cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientation of horizontal cell axon terminals in the streak of the turtle retina

NEURONES which respond preferentially to slits of light of a given orientation have been found at the ganglion cell level of the retina1, as well as at higher centres of the visual system2–4. Present knowledge about the morphology of such cells and the organisation of the inputs to these cells does not account for the origins of their specialised receptive field properties. We report here that the horizontal cells impaled in the visual streak of the turtle retina (a specialised linear area centralis5 analogous to the fovea of higher vertebrates) respond preferentially to slits of light oriented parallel to the streak and thus parallel to the horizontal meridian of the animal's visual field5. Anatomical studies demonstrate that these horizontal cells are all elongated and oriented in the direction of the streak. Thus, our findings show that a class of neurones exists in the retina whose morphologies may form the basis for their specialised receptive field properties.
Turner Teeth and childhood caries in a protohistoric California Indian population

Three instances of unusual enamel defects are reported from a late prehistoric and protohistoric non-agricultural California Indian population. The defects, consisting of irregular absence of enamel over much of the crown of single premolars, with no corresponding hypoplastic defects in the remainder of the dentition, are typical of Turner teeth. Such defects are a consequence of pulp exposure from severe caries infections in the primary dentition. Their presence is suggestive of unusually high levels of childhood caries experience for a non-agricultural population, a suggestion borne out by examination of the deciduous dentitions.
Computer Modeling of Radiation Hard AlGaAs Heterojunction Photodiode Structures

A one-dimensional variable composition computer program has been used to identify and optimize the device characteristics of AlGaAs photodiodes which determine the noise current induced in these devices by ionizing radiation. The radiation sensitivity of single and double heterostructure devices intended for operation at ? = .82?m have been examined and compared. The results indicate that appropriately optimized double heterostructure photodiodes are superior to single heterostructure photodiodes for operation in radiation environments. Optimization of the double heterostructure devices requires the proper choice of both the active region characteristics and the AlGaAs barrier region characteristics.
Motor-induced sliding of microtubule and actin bundles

Interactions of multiple molecular motors with bundles of actin and microtubule filaments form the basis for many cytoskeletal processes including axonal growth, muscle contraction, cell division and platelet formation. Continuum models based on generalized diffusion equations have been suggested to quantify the dynamics of such active bundles. In highly cross-linked and densely packed filament bundles, however, a major complication arises due to the multiple interactions that each filament forms with its neighbors. To explore the effects of these interactions, we used detailed computer simulations and studied the bundles with different types of motors at different densities and boundary conditions. We found that highly cross-linked bundles exhibit effects of long-ranged interactions that are sensitive to the boundary conditions. In open bundles, these give rise to ‘telescopic’ patterns resulting in significant acceleration of the filaments at the edges. In contrast, in ringed bundles, the long-ranged interactions ‘lock’ filaments and slow down their movements. The filaments in loosely connected bundles, on the other hand, undergo local diffusion-drift dynamics consistent with previous continuum models. Our simulations also demonstrate the sorting phenomena in the mixed-polarity bundles and reveal characteristic scales and conditions for spontaneous pattern formation in the bundle. We discuss the relevance of our results for cytoskeleton systems such as microtubules in axons, platelet formation, kinetochore fibers and actin bundles in motile cells.
ALIENATION: AN ESSENTIAL PROCESS OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ADOLESCENCE

All societies recognize the importance of adolescent passage into adulthood and have institutionalized social processes by which this objective is attained. This is born out of the necessity of each society to prepare and induct the adolescent into the adult world in order to provide for its continuity and relative stability and for the perpetuation of cultural values. All adolescents living in different periods of time invariably have experienced the crisis of change. Today it appears more intense and ominous as many adolescents in our culture are hard put to traverse this decisive phase of life. The reasons appear to be the phenomenal increase in the adolescent population,' the turbulent social changes created by spectacular technological advances and sociopolitical action, and the poorly structured, unstable induction system necessary to provide the transition of the adolescent into the adult society. Adolescence, a period of striking physical and psychological transformation, always has been characterized by unrest, by physical and
Impact of strut height on offloading capacity of removable cast walkers

Background Reducing weight-bearing stress to diabetic foot ulcers is critical to healing and commonly called offloading. Removable cast walkers are frequently used for offloading; however, patient compliance is often poor. Walkers commonly extend to the knee. Patients complain about walkers' weight and diminished balance with their use. This study compared the offloading capacity of walkers that varied by height. Heights included: knee, ankle, and shoe levels. To ensure a fair comparison the outsole and insole were standardized across the devices.
Apparent diamagnetic response of an inhomogeneous ferromagnet

We present magnetization measurements on a weakly ferromagnetic Pd 0.5 at. % Fe alloy (${T}_{c}$=15 K). Due to the preparation technique for the sample, it has a thin surface layer with slightly enhanced ${T}_{c}.$ In fields above 200 mG, the magnetization is typical of a ferromagnet. However, when cooling in very small fields (H25 mG), the magnetization reverses its direction at low temperatures, apparently becoming diamagnetic. The effect is very similar, but of opposite sign, to that observed in some high-${T}_{c}$ superconducting samples where the magnetization becomes paramagnetic on field cooling (paramagnetic Meissner effect, PME). Whereas the origin of the PME in superconductors is controversial, the effect in our ferromagnetic sample is explained in terms of dipolar polarization of the interior of the sample by the surface layer with enhanced ${T}_{c}.$ Removing the surface layer eliminates this anomalous effect and the sample behaves like an ordinary ferromagnet, down to the lowest fields.
Inter-parental conflict and sibling warmth during adolescence: associations with female depression in emerging adulthood.

