cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Erosion and Hypoxia of Aquatic Ecosystems

Freshwater is a finite resource. Only about 2.5% of the total volume of the global water reserve is freshwater, and the remainder (97.5%) is the oceanic brackish water (IUCNN, 2003). The usable freshwater is less than 1% of the total freshwater. Agriculture accounts for about 85% of the global demand for the freshwater resources (Foley et al., 2005). The major sources of freshwater include lakes, streams, rain, snow, and the soil water reserve. Freshwater demands have increased during the 20th century especially for agriculture (e.g., irrigation), human consumption, and industrial uses, thereby affecting competition for the scarce water resources. Because of the excessive use, some rivers, especially in semiarid regions, have lower flow rates than before and are prone to being ephemeral. Excessive consumption and misuse of water have also reduced the groundwater level. Conservation and proper use of freshwater resources are essential to attain sustainable use.
Trust in Persons

This question has been receiving increasing attention by scholars in organizational science and related fields. Agreement on the importance of trust in human conduct appears to be widespread; disagreement on a suitable definition of the construct also appears widespread. For example, trust has been viewed as a personality characteristic, an attitude, a rational decision, a preconscious expectation, and a willingness to be vulnerable. Bigley and Pearce (1998) propose a problem-centered framework for viewing trust that makes use of elements of many definitions and viewpoints. Whatever its theoretical and conceptual framework there is agreement that trust exists in various forms and that these forms are observable and measurable in their effects on human behavior both at the individual level and at more complex levels of social interaction.
Freedom of Religion II: Aggiornamento

In the wake of these selected occurrences as well as others,1 adverse to culti ammessi and restrictive of their freedom of religion, all of which began to attract public and political attention, the Vatican decided to play its part. And the first Catholic organ to step up to the podium was La Civilta Cattolica, In a series of articles, couched in profoundness, the influential Jesuit semi-monthly unveiled a determined discussion of the relationship between the various confessions and the Italian Constitution.
Little Albert Redux: Or Whatever Happened to Scholarship

Many students of psychology probably know the story of Little Albert. He was the subject in the first study of human classical conditioning of fear, a study by Watson and Rayner (1920). They initially demonstrated that nine-month old Albert displayed no fear when shown live animals such as a rat, rabbit, dog and monkey as well as inanimate objects, cotton, a human mask, burning newspaper, etc. Albert showed fear when a loud noise was suddenly produced by striking a steel bar with a hammer. Two months later fear was conditioned to a rat by pairing the loud noise with occasions where Albert touched the rat. After two sessions involving a total of seven trials, a test trial, presentation of the rat alone without the noise, resulted in the occurrence of fear responses defined as crying and attempts to avoid the rat. Five days later generalization test trials were introduced by presenting familiar wooden blocks, a rabbit, dog, sealskin coat, cotton, etc. Albert displayed generalized fear to the rabbit, dog, and seal skin coat, but not many other objects. Circumstances prevented Watson from determining the persistence of the fear and from attempting to extinguish the crying and avoidance elicited by the rat and generalization stimuli. A number of writers (Cornwell & Hobbs, 1976; Harris, 1979; Prytula, Oster, & Davis, 1977) have observed that with the passage of time, accounts of this classic experiment on fear conditioning drifted from the original in a variety of details, some quite important.
Correction to: Identifying Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Advanced Fibrosis in the Veterans Health Administration.

The original version of the article unfortunately contained errors in Table 3, Risk Factor column headings “Age > 50 (n = 115),” “Age > 50–64 (n = 154),” and “Age > 65 + (n = 60).”
Progesterone and cAMP synergize to inhibit responsiveness of myometrial cells to pro-inflammatory/pro-labor stimuli.

Abstract Progesterone (P4) acting through the P4 receptor (PR) isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, promotes uterine quiescence for most of pregnancy, in part, by inhibiting the response of myometrial cells to pro-labor inflammatory stimuli. This anti-inflammatory effect is inhibited by phosphorylation of PR-A at serine-344 and -345 (pSer344/345-PRA). Activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway also promotes uterine quiescence and myometrial relaxation. This study examined the cross-talk between P4/PR and cAMP signaling to exert anti-inflammatory actions and control pSer344/345-PRA generation in myometrial cells. In the hTERT-HMA/B immortalized human myometrial cell line P4 inhibited responsiveness to interleukin (IL)-1β and forskolin (increases cAMP) and 8-Br-cAMP increased this effect in a concentration-dependent and synergistic manner that was mediated by activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Forskolin also inhibited the generation of pSer344/345-PRA and expression of key contraction-associated genes. Generation of pSer344/345-PRA was catalyzed by stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). Forskolin inhibited pSer344/345-PRA generation, in part, by increasing the expression of dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), a phosphatase that inactivates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including SAPK/JNK. P4/PR and forskolin increased DUSP1 expression. The data suggest that P4/PR promotes uterine quiescence via cross-talk and synergy with cAMP/PKA signaling in myometrial cells that involves DUSP1-mediated inhibition of SAPK/JNK activation.
The Purpose of Leadership: Leadership That Moves the World

