cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional constraints on HIV-1 capsid: their impacts on the viral immune escape potency

In mature HIV-1 particles, viral capsid (CA) proteins form the conical core structure that encapsidates two copies of the viral RNA genome. After fusion of the viral envelope and cellular membranes, the CA core enters into the cytoplasm of the target cells. CA proteins then interact with a variety of viral other protein as well as host factors, which may either support or inhibit replication of the virus. Recent studies have revealed that CA proteins are important not only for the uncoating step but also for the later nuclear import step. Identification of proteins that interact with CA to fulfill these functions is, therefore, important for understanding the unknown HIV-1 replication machinery. CA proteins can also be targets of the host immune response. Notably, some HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses that recognize CA functional regions can greatly contribute to delay in AIDS progression. The multi-functionality of the CA protein may limit the flexible virus evolution and reduce the possibility of an escape mutant arising. The presence of many functional regions in CA protein may make it a potential target for effective therapies.
Male size predicts the ability to defend offspring in the biparental convict cichlid Archocentrus nigrofasciatus

The data from this field study provided evidence that biparental convict cichlid Archocentrus nigrofasciatus pairs with large males had fewer intruders near their offspring compared to pairs with small males. This suggested that large males were more capable of defending their young against predators.
Optogenetic LED array for perturbing cardiac electrophysiology

Optogenetics is the targeted genetic introduction of light-sensitive channels, such as Channelrhodopsin, and pumps, such as Halorhodopsin, into electrically-excitable cells that enables high spatiotemporal electrical stimulation and inhibition by optical actuation. Technologies for inducing optogenetically-based electrical stimulation for investigating in vitro and in vivo neural perturbations have been described. However, modification of existing technologies or creation of new ones has not been described for chronic cardiac applications. Here, an LED array system for optogenetically perturbing cardiac electrophysiology is described. The overall layout of the system consists of an LED holder containing six LED's that deliver pulsed ~470 nm light to pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes cultured in a 6-well tissue culture plate. The response of the cardiomyocytes is monitored by microscopy and the system is enclosed within a standard incubator. This system is relatively simple to create and uses mostly off-the-shelf components. The overall function of the system is to deliver chronic light stimulation over days to weeks to differentiating stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in order to investigate perturbations in their electrophysiology.
Radioimmunoassay of brain peptides: Evaluation of a methodology for the assay of β-endorphin and enkephalin

Abstract The brain levels of β-endorphin, α-endorphin and enkephalin were measured by radioimmunoassay after different methods of sacrifice. Microwave irradiation proved not to be better than decapitation followed by boiling of the intact tissue, the latter procedure giving values of β-endorphin 10 fold higher than decapitation alone. Concurrently when decapitation was followed by boiling, α-endorphin was no longer detected. Evaluation in brain tissue of several extraction media--phosphate buffered saline, 5% TCA, HCl methanol, and 1N HOAc--showed the last to be the most satisfactory for both β-endorphin and enkephalin. Since β-endorphin was found to be readily hydrolized by brain homogenates with consequent appearance of α-endorphin, these results indicate that disruption of tissue modifies the content of opioid peptides in brain.
Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy

This article delineates parallel frameworks that grew out of the research on risk and resilience over the past four decades, a framework for research and a framework for practice, and then discusses the promise of an emerging synthesis. The research framework defined the meaning, models, and methods that successfully guided four waves of research to date on the nature and processes involved in human resilience. The applied framework emerged in response to urgent needs of children and families faced by adversity and those charged with helping them, resulting in guidelines for translating the unfolding but incomplete research evidence into action. The application of a resilience approach transformed practice in many fields concerned with promoting resilience in people at risk for problems, revolutionizing the mission, models, measures, and methods of practice to align with the emphasis on positive adaptation and strengths defining a resilience-based approach. Yet these interventions rarely translated back to inform and refine resilience theory in ways that would accelerate progress to promote resilience more effectively. The concluding section on translational synergy discusses the potential for a synthesis of basic and applied resilience frameworks as the next steps toward realizing the original objective and promise of resilience science.
For a Christian America: A History of the Religious Right

