cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wild caught vs inbred mouse strains: Differences in wheel-turn avoidance learning

Three Bar Harbor inbred mouse strains; C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and DBA/2J, and two wild caught but laboratory bred Peromyscus strains; P. leucopus and P. maniculatus bairdi, were compared over 8 days of acquisition training on a wheel-turn avoidance task. In the acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response, the Bar Harbor inbreds did not differ but were, as a group, significantly better than the wild caught strains. Differences in activity rate were also apparent, but do not account for the differences in avoidance performance.
Electric Utility Stranded Costs: Valuation and Disclosure Issues

We analyze the stock market’s valuation of electric utility “stranded costs” (i.e., costs that might become unrecoverable under deregulation), and investigate whether stranded costs that have arisen as a result of voluntary firm business decisions are valued differently from those that are more directly linked to regulatory mandates. Further, we study whether investor valuations differ across jurisdictions. Finally, we examine the relation between investor valuation of stranded costs and the decision by utilities to make stranded cost-related disclosures in their financial statements voluntarily. We find that investors anticipate that, on average, approximately 10% of total stranded costs will be borne by utility shareholders. Stranded costs arising from voluntary operating or investing decisions made by utilities are valued more negatively than those associated with mandatory power purchase contracts, consistent with investors assigning a higher recovery probability to the latter. Investor valuations of stranded costs associated with utility generating investments do not differ systematically across jurisdictions. We find that stranded costs are valued less negatively for voluntary disclosers not just in the year of disclosure but also in the preceding two years, implying that it is not disclosure per se that favorably influences valuation. Voluntary disclosers operate in jurisdictions that have more clearly established stranded cost recovery mechanisms, suggesting that both stranded cost disclosure and valuation are prompted by reduction in uncertainty about recoverability.
DIMINISHED TSH SECRETION ASSOCIATED WITH NEONATAL THYROTOXICOSIS

We report 3 1/2 year old twin boys with prolonged neonatal thyrotoxicosis and persistently low TSH secretion manifested by a diminished TSH response to hypothyroxinemia and to TRH stimulation. Features of neonatal thyrotoxicosis included: intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly with ventriculomegaly, poor weight gain, hyperphagia, irritability, diarrhea, exophthalmos, tachycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, and direct hyperbilirubinemia. However, there was no goiter or history of maternal thyroid disease and diagnosis was delayed until 11 weeks of age (T4 580 ng/dl). By age 6 mo., on propylthiouricil (PTU) 25 mg b.i.d., both infants had TSH levels <2 uU/ml (normal N=0.4-4.5) despite T4 levels <1 and 3.1 ug/dl (N=7.2-15.6) and free T4 (FT4) levels of 0.3 and 0.5 ng/dl (N=0.8-1.9). At 3 4/12 years, while on PTU 50 mg q.i.d., they again became hypothyroid withi FT4s of <0.2 and T3RIA of 47 and 43 ng/dl (N=80-220) with a TSH of 3.5. A TRH stimulation test revealed baseline TSH values of 8.5 and 11 and maximal stimulation values of 11 and 14. Normal hGH responses to L-Dopa (8.7 and 13.1 ng/ml), fasting A.M. cortisols (12.6 and 14.1 ug/dl), and normal genitalia make other pituitary hormone deficiencies unlikely. The diminished TSH responses to hypothyroxinemia and TRH stimulation indicate that the capacity to synthesize TSH, or the set point for pituitary-thyroid feedback control, may be altered by excess thyroid hormone concentrations during a critical stage of development.
7-Benzyloxyquinoline oxidation by P450eryF A245T: finding of a new fluorescent substrate probe.

The main objective of the present study was to find a fluorescent substrate probe for cytochrome P450eryF (P450eryF). P450eryF is a bacterial P450 that catalyzes the hydroxylation of 6-deoxyerythro...
A new pulsed glow discharge source with enhanced ion extraction for small non-conductive samples and atmospheric sampling

An ionization source designed to efficiently utilize sub-milligram quantities of electrically non-conducting compounds (i.e. oxides) for prolonged periods of mass spectrometric analysis is described. The source is coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer in this report, but could readily be modified for alternative types of mass spectrometers. The coaxial-design glow discharge ion source is unique in that it incorporates a focusing lens behind the discharge surface to steer ions towards the ion sampling plate and thereby improve sensitivity. Non-conducting oxide samples are infused in indium and set in one end of an electrically conductive rod, to which the voltage is applied. Transmission efficiency is sufficient to allow the measurement of isotopes of tungsten from a tungsten rod using glow discharge pulse widths as narrow as 2 µs, which is on the order of single-atom layer sputtering. The sputtering and ionization processes occurring in the discharge produces mainly atomic metal ions, regardless of the chemical form of the metals in the samples. This latter aspect is particularly useful for intended applications involving actinide samples, and allows a minimal amount of sample handling. In a second application, a metal capillary is used in place of the rod to create an atmospheric sampling glow discharge. In this mode, the ion-focusing lens was also found to enhance ion signals arising from volatile vapors entering the discharge from the capillary.
Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar extracts: fractions that contain the tar radical cause DNA damage.

