cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. trends in prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among patients with cardiovascular disease, 1988-2016.

Background Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events prompting labeling revisions cautioning their use among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, little is known regarding long-term trends in real-world prescribing of NSAIDs within the CVD population. We aimed to characterize the use of prescription NSAIDs among U.S. adults with CVD from 1988 to 2016. Methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cross-sectional data from 1988-1994 and 19992016 to identify participants aged greater than or equal to 18 years with hypertension (defined by self-report, mean blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg, or antihypertensive medication use), or aged greater than or equal to 20 years with self-reported congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), angina, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. Prevalence of prescription NSAID use was analyzed in 6-year examination periods. Weighted logistic regression was performed to test time trends in prescription NSAID use. Results Overall, prescription NSAID use declined among all CVD populations. The highest prevalence of overall prescription NSAID use was observed during the 1999-2004 examination years, thereafter declining through the 2005-2010 and 2011-2016 examination years: in patients with hypertension (13.9% [1999-2004] to 8.5% [2011-2016]), CHF (14.6%-8.5%), CHD (16.3%-7.4%), angina (17.6%-8.5%), MI (16.1%-9.0%), and stroke (15.7%-7.9%). Decreased use of COX-2-selective inhibitors was observed during the same period; whereas, nonselective NSAID use remained relatively stable. Trends in prescription NSAID use were reflective of the general adult population. Conclusions Prescription NSAID use among patients with CVD appears to have declined from 1988 to 2016, primarily due to reduced COX-2-selective inhibitor use. Nonetheless, the prevalence of prescription NSAIDs has persisted among a subset of high-risk CVD populations.
Super-resolution PET imaging using a generative adversarial network

576 Objectives: Partial volume effects arising from the limited spatial resolution capabilities of PET scanners are a major deterrent for accurate quantitation based on PET. Common approaches for addressing these limitations include point spread function modeling within the reconstruction framework, post-reconstruction partial volume correction using a segmented anatomical volume with labeled regions-on-interest, and post-reconstruction deconvolution with stabilizing penalties or priors. Our objective is to harness the latest developments in machine learning to super-resolve PET images using additional anatomical and spatial information. Methods: Super-resolution (SR) imaging refers to the task of converting a low-resolution (LR) image to a high-resolution (HR) one. We modified, characterized, and validated a state-of-the-art generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture for the task of super-resolving PET images. A GAN consists of two separate neural networks, a generator that creates synthetic data (e.g. synthetic high-resolution PET images) and a discriminator that evaluates them. Our optimized GAN architecture consisting of a spatially-sparse convolutional neural network (CNN) as the discriminator and an enhanced deep super-resolution CNN as the generator. The two networks are individually pretrained and then jointly trained and validated. Our modified network uses additional anatomical information in the form of high-resolution MR images and additional spatial information in the form of radial and axial location patches. Simulated data for training and validation were generated using the BrainWeb phantom series. LR images based on the ECAT HR+ scanner geometry were reconstructed using OSEM and post-filtered using the spatially variant PSF measured for the ECAT HR+. The uncorrupted ground-truth phantom images were used as the HR counterparts for training and validation. Of 20 BrainWeb phantoms (corresponding to different subject-specific T1-weighted MR scans), 15 were used for training and 5 were used for validation. All neural networks were implemented using PyTorch on an NVIDIA GPX XS8-2460V4-4GPU workstation. During training, the Adam algorithm was used as the optimizer, and the cost function was calculated as the L2 norm between the SR output and the HR input. Results: Extensive preliminary investigations were conducted to compare different CNN architectures. Optimized versions of the following state-of-the-art networks were compared: 3-layer SR CNN, 20-layer very deep SR, enhanced deep SR (containing residual blocks), and GAN.All CNN methods outperformed JE and TV penalized deconvolution. Among the deep learning architectures optimized and tested, the highest accuracy levels (averaged over epochs) were observed for the proposed GAN architecture. Conclusions: We developed a GAN architecture with anatomical and spatial inputs to create super-resolved brain PET images. Our results indicate that the proposed GAN outperformed all other candidate deep learning techniques as well as penalized deconvolution techniques.
Introduction to Crisis Lawyering: Effective Legal Advocacy in Emergency Situations

In an increasingly globalized world, a complex and interlocking web of nations, governments, non-state actors, laws, and rules affect human behavior. When crisis hits―whether that be extrajudicial detention, unprompted deportation, pandemics, or natural disasters―lawyers are increasingly among the first responders, equipped with the knowledge necessary to navigate the regulations of this ever more complex world. This Introduction of the book Crisis Lawyering: Effective Legal Advocacy in Emergency Situations explores this phenomenon and attempts to identify and define what it means to engage in the practice of law in crisis situations. In so doing, it hopes to sketch out the contours of the emerging field of crisis lawyering. Contributors to this volume explore cases surrounding domestic violence; dealing with immigrants in detention and banned from travel; policing in Ferguson, Missouri; the kidnapping of journalists; and climate change, among other crises. Their analysis not only serves as guidance to lawyers in such situations, but also helps others who deal with crises understand those crises―and the role of lawyers in them―better so that they may respond to them more effectively, efficiently, collaboratively and creatively. Crisis Lawyering shines a light on the emerging field of law dedicated to responding to and resolving the complex crises of the twenty-first century.
Quality of Life for People with Disabilities: Why Applied Behavior Analysts Should Consider This a Primary Dependent Variable:

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a natural science dedicated to using behavioral principles to address socially important problems. One area in which behavior analysts have made compelling gains ...
Validation and invalidation of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitors

SARS-CoV-2 encodes two viral cysteine proteases, the main protease (Mpro) and the papain-like protease (PLpro), both of which are validated antiviral drug targets. The PLpro is involved in the cleavage of viral polyproteins as well as immune modulation through removing ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from host proteins. Therefore, targeting PLpro might be a two-pronged approach. Several compounds including YM155, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, SJB2-043, 6-thioguanine, and 6-mercaptopurine were recently identified as SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors through high-throughput screening. In this study, we aim to validate/invalidate the reported PLpro inhibitors using a combination of PLpro target specific assays including enzymatic FRET assay, thermal shift binding assay (TSA), and the cell based FlipGFP assay. Collectively, our results showed that all compounds tested either did not show binding or led to denaturation of the PLpro in the TSA binding assay, which might explain their weak enzymatic inhibition in the FRET assay. In addition, none of the compounds showed cellular inhibition of PLpro as revealed by the FlipGFP assay. Therefore, more efforts are needed to search for specific and potent SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors.
Electron Tunneling Into Thin Films of YBa2Cu3O7

We have fabricated low leakage tunnel junctions on the chemically etched surfaces of (001) oriented YBa2Cu3O7 thin films. The etching process is successful in removing the poor quality surface layer which develops during post oxygen annealing of the films. To demonstrate this, I will present tunneling data obtained on our Pb/insulator/YBa2Cu3O7 thin film planar tunnel junctions and show that it compares well with tunneling results obtained with thin film tunnel junctions made by other means and with junctions on single crystals.Above the bulk critical temperature of YBa2Cu3O7, Tc, the conductance as a function of voltage, G(V), of these tunnel junctions depends linearly on voltage and has some asymmetry. Below Tc, additional structure associated with the superconductivity appears in G(V). At T<<Tc, there is a reproducible finite zero bias conductance. If these features, which have been observed in junctions fabricated by many methods, reflect the bulk quasiparticle density of states of YBa2Cu3O7 then superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7 does not appear to be simple BCS like.
Pediatric clinical faculty structure and teaching hospital function.

An organization of clinical faculty has been formed at Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, to help coordinate the mutual goals but sometimes conflicting needs of practicing pediatricians and a teaching hospital. The organization has been active in developing and conducting educational experiences for students, house officers, and practitioners. It has contributed to efforts to improve ambulatory and impatient care. Collaborative clinical research projects involving practitioners and academicians are planned. We know of no other existing similar organization. We propose that other institutions with similar needs consider this mechanism to help improve their academic and patient care programs.
Bankruptcy Ethics Issues for Solos and Small Firms

This chapter, in Corinne Cooper & Catherine E. Vance's book, Attorney Liability in Bankruptcy, walks the reader through some of the traditional ethics issues triggered by representing consumers and small businesses. It also addresses some of the ethics issues that the recent Bankruptcy Amendments (BAPCPA) have created.
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS: Review and Report of Two Cases

Two fatal cases of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis are reported. A review of the literature shows the prognosis of this disease to be, at least in young patients, somewhat better than generally thought. A positive diagnosis in the living patient is possible with the help of certain diagnostic measures which are discussed. Increasing familiarity with the rather typical manifestations of this disorder may lead to the discovery of a larger number of patients who have a mild form of the disease. The value of splenectomy and therapy with adrenocorticotropin and cortisone is still questionable, but further trials are necessary, possibly together with the use of antihistaminic drugs. Intermittent increases in pressure in the pulmonary circulation, due to a defective vasomotor control, appears to be the most likely pathogenetic mechanism but more investigations are needed to arrive at any positive conclusion.
A Note on the Proof of the Perron-Frobenius Theorem

This paper provides a simple proof for the Perron-Frobenius theorem concerned with positive matrices using a homotopy technique. By analyzing the behaviour of the eigenvalues of a family of positive matrices, we observe that the conclusions of Perron-Frobenius theorem will hold if it holds for the starting matrix of this family. Based on our observations, we develop a simple numerical technique for approximating the Perron’s eigenpair of a given positive matrix. We apply the techniques introduced in the paper to approximate the Perron’s interval eigenvalue of a given positive interval matrix.
The most cited and downloaded papers in Epilepsy & Behavior over its first 15 years

