cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of oxygen free radicals in cancer development

In aerobic life, oxidative stress arises from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Despite antioxidant defence mechanisms, cell damage from oxygen free radicals (OFR) is ubiquitous. OFR-related lesions that do not cause cell death can stimulate the development of cancer. This review discusses the effects of oxidative stress at the different stages of carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis through oxidative DNA damage is widely hypothesised to be a frequent event in the normal human cell. A large body of evidence suggests important roles of OFR in the expansion of tumour clones and the acquisition of malignant properties. In view of these facts, OFR may be considered as an important class of carcinogens. Therefore, the ineffectiveness of preventive antioxidant treatments, as documented in several recent clinical trials, is surprising. However, the difficulties of antioxidant intervention are explained by the complexity of both free radical chemistry and cancer development. Thus, reducing the avoidable endogenous and exogenous causes of oxidative stress is, for the present, the safest option. In the near future, new insights in the action of tumour suppressor genes and the DNA repair mechanisms may lead the way to additional tools against carcinogenesis from OFR.
Katrina Changed Us (and Me) in So Many Ways

Geographic circumstances: I volunteered to serve incoming evacuated children 350 miles from New Orleans and remain committed to the institution and area. About the author: I am currently a full-time faculty member at Texas Children's Hospital and associate professor of pediatrics and clinical chief in the section of emergency medicine at the Baylor College of Medicine. I serve as assistant medical director for the City of Houston Fire Department Emergency Medical Services. I am a member of the Section on Emergency Medicine Executive Committee for the American Academy of Pediatrics. I am involved in local, statewide, regional, and national committees related to pediatric emergency medicine and prehospital pediatrics. I continue to credit much of my current motivation in disaster preparation and response to my incredible experience during the Katrina event. It is safe to say that the mere mention of Hurricane Katrina continues to stir up good and bad memories for those of us who helped with Houston's response to the New Orleans evacuees. I tend to be a “glass-is-half-full” person, so most of what I remember and see today as a result of Katrina is the good in people. Our city opened its arms without hesitation to more than 200 000 evacuees, both before and after Katrina's arrival in New Orleans. As a result, we as a people and a city are better for it. Before 2005 and Hurricane Katrina, pediatrics was an afterthought, at best, in the minds of most of our region's disaster planners. After learning of the first group of 25 000 evacuees en route to the Houston Astro Arena Complex several days after the storm struck, we (the emergency pediatricians of Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital) inserted ourselves without invitation into the mass casualty medical response. We arrived at the facility unannounced … Address correspondence to Paul E. Sirbaugh, DO, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St, Suite A2210.23, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: sirbaugh{at}bcm.tmc.edu
Spatially resolved spectral imaging of pharmaceutical powders

Pharmaceutical initiatives use analytical tools to monitor powders flowing through granulating, blending, and tablet formation steps. Two critical parameters that drive the quality and efficiency of drugs are the concentration of actives in the tablet, and the dissolution properties of the tablet. In order to ensure that these are within the target design space, it is important that component concentrations, particle size distributions, and cluster size are monitored throughout the manufacturing process. Standard optical techniques detect scattered light from spots that encompass many components in the blend. Efforts to extract composition and blend uniformity based on chemometric analyses are complex and often intractable. A highly spatially resolved spectral imager could simplify the chemometrics if the effective spatial resolution can separate most particles from neighboring particles. The effective spatial resolution is a function of the incident spot size, multiple scattering events, and the collection optics. This paper assesses the degree of spectral mixing due to particle-particle scattering as a function of incident spot size. Our real-time optical design is enabled by a high spectral brightness supercontinuum source, a MEMs-based spectral scan mechanism, confocal spatial scanning optics, and high gain * bandwidth detection.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of various thiamine metabolites.

Abstract This paper describes the silylation, gas chromatography, and mass spectral analysis of some metabolites of thiamine. Attempts to silylate and chromatograph derivatives of thiamine containing both the pyrimidine and thiazole moieties were unsuccessful. However, since thiamine and most of its derivatives are easily cleaved chemically or enzymically into their separate pyrimidine and thiazole moieties, this technique could prove useful in the identification of small amounts of thiamine derivatives in biological materials when used in conjunction with established methods of ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography for the isolation and partial purification of thiamine metabolites.
Preparation of bovine embryonic spleen cell cultures

A method is described for the production of monolayer cultures of epithelial-like cells from fragments of fetal bovine spleen. The initial fibroblasticlike outgrowth from such fragments kept in stationary culture is soon replaced by epithelial-like cells which thereafter predominate. The latter, commonly referred to as BESp cells, have been useful for isolation, identification, and propagation of several bovine viruses.
Pathogenesis of experimental shock. II. Absence of endotoxic activity in blood of rabbits subjected to graded hemorrhage.

