cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech acts and voices: response to Winograd et al .

The critique presented in Suchman (1994a) was motivated by two central premises of CSCW research. First, that designers of CSCW systems are designers of organizational life, through the systems that they build.1 Second, that CSCW technologies require the construction of a relation between computational formalisms and the structuring of the organizational activities that are to be transformed (Bowers, 1992; Agre, 1994). I take the language/action perspective and the Coordinator, as represented in Winograd and Flores (1986) and Flores et al. (1988), as particularly influential exemplars of both of these premises. My critique begins with the question of the appropriateness and adequacy of speech act theory as a basis for system design. Others have raised this question before, so my aim is not to restate the arguments but rather to bring them to the fore in relation to the role of speech act theory in the language/action perspective. The basic argument is that the categorical framework offered by speech act theory provides a particularly attractive foundation for designers interested in inscribing a formal structure of communications into their technology. Moreover, given a premise that organizational communications at present are in a general state of disarray a premise that Winograd, Flores and their colleagues clearly hold systems so inscribed are offered as providing remedies and improvements to organizational life. In light of the categorical foundations of speech act theory, the language/action perspective and the Coordinator, I next take up the question of categories and their politics. The heart of my argument is that the politics of categories turns on the question of who gets to define relevant categories, and who or what gets categorized. The important point is that wherever we find systems of categorization we should look to see where they come from, and what work .they are doing for whom. If we look at systems of categorization in this way, there is evidence that they have been used historically as devices of control by some and resistance by
Dissociation of macromolecular ribonucleoprotein of yeast.

Abstract In 0.01 M KH 2 PO 4 K 2 HPO 4 (1:4) the omission of MgSO 4 causes the dissociation of the 80 S particles into two components which have sedimentation coefficients of 60 S and 40 S , respectively. Recombination of the 60 S and 40 S particles to form the 80 S particles takes place when 0.001 M MgSO 4 or 0.001 M CaCl 2 is added back to 0.002 M KH 2 PO 4 K 2 HPO 4 (1:4). This effect of Mg ++ or Ca ++ cannot be obtained with Be ++ , Sr ++ , or Ba ++ . In 0.001 M citrate, 0.001 M ethylene tetraacetate, 0.1 M phosphate or at pH 9.7, the 80 S particles are irreversibly dissociated.
In vitro validation of three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound for the evaluation of arterial injury after balloon angioplasty

Abstract Objectives. The hypothesis of this study was that threedimensional ultrasound imaging would facilitate the evaluation of arterial dissection after balloon angioplasty. Background. The presence and extent of arterial dissection occurring at the time of balloon angioplasty may be important predictors of abrupt vessel closure or late restenosis. Methods. Forty-one human arterial segments obtained after death were imaged in an in vitro system at physiologic pressure (80 to 100 mm Kg) before and after balloon angioplasty. Images were acquired with a 20- to 30-MHz mechanical intravascular ultrasound imaging system (Cardiovascular Imaging Systems) with a constant pullback technique (1 mm/s). Standard 0.5-in. (1.27-cm) video tapes were used for data storage and later playback for analog to digital conversion. Digitized data were reconstructed to three-dimensional images with use of voxel space modeling. The vessels were opened longitudinally and subjected to pathologic examination, photographed and classified histologically as normal, fibrous or calcified. Dissection was defined as a disruption and separation of components of the arterial wall. The length and depth of arterial dissection were evaluated grossly and microscopically. Results. Of the 41 arteries studied, 36 (88%) exhibited dissection on pathologic examination after balloon angioplasty. Three-dimensional reconstruction of intravascular ultrasound images identified dissection in 11 (92%) of 12 normal, 8 (100%) of 8 fibrous and 11 (69%) of 16 calcified arteries. Excellent agreement between ultrasound and pathologic findings was achieved in the evaluation of length and depth of dissection for histologically normal and fibrous arteries (kappa = 0.72 to 1.0). When the vessels were severely calcified, the agreement was not as good (kappa = 0.27 to 0.56), particularly in detection of small, nonraised intimai flaps. Conclusions. This histopathologic validation study suggests that three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound imaging facilitates the evaluation of both quantitative and morphologic features of arterial dissection induced by balloon angioplasty. The advantage of three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound is its ability to assess the length and morphology of arterial injury over an entire vessel segment.
Acetylcholine-releasing Material in Neural Tissues

