cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yoruba Culture, Religion, and Gender

The traditional religion of the Yoruba is Ifa/Orisha worship. Yoruba culture remains strong in West Africa and is part of religions such as Vodun, Candomble, Santeria, and Voodoo through both voluntary and involuntary Diaspora. Traditional Yoruba language, everyday life, and religious tenets are inextricably linked. Since the Yoruba language is largely gender neutral and traditional Yoruba culture is gender balanced, this religious family offers insights into non-Western ways of thinking about gender that are shared among many indigenous groups. Since Western gendering expects behavior and abilities according to genitalia, of particular interest are the way in which language and praxis draw clear distinctions between anatomical sex, sexuality, personal characteristics, and social function. These distinctions remain evident in religious practices even when the history of a particular branch has included severe patriarchal constraints during slavery. Keywords: African religions; colonialism; intersectionality; language; motherhood
TU-AB-BRA-10: Treatment of Gastric MALT Lymphoma Utilizing a Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (MR-IGRT) System: Evaluation of Gating Feasibility

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of real-time, real-anatomy tracking and gating for gastric lymphoma patients treated with magnetic resonance image-guided radiation therapy (MR-IGRT) Methods: Over the last 2 years, 8 patients with gastric lymphoma were treated with 0.3-T, Co-60 MR-IGRT. Post-treatment analysis of real-time cine imaging in the sagittal plane during each patient's treatment revealed significant motion of the stomach. While this motion was accounted for with generous PTV margins, the system's capability for real-time, real-anatomy tracking could be used to reduce treatment margins by gating. However, analysis was needed for the feasibility of gating using only the single available sagittal imaging plane. While any plane may be chosen, if the stomach moves differently where it is not being observed, there may potentially be a mistreatment. To that end, imaging with healthy volunteers was done to ascertain stomach motion over 2–4 min by analyzing multiple parallel sagittal and coronal planes 0.75 cm apart. The stomach was contoured on every slice, and the mean displacement between pairs of contour centroids was used to determine the amount of overall motion. Results: The mean displacement of the centroid in the image plane was 4.3 ± 0.7 mm. The greatest observed motion was more medial with respect to the patient, and less motion laterally, which implies that gating on a plane located closer to MRI isocenter will provide the more conservative scenario as it will turn the radiation delivery off when the stomach is observed to move outside a predetermined boundary. Conclusion: The stomach was observed to move relatively uniformly throughout, with maximum extent of motion closer to where most MRI systems have the best spatial integrity (near isocenter). Analysis of possible PTV margins from the healthy volunteer study (coupled with previous patient data on interfraction volumetric stomach deformation) is pending.
Gender Differences for Public Good Contributions by Competitive versus Group Work Environments

Using a between-subjects design we compare the effect of competitive and cooperative work tasks in the lab on subsequent public good investments. We remove potential reciprocal behavior by having the work tasks occur with separate subjects outside the lab and a one-shot public good experiment with subjects in the lab. We find that individuals in cooperative (group pay) treatments contribute more than individuals in competitions, but these differences are entirely driven by female participants. Women contribute significantly less after competitive tasks and more after group pay tasks while men’s public good contributions are not significantly different. The difference is large for females who contribute 78% more after the group pay treatment compared to competitions. The results suggest that women are more affected by work environments than men and that competitive work environments lead women to contribute less to public goods even outside the workplace.
Where is the Queerness in Games?: Types of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Content in Digital Games

With increasing popular and academic attention being paid to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) content in video games, the time has come for a thorough account of the history of this content in this medium. In the project reviewed here, we have documented more than 300 games and more than 500 examples of LGBTQ content spanning 30 years. Using a grounded theoretical approach, we were able to classify this content into nine large categories—characters, relationships/romance/sex, actions, locations, mentions, artifacts, traits, queer games/narratives, and homophobia/transphobia—each of which contains several subcategories. In outlining our classification system here, we will demonstrate the myriad ways queerness in gender and sexuality have been integrated into digital games.
The Art and Science of Educational Inquiry: Analysis of Performance-Based Focus Groups With Novice Bilingual Teachers

Background/ContextFor over two decades, the boundaries between the social sciences and the humanities have become blurred, and numerous articles and books have been written about the infusion of th...
Quantification of the focal progression of coronary atherosclerosis through automated co-registration of virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound imaging data

