cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium Halide Adsorption and Water Structure at the α-Alumina(0001)/Water Interface

Alumina is one of the most abundant minerals and has a wide range of industrial applications, with catalysis as one of the most important. Of particular relevance for catalysis is the structure of the mineral/water interface. In this work, water structure and sodium halide adsorption at the neutral α-alumina(0001)/water interface are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. This work demonstrates the accuracy of the chosen model of the alumina/water interface and shows that high charge density monovalent ions, such as Na+ and F–, have a strong affinity for the interface due to the specific pattern of alumina surface OH groups, such that the adsorbed ions displace waters that are hydrogen-bonded to the surface in their absence. A significant portion of the driving force for anion adsorption arises from surface bound Na+, which reverse the intrinsic surface dipole field and drive the accumulation of halides at the interface. The resulting electrolytic interfacial structure reorients water molecule...
Partitioned Search with Column Resampling for Locating Array Construction

Locating arrays are designs used in combinatorial testing with the property that every set of d t-way interactions appears in a unique set of tests. Using a locating array to conduct fault testing ensures that faulty interactions can be located when there are d or fewer faults. Locating arrays are fairly new and few techniques have been explored for their construction. Most of the available work is limited to finding only one fault. Known general methods require a covering array of strength t+d and produce many more tests than are needed. We present Partitioned Search with Column Resampling (PSCR), a randomized computational search algorithmic framework to verify if an array is (d, t)-locating by partitioning the search space to decrease the number of comparisons. If a candidate array is not locating, random resampling is performed until a locating array is constructed or an iteration limit is reached. Results are compared against known locating array constructions from covering arrays of higher strength and against published results of mixed level locating arrays for parameters of real-world systems. The use of PSCR to build larger locating arrays from a variety of ingredient arrays is explored.
Robotic sacrocolpopexy for the management of pelvic organ prolapse: quality of life outcomes.

Background:Our aim was to investigate longer-term surgical and quality of life (QOL) outcomes in a cohort of women undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (RALS) for pelvic organ pr...
Phase Shading for Light Load Efficiency Improve in Three-Phase Resonant Converter with Integrated PCB Winding Magnetics

Three-phase resonant converter has attracted a lot of attention due to its ability to reduce current stress on the device, achieve automatic current balancing among each phase and realize good interleaving. However, its light load efficiency is not good due to the excessive switching loss, driving loss and core loss. In this paper, based on an integrated PCB winding magnetic structure, phase shading operation for three-phase resonant converter is analyzed. By shutting down one phase, the three-phase half-bridge structure changes to single-phase full-bridge structure, which helps improve the light load efficiency. In addition, the resonant tank becomes simple and simplified optimal trajectory control can be implemented for burst mode operation to further increase the efficiency. A 12.5 kW bidirectional three-phase CLLC resonant converter with 500 kHz operation frequency is developed to verify the above analysis and the result shows more than 1% efficiency improvement under light load condition.
Effects of Fish Oil Monotherapy on Depression and Prefrontal Neurochemistry in Adolescents at High Risk for Bipolar I Disorder: A 12-Week Placebo-Controlled Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and neurochemical effects of 12-week fish oil, a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), in depressed adolescents with a family history of bi...
Evolution of Angioplasty Devices

It is estimated that 600,000 to 1 million cardiac catheterizations (CC) are performed annually in the United States. This figure exceeds the number of coronary artery bypass graft procedures (CABG) performed on an annual basis, and is expected to grow annually by about 1–5% in the United States. This chapter discusses the evolution in design and development of angioplasty devices including a list of currently available commercial products and experimental designs under research and development. This will enable the reader to get a glimpse of how the medical device sector is attempting to address this major healthcare problem whose total medical costs are expected to reach $1.1 trillion by 2035.
Defending borders and crossing boundaries: ideologies of polylanguaging in interviews with bilingual Ukrainian youth

This paper analyses adolescent Ukrainian-Russian bilinguals’ stances towards polylanguaging as evidenced in their talk about and use of suržyk, a stigmatised polylingual practice that combines feat...
A Current-Fed Dual-Half-Bridge based Composite Converter with Improved Light-Load Efficiency through a Multi-Variable Optimization

Due to its frequent occurrence in the electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications, light-load efficiency of the DC-DC converter is critical. Different from the conventional boost converter, in this work, a novel composite converter is proposed and investigated to achieve significantly improved light-load efficiency. The proposed converter consists of a current-fed dual-half-bridge converter module and a boost converter module, which can be controlled and optimized independently. The interconnection of the two modules leads to advantages, such as lower voltage stress across the power device and a wide conversion ratio. In this paper, a multi-variable efficiency optimization method is proposed utilizing the topology advantages of the proposed converter to address the light-load efficiency issue. Based on the loss model, the power sharing between the two converter modules and the switching frequency of the boost converter module are optimized at light load. A 30-kW silicon carbide (SiC) based composite DC-DC converter prototype is built to validate the proposed multi-variable efficiency optimization method in the light-load operating conditions. Extensive experimental results are presented to demonstrate the noticeable efficiency improvement brought by the proposed method.
Miscellaneous Pelvic Effects: Pelvic/Sacral Insufficiency Fractures

