cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Ligand-Targeted Imaging and Therapeutic Agents for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Virus Infections

The last step in influenza virus replication involves the assembly of viral components on the infected cell’s plasma membrane followed by budding of intact virus from the host cell surface. Because viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin are both inserted into the host cell’s membrane during this process, influenza virus-infected cells are distinguished from uninfected cells by the presence of viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin on their cell surfaces. In an effort to exploit this difference in cell surface markers for development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents, we have modified an influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, zanamivir, for targeting of attached imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to influenza viruses and virus-infected cells. We design here a zanamivir-conjugated rhodamine dye that allows visual monitoring of binding, internalization and intracellular trafficking of the fluorescence-labeled neuraminidase in virus-infected cells. We also synthesize a zanamivir-99mTc radioimaging conjugate that permits whole body imaging of the virus’ biodistribution and abundance in infected mice. Finally, we create both a zanamivir-targeted cytotoxic drug (i.e. zanamivir-tubulysin B) and a viral neuraminidase-targeted CAR T cell and demonstrate that they are both able to kill viral neuraminidase-expressing cells without damaging healthy cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor, zanamivir, can be exploited to improve the diagnosis, imaging and treatment of influenza virus infections.
Disruptions in medical education catalysed by the pandemic

On March 17, 2020, the AAMC announced changes in the medical education system in view of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic declared by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Since then, medical education has continued to experience a paradigm shift in its manner of delivery, methods of teaching, technology used, definition of classroom and clinical setting, and in how best to meet the needs of the nation’s rising students and junior doctors. The effects of the novel coronavirus have been far reaching and are proving to strain every facet of our system, including its effects on medical students and graduates and their resultant pathway into U.S. residency programs. In March 2020, students across the world experienced an unprecedented scenario of having all of their in person classes transition to an electronic platform. This measure was implemented in concordance with what the world had learned previously from the influenza epidemic: social distancing, closing down schools, and ultimately reducing the peak number of cases by reducing the transmission of the virus. [1] As students slowly transition back into the hospital setting after months of backlog or temporarily suspended examinations and exclusively receiving instruction via online and simulated learning, we are forced to wonder how are these changes affecting the inculcation of the six core competencies in medical students and residents? As per the American Medical Association Masterfile in 2020, International Medical Graduates constitute 24% of the total practicing physicians in the United States [1], and more than 6,000 participate each year in the NRMP Match. How are these changes going to affect the patient care delivered by these future doctors? Furthermore, what can be done to mitigate the effects of these changes and make an improvement in patient care?
Artificial Intelligence for Real-Time Topology Identification in Power Distribution Systems

With the increase in demand for electricity and the number of end-use consumers, the operation and control of power grids have become more and more complex and challenging. Ensuring acceptable reliability and quality of the electricity supply has become particularly important to every aspect of our electrified economy. Due to the growing deployment of Micro-Phasor Measurement Units (µPMUs) in power distribution grids, an abundance of high-resolution measurements is available that can be harnessed for smarter operation and fault analyses in power distribution networks. Traditional models have revealed limitations on the network topology identification which may occupy manpower and material resources with no guaranty to effectively restore power in a short time period when facing faults and other disruptions. This paper suggests and implements a machine learning framework that uses the µPMU measurements as inputs and provides a full observation of the network topology in real-time. Specifically, the proposed framework employs a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify the physical state of the power network at all times. We evaluated the framework on the IEEE 34-node test feeder, where the experiments show that the proposed CNN can achieve a promising performance with high accuracy even when the µPMU measurements contain noises and missing entries.
The structure of the cognitive revolution: an examination from the philosophy of science.

The received view is that psychology has undergone several scientific revolutions similar to those that occurred in the physical sciences. Of these, this paper will consider the cognitive revolution. Because the arguments in favor of the existence of a cognitive revolution are cast using the concepts and terms of revolutionary science, we will examine the cognitive revolution using accounts of revolutionary science advanced by five influential philosophers of science. Specifically, we will draw from the philosophical positions of Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, Laudan, and Gross for the purpose of discussion. We conclude that no substantive revolution took place according to these accounts. This conclusion is based on data gathered from some of the major participants in the “cognitive revolution” and on a general scholarly survey of the literature. We argue that the so-called cognitive revolution is best characterized as a socio-rhetorical phenomenon.
Acerca de la unidad de las ciencias antropológicas

