cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of biodegradable (PGA) fabric for repair of solid organ injury: a combined institution experience

Abstract A fabric constructed of biodegradable mesh was used in the operative repair of injured intra-abdominal organs in 60 patients at two Level I Trauma Centres. Splenorrhaphy was performed in 44 patients, hepatorrhaphy in eight, renorrhaphy in five and one combined repair of spleen and liver and one kidney and liver. The age range for the patients was 5 to 61 years. Multiple-organ injury occurred in 21 patients. Mean emergency room systolic BP for the patient series was 120 ± 24 mmHg (SD), Glasgow Coma Scale 14.3 ± 1.9, haematocrit 37.2 ± 6.4 per cent, Injury Severity Score (ISS) 28.1 ± 16.3, Abdominal Trauma Index (ATI) 15.5 ± 7.5. Postoperative complications occurred in 36.7 per cent of patients. Time for the operation averaged 165.1 + 72.1 min and preoperative and operative transfusion volume averaged 2248 ml. There were three deaths (5.4 per cent). The mesh organ repair technique is an alternative to conventional surgical procedures used to control bleeding from injured organ surfaces and to close organ parenchymal defects.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: A Critical Survey of the Ethical Issues

Medical research and technology, particularly in areas related to genetics, promise continuous discoveries and capabilities surpassing anything we could have imagined just a few decades ago. But with each new major scientific advance, our moral horizon inevitably moves. Procedures that have been considered morally problematic in the not too distant past—for example, in vitro fertilization, during its early years called ‘‘making test tube babies’’—are taken for granted today. Indeed, biological science and technology are moving so fast it may be impossible for our ethical reflections to keep up. It is appropriate that advances in medicine and technology affect our ethical perspectives by expanding our sense of ourselves, our potential, and our relations with others. But such transformations, if they are to be beneficial, must be achieved within the thoughtful context of reflection on our values. While values can, must, and should change in this explosive context of emerging scientific and medical possibilities, we should also be able to feel grounded in an abiding foundation of enduring and deep principles from which the new decisions may be approached. The issue of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research has been among the most socially divisive public concerns in recent years, both morally and politically, and both nationally and internationally. This scientific technique raises many issues—from the exclusively practical to the deeply philosophical. In this article I will consider some of the major moral and social issues of hESC research, and their implications, to help clarify the many important considerations at stake.
Fleck and the social constitution of scientific objectivity.

Abstract Ludwik Fleck’s theory of thought-styles has been hailed as a pioneer of constructivist science studies and sociology of scientific knowledge. But this consensus ignores an important feature of Fleck’s epistemology. At the core of his account is the ideal of ‘objective truth, clarity, and accuracy’. I begin with Fleck’s account of modern natural science, locating the ideal of scientific objectivity within his general social epistemology. I then draw on Fleck’s view of scientific objectivity to improve upon reflexive accounts of the origin and development of the theory of thought-styles, and reply to objections that Fleck’s epistemological stance is self-undermining or inconsistent. Explicating the role of scientific objectivity in Fleck’s epistemology reveals his view to be an internally consistent alternative to recent social accounts of scientific objectivity by Harding, Daston and Galison. I use these contrasts to indicate the strengths and weaknesses of Fleck’s innovative social epistemology, and propose modifications to address the latter. The result is a renewed version of Fleck’s social epistemology, which reconciles commitment to scientific objectivity with integrated sociology, history and philosophy of science.
Are computers merely "supporting" cooperative work: towards an ethnography of bot development

My dissertation investigates bots as a mode of software development. I am interested in how bots reconfigure relations in collaborative systems, particularly the production of alternative relations of power and agency between developers, users, platforms, and code. I am particularly interested in exploring whether bots require us to focus not on how computers 'support' the cooperative work of humans, but instead on how bots can be seen as active participants in collaborative communities. To this end, I propose a two-faced ethnography of bot development, relating first the subjective experiences of bot developers, then the subjective experiences of bots themselves.
Carving differential unit test cases from system test cases

Unit test cases are focused and efficient. System tests are effective at exercising complex usage patterns. Differential unit tests (DUT) are a hybrid of unit and system tests. They are generated by carving the system components, while executing a system test case, that influence the behavior of the target unit, and then re-assembling those components so that the unit can be exercised as it was by the system test. We conjecture that DUTs retain some of the advantages of unit tests, can be automatically and inexpensively generated, and have the potential for revealing faults related to intricate system executions. In this paper we present a framework for automatically carving and replaying DUTs that accounts for a wide-variety of strategies, we implement an instance of the framework with several techniques to mitigate test cost and enhance flexibility, and we empirically assess the efficacy of carving and replaying DUTs.
Lifetime imaging with optical fibers