A series of biological test reactions was used in order to establish the presence of bacterial endotoxins in the blood of rabbits during the progression of hemorrhagic shock. 1. When the shocked animal was used as the test object, it was not possible to induce either the generalized Shwartzman reaction or the dermal Shwartzman phenomenon with exogenous endotoxin (S. enteritidis or E. coli) as one of the two provocative factors. 2. Epinephrine instilled into the skin of rabbits either before, during, or after an episode of hemorrhagic shock did not result in the hemorrhagic skin reaction which occurs in the presence of as little as 1 microg of endotoxin intravenously. 3. Passive transfer from a donor in the irreversible phase of shock of 20 to 25 ml of blood into a primed recipient (B.P. at 40 mm Hg for 1 hour) was uniformly lethal. 4. Similar amounts of blood from such shocked donor failed upon intravenous injection to elicit a protective hemorrhagic reaction in skin sites which were infiltrated with 100 microg of epinephrine. In the same animals 1 microg of endotoxin added to the blood samples caused a positive dermal response. 5. Blood was taken from rabbits which had been pretreated with S. enteritidis endotoxin and then subjected to hemorrhagic shock (35 mm Hg for 2 hours). Such samples upon passive transfer produced positive skin reactions in epinephrine sites but were not lethal to the primed test recipient used in these studies. It is concluded that the contribution of bacterial endotoxemia to the genesis of hemorrhagic shock remains to be determined.
In Situ Three-Dimensional Reciprocal-Space Mapping of Diffuse Scattering Intensity Distribution and Data Analysis for Precursor Phenomenon in Shape-Memory Alloy

Diffuse scattering contains rich information on various structural disorders, thus providing a useful means to study the nanoscale structural deviations from the average crystal structures determined by Bragg peak analysis. Extraction of maximal information from diffuse scattering requires concerted efforts in high-quality three-dimensional (3D) data measurement, quantitative data analysis and visualization, theoretical interpretation, and computer simulations. Such an endeavor is undertaken to study the correlated dynamic atomic position fluctuations caused by thermal vibrations (phonons) in precursor state of shape-memory alloys. High-quality 3D diffuse scattering intensity data around representative Bragg peaks are collected by using in situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction and two-dimensional digital x-ray detector (image plate). Computational algorithms and codes are developed to construct the 3D reciprocal-space map of diffuse scattering intensity distribution from the measured data, which are further visualized and quantitatively analyzed to reveal in situ physical behaviors. Diffuse scattering intensity distribution is explicitly formulated in terms of atomic position fluctuations to interpret the experimental observations and identify the most relevant physical mechanisms, which help set up reduced structural models with minimal parameters to be efficiently determined by computer simulations. Such combined procedures are demonstrated by a study of phonon softening phenomenon in precursor state and premartensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga shape-memory alloy.
Genetic susceptibility and carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in human urinary bladder carcinogenesis.

Differences in human urinary bladder cancer susceptibility have often been attributed to genetic polymorphisms in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, especially those involved in the biotransformation of aromatic amines (AAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Metabolic activation generally involves an initial cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation to form N-hydroxy, phenol, or dihydrodiol intermediates that undergo further conjugation or oxidation to form DNA adducts. The acetyltransferases, NAT1 and NAT2, can participate in these pathways by catalyzing detoxification (by AA Af-acetylation) or further activation (by N-OH-AA O-acetylation) reactions. NAT2 polymorphisms, which are due to point mutations in the structural gene, have long been associated with higher risk for bladder cancer. In collaborative studies, we now have found that NAT1 is also expressed polymorphically in human bladder due to mutations in the NAT1 polyadenylation signal, which has recently been associated with increased bladder cancer risk. Moreover, we have found that the bladder NAT1∗10 genotype and phenotype are correlated with significantly higher levels of putative AA-DNA adducts in human bladder as measured by 32P-postlabelling. Preliminary data have also suggested that putative PAH-DNA adducts in human bladder are correlated with a polymorphism in the total metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by bladder microsomes and especially with the formation of BP-7,8-diol. Since each of these correlations was observed without adjusting for carcinogen intake, it would appear that, with ubiquitous human exposure to AAs and PAHs, the expression of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes may be a more critical determinant of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and of individual cancer susceptibility.
Atomistic screening mechanism of ferroelectric surfaces: an in situ study of the polar phase in ultrathin BaTiO3 films exposed to H2O.