Summary.—Grounded in Grych and Fincham's cognitive appraisal theory, this study examined whether female emerging adults' (N = 216) recalled sibling warmth moderated the relationship between exposure to inter-parental conflict in adolescence and their current depression. Findings indicated that sibling warmth moderated the relationship between the intensity and frequency of inter-parental conflict and depression, but not inter-parental conflict resolution. Compared to female emerging adults who reported lower sibling warmth, those who reported higher sibling warmth in the face of greater intensity and higher frequency of inter-parental conflict during adolescence had lower depression. The important role of siblings for youth from conflicted homes was highlighted.
Scattering of Electrons in Ionized Gases

Velocity distribution of electrons in low pressure discharges from hot cathodes.\char22{}Analysis of the current received by a collector placed opposite a hot cathode indicates that there are three groups of electrons present; (1) primary electrons which retain practically all the momentum they acquired in passing through the positive ion sheath around the cathode; (2) secondary electrons moving in random directions with a Maxwellian velocity distribution corresponding to a temperature roughly proportional to the energy of the primaries (200,000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for 100 volt primaries) and approximately independent of the nature or pressure of the gas or the current density; (3) ultimate electrons having a Maxwellian distribution of velocities corresponding to a much lower temperature than that of the secondaries, a temperature which is independent of the current density or the voltage of the primary electrons and which varies with the gas used and decreases slowly as the pressure is raised. The number of ultimate electrons is roughly 1000 times that of the primaries and secondaries for mercury vapor, although relatively less numerous in the case of hydrogen. In the uniform positive column of arcs only ultimate electrons are present.
Influence of Cultivars, Soak Solution, Blanch Method, and Brine Composition on Canned Dry Pea Quality

The composition of two commercially grown cultivars of dry peas (Pisum sativum L.),‘Alaska’and‘Garfield’, and their physical and sensory qualities after rehydration and thermal processing under various conditions were evaluated. Raw Garfield peas were larger and higher in lipid content (P<0.05) than Alaska peas, but no differences between cultivars were observed for moisture, protein, fiber, insoluble solids, alcohol insoluble solids, or starch contents. Sensory and physical assessment of the pea cultivars when canned revealed differences for a number of variables, but the results were complicated by interaction with the variety of processing conditions employed. The data indicate that appropriate control of processing conditions can minimize the difference in sensory characteristics among peas of different cultivars.
Relaxation and large-scale excitations in the orientational glass state of solid H2

Abstract The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation and the observed logarithmic decay of stimulated nuclear spin echoes in the orientational glass state of solid hydrogen are analyzed in terms of low-energy large-scale excitations which are believed to be characteristic of the glass state at low temperatures.
Uncertainty quantification and apportionment in air quality models using the polynomial chaos method

Current air quality models generate deterministic forecasts by assuming perfect model, perfectly known parameters, and exact input data. However, our knowledge of the physics is imperfect. It is of interest to extend the deterministic simulation results with ''error bars'' that quantify the degree of uncertainty, and analyze the impact of the uncertainty input on the simulation results. This added information provides a confidence level for the forecast results. Monte Carlo (MC) method is a popular approach for air quality model uncertainty analysis, but it converges slowly. This work discusses the polynomial chaos (PC) method that is more suitable for uncertainty quantification (UQ) in large-scale models. We propose a new approach for uncertainty apportionment (UA), i.e., we develop a PC approach to attribute the uncertainties in model results to different uncertainty inputs. The UQ and UA techniques are implemented in the Sulfur Transport Eulerian Model (STEM-III). A typical scenario of air pollution in the northeast region of the USA is considered. The UQ and UA results allow us to assess the combined effects of different input uncertainties on the forecast uncertainty. They also enable to quantify the contribution of input uncertainties to the uncertainty in the predicted ozone and PAN concentrations.
The farAB-encoded efflux pump mediates resistance of gonococci to long-chained antibacterial fatty acids

