cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Development of the Avian Immune System

Abstract INTRODUCTION Various protective mechanisms exist in the egg that assure the survival of the embryo through hatching. These include the physical and chemical barriers of the egg and the defensive activities of the developing embryo. The various embryonic events in the differentiation and maturation of the immune system will receive special emphasis. The Avian Egg The bird egg is admirably adapted to house, feed, and protect the developing embryo. The outer limy shell and adherent shell membranes provide a physical barrier that excludes most microorganisms but allows free exchange of respiratory gases. Interior to the shell membranes is a thick zone of albumen that provides a sterile fluid medium for the free growth and morphogenesis of the embryo and the extraembryonic membranes. In the center of the egg is the yolk mass that will nourish the embryo through the incubation period (Romanoff and Romanoff, 1949). Protective Mechanisms. Except for rare . . .
Monotone normality and paracompactness

Abstract In this paper it is proved that a topological space is necessarily paracompact if it is monotonically normal and any one of the following: screenable, paralindelof, has a Gδ-diagonal or a quasi-Gδ-diagonal or has a σ-locally-countable base.
Notch-induced Proteolysis and Nuclear Localization of the Delta Ligand

The Delta protein is a single-pass transmembrane ligand for the Notch family of receptors. Delta binding to Notch invokes regulated intramembrane proteolysis and nuclear translocation of the Notch intracellular domain. Delta is proteolytically processed at two sites, Ala(581) and Ala(593) in the juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains, respectively (Mishra-Gorur, K., Rand, M. D., Perez-Villamil, B., and Artavanis-Tsakonas, S. (2002) J. Cell Biol. 159, 313-324). Controversy over the role of Delta processing in propagating Notch signals has stemmed from conflicting reports on the activity or inactivity of soluble extracellular domain products of Delta. We have examined Delta proteolysis in greater detail and report that Delta undergoes three proteolytic cleavages in the region of the juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains. Only one of these cleavages, analogous to cleavage at Ala(581), is dependent on the Kuzbanian ADAM metalloprotease. The two additional cleavages correspond to the previously described cleavage at Ala(593) and a novel unidentified site within or close to the transmembrane domain. Delta processing is up-regulated in co-cultures with Notch-expressing cells and is similarly induced by p-aminophenylmercuric acetate, a well documented activator of metalloproteases. Furthermore, expression of a truncated intracellular isoform of Delta shows prominent nuclear localization. Altogether, these data demonstrate a role for Notch in inducing Delta proteolysis and implicate a nuclear function for Delta, consistent with a model of bi-directional signaling through Notch-Delta interactions.
Cultural Factors Affecting the Negotiation of First Sexual Intercourse among Latina Adolescent Mothers

In 1995 the birth rate of Latina US adolescents especially those of Mexican descent surpassed that of African American teens for the first time. To assess the cultural and social factors influencing the initiation of sexual intercourse life history interviews were conducted in 1994-97 with 40 young Latina mothers and their partners in Los Angeles California. This article presents 5 cases from this series that illustrate the range of experiences surrounding sexual initiation. Conscious discussion about the pros and cons of sexual involvement did not occur. Rather sexual involvement was negotiated physically through a gradual escalation in the level of sexual contact allowed by the young woman in response to pressure from her partner. Latinas resisted intercourse for a period of 6-12 months at which point they determined that their partner had demonstrated his love and willingness to be in a committed emotional relationship. The first coitus was neither expected nor planned; for a woman to initiate such a discussion violated traditional sex roles and placed her at risk of losing her partner. In general the narratives reveal deep conflicts between simultaneously wanting and not wanting sex. Ignorance of the mechanisms of reproduction and contraception and the need for protection against sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy was widespread. A script for romantic love that condones spontaneous unplanned and unprotected sex after a protracted period of resistance allows young Latinas to retain their purity and relinquish their virginity at the same time. If the adolescent pregnancy rate is to be reduced Latino youth must be taught new scripts for falling in love that include partner protection.
Relationship between Women's Attitudes and Choice of Birth Control:

Women who had tubal ligations were compared with fertile women whose husbands had undergone vasectomies and with women who were in relationships where both husband and wife remained fertile in order to examine differences among the 3 groups in terms of preoperation characteristics and postoperative attitudes and adjustments. 108 mothers between the ages of 35 and 45 years were studied. The women were white Protestants and generally of middle to lower class according to Hollingsheads Index. Extensive demographic information was obtained including presurgical intervention data relating to childbearing history. Postsurgical data included social adjustment attitudes toward birth control scale and attitudes toward sex family parent abortion and birth control. The 3 groups were compared by analysis of variance and covariance (for social class) to determine differences in background attitudes and behaviors. Of the 108 mothers 23% had undergone tubal ligation 15% had husbands who had chosen vasectomy and 62% had no surgical intervention. There were no differences among the 3 groups on background variables or self-perception of health. Women in the tubal ligation group were from the lowest social class and they also reported a desire for more children than either of the 2 remaining groups. The tubal ligation group was significantly more negative in their attitudes on both the Semantic Differential and Thurstones Attitude Toward Birth Control Scale. Controlling for social class did not change the level of significance for these findings.
Influence of pulsed inflows and nutrient loading on zooplankton and phytoplankton community structure and biomass in microcosm experiments using estuarine assemblages

