cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Career Development and Vocational Behavior, 1987: A Review.

Abstract This article contains a review of literature relevant to career development and vocational behavior available during 1987. The two major review segments (vocational choice and career development, and vocational behavior in organizations) cover the literature on theory, research, and practice related to the individual and his or her preparatory and actual work experiences. Concluding comments on the reviewed literature and recommendations for future research are provided.
Dimensions of strategic choice

The role of environmental scanning. The key to effective strategy lies in matching a firm's capabilities with opportunities in the external environment. This gives environmental scanning a central role in the strategy process. However, the effectiveness of the scanning activity depends on the balanced judgment of the planners—you don't want too limited an analysis, nor do you want to waste time on irrelevant factors.
Intravitreous Injection of a Membrane Depolarization Agent Causes Retinal Degeneration Via Matrix Metalloproteinase-9

Purpose: Membrane depolarization and subsequent synaptic release of L-glutamate have been implicated in ischemic retinal damage. However, the mechanisms that lead to retinal damage are poorly understood. In this study, we injected KCl, a classical membrane depolarizing agent, and have investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in KCl-induced retinal damage.
Atmospheric oxygen level influences alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase activities in sweetpotato roots

Summary Alcoholic fermentation enzyme activities in sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas L. Lam, cv. Beauregard) roots varied with atmospheric O 2 content (0, 1, 1.5, 5, and 21 % O 2 ) at 22 ± 2 °C. Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activity and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity were assayed at their experimentally determined pH optima and increased significantly when roots were placed under anoxic atmospheres (generally ≤1.5 % O 2 ). PDC activity increased more than ADH activity in response to anoxia. PDC activity was 21- to 28-fold less than ADH activity under aerobic conditions, but was 6- to 8-fold less under anoxic atmospheres. Both PDC and ADH activities significantly decreased after transfer from anoxic atmospheres to air. However, PDC activity decreased more rapidly and reached a level similar to aerobic conditions, indicating PDC was more sensitive to oxygen availability than ADH. Generally, PDC and ADH activities continued to increase during the first 4.5 d of low oxygen exposure. PDC activity was strongly correlated to ADH activity during the entire 14.5 d exposure period to low oxygen atmospheres. A strong correlation existed between PDC activity and acetaldehyde concentration (R 2 = 0.95), but a weak correlation existed between ADH activity and ethanol concentration (R 2 = 0.52). Our results explicitly suggest that PDC is likely to be the rate-limiting enzyme in alcoholic fermentation of sweetpotatoes under low oxygen atmospheres.
Pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities of Ascaris muscle, Hymenolepis diminuta and Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract 1. 1. Marked differences in pyruvate kinase activities were found to occur in three parasitic helminths. In Ascaris muscle the avtivity of this enzyme was 100–200 times lower than in Schistosoma mansoni and 10 times lower than in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. 2. 2. It appears that in these three helmints fermentation in the direction 3. of either succinate or lactate is controlled by the competing activities of pyruvate kinase and PEP carboxykinase. 4. 3. In the muscle of Ascaris which produced no appreaciable quantities of lactate, the ratio of pyruvate kinase to PEP carboxykinase activities was 0·04. 5. 4. In H. diminuta, this ratio was 5 times higher; lactate is a minor and succinate is a major fermentation product of this parasite. 6. 5. By contrast, lactate formation accounts for virtually all carbohydrate utilized by S. mansoni. In thos organism pyruvate kinase activity was found to be 5·0–9·3 times higher than PEP carboxykinase activity.
TNF-α Up-Regulates Protein Level and Cell Surface Expression of the Leptin Receptor by Stimulating Its Export via a PKC-Dependent Mechanism

Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation/cytokines may modulate hypothalamic responses to leptin, which is a key regulator of energy homeostasis and inflammatory/stress responses. We investigated a possible role of TNF-, a key early mediator of inflammation, in regulating the expression and trafficking of the long-isoform leptin receptor (LEPRb), the primary mediator of leptin signaling, in cultured cells. We found that TNF- in a wide range of concentrations upregulated LEPRb protein level and soluble LEPR (sLEPR) release via ectodomain shedding of LEPRb in multiple cell types, including neuronal cells. TNF- also acutely increased LEPRb cell surface expressionandleptin-inducedSTAT3phosphorylation.Incontrast,TNF-hadnosignificanteffects on the protein level or cell surface expression of several other transmembrane proteins, including the transferrin receptor and cadherin. The stimulatory effects of TNF- on LEPRb cell surface expression and sLEPR release were not dependent on de novo protein synthesis or functional lysosomes but were blocked by brefeldin A, suggesting that an intact Golgi or continuous endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport of newly synthesized proteins is required for these effects. However, TNF-did not increase the half-life of cell surface LEPRb. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X abrogated the effects of TNF-, whereas the pan-PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate mimicked the TNF- effects. Taken together, our results suggest that TNF-, via activation of PKC, regulates anterograde trafficking and/or degradation of LEPRb in the biosynthetic pathway, leading to concomitant increases in LEPRb protein level, cell surface expression, and sLEPR production. The finding that LEPRb cell surface expression and sLEPR production, key modulators of leptin sensitivity and bioavailability, are direct targets of TNF- signaling could have a potentially important implication in the regulation of leptin signaling activity in different pathophysiological conditions as diverse as obesity and sepsis. (Endocrinology 153: 5821–5833, 2012)
Evaluation of the teratogenic effects of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and dimethylhydrazine on embryos of Xenopus laevis, the South African Clawed Toad

Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to hydrazine and its methylated derivatives, (mono)methylhydrazine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). Concentrations of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and UDMH in excess of 10 mg/1 were teratogenic; SDMH was teratogenic at concentrations of 50 mg/1 or greater. Exposure to lower concentrations permitted survival and development into normal larvae. The period of embryogenesis during which exposure to hydrazine was teratogenic was during neurulation. Exposure to these compounds at later or earlier periods affected viability but was not teratogenic. The malformations affected the head, trunk, and tail. The most common abnormality observed was tail kinks. Other abnormalities were microcephaly, cyclopia, shortening of the trunk, and edema. All malformed embryos also had abnormal notochords. The possible relation of notochordal abnormality to the pathogenesis of other malformations is discussed.
NERVE SPARING EXTRAVESICAL REPAIR OF BILATERAL VESICOURETERAL REFLUX: DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUE AND EVALUATION OF URINARY RETENTION

ABSTRACT Purpose: Prolonged urinary retention remains a controversial and feared complication following bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation. We report a modified approach to limit detrusor nerve damage during extravesical correction of bilateral ureteral reflux that significantly reduces this adverse outcome. Materials and Methods: A modified approach to the distal detrusor dissection and ureteral mobilization, along with limited periureteral dissection, was used to perform this technique. A retrospective review of 50 patients undergoing bilateral nerve sparing extravesical ureteral reimplantation (NSEVR) by a single surgeon between 1997 and 2002 was completed. Patient age, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade, length of hospital stay, length of surgery and outcome were evaluated. Results: The study included 36 girls and 14 boys, with an average age of 4 years 11 months (range 1 to 14 years). Average preoperative VUR grade was 2.61 (range 1 to 5). Average length of surgery when NSEVR was the only procedure performed was 105 minutes (range 54 to 185) and average length of hospital stay was 1.76 days (0 to 3). Transient urinary retention developed in 1 child on postoperative day 1, with a successful trial of voiding the next day. The rate of immediate urinary retention was 2%. There was no long-term urinary retention, voiding dysfunction or urinary tract infections. Conclusions: NSEVR for the correction of bilateral VUR is a simple modification that provides a reproducible and minimally invasive approach to treatment. We believe that limited distal ureteral dissection, preservation of the medial ureterovesical hiatus and judicious manipulation of the surrounding tissues result in elimination of long-term urinary retention.
Conversion of Tallgrass Prairie to Woodland: Consequences for Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling

Abstract Woody plant encroachment and proliferation in grasslands is occurring worldwide and has significant but variable effects on ecosystem processes, including primary production, litter decomposition, and N cycling. In mesic systems, recent reports suggest aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is stimulated by grass-to-woodland conversion; however, significant losses of soil C may accompany this land cover change in these environments. This study aimed to quantify how changes in plant production inputs (both above- and belowground), litter decomposition, and N cycling may feed back to reduce soil C pools in a mesic tallgrass prairie in central Texas, USA, that has undergone grass-to-woodland conversion over the past 60–70 y. Belowground net primary production (BNPP) in woodland was half that of adjacent grassland, and contrary to recent reports, no significant differences in ANPP between the two vegetation types were observed. Decomposition rates of aboveground woody and grass material were surpr...
Dynamic element retrieval in a structured environment

This research examines the feasibility of dynamic element retrieval in a structured environment. Structured documents and queries are represented in extended vector form, based on a modification of the basic vector space model suggested by Fox [1983]. A method for the dynamic retrieval of XML elements, which requires only a single indexing of the documents at the level of the basic indexing node, is presented. This method, which we refer to as flexible retrieval, produces a rank ordered list of retrieved elements that is equivalent to the result produced by the same retrieval against an all-element index of the collection. Flexible retrieval obviates the need for storing either an all-element index or multiple indices of the collection.
SMOKE GETS IN YOUR EYES: CIGARETTE SMOKING AS DEVIANT BEHAVIOR*