WHILE examining cholinergic substances in sciatic nerve1, we noted that acetone extracts of nerve caused a slow contraction of the guinea pig ileum (Fig. 1A). Identical lipid extracts of brain had the same effect (Fig. 1B) ; similar activity could not be detected in kidney, intestine, lung or liver. A salient characteristic of the lipoidal material is that its action is completely blocked by atropine at a dose, 6 ng/ml., that blocked the action of acetylcholine. The lipoidal material causes a slower contraction than does acetylcholine (Fig. 1) ; the material is resistant to acetylcholinesterase, which destroys acetylcholine ; the material retains activity after heating at pH. 10 for 5 min in a boiling water bath, conditions which destroy acetylcholine; the material does not act on a strip of ileum that had been stored either at room temperature for 1 day or at 4° C for 3 days, whereas acetylcholine elicits the usual contractions ; finally, the material is not active on the anoxic ileum, which responds to acetylcholine (Table 1).
Androgenic properties of gibberellic acid in the chick comb bioassay

Gibberellic acid stimulates the growth of the comb in the male chicks, but is ineffective in females. Estrogen prevents gibberellin-induced stimulation.
Continuous microfractionation of particle mixtures by electrophoresis

Abstract A technique and apparatus are described for the rapid, continuous electrophoretic fractionation of micro-particle mixtures. Performance is illustrated by the first known continuous separations of mixtures of various bacteria and inorganic particles. The particle suspension is injected as a fine band into a narrow, rapidly flowing film of buffer to which a lateral d.c. field is applied. A countercurrent electrode isolation technique prevents disturbance of the film by intrusion of electrolysis products. Particle bands may be separately collected, and the electrophoretic pattern recorded by photography or photoelectric scanning. Stability and reproducibility of particle band position give promise also of more rapid and convenient electrophoretic mobility measurements, useful in the study of particle surface composition and behavior.
PET scanning in head and neck oncology : A review

Background. The objective of this study was to review and describe the usage of fluorine-labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) in the diagnosis and management of head and neck cancer. Methods. Several prospective series,-including 159 newly diagnosed and previously untreated and 23 previously irradiated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients initially seen at the Wake Forest University Medical Center and evaluated by clinical examination, conventional computed tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans, PET scans, and histopathologic studies,-were reviewed and the findings summarized for comparison of the correct differentiation of primary and metastatic cancers and for postirradiation tumor clearance in a subsegment of those cases. Results. Positron emission tomography scanning using a fluorine-labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) radiotracer proved as reliable as conventional scanning for primary and metastatic tumor identification. Compared with clinical examination, PET was better for identification of nodal metastatic tumors but poorer for small primary tumors. For previously irradiated patients treated at least 4 months before the test, PET scanning was clearly superior to clinical examination and conventional imaging in differentiating tumor recurrence from soft-tissue irradiation effects. Conclusions. Fluorine-labeled deoxyglucose-PET scanning is comparable to conventional imaging of head and neck cancers in detecting primary and metastatic carcinoma. Lack of anatomic detail remains its major drawback. Currently, its greatest role is in the evaluation of the postradiotherapy patient.
The incorporation and migration of a single xenon atom in ceria

Abstract The behavior of xenon gas is crucial for the performance of nuclear fuel materials. We report molecular statics calculation results for the characteristics of a single xenon atom in cerium oxide, a non-radioactive surrogate of uranium dioxide. A variety of possible xenon incorporation sites, including the octahedral interstitial position, single-Ce-vacancy clusters, and double-Ce-vacancy clusters were considered. The binding energies and corresponding xenon incorporation energies were computed to reveal the preferred xenon positions in ceria. Different migration mechanisms of single xenon atoms were found to be involved with various incorporation sites. The energy barriers of all possible migration pathways were calculated. Only the mobility of single xenon atoms in the double-Ce-vacancy sites, which is due to the vacancy-assisted xenon migration, can account for the xenon diffusivity implied by bubble formation observed in experiments. The results also validated the role of ceria as a reliable surrogate of uranium dioxide in studies involving xenon gas.
Auto-tuning mother nature: Waves in music and water

In the late 1990s, the application of a well known mathematical transformation revolutionized the music industry. That process, known as Auto-Tune, relies on the ability of the Fourier Transform to identify dominant frequencies within a time-series record of a signal. Mega-stars like Madonna, Cher, Britney Spears, Tim McGraw, Kanye West, and many more heavily use Auto-Tune not only to ensure perfect pitch, but often simply for the unique sounds the function produces. Perhaps unknown to these singers, wave experts were using exactly the same mathematical functions to identify ocean wave characteristics forty years prior to the first mainstream music hit (Cher's “Believe”) to use Auto-Tune. This paper presents an overview of the Fourier Transform and its application in both the music industry and the scientific study of water waves.
Pre-pipping water loss from the eggs of the wedge-tailed shearwater

