cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Passive Sampler for the Determination of Airborne Ammonia Concentrations near Large-Scale Animal Facilities

Few data are available on the ammonia emissions of large-scale outdoor animal facilities in arid climates such as those found in California's San Joaquin Valley. Passive samplers provide an ideal tool for studying such large and heterogeneous area sources, because they are inexpensive, portable, and fully self-contained. UC Davis passive ammonia samplers incorporate modifications on a previous design, the Willems Badge, for ease of analysis. Citric acid was chosen as a coating medium though it performed as well as oxalic, sulfuric, and tartaric acids. Zefluor PTFE prefilters were used instead of Teflo though both showed the same resistance to diffusion. Citric acid-coated filters were stable for up to 10 weeks, though more so if stored in Petri dishes rather than in the sampling cassettes themselves. The most effective sampler position was found to be in a face-down configuration fixed into the wind to avoid debris and sensitivity to wind shifts. A new method of rinsing the filters within the cassettes by...
An Experiment on Coasian Bargaining over Ex Ante Lotteries and Ex Post Rewards

Abstract We examine Coasian bargaining under uncertain payoff streams. Subjects bargained over both an ex ante lottery and the ex post reward. The results indicate nearly 87 percent of all agreements were Pareto efficient. However, only 7.3 percent were mutually advantageous, while nearly 85 percent of all agreements split the reward equally. Consequently, we remain cautious about policy recommendations based on the Coase theorem where uncertain payoffs exist. Finally, we find no evidence supporting the proposition that a fundamental difference exists between bargaining behavior over the ex ante lottery and the ex post rewards of an uncertain event.
Nerve growth factor stimulates diacylglycerol de novo synthesis and phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in pheochromocytoma cells

Induction of neurite outgrowth by treating pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) with nerve growth factor (NGF) is associated with major increases in cellular levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), an essential and probably limiting precursor in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) syntheses. To identify the sources of this DAG we examined the effects of NGF treatment on the conversion of [3H]oleic acid (OA) or [3H]glycerol to [3H]glycerolipids, and the turnover of these products in PC12 cells. In kinetic studies on [3H]OA incorporation, most of the radioactivity in the cells initially was free [3H]OA; then it appeared predominantly as [3H]DAG and, eventually, as large amounts of [3H]phospholipids (PLs). In NGF pre-treated cells, the increases in the levels of [3H]DAG (which were most prominent) and PLs were similar to those in unlabeled DAG and PLs. These effects of NGF could be partially blocked by an inhibitor (triacsin C) of long chain acyl-CoA synthetase. NGF pre-treatment also significantly enhanced the incorporation of [3H]glycerol into lipids, a pathway for de novo synthesis of glycerolipids. In studies on the degradation of [3H]OA-labeled lipids, the disappearance of [3H]OA-labeled neutral lipids exhibited an initial rapid phase and a subsequent stable phase. NGF treatment transiently promoted the hydrolysis of [3H]PI to [3H]DAG. These data suggest that the increases in DAG levels observed in PC12 cells exposed to NGF derive mainly from de novo synthesis and, to a lesser and transient extent, from the hydrolysis of [3H]PI.
Online subscriptions with anonymous access

Online privacy is an increasingly important problem, as many services are now offered in a digital form. Privacy (or the lack thereof) is of a special concern in subscriptions to large data repositories with heterogeneous information, where the service provider can easily profile its users and sell that information to third parties. In this work we present the design and implementation of a system that closely resembles the current practice of subscriptions to many services such as newspapers, digital libraries, music collections, etc., but at the same time offers anonymous access to the service. As with current practice, in our solution a user subscribes to the service obtaining access to it for a certain period of time, at the end of which the subscription expires.In our system user access is always anonymous and no two transactions by the same user can be linked together. Moreover, the system assures a high level of protection to the service provider, as a user cannot share her subscription credentials with others without denying herself access to the service. We present experimental results showing that the design of our system results in only small computation overheads, in addition to having very low communication requirements. The main objective of this work is thus to illustrate the practically of integrating anonymity into today's subscription-based services.
Isn't self-assembly a misnomer? Multi-disciplinary arguments in favor of co-assembly

Self-assembly is a ubiquitous physicochemical phenomenon. It is inherent to molecular recognition effects in the biological domain, and thus presents a basis for understanding the constitution and dynamic organization of living beings. However, it is argued in this paper that the very notion of self-assembly presents an incorrect and misleading one for the physical effects that it stands for. Self-assembly presents a misnomer as each self-assembly process not only depends on, but also includes a certain degree of ordering in the immediate surrounding of the 'self-assembling' entities. Claims are provided to support the idea that every self-assembly process is, in fact, a co-assembly event, as it implies mutual changes and structuring of both the 'self-assembled' system and its nearest surrounding. This point of view is related to the systemic observation that there could be no physical qualities independent on the context of their existence. In order to illustrate that the concept of co-assembly presents only an instance of a more profound and systemic philosophy of life, the examples of the interplay between internal and external factors of development are provided from the fields of quantum and classical physics, biology, evolutionary theory and psychology.
Influence of Calcium Load on Absorption Fraction

