cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N supply mediates the radiative balance of N2O emissions and CO2 sequestration driven by N-fixing vs. non-fixing trees

Forests are a significant CO2 sink. However, CO2 sequestration in forests is radiatively offset by emissions of nitrous oxide (N2 O), a potent greenhouse gas, from forest soils. Reforestation, an important strategy for mitigating climate change, has focused on maximizing CO2 sequestration in plant biomass without integrating N2 O emissions from soils. Although nitrogen (N)-fixing trees are often recommended for reforestation because of their rapid growth on N-poor soil, they can stimulate significant N2 O emissions from soils. Here, we first used a field experiment to show that a N-fixing tree (Robinia pseudoacacia) initially mitigated climate change more than a non-fixing tree (Betula nigra). We then used our field data to parameterize a theoretical model to investigate these effects over time. Under lower N supply, N-fixers continued to mitigate climate change more than non-fixers by overcoming N limitation of plant growth. However, under higher N supply, N-fixers ultimately mitigated climate change less than non-fixers by enriching soil N and stimulating N2 O emissions from soils. These results have implications for reforestation, suggesting that N-fixing trees are more effective at mitigating climate change at lower N supply, whereas non-fixing trees are more effective at mitigating climate change at higher N supply.
Expectation in Austrian business cycle theory: : Market share matters

One of the most important objections to the Mises-Hayek business cycle theory is the rational expectations critique. The debate between supporters and critics of the Mises-Hayek theory has not paid sufficient attention to the problem of differences in expectations and the market share in the allocation of production factors. I represent financially the effects that occur under the Austrian business cycle theory in the market of production factors as well as how economic imbalances occur when a central bank follows an expansionary policy and entrepreneurs have different expectations.
Three-dimensional Grid Drawings of Graphs

A three-dimensional {\em grid drawing} of a graph $G$ is a placement of the vertices at distinct integer points so that the straight-line segments representing the edges of $G$ are pairwise non-crossing. It is shown that for any fixed $r\geq 2$, every $r$-colorable graph of $n$ vertices has a three-dimensional grid drawing that fits into a box of volume $O(n^2)$. The order of magnitude of this bound cannot be improved.
Maximizing Content on Elders with Dementia While Teaching Multicultural Diversity

This article focuses on African American, American Indian/Native American, Asian/Pacific Islander American, and Hispanic/Latino American elders and caregivers who are affected by Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. Three specific areas are considered for each of these ethno-cultural groups: (a) diverse perceptions of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia; (b) barriers to service utilization; and (c) caregiving responsibilities. Finally, suggestions are offered for the use of this information in the classroom, which may better prepare future practitioners for competent practice with minority elders with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
Applications Related to Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations

This chapter discusses the applications related to ordinary and partial differential equations. Mathematica can perform calculations necessary when computing solutions of various differential equations and, in some cases, can be used to find the exact solution of certain differential equations using the built-in command DSolve. In addition, Version 2.0 contains the built-in command NDSolve that is used to obtain numerical solutions of other differential equations. The chapter discusses various computations that Mathematica can perform when solving differential equations. Applications include the falling bodies' problem, spring problems, classification of equilibrium points, and the wave equation. In most instances, the ability to extract the formula for the solution is of great importance. To analyze solutions to most differential equations, obtaining the formula of the solution is necessary. One alternative is to define the solution as a function once it has been found with DSolve. However, many solutions are rather complicated so typing is cumbersome and mistakes are likely. Hence, the logical choice for obtaining the formula is by extracting it from the output list. At first, the technique of extracting solutions may seem difficult to understand, but it should become clearer after several examples.
Reply: Vision and attention: the role of training

Joseph et al. reply — We are grateful that Braun has replicated our findings, showing that orientation oddball detection in visual search is severely compromised when paired with an attentional blink task1. This confirms our conclusion that tasks that have generally been considered to be ‘preattentive’, exhibiting parallel search and rapid discrimination performance, actually do require attention. These data favour a unitary large-scale architecture for the visual system, in which all the output of an unlimited-capacity stage (preattentive processing) must pass through a limited-capacity selection stage (attentional selection) before explicit detection. Braun then presents two other experiments which show that such a decrement in performance is reduced with increased training and concludes: “In such observers at least, there does seem to be a ‘direct route from preattentive processing to perceptual report’.”
Family members' reports of the technology use of family members with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Background A nationwide survey of family members of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities ranging in age from birth through adulthood was conducted to replicate a similar effort by Wehmeyer and update the knowledge base concerning technology use by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method Survey responses provided information about use of technology for mobility, hearing and vision, communication, independent living, and in the area of computer use. In addition, survey items queried the use of electronic and information technology devices such as use of email, mobile telephones and digital cameras. Results Survey results showed that although the use of computers for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities is more prevalent, other technology use frequency is much the same as in the late 1990s. However, technology needs did vary among school-age individuals over time. Conclusion Implications of results for technology use of people with disabilities are discussed through the lens of frequency of use and needs for individuals with disabilities.
Effects of reopening the ureter in the nonfiltering kidney model.