This article focuses on the long-standing, but recently intensified controversy over cigarette smoking. In the late 1960s and the 1970s a variety of laws and regulations were implemented to regulate smoking and the smoker. Initially these strictures were what Gusfield terms assimilative, but more recently they have become coercive. In 1978, for example, a California referendum to ban smoking in most public places was narrowly defeated. Many view this controversy using a medical model or emphasizing the conflicting rights of smokers and nonsmokers. We analyze it as a status battle between pro and antismoking vested interests. Using data from a variety of primary and secondary sources such as government statistics, corporate reports, state codes, marketing reports and public opinion polls, we focus on the political, economic and organizational forces which have militated for or against changes. At stake is the symbolic definition of a behavior as socially approved or illegitimate and the consequent denigration of the losers. We predict more and increasingly militant confrontations between pro and antismoking forces, both at the individual and collective level.
Magnetic ordering of ferric oxide within SiO2-based mesoporous materials

Abstract Nanostructural ferric oxide was encapsulated within one-dimensional (1-D) silicate mesoporous molecular materials, resulting in the formation of nanocomposites. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by UV–vis, IR, TEM, EPR and X-ray diffraction. The occluded Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures were found to evince optical spectra and magnetic properties that were significantly different from that of bulk Fe 2 O 3 . EPR measurements indicate that the various nanocomposites (whose dimensions were controllable by the pore sizes of the silicate materials), when sufficiently loaded with small Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles, possess nonzero absorptions at zero applied magnetic field, as well as significant microwave absorption capacities as a function of applied magnetic field strength.
A novel sit and wait reproductive strategy in social wasps

I present evidence indicating that a subset of spring females in the social wasp Polistes dominulus do not initiate colonies but rather 'sit and wait' to adopt colonies initiated and abandoned by other conspecifics. These results are, to my knowledge, the first to demonstrate conclusively this alternative reproductive strategy in social wasps. Individuals engaging in the sit-and-wait strategy behave selfishly by adopting the most mature nests available; such nests will produce workers sooner than less mature nests and, consequently, are more likely to survive. The sit-and-wait reproductive strategy may safeguard an individual from early-season, foraging-related mortality as well as reduce early-season energy expenditure.
Nipped-A, the Tra1/TRRAP Subunit of the Drosophila SAGA and Tip60 Complexes, Has Multiple Roles in Notch Signaling during Wing Development

The Notch receptor controls development by activating transcription of specific target genes in response to extracellular signals. The factors that control assembly of the Notch activator complex on target genes and its ability to activate transcription are not fully known. Here we show, through genetic and molecular analysis, that the Drosophila Nipped-A protein is required for activity of Notch and its coactivator protein, mastermind, during wing development. Nipped-A and mastermind also colocalize extensively on salivary gland polytene chromosomes, and reducing Nipped-A activity decreases mastermind binding. Nipped-A is the fly homologue of the yeast Tra1 and human TRRAP proteins and is a key component of both the SAGA and Tip60 (NuA4) chromatin-modifying complexes. We find that, like Nipped-A, the Ada2b component of SAGA and the domino subunit of Tip60 are also required for mastermind function during wing development. Based on these results, we propose that Nipped-A, through the action of the SAGA and Tip60 complexes, facilitates assembly of the Notch activator complex and target gene transcription.
Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on breast reconstruction

With advances in oncologic treatment, cosmesis after breast surgery has assumed a pivotal role in patient and provider decision making. Reconstruction, once was delayed for months after surgery, has proven oncologically sound and presents little additional risk of morbidity—whether autologous or prosthetic—when undertaken simultaneously with primary breast surgery.1–3 By avoiding an additional procedure and achieving an immediate improvement in cosmetic result, the advantages for patients, both psychological and financial, have made immediate reconstruction a desired option for many.4–6 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy also has become a critical component of modern breast cancer care. By reducing tumor burden in both the breast and the axilla, women may achieve complete resections with less extensive operations.7,8 To date, randomized controlled trials have reported equivalent recurrence rates, disease-free survival rates, and overall survival rates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy.7,9 In addition, neoadjuvant therapy has both prognostic and prescriptive value. Treatment response is predictive of long-term survival, whereas nonresponse may inform future chemotherapy choices.8,10 However, despite their independent advantages, little is known about how decisions for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immediate reconstruction influence each other when used concurrently.11 Although it has been demonstrated that apprehensions about delays in adjuvant treatment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immediate reconstruction are largely unwarranted,12 the interaction between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the receipt of reconstruction is not well-described. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is 1 of several clinical scenarios in which individual surgeon preference may have an impact on the timing of reconstruction. In the current study, we sought to characterize how neoadjuvant chemotherapy influenced the use of immediate breast reconstruction in a cohort of patients from a large tertiary cancer center with a multiprovider, multipractice, multisite plastics and reconstructive referral network. We hypothesized that patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy would be less likely to undergo immediate reconstruction after controlling for other clinical characteristics, possibly because of complications during chemotherapy or treatment fatigue.
Papillomatous growths on internal genitalia of bitches administered the synthetic estrogen Trans-4,′4-dimethyl-α,α′-diethylstilbene

