cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MMR: an interactive massive model rendering system using geometric and image-based acceleration

We present a system for rendering very complex 3D models at interactive rates. We select a subset of the model as preferred viewpoints and partition the space into virtual cells. Each cell contains near geometry, rendered using levels of detail and visibility culling, and far geometry, rendered as a textured depth mesh. Our system automatically balances the screen-space errors resulting from geometric simplification with those from textureddepth-mesh distortion. We describe our prefetching and data management schemes, both crucial for models significantly larger than available system memory. We have successfully used our system to accelerate walkthroughs of a 13 million triangle model of a large coal-fired power plant and of a 1.7 million triangle architectural model. We demonstrate the walkthrough of a 1.3 GB power plant model with a 140 MB cache footprint.
Perimeter Security on Detecting Acoustic Signature of Approaching Vehicle Using Nonlinear Neural Computation

We propose using a neurobiology-motivated prototype to detect approaching vehicles and to identify the type of vehicles for perimeter security. Acoustic sound of running vehicles is analyzed. Motivated by mammalian auditory cortex studies, the proposed detector processes both spectral and temporal components of input data. With the exact acoustic signature being unknown, a nonlinear Hebbian learning (NHL), one basic and appealing neural learning function found in human brain, is employed for unsupervised learning. This learning rule extracts representative independent features from the spectro-temporal ones and to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space. During learning, synaptic weights between input and output neurons are adaptively learned. Simulation results show that the proposed system can accurately extract critical features from original input data, and can achieve better performance under noisy environments than its counterparts. Additive white Gaussian noise and colored human vowel noise are mixed with vehicle sounds. For any vehicle recognition, the proposed system decreases the error rate to 3% with improvement 21 ~ 34% at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)= 0 dB, and functions efficiently with error rate 7 ~ 8% at low SNR=-6 dB when its counterparts cannot work properly at this situation. Next for identifying four types of vehicles, the proposed method has workable performance 60 ~ 85% at low SNR= 0 dB and robust performance 80 ~ 100% at SNR= 5,10 dB.
Directive support, nondirective support, and health behaviors in a community sample

Social support is associated with improved psychological functioning, physical health, and health-promoting behaviors. However, research suggests that health outcomes might depend upon the type rather than the amount of support provided to recipients. This study assessed the relationship among nondirective and directive support, and health behaviors (i.e., physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol use) in a community sample of 304 adults. Results revealed that nondirective support was related to greater fruit and vegetable intake and lower alcohol use; directive support was not associated with these behaviors. For physical activity, a similar trend emerged, but support variables did not explain any variance above that explained by demographic variables. These findings offer a unique contribution to the literature, as they suggest that certain types of supportive behaviors are important in encouraging positive health behaviors.
Orthophrase extensibility in Galaxy

Abstract An intriguing and rarely encountered aspect of language extensibility known as orthophrase is an integral component of the Galaxy language. Orthophrase extensibility allows entirely new constructs to be added to a language, constructs not possible via typical language capabilities, such as standard function, macro, object, or operator definition. The potential of orthophrase additions is far reaching. It can be used to create libraries of application-specific notations and programming constructs, as well as practical special-purpose compilers. The paper discusses how Galaxy implements and employs orthophrase techniques and explores the implications. Examples of functioning applications are presented in the discussion.
Language Study in Secondary Education—the debate continues

(1980). Language Study in Secondary Education—the debate continues. English in Education: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 20-26.
Development of a behavioral assessment of craniofacial muscle pain in lightly anesthetized rats.

Abstract In this study, a new behavioral assessment of craniofacial muscle pain in the lightly anesthetized rat is described. Intramuscular injections with algesic agents in lightly anesthetized rats evoked a characteristic ipsilateral hindpaw shaking behavior for several minutes similar to previously described orofacial pain-induced grooming behavior in awake rats (Neurosci Lett 103 (1989) 349, Pain 62 (1995) 295). Eighty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were used in a series of experiments to study whether this behavior could serve as a valid measure of craniofacial muscle pain. First, we demonstrated that different algesic chemicals, mustard oil (20%), formalin (3%) or hypertonic saline (5%) injected in the mid-region of the masseter muscle effectively elicited the hindpaw shaking behavior. The behavior was only minimally evoked with vehicle injection. Repeated administrations of hypertonic saline, a short duration non-sensitizing algogen, demonstrated reproducibility of the assay. Second, we showed that the peak and overall magnitude of the shaking behavior evoked by injections with different concentrations of mustard oil (1 and 5%) changed in a concentration dependent manner. Finally, we showed that systemic administration of morphine sulfate (3 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently attenuated mustard oil induced hindpaw-shaking behavior. Lidocaine injected locally 5 min prior to mustard oil injection also significantly decreased the hindpaw shaking behavior. Based on these results we concluded that ipsilateral hindpaw shaking in lightly anesthetized rats is a stereotypical behavior evoked by noxious muscle stimulation and can be used as a reliable behavioral measure to assess craniofacial muscle pain.
Evaluation of left ventricular performance: circumferential fiber shortening and tension.

