cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the robust sib-pair method to screen for single-locus, multiple-locus, and pleiotropic effects: application to traits related to hypertension.

Abstract Robust sib-pair linkage analysis can be used as a screening tool in the search for the potential involvement of single-loci, multiple-loci, and pleiotropic effects of single loci underlying phenotypic variation. Four large families were each ascertained through one adult white male with essential hypertension. The robust sib-pair method was used to screen these families for evidence of linkage between 39 quantitative traits related to hypertension and 25 genetic marker loci. All traits were analyzed on the untransformed, square-root and log-transformed scales. Among other findings, there is a suggestion of linkage between the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus on chromosome 1p36 and mean fifth-phase diastolic blood pressure. There may also be linkage between the following markers and traits: the adenylate kinase-1 marker and/or the Lewis blood group marker and the traits height, weight, and biacromial breadth; the glyoxylase I marker and the traits upper-arm circumference and suprailiac skinfold thickness; the ABO blood group and adenylate kinase-1 markers on chromosome 9q34 and the third component of complement marker on chromosome 19p13 and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase; and the P1 blood group and the traits weight and 1-h postload serum glucose level.
Preliminary experience with the Endovascular Technologies* bifurcated endovascular aortic prosthesis in a calf model

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis for transfemoral placement in the aortoiliac position with a large-animal model that would simulate human implantation. Methods: Fifteen calves (160 to 200 kg) underwent bilateral femoral artery exposure and transfemoral placement in the aortoiliac position of a bifurcated Dacron prosthesis, inserted through a 26F sheath with an over-the-bifurcation guide wire to retrieve the contralateral limb and secured proximally and distally with self-expanding attachment systems. The preferred location was determined before implantation and compared with final implant location by caliper measurements and angiography. Events during implantation, maneuvers used to accomplish accurate deployment, and final results, as judged by angiography and clinical evaluation, were recorded. Four animals survived and were used for chronic evaluation and healing by gross and microscopic studies. Results: All grafts ( n = 15) were patent at the end of the procedure. All ( n = 7) noncrimped grafts had minor kinks in areas of curvature, whereas eight of eight crimped grafts (device modification) had none. Torque control of the body and individual limbs was necessary to correct twists before deployment in 10 of 15 grafts, with two greater than 30-degree twists remaining, which did not appear to affect flow. One implant was entirely deployed in the aorta because of parallax error, subsequently avoided by use of a marker board placed dorsally. Three premature deployments occurred, corrected by attachment system lock modification. The mean final implant position was within 2.9 ± 1.4 mm (aortic), 1.6 ± 1.1 mm, and 1.5 ± 0.8 mm (contralateral and ipsilateral iliac limbs, respectively) of the intended position. Three of four animals intended for long-term evaluation were killed prematurely because of clinically evident spinal cord ischemia. Histologic sections at 2 weeks showed early wall repair without inflammatory cells and pannus ingrowth across the anastomosis. Conclusion: We conclude that implantation of a bifurcated endovascular prosthesis through the bilateral femoral approach is possible, provided the intended aortic implantation site (neck) is at least 12 mm in length (mean ± 2 SD each direction). Torque control of each portion of the device will be needed in the majority of instances, with attention to parallax effect necessary for optimal placement. This animal model is not suitable for chronic graft evaluation because of its sensitivity for spinal cord ischemia. Healing data suggest graft incorporation similar to that of a surgically placed prosthesis. (J VASC SURG 1995;22:370-81.)
Effects of magnetization on fusion product trapping and secondary neutron spectra

By magnetizing the fusion fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) systems, the required stagnation pressure and density can be relaxed dramatically. This happens because the magnetic field insulates the hot fuel from the cold pusher and traps the charged fusion burn products. This trapping allows the burn products to deposit their energy in the fuel, facilitating plasma self-heating. Here, we report on a comprehensive theory of this trapping in a cylindrical DD plasma magnetized with a purely axial magnetic field. Using this theory, we are able to show that the secondary fusion reactions can be used to infer the magnetic field-radius product, BR, during fusion burn. This parameter, not ρR, is the primary confinement parameter in magnetized ICF. Using this method, we analyze data from recent Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion experiments conducted on the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories. We show that in these experiments BR ≈ 0.34(+0.14/−0.06) MG · cm, a ∼ 14× increase in BR from the initial value, and confirming that the DD-fusion tritons are magnetized at stagnation. This is the first experimental verification of charged burn product magnetization facilitated by compression of an initial seed magnetic flux.
Alveolar hemorrhage and renal microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Context.—Acute alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus usually occurs as a pulmonary-renal syndrome. In most cases, the lungs show “bland” alveolar hemorrhage with little or no inflammation. Whether this alveolar injury is similar to the better-defined noninflammatory renal lupus vasculopathy is unresolved. Objectives.—To investigate the relationships and the mechanisms of small vascular injury in the lung and kidney of 2 lupus patients who died of diffuse AH. Methods.—We investigated the relationship of AH to immune complex deposition in the lungs of 6 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and correlated the findings with glomerular and vascular disease in the kidney. Lung and kidney were studied by light, immunofluorescence, and/or electron microscopy; apoptosis was investigated using in situ nick-end labeling. Results.—The clinical course of 2 patients was complicated by alveolar hemorrhage, and the lungs of these patients revealed alveolar wall immune complex deposits and bla...
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS ON FACULTY GROSS PRODUCTIVITY IN AMERICAN DOCTORAL UNIVERSITIES

