cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of Group 4 metals supported by carbazole ligation

A series of new derivatives of titanium and zirconium containing carbazole ligation have been isolated and studied. Treatment of [Zr(NMe2)4] with carbazole (cbH) leads to the adduct [Zr(cb)2(NMe2)2(NHMe2)]. Structural studies (trigonal bipyramidal with axial cb and NMe2) show the Zr–N(carbazole) distances to be 0.15 A longer than the Zr–NMe2 distances. This is consistent with almost negligible nitrogen-p to metal-d π-bonding from the carbazole ligands. Treatment of [M(CH2Ph)4] (M = Ti or Zr) with cbH leads to the derivatives [Zr(cb)4] and [Ti(cb)2(CH2Ph)2]. The latter reacts with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (xyNC) to generate the corresponding bis(iminoacyl) derivative, the iminoacyl carbon chemical shift of δ 246.9 in the 13C NMR of which indicates η2-C,N binding. The reaction of the more bulky alkyl substrate [Ti(CH2SiMe3)4] with cbH at 100 °C the reaction produces a sparingly soluble, red crystalline product identified as the alkylidene bridged dimer [(cb)2Ti(μ-CHSiMe3)2Ti(cb)2] which was structurally characterized. Treatment of it with xyNC (>3 equivalents) produces a single organometallic species [(cb)Ti(μ-cb)(μ-xyNCCSiMe3){μ-xyNCC(SiMe3)CHNxy)Ti(cb)] and one equivalent of free carbazole. The molecular structure could only be elucidated by a solid state structure that shows it to be dinuclear, containing a total of three equivalents of isocyanide within two distinct bridging units. Two terminal and one non-symmetrically bridged carbazole ligand are also present. The reaction of [TiCpCl3] with potassium carbazolate (Kcb) leads to formation of [TiCp(cb)Cl2] (structurally characterized) which can readily be converted into the dimethyl [TiCp(cb)Me2]. p
Data assimilation methods in the Earth sciences

Abstract Although remote sensing data are often plentiful, they do not usually satisfy the users’ needs directly. Data assimilation is required to extract information about geophysical fields of interest from the remote sensing observations and to make the data more accessible to users. Remote sensing may provide, for example, measurements of surface soil moisture, snow water equivalent, snow cover, or land surface (skin) temperature. Data assimilation can then be used to estimate variables that are not directly observed from space but are needed for applications, for instance root zone soil moisture or land surface fluxes. The paper provides a brief introduction to modern data assimilation methods in the Earth sciences, their applications, and pertinent research questions. Our general overview is readily accessible to hydrologic remote sensing scientists. Within the general context of Earth science data assimilation, we point to examples of the assimilation of remotely sensed observations in land surface hydrology.
Speaking words: Contributions of cognitive neuropsychological research

We review the significant cognitive neuropsychological contributions to our understanding of spoken word production that were made during the period of 1984 to 2004-since the founding of the journal Cognitive Neuropsychology. We then go on to identify and discuss a set of outstanding questions and challenges that face future cognitive neuropsychological researchers in this domain. We conclude that the last 20 years have been a testament to the vitality and productiveness of this approach in the domain of spoken word production and that it is essential that we continue to strive for the broader integration of cognitive neuropsychological evidence into cognitive science, psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience.
An SVD investigation of modeling scatter in multiple energy windows for improved SPECT images

In this work singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques are used to investigate how the use of low energy photons and multiple energy windows affects the noise properties of Tc-99m SPECT imaging. The authors have previously shown that, when modeling scatter in the projector and backprojector of iterative reconstruction algorithms, simultaneous reconstruction from multiple energy window data can result in very different noise characteristics. Further, the properties depend upon the width and number of energy windows used. To investigate this further, the authors have generated photon transport matrices using models for scatter, an elliptical phantom containing cold rods of various sizes, and a number of multiple energy window acquisition schemes. Transfer matrices were also generated for the cases of perfect scatter rejection and ideal scatter subtraction. The matrices were decomposed using SVD, and signal power and projection space variance spectra were computed using the basis formed by the left singular vectors. Results indicate very different noise levels for the various energy window combinations. The perfect scatter rejection case resulted in the lowest variance spectrum, and reconstruction-based scatter compensation performed better than the scatter subtraction case. When including lower energy photons in reconstruction-based scatter compensation, using a series of multiple energy windows outperformed a single large energy window. One multiple window combination is presented which achieves a lower variance spectrum than the standard 20% energy window, indicating the potential for using low energy photons to improve the noise characteristics of SPECT images.
Exploration of the L18 binding site on 5S RNA by deletion mutagenesis.

