cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A predictive relationship between population and genetic sex ratios in clonal species

Abstract Sexual reproduction depends on mate availability that is reflected by local sex ratios. In species where both sexes can clonally expand, the population sex ratio describes the proportion of males, including clonally derived individuals (ramets) in addition to sexually produced individuals (genets). In contrast to population sex ratio that accounts for the overall abundance of the sexes, the genetic sex ratio reflects the relative abundance of genetically unique mates, which is critical in predicting effective population size but is difficult to estimate in the field. While an intuitive positive relationship between population (ramet) sex ratio and genetic (genet) sex ratio is expected, an explicit relationship is unknown. In this study, we determined a mathematical expression in the form of a hyperbola that encompasses a linear to a nonlinear positive relationship between ramet and genet sex ratios. As expected when both sexes clonally have equal number of ramets per genet both sex ratios are identical, and thus ramet sex ratio becomes a linear function of genet sex ratio. Conversely, if sex differences in ramet number occur, this mathematical relationship becomes nonlinear and a discrepancy between the sex ratios amplifies from extreme sex ratios values towards intermediate values. We evaluated our predictions with empirical data that simultaneously quantified ramet and genet sex ratios in populations of several species. We found that the data support the predicted positive nonlinear relationship, indicating sex differences in ramet number across populations. However, some data may also fit the null model, which suggests that sex differences in ramet number were not extensive, or the number of populations was too small to capture the curvature of the nonlinear relationship. Data with lack of fit suggest the presence of factors capable of weakening the positive relationship between the sex ratios. Advantages of this model include predicting genet sex ratio using population sex ratios given known sex differences in ramet number, and detecting sex differences in ramet number among populations.
Near-infrared fluorescent image-guided surgery for intracranial meningioma.

OBJECTIVEMeningiomas are the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system. Complete resection can be curative, but intraoperative identification of dural tails and tumor remnants poses a clinical challenge. Given data from preclinical studies and previous clinical trials, the authors propose a novel method of localizing tumor tissue and identifying residual disease at the margins via preoperative systemic injection of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent contrast dye. This technique, what the authors call “second-window indocyanine green” (ICG), relies on the visualization of ICG approximately 24 hours after intravenous injection.METHODSEighteen patients were prospectively identified and received 5 mg/kg of second-window ICG the day prior to surgery. An NIR camera was used to localize the tumor prior to resection and to inspect the margins following standard resection. The signal to background ratio (SBR) of the tumor to the normal brain parenchyma was measured in triplicate. Gross tumor and margi...
Rape Myth Acceptance in Sexually Assaulted Adolescents' School Contexts: Associations with Depressed Mood and Alcohol Use

High school students exposed to sexual assault (SA) are at risk for negative outcomes like depressed mood and high-risk drinking. Although evidence suggests that both social contexts and internalized stigma can affect recovery from SA, no research to date has directly examined the presence of stigma in social contexts such as high schools as a correlate of adjustment after SA. In this study, the self-reported rape myth acceptance (RMA) of 3080 students from 97 grade cohorts in 25 high schools was used to calculate grade-mean and school-mean RMA, which was entered into multilevel models predicting depressed mood and alcohol use among N = 263 SA survivors within those schools. Two forms of RMA were assessed (i.e., rape denial and traditional gender expectations). Results indicate that higher grade-mean rape denial was associated with higher risk for depressed mood among high school boys and girls exposed to SA, and higher grade-mean traditional gender expectations were associated with higher risk for alcohol use among girls exposed to SA. Survivors' own RMA and school-level RMA were not significantly associated with their depressed mood or alcohol use. Although causality cannot be concluded, these findings suggest that interventions that reduce stigma in social contexts should be explored further as a strategy to improve well-being among high-school-aged survivors of SA.
Solubilization of oil droplets by micellar surfactant solutions

Traditionally, small molecule surfactants have been used in the food industry for three major purposes: (i) to enhance the formation and stability of emulsions; (ii) to modify food structure and rheology by interaction with biopolymers; and (iii) to alter the morphology of fat crystals by interaction with triacylglycerols (Krog 1990, Dickinson 1992). Recently, a number of novel applications of surfactant molecules have been identified which are likely to lead to the development of new processing techniques in the near future (Dickinson and McClements 1995, Wolcott 1995). These applications are based on the ability of small molecule surfactants to form molecular aggregates called micelles (Figure 1). Typically, a micelle consists of between 30 and 100 surfactant molecules, orientated so that their hydrophobic tails are located in the interior of the micelle (away from the water), and their hydrophilic head groups are located at the exterior (in contact with the water). This type of structure is formed because it minimizes the unfavourable contact area between polar and non-polar regions. In contrast to emulsions, micelles are thermodynamically stable systems. They also have highly dynamic and flexible structures, with surfactant molecules rapidly entering and leaving the micelle. Even so, they do have a clearly defined average size (distribution) and shape over measurable time scales. Typically, micelles are between 5 and 20 nm in diameter, and are therefore about a thousand times smaller than emulsion droplets.
Future Completion of a Spacetime and Standard Causal Constructions

The future completion of a spacetime, equipped with the future chronological topology, is ripe for consideration of constructions and properties typically expressed for a spacetime. Joining elements with a causal curve is problematic, but some progress is reported. We look at trying to do global hyperbolicity in the future completion \(\hat{M}\) of M; this works well if M has a compact Cauchy surface, but otherwise, not so well.
The Utility of Polyether-Ether-Ketone Implants Adjacent to Sinus Cavities After Craniofacial Trauma.