SummaryThe renal clearance of creatinine following reopening of the ureter in eight dogs with a nonfiltering kidney was found to be very low and to average 2.2 ml/min. The secretion of renin was variable. These studies provided evidence that in the nonfiltering kidney model in dogs there is no glomerular filtration occurring even in the deeper nephrons.The authors thank Mr. Robert Monroe, Mr. John Haas, and Mrs. Ellen Roper for expert technical assistance.
Organic matter transformations in the upper mesopelagic zone of the North Pacific: Chemical composition and linkages to microbial community structure

[1] Transformation processes in the euphotic and mesopelagic zones are of crucial importance to the biological pump and global elemental cycles. In this study, elemental stoichiometries and chemical compositions of particulate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were investigated in the euphotic and upper mesopelagic zones of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The distributions of bacterial biomarkers (D-amino acids, muramic acid) and major biochemicals (amino acids, neutral sugars, amino sugars) indicated a direct link between microbial community structure and the biochemical composition of organic matter. Bacteria were major sources of organic C, N, and P in the upper mesopelagic zone. Heterotrophic bacterial transformations were important in the formation of biorefractory organic matter that is retained in the ocean on timescales of decades to millennia. Net removal rates for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and major biochemicals were calculated for the upper mesopelagic zone (110–300 m). Dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids, neutral sugars, and amino sugars comprised 5–18% of DOC and 4–5% of DON removed in the upper mesopelagic zone, indicating these biochemicals were important components of semilabile DOM. Net removal rates of neutral sugars were 3–10 times higher than net removal rates of amino acids and amino sugars. This suggested that neutral sugars were the most reactive component among the three classes of biochemicals. Depth-integrated net DOC removal rates indicated that DOC comprised 19–31% of total carbon export flux in the North Pacific gyre and supplied 27–93% of bacterial carbon demand in the upper mesopelagic zone.
Paleopathology and osteobiography of the people of Peñuelas, Chile's semiarid north

The Museo de La Serena, IV Region, Chile has collections of skeletal remains representing the agricultural Diaguita people of 500 years ago excavated in the 1980s from the sites Penuelas 21 and 24, Chile's semiarid north. Their excellent preservation has permitted an osteobiographical and radiographic analysis to better understand the patterns of the disease. This research continues the osteological analyses begun in 1989 by Rosado that seek to understand the impact the transition to and adoption of farming had on the health of prehistoric populations. Because of the significance of paleopathology in the understanding of cultural and biological adaptations, it has also become necessary to assess the preservation status and design a conservation protocol to protect and document the remains. The objectives of this communication are to: establish demographic patterns of the skeletal samples and identify and diagnose skeletal paleopathologies via photography and radiographs. Intentional cranial alteration, limb and cranial fractures, dental wear, and dental abscesses and caries are among the interesting paleopathologies so far documented. Intentional cranial alteration is very common and is manifested as tabular erect in both males and females. The high frequency of carious lesions indicates a diet that emphasized carbohydrates. Skeletal radiographs are available for several of the individuals in the sample and this has afforded a more detailed description of the paleopathologies originally documented via photography.
Effects of combined Quercetin and coenzyme Q10 treatment on oxidative stress in normal and diabetic rats

Reactive oxygen species may be actively involved in the genesis of various pathological states such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, cancer, and diabetes. Our objective was to determine if subacute treatment with combined antioxidants quercetin and coenzyme Q(10) (10 mg/kg/day ip for 14 days) affects the activities of antioxidant enzymes in normal and 30-day streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Quercetin treatment raised blood glucose concentrations in normal and diabetic rats, whereas treatment with coenzyme Q(10) did not. Liver, kidney, heart, and brain tissues were excised and the activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and concentrations of oxidized and reduced glutathione were determined. In the liver of diabetic rats, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of both oxidized and reduced glutathione were significantly decreased from the nondiabetic control, and these effects were not reversed when antioxidants were administered. In kidney, glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly elevated in the diabetic rats as compared to nondiabetic rats, and antioxidant treatment did not return the enzyme activity to nondiabetic levels. In heart, catalase activity was increased in diabetic animals and restored to normal levels after combined treatment with quercetin and coenzyme Q(10). Cardiac superoxide dismutase was lower than normal in quercetin- and quercetin + coenzyme Q(10)-treated diabetic rats. There were no adverse effects on oxidative stress markers after treatment with quercetin or coenzyme Q(10) singly or in combination. In spite of the elevation of glucose, quercetin may be effective in reversing some effects of diabetes, but the combination of quercetin + coenzyme Q(10) did not increase effectiveness in reversing effects of diabetes.
Physical distance and attraction: An intensification effect

