cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature regulation in man — A theoretical study

For purposes of theoretical analysis of experimental results and evaluation of hypothetical concepts a mathematical model of thermoregulation in man is presented. The human body is represented by three cylinders: the head, the trunk, and the extremities. Each cylinder is divided into two or more concentric layers to represent anatomical and functional differences in so far as they are of primary importance in thermoregulation. Heat flow between adjacent layers is by conduction, and all layers exchange heat by convection with a central blood compartment. All three skin layers exchange heat with the environment by conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. Signals which are proportional to temperature deviations in the brain and to deviations in average skin temperature are supplied to the regulator portion of the model. The regulator then causes evaporative heat loss, heat production by shivering or changes in the peripheral blood flow to occur in the appropriate locations in the body. If a proposed mechanism of thermoregulation is expressed in quantitative form it describes the relationships between the input signals and the resulting thermoregulatory response; the model can be used to compare the quantitative response resulting from a proposed mechanism with the responses obtained by measurement. A number of experimental results are compared with predictions furnished by the mathematical model using a regulator with an output which is proportional to the product of the input signals. It is emphasized that models of this type should be used in close connection with an experimental program to attain their full usefulness.
Sox17 influences the differentiation of respiratory epithelial cells.

Abstract The Sry-related HMG box transcription factor, Sox17, is required for formation of definitive endoderm that gives rise to various organs, including thyroid, lung, liver, pancreas, and intestine. While expressed at high levels in the embryonic endoderm, Sox17 is also expressed in mature tissues, including the lung. Sox17 expression in respiratory epithelial cells was first detected in the fetal lung at embryonic day 18. Thereafter, Sox17 expression was restricted primarily to ciliated cells, suggesting its potential role in airway cell differentiation. When expressed in epithelial cells of the embryonic lung, Sox17 inhibited peripheral epithelial cell differentiation and disrupted branching morphogenesis. In vitro, Sox17 inhibited Sftpc and enhanced Foxj1 promoter activity, consistent with its expression in proximal airway cells. Conditional expression of Sox17 in peripheral respiratory epithelial cells of adult lung induced hyperplastic clusters of cells expressing increased levels of β-catenin and differentiation markers representing multiple proximal respiratory epithelial cell types. Sox17 prolonged survival and enhanced growth and differentiation of respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. Sox17 induced plasticity of respiratory epithelial cells, reprogramming alveolar cells into epithelial cells with characteristics more typical of the proximal airway. Sites of expression and the effects of Sox17 in vivo and in vitro are consistent with a role for Sox17 or other members of the Sox family of transcription factors in differentiation of the conducting airway epithelium.
GUEST EDITORIAL: EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE AND COMPETENCIES TO REFLECT OUR DIVERSITY: A SPECIAL SECTION BY ALUMNI SCHOLARS OF THE MINORITY FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM

The Journal of Social Work Education is proud to introduce a special section of articles authored by former Council on Social Work Education Minority Fellowship Program scholars. These articles are contributions to the theme: "Expanding Knowledge and Competencies to Reflect Diversity." The special section is in honor of E. Aracelis Francis, director of the Minority Fellowship Program from 1986 to the present. Francis will retire in the summer of 2007. CSWE honors her for her outstanding service and commitment to social work education.
A prototype high-purity germanium detector system with fast photon-counting circuitry for medical imaging.

A data‐acquisition system designed for x‐ray medical imaging utilizes a segmented high‐purity germanium (HPGe) detector array with 2‐mm wide and 6‐mm thick elements. The detectors are contained within a liquid‐nitrogen cryostat designed to minimize heat losses. The 50‐ns pulse‐shaping time of the preamplifier electronics is selected as the shortest time constant compatible with the 50‐ns charge collection time of the detector. This provides the detection system with the fastest count‐rate capabilities and immunity from microphonics, with moderate energy resolution performance. A theoretical analysis of the preamplifier electronics shows that its noise performance is limited primarily by its input capacitance, and is independent of detector leakage current up to approximately 100 nA. The system experimentally demonstrates count rates exceeding 1 million counts per second per element with an energy resolution of 7 keV for the 60‐keV gamma ray photon from 241Am. The results demonstrate the performance of a data acquisitionsystem utilizing HPGe detector systems which would be suitable for dual‐energy imaging as well as systems offering simultaneous x‐ray transmission and radionuclide emission imaging. Key words: high‐purity germanium detectors, data acquisition electronics, x‐ray radiography, radionuclide imaging
A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITION AND FOOD-SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT OF ADULTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LIVING IN SUPPORTED ARRANGEMENTS IN THE COMMUNITY