Lifetime-imaging has quickly become a standard tool for many applications in biology, medicine, and engineering. Luminescence lifetime is dependent on the chemical environment surrounding the lumiphore so lifetime images give scientists far more chemical information than traditional images. Most lifetime imaging systems require the sample to be brought to the sample stage of a fluorescence lifetime microscope or other lifetime imaging set-up. We are developing lifetime- based fiber-optic imaging systems and sensors for a variety of in-situ measurements. In this work, small diameter optical imaging guides are used to carry light from an excitation source to a remote, or in-situ, sample and also to return the resulting luminescence image through the same image guide to a time-resolved imaging detector. For example, we have developed lifetime-based fiber-optic water and oxygen imaging sensors with the sensing chemistry directly attached to the distal tip of an image guide. These sensors use a pulsed excitation source and a gated camera (ICCD) to collect the images. In addition, we are developing a dual-pulse lifetime imaging system for remote imaging without a gated detector. This paper will report on the current status of our lifetime- based fiber-optic imaging sensors, dual-pulse methods and potential applications.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The MuCool / MICE LH2 absorber program

The continuing LH2 R & D by the MuCool group, conducted by Illinois Consortium for Accelerator Research (ICAR) institutions (NIU, IIT and UIUC), the University of Mississippi, Oxford University and Fermilab, are summarized here, including results for the first hydrogen tests of an absorber prototype from Osaka University and KEK cooled by internal convection at the newly constructed FNAL MuCool Test Area (MTA). The program includes designs for the high-powered test of an absorber prototype (external heat exchange) at the MTA which are nearing completion to be installed by fall 2005, an alternative absorber design (internal heat exchange) being finalized for the approved cooling experiment (MICE) at Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, and a novel idea for gaseous hydrogen absorbers being developed at Fermilab for a high powered test at the MTA in 2006.
Derivation and Osmotolerance Characterization of Three Immortalized Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) Cell Lines

Fish cell cultures are becoming more widely used models for investigating molecular mechanisms of physiological response to environmental challenge. In this study, we derived two immortalized Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines from brain (OmB) and lip epithelium (OmL), and compared them to a previously immortalized bulbus arteriosus (TmB) cell line. The OmB and OmL cell lines were generated without or with Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor/3T3 feeder layer supplementation. Although both approaches were successful, ROCK inhibitor/feeder layer supplementation was found to offer the advantages of selecting for epithelial-like cell type and decreasing time to immortalization. After immortalization (≥ passage 5), we characterized the proteomes of the newly derived cell lines (OmB and OmL) using LCMS and identified several unique cell markers for each line. Subsequently, osmotolerance for each of the three cell lines following acute exposure to elevated sodium chloride was evaluated. The acute maximum osmotolerance of these tilapia cell lines (>700 mOsm/kg) was markedly higher than that of any other known vertebrate cell line, but was significantly higher in the epithelial-like OmL cell line. To validate the physiological relevance of these tilapia cell lines, we quantified the effects of acute hyperosmotic challenge (450 mOsm/kg and 700 mOsm/kg) on the transcriptional regulation of two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the compatible organic osmolyte, myo-inositol. Both enzymes were found to be robustly upregulated in all three tilapia cell lines. Therefore, the newly established tilapia cells lines represent valuable tools for studying molecular mechanisms involved in the osmotic stress response of euryhaline fish.
Distributed training: the MSU computer laboratory departmental trainer program

With the advent of microcomputers, distributed computing is here to stay. With distributed computing comes distributed expertise; people must learn to run their own computing centers, no matter what the size of the computers. In trying to deal with increased demands for training in a limited-resource environment, we have taken the natural step of distributing the responsibility for the training. With appropriate training materials, a person who knows how to use a program can lead someone else through the process of learning. The training materials must be sufficiently detailed to include training on all major features of the software that people regularly use and include conceptual material that takes the place of lectures. The commitment to distributed training must be real. Sufficient staff must be devoted to developing training materials because the materials must continue to evolve with the software it teaches and new materials must be created to meet the demands for training on new software.
Cold snaps still a threat despite global warming

[1] Long stretches of extreme cold weather can cause serious damage to agriculture as well as to transportation, water, and energy infrastructure. Cold snaps have the potential to kill people, with deaths attributed to cold weather often outpacing those caused by extreme heat. With climate projections anticipating at least 2°C increases in global average temperature by the end of the century, some regional planners may be taking solace in the idea that the threat of cold weather extremes could fade as the world warms. Research by Kodra et al., however, suggests that on a global scale the intensity and duration of extreme cold weather events will persist and in some regions will possibly even increase by the end of the 21st century. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047103, 2011)
Methylation of Iron-Sulfur Complexes by Trimethyl Phosphate.

