cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The modern Invention of Barbarians: Ethnicity and the Transmission of Form*

The history of art started with the myth of Barbarian invasions. Countering the timelessness of Classical art as affirmed by Winckelmann in the middle of the eighteenth century, a new argument arose: The West was propelled into modernity by the Barbarian invasions of the fourth and fifth centuries, as it was converted from paganism to Christianity. The infusion of the new blood of the northern races was seen to have engendered a new art, anti-Roman and anti-Classical, whose legacy was still apparent in Europe. This was a fantasmatic narrative, inseparable from the formation of nation-states and the rise of nationalism in Europe. Based on the dual assumption of the homogeneity and the continuity of their native populations, it assumed that styles depend on both blood and race; the “tactile” or “optical” qualities of an object became the unequivocal signs of its “Latin” or “Germanic” provenance, and museums organized their objects according to the “ethnic” identity of their creators.
Genome Sequences of Three Cluster AU Arthrobacter Phages, Caterpillar, Nightmare, and Teacup.

Caterpillar, Nightmare, and Teacup are cluster AU siphoviral phages isolated from enriched soil on Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 21022. These genomes are 58 kbp long with an average G+C content of 50%. Sequence analysis predicts 86 to 92 protein-coding genes, including a large number of small proteins with predicted transmembrane domains.
Quantitative Volumetric Analysis Following Magnetic Resonance–Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Ablation of Cerebellar Metastases

Background Treating recurrent posterior fossa metastases after previous radiation therapy and surgical resection remains challenging. Magnetic resonance laser-induced thermal therapy (MR-LITT) is a promising treatment for recurrent lesions, but data on safety, efficacy, and postablation volume change in the posterior fossa are lacking. Methods All patients with recurrent posterior fossa metastatic lesions treated with MR-LITT by the senior neurosurgeon were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were used to measure lesional and perilesional edema volume. These measurements were compared to calculate percent ablation volume. All patients' clinical examinations were followed closely. Results Four patients with recurrent cerebellar metastases were treated with MR-LITT. The average percent lesion ablated was 97.1% (range, 88.2%–100%). The average preoperative lesion volume was 3.3 cm3 (range, 1.1–7.2 cm3), and the average final postoperative volume was 3.8 cm3 (range, 0.5–7.6 cm3). Lesion volume increased to maximum volume on postoperative day 1, with an average increase of 486.9%. The extrapolated average time for the lesion to shrink to below the initial size was 294.5 days. There was a trend toward a decrease in average edema volume from the preoperative MRI of 17.8 cm3 to final postoperative follow-up MRI of 3.4 cm3 (P = 0.0952). No postoperative hydrocephalus or complications occurred. Conclusions This pilot study shows that LITT appears to be a safe and promising treatment for recurrent posterior fossa metastatic lesions up to 7.2 cm3. Further randomized controlled studies are warranted to further characterize the long-term efficacy of this therapy.
Optical Fiber in Modern Networks

The impact of fiber on the communication industry is as profound as the impact of silicon on the electronics industry. The later innovations for refining the purity of glass and for the capacity to be pulled in dual cylindrical fibers of different refractive indices offered the breakthrough for its deployment as global data carrier. This chapter presents the use of optical fiber for carrying all types of data, including medical data, images, information, and knowledge. More recently, plastic fiber is a viable contender for very short distances and for instrumentation. Use of plastic fiber may offer special advantage in the medical field, and we propose special half-pulse width data encoding to get a better signal to noise performance.
“Embodiment” and Moral Critique: A Christian Social Perspective

“Embodiment” is frequently lifted up as central in critiques of the Western moral tradition on both sex and medicine. Yet the prominence of this theme is in some respects puzzling. After all, talk and practice in these two areas could hardly be more explicit about having the “body” as a key concern. Indeed, ethics as discourse about human relations and practices is always at some level about the body. Consider just war theory and theories of criminal justice as directly affecting human bodies, and government and economics as doing so less directly but nonetheless clearly.
Introduction to Mexico's Legal System

The presence of Mexican law - as the applicable foreign law - continues to grow considerably in American courts. This phenomenon is significant in California and the southwestern states, as well as in Illinois, New York and Washington, D.C. It is unquestionable that deciding cases based on Mexican law poses a challenge especially to judges but also to legal practitioners. As a result of this increasing trend, special attention is being given by American law schools to include in their curricula general courses on Mexican law or specialized seminars addressing specific areas of Mexican law such as contracts, torts or enforcement of judgments (some of them taught in Spanish). This descriptive article provides the most complete and current introduction to Mexico's legal system. The article is divided into six parts: Part One informs about Mexico as a country and then discusses Mexico's three federal powers: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Part Two offers a thorough explanation of the Sources of the Law in that country, from the Federal Constitution of 1917, to statutes and codes, and others, including the role of Jurisprudencia. Part Three describes the federal and state court systems. The Americanization of Mexican law and the intriguing and sui generis Amparo are discussed in Parts Four and Five, respectively. Part Six is a most practical addition: it consists of a current list (in the Spanish language) of the Best Mexican Law Web Sites available in the Internet, sponsored by that country's federal government and by its 32 federal legal entities, providing free and easy access to some five hundred federal statutes and regulations, including all of the Mexican federal codes, as well as all of the state codes and state legislation. Indeed, this wealth of legal statutes, codes, regulations and international treaties and conventions constitute, in the opinion of this author, the best Mexican law library in the world.
Building a House: Prevention in the Next Millennium

