cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control

Infectious disease control and prevention relies on a thorough understanding of the factors determining transmission. This article summarizes the fundamental principles of infectious disease transmission while highlighting many of the agent, host, and environmental determinants of these diseases that are of particular import to public health professionals. Basic principles of infectious disease diagnosis, control, and prevention are also reviewed.
Evaluation of Real-Time Transit Information Systems: An information demand and supply approach

Abstract This study assesses current needs in the implementation of Real-Time Transit Information Systems. Web surveys are used to better understand information supply and demand, defined as the attitudes and experiences with real-time information of transit passengers and agencies, respectively. The most valued types of information demanded were found to be related to vehicle location while the least valued information relates to vehicle characteristics, like seating availability. Smartphone applications were found to be the preferred medium for receiving information followed by Internet/websites and dynamic message signs. The surveys also revealed that demographic and socioeconomic status influence preferences for real-time information. The information supply survey found that approximately 70 percent of surveyed agencies currently offer real-time information. The largest constraint to providing or improving Real-Time Transit Information Systems (RTTISs) was found to be funding, followed by staffing needs. A comparison between the survey results found that the information currently being provided by transit agencies is mostly in line with the information most valued by transit passengers. The few differences that exist are generally because agencies do not provide information on the media preferred most by passengers. To address these differences, several suggestions are made to improve the implementation of real-time information. This information can be used to better develop and prioritize investment in real-time information systems.
Photoluminescence Enhancement through Symmetry Breaking Induced by Defects in Nanocrystals.

We present a theoretical model for the effect of symmetry breaking introduced by the doping of semiconductor nanocrystals with Coulomb impurities. The presence of a Coulomb center breaks the nanocrystal symmetry and affects its optical properties through the mixing of the hole spin and parity sublevels, breaking the selection rules responsible for the exciton dark state in undoped nanocrystals. After reviewing the effects on the exciton fine structure and optical selection rules using symmetry theory, we present a perturbative model to quantify the effects. We find that the symmetry breaking proceeds by two mechanisms: First, mixing by even parity terms in the Coulomb multipole expansion results in an exciton fine structure consisting of three optically active doublets which are polarized along x, y, and z axes with a ground optically passive dark exciton state, and second, odd parity terms which break inversion symmetry significantly activate optical transitions which are optically forbidden in the unper...
Do Open Educational Resources Help Contingent Sociology Faculty Acquire Teaching Resources and Form Collegial Relationships

Access to resources and social relationships are important for teacher development. Unfortunately, within higher education contingent faculty often are under resourced and poorly integrated into their department’s social network. This shortfall could be addressed by Open Educational Resources (OERs), which are websites that freely distribute pedagogical resources and provide a platform for educators to form collegial relationships. The current research focuses on the OERs that have formed around American sociology to assess the characteristics of the faculty who use them, the pedagogical resources they acquire from them, and how often their users form collegial relationships online. Analysis of an online survey of 275 sociology OER users finds that contingent faculty are acquiring resources from the sites. While only a small percentage of faculty are forming collegial relationships via these sites, they are doing so without occupational status, gender, or racial differences.
Invisibility and Visibility in Alternative Organizing: A Communicative and Cultural Model:

This study reengages organizational communication scholarship on invisibility and visibility through a cultural lens. Departing from Western-centered approaches, I deploy African feminisms to examine how organizational members communicatively negotiate invisibility and visibility in a different cultural logic and context. I focus on market women’s susu groups—grassroots organizations—in postconflict Liberia, West Africa. I conducted 100 hr of participant observation and 40 interviews with susu group members in Monrovia, Liberia. I unearth a communicative situational model to culture. At a micro-level, the model uncovers three situational dimensions—temporal, relational, and structural—that shape how organizational members negotiate invisibility and visibility. At a macro-level, the model contributes to emerging work on culture and organizing. In conclusion, the study moves past understandings of culture as a factor to consider underlying assumptions shaping how we conceptualize communicative processes, he...
A pilot study on the impact of dopamine, serotonin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype on long-term functional outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objectives:Many that survive an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage experience lasting physical disability, which might be improved by medications with effects on the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and...
Un-Settling Multicultural Erasures

This essay begins by naming liberal forms of multiculturalism as a complicit discourse and theory in the erasure of Indigenous peoples. For example, it troubles the false narrative of the United States as a “nation of immigrants,” offered up so frequently as a corrective to the current administration's divisive rhetoric and policies. The essay underscores the important role of educators in interrupting the settler logics that pervade liberal educational spaces. Drawing examples from one of the author's hometowns, it presents critical inquiry as one viable approach for supporting students' understanding of the connections between place, power, and knowledge production.
Enhanced δ13C and δ18O Differences Between the South Atlantic and South Pacific During the Last Glaciation: The Deep Gateway Hypothesis

