cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open Doors and Closed Ceilings: Gender-Based Patterns and Attitudes in the International Studies Association

In 1995, the Gender Research Committee of the International Studies Association conducted a survey of the membership concerning the impact of gender on members’ lives. In 2006, the Women's Caucus for International Studies sponsored a follow-up survey utilizing similar questions. A comparison of the findings of the two studies shows increased representation of women within international studies, persistent frustration with the slow pace of progress in women's access to senior positions and in accommodating family issues, some evidence of a chilly climate for women and a leaky pipeline, and significant differences between men's and women's perceptions of the status of women in the profession. The 2006 survey reveals a marked increase in concerns regarding the tension between women's family responsibilities and the academic environment, identification of structural discrimination, and concerns that men have been disadvantaged by affirmative action for women.
The macrophage LBP gene is an LXR target that promotes macrophage survival and atherosclerosis

The liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate sterol metabolism and inflammation. We sought to identify previously unknown genes regulated by LXRs in macrophages and to determine their contribution to atherogenesis. Here we characterize a novel LXR target gene, the lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) gene. Surprisingly, the ability of LXRs to control LBP expression is cell-type specific, occurring in macrophages but not liver. Treatment of macrophages with oxysterols or loading with modified LDL induces LBP in an LXR-dependent manner, suggesting a potential role for LBP in the cellular response to cholesterol overload. To investigate this further, we performed bone marrow transplant studies. After 18 weeks of Western diet feeding, atherosclerotic lesion burden was assessed revealing markedly smaller lesions in the LBP−/− recipients. Furthermore, loss of bone marrow LBP expression increased apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. Supporting in vitro studies with isolated macrophages showed that LBP expression does not affect cholesterol efflux but promotes the survival of macrophages in the setting of cholesterol loading. The LBP gene is a macrophage-specific LXR target that promotes foam cell survival and atherogenesis.
The thermodynamic properties of acetone + cyclohexanol mixtures at 25 °C†

Excess enthalpies, excess volumes, and vapor-liquid equilibria were determined for acetone + cyclohexanol mixtures at 25°C. Representation of the results by a lattice model was investigated.
Horse genealogy: The Oregon connection

The deciphering of the genealogy of the horse demonstrating Darwin9s theory of evolution was the brilliant work of Othniel C. Marsh of Yale that established his reputation not only in vertebrate paleontology but in the entire scientific world. Without the pioneer efforts of Thomas Condon, first State Geologist of Oregon, however, Marsh could not have accomplished this coup in his frenzied race with his arch rival, Edward D. Cope, for scientific priority and the amassing of fossil bones. Condon discovered in the John Day country of Oregon many specimens of new species that provided Marsh with invaluable links in the evolutionary progression. Marsh refused to return specimens which Condon loaned to him in 1871. The fossils were finally returned to Oregon in 1906, years after Marsh9s death; although now mostly scattered or lost, they were discovered to include at least one specimen of Miohippus , an important link in horse evolution. Miohippus was a genus unknown before Marsh described it in his 1874 article in which he announced that he had identified the direct line of descent of the horse. Marsh never credited Condon with this discovery. The Condon story is perhaps a demonstration of the plight of the lone scientist outside the Establishment.
High levels of coach intent to integrate a ACL injury prevention program into training does not translate to effective implementation.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effect of a anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program coaching workshop on elite-level youth soccer coaches' behavioral determinants to implement a injury prevention program and describe coaches' subsequent injury prevention program implementation compliance. DESIGN: Descriptive study. METHODS: We evaluated a soccer club's coaches' behavioral determinants regarding injury prevention programming implementation before and after a coaching workshop using pre- and post-workshop surveys. We then described the club's coaches' subsequent adoption of and implementation compliance with the injury prevention programming during the following season. RESULTS: The injury prevention workshop increased coaches' attitudes toward conducting a program at the beginning of practice (pCONCLUSIONS: Coaching workshops can effectively increase coach attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intent to implement a injury prevention program. However, high levels of behavioral determinants do not appear to translate to high levels of implementation compliance. Language: en
A simplified model for understanding natural convection driven biomass cooking stoves—Part 2: With cook piece operation and the dimensionless form

Abstract In the preceding work of Part 1: Setup and Baseline Validation, a simple model was developed for understanding the simplified, but fundamental operating behavior of natural convection biomass cooking stoves. The model predicts combustion chamber bulk flow parameters—including mass flow rate, temperature, and excess air ratio—from stove design and operation inputs such as geometry and firepower. In the following work of Part 2, this model will be developed further into a dimensionless form. The dimensionless solution reveals generalized natural convection stove behavior common to all such stoves. The experimental implementation of the dimensionless form provides a reduction of independent parameters, and allows for the bulk flow rate, temperature, and even emissions from various stove configurations to be plotted together, for direct comparison, with a single trend for each parameter. Model validation presented in Part 1 is for stove operation without a cook piece in place; in Part 2, model validation is extended to more practical, with cook piece, stove operation. An increased loss coefficient is experimentally determined to account for the added cook piece restriction; with the new coefficient, the model is shown to remain both applicable and accurate. As in Part 1, carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions are recorded in conjunction with model validation. With the cook piece now in place, an upper limit to both firepower and efficient combustion will be observed. Applying the dimensionless firepower axis to the emission data from this, and the preceding work, trends for both carbon monoxide and particulate matter form a single trend for three stove configurations. With the consolidated data, the two emission criteria trend together, and a region of improved emissions is observed over a medium dimensionless firepower range.
Parallel lipoplex folding pathways revealed using magnetic tweezers.

