cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise of Conservation Biology The Professional and Political Challenges of an Explicitly Normative Science

Michael Soule’s Conservation Biology helped institutionalize a scientific discipline founded upon normative principles. Maintaining that biodiversity possesses intrinsic value, Conservation Biology promoted the task of providing mechanisms and influencing policy which would allow for the preservation of that diversity. As such, the discipline quickly became the darling of many environmentalists who saw this scientific field as possessing the best of both worlds: the technical acumen and political power of science along with the ethical foresight of environmentalism. Negotiating between those two worlds, however, has not been easy. Today, the foremost challenge facing conservation biology remains balancing scientific legitimacy with political efficacy. Conservation biology also must be careful not to use “nature” to seal off debate on what constitutes the proper role of humans. As such, Soule’s daunting task still remains worth pursuing.
Learning from open source software projects to improve scientific review.

Peer-reviewed publications are the primary mechanism for sharing scientific results. The current peer-review process is, however, fraught with many problems that undermine the pace, validity, and credibility of science. We highlight five salient problems: (1) Reviewers are expected to have comprehensive expertise; (2) Reviewers do not have sufficient access to methods and materials to evaluate a study; (3) Reviewers are not acknowledged; (4) There is no measure of the quality of a review; and (5) Reviews take a lot of time, and once submitted cannot evolve. We propose that these problems can be resolved by making the following changes to the review process. Distributing reviews to many reviewers would allow each reviewer to focus on portions of the article that reflect the reviewer’s specialty or area of interest and place less of a burden on any one reviewer, enabling a more comprehensive and timely review. Providing reviewers materials and methods to perform comprehensive evaluation would facilitate transparency, replication of results and enable greater scrutiny by people from different fields using different nomenclature, leading to greater clarity and cross-fertilization of ideas. Acknowledging reviewers makes it possible to quantitatively assess reviewer contributions, which could be integrated with assessments for promotions and grants. Quantifying review quality could help establish the importance of reviewers and information generated during a review, and assess the importance of a submitted article. Finally, we recommend expediting post-publication reviews and allowing for the dialogue to continue and flourish in a dynamic and interactive manner. We argue that these solutions can be addressed by building upon computer programming code management systems. In this article, we provide examples of current code review systems that offer opportunities for addressing the above problems, and offer suggestions for enhancing code review systems for article review.
The pressure tensor in an inhomogeneous fluid of non-spherical molecules

A general expression for the pressure tensor in an inhomogeneous fluid composed of molecules interacting via non-central, pairwise additive forces is derived. Both planar and spherical surfaces are examined; in each case, expressions for two of the many possible definitions of the pressure tensor (Irving-Kirkwood and Harasima) are obtained and discussed. All definitions of the pressure tensor give the same expression for the surface tension in the planar system; this expression has been previously derived using the virial theorem. The uses of the results of this paper within the context of computer simulation are discussed.
A retrospective randomly selected cohort study of D-penicillamine treatment in rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset.

Summary Background Several uncontrolled studies in systemic sclerosis have shown that D-penicillamine may cause improvement in skin sclerosis, decrease the rate of new visceral organ involvement, and improve overall survival. Objectives To undertake a single-centre retrospective randomly selected cohort study to examine the effects of D-penicillamine treatment on skin and visceral organ involvement in patients with rapidly progressive systemic sclerosis of recent onset. Methods Eighty-four patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis who had received D-penicillamine within 24 months of clinically detectable onset of skin sclerosis were randomly selected from the systemic sclerosis cohort followed at the Scleroderma Center of Thomas Jefferson University. Employing a previously described severity scale, disease severity and skin involvement were compared from initiation of D-penicillamine to end of study and a correlated matched t-test was used to establish statistical significance. Results At a mean ± SD duration of D-penicillamine therapy of 29·2 ± 5·5 months and at a median dose of 750 mg per day statistically significant improvement in skin (P < 0·01) and cardiac, pulmonary and renal involvement (P < 0·05) was observed. At last follow-up, 17 (20%) patients were still receiving D-penicillamine, 25 (30%) had discontinued it owing to disease improvement, and 18 (21%) had discontinued it owing to side-effects. Conclusions In a population of patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, with progressive disease of recent onset, D-penicillamine treatment at a median dose of 750 mg per day caused a statistically significant reduction in skin involvement and improvement of renal, cardiac and pulmonary involvement.
Technology - what an impact in 2010.