This preliminary study characterized the adequacy of planned diets in two community-based, supported-living arrangements for adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities in Montana. The goals were to clarify the residents’ nutritional risks and to identify appropriate areas and means for intervention. Observations, interviews, and analyses of menus, shopping lists, and grocery receipts led to conclusions about the residents’ dietary adequacy. We conclude that the food systems, with their strong (and unhealthful) food traditions, lend themselves to systematic environmental changes, including targeted practice guidelines and support materials, to improve the diets and food habits.
Preliminary Study of Variations of Oxygen and Sulphur Isotope in Natural Sulphates

WE have recently developed a method for studying variations in oxygen-18 and sulphur-34 in sulphates using the same specimen for the preparation of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide for mass spectrometry.
False Miracles and Failed Vision in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine

Abstract In the last decade of the twentieth century, American culture seems increasingly at war with itself; racial and cultural divisions appear to be at once more marked and more insidious than ever before. We read the endless essays in “liberal” journals, listen to reactionary shoutings on the radio, and turn with disgusted disbelief from the “talk” shows on television. Then, some works of literature come to our rescue, as the reflecting ponds in which we can see some sort of truth that we can feel seep into us on an emotional, even a spiritual level. Louise Erdrich is a purveyor of such works, a novelist who writes from her perspective as a person of both Chippewa and German ancestry, sometimes assisted by the late Michael Dorris, her former collaborator and former husband—also of mixed heritage.
Analysis of lick rate measure the positive and negative feedback effects of carbohydrates on eating

Previous work has shown that measuring the rate of ingestion of liquid diets, rather than simply volume, reveals important features of ingestive behavior which can help to explain why a particular volume of a liquid is ingested. This study is an extension of that work to a variety of different test solutions. In this study the rate of ingestion of saccharin, two different concentrations of glucose and sucrose and their mixtures with saccharin and seven different concentrations of maltose were measured. The rate functions were fit by the least-squares method to a linear function to determine the intercepts and slope constants. Analysis of how these two parameters changed with the concentration and composition of the test solutions confirms, using different test solutions, a previously reported conclusion that the initial rate of ingestion (the intercept) measures palatability and that the slope constant is a measure of the rate of development of a negative feedback satiety signal.
High-speed countercurrent chromatography

Support-free high-speed countercurrent liquid chromatography provides a rich domain of applications, some beyond reach of conventional liquid chromatography.
Aberrant epithelial morphology and persistent epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in a mouse model of renal carcinoma

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has frequently been implicated in hyperproliferative diseases of renal tubule epithelia. We have shown that the NF2 tumor suppressor Merlin inhibits EGFR internalization and signaling in a cell contact–dependent manner. Interestingly, despite the paucity of recurring mutations in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC), homozygous mutation of the NF2 gene is found in ≈2% of RCC patient samples in the Sanger COSMIC database. To examine the roles of Merlin and EGFR in kidney tumorigenesis, we generated mice with a targeted deletion of Nf2 in the proximal convoluted epithelium using a Villin-Cre transgene. All of these mice developed intratubular neoplasia by 3 months, which progressed to invasive carcinoma by 6–10 months. Kidneys from these mice demonstrated marked hyperproliferation and a concomitant increase in label-retaining putative progenitor cells. Early lumen-filling lesions in this model exhibited hyperactivation of EGFR signaling, altered solubility of adherens junctions components, and loss of epithelial polarity. Renal cortical epithelial cells derived from either early or late lesions were dependent on EGF for in vitro proliferation and were arrested by pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR or re-expression of Nf2. These cells formed malignant tumors upon s.c. injection into immunocompromised mice before in vitro passage. Treatment of Vil-Cre;Nf2lox/lox mice with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib halted the proliferation of tumor cells. These studies give added credence to the role of EGFR signaling and perhaps Nf2 deficiency in RCC and describe a rare and valuable mouse model for exploring the molecular basis of this disease.
Cancer genetics: from Boveri and Mendel to microarrays

The human genome has now been sequenced, a century after the re-discovery of Mendel's Laws, and the publication of Theodor Boveri's chromosomal theory of heredity. Tracing the historical landmarks of cancer genetics from these early days to the present time not only gives us an appreciation of how far we have come, but also emphasizes the challenges that we face if we are to unravel the genetic basis of hereditary and sporadic cancers in the next century.
The design and application of nickel—cadmium batteries in space

This paper describes the considerations given to selection of 20 and 50 A h nickel-cadmium cells and batteries for NASA/Goddard's Solar Max and Landsat D missions. Results of cell and battery manufacturer testing and improvements in design required by NASA standard specifications are shown. Operation of three batteries in parallel using a single voltage limit/current taper charge control system is described along with suggestions for optimizing life and uniformity. The results of three years of in-orbit operation is presented.
Orbifold Euler characteristics and the number of commutingm-tuples in the symmetric groups

Generating functions for the number of commutingm-tuples in the symmetric groups are obtained. We define a natural sequence of “orbifold Euler characteristics” for a finite groupG acting on a manifoldX. Our definition generalizes the ordinary Euler characteristic ofX/G and the string-theoretic orbifold Euler characteristic. Our formulae for commutingm-tuples underlie formulae that generalize the results of Macdonald and Hirzebruch-Hofer concerning the ordinary and string-theoretic Euler characteristics of symmetric products.
Comment on "Pairing and Phase Separation in a Polarized Fermi Gas"

