cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine-structure differences of unit firing patterns in penicillin-induced primary and secondary epileptogenic foci.

Abstract The fine-structure of the firing patterns of single units in acute penicillin foci and their homotopic (mirror) regions, was studied in rat neocortex. The results indicate that major differences exist between the activity of primary and dependent secondary focus neurons. Moreover, these differences are apparent even when the paroxysmal field potentials in the primary and secondary foci are grossly similar. There are potential implications of these data for current concepts of epileptogenesis and they have relevance to the problem of independent (chronic) secondary epileptic foci.
PREDICTING NEONATAL MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY: UTILITY OF THE CRIB SCORE.† 1628

The CRIB score (CS) is a risk-adjustment statistical model derived from minimum and maximum FiO2, maximum base deficit and congenital malformation data, as well as gestational age (GA) and birthweight (BW). In the UK CS at≤ 12 hrs of age has been proposed as a better predictor of neonatal mortality (Mort) and morbidity than BW alone.
Functional Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Utilizing Homologous Extracellular Matrix as Scaffolding

The loss of a portion of skeletal muscle poses a unique challenge for the normal regeneration of muscle tissue. A transection injury with tissue loss will not heal due to the gap between muscle segments. A damage model was developed by removing a portion of the lateral gastrocnemius (GAS) of Sprague-Dawley rats. Maximal isometric, tetanic tension (Po) was measured after the removal of either a small defect (0.5 × 1.0 cm) or a large defect (1.0 × 1.0 cm) piece of the GAS. In situ Po immediately after creation of the defect was 88.3 ± 2.0% of the nonoperated contralateral GAS force for small defect and 76.9 ± 3.2% of control for large defect. No functional recovery occurred in either group over the course of 28 days. To enhance recovery, a homologous, decellularized, muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) was implanted into the 1 × 1 cm defect of the lateral GAS of Lewis rats. After 42 days, growth of blood vessels and myofibers into the ECM was apparent, but no restoration of Po occurred. These data demonstrate...
Nike, social responsibility, and the hidden abode of production

Nike Corporation irrefutably has created wealth for its owners and shareholders, but its rhetoric of social responsibility—its self‐presentation of the corporation as a now global citizen—constitutes a more dubious claim. Nike is not alone in engaging in such marketing practices, but the corporation has long been in the vanguard of innovations in both production and marketing and therefore offers an instructive case study of how multinational corporations produce and manage their public images. This essay looks at the conditions that have made this particular self‐presentation possible for U.S. consumers.
Impact of irrational consumers on rational consumers in a smart grid

Leveraging of flexibility in certain types of electric loads such as water heaters, washers, dryers, heating and air conditioning, and electric vehicles, offers an attractive and promising approach for large scale penetration of renewable generation and peak demand reduction. In price/market based approaches, consumers of flexible loads optimize their consumption schedules to meet their energy/power demands while minimizing their total costs. However, it may be that not all consumers will optimize their consumption schedules. We call such consumers “irrational consumers” and use the phrase “rational consumers” for those who optimize their consumption schedules. In this paper, we analyze the impact of irrational consumers on rational consumers in a stylized supply-demand balancing problem. We derive a condition which characterizes when the optimal utility derived by a rational consumer is lower than the case when all consumers act rationally. This condition uses parameters of the utility functions of consumers and the total consumption of the irrational consumers. The result offers some interesting insights into this phenomenon.
Talking about data: sharing richly structured information through blogs and wikis

The web has dramatically enhanced people's ability to communicate ideas, knowledge, and opinions. But the authoring tools that most people understand, blogs and wikis, primarily guide users toward authoring text. In this work, we show that substantial gains in expressivity and communication would accrue if people could easily share richly structured information in meaningful visualizations. We then describe several extensions we have created for blogs and wikis that enable users to publish, share, and aggregate such structured information using the same workflows they apply to text. In particular, we aim to preserve those attributes that make blogs and wikis so effective: one-click access to the information, one-click publishing of content, natural authoring interfaces, and the ability to easily copy-and-paste information and visualizations from other sources.
Universal Design and Assistive Technology in Communication and Information Technologies: Alternatives or Complements?

Universal design and assistive technology present advantages and disadvantages in accommodating the needs of people with disabilities. The best solution may be a combination of the two, using universal design wherever possible and commercially practical and using assistive technologies wherever it is necessary or provides sufficient additional advantage to the user. Three approaches are discussed for the individual who is unable to interact with their world: change the individual, provide them with tools they can use, or change the environment. Examples of each are illustrated using personal workstations and shared, public, and encountered systems. The final decision may rest on commercial practicality, and several new technologies are explored. Ultimately, we need to continue to move forward both on the universal design and the assistive technology fronts if we are to address the needs of people with disabilities and those who are aging.
Phosphorus retention mechanisms of a water treatment residual.

