cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental determination of the kinetics of formation of the benzene-ethane co-crystal and implications for Titan

Benzene is found on Titan and is a likely constituent of the putative evaporite deposits formed around the hydrocarbon lakes. We have recently demonstrated the formation of a benzene-ethane co-crystal under Titan-like surface conditions. Here we investigate the kinetics of formation of this new structure as a function of temperature. We show that the formation process would reach completion under Titan surface conditions in ~18 h and that benzene precipitates from liquid ethane as the co-crystal. This suggests that benzene-rich evaporite basins around ethane/methane lakes and seas may not contain pure crystalline benzene, but instead benzene-ethane co-crystals. This co-crystalline form of benzene with ethane represents a new class of materials for Titan's surface, analogous to hydrated minerals on Earth. This new structure may also influence evaporite characteristics such as particle size, dissolution rate, and infrared spectral properties.
Micro-machining and micro-grinding with tools fabricated by micro electro-discharge machining

This paper provides an overview of several approaches to micro-machining by mechanical and electro-discharge means of material removal. Two steps are required in machining micro features. Firstly, a custom-shaped tool is created from suitable stock. In many cases, this is carried out using a small-scale version of wire Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM) in tool materials such as sintered PolyCrystalline Diamond (PCD) or tungsten carbide. Then the micro-tool can be used as a miniature end mill, drill or abrasive wheel. Each of these mechanical machining methods can be combined with EDM to achieve a customisable surface finish and feature accuracy. Trade-offs such as tool wear, Material Removal Rate (MRR) and machining time are discussed in this paper within the context of several examples.
Impact of D 0 -D 0 ̄ mixing on the experimental determination of γ

Several methods have been devised to measure the weak phase $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ using decays of the type ${B}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{DK}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},$ where it is assumed that there is no mixing in the ${D}^{0}{\ensuremath{-}D}^{0}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}$ system. However, when using these methods to uncover new physics, one must entertain the real possibility that the measurements are affected by new physics effects in the ${D}^{0}{\ensuremath{-}D}^{0}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}$ system. We show that even values of ${x}_{D}$ and/or ${y}_{D}$ around ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ can have a significant impact in the measurement of ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\ensuremath{\gamma}.$ We discuss the errors incurred in neglecting this effect, how the effect can be checked, and how to include it in the analysis.
On the Thermal Capacity of a Bird's Egg Warmed by a Brood Patch

ABSTRACT Eggs of intermittently incubating birds are periodically re‐warmed by a transient pulse of heat from the parent's brood patch. Estimating the energy cost of rewarming such an egg requires knowledge of the egg's thermal capacity, typically assumed to be the product of the egg's mass and its specific heat, designated here as the gravimetric thermal capacity. When chicken eggs are transiently warmed by an artificial brood patch, the energetic costs of the rewarming indicate that they have thermal capacities about one‐third the gravimetric thermal capacity. In this article, I show that birds' eggs warmed locally by a brood patch have effective thermal capacities that differ substantially from the eggs' gravimetric thermal capacities, both in absolute magnitude and in response to varying the temporal properties of the transient pulse of heat. An effective thermal capacity exists because heat from a brood patch flows unevenly through an egg and because of thermal impedance effects on the unsteady compo...
Trees, Population Structure, F-statistics!

Many questions about human genetic history can be addressed by examining the patterns of shared genetic variation between sets of populations. A useful methodological framework for this purpose are F-statistics, that measure shared genetic drift between sets of two, three and four populations, and can be used to test simple and complex hypotheses about admixture between populations. Here, we put these statistics in context of phylogenetic and population genetic theory. We show how measures of genetic drift can be interpreted as branch lengths, paths through an admixture graph or in terms of the internal branches in coalescent trees. We show that the admixture tests can be interpreted as testing general properties of phylogenies, allowing us to generalize applications for arbitrary phylogenetic trees. Furthermore, we derive novel expressions for the F-statistics, which enables us to explore the behavior of F-statistic under population structure models. In particular, we show that population substructure may complicate inference.
Impact of chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis on probable ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit.

