cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallization Behavior of Basalt Magma, Santa Rosa Range, Nevada

The Cenozoic volcanic complex in the Santa Rosa Range consists of many widely scattered, independent vents, associated with sequences of flows that reach a maximum thickness of 3000 ft. The predominant rock types are basalt and rhyolite-rhyodacite, but intermediate rock types are abundant and widely distributed. All rocks in the sequence are characterized by a lack of biotite, amphibole, and other hydrous minerals. Olivine is the predominant phenocryst in andesites; olivine and plagioclase are virtually the only phenocrysts in basalts. Xenoliths and xenocrysts are found only in rhyolites, rhyodacites, and dacites. The most primitive rock type in the sequence is a basalt that resembles mid-oceanic tholeiite chemically, and high-alumina basalt from the Oregon plateaus petrographically. In the northern part of the range, basalts, differentiated from this rock type, approach ferro-gabbroic compositions; in the southern part, the major differences between primitive and differentiated basalt are lower CaO and MgO, and much higher alkali percentages in the latter. Siliceous rocks were produced as end products of differentiation in all parts of the range. Petrographic and chemical features suggest that titaniferous magnetite was fractionated in larger amounts in the south than in the north. This very likely prevented iron enrichment in the south, but did not lead to early development of a silica enrichment trend. Apparently labradorite was fractionated in amounts large enough to counterbalance the silica enriching effect of fractionating olivine and magnetite, until a very late stage in magmatic history.
Performance analysis on the effect of phase noise in OFDM systems

In this paper, the performance of OFDM systems is analyzed by introducing the lower and upper bounds of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), when a system suffers from intercarrier interference (ICI) caused by phase noise whose linewidth is much less than the frequency spacing between subcarriers. The effects of system parameters, such as transmission data rate, number of sub-carriers and AWGN, are predicted by using the derived lower bound of SINR. We further derive the upper bound of the probability of symbol error based on different modulation schemes. It has been shown that the bounds are quite accurate and general for OFDM.
Transferrin in the central nervous system of the shiverer mouse myelin mutant.

Transferrin, the iron mobilization protein, and its mRNA are normally present in oligodendrocytes. Previous reports using myelin mutants have shown both a decrease in transferrin protein and mRNA when the oligodendrocyte population is compromised. In this study the shiverer mouse mutant in which the oligodendrocyte population is numerically normal, but has both quantitatively diminished and qualitatively abnormal myelin was used. This animal model was chosen to address the question whether expression of the transferrin message and/or protein correlated more closely to the number of oligodendrocytes (normal) or the amount of myelin (abnormally low). A 1/2 to 2/3 decrease in transferrin protein occurred in all brain regions examined except for the spinal cord in the shiverer group compared to both heterozygous littermates and wild type controls. Levels of transferrin transcripts in the brain are not affected by the shiverer mutation. These results taken with previous reports from this laboratory indicate that the presence of oligodendrocytes is a requirement for normal expression of transferrin mRNA in brain but is not sufficient for normal values of the protein. The level of Tf protein correlates more closely with the amount of myelin present than it does with the numbers of oligodendrocytes present. These data are consistent with previous reports from our laboratory that transferrin accumulation by oligodendrocytes is associated with myelin production by these cells. These data further suggest transferrin mRNA may be constitutively expressed by oligodendrocytes and that the protein expression is regulated at the level of translation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trust and condom use among young adults in relationships in Dar es Salaam Tanzania.

Young adults in sub-Saharan Africa most often state 'I trust my partner' as the reason for not using condoms consistently. This study assesses the extent to which young adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, trust their partners, how trust influences condom use and whether certain relationship characteristics influence the relationship between trust and condom use. Data were taken from the 2003 Tanzania Trust Survey, and the level of trust reported by 509 male and female young adults aged 15-24 who were in relationships was examined. The analysis showed that reported trust in a partner has the expected negative relationship with consistent condom use. However, this negative association differs by relationship characteristics. To facilitate the interpretation of interactions between marriage and trust, the predicted probabilities of consistent condom use by level of trust were calculated for males and for females by marital status, showing that the negative association is strong among those who are not married, but that there is no association between trust and condom use among young married adults.
Perceived control moderated the self-efficacy-enhancing effects of a chronic illness self-management intervention.

Objective: Identifying moderators of the effects of self-efficacy-enhancing interventions could improve their efficiency. We examined the effects of a home-based variant of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program on self-efficacy, and explored the moderating effects of perceived control over self-management (PCSM).Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, patients (N= 415) aged>40 years with various chronic conditions plus basic activity impairment and/or significant depressive symptoms were randomized to one of three groups: intervention provided in homes or by telephone, v. usual care control. We used mixed effects linear models for repeated measures to examine effects on self-management self-efficacy at 6-month follow-up and explore moderation by PCSM.Results: Only the home intervention had a significant self-efficacy-enhancing effect (Wald test, χ 2 = 13.8, p = 0.008; effect size = 0.3). The effect was moderated by PCSM, considered as a continuous [effective in subjects with lower PCSM (Wald test...
Fungal and endotoxin measurements in dust associated with respiratory symptoms in a water-damaged office building.

