cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of nonlinear capacitance and responsivity on the linearity of a modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode

Third-order intermodulation distortion in an InGaAs/InP charge compensated modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode is characterized using a two-tone setup. At 310 MHz modulation frequency the third-order local intercept point (IP3) reaches 52 dBm and remains above 35 dBm up to 21 GHz. Voltage dependent nonlinear responsivity is found to be the limiting factor for the IP3 at low frequency, while the voltage and photocurrent dependent nonlinear capacitance is responsible for the decreasing IP3 with increasing frequency. The physical origins of the nonlinear responsivity and capacitance are investigated.
Fine-grained access control for GridFTP using SecPAL

Grid access control policy languages today are generally one of two extremes: either extremely simplistic, or overly complex and challenging for even security experts to use. In this paper, we explicitly identify requirements for an access control policy language for grid data and then consider six specific data access use-cases that have been problematic in today's grids: attribute-based access, role-based access, "role-deny" access, impersonation-based access, delegation-based access, and capability-based access. We evaluate the security policy assertion language (SecPAL) against those requirements, specifically in the context of these six use-cases involving GridFTP.NET. We find that while some of these six use-cases are individually possible via existing Grid authorization systems, we believe that SecPAL uniquely offers a single approach that meets the requirements of a grid access control policy language, thereby creating support for a wide range of expanded scenarios for grid data access.
Linking Group Influences Charge Separation and Recombination in All‐Conjugated Block Copolymer Photovoltaics

All-conjugated block copolymers bring together hole- and electron-conductive polymers and can be used as the active layer of solution-processed photovoltaic devices, but it remains unclear how molecular structure, morphology, and electronic properties influence performance. Here, the role of the chemical linker is investigated through analysis of two donor–linker–acceptor block copolymers that differ in the chemistry of the linking group. Device studies show that power conversion efficiencies differ by a factor of 40 between the two polymers, and ultrafast transient absorption measurements reveal charge separation only in block copolymers that contain a wide bandgap monomer at the donor–acceptor interface. Optical measurements reveal the formation of a low-energy excited state when donor and acceptor blocks are directly linked without this wide bandgap monomer. For both samples studied, it is found that the rate of charge recombination in these systems is faster than in poly­mer–polymer and polymer–fullerene blends. This work demonstrates that the linking group chemistry influences charge separation in all-conjugated block copolymer systems, and further improvement of photovoltaic performance may be possible through optimization of the linking group. These results also suggest that all-conjugated block copolymers can be used as model systems for the donor–acceptor interface in bulk heterojunction blends.
Adult Lineage-Restricted CNS Progenitors Specify Distinct Glioblastoma Subtypes

A central question in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) research is the identity of the tumor-initiating cell, and its contribution to the malignant phenotype and genomic state. We examine the potential of adult lineage-restricted progenitors to induce fully penetrant GBM using CNS progenitor-specific inducible Cre mice to mutate Nf1, Trp53, and Pten. We identify two phenotypically and molecularly distinct GBM subtypes governed by identical driver mutations. We demonstrate that the two subtypes arise from functionally independent pools of adult CNS progenitors. Despite histologic identity as GBM, these tumor types are separable based on the lineage of the tumor-initiating cell. These studies point to the cell of origin as a major determinant of GBM subtype diversity.
The "model minority": Bane or blessing for Asian Americans?

Asian Americans have been touted as the “model minority” since the 1960s. The authors examine the prevalence, accuracy, and implications of this label, and, based on a review of the literature, discuss problems associated with this characterization. The authors point out ways in which such labeling impedes rather than facilitates access to various opportunities and also results in discrimination and societal indifference regarding the needs of Asian Americans. Los Americanos Asiaticos han sido recomendados como el “modelo de la minoria” desde la decada de los 60. Los autores examinan la frecuencia, la certeza, y las implicaciones de este contenido, y basados en una revision de la literatura, discute los problemas asociados con esta caracterizacion. Los autores indican las maneras en que los contenidos estorba en vez de facilitar el acceso a varias oportunidades y tambien resultado en la discriminacion y la indiferencia social con respecto a las necesidades de Americanos Asiaticos.
Damage effects on concrete performance and microstructure

Abstract Changes in concrete properties and microstructure associated with different damaging effects were investigated. The damaging effects considered were induced by the exposure of concrete specimens to compression, impact, fatigue, and freeze–thaw cycles in saturated conditions. The influence of these damaging effects on the flexural strength, impact resistance, permeability and the extent and nature of microcrack propagation in concrete were investigated. Normal-strength and high-strength concrete materials were considered; the trends in damaging effects on concrete properties were justified based on microscopic observation of the trends in microcrack growth under such damaging effects.
Dental appliances may be useful for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea

Question: In patients with obstructive sleep apnoea are dental appliances as effective as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty? Objective To compare the effect of dental appliance and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Design Randomised controlled trial. Intervention UPPP or a dental appliance to achieve mandibular advancement of 50% of maximum protrusive capacity. Outcome measures Apnoea index (AI), apnoea/ hypoxia index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI) and snoring index (SI). Results Both groups showed significant decrease in the values for AI, AHI, ODI and SI at 6 and 12 months. At 12 months AI and AHI were significantly better in the dental-appliance group but other outcomes showed no difference (see Table 1). Conclusions Evidence suggests that dental appliances may be a useful adjunct to the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Wilhelmsson B, Tegelberg A, Walker-Engstron M-L, Ringqvuist M, Andersson L, Krekmanov, et al. A prospective randomised study of a dental appliance compared with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Acta Otolaryngol 1999; 119:503–509
Long-Range Technological Forecasts

There is an old story - probably familiar to most of you -concerning the group of blindfolded men who were positioned around an elephant. After having had an opportunity to sense the animal from his own particular vantage point, each was asked to describe it. As you will recall, there was a wide difference of opinion which stemmed largely from the "approach" which each took to the assignment.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of Hydrogen Peroxide Chemical Quenching Agents following an Advanced Oxidation Process

AbstractFree chlorine, bovine catalase, sulfite, and thiosulfate were examined as methods for quenching residual hydrogen peroxide after advanced oxidation treatment of water for subsequent laboratory analysis. The challenges and advantages of each method are presented to help inform researchers and practitioners. Quenching hydrogen peroxide with free chlorine is determined to be a better alternative for disinfection byproduct testing, while bovine catalase is a preferred quenching agent for toxicity testing and mass spectrometry analysis.
The auroral oval, the auroral substorm, and their relations with the internal structure of the magnetosphere

Auroral oval, auroral substorm and relations with internal magnetospheric structure during growth and decay of ring current and neutral sheet current
Social emotions and psychological games

Emotions arise from cognitive appraisals and organize adaptive behavioral responses. The appraisals associated with social emotions such as guilt and anger can be modeled with utility functions that depend on both material and psychological payoffs, and their effect on behavior can be mathematically described using game theory. Guilt arises from the belief that an agent has disappointed a relationship partner and motivates reparative actions, while anger arises from the frustration of a goal being unexpectedly blocked and motivates aggressive actions. These psychological payoffs not only enable cooperation, but also appear to be associated with neural activations consistent with negative affective states. We believe integrating appraisal theory with game theoretic modeling can improve our ability to study emotions and predict behavior in social interactions.
Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Management of arrhythmias.

Deaths from tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose are usually due to arrhythmias and/or hypotension. Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity is due mainly to the quinidine-like actions of these drugs on cardiac tissues. Slowing of phase 0 depolarisation of the action potential results in slowing of conduction through the His-Purkinje system and myocardium. Slowed impulse conduction is responsible for QRS prolongation and atrioventricular block, and contributes to ventricular arrhythmias and hypotension. Therapies that improve conduction, e.g. hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, are useful in treating these toxic effects. Other mechanisms contributing to arrhythmias include abnormal repolarisation, impaired automaticity, cholinergic blockade and inhibition of neuronal catecholamine uptake. Toxicity may be worsened by acidaemia, hypotension or hyperthermia. Sinus tachycardia is due to the anticholinergic effects of the tricyclic antidepressants as well as blockade of neuronal catecholamine reuptake. Sinus tachycardia is generally well-tolerated and requires no therapy. Sinus tachycardia with QRS prolongation may be difficult to distinguish from ventricular tachycardia. Electrocardiograms obtained using oesophageal or atrial electrodes may be useful in determining the relationship of atrial and ventricular activity. Although QRS prolongation alone is not compromising, it is a marker for patients at highest risk of developing seizures, arrhythmias or hypotension. Ventricular tachycardia (monomorphic) is a consequence of impaired myocardial depolarisation and impulse conduction. Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate may partially correct impaired conduction and be of benefit in treating ventricular tachycardia. Since hypertonic sodium bicarbonate appears to act by increasing the extracellular sodium concentration as well as by increasing extracellular pH, hyperventilation may be less effective. Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate is of particular benefit in patients who are acidotic, since acidosis aggravates cardiac toxicity. However, administration of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate is beneficial even when blood pH is normal. Lignocaine (lidocaine) may be useful in treating ventricular tachycardia but should be administered cautiously to avoid precipitating seizures. Ventricular bradyarrhythmias are due to impaired automaticity or depressed atrioventricular conduction and can be treated by placement of a temporary pacemaker, or with a chronotropic agent, e.g. isoprenaline (isoproterenol), with or without concomitant vasoconstrictors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Higher Education Internationalization: Why Governments Care

