cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of prolonged dopamine infusion on anterior pituitary function in normal males.

The influence of a 48-h dopamine (DA) infusion (5–7.5 µg/kg-min) on serum PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, and GH values was determined in six normal adult males. Sustained suppression of serum PRL to 78% (P < 0.01) below baseline levels during DA was followed by an acute rebound of 319% (P < 0.01) 4 h after stopping DA. Similarly, TSH decreased by 44% during DA but had a more gradual and sustained rebound of 41% (P < 0.01) over a 36-h period. While both serum LH and FSH initially dropped by 25% (P < 0.01) and 10% (P < 0.05), a gradual escape occurred during the DA infusion, followed by rebounds of 23% (P < 0.01) and 16% (P < 0.01), respectively. A brief rise in serum GH levels occurred with DA treatment, followed by a return to baseline. Subsequently, oscillatory spikes continued throughout the DA infusion but were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) after stopping DA. Thus, DA administration initially produced a reduction in serum PRL, TSH, LH, and FSH while stimulating GH release. PRL and TSH showed a sustained inhib...
Maintenance of cytochrome P-450 and metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in primary hepatocyte cultures.

The cytochrome P-450 content of primary hepatocyte cultures was maintained at levels close to those found in vivo by using a defined medium containing testosterone, thyroxine, hydrocortisone, estradiol, glucagon, insulin, linoleic acid and oleic acid. Using these cultures, [14C]aflatoxin B1, a potent liver carcinogen, was metabolized primarily to water-soluble metabolites. In agreement with in vivo results, aflatoxin M1 was the only nonpolar metabolite detected. In addition, a significant portion of radioactivity was covalently bound to cell constituents. These results suggest that primary hepatocyte cultures may be a good model of the liver for studying the metabolism and mechanism of action of toxic chemicals.
Modeling Propagation of Gas Path Damage

This paper describes how damage propagation can be tracked and modeled for a range of fault modes in some modules of commercial high bypass aircraft engines. To that end, response surfaces of all sensors are generated via a thermo-dynamical simulation model for the engine (cycle deck) as a function of variations of flow and efficiency of the modules of interest. These surfaces are normalized and superimposed. Next, sensor readings are matched to those surfaces and -using an optimization approach -the corresponding flow and efficiency pair is found that best explains the sensor data. This flow and efficiency pair is then compared to previous pairs and the direction of the change as well as the rate of change is determined. The whole trajectory is then projected into the time domain. An extrapolation of the curve to the limit (which is established via operational margins) yields the remaining life. In a backward mode, the extrapolated curve is discretized and estimated future flow and efficiency pairs are retrieved. These pairs are then input to the cycle deck to produce future anticipated sensor readings as well as confirmatory trips of operational margins. Changes of the future sensor readings with real readings are used to adjust the remaining life calculations. The method is demonstrated on time series of historical engine faults.
Quasi-fixity of labour in United States manufacturing

(1985). Quasi-fixity of labour in United States manufacturing. Applied Economics: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 377-380.
Inelastic changes during the formation of multilayers of C2H6 on Ag(110)

Abstract Adsorption of C 2 H 6 on Ag(110) has been studied using inelastic He atom scattering. Changes in the inelastic spectrum have been observed for the first time during adsorption up to three monolayers. No changes occurred as a fourth layer was added. The spectrum moves to lesser energy values. The ratio of the energy gain and loss events varies from layer to layer (at constant surface temperature). The (00) peak also reflects some changes in intensity during adsorption.
Mixed Economy in the Entrepreneurial Sphere? Ethnic Enterprise in the Wholesale and Retail Trades in the Late Nineteenth-Century United States

This study examines two competing views suggested by the literature on ethnic enterprise: (1) The business activities of groups that have abundant class resources are compartmentalized into niches or enclaves in which entrepreneurs from these groups monopolize the rewards of their superior assets through closure or hegemony; (2) The business activities of such advantaged groups will enhance the business activities of groups that have limited class resources when porous ethnic boundaries give rise to a mixed economy of mutually beneficial inter-group relationships. Regression analyses of Census data on retail and wholesale enterprise in the late nineteenth-century United States accord with the first view. Class-resource-advantaged groups (e.g., native whites) retained the benefits of wholesale entrepreneurship within their own respective ethnic economies and were not involved in mutually beneficial relationships with class-resource-disadvantaged groups that had high (e.g., Russian Jews) or low levels of re...
Emotionally negative pictures increase attention to a subsequent auditory stimulus

