cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p38 Kinase activity is essential for osmotic induction of mRNAs for HSP70 and transporter for organic solute betaine in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

In renal cells, hypertonicity induces genes for heat shock proteins (HSP70, alpha B-crystallin), as well as enzymes and transporters directly involved in the metabolism and transport of protective organic osmolytes. While heat shock proteins are induced by many stresses including osmotic stress, the induction of the osmolytes genes appears to be specific to osmotic stress. These two adaptive mechanisms allow kidney cells to survive and function in the hypertonic environment that exists on routine basis in kidney medulla. In mammalian cells, hypertonicity induces three mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways: ERK (extracellular regulated kinase), JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase), and p38. ERK activation by osmotic stress is a consistent finding in many cells, but it is not essential for transcriptional regulation of mRNA for transporter of organic osmolyte betaine. While the growth of yeast cells on NaCl-supplemented medium is dependent on HOG1 pathway, it is still unclear which pathway mediates the adaptation to osmotic stress in mammalian cells. Here, we show that inhibition of p38 kinase activity, using the specific inhibitor SB203580 (4-(fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonyl-phenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl) imidazole), abolishes the hypertonicity-mediated induction of mRNAs for HSP70 and betaine transporter in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The inhibition is dose-dependent and correlates with the in situ activity of native p38 kinase, determined as MAPKAPK-2 activity in cell extracts. As reported previously, the activities of ERK-1 and -2 were not affected by SB203580, but surprisingly, inhibition of native p38 kinase activity correlates with up-regulation of native JNK-1 activity in osmotically stressed cells. p38 mRNA is induced by hypertonic stress and is attenuated with p38 kinase inhibition. We also find that thermal induction of HSP70 mRNA is not affected by p38 kinase inhibition. Such findings suggest that p38 kinase activity is essential for the induction of genes involved in the adaptation of mammalian cells to osmotic stress and that the increased activity of JNK-1 during p38 kinase inhibition is consistent with regulation of JNK-1 by p38 kinase in osmotically stressed cells. In addition, the transduction pathways mediating HSP70 mRNA induction by different stresses appear to be divergent; osmotic induction of HSP70 is p38 kinase-dependent, while thermal induction is not.
Impervious surface impacts to runoff and sediment discharge under laboratory rainfall simulation

Abstract Urbanization of watersheds previously managed for agricultural uses results in hydrologic changes associated with increased flooding and erosion. Few studies have been conducted to quantify these effects under controlled conditions and standard rainfall simulation methodologies have not been previously established. In this study, a laboratory rainfall simulation procedure was developed and utilized to evaluate hydrologic and sheet erosional responses to various configurations of impervious surface cover at the small scale. Runoff and sediment losses from a sloped (5%) cascade of soil boxes having 50% impervious cover located at the top of the slope or at the bottom of the slope, or having 0% impervious cover were measured. Results indicate that the 50% upslope impervious treatment generated sediment at 3–5 times the rate of the 50% downslope impervious treatment. Upslope impervious cover resulted in initially lower water runoff rates than channel development, but this effect narrowed or reversed with continued rainfall. These results suggest that upslope impervious surfaces may represent a larger total on-site erosion risk than equivalent impervious surfaces located at lower positions along the slope, especially under high antecedent soil moisture and/or high intensity rainfall.
The treatment of an osteochondral shearing fracture-dislocation of the head of the proximal phalanx: A case report

We report the morphology and treatment of a proximal interphalangeal joint dislocation resulting in an injury to the articular surface of the proximal phalanx and avulsion of the radial collateral ligament from its proximal origin. A large osteochondral fragment was sheared from the radial articular surface of the proximal phalanx and remained displaced volarly after reduction of the joint. Plain radiographs and 2- and 3-dimensional computed tomography images were used to evaluate this unusual injury before surgery. Open reduction and internal fixation using a small K-wire and figure-of-eight wire technique restored the articular surface of the head of the proximal phalanx and gave a satisfactory functional result.
The American oyster as a coastal zone pollution monitor: A pilot study

The Condition Index [(dry meat weight)(100)/(internal cavity volume)] has been analyzed and compared in the American oyster,Crassostrea virginica, from two South Carolina estuaries, one of which was considered polluted by coliform bacteria standards. During the warmer months, oysters from the unpolluted habitat showed a consistently and significantly higher Condition Index. Best fit and power function regressions of Condition Index on total coliform bacteria levels conform with previously cited effects of pollutants on oysters. Condition Index droped markedly as the incidence of total coliforms increased toward levels of 100 per 100 ml of water. Our results and the known sensitivity of oysters to a spectrum of pollutants suggest that their condition could be used to monitor waterborne pollution in coastal zone areas.
KINETICS OF QUALITY DEGRADATION: ASCORBIC ACID OXIDATION IN INFANT FORMULA DURING STORAGE