Reaction of [(C4H9)4N]2[Fe4S4(SR)4] (R = C6H5, C2H5) with (CH3O)3PO in DMSO-d6 afforded [(C4H9)N]2{Fe4S4(SR)3[(CH3O)2PO2]} and CH3SR as revealed by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The more reduced species [(C2H5)4N]3[Fe4S4(SC2H5)4] gave uncoordinated (CH3O)2PO2- and CH3SC2H5 in addition to an unidentified iron thiolate species. Stoichiometric methylation of mononuclear [(C2H5)4N]2[Fe(SC2H5)4] by (CH3O)3PO afforded [Fe2(SC2H5)6]2- as well as free (CH3O)2PO2- and CH3SC2H5. Kinetic studies revealed the rate constant for methylation of [(C2H5)4N]3[Fe4S4(SC2H5)4] to be more than 200-fold higher than that of the oxidized analogues [(C4H9)4N]2[Fe4S4(SR)4] (R = C6H5, C2H5). The compound [(C2H5)4N]2[Fe(SC2H5)4] had the highest rate constant, ≥5 × 10-3 s-1 at concentrations of 5.0 mM in complex and 1.0 mM in (CH3O)3PO. Attempts to prepare site-differentiated tetranuclear iron−sulfur complexes by removing one thiolate via methylation and addition of second, capping ligands are described. These results are discussed...
Digital simulation of continuous feedback systems

Abstract Trapezoidal convolution derives general and special discrete equivalents of continuous feedback systems in a straightforward manner. A critique of two other published discretizations is presented.
Are the primordial germ cells (PGCs) in urodela formed by the inductive action of the vegetative yolk mass

Abstract In the present study, when carefully demarcated areas of blastula animal cap were combined with the vegetative yolk mass, PGCs occurred only in those combinations which included the equatorial marginal zone of the animal cap. Furthermore, removal of the vegetative yolk mass as early as stage 6 1 2 did not affect the formation of PGCs. On the basis of these and other observations it is suggested that in urodeles, as in anurans, PGCs may develop from specific cells which nevertheless differentiate into PGCs only when suitable mesodermal elements are formed.
Microwave bandpass filters with tunable center frequencies and reconfigurable transmission zeros

This article presents the design of a microwave bandpass filter with tunable center frequencies and reconfigurable transmission zeros. The tuning of the center frequencies is realized by loading varactors at the ends of the λ/2 resonator. The reconfiguration of transmission zero is implemented through varactors in combination with tapped λ/4 stubs. The equivalent circuit models of the tunable filters are provided. The transmission zeros can be set to be at the lower side, the upper side, or both sides of the passband. The design concept is demonstrated by measurement results for both one transmission zero case and two transmission zeros case. The tuning frequency ranges are 680–890 MHz and 680–1020 MHz for one zero case and two zeros case, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1526–1531, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27628
Conditioned suppression maintained by loud noise instead of shock

Three Rhesus monkeys were trained on a VI schedule and habituated to the CS (flashing, houselights or a clicker). The US was 1 sec. of 115 db noise presented with CS termination. After pairing with the US the two CS were equally effective in producing response suppression.
Aging and the Perception of Slant from Optical Texture, Motion Parallax, and Binocular Disparity

The ability of younger and older observers to perceive surface slant was investigated in four experiments. The surfaces possessed slants of 20 degrees, 35 degrees, 50 degrees, and 65 degrees, relative to the frontoparallel plane. The observers judged the slants using either a palm board (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) or magnitude estimation (Experiment 2). In Experiments 1-3, physically slanted surfaces were used (the surfaces possessed marble, granite, pebble, and circle textures), whereas computer-generated 3-D surfaces (defined by motion parallax and binocular disparity) were utilized in Experiment 4. The results showed that the younger and older observers' performance was essentially identical with regard to accuracy. The younger and older age groups, however, differed in terms of precision in Experiments 1 and 2: The judgments of the older observers were more variable across repeated trials. When taken as a whole, the results demonstrate that older observers (at least through the age of 83 years) can effectively extract information about slant in depth from optical patterns containing texture, motion parallax, or binocular disparity.
Patients' Affective Reactions to Receiving Diagnostic Feedback

Concern over the potentially stigmatizing and discouraging effects of diagnostic labels motivates many clinicians to withhold diagnostic information. To better understand how patients are emotionally affected when they receive diagnostic feedback, this clinical effectiveness study examined clients' affective reactions to the receipt of diagnostic feedback at an outpatient community clinic. Fifty–three adult outpatients at a community–based clinic participated in this study. A within–subjects design was employed in which clients' mood and attitudes towards therapy were rated at five points during the interview and diagnostic feedback process. Results indicated that clients reported no change in negative emotions (such as shame and fear) and significant increases in positive emotions (such as hope and validation) following diagnostic feedback provision. These results suggest that diagnostic feedback, when provided in a careful and constructive manner, tends to increase clients' positive emotions and potenti...
Intermixing and growth kinetics of the first Co monolayers on Cu(001)