Based on more than twenty-five years of research, this objective, balanced, informative, and, above all, interesting social history traces the growth of the religious right in America from its humble grassroots beginnings in the early 1970s to its present status as a powerful cultural and political force. Both sides of the political spectrum will find this in-depth but very readable social history to be full of insights into an important cultural movement.
Effect of silver on the ferrous iron oxidizing ability of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Abstract The effect of silver on the iron oxidizing ability of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied using electrochemical and other physicochemical techniques. Electrochemical investigation was conducted using a method based on change in redox potential. The rate of ferrous ion oxidation is influenced by pH (optimum pH range is 1.7–2.0), microbial cell concentration, and Fe(II) concentration. The mechanism of the bacterially mediated oxidation of ferrous iron is found to be influenced by temperature changes. In the vicinity of the optimum temperature (25°C), the reaction is likely to be controlled by the diffusion of Fe(II) ions, whereas below the temperature range 18–25°C, chemical reaction may be the rate-controlling factor. Ag(I) is detrimental to the microbial oxidation of Fe(II). In the presence of 10 mg/1 silver, the reaction may be chemically controlled over the temperature range 5.5–25°C. Inhibition of microbial Fe(II) oxidation in the presence of silver may take place via a mixed mechanism in which silver may bind with both the iron oxidizing enzyme(s) and the enzyme-Fe(II) complex.
Core structure of a screw dislocation in Ti from density functional theory and classical potentials

Abstract Previous density functional theory (DFT) studies of the 1/3 〈 1 2 ¯ 1 0 〉 screw dislocation in titanium have shown metastable core structures depending on the initial position of the dislocation line. We investigate this problem by modeling a screw dislocation with two initial positions using both DFT and a modified embedded atom (MEAM) potential for Ti with flexible boundary conditions. Both DFT and MEAM produce initial-position-dependent core structures. The MEAM potential stacking fault energies and core structures are in good agreement with DFT. MEAM potential computes the core energies and shows the behavior of both cores under applied strain. We found that the higher-energy core always reconstructs into the lower-energy one independent of the applied strain direction. Transformation from low- to high-energy core was not observed. Therefore, at T = 0 K, only the low-energy core is stable under applied strain.
Presenting a united front

Syracuse University Academic Computing Services employs approximately 70 students as AIDs to work as consultants in five remote sites. There are two full-time and two part-time managers to see that each site is running smoothly.What are the problems associated with the management of a remote site and the students who work there? How does the SU system of remote consulting work? Finally, how do the managers and the students keep their sanity?This paper proposes to answer all these, and other questions based on how remote computer consulting is handled by Academic Computing Services at Syracuse University.
Practical Advice on How to Impute Continuous Data When the Ultimate Interest Centers on Dichotomized Outcomes Through Pre-Specified Thresholds

Multiple imputation under the multivariate normality assumption has often been regarded as a viable model-based approach in dealing with incomplete continuous data in the last two decades. A situation where the measurements are taken on a continuous scale with an ultimate interest in dichotomized versions through discipline-specific thresholds is not uncommon in applied research, especially in medical and social sciences. In practice, researchers generally tend to impute missing values for continuous outcomes under a Gaussian imputation model, and then dichotomize them via commonly-accepted cut-off points. An alternative strategy is creating multiply imputed data sets after dichotomization under a log-linear imputation model that uses a saturated multinomial structure. In this work, the performances of the two imputation methods were examined on a fairly wide range of simulated incomplete data sets that exhibit varying distributional characteristics such as skewness and multimodality. Behavior of efficien...
Dynamics of affective states during complex learning

Abstract We propose a model to explain the dynamics of affective states that emerge during deep learning activities. The model predicts that learners in a state of engagement/flow will experience cognitive disequilibrium and confusion when they face contradictions, incongruities, anomalies, obstacles to goals, and other impasses. Learners revert into the engaged/flow state if equilibrium is restored through thought, reflection, and problem solving. However, failure to restore equilibrium as well as obstacles that block goals trigger frustration, which, if unresolved, will eventually lead to boredom. The major hypotheses of the model were supported in two studies in which participants completed a 32–35 min tutoring session with a computer tutor. Their affective states were tracked at approximately 110 points in their tutoring sessions via a retrospective affect judgment protocol. Time series analyses confirmed the presence of confusion–engagement/flow, boredom–frustration, and confusion–frustration oscillations. We discuss enhancements of the model to address individual differences and pedagogical and motivational strategies that are inspired by the model.
Requirements for finite element model generation from CAD data—An approach using numerical conformal mapping

A critical problem facing the mechanical design community is that of bridging the gap between mechanical CAD data (typically boundary rep trimmed NURB surfaces) and finite element models. A number of papers have discussed this issue and identified it as a critical technology for developing future mechanical design methodologies [Crabb, In Implementation Road Map for Design and Manufacturing, D. H. Brown Sponsored Conference, Ann Arbor, MI (1994)]. While a variety of procedures for finite element model generation from CAD data have been proposed and commercialized, the resulting models have, in general, received much resistance from the professional analyst community. A set of criteria by which the quality of a proposed finite element model generation procedure can be evaluated analytically using elementary control theory is discussed. Additional observations of mesh behavior based on the dimensional anisotropy of general geometric components are presented. Finally a criterion for qualitatively evaluating optimal edge orientations for many of the classical element families is discussed. It is suggested that a combination of these approaches provides an opportunity to semi-quantitatively rank order proposed finite element model generation procedures. A finite element model generation procedure based on numerical conformal mapping is then proposed. It is demonstrated that this procedure ranks very highly when evaluated against the previous criteria. Further, a technical proof of concept implementation demonstrates that numerical conformal mapping appears to be suitable for application to a wide variety of boundary rep solid models.
Ten-year follow-up of a rotating-platform, posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty.

