cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Print Culture and the Transformation of Imperial Russia: Three New Views. A Review Article

As scholarship moves us to question the classic dichotomies of Russian historiography-state and society, city and countryside, peasant and proletarianthe social map of imperial Russia is being redrawn. The three studies under review add an important new dimension to this revision. All three, in different ways, are searching for an active populace: a force broader and more diverse than the select company of intellectual and civic leaders, more complex and purposeful than the undifferentiated folk mass. They identify this force not in socioeconomic or juridical terms (by class or estate, however modified) but in relation to cultural systems: high culture, popular culture, and folk culture. The virtue of Marker's study is to provide detailed information on the workings of the eighteenth-century printing business, thereby emphasizing the impact of material and institutional constraints on the struggle over ideas. Most original and daring in its claims, Brooks' work tackles a question neglected by modem scholars: What did the common reader read and how did this popular cultural experience help shape political attitudes on the eve of 1917? Eklof, for his part, traces the growth and impact of popular education and, like Brooks, has produced a book of remarkable depth and imagination. If Brooks and Eklof focus primarily on the consumption of culture, Marker deals with the supply side, arguing that printing helped call to life a "public sphere," or "civil society"-extending beyond the tight circle of learned and literary men who aimed to set the cultural standards. Jurgen Habermas has used these concepts to explain how the German bourgeoisie exercised civic authority through the medium of cultural expression while remaining outside
The effect of the equal rights amendment on the economic status of women

The empirical analysis of the effect of stateERA's on the economic status of women yielded mixed results. The amendment has provided more job opportunities and promotions into male-stereotyped occupations. TheERA, however, has not commensurately provided equal pay for equal work or higher relative pay. Yet, on balance, theERA has provided gains for women. The employment gains progressed slowly but steadily between 1969 and 1976. Women in states that passed an equal rights amendment have made a small but substantial stride toward equality with men.
A simple electronic aperture for rastered-beam depth profiles

Abstract A simple, inexpensive electronic aperture for use in depth profiling with ion microprobes and ion-scattering spectrometers is described. The system derives a gate signal from a photocell which views the center of an oscilloscope display driven by the ion beam raster voltages.
Quitlines in North America: Evidence Base and Applications

Quitlines provide a model for the translation of research findings to public health application. Quitlines are currently in operation in more than half of US states, in Canada, and in multiple countries globally. Overall, when implemented correctly, quitlines have been shown to be efficacious and effective. Multiple quitline models are in use, but there is no evidence on the relative effectiveness of one over the other. Differences have been demonstrated for the efficacy of quitlines for specific applications, with the strongest evidence base for application as a primary intervention or as follow-up for hospitalized patients and particularly for cardiac patients. The evidence base for both reactive and proactive services is reviewed, and future directions to continue to advance the field are discussed.
9G4+ antibodies isolated from HIV-infected patients neutralize HIV-1 and have distinct autoreactivity profiles.

Potent HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNA) are uncommon in HIV infected individuals, and have proven hard to elicit by vaccination. Several, isolated monoclonal BNA are polyreactive and also recognize self-antigens, suggesting a breach of immune tolerance in persons living with HIV (PLWH). Persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often have elevated levels of autoreactive antibodies encoded by the VH4-34 heavy chain immunoglobulin gene whose protein product can be detected by the 9G4 rat monoclonal antibody. We have recently found that levels of these “9G4+” antibodies are also elevated in PLWH. However, the putative autoreactive nature of these antibodies and the relationship of such reactivities with HIV neutralization have not been investigated. We therefore examined the autoreactivity and HIV neutralization potential of 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH. Results show that 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH bound to recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) and neutralized viral infectivity in vitro, whereas 9G4+ antibodies from persons with SLE did not bind to Env and failed to neutralize viral infectivity. In addition, while 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH retained the canonical anti-i reactivity that mediates B cell binding, they did not display other autoreactivities common to SLE 9G4+ antibodies, such as binding to cardiolipin and DNA and had much lower reactivity with apoptotic cells. Taken together, these data indicate that the autoreactivity of 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH is distinct from that of SLE patients, and therefore, their expansion is not due to a general breakdown of B cell tolerance but is instead determined in a more disease-specific manner by self-antigens that become immunogenic in the context of, and possibly due to HIV infection. Further studies of 9G4+ B cells may shed light on the regulation of B cell tolerance and interface between the generation of specific autoreactivities and the induction of antiviral immunity in persons living with HIV.
Material Properties of the Developing Bone-Cartilage Interface in the Human Fetal Spine

