cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EEG source imaging and connectivity analysis in epilepsy patients

EEG represents a useful tool to study the electrophysiological brain activity. EEG has also been widely used to help diagnose the epilepsy and study the underlying brain sources of epileptic activity. Here, we present a study of imaging the seizure activity of epilepsy patient from noninvasive scalp EEG. A spatio-temporal EEG source localization approach (FINE) was firstly applied to localize the active sources during ictal period. Connectivity analysis of directed transfer function (DTF) was then utilized to identify the primary source of seizure onset. Computer simulation was performed to study the source localization in dipolar sources. The method was applied in a medically intractable epilepsy patient to localize the seizure onset zone. The effect of electrode numbers in source imaging results was also investigated in the computer simulation.
“Pseudo-parallel” infrared bands of oblate symmetric tops NF3 ν4 and (ν4 + ν2), and CF3Hν6

Abstract The high resolution data on the NF 3 ν 4 and ( ν 4 + ν 2 ) infrared bands and the CF 3 H ν 6 infrared band have been investigated in detail using an l -type resonance calculation computer program. By means of the computer simulation technique, the shapes of the observed P , Q , and R branches are accurately reproduced and the frequencies of all the fine structure “lines” in the P and R branches precisely matched. The analysis has provided accurate values of all the band constants whose determination is not possible from the microwave. The signs of q 4 of NF 3 and q 6 of CF 3 H have been established unambiguously. A band structure investigation has shown that the observed P and R branch “lines” ariseprimarily from clusters of closely spaced P P K ( J ) and R R K ( J ) lines of a given J and that in these bands the peaks of these P and R “lines” generally correspond to the K ⋍ J components of the P P ( J ) and R R ( J ) clusters, respectively. The differences between our values of the band constants and those of previous infrared work are found to be remarkably small. This is explained in terms of the band structure investigation.
Comparison of cervical esophagus dose-volumes for three radiotherapy techniques for head and neck cancer

Abstract Purpose This study compares the radiation dose-volume of the cervical esophagus during head and neck radiotherapy using three different techniques. Methods Treatment plans of 58 patients from 3/04 to 1/06 treated with bilateral head and neck radiotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. A comparison of the cervical esophagus dose with three-field 3D conformal RT (3DRT, n =34), whole-field IMRT (WF-IMRT, n =12), and half-beam IMRT (HB-IMRT, n =12) was performed. The volumes of esophagus receiving ⩾50Gy (V50), ⩾54Gy (V54) and ⩾60Gy (V60) and lengths receiving circumferential dose ⩾50Gy (L50) and ⩾54Gy (L54) were evaluated. Results Maximum dose, V54 and L54 were greater for the first 2cm and entire cervical esophagus with WF-IMRT than HB-IMRT or 3DRT. In patients requiring a high match, WF-IMRT was associated with a greater maximum dose, V54 and L54 than HB-IMRT and 3DRT ( p p Conclusion Treatment of the lower neck with IMRT is associated with increased irradiation to the cervical esophagus, and dose constraints should be included to reduce toxicity.
Benign Brain Tumors: Sellar/Parasellar Tumors

Neoplasms of the sellar region include pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, Rathke's cleft cysts, and, less commonly, meningiomas, germinomas, and hamartomas. Each of these entities has unique diagnostic and treatment considerations. Pituitary adenomas are the most common sellar mass found in adults, whereas craniopharyngiomas account for the majority of pediatric sellar masses. The diagnosis of sellar lesions involves a multidisciplinary effort; detailed endocrinologic, ophthalmologic, and neurologic tests are critical. The management of pituitary tumors varies. For most tumors, transsphenoidal resection remains the mainstay of treatment. Less invasive modalities, such as endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, specific chemotherapeutic drugs, and stereotactic radiosurgery, show promise as adjuvant treatment modalities.
Total synthesis of (+) pseudophrynaminol

The first synthesis of (+) pseudophrynaminol, a unique pyrrolo [2,3b] indole recently isolated from the Australian frog Pseudophryne coriacea, is described.
Hyperventilation in Pediatric Resuscitation: Performance in Simulated Pediatric Medical Emergencies

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that pediatric resuscitation providers hyperventilate patients via bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation during performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), quantify the degree of excessive ventilation provided, and determine if this tendency varies according to provider type. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted of 72 unannounced, monthly simulated pediatric medical emergencies (“mock codes”) in a tertiary care, academic pediatric hospital. Responders were code team members, including pediatric residents and interns (MDs), respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses (RNs). All sessions were video-recorded and reviewed for the rate of BVM ventilation, rate of chest compressions, and the team members performing these tasks. The type of emergency, location of the code, and training level of the team leader were also recorded. RESULTS: Hyperventilation was present in every mock code reviewed. The mean rate of BVM ventilation for all providers in all scenarios was 40.6 ± 11.8 breaths per minute (BPM). The mean ventilation rates for RNs, RTs, and MDs were 40.8 ± 14.7, 39.9 ± 11.7, and 40.5 ± 10.3 BPM, respectively, and did not differ among providers (P = .94). All rates were significantly higher than the recommended rate of 8 to 20 BPM (per Pediatric Advanced Life Support guidelines, varies with patient age) (P CONCLUSIONS: Hyperventilation occurred in simulated pediatric resuscitation and did not vary according to provider type. Future educational interventions should focus on avoidance of excessive ventilation.
The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein can uncouple cellular differentiation and proliferation in human keratinocytes by abrogating p21Cip1-mediated inhibition of cdk2