Lipid-coated DNA nanoparticles (lipoplexes) are a powerful gene delivery tool with promising therapeutic applications. The mechanism of lipoplex assembly remains poorly understood. We explored DNA packing by a cationic lipid DSTAP (distearoyl trimethylammonium-propane) using magnetic tweezers. DSTAP-induced DNA condensation occurred as a series of bursts with the mean step size of 60 nm to 80 nm. The pause time preceding the steps could be approximated as a bimodal distribution, which reveals at least two distinct condensation pathways. The rapidly condensed DNA was more resilient to force-induced decondensation. The proportion of the stable, fast-formed complexes decreased at high salt concentrations. A similar trend was observed in bulk experiments. Lipoplexes assembled at low salt concentration more efficiently shielded DNA from fluorescent dyes and DNase even after transfer to the high salt conditions. These data reveal that lipoplex folding occurs via two parallel pathways even at the single molecule level. The progress through the two pathways can be monitored in real time using single DNA manipulations. The relative efficiency of the two pathways can be varied by external conditions.
Early Specialty Palliative Care — Translating Data in Oncology into Practice

For most patients with serious illness, palliative care is provided only near the end of life. The authors review studies showing that earlier palliative care can improve quality of life and reduce health care costs and argue that such care should be standard in serious illness.
Finite Difference Time Domain (Fdtd) Analysis of an Artificially-Synthesized Absorbing Medium

In this paper, we investigate an artificially-synthesized absorbing medium by using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique. The artificial medium is composed of a doubly-periodic array of lossy electric and magnetic material blocks (i.e., μ and e media arranged in a checkerboard configuration). We analyze its reflection characteristics for both normal and oblique incidence cases. It is demonstrated that, if properly designed, the reflection characteristics of the checkerboard are considerably superior to those of a uniform e = μ material of the same thickness. A multi-layer checkerboard is used to truncate a waveguide in the FDTD simulation; the result is comparable to that of an unsplit Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) with the same number of layers.
Radiation Response Prediction In Single-Mode Optical Fibers II

This paper reports progress in the derivation of an empirical model for predicting the radiation induced loss in matched clad single-mode optical fibers. We have drawn fibers from a set of MCVD preforms which were produced over a range of fabrication conditions intended to span the variations encountered in commercial MCVD fiber production. Conclusions regarding dependence of fallout radiation sensitivity on fabrication parameters were drawn from the data through orthogonal matrix analysis.
Handling very large numbers of association rules in the analysis of microarray data

The problem of analyzing microarray data became one of important topics in bioinformatics over the past several years, and different data mining techniques have been proposed for the analysis of such data. In this paper, we propose to use association rule discovery methods for determining associations among expression levels of different genes. One of the main problems related to the discovery of these associations is the scalability issue. Microarrays usually contain very large numbers of genes that are sometimes measured in 10,000s. Therefore, analysis of such data can generate a very large number of associations that can often be measured in millions. The paper addresses this problem by presenting a method that enables biologists to evaluate these very large numbers of discovered association rules during the post-analysis stage of the data mining process. This is achieved by providing several rule evaluation operators, including rule grouping, filtering, browsing, and data inspection operators, that allow biologists to validate multiple individual gane regulation patterns at a time. By iteratively applying these operators, biologists can explore a significant part of all the initially generated rules in an acceptable period of time and thus answer biological questions that are of a particular interest to him or her. To validate our method, we tested our system on the microarray data pertaining to the studies of environmental hazards and their influence of gane expression processes. As a result, we managed to answer several questions that were of interest to the biologists that had collected this data.
Everyday Theory: A Practical Application of the Ecological Perspective.

Knowledge of health behavior theory allows health practitioners to design health promotion interventions that are based on factors that influence behavior. Objectives: At the conclusion of this lesson, students will be able to: (1) identify and define the three major levels of influence of the Ecological Perspective, (2) identify how each level of the Ecological Perspective impacts the health of community members described in an enclosed case study, and (3) develop an intervention strategy to improve the health of community members described in the enclosed case study. Target Population: Because the application of health behavior theory is a topic pertinent to numerous disciplines, individuals studying health education, health promotion, public health, evaluation and assessment, and social work may benefit from this lesson.
Children at risk: we shall overcome.