En este articulo, ofrece una sintesis de distintos puntos de vista de las ciencias antropologicas. Se recuerda que fue Franz Boas, quien tuvo la vision de integrar los campos que hoy conocemos como antropologia fisica, arqueologia, etnologia y linguistica, con el nombre de ciencias antropologicas. Sin embargo, esta unidad es continuamente puesta en riesgo de ruptura conforme cada disciplina se consolida. A traves de un campo cientifico unificado y que para comprender a la humanidad debemos tomar en cuenta cada uno de sus componentes. Critica las limitaciones que han tenido varios autores, justamente por desconocer a las ciencias antropologicas como un todo. Temas como la interaccion entre la biologia y la cultura, la cultura y el lenguaje, el papel de la crianza de los ninos, la existencia de un mundo simbolico y de lo que habitualmente llamamos el alma, son fundamentales para las tareas antropologicas.
An algorithm for the integration of elementary functions

Trager (1984) recently gave a new algorithm for the indefinite integration of algebraic functions. His approach was “rational” in the sense that the only algebraic extension computed is the smallest one necessary to express the answer. We outline a generalization of this approach that allows us to integrate mixed elementary functions. Using only rational techniques, we are able to normalize the integrand, and to check a necessary condition for elementary integrability.
Instabilities of Matter in Strong External Fields and at High Density

In the recent literature, there have been a number of theoretical studies of new phenomena involving the instability of the ground state (sometimes called the vacuum state) of various fundamental forms of matter under unusual perturbations. In this paper we consider in detail two examples of instability under the application of Coulomb fields of superheavy nuclei, against the emission of positrons and the creation of a condensate of charged pion pairs. The former may occur for atomic number Z ∿ 170, whereas the latter requires Z > 103. The theory of possible forms of pion condensation inside nuclear matter and neutron star matter is also discussed. By careful attention to fundamentals, an effort is made to clarify some of the controversy now raging in the literature concerning these speculations.
Space station: Infrastructure for radiation measurements in low Earth orbit

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has recently begun the design and development phase of the Space Station Program. International negotiations with the Europeans, Japanese and Canadians are progressing and they will soon join the United States in the development to complete plans for a cooperative, international space endeavor. The Space Station will prove a permanently manned facility in low earth orbit to support scientific research, technology development and commercial activities. In addition, free‐flying platforms will be developed to carry a variety of user payloads in polar orbit, in co‐orbit with the station and eventually into geosynchronous orbit. The Station and platforms represent an infrastructure of research facilities in space which could be utilized for measurements of naturally occurring radiation and secondary emissions over extended periods of time. High energy radiation experiments at the Station/platforms might vary in objective from scientific purpose of characterizing the radiation evironment for improved model accuracy. This paper describes the Space Station Program content, schedule and approach for inputting user requirements into the design process. Conference participants can then assess to what extent this future capability in space matches their future research initiatives.
The N,O-Diacetylmuramidase of Chalaropsis Species I. PURIFICATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION

Abstract The bacteriolytic enzyme from the fungus, Chalaropsis species, has been purified and crystallized in high yield. The needle-shaped crystals were approximately 10 µ long. The crystalline protein exhibited a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH values of 9.3, 7.5, and 4.3. A single amino acid, threonine, was obtained by conventional NH2-terminal analysis. The specificity of the enzyme was confirmed to be an N,O-diacetylmuramidase.
Complications of short bowel syndrome

Abstract Short bowel syndrome is the commonest reversible cause of intestinal failure. Most of the children are started on parenteral nutrition (PN) after surgery to enable growth and allow time for intestinal adaptation i.e. a process whereby the shorter length of bowel is able to achieve complete function as if the entire length of bowel is present. With advances in management, the majority of children with short bowel syndrome are able to discontinue PN and establish on full enteral feeds. This article mainly focuses on the complications of short bowel syndrome that need to be avoided in order for intestinal adaptation to progress and the child to be established on enteral feeds/oral diet.
Activation of p73 silent allele in lung cancer

