cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival model for fusiform rust infected loblolly pine plantations with and without mid-rotation understorey vegetation control

A two-step modeling strategy was applied to develop a survival model for loblolly pine plantations infected with fusiform rust. Data came from repeated measurements of 40 permanent paired plots: one plot of the pair was left to develop completely untreated and the other had a mid-rotation understorey vegetation removal treatment. The model consists of two complementary parts. The first part is a logistic function predicting the probability of tree death occurring over a period, which is mainly influenced by the number of trees per acre, age, site index, and the percentage of fusiform rust infection. The second part consists of two equations for estimating stem number reduction for uninfected and infected trees. The mortality rate for infected trees was higher than that for uninfected trees. The predictive ability for total surviving trees is generally improved by the sum of predicted uninfected and infected components. The number of surviving trees decreases with increasing productivity and with increasing level of fusiform rust infection. Mid-rotation understorey vegetation removal had no significant effect on survival for loblolly pine plantations.
Incorporation of Temporal Factors Into Physiologically Based Kinetic Models for Risk Assessment

AbstractThe dependence of physiologically based models on measurable anatomic characteristics and physiologic functions renders them especially suited for consideration of the effects of temporal factors. Incorporation of temporal factors into a physiologically based model requires an understanding of their time dependence and the translation of that time dependence into a mathematically tractable curve description. The age dependencies of many physiologic functions are known. Glomerular filtration rate and respiration rate, for example, are well-characterized from birth to maturity. Certain conditions, such as pregnancy, are associated with rapid and definable anatomic and physiologic changes. Generally, these time dependencies are describable in terms of simple mathematical expressions such as exponentials, polynomials, and sine and logistic functions. An example of the combined use of a hyperbola and a logistic function to fit the growth curve for Standard Man is given. Practical applications of two ph...
A highly effective bifunctional ligand for radioimmunotherapy applications.

A novel bifunctional ligand (3p-C-NETA) for antibody-targeted radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of β-emitting radioisotopes 90Y and 177Lu was efficiently synthesized via an unexpected regiospecific ring opening of an aziridinium ion. 3p-C-NETA instantly formed a very stable complex with 90Y or 177Lu. 3p-C-NETA is an excellent bifunctional ligand for RIT.
Clouds as calibration targets for AVHRR reflected-solar channels: results from a two-year study at NOAA/NESDIS

NOAA-11 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and associated ground-based data have been collected at NOAA/NESDIS, on a daily basis and for 600 days, using five stations within the continental United States in the NOAA solar radiation (SOLRAD) monitoring network. The data have been filtered to include only uniformly overcast conditions and analyzed along the lines described by Paris and Justus (1988). Results from this first long-term pilot operational application of the method are presented. The method is potentially useful for establishing yearly-averaged trends in the radiometric gain of AVHRR Channels. The relatively small data base examined here suggests a precision in the 600 day mean gain of 5 percent or worse, with a significant part of this uncertainty being driven by poor knowlege of the bidirectional reflectance properties of clouds. The results suggest that the method in its present formulation has insufficient precision to be used as a primary method for the measurement of in-orbit gains of reflected-solar radiometers aboard polar orbiting satellites. Intrinsic limitations to the precision and time resolution of the method are discussed, and suggestions are offered for improving the precision of future results.
Properties of linear elastomeric polyurethanes

The viscoelastic properties of some polyester-urethanes are compared with the properties of other polymers. The behavior observed is anomalous in that these polyurethanes exhibit an unusually high value of modulus well above their Tg, unaccounted for by either crosslinking or crystallinity. Various experiments including incorporation of plasticizes of widely varying chemical composition have suggested interpretation of the system as a block copolymer, each block having its own Tg. Each of the two types of blocks seems to associate with similar blocks from other molecules.
Geographical aspects of US farmland values and changes during the 1978–1992 period

Abstract Data from the US Census of Agriculture suggest important changes since 1978 in regional patterns of farmland values. This study examines these patterns with the aid of county-level maps showing average values per hectare for the Census years 1978, 1982, 1987 and 1992 and changes between these years. Farmland price increases are geographically associated with general proximity to major population centers and the presence of aesthetically attractive natural landscapes, while these two attributes in combination are generally absent in areas not experiencing price increases. The widespread phenomenon of non-commercial farming as a factor in farmland price increases is examined. It is hypothesized that such site factors as climate and soils which traditionally have helped explain higher farmland prices in some regions are of diminishing importance, while situational factors such as proximity to major population centers are in the ascendancy. The changing importance of site versus situational factors is assessed using analysis of variance tests comparing the influence on farmland values of the predominately situational differences between metropolitan, nonmetropolitan-adjacent and nonmetropolitan-nonadjacent settings, versus the predominately site differences between major agricultural regions.
γ-Lactam analogues of the penems

Abstract Racemic γ-lactam analogues of the penems have been prepared and tested for biological activity. The 7-acylamino derivatives exhibited low levels of antibiotic activity.
Causal interactions in the proportional hazards model.

