cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transactivation of the c-myc gene by HTLV-1 tax is mediated by NFkB.

The human T cell leukemia virus type I is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia (Hinuma et al. 1981) and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Mann et al. 1987). Its genome encodes a 40 kD protein called tax (Lee et al. 1984) that is important for the immortalization of cells (Siekevitz et al. 1987a). Stimulation of genes by tax protein is mediated by indirect mechanisms involving the activation of several cellular transcription factors, including NFkB and CREB. We have recently demonstrated that the murine c-myc gene has two elements that bind and are transactivated by the transcription factor NFkB (Duyao et al. 1990; Kessler et al., 1990). They are located —1101/-1081 bp and +440/+459 bp with respect to the P1 promoter and thus were called upstream regulatory element or URE and internal regulatory element or IRE, respectively. Expression of the c-myc gene has been implicated in both induction of proliferation of quiescent mammalian cells and in immortalization and transformation of cells. Thus here we have tested whether tax can transactivate the c-myc gene through induction of NFkB. The studies were performed in collaboration with Miriam Siekevitz, Christopher Bartholomew and John Cleveland.
Qduino: A Multithreaded Arduino System for Embedded Computing

Arduino is an open source platform that offers a clear and simple environment for physical computing. It is now widely used in modern robotics and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, due in part to its low-cost, ease of programming, and rapid prototyping capabilities. Sensors and actuators can easily be connected to the analog and digital I/O pins of an Arduino device, which features an on-board microcontroller programmed using the Arduino API. The increasing complexity of physical computing applications has now led to a series of Arduino-compatible devices with faster processors, increased flash storage, larger memories and more complicated I/O architectures. The Intel Galileo, for example, is designed to support the Arduino API on top of a Linux system, code-named Clanton. However, the standard API is restricted to the capabilities found on less powerful devices, lacking support for multithreaded programs, or specification of real-time requirements. In this paper, we present Qduino, a system developed for Arduino compatible boards. Qduino provides an extended Arduino API which, while backward-compatible with the original API, supports real-time multithreaded sketches and event handling. Experiments show the performance gains of Qduino compared to Clanton Linux.
Preference Heterogeneity and Adoption of Environmental Health Improvements: Evidence from a Cookstove Promotion Experiment

Household preferences should influence adoption of environmental health-improving technologies, but there has been limited empirical research to isolate their importance, perhaps due to challenges of measurement and attribution. This paper explores heterogeneity in household preferences for different features of improved cookstoves (ICS) and assesses the degree to which these preferences are associated with actual adoption of electric and biomass-burning cookstoves during a randomized stove promotion campaign in northern India. Latent class analysis of data from a discrete choice experiment conducted in baseline surveys of 1,060 households identified three preference types: disinterested (54%), low demand but primarily interested in reduced smoke emissions (27%), and high demand with interest in most features of the ICS (20%). The ICS intervention, which was stratified according to communities’ prior history of interactions with the NGO marketing the stoves, was then randomized to 762 of these households. The main findings are that households in the disinterested class are less likely to purchase an ICS, that preference class is more strongly related to stove purchase than common sociodemographic drivers of technology adoption identified in the literature, and that distaste for smoke emissions appears to be a particularly strong driver for adoption of an electric ICS.
Spatiotemporal Energy Demand Models for Electric Vehicles

Aiming to improve the energy management in large areas for sustainable transportation, this paper models the energy demand of electric vehicles (EVs) in an urban area as a function of location and time. One important consideration for the energy supply of a charging infrastructure is the characterization of the local charge energy demand as a function of time. Spatiotemporal formulations are derived for a number of scenarios, ranging from individual vehicles to global area demands to describe their three-dimension dynamical features. Furthermore, the perceived charging demand is modeled by considering real situations, e.g., parking time, remaining battery energy, and arrival and departure patterns. The proposed charging urgency model describes the probability of charging actions and then computes the perceived energy need in an urban area. Additionally, detailed simulations and analyses have been performed based on a simulated city to show the essential features of the introduced energy demand models.
Effects of ear-canal static pressure on pure-tone thresholds and wideband acoustic immittance.