Distinguished members of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA) and guests, it is indeed a distinct and unique honor for me to be standing here before you accepting this most distinguished award. The almost 40 years of Armstrong lectureships have spanned a remarkable group of individuals and topic areas, which together form a history of some of the most important issues facing our children and our society over the decades. In many ways, they reflect the mission and vision of George L. Armstrong, the pediatrician whose name we use for this esteemed lectureship. Armstrong represents for us a "beacon of dedication and determination toward bringing a healthier world for children in our society," to quote my introduction to the volume of collected lectureships I edited for our organization's 30th anniversary celebration. On the founding, in 1769, of the first dispensary for children in Red Lion Square in London, England, Dr Armstrong's
Mulching effects on vegetation recovery following high severity wildfire in north-central Washington State, USA

Straw mulch application after high severity wildfire has gained favor in recent years due to its efficacy in reducing soil erosion hazards. However, possible collateral effects of mulching on post-fire vegetation recovery have received relatively little study. We assessed mulching effects on plant cover and species richness, tree seedling establishment, and exotic species densities in the second year following the 2006 Tripod Wildfire in north-central Washington State, USA, by observing vegetation responses to spatial variability in mulch cover and depth. Mulch cover averaged about 35%, with a median depth of 0.5 cm. Vegetation recovery was generally slow, with median plant cover of only 10%. Tree seedling densities were low and spatially variable. Vegetative cover, species richness, and seedling densities all declined with increasing elevation. Mulch cover was positively associated with plant cover, plant species richness, and conifer seedling densities when second year mulch cover did not exceed 40%. Only when mulch cover exceeded 70% did mulching begin to negatively affect vegetation recovery relative to areas with no mulch. Vegetation responses to mulch depth were minimal at depths under 3 cm, but quite strong when mulch depth exceeded 5 cm. Exotic plant frequency and density were positively associated with mulch cover, but exotic plant cover was low on average (<1%). In this study, mulch added significant cover to sites with slow natural recovery of vegetation, thereby likely reducing erosion hazard. Mulching also appears to have facilitated native plant recovery and conifer seedling establishment except at very high application levels, easing management concerns about longer-term impacts of mulching treatments on post-fire vegetation recovery.
VARIATIONS IN ISOSEXUAL PSEUDOPRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Summary Isosexual pseudoprecocious puberty is an unusual pediatric gynecologic problem. By and far the most common form of sexual precocity in the female is constitutional precocious puberty. A thorough evaluation of the child who presents with signs of sexual precocity prior to age nine is essential. The treatment of the problem of isosexual pseudoprecocious puberty is dependent upon the etiology as defined by adequate study of the patient.
Differential inheritance of pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit pigments results in black to violet fruit colour

Colour is a critical determinant of fruit and vegetable quality. We characterized the inheritance of black and violet immature pepper fruit colour and chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments responsible for fruit colour. Segregation for black vs. violet fruit colour deviated from expectations for simple inheritance. The primary determinant of fruit colour was the concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments relative to anthocyanin concentration. Whereas anthocyanin concentration was 34% greater in violet fruit, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were 20-fold and fourfold greater, respectively, in black fruit relative to concentrations found in violet fruit. Measurement of Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) colour space scores revealed larger a* values and smaller b* values for violet fruit relative to corresponding parameters for black fruit. An additive–dominance model was sufficient to explain the variation in individual fruit pigments as well as the CIE parameter a*. Addition of additive × additive effects to the additive–dominance model resulted in the best-fit model m[d][h][i] for L* and b* colour space parameters. For all pigment classes, significant additive effects contributed to the genetic variance for fruit colour.
Can pollution tax rebates protect low-wage earners?

Pollution taxes are believed to burden low-income households that spend a greater than average share of income on pollution-intensive goods. Some proposals offset that effect by returning revenue to low-income workers via reduced labor tax. We build analytical general equilibrium models with both high-skilled and low-skilled labor, and we solve for the change in real net wage of each group. Decomposition shows the separate effects of the tax rebate, higher product prices, and the changes in relative wage rates. We also include numerical examples. Even though the pollution tax injures both types of labor, in most cases we find that returning all of the revenue to low-skilled workers is still not enough to offset higher product prices. Changes in relative wage rates may further hurt low-skilled labor. Protecting low-income workers is possible in this model only if they are defined as those below a relatively low wage threshold, but we discuss many possible elaborations of this model that could affect those results.
Transition metal alkylidene complexes. Pathways in their formation and tautomerization between bis-alkylidenes and alkyl alkylidynes

