cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling social factors of oral health equity for older adults

Recognizing oral health equity as a critical indicator of progress toward a more inclusive health care system, this research effort develops simulation models informed by the qualitative and quantitative data collected through the ElderSmile community outreach program operated by Columbia University's College of Dental Medicine. Through an iterative process drawing upon group model-building workshops to share expertise among members of our interdisciplinary research team, we have constructed a portfolio of models involving different methods associated with systems science: system dynamics, spatial analysis, agent-based modeling (ABM), social network simulation, and geographic information science (GIS). This poster features a hierarchical ABM, explains how it builds upon other models in the portfolio, identifies performance improvements, and points to conceptual insights that have emerged from this multi-method approach to integrating social and systems science with simulation.
Extending the Concept of Shopping: An Investigation of Browsing Activity

In many previous studies of consumer behavior, shopping has been equated with buying. This research examines the concept of browsing—the examination of a retailer’s merchandise without a current intent to buy. Results indicate that for the product classes of clothing and personal computers, browsing is related to perceptions of relevant dimensions of the retail environment. In addition, heavy browsers are more involved with the product, are more knowledgeable, and are more likely to be opinion leaders than are other consumers. Suggestions for future research are also noted.
Reduced equations of motion for quantum systems driven by diffusive Markov processes.

The expansion of a stochastic Liouville equation for the coupled evolution of a quantum system and an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process into a hierarchy of coupled differential equations is a useful technique that simplifies the simulation of stochastically driven quantum systems. We expand the applicability of this technique by completely characterizing the class of diffusive Markov processes for which a useful hierarchy of equations can be derived. The expansion of this technique enables the examination of quantum systems driven by non-Gaussian stochastic processes with bounded range. We present an application of this extended technique by simulating Stark-tuned F\"orster resonance transfer in Rydberg atoms with nonperturbative position fluctuations.
The mesonephric‐testicular connection in man and some mammals

In the testes of man and some other mammals a structure is formed during reproductive age, designated a “receptacle”. This structure which is not present during infancy represents the first communication of the seminiferous tubules to an extragonadal organ the rete “organ,” the receptacles received the mature spermatozoa which later are transported to the mesonephric excretory duct through the rete tubules. The receptacles are the distal end of the rete tubules and are considered as coelomic funnels. The epithelium of the receptacles, the tubuli recti and rete tubules is identical in infantile and mature testes and of a different type than the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. The receptacle consists of a distal dilatation of the tubuli recti in which the seminiferous tubule invaginates following the ruptures of their walls. Identical receptacles are present in man, horse (Equus caballus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felix domesticus), hamster (mesocricetus auratus) and woodhuck (Marmota monax). In the mule (sterile offspring of a mare and a jackass) the receptacles lack communications. The presence of mature spermatozoa is believed to be the proper stimulus for the formation of the receptacles which established the communications between the seminiferous tubules and the rete tubules. The receptacles, tubuli recti and rete testis are part of an organ which accomplished the connection of the gonad to its mesonephric excretory system.
Local screening of a core hole: A real-space approach applied to hafnium oxide

An approach to screening a core hole's potential in solids for purposes such as theoretical near-edge spectrum calculations is developed. In this approach, the core hole's unscreened potential is decomposed into a short-range part and a long-range part. The short-range part is screened using a real-space screening calculation, while the long-range part can be screened using a model dielectric function. Screening of the core hole is computed for 1s holes in LiF, MgO, Si, solid argon, diamond, and two structures of hafnium oxide. Most of the screening results obtained using the approach presented here are compared to similar results obtained using a traditional Fourier-space approach. Because the approach presented here is a real-space approach, it should be very practical for systems with large unit cells.
Junctional Protein Regulation by Sphingosine Kinase 2 Contributes to Blood–Brain Barrier Protection in Hypoxic Preconditioning-Induced Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance

Protection of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is correlated with improved outcome in stroke. Sphingosine kinase (SphK)-directed production of sphingosine-1-phosphate, which we previously documented as being vital to preconditioning-induced stroke protection, mediates peripheral vascular integrity via junctional protein regulation. We used a hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) model in adult wild-type and SphK2-null mice to examine the isoform-specific role of SphK2 signaling for ischemic tolerance to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and attendant BBB protection. Reductions in infarct volume and BBB permeability in HPC-treated mice were completely lost in SphK2-null mice. Hypoxic preconditioning-induced attenuation of postischemic BBB disruption in wild types, evidenced by reduced extravascular immunoglobulin G intensity, suggests direct protection of BBB integrity. Measurement of BBB junctional protein status in response to HPC revealed SphK2-dependent increases in triton-insoluble claudin-5 and VE-cadherin, which may serve to strengthen the BBB before stroke. Postischemic loss of VE-cadherin, occludin, and zona occludens-1 in SphK2-null mice with prior HPC suggests that SphK2-dependent protection of these adherens and tight junction proteins is compulsory for HPC to establish a vasculoprotective phenotype. Further elucidation of the mediators of this endogenous, HPC-activated lipid signaling pathway, and their role in protecting the ischemic BBB, may provide new therapeutic targets for cerebrovascular protection in stroke patients.
Formation of various TiO2nanostructures from electrochemically anodized titanium