Pelvic insufficiency fractures after pelvic irradiation are a rare but potentially serious complication of radiation therapy. Patients this disease process have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations from no symptoms to the severe debility. Accordingly, treatment can range from observation and medical therapy to major reconstructive surgery. As a clinician, it is important to recognize patients at increased risk of fracture, have a low threshold to image patients complaining of pelvic, hip or back pain, and understand the natural history and the variety of treatment modalities currently available.
Longitudinal Causal Inference of Cognitive Function and Depressive Symptoms in Elderly People

Abstract Objective : the association between depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]) and subsequent cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) is equivocal in literature. To examine the causal relationship between them, we use longitudinal data on MMSE and CESD and causal inference to illustrate the relationship between two health outcomes. Method : Data were obtained from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Participants included 3050 noninstitutionalized Mexican Americans aged 65 and older followed from 1993-2001. Cognitive function and depressive symptoms were assessed using the MMSE and CESD at baseline and at 2, 5, and 7 years of follow-up. Independent variables were sociodemographics, CESD, medical conditions. Marginal structural causal models were employed to evaluate the extent to which cognitive function depend not only on depressive symptoms measured at a single point in time but also on an individual’s entire depressive symptoms history. Discussion : our results indicate that if intervention to reduce 1 points of depressive symptoms were made at two years prior to assessing cognitive function, they would result in average improvement in cognitive function of 0.12, 95% CI [0.06, 0.18],P<.0001. Conclusion: The results suggest that health intervention of depressive symptoms would be useful in prevention of cognitive impair.
Towards More Sensible Anti-circumvention Regulations

The circumvention of technical protection systems and the making of tools to enable such circumventions may seem to financial cryptographers a wholly natural and constructive set of activities. This community knows that it is impossible to make encryption systems more secure unless one tests how strong they are from time to time by trying to break them. However, now that other industries, notably entertainment industries, are relying on encryption technologies to protect information in digital form, it should not be surprising that these industries have a different perspective about circumvention and circumvention technologies. Copyright industry spokesmen are fond of likening the act of circumventing a technical protection system to “breaking and entering” a dwelling; they also liken the tools built to enable circumvention to “burglars’ tools,” the possession or sale of which has been outlawed in numerous states. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) anticircumvention regulations, enacted by the U.S. Congress in October 1998, on which this paper will mainly focus, address the concerns of these industries that circumvention of technical protection systems substantially threatens the viability of copyright industries such that both the act of circumvention and the making of circumvention-enabling technologies need to be heavily regulated.
Applying CLIR techniques to event tracking

Cross-lingual event tracking from a very large number of information sources (thousands of Web sites, for example) is an open challenge. In this paper we investigate effective and scalable solutions for this problem, focusing on the use of cross-lingual information retrieval techniques to translate a small subset of the training documents, as an alternative to the conventional approach of translating all the multilingual test documents. In addition, we present a new variant of weighted pseudo-relevance feedback for adaptive event tracking. This new method simplifies the assumption and the computation in the best-known approach of this kind, yielding a better result than the latter on benchmark datasets in our evaluations.
Doppler Exoplanet Surveys: From Single Object to Multiple Objects

Doppler planet surveys are the major tool for discovering new exoplanets. Of 200-plus known exoplanets discovered to date, about 90% were discovered by single object Doppler techniques. This chapter summarizes the results of Doppler planet surveys in the past decade, and new progress and early results in the development of new Doppler techniques, especially multiple object techniques. It also presents the scientific motivation for the next generation large-scale multi-object Doppler planet surveys and possible new science to be addressed. In the history of astronomy, the ability to move from single-object to multi-object observations has enabled large-scale astronomical surveys (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey) and consistently led to dramatic new discoveries. We anticipate similar advances will also occur with multi-object Doppler planet surveys in the next decade.
High performance parallel processing algorithms for mobile communication

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the development of a dynamically reconfigurable scalable High Performance Signal Processor architecture for hand held radio applications that significantly reduce size, weight, and power over conventional technologies. The proposed software algorithms will be very useful for next generation radio and communication platforms such as Joint Tactical Radio Systems (JTRS) and other commercial software defined radios.
Vancomycin Molecular Interactions: Antibiotic and Enantioselective Mechanisms