In the first part of the study, the influence of changes in preload and afterload on mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity, Vcf, was investigated in the absence of any extrinsic cause for change in the contractile state of the left ventricle (LV) of seven dogs. In five of seven dogs in which afterload was controlled and contractility was unchanged, there was a significant negative correlation between LV end-diastolic pressure and mean Vcf expressed in circumferences per second ( r = –.88 to –.97). In one dog there was a positive correlation ( r = +0.847) and in another dog there was no significant correlation. Correlation as a group was poor. In five of the above seven dogs in which afterload was decreased from a control level while preload was controlled and contractility was not extrinsically altered, mean Vcf increased in all instances. Because of the influence of afterload on Vcf increased in all instances. Because of the influence of afterload on Vcf and the inconsistent relation between Vcf and preload, we controlled preload and afterload during assessment of Vcf in reflecting a change of LV contractility. Since mean left ventricular hydraulic output power, MLVP, quantitates practically all of the mechanical power of the left ventricular musculature, MLVP was utilized to represent the contractile state of the left ventricle under conditions in which preload and afterload were controlled. Mean and peak Vcf, Vcf at peak tension, extent of circumferential fiber shortening, and peak tension were compared with MLVP to test their usefulness in reflecting a change in the contractile state of the LV. Twenty dogs were divided into four groups of five each. Group I was exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass alone. Dogs of groups II, III, and IV were exposed to a total of 45 minutes of myocardial ischemia during bypass. After bypass, groups I, II, III and IV retained an average of 89.3, 79.9, 82.5 and 69.2% of the control or original mean Vcf, and 87.1, 63.9, 53.4 and 33.5% of the control MLVP, respectively. Although an effect of ischemia was detected by changes of peak tension and extent of fiber shortening, the statistical evidence was less satisfactory than observed for MLVP. It was concluded that mean Vcf, peak Vcf, and Vcf at peak tension are inadequate indices to detect acute changes in the contractile state of the LV produced by prior myocardial ischemia. These same changes in contractility are readily determined by MLVP.
Synthesis and physical behavior of siloxane modified polyimides

Preparation de copolymeres segmentes siloxane/imide par reaction d'α,ω bis-propylamino oligo(dimethylsiloxane) avec un dianhydride organique (pyromellitique, phtalique, chloroformyl phtalique) en presence d'une diamine. Les polymeres obtenus presentent, selon leur composition, des proprietes de caoutchouc thermoplastique, un caractere hydrophobe, une permeabilite elevee aux gaz, une bonne stabilite aux UV et une resistance a un plasma a oxygene
Effect of continuous infusion of asialoerythropoietin on short-term changes in infarct volume, penumbra apoptosis and behaviour following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

SUMMARY 1. Asialoerythropoietin (aEPO), a derivative of cytokine erythropoietin, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects without haematological complications when administered in single or repeated doses. The present study examines our hypothesis that aEPO may provide neuroprotection against programmed apoptotic cell death when administered in a continuous low dose. 2. Focal cerebral ischaemia was introduced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery using a surgically placed intraluminal filament in young male Sprague Dawley rats (9 weeks old). After 90 min ischaemia, reperfusion was established by filament removal. Both study and control groups had implanted osmotic minipumps through which they received either aEPO (1 lL ⁄ h; 20 lg ⁄ kg per 24 h) or normal saline (1lL ⁄ h) for 4 days. On Day 4, infarct volume, the number of apoptotic cells and concentrations of activated caspase 3 and 9 were evaluated in the penumbra region. 3. Asialoerythropoietin was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of the study group, whereas none was detected in the control group. Although there were no significant changes in haematocrit levels or behaviour scores (on Days 1 and 4) between the study and control groups, aEPO administration significantly reduced infarct volume in the study group compared with the control group (168 ± 19 vs 249 ± 28 mm 3 , respectively; P < 0.05). 4. The number of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL)positive cells and the concentration of activated caspase 3 and 9 in the penumbra region were significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group. 5. In conclusion, our data suggest that aEPO provides a shortterm, possibly histological, protection in young adult male rats when administered immediately after reperfusion.
Enhancing caries resistance in occlusal fissures with a short-pulsed CO2 9.6 μm laser: an in vitro pH-cycling study, preliminary results

