cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of penicillin hypersensitivity by two newer immunological procedures

Abstract Sera and blood were examined from 25 patients with clinical penicillin-allergic reactions. Twenty-two of 25 serum samples sensitized the monkey ileum. Eight of 9 lymphocyte cultures showed a lymphoblast response when tested with penicillin. Crystalline benzyl penicillin G was a satisfactory antigen for both tests. Heat and 2ME studies suggest that several different antibodies are involved in the allergic reactions.
Comment: The State of British Economics

I read the three articles in this symposium with great interest, having been quite involved in at least some of these topics as an economist on the other side of the Atlantic. I will both comment on how the world is similar or different in US academic economics, and will also feel freer than did the authors to speculate on underlying causal factors behind the data. Having chaired the American Economic Association's Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP) for three years, I first read Booth and Burton's article. I was struck by how similar the numbers appeared in the United Kingdom and the United States. Table 1 presents the results reported from CSWEP's annual departmental questionnaire, which is sent to all PhD-granting institutions in the United States. As the table shows, women constitute about 6% of full professors, 15% of tenured associate professors, and 28% of untenured assistant professors. Even recognising differences in the definition of academic positions between the United States and the United Kingdom, these numbers are remarkably similar to those shown in Table 1 of Booth and Burton for full-time staff. Furthermore, as in the United Kingdom, the proportion of women is somewhat lower in the topranked departments. In recent years, between 25 and 34% of those receiving PhDs in economics have been female in the United States, also similar to the UK numbers in Table 4 of Booth and Burton. In the United States, the share of women in academic positions decreases at every level in economics. The share of female assistant professors is lower than the share of women graduating with a PhD, the share of women promoted to associate professor is lower than their share among assistant professors, and the share of female full professors is lower than among associates. While this is partly due to the 'pipeline problem', in which a disproportionate share of female PhDs are younger, it is not entirely due to this. I recently tried to model the expected flow of women up through the academic ranks, from 1980 forward, given information in each year on the share of women receiving a PhD, and assuming that women should enter academic work and move upward at the same rate as men. My evidence showed that women are not advancing as rapidly as men, and that the smaller shares in associate and full professor tenured jobs is not just a pipeline issue, but also due to women dropping out of academic economics at a higher rates at each point. Of course, the key question is 'Why do women drop out of (or fail to be promoted in) academic economics at a higher rate?' At least three issues are frequently raised. First, women disproportionately choose to specialise in more applied fields in economics. Not only is this work less valued in academic
Ferromagnetic resonance study on NiFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites

NiFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites were characterized by a coplanar waveguide ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement setup. Ferromagnetic resonance fields were analyzed to determine the internal magnetic field in the samples. The effects of sample orientation and particle packing fraction on the FMR behavior are investigated. The results are found to agree with theoretical predictions on high frequency properties of magnetic nanocomposites.
Agonists of the retinoic acid- and retinoid X-receptors inhibit hepatocyte growth factor secretion and expression in U87 human astrocytoma cells.

Abstract Retinoids participate in the onset of differentiation, apoptosis and the inhibition of growth in a wide variety of normal and cancerous cells. Several recent reports have shown that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and its receptor, c-Met, are expressed at abnormally high levels in various human malignant gliomas and exert a strong proliferative action in an autocrine fashion. These results, consequently, imply that HGF and its receptor may represent a major contributor to the progression of such malignancies. Since astrocytomas are the most frequently occurring glioma, we have shown here that U87 cells — a well-established, human astrocytoma cell line — express both HGF and c-Met, thereby providing a suitable astrocytic tumor model for studying the potential role of HGF, functioning in an autocrine mode, in astrocytic tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) isoforms, RARα, -β and -γ, as well as the retinoid x-receptor (RxR) isoforms, RxRα and -β, by RT-PCR and western blot analysis in these cells. Since ligands of the RARs and RxRs are known to exert growth inhibitory effects on various tumor cells which include some astrocytomas, we speculated that such effect of retinoids might be mediated via inhibition of HGF secretion in human astrocytoma cells. Indeed, we have shown that the RAR agonists, all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and ( E )-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthylenyl)-1-propenyl] benzoic acid (TTNPB), inhibited HGF secretion with half maximal inhibition occurring at 3.0 μM and 15 nM, respectively, as did the RxR agonists, 9- cis - and 13- cis retinoic acid (9cRA and 13cRA, respectively), which exerted half-maximal inhibitory effects at 40 and 25 nM, respectively. These actions of the RAR and RxR agonists appear to be exerted at the transcriptional level as assessed by Northern blot analysis. Taken together, our results show for the first time that retinoids, acting via the RAR and RxRs, significantly inhibit both the secretion and expression of HGF, thereby interrupting a potentially highly tumorigenic autocrine loop in astrocytoma cells.
HUMORAL ANTAGONISM OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY DISEASE RECONSTITUTED BY BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