The high risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated etiologically with the majority of human cervical carcinomas. These HPVs encode two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are expressed consistently in cervical cancers. The function of these viral oncoproteins during a productive infection is to ensure viral replication in cells that have normally withdrawn from the cell division cycle and are committed to terminal differentiation. Expression of the E7 oncoprotein has been shown to lead to the abrogation of various negative growth regulatory signals, including a p53-mediated G1 growth arrest, TGFbeta-mediated growth inhibition, and quiescence of suprabasal keratinocytes. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which E7 can uncouple cellular proliferation and differentiation. In contrast to normal, differentiating keratinocytes, HPV-16 E7-expressing keratinocytes show delayed cellular differentiation and elevated cdk2 kinase activity despite high levels of p21(Cip1) and association of p21(Cip1) with cdk2. We show that the HPV E7 protein can interact with p21(Cip1) and abrogate p21(Cip1)-mediated inhibition of cyclin A and E-associated kinase activities. Based on these findings, we propose that this capacity of the HPV E7 oncoprotein to overcome p21(Cip1)-mediated inhibition of cdk2 activity during keratinocyte differentiation contributes to the ability of E7 to allow for cellular DNA synthesis in differentiated keratinocytes.
Differential expression of Na+,K+-ATPase alpha- and beta-subunit mRNAs in rat tissues and cell lines.

Abstract We have analyzed Na+,K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) alpha- and beta-subunit mRNA expression in rat tissues and cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system. Substantial differences in the tissue and developmental specificity of expression were found for the genes encoding three isoforms of the alpha subunit. Transcripts of the alpha 1-subunit gene were detected in all tissues tested, whereas alpha 2- and alpha 3-subunit mRNA species were expressed predominantly in brain. The pattern of expression of beta-subunit mRNA also was complex and tissue specific but was distinct from that of any of the alpha-subunit mRNAs. Cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system and the pheochromocytoma PC12 expressed the mRNAs for all three alpha-subunit isoforms, whereas beta-subunit mRNA was detected only in PC12 cells. The distinct expression patterns of rat Na+,K+-ATPase mRNAs suggest that different members of the ATPase family may have specialized functions.
Self coupled harmonics: stationary and cyclostationary approaches

Self coupled harmonics offer a practical means for testing for the presence of nonlinearities. A computationally attractive method to detect frequency and phase coupling is derived based on a slice of the Fourier series moment polyspectrum, and is capable of handling constant amplitude harmonics as well as harmonics observed in additive and nonzero mean multiplicative noise. The zero-mean case is addressed using cyclic statistics, and contrary to existing approaches, both methods rely on a single record of data and do not assume the additive noise to be Gaussian. >
Whither Loose Change? The Diminishing Demand for Small-Denomination Currency

While payment card usage has increased dramatically, the stock of outstanding currency has not declined as rapidly. We analyze changes in cash demand for 13 advanced economies from 1988 to 2003 by separating cash into three denomination categories to disentangle its store of wealth and payment functions. Defining denominations commonly dispensed by automated teller machines (ATMs) as the “medium” category, we show that demand for small-denomination currency decreases with greater debit card usage and with greater retail market consolidation. In contrast, the demand for high-denomination notes decreases when interest rates rise but is generally unaffected by changes in debit card usage.
Logical versus Empirical Estimates of Readability and Human Interest of General Psychology Textbooks

As a contribution to the text selection task, 61 books were examined by the Flesch formulae and by student ratings to estimate validity and reliability.
Reactions to Heterosexual Opening Gambits Female Selectivity and Male Responsiveness

Gender-related responses to opening conversational gambits were examined in two field and one laboratory experiment. In Experiment 1, a male approached female singles bar patrons, using one of six opening lines, classified as direct, innocuous, or cute-flippant. The cute-flippant lines were found to elicit significantly more negative responses than did the direct and innocuous lines. In Experiment 2, male and female experimenters delivered direct, innocuous, and cute-flippant lines to opposite-sex bar patrons. The experimenters also touched half of the subjects while delivering the opening lines. Female subjects again responded more negatively to the cute-flippant approaches compared to the direct and innocuous gambits. Male subjects displayed significantly more positive responses than did female subjects, regardless of the opening gambit. Interpersonal touch had no significant effect on heterosexual responses. A third, laboratory experiment examined whether gender differences in personality inference pro...
Update on colonoscopy preparation, premedication and sedation