Purpose Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implants have become increasingly popular for use in reconstructive procedures. It is imperative to understand the consequences of using this biomaterial in anatomic sites that can pose a risk of infection. Specifically, the use of PEEK in paranasal sinus cavity reconstruction is not well documented. This study examined postoperative complications, namely surgical site infection and implant loss, in patients who underwent paranasal sinus cavity reconstruction using PEEK implants. Materials and Methods This study is a single-center case series. Patients who underwent craniomaxillofacial reconstruction with a custom-made PEEK implant in intimate contact with a functional paranasal sinus from June 2013 to May 2017 were included. Baseline characteristics and preoperative and postoperative variables were collected by retrospective chart review. Results Eight patients were included in this study. Average patient age was 45.75 ± 19.36 years. Average follow-up duration was 300 ± 263 days. Mean operative time for PEEK implantation was 214.13 ± 66.03 minutes. Implant size ranged from 5 to nearly 100 cm2. No patients were diagnosed with acute or chronic sinusitis postoperatively. One patient underwent explantation of his PEEK implant secondary to breakdown of overlying skin that separated from the site of the frontal sinus because of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermis infection. Conclusions Literature review indicates that this is the largest case series reported to date documenting the use of PEEK implants in reconstruction of the region of the paranasal sinuses. Specific biologic, or alloplastic, barriers outside the formation of native scar tissue or regional fasciocutaneous tissues at the sites of reconstruction were not used in these reconstructions, although consideration for placement of these barriers can be at the discretion of the operative surgeon. The authors conclude that PEEK implants can be used in complex craniomaxillofacial reconstructive procedures to achieve near anatomic reconstruction not easily attainable through conventional means. Defects that involve the paranasal sinus cavities with a functional ostium or obliterated sinus cavity can be reconstructed with PEEK implants without increasing the risk of infection and need for explantation. Long-term follow-up and continued outcome results of this treatment modality will be necessary to verify its clinical usefulness in the future.
Manometric Studies on the Intraocular Pressure and Vascular Circulation in Ophthalmic Disease

This clinical condition provides a dramatic example of the absence of a normal outflow system and the effects on intraocular pressure (IOP), the outflow facility, and the effect of high IOP on the cornea. The clinical signs of congenital glaucoma include thickening, edema, clouding, and increased diameter of the cornea. The corneal edema and swelling precludes use of indentation and Goldmann tonometers to measure the IOP. Under these conditions, cannulation of the anterior chamber using a manometric technique provides a direct way to evaluate the IOP and to investigate the possibility of surgical therapy. A needle with a double-cutting edge connected to a bottle of sterile saline set at approximately 40–50 mmHg and connected to a sterilized pressure transducer is inserted from the area of the corneal scleral junction and directed toward the middle of the anterior chamber. The steady state IOP is determined by a short recording of the IOP ( Fig. 10.1 ). The steady state IOP in this patient was 40 mmHg, the pulse amplitude was 2.2 mmHg, and the corresponding rate of pulsatile blood flow was 365 μ l min −1 . An attempt was then made to open up the trabecular meshwork with the cutting edge of the recording needle; the needle was then brought into contact with the trabecular meshwork and a cut of approximately 10° was made into the Schlemm’s canal. In this patient success was immediate and the IOP started to fall (see Fig. 10.1 ) with a new state IOP of 17 mmHg. In this patient it required only a very small opening through the meshwork to achieve a normal outflow and IOP. Full recovery ensued, and a normal IOP and transparency of the cornea were confirmed at 1 year. This clinical case gave a good example of the abnormal drainage of aqueous humor resulting in an abnormally high IOP from a 10
Wilson’s Disease: Gastrointestinal Features

Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes copper to accumulate in various tissues throughout the body. Carriers occur at a rate of approximately one in 100, but the disease occurs in 1–4 per 100,000. Disease found early can be treated, but advanced disease may require a liver transplant.
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM EXERCISE ON HUMAN MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA

In this study we have examined muscle adaptations to long term exercise in man. Studies of Holloszy (1), Kraus (2), Gollnick (3) and their coworkers leave little doubt that exercise training stimulates muscle mitochondrial changes. We will present further evidence that exercise training in man stimulates mitochondrial growth, oxidative capacity, and capacity for syntheses of glycogen and lipid.
Operation of Distribution Networks with Volatile Supply and Controllable Data Center Demand