TiO2nanostructures, including nanowires, highly ordered nanotube arrays, and single crystalline nanoplates, were obtained from electrochemically anodized Ti foil in a fluorine-containing ethylene glycol electrolyte. The TiO2nanowires, formed by the electric field induced chemical splitting of TiO2nanotubes by fluoride ions during a lengthy anodization can be isolated from the nanotube arrays by mild ultrasonication. The highly ordered TiO2nanotubes buried underneath are thus exposed. The transformation of as-prepared amorphous TiO2nanotubes into the anatase or rutile phase as a function of annealing temperature was systematically scrutinized by Raman spectroscopic measurements in conjunction with TEM imaging. In the latter study, the ultramicrotomed sections of the samples clearly exhibited the formation of highly crystalline TiO2. More importantly, crystalline TiO2nanotubes were mechanically broken into intriguing single crystalline TiO2 nanoplates as a result of ultramicrotoming. The present study not only demonstrates a facile approach to produce high quality TiO2nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoplates in a simple manner, but also provides valuable insights into temperature dependent crystalline transformation in the anodic TiO2nanotube arrays.
Organizational variables, sales force perceptions of readiness for change, learning, and performance among boundary-spanning teams: A conceptual framework and propositions for research

Abstract Sales organizations are continuously developing new ideas and approaches to be more competitive. One of the approaches taken by most successful organizations is the move from individuals to boundary-spanning, cross-functional teams. Sales teams are being employed to counter efforts by buying organizations to form buying centers. It is proffered in this paper that organizations that are ready for change are conducive to enhancement of sales team learning. Organization readiness for change is a condition impacted by a variety of organizational antecedent variables such as culture and climate. This paper proposes that sales team learning is impacted by team members' perceptions of the organization's readiness for change. In addition, we also posit the moderating influence of two environmental variables: turbulence and competitive intensity on the relationship between readiness for change and sales team learning. Sales team learning is then proposed to be related to a variety of sales outcomes. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework for understanding the contexts in which team learning occurs and the impact of team learning on team effectiveness. Throughout the paper, we present research propositions that provide opportunities for future examinations of team learning.
Preferential transcription of Xenopus laevis ribosomal RNA in interspecies hybrids between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri

Abstract Ribosomal RNA synthesized by hybrid frogs from the cross between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri was analyzed by molecular hybridization with purified ribosomal DNA from each species. Although the 18 S and 28 S rRNA sequences are indistinguishable between these two species, the remaining 10% of the 40 S rRNA precursor molecule of each species hybridizes about tenfold more efficiently to homologous rDNA than to heterologous rDNA. Using an assay based upon this fact, we show that in hybrid frogs X. laevis rDNA is transcribed preferentially and X. mulleri rDNA is repressed. X. mulleri rDNA is repressed regardless of which species is the female parent. The repression is nearly complete throughout early embryogenesis until the swimming tadpole stage, after which a low level of X. mulleri rRNA synthesis is detectable in the total embryo population. Some adult frogs made no detectable X. mulleri rRNA, whereas others were found that synthesized substantial amounts. Transcription of X. mulleri rDNA is repressed in embryos from the cross of a X. laevis female, heterozygous for the rDNA deletion mutation, and a wild type X. mulleri male. Half of these embryos contain only X. mulleri rDNA. The X. mulleri rDNA is transcribed eventually in these embryos but the onset of rRNA synthesis is much later than in wild type X. mulleri embryos. In the reverse cross (female X. mulleri × male X. laevis heterozygote) turn-on of X. mulleri rRNA synthesis was not delayed. The results of these four types of crosses indicate that either X. laevis rDNA or X. laevis maternal cytoplasm can each repress expression of X. mulleri rDNA in hybrid embryos. In the presence of X. laevis rDNA the repression can be permanent. The repression by X. laevis cytoplasm is transient and usually reversible.
A Rapid Western Blotting Protocol for the Xenopus Oocyte

Often experimentalists require a quantitative assessment of the levels of heterologously expressed proteins to best interpret changed Ca(2+) signaling patterns. Here, we detail a rapid and convenient western blotting method for individual Xenopus oocytes. The method exploits recently introduced rapid blotting systems, commercially available from Invitrogen (iBlot) or Bio-Rad (Trans-Blot Turbo). The key advantage is speed: from live cell to transferred membrane in <1 h. Therefore, oocytes can be conveniently processed for western blotting to assess relative expression levels, even after a long day of Ca(2+) imaging experiments.
Delivery of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Using the Ohmeda INOvent Delivery System