Several deletion variants of E. coli 5S RNA have been constructed and produced either in vivo or in vitro using T7 RNA Polymerase. Their structures and ribosomal protein L18 binding properties have been examined. All of them are similar to wild-type 5S RNA in their helix II-III regions, where L18 binds [Huber, P.W. and Wool, I.G. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 81, 322-326; Douthwaite, S., Christensen, A., and Garrett, R.A. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 2313-2320.], by NMR criteria. However, none of the molecules examined that lack the helix IV-helix V stem bind L18 efficiently, even though that portion of 5S RNA is outside the L18 footprint. The L18 binding site is clearly more than a simple hairpin loop.
Living in Metaphors, Trapped in a Matrix: The Ramifications of Neoliberal Ideology for Young Women’s Sexuality

By proposing that gendered sexual norms dictating young women’s sexuality (i.e., the Virgin-Slut Continuum) are now joined by neoliberal scripts for sexual agency (i.e., the Agency Line), my hope was to prompt new conversations about the ideological context in which young women in the U.S. forge their sexualities. The responses to my original commentary indicate that there are many such conversations to be had. Before pursuing those, I wish to clarify some of the tenets of my proposal, most importantly that I do not advocate for the Agency Line and the matrix created by its intersection with the Virgin-Slut Continuum to be a fair or apt characterization of young women’s lived experiences. To the contrary, I see neoliberal sexual agency as a prescribed and prescriptive normative force that works in tandem with enduring gendered prohibitions to constrain young women’s sexual expression and to reinforce the sexual stigmatization of minority girls and women.
A generic formalism to represent linguistic corpora in RDF and OWL/DL

This paper describes POWLA, a generic formalism to represent linguistic corpora by means of RDF and OWL/DL. Unlike earlier approaches in this direction, POWLA is not tied to a specific selection of annotation layers, but rather, it is designed to support any kind of text-oriented annotation. POWLA inherits its generic character from the underlying data model PAULA (Dipper, 2005; Chiarcos et al., 2009) that is based on early sketches of the ISO TC37/SC4 Linguistic Annotation Framework (Ide and Romary, 2004). As opposed to existing standoff XML linearizations for such generic data models, it uses RDF as representation formalism and OWL/DL for validation. The paper discusses advantages of this approach, in particular with respect to interoperability and queriability, which are illustrated for the MASC corpus, an open multi-layer corpus of American English (Ide et al., 2008).
The Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire: Evidence for Construct Validity

BACKGROUND: Variability in sensitivity to the acute effects of alcohol is an important risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The most commonly used retrospective self-report measure of sensitivity, the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) form, queries a limited number of alcohol effects and relies on respondents' ability to recall experiences that might have occurred in the distant past. Here, we investigated the construct validity of an alternative measure that queries a larger number of alcohol effects, the Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire (ASQ), and compared it to the SRE in predicting momentary subjective responses to an acute dose of alcohol. METHODS: Healthy young adults (N = 423) completed the SRE and the ASQ and then were randomly assigned to consume either alcohol or a placebo beverage (between-subjects manipulation). Stimulation and sedation (Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale) and subjective intoxication were measured multiple times after drinking. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear models showed that the ASQ reliably predicted each of these outcomes following alcohol but not placebo consumption, provided unique prediction beyond that associated with differences in recent alcohol involvement, and was preferred over the SRE (in terms of model fit) in direct model comparisons of stimulation and sedation. CONCLUSIONS: The ASQ compared favorably with the better-known SRE in predicting increased stimulation and reduced sedation following an acute alcohol challenge. The ASQ appears to be a valid self-report measure of alcohol sensitivity and therefore holds promise for identifying individuals at-risk for AUD and related problems.Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. Language: en
Effect of liming on subsequent applications of isofenphos for control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs in turf

Dolomitic limestone (4,844 kg/ha) was applied to designated turf plots on one of two dates and isofenphos (2.24 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on one of two subsequent dates to determine whether lime applications interfered with subsequent isofenphos applications. Some plots received lime only or isofenphos only. Isofenphos was applied on each date in three formulations (2F, 1.5G, 5G). The test was conducted once in the spring and again in the summer. All spring isofenphos applications reduced Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica Newman) grub populations significantly. Four of nine early applications of isofenphos made in the summer test reduced grub populations significantly, while none of the nine late applications of isofenphos made in the summer test reduced grub populations significantly. Prior lime applications did not result in a significant reduction in isofenphos activity compared to the corresponding isofenphos-only treatment.
High Fidelity Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of a Wind Turbine Blade

