cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of dust accumulation on line-focus parabolic trough solar collector performance

Abstract Based on the major Department of Energy Solar Industrial Process Heat Program, it has been determined that the existing techniques for predicting the performance of parabolic trough solar collectors greatly overpredict the thermal output of these systems. The objective of the research reported herein is to improve the predictive capability of existing models by incorporating a factor that accounts for dust and dirt accumulation on the optical surfaces. This has been accomplished by modifying the optical efficiency with a dust factor to account for the reduced reflectivity of the mirror and reduced transmissivity of the cover glass. This technique has been developed independent of the test data used for verification. The dust factors have been developed from exposure tests conducted at six different sites, so that it is also independent of location and collector type. Wash frequency and optical degradation rate are input to the model to compute the time varying dust factors. Recommendations for these parameters are provided based on long-term observations. The complete model is then used to provide realistic predictions of real-world performance of solar IPH systems.
Strongly exactly n-resolvable spaces of arbitrarily large dispersion character

Abstract A topological space X is called strongly exactly n -resolvable if X is n -resolvable and no nonempty subset of X is (n+1) -resolvable. We prove that, in ZFC, for every infinite cardinal α and every integer n>0 , there exist card-homogeneous, strongly exactly n -resolvable Tychonoff spaces of dispersion character α . This result answers affirmatively two questions of F. Eckertson (1997, Questions 2.7 and 4.5).
Generalizations of weakly peripherally multiplicative maps between uniform algebras

Abstract Let A and B be uniform algebras on first-countable, compact Hausdorff spaces X and Y, respectively. For f ∈ A , the peripheral spectrum of f, denoted by σ π ( f ) = { λ ∈ σ ( f ) : | λ | = ‖ f ‖ } , is the set of spectral values of maximum modulus. A map T : A → B is weakly peripherally multiplicative if σ π ( T ( f ) T ( g ) ) ∩ σ π ( f g ) ≠ ∅ for all f , g ∈ A . We show that if T is a surjective, weakly peripherally multiplicative map, then T is a weighted composition operator, extending earlier results. Furthermore, if T 1 , T 2 : A → B are surjective mappings that satisfy σ π ( T 1 ( f ) T 2 ( g ) ) ∩ σ π ( f g ) ≠ ∅ for all f , g ∈ A , then T 1 ( f ) T 2 ( 1 ) = T 1 ( 1 ) T 2 ( f ) for all f ∈ A , and the map f ↦ T 1 ( f ) T 2 ( 1 ) is an isometric algebra isomorphism.
The Battle Over America's VA Hospitals

This research puts efforts to close the Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) medical centers under the microscope of termination scholarship in order to more completely understand the process of closing down public programs. Closure forces have clearly reached deep into the bag of strategies available to government when it wishes to change the behavior of either private citizens or, in this case, its own bureaucracies. The research, though unique in its details to VA, suggests much about the broader challenges of closing public programs. Closure efforts are ultimately political as well as managerial. Cost-benefits analyses are not enough to lead to termination. Policy makers will find it essential to examine the political context of each targeted program and to craft strategies patiently, creatively, and carefully that progressively weaken the resolve and capabilities of beneficiaries and constituencies of the program. Only then will termination efforts succeed.
An Anti-plane Crack in a Piezoelectric Semiconductor

Electromechanical fields around an anti-plane, semi-infinite crack in piezoelectric semiconductors of 6mm symmetry are obtained. The effects of semiconduction on fields near the crack tip are examined.
Comparison of the Deep-Inelastic Structure Functions of Deuterium and Aluminum Nuclei

The deep-inelastic electromagnetic structure functions of deuterium and aluminum nuclei have been measured. The kinematic dependence of the ratio of aluminum and deuterium structure functions is similar to the dependence of the ratio of steel and deuterium structure functions, and provides further evidence for the distortion of the quark momentum distributions of nucleons bound in a nucleus.
Laser-induced gas-surface interactions

Abstract Chemical reactions in homogeneous systems activated by laser radiation have been extensively investigated for more than a decade. The applications of lasers to promote gas-surface interactions have just been realized in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to examine the fundamental processes involved in laser-induced gas-surface chemical interactions. Specifically, the photon-enhanced adsorption, adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-solid reactions, product formation and desorption processes are discussed in detail. The dynamic processes involved in photoexcitation of the electronic and vibrational states, the energy transfer and relaxation in competition with chemical interactions are considered. These include both single and multiple photon adsorption, and fundamental and overtone transitions in the excitation process, and inter- and intra-molecular energy transfer, and coupling with phonons, electron-hole pairs and surface plasmons in the energy relaxation process. Many current experimental and theoretical studies on the subject are reviewed and discussed with the goal of clarifying the relative importance of the surface interaction steps and relating the resulting concepts to the experimentally observed phenomena. Among the many gas-solid systems that have been investigated, there has been more extensive use of CO adsorbed on metals, and SF6 and XeF2 interactions with silicon as examples to illustrate the many facets of the electronically and vibrationally activated surface processes. Results on IR laser stimulated desorption of C5H5N and C5D5N molecules from various solid surfaces are also presented. It is clearly shown that rapid intermolecular energy exchange and molecule to surface energy transfer can have important effects on photodesorption cross sections and isotope selectivities. It is concluded that utilization of lasers in gas-surface studies not only can provide fundamental insight into the mechanism and dynamics involved in heterogeneous interactions, but also offer the possibility for technical innovation for practical applications.
Identifying the Effect of All-Mail Elections on Turnout: Staggered Reform in the Evergreen State

