cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“We Closed Down the Damn School”: The Party Culture and Student Protest at Southern Illinois University During the Vietnam War Era

In May 1970, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), was one of hundreds of college campuses that shut down for the rest of the term in the wake of violence that followed the killing of four students by the National Guard at Kent State University. This article analyzes the makeup of the student movement at SIUC, arguing that it was composed of three strains: student rights, New Left, and what we call the “party culture.” Local issues such as the hours women had to be in their dormitories at night brought such groups together in an attempt to gain control over their own lives. The movement did not turn its full attention to the Vietnam War until it had a local symbol of university complicity with the war, the controversial Vietnamese Studies Center. In detailing the events at SIUC, we challenge the standard narrative of the sixties that treats the later part of the decade as a period of “decline.” We argue that the movement was still going strong, not only in spite of but because of the turn to a more expressive politics.
Patterns of Morphological Variation in Speyeria idalia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with Implications for Taxonomy and Conservation

Patterns of intraspecific variation in the size of ventral wing spots were examined among populations of Speyeria idalia Drury. All morphological variables were significantly correlated with longitude but not latitude. Principal components and discriminant function analyses of the morphological data were also consistent with a longitudinal, clinal pattern of variation. Geographic variation in morphology was concordant with patterns of mitochondrial DNA, which showed fixed differences between eastern and western populations. Inclusion of samples from populations that are currently extinct in the center of the species' range suggests clinal, rather than the currently observed discrete, variation was originally present. The appearance of discrete variation due to extinction in the center of a cline has previously been observed in the tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis Say and may be more common than has previously been acknowledged. These results lend support the idea that conservation should attempt to preserve historical patterns of intraspecific variation rather than protect a limited number of individuals in a given species.
Inter-organization computer networks: indications of shifts in interdependence

As firms increasingly adopt inter-organization computer networks (IONs) to improve coordination, researchers must be concerned about the long term impact of IONs on organizational relationships. This paper reports on an exploratory study of the use of IONs in design and manufacturing activities in the semiconductor industry. We identify the potential interactions between firms that can be facilitated by IONs, and focus on the implications for customer and producer interdependence. Our analysis suggests that the long term impacts of IONs are not technologically determined, and that their use ought to be regarded differently than those of other media.
Optimal transient simulation of distributed lines

This paper summarizes the application of the optimal method to the simulation of uniform distributed lines. The method combines indirect numerical integration with the open-loop device model for distributed lines. The optimal method results in maximum efficiency, accuracy and practical applicability for the transient analysis of digital circuits. The optimal line model can be directly used in a circuit simulator, and lines can be characterized with frequency- or time-domain data samples. The efficiency of the optimal method makes possible an accurate simulation of real circuits, containing thousands of multiconductor nonuniform frequency-dependent lines and nonlinear active devices, with virtually no increase in the simulation time compared to that for the simple replacement of interconnects with lumped resistors.
Inhibition of IL-1β-dependent prostaglandin E2 release by antisense microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 oligonucleotides in A549 cells

The metabolism of arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway is a highly regulated cellular process that results in the formation of PGH2. This unstable intermediate can be enzymatically metabolized to PGE2 by the actions of a microsomal 17 kDa PGE synthase (mPGES1). Treatment of A549 cells with IL-1beta for 24 h resulted in a twofold increase in mPGES1 mRNA, protein expression, and PGES specific activity. To understand the relationship between expression of mPGES1 and PGE2 formation, IL-1beta treated cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and their effects compared to cells treated with reverse sense oligonucleotides (RSO) designed against the ATG translation initiation codon of mPGES1. Incubation with ASO resulted in a 44% reduction in mRNA expression level as compared to RSO-treated cells. Microsomal preparations isolated from ASO- and RSO-treated cells were analyzed for their ability to convert PGH2 to PGE2 in the presence 2.5 mM reduced glutathione. An approximate 50% reduction (ASO: 1.8 nmol/min/mg, RSO: 3.7 nmol/min/mg) in PGES activity, protein expression by immunodetection, and extracellular PGE2 release was detected in these samples. As a control in these studies, the protein levels of COX2 and secreted IL-8 were quantified; no change in these levels was observed. These results demonstrate the direct association between mPGES1 expression, its enzymatic activity, and total PGE2 production following an inflammatory stimulus.
Systemic treatment with interleukin-4 induces regression of pulmonary metastases in a murine renal cell carcinoma model

Advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma has been shown to be responsive to immunotherapy but the response rate is still limited. We have investigated the therapeutic potential of systemic interleukin-4 (IL-4) administration for the treatment of pulmonary metastases in the murine Renca renal adenocarcinoma model. Renca cells were injected iv in Balb/c mice to induce multiple pulmonary tumor nodules. From Day 5, Renca-bearing mice were treated with two daily injections of recombinant murine IL-4 for 5 consecutive days. IL-4 treatment induced a significant reduction in the number of lung metastases in a dose-dependent manner and significantly augmented the survival of treated animals. Immunohistochemistry studies, performed on lung sections, showed macrophage and CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor nodules 1 day after the end of IL-4 treatment. The CD8 infiltration increased by Day 7 after IL-4 treatment. Granulocyte infiltration was not detectable. To clarify further the role of the immune system in IL-4 anti-tumor effect, mice were depleted of lymphocyte subpopulations by in vivo injections of specific antibodies prior to treatment with IL-4. Depletion of CD8+ T cells or AsGM1+ cells abrogated the effect of IL-4 on lung metastases, whereas depletion of CD4+ T cells had no impact. These data indicate that CD8+ T cells and AsGM1+ cells are involved in IL-4-induced regression of established renal cell carcinoma.
Characterization of Adhesive and Neurotoxic Components in Skin Granular Gland Secretions of Ambystoma tigrinum

Abstract Ambystomatid salamanders have been shown to have toxic and adhesive secretions which serve as important antipredator mechanisms. Here we show that at least one component in Ambystoma tigrinum secretion inhibits neurotransmission in slices of rat hippocampus. Further, we show that disulfide linkages in proteins are necessary for the adhesive properties of the secretion.
Mechanism of Copper/Azodicarboxylate-Catalyzed Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation: Evidence for Uncooperative Catalysis

Cooperative catalysis between CuII and redox-active organic cocatalysts is a key feature of important chemical and enzymatic aerobic oxidation reactions, such as alcohol oxidation mediated by Cu/TEMPO and galactose oxidase. Nearly 20 years ago, Marko and co-workers reported that azodicarboxylates, such as di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD), are effective redox-active cocatalysts in Cu-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation reactions [Marko, I. E., et al. Science 1996, 274, 2044], but the nature of the cooperativity between Cu and azodicarboxylates is not well understood. Here, we report a mechanistic study of Cu/DBAD-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation. In situ infrared spectroscopic studies reveal a burst of product formation prior to steady-state catalysis, and gas-uptake measurements show that no O2 is consumed during the burst. Kinetic studies reveal that the anaerobic burst and steady-state turnover have different rate laws. The steady-state rate does not depend on [O2] or [DBAD]. These results, toge...
High-temperature stable piezoelectric PVDF/Nylon 11 powder blend films

A new type of ferroelectric polymer produced by melt blending ~1 micrometers powder particles of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and nylon 11 exhibited several enhanced properties compared to the homopolymers. One of the most significant changes previously observed was in the polarization as a function of composition which exhibited a maximum at the 50/50 level by weight. In this study, we report the enhanced high temperature stability of the polarized PVDF crystals imparted by the presence of ~20% nylon 11 in uniaxially stretched films. This is in contrast to the large loss in polarization and piezoelectric properties observed to occur in uniaxially oriented, Phase I, PVDF films. The powder blend films exhibited almost no loss in piezoelectric response after annealing at 160 degree(s)C for two hours while PVDF films exhibited more than an 80% loss in d31 after the same annealing treatment: similar decreases in e31 were also observed. Both the glass transition temperature and melting point of nylon 11 were observed to decrease with increasing PVDF content, indicating the presence of interactions between these two polar polymers.
A Modest Proposal Regarding Debt-Like Preferred Stock

Several provisions of the Internal Revenue Code act, in targeted circumstances, treat limited classes of preferred stock as not being stock. These provisions have in common that they target preferred stock that is thought to be very debt-like. This Article applies two important insights from finance theory to the interpretation and administration of these provisions. The first is that the ability to create synthetic positions to reproduce any desired combination of debt and equity positions makes the distinction between debt and equity an artificial one, and therefore an exercise in line-drawing. The second finance insight is the fundamental risk-and-return relationship exemplified by the Capital Assets Pricing Model. The application of these insights leads to a proposal explicitly to interpret the provisions in terms of risk and return relationships, to the extent that the statutory language will permit it. The result is to replace an open-ended facts and circumstances test with a closed risk-and-return test that would bring beneficial simplification and certainty to this area of tax law.
Temperature and Electric Field Induced Metal-Insulator Transition in Atomic Layer Deposited VO2 Thin Films

Abstract Amorphous vanadium oxide (VO 2 ) films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were crystallized with an ex situ anneal at 660–670 °C for 1–2 h under a low oxygen pressure (10 −4 to 10 −5 Torr). Under these conditions the crystalline VO 2 phase was maintained, while formation of the V 2 O 5 phase was suppressed. Electrical transition from the insulator to the metallic phase was observed in the 37–60 °C range, with an R OFF /R ON ratio of up to about 750 and ΔT C ≅ 7–10 °C. Lateral electric field applied across two-terminal device structures induced a reversible phase change, with a room temperature transition field of about 25 kV/cm in the VO 2 sample processed with the 2 h long O 2 anneal. Both the width and slope of the field induced MIT I-V hysteresis were dependent upon the VO 2 crystalline quality.
Serum triiodothyronine measurements by the Sterling method: a critical evaluation.