A paper by Li and Chambless1 considered tests for additive interaction between the effects of two exposures in proportional hazards models. In this paper I will briefly relate these tests for additive interaction (along with proportional hazards survival curves) to causal interactions within the counterfactual framework.2–4 Causal interactions refer to settings in which there are persons for whom the outcome would occur (by a certain time) if both exposures were present but for whom the outcome would not occur if only one of the two exposures were present. Statistical interactions do not necessarily imply the presence of causal interactions.2 In this paper, it is shown that the tests for additive interaction in the proportional hazards model (or variants of such tests) can be used to infer the presence of a causal interaction at some point in time. To draw conclusions about the presence of causal interactions for intervals of times more generally, one can use results concerning the proportional hazard model parameters and the baseline survival function.
A kinetic model for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition from trimethylgallium and arsine

A kinetic model based on the collision theory of chemical reactions is proposed for gallium arsenide (GaAs) metalorganic chemical vapor deposition from trimethylgallium and arsine. A simplified reaction mechanism is incorporated into the model, which includes four heterogeneous deposition reactions: Ga-containing and As-containing species with Ga and As sites, as well as carbon incorporation reactions. An equation for the overall growth rate of the four deposition reactions is derived, which is simplified under the Ga-rich or As-rich growth condition. A discussion about antisite defects leads to the conclusion that As-rich growth produces stoichiometric GaAs. The relation between temperature and arsine/trimethylgallium ratio for As-rich growth is defined. The concept of competitive adsorption is introduced to understand doping and ternary deposition. Carrier concentration for n-type, p-type, and amphoteric doping as a function of deposition conditions is derived. Conversion from p type to n type with arsi...
Control of autophagy maturation by acid sphingomyelinase in mouse coronary arterial smooth muscle cells: protective role in atherosclerosis

Recent studies have indicated a protective role of autophagy in regulating vascular smooth muscle cells homeostasis in atherogenesis, but the mechanisms controlling autophagy, particularly autophagy maturation, are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-regulated lysosome function is involved in autophagy maturation in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In coronary arterial wall of ASM-deficient (Smpd1 −/− ) mice on Western diet, there were high expression levels of both LC3B, a robust marker of autophagosomes (APs), and p62, a selective autophagy substrate, compared with those in wild-type (Smpd1 +/+ ) mice. By Western blotting and flow cytometry, atherogenic stimulation of Smpd1 +/+ CASMCs with 7-ketocholesterol was found to significantly enhance LC3B expression and increase the content of both APs and autophagolysosomes (APLs). In Smpd1 −/− CASMCs, such 7-ketocholesterol-induced increases in LC3B and p62 expression and APs were further augmented, but APLs formation was abolished. Analysis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescence-labeled LC3B and Lamp1 (lysosome marker) showed that 7-ketocholesterol markedly induced fusion of APs with lysosomes in Smpd1 +/+ CASMCs, which was abolished in Smpd1 −/− CASMCs. Moreover, 7-ketocholesterol-induced expression of cell dedifferentiation marker vimentin and proliferation was enhanced in Smpd1 −/− CASMCs compared with those in Smpd1 +/+ CASMCs. Lastly, overexpression of ASM further increased APLs formation in Smpd1 +/+ CASMCs and restored APLs formation in Smpd1 −/− CASMCs indicating that increased ASM expression is highly correlated with enhanced APLs formation. Taken together, our data suggest that the control of lysosome trafficking and fusion by ASM is essential to a normal autophagic flux in CASMCs, which implicates that the deficiency of ASM-mediated regulation of autophagy maturation may result in imbalance of arterial smooth muscle cell homeostasis and thus serve as an important atherogenic mechanism in coronary arteries. • Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) controls autophagy maturation in smooth muscle cells. • ASM maintains smooth muscle cell homeostasis and its contractile phenotype. • ASM plays a protective role in smooth muscle dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Detection and false-alarm probabilities for laser radars that use Geiger-mode detectors.

For a direct-detection laser radar that uses a Geiger-mode detector, theory shows that the single-pulse detection probability is reduced by a factor exp(-K), where K is the mean number of primary electrons created by noise in the interval t between detector turn-on and arrival of laser photons reflected from the target. The corresponding false-alarm probability is at least 1 - exp(-K). For fixed-rate noise, one can improve the detection and false-alarm probabilities by reducing t. Moreover, when background-light noise is significant and dominates dark-current noise and when the laser signal is of the order of ten photoelectrons or more, the probabilities can be improved by reducing the amount of light falling on the detector, even if the laser signal is reduced by the same factor as the background light is. Additional analytical calculations show that identifying coincidences in data from as few as three pulses can reduce the false-alarm probability by orders of magnitude and, for some conditions, can also improve the detection probability.
Stress-Wave Generation in a Temperature-Dependent Absorbing Solid by Impulsive Electromagnetic Radiation