Background: Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia is a healthcare goal. Although data is inconsistent, some studies suggest that oral chlorhexidine may decrease rates of pneumonia in mechanically-ventilated patients. We sought to assess the rate of pneumonia in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) pre and post implementation of routine chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including patients between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2009 who did not receive chlorhexidine mouthwash compared to patients that received prophylactic chlorhexidine mouthwash between 3/1/2010 and 2/28/2011. The primary outcome of the study was rate of probable ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) for the pre-chlorhexidine implementation cohort compared to post-implementation, using the 2013 Center for Disease Control definitions. Mechanically ventilated patients with respiratory cultures were screened for inclusion in the study. Secondary endpoints included duration of mechanical ventilation, in-hospital mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay. Statistical analysis was conducted by Fisher's exact test for nominal data and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data. Results: A total of 1780 mechanically ventilated patients in the pre-chlorhexidine group and 1854 in the post-chlorhexidine group were screened for inclusion. Of the 601 mechanically ventilated patients that were further evaluated for inclusion; 158 patients (26.3%) had positive cultures and were included in the study (94 pre-group and 64 post-group). The rate of probable VAP was significantly decreased in the post-group compared to the pre-group (1.85% pre vs 0.81% post, P = 0.0082). Conclusion: Use of chlorhexidine mouthwash prophylaxis may reduce rates of probable VAP. Further study is warranted.
Trust in Government Among Michigan's Local Leaders and Citizens

This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders regarding their trust in the federal, state, and other local governments, based on statewide surveys conducted in the Spring 2013 and Spring 2009 waves of the Michigan Public Policy Survey. The report also includes comparisons to Michigan citizens’ trust in government, based on Michigan State University’s Winter 2013 State of the State Survey.
A Diagnostic Test for Fructosuria

As little as 8 µg fructose can be identified by the red or yellow color produced by adding 2 drops of a fructose solution to approximately 0.2 gm. of potassium hydroxide on a spot plate. Glucose interferes with this test only when less than 0.1 mg. of fructose is present in a mixture of more than 0.9 mg. of glucose. This test may be used for a rapid diagnosis of fructosuria if 0.5% or more of fructose is excreted in the urine.
O apocalipse social no cinema contemporâneo de Hollywood

Films provide important insights into the psychological, socio-political, and ideological make-up of a society and culture. Reading film diagnostically allows one to gain insights into social problems and conflicts and to appraise the dominant socio-political problems and crises of the contemporary moment. This article engages Hollywood films that contain allegories of catastrophe within the context of the Bush-Cheney era. As I attempt to show, horror, fantasy and other popular film genres articulate fears of the present moment concerning the state and the military, ecological and social crisis, and other phenomena, and can thus provide critical images and provide experiences that raise questions about the existing society.
When seniors face closed doors: are advance beneficiary notices the answer?

Ms. Wilson is an associate professor at the University of South Carolina School of Law, where she teaches health care law, insurance, and bioethics. She is also the chair-elect of the Section on Law, Medicine and Health Care of the Association of American Law Schools.
Salary Indicators for Biosafety Professionals

The biosafety and biosecurity profession has seen significant growth over the past several decades. The implementation of biosafety-related regulations and associated guidance documents has helped fuel the need for technically qualified professionals in the field. The objective of this article is to evaluate the factors that contribute to the salaries of biosafety professionals. In our survey, five factors significantly predicted salary: 1) sex; 2) years of experience; 3) number of direct reports (i.e., number of employees reporting to an individual); 4) whether an individual is involved with the oversight of recombinant and synthetic nucleic acids; and 5) whether someone works in a right-to-work state.
Long-term renal transplantation: Recent successes and new problems

There has been continued improvement in preventing early biopsy-proved acute rejections and increasing 1-year allograft success rates, and, after some delay, the conditional half-life of grafts. Beneath these impressive achievements are several troubling concerns: unrecognized subclinical rejections; the emergence of acute and chronic humoral rejection; the different effect of certain acute rejections on the development of chronic rejection; the possibility that the current improvements in reducing early acute rejection may not be translated into longer half-life for the graft unless important adjunctive therapy is included. The use of cyclosporine (CSA) has been reshaped by lower dosing, conversion and avoidance protocols, C2 blood level monitoring, availability of generics, and application to non-transplant immunologically-mediated renal diseases. The enigma of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) unfortunately still remains, but recent studies on the effects of hypomagnesemia are provocative. The actual cohort of truly long-term renal transplant successes is providing remarkable insights into the way such grafts and their recipients achieve 30-year success. More than half of these patients have experienced early acute rejections (even Banff II and III). Somewhat contrary to expectations, these recipients usually do not have subnormal levels of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. However, they are typically B cell depleted, a condition that may protect them from late humoral rejection. Future directions will likely lead to the inclusion of important adjunctive agents having secondary anti-proliferative and anti-fibrogenic capabilities. Because chronic injury to renal allografts, as well as the dominant complications of renal transplantation such as cardiovascular disease and skin cancers, are woven together by a common theme of excessive proliferative activity, albeit of different cell types, long-term therapy will be directed at both protecting the allograft and the allograft recipient by incorporating as long-term therapy selected anti-proliferative agents that could include inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, statins, sirolimus, mycophenolic acid and leflunomide.
Grain Boundary Sliding at Serrated Grain Boundaries