Medical studies established that vancomycin and other related macrocyclic antibiotics have an enhanced antimicrobial activity when they are associated as dimers. The carbohydrate units attached to the vancomycin basket have an essential role in the dimerization reaction. Covalently synthesized dimers were found active against vancomycin-resistant bacterial strains. A great similarity between antibiotic potential and enantioselectivity was established. A covalent vancomycin dimer was studied in capillary electrophoresis producing excellent chiral separation of dansyl amino acids. Balhimycin is a macrocyclic glycopeptide structurally similar to vancomycin. The small differences are, however, responsible for drastic differences in enantioselectivity in the same experimental conditions. Contributions from studies examining vancomycin’s mechanism for antimicrobial activity have substantially aided our understanding of its mechanism in chiral recognition.
The Mobilization of Iron from the Perfused Mammalian Liver by a Serum Copper Enzyme, Ferroxidase I

Abstract The effect of ferroxidase I (ceruloplasmin) on the mobilization of iron into a buffered solution without plasma proteins in perfused dog and pig livers and the appearance of iron was detected by Fe(III)-transferrin formation and an independent iron analysis. Among the various compounds tested, only ferroxidase I, as low as 4 nm, was capable of mobilizing iron into the perfusate. CuSO4, HCO3- citrate, apotransferrin, glucose, fructose, and serum albumin (±Cu(II)) were inactive. Above 0.2 µm ferroxidase I, the rate of iron mobilization did not increase, suggesting that the efflux of iron from the liver depends not only on ferroxidase activity but also on the rate of labile iron formation and its subsequent diffusion from the iron storage cell. The rate at which iron appears in the perfusate is a function of the ferroxidase concentration. However, the amount of iron mobilized is not dependent on either the ferroxidase or apotransferrin concentration. It is proposed that ferroxidase activity results in the substantial elimination of Fe(II), generating a maximum concentration gradient from the iron stores to the capillary system, thus promoting a rapid iron efflux from the iron storage cells of the perfused liver.
A comparison of visual and auditory short-term memory in monkeys (Cebus apella).

Using a visual and an acoustic sample set that appeared to favour the auditory modality of the monkey subjects, in Experiment 1 retention gradients generated in closely comparable visual and auditory matching (go/no-go) tasks revealed a more durable short-term memory (STM) for the visual modality. In Experiment 2, potentially interfering visual and acoustic stimuli were introduced during the retention intervals of the auditory matching task. Unlike the case of visual STM, delay-interval visual stimulation did not affect auditory STM. On the other hand, delay-interval music decreased auditory STM, confirming that the monkeys maintained an auditory trace during the retention intervals. Surprisingly, monkey vocalizations injected during the retention intervals caused much less interference than music. This finding, which was confirmed by the results of Experiments 3 and 4, may be due to differential processing of “arbitrary” (the acoustic samples) and species-specific (monkey vocalizations) sounds by the sub...
The Effect of Basic, Performance and Excitement Service Factors of a Convention Center on Attendees' Experiential Value and Satisfaction: A Case Study of the Phoenix Convention Center

This study investigates how the various services provided by a convention center and its service quality affects attendees’ experiential values, and in turn, leads to the attendees’ overall satisfaction and loyalty. The sample consisted of 217 convention attendees in Phoenix, AZ, representing a response rate of 54%. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used for analyses. Results indicate that basic and excitement service factors have a positive influence on individual experiential values. Also, the study shows that enhanced individual experiential values have an impact on raising overall satisfaction with the convention center.
Striatal dopamine modulates song spectral but not temporal features through D1 receptors

The activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and their projection to the basal ganglia (BG) are thought to play a critical role in the acquisition of motor skills through reinforcement learning, as well as in the expression of learned motor behaviors. The precise role of BG dopamine (DA) in mediating and modulating motor performance and learning, however, remains unclear. In songbirds, a specialized portion of the BG is responsible for song learning and plasticity. Previously we found that DA acts on D1 receptors in Area X to modulate the BG output signal and thereby trigger changes in song variability. Here, we investigate the effect of D1 receptor blockade in the BG on song behavior in the zebra finch. We report that this manipulation abolishes social context-dependent changes in variability not only in harmonic stacks, but also in other types of syllables. However, song timing seems not to be modulated by this BG DA signal. Indeed, injections of a D1 antagonist in the BG altered neither song duration nor the change of song duration with social context. Finally, D1 receptor activation in the BG was not necessary for the modulation of other features of song, such as the number of introductory notes or motif repetitions. Together, our results suggest that activation of D1 receptors in the BG is necessary for the modulation of fine acoustic features of song with social context, while it is not involved in the regulation of song timing and structure at a larger time scale.
Robots cut risks and costs in nuclear power plants

