cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitive irreversible random one-, two-, three-,. point adsorption on two-dimensional lattices.

An analytic treatment of competitive, irreversible (immobile) random one-, two-, three-, . . . point adsorption (or monomer, dimer, trimer, . . . filling) on infinite, uniform two-dimensional lattices is provided by applying previously developed truncation schemes to the hierarchial form of the appropriate master equations. The behavior of these processes for two competing species is displayed by plotting families of ''filling trajectories'' in the partial-coverage plane for various ratios of adsorption rates. The time or coverage dependence of various subconfiguration probabilities can also be analyzed. For processes where no one-point (monomer) adsorption occurs, the lattice cannot fill completely; accurate estimates of the total (and partial) saturation coverages can be obtained.
Ribosomal subunits produced by cold sensitive initiation of protein synthesis.

Lowering the temperature of E. coli to 8° C results in an accumulation of ribosomal subunits arising from a block in initiating protein synthesis. It is likely that this explains the fact that cell division in E. coli does not occur at temperatures below 8° C.
Distribution and binding of [14C]acrylamide to macromolecules in SENCAR and BALBc mice following oral and topical administration

Abstract To determine if differences in acrylamide distribution or its binding to DNA could be responsible for the reported higher incidence of skin papillomas observed after oral administration compared to topical application, [ 14 C]acrylamide was administered by topical application and oral intubation to male SENCAR and BALB/mice. Portions of lung, liver, stomach, testes, and skin were removed, and 14 C was measured at 15 min, 30 min, 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. Binding to DNA, RNA, and protein was measured at 6 and 48 hr. Following oral administration, few strain differences in distribution or binding were noted. After topical application, SENCAR mice generally showed higher tissue concentrations than did the BALB c mice at the early time periods but not at the later ones. Comparing the two routes, comparable concentrations were observed in all tissues except the skin where the amount of [ 14 C]acrylamide after topical application was approximately 100 times that observed after oral administration. At 48 hr, binding to DNA was severalfold higher after topical than after oral administration. The effect of route on papilloma formation cannot be explained, therefore, on the basis of either a difference in distribution or binding to DNA in the target organ. The binding of acrylamide to DNA in skin was similar in both SENCAR and BALB c mice indicating that the much greater susceptibility of the SENCAR mice to tumorigenesis connot be explained simply on the basis of distribution or macromolecular binding.
Water Stress-Induced Alterations in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Sweet Basil

ABSTRACT Mild and moderate plant water stress increased sweet basil leaf essential oil content and altered oil composition. After 21 d of plant water deficit, the oil content of leaves increased from 3.1 to 6.2 μl.g1 leaf dry wt. as xylem water potential (ψ) decreased from −0.30 to −1.12 MPa. Significant decreases in leaf dry weight and stem dry weight were observed as plant water deficit increased. Only leaf area from plants subjected to a mild water deficit (-0.68 MPa) was not significantly reduced compared to the control, non-stressed plants. Water stress altered the oil composition (both as a relative percentage of total oil and μl.g1 leaf dry weight). Linalool and methyl chavicol increased as water stress increased, while the relative proportion of sesquiterpenes decreased.
Protein restriction (PR) and caloric restriction (CR) compared: effects on DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and oxidative damage

Protein restriction (PR) and caloric restriction (CR) similarly impinge upon various physiological factors that can significantly inhibit the growth of DNA-damaged tissue and, therefore, carcinogenesis. Whether this effect is largely, or only in part, due to simple inhibition of body weight gain is examined. Among their many other health-improving effects, PR and CR delay the onset of puberty. It has been suggested that animals have developed mechanisms to cope with lean periods and that, when food is limited, resources are diverted from those physiological functions that offer no benefit for immediate survival (e.g., reproductive capacity) to thereby support an increase in the maintenance functions that prolong life. PR has also been shown to affect numerous other varied mechanisms that can affect carcinogenesis, including gene expression and metabolism of xenobiotics. The effects of PR on initiational and promotional growth of DNA-damaged tissue is also discussed. PR also seems to boost antioxidant defenses and inhibit the accumulation of oxidative damage (as does CR). Protein restricted animals have been shown to accumulate more calories, but develop fewer preneoplastic lesions and tumors than their high-protein counterparts. This observation seems quite counter to most ideas about dietary restrictions and CR. Despite the fact that both PR and CR induce many beneficial physiological effects in common, it is possible that PR is the more feasible option for human consideration. The levels of PR likely to improve health without negative side effects are discussed.
Rotating ring-disc electrode studies of the grain-boundary and surface damage effects on the stabilization of n-Si photoanode

