cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion on Pre-Hospital Access to Care: Changes in Adult Perforated Appendix Admission Rates after Medicaid Expansion and the Dependent Coverage Provision.

Background The Affordable Care Act (ACA) changed the landscape of insurance coverage, allowing young adults to remain on their parents' insurance until age 26 (Dependent Coverage Provision [DCP]) and states to optionally expand Medicaid up to 133% of the federal poverty level. Although both improved insurance coverage, little is known about the ACA's impact on observed receipt of timely access to acute care. The objective of this study was to compare changes in insurance coverage and perforation rates among hospitalized adults with acute appendicitis "after vs before" Medicaid expansion and the DCP using an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)-certified metric designed to measure pre-hospital access to care. Study Design We performed a quasi-experimental, difference-in-difference (DID) analysis of 2008-2015 state-level inpatient claims. Results Adults, aged 19 to 64, in expansion states experienced an absolute 7.7 percentage point decline in uninsured (95% CI 7.5 to 7.9) after Medicaid expansion compared with nonexpansion states. This coincided with a 5.4 percentage point drop in admissions for perforated appendicitis (95% CI 5.0 to 5.8) that was most pronounced among young adults, aged 26 to 34, just age-ineligible for the DCP (DID: 11.5 percentage points). Medicaid expansion insurance changes were 4.1 times larger than those encountered under the DCP (DID: 1.9). They affected all population subgroups and significantly reduced access-related disparities in race/ethnicity and lower-income communities. Although both Medicaid expansion and the DCP were associated with significant insurance gains, those attributable to the DCP were more concentrated among more privileged patients. Despite this trend, both policies resulted in larger reductions in perforation rates for historically uninsured and underserved groups. Conclusions Reductions in uninsured after Medicaid expansion and the DCP were associated with significant reductions in perforated appendix admission rates. Improvements in access to acute surgical care suggest that maintained/continued insurance expansion could lead to fewer delays, better patient outcomes, and reductions in disparities among the most at-risk populations.
Safety of drugs commonly used to treat hypertension, dyslipidemia, and Type 2 diabetes (the metabolic syndrome): part 2.

It is becoming increasingly acknowledged that people with Type 2 Diabetes represent what can be termed "an enriched population": a group that has the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarcts and strokes. Due to the tremendous toll, both human and financial, that these cardiovascular diseases result in, major efforts are being put forth to decrease their occurrence. It is clear that success in this endeavor is optimized by achieving target levels of glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Analysis of the individual drugs used to treat these comorbidities of the cardiovascular dysmetabolic syndrome has brought an understanding that frequently monotherapy is ineffective, and a clear appraisal of the benefits of available pharmaceuticals can result in a successful decision about which agents to include in regimens of combination therapy. This success translates into ultimately reducing the untimely death and disability that is unfortunately all too co...
Examining differences in developmental work personality across disability category: Implications for individuals with psychiatric disabilities.

Objective The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the differences in levels of work personality for persons with psychiatric disabilities compared to persons with other types of disabilities. Participants Seventy one adults eligible to receive Vocational Rehabilitation services participated; 30 reported a physical disability, 26 reported a psychiatric disability, and 15 reported a learning disability. Methods Eligible participants were recruited through VR offices and volunteered to participate. Results Results indicate that persons with psychiatric disabilities scored significantly lower on the Work Task and Social Skills subscales of the Developmental Work Personality Scale (DWPS) when compared to individuals with physical disabilities, but scored higher than individuals with physical and learning disabilities on the Role Model subscale. Conclusions The results of this study provide some initial clarity regarding developmental work personality differences among three broad categories of disability. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Foreign IPOs in the U.S.: When entrepreneurial orientation meets institutional distance

Abstract An increasing number of foreign firms are seeking capital in foreign countries via IPO listings. While much research has discussed the effects of external institutions, few research studies have systematically analyzed how institutional factors, as well as firm-specific characteristics such as entrepreneurial orientation (EO), jointly determine the performance of foreign IPOs. We suggest that a larger administrative distance negatively affects IPO performance, whereas EO positively affects IPO performance. At the same time, administrative distance negatively moderates the effects of EO on IPO performance. Findings from a sample of foreign firms that went public on the U.S. stock market between 2002 and 2012 support our hypotheses. The implications of these findings are discussed in this paper.
Evolution of Small Particle Distribution During the North Atlantic Bloom

