cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Design Tobacco Prevention and Control Games for Youth and Adolescents: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Interviews.

Abstract Objective: Games for health, including digital videogames and gaming-based approaches, are increasingly being used in health promotion research and practice. Recently published research has shown that videogames have significant potential to promote healthy behaviors among youth and adolescents. Yet, there is a lack of available evidence-based resources to guide practitioners on the integration of games into tobacco prevention and smoking cessation interventions. To address this gap, expert researchers and game developers were interviewed to further define games for health, explore the current research, and provide recommendations for developing, evaluating, and promoting effective anti-tobacco games. Materials and Methods: Nationally recognized experts on game development, games for health, tobacco, and health behavior were asked to participate. A qualitative analysis of 25 in-depth individual interviews using a constant comparative approach for emerging themes was conducted. Results: Main theme...
Education and Training: The Boulder Model

David Shakow lead the way in establishing modern clinical psychology training. In 1945 the Veterans Administration came to the APA, asking for a list of university training programs whose doctoral graduates would make acceptable clinical psychologists. At about the same time, the National Institute of Mental Health announced its plan of supporting graduate training in mental health fields, including clinical psychology. The postwar situation was described by clinical psychologist Jerry W. Carter, Jr. (1950), an NIMH official: Mental disorders among veterans accounted for as much as a third of all pensionable disabilities and over one half of hospitalizations in the Veterans Administration. (p. 112)
Group testing for wavelet packet image compression

This paper introduces group testing for wavelet packets (GTWP), a novel embedded image compression algorithm based on wavelet packets and group testing. This algorithm extends the group testing for wavelets (GTW) algorithm to handle wavelet packets. Like its predecessor, GTWP obtains good compression performance without the use of arithmetic coding. It also shows that the group testing methodology is very flexible and can be applied in many different circumstances.
A q-series identity and the arithmetic of Hurwitz zeta functions

Using a single variable theta identity, which is similar to the Jacobi Triple Product identity, we produce the generating functions for values of certain expressions of Hurwitz zeta functions at non-positive integers.
Negative Emotions Felt During Trial: the Effect of Fear, Anger, and Sadness on Juror Decision Making

Summary During trial, jurors may experience a variety of emotions, many of which are negative. The current study examined the effects the negative emotions anger, fear, and sadness had on jurors' sentencing decisions and explored whether the cognitive appraisal theory or the intuitive prosecutor model could explain these effects. Jurors viewed the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial and were asked to sentence the defendant. Results indicated that after viewing the trial, jurors reported increased anger and sadness, but not fear. However, only change in anger affected jurors' sentences. Jurors who reported a greater change in anger were more likely to sentence the defendant to death. This effect was mediated by the level of importance that jurors placed on the prosecution's evidence and argument. Consistent with the intuitive prosecutor model, increased anger led to higher ratings of the importance of the aggravating evidence and an increase in death sentences. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadratic stability and the positivity theorem or circle theorem

Studies the quadratic stability analysis problem for linear time-invariant multi-input multi-output systems which have time-varying positive real or sector-bounded uncertainty feedback. The author proves that the positivity theorem and circle theorem are necessary and sufficient conditions for quadratic stability, for positive real and sector-bounded feedback, respectively. >
Russia’s Orthodox Foreign Policy: the Growing Influence of the Russian Orthodox Church in Shaping Russia’s Policies Abroad

The government of Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) - the country’s predominant religious group - recently underwent back-to-back changes in each institution’s respective leadership. This coincidence of timing has afforded a unique opportunity to reexamine the status of constitutional secularism and church-state relations in the Russian Federation. In the short space of two years, the partnership of President Dmitri Medvedev and Patriarch Kirill has further entrenched a discriminatory three-tiered status system for religious groups and - perhaps more significantly - has generated multiple new channels of influence for the ROC in Russian social and political life, including handing the Church its long-coveted prizes of access to the public education system and the military. While these developments represent a significant blow to constitutional secularism in Russia, they do not tell the entire story. As the following article demonstrates, the ROC’s influence is increasingly evident beyond the realm of domestic policies. The Patriarch today enjoys the ear of Russia’s Foreign Ministry and plays a key role in both formulating and advancing Russian interests abroad. Consequently, the breakdown in the constitutional principle of secularism so evident in the domestic realm has spilled over into Russia’s foreign policy, leading to the bizarre reality whereby a secular state is advocating on behalf of Orthodoxy and traditional values abroad. By assessing the various points of cooperative overlap and commonality shared by the ROC and Russian government on this plane, this article posits that the practice of mutual reinforcement in foreign policy objectives as between the ROC and government of Russia not only undermines respect for the Russian constitution, but actually risks exacerbating already adverse domestic conditions related to freedom of expression and freedom of religion or belief, as well as destabilizing international consensus concerning universal human rights and related norms.
Multiplexed cytokine and chemokine profiling in patients with latent tuberculosis infection: Treatment effect