Partridge et al. (Reports, 27 January 2006, p. 503) reported pairing and phase separation in a polarized Fermi gas. We argue that it is not possible to distinguish the superfluid from the normal regimes in the presented data, or to discern which clouds were phase-separated. Some of the reported conclusions are inconsistent with recent experiments.
Effect of intermittent chlorination on developing zebrafish embryos (Brachydanio rerio)

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether chlorine adversely affects the hatchability of freshwater fish embryos and to what extent, if any, chlorine toxicity is modified by the ionic composition of the water.
Anion production from Cs + CF3X: evidence for stripping

Abstract Crossed beams of energetic cesium atoms (25–350 eV) and thermal Cf3X (X = Cl, Br and I) produce X− and F− as the major anions. The intensity ratio (F−/X−) is measured as a function of energy. A hard-sphere stripping model is in reasonable accord with the data.
Synergism of entomopathogenic nematodes and imidacloprid against white grubs: Greenhouse and field evaluation

Abstract In previous greenhouse studies, the insecticide imidacloprid and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar interacted synergistically against third instars of the masked chafers Cyclocephala hirta LeConte and C. pasadenae Casey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). We tested this interaction for two additional nematode species and three additional scarab species under field conditions. In greenhouse tests, H. bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) interacted synergistically against third instars of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis Waterhouse, and the masked chafers Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, C. pasadenae, and C. hirta. The degree of interaction varied with nematode species. The strongest synergism occurred between imidacloprid and S. glaseri. Synergism between imidacloprid and H. bacteriophora was weaker and the interaction was not always significant. Combinations of imidacloprid and S. kushidai Mamiya only resulted in additive mortality. The synergistic interaction was also observed in field trials but the results were more variable than those under greenhouse conditions. The combination of nematodes and imidacloprid could be used for curative treatments of white grub infestations, especially against scarab species that are less susceptible to nematodes and/or imidacloprid. This combination has a low environmental impact and high compatibility with natural biological control of turfgrass insects. The possible roles of these combinations in augmentative control approaches are discussed.
Complexing ability of some mixed sulfur-oxygen crown ethers in nonaqueous solvents

Abstract Complexes of the Li+, Na+, Cs+, Tl+ and Ag+ ion with macrocyclic ligands dithia-18-crown-6 and trithia-12-crown-4 were studied by multinuclear NMR in several nonaqueous solvents and their stabilities are compared with the complexes formed by the analogous polyethers, 18-crown-6 and 12-crown-4. In all cases the substitution of the sulfur atoms for the oxygens results in a substantial decrease in the stability of the complexes. While the stability of the macrocyclic complexes is strongly influenced by the solvents and varies inversely with the Gutmann's donicity scale for these solvents, the decrease in the stability of the thia-complexes is only marginally dependent on the solvent properties but varies significantly with the cation, being largest for the Cs+ ion.
Clinical Pastoral Education for Laity

Medical science, with its high technology, has had a major impact on today's hospitalized patient. Not only has the length of stay been shortened dramatically but the level of illness is much more intense. Both of these factors have influenced the role pastoral care plays as a member of the health care team if patients and families are to receive holistic care. Carefully selected and trained laity can help meet the expanding pastoral care needs of hospitalized patients. This article describes a program designed exclusively for laity, which equips these volunteers through a clinical process similar to that of Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE). The authors contend that any program designed to prepare laity for pastoral care must include the clinical component. Their experience with 38 laity who have completed the program described in this article has led them to the conclusion that such a process inspires a dynamic growth in faith as laity claim their rightful authority in pastoral care.
A period analysis classification of sleep stages

Abstract The predictive application of a period analysis classification of waking and sleep stages achieved an over-all agreement of 69% with visually classified epochs among eighteen young male subjects. The classification was based upon the number of seconds/20 sec epoch of major period counts in each of three bandwidths: 0–3, 4–7 and 8–30 c/sec. Agreement with stages W (waking), 3 and 4 exceeded the inter-rater (76%) and intra-rater (77%) reliability of visually classified epochs, whereas the identification of stages 1 and 2 was 45% and 63%, respectively. It was proposed that stages 1, 1-REM and 2 might be identified accurately by period analysis of electro-oculogram and electromyogram and by shortening the resolution of 1.0 sec used in this study to 0.5 sec.
Developments at the Kinetic Kill Vehicle Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator (KHILS) facility

