cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current status of autologous tissue-based breast reconstruction in patients receiving postmastectomy radiation therapy

Background The threshold for patients with breast cancer to receive radiation therapy continues to be lowered. I reviewed the literature to determine the clinical impact that the increasing use of radiation therapy has had on the management of patients with breast cancer who desire autologous tissue-based breast reconstruction.
The environmentalist: ‘what is to be done?’

Contemporary American environmentalism emerged at a point in political history when indeterminacy, arguably, was on the rise after a long period of enforced consensus – in short, during the era of modernism's exhaustion. Environmentalists are awkward modernists. On one hand, most of them would surely resist the modernist label altogether. But in other ways, environmentalists doubled back, sometimes even epitomising the modernism they otherwise criticise. This awkward environmentalist relationship to modernism complicates the problem of determining a course of political action. This paper focuses on central political problems raised by scientism, resentment, and legalism. It concludes that, despite the urgency of environmental concerns, it is imperative to develop a discussion about environmental politics.
Size and Shape Spaces for Landmark Data in Two Dimensions

Biometric studies of the forms of organisms usually consider size and shape variations in the geometric configuration of landmarks, points that correspond biologically from form to form. The size variables may be usefully considered the linear vector space spanned by the set of all distances between pairs of landmarks. The shape of a single triangle $\Delta ABC$ of landmarks may be reduced to a single pair of shape coordinates locating the vertex $C$ in the coordinate system with landmark $A$ sent to (0,0) and landmark $B$ to (1,0). A useful space of shape variables is the span of all such shape coordinate pairs for various triples of landmarks. On a convenient null model of identical circular normal perturbations at each landmark independently, one size variable $S$, which may be taken as the mean square of all the interlandmark distances, has covariance zero with every shape variable. Then associations between shape and size may be tested by the $F$ ratio for multiple regression of $S$ on any basis for shape space. For a single triangle of landmarks, the existence of any mean difference or mean change in shape may be tested by Hotelling's $T^2$ applied to any pair of shape coordinates for that triangle. When such a difference is statistically significant, it may be interpreted as the ratio of a pair of size variables measured along directions at an angle averaging $90^\circ$ in the samples of forms. One size variable will bear the greatest mean rate or ratio of change between the forms, the other the least. Analysis of configurations of more than three landmarks reduces to consideration of size variables involving at most three landmarks. These techniques are demonstrated in a study of the growth of the head in 62 normal Ann Arbor youth. Each comparison of interest is summarized in its own orthogonal coordinate system, the biorthogonal grid pair.
Word count as a traditional programming benchmark problem for genetic programming

The Unix utility program wc, which stands for "word count," takes any number of files and prints the number of newlines, words, and characters in each of the files. We show that genetic programming can find programs that replicate the core functionality of the wc utility, and propose this problem as a "traditional programming" benchmark for genetic programming systems. This "wc problem" features key elements of programming tasks that often confront human programmers, including requirements for multiple data types, a large instruction set, control flow, and multiple outputs. Furthermore, it mimics the behavior of a real-world utility program, showing that genetic programming can automatically synthesize programs with general utility. We suggest statistical procedures that should be used to compare performances of different systems on traditional programming problems such as the wc problem, and present the results of a short experiment using the problem. Finally, we give a short analysis of evolved solution programs, showing how they make use of traditional programming concepts.
Diffusion and wave propagation in cellular automaton models of excitable media

In this paper, the authors (1) examine general "masks" as discrete approximations to the diffusion equation, showing how to calculate the diffusion coefficient from the elements of the mask; (2) combine the mask with a thresholding operation to simulate the propagation of waves in excitable media, showing that (for well-chosen masks) the waves obey a linear "speed-curvature" relation with slope given by the predicted diffusion coefficient; and (3) assess the utility of different masks in terms of computational efficiency and adherence to a linear speed-curvature relation.
Environmental Factors Affecting Tropical Cyclone Power Dissipation

Revised estimates of kinetic energy production by tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and western North Pacific are presented. These show considerable variability on interannual-to-multidecadal time scales. In the Atlantic, variability on time scales of a few years and more is strongly correlated with tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature, while in the western North Pacific, this correlation, while still present, is considerably weaker. Using a combination of basic theory and empirical statistical analysis, it is shown that much of the variability in both ocean basins can be explained by variations in potential intensity, low-level vorticity, and vertical wind shear. Potential intensity variations are in turn factored into components related to variations in net surface radiation, thermodynamic efficiency, and average surface wind speed. In the Atlantic, potential intensity, low-level vorticity, and vertical wind shear strongly covary and are also highly correlated with sea surface temperature, at least during the period in which reanalysis products are considered reliable. In the Pacific, the three factors are not strongly correlated. The relative contributions of the three factors are quantified, and implications for future trends and variability of tropical cyclone activity are discussed.
Time-dependent invariants and generalized coherent states

Abstract We construct time-dependent invariants of the hamiltonian operators preserving displacement operator-type coherent states under time evolution. We consider the usual oscillator coherent states and those associated with the dynamical group SU(1,1).
Detection of intracoronary fibrin degradation after coronary balloon angioplasty.