Productivity and community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton are influenced by hydrologic disturbances in many ways. In a recent modeling study it was suggested that pulsed inflows might enhance zooplankton performance, curb accumulation of phytoplankton accumulated biomass, and promote phytoplankton species diversity. We tested these predictions by performing microcosm experiments on natural plankton assemblages from the Nueces Delta, TX, USA. On three occasions (March, June, and September 2001), experiments of semi-continuous and flow-through design were conducted using natural plankton assemblages. We investigated the effect of two different inflow and nutrient loading regimes on zooplankton biomass, and phytoplankton biomass and diversity, i.e., continuous and pulsed inflows of 3 day frequency. Despite differences in initial community structure on these three occasions, as well as the very different communities that arose between experimental designs, our findings showed that pulsed inflows altered plankton dynamics. In all cases, pulsed inflows resulted in greater zooplankton biomass. In most cases, pulsed inflows resulted in lower phytoplankton biomass and higher diversity. We speculate that greater phytoplankton diversity in the pulsed flow treatments favored selectively feeding zooplankton, whose better performance prevented higher accumulation of phytoplankton biomass.
On the general theory of collisions for particles with spin

Abstract The general analysis of binary reactions involving particles with arbitrary spin is reformulated in such a way, that it applies equally well to relativistic particles (including photons). This is achieved by using longitudinal spin components (“helicity states”) not only in the initial and final states, but also in the angular momentum states which are employed as usual to reduce the S-matrix to a simpler form. Expressions for the scattering and reaction-amplitude, intensity and polarization are given. They involve fewer vector-addition coefficients than the customary formulas, and no recoupling coefficients. The application to some examples is sketched, and in the Appendix some formulas are given that may be of use in the applications.
Hybrid optoelectronic system for wideband complex-valued Fourier transform measurements

A hybrid optoelectronic system for Fourier transform measurements of temporal signals is described. The magnitude and phase of the signal transform are system outputs. High resolution spectral analysis operation is accomplished by proper spatially dependent phase corrections equivalent to aperture synthesis. Configurations for 1-D and 2-D input data formats are discussed. The system can process signals with continuous spectral content as well as narrow spectral lines.
Estrogen therapy arrests bone loss in elderly women

Although osteoporosis is an age-related disorder, the accelerated bone loss observed in postmenopausal women may be preventable with early diagnosis and adequate estrogen replacement. In a prospective study, we investigated the effect of oral estrogen replacement using conjugated estrogens (Premarin, 0.625 mg) or micronized 17 beta-estradiol (Estrace, 1 mg) versus no estrogen in sequential single-photon bone density measurements over 3-year intervals in 397 postmenopausal women. Estradiol, 1 mg, and conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg, were equally effective in regarding bone loss. The rate of bone loss was about the same for estrogen users regardless of age (51 to 80 years) and was approximately one third that of nonusers. Among nonusers a uniform accelerated rate of bone loss of 2.5% per year was noted between 56 and 70 years old, whereas between the ages of 51 and 55 years and after age 70 years, the rate of bone loss was significantly less. Ever users over age 65 years showed continued protection from bone loss as long as estrogen therapy was continued. Previous estrogen users who stopped estrogen after age 65 years lost bone more rapidly than women of similar age who had never taken estrogen. Thus to prevent accelerated bone loss in postmenopausal women, we recommend early and continued hormone replacement for life. Estrogen nonusers should be monitored at regular intervals to minimize accelerated bone loss.
Preparing effective history teachers: The assessment gap

Abstract This case study examines a teaching candidate's completion of a major assessment project, including his approach to lesson planning and assessment design, the creation of rubrics, and the crafting of narratives to analyze his students' work. Qualitative data analysis suggests that this beginning teacher, who excelled in planning and teaching for historical thinking, needed additional support in honing his skills with respect to discipline-based assessment. In his analysis of students' work and his reflection on the assessments, the teaching candidate retreated to generalist stances that made no references to thinking historically. The teaching candidate demonstrated an ability to design discipline-based assessments and an inability to use a discipline-based framework to assess and describe his students' work.
Platypnea-Orthodeoxia: An Unusual Indication for Surgical Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale

Platypnea-orthodeoxia is an infrequently reported clinical form of position dependent dyspnea and oxygen desaturation. There are several diverse etiologies for this syndrome. This case report of a patient with platypnea-orthodeoxia is the first known presentation of a case secondary to a patent foramen ovale and idiopathic hemidiaphragm paralysis. A major problem with this disease is the clinical recognition of its existence. Full recovery is possible with proper assessment of clinical signs and symptoms, appropriate noninvasive diagnostic tests, and corrective surgery in selective cases.
The "Iowa Way" revisited.

