cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to be a structuralist all the way down

This paper considers the nature and role of axioms from the point of view of the current debates about the status of category theory and, in particular, in relation to the “algebraic” approach to mathematical structuralism. My aim is to show that category theory has as much to say about an algebraic consideration of meta-mathematical analyses of logical structure as it does about mathematical analyses of mathematical structure, without either requiring an assertory mathematical or meta-mathematical background theory as a “foundation”, or turning meta-mathematical analyses of logical concepts into “philosophical” ones. Thus, we can use category theory to frame an interpretation of mathematics according to which we can be structuralists all the way down.
Bending of laminated thick beams of bimodular material

Abstract The purpose of this analytical investigation is to study the effect of stacking sequence on the static behaviour of thick beams laminated of two different bimodular materials, which have different elastic moduli in tension and compression. Closed-form solutions are presented for two different loading/boundary condition cases, and laminates containing up to six layers are considered.
Iceland’s Financial Iceberg: Why Leveraging up is a Titanic Mistake without a Reserve Currency

Iceland's boom and bust replicate in miniature the causes, development and trajectory of the absolutely larger but proportionately smaller American boom and bust, except for Iceland's costly lack of a reserve currency and its banks’ preference not just for speculating in but also overpaying for shaky assets. In the aggregate, both the US and Icelandic economies sold short-term, passive, and liquid assets to the world, consumed part of that borrowing, and reinvested outward in fixed, long-term and active investments. The key differences between Icelandic and US banks are that Iceland's banks made their titanic gambles without the benefit of an international reserve currency. The United States survived its catastrophe and continues to have access to global credit markets without much penalty because the dollar is the international reserve currency. By contrast, Iceland has mortgaged its economy and economic independence for decades to bail out banks that had overpaid for dodgy assets.
Knight Shifts in Transition Metals

Analyses of Knight shifts (K) in transition metals commonly assume that the s and d bands are distinguishable at the Fermi energy (i.e., small s‐d hybridization). The three major contributions to K are attributed to unpaired s electrons (Ks), unpaired d spins (Kd) and orbital angular momentum (Korb) each arising from counterpart terms in the susceptibility, χ. This partitioning (valid for weak spin‐orbit interactions) allows one to relate the s and d contributions to χ to the corresponding densities Ns(EF) and Nd(EF). One further assumes that Ns(E) varies much more slowly than Nd(E) so that the d‐spin susceptibility is the only temperature‐dependent term. The free‐electron description is then used to calculate Ks. We report here investigations of contributions to Knight shifts (and relaxation rates) using ab initio SRAPW band calculations, the combined interpolation scheme and the QUAD scheme. Strong s‐d hybridization is found to cause substantial structure in the projected Ns(E) for fcc Ni, Pd and Pt, as...
Right ventricular remodeling after pulmonary valve replacement: early gains, late losses.

Background Although early results of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) after tetralogy of Fallot repair have been described, information about late postoperative ventricular size and function is lacking. This study was designed to characterize right ventricular (RV) remodeling up to 10 years after PVR. Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) data from 2002 to 2011 in 101 patients (244 studies) who underwent PVR and had one or more post-PVR CMR studies at five post-PVR time intervals up to 10 years. Results Compared with pre-PVR values, in the 0- to 1-year post-PVR group, pulmonary regurgitation (PR) fraction decreased from 49 ± 11% to 3 ± 2% ( p p p p = 0.01). These values remained unchanged through the sixth post-PVR year. However, by 7 to 10 years after PVR (n = 15), RVEDVi and RVESVi were significantly increased and had returned to 84% and 104% of pre-PVR volumes, respectively, and RV EF had declined further. Increasing RV EDVi correlated with increasing grades of PR ( r s = 0.36, p r s = 0.33, p r s = 0.32, p = 0.03). Conclusions In this cohort, early reduction in RV size showed a gradual return toward preoperative values by 7 to 10 years after PVR. The late adverse RV remodeling was associated with increased RV volume and pressure loads. These findings highlight the palliative nature of PVR and the importance of continued surveillance.
Low wear metal sliding electrical contacts at high current density

