cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracic Duct Drainage

Allograft rejection continues to be the major obstacle to obtaining a successful graft in spite of significant strides having been made in the areas of histocompatibility, organ preservation, and immunosuppression. At the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, we have used thoracic duct drainage (TDD) as a means of immunologically preparing a select group of patients for transplantation. This report presents our clinical experience with this therapeutic modality during the past 10 years.
Pregnancy in Subjects with Hemoglobinopathies: Precautions and Management

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia can have complications during pregnancy including exacerbations of anemia, obstetric and fetal complications, and iron overload. Understanding the pathophysiology of disease-specific complications of hemoglobinopathies and the physiologic demands of pregnancy is essential for early recognition of complications. With coordinated care, individuals with hemoglobinopathies can achieve successful pregnancy outcomes. This chapter highlights important pre-pregnancy and antepartum considerations in the management of patients with SCD and β-thalassemia.
Guns, race, machismo and oppression

WHAT â€™S THE PROBLEM AND WHERE DID IT ORIGINATE ?The murder of Trayvon Martin in 2012 and the acquittal of his killer George Zimmerman a year later were deeply disturbing events, inflaming racial tension3 and provoking nationwide protests in the United States (http://bostonherald.com 2013).Two years later, I find myself seeing the tragedy as a reflection of an American culture burdened not only by racism, but also by wider oppression and subordination, hyper-masculinity, violence and an obsession with guns.
Three-Dimensional Glenohumeral Joint Kinematic Analyses from Asynchronous Biplane Fluoroscopy Using an Interpolation Technique

Biplane 3D–2D registration approaches have been used for measuring three-dimensional (3D), in vivo glenohumeral joint kinematics. However, in clinical biplane systems, the X-ray images are acquired asynchronously, which introduces registration errors. The present study introduces an interpolation algorithm to improve the accuracy of image registration by generating synchronous fluoroscopy images. Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) was used to validate the interpolation technique for measuring glenohumeral joint kinematics. Our results show that the interpolated-synchronous biplane registration produces more accurate results than asynchronous biplane registration for shoulder kinematics. In comparison to RSA, the mean absolute kinematic error for the humerus was 0.18 mm and 0.4°; for the scapula, the error was 0.25 mm and 0.17°. The results of the interpolated-synchronous biplane registration are in the range of published results of other studies that have validated the 3D–2D registration technique at the shoulder using custom biplane (synchronous biplane) fluoroscopes. This approach will be particularly useful for improving the kinematic accuracy of high velocity activities using clinically available scanners.
The accumalation of technetium-99m sestamibi in the mitochondria of renal oncocytomas.

2704 Objectives Identify renal oncocytoma in patients with known renal tumors using Technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging. Methods Three patients with a known history of oncocytoma confirmed through a biopsy and three patients with unknown renal tumors were intravenously injected with 25 mCi of technetium-99m sestamibi. At 75 minutes post injection, a SPECT acquisition was acquired at 20 seconds per step with 60 steps, and a 180 degree detector range moving 3 degrees per step. A low-dose CT for anatomic localization and attenuation correction was also obtained. A week later surgical resection of the unknown renal tumors was performed to confirm the findings. Results The three patients with confirmed oncocytoma demonstrated increased renal tumor uptake (uptake ratios 0.85 - 1.78 relative to kidney background). The three patients with unidentified renal tumors had little to no uptake in their renal tumors (uptake ratios 0.21 - 0.31 relative to kidney background). Surgery confirmed that all three patients with unidentified renal tumors had renal cell carcinoma. Conclusions Technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging differentiates renal oncocytoma from renal cell carcinoma because of the abundant amount of mitochondria in oncocytomas.
THE CHURCH AND CONGRESS: RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY VOTING IN THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Recent literature in the religion and politics area has focused on the effect of various measures of religious affiliation on the political behavior of the mass public. Here we add to the evolving literature examining the influence of religious orientation on political elite behavior, focusing on the U.S. House of Representatives. Method. We use data on the religious affiliations of U.S. House members and National Journal scores of foreign policy voting to test the influence of religion on foreign policy ideology from 1998-2003. Our findings indicate that even after controlling for traditional political factors, religious identity influenced foreign policy voting in the House. African-American Protestants, Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and Evangelical Protestants present the most distinctive patterns. Conclusions. From this analysis we see further indications that religion influences legislative behavior in a way that, although intertwined with political partisanship, appears distinct from traditional political factors.
In older men, 5α-reductase inhibitors were linked to increased risk for self-harm and depression but not suicide.