We investigated the associations of fungal and endotoxin levels in office dust with respiratory health in 888 (67% participation) occupants of a water- damaged building. We analyzed floor and chair dusts from 338 workstations for culturable fungi and endotoxin. Based on averages, we ranked each floor of the building as low, medium, or high for occupants exposure to each of these agents. Multivariate logistic regression models for building-related symptoms included this ranking of fungi and endotoxin, age, gender, race, smoking status, and duration of occupancy. Using floor dust measures, we found significantly increased odds for lower respiratory symptoms (wheeze, chest tightness, attacks of shortness of breath, and attacks of cough: odds ratios (OR) ¼ 1.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.77) to 2.4 (95% CI: 1.29-4.59)), throat irritation (OR ¼ 1.7, (95% CI: 1.06-2.82)), and rash/itchy skin (OR ¼ 3.0, (95% CI: 1.47-6.19)) in the highest fungal exposure group compared to the lowest, with generally linear exposure-response relationships. Nonlinear relationships were observed for many of these symptoms and endotoxin in floor dust. Inter- action models showed that endotoxin modified effects of fungi on respiratory symptoms. Our findings of exposure interactions and exposure-response rela- tionships of fungal and endotoxin with increased risk of building-related symptoms contribute to an understanding of the role of microbial agents in building-related asthma and respiratory and systemic symptoms.
Adherence Analysis Using Visual Analog Scale Versus Claims-Based Estimation

Background:Although visual analog scales (VAS) have been used frequently in outcomes research, there is little evidence regarding the validity of this scale for measuring medication adherence.Objective:To determine whether a VAS self-report measure of medication adherence is concordant with claims-based measurement of adherence.Methods:A mail survey was conducted in 2005 of persons with diabetes. Prescription claims were obtained for the 1985 survey respondents who used oral diabetes medications and lipid-modifying drugs. The self-reported measure of adherence was a VAS scored 0–100%, and the claims-based measure was the continuous measure of medication gaps (CMG), reverse-coded to yield a score of 0–100%. Dichotomous measures (highly adherent vs poorly adherent) were also created from the VAS and CMG using a cutoff value of 80%. For diabetes and lipid-modifying drugs, the scores on the VAS and CMG (continuous versions) were compared using a Pearson correlation coefficient, while the concordance of the di...
Imaging CD8+ T cell dynamics in vivo using a transgenic luciferase reporter

After activation, populations of antigen-specific T cells flow between sites of antigen expression, local lymphoid structures and other lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. In this study, we documented the in vivo dynamics of a CD8(+) T cell response to antigen delivered using herpes simplex virus amplicon vectors and revealed several unexpected features. First, the T cells localized to the site of vector injection, as well as the draining lymph node within 24-48 h. Second, the major site to which T cells later redistributed were intra-abdominal lymphoid organs, including milky spots, mesenteric and lumbar lymph nodes. We determined the relationship between bioluminescent signal and antigen-specific T cell numbers in various lymphoid organs, and concluded that bioluminescent signal is a valid surrogate measure of T cell abundance in superficial lymph nodes, but not in deeper structures such as the spleen.
Zebrafish retinoic acid receptors function as context-dependent transcriptional activators

RA receptors (RARs) have been thought to function through a binary repressor-activator mechanism: in the absence of ligand, they function as transcriptional repressors, and, in the presence of ligand, they function as transcriptional activators. This prevailing model of RAR mechanism has been derived mostly from in vitro studies and has not been widely tested in developmental contexts. Here, we investigate whether zebrafish RARs function as transcriptional activators or repressors during early embryonic anterior-posterior patterning. Ectopic expression of wild-type zebrafish RARs does not disrupt embryonic patterning and does not sensitize embryos to RA treatment, indicating that RAR availability is not limiting in the embryo. In contrast, ectopic expression of hyperactive zebrafish RARs induces expression of a RA-responsive reporter transgene as well as ectopic expression of endogenous RA-responsive target genes. However, ectopic expression of dominant negative zebrafish RARs fails to induce embryonic phenotypes that are consistent with loss of RA signaling, despite their ability to function as transcriptional repressors in heterologous cell culture assays. Together, our studies suggest that zebrafish RAR function is context-dependent and that, during early patterning, zebrafish RARs function primarily as transcriptional activators and may only have minimal ability to act as transcriptional repressors. Thus, it seems that the binary model for RAR function does not apply to all in vivo scenarios. Taking into account studies of RA signaling in tunicates and tetrapods, we propose a parsimonious model of the evolution of RAR function during chordate anterior-posterior patterning.
Pulsed‐CO2 Laser Beam Photothermal Technology Combined with Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for the Selective Elimination of Surface Escherichia Coli K12 from Fresh Fruits

