cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pineal‐Induced Depression of Free Thyroxine in Syrian Hamsters

Blind hamsters had no alteration of the dialyzable fraction of serum thyroxine (T4) but had depressed total and free T4 concentrations compared to controls. Prevention of the effects of blinding by pinealectomy indicates pineal influence on circulating free T4 concentration. Parallel changes in free T4 and the free T4 index indicate adequacy of the index in representing pineal-induced changes in free T4.
OPTIMIZATION BIAS IN ENERGY-BASED STRUCTURE PREDICTION

Physics-based computational approaches to predicting the structure of macromolecules such as proteins are gaining increased use, but there are remaining challenges. In the current work, it is demonstrated that in energy-based prediction methods, the degree of optimization of the sampled structures can influence the prediction results. In particular, discrepancies in the degree of local sampling can bias the predictions in favor of the oversampled structures by shifting the local probability distributions of the minimum sampled energies. In simple systems, it is shown that the magnitude of the errors can be calculated from the energy surface, and for certain model systems, derived analytically. Further, it is shown that for energy wells whose forms differ only by a randomly assigned energy shift, the optimal accuracy of prediction is achieved when the sampling around each structure is equal. Energy correction terms can be used in cases of unequal sampling to reproduce the total probabilities that would occur under equal sampling, but optimal corrections only partially restore the prediction accuracy lost to unequal sampling. For multiwell systems, the determination of the correction terms is a multibody problem; it is shown that the involved cross-correlation multiple integrals can be reduced to simpler integrals. The possible implications of the current analysis for macromolecular structure prediction are discussed.
Estimating LDPC codeword error rates via importance sampling

This paper proposes an importance sampling design for the codeword error rate estimation of low-density parity-check codes. An error set partitioning method is introduced to reduce the error boundary complexity and to improve the simulation efficiency. This is a follow-up to the work in (B. Xia et al., 2003).
Anisotropic Kosterlitz-Thouless transition induced by hard-wall boundaries

The spatial dependence of the superfluid density is calculated for the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the presence of hard-wall boundaries, for the case of a single wall bounding the half-infinite plane, and for a superfluid strip bounded by two walls. The boundaries induce additional vortices that cause the superfluid density to become anisotropic, with the tensor component perpendicular to the wall falling to zero at the wall, whereas the component parallel to the wall remains finite. The effects of the boundaries are found to extend over all measured length scales, since the correlation length is infinite in the superfluid phase.
Parameter variations and impact on circuits and microarchitecture

Parameter variation in scaled technologies beyond 90nm will pose a major challenge for design of future high performance microprocessors. In this paper, we discuss process, voltage and temperature variations; and their impact on circuit and microarchitecture. Possible solutions to reduce the impact of parameter variations and to achieve higher frequency bins are also presented.
Fabrication and transport characteristics of long length Y-123 coated conductors processed by IBAD and PLD

Tapes of 30-m length high-J/sub c/ Y-123 were processed by using ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). Biaxially textured Gd/sub 2/Zr/sub 2/O/sub 7/ buffer layers up to 60-m length were fabricated by IBAD with production speed of 0.5 - 1.0 m/h. Y-123 films were processed on them by PLD with production speed of 1.0 - 4.0 m/h. A 30-m Y-123 film was obtained with uniform thickness of 0.5 /spl mu/m and /spl Delta//spl phi/ of 8 - 11/spl deg/. I/sub c/ of 49 A (J/sub c/ = 0.99 MA/cm/sup 2/) was obtained in 10-m length part end-to-end, whose I-V curve had high n-value of 46. The 30-m length end-to-end I/sub c/ value was 40 A (J/sub c/ = 0.8 MA/cm/sup 2/), where I/sub c/ times length reached 1200 Am.
Contact chemosensory cues in egg bundles elicit male-male agonistic conflicts in the squid Loligo pealeii.

Male Loligo pealeii engage in frequent agonistic bouts to gain ac- cess to female mates while aggregated at communal egg beds. Male squids are attracted to eggs in the field and in the laboratory. It was recently demonstrated that visual detection followed by physical contact with egg capsules elicited male-male aggression. We tested specific physical and chemical features of the egg capsules that may cause this strong behavioral reaction. Male squids were presented with either natural or artificial egg stimuli and scored for four selected behaviors (egg touch, egg blowing, forward-lunge grab, and fin-beating), the last two of which are highly aggressive behaviors. First, squids were presented with natural eggs versus eggs sealed in agarose-coated tubes (ESACT), which eliminated both tactile and chemical stimuli. Second, males were presented with natural eggs versus eggs sealed in agarose coated tubes containing C18 Sep-Pak- purified extracts (TCPE) from squid egg capsules, which provided chemical cues from natural eggs without the physical stimulus of the egg capsules. Third, natural eggs versus heat-denatured eggs were tested to determine whether the active factor in natural eggs is heat-labile. Squids responded aggressively when contacting natural eggs and TCPE, whereas squids did not respond after touch- ing ESACT or denatured eggs. These results suggest that aggressive behavior is elicited by a heat-labile factor that is embedded within squid egg capsules. This chemosensory cue appears to be a contact pheromone that stimulates the
Potential mechanisms by which polyphenol-rich grapes prevent obesity-mediated inflammation and metabolic diseases.