Gonococci often infect mucosal surfaces bathed in antibacterial fatty acids (FAs). Resistance of gonococci to FAs and other antibacterial hydrophobic agents has been attributed to the mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump system and a heretofore undefined mechanism. This alternative resistance mechanism has been suggested to mediate gonococcal resistance to long-chained FAs independently of the mtr efflux pump. We have now identified this alternative FA resistance system in gonococci and report that it bears significant similarity to the emrAB-encoded efflux pump possessed by Escherichia coli and the vceAB-encoded pump of Vibrio cholerae. We termed the gonococcal version of this efflux pump farAB (fatty acid resistance) to signify its involvement in FA resistance expressed by gonococci and to distinguish it from the emrAB- or vceAB-encoded pumps that modulate bacterial susceptibility to uncoupling agents and certain antibiotics. Although the farAB system in gonococci was found to provide resistance to FAs independently of the mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump, its function was dependent on the MtrE outer membrane protein. Moreover, expression of the tandemly linked farA and farB genes was positively associated with the presence of the MtrR transcriptional regulatory protein that normally downregulates the expression of mtrCDE. Thus, the data presented herein suggest that, while the mtrCDE- and farAB-encoded systems act independently to mediate resistance of gonococci to host-derived, hydrophobic antimicrobial agents, their capacity to export these agents is dependent on the same outer membrane protein (MtrE), and their expression may be differentially controlled by the same transcriptional regulatory protein (MtrR).
Products and Mechanism of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with 3-Pentanone in 700-950 Torr of N2/O2 Diluent at 297-515 K

The products, kinetics, and mechanism of the reaction Cl + 3-pentanone have been measured by UV irradiation of Cl(2)/3-pentanone/N(2) (O(2)) mixtures using primarily GC analysis with selected cross checks by FTIR. In the absence of O(2), the products are 1- and 2-chloro-3-pentanone with yields of 21 and 78%, respectively. As the temperature is increased, the yield of 1-chloro-3-pentanone increases modestly relative to the 2-chloro-3-pentanone yield. On the basis of this increase, the activation energy for hydrogen abstraction at the 1 position is determined to be 500 (+/-500) cal mole(-1) relative to abstraction at the 2 position. In the presence of 500 ppm of O(2) with 900-1000 ppm of Cl(2) at 297 K, the yield of 2-chloro-3-pentanone decreases dramatically from 78 to 2.5%, while the 1-chloro-3-pentanone decreases only modestly from 21 to 17%. The observed oxygenated species are acetaldehyde (59%), 2,3-pentanedione (9%), and propionyl chloride (56%). Increasing the temperature to 420 K (O(2) = 500 ppm) suppresses these oxygenated products, and 2-chloro-3-pentanone again becomes the primary product, indicating that the O(2) addition reaction to the 2-pentanonyl radical has become reversible. At 500 K and 10 000 ppm O(2), a new product channel opens which forms a small yield ( approximately 4%) of ethylvinylketone. Computer modeling of the product yields has been performed to gain an understanding of the overall reaction mechanism in the presence and absence of O(2). The reaction of chlorine atoms with 3-pentanone proceeds with a rate constant of 8.1 (+/-0.8) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) independent of temperature over the range of 297-490 K (E(a) = 0 +/- 200 cal mole(-1)). Rate constant ratios of k(C(2)H(5)C(O)CHCH(3) + Cl(2))/k(C(2)H(5)C(O)CHCH(3) + O(2)) = 0.0185 +/- 0.0037 and k(C(2)H(5)C(O)CH(2)CH(2) + Cl(2))/k(C(2)H(5)CH(2)C(O)CH(2)CH(2) + O(2)) = 2.7 +/- 0.4 were determined at 297 K in 800-950 Torr of N(2)/O(2) diluent. In 800-950 Torr of N(2)/O(2) diluent, the major fate of the alkoxy radical CH(3)CH(O)C(O)C(2)H(5) is decomposition to give C(2)H(5)C(O) radicals and CH(3)CHO. These results show that the chemical mechanisms of the 3-pentanone reactions are very similar to those observed for butanone. In addition, the rate constants of the reactions of chlorine atoms with 1-chloro-3-pentanone [3 (+/-0.6) x 10(-11) over the range of 297-460 K], 2,3-pentanedione [1.4 (+/-0.3) x 10(-11) at 297 K], and ethylvinylketone [1.9 (+/-0.4) x 10(-10) over the range of 297-400 K, decreasing rapidly above 400 K] were measured at ambient pressure.
Feasibility of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion as an outpatient procedure.

Background Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) procedures are increasingly being managed on an outpatient basis. Currently there are no definitive guidelines within the literature that delineate which patient population can safely be managed as such. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that ACDF procedures, within a selective patient population at our institution, can be safely performed on an outpatient basis. Methods This is a retrospective chart review within one physician's practice of patients undergoing instrumented ACDF procedures using allograft. This sample included 117 patients who underwent one- and two-level ACDF procedures from November 2005 to April 2009. Hospital length of stay and hospital readmissions were noted. Complication rates in the outpatient population were assessed to determine the feasibility of outpatient management for selective patients undergoing ACDF procedures. Results A total of 59 patients (50%) were treated on an outpatient basis. Sixty-eight patients underwent single level ACDF procedures, 38 patients (56%) of which were discharged on the same day. Forty-nine patients underwent two-level ACDF procedures, 21 patients (43%) of which were discharged on the same day. There was one complication (1.4%) in patients who were discharged on the same day. That patient required readmission for 23-hour observation secondary to neck swelling. Conclusions ACDF procedures involving single and two-level fusions can safely be performed on an outpatient basis. Complication rates associated with this procedure are low, with critical postoperative complications involving respiratory compromise occurring very infrequently and in the immediate postoperative period.
Automated radar image target recognition based on segmented feature extraction using adaptive Length Estimation and Hough lines aiding optimized Neural Network classification