Scholars disagree about the manner and extent of environmental structuring of university activities. This study supports arguments that the environment highly structures the relationships between faculty and the academic products of undergraduate instruction, graduate instruction, and research. Multiple correlation coefficients exceeded 90 percent for regressions of faculty size on counts of undergraduate and graduate enrollments and published articles for all universities classified as Research I or II or Doctoral I or II, demonstrating how constrained is doctoral faculty gross productivity in doctoral universities in the United States. Possible institutional and technical constraints are discussed. The regressions reveal economies of scale and economies of scope for some mixes of faculty academic activities, but not for others. Implications on productivity are explored for university type, control, and science emphasis. A typology for productivity studies is also outlined.
Automated generation of simply connected solid objects from wire-frame data using operations on graphs

This paper presents an algorithm for the automatic generation of solid objects from three-dimensional wire-frame data. In this work, as we mainly use topological information of wire-frame data, we can achieve high-speed execution and adapt this algorithm to free-from surfaces. We present the conversion algorithm and show several experimental results.
The A-B variable and preferred inpatient treatment environment

Examined the possibility that college students' status on Whitehorn and Betz' (1954) A-B dimension would be related to their descriptions of the ideal psychiatric inpatient treatment setting. Sixty-one Ss completed the A-B scale, as well as Moos' (1974) Ward Atmosphere Scale - Ideal Form. Analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between A-B status and 5 of the 10 WAS subscales. A and B Ss both differed significantly from a middle group of Ss, but did not differ from one another, in their ward ratings on these subscales. Factor analysis of the Ideal Form ratings replicated Alden's (1977) finding from analysis of Standard Form responses of a high degree of communality between 8 of the 10 WAS subscales.
Free-ranging angora goats: left- or right-handed tendencies while grazing?

Abstract Knowledge of an animal's tendencies, including their directional biases, can aid in design of handling facilities and enhance our understanding of livestock and livestock:environment interactions. Recent work suggests that goats consistently prefer to turn left in mazes. The objective of this research was to determine if free-ranging angora goats ( Capra hircus ) exhibit left- or right-hand tendencies when grazing in paddocks supporting randomized arrays of forages. This was accomplished during two 3-day sampling periods by compiling successive feeding station locations of individual goats as they grazed and evaluating frequencies of left, right, forward, and reverse movements. Analyses revealed no significant ( P ⩾ 0.01) evidence of a left- or right-hand bias by either individuals or the sampled population of goats. Changes in direction, however, were not always independent or random events. In two instances, extended series of left- or right-turns occurred suggesting these data can at times be clustered ( P ⩽ 0.01). Conversely, in four instances, animals systematically ( P ⩽ 0.01) shifted between left- and right-hand turns as they grazed. While the potential for non-random turning behavior suggested that extended observations be used to quantify directional tendencies of free-ranging goats, there were no indications of left- or right-handed inclinations by the animals in unconfined conditions.
Dna2p Helicase/Nuclease Is a Tracking Protein, Like FEN1, for Flap Cleavage during Okazaki Fragment Maturation

During cellular DNA replication the lagging strand is generated as discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments. Each contains an initiator RNA primer that is removed prior to joining of the strands. Primer removal in eukaryotes requires displacement of the primer into a flap that is cleaved off by flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). FEN1 employs a unique tracking mechanism that requires the recognition of the free 5' terminus and then movement to the base of the flap for cleavage. Abnormally long flaps are coated by replication protein A (RPA), inhibiting FEN1 cleavage. A second nuclease, Dna2p, is needed to cleave an RPA-coated flap producing a short RPA-free flap, favored by FEN1. Here we show that Dna2p is also a tracking protein. Annealed primers or conjugated biotin-streptavidin complex block Dna2p entry and movement. Single-stranded binding protein-coated flaps inhibit Dna2p cleavage. Like FEN1, Dna2p can track over substrates with a non-Watson Crick base, such as a biotin, or a missing base within a chain. Unlike FEN1, Dna2p shows evidence of a "threading-like" mechanism that does not support tracking over a branched substrate. We propose that the two nucleases both track, Dna2p first and then FEN1, to remove initiator RNA via long flap intermediates.
Do Multimember Districts Lead to Free‐Riding?

