cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of acth or 8-br-camp on growth and replication in a functional adrenal tumor cell line.

The effects of ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP on growth and replication of a functional mouse adrenal tumor cell line (Y-1) were investigated. ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP both inhibited DNA synthesis and replication when added to randomly growing cell cultures. ACTH addition and serum deprivation each arrested cells in G1; an additional point of arrest in G2 occurred with 8-Br-cAMP. Cells whose growth was arrested in G1 by ACTH had a significantly larger volume and protein and RNA content compared to cells arrested in G1 by serum deprivation. When ACTH or 8-Br-cAMP was added with serum to cells arrested by serum deprivation, the wave of DNA synthesis and cell division seen with serum was abolished. ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP had no effect on the serum-induced increases in protein and RNA content, rates of leucine incorporation into protein and uridine incorporation into RNA, and RNA polymerase I activity observed in cells during the pre-replicative period. Partial inhibition of the serum-induced increase in uridine transport occurred. ACTH and cAMP do not appear to inhibit replication by generalized negative pleiotypic effects but rather to inhibit the initiation of DNA synthesis more specifically. The ACTH-arrested Y-1 cell resembles an in vivo hypertrophied adrenal cortical cell.
Characterization of cortical spindles in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 inbred mice

Abstract Continuous twenty-four hour EEG recordings were conducted on freely-moving DBA/2 and C57BL/6 inbred mice. No brief spindle episodes (BSEs: 6–7 cps, 1–5 sec duration, high amplitude spindle bursts) were seen in the waking EEG of C57BL/6 mice. BSEs were a conspicuous element of the EEG during active waking (AW) and quiet waking (QW) in DBA/2 mice. BSEs occurred at a 10× faster rate in QW than in AW and had a longer duration. Sleep spindle bursts resembling BSEs were seen in both C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, and occasionally were observed to follow a K-complex. Rostropontine, but not midpontine, brainstem transection released spindles in both strains. Pentobarbital produced spindles in both strains. The waveforms of the waves comprising BSEs, sleep spindles, transection-induced spindles and barbiturate spindles were quite similar, though differing in frequencies and amplitude. Genetic factors may be critical for the lack of BSEs during AW and QW in C57BL/6 mice and for the occurrence of BSEs during AW in DBA/2 mice. In contrast, most other rodents whow a third pattern: BSEs only during QW. Since C57BL/6 mice can generate spindles under some circumstances, the absence of spindles during waking reflects some alteration in the mechanisms that control the initiation of BSEs rather than a lack of the circuits required to generate a BSE. These mechanisms are distinct from those processes of arousal that produce the background EEG desynchronization of waking. Following both rostropontine and midpontine transection, the background EEG is desynchronized, yet after rostropontine, but not midpontine transection, BSEs occur freely, at a rate over 200 per hour.
Religion and spirituality

Why is an issue such as this necessary? We asked this of ourselves as we prepared this work, and the answer was always self-evident: the competent child and adolescent psychiatrist is a diagnostician and a healer, a medical physician and a therapist. As such, any factor that can cause distress or ameliorate it should be part of the child and adolescent psychiatrist’s armamentarium. So far, so good. But then the question becomes: How can the clinician approach an area that is as difficult to study scientifically and as awkward to discuss interpersonally as this one? The aphorism ‘‘Don’t discuss religion and politics’’ comes to mind and provides a partial answer. We can’t help discussing these things because of their inherent interest and importance in our lives. This is what this issue of theChild and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America is all about. We have attempted to bring some structure to the consideration of this complex, challenging area. Our goal has been to be consistent with extant science yet produce an issue that will help the clinician who treats problems that influence and are influenced by a child and family’s religious and spiritual position. Fortunately, there are several things that have assisted us. There is a growing ease of discussing these matters as psychiatrists are encouraged to train the next generation in cultural competence. Second, the epidemiologic database on religion and spirituality and health is growing, which helps to bring this area under more careful scientific scrutiny. Finally, there is a growing literature on how to work with religious and spiritual issues in treatment. As in other areas of psychiatry, some of these trends have occurred outside child and adolescent psychiatry—that’s where this issue comes in. There have been few attempts to systematically address this topic in a child and adolescent population. We have structured this issue into five sections. It begins with an overview of the
Simplified Method of Lateral Distribution of Live Load Moment

This paper introduces a simplified method, known as Henry’s method, for the calculation of distribution factors of the live load moment. Using the simplified method, the live load effects are equally distributed in all beams, including interior and exterior beams. This method has been used in Tennessee for nearly four decades. It offers advantages in simplicity of calculation and flexibility in application. To carefully examine the simplified method, 24 actual bridges of six different types of superstructures were selected for the study. The distribution factors of actual bridges using Henry’s method were compared with the ones from the AASHTO LRFD, the AASHTO standard, and finite-element analysis. In the comparison study, the effects of bridge superstructure types and key parameters that significantly affected the calculation of distribution factors are discussed. Based on the results of the comparison and evaluation, a modified Henry’s method was proposed by introducing modification factors to Henry’s m...
The Surgical Learning Curve for Prostate Cancer Control After Radical Prostatectomy