A constitutive model is developed for grain boundary sliding (GBS) at serrated grain boundaries. Based on a previously developed GBS model, using the dynamics of grain boundary dislocation pile-up, the present model takes the average of the sliding rate over the characteristic dimensions of grain boundary serrations. Thus, a geometric factor φ is introduced to account for the effects of serration wave length and amplitude on the GBS rate, as compared to the GBS rate at planar boundaries. By considering the role of grain boundary shear stress in stress balancing, the proposed model removes the singularity at planar boundaries which exists in the diffusion-controlled GBS model at serrated grain boundaries. The modified model describes very well the transient creep of complex Ni-base superalloys with and without grain boundary serrations and should be suitable for other engineering alloys (with the exception of columnar grained and single crystal alloys).
Two Stage Controlled Anaerobic Bio-Reactor for Digesting Mixed Dairy Waste

As part of an effort to optimize each phase of a multi-phase anaerobic fermentation, a cheese processing waste mixture (chemical oxygen demand (COD) ≥ 25, 000 mg/L) was digested in batch fermentations to optimize acid formation. Three different influent concentrations (5800, 10, 000 and 17, 000 mg soluble COD (SCOD)/L); n= 10 for each concentration), were used in the acid forming fermentations. A mixture of ethanol (0.1 M) and acid solution including: acetate (0.7 M), propionate (0.1 M) and butyrate (0.2 M), (SCOD = 13, 300 mg/L) was digested in the batch methane fermentation experiment (n=8). The acid forming fermenters produced the maximum amount of volatile organic acids (VOA) in about 30 h. The production of acids was directly dependent upon influent concentration. The maximum production of each acid in mg/L was: acetate, 3000, propionate, 2500 and butyrate, 3200. The methane fermenter removed about 70% of the influent SCOD in 20 d.
Weak coupling of pseudoacoustic phonons and magnon dynamics in the incommensurate spin-ladder compound S r 14 C u 24 O 41

Incommensurate compounds consist of two or more interpenetrating sublattices with lattice periods incommensurate along one or more crystal axes. Intriguing lattice dynamics have been predicted for these compounds and are relevant to not only the thermal properties but also electronic, optical, and magnetic properties via coupling between different energy excitations. Here, the authors report inelastic neutron scattering measurements of phonon and magnon dispersions in Sr${}_{14}$Cu${}_{24}$O${}_{41}$, which contains incommensurate chain and ladder substructures. Two distinct acoustic phononlike modes, corresponding to the sliding motion of one sublattice against the other, are observed for atomic motions polarized along the incommensurate axis. In the long-wavelength limit, it is found that the sliding mode shows a remarkably small energy gap, indicating very weak interactions between the two incommensurate sublattices. The measurements also reveal an appreciable contribution from gapped magnons to the low-temperature specific heat, as well as a gapped and steep linear magnon dispersion of the ladders. The high group velocity of this magnon branch and weak coupling with acoustic phonons can explain the large magnon thermal conductivity in Sr${}_{14}$Cu${}_{24}$O${}_{41}$ crystals. These findings offer new insights into the phonon and magnon dynamics and thermal transport properties of incommensurate magnetic crystals that contain low-dimensional substructures.
Tumor cells have decreased ability to metabolize H2O2: Implications for pharmacological ascorbate in cancer therapy

Ascorbate (AscH−) functions as a versatile reducing agent. At pharmacological doses (P-AscH−; [plasma AscH−] ≥≈20 mM), achievable through intravenous delivery, oxidation of P-AscH− can produce a high flux of H2O2 in tumors. Catalase is the major enzyme for detoxifying high concentrations of H2O2. We hypothesize that sensitivity of tumor cells to P-AscH− compared to normal cells is due to their lower capacity to metabolize H2O2. Rate constants for removal of H2O2 (kcell) and catalase activities were determined for 15 tumor and 10 normal cell lines of various tissue types. A differential in the capacity of cells to remove H2O2 was revealed, with the average kcell for normal cells being twice that of tumor cells. The ED50 (50% clonogenic survival) of P-AscH− correlated directly with kcell and catalase activity. Catalase activity could present a promising indicator of which tumors may respond to P-AscH−.
Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Incidence rates of renal cell cancer (RCC), the predominant form of kidney cancer, have been rising for several decades worldwide. In the USA, this is partly reflected in the increased diagnosis of early stage tumors. These patterns are consistent with reports of incidental diagnosis as well as lower stage and smaller tumors in clinical series which may be due to increased diagnostic capability with imaging techniques. However, the interplay of genetic and environmental factors may account for the geographic, racial, and gender variation of RCC prevalence. The most established risk factors are smoking, excess body weight, and hypertension. Family history is associated with a two- to fourfold increase in risk, but the inherited syndromes together account for less than 4% of RCC. Several genes have been identified through investigation of familial kidney cancer syndromes and have been targets for therapy. Other risk factors such as reproductive and hormonal factors, occupational exposures, and dietary habits have also been implicated, but the evidence remains inconclusive. The multifactorial nature of renal cell cancer requires that further studies are conducted to explain underlying factors that may influence individual risk and to elucidate complex relationships between potential genetic, lifestyle, and environmental elements on cancer development.
Mutant PIK3CA-mediated pancreatic tumorigenesis and the response to PI3K pathway inhibition.