Background: The rotating-platform, posterior-stabilized knee was designed to decrease polyethylene wear and to address challenges associated with Low Contact Stress mobile-bearing knees. The purpose of the present prospective study was to investigate the long-term clinical and radiographic results and the survival rate for this implant. Methods: From January 2000 to October 2001, 117 consecutive patients (138 knees) underwent rotating-platform posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty with cement. All patients were followed prospectively. At a mean of 10 ± 0.4 years (range, 9.5 to eleven years) of follow-up, twenty patients had died and eight had been lost to follow-up, leaving eighty-nine patients (106 knees) for analysis. Results: A good to excellent result according to the Knee Society pain score, which improved from an average of 44 to 94 points, was achieved in 96% (eighty-five) of the eighty-nine patients in the final cohort. The mean knee motion improved from 111° to 119°. The prevalence of postoperative pain was 14%. The prevalence of asymptomatic crepitation was 9.4%, and the prevalence of painful crepitation requiring scar excision was 3.8%. Radiographic analysis revealed no malalignment, aseptic loosening, or osteolysis. There were three revisions: one for the treatment of infection and two for the treatment of traumatic supracondylar fractures. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the ten-year survival rate was 100% with revision due to mechanical failure as the end point, 97.7% with revision for any reason as the end point, and 95% with any reoperation as the end point. Conclusions: The ten-year follow-up of the rotating-platform, posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty demonstrated excellent clinical results and survival rates with no failures due to osteolysis or loosening. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Urothelial function reconsidered: a new role in urinary protein secretion.

Mammalian bladder epithelium functions as an effective perme-ability barrier. We demonstrate here that this epithelium can alsofunctionasasecretorytissuedirectlyinvolvedinmodifyingurinaryprotein composition. Our data indicate that normal bovine urothe-lium synthesizes, as its major differentiation products, two well-known proteases: tissue-type plasminogen activator and uroki-nase, as well as a serine protease inhibitor, PP5. Moreover, wedemonstrate that the urothelium secretes these proteins in apolarized fashion into the urine via a cAMP- and calcium-regulatedpathway. Urinary plasminogen activators of ruminants are there-fore urothelium derived rather then kidney derived as in someother species; this heterogeneity may have evolved in response todifferent physiological or dietary factors. In conjunction with ourrecent ﬁnding that transgenic mouse urothelium can secrete ec-topically expressed human growth hormone into the urine, ourdataestablishthatnormalmammalianurotheliumcanfunctionnotonly as a permeability barrier but also as a secretor of urinaryproteins that can play physiological or pathological roles in theurinary tract.
Regression-Based Pediatric Norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test ― Revised and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised (BVMTR) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) oral-only administration are known to be sensitive to cerebral disease in adult samples, but pediatric norms are not available. A demographically balanced sample of healthy control children (N = 92) ages 6-17 was tested with the BVMTR and SDMT. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) was used to develop demographically controlled normative equations. This analysis provided equations that were then used to construct demographically adjusted z-scores for the BVMTR Trial 1, Trial 2, Trial 3, Total Learning, and Delayed Recall indices, as well as the SDMT total correct score. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, a comparison group of children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or multiple sclerosis (MS) were also assessed. We find that these visual processing tests discriminate neurological patients from controls. As the tests are validated in adult multiple sclerosis, they are likely to be useful in monitoring pediatric onset multiple sclerosis patients as they transition into adulthood.
Substrate Deformation Studies by Photoelasticity in Single Particle Impacts

Dynamic photoelasticity methods have been used to study the substrate deformation in polyurethane rubber due to the impact of a 3 mm steel ball with a velocity of 50 m/s and at angles of 30° and 90 ° . The experimental set-up used a multiple-spark camera with an integral polariscope to visualize the dynamic stress field generated by the impact. The stress fields were photographed both in the plane of the impact as well as below it. The analysis of the data showed that the rate of propagation of the stress field was 198 m/s. A maximum strain rate of 2.86 x 103 m/s was determined after a small time following the impact which also coincided with the time of maximum indentation.
Dichotomy of Ca2+ in the heart: contraction versus intracellular signaling