Treatment of disc degeneration and subsequent device interfacing in the spine are limited by a poor understanding of the mechanics of the bone-cartilage interface between vertebral bodies (VB) and the intervertebral disc (IVD). Additionally, tissue engineering strategies are under investigation despite a lack of information on the structure of the developing interface and mechanical properties during endochondral ossification. Fetal tissue provides an initial reference to study the developing mineralization patterns and mechanical property gradient at the transition between mineralized and soft tissues. Through nanoindentation, quantitative back scattered electron microscopy (qBSE) (Ferguson 2003) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), it is possible to study mineralized tissue formation from both mechanical and compositional perspectives at scales relevant to the mechanics of the interface.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Continuous plant cell perfusion culture: bioreactor characterization and secreted enzyme production

Culture perfusion is widely practiced in mammalian cell processes to enhance secreted antibody production. Here, we report the development of an efficient continuous perfusion process for the cultivation of plant cell suspensions. The key to this process is a perfusion bioreactor that incorporates an annular settling zone into a stirred-tank bioreactor to achieve continuous cell/medium separation via gravitational sedimentation. From washout experiments, we found that under typical operating conditions (e.g., 200 rpm and 0.3 vvm) the liquid phase in the entire perfusion bioreactor was homogeneous despite the presence of the cylindrical baffle. Using secreted acid phosphatase (APase) produced in Anchusa officinalis cell culture as a model we have studied the perfusion cultures under complete or partial cell retention. The perfusion culture was operated under phosphate limitation to stimulate APase production. Successful operation of the perfusion process over four weeks has been achieved in this work. When A. officinalis cells were grown in the perfusion reactor and perfused at up to 0.4 vvd with complete cell retention, a cell dry weight exceeding 20 g/l could be achieved while secreted APase productivity leveled off at approximately 300 units/l/d. The culture became extremely dense with the maximum packed cell volume (PCV) surpassing 70%. In comparison, the maximum cell dry weight and overall secreted APase productivity in a typical batch culture were 10-12 g/l and 100-150 units/l/d, respectively. Operation of the perfusion culture under extremely high PCV for a prolonged period, however, led to declined oxygen uptake and reduced viability. Subsequently, cell removal via a bleed stream at up to 0.11 vvd was tested and shown to stabilize the culture at a PCV below 60%. With culture bleeding, both specific oxygen uptake rate and viability were shown to increase. This also led to a higher cell dry weight exceeding 25 g/l, and further improvement of secreted APase productivity that reached a plateau fluctuating around 490 units/l/d.
Lipid metabolism and accumulation in perfused rabbit aorta.

Abstract A model is described for study of lipid accumulation and metabolism in an in situ segment of perfused aorta. This technic was used in 36 normal rabbits to determine the influence of pressure on the uptake and synthesis of vascular lipids. Accumulation of labeled serum cholesterol and oleic acid was found to be a function of the mean perfusion pressure. Increased pressure also resulted in a shift in the incorporation of the labeled acetate from the triglyceride to the phospholipid fraction of the arterial lipids.
Spatial discrimination performance of Drosophila melanogaster: Test-retest assessments and a reinterpretation

Abstract Two experiments found significant correlations between the performance of experimental flies, which were retrained on a spatial discrimination task, and yoked controls which were trained for the first time after having been allowed to explore the maze. The proportion of variance accounted for by the correlations equalled or exceeded that found for other variables in previous experiments. The data suggest that the performance of individual experimental flies and that of their control counterparts are not independent, seriously jeopardizing an instrumental learning interpretation of Drosophila performance.
Construction and exploitation of a 3D model from 2D image features

This paper proposes a trainable computer vision approach for visual object registration relative to a collection of training images obtained a priori. The algorithm first identifies whether or not the image belongs to the scene location, and should it belong, it will identify objects of interest within the image and geo-register them. To accomplish this task, the processing chain relies on 3-D structure derived from motion to represent feature locations in a proposed model. Using current state-of- the-art algorithms, detected objects are extracted and their two-dimensional sizes in pixel quantities are converted into relative 3-D real-world coordinates using scene information, homography, and camera geometry. Locations can then be given with distance alignment information. The tasks can be accomplished in an efficient manner. Finally, algorithmic evaluation is presented with receiver operating characteristics, computational analysis, and registration errors in physical distances.
Gravity wave activity in the stratosphere and mesosphere at the South Pole

