cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternatives to impossibility: Translation as dialogue in the works of Paul Celan

This article critically engages with the pathos of impossibility as it is employed with respect to translation in general, and to the works of Paul Celan in particular. I argue that the allegation of impossibility rests on the tenacious persistence of an equivalence model of translation, despite the anachronism of this model in the field of translation studies. I demonstrate the endurance of this model by considering responses to translations of Paul Celan – an author whose works, perhaps more than any other's, have been declared “untranslatable”. This claim, I argue, rests in part on an oversimplified view of Celan's poetry as a struggle with the German language, but it also implies a conventional, equivalence-based model of translation. Drawing on interpretations of Celan by Yoko Tawada, among others, I argue that Celan's poetics offers the basis for an alternative model of translation, one founded on a relationship of response and dialogue rather than resemblance and equivalence.
Regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene activity by upstream stimulatory factor

Upregulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) transcription accounts for the immortalization of greater than 85% of all human tumor cells. However, the mechanism whereby hTERT expression is activated remains unresolved. Specifically, recent data challenging the role of Myc/Max in E-box-dependent activation of hTERT expression suggests that other E-box-binding proteins regulate hTERT transcription. Indeed, we now demonstrate that two such proteins, upstream stimulatory factor (USF) 1 and 2, readily associate with two E-boxes in the hTERT promoter in vitro and in vivo primarily as heterodimers, whereas Myc/Max does not. The avid binding of USF1/2 heterodimers to these E-boxes occurs in both hTERT-positive and -negative cells. In contrast, USF1/2 activates the hTERT promoter exclusively in hTERT-positive cells in a manner that is enhanced by the coactivator p300 and attenuated upon inhibiting p38-MAP kinase, a known modulator of USF activity. Collectively, our data indicate that USF binding to the hTERT promoter may be transcriptionally neutral, or even repressive, in nonimmortalized hTERT-negative somatic cells, but stimulatory in hTERT-positive cells where USF1/2 contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of immortality.
Carotid plaque formation and its evaluation with angiography, ultrasound, and MR angiography

The accurate assessment of carotid artery disease is an important challenge for magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Studies indicate that the detection and grading of stenosis and the evaluation of plaque morphology are all important steps in the clinical assessment of atherosclerosis. The prevalence of significant carotid artery stenosis in the elderly population and even in patients with symptoms of carotid artery disease is low; clinical risk seems to correlate more closely with plaque morphology and surface characterization than with the degree of stenosis. This highlights the importance of MR angiography and ultrasound, which can help characterize plaque morphology in addition to showing the degree of stenosis. The authors review the present understanding of plaque formation, comparisons of plaque imaging with conventional angiography, ultrasound, and MR angiography, and recent progress in MR angiography techniques. Several studies, including the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial, are discussed regarding the current objectives of carotid artery imaging. The sensitivity and specificity of plaque detection and morphologic evaluation continue to improve.
Cesium in Liriodendron and Other Woody Species: Organic Bonding Sites

In trees labeled with cesium-137, the isotope in the sap streams is primarily in the free ionic form. Much ionic Cs137 also appears to occur in intracellular fluids other than the sap streams. However, a small quantity of Cs137 forms ionic bonds with organic compounds (probably as salts of carboxylic acids). Even though most of the activity appears in the phloem tissue, some activity is dispersed in much of the sapwood and even in the dead xylem tissue of the heartwood. Some of this Cs137 is retained, at least temporarily, by the numerous carboxylic groups of the natural plant compounds of cell walls, cytoplasm of living cells, and cell debris of heartwood.
Making patients pay for their life-style choices.

Smokers impose a terrible cost on all of the rest of us. Those who choose to smoke are more likely than nonsmokers to suffer from cancer, heart disease, and a host of other diseases that require intensive and expensive medical intervention. Although they may suffer these diseases, we all pay for their habit through higher healthcare costs, which are reflected in higher insurance premiums, higher taxes, and fewer healthcare resources available for nonsmokers. It is simply unfair for smokers to impose this cost on the rest of us; they should bear this self-induced cost themselves.
What Creative Teaching Means

“The bread my mother bakes is not like this,” observed a child while munching on bread. A creative teacher saw possibilities and made something fine out of a series of expanding experiences initiated by this child's discriminative and comparative observation. Meanings grew and deepened for all learners involved.
An improved anharmonic force field for SF6 which includes FF nonbonded interactions

Abstract An anharmonic force field for SF 6 in which nonbonded FF interactions are explicitly included has been explored. The FF interaction force constants were modeled with a Lennard—Jones potential using values of the parameters transfered from quadratic force-constant calculations. A Morse function was used to model the anharmonicity in the valence-bond stretching coordinates. The parameters of the model have been adjusted by least squares to some of the available experimental data and have been used to predict energies of excited vibrational states in the v 3 manifold.
The connectionist self in action