Water treatment residuals (WTRs) are a by-product of municipal drinking water treatment plants and can have the capacity to adsorb tremendous amounts of P. Understanding the WTR phosphorus adsorption process is important for discerning the mechanism and tenacity of P retention. We studied P adsorbing mechanism(s) of an aluminum-based [Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .14H 2 O] WTR from Englewood, CO. In a laboratory study, we shook mixtures of P-loaded WTR for 1 to 211 d followed by solution pH analysis, and solution Ca, Al, and P analysis via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. After shaking periods, we also examined the solids fraction by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analysis using wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (EMPA-WDS). The shaking results indicated an increase in pH from 7.2 to 8.2, an increase in desorbed Ca and Al concentrations, and a decrease in desorbed P concentration. The pH and desorbed Ca concentration increases suggested that CaCO 3 controlled Ca solubility. Increased desorbed Al concentration may have been due to Al(OH) - 4 formation. Decreased P content, in conjunction with the pH increase, was consistent with calcium phosphate formation or precipitation. The system appeared to be undersaturated with respect to dicalcium phosphate (DCP; CaHPO 4 ) and supersaturated with respect to octacalcium phosphate [OCP; Ca 4 H(PO 4 ) 3 . 2.5H 2 O]. The Ca and Al increases, as well as OCP formation, were supported by MINTEQA2 modeling. The XRD and EMPA-WDS results for all shaking times, however, suggested surface P chemisorption as an amorphous Al-P mineral phase.
A gas adsorption isotherm equation based on vacancy solution theory

Pennsylvania State University's new isotherm equation for pure gas adsorption treats the adsorption equilbrium as an osmotic equilibrium between two ''vacancy'' solutions having different compositions. One solution represents the gas phase and the other the adsorbed phase. The vacancy solution is composed of adsorbates and vacancies (imaginary entities defined as the vacuum space that acts as the solvent for the system). Penn State evaluated the developed correlation against published adsorption-isotherm data for O/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, and CO on zeolite 10X and for light hydrocarbons (CH/sub 4/ to nC/sub 4/H/sub 10/) and CO/sub 2/ on Nuxit-AL activated carbon. For both adsorbents, the correlations were closer than those obtained by any other adsorption model that has been extended to gas mixtures. The new method can also represent multicomponent systems because the activity coefficient governing the nonideality of adsorbed mixtures can be readily calculated from binary parameters. These are obtained from single-component adsorption data by a procedure analogous to a bulk solution.
Substrate specificity of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Nth protein for products of oxidative DNA damage.

A gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which encodes a protein with a strong sequence similarity to the Nth protein of Escherichia coli, has recently been identified [Roldan-Arjona, T., Anselmino, C., and Lindahl, T. (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3307-3312]. The functional analysis of this eukaryotic enzyme indicated that it is a homologue of E. coli Nth protein. The gene has been subcloned and the protein (Nth-Spo) purified to apparent homogeneity. We investigated the substrate specificity of this eukaryotic enzyme for modified bases in oxidatively damaged DNA, using the technique of gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (GC/IDMS). DNA substrates containing up to 17 types of modified bases were prepared by gamma-irradiation or by treatment with H2O2 in the presence of Fe(III)-EDTA or Cu(II). The results revealed an efficient excision of five pyrimidine-derived lesions, 5-hydroxycytosine, thymine glycol, 5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine, 5,6-dihydroxycytosine, and 5-hydroxyuracil. None of the other pyrimidine or purine lesions was excised. Excision was measured as a function of enzyme concentration, time, substrate concentration, and temperature. Kinetic constants were determined. Although some DNA base lesions removed by Nth-Spo protein were similar to those previously described for E. coli Nth protein, differences between substrate specificities of these two enzymes were noted.
PIXE studies on artifacts from Saugus Iron Works

Abstract The Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site at Saugus, MA is one of the few sites where colonial Americans manufactured iron in the mid 1600s. At Saugus, a local rock called gabbro replaced the limestone traditionally used in the 17th century iron works of England. Cast iron sow bars were manufactured from ore, charcoal and gabbro which was used as a fluxing agent and an aid to smelting. Original Saugus sow bars were examined using external beam PIXE to detect the elemental composition present in these archaeological samples. Results of such an ion beam analysis are discussed.
Structure-function studies on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. II. The effects of S-carboxymethylation on enzymatic activity.