The scope and breadth of technology revealed in 2010 has wide implications for the delivery of healthcare and for public health policy development. During the past 12 months, technology and its application in public and global health has seen another year of amazing growth. Highlights of novel technological applications to medicine are discussed.
Low temperature semiconductor electronics

The authors consider that, at any technology level, operation at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT: 77.3 K) can directly yield a performance improvement exceeding that provided through down-scaling by a factor of two. Thus, MOS technology limits are extended by one generation through LNT operation. Because of its attractive speed, density, and power attributes, liquid-nitrogen-cooled CMOS represents a strategic technology alternative for mainframe computers, an area which has traditionally been the exclusive domain of bipolar technology. A summary of the advantages for MOS microelectronics operated at LNT is presented in a table and discussed. >
A prospective study of growth and rupture risk of small-to-moderate size ascending aortic aneurysms.

Objective The natural history of small-to-moderate size ascending aortic aneurysms is poorly understood. To follow these patients better, we have developed a method to objectively and reproducibly measure ascending aortic volume on the basis of gated contrast computed tomography scans. Methods From 2009 to 2011, 507 patients were referred for management of ascending aortic aneurysms. A total of 232 patients (46%) with small-to-moderate size aneurysms who did not have compelling indications for operation had measurement(s) of ascending aortic and total aortic volume; 166 patients had more than 1 scan, allowing measurement of growth. A total of 66 patients admitted to the emergency department without ascending aortic pathology served as a reference group. Results None of the patients experienced rupture, dissection, or death; 3 patients ultimately underwent operation. Ascending aortic volume and volume/total aortic volume differed for the surveillance and reference groups: 132.8 ± 39.4 mL versus 78.0 ± 24.5 mL; 38.3% ± 7.4% versus 29.1% ± 3.9%, respectively (both P P = .007 and .012, respectively). Analysis of risk factors for ascending aortic growth revealed only the use of antithrombotic medication as possibly significant. Conclusions Computed tomography volume measurements provide an objective method for ascertaining aortic size and monitoring expansion. Patients with small-to-moderate ascending aortic aneurysms who are carefully followed and managed appropriately have slow aneurysm growth and a small risk of rupture or dissection. Annual computed tomography screening may not be indicated, and elective resection—absent other surgical indications—is not necessary. The rupture/dissection risk for even larger aneurysms in carefully followed patients may be lower than currently believed.
GPU-CPU multi-core for real-time signal processing

Modern graphics cards are supported with powerful computational facilities for fast computation of vertex geometry and realistic rendering of 3D graphics. The introduction of programmable pipeline in the graphics processing units (GPU) has enabled configurability. GPU which is available in every computer has a tremendous feat of highly parallel SIMD processing, but its capability is often under-utilized. In this paper, we analyze the computation of general-purpose algorithms on GPU.
Financial Manipulation: Words Don't Lie

Reliable financial reporting is critical to the efficiency of capital markets. Despite its importance, managers may have incentive to misrepresent financial results for personal gain.While academics and professionals have developed models to detect aggressive accounting, these have been met with limited success. Still, there is some evidence that quantitative models may be improved through the application of techniques developed by linguists and psychologists to identify deceptive language and behavior.Why don’t shareholders and analysts apply these techniques to evaluate the truthfulness of management?Reference: Detecting Deceptive Discussions in Conference Calls (working paper on SSRN), available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1572705.Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the book Corporate Governance Matters, and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
Identification of a role for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cgr1p in pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit synthesis

Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGR1 encodes a conserved fungal protein that localizes to the nucleolus. To determine if this localization reflects a role for Cgr1p in ribosome biogenesis two yeast cgr1 mutants were examined for defects in ribosome synthesis: a conditional depletion strain in which CGR1 is under the control of a tetracycline-repressible promoter and a mutant strain in which a C-terminal truncated Cgr1p is expressed. Both strains had impaired growth rates and were hypersensitive to the aminoglycosides paromomycin and hygromycin. Polysome analyses of the mutants revealed increased levels of free 40S subunits relative to 60S subunits, a decrease in 80S monosomes and accumulation of half-mer polysomes. Pulse–chase labelling demonstrated that pre-rRNA processing was defective in the mutants, resulting in accumulation of the 35S, 27S and 7S pre-rRNAs and delayed production of the mature 25S and 5·8S rRNAs. The synthesis of the 18S and 5S rRNAs was unaffected. Loss of Cgr1 function also caused a partial delocalization of the 5′-ITS1 RNA and the nucleolar protein Nop1p into the nucleoplasm, suggesting that Cgr1p contributes to compartmentalization of nucleolar constituents. Together these findings establish a role for Cgr1p in ribosome biogenesis.
Demo abstract: R.A.V.E.N. — Remote autonomous vehicle explorer network

