cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of pretrial exposure to community outrage and victim hardship on guilt judgments

ABSTRACTAlthough the courts have explicitly expressed concerns about the effects of public sentiment on juries in highly publicized cases, no research has isolated the degree to which jurors’ exposure to community outrage and/or prospective social interactions in the community independently influence judgments of guilt. In the current research, jury eligible undergraduates were randomly assigned to conditions in a 2 (negative defendant facts pretrial publicity (PTP): present vs. absent) × 2 (community outrage PTP: present vs. absent) × 2 (anticipated social interaction: present vs. absent) between subjects factorial design. In an online session, participants read articles containing PTP (or not), and two days later they arrived at the lab to serve as mock jurors in a murder case – before the trial they were instructed (or not) that they would interact with people from the community in which the case was taking place. Neither PTP containing extra-evidentiary facts about the defendant nor prospective intera...
Understanding a fury in your words

Marketing scholars and practitioners have long recognized that the power of electronic negative word-of-mouth (e-NWOM) can influence brand revenues and firm performance, but most previous studies have only examined the effect of viewing. This study is one of the initial attempts to test the effects of e-NWOM on both posters and viewers. We also test the moderating effects of company usefulness and company apology in a separate study. Using an observational dataset that contains NWOM viewing and posting records and customers' purchase transactions from a real company, Study 1 finds that viewing e-NWOM has a negative effect on subsequent purchases, whereas posting e-NWOM has a positive interaction effect with company usefulness. Study 2 shows that a company's public apology has a positive effect on viewers, but not posters. We conclude with the theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications of e-NWOM and webcare research. We distinguish the effects of posting and viewing e-NWOM on purchase behavior.We identify two moderators of e-NWOM and test their effects in two studies.Viewing e-NWOM decreases subsequent purchases.Posting e-NWOM has a positive interaction effect with company usefulness.Company apology only works for e-NWOM viewers, not posters.
A new robust method for two-dimensional inverse filtering

In this paper, we present a novel method for inverse filtering a two dimensional (2-D) signal using phase-based processing techniques. A 2-D sequence can be represented by a sufficient number of samples of the phase of its Fourier transform and its region of support. This is exploited to perform deconvolution. We examine the effects of additive noise and incomplete knowledge of the point spread function on the performance of this deconvolution method and compare it with other 2-D deconvolution methods. The problem of finding the region of support will also be brie y addressed. Finally, an application example will be presented.
STABLE CORONARY DISEASE IN HIGH VASCULAR RISK PATIENTS AND QUALITY OF LIFE: INSIGHTS FROM THE LONG TERM RISK, CLINICAL MANAGEMENT AND HEALTHCARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION OF STABLE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (TIGRIS) REGISTRY

The burden of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) according to patient-reported health-related quality of life is unclear with few contemporary studies evaluating the quality of life in patients with stable CAD. From June 2013-Nov 2014, patients ≥50 yrs with a prior MI 1-3 y and ≥1 risk factor
Ethanol Damage to Canine Oxyntic Glandular Mucosa.

SummaryThe effect of ethanol upon the barrier function of the stomach was studied by irrigating pouches of the canine oxyntic glandular mucosa with solutions of ethanol ranging from 0.5 to 27% w/v. Solutions of 8% or less did not damage the mucosal barrier as judged by the fluxes of Na+, K+ and H+. Solutions of 14 and 27% broke the barrier, for fluxes of the ions across the mucosa were greatly increased during and following ethanol application. In contrast to acetylsalicylic acid which is much more damaging in acid than in neutral solution, ethanol has essentially the same effect upon the barrier when applied in 100 mM HCl or in 30 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. The rate of absorption of ethanol is a linear function of its concentration. The damaging effect of ethanol depends upon the concentration in contact with the mucosa and not upon the quantity absorbed. Low concentrations of ethanol (8% or less) stimulate acid secretion. Histamine could not be detected in the arterial or gastric venous blood of anest...
Limits to Confidentiality in U.S. Army Treatment Settings

A number of reports detail ethical concerns of behavioral health providers in the U.S. Military regarding limited confidentiality. This article provides a review of limits to confidentiality in beh...
Compact foreign-made x-ray generators: an evaluation of their acceptability for effective dental radiography. I. A review of the literature.