Teleoperated robots used to reduce employee exposure to radiation and to achieve measurable and often significant cost savings are described. The robots are mobile, people-machine systems, with a human in the loop guiding their movements and operation. They are remotely operated vehicles that consist of three systems: a computer, a sensor, and a mechanical structure. They go into controlled radiation areas and perform routine surveillance and inspection tasks. Present and future applications of teleoperated robots in power plants are identified. Three robots used at the author's company are described. >
Effects of iron regulatory protein regulation on iron homeostasis during hypoxia

Iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) are RNA-binding proteins that affect the translation and stabilization of specific mRNAs by binding to stem-loop structures known as iron responsive elements (IREs). IREs are found in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of ferritin (Ft) and mitochondrial aconitase (m-Aco) mRNAs, and in the 3'-UTR of transferrin receptor (TfR) and divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) mRNAs. Our previous studies show that besides iron, IRPs are regulated by hypoxia. Here we describe the consequences of IRP regulation and show that iron homeostasis is regulated in 2 phases during hypoxia: an early phase where IRP1 RNA-binding activity decreases and iron uptake and Ft synthesis increase, and a late phase where IRP2 RNA-binding activity increases and iron uptake and Ft synthesis decrease. The increase in iron uptake is independent of DMT1 and TfR, suggesting an unknown transporter. Unlike Ft, m-Aco is not regulated during hypoxia. During the late phase of hypoxia, IRP2 RNA-binding activity increases, becoming the dominant regulator responsible for decreasing Ft synthesis. During reoxygenation (ReO2), Ft protein increases concomitant with a decrease in IRP2 RNA-binding activity. The data suggest that the differential regulation of IRPs during hypoxia may be important for cellular adaptation to low oxygen tension.
Separating Enthalpy and Volume Contributions in Photothermal Experiments: A Perspective

— Signals in photothermal experiments originate from both enthalpies and volumes of reaction. Two methods have been reported through which enthalpy and volume contributions can be separated: (1) analysis of signals as a function of temperature in aqueous solution or (2) analysis of signals from a series of linear alkanes or solvent mixtures. This manuscript describes potential difficulties in the application of the latter method to charge transfer reactions and proposes two alternative approaches by which the separation might be effected in a single organic solvent: (a) measurement of signals in isotopomeric solvents or (b) measurement of thermally induced changes in refractive index under conditions of constant density. The utility of neither approach has been demonstrated in any solvent other than water.
Resisting the Temptation to Retaliate: Self-Control Promotes Cooperation in Mixed-Motive Interactions

This article provides a self-control analysis of mixed-motive interactions, including 2-person social dilemmas and bargaining encounters. We propose that mixed-motive interactions pose a self-control conflict between pursuing immediate benefits through competition and pursuing long-term benefits through cooperation. As such, anticipating high (vs. low) barriers to successful outcomes triggers counteractive self-control operations that increase cooperation, so long as people believe that by doing so they can influence others to reciprocate.
The relationship of social support, social networks and negative events with depression in patients with coronary artery disease

This study examined the relationship of social relationships and negative life events with major depression among 335 inpatients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who were free of neurological illnesses. Depression was assessed using the Duke Depression Evaluation Schedule, a structured psychiatric interview which included the Diagnostic Interview Schedule depression sub-scale, two scales for measuring instrumental and self-maintenance activities of daily living, a measure of negative events and four dimensions of social support. Twenty-seven subjects met DSM-IV criteria for major depression. Examination of the bivariate relationships indicated that being younger, having at least one problem with an ADL and/or one IADL, being non-white, experiencing a greater number of negative events, lack of perceived social support and a lack of social interactions were significantly related to an increased likelihood of being depressed. In multivariate analyses depressed subjects were significantly more likely to rep...
Removal of the olfactory bulbs delays photic reentrainment of circadian activity rhythms and modifies the reproductive axis in male Octodon degus

The diurnal rodent, Octodon degus, exhibits robust sex differences in several circadian measures, including circadian period (tau) and reentrainment rates to photic and nonphotic (social) zeitgebers. The neural substrates underlying such physiological differences remain unknown. In female degus, olfactory bulbectomies (BX) inhibit socially-facilitated reentrainment, but do not alter photic reentrainment, entrained measures, or tau in constant darkness (DD). This experiment investigated the effects of BX in male degus on (i) photic reentrainment rates of circadian rhythms following a 6-h phase advance of the light-dark (LD) cycle; (ii) photic entrainment; (iii) tau of free-running activity rhythms in DD; and (iv) body weight, paired testis weight, and the reproductive hormones, testosterone, androstenedione and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). BX significantly delayed photic reentrainment rates. They did not, however, modify tau, the phase of activity onset or offset, amplitude or duration (alpha) of the activity rhythm, mean daily locomotor activity levels, or body weight. FSH, testosterone and androstenedione were unaffected by BX, whereas paired testis weights were significantly greater in BX degus compared with shams. Thus, the olfactory bulbs influence photic reentrainment of circadian rhythms and modestly affect the reproductive axis in male degus. Our results suggest that the olfactory bulbs may be a neural source of observed sex differences in photic reentrainment in degus, and highlight interspecies variation in the olfactory bulbs' effects on entrained and free-running circadian rhythms and on reproduction.
Closure operators and functorial topologies