The opening chapter introduces the purpose of leadership as moving the world. It is not about the leader, or the leader’s organization, but about making a positive change in the world. The power and potential along with the danger and horror of leadership is considered. A formula for work and leadership is proposed and Archimedes’ principle of the lever is introduced as a central organizing metaphor for the book and each part of the metaphor is explained along with the six basic assumptions of the book. These assumptions include the need for clear definitions, clear purpose, the importance of a leadership mindset, everyone taking on the call of leadership, and the critical need for leveraged leadership power to produce high performance.
Do Charter Schools Alleviate the Negative Effect of Teacher Turnover

Using data on charter and public school districts in Texas, we test the hypothesis that the labor practices in charter schools, in particular their ability to easily dismiss poorly performing teach...
Applied Statistics for Human Genetics Using R

This chapter considers the fundamental concepts in the theory of probability and applied statistics in epidemiology, including the biostatistical concepts and measures in genetic association and familial aggregation studies, including: Additional Approaches in Familial Aggregation Studies Twin Studies Adoption Studies Inbreeding Studies Randomization Test Segregation studies, Linkage studies, Association studies Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) Big Data and Human Genomics
Inverse Designed Diamond Nanophotonics

Combining inverse design optimization methods and quasi-isotropic etching techniques, we develop compact, flexible and efficient photonic components in diamond for applications in quantum technologies. © 2019 The Author(s)
Psychometric Properties of the SCARED in a Nationally Representative U.S. Sample of 5-12-Year-Olds.

Objective: To examine the factor structure of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders – Parent Report (SCARED-P) in young children and elucidate normative levels of parent-reported...
Correlations between conduction electrons in dense plasmas.

Most treatments of electron-electron correlations in dense plasmas either ignore them entirely (random phase approximation) or neglect the role of ions (jellium approximation). In this work, we go beyond both these approximations to derive a formula for the electron-electron static structure factor which properly accounts for the contributions of both ionic structure and quantum-mechanical dynamic response in the electrons. The result can be viewed as a natural extension of the quantum Ornstein-Zernike theory of ionic and electronic correlations, and it is suitable for dense plasmas in which the ions are classical and the conduction electrons are quantum-mechanical. The corresponding electron-electron pair distribution functions are compared with the results of path integral Monte Carlo simulations, showing good agreement whenever no strong electron resonance states are present. We construct approximate potentials of mean force which describe the effective screened interaction between electrons. Significant deviations from Debye-Huckel screening are present at temperatures and densities relevant to high-energy density experiments involving warm and hot dense plasmas. The presence of correlations between conduction electrons is likely to influence the electron-electron contribution to the electrical and thermal conductivity. It is expected that excitation processes involving the conduction electrons (e.g., free-free absorption) will also be affected.
Palle Kanneeru Pedutundo (My Village Is Shedding Tears): A Subaltern Critique of the Derivative Form of Postcolonial Nationalism

In positioning myself at the intersection of development (support) communication, postcolonialism, and poststructuralism, I suggest that understanding the derivativeness of the postcolonial nation provides us with the appropriate context to grasp the economic evolution of development paradigms and formation of national and communitarian/communal subjectivities in the postcolonial world. I employ postcolonial derivativeness of the nation as a device in the allegorical deconstruction of the discourse of development and (de)construction of community through the analysis of a popular song penned by the Indian poet and singer, Goreti Venkanna in Telugu, his native language as well as mine.
Outcomes after truncal ablation with or without concomitant phlebectomy for isolated symptomatic varicose veins (C2 disease).

Abstract Objective Many insurance payers are hesitating to cover interventional treatments in patients with isolated symptomatic varicose veins. In this study, we sought to determine the outcomes of patients with varicose veins who were treated with venous ablation alone or ablation plus phlebectomy using the Vascular Quality Initiative Varicose Vein Registry. Methods Using data from the Varicose Vein Registry between January 2015 and March 2019, we investigated immediate postoperative as well as long-term clinical and patient-reported outcomes among patients with documented symptomatic C2 disease undergoing truncal endovenous ablations alone and combined ablation and phlebectomy. Preprocedural and postprocedural comparisons were performed using t-test, χ2 test, or nonparametric tests when appropriate. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was performed on ordinal outcome variables. Results Among 3375 patients with symptomatic C2 disease, 40.1% of patients (1376) underwent isolated truncal ablation and 59.9% (1999) underwent ablation and phlebectomy. Complications overall were low (8.6%) and varied between 8.4% and 8.7% in patients undergoing ablation alone and ablation plus phlebectomy, respectively (P = .820). The most common complication noted was paresthesia, 3.4% overall, which occurred more commonly after ablation and phlebectomy (4.5%) than after ablation alone (1.3%; P Conclusions Among patients with isolated symptomatic varicose veins (C2 disease), ablation and ablation with phlebectomy are safe and effective in improving both patient-reported outcomes and clinical severity (VCSS). Given these data, payers should continue to cover these treatments.
Dependency, Decisions, and a Family of Care

