cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure forest and composition factors for small base groups in nearly linear time

A base of a permutation group G is a subset B of the permutation domain such that only the identity of G fixes B pointwise. The permutation representations of important classes of groups, including all finite simple groups other than the alternating groups, admit O(log n) size bases, where n is the size of the permutation domain. Groups with very small bases dominate the work on permutation groups within computational group theory.We use the “soft” version of the big-O notation introduced by [BLSI]: for two functions f(n), g(n), we write f(n)=O˜(g(n)) if for some constants c, C > 0, we have f(n) ≤ Cg(n) logcn.We address the problems of finding structure trees and composition factors for permutation groups with small (O˜(1) size) bases. For general permutation groups, a method of Atkinson will find a structure tree in O(n2) time. We give an O˜(n) algorithm for the small base case. The composition factor problem was first shown to have a polynomial time solution by Luks [Lu], and recently Babai, Luks, Seress [BLS2] gave an O˜(n3) algorithm. The [BLS2] algorithm takes T(n3) time even in the small base case. We overcome several quadratic and cubic bottlenecks in the [BLS2] algorithm to give an O˜(n) Monte Carlo algorithm for the small base case. In addition, we show that the center of a small base group can be found in time O˜(n).
Late night with David letterman: A humorous balance

Balance theory was employed to explain the humor of Late Night with David Letterman. Results showed that the length of a narrative and of the initial audience response were significant predictors of the number of references made to that narrative. Amount of audience response to a reference varied significantly with the ordinal number of that reference.
Distribution and Abundance of the Aquatic Oligochaete Host Tubifex tubifex for the Salmonid Whirling Disease Parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in the Upper Colorado River Basin

Abstract Benthic invertebrate samples were collected from six sites in the upper Colorado River basin in north-central Colorado to determine the distribution, abundance, and infection rates of Tubifex tubifex, the aquatic oligochaete host for the salmonid whirling disease parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. The disease has been implicated as a factor in severe recruitment declines in wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in this drainage. In Windy Gap Reservoir, T. tubifex constituted 73% of the oligochaete community, compared with 53% in the Colorado River upstream from the reservoir and 33% in the river downstream. Total oligochaete densities were slightly higher in the reservoir than above or below the reservoir. About 1.2% of the worm population was infected with M. cerebralis in the reservoir; infection rates were similar in the river. In Willow Creek, a tributary to the upper Colorado River, 73% of the oligochaetes at two sites downstream of cattle grazing and riparian-area gravel mining were T. tubifex...
Comparison of the logical structure of the liquid drop model and the interacting boson model

Abstract The logical structures of the Liquid Drop Model and the Interacting Boson Model are compared and found to be remarkably similar. Minor modifications in these models are indicated which, if implemented, will result in mathematically equivalent models.
The BMP binding protein Crossveinless 2 is a short-range, concentration-dependent, biphasic modulator of BMP signaling in Drosophila

In Drosophila, the secreted BMP-binding protein Short gastrulation (Sog) inhibits signaling by sequestering BMPs from receptors, but enhances signaling by transporting BMPs through tissues. We show that Crossveinless 2 (Cv-2) is also a secreted BMP-binding protein that enhances or inhibits BMP signaling. Unlike Sog, however, Cv-2 does not promote signaling by transporting BMPs. Rather, Cv-2 binds cell surfaces and heparan sulfate proteoglygans and acts over a short range. Cv-2 binds the type I BMP receptor Thickveins (Tkv), and we demonstrate how the exchange of BMPs between Cv-2 and receptor can produce the observed biphasic response to Cv-2 concentration, where low levels promote and high levels inhibit signaling. Importantly, we show also how the concentration or type of BMP present can determine whether Cv-2 promotes or inhibits signaling. We also find that Cv-2 expression is controlled by BMP signaling, and these combined properties enable Cv-2 to exquisitely tune BMP signaling.
The reduction of tumor initiating activity and cell mediated mutagenicity of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by a copper coordination compound

Cu(II) (3,5-diisopropyl salicylate)2 (CuDIPS) which is an anti-inflammatory copper coordination compound (mol. wt. 503) possessing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was tested to determine its effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced initiation of tumors in mouse skin and on mutagenicity to 6-thioguanine resistance in a mouse keratinocyte mediated Chinese hamster V-79 cell system. A single application of CuDIPS (0.4 mg/mouse) administered at a short interval before DMBA application when followed by 20 weeks of promotion by TPA reduced the mouse skin tumor yield by 55%. When DMBA-induced cell-mediated mutagenesis was tested in the presence of CuDIPS a significant reduction in the number of V-79 6-thioguanine resistant mutants was observed.
Platelet monoamine oxidase in Parkinson patients: effect of L-deprenyl therapy.