During the April/May leg of the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, CTD/Transmissometer profiles were taken at 47°N, 20°W every morning and evening. Water samples were filtered to obtain particulate matter samples, to determine particle mass concentrations, and to calibrate the transmissometer. Particle concentrations in the surface mixed layer, calculated from beam attenuation coefficients, increased three-fold (from 0.17 mg/1 to 0.52 mg/1) over a two-week period, indicative of a phytoplankton bloom. The overall trend in the surface-layer beam attenuation during the second cruise (May/June) was flat, with the exception of a spike (concentrations > 1 mg/1), related to a storm and/or the edge of a mesoscale eddy. Superimposed on the April/May increase were diel variations (0.06 mg/1 to 0.12 mg/1), with evening highs and morning lows. Increases in particle mass easily account for the uptake of CO2 (LDGO CO2 group), suggesting that CO2 is rapidly converted to the particulate phase, after which it may be converted to DOC directly, or incorporated into large aggregates, which could release DOC as they settle and are remineralized. Decreases in particle concentration are, presumably, associated with biological consumption, large-particle production, and subsequent particle settling (fecal pellets, aggregates), or consumption and bioactive transport by organisms migrating to deeper depths.
Identification of effective engineering methods for controlling handheld workpiece vibration in grinding processes.

Abstract The objective of this study is to identify effective engineering methods for controlling handheld workpiece vibration during grinding processes. Prolonged and intensive exposures to such vibration can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome among workers performing workpiece grinding, but how to effectively control these exposures remains an important issue. This study developed a methodology for performing their analyses and evaluations based on a model of the entire grinding machine-workpiece-hand-arm system. The model can simulate the vibration responses of a workpiece held in the worker's hands and pressed against a grinding wheel in order to shape the workpiece in the major frequency range of concern (6.3–1600 Hz). The methodology was evaluated using available experimental data. The results suggest that the methodology is acceptable for these analyses and evaluations. The results also suggest that the workpiece vibration resulting from the machine vibration generally depends on two mechanisms or pathways: (1) the direct vibration transmission from the grinding machine; and (2) the indirect transmission that depends on both the machine vibration transmission to the workpiece and the interface excitation transformation to the workpiece vibration. The methodology was applied to explore and/or analyze various engineering methods for controlling workpiece vibrations. The modeling results suggest that while these intervention methods have different advantages and limitations, some of their combinations can effectively reduce the vibration exposures of grinding workers. These findings can be used as guidance for selecting and developing more effective technologies to control handheld workpiece vibration exposures.
Dielectric enhancement over a broad temperature by nanofiller at ultra-low volume content in poly(ether methyl ether urea)

This Letter studies the dielectric responses of nanocomposites of poly(ether methyl ether urea) (PEMEU) with alumina nanofillers at less than 0.7% volume loading (0.7 vol. %). The results show that the dielectric constant K of PEMEU nanocomposites is enhanced by the nanofillers. The enhancement peaks at 0.33 vol. % nanofiller loading, from K = 3.9 of neat polymer to K = 5.5 of nanocomposites from room temperature to 200 °C, above the glass transition (∼150 °C) of the polymer. Except for an enhanced dielectric constant, the nanocomposite maintains a low dielectric loss and a high breakdown strength of 500 MV/m at room temperature and 300 MV/m at 150 °C, respectively. Thus, the nanocomposite with 0.33 vol. % nanofillers delivers discharged energy densities of 6.5 J/cm3 at room temperature and 2 J/cm3 at 150 °C with better than 90% charge/discharge efficiency, 40% higher than the neat polymer.
Theoretical evaluation of enhanced gold nanoparticle delivery to PC3 tumors due to increased hydraulic conductivity or recovered lymphatic function after mild whole body hyperthermia

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of hyperthermia-induced improvement of hydraulic conductivity and lymphatic function on both tumoral IFP reduction and nanoparticle delivery to PC3 tumors. We developed a theoretical model for nanoparticle transport in a tumor incorporating Starling's law, Darcy's law, transient convection, and diffusion of chemical species in porous media, and nanoparticle accumulation in tumors. Results have shown that both mechanisms were effective to decrease the IFP at the tumor center from 1600 Pa in the control without heating to 800 Pa in tumors with whole body heating. IFP reductions not only elevate the nanoparticle concentration in the tumor, but also result in a more uniform nanoparticle concentration in the tumor than that in the control without heating. Due to the IFP reductions at the tumor center and/or local blood perfusion increases, the final amount of accumulated nanoparticles in the tumor increased by more than 35-95% when compared to the control without heating. We conclude that increases in the hydraulic conductivity and recovery of lymphatic functions are possible mechanisms that lead to IFP reductions and enhancement in nanoparticle deposition in PC3 tumors observed in our in vivo experimental studies.
To Believe or Not to Believe: Framing Analysis of Content and Audience Response of Top 10 Deepfake Videos on YouTube.