True calcium absorption was studied as a function of the size of the ingested load in healthy adult women, under meal conditions and at loads ranging from 15 to 500 mg calcium. Fractional absorption was highly inversely correlated with the logarithm of load (P less than 0.001). At the lowest loads, absorption averaged 64.0% and at the highest, 28.6%. The parameters of the best-fit relationship permit reasonably precise calculation of the impact of various calcium dosing and dietary strategies.
ICON (innovation curriculum online network): the national digital library for technological literacy

The International Technology Education (ITEA), in partnership with the Eisenhower National Clearinghouse (ENC) and funded by the National Science Foundation has created a comprehensive digital library collection for K-12 technological literacy in an accessible virtual environment. ICON, or the Innovation Curriculum Online Network, is a central source for information dealing with technology and innovation.ICON serves as a national electronic roadmap to connect users, such as teachers, professors, students, museum staff, and parents with information about our human built and innovated world. Users may use the digital library to access resources ranked according to technological literacy content and pedagogy, interact with quality instructional resources, and to enhance online search capabilities relevant to the needs of the user population. The focused digital library contains online resources including websites, electronic files, information about professional organizations, government agencies, public and private foundations, and commercial enterprises. Identification and selection of these resources are in alignment with national standards, grade and age level appropriateness, sound instructional and disciplinary content, and current availability of and access to materials.ENC has built a robust electronic infrastructure to support: the development of relevant and appropriate metadata (in conjunction with other synergistic NSDL projects); the processing of records and abstracts; the development of value-added user interfaces; and the maintenance of computer services for optimum and continuous digital library operations. An advisory board is providing annual input into digital library development and identification of quality digital resources. Formal evaluation of the ICON project is being conducted by Horizon Research.Field testing of the collection and its services is being undertaken with diverse groups of users to evaluate ease of navigation and discovery of content-rich, pedagogically sound resources.A variety of methods of sustainability for the collection are being explored including public and/or private sponsorship and subscriber support. ICON was officially launched March 2003 (www.icontechlit.org) and presented in a special interest session on March 13, 2003 at the ITEA Conference in Nashville, Tennessee. Currently, ICON has established tools for simple search, advance search, and browse by technology concepts. The technology concepts are classified and based from the National Standards for Technological Literacy initially driven by the Technology for All Americans Project (http://www.iteawww.org/TAA/Listing.htm). Continuous user feedback will be monitored through a "contact us" link established to receive not only communications on problems with the digital library but to allow user questions and site evaluations. Users may also "Suggest a Resource" to ICON to be considered for inclusion in the collection.
Multiaxial characterization and modeling of a PVC cellular foam

The failure behavior of a PVC closed-cell cellular foam under a multiaxial state of stress was investigated. The uniaxial compressive, tensile, and shear stress-strain curves along the in-plane and through-the-thickness directions were obtained. A series of multiaxial tests including strip, thin-wall ring and thin-wall tube specimens under combined tension/compression, torsion, and internal pressure were performed. From these tests biaxial strength results in the stress plane of the in-plane and through-the-thickness directions were obtained. The results are in good agreement with the Tsai-Wu failure criterion.
Effects of basolateral or corticomedial amygdaloid lesions on grooming, consummatory, and locomotor behaviours in rats.

Grooming behaviour in rats was induced by limited water access and by water spray before and after corticomedial or basolateral amygdaloid lesions or control operations. Corticomedial lesions produced some attenuation of grooming induced by limited water access but increased grooming induced by water spray. Basolateral lesions did not consistently affect grooming. There was an increase in ambulation time following basolateral lesions and a relative decrease in feeding time following corticomedial lesions. There were no effects of either lesion on drinking or rearing. Detailed examination of both grooming and non-grooming behaviours provided little evidence for lesion induced disruption of response sequencing.
An Analysis of the Background Radiation Detected by Nal Crystals

The 0.07-2 5 mev scintillation pulse height spectra of several NaI crystals, heavily shielded by Fe and Hg, have been analyzed in coincidence and anticoincidence with cosmic ray counters surrounding the crystals. The residual spectra have been analyzed further and the following sources have been identified: 1) Ra226 in Al casing, 2) K40 in phototube, crystal, and canning window, and 3) low pulse height spectrum due to the ionizing components of cosmic rays. The above sources still leave 0.05 c/m/g of NaI unexplained. Acitivities in stainless steel, quartz, and MO reflectors are too low to account for the bulk activity. Moreover, activation analysis of crystal fragments has eliminated the presence of Rb87 as a natural contaminant, and decay studies in neutron free caves preclude the presence of I126 from cosmic ray neutron activation. A possible source of contamination, consistent with the none too well defined shape of the residual spectrum, is Cs137, a fission product, in weight concentrations of about 5 × 10-1. Studies aimed at proving or disproving its existence are currently being pursued.
THE EFFECTS OF PREY HETEROGENEITY AND CONSUMER IDENTITY ON THE LIMITATION OF TROPHIC‐LEVEL BIOMASS