Internationalization of higher education, once of interest primarily of college and university leaders, is increasingly garnering attention among government leaders and other policy makers. As globalization leads nations to become increasingly interconnected in economic, cultural, and political modalities, higher education has emerged as critical connecting point. Colleges and universities facilitate the mobility of students and scholars, serve as vehicles of public diplomacy, and support economic competitiveness. This chapter explores the ways in which colleges and universities as international actors and describes the ways in which governments engage with the internationalization of higher education.
Institutionalizing In Loco Parentis after Gott v. Berea College (1913)

Background/ContextThe institutionalization of in loco parentis in the wake of Gott v. Berea College (1913) marked a major turning point in the evolution of student management theory and practice. F...
The making of an American textual tradition: Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's Indian researches

Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1793–1864) is accorded by intellectual historians a status similar to that of the Grimms, his close contemporaries, as a founding ancestor of folklore and anthropology. A. I. Hallowell has observed that “Historically viewed, Schoolcraft was a pioneer in the collection of the folklore of any non-literate people anywhere in the world” (1946: 137); Rosemary Zumwalt has called him “the first scholar of American Indian culture to collect and analyze a large body of Indian folklore” (1978: 44); and W. K. McNeil credits him with being “the man generally recognized as the father of American folklore and anthropology” (1992: 1). As with the Grimms, critics are divided or ambivalent concerning the scholarly validity of Schoolcraft's work. Some, like Stith Thompson, are strongly negative: “Ultimately, the scientific value of his work is marred by the manner in which he reshaped the stories to suit his own literary taste. Several of his tales, indeed, are distorted almost beyond recognition” (1929: xv; see also Thompson 1922). The vocabulary and rhetoric here are strikingly similar to some of the assessments of the Grimms cited in our earlier discussion. Others, like Zumwalt and William Clements, author of an illuminating study of Schoolcraft's textual practices, credit many of Schoolcraft's pronounced methodological principles, but fault him for his lack of adherence to those principles in practice (Zumwalt 1978: 49; Clements 1996: 117).
Mechanisms for Engineering Highly Anisotropic Conductivity in a Layered Covalent-Organic Framework

Two-dimensional (2D) covalent-organic framework (COF) materials provide a promising solution to the lightweight, durable, and flexible electronic applications such as organic photovoltaics and organic light-emitting diodes. In this paper we report a theoretical study based on density functional theory calculations on a recently synthesized covalent-organic framework that has been experimentally demonstrated to possess excellent carrier mobility and photoconductivity along the vertical direction. Our calculations reveal the dependence of the carrier mobility on the number of layers and the stacking order, and show that the conduction is achieved by electron hopping between adjacent layers along the vertical pathways that are composed of aligned donor or acceptor groups. We find that the direct band gap in a monolayer shifts to an indirect band gap in bulk (multiple layers), with decreased carrier effective masses along the vertical direction. The vertical interlayer interaction further enhances the in-plan...
Making the case for Institutional Demand: Supporting smallholders through procurement and food assistance programmes

Abstract This paper focuses on the rationale for supporting market interventions for smallholders through what we call Institutional Demand. Institutional Demand consists of different interventions that target procurement from smallholder farmers and distribute their surplus to vulnerable populations. This policy intervention links the goals of both agricultural development and social protection through three key areas: price stabilization; income generation and; food security. We argue that Institutional Demand should be a key policy intervention as it can directly address both rural poverty and malnutrition. It does this by linking the productive capacity of smallholder farmers with populations living in situations of food insecurity. Impact evaluations and assessments of Institutional Demand programmes are limited in scope and depth. Therefore, while this paper outlines much of the evidence thus far, the primary purpose of this paper is to push forward a new research agenda that looks at the ways in which Institutional Demand can promote policy synergies between the goals of social protection and agricultural development. The issues outlined in this paper present fruitful areas for more qualitative and quantitative assessments of Institutional Demand programmes.
Mitigating Denial-of-Service attacks in wide-area LQR control

In this work we study the impacts of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on the cyber-physical implementation of wide-area control. The controller is desgined as a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) for damping power flow oscillations. We first derive a nominal mathematical model of the power system network considering a delay-aware LQR controller without any DoS. Thereafter, we model how DoS enters the closed-loop dynamics of this system by considering the Hadamard product of the LQR gain matrix with a matrix of attacked links. We propose two mitigation strategies to compensate for the loss of missing states in the feedback path, and test their effectiveness against three variables of interest - namely, location of attack, time of attack, and duration of attack. We design a decision tree classifier for each strategy based on these parameters to predict the severity of an attack. The results are illustrated with a DoS simulation on the standard IEEE 4-machine Kundur model.
Localized reactive flow in carbonate rocks: Core-flood experiments and network simulations

