cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostaglandin E2 Biosynthesis by Renomedullary Interstitial Cells

In the past decade, there has been a virtual explosion in the number of publications dealing with the biochemistry and physiology of the prostaglandins. The recent discoveries of the thromboxanes (Hamberg et al., 1975) and of prostacyclin (Moncada et al., 1976) have added to the manifold studies of the metabolism of arachidonic acid (Fig. 1) to the prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 (Hamberg et al., 1974) and the subsequent synthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) via thromboxane synthetase, an enzyme specifically inhibitable by imidazole (Needleman et al., 1976a,b, 1977a,b; of prostacyclin (PG12) via prostacyclin synthetase (Moncada et al., 1976; Needleman et al., 1977a,b), an enzyme inhibitable by 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid (Moncada and Vane, 1977; Needleman et al., 1978); and of PGE2 and PGF2α by isomerization and peroxidation (Karim, 1976a,b). The entire prostaglandin cascade is initiated by a cyclooxygenase that adds two molecules of oxygen to arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (Lands et al., 1974; Flower and Vane, 1974). This cyclooxygenase enzyme is inhibited by the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, meclofenamic acid, and naproxen, and is specifically acetylated by acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (Rome and Lands, 1975; Pong and Levine, 1976; Lands and Rome, 1976).
Glimpses of Long-Term Shifts in Late Paleolithic Land Use in the Périgord

The end of the Pleistocene in southwestern France witnessed a rapid succession of climatic oscillations. These have been especially well documented by sedimentological, palynological and paleontological work (Delpech 1975; Delpech et al. 1983; Laville 1964, 1975; Leroi-Gourhan 1977; Paquereau 1976). It is therefore surprising that there have been few if any demonstrations of synchrony between cultural (read technological-typological) and environmental shifts (Laville 1977). It is argued here that this results from focusing on artifacts and assemblages in our analyses of cultural change to the exclusion of shifts in regional settlement systems. However, this is not to say that all settlement shifts must be understood in terms of climatic change. After all, as David (1973:299) clearly recognized, “The motive force for cultural developments need not be supplied by climatic change; the tensions present within a ‘stable’ ecosystem are themselves a sufficient dynamic. ” This chapter examines the evidence for changes in settlement pattern during the Magdalenian in the Perigord. Where possible, it assesses the degree to which such changes (a) correspond to our expectations based upon ethnoarchaeological research among hunter-gatherers and (b) correlate with the environmental dynamics of the late Pelistocene.
Fundamentals of structured modeling

Rapid advances in hardware and software technology have fundamentally changed the environment in which mathematical models are used in support of decision-making. Decision-makers, accustomed to using personal computers, electronic spreadsheets, word processors, and on-line information retrieval from centralized databases, now expect the same kind of access to, and control over, the mathematical models which claim to predict, simulate, or optimize the consequences of their decisions.
Advances in Contact Lens for the Treatment of Ocular Surface Disease and the Corneal Ectasias

Contact lens plays an important role in the treatment of corneal disease. Contact lenses are most commonly prescribed for the cosmetic correction of refractive error. For this reason, the therapeutic potential of contact lens may not be fully appreciated by eye care providers. To follow is an update on contact lens for the treatment of ocular surface disease (OSD) and for the treatment of corneal ectasia. Principles will be reviewed by general lens category, which typically refers to material, first for ocular surface disease and then for corneal ectasia and astigmatism. Therapeutic lenses can vary further in specific material and in design. Lens design is the collective parametric features of a particular brand and model of lens, other than optical power. Recent reports on the use of therapeutic lens will be reviewed, first for ocular surface disease and then for corneal ectasia and astigmatism.
Navigating the College Years: Developmental Trajectories and Gender Differences in Psychological Functioning, Cognitive-Affective Strategies, and Social Well-Being:

College presents unique opportunities and stressors that challenge psychosocial adjustment. This 4-year longitudinal study examines multiple aspects of adjustment in 5,532 college students from imm...
Driving the Net Flow of Funds

Chapter 4 analyzed the effects that accelerators have on the short-term growth of revenues, employment, and investment. The various observations consistently show that accelerator program participation influences these commercial and investment variables. However, the final presentation indicated that these effects are uneven across programs. Therefore, the general question of whether acceleration works gives way to more specific questions about which programs and program choices deliver more attractive ratios of accelerator benefits to program costs. This chapter begins by introducing a program-level variable called the net flow of funds (NFF). The NFF variable recognizes the four ways that funds flow into early-stage ventures; they are earned, invested, borrowed, or donated. For each program, the NFF measures the average of participants’ one-year growth in revenues plus investments minus the corresponding average for ventures that were rejected. We show that accelerators vary in the extent to which their NFF exceed the per-venture costs of running programs. After isolating the programs that more than cover their reported operating costs, we describe the program-level data that will be used in the more nuanced NFF analyses presented in Chaps. 6, 7, and 8.
Importance of lipophilicity for potent anti-herpes simplex virus-1 activity of α-hydroxytropolones.