Source Citation Welk B, McArthur E, Ordon M, et al. Association of suicidality and depression with 5α-reductase inhibitors. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:683-91. 28319231
It Doesn’t Have to Be Like This: Cybersecurity Vulnerability Trends

Given the large and impactful data breaches making headlines in recent years, Internet users naturally wonder: Why is this happening, and how much worse can it get? Here, the authors review trends in vulnerabilities, looking at earlier findings discussed in a previous installment of this column, as well as more recent trends. They also highlight prospects for the future.
Digestibility index marker type, but not inclusion level affects apparent digestibility of energy and nitrogen and marker recovery in growing pigs regardless of added oat bran

This study was conducted to investigate whether the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE or nitrogen (N) was influenced by inclusion level and type of digestibility index marker (DIM) and inclusion level of oat bran (OB) and whether the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE or DIM recovery was influenced by the 3 aforementioned factors and duration of feces collection. Six diets were formulated as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of OB (0 or 100 g/kg) and 3 levels of DIM (2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 g/kg). Chromic oxide and titanium dioxide were used as DIM. Both chromic oxide and titanium dioxide were added to the same diet, and their inclusion levels were consistent in each experimental diet. In Exp. 1, 18 barrows fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used in a triplicate 6 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 6 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The ileal digesta were collected for 3 d after 5-d adaptation, and the AID of GE and N were determined by measuring Cr or Ti in diets and ileal digesta samples. In Exp. 2, a total of 72 barrows were used in a randomized complete block design, and the feces were collected for either 3 or 5 d after a 7-d adaptation according to the assignment. Experimental diets were same as Exp. 1. The ATTD of GE was determined by both total collection and index methods, and DIM recovery was determined by measuring Cr or Ti. In Exp. 1, there was no interaction among OB level, DIM level, and DIM type for AID of GE and N. The AID of GE and N determined by Ti were greater (P < 0.05) than Cr regardless of the OB level or DIM level. Neither the OB level nor the DIM level affected the AID of GE or N. In Exp. 2, no interaction among OB level, DIM level, duration of feces collection, and DIM type for ATTD of GE and DIM recovery was observed. The DIM level and duration of feces collection had no effect on ATTD of GE and DIM recovery. The total collection method resulted in greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE than Ti, which was greater (P < 0.05) than that determined by Cr. Similarly, the recovery of Ti was greater (P = 0.007) than Cr. Inclusion of 100 g/kg OB decreased (P = 0.003) ATTD of GE but did not affect the recovery of DIM. In conclusion, the AID of GE and N, the ATTD of GE, and the recovery of Cr or Ti were affected by DIM type, but not DIM level; the inclusion of OB had no effect on AID of GE and N, and DIM recovery; and the duration of feces collection had no effect on ATTD of GE and DIM recovery.
H7 Hemagglutinin nanoparticles retain immunogenicity after >3 months of 25°C storage.

Vaccine distribution infrastructure remains inadequate in many parts of the world, and it is estimated that up to 40–50% of all vaccine doses are wasted in certain countries. Vaccines that can maintain viability outside of the cold chain would decrease vaccine wastage and increase immunization rates in regions of the world with underdeveloped vaccine distribution infrastructure. We examined the potential of crosslinked protein nanoparticles, made from trimerized influenza hemagglutinin (3HA), to maintain immunogenicity after cold-chain-independent storage. We found that the nanoparticles could be stored for 112 days at room temperature without any loss in hemagglutinating activity or immunogenicity, and that nanoparticles could be stored at 37°C for 2 weeks without any loss in hemagglutinating activity. As vaccine development moves towards the use of recombinant subunit antigens, our results demonstrate the potential of crosslinked antigen nanoparticles as an immunogenic vehicle for bringing effective vaccines to underdeveloped regions outside of the cold chain.
Comparison of Health, Development, Maternal Bonding, and Poverty Among Children Born After Denial of Abortion vs After Pregnancies Subsequent to an Abortion.

Importance Evidence indicates that there are potential health, development, and maternal bonding consequences for children born from unwanted pregnancies. Objective To examine the association of women receiving or being denied a wanted abortion with their children’s health and well-being. Design, Setting, and Participants A 5-year longitudinal observational study with a quasi-experimental design conducted between January 18, 2008, and January 25, 2016, examined women who received abortions just under the gestational age limit of 30 abortion facilities across the United States and women who were denied abortion just beyond the gestational age limit in these facilities. Analyses compared the children of 146 women who were denied an abortion (index children) with children born to 182 women who received an abortion and had a subsequent child within 5 years (subsequent children). Interview-to-interview retention averaged 94.5% (6895 of 7293) across the 11 semi-annual interviews. Exposures Being born after denial of abortion vs after a new pregnancy subsequent to an abortion. Main Outcomes and Measures Perinatal outcomes and child health, child development, maternal bonding, socioeconomics, and household structure. Results This study included 328 women who had children during the study period (mean [SD] age at study recruitment, 23.7 [4.9] years). There were no differences by study group in consent to participate in the study, completion of first interview, or continuation in the study. Among the 328 children in the study (146 index children and 182 subsequent children), there were 163 girls and 165 boys. Perinatal and child health outcomes were not different between subsequent and index children, and there was no clear pattern of delayed child development. However, mixed-effects models adjusting for clustered recruitment and multiple observations per child revealed that poor maternal bonding was more common for index children compared with subsequent children (9% vs 3%; adjusted odds ratio, 5.14; 95% CI, 1.48-17.85). Index children lived in households with lower incomes relative to the federal poverty level than did subsequent children (101% vs 132% of federal poverty level; adjusted regression coefficient, –0.31; 95% CI, –0.52 to –0.10), and were more likely to live in households without enough money to pay for basic living expenses (72% vs 55%; adjusted odds ratio, 5.16; 95% CI, 2.34-11.40). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that access to abortion enables women to choose to have children at a time when they have more financial and emotional resources to devote to their children.
Psychological Resilience is Linked to Lower Disability in Early Multiple Sclerosis (P4.409)