The National Mental Health Association (NMHA) envisions a just, humane and healthy society in which all people are accorded respect, dignity and the opportunity to achieve their full potential free from stigma and prejudice. Since our organization was founded in 1909 by Clifford W. Beers, prevention of mental health and substance abuse problems has been an integral part of our work at NMHA and the work of our field of 340 affiliated Mental Health Associations at local and state levels. At its core, the field of prevention is about realizing this vision for society. Prevention is about equalizing chances and leveling the playing field for all Americans, at all stages of the lifecycle. The scientific practice of systematically decreasing risk factors and enhancing protective factors has been proven to curtail development of mental and emotional disorders. This, thus far, has been the field of prevention’s greatest legacy. Researchers and advocates alike can, and should, say with emphasis that prevention works.3 Saying ‘prevention works’ in no means implies that the mental health community should stop investing in research and new interventions. Saying ‘prevention works’ is just like saying ‘treatment works’— we’ve got a good start, but there is still a vast expanse of research that can be done. Advocates can help that research to progress. Time and time again, NMHA and other advocates in the field of prevention have championed this message and attempted to gain acceptance of prevention as the first stage in the healthcare continuum. Together, we’ve heralded prevention as ‘an idea whose time has come,’4 and together we’ve expressed dismay at the lack of local, community-based prevention services, and together we’ve identified and
Unnecessary clinical tests in ophthalmology.

PURPOSE: To define and discuss unnecessary clinical tests in ophthalmology, review the justifications commonly given by clinicians for obtaining unnecessary clinical tests, and suggest a more rational approach to clinical testing in the future. METHODS: The author defines an unnecessary clinical test as a test on a human subject that is unlikely to influence that patient's diagnosis, prognosis, or management or is performed exclusively, primarily, or in large part for research purposes. RESULTS: Examples of clinical tests the author categorizes as unnecessary are tests performed to evaluate a new or nonstandard diagnostic instrument or method; tests performed to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a new instrument or method; tests obtained to provide images or data for future analysis, presentation, or publication; tests obtained routinely in patients of a certain class or category without regard to the individual's personal characteristics, recent clinical history, or clinical signs; and duplicate tests performed without retrieval and review of recent prior tests of the same types and determination of the quality of and findings revealed by those tests. Several justifications that are commonly given by clinicians for their ordering of unnecessary tests are presented, and each of these justifications is critiqued. The principal problems with unnecessary testing are increased costs of medical care, worsening rather than improvement in patient outcomes, and unethical practice. CONCLUSION: Unnecessary testing is perhaps an unavoidable aspect of current clinical ophthalmic practice in the United States. In spite of this, clinicians (especially academic ophthalmologists) need to be aware of this issue and take appropriate steps to minimize such testing.
Modelling gas evacuation mechanisms in present-day globular clusters: stellar winds from evolved stars and pulsar heating

We employ hydrodynamical simulations to investigate the underlying mechanism responsible for the low levels of gas and dust in globular clusters. Our models examine the competing effects of energy and mass supply from the various components of the evolved stellar population for globular clusters 47 Tucanae, M15, NGC 6440, and NGC 6752. Ignoring all other gas evacuation processes, we find that the energy output from the stars that have recently turned off the main sequence are capable of effectively clearing the evolved stellar ejecta and producing intracluster gas densities consistent with current observational constraints. This result distinguishes a viable gas and dust evacuation mechanism that is ubiquitous in globular clusters. In addition, we extend our analysis to probe the efficiency of pulsar wind feedback in globular clusters. The detection of intracluster ionized gas in 47~Tucanae allows us to place particularly strict limits on pulsar wind thermalization efficiency, which must be extremely low in the cluster's core in order to be in accordance with the observed density constraints.
Omega-3 fatty acids induce TGF-β1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer

6091 Background: Ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic in its early stages and most patients have widespread disease at the time of diagnosis. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common form of ovarian cancer with a long-term survival rate of approximately 30%. Measures used to prevent this disease are somewhat invasive or have the potential for significant side effects. Omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) are a non-toxic supplement that we have previously shown to reduce the proliferative capacity of immortalized epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines accompanied with the down-regulation of pro-angiogenic molecules, such as VEGF. In this study, we show that OM-3FAs also have the ability to up-regulate the pleiotropic anti-proliferative molecule TGF-β1 in vitro. Aim: To study the effects of OM-3FAs as a possible non-toxic chemo-preventative/treatment modality for epithelial ovarian cancer through the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Methods: 8x106 cells/T75 flask of the epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR3, SKOV3, Hey, HeyC2, and HeyA8 were plated in appropriate culture media and incubated at 370C at 5% CO2 overnight. An OM-3FA emulsion (or control media alone) at either 100μM or 150μM was then added to corresponding flasks and incubated from 24-72 hrs at 24hr increments. An ELISA assay for TGF-β1 (RandD Systems, MN) was then performed according to manufacturer’s instructions. Results: After treatment with the OM-3FA emulsion, TGF-β1 expression was dramatically up-regulated in the following manner: Hey cell line was 7% greater than control at 24hrs and 32% greater than control at 48hrs with 150μM OM-3FAs; HeyA8 cell line was 17% greater than control at 24hrs and 33% greater than control at 48hrs with 100μM OM-3FAs; HeyC2 cell line was 8% greater than control at 48hrs and was 35% greater than control at 72hrs with 100μM OM-3FAs. SKOV3 cell line was 5% greater than control at 72hrs with 150μM OM-3FAs. TGF-β1 expression was not effected in the OVCAR3 cell line (n=3). Conclusion: OM-3FAs have recently been shown to reduce the carcinogenic potential in a number of different cancers. Although a mechanism of action has not been delineated, one know molecule, TGF-β1, acts as a key molecule for cellular growth inhibition with anti-angiogenic capabilities. By studying the effects of OM-3FA on epithelial ovarian cancer cells, we have demonstrated that OM-3FAs can induce expression of TGF-β1from 5-33% greater than a control population further limiting the growth potential of these epithelial ovarian cell lines in vitro. This data further suggests that there are definitive growth suppressive mechanisms that may play a role in the down regulation of other molecular pathways that are responsible for uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Ongoing studies will address the anti-angiogenic effects of TGF-β1 through the SMAD family of proteins and thrombospondin receptor signaling pathways.
Epidemiology of Hyphema-Related Emergency Department Visits in The United States Between 2006 and 2015

Purpose To describe epidemiological trends, risk factors, and hospital-associated charges for patients presenting with hyphema to emergency departments (EDs) throughout the United States (U.S.). Methods Cross-sectional analysis of all hyphema-related ED cases in the U.S. Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) between 2006 and 2015 to determine population-based incidence rates, patient demographics, visit characteristics and associated charges. Results Between 2006 and 2015, there were a total of 16,222 cases with hyphema as primary visit diagnosis (0.52 ED visits per 100,000 population). The mean (SD) age at presentation was 37.4 (24.8) years, and males accounted for 66.2% of these cases. Trauma (n = 4,994, 30.8%) was the most frequently identified etiology, with sports-related injuries as important contributor. On multivariate analysis, traumatic hyphema was more likely for patients aged 5-14 years (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.88 [95% Confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-3.40, p = 0.04]) than 0-4 years, males (OR = 1.33 [95% CI: 1.09-1.62, p = 0.01]), in May through September (OR = 1.66-1.93 [95% CI: 1.08-3.05, p = 0.005-0.03]),and for those in the highest income quartile (OR = 1.42 [95% CI: 1.10-1.83, p = 0.01]). Visits were less likely for patients aged ≥55 years (OR = 0.49 [95% CI: 0.25-0.994, p = 0.03]) than 0-4 years. During the study period, hyphema accounted for $21 million in ED associated and $9 million in inpatient charges. Conclusion ED visits with hyphema as primary diagnosis occur at an annual rate of 0.52 per 100,000 population. Young males are particularly at risk and there has been an increase in the number of sports-related injuries which may represent a modifiable cause. Hyphema management costs $3 million in hospital-related charges annually.
P38 inhibition reverses TGFβ1 and TNFα-induced contraction in a model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a metaplasia in the vitreous of the eye manifested by the transformation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the development of contracting epiretinal membranes (ERM), which lead to retinal detachment and vision loss. While TGFβ1 and TNFα have been associated with PVR, here we show that these cytokines act synergistically to induce an aggressive contraction phenotype on adult human (ah)RPE. Connected RPE detach upon contraction and form motile membranes that recruit more cells. TGFβ1 and TNFα (TNT)-induced contracting membranes uniquely express muscle and extracellular rearrangement genes. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing of patient-dissected PVR membranes showed activation of the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. Inhibition of p38 during TNT treatment blocks ahRPE transformation and membrane contraction. Furthermore, TNT-induced membrane contractility can be reversed by p38 inhibition after induction. Therefore, targeting the p38-MAPK pathway may have therapeutic benefits for patients with PVR even after the onset of contracting ERMs.
Nonlinear Surface Acoustic Wave Grating for Parametric Amplification

