cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Electrokinetic Magnus Effect

Colloids dispersed in electrolytes and exposed to an electric field produce a locally polarized cloud of ions around them. Above a critical electric field strength, an instability occurs causing these ion clouds to break symmetry leading to spontaneous rotation of particles about an axis orthogonal to the applied field, a phenomenon named Quincke rotation. In this Letter, we characterize a new mode of electrokinetic transport. If the colloids have a net charge, Quincke rotation couples with electrophoretic motion and propels particles in a direction orthogonal to both the applied field and the axis of rotation. This motion is a spontaneous, electrokinetic analogue to the well-known Magnus effect. Typically, motion orthogonal to a field requires anisotropy in particle shape, dielectric properties, or boundary geometry. Here, the electrokinetic Magnus (EKM) effect occurs for spheres with isotropic properties in an unbounded environment, with the Quincke rotation instability providing the broken symmetry needed to drive orthogonal motion. We study the EKM effect using explicit ion, Brownian dynamics simulations and develop a simple, continuum, analytic electrokinetic theory, which are in agreement. We also explain how nonlinearities in the theoretical description of the ions affect Quincke rotation and the EKM effect.
Exploring the socio-economic and environmental components of infectious diseases using multivariate geovisualization: West Nile Virus.

Background This study postulates that underlying environmental conditions and a susceptible population's socio-economic status should be explored simultaneously to adequately understand a vector borne disease infection risk. Here we focus on West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito borne pathogen, as a case study for spatial data visualization of environmental characteristics of a vector's habitat alongside human demographic composition for understanding potential public health risks of infectious disease. Multiple efforts have attempted to predict WNV environmental risk, while others have documented factors related to human vulnerability to the disease. However, analytical modeling that combines the two is difficult due to the number of potential explanatory variables, varying spatial resolutions of available data, and differing research questions that drove the initial data collection. We propose that the use of geovisualization may provide a glimpse into the large number of potential variables influencing the disease and help distill them into a smaller number that might reveal hidden and unknown patterns. This geovisual look at the data might then guide development of analytical models that can combine environmental and socio-economic data. Methods Geovisualization was used to integrate an environmental model of the disease vector's habitat alongside human risk factors derived from socio-economic variables. County level WNV incidence rates from California, USA, were used to define a geographically constrained study area where environmental and socio-economic data were extracted from 1,133 census tracts. A previously developed mosquito habitat model that was significantly related to WNV infected dead birds was used to describe the environmental components of the study area. Self-organizing maps found 49 clusters, each of which contained census tracts that were more similar to each other in terms of WNV environmental and socio-economic data. Parallel coordinate plots permitted visualization of each cluster's data, uncovering patterns that allowed final census tract mapping exposing complex spatial patterns contained within the clusters. Results Our results suggest that simultaneously visualizing environmental and socio-economic data supports a fuller understanding of the underlying spatial processes for risks to vector-borne disease. Unexpected patterns were revealed in our study that would be useful for developing future multilevel analytical models. For example, when the cluster that contained census tracts with the highest median age was examined, it was determined that those census tracts only contained moderate mosquito habitat risk. Likewise, the cluster that contained census tracts with the highest mosquito habitat risk had populations with moderate median age. Finally, the cluster that contained census tracts with the highest WNV human incidence rates had unexpectedly low mosquito habitat risk.
Making focus groups accessible and inclusive for people with communication disabilities: a research note:

Participating in focus groups can be challenging for people with communication disabilities. Given that more than 1 in 10 adults has a communication disability, focus groups that overlook their nee...
Balancing the influenza neuraminidase and hemagglutinin responses by exchanging the vaccine virus backbone

Abstract Virions are a common antigen source for many viral vaccines. One limitation to using virions is that the antigen abundance is determined by the content of each protein in the virus. This caveat especially applies to viral-based influenza vaccines where the low abundance of the neuraminidase (NA) surface antigen remains a bottleneck for improving the NA antibody response. Here, we used the WHO recommended H1N1 antigens (2019-2020 season) in a systematic analysis to demonstrate that the NA to hemagglutinin (HA) ratio in virions can be improved by exchanging the viral backbone internal genes, thereby preserving the antigens. The purified inactivated virions with higher NA content show a more spherical morphology, a different balance between the HA receptor binding and NA receptor release functions, and induce a better NA inhibitory antibody response in mice. These results indicate that influenza viruses support a range of ratios for a given NA and HA pair that can be utilized to produce viral-based influenza vaccines with increased NA content which can elicit more balanced inhibitory antibody responses to NA and HA.
Racial Differences in the Rate of Change in Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Surface Depth in the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study.