Objective: To identify relationship between psychological resilience and measures of disability in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Background: Resilience is a dynamic process of positive adaptation to significant adversity resulting in stable emotional and physical functioning. Despite the importance of this concept, resilience has been understudied in MS. In this project we analyzed whether greater resilience is associated with lower MS disability, independently of demographics, cerebral atrophy, anxiety and depression. Design/Methods: Patients with early MS (120 RRMS, 30 CIS; Results: Higher resilience was linked to lower disability on the MSFC (r p =−.294, p p =.232, p=.005) and NHPT (r p =−.265, p=.001). The independent contributions of resilience to lower disability on MSFC (r p =− .230, p=.006), SDMT (r p =.182, p=.029), and NHPT (r p =−.239, p=.004) remained when also controlling for anxiety and depression. In contrast, MSFC was unrelated to anxiety and depression when controlling for aforementioned covariates and CD-RISC-10. Resilience was unrelated to all demographics and cerebral atrophy. Conclusions: We report a contribution of higher resilience (CD-RISC-10) to lower disability in MS, even independently of anxiety and depression. Lack of association between CD-RISC 10 and potentially confounding factors (cerebral atrophy, socioeconomic status) strengthen our findings. Further studies are needed to examine whether higher resilience protects longitudinally. Disclosure: Dr. Klineova has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen. Dr. Fabian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pelle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lewis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sumowski has nothing to disclose.
Taking Another Look: Thoughts on Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia and Their Measurement

This article proposes taking another look at behavioral symptoms of dementia (BSDs) both from a theoretical perspective that informs research and practice and from a measurement perspective. We discuss why this rethinking of behaviors impacts current models of care and our ability to better detect outcomes from interventions. We propose that BSDs be viewed from a pattern perspective and provide some suggestions for how to identify and measure these patterns that can influence the timing and type of intervention. Evidence suggests that BSDs are complex, sequential, patterned clusters of behavior recurring repeatedly in the same individual and escalate significantly without timely intervention. However, BSDs are frequently viewed as separate behaviors rather than patterns or clusters of behaviors, a view that affects current research questions as well as the choice, timing, and outcomes of interventions. These symptoms cause immense distress to persons with the disease and their caregivers, trigger hospitalizations and nursing home placement, and are associated with increased care costs. Despite their universality and that symptoms manifest across disease etiologies and stages, behaviors tend to be underrecognized, undertreated, and overmanaged by pharmacological treatments that may pose more harm than benefit.
A Profession of Journalism

This book set out to offer a rehabilitated conception of the profession of journalism, motivated by the proposition that a healthy profession of journalism plays a fundamental role in maintaining a healthy democracy, but that the current journalism regimes in much of the West generally, and in the United States specifically, are often failing to consistently fulfil many of their most basic social obligations because many of journalism’s fundamental processes and goals have been corrupted.
What Threshold Defines Penumbral Brain Tissue in Patients with Symptomatic Anterior Circulation Intracranial Stenosis: An Exploratory Analysis