Abstract Operation of a low wear (2 × 10−5 mm3/(N-m)), low contact resistance copper sliding electrical contact was demonstrated. The wear rate of a lightly loaded copper–beryllium metal fiber sliding on a polished copper counterface was insensitive to (DC) current density values as great as 440 A/cm2 (in a brush positive or anodic configuration). Low wear and relatively low friction (μ ∼ 0.2 to 0.3) was achieved by operating the contact immersed in a liquid medium consisting of a hydrofluoroether with helium cover gas, inhibitingoxidationand providing cooling of the contact. Similar experiments performed in liquid mediums of ultrapure water and dilute (3%) hydrogen peroxide show an order of magnitude increase in wear rate and provide further insight on the role of electrochemically enhanced oxidation and the degraded contact resistance and tribological behavior of non-noble sliding electrical contacts in general. In contrast to high current density slidingin hydrofluoroether, an order of magnitude greater wear rate was observed for similar sliding conditionsin hydrogen peroxide or water without the aid of externally supplied electric potential. A conceptual model is proposed correlatingthe rate of brush wear to fatigue strength and electrochemically enhanced oxidation as a result of high current density transport through the contact. A mathematical expression was derived to calculate the approximate wear volume of a single fiber laterally contacting a slip-ring, based on direct measurement of the wear scar geometry.
Misalignment of lung vessels and alveolar capillary dysplasia: A cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension

Two infants with fatal persistent pulmonary hypertension are described. Morphologically there was misalignment of the lung vessels, with the veins and the arterioles anomalously related, often sharing the same adventitial sheet. The capillaries did not make contact with the alveolar epithelium. The arterioles had increased medial muscle, and there was extension of the arteriolar muscularization to the precapillary level. The fraction of the parenchyma that was septal and connective tissue was increased. The acini had a decreased complexity, with immature alveoli and with a decreased radial alveolar count. The cause appeared to be related to abnormal capillary and venous plexus formation and migration. This syndrome seems to be identical with that described in three previous reports and probably represents a specific cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension.
Properties of β-Lipovitellin as Influenced by Enzymic and Other Treatments.

SummaryThe effects of certain enzymic and other treatments of β-lipovitellin of egg yolk were studied in a medium of 1 M sodium chloride-0.037 M potassium phosphate (pH 6.8), which allowed predominant distribution of dimer form in native β-lipovitellin. Ultracentrifugal analysis of β-lipovitellin incubated with the surface-active agents, Triton X-100 and Tween 20, and with snake venom phospholipase A resulted in an increase in the percentage of slow-sedimenting component corresponding to monomer β-lipovitellin. Although treatment of β-lipovitellin with α-chymotrypsin also caused a sizable decrease in the proportion of associated lipovitellin, a similar treatment of β-lipovitellin with trypsin caused no appreciable change in the relative amounts of monomer and dimer components. Exposure to papain resulted in a series of overall changes in Schlieren sedimentation pattern of the lipoprotein with incubation time.
Nondestructive evaluation of transparent sheets using a full-field digital gradient sensor

Abstract A full-field, non-contact, optical inspection tool for transparent materials is demonstrated. The technique is sensitive to refractive index and thickness variations caused by inhomogeneities and defects in an otherwise uniform sheet stock. The technique utilizes a 2D digital image correlation method to visualize and quantify angular deflections of light rays in two orthogonal directions to assess the uniformity. The principle of the method and its feasibility is demonstrated by visualizing the heat affected zone in a uniform borosilicate sheet sample.
5-HT2 Receptor Subtypes Mediate Different Long-Term Changes in GABAergic Activity to Parasympathetic Cardiac Vagal Neurons in the Nucleus Ambiguus

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT), and in particular 5-HT 2 receptors, play an important role in cardiorespiratory function within the brainstem. In addition, abnormalities in the 5-HT system have been implicated in many cardiorespiratory disorders, including sudden infant death syndrome. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of 5-HT 2 receptors in altering the activity of parasympathetic cardiac neurons in the brainstem. In this study we examined the effects of activation of different subtypes of 5-HT 2 receptors on spontaneous and respiratory-evoked GABAergic neurotransmission to cardioinhibitory vagal neurons within the nucleus ambiguus as well as rhythmic fictive inspiratory-related activity in rats. A single application of α-Me-5-hydroxytryptamine maleate (α-Me-5-HT), a 5-HT 2 receptor agonist, did not significantly alter the frequency of spontaneous or respiratory-evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in cardiac vagal neurons. However, repetitive successive applications of α-Me-5-HT elicited a long-lasting (≥1 h) decrease in the frequency of spontaneous as well as inspiratory-related GABAergic IPSCs to cardiac vagal neurons. This study demonstrates multiple, but not single applications of the 5-HT 2 receptor agonist α-Me-5-HT caused a long-lasting inhibition of both spontaneous and fictive inspiratory-related GABAergic neurotransmission to CVNs, which can be prevented by the 5-HT 2B receptor antagonist SB204741, but persisted with the 5-HT 2A/2C receptor antagonist ketanserin. The 5-HT 2 receptor agonist α-Me-5-HT also reversibly and transiently excited central fictive inspiratory activity, which was abolished by ketanserin, but was unaffected by the 5-HT 2B receptor antagonist SB204741.
Quantitative MALDI-MSn analysis of cocaine in the autopsied brain of a human cocaine user employing a wide isolation window and internal standards

