cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Training of Foreign Language Teachers for Current Methods and Objectives

Author's summary.— Fashion-cycles in methods of teaching. Seven alibis for failure to achieve objectives analyzed and discussed: previous preparation, pupil motivation, intelligence, length of study period, suitability of materials, scope of objectives, teacher training. Teacher preparation is the key to the situation. The oral approach in current vogue requires a teacher who is a skilled performer. To acquire such skills teachers need foreign residence or its equivalent in special summer language schools.
The matches, achieved by natural selection, between biological capacities and their natural loads.

Natural selection tends to eliminate unutilized capacities because of their costs. Hence we ask how large are the reserve capacities by which biological capacities exceed natural loads, and how closely are related biological capacities matched to each other. Measured capacities (Vmax values) of small intestinal brush-border nutrient transporters are typically around twice their natural loads (dietary intakes of their substrates); the ratio is higher for a transporter of a hyperessential nutrient. Preliminary evidence suggests matching of capacities between different steps in carbohydrate metabolism, and between the intestine, liver, kidneys, and spleen. Symmorphosis — the postulated matching of capacities to each other and to loads — is a testable hypothesis of economic design, useful in detecting and explaining cases of apparently uneconomic design.
Cholinergic elements in a human choriocarcinoma cell line

Abstract Components of the cholinergic system have been identified in the JEG choriocarcinoma cell line. [ 3 H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) was used to identify high affinity muscarinic binding sites in a whole cell preparation. Specific binding was saturable with respect to QNB concentration and revealed a binding site density of 27 fmoles/mg protein. The bimolecular rates of association, 2.24 × 10 7 M −1 min −1 , and dissociation, 4.2 × 10 −3 min −1 , revealed a dissociation constant ( K d ) of 180 pM which agreed closely with that derived from saturation isotherms, 245 pM. Muscarinic antagonists and agonists were able to compete effectively for these binding sites, whereas non-muscarinic compounds were not. Cholinesterase activity was also demonstrated with substrate preference consistent with that of acetyl-cholinesterase (acetylcholine > acetyl-β-methylcholine > butyrylcholine) hydrolyzing 2.42 ± 0.19 × 10 −3 μ moles acetylcholine·min −1 ·(mg protein) −1 . No choline acetyltransferase activity was detected in these cells, however.
Temperature Rise in Polymeric Materials During High Rate Deformation

Many polymeric materials undergo substantial plastic strain prior to failure. Much of this post yield deformation is dissipative and, at high strain rates, will result in a substantial temperature rise in the material. In this paper, an infrared (IR) detector system is constructed to measure the rise in temperature of a polymer during high strain rate compression testing. Temperature measurements were made using a high-speed mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe) single-element photovoltaic detector sensitive in the midinfrared spectrum (6-12 μm), while mechanical deformation was accomplished in a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Two representative polymers, an amorphous thermoplastic (polycarbonate (PC)) and a thermoset epoxy (EPON 862/W), were tested in uniaxial compression at strain rates greater than 1000 s -1 while simultaneously measuring the specimen temperature as a function of strain. For comparison purposes, analogous measurements were conducted on these materials tested at a strain rate of 0.5 s -1 on another test system. The data are further reduced to energy quantities revealing the dissipative versus storage character of the post yield work of deformation. The fraction of post yield work that is dissipative was found to be a strong function of strain for both polymers. Furthermore, a greater percentage of work is found to be dissipative at high rates of strain (>1000 s -1 ) than at the lower rate of strain (0.5 s -1 ) for both polymers; this is consistent with the need to overcome an additional energy barrier to yield at strain rates greater than 100 s -1 in these two polymers. The highly cross-linked thermoset polymer was found to store a greater percentage of the post yield work of deformation than the physically entangled thermoplastic.
CLINICAL USE OF RATING SCALES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

The syndrome we now refer to as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had its origins in pediatric practice, beginning with the seminal observations of George Still, 32 a British pediatrician and honorary member of the American Academy of Pediatrics. We currently recognize ADHD as a developmental disorder that begins early in life and continues into adulthood. A great deal of empirical data have been accumulated regarding this syndrome, both with respect to reliability and validity of diagnosis as well as optimal treatment practices. Clinical practice regarding ADHD has evolved into a mature art. However, there are still significant difficulties in applying this knowledge in a consistent manner, particularly in primary care settings.
Boundary Layer Formation over D-type Roughness Geometries

