cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards an empirically grounded predictive coding account of action understanding.

Recent work in cognitive and systems neuroscience suggests that the brain is a prediction machine ([Clark, 2013][1]), continually attempting to predict the external causes of sensory information. This idea is formulated in the predictive coding framework, a modern theory of brain function ([Friston
Evaluation of friction factor correlations and equivalent diameter definitions for pipe and annular flow of non-Newtonian fluids

Abstract Friction pressure estimation is an important part of pipe and annular hydraulics useful for determining hydraulic horsepower requirements and the maximum wellhead pressure. For non-Newtonian fluids in laminar flow, the friction factor can be calculated with the Hagen–Poiseuille type equation. In turbulent flow, however, several correlations have been developed for smooth pipes. Many of these correlations are in the form of the Dodge–Metzner equation for flow in smooth pipes. The Dodge–Metzner correlation was developed using carbopol aqueous solution which is not used for oilfield operations. Previous studies on friction factor correlation comparison have been limited to the use of non-Newtonian fluid friction factor equations for smooth pipes neglecting the significant effect of pipe roughness on wellbore hydraulics. Generally, tubulars in oilfield applications have some degree of roughness which results in higher friction pressure than that for smooth pipes of the same size especially for less viscous fluids. A few studies have addressed the effect of roughness on friction pressure loss. In this study, friction factor correlations with relative roughness are compared with experimental measured friction factor data using a statistical approach as the basis for comparison. Further, equivalent diameter definitions for annular flow are evaluated to determine the friction factor–equivalent diameter combination that best describes the experimental data. The objective of this work is to recommend the non-Newtonian friction factor correlation that allows for accurate prediction of frictional pressure losses in rough pipes and annular sections.
The digital blood pressure determination. III. A study of the effects of tetraethylammonium chloride on cardiovascular dynamics, making use of blood pressure responses at the digital level.

Abstract The blockade effect of the tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) on the autonomic ganglia was studied carefully during the early part of this century, 1 yet it has been only in the past few years that clinical use of this important blockade action has been considered. In this short period, however, it has been used extensively both as a therapeutic and diagnostic agent in diseases relieved by removal of autonomic tone. TEA has been used to evaluate the vasospastic element of arterial insufficiency. Following its administration the rise in temperature produced in the involved extremity is observed. Failure to obtain this rise has suggested the presence of organic occlusive arterial changes. 2,3 The drug has also been used in an attempt to determine the neurogenic component of arterial hypertension as an aid in the selection of candidates for treatment by splanchnic nerve resection. 4 A very wide range of changes in blood flow and blood pressure have been recorded in response to the administration of TEA to patients with these diseases and to normal subjects. 2–6 Little direct information is available regarding the factors responsible for this marked variability. We considered it pertinent therefore to study a group of twenty normal subjects in order to determine the range of the TEA effect unaltered by pathological factors. This study included the determinations of blood pressures at the levels of both the brachial and digital arteries, pulse rate, digital temperature, and electrocardiograms. The results proved informative not only as a basis for the interpretation of responses observed in patients with various diseases, but also yielded information about factors responsible for the wide variability in results observed.
Effect of anemia on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation.

A retrospective evaluation of simultaneous tests of oximeters of various manufacturers in volunteer subjects disclosed greater errors at low saturations in subjects with low hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. Forty-three pulse oximcters of 12 manufacturers studied over a period of 10 months showed that, at a mean arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) level of 54.5%, as Hb concentration fell, average pulse oximeter (SpO2) bias increased approximately linearly from 0 at Hb > 14 g/dl to about -14% at 8 < Hb < 9 g/dl. At SaO2 = 53.6%, the mean bias (SaO2-SpO2) of 13 oximcters of 5 manufacturers averaged -15.0% (n = 43) in a subject with Hb = 8 g/dl, but -6.4% (n = 390) in nonanemic subjects. The additional bias in the anemic subject increased with desaturation. It was 0.13% at SaO2 = 98.5% (n = 13), -1.31% at 87.5% (n = 38), -2.71% at 75.1% (n = 38), -5.18% at 61.3% (n = 26), and -9.95% at 53.6% (n = 41); n is the product of the number of oximeters and number of tests in each saturation range. The instruments that showed the greatest errors at low saturations in nonanemic subjects also showed the greatest additional errors associated with anemia (the range between manufacturers of anemic incremental error at about 53% being from -3.2 to -14.5%) and conformed well to the relationship bias (anemic) = 1.35 × bias (normal)-8.18% (r = 0.94; Sy·x = 3.3%). The error due to anemia was zero at 97% SaO2 and became evident when SaO2 fell below 75%.
Usefulness of hand-carried ultrasound to predict elevated left ventricular filling pressure.