Postharvest methods for microbial decontamination of fresh produce are limited, and chemical treatment is less popular with growing concerns over toxic residues. A photothermal guiding system was developed with a pulsed-CO2 laser and adjustable two-ZnSe lens beam expander. The system was optimized to ensure uniform radiation of the sample with respect to pulse width (PW) and repetition time (RT) without damaging the food samples. Conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) added to fruit surfaces tested the selective photothermal nanotherapy under laser radiation for enhancing treatment. Apple peel samples (1 cm2) contaminated with Escherichia coli K12 were treated at varying PW and RT for 60, 120 and 180 s. Inactivation of E. coli K12 significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the PW increased at constant RT. Also, the inactivation increased as both RT decreased and PW increased, and with the addition of the GNP. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed structural damage of E. coli and GNP with minimal damage to fruit surfaces. Practical Applications This unique laser system could provide rapid, energy-efficient and selective inactivation of food surface contaminants through the use of conjugated gold nanoparticles. The system's likely application is to ensure food safety in numerous segments of the U.S. food industry; it would be especially useful for producers of fresh food products. Photothermal nanotherapy provides selective heating to a localized area around the targeted bacteria without damaging the food, which makes it particularly applicable for heat-sensitive foods, such as fruits and leafy green vegetables, and could be a desirable alternative to chemical treatments. It also has the potential to be successfully applied to liquid food samples such as water, fruit juices and other transparent liquids.
Point to Point Commercial Aircraft Service Design Study Including Formation Flight and Morphing

†Current transatlantic commercial aircraft service depends heavily on the hub and spoke system to route passengers to their destinations. By adopting a point-topoint route structure airlines might be able to transport passengers to their destinations faster by avoiding layover times associated with connecting flights. Many privately-owned business jets and a few “business-class-only” commercial flights regularly fly point-to-point transatlantic routes, which reduces trip time by several hours from that of commercial service but at a very high cost per passenger. Few commercial transport aircraft, however, are well-suited for long-range pointto-point flights, because the cost of operation exceeds the expected revenue from a standard mixed class aircraft with predominately economy class passengers. The design of a small-capacity transatlantic aircraft for point-to-point service may alleviate this problem; a combination of two technologies for reducing fuel consumption makes this concept even more appealing. First, fuel requirements on long range flights can be decreased by taking advantage of the drag reduction associated with formation flight. NASA studies have demonstrated up to twenty percent reduction in drag through the use of formation flight. Applying this to point-to-point transatlantic commercial service can reduce the cost to allow for economy class passengers to travel. Second, adaptive geometry can counteract the adverse roll environment trailing aircraft experience in a formation flight. The design can take advantage of the developments in adaptive structures and materials which has lead to morphing aircraft capabilities. Active geometry aircraft could use an asymmetric wing to counteract the rolling moment and reduce trim drag and control requirements, and possibly overall weight. With the completion of this study, the design of three types of aircraft will be examined: fixed geometry pointto-point service, fixed geometry formation flight service, and morphing formation flight service. They will be compared to each other with three metrics – Gross Takeoff Weight (GTOW), Direct Operating Cost (DOC) per year, and DOC per trip. These designs will then provide a basis for comparison with currently operated transatlantic service with similar range routes. Currently, significant technical and regulatory hurdles exist for both formation flight and morphing aircraft; however, potential commercial transport benefits suggested by this study could support the case for further development of these technologies.
Stability of Cyclophosphamide and Mesna Admixtures in Polyethylene Infusion Bags

BACKGROUND:Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is used to treat cancers in combination with mesna to prevent cystitis. The use of extemporaneously prepared admixtures of these drugs must be supported by documentation of their chemical stability.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the chemical stability of CYP and mesna admixtures in dextrose 5% polyethylene infusion bags.METHODS:The drugs were diluted in 100-mL dextrose 5% infusion bags to final concentrations of CYP 10.8 mg/mL with mesna 3.2 mg/mL (solution A) and CYP 1.8 mg/mL with mesna 0.54 mg/mL (solution B). Six infusion bags from each solution were stored at 4 °C and 6 were stored at room temperature. Triplicate HPLC determinations were performed on each bag to measure drug concentrations at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours.RESULTS:At 96 hours, drug concentrations in all solutions stored at room temperature were found to be <80% compared with the initial concentrations. The solutions stored at 4 °C retained at least 90% of the initial drug concentrations at 48 hours. ...
Quenched-in Photoluminescent Color Centers in NaI