Detection of drugs in tissue typically requires extensive sample preparation in which the tissue is first homogenized, followed by drug extraction, before the extracts are finally analyzed by LC/MS. Directly analyzing drugs in intact tissue would eliminate any complications introduced by sample pretreatment. A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MSn) method as been developed for the quantification of cocaine present in postmortem brain tissue of a chronic human cocaine user. It is shown that tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 and MS3) increase selectivity, which is critical for differentiating analyte ions from background ions such as matrix clusters and endogenous compounds found in brain tissue. It is also shown that the use of internal standards corrects for signal variability during quantitative MALDI, which can be caused by inhomogeneous crystal formation, inconsistent sample preparation, and laser shot-to-shot variability. The MALDI-MSn method developed allows for a single MS3 experiment that uses a wide isolation window to isolate both analyte and internal standard target ions. This method is shown to provide improved precision [∼10–20 times reduction in percent relative standard deviation (%RSD)] for quantitative analysis compared to using two alternating MS3 experiments that separately isolate the target analyte and internal standard ions.
Use of denosumab for renal cell carcinoma-associated malignant hypercalcemia: a case report and review of the literature.

Hypercalcemia is a common problem in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The standard treatment for malignant hypercalcemia includes bisphosphonates, hydration, and calcitonin. Denosumab is approved for the prevention of skeletalrelated events in patients with metastatic solid tumors. The main side effect of denosumab is hypocalcemia. Denosumab presents as an attractive option for treatment of malignant hypercalcemia. Denosumab is less nephrotoxic than bisphosphonates and could be an alternative option for treatment of malignant hypercalcemia in renal failure.
Right-ear advantage and delayed recall

Two studies were performed using monaural presentation of verbal material to test for a right-ear advantage (REA) in recall. It was hypothesized that a delayed recall task and examination of the serial position curve would be a more sensitive test for ear asymmetries than those used in previous studies. In Experiment 1, 30 right-handed male subjects were given lists of words to recall, presented to either the left or right ear, with language chatter, baroque music, or no stimulus concurrently presented to the opposite ear. Both immediate and delayed recall were assessed. The results indicated that the strongest REAs appeared in delayed recall. Moreover, the REAs occurred regardless of the stimulus conditions co-occurring in the other ear. Experiment 2 was done to test whether the REAs in the delayed recall were due to rehearsal biases. Twenty-four right-handed male subjects recalled lists of words with standard instructions and instructions to recall in the reverse order of input (limiting rehearsal). The results indicated that the backward instructions limited and controlled rehearsal and, hence, input to long-term storage; the REAs occurred in delayed recall under all instructional conditions.
TATUBOT Robotic System for Inspection of Undergrounded Cable System

In this paper, it is presented the development of an innovative and low-cost robotic mobile system to be employed in inspection of underground electrical distribution lines and pipes. The system is composed of a robot with different sensors (infrared, acoustic, and FEF) which permit to move inside pipes and detect overheated points, partial electrical discharges and the occurrence of cable treeing. It is showed the mechanical structure of the robot, the overall architecture of the system and preliminary results.
Development of a QDots 800 based fluorescent solid phantom for validation of NIRF imaging platforms

Over the past decade, we developed near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) devices for non-invasive lymphatic imaging using microdosages of ICG in humans and for detection of lymph node metastasis in animal models mimicking metastatic human prostate cancer. To validate imaging, a NIST traceable phantom is needed so that developed “first-inhumans” drugs may be used with different luorescent imaging platforms. In this work, we developed a QDots 800 based fluorescent solid phantom for installation and operational qualification of clinical and preclinical, NIRF imaging devices. Due to its optical clearance, polyurethane was chosen as the base material. Titanium dioxide was used as the scattering agent because of its miscibility in polyurethane. QDots 800 was chosen owing to its stability and NIR emission spectra. A first phantom was constructed for evaluation of the noise floor arising from excitation light leakage, a phenomenon that can be minimized during engineering and design of fluorescent imaging systems. A second set of phantoms were constructed to enable quantification of device sensitivity associated with our preclinical and clinical devices. The phantoms have been successfully applied for installation and operational qualification of our preclinical and clinical devices. Assessment of excitation light leakage provides a figure of merit for “noise floor” and imaging sensitivity can be used to benchmark devices for specific imaging agents.
Proposed standards for quality improvement research and publication: one step forward and two steps back

“Dumbing down” the scientific expectation of journals and readers regarding QI research may not be the answer
Brillouin light scattering study of Fe/Cr/Fe (211) and (100) trilayers.