An experimental and computational study of the boundary layer flow over a d-type rough surface model, consisting of thin-walled two-dimensional ribs orientated transversely to the flow direction, was carried out to better understand the use of d-type surface microgeometries for achieving boundary layer control. Initial two-dimensional computational results showed the potential for sub-laminar skin friction over the surface. Experimental results showed however that the boundary layer flow became quickly unstable around the fourth or fifth cavity. This resulted in transition of the boundary layer over the d-type roughness geometry model, which appears to be coupled with the simultaneous formation of Taylor-Gortler vortices on the primary cavity vortices.
Effect of extra cu on ordering kinetics in thin films of cu 3 au

Time-resolved x-ray scattering has been used to study ordering kinetics in sputtered films of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au. The samples were annealed at high temperatures, then quenched to fixed temperatures below the order-disorder transition temperature. Domain coarsening observed in stoichiometric films is consistent with curvature-driven growth. Domain growth in films of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.79}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{0.21}$ proceeds much more slowly. The results suggest that the extra copper has the same effect on the ordering kinetics as a diffusive impurity, resulting in domain sizes growing logarithmically with time.
Cannabinergic pain medicine: a concise clinical primer and survey of randomized-controlled trial results.

Objectives:This article attempts to cover pragmatic clinical considerations involved in the use of cannabinergic medicines in pain practice, including geographical and historical considerations, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, drug interactions, indications, and contraindication
Mineralogy, chemistry and crystallization sequence of clay minerals in altered tholeiitic basalts from the Peru Trench

Petrographic examination of amygdules and veins associated with moderately altered pillow basalts dredged from the Peru Trench has revealed that a consistent pattern of mineral crystallization has occurred. This sequence is: (1) green, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. > 1.56); (2) dark yellowish brown, non-pleochroic clay (R.I. > 1.56); (3) light yellowish brown to colorless, fibrous, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. < 1.56); and (4) calcite or celadonite. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses suggest that all clay mineral amygdule and vein fillings are dominated by intimate mixtures of an Fe-rich saponite and nontronite with very small admixtures of serpentine and illite. It is argued that sequential mineral fillings of fractures and vesicles may provide significant information about the chemistry of circulating interstitial fluids. For the pillow basalts studied the first-formed clays were enriched in nontronite, thereby suggesting Fe-rich fluids. These in turn were followed by saponite-rich clays and calcite. The change from Fe-and Mg-rich fluids to dominantly Ca-rich fluids is thought to correspond to a change from mafic mineral alteration to plagioclase alteration in the pillow basalts. An increase in the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio of clays toward the centers of vesicles may indicate a change toward a more oxidizing environment of alteration.
Effectiveness of the coping power program in a Mexican-American sample: distinctive cultural considerations

This study responds to the challenges associated with delivering culturally sensitive and evidence-based treatment (EBT) to at-risk children. Current research supports group interventions based on the Coping Power Program (CPP) curriculum as EBT for improving the frequency of positive behaviors in children and adolescents. However, the effectiveness of the CPP in a Mexican-American sample has not been explored to date. This study investigated the effectiveness of the CPP delivered as a preventative intervention to Mexican-American adolescents in a rural school setting. A major emphasis is put on cultural sensitivity when working with this population. Cultural sensitivity is expressed by minor adaptations of the CPP. The adaptations consisted of modifying treatment content, providing culturally relevant examples, contextualizing content and so forth, while maintaining program value. Our hypothesis was that when using the adapted EBT curriculum on the Mexican-American subsample, both groups would have simil...
Thermooptic coupler for multimode optical fibers.

The detailed theory is presented together with design considerations and recent experimental results for an electronically controllable directional coupler for multimode optical fibers. The device, based on plastic-clad silica fiber, is of exceptionally simple construction and compact size and is highly reliable. A theoretical model of the coupler is described and compared with actual device performance. The coupling can be varied from −4 to −28 dB with an excess loss of <0.2 dB over the entire coupling range, in agreement with theory. Improvements in the present device design are also discussed.
Continuum Absorption By Atmospheric H 2 O

The continuum absorption by H2O has several characteristics that are common throughout the windows in the infrared and millimeter-wave regions. Values of the continuum absorption coefficient calculated on the basis of simple, widely used line shapes may differ greatly from observed values in the windows between strong absorption lines. The temperature dependence of this absorption is also not predictable from present day understanding of line shapes or of dieters, which may also contribute. The shapes of self-broadened H2O lines are quite different from those of N2-broadened lines, and the difference increases with increasing distance from the centers of the lines. Data obtained from laboratory samples and from atmospheric paths are presented to compare the various windows in the infrared and millimeter regions.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Accurate laser wavelength measurement with a precision two-beam scanning Michelson interferometer

