cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing mental health disparities among racially and ethnically diverse populations: A review of couple and family intervention research methods (2010-2019).

Racially and ethnically diverse and globally underserved populations continue to experience mental health disparities. The goal of this review was to examine the extent to which diverse populations were included in couple and family intervention research over the past decade and whether these studies were conducted with attention to issues of diversity. We performed a review of 271 articles reviewed in the current special issue on the efficacy and effectiveness of couple and family interventions across 11 mental health topics. Overall, only 68 of the 271 (25%) articles included predominately racial/ethnic minority samples or globally underserved populations. Among articles (n = 60) describing US-based research with racial/ethnic minority samples, there was a pattern of inattention to methodological considerations relevant to diverse populations. Although some progress was noted, more research is necessary. Specifically, we call for research that advances social justice by using critically conscious methods to promote mental health equity.
Masculinity and the New Imperialism: Rewriting Manhood in British Popular Literature, 1870-1914

Introduction: better men 1. Gunga Din and other better men: the burden of imperial manhood in Kipling's verse 2. Cultural cross-dressing and the politics of masculine performance 3. Piracy, play, and the boys who wouldn't grow up 4. In statu pupillari: schoolboys, savages, and colonial authority 5. Barbarism and the lost worlds of masculinity 6. Mummies, marriage, and the occupation of Egypt 7. Fitter men: H. G. Wells and the impossible future of masculinity Bibliography.
Cognitive and attitudinal effects of technical advertising copy: the roles of gender, self-assessed and objective consumer knowledge

The roles of two constructs of consumer knowledge — self-assessed product knowledge and objective product knowledge — are examined in an experiment in which consumers read ads for high-tech products containing high and low levels of technical language. Interactions between gender and the two consumer knowledge measures were also explored. Self-assessed knowledge was a better predictor of participants. Cognitive responses and general attitudinal evaluations. Objective knowledge, on the other hand, was a better predictor of ratings for specific product attributes. These differential results are considered with respect to the role of technical language in consumer information search strategies.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Assays

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in peripheral tissues are localized almost exclusively to autonomic nerves and the motor end plates of striated musculature. Pharmacologic analyses of nicotinic receptor antagonist potencies can be conducted by assessing the ability of these compounds to inhibit responses elicited by preganglionic autonomic nerve stimulation or stimulation of the motor nerves innervating striated muscle in isolated tissue preparations. In addition, in some isolated tissues innervated by autonomic nerves, nicotinic receptor mediated responses can be elicited by exogenously administered agonists, and the effects of antagonists on these responses can be assessed using pharmacologic analyses. This unit describes the guinea pig trachea/esophagus preparation, in which nicotinic receptor pharmacology can be studied at synapses of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system and the striated musculature of the esophagus. In addition, a preparation whereby the nicotinic receptors of the striated musculature of the diaphragm can be studied is described as are techniques for studying exogenous nicotinic agonist mediated effects in two smooth muscle preparations.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in peripheral tissues are localized almost exclusively to autonomic nerves.
Hydrochemical modeling of coupled C and N cycling in high-elevation catchments: Importance of snow cover

Several ecosystems in the western US are already undergoing nitrogen (N)saturation, a condition where previously N limited ecosystems are no longer Nlimited. This state of N saturation leads to adverse impacts on terrestrialecology and water quality. Due to the complexities of terrestrialcarbon-nitrogen cycling, integrated hydrologic-biogeochemical modeling providesa tool to improve our understanding and discern between the impacts of changesin N deposition from changes in other ecosystem processes. A model ofbiogeochemical processing in alpine watersheds was developed and applied to theEmerald Lake watershed. Simulations of major terrestrial carbon and nitrogenpools and fluxes were adequate. The use of snow cover information to estimatesoil temperatures improved model simulations indicating that snow coverprocesses need to be incorporated into biogeochemical models of seasonally snowcovered areas. The model simulated mineral nitrogen processes well butsignificant changes in denitrification and dissolved organic nitrogen exportprocesses appear to be necessary. Ourresults also showed that variations in snow cover duration have more of animpact on mineral N export, plant uptake and mineralization than appearspossible due to changes in atmospheric deposition.
Can We Be Scientists Too? Secondary Students' Perceptions of Scientific Research from a Project-Based Classroom