BACKGROUND Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measures provide information about middle-ear function across the traditional audiometric frequency range from 0.25 to 8.0 kHz. Recent studies have found that WAI is effective in predicting the presence of conductive hearing loss (CHL). It is not known whether WAI can accurately estimate the degree of threshold shift caused by CHL. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in pure-tone threshold and changes in wideband absorbance and acoustic conductance levels induced by positive and negative ear-canal static pressure. STUDY SAMPLE Twenty young adult subjects with normal hearing and a negative history of middle-ear disorders participated in the study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Experimental pure-tone thresholds at 0.5 and 2.0 kHz were estimated by using a three-interval, three-alternative forced-choice adaptive psychometric procedure under three conditions: ambient ear-canal pressure, +200 daPa static pressure, and -200 daPa static pressure. Wideband absorbance and conductance were obtained in the same subjects by using a Welch Allyn prototype diagnostic middle ear analyzer. Changes in pure-tone threshold from the ambient pressure condition to the static pressure condition were evaluated by using a paired-samples t test and Pearson product-moment correlation. RESULTS Wideband middle-ear absorbance and conductance at ambient pressure in this study were consistent with published data in adults with normal hearing. The mean change in threshold at 0.5 and 2.0 kHz with +200 daPa or -200 daPa ear-canal static pressure was similar to the mean change in absorbance and conductance levels in the same conditions. However, there was one statistically significant difference between the shift in pure-tone threshold and the change in conductance level for the +200 daPa pressure condition for 2.0 kHz, with the change in threshold being 1.5 dB greater than the change in conductance level (t = 2.39, p = 0.03). In contrast to the good performance of WAI measures in predicting mean threshold shifts caused by ear-canal pressure, the shifts in WAI were not correlated with threshold shifts. Thus WAI was not well suited to predict individual threshold changes caused by ear-canal static pressure. CONCLUSIONS For the conditions of this study, results suggest that mean change in absorbance or conductance level caused by ear-canal static pressure of +200 daPa or -200 daPa provides a good estimate of the change in pure-tone threshold in the same conditions. However, individual threshold change was not accurately predicted by the change in absorbance or conductance level.
Nursing cooperation during woodward procedure in the treatment of children congenital elevated scapular

Objective To summary the nursing cooperation experience during Woodward procedure in the treatment of children congenital elevated scapular.Methods Review the observation and nursing process of 11 children with congenital elevated scapular.Result 11 cases were followed up for 0.5～3 years.The postoperative effect indicated that among 11 cases,function of shoulder was improved,elevation 90°～180.Conclusion For children with congenital elevated scapular,good psychological care and health education will help improve patients and impact significantly.
The generalist's patient and the subspecialist

OBJECTIVE To examine if required referring procedures from generalists to subspecialists for managed care patients affect communication between the physicians. BACKGROUND Collaboration between generalists and subspecialists is essential for successful referrals and a satisfactory relationship between the physicians. However, breakdowns in information transfers in outpatient referrals continue to be described. Moreover, the referral process within managed care systems may be adding new elements that interfere with communication between physicians, promoting fragmentation of care. OBSERVATIONS Current referral forms or electronic approval mechanisms encourage responses for billing approval, but neglect methods to require questions from generalists and replies from the subspecialist. Other barriers to communication between physicians are discussed. Responsibilities for agencies, patients, and doctors are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Insuring agencies need to provide uniform rules and educational mechanisms describing patients' timely responsibilities in the consultation process. In addition, methods need to be created to convey reasons and data for referral from generalists to subspecialists, and recommendations from subspecialists back to the generalists.
Novel microsatellite loci for studies of Thamnophis Gartersnake genetic identity and hybridization

Butler’s Gartersnakes (BGS; Thamnophis butleri) are confined to open and semi-open canopy wetlands and adjacent uplands, habitats under threat of development in Wisconsin. To address issues of species identity and putative hybridization with congeneric snakes, a suite of 18 microsatellite loci capable of cross-species amplification of Plains Gartersnakes (T. radix) and Common Gartersnakes (T. sirtalis) was developed. All loci were polymorphic in BGS with mean number of alleles per locus of 16.11 (range = 3–41) and mean observed heterozygosity of 0.659 (range = 0.311–0.978). Loci amplified efficiently in the congeneric species with high levels of intra- and inter-specific variation. These loci will aid ongoing efforts to effectively identify and manage BGS in Wisconsin.
Employees Use a Second Opinion to Assess and React to Their Own Perceptions of Discrimination

This study examines how employees’ perceptions and the perceptions of others close to them influence employee reactions to perceived racial discrimination at work. We integrate the interactional mo...
African expatriates and race in the anthropology of humanitarianism

Anthropological critiques of humanitarianism in Africa emphasize the workings of power, usually along lines of cultural, class, economic, and political difference. While these critiques often mention race, they engage less explicitly with structural racism and white supremacy as intimately woven into humanitarian professional practice. Such an engagement requires looking at how structures of inequality, white supremacy among them, shape the everyday practices of humanitarianism: from recruitment and hiring practices to reception and expectations by local staff. Drawing on work experience (7 months, 2003–2004) and ethnographic data from post-conflict Sierra Leone (20 months, 2005–2007) and recent in-depth interviews with former colleagues (2012), I focus on African expatriates working in African countries in which they are not ‘native’ to re-format critical analyses that have emphasized translational or intermediary roles for African elites. I argue that African expatriates navigate multiple levels and sca...
An Redundant Networking Channel to Support Reliable Communications in the Internet of Things Applications

Within the context of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), the number of interconnected devices is increasing dramatically and allowing for access to physical data that was previously unimaginable. Physical data is rapidly changing which makes it important to keep networking connections active. Any drop in communication can lead to the loss of sensitive data. A redundant network connection is an attempt to utilize common networking solutions in order to decrease the likelihood of network downtime. It does this by adding a new level of abstraction to networking, allowing data to be sent over multiple networking solutions as if it were a single network, as well as an intelligent decision engine to determine the most optimized and reliable connection to use dynamically.
Ferric reduction in organic matter oxidation and its applicability for anaerobic wastewater treatment: a review and future aspects