Abstract A study has been undertaken to delineate and compare the radiation exposures involved and the resulting diagnostic information yield for imported and domestic generators. In Part I the literature is reviewed with respect to the influence of beam quality on exposure factors and image characteristics.
Efficient Bayesian Inference in Non-linear Switching State Space Models Using Particle Gibbs Sampling Approaches

This paper develops a new Bayesian algorithm to efficiently estimate non-linear/non-Gaussian state space models with abruptly changing parameters. Within the Particle Gibbs framework developed by Andrieu et al. (2010), the proposed algorithm effectively combines two ideas: ancestor sampling and a partially deterministic sequential Monte Carlo method. In the proposed approach, the discrete latent state variable that governs the switching behavior of a complex dynamic system is deterministically generated to fully diversify particles, and ancestor sampling enables complete exploitation of the various generated particles. Without a large number of particles and sophisticated tailored importance distributions, the newly developed PG sampler is shown to be both easy to implement and computationally efficient, and it substantially outperforms a standard PG technique.
Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: Toward integration and new research questions

To advance meaning in life (MIL) research, it is crucial to integrate it with the broader meaning literature, which includes important additional concepts (e.g., meaning frameworks) and principles ...
Poetry and Religion

When poetry and religion meet, the poet contemplates the spirit, the soul, death, fate, purpose, meaning—that is, one or another of the issues we have seen raised in philosophical terms in the previous chapter—but brings to the interpretation of these issues some system that derives from church doctrine or some conception of God or divine principle of human destiny.
Current Expectations for Cardiac Transplantation in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease accounts for 40% of pediatric heart transplants and presents unique challenges to the transplant team. Suitability for transplantation is defined in part by degree of sensitization, pulmonary vascular resistance, and hepatic reserves. The incremental transplant risk for patients with congenital heart disease occurs within the first 3 months, after which survival is equivalent to transplantation for cardiomyopathy. Single ventricle with prior palliation, and especially the failing Fontan, carry the highest risk for transplantation and are least amenable to bridging with mechanical circulatory support. More effective bridging to transplant with mechanical circulatory support will require improvements in the adverse event profile of available pumps and the introduction of miniaturized continuous flow technology. The major barriers to routine long-term survival are chronic allograft failure and allograft vasculopathy. Despite these many challenges, continuing improvements in the care of pediatric heart transplant patients have pushed the median posttransplant survival past 15 years for children and to 20 years for infants.
Primary Human Placental Trophoblasts are Permissive for Zika Virus (ZIKV) Replication

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne (Aedes genus) arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family. Although ZIKV has been predominately associated with a mild or asymptomatic dengue-like disease, its appearance in the Americas has been accompanied by a multi-fold increase in reported incidence of fetal microcephaly and brain malformations. The source and mode of vertical transmission from mother to fetus is presumptively transplacental, although a causal link explaining the interval delay between maternal symptoms and observed fetal malformations following infection has been missing. In this study, we show that primary human placental trophoblasts from non-exposed donors (n = 20) can be infected by primary passage ZIKV-FLR isolate, and uniquely allowed for ZIKV viral RNA replication when compared to dengue virus (DENV). Consistent with their being permissive for ZIKV infection, primary trophoblasts expressed multiple putative ZIKV cell entry receptors, and cellular function and differentiation were preserved. These findings suggest that ZIKV-FLR strain can replicate in human placental trophoblasts without host cell destruction, thereby serving as a likely permissive reservoir and portal of fetal transmission with risk of latent microcephaly and malformations.
Infrared laser ablation sample transfer of tissue DNA for genomic analysis

Infrared (IR) laser ablation was used to remove material from tissue sections mounted on microscope slides, with subsequent capture in a solvent-containing microcentrifuge tube. Experiments conducted with a 3200-bp double-stranded plasmid DNA template demonstrated IR-laser ablation transfer of intact DNA. The transfer efficiency and the molecular integrity of the captured DNA were evaluated using Sanger sequencing, gel electrophoresis, and fluorimetric analysis. The plasmid DNA was reproducibly transferred with an efficiency of 59 ± 3% at laser fluences of between 10 and 20 kJ/m2 at a wavelength of 3 μm. IR laser ablation sample transfer was then used to ablate and capture DNA from 50-μm-thick rat brain and kidney tissue sections. DNA was extracted from the captured material using five commercial DNA extraction kits that employed significantly divergent methodologies, with all kits recovering sufficient DNA for successful amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four sets of primers were employed, targeting one region of the CYP 11b2 gene (376 bp) and three different regions of the Snn1g gene (298, 168, and 281 bp). The PCR results were not consistently reliable when using unpurified ablation samples; however, after extraction, all samples produced PCR products of the expected size. This work expands the sampling capabilities of IR laser ablation, demonstrating that DNA can be isolated from tissue samples for genomic assays. Due to the small size of the ablation regions (1 mm2), this technique will be useful for sampling discrete cell populations from tissue sections.
Does E-cigarette Use at Baseline Influence Smoking Cessation Rates among 2-Year College Students?

