cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Alumina and Silica Sol-Gel Encapsulated Fe/Co/Ru Nanocatalysts in Microchannel Reactors for F-T Synthesis of Higher Alkanes

We have been investigating conversion of syngas (CO: H2) to higher alkanes [Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) Process] in 5 μm and 25 μm channel microreactors coated with sol-gel encapsulated Fe/Co-nanocatalysts. These nano-metal-catalysts were incorporated into the sol-gel matrix by two methods: 1) metal nitrate solutions; 2) metal oxide nanoparticles. Characterization of these catalysts containing Co and Fe in alumina and silica sol-gel has been carried out by several techniques. The surface area measurements by BET method show an average specific surface area of 285 m2/g for alumina and 300 m2/g for silica sol-gel encapsulated catalysts. In order to optimize the sol-gel preparation and deposition in the microchannels, the elemental composition of sol-gel encapsulated catalyst was examined by EDX. The SEM and AFM images of the reactors before and after deposition of the catalysts have also been studied. Hydrogenation-reduction efficiency of the activated Fe-Co catalysts and the level of poisoning after the reaction were estimated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The result suggests more efficient reduction in the case of the nano-particle metal oxides compared to that derived from metal nitrate solutions. In overall, 85% of the catalyst is poisoned after 25 hrs of catalytic reaction. The surface area and the syngas conversion results indicate that silica sol-gel matrix may be a better catalyst support. For alumina sol-gel support, higher conversion of syn-gas is observed with 25 μm microreactor channels. For silica sol-gel, syngas conversion as high as 73% has been achieved by adding Ru as a promoter to the Fe/Co catalyst mixture.
Special focus--outsourcing after hours radiology: another point of view--use of a nighthawk service in an academic radiology department.

a v c l fi g t a d h r d a he University of California, San Digo (UCSD), was founded 40 years go, primarily as a research campus. or many years, faculty members of he UCSD School of Medicine were uch better known for the number f National Institutes of Health rants they had than for their clinical xpertise. Several years ago, our dean deided to focus his attention on imroving clinical service. One of the roblems with radiology was that here was a perception that our deartment was covered at night by resdents, while all the other hospitals in an Diego had “real radiologists.” In esponse, I quoted studies showing hat the discrepancy rate between resdent wet reads and final attending adiologist reads was similar to the iscrepancy between independent atending radiologist interpretations 1,2]. I tried to explain that those ther hospitals were actually being overed at night by a local nighthawk ompany that employed my current nd former magnetic resonance imging fellows, who were only a year or wo more senior than our residents. It idn’t matter. He wanted 24/7 atending radiologist coverage, at least or rule-out pulmonary embolus and ule-out appendicitis. This quickly orphed into any computed tomogaphy of the chest, abdomen, or pel-
The Theory of Unequal Exchange: An Indictment:

Unequal exchange is inherent in the reproduction of capitalist relations and development on a national and international scale. It is a reflection, not an explanation, of the underdevelopment of th...
Chorioretinal scar growth after 810-nanometer laser treatment for retinoblastoma☆

Abstract Purpose To determine the extent of expansion of laser scars after single treatment with transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) for retinoblastoma. Design We retrospectively reviewed medical records and RetCam (Massie Industries, Dublin, CA) digital fundus photographs of patients with retinoblastoma who received TTT by use of an 810-nm diode laser with large-spot indirect ophthalmoscope. Digital images were measured by use of RetCam software beginning immediately after treatment. Lesions were measured in both linear size and area by 2 observers. In addition, optic disc diameters were also measured for each image. Participants We identified 9 patients with hereditary retinoblastoma who were treated from 1997 to 2000. Main outcome measures Linear and area expansion of laser scars as a function of time. Results Fourteen tumors in 10 eyes were treated successfully with 1 session of TTT. Follow-up for all eyes was at least 16 months. Scars of 12 of the 14 lesions increased beyond their original borders (mean starting linear diameter, 2.02 mm; range 1.46–2.59 mm; mean increase, 0.72 mm [36%]) over time, most within 6 months to 1 year after treatment. Conclusions Scars from TTT for retinoblastoma may increase in size after treatment. This expansion must be considered when applying TTT to tumors near vital macular structures, such as the fovea and optic nerve.
Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Guinea Pigs