Abstract Daily po administration of the synthetic estrogen trans -4,4′-dimethyl-α,α′-diethylstilbene to bitches for 30 days resulted in papillomatous growths on the serosal surfaces of ovaries and uteri. The morphology resembled that of the naturally occurring papillary type of ovarian cystadenomas and the papillary adenocarcinomas induced by long-term administration of diethylstilbesterol. However, preliminary evidence suggested that the growths were reversible as evidenced by total regression within 200 days following treatment. Alopecia and vulvar edema occurred in treated bitches but disappeared within a few months after treatment.
Oxidative Stress and the Etiology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes

The condition of oxidative stress arises when oxidant production exceeds antioxidant activity in cells and plasma. The overabundance of oxidants is mechanistically connected to the multifactorial etiology of insulin resistance, primarily in skeletal muscle tissue, and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. Two important mechanisms for this oxidant excess are (1) the mitochondrial overproduction of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion under conditions of energy surplus and (2) the enhanced activation of cellular NADPH oxidase via angiotensin II receptors. Several recent studies are reviewed that support the concept that direct exposure of mammalian skeletal muscle to an oxidant stress (including hydrogen peroxide) results in stimulation of the serine kinase p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and that the engagement of this stress-activated p38 MAPK signaling is mechanistically associated with diminished insulin-dependent stimulation of insulin signaling elements and glucose transport activity. The beneficial interactions between the antioxidant α-lipoic acid and the advanced glycation end-product inhibitor pyridoxamine that ameliorate oxidant stress-associated defects in whole-body and skeletal-muscle insulin action in the obese Zucker rat, a model of prediabetes, are also addressed. Overall, this review highlights the importance of oxidative stress in the development of insulin resistance in mammalian skeletal muscle tissue, at least in part via a p38-MAPK-dependent mechanism, and indicates that interventions that reduce this oxidative stress and oxidative damage can improve insulin action in insulin-resistant animal models. Strategies to prevent and ameliorate oxidative stress remain important in the overall treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
The Nuclear Spin of Deuterium

By the methods of photographic photometry, the alternating intensities in emission of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}v=0$ sequence of the Fulcher bands of deuterium have been investigated in order to determine the nuclear spin. The alternation of intensities was determined for the $P$, $Q$ and $R$ branches of each of the 5 bands studied. The average value of $\frac{{g}_{s}}{{g}_{a}}$ obtained from 4 plates is 1.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03. This value agrees best with the theoretical ratio of 2 and a consequent nuclear spin of 1. Since the even rotational levels are more intense than the odd levels, the nucleus obeys Bose-Einstein statistics.
Aquaculture as a vector for marine invasions in California

Although ballast water and hull fouling are widely recognized as important vectors for marine invasions, the risk posed by commercial aquaculture remains poorly quantified. To understand the importance of aquaculture as an invasion vector in California, we conducted an analysis of both current and historical introductions of marine and estuarine species associated with aquaculture using a comprehensive database (‘NEMESIS’) and permitting records for species imported into California. Our results showed that 126 non-native species associated with commercial aquaculture have been reported from California waters and 106 of these have become established. The vast majority are unintentional introductions linked to historical importation practices of the aquaculture industry. To understand the consequences of these invasions, we reviewed the literature on the impacts of mollusk and algal species introduced into California via aquaculture. Of the few studies we found, the majority demonstrated negative impacts on native species. Finally and significantly, we found that changes in aquaculture importation practices over the past decade have resulted in most shellfish currently being imported as larvae or juveniles. Consequently, rates of unintentional introductions have been reduced. We cautiously conclude that current aquaculture importation in California represents a minor risk as a vector for introductions of NIS.
Abrupt changes in visual stimulation enhance processing of form and location information.

Two experiments investigated the role that abrupt changes in stimulation play in the processing of visual information. In both experiments, the prestimulus field contained a linear array of alternating characters and the target field contained a single target character in one of the positions of the prestimulus array. The target character was either identical to the character in the prestimulus array in that position (no-form change) or was a different character (form change). In the first experiment, the duration of the prestimulus array was 500 msec, and judgments about both the target’s form and location were found to be more accurate in the form-change condition. In the second experiment, the duration of the prestimulus array was varied from 10 to 320 msec. A general decrease was found in performance (in both form and location judgments) as the duration of the prestimulus array was increased. The detrimental effect of increasing the duration of the prestimulus array was larger for no-form-change than for form-change trials. These results are accounted for by a quantitative model that assumes that a stimulus onset initiates a brief period of rapid information processing, followed by a period with reduced rate of processing.
Role of Zinc in the Regulation of Autophagy During Ethanol Exposure in Human Hepatoma Cells