Abstract Three children born with severe combined immunodeficiency disease, who had been fully reconstituted immunologically by bone-marrow transplantation from matched sibling donors, were examined by an in-vitro assay of cellular immunity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from these children, originating from the bone-marrow graft, were cytotoxic for their respective host fibroblasts in vitro. This cellular cytotoxicity was inhibited by an autologous serum factor which contained immunoglobulin determinants. Human lymphoid chimaeras may depend upon active antagonism between humoral and cellular limbs of the immune response.
Sediments of the Caicos Outer Ridge, The Bahamas

Northeast of Caicos Island (Bahamas) a large sedimentary ridge rises from the deep sea floor. This asymmetrical ridge is steepest on the south side and lies parallel to the Bahama Banks. Four 6-m-long cores taken from 2850 to 2900 fathoms consist predominantly of pelagic clays (illite and chlorite); they contain interbedded calcarenites which consist of foraminifera (benthonic and pelagic), pteropods from both neritic and littoral depths (indicating considerable displacement of fauna), and finer material. Primary structures such as graded bedding, cross bedding, convolute bedding and parallel bedding are observed in these beds. Considerable mechanical sorting of faunal species produced two distinct sediment facies, the lower consisting of foraminifera and pteropod tests and the upper of clay, discoasters, and coccoliths. A single stratigraphic sequence is seen in the four cores. Each core exhibits similar variation in carbonate content, similar sequence of manganese-stained layers, and a similar sequence of sediment colors. One apparently correlative calcarenite thins from 58 cm to 28 cm and the mean grain size decreases from 0.17 mm to 0.012 mm, as distance from the Bahama Banks increases by 100 miles. The Caicos Outer Ridge consists predominantly of clays evidently deposited by a southeasterly flowing deep ocean current. Incorporated in this lutite ridge are calcarenites which originated on the Bahama Banks and spread along the ridge and onto the surrounding abyssal plains.
Bdelloid rotifers revisited

Sexual reproduction is one of the most striking features of the biological world. The great majority of the animals and plants with which we are most familiar reproduce at least part of the time by means of sexual reproduction with meiosis, recombination, and fertilization. But many eukaryotes reproduce asexually part of the time, and some are exclusively asexual (1, 2). Two articles in a recent issue of PNAS (3, 4) answered some questions about one such group, the bdelloid rotifers, and raised some new questions. Rotifers are microscopic freshwater invertebrates. The class Bdelloidea (5, 6) consists entirely of females reproducing by apomixis, in which diploid eggs produced by mitotic division develop parthenogenetically into females. Their closest relatives are in the class Monogononta, which reproduce mostly by apomictic parthenogenesis, with an occasional one-generation sexual cycle. The bdelloids are believed to descend from a parthenogenetic female monogonont that lost the ability to enter a sexual cycle. Fossil evidence shows that the bdelloids are at least 35–40 million years old (7); the diversity of their gene sequences (8) suggests they are more than twice that age. In that time, the descendants of the first bdelloid diversified into >360 species and occupied nearly every freshwater habitat on every continent (5, 6). The success of the bdelloids seems to contradict the population genetic theory and empirical evidence, which show that asexual animals have shorter evolutionary life spans and less ability to diversify than do sexual organisms (1, 2, 9). Consequently, the few old, diverse asexual groups have been called “ancient asexual scandals” (10, 11), and their asexuality has been questioned. The two articles recently published in PNAS (3, 4) described the latest steps in an ongoing molecular evolutionary analysis that provides convincing evidence of bdelloid asexuality. …
Connection between the KdV equation and the two-dimensional Ising model☆

Abstract We construct the one-parameter family of solutions to d 2 w /d z su 2 = zw + 2w 3 that tend to zero for z → +∞ by specializing an equation previously solved in connection with the two-dimensional Ising model. These solutions are intimately related to the KdV equation.
Reconstitution of translation from Thermus thermophilus reveals a minimal set of components sufficient for protein synthesis at high temperatures and functional conservation of modern and ancient translation components