p73, a first p53 relative, has recently been identified and demonstrated to be monoallelically expressed. This protein shows significant amino acid sequence and functional similarities to p53. However, it is unclear whether this protein functions as a tumor suppressor. To elucidate the role of p73 in tumor development, we investigated the expression of the p73 gene in lung cancer. In a comparison between normal lung and tumor tissues, p73 was more highly expressed in tumors. Moreover, using a C/T polymorphism in exon 2 for allele-specific expression analysis in 21 pairs of lung tumors and matched normal tissues, we found that five heterozygous samples exclusively expressed both alleles in tumors while showing monoallelic expression in matched normal tissues. This result was confirmed by single-nucleotide primer extension analysis. Mutation analysis of all 13 coding exons of the gene in 21 lung tumor DNAs revealed several polymorphisms, but no tumor-specific mutations were detected. These findings strongly suggest that p73 may play an important role in lung tumorigenesis through activation of a silent allele and overexpression of wild-type p73 rather than as a tumor suppressor.
Interference Effects in the Reaction K + +p-->K+N+π at 1.2 BeV/c

Author(s): Bland, Roger W.; Bowler, Michael G.; Brown, John L.; Goldhaber, Gerson; Goldhaber, Sulamith; Kadyk, John A.; Trilling, George H.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AS TOOLS FOR MAP ACQUISITION AND MAP COMPILATION

One result of the post-World War II "map explosion" is the difficulty encountered by map users in finding the proper map for a specific purpose in the avalanche of material now available. It is now more necessary than ever to consult published bibliographies to discover what materials are available. In this paper, a variety of information sources are examined within the framework of their relevance to: a. maps, atlasses and globes; b. general cartography, covering the nature of cartography and its history and methods; and c. bibliographic, aids and gazetteers. A selected bibliography with 52 entries is appended. L'avalanche de cartes geographiques qui a deferle sur le monde apres la Seconde Guerre mondiale a grandement complique la tâche de trouver la carte appropriee pour repondre a un besoin particulier. Plus que jamais auparavant, il est necessaire de consulter des bibliographies afin de prendre connaissance du materiel disponible. Dans la presente etude, l'auteur analyse diverses sources de renseignem...
Pointwise Fourier Inversion on Tori and Other Compact Manifolds

We prove a number of results about pointwise convergence of eigenfunction expansions of functions on compact manifolds. In particular, we establish that the Pinsky phenomenon holds for piecewise smooth functions on the three-dimensional torus, with jump across the boundary of a ball, in the same form as it was discovered for functions on three-dimensional Euclidean space. Our work on this has been stimulated by recent work of Brandolini and Colzani, and we also discuss some variants of their results.
A Rapid Link Analysis Technique Using Four-Port Scattering Parameters

A rapid link analysis technique is presented which simulates link performance using 4-port S-parameter models and pseudorandom driver stimulus. The mathematical technique and validation through simulation and hardware measurements of eye diagrams are presented.
Greening in a virescent mutant of maize II. Enzyme studies

Summary The activities of several enzymes were measured during greening of a virescent mutant (v 18) of Zea mays L. The activities of non-plastid enzymes were not markedly affected by either the mutation or greening. In contrast, the activities of mesophyll and bundle sheath plastid enzymes were substantially reduced in the ungreened virescent and increased to near-normal levels with greening. The activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate (RuDP) carboxylase was most affected by the mutation. The extreme deficiency of in vitro RuDP carboxylase activity in ungreened leaves and the subsequent increase in activity during greening were confirmed in vivo by pulse-chase feedings of 14CO2 and 12CO2. The results indicate that photosynthesis in the ungreened virescent is limited by the reaction catalyzed by RuDP carboxylase and provide new evidence for a major role of this enzyme in the photosynthesis of C4-plants.
Thermal subcoolers for low-thrust chemical orbital transfer vehicles

A system alternative to pressurization for providing net positive suction pressure (NPSP) to the main engine of a low-thrust cryogenic stage has been conceptually designed and analyzed. Thermal subcoolers (heat exchangers) provide required NPSP levels by using throttled vent fluid to subcool propellant delivered to the engine. The study analyzed and sized subcoolers that provide NPSP levels of 0.5 to 12.0 psi for liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid methane propellants. The study was part of an overall investigation to compare pressurization and other methods of providing NPSP for low-thrust vehicles.
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of cobra venom and a venom fraction

