cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid visual field constriction in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa and pituitary adenoma.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of pituitary adenoma in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and consequent rapid constriction of the visual field in each eye, which is atypical for either of these pathologies. Observations A 45-year old male, with a long-standing history of RP, presented with rapid vision loss over 3 months. Examination revealed a severe drop in visual acuity and significant progression of concentric visual field constriction in each eye compared to 3 months prior. MRI revealed a pituitary macroadenoma compressing the optic chiasm. The patient underwent endoscopic trans-sphenoidal resection of the tumor and experienced partial recovery of visual acuity but not visual field. Conclusions and importance The visual field deficit in this patient was atypical for pituitary adenoma or optic neuropathy. The pattern was most consistent with RP, but the rate of progression was not. In a patient with chiasmal pathology in the setting of pre-existing retinopathy, visual field progression may not be limited exclusively to the bitemporal regions. Rapid constriction of the visual field in a patient with RP should prompt a work-up for alternative etiologies which includes neuro-imaging.
Polarized evanescent waves reveal trochoidal dichroism

Matter's sensitivity to light polarization is characterized by linear and circular polarization effects, corresponding to the system's anisotropy and handedness, respectively. Recent investigations into the near-field properties of evanescent waves have revealed polarization states with out-of-phase transverse and longitudinal oscillations, resulting in trochoidal, or cartwheeling, field motion. Here, we demonstrate matter's inherent sensitivity to the direction of the trochoidal field and name this property trochoidal dichroism. We observe trochoidal dichroism in the differential excitation of bonding and antibonding plasmon modes for a system composed of two coupled dipole scatterers. Trochoidal dichroism constitutes the observation of a geometric basis for polarization sensitivity that fundamentally differs from linear and circular dichroism. It could also be used to characterize molecular systems, such as certain light-harvesting antennas, with cartwheeling charge motion upon excitation.
A spatial analysis of county-level education context and population health and wellbeing

Abstract Background Stark inequalities in health and wellbeing exist across US counties. Schools are a key feature of counties and residents often make decisions about where to live based on the quality of the local schools. How counties invest in their local schools may reflect one way that health and wellbeing become embedded in geographic places. Methods We constructed four indicators of county-level education context using administrative data from all US public schools and linked these to population health data from the RWJF County Health Rankings and Roadmaps Program. Using state-fixed effects spatial error models, we examined if county-level education context relates to county rankings on two indices of population health and wellbeing – quality of life and health behaviors – after adjusting for county-level demographic, economic, and social contexts. Results Total county revenue from local sources and the percentage of a county's high school students enrolled in advanced placement coursework were associated with better county rankings on quality of life and health behavior. We also found a curvilinear relationship between county-level per-pupil spending and county rankings on our population health and wellbeing outcomes. In fully adjusted models, the education context indicators were attenuated; all three remained significantly associated with county rankings on health behavior, but only revenue from local sources was significantly associated with county rankings on quality of life. Conclusion Providing a quality education context may yield health and wellbeing dividends at the county-level given the public education system's far-reaching influence on social and economic wellbeing.
Illinois Flexibility Index Test: Effect of Specimen Geometry and Test Configuration on the Asphalt Concrete Damage Zone

AbstractThe Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT) was developed as a standard test to predict the cracking potential of asphalt concrete (AC) materials. The test geometry is a semicircle with a p...
The central manager of the Arsinoite notariate in the late second century

Publication of a donkey sale from the University of Michigan excavations of Soknopaiou Nesos, which was drawn up through a little-attested notarial official with authority over both metropolite and village grapheia. The document helps clarify the process of notarial centralization in the Arsinoite nome of the late second century CE.
Profiling the molecular signature of Satellite Glial Cells at the single cell level reveals high similarities between rodent and human

ABSTRACT Peripheral sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia relay sensory information from the peripheral tissue to the brain. Satellite glial cells (SGC) are unique glial cells that form an envelope completely surrounding each sensory neuron soma. This organization allows for close bi-directional communication between the neuron and it surrounding glial coat. Morphological and molecular changes in SGC have been observed in multiple pathological conditions such as inflammation, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, viral infection and nerve injuries. There is evidence that changes in SGC contribute to chronic pain by augmenting neuronal activity in various rodent pain models. SGC also play a critical role in axon regeneration. Whether findings made in rodent model systems are relevant to human physiology have not been investigated. Here we present a detailed characterization of the transcriptional profile of SGC in mouse, rat and human at the single cell level. Our findings suggest that key features of SGC in rodent models are conserved in human. Our study provides the potential to leverage on rodent SGC properties and identify potential targets for the treatment of nerve repair and alleviation of painful conditions.
Comparison of flap reconstruction for soft tissue sarcomas of the foot and ankle

