cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in expectancy-attribution patterns of cognitive components in male and female math performance

Abstract The “relative math expectancies” and math performance attributions of male and female eighth-grade students were examined in relation to a proposed Expectancy-Attribution (E-A) process model of performance. Results showed relative math expectancy (RME) to be related to attributional style along the stability dimension of the model. Students in the Low RME group exhibited a “negative” Expectancy-Attribution (E-A) pattern, attributing math success more to variable than stable factors and failure more to stable than variable factors. High RME group students exhibited a “positive” pattern in part, attributing math success more to stable than variable factors. A greater percentage of females than males, and a greater percentage of females than expected from Math GPA level, composed the Low RME group. A greater percentage of males than females and greater percentage of males than expected composed the High RME group. The results were seen as supporting the proposed E-A model and as providing further evidence of gender differences in cognitive patterns in mathematics.
The crystal and molecular structure of 1,1,2,4,4,5-hexaphenyl-1,4-diphosphoniacyclohexadiene-2,5 dibromide

The crystal and molecular structure of 1,1,2,4,4,5-hexaphenyl-1,4-diphosphoniacyclohexadiene-2,5 dibromide has been determined by a single crystal, x-ray diffraction study using diffractometer data. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/c with unit cell constants a = 8.813(1), b = 36.736(4), c = 12.478(1) A, and β = 120.91°(1). The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and refined by block-diagonal least-squares to a final R = 0.04 for the 2761 statistically significant reflections. The structure determination shows that the central phosphonium ring is a diene and not a delocalized structure as anticipated. The ring is in the boat conformation with the axial phenyl rings aligned essentially parallel to each other and 3.55 A apart.
The Spectrographic Determination of Molybdenum in Uranium-Molybdenum Alloys

Molybdenum can be determined as an alloying constituent in uranium-molybdenum alloys by the point-to-plane spark method of spectrographic analysis. The method covers a concentration range of 1 to 5% molybdenum, and the precision at the 95% confidence level is ± 7%. Time required for the analysis of one sample is about fifteen min.
A perspective on surfaces and interfaces

The importance of surfaces and interfaces cannot be overstated, with their reach extending from the hardware of the digital age to the processes of life. The past half-century has seen the development of a full and varied toolkit for characterizing them. This toolkit is now serving a growing interdisciplinary community and is providing a powerful platform for scientific research and manufacturing technology.
Key Elements of a Successful Multi-System Collaboration for School-Based Mental Health: In-Depth Interviews with District and Agency Administrators

The alarming number of youth with unmet mental health needs in the US is a significant social problem. The pilot school-based mental health project described here established an innovative multi-system partnership between an urban school district, a public mental health agency, and a local university to better meet the mental health needs of youth in one community. This qualitative study employed in depth interviews with six key administrators who were instrumental in developing and executing the project to explore the most important factors that promoted the successful collaboration. Results of the interviews identified five major themes: (a) perceptions of the project, (b) barriers to collaboration, (c) motivating factors, (d) sustainability, and (e) lessons learned. Findings may be especially helpful to other communities interested in establishing a multi-system intervention to support at risk youth. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Backscattering Cross Section of a Dielectric Elliptical Cylinder

Numerical results are given for the backscattering cross section of a dielectric elliptical cylinder. Computations are carried out using the exact solutions in terms of Mathieu functions. Both polarizations of the incident wave are considered: one with the incident electric vector in the axial direction and the other with the incident magnetic vector in the axial direction. The parameters considered are: k02q2=0.004, 0.4, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 20.0; 0≤qk0 cosξ0<6.5; ∊1/∊0=2.0; 0≤θ≤90°. k0 is the free-space wavenumber, q is the semifocal length, q cosξ0 is the length of the semimajor axis, θ is the angle of incidence with respect to the major axis, and ∊1/∊0 is the relative dielectric constant of the cylinder.
Inexact matching of line drawings in a syntactic pattern recognition system

Abstract A “picture pattern” is a description of a picture or class of pictures in terms of its components and their interrelationships. In the ESP 3 language and pattern recognition system, a line drawing is searched for occurrences of subpictures which match a given picture pattern. In “inexact-match mode”, the search routines are lenient in their interpretation of a pattern. Shapes of primitives need not be perfect, and predicates have built-in tolerance. Thus a simple pattern can be used to match a wide variety of noisy or distorted pictures. Inexact-match mode has been added to an experimental implementation of ESP 3 . (13) The system has successfully matched a number of simple patterns such as alphabetic characters and has also located objects in some more complex line drawings such as a table and chairs scene.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER : II. LIVER DEGENERATION, CANCER, CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY

Biological assay of human liver material shows various concentrations of hemoglobin producing material in various diseased states. Cardiac congestion with red atrophy of the liver shows values (Table 21) somewhat below the human normal-94 per cent compared to 162 per cent. It is probable that this is due to atrophy and destruction of the liver cells in the centers of the liver lobules. We believe the remaining liver cells have a normal content of hemoglobin producing factors. Amyloid (tuberculosis) and fatty (alcoholic) degeneration show (Table 22) subnormal values-111 per cent compared to 162 per cent. If we allow for the "dilution" of liver cell weight by the amyloid and fat we observe normal values for the concentration of hemoglobin producing factors. Carcinoma growth in the liver whether primary or secondary shows net figures (Table 23) which are low-75 per cent compared to normal 162 per cent. It appears that cancer tissue, even tumor cells originating from hepatic epithelium, contains no hemoglobin producing factors. If we allow for the "dilution" of the remaining liver cells by the cancer tissue the figures are within normal limits. Cirrhosis and hepatitis (Table 24) with no signs of true hepatic insufficiency or severe hepatic injury but death supervening from secondary infection or hemorrhage will give average normal values -164 per cent compared to normal human of 162 per cent. Icterus is not a factor. Cirrhosis or hepatitis with severe parenchyma injury and signs of hepatic insufficiency give low values (Table 25) in biological assay -48 per cent compared to normal human 162 per cent. It may be surprising that the liver cells hold so tenaciously to these unknown factors influencing hemoglobin production but obviously only in severe liver injury is this concentration seriously reduced.
The Effects of Warning Presentation and Retention under Varying Levels of Stress

The modality in which the information is presented differentially influences behavioral response, especially when tasks are either learned or subsequently performed in stressful circumstances. The current work examines the effects of cross modality of warning presentation and retention in a dual task paradigm in a simulated environment with various task-induced stress levels. Consistent with the Hancock and Warm model of stress and attention, it was found that when task demand is relatively low, the modality of presentation is of less importance and participants are able to comply. When task demand is relatively high, the modality of presentation was critical and played a significant role in compliance behavior. Additionally, it was found that participants were significantly less likely to comply in the verbal modality across all levels of working memory demand than in either the pictorial or written modalities.
Transcervical retrieval of fetal cells in the practice of modern medicine: a review of the current literature and future direction

Objective To review published methods for transcervical collection of fetal cells and to assess the potential of this approach for application in prenatal diagnosis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Retrospective analysis of efforts at prenatal diagnosis with trophoblast cells shed into the lower uterine pole that accumulate within the cervical mucus at the level of the internal os. Result(s) Minimally invasive techniques that include cervical mucus aspiration, cervical swabbing, and cervical or intrauterine lavage can be used to retrieve trophoblast cells during the first trimester for diagnostic purposes, including for prenatal genetic analysis. Fetal cells have been identified in these specimens with success rates that vary from 40% to 90%. The disparity in reported success rates can be a function of gestational age, collection method, operator variability, detection sensitivity, or pregnancy status. Molecular approaches have been devised to determine fetal sex and identify aneuploidies. Antibody markers have proven useful to select trophoblast cells for genetic analysis and to demonstrate that the abundance of recoverable fetal cells diminishes in abnormal gestations, such as in ectopic pregnancy or blighted ovum. Conclusion(s) Transcervical collection of fetal cells offers several avenues for prenatal diagnosis that with further refinement could one day provide valuable information for the management of ongoing pregnancies.
In vitro stability of α-Helical peptide nucleic acids (αPNAs)

Abstract α-Helical peptide nucleic acids (αPNAs) are synthetic molecules that merge the α-helix secondary structure of peptides with the codified Watson–Crick base pairing capability of nucleic acids. It is now demonstrated that αPNAs made up of either l - or d -amino acids are resistant to degradation by the proteases present in human serum. The increased stability of αPNAs towards proteases may be attributable to the presence of unnatural nucleoamino acid residues [–NHCH(CH 2 OCH 2 B)CO–, where B=thymine or cytosine] since the replacement of these amino acids by serine yields a control peptide that does break down in human serum. The stability of αPNAs towards proteases makes them attractive candidates for further development as antisense agents.
ABERRANT CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES IN AVIAN VIRUS TUMOR CELLS.

Abstract Cells of avian virus-induced tumors occasionally show cytoplasmic masses containing structures of characteristic morphology. These consist of essentially spherical bodies of a 30–40 mμ diameter consisting of an electron-dense material enclosed in a shell of higher density surrounded by an indefinite outer zone with associated ribosome-like electron-dense bodies. The spherical bodies resemble somewhat the immature avian virus particles budding at the cell surface. Structures of this appearance are unique to avian virus tumors and occur in different neoplastic cell types in growths induced by a wide variety of avian tumor virus strains. The structures were interpreted to be the result of abortive processes of cytoplasmic virus synthesis in the absence of components and conditions for elaboration of the complete virus particle. No evidence indicated that the spheres developed into typical virus particles or were a stage in or contributed to the usual processes of virus assembly by budding at the cell membrane. There was the appearance, however, of possible involvement of cytoplasmic ribosome-like bodies in virus-budding from chondrocytes in which budding was impeded by cartilage components elaborated at the cell surface.
Strain Energy Descriptions of Biological Swelling II: Multiple Fluid Compartment Models