A research effort between science educators at the University of New Hampshire and Valley High School (pseudonym) was initiated to examine the conceptual development of high school students' understanding of scientific research over an entire school year. Students were involved in a series of classroom projects that were guided by curricula designed to foster “student scientist partnerships” (SSPs). Data for this research consist of audio-recorded, semi-structured student interviews which were transcribed verbatim. Seven students were interviewed six times over the school year. A content analysis of the transcripts was performed and the results were compared to a model of scientific research developed for the purpose of this study. This model comprises the major phases of the scientific enterprise, including the development of researchable questions, data collection, data analysis, drawing of conclusions, and communication of results. Results indicate that students' conceptual understanding of scientific research rarely evolved over the course of the year, remaining rudimentary. Students had uniformed notions of scientific questioning, viewed data collection as only following prescribed steps and ultimately repetitive, and had little experience with data analysis or the communication of scientific findings. Critical factors contributing to these student perceptions were insufficient exposure, a lack of a sense of partnership by students, and the design of the SSP.
The Universal Enveloping Algebra

We have seen that elements of the Lie algebra of a Lie group G are derivations of C ∞ (G). They are thus first-order differential operators that are left-invariant. The universal enveloping algebra is a purely algebraically defined ring that may be identified with the ring of all left-invariant differential operators, including higher-order ones.
The Political Economy of Fishing Rights and Claims: The Maori Experience in New Zealand

The capitalist penetration of fisheries in New Zealand began in the nineteenth century and has carried on into the twenty-first. Early on, Maori were denied access to fisheries by a lack of access to capital; a de facto restriction that became a de jure restriction with the creation of fishing quotas in the 1990s. This legal change allowed Maori to use their historic treaty claims to articulate with the discourse of property rights and gain legal access to fish. In return, this engagement facilitated the penetration of capitalism into Maori fishing practices. Two Maori-controlled fishing companies, Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd (AFL) and Moana Pacific Fisheries Ltd (Moana Pacific), demonstrate how Maori ownership of fishing quotas irrevocably changed historical modes of access and relationships to capital.
Controlled invariance for singular distributions-the smooth case

Previous results of the author's on the controlled invariance problem for distributions with singularities for affine, nonlinear control systems are extended to the smooth case. >
Hair growth cycles in subcutaneous implants

Skin fragments implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic mice remained viable and showed cyclic hair growth over a period of months. Embryonic skin differentiated into the various layers of epidermis and corium, producing sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Implants from both embryos and newborn displayed normal hair pigmentation with appearance in metanagen of the yellow bands characteristic of the agouti hair for that genotype. Follicles were observed to pass through the various hair growth stages into a resting period and then later to re-enter the growth cycle. There were departures from normal hair growth, however, with some follicular disorganization, especially in the newborn implants, and with areas showing mixed growth stages instead of the follicular synchronization characteristic of the intact mouse.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of the oxidative carbonylation of toluene to toluic acid catalyzed by palladium(II) in the presence of vanadium and molecular oxygen

Abstract The mechanism and kinetics of the liquid-phase, oxidative carbonylation of toluene to toluic acid over Pd(II) in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAH), trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), and molecular oxygen were investigated through a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental results are consistent with the previously proposed mechanism for the oxidative carbonylation of arenes. The reaction is initiated by coordination of toluene to the Pd(II) complex and activation of a C H bond in the benzene ring. This initial step becomes rate limiting when a sufficiently high (NH 4 VO 3 )/Pd ratio is used for the reoxidation of Pd(0) to Pd(II). Both processes are found to be dependent on the electron withdrawing and donating capability of the anionic ligands. Overall catalyst activity peaks for ligands of intermediate basicity, and diminishes for both more and less basic ligands. Theoretical analysis of the coordination of toluene and activation of the C H bond on the benzene ring reveals that the basicity of the ligands affects the two processes in opposite ways. Weakly basic ligands promote the coordination of toluene but have the opposite effect on the activation of the C H bond. The tradeoff in these two effects leads to a maximum in the apparent rate coefficient with p K a of the conjugate acid of the anionic ligands. The absence of significant product stereoselectivity is due to a lack of steric hindrance in the binding of toluene to the Pd(II) complex.
Abstract 5336: Mathematical models for cellular response to radiochemotherapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA To optimize radiochemotherapy, several clinically adjustable factors must be considered: sequence order (drug administered before, during, or after radiation exposure); time interval between the agents; dose of each agent; and fractionation. Because the combined effects of all these factors are complex, mathematical modeling can provide a useful framework for discerning the role of each individual factor and can be applied to predict response to future experimental protocols. To date, there has been scant effort devoted to mathematical models for cellular response to radiochemotherapy. One widely-used model is based on the assumption that the two modalities act completely independently; the total cell survival fraction is the product of survival fractions for each agent acting alone. However, an examination of a number of dose-response data sets for paclitaxel followed by radiation exposure shows that the independent cell kill model consistently underestimates cell kill. The additive damage model, which is based on the assumption that cell kill depends on a quantity called cellular damage, is constructed as the sum of terms from each agent and is shown to better describe some data sets for ascorbate and paclitaxel. Cellular dose-response data sets for radiochemotherapy have shown complex interactions between therapies, with strong dose-dependent antagonism in some cases, and significant, non-monotonic dependence on the time interval between the modalities in others. We present generalizations of the additive damage model, which include either dose-dependent cell-cycle blocking or transport kinetics, and show that they can describe some of these experimentally-observed complex behaviors. In conclusion, the generalized additive damage model is a promising tool to describe cellular pharmacodynamics of radiochemotherapy and is expected to have application to the optimization of dosage and schedule. Citation Format: Katherine S. Williams, Ardith W. El-Kareh, Timothy W. Secomb. Mathematical models for cellular response to radiochemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5336. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5336
Effects of partial destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei on two circadian parameters: wheel-running activity and short-day induced testicular regression