Abstract The cardiovascular and respiratory effect of whole cobra venom and a purified cobra venom fraction were compared in dogs and cats. Both the crude venom and the fraction affected the respiration of dogs markedly and that of cats to a lesser degree. At lethal doses respiratory failure occurred. Cobra venom greatly lowered the blood pressure and decreased the heart rate of dogs and cats. Lethal doses of the fraction produced minimal hypotension and minimal bradycardia in dogs; sublethal and lethal doses produced a similar bradycardiac response in cats.
Direct evidence that oncogenic tyrosine kinases and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase have homologous ATP-binding sites

p60src, the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus1 (RSV), is a protein kinase2 that has a strict specificity for tyrosine3. The phosphorylation of cellular proteins by p60src (ref. 4) results in transformation. Recently, Barker and Dayhoff5 discovered that residues 259–485 of p60src have 22% sequence identity with residues 33–258 of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme that has a specificity for serine. Because it was necessary to introduce eight gaps to align the two proteins, the question remained as to whether this apparent homology reflected a common evolutionary origin. We demonstrate here that the ATP analogue p-fluorosulphonylbenzoyl 5′-adenosine (FSBA) inactivates the tyrosine protein kinase activity of p60src by reacting with lysine 295. When aligned for maximum sequence identity, lysine 295 of p60src and the lysine in the catalytic subunit which also reacts specifically with FSBA are superimposed precisely. This functional homology is strong evidence that the protein kinases, irrespective of amino acid substrate specificity, comprise a single divergent gene family.
Accumulation map for the Greenland Ice Sheet: 1971–1990

An updated accumulation map for the Greenland Ice Sheet for the period 1971–1990, based on kriging of accurate point estimates developed during the past decade at over 40 points plus over 200 historical points, shows an average water accumulation of 30 g cm−2yr−1. Average uncertainty (standard deviation) in estimates of point accumulation for the interior part of the ice sheet, where the kriging drift surface is well constrained, is approximately 7 g cm−2yr−1, or 24% of mean accumulation. Because there are multiple cores in most regions, the regional uncertainty in accumulation should be considerably lower than the 7 g cm−2yr−1 average uncertainty at a point. There are still many areas on the ice sheet, including northwest and southern Greenland, where annual accumulation remains poorly constrained.
Ultrastructure of immature Leydig cells in the human prepubertal testis

The cellularity of the human prepubertal testicular interstitium has not been well studied at the ultrastructural level. In this study, testicular biopsies were obtained from 35 boys aged three to nine years and examined by electron microscopy to clarify and quantitate the cell types present during the prepubertal period. The prepubertal testicular interstitium is found to consist of immature Leydig cells (9%), primitive fibroblastic cells (63%) (intertubular in location), and attenuated peritubular fibroblasts (28%). The primitive fibroblastic cells and peritubular fibroblasts appear closely related, being distinguished mainly by shape and location. The immature Leydig cell type contrasts with the fibroblastic cell types by exhibiting an irregular nucleus with relatively little heterochromatin. The most impressive cytoplasmic feature is the moderate to extensive development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the form of anastamosing tubules. In contrast, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is not well developed. Other cytoplasmic characteristics are the highly developed Golgi elements and occasional lipid droplets and lysosomes. Glycogen is also often present and is generally found in those cells that do not contain a welldeveloped smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the immature Leydig cell is compared with that of the mature fetal and adult Leydig cells. Although generally found in small clusters between tubules, these cells are often attenuated and closely associated with the seminiferous tubules. Occasional intermediate cell morphologies suggest a relationship between the primitive fibroblasts and immature Leydig cells. The presence of small cells exhibiting a steroid-producing morphology, classified as immature Leydig cells, in the prepubertal testicular interstitium is an interesting finding and is in accordance with earlier studies on nonhuman mammals. It is unknown whether these cells are remnants of the fetal Leydig cell population or have differentiated neonatally from the primitive fibroblastic cells. It is suggested that the immature Leydig cells are the progenitors of the adult Leydig cell population.
Scale-Up of Sonochemical Reactors for Water Treatment

A novel pilot-plant scale sonochemical reactor (UES 4000 C Pilotstation) has been specifically developed for degrading a variety of water contaminants in large-scale applications. We report here the sonochemical degradation of three chemical compounds in aqueous solution: the chlorinated volatile contaminants dichloromethane (DCM) and trichloroethylene (TCE) and the nonvolatile azo dye methyl orange (MO). The flow-through reactor in the Pilotstation consists of four 612 kHz piezoelectric transducers which are driven by a power source operating at 3kW. The sonochemical reaction chamber has a volume of 6 L, while the total capacity of the Pilotstation, including a heat-exchanger unit and a reservoir tank varies from a minimum volume of 7.25 L to a maximum over 45 L. The observed reaction rates for the degradation of these contaminants in the Pilotstation were compared with values determined under similar conditions in small-scale bench reactors in order to evaluate its performance over a wide range of powe...
Measurement method for sun effects on target’s chromaticity and luminance

