cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the measured current in electrospinning

The origin and scaling of the current measured during steady electrospinning of polymer solutions in organic solvents are considered. For a specified electric field strength E, flow rate Q, and conductivity K, the total measured current is shown empirically to scale as Itotal∼EQ0.5K0.4, for a wide variety of polymer solutions with different electrical conductivities. It is also shown that Itotal is composed of two distinct components: one that varies linearly with E, and another that is independent of E, but varies with the conductivity K of the fluid and the flow rate Q. The experimental evidence suggests that the latter component arises due to a secondary electrospray emanating from the surface of the jet. The consequence of this secondary electrospray mechanism on the final fiber size achieved during the electrospinning process is also discussed.
Hilbert's nullstellensatz and an algorithm for proving combinatorial infeasibility

Systems of polynomial equations over an algebraically-closed field K can be used to concisely model many combinatorial problems. In this way, a combinatorial problem is feasible (e.g., a graph is 3-colorable, hamiltonian, etc.) if and only if a related system of polynomial equations has a solution over K. In this paper, we investigate an algorithm aimed at proving combinatorial infeasibility based on the observed low degree of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz certificates for polynomial systems arising in combinatorics and on large-scale linear-algebra computations over K. We report on experiments based on the problem of proving the non-3-colorability of graphs. We successfully solved graph problem instances having thousands of nodes and tens of thousands of edges.
Surface Structure at the Ionic Liquid−Electrified Metal Interface

Room-temperature ionic liquids are a new class of liquids with many important uses in electrical and electrochemical devices. The liquids are composed purely of ions in the liquid state with no solvent. They generally have good electrical and ionic conductivity and are electrochemically stable. Since their applications often depend critically on the interface structure of the liquid adjacent to the electrode, a molecular level description is necessary to understanding and improving their performance. There are currently no adequate models or descriptions on the organization of the ions, in these pure ionic compounds, adjacent to the electrode surface. In normal electrolytic solutions, the organization of solvent and ions is adequately described by the Gouy-Chapman-Sterns model. However, this model is based on the same concepts as those in Debye-Huckel theory, that is a dilute electrolyte, where ions are well-separated and noninteracting. This is definitely not the situation for ionic liquids. Thus our goal was to investigate the ionic liquid-metal interface using surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy sum frequency generation, SFG. This technique can probe the metal-liquid interface without interference from the bulk electrolyte. Thus the interface is probed in situ while the electrode potential is changed. To compliment the vibrational spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to measure the capacitance and estimate the "double layer" thickness and the potential of zero charge (PZC). In addition, the vibrational Stark shift of CO adsorbed on the Pt electrode was measured to provide an independent measure of the "double layer" thickness. All techniques were measured as a function of applied potential to provide full description of the interface for a variety of imidazolium-based (cation) ionic liquids. The vibrational Stark shift and EIS results suggest that ions organize in a Helmholtz-like layer at the interface, where the potential drop occurs over the a range of 3-5 A from the metal surface into the liquid. Further, the SFG results imply that the "double layer" structure is potential-dependent; At potentials positive of the PZC, anions adsorbed to the surface and the imidazolium ring are repelled to orient more along the surface normal, compared with the potentials negative of the PZC, at which the cation is oriented more parallel to the surface plane and the anions are repelled from the surface. The results present a view of the ionic liquid-metal electrode interface having a very thin "double layer" structure where the ions form a single layer at the surface to screen the electrode charge. However, the results also raise many other fundamental questions as to the detailed nature of the interfacial structure and interpretations of both electrochemical and spectroscopic data.
Challenges in the Federal Regulation of Pain Management Technologies

Those who write about pain management have focused almost entirely on delivery issues, paying essentially no attention to the federal regulatory challenges that affect the development of pain relief technologies — namely, pharmaceuticals and medical devices indicated for analgesic uses. The academic literature is strangely devoid of any sophisticated discussion of the difficulties that attend, first, the product approval decisions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and, second, the scheduling decisions made by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). If a “bottleneck” develops upstream, it could have serious repercussions downstream — without pain relief technologies, the issues of access that have preoccupied previous commentators would have little practical consequence. The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its origins back more than a century, around the time that the German company Bayer first synthesized aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and began marketing it as an analgesic.
High-capacity imaging and rotationally insensitive object identification with correlated orbital angular momentum states

Using no conventional measurements in position space, information extraction rates exceeding one bit per photon are achieved by employing high-dimensional correlated orbital angular momentum (OAM) states for object recognition. The correlations are shown to be insensitive to axial rotation of the target object: The information structure of an object's joint OAM coincidence spectrum is unchanged even when the object undergoes random rotations between each measurement. Additionally, OAM correlations alone are shown to be sufficient for full image reconstruction of complex, off-axis objects, and novel object symmetries are observed in the phases of OAM-object interaction transition amplitudes. Variations in mutual information rates, due to off-axis translation in the beam field, are studied, and it is shown that object symmetry signatures and information rates are independent of environmental factors sufficiently far from the beam center. The results motivate dynamic scanning applications in contexts where symmetry and small numbers of noninvasive measurements are desired.
Dielectric constant of ice