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a novel algorithm that circumferentially co-registers serial virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) data for the focal assessment of coronary atherosclerosis progression. Thirty-three patients with an abnormal non-invasive cardiac stress test or stable angina underwent baseline and follow-up (6 or 12 months) invasive evaluation that included acquisition of VH-IVUS image data. Baseline and follow-up image pairs (n = 4194) were automatically co-registered in the circumferential direction via a multi-variate cross-correlation algorithm. Algorithm stability and accuracy were assessed by comparing results from multiple iterations of the algorithm (iteration 1 vs. iteration 2) and against values determined manually by two expert VH-IVUS readers (algorithm vs. two expert readers). Furthermore, focal plaque progression values were compared between the algorithm and expert readers following co-registration by the independently determined angles. Strong agreement in circumferential co-registration angles were observed across multiple iterations of the algorithm (stability) and between the algorithm and expert readers (accuracy; all concordance correlation coefficients >0.98). Furthermore, circumferential co-registration angles determined by the algorithm were not statistically when compared to values determined by two expert readers (p = 0. 99). Bland–Altman analysis indicated minimal bias when comparing focal VH-IVUS defined plaque progression in corresponding sectors following circumferential co-registration between the algorithm and expert readers. Finally, average differences in changes in total plaque and constituent areas between the algorithm and readers were within the average range of difference between readers (interobserver variability). We present a stable and validated algorithm to automatically circumferentially co-register serial VH-IVUS imaging data for the focal quantification of coronary atherosclerosis progression.
Harnessing the potential synergy of combining radiation therapy and immunotherapy for thoracic malignancies.

Thoracic malignancies are among the most lethal group of tumors. The most common thoracic malignancy, lung cancer, is histologically grouped as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Nearly three-fifths of NSCLC patients and two-thirds of SCLC patients present with stage IV disease, and the median survival of both of these groups approximates one year (1,2). Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a malignancy of the mesothelial lining of the pleura and is associated with a median survival of 12–18 months (3,4). While thymic malignancies often present at an early stage, only approximately half of patients with stage III-IV thymoma will achieve a 5-year survival, and that percentage falls to approximately 30% for patients with stage III-IV thymic carcinoma (5,6).
On the consistency of a cross-sectional GMM estimator in the presence of an observable stochastic common data shock

Abstract A standard version of Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) is inconsistent when applied to cross-sectional data that are strongly dependent due to an observed stochastic non-localized common shock. We suggest a modification of GMM and prove its consistency when such a shock affects the data.
Overview of Anticoagulation Agents

The past decade witnessed a rapid introduction of new anticoagulation agents to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism (VTE). The use of heparin and warfarin had been the standard practice, although new classes of drugs which directly target the enzymatic activity of thrombin and factor Xa have become more popular. Achieving higher levels of specificity and predictability and better patient compliance were the aims of most recent developments in anticoagulation agents to meet the needs of a wider population. This chapter discusses the clinical and practical use of both parenteral and oral anticoagulants and their risks and benefits particularly for managing VTE.
Comparative clinical efficacy of fenbendazole and thiabendazole in feedlot heifers

Heifers shedding eggs of nematodes or Moniezia were treated with either 5 mg/kg fenbendazole (FBZ) or 110 mg/kg thiabendazole (TBZ). 7 days later only trichostrongyle eggs were found (in 2 of 91 FBZ-treated heifers and 10 of 93 TBZ-treated heifers). The feedlot performances (average daily weight gain) were 0.75, 0.82 and 0.81 in the FBZ, TBZ and control groups, resp., over 34 days. The overall incidence of respiratory disease was 84 of 324 heifers used and was about equal in all 3 groups. Mortality was 4, 2 and 3 in the FBZ, TBZ and control groups, resp. Neither anthelmintic improved heifer performance.
Formation of Multilayer Cu Islands Embedded beneath the Surface of Graphite: Characterization and Fundamental Insights

We present an extensive experimental study of the conditions under which Cu forms encapsulated islands under the top surface layers of graphite, as a result of physical vapor deposition of Cu on argon-ion-bombarded graphite. When the substrate is held at 800 K during deposition, conditions are optimal for formation of encapsulated multilayer Cu islands. Deposition temperatures below 600 K favor adsorbed Cu clusters, while deposition temperatures above 800 K favor a different type of feature that is probably a single-layer intercalated Cu island. The multilayer Cu islands are characterized with respect to size and shape, thickness and continuity of the graphitic overlayer, relationship to graphite steps, and stability in air. The experimental techniques are scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We also present an extensive study using density functional theory to compare stabilities of a wide variety of configurations of Cu atoms, Cu clusters, and Cu layers on/under the graphi...
37 years with Keith T. Poole

