cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of viscous dissipation in thermally fully-developed electro-osmotic heat transfer in microchannels

Abstract The influence of viscous dissipation on thermally fully-developed, electro-osmotically generated flow has been analyzed for a parallel plate microchannel and circular microtube under imposed constant wall heat flux and constant wall temperature boundary conditions. Such a flow is established not by an imposed pressure gradient, but by a voltage potential gradient along the length of the tube. The result is a combination of unique electro-osmotic velocity profiles and volumetric heating in the fluid due to the imposed voltage gradient. For large ratio of the microtube radius (or microchannel half-width) to Debye length, the wall-normal fluid velocity gradients can be extremely high, which has the potential for significant viscous heating. The solution for the fully-developed, dimensionless temperature profile and corresponding Nusselt number have been determined for both geometries and for both thermal boundary conditions. It is shown that three dimensionless parameters govern the thermal transport: the relative duct radius (ratio of the duct radius or plate gap half-width to Debye length), the dimensionless volumetric source (ratio of Joule heating to wall heat flux), and a dimensionless parameter that relates the magnitude of the viscous heating to the Joule heating. Surprisingly, it is shown that the influence of viscous dissipation is only important at low values of the relative duct radius. For magnitudes of the dimensionless parameters which characterize most practical electro-osmotic flow applications, the effect of viscous dissipation is negligible.
Renal cell carcinoma complicated by perinephric abscess and colon perforation

A unique case of a hypernephroma complicated by a left perinephric abscess and descending colon perforation is presented. Appropriate surgical management was guided by the use of abdominal CT scanning, barium enema, and renal arteriography.
Microarray analysis of endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue

Abstract Many grasses have mutualistic symbioses with fungi of the family Clavicipitaceae. Tall fescue can harbor the obligate endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum that is asexually propagated and transmitted via host seeds. Total RNA was isolated from pseudostems of known endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E−) plants and tested in triplicate on the Affymetrix Wheat Genome Array GeneChip® and Barley1 Genome Array GeneChip®. Overall 14–15% and 17–18% of the probe sets were called present on the wheat and barley chips, respectively. In order to identify genes that were specifically differentially expressed between the E+ and E− tall fescue, a combination of both barley and wheat target sequences that were differentially expressed (greater than twofold) that were similar on both chips on both barley and wheat arrays yielded 32 probe set (genes) that were differentially expressed. Tall fescue ESTs were identified for a number of the probe sets that were differentially expressed on the barley and wheat arrays. PCR primers were designed to fescue ESTs and tested to verify the expression profile observed in the microarray experiments. Some primers confirmed the expected results, although in other cases no differences were observed between the E+ and E− plants, or the results were contrary to what was expected. Our results suggest that while some differentially expressed genes were identified by this method, the cross-species hybridization appears to have significant limitations for the transcriptome analysis of tall fescue.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN HETEROPOLYMERS WITH SECONDARY STRUCTURE

We study a model of a random heteropolymer with ``secondary structure'' at the level of mean field theory. The randomness in the polymer sequence is represented by a set of quenched disorder variables that describe the monomer-monomer interactions. The secondary structure is represented by a set of Ising-like thermodynamic variables that describe internal states of the monomers. The interactions between the monomers depend on the quenched disorder variables, on the thermodynamic secondary-structure state variables, and also on the polymer configuration. We find that the system can exist in different phases that depend on the heterogeneity and average strength of the interactions, and on the polymer flexibility. At high temperatures the polymer interconverts freely between configurations without a stable secondary structure. At intermediate temperatures there is a transition to phases with one or two (coexisting) stable secondary-structure motifs and with a large number of thermodynamically important spatial configurations. At low enough temperatures (determined by the polymer flexibility) the polymer undergoes a freezing transition into phases with a unique spatial configuration and one or two stable secondary-structure motifs.
A diallel analysis of male mouse sex behavior.

Seventeen sex behavior variables resulting from 538 matings by 135 males of A/J, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J inbred mouse strains and their reciprocal hybrids were analyzed using the diallel cross, fixed-effects model for maternal effects. Proportions of total genetic variance ranged from 0.09 to 0.62. Proportions of variance due to common genic contributions of the paternal lines ranged from 0.00 to 0.33. Proportions of variance due to inter-and intra-allelic interactions ranged from 0.00 to 0.29. Only one variable showed maternal effects.
N2-Fixing Microbial Consortia Associated with the Ice Cover of Lake Bonney, Antarctica.