Abstract Intracoronary thrombus formation may be involved in the pathogenesis of arterial closure after coronary angioplasty and may contribute to restenosis. It is hypothesized that, unlike markers of platelet activation and fibrin formation, D-dimer, a product of plasmin-mediated proteolysis of cross-linked fibrin, is not subject to significant catheter-induced artifact and could be used to study intracoronary fibrin degradation during angioplasty. No significant difference in D-dimer levels was noted in serial plasma samples obtained from an 8Fr arterial sheath and the wire lumen of an angioplasty balloon catheter, indicating that sampling through the catheter lumen did not induce artifactual D-dimer elevations. Translesion (proximal and distal to the lesion) coronary blood samples were collected in 31 patients undergoing elective coronary angioplasty pretreated with aspirin, dipyridamole and heparin. In 20 of those in whom translesion coronary samples for plasma D-dimer levels (mean ± standard deviation) were collected before balloon dilation, there was no evidence of ongoing intracoronary fibrinolysis (proximal D-dimer levels, 289 ± 145 ng/ml; distal, 299 ± 156 ng/ml; difference not significant). After coronary angioplasty (n = 31), there was a relatively small, but significant (p
Laminar and Columnar Organization of Ascending Excitatory Projections to Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons in Rat Barrel Cortex

Excitatory synaptic projections to layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons in brain slices from the rat barrel cortex were measured using quantitative laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) mapping. In the barrel cortex, cytoarchitectonic "barrels" and "septa" in L4 define a stereotypical array of landmarks, allowing alignment and averaging of LSPS maps from multiple cells in different slices. We distinguished inputs to L2 and L3 neurons above barrels and septa. Average input maps revealed that barrel-related ascending projections (L4-->2/3barrel) interdigitated with a novel septum-related projection (L5A-->2septum). We also explored the functional organization of these projections by comparing the input maps of multiple cells in individual slices. L2/3 cells sharing the same barrel-related column showed strong correlations in their input maps, independent of their precise locations within the column; otherwise, correlations fell rapidly as a function of intersomatic separation. Our data indicate that barrel-related and septum-related columns are associated with distinct functional circuits. These projections are likely to mediate parallel processing of somatosensory signals within the barrel cortex, with L4-->2/3barrel and L5A-->2septum representing the intracortical continuations of, respectively, the subcortical lemniscal and paralemniscal systems conveying somatosensory information to the barrel cortex.
Optimal matrix-filter design

A matrix filter produces N output values given a block of N input values. Matrix filters are particularly useful for filtering short data records (e.g. N/spl les/20). We introduce a new set of matrix-filter design criteria and show that the design of a matrix filter can be formulated as a convex optimization problem. Several examples are given of lowpass and bandpass designs as well as a Hilbert transformer design.
Higher Food Prices May Threaten Food Security Status among American Low-Income Households with Children

Children in food-insecure households are more likely to experience poorer health function and worse academic achievement. To investigate the relation between economic environmental factors and food insecurity among children, we examined the relation between general and specific food prices (fast food, fruits and vegetables, beverages) and risk of low (LFS) and very low food security (VLFS) status among low-income American households with children. Using information for 27,900 child-year observations from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 linked with food prices obtained from the Cost of Living Data of the Council for Community and Economic Research, formerly known as the American Chamber of Commerce Researchers' Association, fixed effects models were estimated within stratified income groups. Higher overall food prices were associated with increased risk of LFS and VLFS (coefficient = 0.617; P < 0.05). Higher fast food and fruit and vegetable prices also contributed to higher risk of food insecurity (coefficient = 0.632, P < 0.01 for fast food; coefficient = 0.879, P < 0.01 for fruits and vegetables). However, increasing beverage prices, including the prices of soft drinks, orange juice, and coffee, had a protective effect on food security status, even when controlling for general food prices. Thus, although food price changes were strongly related to food security status among low-income American households with children, the effects were not uniform across types of food. These relations should be accounted for when implementing policies that change specific food prices.
Nutrient fluxes at the landscape level and the R* rule

Nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems involves not only the vertical recycling of nutrients at specific locations in space, but also biologically driven horizontal fluxes between different areas of the landscape. This latter process can result in net accumulation of nutrients in some places and net losses in others. We examined the effects of such nutrient-concentrating fluxes on the R* rule, which predicts that the species that can survive in steady state at the lowest level of limiting resource, R*, can exclude all competing species. To study the R* rule in this context, we used a literature model of plant growth and nutrient cycling in which both nutrients and light may limit growth, with plants allocating carbon and nutrients between foliage and roots according to different strategies. We incorporated the assumption that bio- logical processes may concentrate nutrients in some parts of the landscape. We assumed further that these processes draw nutrients from outside the zone of local recycling at a rate proportional to the local biomass density. Analysis showed that at sites where there is a sufficient biomass-dependent accumula- tion of nutrients, the plant species with the highest biomass production rates (roughly corresponding to the best competitors) do not reduce locally available nutrients to a minimum concentration level (that is, minimum R*), as expected from the R* rule, but instead maximize local nutrient concentration. These new results require broadening of our understanding of the relationships between nutrients and vegetation competition on the landscape level. The R* rule is replaced by a more complex criterion that varies across a landscape and reduces to the R* rule only under certain limiting conditions. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Effects of anthropomorphic images and narration styles in promotional messages for generic prescription drugs.

Abstract Background Anthropomorphism is attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman objects or events. Marketers have used anthropomorphized characters to promote products and services. To promote use of generic drugs to save on prescription drug costs, health systems are in the process of developing informational materials to influence consumer's perceptions about generic prescription drugs. Objectives To evaluate the effects of anthropomorphic images (control vs caring vs authoritative) and information narration styles (first person vs third person) on (1) social presence, (2) attitude toward the overall promotional message, (3) perceived informativeness of the message content, (4) attitude toward specific message, (5) intent to seek information, and (6) intention to switch to a generic prescription drug. Methods A 3 × 2 between-subject factorial design was used. Student participants were administered a mock promotional message regarding generic prescription drugs. Following the promotional message, they were asked to respond to items developed to measure the effects of the promotional message. Manipulation checks were conducted to test the desired effects of the independent variables. Pilot testing, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability testing of the item measures were conducted before their use in the study. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data and test the proposed effects of the independent variables. Results Anthropomorphic images showed a positive effect on social presence and attitude toward the specific message. Narration styles had a positive effect on attitude toward the overall promotional message. Neither anthropomorphic images nor narration styles had a significant effect on perceived informativeness, intent to seek information, and intention to switch to a generic prescription drug. Conclusions This research reveals that anthropomorphism of medications and narration styles could play a significant role in promotional messages for generic prescription drugs. These findings provide a new direction in developing educational materials for information about generic prescription drugs.
Commodifying life? A pilot study of opinions regarding financial incentives for organ donation.

In recent years many policy proposals have been put forward to create financial incentives to encourage families to allow the harvesting of organs from their deceased relatives. While research has focused on whether these policies would actu- ally increase the supply of organs, no research has focused on testing the ethical con- cerns about such policies. This article presents the findings of a pilot study conducted to determine whether people think that families should end life support of a family member in order to harvest organs if various incentive policies are in place. While the findings do not suggest a direct effect of these inducements, they do indicate that the amount of money received from organ donation is a consideration in making the deci- sion whether to end life support. The implications of this finding for ethical debates and health policy are reviewed. The success of organ transplantation has created a shortage of organs for transplant. Many scholars have advocated financial inducement policies to encourage people to offer the organs of their deceased relatives. Others have studied whether these policies would actually achieve that goal, and many ethicists have worried about less measurable effects on society. Ethi- cists, at the most abstract level, are concerned that financial incentive poli- cies will change the public's view of humanity itself, leading people to think of themselves as more like any other object that can be bought and This project was initiated while the author was a postdoctoral fellow with the Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Scholars Program at Yale University. Thanks to Mark Schlesinger, Dee Weber, and Rebecca Emigh for advice on data collection and analysis, and Dalton Conley, Mark Suchman, Kieran Healy, and the reviewers and editors of this journal for comments on earlier drafts.
From Thermoplastic Elastomers to Designed Biomaterials

This highlight is about my metamorphosis from a cationic polymerization chemist to a biomaterialist (no pun intended) and some of the main events on the road. My earlier career faded away with the discovery of living cati- onic polymerizations, chronicled in my 1999 highlight, but it also put me on the road to designed bioma- terials. My new career started with, and still focuses on, the creation of new polymeric architectures, mainly by cationic techniques, for toughened bone cements, injectable intervertebral discs, nonclogging artificial blood vessels, and amphi- philic networks for controlled drug delivery and immunoisolatory membranes. The enormous com- plexities of immunoisolation of pancreatic islets are now center stage, and lately we have been using all kinds of techniques to make unique membranes to correct type 1 diabetes. V
A three-dimensional spectral element model for the solution of the hydrostatic primitive equations