This paper gives the details of a precision two-beam scanning Michelson interferometer, designed and perfected for accurate comparison of an unknown laser wavelength and the precisely calibrated wavelength of a reference laser. An iodine Lamb-dip stabilized He–Ne 633-nm laser (calibrated with respect to a Kr standard) is used as the reference. The design incorporates features to minimize instrumental errors and the effect of fringe shifts caused by diffraction (in the IR). It is applied to accurate measurements of a stable CO2 laser wavelength tuned to the centers of its various transitions. Measurements are done by simultaneous fringe counting and relative fringe-phase comparison at the two wavelengths using on-line data storage and processing with an electronic digital computer. The accuracy in the 10-μm region is several parts in 109 and is limited by correction for diffraction fringe shifts. Because of its low-Q and broadband operating characteristics, it can be applied to rapid accurate laser wavelength measurements over the entire wavelength range permitted by its transmitting optics. In the visible range where the diffraction correction is small, the interferometer can be used to perform measurements to within several parts in 1011. The paper gives theoretical derivation of various diffraction corrections, the design and construction of the interferometer, the alignment procedures, detailed analysis of various error sources, and data processing. It also gives the details of a previously reported accurate measurement of the speed of light using the measured wavelength of the CO2R(14) line and its known frequency.
Photolabeling of soybean microsomal membrane proteins with photoreactive acyl-CoA analogs

Synthesis of 32P-labeled 12-azidooleoyl-CoA and 125I-labeled 12-[(azidosalicyl)amino]dodecanoyl-CoA (ASD-CoA) was achieved. The synthesized radioactive, photoreactive reagents were tested as photoaffinity labels for acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase from the microsomal membranes of developing soybean cotyledons. When a mixture of microsomal membranes and the azidooleoyl-CoA or ASD-CoA were incubated in the dark, the analogs were recognized as substrate and competitive inhibitor, respectively. The enzyme preferentially utilizes unsaturated acyl-CoAs rather than saturated acyl-CoAs. Incubation of microsomal membranes with acyl-CoA analogs and immediately followed by photolysis resulted in an irreversible inhibition of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity. Analysis of photolyzed microsomal membranes by SDS/PAGE and autoradiography revealed that azidooleoyl-CoA preferentially labeled eight acyl-CoA binding proteins, but ASD-CoA labeled only three polypeptides with molecular masses of 110, 90 and 32 kDa that are commonly labeled by both the analogs. Oleoyl-CoA and dodecanoyl-CoA protect the enzyme against photoinactivation by azidooleoyl-CoA and ASD-CoA, respectively. The protection was profound in 110-kDa polypeptide indicating that this protein could be lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. These results demonstrate that the photoaffinity of acyl-CoA analogs makes them potential probes to identify and characterize lipid biosynthetic enzymes.
An experimental, low-cost, silicon-aluminide high-temperature coating for superalloys

A duplex silicon-slurry/aluminide coating has been developed and cyclically tested in Mach 1 combustion gases for oxidation and thermal fatigue resistance at 1093 C and in Mach 0.3 gases for hot-corrosion resistance at 900 C. The base-metal superalloys were VIA and B-1900. The coated B-1900 specimens performed much better in oxidation than similar specimens coated with aluminides and almost as well as the more-expensive Pt-Al and MCrAlY (where M is Ni and/or Co) coatings deposited by the physical vapor deposition process. The coating also provided good hot-corrosion protection. Metallographic, X-ray, and electron microprobe studies were made to characterize the coating, determine failure mechanisms, and study some of the changes due to exposure.
Changing Aging Competency Following a GeroRich Intervention Initiative: Implications for Bachelor's and Master's Social Work Education

This article reports an evaluation of a GeroRich effort to increase age-specific content throughout bachelor and master-level social work curricula. A total of 426 students (128 BSWs and 298 MSWs) completed pre and posttests in 2004–2005, self-rating their aging competency using the Social Work with Aging Skill Competency Scale II (New York Academy of Medicine, 2005). Additional outcome questions were included to assess elements of the specific strategy. Findings indicate that both groups showed improved aging competency, but policy and human behavior courses were key to competency for BSW students, while practice and field classes predicted competency for MSWs.
A rapid and simple microprocedure for myelin isolation.

