cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Utility of Sustainability Assessment in Product Design

Design engineers are seeking effective ways to make informed decisions regarding product sustainability. Several attempts have been made to identify sustainability metrics, assess sustainability impacts, or support decisions based on sustainability, but none fully support product designers in a way that provides for robust sustainable manufacturing decisions. Sustainability assessments can provide quantitative performance data for design variants, but in many cases, the most sustainable alternative remains uncertain. Adequate support for sustainable manufacturing activities should address each step in the decision making process with enough detail to accurately capture manufacturing impacts. The methods selected throughout the process should consider the specific needs of sustainability related issues and provide transparent, easily understood, efficient solutions. A process is outlined to assist product designers, and a demonstration of the process is given for the production of a titanium component to discuss its utility.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Basic compiler algorithms for parallel programs

Traditional compiler techniques developed for sequential programs do not guarantee the correctness (sequential consistency) of compiler transformations when applied to parallel programs. This is because traditional compilers for sequential programs do not account for the updates to a shared variable by different threads. We present a concurrent static single assignment (CSSA) form for parallel programs containing cobegin/coend and parallel do constructs and post/wait synchronization primitives. Based on the CSSA form, we present copy propagation and dead code elimination techniques. Also, a global value numbering technique that detects equivalent variables in parallel programs is presented. By using global value numbering and the CSSA form, we extend classical common subexpression elimination, redundant load/store elimination, and loop invariant detection to parallel programs without violating sequential consistency. These optimization techniques are the most commonly used techniques for sequential programs. By extending these techniques to parallel programs, we can guarantee the correctness of the optimized program and maintain single processor performance in a multiprocessor environment.
Mass Spectrometry in Chronic Kidney Disease Research

Proteomics has evolved into an invaluable tool for biomedical research and for research on renal diseases. A central player in the proteomic revolution is the mass spectrometer and its application in analyzing biological samples. Our need to understand both the identity of proteins and their abundance has led to improvements in the ability of mass spectrometers (such as with the use of the LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer) to analyze complex (tryptic) peptide mixtures with high sensitivity and high mass accuracy in a high-throughput manner. Unsurprisingly, this occurred coincidentally with dramatic improvements in our understanding of CKD, the mechanisms through which CKD progresses, and the development of candidate CKD biomarkers. This review attempts to present a basic framework for the operational components of mass spectrometers, basic insight into how they are used in renal research, and a discussion on CKD research related to mass spectrometry.
Droplet and Bubble Dynamics in Saturated FC-72 Spray Cooling

Droplet and bubble dynamics and nucleate heat transfer in saturated FC-72 spray cooling were studied using a simulation model. Using the experimentally observed bubble growth rate, submodels were assumed based on physical reasoning for the number of secondary nuclei entrained by the impinging droplets, bubble puncturing by the impinging droplets, bubble merging and the spatial distribution of secondary nuclei. The predicted nucleate heat transfer was in agreement with experimental findings. Dynamic aspects of the droplets and bubbles, which had been difficult to observe experimentally, and their ability in enhancing nucleate heat transfer were then discussed based on the results of the simulation. These aspects include bubble merging, bubble puncturing by impinging droplets, secondary nucleation, bubble size distribution and bubble diameter at puncture. Simply increasing the number of secondary nuclei is not as effective in enhancing nucleate heat transfer as when it is also combined with increased bubble puncturing frequency by the impinging droplets. For heat transfer enhancement, it is desirable to have as many small bubbles and as high a bubble density as possible.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A model and stack implementation of multiple environments

Many control and access environment structures require that storage for a procedure activation exist at times when control is not nested within the procedure activated. This is straightforward to implement by dynamic storage allocation with linked blocks for each activation, but rather expensive in both time and space. This paper presents an implementation technique using a single stack to hold procedure activation storage which allows retention of that storage for durations not necessarily tied to control flow. The technique has the property that, in the simple case, it runs identically to the usual automatic stack allocation and deallocation procedure. Applications of this technique to multitasking, coroutines, backtracking, label-valued variables, and functional arguments are discussed. In the initial model, a single real processor is assumed, and the implementation assumes multiple-processes coordinate by passing control explicitly to one another. A multiprocessor implementation requires only a few changes to the basic technique, as described.
Herpes simplex virus type-2 specific glycoprotein G-2 immunomagnetically captured from HEp-2 infected tissue culture extracts.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody H1206 anti-HSV-2 gG-2 bound to tosylactivated paramagnetic Dynabeads® (Dynal®) has been used to isolate HSV-2 type-specific gG-2 from solubilized HEp-2 HSV-2 infected cell extracts. The immunomagnetically captured type-specific glycoprotein reacted strongly with monoclonal antibody H1206 and demonstrated a single band with apparent molecular weight of 100,000 (100 kDa) and a doublet band with an apparent molecular weight of 60,000–64,000 (60–64 kDa). We observed the same exact banding pattern when monoclonal H1206 was immunoblotted with Helix pomatia lectin purified HSV-2 gG-2. The immunomagnetically purified gG-2 was unreactive to monoclonal antibody H1379 anti-HSV-1 gG-1 and four human HSV antibody negative sera. In addition, 20 human HSV antibody positive sera obtained from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, GA, were used for the evaluation of our methodology. Immunoblotting of the human HSV antibody positive samples were in agreement with the CDC HSV serological designation. Sera characterized by reactivity to the immunomagnetically purified gG-2 in conjunction with Western blot has the potential to be used as a confirmatory serological test or to determine the accuracy of clinical serological immunoassays used to determine HSV-2 seropositivity.
445: Preferential expression of CD44 v1 isoforms by intragraft fibroblasts from cardiac allografts with chronic rejection