The effects of prey heterogeneity and consumer identity on the strength of predator limitation of prey biomass were explored experimentally under controlled labo- ratory conditions. In this study, I utilized a model aquatic community composed of zoo- plankton as top predators, algae as prey, and nutrients as basal resources. To examine the effects of prey heterogeneity, I created a food chain initially composed of a single edible prey and a food web initially composed of a diverse assemblage of algae. These two prey treatments were then fully crossed with two predator treatments (a large-bodied zooplankter, Daphnia pulex, and a small-bodied species, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula), and two levels of productivity. Prey heterogeneity had clear effects on the ability of predators to limit overall prey biomass. In food chains, predators had strong negative effects on algae, and algal biomass exhibited a narrow response to enrichment. In contrast, predator limitation was weak in food webs with the consequence that predator and prey biomass both showed positive increases with productivity. The prey community in food webs also exhibited a striking increase in the relative abundance of large inedible algae with enrichment, in keeping with model predictions. These results indicate that prey heterogeneity can have substantial effects on predator-prey dynamics and trophic structure and can serve to shift systems from strong top-down control to ones in which prey are colimited by predators and resources. Comparisons between top predators showed that Daphnia, compared to Ceriodaphnia, more strongly limited the biomass of large algae in food webs at high productivity and total algal biomass in all nutrient-enriched treatments (both chains and webs). Thus, consumer identity and ecological context (productivity and heterogeneity of prey communities) may mediate the strength of zooplankton-algae interactions and the efficacy of trophic cascades.
Participatory Technologies, Pedagogy 2.0 and Information Literacy

Purpose – This paper seeks to explore the impact participatory technologies have had on education and the information environment in which students operate. It seeks to define a pedagogical approach that will capitalize on the benefits of participatory technologies in the classroom and applies this “pedagogy 2.0” to information literacy instruction.Design/methodology/approach – A thorough literature review was conducted on the use of participatory technologies in education as well as theories related to collaborative learning. This review formed the basis of the proposed pedagogy 2.0 model.Findings – Web 2.0 and the growth in use of participatory technologies has had a tremendous impact on the information environment. Instructors seeking to take advantage of participatory technologies in the classroom should also consider altering the classroom learning environment to one that embraces social constructivist and connectivist pedagogies. Changes in the information environment also require a corresponding sh...
Implementing an Alternate Assessment based on Modified Academic Achievement Standards: When policy meets practice

One of the primary challenges in developing effective accountability systems is determining how best to include students with disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to report on the initial implementation of one option for including students with disabilities into the accountability system in the United States. In 2007, federal guidance allowed states to develop an Alternate Assessment based on Modified Academic Achievement Standards (AA-MAS) for a small group of students with disabilities. An evaluation of the development and implementation of this assessment within one state, Pennsylvania, is presented. Lessons learned and recommendations are offered for educational leaders considering developing an alternate assessment as a method to include additional students with disabilities into accountability systems.
On Negative Information in Deductive Databases

An overview of deductive databases with an emphasis on problems related to negative information is presented. The subject is embedded into the wider context of logic programming, exposing certain peculiarities pertinent to treatment of negation in this field.
Imaging of elbow replacement arthroplasty

Elbow replacement arthroplasty has become a standard surgical treatment for a variety of diseases of the elbow. First popularized for the treatment of late-stage rheumatoid arthritis and other debilitating forms of joint disease, the current indications have expanded to include primary treatment of elbow trauma. The most commonly used total elbow replacements are linked semiconstrained chromium-molybdenum alloy or titanium alloy prostheses with polyethylene bearing surfaces. These are inserted after resection of the ulnotrochlear joint and typically cemented in place; the radial head is often sacrificed. Modular metal components or massive osteoarticular allografts may be used when there is extensive bone deficiency. Metal radial head replacements are increasing being used for primary fracture treatment and in posttraumatic elbow reconstructive surgery. Long-term outcomes for total elbow replacement are similar to those of other joints, with 10-year survivals of ∼ 90%. Complications specific to elbow implants include infection, aseptic loosening, prosthetic failure, and periprosthetic fracture.
Testing the standard urban model of residential choice: An implicit markets approach