Abstract Studies from authors’ group (at the University of Tennessee) on alkylidene complexes and α-H migration in alkyl alkylidyne complexes, leading to unusual tautomerization equilibria between bis-alkylidenes and alkyl alkylidynes, are reviewed. Preparation of silyl alkylidene complexes (Me 3 ECH 2 ) 2 Ta( CHEMe 3 )(SiR 3 ) [R 3 = (SiMe 3 ) 3 , E = C, 3a , Si, 3b ; R 3 = Bu t Ph 2 , E = C, 4a , Si, 4b ] and the pathway in the formation of 3b are discussed first. Pathways in the formation of archetypical Schrock-type alkyl alkylidenes (Me 3 ECH 2 ) 3 Ta CHEMe 3 (E = C, 5a ; Si, 5b ), including the work using Ta(CD 2 CMe 3 ) 5 ( 21 - d 10 ) to confirm that it is the precursor to (Me 3 CCD 2 ) 3 Ta CDCMe 3 ( 5a - d 7 ), are then considered. Tautomerization of silyl alkylidyne (Me 3 CCH 2 ) 2 W( CCMe 3 )(SiBu t Ph 2 ) ( 6a ) with bis-alkylidene (Me 3 CCH 2 )W( CHCMe 3 ) 2 (SiBu t Ph 2 ) ( 6b ) as well as (Me 3 SiCH 2 ) 3 W( CSiMe 3 )(PR 3 ) [R 3 = Me 3 , 7a ; Me 2 Ph, 8a ; Me 2 (CH 2 ) 2 PMe 2 (DMPE- P ), 9a ] with (Me 3 SiCH 2 ) 2 W( CHSiMe 3 ) 2 (PR 3 ) (R 3 = Me 3 , 7b ; Me 2 Ph, 8b ; DMPE- P , 9b ) [ P refers to a dangling P atom in Me 2 P(CH 2 ) 2 PMe 2 ] is covered next. Finally the conversion of the tungsten phosphine tautomerization mixtures to alkyl alkylidene alkylidyne (Me 3 SiCH 2 )W( CHSiMe 3 )( CSiMe 3 )(PR 3 ) 2 [(PR 3 ) 2 = (PMe 3 ) 2 , 10 ; (PMe 2 Ph) 2 , 11 ; DMPE, 12 ], including its pathway, is presented.
Coalescence efficiencies of fuel droplets in binary collisions

Abstract An experimental study has been carried out in which the coalescence efficiencies of two colliding n-Hexane fuel droplets are determined. The experiments are performed for two burning, as well as two non-burning, fuel droplets to assess the quantitative influences of high temperature combustion environment on the dynamics of the binary collision. The results indicate that the Weber number ( We ) is one of the important parameters that characterizes the outcome of the collision in that the coalescence efficiencies show the same qualitative trend with the Weber number for both burning and non-burning droplets. Under burning conditions, however, the collision type shifts toward higher energy collision mechanism resulting in a more, or a less efficient coalescence depending on if the local We number is below, or above a critical value.
The impact of naturally occurring DR3 microvariants, DRw17 and DRw18, on T-cell allorecognition.

Abstract The limited amino acid sequence differences between the DR3 microvariants, DRw17 and DRw18, are found in the second variable region of the DR β chain (residues 26 and 28) as well as in framework residues 47 and 86. Using selected responder/stimulator combinations, alloproliferative T-lymphocyte clones (TLC) were generated which recognize either a supertypic DR3-related determinant(s) or only those T-cell recognition determinants created by the four amino acids which differ between DRw17 and DRw18. Results indicate that the microvariation creates potent T-cell recognition determinants while leaving the DR3-related determinant(s) unaffected. Several TLC were generated which recognize the DRw18 molecule strongly and the DRw52c molecule weakly reflecting the sequence similarity between these molecules. In addition, one TLC was generated which recognizes DRw18 and DRw14, Dw9 but not DRw14, Dw16 molecules, a result not predicted by linear amino acid sequence comparisons. The intricate and sometimes unpredictable allorecognition patterns observed demonstrate that the molecular context of a specific amino acid sequence is as important as the actual sequence in forming a T-cell recognition site and, thus, in shaping the immune response profile of a given allele.
The carbohydrate composition of J chain from human serum and secretory IgA.

Abstract J chains prepared from human serum IgA and human secretory IgA both contained 7.6% total carbohydrate. The monosaccharide compositions were similar and on the basis of a molecular weight of 26 000 each J chain contained 1 mole fucose, 3 moles mannose, 2 moles galactose, 3–4 moles glucosamine and 1 mole of sialic acid.
Approach to the Active Patient with Chronic Anterior Knee Pain

AbstractThe diagnosis and management of chronic anterior knee pain in the active individual can be frustrating for both the patient and physician. Pain may be a result of a single traumatic event or, more commonly, repetitive overuse. “Anterior knee pain,” “patellofemoral pain syndrome,” and “chondromalacia” are terms that are often used interchangeably to describe multiple conditions that occur in the same anatomic region but that can have significantly different etiologies. Potential pain sources include connective or soft tissue irritation, intra-articular cartilage damage, mechanical irritation, nerve-mediated abnormalities, systemic conditions, or psychosocial issues. Patients with anterior knee pain often report pain during weightbearing activities that involve significant knee flexion, such as squatting, running, jumping, and walking up stairs. A detailed history and thorough physical examination can improve the differential diagnosis. Plain radiographs (anteroposterior, anteroposterior flexion, la...
Force identification from dynamic responses of a bimaterial beam

The dynamic response due to impact of a two-dimensional bimaterial beam system is described in terms of a waveguide model involving two displacements and a rotation. Coupled with spectral analysis, this allows measured signals to characterize the waves propagating in the system; this in turn, is used to predict responses at any locations. In particular, the impacting force can be reconstructed. The results are demonstrated for an aluminum/expoxy system.
5-Fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in cultured oral cancer cells.

