cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pore‐scale modeling and upscaling of nonaqueous phase liquid mass transfer

A pore-scale model is developed to simulate mass transfer between two fluid phases in a porous medium. The approach uses a network description of the pore space and builds on explicit tracking of the fluid-fluid interfaces in the pore network. Mass transfer is computed as local mass fluxes across each interface, and transport equations are solved in the pore network by a characteristic method. The concept of stagnant-layer diffusion is used to describe the interface mass transfer, where calculated local concentrations control the rates of mass transfer. The model results predict dissolution fronts developed in column experiments of porous media initially at residual nonaqueous phase saturation. The definition of macroscopic mass transfer coefficients is investigated, and comparisons are made for rigorously upscaled quantities.
An automatic framework for standardization of drosophila embryonic images

Embryonic images of Drosophila melanogaster were introduced as an important tool for the discovery of gene-gene interaction, which can be characterized as a computational problem of matching expression patterns of embryos. As the first step of the computational system, image standardization aims to build pixel-to-pixel correspondence so that the comparison between embryonic images are biologically meaningful. Standardization of embryonic images is challenging due to substantial variations of imaging conditions and the appearances of embryos. In this paper, we propose a framework for automatic standardization of embryonic images. Experiment results show the significant improvement achieved by the proposed approach.
Generating robust optical entanglement via optomechanical coupling

A pulsed scheme for generating two-mode squeezed light via the coupling of two optical modes to a mechanical oscillator in an optomechanical system is proposed. The scheme can be robust against thermal mechanical motion.
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital: a brief history.

News of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of the Xnay on November 8, 1895, and his subsequent publication on December 28, 1895, “On a New Kind of Rays,” spread quickly throughout the world, prompting trustees and physicians at the Massachusetts General Hospital to decide that this new method of “photography” must be investigated at their institution. Thus began what would become the department of radiology. The task fell to the hospital apothecary, or pharmacist, Walter James Dodd, and his assistant, Joseph Godsoe, who already performed all hospital photography. This was the most logical choice, for the new method was considered merely a refinement of photography, with the ability to look beneath the skin for broken bones and metallic foreign bodies. It is not known precisely when the first X-ray image was made at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dodd and Godsoe, working together after their regular day’s work, probably achieved a faint image in March 1896. Harvey Cushing claimed that he and Emory 0. Codman, as interns, had made the first radiograph of a hand, but Frederic Washburn, quoting George Holmes and Joseph Godsoe, gives the honor to Dodd. Without judging who was first, let us remember that this radiograph was produced by a most primitive apparatus, compnising an evacuated Crookes on similar tube and powered by a hand-cranked static generator. The radiograph was probably made in the pharmacy. From there work moved to the neurological outpatient department in the Gay Ward. Other early locations were the Kingsley Photography Studio, located in a small separate building, and later two rooms on the ground floor of the Bulfinch building. In 1909 the department moved to the ground floor of the Gay Ward near the operating theaters. This would be its home until 1938 (Fig. 1). During the early days, Dodd and Godsoe worked alone. They scrounged, improvised, and constructed such mateniabs as glass tubes, often borrowing from the physics laboratories on electricians. In 1 900, Dodd realized that he must acquire an M.D. degree and began studying at Harvard Medical School. He was compelled to transfer to Vermont Medical School, where, studying intermittently, he received his M.D. degree in 1908. Returning to the Massachusetts General Hospital, he was named skiagnaphen to the hospital, possibly in honor of his achievement and possibly in recognition of the growing importance of the new method. In 1910,
TBX3 over-expression causes mammary gland hyperplasia and increases mammary stem-like cells in an inducible transgenic mouse model

Background The T-box transcription factor TBX3 is necessary for early embryonic development and for the normal development of the mammary gland. Homozygous mutations, in mice, are embryonic lethal while heterozygous mutations result in perturbed mammary gland development. In humans, mutations that result in the haploinsufficiency of TBX3 causes Ulnar Mammary Syndrome (UMS) characterized by mammary gland hypoplasia as well as other congenital defects. In addition to its role in mammary gland development, various studies have also supported a role for Tbx3 in breast cancer development. TBX3 is over-expressed in various breast cancer cell lines as well as cancer tissue and has been found to contribute to breast cancer cell migration. Previous studies have suggested that TBX3 contributes to cancer development by its ability to bypass senescence by repressing the expression of p14ARF-tumor suppressor. Although many studies have shown that a dysregulation of TBX3 expression may contribute to cancer progression, no direct evidence shows TBX3 causes breast cancer.
A pivoting algorithm for metabolic networks in the presence of thermodynamic constraints