We previously reported that troponoid compounds profoundly inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 in cell culture, including acyclovir-resistant mutants. Synthesis of 26 alpha-hydroxylated tropolones (αHTs) led to a preliminary structure–activity relationship highlighting the potency of bi-phenyl side chains. Here, we explore the structure–activity relationship in more detail, with a focus on various biaryl and other lipophilic molecules. Along with our prior structure–function analysis, we present a refined structure–activity relationship that reveals the importance of the lipophilicity and nature of the side chain for potent anti-HSV-1 activity in cells. We expect this new information will help guide future optimization of αHTs as HSV antivirals.
Can Home Visits Make a Difference to Emergency Department Visits? “I will just stop by his place on the way home: Who knew it would be a journey?”

In this chapter, we discuss the impact of home visits on emergency department (ED) and hospital utilization, especially among “super-users” or high utilizers of the health-care system. With every assessment and encounter in the emergency department, there is always the question of whether the patient understood and will implement the treatment plan. A home visit by a primary provider after discharge from the ED or the hospital can reduce ED visits and hospital readmissions, increase patient satisfaction, and improve quality of care. It also provides a critical view into the safety of the environment for the “frail” senior. The home visit and its follow-up can make a lasting impact on the most vulnerable senior population that has few other options than calling 911.
1 (3 chlorophenyl) biguanide

1 (3 chlorophenyl)biguanide is an agonist at the 5-HT3 receptor, with similar affinity as 5-H T. It can be used experimentally to selectively activate the 5-HT3 receptor.
Introduction: Special Issue on Assessment as Pedagogy in Education Abroad

This essay introduces the Special Issue on Assessment as Pedagogy in Education Abroad, which seeks to answer the question: How can we guide educators toward specific and intentional alignment of learning objectives, the learning context, and learner capacities and needs so that students achieve the desired learning outcomes? The Guest Editors briefly describe the articles selected for the special issue, focusing on three categories: Macro-Level Studies, Micro-Level Studies, and Innovative Approaches. Future directions for assessment in education abroad are suggested, with a focus on leveraging assessment to increase community reciprocity, cultural responsiveness, differentiated learning, and access in education abroad. Abstract in Spanish Este ensayo presenta la coleccion especial de Frontiers sobre el tema, “El uso pedagogico de la evaluacion de aprendizaje,” que trata la cuestion de ?como se puede guiar los maestros en la planificacion intencional de alcanzar objetivos de aprendizaje en contextos especificos y con una variedad de capacidades estudiantiles? El equipo de editoras invitadas describe resumidamente los articulos incluidos en la coleccion, enfocando en tres categorias: los estudios de investigacion a nivel macro, los a nivel micro, y los estudios con metodos innovadores. Se ofrecen recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones en el area de estudios de la educacion internacional, con enfasis en el aprovechamiento de la evaluacion de aprendizaje estudiantil para mejorar la reciprocidad comunitaria, la capacidad de sensibilidad cultural, la ensenanza diferenciada, y el acceso a la educacion internacional. Abstract in French Dans cet essai, nous presentons le numero special sur l'evaluation comme outil didactique, sujet destine a repondre a la question : Comment guider les educateurs a aligner les objectifs d'apprentissage, le contexte d'apprentissage, ainsi que les capacites et les besoins des etudiants afin que s'achevent les resultats d'apprentissage vises ? L'equipe de redacteurs invites decrit en resume les articles selectionnes pour ce numero en misant sur trois categories : les etudes au niveau macro, les etudes au niveau micro, et les approches innovatrices. On propose egalement des orientations futures en soulignant l'exploitation de l'evaluation d'apprentissage afin d'augmenter la reciprocite communitaire, la sensibilite culturelle, l'apprentissage differencie, et l'acces a l'education a l'etranger. Abstract in Mandarin 本篇引言概述了一期以留学教育为背景的关于教育学评估的特刊。此特刊旨在回答这一中心问题：如何引导教育者有意识并具体地将学习目标，学习背景，与学生的能力和需要互相契合，以便让学生获得预期的学习成果？客座编辑简要描述了入选在特刊的文章，其中包括了宏观研究，微观研究，和创新方法三个类别。本文以借助评估来增加留学教育中的群体互惠，文化回应教学，差异化学习和途径为中心，对未来留学教育评估的发展方向提出了建议。
Association Between HIV Testing and HIV-Related Risk Behaviors Among US and Non-US Born Black Individuals Living in the US: Results From the National Survey on HIV in the Black Community (NSHBC).