We studied the effects of districting on intergovernmental aid by state governments to local governments in the United States. We found that metropolitan areas receive relatively more aid when represented in the state legislature by an at-large delegation than when divided into single-member districts. This suggests that the free-riding that may occur with at-large representation is more than counterbalanced by other factors. The estimated effects are robust to the effects of other confounding factors as well as the choice of estimators.
Sound stimulates labeling of polyphosphoinositides in the auditory organ of the noctuid moth.

: The Noctuid moth possesses a simple auditory structure suitable for the investigation of biochemical correlates of sound stimulation in vivo. Stimulation with pulsed tones increased 32P incorporation into polyphos-phoinositides but not into ATP or other lipids. The effect was seen in the scoloparium (sensory structure) but hot in the nodular sclerite, an adjacent nonsensory tissue. It was also not seen when the stimulus was a continuous tone, leading to adaptation of the action potential.
Determine scattering coefficient and anisotropy of scattering of murine tissues using reflectance-mode confocal microscopy

Different techniques have been developed to determine the optical properties of turbid media, which include collimated transmission, diffuse reflectance, adding-doubling and goniometry. While goniometry can be used to determine the anisotropy of scattering (g), other techniques are used to measure the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient (μs(1-g)). But separating scattering coefficient (μs) and anisotropy of scattering from reduced scattering coefficient has been tricky. We developed an algorithm to determine anisotropy of scattering from the depth dependent decay of reflectance-mode confocal scanning laser microscopy (rCSLM) data. This report presents the testing of the algorithm on tissue phantoms with different anisotropies (g = 0.127 to 0.868, at 488 nm wavelength). Tissue phantoms were made from polystyrene microspheres (6 sizes 0.1-0.5 μm dia.) dispersed in both aqueous solutions and agarose gels. Three dimensional images were captured. The rCSLM-signal followed an exponential decay as a function of depth of the focal volume, R(z)ρexp(-μz) where ρ (dimensionless, ρ = 1 for a mirror) is the local reflectivity and μ [cm-1] is the exponential decay constant. The theory was developed to uniquely map the experimentally determined μ and ρ into the optical scattering properties μs and g. The values of μs and g depend on the composition and microstructure of tissues, and allow characterization of a tissue.
Luteal Phase Deficiency: Characterization of Reproductive Hormones over the Menstrual Cycle*

The recurrent deficiency of progesterone (P) secretion by the corpus luteum has been associated with infertility and habitual abortion and given the clinical diagnosis of luteal phase deficiency (LPD). There is evidence that both follicular and luteal phase abnormalities can result in LPD cycles. In this study we have examined reproductive hormone levels and preovulatory follicular size in women with LPD (n = 10). For the purposes of this study, LPD was determined by an endometrial biopsy in the studied cycle that was more than 2 days out of phase. These biopsies were performed in women with infertility or habitual abortion who exhibited an out of phase biopsy in a prior cycle. The control group consisted of 28 normal women. Daily serum levels of the following hormones were determined in each subject: LH and FSH [immuno- and bioactive (LH-immuno and LH-bio)], P, estradiol (E2), and inhibin. The LPD women exhibited significant decreases in integrated luteal phase levels of inhibin [10,615 +/- 898 vs. 13,560 +/- 662 (U/L).days; P less than 0.02] and E2 [5,015 +/- 275 vs. 6,435 +/- 393 (pmol/L).days (1366 vs. 1753 (pg/mL).days); P less than 0.05] in addition to the expected decrease in P [280 +/- 23 vs. 420 +/- 23 (nmol/L).days (88 vs. 132 (ng/mL).days); P less than 0.01]. On days 6-11 after the LH surge (day 0), there was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in mean LH-bio levels in LPD compared with those in normal women (146 +/- 26 vs. 212 +/- 24 micrograms/L). The midcycle LH surge was deficient in LPD when both LH-immuno [482 +/- 30 vs. 672 +/- 43 (micrograms/L).days; P less than 0.01] and LH-bio [1711 +/- 179 vs. 2248 +/- 226 (micrograms/L).days; P less than 0.05] levels were compared with normal values. When comparing the follicular phase in LPD with that in normal women, similar follicle size, peak and integrated E2 levels, and mean LH and FSH (immuno and bio) levels were found. The only follicular phase abnormality noted in this study was decreased mean levels of serum inhibin in the early and midfollicular phases (221 +/- 19 vs. 308 +/- 25 U/L; P less than 0.01). In this group of women with LPD, low levels of inhibin in the follicular phase were consistent with the concept of a defect in function of the preovulatory follicle, possibly as a result of previously described defects in gonadotropin secretion in this condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Fire and soil-plant nutrient relations in a pine-wiregrass savanna on the coastal plain of North Carolina.