Abstract This paper attempts to bridge the gap between past and present stuttering therapy approaches. Specifically, the ideas and methods of Wendell Johnson and Dean Williams are compared to current approaches used in treating mental illness and communication disorders in which there is an emphasis on focusing on what is “right” with the individual and spending less time focusing on the “disorder”. There is particular emphasis on tying Johnson's and Williams’ overall philosophy to modern psychological approaches rooted in “Positive Psychology”, to highlight how these early ideas in stuttering therapy may help us to discover the common factors that underlie the success of several different stuttering therapy approaches, independent of the specific techniques employed. It is proposed that future research on clinical efficacy in stuttering should use focused hypotheses techniques to investigate common factors that make therapy effective across individuals and therapy approaches. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) summarize the basic philosophy of the “Iowa” approach to stuttering as laid out by Wendell Johnson and Dean Williams; (2) describe current therapeutic techniques that incorporate “positive psychology”; (3) discuss possible common factors that influence therapy outcome that are independent of the therapeutic technique employed.
Enhanced acetylcholine release in striatum after chronic amphetamine is NMDA-dependent.

Behavioral sensitization to chronic amphetamine develops in parallel with an enhancement of amphetamine-stimulated efflux of acetylcholine (ACh) in striatum. The present study investigated the role of NMDA receptors in the latter phenomenon. Rats were treated with either saline (1.0 ml/kg, i.p.) or amphetamine (4.0 mg/kg, i.p., b.i.d.) for 12 days followed by a withdrawal period of 2-3 weeks. In vivo microdialysis was employed to measure striatal ACh efflux. Amphetamine challenge (4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) evoked a significant increase in striatal ACh efflux in rats withdrawn from chronic amphetamine while having no significant effect on ACh efflux in saline-pretreated rats. Inclusion of the NMDA receptor antagonist (+/-)-2-amino-5-phoshonopentanoic acid (APV; 100 microM) in the perfusion solution blocked the amphetamine-induced increase in striatal ACh efflux observed in amphetamine-pretreated rats. In saline-pretreated animals, the presence of APV had no apparent effect on the profile of striatal ACh efflux following amphetamine challenge. Thus, the stimulatory effect of amphetamine challenge on striatal ACh efflux that selectively is observed in animals withdrawn from chronic amphetamine is dependent upon NMDA receptor activation.
Investigation of Electron Delocalization and Ultrafast Studies of RuII/OsII Dyads with Ethynyl/Butadiynyl-Bridged Polyphosphines

The redox characteristics, electronic absorption, steady-state emission, nanosecond laser flash photolysis, and a femtosecond laser spectroscopic study have been carried out for a series of monomeric, homobimetallic, and heterobimetallic complexes with M(bpy)2Cl-based moieties (M = RuII and OsII) and ethynyl- and butadiynyl-bridged polyphosphines, namely Ph2PC⋮CPPh2 (C2P2) and Ph2PC⋮CC⋮CPPh2 (C4P2). These complexes were synthesized by reactions of the spacers with cis-M(bpy)2Cl2 or by coupling reaction between two [Cl(bpy)2M(Ph2PC⋮CH)](PF6) (M = RuII, OsII) molecules. Electronic communication through polyphosphine/polyyne spacers is found to decrease upon increase of the carbon chain length, and the comproportionation constant Kc was calculated as 14−18 for species with C2P2 and ca. 4 for the ones with C4P2. In addition, fast intramolecular energy transfer from the RuII-based donor to the OsII-based acceptor, with rate constant of (2.4−2.5) × 109 s-1, occurs within heterobimetallic complexes via a Dexter-...
Examining the out-of-center distortion in the [NbOF5]2- anion.