Abstract 1. 1. The water loss from naturally incubated eggs of the Wedge-tailed Shearwater was measured, together with the water-vapor pressure of the incubated egg's micro-climate, the egg temperature, the water-vapor conductance of the shell and other characteristics of the shell. 2. 2. The mean daily water loss (.MH2O) from the eggs (154.6 mg/day) was only 49.8% of the value expected on the basis of the mass of the freshly-laid egg. The low value for MH2o was attributed largely to a low water-vapor conductance (GH2O) of the shell (56.9% of predictions). The low GH2O. in turn, was due to fewer pores in the shell. 3. 3. Egg temperature (35.0 C) was lower than that of the eggs of birds in general, and this was considered to be a contributory factor to the low daily water loss. 4. 4. The water-vapor pressure (PH2Onest) of the egg's microclimate (19.57 torr) was similar to that of many surface-nesting birds in spite of the burrow-nesting habits of the shearwaters. 5. 5. It was calculated that the total pre-pippiny water loss from the eggs represented 12.2% of the initial mass of egg. 6. 6. It was concluded that prolonged incubation in the Wedge-tailed Shearwater, as in other smaller Procellariiformes. is associated with reduced values for .MH2O and GH2O and fewer pores in the shell.
Effect of Wood Species on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites

The effect of wood species on the mechanical and thermal properties of wood–plastic composites (WPCs) was explored. Various wood species, including cherry, sweet gum, hickory, yellow poplar, Osage orange, walnut, eastern red cedar, pine, maple, and red oak, were compounded with virgin isotactic polypropylene in a 50 : 50 weight ratio and injection-molded. The tensile strength of WPCs made with cedar and hickory was higher than that of WPCs made with maple, oak, and Osage orange. The tensile modulus of WPCs made with gum and walnut was higher than that of oak WPCs. The tan δ peak temperatures and peak values from dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that pine and hickory WPCs had higher amorphous or void contents than walnut and cherry WPCs. The induction time during isothermal crystallization suggested that red cedar, cherry, and gum WPCs had higher nucleation density than walnut, pine, and oak WPCs. Dynamic mechanical properties of the WPCs appeared to be related to the crystallization behavior of the wood flour, which depends on the surface roughness. Although there were statistically significant differences in mechanical properties among the species, the differences were small, implying that wood flours from many species can be used successfully as raw materials for WPCs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Visible And Infrared Extinction And Precipitation Rate In Falling Snow

Visible and infrared extinction in falling snow as observed by conventional transmissometers has shown a spectral dependence such that extinction increases with increasing wavelength in the absence of coexisting fog. Explanations of this wavelength dependence are given and techniques for modeling visible and infrared transmittance through falling snow are discussed. The spectral dependence may be used in the remote sensing of mass concentration and precipitation rate of falling snow.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sizing of the array for stand-alone photovoltaic systems

Abstract A brief critical review of stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) array sizing methods is presented, leading to the suggestion that a new class of methods is required in order to make the sizing exercise both accurate and accessible to a wide range of designers and users. The energy balance method is identified as an example of such a method. It is then used to obtain the array areas for a notional SAPV system situated in six widely-dispersed stations world-wide, with a total 24-hour load of 0.25, 2.5, or 25 kW h. Through correlational analysis of all the results and input data, it is recommended that the expression used to obtain array area is 1334 Q −2.272 TY L 0.986 with the terms and associated units being defined in the main body of the paper.
Allometry of Factor VIII and Informed Scaling of Next-Generation Therapeutic Proteins

Allometric scaling has been applied to the pharmacokinetics (PK) of factor VIII (FVIII), but published relationships are based on relatively small subsets of available data. Numerous next-generation forms of FVIII are being developed (e.g., Fc fusion, PEGylated, and liposomal formulations) and traditional PK scaling of these products would not incorporate the wealth of existing knowledge for current FVIII therapy in humans. We conducted a meta-analysis and developed allometric relationships of FVIII from over 100 PK studies collected from literature. Normalized Wajima curves were used to relate mean FVIII profiles between species. An “informed scaling” approach was derived for predicting first-in-human PK parameters and demonstrated with a case study for an Fc fusion FVIII. NCA values for FVIII PK were well described by the allometric equations CL = 6.59 W0.85 and Vss = 65.0 W0.97. A subset of studies characterized by two-compartment modeling showed strong linearity in scaling of total clearance (CL) and central volume, but more variability in distributional CL and peripheral volume. Wajima curves for FVIII superimposed across species and the disposition of Fc fusion FVIII in humans was well predicted by “informed scaling.” This approach might be generally applicable for predicting human PK of next-generational therapeutics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:2380–2394, 2013
Respiratory Distress in Woman Who Began Complaining of Dyspnea and Cough 5 Months Ago