Background and purpose Impaired distal perfusion predicts neurological deterioration in large artery atherosclerosis. We aim to determine the optimal threshold of Tmax delay on perfusion imaging that is associated with neurological deterioration in patients with symptomatic proximal anterior circulation large artery stenosis. Methods Data were abstracted from a prospective ischemic stroke database of consecutively enrolled patients with symptomatic proximal intracranial stenosis (internal carotid artery or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery) who underwent magnetic resonance perfusion imaging within 24 hours of symptom onset during a 15-month period. Tissue volumes of perfusion delay Tmax 0-4 seconds, Tmax > 4 seconds, Tmax > 6 seconds, and Tmax > 8 seconds were calculated using an automated approach. A target mismatch (penumbra-core) was defined as ≥15mL of brain tissue using each of the Tmax threshold categories. The outcome was neurological deterioration at 30 days defined as new or worsening neurological deficits that are not attributed to a nonvascular etiology. Results Among 52 patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis, 26 patients met inclusion criteria. Neurological deterioration was associated with target mismatch profile defined according to Tmax > 6 seconds (66.7% [6/9] vs. 5.9% [1/17], P 8 seconds (57.1% [4/7] vs. 15.8% [3/19], P = .05] but not according to Tmax > 4 seconds (27.3% [6/17] vs. 11.1% [1/9], P = .35]. Conclusions A target mismatch profile using Tmax > 6 seconds may define tissue at risk in patients with acute symptomatic proximal anterior circulation intracranial stenosis. More studies are needed to confirm our findings.
PTSD symptom profiles among Louisiana women affected by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A latent profile analysis.

Abstract Background Few prior studies have investigated the latent class structure of PTSD using DSM-5 symptoms. Methods To describe latent PTSD profiles among women who resided in Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DHOS)-affected coastal Louisiana communities, we used data from women enrolled in The Women and Their Children's Health (WaTCH) Study. Latent profile analysis was performed on the 20-item PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and model fit statistics for 2-class through 6-class solutions were compared. The pseudo-class draws method was employed on the best class solution to compare key covariates (including demographics, mental health indicators, DHOS exposure indicators, and trauma exposures) across classes. Results Among 1997 women (mean age 46.63 ± 12.14 years, 56.8% white, mean trauma categories 6.09 ± 2.98, 9.55% previously diagnosed with PTSD), model fit statistics supported a five-class solution: low symptoms (mean PCL-5 = 4.10), moderate without mood alterations (mean = 19.73), moderate with mood alterations (mean = 34.24), severe without risk-taking (mean = 55.75), and severe with risk-taking (mean = 53.80). Women in the low-symptom class were significantly more likely to be white, have finished high school, have an income of at least $40,001 per year, be married or living with a partner, and endorse fewer trauma categories than women in the four symptomatic classes. Women with moderate to severe symptoms often had co-morbid depressive symptoms and no prior PTSD diagnosis. Limitations This study was limited by use of self-reported data and one-time assessment of PTSD symptoms. Discussion Five distinct latent profiles of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms consisted of notably different individuals. Most affected women did not report prior PTSD diagnosis. Future research and practice identifying and addressing barriers to care for trauma-affected women in these communities is warranted.
Differenzialdiagnose des Fiebers unklarer Ursache

Fever is one of the most frequent and important symptoms in pediatrics. Most cases are caused by self-limiting viral or easily treatable bacterial infections. If after 5-7 days no cause of the ongoing fever has been found, the condition is termed fever of unknown origin, a working diagnosis which often poses a diagnostic challenge. The ultimate cause may be an infectious disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder, a malignancy, or another rare disease. The cause may also remain obscure or the fever can finally disappear. Here we elaborate the diagnostic work-up and symptomatic treatment.
Formation of Two-Ring Aromatics in Hexylbenzene Pyrolysis

The formation of two-ring aromatics in hexylbenzene pyrolysis is used in this work as a model system toward understanding the underlying chemistry of coke formation during crude oil upgrading processes. In this work, batch reactor experiments were performed at 55 bar and 450 °C to study the pyrolysis of hexylbenzene utilizing two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC–qMS) as an analysis tool. This work finds many different classes of aromatic species with more than one ring, including bridged two-ring aromatics, nonfully aromatized fused two-ring aromatics, fully aromatized fused two-ring aromatics, and >2-ring species. A kinetic model detailed with elementary chemical reactions is constructed using the reaction mechanism generator, with thermodynamic and kinetic parameters calculated by the CBS-QB3 quantum chemistry method. The results of the generated model were compared to batch reactor experiments. For many compounds, the predicted selectivities agree with the data within a factor of 2. The formation pathways of previously less-understood species were clarified based on evidence of intermediates predicted by the model and measured in this work’s experiments. Despite these advances, there are larger model-versus-data discrepancies in the selectivities of some species, and also, the overall conversion rate is underestimated, indicating the need for future work to further improve thermochemical and kinetics data of alkylaromatics.
Globally Visible Environmental Protest: A Cross-national Analysis, 1970–2010:

We examine the global rise of environmental protest events reported in major news outlets from 1970 to 2010, based on a new cross-national dataset. The paper addresses conventional arguments regard...
Paying for the Presence of Predators: An Evolving Approach to Compensating Ranchers