The Sterling method for measurement of triiodothyronine (T3) in serum has been modified to improve separation of thyroxine (T4) and T3 by prolonging the time of chromatography. By altering the elution procedure, less unwanted competitive binding material was eluted from the paper strips, resulting in a lower “blank effect” in the zero tube of the binding assay. A more sensitive binding assay was found by using a granular resin (Rexyn 202, Cl-SO4, Fisher) and lowering the serum concentration in the binding solution. Possible sources of error were evaluated and their magnitude was calculated. Deiodination of T4 to T3 occurs during the assay procedure, but it is small in the range of normally occurring T4 levels (about 0.5% of T4). Contamination of the T3 peak with T4 (or other deiodination products) can be avoided if proper care is taken during chromatography. When the immunoassay procedures are not readily available, this assay can give valuable information to the physician confronted with a difficult diagnostic problem in a patient suspected to have disease of the thyroid gland.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMAL SECRETORY OUTPUT AND WEIGHT OF THE PANCREAS IN THE DOG.

Summary1. The maximal bicarbonate and amylase output of the pancreas in response to secretin and pancreozymin was determined in 15 dogs and compared with the weight of the gland. 2. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between pancreatic weight and maximal bicarbonate output, but not between pancreatic weight and amylase output.
Delay Distribution in a Multi-Center/Multi-Sector Environment

Aircraft approaching a Terminal Radar Approach Controls (TRACON) area are frequently required to delay their flight to meet a Scheduled Time of Arrival so as to ensure sure orderly transition to landing. Particularly, in the North-East corridor these delays are required to be taken across Center boundaries, and in a region of narrow sectors where delay capacity may be limited. This paper addresses the problem of distributing delays across sectors so as to meet a scheduling constraint at the TRACON boundary. The approach utilizes the statistical uncertainty in transitioning individual sectors, and creates a delay distribution that places delays in favorable sectors and ensures the scheduled time can be met. The solution algorithm is heuristic but simulation shows that the algorithm is capable of producing efficient delay distribution in a queue of aircraft.
Carlyle and “Irving's London Circle”: Some Unpublished Letters by Thomas Carlyle and Mrs. Edward Strachey

On 5 june 1824 Thomas Carlyle, aged twenty-nine, sailed from Leith, Edinburgh, to London on a visit that was to last until March 1825. Within an hour of leaving he had sent his family copies of his translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, published in Edinburgh at the end of May; then he was off to the metropolis to visit his friend the Reverend Edward Irving and to resume his tutoring of young Charles Buller. “The expedition was an epoch in Carlyle's life,” writes Froude. “There was, perhaps, no one of his age in Scotland or England, who knew so much and had seen so little.” He had read enormously in history, poetry, philosophy—the whole range of modern literature in French, German, and English—yet he had seen no town larger than Glasgow and little cultivated society. He had no illusions of winning immediate recognition, but doubtless expected the kind of benefits he had foreseen for Jane Welsh had her hoped-for visit to London come to pass: “You will see new forms of life, you will converse with cultivated men, you may gather insight into character and manners, and what is equally desirable, into the nature and extent of your own powers and the best mode of turning them to use.”
Nonmonotonicity in Linguistics

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the logical issues of nonmonotonicity, with pointers to the literature, to indicate some of its applications in linguistics and provides references to the work that has already been done in applying nonmonotonic logic in linguistics. Nonmonotonicity is a property of the consequence relation, and a system of logic is said to be nonmonotonic if its consequence relation has the nonmonotonicity property. Nonmonotonicity is intimately connected with default inferences. The need to formulate and investigate nonmonotonic logics arose out of a recognition that other forms of reasoning are not always subjected to this constraint, together with a reluctance to explain away the nonmonotonic effects by using mechanisms, such as probability, that are orthogonal to logical consequence. Nonmonotonic logics are not only useful for representing common sense reasoning but also provide appropriate foundations for some scientific theories, and in particular for linguistics. Without a nonmonotonic formalism, it is very difficult to see the way to axiomatize a realistic planning domain, because the ways in which an effect may fail to be achieved or in which a background condition may fail to continue to hold after the action has been performed are practically impossible to enumerate.
Survey on the Awareness Rate of Knowledge on Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Among the Workers in a Textile Enterprise,Binzhou City,2012