A 25-year-old woman without a significant medical history was in excellent health until 5 months ago, when she noted mild dyspnea and cough. She was treated with antibiotics but did not improve. Two months before this hospital admission, her dyspnea became severe, the cough persisted, and she had episodes of hemoptysis. She was hospitalized twice and intubated, treated with diuretics, and discharged. Symptoms persisted, and she is now admitted for further evaluation. Her medications include oxygen, furosemide (40 mg bid), diltiazem (180 mg/d), and warfarin (10 mg/d). Medical, social, family, and occupational histories are noncontributory. The patient is afebrile and in moderate respiratory distress. Her BP is 102/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 122 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 36 breaths/ min. While receiving 3 L/min of nasal oxygen, her oxygen saturation is 91%. There is mild jugular venous distention. Lung auscultation indicates bibasilar crackles. Cardiac examination demonstrates a right-sided third heart sound, a widely split accentuated second heart sound, and a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur along the left sternal border. Her abdomen is nontender, and the liver is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin. There is no clubbing or edema. Arterial blood gas measurements with the patient breathing 3 L/min of nasal oxygen indicate a Po2 of 57 mm Hg, Pco2 of 37 mm Hg, and pH 7.43. The CBC count, sedimentation rate, serum electrolytes, liver tests, and urinalysis are unremarkable. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. The following serum antibodies are negative: antinuclear cytoplasmic antibody, double-stranded DNA acid, anti-basement membrane antibody, antitoposomerase, and antinuclear factor. An echocardiogram demonstrates normal left ventricular function, right ventricular dilatation with severe tricuspid insufficiency, a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 78 mm Hg, and a normal left atrial size. A chest radiograph (Fig 1) was obtained during a prior hospitalization, and a chest radiograph and CT scan (Figs 2, 3) are obtained during the current hospitalization. An open-lung biopsy is performed (Fig 4). All of the following statements about this case are true, EXCEPT?
Homework and the fragmentation of space: Challenges for the labor movement

Abstract The Reagan Administration, as part of a broad strategy to provide greater flexibility of investment opportunities for capital and to undermine organized labor, lifted the bans on homework in six of the seven industries in which it was originally regulated in 1942. The Administration argued that deregulation would give women greater freedom to combine domestic responsibilities with wage-earning work. Trade union leaders opposed deregulation on the grounds that it would allow manufacturers to use homeworkers to cut production costs and would ultimately lead to the erosion of protective labor legislation for both factory workers and homeworkers. However, the labor movement's failure to locate the issue of homework within the broader context of the gendered nature of economic restructuring has led it to adopt a political strategy which, ironically, will merely encourage homework's further growth.
RAPIDLY INSTALLED FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) PLATES FOR UPGRADE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES FOR THE MILITARY

This paper offers an overview of an extensive series of flexural tests conducted on beams retrofitted with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates using the mechanical fastening technique. The tests showed that strength gains close to that expected from conventionally-bonded FRP can be obtained and the failure mode is actually much more ductile than with conventional FRP upgrades. Results of several analytical parametric studies are also given, providing insight into the effect of variations in material and geometric properties of the upgraded beams.
Examining whiteness as an obstacle to positively approaching immigrant families in US early childhood educational settings

This article examines whiteness at the intersection of immigration and early childhood education as it was made visible during interviews with 50 preschool teachers in five US cities as part of the Children Crossing Borders (CCB) study. Findings show whiteness acting not only as a construct of privilege but also as an idea that manifests itself in ways that affect schooling, even in early educational settings like preschool. Whiteness is made visible through a combination of multivocal ethnographic methodology, Critical Race Theory (CRT), and post-structural analytical tools all used within a comparative framework to understand whiteness from the perspective of white teachers responding to newly arrived immigrant families and subsequently from the counterexamples of immigrant teachers working in cities with longer histories of immigration. Findings suggest that the logic of whiteness used to respond to immigrant families includes blaming them, distancing from them and charging them with responsibility to ...
Pairing force, intrinsic quadrupole moment and moment of inertia

Abstract Contrary to the usual belief, it is pointed out that through the presence of the pairing force always decreases the Cranking model value of the moment of inertia compared to its Hartree-Fock value, it is necessarily not true for the quadropule moment.
Identifying and tracking “heavy users” of acute psychiatric inpatient services

This study explores the extent and consistency of heavy use of acute psychiatric inpatient services among Medicaid recipients across five years and four sites. Approximately 35% of inpatient service users account for approximately 75% of the dollars spent on inpatient services across place and time. Heavy users are distinct from non-heavy users in being comprise of more children and adolescents, in being disproportionately white, and in having more severe disabilities. The study findings are discussed in the context of the planning of appropriate services for this patient subgroup.
Regulation of 17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in Human Placental Endothelial Cells

