cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bridge between Traumatic Life Events and Losses by Death.

The bereavement process associated with losses by death has been well documented. More recently, the existence of a grief reaction following certain traumatic life events has been recognized. A main purpose of this article is to provide support for such a connection. Reactions to a gamut of life traumas (alcoholism, abuse, disability, divorce, and infertility) are discussed within the context of a grief framework. Literature pertaining to the responses to suicide and murder is applied to traumatic life events. Proposed differences between death related bereavement and reactions to life traumas are discussed and dissolved. Through this discussion, an attempt is made to generalize grief work to a broader range of traumatic life situations.Another central goal of this review is to offer a unified conceptualization of loss among differential life and death traumas. Emphasis is on the common bond which exists among these survivors without disregard to the presence of individual differences. Clinical implicatio...
Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures [Invited]

Optical two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spectroscopy has been developed over the last decade as a powerful tool for studying a variety of physical systems, ranging from atoms to molecules to solids. This review covers our use of 2DFT spectroscopy to study exciton dynamics in semiconductor nanostructures. In quantum wells, 2DFT spectroscopy confirms the importance of many-body contributions to the coherent optical response and reveals nonradiative double-quantum and Raman coherences. For natural quantum dots, 2DFT spectroscopy enables ensemble measurements of the homogeneous linewidth, including the temperature and density dependence. Relaxation from quantum well states into the quantum dots can also be studied using 2DFT spectroscopy.
Reading “all about” computerization: How genre conventions shape nonfiction social analysis

This paper examines unstated, but critical, social assumptions that underlie social analyses of computerization. It focuses on the popular, professional, and scholarly literature that claims to describe the actual nature of computerization, the character of computer use, and the social choices and changes that result from computerization. Many articles and books in this large and diverse literature are written within the conventions of specific genres. The conventions of each of these genres limit the kinds of ideas that authors can explore and communicate effectively. This paper examines five common and important genres: technological utopianism, technological antiutopianism, social realism, social theory, and analytical reduction. Each genre is characterized and illustrated. The strengths and weaknesses of each genre are described. A major theme of this paper is the way that any genre's conventions limits the kinds of ideas that authors can examine and communicate. In the 1990s, there will be a large ma...
A digital signal processing algorithm for detecting arcing faults on power distribution feeders

Signal processing hardware and software that can be used to improve the detection of certain power system faults using computer relays are discussed. Integrated systems and architectures for monitoring several fault-sensitive parameters have been investigated. A suggested architecture utilizing several processors is presented. Several fault-sensitive parameters for the detection of arcing faults are presented. A detection methodology based on these parameters is described, and a partial solution to the problem of directionality is discussed. The use of a knowledge-based environment to modify protection criteria is suggested. >
Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions with Crizotinib as the CYP3A Substrate Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model

An orally available multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, crizotinib (Xalkori), is a CYP3A substrate, moderate time-dependent inhibitor, and weak inducer. The main objectives of the present study were to: 1) develop and refine a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of crizotinib on the basis of clinical single- and multiple-dose results, 2) verify the crizotinib PBPK model from crizotinib single-dose drug-drug interaction (DDI) results with multiple-dose coadministration of ketoconazole or rifampin, and 3) apply the crizotinib PBPK model to predict crizotinib multiple-dose DDI outcomes. We also focused on gaining insights into the underlying mechanisms mediating crizotinib DDIs using a dynamic PBPK model, the Simcyp population-based simulator. First, PBPK model-predicted crizotinib exposures adequately matched clinically observed results in the single- and multiple-dose studies. Second, the model-predicted crizotinib exposures sufficiently matched clinically observed results in the crizotinib single-dose DDI studies with ketoconazole or rifampin, resulting in the reasonably predicted fold-increases in crizotinib exposures. Finally, the predicted fold-increases in crizotinib exposures in the multiple-dose DDI studies were roughly comparable to those in the single-dose DDI studies, suggesting that the effects of crizotinib CYP3A time-dependent inhibition (net inhibition) on the multiple-dose DDI outcomes would be negligible. Therefore, crizotinib dose-adjustment in the multiple-dose DDI studies could be made on the basis of currently available single-dose results. Overall, we believe that the crizotinib PBPK model developed, refined, and verified in the present study would adequately predict crizotinib oral exposures in other clinical studies, such as DDIs with weak/moderate CYP3A inhibitors/inducers and drug-disease interactions in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
Gas Turbine Control and Load Sharing for Shipboard Power Systems

The objective of this research is to design an energy management strategy for an Electric Shipboard Power System. The prime mover is a gas turbine for which a Proportional Integral Derivative speed controller is designed using Particle Swarm Optimization technique. The load on the system has three components: a propulsion load, a power supply load comprising the dc zonal loads and a pulse load to simulate a high energy weapons system. Based on the priorities of the loads and the available power, a strategy is presented to share the power among the load components. As the electric shipboard power system has fixed or limited generating units, load shedding is inevitable when demand exceeds the generation capacity. To illustrate this, a generic load allocation algorithm is developed. The potential of this algorithm is demonstrated by two case studies performed using the three loads of the ESPS supplied by a 59 kW gas turbine and generator. The results of this research are promising and can be extended to real time applications.
Improving results of atrioventricular valve repair in challenging patients with heterotaxy syndrome.