Emotionally negative stimuli serve as a mechanism of biological preparedness to enhance attention. We hypothesized that emotionally negative stimuli would also serve as motivational priming to increase attention resources for subsequent stimuli. To that end, we tested 11 participants in a dual sensory modality task, wherein emotionally negative pictures were contrasted with emotionally neutral pictures and each picture was followed 600 ms later by a tone in an auditory oddball paradigm. Each trial began with a picture displayed for 200 ms; half of the trials began with an emotionally negative picture and half of the trials began with an emotionally neutral picture; 600 ms following picture presentation, the participants heard either an oddball tone or a standard tone. At the end of each trial (picture followed by tone), the participants categorized, with a button press, the picture and tone combination. As expected, and consistent with previous studies, we found an enhanced visual late positive potential (latency range=300-700 ms) to the negative picture stimuli. We further found that compared to neutral pictures, negative pictures resulted in early attention and orienting effects to subsequent tones (measured through an enhanced N1 and N2) and sustained attention effects only to the subsequent oddball tones (measured through late processing negativity, latency range=400-700 ms). Number pad responses to both the picture and tone category showed the shortest response latencies and greatest percentage of correct picture-tone categorization on the negative picture followed by oddball tone trials. Consistent with previous work on natural selective attention, our results support the idea that emotional stimuli can alter attention resource allocation. This finding has broad implications for human attention and performance as it specifically shows the conditions in which an emotionally negative stimulus can result in extended stimulus evaluation.
Liver transplantation and pulmonary hypertension: pathophysiology and management strategies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in pulmonary artery pressure are seen in 20% of patients with liver cirrhosis due to a high cardiac output state together with circulatory volume overload. Some patients develop true pulmonary arterial hypertension with pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature, an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increased transpulmonary gradient. Survival of patients with portopulmonary hypertension is poor once it becomes moderate to severe, whether or not liver transplant is undertaken. This increase in mortality is the result of right heart dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS Screening for portopulmonary hypertension occurs in most transplant centers using Doppler echocardiography to determine the right ventricular systolic pressure. The role of right heart function has been identified as a significant component in the survival of the new graft and the recipient during orthotopic liver transplant. SUMMARY Our understanding of the management of patients with portopulmonary hypertension and the role of liver transplantation is improving as the results of multicenter databases are analyzed. Single center series are reaching a reasonable size, adding to our knowledge base, and helping in the development of evidence-based practice guidelines. The importance of right heart function and the use of perioperative echocardiography are better defined in the management of orthotopic liver transplant.
Damage Assessment and Restoration Following the JULIE N Oil Spill: A Case Study

ABSTRACT On September 27, 1996, the T/V JULIE N inbound with a cargo of 8.8 million gallons of #2 fuel oil struck the Million Dollar Bridge, spanning Portland Harbor between Portland and South Portland, Maine. The incident resulted in a spill of approximately 180,000 gallons of oil, which spread throughout a large area of Portland Harbor. The marine and coastal resources of Portland Harbor and the Fore River, including water resources, shellfish, wetlands, sediments, and birds were exposed and/or injured by the oil. The spill also had an adverse impact on several different public use services. The natural resource trustee agencies (including the State of Maine, NOAA, and the Department of the Interior) and Amity Products Carriers, Inc. (Responsible Party, RP) conducted a cooperative natural resource damage assessment to assess and restore natural resources exposed and/or injured by the spill. The trustees and RP operated under an initial verbal agreement to cooperate until a written agreement was executed...
Ultraviolet observations of the enigmatic bipolar nebula M1-92

IUE observations of the bipolar nebula M1-92 indicate that this object is an evolved object and possibly a preplanetary nebula. Data acquired in the SWP camera clearly show a flat UV continuum indicative of a relatively unobscured O subdwarf. Data acquired in the long wavelength region of the SWP and in the LWP camera reveal an object which mimics the characteristics of an F2 supergiant. These results, combined with other data at visual and infrared wavelengths, strongly favor that the central object of M1-92 is an evolved binary system. The He I 5876 and 6678 A absorption seen in optical spectra is extremely problematic. This, plus the presence of Fe II, Mg II, and Mg I absorption arising from resonance transitions and transitions from low-lying metastable levels, leads to the suggestion that the object resembling an F2 star is actually an early-type subdwarf cloaked in a thick circumstellar nebula. This interpretation and the similarities of the IR flux distribution to Vy 2-2, a preplanetary prototype, is consistent with M1-92 being in the process of forming a planetary nebula. The bipolar flow, the optical Fe II and ultraviolet Mg II emission of M1-92 are also characteristics of T Tauri stars. Although constraints definitely rule out that M1-92 is a pre-main-sequence object, these similarities imply that in many cases it may be difficult to distinguish between T Tauri stars and protoplanetary nebulae.
G-Quadruplex (G4) Motifs in the Maize (Zea mays L.) Genome Are Enriched at Specific Locations in Thousands of Genes Coupled to Energy Status, Hypoxia, Low Sugar, and Nutrient Deprivation