Anaerobic treatment processes have the advantages of cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, low sludge yield and potential of resource recovery over conventional aerobic treatment methods and have been gaining increasing attention as an approach for future wastewater management. An important feature of anaerobic processes is the use of alternative electron acceptors to oxygen, which renders treatment flexibility in using redox active elements such as iron and sulfate from other waste materials. Co-treatment of acid mine drainage and municipal wastewater, as an example, has been shown to be an effective method for removing organic materials, metals, and phosphate from the both wastes. It also suggested the applicability of ferric reduction process in wastewater treatment. Most of the previous studies on ferric reduction process and iron reducers were conducted in natural systems such as sediments, soils and groundwater. This paper reviews the significance and fundamentals of the ferric reduction process, its utility for organics oxidation, controlling factors, reaction kinetics, microbial processes of iron reduction and its ecology. The paper also evaluates the suitability and discusses future aspects of using iron reduction for wastewater treatment. Knowledge gaps are identified in this paper for developing such innovative wastewater technology and process optimization.
Increasing Paths in Edge-Ordered Graphs: The Hypercube and Random Graph

An edge-ordering of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a bijection $\phi:E\to\{1,2,\ldots,|E|\}$. Given an edge-ordering, a sequence of edges $P=e_1,e_2,\ldots,e_k$ is an increasing path if it is a path in $G$ which satisfies $\phi(e_i)<\phi(e_j)$ for all $i<j$. For a graph $G$, let $f(G)$ be the largest integer $\ell$ such that every edge-ordering of $G$ contains an increasing path of length $\ell$. The parameter $f(G)$ was first studied for $G=K_n$ and has subsequently been studied for other families of graphs. This paper gives bounds on $f$ for the hypercube and the random graph $G(n,p)$.
Examination of PHOX2B in adult neuroendocrine neoplasms reveals relatively frequent expression in phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Aims Paired-like homeobox 2b (PHOX2B) is a transcription factor with expression outside of the central nervous system restricted to neurons and chromaffin cells of the autonomic nervous system. Germline mutations cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and predispose to neuroblastoma and Hirschsprung disease. Among pediatric small round cell tumors, PHOX2B is neuroblastoma-specific. Two studies of adult autonomic nervous system tumors (n=62) produced conflicting results (all tumors stained in one; expression was restricted to 40% of paragangliomas in the other). We examined PHOX2B expression in a large cohort of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, as well as well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WDNET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PDNEC). Methods and results Tissue microarrays were constructed from 609 tumors: 111 pheochromocytomas, 146 paragangliomas, 250 WDNETs, and 102 PDNECs. PHOX2B immunohistochemistry was scored for extent (%) and intensity (0-3+), with an H-score (extent*intensity) calculated. PHOX2B expression was seen in 32% of pheochromocytomas and 47% of paragangliomas. Mean/median H-scores for these tumors were in the 30-55 range (i.e., weak to moderate staining). No WDNETs and only 7% of PDNECs stained, the latter often strongly so. In a representative cohort of corresponding whole sections (n=55), results in WDNETs and PDNECs were unchanged, while half of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas negative on TMA became focally, weakly positive. Conclusions We found frequent, weak to moderate PHOX2B expression in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas and no expression in WDNETs, which could be diagnostically useful in the distinction of these tumors. Expression in a minority of PDNECs likely reflects the transcription factor lineage infidelity characteristic of this tumor class. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Discharge Measurements and Streamflow Analysis

Abstract A fundamental characteristic of all river and stream ecosystems is that of discharge water from the landscape. The volume of water flowing in a channel is measured as a function of volume through a cross section of a stream per unit time. This measurement is key to understanding the physical forces that shape streams and alter the distribution of biota within the stream. This chapter details the various techniques used to measure discharge, and ranges from volumetric analysis (the most accurate but least used) to the most commonly applied velocity–area method to more advanced slope–area methods, which require estimates of channel resistance. In addition, flood frequency analysis and the applications of flood recurrence estimates are detailed. The utilization of newer acoustic Doppler methods are described, as well as the emerging field of geographic flow pattern analysis tied to large-scale temporal change in meteorological patterns (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and El Nino–Southern Oscillation) that affect hydrographs on decadal or multidecadal intervals.
Research and Development Spending to Bring a Single Cancer Drug to Market and Revenues After Approval.