Thermus thermophilus is a thermophilic model organism distantly related to the mesophilic model organism E. coli. We reconstituted protein translation of Thermus thermophilus in vitro from purified ribosomes, transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) and 33 recombinant proteins. This reconstituted system was fully functional, capable of translating natural messenger RNA (mRNA) into active full-length proteins at temperatures up to 65 � C and with yields up to 60kg/ml. Surprisingly, the synthesis of active proteins also occurred at 37 � C, a temperature well below the minimal growth temperature for T. thermophilus. A polyamine was required, with tetraamine being most effective, for translation at both high and low temperatures. Using such a defined in vitro system, we demonstrated a minimal set of components that are sufficient for synthesizing active proteins at high temperatures, the functional compatibility of key translation components between T. thermophilus and E. coli, and the functional conservation of a number of resurrected ancient elongation factors. This work sets the stage for future experiments that apply abundant structural information to biochemical characterization of protein translation and folding in T. thermophilus. Because it contains significantly reduced nucleases and proteases, this reconstituted thermostable cell-free protein synthesis system may enable in vitro engineering of proteins with improved thermostability.
Practitioner Compliance With Risk/Needs Assessment Tools: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment

This study examines practitioners’ compliance and noncompliance with risk/needs assessment tools, using a national survey of frontline community corrections staff. Focusing on respondents required to complete tools and make decisions based on them, analysis showed that tools were mostly filled out when required, but decisions were not always based on the tool result. Latent class analysis suggests about half of the tool-using subgroup were “substantive” compliers who completed tools carefully and honestly and tended to use them for decision making. The remaining tool users were “formal” in their compliance: filling out the tools, but often making decisions that did not correspond with tool results, and in some cases even manipulating the information included in them. Multivariate analysis suggests that practitioners’ belief in risk/needs tools, agency monitoring and training, perceptions of agency procedural justice, and agencies’ projected confidence in their local risk/need tool may help explain pattern...
High-performance germanium-seeded laterally crystallized TFTs for vertical device integration

Increasing chip complexity and area has resulted in interconnect delay becoming a significant fraction of overall chip delay. Continued scaling of design rules will further aggravate this problem. Vertical integration of devices will enable a substantial reduction in chip size and thus in interconnect delay. We present a novel technique to achieve vertical integration of CMOS devices. Germanium is used as a seeding agent at the source and/or drain of thin film transistors (TFTs) to laterally crystallize amorphous silicon films, resulting in high-performance devices. This is achieved through the formation of large grain polysilicon with a precise control over the location of the grain. TFTs have been demonstrated offering substantial performance improvement over conventional unseeded polycrystalline TFTs, with demonstrated mobilities as high as 300 cm2/V-s. The process is fully CMOS compatible and has a low thermal budget. It is highly scalable to deep-submicron technologies and, with suitable optimization, should enable the production of high-performance, high density, vertically integrated ULSI.
Evaluating gene × gene and gene × smoking interaction in rheumatoid arthritis using candidate genes in GAW15

We examined the potential gene × gene interactions and gene × smoking interactions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using the candidate gene data sets provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 Problem 2. The multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method was used to test gene × gene interactions among candidate genes. The case-only sample was used to test gene × smoking interactions. The best predictive model was the single-locus model with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 in gene PTPN22. However, no clear gene × gene interaction was identified. Substantial departure from multiplicativity was observed between smoking and SNPs in genes CTLA4, PADI4, MIF, and SNPs on chromosome 5 and one haplotype of PTPN22. The strongest evidence of association was identified between the PTPN22 gene and RA status, which was consistently detected in single SNP association, gene × gene interaction and gene × smoking interaction analyses.
Engineering microbes for tolerance to next-generation biofuels

A major challenge when using microorganisms to produce bulk chemicals such as biofuels is that the production targets are often toxic to cells. Many biofuels are known to reduce cell viability through damage to the cell membrane and interference with essential physiological processes. Therefore, cells must trade off biofuel production and survival, reducing potential yields. Recently, there have been several efforts towards engineering strains for biofuel tolerance. Promising methods include engineering biofuel export systems, heat shock proteins, membrane modifications, more general stress responses, and approaches that integrate multiple tolerance strategies. In addition, in situ recovery methods and media supplements can help to ease the burden of end-product toxicity and may be used in combination with genetic approaches. Recent advances in systems and synthetic biology provide a framework for tolerance engineering. This review highlights recent targeted approaches towards improving microbial tolerance to next-generation biofuels with a particular emphasis on strategies that will improve production.
Moral Questions and Amoral Answers: Who Decides?