We present a spectral element model to solve the hydrostatic primitive equations governing large-scale geophysical flows. The highlights of this new model include unstructured grids, dual h–p paths to convergence, and good scalability characteristics on present day parallel computers including Beowulf-class systems. The behavior of the model is assessed on three process-oriented test problems involving wave propagation, gravitational adjustment, and nonlinear flow rectification, respectively. The first of these test problems is a study of the convergence properties of the model when simulating the linear propagation of baroclinic Kelvin waves. The second is an intercomparison of spectral element and finite-difference model solutions to the adjustment of a density front in a straight channel. Finally, the third problem considers the comparison of model results to measurements obtained from a laboratory simulation of flow around a submarine canyon. The aforementioned tests demonstrate the good performance of the model in the idealized/processoriented limits. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Fully Dynamic (2 + epsilon) Approximate All-Pairs Shortest Paths with Fast Query and Close to Linear Update Time

For any fixed $1 ≫ \eps ≫ 0$ we present a fully dynamic algorithm for maintaining $(2 + \eps)$-approximate all-pairs shortest paths in undirected graphs with positive edge weights. We use a randomized (Las Vegas) update algorithm (but a deterministic query procedure), so the time given is the \emph{expected} amortized update time. \\\indent Our query time $O(\log \log \log n)$. The update time is $\widetilde{O}(mn^{O(1/\sqrt{\log n})}\log(nR))$, where $R$ is the ratio between the heaviest and the lightest edge weight in the graph (so $R = 1$ in unweighted graphs). Unfortunately, the update time does have the drawback of a super-polynomial dependence on $\eps$: it grows as $(3 / \eps)^{\sqrt{\log n / \log(3/\eps)}} = n^{\sqrt{\log(3/\eps) / \log n}}$.\\\indent Our algorithm has a significantly faster update time than any other algorithm with sub-polynomial query time. For exact distances, the state of the art algorithm has an update time of $\widetilde{O}(n^2)$. For approximate distances, the best previous algorithm has a $O(kmn^{1/k})$ update time and returns $(2k - 1)$ stretch paths. Thus, it needs an update time of $O(m\sqrt{n})$ to get close to our approximation, and it has to return $O(\sqrt{\log n})$ approximate distances to match our update time.
Paleoweathering of Mississippian Monteagle Limestone preceding development of a lower Chesterian transgressive systems tract and sequence boundary, middle Tennessee and northern Alabama

The contact between the Hartselle Sandstone (Mississippian, lower Hombergian) and the underlying Monteagle Limestone (Mississippian, upper Gasperian) in central Tennessee and northeastern Alabama is a regional disconformity. A paleoweathering surface developed in the uppermost Monteagle is truncated by this disconformity, and only remnant pedogenic features are preserved. These paleosol remnants and associated meteoric diagenetic features are evidence for the subaerial exposure and weathering of the Monteagle Limestone prior to intense erosional scour accompanying deposition of the Hartselle Sandstone. Petrographic evidence for subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis includes extensive micritization, reddening, dissolution, and calcitization of allochem grains. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of whole-rock samples exhibit depth patterns consistent with subaerial exposure, pedogenesis, and meteoric diagenesis. Stable isotope compositions of nonferroan calcite spar occluding moldic pores are considerably depleted relative to Mississippian marine carbonate compositions, further evidence for subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis. The paleoweathering surface was modified after burial when reducing conditions developed, resulting in pyritization. Stabilization of high-Mg calcite grains and cements after burial provided a source of magnesium for localized replacement by ferroan dolomite. This disconformity is interpreted to be a third-order Vail/Exxon sequence boundary that marks a dramatic basinward shift in facies belts in the overlying Hartselle Sand-stone, the result of a sea-level fall.
Patient Counseling in Community Pharmacy and its Relationship with Prescription Payment Methods and Practice Settings

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether patient counseling activities in community pharmacies are related to payment method and practice setting.DESIGN:Randomly selected pharmacists voluntarily performed self-data collection (39 percent participation rate) of counseling activities for 40 hours. Observational data were also collected by trained observers.SETTING:Community pharmacies.RESULTS:Forty-seven pharmacists in national chain pharmacies and 26 in independent pharmacies collected data on 3766 counseling events. Patient counseling rates, defined as percentage of patients counseled per prescription per pharmacist, were significantly higher (p<0.05) for self-pay (median 12.9 percent) and Medicaid (median 13.0 percent) than for capitation patients (median 7.9 percent). Rates were somewhat higher (p=0.06) for chain (median 17.7 percent) than for independent pharmacists (10.7 percent). Although there was no difference in terms of pharmacist-initiated counseling, chain pharmacists had higher rates of patient-initiate...
Further Studies of a Simian Virus 40-Like Virus Isolated from Human Brain