This study explores popular deepfake media content and audience response in an effort to gain better understanding of the potential social and psychological impacts of deepfakes. A content analysis...
The Myth that Ramsey Destroyed and Demolished Keynes’s Logical Theory of Probability is Easily Dismissed as a Fairy Tale by Anyone who has read Parts II-V of the A Treatise on Probability (1921)

Ramsey’s many ,many confusions and errors about Keynes’s logical theory of Probability all stem from his failure to a) read more than just the first four chapters of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability(1921),b) his gross ignorance of Boole’s logical theory of probability that Keynes had built on in Parts II,III,IV,and V of the A Treatise on Probability,c) his complete and total ignorance of real world decision making in financial markets(bond, money, stocks, commodity futures),government,industry and business,and d) his complete and total ignorance of the role that intuition and perception played in tournament chess competition under time constraint,a role that was taught to J M Keynes by his father ,J N Keynes,who was a rated chess master who played first board for Cambridge University in the late 1870’s and early 1880’s. Anyone who has read Parts II,III,IV and V of the A Treatise on Probability can avoid making the type of errors that have recently shown up again in C.Misak’s( 2020) biography of Ramsey,where it is asserted that Ramsey easily demolished Keynes’s logical theory of probability or S Bradley’s (2019) historical foray into the beginnings of imprecise probability,which are based on B.Weatherson’s (2002 ) bizarre claims that the “modern” theory of imprecise probability, which uses interval valued probability defined by lower and upper probabilities,as well as Kyburg’s own deficient knowledge base,can be used to help explain Keynes’s strange ,unfathomable and mysterious beliefs in “ non numerical” probabilities. Of course,since Keynes’s work in the A Treatise on Probability in Parts II-V is directly based on Boole’s theory of interval valued probability that defined lower and upper probabilities in chapters 16 -21 of the 1854 The Laws of Thought,what Weatherson(2002) and Bradley (2019)are doing is to reinvent the wheel,not knowing that the wheel had already been invented thousands of years before them.This error can be directly traced to both Weatherson’s and Bradley’s extremely limited understanding of Keynes’s introductory,initial,beginning approach to the use of interval valued probability that takes place in chapter III of the A Treatise on Probability on pp.30 and 34,which are the same pages emphasized by philosophers,for example, such as H E Kyburg and I J Good.
Pain differences in sympathetic nervous system reactivity during simple and complex walking tasks: potential cerebral mechanisms

Autonomic dysregulation may lead to blunted sympathetic reactivity in chronic pain states and autonomic responses are controlled by the central autonomic network (CAN). Little research has examined sympathetic reactivity and associations with brain CAN structures in the presence of chronic pain; thus, the present study aims to investigate chronic pain differences in sympathetic reactivity and associations with CAN brain region volumes. Sympathetic reactivity was measured as change in skin conductance level (ΔSCL) between a resting preparation and walking phases of typical and complex walking tasks (obstacle and dual-task) in 31 participants with (n=19) and without (n=12) chronic musculoskeletal pain using a repeated measures-ANCOVA with Bonferroni corrections. Structural 3T MRI was used to determine gray matter volume associations with ΔSCL in regions of the CAN (i.e., brainstem, amygdala, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, using partial correlations (FDR-corrected) adjusting for important covariates. ΔSCL varied across all walking tasks (main effect p=0.036), with lower ΔSCL in chronic pain participants (21.0±5.4µS) compared to controls (43.4±7.5µS). ΔSCL during typical walking was associated with multiple CAN gray matter volumes, including brainstem, bilateral insula, amygdala, right caudal anterior cingulate cortex (FDRp's
An homage to the research legacy of Dr. Gregory Schraw: the theory of self-regulated learning

.Gregory “Gregg” Schraw was an international scholar interested in investigating psychological phenomena related to self-regulated learning theory. This reflection article summarizes Gregg’s research trajectory about the three main components of self-regulated learning: cognition, motivation, and metacognition, while presenting the impact of his trajectory regarding some of the most relevant works of his legacy, and his contributions to the development of self-regulated learning theory and metacognition. The contributions of Gregg’s work to theoretical and applied contexts in his field of research are discussed. The reflection concludes with some implications on Gregg's work and legacy and with the presentation of some of the gaps or gaps that he, as a visionary, considered for the field of study and that in his research program he wanted to pursue in his future work.
Extending our theoretical maps: Psychology of agenda-setting

Two aspects of the psychology of agenda-setting are discussed, the social psychology of academic research and contemporary research extending our theoretical knowledge about the psy- chology of the agenda-setting process. To counter academic conservatism regarding new applications of agenda-setting theory, distinctions are made between concepts, domains and settings. A major trend in contemporary research on the psychology of agenda-setting is the explication of the theory's basic concepts. Th is research includes the impact of incidental learning and the visual content in TV news on fi rst-level and second-level agenda-setting eff ects, respectively, an expanded set of measures for the concept of need for orientation, and the consequences of agenda-setting eff ects for the forma- tion of opinions and both priming and attribute priming of the aff ective dimension of opinions.
Bringing the Field to the Supervisor: Innovation in Distance Supervision for Field-Based Experiences Using Mobile Technologies:

This paper provides a summary of the design, development, and evaluation of a mobile distance supervision system for teacher interns in their field-based teaching experiences. Developed as part of ...
The ion population of the magnetotail during the 17 April 2002 magnetic storm: Large-scale kinetic simulations and IMAGE/HENA observations

[1] The contribution of solar wind and ionospheric ions to the ion population of the magnetotail during the 17 April 2002 geomagnetic storm was investigated by using large-scale kinetic (LSK) particle tracing calculations. We began our investigation by carrying out a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the storm event by using upstream solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data from the ACE spacecraft. We launched solar wind H+ ions and ionospheric O+ ions beginning at 0900 UT, ∼2 h prior to the sudden storm commencement (SSC), until 2000 UT. We found that during this Dst ∼ −98 nT storm, solar wind ions carried the bulk of the density and energy density in the nightside ring current and plasma sheet, with the notable exception of the 90 min immediately after the SSC when O+ densities in the ring current exceeded those of H+ ions. The LSK simulation did a very good job of reproducing ion densities observed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit and reproduced the changes in the inner magnetosphere and the injection of ions observed by the IMAGE spacecraft during a substorm that occurred at 1900 UT. These comparisons with observations serve to validate our results throughout the magnetotail and allow us to obtain time-dependent maps of H+ and O+ density and energy density where IMAGE cannot make measurements. In essence, this work extends the viewing window of the IMAGE spacecraft far downtail.
A delay-aware probability-based MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

The long propagation delay of underwater acoustic communications has made traditional handshaking-based medium access control (MAC) protocols inefficient for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). We envision that this unique feature, although often taken as negative, can be leveraged to improve the parallelism between multiple senders, i.e., transmitting data simultaneously so as to achieve higher channel utilization. In this paper, we propose a novel Delay-Aware Probability-based MAC protocol, DAP-MAC, which eliminates the handshaking process and utilizes concurrent transmissions to significantly improve the network throughput. Compatibility relation among senders based on their distances to the common receiver is derived at run-time. A utility-optimization framework uses this compatibility relation to determine the best transmission strategies for senders. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that DAP-MAC achieves better system throughput than the existing representative underwater MAC protocols.
International toll revenue division: Tackling the inequities and inefficiencies

Abstract International telecommunication carriers negotiate operating agreements for routing traffic and dividing toll revenues. They also establish an accounting rate to compensate each other for accepting calls and delivering them to the intended recipient. Accounting rates have failed to drop commensurate with lower unit costs incurred by service providers, and have motivated customers and carriers alike to devise ways to route exempt traffic. Artificially high accounting rates exacerbate the impact of significantly higher outbound US international traffic volumes. In 1991 the accounting rate settlement process resulted in the payment of over $3.4 billion by US carriers to their foreign counterparts in both developed and developing nations. This article outlines the accounting rate settlement process and how the Federal Communications Commission has reacted to a growing deficit. It identifies various user self-help strategies, and suggests alternatives to the FCC's approach for achieving success in lowering accounting rates.
Secular temperature trends for the southern Rocky Mountains over the last five centuries

[1] Pre-instrumental surface temperature variability in the Southwestern United States has traditionally been reconstructed using variations in the annual ring widths of high altitude trees that live near a growth-limiting isotherm. A number of studies have suggested that the response of some trees to temperature variations is non-stationary, warranting the development of alternative approaches towards reconstructing past regional temperature variability. Here we present a five-century temperature reconstruction for a highaltitude site in the Rocky Mountains derived from the oxygen isotopic composition of cellulose (d 18 Oc) from Bristlecone Pine trees. The record is independent of the co-located growth-based reconstruction while providing the same temporal resolution and absolute age constraints. The empirical correlation between d 18 Oc and instrumental temperatures is used to produce a temperature transfer function. A forward-model for cellulose isotope variations, driven by meteorological data and output from an isotope-enabled General Circulation Model, is used to evaluate the processes that propagate the temperature signal to the proxy. The cellulose record documents persistent multidecadal variations in d 18 Oc that are attributable to temperature shifts on the order of 1C but no sustained monotonic rise in temperature or a step-like increase since the late 19th century. The isotope-based temperature history is consistent with both regional wood density-based temperature estimates and some sparse early instrumental records. Citation: Berkelhammer, M., and L. D. Stott (2012), Secular temperature trends for the southern Rocky Mountains over the last five centuries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L17701, doi:10.1029/2012GL052447.
Preferential radon transport through highly permeable channels in soils

Publisher Summary Several significant observations were made from this study of preferential radon transport through permeable channels in soils. Some observations concern channel construction, and others concern the physics of air and radon transport into and from the channels. Channels with up to 10,000 times greater air permeability than surrounding undisturbed soils may be constructed using gravel fill material, but are less likely to be constructed if sand is used in the channel. Even though the channel fill may have the requisite high permeability, trench construction to install the channels disturbs the natural soils enough to increase their air permeability by several orders of magnitude. This creates a semipermeable zone of recompacted soil above the channels that limits their air transport distances. Despite standard construction attempts to compact the site soils to their original condition, the air permeability of soils above the test channels increased by more than a factor of 300.
Yolk hydrolase activities associated with polypeptide and oligosaccharide processing of Blattella germanica vitellin

