cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
End Identification of Stock Certificates

The proposal to identify stock with the lowest basis as the lot sold is part of a series of proposals arguing that tax accounting reflects economic income only if a taxpayer’s remaining basis reflects the value of the remaining investment. Adjusted basis should describe, as closely as possible, the net present value of the remaining investment. Future proposals in the series will argue, for instance, that cash received from a short sale, a future, or writing options should be allocated to unrealized appreciation on the underlying property held by the taxpayer, and will argue that cash from deferred sales should be allocated first to the gain on the sold property. More generally, the relationship between adjusted basis and remaining value also measures the relationship that the real tax rate bears to the statutory tax rate.The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration by tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress when it needs to raise revenue. Shelf Project proposals are intended to raise revenue, defend the tax base, follow the money, and improve the rationality and efficiency of the tax system. The tax community can propose, follow, or edit proposals at http://www.taxshelf.org. A longer description of the Shelf Project can be found at ‘‘The Shelf Project: Revenue-Raising Projects That Defend the Tax Base,’’ Tax Notes, Dec. 10, 2007, p. 1077, Doc 2007-22632, or 2007 TNT 238-37.Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.Copyright 2008 Calvin H. Johnson.
International Perspectives in LIS Education: Global Education, Research, and Collaboration at the SJSU School of Information

The IFLA Trend Report identified five trends that will impact the information environment (IFLA, 2015), such as access to information with new technologies, online education for global learning, hyper-connected communities, and the global information environment. The faculty at San Jose State University (SJSU) School of Information (iSchool) is engaged in a wide range of activities that focus on these trends—benefiting students, enhancing faculty professional development, and extending the school’s impact on the global information environment. The importance of incorporating global perspectives in the curriculum to reflect changes in the way that communities around the world access and share information is the focus of numerous studies. The SJSU iSchool has been an early adopter of various practices to increase the range of international education, outreach, and research initiatives. This article provides examples of curricular, research, and collaborative projects that our faculty has developed, both for our students and for the global community of information professionals. Key initiatives presented include virtually abroad global projects, globalization of LIS curriculum, international LIS internships, international project-based learning, faculty professional development, and international collaborations. Collectively, these initiatives demonstrate the diverse ways the iSchool is addressing the need in higher education to reach across national borders, especially in the information field.
The Negative Relationship between Size and the Probability of Weekly Attendance in Churches in the United States

Are people less likely to attend large churches? Using nationally representative data, I find a negative relationship between size and the probability of attendance for Conservative, Mainline, and ...
Optimal Resource Allocation and Mode Selection for D2D Communication Underlaying Cellular Networks

In this work, we consider the device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying cellular networks to support local communication needs. In particular, we focus our attention on the design of an optimal resource allocation and mode selection algorithm for both cellular and D2D users. In the design, communication mode selection for D2D users is also taken into account so that a D2D source-destination pair has an option to either directly communicate or indirectly communicate through the base station (BS). On the other hand, it is necessary and important to provide a certain level of Quality of Service (QoS) to users. The users can be further differentiated by assigning different weighting factors and QoS requirements. To this end, we formulate a problem of maximizing the weighed sum rate of all the users constrained by their power and QoS requirements. The tool that we use to handle this problem is the primal-dual technique which transforms the original problem into the equivalent problem showing lower computational complexity. The simulation results verify that our proposed scheme outperforms the previous heuristic scheme by jointly optimizing the power and resource allocation along with the communication mode selection for the D2D communication pairs.
Distributed and variable order differential-operator equations

In Section 5.6 we studied the existence of a solution to the multi-point value problem for a fractional order pseudo-differential equation with m fractional derivatives of the unknown function. This is an example of fractional distributed order differential equations. Our main purpose in this chapter is the mathematical treatment of boundary value problems for general distributed and variable order fractional differential-operator equations. We will study the existence and uniqueness of a solution to initial and multi-point value problems in different function spaces.
The clinical study of colposcope and LEEP knife in diagnosing and treating cervical lesions

Objective To observe the effect of colposcopic combined with LEEP knife in diagnosing and treating cervical lesions.Methods 227 cases with the liquid based cervical cytology(TCT) positive result and cervical lesions by colposcopy and biopsy abnormal result,were treated with combined colposcopy LEEP knife.The blood loss,operative time,postoperative complications,postoperative recovery time,postoperative recurrence were recorded and analyzed.Results Blood loss was(4.9 ± 1.6) ml,operative time was(5.7 ± 1.3) min,patients had no obvious discomfort.The no significant complication rate was 97.8%,and the recovery time was(5.2 ± 1.7) weeks.The pathology coincidence rate before and after surgery was 97.4%,the cure rate was 94.3%,the total effective rate was 98.2%.Conclusion Colposcopic combined with LEEP knife applied in diagnosing and treatment of cervical lesions had the advantage of shorter time,easy operation,better curative effect and providing the whole specimen for pathological study,and reducing the rate of misdiagnosis.
Reflection on Reform of Mathematics Education Doctoral Program