It is well established that the nutritional status of the host affects resistance to disease. The impact of dietary lipids on experimental pulmonary infection with mycobacteria has not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of dietary (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids on immunity and resistance to aerosol infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Weanling guinea pigs were fed purified, isocaloric diets differing only in lipid source, and the effects of diet on specific immune cell functions were evaluated after 3 or 6 wk. Dietary (n-3) fatty acid consumption reduced in vivo skin test and in vitro lympho-proliferative responses (P < 0.05) relative to (n-6) fatty acid consumption. The effect of diet on resistance to mycobacterial infection was assessed by enumerating viable mycobacteria in the lungs and spleens of guinea pigs infected with virulent M. tuberculosis by the aerosol route. (n-3) Fatty acid-fed guinea pigs had more bacteria in the lungs compared with (n-6) fatty acid-fed guinea pigs at 3 (P < 0.05) and 6 wk postinfection (P < 0.01). These data document the immunomodulatory effects of (n-3) fatty acid consumption in the context of tuberculosis resistance. The loss of antigen-specific T-cell functions in addition to impaired resistance to mycobacterial disease suggests a susceptible phenotype in (n-3) fatty acid-fed guinea pigs.
Particle Filter with Mode Tracker(PF-MT) for Visual Tracking Across Illumination Change

In recent work, the authors introduced a multiplicative, low dimensional model of illumination that is computed as a linear combination of a set of simple-to-compute Legendre basis functions. The basis coefficients describing illumination change, are can be combined with the "shape" vector to define a joint "shape"-illumination space for tracking. The increased dimensionality of the state vector necessitates an increase in the number of particles required to maintain tracking accuracy. In this paper, we utilize the recently proposed PF-MT algorithm to estimate the illumination vector. This is motivated by the fact that, except in case of occlusions, multimodality of the state posterior is usually due to multimodality in the "shape" vector (e.g. there may be multiple objects in the scene that roughly match the template). In other words, given the "shape" vector at time t, the posterior of the illumination (probability distribution of illumination conditioned on the "shape" and illumination at previous time) is unimodal. In addition, it is also true that this posterior is usually quite narrow since illumination changes over time are slow. The choice of the illumination model permits the illumination coefficients to be solved in closed form as a solution of a regularized least squares problem. We demonstrate the use of our method for the problem of face tracking under variable lighting conditions existing in the scene.
Direct Evidence Of Chemical Reactions Induced By Shear-Strains

After a brief review of the history of mechanochemistry, and of the theoretical principles of chemical reactivity, four examples are described of reactions that demonstrate the importance of elastic shear strains compared with hydrostatic compressive strains (volume changes). Techniques for separating shear strains from volume changes, and for isolating elastic strains from plastic deformation are described. The latter (isolation) is achieved simply by localizing a strained region making it too small for dislocation nucleation. Shear strain acts by reducing the chemical hardness (activation energy) of a reactant. The four examples are: (1) “hammer chemistry” in which physisorped methane is struck by argon atoms with enough kinetic energy to cause chemisorption; (2) enhanced oxidation of silicon at stressed crack tips; (3) selective dissolution of crystals at screw dislocations; and (4) increased rates of catalyzed reactions when surface acoustic waves are passed through the catalyst.
Acoustic and surface EMG diagnosis of pediatric muscle disease

The ratio of acoustic myography (AMG) amplitude to surface electromyography (EMG) amplitude is proposed as a measure of mechanical output compared with electrical activity of the contractile system. AMG to EMG ratios were measured from 16 children with muscle disease diagnosed by clinical criteria, EMG, and/or muscle biopsy. These were compared with the ratios from 11 normal volunteers spanning the same age range (7-16 years). AMG to EMG ratios were significantly (P less than 0.01) different for the two populations. Using a linear discriminant function to define the normal range for AMG to EMG ratios yielded a sensitivity of 82% (13 of 16 abnormals diagnosed) and a specificity of 91% (10 of 11 normals). These findings suggest that surface recordings may provide significant diagnostic information in muscle disease. The accuracy may be improved further by using additional muscles (e.g., paraspinals) and evoked twitches.
PILOTing Undergraduate Students to Hands-On Teaching and Research Skills.

Undergraduate research can make a positive impact on science education. Unfortunately, the one student-one mentor paradigm of undergraduate research generates a wide range of variability in the student’s experience and further limits its availability to a select few students. In contrast, a single faculty member can offer multiple undergraduate teaching positions that provide a consistent experience for the student. We attempted to combine the undergraduate research and teaching experiences in an internship practicum called Peer Instruction and Laboratory Occupational Training (PILOT). Students enrolled in PILOT served as teaching assistants for the upper division Quantitative Biological Methods (QBM) laboratory course. In addition, PILOT students worked on an independent lab project that provided them with hands-on training and supported the QBM course. The development of presentation and teaching skills was also emphasized in PILOT. These activities were designed to improve student communication skills, lab skills, and knowledge of molecular biology content. Here, we describe the PILOT curriculum and report the results of an anonymous assessment survey administered to 75 students who had completed PILOT in the previous five semesters. Our data indicate that PILOT provides an effective format to expand undergraduate opportunities for research and teaching experiences.
Gas-Phase Mass Transfer Processes in Landfill Microbiology