The use of mathematical computer-aided simulations of liquid food quality degradation during storage requires the prior knowledge of kinetics of the reaction rates. In this paper a procedure to obtain this type of information is discussed. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the rates of ascorbic acid oxidation and oxygen uptake in infant formula and (2) to determine the influence of light intensity on rates of ascorbic acid oxidation and oxygen uptake during storage. The quality index studied in this research was reduced ascorbic acid. Infant formula was selected as the model system. The overall reaction of ascorbic acid degradation and oxygen uptake was assumed and confirmed to be a second-order reaction under limited dissolved oxygen presence in the liquid. The second-order rate constants were calculated for ascorbic acid degradation and dissolved oxygen uptake in infant formula samples exposed to light in 1-cm deep exposure cells. These storage experiments were conducted at five light intensities (dark, 1071 lux, 2142 lux, 3213 lux and 4284 lux) and three initial dissolved oxygen concentrations (1.0 ppm, 4.86 ppm and 8.71 ppm). The results indicated that in samples exposed to light, an increase in initial dissolved oxygen content increased the second-order rate constants.
On the theory of steady state reconnection

Abstract This paper contains a brief overview of analytical models of steady-state reconnection and their relationship to recent computer simulations. A general definition of reconnection is given which is shown to be entirely local in nature. The Sweet-Parker and the Petschek models are then reviewed briefly along with several other analytical descriptions of reconnection, and their relevance to computer-simulation results is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the strong vortex layers along magnetic separatrix surfaces, an effect that has been observed in a number of numerical simulations of reconnection. Finally, two-fluid phenomena are discussed with emphasis on (i) the appearance of structures on the electron length scales at the reconnection site when ordinary or anomalous resistivity effects are absent and (ii) the appearance of Hall-current loops on length scales comparable to the ion inertial length or gyroradius.
Linkage of the gene controlling the synthesis of the fourth component of complement to the major histocompatibility complex of the guinea pig

C4-deficient (C4D) guinea pigs are lacking in C4 synthesis, a condition that appears to be caused by a structural gene defect. This defect is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait. We have demonstrated linkage between C4D and the major histocompatibility complex of the guinea pig (GPLA). Inbred C4D and inbred strain 13 guinea pigs appear to have the same GPLA haplotype. The use of these two strains should provide an animal model for reconstitution studies of C4 synthesis and for studied exploring the possible role of C4 in cellular and humoral immune responses.
Donor cell leukemia: report of a case occurring 11 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and review of the literature.

We report the case of a man with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and a 46,XY,t(5;9;22) karyotype who developed acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) with a 45,X,t(8;21) karyotype 11 years after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from his HLA-matched sister. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies and molecular analysis using short tandem repeat (STR) sequences proved the new leukemia to be of donor cell origin. Donor cell leukemia (DCL) after BMT is rare. Our review of the literature found 15 cases following BMT for leukemia and 2 cases after BMT for benign hematological disorders. In fewer than half the reported cases were molecular studies available to confirm the cytogenetic evidence for DCL, and the longest previously reported interval between BMT and DCL was 6 years.
Paralog group 1 hox genes regulate rhombomere 5/6 expression of vhnf1, a repressor of rostral hindbrain fates, in a meis-dependent manner

Abstract The vertebrate hindbrain is segmented into an array of rhombomeres (r), but it remains to be fully understood how segmentation is achieved. Here we report that reducing meis function transforms the caudal hindbrain to an r4-like fate, and we exploit this experimental state to explore how r4 versus r5–r6 segments are set aside. We demonstrate that r4 transformation of the caudal hindbrain is mediated by paralog group 1 (PG1) hox genes and can be repressed by vhnf1 , a gene expressed in r5–r6. We further find that vhnf1 expression is regulated by PG1 hox genes in a meis -dependent manner. This implies that PG1 hox genes not only induce r4 fates throughout the caudal hindbrain, but also induce expression of vhnf1 , which then represses r4 fates in the future r5–r6. Our results further indicate that r4 transformation of the caudal hindbrain occurs at intermediate levels of meis function, while extensive removal of meis function produces a hindbrain completely devoid of segments, suggesting that different hox -dependent processes may have distinct meis requirements. Notably, reductions in the function of another Hox cofactor, pbx , have not been reported to transform the caudal hindbrain, suggesting that Meis and Pbx proteins may also function differently in their roles as Hox cofactors.
Production and consumption in an early complex society: animal use in Middle Saxon East Anglia