The luminance and color of a traffic sign depend on the angle, illuminance, and spectrum of the illuminating sunlight. The general method for measuring the effects of sun on traffic signs is to use Xe source or Xe source with filters as a sun-simulator to simulate the CIE defined average sunlight spectrum, D65. The disadvantages of using the sun-simulator are the high cost and measurement error that arises from the difference between the spectrum of the sunlight and that of sun-simulator. Using Xe source as the sun-simulator may produce an error of around 3.5% due to the spectrum difference. To solve these problems, a measurement method has been applied to eliminate the need for sun-simulator in measuring the sun effect on traffic signs. Measuring the spectral reflectance of the target and calculating a luminance and illuminance translation factor allow us to calculate the luminance reflected from the target, regardless of the light source illuminating on it. For instance, the effects of other sunlight spectra, such as D55 or D75, on the targets can also be determined by this method without the use of any light source to simulate D55 or D75. The sunlight spectrum in the presented simulation equation is obtained directly from the CIE definition, eliminating the error associated with the difference between the sun simulator and sunlight spectra. The experimental results demonstrate that the calculated luminance is about 1% different from the measurement results. Low cost, good accuracy and high flexibility are the advantages of this method.
On the effect of DC source voltage on inverter-based frequency and voltage regulation in a military microgrid

Increasing concerns about energy security and reliability are intensifying the military's interest in the microgrid technology. This paper focuses on the frequency and voltage regulation part of a case study that seeks to design a conceptual military microgrid that has to operate completely autonomously. This microgrid comprises a solar panel and vehicles as power sources, where the vehicles contain a battery and generator, and managing their power setpoints is the control problem of interest. The goal is to investigate the validity of assuming the battery as a constant voltage source during the control design. To this end, the control design is first carried out assuming the battery as a constant voltage source. It is then illustrated how critical this assumption can be depending on the battery internal resistance. The results show that the battery internal resistance can affect both frequency and voltage regulation performances, thereby highlighting the coupling between the battery characteristics and control design, and the need for a control design framework that takes this coupling into account.
Cost-Efficient Radical Prostatectomy with a Clinical Care Path

AbstractPurpose: We assessed changes in hospital costs and resource use among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy following implementation of a clinical care path.Materials and Methods: A standardized clinical care path for patient management before and after radical prostatectomy was developed and implemented at a large academic medical center in California. All 577 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy during the 3 years before and 1 year after implementation of the care path were included in the study. Each patient was entered prospectively into a hospital-wide financial data base, which served as the source for observations on hospital costs, hospital charges and length of stay.Results: After implementation of the radical prostatectomy care path hospital costs decreased by 12 percent ($7,916 versus $6,934, p less than 0.0001), hospital charges decreased by 20 percent ($17,005 versus $13,524, p less than 0.0001) and length of stay decreased by 28 percent (5 versus 3.6 days, p less...
A simple technique for indirect measurement of absorption line widths in Voigt profile regime

Abstract A simple new technique is described to infer the pressure-induced self-broadening coefficients for absorption lines in gases in the Voigt profile regime. The technique is described for several absorption lines in the ν1+3ν3 overtone band of acetylene. The technique involves measurement of absorption signal at even harmonics of wavelength modulation and gas pressures from 1– 600 Torr in the cell. The variation of the signal with cell pressure shows a characteristic extremum that can be uniquely correlated to the self-broadening coefficient.
Evidence for spontaneous interlayer phase coherence in a bilayer quantum Hall exciton condensate

Abstract Recent experimental work on the quantized Hall state at total filling factor νT=1 in bilayer 2D electron systems has revealed a number of striking phenomena, including a giant and sharply resonant enhancement of the interlayer tunneling conductance at zero bias. The tunneling enhancement is a compelling indicator of spontaneous interlayer phase coherence among the electrons in the system. Such phase coherence is perhaps the single most important attribute of the excitonic Bose condensate which describes this remarkable quantum Hall state.
Acetylsalicylic acid and montelukast block mast cell mediator-related symptoms during rapid desensitization.