Despite improvements in HIV prevention and treatment, Black individuals continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic in the US. Using data from the National Survey on HIV in the Black Community, we examined the differences in demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, and HIV testing between US and non-US born Black adults. 868 individuals completed the survey and provided baseline data on sexual risk. Participants were grouped as US-born (N = 763) and non-US born (N = 101) based on self-reported place of birth. Amongst US-born participants, males were less likely to test for HIV, whereas those who reported a lifetime history of anal sex and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were more likely to test for HIV. Non-US born participants who reported a single marital status were less likely to test for HIV, whereas those who reported a lifetime history of STIs were more likely to test for HIV. Some differences in predictors of HIV testing exist by place of birth. Understanding these differences is needed to develop HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programs for US and non-US born Black individuals.
Investigation of shear lag effect in tall tube-type buildings

Abstract The dominant structural systems used for high-rise buildings are tube-type systems. Tall tube-type structures act as a cantilever box girder and become prone to the shear lag phenomenon. This phenomenon causes nonlinear stress along the side of the tubular structures, while the beam theory assumes the stress to be linear. This mechanism reduces the efficiency of tube-type structural systems to resist lateral loads. This study explains a detailed discussion of the shear lag effect and the cause of its existence in two cases, positive and negative, through simple numerical analyses. To this end, the impact of lateral deformation on the shear lag effect was investigated in three tube-type structural systems: framed tube, diagrid, and hexagrid with different heights of 50-, 80-, and 110- story buildings subjected to wind load. The lateral deformation of the model structures was compared with the planer deformation (shear and bending deformation) of the cantilever box girder as the benched mark. Analysis results illustrated that the tube type structural system configuration affected the shear and bending deformation portions and the shear lag effect. Based on the results, the direction of the shear flow was changed according to the slope direction of the tangent line of the deflection curve (first deviation) and caused two cases, positive and negative ones. From the numerical results of candidate models, when the tangent line's angle became zero, the shear lag became minimum. When the curvature of the deflection curve (second deviation) was changed (upward into inward), the shear lag became maximum.
Finite Element Modeling of Solutes in Hydrated Deformable Biological Tissues

A broad range of biological processes result from a combination of passive (non-reactive) and active processes involving solvent and solutes, and the ability to model such processes in a general continuum framework represents an important tool for biomedical engineers and scientists. Yet, computational tools for modeling solute transport in neutral and charged deformable media are not widely available. In recent years, FEBio has been introduced as an open source finite element program in the public domain (www.febio.org), whose purpose is to provide such computational tools for the analysis of biological mixtures consisting of a porous deformable solid matrix and interstitial solvent and solutes. This article summarizes the background literature on this topic and describes the governing equations and some of the features of mixture analyses in FEBio.
Fluid Models of Queueing Networks

Fluid models are a powerful approximation technique for studying important dynamic properties of queueing networks. The model is typically derived from an underlying queueing system by replacing a stochastic discrete model with a continuous deterministic model, using a certain law of large numbers type of rescaling. The obtained process reveals a lot of fundamental dynamic structures in the underlying system. This article introduces basics of fluid models and illustrates them with a lot of examples. We begin with an informal construction to be followed by rigorous definitions and basic properties. A particular focus is given to the notions of stability of fluid models and methods of stability analysis such as the Lyapunov function technique. Examples of stable fluid models are given as well as some counterexamples, illustrating subtle issues in stability analysis. The formality of connections between fluid models and underlying stochastic queueing systems is discussed at a very high level, since the underlying techniques are highly involved and fall outside of the scope of the article. Instead we point the reader to a rich literature on this subject. Keywords: queueing; law of large numbers; fluid models; Lyapunov function; stability
FATCA violation underlies latest US tax and securities fraud charges

Purpose – To explain the details and implications of a September 9, 2014 federal indictment, US v. Robert Bandfield, the first time a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) violation has been charged as an “overt act” in furtherance of a tax conspiracy and securities fraud. Design/methodology/approach – Provides background, including the enactment of FATCA and the details of the indictment; describes an undercover investigation conducted by President Obama’s Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force; and discusses the warnings this indictment sends to the global financial community. Findings – The indictment confirms the coordinated and aggressive tactics US law enforcement is now employing to investigate and prosecute offshore financial fraud. Practical implications – Banks and financial service providers need to be aware of the impact of enhanced US regulatory obligations and implement appropriate compliance measures. These institutions must also remain sensitive to risks presented by unscrupulous cust...
In search of lonely top quarks at the Fermilab Tevatron

Single top-quark production, via weak-interaction processes, is an important test of the standard model, potentially sensitive to new physics. However, it is becoming known that this measurement is much more challenging at the Tevatron than originally expected. We reexamine this process and suggest new methods, using shape variables, that can supplement the methods that have been discussed previously. In particular, by focusing on correlations and asymmetries, we can reduce backgrounds substantially without low acceptance for the signal. Our method also allows for a self-consistency check on the modeling of the backgrounds. However, at the present time, serious systematic problems remain, especially concerning the background from $W$-plus-jets; these must be studied further by experimentalists and theorists alike.
A transformation formula involving the gamma and riemann zeta functions in Ramanujan's lost notebook