Abstract Chemotherapy is commonly used to treat advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and is known to kill cancer cells through apoptosis. Our hypothesis states that 5-fluorouracil (5FU) also kills cultured oral epithelial cells through programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cultured oral cancer cells were exposed to an optimum dose of 20 mg/ml of 5FU. Cells were analyzed for changes in cell cycle distribution and induction of cell death including apoptosis. Normal control, human papilloma virus-immortalized (PP), ATCC SCC cell line (CA1) and two primary oral SCC cell lines (CA3 and -4) were studied. Inhibition of apoptosis by a pan-caspase inhibitor was used. SYTO 11 flow cytometry showed increased apoptosis in all 5FU-treated cell cultures compared to untreated controls. The results show biological variation in apoptotic response. CA1 had the lowest apoptotic rate of the cancer cell lines at 1.5%. Next lowest was CA3, followed by CA4 and PP. In addition, alteration in the G1 and S phase fractions were found. Untreated CA1 showed 28% G1, 53% S compared to 43% G1, and 40% S of treated. We investigated the pathway of apoptosis using the pan-caspase inhibitor IDN-1529 by methylthiazolyl diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric analysis. Results showed mild inhibition of cell death when cells were incubated with 50 μM IDN-1529 for 24 h. This suggests a probable caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that 5FU induces oral cancer cell death through apoptosis and that biological variation exists between normal and cancer cells and between different types of cancer cells themselves. Our data indicate that cultures of a useful in vitro model for chemosensitivity assays are possible. Our results also suggest a caspase-dependent pathway for chemocytotoxicity in oral SCC.
SHELF-LIFE STUDY OF RETORT POUCH BLACK BEAN AND RICE BURRITO COMBAT RATIONS PACKAGED AT SELECTED RESIDUAL GAS LEVELS

Black bean and rice burrito meal-ready-to-eat individual-size (MRE's) entrees were retorted in flexible pouches with four residual gas levels (10, 20, 30, 40 cm 3 ) and stored at three temperatures (4. 4, 26.7 and 37. 8C). Storage temperature was more influential upon quality than residual gas beyond one month of storage. Physicochemical and trained sensory analyses demonstrated that burritos stored at 37. 8C darkened over time, but burritos stored at 4.4 and 26. 7C did not. Untrained consumers gave lower scores to burritos stored at 37. 8C, which were dull, dark, dry, and compressed, than to burritos stored at 4.4C, which were glossy, light, sticky and moist throughout storage. Burrito shelf-life exceeded 6 months at 4.4C, but was limited to less than 3 months at 37. 8C. Residual gas levels in black bean and rice burrito MRE's need not be specified as long as levels are maintained between 10-40 cm 3 .
How close are we to implementing gene targeting in animals other than the mouse

The paper by Kubota et al. in this issue of PNAS (1) describes several significant contributions that bring us much closer to extending “gene targeting” to mammalian species other than the mouse. Gene targeting now provides the means for creating new strains of mice with mutations in virtually any gene. First, the desired mutation is introduced into a cloned copy of the chosen gene by standard recombinant DNA technology. The mutation then is transferred to the genome of a pluripotent mouse embryo-derived stem (ES) cell by means of homologous recombination between the exogenous mutated DNA sequence and the cognate DNA sequence in the ES cell chromosome. By microinjection of ES cells containing the targeted mutation into blastocysts and allowing the embryo to come to term in foster mothers, chimeric mice can be generated that are capable of transmitting the targeted mutation to their offspring.
Millimeter and submillimeter spectroscopy of molecules of atmospheric significance