Enhanced vertical gradients in benthic foraminiferal δ13C and δ18O in the Atlantic and Pacific during the last glaciation have revealed that ocean overturning circulation was characterized by shoaling of North-Atlantic sourced interior waters; nonetheless our understanding of the specific mechanisms driving these glacial isotope patterns remains incomplete. Here we compare high-resolution depth transects of Cibicidoides spp. δ13C and δ18O from the Southwest Pacific and the Southwest Atlantic to examine relative changes in northern and southern sourced deep waters during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and deglaciation. During the LGM, our transects show that water mass properties and boundaries in the South Atlantic and Pacific were different from one another. The Atlantic between ~1.0 and 2.5 km was more than 1 ‰ enriched in δ13C relative to the Pacific and remained more enriched through the deglaciation. During the LGM, Atlantic δ18O was ~ 0.5 ‰ more enriched than the Pacific, particularly below 2.5 km. This compositional difference between the deep portions of the basins implies independent deep water sources during the glaciation. We attribute these changes to a ‘deep gateway’ effect whereby northern sourced waters shallower than the Drake Passage sill were unable to flow southward into the Southern Ocean because a net meridional geostrophic transport cannot be supported in the absence of a net east-west circumpolar pressure gradient above the sill depth. We surmise that through the LGM and early deglaciation, shoaled northern-sourced waters were unable to escape the Atlantic and contribute to deep water formation in the Southern Ocean.
Programming by a sample: Leveraging Web sites to program their underlying services

Publisher Summary This chapter describes how modeling the correspondence between site and service can enable a Web site to serve as an automatic code example corpus for its service application programming interface (API). Many popular Web sites offer a public API that allows Web developers to access site data and functionality programmatically. The site and its API offer two complementary views of the same underlying functionality. This chapter introduces d.mix, a Web development tool that leverages this site-to-service correspondence to rapidly create Web service–based applications. With d.mix, users browse annotated Web sites and select elements on the page they would like to access programmatically. It then generates code for the underlying Web service calls that yield those elements. This code can be edited, executed, and shared in a wiki-based hosting environment. The application d.mix leverages preexisting Web sites as example sets and supports rapid composition and modification of examples. d.mix has been regarded as a building block toward new authoring environments that facilitate prototyping of rich data and interaction models.
Phase-change memory

Abstract Phase-change memory (PCM) is a key enabling technology for nonvolatile electrical data storage at the nanometer scale. A PCM device consists of a small active volume of phase-change material sandwiched between two electrodes. In PCM, data are stored using the electrical resistance contrast between a high-conductive crystalline phase and a low-conductive amorphous phase of the phase-change material. An appealing attribute of PCM is that the stored data are retained for a very long time (typically 10 years at room temperature), but is written in only a few nanoseconds. This property could enable PCM to be used for nonvolatile storage such as Flash and hard disk drives, while operating almost as fast as high-performance volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Another particularly interesting emerging application for PCM is brain-inspired computing, where the memory devices are not only used to store data but also to perform some computational tasks. This chapter first explains the read and write operation principles of PCM and describes the physical mechanisms involved. Then key enablers of PCM for brain-inspired computing are presented along with experimental results on PCM arrays which highlight various opportunities and challenges involved in using PCM for this application.
Pediatric Cardiac CTA

Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is ideally suited for imaging anatomic and functional cardiac abnormalities in congenital heart disease (CHD) when using ECG-triggering (prospective) or ECG-gating (retrospective) scan techniques with at least 64 detector rows. The newest MDCT scanners employ up to five times greater number of detector rows, improved temporal resolution, multi-energy spectral data, and iterative image reconstruction techniques. Wide detector arrays allow volumetric scanning of the entire heart in a single gantry rotation. Improved temporal resolution with faster gantry rotation and dual detector arrays is especially important when imaging the heart in infants and young children who have heart rates typically up to 140 beats per min or greater and cannot follow instructions for breath holding and remaining motionless. Spectral multi-energy CT allows reconstruction of image data using standard Hounsfield units or at two or more energy levels which may enable determination of myocardial perfusion, differentiate tissue composition, and using low monoEnergy settings boost conspicuity of intravascular contrast in poorly timed or low contrast volume examinations. Iterative reconstruction improves image quality by reducing noise, elevating the signal to noise in the image, and thereby allowing the user to reduce mA or kV. Each of these innovations in MDCT technology empowers the user to markedly reduce radiation dose while maintaining or improving image quality.
Economics, QoS, and charging in the next great telecom revolution