Platelet MAO activity was measured in 79 Parkinson patients (56 males and 23 females) before and during L-deprenyl therapy. Baseline platelet MAO activity was higher in females than in males with no age dependent differences. During chronic L-deprenyl therapy, MAO activity was inhibited greater than 98%. Four hours after the oral administration of the first 5 mg dose of L-deprenyl, platelet MAO activity was inhibited by 86%. By 24 hours, greater than 98%, inhibition was achieved and this degree of inhibition was maintained during continuous L-deprenyl administration. Following oral administration of 10 mg L-deprenyl once a day versus 5 mg L-deprenyl twice a day, the time course of platelet MAO inhibition was similar. Five days after the termination of chronic L-deprenyl therapy, platelet MAO activity was still inhibited by 96%. MAO activity returned to normal by 2 weeks after stopping L-deprenyl. Platelet MAO activity is a useful method of monitoring bioavailability, compliance, dose-response relationship and optimal dosage schedules for L-deprenyl in Parkinson patients.
How Would Socrates Teach Games? a Constructivist Approach

(1997). How Would Socrates Teach Games? a Constructivist Approach. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 68, No. 9, pp. 42-47.
Deviance, Rule‐Breaking and Male Dominance in Conversation

Previous research on dyadic interaction indicates that cross-sex conversations (malefemale) are characterized by more frequent interruptions than same-sex conversations. More specifically, males consistently tend to interrupt their female co-conversationalists. Survey data from three student samples suggest that normative definitions reflected in perceptions of intemption are inconsistent with the empirical distribution of rule-breaking observed by conversational researchers. These results provide some strategic insights into the problematic distinction between deviance and rule-breaking that has been central to labeling theory. For a body of theory and research that lays claim to the title “interactionist perspective on deviance, ” the labeling tradition has paid remarkably little attention to actual interactional processes. Conversation is treated mainly as a symbolic medium through which labels are applied or encounters are negotiated between agents of social control and putative deviants. This paper explores a different, more patently “interactionist” approach to issues raised by the labeling tradition. Here, theform, rather than the conrent, of interaction will be analyzed as a resource for the study of deviance. Specifically, we will be concerned with the distribution and social definition of a common rule-breaking act-conversational interruption. This is hardly the sort of transgression that inspires official commissions of inquiry or mo.r3< the public to lock its doors at night. Yet, as we will show, this form of conversational deviance is an unusually promising site for research on how relations of power fundamentally structure the patterning and perception of social order. We will begin by articulating this unconventional analytical problem with some familiar issues in deviance theory. Next, we will examine previous research on the objective contours of this rule-breaking act, which documents its high incidence among males in cross-sex conversations. We then present a contrasting view of this phenomenon based on
Response of MDOF systems to nonstationary random excitation

Abstract A procedure for calculating the dynamic response of a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system to nonstationary non-white vector-valued random excitation is developed utilizing a modal time-domain approach. The nonstationary excitation is represented by an envelope-modulated stationary random process that may be expressed as a product of a stationary random process with a deterministic envelope modulating function. The response of the coupled system is obtained at any time interval using the modal impulse-response function. The envelope intensity function is approximated by a staircase unit step function. This feature facilitates the use of envelope functions of any arbitrary shape. This formulation permits computations through a reduction in the multiplicity of the integrals involved in the evaluation of the response covariance matrices. The modal response covariance matrices are transformed to the associated response matrices in physical coordinates utilizing a mode displacement method. The peak structural response values at any level on the structure are obtained by following the evolutionary distribution of the extreme values. The coupled lateral-torsional response of a ten-storey unsymmetrical building subjected to a ground motion in any arbitrary direction is considered for illustrating the procedure developed here. The stationary component of the ground motion is represented by the Kanai-Tajimi spectrum, which is modulated by a typical trapezoidal envelope intensity function to include the nonstationary feature. The response estimates are in good agreement with a modal-state space Markov vector approach. The computationally efficient procedure presented here holds the promise of becoming a convenient design office tool.
Cell cycle stage-specific transcription of histone genes

Abstract DNA complementary to histone messenger RNAs was utilized to assay the in vitro transcripts from chromatin of G1 and S phase HeLa S3 cells for the presence of histone specific sequences. The complementary DNA was prepared by transcribing, with an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, histone messenger RNAs isolated from the polyribosomes of S phase HeLa S3 cells to which adenylic acid residues had been enzymatically added. While the RNA transcripts of S phase chromatin contained histone specific sequences, such sequences were not detected in the RNA transcripts from G1 chromatin. These results suggest that transcription of the genes for histone polypeptides is restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle.
Denture duplication technique with alternative materials

This denture duplication technique uses addition silicone impression material. It is an easy, time-efficient method that allows the fabrication of the duplicate denture at a convenient time.
Partitioning of HNO3, H2O2 and SO2 to cloud ice: Simulations with CMAQ