Abstract The G-quadruplex (G4) elements comprise a class of nucleic acid structures formed by stacking of guanine base quartets in a quadruple helix. This G4 DNA can form within or across single-stranded DNA molecules and is mutually exclusive with duplex B-form DNA. The reversibility and structural diversity of G4s make them highly versatile genetic structures, as demonstrated by their roles in various functions including telomere metabolism, genome maintenance, immunoglobulin gene diversification, transcription, and translation. Sequence motifs capable of forming G4 DNA are typically located in telomere repeat DNA and other non-telomeric genomic loci. To investigate their potential roles in a large-genome model plant species, we computationally identified 149,988 non-telomeric G4 motifs in maize (Zea mays L., B73 AGPv2), 29% of which were in non-repetitive genomic regions. G4 motif hotspots exhibited non-random enrichment in genes at two locations on the antisense strand, one in the 5′ UTR and the other at the 5′ end of the first intron. Several genic G4 motifs were shown to adopt sequence-specific and potassium-dependent G4 DNA structures in vitro. The G4 motifs were prevalent in key regulatory genes associated with hypoxia (group VII ERFs), oxidative stress (DJ-1/GATase1), and energy status (AMPK/SnRK) pathways. They also showed statistical enrichment for genes in metabolic pathways that function in glycolysis, sugar degradation, inositol metabolism, and base excision repair. Collectively, the maize G4 motifs may represent conditional regulatory elements that can aid in energy status gene responses. Such a network of elements could provide a mechanistic basis for linking energy status signals to gene regulation in maize, a model genetic system and major world crop species for feed, food, and fuel.
Filmless medical imaging: Experiences of the Massachusetts General Hospital

As the concept of picture archival communication systems (PACS) gathers momentum, the vision of a filmless digital department and digital image management has become a reality. This report will discuss the experiences of a major health-care institution with implementation of a large-scale PACS. Specifically, we discuss success with a modular, nonproprietary, multivendor solution that offers flexibility and state of the art functionality at our institution.
On the Calculation of Deformations and Stresses During Axially Symmetric Solidification

In this paper finite element modeling of the deformation and stress development in solidifying bodies is presented. Emphasis is given to axially symmetric problems and especially to the accurate implementation of thermal and mechanical phenomena occurring at the freezing front. More specifically, the interface velocity and location are treated as primary variables of the heat transfer analysis, and the isostatic stress condition at the front is utilized as an initial condition in the stress analysis. A hypoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model and a rate form of the principle of virtual work are involved to model the stresses and deformation. The mechanical and thermal properties are allowed to vary with temperature and strain rate in a realistic manner. Several examples of calculated residual stresses are shown for pure aluminum under axially symmetric geometries and realistic boundary conditions. The effects on the evolving deformations and stresses of the melt pressure, geometry, and cooling conditions are examined and reported.
Penetration of recommended procedures for lung cancer staging and management in the United States over 10 years: a quality research in radiation oncology survey.

Purpose To document the penetration of clinical trial results, practice guidelines, and appropriateness criteria into national practice, we compared the use of components of staging and treatment for lung cancer among patients treated in 2006-2007 with those used in patients treated in 1998-1999. Methods and Materials Patient, staging work-up, and treatment characteristics were extracted from the process survey database of the Quality Research in Radiation Oncology (QRRO), consisting of records of 340 patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) at 44 institutions and of 144 patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) at 39 institutions. Data were compared for patients treated in 2006-2007 versus those for patients treated in 1998-1999. Results Use of all recommended procedures for staging and treatment was more common in 2006-2007. Specifically, disease was staged with brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography) and whole-body imaging (positron emission tomography or bone scanning) in 66% of patients with LA-NSCLC in 2006-2007 (vs 42% in 1998-1999, P =.0001) and in 84% of patients with LS-SCLC in 2006-2007 (vs 58.3% in 1998-1999, P =.0011). Concurrent chemoradiation was used for 77% of LA-NSCLC patients (vs 45% in 1998-1999, P P Conclusions Although adherence to all quality indicators improved over time, brain imaging and recommended radiation doses for stage III NSCLC were used in
Pain agnosia and self-injury in the syndrome of reversible somatotropin deficiency (psychosocial dwarfism)

Hospital and social service records of 32 patients, 23 boys and 9 girls, with reversible behavioral symptoms in a syndrome of dwarfism characterized by reversible inhibition of growth in stature are surveyed and discussed. When first seen, the patients ranged in age from 22 months to 16 years and 2 months. After initial hospitalization, they were discharged to a convalescent home and then to foster homes to experience a prolonged change of domicile and thus continue to grow. Changes in domicile from adverse environments, where growth failure began and persisted, to ameliorative where catch-up growth took place covaried significantly (p<.001) with decreased incidence of physical injury, severe physical punishment or abuse, self-inflicted injury, and behavior indicating pain agnosia. It is suggested that self-injury may counteract cognitional starvation under conditions of sensory deprivation when self-inflicted injury and pain agnosia coexist.
The new clinical trials with thiazolidinediones--DREAM, ADOPT, and CHICAGO: promises fulfilled?