While the Internet has attracted the bulk of the attention from the public as well as from researchers, the growth of wireless has had a far larger impact on the world, as measured by the number of users, the revenues, or the profits. Technology is leading to a convergence of the two areas, and this will be the next great telecom revolution. The relation between technological progress and consumer demand differs greatly in wireless from what continues to prevail on the wireline Internet, and this is leading to a reconsideration of some of the QoS and charging schemes that failed to find acceptance in the past. A perspective will be presented on what approaches are most likely to succeed, and why.
Abstract 4890: Understanding the crosstalk between glycosylation and drug resistance

Although great progress has been made in the treatment of breast cancer, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a problem facing current cancer research, promoting the need to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in breast cancer and identify future targeted therapy. One of the mechanisms by which chemoresistance is attained in cancer cells is mediated through the expression of MDR-related glycoproteins (MRPs). These transmembrane proteins efflux drugs across the plasma membrane, conferring resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. Elevated expression of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1) has been associated with poor prognosis and survival rate among breast cancer patients. Acquiring drug resistance has been correlated to the emergence of metastasis, accounting for the progression of the disease. Altered cell-surface glycosylation is a common feature of cancer initiation and progression. During glycosylation, the MRP1 undergoes N-linked glycosylation but it is unclear how glycosylation impacts the drug transport activity. To examine the crosstalk between MRP1 and Neuraminidase 1 (Neu1), the enzyme that catalyzes the removal of sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, we initiated our studies using plant derived natural product honokiol to examine the effect of honokiol on Neu1. In this study, we demonstrated that honokiol suppressed Neu1 in two breast cancer cell lines using Western Blot Analysis. To determine whether there is a link between Neu1 and MRP1 in improving the efficacy of doxorubicin-facilitated growth suppression, we treated the breast cancer cells with Neu1 inhibitor, Oseltamivir Phosphate (OP) and demonstrated that at 600 ug/ml and 800 ug/ml, OP suppressed breast cancer cell growth. OP in combination with doxorubicin reduced growth of breast cancer cells and enhanced the efficacy of doxorubicin-mediated growth inhibition. Future studies are underway to examine the effect of OP and honokiol on the glycosylation of MRP1. We propose that these studies will lead to the understanding on how glycosylation of MRP1 contributes to the transport of chemotherapeutic agents and eventually to the spread of the disease. Citation Format: Padmamalini Thulasiraman, Kelbie Kerr. Understanding the crosstalk between glycosylation and drug resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4890.
Fast Training of a Convolutional Neural Network for Brain MRI Classification

The increase in AD population calls for an automated and accurate method for efficiently diagnosing AD through MRI, preferably at the stage of Early MCI (EMCI). Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), ReLU, Dropout contribute to better performance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), resulting in a considerable decline in error rates for computer vision tasks like MRI-based diagnosis through classification. CNN-based architectures such as AlexNet have become dominant in image classification challenges. VGG-like architectures emerged as improved variants of AlexNet but the large numbers of kernels and layers in VGG tend to slow down the training process. VoxCNN has been designed for binary AD/LMCI/EMCI/Normal classification of 3D MRI images, incorporating batch normalization, Dropout and Adam for training. Although VoxCNN output decent results with a relatively small dataset as input, the fact that 150 epochs have to be performed for each run of classification is prone to yield a lengthy training process. We tweaked Dropout probability and managed to reduce training time of VoxCNN by 49% while maintaining the same level of prediction performance in binary AD/LMCI/EMCI/Normal classification. Both ROC AUC and accuracy exhibited minor loss, i.e., 0.3% and 1.4%, respectively. Standard deviation of both ROC AUC and accuracy at Epoch 75 was improved on the whole after adjustment of Dropout probability.
Contested strategies: China, the United States, and the Indo-Pacific security dilemma

The Sino-U.S. security dilemma is driven, in large part, by concerns in both countries about the regional strategies being pursued by the other. U.S. analysts worry about the implications of China’s regional economic diplomacy, while their Chinese counterparts construe U.S. strategy as a containment plot. Those dynamics are accelerating under the bold approaches being undertaken by Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative and Donald Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy. These perceptions are leading to responses which, in turn, make both sides feel even less secure. Nevertheless, the security dilemma is mitigated by perceptions that both countries are facing serious constraints in achieving their regional ambitions, and by the sense that neither country will be able to eliminate the key strategic advantages of the other. Policymakers thus need to be aware that there is a gap between how regional strategies are explained and how they are received, and avoid particularly severe provocations that could lead to further tensions and counter-moves. But mutual constraints mean that leaders do not need to be overly sensitive, and provides some hope that a modicum of strategic stability can be injected into the relationship.
Reading Legal Writing Together: Reading Groups Can Build the Disciplinary Community of Legal Writing Scholars

This essay describes how a reading group of scholars can help develop community in a scholarly discipline.
Identification of Key Success Factors in Intelligent Manufacturing Enterprises

“Made in China 2025” put forward the intelligent manufacturing as the direction of the development of China's manufacturing industry. According to the internal value chain and external supply chain of enterprises, starting from four aspects: main activities, supportive activities, supply chain collaboration, channel and customer collaboration, this paper puts forward the evaluation index of intelligent manufacturing enterprises, and gives the identification method of key success factors of intelligent manufacturing enterprises, which provides common success factors for the development of intelligent manufacturing enterprises.
TREM2: Modulator of Lipid Metabolism in Microglia.