Specialization of Mathematics Education, especially specialization of Mathematics Education Doctoral Program, was an important component of reform of mathematics education. The author introduced the discussion about mathematics education doctoral program among US mathematics educators in recent years and poses the components of mathematics education doctoral program in China. The author called on that mathematics education doctoral program in China should be one of the mathematics education reforms so that mathematics education research in China could stand at the front of the world.
But how many people died? Health outcomes in perspective

Before dispensing advice, we should know the effect of what we recommend on all meaningful outcomes.
Global Aviation and the Gulf

This chapter provides an empirical case study of one of the areas in which the Gulf States have been the most visible and dynamic generators of global change. The startling rise of Emirates, Etihad, and Qatar Airways has reshaped global aviation markets around the three hubs of Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Doha, as the Gulf airlines have developed into what the Economist magazine has labelled ‘global super-connectors’ capable of connecting any two points in the world with one stopover in the Gulf.1 This culminated in the January 2015 announcement that Dubai International Airport had overtaken London’s Heathrow Airport to become the world’s busiest airport for international passengers. Significantly, the 6 per cent annual rise in Dubai’s international passengers (to almost 70 million in 2014) contrasted with the far smaller rate of increase caused by Heathrow operating at near-peak capacity owing to space and regulatory constraints. Moreover, Emirates, Etihad, and Qatar Airways have benefited further from the relative absence of political or legal constraints compared with European and North American ‘legacy carriers’ in addition to the ‘state capitalist’ development models described in Chapter Three.2
Privacy Preserving Probabilistic Record Linkage Using Locality Sensitive Hashes

As part of increased efforts to provide precision medicine to patients, large clinical research networks (CRNs) are building regional and national collections of electronic health records (EHRs) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). To protect patient privacy, each data contributor to the CRN (for example, a health-care provider) uses anonymizing and encryption technology before publishing the data. An important problem in such CRNs involves linking records of the same patient across multiple source databases. Unfortunately, in practice, the records to be matched often contain typographic errors and inconsistencies arising out of formatting and pronunciation incompatibilities, as well as incomplete information. When encryption is applied on these records, similarity search for record linkage is rendered impossible. The central idea behind our work is to create characterizing signatures for the linkage of attributes of each record using minhashes and locality sensitive hash functions before encrypting those attributes. Then, using a privacy preserving record linkage protocol we perform probabilistic matching based on Jaccard similarity measure. We have developed a proof-of-concept for this protocol and we show some experimental results based on synthetic, but realistic, data.
The Cosmo-political Background of Heaven's Mandate

A preoccupation with cosmology and the correlation of celestial events with terrestrial activity dates back to the very beginnings of Chinese civilization. The existence of such a mindset is shown by archeo-logical discoveries from the Neolithic as well as the early Bronze Age. The belief in heaven-dwelling high gods like Shang Di and Tian also had antecedents in the pre-Shang period. In addition, analysis of scientifically verifiable accounts of planetary massings from the second millennium B.C. suggests that important cosmological and astrological notions took shape much earlier than previously thought. On the basis of this evidence it now appears likely that such conceptions are intimately connected both with influential later beliefs about a Mandate of Heaven, which asserted heavenly intervention as the cause of change in temporal governance, and with later Five Elements speculative schemes, which claimed to discern a preordained phenomenological pattern in the dynastic succession. The cosmicization of experience in the archaic period to which the evidence points and the vehement reassertion of Heaven's Mandate by the Zhou dynasty founders together confirm the epoch-making historical role of the Shang-Zhou transition in decisively reaffirming “patterning oneself in Heaven's image” (xiang tian 象天) as the fundamental metaphor in Chinese political legitimation.
Travel Risks: How to Help Parents Protect Infants and Young Children

Children are at greater risk than adults for many travel-related problems, such as barotitis and barotrauma associated with flying, cold and heat injury, drowning, and infection with geohelminths. Most of these problems can be avoided with appropriate measures. Here, a summary of the most important steps.
Continuing an Epoch: Examining the Necessity of the Field of Political Science