A linear programming algorithm is presented to constructively compute thermodynamically feasible fluxes and change in chemical potentials of reactions for a metabolic network. It is based on physical laws of mass conservation and the second law of thermodynamics that all chemical reactions should satisfy. As a demonstration, the algorithm has been applied to the core metabolic pathway of E.coli.
Communication and Understanding in Parent–Adolescent Relationships

This research examined communication and parent-adolescent understanding, including understanding about family conflicts, adolescent self-concepts, and immediate thoughts (or "empathic accuracy"). Fifty parent-adolescent triads completed questionnaires, held a discussion, and reported on immediate thoughts during the discussion using video-assisted recall methods. Alternative measures of understanding produced distinct results. Parental understanding of the child's self-concept was associated with frequent and open communication, high parent-child relationship satisfaction, and a strong child self-concept. Parental understanding of conflict perceptions was associated with high conformity and low relationship satisfaction. Parental understanding of the immediate thoughts of children was quite low overall and was not consistently related to communication, relationship satisfaction, or child self-concept. The results suggest that alternative measures of understanding reflect different family processes.
Recent Evidence from Human and Animal Studies Regarding Iron Status and Infant Development

Infants are at risk for iron deficiency as breast milk or formula is replaced by semisolid foods during weaning. The scope of this article is to briefly review new findings on developmental iron deficiency and the persistence of deficiency effects into adulthood. A lack of sufficient iron intake may significantly delay the development of the central nervous system because of alterations in morphology, neurochemistry, and bioenergics. Depending on the stage of development at the time of iron deficiency, there may be an opportunity to reverse adverse effects, but the success of repletion efforts may be time dependent. The program project on "Brain and Behavior in Early Iron Deficiency" (B. Lozoff, P.I.) undertook preclinical and clinical studies to identify the regions of the brain and behaviors affected, and perhaps irreversibly altered, by early-life iron deficiency. Multiple outcomes are being measured in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Data in monkeys show significant effects on neurodevelopment with dietary iron deficiency. Findings in human infants are consistent with altered myelination and changes in monoamine functioning. Rodent studies show that effects of iron deficiency during gestation and lactation persist despite restoration of iron status at weaning. These cross-species studies indicate a vulnerable period in early development that may result in long-lasting damage.
Cortical development, plasticity and re-organization in children with cochlear implants.

A basic tenet of developmental neurobiology is that certain areas of the cortex will re-organize, if appropriate stimulation is withheld for long periods. Stimulation must be delivered to a sensory system within a narrow window of time (a sensitive period) if that system is to develop normally. In this article, we will describe age cut-offs for a sensitive period for central auditory development in children who receivecochlear implants. Wewill review de-coupling and re-organization of cortical areas, which are presumed to underlie the end of the sensitive period in congenitally deaf humans and cats. Finally, we present two clinical cases which demonstrate the use of the P1 cortical auditory evoked potential as a biomarker for central auditory system development and re-organization in congenitally deaf children fitted with cochlear implants. Learning outcomes: Readers of this article should be able to (i) describe the importance of the sensitive period as it relates to development of central auditory pathways in children with cochlear implants; (ii) discuss the hypothesis of de-coupling of primary from higher-order auditory cortexas it relates to the end of the sensitive period; (iii) discuss cross-modal re-organization which may occur after long periods of auditory deprivation; and (iv) understand the use of the P1 response as a biomarker for development of
Expression of fragile X chromosome in human-rodent somatic cell hybrids

The fragile X chromosome, associated with a common form of X-linked mental retardation, is cytologically observed most often as a gap or fragile site near the distal end of the long arm in band Xq28. Expression of this site is variable and dependent upon lowered thymidylate pools. In order to examine the behavior of this fragile site in a foreign genetic background, interspecific somatic cell hybrids were isolated from crosses of hamster cells and lymphoblastoid cells derived from male patients with fragile X-linked mental retardation. Three hybrid cell lines containing the human X chromosome were analyzed. Following induction with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, all three hybrids expressed the fragile site in approxi- mately 10 % of the metaphases examined. Our data indicate that expression of the fragile site in band Xq27 is dependent neither on the integrity of the human genome nor on the expression of human autosomal genes.
A translation approach to portable ontology specifications

Abstract To support the sharing and reuse of formally represented knowledge among AI systems, it is useful to define the common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is represented. A specification of a representational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse—definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects—is called an ontology. This paper describes a mechanism for defining ontologies that are portable over representation systems. Definitions written in a standard format for predicate calculus are translated by a system called Ontolingua into specialized representations, including frame-based systems as well as relational languages. This allows researchers to share and reuse ontologies, while retaining the computational benefits of specialized implementations. We discuss how the translation approach to portability addresses several technical problems. One problem is how to accommodate the stylistic and organizational differences among representations while preserving declarative content. Another is how to translate from a very expressive language into restricted languages, remaining system-independent while preserving the computational efficiency of implemented systems. We describe how these problems are addressed by basing Ontolingua itself on an ontology of domain-independent, representational idioms.
Bacteriophage Ecology in Commercial Sauerkraut Fermentations