In American popular culture, the reigning myth is one in which the individual is a cowboy, alone in the wild and capable of sustaining his own life without assistance from others. One thinks of Western movie classics, such as “Shane,” or “The Man with No Name” as quintessentially American. In fact, the good life is the solitary life, one lived alone on the frontier without interference from others. This solitary life as the paradigmatic life can be found even in contemporary American popular culture, for example in movies like “Spiderman” or the Batman series. The hero is solitary, alone in the world, and he alone can protect the society from those who would destroy it. These quintessential American heroes cannot have a family. They can neither love others, nor can they be loved by others; for to be loved and to love leaves them vulnerable to their enemies, who might exploit them and weaken them from the task of creating and protecting the polis.
Numerical modeling of stress-strain relationships for advanced high strength steels

Abstract As a result of altered chemical composition, multiphase microstructures, and other micromechanical change, advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has three to five times the strength of conventional mild steels. Developed for automotive applications, AHSS has high potential for application in cold-formed steel construction. However, the material properties must be properly understood and quantified for application to structural design with economic efficiency. A series of tensile coupon tests were carried out to determine typical AHSS material properties. Existing stress-strain models, designed for steels with gradual strain hardening, were studied and recalibrated to the AHSS test data. No existing method provided an accurate fit for all cases. An updated two-stage plus linear stress-strain model, based on the Ramberg-Osgood expression, was developed. The predictive equations for the parameters required by the new model were provided based on the statistical analysis of AHSS test data. In addition, from the discussion of the new model, a novel proof stress was recommended to represent the yield strength of AHSS. Energy was used to compare the AHSS experimental stress-strain curves with conventional steel stress-strain models to examine the rationality of the proposed proof stress as the yield strength in design.
To Scar or Not to Scar.

Scarless Wound Healing A recent study delineates a pathway that is critical to the fibrotic response during wound healing that leads to scarring. Disruption of this pathway with the drug verteporfi...
Toward a biochemical definition of the endosomal compartment. Studies using free flow electrophoresis.

The eucaryotic cell is highly compartmentalized, containing many functionally and structurally distinct membrane-bound organelles. Subcellular fractionation is a powerful technique being applied to the purification of individual organelles so that they might be studied in biochemical detail. A complete biochemical definition of organelles of the vacuolar system involved in membrane transport along either the endocytic or exocytic pathways requires their definition in both static and dynamic terms. An organelle is defined in static terms by its own specific set of resident proteins, which give it its structural and functional identity. An organelle is defined in dynamic terms by its temporal location along an intracellular membrane traffic route based on the kinetics of protein transit into and through each organelle along either the endocytic or exocytic pathway. To completely define an organelle in static terms would require its purification to homogeneity and subsequent biochemical characterization. To adequately define an organelle in dynamic terms does not necessarily require that an organelle be purified to homogeneity but instead requires a rapid, high-yield procedure that clearly resolves the organelle from other organelles along a given pathway. This review discusses the novel method of free flow electrophoresis that we have applied to both the preparation of highly purified endosomal fractions for their biochemical characterization and to the analytical characterization of the kinetics of transit of endocytic tracers through the organelles of the endocytic pathway.
Cinemicrographic Study of the Development of Subsurface Colonies of Staphylococcus aureus in Soft Agar

Cinemicrographic studies revealed that the development of elongated subsurface colonies of Staphylococcus aureus in soft agar (<0.2% agar) originated with a colony-forming unit of about 10 to 20 cells. It was then observed that small clusters of 3 to 12 cells broke off from the main colony unit and drifted away under the combined influence of gravity and Brownian motion. Once the downward or slightly sideward motion of the small clusters ceased, the clusters would continue to increase in size; at the same time, additional small clusters broke off, and the cycle was repeated until the entire colony was formed. Displacement and velocity measurements were made on the drifting small clusters. When compared with the dimensional growth rate and geometry of the subsurface colony, these showed that a correlation existed between the movement and velocity of the small clusters and the subsequent colony development. A relationship between the role of gravity reported in these results and the development of spherical colonies after rotation on a clinostat is suggested.
Galactic tides affect the Oort cloud: an observational confirmation

There are 152 known original orbits of comets with a period larger than ten thousand years. Their aphelia are shown here to avoid three zones of the celestial sphere, namely the two galactic polar caps and a strip along the galactic equator. Such an axial symmetry of the aphelia distribution in respect to the plane of the galaxy cannot be explained by the traditional mechanism proposed to bring the Oort cloud comets into visibility — namely perturbations from random stellar passages. It cannot be explained either by any other random mechanism — like the passage of molecular clouds, a more recent variation of the previous idea. Finally, none of the known observational biases could introduce such a specific symmetry with respect to the galaxy. Standing in contrast, the observed symmetry is predicted by the “vertical” galactic tide, namely the differential attraction, on the sun and on each comet of the Oort cloud respectively, that comes from the mass distribution within the thick galactic disk.
Internal ATP is the only energy requirement for the translocation of precursor proteins across chloroplastic membranes.