In order to conduct enzymatic studies on myelin from discrete regions of brain or spinal cord, we required a method capable of yielding purified myelin from tissue samples weighing 50 mg or less. Microprocedures that have been reported such as that of Detering and Wells (1976) or Fagg et al. (1978) were not suitable for rapid and routine myelin preparations. In this communication, the results of experiments in which we were able to isolate myelin from as little as 5 mg of whole brain are reported. Data are presented to show that the myelin isolated by this procedure is comparable to the myelin isolated by the macro-scale procedure of Norton and Poduslo (1973a).
Fostering success: The socialization of entry-level librarians in ARL libraries

The degree to which new librarians are assimilated into the professional culture is critical to successfully dealing with the challenges facing academic libraries today. Clear understanding of the values of the institution and the support processes in place for professional contribution and growth enhance personal effectiveness and organizational relevance. This article reports the results of a survey of ARL (American Research Libraries) directors and entry-level librarians on programs in place and methods used for integrating new librarians into the institutional and professional culture. Survey questions included a special focus on minority recruitment and retention. Responses provide a framework for current practices and expectations among ARL libraries. Comparisons are made to previous research and suggestions are provided for new directions.
Position Sensitivity Of MAMA Detectors

The results of laboratory and telescopic measurements of the position sensitivity of a visible MAMA detector utilizing a 'coarse-fine' array are presented. The photometric accuracy of this detector was determined under point source illumination. It was found that computed centroid positions are accurate across the entire array to within 0.04 pixels.
The nucleotide sequence of mRNA for the Mr 19000 glycoprotein from early gene block III of adenovirus 2

Abstract The cytoplasmic poly(A)RNA from early stages of infection of HeLa cells by adenovirus 2 (Ad2), was used to synthesize cDNA. The resulting cDNA segments were inserted at the PstI site of the plasmid pBR322 after dG/dC tailing. The clones containing sequences corresponding to early region III transcripts were identified by hybridization against the SmaI-C fragment (76.5 to 91.9 map units) of the Ad2 genome. The clone pE22 which contained a copy of the mRNA coding for the Mr 19000 glycoprotein was characterized in detail. A comparison with the genomic sequences allowed the identification of the splice between the x and y leaders. The nucleotide sequences CCGGTG and CAGTTT were found at the donor and acceptor sites of the splice junction, respectively. The coding region consisted of a continuous stretch of 159 amino acids with a hydrophobic N-terminus and two possible glycosylation sites. The triplet ATG was encountered twice in phase 3 before the actual site of initiation of translation, which was in phase 2. The 3'-untranslated region was 500 nucleotides long and contained an open, translational reading frame for a Mr 11 000 protein, following a potential initiator ATG. The sequence ATTAAA was observed 17 bp before the poly(A) tail.
A computational model for a symmetric turbulent wake

The study of wakes has many engineering applications. A wake is present behind any object placed in a fluid flow. The wake structure affects the pressure distribution on the object creating the wake. A wake is characterized by high turbulent intensities and mean velocity gradients in the lateral direction. The mathematical modeling of a general three-dimensional wake is very complicated. Work is therefore initiated by modeling a two-dimensional symmetric turbulent wake behind a flat plate. Another reason for choosing this simple flow situation is that very good quality experimental data can be produced for this simple flow. The results from the computational model and comparison with experimental data is the topic of this paper.
Effects of nickel and pH on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris.

Chlorella is a spherical, unicellular, eukaryotic green algae. It is an obligate photoautotrophy containing chlorophylls a and b. It is a frequent symbiont of many other organisms such as paramecium, hydra and sponges and is important in fresh and marine environments, as well as in the soil. For these reasons, it has been suggested that Chlorella be used for metabolic studies as an indicator of environmental pollution. Ability of microorganisms to grow in environments containing high levels of toxic metals is frequently due to the organisms` capacity for adsorption of these ions and the role that they may play as essential cofactors in metalloenzymes as is the case for nickel. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nickel on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. 19 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
The Consumption of the Poor Tuberculosis in the 21st Century

In an era in which we have effective therapies, why has tuberculosis remained the leading infectious cause of young adult deaths in much of the world? This article argues that in order to answer such a question, we must explore not only the life experiences of those sick with tuberculosis, but also the larger social contexts in which they become infected, fall ill, and meet with a series of therapeutic misadventures leading to complications, ongoing transmission to others and, often enough, death. The `ethnographically visible' is only part of the story, since the experiences and commentaries of the sick and their providers must be embedded in broader analyses informed by history, political economy, epidemiology and a sociology of knowledge. Such an analysis brings into relief not only cultural specificity but also jarring similarities: living with both poverty and tuberculosis means poor outcomes whether you live in rural Haiti, urban Peru or the inner-city United States.
Ranking of static non-neutral postures around the joints of the upper extremity and the spine