The advent of optical colonoscopy has enabled gastroenterologists to visualize the colonic mucosa. This procedure has since become the cornerstone of colon cancer screening programs. Clinicians and scientists have made great strides to fine-tune the technical aspects of this procedure and have also made important advances that allow for a more effective and safer colonoscopy. This article focuses on current research and expert opinion regarding colonoscopy preparation, premedication and sedation.
Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu

Isoprene is a biogenic hydrocarbon that has significant effects on tropospheric chemistry. It is emitted by a number of plant species, including kudzu, a leguminous vine that grows profusely in the south-eastern United States. This study investigated development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu. Previous studies examined isoprene emission during leaf development, but a molecular explanation for the observed developmental delay in emission was lacking. This study found that kudzu leaves grown at a high temperature could emit isoprene at least a week before they were fully expanded and 1 d after becoming photosynthetically competent. When grown at low temperature, however, leaves did not emit isoprene until 1 week after they became fully expanded and 2 weeks after the onset of photosynthetic competence. Levels of mRNA and protein for isoprene synthase, which catalyses the final step in isoprene biosynthesis, were investigated; it was found that transcription and translation of this gene began at the same developmental stage as onset of emission in both growth conditions. Therefore, plant growth conditions, not leaf developmental stage, have primary control over expression of isoprene synthase and onset of kudzu isoprene emission. This finding may be useful in modelling early season isoprene emission rates.
Systems biology approaches to understanding Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in mucosal remodeling and signaling in asthma

A pathological hallmark of asthma is chronic injury and repair, producing dysfunction of the epithelial barrier function. In this setting, increased oxidative stress, growth factor- and cytokine stimulation, together with extracellular matrix contact produces transcriptional reprogramming of the epithelial cell. This process results in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cellular state associated with loss of epithelial polarity, expression of mesenchymal markers, enhanced mobility and extracellular matrix remodeling. As a result, the cellular biology of the EMT state produces characteristic changes seen in severe, refractory asthma: myofibroblast expansion, epithelial trans-differentiation and subepithelial fibrosis. EMT also induces profound changes in epithelial responsiveness that affects innate immune signaling that may have impact on the adaptive immune response and effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in severe asthma. We discuss how this complex phenotype is beginning to be understood using systems biology-level approaches through perturbations coupled with high throughput profiling and computational modeling. Understanding the distinct changes induced by EMT at the systems level may provide translational strategies to reverse the altered signaling and physiology of refractory asthma.
Multi-Baryon Systems from Lattice QCD

I provide a short overview of the current status of nuclear physics calculations using lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD). I give an heuristic description of how LQCD calculations are performed and how nuclear scattering data are extracted from these calculations, emphasizing the overlap between traditional nuclear many-body theory and LQCD calculations. I look at the Ω − Ω − system as a concrete example, and in so doing demonstrate the predictive nature of LQCD calculations as applied to nuclear physics.
“Today We Act, Tomorrow We Vote”: Latino Religions, Politics, and Activism in Contemporary U.S. Civil Society:

The findings in this study indicate that Catholic and Protestant leaders like Cardinal Roger Mahony of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and Rev. Samuel Rodriguez of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference drew on religious rhetoric, symbols, moral authority, interfaith religious coalition building, and the Bible in the 2005-2007 immigration reform debate and in their struggle for greater tolerance and inclusion of Latinos in U.S. civil society. Mahony and other Catholics also drew on Catholic social teaching and several strategies employed by Cesar Chavez in their struggles for social justice.
Dialect Classification for Online Podcasts Fusing Acoustic and Language Based Structural and Semantic Information

The variation in speech due to dialect is a factor which significantly impacts speech system performance. In this study, we investigate effective methods of combining acoustic and language information to take advantage of (i) speaker based acoustic traits as well as (ii) content based word selection across the text sequence. For acoustics, a GMM based system is employed and for text based dialect classification, we proposed n-gram language models combined with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) based dialect classifiers. The performance of the individual classifiers is established for the three dialect family case (DC rates vary from 69.1%--72.4%). The final combined system achieved a DC accuracy of 79.5% and significantly outperforms the baseline acoustic classifier with a relative improvement of 30%, confirming that an integrated dialect classification system is effective for American, British and Australian dialects.
A neutralization site of DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus important for disease phenotype.