Abstract The energy requirements for the import of nuclear-encoded proteins into isolated chloroplasts have been reinvestigated. We have shown that, in contrast to protein import into mitochondria, the translocation of the precursors to ferredoxin, plastocyanin (prPC) and the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (prSS) across all chloroplastic membranes is independent of a protonmotive force and requires only ATP. This extends previous works in which investigations were limited to prSS and demonstrates that our results are probably general to all chloroplastic protein precursors. Our results are particularly interesting for the import of prPC, since in addition to the two envelope membranes, this protein must traverse the energy-transducing thylakoid membranes en route to its proper location in the thylakoid lumen. This lack of involvement of a protonmotive force, specifically of a transmembrane electric potential, demonstrates that separate mechanisms operate during the import of proteins into chloroplasts and mitochondria. We also examined the question of whether ATP is utilized inside or outside of chloroplasts during protein import. Previous attempts to resolve this question have resulted in conflicting answers. We found, by two independent approaches, that ATP for protein import is utilized inside chloroplasts. The implications of these results on the possible mechanisms of protein import into chloroplasts are discussed.
Outcomes of Infants With Indeterminate Diagnosis Detected by Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator–related metabolic syndrome (CRMS) describes asymptomatic infants with a positive cystic fibrosis (CF) newborn screen (NBS) but inconclusive diagnostic testing for CF. Little is known about the epidemiology and outcomes of CRMS. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical features, and short-term outcomes of infants with CRMS. METHODS: We analyzed data from the US CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR) from 2010 to 2012. We compared demographic, diagnostic, anthropometric, health care utilization, microbiology, and treatment characteristics between infants with CF and infants with CRMS. RESULTS: There were 1983 infants diagnosed via NBS between 2010 and 2012 reported to the CFFPR. By using the CF Foundation guideline definitions, 1540 and 309 infants met the criteria for CF and CRMS, respectively (CF:CRMS ratio = 5.0:1.0). Of note, 40.8% of infants with CRMS were entered into the registry with a clinical diagnosis of CF. Infants with CRMS tended to have normal nutritional indices. However, 11% of infants with CRMS had a positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract culture in the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS: CRMS is a common outcome of CF NBS, and some infants with CRMS may develop features concerning for CF disease. A substantial proportion of infants with CRMS were assigned a clinical diagnosis of CF, which may reflect misclassification or clinical features not collected in the CFFPR.
Open-path high sensitivity atmospheric ammonia sensing with a 9 µm quantum cascade laser

We develop a ground-based, non-cryogenic, open-path quantum cascade laser ammonia sensor operating at 9.06µm for high sensitivity atmospheric measurements. A cylindrical mirror multi-pass optical cell and wavelength modulation spectroscopy allow for pptv detection limits.
Influence of increasing age on long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting

Background. Despite the steady increase in the number of elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), skepticism still exists as to whether this operation is justified in older people with a reduced life expectancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increasing age on outcome after CABG. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed on 1,689 consecutive veterans of the United States Armed Forces undergoing isolated primary CABG from January 1972 through December 1994. For better comparison, they were arbitrarily divided by age into three groups: group I, 50 years of age or less (n = 213), group II, between 51 and 70 years of age (n = 1,258), and group III, more than 70 years of age (n = 218). Long-term survival for each group was compared to that of their age-matched population derived from Wisconsin life tables. Results. The preoperative ejection fraction was comparable in all three groups ( p = 0.114). The patients older than 70 years of age had received more grafts per operation than the patients 50 years of age and younger (3.7 versus 3.3) ( p = 0.0001). Although the aortic cross-clamp time was prolonged with advanced age ( p = 0.0002), the cardiopulmonary perfusion time was shortest in elderly patients ( p = 0.0001). The early (30-day) mortality for the entire study population was 1.3%. There was a linear correlation between increasing age and early (30-day) mortality: group I, 0.5% (1/213); group II, 1.0% (13/1,258); and group III, 3.2% (7/218). The overall 10-year actuarial survival for all patients was 67%. The 10-year survival was diminished with increasing age ( p = 0.0001): 74% for group I, 68% for group II, and 47% for group III. Comparative analysis of the three groups with their age-matched counterparts demonstrated an age-related survival after CABG. In group I, reduced survival was evident 4 years after the CABG: the 10-year survival in group I was 74.2%, and the survival of their age-matched population was 93.4% (confidence interval, 67% to 81.9%). In group II a survival difference was obvious 8 years after CABG: 10-year survival of 67.5% versus 75.1% in their age-matched population (confidence interval, 64.8% to 71.6%). In the elderly group of patients, no survival difference was noted: 10-year survival of 42.7% versus 45.9% of the age-matched population (confidence interval, 29.8% to 64.6%). Conclusions. An acceptable early mortality and longterm survival equal to those seen for an age-matched elderly population are sound outcome measures that support the justification of CABG in older patients irrespective of age.
Spousal Abuse Divorce Litigation and the Emergence of Rights Consciousness in Republican China