Treatment of occlusal surfaces with a short-pulsed CO2 9.6 μm wavelength laser has previously been proposed as a method for caries prevention. A sample of 20 extracted human molars were measured before and after demineralizationremineralization pH-cycling with ICDAS II visual inspection, DIAGNOdent, quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), SoproLife in daylight and blue light-induced fluorescence mode, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and polarized Raman spectroscopy (PRS). Per tooth, one fissure was subjected to laser treatment using a short-pulsed CO2 laser at 9.6 μm wavelength with a fluence of 3.5 J/cm 2 , 20 Hz pulse repetition rate, 20 μs pulse duration, angulated handpiece, and focus diameter of 600 μm, while the other fissure was left untreated as control. The teeth were subjected to a demineralization-remineralization pH-cycling for 9 days. Cross-sectional micro-hardness testing was done as a gold standard to compare results with findings from the other detection methods used. Due to the small sample size reported, the trend observed was that laser treated fissures demonstrated a smaller relative mineral loss uZ than the controls. QLF findings followed a similar trend. Using a rotary catheter probe, OCT measurements were acquired from the various fissures to generate circularly mapped OCT depth images. PRS measurements of parallel- and cross-polarized spectra were acquired with a Raman microscope system. Preliminary OCT images showed differences in the initial air-tooth interface, with PRS results indicating a change in the surface property along with biochemical alterations after pH-cycling. Following pH-cycling, an increase in the OCT subsurface light backscattering intensity in the control fissures was observed compared to the laser test fissures. Porphyrin based fluorescence methods like DIAGNOdent and SoproLife, respectively demonstrated only additional light scattering due to the demineralization process.
Dislocations and plastic deformation of ice

Abstract Dislocation structures of dendritic crystals of ice have been studied by-x-ray diffraction topography. Only 〈1120〉 type Burgers vectors were observed with slip on {0001} planes and pyramidal cross slip planes. Prismatic punching, reactions of the basal dislocations, pile-ups and many of the general characteristics of dislocations in more refractory tetrahedrally coordinated hexagonal crystals were found. There was no evidence for widely separated partial dislocations or for Burgers vectors not lying in the basal plane. These results suggest that more complex processes than simple slip are involved in the plastic deformation of potycrystalline ice.
Controlling template response during imprint lithography

ABSTRACT Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL) is a principal candidate for the next-generation lithography at the 45-nm node (and below). In imprint lithography, a monomer solution is dispensed onto the wafer. The monomer fills small features in a template that is lowered onto the wafer. The monomer is cured, causing it to solidify so that a three-dimensional replica of the template features is produced and remains on the wafer after the template is removed. Because this is a one-to-one process, any distortions of the template during the squeezing process will be manifested directly as errors in the features that are imprinted on the s ubstrate. A finite element (FE) structural model of the S-FIL template has been created to predict the distortions due to mounting, gravity, and the fluid pressure distribution that arises from the viscous flow of the polymer liquid during the imprint process. Distortions take the form of both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. An axisymmetric, finite difference (FD) model is used to predict the pressure distribution over the template due to viscous flow and surface tension effects. The FE and FD models are coupled using an iterative process in which the pressure distribution and template distortions are calculated at progressing time intervals until the final, desired gap height is achieved, nominally 200 nm. The coupled models are capable of characterizing the fluid-structure interaction that occurs during the imprint process. The results of the model will facilitate the design of system components that are capable of meeting the stringe nt error budgets associated with the sub-45-nm nodes. Keywords: Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography, template distortion, finite element model, Reynolds equation.
Variability among soybean genotypes in response to nodulation by a rhizobitoxine-producing strain of Bradyrhizobia

Nodulation by rhizobitoxine-producing (RT + ) strains of Bradyrhizobium elkanii (syn. Bradyrhizobium japonicum; DNA homology group II) has been shown to reduce shoot growth, N 2 fixation, and seed yield of 'Forrest' soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). We conduct greenhouse and field experiments to assess the frequency of these negative responses among selected soybean cultivars. In the greenhouse, 38 cultivars representing a range of yield potentials, maturity groups, and growth habits were inoculated with B. elkanii stain USDA 94 (RT + ) or B. japonicum strain USDA 110 (RT − ). Large differences in tolerance to nodulation by RT + bradyrhizobia were not, as estimated visually and by comparing shoot weights (40 d after planting) of plants inoculated with the two strains [...]
Phase II Trial of 5-Fluorouracil and Leucovorin in Combination With Interferon-alpha and Interleukin-2 for Advanced Renal Cell Cancer

Recent clinical trials have demonstrated activity of chemoimmunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-[alpha], and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in advanced renal cell cancer. A phase II study was performed to evaluate the affect of adding the potentiating agent leucovorin to this combination regimen. Treatment courses consisted of IL-2 5 MIU/m2 subcutaneously days 1, 3, and 5 of weeks 1 to 4, interferon-[alpha] 3 MIU/m2 subcutaneously on days 1, 3, and 5 of weeks 1 to 4, and leucovorin 50 mg/m2 IV followed by 5-FU 450 mg/m2 IV infusion weekly weeks 1 to 4. Patients were given no treatment on weeks 5 and 6 of the 6-week treatment cycle. Of the 20 patients enrolled in the study, 16 were evaluable for toxicity and 15 were evaluable for tumor response. The most severe toxicities included three reports of grade IV diarrhea; overall, nine incidents of grade III or IV toxicity were reported. No objective antitumor responses were observed, and the median time to progression was 2.8 months. We conclude that this combination chemoimmunotherapy regimen has substantial toxicity but no significant antitumor activity in patients with advanced stage renal cell carcinoma.
Sigma2 (σ2) receptors as a target for cocaine action in the rat striatum