Abstract This paper examines the relationships between urban consumers and rural producers of animal products during the period when the earliest post‐Roman urban sites first appear in eastern England. The mammal and bird faunas from a Middle Saxon emporium (Ipswich), two Middle Saxon rural sites (Brandon and Wicken Bonhunt) and an Early Anglo‐Saxon village (West Stow) are examined in order to determine how early urban sites were supplied with animal products and the effect that this early urban growth had on systems of rural animal production. The data indicate that the urban emporium of Ipswich was provisioned with meat from a limited range of domestic animal species. Contemporary rural sites show evidence for increasing specialization in some aspects of animal production – pork production at Wicken Bonhunt and wool production at Brandon – when compared with the faunai remains from the Early Saxon village of West Stow. The data suggest that there is a integral relationship between the development of the...
Experimental Study of Erosive and Dynamic Burning in Polybutadiene-Based Composite Propellants

Erosive effects in polybutadiene-acrylonitrile- and hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene-based composite propellants are investigated using a planar geometry combustor. Head, mid, and aft-end motor pressure were measured as well as aft burning rate via the use of an ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic sensor performed very well, providing burning-rate histories that, when integrated, closely matched the measured web distance. The measurement revealed local unsteady behavior in some circumstances as well as a very high dynamic regression at ignition. From theoretical considerations, burning rate was shown to be a linear combination of base, erosive, and dynamic burning rate. The dynamic portion was removed, and erosive burning was studied using the classical Lenoir–Robillard model. Parameter estimates were made by fitting to an inferred burning rate based upon pressure measurements and confirmed by matching to ballistic reconstructions. The experiment covers mean chamber conditions ranging from 311 psi (2.1...
Linearity Enhancement Techniques in Radio Receiver Front-Ends

A key role in determining the overall performance of a communication link is played by the linearity of the analog sections of the transmitter and the receiver. Nonlinearity in the receiver can impact performance in several ways, including degradation in sensitivity, reduction in gain, and the appearance of spurious energy within the frequency band of interest from out-of-band sources. An overview of circuit and architectural techniques for enhancing receiver front-end linearity is presented. Two types of techniques are described, those that rely on device or circuit level linearization, through reduction of nonlinear coefficients, and those that rely on attenuation of undesirable interferers.
The effects of moisture concentration and type on quality characteristics of alfalfa hay baled under two density regimes in a model system

Abstract Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) hay was packaged in laboratory-scale bales at nine moisture concentrations (250 to 358 g kg −1 ). Five concentrations were obtained from the field during initial dehydration, and four were obtained during the accumulation of dew at night. In the first study, bale density was increased as bale moisture increased (floating density; FD), thereby mimicking the confounded nature of these variables commonly observed with field-scale equipment. In the other study, this confounding was eliminated by maintaining a constant (400 kg/m 3 ) dry matter bale density (constant density; CD), regardless of moisture content. Initial bale moisture was an excellent linear predictor of storage characteristics and changes in quality and was consistent for both the CD and FD studies. Moisture type (residual hydration or dew) had no effect on any response variable. Heating indices (degree days>30°C, degree days>ambient, mean heat generation rate, maximum temperature, and average temperature) were all effective in describing changes in artifact nitrogen concentration as linear functions during storage ( r 2 >0.838). However, regression lines for FD and CD studies were dissimilar (different slope, intercept, or both) for all predictor variables except average temperature. The mechanisms that regulate heat damage to forage nitrogen during bale storage are complex. Although input factors such as moisture content, spontaneous heating, and bale density clearly impact final artifact nitrogen concentrations, their interactions are not understood fully.
Age and Gender Affect Epiphyseal Closure in White-tailed Deer

Abstract Timing of epiphyseal closure determines length of long bones and thus body size, but factors affecting epiphyseal closure in Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) have not been conclusively quantified. We collected morphometric data and radiographic images of the distal humerus, proximal radius, distal radius, and metacarpus on approximately 0.5-, 1.5-, 2.5-, and 3.5-year-old optimally nourished captive deer. Age affected closure of distal radial and metacarpal epiphyseal plates (P < 0.001), with all individuals exhibiting epiphyseal closure by 3.5 years of age. Gender affected closure of the distal radial epiphyseal plates (P = 0.036), with females closing prior to males. Differential bone growth rate prior to epiphyseal closure may be one mechanism by which individual and cohort phenotypic effects are manifested in cervids.
Soil Oribatei VII. Decomposition of Conifer Needles and Deciduous Leaf Petioles by Steganacarus diaphanum (Acarina: Phthiracaridae)

The immatures of this oribatid fed specifically upon the decaying schlerenchyma and endoderm of conifer needles and the nonvascular portion of leaf petioles from deciduous species. The adults usually fed upon the same foodstuff but frequently wandered and fed upon decaying filter paper when not engaged in reproductive activity. Immatures were removed from the plant tissues during most of the months of the year in their laboratory environment. As many as five immatures were found in sections of conifer needles of 8–10 mm. length. At the completion of growth from egg to adult requiring approximately 5 months, a perforated cuticle and vascular bundles remained while most of the schlerenchyma and endoderm were reduced to particles of 1 µ to 20 µ size.
Ovine prolactin (PRL) and dopamine preferentially inhibit PRL release from the same subpopulation of rat mammotropes.