Nitrogen (N) availability is a key nutritional factor controlling microbial production in Antarctic freshwater and soil habitats. Since there are no significant sources of biologically available N entering these ecosystems, nitrogen fixation may be a major source of ``new'' N supporting primary and secondary production. The role of N2 fixation was examined in cyanobacteria-dominated microbial aggregates embedded in the permanent ice cover of Lake Bonney, McMurdo Dry Valley (Victoria Land) lakes area, and in cyanobacterial mats found in soils adjacent to the ice edge. Nitrogenase activity was extremely low compared to temperate and tropical systems, but N2 fixation was found at all study sites. N2 fixation occurred under both dark and light conditions, indicating the potential involvement of both phototrophic and heterotrophic diazotrophs. Nitrogenase activity measurements (acetylene reduction assay) and molecular characterization (PCR amplification of nifH fragments) demonstrated a diverse and periodically active (when liquid water is present) diazotrophic community in this arid, nutrient-limited environment. As a result of the close proximity to other microorganisms and the nutritional constraints of this environment, these diazotrophs may be involved in mutually beneficial consortial relationships that enhance their growth when water is available.
Conversion and parsing of tree transducers for syntactic pattern analysis

The conversion algorithms for two classes of tree transducers, i.e., simple generalized syntax-directed tree translation (SGSDTT) and generalized finite state transformation (GFST), are proposed. A top-down backtrack parsing algorithm for a GFST is presented. The minimum distance structure-preserved error-correcting tree automaton is also extended to be a parser for SGSDTT. Finally, the tree transducers are applied to modeling and analysis of human motion.
Autoradiographic Study of the Dna Synthetic Activity in Human Skin Cultured in Vitro: Effects of Stripping and the Inhibition by Glucosamine

Fragments of stripped and unstripped human skin were cultured in vitro and pulse- labelled with tritiated thymidine at 24-hr intervals. The stimulation of proliferation due to stripping was measured on autoradiographs as the increase in number of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine. The DNA synthetic activity of stripped specimens rose to 10 times the basal level by the 4th day of culture. Such a large increase cannot be accounted for by a uniform acceleration of all phases of the cycle and other interpretations are discussed. D-glucosamine added to the culture medium was found to inhibit the increase in DNA synthetic activity found in stripped specimens.
Multiphoton microscope using spatially-modulated line-cursor

We demonstrate a method for encoding spatial information across a line cursor using chirped amplitude modulation for application to one-dimensional multiphoton microscopy using a single-element detector. Resolution, along with imaging speed and quality, will be discussed.
Durability of concrete incorporating high-volume of low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash

Research on structural concrete incorporating high volumes of low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash has been in progress at CANMET since 1985. In this type of concrete, the cement content is kept at about 150 kg/m3. The water-to-cementitious materials ratio is of the order of 0·30, and fly ash varies from 54 to 58% of the total cementitious material. A large dosage of a superplasticizer is used to achieve high workability. This paper presents data on the durability of this new type of concrete. The durability aspects considered are: freezing and thawing cycling; resistance to chloride ion permeability; and the expansion of concrete specimens when highly reactive aggregates are used in the concrete. The investigations performed at CANMET indicate that concrete incorporating high volumes of low-calcium fly ash has excellent durability with regard to frost action, has very low permeability to chloride ions and shows no adverse expansion when highly reactive aggregates are incorporated into the concrete.
Keratinocytes express cytokines and nerve growth factor in response to neuropeptide activation of the ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK transcription pathways

Sensory neurons innervating the skin can release neuropeptides that are believed to modulate cellular proliferation, wound healing, pigmentation, and keratinocyte innate immune responses. While the ability of neuropeptides to stimulate keratinocyte production of inflammatory mediators has been demonstrated, there is no information concerning the mechanisms by which neuropeptide activation of keratinocyte cell surface receptors ultimately leads to the up-regulation of mediator production. In this study we used a keratinocyte cell line to identify the presence of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors on keratinocytes and examined the effects of SP and CGRP stimulation on keratinocyte neuropeptide signaling, cell proliferation, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression. Neuropeptide stimulation caused an up-regulation of neuropeptide receptor expression in keratinocytes and a dramatic increase in keratinocyte secretion of SP and CGRP, suggesting possible autocrine or paracrine stimulatory effects and amplification of neuropeptide signaling. Both SP and CGRP concentration-dependently stimulated cellular proliferation and the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and NGF in keratinocytes. SP also activated all 3 families of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in keratinocytes, while CGRP only activated p38 and extracellular signal related kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) MAPKs. Neuropeptide stimulated inflammatory mediatory production in keratinocytes was reversed by ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors. The current study is the first to observe; 1) that CGRP stimulates keratinocyte expression of CGRP and its receptor complex, 2) that SP and CGRP stimulate IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in keratinocytes, 3) that SP activated all three MAPK families and the NFκB transcriptional signaling pathway in keratinocytes, and 4) that SP and CGRP stimulated inflammatory mediator production in keratinocytes is dependent on ERK1/2 and JNK activation. These studies provide evidence suggesting that disruption of ERK1/2 and JNK signaling may potentially be an effective therapy for inflammatory skin diseases and pain syndromes mediated by exaggerated sensory neuron-keratinocyte signaling.
Convolution equation with a kernel represented by gamma distributions