Changes in soil and plant nutrient conditions were evaluated following various burn and clip treatments in a longleaf pine-wiregrass savanna in Bladen Co., N.C., USA. Ground fires were found to add substantial quantities of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg to the soil, though not necessarily in forms immediately available to plants. Less than 1% of the total nitrogen in the charred residue (ash) is present as nitrate or ammonium. Considerable quantities of all nutrients examined were lost to the atmosphere during burning. Green leaf tissue in recently burned areas was consistently higher in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg compared to unburned areas. Howerver, when compared to similar tissues from clipped plots, burned area tissues were significantly higher in N, Ca, and Mg only. Data presented here suggest that tissue age significantly affects nutrient content and must be considered in any analysis of tissue nutrient content following burning. Within 4–6 months following fire, burned-area tissue nutrient content decreases to concentrations found in the unburned area. Burning resulted in initial enrichment of available soil nutrients including PO4, K+, Ca++, and Mg++, however, NO3 -, and NH4 + concentrations in burned soil were not significantly different from unbruned soil. Soil and plant nutrient changes in an area burned two years in succession indicate that repeated burning may diminish nutrient availability. Plant response to various nutrient enrichment treatments of the soil indicated that nitrogen is limiting growth in both burned and unburned soils and that burning may alter some factors other than nutrients which may retard plant growth in unburned areas.
A comparison of teacher and peer assessment of social status

Previous research has suggested that a simple teacher ranking of popularity can better predict observed social competence than a peer sociometric nomination procedure. This is an important finding as peer‐generated sociometric data are difficult and time consuming to collect. In order to further asssess this issue, teacher popularity rankings and peer popularity and rejection nominations were collected on 49 kindergarten boys. Additionally, the social interaction behavior of these boys was observed during free play activities. When examining popularity, results were consistent in demonstrating that teachers and peers provide essentially redundant information. However, when peer nominations of rejection were considered, peers did significantly better than teachers in the prediction of observed social behaviors. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for an enhanced understanding of social status constructs.
Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement

(2009). Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 12-23.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Null Mice Are Not Resistant to Cadmium Chloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Acute administration of cadmium results in hepatotoxicity. Recent reports indicate that Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, participate in the manifestation of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is a major product of Kupffer cells and mediates the hepatotoxic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It has been speculated that cadmium also may exert its hepatotoxicity via the production of TNF-alpha by the Kupffer cells. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine whether mice deficient in TNF-alpha are resistant to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. TNF-alpha-null (TNF-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were dosed ip with saline, LPS (0.1 mg/kg)/Gln (d-galactosamine, 700 mg/kg), or CdCl2 (2.2, 2.8, 3.4, and 3.9 mg Cd/kg). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were quantified to assess liver injury. Caspase-3 activity was quantified to assess hepatocellular apoptosis. LPS/Gln treatment increased ALT (17-fold) and SDH (21-fold) in WT mice. In contrast, LPS/Gln-treatment did not significantly increase ALT or SDH in TNF-KO mice. LPS/Gln-treatment caused a 7.8-fold increase in caspase-3 activity in WT mice but did not increase caspase-3 in TNF-KO mice. Cadmium caused a dose-dependent increase in liver injury in both WT and TNF-KO mice. However, the liver injury produced by Cd in the TNF-KO mice was not different from that in WT at any dose. No significant increase in caspase-3 activity was detected in any of the Cd-treated mice. These data indicate that, in contrast to LPS/Gln-induced hepatotoxicity, TNF-alpha does not appear to mediate Cd-induced hepatotoxicity.
What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs' sensitivity to human actions

Over the last two decades increasing evidence for an acute sensitivity to human gestures and attentional states in domestic dogs has led to a burgeoning of research into the social cognition of this highly familiar yet previously under-studied animal. Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) have been shown to be more successful than their closest relative (and wild progenitor) the wolf, and than man's closest relative, the chimpanzee, on tests of sensitivity to human social cues, such as following points to a container holding hidden food. The "Domestication Hypothesis" asserts that during domestication dogs evolved an inherent sensitivity to human gestures that their non-domesticated counterparts do not share. According to this view, sensitivity to human cues is present in dogs at an early age and shows little evidence of acquisition during ontogeny. A closer look at the findings of research on canine domestication, socialization, and conditioning, brings the assumptions of this hypothesis into question. We propose the Two Stage Hypothesis, according to which the sensitivity of an individual animal to human actions depends on acceptance of humans as social companions, and conditioning to follow human limbs. This offers a more parsimonious explanation for the domestic dog's sensitivity to human gestures, without requiring the use of additional mechanisms. We outline how tests of this new hypothesis open directions for future study that offer promise of a deeper understanding of mankind's oldest companion.
Falling-film and droplet mode heat and mass transfer in a horizontal tube LiBr/water absorber

A model for a horizontal tube absorber using LiBr/water as the working fluid was developed to predict heat and mass transfer in falling-film and droplet mode flow. In the analysis the effect of incomplete wetting is considered by introducing the wetting ratio. To validate the developed model a series of calculations is carried out under the same conditions as in experiments performed by other investigators. The simulation results for temperature, concentration variations, and heat and mass transfer rates are presented and compared with these experimental data. The effects of wetting ratio and solution flow rate on cooling capacity are discussed in detail.
Static and cyclic tensile strain induce myxomatous effector proteins and serotonin in canine mitral valves

