cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Rate Mechanical Characterization of Sensitized 5083-H131 Aluminum Alloy

For many years 5000 series aluminum alloys have played an important role in weight reduction of air, land and sea vehicles. However, sensitization of these alloys has been a major concern regarding the performance of aging vehicles. As the aluminum ages, magnesium, supersaturated in the matrix, segregates out to grain and precipitate boundaries as Al3Mg2 (β phase). The β phase is more electrochemically active than the solid solution, leading to increased sensitivity to corrosion including stress corrosion cracking and costly repairs or replacement (Lim et al., Corrosion 72:198–220, 2015). Studies have mostly focused on the effectiveness of various methods (grain boundary engineering, stabilization, coatings) in reducing corrosion but very little work has been performed on the high rate mechanical response of sensitized aluminum. This study will try to elucidate the effect of sensitization on the mechanical response of AA5083-H131. Specimens will be conditioned up to 28 days at 100 °C. Tension and compression tests will be performed at various loading rates to examine strength and elongation to failure. Results from this study will correlate mechanical response to corrosion criteria while aiding in the development of new alloys resistant to the effects of sensitization.
Design of Heteroanionic MoON Exhibiting a Peierls Metal-Insulator Transition.

Using a first-principles approach, we design the heteroanionic oxynitride MoON to exhibit a first-order isosymmetric thermally activated Peierls-type metal-insulator transition (MIT). We identify a ground state insulating phase ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$-MoON) with monoclinic $Pc$ symmetry and a metastable high temperature metallic phase ($\ensuremath{\beta}$-MoON) of equivalent symmetry. We find that ordered fac-$\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{3}$ octahedra with edge and corner connectivity stabilize the twisted Mo-Mo dimers present in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase, which activate the MIT through electron localization within the $4d$ ${a}_{1g}$ manifold. By analyzing the temperature dependence of the soft zone-boundary instability driving the MIT, we estimate an ordering temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{MIT}}\ensuremath{\sim}900\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. Our work shows that electronic transitions can be designed by exploiting multiple anions, and heteroanionic materials could offer new insights into the microscopic electron-lattice interactions governing unresolved transitions in homoanionic oxides.
Three-Level Boost Converter With CRM Operation

This paper presents implementation of triangular critical conduction mode (CRM) modulation scheme to three-level boost (TLB) converter and proposes a three-level CRM modulation scheme for the topology. Compared to conventional triangular method, the proposed one performs full-utilization of three-level capability and synthesizes quadrangular inductor current waveform. By adjusting a designable period of the proposed scheme in a switching cycle, several variables including operating frequency, inductor current peak and component rms currents can be decreased. As a result, converter efficiency can be improved and current stresses of circuit components can be mitigated. In this paper, details of TLB operation principle, analysis of the proposed scheme and effects of adjustable design parameter are provided. A 700-W TLB converter prototype has been set up in order to verify the effectiveness of proposed CRM modulation scheme.
Acute Sinusitis and Its Complications

This chapter reviews the classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. The complications of acute rhinosinusitis, including orbital and intracranial pathologies, are also discussed in detail, with special attention to diagnostic and management paradigms. A treatment algorithm flowchart provides guidance for clinicians in the care of patients with acute rhinosinusitis.
The dynamics of being homebound over time: A prospective study of Medicare beneficiaries, 2012–2018

Background/objectives Approximately 2 million people, or 6% of older adults in the United States, are homebound. In cross-sectional studies, homebound older adults have high levels of morbidity and mortality, but there is little evidence of longitudinal outcomes after becoming homebound. The aim of this research is to prospectively assess over 6 years the dynamics of homebound status, ongoing community residence, and death in a population of community-dwelling older adults who are newly homebound. Design/setting Prospective cohort study using 2011-2018 data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), an annual, nationally-representative longitudinal study of aging in the United States. Participants Two hundred and sixty seven newly homebound older adults in 2012. Measurements Homebound status was defined via self-report as living in the community but rarely/never leaving home in the prior month. Semi-homebound was defined as leaving the house only with difficulty or help. Results One year after becoming newly homebound, 33.1% remained homebound, 22.8% were completely independent, 23.8% were semi-homebound, 2.2% were in a nursing home, and 18.0% died. Homebound status is highly dynamic; 6 years after becoming homebound, 13.5% remained homebound and 65.0% had died. Recovering from being homebound at 1 year was associated with younger age and lower baseline rates of receiving help with activities of daily living, in particular, with bathing. Conclusion Homebound status is a dynamic state. Even if transient, becoming homebound is strongly associated with functional decline and death. Identifying newly homebound older adults and developing interventions to mitigate associated negative consequences needs to be prioritized.
HIV/AIDS and Socioeconomic Status: A Texas Study