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently become a viable platform for surveillance and exploration tasks. Several commercial quadrotor aircraft have been successfully used as surveillance equipment with groups such as United States and Canadian police forces, and additional applications for this technology could include exploration of ra-dioactive/hazmat environments, naval search and rescue, or surveying a building on fire, to name a few. Despite the agility and speed of the quadrotor platform, current systems lack the redundancy and collaboration of a multi-unit team; current implementations of quadrotor UAV flocks require expensive equipment, limiting the system to operation within range of external sensors. We propose a system for intelligently controlling multiple quadrotor UAVs using a combination of on-board vision tracking and wireless communication of attitude measurements. The proposed system uses a lead, human-controlled quadrotor and one or more quadro-tors that track and follow the lead unit autonomously. The forthcoming system aims to improve the execution time required to complete missions and increase both breadth of search and platform effectiveness.
Occurrence of Lepidoptera on Selected Host Trees in Two Central Appalachian National Forests

In 1995 and 1996, Lepidoptera larvae of 13 families were sampled by pruning foliage from canopies of maple, hickory, red oak group, white oak, and chestnut oak. The families were Arctiidae, Geometridae, Hesperiidae, Lasiocampidae, Lycaenidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and Thyatiridae. Samples were collected from 18 plots (each 200 ha), nine in the George Washington National Forest in Virginia and nine in the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia. Sampling seasons were from May to mid-August; foliage samples were collected each week. The occurrence of Lepidoptera on host trees within the two forests was compared. A total of 131 species of caterpillars representing 13 families was collected. Most larvae were Noctuidae (47 species) and Geometridae (44 species). Of 6,743 larvae collected over both years, 57% were gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). The population of this species collapsed during the second year of the study because of the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga. Other particularly abundant species in both forests were Acronicta ovata Grote, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Polia latex (Guenee), Melanolophia canadaria (Guenee), Alsophila pometaria (Harris), and Nadata gibbosa (J.E. Smith). Some species were found only in one forest. Larval richness and abundance were higher in May and August and the lowest numbers occurred in June and July. Abundance and richness were different for the 2 yr. Population shifts may be directly related to weather conditions or indirectly related through the effects of temperature or rainfall patterns on natural enemies, foliage chemistry, or other factors. The number of species of caterpillars collected from the host tree groups was 62 on maple, 77 on hickory; 76 on the red oak group, 75 on chestnut oak, and 66 on white oak. The abundance of larvae ranged from 14.8% collected on maple to 25.4% collected on the red oak group.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques

Ross D. Farhadieh, Neil W. Bulstrode, Sabrina Cugno, eds. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. ISBN-10: 1118655427, ISBN-13: 978-1118655429. $399.95. ![Graphic][1] Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques is a single-volume comprehensive plastic surgery textbook that deftly navigates that delicate balance between simply summarizing the vast components of plastic surgery or burdening the reader with volumes of extensive detail. The book's 79 chapters are divided into nine sections covering the core topics of plastic surgery: “Basic Science and Principles,” “Integument,” “Pediatric Plastic Surgery and Congenital Disorders,” “Head and Neck Reconstruction,” “Breast,” “Trunk and Lower Limb,” “Upper Limb,” and “Aesthetic Surgery” (the ninth and final section is entitled “Military, Simulation Training, and Exams”). Each chapter follows a similar outline: relevant anatomy, classification, surgical options, case examples, and complications. The editors have assembled over 130 international authors, many of whom are recognized authorities in their subspecialty, to provide a truly global perspective of the field of plastic surgery. The book is true to its subtitle: Approaches and … Corresponding Author: Dr Keith E. Brandt, Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CB 8238, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. E-mail: brandtk{at}wustl.edu [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Observation of the radiative transition ψ → γE(1420)

Abstract We have observed a radiative transition from the ψ to a state decaying into K S K ± π ∓ , with mass M = 1.44 −0.015 +0.01 GeV/ c 2 and width Γ = 0.05 −0.02 +0.03 GeV/ c 2 . We tentatively identify this state as the E(1420). Assuming that this state is an isospin singlet, we have determined the branching fraction product B(ψ → γ E ) × B( E × K K π) = (3.6 ± 1.4) × 10 −3 .
A tonal split in bound argument pronouns in Il-keeknyokie Maa

This paper describes and accounts for the tonal split between bound argument prefixes of Il-Keekonyokie Maa verbs with (apparently) High and Low tone. Data with the tonal split are given, followed by an analysis showing that the apparent High tone must be lexically unspecified for these prefixes. This analysis is required because a lexical High prefix tone in certain verbs would cause downstep, where down step is not observed. Neutralization of the tone split is then considered, with the data presented and accounted for by an analysis for each of the two verb root classes. The conclusion discusses the need for the apparent word initial High tone to be spread from the stem tone.
Measurement of Transit Time and Carrier Velocity Under High Electric Field in III-Nitride P-I-N Diodes