Many circadian rhythms in mammals are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei located in the anterior hypothalamus. The suprachiasmatic nuclei are a heterogeneous population of neurons loosely segregated into regions. In an effort to determine if a regional specificity of control of different circadian rhythms exists within the SCN, the effect of small electrolytic lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei was examined on two parameters which are known to depend on the circadian system for their normal expression: wheel-running activity and short-day induced testicular regression. While some SCN lesions altered both the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and the normal temporal pattern of gonadal regression on short-days, other partial lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei were found to effect one parameter without effecting the other. Detailed histological analysis of the neural damage sustained by the suprachiasmatic nuclei did not indicate an obvious regional specificity of function within the nuclei. However, the results do suggest that functionally specific neural pathways emerging from the suprachiasmatic nuclei carry circadian information to independent neural circuits responsible for locomotor activity and neuroendocrine-gonadal function.
A simple method for routine monitoring of glyphosate and its main metabolite in surface waters using lyophilization and LC-FLD + MS/MS. Case study: canals with influence on Biscayne National Park.

A novel method was developed for the analysis of the herbicide glyphosate and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) based on lyophilization. Sample preparation steps are limited to fortification with aspartic acid as internal standard and water removal by lyophilization (3-4 days for 72 samples), followed by suspension of dry residues in borate buffer (pH=9.0) and addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl) for pre-column derivatization. The obtained derivatization mixture was injected on a highly endcapped C18 column where a basic pH gradient separation of the anionic analytes from neutral derivatization byproducts was achieved, with simultaneous quantitation by fluorescence and compound confirmation by tandem mass spectrometry. Method detection limits (for 20 mL samples) were 0.058 μg/L and 0.108 μg/L for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The method had a high dynamic range (0.1-50.0 μg/L) which allowed quantitation at both background and high levels of the herbicide. As a case study, the methodology was successfully applied to detect the occurrence of these compounds in water canals managed by the South Florida Water Management District. These canals will be used as freshwater source to hydrate estuarine wetlands of Biscayne National Park under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Project, in order to decrease ecosystem stress from hypersaline conditions caused by anthropogenic reduction of historical freshwater flow towards the Biscayne Bay. Method development, validation, advantages, limitations and measured environmental concentrations are discussed. This methodology has minimal requirements in terms of materials, instruments and analyst training, which could represent a desirable tool for laboratories interested in the monitoring of glyphosate in surface waters.
Efficient acoustic index for music retrieval with various degrees of similarity

Content-based music retrieval research has mostly focused on symbolic data rather than acoustical data. Given that there are no general-purpose transcription algorithms that can convert acoustical data into musical scores, new methods are needed to do music retrieval on acoustical data. In this paper, we review some existing methods on contentbased music retrieval, discuss different definitions of music similarity, and present a new framework to perform music indexing and retrieval. The framework is based on an earlier prototype we developed, with significant improvements.In our framework known as MACSIS, each audio file is broken down into small segments and converted into feature vectors. All vectors are stored in a high-dimensional indexing structure called LSH, a probabilistic indexing scheme that makes use of multiple hashing instances in parallel. At retrieval time, small segments of audio matches are retrieved from the index and pieced together using the Hough Transform technique, and results are used as the basis to rank candidate matches.
Magnetostratigraphy of the White River Group and its implications for oligocene geochronology