Abstract In the upper troposphere, gas phase species can partition to cloud ice, undergo chemical reaction and contribute to particle mass aloft, affecting chemical cycling in the atmosphere. This manuscript describes the first implementation of gas-to-cloud ice partitioning of three inorganic gases, HNO 3 , SO 2 and H 2 O 2 , along with subsequent SO 2 oxidation in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) chemical transport model. Four simulations are performed with CMAQv4.7.1 that include lightning production of NO for August 12th–25th of 2005 to investigate the impacts of ice chemistry on CMAQ-predicted gas phase mixing ratios and particle mass concentrations of associated species. Considerable episodic decreases, greater than 25%, in gas phase HNO 3 are noted at pressures of 200–600 mb, with the largest changes at 300–400 mb. Effects are also induced on other gases in the nitrogen budget. NO x and HONO mixing ratios decrease up to 20%, but changes are generally less than 10%. Nitrate aerosol mass concentrations increase up to 0.15 μg m −3 for the highest model layers (100 mb). We find that phase changes in nitrogen species induced by ice partitioning are sensitive to CMAQ predictions of the aerosol phase accumulation mode ammonium to sulfate ratios [ NH 4 + ] : [ SO 4 2 − ] . Predicted O 3 concentrations do not change ( 2 O 2 , SO 2 , or sulfate aerosol concentrations are observed.
Selectivity Coefficients of Amino Acids for the Ammonium Ion on a Strong Cation Exchange Resin

The selectivity coefficients of 16 amino acids for the ammonium form of a strong cation exchange resin (8% divinylbenzene (DVB)) were determined, using the mass action law, and were found to be correlated with various physicochemical parameters through trials of multiple regression analysis. Good relationships were obtained between selectivity coefficients and physicochemical parameters, such as the partition coefficient in octanol/water of amino acids and molecular weight. When the amino acids were divided into three groups (hydrophilic, hydrophobic and basic), the molecular weights of amino acids in the respective groups showed good relationship with the selectivity coefficients of the respective amino acids (regression coefficient: 0.94–0.96). A multiple regression equation was found to express the selectivity coefficient for each amino acid as a function of three parameters (partition coefficient, hydration number and partial molar volume). These results show that the selectivity coefficient of an ami...
Treatment of pressure ulcers with noncontact normothermic wound therapy: healing and warming effects.

Abstract Objective: This study compared healing rates in stage III and IV pressure ulcers treated with noncontact normothermic wound therapy or moist dressings. Periwound temperature changes with noncontact normothermic wound therapy were evaluated. Design: This 8-week, prospective, randomized clinical trial evaluated linear rate of healing of the wound edge and periwound temperature changes during the 1-hour warming treatment and for 15 minutes after warming. Setting and subjects: Forty subjects referred from primary care providers, home care providers, acute care facilities, and long-term care facilities were enrolled in the study. Twenty-nine subjects completed the trial (14 received standard care, and 15 received noncontact normothermic wound therapy). Instruments: Ulcers were measured with acetate tracings, digital and Polaroid photography, and Pressure Sore Status Tool evaluations. The linear rate of healing was determined with use of computerized planimetry. Periwound temperatures were recorded with use of a Cole Parmer thermometer YSI 400 series. Methods: Subjects were evaluated weekly. Subjects randomly assigned to noncontact normothermic wound therapy received 3 treatments daily, during which the dressing was warmed to 38°C for 1 hour. Subjects in the standard care group were treated with dressings that were moisture retentive and provided absorption as needed. Results: The two groups were statistically similar with regard to baseline and wound characteristics. The linear rate of healing was significantly faster in the group treated with noncontact normothermic wound therapy (Mann-Whitney U test = 47, P = .01). On average, periwound temperatures increased 2.4°C at the end of warming (1 hour), a significant increase above baseline values ( P = .001). Conclusions: The healing rate was significantly increased with noncontact normothermic wound therapy treatment. Periwound temperature increased significantly after 1 hour of warming, achieving levels approximating normothermia. Healing effects associated with noncontact normothermic wound therapy may be related to several mechanisms, including improvements in perfusion, oxygen supply, and cellular activity in response to warming. (J WOCN 2001;28:244-52.)
Baptism “Into Christ Jesus” and the Question of Universalism in Paul

This essay adopts Paul’s occasional theological reflections on the concrete social practice of baptism as a vantage point from which to investigate the question of universalism in the apostle’s thought, examining passages from 1 Corinthians, Galatians, Romans, and Colossians. In these texts, Paul variously conceptualizes salvation as incorporation into “the one body of Christ”; “the seed of Abraham”; “the children of God”; or “the new humanity,” whose representative is Christ, the last Adam. Despite the different metaphors, it is clear in each case that it is the singular identity of the man Jesus Christ that is determinative for the collective identity of redeemed humanity; it is precisely—and only—with respect to union with him that diverse human beings become “one.” The essay concludes by considering briefly the implications of Paul’s christologically determined anthropology for the question of universal salvation and for the idea of the enduring election of Israel as God’s peculiar possession.
Upgraded Gauss and Lobatto formulas with error estimation