Previously, we have shown that aqueous cigarette tar (ACT) extracts contain a long-lived tar radical that associates with DNA in isolated rat alveolar macrophages and causes DNA damage in isolated ...
Conserved nucleotide sequences in temporally controlled bacteriophage promoters

Abstract Gene expression at a middle time in the lytic cycle of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP01 is controlled by the product of phage gene 28 (gp28). gp28 is a sigma-like regulatory protein that directs the bacterial core RNA polymerase to bind and initiate transcription from promoter sites for phage middle genes. Here we report on the location, orientation and nucleotide sequences of five promoters in a cluster of middle genes on the phage genome. (The nucleotide sequences of two of these promoters were reported previously by Talkington & Pero, 1979). All five promoters shared highly conserved nucleotide sequences that were centered at about 35 and 10 base-pairs upstream from their start points of transcription. Based on these conserved sequences we propose that RNA polymerase containing gp28 recognizes the prototype sequence 5′T- -T-AGGAGA- -A-TT in the −35 promoter region and the sequence 5′TTT-TTT in the −10 region. (In SP01 DNA, T is the thymine analog 5-hydroxymethyluracil.) These prototype sequences differ strikingly from the corresponding conserved regions of SP01 early gene promoters which are recognized by the unmodified B. subtilis RNA polymerase and which are highly homologous to promoters for Excherichia coli RNA polymerase. These findings suggest that sigma factors (host sigma and gp28) dictate the recognition of both the −35 and −10 regions of promoters.
Effects of linear projections on the performance of target detection and classification in hyperspectral imagery

We explore the use of several linear dimensionality reduction techniques that can be easily integrated into the hyperspectral imaging sensor. We investigate their effect on the performance of classical target detection and classification techniques for hyperspectral images. Specifically, each N -dimensional spectral pixel is embedded to an M -dimensional measurement space with M ⪡ N by a linear transformation (e.g., random measurement matrices, uniform downsampling, principal component analysis). The detectors/classifiers are then applied to the M -dimensional measurement vectors and their performances are compared to those obtained from the entire N -dimensional spectrum. Through extensive experiments on several hyperspectral imagery data sets, we demonstrate that only a small amount of measurements are necessary to achieve comparable performance to that obtained by exploiting the full N -dimensional pixels.
Photon-counting polarizing radiometer.

Photon counting is used in this instrument to obtain high precision in the measurement of the intensity, degree of polarization, and orientation of the plane of polarization of light in the natural environment. The dual-channel configuration, with four interference filters in each channel, provides the possibility of measurements in eight narrow spectral intervals in the wavelength range 0.32–0.90 μm. Operation of the device, including rotation of the polarizing prism, selection of the filters, orientation in azimuth and elevation, and other mechanical processes, is controlled completely by a small electronic computer. The measurements are reduced to the physical quantities of interest on a real-time basis by the computer, which also is used to record the data on magnetic tape and print them out on a high speed printer as desired. Field operation has shown the instrument to be fast and reliable for measuring the intensity and polarization of sunlight, which may be of interest for characterizing atmospheric processes or the physical properties of natural surfaces.
Board structure and role of monitoring committees

Abstract Regulators and researchers alike have focused significant attention on the structure of the corporate board. In general, the results of prior empirical studies suggest that larger boards are costly to firms because of communication and co-ordination problems. How firms use committees to mitigate these costs, however, has not received as much attention. Since boards delegate authority for specific tasks to monitoring committees with independent directors, we re-examine the impact of board structure on firm performance by specifically focusing on the number of monitoring committees. Using ROA and EVA, we find that board size is positively associated with firm performance when firms use more than three monitoring committees. We also find that the previously documented negative association between board size and Tobin's Q disappears when a firm uses more than three monitoring committees. Overall, the results suggest that firms use monitoring committees to mitigate the costs associated with larger boards.
Aortopulmonary collateral flow in cystic fibrosis assessed with phase-contrast MRI.

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disease in Caucasians. Chronic pulmonary disease with progressive destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma is two of the major morbidities, but the relationship between clinical severity of CF and aortopulmonary collateral blood flow has not been assessed.
Sodium channel mutations in epilepsy and other neurological disorders

Since the first mutations of the neuronal sodium channel SCN1A were identified 5 years ago, more than 150 mutations have been described in patients with epilepsy. Many are sporadic mutations and cause loss of function, which demonstrates haploinsufficiency of SCN1A. Mutations resulting in persistent sodium current are also common. Coding variants of SCN2A, SCN8A, and SCN9A have also been identified in patients with seizures, ataxia, and sensitivity to pain, respectively. The rapid pace of discoveries suggests that sodium channel mutations are significant factors in the etiology of neurological disease and may contribute to psychiatric disorders as well.
MicroRNA-221/222 confers breast cancer fulvestrant resistance by regulating multiple signaling pathways