A series of multicompartmental, biphasic elastic tissue models is developed. In its most general form, the models consist of multiple tubular networks, each with an internal spring network. In addition, another spring network occupies the extratubular compartment. Strain energy functions are derived for the models, as well as expressions for the fluid pressures in each compartment arising from volume expansion or swelling. Calculations also show that the distribution of fluid among compartments is a significant determinant of tissue elasticity.
Design and validation of an Individual Health Report (IHR)

Abstract This research focused on developing a general health report that conveys an individual’s health readings in a clear, concise and explanatory manner and demonstrating the report’s usefulness. The research examined the need for such a report and focused the design on the determined need and communication through visual display. The designed “Individual Health Report (IHR)” was evaluated using data obtained from an online survey developed for this research. The analysis involved t -tests, McNemar’s tests, linear regression and ANOVA. Results included the finding that the IHR significantly improved respondent’s ability to correctly answer questions about their health status and preventive health in general ( p n = 61). The study also showed that introduction of the IHR by healthcare providers would significantly improve the respondents’ view that they get the preventive healthcare information they need to make appropriate decisions ( p = 0.0007, n = 61). In an era when costs of healthcare are of great concern and prevention is starting to gain traction as compared to strictly treatment, an IHR could be a very practical and beneficial step toward prevention focused healthcare. An IHR could be considered as a tool to provide increased public awareness of health status, with resulting gains in proactive and effective health management choices. Relevance to Industry Degraded health and associated healthcare costs are of significant concerns to industry performance and profits. As several references highlighted in this research have indicated, a lack of health literacy and awareness of critical health indicators are significant concerns in helping employees to manage their own health status. From an economic and societal perspective, it may be considered cost effective for employers to work with healthcare providers to support presentation of employee health status and results of recent healthcare evaluations by means of an IHR. An IHR of the type tested in this research can be seen to both provide clear and understandable health status information, and improve health literacy, for wide sections of the population. Presenting employee information via this type of IHR can effectively supplement healthcare information delivered by healthcare providers. The IHR tested in this research represents a form of clear information presentation and visualization that overcomes issues of jargon that degrades communication between healthcare providers and employees.
Nonlinear Zeeman Shifts in the Collective-Mode Spectrum of 3 He-B

Zeeman shifts in one of the $J=2$ order-parameter collective-mode multiplets in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$B$ have been measured in magnetic fields up to 0.16 T. The observed shifts are extremely nonlinear at higher fields. The extent of nonlinearity decreases as $\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ and for a given $\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$ is more predominant at lower pressures and/or frequencies. The observed effects can be attributed to the distortion of the $B$-phase energy gap in the presence of a magnetic field as suggested by Schopohl, Warnke, and Tcwordt.
The primexine ofNelumbo nucifera

Im Gegensatz zur allgemein akzeptierten Theorie ist beiNelumbo die gesamte Oberflache der Mikrospore mit Primexine bedeckt; dennoch werden am maturen Pollen drei Colpi entwickelt.
Diabetic eNOS knockout mice develop distinct macro- and microvascular complications

Functional consequences of impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity causing organ-specific abnormalities on a diabetic setting are not completely understood. In this study, we extensively characterized a diabetic mouse model (leprdb/db) in which eNOS expression is genetically disrupted (eNOS−/−). The eNOS−/−/ leprdb/db double-knockout (DKO) mice developed obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. Analysis of tissues from DKO mice showed large islets in the pancreas and fat droplets in hepatocytes. Interestingly, the aorta was normal and atherogenic lesions were not observed. Abnormalities in the aorta including poor re-endothelialization and increased medial wall thickness were evident only in response to deliberate injury. In contrast, significant glomerular capillary damage in the kidney was identified, with DKO mice demonstrating a robust diabetic nephropathy similar to human disease. The vascular and renal impairments in DKO mice were pronounced despite lower fasting plasma glucose levels compared to leprdb/db mice, indicating that eNOS is a critical determinant of hyperglycemia-induced organ-specific complications and their severity in diabetes. Results provide the first evidence that absence of eNOS in diabetes has a greater deleterious effect on the renal microvasculature than on the larger aortic vessel. The DKO model may suggest novel therapeutic strategies to prevent both vascular and renal complications of diabetes.
Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid: Analysis of current data