Abstract Important implications of the standard economic model of urban residential choice have failed dramatically to survive empirical tests in recent studies. These results, however, do not distinguish between failure of the model's behavioral foundations—a trade-off of access to jobs and housing costs—and failure of auxiliary assumptions needed to derive testable hypotheses from the model. From an implicit markets model of the housing market, we derive a test that better isolates the predictive power of access and housing cost as determinants of residential decisions and find substantial improvement in the model's empirical performance compared with other recent work.
Imagining illness: Public health and visual culture

edited by David Serlin Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010, 285 pages ISBN: 978-0-8166-4823-8 (paperback) Price $27.50 Reviewed by Laura S. Lorenz, Brandeis University This book offers...
Newer Studies of Selective Phonocardiography Including a New Method for the Identification of the Frequency Range of Extra Sounds

Problems dealing with the registration of either apical or basal diastolic murmurs of poor magnitude are discussed. Current methods of phonocardiography are reviewed. Eight normal subjects and thirty abnormal cases were studied by means of a variable band-pass filter with additional amplification. The various frequencies of the cardiac murmurs were analyzed. A band between 60 and 110 vibrations per second was found adequate for magnifying and recording murmurs caused by mitral stenosis. A band between 150 and 200 was found adequate for magnifying and recording murmurs caused by aortic defects or mitral insufficiency. A routine method of study of cardiac murmurs, called ``selective phonocardiography'' is outlined. It is based on the use of the two above bands, in addition to ``stethoscopic'' phonocardiograms. Incorporation of filters in the case of the phonocardiograph is recommended. A new method of study of the frequency of extra sounds is described. Preliminary observations are reported. A new technique of intracardiac(ic) phonocardiography during routine catheterization is described. Preliminary studies in animals are reported.
Ivesia aperta var. canina (Rosaceae), new from California

A new variety,Ivesia aperta var.canina, is described from Dog Valley, Sierra County, Nevada. It differs from the typical variety and approachesI. sericoleuca in its larger, paler yellow petals; longer filaments and styles; and decumbent-ascending vs ascending-erect stems. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01CT146 00004
Rosiglitazone reduces blood pressure in female Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Postmenopausal women (PMW) are at greater risk for salt-sensitive hypertension and insulin resistance than premenopausal women. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists reduce blood pressure (BP) and insulin resistance in humans. As in PMW, ovariectomy (OVX) increases salt sensitivity of BP and body weight in Dahl salt sensitive (DS) rats. This study addressed whether rosiglitazone (ROSI), a PPARγ agonist, attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension in intact (INT) and OVX DS rats, and if so, whether insulin resistance, nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress, and/or renal inflammation were contributing mediators. Telemetric BP was similar in OVX and INT on low salt diet (0.3% NaCl), but was higher in OVX than INT on high salt (8% NaCl). ROSI reduced BP in OVX and INT on both low and high salt diet, but only attenuated salt sensitivity of BP in OVX. Nitrate/nitrite excretion (NOx; index of NO) was similar in INT and OVX on low salt diet, and ROSI increased NOx in both groups. High salt diet increased NOx in all groups but ROSI only increased NOx in OVX rats. OVX females exhibited insulin resistance, increases in body weight, plasma leptin, cholesterol, numbers of renal cortical macrophages, and renal MCP-1 and osteopontin mRNA expression compared to INT. ROSI reduced cholesterol and macrophage infiltration in OVX, but not INT. In summary, PPAR-gamma activation reduces BP in INT and OVX females, but attenuates the salt sensitivity of BP in OVX only likely due to increases in NO and in part to reductions in renal resident macrophages and inflammation.
Chronic Renal Failure is a State of Cellular Calcium Toxicity

Studies on the metabolic profile of many cells have shown that chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with a significant elevation in the basal levels of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i). This latter abnormality is, in major part, responsible for the organ dysfunction in CRF. The initial step leading to the eventual increase in the basal level of [Ca2+]i is parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated increased calcium influx into cells. This is followed by decreased extrusion of calcium out of cells due to reduced activity of the enzymes responsible for pumping calcium out of the cells. The combination of increased entry and decreased exit of calcium results in elevation of [Ca2+]i. Prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CRF or blocking of the effect of PTH by a calcium channel blocker results in normalization of [Ca2+]i and restoration of cell function. Thus, the available data are consistent with the notion that CRF is a state of cellular calcium toxicity, which underlies many of the metabolic and functional derangements in CRF.
Inhibition of the A-23187-stimulated leukotriene and prostaglandin biosynthesis of rat basophil leukemia (RBL-1) cells by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, and calcium channel blockers