Rationale: Available tests for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) suboptimally predict the risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. While LTBI treatment greatly reduces TB reactivation risk, biomarkers to identify these high-risk patients are lacking. Cytokine-chemokine profiles of ex vivo antigen-challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reflect antigen-specific T-cell activation and we hypothesize that these cytokine-chemokine signatures can be utilized to assess the reactivation potential of LTBI patients. Objective: To compare cytokine-chemokine signatures of antigen-specific activate PBMCs to Interferon-g release assays in patients with untreated and treated LTBI. Methods: Multiplexed analysis of 17 cytokines and chemokines in the cell culture supernatants of ex vivo antigen-stimulated PMBC samples. PBMCs were stimulated with either CFP-10/ESAT-6 peptides, PPD, or controls. Multiplexed immune profiles were analyzed for each group and adjusted for age and BCG vaccination status using mixed factorial approach. Results: After adjustment for age and BCG vaccination status, analysis showed statistical significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-23, MIP-1α and MIP-1β (pg/mL) in untreated (N=13) compared to treated LTBI patients (N=6), ( P Conclusion: These findings suggest that this novel multiplexed cytokine-chemokine profiling might be valuable for TB reactivation assessment. Longitudinal studies would be needed to elucidate the predictive value of this novel immunodiagnostic approach.
Optimum Bronchodilator Combinations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory syndrome affecting more than 80 million people worldwide and is estimated to become the third-leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. A standard-of-care approach to COPD treatment is multifaceted, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, yet the optimum combination among many bronchodilator possibilities remains unclear. We discuss the evidence for effectiveness of combination bronchodilator and inhaled corticosteroid therapy in affecting the minimal clinically important difference for these agents in COPD. We propose an approach to the rational use of these combinations that favours the combination of long-acting β-adrenergic agents with long-acting anticholinergic agents in lieu of any other bronchodilators whenever possible. We suggest that, to better detect effects of disease modification in COPD, future studies of combination bronchodilator effectiveness should emphasize endpoints other than short-term change in post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1).
A phylogenetic study of serum nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA).

Abstract 1. The presence of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) in serum from 28 animal species was assessed using biological, immunochemical, and physicochemical methods of identification. 2. NSILA was found in all species studied from man to Osteoichthyes, but was not found in Chondroichthyes, Arachnida, Gastropoda and Pelecypoda. 3. Positive immunoprecipitin tests with rabbit antiserum developed to purified human serum NSILA was found only in primates (Papio anubis, Saimiri sciureus, and Gorilla gorilla). 4. The results suggest a role for serum NSILA in development and metabolism of the bony skeleton.
Developmental pathways of anthozoans

Stage of propagule release from female parent, and site of development and nutritive mode of embryo are the factors used here to define developmental pathways of anthozoans. Nearly every possible combination of variables of the 3 factors exists, forming a mosaic. Further, a larva may experience serially more than one development site, and may derive nutrition serially or simultaneously from more than a single source. Thus, no fundamental patterns appear to exist. This is probably due to the simplicity of cnidarians, which constrains their development far less than that of other animals.
Structural and photoluminescent properties of fully-hydrated lanthanon uranyl phosphates

Abstract A re-investigation of the lamellar lanthanon derivatives of hydrogen uranyl phosphate (HUO2PO4 · 4H2O (HUP)) is reported. When prepared from both HUP and n-butylammonium uranyl phosphate (n-C4H9NH3UO2PO4 · 3H2O (BAUP)) the fully-hydrated LnUP compounds have the approximate composition Ln 1 3 UO2PO4 · xH2O (Ln ≡ La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb; x = 3.7–4.6). Interlamellar spacings parallel the trend in lanthanon size and range from 11.1 A for the lanthanum derivative to 10.7 A for the ytterbium compound; these distances decrease by 2.5–2.8 A if the LnUP compounds are air dried. With the exception of cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and europium derivatives, which are only weakly emissive, the other LnUP samples emit efficiently at 295 K when excited with blue or near-UV light. Photoluminescence decay curves for the fullyhydrated samples are exponential and yield lifetimes for the strongly emissive samples of about 20–100 μs; their radiative quantum yields are typically about 0.1–0.2. These data have been used to calculate unimolecular radiative and non-radiative rate constants for excited-state decay. Values of about (1–3) × 103s−1 and (1–4) × 104s−1 have been obtained for the radiative and non-radiative rate constants respectively.
Hysteresis effects in the two-mode dye ring laser