Objective To demonstrate that the human brain, as a connectionist system, has the capacity to become a free, rational, moral, agent—that is, the capacity to become a self—and that the brain becomes a self by engaging second-order reflection in the hermeneutical task of constructing narratives that rationalise action.
One Individual, Two Identities: Frame Switching among Biculturals

Bicultural bilingual individuals have incorporated two cultures within themselves and speak the languages of those cultures. When cued by a particular language, these individuals activate distinct sets of culture-specific concepts, or mental frames, which include aspects of their identities. Three studies show that language-triggered frame switching (i.e., switching from one set of mental frames to another) occurs only with biculturals, not with bilinguals who are not bicultural. The studies uncover frame switching at the within-individual level, and they include both qualitative and experimental evidence. They also provide a methodology to identify the relative activation strength of specific mental frames in different languages.
Effects of reward expectancy on sequential eye movements in monkeys

Desirability of an action, often referred to as utility or value, is determined by various factors, such as the probability and timing of expected reward. We investigated how performance of monkeys in an oculomotor serial reaction time task is influenced by multiple motivational factors. The animals produced a series of visually-guided eye movements, while the sequence of target locations and the location of the rewarded target were systematically manipulated. The results show that error rates as well as saccade latencies were consistently influenced by the number of remaining movements necessary to obtain a reward. In addition, when the animal produced multiple saccades before fixating a given target, the first saccade tended to be directed towards the rewarded location, suggesting that saccades to rewarded location and visual target might be programmed concurrently. These results show that monkeys can utilize information about the required sequence of movements to update their subjective values.
Modeling the effect of compatibilizers in the coarsening of ternary polymer blends with core‐shell morphology

Numerical simulations of the phase separation and coarsening of particulate, ternary polymer blends have been performed using a ternary form of the modified Cahn-Hilliard equation. The third component was chosen to be a compatibilizer, typically being a random copolymer of the major components. The results show that compatibilized blends follow the same Lifshitz-Slyozov coarsening law as binary systems. Slower coarsening rates, indicating system stabilization, were observed for blends containing ∼10% compatibilizer and exhibiting a core-shell morphology. Larger amounts of compatibilizer resulted in significantly higher coarsening rates. This appears to be a result of the greater affinity of the compatibilizer for the major component and warrants further experimental investigation.
Cyclic plastic strain response and fracture behavior of 2009 aluminum alloy metal-matrix composite

Abstract In this paper the influence of discontinuous ceramic particulate reinforcements on cyclic stress response, cyclic stress versus strain response, cyclic strain resistance, deformation and fracture behavior of 2009 aluminum alloy discontinuously reinforced with silicon carbide particulates are presented and discussed. The cyclic strain amplitude–controlled fatigue properties and fracture characteristics of the 2009/SiC composite specimens are discussed for a range of cyclic strain amplitudes and at two different temperatures. The conjoint influence of test temperature and strain amplitude on cyclic stress response, cyclic stress versus strain response, and cyclic strain resistance is highlighted. The intrinsic mechanisms governing stress response, cyclic deformation and fatigue fracture characteristics are presented and discussed in light of the competing and mutually interactive influences of intrinsic composite microstructural effects, deformation characteristics of the composite constituents, cyclic strain amplitude and concomitant response stress, cyclic ductility, and test temperature.
General Well-Being of Korean Immigrant Elders: The Significance of Religiousness/Spirituality and Social Support

This study examined how religiousness/spirituality (values/beliefs, private religious practice, religious/spiritual coping, and religious support) and social support are related to the general well...
Type of residual symptom and risk of relapse during the continuation/maintenance phase treatment of major depressive disorder with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine.

Relapse of major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common clinical problem. Identifying relapse predictors could lead to strategies that reduce relapse risk. This study is designed to determine whether residual symptoms predict relapse risk during the continuation/maintenance treatment of MDD. 570 MDD patients received open-label fluoxetine for 12 weeks. Under double blind conditions, 262 patients who responded by week 12 were randomly assigned to continue fluoxetine or switch to placebo for 52 weeks or until relapse. Residual symptoms were measured using the Symptom Checklist-90 and the Symptom Questionnaire. The relationship between residual symptom severity and relapse risk was assessed. Without adjusting for overall residual symptom severity, a greater severity of residual obsessive-compulsive and phobic anxiety symptoms predicted greater relapse risk. After adjusting for overall residual symptom severity, only severity of phobic anxiety symptoms predicted relapse risk. The predictive value of phobic anxiety symptoms with respect to relapse risk was independent of treatment assignment. The results indicated that there may be a specific pattern of residual symptoms associated with depressive relapse during antidepressant continuation/maintenance, which is unrelated to treatment assignment. Future studies are needed to further explore the relationship between residual symptoms and relapse risk in MDD. Clinical implications: (1) It is important to treat residual symptoms among antidepressant responders/remitters in order to decrease relapse risk. (2) Clinicians should target residual phobic anxiety symptoms in order to decrease relapse risk. (3) Clinicians should target residual obsessive-compulsive symptoms in order to decrease relapse risk. Limitations: (1) limited generalizability due to inclusion/exclusion criteria; (2) lack of active comparator treatment group; (3) post hoc analysis.
Clock gating for power optimization in ASIC design cycle theory & practice