Background The learning curve for surgery — i.e., improvement in surgical outcomes with increasing surgeon experience — remains primarily a theoretical concept; actual curves based on surgical outcome data are rarely presented. We analyzed the surgical learning curve for prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Methods The study cohort included 7765 prostate cancer patients who were treated with radical prostatectomy by one of 72 surgeons at four major US academic medical centers between 1987 and 2003. For each patient, surgeon experience was coded as the total number of radical prostatectomies performed by the surgeon before the patient ’ s operation. Multivariable survival – time regression models were used to evaluate the association between surgeon experience and prostate cancer recurrence, defined as a serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA) of more than 0.4 ng/mL followed by a subsequent higher PSA level (i.e., bio che mical recurrence ), with adjustment for established clinical and tumor characteristics. All P values are two-sided. Results The learning curve for prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy was steep and did not start to plateau until a surgeon had completed approximately 250 prior operations. The predicted probabilities of recurrence at 5 years were 17.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.1% to 25.6%) for patients treated by surgeons with 10 prior operations and 10.7% (95% CI = 7.1% to 15.9%) for patients treated by surgeons with 250 prior operations (difference = 7.2%, 95% CI = 4.6% to 10.1%; P <.001). This finding was robust to sensitivity analysis; in particular, the results were unaffected if we restricted the sample to patients treated after 1995, when stage migration related to the advent of PSA screening appeared largely complete. Conclusions As a surgeon’s experience increases, cancer control after radical prostatectomy improves, presumably because of improved surgical technique. Further research is needed to examine the specific techniques used by experienced surgeons that are associated with improved outcomes.
Adenine− and Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)−Gold Binding Interactions Studied by Surface-Enhanced Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies

Understanding the interactions of biomolecules with noble metal surfaces is critical to our development of functional biomedical nanodevices and accurate biosensors. Here we use surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA) on Au nanoshell substrates to study the interactions of adenine and two adenine derivatives, thiolated polyadenine single-stranded DNA (polyA) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), with Au surfaces. pH-dependent conformational changes of these molecular species adsorbed on Au nanoshell surfaces were observed using SERS, and confirmed with SEIRA. The combined SERS-SEIRA spectra show significant pH dependence, consistent with adenine protonation and reduced Au−adenine binding at low pH. The spectra are also consistent with adenine binding “end-on” to the Au surface via a ring nitrogen, with the bond to the external NH2 group aligned near the surface normal. For AMP, spectral evidence indicates binding through either a ring nitrogen ...
Abstract IA21: Oncogenomic-dependent vulnerabilities in lung adenocarcinoma

Diversity in the genetic lesions that drive cancer initiation and progression is extreme. This diversity exists not only among tumors from different patients, but also among cancer cells within the same patient. This nefarious complexity is, in large measure, responsible for the capacity of this disease to evade current best efforts for effective therapy. “Personalized medicine” has been proposed in response to this conundrum as a mechanism to tailor cancer treatment to a specific tumor9s genetic and epigenetic characteristics. However, selection of appropriate treatment is dramatically limited by the paucity of appropriate drugs and by the difficulty of linking treatment options to the appropriate patients. The challenge is to identify authentic intervention targets for development of an appropriately diverse cohort of therapies to contend with disease heterogeneity. We are addressing this challenge by a focused investigation of common vulnerabilities that arise as a consequence of oncogene expression and tumor evolution. Here we will describe a cancer intervention discovery pipeline using parallel genetic and chemical perturbations within an extensive panel of cell lines representative of the molecular lesions detected in lung cancer by national and international cancer genome sequencing efforts. We have found that current first line targeted therapies are discoverable within this panel together with the enrollment biomarkers required to stratify patient treatment regimens. Further, we have found that new genetic and chemical vulnerabilities can be revealed that are linked to recurrent mutations in lung cancer patients that are not currently “actionable.” We are leveraging this approach to stratify lung cancer subtypes and elaborate intervention targets that are linked to those subtypes by robust molecular discriminators. Citation Format: Michael A. White. Oncogenomic-dependent vulnerabilities in lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
The (3He, t) reaction on 24Mg and 28Si

Abstract The ( 3 He, t) charge exchange reaction on 24 Mg and 28 Si has been studied at 38.5 MeV. The angular distributions provide a number of new spin assignments in 24 Al and 28 P. A two-step excitation through intermediate α-particle channels was used to predict the 24 Al cross sections. The fits are fair in shape, but about a factor of three too large when a perfect overlap of initial and final shapes is assumed. The data to three 1 + states of 28 P are compared to the known electromagnetic reduced transition rate B (M1) to the analog states in 28 Si.
Restriction of cellular iodide space by mediated efflux.

