cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photodetachment and Electron Dynamics in 1-Butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium Dicyanamide

The ultrafast transient absorption spectrum of 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium dicyanamide, [Pyr1,4+][DCA-], was measured in the visible and near-infrared (IR) spectral regions. Excitation of the liquid at 4.6 eV created initially delocalized and highly reactive electrons that either geminately recombined (69%) or localized onto a cavity with a time constant of ∼300 fs. Electron localization was reflected in the evolution of the TA spectrum and the time-dependent loss of reactivity with a dichloromethane quencher. The delocalized initial state and spectrum of the free electrons were consistent with computational predictions by Xu and Margulis [ J. Phys. Chem. B, 2015, 119, 532-542] on excess electrons in [Pyr1,4+][DCA-]. The computational study considered two possible localization mechanisms for excess electrons, localization on ions, and localization on cavities. In the case of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, the results presented here demonstrate localization to cavities as the dominant channel. Following localization onto a cavity, the free electrons underwent solvation and loss of reactivity with the quencher with rates that slowed in time. The dynamics were similar to an analogous prior study on the related liquid [Pyr1,x+][NTf2-]. One significant difference was the larger yield of free electrons from photoexcitation of [Pyr1,4+][DCA-]. This was found to primarily reflect more efficient localization onto cavities rather than a slower geminate recombination rate.
Ozone Reacts With Carbon Black to Produce a Fulvic Acid-Like Substance and Increase an Inflammatory Effect:

Exposure to ambient ozone has been associated with increased human mortality. Ozone exposure can introduce oxygen-containing functional groups in particulate matter (PM) effecting a greater capacity of the particle for metal complexation and inflammatory effect. We tested the postulate that (1) a fulvic acid-like substance can be produced through a reaction of a carbonaceous particle with high concentrations of ozone and (2) such a fulvic acid-like substance included in the PM can initiate inflammatory effects following exposure of respiratory epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and an animal model (male Wistar Kyoto rats). Carbon black (CB) was exposed for 72 hours to either filtered air (CB-Air) or approximately 100 ppm ozone (CB-O3). Carbon black exposure to high levels of ozone produced water-soluble, fluorescent organic material. Iron import by BEAS-2B cells at 4 and 24 hours was not induced by incubations with CB-Air but was increased following coexposures of CB-O3 with ferric ammonium citrate. In contrast to CB-Air, exposure of BEAS-2B cells and rats to CB-O3 for 24 hours increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lung injury, respectively. It is concluded that inflammatory effects of carbonaceous particles on cells can potentially result from (1) an inclusion of a fulvic acid-like substance after reaction with ozone and (2) changes in iron homeostasis following such exposure.
Online Classroom Enagement Observation using Deep Learning

Classroom engagement is critical for both students and professors in order to have a successful experience at a college or university. In modern days due to a growing number of various digital distractions and other external influences, keeping student engaged is a challenging problem. This work focuses on how to measure student engagement using facial gestures along with deep learning techniques. In this work, we took seven facial gestures for our image classification to measure student engagement. We use deep learning techniques to classify the gestures and we compute cross correlation between student gestures and the instructor’s teaching methodologies.
GazeGraph: graph-based few-shot cognitive context sensing from human visual behavior

In this work, we present GazeGraph, a system that leverages human gazes as the sensing modality for cognitive context sensing. GazeGraph is a generalized framework that is compatible with different eye trackers and supports various gaze-based sensing applications. It ensures high sensing performance in the presence of heterogeneity of human visual behavior, and enables quick system adaptation to unseen sensing scenarios with few-shot instances. To achieve these capabilities, we introduce the spatial-temporal gaze graphs and the deep learning-based representation learning method to extract powerful and generalized features from the eye movements for context sensing. Furthermore, we develop a few-shot gaze graph learning module that adapts the `learning to learn' concept from meta-learning to enable quick system adaptation in a data-efficient manner. Our evaluation demonstrates that GazeGraph outperforms the existing solutions in recognition accuracy by 45% on average over three datasets. Moreover, in few-shot learning scenarios, GazeGraph outperforms the transfer learning-based approach by 19% to 30%, while reducing the system adaptation time by 80%.
Plateau-Rayleigh instability in a soft viscoelastic material.

A soft cylindrical interface endowed with surface tension can be unstable to wavy undulations. This is known as the Plateau–Rayleigh instability (PRI) and for solids the instability is governed by the competition between elasticity and capillarity. A dynamic stability analysis is performed for the cases of a soft (i) cylinder and (ii) cylindrical cavity assuming the material is viscoelastic with power-law rheology. The governing equations are made time-independent through the Laplace transform from which a solution is constructed using displacement potentials. The dispersion relationships are then derived, which depend upon the dimensionless elastocapillary number, solid Deborah number, and compressibility number, and the static stability limit, critical disturbance, and maximum growth rate are computed. This dynamic analysis recovers previous literature results in the appropriate limits. Elasticity stabilizes and compressibility destabilizes the PRI. For an incompressible material, viscoelasticity does not affect stability but does decrease the growth rate and shift the critical wavenumber to lower values. The critical wavenumber shows a more complex dependence upon compressibility for the cylinder but exhibits a predictable trend for the cylindrical cavity.
Computation of drag and diffusion coefficient for coronavirus: I.