What effect does moving to all-mail elections have on participation? On one hand, all registered voters automatically receive a ballot to return by mail at their convenience. On the other hand, the social aspect of the polling place, and the focal point of election day, is lost. Current estimates of the effect of all-mail elections on turnout are ambiguous. This article offers an improved design and new estimates of the effect of moving to all-mail elections. Exploiting cross-sectional and temporal variation in county-level implementation of all-mail elections in Washington State, we find that the reform increased aggregate participation by two to four percentage points. Using individual observations from the state voter file, we also find that the reform increased turnout more for lower-participating registrants than for frequent voters, suggesting that all-mail voting reduces turnout disparities between these groups.
A Method to Generate Propulsor Side Forces

A computational study was performed to investigate a method to generate vehicle maneuvering forces from a propulsor alone. A ducted, preswirl propulsor was configured with an upstream stator row and downstream rotor. During normal operation, the upstream stator blades are all situated at the same pitch angle and preswirl the flow into the propulsor while generating a roll moment to counter the moment produced by the rotor. By varying the pitch angles of the stator blade about the circumference, it is possible to both generate a mean stator side force and subsequently vary the axial velocity and swirl that is ingested into the propulsor. The rotor then generates a side force in response to the inflow. Both potential flow and fully viscous 3D Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computations were used to predict the stator forces, velocity ,field, and rotor response. Potential flow methods were used for initial examination of a wide variety of stator configurations. The most promising were then modeled using RANS. The RANS inflow was then computed and used as velocity boundary conditions during rotor blade design using potential flow methods. Blade parameters including blade number, rake, skew, and a combination of the two were varied to characterize their effects. RANS was used to then validate the final propulsor design. Computations demonstrated that total side force coefficients on the order of 0.1 and moment coefficients about the stator leading edge of 0.066 could be generated by the propulsor alone. This translates to an additional 50% control authority at 3 kn for current Navy 21" unmanned undersea vehicles.
Review of recent optoelectronic integrated circuits

Recent progress in the integration of lasers and detectors with transistor amplifiers to make optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) versions of transmitter and receiver circuits is reviewed. Comparison of OEIC receivers based on the electronic devices used is presented along with other novel and notable recent achievements in this field.
Compact pseudo-2D strip detector system for sub-meV IXS

A dual 32 strip sensor array is realized for use at the IXS (inelastic x-ray scattering) beamline of NSLS-II. By making use of established controls methods and sensor device recipes, our new geometry is realized quickly and at minimal cost. The detector geometry is chosen to match the output of a multi-element high-resolution energy analyzer, while the pulse thresholding is optimized for an ultra-low noise floor at a pass energy of 9.13 keV. Detector subsystems and integration are described, including sensor geometry and silicon device processing, cooling and thermal readback, bias and threshold optimizations, readout ASIC and controls, vacuum enclosure and x-ray window, mounting and positioning, and assembly procedure and testing.
Endotoxaemia in man.

Abstract Endotoxaemia has been identified, using the Limulus lysate technique, in a group of patients with non-septic or septic disorders. Gramnegative bacteraemia was a frequent but not invariable associated finding. If the endotoxaemia is derived from a septic focus which is eliminated, the endotoxaemia promptly disappears. In the absence of a septic focus the endotoxaemia is usually accompanied by hepatic injury, bleeding (especially from the gastrointestinal tract), haemorrhagic or septic pneumonitis, a failing peripheral circulation, and a high mortality. In the laboratory animal with the corresponding syndrome the intestine has been shown to be the source of the endotoxin. It is assumed that the same applies in man, and that it is the result of the failure of the reticuloendothelial system in the liver to clear and destroy endotoxin entering the circulation, whether via the portal vein or, in the case of injury to the wall of the intestine, via the peritoneal cavity.
Profound Hypotension and Sodium Retention With the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

A 34-year-old woman developed profound hypotension and sodium retention following hormonal induction of ovulation. There was a transient response to infusion of albumin, but hypotension and hyponatremia persisted for 5 days. Nevertheless, acute renal failure did not develop. Available information indicates that this syndrome can occur with exogenous administration of gonadotrophic hormones or with a successful pregnancy.
Dental school student and faculty perspectives about changing to comprehensive patient-care clinic management