Fulvestrant is a selective estrogen receptor downregulator (SERD) and highly effective antagonist to hormone-sensitive breast cancers following failure of previous tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor therapies. However, after prolonged fulvestrant therapy, acquired resistance eventually occurs in the majority of breast cancer patients, due to poorly understood mechanisms. To examine a possible role(s) of aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in acquired fulvestrant resistance, we compared antiestrogen-resistant and -sensitive breast cancer cells, revealing the overexpression of miR-221/222 in the SERD-resistant cell lines. Fulvestrant treatment of estradiol (E2)- and fulvestrant-sensitive MCF7 cells resulted in increased expression of endogenous miR-221/222. Ectopic upregulation of miR-221/222 in estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive cell lines counteracted the effects of E2 depletion or fulvestrant-induced cell death, thus also conferring hormone-independent growth and fulvestrant resistance. In cells with acquired resistance to fulvestrant, miR-221/222 expression was essential for cell growth and cell cycle progression. To identify possible miR-221/222 targets, miR-221- or miR-222- induced alterations in global gene expression profiles and target gene expression at distinct time points were determined, revealing that miR-221/222 overexpression resulted in deregulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways previously associated with drug resistance. Activation of β-catenin by miR-221/222 contributed to estrogen-independent growth and fulvestrant resistance, whereas TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition was repressed by the two miRNAs. This first in-depth investigation into the role of miR-221/222 in acquired fulvestrant resistance, a clinically important problem, demonstrates that these two 'oncomirs' may represent promising therapeutic targets for treating hormone-independent, SERD-resistant breast cancer.
Conversion of carbon 4 of malate into products of the pentose cycle by isolated bundle sheath strands of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. leaves.

Summary Isolated bundle sheath strands of crabgrass, incubated with malate 4- 14 C, were shown to take up malate and to incorporate 14 C into products of the pentose cycle. The conversion of 14 C into pentose cycle products was stimulated by light and by the addition of ribose-5-phosphate, ADP, and NADP + . Malate was taken up near 0.25 μmoles/mg chlorophyll and this appeared to be the limiting factor for the conversion processes in isolated bundle sheath cells.
A case series of dose-limiting peripheral edema observed in patients treated with pemetrexed.

Introduction: In the phase I and II trials, the dose-limiting toxicities of pemetrexed included neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and fatigue. Grade 3 bilateral peripheral edema that resembled cellulitis was not commonly described. Methods: Since 2009, the Thoracic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center has identified 14 patients who developed bilateral peripheral edema and erythema of the lower extremities while receiving pemetrexed chemotherapy. During this time, 489 patients with thoracic malignancy have been treated with pemetrexed. Results: There were seven men and seven women. Average age was 72 years. All patients had stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung. The edema presented at a median of eight doses (range, 3–23 doses.) Other causative factors such as deep vein thrombosis, renal insufficiency, and congestive heart failure were excluded. Thirteen of the 14 patients required the drug to be stopped or dose lowered. Conclusion: We have collected 14 cases with lung adenocarcinoma treated with pemetrexed who developed bilateral lower extremity edema and erythema, a condition rarely described. In all cases, symptoms resolved with discontinuation or dose reduction of the drug. Patients who received corticosteroids showed improvement in their symptoms.
Determination of Bumetanide in Human Plasma and Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

Abstract This paper describes a new high-pressure liquid chromatographic method used for quantitation of bumetanide in urine and plasma. Compared to previously reported methods, this assay offers the advantages of increased sensitivity, shortened sample preparation time and decreased instrumentation requirements. After addition of the 4-benzyl derivative of bumetanide as the internal standard, both urine and plasma underwent a single extraction with ethyl acetate at an acidic pH. The organic extract was separated, evaporated to dryness, reconstituted with methanol, and chromatographed using a reversed-phase C-18 radial compression cartridge with fluorescence detection. Sensitivity limits are approximately 1 ng of bumetanide per mL of plasma, with a coefficient of variation for identical samples never exceeding 6%. The method lends itself to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of bumetanide in humans following single therapeutic doses.
Analysis of Immunological Alterations Associated with Testicular Prostheses

AbstractPurpose: Recipients of silicone gel filled testicular prostheses were evaluated for the possible immunological abnormalities of human adjuvant disease.Materials and Methods: Medical record audits were performed for 48 recipients of a silicone gel filled testicular prosthesis. Seven patients consented to a detailed health profile questionnaire, physical examination and serological testing.Results: Retrospective chart analyses and physical examinations were unremarkable. Serological results and questionnaire responses varied. One patient with signs and symptoms suggestive of human adjuvant disease underwent prosthesis removal but adjacent tissues had no evidence of silicosis. Long-term followup was poor.Conclusions: Immunological alterations were present in 71.4 percent of examined recipients but they may have been coincidental. Careful followup of recipients of a silicone gel filled testicular prosthesis is needed.
Aircraft Loss-of-Control Accident Prevention: Switching Control of the GTM Aircraft with Elevator Jam Failures