We report on the interfacial intermixing of ultrathin Co films on a Cu(001) single crystal, two materials that are immiscible in the bulk. With increasing deposition rate we find a crossover from layer-by-layer to bilayer growth due to a hindered diffusion from the first layer to the substrate. Above two monolayers, growth proceeds in a layer-by-layer fashion. These effects are explained in terms of surface free energies.
Synthesis and processing of thin films in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O system

A number of key processing issues have been identified for the film growth and the subsequent processing of thin films in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O system. The interrelationship between the precursor and the typical ex-situ process schemes is examined. An aqueous photolithographic process technology for submicron device fabrication without significant degradation of the surface resistance and the use of rapid thermal processing for contact anneals are discussed. >
The link between tax rates and foreign direct investment

This paper investigates the impact of tax policy on foreign direct investment flows between the US and other countries using a panel data empirical approach. Using panel data is an attractive alternative to using single time series data because it provides greater statistical power and offers greater flexibility in terms of explanatory variables. This study finds many significant factors influencing the transfer of funds component of foreign direct investment. Most noteworthy is that, in addition to host and home country corporate tax rates having a significant effect on investment flows, the host and home country income tax rates are also significant.
A New Ring Shear Device to Measure the Large Displacement Shearing Behavior of Sands

Among devices commonly used to measure the shearing behavior of sands, only the ring shear device can shear a soil to virtually unlimited displacements without creating substantial nonuniformities in stress and strain distributions. However, some limitations have precluded its widespread use. A new ring shear device was constructed at the University of Illinois that has large specimen dimensions to reduce stress and strain nonuniformities, has auxiliary load and torque cells to measure any wall friction that develops along the confining rings, and utilizes quad-rings along the confining rings to prevent soil extrusion. Sample ring shear tests on a dry fine-grained, silty sand specimen demonstrate that the new ring shear device operates properly in both constant volume and drained conditions, providing identical effective stress friction angles at large displacements when shear and effective normal stresses on the shear plane are considered. Parallel drained and undrained triaxial compression tests on saturated specimens illustrate that the new ring shear device provides reasonable values of effective stress friction angle and show that the triaxial test does not shear specimens to sufficient displacement to reach critical state shear strengths for this sand, which was reached at displacements ranging from about 1 to 10 m.
Connatal Leigh Disease

Two children are described with pathology-proven Leigh disease. Rather than the typical degenerative course with loss of acquired development, they presented with a static encephalopathy manifested by seizures from birth and failure to acquire any milestones. A similar connatal presentation has been reported in other degenerative disorders, such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Heredodegenerative disorders should be considered when no cause is discovered for a severe, congenital, static encephalopathy.
Boundaries among Kin: Sovereignty, the Modern Treaty Process, and the Rise of Ethno-Territorial Nationalism among Yukon First Nations

The Canadian government recently concluded a series of land claim and self-government agreements with many First Nations in the Yukon Territory. A result of First Nation claims to land and sovereignty in the region, these modern treaties grant First Nations some real powers of self-governance. They are framed in the idiom of sovereignty, but they also compel First Nation people to accept—in practice if not in theory—a host of Euro-American assumptions about power and governance that are implicit in such a framing. This article focuses on a central premise of the sovereignty concept: territorial jurisdiction. The Yukon agreements carve the Yukon into fourteen distinct First Nation “traditional territories.” Although many assume that these territories reflect “traditional” patterns of land-use and occupancy, indigenous society in the Yukon was not composed of distinct political entities each with jurisdiction over its own territory. Thus, the agreements do not simply formalize jurisdictional boundaries among pre-existing First Nation polities; rather, they are mechanisms for creating the legal and administrative systems that bring those polities into being. The powers these agreements confer come in the territorial currency of the modern state, and territorialization processes they engender are transforming First Nation society in radical and often unintended ways. One significant aspect of this transformation is the emergence of multiple ethno-territorial identities, and corresponding nationalist sentiments. I examine these processes by focusing on two cases of contemporary boundary making among Yukon First Nations.
Defining hypnosis as a trance vs. cooperation: hypnotic inductions, suggestibility, and performance standards.

