cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neonatal Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke

The presentation, EEG, imaging studies, and outcome of six term neonates with middle cerebral artery infarcts are reported from Mannheim Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Brand Personality, Consumer Satisfaction, and Loyalty: A Perspective from Denim Jeans Brands

This study employed Aaker's brand personality framework to empirically investigate the personality of denim jeans brands and to examine the impact of brand personality on consumer satisfaction and brand loyalty based on data collected from 474 college students. Results revealed that the personality of denim jeans brands can be described in six dimensions with 51 personality traits: attractiveness, practicality, ruggedness, flexibility, friendliness, and honesty. The results indicated that consumers associate particular brand personality dimensions with denim jeans brands. Also, the various dimensions of brand personality have different effects on consumer satisfaction and consumer brand loyalty.
Obesity as a risk factor for malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer

The dramatic increases in incidence of both obesity and many cancers including skin cancer emphasize the need to better understand the pathophysiology of both conditions and their connections. Melanoma is considered the fastest growing cancer and rates of non-melanoma skin cancer have also increased over the last decade. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and skin cancer are not clearly understood but emerging evidence points to changes in the tumor microenvironment including aberrant cell signaling and genomic instability in the chronic inflammatory state many obese individuals experience. This article reviews the literature linking obesity to melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.
The Importance of “Consumer Type” in the Attribution of Crisis Responsibility: The Case of the Maggi Noodles Crisis in India

ABSTRACTThis study investigates a corporate crisis from the perspective of a consumer. Using in-depth interviews, it investigates the perceptions of mothers about the Maggi noodles lead crisis in India. The findings reveal three types of customers—the devotees, doubters and dropouts—who had different perceptions about the crisis and attributed different levels of responsibility to the corporation based on their attitude and affect toward the brand, attitude toward the corporation, attitude toward the regulatory institution, and levels of nationalism. The study recommends that corporate response strategies during a crisis should focus on the “customer type” and not just the “crisis type” in order to be effective. The theoretical implication and managerial implications for crisis and strategic communication are discussed.
22-2: Invited Paper: Adaptive Lighting for Energy-Efficient Comfort and Wellbeing

Adaptive lighting refers to electric lighting sources that automatically adjust their output based on environmental changes, aiming at maximizing comfort, wellbeing and energy efficiency. This presentation provides an overview of the concept, focusing on adaptive lighting controls based on sensing occupancy and daylight. The overview reflects the adaptive lighting research, development and demonstration efforts of the California Lighting Technology Center. The adaptive lighting efforts were initiated in 2003 and continue today, having produced significant results and multiple commercial products. The goal of the efforts is to maximize electric lighting savings by automatically controlling electric lighting based on occupancy and daylight. The focus is on strategies and technologies to improve performance in terms of reliability and cost-effectiveness for wide-spread use in outdoor and indoor spaces of new and existing buildings.
Tweeting from Gezi Park: Social Media and Repression Backfire:

We examine how social media may facilitate protest mobilization in response to violent state repression. Prior research demonstrates that violent repression can either decrease protest participatio...
Heavy-duty diesel engine system design

Abstract: This chapter provides a comprehensive theory and analytical design techniques on engine performance and system integration (EPSI) for diesel engine system design and development. The content is not intended to be all-encompassing to cover all the details of engine design; rather, the objective is to fill the gap between understanding the fundamentals of engine behavior and applying the knowledge to conduct design. It introduces the topics that a system design engineer needs to consider during the process of precise and optimized analytical system design. The critical topics covered include the concept of EPSI; the matching among vehicle, engine, aftertreatment, combustion, EGR and turbocharging systems; the principle of engine air system design; transient performance and engine controls; subsystem interaction; and analytical design of mechanical components to optimize system performance and fuel economy. The chapter discusses the system design requirements and provides examples to illustrate advanced design approaches using engine cycle simulation tools.
Psychiatric Residents Associations

Peer interaction is a significant part of psychiatric residency training. Psychiatric Residents Associations (PRAs) are one of the potential formal structures in which peer interactions occur. In this report we present data on the current national state of PRAs and an in depth view of one particular PRA. The results indicate that PRAs play a significant albeit varigated role in psychiatric graduate education. Training directors believe PRAs to be useful and important, especially in regard to communication and resident support, and the relative value of these functions varies according to program size.
Splicing and the Regulation of Viral Gene Expression