Detection of increased left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) is paramount in the evaluation and treatment of patients with left heart failure, yet difficult to assess directly at the bedside. Although inferior vena cava (IVC) examination can detect increased right atrial pressure, a used surrogate for high LVFP, this assumption has not been directly tested. We evaluated whether assessment of IVC size and respirophasic variation could be used to predict increased LVFP. Seventy-two patients with chronic heart failure underwent right heart catheterization and limited echocardiographic examination focused on the IVC. IVC size and collapsibility were evaluated for their ability to predict a wedge pressure ≥15 mm Hg. In conclusion, an IVC maximum dimension of 2.0 cm and IVC collapsibility of 45% were the optimal cutoffs to predict an increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, with sensitivities of 75% and 83% and specificities of 83% and 71%, respectively.
STELLER SEA LION BODY CONDITION INDICES

We evaluated various measurements of mass, morphology, and blubber thickness as indices of fatness for Steller sea lions by correlation with the percentage of total body mass comprised by the sculp (%SCULP). We concluded LMD-index was the best index evaluated because it had a relatively high r 2 (0.58), had a linear relationship with %SCULP, and the intercept term was not different from 0. We suggest the development of a LMD-index for otariids would likely reduce the unexplained variation in the index. We developed a multiple regression model (r 2 = 0.745, P < 0.001) for predicting %SCULP with LMD-index and functions of sex, age, and season as predictor variables. Steller sea lions <5 yr of age had higher %SCULP values than those ≥5 yr. %SCULP declined with age for sea lions <5 yr. Both younger and older males were fatter during the winter/spring period than during summer/ fall. Females of both age classes had similar %SCULP values throughout the year. Steller sea lions are relatively lean pinnipeds; estimates of blubber and total body lipids ranged from 5% to 17% of total body mass.
UNCERTAINTY IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING IN THE CONNECTICUT RIVER BASIN

: Four ways of dealing with uncertainty in the resource planning process have been prescribed: to reduce it, to ignore it, to avoid it, and to convert it to risk as chance of occurrence for calculation in planning. This paper analyzes examples of water resource planning in the Connecticut River Basin to confirm, reject, or modify these prescriptions. The examples of planning chosen for analysis are navigation, flood control, and interbasin diversion for water supply. These confirm the desirability of reducing uncertainty, offer some support for strategies to avoid it and to convert it to risk, but do not support the desirability of ignoring it.
Nucleotide sequence and E. coli expression of the coat protein gene of the yellowing strain of soybean dwarf luteovirus.

The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene of the yellowing (Y) strain of soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) was determined from cloned cDNA. The gene contains 600 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 200 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 22 200. The identity of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the coat protein was confirmed by expression of anEscherichia coli β-galactosidase fusion protein and detection by a dot blot immunoassay. Sequence comparisons of the deduced coat protein amino acids to several luteoviruses demonstrated that the SbDV-Y coat protein ORF shares greatest similarity with bean leaf roll virus (BLRV) (65%).
On the Importance of Direct Practice Experience Among Clinical Social Work Faculty: A Recent Graduate’s Perspective

Clinical social work is a mature specialty within the profession of social work, with its own distinct knowledge base, array of theories, and approaches to practice. Schools of social work are tasked with educating clinical social workers to practice competently, effectively, and ethically. One vital pedagogic tool that faculty members employ is drawing from their own direct practice experience, in order to provide guidance and context to students’ questions related to practice. This application of direct practice experience is fundamental to the development of novice clinical social work practitioners. Recent trends in social work education have led to a decline in the number of full-time professors at schools of social work who possess direct practice experience. At the same time, the number of faculty engaged in externally funded research, with limited direct practice experience, is increasing. In this paper, the author critically explores this changing paradigm from the perspective of a recent Masters-level social work graduate currently engaged in direct social work practice, and argues that faculty with extensive practice experience are an invaluable and necessary resource towards the formation of competent, effective, and ethical clinical social work practitioners.
Novel 1,4-palladium migration in organopalladium intermediates derived from o-iodobiaryls.

A novel 1,4-palladium migration in organopalladium intermediates derived from o-iodobiaryls has been observed under modified Heck reaction conditions. This migration process can be switched “on” or “off” by simply choosing the appropriate reaction conditions.
Cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Distribution and developmental changes of the enzyme and its protein activator in mammalian tissues and cells

Abstract The distribution of the activities of a cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase and its protein activator was determined in mammalian tissues and cells. Changes in these activities during development were also studied. The ratio of the activity of the activator to that of the phosphodiesterase varied greatly from tissue to tissue as well as during development, suggesting that the two proteins are under separate genetic control. In contrast, the distributions of the activities of phosphodiesterase and its activator were parallel in subcellular fractions indicating possible physiological regulation of the enzyme by its activator.
Mechanism of direct hepatotoxic effect of KC chemokine: sequential activation of gene expression and progression from inflammation to necrosis.