The polarization screening mechanism and ferroelectric phase stability of ultrathin BaTiO3 films exposed to water molecules is determined by first principles theory and in situ experiment. Surface crystallography data from electron diffraction combined with density functional theory calculations demonstrate that small water vapor exposures do not affect surface structure or polarization. Large exposures result in surface hydroxylation and rippling, formation of surface oxygen vacancies, and reversal of the polarization direction. Understanding interplay between ferroelectric phase stability, screening, and atomistic processes at surfaces is a key to control low-dimensional ferroelectricity.
Recent advances in high temperature polymers

The chemistry, mechanical and physical properties of several high temperature polyimides, polyarylene ethers and polyphenylquinoxalines are discussed. As examples, new semi-crystalline polyimides containing carbonyl and ether connecting groups exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of 215 to 247°C, crystalline melt temperatures (Tms) of 350 to 442°C, and high film properties. Polyarylene ethers derived from 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene had Tgs of 223 to 280°C, number average molecular weights as high as 39,900 g mol−1, and good adhesive properties. Polyphenylquinoxalines containing pendent phenylethynyl groups were used to form adhesive bonds which exhibited good retention of strength to temperatures as high as 316°C.
Continuous, flow-through immunomagnetic cell sorting in a quadrupole field.

A flow-through quadrupole magnetic cell separator has been designed, built, and evaluated by using a cell model system of human peripheral T lymphocytes (CD4 1 , CD8 1 , and CD45 1 cells). The immunomagnetic labeling was accomplished by using a sandwich of mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate and rat anti-mouse polyclonal antibody conjugated to a colloidal magnetic nanoparticle. The feed and sorted fractions were analyzed by FACScan flow cytometry. The magnetically labeled cells were separated from nonlabeled ones in a flow-through cylindrical column within a quadrupole field, which exerted a radial, outward force on the magnetic cells. The flow rate of the cell samples was 0.1‐0.75 ml/min, and the flow rate of sheath fluid was 1.5‐33.3 times that of the sample flow rate. The maximum shear stress exerted on the cell was less than 1 dyne/cm 2 , which was well below the level that would threaten cell integrity and membrane disruption. The maximum magnetic field was 0.765 T at the channel wall, and the gradient was 0.174 T/mm. The highest purity of selected cells was 99.6% (CD8 cells, initial purity of 26%), and the highest recovery of selected cells was 79% (CD4 cells, initial purity of 20%). The maximum throughput of the quadrupole magnetic cell separator was 7,040 cells/s (CD45 cells, initial purity of 5%). Theoretical calculations showed that the throughput can be increased to 10 6 cells/s by a scale-up of the current prototype. Cytometry 33: 469‐475, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Arterial-venous differences of plasma catecholamines in man.

To investigate the relationship between forearm venous levels of catecholamines and systemic levels, simultaneous arterial and forearm vein blood samples were obtained from 14 subjects undergoing elective dental procedures and assayed with a sensitive and specific radioenzymatic assay. Baseline venous levels of norepinephrine were greater than arterial levels (305 +/- 30 pg/ml versus 221 +/- 18; +/- SEM, p less than .005). Conversely, arterial epinephrine levels were higher than venous (132 +/- 17 pg/ml versus 80 +/- 10; p less than .005). There was a significant relationship between arterial and venous levels of both norepinephrine (r = .77, p less than .01) and epinephrine (r = .67, p less than .01). The arterial-venous epinephrine difference increased from the baseline value of 44 +/- 14 pg/ml to 108 +/- 16 (p less than .005) by 3 min after subcutaneous injection of epinephrine (18 microgram), but the arterial-venous difference returned to 65 +/- 24 by 5 min after injection (p = NS versus baseline). These findings indicate that under the conditions of this study, forearm tissues produced more norepinephrine than they removed, but removed more epinephrine than they produced. Baseline venous and arterial levels were related; when epinephrine production was augmented, there was a short time lag for the venous epinephrine increase.
(Re)constructing rural–urban spaces: gendered livelihoods, migration, and natural resources in South Africa

Critical approaches to development theory and practice provide alternative perspectives that focus on counterhegemonic and discursive dimensions of the development process. Feminist development is one such approach that opens up new spaces and opportunities to promote socially progressive and sustainable economic strategies. This paper uses feminist development geography as a framework to highlight the intersection of diverse spaces and economic strategies at the household and community levels. The analysis focuses on gendered livelihoods that are linked to circular migration and use of natural resources as a way to understand the integration of rural and urban spaces of development. The empirical section of this paper examines demographic patterns and socio-economic trends in Limpopo Province, South Africa as a context for the case study of two community-based women’s producer groups. These examples illustrate how economic strategies and social identities are embedded in and integrate both rural and urban spaces. This analysis contributes to feminist and post-structural development theory and practice by highlighting the potential for progressive forms of economic and social empowerment.
Finding Time for Fiction