This research deals with the creation of an automatic target recognition system used for maritime vessels, for such applications as border patrol, friendly vs. foe id, etc. The paper encompasses robust maritime target feature extraction from 2-d real Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar images and projects them onto a classifier friendly 1-d space. The image database in use consists of over 2500 images at 1' range resolution. The classifiers for target designations are Neural Networks based on Gaussian Mixture Models. The automated target recognition engine performs at a 96% correct joint-classification level and at a 77% correct classification level.
Mitophagy: Therapeutic Potentials for Liver Disease and Beyond

Mitochondrial integrity is critical for maintaining proper cellular functions. A key aspect of regulating mitochondrial homeostasis is removing damaged mitochondria through autophagy, a process called mitophagy. Autophagy dysfunction in various disease states can inactivate mitophagy and cause cell death, and defects in mitophagy are becoming increasingly recognized in a wide range of diseases from liver injuries to neurodegenerative diseases. Here we highlight our current knowledge on the mechanisms of mitophagy, and discuss how alterations in mitophagy contribute to disease pathogenesis. We also discuss mitochondrial dynamics and potential interactions between mitochondrial fusion, fission and mitophagy.
Relaxation from rigor of skinned trabeculae of the guinea pig induced by laser photolysis of caged ATP.

The kinetics of ATP-induced rigor cross-bridge detachment were studied by initiating relaxation in chemically skinned trabeculae of the guinea pig heart using photolytic release of ATP in the absence of calcium ions (pCa > 8). The time course of the fall in tension exhibited either an initial plateau phase of variable duration with little change in tension or a rise in tension, followed by a decrease to relaxed levels. The in-phase component of tissue stiffness initially decreased. The rate then slowed near the end of the tension plateau, indicating transient cross-bridge rebinding, before falling to relaxed levels. Estimates of the apparent second-order rate constant for ATP-induced detachment of rigor cross-bridges based on the half-time for relaxation or on the half-time to the convergence of tension records to a common time course were similar at 3 x 10(3) M-1 s-1. Because the characteristics of the mechanical transients observed during relaxation from rigor were markedly similar to those reported from studies of rabbit psoas fibers in the presence of MgADP (Dantzig, J. A., M. G. Hibberd, D. R. Trentham, and Y. E. Goldman. 1991. Cross-bridge kinetics in the presence of MgADP investigated by photolysis of caged ATP in rabbit psoas muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 432:639–680), direct measurements of MgADP using [3H]ATP in cardiac tissue in rigor were made. Results indicated that during rigor, nearly 18% of the cross-bridges in skinned trabeculae had [3H]MgADP bound. Incubation of the tissue during rigor with apyrase, an enzyme with both ADPase and ATPase activity, reduced the level of [3H]MgADP to that measured following a 2-min chase in a solution containing 5 mM unlabeled MgATP. Apyrase incubation also significantly reduced the tension and stiffness transients, so that both time courses became monotonic and could be fit with a simple model for cross-bridge detachment. The apparent second-order rate constant for ATP-induced rigor cross-bridge detachment measured in the apyrase treated tissue at 4 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 was faster than that measured in untreated tissue. Nevertheless, this rate was still over an order of magnitude slower than the analogous rate measured in previous studies of isolated cardiac actomyosin-S1. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of MgADP bound cross-bridges suppresses the inhibition normally imposed by the thin filament regulatory system in the absence of calcium ions and allows cross-bridge rebinding and force production during relaxation from rigor.
Online CE-MALDI-TOF MS using a rotating ball interface.

We report on the construction and performance of a rotating ball interface for online coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. The interface is based on a rotating stainless steel ball that transports samples from atmospheric pressure to the high vacuum of the mass spectrometer for desorption and ionization. The sample is deposited directly from a 50-μm-i.d. separation capillary onto the 19-mm ball that is rotating at 0.03 to 0.3 rpm. The sample is mixed online with matrix flowing from a separate 50-μm-i.d. capillary. The sample deposit dries before it is rotated past a polymer gasket and into the laser ionization region. Cleaning of the interface is accomplished using solvent-saturated felt, which cleans the ball surface after it rotates out of the ionization chamber. On-line CE−MALDI is demonstrated, and the performance is evaluated with the analysis of a mixture of three peptides: [Lsy...
Nitrogen distribution in soils of constructed wetlands treating lagoon wastewater