Abstract : An elastic, partially transparent solid, occupying the half space x > 0, is subjected to uniform impulsive electromagnetic radiation at the surface x = 0. The deposition of radiant energy over a finite absorption depth gives rise to a distributed heat source within the solid (thermal shock) which, in turn, dilatates the medium and generates a stress wave. In this paper the nature of the stress-wave build up in the absorption layer is studied for the case of a temperature-dependent solid, i.e., when material properties vary with temperature. The mathematical problem is one of wave propagation in a non-homogeneous medium. An approximate solution to the posed problem is developed which readily exhibits the influence of temperature. Error bounds are provided. The results are illustrated by a numerical example. (Author)
Re-evaluation mode timing simulation

The authors describe a computationally inexpensive technique for evaluating different process conditions on a circuit's timing response. Due to manufacturing variations, the propagation of signals through a given path in a circuit is characterized by a statistical distribution. The Monte Carlo method requires the execution of multiple simulation runs of the same input pattern with different process conditions. The authors developed a technique called reevaluation mode simulation which can handle a wider range of process conditions since logic behavior is considered. Techniques for inexpensively evaluating the effects of different process conditions on circuit path delays have not considered the logic behavior. Consequently, the range of process conditions accommodated by these techniques is unnecessarily limited. It is this accounting for logic behavior that distinguishes this technique from the earlier work. The execution speed advantage of the technique over that of a conventional simulation stems from utilizing the information generated by the conventional simulation step. >
Fabrication of visible three dimensional gap photonic crystals with electron beam direct write approach

We demonstrate a three dimensional photonic crystal that can have a complete three dimensional gap in the visible frequency composed of titanium dioxide rods with a periodicity of 350 nm, smallest fabricated to date.
Deep vein thrombosis resolution is not accelerated with increased neovascularization

Abstract Introduction Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) resolution involves fibrinolysis, neovascularization, and fibrosis. We hypothesized that promoting neovascularization would accelerate DVT resolution. Methods A rat model of stasis DVT was produced with proximal ligation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and all visible tributaries. One μg of interferon inducible protein (IP-10; angiostatic chemokine), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; pro-angiogenic cytokine), epithelial neutrophil activating protein (ENA-78; pro-angiogenic chemokine), or saline solution control was injected into the IVC after ligation, and then via tail vein injection daily until sacrifice at either 4 or 8 days. Peripheral blood counts were measured, and thrombus weight was recorded at sacrifice. Laser Doppler in vivo imaging was used to estimate post-thrombotic IVC blood flow. Immunohistologic assessment of the thrombosed IVC for polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes (ED-1), and laminin (neovascular channels) was performed or the thrombus was separated from the IVC and assayed for keratinocyte cytokine (KC), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), bFGF with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and total collagen with a direct colorimetric assay. Results Peripheral blood and intrathrombus PMNs and monocytes were not significantly different in the treated or control rats. There were no differences in any measure at 4 days. At 8 days, thrombus neovascularity, but not weight or collagen content, was increased in rats treated with bFGF or ENA-78 compared with control rats (17.6 ± 0.93, 16.2 ± 0.97 vs 13.2 ± 0.79; channels/5 high-power fields (hpf; n=6-10; P P Conclusion Pro-angiogenic compounds increase thrombus neovascularization, but this does not correlate with smaller or less fibrotic DVT. Mechanisms other than neovascularization may be more important to hasten DVT dissolution.
Proximity effects on the dynamics and outcomes of scientific collaborations

Abstract This paper uses path overlap, an innovative measure of functional proximity, to examine how physical space shaped the formation and success of scientific collaborations among the occupants of two academic research buildings. We use research administration data on human subject protection, animal use management, and grant funding applications to construct new measures of collaboration formation and success. The “functional zones” investigators occupy in their buildings are defined by the shortest walking paths among assigned laboratory and office spaces, and the nearest elevators, stairs, and restrooms. When two investigators traverse paths with greater overlap, both their propensity to form new collaborations and to win grant funding for their joint work increase. This effect is robust across two very differently configured buildings. Implications for scientific collaboration and the design and allocation of research space are considered.
The influences of sex and posture on joint energetics during drop landings

Previous observations suggest that females utilize a more erect initial landing posture than males with sex differences in landing posture possibly related to sex-specific energy absorption (EA) strategies. However, sex-specific EA strategies have only been observed when accompanied by sex differences in initial landing posture. This study (a) investigated the potential existence of sex-specific EA strategies; and (b) determined the influences of sex and initial landing posture on the biomechanical determinants of EA. The landing biomechanics of 80 subjects were recorded during drop landings in Preferred, Flexed, and Erect conditions. No sex differences in joint EA were identified after controlling for initial landing posture. Males and females exhibited greater ankle EA during Erect vs Flexed landings with this increase driven by 12% greater ankle velocity, but no change in ankle extensor moment. No differences in hip and knee EA were observed between conditions. However, to achieve similar knee EA, subjects used 7% greater mean knee extensor moment but 9% less knee angular velocity during Flexed landings. The results suggest that sex-specific EA strategies do not exist, and that the magnitude of knee joint EA can be maintained by modulating the relative contributions of joint moment and angular velocity to EA.
Pineal calcification in relation to menopause in schizophrenia.