The emerging distribution networks are equipped with renewable generation resources, controllable loads and corresponding monitoring and control assets to actively regulate the aggregated demand in the bulk power system. The volume of the energy received from the bulk power system as well as the price of electricity contributes to the operation cost of the distribution network. Distribution system operators balance the demand and supply and compensate for the intermittency and variability of the local renewable generation resources and noncontrollable loads using the controllable generation and demand assets. Data centers are large flexible electrical loads in distribution networks that could help the distribution system operators to manage the operation cost and to mitigate the imbalance between the demand and generation. The introduced uncertainties in the operation horizon provide economic risks in the distribution network operation. Hence, providing efficient measures for risk associated with the uncertainties provides an insight for the decision makers to avoid over conservative operation decisions. The proposed risk averse operation planning framework constrains the volatility of the expected cost through the conditional value at risk (CVaR) assessment.
Increased Incidence of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism following Pedicled Lower Extremity Flap Harvest for Abdominal and Perineal Reconstruction in Patients Receiving Mechanical Prophylaxis and Chemoprophylaxis: A Case for Heightened Awareness.

BACKGROUND Postsurgical venous thromboembolism remains a leading cause of hospital morbidity. Data to support venous thromboembolism prophylaxis guidelines in lower extremity flap surgery are lacking. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of pedicled lower extremity flap harvest on venous thromboembolism development in the setting of abdominal or perineal reconstruction. METHODS One hundred twenty-six patients undergoing unilateral lower extremity flap harvest for abdominal or perineal reconstruction were included. The contralateral leg served as an internal control. Sixty comorbidity-matched patients who underwent abdominal/perineal resection without flap reconstruction provided an external control. Bivariate analyses included chi-square and t tests; logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables on venous thromboembolism development. RESULTS All patients underwent flap reconstruction for an oncologic defect of the abdomen or perineum, with 80 percent undergoing perineal reconstruction. Most patients underwent anterolateral thigh (41 percent) or gracilis flap (40 percent) harvest. Eleven patients developed deep venous thromboses in one or more legs (9 percent): 10 of 11 (90.9 percent) in the donor extremity and five (45.5 percent) contralaterally (p = 0.022). Patients who underwent flap harvest had a 10-fold higher odds of venous thromboembolism formation when compared to comorbidity-matched controls without flap reconstruction (OR, 10.64; 95 percent CI, 1.11 to 102.34; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS The rate of venous thromboembolism is higher than previously appreciated for reconstructive procedures of the abdomen and/or perineum that use pedicled lower extremity flaps-particularly in the operative extremity. Additional research can clarify the role for further prophylaxis or screening. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Encouraging farmers' participation in the Conservation Stewardship Program: A field experiment

Abstract In this paper we present the results of a field experiment on encouraging farmers' application for agri-environmental schemes, specifically the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) that is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture at the state level. We sent different versions of a recruitment/enrollment letter to agricultural producers in 36 Nebraska counties with historically very low levels of CSP enrollment. We found that the letters doubled the uptake rates as compared to the control (no letter) population. Personalized letters with a handwritten phrase appealing to people's empathetic tendencies toward environmental conservation – an empathy nudge – had the largest impact. When the same nudge was photocopied, it performed statistically significantly worse than handwritten and somewhat (statistically insignificant) worse than a standard letter. The experimental results suggest that the USDA can double the application rate at a cost of only $58–116 per farm. If the money spent on sending letters were instead directed toward increasing financial incentives, it would be cost-equivalent to adding 2.5–5 cents per acre per year to CSP payments. During the time of the experiment, the CSP payments in the state were on average $6.8/acre for rangeland and $24/acre for cropland per year, and extra 2.5–5 cents per acre per year is unlikely to affect the decision of a farmer to apply. As such, from an agri-environmental policy perspective, using personalized letters is highly cost effective.
Development of a formative peer observation protocol for STEM faculty reflection