Are disproportionate minority HIV infection rates in the United States driven more by social factors like secondary marginalization of gay minorities, or by socioeconomic inequality? Attempts by scholars to find out why African Americans and Latinos are increasingly the victims of the AIDS epidemic, relative to Anglos, rely on these two predominant explanations. No study, however, has attempted to reconcile these two theories. Using Texas as a case study, this paper looks at relative levels of minority integration as opposed to varying levels of income inequities in order to determine their explanatory power. A hierarchical linear model of HIV rates by Texas zip code and county, conditioned on racial and socioeconomic indicators, is presented. The results show that base income and income inequality perform far better than racial bifurcation measures in predicting HIV rates at multiple levels of analysis. However, there are important di®erences between racial groups which may explain some of the variance.
Joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing and cooperative relaying for cognitive radio networks

The number of wireless systems and services has grown tremendously over the last two decades. As a result, the availability of wireless spectrum has become extremely limited. Cognitive radio is a new technique to overcome the issue of spectrum scarcity. In cognitive radio networks, the licensed users of the spectrum are called primary users. Secondary users equipped with cognitive radios can opportunistically transmit via so-called “spectrum holes” which can be categorized as spatial or temporal spectrum holes. In this dissertation, we propose a joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing scheme for cognitive radios. We show that our joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing scheme outperforms pure temporal sensing schemes. In addition, joint spatial-temporal sensing increases the point-to-point transmission capacity of cognitive radio link compared to pure temporal or spatial sensing. We also propose a temporal spectrum sensing scheme that exploits multiuser diversity in wireless networks. In wireless networks with fading, multiuser diversity exists because different users experience peak channel quality at different times. By exploiting multiuser diversity, our spectrum sensing method can outperform the spectrum sensing schemes that do not exploit multiuser diversity. We develop and analyze a joint spatial-temporal sensing scheme that incorporates cooperative relaying to further increase the capacity of a cognitive radio network. We consider both amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward cooperative transmission strategies. Finally, we study joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing in a multichannel cognitive radio scenario and present randomized and maximized signal-to-noise ratio algorithms that improve performance in term of symbol error probability.
Beneficial Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygenation After Neonatal Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Background: Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a potentially devastating neurological disease of very low birth weight premature infants. This leads to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment is a broad neuroprotectant after brain injury. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of HBO after neonatal GMH.
Reproducibility of Circulating MicroRNAs in Stored Plasma Samples

Background Most studies of microRNA (miRNA) and disease have examined tissue-specific expression in limited numbers of samples. The presence of circulating miRNAs in plasma samples provides the opportunity to examine prospective associations between miRNA expression and disease in initially healthy individuals. However, little data exist on the reproducibility of miRNAs in stored plasma. Methods We used Real-Time PCR to measure 61 pre-selected microRNA candidates in stored plasma. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were used to assess inter-assay reliability (n = 15) and within-person stability over one year (n = 80). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and polychoric correlation coefficients were used to assess within-person stability and delayed processing reproducibility (whole blood stored at 4°C for 0, 24 and 48 hours; n = 12 samples). Results Of 61 selected miRNAs, 23 were detected in at least 50% of samples and had average CVs below 20% for inter-assay reproducibility and 31 for delayed processing reproducibility. Ten miRNAs were detected in at least 50% of samples, had average CVs below 20% and had ICCs above 0.4 for within-person stability over 1–2 years, six of which satisfied criteria for both interassay reproducibility and short-term within-person stability (miR-17-5p, -191-5p, -26a-5p, -27b-3p, -320a, and -375) and two all three types of reproducibility (miR-27b-3p and -26a-5p). However, many miRNAs with acceptable average CVs had high maximum CVs, most had low expression levels, and several had low ICCs with delayed processing. Conclusions About a tenth of miRNAs plausibly related to chronic disease were reliably detected in stored samples of healthy adults.
Protective Effects of Estrogen on Aging and Damaged Neural Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in the aging human brain. In the clinical arena, estrogen is the best studied of the gonadal steroids and is the gonadal steroid most relevant to human illness. The protective effects are considered both in the context of normal aging and several common disorders affecting the aging brain—cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. The clinical studies cited pertain only to women, primarily because the midlife loss of estrogen is a natural phenomenon unique to women. During their reproductive years, women are exposed to high concentrations of estrogens cyclicly produced in the ovaries. After menopause, which occurs at a mean age of approximately 51 years, ovarian estrogen production ceases. Residual estrogens are produced in low concentrations from androgen precursors formed in the adrenal glands and the atrophic ovaries.
The prediction of missile trajectories using a Kalman filter: a simulation study

