cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Outcomes With Use of Intravascular Ultrasound for the Treatment of Coronary Bifurcation Lesions

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of bifurcation lesions remains challenging with a higher risk of adverse outcomes. Whether adjunctive intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging improves outcomes of PCI of bifurcation lesions remains unclear. This study sought to determine the long-term clinical outcomes associated with using IVUS for percutaneous treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. From April 2003 through August 2010, 449 patients with 471 bifurcation lesions underwent PCI with (n = 247) and without (n = 202) the use of IVUS. Clinical outcomes (death, myocardial infarction [MI], periprocedural MI, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization [TVR], and target lesion revascularization [TLR]) were compared between patients undergoing PCI with and without IVUS using univariate and propensity score-adjusted analyses. Most patients (61%) presented with acute coronary syndrome and 89% of bifurcations lesions were Medina class 1,1,1. After propensity score adjustment, use of IVUS was associated with significantly lower rates of death or MI (odds ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.20 to 0.74, p = 0.005), death (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.88, p = 0.02), MI (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.98, p = 0.04), periprocedural MI (odds ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.20 to 0.97, p = 0.04), TVR (odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.53, p <0.0001), and TLR (odds ratio 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.53, p = 0.0003) compared to no IVUS. In conclusion, IVUS-guided treatment of complex bifurcation lesions was associated with significantly lower rates of adverse cardiac events at late follow-up. Further study is warranted to evaluate the role of IVUS guidance in improving long-term outcomes after PCI of bifurcation lesions.
Active specific immunotherapy of stage iv renal carcinoma with aggregated tumor antigen adjuvant

Active-specific immunotherapy of human malignancy with a vaccine consisting of admixtures of modified tumor antigens and an adjuvant such as tuberculin has not been fully explored, despite preliminary reports of clinical success and conceptual support from animal studies. Three years ago, we designed a prospective study using aggregated soluble tumor antigens admixed with tuberculin or phytohemagglutinin as an adjuvant (TAA) in order to treat patients with Stage IV renal carcinoma. Autologous tumor vaccines were used initially in 24 patients with operatively accessible tumor, although most patients eventually were switched to allogeneic preparations. Scarifications with Bacillus-Calmette Guerin were used in order to ensure maximum reactivity to tuberculin and patients received no other therapy while in the study. Two patients achieved complete remission and 2, partial remission. The overall survival rate for the 30 patients entered is equivalent to reported survival rates for patients with extensive disease treated with aggressive surgery with or without chemotherapy. We believe these results offer strong preliminary evidence of efficacy of this particular type of therapy in an advanced human malignancy.
An analysis of the heat pipe as a heat sink for solid-state RF sources

Equations are developed for determining the temperature of a steady-state power flux source incident on the heat pipe as a function of the pipe wall thickness. The analysis shows the heat pipe to be no better than a semi-infinite heat sink operating at an elevated temperature for practical solid-state RF devices having power flux densities of 104-106watts/cm2.
Alpha decay self-irradiation damage in 238Pu-substituted zirconolite☆

Abstract Samples of 238Pu-substituted cubic zirconolite (CaPuTi2O7) were cold-pressed and sintered, then stored at ambient temperature for ~200 days. Alpha decay of the plutonium isotope resulted in an accumulated radiation dose of 2.7× 1025 α/m3. Macroscopic swelling reached a saturation value of 4.7 vol% at this dose, while X-ray dilation saturated at 7× 1024 α/m3 and an apparent volume increase of 2.2%. The material became X-ray amorphous at 1.3× 1025 α/m3. A minor amount of microcracking accompanied swelling, but general breakup did not occur. Transmission electron microscopic observations of heavily damaged material indicated a metamict state principally characterized by a highly disordered, electron diffractionamorphous structure. Fracture surfaces showed a reduction in number of areas exhibiting distinct cleavage at high damage levels, consistent with the disordered structure.
Direct methods for the determination of atomic-scale structure of amorphous solids (X-ray, electron, and neutron scattering)