This article investigates an overlooked aspect of Chinese legal modernity: how legal change influenced changes in individual consciousness. The article traces in particular the emergence of rights ...
On the impacts of locally adaptive signal control on urban network stability and the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram

Urban traffic networks are inherently unstable when congested. This instability causes a natural tendency towards spatially inhomogeneous vehicle distributions and less consistent and reproducible relationships between urban traffic variables. It is important to find ways to mitigate this unstable behavior since well-defined relationships between average network flow and density – the MFD – are useful to aid network design and control. This paper examines the impacts of locally adaptive traffic signals – e.g., those that allocate green times proportionally to upstream approach densities – on network stability and the MFD. A family of adaptive signal control strategies is examined on two abstractions of an idealized grid network using an analytical model and an interactive simulation. The results suggest that locally adaptive traffic signals provide stability when the network is moderately congested, which increases average flows and decreases the likelihood of gridlock. These benefits increase with the overall adaptivity of the signals. However, adaptive signals appear to have little to no effect on network stability or the MFD in heavily congested networks as vehicle movement becomes more constrained by downstream congestion and queue spillbacks. Under these conditions, other strategies should be used to mitigate the instability, such as adaptively routing drivers to avoid locally congested regions. These behaviors are verified using more realistic micro-simulations and are consistent with other observations documented in the literature.
Redox potential dynamics in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for wastewater treatment: Diel, seasonal and spatial fluctuations

Abstract Redox potential was measured in a treatment bed of a constructed wetland (CW) with subsurface horizontal flow used for municipal wastewater treatment. CW was situated in the Czech Republic, designed for 150 person equivalents; it was planted with Phragmites australis and put into operation in 2001. The system was very efficient in removing organic pollution (BOD5 82% and COD 74.0%), nitrogen (62.6%), phosphorus (75.4%) and suspended solids (52%). Redox potential (EH) was measured in two depths (0.2 and 0.5 m) of the treatment bed at regular distances from inflow using platinum electrodes, continuously, every 15 min during a more-than-2-year period (27 months) from 2002 to 2004. EH ranged from −400 to +800 mV. The fluctuations were the most intense in the upper layer (0.2 m) at the furthest distance from inflow (13 m) and EH changed within very short time periods (hours) by several hundred millivolts. Among the factors affecting EH concentrations of pollutants, pore water temperature and water flow rate were determined. Vegetated treatment beds of subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands filled with mineral substrate can be extremely dynamic systems, in which oxidation–reduction status changes within short time from anaerobic to aerobic and vice versa. Anaerobic conditions do not prevail necessarily in the upper layer of treatment bed, in which plant roots are present.
SU‐E‐T‐301: Evaluation of Simultaneously Integrated Boost (SIB) and Sequential IMRT Boost (SqIB) Treatments of Head and Neck Cancer Using Empirical Radiobiological Modeling

Purpose: To evaluate and compare normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) in SIB (simultaneous integrated boost) and SqIB (sequential IMRT boost) IMRT methods in head and neck cancer using the radiobiological modeling of HART program (Histogram Analysis in Radiation Therapy; J Appl Clin Med Phys 11(1): 3013, 2010). Methods: Of the 40 SIB IMRT cases identified in a 2‐year follow up study, 14 SIB (Rx range: 66–70Gy) cases that developed dysphagia(N=11) or xerostomia(N=10) or both types of complications(N=9) were studied. Similarly 10 SqIB cases (Rx=73.5Gy) was studied previously. The TCP and NTCPs were calculated from the dose‐volume histogram (DVH) statistics using the Poisson Statistics (PS) and JT Lyman models respectively. Values for the volume parameter (n), slope parameter (m), tumor control dose (TCD=63.8Gy) and tolerance dose (TD50,5 = 46 and 47 Gy for bilateral parotids and esophagus, respectively) were selected from Luxton et al. (Phys. Med. Biol. 53, 23–36, 2008). Results: In the SIB method (N=14; Student's t‐test), TCP of tumor was estimated to be 0.78±0.02; while NTCP for parotids and esophagus were 0.16±0.10, and 0.20±0.06 respectively. The corresponding numbers in the SqIB method (N=10) were 0.83±0.02; 0.45±0.14 and 0.17±0.09 respectively. Conclusion: In a 2‐year follow up study with SIB treatments, the estimated values of NTCP of esophagus correlated with the severity of dysphagia. In addition, the hot spots were also reduced and better parotid sparing was found in SIB method than in SqIB method which may partially be related to smaller prescription doses. However JT Lyman model provided better correlation between severity of xerostomia and NTCP of parotids; and PS models for tumor progression free survivability in SqIB treatments. These findings are not in direct comparison due to the differences in tumors and stages. This novel methodology of radiobiological outcome‐related analysis can be utilized to evaluate different treatment plan techniques.
Non-invasive diagnosis of lung tuberculosis in children by single voxel 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Our previous study showed that 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can detect lipid peaks characteristic for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cerebral lesions of young children; therefore, we aimed to extend and validate the application of 1H-MRS for the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis lesions in three adolescent patients. Here, we document lipid peaks characteristic for M. tuberculosis infection by 1H-MRS from lung tissue surrounding lung cavities of two patients whose sputum samples were positive for acid-fast bacilli by microscopy and positive for M. tuberculosis by genetic testing, indicating active tuberculosis. A similar lipid peak was found also in the pleural effusion of a third patient with concurrent lung cavity compatible with active tuberculosis. However, in a patient with a pyogenic pulmonary abscess, 1H-MRS of the drained pus displayed different characteristic peaks but no lipid peak at all. Conclusion: Our findings further validate 1H-MRS as a rapid, non-invasive, and specific diagnostic tool for active tuberculosis in children with microbiologically documented infection outside the central nervous system, specifically in the lungs.
Clinical comparison of rapid infusion and multiple injection methods for lidocaine loading