Abstract 1. 1. The movements of I− and other anions in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were studied as a model to explain the restricted anion space of certain cells. 2. 2. At 38° all the anions tested (I−, Br−, ReO4−, WO42−) penetrate only one-quarter of the cell volume. For I− this value, constant up to 6 h, is independent of the anion concentration in the medium from less than 1 μM to 0.124 M and is insensitive to anions that inhibit thyroidal I− transport competitively. 3. 3. At 4° the restriction of the I− (and Br−) compartments (but not that of ReO4− or WO42−) is abolished and the I− space approaches the water content of the cell. Upon exposure of the cold-loaded cells to 38°, a net efflux of the halide is observed until the steady-state value of one-quarter of the cell volume is again attained. 4. 4. The temperature-dependent efflux of I− is sensitive to various metabolic inhibitors, but, in ascites fluid, at a rather high concentration. 5. 5. Cardiac glycosides and quinidine markedly decrease the ability of ascites cells to restrict the anion space. The same effect is produced by nucleoside triphosphates, particularly ATP, ITP and UTP. 6. 6. The behavior of I− and Na+ was compared under identical conditions. Although certain similarities exist, a number of differences were noted. 7. 7. The evidence presented is consistent with the hypothesis that the halide restriction in ascites cells is due to a metabolism-dependent efflux.
In Vivo Impedance of the Gerbil Cochlear Partition at Auditory Frequencies

The specific acoustic impedance of the cochlear partition was measured from 4 to 20 kHz in the basal turn of the gerbil cochlea, where the best frequency is ∼40 kHz. The acoustic impedance was found as the ratio of driving pressure to velocity response. It is the physical attribute that governs cochlear mechanics and has never before been directly measured, to our knowledge. The basilar membrane velocity was measured through the transparent round window membrane. Simultaneously, the intracochlear pressure was measured close to the stapes and quite close to the cochlear partition. The impedance phase was close to −90° and the magnitude decreased with frequency, consistent with stiffness-dominated impedance. The resistive component of the impedance was relatively small. Usually the resistance was negative at frequencies below 8 kHz; this unexpected finding might be due to other vibration modes within the cochlear partition.
Distribution of Total Aerobic and Coliform Bacterial Counts Among Rice Kernel Components

Nine lots of long-grain rice were milled, and the basic rice components (hulls, bran, brokens, and head rice) were segregated. Serial dilutions of ground samples were conducted to determine aerobic plate counts (APC) and coliform counts. Significant differences (p<0.05) in bacterial counts were found between the components for both APCs and coliform counts. The mean APCs in the basic rice components were ranked in the following order from the highest counts to lowest: hulls, bran, brokens, and head rice. Additionally, the mean coliform counts in the rice components were ranked in the following order from the highest counts to lowest: bran, hulls, brokens, and head rice.
Metabolomic, behavioral, and reproductive effects of the synthetic estrogen 17 α-ethinylestradiol on the unionid mussel Lampsilis fasciola.

The endocrine disrupting effects of estrogenic compounds in surface waters on fish, such as feminization of males and altered sex ratios, may also occur in aquatic invertebrates. However, the underlying mechanisms of action and toxicity, especially in native freshwater mussels (Order Unionoida), remain undefined. This study evaluated the effects of a 12-day exposure of 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen in oral contraceptives commonly found in surface waters, on the behavior, condition, metabolism, and reproductive status of Lampsilis fasciola. Adult mussels of both sexes were exposed to a control and two concentrations of EE2 (0 ng/L, 5 ng/L considered to be environmentally relevant, and 1,000 ng/L designed to provide a positive metabolic response), and samples of gill tissue were taken on days 4 and 12; gills were used because of the variety of critical processes they mediate, such as feeding, ion exchange, and siphoning. Observations of mussel behavior (mantle display, siphoning, and foot movement) were made daily, and condition of conglutinates (packets of eggs and/or glochidia) released by females was examined. No significant effects of EE2 on glochidia mortality, conglutinate condition, female marsupial gill condition, or mussel foot extension were observed. However, exposure to both concentrations of EE2 significantly reduced male siphoning and mantle display behavior of females. Metabolomics analyses identified 207 known biochemicals in mussel gill tissue and showed that environmentally relevant EE2 concentrations led to decreases in glycogen metabolism end products, glucose, and several essential fatty acids in females after 12 days, indicating reductions in energy reserves that could otherwise be used for growth or reproduction. Moreover, males and females showed significant alterations in metabolites involved in signal transduction, immune response, and neuromodulation. Most of these changes were apparent at 1,000 ng/L EE2, but similar metabolites and pathways were also affected at 5 ng/L EE2. Components of the extracellular matrix of gill tissue were also altered. These results demonstrate the utility of metabolomics when used in conjunction with traditional physiological and behavioral toxicity test endpoints and establish the usefulness of this approach in determining possible underlying toxicological mechanisms of EE2 in exposed freshwater mussels.
Metabolic Regulation of the Gene Encoding Glutamine-Dependent Asparagine Synthetase in Arabidopsis thaliana