Abstract Recent generalizations of the Euler-Maclaurin formula are used to produce upgraded Gauss and Lobatto formulas for numerical integration; comparison of companion formulas provides error estimates.
G-protein expression and intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury: A role for Gαi proteins

Abstract Purpose: Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) coupled receptors are involved in smooth muscle cell proliferation, but the role of G-proteins in arterial intimal hyperplasia has not been defined. This study examines the expression of G-proteins in the developing intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of the rat carotid artery and specifically tests the hypothesis that the pertussis toxin sensitive G i G-protein subunit plays a role in the initiation of intimal hyperplasia. Methods: In vitro responses to serum stimulation (10% fetal bovine serum) were examined in the presence and absence of pertussis toxin (PTx). After a standard balloon injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats, the expression of G-protein subunits (α o , α i , α q , α s , and βγ) was determined by means of Western blotting in the first 28 days. Thereafter, a second set of animals was allocated to control and PTx-treated (a Gα i inhibitor; 500 ng/mL in an externally applied 30% pluronic gel) groups. Smooth muscle cell proliferation was estimated by means of thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2′ deoxyuridine incorporation 2 days after injury, and vessel dimensions were determined by means of videomorphometry 14 days after injury. Results: There was inhibition of DNA synthesis and smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to serum with an IC 50 of 100 ng/mL. Three days after balloon injury, there was an increase in Gα i3 expression, which decreased at days 7, 14, and 28, compared with the uninjured carotid. Gα q expression increased in a time-dependent manner. There was a marked time-dependent increase in Gβγ in the 28 days. Gα i2 and Gα s isoforms (45 and 52 kDa) did not change significantly with time. There was no major change in Gα i1 and Gα o in the study period. At 14 days, PTx treatment reduced intimal hyperplasia by 52% (63 ± 4 μm vs 30 ± 5 μm, control vs PTx; P P =.02). Conclusion: After balloon injury, there is a time-dependent increase in G-protein expression, which is subunit specific. Activation of PTx sensitive G-proteins (Gα i ) is involved during the initiation of intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury, and their inhibition results in a decrease in early medial cell proliferation. This acute interruption of G i signaling produces a long-term decrease in intimal hyperplasia. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:408-18.)
Diagnostic ionizing radiation exposure in a population-based cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Diagnostic Ionizing Radiation Exposure in a Population-Based Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Decreased microglial activation in MS patients treated with glatiramer acetate.

Activated microglia are thought to be an important contributor to tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). The level of microglial activation can be measured non-invasively using [11C]-R-PK11195, a radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET). Prior studies have identified abnormalities in the level of [11C]-R-PK11195 uptake in patients with MS, but treatment effects have not been evaluated. Nine previously untreated relapsing-remitting MS patients underwent PET and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at baseline and after 1 year of treatment with glatiramer acetate. Parametric maps of [11C]-R-PK11195 uptake were obtained for baseline and post-treatment PET scans, and the change in [11C]-R-PK11195 uptake pre- to post-treatment was evaluated across the whole brain. Region-of-interest analysis was also applied to selected subregions. Whole brain [11C]-R-PK11195 binding potential per unit volume decreased 3.17% (95% CI: −0.74, −5.53%) between baseline and 1 year (p = 0.018). A significant decrease was noted in cortical gray matter and cerebral white matter, and a trend towards decreased uptake was seen in the putamen and thalamus. The results are consistent with a reduction in inflammation due to treatment with glatiramer acetate, though a larger controlled study would be required to prove that association. Future research will focus on whether the level of baseline microglial activation predicts future tissue damage in MS and whether [11C]-R-PK11195 uptake in cortical gray matter correlates with cortical lesion load.
Activation of the Ran GTPase Is Subject to Growth Factor Regulation and Can Give Rise to Cellular Transformation

Although the small GTPase Ran is best known for its roles in nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle assembly, and nuclear envelope formation, recent studies have demonstrated the overexpression of Ran in multiple tumor types and that its expression is correlated with a poor patient prognosis, providing evidence for the importance of this GTPase in cell growth regulation. Here we show that Ran is subject to growth factor regulation by demonstrating that it is activated in a serum-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells and, in particular, in response to heregulin, a growth factor that activates the Neu/ErbB2 tyrosine kinase. The heregulin-dependent activation of Ran requires mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and stimulates the capped RNA binding capability of the cap-binding complex in the nucleus, thus influencing gene expression at the level of mRNA processing. We further demonstrate that the excessive activation of Ran has important consequences for cell growth by showing that a novel, activated Ran mutant is sufficient to transform NIH-3T3 cells in an mTOR- and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent manner and that Ran-transformed cells form tumors in mice.
Moving beyond the reductionist approach-Time to put the pieces back together in a broken (infarcted) heart.