Autoregulation of PRL release was studied at the single cell level by the use of a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Monodispersed pituitary cells from adult male rats were first preincubated with test substances and then coincubated with antirat PRL antiserum before development of plaques with complement. At the conclusion of the assay, the percentage of all pituitary cells in culture that formed plaques was evaluated microscopically, and the rate of plaque development was used as an index for the rate of hormone release. In controls, the maximal percentage of pituitary cells formed PRL plaques within a 1.5-h antibody incubation period, and addition of TRH (1 × 10−7 m) did not increase this proportion. Treatment with ovine PRL (oPRL, 100 ng/ml) or dopamine (1 × 10−7 m), either alone or in combination, caused a comparable suppression of the rate of PRL plaque development, which was reversed by the presence of TRH. Pretreatment of cells with the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine (1 × 10−5 m) overrode dopamine...
Microloans and Women’s Freedom of Physical Mobility: Evidence from India

Earlier studies in India have documented both positive and negative effects of microloans on women; however, most of the studies have been qualitative in nature or geographically limited and have largely ignored sociocultural variations in the country that might influence the effectiveness of microloan programs. The present study uses nationally representative data from India, from the third wave of the National Family Health Survey (nfhs-3), and logistic regression to examine if getting a microloan affects women’s access to spaces outside their home, and whether this effect varies by the prevailing gender norms in their respective communities. The sample consists of 37,003 women aged 18-49 who were “usual residents” and knew about microloan programs in their communities. Results of the analysis indicate that the likelihood of full mobility (i.e., being allowed to go alone to the market, health facilities, and places outside the community) is higher for women who had taken a microloan, even after controlling for the effects of other individual-level and community-level predictors. Results also indicate that the microloan effect on women’s mobility does not differ by the normative context of their respective communities.
Testimonially based knowledge from false testimony

I provide an example to illustrate the contention that there are cases in which a recipient can acquire testimonially based knowledge from false testimony. The example involves a case in which the proposition believed by the recipient, though derived in a testimonially based way, is not identical with the proposition attested to. I conclude by suggesting that if we are to make sense of such cases as cases of testimonially based knowledge, we need to make some revisions both in our conception of the ways in which testimonially-grounded warrant can accrue to a belief and in our conception of what ‘testimonial authority’ can apply to.
Ethics Consultation at a Large Urban Public Teaching Hospital

OBJECTIVES To describe the population served and issues encountered by Hospital Ethics Committee consultation, to describe the incidence of consultation per hospital admission, and to describe the resource utilization per consult. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective review of all ethics consults at a large urban teaching hospital and level one trauma center in a metropolitan area from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2006. The data points analyzed were patient demographics, time spent by consultants (resource utilization), and the choice to pursue a full consult, which differs from a brief consult by the number of ethics consultants involved and the formality of the deliberative process. RESULTS A total of 285 consults were conducted or 0.16% (95% confidence interval, 0.14%-0.18%) of all hospital admissions. The highest incidence was 0.88% (95% confidence interval, 0.59%-1.3%) for the trauma intensive care unit. The average age of patients consulted on was 51 years, and 54% were in the intensive care unit. Of the consults, 90% were brief, and 52% were requested by house staff. Consultants logged 60,368 minutes, 38% of which were devoted to full consults (10% of total). Consults in obstetrics, general medicine, and surgery were the most time-consuming. Pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus were more prevalent in full consults. The "classic" ethics cases of confidentiality (5%), patients requesting futile treatment (5%), brain death (4%), error disclosure (1%), and organ-donor rights (0.3%) were marginal in our series. CONCLUSION Little data exist on the practice of ethics consultation services. To our knowledge, this series represents the largest to date. Specific issues, patient characteristics, and hospital services were more prevalent in the most time-consuming consults. These data can be used to target the education of residents and inform hospital quality initiatives.
Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Preformed, Nanometer-Size Gold Clusters with the Atomic Force Microscope

An atomic force microscope has been used in the attractive (noncontact) force mode to image individual nanometer-size Au clusters preformed in the gas phase and deposited on a wide variety of atomically flat substrates. Contact imaging modes are shown to provide sufficient lateral forces to dislodge the clusters. Using a noncontact technique, it is possible to reliably image preformed clusters in their as-deposited positions. This capability allows nanoindentation studies to measure the mechanical properties of individual nanometer-size Au clusters supported on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite and permits a measure of the deformation of a nanometer-size cluster as a function of the applied load.
HIV Evolution: Fast or Slow?