Switching control, servomechanism, and H2 control theory are used to provide a practical and easy-to-implement solution for the actuator jam problem. A jammed actuator not only causes a reduction of control authority, but also creates a persistent disturbance with uncertain amplitude. The longitudinal dynamics model of the NASA GTM UAV is employed to demonstrate that a single fixed reconfigured controller design based on the proposed approach is capable of accommodating an elevator jam failure with arbitrary jam position as long as the thrust control has enough control authority. This paper is a first step towards solving a more comprehensive in-flight loss-of-control accident prevention problem that involves multiple actuator failures, structure damages, unanticipated faults, and nonlinear upset regime recovery, etc.
Portfolios of promise: A review of R&D investment techniques and how they apply to technology development in space agencies

Abstract Despite a rich legacy of impressive technological accomplishments, the government acquisition of advanced space systems is increasingly synonymous with schedule slips and cost overruns. Program reviews have suggested that investing more in centralized and strategic research and development outside particular programs will reduce technical uncertainties and improve cost and schedule outcomes. This paper suggests roles for a centralized technology office by examining the methods available in the literature for managing portfolios of research projects. In particular, the paper answers three questions. Firstly, it examines the key features that characterize the space agencies' innovation context compared to the private sector where most of the portfolio literature is founded. Secondly, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the models in the literature. Finally, the paper addresses how innovation decision making should be structured within agencies in order to achieve the best results. The paper concludes that an executive level technology office is best placed to act as an enabler, rather than an absolute decision maker. Such an office would not replace decision making at the technical manager level, but would provide overall strategic direction and guidance within which technical managers can make decisions about project innovation.
Keynes and the International Monetary System revisited (a contextual and conjectural essay)

Abstract This paper attempts to answer the question: How would Keynes have viewed and reacted to the principal contemporary international monetary issues, namely, the framework of management, liquidity, the exchange rate regime, the adjustment mechanism, and the problem of developing countries? Keynes would arguably have favored a variant of crawling pegs rather than free floats for exchange rates, and a symmetrical (compulsory) adjustment mechanism for surplus as well as debtor countries, but would have been averse to the SDR link while welcoming the flexibility of the International Monetary Fund in meeting the requirements of developing countries consistently with the uniform treatment of all members.
Δ 469 mutation in the type 3 repeat calcium binding domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) disrupts calcium binding

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP/TSP5), a large glycoprotein found in the territorial matrix surrounding chondrocytes, is the fifth member of the thrombospondin (TSP) gene family. While the function of COMP is unknown, its importance is underscored by the finding that mutations in the highly conserved type 3 repeat domain causes two skeletal dysplasias. Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbanks type (EDM1). The type 3 repeats are highly conserved low-affinity Ca(2+)binding domains that are found in all TSP genes. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of mutations on calcium binding and structure of the type 3 repeat domains. Wild-type (WT) and Delta469 recombinant COMP (rCOMP) proteins containing the entire calcium-binding domain were expressed in E. coli and purified. Equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that WT bound 10-12 Ca(2+)ions/molecule while Delta469 bound approximately half the Ca(2+)ions. Circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry had striking spectral changes for the WT in response to increasing concentrations of Ca(2+). These CD spectral changes were cooperative and reversible. In contrast, a large CD spectral change was not observed at any Ca(2+)concentration for Delta469. Moreover, both WT and Delta469 proteins produced similar CD spectral changes when titrated with Zn(2+), Cu(2+)and Ni(2+)indicating that the Delta469 mutation specifically affects only calcium binding. These results suggest that the Delta469 mutation, in the type 3 repeat region, interferes with Ca(2+)binding and that filling of all Ca(2+)binding loops may be critical for correct COMP protein conformation.
Characterization of The Open Complex of Yeast Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase

The mitochondrial RNA polymerase (mtRNAP) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, consisting of a complex of Rpo41 and Mtf1, is homologous to the phage single polypeptide T7/T3/SP6 RNA polymerase and mammalian mitochondrial RNA polymerases. The yeast mtRNAP recognizes a conserved nonanucleotide sequence to initiate specific transcription. However, there is little clue about how mtRNAP recognizes the promoter, melts the double-stranded DNA and forms a transcription-competent open complex, which are steps essential to initiating RNA synthesis. In this work, we have defined the region of the nonanucleotide melted by the mtRNAP using 2-aminopurine fluorescence changes that are sensitive to changes in DNA base stacking interactions. We have also characterized DNA bending of the promoter induced by mtRNAP by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. We show that DNA melting requires the simultaneous presence of Rpo41 and Mtf1, whereas DNA bending can be induced by Rpo41 itself and regulated by MtF1. By monitoring DNA melting and bending under various conditions, we are able to dissect roles of Rpo41 and MtF1 in DNA recognition and forming the open complex. These results shed new insights into mechanisms of transcription initiation of mitochondrial RNA polymerases.
Resolution of tidal high water anomaly