Two proofs are given for a series transformation formula involving the logarithmic derivative of the Gamma function found in Ramanujan’s lost notebook. The transformation formula is connected with a certain integral embodying the Riemann zeta function that is similar to integrals examined by Ramanujan in his one published paper on the zeta function.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Growth and attainment of puberty in calves from cows supplemented with linseed meal during late gestation and early lactation

Ilse, B. R., Anderson, V. L., Buchanan, D. S., Odde, K. G., Lardy, G. P. and Vonnahme, K. A. 2012. Short Communication: Growth and attainment of puberty in calves from cows supplemented with linseed meal during late gestation and early lactation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 443–447. To test the objective that a linseed meal (LSM) supplement in beef cows during late gestation and early lactation would impact offspring growth performance, steer carcass composition, and attainment of puberty in heifer calves, multiparous beef cows received either LSM or a control supplement for the last 60 d of gestation (exp. 1; n=72) or during the first 60 d of lactation (exp. 2; n=91). In both experiments, birth weight, weaning weight, and ADG of calves were not affected (P>0.31) by LSM supplementation. There was no effect (P>0.09) of supplementation on carcass characteristics of steer progeny fed to market weight. In exps. 1 and 2, attainment of puberty in heifer calves was not influenced (P>0.58) by supplement type. Linseed ...
A Review of “The Chrysalis Effect: The Metamorphosis of Global Culture”

The world has been in turmoil since the Pleistocene Epoch at least, when the glaciers receded and the wooly mammoths succumbed to extinction. The human drive to fathom and tame the surrounding chao...
Exploring the Nature of the Relationship Between Poverty and Substance Abuse: Knowns and Unknowns

Abstract Poverty and substance abuse are two serious social problems that are often assumed to be interrelated. This article explores what is currently known about the relationship between these two problems. Four possible models for describing the interrelationship are identified: causal, risk factor, exacerbation, and spurious. The theoretical explanations from both the substance and poverty literature are discussed in light of their implications for these types of models. The public health perspective is selected from the substance abuse theoretical literature as the model that best subsumes and directs thinking about the relationship between poverty and substance abuse, because its focus on agent, host, and environment draws attention to the range of factors that can influence both problems, as well as the ways in which they come together. Findings from the research literature are then discussed within the framework of the public health model. The article concludes by outlining the gaps in knowledge a...
Unlocking user-centered design methods for building cyber security visualizations

User-centered design can aid visualization designers to build better, more practical tools that meet the needs of cyber security users. The cyber security visualization research community can adopt a variety of design methods to more efficiently and effectively build tools. We demonstrate how previous cyber visualization research has omitted a discussion of effectiveness and process in the explanation of design methods. In this paper, we discuss three design methods and illustrate how each method informed two real-world cyber security visualization projects which resulted in successful deployments to users.
Instabilities of push-pull magnetic amplifiers feeding the field of an electric machine

The causes of instability of inductively loaded, center-tap magnetic amplifiers, and the remedies for this instability are well known.1���4 If such a stabilized magnetic amplifier is used to energize the field of an electric machine, such as the shunt field of a d-c generator, the armature voltage of this machine will increase or decrease smoothly with the control voltage of the magnetic amplifier. Since the load current of the magnetic amplifier is unidirectional, the armature voltage of the d-c generator will also be unidirectional. However, in many closed-loop control systems it is necessary to obtain duodirectional out-put of the d-c geneator. In this case the d-c generator will be equipped with two shunt fields; each shunt field is connected to a magnetic amplifier with such polarity that the magnetomotive forces produced by the two shunt fields are subtractive. Then, if the first magnetic amplifier is controlled ���full on��� and the second magnetic amplifier is controlled ���full off,��� the armature of the d-c generator develops a voltage of one polarity, and if the the control to the magnetic amplifiers is reversed, the armature voltage of the d-c generator is also reversed. One may expect, furthermore, that if each magnetic amplifier is turned ���one half on,��� the net magnetomotive force will be zero, and, hence, that the armature voltage of the d-c generator will also be zero; one may also expect that for a gradual increase of control current of one amplifier, and a similar gradual decrease of control current of the other amplifier, the armature voltage of the d-c generator will show a gradual change. The last two expectations, however, are not likely to be fulfilled. Instead, a minute change of the magnetic amplifier control currents will cause a sudden jump of armature voltage from perhaps +50% to ���50% (or vice versa) of rated d-c generator armature voltage, and intermediate values of armature voltage will not be obtainable. This instability renders almost useless this otherwise inviting control scheme. It is suspected immediately that magnetic amplifiers are prone to produce instabilities when feeding inductive loads, such as the field of the d-c generator. However, as soon as one of the two magnetic amplifiers is disconnected from its generator field, the other will produce perfect (unidirectional) control of the d-c generator, and vice versa. Hence the instability is of a different nature than suspected.
Transient Induction of Polycystic Ovary-Like Syndrome in Immature Hypothyroid Rats