The magnitude of the bilinear and biquadratic interlayer coupling strengths between Fe layers separated by Cr spacer layers is investigated by means of Brillouin light scattering, magneto-optic Kerr rotation, and magnetoresistance techniques. A data analysis scheme, which treats all three data sets on an equal footing, yields self-consistent anisotropy and interlayer coupling parameters extracted independently from the three techniques. The values of the bilinear and biquadratic coupling strengths are compared for simultaneously grown (211) and (100) Fe/Cr samples. The approach not only provides reliable values for the coupling strengths but also highlights the complementarity of these techniques in uniquely determining the magnetic parameters. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Government to State: Globalization, Regulation, and Governments as Legal Persons

Is the state dead, in retreat, or increasingly significant? Much of the globalization literature disputes these questions. Responses tend to vary according to the discipline invoked and its preexisting assumptions about the state. A legal account of the nation-state, together with an account of how the dominant legal conceptions are shifting, may provide fresh insights into the phenomenon of globalization. This paper focuses on how governments have typically been conceived as legal persons in the Anglo-American tradition and traces how the increasing significance of international treaties and contractual modes of governance has affected those conceptions. There is no single version of government as a legal entity. The law conceives of government differently depending on the subdiscipline involved. The internally-focused public law subdisciplines of administrative and constitutional law construct government as an entity fragmented by the separation of powers. The externally focused international law subdiscipline constructs government as a whole, unified in the executive. Contract law shares this version of government as a unified legal person dominated by the executive. How the government actor is constructed will depend on which
Facility Location Decisions with Random Disruptions and Imperfect Estimation

Supply chain disruptions come with catastrophic consequences in spite of their low probability of occurrence. In this paper, we consider a facility location problem in the presence of random facility disruptions where facilities can be protected with additional investments. Whereas most existing models in the literature implicitly assume that the disruption probability estimate is perfectly accurate, we investigate the impact of misestimating the disruption probability. Using a stylized continuous location model, we show that underestimation in disruption probability results in greater increase in the expected total cost than overestimation. In addition, we show that, when planned properly, the cost of mitigating the misestimation risk is not too high. Under a more generalized setting incorporating correlated disruptions and finite capacity, we numerically show that underestimation in both disruption probability and correlation degree result in greater increase in the expected total cost compared to overestimation. We, however, find that the impact of misestimating the correlation degree is much less significant relative to that of misestimating the disruption probability. Thus, managers should focus more on accurately estimating the disruption probability than the correlation.
Modeling Motion for Spatial Scalability

The dramatic proliferation of visual displays, from cell phones, through video iPods, PDAs, and notebooks, to high-quality HDTV screens, has raised the demand for a video compression scheme capable of decoding a "once-encoded" video at a range of supported video resolutions and with high quality. A promising solution to this problem has been recently proposed in the form of wavelet video coding based on motion-compensated temporal filtering (MCTF); scalability is naturally supported while efficiency is comparable to state-of-the-art hybrid coders. However, although rate (quality) and temporal scalability are natural in mainstream "t+2D" wavelet video coders, spatial scalability suffers from drift problems. In the light of the recently proposed "2D+t+2D" modification, which targets spatial scalability performance, we present a framework for the modeling of spatially-scalable motion that is well matched to this new structure. We propose a motion estimation scheme in which motion fields at different spatial scales are jointly estimated and coded. In addition, at lower spatial resolutions, we extend the block-wise constant motion model to a higher-order model based on cubic splines, effectively creating a "mixture motion model" that combines different models at different supported spatial scales. This advanced spatial modeling of motion significantly improves the coding efficiency of motion at low resolutions and leads to an excellent over-all compression performance; spatial scalability performance of the proposed scheme approaches that of a non-scalable coder
Field assessment of the quality of phytoplanktonic food available to Daphnia and Bosmina

There is conflicting evidence regarding the food value of many types of phytoplankton available to cladoceran grazers. Measurement of feeding or assimilation can give a misleading impression of a grazer's ability to grow and reproduce on a particular food. To assess the food quality of phytoplankton in a pair of meso-eutrophic lakes, a cladoceran fecundity index (SBS) was generated from brood size-carapace length data for three species, and was correlated with phytoplankton abundance in size classes and food-quality categories based on taxonomy and digestibility. Phytoplankton size had a decisive influence on SBS for Bosmina longirostris, but not for Daphnia catawba or Daphnia parvula, reflecting Bosmina's smaller food size range. Correlations of SBS with phytoplankton in five categories indicated that naked flagellates (excluding Cryptophyceae), diatoms and digestible green algae were probably high in food value to these grazers, while cryptomonads and resistant green algae probably were not. Mid-summer crashes in cladoceran fecundity were associated with qualitative shifts in the phytoplankton communities toward dominance by Cryptomonas or Crucigenia. Daphnia catawba was apparently able to utilize large colonial algae that its competitor, B. longirostris, could not.
Paradigmatic Diversity within the Reading Research Community.