It is known that in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome regions responsible for interactions with the host's immune system, namely, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, tend to be clustered together, sometimes found in more conserved parts of genome. On the other hand, more variable regions tend to have lower density of CTL epitopes. Furthermore, high recombination rate, coupled with high mutation rate, results in overall high diversity of HIV sequences, which is expected to result in little if any association between different regions of a genome. Or is it not? Employing data mining technique, we show that indeed some rather strong associations between different regions of HIV genome can be detected, even when circulating recombinant forms are considered. This can partly be attributed to strong functional constraints acting on protein sequences and certain CTL epitopes regions in particular.
Analyte transport past a nanofluidic intermediate electrode junction in a microfluidic device

A glass microfluidic device is presented in which a microchannel is split into two regions with different electric fields by a nanochannel intermediate electrode junction formed by dielectric breakdown. The objective is to sink current through the nanochannel junction without sample loss or broadening of the band as it passes the junction. This type of performance is desired in many microfluidic applications, including the coupling of microchannel/CE with ESI-MS, electrochemical detection, and electric field gradient focusing. The voltage offsets in this study are suitable for microchannel/CE-ESI-MS. Imaging of the transport of model anions and cations through the junction indicates that the junction exhibits nanofluidic behavior and the mean depth of the nanochannel is estimated to be � 105 nm. The ion permselectivity of the nanochannel induces concentration polarization and enriched and depleted concentration polarization zones form on opposite sides of the nanochannel, altering the current and electric field distributions along the main microchannel. Anion transport efficiency past the junction was high, 96.0%, and varied little over the pH range of 4.0‐8.0. In contrast, cation transport is much lower, and decreases from 72 to 11% from pH 4.0 to 8.0. Band broadening increases with increasing pH less than 70% over the pH range of 4.0‐8.0. It is anticipated that this characterization will aid in the understanding and optimization of such junctions made from permselective membranes and porous glass.
A Survey of Efficiency Estimation Methods of In-Service Induction Motors with Considerations of Condition Monitoring Requirements

Condition monitoring of electric motors avoids severe economical losses resulting from unexpected motor failures and greatly improves the system reliability and maintainability. Efficiency estimation, which shares many common requirements with condition monitoring in terms of data collections, is expected to be implemented in an integrated product. This brings more considerations into the selection of the efficiency estimation methods. This paper presents the results of a literature survey on efficiency estimation methods of in-service motors, particularly with considerations of the motor condition monitoring requirements. Over twenty of the most commonly used methods are briefly described and classified into nine categories according to their physical properties. Six categories of these methods are more related to in-service testing, and are compared in a table summarizing the required tests and measurements, intrusion level, and average accuracy. Estimation of the rotor speed and the stator resistance, the two stumbling blocks of various efficiency estimation methods, are also carefully studied; and commonly used methods are summarized in this paper. Finally, three efficiency estimation methods are suggested for in-service motor efficiency estimation and condition monitoring applications
3782 Celle: Discovery of a binary system within the Vesta family of asteroids

Abstract Photometric observations of the minor planet (3782) Celle, which has been associated both dynamically and spectroscopically with the Vesta asteroid family, were obtained using the 1.8-m Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope during September 2001 and December 2002–January 2003. Analysis of these data reveals a normal rotational lightcurve ( P = 3.84 h , amplitude =0.10–0.15 mag). During the 2002–2003 run, anomalous attenuation events were observed lasting for about 2.6–3.5 h that varied in amplitude from 0.15–0.3 mag. The attenuations were of two distinct types that can clearly be identified as primary and secondary occultation/eclipses similar to those that have been previously observed in known minor planet binary systems (Pravec et al., 2000). We therefore interpret our data as clear evidence that (3782) Celle is actually an asynchronous binary system with an orbital period of 36.57 ± 0.03 h (Ryan et al., 2003). A preliminary model, based on spherical components, yields a primary-to-secondary diameter ratio of 0.43 ± 0.01 and a combined bulk density of 2.2 ± 0.4 gm / cm 3 for the two components. Because these objects are likely to be composed of basaltic fragments, this density is indicative of a moderate to a highly fractured internal structure for at least one, if not both, of the binary components. Since the Vesta family is believed to have been created via a cratering event, this finding has important implications for understanding possible ejecta re-accumulation and satellite formation in subcatastrophic collisions.
Structural anatomy of the posterior pelvic compartment as it relates to rectocele.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to define posterior compartment structural anatomy relevant to rectocele. Study Design: Dissection of 42 fresh and 22 fixed cadavers was supplemented by examination of histologic (n = 3) and macroscopic (n = 5) serial sections. Results: Distal posterior compartment support involves connection of the halves of the perineal membrane (urogenital diaphragm) through the perineal body, preventing downward protrusion of the lower rectum. Above this level the posterior vaginal wall is held in place by sheets of bilateral endopelvic fascia that attach each side of the posterior vaginal wall to the pelvic diaphragm. Most of these fascial fibers attach to the vaginal wall and a few fibers unite in the midline. Pelvic floor closure by the levator ani muscles relieves pressure-induced stress on the midvaginal fascial supports. Conclusions: Midline perineal membrane union supports the distal posterior compartment and a fascial connection between the pelvic diaphragm and vagina supports the mid vagina. Muscular pelvic floor closure helps to relieve fascial stress. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:815-23.)
A buffer model of memory encoding and temporal correlations in retrieval.