BACKGROUND Foot and ankle soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are challenging for reconstruction due to limited surrounding soft tissue and weight-bearing requirements. Currently, there is a paucity of data examining the outcome of flap reconstruction following resection of a foot and ankle sarcoma. METHODS We reviewed 44 (31 female, 13 male) patients with STS arising from the ankle or foot which required coverage in the form of a free (n = 21), pedicled (n = 13), or rotational perforator flap (n = 10). The mean tumor size was 6 ± 5 cm, with 39 (89%) patients receiving radiotherapy. The mean follow-up was 10 ± 7 years. RESULTS There were no cases of amputation due to flap failure, with a 10-year limb salvage rate of 84%. Complications occurred in 19 (43%) patients, most commonly wound infections. There was no difference in the incidence of complications between patients undergoing a free flap and pedicled or perforator flap (odds ratio = 0.97, p = 1.0); with no difference in the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score between patients with a free flap versus a pedicled/perforator flap (84% vs. 76%, p = 0.11). CONCLUSION Flap reconstruction is an essential part of limb salvage for foot and ankle STS. At final follow-up nearly all the patients are ambulatory with an acceptable MSTS score.
Airborne Carcinogens: Mechanisms of Cancer

Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have been recognized to contribute to global health burden. The reported health effects range from cardiovascular, respiratory diseases, neuronal to cancer. This chapter aims to provide the up-to date details on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of air pollutants; benzene, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, while identifying common and unique molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Finally, this chapter also discusses about research gaps and future research needs.
Influence of processing on the feeding value of oats for feedlot cattle.

Ninety-six crossbred steers (312 kg) were used in a 118-d feedlot growth performance trial to determine the relative effects of degree of steam processing on the feeding value of oats in a 90% concentrate finishing diet. Treatments were 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC, density = .28 kg/L); 2) dry-rolled oats (DRO, density = .36 kg/L); 3) steam-rolled oats, coarse flake (SRO-C, density = .33 kg/L); and 4) steam-rolled oats, thin flake (SRO-T density = .17 kg/L). Feed intake was similar (P > .10) across oats treatments. However, ADG was lower (13.2%, P .10) for oats treatments, averaging 58.2, 93.5, and 9.6%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract 12949: Aerobic Exercise After an ICD: Results of the 6 Month Follow-Up in the Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Exercise After an ICD Trial

Introduction: The Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Exercise Trial reported that aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) significantly improved the primary outcome of cardiopulmonary function without ICD shocks or adverse events. This is a report on the longer term outcomes at 24 weeks of exercise maintenance that was continued after aerobic training. Hypothesis: When 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training is followed by aerobic exercise maintenance (50% reduction in the amount of walking), cardiopulmonary function [peak VO2, EX time, VO2 at AT, O2 pulse, METS, Maximum HR] will be maintained without an increase in ICD shocks or hospitalizations. Methods: 160 subjects (80/group) with a prior ICD implant (40% primary and 60% secondary prevention), mean age 55 +12 years, 78% male, 84% Caucasian, 100% beta-blocked, and mean EF%=40%, entered a RCT comparing aerobic exercise to usual care (UC). At baseline, 8 and 24 weeks, participants completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing using a modified Balke treadmill protocol. Aerobic training= 8 weeks of home walking 1 hour/day on 5 days/week at 60-80% of maximum HR using the Karvonen formula, was followed by aerobic maintenance (EX)= 16 weeks of home walking for 150 min/week. ICD shocks and hospitalizations were verified with medical records. Analysis of variance was used to determine group x time effects on study outcomes. Results: Aerobic maintenance significantly increased peak VO2 ml/kg/min, p<0.000 (EX 26.9+7.7, UC 23.4+6.0), EX minutes, p<0.000 (EX 16:27+ 6:36; UC 13:24+4:33), VO2 at AT ml/kg/min, p=0.001 (EX 23.0+6.8; UC 19.8+5.8), O2 pulse p=0.01 (EX 18.7+5.5; UC 16.8+4.9), and METS, p<0.001 (EX 7.6+2.2; UC 6.7+1.8). Maximum HR was unchanged. The number of ICD shocks related to exercise was =1: 3 in UC and 1 in exercise received an ICD shock or ATP during follow-up. There were 11 hospitalizations in each group, none were related to exercise. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise maintenance for 16 weeks that followed aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks, maintained gains in cardiopulmonary function despite reducing the amount of walking by half (300 min vs. 150 min). Aerobic exercise in patients with an ICD is safe without increasing the number of ICD shocks or hospitalizations.
Human patient simulation to teach medical physiology concepts: A model evolved during eight years