Spliced viral mRNA species are synthesized in permissive cells infected by several viruses that possess DNA genomes, such as the parvoviruses, papovaviruses, and adenoviruses, or by those whose life cycle depends on synthesis of a double-stranded DNA copy of an RNA genome, the retroviruses. Splicing also seems to play a part in the expression of at least one gene included in the genome of a conventional RNA virus, influenza A. Splicing of colinear products of transcription of viral genetic information constructs mRNA species from sequences complementary to noncontiguous regions in the genome. In this sense, splicing of viral and of cellular mRNA precursors are completely analogous. However, transcripts of viral genes, when spliced, always seem to be able to follow alternative processing pathways, each characterized by a unique splicing event In general, then, splicing permits the synthesis of more than one mRNA species from each product of transcription of viral genetic information.
Statistical Training of Central American Teachers

The statistical preparation and training of primary and secondary teachers in two Central American countries, Panama and Costa Rica, are described and compared. Teachers in both countries that graduate with a college degree have several courses in statistics, but the purpose of the courses is to prepare the prospective teachers to do a senior research project and not necessarily to teach the subject. Primary teachers that graduate from a Normal School in Panama have no preparation in statistics.
Cyanide Docking and Linkage Isomerism in Models for the Artificial [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Maturation Process

Linkage isomerization of the cyanide on the [2Fe] subsite of the [FeFe]-H2ase active site was reported to occur during the docking of various synthetic diiron complexes onto a carrier protein, apo-HydF, as the initial step for the artificial maturation of the [FeFe]-H2ase enzyme (Berggren et al., Nature, 2013, 499, 66–70). An investigation of our triiron organometallic models (FeFe-CN/NC-Fe′) revealed that, once a Fe-CN-Fe connection is formed, high barriers prevent such cyanide linkage isomerization (Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 3710–3719). To explore effects of variable oxidation states of the receiver unit, we introduce copper(I/II) fragments, precedented in Holm’s models of cytochrome c oxidase to induce cyanide isomerization (Cu-CN/NC-Fe), to the diiron synthetic analogues of [FeFe]-H2ase. For comparison, a zinc variant of the cytochrome c oxidase model is also examined. According to the oxidation state of copper, a cyanide flip was induced during the formation of both Zn-NC-Cu and FeFe-CN-Cu complexes. Dens...
A User Study: Abuse Cases Derived from Use Case Description and CAPEC Attack Patterns

Nowadays, developers should incorporate software security best practices from the early stages of the software development lifecycle to build more robust software against software security attacks. However, incorporating security practices at the early stages of the SDLC is difficult for novice software developers that do not have a systematic approach to address security issues. In this paper, we proposed a preliminary method to derive abuse cases, one of software security best practices, based on use case description and attack patterns and then evaluate the method in a user study. We investigated the effectiveness of the proposed method to help novices develop abuse cases and gained insights on how a novice of software security would select keywords from use case descriptions, and select relevant attack patterns for developing abuse cases. Our main findings were (1) the approaches participants used to select the keywords and the attack patterns as they related to the use cases; (2) the approach used to select relevant attack patterns; (3) the relationship between the keywords and the attack patterns; and (4) use case based on the textual content showed the method can be effective in assisting non-experts to create abuse cases. Finally, we suggest possible approaches to select keywords more effectively and the implication of using an inference engine to build relationships between use cases and attack patterns.
Direct‐Write Freeform Colloidal Assembly

Colloidal assembly is an attractive means to control material properties via hierarchy of particle composition, size, ordering, and macroscopic form. However, despite well-established methods for assembling colloidal crystals as films and patterns on substrates, and within microscale confinements such as droplets or microwells, it has not been possible to build freeform colloidal crystal structures. Direct-write colloidal assembly, a process combining the bottom-up principle of colloidal self-assembly with the versatility of direct-write 3D printing, is introduced in the present study. By this method, centimeter-scale, free-standing colloidal structures are built from a variety of materials. A scaling law that governs the rate of assembly is derived; macroscale structural color is tailored via the size and crystalline ordering of polystyrene particles, and several freestanding structures are built from silica and gold particles. Owing to the diversity of colloidal building blocks and the means to control their interactions, direct-write colloidal assembly could therefore enable novel composites, photonics, electronics, and other materials and devices.
n→π* Interactions Modulate the Properties of Cysteine Residues and Disulfide Bonds in Proteins.

Noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in biology, taking on roles that include stabilizing the conformation of and assembling biomolecules, and providing an optimal environment for enzymatic catalysis. Here, we describe a noncovalent interaction that engages the sulfur atoms of cysteine residues and disulfide bonds in proteins—their donation of electron density into an antibonding orbital of proximal amide carbonyl groups. This n→π* interaction tunes the reactivity of the CXXC motif, which is the critical feature of thioredoxin and other enzymes involved in redox homeostasis. In particular, an n→π* interaction lowers the pKa value of the N-terminal cysteine residue of the motif, which is the nucleophile that initiates catalysis. In addition, the interplay between disulfide n→π* interactions and C5 hydrogen bonds leads to hyperstable β-strands. Finally, n→π* interactions stabilize vicinal disulfide bonds, which are naturally diverse in function. These previously unappreciated n→π* interactions are strong...
Transcriptomic Analysis for Indica and Japonica Rice Varieties under Aluminum Toxicity.