Out-of-center “primary” electronic distortions are inherent to the oxide fluoride anions of the early d0 transition metals. In the [NbOF5]2- anion, the Nb5+ moves from the center of the octahedron toward the oxide ligand to form a short NbO bond and long trans Nb−F bond. The combined results of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic structure calculations indicate that the primary distortion of the [NbOF5]2- anion is affected by the coordination environment that is created by the three-dimensional extended structure. The formation of bonds between an M(L)42+ (M = Cd2+, Cu2+; L = 3-aminopyridine, 4-aminopyridine) cation and the oxide and/or trans-fluoride ligands of the [NbOF5]2- anion weakens the π component of the NbO bond. At the same time, hydrogen bond interactions between the equatorial fluorides and the aminopyridine groups both lengthen the equatorial Nb−F bonds and can further reduce the symmetry of the [NbOF5]2- anion. These combined three-dimensional bond network interactions that serve...
Computer aided instruction of rotating electric machines via animated graphics

A menu-driven interactive graphics software package has been developed for use as an instructional aid for the electric machines course in the electrical engineering curriculum. The main purpose of this tool is to give the students a clearer understanding of the basics of the operation of rotating electric machines. The animation program was developed for displaying live and rotating diagrams depicting different modes of operation of synchronous generators. Different parts are identified with different colors. The interaction of the magnetic poles on the stator and on the rotor, and the relative spatial positions and time variations of the magnetic and electric quantities are demonstrated through moving images. The software features are described. >
An anatomical study of a duplication 6p based on two sibs

Dup (6p) patients have a peculiar facial appearance (frontal bossing, hypotelorism, hypoplastic midface), low birthweight, cardiovascular defects, small kidneys, and psychomotor retardation. We thought that a detailed anatomical dissection would more precisely define the syndrome, which has been developed from clinical evaluations and autopsy reports. Our patient, a female adolescent, died at 17 11/12 years and is the oldest patient with this syndrome to be described. The brain and skull showed the greatest number of abnormalities. The brain was smaller than normal and abnormally shaped. Many of the skull abnormalities, including shortened basisphenoid/basiocciput, reduced size of cranial fossae, and steep orbital roofs, may be attributed to the brain's shape. There were no olfactory bulbs, and only one rudimentary olfactory tract was present. Other findings were the following: a high interventricular septal defect and right ventricular hypertrophy, absence of uterus and vagina, hypoplastic ovaries, a common mesentery, two left extensor indicis bellies, bilateral absence of palmaris brevis and of peroneus tertius. Our results are compared with anomalies found in other aneuploidy syndromes. Variations in some organ systems may be similar to those whose presence Shapiro [(1983):] has attributed to amplified developmental instability. Relationships between the brain shape and size and skull abnormalities are also discussed. From 16 reported cases, a detailed autopsy report of the affected brother, and our anatomical findings, we suggest that this syndrome may also be characterized by arhinencephaly, common mesentery, absent uterus in the female, and growth retardation in those surviving the neonatal period.
Coliform contaminated bedding and new infections.

Abstract Ten Holstein cows were bedded on fresh, uncured sawdust seeded with coliform broth culture. Escherichia coli concentrations were maintained at 10 6 colony-forming units/g for the 4-wk experimental period. Ten control cows were bedded with dry shavings. The elevated bacterial contamination caused an increase in contamination of teat ends; however, no new coliform infections occurred.
Progressive rendering with multiresolution 3D meshes

A progressive 3D mesh rendering technique is investigated in this research. This method renders a multi-resolution 3-D triangle mesh by exploiting the smooth transition of an object in the spatial and temporal domains. To be more specific, when a vertex split technique is used to get a refined mesh, we consider a new rendering technique that will automatically determine which parts of the newly generated polygons are visible and perform the rendering accordingly. Since the process of dynamic splitting can be performed iteratively for many times, the error of a progressive rendered result tends to accumulate along the process. To control the visual quality of the rendered image, we can set a threshold or a constant number of steps for the 3D models to be rendered from the scratch, and we call it the graphic refresh. Experimental results are given to show the performance of the proposed progressive rendering algorithm.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Novel Resource Management Scheme for Integrated Multiple Traffic Heterogeneous Systems

The next generation wireless network system will be an integration of heterogeneous wireless networks. On the other hand, the future terminals will be equipped with multiple radio interfaces that can access different types of networks. Therefore, the terminals can roam and switch among different types of networks based on their service requirements. With the terminals receiving multiple services and doing vertical handoffs between two different types of networks, how to ef-fectively manage the resources of different types of networks for a better entire system performance has imposed a great challenge for the next generation wireless network. Most of the previous works on this issue discussed the resource manage-ment with single type of traffic, while few works have consid-ered the multiple traffic in a heterogeneous network environment. In this paper, we consider multiple traffic with different priorities, and propose a novel resource (or channel) allocation scheme. The proposed system is evaluated through extensive simulations and the results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the system performance.
The Long QT and Brugada Syndromes: Causes of Unexpected Syncope and Sudden Cardiac Death in Children and Young Adults

Inherited Long QT and Brugada syndromes cause syncope and sudden cardiac death due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Diagnosis may be difficult and the syncopal events are commonly misdiagnosed as neurally mediated (vaso-vagal) episodes or as "seizures". The details of the events (onset, offset, sequelae, precipitating factors) and knowledge of the ECG features are key to the correct diagnosis, and in assisting the neurologist in discriminating these two life-threatening disorders from neurally mediated (vaso-vagal) syncope and in discerning when a "seizure" might be due to a lethal cardiac arrhythmia. Very effective treatments are available and prompt, correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are life-saving.
Effects of Zinc and Strontium Substitution in Tricalcium Phosphate on Osteoclast Differentiation and Resorption.