Obesity and metabolic disease–related health problems (e.g., type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension) are the most prevalent nutrition-related issues in the United States. An emerging feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes is their linkage with chronic inflammation that begins in white adipose tissue and eventually becomes systemic. One potential strategy to reduce inflammation and insulin resistance is consumption of polyphenol-rich foods like grapes or their by-products, which have anti-inflammatory properties. Polyphenols commonly found in grape products have been reported to reduce inflammation by (a) acting as an antioxidant or increasing antioxidant gene or protein expression, (b) attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, (c) blocking proinflammatory cytokines or endotoxin-mediated kinases and transcription factors involved in metabolic disease, (d ) suppressing inflammatory- or inducing metabolic-gene expression via increasing histone deacetylase activity, or (e) activating transcription factors that antagonize chronic inflammation. Thus, polyphenol-rich grape products may reduce obesity-mediated chronic inflammation by multiple mechanisms, thereby preventing metabolic diseases.
Role of Thiosulfate in Bisulfite Reduction as Catalyzed by Desulfovibrio vulgaris

Studies with 35S-labeled substrates were conducted to investigate the pathway involved in the reduction of sulfite to sulfide by cell-free extracts of the sulfate-reducing organism Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The results showed that accumulation of thiosulfate occurred when crude extracts were incubated under appropriate conditions with sulfite as substrate. With labeled sulfite as substrate, thiosulfate with equal distribution of radioactivity in both sulfur atoms was formed. When the rates of formation of 35S2− from inner- and outer-labeled thiosulfate were compared, the rate of formation from outer-labeled thiosulfate was greater. Time studies with S-35SO32− showed an increase of 35S2− with time and an increasing ratio of doubly labeled to inner labeled thiosulfate remaining in the reaction mixture. From these studies it is concluded that thiosulfate is a stable intermediate formed from sulfite during the reduction of sulfate by D. vulgaris. Both sulfur atoms are derived from sulfite; during the utilization of thiosulfate, the outer sulfur is reduced to sulfide and the inner sulfur recycles through a sulfite pool.
Estimating Topographic Blocking Using a Froude Number When the Static Stability Is Nonuniform

Abstract A parameter widely used to predict topographic flow blocking is the nondimensional mountain height or, synonymously, the inverse Froude number. Predictions using this parameter are based on the morphology of flows with uniform upstream static stability and wind speed, which rarely occur in the real world. The appropriateness of applying this theory in the presence of nontrivial background stability is therefore investigated using a numerical model. Two methods were considered to estimate the low-level stability, averaging the Brunt–Vaisala frequency below the crest and using the bulk change in θ between the ground and crest level. No single best method emerged for estimating the upstream static stability and thereby mapping the simulations with inversions onto the set of solutions with constant stratification. Instead, the best method depended on the application at hand. To predict the onset of flow stagnation, averaging the low-level stability worked best, while to predict low-level flow diversi...
Hypnotic imagery as a tool in working with a cerebral palsied child

Abstract Hypnotic imagery was used with a moderately severe athebid cerebral palsied 12-year-old boy who was mildly retarded and a poor hypnotic subject. Techniques included imagery, observation of the self, revivification of relaxing experiences, proprioceptive feedback about the athetoid movements, and dealing with feelings and motivation. Athetoid movements were reduced, results extended beyond the treatment situation, and improvement was madein practical skills.
Mercaptan derivatives as modifiers in the copolymerization of butadiene and styrene

It has been demonstrated that the homogeneity in respect to molecular weight of emulsion copolymers of butadiene and styrene can be increased by the use of certain derivatives of n-dodecyl mercaptan rather than the mercaptan itself. These derivatives decompose and relase n-dodecyl mercaptan at an even rate during the polymerization reaction. Several new derivatives of n-dodecyl mercaptan are described.
Assessing benefits of irrigation and nutrient management practices on a southeast Florida royal palm (Roystonea elata) field nursery