Objectives We evaluated the Ohmeda INOvent Nitric Oxide Delivery System, which uses an inspiratory flow sensor to inject a synchronized and proportional nitric oxide (NO) flow into the mechanical ventilator circuit. This system should deliver a constant NO concentration independent of ventilator mode, minute ventilation, fraction of inspired oxygen, or ventilator brand. It should also minimize nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) formation. Methods NO delivery by the INOvent and a premixing NO delivery system were compared using two ventilators (Puritan-Bennett 7200 and Servo 900C). NO concentration was measured within the trachea of an attached lung model using a fast-response chemiluminescence NO analyzer. NO concentration was also measured in the inspiratory limb using the electrochemical analyzer of the INOvent. For three NO concentrations (2, 5, and 20 ppm), the ventilators were set for constant flow volume control ventilation, pressure control ventilation, and spontaneous breathing with pressure support ventilation or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. Different tidal volumes (300, 500, 750, and 1,000 mL) and inspiratory times (1 and 2 s) were evaluated. NO 2 formation for both ventilators and delivery systems were evaluated at 20 ppm and 95% O 2 . Results Regardless of ventilatory pattern, both systems delivered a constant NO concentration. The error between the target and the delivered NO dose for the INOvent was −1.3±3.6% with the Puritan-Bennett 7200 and −3.9±4.3% with the Servo 900C. For the premixing system, the error was −5.5±4.8% with the Puritan-Bennett 7200 and −6.7±6.2% with the Servo 900C. NO 2 concentrations were 0.5±0.1 ppm during NO delivery by the INOvent, 5.8±1.6 ppm when NO was premixed with air, 0.3±0.1 ppm when NO was premixed with N 2 . Conclusion The INOvent provides a constant NO concentration independent of the ventilatory pattern, and NO 2 formation is minimal.
Meritocracy, elitism, and egalitarianism: a preliminary and provisional assessment of Singapore's primary education review

Meritocracy functions in Singapore as the key principle of governance and educational distribution. However, the concept of meritocracy itself contains a number of inherent contradictions, most evidently witnessed in the tension between its egalitarian and elitist strands. This tension is documented in the recommendations of Singapore's recent primary education review, already accepted by the Ministry of Education and to be implemented in the coming years. This article considers these recommendations against the backdrop of a tentative movement towards egalitarianism in educational distribution. Specifically, it provides a preliminary and provisional assessment of how far they would go towards providing for greater educational equity and, therefore, in recovering the ideology of meritocracy in the nation-state.
Optimality versus run time for isolated signalized intersections

Simulation-based optimization of traffic signal timing has become pervasive and popular, in the field of traffic engineering. When the underlying simulation model is well-trusted and/or well-calibrated, it is only natural that typical engineers would want their signal timing optimized using the judgment of that same model. As such, it becomes important that the heuristic search methods typically used by these optimizations are capable of locating global optimum solutions, for a wide range of signal systems. However off-line and real-time solutions alike offer just a subset of the available search methods. The result is that many optimizations are likely converging prematurely on mediocre solutions. In response, this paper compares several search methods from the literature, in terms of both optimality (i.e., solution quality) and computer run times. Simulated annealing and genetic algorithm methods were equally effective in achieving near-global optimum solutions. Two selection methods (roulette wheel and tournament), commonly used within genetic algorithms, exhibited similar effectiveness. Tabu searching did not provide significant benefits. Trajectories of optimality versus run time (OVERT) were similar for each method, except some methods aborted early along the same trajectory. Hill-climbing searches always aborted early, even with a large number of step-sizes. Other methods only aborted early when applied with ineffective parameter settings (e.g. mutation rate, annealing schedule). These findings imply (1) today’s products encourage a sub-optimal “one size fits all” approach, (2) heuristic search methods and parameters should be carefully selected based on the system being optimized, (3) weaker searches abort early along the OVERT curve, and (4) improper choice of methods and/or parameters can reduce optimization benefits by 22–33%.
Effects of peptide C corresponding to the Glu724–Pro760 region of the II–III loop of the DHP (dihydropyridine) receptor α1 subunit on the domain- switch-mediated activation of RyR1 (ryanodine receptor 1) Ca2+ channels