In our proposal we laid out work in three areas of relevance to atmospheric science: millimeter and submillimeter spectroscopy, variable temperature pressure broadening, and band and intensity measurements in the FIR. Below we will briefly discuss our progress during the second year of this project. In our millimeter and submillimeter (mm/submm) spectroscopic work, one of our goals has been to work towards the unification of the rotational (primarily obtained by mm/submm techniques) and rotational-vibrational (primarily obtained by infrared techniques) data sets in the context of theoretically well founded models which take advantage of the strengths of the data from each experimental technique. From the point of view of the development of the optimal data base for atmospheric observations, this is clearly a desirable goal. During the first year of this project we did an analysis of a weighted, mixed infrared and mm/submm data set of the n = 0, 1, and 2 torsional states of the ground vibrational state of HOOH. The purpose of this work is to provide a unified understanding of the spectrum, which is applicable in both the rotational and rotational - vibrational regimes. We have succeed in doing this in the context of a single weighted fit which accounts for both data sets to their respective experimental uncertainty (-0.1 and 10 MHz, respectively). Additionally, we have now done a similar analysis on the n = 0 torsional state of v(sub 3) and begun a similar analysis on v(sub 6). For several years we have been working on the mm/submm rotational spectra of the many excited vibrational states of HNO3, again with particular emphasis on the relationships between the mm/submm and infrared spectra. During the first year of this project we were able to use mm/submm spectroscopy to fully resolve the torsional splittings in 2 v(sub 9) and v(sub 5), establish a theoretically well founded quantitative relation between them, and show that both have their physical origin in the torsional motion of the v(sub 9) mode.This result has now been incorporated in a recent reanalysis of the infrared spectrum and has resulted in improved fits - eliminating what was in retrospect a systematic error associated with this previously unknown effect.
Prevalence and Predictors of Warfarin Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation at Low or Intermediate Risk and Relation to Thromboembolic Events

with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation (AF) should be based on the CHADS2 score. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of warfarin use in patients with AF at low (CHADS2 = 0) or intermediate (CHADS2 = 1) risk for TEs. Hypothesis: Warfarin use is low in intermediate- and low-risk patients. Methods: Clinical characteristics of 3086 consecutive patients (mean age, 70 ± 13 years) with nonrheumatic AF from an academic multispecialty practice were determined between 2006 and 2008 through individual chart review. Patients were identified based on an inpatient or outpatient encounter, in which a billing diagnosis code of AF or atrial flutter (AFl) was recorded. The decision for anticoagulation was at the discretion of the primary care physician or cardiologist. No intervention to guide anticoagulant therapy was made. Results: Warfarin was prescribed in 180/497 low-risk patients (36%), and in 646/938 intermediate-risk patients (69%). Among high-risk patients (CHADS2 ≥ 2), warfarin was used in 792/968 patients (82%) with a CHADS2 = 2, in 343/410 patients (84%) with a CHADS2 = 3, and in 225/273 patients (82%) with aC HADS 2 ≥ 4. On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of warfarin use in low-risk patients were nonparoxysmal AF (odds ratio [OR]: 5.02, P < 0.0001) and age between 65 and 74 years (OR: 2.21, P < 0.0001). Among intermediate-risk patients, congestive heart failure (OR: 7.34, P < 0.0001), nonparoxysmal AF (OR: 4.04, P < 0.0001), coronary artery disease (OR: 2.53, P < 0.0001), age between 65 and 74 years (OR: 1.68, P = 0.002), and female gender (OR: 1.69, P = 0.002) were independent predictors of warfarin use. Lack of warfarin use (OR: 4.9, P < 0.001) and female gender (OR: 2.0, P = 0.03) were associated with a higher risk of TEs in intermediate-risk patients. None of the CHADS2 parameters was predictive of TEs. Warfarin was not associated with reduction in TEs in low-risk patients. Warfarin use did not have a significant effect on bleeding. Conclusions: Although either aspirin or warfarin is recommended to prevent TEs in patients with AF at intermediate risk for TEs, warfarin is preferred in the majority of patients in general practice. Lack of warfarin use is associated with a higher risk of TEs in intermediate-risk patients with AF. The adoption of new oral anticoagulants that have lower risk of major hemorrhage than warfarin for low- or intermediate-risk AF patients remains to be determined.
Improvement of transport critical current density in in-situ synthesized silver-sheathed superconducting tape of Tl0.78Bi0.22Sr1.6Ba0.4Ca2Cu3O9−δ by intermediate annealing and pressing

Abstract Intermediate thermal annealing and static hydraulic pressing were applied to process in-situ synthesized silver-sheathed superconducting Tl 0.78 Bi 0.22 Sr 1.6 Ba 0.4 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9−δ tapes. It was found that this intermediate processing improved the tape performance as indicated by a 65% increase of transport critical current density ( J c ) at zero field and an even greater increase of 340% at 5.5 T. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the microstructural differences and phase formation of the tapes prepared by three different methods. It was found that a higher core density and more favorable pore distribution due to the intermediate processing were the main reasons for the improvement in J c . Field-cooled (FC, B = 50 G) magnetization measurements using a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) demonstrated a better flux pinning for the tape subjected to the intermediate processing, which is consistent with the greater improvement of the transport J c at 5.5 T than at zero field.
Encouraging homework completion among older adults in therapy.

A growing body of research suggests that homework assignments facilitate positive outcomes in psychotherapy. We describe a cognitive behavioral outpatient therapy that stresses the important role homework plays in psychotherapy outcomes and that is found to be successful for treating emotional distress in both older adults and family caregivers. Just as a number of barriers can make it difficult for older clients to commit to regular therapy appointments, a variety of factors can also influence their completion of homework. We also address key issues frequently encountered when fostering homework compliance among older adults and utilize case vignettes to illustrate successful approaches to address these barriers. We present basic tenets for effective homework completion regardless of age group as well as several methods to address homework challenges that we find to be particularly pertinent for therapists treating today's older adults.
The family environment as a moderator of psychosocial outcomes following traumatic brain injury in young children.