Many of the best management practices (BMPs) that are recommended for agricultural producers have not been scientifically evaluated for their conservation benefits considering the soil, climate, and hydrology of the proposed application location. The goal of this study was to compare royal palm (Roystonea elata) production in south Florida, USA, using tensiometer automated irrigation and reduced soil applications of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to that of traditional grower practices considering water savings, nutrient inputs, crop yield, crop nutrient status, soil nutrient status, and economic analyses. The study consisted of six treatments: (1) control (i.e., a grower irrigation rate and N and P fertilizer rates); (2) irrigation system automated to irrigate when soil water suction exceeded 5 kPa and the grower N and P rates; (3) irrigation system automated to irrigate when soil water suction exceeded 15 kPa and the grower N and P rates; (4) irrigation system automated to irrigate when soil water suction exceeded 15 kPa and 50% of the grower N and P rates; (5) the grower irrigation rate and 75% of the grower N and P rates; and (6) the grower irrigation rate and 50% of the grower N and P rates. Irrigation water volume applied, plant diameters, and plant heights were measured periodically throughout the study and plant tissue samples and soil samples were collected periodically for analysis of N and P content. Significant differences among treatments were only observed for the irrigation water volume applied. Automating the irrigation system to irrigate at soil suction exceeding 5 and 15 kPa resulted in 75 and 96% less water applied, respectively, than traditional irrigation scheduling practices used by a grower. Economic analyses suggested that all treatments would result in financial savings ranging from 7 to 34% per ha considering a 5-year, 2 ha investment. Thus, automating irrigation based on soil water suction for palm production in southern Florida, USA and similar locations will result in more sustainable agricultural production systems by benefiting the environment (less nutrients and water applied) and the grower (lower cost).
Lateral Stiffness Approximation of Linked Column Steel Frame System

An analytical investigation is performed on the linked column steel frame system (LCF) and verified based on results from rigorous iterative design conducted for experimental frame. The LCF is a new lateral braced-free structural steel system intended for rapid return to occupancy performance level following a design level earthquake. The structural system consists of moment frames for the gravity system combined with closely spaced dual columns interconnected with bolted links for the lateral system. An analytical model is presented based on the mechanics of the system to evaluate the lateral stiffness of the LCF. The expressions developed may be used to select the geometric properties not only of the closely spaced dual columns but also the links, meeting the design inter-story drift limits. Analytically estimating the stiffness provides the designers with tools to size structural members and provide a first estimate of drift under earthquake loading, which is useful since the LCF system tends to be drift controlled.
The adjuvant activity of Bacillus subtilis and subtilisin

Abstract B. subtilis cells were found capable of adjuvant activity in producing anaphylaxis in the mouse when administered together with antigen via the footpad route. Subtilisin also exhibited an adjuvant effect, which was evident at the time of secondary challenge. The spores were ineffective. Skin-sensitizing antibodies were present in all the sera as demonstrated by the 2 hour passive cutaneous anaphylaxis technique, even though the animals failed to exhibit anaphylactic reactions. Precipitating antibodies to subtilisin were demonstrated in the sera of mice prepared by the adjuvant action of B. pertussis with cells, spores and subtilisin. These animals were not anaphylactically sensitive.
The Use of Functional MRI in Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis and Treatment

Recent advances in MRI have provided the opportunity to map changes in hemodynamics that correspond to cognitive and sensory operations. These advances in noninvasive, low-risk, imaging environments have extended the traditional role of medical imaging into new domains that include investigations into the interplay between brain anatomy, physiology, and function. This interplay is mandatory for examination of the complex effects of diffuse damage caused by traumatic brain injury. Functional MRI (fMRI) provides relatively high-resolution indirect assessment of neuronal activity. Three main factors interact to affect the quality of fMRI data that is acquired: (1) MRI hardware, (2) the paradigm (or experimental) design, and (3) subject cooperation. This article focuses on paradigm design and subject cooperation.
Adjuvant Intravesical Therapy for Superficial Bladder Cancer

OBJECTIVE:To review the results of clinical trials and adverse drug effects of thiotepa, BCG vaccine, mitomycin, and doxorubicin, which are used as adjuvant intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer.DATA SOURCE:Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE search, of the English-language literature. Indexing terms included adjuvant pharmaceutics, bladder neoplasms, thiotepa, mitomycin, BCG vaccine, and doxorubicin.DATA EXTRACTION:Data from several human and in vitro studies were assessed and evaluated, according to the strength of comparative data and therapeutic response.STUDY SELECTION:Emphasis was placed on clinical trials that assessed and evaluated dosage, therapeutic regimens, and therapeutic response of adjuvant intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer.DATA SYNTHESIS:Adjuvant intravesical therapy and long-term prophylaxis are effective for superficial bladder cancer. Studies have shown that doxorubicin, thiotepa, BCG, and mitomycin, when used as adjuvant therapy, provide better prot...
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Following the landmark discovery of the Enders lab that led directly to the successful development and deployment of polio vaccines, investigators turned their attention to addressing the other, common viral diseases of childhood. Over the next two decades, these efforts would yield vaccine dividends against three of the most important causes of viral disease and would dramatically and favorably alter the global landscape of infectious diseases.
Plasma drifts and polarization electric fields associated with TID-like disturbances in the low-latitude ionosphere: C/NOFS observations