This work aimed to show that an important, yet unrecognized, role of KC chemokine in the liver is regulation of gene expression. KC expression in the liver stimulated three classes of genes in this temporal order: immediate-early genes, proinflammatory genes, and profibrotic genes. Transcription factors E2F5 and early growth response 1 (EGR1), Ca2+ signaling molecules S100A8 and S100A9, and two oxidative stress-induced genes were identified as immediate-early genes of KC. Expression of these genes was stimulated at 3–5-fold increased KC concentrations. Expression of proinflammatory genes was activated 6 h after the immediateearly genes, and they included interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β. KC receptor gene CXCR2 was also upregulated, suggesting that KC may act through a positive feedback loop. Stimulation of expression of profibrotic genes, including type I collagen, was seen only after the proinflammatory genes were highly expressed for 12 h. KC is a potent regulator of gene expression that proceeds in a s...
Genetic prenatal maternal effects on organ size in mice and their potential contribution to evolution

Two embryo transfer experiments were carried out in order to estimate the magnitude of prenatal maternal effects, independent of postnatal maternal factors, on the growth of internal organs and fat pads in mice. Reciprocal embryo transfers between the inbred mouse strains C3HeB/FeJ and SWR/J yielded three significant findings. First, all traits were not equally influenced by prenatal maternal factors. Genetic prenatal maternal factors, stemming from the genotype of the uterine mother, had a significant effect on testis weight, subcutaneous fat pad weight and epididymal fat pad weight in 21 day old progeny, but they had no effect on cranial capacity, an index of brain size, kidney weight, or liver weight. Prenatal litter size, defined as the sum of live and dead pups at birth, had a significant negative relationship with 21 day testis weight and kidney weight, and a significant positive association with subcutaneous and epididymal fat pad weights. Cranial capacity and liver weight at 21 days postnatally were not influenced by prenatal litter size. Second, the experiments demonstrated that there was ontogenetic variability in the strength of prenatal maternal effects. At 70 days of age, only subcutaneous fat pad weight was significantly influenced by genetic prenatal effects, and prenatal litter size had a significant negative relationship only with subcutaneous fat pad weight and body weight. Third, genetic prenatal effects had a significant influence on the among-trait covariances at 21 days postnatally, but not at 70 days. Because multivariate evolution involves covariances among characters, the latter results suggest that prenatal effects due to the mother's genotype can affect phenotypic evolution of mammals, especially for selection imposed early in life.
Glucocorticoid regulation of synaptic development.

Abstract The effect of glucocorticoid hormones on the developmental step in which a presynaptic neuron acquires the ability to transmit excitatory information across a synapse was explored using a retina muscle cell culture system. Cholinergic neurons dissociated from the perinatal rat retina form functional synapses in culture with rat striated muscle cells 27 . Early in the functional maturation of these retina muscle synapses, there is a period in which release of acetylcholine occurs spontaneously, but cannot be evoked. This stage is followed by the emergence of neurotransmitter release that is stimulus-evoked and dependent on extracellular calcium. Here, it is reported that glucocorticoid hormones accelerate this developmental sequence. Experimental findings indicate that this hormonal effect occurs at physiological concentrations, involves glucocorticoid receptors, acts at the transcriptional level and requires protein synthesis. A hypothesis is that glucocorticoids regulate the development of mechanisms which couple neuronal depolarization with release of neurotransmitter. The acceleration of the functional maturation of cholinergic retinal neurons also can occur in utero if pregnant rats are injected with a synthetic glucocorticoid or stressed by cold exposure. Thus, alterations in the time-course of synaptic maturation are not restricted to manipulation of culture conditions. The results presented here indicate that glucocorticoid hormones can regulate the timing of the developmental step in which cholinergic neurons of the rat retina become capable of releasing acetylcholine in response to excitatory stimulation.
Liver fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablation alters liver bile acid metabolism in male mice

Although the physiological roles of the individual bile acid synthetic enzymes have been extensively examined, relatively little is known regarding the function of intracellular bile acid-binding proteins. Male L-FABP (liver fatty-acid-binding protein) gene-ablated mice were used to determine a role for L-FABP, the major liver bile acid-binding protein, in bile acid and biliary cholesterol metabolism. First, in control-fed mice L-FABP gene ablation alone increased the total bile acid pool size by 1.5-fold, especially in gall-bladder and liver, but without altering the proportions of bile acid, cholesterol and phospholipid. Loss of liver L-FABP was more than compensated by up-regulation of: other liver cytosolic bile acid-binding proteins [GST (glutathione S-transferase), 3α-HSD (3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)], key hepatic bile acid synthetic enzymes [CYP7A1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) and CYP27A1 (sterol 27α-hydroxylase)], membrane bile acid translocases [canalicular BSEP (bile salt export pump), canalicular MRP2 (multidrug resistance associated protein 2), and basolateral/serosal OATP-1 (organic anion transporting polypeptide 1)], and positive alterations in nuclear receptors [more LXRα (liver X receptor α) and less SHP (short heterodimer partner)]. Secondly, L-FABP gene ablation reversed the cholesterol-responsiveness of bile acid metabolic parameters such that total bile acid pool size, especially in gall-bladder and liver, was reduced 4-fold, while the mass of biliary cholesterol increased 1.9-fold. The dramatically reduced bile acid levels in cholesterol-fed male L-FABP (−/−) mice were associated with reduced expression of: (i) liver cytosolic bile acid-binding proteins (L-FABP, GST and 3α-HSD), (ii) hepatic bile acid synthetic enzymes [CYP7A1, CYP27A1 and SCP-x (sterol carrier protein-x/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase)] concomitant with decreased positive nuclear receptor alterations (i.e. less LXRα and more SHP), and (iii) membrane bile acid transporters (BSEP, MRP2 and OATP-1). These are the first results suggesting a physiological role for the major cytosolic bile acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in influencing liver bile metabolic phenotype and gall-bladder bile lipids of male mice, especially in response to dietary cholesterol.
Autonomic modulation of altered diurnal hemodynamic profiles in ethanol-fed hypertensive rats