Ca2+ plays a pivotal role in both excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and activation of Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways. One of the remaining questions in cardiac biology is how Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways are regulated under conditions of continual Ca2+ transients that mediate cardiac contraction during each heartbeat. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation and its ability to regulate histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) nuclear shuttling represent a critical Ca2+-dependent signaling circuit for controlling cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, yet the mechanism of activation by Ca2+ is not known. In this issue of the JCI, Wu et al. convincingly demonstrate that the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is involved in local control of Ca2+ for activating CaMKII in the nuclear envelope of adult ventricular cardiac myocytes (see the related article beginning on page 675). The overall paradigm that is demonstrated is the best example of a molecular mechanism whereby signaling is directly regulated by a local Ca2+ pool that is disparate or geometrically insensitive to cytosolic Ca2+ underlying each contractile cycle.
Towards predicting web searcher gaze position from mouse movements

A key problem in information retrieval is inferring the searcher's interest in the results, which can be used for implicit feedback, query suggestion, and result ranking and summarization. One important indicator of searcher interest is gaze position - that is, the results or the terms in a result listing where a searcher concentrates her attention. Capturing this information normally requires eye tracking equipment, which until now has limited the use of gaze-based feedback to the laboratory. While previous research has reported a correlation between mouse movement and gaze position, we are not aware of previous work on automatically inferring searcher's gaze position from mouse movement or similar interface interactions. In this paper, we report the first results on automatically inferring whether the searcher's gaze position is coordinated with the mouse position - a crucial step towards predicting the searcher gaze position from the computer mouse movements.
Low cost development of a nonlinear simulation for a flexible uninhabited air vehicle

The development of a nonlinear simulation environment for an uninhabited air vehicle with a flexible airframe is presented. Simple, yet efficient testing procedures are employed to estimate the physical properties of the aircraft. The aerodynamic forces and moments are obtained using a doublet lattice method. The interaction between structural dynamics and aerodynamics is given special attention from a modeling standpoint. The simulation is finally integrated into the existing simulation infrastructure maintained by the research group. A modular approach is emphasized in the simulation build-up, which allows for easy switching between models.
Staging in the onset of DSM-IV alcohol symptoms in adolescents: survival/ hazard analyses.

Objective: This research examined staging in the time to onset of DSM-IV alcohol symptoms in adolescents. Consistent staging in the onset of symptoms provides important tests of the construct validity of diagnostic systems, and aids the development of early case identification strategies. Method: The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (SCID), adapted to assess DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms, was used to determine time to symptom onset in 102 male and 97 female adolescent drinkers with and without alcohol use disorders. The sample provided a broad range of drinking practices and alcohol-related problems. Symptom onset patterns were examined using survival-hazard analyses. Results: Survival and hazard data suggested three stages of alcohol problems distinguished by time to onset: heavy and heedless drinking with associated social and role obligation problems, psychological dependence, and withdrawal. This three-stage model fit both the male and female data, and described staging pattern...
The structural properties of dimethylbis(quinuclidine)magnesium

Abstract A crystalline product, (CH3)2Mg·2 NC7H13, has been obtained from the reaction of dimethyl magnesium with 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (quinuclidine) in a benzene/hexane solution. The crystal structure was determined from three-dimensional X-ray data, collected by counter methods, and refined by a least-squares technique to a finalR factor, based onF, of 9.4% for the 1460 observed reflections. The material crystallizes in the space groupC52h-P21/c of the monoclinic system in a cell with dimensionsa = 12.147(2)A˚,b = 12.661(4)A˚andc = 12.016(5)A˚, β = 108.94(18)°: the density of 1.07 g/cm3 calculated for four formula units in the unit cell agrees with the observed density of 1.08 ± 0.1 g/cm3. The monomeric (CH3)2Mg·2 NC7H13 molecule possesses no crystallographic symmetry. The coordination about the Mg atom is distorted tetrahedral with two quinuclidine and two methyl groups bonded to the magnesium atom. The magnesium-carbon distances are 2.163(9) and 2.224(8)A˚, and the magnesium-nitrogen distances are 2.231(6) and 2.247(6)A˚. The C Mg C angle is 129.0(3)° and the M Mg N angle is 108.2(2)°.
Anodic oxidation of oxalic acid using WOx based anodes