Abstract Objectives Degenerative (myxomatous) mitral valve disease is an important cardiac disease in dogs and humans. The mechanisms that initiate and propagate myxomatous pathology in mitral valves are poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that tensile strain initiates expression of proteins that mediate myxomatous pathology. We also explored whether tensile strain could induce the serotonin synthetic enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), serotonin synthesis, and markers of chondrogenesis. Animals Mitral valves were obtained postmortem from dogs without apparent cardiovascular disease. Methods Mitral valves were placed in culture and subjected to 30% static or cyclic tensile strain and compared to cultured mitral valves subjected to 0% strain for 72 h. Abundance of target effector proteins, TPH1, and chondrogenic marker proteins was determined by immunoblotting. Serotonin was measured in the conditioned media by ELISA. Results Both static and cyclic strain increased (p Conclusion Static or cyclic tensile strain induces acute increases in the abundance of myxomatous effector proteins, TPH1, and markers of chondrogenesis in canine mitral valves. Canine mitral valves are capable of local serotonin synthesis, which may be influenced by strain.
Bacteriocins and temperate phage ofXanthomonas campestris pv. glycines

Sixteen strains ofXanthomonas campestris pathovar (pv.) glycines produced bacteriocins (glycinecins) on agar media. Optimal incubation conditions were for 48 h at 20°C. In addition to strains ofX. campestris pv. glycines, bacteriocins were also inhibitory towardsX. campestris pv. phaseoli andX. campestris pv. vesicatoria. All bacteriocins were susceptible to inactivation by a nonspecific protease and resistant to ribonuclease, but they differed in their sensitivity to trypsin, deoxyribonuclease, and heat treatment. Differential heat and enzyme sensitivities also indicated that some strains ofX. campestris pv. glycines produce more than one bacteriocin. Attempts to induce bacteriocin production in liquid cultures were unsuccessful. However, temperate bacteriophage were released from cultures ofX. campestris pv. glycines strains XP175, B83, 17915, and MINN after addition of mitomycin C or nalidixic acid or after exposure to UV light.
Flexible strategy use in young children's tic-tac-toe

Abstract In domains with multiple competing goals, people face a basic challenge: How to make their strategy use flexible enough to deal with shifting circumstances without losing track of their overall objectives. This article examines how young children meet this challenge in one such domain, tic-tac-toe. Experiment 1 provides an overview of development in the area; it indicates that children's tic-tac-toe strategies are rule based and that new rules are added one at a time. Experiment 2 demonstrates that even young children flexibly tailor their strategy use to meet shifting circumstances. Experiment 3 indicates that these adaptations are accomplished through a process of goal-based resource allocation, whereby children focus their cognitive resources on applying rules most consistent with their current primary goal. A computer simulation specifies how this process works and demonstrates its sufficiency for producing behavior much like that of the children. The findings are discussed as part of a broader framework of mechanisms for generating problem-solving approaches.
Timescales and mechanisms of formation of amorphous silica coatings on fresh basalts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Young basalts from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, frequently feature opaque surface coatings, 1–80 μm thick, composed of amorphous silica and Fe–Ti oxides. These coatings are the product of interaction of the basaltic surface with volcanically-derived acidic fluids. Previous workers have identified these coatings in a variety of contexts on Hawai'i, but the timescales of coating development, coating growth rates, and factors controlling lateral coating heterogeneity were largely unconstrained. We sampled and analyzed young lava flows (of varying ages, from hours to ~ 40 years) along Kīlauea's southwest and east rift zones to characterize variation in silica coating properties across the landscape. Coating thickness varies as a function of flow age, flow surface type, and proximity to acid sources like local fissure vents and regional plumes emitted from Kīlauea Caldera and Pu'u Ō'ō. Silica coatings that form in immediate proximity to acid sources are more chemically pure than those forming in higher pH environments, which contain significant Al and Fe. Incipient siliceous alteration was observed on basalt surfaces as young as 8 days old, but periods of a year or more are required to develop contiguous coatings with obvious opaque coloration. Inferred coating growth rates vary with environmental conditions but were typically 1–5 μm/year. Coatings form preferentially on flow surfaces with glassy outer layers, such as spatter ramparts, volcanic bombs, and dense pahoehoe breakouts, due to glass strain weakening during cooling. Microtextural evidence suggests that the silica coatings form both by in situ dissolution–reprecipitation and by deposition of silica mobilized in solution. Thin films of water, acidified by contact with volcanic vapors, dissolved near-surface basalt, then precipitated amorphous silica in place, mobilizing more soluble cations. Additional silica was transported to and deposited on the surface by silica-bearing altering fluids derived from the basalt interior.
Effects of memory aids on hypothesis behavior and focusing in young children and adults