Purpose of reviewDespite extensive documentation of their insulin-sensitizing and antihyperglycemic effects, the importance and place of the thiazolidinediones in diabetes management remain unclear. Three new controlled clinical trials of thiazolidinediones offer new information on the clinical util
Progress report on IRI status

The paper gives a short introduction to past and present International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) work. It reviews previous editions of the IRI and lists the improvements planned for the next edition, IRI-90. A progress report is given on the new features and corrections that have already been implemented in the development version of IRI-90.
Selfish manipulation of cooperative cellular communications via channel fabrication

In today's cellular networks, user equipment (UE) have suffered from low spectral efficiency at cell-edge region due to high interference from adjacent base stations (BSs), which share the same spectral radio resources. In the recently proposed cooperative cellular networks, geographically separated multiple BSs cooperate on transmission in order to improve the UE's signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) at cell-edge region. The service provider of the system dynamically assigns the cluster of BSs to achieve higher SINR for the UE while optimizing the use of system radio resources. Although it is the service provider that makes the the clustering decision for the UE, the service provider relies on the UE's input to the decision; i.e., the channel states from the adjacent BSs to the UE. In essence, the operation of the cooperative cellular netwokrs heavily relies on the trust in the UEs. In this paper, we propose a new selfish attack against the cooperative cellular networks; an adversary reprograms her UE to report fabricated channel information to cause the service provider to make a decision that benefits the adversary while wasting its system resources. We evaluate the proposed attack in a cooperative cellular network having various performance goals on the simulation-based experiments and show that the adversary can trick the service provider into expending 3.7 times more radio resources for the adversary and, accordingly, the adversary achieves up to 16 dB SINR gain. Finally, we propose a threshold-based countermeasure for the service provider to detect the attack with approximately 90% of accuracy.
Limiting concentrations of activated mononucleotides necessary for poly(C)-directed elongation of oligoguanylates.

Selected imidazolide-activated nucleotides have been subjected to hydrolysis under conditions similar to those that favor their template-directed oligomerization. Rate constants of hydrolysis of the P−N bond in guanosine 5′-monophosphate 2-methylimidazolide (2-MeImpG) and in guanosine 5′-monophosphate imidazolide (ImpG), kh, have been determined in the presence/absence of magnesium ion as a function of temperature and polycytidylate [poly(C)] concentration. Using the rate constant of hydrolysis of 2-MeImpG and the rate constant of elongation, i.e., the reaction of an oligoguanylate with 2-MeImpG in the presence of poly(C) acting as template, the limiting concentration of 2-MeImpG necessary for oligonucleotide elongation to compete with hydrolysis can be calculated. The limiting concentration is defined as the initial concentration of monomer that results in its equal consumption by hydrolysis and by elongation. These limiting concentrations of 2-MeImpG are found to be 1.7 mM at 37°C and 0.36 mM at 1°C. Boundary conditions in the form of limiting concentration of activated nucleotide may be used to evaluate a prebiotic model for chemical synthesis of biopolymers. For instance, the limiting concentration of monomer can be used as a basis of comparison among catalytic, but nonenzymatic, RNA-type systems.
Protein Kinase A-mediated Phosphorylation Modulates Cytochrome c Oxidase Function and Augments Hypoxia and Myocardial Ischemia-related Injury *

We have investigated the effects of hypoxia and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion on the structure and function of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). Hypoxia (0.1% O2 for 10 h) and cAMP-mediated inhibition of CcO activity were accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of subunits I, IVi1, and Vb and markedly increased reactive O2 species production by the enzyme complex in an in vitro system that uses reduced cytochrome c as an electron donor. Both subunit phosphorylation and enzyme activity were effectively reversed by 50 nm H89 or 50 nm myristoylated peptide inhibitor (MPI), specific inhibitors of protein kinase A, but not by inhibitors of protein kinase C. In rabbit hearts subjected to global and focal ischemia, CcO activity was inhibited in a time-dependent manner and was accompanied by hyperphosphorylation as in hypoxia. Additionally, CcO activity and subunit phosphorylation in the ischemic heart were nearly completely reversed by H89 or MPI added to the perfusion medium. Hyperphosphorylation of subunits I, IVi1, and Vb was accompanied by reduced subunit contents of the immunoprecipitated CcO complex. Most interestingly, both H89 and MPI added to the perfusion medium dramatically reduced the ischemia/reperfusion injury to the myocardial tissue. Our results pointed to an exciting possibility of using CcO activity modulators for controlling myocardial injury associated with ischemia and oxidative stress conditions.
Stochastic network utility maximisation—a tribute to Kelly's paper published in this journal a decade ago

SUMMARY Since the seminal work by Kelly on distributed network resource allocation using the language of network utility maximisation (NUM) a decade ago, there have been extensive research efforts generalising and applying NUM to model, analyse and design various network protocols and architectures. Some of these works combine the distributed optimisation approach with stochastic network models to study NUM under network dynamics occurring at the session, packet and constraint levels. We survey these works by presenting the key questions, results and methodologies in this emerging theory of stochastic network utility maximisation, followed by discussion on related work and future research challenges. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemistry of platelet-activating factor: a unique class of biologically active phospholipids.