AbstractFaculty peer observation has seen increasing uptake in recent years, in some cases as an alternative or supplement to student teaching evaluations. While many universities encourage faculty...
Validation of RTOG 0813 Proximal Bronchial Tree Constraints for Pulmonary Toxicity With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Central Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose Clinical validation of protocol-specified dosimetric constraints for the proximal bronchial tree (PBT) is limited for central non-small cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy. We sought to validate Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) PBT constraints with a large institutional data set. Methods and Materials Lesions ≤2 cm from the PBT treated with definitive stereotactic body radiation therapy from 2009 to 2016 were identified from a prospective registry of 1462 patients. Every PBT dose and volume combination, ranging from 0 cGy to 8000 cGy in increments of 10 cGy and volumes ranging from 0.03 cm3 to 50 cm3 in increments of 0.03 cm3, was analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of these endpoints for identifying pulmonary toxicity were calculated. Pulmonary toxicity was classified as pneumonitis or nonpneumonitis toxicity (NPT) (fistula, stenosis, necrosis, hemoptysis, clinically significant pleural effusion). The optimal dosimetric predictor was chosen by calculation of F-score (highest sensitivity and specificity). Results The study included 132 patients, with 26.0-month median follow-up. Eight grade ≥2 NPT (2 grade 5) and 8 grade 2 pneumonitis toxicities were observed. The PBT dosimetric endpoint with the highest F-score for identification of grade 2 to 5 NPT was D0.03cc ≤5000 cGy and that for grade 3 to 5 NPT was D0.33cc ≤4710 cGy, with sensitivity and specificity of 87.5% and 76.6% and 100.0% and 85.7%, respectively. Applying the RTOG 0813 PBT constraints to our data set achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 33.3% and 92.1% for D4cc ≤1800 cGy and 37.5% and 92.7% for D0.03cc ≤5250 cGy for identification of grade 2 to 5 NPT. A PBT dosimetric correlation for pneumonitis toxicity could not be identified. Conclusions This novel dosimetric analysis validates current RTOG constraints and emphasizes high-dose, small-volume constraints as better predictors for NPT. We demonstrated that a slightly lower maximum point dose PBT constraint may be optimal for identification of NPT. Validation of these findings in a larger cohort of patients with longer follow-up is necessary.
Priority Scheduling for Interactive Applications

Many modern parallel applications, such as desktop software and cloud-based web services, are service-oriented, long running, and perform frequent interactions with the external world (e.g., responding to user input). We want such interactive applications to provide fast response times because typically at the other end of the external interaction there is a user waiting for a response. Existing parallel platforms designed for multicore hardware do not work well for such interactive applications, because they are designed to maximize throughput (rather than responsiveness). Interactive applications may have a mixture of interactive and compute-intensive tasks occurring concurrently, and the scheduler must be able to discern and prioritize tasks so that tasks which require faster response are prioritized over background tasks. We present Interactive Cilk, or I-Cilk for short, a task parallel platform designed to schedule such parallel interactive applications. I-Cilk supports a C++-based templated library that allows the programmer to specify priorities for task-parallel code, and the underlying runtime schedules the computation so as to optimize for the response time of high-priority tasks. We show that the scheduling algorithm used by I-Cilk provides provably efficient response times for tasks at all levels of priorities, with better response time to high-priority tasks. We also empirically demonstrate that the scheduling algorithm can be implemented efficiently in practice with low scheduling overhead and provides fast response times for high-priority tasks.
Self-Regulatory Development in Children from Chinese Immigrant Families: Evidence for Commonality and Specificity

A central theme of acculturative specificity is the heterogeneity of the immigrant experience. This study integrated this application of the Specificity Principle with intergenerational transmission models of self-regulation and identified both common and specific pathways in the self-regulatory development of Chinese American children in immigrant families (N = 169, Mage = 9.2 years). Consistent with intergenerational transmission models, results indicated associations between parents' and children's effortful control, with the mediation of these associations via authoritarian parenting. Parental education, family income, and children's bilingual proficiency were also uniquely associated with children's executive function and effortful control. Together, findings provide new directions for research with ethnic minority immigrant families, and underscore the utility of within-group approaches in advancing research on ethnic minority children's development.
The Role of DND1 in Cancers.

The Ter mutation in Dead-End 1 (Dnd1), Dnd1Ter, which leads to a premature stop codon, has been determined to be the cause for primordial germ cell deficiency, accompanied with a high incidence of congenital testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) or teratomas in the 129/Sv-Ter mice. As an RNA-binding protein, DND1 can bind the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of mRNAs and function in translational regulation. DND1 can block microRNA (miRNA) access to the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs, thus inhibiting miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation and up-regulating translation or can also function to degrade or repress mRNAs. Other mechanisms of DND1 activity include promoting translation initiation and modifying target protein activity. Although Dnd1Ter mutation causes spontaneous TGCT only in male 129 mice, it can also cause ovarian teratomas in mice when combined with other genetic defects or cause germ cell teratomas in both genders in the WKY/Ztm rat strain. Furthermore, studies on human cell lines, patient cancer tissues, and the use of human cancer genome analysis indicate that DND1 may possess either tumor-suppressive or -promoting functions in a variety of somatic cancers. Here we review the involvement of DND1 in cancers, including what appears to be its emerging role in somatic cancers.
Mining user interests from personal photos

Personal photos are enjoying explosive growth with the popularity of photo-taking devices and social media. The vast amount of online photos largely exhibit users' interests, emotion and opinions. Mining user interests from personal photos can boost a number of utilities, such as advertising, interest based community detection and photo recommendation. In this paper, we study the problem of user interests mining from personal photos. We propose a User Image Latent Space Model to jointly model user interests and image contents. User interests are modeled as latent factors and each user is assumed to have a distribution over them. By inferring the latent factors and users' distributions, we can discover what the users are interested in. We model image contents with a four-level hierarchical structure where the layers correspond to themes, semantic regions, visual words and pixels respectively. Users' latent interests are embedded in the theme layer. Given image contents, users' interests can be discovered by doing posterior inference. We use variational inference to approximate the posteriors of latent variables and learn model parameters. Experiments on 180K Flickr photos demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.
Constrained-Search Formulation And Recent Coordinate Scaling In Density-Functional Theory

