of ZAP‐70 and Syk play pivotal roles in the coupling of T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation to the activation of downstream signaling pathways. The interdomain B region of ZAP‐70 contains at least three candidate sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. In this report, we identify Tyr319 as a functionally important phosphorylation site in the ZAP‐70 interdomain B region. TCR crosslinkage triggered a rapid increase in the phosphorylation of Tyr319 in Jurkat T cells. Although mutation of Tyr319 to Phe had no effect on the tyrosine kinase activity of ZAP‐70, the resulting ZAP(Y319→F) mutant failed to reconstitute TCR‐dependent Ca 2+ mobilization, Ras activation, CD69 expression and NFAT‐dependent transcription in ZAP‐70‐deficient Jurkat cells. These defects were correlated with reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)‐γ1 and the LAT adapter protein in the ZAP(Y319→F)‐expressing cells. On the other hand, ZAP(Y319→F)‐expressing cells displayed normal increases in SLP‐76 phosphorylation and ERK activation during TCR stimulation. Phosphorylation of Tyr319 promoted the association of ZAP‐70 with the SH2 domains of two key signaling molecules, Lck and PLC‐γ1. These studies suggest that Tyr319 phosphorylation is required for the assembly of a ZAP‐70‐containing signaling complex that leads to the activation of the PLC‐γ1‐ and Ras‐dependent signaling cascades in antigen‐stimulated T cells.
Organic carbon stocks in the Russian Chernozem

Summary Chernozems (Mollisols) play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but their contribution to the global carbon stock is often underestimated. We have estimated stocks of organic carbon in the upper 2 m in the Russian Chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) under four management regimes: a native grassland (not cultivated for at least 300 years), an adjacent continuous fallow field, a yearly-cut meadow and an arable field in the Kursk region of Russia. The organic carbon stored in the top 2 m was 462 t ha−1 for the grassland, 451 t ha−1 for the yearly-cut meadow, 387 t ha−1 for the arable field and 349 t ha−1 for the continuous fallow. From 18 to 26% of the total organic C in the top 2 m was between 1 and 2 m in all four regimes. Vertical distribution of organic C was modelled by an exponential function for which the R2 values lay in the range 0.89–0.95, depending on the regime. This exponential function was used to predict organic C below 2 m in the Haplic Chernozem. Model estimates showed that if we include organic C stored in the Russian Chernozem between 1 and 3 m we shall increase our estimates of C stored by 27–30%.
A Profile Approach to Child Care Quality, Quantity, and Type of Setting: Parent Selection of Infant Child Care Arrangements.

Building on prior variable-oriented research which demonstrates the independence of the associations of child care quality, quantity, and type of setting with family factors and child outcomes, the current study identifies four profiles of child care dimensions from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Profiles accounted for 73% of total variance in 10 child care variables measured for 489 6-month-olds in nonparental child care including type of setting, quantity of care, and structural/process quality indicators. Dominant marker variables were used to label the four profiles which revealed complex patterns. Lower family risk, especially higher maternal education, was associated with profiles marked by features associated with better child outcomes, but only maternal belief in the harm of maternal employment protected against child care profiles with features associated with poorer child outcomes. By allowing child care characteristics to correlate freely with dimension profiles usin...
Evidence-based Research Challenges Home Care PPS Patient Benefits, Costs, and Payment Structure:

A neglected area of discussion in home care is the relationship and dissonance between evidence-based research on effective home and community-based interventions, Medicare home health practice, and the Medicare Home Health Prospective Payment System (PPS). PPS is critical because the literature increasingly indicates that the PPS reimbursement framework drives home health agency and practitioner resource allocation and practice decisions. However, the PPS system does not have an evidence-based evaluation process to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of new, or existing, intervention. The article reviews existing evidence-based research on the effectiveness of home-based environmental skills building, counseling, and support group interventions, which benefit patients, caregivers, home health agencies, and Medicare. The article indicates these interventions have never been evaluated, nor are they covered by Medicare. The article asserts the need for such an evaluation process to evaluate in...
Some Empirical Aspects of the Sequential Analysis Technique as Applied to an Achievement Examination