This brief overview describes the chemical features of this unique bioactive phospholipid that possesses biologic properties identical to platelet-activating factor (PAF) and an antihypertensive polar renal lipid (APRL). The current understanding of PAF metabolism and its regulation are emphasized, particularly in the context of explaining the enzymatic source of PAF in physiologic vs pharmacologic processes. Also included are brief accounts of the biologic properties, structural-functional relationships, antagonists, receptors and mode of action of PAF.
Performance metrics for auto-focus in digital and cell-phone cameras

Passive auto-focus (AF) is a key component of many digital and cell-phone camera systems. In order to make informed choices in the selection of a passive AF search algorithm, it is essential to have performance metrics. The performance metrics currently utilized do not take into consideration all aspects of auto-focusing. In this paper, four performance metrics which measure all relevant aspects of an AF system is considered at the same time. These metrics include focusing speed, accuracy, power consumption and user experience. Experimental results on a prototype digital camera platform are presented to compare the AF performance of four popular AF search algorithms exhibiting the usefulness of the introduced set of AF performance metrics.
Intensive training of subjects with chronic hemiparesis on a motorized cycle combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES): a feasibility and safety study.

Background and Purpose. This study tested the safety and ability of subjects with chronic hemiplegia to tolerate intensive training using a motorized cycle combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) system. Methods. A case series of 10 subjects with chronic stroke participated in 30-minute three times per week cycling on a stationary motorized cycling system combined with FES (RT300TM). The stimulation activated the dorsal and plantar flexors, the quadriceps and the hamstrings using four channels and a stimulation pattern that assisted cycling motion of the paretic lower limb. Patients were instructed to cycle as close as possible to 60 rpm and the resistance to cycling was gradually increased using a computer-based algorism. The training lasted eight weeks. Results. All 10 participants completed the training without adverse reactions to the training or the FES. The kcal utilized during the training increased significantly (p = 0.0003) between session 1 (2.2 ± 0.47), session 12 (4.3 ± 1.2) and session 24 (7.5 ± 1.8). Peak pedaling power increased from 6.5 ± 0.5 W pre-training to 18.0 ± 5.4 W post-training. Locomotion variables that improved significantly were time to complete the get up and go test (45.4 ± 54.9 seconds vs. 34.0 ± 31.8 seconds) a 24.6% improvement (p = 0.03) and gait velocity, which increased 25.0% from 0.4 ± 0.3 m/sec to 0.5 ± 0.4 m/sec (p = 0.01). Conclusion. Using a motorized cycle combined with FES intensive training appears safe and can be tolerated by patients with chronic stroke of wide age range, diverse severity of cardio-pulmonary deconditioning, motor loss and locomotor deficits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A development platform and electronic modules for automated test up to 20 Gbps

An adaptable platform for the development of customized ATE and test-support modules is described. The purpose of the platform is to provide a hardware framework for assembling combinations of specialized test modules for applications that are not well addressed by conventional general-purpose ATE alone. The platform can also be used to test, characterize, and calibrate individual modules prior to use within either a platform-based application or within a traditional ATE environment. The paper describes some of the salient features of the platform and one completed example for an all-optical packet-switching network called “Data Vortex” operating at 2.5Gbps on each of 18 channels (≫40Gbps aggregate burst data rate). Two other example modules demonstrate even higher data rates. One is a dual-channel, bidirectional 5Gbps FPGA-based module with loopback, jitter-injection, and 2:1 XOR multiplexing (up to 10Gbps). This module exploits recent advances in FPGA technology that enable very high data rates at relatively low cost. Another example module synthesizes two 10Gbps data streams using 16:1 SiGe serializers; and then combines these using an InP XOR gate to form a 20Gbps test stimulus channel. While the platform and modules have interesting characteristics, individually they do not form a complete solution. However the various possible combinations, together with special-purpose modules, may help solve some of the most difficult test applications in the near future. Therefore, this paper tries to present the key features in a way that the reader may extrapolate to future test challenges.
Nonlinear theory of micro-elastic solids—II☆

Abstract The present paper is a continuation of our previous work on the same topic. After the introduction of material and strain measures of micro-elasticity we give the specific form of constitutive equations for isotropic micro-elastic materials, various approximate theories, the linear and the determinate theory of couple stress. Field equations of the linear theory for the latter case are obtained and applied to the study of the Rayleigh surface waves in micro-elasticity.
Active suppression of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-immune T cells: Requirement of an auxiliary T cell induced by antigen*