The three-dimensional radar measurements, consisting of range, azimuth, and elevation angle of a flying TBM, help us estimate the theatre ballistic missile (TBM) parameters used in real navy theatre missile defence (NTMD) actions, such as active defence, passive defence, and attack operations. The main purpose of this paper is to optimise the estimation of TBM parameters using the Kalman filter techniques on noise corrupted three-dimensional radar measurement outputs. In this paper, we propose Kalman Filter models to optimally locate TBM positions in a three-dimensional space. More specifically, our proposed models and simulation studies show that we may be able to obtain optimal TBM parameters, such as TBM position, heading, speed, launch position, and destination point and arrival time at the target. The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and the paper does not represent the views of any agency. Finally, all the references cited in this paper are unclassified documents.
Electrical and magnetic properties of single crystal [NEt4]2[CuII(mnt)2]

Abstract We report electrical and magnetic studies of [NEt4]2[CuII(mnt)2]. This crystal is composed of chains of theplanar [CuII(mnt)2]−2 anions (space group P 1 and z = 1) which exhibit only weak magnetic interactions. The material behaves as a semiconductor; from 300–400°K the conductivity increases by six orders of magnitude and the resistivity values above 300°K are comparable to those of some of the better known wide band-gap inorganic semiconductors. In contrast with the behavior of other linear chain systems, at room temperature the conductivity along the chain (σ∥) is less than that perpendicular to the chain (σ⊥). As the temperature is increase, the anisotropy ratio, σ∥/σ⊥, becomes greater than unity and increases to 1.6 × 102 at 400°K.
Adjusting for population heterogeneity: a framework for characterizing statistical information and developing efficient test statistics.

The focus of this work is the TDT-type and family-based test statistics used for adjusting for potential confounding due to population heterogeneity or misspecified allele frequencies. A variety of heuristics have been used to motivate and derive these statistics, and the statistics have been developed for a variety of analytic goals. There appears to be no general theoretical framework, however, that may be used to evaluate competing approaches. Furthermore, there is no framework to guide the development of efficient TDT-type and family-based methods for analytic goals for which methods have not yet been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework that serves both to identify the information which is available to methods that are immune to confounding due to population heterogeneity or misspecified allele frequencies, and to inform the construction of efficient unbiased tests in novel settings. The development relies on the existence of a characterization of the null hypothesis in terms of a completely specified conditional distribution of transmitted genotypes. An important observation is that, with such a characterization, when the conditioning event is unobserved or incomplete, there is statistical information that cannot be exploited by any exact conditional test. The main technical result of this work is an approach to computing test statistics for local alternatives that exploit all of the available statistical information.
Effects of Interpersonal Attraction and Type of Behavior on Attributions

Summary.-This study examined the effects of interpersonal attraction for another and the type of behavior performed by another on attributions made about that other's behavior. 80 subjects interacted with either someone to whom they were attracted or with an experimental confederate, who performed either typical, expected behavior or atypical, unexpected behavior. Analysis indicated that attributions were significantly affected by an interaction between interpersonal attraction and type of behavior. In explaining atypical behavior, subjects tended to make more external attributions under conditions of high attraction. In explaining typical behavior, subjects tended to make more internal attributions under conditions of high attraction. Whenever individuals interact, actribucions are often made by one individual about the behavior of another. The major concern of this attribution process (Kelley, 1967, 1971; Jones, Kanouse, Kelley, Nisbett, Valins, & Weiner, 1972) is whether to attribute a given act to internal states, such as attitudes or motivation, or to external forces, such as the environment or the situation in which the behavior occurs. The present study is concerned with the effects of interpersonal attraction upon the attribution process. The issue to be examined is whether an individual will attribute the behavior of a person to whom he is attracted differently from that of a person to whom he is not attracted. Research examining related issues yields equivocal results. Nisbett, Caputo, Legant, and Marecek (1973) report that subjects tend to attribute their own behavior more externally than the behavior of their best friend. This finding was anticipated by the authors and tends to support the Jones and Nisbett ( 1971 ) view of actor-observer differences in making attributions. In another study by Nisbett, et al. (1973) the ascription of personality traits was examined. It was expected that subjects would ascribe fewer personality traits to themselves than to others, i.e., subjects would tend to see their own behaviors as more dependent upon che situation or external factors. Acquaintanceship of the stimulus person was also varied in this study. Subjects did ascribe fewer personality traits to themselves, i.e., viewed their own behavior as more situationally caused. However, there were no significant differences between the number of trait
Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848

Joel H. Silbey Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2009 Pp. 224, $34.95 (hbk), ISBN 978 0 7006 16404 Now that the University of Kansas Press’ American Presidency series stands at a 35‐volume stud...
Infections with herpes simplex viruses (1).