Abstract A Rayleigh/resonant lidar was installed at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole in December 1989 and made observations of the mesosphere and stratosphere through October 1990. The wintertime lidar observations yielded a high resolution data set of sodium (Na) density profiles in the mesosphere and polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) backscatter ratio profiles in the stratosphere. These observations illustrate a variety of wave phenomena present in the Antarctic middle atmosphere. The observations of the mesospheric Na layer were used to characterize gravity wave activity in the upper mesosphere between 80 and 105 km. Strong wave activity was observed throughout the winter and exhibited remarkable similarity with observations from lower latitude sites. The mean density variance at the South Pole was (6%)2, which is similar to that observed at a variety of lower latitude sites. Strong coherent oscillations were observed in the bottomside density contours of the of the Na layer with periods near the local inertial period. Fabry-Perot spectrometer measurements at South Pole confirm the presence of similar oscillations in the OH winds and temperatures and suggest that the oscillations are associated with planetary-scale waves. Stratospheric backscatter ratio profiles show downward motions similar to the phase progressions of upwardly-propagating gravity waves. Both backscatter ratio profiles and the radiosonde horizontal wind profiles show 1–5 km vertical structures with periods near the local inertial period. With no tropospheric convection during the polar night, and little orographic forcing over the relatively featureless Antarctic plateau, these observations suggest that geostrophic adjustment of the Antarctic stratospheric jet may be a major source of these gravity waves.
Minimally Invasive Fusion and Fixation Techniques

Instrumented fusion plays an important role in treating a variety of degenerative and traumatic diseases of the spine. Traditional open techniques have been associated with a high degree of approach-related morbidity because of muscle retraction and blood loss. A variety of minimally invasive techniques have been developed for instrumentation of the entire spine. Advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for stable bony fusion should promote the use of even less invasive techniques in the future.
A quantitative MRI study of the corpus callosum in children and adolescents

Total midsagittal area and seven subdivisions of the corpus callosum were measured on magnetic resonance images of 114 healthy boys and girls, aged 4 to 18. Striking variability of size was noted for all measures. Total midsagittal corpus callosum area increased in a robust and linear fashion from ages 4 to 18 (slope = 13.1 mm2/year, P = 0.0001 and slope = 11.1 mm2/year, P = 0.0001 for females and males, respectively). Posterior and mid regions demonstrated greater age-related changes than anterior regions with the rostrum and genu (anterior regions) having reached adult sizes in the youngest of our subjects. There were no significant effects of sex for any measures. These findings support anatomical studies indicating ongoing myelination of higher association areas throughout adolescence, but raise intriguing questions about anterior-posterior gradients of interhemispheric myelination.
Optimization of DUV lithography for high-energy well implantation

Presented here is an analysis of photoresist profile and feature control performance for high-energy well implant lithography as it is implemented in microelectronic devices, specifically SRAMs, at the 45 and 65nm nodes. As device designs become increasingly smaller to the tune of Moore's Law, deep well implant lithography specifications become more and more stringent, and issues related to lateral implant scattering that were more trivial for more relaxed designs begin to make significant contributions to photoresist feature uniformity and implant profile control. Simplified process assumptions that overlook such non-ideal implant phenomena can result in an overestimation of process latitude. Undesirable variability derived from the implantation, lithography, and substrate associated with a deep well formation process can degrade implantation profiles and have adverse effects on device electrical performance. Mechanisms for these adverse effects such as implant scattering and implant straggle will be explored followed by their relationships to process tolerance and electrical performance. Emphasis will be placed on evaluating the optimum photoresist feature profile for a given process and determining its true process latitude as opposed to "centering" a feature in a device layout during design. Finally, challenges confronting process control methods for high-aspect ratio implant mask features will be discussed followed by some proposed process improvement suggestions.
Predicting Language Outcomes for Internationally Adopted Children

Purpose Language and speech are difficult to assess in newly arrived internationally adopted children. The purpose of this study was to determine if assessments completed when toddlers were first a...
Modified View of tRNA: Stability amid Sequence Diversity

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, a report from the Phizicky lab challenges two commonly held notions regarding tRNAs: (1) tRNAs are stable molecules shielded from the machinery that cause other RNAs to have short half-lives, and (2) the many modifications found on tRNAs serve only subtle biological functions. Alexandrov et al. (2006) show that tRNA modifications can play an important role in tRNA stability, as without particular modifications, tRNA half-life can be reduced from hours to minutes by a new turnover pathway.
Sensitivity and Bias of Molecular Marker-Based Aerosol Source Apportionment Models to Small Contributions of Coal Combustion Soot

Carbonaceous atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in the midwestern United States revealed that soot emissions from incomplete coal combustion were important sources of several organic molecular markers used in source apportionment studies. Despite not constituting a major source of organic carbon in the PM2.5, coal soot was an important source of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and elemental carbon. These marker compounds are becoming widely used for source apportionment of atmospheric organic PM, meaning that significant emissions of these marker compounds from unaccounted sources such as coal soot could bias apportionment results. This concept was demonstrated using measurements of atmospheric PM collected on a 1-in-6 day schedule at three monitoring sites in Ohio: Mingo Junction (near Steubenville), Cincinnati, and Cleveland. Impacts of coal soot were measured to be significant at Mingo Junction and small at Cleveland and Cincinnati. As a result, biases in apportionment results were su...
Spherosilicates with peripheral malonic acid and vinyl end groups