With the presentation of the early paper 1 on sequential analysis by Dr. Wald, a new frontier in modern statistics was achieved. Prior to those writings it had been shown by Professor R. A. Fisher that the proper place for determ ining the size of sample needed in an experiment was in the planning of the experiment itself. That is, before the experiment was executed. It is well known that previous to Fisher's work, most thought about the proper sample size took place after the experiment was run. We note to day the metamorphosis of the determination of sample size, for with Wald's writing we see that under certain circumstances "n" is no longer to be regarded as a fixed quantity but as a ran dom variable, and that the designation of the proper sample size is made by the experiment itself. It is in the sense that the statistical cog itation about "n" becomes a part of the experi ment rather than a prelude or post-mortem of it, that the marvel of the sequential procedure is noted. The use of sequential analysis in educational problems has been undertaken at least by two authors. 2, 3 Dr. H. M. Walker has made a con tribution in the field of item analysis, and Dr. Cowden used sequential analysis in administer ing an examination.
A comparison of scheduling philosophies for manufacturing cells

Abstract In this paper we compare three approaches for assigning workers to tasks and controlling the movement of jobs through cellular manufacturing systems. The objective is to minimize throughput time for part batches. The scheduling approaches considered include 1) individual machine loading with batches being sequenced on a first come, first served basis; 2) a cell dedication strategy wherein the cell is devoted to a single product type at a time; and 3) a job enrichment strategy where each batch is assigned to a single, cross-trained operator who must perform all batch operations. The approaches are compared by queueing approximations and simulation over a variety of conditions. Dedicated cells are shown to perform best when cells are large, with balanced workloads and large lot sizes. Assigning batches to cross-trained workers may produce quality and morale advantages without adversely affecting throughput times as compared to traditional batch handling techniques, particularly if machines are not heavily utilized.
Coronary Kinin Generation Mediates Nitric Oxide Release After Angiotensin Receptor Stimulation

Abstract Our goal was to determine whether angiotensin II (Ang II) and its metabolic fragments release nitric oxide and the mechanisms by which this occurs in blood vessels from the canine heart. We incubated 20 mg of microvessels or large coronary arteries in phosphate-buffered saline for 20 minutes and measured nitrite release. Nitrite release increased from 27±2 up to 103±5, 145±17, 84±4, 107±16, and 54±4 pmol/mg ( P −5 mol/L of Ang I, II, III, IV, and Ang-(1-7), respectively. The effects of all angiotensins were blocked by N ω -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μmol/L), indicating that nitrite was a product of nitric oxide metabolism, and by Hoe 140 (10 μmol/L), a specific bradykinin B 2 receptor antagonist, indicating a potential role for local kinin formation. The protease inhibitors aprotinin (10 μmol/L) and soybean trypsin inhibitor, which block local kinin formation, inhibited nitrite release by all of the angiotensins. Angiotensin nonselective (saralasin), type 1–specific (losartan), and type 2–specific (PD 123319) receptor antagonists abolished the nitrite released in response to all the fragments. Angiotensin type 1 and type 2 and receptors mediate nitrite release after Ang I, II, III, and Ang-(1-7), whereas only type 2 receptors mediate nitrite release after Ang IV. Similar results were obtained in large coronary arteries. In summary, formation of nitrite from coronary microvessels and large arteries in the normal dog heart in response to angiotensin peptides is due to the activation of local kinin production in the coronary vessel wall.
The mystery of the mystery of common genetic diseases

Common monogenic genetic diseases, ones that have unexpectedly high frequencies in certain populations, have attracted a great number of conflicting evolutionary explanations. This paper will attempt to explain the mystery of why two particularly extensively studied common genetic diseases, Tay Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis, remain evolutionary mysteries despite decades of research. I review the most commonly cited evolutionary processes used to explain common genetic diseases: reproductive compensation, random genetic drift (in the context of founder effect), and especially heterozygote advantage. The latter process has drawn a particularly large amount of attention, having so successfully explained the elevated frequency of sickle cell anemia in malaria-endemic areas. However, the empirical evidence for heterozygote advantage in other common genetic diseases is quite weak. I introduce and illustrate the significance of a hierarchy of genetic disease phenomena found within the genetic disease explanations, which include the phenomena: single mutation variants of a common genetic disease, single genetic diseases, and classes of diseases with related phenotypic effects. I demonstrate that some of the confusion over the explanations of common genetic diseases can be traced back to confusions over which phenomena are being explained. I proceed to briefly evaluate the existing evidence for two common human genetic diseases: Tay Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis. The above considerations will ultimately shed light on why these diseases’ evolutionary explanations remain so deeply unresolved after so such a great volume of research.
Sodium valproate alters GnRH-GABA interactions during development in seizure-prone mice.