Diversity among research paradigms offer us alternative ways to think about and to act upon the apparent crisis in literacy learning and use in the United States. Accordingly, the articles from the Reading Research Quarterly and the Journal of Reading Behavior were classified as examples of Empirical/Analytic, Symbolic, or Critical Science in order to obtain a clearer picture of the types of assumptions which underlie the research most celebrated within the reading research community. Each paradigm includes different goals, different values and social interests, different conceptions of reading and writing, different understanding of causality, and different methods and forms of logic. Results demonstrate that nearly all of the articles employ the assumptions from natural and physical (Empirical/Analytic) science. Discussion centers on possible explanations for and the consequences of this lack of diversity. Paradigmatic diversity is more than just alternative research methods, depen
Fraud Type and Auditor Litigation: An Analysis of Sec Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases

This study examines whether certain types of financial reporting fraud result in a higher likelihood of litigation against independent auditors. We expect that auditors are more likely to be judged responsible for failing to detect commonly occurring frauds or those that stem from fictitious transactions. We examine companies with SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases and designate whether each fraud present in their financial statements is common and/or arises from fictitious transactions. We then examine whether these types of fraud are related to auditor litigation in analyses that control for various client, auditor and case characteristics. Our results provide some support for our two primary hypotheses-auditors are more likely to be sued when the financial statement frauds are of a common variety or when the frauds arise from fictitious transactions.
Restoration impacts on fuels and fire potential in a dryland tropical ecosystem dominated by the invasive grass Megathyrsus maximus

Ecological restoration often attempts to promote native species while managing for disturbances such as fire and non-native invasions. The goal of this research was to investigate whether restoration of a non-native, invasive Megathyrsus maximus (guinea grass) tropical grassland could simultaneously promote native species and reduce fire potential. Megathyrsus maximus was suppressed with herbicide, and three suites of native species—each including the same groundcover and shrub, and one of three tree species—were outplanted in a randomized, complete block design that also included herbicide control (herbicide with no outplantings) and untreated control treatments. Fuels were quantified 27 months after outplanting, and potential fire behavior (rate of spread and flame length) was modeled with BehavePlus. Compared with untreated controls, native outplant treatments reduced M. maximus cover by 76–91% and M. maximus live and dead fuel loads by greater than 92 and 68%, respectively. Despite reductions in M. maximus fuels, neither treatment-level (grass + native) total fuel loads and fuel moistures, nor modeled fire behavior differed between outplant treatments and controls. The best performing native woody species (Dodonaea viscosa) had significantly lower average individual plant live fuel moisture (84%) than M. maximus (156%) or other native woody outplant species (201–328%), highlighting the need for careful species selection. These results demonstrate that restoring native species to degraded tropical dry forests is possible, but that ecological restoration will not necessarily alter the potential for fire, at least in the short term, making selection of species with beneficial fuel properties and active fire management critical components of ongoing restoration.
Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disorder of airway obstruction with multisystem implications and associated complications. OSAS affects children from infancy to adulthood and is responsible for behavioral, cognitive, and growth impairment as well as cardiovascular and perioperative respiratory morbidity and mortality. OSAS is associated commonly with comorbid conditions, including obesity and asthma. Adenotonsillectomy is the most commonly used treatment option for OSAS in childhood, but efforts are underway to identify medical treatment options.
Managing the collection of information under uncertainty using information economics

An important element of successful engineering design is the effective management of resources to support design decisions. Design decisions can be thought of as having two phases-a formulation phase and a solution phase. As part of the formulation phase, engineers must decide what information to collect and use to support the design decision. Since information comes at a cost, a cost-benefit tradeoff must be made. Previous work has considered such tradeoffs in cases in which all relevant probability distributions were precisely known. However, engineers frequently must characterize these distributions by gathering sample data during the information collection phase of the decision process. This characterization is crucial in high-risk design problems where uncommon events with severe consequences play a significant role in decisions. In this paper, we introduce the principles of information economics to guide decisions on information collection. We investigate how designers can bound the value of information in the case of distributions with unknown parameters by using imprecise probabilities to characterize the current state of information. We explore the basic performance, subtleties, and limitations of the approach in the context of characterizing the strength of a novel material for the design of a pressure vessel.
Certain olfactory centers of the forebrain of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