In this paper we explore parametric amplification on the acoustic wave platform for the purpose of developing nonlinear devices such as amplifiers and mixers. The advantage of acoustic wave platform over conventional electromagnetic platform is that the former obtains great leverage on short wavelength and low loss of acoustic wave at radio frequency to achieve devices with small footprints and high quality factor. To realize efficient parametric amplification a nonlinear surface acoustic wave (SAW) grating is employed to couple acoustic waves through different frequencies. Novel implementation of nonlinear SAW grating by coupling nonlinear permittivity of Barium Strontium Titanite (BST) to mechanical stiffness of Lithium Niobate has been proved by both theory and simulation. Parametric gain is realized with optimal grating length and tunable permittivity of commercial BST thin film.
Design of CM Inductor Based on Core Loss for Radiated EMI Reduction in Power Converters

In power converters, common mode (CM) noise can radiate to cause radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI). Resistive, inductive and capacitive parts of the CM inductors can interact with the antenna to induce damping effect or additional resonance. The resistive component is desired for radiated EMI reduction with resonance avoided and noise energy dissipated. This paper researches on the equivalent core loss resistance and its application on CM inductors for radiated EMI reduction. This paper investigates the equivalent core loss resistance and quantifies its relation with core parameters and winding parameters. Critical factors for the equivalent core loss resistance include the ratio of core’s cross section area over core’s magnetic path length and winding’s turns number. Capacitive part of the CM inductor is also considered given its influence on impedance and on radiated EMI. Parasitic capacitances of both the winding and the core are analyzed. Experimental verification on the core loss based CM inductor design is performed on a flyback converter, with radiated EMI measured in a semi-anechoic chamber.
A model of air combat decisions

This paper reviews the current status of a project designed to develop a simulation model of decision making by expert fighter-pilots in air-to-air combat. The model builds on our previous work on measuring and representing conceptual structures by using those structures to model the underlying processes involved in flying high-speed tactical aircraft. The Air Combat Expert Simulation (ACES) system incorporates selection rules written in PROLOG to determine which of 17 basic fighter maneuvers to execute given a description of an airspace with two competing aircraft (T-38’s). A representation of the aircraft and their flight dynamics is written in Pascal. The aircraft are displayed in three-dimensional graphics. The simulation allows maneuvers to be selected for either aircraft by either a user or ACES. The maneuvers are mapped onto inputs to dynamic flight equations that update the airspace as maneuvers are executed. The selection of maneuvers by ACES compares favorably with the selections made by expert fighter pilots. Future directions for the model and applications in fighter lead-in training are discussed.
Perceptions of uncertainties about carrier results identified by exome sequencing in a randomized controlled trial.

How individuals perceive uncertainties in sequencing results may affect their clinical utility. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of uncertainties in carrier results and how they relate to psychological well-being and health behavior. Post-reproductive adults (N = 462) were randomized to receive carrier results from sequencing through either a web platform or a genetic counselor. On average, participants received two results. Group differences in affective, evaluative, and clinical uncertainties were assessed from baseline to 1 and 6 months; associations with test-specific distress and communication of results were assessed at 6 months. Reductions in affective uncertainty (∆x = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.02) and evaluative uncertainty (∆x = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.87) followed receipt of results regardless of randomization arm at 1 month. Participants in the web platform arm reported greater clinical uncertainty than those in the genetic counselor arm at 1 and 6 months; this was corroborated by the 1,230 questions asked of the genetic counselor and residual questions reported by those randomized to the web platform. Evaluative uncertainty was associated with a lower likelihood of communicating results to health care providers. Clinical uncertainty was associated with a lower likelihood of communicating results to children. Learning one's carrier results may reduce perceptions of uncertainties, though web-based return may lead to less reduction in clinical uncertainty in the short term. These findings warrant reinforcement of clinical implications to minimize residual questions and promote appropriate health behavior (communicating results to at-risk relatives in the case of carrier results), especially when testing alternative delivery models.
Caterina Marcenaro + Franco Albini for the Love of Art

I was immediately smitten when I visited Il Tesoro di San Lorenzo in Genoa many years ago (Fig. 1). I happened to discover the buried treasure that holds the sacraments and remnants of the crusades beneath the Duomo, and I was baffled by the fact that I was completely unfamiliar with it. I knew immediately that this modern architecture suited me, and I began a quest to learn more.
Feasibility of quasi-frozen, near-polar and extremely low-altitude lunar orbits