A series expansion for the dielectric constant of the Bernal‐Fowler‐Pauling model of ice relaxed to allow Bjerrum faults is developed using a renormalization technique which eliminates large numbers of subgraphs. In the no fault limit the dielectric constant has the form e0 = e∞ + (4πG/3)(N/V)(μ2/kT) where the Bethe type approximation yields G = 3 and the exact result in two dimensions is G = 9/π. In two dimensions the series for G exhibits reasonable convergence to the exact result. For cubic ice the series of Gobush and Hoeve are confirmed and slightly extended. These cases lend support to the series results for the Bernal‐Fowler‐Pauling model of hexagonal ice; namely, that there is very little anisotropy in e0 and G is very close to 3. These results are used in discussing whether more refined models of ice are needed. Also, the discussion comparing G with the Kirkwood correlation function gK, begun by Stillinger and Cotter, is continued.
New vision-based approach for navigation

Curved road tracking is one of the problems in active vision for Autonomous Vehicles. In search of a solution to this problem, we started with circular road following. In this paper we report on a new vision based method and its real time implementation for achieving the task of circular road following. Unique features of this method are: (1) it does not require the velocity information of the vehicle, and (2) it is very simple.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Positrons at CEBAF

Abstract It is estimated that about 2.5 × 1010 slow positrons per second might be produced if 1.0 mA of 400 MeV electrons were incident on target. This estimate and some problems of target design are discussed. The electron beam structure is 1–2 ps pulses with a repitition rate of 7.5 MHz which is appropriate for a free electron laser (FEL) which is being proposed for CEBAF. The electron beam would exit the FEL and would otherwise be transported to a beam dump.
In Process Control of Strain in a Stretch Forming Process

The process of stretch forming is used extensively in the aerospace industry to form large sheet panels of mild curvature. This has traditionally been a low precision process requiring considerable hand-working at assembly. However, recent demands for faster, less wasteful production have placed new demands on the accuracy and consistency (quality) of this process. In this paper the various modes of control for this process are examined, from both an analytical and experimental point of view. It is shown clearly that the process is least sensitive to material and machine property variations if controlled to a target level of strain in specific areas of the sheet. This method is compared with the conventional methods of controlling either the force applied to the sheet during stretching or the displacement of the stretch jaws. A series of both lab scale and full production experiments concur with the analytical findings, demonstrating reduced process variation if strain feedback is used. Lab experiments and analysis indicate that far greater reductions are possible if a more precise form of strain control is used. In production trials forming wing leading edges, a manually implemented strain control showed a shape variation reduction of 50 percent over normal factory practice using force control.
Matched field source detection and localization in high noise environments: A novel reduced-rank signal processing approach

A new matched-field acoustic source localization technique using reduced-rank signal processing is described. The authors pose the problem as joint detection and parameter estimation in the face of unknown, structured noise. They derive a reduced-rank likelihood ratio array processor and demonstrate its ability to detect and localize sources of interest. A key feature of reduced-rank signal processing is the ability to discard undesirable information from data matrices by their low rank approximation. Computer simulation results demonstrate its viability under a wide range of operating conditions. >
The Influence of the Prandtl Number on the Thermal Performance of Tubes with the Separation and Reattachment Enhancement Mechanism

This paper demonstrates that the heat-transfer performance of an enhanced tube with transverse, rectangular disruptions can be predicted with a numerical modeling method, an accomplishment not previously achieved. This computer code is then used to determine the influence of the Prandtl number. The numerical simulation demonstrated that six distinct regions exist: the three rib surfaces, the upstream and downstream recirculation regions, and the boundary-layer development zone. Three zones dominate the thermal performance: the rib top and downstream faces and the downstream recirculation zone. The thermal performance at the rib region begins to dominate tile overall performance as the Prandtl number becomes large. The contribution from the downstream recirculation zone becomes more important and dominates for low Prandtl number fluids such as air. The Reynolds number dependence at the rib region and the downstream recirculation zone is similar to that for reattaching flows with exponents in the 0.65 to 0.75 range. The location of the maximum in the recirculation moves closer to the rib with increasing Reynolds and Prandtl numbers and is bounded upstream by the location of the maximum wall shear stress and downstream by the reattachment length. The high turbulence level near the surface in this region is responsiblemore » for the heat-transfer enhancement.« less
Optimum Synthesis of Thin-Walled Vibrating Beams With Coupled Bending and Torsion