Purpose: CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily involved in cell-cell interactions and cell migration. This study investigated the genetic composition and the functional implication of CD44 species expressed by intragraft fibroblasts (IF). Methods and Materials: Intragraft fibroblasts recovered from the chronically rejecting heart allografts of rats were examined for CD44 gene expression using quantitative real time PCR. CD44 specific cDNA libraries were constructed and selected CD44 clones were analyzed in automate nucleotide sequencing. The role of CD44/hyaluronan interaction was studied using in vitro migration and proliferation assays. Results: IF displayed a 4.5-fold increase in expression of CD44 mRNA when compared with that of the fibroblasts isolated from non-rejecting heart allografts (p 0.01). The IF preferentially expressed CD44 variant isoforms containing v1 exon transcript. Automate nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the majority (90.12%) of the CD44 v1 isoforms expressed by the rejecting graft fibroblasts were encoded by a mutated CD44 mRNA, which contained 2 point mutations and a codon deletion in the v1 coding region. Histochemistry demonstrated a massive deposition of extracellular hyaluronan in the rejecting heart allografts. Hyaluronan promoted in vitro fibroblast adhesion, migration in a CD44 dependent manner, and survival in a serum-free culture condition. Conclusions: A significant increase in CD44 expression by the rejecting graft fibroblasts was coupled with augmentation of extracellular hyaluronan synthesis in the heart allografts, indicating that CD44-HA interaction is critically involved in the pathogenesis of graft fibrosis. CD44v1 isoforms may play a role, in a way similar to other documented v exons such as v3 or v6, to provide additional signaling for enhancing or suppressing the biological activities of intragraft fibroblasts. CD44 antagonism may affect multiple cellular activities mediated by the CD44-HA pathway, leading to alleviation of allograft fibrosis and chronic inflammation.
The Bauer scarp ridge jump: a complex tectonic sequence revealed in satellite altimetry

Abstract We investigate here the ridge jump that led to abandonment of the Galapagos Rise and formation of the Bauer scarp during the initiation of the present day configuration of the East Pacific Rise since the lower Miocene. We use recently available high resolution satellite-derived gravity data to investigate in detail the tectonic structure of the eastern Pacific from the Equator to 20°S. With this data, we identify fracture zones, abandoned spreading ridges, scarps, and other seafloor features that provide evidence for discerning tectonic history. Based on our structural interpretation of the satellite-derived gravity field, we make the following conclusions: (1) The Galapagos Rise spreading center appears to have originated by opening of the Marquesas/Mendana transform complex as a result of the change in spreading direction following breakup of the Farallon Plate. (2) The Galapagos Rise was not the sole locus of spreading following plate reorganization at ∼ 20 Ma through to the initiation of the Bauer scarp at ∼ 8 Ma, as had been previously hypothesized. Rather, it and a second western spreading axis were likely active concurrently, forming a counterclockwise-rotating Bauer Microplate at a much earlier stage than thought previously. (3) The Bauer scarps are pseudofaults associated with northward rift propagation. Propagation proceeded in several stages. A first propagator emanating from the Garrett transform complex stalled at the future location of the Wilkes transform creating an area of complex morphology near its northern tip. A second propagator, also emanating from the Garrett complex followed in the first's wake and broke through the complex region. At this point the propagation proceeded very rapidly to the northern end of the Bauer Microplate (the Gallego fracture zone, later to become the Yaquina transform fault). Ridge propagation continued north in two more stages, creating the Gofar and Quebrada transforms at the terminus of each stage.
Additive k -colorable extensions of the rational plane