17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD17B2) oxidizes estradiol to estrone, testosterone to androstenedione, and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone to progesterone. HSD17B2 is highly expressed in human placental tissue where it is localized to placental endothelial cells lining the fetal compartment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of potential regulatory factors including progesterone, estradiol, and retinoic acid (RA) onHSD17B2 expression in primary human placental endothelial cells in culture.HSD17B2 mRNA expression was not regulated by progesterone, the progesterone agonist R5020, or estradiol treatment. RA significantly induced HSD17B2 mRNA levels and enzyme activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Maximal stimulation occurred at Hour 48 at an RA concentration of 10(-6) M. Both retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) were readily detected by immunoblotting in isolated placental endothelial cells. RNA interference directed against RARA or RXRA led to reduced basal levels of HSD17B2 mRNA levels and significantly abolished RA-stimulated HSD17B2 expression. Together, these data indicate that regulation of HSD17B2 mRNA levels and enzymatic activity by RA in the placenta is mediated by RARA and RXRA.
One Hundred Cases of Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Clinical and Roentgenologic Analysis

The early diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas is not easy. Since radical resection of the pancreas is now possible and since this procedure can be done only in early lesions it is imperative that the physician be fully cognizant of the factors which may lead to an early diagnosis. This study includes an analysis of the symptoms, signs and laboratory findings of the cases with primary carcinoma of the pancreas seen at the Duke Hospital from July, 1930, through May, 1949. During this period, 102 cases of primary carcinoma of the pancreas were seen, of which 72 (70.5%) were located in the head and 30 (29.5%) in the body of the gland. Sixty-eight questionable cases were excluded. One of the more valuable accessory clinical procedures in proper diagnosis is the roentgenologic examination, and particular emphasis will be given to that segment of this study.
‘Living Worse and Costing More’: Resistance and Riot in Rio de Janeiro, 1890–1917

On 1st May 1917 m Rio de Janeiro, protesters took to the streets carrying placards and shouting slogans denouncing high prices and miserable living conditions. Over the succeeding months the May Day protest mushroomed into an unprecedented general strike of more than 50,000 workers in the federal capital. Rio de Janeiro had witnessed frequent protests and agitation against taxes, high prices, shortages, poor housing and public services and the cost of transport during the late Empire and first decades of the Republic.1 What was different about May Day 1917 was that complaints over consumer, community-based issues affecting the general populace triggered off a wave of trade-union militancy unique in the city's history.
American Grand Strategy and the US–ROK Alliance*

The US–ROK alliance is usually described and discussed in realist terms, when the proper basis for doing so for some time now has been liberalist. The alliance is lodged within a larger US–ROK community, in much the same way as other US alliances are arranged. It is also lodged within the community of democratic states that champion democratic peace theory, which essentially has come to constitute an informal but quite powerful alliance of all modern democratic states. The nature of modern liberalist alliances is such that they are very resilient, very durable, and this has helped sustain the alliance through roughly a decade of considerable strain in recent years. The alliance is now being refurbished with American global security management concerns in mind and this will require major adjustments by South Korea.
Cash at Your Fingertips: Biometric Technology for Transfers in Developing Countries*

In recent years, interest has soared in the development potential of well-designed cash transfer programs. One particular application is the use of transfers by resource-rich countries (as recently initiated by Iran) to distribute rents across their populations. An emerging body of research suggests that the development impact of such programs tends to be positive and that, especially when received by poor individuals or households, they can unlock constraints on economic activities, allowing a further increase in income. This paper considers the use of biometric technology to underpin transfer programs and how new technology is opening up possibilities for effective transfer programs that, up to now, have only been a theoretical option in the institutional conditions that prevail in many developing countries. Once implemented, biometric identification systems can be used to support a wide range of other development initiatives including banking, voting, health care, and general identification systems. The paper reviews some of the programs using these technologies and how it is enabling poor countries to leapfrog rich ones in the area of identity, much as the cellphone revolution did in the area of communications.
Who Supports Whom? How Age and Gender Affect the Perceived Quality of Support from Family and Friends

This study investigates age and gender differences in the relative perception of social support across adulthood. Findings indicate that age and gender do affect both the perception of positive support and the perception of demandingness across different support relationships. In all age groups, men appear to perceive spousal support as the most positive, while women seem to perceive the support received from children as being the most positive. However, it is apparent that all three relationships studied - those with spouse, children, and friends/other relatives - are important sources of support for both men and women.
An introduction and tutorial on multiple-scale analysis in solids

Abstract Concurrent multiple-scale methods can be defined as those which combine information available from distinct length and time scales into a single coherent, coupled simulation. These methods have recently become both popular and necessary for the following reasons. One is the recent discovery of new, nanoscale materials, and the corresponding boom in nanotechnology research. Another factor is that experiments have conclusively shown the connection between microscale physics and macroscale deformation. Finally, the concept of linking disparate length and time scales has become feasible recently due to the ongoing explosion in computational power. We present a detailed introduction to the available technologies in the field of multiple-scale analysis. In particular, our review centers on methods which aim to couple molecular-level simulations (such as molecular dynamics) to continuum level simulations (such as finite element and meshfree methods). Using this definition, we first review existing multiple-scale technology, and explain the pertinent issues in creating an efficient yet accurate multiple-scale method. Following the review, we highlight a new multiple-scale method, the bridging scale, and compare it to existing multiple-scale methods. Next, we show example problems in which the bridging scale is applied to fully non-linear problems. Concluding remarks address the research needs for multiple-scale methods in general, the bridging scale method in particular, and potential applications for the bridging scale.
Test sequencing in modular systems