We conducted four core-flood experiments on samples of a micritic, reef limestone from Abu Dhabi under conditions of constant flow rate. The pore fluid was water in equilibrium with CO2, which, because of its lowered pH, is chemically reactive with the limestone. Flow rates were between 0.03 and 0.1 ml/min. The difference between up- and down-stream pore pressures dropped to final values < < 1 MPa over periods of 3-18 hours. SEM and micro-CT imaging of the starting material showed that the limestone is mostly calcite, lacks connected macro-porosity, and that the prevailing pores are few microns large. During each experiment, a wormhole formed by localized dissolution, an observation consistent with the decreases in pressure head between the up- and down-stream reservoirs. Moreover, we numerically modeled the changes in permeability during the experiments. We devised a network approach that separated the pore space into competing sub-networks of pipes. Thus, the problem was framed as a competition of flow of the reactive fluid among the adversary sub-networks. The precondition for localization within certain time is that the leading sub-network rapidly becomes more transmissible than its competitors. This novel model successfully simulated features of the shape of the wormhole as it grew from few to about one hundred microns, matched the pressure history patterns, and yielded the correct order of magnitude of the breakthrough time. Finally, we systematically studied the impact of changing the statistical parameters of the sub-networks. Larger mean radius and spatial correlation of the leading sub-network led to faster localization.
An Attempt to Make Marketing Theory Useful: The Foundations of the Association of Marketing Theory and Practice and the Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice

This paper offers a unique retrospective on the development of the Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. The journal is introduced and discussed, the articles published in JMTP from 1999 to 2004 are analyzed and discussed and the articles for this special issue are introduced.
18F-Sodium Fluoride Uptake in the Abdominal Aorta

350 Objectives Previous coronary studies suggest that 18F-NaF may have a role in identifying active vascular disease.(1-3) Others have proposed 18F-NaF as an early marker for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) progression. The purpose of our study was to determine the normal range of 18F-NaF uptake in patients with and without AAAs. Methods We retrospectively studied patients who underwent 18F-NaF studies from March 2010 to August 2014. 13 patients with aneurysms and 40 patients without aneurysms (72 +/- 10 years of age, 100% male) were analyzed. 18F-NaF uptake (SUVmax), calcium score (SmartScore, GE Healthcare), and abdominal aortic diameter were measured in all patients. In patients with aneurysms, measurements were recorded from the infrarenal aorta at the point of maximal dilation and also at the point of max 18F-NaF uptake. In patients without aneurysms, measurements were recorded at the point of max 18F-NaF uptake. Tissue-to-background ratios (TBR) were calculated by dividing SUVmax by mean blood pool SUV. Results Range of TBR in the AAA group was (2.1-4.7) and (1.3-5.6) in the normal group. There was no significant difference in 18F-NaF uptake in patients with aneurysms compared to patients without aneurysms when correcting for TBR (2.9 +/- 0.33 vs 2.6 +/- 0.24, p=0.16). In aneurysms, TBR at maximal dilation was significantly different than TBR at the point of maximal uptake (2.2 +/- 0.23 vs 2.9 +/- 0.33, p Conclusions There is a wide range of 18F-NaF uptake in patients with and without AAAs. 18F-NaF uptake is not significantly different in patients with aneurysms when compared to non-aneurismal patients. Our data supports that 18F-NaF uptake represents a process, likely atherosclerosis, that occurs in both normal and dilated aortas.
The Dominican Republic–Central American Free Trade Agreement’s Symbolic Nod to Environmental Protection: Legal Perspectives on the Citizen Submission Process

ABSTRACTThe Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) contains a chapter on the environment, ostensibly included to mitigate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) environmental oversights. The environment chapter created a citizen submission process designed to foster public participation in supporting each participating nation’s environmental laws. This article examines the outcomes to date of the citizen submission process, based on an analysis of the articles of the agreement and an examination of the rulings made on each case submitted under the citizen submission process. The analysis shows that CAFTA poses significant obstacles to citizen participation and has made minimal, if any, contributions to environmental law enforcement among the Parties to the agreement.
The Importance of “Downtime” for Democratic Dance Pedagogy: Insights from a Dance Program Serving Asian American Youth

ABSTRACTThis article examines how youth participants in a community-based dance program developed a strong sense of purpose and a commitment to the community organization by leading their peers during informal, unstructured class time. These results are of particular importance to dance educators and policymakers who aim to foster leadership opportunities among young dancers as part of a commitment to social justice education, culturally relevant pedagogy, or democratic teaching practices. By examining how young dance students explore notions of empowerment, purpose, and a sense of belonging in the community, this article meaningfully contributes to the literature on leadership, youth identity, and community building in dance.
A multi-loop controller for LCL-filtered grid-connected converters integrated with a hybrid harmonic compensation and a novel virtual impedance