Various aspects of the processing of Blattella germanica vitellin (Vt) in the oocyte and egg have been investigated. Employing subunit specific antibodies, the precursor product relationships among the subunits of this Vt have been determined. After endocytosis of Vt by the oocyte, the Mr 160,000 subunit Vt is cleaved to products of Mr 95,000 and Mr 50,000. In association with an unprocessed Mr 102,000 peptide, these form the subunits of the Vt of freshly ovulated eggs. Between 4 and 5 days post ovulation (at 30°C), all three subunits of Vt are again processed proteolytically before use by the embryo. Although Vt's high mannose-type oligosaccharides are trimmed during embryogenesis, their modification occurs subsequent to the day 4–5 proteolysis, precluding the possibility that changes in oligosaccharide content or structure contribute to regulating this second proteolytic event. Although the predominant oligosaccharide of Vt is Man9GlCNAc2, the Mr 50,000 subunit of egg-borne Vt contains a much higher proportion of Man6GlCNAc2 than the other two subunits; therefore, this portion of the precursor vitellogenin must be more accessible to the processing mannosidases of the endoplasmic reticulum during its biosynthesis. A microtechnique for aspirating the yolk from individual eggs in an oothecapermits its isolation free of contamination by embryonic tissue. With this procedure, the specific activity profiles of exo-α-mannosidase, exp-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, α-glucosidase and acid phosphatase were monitored during the first 6 days after ovulation, and some of their properties were also determined. Expression of the acid phosphatase and exo-β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities coincide with the day 4–5 proteolysis, while α-mannosidase remains relatively constant throughout the first 6 days. Functions for these enzymes and the oligosaccharides of Vt during Vt storage and utilization are proposed.
The Relationships Between Emerging Adults' Expressed Desire to Marry and Frequency of Participation in Risk-Taking Behaviors

The impact that desire to marry has on risk-taking behaviors during emerging adulthood is examined in the current investigation using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Looking both at the simple relationships between desire to marry and risk-taking behaviors, as well as the possible predictive power desire to marry could have on binge drinking, marijuana use, and sexual behaviors, data revealed that attitudes toward marriage may be an important component of emerging adulthood and risk-taking research. Results indicate that desire to marry was predictive of several risk-taking behaviors for both men and women even after controlling for other known predictors of risk-taking. Implications for future research are discussed.
Antibodies to poly[(2----8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] and poly[(2----9)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] are elicited by immunization of mice with Escherichia coli K92 conjugates: potential vaccines for groups B and C meningococci and E. coli K1.

Meningitis and other systemic infections caused by group B Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli K1 remain important problems. The capsular polysaccharides (CPs) of these pathogens (poly[(2----8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] or poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc] are identical and are virulence factors and protective antigens for both. CP vaccines for these pathogens are not available because poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) alone, as a complex or a conjugate, is poorly immunogenic. Because oligomers of poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) in fetal brain and other tissues bind antibodies in vitro, it has been suggested that antibodies to this CP might be pathologic. We synthesized conjugates of this CP with tetanus toxoid under conditions that avoid lactone formation. Using this scheme, we also synthesized conjugates of group C meningococcal CP (poly[(2----9)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] or poly(alpha 2-9NeuNAc] and of E. coli K92 CP [poly(alpha 2-8, alpha 2-9NeuNAc)]. When injected s.c. in saline into mice, conjugates of poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) or poly(alpha 2-9NeuNAc) elicited homologous antibodies. E. coli K92 conjugates elicited both poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) and poly(alpha 2-9NeuNAc) antibodies. Both components of the conjugates expressed T-dependent immunologic properties under conditions and dosages acceptable for clinical evaluation. Poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) antibodies elicited by the homologous or the K92 conjugates had lower binding activities at 37 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. "Natural" poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) antibodies were present in almost all matched pairs of human maternal and cord sera; most cord levels were higher than in corresponding maternal sera. These findings suggest that increased levels of poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) IgG antibodies elicited by our conjugates will confer protective immunity to group B meningococci and E. coli K1 and will not be pathologic.
First-principles theory of iron up to earth-core pressures: Structural, vibrational, and elastic properties.

