cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nietzschean genealogy and hegelian history in the Genealogy of Morals

I would like to offer an interpretation of the Genealogy of Morals, of the relationship of master morality to slave morality, and of Nietzsche's philosophy of history that is different from the interpretation that is normally offered by Nietzsche scholars. Contrary to Nehamas, Deleuze, Danto, and many others, I wish to argue that Nietzsche does not simply embrace master morality and spurn slave morality. I also wish to reject the view, considered simply obvious by most scholars, that the Ubermensch develops out of, or on the model of, the master, not the slave. And to make the case for all of this, I want to explore the relationship between Hegel's master-slave dialectic and the conflict Nietzsche sees between master morality and slave morality. That Nietzsche does not intend us to recall the famous master-slave dialectic of Hegel's Phenomenology as we read the Genealogy of Morals, I find difficult to believe. Yet very few commentators ever notice, let alone explore, this connection.
Upper limit set by causality on the tidal deformability of a neutron star

A principal goal of gravitational-wave astronomy is to constrain the neutron star equation of state (EOS) by measuring the tidal deformability of neutron stars. The tidally induced departure of the waveform from that of a point particle [or a spinless binary black hole (BBH)] increases with the stiffness of the EOS. We show that causality (the requirement that the speed of sound be less than the speed of light for a perfect fluid satisfying a one-parameter equation of state) places an upper bound on tidal deformability as a function of mass. Like the upper mass limit, the limit on deformability is obtained by using an EOS with ${v}_{\text{sound}}=c$ for high densities and matching to a low density (candidate) EOS at a matching density of order nuclear saturation density. We use these results and those of Lackey et al. [Phys. Rev. D 89, 043009 (2014)] to estimate the resulting upper limit on the gravitational-wave phase shift of a black hole--neutron star (BHNS) binary relative to a BBH. Even for assumptions weak enough to allow a maximum mass of $4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ (a match at nuclear saturation density to an unusually stiff low-density candidate EOS), the upper limit on dimensionless tidal deformability is stringent. It leads to a still more stringent estimated upper limit on the maximum tidally induced phase shift prior to merger. We comment in an appendix on the relation among causality, the condition ${v}_{\text{sound}}lc$, and the condition $dp/d\ensuremath{\epsilon}l1$ for the effective EOS governing the equilibrium star.
A data-driven multi-model methodology with deep feature selection for short-term wind forecasting

Abstract With the growing wind penetration into the power system worldwide, improving wind power forecasting accuracy is becoming increasingly important to ensure continued economic and reliable power system operations. In this paper, a data-driven multi-model wind forecasting methodology is developed with a two-layer ensemble machine learning technique. The first layer is composed of multiple machine learning models that generate individual forecasts. A deep feature selection framework is developed to determine the most suitable inputs to the first layer machine learning models. Then, a blending algorithm is applied in the second layer to create an ensemble of the forecasts produced by first layer models and generate both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts. This two-layer model seeks to utilize the statistically different characteristics of each machine learning algorithm. A number of machine learning algorithms are selected and compared in both layers. This developed multi-model wind forecasting methodology is compared to several benchmarks. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is evaluated to provide 1-hour-ahead wind speed forecasting at seven locations of the Surface Radiation network. Numerical results show that comparing to the single-algorithm models, the developed multi-model framework with deep feature selection procedure has improved the forecasting accuracy by up to 30%.
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 increases the functional expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 at the blood-brain barrier via the activin receptor-like kinase-1 receptor.

Targeting uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) can facilitate central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. Effective bloo...
The mechanism of the oxidation of light oil