The constrained-search formulation, which simplifies and generalizes the original Hohenberg-Kohn theorem and solves the v-representability problem, is briefly reviewed. The constrained-search formulation is then combined with coordinate scaling to derive bounds for the exact exchange-correlation functional. The asymptotic bounds are not generally satisfied by commonly employed approximations. Coordinate scaling is then employed to present formulas which extract ground-state energies from experimental electron densities and to present a set of three necessary and sufficient conditions for the exact orbital-generated Kohn-Sham exchange potential which is a local operator. Finally, coordinate scaling equality requirements are revealed for the correlation hole.
Software Change and Evolution

Changeability (also called evolvability) is an essential property of software. Software change is the foundation for both new software development and legacy software maintenance, therefore a better understanding of software change is an important software engineering issue. This paper covers selected topics related to software change, including minicycle of change, partitioned annotations, and change propagation, and gives a brief overview of the field.
Progression of the EEG in Lafora-Body Disease

ABSTRACT.Lafora-body disease is classified as progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The disease is characterized by the triad of epilepsy, myoclonus, and progressive dementia. Deposits called Lafora bodies are found in the central nervous system and other organs, including the liver and skin. In this case history, the diagnosis of Lafora-body disease was confirmed by the finding of Lafora bodies in a skin biopsy. The EEG in Lafora's disease has consistently been reported as abnormal. As the patient deteriorates clinically, the EEG also deteriorates, as shown in our case study.
Convergent Inputs from Thalamic Motor Nuclei and Frontal Cortical Areas to the Dorsal Striatum in the Primate

Current models of basal ganglia circuitry primarily associate the ventral thalamic nuclei with relaying basal ganglia output to the frontal cortex. However, some studies have demonstrated projections from the ventral anterior (VA) and ventral lateral (VL) thalamic nuclei to the striatum, suggesting that these nuclei directly modulate the striatum. VA/VL nuclei have specific connections with primary, supplementary, premotor, and cingulate motor cortices indicating their involvement in motor function. These areas mediate different aspects of motor control such as movement execution, motor learning, and sensorimotor integration. Increasing evidence indicates that functionally related motor areas have convergent projections to the dorsal striatum, suggesting that integration of different aspects of motor control occur at the level of the striatum. This study examines the organization of VA/VL thalamic inputs to the dorsal "motor" striatum to determine how this afferent projection is organized with respect to corticostriatal afferents from motor, premotor, and cingulate motor areas. Motor cortical projections to specific dorsal striatal regions arose from multiple areas, including components from primary motor, premotor, supplementary, and cingulate motor areas. Diverse motor cortical projections to a given dorsal striatal region indicated convergence of functionally related corticostriatal motor pathways. Most dorsal striatal sites received dense thalamic inputs from the VL pars oralis nucleus. Additional thalamostriatal projections arose from VA, VL pars caudalis, and ventral posterior lateral pars oralis nuclei and Olszewski's Area X. Our results provide evidence for convergent striatal projections from interconnected ventral thalamic and cortical motor areas, suggesting that these afferents modulate the same striatal output circuits.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of myelofibrosis.

Introduction: Myelofibrosis (MF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with significant disease burden composed of splenomegaly, constitutional symptoms and a reduced life expectancy. The advent of targeted treatments has provided new means by which to improve MF associated splenomegaly, symptoms, health-related quality of life and even mortality.Areas covered: We discuss the spectrum of targeted treatments currently under investigation for MF. We furthermore compare their effects on improving anemia, reducing fibrosis and splenomegaly and enhancing symptom control.Expert opinion: MF is a complex disorder, partly attributable to its heterogeneity. Although the severity of patient symptoms correlates with risk category, high symptom burden may also be observed in low-risk patients. Serial use of PRO tools allows clinicians to objectively evaluate the MF symptom burden, compare efficacy of therapies and adjust medications to improve symptom control. Novel targeted agents have proven superior to histor...
Turing completeness in the language of genetic programming with indexed memory

Genetic programming is a method for evolving functions that find approximate or exact solutions to problems. There are many problems that traditional genetic programming (GP) cannot solve, due to the theoretical limitations of its paradigm. A Turing machine (TM) is a theoretical abstraction that expresses the extent of the computational power of algorithms. Any system that is Turing complete is sufficiently powerful to recognize all possible algorithms. GP is not Turing complete. This paper proves that when GP is combined with the technique of indexed memory, the resulting system is Turing complete. This means that, in theory, GP with indexed memory can be used to evolve any algorithm. >
A world in crisis and transition: the millennial and the modern in Britain, 1914–1918