This report assesses gas-phase mass transfer processes in landfills with respect to their influence on waste biodegradation. Gas-phase transport must dominate in many regions of the waste because aqueous-phase transport is restricted, the environment is largely unsaturated, and substantial quantities of gas are produced. Analysis of landfill gas and landfill gas condensate at four municipal solid waste landfills in the eastern United States demonstrated that both volatile fatty acids and microorganisms are transported in the gas phase. The heterogeneity, mass transfer limitations, and significant thermal gradients in waste environments imply that gas-phase processes can play crucial roles in waste decomposition, for example by regulating local pH and distributing trace nutrients. A conceptual framework describing these processes is presented. Implications for waste management, landfill design, energy production, air emissions, and anaerobic microbiology are discussed.
Brave New Worlds: Philosophy, Politics, and Science in Human Biotechnology

Advances in biotechnology have important applications to the core demographic concerns of human reproduction and longevity, raising a number of difficult ethical issues. In the debate over those issues, however, the voices of demographers and other social scientists are nearly silent. In the United States the dominant bioethical arguments currently heard come from a conservative political and ideological position, represented, for example, by the President's Council on Bioethics and in particular by its chairman, Leon Kass. A critical discussion of Kass's writings identifies the philosophical roots of that position and highlights its logic and limits. Kass's specific arguments on cloning can be challenged by applying them to an earlier and revolutionary technology, birth control; his views on death and dying would argue for curtailing investment in life-extending technology. Conservatism of this kind ignores social science perspectives and forecloses opportunities for social change.
The Polanret variable densiphase microscope.

SUMMARY Continuously variable contrast, phase microscopy is obtained with the Polanret microscope by adjusting one control for phase retardation and another for the two kinds each of bright and dark contrast. The B + type dark contrast is available in a commercial instrument. The Polanret unit fits on recent, AO-Spencer microscopes and accepts standard trinocular to monocular bodies and cameras. Densiphase detail (absorption, optical path and combinations of them) can be made visible optimally and selectively with the complete range and four kinds of contrast provided within the Polanret system. Illustrations show the need for and advantage of variable contrast, over fixed-phase objectives. Applications include: unstained cells and tissues, biopsy tissues, transparent industrial materials, isotropic minerals, moderately absorbing materials, pigmented tissues, thin sections (nm range and thicker), and refractive index measurement of transparent and opaque materials.
Introduction, Motivation, and Background

In this chapter we want to describe and motivate some aspects of the theory of invariant manifolds which we will explore throughout the rest of this book, as well as give a brief survey of the field and the breadth of applications of invariant manifold methods and ideas throughout science and engineering. Roughly speaking, an invariant manifold is a surface contained in the phase space of a dynamical system that has the property that orbits starting on the surface remain on the surface throughout the course of their dynamical evolution in one or both directions of time; i.e., an invariant manifold is a collection of orbits which form a surface. If the surface has a boundary, then trajectories can leave the surface by crossing the boundary. Additionally, under certain conditions, the set of orbits which approach or recede from an invariant manifold M asymptotically in time are also invariant manifolds which are called the stable and unstable manifolds, respectively, of the invariant manifold. Moreover, the stable and unstable manifolds may be foliated or fibered by lower dimensional submanifolds having the property that trajectories starting on these fibers satisfy certain asymptotic growth rate conditions. Many of these features persist under perturbation, a property which is useful for the development of many types of global perturbation methods. We begin by considering areas of applications where ideas from invariant manifold theory have played an important role.
Anatomical basis of lingual hydrostatic deformation

The mammalian tongue is believed to fall into a class of organs known as muscular hydrostats, organs for which muscle contraction both generates and provides the skeletal support for motion. We propose that the myoarchitecture of the tongue, consisting of intricate arrays of muscular fibers, forms the structural basis for hydrostatic deformation. Owing to the fact that maximal diffusion of the ubiquitous water molecule occurs orthogonal to the short axis of most fiber-type cells, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements can be used to derive information regarding 3-D fiber orientation in situ. Image data obtained in this manner suggest that the tongue consists of a complex juxtaposition of muscle fibers oriented in orthogonal arrays, which provide the basis for multidirectional contraction and isovolemic deformation. From a mechanical perspective, the lingual tissue may be considered as set of continuous coupled units of compression and expansion from which 3-D strain maps may be derived. Such functional data demonstrate that during physiological movements, such as protrusion, bending and swallowing, hydrostatic deformation occurs via synergistic contractions of orthogonally aligned intrinsic and extrinsic fibers. Lingual deformation can thus be represented in terms of models demonstrating that synergistic contraction of fibers at orthogonal or near-orthogonal directions to each other is a necessary condition for volume-conserving deformation. Evidence is provided in support of the supposition that hydrostatic deformation is based on the contraction of orthogonally aligned intramural fibers functioning as a mechanical continuum.
The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders Among Adults with Asthma: A Meta-Analytic Review