On the Ground • Conversion of rangeland habitats in North America (to more intensive agriculture or to urban/exurban uses) concentrates livestock and predators on a shrinking landscape, making conflict inevitable. • Rural communities often feel disenfranchised by efforts to protect or restore native predators. • Ranching businesses typically bear the direct costs (from livestock depredation) and indirect impacts associated with coexisting with predators. • Many researchers indicate that direct compensation for depredation of livestock does not increase tolerance for predators within ranching communities. • The emerging use of “payments for ecosystem services” (or PES) programs offers an alternative to direct depredation compensation programs. • With the recent re-establishment of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in California, a Pay for Presence program for conserving large carnivores offers an alternative for supporting habitat conservation while acknowledging (and at least partially compensating) the direct and indirect costs to ranchers.
Industry-specific lessons: How to make ethics “sexy”:

Professors are often the first to introduce students to career-specific ethical dilemmas. Standard teaching methods for ethical classwork are mundane, typically involving lectures and case studies;...
P37 Cook it Fresh – Peer-Led, Plant-Based Cooking Demos for a College Campus Community

Background Peer-led nutrition education programs have been effective in improving dietary adherence among adults. Few studies, though, have focused on the participants’ perceptions of peer-led programs and their intention to consume nutritious foods. Objective To identify campus community members’ perceptions of peer-led teaching abilities and intentions to prepare the plant-based cooking demo recipes. Study Design, Setting, Participants Based on constructs from the Social Cognitive Theory and Peer-led teaching principles, 1-hour cooking demonstrations that were offered once per month for 4 months were developed and conducted at a Southern university. Peer leaders (n = 4 dietetic students, 3 undergraduate and 1 graduate) prepared 3 plant-based dishes and incorporated an interactive learning component with participants (n = 32, 41% college students). Participants rated their perceptions and intention to prepare the recipes using a validated 5-item Likert scale and responded to 4 open-ended questions about the demos. Measurable Outcome/Analysis The scale items included teaching abilities of the peer leaders and intent to prepare the recipes. The open-ended responses included knowledge gained, strengths, and improvements of the cooking demonstrations. Frequencies from the Likert-scale items were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Main themes were identified from the open-ended responses using the content-analysis method. Results All participants agreed that the cooking demonstrations were easy to understand and 93.8% agreed that the peer leaders were confident and knowledgeable. Over 62% of participants reported their commitment to prepare the recipes and 56% were very committed to learn more about preparing plant-based foods. As reported, strengths of the demonstrations included the discussions about the nutritional value of the ingredients and the details in various food preparation techniques. Participants indicated they would have liked more hands-on opportunities. Conclusions This pilot study showed that participants perceived the peer-led cooking demos as effective and they enhanced some of the participants’ intentions to prepare plant-based food recipes. A hands-on component in this cooking demo might be useful for more of the participants to prepare plant-based foods.
Advancing Transportation Routing Decisions Using Riemannian Manifold Surfaces

We consider several real-world driving factors such as the time spent at traffic signs (e.g., yield signs and stop signs), speed limits, and the topology of the surface to develop realistic and accurate routing solutions. Though these factors increase the complexity of modeling, they provide the flexibility to evaluate the routing solutions from different perspectives: cost, distance, and time, to name a few. First, we develop a set of algorithms based on the Riemannian manifold surface (RMS) to factor in the Earth’s curvature to calculate distances. Second, we present a multiobjective, nonlinear, mixed-integer model (MINLP) that minimizes the distance traveled, time traveled, traveling costs, and time spent on traffic signs to design and evaluate the routes where the waiting times associated with traffic lights, stop signs, and yield signs are stochastic. Finally, we apply MINLP and RMS-based algorithms to a set of real-life and short- and long-distance transportation problems and analyze the results from computational experiments and discrete event simulations. We show that our approaches are on par with the state-of-the-art application, Google Maps, and yield realistic routing solutions that generate significant cost savings.
Therapy with PTH 1-34 or calcitriol and calcium in diverse etiologies of hypoparathyroidism over 27 years at a single tertiary care center.

Abstract Objective Hypoparathyroidism has heterogeneous genetic and acquired etiologies with a broad spectrum of severity. Herein we describe the clinical outcomes of the largest cohort of hypoparathyroid patients reported to date, who were followed over 27-years. Design Pooled analysis of current and past studies describing the differential responses to PTH 1–34 injections vs conventional therapy among the varied hypoPT etiologies. Methods 192 participants (ages 2–74 years) with hypoparathyroidism who received either calcitriol and calcium or PTH 1–34 by subcutaneous injection. Results Among the 4 main etiologic categories of hypoparathyroidism (autoimmune polyglandular failure type 1, activating mutation of the calcium receptor, surgical, and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism), we reveal significant differences in PTH 1–34 dose requirements, prevalence of nephrocalcinosis, biomarkers of mineral homeostasis, and pharmacodynamic profiles. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased significantly (P Conclusions We conclude that the effects and dose-response of PTH 1–34 treatment differ according to the etiology of hypoparathyroidism. Postsurgical hypoPT maintained mean serum calcium levels in the mid- to low-normal range while concurrently maintaining normal mean urine calcium during long-term twice-daily PTH 1–34 therapy.
Hyperbolic Systems of Balance Laws in One-Space Dimension