The Leu720–Leu764 region of the II–III loop of the dihydropyridine receptor is believed to be important for both orthograde and retrograde communications with the RyR (ryanodine receptor), but its actual role has not yet been resolved. Our recent studies suggest that voltage-dependent activation of the RyR channel is mediated by a pair of interacting N-terminal and central domains, designated as the ‘domain switch’. To investigate the effect of peptide C (a peptide corresponding to residues Glu724–Pro760) on domain- switch-mediated activation of the RyR, we measured Ca2+ release induced by DP (domain peptide) 1 or DP4 (which activates the RyR by mediation of the domain switch) and followed the Ca2+ release time course using a luminal Ca2+ probe (chlortetracycline) under Ca2+-clamped conditions. Peptide C produced a significant potentiation of the domain-switch-mediated Ca2+ release, provided that the Ca2+ concentration was sufficiently low (e.g. 0.1 μM) and the Ca2+ channel was only partially activated by the domain peptide. However, at micromolar Ca2+ concentrations, peptide C inhibits activation. Covalent cross-linking of fluorescently labelled peptide C to the RyR and screening of the fluorescently labelled tryptic fragments permitted us to localize the peptide-C-binding site to residues 450–1400, which may represent the primary region involved in physical coupling. Based on the above findings, we propose that the physiological role of residues Glu724–Pro760 is to facilitate depolarization-induced and domain-switch-mediated RyR activation at sub- or near-threshold concentrations of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and to suppress activation upon an increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+.
Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle

Systematic review of published cases and a hospital-based case-control study were completed to evaluate breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle. Systematic review of 37 published studies indicated that atresia coli has been diagnosed in 10 cattle breeds and 12 countries, with the marked preponderance of cases occurring in Holstein-Friesian calves (485/514 cases, 94%). Epidemiologic analysis based on 28,373 cattle < 2 mo of age admitted to North American veterinary schools between 1964 and 1993 identified 291 cases of atresia coli in 13 breeds, with the marked preponderance of cases occurring in Holstein-Friesian calves (228/291, 78%). Holstein-Friesian cattle were at significantly greater risk for the condition than all other dairy cattle breeds (crude odds ratio 4.55, P < 0.0001) and all other cattle breeds (crude odds ratio 7.12, P < 0.0001), whereas there was no difference in the odds ratio between dairy cattle (not Holstein-Friesian) and beef cattle (crude odds ratio 1.68, P = 0.11). Atresia coli probably occurs secondary to vascular insufficiency of the developing colon. Holstein-Friesian cattle may be genetically predisposed to atresia coli, possibly because their developing colon grows at a faster rate and/or to a greater extent than that in other cattle breeds. Early or vigorous palpation per rectum of the amniotic vesicle appears to increase the risk of atresia coli in a genetically predisposed fetus, probably through palpation-induced damage to the developing colonic vasculature.
The speed of the invisible hand

Abstract Very little attention has been devoted to incorporating dynamic elements into empirical models of market structure and performance. Consequently, there has been little progress in settling the issue of whether the market structure-profits relationship is more than just a temporary phenomenon. In this study, an estimation equation is developed which allows for incomplete adjustment of past profits from expected future profits, where expected profits depends on present and expected future changes in market structure. The model is estimated pooling panel data across industries. The findings indicate that adjustment to abnormal profits is relatively quick, market share adjustments are non-instantaneous, and that inclusion of industry-specific effects is important. The results suggest that previous studies are susceptible to specification bias from omitted variables.
Approaches to the pterygopalatine space—Caldwell-Luc and beyond

Before the development of endoscopic skull-based surgical techniques, external surgical approaches with facial incisions often were used to access lesions of the pterygopalatine space (PPS) and beyond. Lesions of the PPS and adjacent skull base areas include juvenile nasal angiofibromas, schwannomas, lymphoma, fungal infections, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, and metastatic malignancies. Traditional approaches included midface degloving, lateral rhinotomy with medial maxillectomy, Caldwell-Luc, and subtemporal craniotomy. Recent advances in endoscopic technology, endoscopic instrumentation, and stereotactic navigation have markedly augmented minimally invasive approaches for these pathologies.
Of Surrogacy, Circularity, Causality and Near-Tautologies A Response

Gigerenzer (1998) agrees with our critique of mainstream work (Wallach & Wallach, 1994, 1998). However, while he views near-tautologies as an additional species of surrogates for theory, we believe near-tautologies are implied by entrenched and uncontested proto-theories that are not without function, but pointless to subject to empirical test. Schaller and Crandall (1998) seem to have backed down from Schaller, Crandall, Stangor and Neuberg's (1995) earlier position that the concept of near-tautologies as developed by Wallach and Wallach (1994, 1998) is itself misguided. Instead, Schaller and Crandall now seek to distinguish `strong-form' and `weak-form' near-tautologies, and claim that our argument against the usefulness of testing hypotheses derivable from near-tautologies holds only for the `strong' form while the `weak' form occurs in our derivations. We show here that their distinction is problematic and that supposed `weak-form' as well as `strong-form' near-tautologies are unfalsifiable.
Biochemical and Cytological Analyses of RNA Synthesis in Kinetin-treated Pea Root Parenchyma