I have suggested that critical changes in melatonin secretion, as mediated by the pineal gland, may exert a crucial role in the onset and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Since pineal calcification (PC) is thought to reflect the metabolic and secretory activity of the gland, I investigated in 29 randomly selected chronic institutionalized female schizophrenic patients the association of PC on CT scan with premenopausal (prior to age 40) versus menopausal (ages 40-55) onset of illness. The premenopausal patients were found to show a significantly higher prevalence of PC than the menopausal patients (55.5% vs. 18.1%; X2 = 3.93, df = 1, p < .05). Since PC was unrelated to historical, demographic, and treatment variables, these findings highlight the importance of the pineal gland for the timing of the onset of schizophrenia, particularly in relation to the female reproductive state. The results carry theoretical implications on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and suggest that the pineal gland may exert a protective effect against its onset.
Transport of intensity phase imaging in a volume holographic microscope

We demonstrate a method for single-shot quantitative phase imaging based on the transport of intensity equation (TIE) in a volume holographic microscope (VHM). The VHM system uses a multiplexed volume hologram to laterally separate images from different focal planes. This axial intensity information is then used to solve the TIE and recover object phase quantitatively. Further, we show improved phase recovery by using five multiplexed gratings in one hologram.
Modeling and analysis of an LCL filter for grid-connected inverters in wind power generation systems

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of a three-phase grid-connected wind energy conversion system using Matlab. The modeled system is characterized and analyzed for validation. An inverter control algorithm for effective power control is also proposed and evaluated. An LCL filter is designed to reduce the switching frequency ripple. But the LCL filter also makes the system unstable because of the zero impedance at the resonant frequency. Two current-loops with PR control strategy are analyzed in this paper to make sure the stability of the system. All analysis and evaluation have been conducted for a 3.5 kW power system with 208V grid voltage.
Of Tribunes and Tyrants: Machiavelli's Legal and Extra‐Legal Modes for Controlling Elites

This essay examines the two means by which Machiavelli thought republics could address the political problem of predatory socio-economic elites: Healthy republics, he proposes explicitly, should consistently check the “insolence of the nobles” by establishing constitutional offices like the Roman tribunes of the plebeians; corrupt republics, he suggests more subtly, should completely eliminate overweening oligarchs via the violent actions of a tyrannical individual. Roman-styled tribunes, wielding veto, legislative and accusatory authority, contain the oppressive behavior of socio-economic elites during normal republican circumstances. By contrast, having overthrown a republic grown corrupt through oligarchic encroachment on the commonweal, Machiavelli suggests that Greek-styled tyrants lay the foundation for a more robust—that is, more egalitarian and martial—republic down the road by eliminating elites entirely and by instituting economic redistribution and military reforms.
Adapp: an adaptive network selection framework for smartphone applications

Possibility to access different cellular data network services from the same mobile platform is quite high in near future [kill1]. This gives smartphone applications an opportunity to choose amongst multiple services based on their functionality and user-desired QoE. In this paper we propose a framework that predicts the service, which suits an application best and at the same time provides desired QoE, while saving energy and dollar costs. We also develop a prototype system, Adapp, that trains itself online with user feedbacks and its prediction accuracy improves over use. We demonstrate with the help of rigorous experiments, how different users have varying service preferences for the same application, while the same user can have different preferences across applications. Experimental results validate the adaptive nature of the system. We have also analyzed Adapp's accuracy in selecting the most appropriate service and the errors show an appreciable receding trend over time.
ADHD and Marijuana-Use Expectancies in Young Adulthood.

Objective: This study examined mean level differences in marijuana expectancies and the differential associations between expectancies and marijuana use for individuals with and without a history of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Background: Substance-use expectancies are a widely studied risk factor for alcohol and other drug use. The relations between marijuana-use expectancies and self-reported marijuana use have not been examined in young adults with ADHD, a population shown to be at risk for marijuana use. Method: Participants were 306 (190 ADHD and 116 non-ADHD) young adults (M age = 20.06, SD = 2.03) from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS) who provided data about marijuana use and marijuana-use expectancies. Results: Individuals in the ADHD group reported lower levels of social enhancement, tension reduction, and cognitive and behavioral-impairment expectancies compared to individuals in the non-ADHD group. Positive and negative marijuana-use expectancies were associate...
Enantiomeric Separation of Isochromene Derivatives by Cyclodextrin-Modified Micellar Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract The enantiomeric separations of highly hydrophobic isochromene derivatives were performed and optimized using cyclodextrin-modified micellar capillary electrophoresis. Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin proved to be the most effective chiral selector for the enantioseparation of these analytes. The effects of cyclodextrin and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration and organic modifier were examined in order to optimize the separation conditions. Addition of an organic solvent modifier to the run buffer served to increase the analyte' solubility and enhance the separation efficiency. A highly acidic pH was necessary to effectively suppress the electroosmotic flow when operating in the reverse polarity mode.
Racetrack Buddy Relations: Compartmentalized and Satisfying