AbstractPurposeSome dental schools have modified the curriculum to better meet students’ educational needs while providing comprehensive patient care. Like other organizations, their inability to adapt to changes has been of concern to scholars. Frequently, organizations focus on technical aspects and minimize the human component. Qualitative studies are essential to describing how faculty and students respond to large-scale planned programmatic change so that findings can be used to guide implementation efforts.MethodFullan's theory of action framed this study. Multi-case narrative inquiry was used to explore faculty and students’ experiences during the first year of their new clinical education model. Focus group meetings elicited perspectives about the program's effectiveness.ResultsThere was congruence between programmatic goals and implementation: interdisciplinary teaching and communication, collegiality and collaboration, varied student learning, and faculty mentoring. However, the clinical managem...
A collaborative awareness system for chronic disease medication adherence applied to HIV infection

Electronic reminder systems have been available for decades, yet medication adherence remains poor. Most systems rely on simple alarms and do not address other determinants of health-related behavior. This paper describes a collaborative awareness system for chronic disease medication adherence that relies on patient self-reflection and clinician support. Visualizations of adherence performance, including estimated plasma concentration graphs and a dynamic, personalized, disease-state simulation, are available to the patient (cell phone and internet media display) and clinician (computer) in real-time. The clinician can send asynchronous video messages of advice and encouragement to the patient regularly. A pilot was conducted with four HIV positive patients for four weeks. Three patients who started with suboptimal adherence improved (93.0% to 99.1%, 83.0% to 96.3%, and 63.9% to 81.3%). One patient who started with optimal medication adherence (>95%) maintained this level. All four patients appreciated the rich feedback and wanted to continue using the system.
Selective destruction of the outer hair cells in the chinchilla

Abstract In the study of cochlear function an animal model in which apical outer hair cells could be destroyed with retention of inner hair cells would be valuable. Our object was to attempt to reproduce a reported method in a scientific manner. Behavioural response thresholds to pure tones were recorded in 7 monaural chinchillas. In 5, Kanamycin was administered in ototoxic dosage until the thresholds deteriorated. The other 2 served as controls. Cochlear histology was assessed from embedded surface preparations. In only one of the 5 animals was the aim achieved. In this animal outer hair cells were absent virtually throughout the cochlea and inner hair cell retention was basal. Ths thresholds were elevated on average 40 dB throughout the frequency range. This is in keeping with current concepts of cochlear function.
Light field modelling and interpolation using Kriging techniques

This paper describes the application of Kriging techniques to the interpolation of light field models that include both three-dimensional spatial variation as well as angular directional informatio...
Adaptive learning approach to landmine detection

We consider landmine detection using forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR). The two main challenging tasks include extracting intricate structures of target signals and adapting a classifier to the surrounding environment through learning. Through the time-frequency (TF) analysis, we find that the most discriminant information is TF localized. This observation motivates us to use the over-complete wavelet packet transform (WPT) to sparsely represent signals with the discriminant information encoded into several bases. Then the sequential floating forward selection method is used to extract these components and thereby a neural network (NNW) classifier is designed. To further improve the classification performance and deal with the problem of detecting mines in an unconstraint environment, the AdaBoost algorithm is used. We integrate the feature selection process into the original AdaBoost algorithm. In each iteration, AdaBoost identifies the hard-to-learn examples and a new set of features which provide the specific discriminant information for these hard samples is extracted adaptively and a new classifier is trained. Experimental results based on measured data are presented, showing that a significant improvement on the classification performance can be achieved.
Conceptualism and Truth

Truth implies mind because falsity does and the same analysis must be given of each. Some philosophers (Aristotle, Brentano) express this by saying that ‘true’ and ‘false’ apply strictly speaking to judgments and derivatively to everything else. A consequence of this is that all non-judgmental senses of ‘true’ and ‘false’ include some relation to a judgment. But counterexamples to this occur. So an alternative assay must be sought which both covers all cases and retains the idea that truth is mind-dependent. Under this correction, something is true if and only if it conforms to an ideal standard or measure. This broader view of truth is compatible with realism and conceptualism but not with nominalism. If there are independent reasons for rejecting realism, it follows that conceptualism is true and universals exist only in minds.
Debt, equity, and capital investment

Abstract Theory suggests that debt financing, relative to equity financing, makes managers reluctant to part with assets. Our evidence supports this theoretical prediction, revealing that the reluctance to part with a debt financed asset causes two decision errors—(1) participants forego investments that increase firm value and (2) participants accept investments that decrease firm value. When the source of finance is equity, participants are less likely to make either of these costly decision errors. Further, we find that higher unpaid principal accentuates participants' reluctance to part with debt financed assets. Finally, the decision errors stem, in part, from the perception that an asset having a large unpaid principal balance has provided lower past benefits than an otherwise identical asset.
Correlation Between Changes in Rat Sperm Membrane Lipids, Protein, and the Membrane Physical State During Epididymal Maturation