Knowledge of bacteriophage ecology in vegetable fermentations is essential for developing phage control strategies for consistent and high quality of fermented vegetable products. The ecology of phages infecting lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in commercial sauerkraut fermentations was investigated. Brine samples were taken from four commercial sauerkraut fermentation tanks over a 60- or 100-day period in 2000 and 2001. A total of 171 phage isolates, including at least 26 distinct phages, were obtained. In addition, 28 distinct host strains were isolated and identified as LAB by restriction analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer region and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. These host strains included Leuconostoc, Weissella, and Lactobacillus species. It was found that there were two phage-host systems in the fermentations corresponding to the population shift from heterofermentative to homofermentative LAB between 3 and 7 days after the start of the fermentations. The data suggested that phages may play an important role in the microbial ecology and succession of LAB species in vegetable fermentations. Eight phage isolates, which were independently obtained two or more times, were further characterized. They belonged to the family Myoviridae or Siphoviridae and showed distinct host ranges and DNA fingerprints. Two of the phage isolates were found to be capable of infecting two Lactobacillus species. The results from this study demonstrated for the first time the complex phage ecology present in commercial sauerkraut fermentations, providing new insights into the bioprocess of vegetable fermentations.
Impact of preepiglottic space tumor involvement on concurrent chemoradiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic impact of preepiglottic space (PES) involvement on local failure after concurrent chemoradiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and methods Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent concurrent chemoradiation therapy for T3 or T4 laryngeal, T4 hypopharyngeal, and T3 or T4 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were eligible for inclusion. Patients were then stratified by the presence or absence of PES tumor involvement. A multivariate analysis was performed on the presence of recurrence using the following pretreatment variables: PES involvement, tumor extent, pathologic cell differentiation, lymph node involvement, age, and sex. Results A total of 102 patients were included in the study. Twenty-seven (28%) patients had documented PES involvement. Mean follow-up for all patients was 46 months. Involvement of the PES was not significantly associated with local tumor persistence or recurrence ( P = .69). No other variables significantly impacted tumor recurrence. Conclusion Preepiglottic space involvement does not negatively impact local tumor control after concurrent chemoradiation therapy.
Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements

The international organic agricultureand fair trade movements represent importantchallenges to the ecologically and sociallydestructive relations that characterize the globalagro-food system. Both movements critique conventionalagricultural production and consumption patterns andseek to create a more sustainable world agro-foodsystem. The international organic movement focuses onre-embedding crop and livestock production in ``naturalprocesses,'' encouraging trade in agriculturalcommodities produced under certified organicconditions and processed goods derived from thesecommodities. For its part, the fair trade movementfosters the re-embedding of international commodityproduction and distribution in ``equitable socialrelations,'' developing a more stable and advantageoussystem of trade for agricultural and non-agriculturalgoods produced under favorable social andenvironmental conditions. The international market forboth organic and fair trade products has grownimpressively in recent years. Yet the success of thesemovements is perhaps better judged by their ability tochallenge the abstract capitalist relations that fuelexploitation in the global agro-food system. While theorganic movement currently goes further in revealingthe ecological conditions of production and the fairtrade movement goes further in revealing the socialconditions of production, there are signs that the twomovements are forging a common ground in definingminimum social and environmental requirements. I arguefrom a theoretical and empirical basis that what makesfair trade a more effective oppositional movement isits focus on the relations of agro-food trade anddistribution. By demystifying global relations ofexchange and challenging market competitiveness basedsolely on price, the fair trade movement creates aprogressive opening for bridging the wideningNorth/South divide and for wresting control of theagro-food system away from oligopolistic transnationalcorporations infamous for their socially andenvironmentally destructive business practices.
Pollen-vegetation relationships at a tropical cloud forest's upper limit and accuracy of vegetation inference