The convolution integral equation is considered on the half-line and on a finite interval. Its kernel function is the distribution density of a random variable represented as a two-sided mixture of gamma distributions. The method of numerical-analytical solution of this equation is developed, and the solution of the homogeneous conservative equation on the half-line is constructed.
Nonlinear Advection Algorithms Applied to Interrelated Tracers: Errors and Implications for Modeling Aerosol–Cloud Interactions

Monotonicity constraints and gradient-preserving flux corrections employed by many advection algorithms used in atmospheric models make these algorithms nonlinear. Consequently, any relations among model variables transported separately are not necessarily preserved in such models. These errors cannot be revealed by traditional algorithm testing based on advection of a single tracer. New types of tests are developed and conducted to evaluate the monotonicity of a sum of several number mixing ratios advected independently of each other—as is the case, for example, in models using bin or sectional representations of aerosol or cloud particle size distributions. The tests show that when three tracers with an initially constant sum are advected separately in one-dimensional constant velocity flow, local errors in their sum can be on the order of 10%. When cloudlike interactions are allowed among the tracers in the idealized ‘‘cloud base’’ test, errors in the sum of three mixing ratios can reach 30%. Several approaches to eliminate the error are suggested, all based on advecting the sum as a separate variable and then using it to normalize the sum of the individual tracers’ mixing ratios or fluxes. A simple scalar normalization ensures the monotonicity of the total numbermixing ratio and positive definitenessof the variables, but the monotonicity of individual tracers is no longer maintained. More involved flux normalization procedures are developed for the flux-based advection algorithms to maintain the monotonicity for individual scalars and their sum.
Microstructure evolution, slip patterns and flow stress

Abstract The development of deformation microstructures in medium to high stacking fault energy fcc metals is reviewed illustrating that the basic microstructural element is a cell block. The elongated cell blocks are defined by extended nearly planar boundaries that lie on special planes and enclose a group of approximately equiaxed cells. This duplex structure persists throughout Stage II–IV. What is known about the origins of these structures and the role of the slip pattern is reviewed. Taking all the measurable structural parameters with respect to the cell blocks: spacing, misorientation angle, and dislocation density, and assuming additive strength contributions, flow stress predictions are derived from Hall–Petch and dislocation strengthening. These predictions are in good agreement with the stress values and hardening rates observed experimentally.
The design effects of cluster sampling on the estimation of mean lengths and total mortality of reef fish

Abstract Cluster sampling is commonly used in fishery-dependent and -independent surveys. However, the impact of the design effect of cluster sampling on stock assessments has often been overlooked. This study used vermilion snapper ( Rhomboplites aurorubens ) samples collected from commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico as an example to illustrate how cluster sampling may influence the precision of estimated mean lengths and total mortality. First, the within-cluster correlations in fish lengths among cluster samples collected from commercial fisheries or simulated based on different sampling designs were evaluated. Second, the effects of different cluster sampling designs on the precision of mean lengths were estimated using the bootstrap method. Finally, the impact of different sampling designs on the confidence intervals of total mortality, a key parameter for assessing a fish stock, was evaluated. A strong correlation in fish length among vermilion snapper cluster samples was found, which significantly decreased the precision in mean lengths and caused a several fold increase in the confidence interval for total mortality. The design effects of cluster sampling had a significant impact on (1) sampling design, (2) hypothesis testing, and (3) stock assessment. The large design effects of cluster sampling are quite common for reef fish. Systematic studies of design effects on different types of population parameters (means, ratios, frequency distributions, etc.) based on historical data may be needed for different species.
Starling: Minimizing Communication Overhead in Virtualized Computing Platforms Using Decentralized Affinity-Aware Migration

Virtualization is being widely used in large-scale computing environments, such as clouds, data centers, and grids, to provide application portability and facilitate resource multiplexing while retaining application isolation. In many existing virtualized platforms, it has been found that the network bandwidth often becomes the bottleneck resource, causing both high network contention and reduced performance for communication and data-intensive applications. In this paper, we present a decentralized affinity-aware migration technique that incorporates heterogeneity and dynamism in network topology and job communication patterns to allocate virtual machines on the available physical resources. Our technique monitors network affinity between pairs of VMs and uses a distributed bartering algorithm, coupled with migration, to dynamically adjust VM placement such that communication overhead is minimized. Our experimental results running the Intel MPI benchmark and a scientific application on a 7-node Xen cluster show that we can get up to 42% improvement in the runtime of the application over a no-migration technique, while achieving up to 85% reduction in network communication cost. In addition, our technique is able to adjust to dynamic variations in communication patterns and provides both good performance and low network contention with minimal overhead.
Vapor phase sorption of phenol on selected clays