Abstract In Experiment 1, five groups of second graders were administered a series of blank-trials problems under the following testing conditions: (a) with standard procedures, (b) with a reduced set of potentially correct hypotheses (Hs), (c) with a memory aid, (d) with memory plus recoding aids, and (e) with memory and recoding aids in addition to having the Ss' attention closely directed to the potentially positive Hs. In Experiment 2, four groups of college students were given a similar series of blank-trials problems only now with 16 rather than 8 potentially correct Hs. The condition corresponding to (b) was omitted. In both experiments, all groups reliably used H-defining response sequences on the blank trials. In addition, the focusing functions for all groups receiving training aids closely approximated an ideal focusing function and were reliably different from the functions for the groups trained under standard conditions. The improvements in focusing were closely matched by higher levels of performance on the component process of coding, recording, and retention of remote outcome information, lending support to the assumption that a complex process such as focusing can be analyzed into measurable components. It was further concluded that deficiencies in focusing may well be a function of the unavailability of the relevant information rather than to an absence of the necessary rules, as has often been assumed with young children.
Pulse Radiolysis of Supercritical Water. 1. Reactions between Hydrophobic and Anionic Species

Reaction rates of solvated electrons with oxygen and with sulfur hexafluoride were measured in hydrothermal and supercritical water using transient absorption spectroscopy and electron pulse radiolysis. Under alkaline conditions, the reaction of hydrogen atoms with hydroxide ions to generate solvated electrons was also observed in the presence of the SF6 scavenger. At temperatures below 300 °C, the rate constants for scavenging by O2 or SF6 follow Arrhenius behavior but become increasingly dependent on water density (pressure) at higher temperatures. Above 100 °C, the rate constant for the H reaction with OH- falls well below the numbers extrapolated from the Arrhenius behavior in the one atmosphere liquid. At a fixed temperature above the water critical temperature (380 °C, T/Tc=1.01), rate constants for all three reactions reach a distinct minimum near 0.45 g/cm3. We propose an explanation for this behavior in terms of the potential of mean force separating an ion (OH- or (e-)aq) from a hydrophobic spec...
Effects of the rearing environment on average behaviour and behavioural variation in steelhead

In the context of conservation hatcheries that seek to bolster wild populations by releasing captively-reared fishes into the wild, steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were used to test the hypothesis that naturalistic rearing environments promote adaptive behaviour that might otherwise not develop in typical hatchery environments. When comparisons were made among fish reared in barren, structured or structurally variable environments (i.e. the location of the structure was repositioned every 2–3 days), structure in the rearing environment increased future exploratory behaviour, but only if the structure was stable. Under conditions of high perceived predation risk, the fish no longer exhibited increased exploratory behaviour, suggesting that it is expressed in an adaptive, context-dependant manner. Another concern with hatcheries is that relaxed selection over multiple generations in captivity can increase maladaptive behavioural variation. Compared to rearing in hatchery-typical barren environments, rearing in structured-stable environments decreased behavioural variation. This effect, which occurred during development and did not involve selection, demonstrates a different mechanism for change in behavioural variation in captivity. These experiments show that effects of structure and structural stability occur at the level of both average behaviour and behavioural variation, and suggest that these effects should be considered when fishes are reared in hatcheries for later release into the wild.
Effects of noise letters on decisions: Discrete or continuous flow of information?

Four forced-choice letter-detection experiments examined the effect on detection latency of noise letters that were visually similar to target letters. A single target letter was present in each display. Noise letters were similar to the target letter present in the display (the signal), to a different target letter assigned to the same response as the signal, or to a target letter assigned to the opposite response from the signal. Noise letters were present in either relevant or irrelevant display positions, and two quite different stimulus sets were used. The experiments were designed to test a prediction of models in which information about noise letters is transmitted continuously from the recognition to the decision process. These models predict that responses should be faster when noise letters are visually similar to a target assigned to the same response as the signal than when noise letters are similar to a target assigned to the opposite response. Statistically reliable effects of the type predicted by continuous models were obtained when noise letters appeared in relevant display positions, but not when they appeared in irrelevant positions.
Kinetics of ultrasonic release of doxorubicin from pluronic P105 micelles

The aim of this research was to measure and model the kinetics of acoustic release and subsequent re-encapsulation of Doxorubicin (DOX) from Pluronic P105 micelles. A fluorescence detection ultrasound exposure chamber was used. Experimental data showed that no significant release was observed when DOX loaded in Pluronic P105 micelles was exposed to ultrasound for less than 0.1 s at a power density of 58 mW/cm2 and a frequency of 20 kHz. Above this threshold, the amount of release was shown to increase as the pulse length increased up to 0.6 s. The same experiments showed that it requires at least 0.1 s of no ultrasound for measurable re-encapsulation to occur. Release and re-encapsulation are completed within about 0.6 s of the beginning of the ON and OFF phases of pulsed ultrasound. Several physical models and their corresponding mathematical solutions were analyzed to see which most closely fit the data. The model of zero-order release with first-order re-encapsulation appears to represent data from this polymeric system better than other models. This technique has possible applications in site-specific chemotherapy.
Application of lean thinking to radiation therapy.