A rapid infusion regimen for lidocaine loading (150 mg infusion over 18 minutes following a 75 mg priming injection) was evaluated in 12 patients. This was compared with a multiple injection loading method in six patients involving three 50 mg injections over 18 minutes following the same priming dose. Both loading regimens were followed by a maintenance infusion of 2 mg/min. Predictably, the multiple injection method produced wide variations in lidocaine concentrations compared to the rapid infusion method. Some evidence of lidocaine toxicity (drowsiness, tinnitus) was seen in 13 of the 18 patients after the priming injection. During multiple injection loading, all six patients experienced side effects (drowsiness, tinnitus, dysarthria, or parestheslas.) Only 1 of 12 pationts experienced a side effect (drowsiness) during rapid infusion loading. The difference in incidence of adverse reactions was significantly greater with the multiple injection regimen (p < 0.01) but was not associated with measurably greater drug levels.
Macrocytosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy.

Abstract: Objective: To report the potential association between unexplained macrocytosis and monoclonal gammopathy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had monoclonal protein detected by serum electrophoresis and immunofixation from October 1999 until September 2003 at our institution. Patients with concomitant macrocytosis were included in this study. We collected data on patient demographics, evaluations performed for macrocytosis, pertinent laboratory tests relevant to the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy and presence of associated hematologic disorders. Results: We identified 258 patients with monoclonal gammopathy. Thirty-one (12%) of them had concomitant macrocytosis. Of the latter group, 14 (5%) patients had no identifiable cause of macrocytosis after thorough evaluation and were considered to have macrocytosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy. The median values for mean cell volume and serum monoclonal protein were 103.9 fL (range 100.8–109.8) and 1.95 gm/dL (range 0.8–4.3), respectively. Most patients had IgG (71%) and kappa light chain (79%). All of the 11 (of 14) patients who underwent a bone marrow biopsy as part of the initial evaluation had megaloblastoid maturation of the erythroid precursors. No correlation was found between the level of serum monoclonal protein and the degree of macrocytosis (r = +0.48, P = 0.08). After a median follow-up of 22.5 month (range 3–60+), all but one patient had persistent but stable macrocytosis. Conclusion: Macrocytosis can be a manifestation of monoclonal gammopathy. Disorders associated with monoclonal gammopathy should be considered in the differential diagnoses during evaluation of macrocytosis.
Growth of embedded ErAs nanorods on (4 1 1)A and (4 1 1 )B GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract The low solubility of Er in GaAs results in the formation of ErAs nanostructures when GaAs is grown with 5–6 at% Er/Ga ratio by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs surfaces. For growth on the (4 1 1)A GaAs surface, cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy images show the presence of ErAs nanorods embedded in a GaAs matrix extending along the [2 1 1] direction with a spacing of roughly 7 nm and a diameter of roughly 2 nm. Growth on the GaAs (4 1 1)B surface resulted in only nanoparticle formation. Variation of the polarized optical absorption with in-plane polarization angle is consistent with coupling to surface plasmon resonances of the semimetallic nanostructures.
ACTION OF INHIBITORS AT THE MYONEURAL JUNCTION