Researchers have examined moral thought using selected philosophical standards without showing that such standards represent moral thinking. Recently, we examined the extent to which assumed standards actually organize moral knowledge (Quinn, Houts, & Graesser, this issue). We found dimensions not accounted for by previous theories. In his response (this issue), Shaffer misrepresents the aims of our research, and he overlooks the implications of assessing naturalistic rather than prescribed dimensions of morality.
Polarity contact and risetime effects on the dynamics of wire array Z-pinches

The Cornell University COBRA pulser is a nominal 1MA, negative polarity machine, capable of driving up to 32 wire cylindrical z-pinch arrays. COBRA can operate with variable current risetimes ranging from 100ns to 250ns. Wires are typically strung with a “press” contact to the electrode hardware, where the wire is loosely pulled against the hardware and held there to establish electrical contact. The machine is normally negative, but a bolt-on convolute can be used to modify the current path and change the electric field at the wires, thereby producing positive polarity with respect to ground at the load.
Tree-ring reconstructions of temperature and sea-level pressure variability associated with the warm-season Arctic Oscillation since AD 1650

[1] Arctic Oscillation (AO) changes are inferred from a tree-ring reconstruction of a warm-season temperature index. The reconstruction covers AD 1650–1975 and is based largely on chronologies from circumpolar-Arctic and circum-North Atlantic areas. It accounts for 48% of the variance in the instrumental AO record from 1900 to 1975, verifies using independent data, and exhibits its largest variance at low frequencies. Positive levels during 20th century periods equal or exceed values back to AD 1650. Trends (including lower values during ‘Little Ice Age’ periods) resemble those of Arctic temperature reconstructions, reflecting some data overlap, but also the strong link between the AO and northern temperatures. A reconstruction of an AO summer sea level pressure index shows similar trends. Comparison of these reconstructions with proxies of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and other indices can help clarify relationships between the AO and NAO, at least during the boreal warm season.
The Q-gram method: Q from instantaneous phase

SUMMARY The width of a seismic pulse increases monotonically with distance and with Q-'. Estimates of Q from pulse width measurements are often not robust for oscillatory arrivals or for impulsive arrivals in the presence of noise. We present a method to estimate Q from two arrivals using measurements of any signal attribute, 5, that is sensitive to propagation loss. The propagation loss is defined as the change in 5 divided by the difference in traveltime between the arrivals. The first data arrival is used as the reference wavelet. The Q-gram method is based on propagating the reference wavelet with a plane-wave Q-propagator for various values of Q-'. The &-propagator includes a dispersion relation and the measured difference in traveltime between the data arrivals. The plot of synthetic propagation loss between the reference and propagated wavelets, versus Q-', is called a Q-gram. The Q-gram, together with the measured propagation loss of the data, gives the Q of the data. The averaged instantaneous frequency 7 and the averaged instantaneous pulse width T make good signal attributes. Tests on synthetic seismograms show that the Q-gram method, using either 7 or Z for <, is applicable to both impulsive and oscillatory arrivals and is relatively robust with regard to noise, phase changes and signal clipping. We apply the Q-gram method to horizontal-component airgun ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) data using the basement-converted shear-wave reflection, PS, as the first arrival and PSSS as the second arrival. We estimate Qp, the effective sediment shear-wave Q, with an 7-type Q-gram and a T-type Q-gram for the PS and PSSS sediment shear-wave reflections. The data indicate that Qp = 75 f 15, in agreement with results from the application of the spectral-ratio method using windows that exclude interfering arrivals identified by means of the instantaneous frequency.
Parameter Estimation for Stochastic Parabolic Equations: Asymptotic Properties of a Two-Dimensional Projection-Based Estimator

A two-dimensional parameter is estimated from the observations of a random field defined on a compact manifold by a stochastic parabolic equation. Unlike the previous works on the subject, the equation is not necessarily diagonalizable, and no assumptions are made about the eigenfunctions of the operators in the equation. The estimator is based on certain finite-dimensional projections of the observed random field, and the asymptotic properties of the estimator are studied as the dimension of the projection is increased while the observation time is fixed. Simple conditions are found for the consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator. An application to a problem in oceanography is discussed.
Season and severity of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests: Implications for understory native and exotic plants

We investigated herbaceous richness and cover in relation to fire season and severity, and other variables, five growing seasons following prescribed fires. Data were collected from six stands consisting of three randomly applied treatments: no burn, spring burn, and fall burn. Fall burns had significantly more exotic/native annual/biennial (an/bi) species and greater cover of these species (6.5% exotic; 1.7% native) compared to spring and unburned areas. These patterns are likely related to indirect fire effects associated with fire severity and resource availability, rather than direct fire effects due to burn timing. CART models indicated that high native and exotic an/bi richness and cover were associated with overstory gaps and higher fire severity areas, conditions common to fall burns. Exotics may be more successful at exploiting these environments. No treatment differences were found for native perennials. Location was important for explaining native perennial patterns, but richness and cover were also positively associated with lower fire severity, greater tree cover, and coarse woody debris. Expectations for increased native perennial plant diversity and abundance following prescribed fires may not necessarily be met and exotic species spread may compromise other ecosystem attributes. Restoration in these forests presents a challenge as prescribed fires interact with present environmental conditions that are very different from historical ones.
Radiographic Recurrence of Deformity After Hallux Valgus Surgery in Patients With Metatarsus Adductus.