Bone replacement materials must be able to regulate both osteoblastic synthesis of new bone and osteoclastic resorption process in order to maintain the balance of bone remodeling. Osteoclasts generate from differentiation of mononuclear cells. In the present study, we have studied osteoclast-like-cell responses (differentiation from mononuclear cells and resorption) to beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) doped with zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr). Osteoclast-like-cell differentiation and resorption was studied in vitro using an osteoclast-like-cell precursor RAW 264.7 cell, supplemented with receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL). Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed successful differentiation of the osteoclast-like-cells on the doped and undoped β-TCP substrates after 8 days of culture. Cells on the substrate surface expressed specific osteoclast markers such as; actin rings, multiple nuclei, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) synthesis, and vitronectin receptors. However, quantitative TRAP assay indicated the inhibitory effect of Zn on osteoclast differentiation. Although, Zn doped β-TCP restricted osteoclast-like-cell differentiation, the samples were resorbed much faster. An increased resorption pit volume was noticed on Zn doped β-TCP samples after 28 days of culture compared to pure and Sr doped β-TCP. In this work, we demonstrated that β-TCP bone substitute materials can be successfully resorbed by osteoclast-like-cells, where both osteoclast-like-cell differentiation and resorption were modulated by Zn and/or Sr doping—a much needed property for successful bone remodeling.
Attachment, Identity, and Intimacy: Parallels Between Bowlby's and Erikson's Paradigms

The theories of John Bowlby and Erik Erikson reveal parallels that, together, offer opportunities to examine attachment-linked working models (secure base representations) as contexts of identity formation. Although the theories are grounded in fundamentally different assumptions, each offers concepts that can enrich the application of the other. One's attachment history serves as a foundation for identity formation. We argue that identity formation is less an individual accomplishment than a co-construction of an individual with significant others. Hence, attachment histories affect not only one's approach to identity formation but also one's contributions to the identity formation of others. Our review promotes theory building that bridges Bowlby and Erikson and offers new hypotheses.
PoP/CSP warpage evaluation and viscoelastic modeling

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the critical factors for package-on-package (PoP) and chip scale package (CSP) warpage control through experiments and modeling. Shadow moire was used to measure package warpage from room temperature to reflow temperature. The impact of new developments in laminate substrate technology including thin core and emerging low CTE core materials were emphasized in addition to the effects of die size and mold compound material. Warpage data for the package stackable flip chip CSP (PSfcCSP) used in high end PoP stacks as well as the newly developed thru-mold-via (TMV) technology were also reported. The evaluation showed the TMV technology had much less warpage than the conventional type of bare die PSfcCSP. A viscoelastic warpage model was developed to correlate the design of experiments (DOE) data. The viscoelastic property of four different mold compound materials was measured to obtain master curves and time temperature shifting functions by curve fitting the stress relaxation data. The correlation showed the results from the viscoelastic warpage models consistently agreed well with the test data in a wide range of design parameter space covered by the DOE. Furthermore, chemical shrinkage data was integrated with the viscoelastic relaxation to properly model the warpage during the mold curing step. The correlation data showed this was a much more effective approach to accurately model the actual shrinkage effect on warpage.
Psychopathology and Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Therapy

Psychopathology and Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: Current guidelines recommend that the choice of AF management strategy be guided by the symptomatic status of the patient when in AF. However, little is known regarding what drives AF symptoms. Several limited studies suggest that psychological distress may be linked with AF symptom severity. Methods: A total of 300 patients with documented AF completed a questionnaire assessing general health and well-being, including a comprehensive psychological assessment as well as disease-specific measures of AF symptom severity. AF burden was determined by 1-week continuous looping monitor in a subset of patients. Analysis of covariance was used to determine the association between individual measures of depression, anxiety, and somatization disorder symptom severity with measures of general health status and AF-specific symptom severity, adjusting for important confounders. Results: Patients with worsened severity of depression, anxiety, or somatization disorder symptoms had an associated increase in the severity of symptoms attributed to AF regardless of AF severity scale used (P < 0.0001 for each measure of psychological distress). This association persisted after adjusting for important confounders. Increasing severity of depression and anxiety symptoms were also associated with increased visits to medical care for AF management. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the consequence of psychological distress on AF-specific symptom severity and healthcare resource utilization. Psychological well-being may strongly influence symptom severity and healthcare utilization. An assessment of psychological distress may be an important adjunct to standard AF management that warrants further study, particularly if symptom relief is the primary goal. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 473-478, May 2012)
Harness: The next generation beyond PVM

Harness is the next generation heterogeneous distributed computing package being developed by the PVM team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Tennessee, and Emory University. This paper describes the changing trends in cluster computing and how Harness is being designed to address the future needs of PVM and MPI application developers. Harness (which will support both PVM and MPI) will allow users to dynamically customize, adapt, and extend a virtual machine's features to more closely match the needs of their application and to optimize for the underlying computer resources. This paper will describe the architecture and core services of this new virtual machine paradigm, our progress on this project, and our experiences with early prototypes of Harness.
Seizures as the first manifestation of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in a 40-year old man: a case report.