Motivated by the need to increase the availability of systems, the primary focus of diagnosis in field maintenance is to locate the faculty modules. The authors consider the problem of constructing optimal test sequences to diagnose faults in such modular systems. This generalized test sequencing problem is solved by an AND/OR graph search procedure, wherein information-theoretic heuristic evaluation functions are modified to account for modular fault diagnosis. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on various test cases. >
Perceiving glass ceilings? Meritocratic versus structural explanations of gender inequality among women in science and technology.

Americans often rely on meritocratic ideologies rather than structural factors to explain unequal labor market outcomes, but we know little about how such beliefs are contingent upon individuals' social locations. Taking advantage of unique survey data, this article examines how gender inequality in professional advancement is explained among successful women professionals in science, technology, and allied fields—an employment arena potentially characterized simultaneously by potent meritocratic ideologies and persistent gendered barriers. Using multinomial logistic regressions comparing structural and meritocratic frames for explaining the paucity of women at high levels, we show how respondents in different career and family circumstances use these conflicting perceptual lenses. We find that married women, those with business education, and those in the top levels of their organizations are more likely to account for gender inequality by invoking deficiencies in women's human capital or motivation, whereas mothers, primary breadwinners, sellers of professional services, and those working in unsupportive organizations are more likely to invoke structural explanations. This research has implications for social action. Successful women's beliefs about gender inequality may influence whether they help remove structural obstacles for other women, or whether, through adherence to the meritocratic ideology, they help reconstruct the glass ceilings they have cracked.
Intranasal DDAVP induced increases in plasma von Willebrand factor alter the pharmacokinetics of high-purity factor VIII concentrates in severe haemophilia A patients.

Because native circulating factor VIII (FVIII) is maximally stabilized when it is bound to von Willebrand factor (vWf), increased plasma vWf levels may enhance the infused FVIII concentrate intravascular survival and efficacy in severe haemophiliacs. To assess whether the kinetic characteristics and recovery of high purity, plasma-derived (Monoclate-P, Centeon) and recombinant (Bioclate , Centeon) FVIII concentrates are enhanced by increased plasma vWf concentrations, we compared the pharmacokinetic response to a bolus of FVIII infused alone with the response to a bolus infused 2 h after the intranasal delivery of 300 microg of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) High Concentration Nasal Spray (Stimate, Centeon) in 10 adult severe haemophiliacs. FVIII activity was determined using a one-stage clotting assay on cryopreserved plasma specimens obtained at baseline and at 14 distinct time points (0.25-48 h) following the FVIII infusions. Ristocetin co-factor activity (RCoFA) and vWf antigen levels were assayed at baseline and 2 h after Stimate. FVIII kinetic parameters were calculated using standard, noncompartmental kinetic methods. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test with 95% confidence limits. The mean rises in RCoFA (0.65+/-0.44 IU mL(-1)) and vWf antigen (0.19+/-0.07 IU mL-1) induced by Stimate were significant (P<0.01 and P<0.0001, respectively). The mean increases in the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) (13.2+/-9.3 dL) and mean residence time (MRT) (4.4+/-3.9 h) between the FVIII-only arm and the FVIII plus Stimate arm were highly significant (P = 0.0015 and P = 0. 0059, respectively). The mean differences in recovery, area under the curve (AUC), half-life, and clearance (Cl) were not significantly altered. Subgroup analysis revealed statistically significant increases in Vss and MRT (P = 0.025 and P = 0.012, respectively) following the administration of intranasal DDAVP in the Monoclate-P cohort, but not in the Bioclate group. These data suggest that even modest pharmacologically induced increases in plasma vWf can favourably affect the kinetics of high-purity, plasma-derived FVIII concentrates in severe haemophiliacs.
Estimates of Human Cochlear Tuning at Low Levels Using Forward and Simultaneous Masking

Auditory filter shapes were derived from psychophysical measurements in eight normal-hearing listeners using a variant of the notched-noise method for brief signals in forward and simultaneous masking. Signal frequencies of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kHz were tested. The signal level was fixed at 10 dB above absolute threshold in the forward-masking conditions and fixed at either 10 or 35 dB above absolute threshold in the simultaneous-masking conditions. The results show that filter equivalent rectangular bandwidths (ERBs) are substantially narrower in forward masking than has been found in previous studies using simultaneous masking. Furthermore, in contrast to earlier studies, the sharpness of tuning doubles over the range of frequencies tested, giving QERB values of about 10 and 20 at signal frequencies of 1 and 8 kHz, respectively. It is argued that the new estimates of auditory filter bandwidth provide a more accurate estimate of human cochlear tuning at low levels than earlier estimates using simultaneous masking at higher levels, and that they are therefore more suitable for comparison to cochlear tuning data from other species. The data may also prove helpful in defining the parameters for nonlinear models of human cochlear processing.
Evidence of deficient central speech processing in children with specific language impairment: The T-complex