The LCL-filtered converter is widely adapted to interface renewable energy sources and energy storage devices to the grid. While the LCL filter is capable of eliminating current harmonics caused by the high-frequency PWM of the converter, low-order current harmonics are reduced selectively by the stationary-frame resonant harmonic compensators (HCs). There are two types of the harmonic compensator, namely, harmonic current compensator (HCC) and harmonic voltage compensator (HVC). HCCs are in general embedded in parallel with conventional grid current controllers by which the active and reactive power are regulated. If autonomous islanding operation is required, the active and reactive power are controlled by a V-f droop method and a filter capacitor voltage controller with which HCCs or HVCs are added in parallel. In this paper, a multi-loop controller is proposed as one possible alternative to the conventional grid current controller to improve the harmonic compensation performance by using both HCCs and HVCs, which is a hybrid harmonic compensation (HHC). In addition, a novel virtual impedance implementation technique which fits to the multi-loop frame is presented to maintain stability of the controller in case of large grid impedance.
Role for Government: In Principle

The primary economic rationale for government intervention to reduce obesity relates to externalities. An in-principle case can be made for government intervention on these grounds. Various interventions are feasible, including government incentives related to food consumption such as taxes or subsidies on “unhealthy” and “healthy” foods; government incentives related to healthy behavior and health outcomes; government provision of education or information about nutrition, including regulation of food labeling; government regulation of the food industry and its marketing practices, such as advertising to children; or rules and regulations pertaining to the provision of public and private health insurance. This chapter reviews these options and their relative merits in principle, paying attention to the issue of matching policy instruments to targets.
Activation of the glmS Ribozyme Nucleophile via Overdetermined Hydrogen Bonding

RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, catalyze internal phosphodiester bond cleavage using diverse catalytic strategies. These include the four classic strategies: in-line nucleophilic attack, deprotonation of the 2′-OH nucleophile, protonation of the 5′-O leaving group, and stabilization of developing charge on the nonbridging oxygen atoms of the scissile phosphate. In addition, we recently identified two additional ribozyme strategies: acidification of the 2′-OH and release of the 2′-OH from inhibitory interactions. Herein, we report inverse thio effects in the presence of glmS ribozyme variants and a 1-deoxyglucosamine 6-phosphate cofactor analogue and demonstrate that activation of the 2′-OH nucleophile is promoted by competitive hydrogen bonding among diverse ribozyme moieties for the pro-RP nonbridging oxygen. We conclude that the glmS ribozyme uses an overdetermined set of competing hydrogen bond donors in its active site to ensure potent activation and regulation by the cofactor. Nucleophile activation throu...
What Naive Decision Makers can Tell us about Risk

During the last 100 years, there have been many changes of fashion concerning the proper relation between the psychologist, the subject, and the subject matter. In the early days, subjects were trained in the techniques of introspection in the hope that they would be able to look beyond the products of higher mental processes and report back on sensation, itself. For reasons that now seem obvious, this program failed and psychological fashion swung to behaviorism, in which the scientific goal was to map directly from observable stimuli onto observable responses. The subject, therefore, came to be treated as a “black box” whose contents were theoretically inconsequential. Since World War II, however, behaviorism has been steadily losing ground to a newer approach, variously called “human information processing psychology” or “cognitive psychology. ” This approach uses the subject as a “window” on the flow of information through consciousness. Thus, verbal reports are becoming part of the database on which theory is built and for which explanation is required.
AFM-Based Approach to Study Blending between RAP and Virgin Asphalt Binders

AbstractIn this paper, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to evaluate micromechanical properties of the interfacial blending zone between reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and virgin asphalt bind...
Influences of 12-Week Physical Activity Interventions on TMS Measures of Cortical Network Inhibition and Upper Extremity Motor Performance in Older Adults-A Feasibility Study