Chapters VII-XVI will be devoted to the study of systems of balance laws in one space dimension. This narrowing of focus is principally dictated by necessity: At the present time the theory of multidimensional systems is terra incognita, replete with fascinating problems. In any event, the reader should bear in mind that certain multidimensional phenomena, with special symmetry, such as wave focussing, may be studied in the context of the one-space-dimensional theory. We will return to several space dimensions in Chapter XVII. This chapter introduces many of the concepts that serve as foundation of the theory of hyperbolic systems of balance laws in one space dimension: strict hyperbolicity; Riemann invariants and their relation to entropy; simple waves; genuine nonlinearity and its role in the breakdown of classical solutions. In order to set the stage, the chapter opens with the presentation of a number of illustrative examples of hyperbolic systems of balance laws in one space dimension, arising in physics or other branches of science and technology.
Ash Storage Concept for Diesel Particulate Filters

Ash accumulation in heavy duty and light duty diesel filters has become a growing concern due to its negative impact on filter performance over time. Performance issues include increased backpressure and increased fuel penalty. An additional concern is frequency of filter ash cleaning which contributes to overall maintenance and operational costs. A new ash storage concept filter is discussed in this paper. This concept proposes an exchange between inlet and outlet cells, redistributing surface area and volume resulting in more ash storage and improved pressure drop over traditional filters. Overall filter performance (pressure drop, regeneration, ash/ceramic interactions) was evaluated in the laboratory and results are reported in this paper. This paper will discuss in detail the ash storage concept and its benefits in filter performance.
TRACHEOBRONCHIOMEGALY AND ACQUIRED CUTIS LAXA IN A CHILD Physiologic and Immunologic Studies

Tracheohronchiomegaly and acquired cutis laxa are described in a 14-year-old boy. Marked dilatation of the tracheobronchial tree associated with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections has been reported chiefly in the adult medical literature as the Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. Cutis laxa is a rare elastic tissue disorder that involves the skin and other systems. While the etiology of tracheobronchiomegaly is unknown, the coexistence of two rare conditions in the same patient suggtsts a common fundamental elastic tissue defect. The investigative studies revealed abnormal elastic fibers in the skin, increased thoracic gas volumes, abnormal pulmonary elastic recoil, and a normal immunologic status except for increased serum and parotid IgA levels.
Abstract P052: History of High Cholesterol and Incidence of Dementia: The 90+ Study

Background: Hypercholesterolemia at midlife has been associated with increased dementia risk. However, some studies suggest that this relationship may change with age. It is not known if an association between cholesterol and dementia incidence persists in the oldest-old (people aged 90+) [[Unable to Display Character: –]] the most rapidly growing segment of the population. We examined whether a history of high cholesterol is associated with dementia incidence in The 90+ Study, a longitudinal population-based study of the oldest-old. Methods: We analyzed data from 569 participants who were non-demented at baseline, had one or more follow-up visits, and provided self-reported history of high cholesterol. Participants were evaluated every six months, with dementia diagnosis (DSM-IV criteria) at follow-up determined in a hierarchal manner from: neurological exam, Mini-Mental Status Exam, informant questionnaires, and the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (telephone short form). We used Cox regre...
Instructional Leadership: A Research-Based Guide to Learning in Schools

Chapter 1: Introduction to Teaching and Learning Chapter 2: Student Diversity Chapter 3: Student Abilities and Challenges Chapter 4: Learning Chapter 5: Motivation Chapter 6: Teaching Chapter 7: Classroom Management Chapter 8: Assessing Student Learning Chapter 9: Assessing and Changing School Culture and Climate
Tutorial: lazy functional programming in Haskell

In ACM's 1977 Turing Award Lecture [1], Backus argues that conventional imperative programming languages are inherently disorderly:Moreover, the assignment statement splits programming into two worlds. The first world comprises the right sides of assignment statements. This is an orderly world of expressions, a world that has useful algebraic properties (except that those properties are often destroyed by side effects). It is the world in which most useful computation takes place.
Isolation and characterization of a viable adenovirus mutant defective in nuclear transport of the DNA-binding protein.

