cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing safe femoral access during cardiac catheterization

This article describes the natural variability of femoral arterial anatomy as seen by angiography in a standard position. An analysis of 60 consecutive peripheral angiograms revealed data on average vessel diameter, variability in that diameter and the level of bifurcation of the common femoral artery into its two main branches. The statistical likelihood of optimal femoral arterial access through a standard dermotomy placed midway between, and 3 cm below, the imaginary line extending from the superior anterior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis was calculated. Our research disclosed average vessel diameters of 6.6 mm (3.9-8.9 mm), 5.2 mm (2.5-9.6 mm), and 4.9 mm (2.7-7.6 mm) for the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery and deep femoral artery, respectively. The bifurcation of the common femoral artery into its branches averaged 5.5 mm below the inferior margin of the femoral head in most cases (76% of the time). In our laboratory, the average distance from the inferior border of the femoral head to our actual arteriotomy was 14.0 mm. Using our standard dermotomy, we achieved this favorable access position in 97% of cases.
Assessing Distance Learners' Satisfaction with Instruction: A Quantitative and a Qualitative Method.

Abstract Two approaches to student‐based evaluations were examined for their potential application to distance education. A study of the psychometric quality of the interaction survey—a quantitative measure of interaction—was initiated with eighty‐four university distance learners. Also studied was a qualitative, interactive, formative evaluation approach, Small Group Instructional Diagnosis (SGID), in which a facilitator gathers data about instruction from students. Participants included thirty‐nine distance education graduate students, twenty‐nine traditionally‐taught graduate students, forty‐five traditionally‐taught undergraduate students, and eight educators. Comparisons were made among groups in terms of overall effect and interactional instances of the SGID. Both evaluation approaches were examined regarding accuracy, utility, feasibility, and propriety standards. Accuracy and feasibility are emphasized with regard to the interaction survey and utility and feasibility with regard to the SGID. Resul...
Intraprostatic tumor location and pelvic lymph node metastatic pattern in early prostate cancer.

Abstract Recently we treated 54 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: 8 had Stage A disease, 13 had Stage B1, 32 Stage B2, and 1 Stage C. Fifty of these patients underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and retropubic radical prostatectomy, while the other 4 patients underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy only. Pathologic staging revealed pelvic lymph node metastases in 12 patients. We reviewed these 12 Stage DI cases to see whether or not the intraprostatic tumor location influenced the locoregional metastatic nodal pattern. We found that metastases occurred ipsilaterally in 5 cases, while the other 7 patients experienced bilateral pelvic involvement. We failed to find any case in which contralateral nodal involvement occurred without the tumor also involving the pelvic lymph nodes ipsilateral to the intraprostatic tumor. The data suggest that it would be reasonable to perform pelvic lymphadenectomy only on the same side of the prostatic lesion. This modified approach potentially could reduce morbidity and cost to the patient.
Increased activity of calcium leak channels in myotubes of Duchenne human and mdx mouse origin

Elevated free Ca2+ concentrations found in adult dystrophic muscle fibers result in enhanced protein degradation. Since the difference in concentrations may reflect differences in entry, Ca2+ leak channels in cultures of normal and Duchenne human myotubes, and normal and mdx murine myotubes, have been identified and characterized. The open probability of leak channels is markedly increased in dystrophic myotubes. Other channel properties, such as mean open times, single channel conductance, ion selectivity, and behavior in the presence of pharmacological agents, were similar among myotube types. Compared to the Ca2+ concentrations in normal human and normal mouse myotubes, intracellular resting free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in myotubes of Duchenne and mdx origin were significantly higher at a time when dystrophin is first expressed in normal tissue. Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased open probability of Ca2+ leak channels contributes to the elevated free intracellular Ca2+ concentration in Duchenne human and mdx mouse myotubes.
Sonogram findings with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome

We present KK, a 32 year old woman, G4 P3, who had a sonogram at 21 weeks of gestation which revealed bilateral ulnar hypoplasia, bilateral radial aplasia, single ray distal digit, single umbilical artery, micrognathia and small right pleural effusion. No movements were noted in the elbows. The humeri appeared normal. The legs appeared normal. Fetal growth, fetal echocardiogram and amniotic fluid volume were normal. Family history was unremarkable for limb abnormalities. There was a maternal second cousin with Trisomy 13 and a paternal first cousin with Turner syndrome. The differential diagnosis based on the sonogram findings of upper limb abnormalities included chromosomal abnormalities, Roberts syndrome, Holt-Oram syndrome, Tabatznick syndrome. Weyers syndrome, TAR syndrome and Baller-Gerold syndrome. Amniocentesis at 33 weeks revealed normal female chromosomes and no evidence of premature separation of the centromeres, as seen in Roberts syndrome. RK was born by spontaneous vertex delivery at 37 weeks by dates; birth weight: 2300 g (2nd centile). length: 44.5 cm (2nd centile) and head circumference: 32.5 cm (2nd centile). Three-vessel cord was reported. RK had micromelia of the arms, bilateral single digital ray, underdeveloped forearms and flexion contractures at 30 degrees were impossible to passively correct. Legs were normal and toes were somewhat small. Ears were lowset. Synophrys was present. Short, upturned nose, long, thin philtrum and thin lips were noted. Short neck, low posterior hairline were present. Nipples were wide spaced and hypoplastic. The phenotype was consistent with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (MIM# 122470). This is a well-delineated syndrome, which includes limb deformities. RK did not have prenatal growth retardation and she did not have lower limb deformities, which can include absent tibia and bifurcated femur. However, the upper limb deformities are consistent with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. This case illustrates the variability seen in Brachmann-de Lange syndrome and emphasizes the importance to include this condition in the differential diagnosis when limb defects are seen on prenatal sonogram.
CloudAligner: A fast and full-featured MapReduce based tool for sequence mapping