ABSTRACTHigh pressure air injection (HPAI) has been proven as an enhanced oil recovery process in many fields. The reactions associated with crude oil and oxygen are the main difference between HPAI and other gas injection processes. In order to study the reaction schemes, different experiments, such as the combustion tube, kinetic cell, accelerating rate calorimeter, and thermogravimetry analysis, are conducted. In this paper, a reaction scheme is build that includes three classes of reactions: low-temperature oxidation, cracking, and combustion. We then use simulation models with the proposed reaction scheme included to history match the data from a combustion tube experiment and a kinetic cell experiment. It is demonstrated that the reaction scheme is valid. Based on this study, lumping the crude oil into four pseudocomponents brings a good matching result, and the kinetic parameters are obtained through matching the experimental results.
Abstract 16400: The Diagnostic Value of Abnormal Heart Rate Recovery During Exercise Stress Testing in Predicting the Presence of Endothelial and Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients With Angina in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction: It has been shown that conventional stress testing parameters are not helpful in identifying occult coronary abnormalities, such as endothelial and microvascular dysfunction (MVD), in patients with angina in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Abnormal heart rate recovery (HRR) has been shown to be a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both women and men. Recent guidelines have also recommended integrating this parameter when analyzing a routine exercise stress test to improve its diagnostic value. Hypothesis: We studied the ability of abnormal HRR during exercise stress testing to predict the presence of endothelial dysfunction and MVD in patients with angina in the absence of obstructive CAD. Methods: We studied 139 patients with angina found to have no obstructive CAD on coronary angiography who underwent endothelial function and MVD testing. Endothelial dysfunction was defined as a decrease in epicardial coronary diameter by > 20% after intracoronary acetylcholine. MVD was defined as an index of microvascular resistance (IMR) ≥ 25. HRR was defined as peak heart rate during exercise minus heart rate at one minute into recovery. Abnormal HRR was defined as ≤ 12 bpm. Results: The mean age of the population was 54.3 ± 11.5 years and 103 (74.3%) were women. Endothelial dysfunction was present in 93 (67.3%) patients, while 21 (15.3%) had MVD. On multiple variable logistic regression analysis, abnormal HRR independently predicted the presence of endothelial dysfunction and/or MVD (Table). Conclusions: Heart rate recovery, a non-ECG stress testing parameter that is easily obtained during a routine exercise stress test, provides important diagnostic information about underlying occult coronary abnormalities like endothelial dysfunction and/or MVD. Adding HRR to conventional stress testing may help in the management of patients with angina in the absence of obstructive CAD.
The political mediation of Argentina's gender identity law: LGBT activism and rights innovation

In 2012, Argentina enacted the most progressive gender identity rights law in the world, permitting trans people to change their legal name and gender marker without medical or judicial scrutiny an...
Viscous Fluid Flows

Since including viscous effects in the fluid equations plays a fundamental role for the prototype problems of flow past bodies and natural convection to be treated in the next two chapters, respectively, this chapter considers viscosity, in some detail, as a prelude to those investigations. First, after discussing the behavior of the viscosity coefficients and restricting our attention to homogeneous fluids, the resulting Navier–Stokes governing equations of motion are presented in component form for both Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems.
Observation and modeling of acoustic scattering from a rubber spherical shell

Acoustic backscattering from a rubber spherical shell in water is observed to contain a delayed enhancement, demonstrated to be associated with a waveguide path along the shell. This path is somewhat analogous to that of the Lamb wave observed on metallic shells. Rubber is a unique material because of its subsonic sound speed relative to water, and because shear coupling is often small enough to be neglected in typical models, making it fluid-like. This makes rubber a material of interest for coating and cloaking underwater devices and vehicles. Both fluid and elastic rubber partial wave series models are tested, using experimentally measured longitudinal and shear speeds, attenuation, and rubber density. A finite element model for the shell is also developed. Comparison of the models and experiments highlights the importance of the waveguide path to the overall scattering. Estimates for the group and phase velocities of the lowest order propagating mode in the shell are determined through waveguide normal mode analysis and Sommerfeld-Watson theory, and are shown to give good agreement with experiments in predicting the time of arrival of the waveguide path.
Turbulent Structure in a Benthic Boundary Layer

Abstract Direct measurements of the turbulent structure of a benthic, tidal boundary layer have been made by recording several time series of simultaneous horizontal and vertical velocity fluctuations at various distances above the bottom. For the duration of the experiment the layer thickness 5 was approximately 5 m and the mean current speed ranged between 50 and 120 cm sec -1 Velocities were sampled each second for approximately four hours. Analysis of the experimental data indicates that the velocity fluctuations were statistically separable into two main components, (1) large-scale, quasi-ordered structures which are primarily responsible for vertical momentum transport, and (2) a background of relatively isotropic turbulence of smaller scale. The frequency of occurrence of the large, coherent structures was found to be somewhat dependent on tidal phase. In general, the period between such events scales on the outer flow variables U ∞ δ * in a manner analogous to the bursting phenomenon observed in laboratory experiments. The intermittency of the vertical momentum transport associated with these large-scale structures is shown to be a limiting factor in the accuracy of direct measurements of Reynolds stress in such natural, shear flows.
Heredity and Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer

The study of cancer genetics in man has been steeped in controversy. Undoubtedly most of these problems center around the complexity of man himself as a subject for cancer genetic investigations; man’s matings cannot be controlled, he has relatively few progeny, and his generation span is longer than that of most other animal species. In addition, it is difficult to obtain reliable information about his medical history, particularly histological verification of cancer one or more decades after treatment. In the study of gastrointestinal tract cancer, such verification is exceedingly important since the assessment of cancer of interal organs may be hampered significantly in the absence of such information. The pervasive fear of cancer among the populace compounds these difficulties; in some circumstances the investigations of a cancer-prone family may have to be curtailed or even abandoned when overpowering fear and denial cause certain patients to refuse further cooperation. Perhaps the most difficult obstacle in elucidating genetic patterns of cancer susceptibility is the omnipresence of environmental and dietary factors, the differential clustering of which may doggedly mimic a genetic model.
Pain, plasticity, and premature birth: a prescription for permanent suffering?

A collection of clinical and animal studies suggest that exposure to pain during the neonatal period leads to long-term changes in neural circuitry and behavior, contradicting the theory that infants don't ‘remember’ painful experiences.
Fouling Community Structure: Effects of the Hydroid, Obelia Dichotoma, on Larval Recruitment

Hydroids are common, if not always conspicuous, animals in marine epibenthic communities, frequently growing on hard substrata, plants, and other animals. Yet the ecological roles of hydroids in these communities are only beginning to be understood. Hydroid stolons may overgrow and smother small sessile animals attached to the substratum or prevent the settlement of animals requiring the substratum for attachment (Coe, 1932; McDougall, 1943). Chemical suppressants produced by some hydroids can inhibit the growth of other hydroids (Kato, et al., 1967). Furthermore, some hydroid epizoites do not occur on hydranths, suggesting either predation on settling larvae or avoidance of the nematocyst-bearing regions by motile forms (Eggleston, 1972; Hughes, 1975).
A dynamic approach to the assessment of leaching behavior

This paper describes a set of experiments that were used to investigate the mechanisms that control the rate of leaching from municipal solid waste incinerator ashes and a numerical approach to the estimation of mass transfer coefficients. A small column reactor was used for the experiments, and chemical equilibrium speciation software was used to assist in analyzing the leachate composition. It was found that certain major ions and trace metals were limited by the solubility of various solid phases, while other major ions were limited in concentration by physical transport processes. The numerical model was able to satisfactorily predict the influence of the controlling solid phases, and was able to estimate the governing mass transfer coefficients. For example, the model accurately predicts that the release of lead from the ash is controlled early on (the first approximately 50 pore volumes) by the solubility of PbSO 4(s) , and for the following approximately 3000 pore volumes was controlled by the solubility of Pb(OH) 2(s) . Effective diffusion coefficients were significantly lower for trace metals and reactive major ions than for salts, indicating sorptive retardation within the ash matrix may be occurring.
Excess helium and argon in beryl and other minerals

All beryl crystals appear to contain a quantity of helium and argon in great excess over that which can be acccounted for from radioactive decay. Other magnetic minerals which have structural sites suitable for large nonessential atoms such as cordierite and tourmaline also show this excess in variable amount. It seems that this excess inert gas must represent a sample of the magnetic gases in the immediate environment of the forming crystal amd as such can prowide useful information on magnetic conditions. Although there are considerable differences in the helium and argon concentration even in the same beryl crystal, these are small compared to the one hundred-fold difference belween crystals formed in the early Precambrian (--3.0 b.y.) and Paleozoic eras. This strong age effect is interpreted as suggesting more extensive history. (auth)
Is Predicting Software Security Bugs Using Deep Learning Better Than the Traditional Machine Learning Algorithms

Software insecurity is being identified as one of the leading causes of security breaches. In this paper, we revisited one of the strategies in solving software insecurity, which is the use of software quality metrics. We utilized a multilayer deep feedforward network in examining whether there is a combination of metrics that can predict the appearance of security-related bugs. We also applied the traditional machine learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, naive bayes, and support vector machines and compared the results with that of the Deep Learning technique. The results have successfully demonstrated that it was possible to develop an effective predictive model to forecast software insecurity based on the software metrics and using Deep Learning. All the models generated have shown an accuracy of more than sixty percent with Deep Learning leading the list. This finding proved that utilizing Deep Learning methods and a combination of software metrics can be tapped to create a better forecasting model thereby aiding software developers in predicting security bugs.
Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Everyday Discrimination on Age-Related Memory Decline