Studies from our laboratory have shown that agonists at sigma1 and sigma2 receptors inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated dopamine release from motor and limbic areas of rat brain. In the current study, we examined the effects of cocaine on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated [3H]dopamine release in rat striatal slices. Cocaine inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated [3H]dopamine release in a concentration-dependent manner with a Ki of approximately 10 microM, under conditions in which the dopamine transporter (DAT) was blocked by 10 microM nomifensine. The inhibition seen by cocaine was reversed by the selective sigma2 antagonist 1'-[4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1-butyl]-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H), 4'piperidine] (Lu28-179). Inhibition of release by cocaine and (+)pentazocine, under conditions in which sigma1 receptors were blocked, was also reversed by the conventional PKC inhibitor 3-[1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl-1H-indole-3-yl]-1-H-pyrpole-2-5'-dione. These results suggest that cocaine or other agonists, acting through the sigma2 receptor, require an intact conventional PKC (cPKC), most likely PKCalpha or PKCgamma in order to inhibit dopamine release.
Highly soluble conducting poly(ethylene oxide) grafted at two sites of poly(o‐aminobenzyl alcohol)

Poly(o-aminobenzyl alcohol) (POABA) was grafted with poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) through the reaction of tosylated PEO with both the hydroxide and amine moieties of reduced POABA. Reduced POABA was prepared through the acid-mediated polymerization of o-aminobenzyl alcohol, followed by neutralization with an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution and reduction with hydrazine. The grafted copolymers were very soluble in common polar solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide, and the copolymers with longer PEO side chains (number-average molecular weight > 164) were even water-soluble. The conductivities of the doped grafted copolymers decreased with increasing PEO side-chain length because of the nonconducting PEO and its torsional effect on the POABA backbone. The conductivity of highly water-soluble POABA-g-PEO-350 was 0.689 × 10−3 S/cm, that is, in the semiconducting range. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4756–4764, 2004
Gatifloxacin and Ethionamide as the Foundation for Therapy of Tuberculosis

The use of gatifloxacin (GAT) in combination with ethionamide (ETA) with or without pyrazinamide (PZA) for a 12-week treatment period followed by an 8-week observation period was evaluated in a model of tuberculosis in mice. Mice treated with GAT at 300 mg/kg of body weight in combination with ETA (25 mg/kg) for 5 days per week had sterile lungs, whereas mice treated with GAT (100 mg/kg) and ETA (25 mg/kg) had about 10 CFU/lung; however, there was regrowth of the organisms in both groups at the end of the observation period. When PZA (450 mg/kg 5 days per week) was added to the high-dose GAT-ETA regimen, no viable mycobacteria were present after the 8-week observation period. GAT in combination with ETA and PZA has great promise for the treatment of tuberculosis.
The relationship of asthma medication use to perinatal outcomes

Background Maternal asthma has been reported to increase the risk of preeclampsia, preterm deliveries, and lower-birth-weight infants, but the mechanisms of this effect are not defined. Objective We sought to evaluate the relationship between the use of contemporary asthma medications and adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods Asthmatic patients were recruited from the 16 centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network from December 1994 through February 2000. Gestational medication use was determined on the basis of patient history at enrollment and at monthly visits during pregnancy. Perinatal data were obtained at postpartum chart reviews. Perinatal outcome variables included gestational hypertension, preterm births, low-birth-weight infants, small-for-gestational-age infants, and major malformations. Results The final cohort included 2123 asthmatic participants. No significant relationships were found between the use of inhaled β-agonists (n = 1828), inhaled corticosteroids (n = 722), or theophylline (n = 273) and adverse perinatal outcomes. After adjusting for demographic and asthma severity covariates, oral corticosteroid use was significantly associated with both preterm birth at less than 37 weeks' gestation (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.02-2.33) and low birth weight of less than 2500 g (odds ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.13-2.88). Conclusions Use of inhaled β-agonists, inhaled steroids, and theophylline do not appear to increase perinatal risks in pregnant asthmatic women. The mechanism of the association between maternal oral corticosteroid use and prematurity remains to be determined.
Moderate sedation for elective upper endoscopy with balanced propofol versus fentanyl and midazolam alone: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Balanced propofol sedation (BPS) combines propofol with opiates and benzodiazepines and targets at moderate sedation. Data comparing outcomes of BPS and standard sedation with opiates and benzodiazepines during elective esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) are sparse. The primary end point of this study was to compare, in the recovery area, patient satisfaction with EGD following BPS versus standard sedation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective, single-blinded randomized trial in 110 outpatients undergoing elective EGD and randomized 1:1 to BPS or standard sedation. Upon full recovery, the primary outcome of patient satisfaction was assessed using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) (1 = not at all satisfied, 100 = completely satisfied). Sedation recovery times and recall of pain and gagging (1 = none, 100 = severe) were also evaluated using a VAS. RESULTS The BPS and standard sedation groups were similar regarding American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), Mallampati class, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Compared with the standard sedation arm, the BPS group exhibited higher median procedural satisfaction (99 vs. 85, P < 0.001), and lower median scores for recall of pain (P < 0.001) and gagging (P < 0.001). BPS resulted in a shorter median recovery time (min) (11 vs. 23, P < 0.001). On multivariable regression analysis, predictors of patient satisfaction included use of propofol, increased age, and higher fentanyl dosage. CONCLUSIONS BPS targeted to moderate sedation by adequately trained endoscopists results in superior patient satisfaction and shorter recovery times than standard sedation alone during EGD.
Dynamic analysis and control design of LCC resonant converter