ObjectivesHeterotaxy syndrome, which is often associated with atrioventricular valvar regurgitation, has been considered a risk factor for the surgical repair for Fontan candidates. The results of atrioventricular valve repair in this challenging patient population remain largely unknown.MethodsFrom July, 1994 to January, 2007, 25 patients with the heterotaxy syndrome consisting of 22 right isomerism and three left isomerism presented to the Shizuoka Children’s Hospital Japan with significant (3–4+) atrioventricular valvar regurgitation necessitating atrioventricular valve repair. The clinical and Doppler/echocardiographic data were retrospectively reviewed to determine the efficacy of the repair and patient outcome.ResultsPatients were divided into two groups on the basis of atrioventricular valvar regurgitation at the most recent follow-up: those with a successful late outcome, (0–2) and those with a poor outcome (3–4). There were 17 (67%) patients with a successful outcome and 8 (33%) with a poor outcome. The repair technique including leaflet apposition was predictive of a successful outcome (p = 0.003). Overall survival was 64% (16/25). Survival was 88.2% (15/17) for patients with a successful result versus 12.5% (1/8) for those with a poor outcome (p = 0.0007). Of the 15 survivors, 13 have reached final completion of the Fontan circulation, and two currently remain at the bi-directional Glenn shunt stage.ConclusionAtrioventricular valve repair can be accomplished in this challenging patient population with excellent results. The combination of the leaflet apposition technique and the Kay suture can be performed with an excellent outcome in the majority of patients with heterotaxy syndrome, even with significant atrioventricular valvar regurgitation.
Genetics of Ustilago maydis, a Fungal Pathogen that Induces Tumors in Maize

Ustilago maydis induces tumors in maize. It is dimorphic, with a unicellular, nonpathogenic form, and a dikaryotic, filamentous, pathogenic form that requires the plant for its growth. The life cycle is regulated by two mating type loci,a and b: a has two alleles, which encode a pheromone and a receptor; b is multiallelic and encodes a combinatorial homeodomain protein. Cell fusion occurs between haploid cells with different a alleles. The dikaryon formed exhibits filamentous growth if the cells also carry any two different b alleles. The b locus is the major pathogenicity determinant, fuz7, which encodes a MAP kinase activator, is also necessary for tumor induction and may respond to plant signals. Several other genes have been identified (fuz1, fuz2, rtf1, uac, ubc) that affect different aspects of the life cycle transitions. Some of them may identify targets of the b locus. Signaling between pathogen and plant is of key importance in tumor induction and fungal growth and differentiation within the plan...
Rube Goldberg goes (ribo)nuclear? Molecular switches and sensors made from RNA

Switches and sensors play important roles in our everyday lives. The chemical properties of RNA make it amenable for use as a switch or sensor, both artificially and in nature. This review focuses on recent advances in artificial RNA switches and sensors. Researchers have been applying classical biochemical principles such as allostery in elegant ways that are influencing the development of biosensors and other applications. Particular attention is given here to allosteric ribozymes (aptazymes) that are regulated by small organic molecules, by proteins, or by oligonucleotides. Also discussed are ribozymes whose activities are controlled by various nonallosteric strategies.
Application of the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces

The use of natural symmetries (mirror images) in a well-defined family of patterns (human faces) is discussed within the framework of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. This results in an extension of the data and imposes even and odd symmetry on the eigenfunctions of the covariance matrix, without increasing the complexity of the calculation. The resulting approximation of faces projected from outside of the data set onto this optimal basis is improved on average. >
Tribological Aspects in Electrically-Assisted Forming

This study investigates the influence of electricit y on the different lubrication mechanisms by evaluating lubr icant performance in an electrically-assisted forming (EA F) process and identifying potential lubricant candidates for EAF. The tribological conditions have a significant influence on the fric tional forces occurring at the die/workpiece interface, thus on t he forming load, part quality, and achievable form. When electricity is applied, the lubricant is exposed to high localized temperatures and current fields. Electrically-assisted ring compression test s are conducted and the performance characteristics of several lubr icants are studied. By combining the experiments and finite el ement simulation results, friction coefficients can be es timated, and the effect of electric current flow on friction charact eristics quantified.
Essays: A Fully Annotated Edition Henry David Thoreau and Jeffrey S. Cramer, Editors. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.