The link between modernism and the First World War is, by this time, a standard topic in the historiography of the conflict. Discussion on this topic often centres on the nature and strength of this connection with debate rising as to whether the war, as Vincent Sherry states, ‘locates the moment in which the new sensibility of English – and international – modernism comes fully into existence’ – or not (Vincent Sherry, The Great War and the Language of Modernism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, 6). Disagreement as to the war's impact on literature and other aspects of Western culture is well known and the debate spawned by this disagreement is a vigorous one. One of the deepest wells of this vigour is the shifting definition and application of the term ‘modernism’ with regard to the various intellectual and artistic forms that emerged in the wartime and post-war cultural landscape. While not entering into this debate directly, this article examines elements of religious thought that attended the w...
THE IMPACT OF ELECTRICAL DELAY (QLV) ON THE BENEFIT OF ELECTROGRAM BASED AV OPTIMIZATION WITH CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY: FINDINGS FROM THE SMART-AV TRIAL

Markers of electrical dyssynchrony, including the electrical delay at the left ventricular pacing site (QLV), are predictive of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response. An electrogram based AV optimization algorithm, SmartDelay (SD), is designed to maximize electrical resynchronization with
Calculated initial energies of electrons in Si and SiO2 irradiated by photons with energies up to 2 MeV

Abstract Calculated spectra of initial energies are presented to electrons produced in Si and SiO2 irradiated by monoenergetic photons with energies up to 2 MeV and by photons from 60Co. The computations take into account the photoelectric effect, single Compton scattering of an incident photon, and emission of an Auger electron following creation of a K-shell vacancy in a Si or O atom. Pair production is neglected. The tables presented here can be used to calculate initial electron energy spectra for photons with an arbitrary energy spectrum up to 2 MeV.
Cloning, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of the 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase from Sheep Liver

Abstract The mRNA encoding the 51-kDa subunit of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) from sheep liver was reverse-transcribed and amplified. The resulting cDNA was reamplified in N-terminal and C-terminal segments and spliced to generate a full-length clone, and an internal cDNA fragment was also amplified. The full-length clone containing the complete coding sequence of the 6PGDH cDNA was sequenced and found to contain two mutations and two deletions in the internal region and two mutations outside of the internal region, an A to G point mutation at position 1407 that resulted in the amino acid change Gln 445 to Arg and a silent mutation at position 1426. The internal clone was sequenced and shown to be free of any mutations; therefore the internal piece was used to replace the same region in the full-length clone to correct the mutations in this region. The mutation at position 1407 which was outside of the internal region was corrected using site-directed mutagenesis. The cDNA with the correct codon was then subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pQE-30 and overproduced in Escherichia coli strain M15. A protein with a subunit molecular weight of 51,000 was expressed at a level of about 4.5% of the total soluble protein in M15 as judged by SDS/PAGE. Cloning into pQE-30 adds six histidines and a short linker to the N-terminus of the enzyme. The recombinant 6PGDH with His-tag was purified using the Ni-NTA affinity column supplied by Qiagen. The purification procedure resulted in a homogeneous protein by SDS/PAGE with 22.4-fold purification with an overall yield of 61%. The recombinant enzyme exhibits kinetic parameters within error identical to those measured for native sheep liver enzyme.
Gold and the Dollar (and the Euro, Pound, and Yen)

Abstract Usually, gold and the Dollar are negatively related; when the Dollar price of gold increases, the Dollar depreciates against other currencies. This is intuitively puzzling because it seems to suggest that gold prices are associated with appreciation in other currencies. Why should the Dollar be different? We show here that there is actually no puzzle. The price of gold can be associated with currency depreciation in every country. The Dollar price of gold can be related to Dollar depreciation and the Euro (Pound, Yen) price of gold can be related to Euro (Pound, Yen) depreciation. Indeed, this is usually the case empirically.
The perturbation spectrum of CO

Perturbation rotational levels in triplet states of CO emission spectra attributed to resonance fluorescence process involving optically forbidden transitions
Correlations and x-ray scattering in polar smectic-A1 phases

The model introduced by Prost to describe polar liquid crystals with competition between two different layer spacings in smectic-A phases is used to calculate the x-ray scattering intensity I(q) in the monolayer (A 1 ) phase. I(q) can respectively exhibit a single spot, single ring, double ring, or double spot pattern in the vicinity of the bi-layer wavenumber q 0 as the A 2 , A, C~ or incommensurate phases are approached. There may also be a double-spot-single-ring pattern when there is competition between the incommensurate and A phases. These idealized patterns may be masked by non-critical fluctuations if first order transitions prevent a close approach to the limit of stability of the A 1 phase Etude de l'intensite I(q) de diffusion des rayons X dans la phase A, monocouche, a partir du modele propose par Prost. I(q) peut manifester differentes formes caracteristiques lorsqu'on approche des phases A 2 , A, C et incommensurable
Nonlinear Surface Waves in Two Dimensions