Hypothyroidism in the human female is often associated with ovarian follic- ular cysts and hyperandrogenism, two cardinal signs of polycystic ovary syndrome. To explore the intraovarian changes that lead to follicular cyst formation in hypothy- roidism, we have created a prepubertal hypothyroid rat model. These hypothyroid rats are hyperandrogenic and develop transient ovarian follicular cysts. Hypothyroidism in newborn rats was induced by providing the lactating dams with 0.04% propylthiouracil (PTU)-containing water. Subsequently, female rats were weaned and kept on PTU- containing water. On Day 25 of age, the rats were primed with 15 international units of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in 100 pl of phosphate buffered saline. Two days later, to initiate pseudopregnancy, they were injected with five international units of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The animals were sacrificed at appro- priate times, and blood and ovaries were collected for analyses. Control experiments were done with euthyroid rats. Two days after PMSG injection, well-developed antral follicles were observed in both the hypothyroid and euthyroid rats. Two days after hCG injection, while the euthyroid rat ovaries, as expected, contained numerous cor- pora lutea (CL), the hypothyroid rat ovaries still retained antral follicles. Some of these follicles with degenerating oocytes showed signs of luteinization. By 3-4 days post- hCG injection, the hypothyroid rat ovaries developed cystic follicles. By Day 6, how- ever, the hypothyroid rat ovaries were indistinguishable from those of the euthyroid rats. Although serum testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the hypothyroid rats on Days 1-3, progesterone concentrations were not significantly different from the euthyroid animals. However, by Days 8-14, the hypothyroid rats had significantly higher serum progesterone concentrations. This model will be useful for investigating the intraovarian biochemical changes that lead to follicular cyst devel- opment in response to acute gonadotropin treatment. (P.S.E.B.M. 1998, Vol 2191
Characterization of a Second Pigment in Strawberries

THE major pigment of the cultivated strawberry is pelargonidin-3-glucoside1,2. Studies reported in 1951 to the National Preservers Association showed that commercial varieties Marshall, Brightmore, Sovereign and Shasta contained a second anthocyanin in low concentration. We now present evidence that the pigment is cyanidin-3-glucoside.
Recruiting the Best

SUMMARY Analysis of position announcements appearing in the archives of the CHMINF-L and STS-L online discussion forums dated 2005 through February 2006 indicates the persistence of the requirement for a background in science for success as a candidate for a position as a science and technology librarian. This paper challenges employers and search committees to look beyond this constraint and cultivate individuals who possess a dedication to service, a love of research and learning, and a Master's degree from an ALA accredited institution. Such individuals, regardless of background, when placed in a supportive and inclusive environment where continuing education is encouraged and competitive compensation is received, will prove to be not only successful, but exemplary, practitioners of science and technology librarianship.
Response time and threshold of a random net

The response time of a random net is defined as the expected time (measured in the number of synaptic delays) required for the excitation in the net (measured by the fraction of neurons firing per unit time) to reach a certain level. The response time is calculated in terms of the net parameters as a function of the intensity of the outside stimulation. Two principal types of cases are studied, 1) an instantaneous initial stimulation, and 2) continuously applied stimulation. It is shown that for a certain type of net where the required level of excitation is small, the response time-intensity equation reduces to the one derived on the basis of the “one-factor” theory applied to a neural connection. More general assumptions, however, give different types of equations. The concept of the “net threshold” is defined, and its calculation indicated. The net threshold for instantaneous stimulation is, in general, greater than that for continuous stimulation. The results are discussed with reference to existing theories of reaction times.
Ease of tying arthroscopic knots.

To date, there is no comprehensive study that determines which arthroscopic knots are easiest to learn to tie. In this study, 23 surgeons in training graded 10 arthroscopic knots with regard to ease of learning and tying using a 10-cm visual analog scale for No. 2 Ethibond and No. 1 polydioxanone (PDS) II suture. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and the Tukey Studentized range (HSD) test for post hoc analysis with a significant value of P
An experimental technique for estimating regional myocardial segment work in vivo.

We determined the capabilities and limitations of an experimental approach to measure segment work (force × distance) of myocardial regions in thein vivo beating heart. In 18 open-chest anesthetized dogs, segment length was measured using ultrasonic dimension transducers, and developed force was measured with miniature force transducers. Work was defined as the integrated multiples of instantaneous force and shortening during a single (averaged) beat, corresponding to the area under the length-force loop. Changes in work over a range of 9.78×10−4 to 2.93×10−2 J/g/min were produced by vena caval constriction, aortic constriction, atrial pacing, and isoproterenol (0.5 and 1.0 μg/kg/min). Work was measured in both major and minor axes. In 60% of the animals, work in the minor axis was 9.2-fold greater than in the major axis. In the others, all interventions changed regional work to the same extent in both axes (r=0.802; p<0.05). Work changes were also compared between the base, anterior, and posterior, walls. The response was directionally similar in all regions, ranging from −79±1% during caval occlusion to 278±98% during isoproterenol. The effective size of the measured muscle mass was limited to the transducer area because the amplitude and pattern of both force development and segment shortening were not changed until deep myocardial cuts were as close as 2 mm from the measuring area. We conclude that work measurement in the minor axis is quantitatively representative of fiber work in that region.
Digital Storytelling and Youth: Toward Critically Engaged Praxis