The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) sponsored the development of the Kinetic Kill Vehicle Hardware-in-the- Loop Simulator (KHILS) to provide a comprehensive ground test capability for end game performance evaluation of BMDO interceptor concepts. Since its inception in 1986, the KHILS facility has been on the forefront of HWIL test technology development. This development has culminated in closed-loop testing involving large format resistive element projection arrays, 3D scene rendering systems, and real-time high fidelity phenomenology codes. Each of these components has been integrated into a real-time environment that allows KHILS to perform dynamic closed-loop testing of BMDO interceptor systems or subsystems. Ongoing activities include the integration of multiple resistor arrays into both a cold chamber and flight motion simulator environment, increasing the update speed of existing arrays to 180 Hz, development of newer 200 Hz snapshot resistor arrays, design of next generation 1024 X 1024 resistor arrays, development of a 1000 Hz seeker motion stage, integration of a resistor array into an RF chamber, and development of advanced real-time plume flow-field codes. This paper describes these activities and test results of the major facility components.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A comparative study of the nonuniqueness problem of the potential equation

The nonuniqueness problem occurring at transonic speeds with the conservative potential equation is investigated numerically. The study indicates that the problem is not an inviscid phenomenon, but results from approximate treatment of shock waves inherent in the conservative potential model. A new bound on the limit of validity of the conservative potential model is proposed.
Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the C57BL/6J mouse model of age-related hearing loss

One of the earliest histopathological changes associated with age-related hearing loss appears to be the disruption of outer hair cells (OHCs). To evaluate age-related changes in OHC function, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were recorded in the young and aging C57BL/6J mouse. Starting in young adulthood, the C57 mouse displays age-related elevation of auditory brainstem response thresholds, beginning in the high frequencies and progressing toward lower frequencies. The 2f1-f2 DPOAEs of mice between 2 and 20 months of age were examined for f2s between 8 and 16 kHz. In this octave region, the features of 2f1-f2 DPOAEs in the 2-month-old C57 mouse were comparable to those described for non-murine rodents in the literature in terms of optimum f2/f1 ratio, optimum primary level difference, input/output (I/O) function features and microstructure. It was determined that f2/f1 = 1.2 and L1-L2 = 20 dB were optimal stimulus parameters for investigation of the effects of age on C57 DPOAEs. Age-related changes in DPOAE I/O functions consisted of a right shift (i.e. increased DPOAE detection thresholds), disappearance of 'notches' and shallowing of the slopes after 8 months of age. As DPOAE I/O functions continued to shift to the right and DPOAE levels decreased with age, the appearance of I/O functions became complex to include regions of steep or shallow slopes and plateaus. The present results suggest that the age-related elevation of auditory thresholds in the C57 mice is associated with substantial progressive changes in OHC function.
Behavioral assessment of children with Down syndrome using the Reiss psychopathology scale

The behavior of 60 children with Down syndrome (cDS), aged 4 to 21 years, was assessed by parent and teacher report using the Reiss psychopathology rating scale for dual diagnosis (mental disability plus mental illness). Standard forms contained 12 categories of abnormal behavior (e.g., Psychosis), each with five descriptive items (e.g., bizarre ideas) that could be scored as no problem, problem, and major problem (0, 1, or 2 points). Total scores for individual cDS (mean of two raters) ranged from 3 to 43 out of a potential 120 points, with a mean of 14.8 points and a standard deviation of 9.5. There were no significant differences by sex, age, or ethnicity. The highest aggregate scores among the 60 cDS were in the psychometric categories of Attention-Deficit (156 points), Anger/Self Control (154.5), and Psychosis (109) and for component items such as communication problems (55 points) under the Psychosis category; distracted (48.5) or disobedient (42.5) under the Attention-Deficit category; and temper tantrums (36.5), impulsive (32), or impatient (31.5) under the Anger/Self-Control category. Agreement between parent and teacher raters was over 75% for 38 of the 60 items and above 60% for an additional 15. Selection of cDS with scores over 10 points yielded 24 families who chose parental guidance and 14 who chose professional referral. The structure of the Reiss instrument was useful for cDS, distinguishing behaviors potentially related to medical problems from true psychopathology.
Shared space: An augmented reality approach for computer supported collaborative work

Virtual Reality (VR) appears a natural medium for three-dimensional computer supported collaborative work (CSCW). However the current trend in CSCW is to adapt the computer interface to work with the user's traditional tools, rather than separating the user from the real world as does immersive VR. One solution is through Augmented Reality, the overlaying of virtual objects on the real world. In this paper we describe the Shared Space concept--the application of Augmented Reality for three-dimensional CSCW. This combines the advantages of Virtual Reality with current CSCW approaches. We describe a collaborative experiment based on this concept and present preliminary results which show that this approach may be better for some applications.
Value of serial carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and stomach