1. A study is presented of the actions of certain inhibitors on the frog rectus abdominis muscle stimulated by acetylcholine. 2. A type of analysis has been developed which provides a reliable criterion for judging whether an inhibitor is competing with acetylcholine for receptors at the myoneural junction or whether acting by a different mechanism. 3. The "curares" are shown to act by competitive inhibition at the myoneural junction, confirming earlier work of others on the mode of action of curare. 4. Atropine acts as an inhibitor at the myoneural junction. The inhibition may be non-competitive or it may be complicated by an additional effect at some point other than the myoneural junction. 5. A possible mechanism for anomalous inhibitor effects is the action of a single compound at more than one locus in the Ach mechanism. Eserine exerts such a dual effect at the end-plate. 6. Some of the available electrical and chemical data have been correlated to make possible a partial explanation of the role of Ach in transmission at the myoneural junction.
The effects of setting similarity on children's learning of the transverse patterning problem

Abstract A group of 15 fourth-graders were given training on the transverse patterning problem, a task consisting of three different geometric forms presented in pairs. Three other groups of 15 fourth-graders each received training on problems containing the same geometric forms, along with either one (color or size) or two (color and size) additional nonspatial dimensions varying among the settings comprising the different cue-cue patterns. Contrary to a prediction derived from Croll's (1967) extension of Spiker's (1963) theory of discrimination learning, none of the Ss solved the basic transverse patterning problem, nor was there any improvement in performance on this problem after 90 trials. Consistent with predictions derived from Spiker's theory, it was found that the addition of one nonspatial dimersion resulted in solution, and that the greater the number of nonspatial dimensions present, the better the learning.
A two catalyst system for cycloadditlon of a trimethylenemethane fragment to aldehydes

Abstract The cycloaddition of 2-trimethylsilylmethylallyl acetate to aldehydes is co-catalyzed by a Pd(o) complex and a trialkyltin acetate.
Comparison of analog and digital nanosystems: Issues for the nano-architect

Improvements in manufacturing and assembly of novel devices such as the carbon nanotube (CNT) and semiconductor nanowires has led to the exploration of new nano-architectures utilizing such devices for applications such as general purpose computing, image processing etc. This paper discusses different possible nanoscale implementations of cellular neural networks (CNN). It is seen that while an analog nanoscale implementation of the CNN may be difficult with self-assembly based approaches given the requirements for customization of devices and arbitrary routing, a digital equivalent may be realizable in the near term. One such digital CNN design based on the NASIC nanoscale fabric is shown. A specialized architecture for CNN with resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) is also discussed.
Electron Transfer. 133. Copper Catalysis in the Sulfite Reduction of Peroxynitrite1

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is formed by the reaction of cold aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide and nitrous acid, followed by rapid quenching with base. Reduction of this peroxy anion with sulfite (ONOO- + SO32- → NO2- + SO42-) at pH 12−14 is slow but is catalyzed markedly by dissolved Cu(II), which, in this medium, exists predominantly as Cu(OH)42-. Nonexponential kinetic profiles for 10 runs, carried out with [OH-] = 0.005−0.50 M, [ONOO-] = 0.16−0.58 mM, [SO32-] = 7.5−75 mM, and [CuII] = 1.0−4.0 μM, are consistent with a sequence (eqs 8−13 in the text) in which Cu(I) is generated from the one-electron reduction of Cu(II) by SO32-, after which Cu(I) reduces peroxynitrite to NO2 by competing protonated and nonprotonated paths. Subsequent reduction of NO2 is taken to be rapid. The proposed sequence then attributes the catalytic role of copper, in this system, to its ability to support a single-electron route to supplement the uncatalyzed path, which has been taken to entail direct oxygen atom transfer. Vana...
Tension Stiffening in Prestressed Concrete Beams Using Moment-Curvature Relationship

Tension stiffening phenomenon plays a vital role in serviceability of nonprestressed reinforced concrete (RC) beams as it enhances the postcracking flexural stiffness leading to a smaller deflection, accordingly. However, this paper’s findings indicate that in contrast to RC sections, the effect of tension stiffening is negligible for fully prestressed concrete sections. This study presents a closed form equation of moment-curvature for prestressed concrete sections under service load, where the tensile strength of the concrete is taken into account. This equation is verified by experimental test data and numerical analysis, thereby proving the negligible effect of tension stiffening on fully prestressed concrete sections.
Windows in ellipsometry measurements

The effect of windows or lenses placed between the polarization-state generator and the polarization-state detector in a general ellipsometry measurement is examined. It is found that three parameters are required for describing the effects of the window retardation on the ellipsometry measurements. Two of these window parameters can be measured at the same time as the sample parameters if the sample is isotropic, but the third window parameter cannot be determined independently and must be measured separately. If the sample is anisotropic, then none of the windows parameters can be measured independently at the same time as the sample parameters. An example is given in which the strain-induced retardation in fused-silica focusing lenses is measured with a two-modulator generalized ellipsometer and the results are used to correct the sample data.
Circadian Oscillation Controlling Hatching: Its Ontogeny during Embryogenesis of a Moth