Although friendship is a topic of universal interest, social scientists have not precisely defined this concept. Traditional definitions have emphasized the all-encompassing, generalized, and personalisitic quality of the relationship. On the other hand, current research has suggested that modern relationships are often compartmentalized and confined to the situational. My investigation builds upon the latter research. Using qualitative data drawn from a two-year study of the social world of off-track horse race gamblers, I delineate the buddy relationships that have developed among the participants. Within this distinct social world, the gamblers share contingencies and communication channels that set them apart from non-horseplayers. Despite being specialized and contextual, racetrack buddyship is a relationship that is meaningful, enduring, and satisfying to the interactants.
Ancel Keys: a tribute.

Ancel Keys, Ph.D., who died in November, 2004, at the age of 100, was among the first scientists to recognize that human atherosclerosis is not an inevitable consequence of aging, and that a high-fat diet can be a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. During World War II, he and a group of talented co-workers at the University of Minnesota conducted a large-scale study of experimentally-induced human starvation. The data generated by this study – which was immediately recognized to be a classic – continue to be of inestimable value to nutrition scientists. In his later years, Keys spent more time at his home in Naples, Italy, where he had the opportunity to continue his personal study of the beneficial effects on health and longevity of a Mediterranean diet.
Country to country variation: what can be learnt from national cystic fibrosis registries.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will address the evolving science involving international comparisons of populations of persons living with cystic fibrosis. Understanding the current clinical outcomes in cystic fibrosis is critical prior to assessing such comparisons. Countries that differ in clinical approaches provide natural experiments to assess those approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have highlighted that the population of persons with cystic fibrosis is changing; estimates predict a continued growth of cystic fibrosis populations with substantial increases in persons with cystic fibrosis who are adults. Additional work highlighted differences in subpopulations (i.e. children); US cystic fibrosis children appear to have better lung function, but similar nutritional status, compared to UK cystic fibrosis children. These differences were associated with differences in intensity of care, with a higher proportion of US children receiving more cystic fibrosis-specific therapies. Additional research raises important questions regarding potential sampling bias in different patient registries and differing rates of unconfirmed cases of cystic fibrosis. These and other limitations are highlighted. SUMMARY Differences in both demographics and clinical outcomes in cystic fibrosis between nations can be informative, but, like many types of observational research, are at risk of unrecognized bias. Despite this limitation, these comparisons can lead to substantive improvements in care in cystic fibrosis.
Examining the Gendered Nature of Political Networks

A generation of political network research has paid little attention to gender, rarely treating it as the subject of inquiry. At the same time, mechanisms of social influence often go unexamined in the literature. Troubled by these oversights, we employ original data and innovative survey items to consider how network construction, and importantly, network usage, are shaped by gender. Looking at dyadic interactions, we introduce the concept of “balance” (i.e., who initiates a conversation) and focus on its interplay with conflict avoidance and social location. Our results build on existing research noting differences in the structural determinants of the composition of men's and women’s political networks, but also indicate that men’s and women’s network usage is situational, subject to the context in which a relationship is formed.
Ability of the Tightrope® and Percutaneous Lateral Fabellar Suture Techniques to Control Cranial Tibial Translation

Objective To compare the ability of the Tightrope® (TR) cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) technique, percutaneous lateral fabella suture (pLFS) technique, and normal CCL to control cranial tibial translation (CTT). Study Design In vitro biomechanical study. Sample Population Cadaveric canine pelvic limbs (n = 18 pairs). Methods Six small animal surgical residents (1 pair each) and a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (10 pairs) performed TR and pLFS techniques on paired limbs. Two intact limb pairs served as controls. Limbs were assessed by palpation, radiographs, and dissection before mechanical testing of resistance to CTT. Forces resisted during displacement were compared between groups with a mixed ANOVA and post hoc tests. Results With 5 mm of displacement, the pLFS resisted 72 ± 45 N and the TR resisted 66 ± 48 N of load. The intact CCL resisted 400 ± 35 N. The intact CCL resisted displacement significantly more than either surgical technique. Conclusions TR and pLFS had similar ability to resist CTT but neither restored the biomechanical properties of an intact CCL.
Predicting the amount of urea nitrogen recycled and used for anabolism in growing cattle