Background. Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and the stomach are highly virulent and remain a major health problem worldwide; 5-year survival rates have not changed in the past 30 years. Recently, preoperative chemotherapy has been used to treat these adenocarcinomas. The authors evaluated the usefulness of serial serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in diagnosing these patients and compared the prognosis of patients with high or normal CEA levels. Methods. Ninety consecutive patients with potentially resectable adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or stomach treated with preoperative chemotherapy were evaluated. Serum CEA levels were determined before registration, after each chemotherapy course, every 3 months for the first year after completion of all therapy, and every 6 months thereafter for 5 years. Results. The CEA positivity rate before chemotherapy was 22.2% (20/90); after chemotherapy, it dropped to 10.9% (9/82). An increasing CEA level predicted relapse and correlated well with liver, lung, or pleural involvement in some patients. Most patients with peritoneal involvement did not show elevated levels of CEA. Clinical responses correlated with declining levels of CEA in the patients who showed a negative conversion in CEA level after chemotherapy. Conclusions. An elevated serum CEA level enabled early detection of relapse in the absence of clinical symptoms in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or the stomach. The level of CEA was also useful in monitoring the response to chemotherapy in patients who had a high CEA level before treatment. Although the pre- and postchemotherapy CEA-positive group had a higher relapse rate than that of other group, the CEA level did not predict resectability or survival. Future research with labeled monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies may prove useful for certain groups of patients. Cancer 1995;75:451-6.
Adverse metabolic effects of antihypertensive drugs. Implications for treatment.

Adverse metabolic effects have been associated with drugs used in the therapy of hypertension, especially diuretics and β-blockers. These effects include electrolyte, glucose/insulin, lipid and uric acid disturbances. This may explain, at least in part, why early trials examining the impact of antihypertensive pharmacotherapy with diuretics and β-blockers showed beneficial effects on coronary artery disease that fell disappointingly short of the predicted effect. Among therapeutic drugs, diuretics cause disturbances in electrolyte homeostasis, e.g. hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hyponatraemia. In contrast, ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalaemia under certain circumstances. Both diuretics and β-blockers, especially nonselective β-blockers that lack intrinsic sympathomimetic capabilities, have been associated with disturbances in glucose/insulin metabolism and can cause deleterious alterations in the profile of circulating plasma lipids. Hyperuricaemia, associated with diuretic use, appears to be a problem only in those patients who are predisposed to high circulating levels of uric acid.
Estimation of the Power of the Kruskal-Wallis Test

Power calculations of a statistical test require that the underlying population distribution(s) be completely specified. Statisticians, in practice, may not have complete knowledge of the entire nature of the underlying distribution(s) and are at a loss for calculating the exact power of the test. In such cases, an estimate of the power would provide a suitable substitute. In this paper, we are interested in estimating the power of the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks test for a location shift. We investigated an extension of a data-based power estimation method presented by Collings and Hamilton (1988), which requires no prior knowledge of the underlying population distributions other than necessary to perform the Kruskal-Wallis test for a location shift. This method utilizes bootstrapping techniques to produce a power estimate based on the empirical cumulative distribution functions of the sample data. We performed a simulation study of the extended power estimator under the conditions of k = 3 and k = 5 samples of equal sizes m = 10 and m = 20, with four underlying continuous distributions that possessed various location configurations. Our simulation study demonstates that the Extended Average × & Y power estimation method is a reliable estimator of the power of the Kruskal-Wallis test for k = 3 samples, and a more conservative to a mild overestimator of the true power for k = 5 samples.
An instructional development look at staff development in the public schools

The content of conference programs and professional conversations in the field of instructional development suggest renewed interest in the public schools. After several years of focusing attention on corporate and governmental training some instructional developers find themselves standing knee deep in the aftermath of the "rising tide of mediocrity in the public schools." They are bothered by the fact that the ID field has had little positive impact on improving the effectiveness of the nation's schools.
Chronic gastritis in the hypochlorhydric gastrin-deficient mouse progresses to adenocarcinoma

The current study tests the hypothesis that chronic atrophic gastritis from hypochlorhydria in the gastrin-deficient mouse predisposes the stomach to gastric cancer. Gross morphology and histology of 12-month-old wild-type (WT), gastrin-deficient (G-/-) and somatostatin-deficient (SOM-/-) mice were examined. Parietal and G cells, Ki67, TUNEL, villin and MUC2 expression were analysed by immunohistochemistry. RUNX3 and STAT3 expression was analysed by Western blot. Anchorage-independent growth was determined by cell cluster formation in soft agar. Compared to the WT and SOM-/- mice, hypochlorhydric G-/- mice developed parietal cell atrophy, significant antral inflammation and intestinal metaplasia. Areas of metaplasia within the G-/- mouse stomach showed decreased RUNX3 expression with elevated MUC2 and villin expression. Cells isolated from the tumor grew in soft agar. However, the cells isolated from WT, nontransformed G-/- and SOM-/- gastric tissue did not form colonies in soft agar. Consistent with elevated antral proliferation, tumor tissue isolated from the G-/- mice showed elevated phosphorylated STAT3 expression. We then examined the mechanism by which STAT3 was constitutively expressed in the tumor tissue of the G-/- mice. We found that IFNgamma expression was also significantly higher in the tumor tissue of G-/- mice compared to WT and SOM-/- animals. To determine whether STAT3 was regulated by IFNgamma, MKN45 cells were cocultured with IFNgamma or gastrin. IFNgamma significantly stimulated phosphorylation of STAT3 in the MKN45 cell line, but not gastrin. Therefore, we show here that in the hypochlorhydric mouse stomach, the chronic gastritis, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia paradigm can be recapitulated in mice. Moreover, neoplastic transformation of the antral gastric mucosa does not require gastrin.
Clovis Blade Manufacture: Analytical Procedure to Infer “Technique”