Research in genetics has developed rapidly recently due to the aid of next generation sequencing (NGS). However, massively-parallel NGS produces enormous amounts of data, which leads to storage, compatibility, scalability, and performance issues. The Cloud Computing and MapReduce framework, which utilizes hundreds or thousands of shared computers to map sequencing reads quickly and efficiently to reference genome sequences, appears to be a very promising solution for these issues. Consequently, it has been adopted by many organizations recently, and the initial results are very promising. However, since these are only initial steps toward this trend, the developed software does not provide adequate primary functions like bisulfite, pair-end mapping, etc., in on-site software such as RMAP or BS Seeker. In addition, existing MapReduce-based applications were not designed to process the long reads produced by the most recent second-generation and third-generation NGS instruments and, therefore, are inefficient. Last, it is difficult for a majority of biologists untrained in programming skills to use these tools because most were developed on Linux with a command line interface. To urge the trend of using Cloud technologies in genomics and prepare for advances in second- and third-generation DNA sequencing, we have built a Hadoop MapReduce-based application, CloudAligner, which achieves higher performance, covers most primary features, is more accurate, and has a user-friendly interface. It was also designed to be able to deal with long sequences. The performance gain of CloudAligner over Cloud-based counterparts (35 to 80%) mainly comes from the omission of the reduce phase. In comparison to local-based approaches, the performance gain of CloudAligner is from the partition and parallel processing of the huge reference genome as well as the reads. The source code of CloudAligner is available at http://cloudaligner.sourceforge.net/ and its web version is at http://mine.cs.wayne.edu:8080/CloudAligner/ Our results show that CloudAligner is faster than CloudBurst, provides more accurate results than RMAP, and supports various input as well as output formats. In addition, with the web-based interface, it is easier to use than its counterparts.
A decision support system for vendor managed inventory

Abstract Recently, vendors and retailers have begun to forge cooperative agreements to manage inventory, which requires sharing demand information and setting mutually agreed upon performance targets for the supply chain. This paper describes the market forecasting and inventory management components of a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) decision support system and how this system was implemented by a major apparel manufacturer and over 30 of its retail partners. The DSS also helped the vendor and retailers arrive at jointly agreed upon customer service level and inventory turnover targets. As a result of implementing this VMI system, customer service levels improved dramatically, often coupled with a significant improvement in inventory turnover. The VMI performance results relative to the existing system and related insights for supply chain coordination are discussed.
Ruling Out Rape

The author became the first woman to direct an archaeological excavation in Ethiopia when she and Rodolpho Fattovich, Professor of Ethiopian archaeology at the Oriental Institute in Naples, Italy, inaugurated in 1993 a joint project in Aksum, ancient capital of the North Ethiopian kingdom beginning in the first century A.C. or B.C. The following article is a report on the 1997 season, with news about the 1998 season. For previous accounts of the annual field campaigns, see Context 12:1-2 (spring 1995) 13-15 and 13:1-2 (spring/summer 1997) 14
A complete global phase portrait for the matrix Riccati equation

A complete description is given for the phase portrait of the matrix Riccati equation which arises from the optimal control and filtering problems, as well as for associated differential equations on the Grassmann and Lagrange-Grassmann manifolds. The phase portraits are characterized topologically as well as set-theoretically.
Acute toxicity of nitrate and nitrite to sensitive freshwater insects, mollusks, and a crustacean.