Author(s): Girkin, Christopher A; Belghith, Akram; Bowd, Christopher; Medeiros, Felipe A; Weinreb, Robert N; Liebmann, Jeffrey M; Proudfoot, James A; Zangwill, Linda M; Fazio, Massimo A | Abstract: PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine if the rate of change in the depth of the surface of the lamina cribrosa due to glaucomatous remodeling differs between glaucoma patients of African descent (AD) and European descent (ED).MethodsThere were 1122 images taken longitudinally over an average of 3 years (range = 0.9-4.1 years) from 122 patients with glaucoma followed in the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) and Diagnostic Intervention and Glaucoma Study (DIGS) were automatically segmented to compute anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD). The rate of ALCSD change was compared across racial groups after adjusting for baseline characteristics known to be associated with ALCSD or disease progression (visual field, ALCSD, corneal thickness, optic disk size, and age).ResultsAfter adjusting for all other covariates, the ED group had significantly greater ALCSD posterior migration (deepening) than the AD group (difference = 2.57 µm/year, P = 0.035). There was a wider range of ALCSD change in the ED compared with the AD group, and more individuals had greater magnitude of both deepening and shallowing. No other covariates measured at baseline had independent effects on the longitudinal changes in ALCSD (baseline visual field severity, baseline ALCSD, corneal thickness, Bruch's membrane opening [BMO] area, or age).ConclusionsGlaucomatous remodeling of the lamina cribrosa differs between AD and ED patients with glaucoma. Unlike the cross-sectional associations seen with aging, in which a deeper ALCSD was seen with age in the ED group, glaucomatous remodeling in this longitudinal study resulted in more posterior migration of ALCSD in ED compared to AD patients.
Predicting Stock Price Movement Using Financial News Sentiment

A central question in financial economics concerns the degree of informational efficiency. Violations of informational efficiency represent capital miss-allocations and potentially profitable trading opportunities. Market efficiency analyses have evolved to incorporate increasingly rich public information and innovative statistical methods to analyze this information. We propose an Automatic Crawling and Prediction System (ACPS) to 1) automatically crawl online media, 2) extract useful information from a rich set of financial news, and 3) predict future stock price movements. ACPS consists of a feature selection pipeline to select an optimal set of predictive features and a sentiment analysis model to measure sentence-level news sentiment. Generated features and news sentiment data are further processed via an ensemble model based on several machine learning and deep learning algorithms to generate forecasts. Results demonstrate the robustness of our proposed model in predicting the directional movement of daily stock prices. Specifically, the model consistently outperforms existing methods on single stock prediction and it performs well across all S&P 500 stocks. Our results indicate the potential value of rich text analysis and ensemble learning methods in a real-time trading context.
The Association Between Presenting Visual Impairment, Health, and Employment Status:

Introduction:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual impairment and correctable visual impairment (i.e., uncorrected refractive errors) on being out of the labor force and...
Quantitative methylation of six genes in breast tumors among the Singapore population

B63 Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. In Singapore, breast cancer remains one of the most common types of cancer diagnosed among woman, with a 1 in 15 risk of women developing breast cancer. Gene methylation is considered to be one of the most common mechanism for silencing cancer-related genes, resulting in the loss of gene expression. In contrast to genetic mutations, epigenetic alteration in DNA though heritable, does not alter the primary DNA sequence. DNA prompter hypermethylation has been implicated in the loss of gene expression via the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes that regulate cell cycle control, DNA repair, tumor susceptibility, carcinogen detoxification, cell adhesion and angiogenesis. In this study the quantitative multiplex methylation-specific PCR (QM-MSP) technique was used to detect the hypermethylation of 6 tumor suppressor genes in 31 breast cancer tumor specimens and their matching adjacent normal breast tissue. The QM-MSP is superior to the methylation specific PCR (MSP) and the quantitative MSP (Q-MSP) as it allows the co-amplification of many genes within a patient sample, when the quantity of DNA is limited. Results from this study demonstrated that the QM-MSP was able to provide 97% sensitivity in detecting methylation in breast tumors in at least one of the six genes. We observed that among the tumors, 77% were positive for RASSF1A, 67% for APC, 61% for TWIST, 45% for cyclin D2, 64% for RAR-s, and 52% for HIN1 respectively. In contrast, the adjacent normal breast tissue showed low levels for positive methylation, RASSF1A (10%), APC (10%), TWIST (10%), cyclin D2 (14%), RAR-s (10%) and HIN1 (8%) respectively. A significant difference in the frequency of positive methylation between tumor and normal tissues was also observed (RASSF1A, p
Telemetry and command, ATS-F's vital link with earth.