Abstract A Galois connection between subcategories of a given category A and global closure operators on A leads to a Galois connection between subcategories of abelian groups and functorial topologies. In particular each functorial topology Fτ determines a global closure operator F, whose subcategory of separated objects, D(F), is the class of Hausdorff groups of Fτ. Given a subcategory C of abelian groups, one can always construct a functorial topology whose Hausdorff groups form the epireflective hull of C . It is also shown that in certain concrete categories, the largest subcategory that induces the same closure operator as a given subcategory C , is the extremal-epireflective hull of C .
Plasma cholesterol in growing chicken as influenced by dietary protein and fat.

SummaryThe effects on plasma cholesterol level of 4 fats each supplied at 3 levels in a high and a low protein diet were studied in the cholesterol-fed chicken. On the low protein diet a marked hyp...
Characterization and fermentation of steam exploded cotton gin waste

Abstract Cotton gin waste was collected from a cotton ginning plant in Virginia and characterized before and after steam explosion to evaluate its potential applications for higher value products such as ethanol. The raw cotton gin waste had high levels of ash ( 10.5 wt % ) and acid insoluble material ( 28.8 wt % ). The xylan and cellulose contents were, respectively, 9 and 37 wt % . The cotton gin waste was steam exploded in a batch gun at severities ranging from 2 to 4.9. Substantial solubilization/degradation of fiber material (9– 17 wt % ) occurred during steam explosion pretreatment especially at the high severities. Mannan, galactan, and arabinan were completely solubilized/degraded at severities greater than 3.56. Both glucan and xylan were solubilized/degraded at all severities, but xylan loss was considerably higher. The steam exploded material was essentially cellulose and acid insoluble material and small fractions of xylan at severities greater than 3.56. Steam explosion improved the enzyme hydrolysis of the material from 42% to 67% during 24 h incubation. E. coli KO11 was effective in converting the enzyme hydrolyzed substrate to ethanol. The highest ethanol yield (83% of theoretical yield) was achieved for material treated at a severity of 3.56. Both xylose and glucose were fermented to ethanol by the microorganism.
Symptom Cluster Research in Women with Breast Cancer: A Comparison of Three Subgrouping Techniques.

Aims: To examine how symptom cluster subgroups defined by extreme discordant composite scores, cut-off scores, or a median split influence statistical associations with peripheral cytokine levels in women with breast cancer. Background: Systemic cytokine dysregulation has been posited as a potential biological mechanism underlying symptom clusters in women with breast cancer. Symptom characteristics may play an important role in identifying cytokines of significant etiological importance, however, there is no consensus regarding to the ideal subgrouping technique to use. Design: A secondary analysis of data collected from a cross-sectional descriptive study of women with stage I-II breast cancer was used to examine and compare the relationships between peripheral cytokine levels and symptom subgroups defined by extreme discordant composite scores, cut-off scores, or a median split. Methods: Participant symptom scores were transformed into a composite score to account for variability in symptom intensity, frequency and interference. Cytokine levels in subgroups defined by composite scores within the highest and lowest 20% were contrasted with those composed from cut-off scores and a median split. Results: Subgroups defined by the composite score or cut-off scores resulted in similar statistical relationships with cytokine levels in contrast to the median split technique. The use of a median split for evaluating relationships between symptoms clusters and cytokine levels may increase the risk of a type I error. Conclusion: Composite and cut-off scores represent best techniques for defining symptom cluster subgroups in women with breast cancer. Using a consistent approach to define symptom clusters across studies may assist in identifying relevant biological mechanisms.
A block Geršgorin theorem

Abstract If a partitioned matrix X is close enough to being block diagonal it is proved that X is similar to a block diagonal matrix whose blocks can be localized in a matrix space. Part of the proof provides a quadratically convergent algorithm for performing the block diagonalization.
Rene Girard and Creative Mimesis, edited by Vern Neufeld Redekop and Thomas Ryba, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014, viii + 338 pp. ISBN 9780 7391 68981, US$100.00 (hardback)