Abstract Magnetostratigraphic studies of the Oligocene White River Group in Wyoming, Colorodo, Nebraska, and the Dakotas have yielded a radiometrically-dated polarity stratigraphy. They provided a mid-Tertiary calibration point for the marine magnetic polarity timescale. An unusually long interval of reversed polarity in the Flagstaff Rim section, Natrona Co., Wyoming, is bracketed by K/Ar dates (biotite) of 32.4 Ma slightly above its top and 34.6 Ma at its base (corrected for new decay-constants). It probably corresponds to the long reversed interval between marine magnetic anomalies 12 and 13. Also, the magnetostratigraphies of 17 other fossiliferous sections of Chadronian-Whitneyan (Oligocene) rocks have been correlated with anomalies 9–12. On this basis, the “boundaries” of the Oligocene North American land mammal “ages” are: Chadronian-Orellan — mid-anomaly 11–12 reversal (about 32.4 Ma); Orellan-Whitneyan — mid-anomaly 10–111 reversal (about 30.7 Ma); Whitneyan-Arikareenan — base anomaly 9 (about 29.0 Ma). These dates are in good agreement with recent estimates based on mammalian biochronology and with a corrected radiometric date of 28.7 ± 0.7 Ma at the base of the Arikareean.
Three new anascosporic genera of the Saccharomycotina: Danielozyma gen. nov., Deakozyma gen. nov. and Middelhovenomyces gen. nov

Three new non-ascosporic, ascomycetous yeast genera are proposed based on their isolation from currently described species and genera. Phylogenetic placement of the genera was determined from analysis of nuclear gene sequences for D1/D2 large subunit rRNA, small subunit rRNA, translation elongation factor-1α and RNA polymerase II, subunits B1 and B2. The new taxa are: Deakozyma gen. nov., type species Deakozyma indianensis sp. nov. (type strain NRRL YB-1937, CBS 12903); Danielozyma gen. nov., type species Danielozyma ontarioensis comb. nov. (type strain NRRL YB-1246, CBS 8502); D. litseae comb. nov. (type strain NRRL YB-3246, CBS 8799); Middelhovenomyces gen. nov., type species Middelhovenomyces tepae comb. nov. (type strain NRRL Y-17670, CBS 5115) and M. petrohuensis comb. nov. (type strain NRRL Y-17663, CBS 8173).
Isochoric p−ρ−T and Heat Capacity Cv Measurements on {xC3H8 + (1 − x)i-C4H10, x ≈ 0.7, 0.3} from 200 to 400 K at Pressures to 35 MPa

The p−ρ−T relationships and constant volume heat capacity Cv were measured for binary hydrocarbon mixtures containing propane (C3H8) and isobutane (i-C4H10). Temperatures ranged from 200 K to 400 K for p−ρ−T and from 203 K to 342 K for Cv with pressures up to 35 MPa for both measurements. Measurements of p−ρ−T and Cv were conducted on liquid samples with the mole fraction compositions {xC3H8 + (1 − x)i-C4H10} for x = 0.7006 and x = 0.2979. Determinations of saturated-liquid densities were made by extrapolating each isochore to the saturated-liquid pressure and determining the temperature and density at the intersection. Published p−ρ−T data are in good agreement with this study. For the p−ρ−T apparatus, the uncertainty of the temperature is 0.03 K, and for pressure it is 0.01% at p > 3 MPa and 0.05% at p < 3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty in density is the cell volume (∼28.5 cm3) with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expande...
Zur Stereochemie der Brom-Eliminierung von vic-Dibromiden mittels Phenyllithiums

racem- und meso-2.3-Dibrom-butan unterliegen bei der Einwirkung von Phenyllithium einer trans-Eliminierung der Brom-Atome. Aus dem Racemat erhalt man cis-Buten-(2), aus der meso-Verbindung trans-Buten-(2) jeweils als einziges olefinisches Produkt. Aufgrund dieser Tatsachen werden Moglichkeiten fur den Mechanismus der reduktiven Eliminierung diskutiert.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN IONIZING SHOCK WAVE IN A HYDROGEN-- HELIUM MIXTURE.

Shock structure during ionization of a hydrogen-helium mixture was studied using hydrogen line and continuum emission measurements. A reaction scheme is proposed which includes hydrogen dissociation and a two-step excitation-ionization mechanism for hydrogen ionization by atom-atom and atom-electron collisions. Agreement was achieved between numerical calculations and measurements of emission intensity as a function of time for shock velocities from 13 to 20 km/sec in a 0.208 H2 - 0.792 He mixture. The electron temperature was found to be significantly different from the heavy particle temperature during much of the ionization process. Similar time histories for H beta and continuum emission indicate upper level populations of hydrogen in equilibrium with the electron concentration during the relaxation process.
The boundary layer natural convection regime in a rectangular cavity with uniform heat flux from the side

Etude analytique et numerique de la convection naturelle dans une cavite rectangulaire remplie de fluide, la caracteristique nouvelle de cette etude etant la presence de flux thermiques constants le long des parois laterales verticales. Resultats analytiques montrant que dans le regime de couche limite les champs d'ecoulement et de temperature different des configurations correspondantes dans une fente a parois isothermes. Bon accord entre les resultats analytiques et les resultats numeriques
In situ resistivity study of copper–cobalt films: precipitation, dissolution and phase transformation