IN the 12 years since the last review of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in these pages,1 there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, a...
Tracer Study of Vertical Exchange by Cumulus Clouds.

Abstract This paper examines the exchange of material by convective cloud processes between the mixed layer and the overlying free troposphere. It describes results of a field experiment that was conducted in Lexington, Kentucky, during the period from 20 July to 24 August 1983 to study the processes associated with the vertical transport of acidic pollutants by nonprecipitating cumulus convection. An aircraft released SF6 tracer either within or above the mixed layer, and it was sampled by another aircraft at various levels within or above the mixed layer in the active cumulus convective cloud zone, as well as on the ground. The results show that mixed layer pollutants are vented above the entrainment zone of its boundary layer into the overlying cloud layer by fields of active cumulus and that such active clouds may force cloud layer air downward into the mixed layer.
Scaling complications of dual temperature cure resin prepreg systems in airplane part manufacture

Carbon and glass fabric epoxy prepreg with a highly accelerated curing system were compared and used to build a Boeing 737 flap hinge fairing production part. The prepreg materials, uncured and cured, were analyzed to determine physical and mechanical properties. Initial evaluations of the carbon prepreg indicated unique and desirable characteristics including dual temperature cure and excellent handling characteristics. Therefore, this material was selected for the use in the development of a production part. However, the part selected for manufacture, a Boeing 737 flap hinge fairing, required the use of both carbon and glass fabric prepregs. Therefore, the resin system, which was developed for carbon prepreg, had to also be impregnated into glass fabric. After cure of the part, it was found that areas on the part were scorched including the bagging material. This scorching led to an investigation of the exotherm produced by the accelerated resin in the cure of the carbon and glass prepreg materials. Two sets of test panels were made to simulate optimal and poor processing conditions for the glass and carbon fiber fabric prepregs. Thermocouples were placed in the layers of prepreg to track the temperature effects during the curing process. It was found that the glass fabric prepreg did not conduct the heat produced by the curing exotherm as well as the carbon material and therefore was the cause of material degradation or charring of the components in the composite system.
Intercellular communication in the bovine corpus luteum

There is a growing body of evidence that intercellular communication is important in the regulation of luteal function. Although the nature of the interactions between small and large luteal cells are not yet clear, it seems likely that they do exist. Many of the substances to which luteal cells respond, such as prostaglandins, growth factors, oxytocin and progesterone, are produced locally. These substances may act as paracrine factors to modulate the response of luteal cells to hormonal signals. Endothelial cells also produce factors that can modify steroidogenesis, and luteal cell-stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation is necessary for the extensive angiogenesis that occurs during luteinization Finally, bidirectional intercellular communication likely occurs between luteal cells and resident immune cells. Immune cells produce cytokines that can modify progesterone and prostaglandin synthesis by luteal cells. Cytokines may also have direct cytotoxic effects on luteal cells, and dead cells are then phagocytized by resident macrophages. Also, factors secreted by luteal cells can serve as chemoattractants for immune cells, and can enhance or suppress immune cell functions. There is little doubt that intercellular communication within the corpus luteum is very complex. One must remember, however, that nearly all evidence collected thus far is based on in vitro studies. Eventually, technology will allow for study of these interactions in vivo, and may lead to new methods for control of luteal function.
Imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activation and left ventricular remodeling.

Although left ventricular (LV) remodeling may be adaptive in early phases of cardiac injury, continued remodeling is a pathologic process that is associated with poor prognosis and diminished cardiac function. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of myocardial extracellular proteins and have been implicated in adverse cardiac remodeling. There is a growing body of literature that supports the role of specific MMPs in cardiac remodeling in both animal models and clinical studies. Conventional imaging of physiologic indices, such as perfusion and function, have been used to monitor LV remodeling. Recently, the potential, advantage of targeted imaging of MMPs has been demonstrated, particularly if this is linked with physiologic imaging.
Active Noise Control in a Closed-Circuit Wind Tunnel

Experiments on boundary-layer receptivity to freestream sound use downstream-traveling planar sound that interacts with a model to create boundary-layer disturbances. These experiments are complicated by the wind-tunnel geometry downstream of the test section that creates upstream-traveling reflections. In this work, active noise control is implemented in a closed-circuit wind tunnel to eliminate these reflections. The control system filters an input signal to drive two speakers downstream of the test section. These speakers create upstream-traveling sound that destructively interferes with the reflections. Without the controller activated, the average downstream- and upstream-traveling waves are 98 and 85 dB, respectively. With the controller activated, the upstream-traveling reflections are reduced up to 31 dB at 10 m/s, and 29 dB at 20 m/s. The performance of the controller decreases as the frequency approaches the planar-wave-cutoff frequency of the test section due to nonplanar waves created by the...
THE NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES FOR OPTIMUM TEST RELIABILITY