Abstract Designing long-duration lunar orbiter missions is challenging due to the Moon's highly nonlinear gravity field and the third-body perturbations induced by the Earth, Sun and other large bodies. The absence of a Lunar atmosphere has offered the possibility for mission designers to search for extremely low-altitude, quasi-stable lunar orbits. In addition to the reduced amount of propellant required for station-keeping maneuvers, these orbits present great opportunities for unique scientific studies such as high resolution imaging and characterization of the polar ice deposits in deep craters. Prior to the GRAIL mission, mission planning for Lunar orbiters had suffered from inaccuracies, mainly due to the lack of an accurate Lunar gravity model, which resulted in severe deviations with respect to the spacecraft's nominal orbit. We study station-keeping feasibility for spacecraft in near-polar and extremely low-altitude, quasi-frozen orbits around the Moon, that are perturbed by a high-fidelity lunar gravity model and third-body effects from the Earth and Sun. For several candidate orbits, we compare the trade-space between mission duration and Δ V budget, considering impulsive maneuvers applied once every ‘ N ∈ { 2,6,10,14,18 } ’ orbits at periselene or aposelene. Additionally, we investigate the propulsive cost for different orbit insertion dates, the location of impulsive corrections for arresting argument of periselene (ω) drift, and controlling periselene altitude.
The Digital Health Landscape in Addiction and Substance Use Research: Will Digital Health Exacerbate or Mitigate Health Inequities in Vulnerable Populations?

Novel and emerging digital health technologies are increasingly used in substance use and addiction-related self-management and treatment research. The promise of digital health is exciting, yet there are important factors regarding population characteristics to consider prior to using novel technologies with vulnerable populations. This paper reports a review of scientific literature published between 2015 and early 2020 on the use of digital health strategies in research focused on substance use and addiction in vulnerable populations. Using 13 search terms, three databases were screened for published literature meeting specific inclusion criteria. Common themes expressed across the 32 resulting publications included user acceptability, product reliability, and privacy and security concerns. Implementation of evidence-based frameworks and guidelines is needed to guide future digital health research in vulnerable populations. Guidance should involve robust evaluations of acceptability, feasibility, and clinically meaningful use of digital health in diverse populations experiencing addiction-related health concerns.
Not All Conflicts Are Bad: Why Some Conflicts of Interests Advance Patients' Interests.

The case presents a surgeon-researcher with non-financial conflict of interests (COI), who recommended operating on a high-risk, rare tumor that the surgeon studies (Wilfond et al. 2020). As writte...
Neo-Republicanism, Nondomination, and Gun Rights in Uncertain Times

Republican political theory has long feared the tyranny of uncontrolled power. While maintaining the tradition’s suspicions of concentrated power, neo-republicans regard the presence of a constitutionally limited political state as an essential constituent of nondomination. In this essay, I suggest that the summer protests of 2020 provide an occasion for scrutinizing philosophical idealization of the political state. If an image of the political state as a source of domination is placed alongside its usual image as the solution to domination, how would that revision affect neo-republican prescriptions? I consider this question specifically with respect to private ownership of firearms. This paper has two aims. First, I contend that private possession of firearms does not suffice for mutual domination. The neo-republican’s premises are inadequate to build an argument for gun control. Second, I make a positive case that when the state becomes a dominating power or complicit in domination, private possession of firearms can potentially offer a valuable source of antipower.
Linking Bluetooth LE & Classic and Implications for Privacy-Preserving Bluetooth-Based Protocols

Bluetooth Low Energy advertisements are increasingly used for proximity privacy-preserving protocols. We investigate information leakage from BLE advertisements. Our analysis, among other things, reveals that the design of today’s Bluetooth chips enables the linking of BLE advertisements to Bluetooth Classic (BTC) frames, and to a globally unique identifier (BDADDR). We demonstrate that the inference of the BDADDR from BLE advertisements is robust achieving over 90% reliability across apps, mobile devices, density of devices, and tens of meters away from the victims. We discuss the implications of current chipsets vulnerability on privacy-preserving protocols. The attack, for instance, reveals the BDADDR of devices of infected users of contact-tracing apps. We also discuss how the vulnerability can lead to de-anonymization of victims. Furthermore, current mobile devices do not allow selective disabling of BTC independently of BLE which renders simple countermeasures impractical. We developed several mitigations for the Android OS and the Bluetooth stack and demonstrate their efficacy.
Chapter 33. Drug Metabolism

Publisher Summary The drug metabolism chemist is usually concerned with only the three major reaction pathways; these are oxidative, conjugative and hydrolytic processes. The vagaries of mother nature determine the sequence and combinations of these three reactions that are responsible for the vast majority of biotransformations involving drug substances. These biological reactions, in conjunction with the kinetics of the processes involved and the development of the technology needed to measure these products, have expanded the literature of drug metabolism at an increasing rate. The relationship between the toxicity and drug metabolism is of continuing interest. The chapter discusses pharmacokinetics. It here states about the alternative methods for estimating the pharmacokinetic parameters based on direct linear plotting, linear system analysis, and zero-order absorption with first-order elimination processes. There are new methods to evaluate the bioequivalence of drugs with changing half-lives and to assess the acceptability of two comparable drug formulation . The effects of antacids on the bioavailability of diflunisal and theophylline have been discussed in the chapter. Urinary pH dramatically affects the excretion of both meperidine and its metabolite, normeperidine, but has a negligible effect on the blood concentration. Study on some other drugs mentioned here, how the dose affects the body and how fast the drug gets absorbed in the system, the residual amount and the rate of the elimination of residue. The chapter discusses the analytical methods to the study of drug metabolism. Drug disposition, metabolite formation, implementation of their toxicity, and antitoxicity measures are explained in the chapter with examples.
Physical Methods of Food Preservation