Abstract DA strain of TMEV induces a chronic, persistent, demyelinating disease in SJL/J weanling mice, while inoculation with GDVII strain of TMEV induces an acute, lethal neurovirulent disease. We show that three amino acids in the DA EF loop—DAVP2 141 Lys, 143 Gly, and 173 Thr—are part of a neutralization site of DA monoclonal antibody (mAb), DAmAb1. DA virus with a mutation of VP2 143 from Gly to Asp, like wild-type virus, persists 6 weeks postinfection (PI) and produces white matter disease. DA virus with a mutation of VP2 141 from Lys to Asn persists but does not induce significant white matter disease. DA virus with a mutation of DA VP2 173 from Thr to Phe fails to persist or to induce significant white matter disease. The diversity and complexity of the mutant virus-induced disease phenotype presumably reflects the varied effects of the mutated amino acid residues on the three-dimensional structure of the viral capsid. The localization of DA VP2 141 and VP2 173 near the putative receptor binding region of the virus suggest that a disruption of interactions between the virus and its receptor is important in the late demyelinating disease and for virus neutralization.
Effect of Guaifenesin on Cough Reflex Sensitivity

Background Guaifenesin, a commonly used agent for the treatment of cough, is termed an expectorant since it is believed to alleviate cough discomfort by increasing sputum volume and decreasing its viscosity, thereby promoting effective cough. Despite its common usage, relatively few studies, yielding contrasting results, have been performed to investigate the action and efficacy of guaifenesin. Study objectives To evaluate the effect of guaifenesin on cough reflex sensitivity. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Fourteen subjects with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI) and 14 healthy volunteers. Interventions On 2 separate days, subjects underwent capsaicin cough challenge 1 to 2 h after receiving a single, 400-mg dose (capsules) of guaifenesin or matched placebo. Measurements and results The concentration of capsaicin inducing five or more coughs (C 5 ) was determined. Among subjects with URI, mean (± SEM) log C 5 after guaifenesin and placebo were 0.92 ± 0.17 and 0.66 ± 0.14, respectively (p = 0.028). No effect on cough sensitivity was observed in healthy volunteers. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that guaifenesin inhibits cough reflex sensitivity in subjects with URI, whose cough receptors are transiently hypersensitive, but not in healthy volunteers. Possible mechanisms include a central antitussive effect, or a peripheral effect by increased sputum volume serving as a barrier shielding cough receptors within the respiratory epithelium from the tussive stimulus.
Modeling of Power Supply Noise with Non-Linear Drivers using Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Models

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) functions can be used to model highly nonlinear driver circuits. In this paper, RNN modeling technique is extended to multiple ports to model both the power supply noise and the ground noise accurately. RNN driver models can be extended to multiple ports to capture sensitive effects like Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN) accurately when multiple driver circuits are switching. A comparison study is performed on test cases between RNN models and transistor level driver circuits for accuracy and computational speed-up is performed on few test cases. Results show that RNN driver models have huge computational speed-up over transistor level driver circuits.
Selective mono protection of diols, diamines, and amino alcohols using cesium bases

Efficient synthetic methods were developed for the synthesis of mono xanthates, as well as mono dithiocarbamates of diamines and amino alcohols. This protocol utilizes the three component coupling of diols, diamines, and amino alcohols using alkyl bromides and carbon disulfide in the presence of a cesium base and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI).
Local Deformation Analysis of a Sand Specimen using 3D Digital Image Correlation for the Calibration of a Simple Elasto-Plastic Model

The use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique has become increasingly popular for displacement measurements and for characterizing localized material deformation. In this study, a three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC) analysis was performed to investigate the displacements on the surface of a dense sand specimen during a triaxial compression test (drained, vacuum consolidated). The deformation of a representative volume of the material captured by 3D DIC is used for the estimation of the kinematic and volumetric conditions of the specimen at different stages of deformation, combined with the readings of the global axial compression of the specimen, which allow for the characterization of the Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model with hardening and softening law. A 2D finite element model is developed for comparing the experimental results under displacement controlled loading conditions. A comparison between model predictions and the expected displacement fields show good agreement, as to reproduce accurately the overall mechanical behavior of a dense sand specimen and to take into account the influence of local effects in the mechanical parameters obtained by 3D DIC.
Types of ergativity

Abstract This paper makes two main contributions to our understanding of ergativity. First, it supports the claim that ergative is an inherent case, through a study of the Warlpiri lexicon: no ergative-marked subjects are derived, in accordance with Marantz’ Generalization. Second, it reanalyses syntactic ergativity in Dyirbal. It demonstrates that the language underlyingly has an ergative–nominative–accusative case system, with imperfect morphological realization of these cases. It further shows that syntactic ergativity in Dyirbal is not sensitive to the absolutive, but rather underlying nominative and accusative, regardless of morphological realization.
A 27-mW CMOS fractional-N synthesizer using digital compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK modulation

A digital compensation method and key circuits are presented that allow fractional-N synthesizers to be modulated at data rates greatly exceeding their bandwidth. Using this technique, a 1.8-GHz transmitter capable of digital frequency modulation at 2.5 Mb/s can be achieved with only two components: a frequency synthesizer and a digital transmit filter. A prototype transmitter was constructed to provide proof of concept of the method; its primary component is a custom fractional-N synthesizer fabricated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process that consumes 27 mW. Key circuits on the custom IC are an on-chip loop filter that requires no tuning or external components, a digital MASH /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulator that achieves low power operation through pipelining, and an asynchronous, 64-modulus divider (prescaler). Measurements from the prototype indicate that it meets performance requirements of the digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) standard.
Teen-age obstetrics. A cooperative study.