With growing advances in psychiatric care come growing amounts of knowledge to be read by psychiatry trainees. This essay presents one resident’s experience putting aside some of the official psychiatric literature during residency in favor of more fiction, and his self-perceived growth because of that. Fiction, in the author’s perspective, can make us all better psychiatrists.
Predicting Temperature Changes During Cold Water Immersion and Exercise Scenarios: Application of a Tissue-Blood Interactive Whole-Body Model

A whole-body model with tissue–blood interaction was simulated to predict (1) cooling during cold water immersion of the human body in water temperatures of 18.5°C, 10°C, and 0°C and (2) heating of the human body at walking intensities of 0.9, 1.2, and 1.8 m/s for 30 min. The transient responses of body and blood temperature were obtained by simultaneously solving Pennes’ bioheat and energy balance equations. Predicted survival time at 0°C was around 39–50 min. During exercise with sweating, core body temperature was regulated within 0.25°C of its steady state value of 37.23°C.
The Cognitive Function of Music. Part II

Ancient and contemporary theories of the cognitive functions of music are reviewed and compared with the hypothesis (advanced in Part I) that music performs a fundamental cognitive function, helping to maintain psychic balance in the face of the diversity of the world. Considering historical evidence of the evolution of cultures and consciousness, a parallel evolution of music as a powerful and unifying emotional mechanism is demonstrated and recent cognitive experiments that have confirmed this hypothesis are summarized. The neural mechanisms of music include mental representations which unify the entire life experience. It follows that music is fundamental in making human evolution possible. The human mind and our human cultures would not exist as they do today without music. Future theoretical and experimental research directions are outlined.
"I Cannot Tell What the Dickens His Name Is": Name Disambiguation in Institutional Repositories

INTRODUCTION Authors who publish under more than one form of their name, multiple authors with the same name, and incomplete author information can all create challenges for repository staff when entering metadata. Unless properly addressed, these variations and duplications can result in search and retrieval errors for users. Name disambiguation, the process of identifying, merging, and making names accessible in one standard form, is a vital process repository staff should incorporate into their workflow to address these issues. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM Staff working with ScholarWorks, Boise State’s institutional repository, are exploring the use of disambiguation tools to solve the issue of name duplication. Systems explored include ORCID, ResearcherID, Scopus, Google Scholar Citations, Names Project, and the Digital Commons’ Author Merge Tool. NEXT STEPS Based on this initial assessment, ScholarWorks staff will continue to use the Author Merge Tool on a regular basis and explore ways to document and retain information discovered during the analysis phase. Additionally, they will continue to experiment with emerging name authority tools, such as ORCID. Finally, metadata specialists are encouraged to advocate for international standards that will provide prescribed rules for how metadata is entered into a repository system.
Transcriptome Analysis of Agmatine and Putrescine Catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are major organic polycations essential for a wide spectrum of cellular processes. The cells require mechanisms to maintain homeostasis of intracellular polyamines to prevent otherwise severe adverse effects. We performed a detailed transcriptome profile analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in response to agmatine and putrescine with an emphasis in polyamine catabolism. Agmatine serves as the precursor compound for putrescine (and hence spermidine and spermine), which was proposed to convert into 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) and succinate before entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle in support of cell growth, as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Two acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases, AphA and AphB, were found to be involved in the conversion of agmatine into putrescine. Enzymatic products of AphA were confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Interestingly, the alanine-pyruvate cycle was shown to be indispensable for polyamine utilization. The newly identified dadRAX locus encoding the regulator alanine transaminase and racemase coupled with SpuC, the major putrescine-pyruvate transaminase, were key components to maintaining alanine homeostasis. Corresponding mutant strains were severely hampered in polyamine utilization. On the other hand, an alternative γ-glutamylation pathway for the conversion of putrescine into GABA is present in some organisms. Subsequently, GabD, GabT, and PA5313 were identified for GABA utilization. The growth defect of the PA5313 gabT double mutant in GABA suggested the importance of these two transaminases. The succinic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity of GabD and its induction by GABA were also demonstrated in vitro. Polyamine utilization in general was proven to be independent of the PhoPQ two-component system, even though a modest induction of this operon was induced by polyamines. Multiple potent catabolic pathways, as depicted in this study, could serve pivotal roles in the control of intracellular polyamine levels.
Impact of ultra-low voltages on single-event transients and pulse quenching

Single-event transients (SET) and pulse quenching are analyzed at sub-Vt and super-Vt voltage levels. Two different inverter designs are simulated for their single-event response. These simulations show that SET pulse widths become longer with decreasing voltage for the inverter designed to work at sub-Vt voltage levels. Additionally, pulse quenching becomes significant between 0.5 V and 0.7 V for the standard 2-T inverter.
Diffusion in an elliptical cylinder, and a numerical method for calculating time-varying diffusant sink rates, with special reference to diffusion of oxygen in the frog sartorius muscle