A two-way coupled fluid structure interaction (FSI) analysis for a realistic wind turbine blade has been successfully demonstrated using ANSYS Mechanical and ANSYS CFX software. This analysis couples a sophisticated composite shell finite element model (FEM) model of the blade with an efficient hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes / Vortex Line Method Computational Fluid Dynamics (RANS/VLM CFD) aerodynamic analysis. The FSI procedure was applied to the analysis of an aerodynamic twist (AT) blade. A simplified isotropic model of the blade structure was used initially to develop the overall FSI procedure, but it was found that a composite shell model was required to get realistic results. The results of the FSI analysis yield bending and induced twist of the blade, and stresses and strains within the blade structure. Steady analyses were performed to compute the deformed shape of the blade under different steady wind loads, and unsteady analyses were performed to study the effects of yaw and unsteady wind gusts. The computed tip deflections and induced twists of the steady FSI analyses compare favorably to ADAMS computations for the same case. The use of the hybrid CFD procedure allows the CFD mesh to be small enough to allow the transient FSI computation to be completed in a reasonable amount of time, typically less than a day on a modest number of processors.
World War II in the Lives of Black Americans: Some Findings and an Interpretation

To a democratic but inegalitarian nation, the cost of waging war may include the transformation of second-class citizens who are called upon to serve. World War II helped bring about an end to a caste-like racial situation in the South not only because of increased occupational mobility but because of reconfigured understandings of self and social relations. In this note, we report some findings bearing upon the long-term significance of including black Americans in the 1941-1945 war effort, however hedged about that inclusion was by racially motivated reservations. The evidence we report argues that, for black men, the impact of military service influenced the structure of their aspirations in a way that contributed to their unwillingness to accept the prewar structure of racial dominance that characterized the nation. We emphasize, however, that these findings about the impact of military service point toward the arousal of individual ambition, at the expense of more diffuse ambitions focused upon blacks considered as a group. The archetypal World War II military experience for blacks was of entering the war as southern agriculturalists, subordinate elements in a social order based on personalistic ties to whites and communal ties with other blacks. Military service thrust young men into markedly new work relationships. In keeping with modern organizational principles, the military was in theory governed by impersonal, public, rational rules aimed at task-specific efficiency, in Max Weber's words, according to "the principle of specializing administrative functions according to purely objective calculations," leading to "a discharge of business according to calculable rules and 'without regard to persons."'" Racial segregation, to be sure, contradicted the ration-
Understanding the gastrointestinal manifestations of Fabry disease: promoting prompt diagnosis:

Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disease characterized by the dysfunction of multiple systems, including significant gastrointestinal involvement such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, early satiety and nausea. The gastrointestinal symptoms of Fabry disease are thought to be due to neuropathic and myopathic changes leading to symptoms of dysmotility that are encountered in many other disorders. The gastrointestinal symptoms can often be one of the presenting signs of the disease in childhood, but can be misdiagnosed by gastroenterologists for many years due to their nonspecific presentation. As the chief treatment for Fabry is enzyme-replacement therapy that has been shown to stabilize and possibly reverse disease course, recognition of these symptoms and early diagnosis in an attempt to prevent progression with treatment, is critical.
Using machine learning to draw inferences from pass location data in soccer

In this paper, we present two approaches to analyzing pass event data to uncover sometimes-nonobvious insights into the game of soccer. We illustrate the utility of our methods by applying them to data from the 2012-2013 La Liga season. We first show that teams are characterized by where on the pitch they attempt passes, and can be identified by their passing styles. Using heatmaps of pass locations as features, we achieved a mean accuracy of 87% in a 20-team classification task. We also investigated using pass locations over the course of a possession to predict shots. For this task, we achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic AUROC of 0.785. Finally, we used the weights of the predictive model to rank players by the value of their passes. Shockingly, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi topped the rankings. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, 2016
Computational modeling of nanosecond time-scale charge carrier dynamics in organic semiconductors

We present a study of photoinduced charge carrier dynamics in single crystals and polycrystalline thin films of a functionalized fluorinated anthradithiophene (ADT) derivative, ADT-TES-F, combining measurements of time-resolved photocurrent with computational modeling. Simulations revealed two competing charge generation pathways: ultrafast charge separation and nanosecond (ns) time-scale exciton dissociation. Single crystals exhibited significantly enhanced fast charge photogeneration and charge carrier mobilities, as well as lower charge trap densities and free hole-trapped electron recombination, as compared to thin films. At sub-ns time scales after photoexcitation, the light intensity dependence of the photocurrents obtained in single crystals was determined by the carrier density-dependent recombination. At longer time scales, and at lower intensities, taking into account carrier concentration-dependent mobility improved agreement between numerically simulated and experimentally measured photocurrent data.
Assessment of dyssynchrony by gated myocardial perfusion imaging does not improve patient management

Clinical trials have demonstrated improved outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and electrical evidence of dyssynchrony. There has been intense effort at developing imaging markers of dyssynchrony with the aim of improved risk stratification. However, these efforts have not been fruitful to date. This article discusses mechanisms of cardiac dyssynchrony, reviews clinical data supporting resynchronization therapy, and addresses the lack of convincing evidence to support the use of noninvasive imaging measures of dyssynchrony in improving patient management.
Social stress-induced priming of innate immunity is associated with translocation of commensal lactobacilli to the spleen