Aluminum (Al) at high concentrations inhibits root growth, damage root systems, and causes significant reductions in rice yields. Indica and Japonica rice have been cultivated in distinctly different ecological environments with different soil acidity levels; thus, they might have different mechanisms of Al-tolerance. In the present study, transcriptomic analysis in the root apex for Al-tolerance in the seedling stage was carried out within Al-tolerant and -sensitive varieties belonging to different subpopulations (i.e., Indica, Japonica, and mixed). We found that there were significant differences between the gene expression patterns of Indica Al-tolerant and Japonica Al-tolerant varieties, while the gene expression patterns of the Al-tolerant varieties in the mixed subgroup, which was inclined to Japonica, were similar to the Al-tolerant varieties in Japonica. Moreover, after further GO (gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses of the transcriptomic data, we found that eight pathways, i.e., “Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis”, “Ribosome”, “Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism”, “Plant hormone signal transduction”, “TCA cycle”, “Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies”, and “Butanoate metabolism” were found uniquely for Indica Al-tolerant varieties, while only one pathway (i.e., “Sulfur metabolism”) was found uniquely for Japonica Al-tolerant varieties. For Al-sensitive varieties, one identical pathway was found, both in Indica and Japonica. Three pathways were found uniquely in “Starch and sucrose metabolism”, “Metabolic pathway”, and “Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism”.
Comparing Mathematics and Science Achievement of Students from Schools with PLTW versus Schools without PLTW

Project Lead the Way (PLTW) has been developed to provide a rigorous engineering curriculum that allows high school students to learn about advanced engineering concepts and their application in various STEM-related subjects. The present study was designed to examine the effectiveness of PLTW curriculum on high school students’ mathematics and science achievement. Mathematics and science scores of students attending PLTW schools and students attending non-PLTW schools were compared using student data gathered from the 2016 State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STARR). In the present study, T-STEM schools were removed to avoid the impact of other STEM curricula on participants’ mathematics and science achievement. Scores on the mathematics STARR test were gathered from 804 students in PLTW schools and 805 students in non-PLTW schools, and scores from the science STARR test were gathered from 800 students in PLTW schools and 800 students in non-PLTW schools. The results indicated that the mean of students’ mathematics achievement in PLTW schools was higher than the mean of students’ mathematics achievement in non-PLTW schools ($d = {0.400, 95{\%} }\, CI =$[0.300, 0.498]). The mean of students’ science achievement in PLTW schools was higher than the mean of students’ science achievement in non-PLTW schools ($d = {0.197, 95{\%} }\, CI =$ [0.099, 0.295]).
Interference of Dual Spillways Operations

AbstractDual spillway interference refers to the loss of hydraulic performance of spillways when they are placed close together. Spillway interference is examined using both physical experiments an...
Effect of Outpatient Service Utilization on Hospitalizations and Emergency Visits Among Youths With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective:Psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits occur more frequently for youths with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One mechanism that may reduce the likelihood of the...
Teaching Video Game Design Accessibility: Toward Effective Pedagogic Interventions in Accessible Design

Video games are enjoyed as creative, emotional, and social outlets for many. However, for a growing number of people with disabilities and/or those acquiring disabilities due to age-related decline, this kind of media is becoming inaccessible. The future of accessible game design hinges on teaching the next generation of game developer professionals of best practices and providing them experience to create their own accessible games. Still, little is known for effective pedagogic practices that instill domain knowledge and awareness in students on accessibility design. In this early work, researchers explore the impact of one 60-min accessibility lecture on the way student participants sonified a game for those with visual impairments. Results indicate that students receiving the lecture produced a more accessible product for player with visual impairments, while also intimating higher levels of empathy for those with disabilities. Based on these findings, we present recommendations for how instructors can implement a minimum viable pedagogic intervention for accessible game design, if a longer engagement with this material is not possible.
Diagnostic performance of standardized ultrasound protocol for detecting perforation in pediatric appendicitis