Constructed wetlands have the potential to be used for treatment of N-rich livestock wastewater. Our objectives were to evaluate both the time effect and increasing N loading rates on soil N distribution and NH + 4 -N concentration in surface-pore water of constructed wetlands. A 5-yr study in North Carolina investigated two wetland systems that treated swine lagoon wastewater. Wetland System 1 was planted to a Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller, S. tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, and Juncus effusus L. plant community, and Wetland System 2 was planted to a Typha angustifolia L., T. latifolia L., and Sparganium americanum Nutt. plant community. Nitrogen loading rates were increased annually from 0.6 to 2.7 g m -2 d -1 . Soils were analyzed for total N annually. Surface-pore water was sampled with equilibrators and analyzed for NH + 4 -N. Although the total N accumulation significantly increased with time in both systems, total soil N accumulation by depth did not differ significantly between systems. Distribution profiles in the surface-pore water column showed that NH + 4 -N was transported upward into surface water at N loading rates from 1.2 to 2.7 g m -2 d -1 . As total N loading rates increased annually in both wetland systems, soil pore water had higher levels of NH + 4 -N but N removal efficiency of the wetlands sharply decreased. Accumulation of high levels of NH + 4 -N (>200 mg L -1 ) in soil pore water could negatively affect long-term ability of wetland systems to treat wastewater with high N levels.
“Why Can’t You Control Yourself?” Fat Should Be a Feminist Issue

This article is a comment on Fikkan and Rothblum’s (2011) article “Is Fat a Feminist Issue? Exploring the Gendered Nature of Weight Bias.” They argued that fat women in North America experience significantly more prejudice and discrimination than fat men do, marshaled evidence to support their argument in several domains (e.g., employment, education, romantic relationships, health care, the media), and wondered why feminist scholars have not paid much attention to the oppression of fat women. Here I suggest several reasons why fat women experience more prejudice and discrimination than fat men do: the objectification of women, gender-related aspects of health behavior and knowledge about health and illness, and the importance of self-control to the performance of femininity. I also suggest that there is some overlap in negative stereotypes of both feminists and fat women, which might lead to a desire to distance oneself from both. However, feminists should recognize the intersectionality of fat oppression and the way it colludes with the sexualization and objectification of women in popular culture. Thus, fat should be a feminist issue.
Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in the lens

Abstract Addition of pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) or its precursors to rat lenses cultured for 24 hr in TC-199 medium containing 14C-glucose results in an apparent concentration-dependent increase in hexose monophosphate-pentose (HMP) pathway activity. Addition of proline, the reduction product of P5C, did not result in an increase, suggesting that stimulation of the HMP pathway is related to the reduction of P5C to proline by the enzyme P5C reductase. No apparent feedback inhibition on P5C reductase was observed. Stimulation of HMP pathway activity by P5C was also observed in the lenses of the Philly and Nakano mouse, two models of congenital osmotic cataracts. Compared with its genetic control, the Swiss-Webster mouse, generally no difference in the lenticular levels of HMP pathway activity was observed in the Philly mouse — even after the onset of cataract. Stimulation of the HMP pathway in the Philly lens by P5C, however, was consistently lower than its control. In the lenses from the Nakano mouse and its genetic control, the Balb c mouse, no difference in the percentage stimulation of the HMP pathway resulting from the addition of P5C was observed, but HMP pathway activity in the Nakano lens was consistently lower than that of the control.
Early Cenomanian cephalopods from the Grayson Formation of north-central Texas

Abstract Twenty-seven species of cephalopods are identified from an exposure of the Grayson Formation, Washita Group at the Waco Dam Spillway, McLennan County, north-central Texas. Mariella (Mariella) camachoensis (Bose), (?) Stomohamites sp., Engonoceras serpentinum (Cragin), Puzosia cf. crebrisulcata Kossmat, Mantelliceras cf. cantianum Spath, Mantelliceras saxbii (Sharpe), Sharpeiceras mexicanum (Bose), (?) Paracalycoceras sp., and Neohibolites sp. are reported from the Grayson Formation for the first time. The occurrence of Mantelliceras cf. cantianum, Mantelliceras saxbii, Sharpeiceras mexicanum , and (?) Paracalycoceras sp. indicates an early Cenomanian age for the Grayson exposed at the Waco Spillway locality. Previously, these mantellicerid ammonites have been recorded from the Buda Limestone interval which overlies the Grayson in north-central Texas.
Optimal control problems from second-order difference equations

Abstract We examine solutions x ϵ l ∞ ( R n ) of the equations F t ( x t−1 , x t , x t+1 ) = 0 and derive conditions for the existence of objective functions G t so that x solves max xϵl ∞ ΣG t ( x t , x t +1 ). We specialize the conditions to time autonomous equations and apply them to a competitive industry in temporary equilibrium. The objective function in the example is of the cost-benefit form: consumer surplus minus opportunity cost of labor minus industry-wide cost of investment.
Processing prosodic structure by adults with language-based learning disability.