Background Rapid desensitization is a process in which drug-allergic patients receive their target dose in incremental steps, resulting in a state of temporary tolerization. In this manner, first-line therapy can be delivered safely, even in patients who present with severe hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to the given agent. A small subset of patients has persistent HSRs during rapid desensitization that can be refractory to antihistamines and corticosteroids. Objective To increase the safety and tolerability of rapid desensitization by prostaglandin and leukotriene blockade in patients with refractory mast cell mediator–related symptoms. Methods Fourteen adult patients developed HSRs to platinum chemotherapy that persisted during rapid desensitization. All patients had cutaneous symptoms (flushing, pruritus, or urticaria), many with associated systemic reactions. These patients were then pretreated with acetylsalicylic acid, 325 mg orally, and montelukast, 10 mg orally, 2 days before and on the day of desensitization. Response to subsequent desensitizations was assessed by medical record review and was compared with a group of matched historic control patients who received methylprednisolone for HSRs during desensitization. Results Seventy-eight desensitizations in 14 patients were performed. Using acetylsalicylic acid and montelukast, 86% of patients (12/14) experienced substantial improvement in symptoms (grade 0.5 vs grade 2.14, P P = .0008). All patients received their target dose of chemotherapy, and there were no severe systemic HSRs. Conclusions Pretreatment with acetylsalicylic acid and montelukast lessens the severity of HSRs during rapid desensitization.
Effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient in water diuresis.

The effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient was evaluated in anesthetized dogs which were undergoing water diuresis and which received a unilateral renal arterial infusion of bradykinin. The effect of the peptide on the medullary osmotic gradient was determined by analysis of medullary tissue electrolyte and urea concentrations and by analysis of changes in urine osmolality induced by vasopressin. Bradykinin decreased the total osmalality per kg H2O in tissue from inner medulla and papilla (−18.7 ± 6% and −19.3 ± 8%) and increased fractional water excretion (3.8±1.3%). Furthermore, a direct relationship between changes in free water clearance and changes in papillary tissue osmalality was found. Finally, the increase in urine osmolality after ADH was signifacantly less in vasodilated than in control kidneys. These results indicate that bradykinin can diminish the medullary osmotic gradient during water diuresis in the dog. Thus, a bradykinin-induced increase in free water clearance may be accounted for by other than an inhibition of proximal tabular sodium reabsorption.
Robotic Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Radical Prostatectomy: Technique and Early Outcomes

Abstract Background Laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is challenging. To help overcome current technical and ergonomic limitations, the da Vinci robotic platform can be applied to LESS. Objectives Our aim was to describe the surgical technique and to report the early outcomes of robotic LESS (R-LESS) radical prostatectomy (RP). Design, setting, and participants A retrospective review of prospectively captured R-LESS RP data was performed between May 2008 and May 2010. A total of 20 procedures were scheduled (12 with and 8 without pelvic lymph node dissection). Surgical procedure R-LESS prostatectomy was performed using the methods outlined in the paper and in the supplemental video material. Interventions All patients underwent R-LESS RP by one high-volume surgeon. Single-port access was achieved via a commercially available multichannel port. The da Vinci S and da Vinci Si surgical platform was used with pediatric and standard instruments. Measurements Preoperative, perioperative, pathologic, and functional outcomes data were analyzed. Results and limitations The mean age was 60.4 yr; body mass index was 25.4kg/m 2 . The mean operative time was 189.5min; estimated blood loss was 142.0ml. The average length of stay was 2.7 d, and the visual analog pain score at discharge was 1.4 of 10. Four focal positive margins were encountered, with two occurring during the first three cases. Pathology revealed a Gleason score of 3+3 in 3 patients, 3+4 in 11 patients, 4+3 in 4 patients, and 4+4 in 2 patients. There were a total of four complications according to the Clavien system including one grade 1, two grade 2, and one grade 4. The median follow-up has been 4 mo (range: 1–24 mo). Study limitations include the small sample size, the short follow-up, and the lack of comparative cohort. Conclusions The R-LESS RP is technically feasible and reduces some of the difficulties encountered with conventional LESS RP.
A cognitive model of guilt typology in combat-related PTSD.