Abstract The atomic-scale structure of amorphous solids can be determined from the X-ray, electron, or neutron scattering pattern. The atomic distribution function ϱ ( r ) or the pair correlation function g ( r ) = ϱ ( r )/ ϱ 0 , were ϱ 0 is the average atomiic density, is related to the interference function or structure factor I ( K ) by a Fourier transformation. Unfortunately, I ( K ) is not directly accessible from the scattering experiment, but can be deduced from the scattering pattern after suitable corrections for polarization, absorption, inelastic scattering, multiple scattering, and static approximation, and after normalization to absolute units. In multicomponent systems, the coherent scattering function per atom I a ( K ) is a weighted sum of the partial interference functions I ij ( K ), which represent the Fourier transforms of ϱij ( r ), the number of j -type atoms per unit volume at a distance r from an i -type atom. It is also possible to express I a ( K ) as a weighted sum of number-concentration structure factors I NC ( K ), which are associated with the number-number (density), number-concentration, and concentration-concentration correlations. The long-wavelength limit of the functions I NC ( CK ) can be expressed in terms of the various thermodynamic quantities and their variation with composition. In binary allos, three partial functions are required to describe the atomic arrangements. These functions can be obtained by varying the atomic scattering factors f i through choic of three different radiations (X-rays, electrons, and neutrons), or isotopes in neutron scattering, or anomalous dispersion in X-ray scattering. The latest developments in the experimental techniques for the determination of the interference function I ( K ) are presented, and examples of the scattering patterns of metallic glasses are given, which were obtained by the conventional, variable 2θ technique, and by the variable λ technique. Attempts are discussed to deduce the partial interference functions in binary systems from several scattering experiments, and to determine concentration fluctuations in binary alloys.
Air pollution and mortality: specification searches using SMSA-based data.

Abstract A series of cross-sectional multiple regressions of 1969 and 1970 U.S. mortality rates is presented for up to 112 SMSAs, against various demographic, environmental, and lifestyle variables. The basic data set is the same as that used by L. B. Lave and E. P. Seskin (“Air Pollution and Human Health,” Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore (1978) ) for 1969, except that many more independent explanatory variables have been added. Since not all of these variables were available for all of the SMSAs, there were several data sets analyzed, depending on the selection of independent variables. The regression coefficients for air pollution tended to be quite sensitive to both the inclusion of the new independent variables and the selection of data sets.
Floral structure and organogenesis in Podophyllum peltatum (Berberidaceae)

The life cycle of Podophyllum can be divided into two phases, a subterranean phase during which a conspicuous winter mixed terminal bud forms at the end of a rhizome, and an aerial phase, during which the primordia of the structures within the winter bud give rise the next spring to an aerial shoot composed of a stem, 2 leaves, and a single flower. The transition from a vegetative to a floral apex occurs at the end of July, when the apical meristem becomes a globoid structure. During the first and second weeks of August, the floral organs are laid down along the sides of an elongated floral apex. The order of initiation of the floral organs is sepals, petals, stamens, gynoecium, and stamens. Petal primordia are initiated in early August, but growth ceases after they attain a height of about 2 mm. This inhibition persists until the middle of May in the next growing season, when the petals grow to 12 mm within 2 weeks. At anthesis the petals have enlarged to a length of 2 cm or more. The gynoecium is usually composed of a single terminal carpel. The ovules are chiefly supplied by branches from a ventral bundle complex, but that is supplemented by medullary bundles that are formed in the base of the gynoecium, below the loculus. It could be argued that these medullary bundles are surviving remnants of the vascular supply to a second carpel, no longer extant. A transmitting tract extends from the stigma about half the distance to the loculus. The tract is lined with unicellular glandular cells and is open from the stigma to the loculus.
A study of the atropine-resistant component of the neurogenic response of the rabbit urinary bladder.

Abstract Rabbit bladder body was stimulated to contract by a number of agonists, of which bradykinin was the most potent, and ATP one of the least potent substances tested. The atropine-resistant component of the neurogenic response was unaffected by 2 × 10−5 M chlorpheniramine or 10−6 M methysergide, doses which suppressed responses to histamine or 5HT. Indomethacin 10−5 M or 10−5 M capsaicin both reduced the atropine-resistant component. Following treatment with 10−6 M atropine and 10−5 M prazosin, 10−4 M ANAPP3 produced a further suppression of the response, but did not antagonize the response to ATP. In the bladder body, the transmitter(s) responsible for the neurogenic response may be acetylcholine and prostaglandins and possibly ATP and substance P.
Superconductor to spin-density-wave transition in quasi-one-dimensional metals with Ising anisotropy

We study a mechanism for superconductivity in quasi-one-dimensional materials with Ising anisotropy. In an isolated chain Ising anisotropy opens a spin gap; if interchain coupling is sufficiently weak, single particle hopping is suppressed and the physics of coupled chains is controlled by a competition between pair hopping and exchange interaction. Spin-density-wave and triplet superconductivity phases are found separated by a first-order phase transition. For particular parameter values a second-order transition described by SO(4) symmetry is found.
More about ‘artificial’ softening of finite elements

A method is proposed for making overly stiff elements more flexible. The central idea is quite simple and is illustrated by application to a sample element, whose behaviour is greatly improved. The effort needed to soften an element is very small if its stiffness matrix is naturally produced with reference to generalized co-ordinates before a final transformation to nodal displacement degrees-of-freedom.
Antibodies to flowering-plant sperm