Essays: A Fully Annotated Edition Henry David Thoreau and Jeffrey S. Cramer, Editors. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.In the latest edition of the Essays of Henry David Thoreau, Jeffrey S. Cramer has provided scholars with an edition that will help them more fully understand Thoreau's composition process throughout his essay-writing career. Essays is the latest Annotated Edition of Thoreau's works by Cramer, who has previously produced Walden (2004), The Maine Woods (2009), and selections from Thoreau's journal, I to Myself, (2007) for Yale University Press. With this latest collection, Cramer gives us insight into the often-intricate relationship between Thoreau's journals, lectures, personal readings, and other authors who make up the rewarding complexity of Thoreau's rich prose.In Essays, Cramer has selected a combination of Thoreau's most popular, successful, and often-forgotten essays for publication. While many of the more commonly read essays are included, such as "Resistance to Civil Government [Civil Disobedience]" and "A Plea for Captain John Brown," Cramer also includes essays such as "Paradise (To Be) Regained," Thoreau's fascinating review of J.A. Etzler's 1833 tract The Paradise within the Reach of all Men, Without Labor, by Powers of Nature and Machinery. An Address to All Intelligent Men, and "Thomas Carlyle and His Works," an investigation into the Scotchman whose works preoccupied American authors throughout Thoreau's lifetime. Essays is organized chronologically, beginning with The Dial's publication of "Natural History of Massachusetts" (1842) through Atlantic Monthly's publication of "Life Without Principle" (1863).After a brief introduction discussing Thoreau's relationship with the periodic press, Cramer divides each page vertically between Thoreau's published texts on one side and his own annotations on the other. The annotations range from basic contextual notes to references to now obscure personas to references to Thoreau's other writings and extensive reading. This final set is perhaps the most interesting addition to understanding Thoreau's prose practices. In the final essay, for example, "Life Without Principle," Thoreau reworks or alludes to The Bible, Milton, popular sayings, Shakespeare, Emerson, and his own writing ("Walking," "Slavery in Massachusetts"). This is interesting, not because it demonstrates that Thoreau was well read, but rather because it demonstrates the productive way Thoreau utilized his reading within his own writing. …
Application of Fracture Mechanics to the Adherence of Thick Films and Ceramic Braze Joints

Ceramic-to-ceramic and ceramic-to-metal adherence plays an important role in the use of thick films for both microelectronic and protective coating applications, as well as in joining bulk materials. Test techniques have been developed to measure adherence in terms of the fracture resistance of such systems. This approach can be combined with a simple fracture mechanics model of the systems based on bulk material properties to examine the role of materials parameters in the adherence of such systems. This offers a means of designing for improved adherence and of examining the effects of processing conditions and materials employed on the fracture toughness of the system.
Is the routine use of pacing wires necessary

Abstract Introduction. Although temporary epicardial pacing wires are routinely placed following cardiac surgery, there are costs (∼$200/patient) and associated clinical risks such as bleeding/tamponade (wire removal) and mediastinitis (prolonged use). We examined the frequency of postoperative pacing and potential predictors of pacing wire use. Methods. Seventy-four patients [coronary artery bypass surgery (68%), valvular repair or replacement (15%), combination valvular surgery and bypass (10%), aneurysm repair (4%), or left atrial mass excision (3%)] were evaluated. The prevalence of pacing was determined and then the Mann--Whitney U test and Fisher exact test compared the mean values of continuous and categorical clinical variables between the paced and nonpaced groups. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed using only the statistically significant univariate variables ( P ≤ 0.05). Results. Fifteen patients (20%) required pacing. The mean age of the patient population was 63 ± 11 years, and 59% of the patients were male. Use of digoxin and a history of a previous arrhythmia or diabetes were statistically significant univariate predictors for postcardiac pacing wire use ( P ≤ 0.05). History of a previous arrhythmia (OR = 5.8, 95% CI, 1.6–20.8, P = 0.02) was the strongest multivariate predictor for necessity of pacing after cardiac surgery. Although not statistically significant, length of stay for paced patients was longer compared to nonpaced patients (8.8 ± 4.7 days versus 7.4 ± 5.1 days, P = 0.06). Conclusions. These data suggest that pacing wires do not need to be routinely placed in all adult cardiac surgery patients and could possibly be used selectively in patient populations at increased risk. Continued refinement of our understanding of who is most likely to benefit will allow the most judicious use of this practice, which carries both cost and risk.
Transplantation of highly purified CD34+Thy-1+ hematopoietic stem cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