Abstract We have investigated the grain-boundary and surface damage effects on the stabilization of n-Si photoelectrode using the rotating ring-disc electrode technique. The effect of surface damage is to lower the stabilization efficiency. We conclude that the defective surfaces lead to changes in the overall competition between the oxidation of the stabilizing agent and the oxidation of the electrode surface atoms. In addition, we have shown that the stabilization efficiency of polycrystalline n-Si is comparable to that of the surface-damage-free single crystal n-Si if its electronically active grain boundaries are not exposed to the electrolyte.
Changes in the Ballistocardiogram after Exercise in Normal and Abnormal Subjects

Ballistocardiograms were taken before and at intervals after mild exercise. The normal response has been ascertained by a statistical study of results obtained on 40 healthy subjects. The response of patients varies widely; in some the change after exercise is much diminished, but in others the response is abnormally increased. In some the form of the ballistocardiogram, normal at rest, becomes abnormal after exercise, so the exercise test will often bring out abnormalities not detected by observations made at rest. Additional evidence was secured that the ballistocardiogram may become abnormal before the clinical picture of coronary heart disease develops.
Ground squirrel model for cholelithiasis: Role of epithelial glycoproteins

The cholesterol-fed Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) has proven to be an effective animal model in which to study factors that influence cholesterol gallstone formation and associated alterations in the gallbladder epithelium. Ground squirrels of either sex, fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet, exhibit cholesterol monohydrate crystal precipitation within 24 hours and macroscopically visible cholesterol stones by 3 weeks. Data on bile chemistry, biliary cholesterol precipitation, and various mucosal alterations occurring prior to, during, and after stone formation were collected using sampling intervals from 6 hours to 20 weeks on the diet. The results indicate that mucin hypersecretion appears to be more closely related to the initiation of nucleation than does either bile calcium of pH. Mucus hypersecretion begins within 18 hours of diet initiation and continues throughout the 20 week experimental period. Apical excrescences became more common and were larger in size during the early stages of cholelithiasis. Administration of aspirin during the experimental period demonstrated an inhibition of mucin synthesis and release. Gallstones were not formed in these aspirin-treated animals. A lectin-binding panel for 10 epithelial glycoprotein-related sugars indicated the mucin secreted by the gallbladder epithelium of 7 day experimental animals differed from that of controls. The most obvious difference was the abolition of WGA binding in the experimental animals, suggesting an absence of sialic acid expression in the mucin during the lithogenic process. Ultrastructural histochemistry indicated that both sulphomucin and sialomucin were present in the secretory granules and within the surface mucus layer of both experimental and control animals. Experimental animals, however, exhibited a significant predominance for sulphomucin. This pattern varies from that typically seen in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract where sialomucins predominate during pathologic processes.
Epoxyoctadecadienoic acids from Crepis conyzaefolia seed oil

Abstract The seed oil of Crepis conyzaefolia (Gouan) Dalle Torre contains previously unidentified (±)- cis -12,13-epoxyoctadeca- trans -6- cis -9-dienoic (14%) and cis -12,13-epoxyoctadeca- cis -6- cis -9-dienoic (2%) acids and the more common vernolic [(±)-12,13-epoxyoctadec- cis -9-enoic] (32%) acid.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for robust identification of uncertain LTI systems

Abstract Robust identification of uncertain systems arises whenever a chosen family of models does not completely describe reality. In these situations the issue of unmodeled dynamics gains significance in addition to random measurement noise. To deal with such mixed stochastic/deterministic settings we introduce a novel notion for robust consistency, which requires that the expectation (with respect to noise) of the worst-case (with respect to unmodeled dynamics) identification error asymptotically approach zero. It turns out that this notion leads to transparent necessary and sufficient conditions. We show that robust consistency holds, if and only if there is an instrument-input-pair capable of annihilating the residual error as well as stochastic noise. An extension of this result to the well-known “bounded but unknown” noise model shows that if we were to remove a set of Lebesgue measure zero, the error bound asymptotically approaches zero.
Effects of macrophage colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on osteoclastic differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Although the hematopoietic origin of the osteoclast is generally accepted, the precise phenotype of the progenitor and the regulation of its differentiation are unclear. This study compares proliferation and differentiation of progenitors in response to macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Nonadherent progenitor cells from murine long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) (as a source of osteoclast progenitors) demonstrated a significant prolifer-ative response to M-CSF. In addition, M-CSF increased the number of multinucleated cells, only a small percent of which (14–16%) were tar-trate-resistant, acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive. In contrast, cells cultured with GM-CSF generated more TRAP-positive multinucleated cells even at concentrations less stimulatory of proliferation than M-CSF. The osteoclast phenotype of these multinucleated cells was also assessed by ultra-structural characterization of ruffled borders in association with bone fragments. The bone-active hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited the proliferation of this subset of progenitor cells in the presence of M-CSF or GM-CSF. All of these results show effects on progenitors in the absence of the stromal cell microenvironment in this system. These results provide evidence for a divergence in the biological responsiveness of osteoclast progenitor cells to M-CSF compared with GM-CSF; they support the notion that M-CSF has a “priming” effect on osteoclast progenitors whose subsequent differentiation to osteoclastic multinucleated cells is promoted by GM-CSF.
An adjustable internal fixation element for the hip