Introduction This study evaluates the impact of baseline e-cigarette use on smoking cessation rates in a national sample of two-year college student smokers. Methods Participants were 1400 students from over 60 two-year colleges across 25 states who were current smokers enrolled in a web-assisted tobacco intervention (WATI) trial. Survey data were collected at baseline, 1-, 6-, and 12-months, with primary outcomes evaluated at 6-months. Results At 6-months, baseline e-cigarette users were more likely to report cessation of traditional cigarettes compared to non-users (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.002-1.92). Cessation was also associated with higher baseline confidence in quitting and greater time to first cigarette in the morning. Baseline e-cigarette use was not found to be associated with self-reported cessation of all nicotine/tobacco products (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.75-1.58) nor biochemically verified cessation of all nicotine/tobacco products (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.47-1.47). Higher confidence was again associated with both self-reported and biochemically verified cessation of all nicotine/tobacco products. Female gender was associated only with biochemically verified cessation of all nicotine/tobacco products at 6-months. Conclusions Two-year college students represent a priority population for cessation interventions. The findings from this study highlight the complexities of evaluating the impact of e-cigarette use on cessation.
Adsorbate mass transfer into porous adsorbents – A practical viewpoint

Abstract A practical perspective of the complex and extensive subject of adsorbate mass transfer into porous adsorbents, which is important for design of adsorptive processes for separation of fluid (gas or liquid) mixtures, is given. The state of the art for the subject may not allow reliable a priori estimation of the adsorbate mass transfer coefficients for practical adsorbents and experimental measurement of these variables may generally be needed for each specific system of interest. The Linear Driving Force (LDF) model of adsorbate mass transport may be adequate for most practical systems of interest. The LDF model is compatible with the Gibbsian surface excess frame - work of adsorption and that may have been inadvertently used in the past works.
Primary Upper Urinary Tract Small Cell Carcinoma: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Background: Primary upper urinary tract small cell carcinoma (SCC) is exceedingly rare with < 30 cases reported in the literature. Little is known about the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in these patients. We present a series of three patients with primary upper tract SCC. Case Presentation: Patient 1 is an 89-year-old Caucasian male who presented with hydroureteronephrosis and a mass in the proximal right ureter. Biopsy revealed SCC. Without further intervention, the patient died 2 months after his diagnosis. Patient 2 is a 67-year-old Caucasian female who underwent left laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for primary distal ureteral SCC, pT4N1M0. She developed lymphadenopathy and completed external beam radiation to the pelvis and four courses of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. She died from metastatic disease 7 months after diagnosis. Patient 3 is a 45-year-old female who underwent open right radical nephrectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and hepatic metastasectomy for metastatic primary upper tract SCC, pT3N1M1. She underwent two subsequent retroperitoneal debulking procedures for recurrence followed by treatment with octreotide. She developed widespread metastasis and was treated with temozolomide and capecitabine before her death 80 months after diagnosis. Conclusion: This series contributes to the limited knowledge of the management and natural course of primary upper tract SCC. Patient 1 represents the first disease-specific mortality reported in a patient who received no therapy. Patient 3 represents the longest reported survival with metastatic disease, and the first treated with octreotide. The patient was managed with aggressive repeat surgical resection and exhibited 2 years of progression-free survival on octreotide. Emphasis should be placed on aggressive resection of all visible disease combined with the use of multimodal adjuvant chemoradiation for selected patients in this rare disease.
Size, Composition, and Evolution of HIV DNA Populations during Early Antiretroviral Therapy and Intensification with Maraviroc

Residual viremia is common during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and could be caused by ongoing low-level virus replication or by release of viral particles from infected cells. ART intensification should impact ongoing viral propagation but not virion release. Eighteen acutely infected men were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and monitored for a median of 107 weeks. Participants started ART with (n = 9) or without (n = 9) intensification with maraviroc (MVC) within 90 days of infection. Levels of HIV DNA and cell-free RNA were quantified by droplet digital PCR. Deep sequencing of C2-V3 env, gag, and pol (454 Roche) was performed on longitudinally collected plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples while on ART. Sequence data were analyzed for evidence of evolution by (i) molecular diversity analysis, (ii) nonparametric test for panmixia, and (iii) tip date randomization within a Bayesian framework. There was a longitudinal decay of HIV DNA after initiation of ART with no difference between MVC intensification groups (-0.08 ± 0.01 versus -0.09 ± 0.01 log10 copies/week in MVC+ versus MVC- groups; P = 0.62). All participants had low-level residual viremia (median, 2.8 RNA copies/ml). Across participants, medians of 56 (interquartile range [IQR], 36 to 74), 29 (IQR, 25 to 35), and 40 (IQR, 31 to 54) haplotypes were generated for env, gag, and pol regions, respectively. There was no clear evidence of viral evolution during ART and no difference in viral diversity or population structure from individuals with or without MVC intensification. Further efforts focusing on elucidating the mechanism(s) of viral persistence in various compartments using recent sequencing technologies are still needed, and potential low-level viral replication should always be considered in cure strategies.IMPORTANCE Residual viremia is common among HIV-infected people on ART. It remains controversial if this viremia is a consequence of propagating infection. We hypothesized that molecular evolution would be detectable during viral propagation and that therapy intensified with the entry inhibitor maraviroc would demonstrate less evolution. We performed a randomized double-blinded treatment trial with 18 acutely infected men (standard ART versus standard ART plus maraviroc). From longitudinally collected blood plasma and cells, levels of HIV DNA and cell-free HIV RNA were quantified by droplet digital PCR, and HIV DNA (env, gag, and pol coding regions) was deep sequenced (454 Roche). Investigating people who started ART during the earliest stages of their HIV infection, when viral diversity is low, provides an opportunity to detect evidence of viral evolution. Despite using a battery of analytical techniques, no clear and consistent evidence of viral propagation for over 90 weeks of observation could be discerned.
Patent Equity and the Scientist in Pharmaceutical Research