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations and integral equation techniques allow for the flexible and efficient computation of drag and diffusion coefficients for virus mimetic particles. We highlight a Monte Carlo method that is useful for computing the drag on biomimetic particles in the free-molecular regime and a numerical technique to solve a boundary integral equation (related to the Stokes equation) in the hydrodynamic limit. The free-molecular and the continuum results allow the construction of an approximation for the drag applicable over the full range of Knudsen numbers. Finally, we outline how this work will be useful in modeling viral transport in air and fluids and in viral morphology measurements and in viral separations via electrospray-differential mobility analyzers (ES-DMA).
Disordered Eating, Food Insecurity, and Weight Status Among Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Youth and Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using a Nutrition Screening Protocol.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of and relationships among disordered eating, food insecurity, and weight status among transgender and gender nonbinary youth and y...
Anisotropy of the Fracture Toughness in Aged Inconel 718

Inconel 718 is a widely used material for applications at temperatures up to 650°C. Many research groups have studied the properties of Inconel 718 at different conditions [1, 2]. It is known that, after several thousand hours at 650 °C, Inconel 718 shows roughly a 75% decrease in the Charpy V-notch impact energy [3]. However, any anisotropic characteristics of this steel have not been investigated in adequate detail. Consequently, in order to maintain the integrity of the components, it is important to clarify the orientation dependence of the mechanical properties of INCONEL 718.
Multiplexing neurochemical detection with carbon fiber multielectrode arrays using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry

Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been extensively used to measure neurotransmitters with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) due to their ability to adsorb cationic monoamine neurotransmitters. Although FSCV, in tandem with CFMEs, provides high temporal and spatial resolution, only single-channel potentiostats and electrodes have been primarily utilized. More recently, the need and use of carbon fiber multielectrode arrays has risen to target multiple brain regions. Previous studies have shown the ability to detect dopamine using multielectrode arrays; however, they are not readily available to the scientific community. In this work, we interfaced a carbon fiber multielectrode array (MEA or multielectrode array), to a commercially available four-channel potentiostat for multiplexing neurochemical measurements. The MEA’s relative performance was compared to single CFMEs where dopamine detection was found to be adsorption controlled to the electrode’s surface. Multiple waveforms were applied to each fiber of the multielectrode array simultaneously to detect different analytes on each electrode of the array. A proof of concept ex vivo experiment showed that the multielectrode array could record redox activity in different areas within the mouse caudate putamen and detect dopamine in a 3-mm2 area. To our knowledge, this is the first use of the multielectrode array paired with a commercially available multichannel potentiostat for multi-waveform application and neurotransmitter co-detection. This novel array may aid in future studies to better understand complex brain heterogeneity, the dynamic neurochemical environment, and how disease states or drugs affect separate brain areas concurrently.
Increasing oral PMN during experimental gingivitis and its reversal by prophylaxis

Abstract This investigation evaluated clinical parameters and the levels of polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN] collected in an oral rinse amongst subjects who refrained from dental hygiene for a period of 12 days. Methods Study enrolled consenting adults and assigned to a non-prophy group [n = 16] and a separate prophy group [n = 27]. Both groups underwent clinical evaluations and sampling for PMN at baseline and on days 3,6,9 and 12 of study initiation. The prophy group underwent supragingival prophylaxis at the conclusion of the no-hygiene phase and recalled for a final clinical evaluation and PMN assessment 1 week later. Results Progressive increases in oral PMN were noted due to abstinence from oral hygiene (p Conclusions Abstinence from dental hygiene corresponded with increasing scores for dental plaque, gingival inflammation and bleeding in conjunction with increasing oral PMN. These effects were irrespective of age or gender and were reversed by supragingival prophylaxis.
Directives for composing aspect-oriented design class models

An aspect-oriented design model consists of a set of aspect models and a primary model. Each aspect model describes a feature that crosscuts elements in the primary model. Aspect and primary models are composed to obtain an integrated design view. In this paper we describe a composition approach that utilizes a merging algorithm and composition directives. Composition directives are used when the default merging algorithm is known or expected to yield incorrect models. Our prototype tool supports default class diagram composition.
New Synonyms and Deletions for the Moss Floras of Colombia and Ecuador