IGID and accurately fitted internal fixation making possible R a maintenance of IocaI and genera1 physioIcgy during the heaIing period is the therapy of choice for fractures at the hip and for the management of certain reconstructions of the upper femur. The mechanica probIem of such fixation usuaIIy requires that the proxima1 fragment be heId in the desired reIationships to the femora1 shaft rather than vice versa. This is accomplished in intertrochanteric, pertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures and in high osteotomies by mechanicaIIy fastening the proxima1 fragment or fragments to the solid cortical bone of the subtrochanteric region. The fixation is carried out by various singIe or doubIe unit devices, the proxima1 component of which is driven through the trochanter into the substance of the femora1 neck and head whiIe the distaI is fixed to the femoral shaft by screws. The avaiIabIe devices a11 are characterized by certain common defects which make the technic of their appIication unnecessariIy difflcuIt and the resuItant fixation potentiaIIy insecure. AI1 have a fixed angIe between their component eIements. BJ use of bending irons it is possibIe to change this angIe prior to insertion into the bone. Estimation of the desired angIe prior to actual appIication of a device to the Iesion requiring fixation cannot be exact and rareIy is accurate. SeIdom has it been found possible to adjust the angle accurateIy enough to make the apparatus fit the femur exactIy. InvariabIy it has been necessary to change the position of the femora1 shaft to conform with that of the pIate in order
Formation of secondary neurohemal organs in the median eminence of the White-crowned Sparrow and Japanese quail

Abstract Midline electrolytic or radio frequency lesions were placed in the basal hypothalamus of adult male White-crowned Sparrows and Japanese quail. In White-crowned Sparrows, destruction of the neurohemal organs of the stainable hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the neural lobe (NL) and/or palisade layer of the anterior division of the median eminence (AME) resulted in the formation of large aggregations of stainable neurosecretory material (NSM) surrounding hypertrophied capillaries. Very few of these occurred in quail. These structures, herein referred to as secondary neurohemal organs, were located in the AME dorsal to that region in which NSM is usually found. In normal birds, this region was relatively devoid of capillaries. Interruption of fibers of the supraopticohypophysial tract dorsal to the median eminence was not conducive to formation of these structures. Damage to the stainable neurosecretory system of quail was apparently permanent, as practically no indication of repair was seen. It is suggested that secondary neurohemal organs in the White-crowned Sparrow may represent neurovascular organs of the NL and/or AME, and may function accordingly.
Use of therapeutic ultrasound in percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Experimental in vitro studies and initial clinical experience.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown the feasibility of peripheral arterial ultrasound angioplasty. METHODS AND RESULTS In this report, we describe the use of percutaneous therapeutic ultrasound for coronary angioplasty. In vitro, 11 postmortem, atherosclerotically occluded coronary arteries were obtained to assess catheter-delivered ultrasound for arterial recanalization as well as for assessment of the size of particulate debris. Clinically, coronary ultrasound angioplasty was performed in 19 patients (mean age, 56 years) to assess safety and feasibility for the treatment of obstructive coronary atherosclerosis. Three patients with unstable angina and 16 with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia were treated with a prototype 4.6F coronary catheter ultrasound ablation device with a 1.7-mm diameter ball tip. The ultrasound coronary catheter delivered ultrasound energy at 19.5 kHz, with a power output of 16 to 20 W at the transducer. Energy is delivered in a pulsed mode with a 50% duty cycle of 30 milliseconds. Patients were treated for a mean of 493 seconds (range, 130 to 890) with intracoronary ultrasound ablation. All lesions were treated with adjunctive balloon angioplasty. All 11 postmortem coronary occlusions were recanalized, and 99% of the particulates generated were CONCLUSIONS Intracoronary ultrasound plaque ablation appears to be safe. Our findings suggest that catheter-delivered high-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound may be useful for lesion debulking and enhancing arterial distensibility, allowing balloon dilation at relatively low pressures.
Achieving Effective Government in the United States

AbstractIt is the author's thesis that at present the government of the United States is not effective. Serious economic, social and environmental needs are not dealt with correctly; a more positive view of government must be engendered. He therefore suggests that Americans must be prepared to pay for what they demand, that the civil service must be strengthened, paid adequately and fully utilized. Furthermore, the executive branch needs a new center of leadership.
Indicators of Climate Warming in Minnesota: Lake ICE Covers and Snowmelt Runoff