Palaeoecological records are increasingly needed from tropical montane systems. To infer past tropical vegetation dynamics, understanding modern pollen–vegetation relationships is required, but understanding effects of different sampling media between calibration datasets and palaeorecords is also needed. This is especially true when palaeorecords are derived from bogs or lakes with boggy shores and common wetland plants share the same pollen taxon with important upland plants that distinguish tropical vegetation types (e.g., Poaceae and Plantago). We assessed modern pollen–vegetation relationships around an upper cloud forest line in the Hawaiian Islands and tested the utility of a modern pollen calibration dataset derived from 88 surface soil samples when applied in 10 test wetland sites more typical of palaeorecords. We assessed over- and under-representation of pollen/spore taxa with a direct comparison to plant abundance and derived several metrics from the pollen/spore assemblages — analogs, ordinations, relative abundance of life forms, and ratios of life forms. We used the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) to (1) compare metric performance at distinguishing vegetation around the upper forest line, (2) assess whether excluding wetland taxa significantly affected metric performance, and (3) test the accuracy of vegetation inference. Pollen–vegetation relationships were influenced by great ecological breadth and over- or under-representation of pollen and spores, which could be explained by pollination syndrome (wind vs. animal), grain/spore mass and upslope transport in winds. However, we found no evidence that upslope transport significantly blurred the upper-forest-line signal here, likely because winds are predominantly perpendicular to slope, and vertically constrained by the trade-wind inversion. Pollen from Poaceae and Plantago characterizes vegetation around this Hawaiian upper forest line and dominates wetland assemblages. Removing wetland taxa from the modern pollen calibration dataset levied no cost on a metric's performance, and greatly reduced the incidence of inaccurate vegetation inference in test sites. Minor error rates remained when rare, over-represented, or ecologically broad types were used in isolation. Overall, this study demonstrates that inferring forest line position from fossil pollen/spore assemblages requires careful consideration because (1) differences in sampling media between the modern calibration dataset and palaeorecords create opportunity for inaccurate vegetation inference and (2) some metrics perform better than others.
Changes in Medicaid Physician Fees and Patterns of Ambulatory Care

Controlling for state fixed effects and other factors, this paper estimates the effect of the generosity of Medicaid physician payment levels on the volume and site of ambulatory care received by Medicaid patients compared to privately insured patients. Results indicate that cuts in Medicaid physician fees lead to statistically significant reductions in the number of visits for Medicaid patients compared to privately insured patients. Cuts in fees also lead to a statistically significant shift away from physician offices and toward hospital emergency departments and especially outpatient departments. Primary diagnoses for which site of care shifts are most pronounced include hypertension, asthma, urinary tract infections, and diabetes.
A fundamental role for hippocampal parvalbumin in the dopamine hyperfunction associated with schizophrenia

Postmortem studies in schizophrenia patients have demonstrated robust alterations in GABAergic markers throughout the neuraxis. It has been suggested that these alterations are restricted to subpopulations of interneurons, such as those containing the calcium binding protein parvalbumin. Indeed, a reduction in parvalbumin expression is a consistent observation in human postmortem studies, as well as, in a wide and diverse variety of animal models. However, it still remains to be determined whether this decrease in parvalbumin expression contributes to, or is a consequence of the disease. Here we utilize lentiviral delivered shRNA and demonstrate that a selective reduction in parvalbumin mRNA expression induces hyperactivity within the ventral hippocampus. In addition, we observe downstream increases in dopamine neuron population activity without changes in average firing rate or percent burst firing. These changes in dopamine neuron activity were associated with an enhanced locomotor response to amphetamine administration. These data therefore demonstrate that a reduction in ventral hippocampal parvalbumin expression is sufficient, in and of itself, to induce an augmented dopamine system function and behavioral hyper-responsivity to amphetamine, implicating a potential key role for parvalbumin in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Novel Polysaccharide Produced by Bradyrhizobium Japonicum Enhances Competitiveness at High pH and Ca

A polysaccharide produced by some strains of B. japonicum accumulates to high concentrations in soybean nodules. This structurally unique polysaccharide is referred to as “NPS” for nodule polysaccharide. Surveys of soybean nodules from randomly selected farmer fields indicated that NPS forming strains are the dominant nodule occupants at sites where soil pH and [Ca] are relatively high. Recent studies have involved analysis of nodule occupancy by an NPS+ strain versus a NPS- transposon insertion mutant in sand culture and soil in the greenhouse. Preliminary results indicate that elevation of pH or Ca does increase nodule occupancy by the NPS+ strain. These results suggest that NPS synthesis must not be restricted to the nodule environment as previously thought and, in fact, synthesis of NPS in culture has recently been demonstrated.
Energetics of Oriented Attachment of Mn-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

Growth of nanoparticles by oriented attachment (OA) can occur in electrolyte solutions, in vacuum, or even in air. The energy change in this event is determined by the difference between the excess interface energies of the free nanoparticles and the arrangement with attached grains. Therefore, low energy boundaries (highly coherent) are more likely to attach, and after attachment, atomic rearrangement will allow crystals to effectively grow by coalescing two or more grains. However, if the energy of the boundary formed by attachment is low but the activation energy for coalescence is high, it is possible for the system to enter a metastable state that disables nanocrystals’ growth (enabling design of growth resistant nanocrystals). In this work, we test this hypothesis in manganese-doped SnO2 nanoparticles in the absence of organic agents. We observe that manganese dramatically lowers the energies of (noncoherent) grain boundaries of SnO2, which enhances nanostability and slows grain growth due to the in...
Abstract 2102: High resolution fluorescence imaging of cellular DNA and RNA enabled by the synthesis of complex oligonucleotide libraries