In the spring of 1946 the Laboratory of Comparative Neurology at the University of Michigan received from Professor Fred A. Mettler of Columbia University the brain of a giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) for histological study. This had been obtained from a mature female melanoleuca, Pan Dee, presented to the New York Zoological Society in 1941 through United China Relief by Mme. Chiang Kai-shek and Mme. H. H. Kung, and which Bad died in the fall of 1945 from acute paralytic enteritis and peritonitis. A report on the topographical anatomy of the brain was made by Mettler and Goss ( '46) who concluded that externally it is identical with that of the bear. Unfortunately, practically no work has been done on the histological structure of the ursine brain making it impossible to compare its microscopic structure with that of the panda. The panda brain was fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 30 p. Alternate sections were stained in cresyl violet for cell study and in Weil for demonstration of fiber tracts. Another gross panda brain, also obtained from Pro-
Frequency divide-and-conquer approach to producing ultra-broadband mid-IR combs

We introduce a new approach for generating mid-infrared frequency combs — using degenerate (subharmonic) synchronously-pumped optical parametric oscillation. Octave-wide frequency combs centered at 3.1μm, frequency- and phase-locked to the erbium-fiber pump laser, were demonstrated.
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of the CeTe3 charge density wave

We have studied the nature of the surface charge distribution in ${\text{CeTe}}_{3}$. This is a simple cleavable layered material with a robust one-dimensional incommensurate charge density wave (CDW). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been applied on the exposed surface of a cleaved single crystal. At 77 K, the STM images show both the atomic lattice of surface Te atoms arranged in a square net and the CDW modulations oriented at $45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ with respect to the Te net. Fourier transform of the STM data shows Te square lattice peaks and peaks related to the CDW oriented at $45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to the lattice peaks. In addition, clear peaks are present, consistent with subsurface structure and wave-vector mixing effects. These data are supported by electronic structure calculations, which show that the subsurface signal most likely arises from a lattice of Ce atoms situated $2.53\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ below the surface Te net.
Effect of Riboflavin Status on Hepatic Activities of Flavin-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rats

The effect of riboflavin status on hepatic activities of the relatively substrate-specific flavokinase and FAD synthetase and the relatively nonspecific FMN phosphatase and FAD pyrophosphatase was investigated in weanling, male Sprague- Dawley rats fed 0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 fig riboflavin/15 g diet for 1, 3 and 5 weeks. Flavo kinase activity was determined by using (uC)riboflavin and ATP as substrates and measuring product (14C)FMNafter incubation and separation by high performance liquid chromatography. Similarly, FAD synthetase activity was determined by using (3H)ATPand FMN and quantitating (3H)FAD formed. Flavokinase activities among all groups were similar after only 1 week of feeding experimental diets; by 3 weeks, activities were depressed to about 60% of normal in animals that received suboptimal riboflavin; by 5 weeks, activity of rats fed riboflavin-free diet was further decreased to about 40% of normal. FAD synthetase activities were unaffected by riboflavin status at 1 and 3 weeks; however, at 5 weeks, activities were moderately decreased to 85, 65 and 52% of normal with rats which had received 15, 5 and 0 ng riboflavin/15 g diet, respectively. FMN phosphatase and FAD pyrophosphatase activities decreased with age, but were not influenced by riboflavin status at any period. Overall results indicate the effect of increasing severity of riboflavin deficiency is greater with flavo kinase, which is physiologically rate-limiting in the biosynthesis of flavocoenzymes, than with FAD synthetase. J. Nutr. 113: 2274-2279, 1983.
An Ethological Analysis of the Breeding Behavior of the Fantail Darter, Etheostoma flabellare

Abstract We observed the behaviors in six fantail darter spawning events and produced a model describing the probability of any sequence of behaviors between an egg's deposition and its fertilization. Of the 12 different behaviors we observed, “quiver” and “rest” were the most common for both males and females. Courtship and spawning behaviors may be ritualized, as there was no apparent variation in how the behaviors were performed by different individuals. This could also result from a limited sample size. However, breeding pairs differed with respect to the order in which the behaviors were performed. In addition, we found that courtship behaviors occurred through all phases of the spawning events and that the largest males in the study were the only males to successfully mate with females.
Photoinduced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque): photoperiod effects and predictive hazard evaluation

The effect of daily light-cycle duration (photoperiod) on the solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR) -induced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus R.) in a laboratory system under simulated sunlight was examined. Rates of acute mortality were dependent on both anthracene concentration and photoperiod. Median lethal time values calculated on the basis of accumulated SUVR exposure time (UV-LT50) were compared with LT50 values calculated from real time of exposure (R-LT50) to determine relative rates of phototoxic damage versus physiologic repair during periods of darkness. The comparison of these LT50 values indicated that the photoinduced toxicity of anthracene to fish was slowly repaired during periods of darkness but that enough damage accumulated over several SUVR cycles to cause acute mortality. The results from these experiments were incorporated into a relationship to predict no-effect anthracene concentrations from the daily light-cycle duration at one SUVR intensity. Information from acute toxicity tests was used to extrapolate to chronic no-effect values. No-effect anthracene concentrations in water were predicted to range from 1.2 μg/L for 24 h light:0 h dark photoperiod to 13.5 μg/L for a 6 h light: 18 h dark photoperiod. A no-effect anthracene body burden of 131 μg/kg has been calculated for juvenile bluegill sunfish for a 16 h light:8 h dark photoperiod at an equivalent depth of 3.0 m in a typical eutrophic system. Thus, considering current natural polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in water and in fish tissue, there exists natural waters in which photoinduced PAH toxicity may occur.
New coccolithophores from the deep photic zone: Implications for evolutionary morphological convergence in the calcareous nannoplankton