Exposure to the social disruption (SDR) stressor, which involves repeated social defeat in subordinate mice, increases serum cytokine levels, results in accumulation of CD11b + myeloid cells in the spleen, and primes macrophages for increased cytokine and microbicidal activity. Our previous studies showed that the intestinal microbiota are necessary for SDR-enhancement of splenic macrophage microbicidal activity. The current study determined whether SDR-induced translocation of microbes to the spleen was associated with changes in spleen myeloid cell populations and cytokine mRNA. The SDR stressor increased the numbers of spleen neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes compared to control mice, while having no effect on numbers of non-classical monocytes and red pulp macrophages. Using an RNA flow cytometry assay, we found that neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes from SDR mice express higher levels of IL-1β mRNA compared to control mice. To detect translocated bacteria, qRT-PCR was used with bacterial group specific primers to 16S rRNA in addition to traditional bacterial cultures. SDR induced the translocation of Lactobacillus to the spleen, but translocation of other taxa, such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium , was not increased in stressor-exposed mice. Levels of Lactobacillus 16s rRNA in the spleen positively correlated with increased levels of IL-1β and IL-23 mRNA in stressor-exposed mice. Our results indicate that stressor exposure increases translocation of Lactobacillus from the gut to the spleen and primes the innate immune system for enhanced reactivity. These studies suggest that commensal microbes are key players in stressor-induced immunopotentiation. Funded by NIH grant R21AI107238.
A Closed-Loop Gait for Humanoid Robots Combining LIPM with Parameter Optimization

Even with the recent advances in the area of dynamic walking on humanoid robots there is still a significant amount of manual calibration required in practice due to the variances in the hardware. That is in order to achieve the performance needed in environments such as RoboCup. We present a LIPM-based closed-loop walk, that adapts to differences in the physical behavior of the robot by optimizing parameters of the model directly on the NAO while walking and executing other tasks. A significant amount of errors in the model predictions can be reduced without using a more complex model simply by adjusting the LIPM to fit the observed behavior. Our experiments show that the optimized model yields a more controlled, faster and even more energy-efficient walk on different NAO robots and on various surfaces without additional manual parameter tuning.
Water clarity measures as indicators of recreational benefits provided by U.S. lakes: Swimming and aesthetics.

Abstract Lakes provide recreational benefits related to water quality. Using data from the 2007 and 2012 United States National Lake Assessments (N = 2067 lake visits), we developed indicators for three benefits: swimming, general recreational value, and aesthetic appeal. For two combined ecoregions (“Mountains” and “Plains”) we related objective measures of water clarity, including Secchi depth, turbidity, and water-column chlorophyll-a concentration to subjective visual assessments of recreational benefit quality. There were significant associations between water clarity measures and visual assessments from which we derived water-clarity based thresholds between benefit quality classes (exceptional, high, low, marginal) for each benefit type. More variation in Secchi depth and turbidity was explained by benefit quality than was variation in chlorophyll-a. Threshold values were different between combined ecoregions. Compared to lakes in the Mountains ecoregion, recreational users of Plains lakes have lower expectations for water clarity. Thresholds were generally in accord with water clarity thresholds and guidance derived from published regional studies. Including indicators of the quality of benefits humans receive from lakes in assessments of lake conditions can increase public participation in decision-making and reveal changes in benefit quality over time.
From Clusters to Liquids: Diffusion, Stokes-Einstein Behavior, and Solvation in Mixed Molecule-Rare Gas Clusters

Liquid-like behavior in small atomic and molecular clusters is analyzed from the standpoint of molecular hydrodynamic theory. A method for the computation of friction constants in clusters is presented which utilizes the Generalized Langevin Equation-Memory Function approach to liquid dynamics The friction constant is determined by integrating the time correlation function for forces on a heavy mass Brownian particle inserted into the cluster. Preliminary molecular dynamics studies give relatively good agreement between the approximate friction constants obtained by this theory and exact results obtained from the Stokes-Einstein formula, for clusters larger than roughly N = 30 atoms. Molecular dynamics studies are also presented of structure, dynamics, and solvation in small benzene-argon complexes, systems of recent experimental interest.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Night Eating Syndrome: A Pilot Study