This article explores how digital storytelling and applied theatre can help bridge the gaps between formally sanctioned knowledge (such as textbooks and other traditionally school-based forms and content) and the everyday interests and experiences of youth. The author examines elements of a digital storytelling residency to analyze how devised performance work can invite personal contexts into the classroom and help build active engagements with history. Through descriptive analysis and practice-based examples, the article theorizes how digital storytelling as an applied theatre praxis invites students to see and name the relevance of formalized curriculum content to their own lives. The author then theorized critical questions and challenges raised in and by her approach to applied theatre praxis and called for more critically engaged approaches to performance pedagogy and practices with youth that explicitly address identity, representation, and power.
Process of Homogenization and the Lattice-Parameters of a Sub-Critical Assembly

The systematic variation of lattice parameters as a function of fuel-moderator ratio in a sub-critical assembly (natural uranium, graphite moderated) has been investigated. Diffusion theory was used for correlation of results. The theoretical results were calculated according to the procedure laid down for graphite-moderated reactors based on the unit-cell concept of Wigner-Seitz. The results show that the method (Wigner-Seitz) predicts accurate results even when a fuel element is assumed to be spread over two lattices uniformly. This also proves the method of replacing a square lattice by an equivalent cylindrical one. The effect of voids (gas channels) on the lattice-parameters was also considered.
Revealed objective functions of Microfinance Institutions: Evidence from Bangladesh

Abstract This paper discerns between two alternative objective functions for not-for-profit Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): profit maximization and poverty targeting. I use the strategic branch location choices of the two largest MFIs in a mature, concentrated market to reveal their objectives. I consider location decisions to be the pure-strategy Nash equilibrium outcome of a one-shot game where the MFIs simultaneously choose markets in which to locate as well as how many branches to open in each. Applying the duality principle, I nest fully a pure profit-maximization objective within a poverty targeting motive. I test the model using comprehensive data from Bangladesh in 2003. Structurally estimating profit and impact functions, my MSM estimates suggest that pure profit maximization cannot explain the branch placement pattern for Grameen Bank or BRAC: they both deviate towards poverty alleviation. Targeting one higher standard deviation of poverty headcount costs Grameen 35.2% of its potential profits and BRAC 51.4%.
A Monte Carlo ray tracing study of polarized light propagation in liquid foams

Abstract A Monte Carlo ray tracing scheme is used to investigate the propagation of an incident collimated beam of polarized light in liquid foams. Cellular structures like foam are expected to change the polarization characteristics due to multiple scattering events, where such changes can be used to monitor foam dynamics. A statistical model utilizing some of the recent developments in foam physics is coupled with a vector Monte Carlo scheme to compute the depolarization ratios via Stokes–Mueller formalism. For the simulations, the incident Stokes vector corresponding to horizontal linear polarization and right circular polarization are considered. It is observed that bubble size and the polydispersity parameter have a significant effect on the depolarization ratios. This is partially owing to the number of total internal reflection events in the Plateau borders. The results are discussed in terms of applicability of polarized light as a diagnostic tool for monitoring foams.
Experimental Effects of Transverse Oscillations on Free Convection of a Vertical, Finite Plate

The effects of transverse oscillation on free convection from a vertical, finite plate is investigated experimentally. This paper supplements an earlier paper wherein analytical results were reported. In that paper it was reported that oscillation slightly decreases the heat-transfer rate for laminar flow. The experimental results are in accord. However, more important is the fact that the oscillation forces the flow to become turbulent whereby large increases in heat-transfer rate are obtained. Experimental results are given for heat-transfer rate, both laminar and turbulent, and transition.
Klotho as a regulator of fibroblast growth factor signaling and phosphate/calcium metabolism.

Purpose of reviewThis review summarizes the most recent findings on Klotho in the regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) signaling and phosphate/calcium homeostasis.Recent findingsThe klotho gene encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and functions as an aging-suppressor gene, which
Saturn's Rings I: Optical Depth Profiles from the 28 Sgr Occultation