Excised cortical parenchyma from the pea root (cv. Little Marvel) responds to kinetin/auxin treatment with an increased rate of RNA synthesis well before reinitiating DNA synthesis. Few cells synthesize RNA in the 1st hour of culture. In the presence of kinetin/auxin, the nuclear labeling index increases 2.5-fold as compared to control cultures. The RNA synthesis response has an apparent lag period of 2-4 hours as shown by double label ([ 3 H]adenosine/[ 14 C]adenosine) experiments. Qualitatively, the RNA synthesized at 4-6 hours sediments between 18S and 5S. The RNA synthesized at 14-16 hours and 24-26 hours is primarily ribosomal RNA when kinetin is present. In the absence of kinetin, no clear pattern of RNA synthesis emerges. The data are interpreted to mean that kinetin treatment elicits RNA synthesis in a small proportion of the population initially and this may involve messenger-like RNA. Later, more cells synthesize RNA and this is primarily rRNA.
Abstract 1004: Hedgehog signaling promotes tumor vascularization, growth and metastasis of breast cancer via upregulation of CYR61

Several clinical trials have used chemotherapeutic drugs that specifically target vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). Although these trials have demonstrated significant improvements in response rates, findings to date have not indicated substantial benefits in terms of survival. This is likely to be due to the ability of tumor cells to utilize several alternative pathways to establish vasculature. Hence, there is an urgent need to define and target other active pathways that contribute to angiogenesis, such that the vascularity of the tumor can be effectively reduced. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which promotes cell growth and vascularization during fetal development, is activated in several cancers and has been implicated to play a role in promoting cancer progression. We have investigated the role of Hh signaling in impacting tumor malignancy by promoting tumor vascularity. We engineered sonic hedgehog (SHH)-deficient, tumorigenic breast cancer lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF10AT, to ectopically express the Hh activating ligand, SHH such that the pathway is constitutively activated. Upregulation of SHH-mediated signaling results in the acquisition of enhanced malignant behavior in vitro (increased growth, invasion, migration, and anchorage independent growth) and in vivo (increased tumor take rate and rapidly growing tumors). Furthermore, the SHH expressing cells are able to enhance migration, invasion and network formation of endothelial cells in vitro and elicit increased vasculature in tumor xenografts, in vivo. Using mass spectrometry-mediated analysis of the secretome of the breast cancer cells with constitutive Hh signaling, we identified CYR61 (cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61) as a potential mediator of the angiogenic effects of breast cancer cells. Further, our studies show that CYR61 plays a critical role in mediating the vasculature-enhancing effects of breast cancer cells. Taken together, our lab has identified a robust contributor of tumor vascularization which may be an effective VEGF-independent anti-vascularization therapeutic target. We acknowledge grant support from the Department of Defense-Breast Cancer Research Program (07-1-0400). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1004. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1004
Fulminant hepatic failure.

Fulminant hepatic failure is an infrequent, catastrophic illness that presents a formidable challenge. It is the result of massive hepatocellular injury and necrosis, usually without preexisting hepatic disease, and is complicated by the early development of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic insufficiency may also complicate chronic liver disease when progressive destruction leads to decompensation or when acute hepatopathy aggravates a chronic process. The prognosis is grave in both situations, although the patient without preexisting liver disease may recover. Viral hepatitis is the most common infectious cause of acute hepatic failure? Several drugs, including acetaminophen, 2. 3 isoniazid, methyldopa, and sodium valproate, 4 also cause liver failure. Tetracycline can result in a unique form of liver failure with extensive fatty replacement of the liver similar to that seen in fatty liver of pregnancy. A likely cause of fulminant liver failure can often be identified in infants with hepatic insufficiency (Table I), whereas the determinant tends to be elusive in the older child. Hepatic failure arising in the perinatal period is commonly related to a congenital viral infection. Metabolic disorders such as tyrosinemia, galactosemia, and fructose intolerance must be considered when severe hepatic dysfunction appears in the late perinatal period.
Upper bounds for the variances of certain random variables

Jacobson (1969) proved that the variance of a unimodal distribution on the unit interval is bounded above by 1/9. This paper generalizes Jacobson's result by deriving sharp upper bounds for the variances of α-unimodal distributions and for the variances of S-shaped distributions.
Interactive effect of heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity on blood pressure.

Background—Sympathetic traffic to the peripheral vasculature and sympathetic discharge to the heart have complementary effects on blood pressure. Although faster heart rates have been linked to higher blood pressures, the relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and long-term regulation of blood pressure is not clear. We tested the hypothesis that MSNA and heart rate are linked to blood pressure levels in normotensive subjects. Methods and Results—We studied normal young male (n=120) and female (n=48) subjects subdivided according to tertiles of heart rate and MSNA distributions. Systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures were significantly different across the heart rate tertiles in male subjects, with the highest blood pressure values in the upper tertile of heart rate. No significant differences in blood pressure across the tertiles of MSNA were found. The relationship between MSNA and blood pressure, however, was affected by heart rate. MSNA did not influence blood pressure in the f...
SAYING AND DOING: A COMMENTARY ON A CONTINGENCY‐SPACE ANALYSIS

