cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MMPI PATTERNS OF PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY DEPENDENT DRUG ABUSERS

Summay.-comparison of the MMPI profiles of psychologically dependent (N = 20) and physically dependent drug abusers indicated that as compared to control groups the former group were characterized by high anxiety scores and the latter group by low scores on the same MMPI scale. The MMPI subtest pacterns also suggest that the major defense mechanisms of the psychologically dependenr group were denial and repression whereas those of the physically dependent drug abusers were hypochondriacal and hypomanic in nature. Tentative evidence suggesrs that the former drug-abuse group tends to respond more favorably to psychotherapeutic intervention than does the latter group. The World Health Organization's thirteenth report on drug abuse recommended that the term drug addiction, because of its imprecision, should be replaced by the label drug dependence, which, in turn, should be divided into two categories (World Health Organization Report on Drug Dependency, 1964). Defined primarily by the nature of the drugs being habitually used, these two categories are (1) physical dependence, typified by drug abusers who suffer withdrawal symptoms associated with neurophysiological changes caused by excessive use of narcotic drugs such as heroin and barbiturates and (2) psychological dependence indicated by the euphoria and hallucinations resulting from the inordinate consumption of nonnarcotic drugs like marijuana and LSD. The major objective of this exploratory study was to compare the personalities of psychologically dependent and physically dependent drug abusers as defined by the similarities and differences in their patterns of subtest scores on the MMPI. Accordingly, the group form of the MMPI was administered and hand-scored on the three validity and ten clinical scales of the MMPI protocols for four groups of men, ages 19 to 36 years, broken down as follows. The psychologically dependent group of drug abusers consisted of 20 U.S. Navy enlisted men with long histories of excessive use of one or more nonnarcotic drugs, in most cases, marijuana. A second group of 20 Navy enlisted men with no history of drug abuse was included as a cornparison group. On the other hand, the physically dependent group of drug abusers was made up of 45 civilians, recently detoxified, chronic users of narcotic drugs, usually heroin. As with the other class of drug abusers, a simi'Now retired. Reprints may be requested from B. B. Weybrew, 174 Shore Road, Waterford, CT 06385.
An Enactive Approach to Facilitate Interactive Machine Learning for Co-Creative Agents

This paper introduces a novel approach to developing co-creative agents that collaborate in real time creative contexts, such as art and pretend play. Our approach builds upon recent work in computational creativity called interactive machine learning (IML). In IML, agents learn through demonstration, interaction, and real time feedback from a human user (as opposed to offline training). To apply IML to open-ended creative collaboration, we developed an enactive model of creativity (EMC) based upon the cognitive science theories of enaction. This paper introduces our enactive approach to building co-creative agents within the broader field of interactive machine learning by describing the theory, design, and initial prototypes of two co-creative agents.
Kinetics of phenol biodegradation in the presence of glucose.

The kinetics of utilization of glucose, phenol, and their mixtures by Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 17514) were studied with a continuously aerated, jacketed batch reactor operating at 28C and pH 7.2. It was found that when glucose is the sole carbon and energy source, the culture utilizes it following Monod kinetics. When phenol is the sole carbon and energy source, the culture biodegrades it following Andrews (inhibitory) kinetics. When both glucose and phenol are present in the medium, the culture uses them simultaneously but with lower specific rates. Reduction of the specific substrate utilization rates indicates that the two substances are involved in a cross-inhibitory pattern which can be classified as uncompetitive. The values of the kinetic interaction constants suggest that glucose inhibits the specific rate of phenol removal much more than phenol inhibits the specific rate of glucose utilization. The results suggest that substitutable substrates which are dissimilar in origin and molecular structure may be involved in an uncompetitive cross-inhibitory interaction when they are simultaneously removed. It is also concluded that the use of easily degradable substrates may not enhance the per-unit amount of biomass removal of compounds which are classified as toxic. A general classification of kinetic interactions betweenmore » substitutable resources is proposed.« less
Sexual cycle of the lizard, Leiolopisma fuscum, a tropical australian skink

Leiolopisma fuscum were obtained monthly between October, 1959, and March, 1960, in northeastern Australia, latitude 16°44'S. Gross as well as histological changes observed in the gonads and accessory sex structures of lizards of both sexes revealed seasonal variation in reproductive activity, which reached a peak in December and January. During March the gonads and accessory sex structures regressed in size but by October both sexes were again reproductively active. The reproductive activity of L. fuscum, and open forest form, was compared with that of L. rhomboidalis, a related inhabitant of the rainforest. Differences in the reproductive activity of the two species were attributed to differences in the habitats and in the climatic stimuli, especially annual rainfall, associated with these habitats. Leiolopisma fuscum which occurs over much of coastal northern Australia and part of southern Papua, is far more widespread than the other species. Its cyclic reproductive pattern is probably more typical of the genus. The reproductive cycle of L. rhomboidalis is probably adaptively specialized for conditions in the rainforest, where the physical environment is subject to less seasonal variation.
Relationships between five factor personality variables, workplace accidents, and self-efficacy