Food preservation methods were originally developed to extend the shelf life of food by protecting the product from microbiological, chemical, and physical changes that could lead to spoilage. The microbiological changes are prevented by eliminating spoilage microorganisms or simply suppressing their metabolic activity. Modern preservation methods are designed not only to extend the shelf life of food, but also to ensure its safety by inactivating pathogenic microorganisms and viruses of concern, or in some cases just preventing their growth in the product. The most commonly used preservation methods are physical in nature. Treatment of food with heat (i.e., thermal processing) inactivates spoilage-initiating microorganisms and enzymes, as well as disease-causing microorganisms. Removal of heat to refrigerate or freeze food suppresses microbial metabolism and multiplication, and the process also may inactivate a fraction of the food microbiota. Decreasing water availability is effectively used in preserving many foods through concentration or drying or by addition of water activity (aw) modifiers. Most of the alternative technologies to thermal processing are considered physical preservation methods. These include gamma radiation, which is gradually gaining acceptance as an effective preservation method. Use of ultrahigh pressure to preserve prepackaged value-added food is increasing. Emerging preservation approaches also include using pulsed electric fields, UV light, and ultrasound, with the aim of ensuring food safety while minimizing adverse impacts of processing on product quality. Many of these physical treatments are addressed in this chapter, with emphasis on engineering background, microbiological considerations, and applications in food processing.
MACHINING OF TiB2 AND ITS COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT The mechanism of material removal during electrical discharge machining (EDM) of TiB2 and its composites was studied by examining surfaces and debris using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. In TiB2, melting occurs due to formation of eutectic liquid with present impurities. In TiB2-laminates melting and creation of high residual stresses produced cracks and fissures. The surface hardness was comparable to that obtained by polishing. During EDM of BN-TiB2 composites, TiB2 forms eutectic liquid at the interface with BN, and residual BN and some TiB2 spall due to thermal shock. During pause periods parts of the liquid and fragments are flushed out by the dielectric. Composites rich in TiB2 or with fine TiB2 grains gave high material removal rates due to their high electrical conductivity. For all BN-TiB2 composites, the diamond saw yielded much higher material removal rates than EDM but, unlike EDM, the diamond saw gave relatively lower removal rates for compositions rich in TiB2, and for c...
Development of a Membrane-Bound Respiratory System Prior to and During Sporulation in Bacillus cereus and Its Relationship to Membrane Structure

Bulk membrane fragments were prepared from cells of Bacillus cereus ATCC 4342 harvested at different stages of growth and sporulation and examined for enzymes involved in electron transport functions. The presence of succinate: DCPIP oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.99.1), succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.2.1), NADH:DCPIP oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.1), NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.2.1), succinate oxidase [succinate: (O2) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.3.1], and NADH oxidase [NADH:(O2) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.3.1] were demonstrated in membrane fragments from vegetative cells, early and late stationary-phase cells, and in cells undergoing sporulation. During the transition from a vegetative cell to a spore, there was a significant increase in the levels of enzymes associated with energy production via the electron transport system. Cytochromes of the a, b, and c type were detected in all membrane preparations; however, there was a marked increase in the level of cytochromes by the end of vegetative growth which remained throughout sporulation; there were no qualitative changes in the cytochromes throughout growth and sporulation. Sporulation was inhibited by cyanide, stressing the significance of the electron transport system. Enzyme activities were partially masked in washed membrane fragments; however, unmasking (stimulation) was achieved by sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or Triton X-100. The degree of enzyme masking was less in vegetative cell membrane fragments than in membranes prepared from stationary-phase or sporulating cells. Results indicate the development of a membrane-bound electron transport system in B. cereus by the end of growth and prior to sporulation, which results in an increased masking of a number of enzymes associated with the terminal respiratory system of the cell.
Molecular electronic-structure theory

Second Quantization Spin in Second Quantization Orbital Rotations Exact and Approximate Wave Functions The Standard Models Atomic Basis Functions Short-Range Interactions and Orbital Expansions Gaussian Basis Sets Molecular Integral Evaluation Hartree-Fock Theory Configuration-Interaction Theory Multiconfigurational Self-Consistent Field Theory Coupled-Cluster Theory Perturbation Theory Calibration of the Electronic-Structure Models List of Acronyms Index
A new hand-off algorithm using fuzzy logic [micro-cellular environment]