The susceptibility of a synchronous satellite to interference as compared with a low orbiting satellite poses a problem for command operations. The Applications Technology Satellites F and G (ATS F & G) are unique in that they will place the first high gain antenna in space that will reduce the need for high powered ground stations. The telemetry and command subsystem provides the necessary versatility required for the conduct of the many sophisticated experiments that will be conducted by the spacecraft. The subsystem provides continuous 24-hr operation of telemetry and command functions with complete redundancy to minimize problems due to RF interference.
Obligation and the Conditional in Stit Theory

In this paper, we consider two different ways in which modus-ponens type reasoning with conditional obligations may be formalized. We develop necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of each, and make some philosophical observations about the differences between the minor premises that each formalization requires. All this is done within the context of the Belnap-Perloff stit theory.
Protection device monitoring using data from power quality monitoring devices

In this paper, a model based expert system method was developed for monitoring the operation of protection devices based on the data obtained from power quality monitoring devices placed at the substations. First, models of physical protection devices were developed, and then actual power quality monitoring data were fed to the models to get an estimate of protection device operation. Test results, based on the actual data, show that, the proposed method can identify which protection device has operated to clear an observed fault, especially when there are multiple protection devices on the system.
[14] Analysis of p53 mutations in human gliomas by RNA single-strand conformational polymorphism

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the leukocytes and tumor tissue of patients with brain tumors for p53 mutations. Because most mutations that occur in the p53 gene are single base pair mutations, a technique sensitive for the detection of such alteration using RNA single-strand conformational polymorphisms (rSSCP) has been developed. The determination of the genetic cause(s) and pathway(s) of oncogenesis for human cancers is important so that effective diagnosis and treatment modalities may be developed. These pathways are thought to vary from one tumor type to another, although the components are often the same negatively and positively acting gene product cell-cycle regulators. An important negative regulator of tumorigenesis is the p53 protein. The inactivation of the gene by mutation or of the p53 protein itself by oncogene products of tumor viruses is important in several tumors. Germline p53 mutations in patients from pedigree affected with Li-Fraumeni syndrome have also been shown to predispose carriers to a higher incidence of initial primary and second primary cancers, such as brain tumors, sarcomas, leukemias, breast carcinomas, and other neoplasms. Thus, the detection of somatic or germline mutations are important influences in the treatment and prognosis of these patients.
A three-dimensional bucking system for optimal bucking of central Appalachian hardwoods.

An optimal tree stem bucking system was developed for central Appalachian hardwood species using three-dimensional (3D) modeling techniques. ActiveX Data Objects were implemented via MS Visual C++/OpenGL to manipulate tree data which were supported by a backend relational data model with five data entity types for stems, grades and prices, logs, defects, and stem shapes. A network analysis algorithm was employed to achieve the optimal bucking solution with four different alternative stage intervals under the bucking by value principle. A total of 264 tree stems were measured in the field including stem dimensions, defects, sweep, and the manual bucking solution of each stem. Results when using the 3D optimal bucking system suggest that compared to manual bucking the total log value and volume gain from each tree stem could be increased on average by 31 to 38 percent and 16 to 17 percent, respectively. Results also show the individual tree stem utilization rate could be increased by 10 to 11 percent. The optimal bucking system developed can be used as a training tool on desktop PCs and can also be installed on field PCs to aid field buckers and operators of sawbucks. The 3D bucking optimization system developed in this research should be valuable to operators in the central Appalachian region due to the variability in tree stems and species of hardwoods.
Flow Control: Passive, Active, and Reactive Flow Management

Preface Nomenclature 1. Introduction 2. Governing equations 3. Unifying principles 4. Coherent structures 5. Reynolds number effects 6. Transition control 7. Compliant coatings 8. Separation control 9. Low-Reynolds-number aerodynamics 10. Drag reduction 11. Mixing enhancement 12. Noise reduction 13. Microelectromechanical systems 14. Frontiers of flow control Epilogue Bibliography Index.
The extensor carpi ulnaris pseudolesion: evaluation with microCT, histology, and MRI

To determine if magic angle plays a role in apparent central increased signal intensity of the distal extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (ECU) on MRI, to see if histologic findings of tendon degeneration are associated with increased T1 or T2 tendon signal on MR imaging, and to determine the prevalence of the ECU “pseudolesion”. A standard 3 Tesla protocol was utilized to scan ten cadaveric wrists. A 40 mm length of 10 ECU and four extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendons were immersion fixed before microCT scanning. Staining with Alcian blue, Masson’s trichrome and Safranin O was performed before light microscopy. Fifty clinical wrist MRIs were also reviewed for the presence of increased T1 and/or T2 signal. Central increased T1 and/or T2 signal was observed in 9 of 10 cadaveric ECU tendons, but not in ECRB tendons. MicroCT and histology showed inter-tendinous matrix between the two distal heads of the ECU. Increased mucoid degeneration correlated with increased MRI signal intensity. The tendon fibers were at a maximum of 8.39° to the longitudinal axis on microCT. Clinical MRIs showed increased T1 signal in 6 %, increased T2 signal in 8 %, increased T1 and T2 signal in 80 %, and 6 % showing no increased signal. Central increased T1 and/or T2 signal in the ECU tendon indicates the presence of normal inter-tendinous ground substance, with increased proteoglycan content (mucoid degeneration) responsible for increased signal intensity. None of the fibers were shown on microCT to approach the magic angle.
2‐Methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene

[3588-30-5] C5H8O (MW 84.13) InChI = 1S/C5H8O/c1-4-5(2)6-3/h4H,1-2H2,3H3 InChIKey = LYGKSUOGJYYSOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2π or 4π partner in cycloaddition reactions;1 regioselective cyclopropanation substrate;16 dihydrofuran precursor;18 δ-hydroxy ketone synthon) Physical Data: bp 75 °C; d 0.827 g cm−3. Solubility: sol alcohol, ether, benzene, acetone. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; not commercially available, but its precursor, 1,3,3-trimethoxybutane, can be purchased. Preparative Method: by slow addition of the acetal precursor to a preheated mixture (150 °C) of acetal and KHSO4 (1∶1 w/w), and collection of the diene-containing distillate in a flask cooled to −78 °C. The distillate is poured into water, the organic and aqueous layers are separated, and the organic layer is dried with 4 molecular sieves. The resulting mixture is fractionally distilled in the presence of hydroquinone to afford the diene in modest yield.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: classified as a flammable liquid; reported to be toxic.
Cracking and Reinforcement Corrosion in Short-Span Precast Concrete Bridges

A nationwide survey revealed 14 states having bridges comprised of precast, nonprestressed, concrete channel beams. Currently, the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) bridge inventory includes approximately 389 in-service bridges using 5.79 m precast channel beams that were constructed using 1952 AHTD bridge details. Results from a statewide inspection of these bridges conducted by the writers revealed bridges with extensive concrete longitudinal cracking at the flexural reinforcing steel level and exposed reinforcing steel. Approximately 2,000 beams in 95 precast concrete channel beam bridges were inspected during a statewide investigation; longitudinal cracking at the reinforcing steel level was observed in 60.4% of the beams and exposed flexural reinforcement in 21.2%. A combination of flexure cracking from the live-load overloads and the presence of moisture has led to this high level of beam deterioration. The source of this moisture is humidity and water seepage at joints between adjacent beams. This paper examines the causes of longitudinal cracking deterioration by examining the influences of water permeation and humidity on the corrosion of flexural reinforcement in precast concrete channel beams.
The role of insulin-like growth factor-I in hyaluronan mediated repair of cultured cartilage explants.

Objective and Design:To test whether hyaluronan (HA) restores proteoglycan (PG) in fibronectin fragment (Fn-f) damaged cartilage through activities of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
Two Concentrations of Topical Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid) Cause Similar Improvement of Photoaging but Different Degrees of Irritation: A Double-blind, Vehicle-Controlled Comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% Tretinoin Creams

Background and Design: The efficacy of topical tretinoin (all- trans -retinoic acid) in treating photoaging is well established. Questions that remain are (1) whether irritation causes all or part of the improvement; (2) the concentration of tretinoin that maximizes clinical response with minimal side effects; and (3) the effects of long-term treatment on components of the cutaneous immune system. To address these issues, 99 photoaged patients completed a 48-week study using 0.1% tretinoin cream (n=32), 0.025% tretinoin (n=35), or vehicle (n=32) once daily in a double-blind manner. Before and after treatment, we assessed histologic features, keratinocyte expression of HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, numbers of epidermal Langerhans' cells and epidermal and dermal T lymphocytes, and vascularity as measured by dermal endothelial cell area. Results: Both 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin produced statistically significant overall improvement in photoaging of the face compared with vehicle; there were no clinically or statistically significant differences in efficacy between the two concentrations of tretinoin. After 48 weeks, 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin produced similar statistically significant epidermal thickening (by 30% and 28%, respectively) compared with vehicle (11% decrease) and increased vascularity (by 100% and 89%, respectively) compared with vehicle (9% decrease). By various analyses, irritant side effects (erythema and scaling) were statistically significantly greater with 0.1% tretinoin than with 0.025% tretinoin. No significant changes occurred in any immunologic markers when tretinoin and vehicle treatments were compared. Conclusions: Tretinoin 0.1% and 0.025% produce similar clinical and histologic changes in patients with photoaging, despite significantly greater incidence of irritation with the higher concentration. The separation between clinical improvement and irritation suggests that mechanisms other than irritation dominate tretinoininduced repair of photoaging in humans. (Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1037-1044)
RNA-seq Analysis Reveals That an ECF σ Factor, AcsS, Regulates Achromobactin Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a