The electrochemical (COOH)2 oxidation reaction was studied at high potentials (i.e. in the region where O2 is evolved) in acidic, aqueous solutions using conductive WOx based anodes. The WOx films used as anodes also contained Pt ‘micro’-centers. Comparative oxidation studies were also carried out using antimony doped SnO2 anodes. More rapid (COOH)2 oxidation rates were observed for the WOx based anodes than for the antimony doped SnO2 anodes. The (COOH)2 oxidation reaction studied under the conditions used in this work was shown to be activation rather than mass transport controlled. The (COOH)2 oxidation rate constant was found to be independent of the applied potential using the WOx based anodes. This likely suggests that a chemical reaction is involved in the (COOH)2 oxidation reaction. This chemical reaction is also suggested to be the rate determining step in the (COOH)2 to CO2 oxidation reaction. Furthermore, it is believed that the (COOH)2 oxidation reaction involves adsorptive interactions of this organic with the Pt/WOx anode surface.
Study of continuum nuclear structure of 12C via (p, p′X) at intermediate energies☆

The inclusive 12 C(p, p ' ) and exclusive 12 C(p, pX) reactions have been studied with a beam energy of 156 MeV and for X = p and α. The study focuses on the (p, pX) reaction mechanism and on the structure of 12 C just above the particle-emission threshold, 14 ≤ Ex ≤ 28 MeV. Cross sections were simultaneously measured for all three reactions. The exclusive data were analyzed by making multiple-peak fits of the spectra and by Legendre-polynomial fits of the angular correlations. Multiple- peak fits were also made of the inclusive spectra. The resultant cross sections were compared to theoretical calculations. An analysis of the results shows that this region of Ex consists predominantly of resonant excitations, in contradiction to the findings of previous analyses.
Pediatric Montelukast Ingestions Reported to Texas Poison Control Centers, 2000–2005

Limited information exists on the toxicity of pediatric ingestions of the drug montelukast used in the treatment of chronic asthma. All ingestions of montelukast involving children age 0-5 yr reported to Texas poison control centers during 2000-2005 were retrieved. For a subset of cases where the final medical outcome and dose in milligrams or milligrams per kilogram were known, the pattern of exposures by final medical outcome and management site was evaluated. There was a total of 3698 cases. Of those cases with a known final medical outcome and dose, the mean dose in milligrams was 42.5 mg (range 0.4-536 mg) and the mean dose in milligrams per kilogram was 3.36 mg/kg (range 0.18-33.71 mg/kg). The final medical outcome was no observed effect in 95% of the cases and minor effect in the remainder of the cases. The patient was managed on site in 80% of the cases. The proportion of cases with a minor effect increased from 5% for ingested dose of 100 mg but was 5% for dose 5 mg/kg. The proportion of cases managed with health care facility involvement increased from 15% for ingested dose of 100 mg and rose from 10% for dose 5 mg/kg. Pediatric montelukast ingestions of doses up to 536 mg or 33.71 mg/kg do not appear likely to result in serious adverse effects and usually can be managed at home.
Student reflections on multimodal course content delivery

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a for-credit information literacy course redesign that used a flexible multimodal framework to address individual student learning preferences, personal differences and abilities as well as teaching preferences. Design/methodology/approach – Students taking the course were surveyed as to their preferences for content delivery. A qualitative analysis of student reflections was conducted to determine the efficacy of maintaining multiple course formats and to solicit feedback for course improvements. Findings – Results show that students were definitive in their preferences for how they access course materials and that enough students used each format to justify maintaining both. Findings also showed students’ appreciation for being given options. Research limitations/implications – Content delivery modes are changing rapidly. Future studies should explore the efficacy of other modes of delivery. Practical implications – As technology and students’ familia...
Age-dependent effects of low-dose nicotine treatment on cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity in rats

Rationale Epidemiological evidence of early adolescent tobacco use, prior to that of marijuana and other illicit drugs, has led to the hypothesis that nicotine is a “gateway” drug that sensitizes reward pathways to the addictive effects of other psychostimulants. Objective To test this hypothesis, we have compared the effect of a brief, low-dose nicotine pretreatment of adolescent and adult rats on subsequent locomotor response to acute and chronic cocaine. Materials and methods Adolescents, aged postnatal day (P) 28, and adults, aged P86, were given four daily injections of saline or nicotine (0.06 mg/kg, i.v.). At P32 and P90, rats were given acute injections of cocaine (0, 0.4 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) and monitored for locomotor activity in either a habituated or novel test environment. To examine cocaine sensitization, rats were treated for 3 days with saline or cocaine (0.4 mg/kg, i.v.), and, after 1 day of withdrawal, were given a challenge dose of cocaine (0.4 mg/kg, i.v.). Results Nicotine pretreatment did not affect acute, druginduced locomotor activity at either age. However, age differences in cocaine response were observed, with adolescent animals showing enhanced locomotor activity in the novel environment. Adolescent controls did not exhibit cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization, whereas adults did. Nicotine pretreatment during adolescence promoted the development and expression of a sensitized response to repeated cocaine exposure similar to that observed in saline-pretreated adult controls. Conclusions These findings show that brief pretreatment with nicotine, in a low dose comparable to that inhaled in 2–4 cigarettes, enhances cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity in adolescent rats.
Long-range communication between the silencers of HMR