An enriched plasma membrane fraction was isolated from caput, corpus, and cauda rat spermatozoa and analyzed for lipid and protein content, thermal phase transition temperature using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and enzymatic assays of calcium-dependent ATPase activity. Based on sperm concentration, total membrane phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein content declined as sperm passed through the epididymis. A more refined analysis of the bulk plasma membrane phospholipid revealed that approximately 56% of the phospholipid consisted of choline (PC) and ethanolamine (PE) phosphoglycerides; the remainder consisted of sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylserine (PS), and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG). The mole percent of PE increased in sperm proceeding from the caput to the corpus epididymis and then declined from the corpus to the cauda epididymis. The phospholipid-bound fatty acids consisted primarily of palmitate (C16:0) and stearate (C18:0), with a significant increase in the mole percent of the docosapentenoyl acyl group (C22:5) in cauda sperm. Arrhenius' plots of the EPR peak height signals using the lipid soluble spin label, 5-doxyldecane, and the calcium-dependent ATPase activity as a function of temperature demonstrated a change in the apparent fluidity of the membrane and energy of activation of the calcium-dependent ATPase associated with the three sperm membrane preparations. These data suggest that the apparent fluidity and biochemical composition of the sperm membrane change during epididymal maturation.
HOPS Proofreads the trans-SNARE Complex for Yeast Vacuole Fusion

The fusion of yeast vacuoles, like other organelles, requires a Rab-family guanosine triphosphatase (Ypt7p), a Rab effector and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) complex termed HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting), and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). The central 0-layer of the four bundled vacuolar SNAREs requires the wild-type three glutaminyl (Q) and one arginyl (R) residues for optimal fusion. Alterations of this layer dramatically increase the Km value for SNAREs to assemble trans-SNARE complexes and to fuse. We now find that added purified HOPS complex strongly suppresses the fusion of vacuoles bearing 0-layer alterations, but it has little effect on the fusion of vacuoles with wild-type SNAREs. HOPS proofreads at two levels, inhibiting the formation of trans-SNARE complexes with altered 0-layers and suppressing the ability of these mismatched 0-layer trans-SNARE complexes to support membrane fusion. HOPS proofreading also extends to other parts of the SNARE complex, because it suppresses the fusion of trans-SNARE complexes formed without the N-terminal Phox homology domain of Vam7p (Qc). Unlike some other SM proteins, HOPS proofreading does not require the Vam3p (Qa) N-terminal domain. HOPS thus proofreads SNARE domain and N-terminal domain structures and regulates the fusion capacity of trans-SNARE complexes, only allowing full function for wild-type SNARE configurations. This is the most direct evidence to date that HOPS is directly involved in the fusion event.
Immunofluorescence studies using antisera to crude and to purified porcine relaxin.

The ovary of the pregnant sow has been used as a model system for the localization of relaxin by the indirect immunofluorescent technique. An antiserum to crude relaxin (NII-l-R-P1)gave diffuse fluorescence with localizationprimarily in the connective tissues of the corpus luteum. With antiserum to purified porcine relaxin (CM-a’), fluorescence was observed only in the cytoplasm of the luteal cells of the corpus luteum. The same antisera were used for the localization of relaxin in the adult boar testis. Antiserum to NIH-R-P1 gave fluorescence in the connective tissue and interstitial (Leydig) cells as well as in the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, thus confirming the work of Dubois and Dacheux (1978). I-Iowever, the antiserum to highly purified porcine relaxin gave no specific fluorescence in the adult boar testis. The results indicate that the concentration of relaxin in the testis of the adult boar is below the sensitivity of the iinmunofluorescence technique used here. The possibility remains that the testis may be a target tissue for relaxin rather than a tissue of origin of this hormone.
Spinal subdural abscess: a rare complication of decubitus ulcer.

Spinal subdural abscess (SSA) is an uncommon entity. The exact incidence is unknown, with very few cases reported in the literature. This condition may result in spinal cord compression, thus constituting a medical and neurosurgical emergency. The pathogenesis of SSA is not well-described, and the available knowledge is based on case observations only. There is only one case report that describes direct seeding from decubitus ulcers as a possible mechanism for development of SSA. We report a case of subacute onset of quadriplegia in a male patient, age 55 years, due to spinal cord compression from SSA and superimposed spinal subdural hematoma. The direct seeding from decubitus ulcers is thought to be the cause of infection in our patient. We present this case of SSA to elucidate and review the predisposing factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment regarding management of this rare disorder.
Comparison and design of servo controllers for dual-stage actuators in hard disk drives