e15273 Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a leading cause of cancer related mortality despite recent treatment advances. The majority of PDAs are initiated secondary to KRAS...
African American Social Work Faculty: Overcoming Existing Barriers and Achieving Research Productivity.

Purpose:This study explored the scholarship experiences of top-ranked African American faculty in schools of social work.Method:Qualitative interviews were conducted with N = 10 top-ranked African ...
Anion Hosting Cathodes in Dual-Ion Batteries

Dual-ion batteries operate on two intercalants: anions for the cathode and cations for the anode. This battery was initially known as a dual-graphite battery, where both electrodes are graphitic carbon. The primary challenge of dual-graphite batteries is the very high operation potential of the cathode, often requiring an upper cutoff potential above 5 V vs Li+/Li. Such a potential readily oxidizes alkyl and alkylene carbonate-based electrolytes. The anode side, in fact, can employ any anode of most metal-ion batteries, although, to date, the focus has still been the Li–graphite anode. Recent progress has significantly advanced the technology readiness level for this battery. Additives or ionic liquid electrolytes help mitigate cathode irreversibility; nongraphite anodes, such as aluminum, allow new carbonate electrolytes that lack the necessity of ethylene carbonate; nongraphite cathodes, including metal–organic frameworks and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have exhibited a remarkable potential. This P...
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Updates in Diagnosis and Management

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurologic emergency due to bleeding into the subarachnoid space. Mortality can reach 50%. The clinical presentation is most often in the form of headache, classically defined as maximal at onset and worst of life. The most common cause is traumatic; approximately 80% of nontraumatic SAH are due to aneurysmal rupture, with the remainder from idiopathic peri-mesencephalic hemorrhage or other less common causes. Noncontrast brain computed tomography (CT) performed within 6 hours of symptom onset has sensitivity approaching 100%. Lumbar puncture may be considered after this period for definitive diagnosis if initial CT is normal.
The genetics of behavioral isolation in an island system

Mating behavior divergence can make significant contributions to reproductive isolation and speciation in various biogeographic contexts. However, whether the genetic architecture underlying mating behavior divergence is related to the biogeographic history and the tempo and mode of speciation remains poorly understood. Here, we use quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to infer the number, distribution, and effect size of mating song rhythm variation in the crickets Laupala eukolea and L. cerasina , which occur on different islands (Maui and Hawaii). We then compare these results with a similar study of an independently evolving species pair that diverged within the same island. Finally, we annotate the L. cerasina transcriptome and test whether QTL fall in functionally enriched genomic regions. We document a polygenic architecture behind song rhythm divergence in the inter-island species pair that is remarkably similar to that previously found for an intra-island species pair in the same genus. Importantly, QTL regions were significantly enriched for potential homologs of genes involved in pathways that may be modulating cricket song rhythm. These clusters of loci could constrain the spatial genomic distribution of genetic variation underlying cricket song variation and harbor several candidate genes that merit further study.
Simulation of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa in Transgenic Mice

“Retinitis Pigmentosa” (RP) comprises a group of hereditary retinal degenerative diseases characterized by photoreceptor cell degeneration and in most cases, eventual loss of vision. The typical clinical findings are pigmentary retinopathy, visual field loss, elevated dark-adapted thresholds and reduction of the ERG in the early stages of the disease (Heckenlively, 1988). In typical RP, three major modes of transmission have been identified: X-linked, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive (Heckenlively, 1988). There is extensive heterogeneity within each pattern of transmission.
Moderne Kolbenwerkstoffe und Kolbenkonstruktionen für Pkw-Diesel-Anwendungen: Aluminiumkolben versus Stahlkolben

Uber viele Jahre wurden in Pkw-Dieselmotoren ausschlieslich im Schwerkraftguss hergestellte Aluminiumkolben verwendet. Eine kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung von Werkstoffen, ortlichen Verstarkungen, Pruf-und Kuhlungsmethoden haben es ermoglicht, die durch rasante Leistungsexplosion herbeigefuhrten Spitzenbelastungen erfolgreich zu meistern. Dazu hat Federal-Mogul einen wesentlichen Beitrag geleistet.
Stress- and Radiation-Induced Swelling in Plastic Capsules

The process of filling targets with D-T for cryogenic experiments on the OMEGA laser induces small-scale features on the inner surface of the plastic capsules. Each feature was a cluster of low-lev...
Predicting evolution of the transcription regulatory network in a bacteriophage.