Abstract The isotherms for vapor phase sorption of phenol on sodium kaolinite and sodium montmorillonite were determined over the temperature range 30° to 60°C. Sorbates were purified by serial extraction with diethyl ether and treatment with 30% solution of H 2 O 2 and were then converted to the sodium form. Total cation-exchange capacities were calculated to be 16.6 and 115.1 meq/100 gm of clay, respectively. Sorption was slow, requiring hours to days to achieve equilibrium. Isotherms were of Type II and exhibited hysteresis and irreversibility on desorption. The amounts of phenol required for monolayer deposition were calculated to be 6.6 mg/gm and 24.2 mg/gm, respectively. Electrostatic forces and possibly valency forces are postulated to dominate the sorption process during monolayer coverage. Dispersion forces dominate successive coverage.
Factors mediating the effects of a depression intervention on functional disability in older African Americans.

Objectives: To determine factors mediating the effects of a depression intervention for older African Americans on functional disability and, secondarily, whether functional improvements mediate intervention effects on depressive symptoms. Design: Structural equation modeling to examine mediators in a secondary analysis of a randomized trial with 4-month follow-up. Setting: Philadelphia region. Participants: Community-dwelling African Americans (≥55) with depressive symptoms living in an urban area (N = 208). Intervention: Up to 10 one-hour sessions over 4 months conducted by licensed social workers who provided care management, referrals and linkages, stress reduction techniques, depression knowledge and symptom recognition, and behavioral activation techniques. Measurements: Main outcome was self-reported functional difficulty level for 18 basic activities. Mediators included depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire), depression knowledge and symptom recognition, behavioral activation, and anxiety. Results: At 4 months, the intervention had positive effects on functional difficulty and all mediators (P < .001). Separate structural equation models indicated that two factors (reduced depressive symptoms (23.5% mediated) and improved depression knowledge and symptom recognition (52.9% mediated)) significantly mediated the intervention's effect on functional disability. Enhancing behavioral activation and decreasing anxiety were not found to mediate improvements in functional disability. The two significant mediators jointly explained 62.5% of the intervention's total effect on functional disability. Functional improvement was not found to mediate the intervention's effect on depressive symptoms. Conclusion: This multicomponent depression intervention for African Americans has an effect on functional disability that is driven primarily by enhancing symptom recognition and decreasing depressive symptoms. Reduction of functional difficulties did not account for improvements in depressive symptoms. Nonpharmacological treatments for depressive symptoms that enhance symptom recognition in older African Americans can also reduce their functional difficulties with daily living activities.
Effects of annealing at high pressure on structure and mechanical properties of Al87Ni7Gd6 metallic glass

Abstract The effects of annealing and annealing with a superimposed pressure of 940 MPa on the primary crystallization behaviour of α-Al and the resulting micro-hardness have been studied for as-quenched Al87Ni7Gd6 metallic glass. Isothermal annealing experiments were conducted for 30 min at 188 °C, 191 °C, and 205 °C in silicone oil maintained either at atmospheric pressure (i.e. 0.1 MPa) or at 940 MPa. XRD analyses detected the evolution of structure with annealing at 0.1 MPa, while specimens annealed with 940 MPa pressure exhibited sharper diffraction peaks than those annealed at 0.1 MPa. DSC measurements were conducted on the as-received amorphous ribbons as well as ribbons annealed at different temperatures at either 0.1. MPa or with 940 MPa superimposed pressure. Specimens annealed with 940 MPa pressure exhibited higher onset temperatures (i.e. Tx1) and temperatures for the first exothermic peak (i.e. Tp1) for primary crystallization. TEM measurements revealed an increase in the volume fraction of α-Al with increases in annealing temperature, while micro-hardness measurements revealed an increase in hardness with increasing amounts of α-Al. Specimens annealed with 940 MPa pressure exhibited further increases in both the volume fraction of α-Al and resulting micro-hardness.
Platyhelminth mitochondrial DNA: evidence for early evolutionary origin of a tRNA(serAGN) that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop, and of serine-specifying AGA and AGG codons.