Abstract Background: Conventional therapy of severe bullous pemphigoid (BP) relies on the use of high-dose systemic corticosteroids with or without adjuvants, notably immunosuppressive agents. This approach can result in debilitating and potentially fatal side effects, hence the need to explore alternative therapies. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy is emerging as one possibility. Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether any preliminary conclusion can be drawn about the potential for the use of IVIg to treat patients with severe BP. Methods: A literature search was done to identify reports, in English-language peer-reviewed journals, on the use of IVIg to treat patients with BP. Reports were examined for information on disease duration, severity, therapies used before and after IVIg, dose and frequency of IVIg administration, and its immediate and long-term effects. Results: Data on treatment of 17 patients indicated that 12 patients (70%) experienced a beneficial clinical response to IVIg. In 5 patients (30%) no clinical benefit was observed. A minimum dose of 2 g/kg per cycle at monthly intervals for 3 months has been the most common approach. However, this should not be perceived as a "standard dose" at the present time. In some patients the use of IVIg appears to permit a systemic corticosteroid-sparing effect. Longer use has achieved sustained clinical remission in some patients. Lack of response was observed in patients who received low-dose IVIg or who received a single infusion only. Minimal side effects in the form of headaches and nausea and vomiting were observed in some patients. Conclusion: The present experience consists only of open uncontrolled trials in a few patients and does not allow for definitive conclusions. However, at this time IVIg appears to be a promising agent for the treatment of BP, especially for patients who do not respond to conventional therapy. Adequate doses for longer periods may be required to induce and maintain sustained clinical remissions. Large-scale controlled studies with defined entry criteria, objectives, end points, and long-term follow-up are necessary to determine the specific role of IVIg in the overall management of BP. (J Am Acad Dermatol 10.1067/mjd.2000.112288)
Phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase immunoreactive terminals synapse on adrenal preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord

Abstract Adrenergic neurons in the C1 region in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata send descending axons into spinal cord which terminate in thoracic and upper lumbar segments, overlapping the distribution of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The present study was undertaken to determine whether adrenergic fibers synapse directly on preganglionic neurons which innervate the adrenal medulla and to examine the ultrastructure of these fibers during development. The ultrastructure and synaptology of adrenergic axons in the intennediolateral nucleus of mid-thoracic spinal cord were studied in 7-, 9-, 24-, 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old rats using immunocytochemical staining for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of unmyelinated axonal varicosities and intervaricose segments in the neuropil of intemediolateral nucleus. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive synaptic boutons were filled with spherical electron-lucent vesicles and occasional larger dense-core vesicles. These boutons were observed to form symmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic processes at all ages examined. Asymmetrical synapses on dendrites were also observed in adult rats. Axosomatic synaptic contacts were frequently observed in immature rats, but were never observed in adult rats. To determine whether adrenergic axons synapse on preganglionic neurons which project to the adrenal medulla, adrenal preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase and adrenergic axons were stained for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactivity. In young rats, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive boutons were observed to form symmetrical axosomatic and axodendritic synaptic contacts with adrenal preganglionic neurons in intermediolateral nucleus. These contacts had already formed by postnatal day 7, the youngest age studied. In constrast, it was not possible to verify that adrenal preganglionic neurons receive adrenergic innervation in adult rats, since phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive boutons were only observed in contact with small diameter dendrites that were not retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase. These studies demonstrate that adrenal preganglionic neurons receive adrenergic synapses prior to the first postnatal week. The initial synapses which form on preganglionic somata and proximal dendrites appear to reorganize late in development. It is suggested that these become more distally located as the dendritic tree matures. More generally, these observations suggest that adrenergic bulbospinal neurons are involved in central regulation of adrenal development and function.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL METHOD FOR STUDYING PLATELET ADHESION AND AGGREGATION DURING BLOOD CLOTTING

Abstract The repair of small blood vessels and the pathological growth of internal blood clots involve the formation of platelet aggregates adhering to portions of the vessel wall. Our microscopic model represents blood by a suspension of discrete massless platelets in a viscous incompressible fluid. Platelets are initially noncohesive; however, if stimulated by an above-threshold concentration of the chemical ADP or by contact with the adhesive injured region of the vessel wall, they become cohesive and secrete more ADP into the fluid. Cohesion between platelets and adhesion of a platelet to the injured wall are modeled by creating elastic links. Repulsive forces prevent a platelet from coming too close to another platelet or to the wall. The forces affect the fluid motion in the neighborhood of an aggregate. The platelets and secreted ADP both move by fluid advection and diffusion. The equations of the model are studied numerically in two dimensions. The platelet forces are calculated implicitly by minimizing a nonlinear energy function. Our minimization scheme merges Gill and Murray's ( Math. Programming 7 (1974) , 311) modified Newton's method with elements of the Yale sparse matrix package. The stream-function' formulation' of the Stokes' equations for the fluid motion under the influence of platelet forces is solved using Bjorstad's biharmonic solver (“Numerical Solution of the Biharmonic Equation,” Ph. D. Thesis, Stanford University, 1980) . The ADP transport equation is solved with an alternating-direction implicit scheme. A linked-list data structure is introduced to keep track of changing platelet states and changing configurations of interplatelet links. Results of calculations with healthy platelets and with diseased platelets are presented.
Concordant Loss of Imprinting of the Human Insulin-like Growth Factor II Gene Promoters in Cancer