As a preliminary calculation of the Equilibrium Theory of Tides, a fictitious Earth-Moon configuration is analyzed byThomson andTait [1]2), in which non-sphericity of oceans is attributed to the attraction exerted by a stationary Moon. A rise of level is found at the which Earth-Moon orbital motion is accounted. This feature, which is utterly contradictory to fact according toG. H. Darwin [2] prompted him to remark that ‘the equilibrium theory is nearly as much wrong as possible, in respect to the time of high water’. An elementary analysis is given which, in demonstrating an exactly opposite finding, suggests a manner of removing one of the long-standing obscurities of the Laplace theory, remarked upon byHough andAiry, and in recent times byC. Eckart [3].
Chemical Mediators of the Muscle Ergoreflex in Chronic Heart Failure A Putative Role for Prostaglandins in Reflex Ventilatory Control

Background— The overactivity of ergoreceptors (intramuscular afferents sensitive to products of skeletal muscle work) may be responsible for the abnormal responses to exercise and symptoms of exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure (CHF); however, little is known of the chemical nature of the stimuli involved. We investigated biochemical factors (H+, Vco2, Vo2, Hco3, K+, phosphate, lactate, PGE2, PGF1α, and bradykinin) potentially involved in ergoreceptor activation. Methods and Results— Sixteen stable patients with CHF (64.9±2.7 years, peak Vo2 15.8±0.7 mL/kg per min) and 10 age-matched controls were studied. The ergoreceptor test involved two 5-minute handgrip exercises. On one occasion, the subjects recovered normally (control recovery), whereas on the other a posthandgrip regional circulatory occlusion was induced in the exercising arm, isolating the stimulation of the ergoreceptor after exercise. The ergoreflex was quantified as the difference in ventilation between the posthandgrip regional...
A young woman with an eroded plaque on the hand.

She has a painful, inflamed eroded plaque at the previous site of an intravenous catheter. She is afebrile, and blood cultures and tissue cultures are negative.
Increasing Intrinsic Motivation to Learn in Organizational Behavior Classes

This article describes my experiences redesigning a masters-level organizational behavior (OB) course. The course was delivered to two different audiences— MBA and MS-HR students—two different times. The redesign employed several unique features designed to increase and enhance student intrinsic interest in the subject matter. Two measures of intrinsic motivation were collected along with measures of perceived usefulness of the OB course content, student satisfaction, and student learning. Also, follow-up focus groups were conducted with a subset of the students after the courses were over to gain insight on student reactions. Results provide partial support for the notion that MS-HR students were more intrinsically interested in the subject matter of the course than were MBA students, but outcomes with satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and student learning were mixed. Results are discussed in terms of which specific aspects of the course redesign seemed more effective at eliciting student interest and motivation and which proved problematic. Implications for both teaching and research are provided.
Flip-N-Write: a simple deterministic technique to improve PRAM write performance, energy and endurance

The phase-change random access memory (PRAM) technology is fast maturing to production levels. Main advantages of PRAM are non-volatility, byte addressability, in-place programmability, low-power operation, and higher write endurance than that of current flash memories. However, the relatively low write bandwidth and the less-than-desirable write endurance of PRAM remain room for improvement. This paper proposes and evaluates Flip-N-Write, a simple microarchitectural technique to replace a PRAM write operation with a more efficient read-modify-write operation. On a write, after quick bit-by-bit inspection of the original data word and the new data word, Flip-N-Write writes either the new data word or the "flipped" value of it. Flip-N-Write introduces a single bit associated with each PRAM word to indicate whether the PRAM word has been flipped or not. We analytically and experimentally show that the proposed technique reduces the PRAM write time by half, more than doubles the write endurance, and achieves commensurate savings in write energy under the same instantaneous write power constraint. Due to its simplicity, Flip-N-Write is straightforward to implement within a PRAM device.
Evaluating Development Learning: The World Bank Experience

Evidence-based evaluation of adult learning (training and capacity development) programs is essential for guiding investment decisions regarding such programs. But standard practice for evaluation ...
Room temperature operation and DC characteristics of InAlN/GaN/AlGaN Hot Electron Transistors with common base transfer ratio, α = 0.97

A Hot Electron Transistor (HET) works on the principle of injection of ‘hot’ electrons above a barrier into a thin transit region (base), where they travel with minimal scattering and are collected in the collector.1,2 It is thus possible to obtain near ballistic transport in these devices and hence larger current drive and operation at frequencies higher than conventional (diffusive transport) transistors. The other obvious advantage of this device especially over nitride based HBTs is in the enormous decrease of R b (base resistance) possible relative to HBTs; 100Ω/□ in a unipolar HET compared to a few kΩ/□ in an HBT due to the difficulty in obtaining high hole concentrations combined with low hole mobility.
Use of angioplasty in the management of complicated perioperative infarction following bypass surgery

Ischemic complications in the perioperative period following bypass surgery adversely affect both short- and long-term prognosis. Coronary angioplasty was successfully performed in 2 patients sustaining complicated postoperative myocardial infarctions with resolution of angina and restoration of hemodynamic stability. These cases illustrate that angioplasty can be done safely in such patients and may favorably alter short-term outcome. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward dialogues with documents: MultiBrowser