Iron is an essential micronutrient for Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B728a and many other microorganisms; therefore, B728a has evolved methods of iron acquirement including the use of iron-chelating siderophores. In this study an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor, AcsS, encoded within the achromobactin gene cluster is shown to be a major regulator of genes involved in the biosynthesis and secretion of this siderophore. However, production of achromobactin was not completely abrogated in the deletion mutant, implying that other regulators may be involved such as PvdS, the sigma factor that regulates pyoverdine biosynthesis. RNA-seq analysis identified 287 genes that are differentially expressed between the AcsS deletion mutant and the wild type strain. These genes are involved in iron response, secretion, extracellular polysaccharide production, and cell motility. Thus, the transcriptome analysis supports a role for AcsS in the regulation of achromobactin production and the potential activity of both AcsS and achromobactin in the plant-associated lifestyle of strain B728a.
From truth to computability II

The recently initiated approach called computability logic is a formal theory of interactive computation. It understands computational problems as games played by a machine against its environment, and uses logical formalism to describe valid principles of computability, with formulas representing computational problems and logical operators standing for operations on computational problems. The concept of computability that lies under this approach is a generalization of Church-Turing computability from simple, two-step (question/answer, input/output) problems to problems of arbitrary degrees of interactivity. Restricting this concept to predicates, which are understood as computational problems of zero degree of interactivity, yields exactly classical truth. This makes computability logic a generalization and refinement of classical logic.The foundational paper "Introduction to computability logic" [G. Japaridze, Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 123 (2003) 1-99] was focused on semantics rather than syntax, and certain axiomatizability assertions in it were only stated as conjectures. The present contribution contains a verification of one of such conjectures: a soundness and completeness proof for the deductive system CL3 which axiomatizes the most basic first-order fragment of computability logic called the finite-depth, elementary-base fragment. CL3 is a conservative extension of classical predicate calculus in the language which, along with all of the (appropriately generalized) logical operators of classical logic, contains propositional connectives and quantifiers representing the so called choice operations. The atoms of this language are interpreted as elementary problems, i.e. predicates in the standard sense. Among the potential application areas for CL3 are the theory of interactive computation, constructive applied theories, knowledgebase systems, systems for resource-bound planning and action.This paper is self-contained as it reintroduces all relevant definitions as well as main motivations. It is meant for a wide audience and does not assume that the reader has specialized knowledge in any particular subarea of logic or computer science.
The Apollo 17 gravity measurements on the moon

The only gravity measurements made on the surface of a heavenly body were on the moon during the Apollo 17 mission in 1973. An obvious objective was to meet the challenge of making gravity measurements on an extra terrestrial body. More specific objectives were to make an Earth-moon gravity tie, and to investigate the buried structure of the Taurus-Littrow valley, the Apollo 17 landing site. This valley lies between the North Massif and the South Massif and the nature of the valley fill was to be determined.
Lexicon and rhetoric in Fet's translation of Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea

A. A. Fet's translation of J. W. Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea is an important early example of Fet's lifelong practice as a translator and attests to his well-known fidelity to his source texts. His strongest preference is to maintain the versification characteristics of his source, but the degree of his lexical-semantic fidelity is also very strong and far outranks fidelity on other levels (phonetic, grammatical). The poet evidently translated holistically within very small textual domains, within which he sometimes isolated pivots of core semantic information (which he located in translation as they were in the original), around which less important material was fitted, insofar as space permitted. In Fet's text, versification limitations sometimes led to lexical-semantic mismatches of semantic denotation, and these mismatches are characterized in the paper: they typically involve repetitions, repeated mentions, or known information, and the mismatch may entail full or partial loss or enrichment of the semantics of the original. In addition, conflicts sometimes arise between denotative requirements within the local domain and the cumulative (usually connotative) associations generated across the larger domain of the whole text. When such conflicts arise, Fet resolves them in favour of small-domain accuracy, resulting in semantic changes ('shifts') in the domain of the poetic text, which thereby loses some rhetorical or poetic force, relative to the original. Dissonance between large- and smalldomain semantics is often inevitable, because of the language-specific nature of connotation. To the extent that the semantics of Fet's translation are a consequence of his personal preferences, they may be viewed in the context of, first, his early school training (not far behind him when he translated Hermann und Dorothea ) and, second, his status as both professional poet, writing in Russian, and educated native German-Russian bilingual.
Oxidation of thiols with methyltriphenylphosphonium dichromate (MTPPD) in dichloromethane at room temperature

A chemoselective, straight-forward and rapid method for oxidation coupling of thiols to the corresponding disulfides using methyltriphenylphosphonium dichromate (MTPPD) in dichloromethane at room temperature. The reaction has been carried out in excellent yield and short reaction time.
Discovering new indicators of fecal pollution