Objective This paper examined neurophysiological correlates of speech in children with language impairment (LI) and typical language development (TLD) across four experiments using different speech stimuli and tasks.
The influence of an oxidation inhibitor on the elevated temperature fracture resistance of carbon/carbon composites

This fracture study evaluates the role of a fiber/matrix interfacial glass on the toughening of two different carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Both composites incorporate a two-dimensional layup of 8-harness satin weave continuous fiber fabric, but differ in several aspects, the most significant of which is the presence of an oxidation inhibitor in one of these. The fracture behavior of both materials was determined in three-point flexure at 20 through 1650 °C. Microstructural studies indicate that the nonhomogeneous distribution of the oxidation inhibitor within the fiber bundles controls the fracture behavior. Electron microprobe results indicate a high concentration of the glass oxidation inhibitor associated with the inter-bundle matrix, while the intra-bundle matrix is composed primarily of carbon. Accordingly, debonding along the inter-bundle interfaces characterizes the oxidation inhibited composite, whereas the nonoxidation inhibited samples debond by individual fibers. Both materials exhibit strongly rising R-curves throughout the test temperature range. At the higher test temperatures the oxidation inhibited C/C shows the greatest cumulative toughening component, although at a lower value of the fracture toughness. This is consistent with the observed increase in the percentage of fibers that experience individual pullout at the higher temperatures.
Lehmann discontinuity as the base of an anisotropic layer beneath continents

Long-period surface-wave (R(1), G(1)), body-wave (S, SS, SSS), and ScS-reverberation data have been inverted to obtain anisotropic structures along seismic corridors that sample Australia and the western Pacific. These models support the proposal that the Lehmann discontinuity beneath stable continents represents a transition from an anisotropic lithosphere to a more isotropic material in the lower part of the continental tectosphere.
Escalation: The Determinants of Commitment to a Chosen Course of Action

Previous research has shown that individuals are most likely to escalate the amount of resources committed to a course of action when they have been personally responsible for negative consequences. The present study examined the process of escalation over three points in time and under four experimental conditions. A 2 X 2 X 3 factorial experiment was conducted in which personal responsibility, efficacy of resources, and time were the independent variables, and commitment of resources to a course of action was the dependent variable. The results replicated the escalation effect over an immediate time period, but showed that investment of resources in a course of action was not stable over time. Although there were immediate effects of personal responsibility and efficacy of resources upon escalation behavior, these two variables interacted with the time factor.
Doing the Dirty Work: Measuring and Optimizing Resident Workload

The importance of patient care in the development of future physicians has been recognized since well before Osler’s time. Indeed, patient care experiences are the cornerstone of undergraduate and graduate medical education. While the purpose of residency training is to cultivate competent physicians primarily through direct patient care experiences, the optimal level of clinical work necessary to ensure resident learning and quality of care has not been well defined. In this issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, Coit and colleagues consider whether reducing resident workload improves quality of patient care. 1 The investigators implemented an experimental inpatient medicine rotation to reduce residents’ workload at a community hospital. The intervention teams were comprised of three interns and two upper level residents, and the control teams consisted of two interns and one upper level resident. In addition, the intervention teams took call every sixth night and were limited to five admissions per resident, while the control teams were on call every fourth night and could admit up to twelve patients. Both teams were in compliance with ACGME duty hour standards. The outcome of interest in this study was the quality of residents’ discharge summaries, as measured by an instrument based on Joint Commission standards. The investigators demonstrated significant improvement in the quality of discharge summaries prepared by the intervention teams compared to those prepared by the control teams. Of note, certain aspects of discharge summaries were inadequately completed by residents in both groups, highlighting the need for further innovations to enhance the quality of discharge
LiV2O4: a heavy fermion transition metal oxide