In 2008, the United States of America elected its first African-American President, Senator Barack Obama. This seminal election was viewed upon as a pivotal point of heightened student interest and involvement in United States electoral politics. With the re-election of President Barack Obama in 2012, the student involvement and voter participation was again heeded as an exemplification of increased student interest in U.S. Electoral politics. To examine the validity of these viewpoints, the authors put forth that there should exist some metrics to demonstrate the growing student interest in U.S. Electoral Politics. As such, this article bears two purposes: 1) to examine the assumptions of a growing student interest in U.S. electoral politics from the perspective of actual political science enrollment totals, nationally and at one local university and 2) to discuss the potential implications of the data and make recommendations as to its usefulness for the local university being studied in this research project, as well as the field of political science. Data presented in this study will be taken from the local university studied, based upon a twelve (12) year (2003-2014) reporting period of political science student enrollment, at the Bachelor’s and Master’s level. Additionally, student enrollment data at the Bachelor’s and Master’s level in the School of Public Policy and Administration will be presented to illustrate an apparent trend contrast occurring within these two programs, at this particular university. The 12-year reporting period is based upon the availability of public data at the reporting institution.
In situ investigation on ultrafast oxygen evolution reactions of water splitting in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a half reaction in electrochemical devices, including low-temperature water electrolysis, which is considered as one of the most promising methods to generate hydrogen/oxygen for the storage of energy. It is affected by many factors, and its mechanism is still not completely understood. A proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC) with optical access to the surface of anode catalyst layer (CL) coupled with a distinguished high-speed and micro-scale visualization system (HMVS) was developed to in situ investigate OERs. It was revealed in real time that OERs only occur on the anode CL adjacent to liquid/gas diffusion layer (LGDL). The CL electrical conductivity plays a crucial role in OERs on CLs. The large in-plane electrical resistance of CLs becomes a threshold of OERs over the entire CL, and causes a lot of catalyst waste in the middle of LGDL pores. Moreover, the oxygen bubble nucleation, growth, and detachment and the effect of current density on those processes were also characterized. This study proposes a new approach for better understanding the mechanisms of OERs and optimizing the design and fabrication of membrane electrode assemblies.
Monitoring and Surveillance: The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System

The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) was established to assure that the use of antimicrobials in food producing animals does not undermine the efficacy of the same drugs used to treat foodborne infections in humans. NARMS is a coordinated effort among the Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to track antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria from humans, retail meats, and food animals. This chapter reviews the design of NARMS, the methods used, and the evolution of the program. The chapter also discusses the impacts that NARMS has made on public health and some of the strengths and limitations of the program.
Enabling a Resilient and Self-healing PMU Infrastructure Using Centralized Network Control

Many of the emerging wide-area monitoring protection and control (WAMPAC) applications in modern electrical grids rely heavily on the availability and integrity of widespread phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. Therefore, it is critical to protect PMU networks against growing cyber-attacks and system faults. In this paper, we present a self-healing PMU network design that considers both power system observability and communication network characteristics. Our design utilizes centralized network control, such as the emerging software-defined networking (SDN) technology, to design resilient network self-healing algorithms against cyber-attacks. Upon detection of a cyber-attack, the PMU network can reconfigure itself to isolate compromised devices and re-route measurement data with the goal of preserving the power system observability. We have developed a proof-of-concept system in a container-based network testbed using integer linear programming to solve a graph-based PMU system model. We also evaluate the system performance regarding the self-healing plan generation and installation using the IEEE 30-bus system.
Automating Clearing and Settlement: BASE II and III

This chapter describes how NBI solved the other half of their operational problems: clearing and settlement. It describes the creation of BASE II in 1974, the first electronic clearinghouse for bank-issued payment cards. It also covers the failed attempt to create a software package for the member banks, known as BASE III.
A Psychometric Approach to Theory-Based Behavior Change Intervention Development: Example From the Colorado Meaning-Activity Project

Background There has been a notable disconnect between theories of behavior change and behavior change interventions. Because few interventions are both explicitly and adequately theory-based, investigators cannot assess the impact of theory on intervention effectiveness. Theory-based interventions, designed to deliberately engage the theory's proposed mechanisms of change, are needed to adequately test theories. Thus, systematic approaches to theory-based intervention development are needed. Purpose This article will introduce and discuss the psychometric method of developing theory-based interventions. Methods The psychometric approach to intervention development utilizes basic psychometric principles at each step of the intervention development process in order to build a theoretically driven intervention to, subsequently, be tested in process (mechanism) and outcome studies. Five stages of intervention development are presented as follows: (i) Choice of theory; (ii) Identification and characterization of key concepts and expected relations; (iii) Intervention construction; (iv) Initial testing and revision; and (v) Empirical testing of the intervention. Results Examples of this approach from the Colorado Meaning-Activity Project (COMAP) are presented. Based on self-determination theory integrated with meaning or purpose, and utilizing a motivational interviewing approach, the COMAP intervention is individually based with an initial interview followed by smart phone-delivered interventions for increasing daily activity. Conclusions The psychometric approach to intervention development is one method to ensure careful consideration of theory in all steps of intervention development. This structured approach supports developing a research culture that endorses deliberate and systematic operationalization of theory into behavior change intervention from the outset of intervention development.
Investigating Options for Increased Awareness and Use of Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Resources Among Libraries and Librarians (Part One of a Two-Part Series)