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances are often observed at the magnetically conjugate points in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere. It has been suggested that gravity waves disturb the ionosphere and induce electric fields in one hemisphere and that the electric fields are amplified by the Perkins instability and transmitted along the geomagnetic field lines to the conjugate ionosphere, creating similar disturbances there. However, direct observations of electric fields associated with traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are very few. In this study, we present low-latitude TID-like disturbances observed by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. It is found that ion velocity perturbations are generated in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field within TIDs. Both the parallel and perpendicular ion velocity perturbations show an in-phase correlation with the ion density perturbations. For nighttime TIDs, the amplitude of both the parallel and meridional ion velocity perturbations increases almost linearly with the amplitude of the ion density perturbations, and the meridional ion drift is proportional to the parallel ion velocity. For daytime TIDs, the parallel ion velocity perturbation increases with the ion density perturbation, but the meridional ion velocity perturbation does not change much. The observations provide evidence that polarization electric field is generated within TIDs at low latitudes and maps along the geomagnetic field lines over a large distance.
An aromatic ion platform for enantioselective Brønsted acid catalysis

Chiral acid catalysts are useful for the synthesis of enantioenriched small molecules, but the standard catalysts require laborious and expensive preparations. Here, we describe a chiral Bronsted acid prepared in one step from naturally occurring (–)-menthol and readily available 1,2,3,4,5-pentacarbomethoxycyclopentadiene. Aromatic stabilization serves as a key contributing factor to the potent acidity of the resulting compound, which is shown to catalyze both Mukaiyama-Mannich and oxocarbenium aldol reactions with high efficiency and enantioselectivity. Catalyst loadings as low as 0.01 mole percent and preparative scalability (25 grams) are demonstrated. Alternative amide catalysts are also shown to be promising platforms. In addition to proton catalysis, a chiral anion pathway is demonstrated to be viable with this catalyst system.
The Morphology and Development of Caliciopsis Pinea

The genus Caliciopsis Peck (9) was described by its author as a member of the Discomycetes. Rehm (10), Arnaud (1, 2), and other students of the taxonomy of the Ascomycetes have agreed with Peck, and in general have placed the genus near Calicium of the Caliciaceae. Ellis (4, 5) regarded Caliciopsis as essentially identical with his own pyrenomycetous genus Hypsotheca, but in deference to Peck's opinion did not merge the two. Fitzpatrick (6) included the species of Hypsotheca in Caliciopsis, incorporated the genus in the Coryneliaceae, and expressed the opinion that the family is pyrenomycetous and most closely allied to the Perisporiaceae. Influenced by the work of Miller (7), he has since come to regard the fruit-body in Caliciopsis as not a true perithecium, but as more of the nature of a loculate stroma such as exists in the
Sperniatogenesis in the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The sequential development of the testes of Trichoplusiani (Hubner) was analyzed quantitatively by testicular volume and by the different stages of developing germcells. Volume increased rapidly and was maximum during the early pupal stage. Eight stages of germ cells were studied: predefinitive, indefinitive, and definitive spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes; secondary spermatocytes; spermatid cysts; elongating spermatids; and eupyreneand apyrene sperm bundles. The eupyrene sperm bundles first appeared as pupation began; the apyrene bundles became evident 3 clays later.
One man’s path to marketing analytics

This article presents my educational and career paths on the way to being a ‘Marketing Analytics Person’. It also notes several ‘Core Lessons’ that I believe are useful to anyone who is aspiring toward an academic career in marketing analytics. Some of these pertain to educational choices, while others to choices during one’s professorial career. The article spans a time period of more than a half-century.
Fragman : an R package for fragment analysis

Determination of microsatellite lengths or other DNA fragment types is an important initial component of many genetic studies such as mutation detection, linkage and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genetic diversity, pedigree analysis, and detection of heterozygosity. A handful of commercial and freely available software programs exist for fragment analysis; however, most of them are platform dependent and lack high-throughput applicability. We present the R package Fragman to serve as a freely available and platform independent resource for automatic scoring of DNA fragment lengths diversity panels and biparental populations. The program analyzes DNA fragment lengths generated in Applied Biosystems® (ABI) either manually or automatically by providing panels or bins. The package contains additional tools for converting the allele calls to GenAlEx, JoinMap® and OneMap software formats mainly used for genetic diversity and generating linkage maps in plant and animal populations. Easy plotting functions and multiplexing friendly capabilities are some of the strengths of this R package. Fragment analysis using a unique set of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) genotypes based on microsatellite markers is used to highlight the capabilities of Fragman. Fragman is a valuable new tool for genetic analysis. The package produces equivalent results to other popular software for fragment analysis while possessing unique advantages and the possibility of automation for high-throughput experiments by exploiting the power of R.
The relative association between individual difference variables and general psychotherapy outcome expectation in socially anxious individuals.