Objective: Data from previous cross-sectional studies have shown that an increased level of physical fitness is associated with improved motor dexterity across the lifespan. In addition, physical fitness is positively associated with increased laterality of cortical function during unimanual tasks; indicating that sedentary aging is associated with a loss of interhemispheric inhibition affecting motor performance. The present study employed exercise interventions in previously sedentary older adults to compare motor dexterity and measure of interhemispheric inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) after the interventions. Methods: Twenty-one community-dwelling, reportedly sedentary older adults were recruited, randomized and enrolled to a 12-week aerobic exercise group or a 12-week non-aerobic exercise balance condition. The aerobic condition was comprised of an interval-based cycling "spin" activity, while the non-aerobic "balance" exercise condition involved balance and stretching activities. Participants completed upper extremity dexterity batteries and estimates of VO2max in addition to undergoing single (ipsilateral silent period-iSP) and paired-pulse interhemispheric inhibition (ppIHI) in separate assessment sessions before and after study interventions. After each intervention during which heart rate was continuously recorded to measure exertion level (load), participants crossed over into the alternate arm of the study for an additional 12-week intervention period in an AB/BA design with no washout period. Results: After the interventions, regardless of intervention order, participants in the aerobic spin condition showed higher estimated VO2max levels after the 12-week intervention as compared to estimated VO2max in the non-aerobic balance intervention. After controlling for carryover effects due to the study design, participants in the spin condition showed longer iSP duration than the balance condition. Heart rate load was more strongly correlated with silent period duration after the Spin condition than estimated VO2. Conclusions: Aging-related changes in cortical inhibition may be influenced by 12-week physical activity interventions when assessed with the iSP. Although inhibitory signaling is mediates both ppIHI and iSP measures each TMS modality likely employs distinct inhibitory networks, potentially differentially affected by aging. Changes in inhibitory function after physical activity interventions may be associated with improved dexterity and motor control at least as evidence from this feasibility study show.
The Dilemma of Case Studies

After Kuhn (1962) cast doubt on the usefulness of abstract positivist models by appealing to the history of science, many philosophers have felt compelled to use historical case studies in their analyses. Kuhn however did not tell us how to do this. Further, it is not clear exactly what appeals to case studies accomplish. We can frame this issue as a dilemma. On the one hand, if the case is selected because it exemplifies the philosophical point being articulated, then it is not clear that the philosophical claims have been supported, because it could be argued that the historical data were manipulated to fit the point. On the other hand, if one starts with a case study, it is not clear where to go from there – for it is unreasonable to generalize from one case or even two or three.
Marriage and Mass Incarceration

In considering marriage litigation, it is critical to consider its impact on the most vulnerable members of LGBT communities and on other marginalized communities. The skepticism in this article about the struggle for “same-sex” marriage is grounded in the author's work against criminalization and imprisonment, particularly as they affect transgender people of color. The author argues that at worst, marriage can aggravate mass-incarceration. Reinforcing the dignity attached to one particular form of state-sanctioned, normative relationship may further the marginalization and criminalization of those people who continue to fall outside of those norms, including many low-income trans people of color. At best, marriage is a diversion of resources desperately needed elsewhere. While marriage may have some marginal benefits for those incarcerated trans people who seek to marry legally and who do not encounter other impediments to doing so, it will not address the greatest threats to their survival, self-determination, life chances, and dignity.
Access Techniques for Percutaneous Renal Surgery

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) remains an important part of the urologist’s armamentarium. Although PNL can be used to treat upper tract calculi of any size, it is particularly effective for treating patients with complex stone disease or coexisting renal pathology such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction or stone-containing calyceal diverticula (CD). Since its introduction in the late 1970s, PNL has undergone a considerable evolution in technique. However, the performance of PNL is entirely dependent on achieving satisfactory access.This chapter reviews the current access techniques for percutaneous renal surgery.
Art and Knowledge

The enduring popularity of Star Trek indicates the validity of the speculation portrayed in the franchise about justice. Put differently, the global success of the Star Trek validates the idea that the multiple series and movies, to an important degree, “capture” the essence of justice. Philosophy Professor Jack Kaminsky, drawing explicitly on Hegel’s theory of aesthetics, explains that “the artist tries to show men what kind of man would be the fullest expression of the Idea” (i.e., the Absolute). A prime feature of the Star Trek franchise is the argument that humanity is “growing”—that is, becoming more rational, mature, caring, etc. (“the fullest expression of the Idea”). Art does not only provide knowledge about the “ideal person”, but how (normative) reasons in the world (the dimension of justice) has changed as a result of the evolution of science and technology (e.g., globalism).
The function of microstructure in Boyle’s chemical philosophy: ‘chymical atoms' and structural explanation

One of several important issues that inform contemporary philosophy of chemistry is the issue of structural explanation, precisely because modern chemistry is primarily concerned with microstructure. This paper argues that concern over microstructure, albeit understood differently than it is today, also informs the chemical philosophy of Robert Boyle (1627–1691). According to Boyle, the specific microstructure of ‘chymical atoms’, understood in geometric terms, accounts for the unique essential properties of different chemical substances. Because he considers the microstructure of ‘chymical atoms’ as semi-permanent, Boyle considers these stable entities as operationally irreducible, even if they are not ontologically fundamental. While it is generally believed that our contemporary concern over structural explanation is a function of modern chemistry’s emphasis on microstructure, this discussion of structural explanation in Boyle will serve as a case study to illustrate the manner in which many of our contemporary concerns have deeply historical origins and the manner in which the history of chemistry can substantively inform issues in contemporary philosophy of chemistry.
Half of Purposeful Baseline Sandbaggers Undetected by ImPACT's Embedded Invalidity Indicators.