(1967). Patent Equity and the Scientist in Pharmaceutical Research. Research Management: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 263-273.
Development of Heme Oxygenase Inhibitors for the Prevention of Severe Jaundice in Infants

“Study of the biological properties of synthetic metalloporphyrins represents a potentially fruitful area of research and the results may have significant value for basic as well as clinical disciplines.” This statement, made in a Perspectives article published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 1986,1 presaged the sustained effort my laboratory group would undertake to bring to clinical application, for the prevention of severe newborn jaundice, the findings of our studies on the regulatory actions of synthetic heme analogues on the activity and expression of heme oxygenase, the ratelimiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme to bilirubin.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
On α-decodability and α-likelihood decoder

Generalizing the maximum and the average error criteria for channel coding, we introduce the α-decodability, defined as the α-norm of the probabilities of correctly decoding the messages. Several aspects, such as the exponent, the existence of a strong Fano's inequality, and the achievability of the channel capacity by random coding are investigated, and it is revealed that α = 0 (corresponding to the geometric average of the probabilities) emerges as the critical value for several properties. In the same vein of interpolating the maximum and the average, we also revisit the a-likelihood decoder, which outputs a message with probability proportional to the its likelihood to the power α. For any code, up to a factor of 2, we show that the average error probability of the 1-likelihood decoder is optimal, and that the error probability of the 0-likelihood decoder coincides with the zero undetected error probability. This provides a unified approach to the (conventional) channel coding and the zero undetected error coding, and strengthens previous results on the error exponents of the likelihood decoder with simpler proofs. We also establish a connection between the parameter α in the likelihood decoder and the parameter ρ in Gallager's random coding exponent.
Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Performance and Printability of Gamma-Irradiated Additively Manufactured ABS

The work presented in this paper investigates the effects of gamma radiation on ABS in forms of irradiated 3D-printed parts, and irradiated filament used to later 3D-printed parts, using a cobalt-60 gamma irradiator. Tensile and flexural test samples were fabricated using off-the-shelf FDM 3D printers and irradiated at different dosages. Mechanical properties including elastic and flexure moduli, ultimate and flexural strength, % elongation at break, and surface hardness were evaluated, and results were compared to a control group. Evidence of cross-linking and chain scission and signs of possible oxidation of polymer caused by irradiation were found in both test groups which led to changes in mechanical properties. Moreover, it was found that ABS filament retains its printability after absorbing 15 kGy of gamma radiation and that its mechanical performance is very similar to those of irradiated samples at the same dose. Obtained results show promise for using ABS to fabricate sterile surgical instruments.
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Wound Healing in Diabetes

Wound healing is an evolutionary conserved process that aims to restore the damaged barrier. This complex process involves many cellular responses including inflammation, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Immediately after the injury, blood components are released into the wound site, activating the clotting cascade. The resulting clot induces hemostasis and provides a matrix for the influx of inflammatory cells. Inflammation is characterized by leukocyte migration and arrival to the site of injury. Neutrophils arrive first to remove contaminating bacteria (Singer and Clark, N Engl J Med 341(10):738–746, 1999) and are followed by monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages. Macro­phages play an important role in augmenting the inflammatory response and tissue debridement. At the same time, many different cell types respond to initial inflammatory signals and start migrating to the wound site, including keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and circulating and local progenitor cells.
Introduction and background information

Since 1963 a team research, multi-disciplinary project has been underway attempting to gain as much information as possible concerning evolutionary processes under insular conditions: why some groups have speciated so profusely in the Hawaiian Islands; why and how such an array and diversity of morphological and biological characters have arisen; the time required for speciation; and ultimately the origin of species. This has been a cooperative project of the University of Hawaii Departments of Entomology and Genetics and the Genetics Foundation, University of Texas, and has involved many senior investigators, technicians, and assistants. To date approximately 25 senior scientists from various institutions and about 150 graduate and undergraduate research assistants have taken part in this study. The stock center for the Hawaiian species has been established and is being maintained at the University of Texas. The species now in culture are available for experimental use by qualified researchers.
The Developmental, Interactionist Perspective: An Afterword