We re p o rt here the transplantation of extensively purified “mobilized” peripheral blood CD34 + T h y - 1 + h e m a t o p o i e t i c stem cells from 22 patients with re c u rrent or metastatic breast cancer. Patients were mobilized with either high-dose granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF. Median purity of the stem cell p roduct at cry o p re s e rvation was 95.3% (range, 91.1%-98.3%), and viability was 98.6% (range, 96.5%-100%). After high-dose chemotherapy with carmustine, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide, CD34 + T h y - 1 + cells at a median dose of 11.3 × 1 0 5 per kilogram (range, 4.7-163 × 1 0 5 per kilogram) were infused. No infusion-related toxicity was observ e d . N e u t rophil re c o v e ry was prompt, with median absolute neutrophil count >500/mL by day 10 (range, 8-15 days) and > 1 0 0 0 /mL by day 11 (range, 8-17 days). Median platelet re c o v e ry (>20,000/mL) was observed by day 14 (range, 9-42 days) and >50,000/mL by day 17 (range, 11-49 days). Tumor cell depletion below the limits of detection of a sensitive immunoflu o rescence-based assay was accomplished in all patients who had detectable tumor cells in aphere s i s p roducts before processing. Although CD4 + T-cell reconstitution was slow, no unusual infections were observed. Neither early nor late graft failure was observed, and no patient re q u i red infusion of unmanipulated backup cells. At a median follow-up of approximately 1.4 years and a maximum follow-up of 2.5 years, 16 of the 22 patients remain alive, with 9 free of disease pro g ression, and have stable blood counts. In summary, highly purified CD34 + T h y - 1 + cells used as the sole source of the hematopoietic graft result in rapid and sustained hematopoietic engraftment.
Party Coalitions and Interest Group Networks

We analyze affiliation networks of interest groups that endorse the same candidates in primary elections, donate to the same candidates in general elections, and voice support for the same legislative proposals. Patterns of interest group ties resemble two competing party coalitions in elections but not in legislative debate. Campaign endorsement and financial contribution ties among interest groups are consistently correlated but legislative ties do not follow directly from electoral alliances. The results challenge the consensus in the emerging literature on the expanded party organization; interest groups have distinct incentives to join together in a party coalition in elections but also to build bipartisan grand coalitions to pursue legislative goals. We also modify conventional views on party differences. The Democratic coalition is not fractured into many small constituencies. The Democratic campaign and legislative networks are denser than equivalent Republican networks, with a core of labor organ...
Bicycle ergometer and electromyographic feedback for treatment of muscle imbalance in patients with spastic hemiparesis. Suggestion from the field.

Although muscle activity underlying gait in patients with spastic hemiparesis can follow several different patterns,1 electromyographic kinesiology confirms that in many patients, prolonged or exaggerated activity in the hypertonic extensor muscles tends to overbalance the paretic flexor muscles. Physical therapists use techniques such as progressive resistive exercise2 or rhythmic stabilization3 to facilitate a more appropriate pattern of flexor-extensor muscle balance. Most such strategies involve isolating the affected limb segment, using manual and verbal cuing to train the desired pattern, and then integrating what has been learned into gait through further supervised practice. Usually, the patient has no way to reproduce these learning conditions between clinic visits or after discharge. Electromyographic feedback also can be used to help the patient learn to contract paretic leg flexor muscles more effectively and to inhibit hypertonicity in the extensor muscles.4…
Calculations of Lithium+ Carborane Complexes

Newtonpsilas equations of motion and a Universal Force Field with a charge equilibration scheme implemented in our molecular dynamics program TINK and standard ab initio codes have been used on high performance computers (HPC) at the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center (ARSC) to theoretically study: (i) the structure and dynamics of Li+CH2=CH-(CH2)n-2-C(BMe)11 - self catalyst and the alkene polymerization LiCB11Me12 catalyst, and (ii) the unusual pKa values of substituted Li+CH2=CH-(CH2)n-2-C(BMe)11- carborane salts that were observed experimentally in our laboratory. The parent compound (CB11H12 -) exhibits a pKa of 21.8 while the fluorine substituted compound (12-F-CB11H11 -) has a pKa of 34. This is an amazing observation. Molecular dynamics calculations have now offered a possible explanation.
When Are Type 1 Diabetic Patients at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

This discussion of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with type 1 diabetes reviews recent data concerning glycemia and the role of glycemic control in type 1 diabetes, as well as observations of an association with haptoglobin genotype and coronary artery disease events. This genetic predisposition also leads to oxidative damage and appears to be associated with profound high-density lipoprotein dysfunction. This article also briefly discusses recent data on general cardiovascular risk factors and provides updated comments concerning the association of coronary artery disease with other diabetes complications, especially renal disease.
Exploring connectivity of the brain's white matter with dynamic queries