Because no studies of psychotherapy treatments for night eating syndrome (NES) have been published, we conducted a pilot study of a 10-session cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for NES. Twenty-five patients (19 female, 6 male) were screened and comprehensively assessed before being enrolled. At each visit, patients completed the Night Eating Symptom Scale (NESS), were weighed, and number of awakenings and the number of nocturnal ingestions and daily caloric intake were calculated from weekly food and sleep records. Mixed model regression analyses [of the data] showed significant decreases in caloric intake after dinner (35.0% to 24.9%); number of nocturnal ingestions (8.7 to 2.6 per week); weight (82.5 to 79.4 kg); and NESS score (28.7 to 16.3; all p values <0.0001). Number of awakenings per week, depressed mood, and quality of life also improved significantly (p values <.02). This first clinical trial of CBT for NES shows significant improvements in the core aspects of NES and weight reduction, suggesting the need for a controlled treatment trial.
Influence of histologic type on survival after curative resection for undifferentiated lung cancer.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung carries a worse prognosis overall than other cell types, but it is unclear whether these tumors represent a homogenous group with uniformly poor survival. This study identifies certain histologic subtypes of large cell and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma which have a better prognosis after curative resection than other similarly treated undifferentiated carcinomas. From 1947 through 1975, a total of 2,352 patients with lung cancer were admitted to one hospital. Follow-up to death was available in 98%. Pathological material was reviewed from 1,979 cases by a team of three pathologists during a single 6 month period without knowledge of clinical outcome. Curative resection was carried out in 632, with 170 (27%) 5 year survivors. Small cell cancer occurred in 481 patients and nine (1.6%) survived 5 years. Curative resections were performed in 34 with polygonal small cell carcinoma, 20 with normal lymph nodes and 14 with diseased lymph nodes. Seven survived 5 years (21%), six of 20 with normal and one of 14 with diseased lymph nodes. Eleven with nonpolygonal small cell carcinoma (eight oat cell, three fusiform) (five normal, six diseased nodes) underwent curative resection, with no survivors. Large cell carcinoma occurred in 151 and 19 survived 5 years. Curative resection was performed in 24 having large cell carcinoma with stratification (16 normal, eight diseased nodes), and 12 (50%) survived 5 years. In 26 with nonstratified large cell carcinoma undergoing curative resection (18 normal, eight diseased nodes); six (23%) survived 5 years (χ2 = 4.06 p
Robotic lobectomy leads to excellent survival in lung cancer patients

Pulmonary lobectomy has been the standard of care for patients with early-stage lung cancer (1). Over the years, advances in imaging technology and instrumentation have allowed us to provide surgical resection with smaller incisions.
Emerging Trends in Cannabis Administration Among Adolescent Cannabis Users.

Abstract Purpose The legal landscape of cannabis availability and use in the United States is rapidly changing. As the heterogeneity of cannabis products and methods of use increases, more information is needed on how these changes affect use, especially in vulnerable populations such as youth. Methods A national sample of adolescents aged 14–18 years (N = 2,630) were recruited online through advertisements displayed on Facebook and Instagram to complete a survey on cannabis. The survey assessed patterns of edible use, vaping, and smoking cannabis, and the associations among these administration routes and use of other substances. Results The most frequent and consistent route of cannabis use was smoking (99% lifetime), with substantial numbers reporting vaping (44% lifetime) and edible use (61% lifetime). The majority of those who had experimented with multiple routes of cannabis administration continued to prefer smoking, and the most common pattern of initiation was smoking, followed by edibles and then vaping. In addition to cannabis use, adolescents reported high rates of nicotine use and substantial use of other substances. Adolescents who used more cannabis administration routes tended to also report higher frequency of other substances tried. Conclusions Additional work is needed to determine whether the observed adolescent cannabis administration patterns are similar across different samples and sampling methods as well as how these trends change over time with extended exposure to new products and methods. The combined knowledge gained via diverse sampling strategies will have important implications for the development of regulatory policy and prevention and intervention efforts.
Chapter 8 – The Equilibrium Condition Applied to Phase Equilibria

Chemical processes are central to the study of chemistry. The thermodynamic principles provide powerful tools for describing these chemical processes, especially in predicting the spontaneity of the process and the equilibrium conditions that apply. The chemical processes are classified as phase changes, which involve the change in state between solids, liquids, or gases; and chemical changes, which involve changes in chemical bonding in chemical reactions. Phase equilibrium is the equilibrium process that can occur in a phase change, while chemical equilibrium is of interest in the chemical change. The liquid line and vapor line together constitute a binary (vapor + liquid) phase diagram, in which the equilibrium (vapor) pressure is expressed as a function of mole fraction at constant temperature. At pressures less than the vapor (lower) curve, the mixture is all vapor.
Science, Technology, or the Examiner Experience: What Influences Jurors' Judgments About Forensic Science Testimony?

The impact of forensic science evidence on jurors’ judgments is critically important to the criminal justice system. The assignment of low or high weight to such testimony can be the difference between acquittal or conviction. Many of the traditional forensic sciences (e.g., fingerprints and bitemarks) draw their strength largely from the subjective judgments of examiners who testify about whether evidentiary prints or other markings are consistent with (or “match”) known markings from a person or object. In an online experiment (Experiment 1) and a realistic jury simulation using actual jurors or jury-eligible adults (Experiment 2), this paper investigates three factors that might affect how jurors think about and use forensic science evidence. These factors are (a) whether the forensic science method had been scientifically tested, (b) the forensic scientist’s background and experience, and (c) how sophisticated the forensic science technology is. The results show a strong and consistent effect for examiner background and experience on evidence strength judgments, no effect for forensic technology sophistication, and a limited and inconsistent effect for scientific testing (present in the online experiments, absent in the realistic jury simulation). These findings raise concerns about potential undue influence of examiner background and experience on jurors’ judgments, and lack of clear influence of scientific testing. The implications of our findings for criminal justice practices and policies are considered.
Time-step dependent force interpolation scheme for suppressing numerical Cherenkov instability in relativistic particle-in-cell simulations