Records of hydrologic parameters, especially those parameters that are directly linked to air temperature, were analyzed to find indicators of recent climate warming in Minnesota, USA. Minnesota is projected to be vulnerable to climate change because of its location in the northern temperate zone of the globe. Ice-out and ice-in dates on lakes, spring (snowmelt) runoff timing, spring discharge values in streams, and stream water temperatures recorded up to the year 2002 were selected for study. The analysis was conducted by inspection of 10-year moving averages, linear regression on complete and on partial records, and by ranking and sorting of events. Moving averages were used for illustrative purposes only. All statistics were computed on annual data.
Erratum to: Assessing the use of multiple sources in student essays

The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0214-0 .
Tratamiento quirúrgico de las hidrocefalias no neoplásicas

Desde la antiguedad, el agrandamiento de la cabeza de un nino fue reconocido como evidencia de hidrocefalia. A la caracteristica predominante de la enfermedad se atribuyo la patogenia. Hasta mediados del siglo pasado, no fue sugerida la funcion de los plexos coroideos en la produccion del liquido ventricular […]. Tratamiento quirurgico de las hidrocefalias no neoplasicas
Tutorial: New telescopes, techniques, and observations

The past decade has seen an explosion of creativity and progress in radio astronomy telescopes and techniques. In the coming decade, we will harvest the fruit of these innovations with a powerful new generation of radio telescopes that are coming on line. These will open avenues for new science, in areas such as the epoch of reionization, synoptic surveys for radio transients, and exquisitely sensitive observations of the most distant objects in the Universe.
Leadership Development Programs for Physicians: A Systematic Review

Background Physician leadership development programs typically aim to strengthen physicians’ leadership competencies and improve organizational performance. We conducted a systematic review of medical literature on physician leadership development programs in order to characterize the setting, educational content, teaching methods, and learning outcomes achieved.
The detection of planetary systems from Space Station - A star observation strategy

A 10-20-yr star-observation program for the Space Station Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF) is proposed and evaluated by means of computer simulations. The primary aim of the program is to detect stars with planetary systems by precise determination of their motion relative to reference stars. The designs proposed for the ATF are described and illustrated; the basic parameters of the 127 stars selected for the program are listed in a table; spacecraft and science constraints, telescope slewing rates, and the possibility of limiting the program sample to stars near the Galactic equator are discussed; and the effects of these constraints are investigated by simulating 1 yr of ATF operation. Viewing all sky regions, the ATF would have 81-percent active viewing time, observing each star about 200 times (56 h) per yr; only small decrements in this performance would result from limiting the viewing field.
Anion binding sites in the active center of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Crystals of lobster holo- d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, grown in ammonium sulfate, were dialyzed against sodium citrate buffer at pH 6·2. This procedure caused two sulfate ions in each active center to be displaced by one bridging citrate ion. The position of these two ion sites can be associated with the terminal phosphate group of the substrate and the participating inorganic phosphate. The degree of occupancy by the sulfate ions is the same in all four subunits within experimental error.
Adjunctive hypnotherapy with an autistic boy.

Abstract Hypnotherapy has not been previously reported as a therapeutic modality in children diagnosed as autistic or as having atypical personality development with severe ego deficits. We describe the use of adjunctive hypnotherapy in such a patient, including discussion of the need for specialized techniques of induction and treatment. Verbal approaches were of limited use, either in hypnotherapy or in efforts at symptom control by dynamic and behavior modification methods; however, the use of music in hypnosis allowed our patient to maximize the value of a special skill in his uneven developmental repertoire. Through music, including his own compositions, he not only achieved the therapeutic goal of specific behavior change but extended gains in broader areas of social and cognitive skills. Follow-up eighteen months later indicated maintenance of gains.
Neurotransmitter specific alterations in dementing disorders: Insights from animal models

Recent years have witnessed considerable change in the conceptualization of the pathophysiology of the cognitive impairments in dementing disorders, as a result of synaptic neurochemical analyses. Profound reductions in the forebrain cholinergic projections occur in Alzheimer's disease. In GM1 gangliosidosis, variable alterations in neurotransmitter related processes that are located in synaptic membranes have been described. Exploitation of animal models of human disorders resulting in dementia may further clarify the dynamic alterations in the biochemical processes required for effective neurotransmission in cortex.
Randomized clinical trial of an Internet-based versus brief office intervention for adolescent smoking cessation

Abstract Objective Evaluation of novel treatment delivery methods, such as the Internet are notably absent from the adolescent smoking treatment literature. Methods Adolescent smokers ages 11–18 years were randomized to a clinic-based, brief office intervention (BOI; N = 69) consisting of four individual counseling sessions; or to Stomp Out Smokes (SOS), an Internet, home-based intervention ( N = 70). Adolescents in SOS had access to the SOS site for 24 weeks. Results The 30-day, point-prevalence smoking abstinence rates for BOI and SOS were 12% versus 6% at week 24 and 13% versus 6% at week 36, with no significant treatment differences. Among participants who continued to smoke, SOS was associated with a significantly greater reduction in average number of days smoked than BOI ( P = 0.006). The BOI was found to be feasible with high session attendance rates. SOS participants accessed the site a mean ± S.D. of 6.8 ± 7.1 days. SOS use dropped to less than one-third of participants by week 3. Conclusion Additional research is needed to tap the potential capabilities of the Internet for adolescent smoking cessation using proactive, personalized, patient-education components. Practice implications Augmenting the SOS type of intervention with more structured, personal and proactive patient-education components delivered in-person or by telephone or electronic mail is recommended.
Neighbourhood immigrant acculturation and diet among Hispanic female residents of New York City.