Two-dimensional flow is a very useful model for practising applications of differential geometry in fluid dynamics. This flow still contains all the special features of the compact three-dimensional flow but is simpler in calculations. In addition, it is not just an idealization, because there are systems that can be modeled with two-dimensional drop systems. Examples of such systems are highly flattened droplets in gravity moving frictionless on rigid surfaces, cell motility and division, electron drops in high magnetics field, long wavelength jets emitted from orifices, evolution of oil spots surrounded by water in oil extraction or ecologic accidents, or closed polymer chains surrounding water bodies. In the following, we discuss some general geometrical properties of two-dimensional flow, and then we study a model of a two-dimensional drop in oscillation, both theoretical and experimental (see Fig. 12.1).
Genetic Ablation of the Fatty Acid–Binding Protein FABP5 Suppresses HER2-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis

The fatty acid binding protein FABP5 shuttles ligands from the cytosol to the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ (encoded for by Pparδ), thereby enhancing the transcriptional activity of the receptor. This FABP5/PPARδ pathway is critical for induction of proliferation of breast carcinoma cells by activated EGFR. In this study, we show that FABP5 is highly upregulated in human breast cancers and we provide genetic evidence of the pathophysiological significance of FABP5 in mammary tumorigenesis. Ectopic expression of FABP5 was found to be oncogenic in 3T3 fibroblasts where it augmented the ability of PPARδ to enhance cell proliferation, migration and invasion. To determine whether FABP5 was essential for EGFR-induced mammary tumor growth, we interbred FABP5-null mice with MMTV-ErbB2/HER2 oncomice which spontaneously develop mammary tumors. FABP5 ablation relieved activation of EGFR downstream effector signals, decreased expression of PPARδ target genes that drive cell proliferation, and suppressed mammary tumor development. Our findings establish that FABP5 is critical for mammary tumor development, rationalizing the development of FABP5 inhibitors as novel anticarcinogenic drugs.
DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy

DNA is the molecular target for many of the drugs that are used in cancer therapeutics, and is viewed as a non-specific target of cytotoxic agents. Although this is true for traditional chemotherapeutics, other agents that were discovered more recently have shown enhanced efficacy. Furthermore, a new generation of agents that target DNA-associated processes are anticipated to be far more specific and effective. How have these agents evolved, and what are their molecular targets?
Priorities in Central Planning

How do planners signal priority in a centrally planned economy? Frequently, priority in a centrally planned system is thought to be manifest in plan fulfillment levels, with higher levels of plan fulfillment associated with higher priority. This paper examines Soviet plan fulfillment from 1960 to 1985 using plan fulfillment data by product. The results cast doubt on the relationships identified in previous works between plan fulfillment and priorities in the Soviet Union. Much of the ambiguity concerning the relationship between priority and plan fulfillment may be resolved through the introduction of plan aggregation as an additional choice variable of planners. J. Comp. Econom., September 1993, 17(3), pp. 646-662. Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105-1899.
Two-photon absorption in diamond and its application to ultraviolet femtosecond pulse-width measurement

Intensity-dependent transmission measurements of 310-nm femtosecond pulses show that diamond has a twophoton absorption coefficient of 0.75 +/- 0.15 cm/GW, in approximate agreement with universal scaling formulas for two-photon absorption in diamond-structure materials. We then demonstrate that two-photon absorption is strong enough to permit simple measurements of ultraviolet femtosecond pulse widths in single-crystal diamond plates that are thin enough (250 microm) to be both inexpensive and dispersion free. Autocorrelation measurements of 10-50-nJ, 0.18-1.4-ps pulses are presented. The method requires no phase matching and can be applied to pulses in the wavelength range of 220-550 nm.
DNA methylation and temperature stress in an Antarctic polychaete, Spiophanes tcherniai.

Epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones are a primary mechanism by which gene expression activities may be modified in response to environmental stimuli. Here we characterize patterns of methyl-cytosine composition in the marine polychaete \emph{Spiophanes tcherniai} from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. We cultured adult worms at two temperatures, -1.5 C (ambient control) and +4 C (warm treatment), for four weeks. We observed a rapid capacity for \emph{S. tcherniai} organismal respiration rates and underlying catalytic rates of citrate synthase to acclimate at +4 C and return to control levels. We profiled changes in the methylation states of CpG sites in these treatments using an NGS strategy to computationally reconstruct and quantify methylation status across the genome. In our analysis we recovered 120,000 CpG sites in assembled contigs from both treatments. Of those, we were able to align 28,000 CpG sites in common between the two sample groups. In comparing these aligned sites between treatments, only 3,000 (11\%) evidenced a change in methylation state, but over 85\% of changes involved a gain of a 5-methyl group on a CpG site (net increase in methyation). The ability to score CpG sites as partially methylated among gDNA copies in a sample opens up a new avenue for assessing DNA methylation responses to changing environments. By quantitatively distinguishing a ``mixed'' population of copies of one CpG site, we can begin to identify dynamic, non-binary, continuous-response reactions in DNA methylation intensity or density that previously may have been overlooked as noise.
Effect of Altering Eggshell Permeability on the Hatchability of Turkey Eggs Incubated at High Altitude