Rat basophil leukemia cells (RBL-1), when grown in monolayer, synthesize from endogenous substrates the prostaglandins (PG) E2, F2α, and I2 (measured as 6-keto-PGF1α) and 6-sulfidopeptide-containing leukotrienes (SRS), as well as materials that react serologically with anti-12-hydroxyeicos-atetraenoic acid (HETE). The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and aspirin inhibited PGE2 synthesis by RBL-1 cells, which had been stimulated with the calcium ionophore A-23187, in a dose-dependent manner with an ic50 of 0.7 and 7.8 μM respectively. Indomethacin, when used at higher concentrations, also inhibited iSRS synthesis with an ic50 of 230 μM. Benoxaprofen, also a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibited both PGE2 and iSRS production in a dose-dependent manner, but inhibition of the iSRS biosynthesis was three times more effective than inhibition of PGE2 production. The anti-oxidants gossypol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), nordihydroguariatic acid (NDGA), and 3-amino-1-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-pyrazoline (BW755c) also inhibited iSRS synthesis more effectively than PGE2 biosynthesis. The ic50 values for inhibition of iSRS production were 0.2 μM (gossypol), 0.5 μM (BW755c), 0.6 μM (BHA), and 0.6 μM (NDGA) compared to 2.8 μM (gossypol), 2.0 μM (BW755c), 4.8 μM (BHA) and 2.6 μM (NDGA) for inhibition of PGE2 synthesis. Gossypol, BW755C, BHA, and NDGA, as well as benoxaprofen, inhibited i12-HETE biosynthesis (ic50 for gossypol, 0.32 μM; and for benoxaprofen, 0.5 μM). Two calcium channel blockers, verapamil and nifedipine, inhibited PGE2, iSRS and i12-HETE synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The calcium channel blockers inhibited iSRS synthesis ten times more effectively than PGE2 production.
A correlation of positron lifetime and hardness studies of the deformation of 4340 steel

Abstract Positron lifetime and TEM measurements were earlier (1,2) used to study changes in A1S1 4340 steel due to variations in heat treatment, degree of cold work and subsequent hydrogen charging. The current results correlate trends in microhardness and superficial hardness with the earlier results in a region within 6 × 10 −5 m of the surface. Strain softening, noted in this surface region during tensile straining, correlates with TEM and positron annihilation findings.
Ehrlichiosis: Findings on chest radiographs in three pediatric patients

OBJECTIVES: Ehrlichiosis is a newly recognized tick-borne infection affecting both children and adults. The disease is usually mild, with flulike symptoms, but can be fatal. We present the chest radiographs and, in one case, the chest CT scan of all recognized pediatric cases of ehrlichiosis to date from our institution. CONCLUSION: Ehrlichiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of acutely ill pediatric patients with a history of possible tick exposure and radiographic patterns of interstitial prominence, alveolar opacities, or consolidation that may be associated with pleural effusion.
[F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT of the normal prostate gland

Objective We determined the glucose metabolism and computed tomographic (CT) density of the normal prostate gland in relation to age and prostate size on [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)-CT.
Serotonin antagonists for use as antiglaucoma agents and their ocular penetration

Abstract A previously unrecognized pharmacophore, 1-phenylpiperidine, has been found to lower intraocular pressure 25–30% in the recovery rate rabbit model. The compounds studied were piperidine, piperazine, morpholine and diethylamide derivatives. In a bioreceptor screening assay, 1-phenylpiperidine was classified as a serotonergic ligand, which based upon its IOP activity, is believed to be a serotonin antagonist. Physicochemical measurements were determined for selected derivatives which were also measured for excised corneal, scleral and conjunctival permeability. Penetration to various ocular tissues was determined after applying a constant concentration of derivative to either corneal or conjunctival/scleral routes of administration. Solutions of selected derivatives were applied with the use of a cylindrical well affixed to the cornea of an anesthetized white rabbit. After 2 h, concentrations of derivative were measured in cornea, aqueous humor, conjunctiva/sclera, iris/ciliary body and lens. For the derivatives tested, the more lipophilic compounds attained a higher permeability coefficient for either the cornea, sclera or conjunctiva. The more lipophilic derivatives also distributed in higher concentrations to cornea, aqueous humor, sclera/conjunctiva and lens, but not necessarily to iris/ciliary body, particularly when administered by the conjunctival/scleral route. The addition of certain functionalities to piperidine or piperazine ring structures significantly affected, confirmed by Costagliola et al. [4] , but disputed by Mallorga and Sugrue [2] .
Imaging pigment chemistry in melanocytic conjunctival lesions with pump-probe microscopy

We extend nonlinear pump-probe microscopy, recently demonstrated to image the microscopic distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin in unstained skin biopsy sections, to the case of melanocytic conjunctival lesions. The microscopic distribution of pigmentation chemistry serves as a functional indicator of melanocyte activity. In these conjunctival specimens (benign nevi, primary acquired melanoses, and conjunctival melanoma), we have observed pump-probe spectroscopic signatures of eumelanin, pheomelanin, hemoglobin, and surgical ink, in addition to important structural features that differentiate benign from malignant lesions. We will also discuss prospects for an in vivo ‘optical biopsy’ to provide additional information before having to perform invasive procedures.
Border disease of sheep: the disease in the newborn, adolescent and adult.