The format of this dissertation is as follows. In the remainder of Chapter 1, brief introductions and reviews are given to the topics of frustration, heavy fermions and spinels including the precedent work of LiV{sub 2}O{sub 4}. In Chapter 2, as a general overview of this work the important publication in Physical Review Letters by the author of this dissertation and collaborators regarding the discovery of the heavy fermion behavior in LiV{sub 2}O{sub 4} is introduced [removed for separate processing]. The preparation methods employed by the author for nine LiV{sub 2}O{sub 4} and two Li{sub 1+x}Ti{sub 2{minus}x}O{sub 4} (x = 0 and 1/3) polycrystalline samples are introduced in Chapter 3. The subsequent structural characterization of the LiV{sub 2}O{sub 4} and Li{sub 1+x}Ti{sub 2{minus}x}O{sub 4} samples was done by the author using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction measurements and their structural refinements by the Rietveld analysis. The results of the characterization are detailed in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4 magnetization measurements carried out by the author are detailed. In Chapter 5, after briefly discussing the resistivity measurement results including the single-crystal work by Rogers et al., for the purpose of clear characterization of LiV{sub 2}O{sub 4} it is of great importance to introduce in the following chapters the experiments and subsequent data analyses done by his collaborators. Heat capacity measurements (Chapter 6) were carried out and analyzed by Dr. C.A. Swenson, and modeled theoretically by Dr. D.C. Johnston. In Chapter 7 a thermal expansion study using neutron diffraction by Dr. O. Chmaissem et al. and capacitance dilatometry measurements by Dr. C.A. Swenson are introduced. The data analyses for the thermal expansion study were mainly done by Dr. O. Chmaissem (for neutron diffraction) and Dr. C.A. Swendon (for dilatometry), with assistances by Dr. J.D. Jorgensen, Dr. D.C. Johnston, and S. Kondo the author of this dissertation. Chapter 8 describes nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements and analyses by Dr. A.V. Mahajan, R. Sala, E. Lee and Dr. F. Borsa. In the final chapter, a summary and discussion are given.
Biology and larval feeding habits of coexisting Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from a small woodland stream in Northeastern Ohio

Abstract Hydroptila consimilis Mosely, Ochrotrichia spinosa (Ross), and O. wojcickyi Blickle exhibited a close association with the appearance of the filamentous chlorophyte Cladophora (April to June) in a small woodland stream in northeastern Ohio. Laboratory rearings showed that these microcaddisflies displayed similar life cycles and exhibited hypermetamorphosis. H. consimilis mandibles are specialized for piercing individual cells within filaments of Cladophora to facilitate removal of cellular contents, whereas Ochrotrichia spp. have robustly cusped mandibles suited for piercing Cladophora and scraping diatoms from benthic substrates. Proportional similarity analysis of videotaped behavior illustrated that the feeding habits of third-instar Ochrotrichia exhibited a low similarity (0.44) to the other instars tested (Ochrotrichia fifth and Hydroptila first, third, and fifth) because of their frequent consumption of diatoms (17% of feeding efforts); all other instars tested were highly similar to each o...
Sex Differences in HPA and HPG Axes Dysregulation in Major Depressive Disorder: The Role of Shared Brain Circuitry Between Hormones and Mood

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the fourth leading cause of disease burden worldwide, and women have approximately two times the risk of onset than men. Thus understanding the pathophysiology of MDD has widespread implications for attenuation and prevention of disease burden, particularly in women. MDD has been historically linked to adrenal and gonadal hormone dysregulation. This review argues the importance of applying prenatal stress models [i.e., fetal disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) circuitry] to understanding the fetal programming of sex differences in MDD. We review the literature on the important roles of HPA and HP-gonadal (HPG) hormones in understanding the comorbidity of MDD and endocrine dysregulation. We further review the literature on the fetal programming of MDD. Integrating these literatures and our current work, we argue the critical importance of investigating the disruption of the development of fetal HPA circuitry, during periods in which the sexual differentiation of the brain occurs, that we hypothesize place the male or female fetus at differential risks for MDD in adulthood. We believe that an understanding of the mechanisms involved in sex differences in the dysregulation of gonadal and adrenal hormones during fetal development in MDD will have etiologic implications and importance for the psychopharmacologic and hormonal treatment and prevention of MDD, particularly in women.
ENHANCED OVIPOSITION IN THE INSIDIOUS FLOWER BUG, ORIUS INSIDIOSUS (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) WITH A PARTIALLY PURIFIED NUTRITIONAL FACTOR FROM PREY EGGS

Abstract The insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), can be maintained on a minimal artificial diet composed of brewers yeast, soy protein hydrolysate and chicken yolk. However, egg production is poor even though the level of protein in the diet exceeds the amount consumed by adults that are fed insect eggs and have higher levels of egg production. We therefore fractionated eggs of the almond moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller by preparative isoelectric focusing and bioassayed the resultant fractions in test diets. Ovipositional rates were evaluated using a short 1-week bioassay. Adult predators were placed on the diets the third day after eclosion, allowed to feed for six days, and then provided with an oviposition substrate for 24 h on day seven. Egg production significantly increased only in a fraction with an isoelectric point of pH 5. SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of several Commassie blue-stained bands; however, the nature of the factor is unknown. These results point to a fecundity factor requ...