Recent clinical trials in adults and children have shown that uncomplicated acute appendicitis can be successfully treated with antibiotics alone. As treatment strategies for acute appendicitis diverge, accurate preoperative diagnosis of complicated appendicitis and appendiceal perforation has become increasingly important for clinical decision-making. To examine diagnostic performance of ultrasound for detecting perforated appendicitis in a single institution using a standardized technique. In this retrospective single-center study we evaluated 113 ultrasounds from pediatric patients who underwent appendectomy between November 2014 and December 2015. All ultrasounds were performed using a standardized US protocol including still and cine images of all four abdominal quadrants, with more targeted evaluation of the right lower quadrant (RLQ) using graded compression technique. We compared US findings to intraoperative diagnosis of non-perforated or perforated acute appendicitis. The standardized image protocol generated a reproducible set of ultrasound images in all cases. The most common primary appendiceal finding on US in perforated appendicitis was appendix wall thickening >3 mm (54%, 171/314) and most common secondary finding was echogenic mesenteric fat (75%, 237/314). Thinning of the appendix wall and loculated fluid collection in the right lower quadrant were both highly specific (>90%) for perforation. The diagnostic performance of ultrasound using a standardized US technique was similar to that reported in prior studies for detecting perforated appendicitis. Despite low sensitivity, individual ultrasound findings and overall diagnostic impression of “evidence of appendix perforation” remain highly specific.
Mild TBI and Co-Occurring PTSD Symptoms in Service Member Populations

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can and does co-occur in both civilian and military populations. The evidence is now clear that TBI is a known risk factor for the development of PTSD in both populations. Given the lack of objective markers for mTBI and PTSD, as well as the overlapping symptoms, the disentanglement of PTSD and mTBI can be challenging. However, there are clear guidelines on how to approach treating the symptoms of each individually. While there is a paucity of research about how to treat these comorbid conditions in a comprehensive way, there are general guidelines that can be useful when treating this population, keeping in mind the use of clinical judgment and the individual needs of the patient being treated. This chapter serves to provide an overview of mild TBI and PTSD in military service member populations, outlines our current understanding of their interaction with one another, provides the current diagnostic criteria for both, outlines a high-level discussion of the interaction between mTBI and PTSD, highlights the empirical treatments for both disorders, and provides recommendations for future directions in understanding the interaction between mTBI and PTSD.
Functional carbon-based nanomaterials for engineered tissues toward organ regeneration

Abstract A promising approach to repair significant organ and tissue damages is to incorporate tissue-engineered scaffolds which can closely mimic the heterogenous three-dimensional structure, physical and biological properties of extracellular matrix (ECM), and function of the native tissue. Nevertheless, regaining natural organ functionality remains a prime challenge in organ regeneration due to the lack of nanofibrous architectures, unique physical properties (e.g., electrical conductivity), mechanical properties of synthetic or natural biomaterials to create functional tissue grafts. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes have drawn an incomparable interest in the development of flexible electronic devices, supercapacitors, biosensors, and actuators for biomedical applications owing to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties and interesting nanoscale features such as large surface area and micropatterning capability. Endowed with nanoscale features, carbon-based structures can provide nanofibrous architectures and tunable physical properties such as porosity and degradability to compensate for the deficiencies of microporous scaffolds in providing tissue-specific engineered ECM. Recently, integration of such nanomaterials in bioengineered tissues has unveiled a new approach toward creating functional biomimetic tissues and organs. In this chapter, we have highlighted some of the most recent progresses in developing functional engineered tissues, namely, in the fields of cardiac, neural, bone, and muscle tissue regeneration. Lastly, we discuss prospective applications of hybrid carbon-based engineered tissues in organ reparation and regeneration.
Clustering quality metrics for subspace clustering

Abstract We study the problem of clustering validation, i.e., clustering evaluation without knowledge of ground-truth labels, for the increasingly-popular framework known as subspace clustering. Existing clustering quality metrics (CQMs) rely heavily on a notion of distance between points, but common metrics fail to capture the geometry of subspace clustering. We propose a novel point-to-point pseudometric for points lying on a union of subspaces and show how this allows for the application of existing CQMs to the subspace clustering problem. We provide theoretical and empirical justification for the proposed point-to-point distance, and then demonstrate on a number of common benchmark datasets that our proposed methods generally outperform existing graph-based CQMs in terms of choosing the best clustering and the number of clusters.
Degradation-conscious control for enhanced lifetime of automotive polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Abstract A linear time varying model predictive control (LTV-MPC) framework is developed for degradation-conscious control of automotive polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems. A reduced-order nonlinear model of the entire system is derived first, including the reactant and coolant supply subsystems and the fuel cell stack. This nonlinear model is then successively linearized about the current operating point to obtain a linear model. The linear model is utilized to formulate the control problem using a rate-based MPC formulation. The controller objective is to ensure offset-free tracking of the power demand, while maximizing the overall system efficiency and enhancing its durability. To this end, the fuel consumption and the power loss due to auxiliary equipment are minimized. Moreover, the internal states of the fuel cell stack are constrained to avoid harmful conditions that are known stressors of the fuel cell components. Membrane dry-out, rapid changes in the membrane hydration, and reactant starvation are among the stressors considered in this work. However, the framework can accommodate further lifetime indicators as needed. Simulation-based studies showcase the utility of the proposed control framework in meeting the outlined objectives.
Middle-aged Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Screening and Disclosure: “It’s a private matter. It’s an embarrassing situation”