This piece contains slightly revised remarks made at the conference honoring Keith T. Poole held at the University of Georgia in May, 2017. Poole’s major contributions are summarized.
Changes in tibial bone microarchitecture in female recruits in response to 8 weeks of U.S. Army Basic Combat Training

Abstract Background U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) is a physically-demanding program at the start of military service. Whereas animal studies have shown that increased mechanical loading rapidly alters bone structure, there is limited evidence of changes in bone density and structure in humans exposed to a brief period of unaccustomed physical activity. Purpose We aimed to characterize changes in tibial bone density and microarchitecture and serum-based biochemical markers of bone metabolism in female recruits as a result of 8 weeks of BCT. Methods We collected high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic images of the distal tibial metaphysis and diaphysis (4% and 30% of tibia length from the distal growth plate, respectively) and serum markers of bone metabolism before and after BCT. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the mean difference for each outcome from pre- to post-BCT, while controlling for race/ethnicity, age, and body mass index. Results 91 female BCT recruits volunteered and completed this observational study (age = 21.5 ± 3.3 yrs). At the distal tibial metaphysis, cortical thickness, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, bone volume/total volume, and total and trabecular volumetric bone density (vBMD) increased significantly by 1–2% (all p Conclusion BCT leads to improvements in trabecular bone microarchitecture and increases in serum bone formation markers indicative of new bone formation, as well as increases in serum bone resorption markers and decreases in cortical vBMD consistent with intracortical remodeling. Together, these results demonstrate specific changes in trabecular and cortical bone density and microarchitecture following 8 weeks of unaccustomed physical activity in women.
Relationships of Cell Biology to Therapy in Childhood Leukemia

As effective therapy for childhood acute leukemia developed, distinct prognostic subgroups of patients became apparent. Initially, two broad categories of prognostic features were recognized--morphologic and clinical. The separation of myeloid and lymphoid cell types by relatively crude methods of analysis was followed by more detailed classification with use of a variety of cytochemical stains. Clinical features were essentially those reflecting the volume and extent of leukemia, that is, the initial leukocyte count as well as the age and race of the patients (1). A long list of other features has been proposed to have prognostic significance, including serologic, biochemical, anthropomorphic, nutritional and psychosocial factors. However, the first prognostic feature with the potential for systematic biologic exploration was the discovery of T-cell features on the surface of leukemic cells of patients who responded poorly to therapy (2). This stimulated a surge of important clinical and basic research to categorize acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by the features of cells held in common with differentiation markers of normal lymphoid cells.
A micromethod for the determination of arginine

Micromethods for the determination of arginine based on the use of the Sakaguchi reagent have been described (14). This reagent gives a strong color with glycocyamine, arginine, and other monosubstituted guanidine derivatives. In a previous communication (5) a method for the determination of glycocyamine was described based on the Sakaguchi reaction and the quantitative separation of glycocyamine from arginine by selective adsorption of the arginine on permutit. In the method outlined below the separated arginine is eluted from the permutit and determined independently.
THE ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS

The anxiolytics, and particularly the benzodiazepines, are safe and effective agents for the symptomatic treatment of neurotic anxiety. Indeed, their efficacy in alleviating anxiety is firmly supported by controlled studies. Even so, many anxious patients remain relatively symptomatic following the usual 4 to 6 week (short-term) drug-treatment periods. Chronically anxious patients may well require more long-term drug treatment. The response to anxiolytic treatment is profoundly affected by many physician and patient related non-drug factors. Research investigating such issues as long-term anxiolytic treatment and the impact of non-drug factors on anxiolytic response should render the prescribing of anxiolytics more appropriate.
Lobular breast cancer: patterns of intraabdominal metastatic spread on imaging and prognostic significance.

To retrospectively review the frequency, patterns and intra-abdominal sites of metastatic invasive lobular breast cancer, and to correlate the findings with overall survival. From a pathology database search revealing 327 patients with metastatic lobular breast cancer at our institution from January 2004 through August 2014, imaging was available in 116 patients (age range, 31–87 years, mean age, 55). Simple descriptive statistics were performed to record and tabulate the abdominal metastatic spread. Prognostic significance of abdominal metastases and individual abdominal metastatic sites was studied using the Log-rank test and construction of Kaplan–Meier curves. The most frequent sites of intra-abdominal metastatic invasive lobular breast cancer were peritoneum (55 patients, 47%), followed by liver (37 patients, 32%), bowel (34 patients, 29%), ovary (33 patients, 28%), retroperitoneum (16 patients, 14%), ureter (16 patients, 14%), and lymph nodes (15 patients, 13%). Bowel obstruction was noted in 15 patients (13%) and hydronephrosis in 25 patients (22%). The median abdominal metastasis-free survival was 76 months (interquartile range: 17–191). The overall survival (OS) was 86 months (interquartile range: 49–188). Patients with abdominal metastases had shorter OS. Patients with hepatic metastases had shorter overall survival than those patients without hepatic metastases (p = 0.02, Log-Rank test). Invasive lobular breast cancer has a predilection for metastasizing to both typical (liver) and atypical intra-abdominal sites (peritoneum, GI tract, and adnexa). Presence of intra-abdominal disease and hepatic metastases in patients with ILC negatively affects overall survival.
Trends in Tropical Wave Activity from the 1980s to 2016