Abstract This study was designed to test the effects of both interaction distance and the quality of the interaction upon attraction. It was found that close interaction distances amplified the quality of the interaction so that for a positive interaction there was more liking for a close rather than a far partner, while for a negative interaction a close partner was liked less. The implications of this finding for research concerning crowding is discussed, as are possible explanatory mechanisms.
Stability and optimization analyses of the generalized brain-state-in-a-box neural network model

Abstract Anderson's brain-state-in-a-box (BSB) neural network model may be viewed as a version of Hopfield's two-state neural model with continuous rather than discrete states and synchronous updating. A generalization of the BSB model which allows each model neuron in the system to have a bias and its own maximum and minimum firing rate is considered. Moreover, the generalization does not require that the matrix of connection weights be symmetric. A method of choosing the step constant of the algorithm is then described which guarantees that the generalized discrete-time BSB model: (i) approaches the largest set of system equilibrium points, and (ii) minimizes the Boltzmann machine quadratic energy function. A simple test (essentially a vector by matrix multiplication) for checking for asymptotically stable equilibrium points is also provided. Finally, a special case of the generalized BSB model is shown to be applicable to a particular type of optimal control problem.
A direct measurement of expansion in coals and macerais induced by carbon dioxide and methanol

Coals and macerais show a measurable extent of expansion in CO2 at ambient temperature which is a function of CO2 pressure. Equilibrium expansion is much more rapidly attained in CO2 than in methanol. At similar relative pressures, expansion in methanol is significantly greater than in CO2. Volume expansion of coals in CO2 at temperatures and pressures used to measure surface areas from CO2 uptake (<0.1 MPa, 298 K) is much less than the volume of CO2 taken up under these conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that most of the CO2 uptake is not due to imbibing of CO2 within the coal structure but rather to CO2 uptake in open and closed (to He) micropores. It is further concluded that the high surface areas of coals calculated from CO2 uptake are at least semi-quantitatively correct and, thus, that coals have large microporosities.
INTERACTION OF GLUTATHIONE AND EPINEPHRINE WITHIN THE HUMAN RED BLOOD CELL.

REACTION of the sulphydryl group of glutathione with oxidation products of epinephrine, norepinephrine and β-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-1-alanine in vitro1–4 suggested a search for similar reactions involving the glutathione in intact red cells. The importance of such chemical behaviour arose from the fact that the fate of epinephrine and norepinephrine during the relatively brief period of their physiological action remained unknown5. During incubation of freshly drawn human blood with a catecholamine in the work recorded here, the total sulphydryl group of the glutathione within the red cells rapidly decreased. This observation suggested an interrelationship between the catecholamines and glutathione in vivo.
Kin‐structured migration and the rate of advance of an advantageous gene

Hemoglobin E, an allele generally considered to confer malarial resistance in heterozygotes, is found in high frequencies across a wide area of Southeast Asia. Apparently it originated as a single-point mutation which was spread by gene flow. The rate of diffusion of this adaptive allele is studied using four computer simulation models. It is shown that in small populations deterministic equations for gene flow may overestimate rates of diffusion. Other aspects of population structure, however, such as kin-structuring of migrant groups, increase the rate of advance. Finally, population growth coupled with the spread of the allele leads to much more rapid diffusion. These results suggest that population structure can be an important factor affecting the diffusion of advantageous genes.
Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline Designs and the Evaluation of Educational Systems.

Important findings are often a balance between the rigor of the experimental design and innovativeness of the experimental question. One broad topic area that has received a great deal of discussion, but little empirical study, is the evaluation of educational systems. Experimental designs that permit the analysis of practices used by state education agencies, local education agencies, and schools have the potential for yielding socially significant findings that could improve education. In this article we discuss the use of nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs as an option for studying the activities and effects of educational programs. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs stagger the timing of baseline-to-intervention changes across various entities, but the baselines and intervention phases are not contemporaneous across each of the tiers. Although considered less rigorous than concurrent multiple baseline designs, nonconcurrent designs have a degree of flexibility that may allow for their use in studying complex social contexts, such as educational settings, that might otherwise go unanalyzed.
“How much You wanna bet?”: Examining the role of positioning in the development of L2 learner interactional competencies in the content classroom

Abstract This paper examines the role of positioning in the development of interactional competence of a Latino English Learner in a third grade mathematics classroom. Data is drawn from a three-year longitudinal study that examined the role of interaction in language and content learning for English Learners in content classrooms. Informed by positioning theory, this study draws upon multimodal analysis to provide microanalytic longitudinal mapping of the classroom interactional architecture, including the multimodal fluencies the student brings to bear on challenging interactions with peers. Findings suggest that the positioning practices constituting the classroom interactional architecture are inextricably intertwined with L2 learner access to classroom interactions that influence the trajectory of development of IC.
Issues of carbon sequestration.