Significant progress has been made in treating patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction (MI); yet current therapies are still lacking, and inhibiting or reversing remodeling and preventing arrhythmias remains a significant clinical problem. Much of what we have learned about post-MI electrophysiologic remodeling has been derived from models in which the MI is induced in otherwise healthy (wild-type [WT] or naive) animals. While the methods for inducing ventricular infarcts (eg, surgical ligation of a coronary artery) may be nonphysiologic processes, these approaches have produced robust and reproducible MIs. As a result, electrical remodeling and arrhythmogenesis associated with MI have been extensively characterized (see Pinto and Boyden for review). This reductionist approach has proven to be invaluable for advancing our understanding of common mechanisms of calcium-mediated and reentrant arrhythmias; however, such experimental simplifications often uncouple the end point (ie, MI) from the disease etiology, bypassing a significant portion of the natural history of the underlying disease processes that lead to MI. Underlying atherosclerosis is the leading cause of MI, with major risk factors including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, and male sex. Data from clinical studies suggest that the presence of these comorbidities does not merely serve to precipitate the MI, but actually shapes the prognosis for patients who have survived acute MIs. In a meta-analysis of MI survivors, patients with arterial hypertension were at a greater risk of death, stroke, congestive heart failure, and recurrent MI than were normotensive patients. Elevated monocyte levels, as seen in patients with atherosclerosis, have been shown to be an independent predictor of subsequent pump failure, left ventricular aneurysm, recurrent MI, and sudden death. While it still may not be feasible to study natural lifetime disease remodeling leading to MI in the laboratory setting, to further advance our knowledge in this field, we need to take the next step and
An Application of Dimensional Analysis in Cultural Anthropology

Lawlike generalizations can be developed only for variables exhibiting strict constancy in concept formulation. By considering anthropology a space and its basic concepts as dimensions and borrowing from ecology, cultural materialism, and social, political, and cultural anthropology, we develop a 14-dimensional space defined by 42 scaled variables. Dimensional analysis performed yields 14 equations and 28 dimensionless expressions that satisfy them. Additionally, we derive a set of 28 ethnological expressions. Entering scaled data from five societies, we solve for each. Twenty-one expressions yield significant order-ings. Examination of their performance confirms that they function holistically.
Self-enforced collusion through comparative cheap talk in simultaneous auctions with entry

Campbell (J Econ Theory 82:425–450, 1998) develops a self-enforced collusion mechanism in simultaneous auctions based on complete comparative cheap talk and endogenous entry, with two bidders. His result is difficult to generalize to an arbitrary number of bidders, since the entry-decision stage of the game is characterized by strategic substitutes. This paper analyzes more-than-two-bidder, symmetric-prior cases. Two results are proved: (1) as the number of objects grows large, a full comparative cheap talk equilibrium exists and it yields asymptotically fully efficient collusion; and (2) there is always a partial comparative cheap talk equilibrium. All these results are supported by intuitive equilibria at the entry-decision stage (J Econ Theory 130:205–219, 2006; Math Soc Sci 2008, forthcoming). Numerical examples suggest that full comparative cheap talk equilibria are not uncommon even with few objects.
Surface plasmon resonance analysis of ricin binding to plasma membranes isolated from NIH 3T3 cells.

As the potential for bioterrorism has appeared to increase, the need for simple systems for identifying potential inhibitors of the binding of such agents to cell membranes has increased. In this work, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to monitor binding of ricin, a ribosome inactivating protein, to the plasma membranes of NIH 3T3 cells. Once conditions were established, efficacy of the system for monitoring effectiveness of compounds at inhibiting ricin binding was ascertained by determining the IC50s for asialofetuin and for bovine serum albumin derivatized with an average of 34 lactosyl moieties (BSA-Lac34). Results indicated that SPR is an efficient method for measuring adherence of a toxin to isolated cell plasma membranes. SPR can also indicate whether a compound that is an effective inhibitor of binding when a single ligand such as ASF is used will be as effective when used in studies with cells that may express multiple cell surface ligands for ricin and/or the inhibitor.
Spinning mites (Neocheyletiella media Fain, 1972) (Acari: Cheyletiellidae) on feathers of the domestic Japanese nightingale (Leiothrix lutea (L.))

Abstract A report of a rare cocoon-like structure made by mites of the family Cheyletiel-lidae, Neocheyletiella media Fain, 1972, on feathers of a dead aviary bird, Leiothrix lutea (L.) is given. The scanning electron microscope photographs show more or less adhering strands, which form a cocoon-like structure. The purpose of this cocoon-like structure is probably protection of eggs and immature stages. These were frequently found in the webbing.
Modeling multiple infection of cells by viruses: Challenges and insights.