When several information items are presented simultaneously, the potential exists for users to interact with information in a rich and rewarding way. The MultiBrowser system supports such interaction via an information foraging style of hypermedia browsing. Multiple windows, colored bars that provide visual cues, and automatically inserted hyperlinks among the paragraphs in a document set contribute to the structure of repositories created by MultiBrowser. These repositories are browsable over the Web using an ordinary Web browser.
Effects of scheduled afternoon naps and bedrest on daytime alertness

A forced-rest postulate and recuperative theory of sleep function were tested. Eighteen normal, healthy young adult males were studied in a balanced design which comprised single treatment replicates of polygraphically recorded 2:40-4:00 p.m. napping and bedrest. Under both conditions subjects were required to lie quietly in bed with eyes closed. During bedrest, stage 1 sleep episodes were allowed to intervene, but for no longer than 1.5 min simultaneously. Dependent variables of waking function were initially assessed at 12:30 p.m. for 1.2 hr and then again 20 min following the conditions from 4:20 until 5:30 p.m. Measurements were obtained from: (a) short-term memory, visual four-choice reaction time, and auditory vigilance tasks; (b) 4-7 Hz EEG theta rhythm; (c) sublingual temperature; (d) the Stanford Sleepiness Scale; and (e) mood subscales (activation, euphoria, fatigue) on an adjective check list. During bedrest compared with napping, subjects averaged significantly more: (a) stage 1 (in aggregate:...
E-Space Inclusion: A Case for the Americans with Disabilities Act in Cyberspace:

Abstract Consumers who are blind or visually impaired face greater risks of injury from deceptive or fraudulent online advertising practices that may be difficult to define as unlawful or misleading under the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act. The FTC’s clear and conspicuous requirements are not adequate to ensure effective communication with blind or visually impaired consumers. This article suggests that the Americans with Disabilities Act needs to be expanded to include commercial Web sites and more specific definitions of disabilities. Disability-specific accessibility guidelines should also be incorporated into the FTC’s clear and conspicuous requirement in order for online advertisements to minimize visually impaired consumers’ risk of injury. The author discusses technological barriers to Internet access and their implications for marketing operations and policy reform.
Fluorescence imaging of interscapular brown adipose tissue in living mice

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in energy expenditure and heat generation and is a promising target for diagnosing and treating obesity, diabetes and related metabolism disorders. While several nuclear and magnetic resonance imaging methods are established for detecting human BAT, there are no convenient protocols for high throughput imaging of BAT in small animal models. Here we disclose a simple but effective method for non-invasive optical imaging of interscapular BAT in mice using a micellar formulation of the commercially available deep-red fluorescent probe, SRFluor680. Whole-body fluorescence imaging of living mice shows extensive accumulation of the fluorescent probe in the interscapular BAT and ex vivo analysis shows 3.5-fold selectivity for interscapular BAT over interscapular WAT. Additional imaging studies indicate that SRFluor680 uptake is independent of mouse species and BAT metabolic state. The results are consistent with an unusual pharmacokinetic process that involves irreversible translocation of the lipophilic SRFluor680 from the micelle nanocarrier into the adipocytes within the BAT. Multimodal PET/CT and planar fluorescence/X-ray imaging of the same living animal shows co-localization of BAT mass signal reported by the fluorescent probe and BAT metabolism signal reported by the PET agent, 18F-FDG. The results indicate a path towards a new, dual probe molecular imaging paradigm that allows separate and independent non-invasive visualization of BAT mass and BAT metabolism in a living subject.
Randomized trial of oral versus vaginal misoprostol 2 days after mifepristone 200 mg for abortion up to 63 days of pregnancy

This prospective, open-label, randomized trial of healthy adult women up to 9 weeks pregnant compared mifepristone 200 mg followed 2 days later with misoprostol 400 μg orally versus misoprostol 800 μg vaginally. The study was interrupted after the oral misoprostol group experienced a higher than expected failure rate. This treatment was discontinued and another substituted consisting of oral misoprostol 800 μg divided into two doses two hours apart. Women returned for a follow-up visit from Day 4 to 8. All women with a continuing pregnancy received a repeat dose of misoprostol vaginally and returned before Day 15. The primary outcome measure was a complete medical abortion without surgical intervention at the first visit. Of the 1045 women enrolled, 1011 had complete data: Group 1 (220) used oral misoprostol 400 μg, Group 2 (269) used oral misoprostol 800 μg, and Group 3 (522) used vaginal misoprostol 800 μg. At first follow-up visit, the primary outcome, that is, a complete abortion, was 84% for Group 1, 92% for Group 2, and 96% for Group 3, p < 0.001. After a second dose of vaginal misoprostol in women with on-going pregnancies at their first follow-up visit, the complete abortion rates were 91%, 95%, and 98%, respectively, p < 0.001. There were minimal differences in side effects, onset of bleeding and overall acceptability in the three groups. Mifepristone 200 mg followed by vaginal misoprostol 2 days later was more effective at inducing an abortion up to 9 weeks of pregnancy than the same dose of mifepristone followed by oral misoprostol.
Key to the Subfamilies of Naucoridae with a Generic Synopsis of the New Subfamily Ambrysinae (Hemiptera)