Both point- and nonpoint-sources of pollution have contributed to increased inorganic nitrogen concentrations in freshwater ecosystems. Although numerous studies have investigated the toxic effects of ammonia on freshwater species, relatively little work has been performed to characterize the acute toxicity of the other two common inorganic nitrogen species: nitrate and nitrite. In particular, to our knowledge, no published data exist on the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite to North American freshwater bivalves (Mollusca) or stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera). We conducted acute (96-h) nitrate and nitrite toxicity tests with two stonefly species (Allocapnia vivipara and Amphinemura delosa), an amphipod (Hyalella azteca), two freshwater unionid mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea and Megalonaias nervosa), a fingernail clam (Sphaerium simile), and a pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). Overall, we did not observe a particularly wide degree of variation in sensitivity to nitrate, with median lethal concentrations ranging from 357 to 937 mg NO3-N/l; furthermore, no particular taxonomic group appeared to be more sensitive to nitrate than any other. In our nitrite tests, the two stoneflies tested were by far the most sensitive, and the three mollusks tested were the least sensitive. In contrast to what was observed in the nitrate tests, variation among species in sensitivity to nitrite spanned two orders of magnitude. Examination of the updated nitrite database, including previously published data, clearly showed that insects tended to be more sensitive than crustaceans, which were in turn more sensitive than mollusks. Although the toxic mechanism of nitrite is generally thought to be the conversion of oxygen-carrying pigments into forms that cannot carry oxygen, our observed trend in sensitivity of broad taxonomic groups, along with information on respiratory pigments in those groups, suggests that some other yet unknown mechanism may be even more important.
Graded Artin Algebras

A graded Artin algebra is a graded ring which, neglecting the grading, is an Artin algebra. Although this definition has the merit of brevity, it does not expose some of the basic properties of graded Artin algebras; for instance, that there is a bound on absolute values of degrees of homogeneous elements. Indeed, a different definition is given in Section 1, and the discrepancy is rectified by Theory 1.4. We admit that our chief interest in graded Artin algebras lies in applications to the representation theory of Artin algebras-see [ 5 1. We feel, nonetheless, that graded Artin algebras are interesting objects of study in their own right, and some of our techniques (especially in Sections 5 and 6) are equally applicable to arbitrary graded rings. Thus, this paper, unlike its sequel [ 51, is designed to be read by a general ring theoretical audience. It is, in addition, self-contained from the standpoint of knowledge concerning graded rings required. The major concern of the paper is the existence of gradings on given modules over a graded Artin algebra-we use the term gradable when a gradation exists. Our transcendent result along these lines is that direct summands of finitely generated gradable modules are gradable. It follows immediately (see Section 3) that simple modules and projective modules over a graded Artin algebra are gradable. Also, inasmuch as we do not restrict ourselves to positively graded rings, endomorphism rings of graded finitely generated modules over graded Artin algebras are graded Artin algebras. In a similar vein, duality and horn
Extracellular signal-related kinase activation during natural reward learning: a physiological role for phasic nucleus accumbens dopamine?

The ability to learn from and act on reward-associated cues is a critical component of foraging behavior and, ultimately, survival. In addition to serving as a means by which future rewards can be predicted, conditioned stimuli can convey information about the size, delay, location, desirability,
Growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin influence neuronal expression in developing chick brain. II. Cholinergic neurons.

Abstract We have shown that the endogenous neuropeptides, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF) influence expression of both cholinergic and catecholaminergic neuronal phenotypes in developing chick brain as assessed by the activities of choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively (Dev. Brain Res., 49 (1989) 275–280;Brain Research, 512 (1990) 297–303). In this study we examined the effects of GHRH and SRIF on GABAergic neuronal expression in ovo using activity of glutamate decar☐ylase (GAD) as a neuronal marker. Chick embryos were administered GHRH or SRIF in ovo via the air sac on embryonic days 1, 3, 5 and 7, sacrificed at day 8 and the activity of GAD assayed in whole brain homogenates. GAD activity was significantly reduced in peptide-treated embryos as compared to controls. Similar results were obtained when GHRH was administered in a single dose at days 1 or 3 or when SRIF was administered in a single dose at day 3; GAD activity was significantly reduced as compared with control embryos. In contrast, embryos treated with either GHRH or SRIF on day 5 of development showed no difference in GAD activity as compared to controls. These data support our previous findings that endogenous neuropeptides such as GHRH and SRIF possess important properties with respect to neuronal phenotypic expression. They further define the critical period of sensitivity to these neuropeptides as 1–3 days of embryonic development. The present results, in which GHRH and SRIF retarded GABAergic expression, taken together with our previous reports, that cholinergic and catecholaminergic expression were enhanced by these neuropeptides, suggest that they may be involved in the establishment of an intrinsic homeostatic balance with respect to neurotransmitter phenotypic expression in developing neuronal systems.
Calpain and Other Cytosolic Proteases Can Contribute to the Degradation of Retro-translocated Prion Protein in the Cytosol