Background:Metatarsus adductus (MA) is a congenital condition that may lead to the development of hallux valgus (HV). The associated anatomic deformities may lead to recurrence of the HV in patients with MA. The goals of the study were to identify radiographic rates of recurrence of HV following surgery for HV in patients with MA.Methods:Between 2002 and 2013, 587 patients who underwent HV surgery were retrospectively identified. The radiographic parameters recorded included the hallux valgus angle (HVA), the intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and the metatarsus adductus angle (MAA) obtained from initial radiographs and at final follow-up. The MAA was considered abnormal if the value was greater than 20 degrees. Radiographic recurrence was defined as HV deformity >20 degrees.Results:The rate of radiographic recurrence of HV was 15% in patients without MA and 29.6% in patients with MA (P < .05). In the group with MA, rate of deformity recurrence did not differ among the operative procedures performed (Lapidus, 2...
Discussion, Insights, and Implications

The delineation of a theory of the boundary-spanning marketing organization (MOR theory) and the insights gleaned from 31 organization theories for its existence, activities, and viability offer a broad understanding of the boundaries of marketing at the organizational level. With a few exceptions (e.g., resource-based view, network theory), each theory is given a relatively equal importance weighting. Future studies on the marketing organization should consider developing a weighted schema of relevant theories (cf. Miner 2003). For the purpose of this SpringerBrief, an extension and more elaborate version of the Hult (2011b) article in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, the cross-fertilization of organization theories clustered into four logical themes creates unique implications that can help advance work on the marketing organization. In elaborating on these implications, a focus on the intellectual clusters of strategic marketing resources, marketing leadership, and decision-making, network alliances and collaborations, and the domestic and global marketplace will continue as the structural roadmap for the discussion.
Tau: The Center of a Signaling Nexus in Alzheimer's Disease

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein whose misfolding, hyper-phosphorylation, loss of normal function and toxic gain of function are linked to several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review discusses the role of tau in amyloid-β (Aβ) induced toxicity in AD. The consequences of tau dysfunction, starting from the axon and concluding at somadendritic compartments, will be highlighted.
Cryptocurrency Public Policy Analysis

Cryptocurrency – including a particular initial denomination known as Bitcoins – has received since 2009 wide and growing publicity in technology, finance, U.S. and international law enforcement, as well as general public journalism and popular press. This recent popular press coverage of cryptocurrency (how and from where do Bitcoins originate?, how much is one worth today or tomorrow?, will it last with all the stumbling implementation and technical intricacies?, purchasing illegal drugs and guns with Bitcoins!) overshadows cryptocurrency’s applicability to financial and currency system theories which have been developed and predicted for decades or more: the fundamental theory of currency; currency denationalization; a return to an international standard monetary unit (before nationalized fiat); the inefficiency of costly 3rd-party-trust currency models; and global concerns about currency hegemonies as well as political influence of monetary policy, and currency hedge/speculation.As the moral panic of Bitcoin and similar initial implementations of cryptocurrency fade and cryptocurrency systems gain traction underground or aboveground anywhere in the world, U.S. and international public policymakers and regulators will need to surveil, understand, and evolve public policy to accommodate any aspect of cryptocurrency which develops from technical novelty to realization of predicted grand monetary theories. Some of those areas of evolution include: national central bank monetary control; public sector dependence (oversight, taxing, fees) on private sector financial models and structures; and viability of traditional national and international law enforcement techniquesU.S. federal and major subnational public sector policymakers and regulators must remain vigilant for and educated about cryptocurrency usage whether in nationalized or denationalized use cases or they risk missing early opportunities to shape the rapidly changing landscape of digital financial systems in the U.S and abroad. This vigilance and awareness could be in the form of continued congressional hearings and regulatory surveillance. But a more proactive approach including federal grants for research and study of cryptocurrency, promotion of national and international symposia regarding currency technology and implications should be pursued.The nature of cryptocurrency’s raison d'etre and early-adopter motivation foretells a disruptive network-effect adoption despite entrenched interests’ efforts at preclusion similar to numerous recent technical innovations in the private sector like music or other intellectual property downloads, retail shopping, taxis services, hotel lodging, traditional print journalism, and traditional communication systems.
Implementation of a Patient-Centered Approach to Clinical Dental Education: A Five-Year Reflection