Abstract We present optical depth profiles for Saturn's rings at wavelengths of 0.9, 2.1, 3.3, and 3.9 μm, obtained from the occultation of the star 28 Sgr on 3 July 1989 when the rings were near their maximum opening angle. The radial resolution of the data is ∼18 km, as set by the angular diameter of the star. Very few, if any, structural changes are observed in the rings since the Voyager encounters in 1980/1981. Azimuthal variations in optical depth are restricted to the outermost part of the B Ring and to several previously known noncircular features. The mean optical depth in the heretofore unprobed central part of the B Ring is found to be 2.3±0.15 at 3.9 μm. Quantitative comparisons of the optical depths with those measured by the Voyager PPS stellar occultation experiment at 0.27 μm do reveal systematic differences between the major ring regions. In the C Ring, we find τ 28 Sgr /τ PPS ≃1.4, while in the B Ring and outer A Ring τ 28 Sgr /τ PPS ≃1.0. Only in the inner A Ring is τ 28 Sgr PPS . In agreement with previous studies at microwave and optical wavelengths, we conclude that there is very little evidence in the 28 Sgr data for a significant population of micrometer-sized particles anywhere in the main rings. Most of the observed variation in τ 28 Sgr /τ PPS can instead be attributed to variations in the particle size distribution in the rings in the centimeter to meter size range, which controls the angular width of the rings' forward-scattering cross section. This in turn controls the effective extinction efficiency for Earth-based occultation experiments, and thus the measured optical depth. In a companion paper we use these data to derive power-law models of the size distribution in each major ring region.
Early settlement in Hadramawt: preliminary report on prehistoric occupation at Shi'b Munayder

While excavation and survey in Wadi Hadramawt itself has documented extensive first-millennium population centres and complex irrigation systems, earlier settlement and production remain poorly documented. Results of recent survey and test excavations in the mountainous hinterlands of southern Arabia have revealed scattered settlement near fossil springs that may have provided an important focus from as early as 6000 years ago. Lithic studies of surface material suggest that the widespread house sites at Shi'b Munayder in Wadi Idim were re-occupied or re-used as late as the Iron Age early-mid-first millennium BC. But stratigraphic evidence and a radiocarbon date point to an earlier establishment of settlement during at least the post-Neolithic second millennium BC. The site of Shi'b Munayder, the earliest reported settlement in Hadramawt, seems to suggest that Hadrami peoples living at the time of the early establishment of complex centres retained ties with cultural groups to the east rather than with highland northern Yemen.
Performance of Neural Networks in Stepping-Stone Intrusion Detection

Network intruders often launch attacks through a long connection chain via intermediary hosts, called stepping- stones in order to evade detection. An effective method to detect such intrusion is to estimate the number of stepping-stones. Artificial neural networks provide the potential to identify and classify network activities. In this paper, we proposed an approach that utilized the analytical strengths of neural networks to detect stepping-stone intrusion. Using collected packet variables, a scheme was developed for neural network investigation and the performance of neural networks was critically examined. It was found that neural networks were able to predict the number of stepping-stones for incoming packets by our method by monitoring a connection chain in a small time interval. Various transfer functions and learning rules were studied and it was determined that Sigmoid transfer function and Delta learning rule generally gave better predictions.
A parameter study of the eccentricity frequency and amplitude, and chip length effects on a machine tool with multiple boundaries

Abstract The parameter study of a machine-tool with interrupted cutting is completed for eccentricity frequency and amplitude. The effects with respect to chip length are also incorporated, such that comparisons of the parameter maps can be accomplished. Specific areas within the parameter maps are studied to explain the complicated motions within. In such a case, the switching characteristics are shown with respect to eccentricity frequency. The complexity of the periodic solution structure is discussed regarding the stability, in relation to the vector fields and mapping quantities. Furthermore, the traditional definition of a stability boundary is extended beyond existing literature. The most useful data is the overlay of the # of mappings and minimum switching force product record. These measures point out the extent and location of complexity in the machine-tool model studied herein.
Hypoxia increases Annexin A2 expression in osteoblastic cells via VEGF and ERK

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated angiogenesis is critical for endochondral ossification that occurs during bone development and bone repair. Under these circumstances, VEGF production appears to be driven by low oxygen tension, under the control of the hypoxia-inducible factor-α family of transcription factors (HIF-α). Annexin 2 (AnxA2) a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein has been implicated in VEGF-mediated retinal neovascularization and is upregulated by VEGF in choroid retinal endothelial cells. AnxA2 is also expressed in cells of the osteoblast lineage and chondrocytes and may play a role in matrix mineralization. In this paper, we examined the effects of hypoxia (1% O2) and VEGF on the expression of AnxA2 in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Hypoxia, desferrioxamine (hypoxia mimetic), and recombinant VEGF all increased AnxA2 mRNA and protein levels in osteoblastic cells. The hypoxia-induced increase in AnxA2 was inhibited by a blocking antibody to VEGF-R1; however, VEGF120, a VEGF-R1 agonist, demonstrated no influence upon Anxa2 expression. This suggests that VEGF induction of Annexin A2 is not mediated via VEGF-R1 agonism alone but by VEGF-R1 and Neuropilin-1 or Neuropilin-2 heterodimers. In addition, we demonstrated that VEGF - stimulated changes in AnxA2 expression via a pathway involving Src and MEK kinase. These data demonstrate that AnxA2 expression in osteoblasts is under the control of VEGF, which may have implications for both angiogenesis and bone mineralization under low oxygen conditions.
Do natural estrogens pose an increased risk of thrombosis in postmenopausal women