PrP, a cell surface-localized N-linked glycoprotein, is required for the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Recent studies have revealed that prion protein (PrP) becomes neurotoxic and prone to aggregation when it is in the cytosol, suggesting that cytosolic PrP may play a role in the pathogenesis of prion disease. Retro-translocation of PrP from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol for proteasome degradation offers a natural route for PrP to enter the cytosol, but whether PrP is subject to retrotranslocation is controversial. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of endogenous wild-type PrP in several cell lines and in primary mouse cortical neurons. Our results suggest that a portion of the endogenous wild-type PrP is retro-translocated to the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome. Moreover, we also found that calpain and other cytosolic proteases could degrade PrP in the cytosol when the proteasome activity is compromised. These results provide the foundation for the hypothesis that cytosolic PrP may be involved in the pathogenesis of prion disease.
Electroencephalographic and eye movement patterns during sleep in chronic schizophrenic patients

Abstract Continuous all night sleep EEG recordings were obtained from a group of 25 chronic, hospitalized schizophrenic patients and ten normal control subjects for 5 consecutive nights. Analyses are presented for the second night of sleep. Results for mean percentage of stages I, II, III, IV and I-REM for control subjects were found to be similar to values reported for comparable control populations using similar scoring techniques. In contrast, 40% (N = 10) of the schizophrenic patients failed to manifest any scorable stage IV and were significantly reduced in amount of stage III. For all patients, a reduction in amplitude of the delta wave component of stages III and IV was apparent relative to control subject records. Schizophrenic patients were found to have a more disturbed sleep compared to controls, although no distinction was apparent between patients with or without stage IV present. Differences in time of onset, duration, and number of sleep stage changes were noted between schizophrenic and control subjects. Possible implications arising from the observed disturbance of “slow wave” patterns in the sleep EEGs of schizophrenic patients are discussed in light of research on the loci of this activity in the brain, as well as recent reports linking amino acid levels and EEG sleep patterns.
Sintering, Coalescence, and Compositional Changes of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Nanoparticles as a Function of Temperature

Sintering, coalescence, and compositional changes of hydrogen-terminated, crystalline silicon nanoparticles were examined as a function of temperature. Monodisperse aerosol particles ∼5 nm in diameter were synthesized by gas-to-particle conversion in a plasma reactor and then immediately heated as they flowed through a tube furnace. Particles were also collected as powders and then heated in other apparatuses. Structure and size changes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal behavior was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and silicon−hydrogen functionality changes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At ∼500 °C, only silicon monohydride functional groups are observed in FTIR spectra. XRD results obtained after heating to that temperature indicate a small reduction in crystal size relative to the freshly generated particles, and TEM images show disorganized particle shells surrounding crystall...
Prognostic significance of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) is a well-recognized side effect during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). This study sought to evaluate the prognostic implications of NSVT during DSE on 1,266 consecutive dobutamine stress echocardiograms performed over 1 year. NSVT, defined as ≥3 consecutive ventricular premature beats, occurred in 65 of 1,266 patients (5.1%). There was no absolute increased risk in all-cause mortality between the NSVT and no NSVT groups (22% vs 17%, p = 0.15) during the 3-year follow-up. Survival curves generated by the Kaplan-Meier method also demonstrated no increased risk in mortality between the NSVT and no NSVT groups (p = 0.43). When only studies with negative results for inducible ischemia were taken into account, survival curves showed no significant difference in all-cause mortality (p = 0.26). Studies with negative results for inducible ischemia were also stratified according to the ejection fraction (EF). Patients without inducible ischemia and mildly reduced to normal EFs (>0.45) did not have significant differences in survival between the NSVT and no NSVT groups over the 3-year follow-up (p = 0.86). However, patients without inducible ischemia and moderately reduced EFs (0.35 to 0.45) who had NSVT during DSE had significantly reduced survival over the follow-up (p = 0.01).
Comments on the special issue

IntroductionThe theoretical case for the situational prevention of organized crime (Bouloukos etal. 2003; Cornish and Clarke 2001; Felson 2006) was significantly advanced byDutch researchers, who were the first to undertake empirical studies of the situationalprevention of organized crimes (Van de Bunt and Van der Schoot 2003; Van derSchoot 2006). In the first of these studies, published by the Research and Documen-tation Centre (WODC) of the Dutch Ministry of Justice, research teams from severalEuropean countries were enlisted to examine police records of prosecuted cases oforganized crime with the goal of identifying the facilitating circumstances for eachcase and related opportunity-reducing measures. More recently, three of the 11chapters in Situational Prevention of Organized Crimes (Bullock et al. 2010) werewritten by Dutch authors. Now, the seven new studies of situational prevention oforganized crime included in this two-volume issue of Trends in Organized Crimewere all produced by researchers in the Dutch National Crime Squad. Not only arethese researchers to be congratulated, but so also are their bosses who recognized thevalue of sharing their work with the wider academic community.Avoiding distractionsOne of the major strengths of this volume is the authors avoided the six majordistractions that so often impair progress in studying organized crime:1. The Why Distraction: Engaging in endless discussion about “why they do this,”when most organized crime is simply a way to make money.
Competitive Dynamics of Southern California's Clothing Industry: The Widening Global Connection and its Local Ramifications:

A general outline of the functional and spatial characteristics of the clothing industry in Southern California is sketched out. Two important trends are noted: the increasing design- and knowledge...
EULAG, a computational model for multiscale flows

EULAG (Eulerian/semi-Lagrangian fluid solver) is an established computational model for simulating thermo-fluid flows across a wide range of scales and physical scenarios. It is noteworthy for its nonoscillatory integration algorithms, robust elliptic solver, and generalized coordinate formulation enabling grid adaptivity technology. In this paper we highlight the key model ingredients, demonstrate its capabilities with a select subset of recent applications, and show its performance both in terms of accuracy and scalability on massively parallel processor architectures. A comprehensive list of references is provided to facilitate more detailed study.
TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF SUPERCONDUCTING INDIUM, THALLIUM, AND LEAD GRAINS.

Experimental results on the transition temperature of indium, thallium, and lead grains of various sizes, together with preliminary measurements on other metals, can be interpreted in terms of changes in the phonon spectrum which alter the electron-phonon coupling constant, although some anomalies exist.
The patient work system: An analysis of self-care performance barriers among elderly heart failure patients and their informal caregivers

Human factors and ergonomics approaches have been successfully applied to study and improve the work performance of healthcare professionals. However, there has been relatively little work in “patient-engaged human factors,” or the application of human factors to the health-related work of patients and other nonprofessionals. This study applied a foundational human factors tool, the systems model, to investigate the barriers to self-care performance among chronically ill elderly patients and their informal (family) caregivers. A Patient Work System model was developed to guide the collection and analysis of interviews, surveys, and observations of patients with heart failure (n=30) and their informal caregivers (n=14). Iterative analyses revealed the nature and prevalence of self-care barriers across components of the Patient Work System. Person-related barriers were common and stemmed from patients’ biomedical conditions, limitations, knowledge deficits, preferences, and perceptions as well as the characteristics of informal caregivers and healthcare professionals. Task barriers were also highly prevalent and included task difficulty, timing, complexity, ambiguity, conflict, and undesirable consequences. Tool barriers were related to both availability and access of tools and technologies and their design, usability, and impact. Context barriers were found across three domains—physical-spatial, social-cultural, and organizational—and multiple “spaces” such as “at home,” “on the go,” and “in the community.” Barriers often stemmed not from single factors but from the interaction of several work system components. Study findings suggest the need to further explore multiple actors, context, and interactions in the patient work system during research and intervention design, as well as the need to develop new models and measures for studying patient and family work.
Tectonics and climate

Tectonics and climate are both directly and indirectly related. The direct connection is between uplift, atmospheric circulation, and the hydrologic cycle. The indirect links are via subduction, volcanism, the introduction of gasses into the atmosphere, and through erosion and consumption of atmospheric gases by chemical weathering. Rifting of continental blocks involves broad upwarping followed by subsidence of a central valley and uplift of marginal shoulders. The result is an evolving regional climate which has been repeated many times in the Phanerozoic: first a vapor-trapping arch, followed by a rift valley with fresh-water lakes, culminating in an arid rift bordered by mountains intercepting incoming precipitation. Convergence tectonics affects climate on a larger scale. A mountain range is a barrier to atmospheric circulation, especially if perpendicular to the circulation. It also traps water vapor converting latent to sensible heat. Broad uplift results in a shorter path for both incoming and outgoing radiation resulting in seasonal climate extremes with reversals of atmospheric pressure and enhanced monsoonal circulation. Volcanism affects climate by introducing ash and aerosols into the atmosphere, but unless these are injected into the stratosphere, they have little effect. Stratospheric injection is most likely to occur at high latitudes, where the thickness of the troposphere is minimal. Volcanoes introduce CO2, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Geochemical effects of tectonic uplift and unroofing relate to the weathering of silicate rocks, the means by which CO2 is removed from the atmosphere-ocean system on long-term time scales.
Emotion and the new epistemic challenge from cognitive penetrability

Experiences—visual, emotional, or otherwise—play a role in providing us with justification to believe claims about the world. Some accounts of how experiences provide justification emphasize the role of the experiences’ distinctive phenomenology, i.e. ‘what it is like’ to have the experience. Other accounts emphasize the justificatory role to the experiences’ etiology. A number of authors have used cases of cognitively penetrated visual experience to raise an epistemic challenge for theories of perceptual justification that emphasize the justificatory role of phenomenology rather than etiology. Proponents of the challenge argue that cognitively penetrated visual experiences can fail to provide the usual justification because they have improper etiologies. However, extant arguments for the challenge’s key claims are subject to formidable objections. In this paper, I present the challenge’s key claims, raise objections to previous attempts to establish them, and then offer a novel argument in support of the challenge. My argument relies on an analogy between cognitively penetrated visual and emotional experiences. I argue that some emotional experiences fail to provide the relevant justification because of their improper etiologies and conclude that analogous cognitively penetrated visual experiences fail to provide the relevant justification because of their etiologies, as well.
Effects of the topical application of a vasoconstrictor and a vasodilator on the capillary circulation of the dental pulp