Abstract Enzymatic activity of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genase was correlated with the number of active site cysteine residues alkylated by iodoacetate under various conditions. A one-to-one correspondence between loss of dehydrogenase activity and incorporation of [14C]carboxymethyl groups (up to 3.5 groups per enzyme molecule) was observed at pH 8.0 and 7.0 in the presence of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, arsenate or NAD+. Comparable studies using enzyme completely or partially acylated with 3-phosphoglyceryl groups provided identical results. The conclusion based on these observations is that the four alkylatable cysteine residues in the tetrameric protein are intrinsically equivalent in the sense that each can function in the enzymatic reaction.
Shifts and Asymmetries in Condensed Spark Spectra of Electroplated Electrodes

Some effects in the spectra of individual sparks between copper electrodes electroplated with thin deposits of silver were studied with the aid of a time-resolving spectrograph. The initial phase of the discharge is characterized by short-lived broadened lines of N ii and O ii, plus an intense continuum. The line spectrum is predominantly that of Ag ii with but a few lines of Ag i present. All of the high-level lines of Ag ii, and only these lines, are initially asymmetrically broadened and shifted to the red, but return to their normal wavelength positions after 6–9 µsec; while the low-level lines are characterized by self-reversal and associated continuum. The strong similarity to the spectrum of exploding Ag wire indicates that the same mechanism is operative in both. These effects are explained in terms of a Stark effect induced by the fields of neighboring electrons and ions.
Electron energy and geometry parameters of InGaAs/GaAs quantum rings: an interpretation of C-V data

We investigate the electronic properties of InAs/GaAs quantum rings (QRs) in a magnetic field using an original effective potential model based on a single band kp-approximation with an energy dependent effective mass. We used two sets of geometrical parameters for the selfassembled QRs. The first is the experimentally proposed geometry; the second follows from the oscillator model due to the relation between the model parameters and the real sizes of the quantum objects. The energy of an electron in a magnetic field, calculated for each of the geometries, is compared with C-V experimental data. We show that the results of the calculation obtained for the second geometry fit the experimental data rather well. Interpretation of the recent C-V data given by W. Lei et al. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 (2010) 033111) on the basis of the oscillator model is discussed.
Combined X-Y scanning magnet for conformal proton radiation therapy.

Light-ion beams have several features that make them very effective in radiation therapy applications. These include favorable depth dose distribution, finite penetration range, and high radio-biological efficiency. Moreover, magnetic scanning methods allow one to spread an ion beam to an exact image of a complex tumor shape. The ion scanning system usually consists of two magnets, each scanning horizontal and vertical directions independently. This paper discusses the design for a novel combined X–Y beam scanning magnet which is under development for the Midwest ProtonRadiotherapy Institute.
Angular distributions of photoelectrons from excited valence 1,3P1o states of Ca, Sr, and Ba.

Angular distributions are reported for energy-resolved electrons obtained by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization of alkaline-earth atoms through excited intermediate valence states. The angular distributions are measured as functions of the independently variable polarizations of the exciting and ionizing laser beams. This report treats the following states, resonantly formed and photoionized: Ca(4s4p) $^{1}P_{1}^{o}$, Sr(5s5p) $^{1}P_{1}^{o}$, Sr(5s5p) $^{3}P_{1}^{o}$, Ba(6s6p) $^{1}P_{1}^{o}$, and Ba(6s6p) $^{3}P_{1}^{o}$. Systematic behavior in the resulting photoelectron angular distributions is explored. The effects of the hyperfine interaction are apparent.
Teaching in middle school Technology Education: a review of recent practices

We review articles published between 1995 and 2008 in four journals that are the primary scholarly resources for Technology Education middle school teaching. This descriptive study identified four main issues that scholars addressed: what should be taught in middle school, the structure and content of curriculum transformation, integrating Technology Education with other disciplines, and the impacts of Technology Education transformation programs on classroom practice. We conclude that, while there has been considerable effort to move the field from a “craft/industry/skill” approach to focus more on teaching processes and technological content, the transformation is not complete. In addition, it appears that both practitioners and theorists will need to focus efforts to investigate more completely the variables that can influence teachers to conceptualize and implement new curricular ideas.
Sex and gender considerations in male patients with osteoporosis.

Background Osteoporosis remains underrecognized and undertreated in both men and women, but men who sustain fragility fractures experience greater morbidity and mortality. While men exhibit advanced comorbidity at the time of hip fracture presentation, there are distinct sex- and gender-specific factors related to the pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis that further influence morbidity and mortality.
Large‐sphere limit of the radar back‐scattering coefficient

In the limit of large scatterer diameters, the Mie theory must converge to geometrical optics. Previous results of Mie-theory calculations of the radar back-scattering coefficient σb have suggested that its large-sphere limit is the ordinary reflection coefficient R of the scattering material. A proof that this is the asymptotic value of σb is given.
Confocal Adaptive Optics Imaging of Peripapillary Nerve Fiber Bundles: Implications for Glaucomatous Damage Seen on Circumpapillary OCT Scans.