The human insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) gene has been shown to be imprinted for the promoters P2, P3, and P4 but not for the promoter P1 in liver and chondrocytes. Loss of imprinting of the IGFII gene has been found in a variety of human tumors including rhabdomyosarcoma and lung cancer. In this report, we determined whether loss of imprinting in tumors displays a promoter-specific pattern. We examined allelic expression of all four IGFII promoters in rhabdomyosarcoma, lung cancer, and normal skeletal muscle. We demonstrate that the imprinting of all IGFII promoters is relaxed in rhabdomyosarcoma and lung cancer. These data suggest that loss of imprinting of IGFII gene promoters may be regulated coordinately by a common mechanism in these tumors. Unexpectedly, we also found that P1, in addition to P2, P3, and P4 is monoallelically expressed in three informative adult skeletal muscle tissues. This indicates that imprinting of the IGFII promoter P1 occurs in a tissue-specific manner.
Selected topics in the pathology of epithelioid soft tissue tumors

Epithelioid morphology, mimicking carcinoma, is a key or defining feature of several soft tissue tumors and may be seen in a wide variety of other tumors. This review will focus on those tumors defined at least in part by their epithelioid morphology, in particular epithelioid sarcoma, epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma. The role of loss of the SMARCB1 tumor-suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of these epithelioid soft tissue tumors will be discussed, as will their differential diagnosis with non-mesenchymal tumors, in particular carcinoma and melanoma.
Investigation of mechanical properties of insulin crystals by atomic force microscopy.

Mechanical properties of protein crystals and aggregates depend on the conformational and structural properties of individual protein molecules as well as on the packing density and structure withi...
On the role of d electrons in chemisorption and catalysis on transition metal surfaces

Abstract A new model is proposed for the role of the d electrons in chemisorption and catalysis on transition metal surfaces. In this model, the d electrons remain localized on the atoms and do not participate in forming dsp hybrid bonds with the adsorbate. However, electrons in doubly-occupied d orbitals can be promoted to anti-bonding or non-bonding valence orbitals. These additional electronic configurations help increase the binding energy of the adsorbate and help stabilize reaction intermediates. This effect is enhanced by spatial rotation of the singly-occupied d orbitals which become perpendicular to the adsorbate. The singly-occupied d orbitals are also able to recouple their spins during the reaction, allowing the reaction to proceed on otherwise forbidden reaction paths.
The post-embryonic development of British Pinnotheres (Crustacea)

Summary. The early stages of the two species of Pinnotheres occurring at Plymouth have been reared in the laboratory from egg to megalopa for the first time. P. pisum has four zoeal stages and a megalopa. The megalopal stage was reached in eleven weeks from spawning and six from hatching. These times are probably considerably longer than under natural conditions. The number of swimming setae of the zoeal stages is discussed. P. pinnotheres has two zoeal stages and a megalopa. The megalopal stage was reached in about nine weeks from early egg and three weeks from hatching. The work on P. pinnotheres confirms that of Lebour (1928 a, b), who obtained the two zoeal stages from the plankton and reared the megalopa from these. Some observations are given on habits and moulting of the zoeae.
Complexity Generation during Natural Product Biosynthesis using Redox Enzymes

Redox enzymes such as FAD-dependent and cytochrome P450 oxygenases play indispensible roles in generating structural complexity during natural product biosynthesis. In the pre-assembly steps, redox enzymes can convert garden variety primary metabolites into unique starter and extender building blocks. In the post-assembly tailoring steps, redox cascades can transform nascent scaffolds into structurally complex final products. In this review, we will discuss several recently characterized redox enzymes in the biosynthesis of polyketides and nonribosomal peptides.
Transmyocardial laser revascularisation compared with continued medical therapy for treatment of refractory angina pectoris: a prospective randomised trial

Summary Background Transmyocardial revascularisation (TMR) is an operative treatment for refractory angina pectoris when bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is not indicated. We did a prospective randomised trial to compare TMR with continued medication. Methods We recruited 182 patients from 16 US centres with Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina (CCSA) score III (38%) or IV (62%), reversible ischaemia, and incomplete response to other therapies. Patients were randomly assigned TMR and continued medication (n=92) or continued medication alone (n=90). Baseline assessments were angina class, exercise tolerance, Seattle angina questionnaire for quality of life, and dipyridamole thallium stress test. We reassessed patients at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months, with independent masked angina assessment at 12 months. Findings At 12 months, total exercise tolerance increased by a median of 65 s in the TMR group compared with a 46 s decrease in the medication-only group (p Interpretation TMR lowered angina scores, increased exercise tolerance time, and improved patients' perceptions of quality of life. This operative treatment provided clinical benefits in patients with no other therapeutic options.
Optimal Advertising Signals in the Florida Citrus Industry: A Research Application