Several new synonyms are recognized for Colombian taxa: Aongstroemia maculata = A. julacea , Callicostella acutifolia and C. plicatula = Thamniopsis diffusa , Dicranella mayorii and D. peruviana = D. hilariana , Glyphomitrium lobuliferum = Ptychomitrium lindigii , Trichostomum novo-granatense = T. brachydontium ; and for Ecuadorean taxa: Grimmia cinerea = G. longirostris , Grimmia benoistii = G. trichophylla , Neckera benoistii = N. chilensis , Orthostichopsis incertus = Porotrichendron superbum , and Renauldia obovata = Neckera obtusifolius . Additional Colombian synonyms recognized by specialists are listed.
Theoretical Problems in Quantum Electrodynamics

The status of the electron g-factor and the Lamb shift is brought up to date, and some details of a Coulomb gauge Lamb shift calculation are presented. QED tests in neutral and highly ionized two-electron atoms are reviewed, and theoretical issues involved in the possible extension of QED tests to many-electron atoms are discussed. The use of a modified Furry representation is advocated as providing rigorous justification for the use of many-body perturbation theory in such atoms, with Breit interaction, Lamb shift, and negative energy state effects automatically taken account of.
Crafting a Better US Grand Strategy in the Post-September 11 World: Lessons from the Early Years of the Cold War

This article compares the instruments of statecraft used to construct grand strategies in the early years of the Cold War—the Truman and Eisenhower administrations—with the Bush administration's grand strategy and the Global War on Terror (GWOT). It argues that the Bush strategy relied heavily on the military instrument of statecraft in attempts of defeating Al-Qaeda and did not develop robust and concerted diplomatic, psychological and economic tools to undermine Al-Qaeda's ideology and influence. The early days of the Cold War hold valuable lessons for crafting an integrated grand strategy that can fight both the Al-Qaeda network and its ideology.
The Amino Acid Substitutions Found in the Genetic Variants of α1-Acid Glycoprotein

Abstract α1-Acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid), a human plasma globulin, is known to possess two major genetically transmitted variants. In this investigation the specific genetically determined amino acid substitution responsible for the occurrence of these proteins was localized to two heptapeptides by the peptide mapping technique. The variant peptides were subsequently isolated and purified from a peptic digest of the pooled desialyzed glycoprotein by column chromatography, and their sequences were established. It was found that 1 glutamine residue replaces 1 arginine residue, which is consistent with the difference in electrostatic net charge noted between the two aforementioned proteins and represents a single point mutation. The methods of investigation developed in this study will facilitate the identification of the specific amino acid substitutions responsible for the occurrence of the genetic variants of other highly conjugated glycoproteins.
High-Frequency Auditory Feedback Is Not Required for Adult Song Maintenance in Bengalese Finches

Male Bengalese finches do not normally change their vocal patterns in adulthood; song is stereotyped and stable over time. Adult song maintenance requires auditory feedback. If adults are deafened, song will degrade within 1 week. We tested whether feedback of all sound frequencies is required for song maintenance. The avian basilar papilla is tonotopically organized; hair cells in the basal region encode high frequencies, and low frequencies are encoded in progressively apical regions. We restricted the spectral range of feedback available to a bird by killing either auditory hair cells encoding higher frequencies or those encoding both high and low frequencies and documented resultant changes in song. Birds were treated with either Amikacin alone to kill high-frequency hair cells or Amikacin and sound exposure to target hair cells across the entire papilla. During treatment, song was recorded from all birds weekly. After treatment and song recording, evoked-potential audiograms were evaluated on each bird, and papillas were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that hair cell damage over 46–63% of the basal papilla and the corresponding high-frequency hearing loss had no effect on song structure. In birds with hair cell damage extending further into the apical region of the papilla and corresponding low-frequency and high-frequency hearing loss, song degradation occurred within 1 week of beginning treatment and was comparable with degradation after surgical deafening. We conclude that either low-frequency spectral cues or temporal cues via feedback of the song amplitude envelope are sufficient for song maintenance in adult Bengalese finches.
THE EFFECT OF AUCTION FORMAT ON EFFICIENCY AND REVENUE IN DIVISIBLE GOODS AUCTIONS: A TEST USING KOREAN TREASURY AUCTIONS*

This paper measures the efficiency and revenue properties of the two most popular formats for divisible goods auctions: the uniform-price and discriminatory auction. We analyze bids into the Korean Treasury auctions which have used both formats. We find that the discriminatory auction yields statistically higher revenue. Unlike previous work that uses data from only one format, we are able to compare the efficiency properties of the two formats. We find that the discriminatory auction better allocates treasury bills to the highest value financial institutions. However, the differences in revenue and efficiency are not large because the auctions are very competitive.
[18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography in Patients With Active Myelopathy