ABSTRACTLibraries of all types regularly support their communities through emergencies ranging from the opioid crisis to hurricanes. We train staff to provide NARCAN and respond to workplace or community violence. We shelter patrons before and after natural disasters–and recover and rebuild our library buildings and materials. Ideally, library staffs plan ahead to ensure their efforts are as effective as possible. The National Library of Medicine’s Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC) has compiled multiple resources and tools that can enhance libraries’ plans. The project described in this and a forthcoming article explored options to improve awareness and use of these and local resources. The assessment process, the findings and tools, and the recommendations can inform all library emergency preparedness plans and enhance their resilience.
Magnetocardiographic localization of Kent bundles

First MCG recording in one patient with WPW was reported by Erne’ and Fenici (1984). Since then several preliminary measurements have been published (Fenici et al 1985–88; Katila et al 1988; Novak el al 1988; Oeff et al 1989), demonstrating the accuracy of MCG to localize Kent type accessory pathways. Here we report present results of our ongoing perspective study carried out to interprete the MCG patterns and to compare the respective localization power of electrocardiographic and magnetocardiographic criteria.
Contemporary Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Community Violence Among African American Youth

While community violence in the United States has diminished since the early 1990s, when its levels peaked to epidemic proportions, it continues to be a major public health problem. Indeed, over the course of the last decade, American teens and young adults have continued to experience rates of violent crime that are much higher than those for any other age group (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2009a, 2009b), in 2006, 5,958 young people between the ages of 10 and 24 were murdered, making homicide the second leading cause of death for youth in that age group. Additionally, in 2007, more than 668,000 young people aged 10–24 years were treated in emergency departments for injuries sustained from violence.
The axiom of determinacy, strong partition properties and nonsingular measures

In this paper we study the relationship between AD and strong partition properties of cardinals as well as some consequences of these properties themselves.
Mislukken van mandibulaire geleidingsanesthesie door aanwezigheid van accessoire kanalen

Het is een misverstand dat er in de mandibula slechts twee mandibulaire kanalen lopen die de gebitselementen van zenuwvezels voorzien. Ter hoogte van de middellijn overlappen de taken en dat heeft gevolgen voor het geven van een infiltratieanesthesie in de anterieure mandibula. Het is tevens een misverstand dat de nervus alveolaris inferior stopt bij het foramen mentale en daar de mandibula verlaat om over te gaan in de nervus mentalis. Hierbij wordt vaak vergeten hoe de gebitselementen in de anterieure mandibula aan zenuwtakjes komen.
Essay #7: Theism, Necessity and Invalidity

This essay deals with the necessitarian concept of God. It is a response to the widespread acceptance in the second half of the twentieth century of the modalities of necessity and possibility. This was primarily due to the “possible world” semantics developed by Saul Kripke and others, and to the scholarship of Alvin Plantinga. The contention of this paper is that when a modal concept of God is adopted, some of the theist’s crucial ordinary intuitions concerning which arguments are successful misfire. The main thesis of the essay is that the theist employing such a modal concept of God cannot hold any argument for God’s existence to be invalid on pain of logically implying the denial of theism.
Suspending and Expelling Children from Educational Opportunity: Time to Reevaluate Zero Tolerance Policies

Introduction 1040 I. Background 1043 A. The History of Zero Tolerance Policies 1043 1. Disciplinary methods from the 1960s to the 1990s...1043 2. The Federal Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 and its aftermath 1046 B. Challenging State Interpretations of the Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 1050 C. Case Law Regarding School Discipline 1051 D. Procedural and Substantive Due Process Challenges to Disciplinary Decisions 1055 II. Key Problems Regarding Zero Tolerance Policies 1057 A. Effect of the Media on School Safety Issues 1058 B. Questions Regarding the Effectiveness of Zero Tolerance Policies 1061 C. How Zero Tolerance Policies Undermine Education....1064 D. The Guarantee of Alternative Education 1066 E. The Psychological Effects on Children 1069 F. The Criminalization of Youth 1070 Conclusion 1073
Engaging High-Need Patients in Intensive Outpatient Programs: A Qualitative Synthesis of Engagement Strategies