AbstractA frequency–wavenumber power () spectrum was constructed using satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and brightness temperature for the tropical latitudes. Since the two datas...
Identification of Post-Concussion Dual-Task Gait Abnormalities Using Normative Reference Values.

Our purpose was to identify the rate of abnormal single-task and dual-task gait performance acutely post-concussion relative to uninjured controls using previously established normative reference values. We examined athletes with a concussion (n=54; mean age=20.3±1.1 years of age, 46% female, tested 2.9±1.5 days post-injury) and healthy controls tested during their preseason baseline examination (n=60; 18.9±0.7 years of age, 37% female). Participants completed an instrumented single/dual-task gait evaluation. Outcome variables included average walking speed, cadence, and step length. A significantly greater number of those with concussion walked with abnormal dual-task gait speed compared to the control group (56% vs. 30%; p= 0.008). After adjusting for potential confounding variables (age, concussion history, symptom severity, and sleep) , concussion was associated with lower dual-task gait speed (β=-0.150; 95% CI=-0.252,-0.047), cadence (β= -8.179; 95% CI=-14.49,-1.871), and stride length (β=-0.109; 95% CI=-0.204,-0.014). Although group analyses indicated that those with a concussion performed worse on single-task and dual-task gait compared to controls, a higher rate of abnormal gait was detected for the concussion group compared to the control group for dual-task gait speed only. Dual-task gait speed, therefore, may be considered as a measure to compare against normative values to detect post-concussion impairments.
Challenges of Cyber Security and the Emerging Trends

In the field of technology, cybersecurity has a significant role, and the security data become one between the most critical problems faced in today's world. When there is discussion regarding the cyber-crimes which are increasing very rapidly, the government and many corporations are having many measures so as for stopping these kinds of crimes. Inspire of many different steps, cybercrime is still increasing day by day. In this study, there is brief coverage over the challenges faced by the cybersecurity from new technology advancement and innovations and in addition to this, the paper also has its main focus on the latest cybersecurity techniques, trends and other ethics involved in the sector of cybersecurity.
Exploiting the "video game craze": A case study of the tobacco industry's use of video games as a marketing tool.

Background Video games have grown in popularity since the 1970s, and tobacco imagery is present in a substantial subset of games, including those oriented to youth. Much like exposure to tobacco content in films, exposure to tobacco content in video games may influence smoking uptake and use; however, the tobacco industry’s role in facilitating or promoting the use of tobacco imagery in video games is unclear. We explored the industry’s interest in and use of video games to market their products to youth and young adults. Methods We retrieved and analyzed archival tobacco industry documents. We supplemented information from the documents with current and archived versions of several brand and corporate websites and one website containing user-supplied information on video games. Results Tobacco companies recognized the youth appeal and marketing potential of video games as early as 1980. Initial marketing ideas included incorporating video game themes into product packaging and design. More fully realized plans focused on incorporating video games into product promotions in bars, as a high visibility way to attract younger patrons and increase long-term marketing opportunities by generating names for tobacco company direct-marketing databases. Tobacco companies also incorporated video games into in-home product promotions, primarily as components of brand websites, in order to enhance brand image and generate repeat website traffic. A similar desire to attract and keep visitors led to discussions about the inclusion of video games on corporate youth smoking prevention websites, although only one company, Lorillard, followed through. Conclusions Video game players are an attractive target market for tobacco companies. Video games, as used by these companies, facilitate consumer engagement with particular tobacco brands or particular corporate messages. Eliminating the use of video games as a promotional vehicle may require limiting tobacco marketing in both physical and online environments.
DETERMINANTS OF DEPRESSION AMONG AGING LGBT IN TEXAS