Faulty autophagy has been linked to various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Increasing evidence support the notion that activation of autophagy protects against ethanol-induced steatosis and liver injury. Herein, we investigated the role of zinc in autophagy in human hepatoma cells VL-17A exposed or not to ethanol. LC3II/LC3I ratio, p62, and Beclin-1 expression and autophagosomes number were determined in cells incubated in medium containing various concentrations of zinc with or without ethanol. In addition, labile zinc and mRNA expression of metallothionein and the zinc transporters SLC39A8, SLC39A14, and SLC30A10 were evaluated in cells exposed to ethanol and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Zinc depletion caused a significant suppression of autophagy in cells. Conversely, zinc addition to medium stimulated autophagy in cells. Moreover, cotreatment with ethanol and excess zinc (40 μM) had an additive effect on the induction of autophagy. 3-methyadenine treatment decreased labile zinc, but this effect was more pronounced in cells exposed to ethanol. Lastly, ethanol and 3-methyladenine caused significant changes in the expression of metallothionein and zinc transporters. The results from this study support the hypothesis that zinc is critical for autophagy under basal conditions and during ethanol exposure.
Effect of urethral compliance on the steady state p-Q relationships assessed with a mechanical analog of the male lower urinary tract.

Aims Using a lumped parameter theoretical model of bladder outlet function, we previously explored the relationship between the tube law of the urethra and the pressure-flow characteristics during micturition [Mijailovich et al., 2004]. To validate this theoretical model, we constructed a mechanical analog of the male lower urinary tract that incorporated elements simulating all relevant parameters of the theoretical model. In addition, we determined the effect of alterations in compliance of the flow-controlling zone on these relationships. Methods In the mechanical analog, the bladder neck and urethra were represented by a thin-walled conduit made of latex rubber and the prostate with a fluid filled cuff of variable compliance encircling the conduit. We measured in the same system steady-state pressure-flow (p-Q) and pressure-area (p-A) relationships of the flow-controlling zone. The effects of bladder outlet obstruction and prostatic compliance on these relationships were simulated by varying cuff pressure and capacitative coupling of the cuff, respectively. Results We demonstrated two previously described flow regimes—critical for low Q, and subcritical for higher Q. In the critical flow regime, the cross-sectional area of the collapsible conduit downstream of the cuff became narrow up to a site where the area suddenly expanded (elastic jump). Pressure losses across the cuff region decreased with increasing Q as the elastic jump approached the cuff, and the jump vanished when Q became subcritical. By altering prostatic cuff compliance and cuff pressure, we showed that an increase in opening pressures was associated with a steeper p-Q relationship. Conclusions Using this mechanical analog, the measurements of p-A and p-Q relationships under various experimental conduit conditions validated our previous theoretical model of the male lower urinary tract. Both the experimental measurements and our previous theoretical model predictions indicate that an increase in opening pressure is associated with an increase in the slope of the p-Q relationship which becomes steeper with decreased cuff compliance. These data are in accordance with urodynamic findings in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and suggest that a reduction in prostatic compliance exacerbates the severity of obstruction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:234–246, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adherence to asthma medication regimens in urban African American adolescents: application of self-determination theory.

Objective: Asthma medication adherence is low, particularly among African American adolescents, a high-risk group with respect to asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. This study tested the utility of self-determination theory (SDT), a theory of motivation, to explain adherence to asthma medication regimens in African American adolescents. Method: We used baseline data from 168 urban African American adolescents (Mage 13.94 years; 61% male) with poorly controlled asthma who were part of a trial testing the efficacy of interventions to improve adherence. Participants and their caregivers were interviewed using the Family Asthma Management System Scale; this study used the Asthma Medication Adherence subscale. Adolescents completed four asthma-specific scales representing the SDT constructs of autonomous motivation (one importance scale), competence (one confidence scale), and relatedness (two scales—family routines and parental support). Using multiple linear regression, we tested the hypothesis that SDT variables would predict adherence. Results: Adherence was significantly correlated with three SDT variables—importance, confidence, and family routines. In multivariate analysis, family routines was the only significant predictor of asthma adherence (p .001). Asthma management behaviors integrated into and shared among family members was associated with better adherence. Greater confidence was marginally associated with increased adherence (p .07). Conclusion: Though several variables representing SDT constructs were correlated with adherence, results demonstrate that family routines may be more relevant for African American adolescents’ adherence than other SDT constructs. Thus, helping families to share and better integrate asthma care into daily schedules may be an important intervention strategy to improve medication adherence among high-risk African American adolescents.
A conference's impact on undergraduate female students