Tversky (1964) has considered tests which can be represented as a sequence of n choice points with a alternatives per choice point. With the total number of alternatives fixed at some constant number c (c = na), the use of three alternatives per choice point was found to maximize three criteria: the power of a test, defined as one minus the probability of getting a perfect score by chance; the discrimination capacity of the test, defined as the number of possible response patterns the test can distinguish between; and the uncertainty index, a measure of the information gained from using the test. A simple example is shown in Table 1, for the case c = 12. Note that fixing c (called the size of the test) requires that test length increase to compensate for the reduced number of alternatives per question. The discrimination capacity of each possible combination of n and a is presented in the table for comparison.
Circuit Analysis of Photosensitive Capacitance in Semi-Insulating GaAs

We describe a circuit model for photosensitive capacitance in bulk semi-insulating GaAs toward tunable resonant applications. Capacitances from two separate regions are considered to interpret experimental results. A smaller valued capacitance exists between the depletion edges within the bulk material. Photodoping in this region progressively shorts out the bulk capacitance, leaving only the higher valued depletion capacitance. The depletion capacitance also increases with illumination, and numerical simulation is used to aid interpretation. Thus, the series combination of capacitance can be optically varied over orders of magnitude. Our results indicate that capacitance is nearly independent of applied voltage over a usable parameter space, making the concept attractive for linear application.
Multiple Autism-Linked Genes Mediate Synapse Elimination via Proteasomal Degradation of a Synaptic Scaffold PSD-95

The activity-dependent transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) induces excitatory synapse elimination in mouse neurons, which requires fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein implicated in human cognitive dysfunction and autism. We report here that protocadherin 10 (Pcdh10), an autism-spectrum disorders gene, is necessary for this process. MEF2 and FMRP cooperatively regulate the expression of Pcdh10. Upon MEF2 activation, PSD-95 is ubiquitinated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) and then binds to Pcdh10, which links it to the proteasome for degradation. Blockade of the Pcdh10-proteasome interaction inhibits MEF2-induced PSD-95 degradation and synapse elimination. In FMRP-lacking neurons, elevated protein levels of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α (EF1α), an Mdm2-interacting protein and FMRP target mRNA, sequester Mdm2 and prevent MEF2-induced PSD-95 ubiquitination and synapse elimination. Together, our findings reveal roles for multiple autism-linked genes in activity-dependent synapse elimination.
Comparison of measured and predicted bistatic scattering from a right-angle dihedral

The bistatic radar cross section of a dihedral at three different orientations is measured and compared to five scattering predictions—method of moments (MoM), finite integration technique (FIT), shooting and bouncing rays (SBR), and two analytic models—closed-form PO (CPO) and a simplified parametric model. For many applications, accurate predictions in the mainlobe response are of most importance. We show that bistatic CPO and PM predictions have good fit to measured data in the mainlobe and are computationally more efficient than the numerical prediction methods.
Formation processes affecting submerged archaeological sites:An overview

Although the formation processes operating on submerged archaeological sites are just as varied as those affecting terrestrial ones, nautical archaeologists have not yet devoted much attention to them. Most studies to date are concerned with formation processes at particular sites. This article provides an overview of the major depositional and postdepositional formation processes affecting underwater sites. The most obvious depositional process is shipwreck, which takes several different forms. Submerged sites may also be formed by the drowning of coastal areas due to tectonic or eustatic sea level changes. In these cases, rapid submergence preserves sites better than slow inundation, which allows time for waves and currents to tear the site apart. For both shipwrecks and coastal sites, once submergence occurs, the single most important factor for preservation is rapid burial by sediment. A cover of sediment protects both the artifacts themselves and their spatial patterning from destruction by water and marine organisms. Once deposited, underwater sites are subject to modification by both cultural and natural processes. The best understood postdepositional processes include salvaging, treasure hunting, and destruction by marine borers. Others, such as dredging, construction, and bioturbation, have hardly been investigated at this time. Archaeologists need to devote more attention to the effects of marine animals that live in close association with the seabed, as well as marine plants, whose roots may disturb sites located in shallow water. From this study it is clear that maritime archaeologists must consider formation processes when planning projects, rather than thinking of underwater sites as simply “time capsules.” © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bribing behaviour by firm attributes: an empirical analysis

Corruption is one of the most important determinants of economic efficiency and growth. However, empirical research on the causes of corruption is still very limited. In this paper, we investigate the effect of various firm characteristics on their bribing behaviour. Using extensive data on 25,969 firms from 114 countries, we find that firms bribe less if they are in the textile and garments, food, wholesale and retail industries and have been in business for a longer period of time. Firms that belong to the IT sector, have won government contracts, are subject to a higher bureaucracy burden, more inspections, more informal competition, and higher tax rates tend to bribe more.
Stability of circular Couette flow of binary mixtures