In this tutorial we present a comprehensive analysis of the available clock gate (CG) optimization approaches with re-cent innovations available in EDA tools as they have developed in time. Based on these approaches, we propose an integrated and additive design methodology spanning the backend design space. We show that over 30% power savings in dynamic power can be achieved through this methodology subject to application scenarios of the design.
Effective field theory and matching in nonrelativistic gauge theories

The effective Lagrangian and power counting rules for nonrelativistic gauge theories are derived via a systematic expansion in the large c limit. It is shown that the 1/c expansion leads to an effective field theory which incorporates a multipole expansion. Within this theory there is no need for heuristic arguments to determine the scalings of operators. After eliminating c from the lowest order Lagrangian the states of the theory become independent of c and the scaling of an operator is given simply by its overall coefficient. We show how this power counting works in the calculation of the Lamb shift within the effective field theory formalism. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Scan-rate-dependent melting transitions of interleukin-1 receptor (type II): elucidation of meaningful thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of aggregation acquired from DSC simulations.

The role of thermal unfolding as it pertains to thermodynamic properties of proteins and their stability has been the subject of study for more than 50 years. Moreover, exactly how the unfolding properties of a given protein system may influence the kinetics of aggregation has not been fully characterized. In the study of recombinant human Interleukin-1 receptor type II (rhuIL-1R(II)) aggregation, data obtained from size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to model the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of irreversible denaturation. A break from linearity in the initial aggregation rates as a function of 1/T was observed in the vicinity of the melting transition temperature (Tm ≈ 53.5 °C), suggesting significant involvement of protein unfolding in the reaction pathway. A scan-rate dependence in the DSC experiment testifies to the nonequilibrium influences of the aggregation process. A mechanistic model was developed to extract meaningful thermodynamic and kinet...
Winter regulation of tundra litter carbon and nitrogen dynamics

Mass and nitrogen (N) dynamics of leaf litter measured in Alaskan tussock tundra differed greatly from measurements of these processes made in temperate ecosystems. Nearly all litter mass and N loss occurred during the winter when soils were mostly frozen. Litter lost mass during the first summer, but during the subsequent two summers when biological activity was presumably higher than it is during winter, litter mass remained constant and litter immobilized N. By contrast, litter lost significant mass and N over both winters of measurement. Mass loss and N dynamics were unaffected by microsite variation in soil temperature and moisture. Whether wintertime mass and N loss resulted from biological activity during winter or from physical processes (e.g., fragmentation or leaching) associated with freeze-thaw is unknown, but has implications for how future climate warming will alter carbon (C) and N cycling in tundra. We hypothesize that spring runoff over permafrost as soils melt results in significant losses of C and N from litter, consistent with the observed influx of terrestrial organic matter to tundra lakes and streams after snow melt and the strong N limitation of terrestrial primary production.
Growth and Production Characteristics of Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Red Sindhi Crossbred Females in Louisiana and Maryland

Summary Red Sindhis were crossed with Holstein-Friesians (H) at two stations and with Brown Swiss (BS) at a third station for the purposes of studying growth and productive adaptability of dairy cattle in the southern region of the United States. The growth and productive performances of 33F 1 and 21 3 4 H animals have been compared with their purebred H contemporaries or herd-mates. Productive performances of 30F 1 and 25 3 4 BS have been compared with their BS herd-mates. The F 1 and 3 4 H animals were significantly smaller (P = All of the crossbred groups were significantly (P = 1 s and their European contemporaries were greater (P =
Photocrystallographic Observation of Halide-Bridged Intermediates in Halogen Photoeliminations

Polynuclear transition metal complexes, which frequently constitute the active sites of both biological and chemical catalysts, provide access to unique chemical transformations that are derived from metal–metal cooperation. Reductive elimination via ligand-bridged binuclear intermediates from bimetallic cores is one mechanism by which metals may cooperate during catalysis. We have established families of Rh2 complexes that participate in HX-splitting photocatalysis in which metal–metal cooperation is credited with the ability to achieve multielectron photochemical reactions in preference to single-electron transformations. Nanosecond-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, steady-state photocrystallography, and computational modeling have allowed direct observation and characterization of Cl-bridged intermediates (intramolecular analogues of classical ligand-bridged intermediates in binuclear eliminations) in halogen elimination reactions. On the basis of these observations, a new class of Rh2 comple...
Accumulation of gallium-67 in regions of acute myocardial infarction