Gene regulation involves long-range communication between silencers, enhancers, and promoters. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, silencers flank transcriptionally repressed genes to mediate regional silencing. Silencers recruit the Sir proteins, which then spread along chromatin to encompass the entire silenced domain. In this report we have employed a boundary trap assay, an enhancer activity assay, chromatin immunoprecipitations, and chromosome conformation capture analyses to demonstrate that the two HMR silencer elements are in close proximity and functionally communicate with one another in vivo. We further show that silencing is necessary for these long-range interactions, and we present models for Sir-mediated silencing based upon these results.
Habit Reversal Treatment of Tic Disorders: A Methodological Critique of the Literature.

One of the most commonly reported and successful behavioral interventions for tic disorders is habit reversal (HR). Several narrative literature reviews have adequately summarized the outcomes of these studies. The purpose of this article was to review studies that used HR to treat tics in terms of their methodological characteristics and rigor. Guidelines developed by the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures were used to evaluate the state of the literature. From an initial database that included 29 studies, 12 were included in the final analysis. Results indicate that although research has been conducted in this area for almost three decades, the majority of studies contain considerable methodological shortcomings. Based on the Task Force guidelines, the existing literature on the use of HR to treat tics can currently be classified as probably efficacious, and it almost meets the criteria for the well-established classification. Directions for future research are discussed.
Estimating the impacts of climate change and urbanization on building performance

Over the past 15 years, much scientific work has been published on the potential human impacts on climates. For their Third Assessment Report in 2001, the United Nations International Programme on Climate Change developed a set of economic development scenarios, which were then run with the four major general circulation models (GCM) to estimate the anthropogenesis-forced climate change. These GCMs produce worldwide grids of predicted monthly temperature, cloud, and precipitation deviations from the period 1961–1990. As this period is the same used for several major typical meteorological year data sets, these typical data sets can be used as a starting point for modifying weather files to represent predicted climate change. Over the past 50 years, studies of urban heat islands (UHI) or urbanization have provided detailed measurements of the diurnal and seasonal patterns and differences between urban and rural climatic conditions. While heat islands have been shown to be a function of both population and ...
Myocardial High Energy Phosphate Stores in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure

The aim of this study was to determine whether the impairment of contractility in the myocardium obtained from hypertrophied and failing hearts is due to a decreased store of energy and whether an imbalance exists between energy production and energy utilization in these hearts in vivo. Right ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular failure were produced in cats by constriction of the main pulmonary artery. Concentrations of creatine phosphate (CP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were determined in samples removed from the right ventricles of these animals during life and in papillary muscles isolated from these same hearts. The papillary muscles from the cats with hypertrophy and failure exhibited depressed intrinsic contractility. The stores of ATP were normal in both the ventricular muscles and the papillary muscles in animals with hypertrophy and failure. Although the stores of CP were significantly depressed in the right ventricles of these animals, the stores had increased toward normal in papillary muscles isolated from these same hearts in vitro. The finding of normal energy stores in the papillary muscles from animals with hypertrophy and failure indicates that their intrinsically depressed contractility cannot be due to reductions of their energy stores in vivo such as were found in the samples from the ventricular wall. The differences between high energy phosphate stores in failing heart in vivo and these stores as they are replenished in vitro also indicate that the in vivo depressions are secondary to an imbalance between energy production and energy utilization in the overloaded, hypertrophied and failing heart.
NGSHBI throughput optimization through innovative solution

Productivity and cost savings are known key challenges in this competitive semiconductor industries. It has become more complex with the introduction of a new equipment, NGSHBI (Next Generation Self Heat Burn-In) integration into Test Operation. NGSHBI module was developed and deployed to support the product for Burn In requirement for chipset product. Moving into high product mix environment, the team encountered complexities with different package size design interception. With this multi form factor requirement, the design team provided fungible kit solution with new actuation bar design. The solution was not effective and also not factory friendly. This paper will outline how the key unproductive line item has been narrowed and solved through innovative solution
Retention of labelled DNA precursor by murine cells after a single administration of tritium labelled thymidine.