Constrained body postures are usually cited as the major cause of musculoskeletal static loading. Thus, the main goal of the present study was to develop a ranking system for the stressfulness of the non-neutral static postures around the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck and lower back. This was based on the ratings of perceived discomfort. Sixteen men participated in the study. The results indicated that static postural stresses yielded varying effects on the discomforting rating levels. On the basis of these preliminary findings, a ranking system was developed for the stressfulness of non-neutral postures around the joints of the upper extremity and the spine.
Field ion microscope observations of a W-1% Os alloy☆

Abstract Observations of a W-1% Os alloy have been made with a field ion microscope operated at 4.2°K. The results indicate that Os atoms are preferentially retained on the (110) planes after the field evaporation process.
Methods to study protein dynamics and folding by mass spectrometry

It is clear that merely knowing the structure of a protein alone is not sufficient to fully understand its behavior: knowledge also of the dynamic events that occur within proteins is vital to elucidate their function and folding. In recent years, mass spectrometry has come to the forefront as a powerful biophysical method, which can shed light both on the structure and dynamics of proteins. Hydrogen exchange monitored by mass spectrometry is a highly sensitive marker of the backbone dynamics in solution that, combined with gas phase dissociation techniques, can provide a high resolution tool to locate the dynamic regions of a protein. Additionally, charge state distributions in electrospray mass spectra yield insight into the nature and population of alternate structural states present at equilibrium. In this paper, we describe several applications of these methodologies to probe the dynamic events key to the structure, folding, and biological functions of proteins.
Testing for HIV antigen.

Although the screening and supplementary tests for HIV antibody are very sensitive, they don't give direct evidence for the presence of virus. Also, antigen can precede the appearance of antibody, and some HIVinfected persons may be antigen positive but antibody negative at this early stage. The antigen detection method has also been used to assay for virus in cultures. In this study, we evaluated various commercial kits for sensitivity and specificity of HIV antigen detection in sera, plasmas, and cell culture specimens. Table 1 illustrates results on ten HIV antibody positive plasma specimens tested with Abbott Laboratories (Chicago, IL), Coulter Immunology (Hialeah, FL), and DuPont/Biotechnology Systems (Boston, MA) kits. Specimens #8 and #9 were positive only with the Coulter method and specimen #10 was positive only by DuPont. Table 2 shows the results of five antigen detection kits and the reverse transcriptase (RT) test for detection of HIV in cell culture specimens. All these specimens were eventually positive by both methods. Many of the tests were performed on culture fluids taken weekly on the same specimen, and the various kits were not always reacted with the same specimens. The DuPont and Abbott
The effect of hepatitis B antigenemia on pregnancy outcome

Sixty patients documented to have hepatitis B antigenemia during pregnancy were identified retrospectively and compared with an equal number of matched control patients. Maternal and newborn infant parameters were examined. No statistically significant differences were noted between the two groups, except for an increase in infant birth weight in the group showing antigen-positive test results, specifically in infants born to Oriental mothers. It is concluded that infants born to women testing positive for hepatitis B surface antigen represent normal infants eminently suitable for peripartal preventive immunotherapy.
The morantel sustained release trilaminate: A device for the controlled ruminal delivery of morantel to cattle☆

Abstract In vitro, in vivo performance, and model calculations of drug release from the morantel sustained release trilaminate (MSRT, Paratect Flex ® bolus — Pfizer Inc.) are presented. The device consists of an extruded sheet containing drug and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sandwiched between thin films of EVA; a symmetrical pattern of circular perforations is punched through the sheet. Drug release occurs from the uncoated edges of the central lamina. Model release profiles for the device are presented; factors affecting the release rate and release profile are discussed. Both in vitro and in vivo release performance of devices containing morantel tartrate were evaluated and found to compare favorably with one another and the model. The MSRT demonstrated controlled delivery of morantel for 90 days both in vitro and in vivo .
Performance standards: piece of cake or pie in the sky?

Abstract Background. Centrally mandated levels of performance are now common in the Veterans Health Administration. Performance standards for ambulatory procedures were developed based on HCFA data. The 11 procedures to be measured were arthroscopy, breast biopsy, eyelid procedures, lens/cataracts, bronchoscopy, endoscopy, colonoscopy, hernia repair, cystoscopy, laparoscopy, and cardiac catheterization. Were the performance standards for ambulatory procedures reasonable and achievable in a tertiary care VA? Methods. Ambulatory procedure performance standards for the 11 selected procedures were evaluated for Fiscal Year 1998 at one tertiary care VA and at each of the 22 Veteran's Integrated Service Networks (VISNs). Further review was undertaken for those procedures in which performance was below the fully successful level. This included chart reviews at the tertiary care VA and analysis of caseloads by VISN. Descriptive statistics were used as well as Student's t test to analyze the difference in means. Results. The tertiary care VA performed at the fully successful level for 6 procedures and at the exceptional level for 3 procedures. Performance levels for bronchoscopy and laparoscopy were below the preset goals. At the VISN level, 8 VISNs performed at the fully successful/exceptional level for all 11 procedures. The remaining 14 were deficient in 1 to 4 procedures. Eight of the VISNs were deficient in 2 or 3 procedures. Six VISNs were deficient in laparoscopy. Conclusions. The majority of centrally mandated performance standards appear to be reasonable and achievable. One notable exception is laparoscopy. Surgeons should understand how performance standards are calculated at their institution and review the data carefully for any systematic errors. Underperformance can be used as an opportunity to improve both data collection and outcomes.
Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among african americans and european americans