Abstract A virus similar to simian virus 40 was reisolated from brain homogenates of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy onto cultures of human fetal brain cells.
Efficient metamaterial-inspired electrically-small electric-based antennas: Two- and three-dimensional realizations

This paper presents two- and three-dimensional inexpensive, efficient and electrically- small antenna designs that were first introduced in the works Erentok and Ziolkowski (2006). The three-dimensional version of these antenna systems integrates a semi-circular loop antenna, which is coaxially-fed through a finite PEC ground plane, with a metamaterial-inspired structure, an extruded capacitively loaded loop (CLL) element, to obtain the desired electrically-small antenna (EESA) system. The two- dimensional version is designed by combining a CLL element with an interdigitated capacitor. The proposed antenna systems are naturally matched to a source and can be scaled to a wide range of frequencies without any compromise in their performance. The performance of this antenna system is characterized with Ansoft's high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Experiments confirm these performance predictions.
Trunk rotational strength asymmetry in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: an observational study

Recent reports have suggested a rotational strength weakness in rotations to the concave side in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. There have been no studies presenting normative values of female adolescent trunk rotational strength to which a comparison of female adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis could be made. The purpose of this study was to determine trunk rotational strength asymmetry in a group of female adolescents with AIS and a comparison group of healthy female adolescents without scoliosis. Twenty-six healthy adolescent females served as the healthy group (HG) (average age 14 years) and fourteen otherwise healthy adolescent females with idiopathic scoliosis served as the idiopathic scoliosis group (ISG) (average age 13.5 years, average Cobb 28°). Participant's isometric trunk rotational strength was measured in five randomly ordered trunk positions: neutral, 18° and 36° of right and left pre-rotation. Rotational strength asymmetry was compared within each group and between the two groups using several different measures. The HG showed strength asymmetry in the 36° pre-rotated trunk positions when rotating towards the midline (p < 0.05). The ISG showed strength asymmetry when rotating towards the concavity of their primary curve from the neutral position (p < 0.05) and when rotating towards the concavity from the 18° (p < 0.05) and 36° (p < 0.05) concave pre-rotated positions. The ISG is significantly weaker than the HG when rotating away from the midline toward the concave (ISG)-left (HG) side from the concave/left pre-rotated 18° (p < 0.05) and 36° (p < 0.05) positions. The AIS females were found to be significantly weaker when contracting toward their main curve concavity in the neutral and concave pre-rotated positions compared to contractions toward the convexity. These weaknesses were also demonstrated when compared to the group of healthy female adolescent controls. Possible mechanisms for the strength asymmetry in ISG are discussed.
Effects of habitat and time-since-fire on recruitment, survival, and reproduction of Paronychia chartacea ssp. chartacea, a short-lived Florida scrub endemic herb1

Conservation of a threatened species requires knowledge of the factors that affect its recruitment, survival, and reproduction. We conducted a long-term study on the demography of Paronychia chartacea ssp. chartacea, a short-lived, gynodioecious Florida rosemary scrub endemic. Specifically, we assessed the effects of habitat (rosemary scrub vs. roadsides), time-since-fire, microhabitat, and rainfall on recruitment, survival, flowering, and seed production. In addition, in a shorter-term study, we assessed the effects of habitat, time-since-fire, and gender on flower and seed production. Overall, approximately one-third of individuals survived more than one year and individuals most often flowered twice indicating that P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is an iteroparous, short-lived perennial, which is in contrast to its disjunct conspecific, the annual P. chartacea ssp. minima. Recruitment was higher in roadsides, but seed production was higher in rosemary scrub. Within rosemary scrub, recruitment was highest at intermediate times-since-fire and in the center of large gaps, the microhabitat with the greatest amount of bare sand. Median lifespan was longest in long unburned sites, suggesting that P. chartacea ssp. chartacea is able to persist despite litter accumulation and competition from shrubs. Rainfall had a positive effect on annual survival, but did not affect seedling recruitment. Females produced more seeds than hermaphrodites, indicating that females contribute more to population persistence. Our study suggests P. chartacea ssp. chartacea populations will persist under the 15–40 year fire return interval characteristic of regularly burned Florida rosemary scrub, but may not persist in roadsides if greater recruitment does not balance shorter lifespans.
Intercalated cytosine motif and novel adenine clusters in the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena telomere