Crystals of NaI, KI, and KCl have been quenched from temperatures as high as 450 °C by rapid immersion in liquid nitrogen. In the case of NaI, very strong absorption bands at 255 nm (Q1) and 226 nm (Q2) may be produced by quenching the crystal from about 360 °C. The excitation spectrum for a characteristic luminescence at 375 nm, is identical, within the limits of experimental accuracy, with bands produced by stoichiometric excess iodine. Similar results were obtained for quenched KI, although the luminescent quantum efficiency was smaller. Negative results were obtained for quenched KCl. Analysis of the observed properties leads to the conclusion that the defect responsible for the 375 nm luminescence is, or is related to, the single cation vacancy. NaJ-, KJ- und KCl-Kristalle werden von Temperaturen bis zu 450 °C durch schnelles Eintauchen in flussigen Stickstoff abgeschreckt. Fur NaJ konnten starke Absorptionsbanden bei 255 nm (Q1) und 226 nm (Q2) durch Abschrecken des Kristalls von etwa 360 °C erhalten werden. Das Anregungsspektrum fur eine charakteristische Lumineszenz bei 375 nm ist innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen identisch mit Banden, die durch stochiometrisch uberschussiges Jod verursacht werden. Ahnliche Ergebnisse wurden fur abgeschrecktes KJ erhalten, obgleich die Quantenausbeute der Lumineszenz kleiner war. Negative Ergebnisse wurden fur abgeschrecktes KCl erhalten. Eine Analyse der beobachteten Eigenschaften fuhrte zu der Annahme, das die fur die 375 nm-Lumineszenz verantwortlichen Defekte isolierte Kationenlucken sind oder mit diesen zusammenhangen.
The Interaction Of Elaboration-Based Expert Systems And Cognitive Style On Knowledge Development

Expert system research in accounting has focused on knowledge transfer from the expert system to the user. This early research spurred studies on how to appropriately design an intelligent computer-based decision aid so as to positively affect the user’s development of knowledge. Researchers focused on the design of the user interface and pulled from research in cognitive psychology on knowledge acquisition. This research builds upon the existing literature by considering a factor that has yet to be examined, the user’s individual cognitive styles, which may be interacting with the expert system designs thereby affecting knowledge development. Prior research has shown that individuals have measurable differences in cognitive style. These differences have been shown to affect the development of knowledge. Cognitive fit between an expert system and the user may influence the user's reliance on the expert system. This, in turn, may affect knowledge development. This study examines the interaction of the individual’s cognitive style with a particular expert system design to determine whether or not the individual will attend to the expert system at a level great enough to facilitate knowledge acquisition and/or development. Knowledge development is a basic requirement in determining the success of an intelligent decision aid as discussed by Rose and Wolfe (1998). This study examines this interaction to ascertain whether a particular cognitive style is more compatible with expert systems.
Severe Corrosive Gastritis with Antral Stenosis Following Ingestion of Sani-Flush

Summary A case of corrosive gastritis and antral stenosis following ingestion of 6 ounces of Sani-Flush is presented. The pathologic findings are discussed and the problem of definitive surgery of the stenotic lesion is briefly reviewed.
Dating and biogeographical patterns in the sea slug genus Acanthodoris Gray, 1850 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia).

Recent studies investigating vicariance and dispersal have been focused on correlating major geological events with instances of taxonomic expansion by incorporating the fossil record with molecular clock analyses. However, this approach becomes problematic for soft-bodied organisms that are poorly represented in the fossil record. Here, we estimate the phylogenetic relationships of the nudibranch genus Acanthodoris Gray, 1850 using three molecular markers (16S, COI, H3), and then test two alternative geologically calibrated molecular clock scenarios in BEAST and their effect on ancestral area reconstruction (AAR) estimates employed in LAGRANGE. The global temperate distribution of Acanthodoris spans multiple geological barriers, including the Bering Strait (∼5.32 Mya) and the Baja Peninsula (∼5.5 Mya), both of which are used in our dating estimates. The expansion of the Atlantic Ocean (∼95-105 Mya) is also used to calibrate the relationship between A. falklandica Eliot, 1905 and A. planca Fahey and Valdes, 2005, which are distributed in southern Chile and South Africa respectively. Phylogenetic analyses recovered strong biogeographical signal and recovered two major clades representing northern and southern hemispheric distributions of Acanthodoris. When all three geological events are applied to the calibration analyses, the age for Acanthodoris is estimated to be mid-Cretaceous. When the expansion of the Atlantic Ocean is excluded from our analyses, however, Acanthodoris is estimated to be much younger, with a divergence time estimate during the Miocene. Regardless of divergence estimates, our AAR suggests that Acanthodoris may have origins in the Atlantic Ocean with the Atlantic acting as a dispersal point to the northeastern Pacific. These results suggest that Acanthodoris exhibits a rare instance of western trans-arctic expansion. This study also shows that northeast Pacific specimens of A. pilosa should be regarded as A. atrogriseata and that A. serpentinotus should be regarded as a synonym of A. pina.
Pathogenicity Island Cross Talk Mediated by Recombination Directionality Factors Facilitates Excision from the Chromosome.