Past research has examined the relationships between personality variables and workplace accidents; however, few studies have examined these relationships using the Five Factor Model of personality and trait-state relationships have not been examined in this context. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationships between personality characteristics based on the Five Factor Model, workplace accidents, and self-efficacy. To examine these relationships, personality, workplace accident, and self-efficacy data were collected from 202 undergraduate volunteers (134 women and 68 men) at a large midwestern urban university. The mean age of participants was 20.9 yr. (SD=5.0). The results indicated that scores on Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were significantly correlated with workplace accidents as were the self-efficacy variables. Neuroticism and Agreeableness were significantly related to self-efficacy.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Consumption Control in the United States

CPTED theory, research and practice are frequently held to be relatively recentdevelopments in the field of American criminology, generated largely by the works of Oscar Newman (1972) and C. Ray Jeffery (1971). This view of CPTED and its development in theUnited States falls short of providing an adequate understanding of the vital part that it has played, and can play, in the advancement of crime prevention theory and public policy. CPTED is actually broader than as it is currently understood in the discipline of criminology. This is demonstrated through an examination of the ‘era of consumption’ (that is, the time periodroughly from the early 1800s to early 1900s where the disease later referred to as tuberculosis waswidespread in the US); during this time period, efforts to control the spread of illness wereachieved through CPTED strategies which preceded the academic writings of those considered tobe the founders of CPTED. Our main goal is to increase the understanding of and appreciationfor the vital role that CPTED has played in the history of crime prevention in the United States.Finally, implications are discussed for the prevention of tuberculosis today, as well as HIVinfection and AIDS.
The Puzzle of Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Diagnosis: Technology and Nosology in an Evolving Discipline.

Brain imaging provides ever more sensitive measures of structure and function relevant to human psychology and has revealed correlates for virtually every psychiatric disorder. Yet it plays no accepted role in psychiatric diagnosis beyond ruling out medical factors such as tumors or traumatic brain injuries. Why is brain imaging not used in the diagnosis of primary psychiatric disorders, such as depression, bipolar disease, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? This article addresses this question. It reviews the state of the art in psychiatric imaging, including diagnostic and other applications, and explains the nonutility of diagnostic imaging in terms of aspects of both the current state of imaging and the current nature of psychiatric nosology. The likely future path by which imaging-based diagnoses will be incorporated into psychiatry is also discussed. By reviewing one well-known attempt to use SPECT scanning in psychiatric diagnosis, the article examines a real-world ...
CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIOUS PROTEINS OF BOVINE SNOUT EPIDERMIS

Summary.— A comparison is made of several properties of urea-extractable proteins which were isolated from mammalian epidermis. A 6 mol/l urea solution extracts from epidermis at least 3 proteins which are precipitated maximally at pH 6·3, 5·5 and 4·5. The urea 4·5 and 5·5 proteins are soluble in water at pH 7·5 to 8·5. The urea 6·3 proteins were rather insoluble in the absence of urea, but were partially solubilized by 0·05 N NaOH to yield protein which precipitated maximally at pH 5·5, the alkali-soluble 5·5 protein. Also, the —S—S— bonds of the urea 6·3 proteins were reduced with Clelands reagent (dithiothreitol) and the resultant free-SH groups were reacted with iodoacetate to yield soluble- and insoluble-S-carboxymethyl derivatives of these proteins. The urea 6·3 and alkali-soluble 5·5 proteins have molecular weights exceeding 20 × 106, whereas the S-carboxymethyl proteins have a molecular weight of 2·2 × 105. The urea 5·5 protein extracted from epidermis at room temperature, and a portion of the urea 5·5 protein extracted at 0°C, have a molecular weight of 5·0 × 104. With antisera prepared in rabbits against the urea 5·5 and 6·3 proteins, the following proteins were found to have common antigenic determinants: urea 4·5, 5·5 and 6·3 proteins, alkali-soluble 5·5 protein, and the S-carboxymethyl-soluble proteins.
Effects of Contact Area on Mechanical Strength, Electrical Resistance, and Electromigration Reliability of Cu/Low-k Interconnects

The measurement result of mechanical strength from a back end of the line (BEOL) Cu/low-k interconnect is reported and correlates with the electrical resistance and electromigration reliability of the interconnect structure with increased via contact areas. A Cu interconnect structure in ultralarge scale integration circuits forms vias between successive layers by removing material in the top surface of the lower interconnect, extending the via feature down into the lower interconnect and creating cone-shaped apertures. The increased via contact area increases the overall mechanical toughness of the BEOL interconnect, reduces the electrical contact resistance, and enhances the electromigration resistance of the integrated circuit.
A simple model of photon transport