The hydrodynamic stability of an ideal mixture of two viscous, dissimilar liquids contained between two concentric rotating cylinders is analyzed. The basic flow of the mixture is determined by coupling the mass and momentum equations with an equation for the equilibrium concentration distribution. Infinitesimal, axisymmetric disturbances are assumed, and the disturbance equations are written for the limiting case of large Schmidt numbers (no diffusion). The presence of density and viscosity variations leads to a twelfth-order eigenvalue problem with two-point boundary conditions that has the appearance of a combined Taylor and density-stratified shear flow problem. A numerical technique is devised to determine the stability boundary and to calculate Taylor numbers and oscillation frequencies for different growth rates. It is found that very small mean density gradients alter the critical Taylor number and that oscillations occurring in both the growing and neutral solutions are the dominant mode.
Consumer views of self-care: promise or panacea.

This paper presents data on people's perceptions of the value of self health care. The author reviews the argu ments supporting and opposing self-care and reports results of a survey addressing some of those arguments. It is concluded that people perceive self-care as a posi tive influence on their personal health and as a positive direction for the community.
Incentivizing avionics equipage for the next generation air transportation system (NextGen)

The MITRE Corporation (MITRE) has been researching the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) avionics equipage incentives for a number of years, and through industry and government discussions, we have seen the perspectives of many National Airspace System (NAS) stakeholders. We believe that summary information on these perspectives should be documented and shared, in order to better inform NextGen policy decision making. We see challenges that, if addressed, would improve the chances of government incentive program successes in motivating NextGen equipage investments. We also believe that activities launched as a result of the recent Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) re-authorization offer an opportunity to advance NextGen equipage. Accordingly, the purpose and key objectives of this paper are: (a) To inform stakeholder decision makers as to options and implications of different incentives strategies, including operational, financial and regulatory approaches, and (b) To illustrate how intended stakeholder behaviors may or may not be influenced by incentives strategies, by providing a hypothetical walk-through of the commercial aircraft operator decision process. The paper concludes with suggested research questions and proposed next steps.
Suppression of Bubbling in Boiling Refrigerants

DURING recent studies of the properties of radicals trapped at low temperatures it has been found that the presence of bubbles in the body of a boiling refrigerant can be eliminated by introducing a stream of a gas which is comparatively insoluble in the refrigerant. In a typical experiment a small, unsilvered Dewar flask was half-filled with liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, vigorous bubbling of the liquid being observed. When a jet of helium, hydrogen, or neon gas was blown over the liquid nitrogen at a rate sufficient to break up the surface, the bubbles at first became smaller and then were no longer visible. The liquid was now completely clear and still, and its temperature had fallen by several degrees. If the gas flow was interrupted, the bubbling eventually resumed its original intensity. When the gas was introduced 10 cm. below the surface of the liquid nitrogen instead of being blown across the surface it was found that the rate of gas flow needed to suppress bubbling was reduced considerably. In the case of helium gas, the flow could be reduced to a value of 1/6 to 1/8 of that required when blown across the surface. The introduction below the surface of nitrogen, air or argon gases, instead of helium, had little or no effect on the bubbling, so that the suppression was not caused merely by a local increase in total pressure above the surface of the liquid nitrogen.
Demonstration of a massively parallel bidirectional crosspoint switch with optical control

We are assembling a crosspoint switch system to demonstrate the free-space interconnects based on the smart-pixel-array (SPA) technology. The hybrid SPA including VCSEL arrays, microlens array, hologram array, and CMOS detector array will be described. The whole system is packaged using a custom designed optomechanics component. The design, fabrication and performance of the system are discussed.
Society as emergent and more than rational: An essay on the inappropriateness of program evaluation

In considering the efficacy of program evaluation researchers have not put language in proper perspective. They have not acknowledged that information gained from applied research is partly determined by situational factors, that language is selective and goal-oriented, justifying activity as often as it describes it, or that some important action cannot be expressed. The importance of language distinguishes applied social assessment from the natural science models of research from which it was derived. Examples from a wide range of applied situations are used to illustrate that, as an anticedent-consequent model of objective quantified assessment, evaluation is also inconsistent with the complex, resourceful, emergent social processes it is intended to measure. Three alternatives to quantification are discussed to illustrate interventions that may be made when the disadvantages of program evaluation outweigh the advantages.
The effect of time lags on the stability of the equilibrium state of a population growth equation

A scalar integrodifferential equation is considered which describes a single self-regulating species. Three results are presented towards showing that the ‘carrying capacity’ equilibrium state becomes unstable as the self-regulating mechanism acts after a longer time lag.
Revisit and Satiation Patterns: Are your restaurant customers satiated?