{ital Ab} {ital initio} electronic-structure calculations, based on density-functional theory and a full-potential linear-muffin-tin-orbital method, have been used to predict crystal-structure phase stabilities, elastic constants, and Brillouin-zone-boundary phonons for iron under compression. Total energies for five crystal structures, bcc, fcc, bct, hcp, and dhcp, have been calculated over a wide volume range. In agreement with experiment and previous theoretical calculations, a magnetic bcc ground state is obtained at ambient pressure and a nonmagnetic hcp ground state is found at high pressure, with a predicted bcc {r_arrow} hcp phase transition at about 10 GPa. Also in agreement with very recent diamond-anvil-cell experiments, a metastable dhcp phase is found at high pressure, which remains magnetic and consequently accessible at high temperature up to about 50 GPa. In addition, the bcc structure becomes mechanically unstable at pressures above 2 Mbar (200 GPa) and a metastable, but still magnetic, bct phase ({ital c}/{ital a} {approx_equal} 0.875) develops. For high-pressure nonmagnetic iron, fcc and hcp elastic constants and fcc phonon frequencies have been calculated to above 4 Mbar. These quantities rise smoothly with pressure, but an increasing tendency towards elastic anisotropy as a function of compression is observed, and this has important implications for themore » solid inner-core of the earth. The fcc elastic-constant and phonon data have also been used in combination with generalized pseudopotential theory to develop many-body interatomic potentials, from which high-temperature thermodynamic properties and melting can be obtained. In this paper, these potentials have been used to calculate full fcc and hcp phonon spectra and corresponding Debye temperatures as a function of compression. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Endogenous binary choice model with median restrictions

Abstract We propose an estimator for β in the binary choice model y=1[x′β+ϵ≥0] under the assumption that the median of the distribution of the unobserved random variable ϵ conditional on a vector of instruments z is zero. We provide sufficient conditions for point identification of the parameter β. We also provide a consistent estimator of β.
Adapting to the times [review of Adaptive Techniques for Dynamic Processor Optimization: Theory and Practice (Wang, A. and Naffziger, S., Eds.; 2008)]

The focus of this volume is on postsilicon adaption to overcome process and environmental variations, to ensure that a design operates to specifications even in the presence of process and environmental variations. Some of the topics covered include: an introduction, discussing sources of variation and the notion of a control system with a feedback loop to adaptively compensate for variations; adaptively changing body biases, processor frequencies, and supply voltages to react to variations; an Intel view, demonstrated on the design of a TCP/IP processor with dynamic and adaptive supply voltage, body bias, and frequency optimization, including measurement results; building ultradynamic-voltage-scaled (UDVS) systems; the design of the XScale embedded processor; the design of sensors for monitoring critical-path delays under variations, including control and calibration mechanisms; architectural methods for adaptive computing; asynchronous systems and adaptation; and SRAM design and optimization and testing techniques specific to adaptive systems, as demonstrated on the Intel Montecito processor. The book brings together a variety of voices, explaining various views regarding on-chip adaptation. The overall story comes across extraordinarily well and lucidly.
A new representation of binary search trees

Abstract The binary search tree is one of the most fundamental data structures in computer and information sciences. This paper presents a simple and powerful representation of binary search trees. This representation uses the concept of implicit data structures, and it has many useful applications in constructing information systems that support efficient and flexible dynamic search, enumeration, and update operations.
Online sparsifying transform learning for signal processing

Many techniques in signal and image processing exploit the sparsity of natural signals in a transform domain or dictionary. Adaptive synthesis dictionaries have been shown to be useful in applications such as signal denoising, and compressed sensing. More recently, the data-driven adaptation of sparsifying transforms has received some interest. The sparsifying transform model allows for exact and cheap computations. In this work, we propose a framework for online learning of square sparsifying transforms. Such online learning can be particularly useful when dealing with big data, and for signal processing applications such as realtime sparse representation and denoising. The proposed online transform learning algorithm is shown to have a much lower computational cost than online synthesis dictionary learning. The sequential learning of a sparsifying transform also typically converges faster than batch mode transform learning. Preliminary experiments show the usefulness of the proposed schemes for sparse representation, and denoising.
Construction of a neuroanatomical shape complex atlas from 3D MRI brain structures.

Brain atlas construction has attracted significant attention lately in the neuroimaging community due to its application to the characterization of neuroanatomical shape abnormalities associated with various neurodegenerative diseases or neuropsychiatric disorders. Existing shape atlas construction techniques usually focus on the analysis of a single anatomical structure in which the important inter-structural information is lost. This paper proposes a novel technique for constructing a neuroanatomical shape complex atlas based on an information geometry framework. A shape complex is a collection of neighboring shapes – for example, the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus circuit – which may exhibit changes in shape across multiple structures during the progression of a disease. In this paper, we represent the boundaries of the entire shape complex using the zero level set of a distance transform function S(x). We then re-derive the relationship between the stationary state wave function ψ(x) of the Schrodinger equation − ℏ2 ∇ 2ψ + ψ = 0 and the eikonal equation ‖ ∇ S‖ = 1 satisfied by any distance function. This leads to a one-to-one map (up to scale) between ψ(x) and S(x) via an explicit relationship. We further exploit this relationship by mapping ψ(x) to a unit hypersphere whose Riemannian structure is fully known, thus effectively turn ψ(x) into the square-root of a probability density function. This allows us to make comparisons – using elegant, closed-form analytic expressions – between shape complexes represented as square-root densities. A shape complex atlas is constructed by computing the Karcher mean ψ¯(x) in the space of square-root densities and then inversely mapping it back to the space of distance transforms in order to realize the atlas shape. We demonstrate the shape complex atlas computation technique via a set of experiments on a population of brain MRI scans including controls and epilepsy patients with either right anterior medial temporal or left anterior medial temporal lobectomies.
Ferritin mRNA: interactions of iron regulatory element with translational regulator protein P-90 and the effect on base-paired flanking regions.