In his “Conspectus Generum” under “Enumeratio Naucoridarum” Stal (1876) first clearly defined the higher groups of the Naucoridae, calling them “Divisions.” These were later raised to subfamily rank where they stand today as distinctive major groups of the world wide family Naucoridae. The only subfamilies which Stal did not propose are the Cryphocricinae and the Cheirochelinae. In dealing with the first of these he simply keyed out the two genera Ambrysus Stal and Cryptocricus Stal (emend, for Cryphocricos Signoret) because, as stated in a footnote, “ Exemplus hujus generis (Cryptocricus), quod vidi unicum, maxime mutilum. ” Montandon (1897a) proceeded to lump these into a single, poorly defined subfamily with Signoret's older but little understood genus Cryphocricos as genotype. The orthography of the generic name and with it the name of the subfamily was corrected during the same year by Montandon (1897b).
A Novel Impedance Measurement Technique for Power Electronic Systems

When designing and building power systems that contain power electronic switching sources and loads, system integrators must consider the frequency-dependent impedance characteristics at an interface to ensure system stability. Stability criteria have been developed in terms of source and load impedance for both dc and ac systems and it is often necessary to measure system impedance through experiments. Traditional injection-based impedance measurement techniques require multiple online tests which lead to many disadvantages. The impedance identification method proposed in this paper greatly reduces online test time by modeling the system with recurrent neural networks. The recurrent networks are trained with measured signals from the system with only one injection. The measurement and identification processes for dc and three-phase ac interfaces are developed. Simulation tests demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technique.
Transcriptional Control of Rapid Recall by Memory CD4 T Cells

Memory T cells are distinguished from naive T cells by their rapid production of effector cytokines, although mechanisms for this recall response remain undefined. In this study, we investigated transcriptional mechanisms for rapid IFN-γ production by Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells. In naive CD4 T cells, IFN-γ production only occurred after sustained Ag activation and was associated with high expression of the T-bet transcription factor required for Th1 differentiation and with T-bet binding to the IFN-γ promoter as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. By contrast, immediate IFN-γ production by Ag-stimulated memory CD4 T cells occurred in the absence of significant nuclear T-bet expression or T-bet engagement on the IFN-γ promoter. We identified rapid induction of NF-κB transcriptional activity and increased engagement of NF-κB on the IFN-γ promoter at rapid times after TCR stimulation of memory compared with naive CD4 T cells. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB activity or peptide-mediated inhibition of NF-κB p50 translocation abrogated early memory T cell signaling and TCR-mediated effector function. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism for memory T cell recall through enhanced NF-κB p50 activation and promoter engagement, with important implications for memory T cell modulation in vaccines, autoimmunity, and transplantation.
Observations of the effects of temperature on atmospheric HNO 3 , ΣANs, ΣPNs, and NO x : evidence for a temperature-dependent HO x source

We describe observations of atmospheric reactive nitrogen compounds including NO, NO 2 , total peroxy nitrates, total alkyl nitrates, and HNO 3 and their correlation with temperature. The measurements were made at a rural location 1315 m a.s.l. on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California during summer of 2001. The ratio of HNO 3 to its source molecule, NO 2 , and the ratio of HNO 3 to all other higher oxides of nitrogen (NO z ) both increase with increasing temperature. Analysis of these increases suggests they are due to a steep increase in OH of between a factor of 2 and 3 over the range 18–32°C. Total peroxy nitrates decrease and total alkyl nitrates increase over the same temperature range. The decrease in the total peroxy nitrates is shown to be much less than expected if the rate of thermal decomposition were the sole important factor. This observation is consistent with the increase in OH inferred from the temperature trends in the HNO 3 /NO 2 ratio.
Can Other Religions Boldly Go Where Only Scientology Has Gone Before?: A Relatively New Church Pioneers a Tax Break for Religious Education

Members of the 50‐year old Church of Scientology are currently enjoying a tax deduction for payments for religious training that other religions can perhaps only dream about. Scientologists are currently allowed a tax deduction for amounts spent for required religious training, whereas taxpayers of other religions have been denied attempts to deduct amounts spent on religious education. Startling to many, Scientologists were granted this deduction in a private IRS ruling, despite the Supreme Court holding that payments for Scientology auditing and training were not deductible as charitable contributions. This article discusses: • the conflict between the IRS and Scientology that resulted in the ability of Scientologists to deduct payments for “auditing and training” as charitable contributions, • the frustrated attempts by members of other religions to gain comparable treatment, • the Tax Court and the Supreme Court rulings on related issues, and • the needed change to the relevant standard to accomplish ...
Pulsatile LH Release During Periods of Low Level LH Secretion in the Rat Estrous Cycle