We investigated T-T cell interactions in the suppression of contact sensitivity. Suppressor cells that block the efferent limb of sensitivity (Ts-eff) can inhibit the passive transfer of contact sensitivity mediated by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene immune cells (T DH). But, Ts-eff cannot block the passive transfer of TDH which comes from cyclophosphamide (Cy) pretreated sensitized mice. We interpret these results to indicate that lymph node cells from sensitized mice contain not only TDH but also another intermediate cell which is required for the suppression of TDH by Ts-eff. This intermediate cell is sensitive to cyclophosphamide and requires antigen activation for its development. It is sensitive to adult thymectomy and anti-brain associated theta serum and is therefore designated as an auxiliary T-suppressor cell (Ts-aux). It is not sensitive to splenectomy and it carries I-J determinants. Ts-aux are required for the activity of suppressors of the efferent limb (Ts-eff) but not of suppressors of the afferent limb (Ts-aff). Thus, in the feedback loops in contact sensitivity, the generation of Tdh is coordinated with the development of auxiliary Ts which are essential for the suppression of those TDH.
Recovery of insect cells using hollow fiber microfiltration.

An efficient method was developed for media separation and cell collection for eukaryotic cells growing in suspension. The method is based on tangential flow microfiltration using an open channel arrangement in a hollow fiber configuration. Best results (highest processing flux rate) for polysulfone hollow fibers were obtained using fibers with internal diameter of 0.75 mm, 0.45 μm pore size, and a cell suspension flow at a shear rate of 14000 s -1 (0.032 L/min per fiber). A flux rate of 500 L/m 2 h can be obtained by maintaining the surface area/cell ratio at 0.05 m 2 /10 L of cells at a concentration of 2.5 x 10 6 cells/mL. Forty liters of infected insect cells can be concentrated 10 times in 20 min without affecting cell viability.
Early stage FPGA interconnect leakage power estimation

Increasing transistor densities, rising popularity in mobile applications and migration towards eco-friendly computing systems have made power dissipation a key FPGA design issue. To meet stringent budgets, system architects need accurate estimates of power distribution at various design stages. In this work, we make several key contributions to FPGA leakage power estimation. First, we develop an accurate and efficient model to estimate total interconnect leakage power at various design stages prior to routing. Our methods derive leakage power estimates based on predicted values of routing congestion and interconnect resource utilization. We then extend the model to accomodate complex segmented routing architectures and low leakage architectures. Finally we formulate relations to generate post place leakage power estimates of individual routing channels. Our models for overall leakage power estimation achieve average accuracy rates of 93% and 89% for uniform and segmented routing architectures respectively. Experimentation results also establish the accuracy of the channel level estimation models at 85% and 80% for uniform and segmented routing structures. Our models and techniques would help designers make informed decisions by providing information on the power consumption of the interconnect fabric well before routing. Additionally, the equations can be used for architectural explorations and embedded in power and thermal aware CAD tools.
Hepatic Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Is Essential for Maintaining Triglyceride and Cholesterol Homeostasis

Objective— Loss-of-function mutations in human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) are associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young and lipid disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying the lipid disorders are poorly understood. In this study, we determined the effect of acute loss or augmentation of hepatic HNF4α function on lipid homeostasis. Methods and Results— We generated an adenovirus expressing LacZ (Ad-shLacZ) or short hairpin RNA of Hnf4 α (Ad-shHnf4α). Tail vain injection of C57BL/6J mice with Ad-shHnf4α reduced hepatic Hnf4 α expression and resulted in striking phenotypes, including the development of fatty liver and a >80% decrease in plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These latter changes were associated with reduced hepatic lipogenesis and impaired very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. Deficiency in hepatic Hnf4 α did not affect intestinal cholesterol absorption despite decreased expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis. Consistent with the loss-of-function data, overexpression of Hnf4 α induced numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism in isolated primary hepatocytes. Interestingly, many of these HNF4α-regulated genes were not induced in wild-type mice that overexpressed hepatic Hnf4 α. Because of selective gene regulation, mice overexpressing hepatic Hnf4 α had unchanged plasma triglyceride levels and decreased plasma cholesterol levels. Conclusion— Loss of hepatic HNF4α results in severe lipid disorder as a result of dysregulation of multiple genes involved in lipid metabolism. In contrast, augmentation of hepatic HNF4α activity lowers plasma cholesterol levels but has no effect on plasma triglyceride levels because of selective gene regulation. Our data indicate that hepatic HNF4α is essential for controlling the basal expression of numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism and is indispensable for maintaining normal lipid homeostasis.
Valuing Risky Projects: Option Pricing Theory and Decision Analysis