Objective To understand the awareness of knowledge on occupational disease prevention and control among the workers in a textile enterprise of Binzhou city,so as to provide scientific basis for the development of effective protective measures. Methods A total of 494workers of the enterprise for occupational health examination in 2012were surveyed by occupational health knowledge questionnaire,the relationship between education,age,working age and occupational health knowledge was analyzed. Results There were differences between different age groups in the area of risk factors in the occupational disease,occupational disease knowledge and the use of personal protective equipment(P 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference among different age groups in the knowledge of occupational disease prevention law and basic knowledge of occupation healthy guardianship(P0.05).There was difference in the awareness of occupational disease prevention knowledge in the educational level of workers(P 0.05).There was difference between different work age groups in the area of the occupational disease prevention law and occupational disease knowledge and the basic knowledge of occupational health and the use of personal protective equipment(P 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference among different working age groups in the awareness of risk factors in the occupational disease(P 0.05). Conclusion Enterprises should strengthen the publicity of the occupational health knowledge,and develop targeted prevention measures for different occupational groups.
UV-härtende Autoserienlacke — Entwicklung im Konsortium

Mehrere namhafte Automobilhersteller, ein Lackhersteller und zwei Hersteller von Anlagentechnik haben innerhalb eines dreijahrigen Projektes die UV-Klarlack-Technologie fur die Auto-Serienlackierung weiterentwickelt. Bei der internationalen Automobil-Lackiertagung „Surcar” in Cannes im Juni dieses Jahres wurde das Projekt zum ersten Mal der Offentlichkeit prasentiert. Der folgende Beitrag fasst die wichtigsten Ergebnisse zusammen.
Efficacy of a tribromosalan and parbendazole composition against adult Fasciola hepatica in sheep.

Maturation and functional differentiation of immunocompetent cells against Brucella abortus antigen was obtained in surgically hiirscctnmiscd chickens which had received bursal cell Isografts followed by five daily consecutive doses of bursal extract.
Biorefinery site selection using a stepwise biogeophysical and social analysis approach

Abstract A key factor in the production of economically viable and environmentally sustainable biofuels is biorefinery site selection. Facility location analysis has traditionally been driven by access to feedstock, proximity to customers, and local incentives. While economic constraints will always be major factors in site selection, incorporating social metrics may further reduce the cost of constructing a biorefinery. A community's disposition toward a biorefinery project may significantly impact implementation success: grassroots support can lower implementation costs while opposition may increase the costs of permitting blockages and other scale-up delays. The proposed biorefinery siting tool improves upon previous research by incorporating site-specific biogeophysical measures and more complete and comprehensive social measures of community innovation and capacity for collective action. A refined biogeophysical analysis assesses pulp mills for their potential as repurposed biorefineries. The social asset components of site selection are greatly improved by enhancing and disaggregating key metrics through the use of multiple indicators of community collective action capacity and propensity for change. The refined measures are integrated into a biorefinery site-selection tool. Pulp mills that rank highly in both the biogeophysical and social asset measures may be considered more suitable candidates for repurpose into a biorefinery. This enriched methodology has been applied to biorefinery siting decisions in the U.S. Pacific Northwest region; however, it is suitable for applications to infrastructure development projects in any region of the U.S.
From Flatland to Spaceland

Lithography has been called "a technology practised in Flatland". This is set to change with new techniques, based on polymers and optical fibres, which are adding a third dimension to lithographic techniques. The patterning of materials by lithography is central to the fabrication of microstructures that are essential in many areas of physics, most notably microelectronics. In lithography an image is transferred from a mask to a thin film material, usually a specialized polymer called a photoresist. This is the first step in a series of physical and chemical processes that are used to construct the microstructure. When making structures like transistors in silicon, for instance, lithography is used to define the regions of the surface that are to be etched. If the polymer has been "exposed", it can easily be removed by chemicals, and the silicon can be etched away from the areas not protected by the polymer.
High performance mass configuration protocols for MANETs using efficient broadcasting