The cytosine-rich strand of the Tetrahymena telomere consists of multiple repeats of sequence d(AACCCC). We have solved the crystal structure of the crystalline repeat sequence at 2.5 A resolution. The adenines form two different and previously unknown clusters (A clusters) in orthogonal directions with their counterparts from other strands, each containing a total of eight adenines. The clusters appear to be stable aggregates held together by base stacking and three different base-pairing modes. Two different types of cytosine tetraplexes are found in the crystal. Each four-stranded complex is composed of two intercalated parallel-stranded duplexes pointing in opposite directions, with hemiprotonated cytosine-cytosine (C.C+) base pairs. The outermost C.C+base pairs are from the 5'-end of each strand in one cytosine tetraplex and from the 3'-end of each strand in the other. The A clusters and the cytosine tetraplexes form two alternating stacking patterns, creating continuous base stacking in two perpendicular directions along the x - and z -axes. The adenine clusters could be organizational motifs for macromolecular RNA.
Disability and the NAMES Project

This essay considers how the AIDS quilt can function within the public historical record as a disability artifact; it connects contestations over the quilt to contestations over the meaning of disability in American cultures. Although the AIDS quilt is a very different artifact from others constructed during the Disability Rights Movement, the movement that generated the AIDS quilt has likewise been propelled by a commitment to more democratic futures. This essay considers how interpretations of the past can contribute to such futures and asks what can be gained by broadening our still-fluctuating sense of what disability history might be.
Fluctuations in viscous fingering.

Our experiments on viscous (Saffman-Taylor) fingering in Hele-Shaw channels reveal finger width fluctuations that were not observed in previous experiments, which had lower aspect ratios and higher capillary numbers Ca. These fluctuations intermittently narrow the finger from its expected width. The magnitude of these fluctuations is described by a power law, Ca-0.64, which holds for all aspect ratios studied up to the onset of tip instabilities. Further, for large aspect ratios, the mean finger width exhibits a maximum as Ca is decreased instead of the predicted monotonic increase.
Free streaming in mixed dark matter

Free streaming in a mixture of collisionless nonrelativistic dark matter (DM) particles is studied by solving the linearized Vlasov equation implementing methods from the theory of multicomponent plasmas. The mixture includes fermionic, condensed and noncondensed bosonic particles decoupling in equilibrium while relativistic, heavy thermal relics that decoupled when nonrelativistic [weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)], and sterile neutrinos that decouple out of equilibrium when they are relativistic. The different components interact via the self-consistent gravitational potential that they source. The free-streaming length ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{fs}$ is obtained from the marginal zero of the gravitational polarization function, which separates short wavelength Landau-damped from long-wavelength Jeans-unstable collective modes. At redshift $z$ I find $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{fs}^{2}(z)}=\frac{1}{(1+z)}[\frac{0.071}{\mathrm{kpc}}{]}^{2}\ensuremath{\sum}_{a}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{a}{g}_{d,a}^{2/3}({m}_{a}/\mathrm{keV}{)}^{2}{I}_{a}$, where $0\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{a}\ensuremath{\le}1$ are the fractions of the respective DM components of mass ${m}_{a}$ that decouple when the effective number of ultrarelativistic degrees of freedom is ${g}_{d,a}$, and ${I}_{a}$ are dimensionless ratios of integrals of the distribution functions which only depend on the microphysics at decoupling and are obtained explicitly in all the cases considered. If sterile neutrinos produced either resonantly or nonresonantly that decouple near the QCD scale are the only DM component, I find ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{fs}(0)\ensuremath{\simeq}7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kpc}\text{ }(\mathrm{keV}/m)$ (nonresonant), ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{fs}(0)\ensuremath{\simeq}1.73\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kpc}\text{ }(\mathrm{keV}/m)$ (resonant). If WIMPs with ${m}_{\mathrm{wimp}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ decoupling at ${T}_{d}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ are present in the mixture with ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{wimp}}\ensuremath{\gg}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{fs}(0)\ensuremath{\lesssim}6.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pc}$ is dominated by cold dark matter (CDM). If a Bose-Einstein condensate is a DM component its free-streaming length is consistent with CDM because of the infrared enhancement of the distribution function.
Minimum audible movement angle as a function of the azimuth and elevation of the source.