Abstract Adopting a multidimensional approach to the measurement and conceptualization of “social dominance orientation” (Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994), we argue for the existence of two related ideological factors, one that measures general opposition to equality (OEQ) and another that measures support for group-based dominance (GBD). Because of status differences between European and African Americans, it was hypothesized that the two factors would be differentially related to each other and to variables of psychological well-being, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes. Integrating results from four studies involving 1675 research participants, we found that (a) a correlated two-factor solution of the 16-item SDO scale provided a better comparative fit than a one-factor solution; (b) the two factors were more highly intercorrelated for European American than for African American respondents; (c) OEQ was related negatively to self-esteem and ethnocentrism for African Americans, but it was related positively to self-esteem and ethnocentrism for European Americans; (d) GBD related positively to ethnocentrism for both groups; (e) attitudes toward conservative social policy and affirmative action were predicted more by OEQ than by GBD for both groups; (f) the relation between OEQ and neuroticism was positive for African Americans but negative for European Americans, whereas the relation between GBD and neuroticism was positive for European Americans but negative for African Americans; and (g) economic system justification was related to OEQ but not GBD, and it also predicted political conservatism and racial attitudes.
A MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF EQUILIBRIUM MEASURES FOR CONFORMAL EXPANDING MAPS AND MORAN-LIKE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS

In this paper we establish the complete multifractal formalism for equilibrium measures for Holder continuous conformal expanding maps andexpanding Markov Moran-like geometric constructions. Examples include Markov maps of an interval, beta transformations of an interval, rational maps with hyperbolic Julia sets, and conformal toral endomorphisms. We also construct a Holder continuous homeomorphism of a compact metric space with an ergodic invariant measure of positive entropy for which the dimension spectrum is not convex, and hence the multifractal formalism fails.
Wall heat flux partitioning during subcooled forced flow film boiling of water on a vertical surface

Abstract Subcooled flow film boiling experiments were conducted on a vertical flat plate, 30.5 cm in height, and 3.175 cm wide with forced convective upflow of subcooled water at atmospheric pressure. Data have been obtained for mass fluxes ranging from 0 to 700 kg/m2s, inlet subcoolings ranging from 0 to 25 °C and wall superheats ranging from 200 to 400 °C. Correlations for wall heat transfer coefficient and wall heat flux partitioning were developed as part of this work. These correlations derive their support from simultaneous measurements of the wall heat flux, fluid temperature profiles, liquid side heat flux and interfacial wave behavior during steady state flow film boiling. A new correlation for the film collapse temperature was also deduced by considering the limiting case of heat flux to the subcooled liquid being equal to the wall heat flux. The premise of this deduction is that film collapse under subcooled conditions occurs when there is no net vapor generation. These correlations have also been compared with the data and correlations available in the literature.
Low-frequency measurement of anisotropy field

A number of different methods of measuring the anisotropy field H K of magnetic films were investigated for application to the automation of low-frequency measurements. These methods included torque, the large signal susceptibility method recommended by the IEEE,[5] the small signal susceptibility, and a new method using the second harmonic component of the magnetization signal. The agreement between the IEEE method and the second harmonic method was found to be good. Both these methods also gave good agreement with values obtained for torque measurements.
Testing for the Transfer of Tacit Knowledge: Making a Case for Implicit Learning

Companies are beginning to realize that simply storing data in warehouses and databases is not sufficient to ensure the usefulness of that data or information. As information is processed with a purpose (Ackoff & Emery, 1972), it becomes knowledge. Knowledge exists on many planes; one is the tacit-explicit plane described by Polanyi (1966). Knowledge-based applications are becoming a key factor in determining organizational value. For example, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Knowledge Value Added (KVA) are two methodologies that organizations use to measure explicit knowledge. However, this interest in measuring and managing knowledge creates two important questions. First, do companies include tacit knowledge in their measurements of knowledge? Second, can educators demonstrate that they are helping increase tacit knowledge? This paper posits that companies may not be including the full range of knowledge in their endeavor to measure knowledge in their organizations. To help make a case for including tacit knowledge and implicit learning, an active learning exercise is created to demonstrate a method to quantify and test for changes in both types of knowledge. The results show that the activity created observable changes in explicit and tacit knowledge. Future research will need to concentrate further on understanding how the two types of knowledge interact. For now though, these results demonstrate one way to observe the two types of knowledge and more importantly, point out the need for organizations to find ways to value both implicit and explicit knowledge.
Temperature dependence of single channel currents and the peptide libration mechanism for ion transport through the gramicidin A transmembrane channel.