The dynamics of LCC resonant power converters are investigated using a small-signal model which is accurate up to the switching frequency. It is shown that the beat frequency dynamics is not only related to the operating region but also heavily dependent on the output filter design. The authors concentrate on frequency control of LCC resonant converters. Compensator designs are discussed, taking into consideration the strong impact of beat frequency dynamics. The frequency-domain analyses are verified using accurate large-signal simulations. >
Data Extraction and Ad Hoc Query of an Entity- Attribute-Value Database

Entity-attribute-value (EAV) tables form the major component of several mainstream electronic patient record systems (EPRSs). Such systems have been optimized for real-time retrieval of individual patient data. Data warehousing, on the other hand, involves cross-patient data retrieval based on values of patient attributes, with a focus on ad hoc query. Attribute-centric query is inherently more difficult when data are stored in EAV form than when they are stored conventionally. The authors illustrate their approach to the attribute-centric query problem with ACT/DB, a database for managing clinical trials data. This approach is based on metadata supporting a query front end that essentially hides the EAV/non-EAV nature of individual attributes from the user. The authors' work does not close the query problem, and they identify several complex subproblems that are still to be solved. n J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1998;5:511 - 527.
The effect of field dependence and outline condition on learning high- and low-structure information from a lecture

Sixty-eight college students participated in the current research investigating the effects of an outline on field-dependent and field-independent students' learning of structurally important and less important information from a lecture. The lecture involved a 20-minute videotaped presentation on bird migration. Learning was assessed using a free recall task 10 minutes after the lecture (immediate recall) and both free recall and probed recall tasks one week after the lecture (delayed recall). Data were analyzed using mixed factorial ANOVAs. Results indicated that the outline assisted the field-dependent students in recall of high structure information and field-independent students in recall of low structure information. Performance of field-dependent and field-independent students was equivalent on probed recall of low-structure information, but significant differences were found on the free recall of low-structure information. It is proposed that these differences are attributable to superior organizational abilities of the field-independent students and to use of the outline as a guide for retrieval.
Bilingual Sentence Processing

The cross-linguistic differences documented in studies of relative clause attachment offer an invaluable opportunity to examine a particular aspect of bilingual sentence processing: Do bilinguals process their two languages as if they were monolingual speakers of each? This volume provides a review of existing research on relative clause attachment, showing that speakers of languages like English attach relative clauses differently than do speakers of languages like Spanish. Fernandez reports the findings of an investigation with monolinguals and bilinguals, tested using speeded ("on-line") and unspeeded ("off-line") methodology, with materials in both English and Spanish. The experiments reveal similarities across the groups when the procedure is speeded, but differences with unspeeded questionnaires: The monolinguals replicate the standard cross-linguistic differences, while bilinguals have language-independent preferences determined by language dominance — bilinguals process stimuli in either of their languages according to the general preferences of monolinguals of their dominant language.
A 32-Gb/s On-Chip Bus With Driver Pre-Emphasis Signaling

This paper describes a differential current-mode bus architecture based on driver pre-emphasis for on-chip global interconnects that achieves high-data rates while reducing bus power dissipation and improving signal delay latency. The 16-b bus core fabricated in 0.25-mum complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology attains an aggregate signaling data rate of 32 Gb/s over 5-10-mm-long lossy interconnects. With a supply of 2.5 V, 25.5-48.7-mW power dissipation was measured for signal activity above 0.1, equivalent to 0.80-1.52 pJ/b. This work demonstrates a 15.0%-67.5% power reduction over a conventional single-ended voltage-mode static bus while reducing delay latency by 28.3% and peak current by 70%. The proposed bus architecture is robust against crosstalk noise and occupies comparable routing area to a reference static bus design.
Model Experiments Implicate a Benzoquinoneketene Intermediate in Poly-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid Synthesis