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique for studying the structure, organization, and localization of nucleic acids within individual cells. However, the use of FISH has often been dependent upon access to cloned template DNA for the generation of probes. Clones for specific regions may be unavailable, or the genomic region of interest may contain repetitive and other non-informative sequences which can be problematic for FISH analysis. We have leveraged our ability to chemically synthesize DNA in massively parallel reactions to produce libraries of oligonucleotides up to 200 bases in length that can be used to generate FISH probes. The sequences of the oligonucleotides in these libraries are selected in silico using empirically determined criteria so as to avoid repetitive elements or regions homologous to other non-targeted loci. Using oligonucleotide library-derived FISH probes on DNA, human genomic regions as small as 1.8 kb and as large as whole chromosomes can be visualized in both metaphase and interphase cells using the same simple assay protocol. Because of the inherent flexibility in our probe design methods, we readily visualized regions rich in repeats and/or GC content. Using oligonucleotide library-derived FISH probes on RNA, we have been able to detect the localization of a variety of both coding and non-coding RNAs in fixed cells, using both conventional fluorescence and structured illumination microscopy. Simultaneous hybridization of FISH probes labeled with different fluorophores enables visualization of multiple sequences at once. Using probes designed specifically to transcribed vs. non-transcribed regions, we have been able to simultaneously detect DNA and RNA from the same locus in the same FISH assay. Our oligo FISH methods are readily compatible with the co-detection of cellular proteins by immunocytochemistry. The ability to generate high performance FISH probes using chemically synthesized oligo libraries that can work flexibly with co-detection of other molecules yields a valuable tool for studies of how localization of specific nucleic acids impacts biological function. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2102. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2102
The Effect of Leadership Roles on the Satisfaction and Productivity of University Research Professors

The satisfaction of research professors depends on the university administrator's leadership style, role model, and perceived ability to reward the professors' efforts, with significant differences...
Treating posttraumatic stress disorder with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy: A preliminary meta-analysis and comparison to prolonged exposure therapy.

Since the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become a major area of research and development. The most widely accepted treatment for PTSD is prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, but for many patients it is intolerable or ineffective. ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy (MDMA-AP) has recently re-emerged as a new treatment option, with two clinical trials having been published and both producing promising results. However, these results have yet to be compared to existing treatments. The present paper seeks to bridge this gap in the literature. Often the statistical significance of clinical trials is overemphasized, while the magnitude of the treatment effects is overlooked. The current meta-analysis aims to provide a comparison of the cumulative effect size of the MDMA-AP studies with those of PE. Effect sizes were calculated for primary and secondary outcome measures in the MDMA-AP clinical trials and compared to those of a meta-analysis includi...
Study on Quantitative Analysis of Corrosive Sulphur in Transformer Oil

Aiming at one-sidedness and subjectivity of quantitative method adopted for corrosive sulphur test,the paper proposes to quantitatively analyze mass concentration of corrosive sulphur in transformer oil with copper powder corroding technique.The specific steps are: to mix excess copper powder with four kinds of test oil,such as clean Nynas oil,Nynas running oil,MITSUBISHI oil and corrosion-free Karamay oil,and heat them up;test gross mass concentration of sulphur in transformer oil before and after the reaction through different test time,and the difference value is the mass concentration of corrosive sulphur that reacts with copper powder.Therefore,the optimum reaction temperature and reaction time of quantitative analysis are determined.
U.S. Department of Transportation FY2007 Budget in Brief

The U.S.Department of Transportation (USDOT)'s yearly budget is the financial arrangement for transportation programs that are of national significance. It is also a reflection of the national policies on transportation industry in the United States of America. Presented here is the USDOT budget for the fiscal year of 2007, with brief specifications on its overall goals, objectives, and its allocations among key strategic objectives included as well.
Analysis on Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metal Contaminates of Tea in Tongzhou District of Beijing

Objective To find out the contamination of organochlorine pesticide residues and lead in tea in Tongzhou district. Method Pesticide residues of hexachlorocyclohexane ( HCH),dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ( DDT) were determined by gas chromatography and lead was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results The detection rate of HCH was 92. 1% ; the qualified rate was 2. 9% ; the detection range was 0. 36-385 μg /kg. The detection rate of DDT was 89. 4% and the majority of them was p,p′-DDT; the detection range was 1. 4-189. 0 μg /kg. The detection rate of lead was 97. 6% . Conclusion It was suggested that the situation of HCH and DDT pesticide residues in tea was not optimistic and the level of lead remained high in Tongzhou district. More supervision is needed to guarantee the health of residents.
Association of Inflammation prior to Kidney Transplantation with Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus.