Abstract In this paper I describe a simple model of photon transport. This simple model includes: tabulated cross sections and average expected energy losses for all elements between hydrogen (Z = 1) and fermium (Z = 100) over the enrgy range 10 eV to 1 GeV, simple models to analytically describe coherent and incoherent scattering, and a simple model to describe fluorescence. This is all of the data that is required to perform photon transport calculations.
Voronoi cell: New method for allocation of space among atoms: Elimination of avoidable errors in calculation of atomic volume and density

In computing the volume occupied by atoms and the density in proteins, one is faced with the problem of intersecting spheres. To estimate either, the space between the atoms has to be divided according to the location of the atoms relative to each other. Various methods, based on Voronoi's idea of approximating the atomic space by polyhedra, have been proposed for this purpose. Comparing procedures concerned with the allocation of space among distinct atoms, we observe different partitionings of space, with deviations of more than 100% for particular atoms. Furthermore, we find that the separating planes of different Voronoi procedures do not meet the intersection circles of covalently linked atoms. This leads to a misallocation of space of up to 7% for . atom pairs that largely differ in atomic size e.g. ,C —H.Several algorithms are . negatively affected by small unallocated polyhedra '' vertex error'' . These ˚3 effects are cumulative for a small protein up to a loss of some 60 A of total volume, which would correspond to the deletion of one complete residue. To overcome these errors, instead of using dividing planes between the atoms, we use curved surfaces, defined as the set of those geometrical loci with equal orthogonal distance to the surfaces of the van der Waals spheres under consideration. The proposed dividing surface meets not only the intersection circle of the two van der Waals spheres but also the intersection circle of the two .
Leaf litter species identity alters the structure of pond communities

The input of leaf litter resources is a major driver of ecosystem processes in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Although variation exists in the quantity and composition of litter inputs due to natural and anthropogenic causes, few studies have examined how such variation influences the structure and composition of aquatic food webs. Using outdoor mesocosms, we examined the bottom–up effects of 10 chemically distinct tree litter species on microbial, algal, invertebrate and vertebrate fauna found in temperate ponds. We hypothesized that individual litter species, which differ in their traits, would differentially and predictably affect abiotic and biotic elements of pond communities. We further hypothesized that the presence of leaf litter, regardless of species, would elevate resource supply and increase the biomass of community members. Finally, we hypothesized that a mixture of litter species would have non-additive effects on community responses. We followed the system for > 4 months and measured > 30 abiotic and biotic responses related to primary and secondary production. The different species of leaf litter had major effects on abiotic and biotic responses, including phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton, snails, amphipods and tadpoles. Most biological responses were negatively associated with soluble carbon content of litter, or litter decay rate. Other litter traits, including phenolic concentrations and litter C:N were of secondary importance but did exhibit both positive and negative associations with several responses. The absence of litter had pervasive effects on abiotic attributes, but did not promote substantial changes in organism biomass. Most responses to the litter mixture were additive. Our results suggest that changes in temperate forest composition can strongly affect pond communities.
Effects of particle nonsphericity and radiation polarization on retrieving dust properties from MODIS observations

Abstract The scattering and radiative properties of mineral dust aerosols at violet-to-blue (0.412, 0.441, and 0.470 μm) and red (0.650 μm) wavelengths are investigated. To account for the effect of particle nonsphericity on the optical properties of dust aerosols, in the present study, these particles are assumed to be spheroids. A combination of the T-matrix method and an improved geometric optics method is applied to the computation of the single-scattering properties of spheroidal particles with size parameters ranging from the Rayleigh to geometric optics regimes. For comparison, the Lorenz–Mie theory is employed to compute the optical properties of spherical dust particles that have the same volumes as their nonspherical counterparts. The differences between the phase functions of spheroidal and spherical particles lead to quite different lookup tables involved in retrieving dust aerosol properties. Moreover, the applicability of a hybrid approach based on the spheroid model for the phase function and the sphere model for the other phase matrix elements is also demonstrated. The present sensitivity study, employing the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements and the fundamental principle of the Deep Blue algorithm, illustrates that neglecting the nonsphericity of dust particles usually leads to an underestimate of retrieved aerosol optical depth; although, depending on the scattering angle, an overestimate is noted in some cases. Furthermore, the effect of including full polarization treatment in forward radiative transfer simulation on dust property retrieval is also investigated. It is found that the effect of radiation polarization on the Deep Blue dust property retrieval is not negligible if the retrieval is based on two violet—blue channels centered at 0.412 and 0.470 μm.
Measuring Network-Aware Worm Spreading Ability