OBJECTIVE The main objectives of this study were to determine how accurately the embedded invalidity indicators (EIIs) identify purposeful underperformers on the baseline Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT); and to assess the effectiveness of each individual EII. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which all participants completed a baseline ImPACT assessment. Participants were randomized into a control or purposeful underperformance (sandbagging) group. The primary outcomes measured were the number of participants identified as invalid (via any EII), as well as the ability of each individual EII to detect purposeful sandbagging. Additionally, participants mean raw composite scores and percentiles were evaluated. RESULTS Seventy-seven participants completed the study (control n = 37, sandbag n = 40.) None of the participants in the control group, and 50% of the purposeful sandbaggers were identified as invalid via the current EIIs. Of the five EIIs, three were unable to identify more than 15% of purposeful sandbaggers. The best performing EIIs were Word Memory and Three Letters, identifying 40% and 35% of purposeful sandbaggers, respectively. Sixty- five percent of the purposeful sandbaggers had at least one composite score ≤1st percentile. Using a composite score ≤1st percentile as potential marker of invalidity would have accurately identified more purposeful sandbaggers than all existing EIIs combined. CONCLUSION Half of purposeful sandbaggers were not identified by ImPACT's current EIIs. Multiple EIIs were only able to identify <15% of purposeful underperformers, suggesting that reevaluation and/or recalibration of EII cutoffs may be appropriate.
TNF-Alpha Inhibition and Other Immunosuppressants in the Development of Uveal and Cutaneous Melanoma.

Abstract Objective To investigate an association between tumor necrosis factors-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors or other immunosuppressants and the development of uveal and cutaneous melanoma. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective incidence and case-control analysis of patients in Olmsted County, MN, who were diagnosed with uveal or cutaneous melanoma from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2014. Incidence was adjusted by age and gender to the 2010 US white population. Controls were matched by sex and age to cases at time of diagnosis of melanoma. Results There were 1221 cases of melanoma (33 uveal, 1188 cutaneous). Combined incidence of uveal and cutaneous melanoma per 100,000 person-years varied by gender (male > female), age (older > younger), and time period: 2010 to 2014 (77.9, 95% confidence interval [CI], 71.1-84.7) ≈ 2005 to 2009 (78.0, 95% CI, 70.9-85.0) > 2000 to 2004 (42.5, 95% CI, 36.9-48.1, P Conclusion Exposure to immunosuppressive agents is associated with melanoma. TNFa inhibition and autoimmune disease alone do not significantly increase risk of melanoma. In patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments, physicians should consider monitoring with dilated ophthalmic and full-body skin examinations. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of TNFa inhibitors on development of melanoma, particularly in uveal melanoma.
Abstract 1774: Targeting aurora A kinase (AAK) in platinum-resistant high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC)

Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy is a major problem in the clinical management of recurrent HGSOC. While the use of poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have made an impact in BRCA1/2 mutated and homologous recombinant-deficient HGSOC, resistance and limited response-rates to PARPi persist. Alisertib (AL) an inhibitor of AAK can inhibit entry and progression of cells through mitosis as well as the interaction with N-myc and its degradation (Front. Oncol. doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00189). In models of HGSOC from patients with recurrent platinum-resistant disease, cisplatin (CP) treatment does not lead to cell cycle traverse perturbations and significant accumulation of cells in G 2 -M. Since a defect in the G 2 -M DNA damage checkpoint is a potential mechanism of resistance to cisplatin, we sought to test the hypothesis that inhibition of AAK that is involved in centrosome maturation and entry into mitosis would enhance the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin in platinum-resistant HGSOC. To test this hypothesis, we treated HGSOC cell lines from patients with recurrent platinum-refractory disease with increasing doses of CP (1- 2.5 μM), of AL (0.05 μM) or the combination and evaluated effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The sequential treatment of four different HGSOC cell lines with CP for 3 hours followed by AL for 48 hours and recovery in drug-free medium for 96-120 hours led to a synergistic increase in apoptosis (p BRCA1/2 and resistant to olaparib , treatment with the combination of 0.01 μM AL and 1 μM olaparib for 48 hours resulted in an additive cytotoxic response. Based on the mutation landscape of the HGSOC cell panel evaluated, the synergistic cytotoxicity with the CP→AL treatment was independent of BRCA1/2 or TP53 mutation status. In summary, CP resistance in HGSOC due to a defective G 2 -M DNA damage response, can be potentially circumvented by sequential treatment with CP followed by AL. Citation Format: Ram N. Ganapathi, Eric J. Norris, Ashley P. Sutker, Hala Soliman, Mahrukh K. Ganapathi. Targeting aurora A kinase (AAK) in platinum-resistant high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1774.
The role of popularity and digital self-monitoring in adolescents' cyberbehaviors and cybervictimization