Abstract In situ sheet resistance measurements were used to study copper films alloyed with various concentrations of cobalt during annealing at temperatures up to 1000°C. The films were initially characterized by a high resistivity, several times that of pure copper, because of the presence of cobalt dissolved in copper. A large decrease in resistance, that occurs when the temperature reaches 100–150°C, is likely to be the consequence of the precipitation of cobalt associated with grain growth in the copper film. In this process, the free energy change that accompanies precipitation is added to the usual driving force that causes grain growth, namely, the overall decrease in interface energy. An activation energy of approximately 1 eV was found by varying the ramp rates during in situ resistance analysis, indicating the dominance of grain boundary diffusion. Further increases in temperature led to other changes in resistance that can be attributed to precipitate dissolution, and the reaction of cobalt with a tantalum adhesion layer. The activation energy of approximately 2 eV determined for this latter reaction is characteristic of the lattice diffusion of cobalt in copper. A rather extensive discussion considers (a) the modalities of the resistance changes that may be observed during heating and cooling solid solution alloys; and (b) the use that can be made of these changes to determine such process characteristics as activation energies.
THE INFLUENCE OF PREDICTABILITY ON DIFFERENCES IN THE MARKET REACTION TO DEBT AND EQUITY ISSUE ANNOUNCEMENTS

Existing empirical evidence suggests that the announcement-day reaction to equity issuance is about 2.88 percent more negative than the reaction to debt. However, announcement-day returns do not accurately reflect investor reaction if issue announcements are anticipated. I re-examine the announcement-day reaction to equity and debt issues after controlling for the predictability of security type and for firms' previous issue experience. Results indicate that the reaction to a first-time seasoned equity issue is more than 4.15 percent more negative than the reaction to debt. This increase over the conventional estimate suggests that the reaction to equity may be more negative, relative to debt, than previously believed. The evidence supports the assertion that giving preference to debt over equity could reduce issue costs when asymmetric information is a problem. Timing and certification strategies for lowering issue costs appear to be relatively unimportant for debt issues.
Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Resveratrol, a phytoallexin, has recently been reported to slow aging by acting as a sirtuin activator. Resveratrol also has a wide range of pharmacological effects on adipocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on adipogenesis and apoptosis using 3T3-L1 cells. In mature adipocytes, 100 and 200 µM resveratrol decreased cell viability dose-dependently by 23 ± 2.7%, and 75.3 ± 2.8% (p < 0.0001), respectively, after 48 h treatment, and 100 µM resveratrol increased apoptosis by 76 ± 8.7% (p < 0.0001). Resveratrol at 25 and 50 µM decreased lipid accumulation in maturing preadipocytes significantly by 43 ± 1.27% and 94.3 ± 0.3% (p < 0.0001) and decreased cell viability by 25 ± 1.3% and 70.4 ± 1.6% (p < 0.0001), respectively. In order to understand the anti-adipogenic effects of resveratrol, maturing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with 25 µM resveratrol and the change in the expression of several adipogenic transcription factors and enzymes was investigated using real-time RT-PCR. Resveratrol down-regulated the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, FAS, HSL, LPL and up-regulated the expression of genes regulating mitochondrial activity (SIRT3, UCP1 and Mfn2). These results indicate that resveratrol may alter fat mass by directly affecting cell viability and adipogenesis in maturing preadipocytes and inducing apoptosis in adipocytes and thus may have applications for the treatment of obesity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U-Th-Pb systematics in hydrothermally altered granites from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming

Abstract U-Th-Pb systematics were investigated in 15 samples representing two types of deuterically altered Archean granite (albitized and silicified-epidotized granite) from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming. The loss of K-feldspar during both types of deuteric alteration was accompanied by an extreme reduction of Pb content from roughly 40 ppm to less than 12 ppm in the most altered samples. Nine of the 15 samples yield anomalously young whole-rock Pb-Pb and Th-Pb ages compared to concordia ages for zircons and to whole-rock Pb-Pb and Th-Pb ages for samples of unaltered granite. The young ages are interpreted to be the result of radiogenic Pb loss during a middle Proterozoic metamorphism that disturbed several isotopic systems in the unaltered granite. The loss of radiogenic Pb from the whole-rock systems of the deuterically altered granites is most likely due to the absence of microcline. In many granitic rocks, potassium feldspar tends to act as a receptor for Pb that has been mobilized, and this effect may account for the closed-system behavior of Pb in whole-rock samples of the unaltered granite. It may also account for the apparent gain of radiogenic Pb during the Proterozoic by one sample which was collected at the edge of an alteration zone. The deuterically altered granites may have also lost U during the Proterozoic, but, except for two samples, the dominant U loss occurred relatively recently, probably during Tertiary uplift and erosion. The low common-Pb contents and rather high U and Th contents of the hydrothermally altered granites might seem to indicate that these rocks are well suited for geochronologic studies in the U-Th-Pb system because such rocks should have a high percentage of radiogenic Pb. Unfortunately, open-system behavior in response to post-crystallization metamorphism shows that apparent ages for these types of rocks must be interpreted with caution.
An in vitro physiological preparation of a vertebrate communicatory behavior: chirping in the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus.