National guidelines indicate that healthcare providers should routinely screen women of reproductive age for experience of intimate partner violence. We know little about intimate partner violence (IPV) screening and disclosure experience among women older than reproductive age. To examine the perspectives of middle-aged women who had experienced past-year IPV regarding IPV screening and disclosure in the healthcare setting. Individual semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in-person as part of a larger study examining IPV screening and response services through the Veterans Health Administration. Twenty-seven women aged 45–64 (mean age 53) who experienced past-year IPV and received care at one of two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. Data were sorted and analyzed using templated notes and line-by-line coding, based on codes developed by the study team through an initial review of the data. Themes were derived from further analysis of the data coded for “screening” and “disclosure” for respondents aged 45 and older. Barriers to disclosure of IPV to a healthcare provider included as follows: (a) feelings of shame, stigma, and/or embarrassment about experiencing IPV; (b) screening context not feeling comfortable or supportive, including lack of comfort with or trust in the provider and/or a perception that screening was conducted in a way that felt impersonal and uncaring; and (c) concerns about privacy and safety related to disclosure. Provider demonstrations of care, empathy, and support facilitated disclosure and feelings of empowerment following disclosure. Middle-aged women may benefit from routine IPV screening and response in the healthcare setting. Such interventions should be sensitive to concerns regarding stigma and privacy that may be prevalent among this population.
Response to: 'Microbiome in Sjögren's syndrome: here we are' by van der Meulen et al.

We would like to thank van der Meulen et al for their interest in our review and their comments regarding the role of the microbiome in Sjogren’s syndrome (SS).1 2 As they correctly point out, SS was not mentioned in our review primarily because we, along with the editors, have decided to include the most studied rheumatic and autoimmune conditions as they pertain to microbiome research. We agree that SS is a common disorder with an intriguing and yet to be fully elucidated etiopathogenesis, and that the characterisation of the microbiome in this context is indeed worth pursuing. We also note that the disease …
Peripherally-sourced myeloid antigen presenting cells increase with advanced aging.

Abstract Aging is associated with dysfunction of the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, a major regulatory axis in both brain health and in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a major role in sensing changes in the gut microbiota and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. APCs have also been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions, including age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The increase in chronic low-level inflammation seen with aging has also been linked to behavioral decline. Despite their acknowledged importance along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, there is limited evidence on how APCs change with aging. In this study, we examined age-related changes in myeloid APCs in the gut, spleen, and brain as well as changes in the gut microbiota and behavioral phenotype in mice ranging in age from 2 months up to 32 months of both sexes. Our data show that the number of peripherally-sourced myeloid APCs significantly increases with advanced aging in the brain. In addition, our data showed that age-related changes in APCs are subset-specific in the gut and sexually dimorphic in the spleen. Our work highlights the importance of studying myeloid APCs in an age-, tissue-, and sex-specific manner.
Along the Border: an Agent-Based Model of Migration Along the United States-Mexico Border

Migration to the United States (U.S.) has been an ongoing topic in the political discourse. In the specific case of migration using the United States-Mexico border, it is difficult to understand the patterns and uncertainty that comes from trying to capture the behavior of individuals and groups. Migrants using the U.S.-Mexico border present features and migration patterns that are unique, particularly in the case of group migrations, structured social networks, and caravans that travel towards the border together. We build an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates migrant decision-making of which border to choose, to test the effects of social influence on an agent’s migration strategy, as well as the effects of policy changes on migrant behavior. Deciphering these emerging patterns of migration and social phenomena can help provide researchers and policymakers with an added dimension of knowledge on how to better utilize resources at the U.S. ports of entry.
Development of a Physically Based Sediment Transport Model for Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Green Bay is the largest freshwater estuarine system on earth, drains one-third of the Lake Michigan basin and delivers one-third of the lake's phosphorus load. Southern Green Bay is a designated a...
Association of Myocarditis With BNT162b2 Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine in a Case Series of Children.