Worldwide, the use of human patient simulators in medical education has expanded rapidly as a means of enhancing the clinical and emergency response skills of health care students in a risk-free environment. The use of patient simulation for teaching of medical basic science concepts, however, is still in its infancy. At our medical school, ten years ago we had relatively inexpensive access to a high fidelity patient simulator which we used for teaching in the following courses: anatomy, medical immunology, and medical physiology. When this situation changed five years ago with the building of an education simulation center, the cost-to-benefit ratio for the use of simulators during the physiology class had to be reevaluated (anatomy and medical immunology discontinued simulation teaching after three years). This Best Practice paper presents our use and learning outcomes of low and high fidelity simulation for the past four years as part of a flipped physiology learning model and discusses its potential for widespread adoption for medical science teaching.
Asking Questions: Considering the Patron from Direct Experience

For many students, the practice of reference is a cross between completing a crossword puzzle and competing on the television game show Jeopardy. Central to this activity is a question that they fe...
Goal and Purposes of the Journal Humanities Open Access—An Introduction by the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Albrecht Classen

Humanities Open Access is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal that aims for the highest research standards.[...]
A RESURF P-N bimodal LDMOS suitable for high voltage power switching applications

A novel, high voltage, dual-gate lateral double diffusion MOSFET (LDMOS) with both p-type and n-type conduction is experimentally demonstrated using reduced surface field (RESURF) Si bulk technology. The p-n bimodal LDMOS can enhance drain saturation current by at least 30% with limited cost penalty compared to traditional n-LDMOS. Detailed analysis on the bimodal conduction LDMOS operation and DC output and temperature characteristics is presented. A simplified driving scheme is proposed to drive the dual-gate, p-n bimodal conduction LDMOS.
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the diagnosis used to describe children who are inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive. ADHD is a widespread condition that is of public health concern. In most children with ADHD the cause is unknown, but is thought to be biological and multifactorial. Several previous studies indicated that some physical symptoms reported in ADHD are similar to symptoms observed in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in animals and humans deprived of EFAs. We reported previously that a subgroup of ADHD subjects reporting many symptoms indicative of EFA deficiency (L-ADHD) had significantly lower proportions of plasma arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than did ADHD subjects with few such symptoms or control subjects. In another study using contrast analysis of the plasma polar lipid data, subjects with lower compositions of total n-3 fatty acids had significantly more behavioral problems, temper tantrums, and learning, health, and sleep problems than did those with high proportions of n-3 fatty acids. The reasons for the lower proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in these children are not clear; however, factors involving fatty acid intake, conversion of EFAs to LCPUFA products, and enhanced metabolism are discussed. The relation between LCPUFA status and the behavior problems that the children exhibited is also unclear. We are currently testing this relation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention in a population of children with clinically diagnosed ADHD who exhibit symptoms of EFA deficiency.
Effect of Orally Administered Quinine and Quinidine on Apparent Values for Urinary Catecholamines

The oral administration of quinine and quinidine results in an apparently increased excretion of catecholamines, the effect being greater following quinine. Marked similarity exists in the fluorescence behavior of postquinine and postquinidine eluates and solutions of the model compound 6-methoxy-4-methylcarbostyril. The possibility that quinine and quinidine carbostyrils are responsible for the observed interference is discussed.
From Chaos to Consensus: A Collaborative Approach To Standardize the Placement of Central Lines

Abstract ISSUE: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CL-BSI) lead to significant mortality and are estimated to cost at least $25,000 per incident. Proper skin antisepsis and insertion technique are important steps to prevent these infections. At the University of Kansas Hospital, a 454-bed academic medical center, central lines are inserted by residents and attending physicians in many settings. Although CL-BSI rates were below NNIS mean rates, observations by Infection Control found significant variations in central line insertion practices. Infection Control and IV Therapy used a team approach to develop consensus standards based on 2002 HICPAC Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. PROJECT: A committee was formed, with physician and nursing representatives from each setting in which central lines were inserted. Meetings were held over a 4-month period to review the HICPAC guidelines. Discussions were often heated, as different opinions were voiced. When questions arose, we reviewed studies cited by HICPAC to ensure a science-based approach. New products were selected to support the recommendations. RESULTS: Written consensus standards, based on HICPAC guidelines, are now followed each time a central line is inserted. LESSONS LEARNED: This initiative was successful because important stakeholders were involved in the decision-making process. Although it was difficult for each committee member to attend every meeting, email proved to be an effective way to share information and opinions. Basing decisions on a review of the literature brought credibility to the process and eliminated personal bias.
Surface geochemical measurements applied to monitoring, verification, and accounting of leakage from sequestration projects