Abstract A comparison was drawn between 3,995 teen-aged obstetric patients and that of 40,709 parturients of whom the teen-agers were a part (9.8 per cent). Among the teen-aged patients a distinctly higher incidence was noted in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia and anemia, as well as a somewhat increased incidence of one-day fever, puerperal morbidity, and labors in excess of 20 hours. Cesarean section was performed less frequently among the teen-agers. Essentially no difference was observed in fetal, neonatal, and perinatal mortality. The same was true of the incidence of abnormal presentation, transfusion, laceration, hemorrhage, intercurrent disease, and dystocia. This study has re-emphasized the fact that teen-age obstetrics presents no greater challenge than obstetrics in general. It has also reaffirmed a well-known observation—the nonwhite woman is heir to many more obstetric complications than her white counter-part.
EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA IN A PET AFRICAN HEDGEHOG (ATELERIX ALBIVENTRIS)

Abstract A 2-year-old, captive, intact female African hedgehog ( Atelerix albiventris ) was evaluated for nonspecific clinical signs and progressive hind limb ataxia over a 1-month period. Abnormal results from a complete blood count included a mild regenerative anemia and an inflammatory leukogram with a degenerative left shift, toxic changes, and eosinophilia. Serum biochemistry analysis showed increased alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase levels. Whole-body radiograph images of the hedgehog revealed a thin body condition, oligodontia, and ventral lumbosacral spondylosis deformans. An abdominal ultrasonographic examination of the patient indicated that a hyperechoic mass with unknown origin was present in the caudal abdomen and moderate free fluid and a hyperechoic splenic nodule were present. A cytological examination of material collected through a fine needle aspirate of the abdominal mass was suggestive of carcinoma with marked eosinophilic inflammation. Exploratory surgery revealed a right ovarian mass and an abnormal spleen. An ovariohysterectomy and splenectomy were performed. Histopathology of the reproductive tract and spleen revealed an endometrial polyp in the uterus, a granulosa cell tumor in the right ovary, and a large number of immature eosinophils present throughout the spleen, consistent with eosinophilic leukemia. The hedgehog died 2 days following the surgical procedure. A postmortem examination of the patient revealed a mild bicavitary effusion, hepatomegaly, and a stomach ulcer. Histopathological examination of examined tissue indicated neoplastic eosinophils that encompassed 80% of the bone marrow and also infiltrated multiple glands, viscera, and associated blood vessels. The necropsy results supported the previous diagnosis of eosinophilic leukemia. Practitioners should be aware that similar clinical signs may be associated with eosinophilic leukemia in Atelerix albiventris .
Peristaltic Locomotion of a Modular Mesh-Based Worm Robot: Precision, Compliance, and Friction

Abstract Effective worm-like gaits require accurate segment coordination. However, there can be imprecision due to segment-to-segment variation in the soft structure, variation in actuator response to loads, or nonlinearities not compensated for in control. Here, our objective is to demonstrate how body softness with respect to frictional loads determines a tolerance for the controlled coordination of worm-like segments. To explore this, our new soft robot, compliant modular mesh worm, utilizes compliant mesh segments that are individually actuated with different waveforms that result in peristaltic locomotion. The modular mesh is constructed from 3D printed and commercially available parts, allowing for the testing of a variety of components that can be easily interchanged to vary stiffness. A series of experiments were performed to characterize the actuated mesh and the behavior of segment contact points during locomotion. In our robot, video analysis shows slip along the ground that is explained by sou...
The Psychobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The aim of this chapter is to link the advances in our understanding of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) delineated in this book to evolving models of brain function and dysfunction. The model presented here is a compendium and elaboration of others proposed over the past three decades. For economy, comprehensive reviews are cited rather than primary sources whenever possible, since the principal goal is to outline broad areas of previous work and directions for future studies, rather than to claim the status of a complete theory.
Implications of the 1970 Timber Review for Trade in Timber Products

INCREASING prices for wood products in the United States, particularly softwood lumber and plywood prices, have generated much concern among administration officials and congressmen worried especially about the impact on the nation's building program. This concern is intensified as the nation faces the difficult question of how to increase the longer run wood supply to meet growing needs at reasonable prices while protecting and enhancing the quality of the natural environment. Although increased forest productivity and closer raw material utilization will receive major attention in the search for a solution to this dilemma, the future wood products import-export position of the nation, and especially of the U. S.-Canadian relationship, would also seem to bear on the problem. Evaluation of the potential for trade in timber products in estimating future timber trends and requirements in the United States has generally been given incidental attention in past Forest Service reviews. Difficult as it is to make projections of domestic demand and supply for timber products, it is even more difficult to visualize the factors which will influence the development of foreign markets for U. S. wood exports or sources of supply for U. S. wood imports. Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that better estimates of future import and export possibilities are warranted, for several changes over time suggest the increasing importance of world timber products trade and their possible impact on the future U. S. position. Since 1950 the timber products trade position of the U. S. has changed considerably. Imports of industrial wood in 1971 were 1.8 times imports in 1950, mainly because of increased imports of softwood lumber and newsprint from Canada. Exports of industrial wood in 1971 were 8.4 times exports in 1950, almost entirely because of increased exports of softwood sawlogs to Japan and pulp products to Japan and northwest Europe. Demands for wood products, particularly lumber, pulp, and paper and wood-based panel products, continue to expand in almost all the wood deficit industrialized nations of the
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of vincristine and vincristine sulfate liposomes injection (VSLI, marqibo®) after intravenous administration in Non-human primates.