In this work we present the design and evaluation of two high performance mass configuration protocols, focusing on efficiency and reliability, for wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) utilizing an Efficient Broadcast Module (EBM). MCONF, which was developed in an earlier work, enables mass configuration changes in a MANET using multiple modes of operation based on the underlying network scenario. However, MCONF relies on classic flooding approach to disseminate configuration changes and gather feedback information to/from nodes. In this paper we propose: S-MCONF — a Simple Mass Configuration protocol focusing on efficiency, and E-MCONF — an Efficient Mass Configuration protocol focusing on reliability. Both of these are developed based on MCONF while utilizing underlying efficient broadcasting framework that computes a Minimum Connected Dominating Set (MCDS) to forward messages in a MANET. Our proposed S-MCONF and E-MCONF protocols utilize three different relay selection algorithms, namely Essential Connecting Dominating Set (E-CDS), Source based MultiPoint Relay (S-MPR) and Non-source specific MultiPoint Relay (NS-MPR), to optimize performance. We evaluate the performance of our S-MCONF and E-MCONF protocols by emulating MANET on Common Open Research Emulator (CORE) for dynamic topologies based on mobility of nodes. Performance is measured in terms of reliability and packet redundancy. Based on our findings as part of the study, it is observed that S-MCONF is very well suited for low node mobility scenarios in the MANETs. On the other hand, E-MCONF provides reliability of packet delivery in MANETs even for high node mobility scenarios. Both S-MCONF and E-MCONF are able to improve their packet efficiency significantly at low mobility as compared to MCONF protocol.
Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism.

Increasing interest in functional foods has driven discovery in the area of bioactive compounds. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrate compounds that, when consumed, elicit health benefits and aid in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. While prebiotics have been shown to improve a number of chronic, inflammatory conditions, growing evidence exists for prebiotic effects on calcium metabolism and bone health. These novel dietary fibers have been shown to increase calcium absorption in the lower intestines of both preclinical and human models. Rodent models have also been imperative for understanding prebiotic effects on bone mineral density and measures of skeletal strength. Although fewer data are available for humans, bone-related prebiotic effects exist across the lifecycle, suggesting benefits for attainment of peak bone mass during adolescence and minimized bone resorption among postmenopausal women. These effects are thought to occur through prebiotic–microbe interactions in the large intestine. Current prebiotic mechanisms for improved mineral absorption and skeletal health include alterations in gut microbiota composition, production of short-chain fatty acids, altered intestinal pH, biomarker modification, and immune system regulation. While the majority of available data support improved mineral bioavailability, emerging evidence suggests alternate microbial roles and the presence of an intricate gut–bone signaling axis. Overall, the current scientific literature supports prebiotic consumption as a cost-effective and sustainable approach for improved skeletal health and/or fracture prevention. The goal of this review is to discuss both foundational and recent research in the area of prebiotics, mineral metabolism, and bone health.
Corporate Entrepreneurship and Cross-Functional Fertilization: Activation, Process and Disintegration of a New Product Design Team:

Corporate entrepreneurship is important to firms’ long-term competitiveness, and cross-functional fertilization contributes to firm innovation. Thus, cross-functional teams have become popular in t...
Real-Time Decision Policies With Predictable Performance

As methods and tools for cyber-physical systems (CPS) grow in capabilities and use, one-size-fits-all solutions start to show their limitations. In particular, tools and languages for programming an algorithm or modeling a CPS that are specific to the application domain are typically more usable, and yield better performance, than general-purpose languages and tools. In the domain of cardiac arrhythmia monitoring, a small, implantable medical device continuously monitors the patient’s cardiac rhythm and delivers electrical therapy when needed. The algorithms executed by these devices are streaming algorithms , so they are best programmed in a streaming language that allows the programmer to reason about the incoming data stream as the basic object, rather than force her to think about lower-level details like state maintenance and minimization. Because these devices are resource-constrained, it is useful if the programming language allowed predictable performance in terms of processing runtime and energy consumption, or more general costs. StreamQRE is a declarative streaming programming language, with an efficient and portable implementation and strong theoretical guarantees. In particular, its evaluation algorithm guarantees constant cost (runtime, memory, energy) per data item and also calculates upper bounds on the per-item cost. Such an estimate of the cost allows early exploration of the algorithmic possibilities, while maintaining a handle on worst case performance, on the basis of which hardware can be designed and algorithms can be tuned.
A corpus analysis of timbre semantics in orchestration treatises

What does the common descriptive lexicon for instrumental sound tell us about how we conceptualize musical timbre? Perceptual studies have revealed a number of verbal attributes that reliably map o...
REGULATION OF RADIOACTIVE FRACKING WASTE

Natural gas extracted form shale reached record production totals in 2015 in the United States and the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts natural gas production will continue to increase. Wastes from shale gas extraction can contain the radioactive isotopes radium-226 (Ra-226) and radium-228 (Ra-228), which decay further into radon (Rn). Exposure to radon, a form of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), is the leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, after smoking. This article explores how states handle the disposal of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) and/or NORM waste from oil and gas operations to evaluate which states have developed the most protective practices when regulating NORM and TENORM waste from unconventional oil and gas operations to reduce adverse radiological health effects. The study concludes that although some states are regulating NORM and TENORM, other states may be inadequately addressing these wastes generated through oil and gas productions. Under-regulation is complicated by the fact that multiple agencies may have jurisdiction to handle wastes. Guidance, laws, and/or regulations may be needed to facilitate safety and health measures in states where inadequacies could potentially harm humans, animals, and the environment.
Injektionstechniken für den Schultergürtelbereich