Abstract Two experiments investigated the ability of adults with a history of language-based learning disability (hLLD) and their normal language (NL) peers to learn prosodic patterns of a novel language. Participants were exposed to stimuli from an artificial language and tested on items that required generalization of the stress patterns and the hierarchical principles of stress assignment that could be inferred from the input. In Study 1, the NL group successfully generalized the patterns of stress heard during familiarization, but failed to show generalization of the hierarchical principles. The hLLD group performed at chance for both types of generalization items. In Study 2, the intensity of stress elements was increased. The performance of the NL group improved whereas the hLLD groups’ performance decreased on both types of generalization items. The results indicate that NL adults are able to successfully abstract the complex hierarchical rules of stress if the prosodic cues are made sufficiently salient, but this same task is difficult for adults with hLLD. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to understand: (1) the difference in the ability of hLLD and NL adults to process stress assignment in an implicit learning context and (2) that typical adults can abstract complex hierarchical rules of stress assignment when provided with strong cues.
The Limits of Rationalism in Ian McEwan's SATURDAY

Saturday, Ian McEwan's 2005 novel of a single day in the buildup to the Iraq War, opens with an image emblematic of its historical moment. Henry Perowne, a talented neurosurgeon and devoted materia...
The Cushing Syndrome Induced by Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors

Abstract ▪Objectives:To define the clinical spectrum of bronchial carcinoid tumors in patients presenting with the Cushing syndrome, to evaluate the role of chest radiographs and computed tomograph...
Mechanisms of ephrin receptor protein kinase-independent signaling in amphid axon guidance in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands are key conserved regulators of axon guidance and can function in a variety of signaling modes. Here we analyze the genetic and cellular requirements for Eph signaling in a Caenorhabditis elegans axon guidance choice point, the ventral guidance of axons in the amphid commissure. The C. elegans Eph receptor EFN-1 has both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent roles in amphid ventral guidance. Of the four C. elegans ephrins, we find that only EFN-1 has a major role in amphid axon ventral guidance, and signals in both a receptor kinase-dependent and kinase-independent manner. Analysis of EFN-1 and EFN-1 expression and tissue-specific requirements is consistent with a model in which VAB-1 acts in amphid neurons, interacting with EFN-1 expressed on surrounding cells. Unexpectedly, left-hand neurons are more strongly affected than right-hand neurons by loss of Eph signaling, indicating a previously undetected left–right asymmetry in the requirement for Eph signaling. By screening candidate genes involved in Eph signaling, we find that the Eph kinase-independent pathway involves the ABL-1 nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and possibly the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Overexpression of ABL-1 is sufficient to rescue EFN-1 ventral guidance defects cell autonomously. Our results reveal new aspects of Eph signaling in a single axon guidance decision in vivo.
Collagenase-Aided Intracortical Microelectrode Array Insertion: Effects on Insertion Force and Recording Performance

Intracortical microelectrodes puncture the intact pia mater membrane during insertion, a process that can cause brain dimpling and trauma. To ensure that the device is able to withstand forces during implantation without buckling, the selection of acceptable implant materials and geometries is limited to rigid designs with large cross-sectional areas. Such designs likely increase insertion trauma and potentially exacerbate the chronic tissue response. In this paper, a technique that may relax the mechanical requirements of implanted microelectrodes through enzymatic (collagenase mediated) manipulation of the pia mater is quantified experimentally. Measurements of the insertion force profiles were obtained with a load cell during computer controlled ( m/s) insertion of microwire arrays into the cortex of rats. It was observed that collagenase application reduced the peak insertion force experienced by the microwire arrays by almost 40% on average (4.04 plusmn 2.03 mN versus 2.36 plusmn 1.17 mN; control versus treated sites). Peak insertion force magnitudes were highly dependent on implant location with anterior sites registering lower peaks than more posterior sites. Chronic neural recording performance (up to one month) did not appear to be adversely affected by the collagenase treatment, suggesting the overall safety of the technique. Our data suggest that controlled application of collagenase is a useful method in enabling implantation of thinner microelectrodes, potentially facilitating reduced insertion trauma and lower immune response. Furthermore, due to dependence of insertion force on anatomical location, the intended target region should be considered in implant design.
Spektroskopie, Visualisierung und Photomanipulation einzelner Moleküle: die Grundlage für superhochauflösende Mikroskopie (Nobel‐Aufsatz)