Prediction of evolutionary trajectories has been an elusive goal, requiring a deep knowledge of underlying mechanisms that relate genotype to phenotype plus understanding how phenotype impacts organismal fitness. We tested our ability to predict molecular regulatory evolution in a bacteriophage (T7) whose RNA polymerase (RNAP) was altered to recognize a heterologous promoter differing by three nucleotides from the wild-type promoter. A mutant of wild-type T7 lacking its RNAP gene was passaged on a bacterial strain providing the novel RNAP in trans. Higher fitness rapidly evolved. Predicting the evolutionary trajectory of this adaptation used measured in vitro transcription rates of the novel RNAP on the six promoter sequences capturing all possible one-step pathways between the wild-type and the heterologous promoter sequences. The predictions captured some of the regulatory evolution but failed both in explaining 1) a set of T7 promoters that consistently failed to evolve and 2) some promoter evolution that fell outside the expected one-step pathways. Had a more comprehensive set of transcription assays been undertaken initially, all promoter evolution would have fallen within predicted bounds, but the lack of evolution in some promoters is unresolved. Overall, this study points toward the increasing feasibility of predicting evolution in well-characterized, simple systems.
Brain network functional connectivity and cognitive performance in major depressive disorder.

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders. Cognitive complaints are commonly reported in MDD and cognitive impairment is a criterion item for MDD diagnosis. As cognitive processes are increasingly understood as the consequences of distributed interactions between brain regions, a network-based approach may provide novel information about the neurobiological basis of cognitive deficits in MDD. Methods 51 Depressed (MDD, n = 23) and non-depressed (control, n = 28) adult participants completed neuropsychological testing and resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI). Cognitive domain scores (processing speed, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function) were calculated. Anatomical regions of interests were entered as seeds for functional connectivity analyses in: default mode (DMN), salience, and executive control (ECN) networks. Partial correlations controlling for age and sex were conducted for cognitive domain scores and functional connectivity in clusters with significant differences between groups. Results Significant rsfMRI differences between groups were identified in multiple clusters in the DMN and ECN. Greater positive connectivity within the ECN and between ECN and DMN regions was associated with poorer episodic memory performance in the Non-Depressed group but better performance in the MDD group. Greater connectivity within the DMN was associated with better episodic and working memory performance in the Non-Depressed group but worse performance in the MDD group. Conclusions These results provide evidence that cognitive performance in MDD may be associated with aberrant functional connectivity in cognitive networks and suggest patterns of alternate brain function that may support cognitive processes in MDD.
Response of collagen matrices under pressure and hydraulic resistance in hydrogels

Extracellular matrices in animal tissue are hydrogels mostly made of collagen. In these matrices, collagen fibers are hierarchically assembled and cross-linked to form a porous and elastic material, through which migrating cells can move by either pushing through open matrix pores, or by actively digesting collagen fibers. The influence of matrix mechanical properties on cell behavior is well studied. Less attention has been focused on hydraulic properties of extracellular matrices, and how hydrodynamic flows in these porous hydrogels are influenced by matrix composition and architecture. Here we study the response of collagen hydrogels using rapid changes in the hydraulic pressure within a microfluidic device, and analyze the data using a poroelastic theory. Major poroelastic parameters can be obtained in a single experiment. Results show that depending on the density, porosity, and the degree of geometric confinement, moving micron-sized objects such as cells can experience substantially increased hydraulic resistance (by as much as 106 times) when compared to 2D environments. Therefore, in addition to properties such as mechanical stiffness, the fluidic environment of the cell is also likely to impact cell behavior.
Dimensional Stability of 3D Printed Parts: Effects of Process Parameters