Purpose: To improve our understanding of glaucomatous damage as seen on circumpapillary disc scans obtained with frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT), fdOCT scans were compared to images of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber (RNF) bundles obtained with an adaptive optics-scanning light ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO).
The Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Intestinal Inflammation

Recognition of microorganisms by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is the primary component of innate immunity that is responsible for the maintenance of host-microbial interactions in intestinal mucosa. Dysregulation in host-commensal interactions has been implicated as the central pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which predisposes to developing colorectal cancer. Recent animal studies have begun to outline some unique physiology and pathology involving each PRR signaling in the intestine. The major roles played by PRRs in the gut appear to be the regulation of the number and the composition of commensal bacteria, epithelial proliferation, and mucosal permeability in response to epithelial injury. In addition, PRR signaling in lamina propria immune cells may be involved in induction of inflammation in response to invasion of pathogens. Because some PRR-deficient mice have shown variable susceptibility to colitis, the outcome of intestinal inflammation may be modified depending on PRR signaling in epithelial cells, immune cells, and the composition of commensal flora. Through recent findings in animal models of IBD, this review will discuss how abnormal PRR signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis in the intestine.
Pain relief for periodontal debridement using a new lidocaine/prilocaine gel

Abstract Original Article Donaldson D, Gelskey SC, Landry RG, Matthews DC, Sandhu HS. A placebo-controlled multi-centred evaluation of an anaesthetic gel (Oraqix) for periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30(3):171–5. Level of Evidence 1b Purpose To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of a new topical anesthetic gel formulation for relieving discomfort occurring during manipulation of periodontal tissue Source of Funding Industry. The drug manufacturer sponsoring this research was AstraZeneca Pain Control, Sweden. Type of Study/Design One randomized double-blind multi-center controlled clinical trial
Isolation and characterization of two thermophilic cellulolytic strains of Clostridium thermocellum from a compost sample.

AIMS To isolate, identify and characterize new thermophilic cellulolytic bacterial strains from a compost sample. METHODS AND RESULTS Two thermophilic and cellulolytic bacterial strains were isolated via enrichment on cellulose (milled filter paper) and characterized. Both strains, CS7 and CS8, were rod-shaped, Gram-positive and spore-forming bacteria, sharing the same optimal temperature (60°C) and pH (7.0) for growth. Both were highly cellulolytic and produced ethanol and acetate as the major fermentation products, but lacked xylanase activity. They only grew on cellulose (both filter paper and crystalline cellulose) and cellobiose and produced yellow pigment, without growing on other substrates including glucose. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, CS7 and CS8 are closely related (99% sequence identity) to Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. However, they had significantly higher specific cellulase activities and ethanol/acetate ratios than Cl. thermocellum ATCC 27405. CONCLUSIONS CS7 and CS8 are two new highly cellulolytic and ethanologenic Cl. thermocellum strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY First report of applying the cloning-RFLP-sequencing approach for purity confirmation of the isolates beside conventional methods. Strains CS7 and CS8 might be of potential application in research and development of cellulosic bioconversion.
Spin trapping of fluoroalkyl radicals

Abstract The formation of fluoroalkyl radicals in liquid chlorofluorocarbons (CF 2 Cl-CFCl 2 , CFCl 3 , CFCl 2 -CH3, CHF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 Cl,CF 3 -CFH-CF 3 and CCl 4 ) has been investigated by means of the spin trapping technique and ESR spectroscopy. It is shown that the primary fluoroalkyl radicals which were generated in these compounds by ionising radiation are preferably formed by bond cleavage at carbon atoms attached to one fluorine atom. Besides the liberation of chlorine atoms in chlorine-containing compounds, in CHF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 Cl and CF 3 -CFH-CF 3 fluorine atoms were also detected. By comparison of radicals formed from γ-irradiated CF 2 Cl-CFCl 2 (CFC-113) and from CF 2 Cl-CFClI or CF 2 I-CFCl 2 by zinc reduction, it was demonstrated that in CFC-113 both CF 2 -CFCl 2 and CFCl-CF 2 Cl radicals are formed, whereas in iodine-containing homologues the formation of one species is favoured.
Haussmann and Le Corbusier in China: Land Control and the Design of Streets in Urban Redevelopment

This paper discusses China's current phase of large-scale urban redevelopment, using contrasting cases of morphological change and street design to examine the political-economic basis of urban design. The typical, superblock-centred approach is an outgrowth of local land use practices that were shaped by widespread collectivist expropriation of property from the 1950s into the 1970s, and drastic resident relocation policies since the early 1990s. A contrasting case, from a city where such levels of expropriation did not occur, reveals a very different, more street-centred approach to urban design that correlates with a more favourable compensation policy for residents.
Nuclear reactions of silver with 25.2 GeV 12C

Abstract Nuclear reactions induced in silver by 25.2 GeV 12 C ions have been studied by the activation technique and compared with those induced by 300 GeV protons.
Making and Breaking Boundaries