2003 Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Review 2003 Rates and risk factors for suicide, suicidal i suicide attempts in chronic epilepsy 2000 The use of sertraline in patients with epile 2008 The global burden and stigma of epilepsy 2000 A pilot study of mood in epilepsy patients nerve stimulation 2005 Treatment of epilepsy in adults: Expert op 2005 Anxiety in patients with epilepsy: Systema suggestions for clinical management 2003 Epilepsy and cognition 2004 Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drug 2002 The role of subcortical structures in human
A chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for airborne measurements of ammonia

[1] A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) utilizing protonated acetone dimer ion chemistry to measure gas-phase ammonia (NH3) from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft is described. The average sensitivity determined from in-flight standard addition calibrations ranged from 2.6 to 5 ion counts s−1 pptv−1, depending on flow conditions, for 1 MHz of reagent ion signal. The instrument time response was determined to be 5 s from the 2 e-folding signal decay time after removal of a standard addition calibration. The instrumental background varied from flight to flight ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 ppbv. The variability between successive background measurements ranged from 50 pptv to 100 pptv. Total uncertainty for the 5 s data was conservatively estimated to be ±(30% + 125 pptv). Two NH3 sources were sampled during the New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (NEAQS-ITCT) 2004 campaign, one urban and one agricultural. During the 25 July flight, enhancements in NH3 mixing ratios were coincident with enhancements in CO, NOx, and SO2 mixing ratios downwind of New York City. The NH3 mixing ratios in the urban outflow plume ranged from 0.4 to 1 ppbv, or enhancements of 0.2 to 0.8 ppbv above local background. During the 15 August flight, NH3 mixing ratios were enhanced 0.3 to 0.45 ppbv above local background directly downwind of an agricultural area northeast of Atlanta, Georgia. The NH3 CIMS instrument has shown the ability to measure sub-ppbv NH3 levels at high time resolution from an aircraft.
In search of the black sheep: is it bevacizumab or extended chemotherapy?

A critical determinant of outcome in patients undergoing hepatectomy is the degree of liver regeneration that occurs after surgery. Animal studies have demonstrated that liver regeneration depends on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis. In a murine model, anti-VEGF receptor therapy slightly impaired liver regeneration and cell proliferation after partial hepatectomy compared with control. However, there are no preclinical animal data on the effect of the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab on liver regeneration because bevacizumab specifically recognizes human VEGF, not murine VEGF. The first clinical study analyzing the effects of bevacizumab on liver regeneration showed that bevacizumab had no effect on the increase in future liver remnant volume and the degree of hypertrophy after portal vein embolization. In the current issue of Annals of Surgical Oncology, Aussilhou et al. present the second study on the effect of bevacizumab on liver regeneration in humans. The authors report a decrease in hepatic regeneration induced by portal vein occlusion in patients who received extended oxaliplatin or irinotecan chemotherapy with bevacizumab compared with limited oxaliplatin or irinotecan chemotherapy with bevacizumab. However, in interpreting these results, the effect of extended chemotherapy itself needs to be considered. In other words, was bevacizumab or extended chemotherapy responsible for the observed pathophysiologic effect on liver regeneration? Recent data from our group indicated that extended preoperative chemotherapy (nine or more cycles) was an independent predictor of postoperative hepatic insufficiency after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. We also found that bevacizumab significantly reduced the incidence of oxaliplatin-associated sinusoidal injury and that only duration of chemotherapy, not bevacizumab, independently predicted an increased risk of hepatic insufficiency. These data, although not conclusive regarding liver regeneration, suggested that in patients treated with oxaliplatin, prolonged chemotherapy, rather than bevacizumab therapy, adversely affected hepatic regeneration. Aussilhou et al. have provided a useful study focusing on the adverse effects of extended preoperative chemotherapy on hepatic function. Their report, however, has to be considered preliminary because the group treated with short-course bevacizumab was small (three patients), and the authors do not present a separate comparison of the hypertrophy rate with or without bevacizumab in patients who received more than six cycles of chemotherapy. In summary, although the current report expands on previous studies indicating an increase in surgical complications with extended preoperative chemotherapy, the jury is still out on whether preoperative bevacizumab should be considered a black sheep in hepatic regeneration in humans.
The GOLD Community of Practice: an infrastructure for linguistic data on the Web

The GOLD Community of Practice is proposed as a model for linking on-line linguistic data to an ontology. The key components of the model include the linguistic data resources themselves and those focused on the knowledge derived from data. Data resources include the ever-increasing amount of linguistic field data and other descriptive language resources being migrated to the Web. The knowledge resources capture generalizations about the data and are anchored in the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is argued that such a model is in the spirit of the vision for a Semantic Web and, thus, provides a concrete methodology for rendering highly divergent resources semantically interoperable. The focus of this work, then, is not on annotation at the syntactic level, but rather on how annotated Web resources can be linked to an ontology. Furthermore, a methodology is given for creating specific communities of practice within the overall Web infrastructure for linguistics. Finally, ontology-driven search is discussed as a key application of the proposed model.
Categorization in Judgments of Relative Magnitude