. The central zone of the rat lens epithelium, extending half way from the centre to the periphery of a whole mount preparation, normally has less than 1% of the cells in the cell cycle at any given time. Mechanical wounding initiates a burst of proliferation in the central zone. DNA synthesis begins 14 hr after wounding followed by mitosis 10 hr later. When [3H]TdR was applied at 2 hr prior to S phase, some moderately heavy and some light labelling was observed after the onset of S phase. When [3H]TdR was applied 5 hr before S phase (9 hr after wounding), all the cells were lightly labelled. Only small amounts of the label were available to these cells 5 hr after application. It is significant that there was labelling in this group because it indicates the persistence of relatively small intracellular pools of [3H]TdR for several hours after the initial ‘pulse’ labelling of cells. Determinations of the duration of S phase were based on the assumption that pulse labelling may be affected by the persistence of the pools of [3H]TdR and consequent light labelling of the cells.
Cointegration Approach to Estimate the Long-Run Trade Elasticities in LDCs

The Marshall-Lerner condition postulates that if the sum of import and export demand elasticities add up to more than one, devaluation should improve the trade balance in the long-run. This paper is the first to employ a long-run method, i.e., cointegration technique to estimate trade elasticities in less develop countries. In most cases the results reveal that indeed trade elasticities are large enough to support devaluation as a successful policy to improve the trade balance. [F10, F31]
The geometry of solutions to a segregation problem for nondivergence systems

Segregation systems and their singular perturbations arise in different areas: particle anihilation, population dynamics, material sciences. In this article we study the elliptic and parabolic limits of a nonvariational singularly perturbed problem. Existence and regularity properties of solutions and their limits are obtained.
New basis functions and computational procedures for p‐version finite element analysis

New basis functions and solution procedures for p-version finite element analysis are described. They are used in a highly efficient p-version finite element solver for linear elastostatics and dynamics, which has been used in an industrial environment for over two years. Using two sample applications it is shown that, using the techniques proposed here, p-version finite element analysis can have a substantially lower computational cost, for given accuracy, than standard finite element methods. This makes the industrial applicability of p-version finite element analysis much wider than is commonly believed.
Is the prevalence of dehydration among community-dwelling older adults really low? Informing current debate over the fluid recommendation for adults aged 70+years.

Objective: The fluid recommendation for adults aged 70þ years has been criticised on the basis of a low prevalence of dehydration in community-dwelling older adults. This study explores whether the low prevalence might reflect limitations of individual dehydration indices. Design: Cross-sectional data on plasma sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose and potassium were used to classify 1737 participants of the 1992 Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) (70þ years) according to multiple dehydration indices. Associations between dehydration indices, health and functional status were evaluated. Results: Depending on the indicator used, the prevalence of dehydration ranged from 0.5% for hypotonic hypovolaemia only (plasma tonicity ,285mOsml 21 with orthostatic hypotension) to 60% with dehydration defined as either plasma sodium $145mEql 21 , BUN/creatinine ratio $20, tonicity $295mOsml 21 , or hypotonic hypovolaemia. Elevated tonicity and BUN/creatinine ratio were respectively associated with chronic disease and functional impairment. Conclusions: The true prevalence of dehydration among community-dwelling adults may be low or high, depending on the indicator(s) used to define dehydration. Before we can pinpoint a generalisable prevalence of dehydration for community-dwelling seniors and draw conclusions about fluid recommendations, validation studies of dehydration indices and longitudinal studies of dehydration, health and functional status are needed.
Weak Constraint Programming to Identify Alternative Composite COTS-Based Software Systems from Imperfect Information

Component-based software development must deal with the fact that in practical settings, components information may be incomplete, imprecise and uncertain. Architects wanting to evaluate candidate architectures regarding requirements satisfaction need to use whatever information be available about components, however imperfect. This article introduces constraint programming as a formal technique to generate, evaluate and select composite COTS-based software systems (CCSS). This formalization systematically uses components imperfect information, to evaluate and rank CCSS, according to functional and non-functional requirements. The use of constraint programming allows architects to generate and evaluate alternative solutions within reasonable time and computational resources. The proposed approach is illustrated with a running example taken from the literature.
Suppression of allograft rejection with FK506. I. Prolonged cardiac and liver survival in rats following short-course therapy.

Heterotopic heart and orthotopic liver grafts from ACI donors were transplanted to Lewis rat recipients that were treated with a 3 (or 4) day course of FK506 IM that was started on postoperative day 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Hearts, which rejected after a median of 6 days in untreated controls, always ha
Price Elasticity of Demand in the Secondary Market Evidence From the National Football League

This article investigates own-price elasticity of demand in the secondary (resale) market for National Football League (NFL) tickets. The sample is comprised of actual market transactions (prices and quantities exchanged) and an instrumental variable estimation method is employed. Price elasticity is estimated for the stadium as a whole as well as separately for the upper and lower venue levels and for four primary seat location categories within the venue. The results indicate that, counter to most estimates of price elasticity in the primary market, the secondary market for NFL tickets is characterized by elastic demand and that elasticity varies across different levels of seat quality.
Map labeling with circles