A sales response to advertising for the Florida citrus industry is estimated and used to explore optimal levels of advertising. Results of an optimal control model show the gains that can be realized through inter- and intraseasonal changes in the level of advertising expenditures. These gains are generated by using imputed prices that take into account future gains of current advertising. An optimal path of adjustment in both advertising and sales over time is obtained which provides signals for an effective advertising policy.
Ho:Tm:YLF laser amplifiers

A series of models is developed that describes a Ho:Tm laser, and predictions from these models are compared with experimental measurements for a variety of Ho:Tm:YLF amplifiers. Modeling is complicated by the plethora of required parameters needed to describe the dynamics of the Ho:Tm laser system versus the paucity of measured parameters. To remedy this, calculations presented here begin with measured energy levels and a quantum-mechanical model to determine a set of crystal-field parameters that are then used to calculate the energy-transfer parameters. Energy-transfer parameters, which describe the dynamics of energy exchange in the Ho:Tm system, are subsequently used in a rate-equation model to describe the dynamics of the lowest four manifolds of both Ho and Tm. Next, predictions of the rate-equation model are used in an amplifier model, which, among other effects, includes the variation of the pump energy density with the position of the probe beam in the amplifier. Results of the amplifier model are then compared with small-signal gain measurements from a variety of Ho:Tm:YLF laser amplifiers. Finally, the models are used to investigate the ultimate performance of a Ho:Tm:YLF laser amplifier by varying the concentrations of Ho and Tm in addition to the length of the end-pumped device.
Endoscopic ultrasound compared with laparoscopy for staging esophageal cancer

Background Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an accurate modality for locoregional staging of esophageal cancer. Given an increasing prevalence of distal esophageal adenocarcinoma, some centers employ laparoscopic staging (LS) in addition to noninvasive staging methods. We sought to compare EUS and LS for nodal staging in patients with esophageal cancer. Methods All newly diagnosed, EUS-staged esophageal cancer cases during an 18-month period were reviewed. Patients who underwent both EUS and LS comprised the study cohort; EUS records, operative notes, and pathology reports were reviewed. Inability to pass the radial echoendoscope through the malignant stricture despite dilation was considered an incomplete EUS examination. Results Forty-seven patients were identified who underwent both modalities for staging; of these, 70% had complete EUS evaluation. For nodal staging, EUS–fine-needle aspiration was 90% accurate as compared with LS. Overall, staging accuracy of EUS compared with LS was 72%. Accuracy was 76% for patients with complete EUS staging compared with 64% for patients with incomplete EUS examinations. Staging differences were mostly reflected in distant metastases detected at LS (17%). Conclusions Endoscopic ultrasonography is nearly as accurate as LS in nodal staging for esophageal cancer. The value of LS is accurate abdominal nodal staging and detection of occult distant mestastases. Laparoscopic staging should, therefore, be incorporated into staging algorithms for neoadjuvant protocols. In the absence of preoperative therapy, LS should be performed at the time of planned esophagectomy. In those without occult metastases, curative resection may be attempted.
A new technique for WCDMA downlink interference cancellation

In this paper, we present a simple interference cancellation technique for the downlink of wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) systems in multipath environment. With the same knowledge required by a RAKE receiver, the present method acts as an equalizer and cancels the interfering multipath signals from the received signal to retrieve the orthogonality property of the received signal. The present receiver has a simple structure and it has significant performance gain against the RAKE receiver. In addition, the noise enhancement is negligible when there is a line of sight path or the channel power delay profile has exponential decaying form.
Seasonal, locational and size variations in mercury and selenium levels in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from New Jersey