Here, we characterize a cDNA encoding a glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase (ASN1) from Arabidopsis thaliana and assess the effects of metabolic regulation on ASN1 mRNA levels. Sequence analysis shows that the predicted ASN1 peptide contains a purF-type glutamine-binding domain. Southern blot experiments and cDNA clone analysis suggest that ASN1 is the only gene encoding glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase in A. thaliana. The ASN1 gene is expressed predominantly in shoot tissues, where light has a negative effect on its mRNA accumulation. This negative effect of light on ASN1 mRNA levels was shown to be mediated, at least in part, via the photoreceptor phytochrome. We also investigated whether light-induced changes in nitrogen to carbon ratios might exert a metabolic regulation of the ASN1 mRNA accumulation. These experiments demonstrated that the accumulation of ASN1 mRNA in dark-grown plants is strongly repressed by the presence of exogenous sucrose. Moreover, this sucrose repression of ASN1 expression can be partially rescued by supplementation with exogenous amino acids such as asparagine, glutamine, and glutamate. These findings suggest that the expression of the ASN1 gene is under the metabolic control of the nitrogen to carbon ratio in cells. This is consistent with the fact that asparagine, synthesized by the ASN1 gene product, is a favored compound for nitrogen storage and nitrogen transport in dark-grown plants. We have put forth a working model suggesting that when nitrogen to carbon ratios are high, the gene product of ASN1 functions to re-direct the flow of nitrogen into asparagine, which acts as a shunt for storage and/or long-distance transport of nitrogen.
Synthesis of benzofurans through coupling of dienylacetylenes with carbene complexes: total synthesis of egonol

Abstract The reaction of various carbene complexes with dienylacetylenes has been examined. The reaction has been used as the cornerstone for the preparation of the nor-neolignan natural product egonol in five steps from readily available components. In most examples of the carbene–alkyne coupling, the reaction proceeds to form benzofuran derivatives. In the case of one highly functionalized terminal alkyne, a competing rearrangement/cyclization process occurs in preference to the carbene coupling process. The use of silylated alkynes subverts this process.
Reactions of Hydroxyalkyl Radicals with Cysteinyl Peptides in a NanoESI Plume

In biological systems, carbon-centered small molecule radicals are primarily formed via external radiation or internal radical reactions. These radical species can react with a variety of biomolecules, most notably nucleic acids, the consequence of which has possible links to gene mutation and cancer. Sulfur-containing peptides and proteins are reactive toward a variety of radical species and many of them behave as radical scavengers. In this study, the reactions between alkyl alcohol carbon-centered radicals (e.g., •CH2OH for methanol) and cysteinyl peptides within a nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) plume were explored. The reaction system involved ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of a nanoESI plume using a low pressure mercury lamp consisting of 185 and 254 nm emission bands. The alkyl alcohol was added as solvent into the nanoESI solution and served as the precursor of hydroxyalkyl radicals upon UV irradiation. The hydroxyalkyl radicals subsequently reacted with cysteinyl peptides either containing a disulfide linkage or free thiol, which led to the formation of peptide-S-hydroxyalkyl product. This radical reaction coupled with subsequent MS/MS was shown to have analytical potential by cleaving intrachain disulfide linked peptides prior to CID to enhance sequence information. Tandem mass spectrometry via collision-induced dissociation (CID), stable isotope labeling, and accurate mass measurement were employed to verify the identities of the reaction products.
Comparison of local and global arrays for MRI

Different array topologies are examined and compared in an effort to improve arrays for MRI and for SENSE imaging. The prerequisites for a good array are high intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and low noise amplification (g-factor) during SENSE acquisitions. The merits of two classes of planar arrays are discussed—arrays composed of small elements with “local” sensitivity versus arrays made up of elements that have a “global” sensitivity over the entire field of view. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 31B: 86–94, 2007.
The end of liberalism?: Economic liberalization and the transformation of post-communist Poland

Abstract Until the mid-1980s the overwhelming majority of the opposition's leaders simply believed that “socialism was just a very good thing.” The only problem was that the opposition viewed the socialism that was constructed by the Communist party as distorted by systemic and ideological errors. From the early 1980s the first seeds of economic liberalism were attempting to sprout on what seemed to be a definitely hostile and infertile field since the Leftist Weltanschauung dominated the minds and “…souls of the opposition's elite.” As a result, economic liberalism was rediscovered by some elements belonging to an entirely new generation of anti-Communist opposition. It first became popular within narrow circles of young economists centered in Warsaw, Gdansk and Cracow. Perhaps these groups would have remained on the social and intellectual margin if any of the socialistic schemes to rectify the systemic problems of the Polish “real socialism” had succeeded. With the failure of these various schemes, Poland's reformed Communists began to entertain other systemic options. While some of them still continued their attempts to carve out the uniquely Polish “Third Way” of combining socialism with petty-entrepreneurialism and democracy, others began to look more seriously at some systemic solutions that were influenced by economic liberalism. Eventually, in the second half of the 1980s, the Communist elite began to cross the ideological Rubikon that divided the statist/socialist from the free market/entrepreneurial Weltanschauung. Against this sociopolitical background, this paper aims to explore the gradual emergence of economic liberalism in Poland in the 1980s and the elusive role that it played in the society's systemic transformation.
Non-RGD-containing snake venom disintegrins, functional and structural relations