Abstract The role of categorization in judgments of relative magnitude was examined in five experiments. We focused on the bowed serial position effect: the propensity for items of extreme magnitude to be discriminated more readily than items of intermediate magnitude. In Experiment 1, subjects categorized animals as large or small. The latencies showed an effect for serial position similar to the usual effect found for comparative judgments. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a standard comparative judgment for two linear orderings of animals, one in which magnitude categorization time was consistent across the order and the other in which magnitude categorization varied as a function of item magnitude. Results showed the usual bowed serial position effect for the heterogeneous ordering, but no such effect for the homogeneous ordering. Experiments 3 and 4 replicated the results of the first two experiments with different stimuli. In Experiment 5, subjects were precued with the size category of the to-be-compared items before making a comparative judgment. Results demonstrated a direct effect of a category cue on judgments of relative size. These findings are discussed in support of models in which categorization plays a significant role in the derivation of relational knowledge.
Foliation and the First Law of Black Hole Thermodynamics

There has been lots of interest in exploring the thermodynamic properties at the horizon of a black hole spacetime. It has been shown earlier that for different spacetimes, the Einstein field equations at the horizon can be expressed as the first law of black hole thermodynamics. Using the idea of foliation, we develop a simpler procedure to obtain such results. We consider r = constant slices, for the Schwarzschild and Reissner—Nordstrom black hole spacetimes. The Einstein field equations for the induced 3-dimensional metrics of the hypersurfaces are expressed in thermodynamic quantities under the virtual displacements of the hypersurfaces. As expected, it is found that the field equations of the induced metric corresponding to the horizon can be written as a first law of black hole thermodynamics. It is to be mentioned here that our procedure is much easier, to obtain such results, as here one has to essentially deal with (n — 1)-dimensional induced metric for an n-dimensional spacetime.
Emerging markets How ICT advances might help developing nations

Some predictions for technology developments, deployments, and the associated societal implications.
Distraction osteogenesis as a treatment for retrognathia and obstructive sleep apnea resulting from temporomandibular joint septic arthritis: a case report.

t e Septic arthritis is a rare but serious infective process that is characterized by pain, swelling, and possible loss of function of the affected joint. Knees and hips are the most commonly affected joints, but the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is among the other joints that are infrequently affected. Reports of septic arthritis of the TMJ are relatively rare, with only approximately 80 cases reported in the previous 70 years. Of these cases, most have been in adults, with only 11 cases reported in children younger than 12 years. Septic arthritis of the TMJ can have diferent complications, including ankylosis, condylar esorption, and altered mandibular growth. In ases where condylar resorption occurs, this can lead o the development of significant complications, inluding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The authors resent a case of a pediatric patient who developed SA as a sequela of septic arthritis of the TMJ and iscuss the patient’s surgical treatment with mandiblar distraction osteogenesis (DO).
Reconfigurable Radios: A Possible Solution to Reduce Entry Costs in Wireless Phones

With advances in telecommunications, an increasing number of services rely on high data rate spectrum access. These critical services include banking, telemedicine, and exchange of technical information. As a result, spectrum resources are in ever-greater demand and the radio spectrum has become overly crowded. For efficient usage of spectrum, smart or cognitive radios are sought after. However, current wireless phones can only select a few specific bands. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of reconfigurable radios in not only increasing the efficiency of spectrum usage but also in potentially reducing the cost of wireless handsets and the barriers for new wireless service providers to enter the market. We review available technologies that make the implementation of reconfigurable radios possible and discuss technical challenges that need to be overcome before multistandard reconfigurable radios are put into practice. We also evaluate the ability of reconfigurable radios in reducing entry costs for new competitors in wireless service.
INSTABILITY OF SODIUM NITRITE IN A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MICROBIOLOGICAL MEDIUM

Mixtures of sodium nitrite, amino acids and ascorbic acid at pH 6.3 or 7.2 were filter sterilized or heated for various times at 121°C. Samples were analyzed for nitrite concentration immediately after treatment and after storage at 37 or 43°C. Heating the complete medium for 15 min at 121°C reduced the nitrite concentration by 30–50% independent of the initial nitrite concentration. Storage of complete filter sterilized medium at 43°C for 18–24 hr resulted in 50–65% loss of nitrite while in heat sterilized medium the loss was as great as 90%. None of the 19 amino acids stored individually with sodium nitrite at 37°C for up to 4 hr affected the nitrite concentration, whereas ascorbic acid resulted in total disappearance of nitrite. During heating at 121°C of the 19 amino acids only cystine resulted in any significant nitrite loss after 15 min of treatment while ascorbic acid effected total nitrite disappearance after 5 min. The defined medium containing nitrite demonstrated inhibitory activity against seven strains of Clostridium perfringens.
You, your patient, and the medical-device industry: applications from my Louisville years.