Background: A recent report from the authors’ laboratory showed that circadian hemodynamic rhythms are altered in hypertension due partly to irregularities in cardiovascular autonomic control. This study investigated the long-term effects of chronic ethanol feeding (5% w/v, 12 weeks) on the circadian profiles of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and their variability in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Methods: Radiotelemetry was used for hemodynamic monitoring. The time-domain measures of the variability of BP (standard deviation of mean arterial pressure SDMAP) and HR (standard deviation of R-R intervals SDRR and root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals rMSSD) were taken as indices of cardiovascular autonomic activity. Results: Control WKY rats displayed normal circadian rhythms (i.e., higher dark-time compared with light-time values) of BP, HR, and their variability indices during weeks 6 through 12 of the study. These circadian rhythms were abolished (BP), inverted (HR, SDMAP), or enhanced (SDRR, rMSSD) in SHRs. Ethanol feeding produced sustained hypotension during both light and dark cycles that was 3-fold greater in SHRs than in WKY rats. SDMAP was not affected by ethanol in WKY rats and showed reductions, mostly during light times, in SHRs. Ethanol also caused significant increases in HR in SHRs only during dark periods, probably because of the inhibition of cardiac vagal activity as indicated by temporal reductions in rMSSD. Conclusions: These results implicate autonomic factors in the altered diurnal hemodynamic profile by ethanol in SHRs and highlight the possibility of increased risk of cardiac events in hypertensive patients due to alcohol use.
Resection of Pulmonary Metastasis to the Azygous Lobe from a Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma

A 55-year-old man developed a pulmonary metastasis to the azygous lobe from a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the thigh. The azygous lobe was not identified at the initial resection. A simple technique for the identification and mobilization of the azygous lobe is presented. Preoperative identification of this anatomic variant may assist in resection of parenchymal neoplasms.
GATE Simulations of Small Animal SPECT for Determination of Scatter Fraction as a Function of Object Size

In human emission tomography, combined PET/CT and SPECT/CT cameras provide accurate attenuation maps for sophisticated scatter and attenuation corrections. Having proven their potential, these scanners are being adapted for small animal imaging using similar correction approaches. However, attenuation and scatter effects in small animal imaging are substantially less than in human imaging. Hence, the value of sophisticated corrections is not obvious for small animal imaging considering the additional cost and complexity of these methods. In this study, using GATE Monte Carlo package, we simulated the Inveon small animal SPECT (single pinhole collimator) scanner to find the scatter fractions of various sizes of the NEMA-mouse (diameter: 2-5.5 cm , length: 7 cm), NEMA-rat (diameter: 3-5.5 cm, length: 15 cm) and MOBY (diameter: 2.1-5.5 cm, length: 3.5-9.1 cm) phantoms. The simulations were performed for three radionuclides commonly used in small animal SPECT studies:99mTc (140 keV), 111In (171 keV 90% and 245 keV 94%) and 125I (effective 27.5 keV). For the MOBY phantoms, the total Compton scatter fractions ranged (over the range of phantom sizes) from 4-10% for 99mTc (126-154 keV), 7-16% for 111In (154-188 keV), 3-7% for 111In (220-270 keV) and 17-30% for 125I (15-45 keV) including the scatter contributions from the tungsten collimator, lead shield and air (inside and outside the camera heads). For the NEMA-rat phantoms, the scatter fractions ranged from 10-15% (99mTc), 17-23% 111In: 154-188 keV), 8-12% (111In: 220-270 keV) and 32-40% (125I). Our results suggest that energy window methods based on solely emission data are sufficient for all mouse and most rat studies for 99mTc and 111In. However, more sophisticated methods may be needed for 125I.
Multilingual Groups: Effects of Linguistic Ostracism on Felt Rejection and Anger, Coworker Attraction, Perceived Team Potency, and Creative Performance

We defined linguistic ostracism (LO) as any situation in which people converse in a language that others cannot understand (as opposed to linguistic inclusion [LI], in which people converse in a language that others do understand). Participants were exposed to either LO or LI by two Russian-speaking confederates. Participants then performed a creativity (brainstorming) task expecting to be evaluated individually or to reconvene with their groups and be evaluated collectively. Results revealed that targets of LO compared to LI reported more rejection and anger, less attraction toward their coworkers, and lower perceived team potency. In the group work condition, targets high in social self-efficacy (SSE) performed better following LO (compared to LI), whereas those low in SSE performed worse. No effects emerged in the individual work condition. Targets' levels of rejection sensitivity were positively associated with aggressively charged ideas following LO but not LI. We conclude that LO is psychologically ...
Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in forty-eight patients.