Snake venom disintegrins are present in a variety of species and are functionally divided into three families: RGD, MLD and R/KTS. The RGD family of disintegrins, which bind and inhibit the physiological functions of RGD-dependent integrins, constitute the largest and most investigated family. This review will be focused on characterization of two relatively new families of snake venom disintegrins, expressing in their active site MLD and R/KTS motifs. The MLD motif, present only in heterodimeric disintegrins, mediates binding of these disintegrins to α4β1, α4β7 and α9β1 integrins, whereas the presence of a KTS or RTS sequence in the active site selectively directs activity of disintegrins to the collagen receptor α1β1 integrin. Structurally, KTS-disintegrins are short, monomeric molecules containing 41 amino acids in its polypeptide chain. Biological activities of MLD and KTS-disintegrins were investigated in many systems in vitro and in vivo. Purified disintegrins are non-toxic in therapeutic doses in rodent and avian models. Their modulatory properties were observed in investigations of cancer angiogenesis and metastasis, immunosuppression of IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and asthma, as well as in neurodegenerative assays and cell apoptosis.
Kinetics of the cubic to trigonal transformation in ZrMo2O8 and their dependence on precursor chemistry

The negative thermal expansion material cubic ZrMo2O8 is metastable with respect to other polymorphs at all temperatures. On heating to temperatures >390 °C it readily transforms to trigonal ZrMo2O8. The kinetics of this transformation have been studied by in situ XRD and were found to be strongly influenced by the precursor chemistry used to prepare the cubic material. The conversion can be described with an Avrami model. An Arrhenius analysis of the estimated rate constants for two samples gave apparent activation energies of 269 and 291 kJ mol−1. Extrapolation of the kinetic data to lower temperatures than those used for the measurements indicates that cubic ZrMo2O8 can be used for many years at temperatures below 280 °C without significant transformation.
Some Specification Tests for the Linear Regression Model

A great deal of recent work in econometrics has focused on the development of tests to detect violations of the assumptions of ordinary least squares regression. These tests are referred to collectively as specification tests. This article evaluates some important and computationally convenient specification tests for the normal regression model as applied to cross-sectional data. Because these tests achieve their optimal properties in large samples, their size and power in finite samples are of great interest and are evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations. Although the authors' experiments showed a tendency toward overrejection in some tests, their results suggest that specific variations of the RESET and information matrix tests behave quite well even in small samples. They conclude by proposing a strategy for the sequential application of specification tests.
Psycho-Economics of Money and Social Support

There has been a growing interest in the psychology of money (e.g., Rick, Cryder, & Loewenstein, 2008; Vohs, Mead, & Goode, 2006). In the target article, Zhou and Gao (this issue) offer a refreshing perspective on money and social support, maintaining that money and social support are substitutes of each other for alle viating pain. In a comprehensive review of the extant research literature, these authors found clear evidence for their view. Specifically, they found that (a) antici pation of pain heightens the desire for social support as well as the desire for money, (b) reminding people of social support and money can alleviate pain, and (c) so cial exclusion and monetary loss can cause pain. Zhou and Gao's innovative analysis suggests that money is not just a metric of utility attached to the goods and ser vices it can buy. Instead, money itself carries hedonic values through its (perceived) analgesic capability. In this commentary, we will expand Zhou and Gao's analysis by relating it to basic economic principles. We argue that because money and social support are sub stitutable analgesics, an individual's desire for them in concrete situations can be predicted from the shape of indifference curves relating the desirability of money and social support and the relative efficiency of pursu ing wealth and social support with limited resources. This psycho-economic analysis highlights the eco nomic rationality of optimizing the sedative utility or soothing comfort of money and social support. It orga nizes Zhou and Gao's ideas into a set of parsimonious and elegant propositions and brings out some broader implications that are not apparent in Zhou and Gao's theoretical narrative. In the last section of this com mentary, we go beyond optimization of soothing com fort and consider the value or utility people attach to identity signaling in materialistic consumption.
A comparison of morphing control strategies for a flexible wing micro air vehicle model incorporating Spatial Hysteresis damping

In this work we wish to improve upon our previous one-dimensional, nonlinear model describing the heave dynamics of an aeroelastic wing micro air vehicle. We incorporate a non-local internal damping type, known as spatial hysteresis, into the model. Here we compare the use of three linear feedback control laws, designed for the linearized system, acting to morph the aircraft wings to a certain shape over time. The control designs we compare are the Linear Quadratic Regulator, Linear Quadratic Gaussian, and Central controllers, with the latter two resulting in a nonlinear compensator when implemented in the nonlinear system.
In Vitro Reconstitution of Glucose-induced Targeting of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase into the Vacuole in Semi-intact Yeast Cells