Dysfunctional guilt is a prominent feature of combat-related, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present article describes a model of combat-related guilt that distinguishes guilt types on the basis of specific false assumptions and errors of logic that are frequently associated with different kinds of traumatic circumstances. Two common types of combat-related guilt based on this conceptualization are described and cognitive relabeling treatment strategies which have a “type” specific focus are outlined. The needs for research on guilt assessment among trauma survivors and for interventions that focus explicitly on guilt management are discussed.
Breed susceptibility to ovine progressive pneumonia (maedi/visna) virus

In this retrospective study of breed differences in susceptibility to disease caused by ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) virus, 29 Border Leicester sheep were compared with 46 Columbia sheep. As judged by frequency and severity of clinical signs and lesions attributable to the infection, Border Leicester sheep were markedly more susceptible than Columbia sheep and experimentally infected sheep were slightly more susceptible than naturally infected sheep. Differences in susceptibility to infection by the virus were not determined.
Benchmark case studies in structural design optimization using the force method

Abstract A structural optimization algorithm is developed for truss and beam structures under stress–displacement or frequency constraints. The algorithm combines the mathematical programming based on the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) technique and the finite element technique based on the Integrated Force Method. A new approach based on the single value decomposition technique has been developed to derive the compatibility matrix required in the force method. Benchmark case studies illustrate the procedure and allow the results obtained to be compared with those reported in the literature. It is shown that the computational effort required by the force method is significantly lower than that of the displacement method and in some cases such as structural optimization problems with multiple frequency constraints, the analysis procedure (force or displacement method) significantly affects the final optimum design and the structural optimization based on the force method may result in a lighter design.
Feature-Independent Action Spotting without Human Localization, Segmentation, or Frame-wise Tracking

In this paper, we propose an unsupervised framework for action spotting in videos that does not depend on any specific feature (e.g. HOG/HOF, STIP, silhouette, bag-of-words, etc.). Furthermore, our solution requires no human localization, segmentation, or framewise tracking. This is achieved by treating the problem holistically as that of extracting the internal dynamics of video cuboids by modeling them in their natural form as multilinear tensors. To extract their internal dynamics, we devised a novel Two-Phase Decomposition (TP-Decomp) of a tensor that generates very compact and discriminative representations that are robust to even heavily perturbed data. Technically, a Rank-based Tensor Core Pyramid (Rank-TCP) descriptor is generated by combining multiple tensor cores under multiple ranks, allowing to represent video cuboids in a hierarchical tensor pyramid. The problem then reduces to a template matching problem, which is solved efficiently by using two boosting strategies: (1) to reduce search space, we filter the dense trajectory cloud extracted from the target video, (2) to boost the matching speed, we perform matching in an iterative coarse-to-fine manner. Experiments on 5 benchmarks show that our method outperforms current state-of-the-art under various challenging conditions. We also created a challenging dataset called Heavily Perturbed Video Array (HPVA) to validate the robustness of our framework under heavily perturbed situations.
Effects of simulated predation on tonic immobility in Anolis carolinensis: The role of eye contact

The importance of eyes and fabricated eye-like stimuli in prolonging tonic immobility in the lizard (Anolis carolinensis) was examined in four experiments. The direct gaze of an experimenter was found to prolong the duration of tonic immobility relative to an averted gaze. Detached glass eyes also produced a similar effect, although not as profoundly as the presence of a live experimenter. By varying pupil size, it was shown that the strongest effect was caused by an eye with a large black pupil, but that the absolute size of the eye was not significantly related to the increased durations of immobility.
Frozen Section Diagnosis Is There Discordance Between What Pathologists Say and What Surgeons Hear

Objectives: Communication in various medical settings is subject to misinterpretation. The frozen section (FS) diagnosis in patient care is dependent on successful communication between pathologists and surgeons. However, very few studies looking at FS errors analyzed postanalytic communication issues. Methods: A total of 300 consecutive cases, in which an FS was performed and corresponding surgical note was available, were studied. The FS diagnosis and surgeon’s interpretation were recorded for all cases. Discrepancies were classified as major (clinical impact) or minor (no clinical impact). Results: We found 8 (2.7%) miscommunications, all with only minor clinical impact. These were attributed mainly to the surgeon’s misinterpretation of a deferred diagnosis. Also contributing to miscommunication was the pathologist’s use of nonspecific terminology such as “favor” or “scattered.” Conclusions: We found that the rate of miscommunicated FS diagnoses was low at our institution during the period of our study. However, the rate of miscommunication was similar to the much more widely recognized problem of sampling error. Frozen section (FS), one of the most valuable intraoperative tools for case management, 1,2 involves teamwork among pathologists, pathology trainees, and sometimes pathology assistants. Performing an FS analysis is a multistep process, beginning with retrieval of the specimen from the patient by the surgeon followed by intraoperative preparation of slides, their microscopic examination, possible specimen triage for further workup, and finally rendering the FS diagnosis. 3 One of the critical components in this workflow is communicating the FS diagnosis to the surgical team. The surgeon is typically waiting in the operating room (OR) with the patient to determine how best to proceed with their surgery based on the FS result. The FS diagnosis is usually communicated verbally to the surgeon via telephone, intercom, sometimes in person by the pathologist or a resident, in some situations via an intermediary (eg, nurse or other OR personnel), 3 or less commonly
Larval development of five species of blenny (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from the western central North Atlantic, with a synopsis of blennioid family characters