Abstract The radionuclide gallium-67 has been shown to accumulate in a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic lesions, thereby permitting Identification of these abnormalities by radioisotope imaging. We have found that 67Ga also accumulates selectively in recently infarcted myocardium. Acute myocardial infarction was induced in dogs by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, then 67Ga (3 to 4 mc) was injected intravenously. Hearts were removed 24 hours later, and isotope localization was evaluated by an Anger camera and by autoradiography. In five of eight dogs, 67Ga was found to accumulate preferentially in regions of visible infarction. Tissue creatine phosphokinase (CPK), measured in four of the five dogs, was greatly reduced and white blood cell infiltration was intense in the infarcted region. The infarcts of three dogs without preferential 67Ga uptake showed lesser degrees of CPK reduction and white blood cell infiltration. Localization of 67Ga in regions of acute myocardial infarction was also demonstrable by scanning intact, closed chest dogs. Hearts of two animals with transient (20 minutes) ischemia showed neither 67Ga accumulation nor decreased CPK. Thus, 67Ga localization discriminates infarcted from normal or only transiently ischemic myocardium. Unlike potassium and its analogs, 67Ga scanning does not depend on resolution of “cold” areas nor is it likely to introduce ambiguities due to flow limitation of isotope delivery. For these reasons 67Ga may prove particularly useful in the imaging of acute myocardial infarction in man.
Analysis of Heterogeneity in Infrastructure Condition Assessment Models

Condition states of civil infrastructure such as pavements and bridges are usually indexed on discrete scales, and Markov chain models are often used to estimate transition rates from one state to another, as well as sojourn times in any given state. Such models tend to assume homogenous transition rates between states, even though the models should account for heterogeneity to improve the accuracy of the predicted outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate variations in model predictions when transition rates between condition states vary. Building on existing research, this paper considers a Monte Carlo simulation of a non-homogeneous Markov chain model for condition prediction of infrastructure systems. The method considers two scenarios (i) when transition rates are regressed according to a Weibull probability density function, and (ii) when transition rates are sampled as random values from interval estimates. For each scenario, multiple cases are further investigated to quantitatively describe variations in model predictions generated from variable transition rates. For the first scenario, simulations demonstrated that the accuracy of the model predictions is sensitive to the shape parameter for the Weibull distribution. Similarly, for the second scenario simulations illustrated that the interval estimates when chosen correctly can be used to establish confidence intervals for the transition rate parameter. Methods developed in this study can be used to test the accuracy of performance predictions for infrastructure systems, thus improving a decision-maker’s confidence in using the models to optimize infrastructure maintenance schedules.
Failing to Recall: Examining the Effects of Trace Decay and Interference on Memory for Campaign Information

Voters are continuously bombarded with information during political campaigns, yet a consistent conclusion from research on voter learning is that individuals remember far less information about political candidates than one might expect. What remains unclear is why memory for campaign information is so poor. The present study examines two explanations for memory failure. Using an experimental design, the present study explores whether campaign information fades from memory (trace decay) or whether extraneous information impedes an individual’s subsequent ability to recall campaign information (interference). The results suggest that examining the ways in which the larger information environment influences recall of campaign information has important implications for the importance we attribute to campaign information in models of voter decision making.
Molecular assessment of population differentiation and individual assignment potential of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) populations

Conservation and management of widespread species can be improved if populations exhibiting genetic differentiation are recognized as local management units. Specimens of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) corresponding to major river drainage systems from Eastern Africa and Madagascar, and a small set of samples from Western Africa, were analyzed using multilocus genotyping to evaluate the potential to discriminate among locations and to assign individuals to population of origin. Populations from all sampled regions exhibited marked levels of genetic and genotypic differentiation as assessed by significant FST values and Bayesian analysis of population structure. At the regional level, the majority (94%) of all specimens were successfully assigned to the population of origin using only four microsatellite loci. Three populations sampled within Madagascar required the use of 12 loci for successful assignment of greater than 84%. Our findings demonstrate a need for alternative management strategies that consider the biogeographic sub-structuring of Nile crocodiles associated with major river drainages in Africa and Madagascar.
TCLUST: A Fast Method for Clustering Genome-Scale Expression Data

Genes with a common function are often hypothesized to have correlated expression levels in mRNA expression data, motivating the development of clustering algorithms for gene expression data sets. We observe that existing approaches do not scale well for large data sets, and indeed did not converge for the data set considered here. We present a novel clustering method TCLUST that exploits coconnectedness to efficiently cluster large, sparse expression data. We compare our approach with two existing clustering methods CAST and K-means which have been previously applied to clustering of gene-expression data with good performance results. Using a number of metrics, TCLUST is shown to be superior to or at least competitive with the other methods, while being much faster. We have applied this clustering algorithm to a genome-scale gene-expression data set and used gene set enrichment analysis to discover highly significant biological clusters. (Source code for TCLUST is downloadable at http://www.cse.ucsd.edu/~bdost/tclust.)
Antecedent bradycardia and in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest mortality in telemetry-monitored patients outside the ICU.