Based on an experiment in prismatic blade manufacture, coupled with lithic analysis, a new attribute—point of maximum blade curvature—is proposed for the analysis of Clovis blades. Also, a laborato...
Dopamine regulation of extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens

Abstract The capacity of dopamine to alter extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens was examined by passing 1, 10 and 100 μM of amphetamine, the D2/3 agonist, quinpirole, or the D1 agonist, SKF-82958 through a microdialysis probe. It was found that amphetamine and quinpirole produced a dose-dependent reduction in the basal levels of extracellular glutamate, while SKF-82958 was without significant effect. The capacity of the D1 antagonist, SCH-23390 (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or the D2 antagonist, sulpiride (10 mg/kg, i.p.) to block the reduction in extracellular glutamate by amphetamine (100 μM) was examined. Both SCH-23390 and sulpiride prevented the reduction in extracellular glutamate by amphetamine. The data indicate that, similar to the striatum, glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens is modulated by presynaptic dopamine receptors.
Full Annulus Simulation of a High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Using an Unstructured RANS Flow Solver

This paper presents numerical simulations for a high-speed centrifugal compressor using an unstructured Reynolds averaged Naiver-Stokes flow solver U2 NCLE. It solves three-dimensional compressible governing equations using an arbitrary Mach number solution algorithm. The stability enhancement for a centrifugal compressor was achieved by injecting air streams into the vaneless region of the diffuser. Numerical prediction of the stabilizing effect of air injection in the centrifugal compressor requires full annulus simulations of the compressor system. This work presents numerical procedures for simulating full annulus centrifugal compressor, including air injection modeling. A sliding technique is employed to handle relative motion grids for impeller and diffuser interactions. Computed results for the centrifugal compressor are analyzed and assessed with the experiment.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Iron deficiency stress response of various c‐3 and c‐4 grain crop genotypes: Strategy II mechanism evaluated

Abstract The relative amount of phytosiderophore produced by various Strategy II plants has been categorized as follows: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) > wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) > oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch.) > rye (Secale cereale L.) >> corn (Zea mays L.) >> sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) > rice (Oryza sativa L.). With the exception of rice, these plants developed under oxidized soil conditions, and the C‐3 species produce more phytosiderophore than C‐4 species under Fe‐deficiency stress. Iron‐efficient Coker 227 oat produced phytosiderophore in response to Fe‐deficiency stress, while Fe‐inefficient TAM 0–312 oat did not. Although Fe‐efficient WF9 corn and Fe‐inefficient ys1 corn differed in their ability to obtain Fe, neither produced sufficient quantities of phytosiderophore to explain these differences. The objectives of this research were to determine: (a) if phytosiderophore production of Fe‐deficiency stressed C‐4 species millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and corn is low or absent compared t...
Symmetry between the intentionality of minds and machines? The biological plausibility of Dennett's account

One of the most influential arguments against the claim that computers can think is that while our intentionality is intrinsic, that of computers is derived: it is parasitic on the intentionality of the programmer who designed the computer-program. Daniel Dennett chose a surprising strategy for arguing against this asymmetry: instead of denying that the intentionality of computers is derived, he endeavours to argue that human intentionality is derived too. I intend to examine that biological plausibility of Dennett's suggestion and show that Dennett's argument for the claim that human intentionality is derived because it was designed by natural selection is based on the misunderstanding of how natural selection works.
Tillage Intensity Effects on Corn and Grain Sorghum Growth and Productivity on a Vertisol

Sustainable production systems and conservation tillage practices are needed to control water erosion on vertisols. Five levels of tillage intensity were tested for 3 yr for effects on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bic%r (L.) Moench.] on a Houston Black clay soil (fine montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellusterts). Tillage inten­ sity treatments included: chisel plow with secondary tillage; disk only; no-till with residue rakes at planting; no-till with midseason cultivation; and no-till. Corn plant populations were greater in tilled treatments than in no-till treatments in 2 of the 3 yr. Corn above-ground biomass production was gener­ ally reduced in no-tiJl treatments early in the growing season, but by silking differences among treatments were not signifi­ cantly different. Corn yielded 840 Ib/acre more on average witb tillage tban witb no-till. Plant population differences account­ ed for mucb of the difference in corn grain yields, with low plant populations restricting yield in some years. Grain sorghum populations were not consistently affected by tillage intensity, and biomass production was less sensitive to tillage intensity than corn. Grain sorghum yields were as large or larger in no-till treatments than in tilled treatments, except in one instance where population was reduced.
Locking of electric-field-induced non-180° domain switching and phase transition in ferroelectric materials upon cyclic electric fatigue