In the future auditory directional cues may enhance situational awareness in cockpits with head-coupled displays. This benefit would depend, however, on the pilot's ability to detect the direction of moving sounds at different locations in space. The present investigation examined this ability. Auditory motion acuity was measured by the minimum audible movement angle (MAMA): the minimum angle of travel required for detection of the direction of sound movement. Five experienced listeners were instructed to indicate the direction of travel of a sound source (broadband noise at 50 dBA) that moved at a velocity of 20 deg/s. Nine azimuth positions were tested at 0 deg elevation. Five elevations were then tested at 0 deg azimuth. Finally two azimuth positions were tested at an elevation of 80 deg. The position of the source did not significantly affect the MAMA for azimuth locations between +40 and -40 deg and elevations below 80 deg. Within this area the MAMA ranged between 1 and 2 deg. Outside this area the MAMA increased to 3 to 10 deg. Language: en
Approaches to adenomyomectomy

Abstract Adenomyosis is a common gynecological condition that affects women, causing menstrual disturbances, pain, and subfertility. Adenomyomectomy as an alternative to hysterectomy has been widely performed in those who have not completed childbearing or those refusing a hysterectomy for a variety of reasons. Whichever the surgical route, the challenges of adenomyomectomy include possible misdiagnosis, defining the extent of resection, technical difficulties, dealing with the associated complications, and managing the risks of uterine rupture during a subsequent pregnancy. The principles of surgery mimic those of myomectomy, but the evolution of adenomyomectomy has been relatively unexciting with a general paucity of published data to date. Laparoscopic techniques have proven feasible generally, avoiding the risks of open surgery while conferring the benefits of microsurgery. Limitations in tactile feedback and access constraints have been the main drawbacks via this route. Meticulous stitching and repair is still of paramount importance in these operations. Preoperative gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists have proven effective in shrinking the disease and reducing blood loss during surgery, whereas the postoperative use has resulted in a dramatic reduction in symptoms. Uterine artery ligation techniques have also been shown to be useful adjuncts, although we still need to be mindful of the potential effects in those desiring fertility. Furthermore, there is still no foolproof way in predicting those at risk of uterine rupture after adenomyomectomy. Hence, a nonprescriptive approach in managing adenomyomas is advised, where proper patient selection and counseling are important.
A Clinical Score for Predicting The Level of Respiratory Care in Infants With Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A scoring system was developed to predict the need for transferring infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) from community hospitals to specialized respiratory care centers. Five clinical and laboratory determinations (birthweight, clinical RDS score, FI02, PCO2 and pH) recorded from 100 infants with RDS during one year were utilized in a score with values ranging from 0 to 10. Application of the score to 159 infants with RDS during the following year showed that: (1) 73 per cent of infants scoring less than or equal to 3 received only oxygen by hood; (2) 75 per cent of infants scoring 4--5 required continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); and (3) 87 per cent of infants scoring greater than or equal to 6 needed mechanical ventilation (7V). Mean scores were significantly different (p less than 0.02) for each type of respiratory therapy employed: oxygen by hood (2.30 +/- 0.19 S.E.M.); CPAP (4.27 +/- 0.16 S.E.M.); MV (6.72 +/- 0.25 S.E.M.). The accuracy and simplicity of the score make it valuable for the physician in the community hospital to assist in deciding when to transfer a neonate with RDS for more intensive respiratory therapy.
Performance evaluation of different encoding strategies for quantitative genetic trait prediction

Given the genotype values of a set of biallelic molecular markers, such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), on a collection of plant, animal or human samples, quantitative genetic traits, such as weight, height, fruit size etc. of these samples can be predicted effectively. Quantitative genetic traits prediction has received great attention given that it helps breeding companies to develop more effective breeding strategies. Although lots of work have been proposed for the prediction task, relatively less attention has been paid on the effects of encodings of the genotypes values. Quantitative genetic trait prediction is usually presented as a linear regression model. In the regression model, genotypes need to be encoded numerically according to their types: one heterozygous type and two homozygous types. A traditional encoding encodes the two homozygous types as 0 and 2 respectively and the heterozygous type as 1. In this work, we evaluated five existing genetic encoding models as well as two recently proposed encoding methods which consider the genetic trait prediction problem as a multiple regression on categorical data problem. We also discussed the scenario of epistasis, where multiple markers could interact with each other. We evaluated the performance of five statistically-intuitive encoding strategies and eight biologically-oriented encoding strategies as well as the extensions of the previously mentioned two encoding methods. We showed that overall the two recent encoding methods achieve better prediction accuracy for both single marker scenario and epistasis scenario.
Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a short review

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official me...
Automation, Information and Consciousness in Air Traffic Control