Abstract During reproductive maturation, characteristic changes occur in the morphology of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) cell population within the hypothalamus. In the early stages of development, GnRH neurons are bipolar cells; however, just before pubertal onset, the majority of these neurons transform into unipolar cells. Our laboratory has reported that valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic medication that has previously been shown to slow the velocity of pubertal development in both humans and seizure-prone mice, is capable of delaying the normal process of GnRH morphological differentiation. As VPA is primarily believed to act via a GABAergic mechanism, the present study investigated potential influences of VPA on GnRH–GABA interactions within the medial preoptic area (mPOA) across pubertal development (experiment 1), as well as in adult animals (experiment 2). The results from experiment 1 revealed the expected drug effects on GnRH cell morphology. For VPA animals, there was a greater percentage of bipolar neurons at every time period except for the 24-day sample. Additionally, VPA animals had greater numbers of bipolar and unipolar GnRH neurons with GABA associations across all ages. However, experiment 2 showed a lack of drug effects on GnRH–GABA interactions in adulthood. These results suggest that VPA may delay GnRH cell morphological maturation by altering the density of GABAergic inputs to GnRH neurons. These inputs may normally play a role in timing the activation of the GnRH pulse generator. However, any neuroendocrine effects of VPA in adulthood are most likely due to the actions of VPA at another level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
A review of overhead secondary distribution

This paper provides a comparison of results of 5 economic studies* that were made to determine the economic relationship between conductor sizes and distribution transformer sizes for various load densities and rates of load growth. The progressive method of distribution design, which provides additions rather than replacements, has been found most economical. Increase in load density can be handled most economically by the subdivision of secondary mains and the installation of intermediate transformers. Numbers 4, 3, or 2 conductors and 15-kva transformers should be favored for overhead secondary distribution in residential areas in cities and towns. Rural lines and service to rural communities are not considered in this comparison.
Is Our CD/DVD Collection Worth All This? A Cost-Per-Use Study of Accompanying Materials

This research reports on a study designed to quantify the time and monies spent on cataloging and processing texts with accompanying materials. The study was designed to address a need for data to assist in collection development and workflow decisions.
MyoD Meets Its Maker

A model to account for the role of Pax-3 in myogenesis is shown in Figure 2Figure 2. Not surprisingly, these new studies on the myogenic functions of Pax-3 raise as many questions as they answer. For example, how does Pax-3 activate MyoD expression? Is the MyoD gene a direct target for transcriptional activation by Pax-3 or are there intermediate steps? MyoD transcription has been shown to be controlled by two distal upstream enhancers (9x.. Goldhammer, D.J., Faerman, A., Shani, M., and Emerson, C.P. Jr. . 1992; 256: 538–542See all References, 1x.. Asakura, A., Lyons, G.E., and Tapscott, S.J. Dev. Biol. 1995; 171: 386–398Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (82)See all References). A simple model would be that Pax-3 binds directly to one of these enhancers and activates MyoD transcription in collaboration with other enhancer-binding factors. However, since MyoD is expressed in only a subset of cells that express Pax-3, there must be other positive and negative cofactors that modulate the myogenic activity of Pax-3. What are the identities of such factors and what are their mechanisms of action? Pax-3 also has other functions in addition to regulating MyoD expression. What determines the sets of downstream genes regulated by Pax-3 in different cell types?Figure 2A Model for Regulatory Interactions in the Myogenic PathwayWnts and Shh produced by the neural tube and notochord, respectively, cooperate to induce Myf-5 and Pax-3 expression in the somites. Surface ectoderm also induces Myf-5 and MyoD expression. Myf-5 appears to regulate the early expression and Pax-3 the late expression of MyoD. Pax-3 also regulates c-Met expression, which is required for migration of muscle precursor cells to the limb bud. Myogenin acts downstream of MyoD and Myf-5 and is an essential activator of myogenesis in lateral and medial muscle lineages.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideWhile there has been headway toward unraveling the mechanisms that regulate MyoD expression, little is known about the regulation of Myf-5. Does Pax-3 also play a role in Myf-5 regulation and what are the regulatory factors that control MyoD and Myf-5 expression in head muscle lineages? Moreover, what is the logic behind the existence of multiple apparently separate pathways for the formation of skeletal muscle when a single pathway would seem sufficient? Does this complexity simply expand the regulatory potential within these lineages or is there another reason? In this regard, what is the mechanism that allows one myogenic lineage to compensate for another or one genetic pathway to take over when another is absent?Finally, MyoD has been widely heralded as a “master regulator” of the myogenic lineage. A lesson from these studies is that being a master or a slave depends on the point of view.
Matching High-Dependence and Low-Dependence Smokers to Self-Help Treatment with or Without Nicotine Replacement