Abstract 1. 1. Nerve fibers that accompany the blood vessels are in intimate association. 2. 2. Knotted fibrillar nerve endings were observed to terminate in the muscular walls of the media of larger vessels, in the muscle fibers of the metarterioles, and in the precapillary sphincters. 3. 3. No endings were observed terminating in the endothelial cells of capillaries. 4. 4. Vasodilatation of all muscle-bearing components of the vascular system of the pulp (radicular and coronal) can be effected by the topical application of nitroglycerin. 5. 5. Vasoconstriction of the muscular vessels of the pulp can be induced by the topical application of Adrenaline. 6. 6. Since vascularity may be controlled by the use of certain drugs, there exists the possibility that they may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of certain pulpal diseases.
Genetic Analysis of SUMOylation in Arabidopsis: Conjugation of SUMO1 and SUMO2 to Nuclear Proteins Is Essential

The posttranslational addition of small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) to other intracellular proteins has been implicated in a variety of eukaryotic functions, including modifying cytoplasmic signal transduction, nuclear import and subnuclear compartmentalization, DNA repair, and transcription regulation. For plants, in particular, both genetic analyses and the rapid accumulation of SUMO conjugates in response to various adverse environmental conditions suggest that SUMOylation plays a key role in the stress response. Through genetic analyses of various SUMO conjugation mutants, we show here that the SUMO1 and SUMO2 isoforms, in particular, and SUMOylation, in general, are essential for viability in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Null T-DNA insertion mutants affecting the single genes encoding the SUMO-activating enzyme subunit SAE2 and the SUMO-conjugating enzyme SCE1 are embryonic lethal, with arrest occurring early in embryo development. Whereas the single genes encoding the SUMO1 and SUMO2 isoforms are not essential by themselves, double mutants missing both are also embryonic lethal. Viability can be restored by reintroduction of SUMO1 expression in the homozygous sum1-1 sum2-1 background. Various stresses, like heat shock, dramatically increase the pool of SUMO conjugates in planta. This increase involves SUMO1 and SUMO2 and is mainly driven by the SUMO protein ligase SIZ1, with most of the conjugates accumulating in the nucleus. Taken together, it appears that SIZ1-mediated conjugation of SUMO1 and SUMO2 to other intracellular proteins is essential in Arabidopsis, possibly through stress-induced modification of a potentially diverse pool of nuclear proteins.
Handheld-Mediated Communication to Support the Effective Sharing of Meaning in Joint Activity

This paper reports the results of a laboratory study of a proposed solution to the problem of coordinating entry into collaborative activity while protecting the privacy and control of individuals over small-scale devices. The particular set of design requirements we work with are abstracted away from prior work on the constraints and affordances of a middle school teaching/learning setting. We implement on handheld devices a proposed functionality, Look, intended to enable a side assistant to see what is happening in an activity without interrupting that activity. The question is whether Look is sufficient to allow effective comprehension of the situation and effective action based on that comprehension. To evaluate the success of this functionality, we draw on preexisting psycholinguistic/CSCL (computer supported collaborative learning) theory on (1) shared visual spaces and (2) overhearer comprehension. The associated experimental paradigm increases the occurrence of the interpersonal challenges we wish to study over their spontaneous rate in the classroom. Our variant of the paradigm provides preliminary evidence that our design is viable. It also extends the paradigm by casting light on which elements of the situation were responsible for results in prior experiments, and which may be further amenable to technological manipulation.
Organogallium chemistry of macrocyclic amines. Synthesis and molecular structure of [Ga(CH3)3]4[(CH3)4[14]aneN4] and [Ga(CH3]2[14]aneN4[Ga(CH3)3]2

Abstract Reaction of trimethylgallium with the tetradentate macrocyclic amine [(CH3)4[14]aneN4] in toluene affords the crystalline adduct product [Ga(CH3)3]4-[(CH3)4[14]aneN4], I. I crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with unit cell parameters a = 14.002(2), b = 18.542(3), c = 14.477(3) A, V = 3758.6 A3, and Dcalc = 1.26 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Full-matrix least-squares refinement based upon 2222 observed reflections converged at R = 0.039 (Rw = 0.060). Due to the four trimethylgallium units the macrocycle in I has been forced to assume an exodentate conformation. I resides about a crystallographic center of symmetry with independent GaN bond distances of 2.182(4) and 2.202(4) A. The crystalline product [Ga(CH3)]2[14]aneN4[Ga(CH3)3]2, II, isolated from reaction of trimethyl-gallium with [14]aneN4 in toluene, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 (No. 2) with unit cell parameters a = 8.016(4), b = 9.437(3), c = 9.669(3) A, α = 75.53(3), β = 67.80(4), γ = 73.26(4)°, V = 640.2 A3, and Dcalc = 1.54 g cm−3 for Z = 1. Full-matrix least-squares refinement based upon 1694 observed reflections converged at R = 0.042 (Rw = 0.059). II resides about a crystallographic center of symmetry with a planar Ga2N2 four-membered ring occupying the central cavity of the macrocycle. The Ga2N2 ring has a mean GaN bond distance of 2.009(6) A. The GaNGa bond angle in the Ga2N2 ring is 90.2(2)° while the NGaN bond angle is 89.8(2)°. The ··· Ga contact of 2.847(1) A does not suggest significant metal-metal interaction. The GaN distances in I and II are among the longest reported.
Reply to Krueger: Good point, wrong paper