Abstract Let F be a field, Q ⊂F⊂ R and consider Fd as a graph with vertices the points of Fd and an edge between two points if their Euclidean distance is 1. Let Σ0(Fd) be the subgroup of Fd generated by the unit vectors ξ. If G is a group of order k, then a group homomorphism v:Σ0(Fd)→G for which v(ξ)≠0 whenever ‖ξ‖ = 1 is said to be an additive k-coloring of Fd. The known 2 and 4-colorings of Q 3 and Q 4 respectively, are shown to be additive. If N is a square free integer, then it is shown that Q (√N) 2 has an additive 2-coloring iff N ≠ 3 mod 4. If N ≠ 2 mod 3, then Q (√N) 2 has an additive 3-coloring. Hence, it follows that the chromatic number of Q (√3) 2 is 3. The existence of additive colorings on Q (√N) 2 for the remaining cases is also discussed. Additive k-colorings constrain cycles in Fd to satisfy group identities. Hence, it is shown for example, that if F2 is 2-colorable and if √2∉F, then F2 contains no regular polygon except for the square. This generalizes the classical result known for the rational plane.
On global existence of solutions to a cross-diffusion system

Abstract We consider a strongly coupled nonlinear parabolic system which arises in population dynamics in n-dimensional domains ( n ⩾ 1 ). We prove the global existence of classical solutions to the system for n 10 .
Thompson J, Petrie DA, Ackroyd-Stolarz S, Bardua DJ Out-of-Hospital Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation Versus Usual Care in Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC: Application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients with acute respiratory distress reduces the need for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Case series have demonstrated CPAP's feasibility in out-of-hospital settings. WHAT QUESTION THIS STUDY ADDRESSED: Seventy-one out-of-hospital patients with severe respiratory distress, randomized to receive CPAP or usual care, were assessed to determine need for tracheal intubation and mortality. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE: Within the CPAP group, the rate of intubation was 30% less than the usual care group, and mortality was 20% lower. HOW THIS MIGHT CHANGE CLINICAL PRACTICE: Emergency medical services systems and their medical directors should consider making CPAP available as part of the treatment for out-of-hospital severe respiratory distress patients, particularly in systems with long transport times.
Ho:YAG laser sclerostomy in a long-term animal model

The effects of the Ho:YAG (2.13 micrometers ) laser on rabbit scleral tissue ablation were determined. Over a period of 12 months the status of the drain hole was monitored. A 3 mm incision was made on 26 rabbits through the conjunctiva and the laser probe was advanced and applied under it. A fluence of 255 J/cm2 was used to perforate the sclera with a pulse duration of 300 microsecond(s) ec full width at half maximum. Results of this study show that this laser thermal sclerostomy procedure provided a patent hole in 6 of 8 (75%) eyes at 3 months, 11 of 15 (73%) eyes at 6 months, and 3 of 3 at 12 months. No postoperative inflammation, hypotony or subsequent scar formation was observed in any of the rabbits.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A modified instrumented charpy test for cement-based composites

A description is given of a modified instrumented Charpy test that is designed to enable impact-testing of cement-based composites. Problems encountered in instrumented impact testing of such composites and solutions to overcome them are discussed. Results of tests on concrete specimens at four different impact velocities are reported and are used to evaluate the performance of the test setup. A simple spring-mass model is used to verify the test results. This model is capable of providing suitable guidelines for the apriori selection of the basic test parameters with a view to minimize parasitic effects of inertial loading.
Influence of age, diagnosis, and cycle number on pregnancy rates with gonadotropin-induced controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination

Abstract Objective: To determine whether age, diagnosis, and cycle number influence cycle fecundity associated with gonadotropin-induced controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/IUI. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: The Center for Reproductive Medicine at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, a tertiary care academic medical center. Patient(s): Two hundred seventy-four women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with gonadotropins and IUI. Intervention(s): Infertility treatment with gonadotropins and IUI. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy rates according to patient age, infertility diagnosis, and number of treatment cycles. Result(s): Pregnancy rates decreased with increasing patient age. The cumulative pregnancy rates varied greatly by diagnosis from 13% for patients with male factor infertility to 84% for patients with ovulatory factor infertility. Average cycle fecundity was considerably less varied by diagnosis. All pregnancies among patients with male factor infertility and tubal factor infertility were achieved during the first two cycles. Conclusion(s): There is a clear age-related decline in fecundity associated with gonadotropin-induced controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/IUI. Patients
Word translation disambiguation using bilingual bootstrapping