Abstract Background/objectives Previous research suggests that everyday discrimination is associated with worse episodic memory and partially mediates Black-White disparities in memory aging. The biological mechanisms underlying the link between everyday discrimination and memory are unclear but may involve inflammatory processes. This study aimed to determine whether systemic inflammation, indexed by blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), mediates associations between everyday discrimination and episodic memory over 6 years. Design A longitudinal mediation model quantified associations between baseline everyday discrimination, 4-year change in CRP, and 6-year change in episodic memory. Setting The Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Participants 12,624 HRS participants aged 51 and older. Measurements Everyday Discrimination Scale, high-sensitivity CRP assays of dried blood spots, composite scores of immediate and delayed recall of a word list. Results Black participants reported greater everyday discrimination. Greater discrimination was associated with lower baseline memory and faster memory decline. Higher CRP at baseline partially mediated the negative association between discrimination and baseline memory, but CRP change did not mediate the association between discrimination and memory decline. Conclusion This U.S.-representative longitudinal study provides evidence for deleterious effects of discrimination on subsequent episodic memory. The fact that elevated CRP only partially explained the concurrent association between discrimination and memory highlights the need for more comprehensive investigations of biological mechanisms underlying the link between social stress and age-related memory decline in order to better characterize potential intervention targets to reduce racial inequalities in memory aging.
Conclusion: ‘Yo creo que nosotros estamos en el PE todavía’—I Still Think We’re in the Special Period

In addition to summarizing the main arguments of the book, this chapter focuses on how there appears to be little change in women’s work and their daily lives since the crisis was officially declared over in 2005 and the present day as state salaries alone are still not enough to survive on. By discussing the paradox that so many women resorted to the unskilled and gendered forms of labor that their grandmothers had occupied prior to the revolution (such as cooking, sewing, cleaning, reselling, and sex work), Jeronimo Kersh highlights an end to 30 years of remarkable gender progress in the workplace and how Cuba can now be likened to other countries in the region.
Relationship among body mass, metabolic rate and the intrinsic rate of natural increase in mammals.

The intrinsic rate of natural increase, rm, was calculated for 44 mammalian species using the Cole (1954) equation and life history data from the literature. Values of rm so calculated were plotted as log10rm versus log10 body mass revealing a linear relationship with a slope of-0.2622. The equation of the regression line fitting these data was then used to correct rm for body mass so that interspecific comparisons with respect to rm and basal metabolic rate could be made to determine if a positive relationship exists between these two parameters. Basal metabolic rate correlates positively with rm, and apparently is one of many factors operating in the evolution of rm. Implications of these conclusions with respect to food habits, resource limitations, and the possible existence of a trade-off between maintenance and reproduction in certain environments is discussed.
THE TREE DON’T CARE WHAT THE LITTLE BIRD SINGS: THE AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION AND EDWARD SNOWDEN

By making Americans aware of a secret government surveillance program targeting their electronic communications, Edward Snowden intended to kickstart a public debate on the nature of democratic governance. His intentions are likely to hit a wall of indifference. Why? The answer may lie in the American political culture.
Tensile and compressive behavior of Borsic/aluminum

The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior of Borsic/aluminum are presented. Composite laminates were tested in tension and compression for monotonically increasing load and also for variable loading cycles in which the maximum load was increased in each successive cycle. It is shown that significant strain-hardening, and corresponding increase in yield stress, is exhibited by the metal matrix laminates. For matrix dominated laminates, the current yield stress is essentially identical to the previous maximum stress, and unloading is essentially linear with large permanent strains after unloading. For laminates with fiber dominated behavior, the yield stress increases with increase in the previous maximum stress, but the increase in yield stress does not keep pace with the previous maximum stress. These fiber dominated laminates exhibit smaller nonlinear strains, reversed nonlinear behavior during unloading, and smaller permanent strains after unloading. Compression results from sandwich beams and flat coupons are shown to differ considerably. Results from beam specimens tend to exhibit higher values for modulus, yield stress, and strength.
RTS,S/AS01 vaccine (Mosquirix™): an overview

Malaria is an illness caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. Of the five species that infect humans, P. falciparum exacts the highest toll in terms of human mo...
Influence of combined treatment with naltrexone and memantine on alcohol drinking behaviors: a phase II randomized crossover trial.