Klaus S. Lackner's Perspective “A guide to CO2 sequestration” (13 June, p. [1677][1]) presents his idea of sequestering CO2 by capturing it from the atmosphere with minerals or chemical sorbents. The fundamental shortcoming of this idea is that the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere is
Surface‐enhanced raman scattering from poly(4‐vinyl pyridine)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been observed for poly(4-vinyl pyridine) absorbed onto silver island films. Bands near 1219 and 1613 cm−1, which are weak in normal Raman spectra of PVP, are strong in SERS spectra, and the band near 1020 cm−1, which is the strongest band in the normal spectra, is relatively weak in SERS. The strongest bands in the SERS spectra all belong to the same symmetry species as αZZ, implying that the pyridine moieties are adsorbed through the nitrogen atoms with a vertical conformation. The ring breathing mode of the pyridine rings is observed near 1020 cm−1, a frequency characteristic of pyridinium ions or coordinated pyridine, providing further evidence for adsorption through the nitrogen atoms. Silver catalyzed photooxidation, which can lead to the appearance of artifacts in SERS spectra, particularly of polymers, can be reduced by overcoating SERS samples with thin films of polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) that have low Raman scattering cross sections.
Control Factors in the Economic Development of Nonmetropolitan America

Nonmetropolitan counties of the United States have shown a remarkable degree of economic growth and diversity in the 1970s. This paper examines three control mechanisms behind these changes and concludes that: the interstate highway system was not a major determining factor in the spatial pattern of nonmetropolitan development, branch plants of manufacturing companies seemed to contribute to employment stability in these areas, and unearned income played an increasing role over time in the economic base of these rural areas. These conclusions, therefore, separate some of the realities from the myths that have surrounded the growth of nonmetropolitan America.
Successful Rehabilitation in Pediatric Ultrashort Small Bowel Syndrome

Objective To examine treatment outcomes in pediatric patients with ultrashort small bowel (USSB) syndrome in an intestinal rehabilitation program (IRP). Study design We reviewed IRP records for 2001-2011 and identified 28 children with USSB (≤20 cm of small bowel). We performed univariate analysis using the Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare characteristics of children who achieved parenteral nutrition (PN) independence with intact native bowel and those who did not. Growth, nutritional status, and hepatic laboratory test results were compared from the time of enrollment to the most recent values using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Of the 28 patients identified, 27 (96%) survived. Almost one-half (48%) of these survivors achieved PN independence with their native bowel. The successfully rehabilitated patients were more likely to have an intact colon and ileocecal valve ( P = .01). Significant improvements in PN kcal/kg, total bilirubin, and height and weight z -scores were seen in all patients, but serum hepatic transaminase levels did not improve in the nonrehabilitated patients. Conclusion Enrollment in an IRP provides an excellent probability of survival for children with USSB. The presence of an intact ileocecal valve and colon are positively associated with rehabilitation in this population, but are not requisite. Approximately one-half of patients with USSB can achieve rehabilitation, with a median time to PN independence of less than 2 years. The USSB population can attain reduced PN dependence, improvement of PN-associated liver disease, and enhanced growth with the aid of an IRP.
Oxidative stability of soybean oil products obtained by regioselective chemical interesterification

Oxidative stability of products produced as potential margarine basestock from soybean oil and methyl stearate by a novel chemical regioselective interesterification was evaluated. The oxidative stability of the products was evaluated by peroxide formation and volatile analysis during storage in the dark with oxygen at 60°C for 72 h. The product obtained by regioselective interesterification resulted in the lowest peroxide formation and volatile concentration sample in comparison with soybean oil and the randomized product of the regioselective interesterified product. Regioselective interesterification of soybean oil with methyl stearate produced a product with increased oxidative stability.
Student conceptualizations of the nature of science in response to a socioscientific issue

This study investigates student conceptualizations of the nature of science (NOS) and how students interpret and evaluate conflicting evidence regarding a socioscientific issue. Eighty‐four high school students participated in the study by reading contradictory reports about the status of global warming and responding to questions designed to elicit ideas pertinent to the research goals. A subsample of 30 students was interviewed in order to triangulate data from the written responses. Data were analyzed using a qualitative methodological approach. The participants displayed a range of views on three distinct aspects of NOS: empiricism, tentativeness, and social embeddedness. Findings indicate that interpretation and evaluation of conflicting evidence in a socioscientific context is influenced by a variety of factors related to NOS such as data interpretation and social interactions including individuals' own articulation of personal beliefs and scientific knowledge. Implications for science teaching and ...
Virtual data Grid middleware services for data‐intensive science

The GriPhyN virtual data system provides a suite of components and services for data-intensive sciences that enables scientists to systematically and efficiently describe, discover, and share large-scale data and computational resources. We describe the design and implementation of such middleware services in terms of a virtual data system interface called Chiron, and present virtual data integration examples from the QuarkNet education project and from functional-MRI-based neuroscience research. The Chiron interface also serves as an online ‘educator’ for virtual data applications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographic variation in esophageal cancer mortality in the United States.