The three-dimensional (3D) printing manufacturing process begins with the creation of a 3D model — using computer aided design (CAD) software — of the part to be printed. Using a type of 3D printing known as fused deposition modeling (FDM ® ), the 3D printer extrudes molten plastic to scan lines to create individual layers (i.e., the infill): one on top of the other. (Note that "scan" in this context refers to the movement of the extruder head, along an x,y coordinate path, while depositing molten plastic.) This process is repeated until the overall geometry, specified by the 3D model, is built. This process is attractive for producing proof of concept or prototype parts in various fields including automotive, aerospace, and medical. However, FDM subjects the material to rapid heating and cooling; therefore, some degree of undesirable warpage of the part occurs post fabrication. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 process parameters (i.e., infill shape, infill density, number of perimeters created per layer, and layer height) on the total dimensional error of a representative 3D-printed part. This part (the "simple part"), used in Trials 1 through 3 of this study, was a square acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate having a nominal measurement of 50 mm × 50 mm × 5 mm thick. A residual error (the difference between the measured post-printing dimension and the theoretical CAD file dimension) was calculated along each given direction and for each test print. Finally, a root mean square (RMS) error (i.e., the square root of the average of the squared residual errors along the length, width, and thickness directions) was calculated for each printed part. Three repeat test prints were carried out for each parameter. The number of perimeters played a key role in the dimensional stability of the part. As the number of perimeters increased up to 5, the RMS error decreased. Beyond 5 perimeters, however, the RMS error increased due to excessive warpage/curvature at the corners of the part. Ultimately, when examined individually, a grid infill shape at 100% density, a 0.4 mm layer height, and 5 perimeters each produced the lowest warpage. In combination, these same 4 parameters also produced the lowest RMS error (based on dimensional analysis of 3 test prints) when used to print a more complicated part (the "stacked part") in Trial 4.
Surgical management for infantile with congenital ossification of cranial sutures (report of eight cases)

Objective To investigate the operation timing,surgical approach and risk factors of craniosynostosis in infantile.Methods Retrospective analysis 8 infantile with craniosynostosis in with clinical data between January 2008 and November 2012 in Zhengzhou Children Hospital.Age at surgery were as following,2 cases younger than 3 months,4-6 months in 2 cases,7-12 months in 3 cases,1 year to 2 years old 1 case.Operation method:According to the type of joint closure,use the corresponding operation method.Evaluate postoperative anterioposterior and transverse diameter of the skull.Reconstruction with artificial dural repair materials cranial seam on both sides of the edge,prevent premature cranial suture to heal.Results All eight patients had no complications after surgery.Postoperatively anterioposterior and transverse diameter ratio of skull significantly improved.Skull shape has also been improved accordingly.Preoperative Cranial index was:(68.9％,69.9％,69.7％,65.2％,67.3％,68.4％,69.6％,67.9％) ;postoperative Cranial index was (77.0％,77.1％,73.1％,69.7％,72.2％,72.5％,73.9％,71.5％).Conclusions In infantile early surgery can achieve satisfactory results.cranial suture ossification status is important for selection of corresponding operation method.Artificial dura mater is safe and reliable for filling the suture. Key words: Congenital craniosynostosis ; Craniosynostosis reconstruction; Cranial index
Experimental Evidence on Teachers’ Racial Bias in Student Evaluation: The Role of Grading Scales:

A vast research literature documents racial bias in teachers’ evaluations of students. Theory suggests bias may be larger on grading scales with vague or overly general criteria versus scales with ...
Cell-Free DNA as an Addition to Ultrasound for Screening of a Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Coexisting Normal Fetus Pregnancy: A Case Report.

Background Complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting normal fetus pregnancies (CHMCF) are rare and can be life-threatening to the mother. Definitive diagnosis can be made with chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. However invasive procedures carry a risk of bleeding. We present the case of a twin molar pregnancy where a cell-free DNA screening test was utilized to evaluate for CHMCF pregnancy. Case A patient presented at 15-week gestational age with suspected CHMCF pregnancy. Ultrasound revealed a normal-appearing pregnancy abutting a multicystic lesion concerning for a complete mole. Cell-free DNA was obtained and was suggestive of complete paternal uniparental disomy. Pathological evaluation of the products of conception confirmed the diagnosis of CHMCF. Conclusion In atypical cases, cell-free DNA may be useful in evaluation of molar pregnancy.
Identification of a Putative DNA-Binding Protein in Arabidopsis That Acts as a Susceptibility Hub and Interacts With Multiple Pseudomonas syringae Effectors.

Phytopathogens use secreted effector proteins to suppress host immunity and promote pathogen virulence, and there is increasing evidence that the host-pathogen interactome comprises a complex netwo...
Android-based physics learning-media apps on circular motion

In recent years, the use of Android smartphones in the Indonesia community has increased very fast. Along the way, its use in the Educational aspect rises accordingly. The increase improved significantly during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic burst. While this fact has brought pain and sorrow for many, we looked at it differently. It was a kind of a blessing in disguise. Besides many inconveniences, it also opens plenty of opportunities. Instead of giving up, we prefer to develop android-based physics learning-media apps which is now needed more than before. The increase of the online portion on the learning processes during the COVID-19 pushed our spirit to complete the development of learning media apps. This apps has been tried out by high school students and has gained positive response from its users.
Abstract 16575: Synthetic TBX18 mRNA Induces Durable Reprogramming of Cardiac Myocytes to Pacemaker Cells