Purpose Vincristine sulfate liposomes injection (VSLI, Marqibo®) is an FDA approved encapsulated preparation of standard vincristine in sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposomes. Clinical pharmacokinetics show VSLI to be a long-circulating, slow release formulation that is confined to plasma, and prior data on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics are lacking. We report our results comparing CSF and plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous aqueous vincristine to intravenous VSLI using an established non-human primate (NHP) model. Methods Three adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were administered 0.1 mg/kg (1.2 mg/m2 human-equivalent dose) of vincristine or VSLI in a crossover pharmacokinetic study. Serial paired blood and CSF samples were obtained before infusion, at the end of infusion (EOI) and at various time points thereafter. Results In contrast to standard vincristine, which had a multi-exponential plasma disappearance curve with a median initial (EOI to 30 min post-infusion) half-life (T1/2) of 4.8 min (range, 4.4–5.0 min) and terminal T1/2 of 24.3 h, a near-monoexponential curve with a median T1/2 of 17.9 h (range, 13.9–21.5 h) hours was calculated with VSLI. The ratios Cl VCR:Cl VSLI for the individual NHP were 300, 463 and 477. Vincristine was not detected in any CSF sample after administration of either formulation. Conclusions In three animals, each serving as their own control, we demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic profile of VSLI shows markedly prolonged clearance (approximately 400-fold lower) of total vincristine in comparison to the standard aqueous formulation, enhancing our understanding of VSLI pharmacokinetics. Several clinical trials incorporating VSLI as substitution for standard vincristine are in progress.
Prognostic Significance of FDG-PET/CT Metabolic Parameters After Induction Chemotherapy in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Prognostic Significance of FDG-PET/CT Metabolic Parameters After Induction Chemotherapy in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck R.I. Chin, C.R. Spencer, J. Ley, T.A. DeWees, H.A. Gay, B.H. Haughey, B. Nussenbaum, J.S. Lewis, Jr, F. Dehdashti, B. Siegel, M.D. Daly, L. Michel, T. Wildes, D. Adkins, and W.L. Thorstad; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
Differences in responses to light between two species of planaria: Dugesis tigrina and D. dorotocephala

Twenty planaria of each of two species were run in a light-dark apparatus. In addition to morphological differences between the two species, there were found to be highly significant differences between the species on the percentage of time spent in the light. Two measures were used with parallel results.
Variations on an NHC Theme: Which Features Enhance Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation with Ruthenium Complexes?

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based ruthenium complexes were studied as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones. Variations in the catalyst structure were investigated for their impact on hydrogenation and catalyst stability. Catalyst attributes included bis- or mono-NHC ligands, pendant ether groups in some cases, and arene ligands of varied bulk and donor strength. Ruthenium complexes were synthesized and fully characterized, including complexes with a monodentate NHC ligand containing a tethered ether N substituent (ImEt,CH2CH2OEtRuCl2(η6-arene); arene = benzene (4), p-cymene (5), hexamethylbenzene (6)), a complex with a monodentate NHC ligand with solely alkyl N substituents (ImEt,PentylRuCl2(η6-p-cymene) (8)), and a complex with a bis-NHC ligand ([RuCl(methylenebis(ImEt)2)(η6-p-cymene)]PF6 (7)) (Im = imidazole-derived NHC; superscripts indicate N substituents). X-ray crystal structures were obtained for 4, 5, 7, and 8. All of the ruthenium complexes were tested and found to be active trans...
Current studies on non-structural petroleum reservoirs in China

Through several decades’analysis and study,the understanding to non-structural oil and gas reservoir has been gradually deepening. Especially in recent years,with the proven reserves increase step by step at home and abroad,the study of non-structural petroleum has become a top subject. This paper outlines the definition,classification,distributive feature, identification, and prediction and so on of non-structural petroleum reservoirs.These studies have much more important significance on enhancing the success ratio of exploration of this kind of reservoirs. But there exists a series of issues that should be urgently dealt with for the current study situation,so further deeper discussion is needed.
The prevalence and control strategy of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