In September of 2000, the 3rd Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing was held in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Along with a colleague from a nearby university, we accompanied seven of our female undergraduate students to this conference. This paper reports on how the conference experience immediately affected these students --- what impressed them, what scared them, what it clarified for them. It also reports on how the context in which these students currently evaluate their ability, potential and opportunity in computer science is different now from what it was before the conference. Hopefully, by understanding their experience, we can gain some insight into things we can do for all of our undergraduate female students to better support their computer science and engineering education.
Fictitious Fluid Approach and Anomalous Blow-up of the Dissipation Rate in a Two-Dimensional Model of Concentrated Suspensions

We present a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model of a highly concentrated suspension or a thin film of the rigid inclusions in an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Our objectives are two-fold: (i) to obtain all singular terms in the asymptotics of the effective viscous dissipation rate as the interparticle distance parameter δ tends to zero, (ii) to obtain a qualitative description of a microflow between neighboring inclusions in the suspension.
Relation of plasma thyroxine binding to thyroidal activity and determination of thyroxine binding proteins in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta

The ability of plasma to bind thyroxine (T4) was examined in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta, in relation to variations in thyroidal state associated with age, sex, environment, and surgical and chemical manipulations. Relative plasma binding activity was assessed by use of binding to [125I]T4 on minicolumns of Sephadex G-25 (fine). Hypothyroidism induced by surgical thyroidectomy (Tx) or goitrogen (Methimazole) treatment resulted in a marked depression of plasma binding (50- to 100-fold) in juveniles, and T4 treatment restored binding after 4–6 weeks in long-term Tx animals and increased levels in intact animals. Among intact turtles or those made slightly hypothyroid by partial thyroidectomy, binding was consistently correlated with plasma T4. For example, juvenile turtles kept under continuous light and constant temperature (28°) for 4.5 months showed a pronounced depression of plasma T4 (2.6 ± 1.1 ng/ml) and binding capacity compared to animals raised under variable conditions (T4 = 69.6 ± 22 ng/ml) for the last 2 months. Plasma T3 was < 1 ng/ml in all cases. Binding levels in adult turtles were similar to juveniles, but females had significantly higher binding levels than males which paralleled differences in their plasma T4 (137 ± 17.4 vs 83.9 ± 13.8 ng/ml). These variations in binding were independent of total plasma protein and albumin. Plasma T4 binding measured on Sephadex G-25 was reversible and reduced by addition of exogenous T4. The affinity for T3 was 10- to 100-fold less than for T4. When plasma preincubated with [125I]T4 was electrophoresed on polyacrylamide slab gels (7% nonreducing) only a small percentage of radiolabel was associated with albumin and the majority with a slower migrating protein(s). Addition of unlabeled T4 displaced binding from the slower migrating region to the albumin and dye front (unbound). In contrast, plasma from Tx turtles showed only minimal binding and radiolabel was associated primarily with the albumin fraction. Elution of proteins from gels confirmed that only the slower migrating components bound T4 when tested on Sephadex G-25, and Tx animals lacked this binding component. The protein(s) responsible for most of the T4 binding appears to exist in low concentration. Limited comparative studies with human blood showed a similar binding activity on Sephadex G-25, but electrophoretic mobilities of binding proteins were distinct from those in the turtle. Evidence suggests that this binding protein is not prealbumin. Thus, contrary to prevailing views for ectotherms, the levels of total plasma T4 in this turtle are higher than those typical of mammals and the turtle may possess a unique T4 binding protein that is functionally analogous to thyroxine binding globulins in mammals.
Field dependent enhancements of the NMR in antiferromagnets

Abstract The strongly field dependent enhancement η of the NMR in antiferromagnets leads to an ( H SF − H 0 ) -1 divergence of η and to the possibility, at some particular value of H 0 , for H rf to be totally screened. The latter effect is demonstrated for the 55 Mn NMR in MnF 2 .
The abstract Cauchy problem

Abstract A new approach is developed for investigating abstract Cauchy problems for first order systems of operator differential equations. Questions of existence, representation, and uniqueness for solutions of these systems are settled. Several applications are given and generalizations and extensions of the method are discussed.
Does Medium Matter? A Comparison of Initial Meeting Modes for Virtual Teams

Research Problem: There are no prior studies comparing modes of communication for virtual teams working over a substantial period of time that combined an initial synchronous desktop audio or video meeting with subsequent text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC). Research Questions: Does the initial medium condition impact decision-making quality, creativity, group development, and process satisfaction? Literature Review: Previous literature on media richness (the ability of a medium to carry and reproduce information based on feedback, multiple cues, language variety, and personal focus) and group outcomes (the level of creativity and quality of the work delivered by the group) suggests that ad-hoc groups using asynchronous CMC alone (without any initial meeting) or asynchronous CMC combined with an initial face-to-face (FTF) meeting have significantly higher levels of creativity and decision quality, compared to single-mode synchronous CMC groups or FTF groups. Methodology: In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted with 136 participants from 14 countries. All teams used asynchronous CMC for two weeks for a software requirements task, following an initial synchronous meeting in one of four conditions: FTF, desktop audioconferencing, desktop videoconferencing, or text only. Results and Discussion: Results suggest that there are no significant differences among the four conditions. This research indicates that it does not matter what medium is used for an initial short meeting of a group that is to subsequently work together via asynchronous text communication.
Improving the performance of enumerative search methods—I: exploiting structure and intelligence