To show that the polyester formation from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2-HBA) with base and heat proceeds partly via the ketoketene 2-oxo-3,5-cyclohexadienylideneketene, the polymer was first formed from a dimer of 2-HBA. Then a related dimer which could not form this ketoketene was shown to yield no polymer. When secondary amines were added to the original dimer, again no polymer was formed, this time because the ketoketene was trapped as monomeric amides. These results indicate that this ketoketene is an intermediate in base-catalyzed 2-HBA homo-polymerization, paralleling what happens with 4-HBA homopolymers (LCPs).
Multi-component theories of well-being and their structure

The 'adjustment strategy' currently seems to be the most common approach to incorporating objective elements into one's theory of well-being. These theories face a certain problem, however, which can be avoided by a different approach - namely, that employed by 'partially objective multi-component theories.' Several such theories have recently been proposed, but the question of how to understand their mathematical structure has not been adequately addressed. I argue that the most mathematically simple of these multi-component theories fails, so I proceed to investigate more sophisticated ways to formulate such a theory. I conclude that one of these - the Discount/Inflation Theory - is particularly promising.
GPS Multipath Detection with ANOVA for Adaptive Arrays

We present a statistical detection test for GPS multipath based on a one-way ANOVA method. Given an antenna array with a multi-channel software GPS receiver in tracking mode, the signal from each channel is correlated with a reference signal in batches of one CA code period. The relative phase delay for the direct line-of-sight (DLOS) GPS signal from each antenna is then removed. Assuming the multipath and DLOS signal have different angles of arrival (AOA), the average correlator outputs are identical for all channels if no multipath is present. The ANOVA test is applied to detect the presence of multipath. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves under various signal conditions are presented to assess the performance of the ANOVA method. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that good detection performance can be achieved under most operating conditions using less than 10 CA code periods of data. The detection performance improves as the multipath delay time decreases.
2-D array for 3-D ultrasound imaging using synthetic aperture techniques

A two-dimensional (2-D) array of 256 times 256 = 65,536 elements, with total area 4 times 4 = 16 cm2, serves as a flexible platform for developing acquisition schemes for 3-D rectilinear ultrasound imaging at 10 MHz using synthetic aperture techniques. This innovative system combines a simplified interconnect scheme and synthetic aperture techniques with a 2-D array for 3-D imaging. A row-column addressing scheme is used to access different elements for different transmit events. This addressing scheme is achieved through a simple interconnect, consisting of one top, one bottom single-layer, flex circuits that, compared to multilayer flex circuits, are simpler to design, cheaper to manufacture, and thinner so their effect on the acoustic response is minimized. We present three designs that prioritize different design objectives: volume acquisition time, resolution, and sensitivity, while maintaining acceptable figures for the other design objectives. For example, one design overlooks time-acquisition requirements, assumes good noise conditions, and optimizes for resolution, achieving -6 dB and -20 dB beamwidths of less than 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively, for an F/2 aperture. Another design can acquire an entire volume in 256 transmit events, with -6 dB and -20 dB beamwidths in the order of 0.4 and 0.8 mm, respectively
Guidelines for prescribing melatonin

Although compelling logic suggests that melatonin may be effective for a variety of disorders, there are few empirical clinical studies. The optimal dose of melatonin is not clear; most studies have used doses that produce supraphysiological blood levels. The timing of melatonin administration is important. Melatonin has few immediate side-effects except drowsiness, but the effects of chronic administration are unclear. Melatonin may be effective in reducing jet lag. In elderly patients with poor sleep and documented low melatonin production, melatonin may be helpful. In several studies, melatonin has been shown to shorten sleep latency. Further studies are needed to clarify the efficacy and safety of melatonin.
Unstable networks among women in academe: the legal case of Shyamala Rajender.

Scientific networks are often credited with bringing about institutional change and professional advancement, but less attention has been paid to their instability and occasional failures. In the 1970s optimism among academic women was high as changing US policies on sex discrimination in the workplace, including higher education, seemed to promise equity. Encouraged by colleagues, Shyamala Rajender charged the University of Minnesota with sex discrimination when it failed to consider her for a tenure-track position. The widely cited case of this chemist was not, however, settled easily and involved nearly a decade of university grievance procedures and litigation that grew to a class action lawsuit. As the case gained national attention and internal resistance stiffened, the clusters of women who had been encouraging nickered, faded and sometimes regrouped. A negotiated settlement (consent decree) ended Rajender's case, and it opened the door for hundreds of others to present their grievances regarding gender discrimination. Networks and support groups proved important but also unstable for individuals who sought equity before and during the implementation of the decree. The Rajender case thus exposes the painful, balky and inevitably contentious process of fighting discrimination. It also demonstrates the power and limits of institutions and litigation, as well as the possibilities and disappointments of informal and formal women's networks.
Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution 1945-1949

The making of the revolutionary alliance Revolution Worlds in collision New adventures Epilogue Conclusion.
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 inhibits toll-like receptor-4 signaling in the intestinal epithelium.