This work investigates three aspects: (a) a network vulnerability as the non-uniform vulnerable-host distribution, (b) threats, i.e., intelligent worms that exploit such a vulnerability, and (c) defense, i.e., challenges for fighting the threats. We first study five data sets and observe consistent clustered vulnerable-host distributions. We then present a new metric, referred to as the non-uniformity factor, which quantifies the unevenness of a vulnerable-host distribution. This metric is essentially the Renyi information entropy and better characterizes the non-uniformity of a distribution than the Shannon entropy. We then analytically and empirically measure the infection rate and the propagation speed of network-aware worms. We show that a representative network-aware worm can increase the spreading speed by exactly or nearly a non-uniformity factor when compared to a random-scanning worm at the early stage of worm propagation. This implies that when a worm exploits an uneven vulnerable-host distribution as a network-wide vulnerability, the Internet can be infected much more rapidly. Furthermore, we analyze the effectiveness of defense strategies on the spread of network-aware worms. Our results demonstrate that counteracting network-aware worms is a significant challenge for the strategies that include host-based defense and IPv6.
A Study of the Impact of Network Traffic Pacing from Network and End-User Perspectives

As the demand on the Internet bandwidth keeps increasing, all-optical network architectures emerge as a promising solution to high-speed telecommunication networks. However, the performance of optical routers/switches is sensitive to the statistics of Internet traffic due to their limited buffer size, which weakens the optical routers' capability of absorbing Internet traffic surges (known as burstiness), resulting in a high packet drop rate and, hence, lowering the quality of service. As a natural solution to the Internet traffic burstiness, pacing has long been studied and a variety of pacing techniques have been proposed in the literature. Nevertheless, the effect of pacing has not been conclusive. In this paper, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) in what situation pacing is beneficial, (2) does pacing harm short-lived flows, (3) does pacing affect the established fairness? We adopt in our simulation a newly proposed queue length-based pacing technique as a cure to the burstiness. The experimental results show that with appropriate parameter settings, pacing (1) significantly improves the performance of a moderately loaded small-buffer network, (2) brings little negative impact on short-lived flows in a nearly drop-free environment, and (3) is able to maintain the same fairness as achieved on the current Internet. These observations are of significant importance to a potentially wide adoption of small-buffer all-optical networks.
Transient combined laminar free convection and radiation in a rectangular enclosure

The mass, momentum and energy-transfer equations are solved to determine the response of a rectangular enclosure to a fire or other high-temperature heat source. The effects of non-participating radiation, wall heat conduction, and laminar natural convection are examined. The results indicate that radiation dominates the heat transfer in the enclosure and alters the convective flow patterns significantly. At a dimensionless time of 5·0 the surface of the wall opposite a vertical heated wall has achieved over 99% of the hot-wall temperature when radiation is included but has yet to change from the initial temperature for pure convection in the enclosure. At the same time the air at the centre of the enclosure achieves 33% and 13% of the hot-wall temperature with and without radiation, respectively. For a hot upper wall the convection velocities are not only opposite in direction but an order of magnitude larger when radiation transfer between the walls is included.
Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer

Recent clinical success has underscored the potential for immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of engineered T lymphocytes to mediate dramatic, potent, and durable clinical responses. This success has led to the broader evaluation of engineered T-lymphocyte-based adoptive cell therapy to treat a broad range of malignancies. In this review, we summarize concepts, successes, and challenges for the broader development of this promising field, focusing principally on lessons gleaned from immunological principles and clinical thought. We present ACT in the context of integrating T-cell and tumor biology and the broader systemic immune response.
Seeing is believing: visualization of rafts in model membranes.

Do membrane lipids mix uniformly or are they arranged in discrete microdomains? This question has vexed membrane biochemists since the structure of the bilayer was first elucidated. The last few years have seen the emergence of interest in one type of microdomain: lipid rafts, or sphingolipid-rich domains in the liquid-ordered phase. Although significant evidence for the existence of rafts has been presented, compelling proof has remained elusive. Additional avenues of investigation are sorely needed. In a paper in this issue of PNAS (1), together with a paper that appeared in Biophysical Journal in March 2001 (2), Dietrich et al. have pioneered a new approach that allows direct microscopic visualization in model membranes of domains with properties expected of rafts. The results support the tenets of the raft hypothesis to a remarkable degree. The raft hypothesis states that separation of discrete liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phase domains occurs in membranes containing sufficient amounts of sphingolipid and sterol.
Electrical and optical characterization of field emitter tips with integrated vertically stacked focus

A revised version of the authors' BPM that includes quantitatively accurate closed-form expressions for the Fowler-Nordheim coefficients is summarized. For field emitter arrays with integrated focus with the gate and focus biased at the same potential (V/sub G/, = V/sub F/) the emission current was 100 nA/tip at 42 V, with about 50% intercepted by the focus. It was deduced that the tip radius of curvature is 2.4-3.6 nm. Analytical model, numerical simulation, and transmission electron microscopy micrographs all gave tip ROC values in this range. We studied electron beam collimation with lowering the focus voltage VF at different values of the gate voltage V/sub G/, and observed that the optimal VF is about 0.25 V/sub G/, confirming earlier predictions by the authors. From the measurements of beam collimation as a function of cathode-anode separation, we deduced the horizontal velocity of electrons. Under optimal collimation the estimated horizontal velocity was practically zero, and diameter of the spot size produced by a 5 /spl times/ 5 array with a 40 /spl times/ 40 /spl mu/m footprint on the phosphor screen biased at 5 kV and located 15 mm away was at most 50 /spl mu/m.
Using GIS to Assess the Contribution of Farming Activities towards Climate Change in the State of Mississippi