In ruminants, urea nitrogen (N) produced by the liver and recycled to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) provides a source of N for microbial growth and also conserves N. In this respect, it buffers the dietary supply of N available for microbial growth and microbial protein supply. The equation for recycled N in the National Research Council's (NRC 1996, 2000) beef model is based on relationships between ruminal ammonia and plasma urea N concentrations. The objective of the current paper was to estimate recycled N available for anabolism (i.e., urea N used for anabolism, UUA) using available kinetic data. A meta-analysis was conducted using results reported in nine publications that measured urea N kinetics using the dual-labelled urea technique in growing cattle. Diets used in these experiments were predominantly forage-based. Urea production was linearly related to N intake (NI, g/day). Growing cattle converted 74·5% of the incremental NI to urea N. As NI increased, a smaller proportion of the urea produced was recycled to the GIT. On average, 54·4% of the urea N recycled to the GIT was used for anabolism; however, this percentage was not constant. As NI or dietary crude protein (CP) increased (g/kg dry matter, DM), proportionately less of the urea produced was used for anabolism. Nonlinear equations were developed to predict UUA based on NI or dietary CP in the current database and simulated at 5 or 10 kg of daily DM intake (DMI) over the same range of NI (g/day) and therefore, for diets differing in CP content (g/kg DM). The equation based on NI had a quadratic behaviour and the same estimated UUA for both levels of DMI. The equation based on CP showed a relatively small increase in UUA at low DMI and increased UUA at the higher DMI as NI increased. For both equations and both DMI, the pattern suggested a limit to use of recycled N for anabolism.
Miocene Hominoids and New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry

It is widely believed that study of the hominoid primates of the Miocene will yield a better understanding of the nature of the last common ancestor of the apes and man, the time and place of the hominoid-pongid divergence, and the adaptive nature and reason for the initial differentiation of hominoids from pongids. The last 5 years have witnessed a reconceptualization of the affinities of the Miocene hominoids vis a vis the modern apes and man. It is for this reason that we organized a pre-Congress symposium at the VIII IPS Congress entitled “Miocene Hominoids and New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry.”
Research on the Model of Ordering Power by Heat in On-line Monitoring System of Heat-supply Turbine Units

In the research on the model of ordering power by heat for on-line monitoring system development technology in heat-supply turbine units,it focuses on the model of ordering power by heat,providing the basis for the determination of heating parameters in on-line monitoring system.This paper gives a mathematical model of three methods,taking a 135 MW unit as an example,setting up the mathematical model of ordering power by heat according to a method,then making the model of ordering power by heat for on-line monitoring system,mathermatical model of the heating units is obtained for the minimum and maximum generator power fitting formula in heating load and industrial heat load distribution.Through the contrast and analysis of the data and real-time field,it verifies the feasibility of the mathematics model.
Benefits of Embolization without Surgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Embolization may be the primary and exclusive treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. To evaluate its benefits, a group of 27 patients was studied for the incidence of hemorrhages, headaches, seizures, and neurologic deficits, both before and after Silastic sphere embolization. Questionnaires to patients and physicians were used. Embolization was found to decrease the frequency of headaches in most patients with this symptom, but had no effect on the frequency of seizures when patients in whom medical therapy was altered were excluded nor on the progression or incidence of neurologic signs and symptoms. The effect of embolization on the incidence of recurrent hemorrhages is as yet undetermined.
Study on Rapid Propagation Technology of Seeds Tissue Culture of Rhododendron calophytum Franch in Qinling

In this study,wild Rhododendron calophytumseeds in the Qinling Mountains area were used as explants,the effect of disinfection time,two kinds of basic initial medium,hormone concentrations on the proliferation and rooting culture were explored.The results showed that the best disinfection time of seeds was 3minutes or longer.Propagation coefficient of adventitious bud reached 4.0in the WPS medium with 1.5mg/L ZT and 0.5mg/L NAA,and cluster buds grew well.Rooting culture in 1/2WPM,after 30 days,the rooting rate reached 100%.And plantlets grew strong,roots developed well.
False-positive cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcus antigen in Libman-Sacks endocarditis.

Background Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis is a serious opportunistic infection associated with high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, particularly patients with advanced AIDS disease. The diagnosis is established through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcus antigen detection and cultures. Cryptococcus antigen testing is usually the initial test of choice due its high sensitivity and specificity along with the quick availability of the results.
Study on the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus and norovirus diarrhea in Tianjin