AbstractObjective: Although patients’ psychotherapy outcome expectation relates to their treatment outcome, little is known about correlates of this expectation. Moreover, the limited research has largely assessed convenience variables as correlates, with little replication and few examinations of the relative strength of associations between the correlates and outcome expectation. This clinical analogue study examined the relation between socially anxious undergraduates’ (N = 178) characteristics and their general psychotherapy outcome expectation. We investigated characteristics supported as correlates in prior studies. Methods: Data derived from a baseline assessment prior to a larger experiment. Participants’ mean level of social anxiety was within 1 standard deviation of the mean of clinical, treatment-seeking samples, and 65.2% of the sample either had therapy experience or were actively considering it. Results: Participants’ general outcome expectation was significantly associated with positive bel...
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis presenting with tonic–clonic seizure

A 37-year-old Hispanic man with no medical history presented with sudden onset of two episodes of witnessed seizure. On arrival to the emergency room, he experienced another episode of generalised tonic–clonic seizure witnessed by the physician and nurses. His seizure was accompanied by tongue biting and postictal confusion, but neither bowel nor bladder incontinence. Each episode lasted nearly 15–20 s and resolved without intervention. The patient did not have a similar event in the past and family history was negative for seizure disorder. He was not on medication at home and denied recreational drug use. On physical examination, he …
Activity analysis of pharmacy-directed drug-administration technicians

The percentage of time required by drug-administration technicians to perform predefined activities was determined using a work-sampling technique. Two trained pharmacists used random-sampling techniques to estimate the amount of time technicians spent performing activities in each of four major work categories. These categories, which included drug administration and related activities, clerical, communication, and "other," were divided into 24 activity elements, and technicians were randomly observed during the first or second work shift (8 1/2 hours) for 20 days in a one-month period. Drug-administration technicians spent the most time in the drug administration and related activities category (40.4 +/- 2.5%), followed by "other" (24.1 +/- 2.2%), communication (17.9 +/- 2.0%), and clerical (17.6 +/- 2.0%) activities. In the "other" category, technicians were not observed 11.6 +/- 1.7% of the time, but this was expected since the technicians were granted a 30-minute lunch period and two 15-minute breaks. A work-sampling technique was effective in quantifying activities performed by drug-administration technicians.
Science Learning for ALL Young Scientists: Exploring, Investigating, Learning, and Growing Together With Ramps and Pathways in Diverse Settings

Physical science activities provide multiple and varied opportunities for young children to actively observe, engage in, interact with, and interpret experiences in the physical world within diverse, inclusive settings. If all learners are to gain access to, fully participate in, and achieve maximum profit from early science opportunities, educators need to understand, believe in, and value science as a learning experience for all children. Thus, educators need to view all children as science learners. This article examines key principles central to maximizing early physical science learning opportunities with the full range of learners within democratic learning communities and demonstrates how teachers can satisfy these principles using early physical science activities, particularly activities using ramps and pathways.
Reexamining the Prohibition of Gestational Surrogacy in Sunni Islam

Advances in reproductive medicine have provided new, and much needed, hope for millions of people struggling with infertility. Gestational surrogacy is one such development that has been gaining popularity with infertile couples, especially those unable to benefit from other reproductive procedures such as In Vitro Fertilization. For many Muslim couples, however, surrogacy remains a nonviable option. Islamic scholars have deemed the procedure incompatible with Islam and have prohibited its use. This paper examines the arguments presented for proscribing surrogacy arrangements in Sunni Islam in particular. These include preservation of lineage, exclusion of third parties in reproduction, upholding the rights of the child, and protection from the negative effects of surrogacy arrangements. The rationales for banning surrogacy are subsequently refuted utilizing Islamic law "Sharia", bioethics, and medical evidence. The paper also presents reasons for why surrogacy is not only consistent with Sunni Islamic teachings, but is also both ethically justified and medically necessary. Lastly, Islamic scholars are urged to take into account the arguments presented in this paper and reconsider their rulings on the permissibility of surrogacy.
SecureNoSQL: An approach for secure search of encrypted NoSQL databases in the public cloud

Abstract While many schemes have been proposed to search encrypted relational databases, less attention has been paid to NoSQL databases. In this paper we report on the design and the implementation of a security scheme called “SecureNoSQL” for searching encrypted cloud NoSQL databases. Our solution is one of the first efforts covering not only data confidentiality, but also the integrity of the datasets residing on a cloud server. In our system a secure proxy carries out the required transformations and the cloud server is not modified. The construction is applicable to all NoSQL data models and, in our experiments, we present its application to a Document-store data model. The contributions of this paper include: (1) a descriptive language based on a subset of JSON notations; (2) a tool to create and parse a security plan consisting of cryptographic modules, data elements, and mappings of cryptographic modules to the data fields; and (3) a query and data validation mechanism based on the security plan .
Lis1 has Two Distinct Modes of Regulating Dynein's Mechanochemical Cycle

Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (“dynein”) is a minus-end-directed microtubule-based motor that couples ATP hydrolysis to force generation to move diverse cargos. Dynein is a single-chain AAA+ ATPase that contains 6 AAA+ domains, where AAA1-4 bind nucleotide and AAA1 drives the motor. Lis1 is a conserved and ubiquitous dynein regulator. Previously, we showed that Lis1 binds to dynein at AAA4 and causes dynein to slow down and remain attached to microtubules, even in the presence of ATP, which usually releases dynein from its track. Interestingly, while AAA3 is occupied by ADP when dynein is walking, either the absence of nucleotide or the presence of ATP lead to a motor that behaves like its Lis1-regulated state. This observation led us to hypothesize that Lis1 acts through AAA3. To test this we determined how the nucleotide state at AAA3 affects Lis1's regulation of dynein. When AAA3 is nucleotide-free, Lis1 increases dynein's microtubule binding affinity, as we had previously observed, Surprisingly, however, when AAA3 contains ATP, Lis1 has the opposite effect, leading to dynein's detachment from microtubules. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of dynein-Lis1 complexes revealed the basis for these puzzling effects. While a single Lis1 beta propeller (Lis1 is a dimer) binds to dynein in the AAA3-(no nucleotide) state, a second Lis1 beta propeller is bound to the motor in the AAA3-ATP state. This novel second site is located on dynein's coiled coil “stalk”, which connects dynein's motor domain to its microtubule binding domain. Importantly, the sequence of this site is conserved only in those dyneins that are regulated by Lis1. Our work revealed that Lis1 can act either as a microtubule anchor or a release factor for dynein, depending upon the nucleotide occupancy at AAA3. We propose a new model for how Lis1 serves as a dual regulator of dynein activity in cells.
Strategic Categorization: Vertical and Horizontal Changes in Self- Categorization

This study extends prior research on categories and categorization by examining how organizations can strategically manage self- categorization labels to meet external audiences’ expectations and r...
Factors associated with discordance between quantitative & qualitative cardiac PET results

1510 Objectives PET myocardial perfusion can provide a noninvasive measure of myocardial blood flow (MBF) & coronary flow reserve (CFR). In some cases, quantitative measurements may be discrepant from the qualitative interpretation. The clinical significance of these discrepancies is not yet well understood. This study characterizes factors associated with discordance between qualitative & quantitative myocardial perfusion PET results. Methods Rb-82 PET/CT from 92 patients were included in retrospective analyses. Regional & global MBF and CFR were quantified. Reported sum stress scores (SSS) & sum difference scores (SDS) were used as a surrogate for qualitative results. Patient factors were compared for concordant & discordant results, with concordance defined as qualitative & quantitative results that were both normal (CFR ≥ 2 & SDS = 0) or both abnormal (CFR 0). Results Overall, there was good correlation between SSS with global & regional stress MBF, and between SDS with global & regional CFR. 15% of our studies had discordance (CFR 0) suggestive of non-pathologic flow heterogeneity. Patient factors known to be associated with microvascular disease risk (age, DM, smoker) were associated with abnormal quantitative PET results. Conclusions This analysis highlights distinct patient categories associated with discordant PET findings. Noninvasive estimation of CFR with quantitative perfusion PET adds value to visual qualitative interpretation, not only supporting qualitative findings when results are concordant, but also potentially revealing diffuse or microvascular disease when discordant.
New library construction method for single-cell genomes

A central challenge in sequencing single-cell genomes is the accurate determination of point mutations, phasing of these mutations, and identifying copy number variations with few assumptions. Ideally, this is accomplished under as low sequencing coverage as possible. Here we report our attempt to meet these goals with a novel library construction and library amplification methodology. In our approach, single-cell genomic DNA is first fragmented with saturated transposition to make a primary library that uniformly covers the whole genome by short fragments. The library is then amplified by a carefully optimized PCR protocol in a uniform and synchronized fashion for next-generation sequencing. Each step of the protocol can be quantitatively characterized. Our shallow sequencing data show that the library is tightly distributed and is useful for the determination of copy number variations.
The Discovery of a Novel Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B-Preferring Radioligand for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging

As part of our effort in identifying phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B-preferring inhibitors for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, we sought to identify a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand to enable target occupancy measurement in vivo. Through a systematic and cost-effective PET discovery process, involving expression level (Bmax) and biodistribution determination, a PET-specific structure–activity relationship (SAR) effort, and specific binding assessment using a LC-MS/MS “cold tracer” method, we have identified 8 (PF-06445974) as a promising PET lead. Compound 8 has exquisite potency at PDE4B, good selectivity over PDE4D, excellent brain permeability, and a high level of specific binding in the “cold tracer” study. In subsequent non-human primate (NHP) PET imaging studies, [18F]8 showed rapid brain uptake and high target specificity, indicating that [18F]8 is a promising PDE4B-preferring radioligand for clinical PET imaging.
Multiple child care arrangements and school readiness in kindergarten

Abstract Nationally, nearly one in five children younger than age 5 experiences multiple, concurrent child care arrangements. Yet, it remains unclear whether the use of multiple arrangements contributes to school readiness at kindergarten-entry, or whether these associations vary by the timing of multiple arrangements and the type(s) of care used. Using nationally-representative data (N = 6450), this study estimated associations between experiencing multiple arrangements at ages 9 months, 2 years, and 4 years and children’s school readiness in the fall of kindergarten. It also examined whether these associations depend on the type(s) of care combined. Results from OLS and propensity score weighted regression models suggest that multiple arrangements are associated with positive, neutral, or negative school readiness outcomes depending on both the timing and the type(s) of care used.
Selectivity of probes for PET imaging of dopamine D3 receptors

Dopamine D3 receptors have key roles in behavioral reward, addiction, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia, and there is interest in studying their role in these disorders using PET. However, current PET radiotracers for studying D3 receptors in humans all bind to both D2 and D3 due to similarities between the two receptors. Selective D2 and D3 radioligands would aid investigation of the differences between D2 and D3 circuitry in the central nervous system. While there are currently in vitro measures of ligand D3/D2 selectivity, there is a need for an in vivo PET measure of D3/D2 selectivity. This review discusses current PET imaging of dopamine D2/D3 receptors and proposes methodology for quantitating in vivo selectivity of probes for PET imaging of dopamine D3 receptors.
Joint Surgeon Attributes Estimation in Robot-Assisted Surgery

This paper proposes a computational framework to estimate surgeon attributes during Robot-Assisted Surgery (RAS). The three investigated attributes are workload, performance, and expertise levels. The framework leverages multimodal sensing and joint estimation and was evaluated with twelve surgeons operating on the da Vinci Skills Simulator. The multimodal signals include heart rate variability, wrist motion, electrodermal, electromyography, and electroencephalogram activity. The proposed framework reached an average estimation error of 11.05%, and jointly inferring surgeon attributes reduced estimation errors by 10.02%.
Biochemical Mechanisms Responsible for Alcohol-Associated Myocardiopathy

An overview of alcohol metabolism is presented followed by a discussion of the unique pathways for the metabolism of ethanol by the heart. The evidence for cardiac metabolic injury produced as a result of ethanol metabolism is then presented. Such injury involves the mitochondria, contractile proteins, and alterations in calcium fluxes and storage.
Early Cystometrograms Can Predict the Response to Intravesical Instillation of Oxybutynin Chloride in Myelomeningocele Patients

Recent reported experiences with intravesical medications in neurogenic bladder patients prompted us to evaluate this form of therapy in 28 myelomeningocele patients who could not tolerate oral anticholinergic agents or did not have adequate control on these agents. A pretreatment cystometrogram was performed followed by intravesical administration of oxybutynin chloride, with a repeat cystometrogram 3 hours later. Patients then began twice daily intravesical oxybutynin for a minimum of 4 months. The mean bladder capacity increased by 41%, the mean intravesical pressure decreased by 47% and compliance improved. Five patients achieved continence and 62% had less wetting while on intravesical therapy. The immediate posttreatment cystometrogram was predictive of the response to intravesical therapy on followup studies. Unfortunately, patient compliance was poor, with only 13 of the 28 patients remaining on therapy for the duration of the study.
Pregnancy predictors in the fresh cycle using dual trigger protocol

Dual trigger protocol using a combination of GnRH agonist and hCG for final oocyte maturation has been shown to minimize ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) risk without compromising fresh embryo transfer outcomes. Therefore, we sought to determine if any cycle characteristics were associated with predictive of pregnancy outcomes in fresh cycles that utilized this protocol for in-vitro fertilization.
ECOLOGICAL SEGREGATION, POLYMORPHISM AND NATURAL SELECTION IN TWO INTERTIDAL GASTROPODS OF THE GENUS NERITA AT ELAT (RED SEA, ISRAEL)