Abstract The WT scheme, a piecewise polynomial force interpolation scheme with time-step dependency, is proposed in this paper for relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The WT scheme removes the lowest order numerical Cherenkov instability (NCI) growth rate for arbitrary time steps allowed by the Courant condition. While NCI from higher order resonances is still present, the numerical tests show that for smaller time steps, the numerical instability grows much slower than using the optimal time step found in previous studies. The WT scheme is efficient for improving the quality and flexibility of relativistic particle-in-cell simulations.
Supporting Special Education Teacher Induction Through High-Leverage Practices:

Induction is designed to support teachers’ effectiveness, improve their students’ learning, and foster their retention. We consider how high-leverage practices (HLPs) might provide an instructional...
On 2-skeleta of hypercubes

It is shown that the 2-skeleton of the odd-d-dimensional hypercube can be decomposed into sd spheres and τd tori, where sd = (d − 1)2d − 4 and τd is asymptotically in the range (64/9)2d − 7 to (d − 1)(d − 3)2d − 7.
Queer Timing: The Emergence of Lesbian Sexuality in Early Cinema: edited by Susan Potter, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2019, 238 pp., $99.00 (cloth;), ISBN: 978-0-252-04246-1; 978-0-252-08424-9 $28.00 (paper); $19.95 (ebook) ISBN:978-0-252-05130-2

Queer Timing’s central claim is that “The emergence of lesbian representation and spectatorship in early cinema is not a linear progression and consolidation but rather arises across multiple sites...
Interobserver reliability of canine urine specific gravity assessed by analog or digital refractometers.

Refractometry is utilized routinely to evaluate canine urine specific gravity (USG) in veterinary clinical settings. We aimed to determine if the magnitude of interobserver reliability when assessi...
Sedation; Is it Sleep, Is it Amnesia, What’s the Difference?

This chapter presents recent concepts of the neuroanatomical physiology supporting conscious memory and consciousness. The relationships between sedation, anesthesia, and memory are elaborated. Emphasis is placed on the differences between drug-induced sedation and amnesia. Parallels to sleep physiology are discussed. Memory processes important in learning information from the outside world to form a permanent conscious memory are described in some detail. How the interaction of drug-induced amnestic and sedative properties impairs these processes is presented. Notably amnestic drugs allow conscious memories to be learned, but these are quickly forgotten. Interference with consolidation processes after learning is postulated as the basis for forgetting in the presence of amnestic drug. A review of commonly used sedative and anesthetic agents is undertaken with emphasis on their effects on conscious memory. Propofol, midazolam, and likely ketamine are true amnestic agents. Dexmedetomidine likely has mainly sedative effects. Finally, a number of pediatric case studies are presented to illustrate the clinical implications of amnestic versus sedative drug actions. Preventing unexpected awareness which is subsequently remembered is emphasized, with some recommendations on how to manage such a situation.
When good mutations go bad: how population size can change the direction of natural selection

ABSTRACT Classical evolutionary theory holds that the efficiency, but not the direction, of natural selection depends on population size. In small populations, drift overwhelms selection, rendering all fitness-affecting mutations selectively neutral. Yet, beneficial mutations never become deleterious and deleterious mutations never become beneficial. Remarkably, several mutations, including in modifiers of recombination and mutation rate, have now been shown to be favored at some population sizes but disfavored at others, challenging established theory. Previously, we have designated this phenomenon sign inversion. Here we show that, unlike selected mutations in the classical framework, mutations susceptible to sign inversion confer both fitness costs and fitness benefits, that vary among their carriers. Furthermore, all such mutations can be classified based on whether their effects differ between or within mutant lineages. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that both between-lineage and within-lineage variability can cause sign inversion and elucidate the common underlying mechanism. Our results confirm that variability in the sign of selective effects is necessary for sign inversion, which occurs because drift overwhelms selection on carriers bearing the cost and carriers enjoying the benefit at different population sizes.
Managing classroom management preparation in teacher education

Classroom management preparation has long been insufficient and stagnant, creating issues that disproportionately impacts beginning teacher success. I propose the CM PReP framework to guide teacher...
Prosthetic Joint Infections Due to Histoplasma capsulatum: A Report of 3 Cases.