Abstract Border disease (BD) is a condition of newborn sheep that results from congenital infection by a non-cytopathic pestivirus occurring during the first half of gestation. The expression of the virus is largely determined by the age of the fetus at the time of infection, producing four distinct disease syndromes: (1) early embryonic death, (2) abortion and stillbirth, (3) birth of lambs with malformations, and (4) birth of small, weak lambs, lacking characteristic clinical signs, but bearing features of immunosuppression. The effects of the virus infection during the developmental stages of the fetus are most apparent as distinctive clinical signs at the time of birth but a state of specific immuno-tolerance with associated virus persistence remains for the lifetime of the sheep. Although the clinical signs disappear with time, some effects of virus persistence may continue into adolescence and often into adulthood. Characteristic lesions are found in the nervous, endocrine, skeletal and integumentary, and immune systems.
Fire retardant evaluation of carbon nanofiber/graphite nanoplatelets nanopaper-based coating under different heat fluxes

Abstract Three types of carbon nanofiber based nanopapers, namely, 1Clay/5CNF/9APP, 1xGnP/5CNF/9APP, and 3xGnP/1CNF/9APP were made and their flame retardant efficiency was compared with thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter test with 50 kW/m 2 of heat flux. The nanopaper of 3xGnP/1CNF/9APP was selected for experimental study because of its relatively good bonding with underlying structure and flame resistance performance. The fire response of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites with and without the selected nanopaper coating was thoroughly examined with cone calorimeter test using varied heat fluxes. It was found that at higher heat flux, the nanopaper demonstrated better flame retardant efficiency. Specifically, at 100 kW/m 2 of heat flux, the 1st and 2nd PHRR of the nanopaper-coated sample were more than 32% and 47% lower than the PHRR of control sample, respectively. In order to gain an insight into the pyrolysis process and flame retardation mechanism, the temperature profiles at the middle and back of the samples subjected to different heat fluxes were recorded. At 100 kW/m 2 of heat flux, the final temperature within the nanopaper-coated sample was roughly 280 o C, which is lower than control sample. The degradation rates in flexural moduli of the samples with coupon shape were determined using three-point bending. The three-point bending test results showed when the sample was exposed to 25 kW/m 2 heat flux for 240 seconds, the flexural modulus of control sample almost reduced to zero, whereas the nanopaper-coated sample still retained a half of its original flexural modulus. Finally, flame retardation mechanism was proposed for the nanopaper-coated composites.
A multi-class boosting method with direct optimization

We present a direct multi-class boosting (DMCBoost) method for classification with the following properties: (i) instead of reducing the multi-class classification task to a set of binary classification tasks, DMCBoost directly solves the multi-class classification problem, and only requires very weak base classifiers; (ii) DMCBoost builds an ensemble classifier by directly optimizing the non-convex performance measures, including the empirical classification error and margin functions, without resorting to any upper bounds or approximations. As a non-convex optimization method, DMCBoost shows competitive or better results than state-of-the-art convex relaxation boosting methods, and it performs especially well on the noisy cases.
Ethical, legal, psychosocial, and cultural implications of genomics for oncology nurses.

Objectives To summarize the role of oncology nurses in the ethical, legal, psychosocial, and cultural issues inherent in genetic testing for hereditary cancer risk and to describe the recent trend and implications of direct-to-consumer genetic tests. Data Sources Published articles/books, legal rulings, professional organization statements. Conclusions Ethical, legal, psychosocial, and cultural implications are inherent in the growing field of genetic science that is transforming modern health care. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses have a duty to be knowledgeable about and advocate for the ethical integration of genetic/genomic information into their patient’s health care.
Macroinvertebrate community responses to copper in laboratory and field experimental streams

Macroinvertebrate community responses to copper (Cu) in laboratory streams receiving dechlorinated tap water and field streams receiving natural river water were compared. Since both tap water and natural river water were taken from the same source in these experiments, several of the important water quality parameters known to influence heavy metal toxicity were similar. Despite the fact that field streams were initially dominated by metal-sensitive Ephemeroptera, effects of Cu were greater in the laboratory. After 10 days of exposure to Cu (11.3 (μg/L), macroinvertebrate abundance was reduced by 75% in laboratory streams compared to 44% in field streams. In the field, the number of taxa was reduced by 10% in treated streams compared to 56% in the laboratory. The response of dominant taxa to Cu exposure was also greater in the laboratory. In the field, abundance of metaltolerant caddisflies (Hydropsychidae:Trichoptera) was similar in control and treated streams (11.3 μg/L). These organisms were reduced by 71% in laboratory streams at similar Cu levels. The greater impact of Cu observed in laboratory streams may have resulted from the inability of certain taxa to acclimate to laboratory conditions. The usefulness of community-level toxicity tests in the laboratory may be limited due to the overestimation of metal toxicity. We recommend that future experiments be conducted in field mesocosms receiving water directly from the system under investigation.
Intractable duodenal ulcer: objective evaluation as a basis for surgical selection.

