cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Recent Alcohol Use on Genome Wide DNA Methylation Signatures

Chronic alcohol intake is associated with a wide variety of adverse health outcomes including depression, diabetes and heart disease. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms through which these effects are conveyed are not clearly understood. To examine the potential role of epigenetic factors in this process, we examined the relationship of recent alcohol intake to genome wide methylation patterns using the Illumina 450 Methylation Bead Chip and lymphoblast DNA derived from 165 female subjects participating in the Iowa Adoption Studies. We found that the pattern of alcohol use over the 6 months immediately prior to phlebotomy was associated with stepwise, severity -dependent changes in the degree of genome wide methylation that preferentially hypermethylate the central portion of CpG islands with methylation at cg05600126, a probe in ABR, attaining genome wide significance. Gene pathway analysis of nominally significantly differentiated probes demonstrated that chronic alcohol use has profound effects on a diverse cadre of cellular metabolic pathways. We conclude that recent alcohol use is associated with widespread changes in DNA methylation in women and that further study to confirm these findings and determine their relationship to somatic function are in order.
Production of a sterile species: Quantum kinetics

Production of a sterile species is studied within an effective model of active-sterile neutrino mixing in a medium in thermal equilibrium. The quantum kinetic equations for the distribution functions and coherences are obtained from two independent methods: the effective action and the quantum master equation. The decoherence time scale for active-sterile oscillations is ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{dec}}=2/{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{aa}$, but the evolution of the distribution functions is determined by the two different time scales associated with the damping rates of the quasiparticle modes in the medium: ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}={\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{aa}{cos﻿}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{m}$; ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{2}={\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{aa}{sin﻿}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{m}$ where ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{aa}$ is the interaction rate of the active species in the absence of mixing and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{m}$ the mixing angle in the medium. These two time scales are widely different away from Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein resonances and preclude the kinetic description of active-sterile production in terms of a simple rate equation. We give the complete set of quantum kinetic equations for the active and sterile populations and coherences and discuss in detail the various approximations. A generalization of the active-sterile transition probability in a medium is provided via the quantum master equation. We derive explicitly the usual quantum kinetic equations in terms of the ``polarization vector'' and show their equivalence to those obtained from the quantum master equation and effective action.
Cell elongation in the cultured embryonic chick lens epithelium with and without protein synthesis. Involvement of microtubules.

Previous studies have shown that cells in the 6-day old embryonic chick lens epithelium elongate in tissue culture. In the present study, the time course of elongation during the 1st day of cultivation has been examined histologically. Cultured epithelia were also treated with cycloheximide or colchicine in order to determine if cell elongation depends on new protein synthesis and on the utilization of microtubules, respectively. In the first 5 hr of culture, the mean cell length increased from 11 µ to 21 µ. Subsequently, elongation was slower; the mean cell length was 28 µ after 24 hr in culture. Continuous exposure to cycloheximide did not inhibit the initial doubling of cell length, but did prevent further elongation. By contrast, colchicine inhibited elongation almost immediately. When added after the cell length had doubled, cycloheximide and colchicine each inhibited further elongation; the treated cells remained columnar. Radioautographic and electrophoretic tests showed that protein synthesis was not appreciably affected by colchicine, but was suppressed by cycloheximide. Electron microscopic examination revealed that microtubules oriented along surface membranes were present in epithelia cultured with serum alone and with cycloheximide, but not in those incubated with colchicine. These results indicate that the early stages of cell elongation in the cultured lens epithelium require an initial assembly and organization of preexisting microtubular elements and that continued elongation depends, in addition, on the de novo synthesis of protein, possibly microtubule protein.
The Extent and Patterns of Multiple Chronic Conditions in Low-Income Children

Background and objectives. Little is known about the magnitude of multiple chronic conditions (MCC) in children. This study describes the prevalence of and patterns of comorbidities in children receiving Medicaid assistance. Methods. Diagnoses from 5 years of Medicaid claims data were reviewed and identified 128 044 children with chronic conditions. The relationship between comorbidities and significant urgent health care events was analyzed using logistic regression modeling. Results. More than 15 000 children (12%) had claims for more than 1 condition. The most frequent combination was asthma and allergic rhinitis. Significant health care events ranged from 18% to 51% in children, and the odds of having a significant event increased with each additional condition. Those with ≥4 conditions had 4.5 times the odds of a significant event compared with those with 1 condition (P < .0001). Conclusion. MCC are prevalent in low-income children and are associated with greater risk for urgent health care use.
Una alternativa de la izquierda fenomenológica a la teoría de la interpretación jurídica de Hart/Kelsen