Abstract Objective To report and compare spinal cord [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) metabolism in 51 patients with active myelopathy. Patients and Methods We retrospectively identified patients from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2011, with active myelopathy in whom FDG-PET was performed. Inclusion criteria were (1) intramedullary myelopathy, (2) neoplastic/inflammatory etiology, and (3) FDG-PET performed after myelopathy onset. Exclusion criteria were (1) extramedullary myelopathy, (2) radiation-associated myelopathy, (3) no pathological confirmation of neoplasm, and (4) inactive myelopathy. Diagnostic categories of nonsarcoid inflammatory, neoplastic, and neurosarcoid were based on their final myelopathic diagnosis. Two radiologists who independently assessed FDG-PET for spinal cord hypermetabolism and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were blinded to the underlying etiology. Results Fifty-one patients (53% women) with a median age of 60 years (range, 20-82 years) were included. Inflammatory myelopathic diagnoses (n=24) were as follows: paraneoplastic (n=13), autoimmune/other (n=5), inflammatory demyelinating (n=4), and transverse myelitis (n=2). Neoplastic diagnoses (n=21) were as follows: intramedullary metastases (n=12), intramedullary lymphoma/leukemia (n=7), and primary intramedullary neoplasm (n=2). Six patients had neurosarcoid myelopathy. Spinal cord hypermetabolism was more common with neoplastic myelopathy than with nonsarcoid inflammatory myelopathy (17 of 21 [81%] vs 6 of 24 [25%]; P P Conclusion Spinal cord FDG-PET hypermetabolism in patients with active myelopathy may be reliably detected and was more common in neoplastic than in inflammatory myelopathies in this study. Future investigation of spinal cord FDG-PET is indicated to assess its potential contributions in evaluating active myelopathies.
Preliminary Experience With the MicroMed DeBakey Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device

Mechanical circulatory support for both acute and chronic heart failure is a widely applied therapeutic option in the adult population with a variety of devices clinically available. Technology in this field has advanced sufficiently such that long-term support or "destination therapy" has become a generally accepted reality. Similar progress has not occurred in the field of device support for heart failure in children. While the number of potential patients is significantly lower in the pediatric population, the clinical relevance and poignancy of individual need are nonetheless real. Until recently, children with heart failure have been largely disadvantaged in comparison to their adult counterparts. The DeBakey VAD Child (MicroMed Technology, Inc, Houston, TX) represents a hopeful initial step in the direction of reducing the technological gap between adults and children. While the clinical experience with this device is limited at present, preliminary results are encouraging. This report will provide an overview of the DeBakey VAD Child, including device specifications, indications for clinical use, surgical and postoperative considerations, and updated clinical experience.
Use of a Short Gambling Screen with an Arrestee Population: A Feasibility Study

Problem gamblers have been disproportionally found among prisoners. This study sought to (1) demonstrate if a short screening instrument (Lie/Bet Questionnaire) can expeditiously identify problem gamblers during the initial Criminal Justice System stage, and (2) examine the relationships between problem gambling and criminality among arrestees. Surveys were conducted with 959 inmates (from 1,445 approached) at a Central Booking Facility in Tampa, Florida. Among those surveyed, 81% were male with average age of 32.9. Ethnic distribution of those surveyed was Blacks (35.8%), Whites (43.3%), Hispanics (19.3%), Others (2.4%). Sixty-eight percent had completed trade school or less, 20% had some college and 12% were college graduates. Among those reporting gambling the year prior, 32.7% were problem gamblers according to the Lie/Bet. If including those who declined, the percent drops to a considerable 17.4% of the entire sample. Problem gamblers were significantly more likely to be charged with a drug or status crime, as well as being charged with a felony. Feasibility of screening inmates in an intake facility using the Lie/Bet Questionnaire was found. Furthermore, we found a need for gambling screening. Gambling courts should be considered.
Headache in 2010: Progress in headache mechanisms and management.

In 2010, progress in the headache field was marked by four very different key advances: clarification of the mechanisms of extracephalic allodynia, approval of onabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine prophylaxis, validation of combined pharmacological and behavioral treatments for migraine, and establishment of oxygen as an effective acute treatment for cluster headache.
The transition from payroll to consumption receipts with endogenous human capital

Abstract The transition from payroll to consumption receipts is simulated in a life cycle growth model featuring adult human capital. As in other studies, savings are higher under the consumption base. However, unlike those studies, much of the additional savings here take human form. Human capital production increases for all cohorts in, or yet to join, the labor market as of the tax change. The additional human capital production tends to dampen physical capital accumulation when compared with otherwise identical simulations which hold human capital constant. The implications for intergenerational incidence are similar to that found in other examinations of the transition to a consumption base.
Digital implementation of a neural network

Summary form only given. The major problem regarding hardware implementation of neural networks is due to the fact that the number of interconnections grow quadratically with the number of pressing elements in each layer. The hard-limiting neuron model, well suited for digital technology, provides a base for implementing neural networks in hardware designs. A neural-processing chip is developed using this concept. It links neurons along a serial shift register, eliminating the need for an enormous array of interconnecting wires. The neurons process information in parallel while communicating data serially. Connection weights are stored locally with each neuron, relieving the burden on the network structure to maintain weighted connections. Each chip has 16 neurons and a memory holding a 16*128 array for weight. Up to 8 chips can be connected in tandem, increasing the size of the system to a maximum of 128 neurons. Due to the versatile design of the neural-processing chip, it provides a vehicle for researchers to emulate or implement various neural network architectures. >
Prospects for in Utero Human Gene Therapy