Abstract Generally, branch and bound algorithms typically use mechanistic search strategies and generally do not fully exploit “local” information inherent in problem structures; i.e. specific problem-domain knowledge. Incorporating intelligence in branch and bound algorithms has been suggested by Glover, but not studied in a rigorous experimental framework. We use the mean tardiness job sequencing problem to explore these issues. This paper is divided into two Parts. In Part I, we provide the intuitive motivation for this investigation and an experimental framework. In Part II, we present detailed computational results and statistical analysis. The results indicate that branch and bound algorithms can be enhanced significantly by exploiting local knowledge of problem structure and more judicious search strategies.
Effect of acrylamide on the distribution of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP1 and MAP2) in selected regions of rat brain.

The effect of acrylamide treatment on the immunocytochemical localization of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP1 and MAP2) was studied in different brain regions (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus) of adult rats. Animals were treated with acrylamide (estimated mean dose: 15 mg/kg/d) orally for 2 wk when they showed slight hindlimb weakness. Immunoreactivity for MAP1 and MAP2 was detected in tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies according to the Sternberger’s peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Intense MAP1 immunoreactivity was observed in neuronal perikarya and dendrites, with faint staining in axons. By contrast, MAP2 immunostaining was selectively observed in dendrites and neuronal perikarya. Treatment of animals with acrylamide reduced immunoreactivity for both MAP1 and MAP2 in hippocampus and cerebellum, with relatively little change in cerebral cortex. Loss of MAPs immunoreactivity in affected brain areas likely proceeded from dendrite to perikaryon. The results of this study indicate that hippocampal compromise is part of the neurotoxic picture associated with rodent exposure to acrylamide.
Radiative corrections to electroweak parameters in technicolor theories

In models in which technicolor induces electroweak symmetry breaking, the relations between electroweak parameters will differ from those of the standard model. Even with the most conservative assumption that the only custodial SU(2) violating parameters are those in the standard model, there can be measurable corrections to standard model predictions. We present an effective field theory useful for calculating corrections to electroweak parameters. We then focus on technicolor models, for which we construct the low-energy effective theory and calculate the correction to the W-mass from the pseudo-goldstone boson states.
Recognition of Central Nervous System Metastases in Children with Metastatic Primary Extracranial Neuroblastoma

In children with primary extracranial neuroblastoma (NB), intrinsic central nervous system (CNS) metastases (brain parenchyma or leptomeninges) are thought to occur rarely. This study was done to evaluate our anecdotal experience, which suggested that CNS involvement is becoming more frequent. Reports of computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scans, biopsies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytologies, and autopsies were reviewed for children with stage IV NB diagnosed in 1978-1993 and followed at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Of 43 children over the age of 1 year, CNS metastases were documented in 7 (16.2%). Six patients developed signs or symptoms best explained by the presence of CNS tumor and had radiographic and/or histologic evidence of parenchymal disease (cortical masses on CT and MR, n = 3; suprasellar mass on CT, n = 1; diffuse leptomeningeal carcinomatosis by MR and/or autopsy, n = 2). CSF cytologies were positive in the one patient so tested. An additional asymptomatic patient had extensive CNS involvement at autopsy. In two of these children, the CNS was the first or only site of recurrent disease. It is concluded that intrinsic CNS disease is not uncommon in children with NB over the age of 1 year and there has been a trend toward its increasing recognition in recent years. Whether this is a function of wider use of diagnostic tools or a true change in natural history over time with increased intensity of chemotherapy is not clear. A study that prospectively monitors children with advanced neuroblastoma, radiographically and with CSF cytologies (prior to treatment and at 6-monthly intervals), is under way and should help to better define the natural history in the context of current therapies.
A lamellar grating for use with infrared spectrophotometers

Far IR spectrophotometry improvement with lamellar grating, describing construction, alignment and performance
Optimal reproductive allocation in annuals and an informational constraint on plasticity.