Abstract Background Patients with in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (IHCA) precipitated by respiratory insufficiency often exhibit bradycardia before the arrest. We hypothesized that bradycardia frequently occurs in the 10min preceding IHCA and is associated with poor outcomes when IHCA occurs outside the intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives To determine the prevalence and association of antecedent bradycardia with outcome in adult patients with IHCA occurring outside the ICU.Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study among telemetry monitored adults with IHCA outside the ICU in a two-hospital health system between 2008 and 2010 with follow-up until their discharge or death in-hospital. We defined (1) IHCA as >1min of chest compressions or trans-thoracic defibrillation, (2) Antecedent bradycardia as at least 2min of continuous heart rate between 1 and 59 beats per minute in the 10min preceding IHCA, and (3) ventricular tachyarrhythmia arrests as presence of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia for >20s in the 10min preceding IHCA. Results Of 98 IHCAs, 39 (39.8%) survived to hospital discharge. Of 98 IHCAs, 53 (54.1%) had antecedent bradycardia. After adjusting for potential confounders, antecedent bradycardia was associated with death prior to hospital discharge (adjusted OR=3.80, 95%CI: 1.47–9.81, p =0.006). Among patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia arrests, antecedent bradycardia was associated with a higher risk of death (OR=13.1, 95%CI 1.92–89.5, p =0.009). Conclusions Antecedent bradycardia occurred frequently and was associated with death prior to hospital discharge in non-ICU hospitalized adults on telemetry monitoring who developed IHCA.
Atypical Protein Kinase Cs Are the Ras Effectors That Mediate Repression of Myogenic Satellite Cell Differentiation

Oncogenic Ha-Ras is a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle cell differentiation, yet the Ras effector mediating this process remains unidentified. Here we demonstrate that the atypical protein kinases (aPKCs; λ and/or ζ) are downstream Ras effectors responsible for Ras-dependent inhibition of myogenic differentiation in a satellite cell line. First, ectopic expression of Ha-RasG12V induces translocation of PKCλ from the cytosol to the nucleus, suggesting that aPKCs are activated by Ras in myoblasts. The aPKCs function as downstream Ras effectors since inhibition of aPKCs by expression of a dominant negative PKCζ mutant or by treatment of cells with an inhibitor, GO6983, promotes myogenesis in skeletal muscle satellite cells expressing oncogenic Ha-Ras. Arresting cell proliferation synergistically enhances myogenic differentiation only when aPKCs are also inhibited. Thus, the repression of myogenic differentiation in a satellite cell line appears to be directly mediated by aPKCs acting as Ras effectors and indirectly mediated via stimulation of cell proliferation.
Maintenance of iron and other micronutrients in hydroponic nutrient solutions

Abstract The chelating agents DTPA, EDTA, EDDHA, HEDTA and others have been used as sources of iron in hydroponic nutrient solutions. Commercial hydroponics would be impossible without them. Although these have resulted in some success, micronutrient balance remains as an important problem in commercial hydroponic operations. Our results suggest that for a given plant species, it does matter which chelating agents are used. For some plant species, the low stability Fe chelates give advantage. The results also suggest that all of the Fe, Zn and Cu depending on pH may be chelated with good results and good control of micro‐nutrients. In commercial uses of hydroponic nutrient solutions, particularly in the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Fe, Zn and Cu concentrations increase with time of recycling. These micro‐nutrients can enter the system via contamination mostly through the air. Soil dust is a major contributor but Zn in metallic structural components in greenhouses is perhaps the prime contributor of Zn. ...
Market frictions as building blocks of an organizational economics approach to strategic management

This paper shows that market frictions are fundamental building blocks for an organizational economics approach to strategic management. Various organizational economic approaches (transaction costs, property rights, real options, and resource-based) have distinctive focal problems and emphasize different combinations of market frictions. A wider recognition of the role of market frictions is useful for three main objectives. First, it helps identify an evolving market-frictions paradigm in strategic management. Second, it shows how two primary questions in strategy of why firms exist and why some firms outperform others and the three primary strategic goals of cost minimization, value creation, and value capture can be better joined and evaluated. Third, different combinations of market frictions can generate new research questions and advance theory development in the strategic management field. Copyright  2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive Exclusion and Coexistence of Universal Grammars