Background The microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 is the most common human deletion syndrome. It typically presents early in life and is rarely considered in adult patients. As part of the manifestations of this condition, patients can have parathyroid glandular involvement ranging from hypocalcemic hypoparathyroidism to normocalcemia with normal parathryroid hormone levels. The first manifestation of the syndrome might be seizures due to profound hypocalcemia.
Supporting wilderness search and rescue with integrated intelligence: autonomy and information at the right time and the right place

Current practice in Wilderness Search and Rescue (WiSAR) is analogous to an intelligent system designed to gather and analyze information to find missing persons in remote areas. The system consists of multiple parts — various tools for information management (maps, GPS, etc) distributed across personnel with different skills and responsibilities. Introducing a camera-equipped mini-UAV into this task requires autonomy and information technology that itself is an integrated intelligent system to be used by a sub-team that must be integrated into the overall intelligent system. In this paper, we identify key elements of the integration challenges along two dimensions: (a) attributes of intelligent system and (b) scale, meaning individual or group. We then present component technology that offload or supplement many responsibilities to autonomous systems, and finally describe how autonomy and information are integrated into user interfaces to better support distributed search across time and space. The integrated system was demoed for Utah County Search and Rescue personnel. A real searcher flew the UAV after minimal training and successfully located the simulated missing person in a wilderness area.
Why Diamonds Really are a Girl's Best Friend: Another American Narrative

The old law of domestic relations and the system known as coverture have shaped marriage practices in the United States and have limited women's membership in the constitutional community. This system of law predates the Revolution, but it lingers in U.S. legal tradition even today. After describing coverture and the old law of domestic relations, this essay considers how the received narrative of women's place in U.S. history often obscures the story of women's and men's efforts to overthrow this oppressive regime, and also the story of the continuing efforts of men and some women to stabilize and protect it. The essay also questions the paradoxes built into American law: for example, how do we reconcile the strictures of coverture with the founders' care in defining rights-holders as “persons” rather than “men”? Citing a number of court cases from the early days of the republic to the present, the essay describes the 1960s and 1970s shift in legal interpretation of women's rights and obligations. Howeve...
Transdisciplinary Activity Assessment for Young Children With multiple Disabilities: A Program Planning Approach

Shawna is approaching her fifth birthday and will be entering kindergarten in the fall. Currently she attends a Head Start program. Her team (which includes her family) wants to prepare for her transition to kindergarten and have begun talking about how to include Shawna in kindergarten activities. Shawna's team recognizes that a good assessment would facilitate this transition. However, their school district has relied primarily on traditional assessments to plan educational programs for Shawna. This type of assessment tells the team that Shawna functions between a six-month and 18-month developmental level. While it gives them information regarding which developmental mile-stones she has not reached, it does not tell them how to include Shawna in typical kindergarten activities.
Improving the Effectiveness of Suspect Interrogations

The past two decades of research on interrogation were spurred, in large part, by the specter of false confessions and the resulting miscarriages of justice. More recently, interest in the topic has been fueled by the need to develop evidence-based methods that improve the collection of diagnostic confession evidence and accurate intelligence from human sources. In this review, we update the research on false confessions and describe recent assessments of scientifically validated approaches for obtaining cooperation, eliciting confessions, and detecting deceit. Studies are summarized through the prism of accusatorial versus information-gathering approaches to interrogation: The former rely on psychological manipulation and control-based methods, whereas the latter focus on developing rapport and cooperation to elicit an account that can be strategically addressed via evidence presentation. The review concludes with recommendations for additional research to further improve the effectiveness of interrogati...
Diagnostic tests for Alzheimer disease: Judicious use can be helpful in clinical practice