Abstract We compared participants' responsiveness to a standard administration of a hypnotic suggestibility scale (CURSS; Spanos, Radtke, Hodgins, Bertrand, Stam, & Moretti, 1983) that defined the ability to experience hypnosis in terms of cooperation (SI; standard induction, N = 27) with a version of the same scale administered with all references to cooperation removed (CR; cooperation removed, N = 34) and with a version of the scale with the “induction” removed (NI; no induction, N = 35). In a fourth condition, participants were informed that the ability to experience hypnosis depended on their ability to achieve an altered state of consciousness or “trance” (AS; altered state, N = 33). Removing instructions for cooperation had an effect on objective (CR < SI) but not on subjective hypnotic responding. Removing the hypnotic induction had no appreciable effect on any dimension of hypnotic responsivity. Consistent with predictions derived from performance standards theory (Lynn & Rhue, 1991), participant...
Comparing state-of-the-art evolutionary multi-objective algorithms for long-term groundwater monitoring design

This study compares the performances of four state-of-the-art evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) algorithms: the Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (NSGAII), the Epsilon-Dominance Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (e-NSGAII), the Epsilon-Dominance Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (eMOEA), and the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2), on a four-objective long-term groundwater monitoring (LTM) design test case. The LTM test case objectives include: (i) minimize sampling cost, (ii) minimize contaminant concentration estimation error, (iii) minimize contaminant concentration estimation uncertainty, and (iv) minimize contaminant mass estimation error. The 25-well LTM design problem was enumerated to provide the true Pareto-optimal solution set to facilitate rigorous testing of the EMO algorithms. The performances of the four algorithms are assessed and compared using three runtime performance metrics (convergence, diversity, and e-performance), two unary metrics (the hypervolume indicator and unary e-indicator) and the first-order empirical attainment function. Results of the analyses indicate that the e-NSGAII greatly exceeds the performance of the NSGAII and the eMOEA. The e-NSGAII also achieves superior performance relative to the SPEA2 in terms of search effectiveness and efficiency. In addition, the e-NSGAIIs simplified parameterization and its ability to adaptively size its population and automatically terminate results in an algorithm which is efficient, reliable, and easy-to-use for water resources applications. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Designing cellular permutation networks through coset decompositions of symmetric groups

Abstract Cellular permutation networks are an attractive family of networks for circuit switching in parallel computer systems. A group theoretic representation of these networks is given and it is shown that all existing cellular permutation arrays are the network realizations of the recursive coset decompositions of symmetric groups. Using such decompositions, new cellular permutation networks are also designed. In addition, it is shown that cellular permutation networks can be set up in O ( n ) serial time which compares favorably with the O ( n log 2 n ) setup time of asymptotically optimal permutation networks. Finally, both discrete gate and VLSI implementations of cellular permutation networks are described.
Properties of Excitatory Synaptic Responses in Fast-spiking Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells from Monkey and Rat Prefrontal Cortex

In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during working memory tasks fastspiking (FS) interneurons might shape the spatial selectivity of pyramidal cell firing. In order to provide time control of pyramidal cell activity, incoming excitatory inputs should excite FS interneurons more vigorously than pyramidal cells. This can be achieved if subthreshold excitatory responses of interneurons are considerably stronger and faster than those in pyramidal neurons. Here we compared the functional properties of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) between pyramidal cells and FS interneurons in slices from monkey dorsolateral PFC and rat prelimbic cortex. Miniature, unitary (in connected pairs or by minimal stimulation) and compound (evoked by electrical stimulation of the white matter) EPSPswererecordedinwholecellmode.WefoundthatEPSPswere significantly larger and faster in FS interneurons than those recorded from pyramidal cells, consistent with the idea of more efficient recruitment of FS interneurons compared to pyramidal neurons. Similar results were obtained in monkey and rat PFC, suggesting a stable role of FS interneurons in this circuitry across species.
Impact of country effects on the performance of service firms

Purpose – Understanding the impact of country effect on financial performance is important for service firms as they continue to grow and operate across national borders. The purpose of this paper is to empirically quantify the impact of country and several country-specific variables on firm performance in the service sector by estimating the portion of variation in firm performance attributed to these factors. Design/methodology/approach – Using hierarchical linear models, the authors estimate the proportion of variation driven by country effects. These estimates are obtained from a data panel of 16,051 units from 3,345 service firms across 32 countries over a seven-year time frame (2001-2007). Findings – In the analysis, home country explains approximately 11 percent of the variance in performance. Additionally, the authors find that six country-specific variables, namely, quality of governance, openness to trade, wealth, growth rate, uncertainty avoidance and individualism collectively explain 10 perce...
A Fiber Matrix Model for the Growth of Macromolecular Leakage Spots in the Arterial Intima