Gene therapy for the treatment of disease in children and adults is being actively pursued at many medical centers. However, a number of genetic disorders result in irreversible damage to the fetus before birth. In these cases, as well as for those with genetic diseases who may benefit from therapy before symptoms are manifested, in utero gene therapy (IUGT) could be beneficial. Although some successes with in utero gene transfer have been reported in animals, significant questions remain to be answered before IUGT clinical trials would be acceptable. This review analyzes the state of the art and delineates the studies that still need to be performed before it would be appropriate to consider human IUGT.
Comparison of the hydroxyacids from the epidermis and from the sebaceous glands of the horse.

Abstract 1. 1. The acylglucosylceramides were isolated from the polar lipids of horse epidermis and examined to determine whether the component ω-hydroxyacids are straight chained as in the corresponding lipids from pig epidermis or branched as in horse sebum. 2. 2. The hydroxyacids from horse epidermis were found to be almost entirely straight chained compounds. 3. 3. The results indicate that sebaceous glands, although derived from epidermal cells, have evolved independent pathways of lipid metabolism.
Informa1 human communication systems in a large organization

The author applies a quantitative analysis to data collected on a multi‐shift organization. The results are compared with a review of literature and the principles of organizational communication in single‐shift organizations.
Assessing validity of actual tooth height and width from cone beam images of cadavers with subsequent dissection to aid oral surgery.

Purpose Cone-beam computed technology (CBCT) is a relatively new medium for maxillofacial conditions. Developed in 1998, commercial cone beam technology has been commonly used since 2000. CBCT offers less radiation than computed tomography (CT) in 3D image construction. With the meteoric rise in the number of dental implant surgeries, CBCT could become a common machine in dental offices. The objective of this study is to validate the accuracy of CBCT tooth measurements. Materials Twelve embalmed cadavers had a complete CBCT of the head and neck region. Ninety-six teeth (8 per cadaver) were extracted in total, but only 69 were collected and measured. CEN-TECH electronic calipers were used to measure the extracted teeth. iCAT measurements were used for imaged teeth. Methods A literature search was conducted on the validity and use of CBCT regarding tooth measurements for implant surgery. Extracted teeth were measured in the vertical, facial to lingual, and mesial to distal dimensions. Exclusion factors included crown or root fracture damage during extraction. Results A literature search revealed studies that validated bone measurements using 14 different location points on the maxilla and 17 anatomical landmarks on the skull. Both studies validated bone measurements on CBCT. However, no studies were identified measuring teeth lengths for implant surgery. Three, two-tailed, paired t-test compared the iCAT image measurements to the extracted teeth measurements for each dimension. There was no statistical significance for each dimension. Conclusion This study suggests using iCAT measurements on teeth from CBCT imaging would reflect the actual tooth length and could be beneficial for implant surgery.
The Broader Autism Phenotype and Friendships in Non-Clinical Dyads.

The broader autism phenotype (BAP) is a set of subclinical traits qualitatively similar to those observed in autism spectrum disorders. The current study sought to elucidate the association between self- and informant-reports of the BAP and friendships, in a non-clinical sample of college student dyads. Self-informant agreement of the BAP and friendship similarity was evaluated, and the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to test how both friends’ BAP characteristics jointly and uniquely contribute to the experiences of friendships. Results suggest self-informant agreement about the BAP, friendship closeness, quality, and conflict. Actor effects were observed for the BAP and friendship values, quality, conflict, and loneliness. Findings suggest that the BAP relates in meaningful ways to self-perceptions of friendship variables in the general population.
350 nm laser radiation effects on Eu2+ in alkali halides

Abstract Europium doped alkali halides, when irradiated by a XeF excimer laser, exhibit changes in their absorption spectra similar to those induced by ionizing radiation. Initial growth rates of the laser-induced absorption show a 3-photon absorption mechanism which, in turn, is used to address the nature of excited state absorption of europium in alkali halide hosts.
Military Migrants: Fighting for Your Country

According to author Vron Ware, Commonwealth soldiers account for only a modest proportion of British Army personnel, but they continue to play a significant role in the army's military feats. The p...
Use of peak expiratory flow rates to eliminate unnecessary arterial blood gases in acute asthma

Arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements are used frequently in acute asthma. Because ABGs are expensive and may have significant side effects, a method is needed to identify those patients at risk for a significantly abnormal ABG. We studied the use of peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) to identify those patients at such risk. Data from 89 emergency visits by 51 asthmatic patients were analyzed. A small but significant correlation between ABG parameters and PEFR was observed (P 2 > 45 mm Hg or pH
Part 7: analog-to-digital conversion in real-time systems