Lipid-processing mechanisms during demyelination are poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Nugent et al. (2020) show by cell-specific lipidomics that Trem2 deficiency leads to cholesterol ester (CE) overload in microglia. This is mediated by misregulation of lipid metabolism genes and is rescued by modulating CE synthesis or efflux.
Validity of Caloric Expenditure Measured from a Wheelchair User Smartwatch.

The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of measured caloric expenditure from a fitness smartwatch designed to measured values in wheelchair users against criterion values from a portable metabolic system. 15 wheelchair users and 15 able-bodied participants completed multiple tasks; wheelchair treadmill routine at 30, 45, and 60 strokes per minute, arm cycle ergometry at 45, 60, and 80 revolutions per minute, and arm cycle ergometry VO2Peak test. There were no interactions for device or task and group (wheelchair users vs. able bodied, p=0.375-0.944) therefore results were pooled across groups for all measures. The smartwatch exhibited poor to moderate caloric expenditure association during wheelchair treadmill routine (ICC<0.39) and arm cycle ergometry (ICC<0.541). Smartwatch underestimated caloric expenditure during the wheelchair treadmill task (Mean differences (Limits of Agreement)) (−2.11 (−8.19–3.96), −3.68 (−12.64–5.28), and −4.51 (−15.05–6.02)) and overestimated during the arm cycle ergometry task (0.89 (−3.10–4.88), 3.40 (−0.31–7.12), and 2.81 (−1.71–7.32)). The smartwatch is currently not well suited to calculate caloric expenditure when performing exercise tasks on a wheelchair treadmill and arm cycle ergometry.
University of Wisconsin-Madison Campus-Wide Deep Dive

Author(s): Zurawski, Jason; Schopf, Jennifer; Addleman, Hans | Abstract: In June 2019, staff members from the Engagement and Performance Operations Center (EPOC) and the University of Wisconsin–Madison Divisionof Information Technology (UW DoIT) met with researchers for the purpose of a Campus-Wide Deep Dive. The goal of this meeting was to help characterize the requirements for a number of research and educational activities, and to enable cyberinfrastructure support staff to better understand the needs of researchers. Material for this event includes both the written documentation from nine projects, and the campus technology organization, but also a writeup of the discussion that took place in person. The Case Studies highlighted the ongoing challenges that the University of Wisconsin–Madison will face in the coming years to support, encourage, and grow several emerging and established use cases. The University of Wisconsin–Madison received an NSF award to help support upgrading the campus network in 2012, specifically to include a Science DMZ and monitoring equipment. However, there is a currently identified need to refresh equipment and identify and work more closely with current campus researchers. Updates to the state network, as well as the campus, are being planned and were discussed during this event. As part of the overall review, the necessity of working more closely with research teams as they are still in the planning phase was discussed so that DoIT can better understand and adapt to changes in requirements as the research demands grow over time . Additional challenges with securing sensitive data, cybersecurity, and supporting collaborations were also discussed.
Sex differences in glucoprivic regulation of glycogen metabolism in hypothalamic primary astrocyte cultures: Role of estrogen receptor signaling

Hypoglycemia causes sex-reliant changes in hypothalamic astrocyte glycogen metabolism in vivo. The role of nuclear versus membrane astrocyte estrogen receptors (ER) in glucoprivic regulation of glycogen is unclear. Here, primary hypothalamic astrocyte cultures were treated with selective ER antagonists during glucoprivation to investigate the hypothesis that ER mediate sex-specific glycogen responses to glucoprivation. Results show that glucoprivic down-regulation of glycogen synthase expression is mediated by transmembrane G protein-coupled ER-1 (GPER) signaling in each sex and estrogen receptor (ER)-beta (ERβ) activity in females. Glucoprivic inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase involves GPER and ERβ in females, but ER-independent mechanisms in males. GPER, ERβ, and ER-alpha (ERα) inhibit or stimulate AMPK protein expression in male versus female astrocytes, respectively. Glucoprivic augmentation of phospho-AMPK profiles in male glia was opposed by GPER activation, whereas GPER and ERβ suppress this protein in females. Astrocyte ERα and GPER content was down-regulated in each sex during glucose deficiency, whereas ERβ levels was unaltered (males) or increased (females). Glucoprivation correspondingly elevated or diminished male versus female astrocyte glycogen content; ER antagonism reversed this response in males, but not females. Results identify distinctive ER variants involved in sex-similar versus sex-specific astrocyte protein responses to withdrawal of this substrate fuel. Notably, glucoprivation elicits a directional switch or gain-of-effect of GPER and ERβ on specific glial protein profiles. Outcomes infer that ERs are crucial for glucoprivic regulation of astrocyte glycogen accumulation in males. Alternatively, estradiol may act independently of ER signaling to disassemble this reserve in females.
Improved Identification of Isomeric Steroids Using the Paternò-Büchi Reaction with Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