Background/Objective: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is both common and associated with poor outcomes after kidney transplantation. Our objective was to
Apoptosis Induced by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Brain Tumors

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death,1 is a process that can be initiated by a variety of external stimuli, including drugs2 and ionizing radiation,3 to activate a complex sequence of intracellular events that lead to death.4 Once initiated, both the nucleus and cytoplasm condense, the nucleus fragments and apoptotic bodies are formed.1 Since this process can be completed within as few as 4 hours,4 a small time window exists for determining whether a specific stimulus can induce apoptosis. In vivo, a few apoptotic bodies may underepresent a much larger fraction of apoptotic cells due to the rapidity with which they are removed.4 Thus, if apoptotic cells are detected, it is likely that an even larger, undetected population of cells already may have undergone programmed cell death. Up until recently, it was thought that ionizing radiation only produced tumor cell death by the induction of double strand chromosome breaks, which were either lethal or reproductively sterilized the cell.5 There now is a growing body of evidence that ionizing radiation also can activate factors within the cell that initiate genetically programmed cell death or apoptosis.3,6,7
Socrates on Friendship and Community: Self-Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric (Plato's Phaedrus )

The issue of self-knowledge arises in the Phaedrus in various ways. This is the dialogue in which Socrates says that he follows the injunction to “know thyself” that is written on the temple at Delphi, and that this task leaves him no leisure for other things (229e). Later, he describes how lover and beloved come to see themselves in each other as a result of their love. And in the last half of the Phaedrus , he and Phaedrus discuss the three speeches about love that they have just delivered in the first half of the dialogue. The self-reflective character of the Phaedrus is highlighted when contrasted to the Symposium : instead of engaging in a discussion of their own speeches, the symposiasts are treated to stories about Socrates from a drunken Alcibiades, who has been disappointed in love. Although Socrates talks to the poets at the end of the evening about comedy and tragedy, they are falling asleep. Because Socrates' and Phaedrus' discussion of rhetoric includes a discussion of writing, moreover, the Phaedrus serves as Plato's reflection on his own activity of writing dialogues. Socrates in fact offers a standard of good writing: it should be constructed as if it were a living animal, “neither headless nor footless, but with middle [parts] and extremities, written appropriately to each other and to the whole” (264c).
Breast MRI and18F FDG PET/CT in the management of breast cancer

Goals:18F FDG PET/CT is used for diagnosis, staging and establishing the response to therapy in various malignancies, including breast cancer (BC). Dedicated breast MRI (BMRI) is gaining a role in the management of BC patients (pts), demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for detection of small lesions. We were therefore prompted to review our experience with PET and BMRI in BC.Methods: This is a retrospective study of 21 women with BC, 30–76 years old, who had BMRI and whole-body FDG PET/CT at our institution from Jun 2002 to May 2005. A total of 6 patients (group A) had BMRI and PET/CT in the preoperative period and 15 patients (group B) had BMRI and PET/CT after surgery. Reinterpretation of the imaging studies for accuracy and data analysis from medical records were performed.Results: For group A, BMRI identified breast lesions in 4 patients, while PET/CT was able to identify breast lesions in 5 patients. All these were proven to be malignancy on pathology examination. In group B, BMRI detected recurrent breast lesions in 8 patients, with 88.9% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity. In the same patient population, PET/CT was 33.3% sensitive and 91.7% specific. As a whole body examination, PET/CT revealed metastatic disease in 6 patients (100% sensitive and 90% specific). Overall, sensitivities and specificities for breast disease detection were 85.7% and 85.7% for BMRI, and 75% and 92.3% for18F FDG PET/CT.Conclusions: As expected, BMRI is more sensitive than PET/CT in the detection of breast lesions. However, PET/CT as a whole-body examination changed the management of disease by detection of distant lesions in 6 of the 21 patients. Our study suggests that18F FDG PET/CT and BMRI should be considered as complimentary imaging tools in the pre- and postoperative workup of patients diagnosed with breast cancer.
Abstract LB-192: A single catastrophic genomic event is required for the development of osteosarcoma