Learning is the link between the scales of information processing and developmental change. The interactionist account views the emergence of "rule-governed" behavior as cumulating from a developmental, incremental process of learning from input and interaction. The role of working memory, particularly verbal working memory, in language disorders is demonstrated here in a number of studies, but its effect appears primarily when the task challenges limited resources. A developmental framework allows for the discovery of departures from the typical pattern, but these limitations of attention and use require a rethinking of effective interventions. A consequence of the nonlinear underpinnings of development, in tasks of shorter time scale, is that development itself shows nonlinearities. The classical account of language acquisition described children as learning linguistic rules. The interactionist account views the emergence of "rule-governed" behavior as cumulating from a developmental, incremental process of learning from input and interaction.
Age-Dependent Radiographic Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Women After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Objective Recent literature suggests there are sex differences in delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Our study serves to compare sex differences in radiographic vasospasm, DCI, and clinical outcome after aSAH, and to determine whether there are age-dependent differences. Methods A total of 328 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were evaluated for radiographic vasospasm, clinical deterioration, cerebral infarction, and modified Rankin Scale–determined clinical outcome at 6 months to 1 year after rupture. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between these outcome measures and sex, adjusting for age, hypertension, aneurysm location, admission Hunt and Hess grade, and modified Fisher grade. Results After multivariate adjustment, women had higher rates of radiographic vasospasm (β = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.068–0.63; P = 0.015), clinical deterioration (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3–6.0; P = 0.008) and cerebral infarction (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0–5.5; P = 0.039), but no difference was observed in follow-up modified Rankin Scale (mRS) outcome score at 6 months to 1 year (P = 0.96). Older women (age >55 years) have a higher rate of clinical deterioration than men in the same age group (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.0–12; P = 0.043). In contrast, younger women (age ≤55 years) had increased radiographic vasospasm (β = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.17–0.93; P = 0.005) and worse mRS outcome score (β = 0.042; 95% CI, -0.021 to 1.1; P = 0.042) compared with men. Conclusions Female sex is associated with a higher risk of radiographic vasospasm, clinical deterioration, and cerebral infarction. Furthermore, this association appears to be age-dependent. This study further supports the unique role of sex, and highlights the need to better understand the possible role of female hormones in the development of complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Will They Even Hear Me? How Race Influences Citizen Complaint Outcomes

AbstractScholarship has explored how representation influences policing services, but little is known as to what effect officer and citizen race influences outcomes related to police misconduct cas...
Second Harmonic 527-GHz Gyrotron for DNP-NMR: Design and Experimental Results

We report the design and experimental demonstration of a frequency tunable terahertz gyrotron at 527 GHz built for an 800-MHz dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP-NMR) spectrometer. The gyrotron is designed at the second harmonic ( $\omega = {2}\omega _{c}$ ) of the electron cyclotron frequency. It produces up to 9.3-W continuous microwave (CW) power at 527.2-GHz frequency using a diode type electron gun operating at ${V} = {16.65}$ kV, ${I}_{b} = {110}$ mA in a TE11,2,1 mode, corresponding to an efficiency of ~0.5%. The gyrotron is tunable within ~0.4 GHz by combining voltage and magnetic field tuning. The gyrotron has an internal mode converter that produces a Gaussian-like beam that couples to the HE11 mode of an internal 12-mm i.d. corrugated waveguide periscope assembly leading up to the output window. An external corrugated waveguide transmission line system is built including a corrugated taper from 12- to 16-mm i.d. waveguide followed by 3 m of the 16-mm i.d. waveguide The microwave beam profile is measured using a pyroelectric camera showing ~84% HE11 mode content.
A Multifunctional Microfluidic Platform for High-Throughput Experimentation of Electroorganic Chemistry.

Electroorganic synthesis is a promising tool to design sustainable transformations and discover new reactivities. However, the added setup complexity caused by electrodes in the system impedes efficient screening of reaction conditions. Herein, we present a microfluidic platform that enables automated high-throughput experimentation (HTE) for electroorganic synthesis at a 15-microliter scale. Two HTE modules are demonstrated: 1) the rapid electrochemical reaction condition screening for a radical-radical cross-coupling reaction on micro-fabricated interdigitated electrodes, and 2) measurements of kinetics for mediated anodic oxidations using the microliter-scale cyclic voltammetry. The presented modular approach could be deployed for a range of other electroorganic chemistry applications beyond the demonstrated functionalities.
Combination Scatter of Light in Liquids, Taking into Account Clusterization Processes in Their Structure