The Paterno-Buchi (PB) reaction is a common organic reaction in which a carbonyl radical formed by exposure to UV radiation reacts with an alkene to form an oxetane ring. Recent analytical applications of this reaction have included the determination of C═C bond position in lipid fatty acyl tails using tandem mass spectrometry. Our group has recently investigated methods for structurally modifying steroid isomers to improve their identification and resolution using ion mobility spectrometry. Herein, we report the first application of the Paterno-Buchi reaction to form steroid oxetanes using a simple, low-cost, and high efficiency method with a low pressure mercury lamp. This methodology is performed on several endogenous steroid isomers, resulting in unique ion mobility spectra that provide a unique fingerprint for each. These fingerprint spectra can add confidence in identification of those compounds, especially in complex biological matrixes. Testosterone and epitestosterone, an epimer pair commonly interrogated in a number of applications such as for their use as performance enhancing drugs, displayed one and three unique ion mobility peaks, respectively. These spectra and their measured collision cross sections (CCS) allow for unambiguous differentiation of these and several other steroid isomer groups analyzed in this work. Finally, multiple anabolic androgenic steroids prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency were tested with this method and resulted in unique CCS for their PB reaction products. This approach can offer improved confidence in their identification as well as for many other banned substances.
Design and Performance of the Solid-State Laser Trigger System for HERMES III

The HERMES III accelerator is an 18–20-MeV linear induction accelerator constructed at Sandia National Laboratories in the late 1980s and which continues operation to this day. As part of recent modernization efforts, the laser triggering system on the accelerator has been replaced with a newly designed solid-state system. This system consists of ten Nd:YAG lasers, each having a nominal output energy of 40–45 mJ at a wavelength of 266 nm. The beam from each laser is split such that it triggers two of the Rimfire gas switches on the accelerator. Compared to the previous laser triggering system, this arrangement makes it possible to more readily tailor the final output pulse shape, and the overall reliability of this key accelerator system is now improved. The design of the new laser triggering system is presented here, along with details pertaining to the energy budgeting, optical beam paths, and electrical triggering of the lasers. The initial operational data from the HERMES III accelerator using this new triggering system are also presented.
Building Trust to Promote a More Equitable Health Care System

Physicians must engender patient trust At a time when science is under attack, patients - particularly those in historically marginalized communities - are increasingly skeptical about the health-related counsel they receive The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, while sparing few communities, has highlighted stark health disparities that threaten vulnerable populations Many inequities stem from institutional attitudes and structures - both within and outside health care - that systematically disadvantage certain communities The heightened visibility of inequities in the US health care system during the COVID-19 pandemic is a powerful impetus for change Innovative, multimodal strategies to build trust-involving clinicians, health systems, patients, and community organizations - will be required for progress The leaders featured at the ABIM Foundation Forum are starting movements to advance this cause If a broad community of physicians and other clinicians joins them, a trusted and equitable health care system is possible
Mental associations with COVID-19 and how they relate with self-reported protective behaviors: A national survey in the United States.

Abstract Rationale To understand novel diseases, patients may draw comparisons to other diseases. Objective We examined whether mentally associating specific diseases with COVID-19 was related to self-reported protective behaviors early in the pandemic. Methods In March 2020, a national sample of 6534 U.S. adults listed diseases that came to mind when thinking of COVID-19. They self-reported protective behaviors, demographics, and COVID-19 risk perceptions. Results Participants associated COVID-19 with common infectious diseases like seasonal influenza (59%), common cold (11%), and pneumonia (10%), or emergent infectious diseases like pandemic influenza (28%), SARS/MERS (27%), and Ebola (14%). Seasonal influenza was most commonly mentioned, in all demographic groups. Participants mentioning seasonal influenza or common cold reported fewer protective behaviors. Those mentioning pneumonia or emergent infectious diseases reported more protective behaviors. Mentioning pneumonia, SARS/MERS, and Ebola was associated with the most protective behaviors, after accounting for other generated diseases, demographics, and risk perceptions (e.g., for avoiding crowds, OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.26, 1.83; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.46; OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.52, respectively). Conclusions Early in the pandemic, most participants mentally associated COVID-19 with seasonal flu, which may have undermined willingness to protect themselves. To motivate behavior change, COVID-19 risk communications may need to mention diseases that resonate with people while retaining accuracy.
Commentary on and Further Extension of Stanley J. Shapiro’s Review of Milton Friedman: Fifty Years Later:

This is a commentary on and further extension of Stanley J. Shapiro’s review of Milton Friedman: Fifty Years Later. It is also an extension to a Bagha and Laczniak article cited by Shapiro, “Seekin...
Project Based Learning and Invitations: A Comparison

Thispaper compares two instructional approaches: project based learning andinvitations. It begins with a discussion of the definitions of project basedlearning and invitations as well as their theoretical bases. Then these two approachesare compared in the following aspects: student choice, inquiry question, scopeof inquiry, purpose of inquiry, critical thinking versus critical literacy, andaction orientation. Although project based learning and invitations share somefeatures of inquiry-based learning, it is important to know their distinction thathas significant pedagogical implications. This paper aims to contribute to abetter understanding of project based learning and invitations, theirinterrelationships, and their applications in the classrooms.
No Two Latitudes Alike

Most records of past climatic change come from just a few locations, namely Greenland, Antarctica, and the North Atlantic Ocean. As [Steig][1] explains in his Perspective, the spatial patterns of climatic change therefore remain virtually unknown. The reports by [ Stenni et al .][2] and [ Sachs et al .][3] help to address this problem by providing insights into how the sea surface temperatures in the mid-latitude oceans of the Southern Hemisphere changed over the last 40,000 years. The results indicate that all latitudes play equally important roles in the ice-age cycle. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5537/2015 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/293/5537/2074 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/293/5537/2077
A Secure and Expandable Electronic Patient Record System Using Web-based Technology

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 258 1472 OSU Medical Center 12 2 1807 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false Normal.dotm 0 0 1 258 1472 OSU Medical Center 12 2 1807 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pc .45pc 0pc .45pc; mso-para-margin:0pc; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Abstract Introduction : In its 2000 report to the President about medical errors, the Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force highlighted the unacceptably high rate of errors in healthcare. The report recognized that information technology (IT) offers a tremendous opportunity to reduce errors and recommended the adoption of electronic patient records (EPRs). However, providing EPR-enabled solutions is challenging due to the constraints of security and confidentiality imposed by the healthcare domain. Adding to the complexity is the need of healthcare organizations to safely exchange confidential EPRs across the security policy boundaries of health care enterprises and their partners (e.g. insurance companies). Methods : We describe in this paper an EPR system we developed that utilizes Microsoft Web Services architecture. Results : The current system has three components: OR-Eye, OR-Med and OR-Track. The system has been built using Web-based communication technology; it offers the security, stability and expendability required for a hospital EPR system. Our most developed component of the EPR system, OR-Eye, allows authorized users to wirelessly view real-time and achieved intraoperative patient data in a graphical form similar to an intraoperative anesthesia record on a variety of available devices. A unique feature of OR-Eye is a time line graphic which displays the sequence of patient and hospital actions that can be viewed in detail and strung together to form various hospital records. Discussion : Our EPR system is secure, stable and expandable. It interfaces with our existing hospital wireless network. It has the potential of improving patient care, patient safety and hospital efficiency as well as enhancing medical research and medical education.
Probing the architecture of the brain in experimentation with afterimages

Although the phenomenon of afterimages is well known its roots may not be properly understood. An afterimage can be experienced by taking a look at a bright object, close one's eyes, and retain a blur replica of this object. Then, by gently turning one's head one gets a feeling that afterimages do not follow head's movements. Whatever the anatomical structures are involved, as long as the whole process is localized inside the head feeling the detachment of afterimages seems unnatural. Dismissing possible sensory inputs brings a conclusion that an autonomous brain is capable to detect changes in absolute position of the body utilizing an outside influx of information. As an immediate outgrowth, the indicated connection of human perception with extracorporeal information processing elucidates the astounding observations of afterimage size variation and the impressive mystery of the "moon illusion".
Modeling flue pipes: subsonic flow, lattice Boltzmann, and parallel distributed computers