A systematic design procedure is presented that can be used to construct servo controllers for dual-stage actuation in a hard disk drive. The systematic approach is based on optimal control theory using an H/sub /spl infin//-norm-based control design, where servo design specifications are formulated in terms of relatively simple weighting functions. Different possible servo control strategies are designed and compared on performance and energy consumption. Results based on a piezoelectric milli-actuator from Hutchinson Technology Inc. illustrate the design of a dual-stage servo controller that is able to perform high-density track recording, with a significant reduction in power consumption.
An Indirect Effect of Ice Nuclei on Atmospheric Radiation

A three-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM) with observed large-scale forcing is used to study how ice nuclei (IN) affect the net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In all the numerical experiments carried out, the cloud ice content in the upper troposphere increases with IN number concentration via the Bergeron process. As a result, the upward solar flux at the TOA increases whereas the infrared one decreases. Because of the opposite response of the two fluxes to IN concentration, the sensitivity of the net radiative flux at the TOA to IN concentration varies from one case to another. Six tropical and three midlatitudinal field campaigns provide data to model the effect of IN on radiation in different latitudes. Classifying the CRM simulations into tropical and midlatitudinal and then comparing the two types reveals that the indirect effect of IN on radiation is greater in the middle latitudes than in the tropics. Furthermore, comparisons between model results and observations suggest that observational IN data are necessary to evaluate long-term CRM simulations.
Identification of leukocyte E-selectin ligands, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and E-selectin ligand-1, on human metastatic prostate tumor cells

Prostate tumor cells, which characteristically metastasize to bone, initiate binding interactions with bone marrow endothelium under blood flow conditions through binding interactions with E-selectin. We hypothesized that E-selectin ligands on prostate tumor cells are directly associated with bone-metastatic potential. In this report, we elucidate the identity of E-selectin ligands on human metastatic prostate tumor cells and examine their association with prostate tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. To our surprise, we found that the E-selectin-binding form of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is expressed on the human bone-metastatic prostate tumor MDA PCa 2b cell line. Interestingly, we also found that human prostate tumor cells derived from bone, lymph node, and brain metastases expressed another leukocyte E-selectin ligand, E-selectin ligand-1 (ESL-1). Immunohistochemical analysis of PSGL-1 and ESL-1 in normal prostate tissue and in localized and metastatic prostate tumors revealed that ESL-1 was principally localized to intracellular cell membrane and expressed on all normal and malignant prostate tissue, whereas PSGL-1 was notably detected on the surfaces of bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells. These findings implicate a functional role of PSGL-1 in the bone tropism of prostate tumor cells and establish a new perspective into the molecular mechanism of human prostate tumor metastasis.
Closed-Form Solution for Ballistic Vehicle Motion

A closed-form solution is developed for the motion of a ballistic vehicle entering the atmosphere over a flat nonrotating Earth. The Alien and Eggers approach of using an exponential atmosphere is retained; however, the vehicle drag coefficient is expressed as a function of velocity instead of being considered a constant. Use of the derived equations allows an analyst to solve directly for the vehicle velocity at any point along the trajectory, as well as for the maximum axial acceleration and the altitude at which it occurs.
La señal del cinturón de seguridad como indicador de lesiones

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la correlacion existente entre la senal del cinturon de seguridad y las lesiones de organos viscerales y musculoesqueleticas en el cuello, el torax y/o el abdomen. Lugar de aplicacion. Centro urbano de traumatologia de nivel I. Poblacion Un total de 1.264 pacientes que tuvieron accidentes automovilisticos. Pacientes y metodo Estudio retrospectivo realizado durante un periodo de 14 meses (julio 2001-agosto 2002) en el que se incluyo a todos los pacientes admitidos en un centro urbano de traumatologia de nivel I despues de una colision automovilistica. Se excluyo a los pacientes menores de 16 anos. Se evaluo la necesidad de practicar una intervencion quirurgica. Resultados Un total de 239 pacientes presentaban la senal del cinturon de seguridad; la edad promedio era de 39 ± 17 anos (rango, 16-95); 129 (53,9%) eran varones y 110 (46,1%) mujeres; 165 (69%) eran conductores y 74 (31%) pasajeros. El peso promedio fue de 63 kg (rango, 46-148 kg). En 101 casos se observo la senal del cinturon de seguridad en el abdomen con 31 lesiones asociadas (30,6%): 86 en el torax con 21 lesiones asociadas (24,4%) y 24 en el cuello, sin lesiones. Las lesiones mas comunes fueron las toracicas, con fracturas costales, claviculares y del esternon (incluyendo 8 contusiones miocardicas), seguidas de las abdominales: mesenterio, intestino delgado, vejiga, bazo, higado y colon. Requirieron cirugia 73/239 (30,5%) con la senal del cinturon de seguridad y 85/564 (15%) sin la senal del cinturon de seguridad (p Conclusion La presencia de la senal del cinturon de seguridad en el torax y en el abdomen se relaciona con una incidencia mayor de lesiones viscerales y musculoesqueleticas en comparacion con la ausencia de la senal del cinturon de seguridad en pacientes con algun tipo de lesion.
Large-area low-cost substrate compatible CNT Schottky diode for THz detection