![Graphic][1] The evaluation of a patient with cognitive impairment or dementia is part of many neurologists' daily practice. Once it has been established that a patient has mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, our job is to determine the etiology. Why is this important? Although specific pharmacologic treatment options are still limited at present for most dementias, there are a growing number of clinical trials in which patients may participate. Furthermore, it is imperative for the neurologist to guide a comprehensive approach to the treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia including management of behavioral symptoms, programs and strategies to optimize functional independence, caregiver education and support, and assistance with prognostication, planning, and connection with specific resources to assist with these issues. In 2011, new diagnostic criteria were published for Alzheimer disease (AD),1 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD),2 and primary progressive aphasia,3 and a new consensus statement was published on vascular cognitive impairment.4 All of these criteria emphasize the value of structural and functional/molecular neuroimaging (including fluorodeoxyglucose PET [FDG-PET]), as well as CSF markers, in increasing diagnostic confidence or specificity. Although these criteria were in large part aimed at the clinical research communities studying these diseases, they also serve as guidance for practicing clinicians. These reports emphasize elements that can be summarized as the practitioner's 2 major goals: 1) start by establishing a diagnostic hypothesis based on a … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Improving Hand Hygiene By Direct Intervention

non-targeted cesarean sections in 3rd quarter 2011 which prompted further investigation. Additional review of cesarean surgeries identified three SSIs in 3rd quarter 2011 and two SSIs for 4th quarter 2011 with infection rates of 0.67 and 0.45 per 100 cases respectively. PROJECT: IP performed further investigation of these infections and did not identify a common factor. IP collaborated with Labor &Delivery (L&D) leadership and staff regarding identified SSIs and recommended increased vigilance during these cases. In November and December 2011, there was zero cesarean section SSI identified. The pattern of SSIs continued to range from zero-two per month. In 2nd quarter 2012, IP and L&D collaboratively formed a quality improvement teamwith the goal of eliminating and sustaining zero SSI. The team reviewed intrinsic and extrinsic factors to prevent SSI. RESULTS: Direct observation identified 100% compliance with Surgical Care Improvement Projects (SCIP) recommendation for hair removal with clippers, appropriate aseptic use of surgical scrub, appropriate antimicrobial selection, minimal operation times, appropriate ventilation, and compliance with disinfection/ sterilization of surgical equipment. Quality improvement opportunities were identified with operating room traffic, surgical attire, skin preparation, and environmental surface cleaning. The peak rate of SSI occurred in April 2012 at 3.29/100 cases with a rate of 0 being achieved twice in 2012 but not sustained. LESSON LEARNED: The first eleven months of 2013 resulted in a rate of zero SSI. Comparing 2012 to 2013 yields a statistically significant reduction in SSI. Assessment and collaboration across the multi-disciplinary spectrum allowed for implementation of evidence based strategies to reduce SSIs. Hard wiring of these strategies required additional time. Hospital leadership promotes a culture of patient safety and employee accountability. This culture, combined with implemented initiatives, have likely prevented additional SSI occurrence.
Nanoelectronics: towards end of scaling and beyond

Future trends are discussed of the semiconductor mainstream technology in the next 1 1/2-decade towards the "scaling end" of the ITRS Roadmap and beyond. While the physics, design, and manufacturing limitations of CMOS scaling will be indisputably strike in the foreseeable future, emerging nanotechnology may step in to promote continued advancement of chip technology in terms of performance, density, and cost, not through the well-established geometry scaling-down approach but based on ingenious concepts of new functional materials, device architectures, and large-scale fabrication
Water use by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and black birch (Betula lenta) : implications of effects of the hemlock woolly adelgid

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) is a coniferous evergreen species found across the northeastern United States that is currently threatened by the exotic pest hemlock woolly adelgid (H...
Preliminary Design of a Structural Wing Box Under a Twist Constraint Part I

We present a simple beam-type formulation to determine the structural weight of a wing-box to carry aerodynamic loads for a wing in a transonic flow-field. The formulation employs non-dimensional or scaled parameters and thus can be easily integrated with aerodynamic codes that often provide aerodynamic loads using scaled variables. Specifically, the aerodynamic code, TOPS, developed at NASA Ames Research center, is used as a representative aerodynamic code. The formulation first uses a simple double-plate model to determine the material required to withstand the bending caused by aerodynamic loads. This double plate model is then transformed into a hexagonal wing box using an empirical model made available to us earlier by the Lockheed Martin Company as part of our collaborative effort on the design of a strut-braced wing. Under certain design conditions, the empirical model was found to give excessive twist near the wing tip. To prevent large twist of the wing, a constraint that restricts the maximum rate of twist in a wing segment to 0.1 radian per wing semi- span is used. The constraint is found to be both effective and simple to implement. The angle of twist near the tip is also found to be significantly impacted by two parameters: the sweep of the elastic axis and the chord-wise location of the structural wing box. Two gradient based optimization approaches, namely the method of steepest descent and the conjugate gradient method are used to find values of these two parameters so that the overall aerodynamic torsion acting on the elastic axis is minimized. Side constraints were needed so that the obtained values of the two parameters are physically meaningful, i.e. these two parameters should be located within the respective range for each of these variables. The results from these gradient-based methods are compared with those given by a genetic algorithm. A good agreement is obtained.
Women, Heart Failure, and Heart Failure Therapies