The cellular industry is moving towards smaller cell sizes in order to increase channel reuse. The advent of the micro-cell has presented some problems to conventional hand-off algorithms. The main issues are: (i) the need for a more reliable hand-off algorithm in the region on the cell boundary where the signals from adjacent base stations (BSs) overlap and (ii) the need to find a solution to the Manhattan Street Corner Effect where the signal level may drop off up to 15 dB when a mobile station (MS) turns a corner. A search for a solution to these issues has lead to the motivation for using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy logic approach to controlling hand-off in a micro-cellular environment is presented. The fuzzy control is being offered as an alternative to the standard hand-off algorithm(s). The fuzzy hand-off algorithm utilizes the received signal strength (RSSI) and distance measurements. These inputs were mapped using fuzzy rules to an output hand-over factor. The hand-over factor was used to determine the hand-off initiation. >
Primary structure of bovine carboxypeptidase B. IV. Amino acid sequence of a disulfide-containing loop.

Fragment CN-2 formed in the cyanogen bromide cleavage of bovine carboxypeptidase B is a dotriacoritapeptide that contains one residue each of cystine and homoserine [Elzinga et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 123, 353(1968)]. It is considered to represent a portion of the Cpase B molecule in which a disulfide loop occurs. The amino acid sequence of CN-2 has been derived by degradative experiments with tryptic and chymotryptic peptides isolated after reduction and aminoethylation. The sequence is: Asp-Cys-Gly-Phe-His-Ala-Arg-Glu-Trp-Ile-Ser-Pro-Ala-Phe-Cys-Gln-Trp-Val-Arg-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Thr-Tyr-Gly-Arg-Glu-Ile-His-Hser. The disulfide loop contains 12 residues.
The effect of increasing the protein content of breakfasts on satiety and cognitive function in undergraduate students (120.2)

The effect of protein consumption at breakfast on appetite and cognitive performance was investigated using a randomized, cross-over study design. Following an overnight fast, 33 healthy, college undergraduates (aged = 22±2 yrs, BMI = 23.5±1.7. kg/m2) were provided one of four breakfast treatments: no breakfast, CHO-only, high-CHO/low protein and low-CHO/high protein. Baseline appetite questionnaires and plasma samples were collected and cognitive performance tests were administered at regular intervals for 240 minutes following breakfast. An ad libitum lunch meal was provided 240 minutes after breakfast, and the amount eaten recorded. Following the lunch meal, participants were allowed to leave the laboratory and food intake was recorded using a food log and hourly appetite questionnaires completed for the rest of the day. Eating breakfast reduced subjective appetite compared to eating no breakfast (p<0.05). While food intake at the lunch meal was lowest after the HP breakfast (p<0.05) total daily energy...
Size of the Lipid Precursor Pool in Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli the lipid precursor pool (glycerol and acetate) was found to be less than 5,000 molecules per cell.
A communications analysis tool set that accounts for the attenuation due to foliage, buildings, and ground effects

The purpose of this paper is to describe a communications analysis tool, referred to as OPAR, that can be used in support of both in-field demonstrations and large-scale simulation activities. Using overhead imagery as a backdrop, OPAR provides a graphical user interface that allows the user to quantify the source/destination path attenuation in a mobile, ad-hoc communications network, taking into account obstructions due to foliage and buildings.
Quill: Ein Editor/Formatierer für strukturierte gemischte Dokumente

Quill ist ein experimenteller Dokument-Editor/Formatierer fur Arbeitsplatzrechner mit den folgenden Schwerpunkten: Benutzeroberflache: Quill erlaubt die Manipulation des Dokumentes sowohl in Bezug auf seine physische Erscheinungsform als auch auf seinen logischen Inhalt. Quill prasentiert dem Benutzer eine WYSIWYG-Oberflache mit der Moglichkeit der direkten Manipulation. Gleichzeitig konnen auch die SGML-„Tags“ angezeigt und gehandhabt werden, die die logischen Elemente des Dokumentes identifizieren. Auf diese Weise kombiniert Quill den Komfort eines WYSIWYG-Editors mit der Machtigkeit eines Formatierers, der sich auf das„ Markup“-Konzept abstutzt. Erweiterbarkeit: Quill unterstutzt das Formatieren von Dokumenten, die eine Mischung von Text, Graphiken und anderem Material enthalten. Jede bestimmte Art von Material wird von einem dafur zugeschnittenen Editor verarbeitet, der eine ganz spezifische Kenntnis der Eigenschaften des Materials besitzt, sei es nun Text, Graphiken, mathematische oder chemische Formeln. Demzufolge besteht Quill aus einem Kern und einer Sammlung von kooperierenden Editoren. Das System ist so organisiert, das ein neuer Editor hinzugefiigt werden kann, ohne die bereits vorhandenen Editoren zu storen. Der Kern koordiniert die verschiedenen Editoren, um eine unbeschrankte Verschachtelung von Objekten aus verschiedenem Material und einen nahtlosen Ubergang zwischen den Editoren zu ermoglichen. Semantische Spezifizierung: Quill erlaubt dem Benutzer logische Elemente zu generieren und zu handhaben, die durch externe Stildefinitionen beschrieben sind. Die Erscheinungsform und das Verhalten von einfachen Elementen kann durch sogenannte „property sheets“ definiert werden. Komplexere Elemente dagegen, wie z.B. Indexeintragungen oder Referenzen erfordern zusatzlich eine Definition durch eine algorithmische Spezifikationssprache. Da Quill ein WYSIWYG-System ist, mus es moglich sein, die Dokumentelemente zu jeder Zeit und in jeder Reihenfolge neu zu formatieren. Besondere Mechanismen sind erforderlich, um die Beziehungen zwischen den Elementen festzuhalten. Das Quill-Projekt untersucht Methoden, um Elemente so zu definieren, das sie WYSIWYG-gerecht verarbeitet werden konnen. Gleichzeitig soll eine „Designer’s Workbench“ implementiert werden, um solche Definitionen zu generieren und zu editieren.
Evaluating preparation programs for school leaders and teachers in specialty areas