ABSTRACT Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are mobile integrated genetic elements (MIGEs) that contain a diverse range of virulence factors and are essential in the evolution of pathogenic bacteria. PAIs are widespread among bacteria and integrate into the host genome, commonly at a tRNA locus, via integrase-mediated site-specific recombination. The excision of PAIs is the first step in the horizontal transfer of these elements and is not well understood. In this study, we examined the role of recombination directionality factors (RDFs) and their relationship with integrases in the excision of two PAIs essential for Vibrio cholerae host colonization: Vibrio pathogenicity island 1 (VPI-1) and VPI-2. VPI-1 does not contain an RDF, which allowed us to answer the question of whether RDFs are an absolute requirement for excision. We found that an RDF was required for efficient excision of VPI-2 but not VPI-1 and that RDFs can induce excision of both islands. Expression data revealed that the RDFs act as transcriptional repressors to both VPI-1- and VPI-2-encoded integrases. We demonstrated that the RDFs Vibrio excision factor A (VefA) and VefB bind at the attachment sites (overlapping the int promoter region) of VPI-1 and VPI-2, thus supporting this mode of integrase repression. In addition, V. cholerae RDFs are promiscuous due to their dual functions of promoting excision of both VPI-1 and VPI-2 and acting as negative transcriptional regulators of the integrases. This is the first demonstration of cross talk between PAIs mediated via RDFs which reveals the complex interactions that occur between separately acquired MIGEs. IMPORTANCE Deciphering the mechanisms of pathogenicity island excision is necessary for understanding the evolution and spread of these elements to their nonpathogenic counterparts. Such mechanistic insight would assist in predicting the mobility of uncharacterized genetic elements. This study identified extensive RDF-mediated cross talk between two nonhomologous VPIs and demonstrated the dual functionality of RDF proteins: (i) inducing PAI excision and (ii) acting as transcriptional regulators. Findings from this study may be implicated in determining the mobilome contribution of other bacteria with multiple MIGEs.
Abstract 2323: Statin Use and Discharge Disposition After Ischemic Stroke Hospitalization

Objective: To determine whether statin use is associated with improved discharge disposition after ischemic stroke. Methods: We analyzed 12,689 patients with ischemic stroke over a 7 year period at...
Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly alpha amino acids): immunogenicity of chemically modified polymers. II.

SummaryIt has been shown that chemical modification of the negatively charged carboxyl groups of synthetic polymers of amino acids via introduction of neutral determinants tends to reduce immunogenic properties of the respective polymer.In some instances the presence of tyrosyl residues can, to a limited degree, reverse the above effect.The possible implication of these findings for development of nonimmunogenic synthetic plasma expanders is presented.
Cafioquedus gularis Sharp, 1886 and other poorly understood Staphylinini: a review of the New Zealand fauna of the tribe with discussion of its potential for biogeography (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

ABSTRACTThe formation of New Zealand's terrestrial biota is a subject where conclusions depend strongly on the properties of the focal organisms. Here, we bring the systematic knowledge of the New Zealand fauna of the very diverse rove beetle tribe Staphylinini closer to the level appropriate for biogeographic research. In particular, the hitherto puzzling New Zealand endemic genus Cafioquedus is considered a member of the Creophilus-complex (Staphylinina), while several other endemic species proved to be misidentifications of common introduced species. With these taxonomic updates, and taking into account the relative age and extant distributions of lineages that occur in New Zealand, we conclude the following: 1. the New Zealand Staphylinini are dominated (66%) by the endemic members of the subtribe Amblyopinina, which are likely Gondwanan paleoendemics; 2. species from the Creophilus- and Cafius-complexes (Staphylinina and Philonthina, respectively), are neoendemics (15%), possibly resulting from trans...
Oxygen Pressure Leaching of Converter Vanadium Slag by Titanium Dioxide Waste Without Roasting

The process of oxygen pressure leaching of converter vanadium slag with titanium dioxide waste without roasting was researched. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that: soluble vanadium ions are stable in the acid solution. Leaching experiments show that the initial acid concentration is the most important factor in the leaching process. Under the conditions: leaching temperature 150 ℃,leaching time 40 min,liquid to solid ratio 12 ∶ 1( ml·g- 1),initial acid concentration 250 g·L- 1,oxygen pressure 0. 2 MPa,the vanadium leaching rate is98. 51%. The XRD patterns of leaching residues under different conditions show that with the increase of vanadium leaching rate,the vanadium spinel phase is gradually disappeared and ilmenite phase is transformed into anatase phase in the leaching residue.
Structure and Properties of fac-[Re(I)(CO)3(NTA)](2-) (NTA(3-) = Trianion of Nitrilotriacetic Acid) and fac-[Re(I)(CO)3(L)](n-) Analogues Useful for Assessing the Excellent Renal Clearance of the fac-[(99m)Tc(I)(CO)3(NTA)](2-) Diagnostic Renal Agent.