The landmark 2001 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? 1 confirmed that significant differences between the sexes affect the prevalence, incidence, and severity of a broad range of diseases and conditions. The report highlighted that sex differences must be considered when designing and analyzing research studies in all areas of biomedical and health-related research, with systematic study and elucidation of sex similarities and differences. The current topic serves as a fine example. See p 1585 Examination of the underuse of beneficial cardiovascular therapies in women and in elderly persons, often overlapping populations, suggests that under-representation of these cohorts in the randomized clinical trials that provided the evidence for benefit was likely contributory.2 Exclusion of women from therapeutic trials of heart failure is exacerbated by exclusion of older participants, as heart failure predominates in older women; women with heart failure were further excluded because they did not have the lower ejection fraction to qualify for enrollment. Such exclusion compromises their quality of care.3 Although the analysis of women in MERIT-HF (Metoprolol Controlled-Release Randomized Intervention Trial in Heart Failure)4 reported in this issue of Circulation clarifies one aspect of the hazy landscape of heart failure in women, much remains to be learned. Addition of β-blockers to diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and digoxin is described to improve clinical outcomes, mortality, and hospitalizations. The 23% of women enrolled in MERIT-HF was the only subgroup for whom mortality benefit was not demonstrated. As in other trials where women were under-represented, question arose as to whether β-blocker survival benefit was restricted to men or whether a mortality reduction for women was not apparent due to larger confidence intervals resulting from the small numbers of women studied and limited number of deaths available for analysis. With …
Bonding Characterization of Oxidized PDMS Thin Films

This paper reports on the use of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thin films to bond pairs of glass slides, borosilicate glass, and silicon substrates, with an emphasis on application for wafer-level three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous integration technology platforms. PDMS films were spin-cast and cured, surface modified using low power oxygen plasma, and then bonded to various materials. These bonds were destructively tested using a four point bending technique. The critical adhesion energy obtained using surface modified PDMS to bond glass slides is 3.0 J/m2. Adhesion energies obtained using unmodified PDMS are 2.8, 1.8, and 1.6 J/m2 for bonded silicon, glass slides, and borosilicate glass, respectively. Correlation of these results to material surface and interface properties indicates that although PDMS has process advantages as a bonding material for heterogeneous integration, its adhesion strength is lower than that of other dielectric bonding glues.
Reduction of DC bus capacitor ripple current with PAM/PWM converter

Electrolytic capacitors are used in nearly all adjustable-speed drives, and they are one of the components most prone to failure. The main failure mechanisms include loss of electrolyte through outgassing and chemical changes to the electrolyte and oxide layer. All the degradation mechanisms are exacerbated by ripple current heating. Since the equivalent series resistance of electrolytic capacitors is a very strong function of frequency it must be properly modeled to accurately calculate the power loss. In this paper, a method to reduce the ripple current in a constant Volts/Hertz pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM)/pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converter driving an induction motor is investigated. The dc-bus voltage amplitude is reduced in proportion to speed by a buck or current stiff rectifier and the PWM modulation index is maintained at a high level to achieve a reduced ripple current below base speed. By comparison with a diode-bridge-fed PWM voltage stiff inverter, it is shown that the PAM/PWM mode of operation can lead to a significant reduction in capacitor power loss leading to increased capacitor lifetime or decreased capacitor size. The capacitor heating is analyzed using numerical and analytical techniques. Experimental results are provided to verify the analytical results.
Sequential Optimization and Reliability Assessment Method for Efficient Probabilistic Design

Probabilistic optimization design offers tools for making reliable decisions with the consideration of uncertainty associated with design variables/parameters and simulation models. In a probabilistic design, such as reliability-based design and robust design, the design feasibility is formulated probabilistically such that the probability of the constraint satisfaction (reliability) exceeds the desired limit. The reliability assessment for probabilistic constraints often involves an iterative procedure; therefore, two loops are involved in a probabilistic optimization. Due to the double-loop procedure, the computational demand is extremely high. To improve the efficiency of a probabilistic design, a novel method – sequential optimization and reliability assessment (SORA) is developed in this paper. The SORA method employs a single-loop strategy where a serial of cycles of optimization and reliability assessment is employed. In each cycle optimization and reliability assessment are decoupled from each other; no reliability assessment is required within optimization and the reliability assessment is only conducted after the optimization. The key concept of the proposed method is to shift the boundaries of violated deterministic constraints (with low reliability) to the feasible direction based on the reliability information obtained in the previous cycle. Hence the design is quickly improved from cycle to cycle and the computational efficiency is improved significantly. Two engineering applications, the reliability-based design for vehicle crashworthiness of side impact and the integrated reliability and robust design of a speed reducer, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SORA method.Copyright © 2002 by ASME