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging method that can be used to measure local information about the structure of white matter within the human brain. Combining DTI data with the computational methods of MR tractography, neuroscientists can estimate the locations and sizes of nerve bundles (white matter pathways) that course through the human brain. Neuroscientists have used visualization techniques to better understand tractography data, but they often struggle with the abundance and complexity of the pathways. In this paper, we describe a novel set of interaction techniques that make it easier to explore and interpret such pathways. Specifically, our application allows neuroscientists to place and interactively manipulate box or ellipsoid-shaped regions to selectively display pathways that pass through specific anatomical areas. These regions can be used in coordination with a simple and flexible query language which allows for arbitrary combinations of these queries using Boolean logic operators. A representation of the cortical surface is provided for specifying queries of pathways that may be relevant to gray matter structures and for displaying activation information obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging. By precomputing the pathways and their statistical properties, we obtain the speed necessary for interactive question-and-answer sessions with brain researchers. We survey some questions that researchers have been asking about tractography data and show how our system can be used to answer these questions efficiently.
Poultry Products Inspection Act

As late as the 1950s, much of the slaughtering and dressing of poultry was done by the retail butcher in the sight of the consumer. This provided, in a sense, a degree of inspection for wholesomeness. As centralized slaughtering and dressing developed to a larger scale, it remained essentially a local operation. Consequently, when it became apparent that some kind of inspection for wholesomeness of the products was needed, it was the local governments which provided the inspection service. As time went on, however, less live poultry and more dressed poultry (often New York dressed) was shipped outside a growing area, frequently from one state to another. With the change in marketing practices the Federal Government became substantially involved.
Basal body temperature graph and the luteal phase defect

Basal body temperature (BBT) charts from three menstrual cycles of 20 normal women and 20 women with biopsy-proven luteal phase defect (LPD) were reviewed. Mean luteal phase length in the normal women was 13.4 days, and that of the women with LPD was 11.8 days (P less than 0.05). Six (30%) of the LPD patients had luteal phases of less than 11 days according to BBT, and five of these patients had severely out-of-phase endometrial biopsies. None of the normal patients had luteal phases of less than 11 days. There was no significant difference in the mean rate of postovulatory BBT rise between the two groups. It is suggested that the slope of postovulatory temperature shift is not helpful in the diagnosis of LPD but that evidence of a luteal phase of less than 11 days on BBT does indicate a high likelihood of LPD.
A User-Friendly Protocol Development Model

This chapter addresses the importance of having rules to channel behaviors and outcomes. A strategy for determining the value and contribution of protocols to the organization; detecting gaps, duplications, and omissions from protocols; and improving upon their purpose and usefulness is offered. Actual case histories provide insight into the weaknesses of major security publications and how the entire security industry is affected by the many shortfalls uncovered.
Embodiment of Folk Art Elements in Packaging Design

To study the embodiment of folk art in the packaging design. It studied the commodities with folk art elements design,through reading relevant information,the role and market prospect of folk elements applied in modern design were forecasted. The product packaging embodies the pursuit of people for cultural consumption,is the embodiment of enhancing the spiritual civilization levels of consumer groups,and folk elements in modern product design is more in a new way to awaken people to the national culture of kindness.
Perspective on historical perspectives

a number of changes have been initiated in the Journal of Applied Physiology by the new editor, Gary Sieck, and among these is a plan to have occasional papers on historical topics in physiology. The first of these follows in this issue, and it accompanies the initial installment of a series of
Direct detection of blood nitric oxide reveals a burn-dependent decrease of nitric oxide in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Abstract Purpose Burn is associated with severe immune dysfunction, including an anti-inflammatory state that occurs late after burn. While increased nitric oxide (NO) production is associated with severe infection and sepsis, the effect of burn trauma on these levels during a non-lethal infection remains unknown. We hypothesized that in a mouse model, (1) NO levels would be increased after infection without trauma and (2) burn would lead to decreased NO production even during infection. Methods Mice were infected via intra-tracheal inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 d following a 20% total body surface area contact burn. At 48 h following infection, blood was drawn to quantify NO concentrations using a microfluidic electrochemical sensor. Significant findings In uninjured mice, infection caused a significant increase in blood NO levels. Increases in NO occurred in a dose-dependent response to the bacterial inoculum. Following burn, an identical infection did not elicit increases in NO. Conclusions While increases in NO are expected over the course of an infection without prior trauma, burn and subsequent immune suppression decreases NO levels even in the presence of infection.
New-onset diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation in children - Incidence and risk factors