This article proposes a new method for word translation disambiguation, one that uses a machine-learning technique called bilingual bootstrapping. In learning to disambiguate words to be translated, bilingual bootstrapping makes use of a small amount of classified data and a large amount of unclassified data in both the source and the target languages. It repeatedly constructs classifiers in the two languages in parallel and boosts the performance of the classifiers by classifying unclassified data in the two languages and by exchanging information regarding classified data between the two languages. Experimental results indicate that word translation disambiguation based on bilingual bootstrapping consistently and significantly outperforms existing methods that are based on monolingual bootstrapping.
Physical Impairment and the Diminishing Effects of Income

The effect of income on physical impairment steepens at lower levels of income. Why? Two national surveys show the following. Basic needs: the level of impairment and its rate of increase rise sharply as household income drops below the 20th percentile; above that level greater income has little effect; economic hardship explains much of the pattern. Resource substitution: education reduces the association between impairment and low income, but low education often coincides with low income. Compounding problems: impairment suppresses the rise of income, concentrating economic and health problems over time. Status lifestyle: Exercise increases with income but explains little of the association with impairment. Social background: stable traits that affect both income and impairment account for about half of their association, with education the largest factor.
THE RISE AND FALL OF POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AMONG LATINOS: THE ROLE OF IDENTITY AND PERCEPTIONS OF DISCRIMINATION

This study analyzes how perceptions of discrimination against oneself and/or one’s group and whether one self-identifies in national (American), national origin, or panethnic terms affect levels of political engagement among Latinos in the United States. The findings show that perceptions of discrimination against oneself are particularly damaging in that they promote both behavioral and attitudinal alienation (e.g., non-voting and lack of trust), especially among Latinos who identify primarily as American. Behavioral alienation can be mitigated, and even overcome, when perceptions of discrimination are accompanied by a panethnic or national origin self-identification. However, the attitudinal alienation created by perceptions of discrimination is not mitigated by any type of self-identification. These findings shed light on understudied factors that affect political engagement that are going to become more important to understand as the American population continues its ethnic diversification. In addition to expanding our knowledge of political engagement generally, this study also raises important questions about whether the adoption of an American self-identification is in fact beneficial for the health of our participatory political system as a whole.
Confluence of arts, humanities, and science at sites of long‐term ecological inquiry

Over the past century, ecology, the arts, and humanities diverged, but are now converging again, especially at sites of long-term, place-based ecological inquiry. This convergence has been inspired in part by the works of creative, boundary-spanning individuals and the long-standing examples of arts-humanities programs in intriguing landscapes, such as artist and writer residencies of the National Park Service and the National Science Foundation's Antarctic program. In the past decade many US biological field stations, marine laboratories, and Long-Term Ecological Research sites have substantially increased the presence of arts and humanities in their programs for reasons both practical (e.g., public outreach, increasing student and class offerings) and fundamental (e.g., foster creativity within individuals and research teams, collect a record of artistic/humanities engagement with place). Motivations include communicating about science agencies' missions, the scientific process, and science discoveries to the public who support the research work. The overarching accomplishment of this work has been to advance near-term “science outreach,” but some of this work can be viewed as “basic” arts and humanities in the sense that its impacts won't be known for a long time. A next challenge is for interdisciplinary teams to address complex problems, which falls in the “intellectual merit” realm of the National Science Foundation evaluation criteria. The growing body of works at the ecology-arts-humanities interface will be a valuable resource for future study of science-society-nature relations. These efforts potentially contribute to initiatives emerging from the ecological sciences community that seek greater connection with society—initiatives promoting sustainability and stewardship, and the practice of science citizenship, such as development of future scenario projects and regional conservation plans. Despite the large number of programs undertaking these collaborations, their existence is a well-kept secret with little representation on individual site websites and no organized network to support the work. The strong, grassroots emergence of arts, humanities, and science collaborations at sites of long-term ecological inquiry signals a recognition that these are places of cultural as well as scientific work. Their appearance late in ESA's first century may foreshadow an important role for such endeavors in the next century of ESA.
Recovery of Uric Acid from Serum

Uric acid added to serum is incompletely recovered in tungstic acid filtrates of serum. Contrary to previous views, the poor recovery is not the result of the adsorption of uric acid upon the precipitated protein, nor is it the result of the presence in the filtrates of inhibitors of the color-forming reaction between the sodium carbonate and phosphotungstic acid reagents, and the uric acid. Evidence is presented which implicates adsorption on filter paper as the cause of the poor recovery of uric acid from acid filtrates. Excellent recoveries are obtained when the protein precipitated by tungstic acid is removed by centrifugation.
Demographic trends and vocational behavior: A twenty year retrospective and agenda for the 1990s