Glutamate and opioid systems play important roles in alcohol drinking behaviors. We examined if combined treatment with the NMDA antagonist memantine and the opioid antagonist naltrexone, when compared with naltrexone alone, would have a greater influence on alcohol drinking behaviors. Fifty-six, non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers, with alcohol dependence and a positive family history (FHP) of alcoholism, participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial, including two 6–8 days treatment periods, separated by a 6-day washout, and 3 alcohol drinking paradigm (ADP) sessions. After the first baseline (BAS) ADP1 session, participants were randomized to receive either naltrexone (NTX; 50 mg/day) + placebo memantine, or NTX (50 mg/day) + memantine (MEM; 20 mg/day), during the first treatment period, following which they completed ADP2. After a 6-day washout, participants were crossed over to the treatment they did not receive during the first treatment period, following which they completed ADP3. During each ADP, participants received a priming drink of alcohol followed by 3 1-hour, self-administration periods during which they had ad-lib access to 12 drinks. Individually, both NTX and NTX + MEM, when compared to BAS ADP1, significantly reduced the number of drinks consumed (p’s < 0.001) and craving (p’s < 0.001). When comparing NTX + MEM vs. NTX on number of drinks consumed, there was a significant treatment* sequence interaction (p = 0.004). Specifically, when NTX + MEM followed NTX alone, NTX + MEM resulted in a further reduction in drinking (mean: −1.94; 95% CI: −2.6, −0.8, p = 0.0005). However, when NTX alone followed NTX + MEM, NTX alone did not lead to further reduction in drinking (mean: 0.59; 95% CI: −0.67, 1.43, p = 0.47). Similar patterns were observed for alcohol craving; specifically, a significant reduction in craving was observed when NTX + MEM followed NTX alone (p = 0.009), but craving reduction was maintained when NTX + MEM was followed by NTX alone. Neither treatment condition significantly influenced alcohol-induced stimulation or sedation. Memantine (at a dose of 20 mg/day) enhances the efficacy of naltrexone (50 mg/day) in reducing alcohol drinking and craving among FHP drinkers with beneficial effects that appear to carryover after discontinuation of memantine treatment.
Telemedicine and Health Information Exchange: An Opportunity for Integration

The evolving healthcare environment is requiring changes in the delivery of healthcare services and sharing of health information that can enhance the patient’s experience and access, improve health outcomes, and reduce costs (“The Triple Aim”). As Telemedicine can provide improved access to healthcare services that support distant providers and patients, including the pediatric population and their families, a Health Information Exchange (HIE) provides a system for the secure sharing of patient information from a variety of healthcare provider organizations and their diverse electronic health records (EHRs) that otherwise cannot easily share patient information and thus can create one consolidated integrated record. A state-wide or regional HIE can be designed to allow a patient’s health information to be consolidated into a single view and record from a variety of EHRs, listing the original source and time of all diagnoses, medications, allergies, immunizations, procedures, lab and radiology reports, and even progress notes and summaries. Using established interoperability standards, such as through HL7, Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), and other formats for interoperability, and creating an interface with each organization’s electronic health record, there can be secure bi-directional sharing of protected health information among all authorized participants in the HIE. The integration of HIE with Telemedicine is particularly critical since telemedicine encounters often involve healthcare provider organizations on different EHRs, so a consolidated record is critical to improve the efficiency, continuity, and coordination of appropriate comprehensive care.
43 COVID Crisis: A Burn Approach

Introduction The net effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on this northeastern, urban healthcare system during March, April and May 2020 was the redirection of virtually all resources to the care of the affected population Conversion of the majority of the hospital's assets, including staff and infrastructure, to COVID care created a large reduction in resources for other clinical problems The burn service was among those few essential disciplines that continued to receive acutely affected individuals during the crisis The preservation of the burn center's ability to continue its mission within the walls of a COVID hospital is the subject of this review Methods All of the hospital's ICU rooms, including all those on the burn unit, post anesthesia care units, some step-down units, and over 90% of the operating rooms (ORs) converted to COVID care ICUs These vital actions by hospital administration enabled an increase in ICU beds from 114 to 270 Staff were redeployed to cover the massive influx of critical COVID patients Burn inpatients during the transition were categorized by severity and age for disposition consideration Of the 17 inpatients, 4 pediatric patients discharged home and 1 transferred to our associated children's hospital;7 adults discharged home, 2 transferred to our associated inpatient psychiatric hospital, 1 to inpatient rehab, and 2 transferred to a neighboring orthopedic hospital converted into an adult acute care hospital The commitment to keep the burn center operational for both children and adults was facilitated by protecting the burn ICU hydrotherapy room, a large patient care space in the center of the burn ICU Children, initially admitted and cared for in the hydrotherapy room until stable, transferred to our network Children's hospital for continued care Critical adult burns were admitted to the inpatient ICU with the COVID patients, acute burns were housed on the few remaining medical surgical units Burn care was performed in the patients' rooms to keep the hydrotherapy room "clean" Results During the 3-month period described the burn service admitted and cared for 92 adult and 25 pediatric patients while maintaining a full ICU census Although 3 admitted burn patients were COVID +, no burn patients housed in the ICU became COVID + during their stay Conclusions The commitment to protect the burn hydrotherapy space for burn triage and care from the top level of administration was critical and notable given the widespread conversion of the subspecialty ICUs and most other patient care areas to COVID care units Strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines and protection of the hydrotherapy room allowed burn patients to receive timely and appropriate care during a pandemic
Ruptured blister-type cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis and treatment with flow diversion using a novel antiplatelet agent cangrelor