The study uses primary data, descriptive statistics, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and correlation analysis to analyze the contributions of farming activities to climate change in Mississippi between 1992 through 2002. This involved the assessment of methane emissions from rice cultivation in the state of Mississippi as well as the relationship between the levels of methane gas concentration and other variables associated with rice production. In highlighting the extent to which rice production activities fuel climate change, the results of the study not only showed greenhouse gas emission related rice production activities to be on the rise, but there is a relationship between methane emissions and rice farming. The GIS analysis also points to a visible concentration of rice production activities associated with methane emissions in the major counties of Bolivia, Sunflower and Washington along the Northwest portion of the state. While this raises the threats of climate change predictors in the area. To remedy the problems, the paper suggests five future lines of actions from the need for education to the promotion of emission trading.
Women's toileting behaviours: an online survey of female advanced practice providers

SUMMARY Aims: An online survey of female advanced practice providers (APPs) in a large urban healthcare system was conducted to describe behaviours they use to manage their personal bladder emptying. Methods: The questionnaire contained items on demographics, presence of urinary incontinence (UI), and behaviours used to void in work, public and home settings. Results: One hundred thirteen female APPs responded to the survey and 109 responded to items on UI. Over half (53%) reported experiencing UI at least once a week. In general, the APPs reported being worried about the cleanliness of public toilets and delaying voiding when busy. Incontinent APPs were older and had histories of more pregnancies than continent women. Incontinent APPs also used public toilets more frequently and when there was no or little need to void, and delayed or put off voiding while at work and when busy. Conclusion: Although APPs have specialised knowledge about lower urinary tract anatomy and physiology, many engage in behaviours that may be detrimental to bladder health. More research is needed to explore behaviours women use to manage voiding and the effect of these behaviours on bladder health. What’s known Although urinary incontinence (UI) is prevalent in adult women, there is little known about routine bladder habits in this population. Factors external to the lower urinary tract play a role in bladder health. What’s new This study adds to the evidence that UI is prevalent in adult women. APPs who have UI engage in behaviours to keep their bladder empty despite evidence these behaviours may be detrimental to bladder health.
An indexing and browsing system for home video

In this paper, we present a content-based video indexing and browsing system for home video. In addition to traditional video parsing to extract temporary structure and abstraction of a video, we also utilize face detection, tracking and recognition techniques to create an organization based on the existence of people in a video. The entire parsing process is designed in the way that it takes full advantage of the information in MPEG compressed data so that it can be performed very efficiently. The system also provides semi-automatic tools for semantic annotation and fully automatic content-based retrieval.
WHAT IS RADICAL BEHAVIORISM? A REVIEW OF JAY MOORE'S CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF RADICAL BEHAVIORISM

B. F. Skinner founded both radical behaviorism and behavior analysis. His founding innovations included: a versatile preparation for studying behavior; explicating the generic nature of stimulus and response; a pragmatic criterion for defining behavioral units; response rate as a datum; the concept of stimulus control; the concept of verbal behavior; and explicating the explanatory power of contingencies. Besides these achievements, however, Skinner also made some mistakes. Subsequent developments in radical behaviorist thought have attempted to remedy these mistakes. Moore's book presents a “party line” version of radical behaviorism. It focuses narrowly on a few of Skinner's concepts (mostly mentalism and verbal behavior) and contains no criticism of his mistakes. In fact, Moore adds a few mistakes of his own manufacture; for example, he insists that the mental realm does not exist—an unprovable and distracting assertion. The book's portrayal of behavior analysis would have been current around 1960; it mentions almost none of the developments since then. It also includes almost no developments in radical behaviorism since Skinner. Moore's book would give an unwary reader a highly distorted picture of contemporary behavior analysis and radical behaviorism.
A high-resolution study of the16(γ, po)15N reaction

Abstract High-resolution spectra of photoprotons from 16 O have been measured at 45°, 90° and 120°. They reveal a more complex cross section than previously anticipated, with structures of widths as small as 50 keV.
An Unusual WBC Scattergram and Its Possible Causes