Abstract The ferritin iron regulatory element (IRE), a conserved sequence of 28 nucleotides in a hairpin loop, is a conserved mRNA-specific translational regulatory element; flanking the IRE are regions of varying sequence, which form 9-17 base pairs close to the 5' cap. P-90 is a ferritin mRNA-specific translation regulatory protein purified from animal liver and reticulocytes. To study the P-90-RNA interaction, protein nucleases (RNase S1 and T1) and chemical nucleases FeEDTA and/or 1,10-phenanthroline-Cu were used as probes of an oligonucleotide (n = 55), containing the IRE and flanking regions (FL), and natural ferritin mRNA. Footprints and "toeprints" showed that P-90 binding was confined to the stem and loop of the IRE itself. However, P-90 altered the structure of the flanking region by increasing base stacking or helicity (RNase V1 sensitivity). Comparison of the reactivity of the IRE and flanking regions in natural mRNA and the 55-mer showed that long-range interactions included protecting bulges, single-stranded, and stacked regions from protein nucleases as well as stabilizing the P-90-RNA interaction. Structural integration of the IRE with the base-paired flanking regions was indicated by common features of reactivity (periodic hypersensitivity to FeEDTA) and changes in the FL region caused by P-90. The increased secondary structure of the IRE flanking regions caused by P-90 binding to the IRE provides a likely mechanism for blocking initiation of ferritin mRNA translation, since the combined structure (IRE + FL) is so close (8-17 nucleotides) to the cap.
Low temperature swelling of Argonne Premium Coal Samples: 2. Micropore wall chemistry during swelling☆

Abstract An electron paramagnetic resonance (e.p.r.) spin probe method was used to study the micropore wall chemistry of coal during swelling at 298 and 333 K with polar and non-polar solvents. Argonne Premium Coal Sample coals were swelled in the presence of small nitroxide molecules with R groups differing in their ability to hydrogen bond to coal. The results showed that unswelled coals contained small, spherical pores which disappeared when coal was swelled in the presence of polar solvents. Nitroxides with polar R groups were retained in the micropore structure due to the ability of the R group to hydrogen bond with the coal. However, probe retention decreased with rank, emphasizing that hydrogen bonding was important primarily in low-rank coals. The presence of polar solvents like nitrobenzene and pyridine decreased polar spin probe retention due to competition for binding sites. Site competition was the greatest in pyridine. Finally, the results indicated the presence of hydrogen bonding sites in coal which vary in reactive strength.
Electronic structure of hydroxyl-vinoxy radical HOCHCHO

Abstract We report on the electronic structure of the hydroxyl-vinoxy HOCHCHO radical. Its ground electronic structure is shown to result from the interaction of two main resonating valence bond configurations. Computationally we used multiconfiguration SCF wavefunctions to take into account the resonance interaction. We predict the existence of a near-infrared electronic excited state ( 2 A′) about 1.0 eV above the ground state 2 A″, and of an excited state ( 2 A″) in the UV region at about 3.5 eV above the ground state.
Lumbar spinal cord and early cortical evoked potentials after tibial nerve stimulation: effects of stature on normative data.

Short-latency somatosensory evoked responses to tibial nerve stimulation were recorded simultaneously over the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae and scalp in normal young subjects. This non-invasive test revealed values which are highly reproducible and could be closely correlated with subject-related variables such as height and leg length. A nomogram describing the close relationship between absolute latency of various response components and stature was derived and shown to be an important variable in the establishment of normative data and interpretation of SSEP in relation to disorders affecting the peripheral and central nervous system. In contrast, central conduction times of interpeak intervals (N22–P37 and N22–N45) were unrelated to variations in the subject's stature providing a reliable clinical measure in the assessment of the central somatosensory pathway.
Real-World Emissions from Conventional Passenger Cars

It has long been recognized that vehicles emit more pollutants than allowed under the new car emission standards. Further tightening of the certification standards based on existing test procedures does not directly address the largest sources of emissions. This study attempts to quantify vehicle emissions by source, in order to prioritize future policymaking. Several new sets of data are used in conjunction with regulatory emission models to characterize the lifetime emissions from the average Model Year (MY)93 vehicle. Special attention is paid to two of the largest sources of real-world emissions: (1) high-power driving by cars with properly functioning emissions controls, and (2) cars with malfunctioning emissions controls. Emissions are projected to MY2000 and 2010, based on estimates of the effectiveness of recently adopted and proposed regulatory policies. These new policies are projected to reduce total emissions substantially.
Population history of Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) inferred from nuclear DNA sequences.