Diabetes mellitus is a recognized complication of SOT in adults and is associated with decreased graft and patient survival. Little is known about NOD in pediatric HT recipients. We aimed to characterize the incidence and describe risk factors for development of NOD after HT in children. Children who developed diabetes after HT were identified from the OPTN database. Demographic and clinical data before and after transplant were compared between patients with and without NOD. A total of 2056 children were included, 56% were male, 54% were Caucasian, and 62% had cardiomyopathy prior to HT. NOD developed in 219 children (11%) after HT. The incidence of NOD was 2.4, 9.0, and 10.4% at one, five, and 10 yr after HT, respectively. Obesity (HR: 4.32), dialysis prior to transplant (HR: 2.38), African American race (HR: 1.86), transplant before year 2000 (HR: 1.82), female gender (HR: 1.68), and older age at transplant (HR: 1.28) were independent predictors of NOD. The major modifiable risk factor for NOD is obesity, imparting the maximum hazard. Improved surveillance for diabetes in high-risk patients and specific prevention and intervention strategies are imperative in this population.
lncRNA expression in the auditory forebrain during postnatal development.

The biological processes governing brain development and maturation depend on complex patterns of gene and protein expression, which can be influenced by many factors. One of the most overlooked is the long noncoding class of RNAs (lncRNAs), which are known to play important regulatory roles in an array of biological processes. Little is known about the distribution of lncRNAs in the sensory systems of the brain, and how lncRNAs interact with other mechanisms to guide the development of these systems. In this study, we profiled lncRNA expression in the mouse auditory forebrain during postnatal development at time points before and after the onset of hearing (P7, P14, P21, adult). First, we generated lncRNA profiles of the primary auditory cortex (A1) and medial geniculate body (MG) at each age. Then, we determined the differential patterns of expression by brain region and age. These analyses revealed that the lncRNA expression profile was distinct between both brain regions and between each postnatal age, indicating spatial and temporal specificity during maturation of the auditory forebrain. Next, we explored potential interactions between functionally-related lncRNAs, protein coding RNAs (pcRNAs), and associated proteins. The maturational trajectories (P7 to adult) of many lncRNA – pcRNA pairs were highly correlated, and predictive analyses revealed that lncRNA-protein interactions tended to be strong. A user-friendly database was constructed to facilitate inspection of the expression levels and maturational trajectories for any lncRNA or pcRNA in the database. Overall, this study provides an in-depth summary of lncRNA expression in the developing auditory forebrain and a broad-based foundation for future exploration of lncRNA function during brain development.
Zika and Chikungunya virus co-infection in a traveller returning from Colombia, 2016: virus isolation and genetic analysis.

Introduction: Zika virus (ZIKV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can share the same mosquito vector, and co-infections by these viruses can occur in humans. While infections with these viruses share commonalities, CHIKV is unique in causing arthritis and arthralgias that may persist for a year or more. These infections are commonly diagnosed by RT–PCR-based methods during the acute phase of infection. Even with the high specificity and sensitivity characteristic of PCR, false negatives can occur, highlighting the need for additional diagnostic methods for confirmation. Case presentation: On her return to the USA, a traveller to Colombia, South America developed an illness consistent with Zika, Chikungunya and/or Dengue. RT-PCR of her samples was positive only for ZIKV. However, arthralgias persisted for months, raising concerns about co-infection with CHIKV or Mayaro viruses. Cell cultures inoculated with her original clinical samples demonstrated two types of cytopathic effects, and both ZIKV and CHIKV were identified in the supernatants. On phylogenetic analyses, both viruses were found to be related to strains found in Colombia. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to consider CHIKV co-infection in patients with prolonged rheumatological symptoms after diagnosis with ZIKV, and the usefulness of cell culture as an amplification step for low-viremia blood and other samples.
Ocular Pharmacology of Tear Film, Dry Eye, and Allergic Conjunctivitis.

Dry Eye Disease (DED) is “a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear-film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface.” DED comprises two etiologic categories: aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) and evaporative dry eye (EDE). Diagnostic workup of DED should include clinical history, symptom questionnaire, fluorescein TBUT, ocular surface staining grading, Schirmer I/II, lid and meibomian pathology, meibomian expression, followed by other available tests. New diagnostic tests employ the Oculus Keratograph, which performs non-invasive tear-film analysis and a bulbar redness (BR). The TearLab Osmolarity Test enables rapid clinical evaluation of tear osmolarity. Lipiview is a recently developed diagnostic tool that uses interferometry to quantitatively evaluate tear-film thickness. In DED, epithelial and inflammatory cells produce a variety of inflammatory mediators. A stagnant tear film and decreased concentration of mucin result in the accumulation of inflammatory factors that can penetrate tight junctions and cause epithelial cell death. DED treatment algorithms are based on severity of clinical signs and symptoms, and disease etiology. Therapeutic approaches include lubricating artificial tears and immunomodulatory agents.
Multicell Multiway Massive MIMO Relay Networks