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), the key enzyme in gluconeogenesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is induced when cells are grown in medium containing poor carbon sources. FBPase is targeted from the cytosol to the vacuole for degradation when glucose-starved yeast cells are replenished with fresh glucose. In this study, we report the reconstitution of the glucose-induced import of FBPase into the vacuole in semi-intact yeast cells using radiolabeled FBPase, an ATP regenerating system and cytosol. The import of FBPase was defined as the fraction of the FBPase that was sequestered inside a membrane-sealed compartment. FBPase import requires ATP hydrolysis and is stimulated by cytosolic proteins. Furthermore, the import of FBPase is a saturable process. FBPase import is low in the glucose-starved cells and is stimulated in the glucose-replenished cells. FBPase accumulates to a higher level in the pep4 cell, suggesting that FBPase is targeted to the vacuole for degradation. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy studies demonstrate that the imported FBPase is localized to the vacuole in the permeabilized cells. Thus, the glucose-induced targeting of FBPase into the vacuole can be reproduced in our in vitro system.
Effect of oncotic pressure of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) on brain injury after temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Previous studies have shown that diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb TM , 10 g/dL) decreases cerebral ischemia and the resultant injury in a dose-dependent manner, requiring large volumes of DCLHb TM for maximum efficacy. We assessed the effect of a more concentrated (20 g/dL) and more hyperoncotic preparation of DCLHb TM on cerebral infarction volume. Immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats were randomized to one of the following groups : Control, hematocrit not manipulated ; 10/Hb, hematocrit decreased to 30% with 10% DCLHb TM (oncotic pressure 43 mm Hg) ; 7.5/Alb, hematocrit decreased to 30% with 7.5% albumin (oncotic pressure 43 mm Hg) ; 20/Hb, the same dose of DCLHb TM (20%, oncotic pressure 129 mm Hg) as the 10/Hb group (half the volume) ; or 15/Alb, the same dose of albumin (15%, oncotic pressure 130 mm Hg) as the 7.5/Alb group (half the volume). After 90 min of ischemia, 72 h of reperfusion was allowed. Infarction volume (mm 3 , mean ± SD) was less in the DCLHb TM groups (10/Hb = 79 ± 17 ; 20/Hb = 51 ± 14) than the oncotically matched albumin groups (7.5/Alb = 124 ± 21 ; 15/Alb = 85 ± 18) and the Control group (135 ± 17) (P < 0.05). These data indicate that in this model of cerebral ischemia, DCLHb TM decreases ischemic brain injury more effectively than albumin, and that a hyperoncotic preparation of DCLHb TM is preferable.
Four-Hour Microbiological Assay of Gentamicin in Serum

Since the microbiological assay of the antibiotic content of serum generally requires 18 to 24 hr of incubation, results of such procedures may not become available in time to make appropriate adjustments in subsequent dosages of antibiotic. A 4-hr bioassay for determining concentrations of gentamicin in serum has been developed in which Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P is used as the test organism. Poured plates have yielded satisfactory results after storage at 4 C for 5 days. Results of the 4-hr procedure agree closely with those of a conventional 18-hr disc-plate assay performed with the same test organism.
Multivalued and Deterministic Peer-to-Peer Polling in Social Networks with Reputation Conscious Participants

We study the polling problem in a social network and present a private and precise n-ary voting protocol. We assume that members are concerned about their reputation in the sense that they do not want their votes to be disclosed and their potentially malicious actions to become public. Our protocol neither requires a central authority, strong cryptography, nor a randomization mechanism, using a simple secret sharing scheme and verification procedures to accurately determine the result of each poll. Our scalable protocol expands on the binary polling protocol by Guerraoui, Huguenin, Kermarrec and Monod and enables deterministic n-ary voting without significantly increasing the complexity of the protocol while preserving optimal voter privacy, allowing nodes to abstain from a poll--assuming honest nodes--and tabulating exact poll results. Misbehaving nodes are exposed with a non-zero probability and the probability of dishonest members violating voter privacy is balanced by their impact on the accuracy of the result. Limiting the number of dishonest nodes (B) such that they do not constitute a majority in any two consecutive groups of nodes and using a privacy parameter k, the impact of colluding malicious nodes is bounded by (2nk-k+1)B for any one element of the global tally and significantly less for all successive elements. Further, our algorithm improves on prior algorithms and ensures that voter privacy is optimally protected and that in the worst case, a node's vote is only compromised with probability (Bi/nk+1)k+1.
Creating Provider-Neutral Records for E-Books

After boxes of uncataloged microforms were discovered at my library, we learned that many of the titles were available as free electronic books, so I added bibliographic records to the local catalog for the e-versions. Some bibliographic records existed in OCLC WorldCat for the electronic versions, but they were not always provider-neutral. I learned how to create the new provider-neutral record and want to share my experience. Other librarians may want to replicate my project at their institutions, weeding their microforms and supplanting those records with e-book bibliographic records, thereby providing instant online access to these resources for their patrons.
Spring wheat response to tillage system and nitrogen fertilization within a crop-fallow system.