Importance A common justification for high cancer drug prices is the sizable research and development (RD range, $204.1 million to $22 275.0 million). This analysis provides a transparent estimate of R&D spending on cancer drugs and has implications for the current debate on drug pricing.
The Other Side: Investigating the Collaborationists in World War II France

Bertram Gordon’s ego-history discusses his research on the power of ideology in history, which was influenced by political radicalism during the 1960s in both France and America. After a doctoral dissertation on the Catholic Social movement in nineteenth-century Austria, Gordon turned his attention to Collaboration and the ‘collaborationists’ in World War II France. With French state archives for the war years closed during the writing of his book, Collaborationism in France during the Second World War, this chapter discusses his use of German documentation and interviews with former collaborationists, including French Waffen-SS. It also highlights how his more recent interests on the history of food and tourism intersect with the history of France and the Second World War.
Elucidating the Effect of Water-To-Cement Ratio on the Hydration Mechanisms of Cement.

The hydration of cement is often modeled as a phase boundary nucleation and growth (pBNG) process. Classical pBNG models, based on the use of isotropic and constant growth rate of the main hydrate, that is, calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H), are unable to explain the lack of any significant effect of the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio on the hydration kinetics of cement. This paper presents a modified form of the pBNG model, in which the anisotropic growth of C–S–H is allowed to vary in relation to the nonlinear evolution of its supersaturation in solution. Results show that once the supercritical C–S–H nuclei form, their growth remains confined within a region in proximity to the cement particles. This is hypothesized to be a manifestation of the sedimentation of cement particles, which imposes a space constraint for C–S–H growth. In pastes wherein the sedimentation of cement particles is disrupted, the hydration kinetics are no longer unresponsive to changes in w/c. Unlike C–S–H, the ions in solution are no...
Application of the Ito theory for Monte Carlo simulation of plasma diffusion

In this paper the full set of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are presented describing the guiding centre motion of test charged particles in a plasma with an arbitrary inhomogeneous magnetic field, when the drift approximation is applicable. The derivation is based on the Ito formula which is used to determine stochastic differentials of functions of the non-gyro-averaged velocity diffusion in strict correspondence with the general kinetic equations involving Coulomb collision operators. The drift SDEs are obtained by calculating the Ito stochastic integrals within time intervals admitting the gyro-averaging procedure. The proposed SDEs reproduce the well-known Monte Carlo operators for orbital invariants, however additionally accounting for the spatial drift caused by the cross-field diffusion process with a classical diffusion coefficient. All SDE coefficients are explicitly expressed in terms of the Rosenbluth potentials in a gyro-tropic or isotropic background plasma. The SDEs are presented in particular for the case of an axisymmetric toroidal magnetic configuration to describe the spatial two-dimensional poloidal diffusion process providing a detailed description of neoclassical orbital effects.
MASS TRANSFER OF NIOBIUM-BASE ALLOYS IN FLOWING NONISOTHERMAL LITHIUM.

Mass transfer rates of Nb-1%Zr and D-43 (Nb-10%W-1%Zr-0.1%C) in high-temperature lithium were determined in thermal convection loops of each alloy. The loops circulated lithium for 3000h at a 1200°...
Recovery of Escherichia coli Biotype I and Enterococcus spp. during refrigerated storage of beef carcasses inoculated with a fecal slurry.

Three beef front quarters/carcasses were inoculated with a slurry of cattle manure. During storage at 4 degrees C, two sponge samples from each of three sites (i.e., 100 cm2 from each of two fat surfaces and 100 cm2 from a lean surface) were taken from each of the three carcasses on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 after inoculation. The initial numbers of Escherichia coli averaged 2.0 log10 CFU/cm2 (1.21 to 2.47 log10 CFU/cm2) using the Petrifilm method and 2.09 log10 most probable number (MPN)/cm2 (0.88 to 2.96 log10 MPN/cm2) using the MPN method. The initial numbers of enterococci averaged 3.34 log10 CFU/cm2 (3.07 to 3.79 log10 CFU/cm2) using kanamycin esculin azide agar. In general, an appreciable reduction in the numbers of E. coli occurred during the first 24 h of storage; for the Petrifilm method an average reduction of 1.37 log10 CFU/cm2 (0.69 to 1.71 log10 CFU/cm2) was observed, and for the MPN method an average reduction of 1.52 log10 MPN/cm2 (0.47 to 2.08 log10 MPN/cm2) was observed. E. coli were not detected ( 0.05). However, viable E. coli cells were recovered from all three carcasses by the MPN method on day 7 at an average of -0.29 log10 MPN/ cm2 (-0.6 to -0.1 log10 MPN/cm2). On day 10, viable cells were recovered by the MPN method from two of the three carcasses at -0.63 and -0.48 log10 MPN/cm2 but were not recovered from the remaining carcass (<-0.8 log10 MPN/cm2). Similar to E. coli, the greatest reduction (average of 1.26 log10 CFU/cm2, range = 1.06 to 1.45 log10 CFU/cm2) in the numbers of enterococci occurred during the first 24 h of storage. Because of higher initial numbers and a slightly slower rate of decrease, the numbers of Enterococcus spp. were significantly higher (P < 0.017) than the numbers of E. coli Biotype I after 3, 7, and 10 days of storage. These results suggest that enterococci may be useful as an indicator of fecal contamination of beef carcasses.
Studies of the mouse Ly-6 alloantigen system. II. Complexities of the Ly-6 region.