In this article the author presents an alternative to the theories of legal interpretation of H. L. A. Hart and Hans Kelsen. In that sense, he aims, first, to recapitulate the main characteristics of such theories; second, to resume the left phenomenological alternative to legal positivism; and, third, to respond to some misreadings of that alternative.
An empirical study of the multiscale predictability of network traffic

Distributed applications use predictions of network traffic to sustain their performance by adapting their behavior The timescale of interest is application-dependent and thus it is natural to ask how predictability depends on the resolution, or degree of smoothing, of the network traffic signal. To help answer this question we empirically study the one-step-ahead predictability, measured by the ratio of mean squared error to signal variance, of network traffic at different resolutions. A one-step-ahead prediction at a coarse resolution is a prediction of the average behavior over a long interval We apply a wide range of linear and nonlinear time series models to a large number of packet traces, generating different resolution views of the traces through two methods: the simple binning approach used by several extant network measurement tools, and by wavelet-based approximations. The wavelet-based approach is a natural way to provide multiscale prediction to applications. We find that predictability seems to be highly situational in practice - it varies widely from trace to trace. Unexpectedly, predictability does not always increase as the signal is smoothed. Half of the time there is a sweet spot at which the ratio is minimized and predictability is clearly the best. Also surprisingly, predictors that can capture non-stationarity and nonlinearity provide benefits only at very coarse resolutions.
Pneumothorax as a complication of radiation therapy for primary lung cancer.

A case of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma is presented. Pneumothorax developed in a collapsed lung caused by a central bronchogenic carcinoma. The cause is presumably secondary to either a bronchopleural fistula by tumour or sudden expansion of the lung following irradiation. Various tumours of the lung have been associated with spontaneous pneumothorax, including metastatic osteogenic sarcoma12, eosinophilic granuloma4, teratoma11, other metastatic sarcomas3, lymphoma following radiation therapy8, and primary bronchogenic carcinomas1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10. We have encountered a case of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English radiologic literature, and the second, in the English literature, of a case of spontaneous pneumothorax following radiation therapy for proven bronchogenic carcinoma.
Remembrance of Things Future: Prospective Memory in Laboratory, Workplace, and Everyday Settings

In this review, oriented to the human factors community, I will summarize and provide a perspective on recent research and theory on prospective memory. This will not be an exhaustive review of literature, which is already available in two excellent recent books that provide a wealth of detail on the current state of experimental research (Kliegel, McCaniel, & Einstein, 2008; McDaniel & Einstein, 2007; also see Brandimonte, Einstein, & McDaniel, 1996, for a still relevant overview of the field as it was emerging). Rather, I will explore the limits of existing experimental paradigms and theory, Vvilich, in my opinion, fail to capture some critical aspects of performance outside the laboratory. I will also review the relatively few studies in workplace and everyday settings and will discuss several studies that attempt to bridge between the bulk of experimental studies and these few naturalistic studies. Finally, I will describe countermeasures that can reduce vulnerability to forgetting to perform intended tasks, and I will propose a research agenda that would extend existing experimental and theoretical approaches and would support human factors practitioners by generating information on a wide range of issues relevant to prospective memory performance in natural settings.
Using latent attractors to discern temporal order

The paper presents a neural model for learning sequences of relevant patterns embedded in distractors. A contextual episode is a sequence of relevant patterns - always in the same order - intermixed with distractors. By repeated presentations of all contextual episodes, the model discovers for each episode the set of relevant patterns and their order. The problem is solved in two stages: (a) by eliminating distractors, and (b) by learning the order between relevant patterns. The model uses the concept of latent attractors - essential in creating different neural representations for same patterns in distinct episodes. No external teacher and only Hebbian type learning rules are used.
Identification and Characterization of an Essential Family of Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases ( INP51 , INP52 and INP53 Gene Products) in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We recently demonstrated that the S. cerevisiae INP51 locus (YIL002c) encodes an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. Here we describe two related yeast loci, INP52 (YNL106c) and INP53 (YOR109w). Like Inp51p, the primary structures of Inp52p and Inp53p resemble the mammalian synaptic vesicle-associated protein, synaptojanin, and contain a carboxy-terminal catalytic domain and an amino-terminal SAC1-like segment. Inp51p (108 kD), Inp52p (136 kD) and Inp53p (124 kD) are membrane-associated. Single null mutants (inp51, inp52, or inp53) are viable. Both inp51 inp52 and inp52 inp53 double mutants display compromised cell growth, whereas an inp51 inp53 double mutant does not. An inp51 inp52 inp53 triple mutant is inviable on standard medium, but can grow weakly on media supplemented with an osmotic stabilizer (1 M sorbitol). An inp51 mutation, and to a lesser degree an inp52 mutation, confers cold-resistant growth in a strain background that cannot grow at temperatures below 15 degrees. Analysis of inositol metabolites in vivo showed measurable accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the inp51 mutant. Electron microscopy revealed plasma membrane invaginations and cell wall thickening in double mutants and the triple mutant grown in sorbitol-containing medium. A fluorescent dye that detects endocytic and vacuolar membranes suggests that the vacuole is highly fragmented in inp51 inp52 double mutants. Our observations indicate that Inp51p, Inp52p, and Inp53p have distinct functions and that substrates and/or products of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases may have roles in vesicle trafficking, membrane structure, and/or cell wall formation.
A Guide for Developing Patient Safety Curricula for Undergraduate Medical Education