We present an optically-detected time-of-flight technique with femtosecond resolution that monitors the change in the electroabsorption due to charge transport in a p-i-n diode, and show how it may be used to determine the electron transit time and velocity-field characteristic in GaN at room temperature. The transit time drops with increasing electric field E in the intermediate field regime (50-100kV/cm), and the electron velocity possesses a weak, quasi-linear dependence on E attributed to polar optical phonon scattering. In the high field regime the transit time and the electron velocity gradually become independent of E . The peak electron velocity of 1.9×10 7 cm/sec, corresponding to a transit time of ∼2.5 ps across the 0.53 μm depletion region, is attained at ∼ 225 kV/cm. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical steady-state velocity-field characteristics found in the literature.
Adult Emergence Profiles of the Oak Leaf Roller Archips semiferanus and Its Pupal Parasites

Over 11,000 microlepidoptera pupae were randomly collected over a one week period in June 1972 from a mixed oak forest in central Pennsylvania. Of the adults emerging (58.87%), 98.67% were Archips semiferanus (Walker). Males emerged earlier than females; a sex ratio of 1.22 ♂:1 ♀ was found. Six Hymenoptera pupal parasites were observed, with Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (3.52%) and Phaeogenes gilvilabris Allen (2.62%) the most common. A. semiferanus is the 1st reported host for P. gilvilabris . The male parasites emerged earlier than the females with the following sex ratio: I. conquisitor , 2.10 ♂:1 ♀; P. gilvilabris , 3.70 ♂: 1 ♀. In general male Hymenoptera parasites emerged from male A. semiferanus pupae, and female parasites from female hosts.
Electrical properties of Ni S 2 − x Se x

We report results of measurements of electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power, and Hall effect on single crystals of $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{S}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x} (0.1\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1.5)$. These results cannot be understood using the one-electron approximation but are explained quantitatively by assuming both strong electronic correlations and strong electron-phonon interactions in the $3d {e}_{g}$ band associated with the nickel ions. The $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{S}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ compounds are of particular interest insofar as they permit study of the effect of increasing bandwidth without a change of the basic occupation of states in the correlation-split ${e}_{g}$ bands. In our model, pure stoichiometric $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{S}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x} (xl0.6)$ is a Mott insulator with an energy gap due to the correlation splitting of the nickel ${e}_{g}$ band. However, in all real samples, nonstoichiometry and/or traces of impurities lead to a small concentration of free carriers at all temperatures. These carriers form small polarons, which ordinarily conduct only by means of thermally activated hopping in a very narrow band. For $0.45\ensuremath{\le}xl0.6$, the conductivity decreases with increasing temperature below about 100 K. We interpret this unusual behavior as due to small-polaron band conduction, a phenomenon predicted by Holstein and others at low temperatures but heretofore unconfirmed. For $x\ensuremath{\ge}0.6$, small polarons do not form, and the system is metallic at all temperatures.
Assessment of nutrition and health status of residents in poor areas of Chongqing

Objective To assess the nutrition and health status of residents in poor areas of Chongqing,China.Methods Probability proportional sampling( PPS) method was used.Each sampling household was asked with questionnaires and given medical examinations and laboratory tests.Results In poor areas of Chongqing,the adult residents malnutrition,overweight,and obesity rates were 5.37%,22.07% and 6.59%,respectively.Malnutrition,overweight,and obesity rates in children and adolescents were came to a high level for 11.06%,8.94%,and 7.66%,respectively.Nutrition-related diseases prevalence stood a high level with anemia prevalence of 6.90%,hypertension prevalence of 20.67%,diabetes and impaired fasting glucose prevalence of 8.92% and 4.11%,respectively,which were all higher than the prevalences of the Chinese population in 2002.Conclusion The nutrition and health status in poor areas of Chongqing are urgent.The problem of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents and the elderly nutrition-related health problems and chronic diseases will be an important public health problem in the future.
Cyanobacteria Dominance in Lakes and Evaluation of Its Predictors: a Study of Southern Appalachians Ecoregion, USA

Owing to their ecological and economic implications, the abundance of cyanobacteria has been an important subject in aquatic ecology. There has been a debate about which nutrients are a better predictor of cyanobacteria abundance, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) or nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N:P). A classic study by Downing and coworkers in 2001 concluded that total N and total P are better predictors than TN:TP ratio. We picked lakes from a different region of the US, the Southern Appalachians (SAP), to test the same hypotheses using the National Lakes Assessment (NLA, 2007) database. This dataset consists of 116 selected sampling sites throughout the ecoregion. In this study, total cyanobacteria abundance was related to three predictors (N, P and N:P) using linear regression, non-parametric statistics and boosted regression trees (BRTs). Total N and total P were more strongly correlated to cyanobacteria abundance than N:P. Partial dependence plots from BRT analysis confirmed results of correlations showing higher relative influence values of TN and TP on cyanobacteria abundance. An important observation from both analyses was that cyanobacteria abundance increased rapidly with increasing TP above 5 μg TP/L. This is a similar response relationship between abundance of cyanobacteria and TP as reported by Downing et al. (2001). These TP thresholds for cyanobacteria dominance are important for TP management targets to control blooms in lakes.
Novel Phagocytosis-Resistant Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli From Keratitis