In his letter, Krueger (1) raises an important issue regarding questions of prediction of behavior from tests of underlying mental states. We think it is important to make the distinction here between using the implicit association test (IAT) for diagnostic purposes (e.g., to classify individuals as ‘racist’) and using the IAT for research purposes (i.e., to investigate a potential contributing factor to trust behavior in our study) (2). We emphatically agree with Krueger (1) that, in its current instantiation, the IAT should not be used for diagnostic purposes. Indeed, the concern of Krueger (1) is exactly the one that we would raise ourselves if …
A short isoform of Col9a1 supports alveolar bone repair.

Bone wound created in intramembranous alveolar bone heals without the formation of cartilage precursor tissue. However, the expression of cartilage collagen mRNAs has been suggested. In this report, we examined the expression and the potential role of type IX collagen in bone restoration and remodeling. The sequence specific polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the exclusive expression of short transcriptional isoform of α1(IX) collagen (Col9a1) in alveolar bone wound healing, while the long isoform of Col9a1 transcript was absent. Type IX collagen was immunolocalized in the preliminary matrix organized in granulation tissue before trabecular bone formation in tooth extraction socket. In Col9a1-null mutant mice, there were considerable variations in alveolar bone wound healing with the absence of or abnormally organized trabecular bone. Occasionally, unusual apposition of cortical-bone-like layers in bone marrow space was observed. The Col9a1-null mice indicated no growth retardation, and their facial and long bones maintained the normal size and shape. However, the primary spongiosa region of adult Col9a1 mutant mice showed an abnormal trabecular bone structure associated with abnormal immunostaining with the hypertrophic cartilage specific type X collagen antibody. These data suggest that type IX collagen short transcriptional variant is involved in the restoration and remodeling processes of trabecular bone.
Regioselective C-3 Alkylations of Oxindole Dianion

Abstract Oxindole is converted to its dianion by treatment with two equivalents each of n-BuLi and TMEDA. Alkylations with a number of common electrophiles define the scope of synthetically useful transformations leading to 3-monosubstituted and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles.
Nest architecture in the western harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson)

The structure and thermal environment produced by the nest cones of the western harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, are investigated. The nest cone is oriented so that the longest slope faces towards the southeast ad the nest entrance faces the southeast. The temperature of the soil was monitored at thirty-six locations within the nest in order to measure the daily temperature change as a function of depth, aspect and radial distance from the center of peak of the cone. The occupancy of the nest cone by workers and by brood was assessed by core samples taken at different times of day in different portions of the cone. The brood are only present during the midmorning sample and are present in greatest numbers on the eastern side of the cone. The adult workers are present in the cone in highest numbers during the midmorning, virtually absent from the cone during mid-afternoon and returning in smaller numbers at dusk, apparently spending the night near the surface on the eastern side of the mound. The eastern and southern portions of the cone are occupied most frequently while the western side of the cone is nearly vacant. The nest cone is an adaptation which magnifies the amplitude of daily temperature fluctation. By moving to appropriate areas of the nest cone, the ants can take advantage of the increased range of temperature.
Gender and ethnic disparities contributing to overweight in California adolescents

To explore differences in health behaviors and factors contributing to overweight among 12 to 17 year olds in California. Data from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey for 3,315 adolescents self-identified as Latino, Asian, or white were reviewed. Adolescents reported their weight, height, gender, ethnicity, parents’ educational level, household income, physical activity, sedentary activity, breakfast consumption, and family meals. Overall 34% of boys and 22% of girls in this study were overweight (>85th percentile for age and gender). Approximately 38% of Latinos, 25% of whites, and 16% of Asians were overweight. Latinos were more than twice as likely to be overweight as whites (2.07) and Asians (2.53). Younger adolescents (12–13 years old) and adolescents whose family income is less than 200% of the federal poverty level were more likely to be overweight. Low level of parental education is a risk factor for Latino and Asian girls and white and Latino boys. White girls with a lower socioeconomic status and white boys with more than 2 h daily of television, video, and computer time were more likely to be overweight. Results suggest gender and ethnic variations in factors that contribute to overweight in California adolescents. To influence the current overweight epidemic, clinicians must develop culturally sensitive and gender-specific interventions that address the unique needs of an ethnically diverse adolescent population.
Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe

Part I. Rethinking Nationhood and Nationalism: 1. Rethinking nationhood: nation as institutionalized form, practical category, contingent event 2. Nationhood and the national question in the Soviet Union 3. National minorities, nationalizing states, and external national homelands in the New Europe Part II. The Old 'New Europe' and the New: 4. Nationalizing states in the old 'New Europe' - and the new 5. Homeland nationalism in Weimar Germany and 'Weimar Russia' 6. Aftermaths of empire and the unmixing of peoples.
Structural and electronic effects on the polarographic half-wave potentials of copper (II) chelate complexes.