1. The objectively determined intractable duodenal ulcer is in reality a complicated ulcer.
Nociceptin, An Endogenous Ligand for the ORL1 Receptor, has Vasodilator Activity in the Hindquarters Vascular Bed of the Rat

Abstract Czapla, M. A., H. C. Champion and P. J. Kadowitz. Nociceptin, an endogenous ligand for the Orl 1 receptor, has vasodilator activity in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat. Peptides 18(6) 793–795, 1997.—The heptadecapeptide nociceptin, also known as Orphanin FQ, is a newly discovered endogenous ligand for the G-protein coupled, opioid-like receptor ORL 1 . In the present study, responses to intra-arterial injections of nociceptin were investigated in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat. Under constant-flow conditions nociceptin induced dose-dependent decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure when injected in doses of 1–30 nmol into the hindquarters perfusion circuit. The decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure were rapid in onset and pressure returned to control values over a 3–6 min period. In terms of relative vasodilator activity, nociceptin was approximately equipotent to the nitric oxide donor, DEA/NO, and 30-fold less potent than adrenomedullin. These data demonstrate that nociceptin has significant vasodilator activity in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat.
Verifying a Citation: Reference Use of OCLC and RLIN

The verification of bibliographic information in a known item search can be both lengthy and tedious. The difficulties in using some of the traditional sources are well‐known. For example, the National Union Catalog provides access only through main entry; Books in Print and the Cumulative Book Index have author, title, and subject access but are limited by the fact that they cover only books either in print in a given year or published in a given year. The result can be a frustrating and, at times, fruitless search.
The Effect of Molecular Crowding on the Stability of Peptides

We use Replica Exchange Statistical Temperature Molecular Dynamics (RESTMD) to investigate the effects of molecular crowding on the structure and thermodynamics of several test peptides. The test peptides are small, biologically relevant peptide that have a dominant secondary structure (either all helical or a β-barrel) and are represented via a coarse-grained computational model where the side chain - side chain interactions are based on a statistical analysis of the Protein Data Bank. The crowding agents are also peptides and are represented by the same coarse-grained model. The RESTMD algorithm naturally calculates the density of states of the system enabling us to analyze the entropic and enthalpic effects of crowding separately. The entropic effects of crowding lead to a stabilization of the test peptide relative to dilute solution. Of particular interest are the enthalpic effects, which can be either stabilizing or destabilizing. The destabilization can be large enough to overcome the entropic stabilization, resulting is a peptide that is destabilized in a crowded environment. We investigate the effect of different crowder hydrophobicities on the enthalpic contribution to the (de)stabilization of the test peptide. We show that there is a crossover temperature below which crowding agents destabilize a peptide and above which the same crowding agents stabilize it and relate this crossover temperature to the hydrophobic nature of the crowders. In addition, we will discuss the effect that crowding has on secondary structure content of the test peptides.
The Status of Prevention Programming Offered by Hospitals in the United States

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME : To identify the types of prevention programming currently offered by hospitals, the degree to which they are offered, and the types of professionals responsible for their development and implementation. To better understand the degree to which hospitals are implementing disease prevention programs, a survey of 900 acute-care hospitals was conducted using a computer assisted telephone interview system (CATI). The sample was randomly selected and yielded a 66% response rate, resulting in a final sample of 594 hospitals. Results indicated that approximately 60% of hospitals surveyed offer some type of prevention programming with community programs most frequently implemented. Thirty-nine percent stated that they were unable to recruit experienced staff trained in prevention. Nurses followed by Dietitians were identified as the types of professionals primarily involved with prevention programs. Data was analyzed by chi-square (x2) analysis to test for differences according to the variables of bed size, region of the country, urban vs. rural, and medical school affiliation. Results showed that types of specific programs and ability to recruit trained staff varied by bed size and region of the country. Larger, urban hospitals and those located in the northeast were most likely to operate programs. Hospitals in the south were most likely, and those in the midwest were least likely, to report being able to recruit trained staff. Primary reasons given for offering these services were to decrease disease risk among patients and for marketing to the community. As prevention becomes a more important focus in health care, health professionals must be prepared for these skills as they enter the job market. Since Dietitians are primary to such programs, it is essential that academic curricula include such training.
Function of Candida glabrata ABC transporter gene, PDH1