The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of taking into account the processes of formation of cluster systems in the structure of liquids and the influence of these processes on combination scatter of light. Within the framework of the classical theory of the Raman effect, a relation is obtained for the Stokes and anti-Stokes light scatters, taking into account the influence of clusters on scattered frequencies, and it is shown that the scattered frequencies are proportional to the square root of the number of particles in the cluster. The calculated frequencies of the Raman spectrum are compared according to the proposed model and experimental data in the frequency range 20–300 cm −1 , which showed the adequacy of the proposed model.
Distinct temporal actions of different types of unfolded protein responses during aging

Proteotoxic stress is a common challenge for all organisms. Among various mechanisms involved in defending such stress, the evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein responses (UPRs) play a key role across species. Interestingly, UPRs can occur in different subcellular compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER ), mitochondria (UPRMITO ), and cytoplasm (UPRCYTO ) through distinct mechanisms. While previous studies have shown that the UPRs are intuitively linked to organismal aging, a systematic assay on the temporal regulation of different type of UPRs during aging is still lacking. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as the model system, we found that the endogenous UPRs (UPRER , UPRMITO , and UPRCYTO ) elevate with age, but their inducibility exhibits an age-dependent decline. Moreover, we revealed that the temporal requirements to induce different types of UPRs are distinct. Namely, while the UPRMITO can only be induced during the larval stage, the UPRER can be induced until early adulthood and the inducibility of UPRCYTO is well maintained until mid-late stage of life. Furthermore, we showed that different tissues may exhibit distinct temporal profiles of UPR inducibility during aging. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that UPRs of different subcellular compartments may have distinct temporal mechanisms during aging.
Exposure to Triclosan and Bisphenol Analogues B, F, P, S and Z in Repeated Duplicate-Diet Solid Food Samples of Adults.

Triclosan (TCS) and bisphenol analogues are used in a variety of consumer goods. Few data exist on the temporal exposures of adults to these phenolic compounds in their everyday diets. The objectives were to determine the levels of TCS and five bisphenol analogues (BPB, BPF, BPP, BPS, and BPZ) in duplicate-diet solid food (DDSF) samples of adults and to estimate maximum dietary exposures and intake doses per phenol. Fifty adults collected 776 DDSF samples over a six-week monitoring period in North Carolina in 2009–2011. The levels of the target phenols were concurrently quantified in the DDSF samples using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. TCS (59%), BPS (32%), and BPZ (28%) were most often detected in the samples. BPB, BPF, and BPP were all detected in <16% of the samples. In addition, 82% of the total samples contained at least one target phenol. The highest measured concentration of 394 ng/g occurred for TCS in the food samples. The adults’ maximum 24-h dietary intake doses per phenol ranged from 17.5 ng/kg/day (BPB) to 1600 ng/kg/day (TCS). An oral reference dose (300,000 ng/kg/day) is currently available for only TCS, and the adult’s maximum dietary intake dose was well below a level of concern.
Clinical Presentation and Evaluation of Pelvic Venous Disorders in Women.

The term pelvic venous disorders (PeVD) describes a group of related clinical entities with overlapping clinical presentations that were previously characterized by separate imprecise syndromic terminology. The clinical manifestations of PeVD may variously include chronic pelvic pain; pelvic origin extrapelvic lower extremity and genital varices; lower extremity pain and swelling; and left flank pain and hematuria. This manuscript focuses on the primary manifestations of PeVD in women – chronic pelvic pain and pelvic origin lower extremity and vulvar varices – and will review the underlying pathophysiology and related complicating factors (such as maladaptive pain responses) to explain the variety of clinical presentations.
Generation Z and Their Perceptions of Well-Being in Tourism

Generation Z tourists seek out hospitality and tourism products, services, and experiences that enhance their overall well-being. This chapter discusses Generation Z tourists and their perceptions of well-being within the context of hospitality and tourism experiences, focusing on the following areas of well-being: physical, mental/health, social, technological/digital, and environmental. Throughout the chapter, examples and implications are provided for hospitality and tourism practitioners who are navigating the complexities of an emerging cohort of tourists.
A Theory of General Causes of Terrorism: High Population Growth, Income Inequality and Relative Deprivation

A fundamental problem in psychosocial sciences is how to explain the root causes of terrorism. The vast literature has analyzed several determinants of terrorism. However, the precise role of demographic factors for the evolution of terrorism is hardly known. Statistical evidence here reveals that fatalities for incidents of terrorism are associated with growth rates of population. This finding seems to suggest that terrorism thrives – in average – in specific regions with high growth rates of population that may generate income inequality, subsistence stress and relative deprivation of people. In addition, geospatial analysis here reveals that countries with high association between fatalities from terrorist incidents and population growth are mainly in Africa and Middle East. Overall, then, the study here can clarify and generalize whenever possible, one of the causes of terrorism, which seems to be due to sociodemographic factors combined with psychosocial risk factors. Finally, the study suggests socioeconomic policies directed to reduce this critical problem in society.
Cloud Magnet: The ethical imperative for environmental health and restoration