Abstract Hiram C. Polk, Jr, M.D.—forever to be known as “The Boss”—is retiring as Chair of the University of Louisville Department of Surgery after 33 years where he directed the training of almost 250 surgeons. I was fortunate to have been one of those. From his first days, Dr. Polk’s goal and mission centered on excellence in patient care followed by excellence in surgical education; other issues, although of extreme importance, were well down the list. I did not realize what a profound impact the beliefs and culture of the Louisville experience would have on my professional and academic career. Accordingly, the purpose herein is to dissect those prevailing central themes and beliefs that led to the longevity and consistency of Dr. Polk’s success and had such an impact on so many young surgeons. Hopefully, the discerning reader will note the parallelism of doing the right thing whether as a departmental chairman or a practicing surgeon making daily decisions in patient care.
Fluorescence-based characterization of phycoerythrin-containing cyanobacterial communities in the Arabian Sea during the Northeast and early Southwest Monsoon (1994–1995)

Abstract Scanning fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability in the fluorescence signature of phycoerythrin-containing organisms in the Arabian Sea during the early Northeast and early Southwest Monsoon (1994–1995). Phycoerythrin (PE) emission spectra were relatively invariant among all the samples collected on either cruise; the relatively symmetrical PE emission peaks showed maxima at wavelengths ranging from 563–572 nm. PE excitation spectra always showed either a strong shoulder or a peak at wavelengths absorbed maximally by phycourobilin (PUB) chromophores as well as a peak at wavelengths absorbed maximally by phycoerythrobilin (PEB) chromophores. Thus, the Arabian Sea appears to be different from the Black Sea or Gulf of Maine in that PUB-lacking forms of PE rarely, if ever, dominate the PE signal. Fluorescence excitation signatures differed in the relative excitation of PE emission by wavelengths absorbed by PUB (∼495 nm, ExPUB) and by wavelengths absorbed by PEB (∼550 nm, ExPEB); these were distinguished by having either very low (∼0.6), very high (∼1.8), or intermediate ExPUB:ExPEB ratios. The distribution of samples with different PE fluorescence signatures was investigated extensively during the early Southwest Monsoon, and communities characterized by the low ExPUB:ExPEB ratios were closely associated with cooler (24–27°C), fresher (35.7–36.25 psu) water influenced by coastal upwelling. In general, “ambient” surface water of the Arabian Sea during the early Southwest Monsoon was of intermediate temperature (27–29°C) and salinity (36.15–36.4 psu) and showed intermediate or high values for ExPUB:ExPEB. This suggests that the PE fluorescence signature can be used to follow the fate of upwelling-influenced water masses and the populations they transport.
Thermal constriction resistance : effects of boundary conditions and contact geometries

Abstract The problem of steady-state thermal constriction resistance is modeled by means of various spatially periodic arrangements of circular disks (contact regions) on the surface of a semi-infinite solid. Three cases of disk boundary condition are considered : uniform flux, the ‘equivalent isothermal flux’, and the condition of isothermal disks. Analytical expressions for the resistance are derived as power series of K 1 4 , where k is the fraction of the solid surface occupied by the disks. The behavior of the resistance is then studied as a function of disk boundary condition, spatial arrangement and concentration.
Potential resource recovery in higher education in the developing countries and the parents' expected contribution

Abstract If the costs of higher education in the developing countries were shared using fees paid by higher income parents with the ability to pay, additional resources would be available for education. This requires computing a parents' expected contribution, the methods for which are developed here for developing countries for the first time. Increased resource recovery with some reallocation to primary levels where rates of return are higher would increase efficiency. Fees would also permit attainment of some economies of scale, and discourage college students from wasting time. Equity would increase since the higher income groups who benefit from higher education would be less heavily subsidized, and the poor who pay the most taxes would less frequently be excluded.
Purification and crystallization of RNase HIII from Staphylococcus aureus.

As part of collaborative efforts to characterize virulence factors from Staphylococcus aureus, methods for the large-scale recombinant production of RNase HIII from S. aureus subspecies MRSA252 (Sa-RNase HIII) have been developed. RNase HIII-type ribonucleases are poorly characterized members of the RNase H group of endonucleases which hydrolyze RNA from RNA/DNA hybrids and are thought to be involved in DNA replication and repair. They are characterized by N-terminal extensions of unknown function that do not share sequence homology with the N-terminal extensions of bacterial RNases HI and RNases HII. Sa-RNase HIII was crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 48.9, b = 74.2, c = 127.5 A, and diffracted to 2.6 A resolution.
Serotonergic Modulation in Aplysia. II. Cellular and Behavioral Consequences of Increased Serotonergic Tone

Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in sensitization of defensive reflexes in Aplysia and is also involved in several aspects of arousal, such as the control of locomotion and of cardiovascula...
Shifts in the ESR Spectral Parameters of Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium in Frozen Acids