调查天津市感染性腹泻病患者中轮状病毒(RV)和诺如病毒(NV)发病状况,并分析其流行病学特征.1.资料与方法:随机选取天津市南开区、近郊的津南区、滨海的塘沽区及地处远郊的宝坻区作为调查地区.各区选一所综合医院参加,包括天津市儿童医院.将2007年12月1日至2009年12月31日在5所医院就诊的成年人和儿童感染性腹泻临床诊断病例纳入研究. 关键词：病毒性腹泻;轮状病毒;诺如病毒;流行特征
Extraction of lead using EDTA: factors affecting extraction, effects of amorphous iron and recycling of used EDTA

xii GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Lead sources and Species in Soil 4 Toxicity of Lead to Human Being 6 Heavy Metals Retention in Soil 8 Lead Solubility in Aqueous System 13 Remediation Technologies for Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils 20 Lead Solubility with EDTA 22 PART 1. FACTORS AFFECTING LEAD EXTRACTION WITH EDTA FROM LEAD-CONTAMINATED SOILS 29 INTRODUCTION 30 Fate of Lead in Soil 32 EDTA Complexation with Metals in Soil 35 Lead Extraction with EDTA 38 MATERIALS AND METHODS 41 Sample Characterization and Preparation 41 Extraction Procedures 44 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 46
Network-coded internet-friendly transport protocol

This paper presents the design of network-coded TCP (NCTCP). NCTCP is a reliable TCP-like transport protocol that uses network coding to dramatically improve the overall performance in networks with lossy links. By sending datagrams that represent a linear combination of packets, we are able to receive data in an orderless fashion and still push data in byte-correct order to the receiver.s application layer. To eliminate roundoff errors, we generate consecutive-ones linear combinations of packets that form totally unimodular matrices. We then decode these datagrams using an efficient technique. In addition, NCTCP has an additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) congestion control mechanism that uses round-trip times to increase the performance on wireless networks without hurting the performance on wired networks. Unlike TCP.s AIMD mechanism, NCTCP does not use a congestion window. Furthermore, NCTCP can be implemented in user space and hence does not need any changes to the kernel. We test our pro...
The Role of Surgery for Nodular Hyperthyroidism

The management of nodules in the setting of hyperthyroidism presents a challenge for the clinician and patient. The workup should focus on distinguishing the three main etiologies of hyperthyroidism: Graves’ disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic solitary nodule. The primary imaging consists of ultrasound and radioactive iodine uptake scanning. Additional workup aims to rule out the presence of cancer in any of the nodules. This is accomplished via fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. When choosing the definitive treatment strategy, surgery becomes an attractive solution because it eliminates the need for future surveillance of the nodules, alleviates compressive symptoms from the nodules or goiter, and resolves any current or future concern about thyroid cancer.
The Proteasomal ATPases Use a Slow but Highly Processive Strategy to Unfold Proteins.

All domains of life have ATP-dependent compartmentalized proteases that sequester their peptidase sites on their interior. ATPase complexes will often associate with these compartmentalized proteases in order to unfold & inject substrates into the protease for degradation. Significant effort has been put into understanding how ATP hydrolysis is used to apply force to proteins and cause them to unfold. The unfolding kinetics of the bacterial ATPase, ClpX, have been shown to resemble a fast motor that traps unfolded intermediates as a strategy to unfold proteins. In the present study, we sought to determine if the proteasomal ATPases from eukaryotes and archaea exhibit similar unfolding kinetics. We found that the proteasomal ATPases appear to use a different kinetic strategy for protein unfolding, behaving as a slower but more processive and efficient translocation motor, particularly when encountering a folded domain. We expect that these dissimilarities are due to differences in the ATP binding/exchange cycle, the presence of a trans-arginine finger, or the presence of a threading ring (i.e. the OB domain), which may be used as a rigid platform to pull folded domains against. We speculate that these differences may have evolved due to the differing client pools these machines are expected to encounter.
Comparative transcriptomics of mountain pine beetle pheromone-biosynthetic tissues and functional analysis of CYP6DE3

The mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is a highly destructive pest of pine forests in western North America. During flight to a new host tree and initiation of feeding, mountain pine beetles release aggregation pheromones. The biosynthetic pathways of these pheromones are sex-specific and localized in the midgut and fat body, but the enzymes involved have not all been identified or characterized. We used a comparative RNA-Seq analysis between fed and unfed male and female MPB midguts and fat bodies to identify candidate genes involved in pheromone biosynthesis. The 13,407 potentially unique transcripts showed clear separation based on feeding state and gender. Gene co-expression network construction and examination using petal identified gene groups that were tightly connected. This, as well as other co-expression and gene ontology analyses, identified all four known pheromone biosynthetic genes, confirmed the tentative identification of four others from a previous study, and suggested nine novel candidates. One cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP6DE3, identified as a possible exo-brevicomin-biosynthetic enzyme in this study, was functionally characterized and likely is involved in resin detoxification rather than pheromone biosynthesis. Our analysis supported previously characterized pheromone-biosynthetic genes involved in exo-brevicomin and frontalin biosynthesis and identified a number of candidate cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and a putative cyclase for further studies. Functional analyses of CYP6DE3 suggest its role in resin detoxification and underscore the limitation of using high-throughput data to tentatively identify candidate genes. Further functional analyses of candidate genes found in this study should lead to the full characterization of MPB pheromone biosynthetic pathways and the identification of molecular targets for possible pest management strategies.
Applying a Stress and Resiliency Framework for Teaching Adult Development and Aging throughout the Social Work Undergraduate-Level Curriculum