By inserting an optical diode consisting of Faraday and quartz rotators into the cavity of a dye ring laser and by applying a sinusoidal current at 10 Hz to the Faraday rotator, we have been able to observe hysteresis in the intensity of each counterpropagating laser mode. The hysteresis results from the laser’s attempts to switch among metastable states in response to the external stimulus. We have studied the hysteresis as a function of laser pump parameter a and find that it starts when a exceeds about 25, reaches a peak when a is about 60, and becomes small when a exceeds about 70. At this stage the laser is unable to respond because of the high potential barrier between metastable states. The results are in general agreement with computer solutions of the equations of motion and are related to recent work on stochastic resonance in a dye ring laser.
The Effects of Cross-Fostering On the Behavior of Two Species of North American Lemmings, Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus and Lemmus Trimucronatus. Iii. Agonistic Behavior

1. The role of the maternal environment in development of species-specific agonistic behavior was investigated by reciprocally cross-fostering two species of lemmings (Discrostonyx groenlandicus and Lemmus trimucronatus). Non-fostered and within-species-fostered (in-fostered) animals served as controls. 2. When adult, cross-fostered male lemmings engaged in more frequent contact social behavior with the foster species than with conspecifics. However, since cross-fostered animals retained their ability to interact with conspecifics in a species-specific manner, cross-fostering appears to have resulted in a broadening of "species identity" to include the foster species. 3. In-fostering reduced the aggressiveness of Dicrostonyx but had little effect on the behavior of Lemmus. 4. Both the intensity and orientation of agonistic behavior were altered as a result of cross-fostering. In Dicrostonyx, a highly aggressive species, cross-fostering resulted in decreased aggression directed at the foster species and increased aggression toward conspecifics. In Lemmus, a less aggressive species, cross-fostering appears to have resulted in a broadening of the response range to stimuli provided by the foster species. When paired with aggressive Dicrostonyx, cross-fostered Lemmus engaged in more frequent and intense aggression than did controls. However, when paired with nonaggressive (in-fostered) Dicrostonyx, cross-fostered Lemmus engaged in less frequent and intense aggression than controls. In contrast, non-fostered and in-fostered Lemmus males had a relatively narrow response range to Dicrostonyx. 5. In general, the results suggested that agonistic behaviour in lemmings is the product of a complex interaction between genotype and maternal environment.
Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterolabsorption and LDL cholesterol

Abstract Objective The objective of this work was to show that fat-free, lecithin-formulated soy stanols lower cholesterol absorption and serum LDL cholesterol. Design Reduction in cholesterol absorption was measured in paired single-meal tests with or without formulated soy stanols (acute test), and changes in serum lipids were investigated in a 10-week, randomized, double-blind parallel trial in which formulated stanols or lecithin vehicle were given three times daily for the last 4 weeks (chronic test). Subjects/setting Forty-five normal or mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects were recruited for both studies. The 21 subjects (16 female, 5 male; mean age 32.5 years) in the absorption studies had the following mean lipid values: LDL cholesterol, 2.79 mmol/L and total cholesterol, 4.73 mmol/L. For the lipid reduction, 24 subjects (16 female, 8 male; mean age 50.6 years) were enrolled with mean LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol of 3.72 mmol/L and 5.66 mmol/L, respectively. Intervention Reduction in cholesterol absorption was measured using a lemonade beverage or egg whites that contained 625 mg stanols. Throughout the chronic study, subjects followed the American Heart Association Step I diet. During the 4-week treatment phase, subjects consumed daily a lemonade-flavored beverage containing either placebo or formulated soy stanols (1.9 g). Main outcome measures Inhibition of cholesterol absorption was determined from the difference in plasma deuterated cholesterol enrichment after a test meal containing stanol-lecithin and one with lecithin vehicle only. In the chronic study, the primary endpoints were changes in LDL and total cholesterol. Statistical analyses performed Paired or unpaired t tests were used to determine statistical significance. Results Stanol-lecithin reduced cholesterol absorption by 32.1% (P=.0045, n=10) and by 38.2% (P=.0022, n=11) when delivered in a lemonade-flavored beverage and in egg whites, respectively. Reduction in cholesterol absorption was strongly related to the initial level of absorbed cholesterol tracer in serum (r s =−0.739). Stanol-lecithin given in a beverage reduced total serum cholesterol by 10.1% (P=.0019, n=24) and LDL cholesterol by 14.3% (P=.0016, n=24). Applications/conclusions Powdered soy stanol-lecithin lowers cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol when consumed in fat-free foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:577-581.
Mortgage Refinancing Activity: An Explanation [1990–2001]

Mortgage refinancing activity reached unprecedented high levels during 1990–2001. Using GARCH to control for heteroskedasticity and separating the data into regimes to control for potential structural changes over time, we estimate a model explaining changes in mortgage refinancing activity over the period studied. We find changes in refinancing activity to be negatively related to current as well as past changes in the 30-year mortgage rate with a declining significant lag over time. Similarly, there is a significant lagged dependent variable with a declining lag. Moreover, mortgage refinancing activity is a substitute for other investments during certain regimes. These results offer evidence that home owners cash out the mortgage for other investments. The lags suggest that the process is delayed for a variety of reasons. The declining lag signals a faster response by consumers. The reasons for a faster response include a consumer perception that interest rates have “bottomed out,” the presence of an increase in consumer sophistication, and improvements in technology and market coordination that facilitate and reduce the cost of the refinancing process.
Correlation of Corn and Soybean Grain Yield with Topography and Soil Properties