Die „Interskalenare Plexusanasthesie“ ist eine Schmerzbehandlungsmasnahme, die primar der Reduktion der Nozizeption und pathogener Reaktionsmuster dient. Sie schafft somit die Grundlage fur den behandelnden Manualtherapeuten, eine kollagene Dehnung der Gelenkkapsel bzw. des Muskels bei zu hoher Abwehr-/Schmerzreaktion ausfuhren zu konnen.
PSII Nitrogen Implanted M2 Tool Steel for Wear Resistance in Wood Machining Tools

PM M2 saw blade inserts in the as-sintered or quenched and tempered conditions were ion implanted with nitrogen using Plasma Source Ion Implantation. The implanted inserts were subjected to a simulated sawing test to rank their performance against unimplanted M2 and stellite, a material used in the forest products industry for wood machining. Based on the results of this investigation, nitrogen ion implantation appears to be a promising method for reducing the wear of wood machining tools.
Innovations of the Rule-Based Modeling Approach

New modeling approaches are needed to tackle the complexity of cell signaling systems. An emerging approach is rule-based modeling, in which protein-protein interactions are represented at the level of functional components. By using rules to represent interactions, a modeler can avoid enumerating the reachable chemical species in a system, which is a necessity in traditional modeling approaches. A set of rules can be used to generate a reaction network, or to perform simulations with or without network generation. Although the rule-based approach is a relatively recent development in biology, it is based on concepts that have proven useful in other fields. In this chapter, we discuss innovations of the rule-based modeling approach, relative to traditional approaches for modeling chemical kinetics. These innovations include the use of rules to concisely capture the dynamics of molecular interactions, the view of models as programs, and agent-based computational approaches that can be applied to simulate the chemical kinetics of a system characterized by a large traditional model. These innovations should enable the development of models that can relate the molecular state of a cell to its phenotype, even though vast and complex networks bridge perturbations at the molecular level to fates and activities at the cellular level. In the future, we expect that validated rule-based models will be useful for model-guided studies of cell signaling mechanisms, interpretation of temporal phosphoproteomic data, and cell engineering applications.
Factors Affecting Ultrastructural Quality in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Postmortem Human Brain

Electron microscopy (EM) studies of the postmortem human brain provide a level of resolution essential for understanding brain function in both normal and disease states. However, processes associated with death can impair the cellular and organelle ultrastructural preservation required for quantitative EM studies. Although postmortem interval (PMI), the time between death and preservation of tissue, is thought to be the most influential factor of ultrastructural quality, numerous other factors may also influence tissue preservation. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of pre- and postmortem factors on multiple components of ultrastructure in the postmortem human prefrontal cortex. Tissue samples from 30 subjects were processed using standard EM histochemistry. The primary dependent measure was number of identifiable neuronal profiles, and secondary measures included presence and/or integrity of synapses, mitochondria, and myelinated axonal fibers. Number of identifiable neuronal profiles was most strongly affected by the interaction of PMI and pH, such that short PMIs and neutral pH values predicted the best preservation. Secondary measures were largely unaffected by pre- and postmortem factors. Together, these data indicate that distinct components of the neuropil are differentially affected by PMI and pH in postmortem human brain.
The role of salvage radiation in recurrent glioblastoma after bevacizumab failure.

2048 Background: Bevacizumab is FDA-approved for patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Despite bevacizumab treatment most patients progress, and there are limited therapeutic options for them...
U.S. Navy saturation diving and diver neuropsychologic status.

The neuropsychologic status of 25 male U.S. Navy saturation divers was assessed before and after saturation dives conducted at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Between 1982 and 1986, 5 dives to simulated depths of 198 to 335 msw were accomplished. Eighteen divers completed 1 dive, and 7 divers completed 2 saturation dives during this period. Dive durations ranged from 26 to 31 d, with helium-oxygen used as the breathing medium. On each dive the men engaged in strenuous, meaningful, in-water work on the bottom. Comparison of neuropsychologic assessment battery results pre- and postdives did not reveal permanent changes in neuropsychologic status. Transient alterations in affect, visual focusing, and physical activity level presented upon surfacing but resolved within 10 d. Language: en
Measurements for stress sensing of composites using tailored piezospectroscopic coatings