To the Editor: The article on lean thinking in bone and brain metastases by Kim et al in the July 2007 issue of JOP provides yet another lesson to all of us on the potential advantages for patient care in applying innovative approaches based on production methods developed by the manufacturing industry.1 While I question the assertion that same-day irradiation in and of itself leads to rapid amelioration of symptoms in patients with bone and brain metastases, judicious pain management in the former and steroids in the latter provide the initial rapid relief, and the same-day approach has important psychological and logistical benefits to the patients and their families. For other centers, the details may differ, as pointed out by the authors, but the broad principle of establishing a “uniform standard process” based on stepwise improvements from a detailed analysis of existing approaches will be similar. Have the authors parlayed their system to a broader group of patients, and will this produce cost savings?
Tropospheric haze and colors of the clear daytime sky

To casual observers, haze’s visible effects on clear daytime skies may seem mundane: significant scattering by tropospheric aerosols visibly (1) reduces the luminance contrast of distant objects and (2) desaturates sky blueness. However, few published measurements of hazy-sky spectra and chromaticities exist to compare with these naked-eye observations. Hyperspectral imaging along sky meridians of clear and hazy skies at one inland and two coastal sites shows that they have characteristic colorimetric signatures of scattering and absorption by haze aerosols. In addition, a simple spectral transfer function and a second-order scattering model of skylight reveal the net spectral and colorimetric effects of haze.
Nursing management considerations with trastuzumab (herceptin).

Objectives: To review nursing management consideration for patients with advanced breast cancer who are candidates for trastuzumab. Data Sources: Research articles and the trastuzumab product insert. Conclusions: Identification of appropriate candidates for trastuzumab therapy should include a review of HER2 status, previous treatments, presence of comorbid diseases, and determination of cardiac function. Implications for Nursing Practice: Nurses will manage the administration of trastuzumab. Therefore, they must understand how antibodies work at the cellular level, how to treat infusion-related events, and how to choose the best candidates for biological therapy.
COUNTY LEVEL SUICIDE RATES AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION: URBANICITY AND ITS ROLE IN THE RELATIONSHIP

This study adds to the existing research concerning ecological relationships between suicide rates, social interaction, and urbanicity in the United States. Age-sex-race adjusted five-year averaged suicide rates for 1993–1997 and various measures of urbanicity are used. Some proposed relationships held true, while others indicate that social integration and urbanicity are so intertwined in their effects on suicide that no clear, unidirectional pattern emerges. The religious affiliation measure captured unique variations in the role religion plays in this relationship, depending on how urbanicity was measured. Findings suggest closer attention needs to be paid to how both urbanicity and religious affiliation are measured. Overall, vast regional variation exists in suicide rates and the role of urbanization can be misunderstood if not properly specified.
Properties of Rubber Solutions and Gels

Abstract Although the data presented suffice to show the general applicability of our theoretical equations to rubber systems large gaps in our knowledge obviously remain. In particular, to would be desirable to have more data on systems having large μ1 values.
EFFECTS OF INSULIN AND STREPTOZOTOCIN–NDUCED DIABETES ON BRAIN TRYPTOPHAN AND SEROTONIN METABOLISM IN RATS

— Previous work by other authors has shown hat insulin administration increases brain tryptophan levels and serotonin (5–HT) metabolism. The present study partially replicates these results and tests whether these effects could be due to insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress, since stressers such as immobilization or food deprivation also increase brain tryptophan and 5-HT metabolism. Ingestion of a dextrose solution by rats administered insulin (2 I.U./kg) prevents the extreme fall in blood glucose concentration and rise in plasma corticosterone following insulin injections alone. This treatment, however, produces a larger increase in brain tryptophan (30%) than insulin-injected rats allowed only tap water. The greater accumulation of brain tryptophan may reflect an additive effect of the endogenously released insulin to that exogenously administered, since ingestion of the dextrose solution could trigger insulin secretion. In addition, brain tryptophan and 5-HT metabolism were measured in streptozotocin-diabetic rats maintained on several different feeding schedules to control for the effects of hyperphagia. All groups of diabetics showed significant decreases of approx 30% in brain tryptophan concentrations, while 5-HT metabolism was unchanged. This deficit in brain tryptophan is reversed within 2 h after insulin administration (2 I.U./kg). These results indicate that changes in brain tryptophan and 5-HT metabolism following insulin injections are not due to hypoglycemic stress, and that brain tryptophan is low in diabetics but increases above normal after administration of insulin. The results are discussed with respect to the effects of insulin on plasma levels of the neutral amino acids and a possible direct effect of insulin on the uptake of tryptophan by brain.
An experimental study on the hypergolic interaction between monomethylhydrazine and nitric acid