Intensive outpatient programs address the complex medical, social, and behavioral needs of individuals who account for disproportionate healthcare costs. Despite their promise, the impact of these programs is often diminished due to patient engagement challenges (i.e., low rates of patient participation and partnership in care). The objective of this study was to identify intensive outpatient program features and strategies that increase high-need patient engagement in these programs. Qualitative study. Twenty program leaders and clinicians from 12 intensive outpatient programs in academic, county, Veterans Affairs, community, and private healthcare settings. A questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to identify common barriers to patient engagement in intensive outpatient programs and strategies employed by programs to address these challenges. We used content analysis methods to code patient engagement barriers and strategies and to identify program features that facilitate patient engagement. The most common barriers to patient engagement in intensive outpatient programs included physical symptoms/limitations, mental illness, care fragmentation across providers and services, isolation/lack of social support, financial insecurity, and poor social and neighborhood conditions. Patient engagement strategies included concrete services to support communication and use of recommended services, activities to foster patient trust and relationships with program staff, and counseling to build insight and problem-solving capabilities. Program features that were identified as enhancing engagement efforts included: 1) multidisciplinary teams with diverse skills, knowledge, and personalities to facilitate relationship building; 2) adequate staffing and resources to handle the demands of high-need patients; and 3) a philosophy that permitted flexibility and patient-centeredness. Promising clinical, interpersonal, and population-based approaches to engaging high-need patients frequently deviate from standard practice and require creative and proactive staff with adequate time, resources, and flexibility to address patients’ needs on patients’ terms.
Systemic Issues in the Opioid Epidemic: Supporting the Individual, Family, and Community

The opioid epidemic is a national issue in the USA (The White House’s Office of Press Secretary 2016). Researchers interviewed 16 participants focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats they personally experienced while either recovering from an opioid addiction or experiencing the loss of a loved one due to opioid usage. This article focuses on the research study’s multi-systemic impacts and discusses implications via a systems approach to prevention and intervention.
Big Provenance Stream Processing for Data Intensive Computations

In the business and research landscape of today, data analysis consumes public and proprietary data from numerous sources, and utilizes any one or more of popular data-parallel frameworks such as Hadoop, Spark and Flink. In the Data Lake setting these frameworks co-exist. Our earlier work has shown that data provenance in Data Lakes can aid with both traceability and management. The sheer volume of fine-grained provenance generated in a multi-framework application motivates the need for on-the-fly provenance processing. We introduce a new parallel stream processing algorithm that reduces fine-grained provenance while preserving backward and forward provenance. The algorithm is resilient to provenance events arriving out-of-order. It is evaluated using several strategies for partitioning a provenance stream. The evaluation shows that the parallel algorithm performs well in processing out-of-order provenance streams, with good scalability and accuracy.
Therapy of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Prognosis based upon age and MRI abnormality and plans for placebo-controlled trials

Evaluation of the therapy of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is hampered by its rarity and by the striking and unpredictable variation in phenotypic expression. We present two approaches that may facilitate therapy evaluation. (1) We have analysed data on 377 X-ALD patients who have been followed at the Kennedy Krieger Institute for a mean period of 38 months and have subdivided them into 18 subgroups on the basis of age and the degree of abnormality in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as assessed by the Loes score (Am. J. Neuroradrol 1994; 15: 1761). We find that grouping on the basis of age and MRI score provides information that is of significant prognostic value. (2) We present plans for the development of a placebo-controlled multicentre international study that will have sufficient biostatistical power to provide objective evaluation of new therapeutic interventions.
Access My Campus

Access My Campus is a mobile phone application in development to make college campuses more accessible to students and visitors. Navigating a new college environment is a difficult task for anyone who has not fully explored it. This task is even harder for students and visitors with disabilities, such as visual impairments. Access My Campus seeks to help these students by tracking their position through Wi-Fi triangulation and providing information about classrooms, offices, and other notable landmarks within proximity. Students will also be able to plan routes and be actively guided to their destination.
Cloud-Based IoT Smart Parking System for Minimum Parking Delays on Campus

Growing cities always have parking challenges and they are in need for creative ideas to solve this issue and avoid the time wasted in searching for empty parking spots. To overcome the problem, this paper proposes a simple solution using a low-cost cloud-based system design. The design will be initially implemented on campus in one parking lot at the University of Central Oklahoma. The goal is to make the faculties and students life easier by guiding them to empty parking spots. The design of the proposed system is discussed in this paper and preliminary data are presented including the cost function. The system will guide the users through the web-based application.
La antropología agustiniana puesta a prueba: la ética del episodio palaciego en el «Persiles»