Polarographic measurements in dimethylformamide solution have been performed on 37 bis-chelate Cu(II) complexes containing primarily salicylaidimine, β-ketoamine, β-iminoamine, and pyrrole-2-aldimine ligand systems. The complexes were selected in order to reveal the effect of stereochemical and donor atom variations on half-wave potentials. Mono- and binuclear complexes undergo one- and two-electron reductions, respectively, which were established for representative cases by controlled potential coulometry. The response of Cu(II)/Cu(I) potentials to these variations reveals that nonplanar bis-chelate complexes are easier to reduce than their planar analogs, rigid planar tetradentate or related planar bis-chelate complexes, and complexes differing only in donor atoms are more readily reduced in the order N2 < N2O2 < N2S2. Binuclear complexes are reduced in one two-electron or two resolvable one-electron steps depending on ligand structure. Potentials of these and other complexes previously examined are considered in relation to the markedly positive potentials of “blue” copper proteins and ligand structural features which might afford Cu(II)/Cu(I) potentials in the protein range are noted.
Effect of digital elevation model on Mohr-Coulomb geophysical flow model output

Digital elevation models (DEMs) used in geospatial analysis like the simulation of geophysical flows, such as floods, landslides, and block and ash flows, differ in resolution, acquisition time and generation methodology, which results in varied representation of topographic features. This study investigates the effects of DEMs on the output of a granular flow model, TITAN2D by comparing the output using different DEMs to that obtained with a “true” representation of the terrain, which is considered to be that obtained by using TOPSAR 5 m data. Seven DEMs at four resolutions from four sources were used for Mammoth Mountain, California, a cumulodome volcano. TITAN2D was run for seven different locations of an eruption of a potential dome and two different collapse volumes. The resulting outputs were subsequently compared with TOPSAR 5 m output, and qualitative and statistical inferences were drawn. DEMs with different resolutions and sources generated different outputs that led to different flow maps. For moderate and smaller scale flows ( $$\mathcal{O}(10^4)$$ m3 – $$\mathcal{O}(10^5) \,\text{m}^3$$ ), different representations can affect the computation of accurate footprint of the flow and fine DEM resolution is critical for correct characterization of these flows.
Substantial formation of hydrates and hemiacetals from pyridinium ketones

Pyridinium ketones have been found to exist as hydrates and hemiacetals in considerable amount in aqueous and alcoholic solutions, respectively. The relative position of the pyridinium positive charge has a large effect on the equilibrium constants. The polar substituent constants, σ*, of the pyridinium group substituted at different positions can be estimated from the hydration constants.
Structures for manipulating proposed updates in object-oriented databases

Support for virtual states and deltas between them is useful for a variety of database applications, including hypothetical database access, version management, simulation, and active databases. The Heraclitus paradigm elevates delta values to be "first-class citizens" in database programming languages, so that they can be explicitly created, accessed and manipulated.A fundamental issue concerns the trade-off between the "accuracy" or "robustness" of a form of delta representation, and the ease of access and manipulation of that form. At one end of the spectrum, code-blocks could be used to represent delta values, resulting in a more accurate capture of the intended meaning of a proposed update, at the cost of more expensive access and manipulation. In the context of object-oriented databases, another point on the spectrum is "attribute-granularity" deltas which store the net changes to each modified attribute value of modified objects.This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for specifying a broad array of forms for representing deltas for complex value types (tuple, set, bag, list, o-set and dictionary). In general, the granularity of such deltas can be arbitrarily deep within the complex value structure. Applications of this framework in connection with hypothetical access to, and "merging" of, proposed updates are discussed.
SELF‐MAINTENANCE AS A RELIGIOUS CONCERN

. Human concern with problems of being and becoming promotes conceptions of ideal states of being, exemplified by paragons and heroes and projected as Utopias or visions of salvation; it leads to regimens for cultivating and maintaining individual ability to meet social expectations; and it produces fantasies, as in myth and popular literature, that rehearse the problems and that offer escape from them and roles to emulate in dealing with them. Many of these regimens and fantasies appear in the rituals and teachings of organized religion. Many also figure in private devotions apart from established religions. The many forms they take constitute much of the religious life of ordinary people. From this viewpoint, there is much to examine in American life.