The nucleotide sequence of a segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule of the liver flukeFasciola hepatica (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Trematoda) has been determined, within which have been identified the genes for tRNAala, tRNAasp, respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (ND1), tRNAasn, tRNApro, tRNAile, tRNAlys, ND3, tRNAserAGN, tRNAtrp, and cytochromec oxidase subunit I (COI). The 11 genes are arranged in the order given and are all transcribed from the same strand of the molecule. The overall order of theF. hepatica mitochondrial genes differs from what is found in other metazoan mtDNAs. All of the sequenced tRNA genes except the one for tRNAserAGN can be folded into a secondary structure with four arms resembling most other metazoan mitochondrial tRNAs, rather than the tRNAs that contain a TψC arm replacement loop, found in nematode mtDNAs. TheF. hepatica mitochondrial tRNAserAGN gene contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop, as is the case in all other metazoan mtDNAs examined to date. AGA and AGG are found in theF. hepatica mitochondrial protein genes and both codons appear to specify serine. These findings concerningF. hepatica mtDNA indicate that both a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop-containing tRNAserAGN gene and the use of AGA and AGG codons to specify serine must first have occurred very early in, or before, the evolution of metazoa.
Differential perceptions of the rehabilitation process: A comparison of client and personnel incongruity in two categories of chronic illness [1]

Abstract Although a large volume of research has been conducted on cultural factors in disease perception, very little anthropological research has focused on the different perceptions of clients and personnel of the rehabilitation process. This paper analyzes the findings of an applied medical research project dealing with the factors that influence patients' attitudes and beliefs about rehabilitation and the relationship of these factors to rehabilitation behavior. Specifically, the perceptions of the patients will be discussed against the background of the perceptions of the personnel on two units of chronically ill, physically disabled clients. In addition, problems arising from the incongruity of these beliefs and behaviors will be examined in light of the structure and functioning of these units based on the traditional medical model and different organizational models of the two units. Lastly, I will make some remarks on the implications of this type of research for medical anthropology.
The research productivity of academic psychologists: assessment, trends, and best practice recommendations

Research productivity affects the careers of academic psychologists. Unfortunately, there is a surprising lack of consensus on productivity's meaning, measurement, and how to compare the productivity of one academic psychologist to another. In the present study, we review academic productivity research within psychology, and using a sample of 673 psychologists, compute six indexes of productivity. Most productivity metrics (publication count, citation count, or some combination of the two) were substantially interrelated and one (Integrated Research Productivity Index) was independent from years in the field. Female psychologists were equally as productive as male psychologists after accounting for years in the field, and pre-tenure psychologists showed steeper change-over-time productivity slopes than post-tenure psychologists. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for the use and measurement of academic research productivity.
Effect of Cyclic Mechanical Strain on Glycosaminoglycan and Proteoglycan Synthesis by Heart Valve Cells

Heart valves are presumed to remodel their extracellular matrix upon application of mechanical strains. In this study, we investigated the effect of cyclic tensile strain on valvular interstitial cells' synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs), which are altered during myxomatous degeneration. Interstitial cells were isolated from mitral valve leaflets and chordate, and seeded separately within three-dimensional collagen gels. Cell-seeded collagen gels were then subjected to cyclic strains of 2%, 5% or 10% at 1.16 Hz for 48 h using a custom-built stretching device. The application of cyclic strains reduced the total GAGs retained within collagen gels in a magnitude-dependent manner for both leaflet and chordal cells. With increasing strain magnitude, however, secretion of total GAGs into the medium was reduced for leaflet cells and elevated for chordal cells. Retention of 4-sulfated GAGs increased with increasing strain magnitude for both cell types; for the chordal samples, retention of 6-sulfated GAGs was reduced at higher strain magnitudes. Compared to statically constrained or unconstrained conditions, the application of cyclic strain reduced the secretion of 6-sulfated GAGs by both cell types, and elevated secretion of 4-sulfated GAGs by leaflet cells only. Retention of the PG biglycan and secretion of the PG decorin was significantly reduced at 10% strain compared to 2% strain. In addition, there were numerous differences in the strain-dependent retention and secretion of GAGs and PGS within the leaflet and chordal groups. These results demonstrate that GAG and PG synthesis by VICs is regulated by cyclic stretching conditions.
Colorectal cancer screening. The time is now

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common form of cancer in the U.S. and has the third highest mortality rate, and screening clearly reduces mortality. In 2001, only 53% of those eligible had undergone fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) within the preceding year or lower endoscopy within the past 10 years.1 In a recent systematic assessment of the value of clinical preventive services, which are recommended for average risk individuals by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), preventive services were ranked based on burden of disease prevented by the service and cost effectiveness. Screening for CRC was one of the highest ranked services (score of 7+ on a scale of 2 to 10) with the lowest delivery rate (<50% nationally) and it was concluded that it should be a national priority to increase rates of CRC screening.2 The provision and receipt of preventive care is complex and takes place within the patient-physician interaction (Figure 1). The patient and the physician are each influenced by predisposing factors (e.g., sociodemographics, health beliefs, and attitudes), enabling factors (skills and resources), and reinforcing factors (such as social support) and that each is also affected by health care system factors and by certain cues to action (such as symptoms or reminders).3 All of these factors influence the patient and/or the physician and influence whether or not the preventive activity occurs. Barriers can occur at any level including the patient, the physician, the system, and cues to action. Figure 1 The systems model of clinical preventive care.
REVOLUTIONARY POPULAR FEMINISM IN NICARAGUA: Articulating Class, Gender, and National Sovereignty