Abstract Ruptured blister type aneurysms are challenging to treat, and the ideal treatment remains debated. Recently, endovascular procedures, particularly flow diversion, gained popularity in treating blister aneurysms; however, the need for dual antiplatelet therapy remains a significant concern. Cangrelor is a novel intravenous P2Y12 platelet receptor antagonist with reversible binding and rapid onset and offset of action. These characteristics are appealing for use in endovascular procedures and may mitigate some concerns associated with other P2Y12 receptor antagonists. In this manuscript, we present the case of a ruptured blister aneurysm to highlight features of pathogenesis relevant to clinical course and patient management, describe current treatment paradigms, and illustrate the benefits of cangrelor in neurosurgical patients. Previously studied exclusively in the cardiac literature, this is one of the first reports of the use of cangrelor in neuro-endovascular procedures. This is important as cangrelor has the potential for improving the safety of endovascular procedures, especially in patients where treatment is associated with high risks of intraprocedural bleeding or other complications that may require further intervention.
Ecofeminist Theology: Intersectional Justice and Plumwood’s Philosophical Animism:

The multi-faceted ecological crisis—combining problems of ecology, society, and religion—is tied to the ideologies implicit in Western thinking. In this essay, I outline an ecofeminist theology whi...
Educational interventions for shared decision making and the role of patient agency: A Systematic Review

Background: Shared decision making is critical to patient-centered care and yet there is limited consensus on effective teaching approaches for training physicians in this domain. As a collaborative process in which the patient and physician co-create a decision, patient and relational agency may be important contributors and studies with patient-reported outcomes may identify successful approaches and determine gaps in pedagogy. The authors conducted a systematic review of educational interventions for shared decision making, focusing on patient-reported outcomes and consideration of agency. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies describing educational interventions with patient-level outcomes published between January 2000 and January 2020. Articles were excluded if they were not in English, included only patient interventions, or reported only physician outcomes. Quality assessment was performed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). Data about the educational methods used were extracted and included studies were assessed for quality. Thematic analysis was performed to identify the potential role of agency. Results: 26 articles were identified describing 17 unique studies. Educational interventions were diverse in duration and content, with multiple components. Three-quarters of studies used role play or simulated patients and 82% included tools to facilitate shared decisions. Although no articles explicitly discussed facilitating agency as a component of the intervention or as an outcome, one qualitative study demonstrated themes of patient and relational agency. Conclusions: Educational interventions included small group discussion, decision aids, role play, and simulated patients, and improved a range of patient outcomes, but our study included only studies including practicing physicians, limiting applicability to trainees and other health care providers. Interventions have not included explicit instructional design around agency, but qualitative analyses demonstrated interventions may facilitate agency and shared decision making. Future instructional strategies should consider the complexity inherent in co-constructing decisions.
An Anthropomorphic Passive Instrumented Hand for Validating Wearable Robotic Systems

Robotic exoskeletons for the hand have the potential to enhance physical rehabilitation and augment functional recovery following neurological injury. However, before such devices can be deployed to the home and clinic, robust experimental validation of performance capabilities is required. Currently, researchers rely on human subjects for these validations, but this method makes the separation of device and active wearer contributions difficult to determine. To address the need for a robust mechanical analog of the human hand in exoskeleton validation, we have produced a low-cost, open-source, instrumented hand. This design features variable stiffness joints with position sensing, anthropomorphic palm and finger phalanges with human-like joint couplings, thumb origin location, and kinematic structure. Importantly, the novel joint design enables human-like double exponential finger joint stiffness. It improves on the state of the art, which comprises linear joint stiffness profiles, non-anthropomorphic size and shape, and inaccurate thumb kinematics. In this paper, we detail the design of this device and validate its performance for use in the design and validation of wearable systems.
Local Shock Properties Measurement Using Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy

In this article, the dynamic response of a heterogeneous microstructure of polymer bonded composite was analyzed to a short duration shock pulse. The composite microstructure studied is a polymerbonded sugar (PBS) with single-crystal sucrose embedded inside the polydimethylsiloxane binder. The shock pulse was created by the impact of the aluminum disk at high speeds using a laser-based projectile launch system. The mechanical response on the microscale domain was measured using ultrafast time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. The in-situ analysis of the change in Raman spectra from PBS during shock compression was captured in the time domain using a streak camera. The results show a steeply rising shock front after the impact where the shock pressure rise time was estimated from the time-resolved Raman spectra. The viscoplastic behavior in the local microscale domain was characterized by quantifying effective shock viscosity measured in the vicinity of the crystal-binder interface.
Drug Synergism and Dose-Effect Data Analysis

Combinations of Chemicals Dose-Response Analysis Linear Regression: A Further Discussion Calculations for Combination Drug Analysis. The Composite Additive Curve Quantal Dose-Response Data: Probit and Logit Analysis Analysis of Drug Combinations over a Range of Drug Ratios Analysis of a Single Dose Combination Different Experimental Designs Response Surface Analysis of Drug Combinations Nonlinear Regression Analysis Statistical Concepts and Tests of Hypotheses Appendix
Neuroethology: What Does It Mean for General Neurobiology?

Neuroethology is a relatively new name for the overlap between neuroscience and ethology; it embraces the whole gamut of approaches applied to questions that might illumine the neural basis of species-characteristic behavior. It overlaps with physiological psychology, psychobiology and cognitive science as well as comparative and evolutionary biology. The purpose of this chapter, after a minimal exposition of the boundaries and definition of neuroethology, is to defend the claim that it is more than isolated bits of amazing natural history but deals with basic issues of several kinds. A number of examples are presented, most of them share the feature that they are unfinished stories and await new work. Especially needed are the relatively neglected approaches of system organization and evolution among higher taxa. Most of the illustrative cases are grouped under three Rs to underline the diversity of their contributions to general neurobiology. “Roots” refers to the goal of discerning phylogenetic history, what is old and what is new. “Rules” stands for the search for operating principles and favorable species for reductionist analysis of the substrates of behavior. “Relevance” emphasizes the significance of neuroethological findings for other fields of science and problems of the human condition.
Modification of hemoglobin A with dimethyl adipimidate. Contribution of individual reacted subunits to changes in oxygen affinity.

The effect of dimethyl adipimidate, a bifunctional imidoester, on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin A has been studied. Treatment of human oxyhemoglobin with 5 mM dimethyl adipimidate at pH 8.5, room temperature is accompanied by an increase in oxygen affinity in the presence and absence of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Circular dichroism measurements in the ultraviolet region indicate that dimethyl adipimidate-treated hemoglobin exhibits a reduced conformational change upon deoxygenation. In order to study the contribution of reacted individual subunits, α and β subunits of dimethyl adipimidate-treated and untreated hemoglobin have been separated and reconstituted to form hybrid tetramers containing either the α-treated (αtβc) or the β-treated subunits (αcβt). Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of isolated α and β globin subunits as well as hybrid tetramers from dimethyl adipimidate-treated hemoglobin reveals that 20% of the globin subunits are cross-linked. In the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, modification of α subunits increases the oxygen affinity and reduces the conformational change of the tetramer upon deoxygenation whereas modification of β subunits has no effect. However, treatment of β subunits decreases the effect of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid on the oxygen affinity of the hybrids and reduces the 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid-induced spectral changes in oxyhemoglobin. Therefore the interaction of dimethyl adipimidate with both the α and β subunits contributes to regulating the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin.
THE SUBURBANIZATION OF DECLINE: FILTERING, NEIGHBORHOODS, AND HOUSING MARKET DYNAMICS

ABSTRACT:This study explores how the locations and characteristics of neighborhoods affected the process of housing filtering in the Orlando metropolitan area during the 2000s. The results show that racial composition was an important determinant of filtering down and that the foreclosure rate and income composition of neighborhoods became more important factors during the housing market bust period. The filtering process tended to be more affected by neighborhood attributes than by changes in the housing market, especially during the housing market bust period. As the filtering down process was not sensitive to the neighborhood location itself, suburban areas were also susceptible to filtering down processes like inner city areas. Moreover, there was a high probability of suburban decline through filtering down during the housing market bust period. These results may be the reflection of recent trends of central city rebound and suburban decline in the Sun Belt.
The Limits of the Matrix: Ideas and Power in Russian Politics of the 2000s