The intent of the redesign of the clinical component of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) curriculum from a traditional numerical procedures-based system to a patient-based comprehensive care system was to improve both patient care and student learning. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the outcomes of and students' perspectives on this patient-centered comprehensive care model introduced in 2009. Data were obtained from the school's Office of Dental Education for a study sample consisting of 205 fourth-year dental students in the graduating classes of 2009 through 2014 at HSDM. The results showed that students were completing more than the required number of comprehensive patient cases on average. A survey given to the Class of 2014 found that the respondents (35 of 36 students) were generally satisfied with the new curriculum and the clinical experience in relation to continuation of care and perceptions of comprehensive care. The results of this study suggest that the redesigned patient-centered assessment model of the clinical component of the curriculum helped improve patient care and student learning.
Managerial Response to Social Responsibility Challenge

The response of a given company to social demands depends upon social issues which are of particular relevance to its business and upon its own organizational resources and skills. General credence...
Abstract SY27-01: Colon commensals and cancer

A clear intersection between the infectious diseases and oncology fields has emerged from our understanding that many cancers arise in the setting of chronic infection. Roughly one-third of cancers worldwide, particularly epithelial cancers, are associated with identified single microbial infections, leading to the conceptual paradigm that chronic infection with specific microbes cause these cancers independent of other components of the ambient microbial community. Among epithelial cancers, colon cancer is the second leading cancer killer of adults in the United States but specific microbial contributors have not yet been identified. Rather, we now understand that the colon is home to one of the most dense and diverse communities of bacteria in the body and that we are each remarkably unique in our bacterial makeup, reinforcing the contrasting view that the microbial contribution to colon cancer pathogenesis may lie in the composition of the colon microbiome. This talk will explore the scientific data supporting differing paradigms for how the colonic flora may contribute to colon oncogenesis. Specific, usually commensal, members of the colonic microbiome and the mechanisms by which they may initiate and/or promote colon tumors with be discussed with a particular emphasis on enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF). B. fragilis not only colonizes most humans but is the leading anaerobe in human disease. ETBF is a molecular subset of B. fragilis distinguished by secretion of a zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin. In murine models, ETBF is a potent inducer of colonic tumors. Tumor induction by ETBF is dependent, in part, on a specific host immune response involving IL-17-producing CD3+CD4+ T cells. A framework for utilizing this knowledge to better understand the pathogenesis of colon cancer and to develop new approaches to colon cancer prevention and/or therapy will be discussed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY27-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY27-01
Hydrazine and Aqueous Hydrazine Solutions: Evaluating Safety in Chemical Processes

This contribution provides a summary of the hazards of hydrazine and its aqueous solutions and an understanding of the important role dilution plays in increasing the inherent safety of aqueous hydrazine solutions. Rather than provide an extensive description of the hazardous properties of hydrazine, the intent is to provide enough information to allow the reader to decide if hydrazine may be acceptable for a given application, and if so, what concentration range may provide an acceptable safety and environmental risk. Calculations are used to explore the favorable effect of dilution on the risk of fire, explosions, runaway reactions, and toxic exposure. Examples are provided to illustrate the strong effect catalysts can have on decomposition reactions. An analysis indicates the previously published lower flammability limit (LFL) is nonconservative.
Community and Persuasion: The Influence of the Federalist Society on the Supreme Court

Since its organization in the early 1980s, the Federalist Society has sought to influence the federal courts by promoting conservative and libertarian legal scholarship. Qualitative accounts provide evidence that the Federalist Society has succeeded in this goal by acting as a political epistemic network. Here, I investigate the organization’s influence on a large-N scale. I argue that, if the Federalist Society does indeed proliferate legal arguments throughout its network, we should expect to see shared language among its members. Using plagiarism detection software, I compare the opinions of Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito and Chief Justice Roberts – the Supreme Court’s four Federalist Society members – to the opinions of those trying to influence them (in this preliminary analysis, judges on the U.S. Courts of Appeals) in order find the degree to which they share common phrases. While I find no independent effect of Federalist Society participation on shared language, I do find that these four justices borrow language from judges nominated by Reagan and W. Bush (both sympathetic to the Federalist Society vision) at a higher rate than they do from judges nominated by other presidents.
Breaking the Intergenerational Cycle of Disadvantage: The Three Generation Approach

Health disparities in the United States related to socioeconomic status are persistent and pervasive. This review highlights how social disadvantage, particularly low socioeconomic status and the health burden it brings, is passed from 1 generation to the next. First, we review current frameworks for understanding the intergenerational transmission of health disparities and provide 4 illustrative examples relevant to child health, development, and well-being. Second, the leading strategy to break the cycle of poverty in young families in the United States, the 2-generation approach, is reviewed. Finally, we propose a new 3-generation approach that must combine with the 2-generation approach to interrupt the intergenerational cycle of disadvantage and eliminate health disparities.
Linguistic Differences with Bilingual Parents Who are Immigrants: Words for Dialoguing About Young Children