The mechanisms by which sperm cells recognize and fuse with the egg and central cell during double fertilization in flowering plants are unknown. To identify membrane surface molecules that might function in fertilization, we immunized mice with isolated sperm ofBrassica campestris and screened the polyclonal sera and monoclonal hybridoma supernatants by immunocytochemistry for binding to isolated sperm cells. We identified three cell lines producing hybridoma supernatants which bind to sperm cell surfaces inB. campestris and further analyzed the properties of one of these, BRSP1. The molecular mass of the epitope to BRSP1 was 54 kDa, and was not glycosylated. Although the antibodies were immunoglobulin M, neither removal of carbohydrates nor competition with antibodies which recognize arabinogalactan decreased binding. BRSP1 recognized sperm ofPlumbago zeylanica, Nicotiana tabacum. Arabidopsis thaliana, andEruca vesicaria and generative cells ofLilium longiflorum and ofNarcissus tazetta but did not recognize sperm ofHelianthus annuus, Gerbera jamesonii, orZea mays. Antibodies to plant sperm allow us to probe sperm membranes for functional components.
Effect of thermal pasteurization on Valencia orange juice color and pigments

Abstract Changes in carotenoid pigment content and juice color due to thermal pasteurization of Valencia orange juices were studied. Total carotenoid pigment content loss was significant (P
Magnetoresistance of a free electron gas

Abstract There is in the literature a statement that the magnetoresistance of a free electron gas is zero. This is only true under special assumptions. A calculation is carried out below for the case of a constant mean free path. The magnetoresistance comes out to be positive, in agreement with a well-known variational principle. Its numerical value is, however, very small, as it contains a factor ( k B T / E F ) 2 .
Custodial Homes, Therapeutic Homes, and Parental Acceptance: Parental Experiences of Autism in Kerala, India and Atlanta, GA USA.

The home is a critical place to learn about cultural values of childhood disability, including autism and intellectual disabilities. The current article describes how the introduction of autism into a home and the availability of intervention options change the structure and meaning of a home and reflect parental acceptance of a child’s autistic traits. Using ethnographic data from Kerala, India and Atlanta, GA USA, a description of two types of homes are developed: the custodial home, which is primarily focused on caring for basic needs, and the therapeutic home, which is focused on changing a child’s autistic traits. The type of home environment is respondent to cultural practices of child rearing in the home and influences daily activities, management, and care in the home. Further, these homes differ in parental acceptance of their autistic children’s disabilities, which is critical to understand when engaging in international work related to autism and intellectual disability. It is proposed that parental acceptance can be fostered through the use of neurodiverse notions that encourage autism acceptance.
A novel low-power and in-place split-radix FFT processor

Split-radix Fast Fourier Transform (SRFFT) approximates the minimum number of multiplications by theory among all the FFT algorithms. Since multiplications significantly contribute to the overall system power consumption, SRFFT is a good candidate for implementation of a low power FFT processor. In this paper we present a novel low power SRFFT processor using a modified radix-2 butterfly structure. With the proposed butterfly unit, the address generation scheme for conventional radix-2 FFT could be applied to SRFFT and therefore it can avoid the complexity of address generation and interim data registers. Simulation results show that compared with a conventional radix-2 implementation, power consumption of the new processor is reduced by an amount of 11.7% and 18.3% for 16-point and 32-point FFT respectively.
Faunal zonation of large epibenthic invertebrates off North Carolina revisited

The dominant populations of large epibenthic megafauna off North Carolina were mapped in the 1960s from the upper continental slope out to the Hatteras Abyssal Plain using multi-shot sea-floor photography. The present re-analysis of the original data using contemporary computer-based methods and geo-referenced mapping (GIS) reveal that the overall patterns inferred initially can be substantiated. Individual species occurred in narrow depth bands that hugged the topography along the entire sampling area, but multi-species assemblages emerge with the modern, more formal quantitative methods.
Study of Specific Heat Capacity Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials for Solar Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

The overall thermal efficiency of solar power plants is highly sensitive to the operating characteristics of the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) devices. Enhancing the operating temperature of TES is imperative for enhancing the thermal efficacy of solar power plants. However, material property limitations for high temperature operation severely limit the choice of materials for TES. Molten salts and their eutectics are promising candidates for high temperature operation of TES. To enhance the thermal and operational efficiency of TES, the thermo-physical properties such as the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the materials need to be maximized. The specific heat capacity (Cp) of molten salt is relatively smaller than other conventional TES materials. Recent studies have shown that addition of nanoparticles to molten salts can significantly enhance their specific heat capacity. Several transport and energy storage mechanisms have been proposed to account for these enhancements. Primarily, the layering of solvent molecules due to inter-molecular forces (due to competition between adhesive and cohesive forces) is observed at solid-liquid interface, leading to the formation of a more dense or “compressed layer” of solvent molecules on the dispersed nanoparticles. The formation and existence of the compressed layer has been demonstrated experimentally and from numerical predictions (e.g., Molecular Dynamics/ MD models). To verify the enhancement of specific heat capacity of molten salt nanofluids, the influence of compressed layer has been explored in this study. This implies that for the same amount (or concentration) of nanoparticle, the ratio of surface/volume of the individual nanoparticles can change significantly depending on the nanoparticles size and shape — which in turn can affect the mass fraction of the compressed layer formed on the surface of the nanoparticles.In this study, the specific heat capacity of the molten salt nanomaterials was investigated for: (a) silica nanoparticles in eutectic mixture of alkali chloride salt eutectics, and (b) silica nanoparticles in an eutectic mixture of alkali carbonate salts eutectics. The effect of the particle size distribution was considered in this study and it was observed that smaller nanoparticles contribute a larger proportion to the observed specific heat capacity enhancements. The size of distribution of the nanoparticles in the molten salt mixture/ nanomaterial (nanocomposites and nanofluids) was measured by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and subsequently the actual number of nanoparticles (as a function of size) that were dispersed in molten salt fluid was calculated. The specific heat capacity of molten salt nanomaterial was calculated using a classical mixing model and by accounting for the contribution from the compressed layer in the mixture.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On the DMA mapping problem in direct device assignment