This paper considers the optimum structural design of vibrating beams in which the inertial axes and the elastic axes are noncollinear. The condition of noncollinear axes exists in structures having unsymmetric cross-sections. For unsymmetric cross-sections the centroid and the shear center do not coincide. This results in coupling between some of the bending and torsional modes. This paper presents results for the simply supported and cantilever beams with a thin-walled channel cross-section. The minimization of the structural volume subject to multiple frequency constraints and its dual problem of maximization of the fundamental frequency subject to a volume constraint are considered. A quadratic extended interior penalty function with Newton’s method of unconstrained minimization is used in structural optimization. The structures considered have nonstructural masses besides their own mass.
On the Weil-étale cohomology of number fields

We give a direct description of the category of sheaves on Lichtenbaum's Weil- etale site of a number ring. Then we apply this result to define a spectral sequence relating Weil-etale cohomology to Artin-Verdier etale cohomology. Finally we construct complexes of etale sheaves computing the expected Weil-etale cohomology.
Electric-field-induced relativistic Larmor-frequency reduction

Using the numerical solution to the time-dependent Dirac equation we show that the effect of relativity on the usual Larmor period for an electron in a magnetic field can be enhanced drastically if a suitably scaled and aligned static electric field is added to the interaction. This electric field does not change the electron's speed but leads to an elliptical spin precession due to relativity. This spin precession is accompanied by a position-dependent spin distribution.
The Analysis of Retrospectively Ascertained Data in the Presence of Reporting Delays

Abstract Suppose the progress of a disease consists of two chronologically ordered events, termed the starting event and the failure event. In retrospective sampling, the sampling scheme under which observations in the data set are identified retrospectively, individuals who experienced the starting event but not the failure event are excluded and thus are truncated from the data set, and only those who experienced both the starting event and the failure event before a given time are observed. The problem of reporting delays arises when some of the failure events are not reported before the given time and thus the corresponding cases also are excluded from the data set. In survival studies failure time data sometimes are collected under the retrospective sampling scheme subject to reporting delays. This article explores nonparametric and semiparametric methods of dealing with this type of data. The results generalize some existing nonparametric and semiparametric methods for analyzing right-truncated data...
Complex Projective Structures with Schottky Holonomy

Let S be a closed orientable surface of genus at least two. Let Γ be a Schottky group whose rank is equal to the genus of S, and Ω be the domain of discontinuity of Γ. Pick an arbitrary epimorphism ρ : π_1(S) → Γ. Then Ω/Γ is a surface homeomorphic to S carrying a (complex) projective structure with holonomy ρ. We show that every projective structure with holonomy ρ is obtained by (2π-)grafting Ω/Γ along a multiloop on S.
Improved Feature Selection by Incorporating Gene Similarity Into the LASSO

Personalized medicine is customizing treatments to a patient&#x00E2;s genetic profile, and it has the potential to revolutionize medical practice. An important process used in personalized medicine is gene expression profiling. Analyzing gene expression profiles is difficult, because there are usually few patients and thousands of genes. This leads to the curse of dimensionality. In order to combat this problem, some researchers suggest using prior knowledge to enhance feature selection for supervised learning algorithms. We propose an enhancement to the LASSO, a shrinkage and selection technique that induces parameter sparsity by penalizing a model&#x00E2;s objective function. Our enhancement gives preference to the selection of genes that are involved in similar biological processes. We expect this to be the case because co-expressed genes are likely to be involved in related pathways. Our modified LASSO selects similar genes by penalizing interaction terms between genes. We devised a coordinate descent algorithm to minimize the corresponding objective function. To evaluate our method, we created simulation data where we compared our model to the standard LASSO model and an interaction LASSO model. Our model outperformed both the standard LASSO and the interaction model in terms of detecting important genes and gene interactions for a reasonable number of training samples. This preliminary study leads us to believe that our method has the potential compete with state of the art methods in gene expression analysis.
Group Forest Certification for Smallholders in Vietnam: An Early Test and Future Prospects

Forests in Vietnam are heavily utilized resources. Some 25 million people who live in and near forests depend on timber and non-timber resources for subsistence and income. Vietnam’s timber processing industries, which are in a steep growth phase, demand raw material from the nation’s forests, but that demand greatly outstrips available, high quality supply. A national forest development strategy through 2020 calls for broad expansion of plantation forests coupled with third-party forest certification. One type of forest certification, involving certification of groups of smallholder farmers, is comparatively understudied. A recent effort to promote group forest certification in Vietnam yielded measurable benefits to stakeholders, including enhanced income streams to plantation smallholders. However, long-term challenges to group forest certification remain, including smallholders’ ability to cover recurring costs for certification – costs that are subsidized by a bilateral donor. Vietnam’s recent experience with group forest certification represents an early chapter in that nation’s ambitious plans to increase forest cover, make forests more productive through plantation forestry, and improve forest management and market access through forest certification.
The multiple-point schemes of a finite curvilinear map of codimension one