Introduction: Aging LGBT experience significant health disparities compared to their heterosexual counterparts. As a sexual minority, they have a high likelihood of acquiring physical and mental illnesses. Methods: This study investigated factors that are associated with reports of depression among LGBT. Data came from Project Gray Pride, a study of aging gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender men and women living in a metropolitan area in Texas (N=126). Linear regression analysis was used. Results: Results show a negative association between respondents who self-identified as cisgender female and depression compared to those who self-identified as transgender. However, social vigilance and reports of health symptoms positively correlate with depression. Additionally, the interaction term of gender and race showed that respondents who were non-Whites and female reported higher levels of depression relative to their counterparts who were White males or White transgender. Other factors such as HIV status, age, education were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study shows that being socially vigilant increases depression among aging LGBT. Also, aging female LGBT who are non-White may have an increased burden of negative social experiences leading to high levels of depression. As the population of older LGBT is increasing, intervention efforts must take into account these important findings in order to devise sound policies and programs to improve mental health among LGBT.
Operando Gas Monitoring of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Reactions on Lithium

Formation of stable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) that protect Li against continuous electrolyte reduction is one of the remaining challenges to enable safe, secondary high-energy Li batterie...
The Heterogeneous Integration Roadmap: Enabling Technology for Systems of the Future

The new Heterogeneous Integration Roadmap (HIR) provides a long-term vision for the electronics industry, identifying difficult future challenges and potential solutions. Under the sponsorship of SEMI, ASME, and three IEEE Societies, the roadmap offers professionals, industry, academia, and research institutes a comprehensive view of the landscape and strategic technology requirements for the electronics industry's evolution over the next 15 years, and provides a 25-year vision for the heterogeneous integration of emerging devices and emerging materials with longer research and development timelines. The purpose is to stimulate precompetitive collaboration and thereby accelerate the pace of progress. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) set the cadence for the Moore's Law scaling that has been the norm for the semiconductor industry. However, because of scaling, cost and power-dissipation issues, as well as the laws of physics, the final ITRS was issued in 2015. The HIR pulls together many strands of that earlier Roadmap, to focus on microelectronics design, materials and packaging issues. The current version covers 2.5D, 3D, and wafer-level packaging, integrated photonics, MEMS and sensors, and system-in-package (SiP); support areas such as test, thermal, simulation, co-design, and interconnects; as well as application areas such as high-performance computing, 5G, medical, aerospace, automotive, and mobile – detailing both near-term and longer-term metrics and goals. It identifies difficult future challenges and proposes potential solutions. Comprising the output of 22 Technical Working Groups with worldwide participation, it will be substantially updated every two years. Version 1.0 is available freely for download, as well as in the form of a printed softbound book. Details for accessing this new Roadmap are presented. An invitation is made for involvement in version 2.0, now under preparation.
Examining human attitudes toward shared mobility options and autonomous vehicles

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of people’s attitudes toward shared mobility options and autonomous vehicles (AVs), with a focus on the underlying patterns and potential determinants. A stated preference (SP) survey was designed and implemented in the U.S. Four sets of questions were included in the questionnaire, each focused on one unique aspect of user attitudes, including a) preferences for mobility options and lifestyle (such as overall view of driving, factors in mode choice decisions and technology engagement), b) perceived benefits and concerns of shared mobility option, c) reasons toward or against private vehicle ownership, and d) motivations for and desired features of AVs. A structural equations model was developed to identify latent attitudinal factors and examine the correlations between the latent attitudes (as the endogenous variables) and the observed covariates (including the socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and users’ current mobility profile, such as mode use frequency, travel distance, and trip fare). The model identified eleven latent factors that represent various aspects of attitudes toward AVs and shared mobility options. The findings could be used by policymakers and Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) to a) recognize the users’ latent attitudes, b) understand the underlying patterns of attitudes, c) implement plans and policies more efficiently, d) guide or influence users’ perceptions, and e) enhance travel behavior models. This study lays the foundation for further analysis on understanding user acceptance and adoption of these emerging mobility options, which is essential to estimate the likelihood and magnitude of behavior shifts in the era of automated, connected and shared mobility.
Not for want of trying: Effort and Success of women in principles of microeconomics