We describe two new species of coccolithophores from the deep photic zone, and a new morphostructural type of coccolith, or cedrilith. These are among the smallest coccospheres and coccoliths, and are assignable to the newly described genus Solisphaera once its description is emended. Following taxonomic revision, we propose that the morphology of its coccosphere and morphostructure of its coccoliths constitute an additional, striking example of morphologic convergence in the coccolithophorids.
Development of High-Performance GaAs Solar Cells on Large-Grain Polycrystalline Ge Substrates

The characterization of MOCVD-grown GaAs-AlGaAs materials and GaAs p+n junctions on poly-Ge substrates is presented. Minority carrier lifetime in GaAs-AlGaAs double-hetero (DH) structures grown on these substrates and the variation of lifetimes across different grain-structures are discussed. Minority-carrier diffusion lengths in polycrystalline GaAs p+-n junctions were evaluated by cross-sectional electron-beam induced current (EBIC) scans. The junctions were also studied by plan-view EBIC imaging. Optimization studies of GaAs solar cell on poly-Ge are discussed briefly. The effect of various polycrystalline substrate-induced defects on performance of GaAs solar cells are presented.
Enzyme-substrate assay for the qualitative detection of microorganisms by ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract A relatively new concept is explored where the potential for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is investigated for the detection and determination of living microorganisms. A hand-held IMS instrument embodies the analytical concept and is an atmospheric pressure vapor detector. Neutral vapor analytes are ionized by a 63 Ni ring and the ions' time of flight in an atmospheric pressure drift tube are recorded. Advantage is taken of the inherent enzymes found in microorganisms and an exogenous tailored substrate was provided to initiate the desired biochemical reaction. The substrate was ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and the product, ortho-nitrophenol (ONP), has a considerable vapor pressure. ONP can be detected in the negative ion mode of the IMS which indirectly signals the presence of bacteria. Detection limits of ≈ 10 4 Escherichia coli bacterial cells in 5 min and 3300 E. coli cells in 15 min were realized. The results suggest a new application of IMS in the screening of bacterial contamination in community water and wastewater testing situations.
Pedestrian detection and tracking using in-vehicle lidar for automotive application

This paper presents an approach to pedestrian recognition using in-vehicle Lidar. In automobile applications for reducing pedestrian-involved accident, ADAS sensors are required to provide high detection performance with environmental robustness, applicable to variety of pedestrians under the variety of driving condition. DENSO has developed the high resolution in-vehicle Lidar installing inside the cabin for higher environmental robustness, and pedestrian recognition algorithm with high tracking ability, adaptable to traffic-congestion condition seen in urban environments. Several experiments show these developments have high potential for achieving effective pedestrian safety system.
An Improved and Secreted Luciferase Reporter for Schistosomes

Schistosomes are multicellular parasites of humans exhibiting interesting biological adaptations to their parasitic lifestyle. Concerted and in depth analyses of these adaptations and their cell and molecular biology requires further development of molecular genetic tools in schistosomes. In the current study, we demonstrate that a Gaussia luciferase reporter leads to significantly higher levels of luciferase activity in schistosomes compared to other tested luciferases. In addition, Gaussia luciferase can be secreted into culture media enabling non-invasive analysis of reporter activity. The secretion of Gaussia luciferase should allow a variety of new experimental paradigms for schistosome studies. Comparison of biolistic and electroporation transfection methods using luciferase RNA reporters and the luciferase acitivty produced indicates that electroporation of sporocysts and schistosomula is the most efficient transfection method for the four stages analyzed. These data should facilitate additional studies in schistosomes and provide a framework for further development of DNA transfection and gene expression analysis. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pulmonary Artery Dilation and Right Ventricular Function in Acute Kawasaki Disease