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the northern Great Plains generally utilizes conventional tillage systems. A 12-yr study evaluated the effects of tillage system [conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT)], N fertilizer rate (0, 22, and 45 kg N ha -1 ), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat grain yields in a dryland spring wheat-fallow rotation (SW-F). Butte86 yields with CT exceeded NT yields in five out of 12 years with 0 and 22 kg N ha -1 applied, and four years with 45 kg N ha -1 applied. Stoa yields with CT exceeded NT yields in three out of 12 years with no N applied, four years with 22 kg N ha -1 applied, and only one year with 45 kg N ha -1 applied. Yields with NT exceeded those with CT in one year. Most years, yields with MT equaled those with CT. Responses to N tended to be greatest in years when spring soil NO 3 -N was lowest. Positive yield responses to N fertilization with CT occurred in three years with Butte86 and two years with Stoa; with MT, four years with Butte86 and two years with Stoa; and with NT, five years with Butte86 and three years with Stoa. Cultivars were not consistent in their response to tillage and N fertilization. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can successfully produce spring wheat in a SW-F system using MT and NT systems, but yields may be slightly reduced when compared with CT systems some years.
Clinical Trials for Breast Cancer with Brain Metastases: Challenges and New Directions

Brain metastases (BM) portend a poor prognosis among breast cancer patients. The management of breast cancer with brain metastases (BCBM) is multi-modal with local therapy consisting of radiation and/or surgery, albeit without durable responses, and systemic therapy playing an increasingly important role. Further clinical research is warranted to improve prognosis for BCBM. However, there are several challenges in studying this population. This review provides a general overview of BCBM and discusses unique aspects of conducting clinical trials and ongoing/future research in BCBM.
Chronic morphine treatment alters expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits in the extended amygdala.

The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and central amygdala (CeA) are parts of the extended amygdala, a complex that plays a key role in drug abuse and dependence. Our previous studies showed that opiates and ethanol alter glutamatergic transmission in these regions. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are key components of glutamatergic transmission likely involved in the development of opiate tolerance and dependence. In this study we examined the effects of chronic morphine administration on gene and protein expression of three major NMDA receptors subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) in NAcc and CeA. Real-time PCR showed no differences in mRNA levels of any of the subunits in the whole NAcc between naive and morphine-dependent rats. However, at the protein level, immunoblotting revealed that chronic morphine significantly increased levels of NR1 and NR2B subunits. In contrast to the case for NAcc, in CeA we found an increased mRNA level for the NR1 subunit only but unchanged protein levels of all three subunits in morphine-dependent rats. The altered expressions of NMDA receptor subunits, especially in NAcc, of morphine-dependent rats may represent a neuroadaptation to chronic morphine and suggest a mechanism for the changes of glutamatergic transmission found in the extended amygdala in dependent rats. In addition, our results indicate a region-specific response of NMDA receptor subunits to chronic morphine administration at the gene and protein levels.
Inferior alveolar nerve-preserving mandibulectomy for nonmalignant lesions.

INTRODUCTION Preservation or restoration of lip sensation is important in oral rehabilitation following ablative surgery. The lower lip is innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve, which provides unilateral sensation to the dentition and, through the mental nerve, to the labial mucosa anterior to the mental foramen and the skin from the commissure to the mental protuberance. The nerve is often sacrificed during segmental mandibulectomy resulting in lower lip anesthesia, which can predispose to problems such as drooling, impaired speech, and accidental biting of the lips. Bilateral sacrifice of the inferior alveolar nerve is particularly debilitating because it results in total lower lip anesthesia. Although restoration of the neurological deficit can be attempted with the use of nerve grafts to bridge the gap between the stumps of inferior alveolar nerve, the results are often less than satisfactory. When tumor control does not necessitate sacrifice of inferior alveolar nerve, as in some cases of benign tumors or osteoradionecrosis, attempts may be made to spare the nerve. Such an approach would obviate the need for additional effort at re-establishing sensation following mandibular reconstruction and may result in a better functional outcome. In the present report, we describe a technique for resecting the mandible while preserving inferior alveolar nerve function in two patients who required segmental mandibulectomy for nonmalignant lesions. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE The mandible is exposed by an intraoral or a transcervical approach or a combination of these, depending on the site and extent of the lesion. The first step involves exposing the mandible and identifying the mental nerve as it emerges through the mental foramen, which is located between the mandibular premolar teeth. In patients with edentulous, atrophic mandible the nerve’s relationship to the alveolar crest can be variable; it can occasionally lie over the alveolar crest. However, the distance from the inferior border remains constant throughout life. Therefore, it is safer to identify the nerve at a subperiosteal plane from the inferior border of mandible. The second step involves dissection to expose the mandibular canal and the neurovascular bundle. Circumferential dissection begins at the mental foramen with the use of surgical burrs. After a circular bony fragment is removed, the dissection continues along the remaining portion of embedded inferior alveolar nerve posteriorly until the point of planned vertical osteotomy is reached. With the mental nerve retracted slightly, the incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve is sectioned with knife and the proximal branch to the lower lip is left intact. This maneuver allows the nerve to be transposed from the mandibular canal to the cheek. The transposed inferior alveolar nerve can be anchored to the cheek flap using chromic sutures. This permits segmental resection of mandible without injuring the nerve.
Child and informant influences on behavioral ratings of preschool children