I/O intensive workloads running in virtual machines can suffer massive performance degradation. Direct assignment of I/O devices to virtual machines is the best performing I/O virtualization mechanism, but its performance still remains far from the bare-metal (non-virtualized) case. The primary gap between direct assignment I/O performance and bare-metal I/O performance is the overhead of mapping the VM's memory pages for DMA in IOMMU translation tables. One could avoid this overhead by mapping all of the VM's pages for the lifetime of the VM, but this leads to memory consumption which is unacceptable in many scenarios.The DMA mapping problem can be stated briefly as "when should a memory page be mapped or unmapped for DMA?" We begin by presenting a theoretical framework for reasoning about the DMA mapping problem. Then, using a quota-based approach, we propose the on-demand DMA mapping strategy, which provides the best DMA mapping performance for a given amount of memory consumed. In particular, on-demand mapping can achieve the same performance as state-of-the-art mapping strategies while consuming much less memory (exact amount depends on the workload's requirements). We present the design and implementation of on-demand mapping in the Linux-based KVM hypervisor and an experimental evaluation of its application to various workloads.
The MacLaurin expansion for a G/G/1 queue with Markov-modulated arrivals and services

Consider a Markov-modulated G/G/1 queueing system in which the arrival and the service mechanisms are controlled by an underlying Markov chain. The classical approaches to the waiting time of this type of queueing system have severe computational difficulties. In this paper, we develop a numerical algorithm to calculate the moments of the waiting time based on Gong and Hu's idea. Our numerical results show that the algorithm is powerful. A matrix recursive equation for the moments of the waiting time is also given under certain conditions.
Revascularization of corpus cavernosum for erectile failure

Revascularization of the penis for erectile disability was performed in 10 patients in whom arterial obstruction had been documented. Inferior epigastric artery anastomosis to the corpus cavernosum was not successful, although bypass grafts from the femoral artery to the corpus cavernosum have helped restore potency in 4 of 6 patients. Complications included embolus to the leg, postoperative hemorrhage, and three small hematomas. This procedure can be considered a clinical experiment and would call for more study to assess its ultimate value.
Gas-phase combustion synthesis of materials

To emphasize the scientific and technological challenges still remaining in combustion synthesis, this review highlights three classes of combustion processes for nonoxide refractory solids, especially ceramies, that involve the gas phase during synthesis. In one synthesis process, where the reactants are all gases, simultaneous control of powder particle size, size distribution, and microstructure is still an elusive goal but one that may be on the verge of achievement. A second class of process, gas-phase-assisted solid-solid combustion synthesis, reveals the often hidden role that gases play in facilitating and catalyzing the reactions that yield refractories and ceramics, and raises the prospect of tailoring reaction chemistry through judicious selection of additives. A third class of process, the much studied synthesis reaction between a gas and a condensed phase demonstrates the need for an understanding of both equilibrium and kinetic processes to achieve microstructural control of solid product phases.
Studies of Vibrational Surface Modes. I. General Formulation

A general formulation is given for studies of the vibrational properties of systems which have two-dimensional periodicity and one or two surfaces. Although layered structures and other systems with interfaces fall within the scope of this formulation, the principal motivation is to provide a framework for calculating and interpreting vibrational surface properties. No assumption is made concerning crystal structure, surface orientation, the interaction between particles, or the number of particles per unit cell. Also, the treatment is applicable to reconstructed surfaces, surfaces with adsorbed impurity particles, etc., as well as unreconstructed clean surfaces, provided that the two-dimensional periodicity is preserved. A discussion is given of the properties of the vibrational modes: In general, the displacement ellipse for a given mode can have any orientation. For surfaces with "axial-inversion symmetry," however, one axis of the ellipse is always normal to the surface. If the surface has "complete reflection symmetry" with respect to a given plane, then for any two-dimensional wave vector parallel to the plane the modes will separate into two classes: one-third of the modes will be pure shear-horizontal (SH) modes, and the other two-thirds will be polarized strictly in the sagittal plane. It is possible for surface modes of one class to lie within the bulk subbands of the other class. If the crystal has either axial-inversion symmetry or a three-dimensional center of inversion, then the complex dynamical matrix can be reduced to a real, symmetric matrix of the same size. If both symmetries are present, as is the case for many surfaces of interest, then a further reduction is possible. Finally, notations are suggested for distinguishing two-dimensional vectors and for labeling symmetry points in the two-dimensional Brillouin zone associated with a surface.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of phospholipid precursors and thier direct measurement by automatic phosphorus analysis