Abstract The hypergolic interactions between monomethylhydrazine (MMH, CH 3 NHNH 2 ) and various forms of nitric acid were studied by several different experimental techniques. High-speed videos were acquired to visualize the pre-ignition, ignition and post-ignition events when a fuel drop impinged on a pool of nitric acid. A three-stage process was identified in the temperature profiles obtained from drop tests using Al 2 O 3 coated fine-wire thermocouples placed in both the liquid-phase and gas-phase regions. The temperature rose rapidly from ambient levels to the boiling point in the first stage, from the boiling point to 280 °C relatively slowly in the second stage and from 280 °C to a flame temperature very rapidly in the third stage. The gaseous species evolved from reactions between MMH and nitric acid in these three stages were probed by a confined-interaction setup, in conjunction with rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS). The first stage involved liquid-phase reactions which formed the ionic compound monomethylhydrazinium nitrate (MMH·HNO 3 ), as well as oxidation products methyl nitrate (CH 3 ONO 2 ), methyl azide (CH 3 N 3 ), N 2 O, H 2 O and N 2 . The second stage involved the formation of an aerosol cloud which was mainly composed of monomethylhydrazinium nitrate. The third stage involved rapid gas-phase reactions leading to ignition. These third-stage reactions were initiated by the thermal decomposition of nitric acid, and the identified species in this stage include H 2 O, HONO, CH 3 ONO 2 , CH 3 ONO, CH 3 N 3 , CH 3 OH, CH 3 NH 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, NO, N 2 , and small amounts of HNCO, NH 3 , HCN and CO 2 . Some important pre-ignition reactions are proposed for both liquid and gas phases.
WE‐D‐M100F‐01: Introduction of Imaging for Treatment Assessment

In vivobiomedical imaging for assessment of therapeutic response is becoming an increasingly important field. Early assessment and prediction of treatment response allow for individualized re‐optimization of therapy, which represents a novel concept and a paradigm shift from conventional clinical trials. Recent Phase I/II trials have shown that biomedical imaging, including CT,MRI, PET, can provide an indication of therapeutic response, and possibly prior to the radiographic changes. In vivobiomedical imaging for assessment of therapeutic response is a dynamic and fast growing field. Many new trials are ongoing or in the design phase. The complicity of imaging technologies provides an opportunity for more AAPM members to engage in either single center trials or multi‐center trials in coming years. This symposium will provide overviews on PET/SPECT, MRI/MRS and the integration of multimodality imaging in clinical trials for assessment of treatment response. The objectives of this symposium are: 1. What imaging modalities have shown potential value in phase I/II trials for assessment of therapeutic responses; 2. What are the advantages and limitations of using in vivo functional and metabolic imaging in clinical trials compared to conventional paradigms;
Withington (47Gt158): A Clovis/Gainey Campsite in Grant County, Wisconsin

Located within the driftless area of southwestern Wisconsin, the Withington site provides a unique opportunity to examine the adaptive responses of Early Paleoindians exploiting this region. With a lithic assemblage dominated by Hixton Silicified Sandstone from sources over 170km to the north, chipped stone technological attributes and raw material diversity suggest that the occupants of the site were highly mobile, employed a mixed organizational strategy of toolstone transport, and possessed a wide knowledge of the lithic and social landscape. While our recent understanding of the early archaeological record of this region has progressed, a lack of published reports continues to hinder the incorporation of data from this area into larger models of Early Paleoindian subsistence and settlement. As part of an on-going research effort to address this, I present here a report and analysis of lithic material recovered from the site.
Transformation of Aspergillus flavus to study aflatoxin biosynthesis.

Aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities continues to be a serious problem in the United States. Breeding for resistant genotypes has been unsuccessful and detoxification of food sources is not economically feasible. New strategies for control may become apparent once more is known about the biosynthesis and regulation of aflatoxin. Although the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin has been extensively studied, little is known about the regulation of the individual steps in the pathway. We have developed a genetic transformation system forAspergillus flavus that provides a new and expedient approach to studying the biosynthesis of aflatoxin and its regulation. Through the use of this genetic transformation system, genes for aflatoxin biosynthesis can be identified and isolated by the complementation of aflatoxin negative mutants. In this paper we discuss molecular strategies for studying the regulation and biosynthesis of aflatoxin.
CLONING AND SEQUENCING OF THE GENE ENCODING THE RPOS (KATF) SIGMA FACTOR FROM SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM 14028S

The gene encoding the alternative sigma factor RpoS in Salmonella typhimurium was cloned by its ability to complement acid susceptibility in rpoS mutant Escherichia coli. Sequence determination and comparison with rpoS from E. coli demonstrates a high degree of conservation, although significant differences are found within the extragenic regulatory regions.