Abstract This review considers how research in vocational behavior reflects demographic changes during the 20 years since the inception of the Journal of Vocational Behavior . The themes of career and life transitions and person/situation matches for minorities, women, and older workers were evident throughout the first 20 years of the journal. The research points to ways of enhancing employees' career resilience, insight, and identity. The increased number of women in the work force during the 1970s was accompanied by research on women's attitudes about work, gaining employment, individual characteristics (e.g., need for achievement, self-efficacy, and role orientation), career decision processes, and life stages. Research on women during the 1980s focused on problems of remaining in the work force, specifically sexual harassment, work/family conflict, job stress, over-coming career barriers, and developing a sense of career identity. The increase of minorities in the work force was reflected in research during the 1970s on educational programs, early career goals, and job attitudes of minorities. Unfortunately, far less research on minorities was published during the 1980s coinciding with decreased political and organizational attention on minority employment. The aging baby boom generation was reflected in research on mid- and late-career experiences—in particular mid-career crises and transitions, career exploration and motivation, and age discrimination. Demographic projections indicate increased diversity and an aging work force, underscoring the need to know more about mid-career transitions and ways of fostering career resilience, insight, and identity throughout ones career.
Analysis of observed aircraft-to-aircraft separations

As air traffic demand continues to increase in the coming years, the need for concepts, procedures and tools that can improve airspace efficiency will likewise increase. Reduction of terminal and en-route separation minima has been the focus of many of the concepts and emerging technologies developed to respond to this need. Horizontal separation distances consist of two major elements: lateral separation (i.e. track-to- track) influenced by the spacing of parallel or converging routes and individual aircraft route conformance; and longitudinal separation (i.e. along-track) influenced by both Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Orders regarding standard separations minima and an additional spacing buffer which reflects controller comfort with position variability and work load. This paper presents the preliminary results of an investigation of current terminal and en-route separations observed on conventional and Area Navigation (RNAV) routes and procedures. This analysis has been undertaken to determine the magnitude of spacing buffers as they are applied today, and then model a future throughput capability that could result from reducing the currently applied separations toward the established minimums.
Protective mechanisms of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from immune assault

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy that is the sixth most common neoplasm in the world. Despite advances in treatments involving surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the 5-year survival has remained at less than 50% for the past 30 years, primarily because of local recurrences. Thus, the possibility of immunotherapeutic approaches for patients with HNSCC has gained interest. Unfortunately, patients with HNSCC have profound immune defects that are associated with increased recurrence. This review aims to provide an overview of both the defensive and immune subversive mechanisms by which patients with HNSCC can protect themselves from immune antitumor assault.
Blind fractionally spaced equalization of noisy FIR channels: direct and adaptive solutions

Blind fractionally spaced equalizers reduce intersymbol interference using second-order statistics without the need for training sequences. Methods for finding FIR zero-forcing blind equalizers directly from the observations are described, and adaptive versions are developed. In contrast, most current methods require channel estimation as a first step to estimating the equalizer. The direct methods can be zero-forcing, minimum mean-square error, or even minimum mean square error (MMSE) within the class of zero-forcing equalizers. Performance of the proposed methods and comparisons with existing approaches are shown for a variety of channels, including an empirically measured digital microwave channel.
Transversal Characteristics of DNA devices

We calculate the transverse current through double- stranded DNA nucleotides using ab initio techniques in order to establish a protocol to recognize their type and sequence. Extended bulk gold electrodes are tested as contacts for the electron transport. The addition of Na or H positive counterions, and water molecules improves the signal levels thus leading to a better discrimination.
Comparative studies on the interaction of benzpyrene with cells derived from poikilothermic and homeothermic vertebrates. II. Effect of temperature on benzpyrene metabolism and cell multiplication

The effect of incubation temperature on cell multiplication and on the efficiency of benzpyrene (BP) metabolism to water-soluble derivatives was compared in cell cultures derived from three poikilothermic and three homeo-thermic vertebrate species. The fish cells grew optimally at about 20°C and the amphibian and reptilian cells at about 30°C, and in general, these cells multiplied over broader ranges of temperature than the mouse, hamster or chick cells. In each cell system, the maximum temperature supporting efficient BP metabolism exceeded the maximum temperature supporting cell growth by 4 to 8°, but the range of temperatures supporting near-maximal BP metabolism was also considerably broader in the poikilothermic than in the homeothermic vertebrate cultures.
Exertional desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Although the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services oxygen prescription guidelines utilize a threshold arterial oxygen tension ≤55 mmHg or an oxygen saturation ≤88%, a range of oxygen levels an...
Calculation of interior values by the boundary element method

The boundary element method (BEM) provides a straightfoward mechanism for calculating interior values once the appropriate boundary values have been determined. However, the interior solution near the boundary can exhibit unusual behaviour resulting in large numerical inaccuracies. This ‘boundary layer’ effect has been noted but is largely unexplored in the BEM literature. In this paper the numerical inaccuracies are shown to stem from the inability of the quadrature to account for the Green's function near-singularity. A simple scheme, which adds little extra computational effort, is used to remove the numerical inaccuracies at interior points close to the boundary by increasing the quadrature in the nearby boundary elements.
Annular Spin-Transfer Memory Element