The multiple infection of cells with several copies of a given virus has been demonstrated in experimental systems, and has been subject to previous mathematical modeling approaches. Such models, especially those based on ordinary differential equations, can be characterized by difficulties and pitfalls. One such difficulty arises from what we refer to as multiple infection cascades. That is, such models subdivide the infected cell population into sub-populations that are carry i viruses, and each sub-population can in principle always be further infected to contain i + 1 viruses. In order to study the model with numerical simulations, the infection cascade needs to be cut artificially, and this can influence the results. This is shown here in the context of the simplest setting that involves a single, homogeneous virus population. If the viral replication rate is sufficiently fast, then most infected cells will accumulate in the last member of the infection cascade, leading to incorrect numerical results. This can be observed even with relatively long infection cascades, and in this case computational costs associated with a sufficiently long infection cascade can render this approach impractical. We subsequently examine a more complex scenario where two virus types/strains with different fitness are allowed to compete. Again, we find that the length of the infection cascade can have a crucial influence on the results. Competitive exclusion can be observed for shorter infection cascades, while coexistence can be observed for longer infection cascades. More subtly, the length of the infection cascade can influence the equilibrium level of the populations in numerical simulations. Studying the model in a parameter regime where an increase in the infection cascade length does not influence the results, we examine the effect of multiple infection on the outcome of competition. We find that multiple infection can promote coexistence of virus types if there is a degree of intracellular niche separation. If this is not the case, the only outcome is competitive exclusion, similar to equivalent models that do not take into account multiple infection of cells. We further find that multiple infection has a reduced ability to allow coexistence if virus spread is spatially restricted compared to a well-mixed system. These results provide important insights when analyzing and interpreting multiple infection models.
Cultured human and rat oligodendrocytes and rat schwann cells do not have immune response gene associated antigen (Ia) on their surface

Abstract In order to determine if oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells had surface immune response gene associated antigen (Ia), we studied the binding of: (a) mouse monoclonal antibodies to rat Ia, to cultures of rat oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells; and, (b) mouse monoclonal antibodies to human Ia, to cultures of human oligodendrocytes employing radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence. Cells were identified using phenotypic markers; rabbit anti-galactocerebroside (GalC) for oligodendrocytes; rabbit anti-GalC and rabbit anti-Schwann cell for Schwann cells; rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein for astrocytes; rabbit anti-fibronectin for fibroblasts and leptomeningeal cells, and the capacity to ingest latex particles for macrophage-microglia. Ia could not be detected on the surface of oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, fibroblasts, or leptomeningeal cells. A small number of latex ingesting cells bound anti-Ia even after blocking of surface Fc receptors.
Defining and exploring the terrorism field: Toward an intertheoretic, agent-based approach

Abstract Drawing upon organizational design, contingency, and field theory, we outline a conceptual model for studying terrorism at the field level and argue that existing computational organizational theory could be extended to enable such inquiry. We introduce the terrorism field as the system of dynamic interaction between the terrorism, counterterrorism and political governance industries, defining the overarching functions of each. We then argue that intertheoretic, field-level inquiry could lead to explicit conceptual and computational models with significant benefits for researchers and policy makers, to include enhancing understanding of the proximate environmental conditions that are deleterious to the use of terrorism by political challengers. Using POW-ER, an illustrative field-level case of a basic terrorist attack is then modeled based on two archetypes of terrorist organizational forms emerging from the new terrorism debate: 1) hierarchy and 2) network, and two treatments: 1) applying counterterrorism techniques and 2) reducing knowledge within the terrorist organization. Preliminary findings compared to the baseline case are discussed, as well as implications for future research.
The effect of finite vertical Ekman number on the coastal boundary layers of a lake

The linear hydrostatic coastal boundary layers in a shallow lake were previously investigated by the author under the assumption of infinitesimal vertical Ekman number; overlapping layers of thickness E ½ H and E ½ H / E ½ v were found (Janowitz, 1970). In this work the boundary layers are investigated for E v = 0(1). The E ½ H /E½ v layer is distinguishable, though thinner. The E ½ H layer is also present in a modified form; each vertical component present has a different horizontal length scale, though each is 0(E½ H ). Numerical calculations of boundary layer thicknesses for E v = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 were performed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1972.tb01568.x
Refraction Using Mydriatic, Cycloplegic, and Manifest Techniques

In measuring refractive errors, the oph­ thalmologist especially uses cycloplegic drugs. Refractive defects are common in pa­ tients with eye complaints. Various types of eye defects are found in all age groups. Al­ most every patient seen by an ophthalmolo­ gist is refracted at some time during his care. The measurement of the refractive er­ ror is made in the manifest state, or after the use of local drugs, which are often cycloplegics, but may also be mydriatics. When these refractive errors are found in patients and compared to the manifest state, it is important to anticipate the degree of change found in hyperopia or myopia after use of a cycloplegic. It is likewise important to know the aver­ age hyperopia measured before and after cycloplegia in a young patient with good vision and complaints of headache, asthenopia, reading problems, or esophoria. A manifest refraction may be performed before the cycloplegic is administered, or a postcycloplegic refraction may be performed at a later time. Reliable experience and judg­ ment may direct the ophthalmologist to pre­ scribe for a given error or defect found un­ der cycloplegia and not perform a manifest refraction at all. We have noted that the cyl­ inder and axis do not change significantly when manifest measurements are compared to those found with cycloplegia ; it is the spherical component that changes. In patients over 40 years old, the need for an additional power of glasses for near vi­ sion is possible. If cycloplegics are used to
Seeing Through Their Eyes: When Majority Group Members Take Collective Action on Behalf of an Outgroup