Rene Girard is a literary critic with a long teaching career in the United States and Europe. Now in his tenth decade of life, he still remains surprisingly active and mentally sharp. He is mainly ...
SECOND PRIMARY TUMORS IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER AND LEUKEMIA

Children who have cancer or leukemia usually have an abbreviated life span in which another tumor could manifest itself as compared to an adult population. This study includes a survey of children with leukemia or cancer below 16 years of age seen from June 1946 to December 1971 at RPMI. Sixteen of 884 cases (1.8%) showed the presence of a second primary tumor (SPT). There were 12 malignant and 4 benign lesions. Among 371 cases of acute leukemia, only 1 SPT was found. Three cases of SPT, including one each of Hodgkin's Disease, fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma were observed in retinoblastoma patients. Among 41 cases of Wilm's Tumor, 2 SPT, including one chondrosarcoma and one osteochondroma were found. One patient with Hodgkin's Disease and chronic myelocytic leukemia had Positive Philadelphia Chromosome. One patient with xerodermia developed both squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Two children with glioblastoma multiforme and rhabdomyosarcoma developed hepatoblastoma. A neuro-astrocytoma was observed in one child with acute leukemia and in one with adenocarcinoma of the colon. One child, who was cured of glioblastoma multiforme, developed reticulum cell sarcoma. In 7 children the SPT were detected at the time of diagnosis of the primary malignancy. In 4 cases the SPT occurred 2.5-16 years after radiotherapy and were possibly radiation induced.
Performance evaluation of medical image processing algorithms

Modern imaging techniques in medicine have revolutionized the study of anatomy and physiology in man. A central factor in the success and increasingly widespread application of imaging-based approaches in clinical and basic research has been the emergence of sophisticated computational methods for extracting salient information from image data. The utility of image processing has prompted the development of numerous algorithms for medical data, but these have largely remained research tools and few have been incorporated into a clinical workflow. A primary cause of this poor track record is the lack of validation of these methods. A workshop was held at this year's Image Processing Conference to discuss and stimulate developments in performance characterization research for medical image processing algorithms. This report presents highlights from the workshop presentations and from the panel discussion with the audience.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optic fiber segregation in goldfish with two eyes innervating one tectal lobe.

Summary An ipsilateral retinotectal projection was induced by ablating one tectal lobe. Radioautography indicated that the ipsilateral projection initially spread out continuously over the remaining tectal lobe. With time, the continuous projection progressively changed into a rostrocaudally oriented banded projection that was comprised of high and low silver grain density bands. The undamaged native projection from the contralateral eye also became transformed into high and low density bands. The results indicate that foreign fibers displace portions of the native projection. Complete segregation of the two projections was found at any time point examined. Low density bands did not represent spillover of label from a high density band since cobalt-filled optic fibers were found in low density bands. Quantitative analysis indicated that the contralateral projection occupied more tectal area than the ipsilateral projection. Area occupied by a projection, band width and band frequency showed appreciable between-fish variability. Correlations between band width and per cent of area occupied by a projection approached unity, indicating that large projections were associated with wider bands. A model is proposed to account for induced banding in lower vertebrates.
Parenting Inventory: Validity and Social Desirability:

The concurrent validity of the Parenting Inventory was examined using the Developmental Questionnaire, an instrument developed for this study. The potential effect of social desirability on scores on the inventory also was studied. The sample included 42 mothers whose children were between 1 and 4 years of age. Scores on the inventory's Expectations subscale were significantly correlated .86 with those on the developmental questionnaire, an independent measure of parental expectations. Parents' responses on a measure of social desirability were not related to their subscale scores on the Parenting Inventory. Implications are discussed.
Acute hemodynamic and coronary circulatory effects of experimental autoimmune myocarditis

Myocarditis and progression to cardiomyopathy is associated with focal spasm and reperfusion of the coronary microcirculation. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), induced with cardiomyosin peptide-specific T cells in Lewis rats, was hypothesized to cause acute hemodynamic and coronary vasculature changes. Fifteen experimental animals (5 each at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after T-cell injection) and eight controls were studied using the constant pressure variant of the isolated heart. Coronary resistant decreased while coronary flow increased (P < 0.05) in EAM hearts after the first week. Rate-pressure product, +dP/dt and -dP/dt, decreased while the heart/body weight ratio increased (P < 0.05) compared with controls at 1 week but not at 2 or 3 weeks. Mean local myocardial PO2, which reflects local oxygen delivery and consumption, and MVO2 were not different for EAM hearts. However, compared with controls EAM myocardial PO2 varied more widely and was often beyond the usual range, suggesting the occurrence of localized hypoxic and hyperoxic areas. In summary, after the first week there was a significant decrease in coronary resistance in the EAM animals, which required higher flow to maintain a similar perfusion pressure. These changes in coronary resistance and flow along with the heterogeneity and extremes of local myocardial PO2 levels without a significant change in MVO2 may be explained by postulating development of low-resistance, high-flow hyperoxic areas which steal flow, thus causing hypoxia in other areas.
Hyperparathyroidism: neuropsychiatric manifestations.