Objective: To identify predominant dietary patterns among Hispanic women and to determine whether adherence to dietary patterns is predicted by neighbourhoodlevel factors: linguistic isolation, poverty rate and the retail food environment. Design: Cross-sectional analyses of predictors of adherence to dietary patterns identified from principal component analysis of data collected using the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation FFQ. Census data were used to measure poverty rates and the percentage of Spanish-speaking families in the neighbourhood in which no person aged$14 years spoke English very well (linguistic isolation) and the retail food environment was measured using business listings data. Setting: New York City. Subjects: A total of 345 Hispanic women. Results: Two major dietary patterns were identified: a healthy dietary pattern loading high for vegetables, legumes, potatoes, fish and other seafood, which explained 17% of the variance in the FFQ data and an energy-dense dietary pattern loading high for red meat, poultry, pizza, french fries and high-energy drinks, which explained 9% of the variance in the FFQ data. Adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was positively associated with neighbourhood linguistic isolation and negatively associated with neighbourhood poverty. Presence of more fast-food restaurants per square kilometre in the neighbourhood was significantly associated with lower adherence to the healthy diet. Adherence to the energy-dense dietary pattern was inversely, but not significantly, associated with neighbourhood linguistic isolation. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that living in immigrant enclaves is associated with healthy dietary patterns among Hispanics.
Controlling Thermal Stresses in Composites by Means of Fiber Prestress

A new method of applying a prestress to the fibers in composite laminates prior to and during cure is described, and several [0P/90]T laminates produced at varying prestress levels are discussed. Experimental measurements described in this paper confirm that fiber prestressing can reduce or eliminate residual thermal stresses. This is evidenced by a reduction in the thermal warpage of unsymmetric [0P/90]T laminates. An existing thermal analysis of unsymmetric laminates (developed by Hyer) is modified slightly in this paper to account for fiber prestressing, and is then used to predict out-of-plane deformations of the [0P/90]T panels. Measurements compare well with theory. Specimens machined from the prestressed panels were also subjected to tensile loadings and inspected for matrix cracks in the 90° ply. It was found that fiber prestressing greatly reduced matrix cracking in [0P/90]T specimens, but had little effect on [0/90P]T specimens.
Correlation of lysosomal enzymes and cachexia in the tumor-bearing rat☆

Abstract This study describes an implantable mammary adenocarcinoma in the female Fischer 344 rat which appeared to be quite stable, growing locally and subcutaneously with no metastasis and with readily definable effects on the host. The effects of tumor cachexia were easily studied in this model and were compared to the effects of starvation. Animals bearing tumors gained slightly in weight over controls at first, but then the carcass of the tumor-bearing animal began to lose weight while the tumor continued to accelerate in growth. By Day 20, food and water consumption in the tumor group started declining more than in the control group. Liver weight was significantly elevated in the tumor group and decreased in the starvation group compared to controls. The dry weight to wet weight ratio was decreased in both groups compared to controls. The calculated total dry weight increased in the tumor group and decreased markedly in the starvation group. White blood cell counts were markedly elevated in the tumor group with a high percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Plasma lysosomal enzyme activity was relatively low for all three groups. There were significant elevations of lysosomal enzymes in the tumor group in liver and muscle compared to controls. Most of this increased activity appeared to be in the free or nonlysosomally bound fraction of the homogenized tissue. It is suggested that these tissue lysosomal enzyme changes may be contributing to tissue alterations seen in the tumor cachectic host.
Chlorinelike spectra of copper to molybdenum

Spectra of Cu to Mo (except for Rb and Sr) were generated in tokamak and laser-produced plasmas and observed photographically. Six lines have been identified in each of the spectra as Cl-like 3s23p5–3s23p43d transitions. Wavelengths in the range of 75–150 A, measured with an uncertainty of ±0.005 A, are given. Line classifications were made by comparing the observed wavelengths and relative intensities with those calculated using the relativistic average-of-configuration Hartree–Fock code of Cowan. Predicted values for the corresponding wavelengths of Cl-like Rb and Sr were obtained from these comparisons, with an uncertainty of ±0.010 A.
An Ecological Regional Analysis of South Carolina.