Objective: This study sought to determine whether the family environment moderates psychosocial outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children. Method: Participants were recruited prospectively from consecutive hospital admissions of 3- to 6-year-old children, and included 19 with severe TBI, 56 with complicated mild/moderate TBI, and 99 with orthopedic injuries (OI). They completed 4 assessments across the first 18 months postinjury. The initial assessment included measures of parenting style, family functioning, and the quality of the home. Children's behavioral adjustment, adaptive functioning, and social competence were assessed at each occasion. Mixed model analyses examined the relationship of the family environment to psychosocial outcomes across time. Results: The OI and TBI groups differed significantly in social competence, but the family environment did not moderate the group difference, which was of medium magnitude. In contrast, group differences in behavioral adjustment became more pronounced across time at high levels of authoritarian and permissive parenting; among children with severe TBI, however, even those with low levels of permissive parenting showed increases in behavioral problems. For adaptive functioning, better home environments provided some protection following TBI, but not over time for the severe TBI group. These 3-way interactions of group, family environment, and time postinjury were all of medium magnitude. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the family environment moderates the psychosocial outcomes of TBI in young children, but the moderating influence may wane with time among children with severe TBI. Language: en
IMPACT OF DEFICIT FINANCING IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES: SOMETIMES NEGLECTED ASPECTS*

FOR PURPOSES of this paper, deficit financing will be defined as a net increase in the amount of money in circulation, such increase being the result of conscious governmental policy designed to bring about economic activity that the officials believe desirable and that otherwise would not have taken place. (Thus, it is assumed deficit financing is not offset by taxation, tighter bank credit, etc.) The underdeveloped countries shall be considered nations with low per capita outputs and incomes, a slow increase in productive efficiency, a low level of industrialization, and in which the purpose of deficit financing is to secure a rapid economic development; that is, drastically and quickly to alter the economic structure. Many questions can be asked under the topic assigned me. Most of them not only have been asked but also have been given convincing answers. I shall therefore not here attempt anything like a complete or well-rounded treatment of the subject nor a synthesis of what others have said. Rather, concentrating on some of the less commonly treated-though not ignored-issues, I will look only at certain restricted aspects of the following two interrelated queries: (1) What are the limitations on deficit finance practices putting unemployed factors of production to work, that is, increasing net production of goods and services? and (2) Is deficit financing an effective way of increasing savings, that is, of transferring real resources from consumption to the investment programs desired by the government? For the most part, my concern shall be primarily with the short and medium run.
Rulemaking Activities to Risk-Inform Requirements in 10 CFR Part 50

This paper presents the status of NRC activities to revise requirements in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part 50) to make them more risk-informed. The activities include proposed changes to treatment requirements (requirements such as quality assurance, testing, inspection, documentation that are imposed to add confidence in the capability of structures, systems and components (SSCs) to perform their intended functions) as well as changes to certain technical requirements. The technical requirements under consideration are those relating to combustible gas control and for emergency core cooling systems (including the evaluation models).Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Modeling the impact of Trichodesmium and nitrogen fixation in the Atlantic Ocean

[1] In this paper we use a biological-physical model with an explicit representation of Trichodesmium to examine the influence of N2 fixation in the Atlantic. Three solutions are examined, one where the N2 fixation rate has been set to observed levels, one where the rate has been increased to levels comparable to geochemical estimates, and one with no N2 fixation. All solutions are tuned to reproduce satellite surface chlorophyll concentrations, so that differences in the runs are manifested in productivity and export. Model runs with N2 fixation have different phytoplankton production and export distributions than runs without. Over the Atlantic basin the ecosystem “fixes” nitrogen at the rate of 1.47 × 1012 mol N yr−1, when tuned to observed phytoplankton and Trichodesmium biomass. This rate is comparable to the lower range of direct estimates of 1.3–2.2 × 1012mol N yr−1 [Capone et al., 1997; J. N. Galloway et al., manuscript in preparation, 2003; D. Capone et al., New nitrogen input in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean by nitrogen fixation, submitted to Nature, 2004, hereinafter referred to as Capone et al., submitted manuscript, 2004] but less than geochemical indirect estimates over a reduced domain (2.0 × 1012 mol N yr−1 [Gruber and Sarmiento, 1997] versus 0.55 × 1012 mol N yr−1 for the model). The nitrogen from N2 fixation increases new production by 30% and total production by 5%. However, it does not supplement upwelled nitrate sufficiently to bring production and export into line with remote sensing and geochemically derived estimates. Simulations with N2 fixation rates comparable to geochemical estimates show that reasonable phytoplankton concentrations can be maintained if export is increased. Moreover, phytoplankton productivity increases to values approaching remote-sensing-based estimates in the oligotrophic ocean. However, Trichodesmium biomass may be higher than observed.
Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles synthesized from benzene by electric plasma discharge