The ESRspectra of atomic hydrogen and deuterium trapped in frozen acids has been reinvestigated in an effort to determine whether systematic shifts in the spectral parameters exist for this neutral S‐state atom. Following the example of Livingston, Zeldes, and Taylor, partially deuterated perchloric, phosphoric, and sulfuric acids were studied after γ irradiation at 77°K. Breit—Rabi expressions which take account of the nuclear quadrupole coupling energy were used in treating the data. This study discloses g‐value shifts of −0.00019, −0.00016, and −0.00012 and relative A‐value shifts of −0.94%, −0.61%, and −0.38% from the free‐gas values for the three acids, respectively. For perchloric and sulfuric acids, nuclear quadrupole coupling energies of 0.18 and 0.13 Mc/sec, respectively, were obtained. The possibility of 1s and 3dz 2 mixing in the hydrogen‐atom ground term due to crystalline electric fields is discussed.
Methods for reasoning from geometry about anatomic structures injured by penetrating trauma

This paper presents the methods used for three-dimensional (3D) reasoning about anatomic structures affected by penetrating trauma in TraumaSCAN-Web, a platform-independent decision support system for evaluating the effects of penetrating trauma to the chest and abdomen. In assessing outcomes for an injured patient, TraumaSCAN-Web utilizes 3D models of anatomic structures and 3D models of the regions of damage associated with stab and gunshot wounds to determine the probability of injury to anatomic structures. Probabilities estimated from 3D reasoning about affected anatomic structures serve as input to a Bayesian network which calculates posterior probabilities of injury based on these initial probabilities together with available information about patient signs, symptoms and test results. In addition to displaying textual descriptions of conditions arising from penetrating trauma to a patient, TraumaSCAN-Web allows users to visualize the anatomy suspected of being injured in 3D, in this way providing a guide to its reasoning process.
Tapentadol hydrochloride: a centrally acting oral analgesic.

Abstract Background: Tapentadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting oral analgesic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in November 2008 for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain. It is available as immediate-release 50-, 75-, and 100-mg tablets. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review animal studies, pharmacokinetic studies, drug-drug interaction studies, and Phase II/III trials of tapentadol in various conditions producing moderate to severe pain. Efficacy and tolerability data from these studies are summarized. Methods: A search of MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was conducted from January 2005 through June 30, 2009. Search terms included tapentadol, tapentadol hydrochloride , and (−)-( 1R,2R)-3-(3-Dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)-phenol hydrochloride. Relevant information was extracted from the identified articles, and the reference lists of these articles were reviewed for additional pertinent publications. The manufacturer was contacted for clinical trials, abstracts, and poster presentations that were not identified by the literature search. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched to identify recently completed studies. Results: Tapentadol produces analgesia through a dual mechanism of action: μ-opioid-receptor activation and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Its efficacy has been reported in a number of animal studies, as well as in Phase II/III clinical trials. Primary pain disorders in which efficacy has been reported include dental extraction pain, pain after bunionectomy surgery, osteoarthritis pain of the knee and hip, and low back pain. Major adverse effects reported in Phase II/III trials primarily involved the gastrointestinal system (2%–66% of subjects) and the central nervous system (4%–65% of subjects). The occurrence of gastrointestinal adverse effects appeared to be less frequent in tapentadol recipients than in those receiving oxycodone. Conclusions: Tapentadol appears to be a well-tolerated and effective analgesic for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain. Although not currently approved for the management of chronic pain, tapentadol has been reported to be effective in managing pain associated with osteoarthritis and low back pain.
Diagnosis of bullous disease and studies in the pathogenesis of blister formation using immunopathological techniques.

Several skin diseases may present as vesicles or bullae. Immunofluorescent studies arc very helpful in differentiating the various disease entities. Familiarity with the procedure and the various kinds of patterns that are specific and non-specific is essential for the practicing dermatologist. Imminofluorescent patterns are particularly helpful in differentiating pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, cicatrical pemphigoid, herpes gestationis, dermatitis herpetifomis, linear IgA dcrmatosis and porphyria. Immunofluoiescent studies of the skin and sera of these patients were vital to an understanding their pathogenesis. Imminoelectron microscopy has further helped in delineating the exact sites of immunoglobulin deposition, and, thus, identifying the location of the antigens. In pemphigus, studies at the molecular level reveal that the basic pathological process is mediated by an anti-cellular cement substance antibody. The binding of this antibody at the cell surface level results in a process that is seen at the light microscopy level in the form of acantholysis. In bullous pemphigoid cells may play an important role. It appears that the mast cell, eosinophil. and the lymphocyte in harmony with the poly-morphonuclear leucocyte work together to bring about an enzymatic degradation of the basement membrane. The specific role of the anti-basement membrane zone antibody is also under current study. With advances in molecular immunology, especially monoclonal antibodies and gene technology, it is hoped that these cellular and molecular interactions will be better understood and further defined.
The characterization of a novel human adenylyl cyclase which is present in brain and other tissues