This study of the counties of South Carolina introduces a limited purpose, modifiable technology that is designed to reproduce the rapid discovery strategy of the natural sciences. It uses factor analysis to identify types of communities and the threats they face, and evaluates their success in dealing with these by comparisons based on age-adjusted mortality rates. The factor analysis of mostly census indicators generated an Urbanization factor along with two measures of the interaction with the environment, Growth and Poverty. Growth was expected to predict mortality negatively while Poverty should predict positively. Regression analysis confirms both predictions but only for each race. That is, Growth predicted lower mortality, but only for African-Americans. Poverty predicted higher mortality, but only for whites. These and other puzzling findings are explored, illustrating the “rapid discovery” technology that is the central feature of this paper.
Regulatory mass spectrometry.

The history of regulatory mass spectrometry at the Food and Drug Administration began in the early 1960s and was initiated by J. N. Damico using a time-of-flight instrument with limited mass range, resolution and sensitivity. Early work involved confirmation of identity of compounds using direct probe introduction and full mass scans. From 1964 to 1969 an important application of mass spectrometry was the analysis of pesticides and elucidation of their fragmentation pathways. Regulatory mass spectrometry was used to confirm manually trapped gas chromatographic peaks, and it solved the problem of false positive identifications based solely on gas chromatographic retention time. In time the mass spectrometer became viewed as the ultimate gas chromatographic detector. Another important early regulatory case involved the question of Krebiozen as a cancer cure. Krebiozen was analyzed by mass spectrometry and found to consist of creatinine, which was known to have no activity as an anti-cancer drug. Such basic information as the identity of a substance demonstrated the indispensable regulatory use of mass spectrometry. The basic problem of identification has broadened in scope to include multicomponent analyses, trace level detection, quantitation, and newer ionization techniques. Two examples illustrate the continuing development of regulatory mass spectrometry, Negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the analysis of aflatoxin B1 involves use of a newer ionization technique. The requirements of trace level detection and specificity are further stretched in the gas chromatographic mass spectrometric selected ion monitoring detection, confirmation and quantitation of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins.
Stress interactions and mycorrhizal plant response: understanding carbon allocation priorities.

Abstract In this paper, a framework is presented for studying responses of mycorrhiza to external stresses, including possible feedback effects which are likely to occur. The authors review recent literature linking carbon allocation and host/fungal response under natural and anthropogenic stress, and present a conceptual model to discuss how carbon may be involved in singular and multiple stress interactions of mycorrhizal seedlings. Due to an integral integral role in metabollic processes, characterizing carbon allocation in controlled laboratory environments could be useful for understanding host/fungal responses to a variety of natural and anthropogenic stresses. Carbon allocation at the whole-plant level reflects an integrated response which links photosynthesis to growth and maintenance processes. A root-mycocosm system is described which permits spatial separation of a portion of extramatrical hyphae growing in association with seedling roots. Using this system, it is shown that root/hyphal respiratory release of pulse-labeled 14 C follows a sigmoidal pattern, with typical lag, exponential and saturation phases. Total respiratory release of 14 C per mg root and the fraction respired of total 14 C allocated to the root is greater in ponderosa pine inoculated with Hebeloma crustuliniforme than in noninoculated controls. Results illustrate the nature of information than can be obtained using this system. Current projects using the mycocosms include characterizing the dynamics of carbon allocation under ozone stress, and following the fate of organic pollutants. The authors believe that the system could be used to differentiate fungal- and host-mediated responses to a large number of other stresses and to study a variety of physiological processes in mycorrhizal plants.
Problems in developing a practical theory of moral responsibility

L'A. souleve les problemes qui se posent des lors que l'on veut developper une theorie pratique de la responsabilite morale: 1) le probleme du soi agent de l'action, 2) celui de la volonte libre, 3) celui du choix entre l'action bonne et l'action mauvaise, 4) celui de la connaissance du statut de l'action choisie
Surface studies on niobium and some implications for superconductivity

Abstract In this note we report some observations of oxide structures on niobium, and also some measurements of the effective Debye temperature, θ D , at the Nb surface.
Moderate lead exposure and elementary school end-of-grade examination performance

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the association between moderate lead poisoning in early childhood with performance on a comprehensive set of end-of-grade examinations at the elementary school level in two urban school districts. Methods Children born between 1996 and 2000 who resided in Milwaukee or Racine, WI, with a record of a blood lead test before the age of 3 years were considered for the analysis. Children were defined as exposed (blood lead level ≥10 and Results A total of 1133 families responded to the survey and consented to have educational records released; 43% of children were considered exposed. After controlling for demographic and socioeconomic covariates, lead exposure was associated with significantly lower scores in all sections of the Wisconsin Knowledge and Concepts Examinations (range: science, β = −5.21, P = .01; reading, β = −8.91, P = .003). Children who were black, had a parent with less than a high-school education, and were classified by parents as having less than excellent health had significantly lower performance on all examination components. Conclusions Children with moderate lead poisoning in early childhood performed significantly lower on all components of elementary school end-of-grade examinations compared with unexposed children. Household level social status and childhood health indicators partially explain decreased examination scores.
Determinants of the adjusted net saving rate in developing economies