Abstract This study was designed based on the notion that when people visit a restaurant repeatedly their overall enjoyment of the dining experience may decrease due to the nature of satiation. Thus, this study set out to understand the effect of repeated experiences on consumers’ affective responses. Specifically, this study examined whether or not repeated visits contribute to diners’ satiation and, if so, to identify patterns of satiation. To fulfill these objectives, this study randomly distributed questionnaires to customers of upscale and casual dining restaurants in the U.S. The results of this study suggested that consumers’ satiation levels increase according to the frequency of visits over both two- and six-week periods. However, satiation patterns differ over the two periods. Upscale restaurant customers feel satiated more quickly than casual dining restaurant customers when they revisit the same restaurant more often. Further, customers with more self-control feel less satiated after repeated dining experiences than customers with less self-control. However, customers with different optimal stimulation levels did not show a difference in satiation patterns after repeated dining experiences. Detailed findings and implications are provided in the main body of this study.
Synecology of Bornean primates. I. A test for interspecific interactions in spatial distribution of five species.

In a 15-month study of anthropoid primates in the forest of eastern Borneo, observers made 1230 contacts with groups of five different species within a study area of approximately 3 km2. A test of the hypothesis that there is no effect on the presence of one species by the presence of another (using the method of partial correlation) shows that in every pair of species the presence of one has a negative effect on the presence of the other, and that in seven of ten pairs the hypothesis may be rejected at the 97% level of confidence or better. Three cases in which the hypothesis cannot be rejected are found to have biological meaning: behavioral data show that niche separation of the pairs of species is such that their distributions should be independent. In spite of widely divergent feeding and locomotor adaptations, it is apparent that the species are competing for use of the forest.
Bridging oxygen as a site for proton adsorption on the vitreous silica surface.

Molecular dynamics computer simulations were used to study the protonation of bridging oxygen (Si–O–Si) sites present on the vitreous silica surface in contact with water using a dissociative water potential. In contrast to first-principles calculations based on unconstrained molecular analogs, such as H7Si2O7+ molecules, the very limited flexibility of neighboring SiO4 tetrahedra when embedded in a solid surface means that there is a relatively minor geometric response to proton adsorption, requiring sites predisposed to adsorption. Simulation results indicate that protonation of bridging oxygen occurs at predisposed sites with bridging angles in the 125°–135° range, well below the bulk silica mean of ∼150°, consistent with various ab initio calculations, and that a small fraction of such sites are present in all ring sizes. The energy differences between dry and protonated bridges at various angles observed in the simulations coincide completely with quantum calculations over the entire range of bridgin...
A lava-fan near Bend, Oregon

Lava Butte, a 500-foot cinder cone near Bend, Oregon, is almost completely surrounded by fresh, barren, and uneroded basaltic flows. By far the most conspicuous of these is the aa flow which broke out from the south side of the butte Near the source of this flow there is exposed, with unusual completeness, a lava-fan. The fan is approximately 2,200 feet long, 1,100 feet wide, and 250 feet thick. Both in plan and in section it is shaped like an alluvial fan or cone. One of its most striking features is its asymmetry. The west side is short and steep, the east side is long and flat. This asymmetry is due to the westward slope of the area at the time of extrusion. The south, south-east, and east sides of the fan are made up of more than 30 superimposed flows, many of which have surface-expression. They vary in thickness from, less than five to more than 17 feet, and the largest cover only a few tens of acres. Because the successive flows became progressively smaller, the ends of most of them are not burled. From the east they look like a series of terraces. Because the older flows are as fresh and youthful-looking as the younger, the time-interval between them must have been short. The west side of the fan is undoubtedly also made up of many individual flows, but the last flow to be extruded there was so extensive as to bury the earlier ones.
QUANTITATION OF BACTEREMIA IN CHILDHOOD AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SEPTIC COMPLICATIONS

The magnitude of bacteremia may be a primary determinant of whether children develop septic complications, such as meningitis. Therefore, quantitative blood cultures (QC) were sought in 243 febrile children from whom routine blood cultures (RC) were obtained because of unexplained fever. QC were obtained as follows; when blood was obtained for the RC, an additional 0.5 ml blood was drawn into a sterile syringe rinsed with polyanethol sulfonate; 10 and 100μl was plated directly on to 1)sheep blood agar and 2)brain-heart infusion media enriched with Levinthal base. There were 14 positive QC from 12 patients. These were 7 Hemophilus influenzae b, 5 S.pneunoniae and 2 S. aureus. Bacterial counts ranged from 20104 per ml. in three cases of H.Influenzae b meningitis, bacteremia exceeded 103 organisms/ml. In nine other patients with bacteremia unassociated with meningitis, counts were 102-103/ml in three (pneumonia, peritonitis, isolated bacteremia) and <102/ml in six (one pneumonia, one epiglottitis, four isolated bacteremia). Bacteremia detected by QC was identified as early or earlier than its recognition by RC. In three patients, bacteremia was detected by QC but not by RC. Quantitative cultures aided in the early detection of bacteremia and provided data that may help in identifying those children at highest risk for developing septic complications such as meningitis.
Temporal summation of pain from radiant stimulation