The present experiments were carried out to characterize LU release during periods of low level LH secretion in the rat 4-day estrous cycle. Unanesthetized animals with jugular cannulae were bled on the morning (0930-1230 h) or afternoon (1330-1630 h) of either estrus, diestrus 1 (i.e., metestrus), or diestrus 2, or on proestrus morning (75 �l whole blood/6 mm). The percent coefficients of variation obtained for alterations in blood LH levels during the morning or afternoon of each of the four stages of the estrous cycle, or when morning and afternoon values for each cycle stage were combined, were all significantly greater than intra-assay variation, indicating that LH release was pulsatile during each stage of the cycle. No significant morning vs afternoon differences in mean blood LH levels, LH pulse amplitude, or pulse frequency existed in any cycle stage. As the cycle progressed, changes occurred in mean blood LH levels which were due to changes in the characteristics of pulsatile LI-I secretion on each day of the cycle. On estrus, blood LH levels are the lowest of the entire cycle due to the occurrence of the slowest frequency of pulsatile release in the cycle (1 pulse/2 h). On the next day, diestrus 1, blood LH levels are elevated, and are the highest of all the periods of low level LH release in the cycle. This increase in blood LH levels from estrus to diestrus 1 is due to a marked increase in LH pulse amplitude (15 vs 38 ng/ml) as well as a shortening of the LH interpulse interval to 60 mm. While this circhoral rhythm remained the same through diestrus 2 (55 mm) and proestrus morning (63 mm), the LH pulse amplitude decreased on these days to 20 and 16 ng/ml, respectively (compared with 38 ng/ml on diestrus 1), and therefore the mean blood level of LH on both days was significantly lower than on diestrus 1, although still higher than on estrus because of different pulse frequencies. Therefore, LH release is pulsatile during periods of low level LH secretion in the rat estrous cycle, and changes in the pulsatile characteristics of this release occur with different stages of the cycle.
LESS: Extirpative Renal Surgery Including Donor

Since the first laparoscopic nephrectomy by Clayman et al. in 1991, there has been a progressive development of minimally invasive urologic procedures. Upper and lower urinary tract procedures can be performed laparoscopically through the use of three to five laparoscopic ports. However, there are well-recognized complications related to port placement. These include risk of bleeding, infection, organ damage, and scar formation.
Bifurcation of quasi-periodic solutions from equilibrium points of reversible dynamical systems

It is well known that a hyperbolic equilibrium point of a finite dimensional dynamical system (the eigenvalues of the Jacobian are not on the imaginary axis) is an isolated solution in the space of bounded functions (cf. [8], [10]). Such an equilibrium point is "structurally stable", and bifurcations can occur only at those equilibrium points for which the eigenvalues have vanishing real part. Moreover, the natural question of bifurcation of oscillating solutions has been considered almost exclusively for the periodic case, very little being known about bifurcation of quasi-periodic solutions. In the linear case, quasi-periodic solutions can be obtained simply by superposition of periodic solutions with rationally independent frequencies. In the general non-linear case, however, their construction leads necessarily to the socalled problem of small divisors. In connection with the stability of an equilibrium point MOSER [17, pp. 21] and BIBIKOV [3, pp. 91] have treated analytic systems in R 2" which are either reversible or Hamiltonian. They assume that the origin is an elliptic equilibrium point (the Jacobian has only imaginary eigenvalues). Under certain conditions on the terms of order less than four of the Birkhoff normal form, they show that in every neighborhood of the origin there are quasiperiodic solutions with n independent frequencies. This set of solutions is in general not connected, but the relative measure of the points of these trajectories tends to one when the neighborhood shrinks to zero. In [1] the existence of such solutions has been extended to the more general case where eigenvalues with nonvanishing real part are allowed. In recent papers BROER [5], and BRAAKSMA and BROER [4], have constructed quasi-periodic bifurcating solutions for divergence free C l vector fields in R 3 and R 4 involving a single real parameter. We consider here reversible analytic systems in R q, which depend on a pdimensional parameter r/
Tree responses to an invasive sap-feeding insect

Although sap-feeding insects are known to negatively affect plant growth and physiology, less is known about sap-feeding insects on woody plants. Adelges tsugae (Annand Hemiptera: Adelgidae), the hemlock woolly adelgid, is an invasive sap-feeding insect in eastern North America that feeds on and kills Tsuga canadensis (L. Carriere), eastern hemlock. Newly hatched adelgid nymphs crawl to young unattacked tissue, settle and immediately enter diapause (aestivation) while attached to hemlock in summer. We assessed the effect of A. tsugae infestation on T. canadensis growth and physiology by analyzing hemlock growth on lateral and terminal branches, water potential, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and foliar nitrogen (%N). A. tsugae infestation greatly decreased terminal and lateral growth of eastern hemlock. In addition, A. tsugae presence reduced photosynthesis by 10 % in September and 36 % in October. Adelgid-infested hemlocks also exhibited signs of water stress that included notable reductions in water potential and stomatal conductance. These responses shed light on possible mechanisms of adelgid-induced mortality.