Analysis of yield variability is an important issue in agricultural research, and topographical land features are among the most important yield-affecting factors. The objective of this study was to determine how useful topographical information can be, alone or together with selected soil properties, for explaining yield variability on a field scale. Yield-topography-soil relationships were analyzed using dense corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield data collected from 1994 to 1997, a detailed terrain map, and relatively densely sampled soil organic matter (OM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and P and K soil test concentrations from eight fields in central Illinois and eastern Indiana. Soils of the Illinois fields were classified as Haplaquolls and Argiudolls; soils of the Indiana fields were classified as Hapludalfs. Topographical land features used in the study included elevation, measured with survey grid global positioning system (GPS) and land-based laser, and slope, curvature, and flow accumulation, derived from elevation data. Soil properties explained about 30% of yield variability (from 5 to 71% for different fields), with OM content influencing yield the most. The cumulative effect of the topographical features explained about 20% of the yield variability (6-54%). Elevation had the most influence on yield, with higher yields consistently observed at lower landscape positions. Curvature, slope, and flow accumulation significantly affected yield only in certain conditions, such as extreme topographical locations (undrained depressions or eroded hilltops) combined with very high or low precipitation. Soil properties and topography explained about 40% of yield variability (10-78%).
Six Northwest Atlantic Finfish Species as a Potential Fish Oil Source

Lipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid data were determined for six species of fish caught off the coast of Massachusetts on several sampling dates. The fattier fish (>5% fat) had low calculated levels of cholesterol per gram of fat (2–14 mg/g). However, low levels of cholesterol in edible flesh (50 mg/100g) amounted to large amounts of cholesterol per gram fat (17–70 mg/g) for lean fish (<5% fat). Wide fluctuations in fat content of the fatty species were paralleled by changes in fatty acid composition. All species would yield about 35% 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) if the 20-carbon monoenes were removed.
Visualization design for immediate high-level situational assessment

We present the design of a visualization technique based on the results of a human in the loop process, which relied on network managers and network analysts. This visualization design was directly targeted at supporting tasks identified by the domain experts. This was the need for the ability to provide rapid and immediate assessment of the state of the network and associated hosts. This visualization technique, the Cyber Command Gauge Cluster (CCGC), allows analysts to review the state of the network and locate potentially problematic anomalies, drill down into those anomalies, and prioritize the anomalies for detailed analysis and remediation. By providing a summary representation combined with independent representations of critical parameters, the technique is unique in its ability to aid decision makers in making rapid assessments and prioritization of identified anomalies. While the prototype focuses on network analysis, the technique is devised to provide generalized support for situational awareness in any domain. The generalized parameter mapping allows the technique to be applicable to any level of decision making, from the front-line network analyst to the CIO.
The Role of Public, Private, Non-profit and Community Sectors in Shaping Mixed-income Housing Outcomes in the US:

Since the 1990s, public policy-makers in the US have renewed support for mixed-income housing development as a means towards inner-city neighbourhood revitalisation and poverty amelioration. Yet, research to date finds that, while these mixed-income developments have promoted neighbourhood revitalisation, they have accomplished less for people in these areas who live in poverty. This paper theorises about the conditions that may in principle lead to these alternative outcomes. The approach emphasises the continuity in goal sets and capacities among four sets of urban actors—investors, local government, non-profits and community residents. To examine extant theory and an alternative model, case study evidence is offered from two comparable cities with different mixed-income initiatives and different configurations of goals and capacities among the four stakeholder groups. It is found that place-based outcomes (i.e. neighbourhood revitalisation) from mixed-income efforts hinge on the continuity of goals and...
Liquid/Solid Phase Diagrams of Binary Carbonates for Lithium Batteries Part II

With a differential scanning calorimeter, we mapped five liquid/solid phase diagrams of binary carbonates: propylene carbonate (PC)-dimethyl carbonate (DMC), PC-diethyl carbonate (DEC), DEC-ethylene carbonate (EC), DEC-DMC, and DEC-ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). These phase diagrams, together with the ones we had published earlier, provided a complete representation for all the binary combinations of these five common carbonates: EC. PC, DMC, EMC, DEC. The results showed that all the combinations formed simple eutectic systems, although details of their phase diagrams greatly varied, that DEC melted at -74.3°C instead of the currently accepted value of -43°C. and that DEC was less effective than either EMC or DMC in bringing down the liquidus temperatures of their binary mixtures with EC. These results followed the trend we had observed earlier that an expansion toward low temperature of the liquid region of a binary system was facilitated by the two components having close melting points and similar molecular structures.
Ethnic policy and indigenismo in Guatemala