Two novel spherosilicates comprised of an octahedral Si8O12 core, [Si8O12]-(OSiMe2CH2CH2CH2CH(COOH)2)8 and [Si8O12]-(OSiMe2CH2CH2CH2CH(COOSi(CHCH2)3)2)8, were synthesized from [Si8O12]-(OSiMe2H)8. These new structures have high densities of peripheral functional groups, and the second structure also possesses silyl ester bonds that are easily cleavable under mild conditions. These functionalities enable these structures to be modified further and to have many potential applications. We demonstrated one by cross-linking the vinyl-terminated spherosilicate to form nanospheres with a narrow size distribution and utilizing the hydrophilic interior to accommodate a Pd salt in a toluene solution.
Radiation transfer due to a point source in an isotropically scattering, inhomogeneous solid sphere

Abstract A method of analysis is presented for solving radiation transfer due to a point source in an absorbing, isotropically scattering, inhomogeneous sphere, which is subjected to a diffusely reflecting boundary. The space-dependent single-scattering albedo is represented in the form ω(r) = ΣKk=0 DK rk, where r is the optical variable and Dk are the known expansion coefficients. The effects of various functional forms of albedo on the incident radiation, angular distribution of radiation intensity and emissivity are examined.
Background subtraction for Doppler-shift attenuation and angular correlation measurements with multi-detector Ge arrays

A novel background subtraction method for Doppler-shift attenuation and angular correlation measurements with large multi-detector HpGe arrays is presented. The formalism is designed for recently developed data base storage techniques with the event format resembling the original raw data structure. The background spectrum is constructed based on parameters extracted from one-dimensional spectra; the method, therefore, is complementary to currently applied methods which are designed for multi-dimensional, symmetrized histograms.
The Spontaneous Generation of the Human in the “Heng Xian”

This essay argues that the “Heng Xian” bridges between two distinct discourses that were both prevalent in the late fourth century. One discourse focused on the origination of the natural world through a spontaneous process of differentiation, a position familiar from the Daodejing and “Tai yi sheng shui.” The other focused on the specific ways in which different kinds of things live, a position known primarily from Ru discussions centering on the concept of xing 性, the nature or spontaneous reactions of a particular kind of thing. The “Heng Xian” attempts to account for the specificity of human life—including language and social organization—while remaining within a naturalistic view grounded in spontaneity. The essay concludes by reflecting on what the “Heng Xian” tells us about the status of human institutions.
Effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) on morphine self-administration in the rat

Rats bearing cerebrocortical electrodes for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) were rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine and subsequently trained to self-administer morphine (10 mg/kg/injection) through a chronic intravenous cannula. Morphine was available for selfadministration 24 h/day. Once morphine intake had stabilized (10–12 injections/day), levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) was administered noncontingently via a chronic intragastric (IG) cannula as a single daily dose of either 1 or 4 mg/kg. These morphine self-administering rats were maintained on daily LAAM treatment for 12 consecutive days. Analysis of the patterns of lever pressing, morphine self-injections, and sleepawake behavior revealed that daily IG administration of LAAM effectively suppressed morphine self-administration. The 1 mg/kg dose of LAAM reduced morphine intake by 30%–50%, while 4 mg/kg produced an 80%–90% decrease. The reduction in morphine self-administration occurred in the absence of overt signs of narcotic withdrawal, behavioral toxicity, or disruption of sleep-awake behavior in these rats. Termination of LAAM maintenance resulted in a gradual return of lever pressing and morphine intake to pre-LAAM levels.
Thermal blooming in NPLs

Nuclear-pumped lasers (NPLs) potentially offer an attractive method for high power laser applications such as a space power beaming. However, thermal gradients created by the pumping of the ion medium are producing a dynamic thermal blooming which must be understood and controlled for accurate beam control and focusing. In this paper, basic experimental studies of blooming under a variety of conditions are presented. It is shown that one promising approach for reducing the effect is to employ a combined volume-wall pumping technique.
Binocularity in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the alert macaque