In this paper, a novel process is developed for the fabrication of CNT Schottky diodes that is simple to implement and large area compatible. The process utilizes an undercut and self-alignment approach for the fabrication of devices having short lengths (< 1 um). Furthermore, many CNTs assembled in parallel are utilized in the fabrication of devices to attain good impedance matching. Details of THz detector NEP calculation, fabrication and test of diode devices after integration on a plastic substrate are presented. Measured I-V characteristics and sensitivity at 18 GHz demonstrate that high quality devices can be fabricated using the proposed approach. Preliminary results show that the device can attain NEP values in the range of 50–150pW/Hz05 over a frequency range of 10 GHz–1THz, respectively.
Crosstalk between finite ground coplanar waveguides over polyimide layers for 3-D MMICs on Si substrates

Finite-ground coplanar (FGC) waveguide lines on top of polyimide layers are frequently used to construct three-dimensional Si-SiGe monolithic microwave/millimeter-wave integrated circuits on silicon substrates. Requirements for high-density, low-cost, and compact RF front ends on silicon can lead, however, to high crosstalk between FGC lines and overall circuit performance degradation. This paper presents theoretical and experimental results and associated design guidelines for FGC line coupling on both highand low-resistivity silicon wafers with a polyimide overlay. It is shown that a gap as small as 6 /spl mu/m between two adjacent FGC lines can reduce crosstalk by at least 10 dB, that the nature of the coupling mechanism is not the same as with microstrip lines on polyimide layers, and that the coupling is not dependent on the Si resistivity. With careful layout design, isolation values of better than -30 dB can be achieved up to very high frequencies (50 GHz).
Separation of millimeter-wave radar reflectivities of aggregates and pristine ice crystals in a cloud

Millimeter wave radars operating at 35 and 94 GHz are being used for the remote sensing of ice clouds. Two-dimensional particle probe measurements in clouds show that a single type of ice crystals (e.g., column, plate, stellar crystal, etc.) is often observed in a mixture with ice crystal aggregates. This may pose a problem for estimating the ice water content (IWC) with radar. Aggregates are generally larger than individual crystals and can contribute significantly to the reflectivity factor. However, estimation of their bulk properties based on radar parameters, may not follow the same relationship as single crystals. This could lead to appreciable bias in the estimates of cirrus cloud properties such as ice water content (IWC) using the effective reflectivity factor Z. If the fraction of Z corresponding to aggregates and single ice crystals can be determined, then better estimates of IWC may be obtained by using the proper relationships.
Owning Ourselves and Encountering Others: Authenticity, Indifference, and Desire

There are resources in Heidegger’s work for identifying and mitigating pervasive modes of misrecognition that are characteristic of modern society, and, by identifying them, we become capable of attending to “supplementary” aspects of authenticity: terms of identity should apply to all in the same way, and, because these terms are a product of all, they are the responsibility of each individual. The first section analyses Being-guilty, Dasein-with, and Being-with to emphasise Dasein’s dependence on others, arguing that the dynamic of recognition characteristic of Dasein implies a responsibility for recognising the other adequately. The second identifies common modes of misrecognition, arguing that these modes imply a shared responsibility for the contexts of recognition in which we participate. The third turns to Sartre’s work, arguing that our interpersonal relations offer resources for correcting our inadequate ways of recognizing one another and for recognizing the fundamental place of communication in the realization of human freedom.
Is Reading Tests Aloud an Accommodation for Youth With or at Risk for ADHD

In this study, we intend to determine if reading tests aloud provides a differential boost to youth with elevated symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) relative to same-aged peers. Participants were 36 youth, 44% with or at risk for ADHD, who participated in a week long summer camp. Over the course of the week, youth attended five 45-min classroom periods followed by 10-min tests. Participants were randomized into one of two conditions (i.e., read aloud and silent) that alternated across 5 days. Results indicate that reading tests aloud in small groups significantly improved the testing performance of youth with or at risk for ADHD and provided a differential boost relative to youth without ADHD. Implications for special education practice and future research are discussed.
Distinct Signaling of Coreceptors Regulates Specific Metabolism Pathways and Impacts Memory Development in CAR T Cells

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) redirect T cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells, providing a promising approach to cancer immunotherapy. Despite extensive clinical use, the attributes of CAR co-stimulatory domains that impact persistence and resistance to exhaustion of CAR-T cells remain largely undefined. Here, we report the influence of signaling domains of coreceptors CD28 and 4-1BB on the metabolic characteristics of human CAR T cells. Inclusion of 4-1BB in the CAR architecture promoted the outgrowth of CD8(+) central memory T cells that had significantly enhanced respiratory capacity, increased fatty acid oxidation and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, CAR T cells with CD28 domains yielded effector memory cells with a genetic signature consistent with enhanced glycolysis. These results provide, at least in part, a mechanistic insight into the differential persistence of CAR-T cells expressing 4-1BB or CD28 signaling domains in clinical trials and inform the design of future CAR T cell therapies.
Relative Navigation for Formation Flying of Spacecraft