A new model is presented for the growth of cellular level macromolecular leakage spots in the arterial intima. The theoretical approach differs from the recent study by Yuan et al. [19] in that it directly models and calculates the intimal transport parameters based on Frank and Fogelman's [22] ultrastructural observations of the extracellular subendothelial proteoglycan matrix that their rapid freeze etching technique preserves (see Addendum). Using a heterogeneous fiber matrix theory, which includes proteoglycan and collagen components, the model predicts that the Darcy permeability Kp and macromolecular diffusivity D of the subendothelial intima is two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding values measured in the media, and supports the observations in Lark et al. [24] that the proteoglycan structure of the intima differs greatly from that of the media. Numerical results show that convection parallel to the endothelium is a very significant transport mechanism for macromolecules in the intima in a large region of roughly 200 microns diameter surrounding the leaky cleft. The predictions of the new model for the early-time spread of the advancing convective-diffusive front from the leakage spots in the intima are in close agreement with our experimental measurements for the growth of HRP spots in [20]. The regions of high concentration surrounding the leaky cell, however, are much more limited and cover an area that is typically equivalent to 20 cells. This prediction is consistent with the recent measurements of Truskey et al. for LDL spot size in rabbit aorta [21] and the hypothesis advanced in [19] that there is a colocalization of subendothelial liposome growth and cellular level leakage. Finally, comparison of predicted and experimentally-measured average LDL concentration in leakage spots strongly suggests that there is significant local molecular sieving at the interface between the fenestral openings in the internal elastic lamina and the media.
Management of motor problems in cerebral palsy: a critical update for the clinician.

Currently there is no specific treatment for the brain insults leading to motor dysfunction in cerebral palsy. The available symptomatic therapeutic options place cerebral palsy among the costliest chronic childhood conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to make wellinformed decisions in an effort to match cost-effectiveness with patient and family needs. This presentation aims to analyze the efficacy of rehabilitation therapy, orthoses, oral medications, botulinum toxin, intrathecal baclofen, complementary or alternative treatments and discuss guidelines for a goal oriented approach. Despite insufficient reporting of trials, physiotherapy has shifted from traditional to goal oriented approaches, based on principles of motor learning, strength and fitness training. Correct choice and use of orthoses is stressed, yet evidence from primary studies is limited. Pharmacological treatments of spasticity (oral agents, botulinum toxin, intrathecal baclofen) may be alternatives or supplements to orthopaedic surgery. There is evidence that botulinum toxin combined with conservative treatments reduces the number of complex orthopaedic interventions. Intrathecal baclofen effectively reduces spasticity; criteria describing the ideal candidate are needed. Complementary or alternative treatment use is widespread; research needs to determine what factors make these modalities desirable and effective in cerebral palsy. It is concluded that the introduction of new therapies facilitates an individualized management plan. Multimodal treatment is optimized with a multidisciplinary team. Outcome measurement according to the World Health Organization’s new International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health is emphasized.
A new method for computing the transmission capacity of non-Poisson wireless networks

The relative locations of concurrent transmitting nodes play an important role in the performance of wireless networks because it largely determines their mutual interference. In most prior work the set of interfering transmitters has been modeled by a homogeneous Poisson distribution, which assumes independence in the transmitting node positions, and hence precludes intelligent scheduling protocols. One of the main difficulties in extending the numerous Poisson results is the absence of an analytical form for the probability generating functional and the Palm characterization of the underlying spatial node distribution. In this paper we take an alternative approach based on the second-order product density of the node distribution, which is asymptotically tight as the outage probability tends to zero. Unlike the probability generating functional, the second order product density can be easily obtained for a wide range of point processes and hence this approach is useful in analyzing complex wireless networks and MAC protocols. We use this approach to then provide accurate approximations of the transmission capacity of wireless ad hoc networks for three plausible point processes, corresponding to ALOHA, clustering, and carrier sensing schedulers. The mathematical framework introduced can be used to analyze other relevant metrics.
Salvage therapy for platinum-refractory urothelial cancer: designing new clinical trials.

Durable responses to M-VAC chemotherapy are found in only 4–15% of patients with metastatic transitional cell caricinoma [[1]]. Thus, the majority of patients will progress and require salvage ther...
Performance measurements of the SS7/intelligent network

The author addresses the architecture of the intelligent network (IN) based on the Signaling System Hash 7 (SS7) network. He proposes and defines a system architecture design of the intelligent network based on the implementation of the SS7 network with the conventional service control points. (SCPs). This results in less likelihood of failure and more effective introduction of new services. The performance measurements of the IN which are needed to ensure reliability and survivability are discussed. >
Iron and titanium distribution on the moon from orbital gamma ray spectrometry with implications for crustal evolutionary models