Abstract We examined total mercury and selenium levels in muscle of striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) collected from 2005 to 2008 from coastal New Jersey. Of primary interest was whether there were differences in mercury and selenium levels as a function of size and location, and whether the legal size limits increased the exposure of bass consumers to mercury. We obtained samples mainly from recreational anglers, but also by seine and trawl. For the entire sample ( n =178 individual fish), the mean (±standard error) for total mercury was 0.39±0.02 μg/g (=0.39 ppm, wet weight basis) with a maximum of 1.3 μg/g (=1.3 ppm wet weight). Mean selenium level was 0.30±0.01 μg/g (w/w) with a maximum of 0.9 μg/g). Angler-caught fish ( n =122) were constrained by legal size limits to exceed 61 cm (24 in.) and averaged 72.6±1.3 cm long; total mercury averaged 0.48±0.021 μg/g and selenium averaged 0.29±0.01 μg/g. For comparable sizes, angler-caught fish had significantly higher mercury levels (0.3 vs 0.21 μg/g) than trawled fish. In both the total and angler-only samples, mercury was strongly correlated with length (Kendall tau=0.37; p p r 2 (up to 0.42) of any variable for both mercury and selenium concentrations. Trawled fish from Long Branch in August and Sandy Hook in October were the same size (68.9 vs 70.1 cm) and had the same mercury concentrations (0.22 vs 0.21 ppm), but different selenium levels (0.11 vs 0.28 ppm). The seined fish (all from Delaware Bay) had the same mercury concentration as the trawled fish from the Atlantic coast despite being smaller. Angler-caught fish from the North (Sandy Hook) were larger but had significantly lower mercury than fish from the South (mainly Cape May). Selenium levels were high in small fish, low in medium-sized fish, and increased again in larger fish, but overall selenium was correlated with length (tau=0.14; p =0.006) and weight (tau=0.27; p
Visual 3D computer graphic design-simulation in technology education

Ideally, freshman level students entering technology and engineering programs should possess an innate or intuitive understanding of the relationship between interacting physical objects and the mathematical and graphical fundamentals that describe that interaction. Developing and refining an understanding of that relationship is an important foundational preparation for students preparing for occupations in these fields. Historically, the development of that process has been accomplished predominantly through numerical mathematical means that often necessitate presenting important principles to students as numerical or nonvisual abstractions. The objective of this paper is to describe initial efforts to develop highly graphical visual, spatial, audile, motion-based methods which address a vital emerging goal in applied computer graphics instruction; problem solving through 3D computer graphic design-simulation.
Adaptive Disturbance Rejection Control using System Input -Output Data

A stable discrete -time adaptive disturbance rejection control law is designed for linear systems . The disturbance signal is assumed to be unknown , but can be described by a sum of periodic signals . The baseline control law is based on dynamic inversion with pro portio nal -integral augmentation. D ynamic inversion is carried out using a system input out put model that implicitly contains the effects of the external disturbance . The input output model is realized in an off -line manner using the available input -output data. On -line adaptation of this control law is carried out by providing a parameterized a ugmentation signal to the dynamic inversion. The parameters of this augmentation sig nal are updated to achieve the nominal desired error dynamics . Contrary to the Lya punov -based approaches that guarantee only stability, the current approach guarantees sta bility as well as performance. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the overall control approach.
Comparative evaluation of power factor improvement techniques for squirrel cage induction motors

The authors describe the results obtained from a series of tests of relatively simple methods of improving the power factor of squirrel-cage induction motors. The methods, which are evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions for a 10 HP, high-efficiency motor, include terminal voltage reduction, terminal static capacitors, and a floating winding with static capacitors. Each of these techniques is tested over a range of torques from zero load up to 150% of rating. The effects of the different configurations on starting performance, pull-out torque, and operating efficiency are also considered. The test results are compared with equivalent circuit model predictions that are then used to identify optimum conditions for each of the power factor improvement techniques compared with the basic inductor motor. The relative economic values and the implications of component failures of the three methods are discussed. >
IV. Implications for the analytic relation and process (Part II. The self as interactive).

Fundamentally, it is the self-as-person who engages in the analytic relation and situation—this is as much a truism for analyst as for analysand. As synonymous with the human person, the self-as-person is a complex entity with multiple and interweaving capacities and functions that come into play in varying degrees of intensity and complex functional integrations in the often kaleidoscopic unwinding of the analytic process. I have made a somewhat arbitrary division for purposes of exposition between aspects of the self-system that are more directly related to the internal structural organization of the self, considered without reference to connections and involvements of the self in the world of objects and actions in its social and physical environments. These aspects and their implications for engagement in the analytic relation and process were examined in the previous paper (Meissner, 2009c). Keeping those considerations in mind, I reflect now on aspects of the self that involve the subject’s relatedness to the outside world of other selves and other things as they come into play in the analytic process. The specific aspects I have in mind are described in the first paper in this series (Meissner, 2009a); they include the self-asobject, the self-as-relational, and, finally, the self-as-social. The self-as-object serves as a bridging aspect of self-structure in that it is not only part of the internal organization of the self and thus reflects aspects of the self-structure, but is also that aspect of the self most directly and immediately open to external influences. As such it can serve as the medium or channel by which external influences arising in the relationship and interaction be-
Retrieving semantically distant analogies with knowledge-directed spreading activation

Techniques that traditionally have been useful for retrieving same-domain analogies from small single-use knowledge bases, such as spreading activation and indexing on selected features, are inadequate for retrieving cross-domain analogies from large multi-use knowledge bases. In this paper, we describe Knowledge-Directed Spreading Activation (KDSA), a new method for retrieving analogies in a large semantic network. KDSA uses task-specific knowledge to guide a spreading activation search to a case or concept in memory that meets a desired similarity condition. Specifically, KDSA exploits evaluations of near-analogies encountered during the search to direct the search toward progressively more promising analogies. We describe a specific instantiation of this method for the task of innovative design, and we summarize the theoretical and experimental results used to validate KDSA.
Diverse production system and social status effects on pig immunity and behavior