An annular magnetic memory that uses a spin-polarized current to switch the magnetization direction or helicity of a magnetic region is proposed. The device has magnetic materials in the shape of a ring (1-5 nm in thickness, 20-250 nm in mean radius, and 8-100 nm in width), comprising a reference magnetic layer with a fixed magnetic helicity and a free magnetic layer with a changeable magnetic helicity. These are separated by a thin nonmagnetic layer. Information is written using a current flowing perpendicular to the layers, inducing a spin-transfer torque that alters the magnetic state of the free layer. The resistance, which depends on the magnetic state of the device, is used to read out the stored information. This device offers several important advantages compared with conventional spin-transfer magnetic random access memory devices. First, the ring geometry offers stable magnetization states, which are, nonetheless, easily altered with short current pulses. Second, the ring geometry naturally solves a major challenge of spin-transfer devices: writing requires relatively high currents and a low impedance circuit, whereas readout demands a larger impedance and magnetoresistance. The annular device accommodates these conflicting requirements by performing reading and writing operations at separate read and write contacts placed at different locations on the ring.
Using Popular Mobile Devices in Voice Therapy

Mobile tools are increasingly available to help individuals monitor their progress toward health behavior goals. Commonly known commercial products for health and fitness self-monitoring include wearable devices such as the Fitbit© and Nike + Pedometer© that work independently or in conjunction with mobile platforms (e.g., smartphones, media players) as well as web-based interfaces. These tools track and graph exercise behavior, provide motivational messages, offer health-related information, and allow users to share their accomplishments via social media. Approximately 2 million software programs or “apps” have been designed for mobile platforms (Pure Oxygen Mobile, 2013), many of which are health-related. The development of mobile health devices and applications is advancing so quickly that the Food and Drug Administration issued a Guidance statement with the purpose of defining mobile medical applications and describing a tailored approach to their regulation.
Can antihypertensive treatment restore the risk of cardiovascular disease to ideal levels?: The coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study and the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background It is unclear whether antihypertensive treatment can restore cardiovascular disease risk to the risk level of persons with ideal blood pressure (BP) levels. Methods and Results Data from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were analyzed. Outcomes were compared among participants without or with antihypertensive treatment at 3 BP levels: 100, and twice the incident cardiovascular disease rate over 9.5 years of follow‐up than those with BP 3000 mm Hg–years in 25 years), the increase in left ventricular mass index accelerated. Conclusions The data suggest that based on the current approach, antihypertensive treatment cannot restore cardiovascular disease risk to ideal levels. Emphasis should be placed on primordial prevention of BP increases to further reduce cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
Beyond Panaceas in Land Tenure Systems in Ghana: Insights from Resilience and Adaptive Governance of Social-Ecological Systems

Land tenure basically refers to the system of formal and informal institutions governing people’s relationship with one another and with the land and natural resources on which they depend. Historically, customary land tenure systems that rely on traditional institutions for managing access to communally owned lands have been the dominant medium for land allocation in Ghana and most of sub-Saharan Africa. For several decades, tenure reforms have focused on transforming the African land tenure system from the customary system through land nationalization and privatization. Among other issues, the goals have been to promote tenure security, economic efficiency, and sustainable resource management. Thus far, these tenure reforms have yielded mixed results. Current problems include bottlenecks in land administration, weakening of traditional institutions, and increasing marginalization and landlessness among vulnerable groups. Based on insights from the literature on resilience in social-ecological systems, this chapter highlights the need to move beyond the search for panaceas in land policy toward institutional frameworks that can mediate the complex and dynamic relationships between people and land. The chapter proposes adaptive governance as an institutional framework that can promote an integrated approach to managing land and other natural resources with the aim of building the resilience of communities and regions against the impacts of various drivers of change.
Multi-scale interactions in interpersonal coordination

Abstract Background Interpersonal coordination is an essential aspect of daily life, and crucial to performance in cooperative and competitive team sports. While empirical research has investigated interpersonal coordination using a wide variety of analytical tools and frameworks, to date very few studies have employed multifractal techniques to study the nature of interpersonal coordination across multiple spatiotemporal scales. In the present study we address this gap. Methods We investigated the dynamics of a simple dyadic interpersonal coordination task where each participant manually controlled a virtual object in relation to that of his or her partner. We tested whether the resulting hand-movement time series exhibits multi-scale properties and whether those properties are associated with successful performance. Results Using the formalism of multifractals, we show that the performance on the coordination task is strongly multi-scale, and that the multi-scale properties appear to arise from interaction-dominant dynamics. Further, we find that the measure of across-scale interactions, multifractal spectrum width, predicts successful performance at the level of the dyad. Conclusion The results are discussed with respect to the implications of multifractals and interaction-dominance for understanding control in an interpersonal context.
A Reading of The Sacrifice of Abraham