Abstract Popularity in adolescence predicts heightened prosocial behavior, aggression, and peer victimization in face-to-face contexts. According to Resource Control Theory, individuals who employ both prosocial and aggressive strategies have an enhanced ability to dictate the social functioning of the peer group. Despite the advantages associated with high status, individuals become targets of others seeking to establish their influence through peer victimization. Whether these processes generalize to digital contexts and are the same for boys and girls remains unclear. Furthermore, adolescents are able to carefully monitor their digital self-representations, which may affect associations between popularity and digital social interactions. The current study tested hypothesized associations between popularity, cyberbehaviors, cybervictimization, and digital self-monitoring using data collected in the fall and spring of one school year. Adolescents (N = 299; 169 girls) completed peer-ratings of popularity, cyberprosocial behavior, cyberaggression, and cybervictimization and self-ratings of digital selfmonitoring. Popularity predicted heightened cyberprosocial behavior, cyberaggression, and cybervictimization. For boys, digital selfmonitoring predicted lower levels of cyberprosocial behavior and higher levels of cyberaggression. At low levels of popularity, digital selfmonitoring was predictive of heightened cybervictimization. These findings highlight the contribution of popularity to adolescents' digital interactions and reveal potential liabilities of monitoring digital selfpresentations.
Calcium Regulates S100A12 Zinc Sequestration by Limiting Structural Variations

Antimicrobial proteins such as S100A12 and S100A8/A9 are highly expressed and secreted by neutrophils during infection and participate in human immune response by sequestering transition metals. At neutral pH, S100A12 sequesters Zn2+ with nanomolar affinity, which is further enhanced upon calcium binding. We investigated the pH dependence of human S100A12 zinc sequestration by using Co2+ as a surrogate. Apo-S100A12 exhibits strong Co2+ binding between pH 7.0 and 10.0 that progressively diminishes as the pH is decreased to 5.3. Ca2+ -S100A12 can retain nanomolar Co2+ binding up to pH 5.7. NMR spectroscopic measurements revealed that calcium binding does not alter the side-chain protonation of the Co2+ /Zn2+ binding histidine residues. Instead, the calcium-mediated modulation is achieved by restraining pH-dependent conformational changes to EF loop 1, which contains Co2+ /Zn2+ binding Asp25. This calcium-induced enhancement of Co2+ /Zn2+ binding might assist in the promotion of antimicrobial activities in humans by S100 proteins during neutrophil activation under subneutral pH conditions.
Salient selves in uncertain futures

We examined possible selves during three distinct periods of uncertainty. Cancer survivors (Study 1a) and survivors’ romantic partners (Study 1b) rated the salience of possible selves in which the ...
Immunotherapy combinations transform the treatment paradigm for advanced renal cell carcinoma

Over the past 15 years, the treatment options for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have undergone tremendous transformation. From single agent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeted therapy, to now immunotherapy combinations, survival is improving given the results of landmark clinical trials which have expanded treatments for patients.
Bayesian Adversarial Human Motion Synthesis

We propose a generative probabilistic model for human motion synthesis. Our model has a hierarchy of three layers. At the bottom layer, we utilize Hidden semi-Markov Model (HSMM), which explicitly models the spatial pose, temporal transition and speed variations in motion sequences. At the middle layer, HSMM parameters are treated as random variables which are allowed to vary across data instances in order to capture large intra- and inter-class variations. At the top layer, hyperparameters define the prior distributions of parameters, preventing the model from overfitting. By explicitly capturing the distribution of the data and parameters, our model has a more compact parameterization compared to GAN-based generative models. We formulate the data synthesis as an adversarial Bayesian inference problem, in which the distributions of generator and discriminator parameters are obtained for data synthesis. We evaluate our method through a variety of metrics, where we show advantage than other competing methods with better fidelity and diversity. We further evaluate the synthesis quality as a data augmentation method for recognition task. Finally, we demonstrate the benefit of our fully probabilistic approach in data restoration task.
Szeg\H{o} and Widom theorems for finite codimensional subalgebras of a class of uniform algebras

We establish versions of Szegő's distance formula and Widom's theorem on invertibility of (a family of) Toeplitz operators in a class of finite codimension subalgebras of uniform algebras, obtained by imposing a finite number of linear constraints. Each such algebra is naturally represented on a family of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, which play a central role in the proofs.
Equity Advocates Using Equity-Mindedness to Interrupt Faculty Hiring's Racial Structure.

Background/ContextEducation scholars have recommended steps for college and university leaders to take toward creating a more racially diverse professoriate. However, the majority of the scholarshi...