LetX andY be smooth varieties of dimensionsn−1 andn over an arbitrary algebraically closed field,f: X→Y a finite map that is birational onto its image. Suppose thatf is curvilinear; that is, for allxeX, the Jacobian ϱf(x) has rank at leastn−2. Forr≥1, consider the subschemeN r ofY defined by the (r−1)th Fitting ideal of the $$\mathcal{O}_Y $$ -module $$f_ * \mathcal{O}_X $$ , and setM r ∶=f −1 N r . In this setting—in fact, in a more general setting—we prove the following statements, which show thatM r andN r behave like reasonable schemes of source and targetr-fold points off. If each component ofM r , or equivalently ofN r , has the minimal possible dimensionn−r, thenM r andN r are Cohen-Macaulay, and their fundamental cycles satisfy the relation,f *[M r ]=r[N r ]. Now, suppose that each component ofM s , or ofN s , has dimensionn−s fors=1,...,r+1. Then the blowup Bl(N r ,N r+1 ) is equal to the Hilbert scheme Hilb and the blowup Bl(M r ,M r+1 ) is equal to the universal subscheme Univ of Hilb × Y X; moreover, Hilb and Univ are Gorenstein. In addition, the structure maph:Hilb →Y is finite and birational onto its image; and its conductor is equal to the ideal $$\mathcal{J}_r $$ ofN r+1 inN r , and is locally self-linked. Reciprocally, $$h_ * \mathcal{O}_{Hilb_f^r } $$ is equal to $$\mathcal{H}om(\mathcal{J}_r ,\mathcal{O}_{N_r } )$$ . Moreover,h * [h −1 N r+1 ]=(r+1)[N r+1 ]. Similar assertions hold for the structure maph 1: Univ →X ifr≥2.
Passion of the People: Football in South America

Brazil's first World Cup win since 1970 in the United States this year, promoted widespread interest in international fooball and the Latin-American game. This book combines social history and reportage to explore the place of the world's most popular game in the life of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The book examines the historical and political role of football on an international level, from colonial times to the present, up to and including the controversial Argentina appearance in the World Cup Final of 1990. It reveals how various dictators have used the game to ensure political passivity, and considers whether the game is declining in importance in Latin America, both as a spectator and a participatory sport. Tony Mason is the author of "Sport in Britain: A Social History" and "Association Football and English Society".
Software solutions manage the definition, operation, maintenance and configuration control of the National Ignition Facility

Abstract The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's largest laser composed of millions of individual parts brought together to form one massive assembly. Maintaining control of the physical definition, status and configuration of this structure is a monumental undertaking yet critical to the validity of experimental data and the safe operation of the facility. A major programmatic challenge is to deploy software solutions to effectively manage the definition, build, operation, and maintenance, and configuration control of all components of NIF. The strategy for meeting this challenge involves deploying and integrating an enterprise application suite of solutions consisting of both Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) products and custom developed software.This paper describes how this strategy has been implemented along with a discussion on the successes realized and the ongoing challenges associated with this approach.
Review Of Long-Pulse Laser Development

A brief review of some present techniques to obtain long-pulse laser action in excimer discharge devices will be presented. An attempt will be made to point out the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bromination of Alkenes Using a Mixture of Sodium Bromide and Sodium Perborate

Abstract Bromination of alkenes with sodium bromide in the presence sodium perborate provides a simple, high yield route to dibromoalkanes.
Reflections on the fable of the caliph, the ten architects and the philosopher

Abstract This paper discusses whar are the proper criteria for decision-making in planning and design. A parable introduces three principles by which to justify decisions: the principle of indifference or chance, the principle of absolute truth and the principle of idoneity, where the idoneus is ‘that which is proper to, and conforms with, the ends and intentions’.
A Crude-Search Davidon-Type Technique with Application to Shuttle Optimization

A parameter optimization scheme devised by Fletcher which does not require an elaborate one-dimensional search has been modified to make it an effective scheme for trajectory optimization. The method involves an updating matrix, HJ+l9 which is defined by either the classical Davidon formula or a well-defined formula which satisfies HJ + i Ax, = A#j and is the basis of a new variable metric method due to Broyden. A rule involving a scalar product determines which formula should be used to avoid the tendency of the //-matrix to become singular or unbounded. The method is applied, along with the Davidon and Broyden methods, to various shuttle ascent optimization problems.
Estimating choice probabilities among nested alternatives