AbstractIn his famous chapter on Odysseus' scar at the beginning of Mimesis, Erich Auerbach summarizes the stylistic contrast between the lavish detail and leisurely expansiveness of Homeric narrative on the one hand and the austerity of the Genesis story of Abraham and Isaac on the other.
Responses of a loblolly pine ecosystem to CO2 enrichment: a modeling analysis

The development of the Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) facilities represents a substantial advance in experimental technology for studying ecosystem responses to elevated CO(2). A challenge arising from the application of this technology is the utilization of short-term FACE results for predicting long-term ecosystem responses. This modeling study was designed to explore interactions of various processes on ecosystem productivity at elevated CO(2) on the decadal scale. We used a forest model (FORDYN) to analyze CO(2) responses-particularly soil nitrogen dynamics, carbon production and storage-of a loblolly pine ecosystem in the Duke University Forest. When a 14-year-old stand was exposed to elevated CO(2), simulated increases in annual net primary productivity (NPP) were 13, 10 and 7.5% in Years 1, 2 and 10, respectively, compared with values at ambient CO(2). Carbon storage increased by 4% in trees and 9.2% in soil in Year 10 in response to elevated CO(2). When the ecosystem was exposed to elevated CO(2) from the beginning of forest regrowth, annual NPP and carbon storage in trees and soil were increased by 32, 18 and 20%, respectively, compared with values at ambient CO(2). In addition, simulation of a 20% increase in mineralization rate led to a slight increase in biomass growth and carbon storage, but the simulated 20% increase in fine root turnover rate considerably increased annual NPP and carbon storage in soil. The modeling results indicated that (1) stimulation of NPP and carbon storage by elevated CO(2) is transient and (2) effects of elevated CO(2) on ecosystem processes-canopy development, soil nitrogen mineralization and root turnover-have great impacts on ecosystem C dynamics. A detailed understanding of these processes will improve our ability to predict long-term ecosystem responses to CO(2) enrichment.
Activity Patterns, Movements, and Reproductive Ecology of Fishers in Southcentral Maine

Most activity of adult fishers ( Martes pennanti ) occurred shortly before sunrise and after sunset, but some activity occurred throughout the day and night. Males and females showed similar amounts of activity, and both were active more frequently in summer than winter. Movements of males were greatest during the spring breeding season; nonreproductive females moved similar distances during all seasons. Eleven maternal dens were in tree cavities; the denning period lasted 8–12 weeks from March through May. The maximum annual parturition rate among females ≥2 years old was 75% ( n = 4). This was less than pregnancy rates indicated by corpora lutea, and suggested that some pregnancies were unsuccessful. We hypothesize that delayed implantation allows mating to occur at a favorable time for adults, and births to occur when offspring have the maximum time for development before winter.
Plant Proteinase Inhibitors Are Potential Anticereal Aphid Compounds

Trials were conducted to identify new compounds that may be useful in the control of cereal aphids on wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.). Five plant proteinase inhibitors were tested for their ability to control 3 species of cereal aphids in feeding trials. The proteinase inhibitors were tested against the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhoalosiphum padi (L.). Two of these compounds, potato proteinase inhibitors I and II, increased mortality among late instar aphids and reduced production of nymphs in feeding trials. Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor and soybean trypsin inhibitor showed variable effects ranging from significant to nonsignificant abiosis, depending on the species of aphid examined. The lima bean proteinase inhibitor showed little effect on any of the 3 species. Though the effectiveness of the inhibitors varied, it appears that the proteinase inhibitors from potato are potentially effective proteins for the control of these species.
Ethyl acetate extracted from Shiitake Mushroom induced apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line-MCF-7

Aim This study was to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extract of shiitake mushroom on a human breast cancer line-MCF-7 cell in vitro. Method Cell cytotoxicity was examined using MTT method, Cell apoptosis was examined by AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining,Cell cycle analysis was determined by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to determine Cyclin D_1、Cdk4、Bax and p21WAE1/CIP1 protein expression. Results Concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects of the extract were observed in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, p21WAE1/CIP1)were up-regulated while proteins involved in cell cycle(Cyclin D_1 and Cdk4)were down-regulated. Conclusion This study suggests that the anti-breast cancer activities might result from increased apoptosis and growth arrest
Lower limit for physical property of effective reservoir in Changxing Formation,Yuanba Gas Field