The discovery of several monoclonal antibodies provided the impetus to revisit the Ly-6 group of antigens. Our serological data point to the existence of at least five separate Ly-6 antigens. They are distinguished by the patterns of their tissue expression as (1) the classical Ly-6 alloantigen of peripheral lymphocytes (Ly-m6.2A), (2) a bone marrow cell-restricted antigen (Ly-m6.2B), (3) an antigen shared by bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocytes (Lym6.2C, possibly identical with H9/25),(4) an antigen expressed on bone marrow cells, thymocytes, and peripheral lymphocytes (Ly-m6.2D), and (5) an antigen occurring exclusively on lymphoblasts (Ly-m6.IE, similar to Ala-1). ThB is a sixth distinct antigen of the group. The assumption that separate antigens exist is supported by distinctive distribution patterns in normal and neoplastic tissues. The genes controlling Ly-6 antigens are closely linked, as they are transmitted as two haplotypes only. One incidence of a crossover within the Ly-6 region was observed: the Ly-6B.2 alloantigen was expressed in NZB mice, which type Ly-6.1 for other Ly-6 specificities.
Early Career Outcomes of International Bachelor's Degree Recipients from U.S. Institutions: The Role of International Status and Region of Origin.

Based on neo-racism theory and human capital theory, this study examined whether international bachelor’s degree recipients who graduated from U.S. institutions have significant early career outcome differences compared to domestic bachelor’s degree recipients in terms of major-job match, annual earnings, and job satisfaction. Recognizing the significant differences in language, culture, and socio-economic conditions among immigrants from different countries of origin, this study further explored possible differences in career outcomes of international bachelor’s degree recipients by regions of origin. The findings of this study suggest that international degree recipients have gained labor market parity in majorjob match as well as salary and job satisfaction with their domestic counterparts, all things being equal. Further, this study found evidence that region of origin plays an important role in shaping international bachelor’s degree recipients’ major-job match and annual earnings. The policy implications for postsecondary institutions and the U.S. as a society are discussed.
RRT in Liver Failure

A 5-year-old boy was seen in the outpatient clinic for evaluation of yellow discoloration of his eyes and skin for the past 2–3 days. His parents reported that his appetite has decreased over the past 1 week and he had been complaining of generalized abdominal discomfort. On examination, he had scleral and cutaneous icterus. His abdomen was distended, and his liver was palpable 3 cm below the costal margin; it was firm and mildly tender. His blood tests revealed hemoglobin 10.7 g/dL, WBC count 6560/mm3, platelet count 168,000/mm3, sodium 140 mEq/L, potassium 4.1 mEq/L, chloride 105 mEq/L, bicarbonate 23 mEq/L, urea nitrogen 4 mg/dL, creatinine 0.37 mg/dL, calcium 9.5 mg/dL, glucose 93 mg/dL, albumin 4 g/dL, bilirubin 13.1 (conjugated 11.7) mg/dL, AST 4410 U/L, ALT 2858 U/L, GGT 155 U/L, and alkaline phosphatase 435 U/L. Imaging studies (ultrasound and MRCP) confirmed hepatosplenomegaly and showed a thickened gall bladder and a normal caliber common bile duct, in addition to mild to moderate ascites. He was hospitalized for a day and then followed as an outpatient. Tests for viral studies and alpha-1 antitrypsin came back negative.
Interactions of quizalofop-p-ethyl mixed with contact herbicides in ACCase-resistant rice production

A field study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 near Crowley, LA, to evaluate antagonistic, synergistic, or neutral interactions of quizalofop when mixed with contact herbicides labeled for use in rice production. Quizalofop was applied at 120 g ai ha−1. Mixture herbicides included bentazon at 1,050 g ai ha−1, carfentrazone at 18 g ai ha−1, propanil at 3,360 g ai ha−1, saflufenacil at 25 g ai ha−1, and thiobencarb at 3,360 g ai ha−1. A second application of quizalofop at 120 g ha−1 was made at 28 d after the initial application (DAIT) to evaluate control of weeds escaping the initial treatment. At 14 and 28 DAIT, red rice, ‘CLXL-745’, and ‘CL-111’ treated with quizalofop plus propanil indicated an antagonistic response with an observed control of 69% to 71% compared with an expected control of 92% to 94%. Barnyardgrass treated with the same mixture also indicated an antagonistic response at 14 and 28 DAIT with an observed control of 16% compared with an expected control of 94%. Barnyardgrass treated with quizalofop plus saflufenacil indicated an antagonistic response at 14 DAIT; however, the same mixture produced a neutral response by 28 DAIT. In addition, a second application of quizalofop was not able to overcome the antagonism observed with a quizalofop plus propanil mixture at 14 and 28 DAIT for red rice, CLXL-745, CL-111, or barnyardgrass control. Quizalofop mixed with carfentrazone or thiobencarb produced a neutral response for all weeds evaluated at each evaluation date.
Study of Local BTI Variation and its Impact on Logic Circuit and SRAM in 7 nm Fin-FET Process