A set of Fe and Ti maps and regional values are obtained from the Apollo 15 and 16 orbital gamma ray data by energy band analysis. High-Ti basalts predominate the early and late stages of mare volcanism with high-Fe basaltic volcanism in the interim. The first evidence of a high-Ti-KREEP basalt association is found in the Aristarchus region. A N-S asymmetry for Fe and Ti in the east limb and farside highlands complicates the E-W asymmetry for Th but substantiates crustal inhomogeneity. The observed crustal inhomogeneity adds an additional objection to the primitive source model for crustal evolution. The high-Ti-KREEP basalt association and the general trend of decreasing mare basalt Ti with time lend support to the cumulate source model; however, this model cannot account for young, high-Ti maria. The dynamic assimilation model better accounts for chemical variations observed on the moon.
Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 12 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine spherical equivalent refractive errors, especially myopia, at six ages between 3 months and 5’/, years post-term in preterm children with birth weights of less than 1251 g. Design: A cohort study. Participants: There were a total of 827 participants in the multicenter study of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Approximately one third of the eyes did not develop ROP, whereas two thirds developed mildto-severe ROP. None of the eyes underwent ctyotherapy. Intervention: Refractive error was measured at 3 months, 1 year, and 5’/2 years after term due date at the five long-term follow-up centers. In most eyes, refractive error also was measured at 2, 3’/*, and 4’/* years. Main Outcome Measure: Myopia was defined as 0.25 diopter (D) or greater with high myopia as 5 D or greater. Results: The proportion of eyes with myopia in this preterm population was increased compared to published data on full-term children and was related to severity of both acute-phase and cicatricial-phase ROP. The percentage of eyes with myopia varied little across ages, ranging from 21.2% at 1 year to 15.7% at 4’1’~ years. The percentage of eyes with high myopia doubled from 1.8% to 3.9% between 3 months and 1 year and remained stable thereafter. The distribution of refractive errors in eyes with mild acute-phase ROP was similar to that of eyes with no ROP. In contrast, eyes with moderate or severe acute-phase ROP showed an increased prevalence of high myopia. The distribution of refractive errors changed between 3 months and 1 year with little change after 1 year. This pattern of refractive development differs from that of full-term infants. Birth weight, severity of ROP, and degree of myopia at 3 months predicted the presence of myopia and high myopia at 5’1, years of age. Conclusions: The distribution of refractive errors in preterm infants from age 3 months to 51/2 years varies with severity of acute-phase ROP and cicatricial disease. Changes in refractive error distribution occur primarily between 3 months and 1 year and involve a decrease in the proportion of eyes with hyperopia and an increase in the proportion with high degrees of myopia. Ophfhalmology 7998; 705:7292- 7300
Statistics of Dipole Steering in the Tevatron

Methods of calculating the expected rms orbit distortion and the expected peak orbit distortion for a large FODO synchrotron are described. An expression for the expected rms correction element dipole strength necessary to correct the closed orbit of a large FODO synchrotron is derived. The uncorrected closed orbit of the FNAL Tevatron accelerator is determined from beam position data and operational settings of the correction element dipole magnets. The uncorrected orbit and correction element dipole strengths are compared to the results of the Tevatron design study. Use of these expressions for SSC lattices is discussed.
Organising for mutual advantage: municipal associations in Bulgaria†

Networks of local government support organisations (LGSOs) are critical to successful intergovernmental relations and effective local governance in democratic societies. Bulgaria had no such network of municipal associations when it began the transition from communist rule in the early 1990s. Using US and other external technical assistance, Bulgaria over the next decade overcame the impediments to collective action and established what appears to be an effective and sustainable system to back up its cities and towns. Important factors in mobilising support included a long-term focus on institutional development, non-partisanship, flexibility in implementation and a pragmatic orientation that focused on learning by doing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signaling through focal adhesion kinase

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase implicated in controlling cellular responses to the engagement of cell-surface integrins, including cell spreading and migration, survival and proliferation. Aberrant FAK signaling may contribute to the process of cell transformation by certain oncoproteins, including v-Src. Progress toward elucidating the events leading to FAK activation following integrin-mediated cell adhesion, as well as events downstream of FAK, has come through the identification of FAK phosphorylation sites and interacting proteins. A signaling partnership is formed between FAK and Src-family kinases, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and associated 'docking' proteins Cas and paxillin. Subsequent recruitment of proteins containing Src homology 2 domains, including Grb2 and c-Crk, to the complex is likely to trigger adhesion-induced cellular responses, including changes to the actin cytoskeleton and activation of the Ras-MAP kinase pathway.
ICU Delirium: Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Management

Intensive care unit delirium is a complex problem associated with significant negative consequences on patient outcomes. Delirium is also known as acute brain dysfunction, reflecting the evolving paradigm that it is a manifestation of acute organ dysfunction in the setting of neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammation, and metabolic derangements. In recent years, strides have been made towards better understanding its management, although much work remains to be done. Here we review the current state of knowledge regarding diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, and management as supported by recent literature and the 2013 clinical practice guidelines on pain, agitation, and delirium.
Costimulation in Tolerance and Autoimmunity