Importance The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine was authorized on May 10, 2021, for emergency use in children aged 12 years and older. Initial reports showed that the vaccine was well tolerated without serious adverse events; however, cases of myocarditis have been reported since approval. Objective To review results of comprehensive cardiac imaging in children with myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccine. Design, setting, and participants This study was a case series of children younger than 19 years hospitalized with myocarditis within 30 days of BNT162b2 messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine. The setting was a single-center pediatric referral facility, and admissions occurred between May 1 and July 15, 2021. Main outcomes and measures All patients underwent cardiac evaluation including an electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Results Fifteen patients (14 male patients [93%]; median age, 15 years [range, 12-18 years]) were hospitalized for management of myocarditis after receiving the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) vaccine. Symptoms started 1 to 6 days after receipt of the vaccine and included chest pain in 15 patients (100%), fever in 10 patients (67%), myalgia in 8 patients (53%), and headache in 6 patients (40%). Troponin levels were elevated in all patients at admission (median, 0.25 ng/mL [range, 0.08-3.15 ng/mL]) and peaked 0.1 to 2.3 days after admission. By echocardiographic examination, decreased left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was present in 3 patients (20%), and abnormal global longitudinal or circumferential strain was present in 5 patients (33%). No patient had a pericardial effusion. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings were consistent with myocarditis in 13 patients (87%) including late gadolinium enhancement in 12 patients (80%), regional hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging in 2 patients (13%), elevated extracellular volume fraction in 3 patients (20%), and elevated LV global native T1 in 2 patients (20%). No patient required intensive care unit admission, and median hospital length of stay was 2 days (range 1-5). At follow-up 1 to 13 days after hospital discharge, 11 patients (73%) had resolution of symptoms. One patient (7%) had persistent borderline low LV systolic function on echocardiogram (EF 54%). Troponin levels remained mildly elevated in 3 patients (20%). One patient (7%) had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on ambulatory monitor. Conclusions and relevance In this small case series study, myocarditis was diagnosed in children after COVID-19 vaccination, most commonly in boys after the second dose. In this case series, in short-term follow-up, patients were mildly affected. The long-term risks associated with postvaccination myocarditis remain unknown. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to inform recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination in this population.
Patterns of piRNA regulation in Drosophila revealed through transposable element clade inference

Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) are self-replicating “genetic parasites” ubiquitous to eukaryotic genomes. In addition to conflict between TEs and their host genomes, TEs of the same family are in competition with each other. They compete for the same genomic niches while experiencing the same regime of copy-number selection. This suggests that competition among TEs may favor the emergence of new variants that can outcompete their ancestral forms. To investigate the sequence evolution of TEs, we developed a method to infer clades: collections of TEs that share SNP variants and represent distinct TE family lineages. We applied this method to a panel of 85 Drosophila melanogaster genomes and found that the genetic variation of several TE families shows significant population structure that arises from the population- specific expansions of single clades. We used population genetic theory to classify these clades into younger versus older clades and found that younger clades are associated with a greater abundance of sense and antisense piRNAs per copy than older ones. Further, we find that the abundance of younger, but not older clades, is positively correlated with antisense piRNA production, suggesting a general pattern where hosts preferentially produce antisense piRNAs from recently active TE variants. Together these findings suggest a pattern whereby new TE variants arise by mutation and then increase in copy number, followed by the host producing antisense piRNAs that may be used to silence these emerging variants.
Methane Activation Over Lanthanide Oxides

In order to better understand the characteristics of catalysts which are capable of generating methyl radicals from methane and to gain insight into the reactions these radicals undergo once formed on the surface, the activities of the lanthanide oxides for gas-phase methyl radical production were examined using a matrix isolation electron spin resonance technique. 1,2 Oxides of the metals with stable multiple oxidation states (Cr, Pr, Tb) exhibited very low activities. Thus, for this series of oxides, the existence of an active metal center with multiple oxidation states is not a requirement. This agrees with the results reported by Otsuka et al. 3 However our results show that the greatest activities occur for La2O3, Sm2O3 and Nd2O3, whereas Otsuka reported Sm2O3 has much greater activity.
On the relationship between transcription, translation, and ribosomal RNA synthesis during microsomal hydroxylase induction.

The microsomal enzyme complex, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH*), belongs to the group of mixed-function oxygenases (1) which catalyze the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics such as drugs, pesticides, and carcinogens (2). The enzyme system is found in most mammalian tissues and in a variety of cells in culture (3, 4).
The Limits of Formal Economics in Tort Law: The Puzzle of Negligence

This Article challenges the leading formal economic analysis of negligence rules in tort law. That analysis, which is meant both (1) to justify negligence rules over no-liability and strict-liability rules on theoretical grounds and (2) to provide a framework for understanding whether victims or injurers should bear the costs of an accident when both parties are innocent and have behaved carefully, is widely accepted by leading law-and-economics scholars, but its applicability is limited in several important respects.Indeed, despite the common wisdom that tort law represents a triumph for the deductive economic analysis of law, tort law has resisted explanation through simple economic models. This does not mean economic reasoning is irrelevant to tort law, but it means that commentators should be cautious in accepting formal deductions about tort law. The purpose of this Article is to illuminate the limits of economic reasoning as a principled basis for tort law.
Whistler turbulence forward cascade: Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations

[1] The first fully three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of whistler turbulence in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma has been carried out. An initial relatively isotropic spectrum of long-wavelength whistlers is imposed upon the system, with an initial electron β = 0.10. As in previous two-dimensional simulations of whistler turbulence, the three-dimensional system exhibits a forward cascade to shorter wavelengths and broadband, turbulent spectra with a wave vector anisotropy in the sense of stronger fluctuation energy at k⊥ than at comparable k∥ where the respective subscripts represent directions perpendicular and parallel to the background magnetic field Bo. However, the three-dimensional (3D) simulations display quantitative differences with comparable two-dimensional (2D) computations. In the 3D runs, turbulence develops a stronger anisotropic cascade more rapidly than in 2D runs. Furthermore, reduced magnetic fluctuation spectra in 3D runs are less steep functions of perpendicular wave numbers than those from 2D simulations. The much larger volume of perpendicular wave vector space in 3D appears to facilitate the transfer of fluctuation energy toward perpendicular directions.
The PAMP c-di-AMP Is Essential for Listeria monocytogenes Growth in Rich but Not Minimal Media due to a Toxic Increase in (p)ppGpp

Cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a widely distributed second messenger that appears to be essential in multiple bacterial species, including the Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, the only L. monocytogenes diadenylate cyclase gene, dacA, was deleted using a Cre-lox system activated during infection of cultured macrophages. All ΔdacA strains recovered from infected cells harbored one or more suppressor mutations that allowed growth in the absence of c-di-AMP. Suppressor mutations in the synthase domain of the bi-functional (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase led to reduced (p)ppGpp levels. A genetic assay confirmed that dacA was essential in wild-type but not strains lacking all three (p)ppGpp synthases. Further genetic analysis suggested that c-di-AMP was essential because accumulated (p)ppGpp altered GTP concentrations, thereby inactivating the pleiotropic transcriptional regulator CodY. We propose that c-di-AMP is conditionally essential for metabolic changes that occur in growth in rich medium and host cells but not minimal medium.
On Making Social Psychology More Ecological and Ecological Psychology More Social

J. J. Gibson (1950) was full of surprises. One of those, at least in hindsight, is his claim that the social sciences are badly in need of a theory of human learning. They look to social psychology...
Quantitative comparison of methods for predicting the arrival of coronal mass ejections at Earth based on multiview imaging

[1] We investigate the performance of six methods for predicting the coronal mass ejection (CME) time of arrival (ToA) and velocity at Earth using a sample of nine Earth-impacting CMEs between March 2010 and June 2011. The CMEs were tracked continuously from the Sun to near Earth in multiviewpoint imaging data from STEREO Sun-Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) and SOHO Large Angle and Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO). We use the Graduate Cylindrical Shell model to estimate the three-dimensional direction and height of the CMEs in every image out to ∼200R⊙. We fit the derived three-dimensional (deprojected) height and time (HT) data with six different methods to extrapolate the CME ToA and velocity at Earth. We compare the fitting results with the in situ data from the Wind spacecraft. We find that a simple linear fit above a height of 50R⊙ gives the ToA with an error ±6h for seven (78%) of the CMEs. For the full sample, we are able to predict the ToA to within ±13h. These results are a half day improvement over past CME arrival time methods that only used SOHO LASCO data. We conclude that heliographic height-time measurements of the CME front made away from the Sun-Earth line and beyond the coronagraphic field of view are sufficient for reasonably accurate predictions of their ToA.
Automated regression testing of graphical user interface based applications

Summary form only given. This paper discusses the requirements of automating regression testing applications with a graphical user interface. In particular, this paper discusses a regression test facility developed for the X Window System. The facility is composed of two parts called the Input Synthesis Extension and the Client Exerciser tool. The Input Synthesis Extension is incorporated into the X Window System server, and allows a test tool to record the user's interaction with an X server and to play back the interaction. It describes the Input Synthesis Extension and explains how it operates in an X server. The Client Exerciser tool assists in test generation by recording the interaction of a tester with one or more X Window System applications. The tester can also capture information in windows for comparison in subsequent test runs. Once an interactive session with screen captures is recorded, the tool can be used to replay the session, performs screen comparisons at the appropriate times. It describes the functionallity of the Client Exerciser tool, and relates some experience in using it. >
Delamination in Quasi-Isotropic Graphite-Epoxy Laminates

The results of a study of delamination in two quasi-isotropic graphite-epoxy laminates are reported. Experimental observations are compared with predictions of laminate theory using the approach of Pagano and Pipes. The influence of stacking sequence is discussed. The relationship of delamination to other damage development is described, and the influence of gripping methods is indicated.
Lower bounds for reducibility to the Kolmogorov random strings