The rapid increase in azole resistance during treatment of patients infected with Candida glabrata may be due to increased azole efflux mediated by ABC transporters, as occurs with increased expression of PDR5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two known C. glabrata homologues of PDR5 influencing azole susceptibility are PDH1 (CgCDR2) and CgCDR1. Disruption of PDH1 in a cgcdr1::ura3 strain increased susceptibility to rhodamine 6G, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, and also increased rhodamine 6G accumulation, all properties of pdr5 null mutants. Overexpression of PDH1 in S. cerevisiae complemented the pdr5 mutation by reversing susceptibility to rhodamine 6G, chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, as well as by decreasing rhodamine 6G intracellular concentration. Expression of PDH1 in a C. glabrata cgcdr1::ura3 pdh1Δ::ura3 mutant using a multicopy plasmid almost completely restored the wild-type phenotype, showing that PDH1 at higher levels of expression can replace CgCDR1. Because PDH1 and CgCDR1 have both been reported to have upstream sequences similar to the Pdr1p- and Pdr3p-binding elements of PDR5, we sought similarities in regulation between the three genes. Abundance of PDH1 and CgCDR1 mRNA in C. glabrata was increased by rhodamine 6G, cycloheximide and oligomycin, properties in common with PDR5. PDH1, CgCDR1 and PDR5 have striking similarities in function and regulation. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government‐Owned Businesses: Market Presence, Competitive Advantages and Rationales for Their Support by the State

Abstract. In the aggregate, within industries and within non-socialist countries, the market presence of State-owned businesses is large and growing. Such concerns accounted for 15 percent of world trade in 1979 and they produced 70 percent of world oil production, 40 percent of world iron and bauxite and they accounted for 40 percent of the world's banking assets. Certain governments tend to accord them competitive advantages. Reasons given for doing so range from the belief that they foster economic growth and employment, that they equalize the domestic businesses' power to compete with big multinational companies, that they make national planning possible, to the idea that government favor should not go to benefit private owners, even domestic ones, and that the country, rather than the corporation, is the relevant unit of competition.
DRG-cache: a data retention gated-ground cache for low power

In this paper we propose a novel integrated circuit and architectural level technique to reduce leakage power consumption in high performance cache memories using single Vt (transistor threshold voltage) process. We utilize the concept of Gated-Ground [5] (NMOS transistor inserted between Ground line and SRAM cell) to achieve reduction in leakage energy without significantly affecting performance. Experimental results on gated-Ground caches show that data is retained (DRG-Cache) even if the memory are put in the stand-by mode of operation. Data is restored when the gated-Ground transistor is turned on. Turning off the gated-Ground transistor in turn gives large reduction in leakage power. This technique requires no extra circuitry; row decoder itself can be used to control the gated-Ground transistor. The technique is applicable to data and instruction caches as well as different levels of cache hierarchy such as the L1, L2, or L3 caches. We fabricated a test chip in TSMC 0.25m technology to show the data retention capability and the cell stability of DRG-cache. Our simulation results on 100nm and 70nm processes (Berkeley Predictive Technology Model) show 16.5% and 27% reduction in consumed energy in L1 cache and 50% and 47% reduction in L2 cache with less than 5% impact on execution time and within 4% increase in area overhead.
Envelope size tuning for stereo-depth perception of small and large disparities

Stereopsis is the sense of depth derived from binocular disparities that are formed between targets that are matched between the two retinal images. Binocular matches for sustained stereopsis are based on similarity of orientation, spatial frequency and contrast of the two retinal images whereas matches for transient stereopsis depend on these parameters to a very limited extent. In this investigation we have tested the possibility that transient stereopsis forms matches between objects of similar overall size. The tuning of sustained and transient stereopsis to contrast-envelope size was investigated by presenting narrow-band Gabor targets of unequal size to the two eyes. Bandwidth for envelope-size tuning was estimated from the range of dichoptic size-differences over which stereo performance remained above chance level. An equal bandwidth of 2 octaves was found for the sustained and transient stereo systems when stimulated with parallel orientation Gabors that subtended a small disparity. Sustained-stereo performance with orthogonal carriers was reduced with large envelope sizes. Bandwidth of the transient stereo system increased to 3 octaves when tested with a larger disparity stimulus and it was independent of carrier orientation. Reducing the contrast of the larger-size Gabor improved transient-stereo performance from near chance (48-58%) to 85-95%. Thus the bandwidth for envelope-size tuning is much broader than indicated with equal physical contrast stimuli. The observed tuning to envelope size, while broad, is tighter than that observed for carrier spatial-frequency [Vis. Res. 38 (1998) 3057], carrier orientation [Vis. Res. 39 (1999) 2717] and contrast polarity [Vis. Res. 39 (1999) 4010] of the stimulus. Thus it would appear that envelope size and, to a greater extent, temporal synchrony of the dichoptic stimuli [Perception 24 (1995) 33] are the primary means for selecting matched binocular inputs for transient stereopsis.