Abstract Prior research suggests that women enter their first college-level economics class with lower expectations of success while also thinking they must work harder than men to earn similar grades. This paper examines effort (completion of optional work) and success (grades) in principles of economics, with special focus on differences between women and men. Two sets of tests are performed. One set, probit models controlling for student attributes, examines submission rates for optional online quizzes and an optional final exam; a second set uses a regression discontinuity approach to measure incentive effects of grades, examining performance on exams. Women submit more quizzes and have exam scores and course grades that are similar to men, in contrast to numerous prior studies showing a gender difference. Quizzes are identified as one potential reason for men-women exam score equivalence. Additionally, women with a B+ (just shy of an A-) before the final exam are more likely to choose to submit the optional final compared to similar men.
Community-Based Epidemiology of Hospitalized Acute Kidney Injury.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) may lead to short- and long-term consequences in children, but its epidemiology has not been well described at a population level and outside of ICU settings. METHODS: In a large, diverse pediatric population receiving care within an integrated health care delivery system between 2008 and 2016, we calculated age- and sex-adjusted incidences of hospitalized AKI using consensus serum creatinine (SCr)–based diagnostic criteria. We also investigated the proportion of AKI detected in non-ICU settings and the rates of follow-up outpatient SCr testing after AKI hospitalization. RESULTS: Among 1 500 546 children, the mean age was 9.8 years, 49.0% were female, and 33.1% were minorities. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence of hospitalized AKI among the entire pediatric population did not change significantly across the study period, averaging 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.68–0.73) cases per 1000 person-years. Among the subset of hospitalized children, the adjusted incidence of AKI increased from 6.0% of hospitalizations in 2008 to 8.8% in 2016. Approximately 66.7% of AKI episodes were not associated with an ICU stay, and 54.3% of confirmed, unresolved Stage 2 or 3 AKI episodes did not have outpatient follow-up SCr testing within 30 days postdischarge. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based pediatric AKI incidence was ∼1 per 1000 per year, with two-thirds of cases not associated with an ICU stay and more than one-half not receiving early outpatient follow-up kidney function testing. Further efforts are needed to increase the systematic recognition of AKI in all inpatient settings with appropriate, targeted postdischarge kidney function monitoring and associated management.
Deep Learning Technology for Detection of Lung and Breast Cancer: Application in Clinical Practice

Deep learning based on deep neural networks and convolutional neural networks applied to medical image analysis and histopathological diagnosis can provide results similar to pathologists. The goal of this investigation is to show the potential of deep learning algorithms in cancer imaging to distinguish between cancer, metastases or normal lung tissue. Clinical challenges and applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in lung and breast cancer are described. This study shows that deep learning technology in histopathology imaging can assist for classifying types of lung and breast cancer for applying appropriate anticancer drugs. Importance of the paper here is to show that this emerging technology applied in medicine shows increasingly concerted efforts in pushing AI technology to clinical use and to impact future directions in cancer care, although most studies evaluating AI applications in oncology to medical imaging requires further assessment and validation for reproducibility and generalizability of results.
"PrEP"ing for a PrEP demonstration project: understanding PrEP knowledge and attitudes among cisgender women.

Prior to implementing a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration study, we sought to explore cisgender women’s experiences with HIV prevention, PrEP knowledge and attitudes, and anticipated barriers and facilitators for PrEP uptake and adherence in Southern California. Three focus groups were held with cisgender women of mixed HIV serostatus in San Diego and Los Angeles between November 2015 and January 2016. Women were recruited through local testing sites, community-based organizations, and social media. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Twenty-two women participated in focus groups, with median age 44 (IQR 30–53) and 6 identifying as non-Hispanic Black, 7 non-Hispanic White, 8 Latina and 1 mixed race. Despite limited prior PrEP knowledge and no PrEP experience, participants expressed interest in taking PrEP. Anticipated benefits were freedom from worry about HIV and control over sexual health; however, these were tempered by concerns including the possibility of increased HIV risk behaviors and potential side effects. Cisgender women reported potential barriers to PrEP uptake and adherence barriers, like competing priorities and poor PrEP access. Conversely, PrEP facilitators included utilizing practical tools such as phone apps and pill boxes as well as receiving encouragement from loved ones and support from other cisgender women on PrEP, women living with HIV and their medical providers. Although PrEP awareness was low, participants recognized the importance of PrEP and ways to facilitate adherence. Exploring perspectives of cisgender women is integral to developing effective interventions to support PrEP uptake and adherence for women at elevated risk for HIV.
Shortness of Breath in a 38-Year-Old Woman With Pulmonary and Hepatic Nodules