AbstractA detailed study of CO2 and CH4 surface fluxes, shallow soil gas composition, 10-m hole soil gas composition was made at Rangely, Colorado, Teapot Dome, Wyoming, USA, and the results of geochemical verification measurements at Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada. Summer and winter soil gas and gas flux measurements were made at Rangely, and winter only at Teapot Dome. The objectives were to determine if leakage of CO2 and/or CH4 could be detected in the overpressured Rangely and the underpressured Teapot Dome systems. At Weyburn, the objective was the determination of the presence or absence of an alleged leak. Seasonal surface CO2 fluxes at Rangely were similar at on-field locations and an off-field control area. Methane fluxes were much higher at on-field locations than in the control area, suggesting a reservoir source. Seasonal differences in CH4 fluxes suggested methanotrophic oxidation was occurring in the soils. Shallow soil gas concentration measurements of CO2 were similar at a 100-cm depth, on...
Supercomputers and quantum field theory

A review is given of why recent simulations of lattice gauge theories have resulted in substantial demands from particle theorists for supercomputer time. These calculations have yielded first principle results on non-perturbative aspects of the strong interactions. An algorithm for simulating dynamical quark fields is discussed. 14 refs.
Regional cerebral blood flow following resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with hypertonic saline. Influence of a subdural mass.

After severe hemorrhage, hypertonic saline restores systemic hemodynamics and decreases intracranial pressure (ICP), but its effects on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) when used for resuscitation of experimental animals with combined shock and intracranial hypertension have not been reported. We
Plasmodium falciparum falcilysin: a metalloprotease with dual specificity

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum degrades host cell hemoglobin within an acidic food vacuole. The metalloprotease falcilysin has previously been identified as an important component of this catabolic process. Using random peptide substrate analysis, we confirm that recombinant falcilysin is highly active at acidic pH, consistent with its role in hemoglobin degradation. Unexpectedly, the enzyme is also robustly active at neutral pH, but with a substantially different substrate specificity. Imaging studies confirm the location of falcilysin in the food vacuole and reveal association with vesicular structures elsewhere within the parasite. These data suggest that falcilysin may have an expanded role beyond globin catabolism and may function as two different proteases in its two locations.
The Pharmacokinetics of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Deamido-TRH in the Rat*

The pharmacokinetics of TRH and its metabolite deamido-TRH (TRH-OH) were evaluated and compared. After a 60- to 90-min infusion of the appropriate peptide into rats, the MCR, half-life of disappearance (t 1/2), and volume of distribution were calculated. The MCR of TRH averaged 4 ml/min, whereas that of TRH-OH was 6.5 ml/min. The serum concentrations of both TRH and TRH-OH decreased in a biexponential manner after stopping the corresponding peptide infusions. The t 1/2 values were 2.4 and 3.9 min for the initial phase of disappearance and 14.1 and 20.6 min for the later phase of disappearance for TRH and TRH-OH, respectively. The volume of distribution of TRH-OH was twice that of TRH. The fractional conversion rate of TRH to TRH-OH, based on serum TRH-OH concentrations measured during TRH infusions, was 0.7-1.4%. Less than 1 ng TRH-OH was excreted in the urine during the last 30 min of TRH infusion. The rapid clearance of TRH-OH and low fractional conversion of TRH to TRH-OH, as measured in serum, suggest that little TRH secretion will be reflected in serum TRH-OH concentrations.
Up, Up, and Away: Aeromedical Transport Physiology

Initially developed by the military through wartime experiences, aeromedical transport has become the cornerstone of many pediatric and neonatal transport programs. Expedited transport of critically ill pediatric patients via rotor- or fixed-wing aircraft may improve outcomes when clinical conditions warrant the rapid delivery of patients to qualified medical centers. However, air transport provides many unique problems for practitioners. Confined space, vibration, noise, and physiologic derangements from high altitude and low cabin pressure are all unique variables encountered during air transport. A sound understanding of these effects with their potential consequences is of paramount importance. Anticipating complications from these physiologic changes is necessary for management and appropriate equipment utilization during transfer. This review explores the history of air transport, associated physiologic changes, and specific equipment needs for transporting this unique patient population.
Test-Retest Reliability of Symptom-Limited Cycle Ergometer Tests in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: Symptom-limited exercise tests are widely used to evaluate the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the reliability of these tests is not well established in COPD patients. Objectives: We compared test-retest reliability of two repeated symptom-limited exercise tests between COPD patients and healthy elderly subjects and between male and female patients. Method: Fifty-six COPD patients (40 men, 16 women) and 16 healthy subjects (6 men, 10 women) performed two symptom-limited exercise tests approximately 2 weeks apart. Measures of oxygen uptake (V˙O2), minute ventilation (V˙E), heart rate, and ratings of breathlessness and leg fatigue were obtained at peak exercise at each symptom-limited exercise test. Results: Repeated measures of peak exercise responses were stable for patients and healthy subjects and for male and female patients. Although mean percent error (absolute difference ÷ mean) for peak exercise responses was low, some individuals' values exceeded 10%. There was no difference in the percent error between COPD patients and healthy subjects or between men and women with COPD. Test-retest reliability was lower for breathlessness ratings than for other peak exercise responses for all groups. Conclusions: Repeated symptom-limited exercise tests are reliable in COPD patients and healthy subjects. However, some individuals are less reliable, and these patients may require more than one exercise test to establish reliable performance.
Effects of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women