Chromium-doped α-alumina is naturally photo-luminescent with spectral properties that are characterized by R-lines with two distinct peaks known as R1 and R2. When the material is subjected to stress, shifts in the R-lines occur, which is known as the piezospectroscopic (PS) effect. Recent work has shown that improved sensitivity of the technique can be achieved through a configuration of nanoparticles within a polymer matrix, which can be applied to a structure as a stress-sensing coating. This study demonstrates the capability of PS coatings in mechanical tests and investigates the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on sensing performance. Here, measurements of spectral shifts that capture variation in stress of the coating during mechanical testing and in the region of substrate damage showed that stress contours are more noticeable on a soft laminate than hard laminate. It was found that the 20 % volume fraction PS coating showed the most distinct features of all the coatings tested with the highest signal-to-noise ratio and volume fraction of α-alumina. Post failure assessment of the PS coatings verified that the coatings were intact and peak shifts observed during mechanical testing were due to the stress in the substrate. The results suggest the ability to design and tailor the “sensing” capability of these nanoparticles and correlate the measured stress variations with the presence of stress and damage in underlying structures. This study is relevant to nondestructive evaluation in the aerospace industry, where monitoring signs of damage is of significance for testing of new materials, quality control in manufacturing and inspections during maintenance.
Association of Sjögren's Syndrome With Reduced Lifetime Sex Hormone Exposure: A Case–Control Study

Objective To test whether cumulative estrogen exposure, as determined by age at menarche, age at menopause, female hormone use, hysterectomy, and parity, have an effect on the development of primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Methods We performed a case-control study of 2,680 women from the Sjogren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance registry, including 1,320 registrants with primary SS and 1,360 with sicca symptoms but no key features of primary SS (sicca controls). The composite estrogen score (CES) was calculated by point assignment for early menarche (age ≤10 years), high parity (>3 pregnancies), hysterectomy, female hormone use, and late menopause (age ≥53 years). Cumulative menstrual cycling (CMC) was calculated as years menstruating minus time pregnant. Results Using a regression model that adjusted for age, recruitment site, ethnicity, education, employment status, and smoking, we observed a progressive inverse trend between primary SS and CES. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were as follows for the sicca control group: CES 1, OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.67-0.99); CES 2, OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57-0.97); CES 3, OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.30-0.86). This trend was corroborated by analysis of CMC. At the highest level of CMC within the postmenopausal group there was a 24% reduction in cumulative sex hormone exposure among primary SS participants relative to controls. Conclusion Women with primary SS have lower estrogen exposure and CMC compared to sicca controls. Increasing estrogen exposure was negatively associated with development of primary SS. Further longitudinal studies of sex hormone exposure in primary SS are needed to confirm these findings.
P34 County-Level Associations Between Food Retail Outlet Availability and Violent Crime Rate

Background Violent crime is a major public health issue. Currently, information on the relationship between food retail outlet availability and violent crime occurrence is limited. Objective Evaluate US county-level associations between the availability of healthy (grocery stores, supercenters, and farmers’ markets) and unhealthy (convenience stores and fast food restaurants) and violent crime rate after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. We hypothesized that counties with fewer healthy food retailers would have a higher violent crime rate. Study Design, Settings, and Participants Data collected in 2014 on 3,126 counties were obtained from two sources: The United States Department of Agriculture Food Environment Atlas and the United States Department of Justice Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Measures on resident socio-demographics (e.g., % Non-Hispanic black, % Hispanic, poverty rate, etc.), per capita food retail outlets, and per capita violent crimes were analyzed. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Violent crime rate reflects the total number of murders, robberies, forcible rapes, and aggravated assaults per 10,000 county residents. The CDC's Modified Retail Food Environment Index (mRFEI) was applied to assess the healthfulness of each county's retail food environment. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were used to examine associations between food retail outlet availability and violent crime rate. Results After adjusting for socio-demographic measures, increased availability of grocery stores (P = .01) and farmers’ markets (P Conclusion US counties with fewer healthy food retailers had a higher violent crime rate after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. These findings highlight the need for additional research on the role of the retail food environment in community violence.
Modeling and testing compulsive eating behaviors in animals

Abstract The study of compulsive eating has been swiftly gaining attention in both preclinical and clinical research. Compulsive eating behaviors characterize forms of obesity and eating disorders and can be conceptualized as being composed of three main elements: (1) habitual overeating, (2) overeating to alleviate a negative emotional state, and (3) overeating despite negative consequences. At a preclinical level, developing appropriate and clinically relevant animal models and behavioral tests has been a barrier to investigating the neurobiological substrates of compulsive eating with the purpose of refining pharmacological interventions for these disorders. Throughout this review, we will first describe the tests used to measure compulsive eating as defined by the three aforementioned elements. We will then detail the strategies used to develop animal models by describing the experimental manipulations that are most commonly used to facilitate development of compulsive eating behavior. Retuning the methodological approach toward compulsive eating behavior is essential to understand the complex mechanisms underlying the maladaptive food intake in forms of obesity and eating disorders.
Demonstration of 3-D-Printed Field-Emission Cathodes

We report the first operation of field-emission cathodes produced from electrically conductive polymers using 3-D printing. These cathodes consisted of a single high-aspect-ratio emitter printed using a commercially available fused filament fabrication (FFF) printer. Emitters were printed from one of three commercially available polylactic acid (PLA) composite filaments. Each material produced appreciable field-emission currents, and an emitter with 0.4 mm diameter and 15 mm length sustained a dc current of 2.25 mA (~1.8 A/cm2) for approximately 1 h before noticeable current degradation occurred. These initial experiments suggest that 3-D printing can provide a low-cost fabrication technique for future field-emission studies with novel cathode geometries.
Children's story retelling under different modality and task conditions: implications for standardizing language sampling procedures.