Die ersten Schritte hin zur optischen Detektion und Spektroskopie einzelner Molekule in kondensierter Materie folgten auf Tieftemperaturstudien inhomogen verbreiteter Absorptionsprofile molekularer Verunreinigungen in Festkorpern. Spektrale Charakteristika, die mit der Anzahl der Molekule in Resonanz zusammenhingen, fuhrten durch den Einsatz von frequenzmodulierter Laserspektroskopie zum Erreichen der Einzelmolekulgrenze im Jahr 1989. In den fruhen 90er Jahren wurden zahlreiche faszinierende physikalische Effekte einzelner Molekule entdeckt. Ihre Visualisierung, die Beobachtung spektraler Diffusion und optischer Schaltung sowie die Moglichkeit, verschiedene einzelne Molekule im selben Fokusvolumen durch schlichtes Variieren der Frequenz des eingestrahlten Pumplasers auszuwahlen, waren Wegbereiter fur die spatere superhochauflosende Mikroskopie mit einzelnen Molekulen. Die Visualisierung individueller Kopien des grun fluoreszierenden Proteins forderte ebenfalls Erstaunliches zu Tage. Insbesondere ist hier das Blinken und die lichtinduzierte Schaltbarkeit zu nennen, welche die Entwicklung photoschaltbarer Proteine als Fluoreszenzmarkierungen anregten. Da sich jeder einzelne Fluorophor wie eine Lichtquelle von ungefahr 1 nm Grose verhalt, ist die mikroskopische Beobachtung und Lokalisierung individueller Fluorophore eine Grundvoraussetzung fur Abbildungen uber die optische Beugungsgrenze hinaus. Die Kombination dieser Techniken mit aktiver Kontrolle der Anzahl emittierender Molekule im Anregungsvolumen fuhrte zur superhochauflosenden Mikroskopie von Eric Betzig und anderen. Im Folgenden werden die Voraussetzungen, die in diese Entdeckungen mundeten, dargestellt und gegenwartige Entwicklungen zusammengefasst.
Lexical influences on nonword repetition

The present investigation explores the hypothesis that lexical information influences performance on nonword repetition tasks. The subjects – 30 normally achieving, school-aged boys – repeated multisyllabic nonword pairs, constructed to vary only in the lexicality of their constituent stressed syllables. Nonwords with stressed syllables corresponding to real words were repeated significantly more accurately than nonwords with non-lexical stressed syllables; stressed syllable lexicality primarily influenced repetition of the remaining unstressed syllables. Subsequent analyses revealed that the overwhelming majority of repetition errors operated to transform non-lexical sequences into real words, even when doing so violated both strong acoustic cues and articulatory ease. We conclude that lexical long-term memory information intrudes on nonword repetition performance, including stimuli that are within the limits of immediate memory span. These results suggest a number of caveats concerning the construction and interpretation of nonword repetition tasks and raise questions about the role of such tasks in assessing phonological working memory.
A remote and sensorless thermal protection scheme for small line-connected ac machines

An advanced remote and sensorless thermal protection technique for small line-connected AC machines is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique includes an algorithm for detecting abnormal cooling conditions due to reduced motor cooling ability, in addition to a stator resistance (R/sub s/)-based stator temperature (T/sub s/) monitoring scheme. The motor cooling ability monitoring algorithm can be implemented using the R/sub s/ estimates of an existing DC-injection-based R/sub s/ estimation scheme without parameter information or additional hardware. In addition, the influence of the fuse, circuit breaker, and cable resistances on the R/sub s/ estimate is investigated, and methods for compensation are suggested for improving the accuracy of the R/sub s/ estimate and, therefore, the reliability of T/sub s/ monitoring. Experimental results under a number of abnormal cooling conditions verify that the reduced cooling ability of the motor can be reliably detected and that it can be used in addition to the T/sub s/ estimate for complete motor thermal protection.
Flavour improvement of reduced-fat peanut butter by addition of a kokumi peptide, γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine

Recent studies have demonstrated that kokumi substances, which enhance basic tastes and modify mouthfulness and continuity although they have no taste themselves, are perceived through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Screening by a CaSR assay and sensory evaluation have shown that γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine (γ-Glu-Val-Gly) is a potent kokumi peptide. In our previous study, it was reported that the addition of γ-Glu-Val-Gly to chicken consomme significantly enhanced mouthfulness, continuity and thickness. In this study, the effect of γ-Glu-Val-Gly on reduced-fat peanut butter was investigated. Prior to the evaluation of the effect of γ-Glu-Val-Gly, a comparison test was conducted between full-fat model peanut butter and reduced-fat peanut butter. The sensory attributes in which the score of the full-fat model was significantly higher than that of the reduced-fat sample were used for the evaluation of the effect of γ-Glu-Val-Gly. The addition of γ-Glu-Val-Gly significantly enhanced thick flavour, aftertaste, and oiliness in the reduced-fat peanut butter. A kokumi peptide, γ-Glu-Val-Gly, can enhance thick flavour, aftertaste and oiliness in reduced-fat peanut butter. This suggests that addition of γ-Glu-Val-Gly can improve the flavour of low-fat foods.
LATIN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE WORLD CAPITALIST CRISIS