On March 8, 1987, the Sandinista Liberation Front (FSLN, the political party in power in Nicaragua) published its statement on the relation of women's struggles to the Nicaraguan revolution. The author argues that this official statement is consistent with the views of modern feminists on some key points relating to the need to eliminate women's double day, promote women's self-organization, and wage an ideological struggle against sexism if women's subordination is to be eliminated. The author believes that the Sandinista Front's emphasis on ideological struggle and political organization represents an important break with more economistic, orthodox Marxist approaches to analyzing the condition of women and has important implications for Marxist feminism.
PUBERTAL GROWTH AS REFLECTED BY SIMULTANEOUS CHANGES IN BONE MINERAL CONTENT AND SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

. Krabbe, S., Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P and Transbol, I. (University Clinic of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Fuglebakken, Copenhagen F, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Department of Clinical Physiology Aalborg Sygehus Syd, Aalborg, and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark). Pubertal growth as reflected by stimultaneous changes in bone mineral content and serum alkaline phosphatase. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:49, 1980.—Bone mineral content and total serum alkaline phosphatase were measured simultaneously in 230 normal children and adolescents aged 7–20 years. The bone mineral content showed almost no variation from the age of 7 to 13 in boys and 7 to 11 in girls. Thereafter a sharp increase was seen in both sexes with a highly significant sex difference between the mean values. Bone mineral content showed a fairly high correlation with age, height, weight, and surface area in boys. Before the time of the growth spurt, however, these variables were poorly correlated or not correlated at all. Concentrations of total serum alkaline phosphatase increased up to the age of 14 in boys and 11 in girls. Thereafter a rapid fall was seen in both sexes, the mean levels being significantly higher in boys. The fall approximated adult levels in boys by the age of 20 and in girls by 18. A significant negative correlation between bone mineral content and serum alkaline phosphatase was seen both in boys (r= 0.71, p < 0.001) and in girls (r= 0.79, p < 0.001)
Economic and Political Freedom and Market Alienation: A Comparative Study of Bulgaria, China, and the United States

ABSTRACT The construct of Consumer Alienation has attracted the interest of several researchers who have used it to assess consumer attitudes toward business in general. Alienation-the degree to which a consumer has negative beliefs about business in general and is alienated from it-and its associated measurement are employed to assess the relationship between political and economic freedom and the degree to which consumers believe businesses are responsive to their needs and wants. Three countries, representing very different levels of development, are examined to determine whether consumer alienation is related to economic and political freedom. China represents a country with very limited freedom, Bulgaria has limited freedom, and the United States represents a country with a high degree of economic and political freedom. Expectations derived from prior research suggested that we should find substantial differences in alienation between the three samples. Our hypothesis, based on the understanding that...
Prospective budgeting for home care: making titration work.

Objective: To provide a model for prospective budgeting for home care that is plausible, coherent, flexible, and sufficiently tractable that it can serve as a template for practical decision making and to clarify what would be the data requirements and statistical framework to calibrate the model.Methods: Methods used are standard risk-neutral expected value theory, cost benefit analysis, and the conditional logistic probability model.Results: A simple but effective prospective budgeting model that provides analytic scaffolding for a practical decision support system for home care case managers, consultants, and program evaluators that can improve program equity, efficiency, and effectiveness.Discussion: The author criticizes the well-known Titration Budgeting Model of Weissert, Chernew, and Hirth in terms of its logical and operational problems but then goes on to develop a framework within which the goals of the titration model can be met and home care resources can be more efficiently allocated.
Transverse oriented electric field re-entrant resonator (TERR) with automatic tuning and coupling control for EPR spectroscopy and imaging of the beating heart