This paper presents an analysis of impact of local bias temperature instability (BTI) by measuring Ring-Oscillators (RO) with short stage and its impact on Logic circuit and SRAM. The evaluation result of local BTI variation based on measuring RO at a test chip fabricated in 7 nm FinFET process shows that the standard deviation of NBTI $\boldsymbol{Vth}$ degradation is proportional to the square root of the mean value ( $\boldsymbol{\mu}(\mathbf{\Delta} \boldsymbol{Vthp})$ ) at any stress time, $\boldsymbol{Vth}$ flavors and various recovery condition. Based on these measurement result, we present an analysis of its impact on logic circuit with considering measured $\boldsymbol{Vth}$ dependency on global NBTI. We also analyze its impact on SRAM minimum operation voltage ( $\boldsymbol{V_{min}}$ ) of static noise margin (SNM) and shows nonnegligible $\boldsymbol{V_{min}}$ degradation due to local NBTI.
Mean Diffusivity in Striatum Correlates With Acute Neuronal Death but Not Lesser Neuronal Injury in a Pilot Study of Neonatal Piglets With Encephalopathy

BACKGROUND Diffusion MRI is routinely used to evaluate brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy. Although abnormal mean diffusivity (MD) is often attributed to cytotoxic edema, the specific contribution from neuronal pathology is unclear. PURPOSE To determine whether MD from high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can detect variable degrees of neuronal degeneration and pathology in piglets with brain injury induced by excitotoxicity or global hypoxia-ischemia (HI) with or without overt infarction. STUDY TYPE Prospective. ANIMAL MODEL Excitotoxic brain injury was induced in six neonatal piglets by intrastriatal stereotaxic injection of the glutamate receptor agonist quinolinic acid (QA). Three piglets underwent global HI or a sham procedure. Piglets recovered for 20-96 hours before undergoing MRI (n = 9). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0T MRI with DTI, T1 - and T2 -weighted imaging. ASSESSMENT MD, fractional anisotropy (FA), and qualitative T2 injury were assessed in the putamen and caudate. The cell bodies of normal neurons, degenerating neurons (excitotoxic necrosis, ischemic necrosis, or necrosis-apoptosis cell death continuum), and injured neurons with equivocal degeneration were counted by histopathology. STATISTICAL TESTS Spearman correlations were used to compare MD and FA to normal, degenerating, and injured neurons. T2 injury and neuron counts were evaluated by descriptive analysis. RESULTS The QA insult generated titratable levels of neuronal pathology. In QA, HI, and sham piglets, lower MD correlated with higher ratios of degenerating-to-total neurons (P 0.99). Neuron counts were not related to FA (P > 0.30) or to qualitative injury from T2 -weighted MRI. DATA CONCLUSION MD is more accurate than FA for detecting neuronal degeneration and loss during acute recovery from neonatal excitotoxic and HI brain injury. MD does not reliably detect nonfulminant, nascent, and potentially reversible neuronal injury. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1216-1226.
Worldwide epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries during military training: a systematic review.

Introduction Musculoskeletal foot and ankle injuries are commonly experienced by soldiers during military training. We performed a systematic review to assess epidemiological patterns of foot and ankle injuries occurring during military training. Methods A review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search, done on 14 February 2019, resulted in 1603 reports on PubMed, 565 on Embase and 3 on the Cochrane Library. After reading the remaining full-text articles, we included 91 studies. Results Among a population of 8 092 281 soldiers from 15 countries, 788 469 (9.74%) foot and ankle injuries were recorded. Among the 49 studies that reported on length of training, there were 36 770/295 040 (18.17%) injuries recorded among women and 248 660/1 501 672 (16.56%) injuries recorded among men over a pooled mean (±SD) training period of 4.51±2.34 months. Ankle injuries were roughly 7 times more common than foot injuries, and acute injuries were roughly 24 times more common than non-acute injuries. Our findings indicated that, during a 3-month training period, soldiers have a 3.14% chance of sustaining a foot and ankle injury. The incidence of foot or ankle injury during military parachutist training was 3.1 injuries per thousand jumps. Conclusions Our findings provide an overview of epidemiological patterns of foot and ankle injuries during military training. These data can be used to compare incidence rates of foot and ankle injuries due to acute or non-acute mechanisms during training. Cost-effective methods of preventing acute ankle injuries and non-acute foot injuries are needed to address this problem.
On the Importance of Systematics to Archaeological Research: the Covariation of Typological Diversity and Morphological Disparity