Fecal pollution indicators are essential to identify and remediate contamination sources and protect public health. Historically, easily cultured facultative anaerobes such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, or enterococci have been used but these indicators generally provide no information as to their source. More recently, molecular methods have targeted fecal anaerobes, which are much more abundant in humans and other mammals, and some strains appear to be associated with particular host sources. Next-generation sequencing and microbiome studies have created an unprecedented inventory of microbial communities associated with fecal sources, allowing reexamination of which taxonomic groups are best suited as informative indicators. The use of new computational methods, such as oligotyping coupled with well-established machine learning approaches, is providing new insights into patterns of host association. In this review we examine the basis for host-specificity and the rationale for using 16S rRNA gene targets for alternative indicators and highlight two taxonomic groups, Bacteroidales and Lachnospiraceae, which are rich in host-specific bacterial organisms. Finally, we discuss considerations for using alternative indicators for water quality assessments with a particular focus on detecting human sewage sources of contamination.
An Interactive Music Environment for Large Groups with Giveaway Wireless Motion Sensors

interfaces (e.g., Siegel and Jacobsen 1998; Paradiso et al. 2000; Aylward and Paradiso 2006) allow a single dancer or small group of dancers to control music with their actions, but these do not scale to allow for hundreds of participants to interact concurrently. Various vision-based tracking systems are able to extract considerable nuance from dance ensembles (e.g., Wechsler, Weiss, and Dowling 2004; Obermaier 2004; Camurri et al. 1999), but they generally exploit a highly structured and stable stage environment with tight lighting constraints. The problems of cost, data-communication bandwidth, and system responsiveness become increasingly difficult as the number of participants increases. A system that could effectively give control to a large number of dancers offers the possibility of environments with extremely responsive music and lighting, engaging users with a heightened sense of expressiveness. To address these issues of large-group musical mapping, we have developed a scalable system first introduced in Feldmeier (2002); Feldmeier, Malinowski, and Paradiso (2002); and Feldmeier and Paradiso (2004) that can effectively gather data over an essentially unlimited audience size. The system consists of wireless sensors that are given to audience members to collect rhythm and activity information from the crowd that can be used to dynamically determine musical structure, sonic events, and/or lighting control. (A block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 1.) The sensors are small and lightweight, and they can therefore be either worn or held by a participant. To detect the participant's motion, they have radio-frequency (RF) transmitters that send a short pulse of RF energy whenever they encounter a dynamic acceleration greater than a predetermined level. Finally, they are inexpensive enough to be viable as disposable, "giveaway" items for large crowds. The sensors' RF pulses are collected by receiver base stations that have limited sensitivity, enabling the development of zones of interaction around each one. In this manner, multiple base stations can be used in a venue to create distinct areas where the controller takes on new functions. This zoning information can also be used to direct the music and
β–Catenin expression in the bone marrow microenvironment is required for long-term maintenance of primitive hematopoietic cells

Hematopoiesis is dependent upon the bone marrow microenvironment, which is comprised of multiple mesenchymal cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and stroma progenitors. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway, which relies on the β-catenin protein to mediate its signal, is necessary for the normal development of mesenchymal tissue. We hypothesized that canonical Wnt signaling regulates the cellular composition and function of the bone marrow microenvironment. We observed that a β-catenin-deficient bone marrow microenvironment maintained hematopoietic stem cells but exhibited a decreased capacity to support primitive hematopoietic cells. These results correlated with decreased numbers of osteoblasts and with decreased production of basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. From these data, we propose a model in which β-catenin in the microenvironment is required non-cell autonomously for long-term maintenance of hematopoietic progenitors.
President's welcome message

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS). Our Annual Conference (known as EMBC) is a premier international conference in biomedical engineering, and has been strategically held in different locations around the world, for example, in San Diego (USA), Boston (USA), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Minneapolis (USA), Vancouver (Canada), Lyon (France), New York City (USA), and Shanghai (China) over the last 8 years.
The comparative histopathology of male-pattern baldness and senescent baldness

Abstract Although knowledge of normal scalp anatomy, the hair follicle, and the dynamics of hair cycling is substantial, 1–3 the histopathology of male-pattern baldness (MPB), also called premature baldness or androgenetic alopecia, is uncertain. Textbook accounts are uninformative, 4,5 and controversies are plentiful. Disputes exist about matters that seem quite simple, for example, whether the sebaceous glands are enlarged or shrunken. There are also opposing views on the fate of the arrector pili muscles. All agree that hair follicles become progressively smaller (miniaturized), but whether there is an actual loss of follicles is in contention. Two important publications on various cutaneous aspects of aging do not even include chapters on hair. 6,7
On the effects of emulsion polymerization of furfuryl alcohol on the formation of carbon spheres and other structures derived by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol

Abstract Carbon spheres were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol. Pluronic F-127 was used as the structure-directing agent to synthesize polymer spheres that after pyrolysis led to carbon spheres with average sizes from 50 nm to few micrometers in diameter depending upon the conditions of polymerization. As-synthesized carbon spheres possess high surface areas of around 480 m2/g with an average mean pore size of 0.5 nm. These spheres can be activated using carbon dioxide to create much higher surface areas (>1500 m2/g). Different compositional regions of the pseudo-ternary phase diagram of surfactant/monomer/solvent were explored in order to determine the effects of changes in the emulsion polymerization variables on the kinds of carbon morphologies that could be derived from polyfurfuryl alcohol after pyrolysis. The diameter of the carbon spheres was found to be sensitive to monomer and surfactant concentrations, acid molarity and solvent composition. In general, the diameter of the spheres grew with increasing furfuryl alcohol concentration and decreasing surfactant concentration, respectively. By varying the acid concentration and solvent composition, a minimum diameter for spheres was found. The formation and size of the spheres are strongly influenced both by micelle growth and the polymerization mechanism.
CuD in burnout V

Abstract The neutral diatomic molecule, CuD, with rotational excitation temperature of 0.23 eV, has been positively identified in the Burnout V apparatus. The molecule CD has also been observed by replacing portions of the copper, Burnout V liner material with carbon. The dependence of the molecular spectral radiance on combinations of carbon, copper and niobium, a material of minimal sputtering characteristics, and their location in the liner, lead one to believe that the molecules are produced by energetic Cu and C (⪅3 keV) bombardment of deuterium occluded in the liner material.
An Econometric Analysis of Shrimp Ex-Vessel Prices, 1950—1968

A five‐equation demand model of the U.S. shrimp market was estimated using annual data for the period from 1950 to 1968. Prices, consumption, and ending stocks were the jointly determired variables; predetermined variables were shrimp supplies and consumer income. Exvessel price variations resulted largely from variations in domestic landings. Imports reduced the general level of ex‐vessel prices but did not contribute substantially to price variability except in isolated instances. Large price drop occurred during periods of recession when increases in demand were slowed and stock began to build, while landings and imports increased substantially over the previous year.
High-Volume Aerosol Filtration and Mitigation of Inertial Particle Rebound

The performance of electrostatically charged blown microfiber filter media was characterized for high-volume sampling applications. Pressure drop and aerosol collection efficiency were measured at air pressures of 55.2 and 88.7 kilopascals (kPa) and filter face velocities ranging from 2.5 to 11.25 meters per second (m/s). Particle penetration was significant for particles above 0.5 micrometers (μm) in aerodynamic diameter where the onset of particle rebound was observed as low as 200 nanometers (nm). Particle retention was enhanced by treating filters in an aqueous solution of glycerol. Adding this retention agent eliminated electrostatic capture mechanisms but mitigated inertial rebound. Untreated filters had higher nanoparticle collection efficiencies at lower filter face velocities where electrostatic capture was still significant. At higher filter face velocities, nanoparticle collection efficiencies were higher for treated filters where inertial capture was dominant and particle rebound was mitigated...
Toward improving corporate social performance

FROM BUSINESS AND SOCIETY TO CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE 5. Free people (and organizations) choose; they are not coerced. If we can change our thinking on these points, we may be able to stop asking so many tangled questions about responsibility, and start asking more concrete questions about outcomes: Who is harmed and who benefits from corporate actions? Is it right or just that these harms and benefits should occur? What can be done to reduce the harms and increase the benefits of corporate behaviors? Then we shall move closer to answering the question of corporate social responsibility, and in the process move also toward "the good society" and a better world.
Just whose quality of life is it anyway? Controversies and consistencies in measurements of quality of life

Just whose quality of life is it anyway? Controversies and consistencies in measurements of quality of life. The proper means of measuring quality of life (QOL) in patients with renal disease, including end-stage renal disease, have not been agreed upon. QOL has health-related and non-health-related domains. QOL measures may be subjective or objective, function-based or satisfaction-based, non-specific or applied to a particular disease. Domains of health-related QOL typically include measures of physical functioning, mental health, and social relationships. There is increasing interest in measures of happiness or global satisfaction in patients and in assessing how patients' feelings reflect their relationships with caregivers. There are advantages and disadvantages to the use of older psychologically based measures as QOL indicators as well as newer questionnaires such as the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) Instrument. Challenges for the future include correlation of QOL measures with patient biochemical and disease measures, and with meaningful patient outcomes. Most important, we must create and apply methods to enhance our patients' QOL.
Apoprotein content of plasma lipoproteins of the rat separated by gel chromatography or ultracentrifugation.