Research estimating the comorbidity of asthma and anxiety disorders has produced highly disparate findings and little consensus. This study is a meta-analytic review of data from 15 independent studies of the co-occurrence of adult asthma and anxiety disorders and was conducted to provide more precise comorbidity estimates. Aggregating across studies, the average prevalence of any anxiety disorder among adults with asthma was 34%, indicating a strong relationship between the two conditions in general. More specifically, the prevalence of panic attacks (25%), panic disorder (12%), agoraphobia (12%), and generalized anxiety disorder (9%) were considerably higher among adults with asthma than in the general population. However, additional analyses yielded prevalence estimates for specific phobia (10%), social phobia (7%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (6%) comparable to or lower than rates observed in the population at large. Attention to psychiatric symptoms should be a crucial component of asthma management, as anxiety disorders appear to be highly prevalent among persons with asthma and may be associated with increased asthma morbidity.
"It's a Hurricane! It's a Hurricane!": Can Music Facilitate Social Constructive and Sociodramatic Play in a Preschool Classroom?

Sustaining attention and successfully engaging with others in collaborative play are important accomplishments focused on in preschool classrooms and childcarecenters. In addition, music is frequently used in early childhood classrooms, and even recommended as an environmental feature to motivate and regulate children's behavior. Although pretend play provides appealing opportunities for developing these social abilities, no studies to date have explored the use of music as a tool to motivate and sustain constructive and social pretend play. Results from the current study indicate that within 1 preschool classroom, more sustained play (with fewer interruptions) occurred when music played as compared to when no music played in the background. In addition, significantly more dyadic play occurred when slower music played in the background, than when no music played.
Learning from Defeat? Political Analysis and the Failure of Health Care Reform in the United States

The demise of President Clinton's 1993 health care reform plan provides a revealing window into the difficulties and hazards of drawing lessons from complex political events. In an effort to identify the causes and implications of the Clinton plan's failure, students of American health policy have offered a blizzard of alleged historical lessons that purport to explain why the plan, along with its leading alternatives, went down to such a crushing political defeat. On closer inspection, however, many of these putative lessons turn out to be hastily formulated, weakly grounded and prescriptively inadequate. These deficiencies are by no means unique to the commentary on health care reform in the United States. Rather, they reflect general risks of constructing lessons for action or analysis on the basis of just one or a few striking political events. Although these risks are endemic to historical lesson-drawing, they could be reduced by more careful attention to basic rules of historical comparison and counterfactual analysis. They could also be mitigated by a greater awareness of the fundamental uncertainties that, for a variety of reasons, characterize complex political interactions. Viewing outcomes as uncertain does not preclude forecasting and, indeed, may lead to more nuanced and accurate predictions, as well as to a greater appreciation of historical turning points and moments of meaningful strategic choice.
The oesophageal string test: a novel, minimally invasive method measures mucosal inflammation in eosinophilic oesophagitis

Objective Eosinophil predominant inflammation characterises histological features of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). Endoscopy with biopsy is currently the only method to assess oesophageal mucosal inflammation in EoE. We hypothesised that measurements of luminal eosinophil-derived proteins would correlate with oesophageal mucosal inflammation in children with EoE. Design The Enterotest diagnostic device was used to develop an oesophageal string test (EST) as a minimally invasive clinical device. EST samples and oesophageal mucosal biopsies were obtained from children undergoing upper endoscopy for clinically defined indications. Eosinophil-derived proteins including eosinophil secondary granule proteins (major basic protein-1, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase) and Charcot–Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 were measured by ELISA in luminal effluents eluted from ESTs and extracts of mucosal biopsies. Results ESTs were performed in 41 children with active EoE (n=14), EoE in remission (n=8), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (n=4) and controls with normal oesophagus (n=15). EST measurement of eosinophil-derived protein biomarkers significantly distinguished between children with active EoE, treated EoE in remission, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and normal oesophagus. Levels of luminal eosinophil-derived proteins in EST samples significantly correlated with peak and mean oesophageal eosinophils/high power field (HPF), eosinophil peroxidase indices and levels of the same eosinophil-derived proteins in extracts of oesophageal biopsies. Conclusions The presence of eosinophil-derived proteins in luminal secretions is reflective of mucosal inflammation in children with EoE. The EST is a novel, minimally invasive device for measuring oesophageal eosinophilic inflammation in children with EoE.
The Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: American Bad Faith