Abstract Objective: To investigate changes in plasma lipoprotein profile, hemostatic factors, platelet aggregation, endothelin-1, and cardiac function during postmenopausal sequential 6-month hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Design: Open longitudinal prospective study. Setting: Gynecologic department of a medical center. Patient(s): Twenty-one healthy nonhysterectomized postmenopausal women. Intervention(s): Oral E 2 valerate (2 mg/d) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (10 mg/d) during the last 10 days of each 21-day cycle. The treatment period was 6 months. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma lipoprotein profile, hemostatic parameters, platelet aggregation, endothelin-1, and left ventricular function. Result(s): After 6 months of treatment, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly progressively reduced. Atherogenic indices of total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and LDL-to-HDL cholesterols also showed a significant progressive decline. The concentrations of antithrombin III were significantly increased. The maximum aggregation and slope of platelet aggregation were significantly reduced, but all parameters were more pronounced at I month of HRT than at 3 or 6 months. The concentrations of endothelin-1 were significantly reduced (by 16.1%). In the evaluation of left ventricular function, only peak atrial diastolic velocity was significantly reduced. Conclusion(s): Combined HRT had favorable effects on lipids and lipoproteins, hemostatic factors, platelet aggregation, endothelin-1, and left ventricular function. However, further study is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of combined HRT, especially on platelet aggregation and cardiac function.
Catching a ride on the NII: the federal policy vehicles paving the information highway

This article assesses the current legislative environment, in the U.S. Federal government, influencing the management of information resources. In a fiscal environment, where the pressure is to both reduce cost and provide better service, the management of information resources is receiving closer scrutiny by Congress and the public. The key relevant information policy initiatives are the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996, and Executive Order No. 13011. These policies are creating high-level attention to, and use of, the information resources of the Federal government. The usefulness of these policies will be assessed in a framework of strategic information management functions.
Author's response to: The near-miss maternal morbidity scoring system was tested in a clinical setting in Brazil

We were pleased to see the letter to the editors from Joao Paulo Dias de Souza and Jose´ Guilherme Cecatti regarding application of our scoring system to their sample of maternal morbidities in Brazil. Their reported findings using our five-factor scoring system to define their sample of 124 women with maternal morbidity are consistent with our results. They classified 20 cases of near-miss morbidity (16%) and 104 cases of severe morbidity (84%) and our study found 33 near-miss morbidities (25%) and 101 severe morbidities (75%). We were interested to see that length of hospital stay although not a good indicator of near-miss morbidity in our sample (due to the fact that other severe morbidities also has very long stays in the hospital) was a good indicator in their sample. They observed longer hospital stays among women with more severe morbidity. This may illustrate some important differences between the United States and Brazil regarding how hospital admission is used in the care of women. For example in the United States women with severe preeclampsia are often hospitalized for extended periods of monitoring before delivery even though they may not have associated severe morbidity. (excerpt)
Exact time-dependent evolution of electron-velocity distribution functions in a gas using the Boltzmann equation.

A numerical technique, starting from the Boltzmann equation, for obtaining the time-dependent behavior of the electron-velocity distribution function in a gas is presented. A unique feature of this technique is that, unlike previously used procedures, it does not make use of any expansion of the distribution function. This allows the full anisotropy of the distribution function to be included in the solution. Furthermore, the problem associated with multiterm-expansion techniques of choosing a sufficient number of terms for convergence is completely avoided. The distribution function obtained by the present method is exact and, in principle, contains all of the expansion terms of the previous procedures. Details of the algorithm, including stability conditions, treatment of the boundaries, and evaluation of the collision integrals, are presented. This technique has been applied for obtaining the time-dependent behavior of electron swarms in gaseous argon and neon for various values of E/N (the ratio of the applied uniform dc field to the gas density), and the corresponding results are presented.
Designing and Implementing a Computer Literacy Course in a Graduate Clinical/Counseling Psychology Program

This article describes the development and implementation of a computer literacy course in a graduate clinical/counseling psychology program. The rationale, objectives, and outline of the course are discussed. The activities and software programs used in teaching the course are also mentioned. Computer literacy objectives for other courses are summarized and suggestions are included for others interested in developing a similar course.
Human Stair Ascent and Descent Simulations