We previously identified two new agents based on the [99mTcVO]3+ core with renal clearances in human volunteers 30% higher than that of the widely used clinical tracer 99mTc-MAG3 (MAG35– = penta-anion of mercaptoacetyltriglycine). However, renal agents with even higher clearances are needed. More recently, we changed our focus from the [99mTcVO]3+ core to the discovery of superior tracers based on the fac-[99mTcI(CO)3]+ core. Compared to 99mTc-MAG3, fac-[99mTcI(CO)3(NTA)]2– (NTA3– = trianion of nitrilotriacetic acid) holds great promise by virtue of its efficient renal clearance via tubular secretion and the absence of hepatobiliary elimination, even in patients with severely reduced renal function. We report here NMR, molecular (X-ray) structure, and solution data on fac-[ReI(CO)3(NTA)]2– with a −CH2CO2– dangling monoanionic chain and on two fac-[ReI(CO)3(L)]− analogues with either a −CH2CONH2 or a −CH2CH2OH dangling neutral chain. In these three fac-[ReI(CO)3(L)]n− complexes, the fac-[ReI(CO)3(N(CH2CO2)...
CHAPTER VIII – ACIDS AND ACID DERIVATIVES

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of acids and acid derivatives. The synthesis of phosphatidic acids is a very similar reaction catalyzed by insoluble preparation of liver. Acyl CoA derivatives are acyl donors and L-α-glycero-phosphate is the acyl acceptor. Two fatty acid groups may be added to one α-glycerophosphate. This reaction requires fatty acids with 12 or more carbons in the chain, and reacts more rapidly with longer chains. An interaction of the esteratic site with the carbonyl carbon is supported by results of experiments with both substrates and inhibitors. The formation of carbamic acid from CO2 and ammonia and the subsequent formation of carbamyl phosphate by the kinase are greatly accelerated by the presence of carbonic anhydrase. A number of substances are inhibitory to carbonic anhydrase, including heavy metals and oxidizing agents, which indicate essential sulfhydryl groups. These inhibitors have found applications in clinical and laboratory studies concerned with secretions.
On Intra-firm Trade and Multinationals: Offshoring and Foreign Outsourcing in Manufacturing

For advanced industrialized economies, the era of globalization has created key roles for both the foreign outsourcing of intermediate inputs and intra-firm trade.1 Recent papers, including Feenstra and Hanson (1996) and Brainard (1997), have treated these subjects separately, but their interaction and possible intersection (namely, transnational intra-firm trade in intermediate inputs) have received little attention.2 Low-cost foreign outsourcing has long attracted many firms, whether part of a multinational enterprise or acting as independent companies. Increasingly, however, organizational and other considerations have motivated firms to use imported inputs from affiliates abroad, instead of inputs from arm’s-length domestic manufacturers; this activity amounts to vertical integration across borders. This process of intra-firm offshoring seems to be particularly intense in the case of high-tech sectors. Indeed, one of the signal attributes of a manufactured high-tech product is the extensive nature of its value-chain, the number of intermediate products and services, and the global, fragmented, nature of the final output.3 Progress in transportation, communications and standardization has significantly increased the fragmented nature of production. The high-tech value-chain is now a multilateral, multinational production mosaic, involving many countries but often just one firm or a group of affiliated firms.
HIV-Associated Neurologic Disorders and Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections in HIV.

Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV has transformed from a fatal disease to a chronic illness that often presents with milder central nervous system (CNS) symptoms laced with related confounders. The immune recovery associated with access to cART has led to a new spectrum of immune-mediated presentations of infection, phenotypically distinct from the conditions observed in advanced disease. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) entails a categorized continuum of disorders reflecting an array of clinical presentation, outcome, and increasing level of severity: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). HAND is defined through an assessment of neurocognitive abilities and functional performance. Progressive neurologic symptoms detected in patients on cART with detectable CSF viral load and a suppressed plasma viral load, or CSF viral load 1 log10 greater than low detectable plasma viral load, characterize a phenomenon termed symptomatic CSF “escape.” CD8+ T-cell encephalitis, possibly a form of CNS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, resembles CNS “escape” as it presents in patients despite viral suppression with cART. Cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, are AIDS defining conditions with associated high mortality risk. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and cryptococcal meningitis typically manifest in immunosuppressed patients ( Neurologic conditions are increasingly interconnected with chronic diseases, and classic opportunistic infections may have altered phenotypes in the cART era. However, there exist promising diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches, as well as associated pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment.
WRF simulation of downslope wind events in coastal Santa Barbara County

Abstract The National Weather Service (NWS) considers frequent gusty downslope winds, accompanied by rapid warming and decreased relative humidity, among the most significant weather events affecting southern California coastal areas in the vicinity of Santa Barbara (SB). These extreme conditions, commonly known as “sundowners”, have affected the evolution of all major wildfires that impacted SB in recent years. Sundowners greatly increase fire, aviation and maritime navigation hazards and are thus a priority for regional forecasting. Currently, the NWS employs the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model at 2 km resolution to complement forecasts at regional-to-local scales. However, no systematic study has been performed to evaluate the skill of WRF in simulating sundowners. This research presents a case study of an 11-day period in spring 2004 during which sundowner events were observed on multiple nights. We perform sensitivity experiments for WRF using available observations for validation and demonstrate that WRF is skillful in representing the general mesoscale structure of these events, though important shortcomings exist. Furthermore, we discuss the generation and evolution of sundowners during the case study using the best performing configuration, and compare these results to hindcasts for two major SB fires. Unique, but similar, profiles of wind and stability are observed over SB between case studies despite considerable differences in large-scale circulation, indicating that common conditions may exist across all events. These findings aid in understanding the evolution of sundowner events and are potentially valuable for event prediction.
Personalizing Locoregional Therapy for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