Importance Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are highly antibiotic resistant, and primary ocular infection by ESBL E coli has rarely been reported. A novel mutation conferring phagocytosis resistance would position a strain well to infect the cornea. Observations A woman with recurrent keratitis presented with a corneal ulcer, which was culture positive for ESBL E coli . Resistant to nearly all other antimicrobials, the infection was treated with amikacin and polymyxin B–trimethoprim, and the ulcer resolved over 3 weeks. Analysis of the E coli genome showed it to belong to multilocus sequence type 131 (ST131). This isolate was found to possess a novel deletion in yrfF, an essential regulator of bacterial capsule synthesis. Disruption of yrfF , which confers mucoidy and increased virulence, has not been previously observed in ESBL E coli from any infection site. This novel variant was experimentally proven to cause the mucoid phenotype, and corresponding resistance to phagocytic killing. Conclusions and Relevance Increased resistance to immune clearance in an ESBL E coli lineage already known for its virulence is an unsettling development. This phenotype, which likely positioned it as an unusual cause of corneal ulcer, can be easily recognized in the laboratory, which should help limit its spread.
LOVTRAP: A Versatile Method to Control Protein Function with Light.

We describe a detailed procedure for the use of LOVTRAP, an approach to reversibly sequester and release proteins from cellular membranes using light. In the application described here, proteins that act at the plasma membrane are held at mitochondria in the dark, and reversibly released by irradiation. The technique relies on binding of an engineered Zdk domain to a LOV2 domain, with affinity 500 nM upon irradiation between 400 and 500 nm. LOVTRAP can be applied to diverse proteins, as it requires attaching only one member of the Zdk/LOV2 pair to the target protein, and the other to the membrane where the target protein is to be sequestered. Light-induced protein release occurs in less than a second, and the half-life of return can be adjusted using LOV point mutations (∼2 to 500 sec). © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: optogenetics; LOVTRAP; Zdk; signaling; localization; dissociation
Socioeconomic factors determine survival in hepatocellular cancer

A48 INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. In recent years, advances in surgical resection and liver transplantation have unequivocally improved survival. We hypothesized that disparate access to these therapies impacts survival. Our objective was to determine whether socioeconomic factors were associated with survival for HCC. METHODS: Query of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry identified 18,695 HCC patients in the US between 1973-2003. Year of diagnosis was categorized by decade; race into Black, White, Hispanic, and Other; and household income into low, middle, and high groups. Trends in survival were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the prognostic significance of socioeconomic factors and time period relative to overall survival. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) national database was also queried to identify transplantation-related survival. RESULTS: Median survival for all patients with HCC was 4 months. Survival significantly increased with each successive decade for all racial and income groups (all p values CONCLUSION(S): Surgical resection and liver transplantation have improved survival for HCC. Black race and low income, however, remain independent prognostic factors for poor survival. This survival disparity may be related to inadequate access to appropriate surgical care, including transplantation. Investigation of current treatment patterns is warranted to improve survival for Black and low-income patients.
Determination of orthotropic mechanical properties of 3D printed parts for structural health monitoring

The evolution of additive manufacturing has allowed engineers to use 3D printing for many purposes. As a natural consequence of the 3D printing process, the printed object is anisotropic. As part of an ongoing project to embed piezoelectric devices in 3D printed structures for structural health monitoring (SHM), this study aims to find the mechanical properties of the 3D printed material and the influence of different external factors on those properties. The orthotropic mechanical properties of a 3D printed structure are dependent on the printing parameters used to create the structure. In order to develop an orthotropic material model, mechanical properties will be found experimentally from additively manufactured samples created from polylactic acid (PLA) using a consumer-level fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer; the Lulzbot TAZ 6. Nine mechanical constants including three Young's moduli, three Poisson’s ratios, and three shear moduli are needed to fully describe the 3D elastic behavior of the material. Printed specimens with different raster orientations and print orientations allow calculation of the different material constants. In this work, seven of the nine mechanical constants were found. Two shear moduli were unable to be measured due to difficulties in printing two of the sample orientations. These mechanical properties are needed in order to develop orthotropic material models of systems employing 3D printed PLA. The results from this paper will be used to create a model of a piezoelectric transducer embedded in a 3D printed structure for structural health monitoring.
Exploring Variation in Certified Nursing Assistant Assignments From the Perspective of Nursing Home Residents: A Comparison of Adopters and Nonadopters of Consistent Assignment:

Objective: To describe and compare certified nursing assistant (CNA) staffing between adopter and nonadopters of consistent assignment. Data sources: One month of preexisting CNA assignment and sch...
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. and Typha glauca Godr. Stands. I. Emergent plant production

Abstract In 1979 and 1980, NH 4 NO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 were applied monthly to the surface water of enclosed experimental plots dominated by either Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. or Typha glauca Godr. in Eagle Lake, Iowa, a natural prairie marsh. The impact of nitrogen and phosphorous loading on concentrations of NH 4 N, NO 3 N, and PO 4 P in 15-cm deep interstitial water was unclear in 1979 because of muskrat damage to many interstitial water-sampling devices. However, in 1980, fertilizer application resulted in significant increases in NH 4 N (+189%) and PO 4 P (+60%) in interstitial waters. In 1980, significant increases of 57% and 19% in net annual above-ground production occurred for Sparganium and Typha , respectively, in the fertilized enclosures. Root—rhizome production was not altered by fertilization.
Association of secondhand smoke exposure with asthma symptoms, medication use, and healthcare utilization among asthmatic adolescents

Objective: To investigate the association between secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) and asthma symptoms, medication use, and emergency department (ED)/urgent care (UC) utilization among adolescents....
InSAR Time Series Analysis of L-Band Wide-Swath SAR Data Acquired by ALOS-2

Operating at L-band (~24 cm wavelength) in wide-swath modes is one of the characteristics of the new and next generation satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) missions. After 3 years of operation, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) satellite has acquired a wealth of L-band wide-swath SAR data over many areas using its ScanSAR mode. We present interferometry SAR (InSAR) time series analysis results from ALOS-2 ScanSAR data. We analyze the possible error sources in the InSAR and correct them if possible. We present different time series analysis results including azimuth frequency modulation rate error, line of sight (LOS) ionospheric phase, azimuth shift caused by the ionosphere, and LOS displacement processed using both full-aperture and burst-by -burst workflows. The final InSAR LOS displacement time series result reveals both large-scale tectonic and small-scale anthropogenic deformation components. The results demonstrate the potential for measuring continental or even global-scale tectonic deformation and illustrate the promise of upcoming L-band wide-swath SAR missions, such as the NASA-ISRO SAR mission.
The Definition of a Single Measure of Regional Wall Motion Abnormality in Scintigraphic Ventriculography

We undertook this study to investigate if a single measure of focal or regional wall motion abnormalities could be devised. Since it can be shown that the global ejection fraction does not necessarily decrease until a substantial fraction of the myocardium has been damaged, and since global parameters are easily influenced by non-myocardial variables such as after-load, pre-load and heart rate, it seemed that a more precise measure of focal damage was needed.
MODELING MULTI-SCALE FLOWUSING THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD

We demonstrate that the multi-linear interpolation functions used on an Eulerian grid in standard MPM generate volumetric locking, which dominates the solution as bulk compressibility approaches the incompressible limit. We propose a simple relaxation procedure based on a three-field Hu-Washizu principle and demonstrate its applicability to modeling of granular flow problems.
CONSIDERATIONS IN PROGRAM DESIGN AND EVALUATION

This chapter reviews the key attributes of good programs and good programming practices. The process of writing complex programs requires many considerations and decisions. All program development activities should be geared toward the goal of maximum user impact. The reduction of the time and effort to be expended in the programming task is important for realizing a release time for the design and development of the algorithms that the program represents. The program development process starts with the user recognizing a problem and ends with their interpreting a computer printout that may provide relevant information and/or answers. The success or failure of a particular programming effort is primarily determined by the degree to which this printout assists the user in resolving his problem. Activities having a great user impact, such as documentation and output design, should be given in-depth attention. A standardized approach to programming results in a semiautomatic execution of trivial tasks. Thus, it reduces the likelihood of errors in these tasks, and frees time and attention for more important tasks. Thereafter, adequate program documentation provides for a number of time and money saving advantages. There is a clear tradeoff between the time and effort spent documenting a program, and the difficulty experienced by the user in attempting to use it. The program should be designed such that the probability of errors in user inputs is minimized. This means that the choice of input format should be dictated by what is convenient for the user.
Local Delivery of Regulatory T Cells Promotes Corneal Allograft Survival.