Successful air traffic control requires two things: the management of information and the management of consciousness. Both are important, but they are different. Automation can improve one or it can improve both. Human consciousness and human information-processing ability are limited, whereas, in practical terms, the span of attention of automation and its ability to process information is unlimited. Hence automation can greatly improve information flow to human awareness, but this can also overload it. On the other hand, if human consciousness is not part of the loop — i.e., in a completely automated system — it is quite possible for the machinery to process accurately a much larger volume of information. That is, as long as the program for the computer is correct, an important (and not necessarily correct) assumption.
RDE Integration with T63 Turboshaft Engine Components

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. RDE Integration with T63 Turboshaft Engine Components
Timeliness of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Use of Services Among U.S. Elementary School–Aged Children

Objective:This study assessed the relationship of timeliness of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis with current use of ASD-related services in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children.Methods:The Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC’s) Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services was used to assess experiences of 722 children ages six to 11 with ASD. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore associations between age at ASD diagnosis and delay in ASD diagnosis and use of health services. Health services included current use of behavioral intervention (BI) therapy, school-based therapy, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and psychotropic medications.Results:Mean age at ASD diagnosis was 4.4 years, and mean diagnostic delay was 2.2 years. In adjusted analysis, older age at diagnosis (≥4 versus <4) was associated with lower likelihood of current BI or school-based therapy use and higher likelihood of current psychotropic medication use. Analyses that treated age at dia...
Taming Passion for the Public Good: Policing Sex in the Early Republic Mark E.Kann. New York: New York University Press, 2013.

Taming Passion for the Public Good: Policing Sex in the Early Republic Mark E. Kann. New York: New York University Press, 2013.During the first decades of the nineteenth century, large numbers of unmarried young women and men left their family households to pursue new opportunities for sexual experimentation in urban centers with their vice-driven cultures of gambling, drinking, and prostitution. Civic leaders feared that this licentiousness would undermine moral decency, social order, and political stability in the newly independent United States. In response, these public officials sought to curb the excesses of liberty and extend patriarchal authority beyond the household in order to police the moral lives of Americans. As many scholars have identified the American Revolution as a deathblow to patriarchy, such an attempt at restoring it would seem futile. In Taming Passion for the Public Good, however, Mark E. Kann effectively demonstrates that officials successfully portrayed themselves as caring paternalists whose authority was "necessary to achieve and secure the perpetuation of liberalism" (17).But how could patriarchal authority and emerging liberalism coexist? Would not Americans refuse to consent to this impediment on their expression of individual liberties? Kann argues that "remarkably few people questioned policing's legitimacy" (51) because authorities were able to align their policing power with the idea of "clean" sex (monogamous sex between a married man and woman) and middle-class values, to convince citizens that the policing was done with their consent, and to use discretion in the enforcement of patriarchal authority. Paternalism not patriarchy, persuasion not coercion. Additionally, even while preaching the language of individual liberty, upper- and middle-class Americans did not trust the average citizen to "wield liberty responsibly" (163). The excessive passions of young men and fallen women threatened to undermine liberalism and spark social and political disorder. The only solution was to protect liberties with patriarchal authority.After extending his previous work on policing men and women in penitentiaries, Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy (2005), Kann turns to the example of prostitution as one of the most visible manifestations of illicit sexuality in the early nineteenth century. Although public officials possessed the authority to police prostitution, they only used this authority sparingly. Patriarchal authority may have been extensive, but it was also fraught with contradictions and limitations. …
Cellular Uptake, Subcellular Distribution and In Vitro Toxicity of Carboranyl Uridines

It has been known that the biological effects of BNCT can be maximized if 10B can be delivered to the nuclei of tumor cells so that there is a greater probability that alpha particles and 7Li nuclei will discharge their energy within the cell nucleus1,2. Bromo-and iododeoxyuridine are preferentially taken up by rapidly proliferating neoplastic cells compared to slowly or non-proliferating normal cells3. These observations have provided the rationale for the synthesis of a group of carborane containing derivatives of uridine4,5. 2’-O-(o-carboran-l-ylmethyl)uridine (CBU-2’) was synthesized by inserting a carboranyl moiety into the 2’-position on the carbohydrate portion of uridine to form a uridine analogue. This theoretically might be incorporated into DNA by the thymidylate synthetase pathway, and into RNA by normal RNA anabolism3. In vitro studies on the cellular uptake and persistence of CBU-2’ with F98 glioma cells showed that this compound attained high uptake and persisted at significant levels for up to 48 hours6. The purpose of the present study was to further evaluate CBU-2’ using a series of biological and biochemical methods to determine the selectivity, mechanism of uptake, subcellular distribution and in vitro toxicity of this compound.
Routing and charging locations for electric vehicles for intercity trips

This study addresses two problems in the context of battery electric vehicles (EVs) for intercity trips: the EV routing problem and the EV optimal charging station location problem (CSLP). The pape...