In the academic literature and professional practice, there are a number of alternative and apparently competing methods for valuing risky projects. In this paper, we compare and contrast three different approaches: risk-adjusted discount-rate analysis, option pricing analysis, and decision analysis, focusing on the last two. We show that, in contrast to some of the claims made in the "real options" literature, when both option pricing and decision analysis methods are correctly applied, they must give consistent results. We also explore ways in which option pricing and decision analysis methods can be profitably integrated. In particular, we show how option pricing techniques can be used to simplify decision analysis when some risks can be hedged by trading and, conversely, how decision analysis techniques can be used to extend option pricing techniques to problems with incomplete securities markets.
On the Use of the Incomplete Gamma Table to Obtain Unbiased Tests and Unbiased Confidence Intervals for the Variance of a Normal Distribution

(1972). On the Use of the Incomplete Gamma Table to Obtain Unbiased Tests and Unbiased Confidence Intervals for the Variance of a Normal Distribution. The American Statistician: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 31-34.
Prime Time: long-term sexual health outcomes of a clinic-linked intervention.

CONTEXT: Evidence about long-term effects of preventive health services for youth with complex needs is lacking. Prime Time a youth development intervention aims to reduce pregnancy risk among vulnerable adolescent females seeking clinic services. METHODS: In a randomized trial 253 sexually active females aged 13-17 who were at high risk for pregnancy were assigned to the Prime Time intervention or usual clinic services. The 18-month intervention initiated in 2007-2008 comprised regular meetings with case managers and participation in youth leadership groups. Trial participants completed surveys at baseline and 30 months. Regression analyses were used to evaluate differences between groups in sexual and psychosocial outcomes at follow-up. RESULTS: At 30 months the intervention group reported more months of consistent condom use (adjusted means 1.8 vs. 1.1) and dual contraceptive use (0.9 vs. 0.3) in the past seven months than did controls. The intervention was most effective in promoting consistent use among participants with relatively high levels of connectedness to family or school. Fifteen percent of intervention participants but only 6% of controls reported having abstained from sex in the past six months (adjusted odds ratio 2.9). Moreover among high school graduates those in the intervention group were more likely than those in the control group to have enrolled in college or technical school (72% vs. 37%; odds ratio 4.5). CONCLUSION: Health services grounded in a youth development framework can lead to reductions in sexual risk among vulnerable youth that are evident one year following conclusion of services. Copyright (c) 2014 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Host-assisted zero-copy remote memory access communication on InfiniBand

Summary form only given. The remote memory access (RMA) is an increasingly important communication model due to its excellent potential for overlapping communication and computations and achieving high performance on modern networks with RDMA hardware such as Infiniband. RMA plays a vital role in supporting the emerging global address space programming models. We describe how RMA can be implemented efficiently over InfiniBand. The capabilities not offered directly by the Infiniband verb layer can be implemented efficiently using the novel host-assisted approach while achieving zero-copy communication and supporting an excellent overlap of computation with communication. For contiguous data we are able to achieve a small message latency of 6/spl mu/s and a peak bandwidth of 830 MB/s for 'put' and a small message latency of 12/spl mu/s and a peak bandwidth of 765 Megabytes for 'get'. These numbers are almost as good as the performance of the native VAPI layer. For the noncontiguous data, the host assisted approach can deliver bandwidth close to that for the contiguous data. We also demonstrate the superior tolerance of host-assisted data-transfer operations to CPU intensive tasks due to minimum host involvement in our approach as compared to the traditional host-based approach. Our implementation also supports a very high degree of overlap of computation and communication. 99% overlap for contiguous and up to 95% for noncontiguous in case of large message sizes were achieved. The NAS MG and matrix multiplication benchmarks were used to validate effectiveness of our approach, and demonstrated excellent overall performance.
Structured Learning with Approximate Inference

In many structured prediction problems, the highest-scoring labeling is hard to compute exactly, leading to the use of approximate inference methods. However, when inference is used in a learning algorithm, a good approximation of the score may not be sufficient. We show in particular that learning can fail even with an approximate inference method with rigorous approximation guarantees. There are two reasons for this. First, approximate methods can effectively reduce the expressivity of an underlying model by making it impossible to choose parameters that reliably give good predictions. Second, approximations can respond to parameter changes in such a way that standard learning algorithms are misled. In contrast, we give two positive results in the form of learning bounds for the use of LP-relaxed inference in structured perceptron and empirical risk minimization settings. We argue that without understanding combinations of inference and learning, such as these, that are appropriately compatible, learning performance under approximate inference cannot be guaranteed.
Single-electronics - how it works. How it's used. How it's simulated

How it works: a short and simple introduction to the underlying physics of single electronics is given. Relevant energies, charging, tunneling and Coulomb blockade are explained with simple concepts and analogies. How it is used: an overview of possible applications is given. A focus is placed on the most promising ones such as memories and applications in metrology. The author also mentions open challenges such as random background charge fluctuations and manufacturing methods. How it is simulated: three simulation methods, Monte Carlo, Master Equation and Spice macro-models, are introduced and compared. The author touches on appropriate random number generators, variance reducing methods and make comparison to measurements.
Design of Bayesian signal detectors using Gaussian-mixture models