In its 1999 report, the Institute of Medicine identified medical error as an important factor in mortality of hospitalized patients, contributing to as many as 98,000 deaths annually.1 These errors are costly as well, incurring an annual cost of as much as 30 billion dollars in lost income and excessive health care expenditures. As prevalent as these errors are, 35% of internal medicine clerkship directors had, in 2000, “little or no familiarity with the Institute of Medicine's report.”2 This unacceptable level of error in health care, and lack of awareness of its importance send a clear call to educators to address the issue of patient safety. This call extends to all dimensions of medical education, including undergraduate medical education.3 In fact, one could argue that patient safety belongs first in a medical school curriculum, and that it should be an ongoing educational endeavor, one that continues throughout a physician's career. However, one may justifiably wonder about the optimal method for implementing a patient safety curriculum in the medical school. Many approaches to undergraduate medical education have included an informatics-based platform. In particular, the design and implementation of computer-based instructional materials have revolutionized the way preclinical and clinical subjects have been taught in medical schools over the past decade. Very few of these materials, however, have focused on patient safety, and given their success in preclinical and clinical domains, an informatics-centric approach to teaching patient safety should be considered. The evidence of need for a medical school curriculum related to patient safety is compelling. It has been observed that physician trainees use the mechanisms of denial, discounting, and distancing to define and defend medical error.4 In a review of medical error, Lester and Tritter noted that recurrent themes in errors, such as uncertainty, fallibility, and exclusivity of …
Prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in older patients with coronary artery disease in an academic nursing home.

Objective To determine the prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in older persons with coronary artery disease (CAD) in an academic nursing home. Design We investigated in all older persons with documented CAD who were not terminally ill in an academic nursing home the prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers, statins, and ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The physicians taking care of these persons were taught by one of the authors to treat persons with CAD with these drugs to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Setting An academic nursing home. Participants Of 202 persons, 54 (27%) had documented CAD. The 54 persons with CAD included 27 women and 27 men, mean age 76 ± 8 years. Measurements Prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers, statins, and ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Results In 54 persons with CAD, aspirin or clopidogrel was used in 53 persons (98%), beta-blockers in 52 persons (96%), statins in 47 persons (87%), and ACE inhibitors or ARBs in 46 persons (85%). The serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was less than 100 mg/dL in 51 persons (94%). Conclusion As recommended by evidence-based guidelines, the prevalence of use of aspirin or clopidogrel was 98%, of beta-blockers was 96%, of statins was 87%, and of ACE inhibitors or ARBs was 85% in an academic nursing home.
Nanodielectrics for Cryogenic Applications

In this paper we report the recent advances in nanodielectrics that were developed and tested for cryogenic dielectric applications. The systems studied are composed of nanometer size particles. Particles were produced using either an ex-situ or in-situ technique. It is observed that there are clear differences in the structural properties of materials produced using these two approaches. Either no significant degradation or improvement in the electrical insulation properties were observed for ex-situ nano-particle samples processed with an ultrasonic processor and in-situ nano-particle samples. Nanodielectrics have the potential to be tailored with better thermal and mechanical properties without losing their electrical insulation characteristics.
Mammographic Breast Density and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women According to the Time Since the Mammogram

Background: Few studies have shown that the association between mammographic breast density and breast cancer persists for up to 10 years after the mammogram. We investigated associations of percent density, absolute dense, and nondense areas with breast cancer risk according to the time since the mammogram. Methods: This study included 1,028 incident breast cancer cases diagnosed within the Nurses' Health Study and 1,780 matched controls. Breast density was measured from digitized film images with computerized techniques. Information on breast cancer risk factors was obtained prospectively from the biennial questionnaires before the date of cancer diagnosis for cases and their matched controls. The data were analyzed with logistic regression. Results: Breast cancer risk increased with increasing percent density and increasing absolute dense area and decreased with increasing nondense area. In multivariate analysis, the magnitude of the association between percent density and breast cancer was similar when the time since the mammogram was 0.05). Conclusions: Patterns of the associations between percent density, absolute dense, and nondense area with breast cancer risk persist for up to 10 years after the mammogram. Impact: A one-time density measure can be used for long-term breast cancer risk prediction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(6); 1110–7. ©2013 AACR .
Library Mentoring and Management for Scholarship