Archaeological types have been derogatorily characterized as descriptive, which they must, in some sense, be, but this does not render them analytically useless. The influence of the mechanics of classification (how it is accomplished structurally and choice of kinds and frequencies of attributes) on results is underappreciated. Types may be constructed taxonomically (hierarchically) or dimensionally, as polythetic or monothetic units, and be extensionally (inductively) or intensionally (deductively) derived. Definitive attributes of types should be chosen based on their theoretical linkages to the processes or variables of interest and the types tested to ensure they are recording the kinds of variability they are intended to document. Concern over the tyranny of typologies as homogenizing data is a very old idea and underscores that no single typology can serve all analytical purposes. Temporal series of lithic projectile points from Gatecliff Shelter, Nevada, and Mummy Cave, Wyoming, reveal patterns of covariation of typological diversity and morphological disparity, suggesting shifts in technological constraints, cultural transmission pathways, degrees of technological experimentation, and/or selective advantages. The types are polythetic and extensional, encompass varying amounts of morphospace, and are hodgepodges of stylistic, functional, technological, idiosyncratic, and other kinds of variation. A change in formal variation measured typologically does not correspond to a change measured morphologically irrespective of typology. Although the chronometers are robust, the utilized types do not capture all potentially interpretively significant formal variations.
Patient Factors Associated With Loss to Radiation Oncology Specialty Follow-Up Among Head and Neck Cancer Survivors.

Purpose/Objective(s) Patients who receive radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) are at risk for late radiation toxicity, recurrence, and subsequent neoplasms. Ongoing monitoring by a radiation oncologist during the survivorship period is important for detection of adverse outcomes and to guide early intervention. The purpose of this study was to identify patient level factors associated with HNC survivors becoming lost to radiation oncology follow-up care. Materials/Methods This cross-sectional study included all surviving patients who received RT for HNC at a single comprehensive cancer center in Alabama between 2001-2018. Death records were identified using a combination of medical records and LexisNexis Accurint. Patients who had not been evaluated in the radiation oncology clinic for > 2 years were considered as lost to follow-up care. Patient level factors considered for association with becoming lost to follow-up included age (older vs. young than 65 years), distance from the clinic (more vs. less than 100 miles), median income of the zip code of residence (above vs. below median), sex, race (white vs. non-white) and time since completion of RT (more vs. fewer than 5 years). Between group differences in frequencies were assessed using the chi-square test. A classification tree was created to classify participants according to the risk of becoming lost to follow-up, with terminal nodes required to contain at least 50 patients. Results Of the 737 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 391 (53.1%) had not been evaluated by a radiation oncologist for > 2 years. When considered individually, becoming lost to follow-up was statistically more common among patients who were > 5 years from RT (61.4% vs. 39.1%, P 100 miles from the clinic were more likely to be lost to follow-up (69% vs. 31%). Conclusion This study identified time from RT, marital status, income level, and travel distance as factors associated with becoming lost to radiation oncology follow-up at an academic center in the Deep South. The decision tree supports the hypothesis that distance to the clinic may become more meaningful later in the survivorship period. Identifying factors associated with becoming lost to specialty care after cancer treatment is important for developing and targeting social support interventions for cancer survivors, particularly those with HNC who are disproportionately affected by socioeconomic disparities.
Clinical Characteristics Associated with Return Visits to the Emergency Department after COVID-19 Diagnosis

Introduction: Patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) require significant healthcare resources. While published research has shown clinical characteristics associated with severe illness from COVID-19, there is limited data focused on the emergency department (ED) discharge population. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all ED-discharged patients from Wake Forest Baptist Health and Wake Forest Baptist Health Davie Medical Center between April 25-August 9, 2020, who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a nasopharyngeal swab using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) tests. We compared the clinical characteristics of patients who were discharged and had return visits within 30 days to those patients who did not return to the ED within 30 days. Results: Our study included 235 adult patients who had an ED-performed SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR positive test and were subsequently discharged on their first ED visit. Of these patients, 57 (24.3%) had return visits to the ED within 30 days for symptoms related to COVID-19. Of these 57 patients, on return ED visits 27 were admitted to the hospital and 30 were not admitted. Of the 235 adult patients who were discharged, 11.5% (27) eventually required admission for COVID-19-related symptoms. With 24.3% patients having a return ED visit after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test and 11.5% requiring eventual admission, it is important to understand clinical characteristics associated with return ED visits. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis of the clinical characteristics with independent association resulting in a return ED visit, which demonstrated the following: diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 2.990, 95% confidence interval [CI, 1.21-7.40, P = 0.0179); transaminitis (OR 8.973, 95% CI, 2.65-30.33, P = 0.004); increased pulse at triage (OR 1.04, 95% CI, 1.02-1.07, P = 0.0002); and myalgia (OR 4.43, 95% CI, 2.03-9.66, P = 0.0002). Conclusion: As EDs across the country continue to treat COVID-19 patients, it is important to understand the clinical factors associated with ED return visits related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identified key clinical characteristics associated with return ED visits for patients initially diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection: diabetes mellitus; increased pulse at triage; transaminitis; and complaint of myalgias.
Modeling of a fixed-bed copper-based catalyst for reforming methanol: Steam and autothermal reformation