Abstract Background. This study investigated the effect of matching smokers to nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine gum) on the basis of the pretreatment level of nicotine dependence. Methods. One hundred seventy-three smokers, classified as high or low on nicotine dependence using the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, were assigned at random to receive nicotine gum (2 mg), chewed ad libitum, or to not receive nicotine gum. All smokers participated concurrently in a 5-week treatment program consisting of four brief counseling sessions combined with a self-help manual provided by the American Lung Association. Results. Results showed that smokers with high levels of nicotine dependence were significantly more likely to quit smoking during treatment if they received nicotine gum (31.9%) than high-dependence smokers who did not receive the gum (12.2%). There was a tendency for smokers with low levels of nicotine dependence to do worse during treatment if they received gum (13.5% quit) than they did when they received no gum (20% quit), although this difference was not statistically significant. The relative differences in outcomes persisted after 1 year of follow-up, but the high overall rate of relapse (92.5%) rendered the absolute size of the differences statistically insignificant. Conclusion. The results of the study are discussed in terms of strategies that might improve the success of treatment-matching approaches with newer forms of nicotine replacement therapies.
Stealth quasi-circular depressions (sQCDs) in the northern lowlands of Mars

[1] While QCDs are quasi-circular depressions revealed in the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) gridded data set, “stealth QCDs” (sQCDs) are those QCDs that have no obvious structural representation in visible images of Mars. It has been suggested that sQCDs are surface representations of buried impact craters, and on the basis of this assumption, size-frequency distributions of all QCDs in the northern lowlands have been constructed to date the buried lowland floor. Expanding upon previous studies of stealth QCDs around the Utopia Basin, 446 sQCDs with diameters ranging from 7 to 115 km have been identified in the northern lowlands of Mars. The direct relationship of sQCD surface relief to diameter indicates that stealth QCDs form due to differential compaction of a cover material over buried impact craters. A comparison of sQCD location to the geologic map of the northern lowlands reveals that stealth QCDs are only located in geologic units predicted to be capable of differential compaction, consistent with models of their formation. The slope of the trend of the sQCDs surface relief versus diameter has a coefficient of determination (R2) approaching 1, when sQCDs are evaluated by geologic unit and by regions of inferred comparable cover thickness. Trend-slope analysis also indicates that the lowland cover material is thickest in the Scandia region and the center of the Borealis and Utopia basins and thinnest in Isidis Planitia and north of Arabia Terra.
A new technique for transformer design in power electronics applications using nonlinear magnetic field solutions

This paper presents a new technique for the prediction of key parameters and associated geometrical selection of magnetic cores necessary for the design of transformers used in switching power supplies, and other applications of interest to the power electronics field. The techniques is based upon general formulation and solution of the governing electromagnetic field equation utilizing variational methods. The new technique is applicable for both low and high frequency designs, and is powerful in handling nonlinear magnetic materials. A Computer Aided Design Program was developed applying the technique presented. The program was used to predict magnetic core geometry as well as winding window areas and turns for specified transformer parameters. Final designs were tested, and were shown here to be in complete agreement with the required performance of a DC-to-DC conversion circuit employing a flyback converter.
Precession of Positive Muons in Nickel and Iron

Polarized ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ were stopped in Ni and Fe. The magnetic fields at the site of the muons, the initial polarization, and the depolarization time constant were obtained from 300 to 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, i.e., through the Curie temperature of Ni. This experiment demonstrated that precession of muons stopped in ferromagnetic material can be observed and, and it determined what the magnitude of the internal fields are: $\ensuremath{\approx}150$ G for Ni and 4000 G for Fe.
Evidence for a first-order deconfinement transition in large-N gauge theory.

We study N = infinity lattice gauge theory at finite temperature by Monte Carlo methods using an asymmetric coupling version of the twisted Equchi-Kawai model. The data favor a first-order deconfining transition, and are consistent with asymptotic freedom for N = 64 and 81. The deconfinement temperature in physical units is close to the value for N = 3.
A Cameron-Martin type quasi-invariance theorem for Brownian motion on a compact Riemannian manifold