We examined majority group members’ collective action on behalf of a minority group, focusing on the role of outgroup perspective taking and group-based guilt. As expected, outgroup perspective taking was positively associated with heterosexuals’ collective action in response to hate crimes against non-heterosexuals and Whites’ action in response to hate crimes against Blacks (Studies 1 and 2). This association was partially mediated by group-based guilt (Studies 2 and 3). We also examined the role of group-based anger; although it directly related to collective action, it did not mediate the association between perspective taking and collective action. Finally, we manipulated outgroup perspective taking to demonstrate its causal role in the subsequent outcomes (Study 3).
An Understanding Of Digital Radiography Through Image Computer Simulation

A set of computer models has been developed to generate images simulating those produced by projection x-ray systems. This was done to aid in the understanding of required sub-system performance and to study the implications of various system designs. For this purpose the basic processes of x-ray generation, attenuation and absorption were modeled. Scatter-to-primary ratios were modeled using published experimental data. A random number generator is used to model quantum as well as other sources of noise. These computer models agree well with experimental measurements. These image simulation programs have been used to predict the performance of digital radiographic systems (both scanned fan-beam and fluorographic). Images of both temporal and dual energy subtraction will be presented. The effects of x-ray spectrum shaping, scatter-to-primary ratio, QDE, veiling glare and electronic noise will be shown. The detection of simulated vessels containing low amounts of iodine by the various system alternatives will be compared.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sound Theories and Theory Soundings

Psychoanalysis has been variously referred to as a metapsychology, an ism, an art, an esoteric cult, a doctrine, a theology, a demonology, and a therapeutic technique. It has been characterized as un-, pre-, proto-, pseudo-, anti-, and genuinely scientific, and its precepts have been given the status of laws, constructs, paradigms, beliefs, canons, hypotheses, or convenient fictions. Books, conferences, and even careers have been devoted to the study of the scientific merit and heuristic explanatory power of psychoanalysis.
The structure of bull-free graphs I-Three-edge-paths with centers and anticenters

The bull is the graph consisting of a triangle and two disjoint pendant edges. A graph is called bull-free if no induced subgraph of it is a bull. This is the first paper in a series of three. The goal of the series is to explicitly describe the structure of all bull-free graphs. In this paper we study the structure of bull-free graphs that contain as induced subgraphs three-edge-paths P and Q, and vertices c@?V(P) and a@?V(Q), such that c is adjacent to every vertex of V(P) and a has no neighbor in V(Q). One of the theorems in this paper, namely 1.2, is used in Chudnovsky and Safra (2008) [9] in order to prove that every bull-free graph on n vertices contains either a clique or a stable set of size n^1^4, thus settling the Erdos-Hajnal conjecture (Erdos and Hajnal, 1989) [17] for the bull.
Emergent Design: Opportunities for Hybridizing Agent-Based and Evolutionary Computation

Recently hybridized approaches that exploit agent-based computation and evolutionary computation have challenged conventional assumptions about the creative power of digital design tools. A simple artificial ant system that can generate digital painterly and pencil sketching renderings starting from a digital photograph will be presented as one example of how design might be conceptually revisited and approached as a cooperative, emergent designercomputer endeavor. A tool for architects that helps architects generate responsive, natural digital surfaces which can be physically fabricated will be described. It combines evolutionary computation and generative algorithms which allows it to be both interactive with its user and creatively influential. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS’04) 0-7695-2291-2/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
Time-resolved spectroscopy of stretched polypropylene films

Abstract The basic procedures of Fourier Transform Infrared Time Resolved Spectroscopy (TRS) have been described previously by R. E. Murphy. In this paper we have chosen to present only a brief overview of this technique. Time resolved spectroscopy appears to be a potentially useful method for study of structural changes, transient intermediates and chemical changes for time dependent systems. The TRS technique involves the coordination of reaction stimulation, e.g., pulsed laser excitation of gases or stretching and relaxation in polymers, and the recording of the interferogram at some unit time after stimulation. Time resolved spectroscopy provides a very attractive means for the elucidation of structural changes for non equilibrium condition in polymers undergoing stretching-relaxation for a short period of time, i.e. microseconds and deduction of the energy distributions within the molecules for successive times during reaction. In summary TRS has some possible pitfalls, some have now been recognized while others lie ahead. But most important, the field of TRS holds a significant potential for the understanding of polymer structural changes. Such information can be obtained by studying polymer films undergoing stretching and relaxation. The results from these studies are very encouraging and are reported in this paper. We feel TRS is now a reality and much new structural information will be won from studies on non equilibrium systems.
Angle-etched facet laser arrays (fan laser arrays)