Human stair ascent and descent are simulated in this work by using a skeletal digital human model with 55 degrees of freedom (DOFs). Hybrid predictive dynamics approach is used to predict the stair climbing motion with weapons and backpacks. In this process, the model predicts joints dynamics using optimization schemes and task-based physical constraints. The results indicated that the model can realistically match human motion and ground reaction forces data during stair climbing tasks. This can be used in human health domain such as leg prosthesis design.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Optimum Conditions for Maximum Power in Class A Amplifiers

By following a simple analysis, it is shown that there are three cases for which optimum operating conditions may be established for class A amplifiers. These are for (I) the small signal, (II) the fixed quiescent plate voltage, and (III) the fixed quiescent plate dissipation. There is a "best" operating condition, which might be considered as a fourth case, if both the quiescent plate voltage and the quiescent plate dissipation are fixed. For cases (I) and (II) the results are definite and give R=r p and R=2r p but for (III) R=20r p and for the fourth condition R=8r p . In the last two conditions R is not exactly the same for all tube types but depends to some extent on the tube characteristic. The undistorted power delivered to the load for these cases varies by a factor of nearly 3.
A Note on Calculating the π* Index of Fit for the Analysis of Contingency Tables:

Rudas, Clogg, and Lindsay (1994) proposed a mixture index-of-fit approach for evaluating goodness of fit in the analysis of contingency tables. Clogg, Rudas, and Xi (1995) applied this approach to the analysis of models for mobility tables. The maximum likelihood estimate of the mixture index of fit π* can be obtained by the expectation and maximization (EM) algorithm. The objective of this article is to describe an alternative algorithm, using sequential quadratic programming (SQP). Two major advantages SQP holds over the EM algorithm are the following: (1) The speed of convergence is greatly increased and (2) SQP is more general than the EM algorithm of Rudas et al. and does not require explicit maximum likelihood estimates. The SQP algorithm is available in the MATLAB package; a sample code is provided in the appendix.
Adenoviral infectivity of exfoliated viable cells in urine: Implications for the detection of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer, the 5th most common malignancy in the USA, is often detected as a result of incidental findings or by presenting hematuria. Once diagnosed the disease is one of the costliest cancers to treat due to frequent, invasive and often lifelong follow-up procedures. Because cells are shed into urine, there has been an emerging effort to develop non-invasive tests for the detection of bladder cancer. Expression of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, has been associated with bladder cancer. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of transducing viable exfoliated cells obtained from urine with an adenoviral vector in which a reporter gene is under the control of the survivin promoter. Exfoliated cells from urine were obtained from 36 human subjects (> 40 years old). An adenovirus in which GFP expression is under control of the survivin promoter (Ad.Surv.GFP) was generated. An adenovirus in which GFP is expressed from the CMV promoter served as a control. GFP expression was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy and quantified by flow cytometry. Short-term cultures from exfoliated cells in urine could be established in 16 of 31 samples. These cultures were successfully transduced with Ad.CMV.GFP. Analysis of GFP expression following transduction with Ad.Surv.GFP, indicated that the survivin promoter was preferentially active in UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cells compared to non-malignant UROtsa cells. Interestingly, baseline levels of GFP expression in cultures from exfoliated cells in urine exhibited higher baseline levels than UROtsa following transduction with Ad.Surv.GFP. We demonstrated the feasibility of establishing and analysing short-term cultures isolated from exfoliated cells in voided urine by means of adenoviral transduction, thereby forming the foundation for future studies to determine the specificity and sensitivity of a non-invasive test based on survivin promoter activity.
Contextual Regulation of Inflammation: A Duet by Transforming Growth Factor-β and Interleukin-10

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are regulatory cytokines with pleiotropic roles in the immune system. The prominent function of TGF-beta is to maintain T cell tolerance to self or innocuous environmental antigens via its direct effects on the differentiation and homeostasis of effector and regulatory T cells. A critical route for the regulation of T cells by TGF-beta is via activation of a T cell-produced latent form of TGF-beta1 by dendritic cell-expressed avbeta8 integrin. IL-10 operates primarily as a feedback inhibitor of exuberant T cell responses to microbial antigens. T cells are also the principal producers of IL-10, the expression of which is regulated by IL-27, IL-6, and TGF-beta. The collective activity of TGF-beta and IL-10 ensures a controlled inflammatory response specifically targeting pathogens without evoking excessive immunopathology to self-tissues.
Hydrodehalogenation with sonochemically prepared Mo2C and W2C