We show the following results for polynomial-time reducibility to RC, the set of Kolmogorov random strings. 1. If P ≠ NP, then SAT does not dtt-reduce to RC. 2. If PH does not collapse, then SAT does not nα-tt-reduce to RC for any α < 1. 3. If PH does not collapse, then SAT does not nα-T-reduce to RC for any α < 1/2. 4. There is a problem in E that does not dtt-reduce to RC. 5. There is a problem in E that does not nα-tt-reduce to RC, for any α < 1. 6. There is a problem in E that does not nα-T-reduce to RC, for any α < 1/2. These results hold for both the plain and prefix-free variants of Kolmogorov complexity and are also independent of the choice of the universal machine.
John Weaver and the Origins of English Pantomime: A Neoclassical Theory and Practice for Uniting Dance and Theatre

Theatre historians have long acknowledged John Weaver as the father of English pantomime. In 1985, however, the foremost Weaver scholar, Richard Ralph, noted that no one had systematically studied Weaver's pantomime descriptions, printed in The Loves of Mars and Venus, nor had classical influences upon Weaver been sufficiently investigated.1 Scholarship in the past fifteen years has not filled these gaps; thus, this article begins an examination of these two areas of Weaver's work. They are especially significant because the pantomime descriptions and classical influences reveal that Weaver was a scholar-artist, a rare combination in his era, whose theories and practices deepened the interplay among the arts in early eighteenth-century England.2
Size Matters: Room Temperature P−C Bond Formation Through C−H Activation in m-Terphenyldiiodophosphines

m-Terphenyl- and biphenyl-2-diiodophosphines, TerphPI 2 and BiphPI 2, have been obtained by halide exchange from the chloro derivatives TerphPCl 2 and BiphPCl 2 and excess LiI in a benzene solution at room temperature. Whereas BiphPI 2 compounds are stable, the TerphPI 2 species undergo intramolecular C-H activation at room temperature and cyclize to form unsymmetrical 9-iodo-9-phosphafluorenes 1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-6,8-dimethyl-9-iodo-9-phosphafluorene, 4; 1-(4-t-butylphenyl)-7-t-butyl-9-iodo-9-phosphafluorene, 5; and 1-(2-methylphenyl)-5-methyl-9-iodo-9-phosphafluorene, 6, albeit the latter reaction is rather slow due to unfavorable steric interactions. Cyclization of the alkyl-substituted 4,4'-di- tert-butyl-biphenyl-2-diiodophosphine, 11, is slow in refluxing benzene solution, but faster than that for the parent biphenyl-2-diiodophosphine. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations are in agreement with an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism that is facilitated by steric strains in the terphenyl compounds 2,6-(3,5-Me2C6H3)2C6H3PI2, 1; 2,6-(4-t-BuC6H4)2C6H3PI 2, 2; and 2,6-(2-MeC6H4)2C6H3PI 2, 3. All new compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. 9-Iodo-9-phosphafluorene, 12, was also analyzed by X-ray diffraction.
Spring Break Versus Spring Broken: Predictive Utility of Spring Break Alcohol Intentions and Willingness at Varying Levels of Extremity

Within the domain of risk-related behavior, many times the decision to engage is not a product of premeditation or intention. The prototype willingness model was created to capture and explain the unintended element of risk behavior. The present study aimed to evaluate the importance of willingness versus intention, two important constructs within the prototype willingness model, in relation to spring break drinking behavior when assessed at both high and low extremities. College undergraduates (N = 275) completed questionnaires prior to spring break regarding their anticipated spring break activities. Willingness and intention were assessed for different levels of risk. Specifically, participants indicated the extent to which they intended to (a) get drunk and (b) drink enough to black out or pass out; and the extent to which they were willing to (a) get drunk and (b) drink enough to black out or pass out. When classes resumed following spring break, the students indicated the extent to which they actually (a) got drunk and (b) drank enough to black out or pass out. Results demonstrated that when the health-related risk was lower (i.e., getting drunk), intention was a stronger predictor of behavior than was willingness. However, as the level of risk increased (i.e., getting drunk enough to black out or pass out), willingness more strongly predicted behavior. The present study suggests that willingness and intentions differentially predict spring break alcohol-related behavior depending on the extremity of behavior in question. Implications regarding alcohol interventions are discussed.
CNV Correlates of Task Difficulty and Accuracy of Pitch Discrimination

The CNV was measured from 5 female and 5 male Ss during a pitch discrimination task with two levels of difficulty. It was found that females had larger CNVs during easy trials than during difficult trials. They also had larger CNVs for difficult trials in which they made incorrect judgments than for difficult trials in which they made correct judgments. The effect of difficulty and of correctness on the CNV is interpreted as a distraction phenomenon.