Introduction: Adenoviral gene delivery of transcription factor, TBX18, has been proven to reprogram ordinary cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cells, and provide ventricular pacing in the rodent and porc...
Pre-trained Models for Non-intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is to estimate individual appliance’s power consumption from aggregated smart meter data, which is useful for optimized energy management and provisioning of customized services. While deep learning (DL) has achieved state-of-the-art NILM performance, it is still constrained by the dependency on large amounts of data and intensive computations on training. In this paper, we propose a pre-training approach to address the generalization of DL models for NILM. We develop a meta-learning based approach and an ensemble learning based approach, which pre-train a base model and then fine-tune it with few-short learning when applied to an unknown dataset. The models are validated with two real-world datasets and shown to achieve a superior transferability performance compared with traditional DL and transfer learning methods.
Evaluation of Current Pressure Ulcer Staging

BackgroundWe sought to assess health professionals’ satisfaction with the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel staging system (NPUAP).MethodsA paper survey assessing the satisfaction with the NP...
Implications of Facebook Engagement Types and Feed’s Social Content for Self-Esteem via Social Comparison Processes:

Self-esteem, generally understood as subjective appraisal of one’s social worth and qualities, is related to how people use social media and the gratifications derived from their use—processes driv...
Grounding and the luck objection to agent-causal libertarianism

Many philosophers think there is a luck problem confronting libertarian models of free will. If free actions are undetermined, then it seems to be a matter of chance or luck that they occur—so the objection goes. Agent-causal libertarians have responded to this objection by asserting that free actions, in their essence, involve a direct causal relation between agents and the events they cause. So, free actions are not lucky after all. Not everyone, however, is convinced by this response. Al Mele and Peter van Inwagen, for instance, argue that luckiness remains even if agent-causation exists. One way to answer their arguments, I suggest, is by appealing to considerations in metaphysical grounding and the associated idea of explanatory priority. Mele’s argument loses force if facts about which possible world is actual are partly grounded in facts about free choices themselves. And van Inwagen’s challenge can be met if facts about free actions are explanatorily prior to any objective probabilities associated with those actions.
Citizenship Delayed: Civil Rights and Voting Rights Implications of the Backlog in Citizenship and Naturalization Applications

Every year, hundreds of thousands of people apply for citizenship in the United States. Their pursuit of citizenship is premised on a right to naturalize created by the Constitution and codified by federal law. In Colorado, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service – Denver Field Office backlog in naturalization applications is 9,325 and wait times range from 10 to 19.5 months, double since 2016. Processing times that exceed the six-month statutory mandate compromise these individuals' path to naturalization and the other rights that citizenship provides. The Colorado State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights voted to study the civil rights implications of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service’s naturalization backlog in Colorado. They find that the substantial delay to naturalization created by the backlog negatively impacts voting rights, civil rights, and the administration of justice.
Liberalism, Imperialism, and the Historical Imagination: Epilogue: From liberal imperialism to Conservative Unionism: losing the thread of progress in history

The sentiment of empire may be called innate in every Briton. If there are exceptions, they are like those of men blind or lame among us. It is part of our patrimony … a portion of our national stock, which has never been deficient, but which has more than once run to rank excess, and brought us to mischief … What we want from the Colonies is something better than “food for powder.” To give birth and existence to these States, which are to form so large a portion of the New World, is a noble feature of the work and mission of this nation, as it was of old in the mission of Greece [but] the prospective multiplication of possessions oversea is, to say the least, far from desirable … England, which has grown so great, may easily become little; through the effeminate selfishness of luxurious living; through neglecting realities at home to amuse herself everywhere else in stalking phantoms; through putting again on her resources a strain like that of the great French war, which brought her people to misery and her Throne to peril; through that denial of equal rights to others. W. E. Gladstone, “England's Mission,” The Nineteenth Century , IV (1878), 560–8
The First Individual Mandate: What the Uniform Militia Act of 1792 Tells Us about Fifth Amendment Challenges to Healthcare Reform

Beginning in 2014, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) will require many to purchase a private health insurance policy or pay a monetary fine. Once considered an unprecedented Act of Congress, the debate over this "individual mandate" recently rediscovered a very similar provision in the Uniform Militia Act of 1792 (UMA). The Act made militia service compulsory for every white, able-bodied male citizen between 18 and 45, and required they supply themselves with a field-ready musket and other gear.This paper first establishes historical and legislative context for the Militia Act, then analyzes how the UMA might affect Fifth Amendment-based challenges to healthcare reform. The two mandates are indistinguishable under current Fifth Amendment doctrine, which permits both. The UMA also provides a strong historical argument against the addition of new substantive rights that would prohibit federally-mandated purchases.
Concept maps: integrating knowledge and information visualization