Abstract Motivated by the need for small scale distributed hydrogen generation and lack of detailed modeling tools to aid in reformation system design, two fully coupled models were developed to extend the current understanding of reformation processes as it relates to temperature and fuel conversion, two critical design criteria. This paper, describes the construction and validation of a steam and autothermal reformation model which was then experimentally validated. Experiments were carried out to obtain the necessary parameters to construct and validate the model. Two reactor geometries were used to verify the model using methanol as a feedstock on a copper-based catalyst. The model captured the important characteristics of the reformer with fuel flow rate, geometry, and Oxygen to carbon ratio. The model has several advantages including the ability to estimate the required reformer length for 100% fuel conversion as well as the effect that flow rate and geometry have on conversion efficiency.
Yield Evaluation of a Soft-Configurable WSI Switch Network

A network of fault tolerant switches is used to implement a pipelined memory system, and some measures of its fault tolerance presented. Simulations directly from the circuit layout provide yield estimates for each circuit piece. Such simulations predict that random point defects will cause less than 1% of the 1266-transistor switches to fail. Yield estimates for each circuit piece are used as inputs to a yield model to evaluate the fault tolerance of the entire design.
Design of Experiments: A Key to Innovation in Nanotechnology

At the nanoscale, there are often very complex relationships among input design parameters and process or product outputs. It would be prohibitively time consuming to perform all of the combinatorially possible experiments in order to comprehend these relationships. However, statistical design of experiments (DoE) is a technique that can be used to efficiently explore the relationships and develop greater understanding. Consequently, DoE is becoming increasingly central to the advancement of nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing.
Induction of drug metabolism—VI: Effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene administration on N-demethylating enzyme systems of rough and smooth hepatic microsomes

Abstract The induction of the microsomal hemoproteins, cytochromes P-450 and Pi-450, and of N -demethylase activities in hepatic microsomal subfractions from rats were studied at various times after administration of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. After a single dose of phenobarbital, N -demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 levels increased initially only in rough microsomes (RER) whereas a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene caused almost simultaneous increases of the two enzymes in both RER and smooth microsomes (SER). The increases in N -demethylase activities during this early period of induction by 3-methylcholanthrene were paralleled by a change in P-450 hemoprotein from cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P 1 -450 in both microsomal subfractions, but the total amount of P-450 hemoprotein remained essentially unchanged. These results add to existing evidence that phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene produce their inductive effects by different mechanisms and raise the possibility that cytochrome P 1 -450 may be synthesized in both RER and SER.
MCNP variance reduction overview

The MCNP code is rich in variance reduction features. Standard variance reduction methods found in most Monte Carlo codes are available as well as a number of methods unique to MCNP. We discuss the variance reduction features presently in MCNP as well as new ones under study for possible inclusion in future versions of the code.
A Review of: “Handbook of Thiophene-Based Materials: Applications in Organic Electronics and Photonics, Vols. 1 and 2, I. F. Perepichka & D. F. Perepichka”: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK, 2009; xxii + 865 pages; $320.00 (ISBN 978-0-47005732-2)

Editors Igor and Dmitrii Perepichka are congratulated for assembling the authors to put together quite a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of thiophene oligomers and polymers for electrical an...
The Relationship between Student Success in Introductory University Chemistry and Approaches to Learning outside of the Classroom.

The study reported here examines the learning approaches adopted by students enrolled in introductory chemistry at a public university. To evaluate learning approaches, a group of 61 students enrolled in the course were interviewed at three time-points during the semester, specifically to ascertain how they prepared for the exams. From these interviews, the Learning Approaches Framework for Chemistry was developed. The framework describes four levels of learning approaches that were determined based on the activities reported by students around use of metacognitive skills, reference materials, practice problems, and interactions with others. Students who use approaches referred to as Level 1 (Gathering Facts) and Level 2 (Learning Procedures) rely on outside sources of information for understanding, while those who use Level 3 (Confirming Understanding) and Level 4 (Applying Ideas) approaches evaluate information for themselves and generate explanations in their own words. Analysis using a Hierarchical Linear Model showed that students’ learning approach level is a significant predictor of their exam score (p < 0.05). The coefficient for each learning approach level increases as the level increases from Level 2 to Level 3 (π2 = 0.39, π3 = 0.88) indicating that as the learning approach level increases, so does exam performance. This study demonstrates associations between students’ learning approaches and performance. Analysis also showed that while some students do make the transition from Level 2 to Level 3 learning approaches during the semester, many students remain in Level 2, and rely largely on memorization of procedures and problems. These findings suggest that additional instructional supports should be developed to encourage more students to use Level 3 learning approaches when studying and preparing for exams in self-directed settings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 790–815, 2015.
Distal Radius Fractures: Dorsal Bridge Plating

Distal radius fractures are one of the most common injuries in orthopaedics. The management of these fractures is complicated in the setting of multiple extremity trauma and with metaphyseal diaphyseal extension of the fracture. Dorsal bridge plating of select distal radius fractures has improved the management of these fractures and has allowed for earlier mobilization of these fractures. We discuss the indications, surgical techniques, and advantages of this procedure.