Over sixty years ago, the groundbreaking works by Nordling 1 , Armitage and Doll 2 found a deep connection between the age dependent incidence rates of cancer with elementary mutational processes in cancer. However, their method to estimate the number of driver mutations from the characteristic increase of adult cancer risk with patient age implicitly assumes tissue homeostasis. It can therefore not be used for developmental cancers emerging from growing tissues. Osteosarcoma (OS), a bone cancer most frequently occurring during adolescence, is one prominent example. Here we combine a model of bone growth and maintenance with somatic mutation theory. Based on age dependent stature 3 ` and morphometric data, we find that our model accurately reproduces epidemiological OS incidence rates 4 `. We conclude that the OS risk can be explained by the cell cycle rate in the osteoblast lineage. Other risk factors, such as endocrine and paracrine signaling have only a weak, if any, impact. The strict association with the cell cycle rate, as opposed to wall clock time, suggests that environmental factors play no dominant role either. In other words, with few exceptions such as genetic syndromes or unusually strong environmental factors such as radiation in cancer treatment, the OS risk is dominated by pure chance. We find that the OS incidence rate is strictly proportional to the age dependent cell cycle rate. This result implies that there is only a single rate limiting factor in the etiology of the disease. This result is a remarkable as it suggests that the disease is not necessarily initiated within a stem cell because the Hayflick limit set by telomere shortening can not suppress single-hit-malignancies. Our results are not only important for a better understanding of the disease and the design of future sequencing efforts. But they also inform development of treatment strategies to reduce the mortality caused by this still deadly disease. 1. Nordling, C. O. C. A New Theory on the Cancer-inducing Mechanism. Br. J. Cancer 7, 68¨C72 (1953). 2. Armitage, P. & Doll, R. The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis. Br. J. Cancer VIII, 1¨C12 (1954). 3. CDC Height Data. at 4. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol. I to VIII. CancerBase No. 7 . (Lyon: IARC). at Citation Format: Sven Bilke, Paul Meltzer. A single catastrophic genomic event is required for the development of osteosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-192. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-192
Anesthetic Management of An Adolescent With Lowe Syndrome During Posterior Spinal Fusion

Lowe syndrome, also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome, is a rare X-linked disorder that was first described in 1952. Associated end-organ involvement includes the eye, central nervous system (CNS), and the kidney with proximal renal tubular acidosis. Life expectancy is reduced to mid-adulthood as a result of renal disease, hypotonia, and an increased susceptibility to infections. Given the multi-system involvement, surgical intervention may be required to address the sequelae of the disease process. We present a 16-year-old boy with Lowe syndrome who required anesthetic care for posterior spinal fusion for the treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis. Previous reports of anesthetic care of these patients are reviewed, end-organ involvement is discussed, and options for anesthetic care are presented. J Med Cases. 2017;8(12):388-392 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2949w
Numerical modeling and experimental validation of thermal history and microstructure for additive manufacturing of an Inconel 718 product

A product-scale part was additively manufactured from Inconel 718 by laser powder-bed fusion. The thermal and microstructural behavior was experimentally examined to reveal physical characteristics while a high fidelity numerical model was developed to predict characteristics throughout the part volume. Three physical characteristics were considered in the present study: (1) thermal evolution during the build, (2) melt pool configuration, and (3) the final microstructure as-deposited. Thermal simulations were performed by finite element calculation while the microstructure was predicted from the calculated thermal history and existing theoretical correlations. Predicted results were thoroughly confirmed through comparison with experimental measurements. Ultimately, the present work aims to illustrate the integration of the computational method as tools to provide manufacturing qualification for part production by AM.
Water-Mediated Carbon-Oxygen Hydrogen Bonding Facilitates S-Adenosylmethionine Recognition in the Reactivation Domain of Cobalamin-Dependent Methionine Synthase.

The C-terminal domain of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MetH) has an essential role in catalyzing the reactivation of the enzyme following the oxidation of its cobalamin cofactor. This reactivation occurs through reductive methylation of the cobalamin using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. Herein, we examine the molecular recognition of AdoMet by the MetH reactivation domain utilizing structural, biochemical, and computational approaches. Crystal structures of the Escherichia coli MetH reactivation domain in complex with AdoMet, the methyl transfer product S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), and the AdoMet analogue inhibitor sinefungin illustrate that the ligands exhibit an analogous conformation within the solvent-exposed substrate binding cleft of the enzyme. AdoMet binding is stabilized by an intramolecular sulfur–oxygen chalcogen bond between the sulfonium and carboxylate groups of the substrate and by water-mediated carbon–oxygen hydrogen bonding between the sulfonium cation ...
Humanism and bureaucracy: The case for a liberal arts conception of public administration

Despite a long history of close association, the humanities no longer hold special significance for bureaucratic practitioners or students of public administration. However, a revival of the humani...
Nosocomial endophthalmitis survey. Current incidence of infection after intraocular surgery

The authors reviewed the incidence of hospital-linked postoperative endophthalmitis at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1984 and June 30, 1989. After 30,002 intraocular surgical procedures, the following incidence of culture-proven endophthalmitis was observed: (1) extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with or without intraocular lens (IOL) implantation--0.072% (17 of 23,625 cases); (2) pars plana vitrectomy--0.051% (1 of 1974 cases); (3) penetrating keratoplasty (PKP)--0.11% (2 of 1783 cases); (4) secondary IOL--0.30% (3 of 988 cases); and (5) glaucoma filtering surgery--0.061% (1 of 1632 cases). A statistically significant (P = 0.038, Fisher's exact test, two-tailed) increased incidence of endophthalmitis occurred in diabetic (0.163%, 6 of 3686 cases) compared with nondiabetic (0.055%, 11 of 19,939 cases) patients undergoing ECCE with or without IOL implantation. The authors also reviewed the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis after intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) with and without IOL and observed an incidence of 0.093% (7 of 7552) in cases operated on between September 1, 1976 and December 31, 1982.
Electron spin resonance studies of native and denatured methemoglobin. pH effects.