The large scale of epidemic rising of tuberculosis is bringing a great threat to human health and causing a heavy socioeconomic loss. What is more, with the occurrence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, the prevention and control of tuberculosis is facing a critical challenge. With the aim of making contribution to the prevention and control of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, this article reviews its epidemic situation, biological mechanism, epidemic causes, clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as its control strategy.
Prevalence and Serogroup Diversity of Salmonella for Broiler Neck Skin, Whole Carcass Rinse, and Whole Carcass Enrichment Sampling Methodologies following Air or Immersion Chilling†

The purpose of this study was to evaluate neck skin (NS), whole carcass rinse (WCR), and whole carcass enrichment (WCE) sampling procedures for Salmonella isolation and serogroup identification from the same broiler chicken carcass treated with air or immersion chilling. Commercially processed and eviscerated broiler carcasses were collected from a commercial processing plant, individually bagged, and transported to the pilot processing plant. In experiment 1, carcasses were air chilled to 4°C. In experiment 2, carcasses were immersion chilled with or without chlorine. After air chilling, Salmonella was detected on 78% of NS and 89% of WCE samples. Only one Salmonella serogroup was detected from each of 13 Salmonella-positive NS samples, and two serogroups were detected on 1 Salmonella-positive NS sample. Only one Salmonella serogroup was detected from each of 13 Salmonella-positive WCE samples, and two serogroups were detected from 3 Salmonella-positive WCE samples. After immersion chilling without chlorine, Salmonella was detected on 38% of NS, 45% of WCR, and 100% of WCE samples. Without chlorine, the 15 Salmonella-positive NS samples included 14 samples with one serogroup and 1 sample with two serogroups. Only one Salmonella serogroup was detected from WCR samples after immersion chilling. Of 40 Salmonella-positive WCE samples, 23 had a one, 14 had two, and 3 had three Salmonella serogroups. After immersion chilling with chlorine, Salmonella was detected on 35% of NS, 0% of WCR, and 90% of WCE samples. With chlorine, the 14 Salmonella-positive NS samples included 11 samples with one serogroup and 3 samples with two serogroups. No Salmonella serogroups were detected from WCR samples after immersion chilling with 20 mg/liter free chlorine. The 36 Salmonella-positive WCE samples included 21 samples with one serogroup and 15 samples with two serogroups. NS and WCE sampling methodologies yielded similar prevalence and serogroup diversity after air chilling. However, after immersion chilling with or without chlorine, WCE sampling yielded significantly higher (α ≤ 0.05) prevalence and serogroup diversity than either NS or WCR sampling methodologies.
Editorial: Protecting patients from intimate-partner violence-what the orthopaedic surgeon can do

• The lifetime prevalence of severe, physical intimate-partner violence is more than 22% for women and—perhaps surprisingly to some—14% for men; many of these incidents will take place at the point of a knife or a gun [2]. • One in 7 homicides (and fully onethird of murders of women) are committed by an intimate partner [9]. • Sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner will harm 15.8% of women and 9.5% of men [2]. • The overwhelming majority of rapists—994 out of every 1000—will not serve one day in prison [8]. • An abuser’s access to a firearm increases the risk of death during a domestic-violence incident more than sevenfold [3].
Programming strategies in the performing arts of the municipal libraries in the French metropolises of Paris and Marseilles

Performing artists’ activities in public libraries have received scant research attention. To address this gap, this study is based on semi-directed interviews with staff in charge of performing artists programmes in 11 libraries, and an email survey of libraries in the two main French metropolises of Paris and Marseilles. Four types of goals underpin the programming strategies of the public libraries surveyed: the development of audience; the enhancement of collections; the modification of institutional image and the decompartmentalization of arts. Finally, the article examines the effects on the libraries’ governance as regards audience development, their core missions and their development partnerships.
Retrievals of Ice Cloud Microphysical Properties of Deep Convective Systems using Radar Measurements

This study presents newly developed algorithms for retrieving ice cloud microphysical properties (ice water content (IWC) and median mass diameter (Dm)) for the stratiform rain and thick anvil regions of Deep Convective Systems (DCSs) using Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) reflectivity and empirical relationships from aircraft in situ measurements. A typical DCS case (20 May 2011) during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) is selected as an example to demonstrate the 4-D retrievals. The vertical distributions of retrieved IWC are compared with previous studies and cloud-resolving model simulations. The statistics from six selected cases during MC3E show that the aircraft in situ derived IWC and Dm are 0.47 ± 0.29 g m-3 and 2.02 ± 1.3 mm, while the mean values of retrievals have a positive bias of 0.19 g m-3 (40%) and negative bias of 0.41 mm (20%), respectively. To evaluate the new retrieval algorithms, IWC and Dm are retrieved for other DCSs observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) using NEXRAD reflectivity and compared with aircraft in situ measurements. During BAMEX, a total of 63 1-min collocated aircraft and radar samples are available for comparisons, and the averages of radar retrieved and aircraft in situ measured IWC values are 1.52 g m-3 and 1.25 g m-3 with a correlation of 0.55, and their averaged Dm values are 2.08 and 1.77 mm. In general, the new retrieval algorithms are suitable for continental DCSs during BAMEX, especially within stratiform rain and thick anvil regions.
Attack detection and mitigation for resilient distributed DC optimal power flow in the IoT environment