Addressed is the problem of Bayesian detector design for a signal with unknown parameters when the prior distribution of the parameters is non-Gaussian, and, possibly, the noise is non-Gaussian. An optimal detector for a Gaussian-mixture model of the parameter prior distribution is derived. A general technique for design of suboptimal Bayesian detectors with arbitrary prior distributions of the unknown parameter by means of Gaussian-mixture approximations is proposed. The technique is illustrated over an example with Rayleigh prior distribution, and the performance of the designed detector is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation.
Proinflammatory Cytokines Predictors of a Failing Heart

ongestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinicalsyndrome characterized by exercise intolerance, fati-gability, dyspnea, and volume retention occurring asa consequence of myocardial injury and subsequent dysfunc-tion. Progression of this disease is thought to be mediated byneurohormones, such as norepinephrine and angiotensin II,by virtue of the toxic effects that they exert on the heart andthe peripheral vasculature.
Global and Regional Derangements of Cerebral Blood Flow and Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest.

Objective To quantify and examine the relationship between global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and water diffusion on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children after cardiac arrest. Study design Children admitted to a tertiary care children's hospital from July 2011 to April 2013 who received a brain MRI within 2 weeks after cardiac arrest that included arterial spin labeling and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequences were studied. CBF and ADC values were calculated globally and in 19 regions of interest. Outcome variables included survival and favorable neurologic outcome, which was defined as Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category ≤3 at 6 months. We examined global and regional relationships between CBF and ADC and their association with outcome. Results This sample included 14 pediatric patients (mean time to MRI 6 ± 4 days), 9 of whom survived and 6 who survived with favorable outcome. Global ADC was significantly decreased in patients with unfavorable outcome ( P = .02). Increased CBF and decreased ADC often were colocalized in the same region, especially in children who had unfavorable outcomes. Conclusions In this exploratory study, global restricted water diffusion on ADC after pediatric cardiac arrest was associated with unfavorable outcome. MRI assessments of perfusion and diffusion may have prognostic value after pediatric cardiac arrest.
MORNING SERUM CORTISOL LEVEL AFTER TRANSSPHENOIDAL SURGERY FOR PITUITARY ADENOMA PREDICTS HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION DESPITE INTRAOPERATIVE DEXAMETHASONE USE.

ABSTRACT Objective: Perioperative glucocorticoid (GC) is rarely needed in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). We instituted a steroid-sparing protocol in the settings of intraoperati...
Publishing the most important work in the life sciences

See video of the presentation. The assessment of scholarly achievement depends critically on the proper evaluation and publication of research work in scholarly journals. Investigators face a dizzying array of journal styles that include commercial, not-for-profit and academic society journals that are supported by a mix of subscription and page charges. The Open Access (OA) movement, launched in Britain but greatly expanded by the Public Library of Science (PLoS), seeks to eliminate the firewall that separates published work from public access. OA journals are funded by a mix of page charges and philanthropic or foundation support. Most OA journals embrace a more liberal licensing agreement on the use and reuse of published work, favoring the creative commons license rather than a copyright held by the publisher. Some publishers, particularly commercial firms, view the OA movement as a threat to the viability of their business plan. Major commercial publishers, particularly Elsevier, have fought against government mandates for OA publication of publicly funded research. The most selective and successful journals, Science, Nature and Cell (a life science journal owned by Elsevier), maintain a firm hold on the high end of the scientific literature by appealing to investigators to submit only their most important work. Typically, these journals publish only a small fraction of the papers they receive and for the most part they rely on professional editors rather than active scholars to make key editorial decisions. These publishers, particularly Nature and Cell, reinforce their high standing by relying on a metric, the impact factor (IF) that computes the average number of citations of papers published in the journal during the preceding two-year period. As a consequence, many investigators, who quite naturally seek career advancement, strive to publish in these journals even at the expense of repeated cycles of review, wasteful additional experimental work and ultimately lost time. I will argue that it is time for scholars to reassume authority for the publication of their research work and to eschew the use of IF in the evaluation of scholarly achievement and favor OA publications over what I have called the “luxury” journals.
A high-efficiency dielectric-cone antenna feed

A method is described which improves the efficiency of the dielectric-cone feed used in reflector antennas. The traditional "dielguide" feed uses a solid dielectric cone to support the subreflector in a quasi-Cassegrain antenna configuration. The dielectric cone eliminates the need for additional subreflector supports, thus reducing the aperture blockage. In addition, the dielectric cone operates to confine the feed energy and reduce spillover losses. A modification of the dielguide design is described which utilizes an anisotropic dielectric cone to improve the performance.