Abstract Let M be a compact manifold without boundary, o be a fixed base point in M, g be a Riemannian metric on M, and ▽ be a g-compatible covariant derivative on TM—the tangent space to M. Assume the torsion (T) of ▽ satisfies the skew symmetry condition: g〈T〈X, Y〉, Y〉 ≡ 0 for all vector fields X and Y on M. (For example, take ▽ to be the Levi-Civita covariant derivative on (M, g).) Also let ν denote the Wiener measure on W0(M) = {ω ϵ C([0, 1], M): ω(0) = o}, and let H(ω)(s) denote stochastic parallel translation (relative to ν) along the path ω ϵ W0(M) up to time s ϵ [0, 1]. Given a C1-function h: [0, 1] → T0M, it is shown that the differential equation σ(t) = H(σ(t))h with initial condition σ(0) = id: W(M) → W(M) has a solution σ: R → Maps(W(M), W(M)) —the measurable maps from W(M) to W(M). This function (σ) is a flow on W(M), i.e., for all t, τϵ R , σ(t+τ)=σ(t)σ(τ) . Furthermore σ(t) has the quasi-invariance property: the law (σ(t) ∗ ν ) of σ(t) with respect to the Wiener measure (ν) is equivalent to ν for all tϵ. R . This result is used to prove an integration by parts formula for the h-derivative δhf defined by ∂ h f(ω) ≡ (d dt) ¦ 0 f(σ(t)(ω)) , where f is a “C2-cylinder” function on W(M).
The use of prostaglandin E2 in pregnant patients with asthma.

Abstract Objective Prostaglandin E 2 is a pharmacologic agent that is used commonly in obstetrics; however, its usage in patients with asthma is unclear. The study objective was to examine pregnant patients with asthma who received prostaglandin E 2 . Study design All pregnancies that were given prostaglandin E 2 suppositories and/or gel were recorded prospectively from January 1989 through December 2000. Those cases with a history of asthma or active asthma were analyzed for any clinical evidence of disease exacerbation after the administration of the agent. Clinical exacerbation was defined as any respiratory complaint that followed drug usage, the initiation of bronchodilator medications by patients currently not on therapy, or an increase in bronchodilator usage by patients with active disease. Results During the study period, 2513 patients received treatment with the cervical ripening gel, of whom 158 patients had a history of asthma or active asthma. Additionally, 536 patients were administered the 20-mg suppositories, of whom 31 patients had a history of asthma or active asthma. Thus, a total of 189 patients with a history of asthma or active asthma were exposed to prostaglandin E 2 , and none of the patients had any evidence of a clinical exacerbation of the disease (0/189 cases; 95% CI, 0- 2%). Conclusion Based on the 95% CI of these data, the maximum risk for the development of a clinical exacerbation of asthma, if exposed to the obstetric forms of prostaglandin E 2 , is ≤2%. Although all drug usage in patients with asthma should be monitored carefully, this information would support the usage of prostaglandin E 2 , if obstetrically indicated, in pregnant patients with asthma.
Test Anxiety and Academic Performance in Undergraduate and Graduate Students.

This study investigated the relationship between test anxiety and academic performance in 4,000 undergraduate and 1,414 graduate students and found a significant but small inverse relationship between test anxiety and grade point average (GPA) in both groups. Low-test-anxious undergraduates averaged a B+, whereas high-test-anxious students averaged a B. Low-test-anxious female graduate students had significantly higher GPAs than high-test-anxious female graduate students, but there were no significant GPA differences between low- and high-test-anxious male graduate students. Female undergraduates had significantly higher test anxiety and higher GPAs than male undergraduates, and female graduate students had significantly higher test anxiety and higher GPAs than male graduate students.
Oligocene swamp sediments of Lesvos Island, Greece (geochemistry and mineralogy)

The Tertiary Lapsarna swamp sedimentary rocks include thin horizons (organic-rich sediments, up to 22% Corg). Analyses of major elements of carbonates, shaly and siliceous rocks, and a thin, intensively silicified coaly horizon were taken (10 representative samples). Pure carbonates consistalmost completely of calcite, the siliceous sediments of quartz and calcite, and the shales of montmorillonite, feldspar, quartz, dolomite and calcite. The shales contain montmorillonite as the only clay component. The presence of montmorillonite in all shales suggests that the chemistry of the clay-forming solutions lies within the stability field of montmorillonite. Geochemical data indicate that montmorillonite and associated immobile elements (La, Zr, Y, Nb) are the products of hydrolysis of volcanic material in a subtropical region.
Reconstruction of images degraded by aerosol scattering and measurement noise