Abstract Rat lipoproteins were separated from each other and from unbound apoproteins by chromatography on 10% agarose gel. Fresh rat serum yielded two main lipoprotein peaks: Peak I corresponded mainly to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and peak II corresponded to high density lipoproteins (HDL). Recovery of total cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (A-I) in the two peaks was similar when fresh serum or lipoproteins of d d d > 1.21 g/ml was applied to the same column. Comparison of lipoproteins isolated by gel chromatography with those obtained by conventional flotation ultracentrifugation showed that ∼30% of ARP was lost from VLDL and ∼60% was lost from HDL during ultracentrifugation. The ratio of ARP to A-I fell progressively across the second chromatographic peak, indicating heterogeneity of HDL apoproteins as a function of particle size.
Fabrication and electrical characterization of NbN-interfacial layer-Si contact diodes

Nb and NbN-SiO/sub 2/-Si Schottky contact diodes were fabricated on chemically cleaned Si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering in Ar and Ar-N/sub 2/ ambients, respectively. The electrical behavior of the contact diodes was investigated by current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements over the temperature range of 10 to 300 K. The Nb contact diodes fabricated on p-type Si substrates have good Schottky barrier diode behavior. The NbN Schottky diodes on both n-type and p-type substrates exhibited lower quality behavior than their Nb counterparts. The electrical measurements have determined the barrier height of both the Nb-Si and NbN-Si systems. The low-temperature characterization yielded lower diffusion potentials than predicted by the theory of F.A. Padovani and R. Stratton (1966).
Lobar Lung Transplantation for High Risk Patients – Lessons from the Initial Experience

Purpose Since development of a cadaveric lobar lung transplantation (CLLTx) protocol as a surgical option for critically ill patients, our CLLTx number has expanded to 17% of all LTx cases this year. While many challenging patients have been saved by this novel approach, major complications and management issues have also been experienced, resulting in our protocolized management of CLLTx patients for successful outcomes. Methods and Materials Critically ill patients with end-stage lung disease who were considered to be unlikely to survive the long wait for size-matching lungs underwent CLLTx between 2009 and 2012. Based on their short-term outcomes and major complications, the intra- and post-surgical management has been protocolized at our institution. Results Indications for CLLTx included those who were on the ventilator, on ECMO, and LAS above 60 with size restrictions. Total 32 patients received an anatomic lobectomy with individual ligation techniques at back-table followed by double lung transplantation. There were 3 in-hospital deaths. One early bronchial stump dehiscence (3.1%) was experienced. Atypical progression of PGD with significantly elevated pulmonary artery pressures was also experienced in 3 cases (9.3%). Because of this experience, our current management for CLLTx patients includes prolonged use of inhaled nitric oxide, pulmonary artery catheter monitoring and strict negative fluid balance management. Conclusions Our experience has demonstrated that protocolized management is critical for success. Thus, we have adopted a systematic approach that has allowed us to adovocate for CLLTx as a viable option for critically ill patients with small chests who may not have exhausted all options. [ figure 1 ]
Effect of year, location, and harvest on susceptibility of cultivars to internal heat necrosis in North Carolina

Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a physiological disorder that affects potato quality. The influences of year, location, harvest date, and tuber size on the incidence of IHN were investigated toward developing an IHN screening technique. In 1989 and 1990, potato cultivars were grown at two North Carolina locations with normal season (90–105 days) and late (115–125 days) harvests at each location. At each harvest, yield data were taken, tubers were divided into three size classes (1= 48–64 mm, 2 = 65–83 mm, and 3 = > 83 mm), and 20 tubers were evaluated for amount and severity of IHN within each size class. More IHN was observed when tubers were sampled in size class 2 versus size class 1; there were not enough tubers in size class 3 to evaluate. Cultivars differed significantly in their susceptibility to IHN. Location did not influence the amount of IHN observed. Time of harvest also did not significantly affect incidence of IHN. The amount of IHN varied greatly depending on the year. Resistant and susceptible checks are strongly recommended to be included in future IHN field studies to monitor yearly variation in IHN severity.
Is text search an effective approach for fault localization: a practitioners perspective

There has been widespread interest in both academia and industry around techniques to help in fault localization. Much of this work leverages static or dynamic code analysis and hence is constrained by the programming language used or presence of test cases. In order to provide more generically applicable techniques, recent work has focused on devising text search based approaches that recommend source files which a developer can modify to fix a bug. Text search may be used for fault localization in either of the following ways. We can search a repository of past bugs with the bug description to find similar bugs and recommend the source files that were modified to fix those bugs. Alternately, we can directly search the code repository to find source files that share words with the bug report text. Few interesting questions come to mind when we consider applying these text-based search techniques in real projects. For example, would searching on past fixed bugs yield better results than searching on code? What is the accuracy one can expect? Would giving preference to code words in the bug report better the search results? In this paper, we apply variants of text-search on four open source projects and compare the impact of different design considerations on search efficacy.