History is place-bound. And places, as historians know, only become meaningful places with time. These are truths that have special significance in our field. Public historians are attentive stewards of places deemed culturally and historically significant. Just as important, we have a charge to make place, to excavate meanings, to build institutions and to create environments that encourage members of the wider public to ask critical questions about the past. Contributors to this issue of The Public Historian invite us to reflect on the histories, cultural and personal, of public history, on the kinds of placemaking that these histories have involved, and on the ways that our placemaking simultaneously includes and excludes some kinds of narratives and some kinds of bodies. The centerpiece of this issue is a special section entitled, “Disability and the Practice of Public History,” edited by Susan Burch and Katherine Ott. Ott’s introduction and Burch’s bibliographic essay work together to frame the emerging synthesis between public history and disability studies. The articles and reviews included in the section contribute to the historicization of disability and its cultural representations, while also critically interrogating public historical practice from the perspective of disability studies. We learn that the emerging history of disability is not only a story of the impacts of particular disabilities on human endeavors and institutions, but is also a story about how disability, as a cultural category, has been produced and with what ef-
Transport and surface properties of Sr0.25Bi0.5FeO3-δ mixed conductor

Abstract The ionic and electronic conductivities and surface properties of a perovskite-type oxide, Sr 0.25 Bi 0.5 FeO 3− δ (SBF), are studied using impedance spectroscopy and gas permeation measurements. SBF is a promising cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and has a good potential to be used as a membrane material for methane conversion. The ionic conductivities and the interfacial resistances are determined from the dependence of oxygen permeation rate on membrane thickness, which are further confirmed from the dependence of oxygen permeation rate on the partial pressure of oxygen. Results suggest that the interfacial resistances limit the oxygen permeation rates in the temperature range studied (700–800 °C) at low partial pressures of oxygen.
Morphine modulates excitatory amino acid-induced activity in the mouse spinal cord: short-term effects on N-methy-D-aspartate (NMDA) and long-term effects on kainic acid

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists and phencyclidine (PCP) ligands inhibit the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. The present study tested the hypothesis that opioids increase EAA-induced activity by monitoring morphine's effect on the caudally-directed biting and scratching behaviors produced in mice by intrathecal (i.t.) injections of either N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or kainic acid (KA). A single injection of 10 mg/kg of morphine i.p. had no effect on the intensity of behaviors induced 2 h later by KA but inhibited NMDA-induced activity. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg of morphine i.p. 24 h before testing did not alter NMDA-induced behaviors, but attenuated sensitization to repeated injections of KA, which is thought to reflect activation of primary afferent C-fibers. Coadministration of 0.1 microgram of naloxone with EAAs did not alter responses to either NMDA or KA in control mice, however, 2 h after 10 mg/kg of morphine, inclusion of naloxone potentiated NMDA-induced activity without altering responses to KA. 24 h after 100 mg/kg of morphine, naloxone, coadministered with KA, was also able to reverse the inhibitory effect of morphine pretreatment on KA-induced activity. In summary, morphine produces short-term inhibitory and excitatory effects on NMDA-induced activity, the latter of which is unmasked by naloxone. Morphine has no immediate effect on KA-induced activity but is able to bring about a long-term inhibition of sensitization to KA, an effect that is reversed by naloxone. Activity along pathways activated by NMDA and KA may, therefore, contribute to different aspects of opioid tolerance or withdrawal.
Home ranges of horned lizards (Phrynosoma): circumscribed and exclusive?

Two aspects of the use of space were studied for two species of horned lizard: (1) Do they restrict their movements to limited areas or do they wander more or less randomly? (2) Is overlap between home ranges reduced below what it would be if home ranges were placed at random with respect to one another?
The poison sac of red imported fire ant queens: source of a pheromone attractant.

The poison sac of queens of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, has been identified as the novel storage site of a queen pheromone. The pheromone elicits orientation and attraction in workers and promotes the deposition of brood. Alkaloids normally associated with the venom of imported fire ants are not responsible for the behavior produced by the queen pheromone.
A kernel-based method for parabolic equations with nonlinear convection terms

Abstract We present an algorithm for parabolic equations with (possibly nonlinear) convective terms, based on our earlier work using linear semigroup methods. Here the semigroup is used to decouple the convective term to allow for a two-stage solution process. The method is shown to be asymptotically stable and second-order accurate, with the stability being independent of the mesh parameters and the convective term.
Treatment of an esophageal perforation with enteral alimentation and transgastric drainage: case report.

Esophageal perforation with abscess formation has traditionally been approached surgically. A case report of percutaneous drainage of an esophageal perforation is presented. The drainage was performed in conjunction with a percutaneous gastrostomy. One catheter was placed initially in the gastric fundus for drainage and a second catheter was advanced through the gastroesophageal junction, through the performation, and into the abscess. This management resulted in healing of the abscess cavity and sealing of the perforation.
Histone phosphorylation and chromatin structure during mitosis in Chinese hamster cells.