The management of metastatic colorectal liver disease has improved overall survival by multidisciplinary approach utilizing systemic treatment followed by local control of metastatic disease. There has been an evolution of local control therapy which has expanded the new armamentarium for treatment of resectable and unresectable liver disease. The review article will address the various types of locoregional therapy and various indications for its use. The application of ablative therapies combined with resections has allowed single-stage resection for patients with bilobar disease with excellent safety and efficacy. In patients with unresectable colorectal metastasis to the liver, chemo- and radio-embolization have provided improved survival outcome compared to systemic chemotherapy alone. Locoregional therapy for metastatic colorectal liver disease can improve outcome as an adjunctive role in combination with resection or as a sole therapy for patients with unresectable disease.
Applying 2D Tensor Field Topology to Solid Mechanics Simulations

There has been much work in the topological analysis of symmetric tensor fields, both in 2D and 3D. However, there has been relatively little work in the physical interpretations of the topological analysis, such as why wedges and trisectors appear in stress and strain tensors. In this chapter, we explore the physical meanings of degenerate points and describe some results made during our initial investigation.
What fixes PSA screening guidelines gone wrong

TPS159Background: Guidelines provide guidance but patient (PT) factors alter recommendations. We studied PT factors that alter the correct recommendation (CR) and physician (MD) advice in real-time cancer screening discussions in a 2x2 cluster-randomized trial of MD educational supports. Methods: We enrolled an age-(30-89 years) and sex-stratified sample of 18 patients (PTs) who underwent a physical examination at 2 urban hospitals by each of 12 primary care MDs. We assigned screening guideline formatting (color-coding [CC]) and academic detailing (AD) to MDs randomly. Immediate post-encounter surveys recorded PT and MD recall of screening discussions. Because PSA screening, the focus here, is controversial, we defined correct recommendations (CR) only when against screening, for men too old ( > 75 yrs) or too young (African American [AA] < 40 or non-AA < 50). For other men, either recommendation was considered correct. MD-reported serious comorbidity or PT choice against screening were also valid reasons...
Q-carbon harder than diamond

A new phase of carbon named Q-carbon is found to be over 40% harder than diamond. This phase is formed by nanosecond laser melting of amorphous carbon and rapid quenching from the super-undercooled state. Closely packed atoms in molten metallic carbon are quenched into Q-carbon with 80-85% sp3 and the rest sp2. The number density of atoms in Q-carbon can vary from 40% to 60% higher than diamond cubic lattice, as the tetrahedra packing efficiency increases from 70% to 80%. Using this semiempirical approach, the corresponding increase in Q-carbon hardness is estimated to vary from 48% to 70% compared to diamond.
Filtering nucleotide sites by phylogenetic signal to noise ratio increases confidence in the Neoaves phylogeny generated from ultraconserved elements

Despite genome scale analyses, high-level relationships among Neoaves birds remain contentious. The placements of the Neoaves superorders are notoriously difficult to resolve because they involve deep splits followed by short internodes. Using our approach, we investigate whether filtering UCE loci on their phylogenetic signal to noise ratio helps to resolve key nodes in the Neoaves tree of life. We find that our analysis of data sets filtered for high signal to noise ratio results in topologies that are inconsistent with unfiltered results but that are congruent with whole-genome analyses. These relationships include the Columbea + Passerea sister relationship and the Phaethontimorphae + Aequornithia sister relationship. We also find increased statistical support for more recent nodes (i.e. the Pelecanidae + Ardeidae sister relationship, the Eucavitaves clade, and the Otidiformes + Musophagiformes sister relationship). We also find instances where support is reduced for well-established clades, possibly due to the removal of sites with moderate signal-to-noise ratio. Our results suggest that filtering on the basis of signal to noise ratio is a useful tool for resolving problematic splits in phylogenomic data sets.
Oral Agents: Challenges With Self-Administered Medication Adherence in Clinical Trials.