Universal grammar (UG) is a list of innate constraints that specify the set of grammars that can be learned by the child during primary language acquisition. UG of the human brain has been shaped by evolution. Evolution requires variation. Hence, we have to postulate and study variation of UG. We investigate evolutionary dynamics and language acquisition in the context of multiple UGs. We provide examples for competitive exclusion and stable coexistence of different UGs. More specific UGs admit fewer candidate grammars, and less specific UGs admit more candidate grammars. We will analyze conditions for more specific UGs to outcompete less specific UGs and vice versa. An interesting finding is that less specific UGs can resist invasion by more specific UGs if learning is more accurate. In other words, accurate learning stabilizes UGs that admit large numbers of candidate grammars.
Hierarchical aggregate classification with limited supervision for data reduction in wireless sensor networks

The main challenge of designing classification algorithms for sensor networks is the lack of labeled sensory data, due to the high cost of manual labeling in the harsh locales where a sensor network is normally deployed. Moreover, delivering all the sensory data to the sink would cost enormous energy. Therefore, although some classification techniques can deal with limited label information, they cannot be directly applied to sensor networks since they are designed for centralized databases. To address these challenges, we propose a hierarchical aggregate classification (HAC) protocol which can reduce the amount of data sent by each node while achieving accurate classification in the face of insufficient label information. In this protocol, each sensor node locally makes cluster analysis and forwards only its decision to the parent node. The decisions are aggregated along the tree, and eventually the global agreement is achieved at the sink node. In addition, to control the tradeoff between the communication energy and the classification accuracy, we design an extended version of HAC, called the constrained hierarchical aggregate classification (cHAC) protocol. cHAC can achieve more accurate classification results compared with HAC, at the cost of more energy consumption. The advantages of our schemes are demonstrated through the experiments on not only synthetic data but also a real testbed.
G4 DNA replication. II. Synthesis of viral progeny single-stranded DNA.

Abstract Molecules with single-stranded tails (rolling circles) were isolated as replicating intermediates in G4 progeny single-stranded DNA synthesis. Lysates from infected cells harvested late in infection during single-stranded DNA synthesis were not deproteinised but analysed directly in caesium chloride and propidium diiodide gradients. The gradient fractionated them on the basis of tail length. If the lysates were first deproteinised however, the tailed replicative intermediates banded as a peak at a density just greater than that of replicative form II DNA (RFII) and did not spread down the gradient. The origin of synthesis of the viral strand tail was mapped by electron microscopy as 55 to 60% away from the single EcoRI cleavage site. Termination molecules finishing a round of viral strand DNA synthesis have been identified as molecules consisting of a closed single-stranded DNA circle attached by a very small region to the parent double-stranded DNA circle.
Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving : An Introduction and Cases

Crowdsourcing is an online, distributed problem-solving and production model that has emerged in recent years. Notable examples of the model include Threadless, iStockphoto, InnoCentive, the Goldcorp Challenge, and user-generated advertising contests. This article provides an introduction to crowdsourcing, both its theoretical grounding and exemplar cases, taking care to distinguish crowdsourcing from open source production. This article also explores the possibilities for the model, its potential to exploit a crowd of innovators, and its potential for use beyond forprofit sectors. Finally, this article proposes an agenda for research into crowdsourcing.
Neoliberal conservation and the potential for lawfare: New legal entities and the political ecology of litigation at Dwesa–Cwebe, South Africa

Abstract Scholarship in political ecology on the neoliberalization of conservation has given scarce attention to ways that neoliberalization may foster a turn to law and litigation as the vehicle for political struggle. Drawing on literatures on neoliberal conservation and legal anthropology, the paper illustrates how key features of neoliberal conservation—the constitution of communities as legal entities, downsizing of the state, fragmentation of sovereignty and the formation of socially and economically heterogeneous networks of actors—foster a turn to contract and law as the medium of relationships, conflicts and politics. Recent events around Dwesa–Cwebe Nature Reserve, South Africa, illustrate how the neoliberal reliance on law and legal forms reconfigures the political ecology of conservation: relations between communities, local government, and conservation authorities are newly characterized by recourse to law, while litigation is being used to overturn the governing board of the legal entity (the Dwesa–Cwebe Land Trust) that owns the Nature Reserve and a hotel within the reserve. Increasingly widespread conservation strategies that rely upon formalizing communities as legal entities carry both risks and opportunities, requiring political ecology to engage more closely with legal dimensions of neoliberalization.
Strong founder effects and low genetic diversity in introduced populations of Coqui frogs