The adjusted net saving rate, initially known as the genuine saving rate, was first published by the World Bank in the late 1990s as a more comprehensive measure of national saving and one more indicative of sustainable development. The adjusted net saving rate incorporated not just physical capital depreciation, but natural capital depletion and environmental damage, as well as including some human capital formation. In this paper, using a cross‐section of developing economies for 2001–2006, determinants of the adjusted net saving rate are estimated. For comparison, the same determinants for the gross national saving rate are estimated. Also, a basic Solow growth model is extended to incorporate natural resources and to justify a more comprehensive measure of savings, such as the adjusted net saving rate, for modeling economic growth. The two measures of savings are then compared as determinants in estimations of economic growth. Understanding the determinants of the adjusted net saving rate is useful fo...
The influence of strain deformation on the solubility of ethyl acetate vapor in poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The degree to which a polymer film develops plastic flow depends largely on the total strain ϵ and the elongation time th. The magnitude and the time dependence of the elastic component ϵe of the total deformation are controlling factors, respectively, in the solubility and diffusion processes. The plastic deformation ϵpl seems not to contribute to the transport properties. The nonlinearity in solubility due to ϵ may be conveniently handled. In this study, the solubility of ethyl acetate vapor in poly(vinylidene fluoride) was determined as a function of pressure and total elongation at 30°C. These results suggest that the strain magnitude and time de pendence of the component deformations play important roles in transport behavior.
Across‐ecoregion analysis suggests a hierarchy of ecological filters that regulate recruitment of a globally invasive fish

Aim Even successful invaders are abundant only in a fraction of locales they inhabit. One of the main challenges in invasion ecology is explaining processes that drive these patterns. We investigated recruitment of a globally invasive fish, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), across three ecoregions to determine the role of environmental characteristics, predatory communities and propagule pressure on the invasion process at coarse and fine spatial scales. Location Lakes across Northern Forest, Temperate Forest and Great Plains ecoregions of North America. Methods We used data from 567 lakes to model presence or absence of carp recruitment using environmental conditions (lake clarity, area, maximum depth), native predatory fishes (micropredators, mesopredators, large predators) and propagule pressure (abundance of adult carp). We formed a set of alternative models and evaluated their support using an information theoretic approach. Once most supported models were identified, we used classification tree to determine how variables included in these models interacted to affect carp recruitment. Finally, we conducted a field experiment to test the predictions of the classification tree analysis. Results Carp recruitment was strongly regulated by processes associated with water clarity, which appeared to function as a broad-scale ecological filter. Carp were unlikely to recruit in clear, oligotrophic lakes (Secchi depth > 2 m) despite the presence of adults in many such systems. Recruitment was more likely to occur in regions with turbid lakes, but abundant micropredators could inhibit it there. Main conclusions Carp recruitment and invasions across large geographic areas are attributable to a two-layer ecological filter with lake clarity/productivity acting as a coarse-scale filter and micropredators acting as a fine-scale filter. This two-layer filter might explain the complex patterns of carp invasions among and within different ecoregions. Ecological filters may also explain the success of other aquatic invaders that show similarly patchy spatial distribution patterns.
Versatility with carbon dots – from overcooked BBQ to brightly fluorescent agents and photocatalysts

Carbon soot from overcooked barbecue meat was used as a precursor for brightly fluorescent carbon dots and for their serving as potent visible-light photocatalysts, similar to those from other nanoscale carbon sources, thus demonstrating the versatility of carbon dots in terms of structure, composition, and properties.
A simple light-probe method for quantitative measurements of particle volume-fractions in fluidized beds

Abstract A simple light-probe method has been developed for quantitative measurements of particle volume-fractions in fluidized beds. The method consists of an improved light-probe design and two calibration techniques which quantitatively relate the particle volume-fraction to output voltage from the light probe. The first calibration technique utilizes a theoretical particle volume-fraction distribution derived from optical theory and particle properties. The second technique uses the light probe in conjunction with a vibro-fluidized-bed system and takes advantage of the unique ability of vibrofluidization to provide a homogeneous bed of particles of a known porosity. The use of an IBM PC interfacing system further facilitates the data acquisition and analysis, and permits the accurate measurements of both the particle volume-fraction and its statistical (microscopic) fluctuation with a response time as fast as 30 μs. The method has been successfully applied experimentally to fluidized beds of building sands and fused-alumina particles (‘Norton Master Beads’), but it can be readily adapted for measurements with other fluidizing solids. It is shown that the proposed method provides an effective, efficient and inexpensive means for quantitative measurements of particle volume-fractions in fluidized beds.
The nonstoichiometric defect structure and transport properties of CeO2−x in the near-stoichiometric composition range