Various allotropes of Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are emerging as very important building blocks for nanotechnology and biomedical applications due to their unique electronic, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. We report synthesis of crystalline CNPs from benzene using electric plasma discharge method under controlled laboratory environment. With varied electric field, different allotropes of carbon were synthesized as observed under high resolution electron microscope and selected area electron diffraction, optical spectroscopic studies revealed distinct differences between these CNPs. Raman spectroscopy of these CNPs showed a distinct peak at 1330 cm -1 (characteristic of defect band) and another peak at 1600 cm -1 (graphitic band). The ratio of defect to graphitic band was found to increase with increasing voltage between Fe-electrodes. Further, the ratio was altered when CNPs were formed using graphite-electrodes. Fluorescence spectroscopic measurements showed evident blue fluorescence exhibited by CNPs formed at relatively higher voltage between two Fe-electrodes. This was attributed to the increasing Fe-content, as measured by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Addition of exogenous dyes in benzene during synthesis of CNPs using electric plasma discharge led to formation of fluorescent nanotubes. These fluorescent CNPs can be functionalized to target cancer cells for both imaging and targeted photothermal therapy using near-IR laser beam.
Quantile estimation when applying conditional Monte Carlo

We describe how to use conditional Monte Carlo (CMC) to estimate a quantile. CMC is a variance-reduction technique that reduces variance by analytically integrating out some of the variability. We show that the CMC quantile estimator satisfies a central limit theorem and Bahadur representation. We also develop three asymptotically valid confidence intervals (CIs) for a quantile. One CI is based on a finite-difference estimator, another uses batching, and the third applies sectioning. We present numerical results demonstrating the effectiveness of CMC.
The mechanical properties of solidified polyethylene glycol 600, an analog for lava crust

Abstract The strength of lava crust and the role of that crust in determining lava flow dynamics and morphology are of fundamental importance in modeling lava flow behavior. Great improvements to flow models have been made by combining theoretical analysis with the results from analog experiments using polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) wax, which solidifies just below room temperature and can be used to simulate solidifying flows. However, a paucity of experimental data on the mechanical properties of solid PEG 600 has limited the quantitative interpretation of the role of crust in these experiments. We have, therefore, conducted experiments to measure the mechanical properties (tensile strength, shear strength, and Young’s modulus) of solidified PEG 600 at temperatures and strain rates similar to those employed in analog experiments. The mechanical properties of PEG 600 can be modeled by a power law function of temperature, with the tensile strength exhibiting an additional dependence on strain rate. At intermediate temperatures, marked changes in the temperature dependence of the Young’s modulus and in the character of failure surfaces indicate a transition from brittle to ductile behavior. We find that the strength of solid PEG 600 at experimental temperatures and strain rates exceeds that inferred for the crust on active laboratory flows by four orders of magnitude. This discrepancy is best explained by the presence of a thin visco-elastic layer separating the solid surface from the fluid interior of PEG 600 flows, a model that has been suggested to explain the behavior of some basaltic lava flows.
Transient oxygen species on NiO single-crystal surfaces☆

Abstract Conductivity changes of single-crystal NiO resulting from pulsed adsorption of oxygen have been observed. The conductivity of the NiO increases rapidly as the pulse contacts the sample and then slowly decays after the pulse is swept away. Two types of decay behavior are seen: (1) a slow nonexponential decay after oxygen adsorption on a surface previously treated with hydrogen and (2) a decay consisting of two sequential flow-dependent exponentials after oxygen adsorption on a surface previously treated with a large number of oxygen pulses. The nonexponential decay, (1), has been previously reported on powdered NiO. An analytic form describing the nonexponential decay is presented, based on the multiple-trapping model previously proposed by the authors. Implications of the flow dependence of the exponential decays in terms of the structure of the adsorbed species and the role of surface vacancies in that structure are suggested.
Error and Sensitivity Analysis of Geophysical Eigensystems

Abstract The first-order perturbation technique is reviewed as a tool for investigating the error and sensitivity of results obtained from the eigenanalysis of geophysical systems. Expressions are provided for the change in a system's eigenfunctions (e.g., normal modes) and their periods and growth rates associated with a small change δL in the system matrix L. In the context of data analysis, these expressions can be used to estimate changes or uncertainties in the eigenstructure of matrices involving the system's covariance statistics. Their application is illustrated in the problems of 1) updating a subset of the empirical orthogonal functions and their eigenvalues when more data become available, 2) estimating uncertainties in the growth rate and spatial structure of the singular vectors of a linear dynamical system, and 3) estimating uncertainties in the period, growth rate, and spatial structure of the normal modes of a linear dynamical system. The linear system considered in examples 2 and 3 is an ...