Abstract The electron spin resonance spectra of methemoglobin and denatured methemoglobin are studied as a function of pH. Satisfactory agreement is found between the literature and these studiesregarding denaturative events occurring between pH 3 and 4, between pH 4 and 5, and between pH 10 and 11; the pK for the equilibrium between methemoglobin and methemoglobin hydroxide; and the transition temperature for the denaturation of methemoglobin as a function of pH. Only one class of denatured species is observable by electron spin resonance at 77° K over the pH range 3 to 11. Another class believed to exist gives no electron spin resonance spectra. The former class is favored over the latter when denaturation occurs at high pH, but the distribution results from seemingly irreversible effects, and is not due to a titration characteristic of denatured methemoglobin. We conclude that the electron spin resonance method is applicable in the study of methemoglobins over the pH range of 3 to about 12.
Respect and the Retarded: Issues of Valuing and Labeling

In the nineteenth century, there lived a monk known as Brother William, who was a man of very limited intellectual abilities. Brother William believed he was in constant contact with God. His life was so exemplary in its kindness, compassion and love that he was greatly honored in his community.1 Brother William sounds as if he was a person who deserved esteem, and whom we should hesitate to call handicapped even though he was, by present criteria, mentally retarded. But language itself shows, despite what we like to think, that (outside of families) we rarely give retarded persons respect in the sense of esteem.
SILICON IRRADIATION FACILITIES AT THE NBS REACTOR

A program of silicon irradiation is being carried out at the National Bureau of Standards 10 MW, heavy water moderated reactor. The facility, which operates on a 40 day round-the-clock cycle, can provide a wide range of neutron fluxes with an equally wide range of cadmium ratios.
Empathy and Relational Creativity

Empathy, popularly described as “standing in another’s shoes,” is central to survival, society, interrelationship, and more, and not only for human beings. At one level, our “mirror neurons” build in this capacity. Darwin too, in his later evolutionary writings, unknown to some, spoke strongly of empathy (called sensitivity) along with group bonding, love, and collaborative activity. At best empathy can lead to compassionate action. Here too are intimacy and our strongest bonds. Empathy, mutuality, and relationship can also be highly creative and co-creative—as product and process—meeting criteria of originality and meaningfulness. Far from optional these help direct our earliest brain development and not only can enrich life but sustain it.
Beam-Pattern Design for Hybrid Beamforming Using Wirtinger Flow

Hybrid analog/digital architectures for beam forming and precoding have been a topic of significant research interest in recent times, especially in the context of millimeter wave (mmW) and massive MIMO systems. Such hybrid architectures enable us to exploit large array antenna gains while reducing the cost and power consumption of the hardware. However, the design of such beamformers is a challenging problem as it requires joint design of the analog and digital beamformers. In this paper, we consider the problem of beampattern design in a mmW communication system equipped with hybrid-beamforming hardware, where the goal is to design the analog and digital beamformers such that the generated beampattern is as close as possible to a desired beam-pattern. We propose a novel non-convex algorithm based on Wirtinger flow framework. By solving a convex optimization problem, we find an initialization point, and then perform a gradient descent based approach. Our algorithm shows a promising performance, and has a lower computational complexity compared to state-of-the-art.
Placenta copper transport proteins in preeclampsia

Placental insufficiency underlying preeclampsia (PE) is associated with impaired placental angiogenesis. As copper (Cu) is essential to angiogenesis, we investigated differences in the expression o...
Recent Updates in the Pharmacological Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review Focused on Fluid Resuscitation, Vasopressors, and Corticosteroids.

Objective: Describe recent developments in the pharmacological management of sepsis and septic shock, focusing on fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and corticosteroids.Data Sources: A literature s...
Adsorption Study of Al3+, Cr3+, and Mn2+ onto Quartz and Corundum using Flow Microcalorimetry, Quartz Crystal Microbalance, and Density Functional Theory

The adsorption of aqueous ions onto natural mineral surfaces controls numerous mineral–water interactions and is governed by, among other numerous factors, ion dehydration and hydrolysis. This work...