We present an unusual white blood cell (WBC) scattergram generated by the Coulter STKS (Coulter, Hialeah, Fla) on a blood specimen contaminated with fatty tissue during a difficult venipuncture. The fatty tissue contaminant caused the blood smear to appear greasy. Microscopically, the fatty globules appeared as round or ovoid empty spaces on the Wright-Giemsa–stained blood smear and as orange-red globular structures on the wet preparation made after staining the blood with Sudan III stain for fat. We conducted experiments to relate an unusual characteristic of the WBC scattergram (a tail in the shape of a hockey stick appearing on the right side) to the fatty tissue contaminant in the blood. We present and explain results of automated complete blood counts and differential leukocyte counts obtained on the specimen. Further studies on additional cases are needed to determine conclusively whether and how fatty tissue contaminant affects test results.
Subcutaneous Temperatures in Localized Infections

SummaryCarbuncles occurring in 20 different patients have been studied with reference to the local heat produced at the site of the infection. The temperatures, recorded by means of a needle-type thermocouple, have been listed for the various zones of a carbuncle. Certain findings have been strikingly uniform; they are as follows:1. The temperature within the most acutely inflamed portion of the carbuncle has rarely exceeded the rectal temperature of the patient at the same time.2. The temperatures in the arbitrary zones established within a carbuncle on a basis of vascularity have, in general, been highest in the zone showing greatest evidence of active hyperemia and lowest in that area in which the tissue is necrotic and therefore ischemic.3. The temperatures in the various zones of a carbuncle have shown a rather constant relation to each other and to the rectal temperature of the patient, despite variations in the febrile response of the individual to the infection, the age of the patient and the size...
Ultrafast optical studies of ordered poly(3-thienylene-vinylene) films

Using femtosecond transient photomodulation, photoluminescence, and electro-absorption spectroscopies, we studied the ultrafast photoexcitation dynamics and nonlinear optical properties of ordered poly(thienylene-vinylene) (PTV), which belongs to a rare class of nonluminescent, nondegenerate-ground-state \ensuremath{\pi}-conjugated polymers. We show that the ordered PTV films contain abundant nanocrystalline domains that substantially influence the optical spectra as a result of aggregates formation. We demonstrate that the primary intrachain exciton (1${}^{1}$B${}_{\mathrm{u}}$) decays within \ensuremath{\sim}500 fs to the more stable ``dark'' exciton (2${\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{1}\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}$A${}_{\mathrm{g}}$), and the released energy results in both static strain and propagating strain wave that bounces back and forth in the polymer film.
Precision Route Optimization using Fuzzy Intelligence (PROFIT)

There are a growing number of applications demonstrating the effectiveness of emulating human decision making using fuzzy logic. Main research challenges include situational awareness and decision making in an uncertain spatio-temporal environment. In this effort, a MATLAB simulation of a surveillance environment was created that placed targets in random areas on a map, with each target having a circular area imposed around it. In the simulation, a fuzzy robot was to find the shortest path around the environment, where it touched each target area at least once (meaning the areas can be passed through) before returning to its starting position. Through fuzzy optimization of a path produced through a genetic algorithm, this task was completed and it was shown that a shorter path could be found through the fuzzy optimization.
Does constant infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist lead to greater suppression of gonadal function in man than its intermittent administration?

Constant infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-A) in the rhesus monkey leads to far greater suppression of spermatogenesis than its intermittent administration. To assess whether administration of GnRH-A by constant subcutaneous infusion will also lead to greater inhibition of gonadal function, we administered either 20 or 200 µ g of D(Nal 2 ) 6 GnRH (GnRH-A) to two groups of normal male volunteers, either by a single daily injection or constant subcutaneous infusion through a portable infusion pump, for 28 days. Basal and integrated luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone (T) responses were not significantly different between the two methods of GnRH-A administration at either the 20- or 200- µ g dose, even though subjects in the constant infusion group showed more consistent inhibition of basal and 24-hour integrated T concentrations. Significant decline in serum T in both groups occurred in the face of little or no decline in serum LH. It is concluded (1) that the effects of constant infusion of GnRH-A in man are not as striking as those reported in the rhesus monkey and (2) that the antigonadal effects of GnRH-A in man are complex and cannot be explained on the basis of down-regulation of pituitary gonadotropin secretion alone—additional mechanisms may be operative.
Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds

Preface 1. Diving behavior 2. Challenges of the breath hold and the environment 3. Respiratory gas exchange 4. Oxygen storage and transport 5. Cardiovascular dive response 6. Adaptations in cardiovascular anatomy and hemodynamics 7. Muscle and locomotory work 8. Thermoregulation 9. Diving metabolism 10. The aerobic dive limit (ADL) 11. Pressure tolerance 12. Hypoxemic tolerance 13. Biomedical relevance References Index.
Development of Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors

Numerous diseases of the nervous system result from single gene or multifactorial gene defects such as cancer, immune pathological disorders, metabolic diseases, and common neurodegenerative syndromes (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases). A greater understanding of the molecular, biochemical, and genetic factors involved in the progression of a specific disease state has led to the development of genetic therapies using direct gene transfer to ameliorate the disease condition or correct a genetic defect in situ. Standard gene therapeutic approaches employing retroviruses have not proven feasible for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) since these vectors require dividing cells for integration and expression of the transgene, whereas CNS neurons are postmitotic, terminally differentiated cells. Thus, methods for delivery and expression of therapeutic gene products to treat CNS disease will require new delivery strategies and vehicles including the development of novel vectors for direct gene transfer. These vectors should: efficiently deliver the therapeutic gene(s) to a sufficient number of nondividing neurons; persist long-term in a nonintegrated state within the nerve cell nucleus without disturbing host cell functions; and be able to regulate therapeutic gene expression for diseases that may either require high-level transient transgene expression or continuous low level synthesis of the therapeutic product.
On Planewave Remittances and Goos–Hänchen Shifts of Planar Slabs with Negative Real Permittivity and Permeability

Two results about the planewave response of an isotropic, dielectric-magnetic, homogeneous, planar slab are deduced when the real parts of both the permittivity and the permeability are altered from positive to negative. First, the reflection and the transmission coefficients suffer phase reversals without change in their respective magnitudes. Second, the Goos–Hanchen shifts experienced by beams on total reflection reverse their directions.
Access to Transportation and Health Care Visits for Medicaid Enrollees With Diabetes.

Purpose Diabetes is a chronic condition that requires frequent health care visits for its management. Individuals without nonemergency medical transportation often miss appointments and do not receive optimal care. This study aims to evaluate the association between Medicaid-provided nonemergency medical transportation and diabetes care visits. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of demographic and claims data obtained from the Oklahoma Medicaid program. Participants consisted of Medicaid enrollees with diabetes who made at least 1 visit for diabetes care in a year. The sample was predominantly female and white, with an average age of 46.38 years. Two zero-truncated Poisson regression models were estimated to assess the independent effect of transportation use on number of diabetes care visits. Findings Use of nonemergency medical transportation is a significant predictor of diabetes care visits. Zero-truncated Poisson regression coefficients showed a positive association between the use of transportation and number of visits (0.6563, P < .001). Age, gender, race/ethnicity, area of residence, and presence of additional chronic conditions had independent associations with number of visits. Older enrollees were likely to make more visits than younger enrollees with diabetes (0.02382); controlling for all other factors in the model, rural residents made more visits than urban; women made fewer visits than men (-0.09312; P < .001); and minorities made fewer visits than whites, with pronounced differences for Hispanics and Asians compared to whites. Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of ensuring transportation to Medicaid populations with diabetes, particularly in the rural areas where the prevalence of diabetes and complications are higher and the availability of medical resources lower than in the urban areas.
Advances in Neural Signal Processing and Modeling: Dynamics of the Respiratory Neural Networks during Maturation

Previous studies in various animal models have shown that respiratory premotor and motor neurons undergo rapid changes in biochemical and bioelectric properties during the first month of postnatal life. Early in postnatal life, there is an increase in the complexity of the morphology of the dendritic tree of respiratory neurons as it changes from a bipolar to a multipolar morphology. During normal breathing (eupnea), the phrenic nerve has a slow, ramping output which reflects the orderly recruitment of phrenic motoneurons throughout inspiration when viewed in the time domain. Hypercapnia stimulates the respiratory system increasing both the respiratory frequency and amplitude. During severe hypoxia, the output of the phrenic nerve initially increases then, with prolonged hypoxia, falls to zero. Phrenic activity returns with a completely different firing pattern, gasping. During gasping the phrenic nerve fires with an abrupt onset and rises rapidly to maximal neural activity with a decrementing decline. During recovery from hypoxia, a variety of respiratory patterns between eupnea and gasping are seen in the time domain.
Comparison of the observed size-dependent melting point of CdSe nanocrystals to theoretical predictions

Cadmium selenide nanocrystals were observed to have a size-dependent melting point which was depressed relative to the bulk melting temperature. The observed size-dependent melting point ranged from 500-1478 K, while a model based on the surface area to volume ratio predicted that is should range between 774-1250 K. The nanocrystals were heated in situ in the electron microscope, and the melting point was almost immediately followed by the vaporization of the CdSe nanocrystals, allowing for straightforward determination of the melting temperature. The differences between the observed melting point of CdSe nanocrystals and the values predicted by the surface area to volume ratio model indicates that additional factors are involved in the melting point depression of nanocrystals.
Spatiotemporal Traffic Volume Estimation Model Based on GPS Samples