Background & Aims Factors that regulate enterocyte apoptosis in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remain incompletely understood, although Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling in enterocytes plays a major role. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) is an immune receptor that regulates other branches of the immune system, although its effects on TLR4 in enterocytes and its role in NEC remain unknown. We now hypothesize that activation of NOD2 in the newborn intestine inhibits TLR4, and that failure of NOD2 signaling leads to NEC through increased TLR4-mediated enterocyte apoptosis. Methods The effects of NOD2 on enterocyte TLR4 signaling and intestinal injury and repair were assessed in enterocytes lacking TLR4 or NOD2, in mice with intestinal-specific wild-type or dominant-negative TLR4 or NOD2, and in mice with NEC. A protein array was performed on NOD2-activated enterocytes to identify novel effector molecules involved. Results TLR4 activation caused apoptosis in newborn but not adult small intestine or colon, and its intestinal expression was influenced by NOD2. NOD2 activation inhibited TLR4 in enterocytes, but not macrophages, and reversed the effects of TLR4 on intestinal mucosal injury and repair. Protection from TLR4-induced enterocyte apoptosis by NOD2 required a novel pathway linking NOD2 with the apoptosis mediator second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low PI (SMAC-DIABLO), both in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, activation of NOD2 reduced SMAC-DIABLO expression, attenuated the extent of enterocyte apoptosis, and reduced the severity of NEC. Conclusions These findings reveal a novel inhibitory interaction between TLR4 and NOD2 signaling in enterocytes leading to the regulation of enterocyte apoptosis and suggest a therapeutic role for NOD2 in the protection of intestinal diseases such as NEC.
Comparative studies of metamodelling techniques under multiple modelling criteria

Despite advances in computer capacity, the enormous computational cost of running complex engineering simulations makes it impractical to rely exclusively on simulation for the purpose of design optimization. To cut down the cost, surrogate models, also known as metamodels, are constructed from and then used in place of the actual simulation models. In this paper, we systematically compare four popular metamodelling techniques – polynomial regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, radial basis functions, and kriging – based on multiple performance criteria using fourteen test problems representing different classes of problems. Our objective in this study is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of these four metamodelling techniques using multiple criteria and multiple test problems rather than a single measure of merit and a single test problem.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

▪ Abstract No other industry in the United States uses more materials by weight than the construction industry. Because of its economic strength and societal importance, it is also a significant polluter and a target of growing stakeholder scrutiny. This review offers an extended, supply chain inclusive framework for the study of the construction industry that serves all the life-cycle stages of society's infrastructure systems, and it summarizes selected literature on the life-cycle environmental assessment of construction materials, designs, and processes. On the basis of identified knowledge gaps, a research agenda is discussed for lesser-studied questions in order to first understand and then eventually reduce the environmental impacts of construction materials, processes, and activities.
Maltoheptaose Promotes Nanoparticle Internalization by Escherichia coli

Nanoparticles conjugated with D-maltoheptaose (G7) showed a striking increase in the internalization by Escherichia coli. This applies to strains with and without the maltodextrin transport channel and particles ranging from a few to a hundred nanometers.
Efficient Indexing and Storage Algorithm for Visual Databases

A novel approach pertaining to the fast and efficient retrieval and storage of video sequences utilizing MPEG-1/2 motion vectors is presented in this paper. A clip first must be segmented into consistent video segments based on the basic editing effects - cuts, dissolves, and wipes. All group of pictures (GOPs) are then extracted from the clip and decomposed further into I-frames and P-frames (B-frames are disregarded). The initial frame of the sequence is manually segmented into objects, and the selected objects are automatically tracked through the entire sequence using MPEG-1/2 motion vectors. Features pertaining to the edge histogram are extracted from each tracked object (I/P frames only) and then maintained with the associated frame. An example image or video clip is then presented to the system and the 5 best matching images are retrieved. Results are shown for the standard video sequences such as foreman, tennis, etc.
Allowing bit errors in speech over wireless LANs

Wireless LANs are becoming commonplace because of their ease in providing mobile communication. As use of IEEE 802.11 continues to expand, support for voice will become a desirable feature. Supporting voice conversations over a packet network is more challenging than over current circuit-switched wired networks. These challenges are particularly difficult due to the erroneous nature of a wireless channel. The IEEE 802.11 MAC layer standard requires that the receiver not accept a packet with any bit error; the source must retransmit all packets received with errors. However, digitized voice data can tolerate some error and loss without noticeable degradation in call quality. By forcing error-free reception of speech, scarce bandwidth and energy are unnecessarily expended, and the delay of the packets increases. In this paper we explore allowing bit errors in voice packets over IEEE 802.11 networks. We propose two strategies for allowing these errors and demonstrate that they both result in improved performance.
Gradients in stream power influence lateral and downstream sediment flux in floods