ABSTRACT: This paper presents data from Cloud Magnet, a research and design project conducted in the summer 2017 within the cloud forest of the Monteverde Biological Reserve in Costa Rica. Cloud Magnet explores the co-dependencies between material, form, energy, and environment. Cloud forests have been rapidly disappearing due to climate change and deforestation. Rising global temperatures and deforestation cause a cloud-lifting effect, raising the cloud cover above the tree canopy and forest ecosystem that depend on constant moisture and humidity to support its life. The impetus for this project is to explore how design can contribute to the stabilization of the atmosphere and the restoration of the forest. In recognition of the mutual and inseparable presence of built and natural contexts, Cloud Magnet suggests that architects bear an ethical responsibility for the health of the environment. As such, priorities of environmental performance might be extended beyond energy efficiency to include aspirations of environmental remediation and ecological healing to reverse the harmful effects of human habitation on the world. KEYWORDS: ethics, environmental restoration, material performance, phase change material, carbon fiber reinforced polymers
UHF-Band Radar Cross Section Measurements With Single-Antenna Reflection Coefficient Results

This article discusses the challenges and advantages of measuring radar cross section (RCS) using reflection coefficient measurements from a single-antenna test setup. In practice, arranging two ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) antennas in a quasi-monostatic configuration is difficult due to their large physical size. In addition, the coupling power between the two antennas can be much larger than the signal of interest, imposing further limitations on this configuration. However, traditional RF measurement hardware and postprocessing algorithms are combined to extract RCS across frequency and azimuthal angle accurately with the $S_{11}$ values collected from a single antenna. This is made possible by using vector background subtraction and time-gating windowing techniques to suppress multipath reflections, clutter, and mismatch reflection while increasing the measurement’s dynamic range. The test setup utilizes the National Instruments LabVIEW software for control and automation, a General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB)-enabled vector network analyzer, and a rotary table allowing for experiments to be conducted in an anechoic chamber or an outdoor measurement range. Experiments are conducted at the University of Oklahoma in the far-field anechoic chamber and outdoors using the components mentioned above to validate the derived algorithms and measurement concepts. The chamber setup is calibrated using a metal sphere to extract the RCS of a smaller metal sphere. The initial RCS extraction had an average error of 4.9 dBsm over the 300–1000-MHz frequency range using only calibration and vector background subtraction. After applying time gating, the error is further reduced to 0.54 dBsm. The implemented test setup is accomplished using traditional measurement equipment and a single antenna allowing for a portable, flexible, and low-cost solution for RCS measurements in the UHF band.
Caught in Motion: Human NTHL1 Undergoes Interdomain Rearrangement Necessary for Catalysis

Base excision repair (BER) is the main pathway protecting cells from the continuous damage to DNA inflicted by reactive oxygen species. BER is initiated by DNA glycosylases, each of which repairs a particular class of base damage. NTHL1, a bifunctional DNA glycosylase, possesses both glycolytic and {beta}-lytic activities with a preference for oxidized pyrimidine substrates. Defects in human NTLH1 drive a class of polyposis colorectal cancer. We report the first X-ray crystal structure of hNTHL1, revealing an open conformation not previously observed in the bacterial orthologs. In this conformation, the six-helical barrel domain comprising the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) DNA binding motif is tipped away from the iron sulphur cluster-containing domain, requiring a conformational change to assemble a catalytic site upon DNA binding. We found that the flexibility of hNTHL1 and its ability to adopt an open configuration can be attributed to an interdomain linker. Swapping the human linker sequence for that of Escherichia coli yielded a protein chimera that crystallized in a closed conformation and had a lower binding affinity for lesion-containing DNA. This large scale interdomain rearrangement during catalysis is unprecedented for a HhH superfamily DNA glycosylase and provides important insight into the molecular mechanism of hNTHL1.
Group-Based Emotions and Support for Reparations: A Meta-analysis

In the aftermath of intergroup harm, victim groups often claim rights for restitution. Research has assessed how members of perpetrator groups respond to such claims, revealing that group-based guilt, shame, and anger can predict support for reparations. Though they have distinct foci, these group-based emotions are based on appraisals of ingroup harmdoing and victim group disadvantage as illegitimate. This meta-analysis investigates the relationship between these three group-based emotions and support for reparations, defined as symbolic or material policies that address historical injustices or the legacies thereof. An overall estimate based on 101 effect sizes from 58 samples, N = 10,305, showed a strong effect, r = .44, and revealed no significant difference between the three types of emotions. Moderator analyses revealed that the relationship between group-based guilt and reparations was weaker when the reparations required effort and stronger when the victims were Indigenous people; for shame, the relationship was weaker when the reparations required effort and stronger when the reparations contained symbolic elements; and for anger, the relationship was stronger when the victims were Indigenous people. Future research can further disentangle the conceptual overlap between these group-based emotions by explicitly testing heretofore under-examined yet important facets of intergroup contexts such as the timeframe of harm and the nature and meaning of the proposed reparations.
Breaking Stereotypes About Alumni Donors: Who Gives First? A Discrete-Time Hazard Model