1. An in vitro preparation of the medullary pacemaker nucleus of the weakly electric fishApteronotus leptorhynchus was studied which fires regularly and synchronously at the fish's characteristic frequency of electric organ discharge (EOD). Upon bipolar stimulation of tissue regions through which pass prepacemaker nucleus afferents to the pacemaker, a brief, transient increase in discharge frequency ensued at short-latency (Fig. 1 A). 2. Intracellular recordings revealed that the acceleration was accompanied by a depolarization and decline in action potential amplitude. The magnitude of these changes was both phase-(Fig. 5) and amplitude-dependent, with the latter showing an evident threshold effect (Figs. 4 and 12). The response was reversibly blocked by high Mg2+ saline (Fig. 1 B), and the magnitude of the accelerations showed marked facilitation during repeated stimulation (Fig. 6). 3. Optical and histological identification allowed characteristically different responses in the intracellular recordings to be attributed to the two cell types of the pacemaker nucleus: pacemaker and relay cells (Figs. 2 and 3). Similar responses have been observed at these respective recording locations in the intact animal during chirping (Dye and Heiligenberg 1987). 4. Simultaneous recordings of pairs of cells revealed a transient change in the phase relationship of firing during the accelerations which was most marked between relay and pacemaker cells (Fig. 7). These dual recordings also revealed that the relay cells depolarize and accelerate more than pacemaker cells (Fig. 10), suggesting that they are the principal effectors of this behavioral modulation. 5. Trains of pulses additionally elicited a longlasting frequency elevation which occurred at a slightly higher threshold than the brief accelerations. This slow frequency change relaxed back to baseline following a biexponential time course which closely resembled that of a distinct behavior seen in intact fish, termed ‘yodeling’ (Dye 1987).
Some Aspects of Experimental Inference

L AM very happy that the Fisher Memorial Lecture* series was started by the joint statistical societies. This may, perhaps, prevent such happenings as the following. Last week I was saddened very much when I was trying to finid out what a student transferring into Ames knew about statistics. I asked him what name he associated with a lower bound on variance, what name with information aind what name with likelihood. He had had 3 or 4 years of graduate courses in probability and statistics, but had no answer. I then asked him if he had heard the name Fisher. The answer was "Yes,-he was an applied statistician." Also it was clear that the fault did not lie with the student. The English poet Tennyson said "Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers." I think it is more appropriate in our society to say that knowledge is purchasable by dollars, but for wisdom we have to depend on the genetic process which Fisher understood so well. R. R. Race said, "Wherever the sun of genius may have illuminated the British blood group work, it has been of Fisher's shining." How much more true is this of statistical work! I would also like to say that you do me great honor in asking me to give the lecture and I thank you. In my case you do honor to Fisher indirectly because almost all of the statistics I know derives from Fisher. I hope I do credit to both Fisher and you. In my lecture I make numerous references to Fisher's writings. The referencing code is: S, x means page x of Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference; D, x means page x of The Design of Experiments, Second Edition. The contributions of Fisher to the whole field of statistics have been extensively reviewed in many places, since his death. It is tribute to his genius that these review articles overlap very little. His contributions pervade the whole of statistical thinking with the exception of decision making, the only contribution to which in my opinion is his work on the discriminant function. I surmise that his writings will be subjected to re-examination and re-evaluation for many decades and centuries, just as is the case for the writings of Francis Bacon, David Hume and Thomas Bayes. Much of his work was purely mathematical and what was correct in this will be included in the corpus of basic mathematical statistics, no doubt with refinements and tightening of mathematical argument, but with little discussion. What will however lead to discussion is Fisher's writings on the philosophical nature of statistical procedures. Fisher's works are of so much interest because many of them were directed to the problem of inductive inference, a matter which has plagued philosophers for hundreds or even thousands of years. It seems to me from reading of the
Multiple Representations for Mobile Robot Vision

The Autonomous Land Vehicle (ALV) must be able to navigate over a wide variety of terrain, using its visual sensors to recognize objects and correct its path. It can rely on three important resources for information about its environment: a time-of-flight range sensor, an inertial guidance system that provides accurate dead-reckoning information, and a knowledge base that specifies the locations, shapes, and appearances of objects in the world. This paper addresses the problems in integrating these resources into a closed-loop control system that can adaptively correct the ALV's route through the environment.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT SIGN-OUT CHECKLIST IMPROVES TRANSFER OF INFORMATION AT SHIFT CHANGE