Discusses strategies for managers supporting new academic librarians in their pursuit of scholarship. Advice includes types of support that are worthwhile, including collegiality, communication, conference travel, the need for active, positive recognition and the pivotal role of office space. The article draws from interdisciplinary sources in the literature and personal experience in interviewing, hiring, writing, editing and mentoring.
ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF PRE-mRNA: Developmental Consequences and Mechanisms of Regulation

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is a powerful and versatile regulatory mechanism that can effect quantitative control of gene expression and functional diversification of proteins. It contributes to major developmental decisions and also to fine tuning of gene function. Genetic and biochemical approaches have identified cis-acting regulatory elements and trans-acting factors that control alternative splicing of specific pre-mRNAs. Both approaches are contributing to an understanding of their mode of action. Some alternative splicing decisions are controlled by specific factors whose expression is highly restricted during development, but others may be controlled by more modest variations in the levels of general factors acting cooperatively or antagonistically. Certain factors play active roles in both constitutive splicing and regulation of alternative splicing. Cooperative and antagonistic effects integrated at regulatory elements are likely to be important for specificity and for finely tuned differences in cell-type-specific alternative splicing patterns.
Diffuse phase transition in epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films

The thickness dependence of the dielectric properties of epitaxial BaTiO 3 thin films was investigated for thicknesses ranging from 15 to 320 nm. The films were deposited by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (100) MgO substrates. The relative dielectric permittivity and the loss tangent values decreased with decreasing thickness. High-temperature dielectric measurements showed that with decreasing film thickness, the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition temperature decreased, the relative dielectric permittivity decreased, and the phase transition was diffuse. The c/a ratio also decreased with decreasing film thickness. The observed behavior for epitaxial films of BaTiO 3 was attributed to the presence of strain in the films.
Small-signal model of the parallel-plane vacuum diode

A small-signal model of the parallel-plane vacuum diode is determined by employing the Lindholm–Hamilton systematic modelling theory.
Deformation of Thin Films and Multilayers

When studying the effects of the scale of the microstructure on mechanical properties experimentally, it is useful to have access to samples in which this scale can be continuously adjusted. Thin films and multilayers are particularly well suited for this purpose. For example, in vapor deposition of face-centered metals with sufficiently high surface mobility compared to the deposition rate (i.e., substrate temperature T ≥ 0.3 Tm; Tm: melting temperature), the grains are columnar (all grain boundaries perpendicular to the film surface), and the average grain size is on the order of the film thickness because grain boundaries are pinned by grooving at that size [1], In multilayers, created by successive deposition of different materials, renucleation of the grains at the start of each layer keeps the grain size on the order of the individual layer thicknesses [2,3].
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA : II. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF P. AVICIDA.

1. A bacteriological study has been made of 210 fresh strains of Pasteurella obtained from typical cases of fowl cholera on seven widely separated poultry farms. 2. The strains have proved identical in consisting of small, pleomorphic, bipolar staining, Gram-negative, non-motile bacilli. They grew rapidly in infusion broth plus a trace of hemolgobin. They formed acid but no gas in media containing dextrose, saccharose, and mannite; indol was produced. 3. The strains fall into three distinct groups, according to their colony formation on hemoglobin agar. The "fluorescent" colony was large, whitish, opaque, exhibiting, under suitable conditions marked fluorescence. The "blue" colony was smaller, clear slate-blue, and non-fluorescent. The "intermediate" colony was moderately fluorescent at 15–18 hours growth, and "blue" thereafter. It was "blue" at all times when crowded and occasionally of "ring" form. "Fluorescent" colony cultures developed "blue" colony forms under certain conditions; otherwise all forms were stable. 4. Strains from "fluorescent" colonies were resistant to precipitation by acids, to sedimentation by centrifuging, and although they combined with specific antiserum, did not agglutinate. They were relatively highly virulent and occurred in flocks where fowl cholera was epidemic. 5. Strains from "blue" colonies were precipitated by acids over a wide range of concentration and agglutinated strongly in antisera. They were relatively of low virulence and occurred in flocks where fowl cholera was endemic. 6. Strains from "intermediate" colonies varied in behavior betweee the "fluorescent" and "blue" strains. They came from a flock where fowl cholera was epidemic.
An Electromagnetic Speed Bump Energy Harvester and Its Interactions With Vehicles