A generic performance analysis framework is developed for multicell amplify-and-forward (AF) multiway massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay networks. The detrimental effects of imperfect channel state information (CSI), including channel estimation errors and outdated/delayed CSI for multicell massive MIMO AF multiway relay networks, are investigated. Thereby, for the first time in the open literature in the context of massive MIMO relay networks, the cumulative detrimental effects of pilot contamination and channel aging caused by the reuse of nonorthogonal pilot sequences and relative movements of user nodes, respectively, are quantified. The asymptotic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and the achievable spectral efficiency expressions corresponding to three transmit power scaling laws at the user nodes and relay are derived whenever the number of antennas at the relay is substantially higher than the number of user nodes. The asymptotic performance analysis is generic in the sense that the individual effects of the practical transmission impairments, such as cochannel interference, pilot contamination, and channel aging, can be decomposed. The average symbol error rate (SER) and asymptotic SER are derived in closed form. The optimal pilot sequence length, which maximizes the achievable spectral efficiency, is derived in closed form. Our asymptotic analysis for the perfect CSI case reveals that the detrimental effects of cochannel interference can be asymptotically mitigated. Nevertheless, the performance degradation caused due to the cumulative effects of pilot contamination and channel aging cannot be mitigated, even in the limit of infinitely many relay antennas.
Nutrient Sources and Harvest Frequencies Impact Water Stable Soil Macro-Aggregates

We evaluated the effects of nutrient sources [cattle manure, poultry litter, urea, chemical fertilizers [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)], inter-seeded crimson clover (Trifolium inca...
Mediatisation, neoliberalism and populisms: the case of Trump

This article examines the historical conditions for the electoral victory of Donald Trump and contemporary populist movements more generally, focusing on neoliberalism and populism. Populism is und...
Adding Self-Efficacy Features to an Online Statistics Lesson:

This study investigated the effectiveness of adding four self-efficacy features to an online statistics lesson, based on Bandura’s four sources of self-efficacy information. In a randomized between...
Treatment of Socioeconomically Deprived Alcoholics

This chapter will discuss the problem of alcoholism among socioeconomically deprived alcoholics living in urban areas. The experience in treatment approaches is based on extensive work with Black alcoholics in Harlem and Puerto Rican alcoholics in East Harlem.
Ovarian follicular growth, ovulation and atresia. Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation.

The human ovary at birth contains approximately two million primordial follicles (1). A primordial follicle consists of an oocyte arrested in prophase of meiosis I, a single layer of granulosa cells and a basement membrane, the basal lamina. Throughout life, from childhood to menopause, this pool is progressively diminished, as new cohorts of follicles daily are recruited from this large group to undergo follicular development (2). Follicular growth begins when the oocyte, which is still arrested in meiosis I, increases in size (3). The surrounding granulosa cells simultaneously undergo mitotic division. By the end of this preantral stage, four to five layers of granulosa cells surround the oocyte. Also during this stage, these follicles have developed another layer of a different cell type external to the basal lamina called the theca cell layer (3). A vascular wreath is formed within this thecal layer directly adjacent to the granulosa cell shell. The granulosa and theca cells undergo differentiation during this stage as they acquire FSH and LH receptors, respectively (4). Formation of the antrum, or fluid-filled cavity, at one pole of the follicle, signals transition to the antral follicle stage. The theca interna cells undergo final cytodifferentiation into active steroidogenic cells. The mean diameter of the follicle increases significantly during this time due to a combination of an accumulation of follicular fluid in the antrum as well as an increase in the granulosa cell number. By approximately day 5 to 7 of the follicular phase, a dominant follicle is easily recognized morphologically (5). This follicle, selected for ovulation, is the largest, contains the greatest number of granulosa cells, and has a thecal layer which is highly vascularized.
Amplified Movements: An Enactive Approach to Sound in Interaction Design

Sensorimotor knowledge is acquired through physical interaction with our surroundings. Activities such as drinking or biking must be learned through the body. Once this knowledge is acquired, such activities appear as intuitive, natural and automatic (Bargh 1999). Swiss philosopher and psychologist jean Piaget argued that sensorimotor learning is important for the early stages of child development (0–24 months) (Piaget 1954). In contrast to Piaget, Jerome Bruner argued that the acquisition of different types of knowledge (enactive, iconic and symbolic) is age-independent (Bruner 1966). He coined the term enactive learning in order to underline the importance of experience and environment in cognitive development. Thus, enactive learning happens largely in the early stages of human development when a child learns to walk or to drink, but also later in life. Without such knowledge, we would not be able to engage in new bodily experiences such as dancing, skiing or dough-making.
Cofactor Reaction-Diffusion Kinetics for an Alcohol Dehydrogenase Membrane