ABSTRACT A preliminary ecological survey of two sympatric intertidal species of Nerita at Elat showed that beach rock slabs are inhabited by N. forskalii whereas on pebble beaches it is excluded from the upper levels by N. polita. Activity patterns of both species are determined by their vulnerability to predation and desiccation; to evade their marine predators they are active when the tide is out, and, to avoid desiccation, they are active mostly at night. When inactive, N. forskalii hides in cracks and crevices of rock and N. polita hides by burrowing into the sand. Both species are variable in shell coloration, which matches their background. The ratio in which colour “morphs” are taken by predators suggests that, at least in N. polita, variability per se is adaptive by impairing the predator's hunting efficiency.
Communication and the Empowerment of Powerless Civil Society

Masyarakat sipil, atau lebih dikenal sebagai civil society, dianggap oleh pihak negara merupakan golongan masyarakat yang bukan kategori warga masyarakat dan oleh pasar dianggap bukan pembeli, namun melebihi kategori yang ada. Pandangan para ilmuwan menunjukkan peran penting masyarakat sipil dan keandalan komunikasi merupakan faktor penting dalam mengungkapkan pendapat dan mempengaruhi. Peranan masyarakat sipil di negara-negara maju menunjukan kemampuan mereka untuk mempangaruhi kebijakan. Akan tetapi di Indonesia, kapasitas yang dimiliki belum dapat membantu masyarakat sepenuhnya, sehingga perlu diadakan assesmen bagaimana memberdayakan masyarakat sipil.
Validity of the Hispanic version of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Foot and Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire in patients with traumatic foot and ankle injuries.

Background Hispanics represent the largest minority group in the United States and are projected to represent 29% of the US population by 2060. Enrolling Hispanic patients in clinical outcome trials is critical to study a representative sample of the general population. Lack of translated and validated survey tools has been identified as a major barrier to enrolling Spanish speaking patients. The purpose of this validation study was to study the correlation between the Spanish translation of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Foot and Ankle Outcomes questionnaire (AAOS-FAOQ) and the Spanish versions of the Foot Function Index (FFI) and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) in Hispanics from Mexican lineage with traumatic foot and ankle injuries. Methods A cross-sectional validation study in 36 Hispanic patients from Mexican lineage with foot and ankle injuries was performed. The Hispanic version of the AAOS-FAOQ and the Spanish translations of the FAOQ, FHSQ, FFI, and the Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) were distributed among all patients. Subsequent statistical analysis correlating the Hispanic version of the AAOS-FAOQ to the FFI, FHSQ, and SF-36 was performed. Additional analysis on the Hispanic AAOS-FAOQ included test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Results The Hispanic AAOS-FAOQ Global Foot and Ankle subscale showed statistically significant (P < .05) correlations with 5 of 8 subscales of the FHSQ, the FFI, and the Physical Component Summary subscale of the SF-36. The AAOS-FAOQ Global Foot & Ankle Scale also demonstrated a test-retest reliability of 0.736 and a strong internal consistency. Conclusions This study further validates AAOS-FAOQ in Mexican Hispanics by showing strong correlations with the validated Spanish versions of the FFI and FHSQ.
Economic Statecraft and US Foreign Policy: Reducing the Demand for Violence

Explaining the connection between economics and violent extremism, this book argues that American foreign policy must be rebalanced with a greater emphasis on social inclusion and shared prosperity in order to mitigate the root causes of conflict. Rosenberger argues that economic coercion has usually proven counterproductive, and that a militarized American foreign policy too often results in frustration and strategic failure. He analyses this theory through a number of case studies, from the Treaty of Versailles to the more recent issues of Israel in Gaza, US sanctions against Iran, the US backed, Saudi-led boycott of Qatar and Donald Trump’s trade war against China. He concludes that the economic logic of social inclusion and shared prosperity demonstrated in Jean Monnet’s European Coal and Steel Community would be a more successful strategy in reducing the demand for violence in the civil wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen and Syria. This book will be of particular relevance for courses on American Foreign Policy, International Relations and International Political Economy and seminars on the Near East and South Asia. Professional economists, diplomats and military officers in America and in the Near East and South Asia will also find the argument useful.
Prejudice and Social Media: Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigrants, Refugees, and Transgender People

Social media is widely used and has become an important source for news (Mitchell A, Page D, The role of news on Facebook: common yet Incidental. PEW Research Center, October 24, 2013). While there exists a growing body of literature on the effects of social media on the user, questions remain about how social media use might shape users’ views of disparaged social groups. In particular, how using social media as a key news source, tailoring their experience to be exposed only to those people and ideas they agree with (selective exposure), and the diversity of their social network may foment prejudice. Drawing on a sample of college students from three universities, this project examined the relationship between social media use and prejudicial attitudes toward three social groups that have been the focus of news media in recent years: immigrants, refugees, and transgender people. Our findings show complexity. First, social media as a news source, selective exposure, and network diversity do not impact attitudes toward immigrants. Second, network diversity softens attitudes toward refugees. Third, those who frequently use social media as a news source have more positive attitudes toward transgender people while those who more frequently access social media for specifically political news have more negative attitudes toward transgender people.