The success of non-native species may depend on the genetic resources maintained through the invasion process. The Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui), a frog endemic to Puerto Rico, was introduced to Hawaii in the late 1980s via the horticulture trade, and has become an aggressive invader. To explore whether genetic diversity and population structure changed with the introduction, we assessed individuals from 15 populations across the Hawaiian Islands and 13 populations across Puerto Rico using six to nine polymorphic microsatellite loci and five dorsolateral colour patterns. Allelic richness (R(T)) and gene diversity were significantly higher in Puerto Rico than in Hawaii populations. Hawaii also had fewer colour patterns (two versus three to five per population) than Puerto Rico. We found no isolation by distance in the introduced range, even though it exists in the native range. Results suggest extensive mixing among frog populations across Hawaii, and that their spread has been facilitated by humans. Like previous research, our results suggest that Hawaiian Coquis were founded by individuals from sites around San Juan, but unlike previous research the colour pattern and molecular genetic data (nuclear and mtDNA) support two separate introductions, one on the island of Hawaii and one on Maui. Coquis are successful invaders in Hawaii despite the loss of genetic variation. Future introductions may increase genetic variation and potentially its range.
Adenosine enhances nitric oxide production by vascular endothelial cells

Adenosine per se is a potent vasodilator of vascular smooth muscle. Endothelial cells modulate vascular tone via the release of nitric oxide (NO), which also elicits vasodilation. This study was undertaken to determine whether adenosine could directly stimulate endothelial cells to enhance NO production, which could subsequently reduce vascular tone. NO production was evaluated in porcine carotid artery endothelial cells (PCAEC) and human saphenous vein endothelial cells (HSVEC) seeded on multiwell plates, grown to confluence, and treated with adenosine for 1 h. The bathing medium was collected, and the NO production was determined as reflected by the formation of NO2- and NO3-. NO production by PCAEC was significantly increased by adenosine in a dose-dependent manner, whereas there was only an insignificant tendency for an increase by HSVEC. The addition of the NO synthase competitive inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), or the adenosine receptor antagonist, theophylline, prevented the increase in NO production by adenosine. The results suggest that adenosine stimulates, by a receptor-mediated mechanism, the production of NO by arterial, but not by venous, endothelial cells.
Deposition of an oxomanganese water oxidation catalyst on TiO2 nanoparticles: Computational modeling, assembly and characterization

Inexpensive water oxidation catalysts are needed to develop photocatalytic solar cells that mimic photosynthesis and produce fuel from sunlight and water. This paper reports the successful attachment of a dinuclear di-µ-oxo manganese water oxidation catalyst [H2O(terpy)MnIII(µ-O)2 MnIV(terpy)H2O](NO3)3 (1, terpy = 2,2′:6′2″-terpyridine) onto TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) via direct adsorption, or in situ synthesis. The resulting surface complexes are characterized by EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements and computational modeling. We conclude that the mixed-valence (III,IV) state of 1 attaches to near-amorphous TiO2 NPs by substituting one of its water ligands by the TiO2 NP, as suggested by low-temperature (7 K) EPR data. In contrast, the analogous attachment onto well-crystallized TiO2 NPs leads to dimerization of 1 forming Mn(IV) tetramers on the TiO2 surface as suggested by EPR spectroscopy and electrochemical studies.
Epicardial GATA factors regulate early coronary vascular plexus formation

During early development, GATA factors have been shown to be important for key events of coronary vasculogenesis, including formation of the epicardium. Myocardial GATA factors are required for coronary vascular (CV) formation; however, the role of epicardial localized GATAs in this process has not been addressed. The current study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which the epicardium controls coronary vasculogenesis, focusing on the role of epicardial GATAs in establishing the endothelial plexus during early coronary vasculogenesis. To address the role of epicardial GATAs, we ablated GATA4 and GATA6 transcription factors specifically from the mouse epicardium and found that the number of endothelial cells in the sub-epicardium was drastically reduced, and concomitant coronary vascular plexus formation was significantly compromised. Here we present evidence for a novel role for epicardial GATA factors in controlling plexus formation by recruiting endothelial cells to the sub-epicardium.
Utility of the PASE questionnaire, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) prevalence and PsA improvement with anti-TNF therapy: results from the PRISTINE trial

Abstract Objective: The authors tested the Psoriatic Arthritis Screening and Evaluation (PASE) to assess usefulness for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) screening before and after anti-TNF treatment in a clinical trial setting. Methods: Participants of the PRISTINE trial (NCT0066305) were randomized to etanercept 50 mg once weekly or twice weekly. PASE was administered at baseline and 12 weeks of treatment. Scores were compared by a paired sample t-test. Logistic regression and receiver operating curves were used to compare disease assessments against the PASE scores. Results: Participants (N = 273, once weekly, N = 137; twice weekly, N = 136) had a mean age of 44 years; 70% were male; mean PASI was 21. At baseline, 31% had a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed PsA (mean duration, 8 years); ∼25% had a PASE total score ≥47, indicating active PsA. At week 12, 14% had scores ≥47 (p =. 0143). PASE scores correlated with subject global assessment of joint pain. Conclusions: The PASE was used in a randomized ...
A Perceptual Quality Metric for Haptic Signals