The internet of things (IoT) is an attractive networking paradigm with machine-to-machine communication. Several distributed approaches have been proposed to solve the DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) problem in the IoT environment. The nature of distributed computation provides scalability, robustness and privacy protection, while it also poses more vulnerabilities to unexpected cyber faults and adversaries. One important concern in the distributed DC-OPF algorithm is to maintain the optimal power dispatch result in the face of compromised nodes which are exchanging false information. In this paper, we deal with the data integrity attack and develop an attack detection and mitigation method that could fit into the IoT environment to secure the distributed DC-OPF algorithm. It is a fully distributed mechanism that enables each bus to perform the following major functions based on two-hop neighbors' information: 1) verifying the correctness of the exchanged information without infringing neighbor's privacy; 2) identifying the malicious attacker and recovering the optimal power dispatch from the malicious impact. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is illustrated by the standard IEEE 14-bus system.
Monitoring the Intercalation of Acridine Orange (AO) Molecules into 6-Methyl isoxanthopterin (6-MI)-Labeled DNA by Circular Dichroism and Single-Molecule FRET

Intercalation into duplex DNA occurs when a planar and aromatic small molecule ligand binds between adjacent base pairs of duplex DNA, forming a sandwich-like structure. This insertion significantly perturbs the double-stranded DNA structure. As a result, such intercalation may also perturb DNA-structure-dependent biological processes, such as DNA transcription, replication and repair. Based on such functional perturbations, extensive studies have been performed that focus on the development of intercalative drugs with possible clinical potential. Among the intercalators that have been examined, acridine derivatives have been much investigated. However, more work is required to develop effective drugs with the desired selectivities and reduced side effects. In an attempt to provide more incisive molecular approaches to understanding intercalation mechanisms, we have shown that 6-methyl isoxanthopterin (6-MI) and acridine orange (AO) can act as a donor-acceptor Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) pair. 6-MI is a fluorescent guanine analogue that can serve as a local reporter of DNA conformational changes, while acridine orange is a well-studied DNA intercalator. We show how these two optical probes can be paired to monitor local AO-DNA intercalation dynamics with multi-millisecond time resolution. Applying single-molecule FRET and linear dichroism methods developed in our group, we are using these approaches to study the roles of intermediate conformational states during the intercalation process.
Assigning the low lying vibronic states of CH3O and CD3O

The assignment of lines in vibrational spectra in strongly mixing systems is considered. Several low lying vibrational states of the ground electronic X∼2E state of the CH3O and CD3O radicals are assigned. Jahn-Teller, spin-orbit, and Fermi couplings mix the normal mode states. The mixing complicates the assignment of the infrared spectra using a zero-order normal mode representation. Alternative zero-order representations, which include specific Jahn-Teller couplings, are explored. These representations allow for definitive assignments. In many instances it is possible to plot the wavefunctions on which the assignments are based. The plots, which are shown in the adiabatic representation, allow one to visualize the effects of various higher order couplings. The plots also enable one to visualize the conical seam and its effect on the wavefunctions. The first and the second order Jahn-Teller couplings in the rocking motion dominate the spectral features in CH3O, while first order and modulated first order couplings dominate the spectral features in CD3O. The methods described here are general and can be applied to other Jahn-Teller systems.
Software Tools to Simplify the Transfer of a Lens Design to Manufacturing

Software tools for creating ISO standard documents and machine code for freeform surface fabrication are currently being developed. These tools simplify the transition from design to manufacturing, increasing speed, simplicity and accuracy.
The prevalence of illicit cigarette consumption and related factors in Turkey.

Background The tobacco industry claims that high cigarette taxes drive illicit trade and that governments should therefore not increase tobacco tax because it will increase the level of illicit trade. This study examines illicit cigarette consumption in Turkey after a tobacco tax increase and its related factors. Method This national cross-sectional survey was conducted in March-June 2013 and 9717 people aged ≥18 years participated in the interviewer-administered survey. Smokers were asked to show their last used cigarette pack to the interviewers and price paid for their cigarettes. Factors associated with smoking cigarettes with a tobacco tax stamp and paying ≥5 TL (Turkish lira) for a pack of cigarettes were analysed with logistic regression. Results Among the observed cigarette packs, 12.1% did not have the Turkish tax stamp. More illicit cigarettes were observed in the East region than in other regions (p Conclusion Just over 1 in 10 smokers (12%) had an illicit cigarette pack about 5 months after the final tax increase; this was most common in the East region of Turkey. Estimates are comparable to those in previous studies and do not indicate that an increase occurred in the prevalence of illicit cigarette use compared with before the tobacco tax increase.