This paper presents a robust and efficient approach for relative navigation and attitude estimation of spacecraft flying in formation. This approach uses measurements from a new optical sensor that provides a line of sight vector from the master spacecraft to the secondary satellite. The overall system provides a novel, reliable, and autonomous relative navigation and attitude determination system, employing relatively simple electronic circuits with modest digital signal processing requirements and is fully independent of any external systems. Experimental calibration results are presented, which are used to achieve accurate line of sight measurements. State estimation for formation flying is achieved through an optimal observer design. Also, because the rotational and translational motions are coupled through the observation vectors, three approaches are suggested to separate both signals just for stability analysis. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the combined sensor/estimator approach provides accurate relative position and attitude estimates.
3D inversion of regional MT data distorted by near-surface inhomogeneities using a complex distortion matrix

The distortion of regional electric fields by local structures represents one of the major problems facing three-dimensional magnetotelluric (MT) interpretation. The effect of 3D local inhomogeneities on MT data can be described by a distortion matrix. In this paper, we develop a method for simultaneous inversion of the full MT impedance data for 3D conductivity distribution and for a distortion matrix with complex components. We use integral equations method for forward modeling. Tikhonov regularization is employed to solve the resulting inverse problem. Minimization of the parametric functional is achieved via a conjugate gradient method. The inversion algorithm was tested on the synthetic data from Dublin Secret Model II (DSM 2), for which multiple inversion solutions are available for comparison. We also investigate a possibility of using the developed approach for corrections to the effect of topography on the MT data. Finally, the results are presented of an application of the inversion to a regional MT dataset acquired as part of the EarthScope project over the Great Basin region of the Western United States.
Solid-state NMR (31)P paramagnetic relaxation enhancement membrane protein immersion depth measurements.

Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) is a widely used approach for measuring long-range distance constraints in biomolecular solution NMR spectroscopy. In this paper, we show that 31P PRE solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be utilized to determine the immersion depth of spin-labeled membrane peptides and proteins. Changes in the 31P NMR PRE times coupled with modeling studies can be used to describe the spin-label position/amino acid within the lipid bilayer and the corresponding helical tilt. This method provides valuable insight on protein–lipid interactions and membrane protein structural topology. Solid-state 31P NMR data on the 23 amino acid α-helical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nAChR M2δ transmembrane domain model peptide followed predicted behavior of 31P PRE rates of the phospholipid headgroup as the spin-label moves from the membrane surface toward the center of the membrane. Residue 11 showed the smallest changes in 31P PRE (center of the membrane), while residue 22 shows the largest 31P...
Towards Moderate Teacher Tenure Reform in California: How an Efficiency-Effectiveness Framework Guides the Resolution of Vergara

This Note offers an efficiency-effectiveness framework for evaluating the success of school finance and teacher tenure court-ordered legislative reforms. In June 2014, California state judge Rolf Treu struck down California’s teacher tenure laws as unconstitutional in the landmark case Vergara v. California. I argue that political factors such as disunited political leadership and interest groups, a lack of political priming, and an inability to utilize a court-created policy window suggest that a Vergara legislative remedy is likely to be low-efficiency/no-effectiveness paradigm similar to the New York Campaign for Fiscal Equity, with such a remedy languishing in years of endless litigation. I argue for a better path forward, relying on a Williams model of high-efficiency/moderate-effectiveness to seek moderate reform and resolve the Vergara litigation through settlement
Adaptive Treg generation by DCs and their functional analysis.

Naturally occurring thymus-derived CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (nTregs) are critical regulators of immune tolerance. Foxp3(+) Tregs can also be induced from CD25(-) naive CD4 T cells in vivo and ex vivo. This conversion process requires cytokines such as IL2 and TGFbeta as well as suboptimal TCR stimulation, thus is regulated by the co-stimulatory status of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., dendritic cells). Although mature dendritic cells (DCs) are potent initiators of adaptive immune response, immature steady-state DCs contribute to immune tolerance. In this chapter, we summarize methods that use ex vivo splenic DCs to induce the conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells to adaptive Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (aTreg) in the presence of TGFbeta.
CpG in the Immunotherapy of B-Cell Lymphoma.