Background Regulatory T (Treg) cell-based immunotherapies have been studied as potential cell-based modalities for promoting transplant survival. However, the efficacy of local delivery of Treg cells in corneal transplantation has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the kinetics of migration of subconjunctivally injected Treg cells and their role in promoting corneal allograft survival. Methods GFPCD4CD25Foxp3 Treg cells were isolated from draining lymph nodes (DLNs) of GFP transgenic mice and were subconjunctivally injected to corneal allograft recipients. Next, Treg cells, conventional T cells (Tconv) or a combination of both was locally injected to graft recipients, and graft survival was determined by evaluating opacity scores for 10 weeks. Transplanted mice without treatment served as controls. The frequencies of major histocompatibility complex-IICD11b antigen-presenting cells, IFNγCD4 Th1 cells, and CD45 cells in the DLNs and cornea were evaluated at week 2 posttransplantation using flow cytometry. Expressions of IFNγ, IL-10 and TGF-β in the grafts were assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results GFP Treg cells were detected in the ipsilateral cornea and DLNs of recipients 6 hours after injection. Subconjunctival injection of Treg cells significantly decreased the frequencies of mature antigen-presenting cells in the graft and DLNs, suppressed Th1 frequencies in DLNs, and inhibited CD45 cell infiltration to the graft. Finally, locally delivered Treg cells significantly reduced the expression of IFN-γ, enhanced the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in the graft, and promoted long-term allograft survival. Conclusions Our study elucidates the kinetics of migration of locally delivered Treg cells and shows their role in suppressing host immune response against the allograft.
Perivascular Adipocytes Store Norepinephrine by Vesicular Transport

Objective- Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contains an independent adrenergic system that can take up, metabolize, release, and potentially synthesize the vasoactive catecholamine norepinephrine. Norepinephrine has been detected in PVAT, but the mechanism of its protection within this tissue is unknown. Here, we investigate whether PVAT adipocytes can store norepinephrine using VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter). Approach and Results- High-performance liquid chromatography identified norepinephrine in normal male Sprague Dawley rat aortic, superior mesenteric artery, and mesenteric resistance vessel PVATs, and retroperitoneal fat. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed VMAT1 and VMAT2 mRNA expression in the adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction of mesenteric resistance vessel PVAT. Immunofluorescence demonstrated the presence of VMAT1 and VMAT2, and the colocalization of VMAT2 with norepinephrine, in the cytoplasm of adipocytes in mesenteric resistance vessel PVAT. A protocol was developed to capture real-time uptake of Mini 202-a functional and fluorescent VMAT probe-in live rat PVAT adipocytes. Mini 202 was taken up by freshly isolated and differentiated adipocytes from mesenteric resistance vessel PVAT and adipocytes from thoracic aortic and superior mesenteric artery PVATs. In adipocytes freshly isolated from mesenteric resistance vessel PVAT, addition of rose bengal (VMAT inhibitor), nisoxetine (norepinephrine transporter inhibitor), or corticosterone (organic cation 3 transporter inhibitor) significantly reduced Mini 202 signal. Immunofluorescence supports that neither VMAT1 nor VMAT2 is present in retroperitoneal adipocytes, suggesting that PVAT adipocytes may be unique in storing norepinephrine. Conclusions- This study supports a novel function of PVAT adipocytes in storing amines in a VMAT-dependent manner. It provides a foundation for future studies exploring the purpose and mechanisms of norepinephrine storage by PVAT in normal physiology and obesity-related hypertension.
Building wooden houses: The political economy of plankhouse construction on the southern Northwest Coast of North America

Abstract Household archaeology focuses on what households do. Building and repairing houses is a household task that receives less explicit attention than do other tasks. Through the lens of political economy, we examine how three southern Northwest Coast households organized and orchestrated a complex labor task: building and maintaining their houses, by developing estimates of labor and raw material costs. We then use this analysis to show how house building and maintenance bears on issues of collective action, monumentality, anthropogenic landscapes, the development of concepts of property on the Northwest Coast, and of household continuity across episodes of cultural change. The political economies of Northwest Coast households have been central to theory building about the evolution and nature of sociocultural complexity among complex hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, but archaeological attention has emphasized subsistence. Our analysis does not supplant such models, but rather compliments them.
Head and neck cancer radiation therapy decision support