Abstract For a substance whose distribution F ( x, y, t ) within an elliptical cylinder is governed by the diffusion equation, a formal description of the time course of this distribution following a step change at the boundary was given by McLachlan in 1945; it is a doubly infinite series of exponentials. Computer programs have been written to evaluate these terms, each of which requires frequent evaluation of the standard and modified Mathieu functions. The exponent of the leading term, together with measurements of F ( x,y,t ) at a given ( x 0 , y 0 , t ), allows the determination of the diffusion coefficient D . These exponents are tabulated for boundaries spanning the range from a cylinder to a sheet. If the diffusant is produced or consumed at uniformly distributed sites, at the rate Q ( t ), evaluation of the above solution allows the computation of Q ( t ) from F ( x 0 , y 0 , t ). This was investigated in detail for conditions chosen to simulate the diffusion and consumption of oxygen in the frog sartorius muscle. Ten terms of the solution, when used with a convergence-speeding routine, were sufficient for an accurate approximation to Q ( t ).
Cardiovascular Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Active cigarette smoking represents the single most important preventable cause of death in the United States, accounting for over 400 000 deaths from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. Until the mid 1980s, cigarette smoking was considered a matter of personal choice and individual rights. However, publication of the 1986 Surgeon General's Report on the Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking,11 which clearly documented that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) causes lung cancer in nonsmokers, spawned a rapid public health response. Today, the ban on smoking in offices, airplanes, public buildings, and restaurants is seen by many as an appropriate response to preservation of public health. This represents an evolution in the attitudes …
9Be KNIGHT SHIFT IN THE NORMAL STATE OF UBe13

Abstract 9 Be NMR spectra have been studied in the heavy-fermion compound UBe 13 as functions of spectrometer frequency, crystal orientation, and temperature. Be I -site isotropic Knight shift and Be II -site anisotropic shifts, corresponding hyperfine fields, and quadrupolar tensors have been determined. For T ⪅ 10 K a typical heavy-fermion Knight shift anomaly is observed.
Naming the bronchopulmonary segments and the development of pulmonary surgery

An international agreement on bronchial nomenclature and anatomy was not reached until well after operations for bronchopulmonary segmental disease were well developed. R. C. Brock, in 1950, was the reporter of the efforts of The Thoracic Society of Great Britain to bring some order to this confused state. This Society delayed its action until an ad hoc committee made up of members from other countries and specialties met at the International Congress of Otorhinolaryngology in 1949. The anatomy and nomenclature of the bronchopulmonary segments was agreed upon. The Thoracic Society then accepted the report of the ad hoc committee. The system was followed closely by the first Nomina Anatomica in 1955. This report did not open new surgical vistas but was the marker indicating that pulmonary surgery was now mature.
Autoimmunity and Apoptosis: The Crohn's Connection

I am pleased to acknowledge the thoughtful remarks of Dr. John Reed, with whom I discussed this review during its preparation.
The selection of the "survival of the fittest."

If such [favourable variations] do occur, can we doubt (remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly survive) that individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and procreating their kind? On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection.’
EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN MONOCULTURE AND IN POLYCULTURE WITH Tilapia aurea

The feasibility of polyculturing Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Tilapia aurea was examined in 500 m2 earthen ponds in central Texas. Monoculture of each species was also undertaken to provide comparative data. Water quality was monitored to determine its influences on survival, growth and production of the culture species. Production of freshwater shrimp in ponds in central Texas was similar to that obtained in other temperate regions of the United States where similar stocking densities, feeding and initial sizes have been employed. At a density of 9 shrimp per m2, average production was 1120 kg/ha. Polyculture increased total production above that obtained from shrimp alone. At stocking rates of 9 shrimp and one fish per m2, total production reached 2240 kg/ha. Combining fish with shrimp resulted in a recognizable but non-significant reduction in shrimp growth and survival. Competition for food appeared to be the primary interaction between the two species. Increased stocking density increased production and reduced average size. Partial budget analysis indicated that shrimp-tilapia polyculture had a higher net return than shrimp monoculture.
CD19 Antigen in Leukemia and Lymphoma Diagnosis and Immunotherapy