Abstract Histoplasma capsulatum causes pneumonia and multisystemic disease in humans. Musculoskeletal involvement in histoplasmosis is most often tenosynovitis and rarely septic arthritis. Even more uncommon is the involvement of prosthetic joints. Here, we report a series of 3 cases of prosthetic joint failures caused by infection due to H capsulatum. Together with a review of 4 previously reported cases, we summarize host characteristics, clinical presentation, surgical approaches, antifungal management, and outcomes of this rare orthopedic joint infection.
He wouldn't, but I would: The effects of pronoun-induced language vividness in whistleblowing policies

Abstract In this study, we conducted two experiments to test whether varying the types of pronouns used in a company's internal whistleblowing policy influences employees' reporting intentions. We focus on two fundamental types of whistleblowing policy content: Reporting Responsibility (i.e., information about how to report through whistleblowing channels) and Anti-retaliation (i.e., information about retaliation protections). Within these types of content, we examine the effect of pronoun congruency, which occurs when vivid pronouns are used in a manner that emphasizes the intended theme of the message. First, we conducted a 2 × 2 experiment where policy content type (Reporting Responsibility or Anti-retaliation) and pronoun type (first-person or third-person) were manipulated between participants. The results indicate a significant interaction where more vivid first-person pronouns are more effective than third-person pronouns in improving employees' reporting intentions when they only receive Reporting Responsibility policy content. However, third-person pronouns are more effective than first-person pronouns when participants only receive Anti-retaliation content. In our second experiment, participants viewed both types of content simultaneously in a 2 × 2 between-participants experiment where pronoun congruency was manipulated. Results indicate that pronoun congruency within Reporting Responsibility content significantly affects reporting intentions, such that congruent first-person pronouns are more effective in increasing reporting intentions than incongruent third-person pronouns. The subsequent manipulation of pronoun congruency in Anti-retaliation policy content has no significant incremental effect on reporting intentions. Implications are discussed in the paper.
Social Cost and Health: The Downside of Social Relationships and Social Networks:

The research tradition on social relationships, social networks, and health dates back to the beginning of sociology. As exemplified in the classic work of Durkheim, Simmel, and Tonnies, social rel...
Conditional discriminations, symmetry, and semantic priming.

Abstract Psychologists interested in the study of symbolic behavior have found that people are faster at reporting that two words are related to one another than they are in reporting that two words are not related – an effect called semantic priming. This phenomenon has largely been documented in the context of natural languages using real words as stimuli. The current study asked whether laboratory-generated stimulus–stimulus relations established between arbitrary geometrical shapes would also show the semantic priming effect. Participants learned six conditional relations using a one-to-many training structure (A1-B1, A1-C1, A1-D1, A2-B2, A2-C2, A2-D2) and demonstrated, via accurate performance on tests of derived symmetry, that the trained stimulus functions had become reversible. In a lexical decision task, subjects also demonstrated a priming effect as they displayed faster reaction times to target stimuli when the prime and target came from the same trained or derived conditional relations, compared to the condition in which the prime and target came from different trained or derived conditional relations. These data suggest that laboratory-generated equivalence relations may serve as useful analogues of symbolic behavior. However, the fact that conditional relations training and symmetry alone were sufficient to produce the effect suggests that semantic priming like effects may be the byproduct of simpler stimulus–stimulus relations.
The Mescalero Apache and Monitored Retrievable Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Study in Environmental Ethics

The proposal of the Mescalero Apache Indians to host a nuclear waste storage facility raised difficult questions about political sovereignty, environmental justice, and democratic consent. While the proposal had numerous drawbacks and deserved to be opposed, many of the arguments used against it were conceptually flawed and paternalistic. Arguments decrying bribery of a poor community were particularly weak, while those criticizing targeting of Indian tribes by the United States government and coercion of tribal membners by the Mescalero leadership had more merit. The core ethical arguments should be separated from the rhetoric so that policy makers, Native Americans, environmentalists, and industry leaders can better evaluate similar projects in the future.
Models for Triangular Contractions

In this chapter, two methods which both relate to the structure of triangular contractions are discussed. The first one goes with the main stream of the book and uses Schur parameters. Section 2 is devoted to this material. In Section 3 we solve the realization problem for unitary systems using the associated Schur parameters. Then, we show that the triangular contractions can be viewed as characteristic operators in the Sz.-Nagy-Foias and de Branges-Rovnyak models of families of contractions. Even though the Schur parameters are not directly involved in these models, these considerations offer another perspective on the renorming operation of Hilbert spaces and they will be useful later in connection with the commutant lifting theorem.
Gastric Blood Flow and Mucosal Defense

Any other tissue would rapidly disintegrate if exposed to the corrosive acid that bathes the lining of the stomach. The gastric lining, or mucosa, also resists all but the harshest of miscellaneous chemical insults. It is no surprise, then, that this tissue has intrigued doctors and scientists for centuries, particularly with regard to how it achieves such remarkable Teflon-like chemical resistance properties. It is only relatively recently, however, that the defensive secrets of the gastric mucosa have begun to be appreciated in detail. This chapter describes one of the central elements of the gastric mucosal defensive system, blood flow. It is recognized that blood flow is also pivotal to mucosal restitution and the healing processes. However, the emphasis here is on the role of mucosal blood flow in preventing the initiation of gastric lesions. The reader will also note that other important components of the gastric defensive system are covered in substantial depth in other chapters of this volume. For this reason, only very brief mention of these other important defensive factors will be made here.
Book Review Autism and Early Years Practice. A Guide for Early Years Professionals, Teachers and Parents by Kate Wall

2004, Paul Chapman Publishing, London (168 pages) Softback ISBN 1-4129-0128-6 Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2007, 19(2): 157–158
Religion, Politics, and the Establishment Clause: Does God Belong in American Public Life?