While partnerships including meaningful, two-way, parent–teacher dialogue about young children during early childhood program and school meetings are critical, linguistic differences between bilingual parents who are immigrants and early educators can impede communication and lead to inequitable services. In this article, we focus on one aspect of linguistic differences for educators and bilingual parents: English-language adjectives used by teachers to describe young children. We highlight aspects of adjectives, their uses, and cultural contexts to illustrate potential misunderstandings that may lead to not only miscommunication but also challenges to partnerships and equitable early childhood service provision. Subsequently, we present recommendations to foster meaningful dialogue and greater understanding between educators and bilingual parents who are immigrants when dialoguing about young children.
Ralph Ellison as proletarian journalist

Despite Ellison's repeated claims, post-Invisible Man, that he had never been close to the Communist Party, his journalistic writings from the period 1938-1944 - primarily contributions to the Federal Writers Project and the New Masses - indicate a high degree of concurrence with CP approaches to a range of cultural and political issues. Of particular interest are his writings on war and fascism, which reflect agreement with the Communists' shifting positions - from Popular Front to The Yanks Are Not Coming to Win the War. Although the Brotherhood's presumed betrayal of Harlem to the exigencies of international politics precipitates the invisible man's flight underground, the record of Ellison's own writings suggests that the portrayal of the left in the second half of Invisible Man bears little correspondence to the author's own experiences and attitudes during the Depression and wartime years.
Species diversity in the Phanerozoic; a tabulation

On the basis of about 70,000 species citations in the Zoological Record, it is esti- mated that about 190,000 fossil invertebrate species were described and named through 1970. The true figure may be higher because of incompleteness of the Zoological Record or lower because the estimate does not account for synonymy. About 70% of the species were described from USSR, Europe, and North America. About 42% are Paleozoic, 28% Mesozoic, and 30% Cenozoic. In the Cambrian part of the sample, 75% of the species are trilobites. In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, about 70%o are either molluscs or protozoans. When the data are normalized for absolute time, diversity (species per million years) shows a Paleozoic high in the Devonian which is approximately four-tenths of the Cenozoic level.
The quest for a practical approach to morality and the tourism industry.

Abstract ‘Ēthos’ is a Greek word which refers to a person of high moral standards. Morality has been described as a complex and controversial concept. It refers to the kind of practices that deal with what is right and wrong, the policies and guidelines that support those practices, as well as the principles and values they include ( DeGeorge, 1982 ). Morality gets more complicated when put in the context of the vast, diverse, and constantly growing tourism industry. Few research studies have been devoted to morality in the various segments of the tourism industry and are mainly theoretical. A practical approach is still needed as tourist organizations keep facing all sorts of moral issues without any guidance or support on how to deal with them. Their only source has been the United Nations World Tourism Organization's (UNWTO) Global Code of Ethics for Tourism or other codes of ethics that were created by various tourism segments, organizations, and government entities to address such issues. However, a perennial problem has been putting the principles included in these codes of ethics into practice when faced with moral issues and dilemmas. How can a broad industry, such as tourism, support moral standards within its ranks? What is the value of deliberation about moral dilemmas regarding tourism? How can deliberation about moral issues be encouraged? The purpose of this paper is to offer practical and applicable strategies to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on how to apply moral standards in the tourism industry.
Evidence for concerted movement of nuclear and mitochondrial clines in a lizard hybrid zone

Moving hybrid zones provide compelling examples of evolution in action, yet long-term studies that test the assumptions of hybrid zone stability are rare. Using replicated transect samples collected over a 10-year interval from 2002 to 2012, we find evidence for concerted movement of genetic clines in a plateau fence lizard hybrid zone (Sceloporus tristichus) in Arizona. Cline-fitting analyses of SNP and mtDNA data both provide evidence that the hybrid zone shifted northward by approximately 2 km during the 10-year interval. For each sampling period, the mtDNA cline centre is displaced from the SNP cline centre and maintaining an introgression distance of approximately 3 km. The northward expansion of juniper trees into the Little Colorado River Basin in the early 1900s provides a plausible mechanism for hybrid zone formation and movement, and a broadscale quantification of recent land cover change provides support for increased woody species encroachment at the southern end of the hybrid zone. However, population processes can also contribute to hybrid zone movement, and the current stability of the ecotone habitats in the centre of the hybrid zone suggests that movement could decelerate in the future.
Distinct functions of CXCR4, CCR2, and CX3CR1 direct dendritic cell precursors from the bone marrow to the lung