The CD19 antigen plays an important role in clinical oncology. In normal cells, it is the most ubiquitously expressed protein in the B lymphocyte lineage. CD19 expression is induced at the point of B lineage commitment during the differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cell, and its expression continues through preB and mature B cell differentiation until it is finally down-regulated during terminal differentiation into plasma cells. CD19 expression is maintained in B-lineage cells that have undergone neoplastic transformation, and therefore CD19 is useful in diagnosis of leukemias and lymphomas using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and flow cytometry. Interestingly, CD19 is also expressed in a subset of acute myelogenous leukemias (AMLs) indicating the close relationship between the lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Because B lineage leukemias and lymphomas rarely lose CD19 expression, and because it is not expressed in the pluripotent stem cell, it has become the target for a variety of immunotherapeutic agents, including immunotoxins. Treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with anti-CD19 mAbs coupled to biological toxins has proven to be effective in vitro and in animal models, and has shown some promising results in Phase I clinical trials. Recently, the analysis of anti-CD19 effects on lymphoma cell growth has highlighted a novel mechanism of immunotherapy. Engagement of cell surface receptors like CD19 by mAbs can have anti-tumor effects by the activation of signal transduction pathways which control cell cycle progression and programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Supraventricular tachycardia in the neonate and infant

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most common sustained arrhythmia to present in the neonatal and infancy age group. Predisposing factors (congenital heart disease, drug administration, illness and fever) occur only in 15% of infants. The presentation of SVT in the neonate is frequently subtle, and may include pallor, cyanosis, restlessness, irritability, feeding difficulty, tachypnea, diaphoresis and grunting. Congestive heart failure is more common in infants under 4 months of age (35% incidence). Age-related differences in the distribution of SVT mechanisms occur in different age groups. In infants under 1 year of age, the mechanisms underlying SVT are atrial tachycardia (15%), AV nodal re-entry tachycardia (5%), and AV reciprocating tachycardia (80%). Options for acute management include: use of the diving reflex, intravenous adenosine, transesophageal pacing, and cardioversion. Intravenous administration of verapamil should be avoided. Data regarding freedom from recurrence of untreated SVT in the first year of life are limited, and may be in the range of 25-60%. Chronic therapy with digoxin, beta-blockers, flecainide, sotalol and amiodarone has proved effective in controlling recurrent episodes of SVT. Radiofrequency ablation can be employed successfully in medically refractory cases, but should be avoided in this age group (increased complication rate).
Marketing Locally Harvested Shrimp to South Carolina Coastal Visitors: The Development of a Culinary Tourism Supply Chain

This exploratory research investigated the connection between sales of shrimp at dockside retail establishments or by shrimp fishermen direct to the consumer, as well as the development of an effective culinary tourism supply chain for shrimp. Data from the South Carolina Coastal Tourism Survey (2004) were examined and the connection between wild, locally caught shrimp and tourism in South Carolina was investigated. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the influence of 28 shrimp attributes on five different shrimp-tourism distribution options and revealed that four different combinations of shrimp attributes significantly influenced the food supply chain scenarios.
Learning complex problem solving expertise from failures

Our research addresses the issue of developing knowledge-based agents that capture and use the problem solving knowledge of subject matter experts from diverse application domains. This paper emphasizes the use of negative examples in agent learning by presenting several strategies for capturing expert's knowledge when the agent fails to correctly solve a problem. These strategies have been implemented into the disciple learning agent shell and used in complex application domains such as intelligence analysis, center of gravity determination, and emergency response planning.
Numbers may speak louder than words, but is anyone listening? The rhythmscape and sales pipeline management

In this paper I explore the often fleeting, seemingly constrained arts of expression performed through participation in everyday, routinized actions and practices. The vehicle I use for this exploration is the tools, processes and practices sales professionals use to manage the list of possible sales opportunities, or sales pipeline. I give particular attention to the meetings in which sales professionals and their managers discuss the pipeline. The element of talk, with its potential for unruliness, plays a central role in this otherwise hyper-rationalized activity focused around numbers, accounting and calculability. I suggest that to understand such signification processes and the forms of meaning that emerge through them we must look beyond the content of enunciated statements to consider the forms they take over time. I propose that participation in the sales pipeline process, particularly the meetings, forms a part of sales-people's rhythmscape of work. By situating sites of expression in the notion of a rhythmscape, I point to the broader performance landscape in which employees participate in and experience their organization and in the market more broadly. By doing so, we are reminded to recognize the multiple levels of meaning and signification embedded in ordinary workplace tools and practices, including those intended for other uses, when considering recommendations to and designs for tools, processes and interventions that support them. The paper also suggests the need for a theory of sensation of late capitalist market production.
Intermediate- and Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes After Cardiovascular Procedures in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Background Risks for intermediate- and long-term cognitive impairment after cardiovascular procedures in older adults are poorly understood. Purpose To summarize evidence about cognitive outcomes in adults aged 65 years or older at least 3 months after coronary or carotid revascularization, cardiac valve procedures, or ablation for atrial fibrillation. Data sources MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus databases from 1990 to January 2015; ClinicalTrials.gov; and bibliographies of reviews and eligible studies. Study selection English-language trials and prospective cohort studies. Data extraction One reviewer extracted data, a second checked accuracy, and 2 independently rated quality and strength of evidence (SOE). Data synthesis 17 trials and 4 cohort studies were included; 80% of patients were men, and mean age was 68 years. Cognitive function did not differ after the procedure between on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n = 6; low SOE), hypothermic and normothermic CABG (n = 3; moderate to low SOE), or CABG and medical management (n = 1; insufficient SOE). One trial reported lower risk for incident cognitive impairment with minimal versus conventional extracorporeal CABG (risk ratio, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.73]; low SOE). Two trials found no difference between surgical carotid revascularization and carotid stenting or angioplasty (low and insufficient SOE, respectively). One cohort study reported increased cognitive decline after transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement but had large selection and outcome measurement biases (insufficient SOE). Limitations Mostly low to insufficient SOE; no pertinent data for ablation; limited generalizability to the most elderly patients, women, and persons with substantial baseline cognitive impairment; and possible selective reporting and publication bias. Conclusion Intermediate- and long-term cognitive impairment in older adults attributable to the studied cardiovascular procedures may be uncommon. Nevertheless, clinicians counseling patients before these procedures should discuss the uncertainty in their risk for adverse cognitive outcomes. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
The origins of asymmetric ties in friendship networks: From status differential to self-perceived centrality