Abstract This report describes a biochemically and histologically proven case of hyperparathyroidism that presented with neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms, including fluctuating periods of agitation, confusion, irritability, paranoid delusions, and depression. Definitive treatment of the hyperparathyroidism resulted in rapid remission of the neuropsychiatric manifestations. Following a review of the literature, recommendations for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are presented.
Antidepressants in long-term therapy: a review of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Hirschfeld RMA. Antidepressants in long-term therapy: a review of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 35–38. © Munksgaard 2000. Objective: Although depression has been shown to be a long-term disorder, most research studies have concentrated on its acute treatment. Method: A literature review of the use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in long-term treatment of depression was performed and recommendations regarding long-term treatment were summarized. Results: Studies conclusively document the need for continuation treatment after initial remission of symptoms to prevent relapse. Studies also suggest that continuation treatment should last a minimum of 3–6 months following acute response. Conclusions from a few maintenance studies clearly show that recurrence rates are lower when patients at risk for recurrence continue their active treatment at its original dose than when they are switched to placebo. Conclusion: Overall, studies conclude that depression is a recurrent, often chronic, lifetime illness requiring long-term treatment. Continuation therapy of 3 to 6 months after acute stabilization should be considered standard for all depressed patients, and maintenance therapy should be considered for many depressed patients. Newer agents, such as the SSRIs, are preferable to the TCAs for long-term treatment based on their superior tolerability and safety. However, because of the limited number of maintenance studies, further studies using a prospective, randomized design are needed to address this issue.
Chinese in the United States: a century of occupational transition.

This paper examines the changing occupation patterns of the U.S. Chinese over the past one hundred years based on the hypothesis of historic ramification that the successive legal and socioeconomic restrictions directed against the Chinese since early years would have played a major role in the shaping of the occupation structure of this minority. The presentation includes historic background occupation accommodation (past and recent) nativity contrast the Chinese entrepreneurship the Chinatown sub-economy and health status of Chinese with work experience. As a macroscopic review interpretation of findings are confined to the drawing of general inferences on the basis of which detailed field studies may be initiated. (authors)
Transition state energy decomposition study of acetate-assisted and internal electrophilic substitution C−H bond activation by (acac-O,O)_2Ir(X) complexes (X = CH_3COO, OH)

Chelate-assisted and internal electrophilic substitution type transition states were studied using a DFT-based energy decomposition method. Interaction energies for benzene and methane C−H bond activation by (acac-O,O)_2Ir(X) complexes (X = CH_3COO and OH) were evaluated using the absolutely localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis (ALMO-EDA). A ratio of ~1.5:1 for forward to reverse charge-transfer between (acac-O,O)_2Ir(X) and benzene or methane transition state fragments confirms “ambiphilic” bonding, the result of an interplay between the electrophilic iridium center and the internal base component. This analysis also revealed that polarization effects account for a significant amount of transition state stabilization. The energy penalty to deform reactants into their transition state geometry, distortion energy, was also used to understand the large activation energy difference between six-membered and four-membered acetate-assisted transition states and help explain why these complexes do not activate the methane C−H bond.
Cross sections for the three-body photodisintegration of He 3 at E γ = 12 . 8 , 13.5, and 14.7 MeV

The absolute differential cross sections for the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$($\ensuremath{\gamma},n)\mathit{pp}$ reaction were measured as a function of outgoing neutron scattering angle and energy at the incident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energies of 12.8, 13.5, and 14.7 MeV to within a precision better than $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$6%. Both the absolute cross sections and the neutron energy distributions at each incident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy agree with the state-of-the-art theoretical results when the Coulomb interaction in the final state is included.
Heat transfer model to characterize the focal cooling necessary to suppress spontaneous epileptiform activity (Invited Paper)