Summary • In this computational study, we examined optimal reproductive allocation schedules in annual plants whose season lengths vary in predictability. We discuss relationships among season-length predictability, the form of the optimal allocation schedule, the degree of plasticity reflected in the optimal reaction norm, and the competitive consequences of plasticity and bet-hedging. • We used an evolutionary algorithm to search the allocation-schedule space for optima, given different distributions of season length. The resulting schedules maximize geometric-mean fecundity under their selecting distributions. We then examined the relative fitness of these schedules in simulated competition among reaction norms optimized for different degrees of season-length predictability. • Gradedness of optimal schedules decreases with increasing season-length predictability, and reaction norms comprising highly graded schedules reflect lesser plasticity than norms comprising schedules that are less graded. In simulations, competitively successful genotypes were those that reflected plasticity appropriate to the season-length predictability. • Informational constraints in the form of low season-length predictability select for low plasticity and high bet-hedging in allocation. Because an environmental cue must mediate the relationship between environment and fitness, plasticity in reproductive allocation ought to be understood not as a direct response to the selective environment, but rather to cues that are correlated with relevant environmental parameters.
WHILE loops and the analogy of the single stroke engine

Researchers have found that loop constructs, such as the WHILE (top tested) and REPEAT-UNTIL (bottom tested) in modern programming languages are problematic for a significant number of novice programming students[5]. In theory, any bottom tested loop can be implemented as a top tested loop. Unfortunately, the converse of this is not true, leading to some of the confusions experienced by beginners. To circumvent this and other problems, Taylor[7] advocates postponing the introduction of the REPEAT-UNTIL. Instead, he discriminates between two fundamental types of WHILE loops, designated the SENTINEL WHILE and the COUNTER WHILE, which are sufficient for the implementation of any loop. A key element of Taylor's pedagogical approach is the introduction of these concepts in the context of analogies. This approach is utilized in the exposition that follows.
Effects of different levels of vitamins A and E on the utilization of cholecalciferol by broiler chickens

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of high dietary levels of vitamins A and E on the utilization of cholecalciferol by broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, chicks were fed six levels of vitamin A (5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 40,000, 80,000, and 160,000 IU/kg). Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) was not added to the basal diet but all birds were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent light. Body weight was decreased only at levels of vitamin A of 80,000 IU/kg or above. In Experiment 2, birds were exposed to UV fluorescent light or no UV light, two levels of dietary vitamin A (1,500 and 45,000 IU/kg) and three levels of dietary vitamin D3 (0, 500, and 2,500 IU/kg) in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The high level of vitamin A reduced (P < 0.001) bone ash but only at a marginal level of vitamin D3 (500 IU/kg) and when the birds were not exposed to UV light. In Experiment 3, birds were exposed to UV fluorescent light or no UV light, two levels of dietary vitamin E (10 and 10,000 IU/kg) and three levels of dietary vitamin D3 (0; 500 and 2,500 IU/ kg) in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The high level of vitamin E significantly (P < 0.05) reduced body weight, bone ash, plasma calcium, and increased rickets but only at 500 IU/kg of vitamin D3. Feeding 2,500 IU/kg of vitamin D3 overcame the effects of the high level of vitamin E, causing a significant (P < 0.05) interaction. Ultraviolet light also prevented the detrimental effects of the high level of vitamin E. The results of these studies indicate that high dietary levels of vitamins A and E negatively affected the utilization of vitamin D3 only when D3 was present at a marginal level (500 IU/kg) in the diet but not when it was synthesized in the bird by exposure to UV light or supplemented at 2,500 IU/kg in the diet.
Can aging with disability find a home in gerontological social work

I am deeply grateful to Dr. Amanda Barusch, Editor, and Dr. Carmen Morano, Managing Editor, for enthusiastically supporting this special issue of the Journal of Gerontological Social Work (JGSW) on...
A New Yaw Dynamic Model for Improved High Speed Control of a Farm Tractor

This paper presents the system identification of a new model for the farm tractor's yaw dynamics in order to improve automatic control at higher speeds and understand controller limitations from neglecting these dynamics.As speed increases, higher order models are required to maintain accurate lateral control of the vehicle. Neglecting these dynamics can cause the controller to become unstable at the bandwidths required for accurate control at higher speeds. The yaw dynamic model, which is found to be dominated by a second order response, is identified for multiple speeds to determine the effect of velocity on the model. The second order yaw dynamics cannot be represented by the traditional bicycle model. An analytical derivation shows that the model characteristics can, however, be captured by a model consisting of a significant (non-negligible) relaxation length in the front tire. Experimental results are presented showing that the new yaw dynamic model can provide lateral control of the tractor to within 4 cm (1σ) at speeds up to 8 m/s. These results are shown to be an improvement, at high speeds, over controllers based on models (such as a kinematic model) previously used for control of farm equipment.
The contribution of Spain to managing education in the east with special reference to India

Discusses the ways in which Spain has influenced both East and West, with particular emphasis on religion with the Jesuits to the fore. Concentrates mainly on Spanish Jesuits in India and shows how they adapted to the Indian culture and way of life. Elaborates on the Jesuits’ clear emphasis on education, instruction and information in addition to spreading religious belief to all. Concludes with the modern role of Jesuits in combating hunger, drug abuse and homelessness in India.