The two signal model of T cell activation predicts that a second costimulatory signal provided by antigen presenting cells (APC) is required in conjunction with the antigenic signal to trigger T cell activation. Considerable evidence indicates that indeed, T cell activation requires such a costimulatory signal which results, at least in part, from the interaction of CD28 with its ligands B7 expressed on all antigen-presenting cells (APC). The second prediction of the two signal model is that T cell receptor engagement in the absence of such a costimulatory signal would lead to specific inactivation of antigen reactive cells. Thus, tissue cells that do not express costimulatory signals would not trigger T cell activation but rather lead to specific inactivation of auto-reactive T cells. By such a model, tolerance to peripheral antigens would be permanently re-established. We review here the evidence suggesting that the CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway might play an important role in T cell tolerance and in the development of autoimmune responses.
Assessment of uncertainty in functional–structural plant models

†Background and Aims Constructing functional –structural plant models (FSPMs) is a valuable method for examining how physiology and morphology interact in determining plant processes. However, such models always have uncertainty concerned with whether model components have been selected and represented effectively, with the number of model outputs simulated and with the quality of data used in assessment. We provide a procedure for defining uncertainty of an FSPM and how this uncertainty can be reduced. †Methods An important characteristic of FSPMs is that typically they calculate many variables. These can be variables that the model is designed to predict and also variables that give indications of how the model functions. Together these variables are used as criteria in a method of multi-criteria assessment. Expected ranges are defined and an evolutionary computation algorithm searches for model parameters that achieve criteria within these ranges. Typically, different combinations of model parameter values provide solutions achieving different combinations of variables within their specified ranges. We show how these solutions define a Pareto Frontier that can inform about the functioning of the model. †Key Results The method of multi-criteria assessment is applied to development of BRANCHPRO, an FSPM for foliage reiteration on old-growth branches of Pseudotsuga menziesii. A geometric model utilizing probabilities for bud growth is developed into a causal explanation for the pattern of reiteration found on these branches and how this pattern may contribute to the longevity of this species. †Conclusions FSPMs should be assessed by their ability to simulate multiple criteria simultaneously. When different combinations of parameter values achieve different groups of assessment criteria effectively a Pareto Frontier can be calculated and used to define the sources of model uncertainty.
The great divorce: the freeing of markets from communities and from moral constraint

Purpose – This paper aims to explain how economics severed itself from the moral constraint of community and from ethics. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes respected economic histories (e.g. Tawney, Polanyi, Heilbroner) and analyzes central theoretical texts of modern capitalism (e.g. Adam Smith). Findings – This paper concludes that the divorce of economics from community and ethics had historical causes, beginning with enclosure, and was then theoretically justified by the classical economics. Practical implications – The paper suggests that, if social economics wish to reconnect economics with ethics, they need first to understand and to contend with, better than they have, the enormity of the historical and theoretical forces that drove the two apart in the first place. Originality/value – While many social economists argue for the need to connect economics with ethics, few if any have offered an extended analysis of their divorce.
The construction of an artificial vagina by the tube graft method

(1) Meyer, Robert: AM. J. OBST. & GY"'EC. 22: 697, 1931. (2) Schiller, Walter: -r nh"'+ .Q~ t::!..,~...,.n ......... n .... ~+ "CC.....-. ....... A"2• 11')~ 1fi9a: I'>\ 11.r 1" v ... IV>;~ rt/110 ... ,., T A • A, ... Vo VUOL>o \XI U:J:l.LQ.G\...oo .L.J.l.l(.,o ..J..:Jlll!'• ":I:Vo ...l...J.VU' J_L/oJUo \V) .1..\'VUUrl\1' ..L:.Io;, WJ!IW \XIW:JJ .LJo .LLoo .L.l-D:l.o J. 0BST. & GYNEC. 31: 213, 1936. (4) Ghenot, M.: Contribution a l'etude des epitheliomes primitifs de l 'ovaire, These Paris, 1911 (quoted by Pierre Masson, Tumeurs, Diagnostics Histologiques, A. Maloine & Fils, Paris, 1923, p. 477). (5) Meigs, J. V.: Ann. Surg. 102: 834, 1935. (6) Frankl, 0.: Zeniraibl. f. Gyniik. 60: ] 682, 1936. (7) Bf:clcre, A.: Bull. Soc. d 'obst. et de gynec. de Paris 30: 160, 1931.
The Generators of the Human Spinal Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials

Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) recorded in the clinical laboratory are dependent on stimulation of the large afferent fibers of peripheral nerves (Pratt et al., 1979; Starr et al., 1981; Cohen et al., 1985). Following stimulation of peripheral nerves in the arms or legs, SEPs can be reproducibly recorded over the spine and scalp. In the spinal cord, the SEP is conducted primarily through the dorsal columns. Selective sectioning of the dorsal columns in experimental animals results in the scalp SEP being markedly attenuated or abolished (Cusick et al., 1979). If only the dorsal columns are left intact, the scalp SEP remains relatively unaffected. In humans, loss of posterior column function is associated with abnormality of the SEP (Giblin, 1964; Halliday, 1967). Extralemniscal pathways may mediate some long latency scalp SEP components (Martin et al., 1980).