A novel speed bump energy harvester (SBH) is designed, developed, and tested to harness electricity energy from impulsion excitation when a vehicle passes through a speed bump. The challenge to harness large-scale impulse energy in short time is solved by the proposed unique energy conversion mechanism of the mechanical motion rectifier (MMR). Analogous to an electrical voltage rectifier, the MMR can directly convert irregular impulse into unidirectional rotation of the generator and maintain the high-speed rotation by disconnecting with the low-speed driving. With this motion mechanism, more energy from both downward and upward impulses can be harvested, which can produce three to four times more electricity than the conventional harvester without MMR mechanism. A prototype is tested using a passenger car. Up to 1270-W peak electrical power can be harvested from an electromagnetic generator when one-wheel axle of vehicle passes through the SBH at low speed. Moreover, in order to reveal the energy conversion mechanism of MMR and the interaction between the vehicle and SBH, a dynamic mechanical–electrical model of the MMR and a four-degree-of-freedom two-axle vehicle are established. Experimental measurement and numerical analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the energy conversion mechanism of the MMR. Vehicle dynamics assessments under the impulse excitation show that the harvester can reduce the shock transmitted to the vehicle and improve vehicle comfort as well. The capability in generating the large-scale electrical power by the proposed SBH demonstrates the potential to power road-side electrical devices for smart transportation network.
The combined effects of amphylline and ulinastatin to inflammatory cytokines in infants undergoing cardiac operation under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective To study the combined effects ofarnphylline and ulinastatin to inflammatory cytokines in infants who underwent cardiac operation under cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods 60 neonates or infants who weight less than 7 kilograms and suffering with single ventricular septal defect were divided randomly into 4 groups:the Amphylline group,the Ulinastatin group,the Combo group and the Control group (15 cases for each group).Patients in the Amphylline group were treated with intravenous injection of amphyltine (5mg/kg) after the anesthesia induction,and then continued (0.5mg/kg/h) during the total CPB.Patients in the Ulinastatin group were treated with ulinastatin at a dosage of 10000U/kg during the CPB.Patients in the Combo group were treated with both amphylline and ulinastatin at the same manner mentioned above.Patients in the Control group were not treated with amphylline or ulinastatin.Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured at different time points (before the CPB,the end of CPB,1 hour after the CPB,6 hours after the CPB and 24 hours after the CPB) and the concentration of TNF-αand IL-6 in bronchiralveolar fluid (BALF) were measured 1 hour after the CPB.Result:sThe plasma concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8 and IL-10 began to increase after the CPB and reach to the top level at 1 hour after the CPB.And the concentration of TNF-αand IL-6 in BALF was higher than that in the plasma. Compared with the Control group,patients in the Amphylline,the Ulinastatin and the Combo group had a lower concentration of plasma TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8 and IL-10 and a lower concentration OfBALF TNF-α,IL-6 after CPB (all time points,P0.05)."The effects were more manifest in the Combo group.Conclusions Both amphylline and ulinastatin can effectively inhibit the release of the inflammatory cytokines and promote the generation of anfi-infammatory cytokines in infants undergoing cardiac operation under CPB.When combined used,there are synergis tic effect.
Function Mode of Independent Directors Based on the Internal Control Objectives

We find that independent directors,for solving the problems such as controlling of big shareholders,insider control and etc.,are not as efficient as expected in the real activities. In order to lead independent directors out of the inefficient dilemma,we analyze the function of independent directors on the basis of the explanation of internal control objectives,and propose a function mode of independent directors in the internal control. Our study contributes to the literature of clarifying independent directors' powers,responsibilities and the coordination of them. Furthermore,it also contributes to improving the management regulation and the performance of independent directors in corporate governance.
Examination results of employees in food industry and public places in Changping District of Beijing City

[Objective] To understand the prevalence of 5 kinds of infectious diseases among employees in food industry and public places in Changping District of Beijing City in 2011,and provide evidence for monitoring and management.[Methods]The health examination was performed for 5 diseases screening dysentery,typhoid,viral hepatitis,active tuberculosis,suppurative or exudative skin according to relevant laws and regulations and requirements of "Preventive Health Check Among Practical Staff in China".[Results] A total of 84 984 employees in food industry and public places received health examination in Changping District in 2011.The detection rate of 5 diseases was 0.076%.The detection rate in food industry(0.074%)was not significantly different with that in public places(0.085%).Total abnormal ALT detection rate was 3.37%,that in food industry was significantly higher than in public places(χ2=15.08,P0.01).Active TB detection rate was 0.067%,without significant difference between industries(χ2=8.71,P0.01).[Conclusion]This district should further strengthen propaganda so as to make each employee in food industry and public places pay more attention to and adhere to the annual health check for their and others' health guarantee.
Analysis on Tuberculosis Epidemiological Sampling Survey,Yunnan Province,2000 and 2010