Sample motion, particularly that of a beating heart, induces baseline noise and spectral distortion on an EPR spectrum. In order to quench motional noise and restore the EPR signal amplitude and line-width, an L-band transverse oriented electric field re-entrant resonator (TERR) was designed and constructed with provisions for automatic tuning control (ATC) and automatic coupling control (ACC) suited for studies of isolated beating rat hearts. Two sets of electronic circuits providing DC biased voltage to two varactor diodes were implemented to electronically adjust coupling and tuning. The resonator has a rectangular cross-sectional sample arm of 25 mm diameter with a Q value of 1100 without sample. Once inserted with lossy aqueous samples of 0.45% NaCl, Q value drops to 400 with a volume of 0.5 ml and 150 with 5 ml. The ATC/ACC functions were tested with a moving phantom and isolated beating rat hearts with the improvement of signal to noise ratio (S/N, peak amplitude of signal over peak amplitude of baseline noise) of 6.7-, and 4 to 6-fold, respectively. With these improvements, EPR imaging could be performed on an isolated beating rat heart. Thus, this TERR resonator with ATC/ACC enables application of EPR spectroscopy and imaging for the measurement and imaging of radical metabolism, redox state, and oxygenation in the isolated beating rat heart.
The impact of military expenditures on economic growth in the less developed countries

This paper presents the results of empirical research on the economic impact of military expenditure — milex — on the less developed countries. The hypothesis is that the impact on growth is a combination of three effects: (1) increased security — positive impact; (2) diversion of resources from productive investment — negative impact; and (3) pressure for more efficient government policies in response to the external threat — positive impact. The combination of these effects would produce a non‐linear relationship with the growth rate at first increasing as milex increased and then decreasing. For the full sample of 71 countries, we found the predicted relationship, however, it is not robust to changes in the sample. The robust conclusion is that there was no evidence of a negative impact of military spending on economic growth.
On the control structure of a program slice

We present a linear-time algorithm that yields the control structure of a program slice, even if the program being sliced is unstructured. From the flow graph of a program, the nodes and arcs that do not belong to a given slice are systematically deleted, so that the resulting flow graph contains only the predicates and statements of the slice and preserves the meaning of the original program with respect to the predicates and statements of the given slice.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli has been responsible for an increasing number of large food-borne outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Recent developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of disease due to enterhemorrhagic E. coli include the description of a pathogenicity island, a type III secretion system and potential plasmid-encoded virulence factors. Recent developments in our understanding of the epidemiology include a recognition of a widening spectrum of vehicles.
VI. Coming Out When You're Not Really In: Coming Out as a Teachable Moment

Unbeknownst to the class, my partner had agreed to sit on the LGBTQ question and answer panel for the Human Sexual Behaviour class in which I was a teaching assistant. That Monday, 350 students listened intently as some students asked panel members about coming out to parents, experiences with discrimination, their religious beliefs and sexual histories. An hour later, after the eight panellists concluded their ‘final thought’, my partner walked off the stage towards me to say goodbye. ‘I wish I could hug you before I left!’ she said. I grabbed her, gave her a hug, and she left. As the course professor and I walked out of the lecture hall, she said with a smirk, ‘I think you outed yourself’, and proceeded to tell me that ‘the hug’ resulted in 350 pairs of eyes gasping in our direction. ‘I was never really in’, I responded. We laughed, and walked back to our offices. That Wednesday in my individually led discussion groups, my students giggled as I walked in, immediately demanding, ‘was that girl your girlfriend?!’ ‘Yes it was’, I responded. ’Oh my gosh, we never knew!’
Suppression of Basophil FcεRI Activation by Serum from Active Chronic Idiopathic/Spontaneous Urticaria (CIU/CSU) Subjects

Abbreviations: CIU/CSU, chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria; BHR, basophil histamine release; fMLP-N, formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine
A “Simple metallurgist” at MIT

From beginning to end I have been a simple metallurgist using metals and their structure as a kind of inverted touchstone to assay all things.
The influence of leading-edge thrust on twisted and cambered wing design for supersonic cruise

A study of leading-edge thrust phenomena at supersonic speeds has shown that although these forces are not large, they can be a significant factor in the design of wings for supersonic cruise. It is seen that the rather severe twisted and cambered wing surfaces resulting from the application of present design methods, which ignore leading-edge thrust, can be replaced by more moderate surfaces with little or no loss in aerodynamic efficiency if realistic possibilities for the attainment of some fraction of the theoretical thrust are taken into account.
Retrospection and prospection.

Abstract It is with considerable pride, great appreciation, and some trepidation that I stand here to present this address. I cannot but recognize that you have elected me to a distinguished group of persons that contains names such as “Daddy” Ross, Bayard Carter, Frank Lock, Charles Collins, and many others who, each in his own way, has contributed much to our specialty and to this Association. Quite a tribute to a foreign medical graduate!
Quantitative Analysis of the Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finish on Cotton Fabric: Acid-Base Titration and Infrared Spectroscopy

Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been a promising nonformaldehyde durable press finish for cotton fabrics to replace N-methyol reagents. Acid-base titration and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy are applied as quantitative analytical techniques to determine the amount of BTCA applied to cotton fabric and the amount of ester formed on the fabric after a curing process. Acid-base equilibria of BTCA are discussed. We find that FT-IR spectroscopy is a reliable quantitative analytical technique for quantifying BTCA and its ester on cotton fabric when the calibration standards are established by acid-base titration. Calibration curves and regression equations are pre sented. To determine the amount of ester formed on the finished cotton fabric using FT-IR spectroscopy, it is necessary to use a sodium hydroxide solution to quantitatively convert carboxyl to carboxylate. The acid-base equilibria associated with this procedure are also discussed.
A New Approach to Dream Bizarreness: Graphing Continuity and Discontinuity of Visual Attention in Narrative Reports

Abstract In this paper, a new method of quantitatively assessing continuity and discontinuity of visual attention is developed. The method is based on representing narrative information using graph theory. It is applicable to any type of narrative report. Since dream reports are often described as bizarre, and since bizarreness is partially characterized by discontinuities in plot, we chose to test our method on a set of dream data. Using specific criteria for identifying and arranging objects of visual attention, dream narratives from 10 subjects were obtained and mapped onto graphs. The interrater reliabilities were 76% (3/3 independent judges) and 91% (2/3 independent judges). Discontinuities in visual attention were quantified by plotting transitions from one part of a graph to another, which provided a spatiotemporal map of attention shifts within a narrative. This procedure was compared with other approaches to discontinuity and also applied to a set of 10 fantasy reports from the same subjects. The results showed that our method includes but transcends other approaches and has the capability to distinguish dream and fantasy reports. To our knowledge, the method provides the most rigorous and reliable measure to date of continuity and discontinuity of attention in narrative reports.
Feeding and oviposition deterrent activities of flower buds of globemallow,Sphaeralcea emoryi torrey, against boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The globemallow,Sphaeralcea emoryi Torrey, a plant native to Arizona was evaluated as a source of feeding or oviposition deterrents to the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Feeding and oviposition responses of reproductive weevils to the flower buds and artificial diets spiked with dry powder or extracts of the globemallow buds were determined. Boll weevils were deterred from feeding and ovipositing in the flower buds unless the calyxes were removed. Male and virgin female weevils were discouraged from feeding as much as gravid weevils. Secondary chemicals in the flower buds served primarily as feeding deterrents but also prevented oviposition. The concentration of these chemicals was highest in the calyxes of the buds, and potent deterrent activity could be extracted from the calyxes with methanol. Boll weevils were able to perceive the deterrents by contact chemosensory organs on the antennae, maxillary palps and labial palps.
Online Promotion of the E-Commerce Websites in Retail Market in China: An Empirical Study

For companies to take full advantage of the potential offered by the Web, it is essential that their e-commerce websites be prepared and organized in highly usable manner. Companies with better website quality will save time and money, promote customer satisfaction and continued business, and gain an advantage over their competitors. This paper investigates the current issues and challenges for the top 10 B2C e-commerce websites in terms of promoting and marketing their products and services in China. AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS are employed to evaluate the quality of these websites from the website design, transmission speed, popularity of the website, information quantity and the service quality. The managerial implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Discussion: On the Mechanism of Cathodic Protection

Abstract The following is a discussion of the article entitled “On the Mechanism of Cathodic Protection,” by S. C. Dexter, L. N. Moettus, and K. E. Lucas, published in Corrosion, Vol. 41, No. 10, p. 598, 1985.
Nonlinear spectroscopy with entangled photons; manipulating quantum pathways of matter

Optical signals obtained by the material response to classical laser fields are given by nonlinear response functions which can be expressed by sums over various quantum pathways of matter. We show that some pathways can be selected by using nonclassical fields, through the entanglement of photon and material pathways, which affects the power-law dependence on the incoming field intensity. Spectrally overlapping stimulated Raman scattering and two-photon-absorption pathways in a pump-probe experiment are separated by controlling the degree of entanglement of pairs of incoming photons. Pathway selectivity opens up new avenues for mapping photon into material entanglement. New material information, otherwise erased by interferences among pathways, is revealed.
A parallel and efficient approach to large scale clone detection

We propose a new token-based approach for large -scale code clone detection, which is based on a filtering heuristic that reduces the number of token comparisons when the two code blocks are compared. We also present a MapReduce based parallel algorithm that uses the filtering heuristic and scales to thousands of projects. The filtering heuristic is generic and can also be used in conjunction with other token-based approaches. In that context, we demonstrate how it can increase the retrieval speed and decrease the memory usage of the index-based approaches. In our experiments on 36 open source Java projects, we found that: i filtering reduces token comparisons by a factor of 10, and thus increasing the speed of clone detection by a factor of 1.5; ii the speed-up and scale-up of the parallel approach using filtering is near-linear on a cluster of 2-32 nodes for 150-2800 projects; and iii filtering decreases the memory usage of index-based approach by half and the search time by a factor of 5. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.