One approach to an enzyme-catalyzed direct energy transfer device involves diffusion of cofactor from the immobilized enzyme to the solid electrode surface (1). We have studied the kinetics of part of this overall process, using yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) immobilized in an albumin-glutaraldehyde membrane. Values for the kinetic constants for soluble and immobilized YADH were determined experimentally. These were used to show how the overall rate of reaction was influenced by different degrees of diff-usional resistance of the transport of the cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere for Correction of Ocean Color Remote Sensors

In this paper I have tried to provide a more or less self-contained discussion on the optical properties of the atmosphere and radiative transfer theory to provide the reader with an understanding of atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color remote sensing data. The absorption properties of the optically important gases (H2O, O2, and O3) in the atmosphere have been presented in the form of spectral transmittance curves. The scattering properties of the aerosol have been described with examples taken from Mie scattering theory applied to aerosol models. The development of the CZCS algorithm has been described in detail starting from the single scattering solution of radiative transfer theory. A critical evaluation of the model is then carried out and efforts to circumvent the difficulties specific to the CZCS band set are presented. Processes ignored in the original algorithm but included in later versions, e.g., multiple scattering, polarization, and variations in the O3 concentration and the surface atmospheric pressure, are briefly examined. Finally, the question of atmospheric correction of future, more sensitive, ocean color sensors, such as SeaWiFS, is considered. An improved correction algorithm is proposed and the remaining problems, along with suggested approaches for solving them, are described.
Investigation of the Role of Diminishing Surface Area on Friction-Based Tactile Discrimination of Textures

Abstract The ability to discriminate among various tactual elements is crucial to any tactile communication system, such as in assistive technology for those with visual impairment. In previous work, the authors investigated the ability to differentiate textures having a large surface area. In the current work, the objective was to determine how diminishing surface area affects perception, and the extent to which limited area inhibits with the friction-based perception. A perception study in combination with friction measurement was performed to address this issue. Circular texture samples consisting of abrasive papers of P800, P1200 and P2500 grit, respectively, of three different sizes, 38.1 mm, 9.5 mm and 3.2 mm, were used as stimuli. Same size samples were presented in pairwise combinations to determine the mean probabilities of differentiation for an abrasive paper pair at different sizes. Results from the perception measurement indicated that decreasing size of the texture sample resulted in a decrease in the ability to both reliably differentiate different-grit abrasive pairs and reliably identify same-grit abrasive pairs. Finger friction measurements from the participants suggested a possible edge effect on the friction of the samples. Silicone-based probes were also employed for friction measurement of the texture samples to identify friction mechanisms as well as confirm the magnitude of the effect of sample edges on total friction.
Epidemiological burden of meningococcal disease in Latin America: A systematic literature review.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the epidemiological profile of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), meningococcal meningitis, and Neisseria meningitidis carriers in Latin America. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify and analyze studies published in 2008–2018. Incidence rates, case fatality rates (CFRs), and the relative distribution of cases per serogroup by country were assessed. Results Meningococcal surveillance in Latin America differs among countries, and most systems are based on passive sentinel surveillance. Thirty-nine studies were selected. In 2006, the incidence rate of IMD per 100 000 inhabitants was highest in Brazil (1.9), followed by Uruguay (1.3), Chile (0.8), Argentina (0.7), Colombia and Venezuela (0.3 each), and Mexico (0.06). Brazil reported the highest CFR (20%), followed by Uruguay (15%), Chile (11%), and Venezuela and Argentina (10% each). In 2012, the CFR in Chile increased to approximately 27%. The most frequent serogroups among IMD cases were C in Brazil (2007–2010) and Mexico (2005–2016), W in Chile (2012–2018), and B in Argentina (2012–2015). However, the true burden of IMD in Latin America is probably underestimated due to underreporting of cases. Conclusions Improvements in IMD notification, IMD registration, national surveillance programs (including active surveillance systems), diagnostic tools, and characterization of isolates may better elucidate the true epidemiological burden of IMD in Latin America.
Troop Histories and Range Inertia of Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar: A 33-year Perspective

Lemur catta troops in a 1-km2study area at Berenty Reserve have maintained fidelity to core areas since Budnitz and Dainis' study of 1972–1973, and for two troops possibly since 1963. Population in 1 km2fluctuated from 155 to 105 to 282 individuals (excluding infants), and the number of troops increased from 12 to 21. Most troops retain the same core areas from year to year (170 observed troop-years). Ten troops derived from known fissions have settled in parts of their parent troop range or an adjacent neighbor's range. Five more troops may derive from similar matrilocal fissioning, inferred from behavior and ranging patterns. One has remained unchanged. Five have unknown parentage, in the ranges of four previously censused troops. Once a fissioned troop completely replaced another, one troop permanently extended its range, three times females joined a different troop, once a female remained nomadic for two years without stable home range. No fissioned troop has been seen to leapfrog others: to settle discontiuously from its parent. Intertroop antagonism may reflect benefits of long-term core area control.