I used to be very surprised to find so much indifference toward the position of women in the very person who would later write The Second Sex (but neither of us knew that at the time). Colette Audry, “Portrait of the Writer as a Young Woman” While Beauvoir recounted in her autobiography that she had paid no attention to women's suffrage activism, she had nonetheless greatly valued being considered the intellectual peer and colleague of the male philosophy students. She initially considered this evidence that being a woman had been of no significance in her life. Yet her depiction of many of the women characters in her fiction suggested a troubled preoccupation: she presented tremulous, selfish, capricious, narcissistic, and child-like characters, such as The Blood of Other 's Helene, All Men Are Mortal 's Regina, and She Came to Stay 's Xaviere. Her view of women writers was ambivalent, expressing a creative ambivalence she attributed to them. She would claim (to Nelson Algren) that Colette was the only really great woman writer of France, describe Carson McCullers's writing as “too womanly, too poetical and quivering and full of secret meaning,” and comment that “nearly all women-writers are a little shy, even in the artistic ground, a little too sweet and subtle.” Though praising Violette le Duc's writing (le Duc's “feminine sensitiveness” notwithstanding), Beauvoir suggested she wrote “like a man.”
Changing Concepts of Gymnosporangium

Gymnosporangium, as the name of an important genus of the Uredinales, has been in mycological literature since 1805 when it was described by A. P. DeCandolle in the Flora Francaise (Lamarck and Candolle, 1805). The origin of the name Gymnosporangium is an unpublished manuscript by Hedwig f. from which it was adopted by DeCandolle. There is some evidence to show that Hedwig first considered Gymnospermium but changed e to o and m to ang thus making the spelling Gymnosporangium (FIG. 1). Some species, now included in Gymnosporangium, at times have been referred to various other genera-Puccinia by Micheli, Aecidium by Persoon, Podisoma by Link, Hamaspora by Koern, Gymnotelium by Sydow.
Simulator-based flight test engineering as a capstone to the dynamics and control curriculum

This paper details the development and curricular impact of Virginia Tech’s new course on “Flight Test Techniques.” By using the motion based flight simulator at Virginia Tech, students enjoy a semester-long flight testing experience that gives the realism of flight testing, without the costs, risks, and delays of actual aircraft. The first oering of this course, in the Spring of 2006, has shown high potential as a capstone course in the aerospace engineering curriculum assimilating material from dynamics and control courses with hands-on, real-world application. for the first time a course titled ‘Flight Test Techniques, AOE 4984’. The course is designed to expose senior level undergraduates to industry and government accepted methods used in flight testing aircraft by introducing real world problems into the department’s curriculum in a controlled environment. It also serves as a capstone course where concepts previously taught in several classes are integrated to give students an overarching view of aircraft operation. In order to facilitate a learning environment and mitigate safety issues associated with using real aircraft, two modern high performance aircraft models in the Virginia Tech Flight Simulation Laboratory are used instead of test aircraft. This allows for accomplishment of targeted learning objectives. It also gives students the ability and opportunity to serve in all of the various roles required to flight test an aircraft, from test pilot, to test conductor, to discipline engineer. The course is based on the principal that hands-on application of concepts learned in an academic setting is key to deep understanding. Due to safety issues, the cost of owning and operating aircraft and liability concerns, application of aerospace concepts learned in a classroom is often delayed until students arrive in industry. In industry employees are expected to perform their tasks without time to revisit concepts learned in school. This course oers students a means to apply lessons learned in a conventional classroom so that when students arrive in the workplace they already have the requisite experience in applying their academic skills to real-world problems. The goals of the course are threefold, namely to reinforce concepts taught in aircraft performance and stability and control classes, expose students to flight testing by reproducing the flight test environment in a classroom setting, and teach students flight test techniques based on currently used manuals in government evaluation of aircraft to prepare them for careers on flight test teams. The team teaching and supporting this course has unique credentials to enable this eort branching the fields of flight test engineering, test
Broadband Noise from a Rotor at an Angle to the Mean Flow

The broadband noise from a rotor operating in a turbulent boundary layer and at an angle to the mean flow is discussed in this paper. A time domain method for prediction of the far field noise is compared to measurements of rotor noise at different yaw angles over a range of speeds. It is shown that rotor yaw can significantly impact the far field sound levels and that the broadband rotor noise prediction method developed by Glegg et al (2015) can be readily adapted to apply to a rotor at an angle to the mean flow. The measurements show that the effect of rotor yaw is most significant at blade passing frequencies and its harmonics, increases with higher thrust, and is strongly dependent on observer angle. The prediction methodology has been found to be very accurate at frequencies away from blade passing frequency, but does not follow the observed trends with changes of yaw for the blade passing harmonics. It is believed that this is the result of the rotor interacting with a secondary flow vortex system that is known to set up close to the wall of the wind tunnel, and can cause blade vortex interaction noise.
Observations on Induction of Anaphylactic Shock by the Specific Carbohydrates of Type-I Pneumococcus