Objective To describe the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features and natural history of patients with systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma (ssSSc), and to compare them with those of patients with SSc and limited cutaneous involvement (lcSSc). Methods The University of Pittsburgh Scleroderma Databank served as the data source. Patients were divided into those who had no skin thickening (ssSSc) and those who had skin thickening only distal to elbows or knees and/or of the face (lcSSc) during their disease course. These two groups were compared with regard to demographic characteristics, clinical, laboratory, and serologic features, and survival rates. Chi-square and Student's t-test analyses were performed, and Fisher's exact test was used as appropriate. Results Of 555 consecutive patients without diffuse cutaneous SSc, 48 (9%) had ssSSc and 507 (91%) had lcSSc. The ssSSc patients had a mean total disease duration of 18.6 years (15.1 years before study entry and 3.5 years of followup after study entry), and had not developed lcSSc or another connective tissue disease. Other than the absence of skin thickening, the ssSSc group had no significant differences in individual internal organ involvements, laboratory features, serum autoantibody type, or survival rate compared with patients with lcSSc. Within the category of lung involvement, patients with ssSSc had a significantly greater frequency of dyspnea with mild exertion or at rest, and a tendency toward reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (<70% of predicted normal) and primary pulmonary arterial hypertension. Patients with lcSSc had significantly more frequent individual manifestations of digital pitting scars, digital-tip ulcers, telangiectasia, and calcinosis than those with ssSSc, in part related to increased time of observation. Puffy fingers and finger joint contractures were detected significantly more often in lcSSc patients. Conclusion Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma should be included in the spectrum of SSc with limited cutaneous involvement and should not be considered a distinct or separate disorder.
Noradrenaline reversal by phenoxybenzamine

Summary o 1. The depressor effect of noradrenaline in the presence of alpha blockade was studied in the anesthetized dog. 2. In the presence of phenoxybenzamine, noradrenaline infusions produced vasodepression equal in magnitude to adrenaline. Acute injections of noradrenaline in sufficient doses generally produced a fall in blood pressure which was somewhat delayed compared with adrenaline. 3. In contrast to the pressor effect in the untreated dog which showed tachyphylaxis, the depressor response in the phenoxybenzamine pretreated animal was maintained undiminished throughout the infusion period.
Brainstem melanomas presenting as a cavernous malformation

Abstract Background Melanoma lesions in the brainstem can be difficult to distinguish radiographically and clinically from cavernous malformations. However, the treatment modalities and clinical course of these two diseases differ considerably. We report two cases of melanoma presenting as brainstem hemorrhages. Case description A 69-year-old male was found to have a hemorrhagic lesion of the right dorsal midbrain. After a repeat hemorrhage, the lesion was resected and found to be hyperchromatic. Nonetheless, the patient suffered rebleeding and died 3 months later. A 62-year-old female was similarly found to have an acute pontine hemorrhage. After resection of the lesion, she underwent whole-brain radiation therapy but ultimately died 5.5 months later. The histopathology of both lesions was consistent with melanoma. Conclusions Melanoma in the brainstem can mimic cavernous malformations. While management of these lesions includes stereotactic radiosurgery, whole-brain radiation, and surgical resection, metastatic brainstem melanoma follows an aggressive clinical course with a poor prognosis.
ART AND GEOGRAPHY: PATTERNS IN THE HIMALAYA∗

ABSTRACT The Himalaya embrace some ancient cultures which have remained geographically and culturally distinct. These cultures are expressed in their vernacular art which, in contrast to international art, represents both place and culture in the anthropological sense. Vernacular art mirrors historical and geographical forces and it provides insight into social aspirations, and thereby is important in understanding social behavior. Most aspects of the art forms of painting, dance, music, embroidery, architecture, and sculpture are regionally distinct.
An IC-compatible detector process

A silicon radiation detector fabrication process which exploits the excellent gettering properties of a backside layer of phosphorous-doped polysilicon has been developed and characterized. p-i-n diodes 2 mm in diameter have been fabricated with typical reverse-bias current densities of approximately 1 nA/cm/sup 2/. In addition, a strip detector with 128 strips of 6-mm length on a 55- mu m pitch has been successfully fabricated with better than 10% uniformity in the diode reverse-bias currents. The process is compatible with conventional integrated-circuit fabrication technologies, and p-channel enhancement- and depletion-mode MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) with associated interdevice isolation have been fabricated simultaneously on detector-grade silicon with p-i-n radiation detectors. >
The Intracellular Loop of Orai1 Plays a Central Role in Fast Inactivation of Ca2+ Release-activated Ca2+ Channels