Accrediting agencies and approval boards at the national, regional, and state levels are responding to calls for reform and are also initiating changes in their standards. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE, 1990) recently increased the rigor of its standards for the approval of all aspects of teacher education programs. These standards require that extensive formative and summative evaluations be conducted by an accredited teacher education program. The National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification (NASDTEC) and the six regional accreditation agencies have also developed standards that are applicable to the evaluation of teacher education programs. All states require some accreditation or approval of teacher education programs.
Systemic mastocytosis with associated acute myelogenous leukemia.

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a condition associated with a clonal neoplastic proliferation of mast cells. Approximately 40% of patients with SM present with an associated clonal hematological non–mast cell lineage disorder. Patients presenting with SM–acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have the worst prognosis. We present a case of a 62-year-old woman who was diagnosed with SM-AML. After initial treatment with a standard regimen of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C)/idarubicin, her bone marrow showed residual blasts. She was subsequently treated with a second induction regimen of clofarabine and high-dose Ara-C, which resulted in remission of AML, although a residual mast cell infiltrate persisted in her bone marrow. After consolidation therapy with clofarabine/Ara-C, the patient received a stem cell allograft. A follow-up bone marrow showed no residual blasts but persistent mast cells occupying about 5% of the marrow volume.
The E-Butler Service, or Has the Age of Electronic Personal Decision Making Assistants Arrived?

This paper describes an Electronic Butler (or e-Butler) that provides a customer-centric personalized shopping services to its subscribers across a wide range of products. This service is provided by identifying individual customer's shopping needs from the comprehensive purchasing history of that person and providing purchasing recommendations or direct purchasing decisions for the customer. e-Butler service consists of two components - the Personal Shopping Assistant (PSA) service that provides purchasing recommendations to the customer and the Magic Wand (MW) service that directly makes purchases it believes the customer needs without any prior consultations with the customer. In order to understand how PSA and MW services of e-Butler are related to the existing one-to-one marketing and recommender systems, a general framework classifying various personalized shopping services is presented that clearly delineates PSA and MW services from these existing systems. Moreover, the paper presents an architecture of the e-Butler service, explains what its business value is, discusses its feasibility, and describes what needs to be done to make it a successful service.
Drug utilization, safety and clinical use of Actos and Avandia.

AND OBJECTIVE: The impetus for this review was recent increased warnings of cardiovascular toxicity, fractures and bladder cancer associated with glitazone use. METHODS: A drug utilization review was performed regarding the use of Actos (pioglitazone) and Avandia (rosiglitazone) at Cooper Green Mercy Hospital (CGMH), an inner city safety net hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. Pharmacy records were reviewed hospital-wide to determine usage patterns of all anti-diabetic medications. Medline and the FDA websites were searched for articles on safety and efficacy of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Considerations were relative utilization profile, comparative efficacy, indications, relative cost, and safety profile of the two available medications in this drug class. RESULTS: On the basis of all of these factors, a hospital-wide switch of all rosiglitazone prescriptions to all pioglitazone was implemented, which was estimated to result in savings of $83,000 for the first year. No episodes of worsening of control of diabetes were anticipated, nor were episodes of decreased efficacy or adverse effects as a result of automatically switching patients from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone at the time of prescription filling. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusions can be summarized in a number of key points.
Lettrt To The Editor

Dr. Hook9s comments about our study are received with appreciation. Children with abnormalities of the sex chromosomes are so rare that it is difficult for any one center to see enough of them to make valid conclusions about differences in their development. However, it is possible that pooling of data from several centers will show significant trends. In fact, in June 1974, investigators from a number of centers where prospective studies of such children are being conducted met to share their data and consider a plan for some ongoing collaboration.