Coronary artery inflammation and aneurysm formation are the most common complications of Kawasaki disease (KD). Valvulitis and myocarditis are also well described and may lead to valvar regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction. However, functional changes in the right heart have rarely been reported. We noted several acute KD patients with dilated pulmonary arteries (PA) and thus sought to systematically characterize PA size and right-heart function in an unselected cohort of KD patients cared for at a single clinical center. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data from 143 acute KD subjects were analyzed. PA dilation was documented in 23 subjects (16.1 %); these subjects had higher median right ventricle myocardial performance index (RV MPI), higher ratio of early tricuspid inflow velocity to tricuspid annular early diastolic velocity (TV E/e'), and lower median TV e' velocity compared to the non-PA dilation group (0.50 vs 0.38 p < 0.01, 4.2 vs 3.6 p < 0.05, and 13.5 vs 15.2 cm/s p < 0.01, respectively). Almost all subjects with PA dilation had improved PA Z-score, RV MPI, and TV E/e' in the subacute phase (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in indices of left ventricle function between PA dilation group and non-PA dilation group. In summary, PA dilation was documented in 16 % of acute KD subjects. These subjects were more likely to have echocardiographic indices consistent with isolated RV dysfunction that improved in the subacute phase. The long-term consequence of these findings will require longitudinal studies of this patient population.
Pathologic Features of Thyroid Tumors

Thyroid tumors include those arising from follicular epithelium, C cells, mesenchymal elements and lymphoid cells. The majority of thyroid neoplasms derive from follicular cells. The classification and understanding of thyroid neoplasms has evolved during the last century from a relatively simple model (1) to one more complex and clinically helpful. The most widely used and accepted classifications are those issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology issued the series one fascicle of thyroid tumors in 1953 (2) and the WHO published its first histologic classification of thyroid tumors in 1974 (3). Since then, the second edition of the WHO publication appeared in 1988 (4) and the third series of the AFIP fascicle series in 1992 (5).
MRI Evaluation of Achilles Tendon Rotation and Sural Nerve Anatomy: Implications for Percutaneous and Limited-Open Achilles Tendon Repair.

Background:Limited-open and percutaneous Achilles tendon (AT) repair techniques have limited visibility, which may result in sural nerve violation and poor tendon targeting. The goal of this study ...
Repeatability and reproducibility of retention data and band profiles on reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns: I. Experimental protocol

Abstract A procedure is described for the determination of the short-term and long-term repeatabilities and of the column-to-column and lot-to-lot reproducibilities of the retention and profile characteristics of the peaks obtained with a number of different reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) C18-bonded silica columns of several commercial brands. Data characterizing the retention, the steric selectivity, the hydrogen bonding capacity, the hydrophobic interaction selectivity, the column efficiency and the peak asymmetry will be acquired for all the probe compounds. These include 30 neutral, acidic and basic compounds distributed into five groups to be eluted under as many different sets of chromatographic conditions. The data will be obtained using an HP 1100 liquid chromatograph. The compounds and experimental conditions selected were similar to those previously used by different authors for comparison purposes. Careful attention will be paid to minimization of external error contributions by adhering to a strict operational procedure. The precision expected will be high because preliminary results gave standard deviations of around 0.04% for the separation factors, below 0.15% for the retention times and around 1% for the column efficiency in short-term repeatability experiments performed with one column.
Long run Political Convergence? A State-by-State Analysis

This paper constructs and examines state level political ideology from 1789 to 1996 to sort out the long run political trends of the United States. The purpose is twofold: First, to construct a reliable measure of long run political ideology for each of the contiguous 48 states. Second to test whether states have become more or less alike over time. The paper exploits a rich unbalanced panel data set developed from all roll call votes cast during congresses 1 to 104 by aggregating ideology measures to the state level. Then, the paper employs a non-linear filter to separate long run trends from short run fluctuations. Finally, the paper employs recent econometric techniques from the growth convergence literature to assess political convergence. I find long run ideology tends to be governed by region with time-varying equilibria. For example, at the turn of the century most northern states were highly right-wing whereas the South was not. However, after World War I, these ideologies tended to converge until most states were compressed in a more moderate range by the early 1960s. Since then, the South has become more right-wing whereas the North has moved to a more left-wing position.
Labor Management in Healthcare: Flaws and Best Practices

Labor Management is critical in healthcare and especially so in acute care hospitals, where 50 to 70 % of the costs are attributed to labor costs. According to the American Hospital Association labor represents more than half the cost of business in a healthcare facility (aha.org). The purpose of this article is to describe best practices of labor management, and how they can be applied to effectively manage an acute care hospital.
Iron deficiency and behavior: criteria for testing causality

The association between iron deficiency and poor behavioral-test performance is well established. The question of causality, however, remains unanswered. This paper presents the essential criteria for a valid test of causality. Internal validity is examined in terms of positive and negative findings. Plausibility of the findings requires analyzing the congruency of the results; for example, those who respond to the iron treatment are also those who respond behaviorally. External validity describes the extent to which inferences may be made about other populations or circumstances.