Abstract A survey of esophageal cancer mortality among U.S. counties, 1950–1969, revealed higher rates among males in the Northeast and among females in the South. Throughout the country mortality among White males and Nonwhites of both sexes increased markedly with urbanization. A nearly 2:1 excess among Nonwhites was observed, with the largest racial disparity in urban areas. Clustering of exceptionally high rates among Nonwhites was observed in a narrow band of counties along the Southeast Atlantic coast, particularly around Charleston, South Carolina. Among Whites, mortality was inversely proportional to socioeconomic indices and strongly related to ethnicity, with elevated rates among males in counties with high percentages of residents of Irish, German, Polish, Czechoslovak, and other East European descent, and among females in counties with Irish and Scandinavian communities. Little concomitant variation with county involvement in any of 18 manufacturing industries was observed for males, but slightly higher rates among females were seen in southern counties with textile or paper industries.
p38 MAP kinase regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation with CREB as a potential target.

Despite a substantial understanding of the factors regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation, the signaling mechanisms involved in this process are not well-understood. This study elaborates on the findings (Bhat NR, Zhang P (1997) FASEB J 11:A925; Baron W, Metz B, Bansal R, Hoekstra D, de Vries H (2000) Mol Cell Neurosci 15:314–329) of a role for p38 MAP kinase signaling in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin gene expression. When proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitors were switched to a growth factor-free differentiation medium, there was a rapid activation of p38 kinase that correlated with an increased phosphorylation of CREB, a down-stream target and a factor involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Addition of forskolin, a known inducer of intracellular c-AMP and of oligodendrocyte differentiation, also stimulated CREB phosphorylation in a p38 kinase dependent way. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 interfered with the morphological and antigenic changes associated with differentiating oligodendrocytes as well as with the developmental and forskolin-induced expression of myelin basic protein, thereby supporting an essential role for p38 MAPK pathway in oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Sign, Sign, Everywhere a Sign, BYOD: Build Your Own Digital Sign

Digital Signage is a resource that many colleges have chosen to deploy in various different solutions and models. The questions of which kind, how much to spend, where to place, and how can we tap into the potential of digital signage have all been asked. Panelists from several institutions will discuss their current digital signage products, deployments, administrative techniques, advantages/disadvantages, and future plans. We will investigate content management software products including: Concerto, Scala, and FourWinds. Several of these institutions are currently in the transitional period for digital signage. The panel's goal is to help inform and advise other institutions that are either in the process of moving forward with a new solution or will be looking to do so in the near future.
Hazard Topography: Visual Approach for Identifying Critical Failure Combinations for Infrastructure

AbstractInfrastructure catastrophes, such as the levee failure during Hurricane Katrina and the Fukashima nuclear disaster, are often triggered by a critical combination of events. Typically, engineers evaluate the risk of failure of infrastructure for a single probabilistic combination of events. This paper focuses on a visual multihazard evaluation method to evaluate infrastructure stability and critical hazard combinations. To present this method, the authors considered the multihazard stability of a flood control earth embankment, evaluated by calculating a factor of safety (FS). Multihazard topography promotes the comparison of design/repair options with stability and two other variables that affect stability. This evaluation tool will assist engineers, owners, and regulatory agencies in the best design or best mitigation evaluation process (for both cost and hazard reduction).
Properties of four acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid a protein, α1-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen

Four plasma proteins, referred to as positive acute phase proteins because of increases in concentration following inflammatory stimuli, are reviewed: C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A protein (SAA), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), and fibrinogen. The CRP and SAA may increase in concentration as much as 1000-fold, the AAG and fibrinogen approximately twofold to fourfold. All are synthesized mainly in the liver, but each may be produced in a number of extrahepatic sites. The role of cytokines in induction of the acute phase proteins is discussed, particularly the multiple functional capabilities of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Other cytokines that regulate acute phase gene expression and protein synthesis include IL-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, as well as other stimulatory factors and cofactors. The physicochemical characteristics of each protein are reviewed together with the molecular biology. For each protein, the known biological effects are detailed. The following functions for CRP have been described: reaction with cell surface receptors resulting in opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis, and passive protection; activation of the classical complement pathway; scavenger for chromatin fragments; inhibition of growth and/or metastases of tumor cells; modulation of polymorphonuclear function; and a few additional diverse activities. The role of plasma SAA is described as a precursor of protein AA in secondary amyloidosis; other functions are speculative. AAG may play an immunoregulatory role as well as a role in binding a number of diverse drugs. In addition to clot formation, new data are described for binding of fibrinogen and fibrin to complement receptor type 3. Finally, the concentration of each protein is discussed in a wide variety of noninfectious and infectious disease states, particularly in connective tissue diseases. The quantification of the proteins during the course of various acute and chronic inflammatory disorders is useful in diagnosis, therapy, and in some cases, prognosis.
Annual summary of vital statistics--1967.

0nmany occasions previously this annual article has included serious criticism of the record of the United States as to infant mortality. It is satisfying, therefore, to report that 1967 marked a second year of a downward trend and that early tentative reports for 1968 are encouraging that the trend has continued. Nevertheless, as will be seen later, there is still a long way to go, and there are too many unacceptably high rates in particular population groups. Each year at this time a report is presented of the national situation in respect of the most significant vital rates, that is live births and infant deaths.
The role of hydroxyl radical quenching in the protection by acetate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate of supercoiled plasmid DNA from ionizing radiation-induced strand breakage.

SummaryA supercoiled plasmid of 7300 base pairs was isolated and exposed in various aqueous environments to 60Co gamma-radiation. Conversion of the supercoiled form to the relaxed circular and linear forms was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified by fluorescence scanning of the gel. Acetate, which has been reported to affect the conformation of DNA in solution, decreased the radiosensitivity of the supercoil in a concentration-dependent manner. Acetate, formate, and azide anions, as well as mannitol, all protected the supercoil from relaxation in approximate proportion to the rate at which their solutions quench the hydroxyl radical. At concentrations greater than 300 mmol dm−3, however, the efficiency of acetate radioprotection is reduced. Disodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate protected the supercoil more efficiently than would be expected from the published value of its rate constant for quenching the hydroxyl radical.
On a complementary Minkowski inequality

Abstract It is shown that the Brunn-Minkowski inequality can be viewed as a special case of a complementary Minkowski inequality.
Nibble-based error detection or correction (EDOC) chip

Common circuit elements in digital designs lead to correlated errors that overwhelm bit-oriented error-correcting devices used for fault-tolerance. We describe the design and implementation of a circuit that will either correct a single nibble (4-bit) error or detect a double nibble error, but not bothsimultaneously. It uses a shortened Reed-Solomon code over a field with 16 elements.
Analysis of error concealment schemes for MPEG-2 video transmission over ATM-based networks

When cell loss occurs, error concealment can play a critical role in recovering the viewing quality of impaired video. In this paper, we first present a Slice Interleaving (SI) algorithm which has been demonstrated to be able to effectively prevent vertical adjacent slice loss, thereby enhancing the performance of error concealment techniques that rely heavily on interpolation. Experimentation on approximately 100 video clips using a time-variant Markov Chain (MC) cell loss model that emulates a fluctuating bursty cell loss environment, allowed us to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of error concealment mechanisms in different coding domains. We then designed a hybrid concealment algorithm, such that, for an arbitrary video sequence, several concealment mechanisms can be adaptively merged together to achieve the best performance. Simulation results show that our hybrid algorithm can effectively detect frames or macroblocks with scene change and/or excessive irregular motion, and adaptively switch to an appropriate concealment module to achieve the optimal video quality.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dissociation studies on the 80 S ribosome from Pisum sativum.

Abstract The dissociation products of the 80S ribosome were examined in both tris buffer systems and phosphate buffer systems. In the Tris buffer system (10 mM Tris pH 7.4) the primary dissociation products sediment at 50S and 30S. In PO4 buffer (K+, 0.05 MPO4, pH 6.9) the initial dissociation products sediment at 60S and 40S. However, much higher ratios than expected based on the size of the subunits were observed. This finding was interpreted on the bases that the 80S particle (4.1 × 106 D) could become a more relaxed form of the monosome. The sedimentation coefficient of the large subunit is found to vary in the range of 50S to 60S depending upon the ionic strength and magnesium ion concentration. The sedimentation coefficient of the small subunit varies from 30S to 40S depending on the same factors. Whether there is a loss of a small amount of material in these conversions remains an open question.
Exploiting shop floor status information to schedule complex job shops