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) dual-store model of memory includes structural aspects of memory along with control processes. The rehearsal buffer is a process by which items are kept in mind and long-term episodic traces are formed. The model has been both influential and controversial. Here, we describe a novel variant of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s buffer model within the framework of the retrieving effectively from memory theory (REM; Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) that accounts for findings previously thought to be difficult for such models to explain. This model assumes a limited-capacity buffer where information is stored about items, along with information about associations between items and between items and the context in which they are studied. The strength of association between items and context is limited by the number of items simultaneously occupying the buffer (Lehman & Malmberg, 2009). The contents of the buffer are managed by complementary processes of rehearsal and compartmentalization (Lehman & Malmberg, 2011). New findings that directly test a priori predictions of the model are reported, including serial position effects and conditional and first recall probabilities in immediate and delayed free recall, in a continuous distractor paradigm, and in experiments using list-length manipulations of single-item and paired-item study lists.
Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from a fatal human case in California.

SummaryThe virus of St. Louis encephalitis was isolated from a fatal human case of encephalitis in California. This represents the first isolation of this virus from any vertebrate host outside the endemic St. Louis area, and the second isolation of this virus in California.It is considered probable that the patient acquired his infection in Kern County, where Hammon and Reeves have shown the existence of naturally infected mosquitoes.The pathogenic properties of the virus are described and discussed.
Comparison of constitutive flow resistance equations based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied to natural rivers

[1] A set of conceptually derived in-bank river discharge–estimating equations (models), based on the Manning and Chezy equations, are calibrated and validated using a database of 1037 discharge measurements in 103 rivers in the United States and New Zealand. The models are compared to a multiple regression model derived from the same data. The comparison demonstrates that in natural rivers, using an exponent on the slope variable of 0.33 rather than the traditional value of 0.5 reduces the variance associated with estimating flow resistance. Mean model uncertainty, assuming a constant value for the conductance coefficient, is less than 5% for a large number of estimates, and 67% of the estimates would be accurate within 50%. The models have potential application where site-specific flow resistance information is not available and can be the basis for (1) a general approach to estimating discharge from remotely sensed hydraulic data, (2) comparison to slope-area discharge estimates, and (3) large-scale river modeling.
Dynamics of bubble growth and detachment from a needle

Several aspects of the growth and departure of bubbles from a submerged needle are considered. A simple model shows the existence of two different growth regimes according to whether the gas flow rate into the bubble is smaller or greater than a critical value. These conclusions are refined by means of a boundary-integral potential-flow calculation that gives results in remarkable agreement with experiment. It is shown that bubbles growing in a liquid flowing parallel to the needle may detach with a considerably smaller radius than in a quiescent liquid. The study also demonstrates the critical role played by the gas flow resistance in the needle. A considerable control on the rate and size of bubble production can be achieved by a careful consideration of this parameter. The effect is particularly noticeable in the case of small bubbles, which are the most difficult ones to produce in practice.
The Effect of Modeled Recharge Distribution on Simulated Groundwater Availability and Capture

Simulating groundwater flow in basin-fill aquifers of the semiarid southwestern United States commonly requires decisions about how to distribute aquifer recharge. Precipitation can recharge basin-fill aquifers by direct infiltration and transport through faults and fractures in the high-elevation areas, by flowing overland through high-elevation areas to infiltrate at basin-fill margins along mountain fronts, by flowing overland to infiltrate along ephemeral channels that often traverse basins in the area, or by some combination of these processes. The importance of accurately simulating recharge distributions is a current topic of discussion among hydrologists and water managers in the region, but no comparative study has been performed to analyze the effects of different recharge distributions on groundwater simulations. This study investigates the importance of the distribution of aquifer recharge in simulating regional groundwater flow in basin-fill aquifers by calibrating a groundwater-flow model to four different recharge distributions, all with the same total amount of recharge. Similarities are seen in results from steady-state models for optimized hydraulic conductivity values, fit of simulated to observed hydraulic heads, and composite scaled sensitivities of conductivity parameter zones. Transient simulations with hypothetical storage properties and pumping rates produce similar capture rates and storage change results, but differences are noted in the rate of drawdown at some well locations owing to the differences in optimized hydraulic conductivity. Depending on whether the purpose of the groundwater model is to simulate changes in groundwater levels or changes in storage and capture, the distribution of aquifer recharge may or may not be of primary importance.
FLORAL ISOLATION BETWEEN AQUILEGIA FORMOSA AND AQUILEGIA PUBESCENS