Abstract We examined the timing and the laminar distribution of binocular interactions and non-dominant eye effects in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the alert macaque. Flash-evoked multiunit activity (MUA) was recorded simultaneously from multiple LGN laminae during contralateral eye, ipsilateral eye and binocular stimulation. Evidence of binocularity was noted in all laminae except 4. Inhibitory effects included (1) binocular suppression, a 15–70% reduction in the peak amplitude of MUA during binocular, compared to monocular stimulation of the dominant eye for that lamina, and (2) non-dominant suppression, a 10–45% reduction in MUA below its spontaneous level, with stimulation of the non-dominant eye. In lamina 3, the onset of this effect often preceded that of the excitatory response to stimulation of the dominant eye, and was coincident with non-dominant suppression in lamina 2, and with the dominant eye-mediated excitatory response in contralaterally innervated lamina 1. This is consistent with a parvo/magnocellular interaction. Corresponding excitatory effects, binocular and non-dominant facilitation, were also noted throughout LGN. The latter occurred both within the time frame of retinally driven activity (15–65 ms), and at longer latencies as well. The earliest response in lamina 6 of striate cortex, the origin of the corticogeniculate projections, was 30–35 ms, thus precluding a role of corticofugal modulation in the earlier effects in LGN.
Oxygen permeation rates through ion-conducting perovskite membranes

Abstract An explicit oxygen permeation model has been developed for ion-conducting membranes with a high ratio of electronic to ionic conductivity, which makes it possible to correlate the permeation flux to directly measurable variables. Surface exchange kinetics at each side of the membrane is emphasized and their resistance to oxygen permeation has been quantitatively distinguished from the bulk diffusion resistance. A series of experimental measurements of oxygen fluxes for La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3-δ over a wide range of temperature and oxygen partial pressures were used for model regression purposes and for mechanism analysis. It is concluded that oxygen permeation at low temperatures (750°C) is limited by the rate of oxygen-ion recombination but is dominantly controlled by bulk diffusion at high temperatures (950°C). This is consistent with activation energies for oxygen vacancy diffusion and for the surface exchange rates, which are estimated at 74 kJ/mol and 227, 241 kJ/mol, respectively.
An enterprise perspective on technical debt

Technical debt is a term that has been used to describe the increased cost of changing or maintaining a system due to expedient shortcuts taken during its development. Much of the research on technical debt has focused on decisions made by project architects and individual developers who choose to trade off short-term gain for a longer-term cost. However, in the context of enterprise software development, such a model may be too narrow. We explore the premise that technical debt within the enterprise should be viewed as a tool similar to financial leverage, allowing the organization to incur debt to pursue options that it couldn't otherwise afford. We test this premise by interviewing a set of experienced architects to understand how decisions to acquire technical debt are made within an enterprise, and to what extent the acquisition of technical debt provides leverage. We find that in many cases, the decision to acquire technical debt is not made by technical architects, but rather by non-technical stakeholders who cause the project to acquire new technical debt or discover existing technical debt that wasn't previously visible. We conclude with some preliminary observations and recommendations for organizations to better manage technical debt in the presence of some enterprise-scale circumstances.
Central core degeneration after tenotomy in soleus muscles of hyperthyroid rats

Tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle is followed by a central degeneration of slow, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers. Previous experiments showed that fast, fatigable fibers of the gastrocnemius when transformed to slow, fatigue-resistant fibers by cross-reinnervation also develop lesions after tenotomy. The experiments described in this communication were carried out to discover whether the susceptibility of fibers to lesions was determined by their fiber type or the nature of their innervation. Rats were rendered hyperthyroid by the administration of sodium 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) for 7 to 10 weeks. Tenotomy of the soleus muscles was then carried out and the experimental and contralateral muscles were removed and stained for myosin ATPase activity after a further 2 weeks. The hyperthyroid state of each animal was confirmed by the assay of succinate dehydrogenase activity of liver and the contralateral muscle. After acid preincubation, whole muscle fiber type counts of contralateral muscles showed a statistically significant change from a predominantly acid-stable population of fibers to acid-labile fibers. In addition, many fibers of intermediate staining properties were seen. When the experimental muscles were examined, all three varieties of fiber showed central degeneration. The nature of the fiber type change induced by T3 and the role that innervation might play in this is discussed. It was concluded that the susceptibility of fibers to the lesions that follow tenotomy is dependent on the nature of their innervation rather than their fiber type.
Swift and Erie: The Trials of an Ephemeral Landmark Case

Like jazz improvisation, the meaning of Swift v. Tyson was elusive.1 Justice Joseph Story's 1842 opinion concerning an important commercial-law issue arose from a jury trial.2 When the creditor plaintiff appealed, counsel for the winning debtor raised as a defense Section 34 of the 1789 Judiciary Act. The federal circuit court disagreed about the standing of commercial law under Section 34. Although profound conflicts otherwise divided nationalist and states'-rights proponents, the Supreme Court endorsed Story's commercial-law opinion unanimously.3 New members of the Court and the increasing number of federal lower-court judges steadily transformed the Swift doctrine; after the Civil War it agitated the federal judiciary, elite lawyers, and Congress.4 Asserting contrary tenets of American constitutionalism, the Supreme Court overturned the ninety-six-year-old precedent in Erie Railroad v. Tompkins (1938).5 The Swift doctrine's resonance with changing times was forgotten. The Court and the legal profession established, transformed, and abandoned the doctrine though an adversarial process and judicial instrumentalism. Although the policy of each decision reflected its time, Story's opinion was more consistent with the federalism of the early Constitution than was Erie.6
Anisoplanatism over horizontal path: comparison of theoretical and experimental results