In this paper, an objective perceptual quality metric for haptic signals is introduced. A haptic perceptually weighted peak signal-to-noise ratio (HPWNPSNR) is derived, that enhances the standard PSNR measure while incorporating haptic perceptual knowledge acquired from existing psychophysical models. Two techniques are introduced that define the haptic perceptual weighting strategy. The first relies on a basic mathematical formulation, whereas the alternative technique makes use of fuzzy logic principles. Preliminary results are demonstrated to validate the proposed metric's utility and performance.
Feedback control of the EGFR signaling gradient: superposition of domain-splitting events in Drosophila oogenesis

The morphogenesis of structures with repeated functional units, such as body segments and appendages, depends on multi-domain patterns of cell signaling and gene expression. We demonstrate that during Drosophila oogenesis, the two-domain expression pattern of Broad, a transcription factor essential for the formation of the two respiratory eggshell appendages, is established by a single gradient of EGFR activation that induces both Broad and Pointed, which mediates repression of Broad. Two negative-feedback loops provided by the intracellular inhibitors of EGFR signaling, Kekkon-1 and Sprouty, control the number and position of Broad-expressing cells and in this way influence eggshell morphology. Later in oogenesis, the gradient of EGFR activation is split into two smaller domains in a process that depends on Argos, a secreted antagonist of EGFR signaling. In contrast to the previously proposed model of eggshell patterning, we show that the two-domain pattern of EGFR signaling is not essential for specifying the number of appendages. Thus, the processes that define the two-domain patterns of Broad and EGFR activation are distinct; their actions are separated in time and have different effects on eggshell morphology.
Sellar Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor: Any Preoperative Diagnostic Clues?

ABSTRACT Objective: Our objectives were to describe a rare adult-onset sellar atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) and to identify preoperative diagnostic clues for this aggressive tumor. Methods: A case report and review of the relevant literature. Results: A 36-year-old female presented with headache for 1 month and blurry vision for 6 days. Imaging identified a large sellar mass with suprasellar extension that was indistinguishable from a pituitary adenoma. Hormonal studies revealed hypopituitarism and hyperprolactinemia. A presumptive diagnosis of pituitary macroadenoma was made, but the histologic, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and cytogenetic studies of the tumor supported a diagnosis of AT/RT. Despite multiple surgical resections, radiation, and chemotherapy, the tumor recurred and regrew relentlessly. The patient died 2.5 years after presentation. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of suspecting aggressive sellar masses in management planning and prognosis counseling....
The Application of the Optic Sensor in the Monitoring on the Transmission Lines

Three technologies of insulator online monitoring based on optic fiber sensors is described in proposed paper, including optic fiber sensor salt density technology, optical fiber composite insulator monitoring technology and optical sensor insulator surface electric field detection technology. According to measuring insulator surface ESDD, the internal stress and the temperature distribution of the composite insulators and insulator surface electric field values. these technology can monitor the operation performance of insulator. These techniques that improve the existing insulators monitoring methods has a strong innovative and practical application prospects.
A novel 6 to 18 GHz 180-degree bit phase shifter configuration having very small amplitude and phase errors

A novel configuration is shown which realizes a near perfect 180-degree bit digital phase shifter performance. The configuration provided amplitude and phase errors of less than /spl plusmn/0.5 dB and /spl plusmn/5 degrees respectively over 6 to 18 GHz. When operated as bi-phase (BPSK) modulator, it provided greater than 25 dB of carrier suppression over the wide bandwidth. >
Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) circuitry in rodent models of cocaine use: implications for drug addiction therapies

Although the importance of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in cocaine addiction is well established, its precise contribution to cocaine seeking, taking and relapse remains incompletely understood. In particular, across two different models of cocaine self-administration, pharmacological or optogenetic activation of the dorsal MPFC has been reported to sometimes promote and sometimes inhibit cocaine seeking. We highlight important methodological differences between the two experimental paradigms and propose a framework to potentially reconcile the apparent discrepancy. We also draw parallels between these pre-clinical models of cocaine self-administration and human neuro-imaging studies in cocaine users, and argue that both lines of evidence point to dynamic interactions between cue-reactivity processes and control processes within the dorsal MPFC circuitry. From a translational perspective, these findings underscore the importance of interventions and therapeutics targeting not just a brain region, but a specific computational process within that brain region, and may have implications for the design and implementation of more effective treatments for human cocaine addiction.
An Efficient Algorithm for Evaluating Polynomials in the Pòlya Basis

A new O (n) algorithm is given for evaluating univariate polynomials of degree n in the Polya basis. Since the Lagrange, Bernstein, and monomial bases are all special instances of the Polya basis, this technique leads to efficient evaluation algorithms for these special bases. For the monomial basis, this algorithm is shown to be equivalent to Homer’s rule.