Objective To understand the tuberculosis(TB)prevalence status and trend in the recent decade in Yunnan province,so as to provide some suggestions for formulating measures of preventing and treating TB at the next stage.Methods Comparison was made on the results of TB epidemiological survey in 2010and 2000in Yunnan province. Results The prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB)in the 15years old and over group was 636.33/105 and 1 085.44/105 in 2000and 2010respectively(P 0.01).The standardized prevalence of active PTB in the 15years old and over group was 709.85/105 and 1 013.86/105 in 2000and 2010respectively.The annual increasing rate was 3.63%. The prevalence of smear positive PTB in the 15years old and over group was 240.12/105 and 150.46/105 in 2000and 2010respectively(P 0.05).The standardized prevalence of smear positive PTB in the 15years old and over group was 249.18/105 and 142.57/105 in 2000and 2010respectively.The annual decreasing rate was 5.43%.The new cases ratio among PTB was 79.25%and 94.06%in 2000and 2010respectively(P 0.01).The male and female prevalence of active PTB was 675.43/105 and 330.57/105 in 2000(P 0.01).The male and female prevalence of active PTB was 1 625.84/105 and 554.13/105 in 2010(P 0.01).The prevalence of active PTB was 451.93/105 in the group between 15and 59years old,and the prevalence of active PTB was 1947.42/105 in the 60years old and over group in 2000(P 0.01).The prevalence of active PTB was 797.55/105 in the group between 15and 59years old,and the prevalence of active PTB was 2300.79/105 in the 60years old and over group in 2010(P 0.01).The prevalence of active PTB was 5 722.46/105 and 708.81/105 in the group with suspect symptom and the group without suspect symptom respectively(P 0.01). Conclusion Compared with 2000,the prevalence of active PTB in 2010presents a rising trend,and the prevalence of smear positive PTB presents a downward trend,and the new cases ratio among PTB increases.The prevalence of male is higher than that of female;the prevalence in the 60years old and over group is higher than that of the group between 15and 59years old;the prevalence of the group with suspected symptoms is higher than that of the group without suspected symptoms.
Process variation oriented delay testing of SRAMs

With continuing technology scaling, process variation is increasing and becoming an important cause of memory failure [1]. Most previous memory tests that were developed for delay faults, including GALPAT [2][3][4] and WCGD [3], focus on defects. In this paper we show that a different test strategy is necessary for process variation-induced delay faults (VIDFs) because variations are widespread. In particular, we determine that address dependent variation-induced failure mechanisms are likely to escape previous memory tests. We then propose a general approach to cover VIDFs in various versions of SRAM designs. We use our new method to generate O(n) tests and use extensive simulations to demonstrate that our new tests achieve nearly perfect coverage of VIDFs for different versions of SRAM design. Then we efficiently integrate our new tests for variations with tests for delay defects and clearly demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our new combined memory tests compared to previously known memory tests for delay faults.
Response of Phase-Change-Material-Filled Porous Foams Under Transient Heating Conditions

Thermal energy storage using phase-change materials is a common method to cool systems passively. These phase-change materials often have low thermal conductivity, compromising their effectiveness in cooling. One solution commonly employed is to fill thermally conductive foams with phase-change materials to increase overall thermal conductivity. These systems are often designed to use solid/liquid phase change from the phase-change material to control a system’s temperature for as long as possible. However, the transient response of the thermal storage system has not been fully explored, particularly for aerospace applications in which the conditions of the surrounding environment are rarely steady. Consequently, an experimental study focusing on changing boundary conditions was developed, the results of which are reported here, and recommendations on the use of different foams for certain conditions are provided. The experimental results are compared to an existing numerical model to determine its predic...
Basis of Antibody Imaging and Therapy

Immunologically derived molecules for use in radioimmunotargeting are rapidly evolving from whole murine-derived antibodies to novel recombinant molecules. In the age of antibody engineering, it is important to understand the various physiologic factors which dictate behavior of these constructs. When evaluating a molecule for immunological targeting, issues of importance include affinity of binding, density and distribution of the antigen, and valence of the molecule, which together affect avidity. Size of the targeting molecule is important in that smaller molecules have potentially increased tissue penetration, reduced immunogenicity, and accelerated clearance from blood and background, but also exhibit decreased bioavailability, and potentially altered excretion pathways which may obscure areas of interest. Incorporation of foreign protein sequences, derived from other species, into the targeting molecule may lead to immunization of the host and altered biodistribution but can potentially be circumvented by recombinant DNA techniques. Identifying extremely high-affinity antibodies, which was once the holy grail of radioimmunotargeting, is now believed to be of more selected benefit, depending on valence, presence and density of antigen on target and background tissues, and the need for homogeneous targeting of the tumor, as in therapy applications.
Trust and the poverty trap