INTRODUCTION: CULTURE WAR AND RELIGION 300 I. HIGHLIGHTS OF KRAMNICK’S AND MOORE’S ARGUMENT........301 A. The Thesis 301 B. Constitution Contrasted with Other American Documents 302 C. Exclusion of Religious Tests 302 D. Responses to the Absence of Religious Reference...303 E. Roger Williams: Religion and Secular Politics........305 F. The Lockean State and Religious Freedom 306 G. Thomas Jefferson and the “Wall Of Separation” ....307 H. Undermining the Secular Ideal 310 II. ANALYSIS 313 A. An Argument from Silence 313 B. Roger Williams and John Locke 316 C. Thomas Jefferson and the Secular State 319 III. SECULARIZATION AND THE SUPREME COURT 323 A. The Completed Revolution 323 B. Supreme Court Cases and Establishment Tests....332 IV. ANALYSIS 335 A. Justice Black and the Everson Decision 335 B. The Central Notions of Liberalism 338 C. The Epistemology of Liberalism 339 D. A Political Choice 340
Cell adhesion events mediated by alpha 4 integrins are essential in placental and cardiac development

alpha 4 integrins are cell surface receptors that mediate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell adhesions by interacting with fibronectin (FN) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), respectively. We have generated a null mutation in the gene for the alpha 4 integrin subunit. Homozygous null embryos express no alpha 4 integrins and show two unexpected defects, both of which lead to embryonic lethality. The first defect is failure of fusion of the allantois with the chorion during placentation. The second is in the development of the epicardium and coronary vessels leading to cardiac hemorrhage. Both processes clearly involve alpha 4 integrin interactions that were previously unsuspected. alpha 4 integrin and VCAM-1 are expressed at the sites of these interactions. These results raise the possibility of abortifacients targeting alpha 4 integrins, and raise serious questions about potential side effects of drugs currently being designed to block alpha 4 integrin functions in inflammation.
Linear to supralinear summation of AMPA-mediated EPSPs in neocortical pyramidal neurons.

It has been hypothesized that voltage-sensitive conductances present on the dendrites of neurons can influence summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and hence affect how neurons c...
Superluminal motion in the double-lobed quasar 3C 245

VLBI observations of 3C 245 obtained at 10.7 GHz with the Mark III array at five epochs in 1981-1986 are reported. The data-reduction and model-fitting procedures are explained, and the results are presented in tables, graphs, and maps along with previously published data on 11 other superluminal sources. The central component of the quasar is found to have an apparent transverse velocity of (3.1 + or - 1.4) c/h, assuming H0 = 100h km/s Mpc and q0 = 0.5. From the apparent source orientation (based on R, variability, apparent curvature, and projected linear size) it is inferred that the apparent transverse velocity is anticorrelated with the angle to the line of sight, as predicted by relativistic-beaming models of superluminal motion.
Structure of Particles in Linearized Gravitational Theory

We have examined the invariant character of restrictions imposed on singularities or other sources of the gravitational fields in the Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann theory of motion in general relativity. We have succeeded in providing a complete classification of sources that can occur in the linearized theory only, in terms of properties that are invariant under Lorentz and "gauge" transformations (the latter designation refers to linearized curvilinear coordinate transformations). Except for several explicitly known solutions, all solutions can be derived from a "supermetric" corresponding to the Hertz potential of electrodynamics. One method of classification is in terms of gauge-invariant integrals over spatial closed surfaces completely surrounding the particles. The motion of each source is determined by its own intrinsic angular momentum and dipole moment. The results do not depend on any particular assumed form of the stress-energy tensor of the sources.
Fine structure of selected species of the genus Thiobacillus as revealed by chemical fixation and freeze etching

An electron-microscopic examination of selected species of the genus Tlriobacillus was undertaken using the techniques of chemical fixation and freeze-etching. The architecture of the cells was typical of gram-negative bacteria. The multilayered cell envelope was revealed as a complex of smooth, rough, and particle-studded membranes. The particles which covered the outer plasma membrane (convex surface) appeared to contain a differentiated region which might permit a channeling between the exterior and interior of the cell. Inclusion bodies, including paracrystalline arrays, carboxysomes, and granules were present.