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) due to activation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels leads to sustained elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and activation of lymphocytes. CRAC channels consisting of four pore-forming Orai1 subunits are activated by STIM1, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor that senses intracellular store depletion and migrates to plasma membrane proximal regions to mediate SOCE. One of the fundamental properties of CRAC channels is their Ca2+-dependent fast inactivation. To identify the domains of Orai1 involved in fast inactivation, we have mutated residues in the Orai1 intracellular loop linking transmembrane segment II to III. Mutation of four residues, V151SNV154, at the center of the loop (MutA) abrogated fast inactivation, leading to increased SOCE as well as higher CRAC currents. Point mutation analysis identified five key amino acids, N153VHNL157, that increased SOCE in Orai1 null murine embryonic fibroblasts. Expression or direct application of a peptide comprising the entire intracellular loop or the sequence N153VHNL157 blocked CRAC currents from both wild type (WT) and MutA Orai1. A peptide incorporating the MutA mutations had no blocking effect. Concatenated Orai1 constructs with four MutA monomers exhibited high CRAC currents lacking fast inactivation. Reintroduction of a single WT monomer (MutA-MutA-MutA-WT) was sufficient to fully restore fast inactivation, suggesting that only a single intracellular loop can block the channel. These data suggest that the intracellular loop of Orai1 acts as an inactivation particle, which is stabilized in the ion permeation pathway by the N153VHNL157 residues. These results along with recent reports support a model in which the N terminus and the selectivity filter of Orai1 as well as STIM1 act in concert to regulate the movement of the intracellular loop and evoke fast inactivation.
Inhibition of mixed-lineage kinase (MLK) activity during G2-phase disrupts microtubule formation and mitotic progression in HeLa cells

The mixed-lineage kinases (MLK) are serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways in response to extracellular signals. Recent studies indicate that MLK activity may promote neuronal cell death through activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) family of MAP kinases. Thus, inhibitors of MLK activity may be clinically useful for delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's. In proliferating non-neuronal cells, MLK may have the opposite effect of promoting cell proliferation. In the current studies we examined the requirement for MLK proteins in regulating cell proliferation by examining MLK function during G2 and M-phase of the cell cycle. The MLK inhibitor CEP-11004 prevented HeLa cell proliferation by delaying mitotic progression. Closer examination revealed that HeLa cells treated with CEP-11004 during G2-phase entered mitosis similar to untreated G2-phase cells. However, CEP-11004 treated cells failed to properly exit mitosis and arrested in a pro-metaphase state. Partial reversal of the CEP-11004 induced mitotic arrest could be achieved by overexpression of exogenous MLK3. The effects of CEP-11004 treatment on mitotic events included the inhibition of histone H3 phosphorylation during prophase and prior to nuclear envelope breakdown and the formation of aberrant mitotic spindles. These data indicate that MLK3 might be a unique target to selectively inhibit transformed cell proliferation by disrupting mitotic spindle formation resulting in mitotic arrest.
Concurrent duplication and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava

Duplication of the inferior vena cava and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava arise from separate embryologic anlage. The former arises from persistence of both supracardinal veins and the latter from arrested development of the right subcardinal vein. Individually these entities are uncommon, but their occurrence together in one patient is exceedingly rare. A patient with both these anomalies of the venous system concurrently is described. This combination has been reported only once before in the radiologic literature.
IBM POWER7 systems

This paper describes the system architectures and designs of the IBM POWER7® servers. From the smallest single-processor socket blade to the largest 32-processor-socket 256-core enterprise rack server, each system is designed to fully exploit the performance and the scalability of the POWER7 processor. This paper describes the enhancements made to the memory and input/output subsystems to achieve balanced and scalable designs, the changes made to the power and cooling circuitry to manage energy consumption and power dissipation, and the enhancements made to reliability, availability, and serviceability. These enhancements enable the POWER7 processor-based servers to achieve significant increases in the performance density and the performance per watt, as compared with the predecessor POWER6® processor-based servers.
Egg and Yolk Weight of Coturnix Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) in Relation to Position in Egg Sequences

Abstract Previous investigations with chicken eggs have shown that egg weight decreases with successive eggs in any given egg sequence (Bennion and Warren, 1933). According to Bastian and Zarrow (1955), yolk weight of successive eggs decreases for two or three egg sequences (clutches), although the authors observed considerable variation. The role of follicular maturation with respect to ovulation embraces two interesting concepts. The first is that each follicle in a sequence attains maturity (or ovulable size) in constant time relation to the preceding ovulation. The first (or C1) follicle of any sequence therefore matures long before it is actually ovulated (Neher and Fraps, 1950). The second concept is that each follicle within a clutch is ovulated at a progressively earlier stage of development (Bastian and Zarrow, 1955). The purpose of this study was to measure and compare egg, yolk, and shell weight of Coturnix quail eggs with relation to their…
Experimental Investigation of the Tool Wear and Tool Life in Micro Hard Milling