Case Presentation A 38-year-old African American woman with a history of menometrorrhagia on previous estrogen therapy and a previously biopsied benign thyroid nodule with recent interval enlargement presented with symptoms of shortness of breath on exertion, an intermittent nonproductive cough, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain for 1 year. She denied wheezing, hemoptysis, fevers, night sweats, or unintentional weight loss. Socially, the patient was a lifelong nonsmoker and denied alcohol or drug use. Travel history was not significant, and she had no contributory occupational, environmental, or animal exposures. Recent cancer screening that included Papanicolaou smear and mammography were negative for neoplasia. Vital signs were normal, and ambulatory pulse oximetry did not demonstrate evidence of oxygen desaturation. Physical examination demonstrated normal respiratory effort, diffuse vesicular breath sounds, and a soft abdomen without hepatomegaly or right upper quadrant tenderness.
Responsibilist Evidentialism

When is a person justified in believing a proposition? In this paper, I defend a view according to which a person is justified in believing a proposition just in case the person’s evidence sufficiently supports the proposition and the person responsibly acquired and sustained the evidence that supports the proposition. This view overcomes a deficiency in a prominent theory of epistemic justification. As championed by Earl Conee and Richard Feldman, Evidentialism is a theory subject to counterexamples at the hands of cases involving epistemic irresponsibility. I critically discuss such a case as put forward by Jason Baehr. After providing an argument that clarifies why the case is problematic for Evidentialism, I defend my argument from a response by Earl Conee. Then I develop a theory of epistemic justification capable of handling cases involving epistemic irresponsibility, and I defend this theory from evidentialist objections.
Imaging Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection with [11C]-TMP: In Vitro and First-in-Human Evaluation

Abstract Recently, several molecular imaging strategies have developed to image bacterial infections in humans. Nuclear approaches, specifically positron emission tomography (PET), affords sensitive detection and the ability to non-invasively locate infections deep within the body. Two key radiotracer classes have arisen: metabolic approaches targeting bacterial specific biochemical transformations, and antibiotic-based approaches that have inherent selectivity for bacteria over mammalian cells. A critical question for clinical application of antibiotic radiotracers is whether resistance to the template antibiotic abrogates specific uptake, thus diminishing the predictive value of the diagnostic test. We recently developed small-molecule PET radiotracers based on the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP), including [11C]-TMP, and have shown their selectivity for imaging bacteria in preclinical models. Here, we measure the in vitro uptake of [11C]-TMP in pathogenic susceptible and drug-resistant bacterial strains. Both resistant and susceptible bacteria showed similar in vitro uptake, which led us to perform whole genome sequencing of these isolates to identify the mechanisms of TMP resistance that permit retained radiotracer binding. By interrogating these isolate genomes and a broad panel of previously sequenced strains, we reveal mechanisms where uptake or binding of TMP radiotracers can potentially be maintained despite the annotation of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we present several examples of patients with both TMP-sensitive and drug-resistant infections in our first-in-human experience with [11C]-TMP. This work underscores the ability of an antibiotic radiotracer to image bacterial infection in patients, which may allow insights into human bacterial pathogenesis, infection diagnosis, and antimicrobial response monitoring. One Sentence Summary The PET radiotracer [11C]-trimethoprim shows high uptake in both TMP-sensitive and -resistant bacteria in vitro, the potential for imaging many different pathogenic strains, and uptake in patients with active infections.
Temporal transitions in the post-mitotic nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans

In most animals, the majority of the nervous system is generated and assembled into neuronal circuits during embryonic development1. However, during juvenile stages, nervous systems still undergo extensive anatomical and functional changes to eventually form a fully mature nervous system by the adult stage2,3. The molecular changes in post-mitotic neurons across post-embryonic development and the genetic programs that control these temporal transitions are not well understood4,5. Here, using the model system Caenorhabditis elegans, we comprehensively characterized the distinct functional states (locomotor behaviour) and the corresponding distinct molecular states (transcriptome) of the post-mitotic nervous system across temporal transitions during post-embryonic development. We observed pervasive, neuron-type-specific changes in gene expression, many of which are controlled by the developmental upregulation of the conserved heterochronic microRNA LIN-4 and the subsequent promotion of a mature neuronal transcriptional program through the repression of its target, the transcription factor lin-14. The functional relevance of these molecular transitions are exemplified by a temporally regulated target gene of the LIN-14 transcription factor, nlp-45, a neuropeptide-encoding gene, which we find is required for several distinct temporal transitions in exploratory activity during post-embryonic development. Our study provides insights into regulatory strategies that control neuron-type-specific gene batteries to modulate distinct behavioural states across temporal, sexual and environmental dimensions of post-embryonic development. In the post-mitotic nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans, the promotion of a mature neuronal transcription program is controlled by the developmental-stage-specific upregulation of the microRNA LIN-4 and the subsequent repression of its target, the transcription factor lin-14.
The Propagation of Pn