A study of the temperature dependence of gramicidin A conductance of K+ in diphytanoyllecithin/n-decane membranes shows the plot of In (single channel conductance) as a function of reciprocal temperature to be nonlinear for the most probable set of conductance, states. These results are considered in terms of a series of barriers, of the dynamics of channel conformation,vis-a-vis the peptide libration mechanism, and of the effect of lipid viscosity on side chain motions again as affecting the energetics of peptide libration.
Structure/reactivity relationships for alkane dissociation and Hydrogenolysis using single crystal kinetics

Abstract The dissociative adsorption of several small alkanes has been studied on single crystalline surfaces of Ni. As well the hydrogenolysis of ethane and n-butane has been investigated on single crystalline surfaces of Ni and Ir. These studies have utilized a coupled high pressure reactor-ultrahigh vacuum analysis chamber, which permits the measurement of the specific rates of reaction and in situ pre- and post-reaction surface characterization. In general, the greater the corrugation of the Ni single crystal surface, the more active that surface is toward alkane dissociation and hydrogenolysis. Furthermore, the activity/selectivity for hydrogenolysis on the “rough” or more open surfaces of Ni and Ir surfaces [Ni(100), Ir(110)-(1×2)] correlates well with analogous results for relatively small particles of Ni and Ir in supported catalysts. The results for the “smooth” Ni and Ir surfaces [Ni(111), and Ir(111)], on the other hand, correlate well with the analogous results for relatively large supported particles of Ni and Ir. Altogether these results are suggestive regarding the nature of the active sites on these catalytic surfaces for alkane dissociation and hydrogenolysis.
A comparison of the taxonomic richness of temperate plants in East Asia and North America

The taxonomic richness of seed plants at different taxonomic levels was compared between temperate East Asia and North America at both continental and semi-continental scales. In each comparison, land area and latitude range were adjusted to a comparable level between the two continental regions. East Asia is significantly more diverse than North America. In general, differences in taxonomic diversity arise at and below the genus level. At the continental scale, East Asia has 1.3 and 1.5 times as many genera and species, respectively, as North America. The northern part of East Asia has 1.1 times as many species as the northern part of North America. At the genus level, the northern part of East Asia is less diverse than the northern part of North America by a factor of 0.94. This pattern indicates that the diversity bias between the two continental regions results from the flora of southern East Asia. The diversity differences between East Asia and North America are not homogenously distributed across different plant groups. At the species level, East Asia had significantly more species than expected in magnoliids, alismatids, Liliidae, ranunculids, and rosids and had significantly less species in the Commelinidae, Caryophyllidae, and euasterids than North America.
Releasing Factors in the Circumventricular Organs of the Rat Rrain

With a recently developed microdissection technique, four circumventricular organs were removed from the rat brain, and their contents of LHRH and TRH were measured. The subfornical organ, the organon vasculosum lamina terminalis, the subcommissural organ, and the area postrema all contained significant quantities of both releasing factors. The concentration of LHRH in the organon vasculosum (OVLT) was 14 ng⁄mg protein, 58% of that found in the median eminence. The concentration of LHRH in the remaining circumventricular organs ranged from4.2 to 10.2 ng⁄mg protein. The concentration of TRH in these structures, however, was consid rably lower, ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 ng⁄mg protein. The concentrations of LHRH and TRHin the tissue immediately adjacent to the organon vasculosum were nearly 50 times and 4 timesless, respectively, than the concentration of these two releasing factorswithin the OVLT itself. (Endocrinology 98: 311, 1976)
Taxonomy and geographic variation in the leaf-nosed snake phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Squamata: Colubridae)

The previously recognized subspecies (used here as a heuristic tool) of Phyllorhynchus decurtatus artificially compartmentalize the inconsistent geographic variation in this species. Principal component analysis did not identify consistent geographic groupings of individuals. Regression Analysis revealed a longitudinal cline in number of ventral scales, as well as some weaker clinal trends in other characters. There is extensive overlap in all morphological and color-pattern characters examined between four subspecies of P. decurtatus and their intergrades. There are differences between mean scale and blotch counts between previously recognized subspecies, but they do not represent discrete differences among these taxa. Discriminant Analysis demonstrated the inconsistency in the observed geographic variation in this species. We conclude that P. decurtatus represents a geographically variable species lacking consistent geographic pattern classes.
Educational attainment, positive psychological mediators, and resources for health and vitality in older adults.