The objective of this project is to experimentally investigate the influence of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) on tool wear and tool life in micro hardmilling. The experiments were performed on stainless steel using uncoated WC micro-mill with the nominal diameter of 508 microns. The tool wear is characterized by the volume of the material loss at the tool tip. In order to reveal the progression of the tool wear, the worn tool was examined periodically under SEM after a fixed amount of workpiece material removal (1.25 mm3 or 5 slots in this study). The tool life was characterized as the amount of material removed, instead of the conventional cutting times. The feedrate and the spindle speed were fixed, and two levels of axial depth of cut (50 and 75 microns) were compared. The higher depth of cut leads to longer tool life. The machining performance under MQL is superior to the dry machining for both process conditions in terms of the tool life. The cutting forces in feed direction and the surface roughness at the bottom of the slots were also examined during the experiments. The magnitude of the machining forces showed cyclic pattern for both MQL and dry machining. The SEM images and the cutting force signals suggested that the dominant mode of the tool wear in micro-milling is edge chipping and abrasive wear at the tool tip. The loss of the micro-grain of WC at the cutting edge leads to edge chipping, which reduces the effective cutting diameter; the abrasive wear enlarge the edge radius, causing the cutting force increase. As the cutting edge radius reaches a certain dimension, the whole edge was stripped off, a new edge formed with a smaller edge radius, and the cycle restarts. Under MQL cutting conditions, three cycles were observed before tool failure, while under dry machining conditions, the tool only experienced two cycles before tool breakage. The surface roughness at the bottom of the slots improved significantly with the application of MQL for all levels of the tool wear. The surface roughness did not increase drastically as the tool wear increased. It reached a plateau after the tool wear went into gradual wear state. Further experiments and theoretical analysis will be pursued in the future to gain a deeper understanding of tool wear mechanism in micro-milling.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of Warm-up on Plasma Free Fatty Acid Responses and Substrate Utilization during Submaximal Exercise

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of preliminary walking on free fatty acid (FFA) responses and calculated substrate utilization during a 40-min treadmill run. Repeated 12-hour post-prandial measures were obtained on six endurance trained subjects (M [Vdot]RO2 max = 69.3 ml[mdot]kg-1[mdot]min-1) running at approximately 65% of their maximal aerobic power; preceded by rest in the without warm-up (WOW) trial or by a 20-min walk at approximately 27% of their maximal aerobic power in the with warm-up (WW) trial. Significantly different quadratic trends in FFA concentrations were found between trials. The WW trial displayed mean FFA concentrations above resting levels at sampling periods throughout the run. The WOW trial showed a fall in the mean FFA concentrations after the first 10 min of running, a return to approximately resting levels after 20 min, and elevated concentrations at 40 min. The percentage of energy derived from fat metabolism (calculated from steady state respirator...
Sex and the anarchist unconscious: A brief history

‘We need form, not formlessness!’ In Gustav Landauer’s plaintive cry echoes a century-old controversy among the most singular minds of an entire generation of anarchists — Otto Gross, Erich Muhsam, Margarethe Hardegger — over sexuality and the ‘new science’ of psychoanalysis. At stake in the dispute are questions that continue to haunt anarchist thought and practice in the 21st century: What ‘forms’ can and ought libertarian sexual culture take? What constitutes a libertarian politics of marriage and the family? Does psychoanalysis constitute a complement to the anarchist tradition, a crucial supplement to its logic, or a perilous substitute?
An Analytical Derivation of 2-D Conduction Shape Factors

New, improved formulations to evaluate two commonly used 2-D conduction shape factors, standard and average, are presented for a single, circular vessel eccentrically imbedded in a uniformly heated circular tissue matrix in terms of three non-dimensional parameters. The standard conduction shape factor is defined based on the vessel wall temperature and the outer wall temperature. The average conduction shape factor is defined based on the average tissue temperature and the vessel wall temperature. It is shown that both types of 2-D conduction shape factors are functions of the deposited power. The need to use proper expressions to evaluate conduction shape factors to accurately estimate the heat transfer from/to a region of interest when heating is present is stressed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The functions of the phage T4 immunity and spackle genes in genetic exclusion

Genetic exclusion is the ability of a primary infecting phage to prevent a secondary infecting phage from contributing its genetic information to the progeny. The molecular mechanism of the phenomenon is not well understood. The two genes in phage T4 mainly responsible for genetic exclusion are the immunity (imm) gene and the spackle (sp) gene. Evidence is presented that the imm gp enables the host exonuclease V to degrade superinfecting phage DNA. This appears to be accomplished by the imm gp altering gp 2/64, the presumed pilot protein, which protects the 5′ end(s) of the phage DNA. Exonuclease III is also involved in genetic exclusion but its action does not appear to depend upon the imm or sp gene products. Gp sp appears to interfere with the lysozyme activity of gp 5, a component of the central base plug, postulated to aid in tail tube penetration during the injection process. A molecular model of genetic exclusion is proposed. Genes imm and sp are part of a cluster of genes which also includes 42, beta-glucosyltransferase, and uvsX. The genes of this cluster encode proteins apparently adapted for competition and defence at the DNA level. These genes may encode fundamental adaptive strategies found throughout nature.
Discovery of a new class of ghrelin receptor antagonists.