The isolation and characterization of an adenovirus mutant, Ad5dl802r1, containing two independent deletions in the 72-kilodalton (kDa) DNA-binding protein (DBP) gene is described. The two deletions remove amino acids 23 through 105 of DBP, resulting in the production of a 50-kDa product. Expression of this truncated DBP was delayed 12 to 24 h compared with that of the 72-kDa protein produced by wild-type adenovirus type 5. The DBP was located primarily in the cytoplasm of infected cells, whereas the wild-type product was predominantly nuclear. Therefore, DBP appears to contain a nuclear localization signal within the deleted region. Ad5dl802r1 DNA synthesis, viral late gene expression, and virus production were all delayed 12 to 24 h and were approximately 10-fold lower than with wild-type adenovirus type 5. These phenotypic properties can be accounted for by the delay in synthesis and the inefficient accumulation of the 50-kDa DBP within the nucleus of infected cells. The truncated DBP also lacks the majority of amino acids which are phosphorylated in the normal protein. The loss of these phosphorylation sites does not appear to seriously impair the ability of the protein to carry out its functions. Images
Drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy: Experience of the Oklahoma Registry and the BloodCenter of Wisconsin

Many drugs have been reported to cause thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), often described as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). We recently established criteria to evaluate the evidence for a causal association of a drug with TMA and then we systematically reviewed all published reports of drug-induced TMA (DITMA) to determine the level of evidence supporting a causal association of the suspected drug with TMA. On the basis of this experience, we used these evaluation criteria to assess the Oklahoma TTP-HUS Registry patients who had been previously categorized as drug-induced, 1989-2014. We also reviewed the experience of the BloodCenter of Wisconsin with testing for drug-dependent antibodies reactive with platelets and neutrophils in patients with suspected immune-mediated DITMA, 1988-2014. Among 58 patients in the Oklahoma Registry previously categorized as drug-induced (15 suspected drugs), 21 patients (three drugs: gemcitabine, pentostatin, quinine) had evidence supporting a definite association with TMA; 19 (90%) of the 21 patients had quinine-induced TMA. The BloodCenter of Wisconsin tested 40 patients with suspected DITMA (eight drugs); drug-dependent antibodies, supporting a definite association with TMA, were identified in 30 patients (three drugs: oxaliplatin, quinine, vancomycin); 28 (93%) of the 30 patients had quinine-induced TMA. Combining the data from these two sources, 51 patients (five drugs) have been identified with evidence supporting a definite association with TMA. DITMA was attributed to quinine in 47 (92%) of these 51 patients.
Rethinking Power in Africa: Theological Perspectives

In this article I reflect on theological, perspectives on power and argue that the telos of power is to work for greater freedom and the empowerment of the society. This is an appropriate subject to raise in the context of an exploration of the dialectics of agony, because religion plays a major role in all African societies. I contend that in creating or reconstructing a road map for dealing with the socio-economic and political crisis, we need to tackle the question of power before we question whetlter religious communities can become the sites where we can kindle a spark of hope, healing, and possibilities of restoration. I begin with a review of recent theological perspectives that have called for reconstruction, follow that with a brief reflection on Mbembe's suggestive discussion on the erotics of power, and argue that God's phallus should be seen as a redemptive symbol and a marker of freedom. I next discuss religious and theological, perspectives on power, reflecting on Yoruba conceptions of power and Paul Tillich's ontological anchoring of power. In the last part of the article I reflect on the implications of the ideas explored and offer preliminary proposals for a theological understanding of power in light of the contemporary crisis in Africa. In a brief conclusion I suggest that religious communities in Africa ought to rethink the lessons learned in fighting apartheid in South Africa and return to a more activist role in society.
Dose-Finding and Pharmacokinetic Study to Optimize the Dosing of Irinotecan According to the UGT1A1 Genotype of Patients With Cancer

Purpose The risk of severe neutropenia from treatment with irinotecan is related in part to UGT1A1*28, a variant that reduces the elimination of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. We aimed to identify the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors stratified by the *1/*1, *1/*28, and *28/*28 genotypes. Patients and Methods Sixty-eight patients received an intravenous flat dose of irinotecan every 3 weeks. Forty-six percent of the patients had the *1/*1 genotype, 41% had the *1/*28 genotype, and 13% had the *28/*28 genotype. The starting dose of irinotecan was 700 mg in patients with the *1/*1 and *1/*28 genotypes and 500 mg in patients with the *28/*28 genotype. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed at cycle 1. Results In patients with the *1/*1 genotype, the MTD was 850 mg (four DLTs per 16 patients), and 1,000 mg was not tolerated (two DLTs per six patients). In patients with the *1/*28 genotype, the MTD was 700 mg (five...
A comparative study of C- and O-alkylation in cyclic and acyclic β-keto ester systems☆☆☆

Abstract Isopropylation of the sodium salt of ethyl α-ethyl-acetoacetate, II, has been studied kinetically in two aprotic solvents, DMSO and HMPT. Second order rate constants for C-alkylation, O-alkylation, and propene formation are compared with those of the cyclic β-keto ester systems, I-n. In each reaction mode, the acyclic enolate is significantly more reactive than the cyclic ones. Conductance studies suggest that the greater reactivity of the sodium enolate of II may be attributed to its higher degree of dissociation in the aprotic solvents and the ability of the free ion to assume a “W” shape. The superior ability of HMPT to enhance nucleophilic reactivity, in general, and to promote O-alkylation, in particular, is noted.
Multiple personalities of neuregulin gene family members.