CpG is an immune stimulator that can activate both innate and adaptive immunity. By binding to its receptor, TLR9, CpG can activate dendritic cells and B cells by inducing the secretion of cytokines, and increasing the expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86. In this study, CpG1826, a B type CpG was given intratumorally to BALB/c mice bearing a A20 transplantable B cell lymphoma as a s.c local tumor with accompanying metastatic disease. In this model, CpG alone delayed the growth of tumor, however, the majority of the treated tumor-bearing mice still died. We therefore tested a new therapeutic strategy, a combination of cyclophosphomide (CTX), followed by subsequent intratumoral injection of CpG. The rationale for this strategy is that the danger signals generated by chemotherapy attract the migration of immature DC to the tumor site, and these DCs are activated by subsequent injection of CpG. Our animal studies showed that the combined maneuver can completely regress well-established tumor (Fig.1). The combination of CTX with CpG could cure well-established large size (>1.2cm in diameter) tumors, and the mice remained tumor-free for 5-6 months after the initial treatment. Conversely, the majority of mice that received CTX or CpG alone died of lymphoma. We also showed that this combined effect was CpG injection site dependent, as CTX combined with intratumoral injection of CpG had a much better therapeutic effect (100% survival), as compared to injection of CpG into a distant normal site (20% survival). Our studies also indicated that this combined effect is CD8+T cell dependent, as systemic effects were lost when we repeated this experiment in a CD8+ T cell knockout mouse model. We also showed that CD4+ T-cells and B cells are not required in this system by depleting CD4+ T cells and by using a B cell knockout mouse model. Most importantly, we demonstrated the systemic effect of this combination strategy in mice bearing tumors at two different sites. As shown in Fig. 2, in combination with CTX, injection of one site with CpG controlled the growth of the second site tumor as opposed to a transient anti-tumor effect from chemotherapy or CpG alone. The systemic effect induced by injecting a single tumor site led to significant prolongation of overall survival (p<0.01). In summary, this combined chemoimmunetherapeutic strategy has showed both local and systemic anti-tumor effects, which may be a potent anti-tumor strategy in the clinic. ![ Fig. 1 ][1] Fig. 1 ![ Fig. 2 ][1] Fig. 2 [1]: pending:yes
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Repeat Hydrography Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean: CLIVAR CO2 Sections A20_2003 (22 September-20 October 2003) and A22_2003 (23 October-13 November, 2003)

This report presents methods, and analytical and quality control procedures for salinity, oxygen, nutrient, inorganic carbon, organic carbon, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and bomb carbon-14 system parameters performed during the A20_2003 and A22_2003 cruises, which took place between September 22 and November 13, 2003, aboard research vessel (R/V) Knorr under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation (NSF). The R/V Knorr departed Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on September 22 for the Repeat Section A20, and ended this line in Port of Spain, Trinidad, on October 20. The Repeat Section A22 started on October 23 in Port of Spain, Trinidad, and finished on November 13, 2003, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The research conducted was one of a series of repeat hydrography sections jointly funded by NOAA and NSF as part of the Climate Variability Program (CLIVAR)/CO2/repeat hydrography/tracer program. Samples were taken from 36 depths at 88 stations on section A20 and 82 stations on section A22. The data presented in this report include the analyses of water samples for total inorganic carbon (TCO2), total alkalinity (TALK), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CFC, carbon-14, hydrographic, and other chemical measurements.
Issues in Arabic Morphological Analysis

The salient issues facing contemporary Arabic morphological analysis are summarized as predominantly orthographic in nature, although the issue of how to integrate morphological analysis of the dialects into the existing morphological analysis of Modern Standard Arabic is identified as the primary challenge of the next decade. Issues of orthography that impact morphological analysis stem in part from the successful deployment of the Unicode standard and the subsequent increase in usage of the expanded Arabic character set, including what are properly Persian and Urdu characters. Additional orthographic issues impacting morphological analysis arise from the persistent and widespread variation in the spelling of letters such as hamza and tā’ marbūTa, and the increasing lack of differentiation between word-final yā’ and alif maqSūra. The tokenization of Arabic input strings is also affected by orthography, as typists often neglect to insert a space after words that end with a non-connector letter. An increasing number of archaic morphological features and dated lexical items can be observed in Web-based Islamic publications and cannot be overlooked in contemporary analysis. Finally, the accuracy and completeness of current Arabic morphological analysis can be questioned in light of the almost complete absence of annotation for lexically-determined features of gender, number, and humanness
Osteointegration of HA-Coated Subperiosteal Dental Implants: Preliminary Work

The effectiveness of dental implants is largely dependent upon the biostability and osteointegration of the bone-implant interface. Examination of HA-coated subperiosteal dental explants may provide insight into the quality of the bone-coating attachment. The goals of the present study were to characterize osteointegration near the interface of three retrieved devices using nanoindentation and study the variability in hardness and elastic modulus as a function of distance from the bone-implant interface. The nanoindentation tests resulted in different trends for each patient. No consistent differences were seen comparing the modulus and hardness of bone near the interface ( 100 μm). As a result, we could not conclude how the HA coatings affected bone quality around the subperiosteal implants. Ongoing efforts are directed at improving specimen preparation technique to reduce errors due to surface roughness and lamellar orientation. Histomorphometric analysis will be done in order to study the differences in bone quantities among patients.