We present a novel individually addressable diode laser array that uses angle-etched facets. By arranging the lasers in a fan-like structure, all lasers emit in different directions from a common effective aperture. Using this device design, we demonstrate lasers with beam directions that are fixed and distinct, stable, single mode, and capable of simultaneous and random access operation. We analyze both the effect of facet roughness on the performance of etched-facet diode lasers, as well as the thermal crosstalk characteristics of angle-etched facet lasers. Thermal crosstalk characteristics of angle-etched facet lasers are experimentally compared to parallel stripe lasers. The combination of the aperture and thermal crosstalk reduction allows us to reduce the effective thermal coupling between array elements by over one order of magnitude. We show a novel two-dimensional scanner built with a fan laser array: results demonstrate the feasibility of these novel arrays for multibeam applications.
Pad placement and ring routing for custom chip layout

This paper presents an optimum scheme for interconnecting the chip core and the I/O pads in the final stage of physical design. The pad placement routine, based on linear assignment, determines the dimension of the pad ring and selects the optimum position for each pad with the objective of minimizing the chip area and the total wire length. The router is based on a channel routing algorithm which incorporates additional features to address the special needs of the ring configuration. It attempts to achieve 100% routing completion in a rectangular ring-shaped area with two interconnect layers. The complete package has been implemented as part of the BEAR Layout System for custom chip design.
Interleukin-7 is trophic for embryonic neurons and is expressed in developing brain.

Abstract Interleukin-7 (IL7) is a hematopoietic cytokine with critical functions in both B- and T-lymphocyte development. In this study, we find that IL7 exhibits trophic properties in the developing brain as well. Treatment of cultures of embryonic brain with exogenous IL7 increases neuronal survival and results in greater numbers of cells manifesting neurite outgrowth. As demonstrated with single-cell cultures, IL7 acts directly to promote neuronal survival. Expression of the mRNA encoding the high-affinity IL7 receptor (IL7R) is observedin vitroin neurons as well as in subventricular zone progenitor cells. Phosphorylation of p59fyn, which is activated by IL7 in pre-B cells and is thought to be important in neural development, occurs rapidly following IL7 treatment of cultured embryonic neurons. Additionally, the expression of c-mycmRNA, which is modulated by IL7 in lymphoid cells, is upregulated by IL7 in the same CNS cultures. Finally, the messenger RNAs encoding IL7 and IL7R are expressedin vivoin developing brain. The direct neurotrophic properties of IL7 combined with the expression of ligand and receptor in developing brain suggest that IL7 may be a neuronal growth factor of physiological significance during central nervous system (CNS) ontogeny.
Living Religion as Vanishing Mediator: Schleiermacher, Early Romanticism, and Idealism1

Religion was fundamental to the conceptual revolutions of Early Romanticism and Idealism. Schleiermacher linked the divine to the new philosophies of life and served as a productive “vanishing mediator” for Friedrich Schlegel, Novalis, Schelling, and Hegel. They all strove to “vitalize” the Spinozan identity of deus and natura and thereby made a crucial turn from the philosophies of Kant and Fichte. The idea of a living religion laid the foundation for a new dialectic of unity-in-difference and difference-in-unity. This vitalistic religious dimension becomes visible for us as we come to recognize the interweaving of faith and secular reason in modernity.
When Are International Crimes Just Cause for War

At the 2005 World Summit, states unanimously acknowledged their responsibilities to protect people from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, and declared their readiness to use collective force to that end if necessary. This endorsement of the “responsibility to protect” (RtoP) represents an important step on the road to developing a norm of legitimate humanitarian intervention. However, there is a critical flaw in the way states framed RtoP at the World Summit: they equated the just cause threshold for humanitarian intervention with the commission of international crimes. This was a mistake because just cause for intervention should depend on the gravity of actual or threatened harm, not on whether that harm constitutes a crime, let alone an international crime. This Article argues that there are three deleterious consequences of framing RtoP in this way: (1) it excludes situations of catastrophic, unintentional harm where intervention may be morally justified; (2) it impedes efforts to prevent all levels of harm by requiring a finding that crimes are occurring or threatened before RtoP applies; and (3) it threatens to undermine the international criminal law regime by encouraging people to think of international crimes exclusively as “atrocities” and by obscuring the difference between humanitarian intervention and aggression.
Measuring various properties of execution traces to help build better trace analysis tools

Understanding the behavior of a software system by studying its execution traces can be extremely difficult due to the sheer size and complexity of typical traces. In this paper, we propose that if various aspects that contribute to a trace's complexity could be measured and if this information could be used by tools, then trace analysis could be facilitated. For this purpose, we present a set of simple and practical metrics that aim at measuring various properties of execution traces. We also show the results of applying these metrics to traces of three software systems and suggest how the results could be used to improve existing trace analysis tools.