The electrical conductivity of undoped polycrystalline CeO/sub 2-x/ was measured in the temperature range 800-1000/sup 0/C and 1-10/sup -3/ atm of oxygen partial pressures. It was found that the results were consistent with a defect model involving doubly ionized oxygen vacancies arising from both impurities and nonstoichiometry. Based on this model the conductivity results were analyzed to determine the effective concentration of the lower valent impurities. The ionic transference number obtained from the analysis agrees with that measured using the electrochemical cell technique. It was also found that the effect of the lower valent impurities can be compensated by counterdoping with Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/. The fully compensated specimen exhibits the predicted behavior of pure ceria (i.e., sigma..cap alpha..P/sub O/sub 2///sup -1/6). The relative oxygen partial molal enthalpy, ..delta..H anti /sub O/sub 2//, of ceria was calculated from the temperature dependence of the conductivity of the counterdoped specimen at constant P/sub O/sub 2//. The value of ..delta..H anti /sub O/sub 2// thus obtained, 9.96 +- 0.66 eV, is in good agreement with previously reported values obtained from thermogravimetric measurements.
The wave equation with computable initial data such that its unique solution is not computable

We consider the three-dimensional wave equation. It is well known that the solution U(X, y, z, t) is uniquely determined by two initial conditions: the values of u and au/at at time t = 0. Our question is, can computable initial data give rise to noncomputable solutions? The answer is “yes,” and two quite different types of noncomputability can occur. Theorem 1 below gives an example in which the solution U(X, y, z, t) takes a noncomputable real value at a computable point in space-time. By contrast, Theorem 2 provides an example in which the solution maps each computable sequence of points in space-time into a computable sequence: nevertheless U(X, y, z, t) is not a computable function. [We note in passing that “computability,” as used in this paper, is a technical term familiar to mathematical logicians: the precise definitions are spelled out in the next section.] The proof of Theorem 1 is quite short. That for Theorem 2 is considerably more intricate. It should be mentioned that these noncomputable solutions of the wave equation are of the type commonly referred to as “weak solutions”-i.e., although continuous, they are not twice differentiable at all points. Weak solutions describe creases, cusps and other non-differentiable patterns which frequently appear in models of wave phenomena. The use of weak solutions is inevitable; we will prove that no Cz solutions of the desired kind exist. For the convenience of readers unfamiliar with weak solutions, we have put them into a coherent framework in an Addendum, basing our presentation on the “energy integral” associated with the wave. (Just as the initial conditions are computable, the energy integral in our examples is also a computable real.) Finally, the proof that all noncomputable solutions must be of “weak” type is sketched at the end of this addendum. We note, however, that the main part of the paper may be read without reference to the addendum. The results in this paper are related to comments of Kreisel. In [4] Kreisel asks whether existing physical theories-e.g., classical mechanics or quantum mechanics-can predict theoretically the existence of a physical constant which is not a recursive real. Previous work of the authors in this area [9] was concerned with ordinary differential equations: it was proved that there exists a computable-and hence continuous-function F such that 215 Oool-8708/81/030215-25905.00/O
Effect of various antibiotics on modulation of intestinal microbiota and bile acid profile in mice

Antibiotic treatments have been used to modulate intestinal bacteria and investigate the role of intestinal bacteria on bile acid (BA) homeostasis. However, knowledge on which intestinal bacteria and bile acids are modified by antibiotics is limited. In the present study, mice were administered various antibiotics, 47 of the most abundant bacterial species in intestine, as well as individual BAs in plasma, liver, and intestine were quantified. Compared to the two antibiotic combinations (vancomycin+imipenem and cephalothin+neomycin), the three single antibiotics (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and aztreonam) have less effect on intestinal bacterial profiles, and thus on host BA profiles and mRNA expression of genes that are important for BA homeostasis. The two antibiotic combinations decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in intestine, as well as most secondary BAs in serum, liver and intestine. Additionally, the two antibiotic combinations significantly increased mRNA of the hepatic BA uptake transporters (Ntcp and Oatp1b2) and canalicular BA efflux transporters (Bsep and Mrp2), but decreased mRNA of the hepatic BA synthetic enzyme Cyp8b1, suggesting an elevated enterohepatic circulation of BAs. Interestingly, the two antibiotic combinations tended to have opposite effect on the mRNAs of most intestinal genes, which tended to be inhibited by vancomycin+imipenem but stimulated by cephalothin+neomycin. To conclude, the present study clearly shows that various antibiotics have distinct effects on modulating intestinal bacteria and host BA metabolism.