(1982). Ethnic policy and indigenismo in Guatemala. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 140-155.
Ruminal availabilities of protein and starch : Effects on growth and ruminal and plasma metabolites of dairy calves

Abstract Newborn Holstein calves (n = 75) were blocked by date of birth and sex and assigned randomly to one of eight isonitrogenous starters that contained protein and starch sources of different ruminal availabilities. Soybean meal or soybeans roasted to an exit temperature of 146°C, raw or conglomerated corn, and urea at 1% of DM or no urea were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The conglomeration process consisted of grinding the grain, adding water, pelleting the mixture, and roasting, which increased the degree of starch gelatinization fivefold. Starters were fed for ad libitum intake from 0.5 to 8 wk. Urea supplementation of conglomerated corn starters depressed performance, but the depression was greater when conglomerated corn was used with soybean meal than when it was used with roasted soybeans. Ruminal NH 3 and plasma urea increased with increased RDP in starters, but the response varied according to corn type and soy protein source. Urea supplementation depressed plasma Lys, doubled plasma Cit with soybean meal and conglomerated corn starters, but depressed plasma Cit with roasted soybeans and conglomerated corn starters. Conglomerated corn depressed plasma Val and Gly, and roasted soybeans increased plasma Phe. Performance was similar when calves consumed starters containing ruminally synchronous or asynchronous CP and starch sources.
The relationship of sexual dyad and personal network characteristics and individual attributes to unprotected sex among young injecting drug users

We examine in the heterosexual partnerships (dyads) of IDUs the correlates of engaging in unprotected sex on three levels: individual attributes, social network characteristics, and dyad characteristics. Unprotected sex was significantly less likely to occur in dyads where the participant injected daily or had high safe-sex attitude scores, and in dyads where both members encouraged each other to use condoms. Unprotected sex was significantly more likely to occur in dyads that smoked crack together, shared needles with each other, and where the participant knew that the sex partner had concurrent sex partners. In the sexual dyads of IDUs there is a combined risk of unsafe injecting and unsafe sex. Both injecting and sexual risk, and their combination need to be addressed in interventions that target the sexual partnerships of IDUs. Such interventions should also aim to reduce injected and non-injected crack and other stimulant use associated with high-risk sex.
The sodium concentration of the lateral intercellular spaces of MDCK cells: a microspectrofluorimetric study.

MDCK cell monolayers grown on glass coverslips were used to examine the Na+ concentration in individual lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) by video fluorescence microscopy. The LIS was filled with the Na+-sensitive fluorescent dye SBFO by incubation of the monolayers for 75–90 min with 250 μm of the membrane impermeant form of the dye. After dye loading, the monolayers were perfused at 37°C with solutions buffered with HEPES or bicarbonate/CO2 containing 142 mm Na+. Ratios of the fluorescence images after sequential excitation with 340 nm and 380 nm light were performed and in situ calibration of LIS Na+ was accomplished after blocking the Na+ pump with 5 × 10−4 m ouabain. Measurements of Na+ along the basolateral-to-apical axis of the LIS at 1.0 or 1.5 μm intervals did not reveal a Na+ gradient when the perfusate was either HEPES or bicarbonate/CO2 solutions. In bicarbonate solutions, the mean Na+ concentration (mm) was 157.2 ± 2.3, ∼15 mm higher than the bath Na+ concentration. In HEPES solutions, however, the Na+ concentration was not different from the bath concentration (142.7 ± 3.1 mm). The time course of Na+ changes in LIS was investigated by rapidly switching the perfusate from 142 to 80 mm Na+ and measuring the Na+ changes at one focal plane.
Multiculturalism and human rights in civic education: the case of British Columbia, Canada

Background: This paper considers how textbooks resolve the tension between contradictory goals of promoting a cohesive national identity while teaching respect and equality among diverse social groups in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. Purpose: The article presents preliminary results of a larger study examining the content of required civic education textbooks in Canada to examine whether and how notions of national identity incorporate the principles of human rights and multiculturalism. Sample: The study draws on curricular material for required high school social science courses in B.C. The sample includes textbooks starting the first year of high school (Grade 8) and covers each year through high school graduation (Grade 12). The central analyses examine the content of 17 core textbooks approved by the provincial government for these courses. Design and methods: This research systematically examines the content of currently approved textbooks for high school social science courses in B.C. Aquestionn...
A posteriori estimation of the error in the error estimate

In this paper we address the problem of a posteriori estimation of the error in the error estimate. We consider the case of estimates for the error in the derivatives, the strains, or the stresses, which are constructed in terms of locally-computed element error indicators of the element residual, or the least-squares recovery type. The estimates of the error in the error estimate have the same structure as the original error estimates, and are determined by locally averaging (recycling) the original error indicators. The most accurate indicators of the error in the error indicators are obtained by employing a ‘harmonic’ basis in the recycling of the indicators, namely, a basis which locally satisfies the partial differential equation and the boundary conditions.
Investigation of dimpled fins for heat transfer enhancement in compact heat exchangers