Images measured through the atmosphere are degraded by scattering and absorption from aerosols along the path and by atmospheric turbulence. In the presence of heavy scattering at visible and infrared wavelengths, the distances over which reasonable observations are possible are quite short compared to astronomical imaging paradigms, and aerosol scattering effects dominate the degradation of the point spread function (PSF) due to atmospheric effects. In addition to aerosol-induced blurring, measurement noise effects are present in observed images. We examine the problem of reconstructing images degraded by aerosol blur and measurement noise using estimates of the overall PSF, which account for unscattered and scattered radiation detected by the imaging system. Representative images of a spoke target acquired under various conditions of scattering and photon flux levels were simulated, and reconstruction of the degraded images is performed using two linear reconstruction algorithms: a Wiener filter and a constrained least squares filter. Results of the reconstructions show that spatial resolution can be recovered in badly blurred images up to the limit imposed by the noise effective cutoff spatial frequency of the measurement.
Collaborative Peer Evaluation: Best Practices for Group Member Assessments:

As collaborative or team-based projects become more popular in both secondary and post-secondary classrooms, instructors are looking for ways for group mem bers to effectively evaluate one another. Constructing effective evaluation tools can be a daunting task. As shown by a review of literature, best practices include (1) building a foundation in the classroom that supports collaborative evaluation, (2) creating effective evaluation tools by articulating specific criteria and ensuring honest student participation (3) implementing formative feedback during the col laborative experience, (4) formulating summative feedback at the conclusion of the experience, and (5) assessing the collaborative evaluation process.
Estimation procedures and error analysis for inferring the total plutonium (Pu) produced by a graphite-moderated reactor

Abstract Graphite isotope ratio method (GIRM) is a technique that uses measurements and computer models to estimate total plutonium (Pu) production in a graphite-moderated reactor. First, isotopic ratios of trace elements in extracted graphite samples from the target reactor are measured. Then, computer models of the reactor relate those ratios to Pu production. Because Pu is controlled under non-proliferation agreements, an estimate of total Pu production is often required, and a declaration of total Pu might need to be verified through GIRM. In some cases, reactor information (such as core dimensions, coolant details, and operating history) are so well documented that computer models can predict total Pu production without the need for measurements. However, in most cases, reactor information is imperfectly known, so a measurement and model-based method such as GIRM is essential. Here, we focus on GIRM's estimation procedure and its associated uncertainty. We illustrate a simulation strategy for a specific reactor that estimates GIRM's uncertainty and determines which inputs contribute most to GIRM's uncertainty, including inputs to the computer models. These models include a “local” code that relates isotopic ratios to the local Pu production, and a “global” code that predicts the Pu production shape over the entire reactor. This predicted shape is included with other 3D basis functions to provide a “hybrid basis set” that is used to fit the local Pu production estimates. The fitted shape can then be integrated over the entire reactor to estimate total Pu production. This GIRM evaluation provides a good example of several techniques of uncertainty analysis and introduces new reasons to fit a function using basis functions in the evaluation of the impact of uncertainty in the true 3D shape.
Problems teaching database design with information complexity to information systems undergraduates

An undergraduate course in database design is described. The need for such a course, and its appropriateness in the undergraduate information systems curriculum is discussed. Finally, a number of general instructional difficulties are identified. It is claimed that a course like it is needed in the undergraduate information systems curriculum and that remedies to problems teaching it may have to be found outside the traditional business and computing curricula.
Forecasting and Ethical Decision Making: What Matters?

This study examined how the number and types of consequences considered are related to forecasting and ethical decision making. Undergraduate participants took on the role of the key actor in several ethical problems and were asked to forecast potential outcomes and make a decision about each problem. Performance pressure was manipulated by ostensibly making rewards contingent on good problem-solving performance. The results indicated that forecast quality was associated with decision ethicality, and the identification of the critical consequences of the problem and consequences for others were associated with both higher quality forecasts and more ethical decisions. In addition, the identification of a larger number of consequences was negatively associated with ethical decision making. Performance pressure did not impact forecast quality or ethicality of decisions. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere

Current needs in the field of atmospheric radiative transfer include the development and validation of fast but accurate calculation techniques for use in climate modeling. Progress toward meeting these needs can be made by application of existing computational techniques and use of observational data for radiation transfer across the earth-atmosphere system boundaries. In this study radiative transfer model simulations are compared to satellite observations of reflected solar radiation. Calculations are presented from both detailed and approximate transfer models for the solar radiation reflected from the earth-atmosphere system. These calculations are compared with the measurements made by the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment on Nimbus 6 in August 1975. Results show good agreement between simulations and observations.