Currently the methods used to develop radiation therapy treatment plans for head and neck cancers rely on clinician experience and a small set of universal guidelines which result in inconsistent and variable methods. Data driven support can provide assistance to clinicians by reducing inconsistency associated with treatment planning and provide empirical estimates to minimize the radiation to healthy organs near the tumor. We created a database of DICOM RT objects which stores historical cases and when a new DICOM object is uploaded it will return a set of similar treatment plans to assist the clinician in creating the treatment plan for the current patient. The database works first by extracting features from DICOM RT object to quantitatively compare and evaluate the similarity of cases enabling the system to mine for cases with defined similarity. The feature extraction methods are based on the spatial relationships between the tumors and organs at risk which allows the generation the overlap volume histogram and spatial target similarity which demonstrate the volumetric and locational similarity between the organ at risk and the tumor. It is useful to find cases with similar tumor anatomy because this similarity translates to similarity in radiation dosage. The developed system was applied to three different RT sites, University of California Los Angeles, Technical University at Munich and State University of New York Buffalo; Roswell Park, with a total of 247 cases to evaluate the system for both inter- and intra- institutional best practices and results. Future roadmap will be discussed for correlating outcomes results to the decision support system which will enhance the overall performance and utilization of the decision support system in the RT workflow. In the future, because this database returns similar historical cases to a current one this could be a worthwhile decision support tool for clinicians as they create new radiation therapy treatment plans.
Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent Girls and young women

(1941). Menstrual Disorders in Adolescent Girls and young women. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 12-63.
Risk-Averse Model Predictive Control Design for Battery Energy Storage Systems

When batteries supply behind-the-meter services such as arbitrage or peak load management, an optimal controller can be designed to minimize the total electric bill. The limitations of the batteries, such as on voltage or state-of-charge, are represented in the model used to forecast the system’s state dynamics. Control model inaccuracy can lead to an optimistic shortfall, where the achievable schedule will be costlier than the schedule derived using the model. To improve control performance and avoid optimistic shortfall, we develop a novel methodology for high performance, risk-averse battery energy storage controller design. Our method is based on two contributions. First, the application of a more accurate, but non-convex, battery system model is enabled by calculating upper and lower bounds on the globally optimal control solution. Second, the battery model is then modified to consistently underestimate capacity by a statistically selected margin, thereby hedging its control decisions against normal variations in battery system performance. The proposed model predictive controller, developed using this methodology, performs better and is more robust than the state-of-the-art approach, achieving lower bills for energy customers and being less susceptible to optimistic shortfall.
Workplace Interpersonal Capitalization: Employee Reactions to Coworker Positive Event Disclosures

“Capitalization”—the process of sharing a personal positive event with others—provides disclosers with many advantages such as increased self-esteem, relationship quality, and relationship trust. E...
A Deeper Investigation of the Importance of Wikipedia Links to the Success of Search Engines

A growing body of work has highlighted the important role that Wikipedia's volunteer-created content plays in helping search engines achieve their core goal of addressing the information needs of millions of people. In this paper, we report the results of an investigation into the incidence of Wikipedia links in search engine results pages (SERPs). Our results extend prior work by considering three U.S. search engines, simulating both mobile and desktop devices, and using a spatial analysis approach designed to study modern SERPs that are no longer just "ten blue links". We find that Wikipedia links are extremely common in important search contexts, appearing in 67-84% of all SERPs for common and trending queries, but less often for medical queries. Furthermore, we observe that Wikipedia links often appear in "Knowledge Panel" SERP elements and are in positions visible to users without scrolling, although Wikipedia appears less in prominent positions on mobile devices. Our findings reinforce the complementary notions that (1) Wikipedia content and research has major impact outside of the Wikipedia domain and (2) powerful technologies like search engines are highly reliant on free content created by volunteers.
Dopamine neurons promote arousal and wakefulness via Dop1R receptor in the Drosophila mushroom body

Diseases associated with impaired sleep regulation negatively impact motor skills, emotional states, and cognitive performance. Neural circuits involved in sleep homeostasis play a critical role in sleep-wake transition but the precise circuit mechanisms underlying persistence of sleep, arousal and wakefulness remain unclear. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a powerful model system for the study of sleep and circuit mechanisms underlying state transitions and persistence of states to meet the organisms motivational and cognitive needs. Here we investigate the role of specific subsets of dopamine neurons innervating the mushroom body (MB), a region implicated in sleep and associative learning in Drosophila. We find that inhibition of specific subsets of PAM and PPL1 dopamine neurons projecting to the MB increase sleep in the presence of strong wake-inducing stimuli. The wakefulness induced by activity of the PAM neurons is mediated by both Dop1 R1 and Dop1R2 receptors located in downstream Kenyon cells and mushroom body output neurons (MBONs). Further, we find that unlike the activity of the MBONs, whose activity is modulated by sleep-need and sleep-debt, the dopamine neuronal activity is independent of sleep-need. The sleep-regulating dopamine neurons characterized in these studies are also involved in mediating short-term courtship memories, appetitive memories and memory extinction processes. Taken together, we have identified and characterized the dopamine circuit and cellular mechanisms that link motivation-dependent behavioral output and suppression of sleep to coordinate motivated processes with wakefulness.