Abstract In several travel choice situations (e.g. automobile ownership level and trip frequency) the alternatives available to an individual randomly chosen from the population exhibit some internal choice-related ranking: the choice of a given alternative implies that all lower-ranked alternatives have been chosen. Such alternatives are referred to as “nested”. This paper presents a model for estimating choice probabilities among nested alternatives. The model is devised from the well known logit model and uses existing logit maximum-likelihood estimation techniques (and computer packages). The approach is shown to be more attractive than the multinomial logit and linear regression models, from a theoretical point of view, yet cheaper than the multinomial probit model. The model is developed in a disaggregate, utility maximization framework. An example application, estimating probabilities of trip frequencies by elderly individuals is presented.
RNA splicing regulates the temporal order of TNF-induced gene expression

When cells are induced to express inflammatory genes by treatment with TNF, the mRNAs for the induced genes appear in three distinct waves, defining gene groups I, II, and III, or early, intermediate, and late genes. To examine the basis for these different kinetic classes, we have developed a PCR-based procedure to distinguish pre-mRNAs from mRNAs. It shows that the three groups initiate transcription virtually simultaneously but that delays in splicing characterize groups II and III. We also examined the elongation times, concluding that pre-mRNA synthesis is coordinate but splicing differences directly regulate the timing of mRNA production.
On the reconstruction of diffusions from first-exit time distributions

This paper explores the reconstruction of drift or diffusion coefficients of a scalar stochastic diffusion process as it starts from an initial value and reaches, for the first time, a threshold value. We show that the distribution function derived from repeated measurements of the first-exit times can be used to formally partially reconstruct the dynamics of the process. Upon mapping the relevant stochastic differential equations (SDE) to the associated Sturm–Liouville problem, results from Gelfand and Levitan (Am. Math. Soc. Transl. 1 253–304) can be used for reconstructing the potential of the Schrodinger equation, which is related to the drift and diffusion functionals of the SDE. We show that either the drift or the diffusion term of the stochastic equation can be uniquely reconstructed, but only if both the drift and diffusion are known in at least half of the domain. No other information can be uniquely reconstructed unless additional measurements are provided. Applications and implementations of our results are discussed.
An efficient 3D topology optimization code written in Matlab

This paper presents an efficient and compact Matlab code to solve three-dimensional topology optimization problems. The 169 lines comprising this code include finite element analysis, sensitivity analysis, density filter, optimality criterion optimizer, and display of results. The basic code solves minimum compliance problems. A systematic approach is presented to easily modify the definition of supports and external loads. The paper also includes instructions to define multiple load cases, active and passive elements, continuation strategy, synthesis of compliant mechanisms, and heat conduction problems, as well as the theoretical and numerical elements to implement general non-linear programming strategies such as SQP and MMA. The code is intended for students and newcomers in the topology optimization. The complete code is provided in Appendix C and it can be downloaded from http://top3dapp.com .
Some questions about the dimension of a group action

This article discusses three families of groups: Z ≀Z n , PL(I n ), and PL(S n ) (the last two being the families of groups of piecewise-linear homeomorphisms of standard n-dimensional spaces). It is shown that for positive n ∈ N, Z ≀Z n embeds in PL(I n ), which embeds in PL(S n ). It is known that Z ≀Z 2 fails to embed in PL(I 1 ), and this article extends that previous result to show that Z ≀Z 2 also fails to embed in PL(S 1 ). The nature of the proofs of these embedding and non-embedding results hints that there may be corresponding non-embedding results in higher dimensions.
Analysis of an Emerging Market: Can Methyl Iodide Substitute for Methyl Bromide?

Recent amendments to the Montreal Protocol specify a 100% reduction in methyl bromide consumption in all developed countries by the year 2005 (except for “critical uses”). In this paper we consider one possible chemical substitute to methyl bromide, methyl iodide, that until recently has received little attention as a potential alternative. We examine the viability of methyl iodide using information from studies of the economic benefits of methyl bromide to California agricultural producers and of methyl iodide effectiveness in preplant fumigation experiments, and from an assessment of the world market for iodine.
Two-Dimensional Baryons in the Large-N Limit

We propose a bilocal field theory for mesons in two dimensions obtained as a kind of non-local bosonization of two-dimensional QCD. Its semiclassical expansion is equivalent to the 1/Nc expansion of QCD. Using an ansatz we reduce the classical equation of motion of this theory in the baryon number one sector to a relativistic Hartree equation and solve it numerically. This (non-topological) soliton is identified with the baryon.
Wind-Tunnel Studies of Wing Wake Turbulence

Description of velocity measurements made in the wake of wings in the Ames 7 x 10 ft wind tunnel. Distributions of velocity components were measured with a three-wire anemometer up to 12 chord lengths downstream of a CV-990 aircraft model and a rectangular wing. Results show that increasing the drag increases the vortex core radius, reduces the maximum tangential velocities, and increases the magnitude of axial velocity defects. For the rectangular wing, axial velocity changes from a defect (wake flow) for angles of attack less than 9 deg to an excess (jet flow) for angles of attack greater than 9 deg. Wind-tunnel measurements of the near flowfield are compared with flight measurements of the far flowfield.
Trace for the Loewner equation with singular forcing