Information visualization has been a research topic for many years, leading to a mature field where guidelines and practices are well established. Knowledge visualization, in contrast, is a relatively new area of research that has received more attention recently due to the interest from the business community in Knowledge Management. In this paper we present the CmapTools software as an example of how concept maps, a knowledge visualization tool, can be combined with recent technology to provide integration between knowledge and information visualizations. We show how concept map-based knowledge models can be used to organize repositories of information in a way that makes them easily browsable, and how concept maps can improve searching algorithms for the Web. We also report on how information can be used to complement knowledge models and, based on the searching algorithms, improve the process of constructing concept maps.
One size does not fit all: customizing ontology alignment using user feedback

A key problem in ontology alignment is that different ontological features (e.g., lexical, structural or semantic) vary widely in their importance for different ontology comparisons. In this paper, we present a set of principled techniques that exploit user feedback to customize the alignment process for a given pair of ontologies. Specifically, we propose an iterative supervised-learning approach to (i) determine the weights assigned to each alignment strategy and use these weights to combine them for matching ontology entities; and (ii) determine the degree to which the information from such matches should be propagated to their neighbors along different relationships for collective matching. We demonstrate the utility of these techniques with standard benchmark datasets and large, real-world ontologies, showing improvements in F-scores of up to 70% from the weighting mechanism and up to 40% from collective matching, compared to an unweighted linear combination of matching strategies without information propagation.
On Using Tabu Search for Design Automation of VLSI Systems

Tabu search is a meta-heuristic problem solving technique that, when applied carefully, provides near optimal solutions in a very short time. In this paper, we have described the use of tabu search for solving problems related to very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit design automation. Specifically, we have demonstrated the use for VLSI circuit partitioning and placement. We present a tabu search based circuit bi-partitioning technique that partitions circuits with the goal of minimizing the size of the cutset between the partitions. Then, we use tabu search techniques along with force directed placement techniques to accomplish the physical placement of VLSI circuits on regular two-dimensional arrays with the goal of minimizing the placement time. We use empirical data from partitioning and placement of benchmark circuits to test our techniques. Our methods show improvement when compared to partitioning techniques from the literature and commercially available placement tools. Relative to the literature, our tabu search bi-partitioning technique improves on the best known minimum cuts for several benchmark circuits. Relative to commercially available computer aided design tools, our tabu search based placement approach shows dramatic (20×) speedup in execution time without negative impact on the quality of the solution.
Pharmaceutical manufacturing efficiency, drug prices, and public health: Examining the causal links

There are important fundamental links among the efficiency of pharmaceutical manufacturing, drug prices, and public health in the United States. This article seeks to probe these links because recent research (by academics and even the US Food and Drug Administration) suggests there are significant opportunities to improve the manufacturing processes for pharmaceuticals. Two models are developed that consider the impact of reduced manufacturing costs on pharmaceutical prices and firm profits. The two models effectively bound the range of potential future benefits from greater manufacturing efficiency and estimate that, for example, a 30% reduction in manufacturing costs will generate between $1.0 and $12.3 trillion in social value to the United States.
Flat interfaces in zinc oxide-based varistor ceramics

Four types of structurally different, flat interfaces have been observed in ZnO-based varistor ceramics containing metal-oxides additives (Bi, Mn, and Ti) by bright-field and high-resolution imaging in a transmission electron microscope. Orientation relationships have been characterized by selected-area diffraction. The faceting of ZnO grains when in contact with {beta}--Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} is discussed in relation to the anisotropic growth of the ZnO grains which leads to pronounced faceting parallel to (0001) planes.
The Ionization and Dissociation of Formic Acid Monomer by Electron Impact

In HCOOH vapor in a mass spectrometer, low velocity electrons have produced the ionized molecule, one negative and twelve positive fragment ions. For the negative ion and six positive ions the mode of production has not been established. The other fragment ions originate in the reactions requiring the least dissociation energy for the production of the corresponding radicals, although for one of these a more energetic reaction seems preferred at high electron energies. One of the ions of doubtful origin also probably originates in a reaction involving more than the minimum degree of dissociation. The first appearance potential of four ions with established reactions, of one ion of doubtful origin, and probably of another of doubtful origin, as well as the second appearance potential of C$\mathrm{O}_{2}^{+}$, all indicate that the corresponding reactions involve no more than 1.0 volt excess energy. Both HC${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ and COO${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ utilize the trivalency of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ in their structure. HCOO${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, COO${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, and HC${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ seem to have a second appearance potential close to the first. To explain this, and to make the electron impact and spectroscopic ionization potentials of the molecule compatible, it is assumed that a trans-form of HCOOH exists. Estimates of its abundance relative to the known cis-form give for the energy difference between the two forms the probable limits 1.2-3.0 kcal/mole.