Asymmetric ties make up a significant proportion of ties in friendship networks. But little is known about their origins. Prior research has suggested treating them either as “accidental” (e.g., resulting from constraints in name generators) or “aspirational” (i.e., the attempts of individuals to pursue relationships with higher status peers). In this paper, we show that self-perception can also explain the occurrence of asymmetric ties. We argue that under the general norm of reciprocity, actors with high self-perceived centrality will more likely send out ties to others than their counterparts. Supposing that outgoing ties are similarly reciprocated by peers, then actors with high self-perceived centrality will also entail more asymmetric ties. We test this idea along with the competing arguments using exponential random graph models (ERGMs) on network data collected from over 4,000 students in China. Consistent with previous findings, we find that asymmetric ties reflect status differences, but probably more strongly so for difference in individual status characteristics than difference in social positional status. More importantly, we find that students with high self-perceived centrality are about twice as likely to send asymmetric ties as their peers. Last, we examine the implications of our findings for future network research.
AirTouch: Interacting with computer systems at a distance

We present AirTouch, a new vision-based interaction system. AirTouch uses computer vision techniques to extend commonly used interaction metaphors, such as multitouch screens, yet removes any need to physically touch the display. The user interacts with a virtual plane that rests in between the user and the display. On this plane, hands and fingers are tracked and gestures are recognized in a manner similar to a multitouch surface. Many of the other vision and gesture-based human-computer interaction systems presented in the literature have been limited by requirements that users do not leave the frame or do not perform gestures accidentally, as well as by cost or specialized equipment. AirTouch does not suffer from these drawbacks. Instead, it is robust, easy to use, builds on a familiar interaction paradigm, and can be implemented using a single camera with off-the-shelf equipment such as a webcam-enabled laptop. In order to maintain usability and accessibility while minimizing cost, we present a set of basic AirTouch guidelines. We have developed two interfaces using these guidelines-one for general computer interaction, and one for searching an image database. We present the workings of these systems along with observational results regarding their usability.
Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing: Knowledge and Practices in a Rural South African Village

The purpose of the study was to identify themes related to voluntary counseling and testing services in a rural South African village. Qualitative research methods using grounded theory approach were used. Data were collected from 20 informants. Participants demonstrated knowledge of the availability of voluntary HIV counseling and testing services in the area; however participants did not utilize the services unless they had signs and symptoms suggesting possible HIV infection. Health providers have a responsibility to ensure that individuals get tested before they are infected so as to educate them about ways to protect themselves against HIV infection.
Toward a development of low-cost point-of-care HIV testing device for low-resources settings using reconfigurable system-on-chip technology

Presently, there are many types of rapid HIV kits in the market; each kit produces a different image to indicate the status of the patient’s HIV testing result. Despite the use of rapid HIV kits in HIV testing that provide fast and accurate testing results with specificity and sensitivity of 99%, these kits cannot be operated alone by the patient. Self testing for HIV is not allowed by law in many countries such as USA, Canada, India, etc. It must be done by qualified health care professionals, which might not be available in poor, low-resource areas. A low-cost and smart electronic device has been developed recently by the author of this paper and his research team to perform HIV testing using one type of the available rapid HIV kits. However, this device was not designed to be low-cost or to be used in low resource settings. In this paper, a reengineering design approach will be addressed to enhance the developed device used for HIV testing to support all these types of the rapid HIV kits that available in the market. The device will be used to produce an electronic low-cost Point-Of-Care (POC) that can be used for HIV testing in low-resource settings. The device will use the Reconfigurable System-On-Chip (RSOC) design approach. The device can perform the testing in less than a second and its cost is estimated to be less than $100.
Prevalence of parathyroid carcinoma in 348 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 - Case report and review of the literature