This study was motivated by the possibility of standardizing a story-retelling task well enough to function as a brief screener of children's global syntactic features. Specifically, the study dete...
Recovery's Got Talent: A Positive-Psychology Intervention for People Living in Recovery.

Recovery-based initiatives have been found to be effective for people with addiction. Recovery’s Got Talent, a talent show designed to enhance resiliency-based attributes for people in recovery, is...
New Concepts of Musical Instruments

As we create a means to cogitate the future of music composition, we need to consider the relationship between composer and the medium in which music is performed. The concept of the development of musical instruments finds its foundation in the need for musicians to create sounds in ways that require more than one’s own physical body. Currently we organize musical instruments in a system based on the production modality of sound. We distinguish acoustic instruments, which generate sounds in a mechanical way, from electroacoustic instruments which create sounds by electromagnetic devices. With the groundwork of instruments being steadily refined, the focus of development of musical instruments can generally be accomplished by two strategies. The first is the expansive realization of an instrument, i.e., the improvement of the versatility of an existing instrument. The second is the creative realization of a new instrument, which has been the primary focus of development for the majority of music.
Using Rasch Theory to Develop a Test and a Survey

This chapter presents a potential set of steps an analyst might follow to develop a survey or test using Rasch theory. The steps could be used to develop a new instrument and the steps can also be used to revise existing instrumentation
Phase Separation in Cell Division

Cell division requires the assembly and organization of a microtubule spindle for the proper separation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. Phase separation is an emerging paradigm for understanding spatial and temporal regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including cell division. Phase-separated condensates have been recently discovered at many structures during cell division as a possible mechanism for properly localizing, organizing, and activating proteins involved in cell division. Here, we review how these condensates play roles in regulating microtubule density and organization and spindle assembly and function and in activating some of the key players in cell division. We conclude with perspectives on areas of future research for this exciting and rapidly advancing field.
Synthesis and Characterization of Lignin-grafted-poly(ε-caprolactone) from Different Biomass Sources.

Abstract Modification of lignin with poly(e-caprolactone) is a promising approach to valorize industrial low-value lignins and to advance the bioeconomy. We have synthesized lignin grafted poly(e-caprolactone) (lignin-g-PCL) copolymers via ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone with different types of lignins of varying botanical sources (G-type pine lignin, S/G-type poplar lignin, and C-type Vanilla seeds lignin) and lignin extraction methods (Kraft and ethanol organosolv pulping). The lignin-g-PCL copolymer showed remarkably improved compatibility and dispersion in acetone, chloroform, and toluene in comparison to non-modified lignins. The structure and thermal properties of the lignin-g-PCL were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We have found that all the technical lignins were reactive to the copolymerization reaction regardless of their plant source and isolation methods. The molecular weights of the synthesized lignin-g-PCL copolymers were positively correlated with the content of aliphatic lignin hydroxyls, suggesting that the copolymerization reaction tends to occur preferentially at the aliphatic hydroxyls rather than the phenolic hydroxyls of lignin. Thermal analyses of the lignin-g-PCL copolymers were studied, and in general, a reduction of melting temperature and crystallinity percentage in comparison to the neat PCL was observed. However, the thermal behavior of lignin-g-PCL copolymers varied depending on the lignin feedstocks employed in the copolymerization reaction.
Including School Mathematics Teaching Applications in an Undergraduate Abstract Algebra Course

We describe the design and implementation of lessons in undergraduate abstract algebra that integrate applications to teaching high school mathematics. Each lesson consists of a pre-activity, class...
More about sparse halves in triangle-free graphs

One of Erdos's conjectures states that every triangle-free graph on $n$ vertices has an induced subgraph on $n/2$ vertices with at most $n^2/50$ edges. We report several partial results towards this conjecture. In particular, we establish the new bound $\frac{27}{1024}n^2$ on the number of edges in general case. We completely prove the conjecture for graphs of girth $\geq 5$, for graphs with independence number $\geq 2n/5$ and for strongly regular graphs. Each of these three classes includes both known (conjectured) extremal configurations, the 5-cycle and the Petersen graph.