We characterized a human cDNA clone which encodes a novel adenylyl cyclase. Data from Southern and Northern blot analysis, and analysis of sequence similarity with a recently cloned mouse adenylyl cyclase (10), indicated that the human adenylyl cyclase was a species variant of type VII adenylyl cyclase. The sequence of the novel human adenylyl cyclase indicated it was a member of the type II adenylyl cyclase family, and we compared the regulatory characteristics of the novel human enzyme with those of type II adenylyl cyclase. The human type VII and rat type II adenylyl cyclases, expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, were activated by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), but only type VII was activated by isoproterenol. The stimulation of type VII adenylyl cyclase by PGE1 and isoproterenol was attenuated by pretreatment of the cells with staurosporine. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate synergistically enhanced the stimulation of both type VII and type II enzyme activity by PGE1 and by the constitutively active Gs mutant Gs (Q227L). The human type VII adenylyl cyclase activity was unresponsive to capacitatively induced changes in intracellular Ca2+. The functional characteristics of human type VII adenylyl cyclase resemble those of the rat type II enzyme, but the enzymes may respond differently to in vivo phosphorylation conditions. While the mRNA for adenylyl cyclase type II was found in several brain areas, the message for type VII adenylyl cyclase was localized primarily to the cerebellar granule cell layer.
THE RENORMALIZATION GROUP AND THE SMALL MOMENTUM LIMIT OF FIELD THEORY

Abstract Renormalization group techniques are developed which, in contrast to those previously discussed, do not involve expanding a massive field theory around its massless limit. The methods are useful in infrared problems. The validity of perturbative expansions of the renormalization group functions is examined in quantum electrodynamics. The technique is illustrated in quantum electrodynamics and in a σ-type model of the pion.
Theoretical Approaches to Maternal-Infant Interaction: Which Approach Best Discriminates Between Mothers With and Without Postpartum Depression?

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine which of the four common approaches to coding maternal–infant interaction best discriminates between mothers with and without postpartum depression. Methods After extensive training, four research assistants coded 83 three minute videotapes of maternal infant interaction at 12 month postpartum visits. Four theoretical approaches to coding (Maternal Behavior Q-Sort, the Dyadic Mini Code, Ainsworth Maternal Sensitivity Scale, and the Child–Caregiver Mutual Regulation Scale) were used. Twelve month data were chosen to allow the maximum possible exposure of the infant to maternal depression during the first postpartum year. The videotapes were created in a laboratory with standard procedures. Inter-rater reliabilities for each coding method ranged from .7 to .9. The coders were blind to depression status of the mother. Results Twenty-seven of the women had major depressive disorder during the 12 month postpartum period. Receiver operating characteristics analysis indicated that none of the four methods of analyzing maternal infant interaction discriminated between mothers with and without major depressive disorder. Conclusion Limitations of the study include the cross-sectional design and the low number of women with major depressive disorder. Further analysis should include data from videotapes at earlier postpartum time periods, and alternative coding approaches should be considered. Nurses should continue to examine culturally appropriate ways in which new mothers can be supported in how to best nurture their babies.
Perception of rhythmic grouping: testing the iambic/trochaic law.

This study was designed to test the iambic/trochaic law, which claims that elements contrasting in duration naturally form rhythmic groupings with final prominence, whereas elements contrasting in intensity form groupings with initial prominence. It was also designed to evaluate whether the iambic/trochaic law describes general auditory biases, or whether rhythmic grouping is speech or language specific. In two experiments, listeners were presented with sequences of alternating /ga/ syllables or square wave segments that varied in either duration or intensity and were asked to indicate whether they heard a trochaic (i.e., strong-weak) or an iambic (i.e., weak-strong) rhythmic pattern. Experiment 1 provided a validation of the iambic/trochaic law in Englishs-peaking listeners; for both speech and nonspeech stimuli, variations in duration resulted in iambic grouping, whereas variations in intensity resulted in trochaic grouping. In Experiment 2, no significant differences were found between the rhythmic-grouping performances of English- and French-speaking listeners. The speech/nonspeech and cross-language parallels suggest that the perception of linguistic rhythm relies largely on general auditory mechanisms. The applicability of the iambic/trochaic law to speech segmentation is discussed.
Alcohol-induced up-regulation of fibrinolytic activity and plasminogen activators in human monocytes.