, Abstract—Background: Transitions of care are ubiquitousintheemergencydepartment(ED)andinevitablyintroduce the opportunity for errors. Few emergency medicine residency programs provide formal training or a standard process for patient handoffs. Checklists have been shown to be effective quality-improvement measures in inpatient settings and may be a feasible method to improve ED handoffs.Objective:Todetermineiftheuseofasign-outchecklist improves the accuracy and efficiency of resident sign-out in the ED. Methods: A prospective pre-/postinterventional study of residents rotating in the ED at a tertiary academic medical center. Trained research assistants observed resident sign-out during shift change over a 2-week period and completed a data collection tool to indicate whether or not key components of sign-out occurred and time to sign out each patient. An electronic sign-out checklist was implemented using a multi-faceted educational effort. A 2-week postintervention observation phase was conducted. Proportions, means, and nonparametric comparison tests were calculated using STATA. Results: One hundred fifteen sign-outs were observed prior to checklist implementation and 114 were observed after. Significant improvements were seen in four sign-out components: reporting of history of present illness increased from 81% to 99%, ED course increased from 75% to 86%, likely diagnosis increased from 60% to 77%, and team awareness of plan increased from 21% to 41%. Use of the repeat-back technique decreased from 13% to 5% after checklist implementation and time to sign-out showed no significant change. Conclusion: Implementation of a checklist improved the transfer of information without increasing time to signout. 2014 Elsevier Inc.
Families and Addiction

Definitions vary but most are in agreement with the statement that addiction is a chronic brain disorder. According to Dr. Nora Volkow of the National Institute on Drug Abuse scientists are working...
Ontogenetic change in dietary selection for protein and lipid by gypsy moth larvae

Physiological changes during insect ontogeny should be manifest in changes in nutrient requirements and food preference. To investigate ontogenetic changes in food preference and digestive physiology, third- through sixth-instar gypsy moth larvae were provided choices among artificial diets differing in protein and lipid concentrations. Control larvae received two identical cubes of diet that were nutritionally complete, each containing a balanced mixture of protein and lipid. A second group of larvae received two different but complementary cubes, one deficient only in protein, the other deficient only in lipid. During early to late instars, preference shifted away from lipid-deficient, high protein cubes toward proteindeficient, high lipid cubes. This is consistent with the need for late-instar larvae to accrue energy reserves and specific fatty acids required during the pupal and non-feeding adult stages. Male larvae ate a higher proportion from the protein-deficient, high-lipid cube than females, possibly the result of greater energy demands by adult males. Female larvae tended to grow faster on deficient, complementary cubes than larvae provided complete cubes, despite poorer food utilization efficiency. These shifts and sex-specific variations in preference for protein and lipid likely reflect changing nutrient demands and fundamental physiological differences.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in stormwater detention pond sediments in coastal South Carolina

The purpose of this study was to characterize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in the sediments of stormwater detention ponds in coastal South Carolina. Levels of the sum of PAH analytes were significantly higher in the sediments of commercial ponds compared to that of reference, golf course, low-density residential, and high-density residential ponds. Isomer ratio analysis suggested that the predominant source of PAHs were pyrogenic; however, many ponds had a PAH signature consistent with mixed uncombusted and combusted PAH sources. PAH levels in these sediments could be modeled using both pond drainage area and pond surface area. These results demonstrate that the sediment from most commercial ponds, and a few residential and golf course ponds, were moderately contaminated with PAHs. PAH levels in these contaminated ponds exceeded between 42% and 75% of the ecological screening values for individual PAH analytes established by US EPA Region IV, suggesting that they may pose a toxicological risk to wildlife.
Evaluating effects of low quality habitats on regional population growth in Peromyscus leucopus: Insights from field-parameterized spatial matrix models

Due to complex population dynamics and source–sink metapopulation processes, animal fitness sometimes varies across landscapes in ways that cannot be deduced from simple density patterns. In this study, we examine spatial patterns in fitness using a combination of intensive field-based analyses of demography and migration and spatial matrix models of white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) population dynamics. We interpret asymptotic population growth rates from these spatial models as fitness-based measures of habitat-quality and use elasticity analysis to further explore model behavior and the roles of migration. In addition, we compare population growth rates at the spatial scale of single habitats and the landscape-level scale at which these habitats are assembled. To this end, we employ emerging techniques in multi-scale estimation of demography and movement and recently described vec-permutation methods for spatial matrix notation and analysis. Our findings indicate that the loss of low quality habitats or reductions in movement from these habitats into higher quality areas could negatively affect landscape-level population fitness.
Figure content analysis for improved biomedical article retrieval