Latency thresholds of pricking pain, using radiant thermal stimulation, were obtained. Ten Ss were tested for 10 sessions, and, in each session, single latency determinations were made at each of 10 stimulus intensities. Each intensity was administered to a different spot along the volar surface of S’s nonpreferred forearm. Thus, 10 latency thresholds were obtained from each S at. each intensity and each spot. Initial skin temperature was controlled so that a threshold determination was made when skin temperature measured 33.5° ± 0.5° C. Analysis of variance of the log10 t (seconds) values revealed a highly significant linearity of regression of log t on log intensity, thus confirming the hypothesized inverse and exponential relationship between latency and intensity. The parameters (slope and x-intercept) of the curve were discussed. The x-intercept may be interpreted as an index of an aversive threshold and could be used as a possible measure of the physiological component of pain.
Influence of wind speed averaging on estimates of dimethylsulfide emission fluxes

[1] The effect of various wind speed averaging periods on calculated dimethylsulfide (DMS) emission fluxes is quantitatively assessed. A global climate model and an emission flux module were run in stand-alone mode for a full year. Twenty-minute instantaneous surface wind speeds and related variables generated by the climate model were archived, and corresponding 1-hour, 6-hour, daily, and monthly averaged quantities were calculated. These various time-averaged, model-derived quantities were used as inputs in the emission flux module, and DMS emissions were calculated using two expressions for the mass transfer velocity commonly used in atmospheric models [Liss and Merlivat, 1986; Nightingale et al., 2000]. Results indicate that the time period selected for averaging wind speeds can affect the magnitude of calculated DMS emission fluxes. A number of individual marine cells within the global grid show DMS emissions fluxes that are 10–60% higher when emissions are calculated using 20-min instantaneous model time step winds rather than monthly averaged wind speeds, and at some locations the differences exceed 200%. Many of these cells are located in the Southern Hemisphere where anthropogenic sulfur emissions are low and changes in oceanic DMS emissions may significantly affect calculated aerosol concentrations and aerosol radiative forcing.
Slow reacting substances from ionophore A23187-stimulated basophilic leukemia cells and peritoneal mast cells in the rat. I. Purification and comparison during sequential sephadex LH-20 and thin layer chromatography.

Abstract Radiolabeled slow reacting substance (SRS) from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-1) or rat peritoneal mast cells was generated by stimulation with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 in the presence of [1 −14 C]-arachidonic acid (AA). These radiolabeled SRSs were purified by sequential adsorption, gel filtration and partition chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 with correspondence of bio- and radioactivities. Two-dimensional high performance thin layer chromatography of the active principles continued to show comigration of bio- and radioactivities. RBL-1 and mast cells incorporated [ 14 C]-AA into bioactive SRS which are analogous based upon similar behavior during purification.
Proposed Mg V, Fe XIV and forbidden Fe XVII line identifications in the EUV solar spectrum

Some line identifications in solar disk and limb spectra are proposed on the basis of recent laboratory and theoretical results reported in the literature, including allowed lines of Mgi and Fexiv in the EUV spectrum and an expected forbidden line of Fexvii near 1190 A.
Mode of occurrence of chromium in four US coals

The mode of occurrence of chromium in three US bituminous coals and one US subbituminous coal has been examined using both X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and a selective leaching protocol supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe measurements. A synthesis of results from both methods indicates that chromium occurs principally in two forms in the bituminous coals: the major occurrence of chromium is associated with the macerals and is not readily leached by any reagent, whereas a second, lesser occurrence, which is leachable in hydrofluoric acid (HF), is associated with the clay mineral, illite. The former occurrence is believed to be a small particle oxyhydroxide phase (CrO(OH)). One coal also contained a small fraction (<5%) of the chromium in the form of a chromian magnetite, and the leaching protocol indicated the possibility of a similar small fraction of chromium in sulfide form in all three coals. There was little agreement between the two techniques on the mode of occurrence of chromium in the subbituminous coal; however, only a limited number of subbituminous coals have been analyzed by either technique. The chromium in all four coals was trivalent as no evidence was found for the Cr6+ oxidation state in any coal.