Abstract In this report we have described an improved method for the analysis of phosphorylated metabolic intermediates of the phospholipid synthesis or breakdown in biological samples. The application of high-performance liquid chromatography enables the separation of the most common metabolites within less than 1.5 h, and the direct connection to the automatic phosphorus analyzer makes a simultaneous quantiation possibl. The method is currently being applied to studies of metabolic differences in animal and human tissues.
A brief note on a non-existent theorem about the optimality of uniform taxation

Abstract This note attempts to clarify the relationship between the separability of utility into goods and leisure and the question of whether uniform commodity taxes are optimal. The failure of several authors to recognize subtle differences in assumptions has caused confusion.
Myoepithelial cell-rich neoplasms: cytologic features of benign and malignant lesions.

BACKGROUND Lesions that contain abundant myoepithelial cells may present as a diagnostic challenge in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Potential diagnostic problems may arise due to morphologic heterogeneity of myoepithelial cell-rich lesions and difficulty in predicting malignancy in FNA specimens. An accurate diagnosis is important, because malignant myoepithelial cell-rich lesions require a wider local excision and lymph node dissection. The authors characterized the cytologic features of myoepithelial cell-rich lesions in an attempt to define the criteria that facilitate distinction between benign and malignant tumors. METHODS FNA biopsies of myoepithelial cell-rich lesions with corresponding histologic specimens were selected. The cytology specimens were evaluated for the following criteria: cellularity, cell morphology, pleomorphism, chromatin pattern, presence of nucleoli, background material, necrotic debris, and presence of mitotic figures. A review of the histologic sections was performed for diagnostic confirmation. RESULTS Seventeen specimens from 17 different patients were selected. The histologic diagnoses were myoepithelial carcinoma (n = 6 patients), malignant mixed tumor with predominant myoepithelial carcinoma (n = 2 patients), epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (n = 1 patient), and benign mixed tumor (n = 8 patients). The primary sites included the parotid gland (n = 10 patients), submandibular gland (n = 3 patients), minor salivary gland (n = 3 patients), and breast (n = 1 patient). Most specimens, whether they were benign or malignant, were very cellular. Pleomorphism, coarse chromatin, prominent nucleoli, mitotic figures, and necrosis were observed only in malignant specimens. Background material and ductal cells were seen in both benign and malignant specimens. CONCLUSIONS The presence of pleomorphism, coarse chromatin, prominent nucleoli, mitotic figures, and/or necrosis should raise the possibility of myoepithelial carcinoma in FNA specimens from myoepithelial cell-rich lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
SILICON UPTAKE BY ALGAE WITH NO KNOWN Si REQUIREMENT. I. TRUE CELLULAR UPTAKE AND pH‐INDUCED PRECIPITATION BY PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND PLATYMONAS SP. (PRASINOPHYCEAE)1

Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, the one diatom known to lack a silicon requirement for growth, and the prasinophyte Platymonas sp. are two representatives of a taxonomically diverse group of planktonic algae that have been reported to take up Si without a demonstrable requirement for the element. For both species, removal of Si from solution during growth in batch culture has at least two components; true biological uptake throughout the growth of the culture, and spontaneous inorganic precipitation of a solid silicate phase–probably Mg2Si3O8 (sepiolite)–under the elevated pH conditions that prevail late in batch growth. It is not clear to what extent previous observations of Si uptake by algae without siliceous frustules may be influenced by inorganic, non-cellular precipitation. The kinetics of true cellular uptake of Si are similar in Phaeodalylum and Platymonas, and different from those reported for the Si-requiring diatoms. Uptake follows hyperbolic saturation kinetics in both species, with half-saturation concentrations of 97.4 μM in Phaeodactylum and 80.9 μM in Platymonas, as compared to ca. 1–6 μM in diatoms that form siliceous frustules. Uptake by Phaeodactylum and Platymonas is not substrate-saturated until the dissolved Si concentration of the medium exceeds 200 μM. Concentrations this high do not occur in the surface layer of the ocean, and the kinetics suggest that both species deposit much less silica in nature than they can be induced to deposit in culture.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants fed an elemental formula.