The acquisition of floral nectar spurs is correlated with increased species diversity across multiple clades. We tested whether variation in nectar spurs influences reproductive isolation and, thus, can potentially promote species diversity using two species of Aquilegia, Aquilegia formosa and Aquilegia pubescens, which form narrow hybrid zones. Floral visitors strongly discriminated between the two species both in natural populations and at mixed-species arrays of individual flowers. Bees and hummingbirds visited flowers of A. formosa at a much greater rate than flowers of A. pubescens. Hawkmoths, however, nearly exclusively visited flowers of A. pubescens. We found that altering the orientation of A. pubescens flowers from upright to pendent, like the flowers of A. formosa, reduced hawkmoth visitation by an order of magnitude. In contrast, shortening the length of the nectar spurs of A. pubescens flowers to a length similar to A. formosa flowers did not affect hawkmoth visitation. However, pollen removal was significantly reduced in flowers with shortened nectar spurs. These data indicate that floral traits promote floral isolation between these species and that specific floral traits affect floral isolation via ethological isolation while others affect floral isolation via mechanical isolation.
On the Hydrodynamic Design of Active Panels of Marine Vehicles

The problem of active, or driven, panel motions of marine vehicles altering the turbulent boundary layer properties is discussed. The coherent (vorticular) structures in a turbulent boundary layer can be altered by the motions of a panel causing those structures to grow more rapidly and, as a result, become prematurely unstable and burst. In addition, the motions of the panel can produce vortices that interact with those that are naturally produced, and change the character of the boundary layer. The motions of the antinodes of the panel can also increase or decrease the surface shear stress, if the panel is, respectively, above or below its mean position. The cumulative effect of the active-panel motions, then, could be to increase the boundary layer drag. An outline of the analysis of this phenomenon is presented.
Comparison of PCR Assay to Culture for Surveillance Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

Direct multiplex PCR assay using vanA and vanB primers, which provides rapid results, was more sensitive than culture on selective media for samples collected by rectal swab (20 of 46 versus 8 of 46; P < 0.001) or perianal swab (17 of 58 versus 12 of 58; P = 0.059) for the detection of gastrointestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Privacy-aware regression modeling of participatory sensing data

Many participatory sensing applications use data collected by participants to construct a public model of a system or phenomenon. For example, a health application might compute a model relating exercise and diet to amount of weight loss. While the ultimately computed model could be public, the individual input and output data traces used to construct it may be private data of participants (e.g., their individual food intake, lifestyle choices, and resulting weight). This paper proposes and experimentally studies a technique that attempts to keep such input and output data traces private, while allowing accurate model construction. This is significantly different from perturbation-based techniques in that no noise is added. The main contribution of the paper is to show a certain data transformation at the client side that helps keeping the client data private while not introducing any additional error to model construction. We particularly focus on linear regression models which are widely used in participatory sensing applications. We use the data set from a map-based participatory sensing service to evaluate our scheme. The service in question is a green navigation service that constructs regression models from participant data to predict the fuel consumption of vehicles on road segments. We evaluate our proposed mechanism by providing empirical evidence that: i) an individual data trace is generally hard to reconstruct with any reasonable accuracy, and ii) the regression model constructed using the transformed traces has a much smaller error than one based on additive data-perturbation schemes.
Lethal and behavioral effects of chlordimeform in bobwhite.

Abstract The 7-day LC50 of chlordimeform to bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks was 2835 ppm (95% CI = 2169−3705 ppm). Bobwhite chicks fed 1000 ppm (∼ LC4) Chlordimeform for 7 days ate less, weighted less, travelled farther from a fright stimulus in an avoidance test, and had significantly more groups make ⩾10 light beam interruptions in an open-field test at 8 days of age than bobwhite fed 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm chlordimeform (P ⩽ 0.05). Groups fed 100 ppm (P ⩽ 0.05) and 1000 ppm (P = 0.11) for 7 days crossed more often from the shallow to deep side of a visual cliff at 8 days of age than birds fed lesser concentrations of chlordimeform. Bobwhites were retested at 15 days of age, after being fed untreated diets for 7 days following the chlordimeform diets. The 1000 ppm group still travelled greater distances in the avoidance test (P ⩽ 0.05). But open-field and visual cliff performances were similar to controls and other treatment groups. Chlordimeform concentrations causing behavioral abberations in bobwhite were appreciably higher than environmental concentrations following field applications of chlordimeform.
Suicide inquiry in primary care: creating context, inquiring, and following up.