Locations of landslides, bank failures, and floodplain deposition during recent intense flooding in Vermont and Colorado (USA) were spatially nonuniform, indicating that some reaches are more prone to these types of geologic hazards. These three key flood effects signal redistribution of sediment across landscapes, reflecting hillslope-channel coupling and the sources and/or sinks of material. We show that spatial gradients in total stream power (Ω) provide critical additional information beyond at-a-point Ω magnitudes for predicting which reaches are likely to be susceptible to these hazards during floods. Field tests in four rivers (watershed areas 0.8–180 km 2 ) indicate that downstream increases in Ω coincide with erosion and mass wasting into channels, and downstream decreases in Ω are associated with floodplain deposition. Our analytical approach, supported by field evidence, predicts geologic hazards and, more broadly, sources and sinks of material along rivers. These are critical concerns from a practical and theoretical standpoint.
Expression of p16 and p53 in Intraepithelial Periocular Sebaceous Carcinoma

Purpose: Identifying intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma cells in small periocular biopsies can be difficult, particularly in the conjunctiva. The goal of this st
Income Distribution and Growth under A Synthesis Model of Endogenous and Neoclassical Growth

This paper develops a model which allows us to analyze the effect of policies that influence income distribution between capitalists and workers (such...
Trapping Elaterid Beetles as a Control Measure Against Wireworms

Investigators of wireworms early observed that elaterid beetles or click beetles, the adults of wireworms, have the habit of gathering under beet tops, slices of potato, piles of straw or other debris lying on the soil surface in open fields. The possible advantage that might be taken of this habit in trapping and collecting these beetles was called to the writers' attention by E. W. Gerry of Ventura, Calif., who in 1930 put out small piles of malva at the rate of one trap pile to the acre in a 12-acre bean field and collected nearly 7,000 beetles underneath these piles. In 1931 he collected over 9,000 beetles from the same field, although the trap piles were not put out until several weeks after the beetles had begun flying.
Simulation of Variable Blade Pitch Wind Turbine

Wind turbine with variable blade pitch adopts different running-status and different input output relationship at different wind speed.On the basis of theoretical aerodynamics,the static and dynamic characteristics of wind turbine are studied.Control methods of wind turbine with variable blade pitch at different wind speed are explored.According to the different running-status of variable blade pitch wind turbine,generator characteristic and pitch angle control system are designed.In matlab / simulink environment,the simulation system of variable blade pitch wind turbine for total statuses is built,as well as the simulation system experiments are made under the action of wind load which has the characters of uniformity,gust,gradualness and step.During the test,the responses of control method,output and parameter are identical with expectation.Test result confirms that the simulation system can accurately simulate working characteristic and different running-status of variable blade pitch wind turbine.
Changes in metabolites, metabolic hormones, and luteinizing hormone before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers.

We determined changes in insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and LH before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Our primary objective was to identify metabolites and metabolic hormones that serve as metabolic cues for onset of puberty. Angus (n = 12). Braford (n = 7), Charolais (n = 9), and Simmental (n = 7) heifers were assigned at weaning (289 +/- 25 d of age; 264 +/- 23 kg) to open-sided pens with slotted floors, and they were fed a corn silage-concentrate diet formulated to provide gains of .91 kg/d. Puberty was defined as the 1st d (d 0) that serum progesterone (determined in blood samples collected at weekly intervals) exceeded 1 ng/ml. Blood samples were collected before and after feeding at 15-min intervals for 8 h at 21-d intervals before puberty in a subsample of heifers (at least five per breed). Angus and Simmental heifers weighed less and were younger (P less than .05) at puberty than Charolais and Braford heifers. Serum FFA before feeding and frequency of LH release increased (P less than .05) from d-40 +/- 3 to d-17 +/- 3 in all breeds. Conversely, concentrations of insulin were greater (P less than .05) at -40 than at -17 d from puberty in Angus, but not in Braford, Charolais, or Simmental heifers. Frequency of GH release was greater at d -40 than at d -17 in Angus heifers; however, in Braford and Charolais heifers frequency of GH release was greater at d -17 than at d -40. Concentrations of IGF-I (measured every 2 wk) increased linearly (P less than .07) from d -56 to 0 from puberty in Angus but not in other breeds. In conclusion, frequency of LH release and concentrations of FFA increased before puberty in all breeds; however, consistent changes in other metabolites and hormones were observed only in Angus heifers.
Calcitriol stimulates Na(+)-Pi cotransport in a subclone of opossum kidney cells (OK-7A) by a genomic mechanism

Calcitriol (CT) stimulates Na(+)-Pi cotransport in a subclone of opossum kidney cells (OK-7A) by a genomic mechanism. An experimental model of renal proximal tubular cells in which CT affects Na(+)...
Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons

A combination of increased neural activity, induced by visual stimulation or using chemogenetics, and increasing mTOR signaling promotes retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration and partial recovery of visual behaviors after injury.