This article, as part of a series on real-time systems, covers analog-to-digital converters (ADC). It begins with some basic definitions for converters, then covers some nonideal behaviors of ADCs and how to test them. Finally, it concludes with a brief description of the architecture of ADCs and how they might be used.
Fractality in Idealized Simulations of Large-Scale Tropical Cloud Systems

Abstract We simulate the generation of large-scale organized cloud systems with a simple dynamic model containing various cumulus parameterizations in a doubly periodic square domain with 20 700-km sides. The system is without rotation. Starting from a random initial condition, a fractal pattern of clouds is spontaneously generated using a grid-scale representation of cumulus evolution and mesoscale downdrafts. On the other hand, elementary representatives of three traditional types (Kuo, Arakawa-Schubert, and Betts–Miller) of cumulus parameterizations fail to produce fractality. Implications for the cumulus parameterizations arising from cloud fractality are also discussed.
Infrared and Raman vibrational study of ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, and terminal halogen-substituted analogs, 800-50 cm−1

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of C 6 H 5 —(CH 2 ) n —X, where X is H, Cl, Br, I when when n = 2 and X is H, Cl, Br when n = 3, have been studied in the liquid state from 800-50 cm −1 . An attempt has been made to assign the vibrations of the monosubstituted benzene ring, the far infrared deformational vibrations and the structure-dependent halogen stretching vibrations. In the (2-haloethyl)-benzenes, two bands are assigned to the carbon-halogen vibrations, one for each isomeric form and it is concluded that the trans conformer is more stable than the gauche . In the (3-halopropyl)-benzenes, three conformations are assigned and discussed using the nomenclature of Shimanouchi and Mizushima. Low temperature spectra were obtained in the 800-400 cm −1 region in the infrared and depolarization ratios were measured on the Raman bands. It was found necessary to revise the previous vibrational assignments of ethylbenzene and propose an assignment for n-propylbenzene in the region below 800 cm −1 .
Spinodal decomposition in microemulsions

On etudie par diffusion de la lumiere la separation des phases pres d'un point critique d'un melange de microemulsion
Optimal Design of Unitized Structures Using Response Surface Approaches

Developments in rapid manufacturing techniques such as electron beam freeform fabrication have made it easier to manufacture objects with complex shapes (like panel with curvilinear stiffeners). In this paper, design optimization of stiffened panels is carried out using different types of response surfaces. Placement and sizing variables are optimized using integrated high-performance, commercially available software. The proposed approach has two optimization loops. The sizing optimization is carried out in the first loop through finite element analysis using gradient-based optimization method for different placement variables. In the second loop, optimal placement of stiffeners is carried out using response surfaces. Because of response surface construction using whole design space, the proposed approach does not suffer from getting trapped in a local minima. The proposed approach is applied to square panels subjected to in-plane biaxial and uniform surface pressure loadings. Panel weight is minimized with buckling, displacements, and stress constraints. An approach to perform both placement and sizing optimization of panels with curvilinear stiffeners is also discussed and a surrogate model is developed for placement and shape optimization of stiffeners.
The ontogeny of renal α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in the Dahl rat model of experimental hypertension

[3H]prazosin (PRAZ) and [3H]rauwolscine (RAUW) were used to examine the ontogeny of renal α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in the inbred Dahl hypertension-sensitive (S/JR) and -resistant (R/JR) rat. PRAZ and RAUW each bound to a single population of non-interacting sites. The binding of each ligand was saturable and reversible. The greatest proliferation of each receptor subtype occurred between 5 and 25 days of age. During this period, a 4 to 5-fold increase in the density of each was observed. Adult levels of each were reached by 50 days of age. The α2-adrenoceptor was the predominant subtype present in renal tissue. However, its ratio to the α1 subtype was influenced by strain and age: the ratio was greatest in the S/JR strain and decreased with age in both strains. The profile of α1-adrenoceptor development was similar in S/JR and R/JR rats. In contrast, the density of α2-adrenoceptors was similar in S/JR and R/JR rats at 5 and 15 days of age but significantly greater in the S/JR rat between 25 and 150 days of age. The elevated density of α2-adrenoceptors could not be explained by strain-related differences in blood pressure or alterations in the affinity of the receptor. The results suggest that a relationship may exist between elevated renal α2-adrenoceptor density and the genetic predisposition to hypertension in the S/JR rat. However, because this relationship is not apparent during the neonatal period of development, the possibility that the elevated density of sites may be secondary to some other event should also be considered.
The effects of location and design on the diffusion of respiratory gases in mammal burrows