To explore anisoplanatism over horizontal paths a LCS experiment was developed. The experiment operated in real-world conditions over a 3.2km path, partly over water. To compare the results obtained from the experimental data and established theory, we modeled the experimental path via simulation using a finite number of phase screens. The scale and location of the phase screens in the simulation were varied to account for a different turbulence conditions along the propagation path. Preliminary comparison of our experimental data and simulation show that adjacent PSFs are significantly correlated at angles much larger than the predicted theoretical isoplanatic angle.
Domestic Violence Against Minority Women: Interventions, Preventions and Health Implications

Male violence against women in general is a major source of frustration, fear, distress, injury, and even death. It transcends lines of ethnicity, economic status, religious persuasion, sexual orientation, national origin, geographic regions, and age differences, and impacts even the existence of those women who do not experience violence directly (Coley & Beckett, 1988; Goodman, et al., 1993a; Johnson, 1996). The phenomenon of violence against women continues to be trivialised, ignored, or rationalised by individuals, societal institutions, and mental health professionals. This undermines its prevention and intervention efforts (Koss, et al., 1994). However, scholarly, public, and policy attention to this grave societal problem of inordinate magnitude has increased dramatically over the past two decades, and a number of important national policy reports have identified violence against women as a critical economic, criminal justice, and public health issue (Eichler & Patron, et al., 1987; Beijing World Conference on Women, 1995).
Spectral structure of continuous-wave two-photon transitions in Na 2

We have observed 79 two-photon transitions in Na2 by using cw dye-laser excitation. The transitions are enhanced by the near coincidence of the laser frequency with a suitable one-photon transition. Of these two-photon lines, 57 have been assigned to transitions from the X1∑g+ ground state to two recently reported 1∑g+ and one 1Πg state at 33000 cm−1. We discuss the spectral structures of the observed lines that arise from the requirements of near-resonant enhancement.
Pathologic issues and new methodologies in the evaluation of non-Alzheimer dementias

Abstract There are numerous approaches to studying, using sophisticated morpho-anatomic and biochemical techniques, brain tissues originating from patients with non-Alzheimer (AD) type dementias. Many of these have been developed, often perfected, on tissues from AD patients, but can easily be extrapolated to individuals with non-AD neurodegenerative conditions or vascular dementia. They include quantitative morphometric techniques (to evaluate neuronal/glial/synapse density and organization), immunohistochemistry (using both commercial and easily made ‘custom’ primary antibodies and incorporating confocal laser microscopy), and in situ hybridization (ISH). More recently, patterns of gene expression can be evaluated in individual cells or groups of cells using highly sensitive and specific microdissection in conjunction with appropriate molecular biologic techniques. Finally, high throughput analysis of patterns of gene expression can be evaluated using cDNA microarrays, while tissue microarrays (TMAs) allow efficient comparative study of localization of distinct gene products across 100s of tissue specimens arrayed in a single paraffin block. These techniques are certain to facilitate rapid advances in tissue-based investigation of non-AD dementias, and allow for the study of human neurodegenerative diseases at a level of sophistication that was once thought only feasible in animal tissues and experimental systems.
Unilateral posterior parietal lobe lesions disrupt kinaesthetic representation of forearm orientation

Objective: To apply the lesion method to assess neuroanatomical substrates for judgments of forearm orientation from proprioceptive cues in humans. Methods: Participants were 15 subjects with chronic unilateral brain lesions and stable behavioural deficits, and 14 neurologically normal controls. Subjects aligned the forearm to earth fixed vertical and trunk fixed anterior-posterior (A-P) axes ("straight ahead"), with the head aligned to the trunk and with head and shoulder orientations varied on each trial. Results: Most subjects with posterior parietal lobe lesions made larger variable errors than controls in aligning the forearm to the earth fixed vertical axis and the trunk A-P axes, whether the head was held upright or oriented in different positions. Lesion subjects and controls made similar constant errors for aligning the forearm to gravitational vertical. Variable error magnitude correlated positively with greater lesion volume of right and left superior parietal lobules (SPL), but not with lesions in other brain areas. Larger variable errors for aligning the forearm to the trunk fixed A-P axis were also correlated with the volume of SPL lesions, but constant error magnitude correlated with larger volume lesions in premotor areas, inferior parietal lobules, and posterior regions of the superior temporal gyri, but not with SPL lesion volume. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the right and left superior and inferior parietal lobules, posterior superior temporal gyri, and premotor areas play a role in defining higher level coordinate systems for specifying orientation of the right and left forearm.
Adolescents' acquisition of cigarettes through noncommercial sources.