This article addresses the contingency-space analysis (Matthews, Shimoff, & Catania, 1987) of the verbal regulation of behavior. From an applied perspective, the conceptualization of the relationship between saying and doing Matthews et al. present may be more complex than is necessary. The central issue in correspondence investigations is a simple one: does correspondence between what people say and what they do occur? The focus of this paper is on the applied and clinical importance of the relationship between verbalizations and relevant behavior and the implications for future research.
Characterization of lime carbonates in plasters from Teotihuacan, Mexico: preliminary results of cathodoluminescence and carbon isotope analyses

Abstract This study characterizes the degree of calcination of lime in lime plaster samples from Teotihuacan, the capital of a regional state in prehispanic Central Mexico. Lime plaster production consists of multiple steps, from the firing of raw materials to the mixing of lime and aggregate and the final application. While previous studies have focused on the compositional variability, specifically the recipe of lime plasters and mortars, the characterization of lime itself has not been sufficiently addressed. In this study, cathodoluminescence analysis coupled with petrographic and image analyses were employed to examine the degree of calcination of lime. The results of cathodoluminescence petrography were further examined through stable carbon isotope and 14 C measurements. It appeared that the results of cathodoluminescence analysis are consistent with those of other analytical methods and that there are diachronic changes in the degree of calcination of lime among lime plaster samples. This implies changes in the organization of lime production, specifically the consistency in the control of firing temperature.
FAILURE TO REPLICATE A REPORTED IMPLICIT/EXPLICIT SPEECH EQUIVALENCE

This study reports a failure to replicate the implicit/explicit speech equivalence reported by Landauer in 1962. The present data suggest that there may be some situations which will support the equivalence but that it is erroneous to generalize that conclusion to all situations.
Inter-individual variability in the torque-related patterns of responses for mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power frequency.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-individual variability for the patterns of responses for mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) versus isometric torque in lower-strength (LS) and higher-strength (HS) individuals. Twelve participants (mean ± S.D. age = 25 + 4 years) performed two isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) before and after completing nine submaximal step muscle actions (15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95% MVC) of the right leg extensors. MMG signals were recorded from the vastus lateralis muscle, and MMG amplitude and MPF values were computed for each corresponding percentage of the MVC. Polynomial regression analyses indicated that the composite MMG amplitude versus isometric torque relationship was best fit with a linear model (r2 = 0.980) for the LS group and a cubic model (r2 = 0.994) for the HS group. The composite MMG MPF versus isometric torque relationships were best fit with linear models for both the LS (r2 = 0.529) and HS (r2 = 0.591) groups. However, only 66% of the individuals exhibited the same linear MMG amplitude patterns as the composite relationship for the LS group, whereas only 33% of the individual relationships were cubic for the HS group. Only one subject exhibited a positive linear (r2 = 0.681) relationship for the MMGMPF versus isometric torque relationship for either the LS or HS groups. These findings suggested that strength differences do not affect the patterns of responses for MMG amplitude or MPF. The lack of consistency between the individual and composite patterns of responses suggested some degree of inter-individual variability. Therefore, future studies should examine the individual patterns of response to draw conclusions about motor control strategies.
Age Related Changes in the Effectiveness of Name and Visual Codes in Recognition Memory.

Abstract In the first of three studies college, third grade, and kindergarten Ss were able to determine that two stimuli presented 700 msec apart were the same more quickly if they were visually identical than if they shared the same name. If 3000 msec elapsed between stimulus presentations third grade and college Ss responded at the same rate in making both types of matches, whereas kindergarten Ss appeared to continue to respond more quickly in making visual matches. Study II was an unsuccessful attempt to replicate the kindergarten finding. A warning signal, presented 500 msec prior to the second stimulus, reduced RTs at both interstimulus intervals, but no significant differences in making visual and name matches occurred. In Study III first-graders, responding either with or without a warning signal, were found to respond like the older Ss in Study I. The warning signal again reduced RT at both intervals. The results suggest that Ss across a wide age range are able to use the visual properties of a stimulus for only a very brief period as the basis for making matching judgments.
Spatial control of cellular measurements with the laser micropipet.