Populations of eggs of the moth Pectinophora gossypiella develop a circadian rhythm of hatching activity under certain circumstances. This rhythm derives from circadian oscillations in each egg, which can be initiated or made synchronous by steps or pulses of either light or temperature, but only if these signals are administered after the midpoint of embryogenesis. Correlations between the development of the oscillation, appearance of a pigment, sensitivity to photoperiodic induction, and a possible effect of light on growth rate are discussed.
Dimensional aspects of aerosol deposition on cylinders with rebound

Abstract Net deposition efficiency of particles on infinite cylinders is shown to be a unique function of the Stokes number and a new dimensionless parameter, the Critical Stokes number. This number is formed with the use of the critical rebound speed. Dimensional analysis and numerical methods can be used to establish the relationship between the net deposition efficiency and the Stokes numbers, and some empirical evidence supports the relationship.
The United States' Perspectives on Home Dialysis

Home dialysis in the United States, both home hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, peaked in the early 1990s. Since then, there has been a striking increase in the numbers and proportion of patients on in-center home hemodialysis (HD). As of 2008, there were approximately 27,000 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 2,455 on home HD with over 300,000 on in-center HD. There are multiple barriers to home dialysis in the United States, including lack of adequate patient education on modalities prior to starting dialysis, physician competence with home dialysis, lack of infrastructure in many programs for home dialysis, and a misinterpretation of literature and research with selection bias that suggests higher mortality on PD versus in-center HD. These barriers to home dialysis can be overcome.
Migration of human melanoma cells on hyaluronate is related to CD44 expression

Phenotypic and functional aspects of melanomahyaluronate interactions were investigated by studying the expression of CD44, cell migration, and transmembrane penetration of human melanoma cell lines on hyaluronatecoated substrates. Expression of CD44 was tested by flow cytometry on seven human melanoma cell lines. Strong reactivity with anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody was observed in four of seven of the cell lines. Migration studies of CD44(+) cell lines on hyaluronic acid- and chondroitin-6-sulfate-coated substrates, using time-lapse video-microscopy, showed a dramatic dose-dependent increase in migration rate on hyaluronate but not on chondroitin-6-sulfate. Moreover, CD44(-) cell lines showed no modification in migration rate on either substrate. Addition of soluble hyaluronate produced a dose-dependent inhibition of acceleration of CD44(+) cells on hyaluronate-coated substrates, whereas addition of chondroitin-6-sulfate had no effect. Migration inhibition experiments with soluble CD44 (CD44 receptor globulin) also showed specific blocking of the migration of CD44(+) cells On hyaluronate. Haptotactic invasion was increased in CD44(+) cell lines through hyaluronate-coated polycarbonate membranes, whereas no change was detected on chondroitin-6-sulfate-coated membranes. CD44(-) cell lines showed no response to either type of coating. In the melanoma cell lines tested, the expression of CD44 correlated with in vitro migration and invasiveness on hyaluronate substrates. Taken together, our data are consistent with the suggestion that CD44 may play a role in stimulating in vivo aggressiveness of tumors through hyaluronate-rich stroma.
Corporate Social Responsibilities: The Debate Revisited

In 1950, two events occurred that, though given little public attention, may well have been harbingers of major ideological changes in the world of corporate America. The first was an action by the New Jersey Legislature, which in 1950 declared it to be part of public policy that “corporations organized under the laws of this state should be specifically empowered to contribute such monies as, in a judgment of the governing boards, will conduce to the betterment of social and economic conditions, thereby permitting such corporations, as creations of this State, to discharge their obligations to society while, at the same time, reaping the benefits which essentially accrue to them through public recognition of their existence within the economic, social, as well as within the legal, structure of society.”
Empiric bayes estimation of hypergeometric probability

A Bayes-empiric Bayes estimator of a parameter of the hypergeometric distribution, based on orthogonal polynomials on non-negative integers, is introduced. It is shown that this estimator is asymptotically optimal; and the resulting estimator of the prior probability function is mean square consistent.
An Efficient Structural Diversity Technique for Genetic Programming

Genetic diversity plays an important role in avoiding premature convergence, which is a phenomenon that stifles the search effectiveness of evolutionary algorithms. However, approaches that avoid premature convergence by maintaining genetic diversity can do so at the cost of efficiency, requiring more fitness evaluations to find high quality solutions. We introduce a simple and efficient genetic diversity technique that is capable of avoiding premature convergence while maintaining a high level of search quality in tree-based genetic programming. Our method finds solutions to a set of benchmark problems in significantly fewer fitness evaluations than the algorithms that we compared against.
On Clark on Systematicity and Connectionism

Clark ([1989], Ch. 8) has produced a rich and compelling counterattack on Fodor and Pylyshyn's [1988] critique of Connectionism. His discussion focuses on the central case of the systematicity of mental representations. In this short discussion, I would like to appraise this counterattack. I will first present a synopsis of Fodor and Pylyshyn's systematicity argument against Connectionism, and then present Clark's counterattack. Clark's position is enormously complex and will require some reconstruction. I will conclude that it is ineffective against the systematicity argument.