As authoritarian leaders seek to protect their regimes from a populace yearning for greater democracy, they must use ideas to motivate the public and ensure their own legitimacy as well as strategies and mechanisms to sustain their power.
High-resolution gravity mapping: The next generation of sensors

Gravity sensors have long been used to infer Earth's mass density variations at all spatial scales. Instruments on airborne platforms are now commonly employed for oil exploration and geoid modeling. Satellite systems (CHAMP and GRACE) have recently been launched and new missions are in development (GOCE) to map the gravity field globally up to resolutions better than 100 km. In addition, the precision of these space-borne sensors is sufficient to discern the monthly (and longer-term) temporal variations of the field, thus enabling improved modeling of the time variations in continental hydrology, sea level, polar ice mass, and ocean bottom pressure. Improvements in terrestrial instrumentation, primarily in gravity gradiometry, portend similar capabilities at much finer spatial scales. Regional temporal variations in the continental water storage, and the crust's vertical motion associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and extractions of water and oil deposits, can all potentially be detected with new gradiometers currently under development. One of the leading new technologies is based on the cold-atom interferometer that uses the wave-like properties of laser-cooled atoms to infer their acceleration in a gravitational field. This paper gives a statistical analysis of gravitational signals and errors of current and future moving-base sensors and provides an outline of capabilities, limitations, and requirements for applications in geodesy and geophysics. It is shown that gravity gradiometry, with a near-term goal of 0.1 E/√Hz sensitivity, easily detects mass changes due to major earthquakes and borders on sensing regional significant hydrological changes.
Economic Growth and Tax and Expenditure Limitations

Using a neoclassical spatial growth framework we explore the influence of tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) on the economic growth of U.S. states. We accomplish this by using a panel of annual data for the 50 states from 1990 to 2010, with a variable parameter specification coupled with a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel estimator. We find that more restrictive tax and expenditure limitations can influence the growth process; however, this relationship varies over levels of income and type of TEL.
Design of Coupled or Uncoupled Multifilamentary SSC-Type Strands with Almost Zero Retained Magnetization at Fields Near 0.3 T

Multifilamentary Cu-matrix strands with interfilamentary spacing as small as 0.2 μm can be almost fully decoupled by the addition of 0.5 wt.% Mn to the interfilamentary Cu. Decoupling in this way seems to be beneficial from a field-stability standpoint. On the other hand, the elimination of coupling does little to reduce residual strand-magnetization at the injection field of about 0.3 T when that field is approached, as usual, along the shielding branch of M(H). This residual diamagnetic magnetization (say MR) of the winding material is responsible for unwanted distortion (multipole formation) of the dipolar field. It is demonstrated that MR can be locally cancelled to zero by associating the strand with a small volume-fraction (less than 2%, depending on filament diameter) of pure Ni or any other low-field-saturable ferromagnetic material. The presence of the Ni has little effect on the shape of the M(H) hysteresis loop of the strand, other than to shift its wings uniformly in the + M (when H is positive) and -M directions, respectively. In practice, the Ni could be administered as: (a) additional filaments, (b) interfilamentary barriers, or (c) an electroplated layer on the outside of the strand.
Macroeconomic news and bond market volatility1

Abstract We examine the reaction of daily Treasury bond prices to the release of U.S. macroeconomic news. These news releases (of employment and producer price index data) are of interest because they are released on periodic, preannounced dates and because they are associated with substantial bond market volatility. We investigate whether these nonautocorrelated announcements give rise to autocorrelated volatility. We find that announcement-day volatility does not persist at all, consistent with the immediate incorporation of information into prices. We also find a risk premium on these release dates.
10 – Vector Quantization

Publisher Summary A quantization strategy that works with sequences or blocks of output provides some improvement in performance over scalar quantization. This chapter provides an overview of vector quantization. The vector of source outputs forms the input to the vector quantizer. At both the encoder and decoder of the vector quantizer, one has a set of L-dimensional vectors called the codebook of the vector quantizer. The vectors in this codebook known as “code-vectors” are selected to be representative of the vectors one generates from the source output. Each code-vector is assigned a binary index. At the encoder, the input vector is compared to each code-vector to find the code-vector closest to the input vector. The elements of this code-vector are the quantized values of the source output. To inform the decoder about which code-vector was found to be the closest to the input vector, one transmits or store the binary index of the code-vector. Because the decoder has exactly the same codebook, it can retrieve the code-vector given its binary index.