Continued progress in understanding cellular physiology requires new strategies for biochemical measurements in solitary cells, multiple cells, and subcompartments of cells. Large spatial gradients in the concentrations of molecules and presumably the activities of enzymes can occur in cells. Consequently, there is a critical need for measurement techniques for mammalian cells with control over the numbers or regions of cells interrogated. In the present work, we developed a strategy to rapidly load the cytoplasmic contents of either multiple cells or a subregion of a single cell into a capillary. A single, focused pulse from a laser created a mechanical shock wave which disrupted a group of cells or a portion of a cell in the path of the shock wave. Simultaneously, the cytoplasm was loaded into a capillary for electrophoretic separation. The size of the region of cellular disruption (and therefore the volume of cytoplasm collected) was controlled by the amount of energy in the laser pulse. Higher energie...
Expression and purification of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Imidazole glycerol phosphate (IGP) synthase is a glutamine amidotransferase that catalyzes the formation of IGP and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) from N1-[(5′-phosphoribulosyl)formimino]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (PRFAR). This enzyme represents a junction between histidine biosynthesis and de novo purine biosynthesis. The recent characterization of the HIS7 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae IGP synthase established that this protein is bifunctional, representing a fusion between the N-terminal HisH domain and a C-terminal HisF domain. Catalytically active yeast HIS7 was expressed in a bacterial system under the control of T7 polymerase promoter. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity and the native molecular weight and steady-state kinetic constants were determined. The yeast enzyme is distinguished from the Escherichia coli IGP synthase in its utilization of ammonia as a substrate. HIS7 displays a higher Km for glutamine and a lower turnover in the ammonia-dependent IGP synthase activity. As observed with the E. coli IGP synthase, HIS7 shows a low basal level glutaminase activity that can be enhanced 1000-fold in the presence of a nucleotide substrate or analog. The purification and characterization of the S. cerevisiae enzyme will enable a more detailed investigation of the biochemical mechanisms that mediate the ammonia-transfer process. The fused structural feature of the HIS7 protein and the development of a high-level production system for the active enzyme elevate the potential for determination of its three-dimensional structure through X-ray crystallography.
Bringing structure to text: mining phrases, entities, topics, and hierarchies

Mining phrases, entity concepts, topics, and hierarchies from massive text corpus is an essential problem in the age of big data. Text data in electronic forms are ubiquitous, ranging from scientific articles to social networks, enterprise logs, news articles, social media and general web pages. It is highly desirable but challenging to bring structure to unstructured text data, uncover underlying hierarchies, relationships, patterns and trends, and gain knowledge from such data.In this tutorial, we provide a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the art of data-driven methods that automatically mine phrases, extract and infer latent structures from text corpus, and construct multi-granularity topical groupings and hierarchies of the underlying themes. We study their principles, methodologies, algorithms and applications using several real datasets including research papers and news articles and demonstrate how these methods work and how the uncovered latent entity structures may help text understanding, knowledge discovery and management.
Morale of the Urban Aged: a Regression Analysis by Race

This research examined the degree to which previous factors shown to be related to morale were isomorphic for aged whites and aged blacks. The data consisted of a random sample of low income aged blacks and whites in Philadelphia and were collected by the late Donald P. Kent as part of the Aged Services Porject and consisted of 722 black elderly and 214 white elderly, all of whom were 65 years of age or older. The results of a regression analysis indicated that for blacks the only two significant predictors of morale were health and participation in solitary activities. For whites, in addition to health and solitary activities, interaction with family and sex were also found to be significant. It was concluded that for these data the predictors are not isomorphic between races. Language: en
Upregulation of calpastatin in regenerating and developing rat liver: Role in resistance against hepatotoxicity

Acute liver failure induced by hepatotoxic drugs results from rapid progression of injury. Substantial research has shown that timely liver regeneration can prevent progression of injury leading to a favorable prognosis. However, the mechanism by which compensatory regeneration prevents progression of injury is not known. We have recently reported that calpain released from necrotic hepatocytes mediates progression of liver injury even after the hepatotoxic drug is cleared from the body. By examining expression of calpastatin (CAST), an endogenous inhibitor of calpain in three liver cell division models known to be resistant to hepatotoxicity, we tested the hypothesis that increased CAST in the dividing hepatocytes affords resistance against progression of injury. Liver regeneration that follows CCl(4)-induced liver injury, 70% partial hepatectomy, and postnatal liver development were used. In all three models, CAST was upregulated in the dividing/newly divided hepatocytes and declined to normal levels with the cessation of cell proliferation. To test whether CAST overexpression confers resistance against hepatotoxicity, CAST was overexpressed in the livers of normal SW mice using adenovirus before challenging them with acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. These mice exhibited markedly attenuated progression of liver injury and 57% survival. Whereas APAP-bioactivating enzymes and covalent binding of the APAP-derived reactive metabolites remained unaffected, degradation of calpain specific target substrates such as fodrin was significantly reduced in these mice. In conclusion, CAST overexpression could be used as a therapeutic strategy to prevent progression of liver injury where liver regeneration is severely hampered.
Unified pseudonym distribution in VANETs

VANETs continue to mature and their installation is becoming a reality. Many ideas have been exchanged on how best to balance privacy and security. The use of pseudonyms has been almost universally accepted as a critical part of this equation. Simulated results, using ns-3, demonstrate the need for more than a single road side unit (RSU) contact for pseudonym refill due to the limited number of certificates that can be issued in that transit. This paper provides a universal protocol using multiple RSUs and multiple service channels for the distribution of pseudonyms for refill, intra-regional, and inter-regional purposes.
Effects of somatostatin-25 and urotensin II on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.