Abstract Purpose To examine the association between demographic and smoking behavior variables and the likelihood of acquiring cigarettes through noncommercial sources. Methods The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's 1996 National Study of Tobacco Price Sensitivity, Behavior, and Attitudes among Teenagers and Young Adults was the data source in this analysis. Respondents were high school students (grades 9 through 12) ages 13 to 19 years. The sample sizes, respondent selection procedures, and weighting procedures were designed to develop national estimates of adolescent smoking behaviors and attitudes. The questionnaire, modeled on previous surveys and input from leading tobacco control experts, was self-administered. Logistic regression was used to model the independent effects of each variable on the outcome while controlling for the influence of all other variables in the model. Results An inverse relationship was found between age and the likelihood of acquiring cigarettes through noncommercial sources. Females were 58% more likely to acquire cigarettes through noncommercial sources than were males. There were no differences among adolescents of different racial/ethnic groups in acquisition through noncommercial sources. Those who believed that cigarettes were difficult to acquire were more likely to obtain cigarettes by noncommercial means. Conclusions Although point-of-sale restrictions have been a focal point of tobacco control legislation, these data suggest that younger smokers and those who view commercial purchase to be difficult are not using commercial sources. Therefore, more comprehensive approaches to limiting access may be required to address all sources of adolescents' acquisition. The proliferation of point-of-sale restrictions may have contributed to increases in noncommercial acquisition by creating the impression that cigarettes were more difficult to purchase. This reinforces the need for educational programs, interventions, and policies that more effectively target noncommercial sources of cigarettes.
Effect of Upstream Wake With Vortex on Turbine Blade Platform Film Cooling With Simulated Stator-Rotor Purge Flow

Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions were experimentally obtained on a turbine blade platform within a linear cascade. The film cooling effectiveness distributions were obtained on the platform with upstream disturbances used to simulate the passing vanes. Cylindrical rods, placed upstream of the blades, simulated the wake created by the trailing edge of the stator vanes. The rods were placed at 4 locations to show how the film cooling effectiveness was affected relative to the vane location. In addition, delta wings were placed upstream of the blades to model the effect of the passage vortex (generated in the vane passage) on the platform film cooling effectiveness. The delta wings create a vortex similar to the passage vortex as it exits the upstream vane passage. The film cooling effectiveness was measured with the delta wings placed at 4 locations, to investigate the effect of the passing vanes. Finally, the delta wings were coupled with the cylindrical rods to examine the combined effect of the upstream wake and passage vortex on the platform film cooling effectiveness. The detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions were obtained using pressure sensitive paint (PSP) in the five blade linear cascade. An advanced labyrinth seal was placed upstream of the blades to simulate purge flow from a statorrotor seal. The coolant flow rate varied from 0.5% to 2.0% of the mainstream flow, while the Reynolds number of the mainstream flow remained constant at 3.1*105 (based on the inlet velocity and chord length of the blade). The film cooling effectiveness was not significantly affected with the upstream rod. However, the vortex generated by the delta wings had a profound impact on the film cooling effectiveness. The vortex created more turbulent mixing within the blade passage, and the result is reduced film cooling effectiveness through the entire passage. When the vane induced secondary flow is included, the need for additional platform cooling becomes very obvious.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effects of sub-surface oxygen on electrodeposition of cadmium on copper

Abstract In aqueous media, the electrochemistry of Cu is complicated by surface layers of native oxides. It is difficult to experimentally control the growth of these oxide films. These oxides also penetrate into subsurface regions and interfere with other surface reactions. Here, we combine potential step experiments with numerical calculations to study such an interface in a neutral electrolyte of NaClO 4 . Both in situ and ex situ sources of surface oxidation are investigated. Electrodeposition of Cd 2+ is studied in the presence of surface oxides on Cu. The deposition of Cd 2+ and catalytic reduction of O 2 affect each other. This complicates direct coulometric measurement of the Cd-coverage. An alternative method is demonstrated to determine the coverage isotherm of electrodeposition under these conditions. A phenomenological framework is developed to characterize the electrochemical features of the unavoidable surface oxides of Cu.
Free-form polarized spherical illumination reflectometry

We present a prototype system for in-situ measurement of per-pixel appearance parameters (i.e., surface orientation, diffuse albedo, specular albedo, and specular roughness) of general scenes. The proposed system requires no specialized hardware, is light weight, and requires no on-site calibration. This makes our system particularly well suited for capturing the appearance of real-world scenes under uncontrolled conditions.
The effect of charge on hydroxyl loss from ortho-substituted nitrobenzene ions