In situ x-ray diffraction measurements are conducted on a polycrystalline ferroelectric material lead-zironate-titanate-5H at different levels of static electric field. The locking of electric-field-induced non-180° domain switching and phase transition after experiencing cyclic electric field is investigated by examining the changes in pseudocubic diffraction profiles. The results show that cyclic electric field with an amplitude lower than the coercive field has little effect on ferroelectric fatigue of the material, whereas cyclic field with an amplitude above the coercive field results in nearly complete locking of non-180° domain switching and phase transition. The results also demonstrate that the locking occurs rather suddenly after 103–104 cycles. This locking phenomenon can explain the dramatic change in piezoelectric coefficients in these materials upon cyclic electric field.
The Efficacy of Expectancy Disconfirmation in Explaining Crime Victim Satisfaction With the Police

In the current era of community policing, it may be argued that the police have come to be seen as having a "business orientation" (Ericson and Haggerty 1997). In this respect, the police are viewed as service providers and their clientele (the public) are seen as consumers of that service. One important subgroup of this consumer population are crime victims. Tra ditional approaches to the study of crime victim satisfaction with the po lice have examined the roles played by victim demographic characteristics, police behavior or conduct, police activities and case status variables in determining satisfaction with the police (Brandl and Horvath 1991; Percy 1980; Poister and McDavid 1978; Shapland 1983). Prior research, how ever, has failed to acknowledge the central role that crime victim expecta tions, in relation to police activities, may play in determining overall satisfaction with the police. Expectancy Disconfirmation theory provides a promising framework for filling this gap. This study provides the ...
Ammonium adsorption in marine sediments1

One important reaction which affects dissolved NH4+ distributions in marine sediments is reversible adsorption on sediment solids. We investigate both the temperature dependency and spatial variability of the NH4+ linear adsorption coefficient, K, in marine sediments. For a wide range of environments, because of approximately offsetting variations in sediment porosity and properties such as clay mineral and organic matter content, K is nearly constant (1.3 ± 0.1) in terrigenous, surface, marine sediments. The value of K also does not vary significantly as a function of temperature. In biogenic and very high porosity (≳0.95) sediments K may be somewhat lower than for other sedimentary environments. Sediments containing seagrass detritus such as Thalassia may be expected to exhibit relatively high K values.
Phase I study of sunitinib in combination with metronomic dosing of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #4119 Background Antiangiogenic therapy targeting VEGF with bevacizumab in combination with taxanes is effective in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Sunitinib (S) is a potent multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has activity against VEGFR, PDGFR, c-Kit, and Flt-3. S has demonstrated activity in a variety of tumors and is approved at a dose of 50mg 4 wks on/ 2 wks off. Single agent continuous dosing (CD) at 37.5 mg/d is safe in phase II trials and may avoid a flare in angiogenesis with drug withdrawal. The effects of metronomic chemotherapy in preclinical studies are enhanced in combination with antiangiogenic agents, and cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (CM) have demonstrated limited efficacy in MBC. We combined S with CM in a phase I dose escalation study to evaluate an all oral regimen with CD. Serial measurements of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and endothelial cells (CEC) were performed in patients receiving study therapy. Methods Eligible patients (pts) have measurable or evaluable progressing MBC. Study treatment includes a two week lead-in course of S, followed by CD of S combined with CM. The primary endpoint is to determine the MTD of S + CM, secondary endpoints include toxicity and response. Quantitative analysis for CTC and CEC is performed at baseline, before starting CM then every 3 weeks. 3 patients are enrolled in each cohort starting at 12.5mg/d of S; 6 patients will be enrolled at the MTD followed by a phase II trial. Efficacy is assessed at week 8 then every 6 weeks. Results 15 pts have been treated to date (median age 57 (range 36-86); PS 0-2; median number prior chemo regimens 5 (range 2-9) in three dose cohorts (12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/d). 3 pts discontinued during the “run-in” due to symptomatic PD. 3 of 6 evaluable pts at 25 mg/d had asymptomatic grade 3 neutropenia responding to a dose reduction in CM. 4 pts had grade 2 neutropenia. One pt receiving 37.5 mg/d of S developed grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Other adverse events (all grade 1/2 ) included fatigue (7/12), elevated LFTs (5/12), nausea (5/12), mucositis (5/12) and thrombocytopenia (3/12). One pt had grade 2 fingertip desquamation resolving in two weeks off all study therapy. At week 8, 4/6 evaluable pts at 25 mg/d S with CM had stable disease (SD), 1 pt had a PR at week 14 and one pt had SD for 47 weeks. Enrollment to the third cohort at 37.5 mg S and CM is complete and tumor response is pending. Conclusion The combination of S with CM is well tolerated in heavily pretreated pts with MBC and has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy. Final phase I data, including the third cohort, CTC and CEC data will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4119.
Eldercare and Work-Role Conflict: Toward an Understanding of Gender Differences in Caregiver Burden