Abstract Factors of Fick's First Law of Diffusion were manipulated in order to observe their effect on the hatchability of turkey eggs at high altitude. Shell permeability was studied by removing the eggshell cuticle. The eggshell surface for gas exchange was studied at different times of the laying cycle as the surface area increased. Differences in gas tension across the shell were assessed under two oxygen pressures (131 and 109 ton of oxygen). Increasing shell permeability in order to increase gas flow to the embryo did not improve hatchability but did increase (P≤.05) embryonic mortality. On Day 25 these data suggest that cuticle removal is not a good means for improving the hatchability of turkey eggs at high altitude. Eggs from older hens had increased surface area and decreased hatchability at high altitude. An oxygen partial pressure of 109 torr depressed (P
“I do and I understand”: mastery model learning for a large non-major course

We describe the infrastructure we have created for a large enrollment (1700 / semester) non-major course. The course combines collaborative, lab-based problem-solving instruction with modified mastery-learning assessment. The infrastructure supports continuous improvement to respond to client department needs, incoming student experience, course design flaws and computing platform upgrades.
Wind effects on spread of watermelon mosaic virus 1 from local virus sources to watermelon.

Initial infection with watermelon mosaic virus 1 (WMV-1) and final mosaic incidence in 3 southwest Florida watermelon fields were related to the local distribution of virus-infected weeds and the direction of aphid flights into the fields. Initial virus spread was earlier and more extensive to watermelon downwind from virus sources than to watermelon upwind. The final assessment of mosaic distribution was at first harvest at which time mosaic was concentrated near the local sources of virus. Only Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis), Tetraneura hirsuta Baker, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), Aphis gossypii Glover, and Carolinaea rhois Tissot were detected in flights at the time of first virus transmission to watermelon. Although the important WMV-1 vector Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was not detected at the time, initial mosaic incidence in one of the fields was extensive. A. gossypii and H. pseudobrassicae were found capable of transmitting southwest Florida isolates of WMV-l.
Academic Library Outreach Through Faculty Partnerships and Web-Based Research Aids

Summary Electronic library services and myriad online resources are shifting the roles and workloads of academic reference librarians. Reallocation of staffing through a differentiated reference desk service model provides time to author curriculum-centered online research guides and tutorials, bibliographies, and webliographies. The expanding electronic information environment also opens new opportunities for teaching partnerships with university faculty. This article showcases a librarian's collaborative work with a history professor, noting student benefits/reactions and implications for future collaboration.
Area postrema lesions attenuate LiCl-induced c-Fos expression correlated with conditioned taste aversion learning

Lesions of the area postrema (AP) block many of the behavioral and physiological effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) in rats, including formation of conditioned taste aversions (CTAs). Systemic administration of LiCl induces c-Fos immunoreactivity in several brain regions, including the AP, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), lateral parabrachial nucleus (latPBN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). To determine which of these brain regions may be activated in parallel with the acquisition of LiCl-induced CTAs, we disrupted CTA learning in rats by ablating the AP and then quantified c-Fos-positive cells in these brain regions in sham- and AP-lesioned rats 1 h following LiCl or saline injection. Significant c-Fos induction after LiCl was observed in the CeA and SON of AP-lesioned rats, demonstrating activation independent of an intact AP. LiCl-induced c-Fos was significantly attenuated in the NTS, latPBN, PVN and CeA of AP-lesioned rats, suggesting that these regions are dependent on AP activation. Almost all of the lesioned rats showed some damage to the subpostremal NTS, and some rats also had damage to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; this collateral damage in the brainstem may have contributed to the deficits in c-Fos response. Because c-Fos induction in several regions was correlated with magnitude of CTA acquisition, these regions are implicated in the central mediation of lithium effects during CTA learning.
Torus structure in higher-dimensional Hamiltonian systems.

Island tori of coupled standard maps are investigated. The study of invariants of the tangent map shows that the tori are embedded in higher-dimensional topological spheres. A new numerical method, the ``quasisurface of sections'' construction, reveals the torus structure in the nonlinear domain. Scaling laws and estimates for island boundaries are obtained. Arnold diffusion out of the island is found to be nonexistent or exceedingly slow. The measure of phase space occupied by islands versus that occupied by chaotic trajectories is shown to decline rapidly as the number of degrees of freedom increases.
Using the Design Process to Teach Functional Apparel Design

The use of a process framework for teaching functional apparel design is discussed as it relates to developing students' creative problem-solving abilities. A typical design process framework is pr...