PURPOSE: We wanted to describe the vocabulary and narrative context of primary care physicians' inquiries about suicide. METHODS: One hundred fifty-two primary care physicians (53% to 61% of those approached) were randomly recruited from 4 sites in Northern California and Rochester, New York, to participate in a study assessing the effect of a patient's request for antidepressant medication on a physician's prescribing behavior. Standardized patients portraying 2 conditions (carpal tunnel syndrome and major depression, or back pain and adjustment disorder with depressed mood) and 3 antidepressant request types (brand-specific, general, or none) made 298 unannounced visits to these physicians between May 2003 and May 2004. Standardized patients were instructed to deny suicidality if the physician asked. We identified the subset of transcripts that contained a distinct suicide inquiry (n = 91) for inductive analysis and review. Our qualitative analysis focused on elucidating the narrative context in which inquiries are made, how physicians construct their inquiries, and how they respond to a patient's denial of suicidality. RESULTS: Most suicide inquiries used clear terminology related to self-harm, suicide, or killing oneself. Three types of inquiry were identified: (1) straightforward (eg, "Are you feeling like hurting yourself?"); (2) supportive framing (eg, "Sometimes depression gets so bad that people feel that life is no longer worth living. Have you felt this way?"); and (3) no problem preferred (eg, "You're not feeling suicidal, are you?"). Four inquiries were glaringly awkward, potentially inhibiting a patient's disclosure. Most (79%) suicide inquiries were preceded by statements focusing on psychosocial concerns, and most (86%) physician responses to a standardized patient's denial of ideation were followed up with relevant statements (eg, "I hope you would tell me if you did."). CONCLUSION: Although most suicide inquiries by primary care physicians are sensitive, clear, and supportive, some language is used that may inhibit suicide disclosure. Some physician responses may unintentionally reinforce patients for remaining silent about their risk. This study will inform future research in the development of quality improvement interventions to support primary care physicians in making clear, appropriate, and sensitive inquires about suicide. Language: en
Determination of ebselen-sensitive reactive oxygen metabolites (ebROM) in human serum based upon N,N'-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine oxidation.

Abstract Background Oxidative stress occurs through free radical- and non-radical-mediated oxidative mechanisms, but these are poorly discriminated by most assays. A convenient assay for oxidants in human serum is based upon the Fe2+-dependent decomposition of peroxides to oxidize N,N′-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DEPPD) to a stable radical cation which can be measured spectrophotometrically. Methods We investigated modification of the DEPPD oxidation assay to discriminate color formation due to non-radical oxidants, including hydroperoxides and endoperoxides, which are sensitive to ebselen. Results Use of serum, which has been pretreated with ebselen as a reference, provides a quantitative assay for non-radical, reactive oxidant species in serum, including hydroperoxides, endoperoxides and epoxides. In a set of 35 human serum samples, non-radical oxidants largely accounted for DEPPD oxidation in 86% of the samples while the remaining 14% had considerable contribution from other redox-active chemicals. Conclusions The simple modification in which ebselen-pretreated sample is used as a reference provides means to quantify non-radical oxidants in human serum. Application of this approach could enhance understanding of the contribution of different types of oxidative stress to disease.
Bargaining with Rational Inattention

I study a one-sided oers bargaining game in which a fully rational seller is making repeated oers to a rationally inattentive buyer (Sims, 1998). The quality of the good is random and is known to the seller. The buyer needs to pay attention to both the quality of the good and the seller’s oers. I show that the buyer attains half of the uncertain portion of the surplus as attention costs become negligible and oers are frequent. With infrequent oers and positive attention costs an equilibrium exists both in the finite and the infinite horizon games. This equilibrium involves the buyer paying more for, but also obtaining a higher surplus from, higher quality goods. Trade occurs with delay that is decreasing with the quality of the good and persists even when oers are frequent. Finally, I show that revealing the quality of the good to the buyer reduces both the buyer’s surplus and overall eciency.
Time course of endothelial dysfunction and myocardial injury during coronary arterial occlusion.

The time course of the effects of permanent myocardial ischemia without reperfusion on the coronary vascular endothelium and myocardium were investigated in anesthetized cats. The left anterior des...
Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic diseases. XVI. Tuberculosis.

among reported infections. Most parts of Latin America, Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Southern Asia have high case rates of tuberculosis. For example, recent rates of infection in many Latin American countries are two to eight times higher than those in the United States, and these figures are minimal estimates because of underreporting in many countries. In the United States, the incidence of tuberculosis and related deaths has been declining steadily during the past century, for which data are available. Today most Americans reach adulthood uninfected. The cases of tuberculosis that