The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn infant has increased within the same time period that increasing emphasis has been placed on oral alimentation of very small infants. A prospective investigation was conducted to determine the nutritional efficacy as well as the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis of a standard cow milk formula compared with an elemental formula. Sixteen infants who weighed less than 1,200 gm were randomized and fed one of the two formulas. The clinical status of the two groups was similar. Seven of eight (87.5%) infants fed the elemental formula and two of eight (25%) fed the standard cow milk formula developed necrotizing enterocolitis (p
Orbital Disease in Neuro-Ophthalmology

Many abnormalities of the orbit present with neuro-ophthalmic findings, such as impaired ocular motility or alignment, and sensory changes, including optic neuropathy. Comprehensive coverage of all orbital diseases is beyond the scope of this article. This review focuses on diagnosis and management of the most common and the most vision- or life-threatening orbital conditions as well as more recently discovered entities and points of active controversy. These conditions include orbital trauma, vascular disease, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and neoplasms. Common presenting symptoms and associated neuro-orbital diseases also are summarized.
Sulfoxide Carbon−Sulfur Bond Activation

The alkynylsulfoxide, TMSC⋮CSO(p-tolyl) (TMS = trimethylsilyl, tolyl = C6H4Me), undergoes reaction with (η5-C5H5)Co(PPh3)2 at room temperature to give the cobaltosulfoxide complex, (C5H5)Co(PPh3)(η1-C⋮CTMS)[η1-(S)-SO(p-tolyl)], which was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Exposure of this cobaltosulfoxide complex to oxygen gas leads to the formation of the corresponding metallosulfone complex, (C5H5)Co(PPh3)(η1-C⋮CTMS)[η1-(S)-SO2(p-tolyl)], which was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Alternatively, in solution at room temperature, the metallosulfoxide is converted to a 1:4 mixture of the equatorial−equatorial and equatorial−axial bridging cobalt−thiolato dimers, {(C5H5)Co[μ-S(p-tolyl)]}2, respectively. The equatorial−equatorial isomer was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Optimal encoding of non-stationary sources

The usual assumption for proofs of the optimality of lossless encoding is a stationary ergodic source. Dynamic sources with non-stationary probability distributions occur in many practical situations where the data source is formed from a composition of distinct sources, for example, a document with multiple authors, a multimedia document, or the composition of distinct packets sent over a communication channel. There is a vast literature of adaptive methods used to tailor the compression to dynamic sources. However, little is known about optimal or near optimal methods for lossless compression of strings generated by sources that are not stationary ergodic. Here, we do not assume the source is stationary. Instead, we assume that the source produces an infinite sequence of concatenated finite strings s1…sn, where: (i) Each finite string si is generated by a sampling of a (possibly distinct) stationary ergodic source Si, and (ii) the length of each of the si is lower bounded by a function L(n) such that L(n)/log(n) grows unboundedly with the length n of all the text within s1…si. Thus each input string is a sequence of substrings generated by possibly distinct and unknown stationary ergodic sources. The optimal expected length of a compressed coding of a finite prefix s1…sk is ∑i=1kniHi, where ni is the length of si and Hi is the entropy of Si. We give a window-based LZ77-type method for compression that we prove gives an encoding with asymptotically optimal expected length. We give another LZ77-type method for compression where the expected time for encoding and decoding is nearly linear (approaching arbitrarily close to linear O(n) for large n). We also prove that this later method gives an encoding with asymptotically optimal expected length. In addition, give a dictionary-based LZ78-type method for compression, which takes linear time with small constant factors. This final algorithm also gives an encoding with asymptotically optimal expected length, assuming the Si are stationary ergodic sources that satisfy certain mixing conditions and L(n)⩾ne for some e>0.
Blanching Bones in Stock Production : Is this a Wasted Step?

Research was conducted to study the impact that blanching meat and bones has on chicken stock production. Traditional chicken stock was made using the blanching process and then compared to a similar but unblanched product. Objective testing was accomplished by taking colorimeter pictures in the Hunter Lab scale. Subjective testing was done using human subjects as sensory testers. This experiment suggested that there were detectible differences in flavor, aroma, and visual appearance between the two products. In addition, the sensory testers overwhelmingly preferred the unblanched product.
Influence of Bud Position and Plant Ontogeny on the Morphology of Branch Shoots in Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska)