Abstract Direct and Large-Eddy simulations are conducted in a fin bank with dimples and protrusions over a Reynolds number range of Re H = 200 to 15,000, encompassing laminar, transitional and fully turbulent regimes. Two dimple-protrusion geometries are studied in which the same imprint pattern is investigated for two different channel heights or fin pitches, Case 1 with twice the fin pitch of Case 2. The smaller fin pitch configuration (Case 2) develops flow instabilities at Re H = 450, whereas Case 1 undergoes transition at Re H = 900. Case 2, exhibits higher Nusselt numbers and friction coefficients in the low Reynolds number regime before Case 1 transitions to turbulence, after which, the differences between the two decreases considerably in the fully turbulent regime. Vorticity generated within the dimple cavity and at the dimple rim contribute substantially to heat transfer augmentation on the dimple side, whereas flow impingement and acceleration between protrusions contribute substantially on the protrusion side. While friction drag dominates losses in Case 1 at low Reynolds numbers, both form and friction drag contributed equally in Case 2. As the Reynolds number increases to fully turbulent flow, form drag dominates in both cases, contributing about 80% to the total losses. While both geometries are viable and competitive with other augmentation surfaces in the turbulent regime, Case 2 with larger feature sizes with respect to the fin pitch is more appropriate in the low Reynolds number regime Re H
Isolation and partial characterization of five myotropic peptides present in head extracts of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae.

Abstract 1. 1. Five peptides were isolated by reverse-phase HPLC from head extracts of the cockroach Leurophaea muderae. 2. 2. Four of the peptides were inactivated by aminopeptidase M (APM). The inability of APM to digest the fifth peptide suggests a blocked NH2-terminus. 3. 3. Four of the peptides were inactivated by carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). The activity of the fraction which would have contained proctolin was decreased by about 20%. The complete deactivation of proctolin by CPY indicated that a second peptide, co-eluting with proctolin but refractory to CPY digestion, was responsible for 80% of the biological activity in that fraction. 4. 4. Concentrations of the peptides necessary to produce a threshold response from the isolated cockroach hindgut ranged from 0.009 to 0.083 head equivalents/ml.
Analysis of Ship Hull Plate Vibrations Induced by Wave and Slamming Loads

The hydroelasticity problem related to multi-hull ship plate vibrations excited by periodic and transient surface wave forces is analyzed. Theoretical method based on the Wagner theory and empirical methods based on classification society ABS rules are considered for determining the transient slamming force on the ship hull. A boundary integral method based on the simple source distribution (Yeung [1]) and mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian (MEL) formulation (Longuet-Higgins and Cokelet [2]) for the determination of the slamming force is in progress. A suite of plate theories, ranging from small-amplitude linear undamped isotropic plate theory to damped nonlinear, stiffened-plate theories, are considered to determine the vibrations of ship-hull plates subject to the wave forces. In the present work, finite-difference algorithms are developed to solve the nonlinear plate equations. Results for range of sea states and hull scantlings are obtained to determine key structural parameters affecting the structural integrity. The algorithms and the methodology developed can be used for efficient design of multi-hull ships, and perhaps also to update classification society rules on structural design.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Feasibility of rapid polymerase chain reaction for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among emergency department patients with abscesses.

Purpose In the era of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), clinicians face a difficult challenge when selecting antibiotics to treat abscesses. The lack of rapid diagnostics capable of identifying the causative organism often results in suboptimal antibiotic stewardship practices. Although not fully elucidated, the association between MRSA colonization and subsequent infection represents an opportunity to enhance antibiotic selectivity. Our primary objective was to examine the feasibility of utilizing a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system (Cepheid's GeneXpert(®)) to detect MRSA colonization prior to patient discharge in the emergency department (ED). Methods This feasibility study was conducted at a tertiary care, urban, academic ED. Patients presenting with a chief complaint related to a potential abscess during daytime hours over an 18-week period were screened for eligibility. Subjects were enrolled into either the PCR swab protocol group (two-thirds) or traditional care group (one-third). PCR swabs were obtained from known MRSA carriage sites (nasal, pharyngeal) and the superficial aspect of the wound. Results The two groups were similar in terms of demographics, abscess location, and MRSA history. The PCR results were available prior to patient discharge in 100% of cases. The turnaround times in minutes for the PCR swabs were as follows: nasal 73 ± 7, pharyngeal 82 ± 14, and superficial wound 79 ± 17. No significant difference in length of stay was observed between the two groups. The observed ideal antibiotic selection rates improved by 45% in the PCR group, but this trend was not significant (P = 0.08). Conclusion When collected in triage, PCR swabs demonstrated turnaround times that were effective for use in the ED setting. Utilizing a rapid PCR MRSA colonization detection assay for ED patients with abscesses did not adversely impact the length of stay. Real-time determination of MRSA colonization may represent an opportunity to improve antibiotic selectivity in the treatment of abscesses.
Structure-optical property relationships in organometallic sydnones.