In the above invited article there was an error in the description of equation (17) which gives the behaviour of the trace close to the singularity in the case of square-root forcing β = 1/2. The equation is correct only in the limit as κ goes to infinity. The correct equation, valid for all κ > 4, is (17) Note that this change does not affect any of the subsequent derivations. Figure 4 shows a comparison between numerical data and the form of the singularity for this β and κ = 16. The figure shows a good but not excellent fit to the asymptotic form. The error mentioned here was originally detected by Panos Oikonomou, who then went on to extend the asymptotic analysis of the original article. The original invited article was devoted to the determination of the asymptotic form of the trace when there is a forcing of the form (−t)β for small negative t and β in the interval (0,1/2). The extended analysis related to negative values of β. The result of this was that the analysis of the earlier article apparently works quite well in the new regime, in which the trace asymptotes the real axis at infinity. For example, a good fit is obtained to equation (38) (without the correction term proportional to d) for β = −0.25. The authors of this article would like to thank their colleague, Panos Oikonomou, for correcting their error and extending their work.
Categorification of the Kauffman bracket skein module of I-bundles over surfaces

Khovanov defined graded homology groups for links LR 3 and showed that their polynomial Euler characteristic is the Jones polyno- mial of L. Khovanov's construction does not extend in a straightforward way to links in I-bundles M over surfaces F 6 D 2 (except for the homol- ogy with Z/2 coefficients only). Hence, the goal of this paper is to provide a nontrivial generalization of his method leading to homology invariants of links in M with arbitrary rings of coefficients. After proving the invariance of our homology groups under Reidemeister moves, we show that the polynomial Euler characteristics of our homology groups of L determine the coefficients ofL in the standard basis of the skein module of M. Therefore, our homology groups provide a "categorifi- cation" of the Kauffman bracket skein module of M. Additionally, we prove a generalization of Viro's exact sequence for our homology groups. Finally, we show a duality theorem relating cohomology groups of any link L to the homology groups of the mirror image of L. AMS Classification 57M27; 57M25, 57R56
Quantum entanglement and the two-photon Stokes parameters

A formalism for two-photon Stokes parameters is introduced to describe the polarization entanglement of photon pairs. This leads to the definition of a degree of two-photon polarization, which describes the extent to which the two photons act as a pair and not as two independent photons. This pair-wise polarization is complementary to the degree of polarization of the individual photons. The approach provided here has a number of advantages over the density matrix formalism: it allows the one- and two-photon features of the state to be separated and offers a visualization of the mixedness of the state of polarization.
Components of the Springer fiber and domino tableaux

Abstract Consider a complex classical semisimple Lie group along with the set of its nilpotent coadjoint orbits. When the group is of type A , the set of orbital varieties contained in a given nilpotent orbit is described a set of standard Young tableaux. We parameterize both, the orbital varieties and the irreducible components of unipotent varieties in the other classical groups by sets of standard domino tableaux. The main tools are Spaltenstein's results on signed domino tableaux together with Garfinkle's operations on standard domino tableaux.
Asymmetric alkylations and aldol reactions: (1S,2R)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol derived new chiral auxiliary.

Abstract Asymmetric alkylation and aldol reaction of optically active (1S,2R)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol derived chiral auxiliary proceeded with excellent diastereofacial selectivities (>99%) and isolated yields.
Ethical Attitudes in Small Businesses and Large Corporations: Theory and Empirical Findings from a Tracking Study Spanning Three Decades

This study offers a theoretical framework of ethical behavior and a comparative analysis of ethical perceptions of managers of large, mostly publicly traded corporations (those with 1,000 or more employees) and the owners and managers of smaller companies (those with fewer than 100 employees) across 17 years. The primary research provides basic data on the changing standards of ethics as perceived by leaders of large and small businesses where the cultures frequently fall into sharp contrast. Our findings reveal the extent to which the message of business integrity is gaining or losing ground within large and small companies. It does this by means of respondents’ judgments of acceptable responses to 16 scenarios profiling common business situations with questionable ethical dimensions. Based on responses from over 5,000 managers and employees (from firms of all sizes) to our scenarios at three points in time (1985, 1993, 2001), we tested two research questions. First, for firms of all sizes, have business ethics improved or declined between the years 1985 and 2001? Second, comparing responses of large and small firm executives across the 1985–2001 time frame, is there a discernible difference in their ethical standards? Our results suggest that business leaders are making somewhat more ethical decisions in recent years. We also found that small business owner–managers offered less ethical responses to scenarios in 1993 but that no significant differences existed with large firm managers in 1985 and 2001. Implications of our findings are discussed.
Electrochemical synthesis of cis-3,4-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidine

Abstract Electrolysis of partially neutralized trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of diallylamine provided an 8% yield of the crystalline hydrochloride of the title compound. That the material has the cis configuration was deduced from the nmr spectra of its N-butyl derivative in acidic solutions.
Enantioselective α-Arylation of Ketones with Aryl Triflates Catalyzed by Difluorphos Complexes of Palladium and Nickel

The asymmetric α-arylation of ketones with aryl triflates is described, and the use of this electrophile with nickel and palladium catalysts containing a segphos derivative increases substantially the scope of highly enantioselective arylations of ketone enolates. The combination of aryl triflates as reactant, difluorphos as ligand, palladium catalysts for reactions of electron-neutral or electron-rich aryl triflates, and nickel catalysts for reactions of electron-poor aryl triflates led to a series of α-arylations of tetralone, indanone, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone derivatives. Enantioselectivities ranged from 70% to 98% with 10 examples over 90%. Systematic studies on these α-arylations have revealed a number of factors that affect enantioselectivity. Ligands containing biaryl backbones with smaller dihedral angles generate catalysts that react with higher enantioselectivity than related ligands with larger dihedral angles. In addition, faster rates for reactions of aryl triflates versus those for...
Deviations from the Circular Law

Consider Ginibre’s ensemble of N×N non-Hermitian random matrices in which all entries are independent complex Gaussians of mean zero and variance As N↑∞ the normalized counting measure of the eigenvalues converges to the uniform measure on the unit disk in the complex plane. In this note we describe fluctuations about this Circular Law. First we obtain finite N formulas for the covariance of certain linear statistics of the eigenvalues. Asymptotics of these objects coupled with a theorem of Costin and Lebowitz then result in central limit theorems for a variety of these statistics.
Generation of planetary magnetism by convection

Abstract Reliable measurements of the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Mercury have been obtained recently. Convection appears to be the most probable origin of Jovian and Hermaean magnetism as well as of geomagnetism. The similarity of the dynamo mechanism in the electrically conducting core of these planets offers opportunities for comparing different hypotheses and testing theoretical models. It is proposed in this paper that the realized magnetic field reaches a maximum amplitude in accordance with the dynamical constraints of nearly geostrophic motion and the condition for dynamo action.
Taxes on capital in a specific factor model with international capital mobility

Abstract The efficiency and distributional effects of sundry capital taxes are analyzed in a simple two-sector specific factor model where capital is mobile both between the two sectors and between the home country and the rest of the world. Two cases are discussed: the small country case where factor and commodity prices are parametric; and the large country case. The optimal tax on capital export is illustrated when commodity prices are parametric. A simple approach to the case when both factor and commodity prices are variable is demonstrated.
Design of feedforward controllers for multivariable plants

Simple methods for the design of feedforward controllers to achieve steady-state disturbance rejection and command tracking in stable multivariable plants are developed in this paper. The controllers are represented by simple and low-order transfer functions and are not based on reconstruction of the states of the commands and disturbances. For unstable plants, it is shown that the present method can be applied directly when an additional feedback controller is employed to stabilize the plant. The feedback and feedforward controllers do not affect each other and can be designed independently based on the open-loop plant to achieve stability, disturbance rejection and command tracking, respectivley. Numerical examples are given for illustration.
CHARACTERIZING THE IYJ EXCESS CONTINUUM EMISSION IN T TAURI STARS

We present the first characterization of the excess continuum emission of accreting T Tauri stars between optical and near-infrared wavelengths. With nearly simultaneous spectra from 0.48 to 2.4 μm acquired with HIRES and NIRSPEC on Keck and SpeX on the Infrared Telescope Facility, we find significant excess continuum emission throughout this region, including the I, Y, and J bands, which are usually thought to diagnose primarily photospheric emission. The IYJ excess correlates with the excess in the V band, attributed to accretion shocks in the photosphere, and the excess in the K band, attributed to dust in the inner disk near the dust sublimation radius, but it is too large to be an extension of the excess from these sources. The spectrum of the excess emission is broad and featureless, suggestive of blackbody radiation with a temperature between 2200 and 5000 K. The luminosity of the IYJ excess is comparable to the accretion luminosity inferred from modeling the blue and ultraviolet excess emission and may require reassessment of disk accretion rates. The source of the IYJ excess is unclear. In stars of low accretion rate, the size of the emitting region is consistent with cooler material surrounding small hot accretion spots in the photosphere. However, for stars with high accretion rates, the projected area is comparable to or exceeds that of the stellar surface. We suggest that at least some of the IYJ excess emission arises in the dust-free gas inside the dust sublimation radius in the disk.
THE DIFFUSIVITY OF HYDROGEN IN PALLADIUM-BASED SOLID SOLUTIONS