Abstract We propose a heuristic for scheduling complex job shops that uses the shop floor status information available in many of today's computerized systems to make dispatching decisions. We describe four variants of this procedure and evaluate their performance in three different shop configurations: a job shop with random routings, a reentrant flow shop, and a semiconductor testing facility. Results show that the algorithms perform better than dispatching rules with modest increases in computation time. The amount of improvement obtained depends on the shop configuration, with substantial improvements being obtained for the semiconductor testing facility and reentrant flow shops.
THE THEORY OF THE METARECURSIVELY ENUMERABLE DEGREES

Sacks [23] asks if the metarecursively enumerable degrees are elementarily equivalent to the r.e. degrees. In unpublished work, Slaman and Shore proved that they are not. This paper provides a simpler proof of that result and characterizes the degree of the theory as or, equivalently, that of the truth set of .
Development of inhibitors of heterotrimeric Gαi subunits

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are the immediate downstream effectors of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Endogenous protein guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) like AGS3/4 and RGS12/14 function through GPR/Goloco GDI domains. Extensive characterization of GPR domain peptides indicate they function as selective GDIs for Gαi by competing for the GPCR and Gβγ and preventing GDP release. We modified a GPR consensus peptide by testing FGF and TAT leader sequences to make the peptide cell permeable. FGF modification inhibited GDI activity while TAT preserved GDI activity. TAT-GPR suppresses G-protein coupling to the receptor and completely blocked α2-adrenoceptor (α2AR) mediated decreases in cAMP in HEK293 cells at 100nM. We then sought to discover selective small molecule inhibitors for Gαi. Molecular docking was used to identify potential molecules that bind to and stabilize the Gαi-GDP complex by directly interacting with both Gαi and GDP. Gαi-GTP and Gαq-GDP were used as a computational counter screen and Gαq-GDP was used as a biological counter screen. Thirty-seven molecules were tested using nucleotide exchange. STD NMR assays with compound 0990, a quinazoline derivative, showed direct interaction with Gαi. Several compounds showed Gαi specific inhibition and were able to block α2AR mediated regulation of cAMP. In addition to being a pharmacologic tool, GDI inhibition of Gα subunits has the advantage of circumventing the upstream component of GPCR-related signaling in cases of overstimulation by agonists, mutations, polymorphisms, and expression-related defects often seen in disease.
Karyotypic analysis in primary myelodysplastic syndromes

Cytogenetics has provided new insights into the biology and pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes. In patients with refractory anemia, it has provided proof of clonality and has helped differentiate chronic myelomonocytic leukemia from chronic myeloid leukemia. As a prognostic tool, cytogenetics has been predictive of duration of survival and leukemic transformation. However, its role as an independent prognostic factor compared with recent prognostic scoring systems remains to be determined. New techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization using chromosome-specific DNA probes may expand the usefulness of cytogenetics. The prognostic impact of cytogenetics may not be fully realized until more effective treatments become available.
An improved colorimetric assay for aspartate and ornithine transcarbamylases.

Abstract An improved colorimetric assay for ornithine and aspartate transcarbamylase has been devised. The conventional method of L. M. Prescott and M. E. Jones (1969, Anal. Biochem.32, 408–419) for the detection of ureido compounds, has been optimized and standardized to a highly reproducible, sensitive, efficient, and inexpensive method for the assay of carbamyl aspartate or citrulline, the products of aspartate transcarbamylase and ornithine transcarbamylase, respectively.
Playing Who We Are Together: Commentary on Henry Kronengold’s “Hey Toy Man”

The two-year treatment of a girl, aged 6–8, as described in Henry Kronengold's “Hey Toy Man,” was conducted mainly through patient-led, but co-constructed dramatic play. Co-constructed here is meant to convey that it was improvisational and sometimes a reciprocal, even spontaneous, improvisation. Often the girl controlled the therapist, insisting on her story, while therapist tried to introduce ameliorative changes in the storyline. The therapist did not verbally interpret the play. The contribution of this commentary is a close study of the two-person dramatic play sequences, in line with theoretical interests in play in child treatment and co-construction as a lens on the adult analytic process. How did the sequences evolve? What may have been communicated and have been therapeutic in and through the playing itself? What relational dilemmas were explored or evaded? What implicit realizations and mutual recognitions may have occurred? Was there also disowning of unwanted self states and experiences in th...
Poliovirus evolution: the strong silent type

The high mutation rates of poliovirus and other RNA viruses promote viral diversity by rapid sampling of mutations. In this issue, Lauring et al. (2012) report that underlying synonymous codon variation in virus populations can have a considerable impact on adaptive potential with implications for viral fitness and virulence.
Special Section: Information Systems Support for Shared Understanding

(2014). Special Section: Information Systems Support for Shared Understanding. Journal of Management Information Systems: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 107-110.
The Drosophila sex determination gene daughterless has different functions in the germ line versus the soma