Myopia for the future, especially in relation to economic decisions, has long been associated with low socioeconomic status (SES). Indeed, the use of the word “myopic” to describe the poor in this context dates back over a hundred years in economics (1). Although we all tend to discount future rewards to some degree, for example preferring $100 today to a slightly larger sum in the future, higher levels of discounting are associated with lower levels of SES. As Jachimowicz et al. (2) point out, the reasons for temporal discounting and its association with SES continue to be debated among psychologists, sociologists, and economists. The authors advance our understanding of this association by demonstrating the influence of community trust on the discounting–SES relation. Their discovery, that low SES predisposes to high discounting mainly in circumstances of low community trust, illuminates the causes of steeper discounting among the poor and, importantly, highlights a potentially modifiable causal factor. Why is temporal discounting by the poor such an intensively studied topic? Many cognitive measures differ as a function of SES, including intelligence quotient (3), memory (4), executive function (5), and academic achievement (6). However, compared with these other disparities, the SES disparity in intertemporal choice behavior has the most prima facie relevance to poverty, because it concerns economic decisions. All other things being equal, steep future discounting will lower financial well-being in the long run by systematically steering people toward less money, and discouraging saving for the future. Beyond purely monetary choices, it encourages unskilled paid work over education. In each case, smaller economic benefits are chosen and future financial security and earning potential are sacrificed. This is represented by the top arrow of Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Present-mindedness, or discounting … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mfarah{at}psych.upenn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Noradrenaline Drives Structural Changes in Astrocytes and Brain Extracellular Space

Abstract Locus coeruleus neurons innervate multiple brain regions. These neurons release noradrenaline through their axonal varicosities into the extracellular space through synaptic and volume transmission during states of arousal. The extracellular space is a channel that surrounds brain cells, facilitating diffusion-mediated transport of signaling molecules, ions, and drugs. Distal astrocytic processes expressing β-adrenergic receptors are targets of noradrenaline. In this review, we discuss work in cortical tissue indicating that β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, expands astrocytic processes. Isoproterenol-driven increase in volume of astrocytic processes contributes partially to decrease in the extracellular space volume from 22% to 18%. Decrease in the extracellular space volume suggests increased concentration of ions, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators diffusing in the extracellular space, which, in turn, facilitates neuronal signaling during noradrenaline release in cortex.
An Analysis of Current Research in "Studies in Art Education" and the "International Journal of Education through Art".

In this article, we present an analysis of current art education research published from 2014–2016 in Studies in Art Education and the International Journal of Education Through Art. Focus is on the state of art education research and the National Art Education Association Research Commission’s Research Agenda. We use comparison charts to highlight critical elements of research studies in these two journals. We conclude that both journals present timely and relevant art education research, and we suggest more specific information be integrated into research reports so readers and researchers know more about how inquiries were conducted. Gaps that exist in the literature could be filled with a more balanced reporting of descriptive, experimental, theoretical/paradigm, historical, and philosophical research. More inquiry also is needed that addresses significant topics, through use of rigorous methods, that might inform future development of an articulate policy and practice in art education.
ITER limiter first wall 3-D thermo-mechanical analysis

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a tokamak reactor being built not only to demonstrate the controlled ignition and extended burn of DT plasmas but also to prove the reliability and maintainability of different reactor systems. The limiter is needed to protect the reactor first wall (FW) during plasma startup and shutdown. The work reported here describes in part the design activity related to the FW for the ITER limiter. The main objective of this analysis is to determine the effect of the groove depth in the Cu on the limiter first-wall stress field. 2 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Targeting C-Met/VEGF in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

HGF/MET and VEGF/VEGFR pathways have emerged as rational therapeutic targets in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Preclinical studies support the role of inhibition of these pathways in this challenging disease. Clinical trials using agents that inhibit either one but not both pathways concurrently suggest modest activity with no overall survival benefit. Cabozantinib (Cabo) is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor against MET, VEGFR2, RET. A phase II randomized discontinuation trial in patients with metastatic CRPC showed significant improvement in bone scans, bone turnover markers, and pain response. However, Cabo was associated with significant adverse events resulting in dose reduction and treatment discontinuation. Ongoing phase II and two phase III trials are expected to define the role of Cabo in CRPC. The development of biomarkers predictive of response will further refine the role of targeted therapies in the management of CRPC.
Distribution and Tsunamigenic Potential of Submarine Landslides in the Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is a geologically diverse ocean basin that includes three distinct geologic provinces: a carbonate province, a salt province, and canyon to deep-sea fan province, all of which contain evidence of submarine mass movements. The threat of submarine landslides in the GOM as a generator of near-field damaging tsunamis has not been widely addressed. Submarine landslides in the GOM are considered a potential tsunami hazard because: (1) some dated landslides in the GOM have post-glacial ages and (2) recent seismicity recorded within the GOM. We present a brief review of the distribution and style of submarine landslides that have occurred in the GOM during the Quaternary, followed by preliminary hydrodynamic modeling results of tsunami generation from the East Breaks landslide off Corpus Christie, TX.
Biochemical Studies of Human Methionine Synthase Reductase

Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine are regarded as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (1) and neural tube defects (NTD) (2). A recent meta-analysis estimated that 10% of the risk for coronary artery disease in the general population can be attributed to elevated homocysteine and that, for every 5 µmol/l increase in plasma homocysteine concentration, the risk of coronary heart disease rises as much as for an increase of 20 mg/dl in total cholesterol concentration (3). Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is characterized by plasma homocysteine levels in the 15–40 µmol/l range while hereditary hyperhomocysteinemia is a genetic disorder resulting from functional deficiency of homocysteine-utilizing enzymes. Homocysteine levels in these patients are severely elevated in the range of 100–200 µmol/l (4). Variants of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (5), methionine synthase (6, 7) and methionine synthase reductase (8, 9, 10) are being closely examined for potential correlations with increased risk for CVD and/or NTD. In order to understand homocysteine regulation and its involvement in CVD, a detailed characterization of methionine synthase reductase, an enzyme that supports the activity of methionine synthase, is warranted.
How Trust Is Achieved in Free Markets

Suppose the muffler drops off your car in the middle of Iowa. You pull off the interstate and find Joe's Auto Repair. The mechanics at Joe's see that you are from out of state. They know that, regardless of how fairly they treat you, you will not be returning and will not be speaking to other potential customers. Hence, caution is advised. Then you notice a Meineke shop down the road. You will never be returning to that Meineke shop either, but for some reason you have more trust in Meineke.
CRISPR-mediated deletion of prostate cancer risk-associated CTCF loop anchors identifies repressive chromatin loops

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 loci associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, most of which are in non-coding regions of the genome. Understanding the function of these non-coding risk loci is critical to elucidate the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. We generate genome-wide regulatory element maps and performed genome-wide chromosome confirmation capture assays (in situ Hi-C) in normal and tumorigenic prostate cells. Using this information, we annotate the regulatory potential of 2,181 fine-mapped prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs and predict a set of target genes that are regulated by prostate cancer risk-related H3K27Ac-mediated loops. We next identify prostate cancer risk-associated CTCF sites involved in long-range chromatin loops. We use CRISPR-mediated deletion to remove prostate cancer risk-associated CTCF anchor regions and the CTCF anchor regions looped to the prostate cancer risk-associated CTCF sites, and we observe up to 100-fold increases in expression of genes within the loops when the prostate cancer risk-associated CTCF anchor regions are deleted. We identify GWAS risk loci involved in long-range loops that function to repress gene expression within chromatin loops. Our studies provide new insights into the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer.
Necessity and Possibility

We give a basic introduction to modal logic. This includes possible world semantics, axiom systems, and quantification. Ideas and formal machinery are discussed, but all proofs (and meta-proofs) are omitted. Recommendations are given for those who want more.
The Devil's in the details: Reports on reproducibility in pharmacoepidemiologic studies.

Purpose The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Sentinel Initiative "modular programs" have been shown to replicate findings from conventional protocol-driven, custom-programmed studies. One such parallel assessment-dabigatran and warfarin and selected outcomes-produced concordant findings for three of four study outcomes. The effect estimates and confidence intervals for the fourth-acute myocardial infarction-had more variability as compared with other outcomes. This paper evaluates the potential sources of that variability that led to unexpected divergence in findings. Methods We systematically compared the two studies and evaluated programming differences and their potential impact using a different dataset that allowed more granular data access for investigation. We reviewed the output at each of five main processing steps common in both study programs: cohort identification, propensity score estimation, propensity score matching, patient follow-up, and risk estimation. Results Our findings point to several design features that warrant greater investigator attention when performing observational database studies: (a) treatment of recorded events (eg, diagnoses, procedures, and dispensings) co-occurring on the index date of study drug dispensing in cohort eligibility criteria and propensity score estimation and (b) construction of treatment episodes for study drugs of interest that have more complex dispensing patterns. Conclusions More precise and unambiguous operational definitions of all study parameters will increase transparency and reproducibility in observational database studies.