This article argues that a gender perspective enables us to better understand the emerging basis for collective organization in the world capitalist crisis. Since women and their children are most threatened by inroads on the subsistence economy, and since welfare provisions are the first budgetary cuts made by governments faced with increasing debt burdens, women are forced to engage in collective action to ensure survival. In Latin American countries, this new political arena is even more dynamic than the workplace as a site for engaging in struggle. This situation contrasts with core industrial countries, where the encounter with bureaucratic agencies in redressing human welfare issues tends to fragment individual actions rather than weld together collective consciousness.
Computer-aided diagnosis: Detection and characterization of hyperparathyroidism in digital hand radiographs

An automated method is developed for the detection and staging of skeletal changes due to hyperparathyroidism on digitized hand radiographs. Subperiosteal bony resorption, particularly along the radial margins of the middle and proximal phalanges, is among the earliest manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In order to quantify the severity of bone resorption in these regions, the computer method analyzes the roughness of the phalangeal margins, as projected on the radiograph. The regions of interest, which contain the phalanges, are obtained from the digitized hand radiographs by an image preprocessor. The radial margin of each phalanx is detected by a model-guided boundary-tracking scheme. The roughness of these boundaries is then quantified by the mean-square variation and the first moment of the power spectrum. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study comparing the computer detection of hyperparathyroidism with the diagnosis by three experienced skeletal radiologists was performed by evaluating 84 hand images from 22 patients. Our present computer method can achieve a true-positive rate of 94% and a true-negative rate of 92%. Such a computer-aided diagnosis system may assist radiologists in their assessment of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, since it is both accurate and not subject to either intra- or interobserver variations.
Alterations in mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways after traumatic brain injury

In response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurons initiate neuroplastic processes through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropl...
Predictive protocol management with contingency planning for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a subset of wireless networking applications focused on enabling sensor and actuator connectivity without the use of wires. Energy consumption among the wireless devices participating in these networks is a major constraint on the deployment for a broad range of applications enabled by WSNs. This paper introduces, for the first time, a novel methodology based on predictive protocol management with contingency planning (PPM and CP). This approach allows efficient update of the WSN operational mode in order to optimize the energy utilization based on the time varying characteristics of the radio-frequency (RF) in which the network operates
Results on minimal tail-biting trellis representation of double-circulant wavelet codes

Recently we introduced a new framework to study error control coding using finite-field wavelets. In this paper we show that any double-circulant code over an arbitrary finite-field can be constructed by a simple two-band filter bank structure. Additionally for all double-circulant wavelet codes we introduce efficient tail-biting trellises on which we can perform soft-decision decoding. These tail-biting trellises are called π-minimal in which the product of all state space sizes is minimized.
Ensemble Nystrom Method

A crucial technique for scaling kernel methods to very large data sets reaching or exceeding millions of instances is based on low-rank approximation of kernel matrices. We introduce a new family of algorithms based on mixtures of Nystrom approximations, ensemble Nystrom algorithms, that yield more accurate low-rank approximations than the standard Nystrom method. We give a detailed study of variants of these algorithms based on simple averaging, an exponential weight method, or regression-based methods. We also present a theoretical analysis of these algorithms, including novel error bounds guaranteeing a better convergence rate than the standard Nystrom method. Finally, we report results of extensive experiments with several data sets containing up to 1M points demonstrating the significant improvement over the standard Nystrom approximation.
Cell Therapy of Peripheral Arterial Disease: From Experimental Findings to Clinical Trials

The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the US population was estimated to approach 12% in 1985, and as the population ages, the overall population having peripheral arterial disease is predicted to rise. The clinical consequences of occlusive peripheral arterial disease include intermittent claudication, that is, pain with walking, and critical limb ischemia (CLI), which includes pain at rest and loss of tissue integrity in the distal limbs, which may ultimately lead to amputation of a portion of the lower extremity. The risk factors for CLI are similar to those linked to coronary artery disease and include advanced age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The worldwide incidence of CLI was estimated to be 500 to 1000 cases per million people per year in 1991. The prognosis is poor for CLI subjects with advanced limb disease. One study of >400 such subjects in the United Kingdom found that 25% required amputation and 20% (including some subjects who had required amputation) died within 1 year. In the United States, ≈280 lower-limb amputations for ischemic disease are performed per million people each year. The first objective in treating CLI is to increase blood circulation to the affected limb. Theoretically, increased blood flow could be achieved by increasing the number of vessels that supply the ischemic tissue with blood. The use of pharmacological agents to induce new blood vessel growth for the treatment or prevention of pathological clinical conditions has been called therapeutic angiogenesis. Since the identification of the endothelial progenitor cell in 1997 by Asahara and Isner, the field of cell-based therapies for peripheral arterial disease has been in a state of continuous evolution. Here, we review the current state of that field.
Persistent neck pain in a girl: Klippel-Feil syndrome

A 4-year-old girl was referred for recurrent neck pain. On examination, she was noted to have a short neck with very limited range of motion and a low-set posterior hairline. Suspecting Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS), X-rays (figure 1A and B) and CT (figure 1C and D) with three-dimensional reconstruction (see online supplementary video 1) were performed and a complex malformation of the cervical spine and craniocervical junction was detected. …