Abstract The morphology of axillary shoots of pea plants (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) was analysed as a function of the position of the bud on the plant axis and the stage of plant development when the buds began to grow. Buds from the three most basal nodes were stimulated to develop by decapitating the main shoot when buds were still growing (4 d plants), shortly after buds became dormant (7 d plants) or after the initiation of flowering on the main shoot (post-flowering plants, about 21 d after sowing). Branch shoots were scored for node of floral initiation (NFI), shoot length, and node of multiple leaflets (NML), a measure of leaf complexity. Shoots that developed spontaneously from upper nodes (nodes 5-9) on intact post-flowering plants were scored for NFI. NFI for basal buds on 4 and 7 d plants varied as a function of nodal position and ranged from 5 to 6·7 nodes. NFI on these plants was not influenced by bud size or whether a bud was growing or dormant when the plant was decapitated. NFI for shoots derived from basal buds on decapitated post-flowering plants and upper nodes on intact post-flowering plants was about 4. Reduced NFI on post-flowering plants may be due to depletion of a cotyledon-derived floral inhibitor. Basal axillary shoots on 4 d plants were about 20% longer than those on 7 d plants and about five times longer than those on post-flowering plants. These differences may be due to depletion of gibberellic acids from the cotyledons. NFI and NML for the main shoot and for basal axillary shoots were similar under some experimental conditions but different under other conditions, so it is likely that each developmental transition is regulated independently.
Washington State Initiative 119: The First Public Vote on Legalizing Physician-Assisted Death

In the fall of 1991, voters in Washington state were asked to consider a public initiative that sought to legalize physician-assisted death: Initiative 119. Drafted by Washington Citizens for Death with Dignity, the initiative was intended to amend the existing state natural death act in several ways:1) expand the definition of “terminal condition” to include patients in irrevers ible coma or persistent vegetative state;2) specifically name “artificial nutrition and hydration” as life-sustaining medical procedures that could be refused or withdrawn;3) legally allow mentally competent patients with certifiably terminal conditions to request and receive “aid-in-dying” from their physician as a medical service.The first two proposed amendments were widely acknowledged as timely and appropriate; a coalition of medical, religious, and community organizations had been actively working on such additions for several years. It was the proposal to legalize “aid-in-dying,” however, that represented a radical shift in the conduct of physicians towards their patients and a dramatic shift in social policy.
Combination therapy for KIT-mutant mast cells: Targeting constitutive NFAT and KIT activity

Resistant KIT mutations have hindered the development of KIT kinase inhibitors for treatment of patients with systemic mastocytosis. The goal of this research was to characterize the synergistic effects of a novel combination therapy involving inhibition of KIT and calcineurin phosphatase, a nuclear factor of activated T cells(NFAT)regulator,usingapanelofKIT-mutantmastcelllines.Theeffectsofmonotherapyorcombination therapy on the cellular viability/survival of KIT-mutant mast cells were evaluated. In addition, NFAT-dependent transcriptional activity was monitored in a representative cell line to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of combination therapy. Finally, shRNA was used to stably knockdown calcineurin expression to confirm the role of calcineurin in the observed synergy. The combination of a KIT inhibitor and a calcineurin phosphatase inhibitor (CNPI) synergized to reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis in six distinct KIT-mutant mast cell lines. Both KIT inhibitors and CNPIs were found to decrease NFAT-dependent transcriptional activity. NFAT-specific inhibitors induced similar synergistic apoptosis induction as CNPIs when combined with a KIT inhibitor. Notably, NFAT was constitutively active in each KIT-mutant cell line tested. Knockdown of calcineurin subunit PPP3R1 sensitized cells to KIT inhibition and increased NFAT phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization. Constitutive activation of NFAT appears to represent a novel and targetable characteristic of KIT-mutant mast cell disease. Our studies suggest that combiningKITinhibitionwithNFATinhibitionmightrepresentanewtreatmentstrategyformastcelldisease. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(12); 2840–51. � 2014 AACR.
From Good Neighborhoods to Sustainable Cities: Social Science and the Social Agenda of the New Urbanism

Despite of the growing influence of the new urbanism, social science has contributed relatively little to our understanding of the movement’s significance. Research has often focused on testing hyp...
Analysis, dimensional sizing and configuration comparison of switched-reluctance motors operating under multiphase excitation

The paper presents a simple approach for analyzing switched reluctance motors (SRMs) operating under multiphase excitation. The analysis results in specific design coefficients [derived from the SRM flux and magnetomotive force (MMF) distributions that can be used in a methodology] to calculate the SRMs initial dimensions while taking into account the magnetic loading and electric loading. Finally, the approach enables comparison of SRM configurations for an application without performing complete designs. The magnetic loading (i.e., saturation) and torque of various SRM configurations designed using the proposed approach are verified through finite-element analysis (FEA).
Detective quantum efficiency [DQE(0)] of CZT semiconductor detectors for digital radiography

In this paper, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector samples for digital radiography has been measured. Specifically, this study is aimed at investigating the zero-frequency DQE(0) under different X-ray tube and detector parameters. The experimental results of this study indicate that the DQE(0) of the CZT samples is strongly dependent upon the irradiation geometry. This is attributed to the incomplete charge collection process, which can be further improved by controlling the purity of the samples and the contact type.
Functional Annotation and Comparative Analysis of a Zygopteran Transcriptome