Este estudio interpreta el episodio palaciego del Persiles a la luz de la antropologia de Agustin de Hipona. Se propone que Cervantes crea personajes, y de ellos enredos, que prueban los limites de las afirmaciones agustinianas sobre la corrupcion de la voluntad. Lo que resulta reivindica la dicotomia agustiniana de elegidos y condenados como suficiente para explicar la complejidad de la psique humana junto con la diversidad de capacidades y motivos que supone la raza humana.
A study of thermoelastic damping in micromechanical resonators under unified generalized thermoelasticity formulation

In this article, a unified formulation for the generalized coupled thermoelasticity theories by employing an appropriate system of partial differential equations as the governing system is presente...
OMPSan: Static Verification of OpenMP’s Data Mapping Constructs

OpenMP offers directives for offloading computations from CPU hosts to accelerator devices such as GPUs. A key underlying challenge is in efficiently managing the movement of data across the host and the accelerator. User experiences have shown that memory management in OpenMP programs with offloading capabilities is non-trivial and error-prone.
Prenatal risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood.

A growing body of research has documented the effects of prenatal risk factors on a wide spectrum of adverse offspring health outcomes. Childhood behavior problems, such as externalizing and internalizing problems, are no exception. This comprehensive literature review aims to summarize and synthesize current research about commonly experienced prenatal risk factors associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, with a focus on their impact during childhood and adolescence. Potential mechanisms as well as implications are also outlined. The EBSCO, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched for studies examining the association between prenatal risk factors and offspring internalizing/externalizing problems, using keywords “prenatal” or “perinatal” or “birth complications” in combination with “internalizing” or “externalizing”. Relevant articles, including experimental research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies, and theoretical literature, were reviewed and synthesized to form the basis of this integrative review. Prenatal risk factors that have been widely investigated with regards to offspring internalizing and externalizing problems encompass health-related risk factors, including maternal overweight/obesity, substance use/abuse, environmental toxicant exposure, maternal infection/inflammation, as well as psychosocial risk factors, including intimate partner violence, and anxiety/depression. Collectively, both epidemiological and experimental studies support the adverse associations between these prenatal factors and increased risk of emotional/behavioral problem development during childhood and beyond. Potential mechanisms of action underlying these associations include hormonal and immune system alterations. Implications include prenatal education, screening, and intervention strategies. Prenatal risk factors are associated with a constellation of offspring internalizing and externalizing problems. Identifying these risk factors and understanding potential mechanisms will help to develop effective, evidence-based prevention, and intervention strategies.
Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in a tiniest baby – 510 grams

Abstract Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in low birth weight and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants has evolved as a less invasive alternative therapy to surgical ligation. In January 2019, the Amplatzer Piccolo PDA occluder was introduced as a new device specific for closure of the PDA in both low birth weight and ELBW infants. Although 700 g was determined the lowest weight for the use of this device in the clinical trial, it remains uncertain whether this device could be safely used in infants of weights
Trace Metal Substitution in Marine Phytoplankton

The sinking of organic matter to the deep ocean leaves extremely low concentrations of major and trace nutrients for photosynthetic organisms at the sunlit surface. As a result, marine phytoplankto...
18 – Cryogenic lasers

: Cryogenic lasers are an attractive technology for average power scaling in a single aperture with a near-diffraction-limited beam. This chapter begins with a history of cryogenic lasers, followed by a discussion on how thermo-optic material properties play a critical role in the design of such systems. We present a survey of thermo-optic property measurements for various host materials at both room and cryogenic temperatures, including thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and temperature. Finally, we review recent progress in lasers using cryogenically cooled yb3 +-doped gain media, with an emphasis on high average power.
CHAPTER VII – BIOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications law of initial value (LIV) in biology. LIV also applies to unicellular organisms and to multicellular without nervous systems, just as well as to higher organisms. There are facts in biology that are compatible with paradoxic reactions: a substance can flow towards the region of higher concentration, cell proteins can buffer acid as well as alkaline solutions towards neutrality; various rhythms in plants and animals contain the reversals of many functions. With increased excitability, according to Selbach, dissimilatory substances may exert an assimilatory effect because the tendency to reversal is stronger; assimilatory substances increase excitability still more. Selbach thinks that plants, too, work according to Wilder's Law and quotes Buenning's experiments showing that with middle doses of light, the response depends on their endogenous 24-hour rhythm and may become paradoxic. He also quotes Spiegel's theory that denervation frees the cell from dissimilatory impulses, leads to relative increase in assimilation, storing of reserve substances, and, thus, stronger responses to stimuli. Rhythms, which are mostly based on the LIV, can be observed in cultures of cells, like glia cells, and even on fragments of cells, like parts of infusoria without nucleus, or pulsating vacuole of sectioned amoeba. Besides rhythms, there is another indication that the LIV may also apply to unicellular organisms, that is, the validity of the Arndt–Schultz Law.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Responds to Virus-Infected Cells with a Significant Increase in Type IV Pilus Expression.

ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) colonizes the human nasopharynx, but when the host immune response is dysregulated by upper respiratory tract (URT) virus infection, NTHI can gain access to more distal airway sites and cause disease. The NTHI type IV pilus (T4P) facilitates adherence, benign colonization, and infection, and its majority subunit PilA is in clinical trials as a vaccinogen. To further validate the strategy of immunization with PilA against multiple NTHI-induced diseases, it is important to demonstrate T4P expression under microenvironmental conditions that predispose to NTHI infection of the airway. Because URT infection commonly facilitates NTHI-induced diseases, we examined the influence of ongoing virus infection of respiratory tract epithelial cells on NTHI T4P expression in vitro. Polarized primary human airway epithelial cells (HAEs) were sequentially inoculated with one of three common URT viruses, followed by NTHI. Use of a reporter construct revealed that NTHI upregulated pilA promoter activity when cultured with HAEs infected with adenovirus (AV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or rhinovirus (RV) versus that in mock-infected HAEs. Consistent with these results, pilA expression and relative PilA/pilin abundance, as assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot, respectively, were also significantly increased when NTHI was cultured with virus-infected HAEs. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that under conditions of URT virus infection, PilA vaccinogen induction of T4P-directed antibodies is likely to be highly effective against multiple NTHI-induced diseases by interfering with T4P-mediated adherence. We hypothesize that this outcome could thereby limit or prevent the increased load of NTHI in the nasopharynx that characteristically precedes these coinfections. IMPORTANCE Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant bacterial causative agent of many chronic and recurrent diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. NTHI-induced chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often develop during or just after an upper respiratory tract viral infection. We have developed a vaccine candidate immunogen for NTHI-induced diseases that targets the majority subunit (PilA) of the type IV twitching pilus (T4P), which NTHI uses to adhere to respiratory tract epithelial cells and that also plays a role in disease. Here, we showed that NTHI cocultured with virus-infected respiratory tract epithelial cells express significantly more of the vaccine-targeted T4P than NTHI that encounters mock-infected (healthy) cells. These results strongly suggest that a vaccine strategy that targets the NTHI T4P will be effective under the most common predisposing condition: when the human host has a respiratory tract virus infection.
Regulative role of progesterone in inflammatory reaction after traumatic brain injury in rats

Objective To investigate the effect of progesterone on the expressions of inflammation-related factors of cortical cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ),prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ),inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NF-κB in the cortex after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats so as to study the possible molecular mechanism of neuroprotective effect of progesterone on TBI.Methods Fortyfive male Spraque-Dawley rats were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into three groups,ie,sham operation group (n =15),TBI group (n =15) and progesterone treatment group (n =15).The rat model of TBI was duplicated with the improved Feeney' s method.The PROG treatment group was given i.p.injections of progesterone ( 16 mg/kg) at 1 and 6 hours after injury.The rats were sacrificed in three groups at 24 hours after injury and the specimens were removed.The changes of the positive cell numbers and protein level of COX-2,PGE2,iNOS and NF-κB in the cortex were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results The positive cell numbers and protein levels of COX-2,PGE2,iNOS and NF-κB in the cortex of the TBI group were distinctly higher than those of the sham operation group (P＜O.05).While the positive cell numbers and protein levels of COX-2,PGE2,iNOS and NF-κB in the cortex of the progesterone treatment group were distinctly lower than those of the TBI group ( P ＜O.05).Conclusions Progesterone may exert protective effect on TBI through inhibiting NF-κB activity,blocking the inflammation response course of NF - κB and iNOS and decreasing the expressions of COX-2 and PGE2. Key words: Brain injuries; Progesterone; Inflammation; Nuclear factor-κB
Evidence of nickel and other trace elements and their relationship to clinical findings in acute Mesoamerican Nephropathy: A case-control analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although there are several hypothesized etiologies of Mesoamerican Nephropathy (MeN), evidence has not yet pointed to the underlying cause. Exposure to various trace elements can cause the clinical features observed in MeN. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We measured 15 trace elements, including heavy metals, in renal case-patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 36) in a MeN high-risk region of Nicaragua. Toenails clippings from study participants were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A case-control analysis was performed, and concentrations were also analyzed over participant characteristics and clinical parameters. Nickel (Ni) concentrations were significantly higher in toenails from cases (1.554 mg/kg [0.176-42.647]) than controls (0.208 mg/kg [0.055-51.235]; p<0.001). Ni concentrations correlated positively with serum creatinine levels (p = 0.001) and negatively with eGFR (p = 0.001). Greater Ni exposure was also associated with higher leukocyte (p = 0.001) and neutrophil (p = 0.003) counts, fewer lymphocytes (p = 0.003), and lower hemoglobin (p = 0.004) and hematocrit (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose, chronic environmental exposure to Ni is a possible health risk in this setting. Ni intoxication and resulting systemic and renal effects could explain the clinical signs observed during early MeN. This study provides compelling evidence for a role of Ni in the acute renal impairment observed in this MeN high-risk population. Additional work to assess exposure levels in a larger and heterogeneous population, identify environmental sources of Ni and exposure pathways, and evaluate the link between Ni and MeN pathogenesis are urgently needed.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Evaluating the Effect of Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder on Infectious Disease Outcomes.