Histone phosphorylation and chromatin structure were examined in synchronized CHO Chinese hamster cells during progression through mitosis. Cell population distribution in various phases of mitosis was determined by electron microscopy. Entry into mitosis was seen to occur in two stages: (1) the gathering of chromatin into aggregates of dense chromatin clumps during preprophase, followed by (2) the condensation of these aggregates into chromosome structures during prophase. Exit from mitosis was observed essentially as the reverse process, chromosomes first being disorganized into dense chromatin clumps during telophase, followed by dispersion of these aggregates in early G1. Correlating these structural changes with histone phosphorylation revealed that interphase-type histone H1 phosphorylation (H1I) involving 1–3 phosphates per molecule existed in interphase and during the chromatin aggregation stages of mitosis (preprophase and telophase). Also, no histone H3 phosphorylation occurred during these periods of the cell cycle. It is proposed that H1I phosphorylation may be involved with the submicroscopic changes in chromatin organization observed during interphase using molecular probes of chromatin structure. However, during mitosis, histone phosphorylation was correlated with microscopic chromatin structural changes. During the second stage of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, and anaphase), when chromosome structures were fully condensed, virtually all histone H1 existed as superphosphorylated molecules (H1M) containing 3–6 phosphates, and all histone H3 molecules were phosphorylated. Exit of cells from anaphase correlated closely with the dephosphorylation of H3 to unphosphorylated H3 and with the dephosphorylation of H1M to subphosphorylated H1 containing 0–3 phosphates. Further dephosphorylation of subphosphorylated H1I to unphosphorylated H1 occurred as these cells left telophase and entered G1. These experiments demonstrated that H1M superphosphorylation and H3 phosphorylation are strictly mitotic events which occur only when chromosomes are fully condensed. The absence of Colcemid in some of these experiments eliminates the possibility that H1M and H3 phosphorylations are artifacts of the Colcemid treatment. It is proposed that histones H1 and H3 may impose a restriction on chromatin structure which prevents chromosome condensation during interphase and that the H1M and H3 phosphorylations remove this restriction during mitosis.
Studies on Blood and Meat Spots in the Hen’s Egg,1. The Fluorescent Property of Meat Spots

ABSTRACT THE problem of blood and meat spots in shell eggs continues to be a serious one for the poultry industry. Economic losses from these defects are great, and when the development of automatic detecting devices is completed, the problem will become even more intensified from the standpoint of the breeder and producer. The need for additional research in this area is quite apparent. Burmester and Card (1938) concluded from histological studies that meat spots consisted merely of red blood cells in various stages of degeneration. In vitro studies by Nalbandov and Card (1944) suggested that meat spots resulted from the transformation of blood clots under the influence of changes in pH and high environmental temperatures, either prior to ovulation, during egg formation, or even after oviposition. Blood spot formation was attributed to hemorrhages in the space between the follicular wall and the vitelline membrane before ovulation. These theories on blood . . .
Clinical problems encountered in renal homotransplantation in children

Abstract Renal homotransplantation has been performed in 15 children during the past four-and-one-half years. Living related donors were employed in 13 instances. One donor was a living, unrelated adopted parent, and one donor was a stillborn anencephalic monster. All recipients were in terminal stage of chronic renal failure. The early signs of impending rejection have differed considerably in this group of children from those reported for adults. Prompt recognition and appropriate therapy have successfully aborted all episodes of threatened rejection except for the one child not being followed in our center. The major clinical problems encountered include threatened rejection, postoperative hypertension and urinary tract infection. Fourteen children are living and leading an active and normal life with their transplanted kidneys functioning in a satisfactory manner. There have been no complications of the vascular anastomoses and none of the ureterovesical anastomoses. Growth appears to have been resumed at a normal rate.
Glomerular filtration rate and plasma solutes in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Immune-complex glomerular nephritis (ICGN) is known to develop during malarial infections, but little is known of its impact on renal function. A total of 24 male BALB/c mice were infected withPlasmodium berghei, and measurements of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), parasitemia, and plasma solute concentrations were made on days 0, 7, 14, and 19 post-infection. Identical observations were made on 24 uninfected controls. The GFR declined progressively in infected mice from a mean of 201±2.1 (day 0) to 51±3 μl/min (day 19), whereas parasitemia rose to 47%±4.2% infected erythrocytes. In controls, the GFR remained unchanged, averaging 205±3.4 μl/min. Plasma osmolality rose in infected mice (326±1 vs 310±0.6 mosmol/kg in controls) as a result of increased chloride (123±0.7 vs 117±0.6 mEq/l) and urea (17.8±2.8 vs 9.3±0.7 mM/l levels). The data reveal a substantial deterioration of renal function during the course of a malarial infection that is short of outright renal failure.
Regularized determinants for pseudodifferential operators in vector bundles overS 1

We express the ζ-regularized determinant of an elliptic pseudodifferential operatorA overS1 with strongly invertible principal symbol in terms of the Fredholm determinant of an operator of determinant class, canonically associated toA, and local invariants. These invariants are given by explicit formulae involving the principal and subprincipal symbol of the operator. We remark that,generically, elliptic pseudodifferential operators have a strongly invertible principal symbol.
Teasing Apart the Details: How Social Learning can Affect Collective Action in the Bolivian Amazon