Further comparative studies of the soluble specific substance of Avery and Heidelberger and of the specific “cellular carbohydrate”1 by means of the experimental induction of anaphylactic shock have given additional information regarding the antigenic activities of these preparations. Avery and Tillett2 induced fatal anaphylactic shock in passively sensitized guinea pigs with the homologous soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus, and Enders3 reported that antiserum, after precipitation with soluble specific substance, still sensitized guinea pigs to his “A” substance but not to the soluble specific substance. This report records experiments with the type-I specific substances injected intracardially into guinea pigs which had been passively sensitized with type-I antipneumococcus rabbit serum 24 or 48 hours previously.The minimum amount of immune serum necessary to sensitize guinea pigs so that fatal shock developed when they were injected intracardially with soluble specific substance was always ...
Participant attributions for global change ratings in unexplained chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to identify participants' attributions for their global impression of change ratings in a behavioral intervention for unexplained chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. At 3-month follow-up, participants (N = 67) were asked "Why do you think you are (improved, unchanged, worse)?" Improved patients pointed to specific behavioral changes, unchanged patients referred to a lack of change in lifestyle, and worsened patients invoked stress and/or specific life events. Identifying patient perceptions of behaviors associated with patient global impression of change-rated improvement and non-improvement may assist in developing more effective management strategies in clinical care.
On the Technique of Generalization

ion (in the sense of passing from property to implied property), and isolation of the essence of a concept or property are substantially equivalent processes. I will add some remarks with the purpose of elucidating this principle of equivalence. First, it is to be understood that the essence of a property is not absolute, uniquely determined by the property, but is relative to the point of view. We shall illustrate this relativity of essence by considering the generalization of continuity. Continuity, for a real one-valued function, may be defined in different ways, among which are the following three: f(x) is continuous at t if (1) [sequential definition] for every sequence ;,n converging to i, f(in) converges; (2) [e, 6 definition ] for every positive E, there exists a positive 6 such that I x < 6 implies that If(x) -f(t) I < e; and (3) [neighborhood definition ] for every positive E, there exists a neighborhood N of t such that, for every t of N, If(x) -f() I < e. In the first or sequential definition, (apart from the given function f(x)) there are no concepts mentioned except that of convergent sequence. This definition, therefore, lends itself to extension to functions defined on any set A whatsoever, instead of the linear continuum, if only A is such that "convergent sequence of elements of A" has meaning. More explicitly: Let A be any set whatsoever (range of the independent variable, according to our modern conception of function); and f(e), where e is a variable element of A, any real function on A, i.e., any correspondence associating a real number f(e) with every element of A. Furthermore, let the statement "en is convergent" have meaning if en is a sequence of elements of A. It is then apparent that the definition of continuity for real functions of a real variable extends directly to real functions defined on such a set A. And if, in addition, several simple properties are demanded (postuThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.58 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 05:59:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 456 ON THE TECHNIQUE OF GENERALIZATION [Aug.-Sept., lated) for convergent sequences of A-for example, that a sub-sequence of a convergent sequence is convergent-we secure, among other conceptions, the conception of the so-called L-space of Frechet, a mathematical system, as indicated, consisting of a set A for which convergent sequence has meaning and which complies with certain elementary demands (postulates), like the one just men-
My Dear Buret, Your Time Has Indeed Come!

The authors present a case for mass-based metering of titrant volume during titrations. The mass based approach offers improved precision and is compatible with electronic data acquisition at lower cost when compared to use of burets.
Classification Model on Incremental Spatiotemporal Changes of the Spatial Object

We detail the implementation of a new solution—increment transmittance mode,for the exchange of update information from the spatial data producers to the specialized departments.In order to transfer update spatial data with the increment transmittance mode,the incremental spatiotemporal changes of the spatial object should be confirmed.A new hierarchy model with four computing operators is proposed in order to self-contained distinguish the incremental spatiotemporal changes of the spatial object.The model confirms thechange types with the whole object delta of the spatial object,the size,dimension,shape andposition delta of the spatial object.By computing results of the four operators,the basicchanges of the single and multi-features can be given.The complex incremental spatiotemporal changes can be composed based on the basic changes.
Making the Implicit Explicit: Issues and Approaches for Scaffolding Metacognitive Activity (Invited Talk)

The increasing educational focus on having learners engage in complex inquiry practices places a spotlight on scaffolding for metacognitive activity. We consider some current con- ceptual scaffolding approaches and examples of how those approaches are implemented in computers to explore the role of AI in metacognitive scaffolding.
Alteration in detrusor behavior and the effect on renal function following insertion of the artificial urinary sphincter.