In this issue of the Journal, Buonanno and his colleagues delineate important differences between neuregulin 1 (Nrg-1) and neuregulin 2 (Nrg-2). Their study provides intriguing new perspectives on neuregulin signaling mechanisms and the role(s?) of Nrgs in making and maintaining synaptic connections. The neuregulin gene family members are located on distinct chromosomes, with the Nrg-1 and Nrg-2 genes giving rise to multiple isoforms as a result of rich differential splicing. Longart et al. demonstrate dissimilar temporal, spatial, and cellular patterns of expression for Nrg-1 and Nrg-2 in vivo. These results provide a framework for evaluating the Nrg-1 and Nrg-2 signaling systems, which appear perfectly poised to mediate distinct, but perhaps complementary, functions in the formation, maintenance, and plasticity of CNS connections. There are three major results related to Nrg-2 signaling that are set forth in the accompanying paper from Buonanno and colleagues. First, the authors provide additional new insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of Nrg-2 expression, comparing the mRNA profile of Nrg-2 with the profiles of its sibling Nrg-1 and Nrg-3 genes in prenatal, perinatal, and adult mice. Second, the authors delineate the distribution of the Nrg-2 protein within dispersed neurons in vitro: Nrg-2's dendritic localization contrasts with the apparent axonal targeting revealed with Nrg-1 immunoprobes. Third, the authors present evidence that the processing of transmembrane “pro-Nrg-2” proteins differs from that of Nrg-1. The story, while still evolving, is extremely intriguing. These latest findings tantalize us with the notion that the sibling members of this gene family are playing quite different, perhaps complementary, functional roles in establishing CNS synapses.
A linkage map of diploid Avena based on RFLP loci and a locus conferring resistance to nine isolates of Puccinia coronata var. ‘avenae’

An F2 oat population was produced by crossing the diploid (n=7) species Avena strigosa (CI 3815) with A. wiestii (CI 1994), resistant and susceptible, respectively, to 40 isolates of Puccinia coronata, the causal agent of crown rust. Eighty-eight F2 individuals were used to construct an RFLP linkage map representing the A genome of cultivated hexaploid oat. Two hundred and eight RFLP loci have been placed into 10 linkage groups. This map covers 2416 cM, with an average of 12 cM between RFLP loci. Eighty-eight F3 lines, derived from F2 individuals used to construct the map, were screened for resistance to 9 isolates of P. coronata. One locus, Pca, was found to confer a dominant resistance phenotype to isolates 203, 258, 263, 264B, 290, 298, 325A, and 345. Pca also conferred resistance to isolate 276; however, an unlinked second gene may also be involved.
Acid-catalyzed decomposition of an α-keto diazo endoperoxide

Abstract Two different decomposition modes of α-keto diazo endoperoxide 1 are described. One is the Bronsted acid-catalyzed elimination of the diazo group leading to rearranged peroxides 2 . Deuterium labeling clearly shows the path of the rearrangement. The other reaction is a catalyzed cleavage of the peroxide bond to form diazoketone 3 .
Implications of Criticality in Membrane Bound Processes

Recent work in giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) isolated from living cells demonstrates that these GPMVs can be tuned with a single parameter (temperature) to criticality, not far from in vivo temperatures [1,2]. Criticality requires the fine-tuning of two parameters suggesting important biological function, and its presence resolves many of the paradoxes associated with putative lipid rafts. Here we present a minimal model of membrane inhomogeneities. We incorporate criticality using a conserved order parameter Ising model coupled to a simple actin cytoskeleton interacting through fields which act as point-like pinning sites. Using this model we make a host of experimentally testable predictions that are in line with recent published findings. At low temperatures our ‘actin’ fields prevent macroscopic phase separation from developing. At physiological temperatures we find inhomogeneities in the form of critical fluctuations with a length scale of roughly 20nm. Individual constituents making up these liquid domains are mobile, but the correlated regions themselves can last as long as the cytoskeleton persists. We predict anomalous diffusion of components which strongly segregate into either phase, with a length-scale given by the size of actin compartments. In addition we predict that the instantaneous shapes of the correlated regions will be fractal on short distances and can conform to and feel the effects of the cytoskeleton at larger distances without positing any further superstructures. This is explained by an effective long ranged interaction mediated by the Ising order parameter. In general we find Ising criticality organizes and spatially segregates membrane components by providing a channel for interaction over large distances.[1] Veatch et al., ACS Chem Biol. 2008 3(5):287-93[2] Honerkamp-Smith, Veatch, and Keller, Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 (in press)