Abstract The catalytic hydrodehalogenation (HDH) of several halogenated organic compounds was performed over sonochemically prepared molybdenum carbide and tungsten carbide at low temperatures ( T =200–300 °C). Both catalysts were selective, active, and stable for all substrates tested. Benzene was observed as the major product for the HDH of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodobenzene, with activities following the trend of C 6 H 5 F>C 6 H 5 Cl>C 6 H 5 Br>C 6 H 5 I. For the HDH of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Cl was selectively removed over F and alkanes were the major product. In the liquid phase, the HDH of polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls resulted in biphenyl as the only product. The HDH of substrates bearing aliphatic C–Cl bonds occurs faster than those with arene C–Cl bonds. Time-on-stream studies of HDH of chlorobenzene show high stability for the sonochemically prepared catalysts, with half-lives as long as 600 h.
CO2-plume geothermal (CPG) heat extraction in multi-layered geologic reservoirs

Abstract CO2-Plume Geothermal (CPG) technology involves injecting CO2 into natural, highly permeable geologic units to extract energy. The subsurface CO2 absorbs heat from the reservoir, buoyantly rises to the surface, and drives a power generation system. The CO2 is then cooled and reinjected underground. Here, we analyze the effects of multi-layered geologic reservoirs on CPG system performance by examining the CO2 mass fraction in the produced fluid, pore-fluid pressure buildup during operation, and heat energy extraction rates. The produced CO2 mass fraction depends on the stratigraphic positions of highly permeable layers which also affect the pore-fluid pressure drop across the reservoir.
Relationship of Biochemical Outcome to Percentage of Positive Biopsies in Men with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Treated with Permanent Interstitial Brachytherapy

OBJECTIVES Recent studies have demonstrated that the percentage of positive prostate needle biopsies (PPBs) is an independent predictor of biochemical failure (BF) after radical prostatectomy and external beam radiotherapy. Few studies have confirmed this phenomenon in patients treated with permanent interstitial brachytherapy. We conducted an analysis to determine the clinical utility of the PPBs in predicting BF after permanent interstitial brachytherapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. METHODS The clinical and pathologic data from 245 hormone-naive patients with clinical Stage T1c-T2cNxM0 prostate cancer who had undergone permanent prostate brachytherapy from 1992 to 2002 at our institution were retrospectively evaluated. The PPBs, preimplant prostate-specific antigen, and biopsy Gleason score were evaluated as predictors of BF after brachytherapy. The risk of BF was calculated using logistic regression models. The time to BF was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS The median PPBs in our study cohort was 27%. The risk of BF was 10.9% for those with a PPBs less than the median versus 26.2% for those with a PPBs greater than the median. A PPBs greater than the median was an independent predictor of BF on multivariate analysis (relative risk 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.21 to 4.39, P = 0.011). In the time-to-failure models, the PPBs, prostate-specific antigen level, and Gleason score were significantly associated with BF. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the PPBs is significantly associated with BF in patients undergoing permanent interstitial brachytherapy. The PPBs, along with the pretreatment prostate-specific antigen level and Gleason biopsy score, is a useful preoperative parameter in predicting for BF and the time to failure for patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy.
CSF β-endorphin-immunoreactivity in normal, schiziphrenic, depressed, manic and anorexic subjects

beta-Endorphin immunoreactivity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid of 75 medication-free subjects: normal, depressed, schizophrenic, and anorexic. No significant differences in beta-endorphin immunoreactivity were found. Affinity extraction chromatography revealed beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin, but no apparent precursors.
Aircraft Measurements of the Subsynoptic-Scale Properties of the Monsoonal Onset-Vortex of 1979

Abstract This paper reports an analysis of the uninterrupted 1 s resolution data on a constant mid-tropospheric level collected by the NCAR Electra on 16 June 1979 over the Arabian Sea. The Electra completely encircled a well-developed cyclone during this MONEX1 flight mission. It is found that the subsynoptic-scale vertical velocity field consists of a distinct mesoscale as well as a convective scale component. Their prevalent wavelengths are about 30 km and 6 km, respectively. The updrafts are typically 1–3 m s−1 and the downdrafts ∼-1.0 m s−1. The meridional velocity spectrum is similar to that of the vertical velocity in the convective scale range. There is a significant upward flux of momentum associated with these motions. The moisture and liquid water fluxes axe also statistically significant. The fluctuations of the horizontal velocity components in the mesoscale range may be modeled by those of a Markov process with an autoregressive coefficient of 0.99. This is equivalent to having the spectra c...
A case series of hospitalized patients with elevated digoxin levels