Abstract : The problem of simulating the hydrodynamics and the acoustic waves inside wind musical instruments such as the recorder the organ, and the flute is considered. The problem is attacked by developing suitable local-interaction algorithms and a parallel simulation system on a cluster of non-dedicated workstations. Physical measurements of the acoustic signal of various flue pipes show good agreement with the simulations. Previous attempts at this problem have been frustrated because the modeling of acoustic waves requires small integration time steps which make the simulation very compute-intensive. In addition, the simulation of subsonic viscous compressible flow at high Reynolds numbers is susceptible to slow-growing numerical instabilities which are triggered by high-frequency acoustic modes. The numerical instabilities are mitigated by employing suitable explicit algorithms: lattice Boltzmann method, compressible finite differences, and fourth-order artificial-viscosity filter. Further, a technique for accurate initial and boundary conditions for the lattice Boltzmann method is developed, and the second-order accuracy of the lattice Boltzmann method is demonstrated. The compute-intensive requirements are handled by developing a parallel simulation system on a cluster of non-dedicated workstations. The system achieves 80 percent parallel efficiency (speedup/processors) using 20 HP-Apollo workstations. The system is built on UNIX and TCP/IP communication routines, and includes automatic process migration from busy hosts to free hosts. (AN)
HIV prevalence for New York State using Newborn Seroprevalence and AIDS Surveillance Data

Abstract The objective of this work is to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in the adult populations of New York City, and of New York State (NYS) excluding New York City. Evidence is presented that not all HIV-infected persons live long enough to satisfy an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis. The term preAIDS mortality refers to the mortality of HIV-infected persons, due to any cause, before they can be diagnosed with AIDS. The effect of preAIDS mortality on the estimate of HIV incidence, using back calculation of AIDS Surveillance Data, is to produce low-biased estimates of HIV incidence and prevalence. Estimates of HIV prevalence in women of childbearing age were obtained from the Newborn Seroprevalence Survey [Lessner L. The estimation of HIV prevalence for women of childbearing age in New York City, presently under review]. HIV-positive women in this population typically do not have an opportunistic infection. Thus estimates of HIV prevalence in this population occurred earlier in the spectrum of HIV disease then when they finally satisfied the definition of AIDS that depends on incidence of an opportunistic disease. These earlier estimates of HIV prevalence in women were found to be substantially larger then those obtained from back calculation using female AIDS Surveillance Data. This comparison was used to obtain a quantitative measure R of the effect of preAIDS mortality on HIV prevalence: where 1/ R equals the proportion of HIV-infected intravenous drug users that become AIDS cases The preAIDS mortality adjustment factor R was used in the estimation of HIV prevalence and incidence for NYS. We believe that the use of the adjustment factor resulted in more accurate estimates. Using this factor, our estimated HIV incidence for New York City in 1991 was nearly 26% larger than without the adjustment while projected HIV prevalence for 1996 was nearly 27% larger. The paper estimates HIV prevalence. The AIDS Surveillance operation uses AIDS cases to back calculate HIV incidence and prevalence. Since many HIV-infected intravenous drug using (IDU) population die before they become an AIDS case, the estimates from the back calculation are low biased. Low biased because there were many HIV-infected people who died before they ever satisfied the AIDS protocol. The totals presented here adjust for preAIDS mortality and are necessarily larger than what was recorded by the NYS Dept. of Health. After the change in the definition of AIDS to simply HIV prevalence and the change to electronic reporting, the totals were mostly HIV cases reported in the given year and not AIDS. Thus there is no comparison. This paper represents the last best look at the natural history of AIDS in NYS.
Reliability of the internal service encounter

Purpose – Service quality has been an active area of research during the last two decades. In this research, typically, service quality is considered from the viewpoint of the customer who is the recipient of the service, i.e. the “external customer”, and the research efforts have focused on identifying the dimensions of quality in this “external service encounter”. In the majority of these studies, “reliability” has been identified as the most prominent dimension among the various dimensions of the external service encounter. In recent times, researchers have also highlighted the importance of “internal customers” and the existence of an “internal service encounter”. The objectives of the research project reported here were: to investigate whether “reliability” is perceived as an important dimension in the internal service encounter as well, and, if so, to ascertain how service managers define “reliability” in the internal service encounter; and to examine whether the perceived importance of “reliability...
Detection limits for matrix-assisted laser desorption of polypeptides with an external ion source Fourier-transform mass spectrometer

Sensitivity in the low-femtomole range with mass resolution greater than 20,000 is demonstrated for several polypeptides analyzed by a mass spectrometer that pairs matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (FTMS). The compounds investigated were substance P, renin substrate, melittin, the B-chain of bovine insulin, and bovine insulin. Standard solutions of the polypeptides were prepared with 30% acetonitrile+water, and micropipettes were used to transfer small amounts (1-20 fmol) to a sample probe. The samples were embedded in a large excess of matrix material (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) and ionized by a pulse from an excimer laser. The FTMS instrument used for these experiments has the MALDI source in a separate chamber outside the magnetic field. Ions are extracted from the source and transported by an RF-only quadrupole ion guide to an FTMS analyzer cell mounted in the homogeneous region of a 6.5 T superconducting magnet. The high sensitivity of MALDI-FTMS is due, in part, to the high transfer efficiency of the ion guide, even for ions with a wide range of kinetic energies. The ion guide is easy to use because there are only two adjustments (RF amplitude and DC offset voltage), and unlike electrostatic ion transport means, alignment of it with the axis of the magnetic field is not critical. The mass resolution and sensitivity of MALDI-FTMS is compared with that of MALDI done with time-of-flight, magnetic sector, and quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometers.
Regional cortical metabolism in focal ischemia