As a regulator of the female-specific gene Sxl, da+ provides an essential maternal component in the control of sex determination and dosage compensation; nevertheless, neither the maternal nor zygotic phenotypes of the original mutant da allele is sex-specific. Here we clarify the role of da+ in Drosophila development, finding: this sex determination gene is indeed pleiotropic; zygotic functioning of da+ is essential in both sexes for somatic cell development, but not for germ cell development; da female sterility results from a somatic, rather than germ-line, defect; and expression of da+ in the maternal germ line is required only for daughters in the subsequent generation, as expected for a specific regulator of Sxl+. These conclusions follow from the characterization of new da null alleles isolated by a selection for defects in maternally acting positive regulators of Sxl.
Assessment of hedgerow species for seed size, stand establishment and seedling height

The relationships between seed size, emergence, stand establishment and seedling height were examined in a trial comparing tree and shrub species as hedgerows for alley cropping in four environments in Haiti. Logarithmic functions relating % emergence, % stand establishment and seedling height to seed weight were positive and significant. These relationships were stronger when species weighing > 10 g 100−1 seed were excluded from the analysis. Higher R2 values were obtained regressing % stand than regressing % emergence on seed weight. Although exceptions were noted, a majority of species having seed weights between 2.5 g and 10 g 100−1 had good stands. Establishment was poor or inconsistent for species with seed < 2.5 g 100−1. The effect of seed size on height was more important for seed weights < 5 or 8.8 g 100−1, depending upon the site, than for larger seed. Species with < 2.5 g 100−1 seed are unsuitable for direct seeding where the chance of drought is high.
The Structural Features of Trask That Mediate Its Anti-Adhesive Functions

Trask/CDCP1 is a transmembrane protein with a large extracellular and small intracellular domains. The intracellular domain (ICD) undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by Src kinases during anchorage loss and, when phosphorylated, Trask functions to inhibit cell adhesion. The extracellular domain (ECD) undergoes proteolytic cleavage by serine proteases, although the functional significance of this remains unknown. There is conflicting evidence regarding whether it functions to signal the phosphorylation of the ICD. To better define the structural determinants that mediate the anti-adhesive functions of Trask, we generated a series of deletion mutants of Trask and expressed them in tet-inducible cell models to define the structural elements involved in cell adhesion signaling. We find that the ECD is dispensable for the phosphorylation of the ICD or for the inhibition of cell adhesion. The anti-adhesive functions of Trask are entirely embodied within its ICD and are specifically due to tyrosine phosphorylation of the ICD as this function is completely lost in a phosphorylation-defective tyrosine-phenylalanine mutant. Both full length and cleaved ECDs are fully capable of phosphorylation and undergo phosphorylation during anchorage loss and cleavage is not an upstream signal for ICD phosphorylation. These data establish that the anti-adhesive functions of Trask are mediated entirely through its tyrosine phosphorylation. It remains to be defined what role, if any, the Trask ECD plays in its adhesion functions.
WE-C-351-04: 4DCT Motion Estimation and Modeling

Purpose: To develop a comprehensive high accuracy procedure for computing respiratory motion from 4D‐CT image datasets. The estimated motion field is applied to model and predict respiratory behavior at different breathing states. Method and Materials: The 4D‐CT image data consisted of 16‐slice CT volume segments acquired in cine mode. We used the optical flow deformable image registration algorithm to register the image segments to a common reference 3D‐CT volume. Before registration, the segments were optimally aligned to the reference volume according to the measured tidal volumes and the positions of the diaphragm apex in the inhaled and exhaled phases. Image registration was applied using a multiresolution approach and a feature‐preserving image down‐sampling filter, the max filter, to achieve faster computation speed and better registration accuracy. Computed backward motion fields were inverted to obtain the forward motion fields. Registration accuracy was validated using anatomical landmarks and a digital phantom. The motion fields were fit using 5D (spatial 3D + tidal volume + air flow rate) motion models independently applied to the forward and inverse motion vector maps. The forward model characterized how the tissue moved, and the inverse model characterized how the CTimage density changed with respect to the tidal volume and the air flow rate. Target modeling errors (TME), modeling errors (ME) and modeling prediction errors (MPE) were computed to evaluate these 5D models. Results: The registration error was less than 1.1±0.8 mm for lung tissue. For the forward model, TME = 0.6±0.4 mm, ME and MPE were both 0.3±0.5 mm. For the inverse model, TME = 1.1±0.6 mm, ME = 0.5±0.4 mm and MPE = 0.4±0.5 mm. Conclusion: Our procedure computes 4D respiration motion with high accuracy. Both 5D models could be utilized in multiple radiation oncology applications, including tumor motion tracking and 4D treatment planning.