This study investigated gender differences in caregiving tasks, role strains, and resources to account for gender variations in burden among a probability sample of employed, nonspousal caregivers (N = 413). Females were more likely to assist with care provision tasks, to report work role strains, and to experience higher levels of burden than males. After controlling for known sociodemographic dissimilarities in predicting burden, the effect of gender decreased at each step when caregiver tasks, work role strains, and resources were entered into the regression equation. Results suggest that these differences may partially explain the greater negative impact experienced by nonspousal, female caregivers.
Photocyclization of triphenylimidazole in a polymer film

Abstract From absorption and fluorescence studies, the photocyclization of triphenylimidazole in a polyvinylbutyral film is demonstrated. The quantum yield is shown to be approximately 35 times smaller than it is in solution.
Film thickening kinetics by grain boundary diffusion

A film thickening process for a solid state reaction is considered for the case when the kinetics are limited by grain boundary diffusion. The basis for the reaction is the parabolic rate behavior found to be similar with the bulk diffusion based process to within an excellent approximation. Thus, thickening kinetics are not expected to be able to differentiate between possible mechanisms of growth.
Simulation models for intraparticle deactivation: Scope and reliability

The dynamic behavior of an individual catalyst pellet on deactivation and dilution was determined in experiments with benzene hydrogenation over nickel/kieselguhr catalyst pellets poisoned by thiophene in a single-pellet reactor at 65/sup 0/ and 110/sup 0/C; 10Vertical Bar3< graphite and 10Vertical Bar3< silica were the diluents. Results indicate that alteration of the internal diffusional characteristics is the principal effect of dilution; the modification of thermal conductivity and specific activity per unit volume is secondary. Both silica- and graphite-diluted materials exhibited qualitatively similar deactivation behavior, and the patterns of transient response were not qualitatively altered by deactivation. Both a full model and simplified versions employing an active shell (undeactivated pellet) or a dead zone (deactivated pellet) at the surface were adequate for simulation of all the cases studied (fresh and deactivated, undiluted and diluted), but only in the sense of parameter fit models; attempts at a priori simulation were not successful.
Ultraviolet absorption by dipicolinic acid in model systems and bacterial spores.

Abstract Alterations of the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of free dipicolinic acid can be effected by varying the dielectric constant of the medium in which it is dissolved. These alterations simulate the spectrum obtained upon calcium chelation. Suppression of the ionization of the carboxyl groups on the pyridine ring by esterification also influences the spectrum of the acid. The modified spectra, in some instances, show absorption maxima in the same regions as those observed by studying the absorption of intact bacterial spores in water.
A mathematical model of the myogenic response to systolic pressure in the afferent arteriole.

Elevations in systolic blood pressure are believed to be closely linked to the pathogenesis and progression of renal diseases. It has been hypothesized that the afferent arteriole (AA) protects the glomerulus from the damaging effects of hypertension by sensing increases in systolic blood pressure and responding with a compensatory vasoconstriction (Loutzenhiser R, Bidani A, Chilton L. Circ Res 90: 1316–1324, 2002). To investigate this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of the myogenic response of an AA wall, based on an arteriole model (Gonzalez-Fernandez JM, Ermentrout B. Math Biosci 119: 127–167, 1994). The model incorporates ionic transport, cell membrane potential, contraction of the AA smooth muscle cell, and the mechanics of a thick-walled cylinder. The model represents a myogenic response based on a pressure-induced shift in the voltage dependence of calcium channel openings: with increasing transmural pressure, model vessel diameter decreases; and with decreasing pressure, vessel diameter increases. Furthermore, the model myogenic mechanism includes a rate-sensitive component that yields constriction and dilation kinetics similar to behaviors observed in vitro. A parameter set is identified based on physical dimensions of an AA in a rat kidney. Model results suggest that the interaction of Ca2+ and K+ fluxes mediated by voltage-gated and voltage-calcium-gated channels, respectively, gives rise to periodicity in the transport of the two ions. This results in a time-periodic cytoplasmic calcium concentration, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and cross-bridge formation with the attending muscle stress. Furthermore, the model predicts myogenic responses that agree with experimental observations, most notably those which demonstrate that the renal AA constricts in response to increases in both steady and systolic blood pressures. The myogenic model captures these essential functions of the renal AA, and it may prove useful as a fundamental component in a multiscale model of the renal microvasculature suitable for investigations of the pathogenesis of hypertensive renal diseases.