We study two geometric optimization problems motivated by cartographic applications: Map Labeling with Uniform Circles (MLUC) and Map Labeling with Uniform Circle Pairs (MLUCP). We show that the decision problems of both MLUC and MLUCP are NP-hard, and that the related optimization problems for maximizing the label sizes are NP-hard to approximate within factor 1.0349. We design approximation algorithms with constant performance guarantees for the two problems: for MLUC, we present a (3 + e)-approximation and a (2.98 + e)-approximation; for MLUCP, a (1.5 + e)-approximation and a (1.491 + e)-approximation. We also describe the implementation of AMLUC, a software system for automated map labeling with uniform circles. The system is based on our approximation algorithms for MLUC and uses an effective shake-and-grow heuristic to find near-optimal label placements.
Pearls and oy-sters: acute ischemic stroke caused by atypical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an episodic microangiopathic coagulopathy characterized by profound thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Neurovascular complications, including stroke and TIA, occur commonly upon initial TTP presentation, and the underlying etiology of such neurologic manifestations is usually hinted by the concomitant hematologic abnormalities.
Agricultural Globalization in Developing Countries: Rules, Rationales and Results

This paper aims to provide a descriptive and analytical account of the extent to which agriculture in the developing economies has become integrated with external markets. For most developing economies (DEs), the 1980s were a time of crisis when liberal reforms, including domestic and external liberalization of agriculture, were also initiated. This was followed by the coming into force of the Agreement on Agriculture under WTO aegis. The evidence on trade flows does indicate increased agricultural globalization in developing economies (DEs) following these regime shifts. But increased trade flows have not been accompanied by relative price convergence as between the DEs and the advanced economies (AEs) suggesting both that the policy shifts have been asymmetric and that significant parts of agricultural trade between North and South remain complementary rather than, as is often assumed, competitive. Moreover, the "fallacy of composition", implicit in any global imposition of trade liberalization and not confined to primary products as such, also seems to have been at work for most of the period. At the same time, the threat of higher consumer prices (especially for the poor and vulnerable in both importing and exporting DEs) looms large. Its impact will be felt as and when production and export subsidies in the AEs are dismantled. Meanwhile, the regime shifts seem to have induced, on the one hand, excessive faith in the efficacy of agricultural prices to produce agricultural supply response and, on the other, reduced fiscal and organizational capacities to provide public agricultural inputs and services. These conclusions are consonant with a structuralist understanding of global trade and production possibilities that DEs confront.
Cerebral desaturation events in the beach chair position: correlation of noninvasive blood pressure and estimated temporal mean arterial pressure

Background Cerebral oximetry (rSO 2 ) has emerged as an important tool for monitoring of cerebral perfusion during surgery. High rates of cerebral desaturation events (CDEs) have been reported during surgery in the beach chair position. However, correlations have not been made with blood pressure measured at the cerebral level. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlations between brachial noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) and estimated temporal mean arterial pressure (eTMAP) during CDEs in the beach chair position. Methods Fifty-seven patients underwent elective shoulder surgery in the beach chair position. Values for eTMAP, NIBP, and rSO 2 were recorded supine (0°) after induction and when a CDE occurred in the 70° beach chair position. Twenty-six patients experienced 45 CDEs, defined as a 20% drop in rSO 2 from baseline. Results Median reduction in NIBP, eTMAP, and rSO 2 from baseline to the CDE were 48.2%, 75.5%, and 33.3%, respectively. At baseline, there was a significant weak negative correlation between rSO 2 and NIBP ( r s = −0.300; P = .045) and no significant association between rSO 2 and eTMAP ( r s = −0.202; P = .183). During CDEs, there were no significant correlations between rSO 2 and NIBP ( r s = −0.240; P = .112) or between rSO 2 and eTMAP ( r s = −0.190; P = .212). No significant correlation between the decrease in rSO 2 and NIBP ( r s = 0.064; P = .675) or between rSO 2 and eTMAP ( r s = 0.121; P = .430) from baseline to CDE was found. Conclusion NIBP and eTMAP are unreliable methods for identifying a CDE in the beach chair position. Cerebral oximetry provides additional information to the values obtained from NIBP and eTMAP, and all should be considered independently and collectively.
648K-BITS ABOUT BITCOIN

This paper explores the recent development of digital currencies—currencies which are creatures of the Internet, self-authenticating, and usable worldwide by members of the general public to engage in the same types of direct, one-to-one transactions that daily occur using government-issued currencies. At present, the most developed digital currency measured by market capitalization is Bitcoin, which will be used as a proxy for the general phenomenon. Not surprisingly, as Bitcoin’s circulation and visibility has increased, so have the number of practical and legal issues surrounding its use. Some of these will be explored in this paper, with a view to considering the utility and viability of such currencies for widespread, global use.