Abstract Biomedical images are invaluable in medical education and establishing clinical diagnosis. Clinical decision support (CDS) can be improved by combining biomedical text with automatically annotated images extracted from relevant biomedical publications. In a previous study we reported 76.6% accuracy using supervised machine learning in automatically classifying images, by combining figure captions and image content to find clinical evidence. Image content extraction is traditionally applied on entire images or on pre-determined image regions. Figure images in articles vary greatly in modality and content, which limits the bene fit of whole image extraction beyond gross categorization for CDS. However, image text and overlaid annotations identify the regions of interest (ROI) on the image that are referenced in the caption or discussion in the article text. We have previously reported 72.02% accuracy in text and symbols localization but in that experiment we did not exploit the referenced image locality. In this work we combine article text analysis and figure image analysis for localizing pointers (arrows, symbols) to extract ROI pointed that can then be used to obtain meaningful image content and associate it with the identified biomedical concepts for improved (text and image) content-based retrieval of bi omedical articles. Biomedical concepts are identified using National Library of Medicines Unified Medical Language System
A Generic Formulaic Characterization of the Time to Reverse Engineer the Tolerances of a Product

Reverse engineering is the process of extracting information about a product from the product itself. An estimate of the barrier and time to extract information from any product is useful for the original designer and those reverse engineering, as both are affected by reverse engineering activities. The authors have previously presented a set of metrics and parameters to estimate the barrier and time for product reverse engineering. This work has laid the foundation for the developments of the current paper, which address the issue of tolerance extraction during reverse engineering. Under the developments presented herein, measurement and statistical analysis of the variation between multiple samples of a product are required to reverse engineer its tolerances. When reconstruction is the reason reverse engineering activities are carried out, this level of reverse engineering can be critical, as tolerances ensure that products function properly and consistently. In this paper, we introduce metrics that (i) characterize how the flow of information from a product during reverse engineering changes as additional product samples are evaluated, and (ii) estimate the total barrier and time to reverse engineer the tolerances of a product. Additionally, a simple example is introduced to illustrate how to use the newly developed metrics and to serve as empirical validation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Flow cytometry analysis of synaptosomes from post-mortem human brain reveals changes specific to Lewy body and Alzheimer’s disease

Synaptic dysfunction is thought to have an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). To improve our understanding of synaptic alterations in health and disease, we investigated synaptosomes prepared from post-mortem human cerebral cortex, putamen (PT), and two regions of the caudate nucleus, dorso-lateral (DL) and ventro-medial (VM), regions commonly affected in AD and LBD. We observed that the fraction of synaptosomal particles with reactivity for dopamine transporter (DAT) was significantly reduced in the PT and VM caudate of patients with neuropathological diagnosis of LBD. As expected, these differences also were reflected in direct measurements of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), in caudate and PT of LBD patients. The fraction of synaptosomal particles positive for amyloid β (Aβ) was significantly increased in frontal cortical samples of patients with the neuropathological diagnosis of severe AD, and was positively correlated with disease progression. We also prepared synaptosomes from the striatum of mice with severe loss of DA neurons (Slc6a3-DTR mice) and wild-type littermate controls. We observed markedly reduced levels of DAT-positive synaptosomes in Slc6a3-DTR mice following exposure to diphtheria toxin (DT). Striatal levels of DA and DOPAC in Slc6a3-DTR mice also were reduced significantly following DT exposure. We conclude that flow cytometric analysis of synaptosomes prepared from human or mouse brain provides an opportunity to study expression of pathology-associated proteins and also the specific loss of dopaminergic nerve terminals. Hence, we believe it is a valid method to detect pathological changes at the level of the synapse in LBD as well as AD.
The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a eukaryotic guanylate cyclase

Soluble guanylate cyclases generate cyclic GMP when bound to nitric oxide, thereby linking nitric oxide levels to the control of processes such as vascular homeostasis and neurotransmission. The guanylate cyclase catalytic module, for which no structure has been determined at present, is a class III nucleotide cyclase domain that is also found in mammalian membrane-bound guanylate and adenylate cyclases. We have determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a soluble guanylate cyclase from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at 2.55 A resolution, and show that it is a dimeric molecule. Comparison of the structure of the guanylate cyclase domain with the known structures of adenylate cyclases confirms the close similarity in architecture between these two enzymes, as expected from their sequence similarity. The comparison also suggests that the crystallized guanylate cyclase is in an inactive conformation, and the structure provides indications as to how activation might occur. We demonstrate that the two active sites in the dimer exhibit positive cooperativity, with a Hill coefficient of ~1.5. Positive cooperativity has also been observed in the homodimeric mammalian membrane-bound guanylate cyclases. The structure described here provides a reliable model for functional analysis of mammalian guanylate cyclases, which are closely related in sequence.