AbstractThe neuropathic bladder may exhibit altered function following insertion of the artificial urinary sphincter. Detrusor hyperreflexia worsened in 7 patients following implantation of the device. However, the hyperreflexia may improve spontaneously once healing is complete. Detrusor areflexia with functional diminished compliance may remain unchanged (3 patients) or show an increased graphic gradient (10) postoperatively. These changes may result in hydronephrosis (3 patients) or urinary incontinence depending on the temporal relationship between the cuff pressure and the intravesical filling pressure. Possible explanations for the postoperative deterioration in the compliance are activation of the short neuron system, an increase in the alpha-adrenergic response or sensory receptor adaptation coupled with a severe partial lesion of the long neuron system. Because of the propensity for these changes to occur long-term followup is necessary.
Saying No to Guilt: Subaltern Cosmopolitanism and the Indebted Man

AbstractThis article explores how cosmopolitanism can serve as a key critical concept for thinking about subaltern practices through which to resist neoliberal economic and affective conditions. Drawing on the work of subaltern theorists I develop a theory of cosmopolitanism that envisions the indebted man as the locus of grassroots contestations of neoliberal institutions and policies, namely debt and the deployment of guilt. Unlike scholars such as Lazzarato and Joseph, who illuminate the current biopolitics of debt, I show that the destruction of biopolitical debt can be collectively imagined and exercised. Focusing on the 2012 revolts against austerity economics in Romania and Spain, but also drawing on other protest movements, I examine the affective practices that are deployed to interrupt the production of neoliberal debt. Whereas Hardt and Negri suggest that love has the capacity to bring about political protest, I argue that ‘saying no to guilt’ is a key strategy for activist groups and movements...
Clostridium botulinum Spores in Infant Foods: A Survey

In an examination of 10 categories of infant foods obtained in the Washington, D.C. area, Clostridium botulinum spores were detected in 2 of 100 samples of honey and 8 of 40 samples of corn syrup. This is the first report of the occurrence of C. botulinum spores in retail samples of corn syrup. In an ensuing nationwide survey of corn syrup, C. botulinum spores were detected in 5 of 961 bottles examined.
A survey of dental public health specialists on current dental public health competencies.

In preparation to update the Dental Public Health specialty competencies, the Expert Panel determined that a needs assessment be conducted. A nine item open and close ended survey developed by the Expert Panel was used to collect data on the Diplomates current work environment, the utility of the current set of Dental Public Health competencies, and to identify any gaps in the current competencies. In 2015, the survey was administered to all active Diplomates of the American Board of Dental Public Health. One hundred and nine Diplomates responded. Diplomates overwhelmingly reported that each of the ten current competencies were still relevant for Dental Public Health specialists in the 21st Century, but needed to be updated to be more contemporary. Domains suggested to achieve this were interprofessional care, cultural competency, health literacy, and evidence-based dentistry.
Stator vibration and acoustic noise analysis of FSPM for a low-noise design

Noise and vibration in FSPM machines is one of the issues where improvement is needed, especially in topologies that are of segmented stator type. The stator mode frequencies and intensity of acoustic noise generated by magnetic radial force is related to the geometry, configuration and material properties. A method for estimating mode frequencies for segmented stator is proposed. A new pole shaping method is proposed to reduce the effect of undesirable mode frequencies on noise and vibration. The mode frequencies have been calculated using analytical models and verified using structural FEA. A low-noise FSPM design technique is proposed based on pole shaping and structural analysis. The effect of the proposed method on electromagnetic performance of the machine has also been investigated. A prototype FSPM is fabricated and tested based on the proposed design.
Thomas Merton’s Spirituality of Education

Thomas Merton was one of the greatest spiritual writers and mentors of our time. This article mines the extensive Merton corpus with a view to education. Three stages are explored in articulating Merton’s spirituality of education: 1) understanding what we are; 2) becoming what we are; and 3) realizing our fundamental unity. Merton’s letters, books, and lectures are cited, analyzed, and compared in an effort to uncover the stages of Merton’s own spiritual journey and to provide a helpful model for today’s educational leaders.
Adaptive case management in the social enterprise

In this paper, we introduce SoCaM, a framework for supporting case management in social networking environments. SoCaM makes case entities (cases, processes, artifacts, etc.) first class, active elements in the social network and connects them to people. It enables social, collaborative and flexible definition, adaptation and enactment of case processes among people. It also offers mechanisms for capturing and formalizing feedback, from interactions in the social network, into the case, process and artifact definitions. We report on the implementation and a case management scenario for sales processes in the enterprise.
Low Complexity Linear Channel Estimation for MIMO Communication Systems