Abstract A series of benzodiazepine antagonists of the human ghrelin receptor GHSR1a were synthesized and their antagonism and metabolic stability were evaluated. The potency of these analogs was determined using a functional aequorin (Euroscreen) luminescent assay measuring the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and their metabolic stability was measured using an in vitro rat and human S9 hepatocyte assay. These efforts led to the discovery of a potent ghrelin antagonist with good rat pharmacokinetic properties.
A badge and a baccalaureate: Policies, hypotheses, and further evidence

Arguments for and against measures intended to raise the educational levels of police officers turn partly on the hypothesized relationships between college education and officers' attitudes and behavior. The purpose of this analysis is to provide additional empirical evidence concerning these hypotheses. The results suggest that college education is weakly related to some attitudes and unrelated to others. The results also show that officers' performance in police-citizen encounters, measured in terms of citizens' evaluations, is largely unrelated to officers' educational backgrounds.
Early Prediction of Intractable Childhood Epilepsy

The early identification of children at risk for intractable epilepsy (IE) would facilitate a choice of more aggressive and effective medical or surgical methods of management.
UHF handset monopole antenna designed for SAR compliance

The specific absorption rate, SAR, has become an important design criterion for wireless devices. A portable must meet various SAR regulatory standards. As a result, antennas are designed not only to meet the required matched bandwidths and efficiencies or gains, but also to be such that the whole antenna-chassis configurations do not result in SAR levels exceeding the compliance limits in the bodies of users. Traditionally, SAR is tested after the complete portable device has been put together. The designs would have to go through a few iterations of modifications and measurements before the design is finalized, should the designs result in high SAR levels. While antenna design works have migrated from cut-and-measure to computer aided design, it is now possible to design an antenna to ensure SAR compliance, with the help of EM modelling. This paper describes the design of a quarter-wave monopole antenna for a portable radio operating in the UHF band. While this is not a unique design, it served to demonstrate the use of SAR prediction techniques.
Missing Data: A Non-ignorable Issue in Modern Biostatistics

Missing Data: A Non-ignorable Issue in Modern Biostatistics Missing data is a common feature in modern biostatistics. For most cases, the easily implemented method such as complete case analysis will yield biased conclusions if data are Missing At Random (MAR) or Missing Not At Random (MNAR). The vast majority of articles in the literature dealing with incomplete data make the unrealistic assumption that data are available for the response but incomplete for the covariates or risk factors, or alternatively, they assume that information on risk factors is complete, but the data on response are incomplete.
Paul Kantor, Christian Lefevre, Asato Saito, H.V. Savitch, and Andy Thornley, Struggling Giants: City‐Region Governance in London, New York, Paris and Tokyo. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012).

At the heart of this wide-ranging exploration of four global city regions (GCRs) is the question of whether they are governable. Despite their influence on the world economy, the question is: Are l...
Dyslipidemias in patients with diabetes mellitus : classification and risks and benefits of therapy

To characterize the lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus and evaluate the risks and benefits of marketed pharmacologic therapies, a MEDLINE search of the National Library of Medicine data base was performed of studies published from January 1966 to March 1994. Clinical trials assessing effects on lipids and lipoproteins, and adverse effects of marketed lipid-lowering agents were extracted. Reviews and other relevant articles were included if they provided information regarding lipid and lipoprotein metabolism or guidelines on the treatment of dyslipidemias in patients with diabetes mellitus. An extensive review of clofibrate was not included. The most common dyslipidemia in patients with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is combined elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels, with reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mixed hyperlipidemia). Hypertriglyceridemia combined with a reduced HDL cholesterol is the most common dyslipidemia in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but essentially any pattern of dyslipidemia may be present. Small and dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glycosylation of lipoproteins, and increased oxidized lipoproteins may be present in patients with diabetes mellitus; all contribute to accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Insulin therapy generally corrects quantitative lipid abnormalities in patients with IDDM, so drug treatment is seldom indicated. Diet, exercise, and insulin or oral sulfonylureas will improve hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL concentrations, but do not always return them to normal. Drug therapy is indicated when nonpharmacologic measures are inadequate. It is administered based on the effects of each agent on lipids and lipoproteins, patient age, adverse effect profile, patient tolerability, and drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. A fibric acid derivative is the drug of choice for marked hypertriglyceridemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Niacin can worsen glycemic control, but it may be required in severe hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or mixed hyperlipidemia. Bile-acid binding resins may accentuate hypertriglyceridemia but may be useful in selected patients with marked hypercholesterolemia and normal triglycerides. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reduced inhibitors are preferred in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol and mild hypertriglyceridemia. Patients with marked lipid abnormalities or mixed hyperlipidemias may require carefully dosed combinations of lipid-lowering drugs.