An inverse relationship between Xa inhibitory activity and response to a thrombotic challenge has been demonstrated in human subjects. Because of this relationship a study of thromboembolic effects on 43 postmenopausal ranked the subjects on the basis of Xa inhibitory levels. Group 1 received no estrogen; Group 2 received low-dose Premarin premenopausal controls received low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives. There was no difference in the quantity of antithrombin 3 among the 3 postmenopausal groups. Premarin caused a significant decrease (P < .01) in Xa inhibitory activity. A significant additional decrease in the high-dose group (P < .02) demonstrated that the effect was dose-related. Premarin should be used only if required for medically indicated conditions and then only in the smallest possible dosage.
Weakly segregated block copolymers : anisotropic fluctuations and kinetics of order-order and order-disorder transitions

Abstract We discuss the kinetics of order–order and order–disorder transitions in weakly segregated diblock copolymers. A theory is developed based on the anisotropic fluctuations in the ordered phases. These fluctuations play two crucial roles: first, they determine the stability limit of the initial structure and, second, they are responsible for the emergence of new structures, whether these are the final equilibrium states or transient states during the transition. A linear stability analysis allows us to identify the largest fluctuation modes under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. By combining the order parameter of the initial structure with the largest fluctuation modes into a simplified multimode model we are able to describe qualitatively the full nonlinear evolution of the system after sudden temperature jumps beyond the spinodal of the initial phase. Our theory successfully explains our earlier results from direct Cahn–Hilliard-type numerical simulations. Our predicted kinetic scenarios are in accord with available experiments.
Suboptimum binary phase code search using a genetic algorithm

Optimum binary phase codes of length L are characterized by an autocorrelation function R((tau) ) with uniform sidelobes of level 1/L with respect to the main lobe. These optimum binary codes are called Barker codes. Binary phase codes that exhibit minimum peak sidelobes above 1/L are called suboptimum. A genetic algorithm is implemented to conduct the search for optimum and suboptimum binary codes of a given length L. In this approach, several different fitness functions are considered. These fitness functions are based on sidelobe level (SLL) and generalized entropy measures. To verify that these are reasonable fitness functions, they are first applied to sequence lengths for which optimum codes are known to exist. It is shown that if L is such that a Barker code exists, and S is a generalized entropy measure, then the Barker codes are the only ones that give the minimum value for S. It is also shown that the proposed binary phase code search is efficient for large values of L.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Application of glass soot catalysts on metal supports to achieve low soot oxidation temperature

Abstract K–Ca–Si–O glass was applied to metal supports for use as a catalyst for diesel soot combustion. Glasses were processed from the melt and by a sol–gel route. Catalyst activity for the oxidation of diesel exhaust soot and flame soot from an oil lamp was compared by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that a K-based catalytic glass coating on metal substrates can reduce the temperature where half of the engine soot is oxidized (T 50 ) to as low as 360 °C under loose contact conditions, and offers catalytic stability for long term combustion cycling. Scanning electron microscopy observations show that sol–gel glass processing is effective for coating complex wire mesh shapes without pore clogging.
Calibrating Hydric Soil Field Indicators to Long-Term Wetland Hydrology

Jurisdictional wetlands are required to be saturated to the surface for 5% or more of the growing season in 5 out of 10 yr, but practical field methods for confirming this are lacking. This study determined whether hydric soil field indicators were related to wetland hydrology requirements. Water table levels were monitored daily for 2.5 yr in a toposequence of nine soil plots that included well to poorly drained members (Oxyaquic Paleudults and Typic Albaqualfs). Monitoring data were used to calibrate a hydrologic model that simulated water table levels from inputs of hourly rainfall data. Forty years of rainfall data were then used with the model to compute long-term daily watertable levels in each plot. These data were summarized as saturation events, which are the frequency that water tables were at or above preselected depths for at least 21 d. Twenty-one days was the average period needed for Fe reduction to begin in these saturated soils. This condition must occur for hydric soil field indicators to form. Regression equations were developed to relate saturation events to percentages of redoximorphic features. The r 2 values for relationships between percentages of redoximorphic features and saturation events were >0.80 for depths of 15 cm, and >0.90 for depths between 30 and 90 cm. Results showed that the depleted matrix field indicator, in which redox depletions occupy >60% of the horizon, occurred in soils that were saturated for 21 d or longer at least 9 yr out of 10. This indicated the depleted matrix indicator occurred in soils that were saturated nearly twice as long, and more frequently, than the minimum requirements needed to meet wetland hydrology requirements.
Educational Attainment and Political Attitudes: An Effect of Schools or Schooling?

(1983). Educational Attainment and Political Attitudes: An Effect of Schools or Schooling? Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 35-52.