Effective road traffic assessment and estimation is crucial not only for traffic management applications, but also for long-term transportation and, more generally, urban planning. Traditionally, this task has been achieved by using a network of stationary traffic count sensors. These costly and unreliable sensors have been replaced with so-called Probe Vehicle Data (PVD), which relies on sampling individual vehicles in traffic using for example smartphones to assess the overall traffic condition.While PVD provides uniform road network coverage, it does not capture the actual traffic flow. On the other hand, stationary sensors capture the absolute traffic flow only at discrete locations. Furthermore, these sensors are often unreliable; temporary malfunctions create gaps in their time-series of measurements. This work bridges the gap between these two data sources by learning the time-dependent fraction of vehicles captured by GPS-based probe data at discrete stationary sensor locations. We can then account for the gaps of the traffic-loop measurements by using the PVD data to estimate the actual total flow.In this work, we show that the PVD flow capture changes significantly over time in the Washington DC area. Exploiting this information, we are able to derive tight confidence intervals of the traffic volume for areas with no stationary sensor coverage.
High density placental mesenchymal stromal cells provide neuronal preservation and improve motor function following in utero treatment of ovine myelomeningocele.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether seeding density of placental mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) on extracellular matrix (ECM) during in utero repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) affects motor function and neuronal preservation in the ovine model. Methods MMC defects were surgically created in 33 fetuses and repaired following randomization into four treatment groups: ECM only (n = 10), PMSC-ECM (42 K cells/cm2) (n = 8), PMSC-ECM (167 K cells/cm2) (n = 7), or PMSC-ECM (250–300 K cells/cm2) (n = 8). Motor function was evaluated using the Sheep Locomotor Rating Scale (SLR). Serial sections of the lumbar spinal cord were analyzed by measuring their cross-sectional areas which were then normalized to normal lambs. Large neurons (LN, diameter 30–70 μm) were counted manually and density calculated per mm2 gray matter. Results Lambs treated with PMSCs at any density had a higher median SLR score (15 [IQR 13.5–15]) than ECM alone (6.5 [IQR 4–12.75], p = 0.036). Cross-sectional areas of spinal cord and gray matter were highest in the PMSC-ECM (167 K/cm2) group (p = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). LN density was highest in the greatest density PMSC-ECM (250–300 K/cm2) group (p = 0.045) which positively correlated with SLR score (r = 0.807, p Conclusions Fetal repair of myelomeningocele with high density PMSC-ECM resulted in increased large neuron density, which strongly correlated with improved motor function. Type of study Basic science. Level of evidence N/A
Is Nicotine Replacement a Safe Alternative to Smoking in Plastic Surgery Patients

Background E-cigarettes, nicotine transdermal patches, and nicotine chewing gum are occasionally used as cigarette replacements by patients, but it is unknown if their use is a safe alternative to smoking in the perioperative period. Methods All patients undergoing major surgery at a single outpatient ambulatory surgery center for a 5-year period were tested for urine cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, the day of surgery. Patients were divided into 4 groups: never smoked (group A), quit smoking with negative urine test (group B), continued to smoke (group C), and quit smoking with positive urine test (group D). Statistical significance of complications among groups was tested using right tailed chi-square test and point biserial correlation coefficient calculations. To control for confounding factors, age and BMI of each group were compared using unequal sample size and variance t tests. Results Four hundred seventy patients were included in the study. Patient count in each group was group A n = 380, group B n = 48, group C n = 32, and group D n = 10. Complication frequency was as follows D > C > A > B. Statistically significant differences were observed between D + C (cotinine positive) and A + B (cotinine negative) P = 0.0001 and between D (nicotine replacement) and B (nicotine abstinence) P = 0.00026. There was neither statistical difference between groups A and B, nor C and D. Conclusions Nicotine replacement carries similar risks as continued smoking and is not as safe as abstinence in the perioperative period in plastic surgery patients. Importantly, patients who stopped smoking for the surgery had equivalent risk for postoperative complications as patients who had never smoked.
The Complexity of Local Proof Search in Linear Logic

Abstract Proof search in linear logic is known to be difficult: the provability of propositional linear logic formulas is undecidable. Even without the modalities, multiplicative-additive fragment of propositional linear logic, mall , is known to be PSPACE-complete, and the pure multiplicative fragment, mll , is known to be np -complete. However, this still leaves open the possibility that there might be proof search heuristics (perhaps involving randomization) that often lead to a proof if there is one, or always lead to something close to a proof. One approach to these problems is to study strategies for proof games. A class of linear logic proof games is developed, each with a numeric score that depends on the number of certain preferred axioms used in a complete or partial proof tree. Using recent techniques for proving lower bounds on optimization problems, the complexity of these games is analyzed for the fragment mll extended with additive constants and for the fragment MALL. It is shown that no efficient heuristics exist unless there is an unexpected collapse in the complexity hierarchy.
A Basic Approach for Speed Profiling of Alternating Targets with Photonic Doppler Velocimetry

Single tone continuous wave lidar system is utilized to construct the speed profile of an oscillating membrane by applying photonic Doppler velocimetry with amplitude-modulated light. Then short-time Fourier Transform is applied to acquire the profile. © 2019 The Author(s)