An abundant loss of hydroxyl in decompositions of ortho-substituted nitroarene cations is commonly observed when the substituent contains one or more labile hydrogen atoms. The major loss of hydroxyl also takes place from many but not all of the corresponding molecular anions. Data are reported for the collisionally activated decompositions of the cations and anions of o-nitrotoiuene, o-nitrophenol and o-nitroaniline. Data for some dinitro ions are also reported. The results can be rationalized on the basis of a greater degree of charge developed at the substituent in the transition state of the anions that leads to a rearranged ion. It is from this structure tint hydroxyl is lost via simple bond cleavage. This can be viewed most simply as a proton transfer from the substituent to the nitro group in the anion as opposed to hydrogen transfer in the analogous step for the cation. The degree to which hydroxyl loss occurs is therefore largely determined by the tendency for hydrogen (cations), or proton (anions), transfer from the substituent to the nitro group.
Craniofacial resections in the elderly: an outcome study.

Object. The elderly population is increasing in number and is healthier now than in the past. The purpose of this study was to examine complications and outcomes following craniofacial resection (CFR) in elderly patients and to compare findings with those of a matched younger cohort. Methods. All patients 70 years of age or older undergoing CFR at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (elderly group) between December 1992 and July 2003 were identified by examining the Department of Neurosurgery database. A random cohort of 28 patients younger than 70 years of age (control group) was selected from the overall population of patients who underwent CFR. There were 28 patients ranging in age from 70 to 84 years (median 74 years). Major local complications occurred in seven elderly patients (25%) and in six control patients (21%) (p = 0.75), and major systemic complications occurred in nine elderly patients (32%) and in three control patients (11%) (p = 0.05). There was one perioperative death in both groups of pati...
Mobility estimation using an extended Kalman filter for unmanned ground vehicle networks

An ad hoc unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) network operates as an intermittently connected mobile delay tolerant network (DTN). In this paper, we develop a mobility estimation algorithm that can be coupled with a cooperative communication routing algorithm to provide a basis for real time path planning in UGV-DTNs. A Gauss-Markov state space model is used for the node dynamics. The nonlinear measurement signals are constant-power RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) signals transmitted from fixed-position base stations. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is derived for estimating the position, velocity and acceleration of aUGV node in a two-dimensional spatial grid environment. We use Matlab to simulate a single mobile node traveling along a trajectory that includes abrupt maneuvers. Estimation performance is measured using zero-mean whiteness tests on the innovations sequences, root mean square error (RSME) of the state estimates, weighted sum squared residuals (WSSRs), and the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (PCRLB). Under these performance indices, we demonstrate that the mobility estimation algorithm performs effectively.
The Challenge and Promise of Cognitive Career Assessment

Abilities are as important as interests in career choice and development. Reviving cognitive assessment in career counseling promises to help counselees better understand their career options and how to enhance their competitiveness for the ones they prefer. Nearly a century of research on human cognitive abilities and jobs' aptitude demands in the U.S. economy reveals that the two domains are structured in essentially the same way. The author describes that common structure and how it can be used in assessing person-job match in terms of general ability level and ability profile. She also suggests ways of resolving various technical and professional questions, such as which cognitive abilities to assess, how to assess them, what the most useful aptitude-based occupational classification would be, and how to use cognitive assessments in a broader “reality-based exploration” process intended to expand people's career opportunities.
Welfare and Work: Complementary Strategies for Low-Income Women?.

We examine the effects of mothers' strategies of combining employment and welfare receipt during the first 3 years of their child's life on the child's cognitive development, behavior problems, and home learning environment at ages 5 to 6. We compare the child outcomes of those mothers who were continuously employed and received no welfare with (a) those who worked some or all of the 3 years and also received public assistance and (b) those who were totally dependent on public assistance. We studied children in single-parent families (N = 1271) living below 200% of the poverty threshold using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement. No negative association was found on most child outcomes with a mother's employment whether or not it was combined with public assistance. However, mothers' not working at all and receiving financial support solely from AFDC was associated with negative child outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the possible effects of the new welfare laws on families and young children
Experimental investigation of piston heat transfer under conventional diesel and reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion regimes:

The piston of a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine was instrumented with 11 fast-response surface thermocouples, and a commercial wireless telemetry system was used to transmit the signals ...
An overview of beamforming and power allocation for MIMO relays

This paper provides an overview of the design of transmit and receive beamformers and transmit power allocation for MIMO relays. Soft and hard methods for interference cancelation are presented, which play a critical role for all MIMO relays whether they are full-duplex or half-duplex, regenerative or non-regenerative, one-way relay or two-way relay. A perspective of MIMO relays in a network of many hops is illustrated. A distinction is made between feedback loop of energy and feedback loop of noise. Subspace computation and a generalized water-filling (GWF) algorithm are shown as important building blocks for the design.