This study investigated relations among teacher, parent, and observer behavioral ratings of 3- and 4-year-old children using intraclass correlations and ANOVA. Comparisons within and across children from middle- (N =166; Mean age 54.25 months, SD = 8.74) and low-income (N =199; Mean age 51.21 months, SD = 7.22) backgrounds revealed significant agreement between the raters but also considerable differences in both ranking and absolute scores between raters. Teachers and parents consistently rated children from low-income classrooms as having more behavioral problems and fewer prosocial behaviors. Results are conceptualized with respect to how differential expectations, comparison groups, and types of interaction with children can affect the evaluation of child behavior. Results point to the need for multiple sources of evaluation when assessing a child for behavioral difficulties, particularly in children from lower income backgrounds.
High-resolution calibration of a multibeam echo sounder

Calibration can greatly increase the utility of collecting seafloor backscattering strength with multibeam echo sounders (MBES). A calibration procedure to determine high resolution, three dimensional transmit and receive beam patterns of a Reson SeaBat 7125 MBES was performed using the fresh water calibration tank at the University of New Hampshire. The measurements employed an omni-directional Reson TC4034 projector/hydrophone as a reference transducer at an acoustic distance of 13 m. The multibeam sonar system was configured for 256 beams equi-angle mode and operating frequency of 396 kHz. The transmit beam pattern was computed for across-track angular range between +/−90° in 0.1° increments and along-track angular range between +/−2.55° in 0.09° increments. Receive directional characteristics were measured for the across-track range of +/−120° in 0.1° increments with along-track angular range of +/−1.23° in 0.18° increments. With these measurements, a three-dimensional plot of the transmit beam pattern was computed for the entire range of angles, although for the receive beam pattern it was only determined for the 0° along-track angle. The reduced angular coverage of the receive beam pattern was due to discrepancies in the off-axis results that are thought to be related to receiver saturation. Measurements for the transmit beam pattern show a −3 dB beamwidth of 0.99° for across-track angle of 0° with side lobes below −17 dB. The results show an unexplained curvature in the transmit beam pattern that would have gone un-noticed during a two dimensional beam pattern measurement. An interference effect causing ripples and attenuation of the transmit beam pattern was also observed. This effect is thought to be caused by a second 200 kHz projector mounted parallel to the 396 kHz projector. This interference occurs at an across-track angular region between +30° and +75° with gradual decrease in amplitude of about 3 dB. The receive beam pattern measurements show a −3 dB beamwidth of approximately 0.62° for the most inner beams (beams 128 and 129) and of approximately 1.40° for the most outer beams (beams 1 and 256) at along-track angular position of 0° with side-lobes below −26 dB for the most inner beams and below −17 dB for the most outer beams.
Self-Injection Locking and Phase-Locked States in Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Combs

Microresonator-based optical frequency combs have been a topic of extensive research during the last few years. Several theoretical models for the comb generation have been proposed; however, they do not comprehensively address experimental results that show a variety of independent comb generation mechanisms. Here, we present frequency-domain experiments that illuminate the transition of microcombs into phase-locked states, which show characteristics of injection locking between ensembles of comb modes. In addition, we demonstrate the existence of equidistant optical frequency combs that are phase stable but have nondeterministic phase relationships between individual comb modes.
Evolutionary implications of a new bypass activation pathway of the complement system

Abstract The classical pathway of complement activation is a highly specific and amplifiable effector system responding to recognition of foreign antigens by antibody. It comprises a group of well characterized proteins in mammalian plasma. There are many similarities with the alternative pathway of complement activation, which suggests that they have a common evolutionary origin. Both pathways have homologous components, use related activation and regulatory mechanisms, result in the release of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, and deposit C3b onto activating surfaces. This fixed C3b then becomes the focus of further immune reactions, involving either the lytic complement components of C3b receptors on effector cells. Phylogenetic data indicate that the alternative pathway is the older, and that the classical pathway evolved from it. Here Timothy Farries and colleagues review this evolutionary process and present a possible sequence of events that is suggested by recent functional data from their laboratory.