Old age is often characterized as a period in life when people experience multiple stresses. These stresses include declining health and physical functioning and loss of meaningful relationships. However, a growing body of research indicates that old age can be characterized as a period of resilience when older adults use internal and external resources to overcome the challenges presented by this stage of life and function to the best of their abilities. The purpose of this article is to present a stress and resiliency framework for teaching adult development and aging content throughout the social work undergraduate-level curriculum. The concept of resiliency is closely related to the strengths perspective, which serves as the unifying conceptual framework that informs most ideas about social work practice with the elderly. This model, when incorporated into the curriculum, helps in increasing a student's comprehensive understanding of aging and gerontology and is conductive in contributing to a well-ro...
Role of Water Solidification Concepts in Designing Nano-Textured Anti-Icing Surfaces

Creating anti-icing surfaces has proven to be a challenging task. With such a wide range of impacting parameters it is important to quantify ones with a large effect. Water solidification mechanisms play a fundamental role in designing anti-icing surfaces. In this Review Article, we will consider the effects of surface roughening on the mechanisms of nucleation and ice growth to show how surface roughening can be an alternative to overcome the limitations of icing of superhydrophobic coatings and surfaces. The results from various studies of anti-icing properties of superhydrophobic surfaces are reviewed and expanded to incorporate water solidification mechanisms to provide a more comprehensive approach to the design of anti-icing surfaces. The literature within this review shows that by applying the necessary roughness to either hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces and adjusting the surface topography, we can significantly suppress ice nucleation on various surfaces.
Effect of a novel workstation device on promoting non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

BACKGROUND Strategies to increase non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) through promotion of movement and energy expenditure at desk stations are needed to help overcome ill effects of prolonged sitting. OBJECTIVE Examine the metabolic rate during three stages of a workstation: sitting, standing, and use of a device (HOVR®) that promotes leg movement while seated. METHODS Participants (n = 16; mean ±standard deviation: age 26.1±6.0 years; BMI 24.7±4.3 kg/m2) were tested for VO2 and VCO2 for 15 min at each stage in this order: sitting only, sitting using the HOVR, and standing. Participants performed the same desk work to keep fine-motor activity consistent for the stages. Data collected during the final 5 min of a stage were averaged and analyzed as steady-state data. To evaluate the effect of each stage on cognitive function, the Stroop word-color test was administered after metabolic assessment as the stage continued. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare stages for VO2 (L/min), metabolic equivalents (METs), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate (p < 0.05). RESULTS The ANOVA revealed significant differences between the mean values for each stage for each dependent variable (p < 0.05). Post hoc tests indicated VO2 differed for each stage (mean±SD in mL/kg/min: sitting, 4.13±0.56; sitting with HOVR, 4.82±0.74; standing, 4.50±0.53; p < 0.05). METs followed a similar pattern (sitting, 1.19±0.16; sitting with HOVR, 1.39±0.20; standing, 1.29±0.16; p < 0.05). An increase in Stroop Test scores was found as the stages progressed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Modest movement while seated, i.e., use of HOVR, elevated metabolic rate by 17.6% compared to sitting and by 7% compared to standing and might be a reasonable strategy to help elevate NEAT during the workday.
Directional Data Analysis

Directional observations are common in the earth sciences. They include wind and ocean currents, solar radiation, fabric measurements, crystal orientation, movement of continental ice sheets, paleocurrents, B-axial lineations, faults, and orientation of pebbles. The interpretation of orientation data increases our understanding of the earth.
Arnol'd, the Jacobi identity, and orthocenters

The three altitudes of a plane triangle pass through a single point, called the orthocenter of the triangle. This property holds literally in Euclidean geometry, and, properly interpreted, also in ...
Evolution of Endoscopic Bariatric Devices: From Development to Practice.

OBJECTIVES To familiarize medical providers with the Food and Drug Administration approval process for antiobesity devices and to provide a brief overview of current and promising endoscopy-based bariatric devices. METHODS Literature review of published scholarly articles. RESULTS There has been a rapid development of novel endoscopic bariatric therapies in recent years, resulting in the approval of multiple devices. Several promising endoscopic strategies are currently under investigation and review. The Food and Drug Administration has laid down an objective-tiered model to review antiobesity device applications. DISCUSSION Endoscopic bariatric devices provide a new and promising paradigm in obesity management both as first-line therapy and as adjunctive treatment to medical and surgical strategies. Physicians who plan to offer endoscopic bariatric therapy in their practice need appropriate understanding of the regulatory processes involved in the development and approval of such devices.