Institutions of higher education are relying on philanthropy and fundraising at a greater level than ever before seen. This increased focus has led scholars to investigate various predictors regard...
Recruitment and Retention of Healthy Women with Obesity for a Psychophysiological Study before and After Weight Loss: Insights, Challenges, and Suggestions.

Objective The objective of this paper is to present data on participant recruitment, retention, and weight loss success during a psychophysiological study in women with obesity. Methods Volunteers were women with obesity, 20 - 45 yr, with a BMI between 30 - 45 kg/m2. The study was approximately 20 weeks in duration, including a 12-week weight loss program. Results Recruitment was not completed until 8 months past the original projected date of 12 months. The study was not completed until 11 months past the original projected completion date of 14 months. On average 4.4 ± 2.1 (mean ± SD) volunteers were consented per month (N = 99) and 2.5 ± 1.1 participants started the weight loss program per month. 24% of consented volunteers were lost due to exclusion criteria, withdrawals, and unresponsive behavior before starting the weight loss program. Attrition of participants who started the weight loss program was 45%. Only 11% of those who started the program were unable to lose weight (N = 6). Conclusion Recruiting and/or weight loss success do not always present the most challenging aspects of completing a psychophysiological weight loss intervention. While participant attrition during a weight loss program can occur for a wide range of reasons supportive efforts in the early phases of the intervention may maximize retention.
Microscale magnetoelectricity: Effect of particles geometry, distribution, and volume fraction:

Achieving efficient magnetoelectric coupling of core-shell and particulate multiferroic composites has been a challenging hurdle; however, research has shown unwavering interest to overcome this ba...
Image Processing and Statistical Analysis as an Aid in the Comparison of Typewritten Impressions

A device is being evaluated which images and statistically evaluates typewritten impressions on paper. The device can differentiate between typeface designed and manufactured by one company and typeface copied from the same design but manufactured by a different company. The device can make precise and detailed measurements of typewritten impressions while reducing the effects of the ribbon and paper to provide a valid and reliable image of the individual typewritten characters.
fNIR spectroscopy as a measure of cognitive task load

Functional near infrared (fNIR) sensor measures hemodynamic changes in the cortex using a portable, safe, affordable and negligibly intrusive NIR based optical brain imaging system. We hypothesize that there is a positive correlation between blood oxygenation in the relevant areas of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cognitive effort defined as attention and working memory. In this paper, we present the employment of the fNIR sensor to assess the cognitive state of the user. The paper also introduces the experimental setup and analysis of the fNIR data acquired from the forehead during a video-game like task namely, "Warship Commander Task" (WCT). In the WCT, the primary task is air warfare management. While performing the air warfare task, task difficulty and task load are manipulated by changing the number of tracks per wave and the number of more difficult "yellow" tracks. We explored in this paper, the correlation between cognitive task load, the subject's performance and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex oxygenation level changes. Our data analysis results show that fNIR blood oxygenation changes are significantly sensitive to wave size (task load) changes.
A performance driven approach for hardware synthesis of guarded atomic actions

Hardware designers are facing new challenges in the design of complex ASIC's and processors as their sizes approach up to 100 million logic gates. We believe no adequate solution exists that allows designers to specify hardware which takes full advantage of the available resources in these devices. The hardware design specification languages are either too low level to support efficient large scale design (for example, Verilog), or the language and synthesis methodology is so high-level that the designer's micro-architectural ingenuity is lost in the design process. This results in circuits that oftentimes do not match the designer's expectations (for example, C-based behavioral synthesis). This thesis presents a design methodology and related synthesis algorithms that address several of the key issues of hardware design specification and high-level synthesis while avoiding the pitfalls of past approaches. The areas we focus on are modular compilation and performance specification. The modular flow allows for the separate compilation of modules and ensures the correct usage of module interfaces by attaching annotations with well defined semantics to them. We also introduce performance specifications as a core part of a design description. This allows a designer to more easily achieve the expected design performance and it allows for rapid micro-architectural exploration. We chose guarded atomic actions as the foundation of this research because of their clean execution semantics. These semantics allow for easy design transformation (either manual or compiler driven) while ensuring that the correctness of the design is maintained. We demonstrate the practicality and power of this methodology using several examples, such as a processor which from a single design description can automatically be transformed into an unpipetined processor or a superscalar processor simply by changing a single-line performance specification. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)