SummaryObjective To report the prevalence of parathyroid carcinoma (PC) in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and review of the literature. Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is the most common manifestation of MEN1. The occurrence of PC in patients with MEN1 is rare and the literature regarding the clinical manifestations – including the prevalence of the disease – is scarce. Context Single tertiary care centre experience from 1977 to 2013. Design Electronic search of the medical records to identify a cohort of patients with MEN1. Literature review based on current case reports. Patients Single case of PC in a cohort of 348 patients with MEN1. Ten cases of PC in patients with MEN1 reported in the literature. Measurement Clinical features of PC in patients with MEN1. Results The prevalence of PC in 348 patients with MEN1 was found to be 0·28% (95% CI, 0–1·4%). Based on the current published cases of PC in patients with MEN1, 54·5% were women, mean age at diagnosis was 48·3 years, and the serum PTH concentrations at least four times the upper limit of the reference range in 73% of the cases. Conclusion PC in patients with MEN 1 is rare with a prevalence of 0·28%, and the clinical features are similar to PC in patients without MEN1.
Civil War Vascular Injuries

As the result of the insistence of the Surgeon General during the United States Civil War, there was extensive documentation of injuries to major blood vessels and their resulting complications. The specific treatment of vascular injuries during the Civil War was ligation of the injured vessel or amputation. This was before there was any knowledge of the cause and prevention of infection. Overall, the results were dismal, with a mortality rate of nearly 60% for the more than 1000 soldiers treated by arterial ligation. The most important contribution of these medical reports was to define how the injuries should be diagnosed and managed. Many of the principles that developed as the result of this post-war review are as valid today as they were then. Unfortunately, it seems that many of these lessons have had to be relearned by the surgeons who have participated in each of our subsequent military conflicts.
Prioritizing service to the academically talented: The honors college

This [article] describes community college honours programs and courses, emphasising in particular the Honors College at Miami Dade College in Florida. The [article] discusses pros and cons of honours programs and courses in the context of their appropriateness to the community college mission of open access and egalitarianism.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Viral Inhibition Emerges after Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 Infection of Rhesus Monkeys Coincident with gp140-Binding Antibodies and Is Effective against Neutralization-Resistant Viruses

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI) is an attractive target for vaccination because it takes advantage of both the anamnestic properties of an adaptive immune response and the rapid early response characteristics of an innate immune response. Effective utilization of ADCVI in vaccine strategies will depend on an understanding of the natural history of ADCVI during acute and chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkey as a model to study the kinetics of ADCVI in early infection, the durability of ADCVI through the course of infection, and the effectiveness of ADCVI against viruses with envelope mutations that are known to confer escape from antibody neutralization. We demonstrate the development of ADCVI, capable of inhibiting viral replication 100-fold, within 3 weeks of infection, preceding the development of a comparable-titer neutralizing antibody response by weeks to months. The emergence of ADCVI was temporally associated with the emergence of gp140-binding antibodies, and in most animals, ADCVI persisted through the course of infection. Highly evolved viral envelopes from viruses isolated at late time points following infection that were resistant to plasma neutralization remained susceptible to ADCVI, suggesting that the epitope determinants of neutralization escape are not shared by antibodies that mediate ADCVI. These findings suggest that despite the ability of SIV to mutate and adapt to multiple immunologic pressures during the course of infection, SIV envelope may not escape the binding of autologous antibodies that mediate ADCVI.
An HDP-HMM for systems with state persistence

The hierarchical Dirichlet process hidden Markov model (HDP-HMM) is a flexible, nonparametric model which allows state spaces of unknown size to be learned from data. We demonstrate some limitations of the original HDP-HMM formulation (Teh et al., 2006), and propose a sticky extension which allows more robust learning of smoothly varying dynamics. Using DP mixtures, this formulation also allows learning of more complex, multimodal emission distributions. We further develop a sampling algorithm that employs a truncated approximation of the DP to jointly resample the full state sequence, greatly improving mixing rates. Via extensive experiments with synthetic data and the NIST speaker diarization database, we demonstrate the advantages of our sticky extension, and the utility of the HDP-HMM in real-world applications.
Keys to Creative Business Teaching via Distance Education

In this paper, I will discuss basic concepts of distance education and will provide suggestions for ways to increase student involvement and satisfaction with the course. Teaching business and related courses in a mediated classroom setting does not have to be an impersonal, negative experience for either the students or the instructor. Increased levels of planning and preparation for the distance‐education course are necessary to make it successful. My experience using frequent experimential exercises in a two‐way interactive televised class are described.