As part of an effort to develop a spectroscopic structure−property relationship in platinum acetylide oligomers, we have prepared a series of mesoionic bidentate Pt(PBu3)2L2 compounds containing sydnone groups. The ligand is the series o-Syd-(C6H4−C⋮C)n-H, where n = 1−3, designated as Syd-PEn-H. The terminal oligomer unit consists of a sydnone group ortho to the acetylene carbon. We synthesized the platinum complex (Syd-PEn-Pt), the unmodified ligands (PEn-H), and the unmodified platinum complexes (PEn-Pt). The compounds were characterized by various methods, including X-ray diffraction, 13C NMR, ground-state absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, and laser flash photolysis. From solving the structure of Syd-PE1-Pt, we find the angle between the sydnone group and the phenyl group is 45°. By comparison of the 13C NMR spectra of the sydnone-containing ligands, the sydnone complexes with the corresponding unmodified ligands and complexes not containing the sydnone group, the sydnone group is shown to pol...
Some kinetics of bronzite orthopyroxene dissolution

Abstract The kinetics of bronzite orthopyroxene dissolution were investigated in HClKCl solutions having a total concentration of 0.1 M, over the pH range 1–4.5, at temperatures between 42 and 1°C. Dissolution of the pyroxene was incongruent and followed a parabolic rate law. The activation energy of the reaction is 10.5 ± 0.6 kcal mole −1 . The rate dependence on hydrogen ion activity is one-half order. The rate of dissolution is unaffected by substitution of sodium for potassium, or sulfate or nitrate for chloride anion, or by addition of citrate or acetate ions. However, traces of fluoride increase the dissolution rate. The rates observed are one to two orders of magnitude slower than those previously reported by Luce et al. (1972) for dissolution of enstatite.
pRB, p107 and the regulation of the E2F transcription factor

Small DNA tumor viruses, such as adenovirus, encode proteins that deregulate the cell cycle. These proteins are potent transforming agents when tested in standard oncogenic assays. For adenovirus the best characterized viral oncoproteins are the early region 1A (E1A) products. Mutational studies have shown that E1A's oncogenic ability is determined primarily by its ability to bind to certain cellular proteins and interfere with their function. One of these cellular targets for E1A is the product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, pRB. pRB is a negative regulator of cell proliferation, and its inactivation has been shown to be an important oncogenic step in the development of many human cancers. In adenovirusmediated transformation, E1A binds to pRB and inactivates it, thus functionally mimicking the loss of pRB often seen in human tumors. There is now compelling evidence to suggest that pRB regulates transcription at specific phases of the cell cycle by physically associating with key transcription factors. The best characterized target of pRB is the transcription factor E2F. The interaction of pRB and E2F leads to the inhibition of E2F-mediated transactivation. Most of the genes that are known to be controlled by E2F have key roles in the regulation of cell proliferation. During cell cycle progression, phosphorylation of pRB appears to change its conformation and E2F is released. In pathogenic settings E2F transactivation is not regulated by pRB binding. In human tumors with mutations in the retinoblastoma gene, functional pRB is absent and hence can no longer inhibit E2F activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Abundance of Interstellar Krypton

We present high signal-to-noise ratio HST Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) observations of the weak interstellar Kr I λ1236 absorption toward the stars τ CMa, κ Ori, e Ori, λ Ori, δ Sco, ω1 Sco, e Per, and ζ Per. In combination with previous GHRS measurements of Kr I in two other sight lines (ζ Oph and 1 Sco), these new observations yield a mean interstellar gas-phase krypton abundance (per 109 H atoms) of 109 Kr/H = 0.96 ± 0.05. There is no statistically significant variation from sight line to sight line in the measured Kr I abundance and, in particular, no evidence for any correlation with the fraction of hydrogen in molecular form. Since Kr, as a noble gas, is not expected to deplete into dust grains, its gas-phase abundance should reflect the total interstellar abundance. Consequently, the GHRS observations imply that the interstellar Kr abundance in the vicinity of the Sun is about 60% of the solar system value of 109 Kr/H = 1.70 ± 0.30. This interstellar abundance deficit is similar to that recently found for oxygen with GHRS.
Molecular Systematics of the Living Rhinoceros

Classification of the living species of rhinoceros has been somewhat controversial. Traditionally, the two-horned rhinoceros, which includes the African (Diceros and Ceratotherium) and the Asian (Dicerorhinus) forms, has been included in one group separate from the one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros). However, recently some authors have regarded the Asian species as a group separate from the African species, irrespective of the number of horns. Furthermore, others have split the living rhinoceros into three unrelated groups that include the African two-horned species in one group, the Asian two-horned rhinoceros in another group, and the Asian one-horned rhinoceros in a third group. We investigated the systematic relationships of the living rhinoceros using high-resolution restriction site mapping of the ribosomal genes of the mitochondrial DNA, and our results support the traditional subdivision of the living rhinoceros based on the number of horns. Few groups of mammals are more critically endangered than the rhinoceros, and the data obtained in this work should provide information relevant to their conservation.
Traveling planetary-scale waves in the E-region