Social learning is hypothesized to result in shared knowledge and skills, trust, self-efficacy, and democratic decision-making for collective action. This paper uses a multi-method approach, including ethnography and nonparametric and multivariate statistics, to test this hypothesis and describe what specific process characteristics can predict social learning outcomes. Data are based on two communities, each with a subset of members participating in social learning processes for communal timber management and collective Brazil nut marketing in the Bolivian Amazon. Those who participated in the social learning process had significantly more knowledge about communal forest management, gained more skills, were more active in specific management activities, and had more intentions to work collectively than those who did not. The development of trust during the process, the equal involvement of all who participated, and the presentation of various ideas were most predictive of these outcome variables.
NUTRITIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF MINIMAL PROCESSING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Consumption of fresh or minimally processed fruits and vegetables is increasing due to consumer concern about the effects of processing on nutrients in foods. Relatively little information is available in the literature regarding specific storage and handling techniques that have an impact on nutritional value for fruits and vegetables. Commonly used technologies such as low temperature and controlled atmosphere storage affect vitamin content. The information about other operations such as preparation for the table and irradiation on vitamin losses is fragmentary and may not reflect current practices. It appears that conditions that preserve sensory quality of fruits and vegetables also maintain nutritional value.
Energy Loss of Slowly Moving Magnetic Monopoles in Matter

The cross section for exciting simple atoms by slowly moving magnetic monopoles is calculated. Including the effects of the monopole magnetic field on the atomic energy levels, an energy loss per unit density is obtained that is much larger than previous studies. For helium $(\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\rho}})\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dx}}=15(\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}}){[1\ensuremath{-}{(9.29\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}}{\ensuremath{\beta}})}^{2}]}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ MeV ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/g for $\ensuremath{\beta}$ in the range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The possibility of using helium as a monopole detector is discussed.
The distribution of Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (Trypanorhyncha) plerocercoids in spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacèpéde, and spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier)

Spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier), and spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede, from two sites along Florida's west coast were collected, weighed, sexed and measured. A systematic search for plerocercoids of the cestode Poecilancistrium caryophyllum yielded infection prevalences of 81.9% for C. nebulosus and 25.0% for L. xanthurus. The maximum infection intensity was 10 (mean = 2.65) plerocercoids per fish in C. nebulosus and six (mean = 1.69) per fish in L. xanthurus. Significant correlations were found between infection prevalence and length in C. nebulosus, and a significant correlation was observed between intensity and length in both species. Condition coefficient (K) and intensity were negatively correlated in C. nebulosus but not in L. xanthurus. An iterative computer technique based on the truncated negative binomial distribution indicated no parasite-induced mortality occurred in either species. Sand drum, Umbrina coroides Cuvier, is reported as a new host record for P. caryophyllum.
Characteristics and Consequences of Interpersonal Complaints Associated with Perceived Face Threat

The current study proposes that recipients' aversive reactions to complaints are a function of perceived face threat. One hundred and ninety-nine college students completed a survey asking them to describe in detail a recent complaint they had received from a friend or romantic partner, and to describe their response to that complaint. Respondents completed measures designed to assess their reactions to the complaint, including perceived face threat, negative affect, fairness, and damage to the relationship. As predicted, dispositional complaints were perceived to be more face threatening than nondispositional complaints, and complaints delivered in public were more face threatening than complaints delivered in private. Both positive and negative face threat were associated with the complaint recipient's anger/hurt and defensiveness. Perceptions of positive face threat also were associated with perceptions of less fairness and greater perceived damage to the relationship, whereas perceived threat to negat...
Reading difficulty in adults with intellectual disabilities: analysis with a hierarchical latent trait model

In prior work, adults with intellectual disabilities answered comprehension questions after reading texts. We apply a latent trait model to this data to infer the intrinsic difficulty of texts for the participant group. We then analyze the correlation between grade levels predicted by an automatic readability assessment tool and the inferred text difficulty.
Insulin levels control female germline stem cell maintenance via the niche in Drosophila

Stem cell maintenance depends on local signals provided by specialized microenvironments, or niches, in which they reside. The potential role of systemic factors in stem cell maintenance, however, has remained largely unexplored. Here, we show that insulin signaling integrates the effects of diet and age on germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance through the dual regulation of cap cell number (via Notch signaling) and cap cell–GSC interaction (via E-cadherin) and that the normal process of GSC and niche cell loss that occurs with age can be suppressed by increased levels of insulin-like peptides. These results underscore the importance of systemic factors for the regulation of stem cell niches and, thereby, of stem cell numbers.
Successive scatterings of stress waves by a train of parallel elastic cylinders in an elastic medium

Die Streuung von Spannungswellen durch eine Reihe paralleler elastischer Kreiszylinder, eingebettet in einem elastischen Kontinuum, wurde untersucht. Alle Zylinder sind unendlich lang und haben einheitlichen Querschnitt und identische Materialeigenschaften, verschieden von denjenigen des Kontinuums. Die Achsen der Zylinder liegen in einer Parallelebene zum Propagationsvector einer ebenen Spannungswelle. Durch Anwendung der Kirchhoffschen Methode des retardierten Potentials [1–4] wurden in dem beschriebenen System Wellenfrontspannungen und Wellenfrontverschiebungen gefunden, welche von der Streuung der ersten und zweiten Generation verursacht wurden.
Relation of human electromyogram to muscular tension