Epilepsy is characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of the electrical activity of the brain. Symptoms are manifested as impairment of motor, sensory, or psychic function with or without loss of consciousness or convulsive seizures. This paper presents an initial post-operative heat transfer analysis of surgery performed on a 41 year-old man with medically intractable Epilepsy. The surgery involved tumor removal and the resection of adjacent epileptogenic tissue. Electrocorticography was performed before resection. Cold saline was applied to the resulting interictal spike foci resulting in transient, complete cessation of spiking. A transient one dimensional semi-infinite finite element model of the surface of the brain was developed to simulate the surgery. An approximate temperature distribution of the perfused brain was developed by applying the bioheat equation. The model quantifies the surface heat flux reached in achieving seizure cessation to within an order of magnitude. Rat models have previously shown that the brain surface temperature range to rapidly terminate epileptogenic activity is 20-24°C. The developed model predicts that a constant heat flux of approximately -13,000W/m 2 , applied at the surface of the human brain, would achieve a surface temperature in this range in approximately 3 seconds. A parametric study was subsequently performed to characterize the effects of brain metabolism and brain blood perfusion as a function of the determined heat flux. The results of these findings can be used as a first approximation in defining the specifications of a cooling device to suppress seizures in human models.
Lipid‐Soluble Vitamins in Blood and Liver of Rats Fed a Diet Containing Hard Red Spring Wheat Bran

Semipurified diets containing either 0 or 20% wheat bran were fed ad libitum to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 9 wk. Wheat bran consumption had no effect on vitamin A or E levels in plasma, leukocytes, or liver, nor on vitamin E levels in erythrocytes of these rats after 9 wk of feeding. However, during the study period, values showed transient declines. Both vitamins showed similar declines in leukocytes and livers of the bran-fed rats. Erythrocyte vitamin E levels also were influenced by the wheat bran diet but no erythrocyte vitamin A could be detected. Thus, rats adapt to diets containing high levels of wheat brans, perhaps by metabolic or gastrointestinal modifications.
The role of surface characteristics in eliciting humoral encapsulation of foreign bodies in Plasmodium-refractory and -susceptible strains of Anopheles gambiae

A refractory strain of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, melanotically encapsulates and kills many species of malaria parasites, whereas susceptible strains allow the parasites to develop normally. To study the role of surface characteristics in eliciting this immune response, 27 types of chromatography beads that differed in matrix type, charge, functional group, and functional group density were assayed for degree of melanotic encapsulation in refractory and susceptible mosquitoes. Overall, two glucan-based matrices, Sephadex (dextran) and cellulose, stimulated the strongest responses, regardless of functional group. Substituting matrix hydroxyl groups with functional groups on Sephadex and cellulose beads decreased the level of encapsulation. These results demonstrate that glucans induce melanotic encapsulation in An. gambiae. Beads with agarose, polystyrene, and acrylic matrices, and most methacrylate-based beads elicited little or no melanization; however, epoxide-methacrylate beads were encapsulated, demonstrating that glucans are not essential for eliciting a response. Comparisons between the two strains demonstrated that refractory mosquitoes melanized many bead types to a greater degree than did susceptible mosquitoes. On this basis, we propose that an important difference between the two strains is that one of the enzymes involved in the melanization pathway functions at a higher level in the refractory strain. Finally, of all beads tested, only 85% substituted CM-Sephadex beads were virtually unmelanized in susceptible mosquitoes but highly melanized in the refractory strain; thus, a specific surface microenvironment is necessary to demonstrate this effect.
Results from Heater-Induced Quenches of a 4.5 m Two-in-One Superconducting R&D Dipole for the SSC

Quench studies were performed using a 4.5 m long SSC R&D dipole to determine the temperature rise during a quench by measuring the resistance of the conductor cable in the immediate vicinity of the quench. The 2-in-1 magnet was wound with improved "high homogeneity" NbTi conductor in a 2-layer cosine ? coil configuration of 3.2 cm inner diameter with each layer powered separately to simulate graded conductor. Twelve pairs of voltage taps were installed at various locations in the coils around one bore of the magnet. "Spot" heaters were placed between the voltage taps of 8 of these pairs to initiate magnet quenches. The resistance of the conductor was obtained from observations of the current and voltage during a magnet quench. The temperature of the conductor was then determined by comparing its resistance to an R vs T curve measured independently for the conductor. The quantity ?I2dt is presented as a function of current and location, and the maximum conductor temperature is shown as a function of ?I2dt and location. Measured longitudinal and azimuthal quench propagation velocities are also presented.
Non-Spherical Collapse of an Air Bubble Subjected to a Lithotripter Pulse

In order to better understand the contribution of bubble collapse to stone comminution in shockwave lithotripsy, the shockinduced and Rayleigh collapse of a spherical air bubble is investigated using numerical simulations, and the free-field collapse of a cavitation bubble is studied experimentally. In shock-induced collapse near a wall, it is found that the presence of the bubble greatly amplifies the pressure recorded at the stone surface; the functional dependence of the wall pressure on the initial standoff distance and the amplitude are presented. In Rayleigh collapse near a solid surface, the proximity of the wall retards the flow and leads to a more prominent jet. Experiments show that re-entrant jets form in the collapse of cavitation bubbles excited by lithotripter shockwaves in a fashion comparable to previous studies of collapse near a solid surface.