Objectives: To further explain the relationship of education to health by a prospective examination of positive psychological states as mediators. Furthermore, to examine the resources of desirable events, self-esteem, and social support as possible mediators between positive psychological states and subsequent health and vitality. Methods: Four in-home interviews were conducted at 6-month intervals with a probability sample of 1,277 older adults (aged 55 and older); multiple regression was used to estimate mediating effects. Results: Positive states mediated the education relationship to both symptoms and vitality, independent of negative states; the resource measures did not mediate the positive state-health relationship. Discussion: Higher education level appears to increase the likelihood of being serene and happy, and healthy and vital, in later years; positive psychological states appeared to have both a promotion function (for vitality) and protective function (against health symptoms); self-esteem...
Active Learning Activities to Revitalize Managerial Accounting Principles

ABSTRACT: Students often enroll in the managerial principles class because of a degree requirement rather than a burning passion to learn the subject matter. Through active learning, new content can become more interesting by involving students in their own learning. This paper offers accounting faculty four active learning activities to engage students and enhance their understanding of difficult concepts: managerial accounting terminology, activity-based costing, variance analysis, and special order decision-making. During these in-class activities, students work through relevant computations and delve into additional considerations using guided class discussions. A survey of students' attitudes reveals that students perceive that these active learning activities had a positive impact on their content knowledge related to the managerial principles course, as well as their attitude toward and interest in the class. In addition, students felt that the activities were worthwhile and demonstrated the concer...
Analysis and modeling of ATM traffic data

This paper describes a study of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cell data, considering both the analysis and the modeling of the data. For the data analysis portion of the work, cell counts per unit time are done, and interarrival times between cells are determined. Source modeling is done for the two large variable bit rate users and a constant bit rate user from the data. From the empirical distribution of interarrival times, the source modeling is made by a sequence of pairs of random variables (X, Y) where X represents the cell bursts and Y represents the interarrival times between bursts. Within each burst, the distribution of cells is determined by a finite state Markov chain, and the interarrival times of the bursts are also determined by a different finite state Markov chain for two users. The model is validated by comparing the interarrival times of the model and of the trace data. The analysis of the queue in the buffer is done; quantiles of the tail of the queue are also determined, as well as mean cell delays and cell loss ratios.
Research Guidelines in the Era of Large-scale Collaborations: An Analysis of Genome-wide Association Study Consortia

Scientific research has undergone a profound transformation in the last 10–15 years, with a shift from single-laboratory, investigator-initiated research to the creation of large research consortia organized to accomplish strategic goals (1) and to accelerate the translation of basic science discovery to public health benefit (2, 3). The new collaborative arrangements enabled by such consortia are important, both with respect to the scale of scientific output generated (4, 5) and with regard to promoting changes in collaborative research practices and underlying research norms (6). These rapidly changing norms are likely to be especially challenging for investigators trained in the period before such large-scale consortia became commonplace. In genetic epidemiology, for example, scientists have begun cooperating to an unprecedented degree, often spurred on by the need to accrue sample sizes large enough to allow the identification of common genetic contributions to complex diseases using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (7). This need for large sample sizes is directly attributable to the widespread realization that risk estimates from GWAS will be modest at best. The effect of such cooperation has been a remarkable stream of confirmed disease-gene associations (8, 9). However, other impacts of these new research arrangements, including their effects on human subjects oversight, data-sharing, publication and authorship practices, research organization and productivity, intellectual property, and possible return of results to study participants, remain to be examined. Comprehensively identifying and understanding such impacts will be important for ensuring the ongoing success of genetic consortia as well as for strengthening public confidence in current and future forms of large-scale collaborative research. To begin to examine the impact of evolving collaborative research practices on underlying research norms, we conducted a systematic review of one class of emerging large-scale consortia, those that have published findings from a GWAS. Specifically, our aim was to identify all large-scale genomic research consortia that had published the results of at least 1 GWAS analysis since 2005, to characterize these consortia, to determine which of them have publicly accessible policies that govern consortium research practices, and to summarize those policies and procedures. The long-term objective of this work is to develop models and recommendations of research guidelines with broad applicability to facilitate emerging forms of large-scale collaboration.