Abstract 1. 1. The integrated electromyogram parallels tension in human muscle contracting isometrically. 2. 2. No quantitative relation between EMG and tension exists when a muscle is allowed to change in length. 3. 3. No quantitative relation between EMG and muscle power exists. 4. 4. The amplitude of the EMG characteristically diminishes in large human muscles when they are stretched. This phenomenon has not been fully explained. 5. 5. It is shown that a lag of approximately 0.08 ± 0.02 sec. exists between peak electrical activity and peak tension of human muscle, which should be taken into account in the analysis of rapid movements.
Reinterpreting Telepathy as Unusual Experiences of Empathy and Charisma

Telepathy is often dismissed because it is judged to be contrary to the accepted facts of social psychology. This article argues that what is called telepathy may require nothing more than empathy and charisma and is reducible to these sociopsychological constructs. Two studies explore this hypothesis. In the first the proposed relationship is used to explain the sheep-goat effect. In the second study scores on charisma and empathy are used as direct predictors of telepathy scores. The results in combination support the interpretation of telepathy as phenomenologically impressive social psychological events which in less dramatic instances are termed empathy and charisma.
Neutrino oscillations with IceCube DeepCore and PINGU

The IceCube neutrino telescope was augmented with the DeepCore infill array, completed in the 2010/11 austral summer, to enhance its response to neutrinos below 100 GeV. At these energies, neutrino oscillation effects are visible in the flux of atmospheric neutrinos traversing path lengths comparable to the Earth's diameter. Initial measurements of muon neutrino disappearance parameters using data from DeepCore are presented, as well as an estimate of potential future precision. In addition, plans for a Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade (PINGU), which could permit determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy within the coming decade, are discussed.
Analysis of causes of velocity spread during initial deceleration in the ascending aorta in children and young adults

Abstract Factors that predict the magnitude of instantaneous systolic velocities within the Doppler sample volume in the ascending aorta have not been elucidated In normal persons This study determines whether the magnitude of instantaneous velocity spread in the ascending aorta is related to ascending aortic diameter, Reynolds number or other factors. Ascending aortic velocity tracings and diameters were recorded for 77 normal subjects using a 25° off-axis transducer that permitted beam-flow alignment. Percent instantaneous velocity spread at peak modal velocity, which corresponds temporally to initial deceleration, was determined by dividing instantaneous velocity spread by peak modal velocity. UsIng standard formulations, values were computed in the ascending aorta of each subject for (1) Reynolds number using peak and mean velocity, (2) Womersley's α, and (3) critical oscillatory Reynolds number. The highest correlation occurred for percent instantaneous velocity spread and ascending aortic diameter (r = 0.54) (p
An ELISA for putative neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis E virus detects antibodies to genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies that neutralize hepatitis E virus (HEV) were used to identify a subregion of ORF2 capsid protein spanning amino acids 459–607 as the shortest peptide to form the corresponding neutralization epitopes. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a purified recombinant protein covering amino acids 458–607 in ORF2 of the Sar-55 strain (genotype 1) efficiently detected anti-HEV in non-human primates which had been experimentally infected with the four known mammalian genotypes of HEV, respectively. However, anti-HEV in these animals did not react with a shorter ORF2 peptide spanning amino acids 475–607. The ELISA was highly specific and sensitive when human or non-human primate sera were tested in parallel with a previously established ELISA based on amino acids 112–607 in ORF2. The antibody titer to peptides 458–607 in two ORF2-vaccinated rhesus monkeys which had different HEV challenge outcomes differed at the time of challenge. Since the ELISA appeared to be specific for neutralizing antibodies against HEV, it should be especially useful for quantifying the humoral immune response in hepatitis E vaccine trials.
The effects of incomplete breath-holding on 3D MR Image Quality

The purpose of this study was to investigate how fast three-dimensional (3D) MR image quality is affected by breath-holding and to develop an optimal breath-holding strategy that minimizes artifact in the event of an incomplete breath-hold. A computer model was developed to study variable-duration breath-holds during fast 3D imaging. Modeling was validated by 3D gradient-echo imaging performed on 10 volunteers. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and image blur were measured for both simulated and clinical images. Insights gained were applied to clinical 3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Breath-holding significantly improved abdominal 3D MR image quality. Most of this benefit could be achieved with a breath-hold fraction of 50% if it occurred during acquisition of central k space. Breath-holding during peripheral k-space acquisition, however, had no significant benefit. Respiratory motion artifact on fast 3D MRI occurring when a patient fails to suspend respiration for the entire scan duration can be minimized by collecting central k space first (centric acquisition) so that premature breathing affects only the acquisition of peripheral k space.