Background In oral agent clinical trials, patients may not be adherent to self-administration of study medication; this nonadherence can affect validity and reliability. Many factors contribute to nonadherence to protocol requirements, and managing patients with fidelity issues is the responsibility of the research team. Objectives The aim is to identify which group (patients, physicians/principal investigators, nurses, or other personnel) research nurses report as most responsible for protocol nonadherence and to characterize the most observed causes and contributors to nonadherence within each group. Methods Sixty-seven protocol nurses completed a nine-question survey developed from pilot data. Descriptive statistics and ordinal regressions addressed the objectives of the study. Findings More than half of the nurses observed clinical trial nonadherence in their practices. Nurses identified challenges regarding physician, patient, and nurse factors. The most frequently identified causes included patients' forgetfulness, refusal to undergo study procedures, inadequate family or caregiver support to complete study activities, ineffective communication, and collaboration within the research team.
Endoscopic submucosal injection: a novel technique facilitating dissection in transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS)

Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) is a surgical platform that enables local excision of rectal tumours, originally described by Atallah et al. [1]. It has mainly been used for the excision of benign lesions, but has also been used in the management of early malignant lesions. As with any local approach to rectal malignancy lack of lymph node resection is a concern [2]. TAMIS has the advantages of being easy and safe to perform [3]. Dissection in TAMIS is achieved by traction and counter-traction in a rather confined space (the pneumorectum), which can be difficult. Visualisation of tissue planes can be challenging. We adopted a well-developed endoscopic technique known as endoscopic submucosal injection (ESI) to facilitate dissection...
El arte literario y la construcción oral del territorio. Pensamiento crítico afrocolombiano

espanolEn este articulo indago por la tradicion oral y la territorialidad en el pensamiento intelectual y politico de Rogerio Velasquez Murillo.Empleo su concepto de palenque literario y argumento que dicha expresion es una construccion de sentido que ofrece elementos para considerar un pensamiento critico afrocolombiano. Propongo entender palenque literario como una forma de lucha tipica de las guerras de posicion descritas por Antonio Gramsci. El estudio se enmarca dentro de la antropologia critica, la teoria critica de la raza y la politica negra en la diaspora africana, para historizar los significados y usos de las expresiones tradicion oral y territorialidad y en los escritos folcloricos y etnograficos publicados en la decada de los sesenta por Rogerio Velasquez. EnglishIn this article, I examine ideas of territoriality and oral tradition in Rogerio Velasquez‘s intellectual and political thought. I use his concept of palenque literario and argue that this expression reflects an intellectual construction that offers elements for considering Afrocolombian critical thought. I propose to understand this concept as a form of struggle typical of the war of position described by Antonio Gramsci. This study draws from critical anthropology, critical race theory, and Black politics perspectives to historicize the meanings and uses of the concepts of oral tradition and territoriality in Rogerio Velasquez’s folkloric and ethnographic writings published in the 1960s
Maternal and Child Health

This chapter describes the current state of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) in the Arab American community. In areas in which any (national or state) data are available to identify Arab Americans, there is evidence in some cases of disadvantage, advantage, or no difference relative to preterm birth. Key areas lacking ethnic specific data include immunization and health insurance coverage. The validity of these assessments are uncertain due to the existing methods of data acquisition, specifically the ability to decipher Arab ethnicity in data sources. The roles of social and cultural factors are also unclear. Migration and acculturation as well as discrimination are two specific stressors on this population that may impact MCH. This chapter highlights the limitations of current data sources and makes recommendations for enhanced future surveillance of MCH for Arab Americans.
PWM A-CHB Converter Based on Trinary Multilevel Converter: Topology, Switching Algorithm, and Stability Analysis

A trinary multilevel converter uses a few heterogeneous H-bridge submodules (SMs) to synthesize an output voltage with multiple levels. Two major limitations of this converter are that it needs multiple dc sources and it cannot operate under pulsewidth modulation (PWM). This paper addresses these limitations by adding a low-voltage H-bridge SM to this converter and proposing a new switching algorithm. The resulting PWM-based asymmetric cascaded H-bridge converter uses only one dc source and synthesizes a high-quality output voltage. This improved converter can be a potential choice for real and reactive power support in power system applications. This paper also proposes methods for stability analysis and design of this converter. Experimental case studies evaluate the performance of the proposed converter for both standalone and grid-connected modes of operation.
Respect as a Moral Response to Workplace Incivility

With the rise of incivility in organizational settings, coupled with an increase in discriminatory behavior around the world, we explain how these concerns have merged to become a pervasive workplace ethical issue. An ethical-decision making model is presented that is designed to help employees address issues of incivility with a moral response action, using Islamophobia and/or anti-Muslimism as an example. By adopting a proactive moral strength-based approach to embrace and address this issue, we hope to promote respect while also mitigating the lack of its presence. We explicate potential cognitive and affective influences that support an organizational member’s desire and decision to respond to incivility in a reverential manner. Given the propensity for employees to turn away, become apathetic, or to simply ignore wrongdoing, scholars need to illustrate how a path to respectful behavior can be achieved. Our model highlights variables like group norms and anticipated emotions, punctuated by different forms of self-regulation. A Kantian view, underscoring the worth of every person, underpins our appeal.
Refugee resettlement, place, and the politics of Islamophobia

Contested meanings of place have emerged in the wake of refugee resettlement in Missoula, Montana. Drawing on qualitative research, this paper explores the ways the intimate and local politics of r...