Abstract To investigate the constraints placed on the location and design of mammal burrows by the resident mammal's need for an adequate exchange of respiratory gases with the free atmosphere, we constructed several simple mathematical models for the steady-state diffusion of these gases in sterile burrow-soil systems. In this exchange, diffusion through the soil is of prime importance. Openings of narrow tunnels further than three body lengths from a mammal have a negligible effect on its respiratory microenvironment. Since only a short length of a narrow tunnel around the mammal is of importance in this exchange we may confine attention to design and siting criteria for a discrete chamber containing the mammal. The porosity of the soil in which a burrow chamber is sited and the volume of the burrow chamber have strong and moderate effects respectively on the rate of gas exchange between a resident mammal and the free atmosphere. The depth of the burrow chamber, beyond two chamber diameters, has only a weak effect on this transfer. Soil temperature within the thermoneutral zone of the resident mammal has a weak effect on this transfer, but below the thermoneutral zone, where temperature modifies the rate of consumption (production) of respiratory gas, the effect is strong. Concentrations of respiratory gas in the burrow chamber approach free-atmosphere values when soil porosity, soil temperature, and chamber volume increase and burrow depth decreases. Large mammals are more restricted in the design and siting of burrows than small mammals. Our models indicate that normothermic eutherian mammals with masses much in excess of 0·5 kg are precluded from an indefinite occupation of deep burrows in most field situations. In considering the limitations to our models, several avenues for expanding a mammal's respiratory space are suggested.
The Place of Victims in the Theory of Retribution

Remarkably, the theory of criminal law has developed without paying much attention to the place of victims in the analysis of responsibility or in the rationale for punishment. You can read a first-rate book like Michael Moore's recent Placing Blame and not find a single reference to the relevance of victims in imposing liability and punishment. In the last several decades we have witnessed notable strides toward attending to the rights and interests of crime victims, but these concerns have yet to intrude upon the discussion of the central issues of wrongdoing, blame, and punishment. Admittedly, victims and their sentiments have come to play a major role in sentencing in the United States. Victims are encouraged to speak at the time of sentencing and to express their personal preferences about what should happen to the convicted defendant. Since the victims usually are interested in making the defendant suffer as much as possible, this practice services the interests of prosecutors. But the sentiments of the particular victims seem to me less important than the class of victims violated by the particular offense. In the crime of homicide, for example, it should not matter whether the decedent is a solitary old lady killed for her money or the mother of three killed in a drive-by-shooting. After Susan Smith killed her two children in South Carolina, her mother and ex-husband weighed in with their views on whether she deserved the death penalty or not. It would seem odd that the determination of the death penalty should depend on the general affection or hostility of the defendant's relatives. Victims definitely have a place in the definition of the
Clinical and Laboratory Studies on Marmosets Experimentally Inoculated with Human Serum from Hepatitis Patients

Clinical and Laboratory Studies on Marmosets Experimentally Inoculated with Human Serum from Hepatitis Patients
Men's restrictive emotionality: An investigation of associations with other emotion-related constructs, anxiety, and underlying dimensions

Using Kennedy-Moore and Watson’s cognitive-evaluative model of emotional expression and nonexpression, in the current study the authors investigated the relationship between men’s restrictive emotionality and other emotion-related constructs. Among the emotion-related variables represented by the above model, negative attitudes toward emotional expression were found to be most closely associated with men’s restrictive emotionality. In addition, results of multiple regression analyses suggest that men’s difficulty identifying feelings might account for the relationship between restrictive emotionality and trait anxiety. Further, a factor analysis of various emotion-related measures revealed a three-factor solution in which men’s restrictive emotionality formed part of a high-order factor named Difficulty With Emotional Communication. Implications of the findings and directions for future masculinity research are discussed.
Self-tuning predictive control of processing temperature for food extrusion

Abstract A self-tuning regulator was developed for temperature control in a food extrusion process. Process models with on-line identification were used to predict the processing temperature and major disturbances. The regulator was designed in an explicit formulation based on feedforward and internal-model-based predictive control strategies. An extended prediction window was used in the identification and control algorithms for enhanced robustness against uncertainties in time delays. The control system was implemented and tested experimentally. The effectiveness of the algorithms was demonstrated.
14-3-3 Proteins Modulate the ETS Transcription Factor ETV1 in Prostate Cancer

Overexpression of the ETS-related transcription factor ETV1 can initiate neoplastic transformation of the prostate. ETV1 activity is highly regulated by phosphorylation, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we report that all 14-3-3 proteins, with the exception of the tumor suppressor 14-3-3σ, can bind to ETV1 in a condition manner dictated by its prominent phosphorylation site S216. All non-σ 14-3-3 proteins synergized with ETV1 to activate transcription of its target genes MMP-1 and MMP-7, which regulate extracellular matrix in the prostate tumor microenvironment. S216 mutation or 14-3-3τ downregulation was sufficient to reduce ETV1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells, indicating that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins protect ETV1 from degradation. Notably, S216 mutation also decreased ETV1-dependent migration and invasion in benign prostate cells. Downregulation of 14-3-3τ reduced prostate cancer cell invasion and growth in the same manner as ETV1 attenuation. Lastly, we showed that 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3e were overexpressed in human prostate tumors. Taken together, our results demonstrated that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins are important modulators of ETV1 function that promote prostate tumorigenesis.
Cu(II)-containing cross-linked polymers for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate

Abstract The protonation constants of N-(4-vinyl)benzyl ethylenediamine (L1), 1-(4-vinyl)benzyl diethylenetriamine (L2), 4-(4-vinyl)benzyl diethylenetriamine (L3), and the stability constants of their Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been potentiometrically determined. The crystal structures of [Cu(L1)2][ClO4]2 and [CuL2(NO3)2]·CH3CO2C2H5 are reported. [Cu(L1)2][ClO4]2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group P21/c, having lattice parameters a=12.48(2), b=12.062(16), c=9.188(15) A, β=97.46(7)°, and Z=2. [CuL2(NO3)2]·CH3CO2C2H5 crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group P21/n, having lattice parameters a=10.239(2), b=9.177(1), c=24.096(4) A, β=95.99(1)°, and Z=2. Kinetic studies show that the Cu(II)-containing cross-linked polymers made from incorporating [Cu(L1)2]X2 and [CuL3]X2 (X=ClO4 −, NO3 −) catalyze the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate with first-order rate constants 1.33×10−5 and 1.04×10−6 s−1, respectively, at 55°C and pH 8.5.
Optimizing Therapy in Patients with Pancolitis

Pancolitis affects approximately 20% to 40% of the total ulcerative colitis population and remains a therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Practitioners must focus on pancolitis when evaluating a patient for ulcerative colitis, because pancolitis is associated with more severe and fulminant disease and a higher rate of colorectal cancer and colectomy. It is imperative for clinicians to be knowledgeable in the clinical course, medications, and appropriate manner to induce and maintain clinical remission to prevent serious sequelae of the disease. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the treatment of pancolitis for general gastroenterologists, because medical management decisions have life-long effects for this subgroup of patients.
Chalenges and Opportunities in Mathematical and Theoretical Biology and Medicine: Foreword to Volume 2 (2013) of Biomath

The challenges faced today at the interface of the computational, life, social, mathematical and data sciences expand as the world's population approaches the seven billion mark. Today, we are asked to address questions over multiple temporal and spatial scales as well as across various levels of organization. In the process, the world has placed mathematical scientists, broadly defined to include computational, computer, statistics and data science experts, at the heart of trans-disciplinary and interdisciplinary efforts aimed primarily at assessing arguably the most important technical challenge of our times, namely, how to model and quantify uncertainty. Twenty first century research is driven to a great extent by questions involving the study of the dynamics of biological process. And so, we have been forced to account for the impact of social systems, bringing the role of human-decisions to the forefront of most efforts to put the power of the quantitative sciences into the hands of policy and decision makers. The challenges faced by mathematical scientist include ...
Catecholamine effects on frog dorsal root terminals.

Abstract Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine applied to the isolated superfused frog spinal cord had complex effects on the terminals of primary afferent fibers. The most cosistent finding was a slow hyperpolarization of terminals with lower concentrations (10 μM or lower), but depolarization either following or admixed with the hyperpolarization were seen. These were particularly prominent when the catecholamines were applied in high concentrations or for prolonged periods of time. A part of the response of afferent terminals appears to be indirect since the potential changes were reduced following exposure of the cord to tetrodotoxin, Mn 2+ , or mephenesin. The hyperpolarizations were augmented by imipramine, a known inhibitor of catecholamine uptake. These observations are consistent with a role of catecholamines in the processing of sensory input in the spinal cord.
Operative factors, not hemodynamics, modify hormones in repair of coarctation.

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate separately the influence of restoration of distal pulse pressure and the influence of factors related to operation upon hemodynamic and hormonal alterations accompanying repair of canine aortic coarctation. Eight normal adult dogs underwent a sham operation and served as controls. In 10 dogs the thoracic aorta was transected and reanastomosed. In 10 dogs aortic coarctation was created within 1 week of birth by banding the aorta just proximal to the ductus ligament, thereby fixing lumenal diameter at 1 to 2 mm. Studies were performed in the latter animals 18 months after operation. These dogs were subdivided into two groups: one ( n = 6) underwent surgical repair of the coarctation; in the other ( n = 4), the coarctation was repaired and an occluder was placed on the aorta to maintain distal aortic pulse pressure at its diminished preoperative level. Normal distal pulse pressure was restored in these animals by releasing the occluder 1 week after recovery from the repair of coarctation. Each dog was studied in the conscious state before the definitive procedure and again 24 hr later. Plasma renin activity increased significantly after operation in the sham and in the transection groups. Renin activity and proximal blood pressure were significantly elevated and distal pulse pressure was diminished preoperatively in both the repair and the occluder groups. After their respective definitive procedures, the elevation in renin activity and in proximal pressure persisted in the repair group but decreased in the occluder group. This suggests that continued elevation of renin activity and blood pressure in the early postoperative period following repair of coarctation may be secondary to perioperative rather than hemodynamic factors.