✓ Regional cortical levels of organic phosphates and carbohydrates were measured in cat brains, enzymatically inactivated by the technique of “funnel freezing” 1 hour after occlusion of a middle cerebral artery (MCA). Significant metabolic alterations occurred in all hemispheres ipsilateral to the site of occlusion. However, there was marked interindividual variability, with changes ranging from only slight increases in lactate, pyruvate, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in small regions of cortex at one extreme, to profound depletion of high-energy phosphates, depression of glucose and pyruvate levels, and increased lactate, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and AMP levels in much of the hemisphere of the most severely involved animals. In contrast, metabolic changes in the hemisphere contralateral to the site of occlusion were very few or nonexistent. In addition, in all ipsilateral hemispheres there were regions peripheral to the areas of greatest metabolic alteration where there was excessive elevation of ...
Integral-equation approach to the surface structure of classical insulating liquids

We have obtained self-consistent solutions to the hypernetted-chain integral equation in a planar surface geometry. The surface density profiles are monotonic with a constant negative gradient and show no surface structure. We compute the surface total correlation function and direct correlation function and also report on the temperature dependence of the surface tension, the position of the Gibbs dividing surface, and the surface width.
Effects of fencamfamine on single unit activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in rats.

Systemic fencamfamine (0.5–16 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly but incompletely inhibited spontaneous activity of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine (DA) neurons. Inhibition was reversed by haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) and prevented by pretreatment with α-methyltyrosine (50 mg/ kg, i.v.) plus reserpine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Pretreatment with α-methyltyrosine alone attenuated inhibition at high but not low doses of fencamfamine. Microiontophoresed fencamfamine had little direct effect on DA neurons and did not consistently modulate the effects of co-microiontophoresed DA. In contrast, systemic fencamfamine blocked the inhibitory effects of low doses of apomorphine (10–40 μg/kg, i.v.). Fencamfamine appears to be an indirect DA agonist which interacts with both vesicular and newly synthesized DA storage pools. Fencamfamine may also cause a rapid desensitization to the effects of DA autoreceptor stimulation.
Biologic frontiers in the control of healing

I never knew Thomas Grover Orr. The responsibility which the honor of giving the Orr Lecture before this distinguished society carries, however, has weighed heavily upon me. In looking over some of Dr Orr's contributions, it has been intere sting to find that much of his life in surgery is recorded in the Archives of the Southwestern Surgical Congress. There can be little doubt that our organization was important to Dr Orr and that the standard of his contributions played a prominent role in the success we have enjoyed on the national surgical scene. As I searched through Friesen's superb 1968 Orr Lecture [1] reviewing Dr Orr's contributions to surgery, I was struck by the relevance of Dr Orr's laboratory research to the needs the patients under his care must have presented. Clearly, Dr Orr did not go to the laboratory or send a student to the laboratory to fill a block of time, produce a paper, or fulfill a grant contract. I strongly suspect that Thomas Orr, if the whole truth were known, disliked the laboratory except for what it could do for a sick person under his care. He must have been, therefore, a real human biologist who recognized that the scientific method could not be applied to solve some problems in human beings, and so animal models were developed and adapted to provide data which would be useful to his patients. Invariably, however, there is the return to the patient and often there was a reward because self-descipline in the laboratory provided an answer which was otherwise unobtainable. This is a remarkable achievement which I have found extremely difficult to emulate.
`Don't Make me Laugh': Age Representations in a Humorous Context

The Golden Girls is a highly popular television series which, since its inception in 1985, has received praise for presenting the elderly on television in a positive light. Research, however, has not investigated the messages of the show in any depth and the current study aims to remedy this. A discursive analysis of the show is conducted to identify ways in which the show marks age and achieves humorous effect. The multiple ways in which these effects are achieved are schematized in typology form. Indications that age marking and humor overlap considerably are interpreted in terms of propagating views of aging inconsistent with the show's public agenda'. Specifically, the link, which has theoretical implications, is seen as perpetuating stereotypes of the elderly, by making counter-stereotypical portrayals, quite literally, laughable. The results are discussed in terms of various theoretical positions, as well as more applied production issues.