The opioid epidemic has fueled infectious disease epidemics. We determined the impact of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on treatment outcomes of opioid use disorder (OUD)-associated infectious diseases: antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral suppression, hepatitis C virus (HCV) sustained virologic response, HCV reinfection, new hepatitis B virus infections, and infectious endocarditis-related outcomes. Manuscripts reporting on these infectious disease outcomes in adults with OUD receiving MOUD compared with those with OUD "not" receiving MOUD were included. Initial search yielded 8169 papers; 9 were included in the final review. The meta-analysis revealed that MOUD was associated with greater ART adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-2.15) and HIV viral suppression (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.88-2.56). One study suggested a positive association between MOUD and HCV sustained virologic response. There is significant support for integrating MOUD with HIV treatment to improve viral suppression among persons with HIV (PWH) and OUD. Treatment of OUD among PWH should be a priority to combat the opioid and HIV epidemics.
Non-parental Adults and Sexual Health Behaviors Among Young Minority Men: A Qualitative Examination

Young ethnic/racial and sexual minority men (YESMM) exhibit disproportionately high rates of HIV compared to other groups, partly due to relatively higher rates of exposure to a host of socio-structural risk factors (e.g., unstable housing, under-employment). However, an under-studied interpersonal resource exists for many YESMM, non-parental adults (NPAs, i.e., adults who act as role models and provide social support), who may be able to influence contextual (e.g., unemployment) and individual (e.g., reduced health expectations) factors underlying HIV disparities. Aims. This study sought to examine the role of NPAs in factors that affect HIV-related health behaviors, and in supporting those health behaviors directly, among YESMM. A total of n = 20 participants, n = 10 YESMM and n = 10 NPAs, were interviewed using semi-structured guides to examine NPA involvement in the lives of YESMM from both sides of the relationship. The research team used a framework analysis approach to iteratively identify and define meaningful codes and sub-codes. Both YESMM and NPAs described NPAs helping YESMM through role-modeling and social support in a variety of areas found to affect HIV-related behaviors, such as housing instability, psychological distress, and future orientation, as well as in specific behaviors, such as HIV testing and medication adherence. Given the multiple socio-structural obstacles facing YESMM, and their multi-faceted relationships with NPAs, NPAs may be a promising resource for helping to address these impediments to health. Partnering more intentionally with NPAs is a potentially promising strategy to help reduce HIV-related disparities affecting YESMM that is worthy of additional empirical attention.
Is the starting section for 3D volume acquisition in the first trimester relevant in the post hoc analysis of aneuploidy screening markers and fetal anatomy

Objective To determine the ability to assess the fetal anatomy and ultrasound screening markers using three-dimensional (3D) volumes acquired during the 11th to 13th week scan, in relation to whether a fetal profile could be used as a starting section. Methods Post hoc analysis of 3D ultrasound volumes acquired at 11 to 13 weeks in 223 pregnancies was performed to identify the appropriate sections for evaluation of three screening markers and ten fetal anatomy landmarks. When possible, the fetal profile was used as the starting section for volume acquisition. Results When the fetal profile was used, satisfactory images for assessment were obtained in 90% of cases for nuchal translucency and 72% for the nasal bone, whereas successful evaluation of the ten anatomical landmarks ranged from 0 to 99%. In alternative starting sections, the corresponding success rates were 65%, 48%, and 0–95%. Conclusion Although performance of post hoc analysis of 3D volumes is best when carried out from a profile starting section and quicker than two-dimensional analysis, it appears to be not ready for clinical use because nuchal translucency could not be examined in 10% of the fetuses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.