Abstract An analysis of E -region minimum virtual height data obtained from a network of ionosonde stations in the northern hemisphere at mid-latitudes shows the presence of long period (10–15 days) planetary-scale fluctuations for the six-month period, October 1970–March 1971. A lag correlation analysis of the data between stations reveals a slow westward drift of these waves moving on the average 17° of longitude per day during the first three months of this period. The longitudinal fluctuations of the higher latitude data are shown to be consistent with a wave one type of variation. From the peak intensity of the apparent wave one pattern on 1 January 1971, and from the cessation of movement of these waves after December, it is concluded that the 1970/71 major mid-winter stratospheric/mesospheric disturbance reached to at least the lower E -region and preceded the peak of the stratospheric warming at 30 mb by about 5 days. The planetary-scale fluctuations observed in the virtual height data are also shown to be well correlated with harmonic one of a zonal Fourier analysis of lower stratospheric radiance data from the SIRS instrument on the Nimbus IV weather satellite. The peak positive correlations with small lag are generally found to occur when the longitude of the radiance data is within approximately 45° of the higher latitude ionosonde stations. The ionospheric data from most of the lower latitude stations are found to be negatively correlated with the radiance data interpolated to within 45° of their longitude zone. These observed correlations are interpreted in terms of planetary-scale temperature changes in the lower E -region.
Demonstrative Induction and the Skeleton of Inference

It has been common wisdom for centuries that scientific inference cannot be deductive; if it is inference at all, it must be a distinctive kind of inductive inference. According to demonstrative theories of induction, however, important scientific inferences are not inductive in the sense of requiring ampliative inference rules at all. Rather, they are deductive inferences with sufficiently strong premises. General considerations about inferences suffice to show that there is no difference in justification between an inference construed demonstratively or ampliatively. The inductive risk may be shouldered by premises or rules, but it cannot be shirked. Demonstrative theories of induction might, nevertheless, better describe scientific practice. And there may be good methodological reasons for constructing our inferences one way rather than the other. By exploring the limits of these possible advantages, I argue that scientific inference is neither of essence deductive nor of essence inductive.
Generalized NAFL model for cuprate Mott gap collapse: Electron vs hole doping

Abstract A generalization of the nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquid (NAFL) model is introduced by splitting the (inverse) Stoner factor S=1-χqU into a kinetic part χq, which depends on the band structure and can be calculated explicitly, and an interaction part U which is independent of the band structure but can have a weak doping dependence. Given U(x), fluctuations can be included via a mode-coupling calculation, to satisfy the Mermin–Wagner theorem. For cuprates, the doping dependence of the susceptibility χq leads to a number of predictions. The antiferromagnetic (AF) phase is closely coupled to hot spot physics, and there is a quantum phase transition (QPT) where magnetic order terminates, close to the point when hot spots cease to exist. This QPT is roughly symmetric for electron and hole doping. In a two-dimensional system, long-range AF order is present only at T=0, and is signalled by a diverging correlation length ξ. Due to the anisotropy of the cuprate band structure t′/t Q → = ( π , π ) , leading to a very sluggish susceptibility divergence and favoring competition with incommensurate phases. The resulting model can reconcile conflicting data on ξ from NMR and neutron scattering data. Thus, (1) for both electron and hole doping superconductivity is optimized near a QPT at which T=0 antiferro-magnetic ordering vanishes. (2) Electron doped cuprates appear to have little complication from incommensurate magnetic order or nanoscale phase separation. (3) Hence, the electron-doped cuprates can form a bridge between that class of strongly correlated systems—mostly heavy fermion compounds—where superconductivity arises near a magnetic QPT, and the hole-doped cuprates, where the QPT seems complicated by competing orders and proximity to the Van Hove singularity (VHS).
Fluid–structure interactions of a cross parachute: numerical simulation

Abstract The dynamics of parachutes involves complex interaction between the parachute structure and the surrounding flow field. Accurate representation of parachute systems requires treatment of the problem as a fluid–structure interaction (FSI). In this paper we present the numerical simulations we performed for the purpose of comparison to a series of cross-parachute wind tunnel experiments. The FSI model consists of a 3-D fluid dynamics (FD) solver based on the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space–Time (DSD/SST) procedure, a structural dynamics (SD) solver, and a method of coupling the two solvers. These FSI simulations include the prediction of the coupled FD and SD behavior, drag histories, flow fields, structural behavior, and equilibrium geometries for the structure. Comparisons between the numerical results and the wind tunnel data are conducted for three cross-parachute models and at three different wind tunnel flow speeds.