Pig performance, immunity, and behavior may be influenced by production system and social status. A conventional indoor housing system was compared with an outdoor system to determine the effects of diverse production systems on pig performance, behavior, and immunity. At 21 days of age, weight matched pigs reared in a conventional indoor or an outdoor production system were weaned and randomly selected for use in the present study. Six replicate pens were evaluated per treatment, with two littermate female pigs in each pen. Social status was determined at 7 weeks of age by a feed competition test. Pig behavior was recorded for 24 h using a scan sample technique. At 9 weeks of age, blood samples were taken from indoor- and outdoor-reared pigs and immune assays performed. Both indoor- and outdoor-reared pigs were given a sheep red blood cell (SRBC) challenge at 6 and 8 weeks of age, and antibody titers to SRBC were measured at 6, 7, and 9 weeks of age. Performance data were recorded throughout the study period. Body weight and average daily gain were not influenced by the production system in which the pig was reared. The production system effected standing, lying, drinking, and oral/nasal/facial behaviors. The production system influenced the expression of certain behaviors depending on the time of day. Immune and blood measures were affected by production system. The percentage of phagocytosis was greater (P ≤0.05) and antibody titers to SRBC challenge tended to be greater (P=0.066) among outdoor-reared pigs compared with indoor-reared pigs. Outdoor reared pigs had higher hemoglobin concentrations (P<0.005), percentage of hematocrit (P<0.005), mean corpuscular volume (P<0.005), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P<0.005) compared with indoor-reared pigs. Furthermore, dominance order influenced the immune system. Dominant pigs had greater phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocyte proliferation (P<0.01) and baseline antibody titers to sheep red blood cells (P<0.05) compared with submissive pigs. In conclusion, in the present study body weight and average daily gain were similar among diverse production systems. However, pig behavior and immune system were significantly influenced by the production system. Dominance order influenced the immune system regardless of the production system. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Internal stress and elastic modulus measurements on micromachined 3C-SiC thin films

Fabrication of epitaxial 3C-SiC microstructures by bulk micromachining of the underlying silicon substrate was investigated. Initial studies of the mechanical properties of epitaxial 3C-SiC films deposited on silicon were carried out on microstructures fabricated by bulk micromachining of the silicon substrate to evaluate the potential of these films for micromechanics. Residual stress and biaxial modulus of 3C-SiC films were measured by load-deflection measurements of suspended diaphragms. The film's residual stress was tensile with an average of 212 MPa, while the in-plane biaxial modulus averaged 441 GPa.
BK Channel β1 Subunit Contributes to Behavioral Adaptations Elicited by Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure.

Background Large conductance, calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels regulate neuronal excitability and neurotransmission. They can be directly activated by ethanol (EtOH) and they may be implicated in EtOH dependence. In this study, we sought to determine the influence of the auxiliary β1 and β4 subunits on EtOH metabolism, acute sensitivity to EtOH intoxication, acute functional tolerance, chronic tolerance, and handling-induced convulsions during withdrawal. Methods Motor coordination, righting reflex, and body temperature were evaluated in BK β1 and β4 knockout, heterozygous, and wild-type mice following acute EtOH administration. Chronic tolerance and physical dependence were induced by chronic intermittent inhalation of EtOH vapor. Results Constitutive deficiency in BK β1 or β4 subunits did not alter the clearance rate of EtOH, acute sensitivity to EtOH-induced ataxia, sedation, and hypothermia, nor acute functional tolerance to ataxia. BK β1 deletion reduced chronic tolerance to sedation and abolished chronic tolerance to hypothermia, while BK β4 deletion did not affect these adaptations to chronic EtOH exposure. Finally, the absence of BK β1 accelerated the appearance, while the absence of BK β4 delayed the resolution, of the hyperexcitable state associated with EtOH withdrawal. Conclusions Altogether, the present findings reveal the critical role of BK β1 in behavioral adaptations to prolonged, repeated EtOH intoxication.
An Argument for the Repeal of Tax Preferences for Educational Endowments

This essay examines the case for granting tax preferences to private university endowments. It looks first at the theoretical arguments that can be made to justify using tax preferences to enlist the help of private individuals in the pursuit of public goals, and finds that such arguments do not apply in the case of tax preferences for endowments. It then looks at the actual performance of private university endowments, asking whether their existence or their rapid growth has led to the provision of more higher education, or cheaper higher education, or better higher education. The unfortunate answer is “No.” In light of the foregoing, the essay recommends the repeal of tax preferences for private university endowments