In this paper we present a de novo assembly of the transcriptome of the damselfly (Enallagma hageni) through the use of 454 pyrosequencing. E. hageni is a member of the suborder Zygoptera, in the order Odonata, and Odonata organisms form the basal lineage of the winged insects (Pterygota). To date, sequence data used in phylogenetic analysis of Enallagma species have been derived from either mitochondrial DNA or ribosomal nuclear DNA. This Enallagma transcriptome contained 31,661 contigs that were assembled and translated into 14,813 individual open reading frames. Using these data, we constructed an extensive dataset of 634 orthologous nuclear protein-encoding genes across 11 species of Arthropoda and used Bayesian techniques to elucidate the position of Enallagma in the arthropod phylogenetic tree. Additionally, we demonstrated that the Enallagma transcriptome contains 169 genes that are evolving at rates that differ relative to those of the rest of the transcriptome (29 accelerated and 140 decreased), and, through multiple Gene Ontology searches and clustering methods, we present the first functional annotation of any palaeopteran’s transcriptome in the literature.
Progress and future directions in brightness electron beam sources

The progress of various high-brightness electron source technologies, specially laser based electron sources, such as photocathode RF gun, DC and pulsed photo-gun, and laser plasma electron source, will be reviewed. The physics processes of those sources to realize best performance are clarified according to three basic ideas. They are transverse space charge emittance compensation, space charge compensation and longitudinal emittance compensation. The major progresses and issues of photoinjector are briefly reviewed. The performance of photocathode RF gun at the Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) is presented.
Anxiety Moderates the Interplay Between Cognitive and Affective Processing

Evidence suggests that focus of attention and cognitive load may each affect emotional processing and that individual differences in anxiety moderate such effects. We examined (a) fear-potentiated startle (FPS) under threat-focused (TF), low-load/alternative-set (LL/AS), and high-load/alternative-set (HL/AS) conditions and (b) the moderating effect of trait anxiety on FPS across these conditions. As predicted, redirecting attentional focus away from threat cues and increasing cognitive load reduced FPS. However, the moderating effects of anxiety were specific to the LL/AS condition. Whereas FPS was comparable for high-anxiety and low-anxiety subjects in the TF and HL/AS conditions, FPS was significantly greater for high-anxiety than for low-anxiety subjects in the LL/AS condition. These results suggest that affective processing requires attentional resources and that exaggerated threat processing in anxious individuals relates to direction of attention rather than emotional reactivity per se.
Efficient characterization of dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using spectral interferometery

We show that femtosecond optical pulses at optical communication wavelengths can be used for real time dispersion measurement of photonic crystal waveguides. Spectral resolutions on the order of one nanometer and bandwidths as large as tens of nanometers are demonstrated in real time measurements. Preliminary results are shown and discussed.
Tip Leakage Flows Near Partial Squealer Rims in an Axial Flow Turbine Stage

This paper deals with an experimental investigation of aerodynamic characteristics of full and partial-length squealer rims in a turbine stage. Full and partial-length squealer rims are investigated separately on the pressure side and on the suction side in the “Axial Flow Turbine Research Facility” (AFTRF) of the Pennsylvania State University. The streamwise length of these “partial squealer tips” and their chordwise position are varied to find an optimal aerodynamic tip configuration. The optimal configuration in this cold turbine study is defined as the one that is minimizing the stage exit total pressure defect in the tip vortex dominated zone. A new “channel arrangement” diverting some of the leakage flow into the trailing edge zone is also studied. Current results indicate that the use of “partial squealer rims” in axial flow turbines can positively affect the local aerodynamic field by weakening the tip leakage vortex. Results also show that the suction side partial squealers are aerodynamically superior to the pressure side squealers and the channel arrangement. The suction side partial squealers are capable of reducing the stage exit total pressure defect associated with the tip leakage flow to a significant degree.
Upward appearance comparison and the development of eating pathology in college women.

Objective: Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors are common among college women, yet only a subset of this population develops clinically significant disordered eating symptoms during college. Appearance-based social comparisons, particularly those made to others with “better” bodies (i.e., upward appearance comparisons), have demonstrated concurrent relationships with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Little is known about the value of these comparisons for predicting the development of eating pathology, however. Method: The present study examined the predictive value of upward appearance comparisons, as well as established risk factors (e.g., body dissatisfaction, negative affect), for the onset of clinically significant eating pathology over one college semester. College women (N 5454) completed validated selfreport measures at the beginning of one semester, and again nine weeks later. Results: Women who were newly above the clinical threshold for eating pathology at follow-up (n 531) exhibited stronger baseline tendencies toward upward appearance comparisons than women who were below the threshold at both time points. In contrast, women who were already above the clinical threshold at baseline scored higher on established risk factors. Discussion: These findings suggest that the extent of upward appearance comparison may be useful for identifying college women at particular risk for developing clinically significant disordered eating