The nature of gene flow in plants — including the propensity for interspecific introgression — makes them interesting candidates for phylogeographical analysis. Plant phylogeography studies have been limited, however, by the availability of suitable intraspecific variation. In this study, DNA sequence variation from a nuclear gene [Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; (G3pdh)] was used to examine the population history of Manihot esculenta ssp. flabellifolia and a potentially hybridizing species, M. pruinosa. These species occur in the rainforest–savanna ecotone adjoining the Amazon basin, a region believed to have undergone major habitat shifts since the Pleistocene. Geographical distributions of the G3pdh haplotypes indicate genetic isolation-by-distance across the range of M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia. However, there is greater genetic similarity between northeastern and western populations than would be expected given the present species distribution. A nested clade analysis suggests that northeastern and western populations were connected by gene flow until relatively recently, when they became fragmented. This inferred fragmentation event is consistent with post-Pleistocene habitat shifts proposed for the Amazon basin. At the interspecific level, haplotype sharing with M. pruinosa may reflect either recent interspecific introgression or incomplete lineage sorting between these closely related species.
Preserving topsoil: A study of U.S. farmers’ commitments to resource conservation

Abstract Analysis is made of the success of a 50‐year experiment in the United States to control soil erosion. Findings are reported from a 13‐state study of farmers’ adoptions of conservation plans prepared by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). The study sites have some of the highest rates of soil erosion found in the United States, yet only about a third of the farm operators have conservation plans. Furthermore, many of these plans are outdated and the actions required to reduce soil erosion often are not implemented. The Farm Security Act of 1985 represents a new strategy for addressing long‐standing soil erosion problems.
Framing Controversial Practices: Frame salience, source credibility, and stock market reaction

Though prior research has suggested the importance of framing controversial organizational actions, the factors that make frames “resonate” and thus effective are still not well understood. In this...
The Use of Niche Breadth and Proportional Similarity in Feeding to Stipulate Resource Utilization Strategies in Fish

ABSTRACT A hypothetical data set was evaluated using algorithms to calculate niche breadth (Levins' index) and the proportional similarity in feeding between the species of interest and the resource base (the PS ratio of Feinsinger et al.). The results were then examined for the occurrence of concordance and non-concordance between information generated by these two algorithms. The nature of the concordance and non-concordance can be used to define strategies of resource utilization. That is, if the concordance results from both a high niche breadth value and a high proportional similarity in feeding, the foraging strategy is that of a classic “generalist.” If the values for proportional similarity in feeding and the niche breadth are both low, the foraging strategy is that of a classic “specialist.” In cases of non-concordance where the values for niche breadth is high but the value for proportional feeding is low, the foraging strategy is that of a “selectionist.” But if the niche breadth value is low a...
A Beurling type theorem in weighted Bergman spaces

Abstract For the vector-valued Hardy space H 2 ( U ) and the standard weighted Bergman space A n ( Y ) with coefficient Hilbert spaces U and Y , we single out a class of contractive multipliers from H 2 ( U ) to A n ( Y ) which we call partially isometric multipliers . We then show that a closed subspace M ⊂ A n ( Y ) is invariant under the shift operator S n : f ( z ) ↦ z f ( z ) if and only if M = Φ ⋅ H 2 ( U ) for some partially isometric multiplier Φ from H 2 ( U ) to A n ( Y ) .
Development, Implementation, and Sustainability of Comprehensive School-Wide Behavior Management Systems:

Effective management of student behavior begins with viewing each school as a comprehensive system in which teachers, administrators, related service personnel, parents, and students all play a par...
Exploring the Benefits of Music-Making as Professional Development for Music Teachers.

Although much has been written about professional development in general education and music education literature, little has addressed the benefits of music-making as meaningful professional development for music teachers. For music teachers, music-making and meanings of music-making have been connected with teachers' identity, well-being, beliefs, and effectiveness, as well as being a powerful pedagogical tool and a way to develop presence in teaching. Presence in teaching is linked with self-awareness, attentiveness, and pedagogical knowledge. The purpose of this article is to explore the benefits of music-making for music teachers in order to convince policymakers of the value of music-making as a professional development activity for music teachers. This article explores theories from psychology and education that link engagement, well-being, and identity to lay the foundation for a justification of broadening professional development policies. Then, literature is presented that connects teachers' ar...