Background Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced risk for coronary heart disease. This may due, in part to increased fibrinolysis. Monocytes synthesize fibrinolytic proteins, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), and their receptors. These studies were carried out to determine the effect of low alcohol on monocyte fibrinolytic activity and PA messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. Methods Peripheral blood monocytes and U937 cells were incubated in absence/presence of low alcohol (0.1%, v/v) for various times (0-1 hr), followed by incubations in the absence of alcohol (0-24 hr) before measurement of fibrinolytic activity and PA mRNA levels (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results Brief exposure (15 min, 4 degrees C) of U937 cells to low alcohol resulted in an approximately 2- to 3-fold increase (269.0 +/- 5.6 fmol/1 x 10 cells versus 656.0 +/- 94.0 fmol/1 x 10 cells) in fibrinolytic activity. Preincubation of U937 cells and peripheral blood monocytes in low alcohol (1 hr, 37 degrees C) followed by incubation in the absence of alcohol (24 hr) resulted in a sustained approximately 4- to 5-fold increase (414.0 +/- 174.7 vs. 965.33.0 +/- 104.8 fmol/1 x 10 cells) and an approximately 3- to 4-fold (20.5 +/- 2.14 vs. 74 +/- 2.28 fmol/2 x 10 cells, respectively) increase in fibrinolytic activity. Preincubation of monocytes with low alcohol (1 hr, 37 degrees C) followed by incubation in the absence of alcohol (6 hr) resulted in an approximately 5- to 6-fold (0.06 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.42 +/- 0.02) and an approximately 2- to 3-fold (0.89 +/- 0.04 vs. 2.07 +/- 0.29) increase in t-PA and u-PA mRNA (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; PA/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ratio), respectively. Conclusions These data suggest that low alcohol exerts a rapid, direct, and sustained effect on monocyte fibrinolytic activity, which may be, due in part, to increased monocyte t-PA/u-PA expression. These data provide a feasible molecular mechanism by which alcohol effects on monocyte fibrinolysis may contribute to the cardioprotective benefit associated with moderate alcohol consumption.
Estimates of the number of hidden units and variation with respect to half-spaces

Abstract We estimate variation with respect to half-spaces in terms of “flows through hyperplanes”. Our estimate is derived from an integral representation for smooth compactly supported multivariable functions proved using properties of the Heaviside and delta distributions. Consequently we obtain conditions which guarantee approximation error rate of order O 1/ n by one-hidden-layer networks with n sigmoidal perceptrons . © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd .
Specification tests for distributional assumptions in the tobit model

Abstract The recent development of distribution robust estimators for the censored regression model allows for the construction of specification tests of the normality and homoskedasticity assumption of the Tobit model. This paper considers Hausman (1978) specification tests for the Tobit model that are based on Powell's (1986) symmetrically censored least squares estimator. Testing for models with explanatory variables that are endogeneous is considered, as well as the simpler case where the explanatory variables are exogenous. Testing of the maintained conditional symmetry assumption of the symmetrically censored least squares estimator is also considered. The tests are implemented in an empirical example of a model of female labor supply.
Endometrial carcinoma of prostatic utricle

Abstract We present the case history of an eighty-year-old man with endometrial carcinoma of the prostatic utricle and review the literature on this neoplasm, paying particular attention to the histopathologic controversy it has generated.
Dependable, online upgrades in enterprise systems

Software upgrades are unreliable, often causing downtime or data loss. I propose Imago, an approach for removing the leading causes of upgrade failures (broken dependencies) and of planned downtime (data migrations). While imposing a higher resource overhead than previous techniques, Imago is more dependable and easier to use correctly.
Are Conductive Arguments Possible

Conductive Arguments are held to be defeasible, non-conclusive, and neither inductive nor deductive (Blair and Johnson in Conductive argument: An overlooked type of defeasible reasoning. College, London, 2011). Of the different kinds of Conductive Arguments, I am concerned only with those for which it is claimed that countervailing considerations detract from the support for the conclusion, complimentary to the positive reasons increasing that support. Here’s an example from Wellman (Challenge and response: justification in ethics. Southern Illinois University Press, Chicago, 1971): Although your lawn needs cutting, you ought to take your son to the movies because the picture is ideal for children and will be gone by tomorrow. (1971: 57) I argue that Conductive Arguments are not possible—the “ought” conclusion only holds if countervailing considerations are nullified.
Structures of 2,5-piperazinediones with epipolysulfide bridges. III. Conformation and absolute configuration of [(+)] 366mm CD 3,6-epidithio-l-prolyl-l-proline-anhydride

The X-ray crystal structure and absolute configuration of 3,6-epidithio-l-prolyl-l-proline-anhydride (C10H12O2N2S2) have been determined from single-crystal diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupP21212 with two molecules in a unit cell having dimensionsa=9.573(3),b=10.143(2), andc=5.761(2) A. The structure was solved by the Patterson method and refined to a finalR value of 6.7%. The Bijvoet test, performed using CuKα radiation, shows that the configuration at both chiral carbons is (R) for the diastereoisomer having a specific rotation [α] D 25 =−54.5°. The torsion angle of the C-S-S-C fragment is −8.5°, giving helical sense (M), and the CD spectrum shows four major chiro-optical regions: 366(+), 336.5(−), 262(+), and 235(−) nm. The S-S bond length of 2.078 A is intermediate between the values found in aliphatic disulfides having torsion angles near 0° and those with angles near 90°. The C-S distance of 1.899 A is unusually long for disulfides, but seems to be characteristic of the small number of epidithiodiketopiperazines which have been studied.