Abstract PURPOSE: Although there is renewed enthusiasm for the use of digoxin in patients with heart failure, current dosing guidelines are based on a nomogram published in 1974. We studied the incidence of and risk factors for elevated digoxin levels in patients admitted to a community hospital, and compared their dosage regimens to published guidelines. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts of all patients who had serum digoxin levels greater than 2.4 ng/mL during a 6-month period. We collected demographic and clinical data, indications for digoxin use, digoxin dosage, concurrent medications, laboratory data, and clinical and electrocardiographic features of digoxin toxicity. RESULTS: Of the 1,433 patients with digoxin assays, 115 (8%) patients had elevated levels. Of the 82 patients with complete records and correctly timed digoxin levels, 59 (72%) had electrocardiographic or clinical features of digoxin toxicity. Patients with serum digoxin levels >2.4 ng/mL were slightly older (78 ± 8 versus 73 ± 9 years of age; P = 0.12) and had greater serum creatinine levels (3.1 ± 7.3 versus 1.4 ± 0.3 mg/dL; P = 0.01) than those with levels ≤2.4 ng/mL. Forty-seven patients had elevated digoxin levels on admission, including 21 patients admitted for digoxin toxicity. Impaired or worsening renal function contributed to high levels in 37 patients, and a drug interaction was a contributory factor in 10 cases. Twenty (43%) of these patients were taking the recommended maintenance dose based on the scheme employed in the Digitalis Investigation Group study. Thirty-five patients developed high digoxin levels while in hospital. In 26 patients, this followed a loading dose of digoxin for the control of rapid atrial fibrillation. Impaired renal function was implicated in all of these patients. Despite the elevated digoxin level, rate control was achieved in only 11 patients of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated digoxin levels and clinical toxicity remains a common adverse drug reaction. Elderly patients, particularly those with impaired renal function and low body weights, are at the greatest risk. As published digoxin nomograms often result in toxicity, clinical variables need to be monitored. In patients with congestive heart failure and normal sinus rhythm the potential benefit of digoxin is small; thus, patients should receive a dose that minimizes the risk of toxicity. For patients with new onset atrial fibrillation, other agents may be preferable for rate control.
Error contributor of defocus and quadratic caustic in line scale measurement

Measurement error resulting from the defocus and quadratic caustic of a line-detecting microscope in line scale measurement was investigated. The relationship between the lateral shift and defocus was clarified and a procedure for measuring the lateral shift without changing the tilt of the line scale under measurement was proposed. An experiment was performed on line scale measurement to demonstrate the proposed measurement procedure using a line scale calibration system. The calibration system used in this experiment was a one-dimensional, laser-interferometric length measurement system for line scales developed by Nikon. The calibration system features a reduced Abbe's error, laser interferometer paths installed in vacuum and real-time calibration of the wavelength of the Zeeman laser, which is used for length measurement, using a 633 nm iodine-stabilized He–Ne laser. The line scale used for the experiment was 300 mm in length, and made of glass ceramics. The experimental result of the lateral shift stemming from the defocus and quadratic caustic of the optics of the line-detecting microscope was approximately 4 nm for a defocus range of ±10 µm. The possibility of reducing this type of error was also discussed.
The threat of unionism and wage-coverage effects

This study finds that the union/nonunion wage differential decreases with local labor-market coverage. In general, SMSA coverage has a negligible impact on union wages, and nonunion wages increase significantly with coverage. This is consistent with strong threat effects operating at the local labor-market level. As with most other wage-coverage studies, however, union wages increase more quickly with industry coverage than do nonunion wages. These results support the argument that distinctly different economic processes underlie local labormarket and industry-coverage effects. Economies in the provision of union services imply that union threat effects will be most salient at the local labor-market level. Industry wage-coverage relationships are dominated by the positive effect of product-market coverage on union bargaining power. Estimated coverage effects vary by major industry groupings and are sensitive to changes in the specification of the wage equations.
Polymer-Surfactant Interactions in Flotation of Quartz

Abstract Separation of minerals currently often involves the use of polymers along with surfactants. Polymer-surfactant interactions in flotation are studied here for quartz, which along with clay is present in coal, oil shale etc., using nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants. Polymers are found under most conditions to affect flotation. It can activate or depress flotation markedly depending on the nature of the charge of the reagents. Possible mechanisms by which flotation is affected by the polymers are discussed. Reasons for the observed maximum in flotation vs. amine concentration are also considered here briefly.
Changing neuroendocrine function during aging: Impact on diurnal and pulsatile rhythms

Several aspects of hypothalamic regulation of hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland change with age. Virtually all pituitary hormones are secreted in a pulsatile manner and exhibit a diurnal rhythm. Hence, age-related changes occur not only in the average concentration of a hormone, but also in its diurnal and pulsatile pattern of secretion. These changes in rhythmicity play an important role in aging of female reproductive capacity. Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the release of hypothalamic hormones and in the patterns of neurotransmitter activity occur during aging and may play a major role in reproductive aging by influencing pituitary function and ovarian follicular development and ovulation. We will present evidence that changes in the biological rhythms of hormone secretion and neurotransmitter activity occur during middle age and may contribute to the cascade of interactive events leading to the menopause.