Channel estimation is employed to get the current knowledge of channel states for an optimum detection in fading environments. In this paper, a new recursive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel estimation is proposed which is based on the recursive least square solution. The proposed recursive algorithm utilizes short training sequence on one hand and requires low computational complexity on the other hand. The algorithm is evaluated on a MIMO communication system through simulations. It is realized that the proposed algorithm provides fast convergence as compared to recursive least square (RLS) and robust variable forgetting factor RLS (RVFF-RLS) adaptive algorithms while utilizing lesser computational cost and provides independency on forgetting factor.
Religious Discourse, Power Relations, and Interreligious Illumination

This chapter explores the extent to which a sociological inquiry of the comparative study of religion would be mutually beneficial through reciprocal illumination in reference of Francis Clooney’s comparative theology. Then, it is concerned with problematizing the Buddhist text of Bodhicaryavatara (The Way of the Bodhisattva) in connection with the Buddhist principle of dependent origination, in which a Christian critical, constructive commentarial work should come into focus. In view of a Christian commentarial interpretation, I further attempt to problematize the elective affinity of the bodhicitta idea via the Heart Sutra in its affirmative context as well as in Imperial Japanese accommodation. This sociological inquiry facilitates a hermeneutical project for developing the comparative study of Buddhist compassion and the Christian symbol of theologia crucis for mutual illumination and common practice.
Percutaneous Nephrostomy Infusion: Nursing Considerations for Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

An intrarenal approach using a percutaneous nephrostomy tube is a novel method to deliver chemotherapy and biotherapy to patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. A paucity of evidence exists regarding basic nursing implications for this unique treatment option. This column will provide suggested guidelines to administer intrarenal treatment via a percutanous nephrostomy tube. .
Corruption and competition among bureaucrats: An experimental study

Abstract We use a laboratory experiment to investigate how the introduction of competition between public officials for the provision of a government service affects extortionary corruption, i.e., the demands of harassment bribes. We examine transactions that are likely to be one-shot, such as the delivery of a driver's license, and transactions that require frequent interactions between the parties and therefore allow for reputation building, such as yearly renewals of building permits. Finally, we examine officials’ ability to collude by communicating before setting their bribe demands. We find that introducing competition significantly reduces corruption both in settings characterized by one-shot and by repeated interactions between citizens and officials. While the possibility of collusion lowers the effectiveness of competition, officials are unable to sustain collusion in the long run.
U.S. non-governmental organizations’ cross-sectoral entrepreneurial strategies in energy efficiency

When established institutional pathways for energy efficiency policies necessary to mitigate climate change are blocked at the federal level, how do entrepreneurs in the NGO sector innovate new approaches? What strategies do they employ? In this paper, we look at the strategies used by leaders of U.S. energy efficiency NGOs that have found new ways to work across sectors and at state and regional levels to increase appliance efficiency. Using 15 interviews with NGO leaders, organizational materials, and historical archives in the energy efficiency field, we explore strategies nonprofit leaders have used to establish new cross-sectoral arrangements to advance their appliance efficiency goals. Situating them in a dynamic political context, we identify four key strategies particularly important for cross-sectoral entrepreneurship: (1) performing legitimacy across sectors, (2) creating a collective action frame, (3) institutionalizing the diffusion of the collective action frame, and (4) coordinating new patterns of action in existing institutions.
Functional Trajectories, Cognition, and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease.

Background and Purpose— Cognition and education influence functional trajectories, but whether associations differ with subclinical brain infarcts (SBI) or white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) is unknown. We hypothesized that SBI and WMHV moderated relationships between cognitive performance and education and functional trajectories. Methods— A total of 1290 stroke-free individuals underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and were followed for 7.3 years (mean) with annual functional assessments with the Barthel index (range, 0–100). Magnetic resonance imaging measurements included pathology-informed SBI (PI-SBI) and WMHV (% total cranial volume). Generalized estimating equation models tested associations between magnetic resonance imaging variables and baseline Barthel index and change in Barthel index, adjusting for demographic, vascular, cognitive, and social risk factors, and stroke and myocardial infarction during follow-up. We tested interactions among education level, baseline cognitive performance (Mini-Mental State score), and functional trajectories and ran models stratified by levels of magnetic resonance imaging variables. Results— Mean age was 70.6 (SD, 9.0) years; 19% had PI-SBI, and mean WMHV was 0.68%. Education did not modify associations between cognition and functional trajectories. PI-SBI modified associations between cognition and functional trajectories ( P =0.04) with a significant protective effect of better cognition on functional decline seen only in those without PI-SBI. There was no significant interaction for WMHV ( P =0.8). PI-SBI, and greater WMHV, were associated with 2- to 3-fold steeper functional decline, holding cognition constant. Conclusions— PI-SBI moderated the association between cognition and functional trajectories, with 3-fold greater decline among those with PI-SBI (compared with no PI-SBI) and normal baseline cognition. This highlights the strong and independent association between subclinical markers and patient-centered trajectories over time.