A propagation model for the oceanic Pn phase is presented in which the onset consists of a refraction from the lower oceanic lithosphere while the subsequent coda is a result of near-receiver sediment and water reverberation. The first arrival of the oceanic Pn phase remains entirely within the lithosphere and for epicentral ranges in excess of 25° to 30° contains a free surface reflection, similar to the seismic phase PP. At large epicentral distances, or similarly for deep events, the Pn wavetrain is preceded by a low frequency forerunner which has traversed the low Q asthenosphere. The coda of the Pn phase was analyzed through the computation of synthetic seismograms using wavenumber integration. Spectral characteristics associated with both sediment and water reverberation are clearly observed in both the synthetics and data collected in the southwest Pacific during the 1983 Ngendei Seismic Experiment.
Palaeoclimatic Interpretations From Desert Dunes and Sediments

During the Quaternary, the world’s major deserts experienced dramatic changes in the nature and frequency of aeolian processes. Most ergs (sand seas) reveal evidence of repeated phases of dune formation. This paper presents a review of dune-building episodes during late Quaternary time and their palaeoclimatic significance. The emphasis of the paper is on African and North American sand seas. Although beyond the scope of this paper, an excellent synthesis for reconstructing ancient arid environments using aeolian, fluvial, and lacustrine evidence is presented by Thomas (1989).
Ribonuclease and Oligoribonucleotide Synthesis: II. SYNTHESIS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES OF SPECIFIC SEQUENCE

Abstract Ribonuclease A and ribonuclease S-protein have been investigated for their ability to catalyze the preparative synthesis of dinucleoside monophosphates and trinucleoside diphosphates of specific base composition and sequence. Kinetic analysis of identical reactions catalyzed by ribonuclease A and S-protein suggests that the synthetic activity of the native protein and the derivative differ with respect to rate constant, Km, and the effect of a nucleoside acceptor. Ribonuclease A has been used to prepare dinucleoside monophosphates and trinucleoside diphosphates of specific sequence by the reaction of pyrimidine 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides with a nucleoside. S-Protein has been used to prepare trinucleoside diphosphates of specific sequence by the reaction of a pyrimidine 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide with a dinucleoside monophosphate. Twenty-five trinucleoside diphosphates and four dinucleoside monophosphates have been synthesized. Isolation and purification procedures yielded products free from contaminating materials, sequence isomers, and 2',5'-phosphodiester linkages. Representative compounds were characterized by chromatographic, electrophoretic, base ratio, and sequence analyses.
The Relationship of T-Cell Epitopes and Allergen Structure

This chapter addresses the relationship of the CD4+ helper T-cell epitope immunodominance to pathways of allergen-antigen processing, as they are directed by protein three-dimensional structures. Allergy is recognized as a failure of immune tolerance by CD4+ T cells. The organization of sections in this chapter is inspired by the steps in the development of immune tolerance and allergy. Several sections deal with general features of the process: a discussion of the cells that process and present food allergens; a discussion of the lysosomal enzymes that process allergens; a brief summary of evidence that proteolytic processing follows pathways that could depend on molecular and cellular contexts; evidence that antigen processing and peptide loading occur in the same compartment, where the two mechanisms may interact; the idea that tolerance and immunity represent different outcomes of the same mechanism of antigen processing; and a summary of the most direct evidence that the antigen-allergen structure has an influence on epitope dominance, including a discussion of the nature of structural data and how it is used. A section discusses the relationship of structure and epitope dominance for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120 and several food allergens: chicken lysozyme, chicken ovalbumin, bovine s-lactoglobulin (BLG), and the birch tree aeroallergen Bet v 1. The final section discusses the implications of the relationship of structure to dominance on the development of allergy, evolution of the immune system, and allergy immunotherapy.
Response to comments on "evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs"

D’Emic and Myhrvold raise a number of statistical and methodological issues with our recent analysis of dinosaur growth and energetics. However, their critiques and suggested improvements lack biological and statistical justification.
Longitudinal Radioulnar Dissociation: Identification and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Injuries

In this article we describe the fundamental concepts that were established by Essex-Lopresti over 50 years ago and explore the current concepts in anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment for longitudinal radioulnar dissociation. Moreover, we present encouraging results for treating chronic injuries to the IOM achieved by bone-ligament-bone (BLB) reconstruction using a patellar tendon graft, giving hope for this seemingly unforgiving injury. A treatment algorithm is also provided to aid in the management of acute and chronic longitudinal radioulnar dissociation.