Precursors of dendritic cells (pre-DCs) arise in the bone marrow (BM), egress to the blood, and finally migrate to peripheral tissue, where they differentiate to conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Upon their activation, antigen-bearing cDCs migrate from peripheral tissue to regional lymph nodes (LNs) in a manner dependent on the chemokine receptor, CCR7. To maintain immune homeostasis, these departing cDCs must be replenished by new cDCs that develop from pre-DCs, but the molecular signals that direct pre-DC trafficking from the BM to the blood and peripheral tissues remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that pre-DCs express the chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR2, and CX3CR1, and that each of these receptors has a distinct role in pre-DC trafficking. Flow cytometric analysis of pre-DCs lacking CXCR4 revealed that this receptor is required for the retention of pre-DCs in the BM. Analyses of mice lacking CCR2 or CX3CR1, or both, revealed that they promote pre-DC migration to the lung at steady state. CCR2, but not CX3CR1, was required for pre-DC migration to the inflamed lung. Thus, these multiple chemokine receptors cooperate in a step-wise fashion to coordinate the trafficking of pre-DCs from the BM to the circulation and peripheral tissues.
Mixed-integer programming models for line pressure optimization in shale gas gathering systems

Abstract In this work we propose a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model to address the line pressure optimization problem for shale gas gathering systems. This model is designed to determine: a) the optimal timing for turning prospective wells in-line, b) the optimal pressure profile within a gathering network, and c) the necessary compression power for delivering produced gas to long-distance transmission lines. We rely on a pressure-normalized decline curve model to quantify how line pressure variations impact the gas production of individual wells. The reservoir model itself is incorporated in a transmission optimization framework which rigorously evaluates pressure drops along pipeline segments. Moreover, we explicitly consider compression requirements to lift line pressure from gas gathering levels to setpoints dictated by transmission pipeline companies. Since the resulting optimization models are large-scale, nonlinear and nonconvex, we propose a solution procedure based on an efficient initialization strategy. Finally, we present a detailed case study, and show that the proposed optimization framework can be used effectively to manage line pressures in shale gas gathering systems by properly scheduling when, and how many, new wells are brought online.
Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the US Congress

Traversing more than a century of American history, this book advances a new theory of congressional organization to explain why and how party dissidents rely on institutions of their own making, arguing that these intraparty organizations can radically shift the balance of power between party leaders and rank-and-file members. Intraparty organizations empower legislators of varying ideological stripes to achieve collective and coordinated action by providing selective incentives to cooperative members, transforming public-good policies into excludable accomplishments, and helping members to institute rules and procedures to promote group decision making. Drawing on rich archival evidence and interview data, the book details the challenges dissident lawmakers encounter when they face off against party leaders and their efforts to organize in response. Eight case studies complicate our understanding of landmark fights over rules reform, early twentieth-century economic struggles, mid-century battles over civil rights legislation, and contemporary debates over national health care and fiscal policy.
Industrial Versus Preindustrial Forms of Violence

Industrial collective violence arises out of demonstrations or strikes, forms of protest sponsored by trade unions, and social movements and are carefully regulated by state authorities. Violence occurs when: (1) state authorities refuse to permit legally sanctioned protests; (2)confrontations emerge between protesting groups or between protestors and state authorities; or (3) protestors take advantage of their numbers to attack persons or objects of their anger. At the heart of industrial protest and, thus, of industrial violence are issues of economic justice and the rights of citizens. In contrast, preindustrial violence emerges when: (1) states seek to solve problems of the distribution of wealth by external violence against neighbors; (2) those excluded from legal economic activity turn to violent illegal means of extracting revenues; or (3) groups protest economic policies by violently righting wrongs, only subsequently looking for state confirmation of their actions. As contrasted with witchhunts, pogroms, millenarian movements, feuding and vendettas, nationalist revolts, and ethnic cleansing, ‘preindustrial’ and ‘industrial’ violence are directly and immediately concerned with the distribution of economic resources. The crucial distinction is that preindustrial violence emerges when a state or a group seek to effect economic redistribution ‘outside the framework of the individual state’ while industrial violence emerges from conflicts over policies of economic distribution pursued by ‘individual’ states. This article discusses preindustrial violence, the transition from preindustrial to industrial violence, industrial violence, and briefly considers postindustrial violence.
Management of Lipids in Patients with Diabetes

Abnormal lipids, sometimes referred to as diabetes dyslipidemia, is a common condition in patients with diabetes. With the increasing number of patients with abnormal lipids, especially those with type 2 diabetes, health care practitioners, including nurses, have to properly manage patients with diabetes as well as abnormal lipids. This article examines the pathophysiology of abnormal lipids, the management of abnormal lipids, and the lipid goals for patients with diabetes. Lastly, this article discusses pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies and the role of primary care providers and nurses in the management of abnormal lipids.