Abstract An electrolytic method has been used to measure the temperature variation of the diffusivity of hydrogen in Pd-based substitutional solid solutions in the temperature range 270–350 K. The substitutional solutes were Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, and Ni. The kinetic data obtained for these systems, and previous data for systems containing the noble metals, transition metals of the First Long Period, and the Group V metals as substitutional solutes, have been analyzed in terms of equations derived by applying absolute rate theory to the cell model for ternary solid solutions. The analysis shows that the substitutional solute atoms create trapping sites for hydrogen atoms which are relatively shallow (0–4 kJ/mole) in comparison with sites created by the cold deformation of pure palladium (~ 20–40 kJ/mole). The noble metals create the shallowest trapping sites for hydrogen and the Group V metals the deepest.
Milnor invariants for spatial graphs

Abstract Link-homotopy has been an active area of research for knot theorists since its introduction by Milnor in the 1950s. We introduce a new equivalence relation on spatial graphs called component-homotopy, which reduces to link-homotopy in the classical case. Unlike previous attempts at generalizing link-homotopy to spatial graphs, our new relation allows analogues of some standard link-homotopy results and invariants. In particular we can define a type of Milnor group for a spatial graph under component-homotopy, and this group determines whether or not the spatial graph is splittable. More surprisingly, we will also show that whether the spatial graph is splittable up to component-homotopy depends only on the link-homotopy class of the links contained within it. Numerical invariants of the relation will also be produced.
Cycloaromatization Protocol for Synthesis of Polysubstituted Phenol Derivatives: Method Development and Mechanistic Studies

The scope of the cycloaromatization of propargylic ethers was explored using operationally simple air- and moisture-insensitive conditions. Highly substituted phenol derivatives were obtained in high yields. Mechanistic experiments indicate that the reaction occurs by an electrocyclization followed by 1,3-proton transfer.
Intelligibility of synthesized voice messages in commercial truck cab noise for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

A human factors experiment was conducted to assess the intelligibility of synthesized speech under a variety of noise conditions for both hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects. Modified Rhyme Test stimuli were used to determine intelligibility in four speech-to-noise (S/N) ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15 dB), and three noise types, consisting of fiat-by-octaves (pink) noise, interior noise of a currently produced heavy truck, and truck cab noise with added background speech. A quiet condition was also investigated. During recording of the truck noise for the experiment, in-cab noise measurements were obtained. According to OSHA standards, these data indicated that drivers of the sampled trucks have a minimal risk for noise-induced hearing loss due to in-cab noise exposure when driving at freeway speeds because noise levels were below 80 dBA. In the intelligibility experiment, subjects with hearing loss had significantly lower intelligibility than normal-hearing subjects, both in quiet and in noise, but no interaction with noise type or S/N ratio was found. Intelligibility was significantly lower for the noise with background speech than the other noises, but the truck noise produced intelligibility equal to the pink noise. An analytical prediction of intelligibility using Articulation Index calculations exhibited a high positive correlation with the empirically obtained intelligibility data for both groups of subjects.
THE PROTOSTELLAR LUMINOSITY FUNCTION

The protostellar luminosity function (PLF) is the present-day luminosity function of the protostars in a region of star formation. It is determined using the protostellar mass function in combination with a stellar evolutionary model that provides the luminosity as a function of instantaneous and final stellar mass. In 2010, McKee and Offner considered three main accretion models: the isothermal sphere (IS) model, the turbulent core (TC) model, and an approximation of the competitive accretion (CA) model. We also consider the effect of an accretion rate that tapers off linearly in time and an accelerating star formation rate. For each model, we characterize the luminosity distribution using the mean, median, maximum, ratio of the median to the mean, standard deviation of the logarithm of the luminosity, and the fraction of very low luminosity objects. We compare the models with bolometric luminosities observed in local star-forming regions and find that models with an approximately constant accretion time, such as the TC and CA models, appear to agree better with observation than those with a constant accretion rate, such as the IS model. We show that observations of the mean protostellar luminosity in these nearby regions of low-mass star formation suggest a meanmore » star formation time of 0.3 {+-} 0.1 Myr. Such a timescale, together with some accretion that occurs non-radiatively and some that occurs in high-accretion, episodic bursts, resolves the classical 'luminosity problem' in low-mass star formation, in which observed protostellar luminosities are significantly less than predicted. An accelerating star formation rate is one possible way of reconciling the observed star formation time and mean luminosity. Future observations will place tighter constraints on the observed luminosities, star formation time, and episodic accretion, enabling better discrimination between star formation models and clarifying the influence of variable accretion on the PLF.« less