The carbonate gas reservoirs of the Changxing Formation in the Yuanba Gas Field are characterized by complex pore structure and strong heterogeneity.A comprehensive study has been taken through test,experimental analysis and experience statistical method for the lower limit of effective porosity of the Changxing Formation.The research result shows that the lower limit of effective porosity is 2.0%.The first stage of proven reserves has been calculated on this basis.
The Most Controversial Decision: Byrnes, the Soviets, and the American Atomic Monopoly

Harry S. Truman and James F. Byrnes had little time to catch their breath as World War II ended. Pressures and demands came at them relentlessly, and they developed policies concerning the atomic bomb in circumstances where they juggled numerous other serious issues. Over the coming months and without any formal decision, Truman gravitated more to domestic politics and policies while Byrnes saw himself as the main player in the foreign policy domain. Truman hardly seemed perturbed by the division. The president had full confidence in his chosen appointee, and certainly Byrnes played a role in shaping the initial postwar approach to the American atomic monopoly. On this matter, which possessed both domestic and international dimensions, the Americans were mapping new terrain with no set rules or norms to guide them. Understanding the efforts of Truman, Byrnes, and their associates immediately after the use of the atomic bombs is important for clarifying American intentions regarding these weapons and the place they played in postwar American diplomacy. Such an examination reveals that the forceful purpose with which the Americans developed and used the atomic bombs as weapons of war was followed by much less certainty and even confusion as the Truman administration struggled to fashion the role that nuclear weapons and energy should play in the postwar era.
Live dynamic analysis of the developing cardiovascular system in mice

The study of the developing cardiovascular system in mice is important for understanding human cardiogenesis and congenital heart defects. Our research focuses on imaging early development in the mouse embryo to specifically understand cardiovascular development under the regulation of dynamic factors like contractile force and blood flow using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We have previously developed an OCT based approach that combines static embryo culture and advanced image processing with computational modeling to live-image mouse embryos and obtain 4D (3D+time) cardiodynamic datasets. Here we present live 4D dynamic blood flow imaging of the early embryonic mouse heart in correlation with heart wall movement. We are using this approach to understand how specific mutations impact heart wall dynamics, and how this influences flow patterns and cardiogenesis. We perform studies in mutant embryos with cardiac phenotypes such as myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (Mlc2a). This work is brings us closer to understanding the connections between dynamic mechanical factors and gene programs responsible for early cardiovascular development.
Interseeding berseem clover in winter wheat

Interseeding annual clovers in cereal grains may help organic producers reduce use of tillage following cereal harvest. Using clovers that winterkill would minimize need for tillage in the spring also. The objective of this study was to evaluate seedling emergence and survival of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Berseem clover (hereafter, referred to as berseem) was planted 0, 2 and 4 weeks after initiation of winter wheat growth in the spring. Berseem density was highest when planted on April 12, 2 weeks after winter wheat broke dormancy. Establishment density was 40–80% less with the other planting dates. A dry interval during the 5 weeks preceding winter wheat harvest reduced seedling survival of berseem, killing more than 80% of seedlings. Winter wheat yield was reduced at the last planting date of berseem, which was attributed to mechanical injury to winter wheat by the drill when planting berseem. Berseem may not be viable for interseeding at this location or in drier regions. Clover species that are more drought tolerant will be needed.
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain

Cerebral hemorrhage and seizures are the main complications of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. The choice of surgery, embolization, or radiosurgery for the treatment of these lesions is made by considering the lesion size, vascular anatomy, and brain region involved.
Applying Empirical and Formal Methods for Modelling Systems with Concurrency and Timing Aspects

Software systems with concurrency are very complicated because they consist of many components that run in parallel and there can be a large number of combinations of how the components can interact. Deadlock, livelock, and other behavior can easily get out of control. Timing aspect adds another degree to the complexity. A pragmatic approach is presented for improving the specification and modelling of concurrency and timing by combining the use of the formal specification language Timed Communicating Object Z (TCOZ) and object-oriented simulation with OOSimL. The specification language TCOZ is well-suited for specifying complex systems that include components with their own thread of control. Object-Oriented simulation with OOSimL provides a powerful approach and tool for modeling large and complex systems and is compatible with the CSP semantics of concurrency. The output of the simulation runs provide traces of the timed interactions that can be used for verification with respect to the specification of the system. There is a simple and consisting correspondence from a formal specification to the corresponding simulation modelling. A simple problem is specified with TCOZ and the simulation model implemented with OOSimL is used to carry out simulation runs. This problem consists of three concurrent processes communicating among themselves and with the environment, subject to timing constraints.