Abstract Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) somatostatin (sSS; 4 or 8 ng/g body wt) or synthetic Gillichthys urotensin II (UII; 2 or 4 ng/g body wt) were injected intraperitoneally into juvenile freshwater coho salmon. Both sSS and UII caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) which diminished with time. sSS induced an initial (1 hr) transient hyperglycemia. By contrast, UII tended to induce hypoglycemia, this effect being significant 5 hr after injection of the higher dose. Both sSS and UII depressed plasma insulin titers 1 hr after injection. By 3 hr, the sSS-associated insulin depression was no longer observed. UII treatment induced a hyperinsulinemia which was present 3 and 5 hr after peptide administration. Although no decreases in liver total lipid concentration or in mesenteric fat total tissue mass were observed, lipolytic enzyme activity within each depot was significantly enhanced by both peptides. Neither sSS nor UII altered 3 H 2 0 incorporation into fatty acids or neutral lipids. However, enhanced lipogenesis, particularly by UII, was indicated by increased NADPH production resulting from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Both sSS and UII enhanced glucose mobilization, as indicated by decreased liver glycogen content and increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity. UII, but not sSS, stimulated glycogen synthetase activity. These results suggest that both sSS and UII stimulate hyperlipidemia by enhancing depot lipase activity and that although both factors are potentially gluconeogenetic, sSS seems to be glycogenolytic and hyperglycemic, whereas UII may channel glucose to FFA synthesis.
Thermochromism of metal-doped VO2 films deposited by dual-target sputtering

There are several kinds of chromogenic materials such as photochromic material, electrochromic material and thermochromic material, of which the thermochromic one is known for its optical properties (transmittance and reflectance) being able to change reversibly upon temperature. Among the chromogenic materials feasible to smart window coatings, thermochromic (TC) one has recently received increasing attention, since a window with TC coating enables automatic control of the energy throughputs of the solar radiation as well as the environmental radiation in response to the ambient temperature. Here, thermochromic VO{sub 2} films were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering under various conditions of substrate temperature, total sputter pressure and oxygen flow ratio and characterized by XRD, RBS, AFM and spectrophotometry. Films with VO{sub 2} single phase were formed from a fairly low substrate temperature of 300 C by precisely controlling the oxygen flow ratio. The use of vanadium nucleated substrates significantly improved the crystallinity of VO{sub 2}. Tungsten doped V{sub 1{minus}x}W{sub x}O{sub 2} films with x = 0--0.26 were formed by dual-target sputtering and the thermochromism of films was evaluated. The tungsten doping linearly decreased {tau}{sub c} by 24 C/at.%W with a reduction in the hysteresis loop width.
Absence of Platinum Enhancement of a Photoreaction on TiO2−CO Photooxidation on Pt/TiO2(110)

The influence of deposited Pt metal clusters on the CO photooxidation reaction on the TiO2(110) surface was investigated. An enhancement in the CO photooxidation reaction rate or yield is not observed in the presence of Pt metal clusters on the TiO2(110) surface. These results indicate that kinetic models involving Schottky-barrier electron trapping in metal deposits leading to enhanced electron-hole pair lifetimes are not applicable in the case of CO photooxidation on Pt/TiO2(110).
Paleoenvironmental implications of two relative indicator rodent taxa during the Pleistocene to Holocene transition in south-eastern Washington state, USA

Local pollen data, diminution of body size of three ungulate species, and decreased mammalian richness and evenness all indicate grass decreased in abundance during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (PHT) in eastern Washington state, USA. This paleoenvironmental history suggests that the abundance of remains of Microtus sp. should decrease as remains of Peromyscus maniculatus increase in abundance during the PHT. These two taxa have well-known ecologies relative to one another. PHT sediments at the Marmes archeological site in south-eastern Washington state are sorted into three chronologically sequent, isotaphonomic analytical units. Relative abundances of remains of Microtus sp. and P. maniculatus shift across the analytical units in the predicted manner whether raw abundances or rarified abundances are considered. These results suggest relative abundances of remains of Microtus sp. and P. maniculatus recovered from other sites may be used as relative indicators of paleohabitats. Their abundances at Homestead Cave, Utah, shift as predicted from the Late Pleistocene through the Early Holocene. Copyright # 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Youth Participatory Action Research Groups as School Counseling Interventions

Youth participatory action research (YPAR) projects offer young people the opportunity to increase their sociocultural awareness, critical thinking abilities, and sense of agency within a collaborative group experience. Thus far, however, such projects have been primarily the province of educators and social psychologists, and not substantively explored as a basis for school counseling interventions. This article suggests the initiation of such exploration within the framework of existing ecological and social justice models for school counseling practice, and presents an overview of a year-long, school-based YPAR project to exemplify this idea.