Light trap collections on oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana from 1995 to 1997 contained young of tessellated blenny Hypsoblemius invemar, freckled blenny Hypsoblennius ionthas, featherduster blenny Hypleurochilus multifilis, molly miller Scartella cristata and seaweed blenny Parablennius marmoreus, which are described. Interspecific differences were: number of dorsal, anal, pelvic and caudal fin elements; number of mandibular pores; presence or absence of canine teeth, hypural 5 and pectoral fin pigment; width of gill openings; length of preopercular spines (in larvae). Size at settlement differed among some taxa, but all five species settled within a narrow size window of c. 1.5 mm standard length (L S ). Hypsoblennius invemar, H. ionthas, H. multifilis and S. cristata settled at mean sizes between 11.3 and 12.1 mm Ls, whereas P. murmoreus settled at a mean size of 19.3 mm L S . Sexually dimorphic differences were consistently evident by 17-18 mm Ls in all species but P. marmoreus. The two smallest blennies with external characters normally associated with sexual maturity were a 20mm male and 21 mm female H. multifilis. Primary caudal fin rays began to bifurcate between 17.0 and 18.3 mm L S in H. invemar, H. ionthas, H. mullifilis and S. cristata. Hypleurochilus multifilis displayed the external characteristics of being sexually mature at 20-21 mm L S . Thus, bifurcation of primary caudal fin rays was an indicator of approaching sexual maturity in H. multifilis and this may also be true in the other species studied.
Modifications in dispersal and oviposition of Bt-resistant and Bt-susceptible Colorado potato beetles as a result of exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin

Laboratory strains of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), physiologically resistant and susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin were reared to adults on caged potato plants. Influence of three different diets (transgenic potatoes, regular potatoes, and regular potatoes followed by the transgenic potatoes) on beetle mortality, fecundity, and flight behavior were tested under laboratory conditions. A computer-linked flight mill system was used to quantify beetle flight, and dissections were performed to determine the level of flight muscle development. Susceptible beetles continuously fed on transgenic foliage suffered heavy mortality, did not develop flight muscles, and did not produce any eggs. Resistant beetles continuously fed on transgenic foliage were capable of flight and reproduction; however, it took them longer to initiate flight behavior, and their fecundity was lower than fecundity of other treatments. In both strains, detrimental effects became significantly less severe when the beetles were allowed to feed on regular foliage prior to toxin ingestion. In the resistant strain, ingestion of Cry3A toxin significantly increased flight activity, indicating that physiological resistance was probably reinforced by the behavioral escape from toxic environments. No such response was observed for susceptible beetles. When fed on regular foliage, resistant Colorado potato beetles engaged in significantly fewer flights than susceptible beetles. Behavioral differences between resistant and susceptible beetles observed in the present study are likely to affect gene flow between transgenic crops and adjacent refugia, and should be taken in consideration when designing resistance management plans for transgenic potato crops.
Influence of pH and Ammonia Salts on Ammonia Toxicity and Water Balance in Young Channel Catfish

Abstract Eight static 24-h median lethal tests were conducted with 16-g channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at water temperatures of about 21°C. Tests were performed at four acidities with ammonium chloride and with ammonium sulfate. When compared on the basis of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), ammonium chloride solutions were more toxic than ammonium sulfate solutions. Median lethal concentrations (24-h LC50s) at pH 8.8, 8.0, 7.2, and 6.0 were, respectively, 1.91, 1.45, 1.04, and 0.74 mg NH3-N/L for ammonium chloride, and 2.24, 1.75, 1.16, and 0.81 mg NH3-N/L for ammonium sulfate. Ionized ammonia (NH 4) was not lethal at concentrations up to 1,787 mg NH 4-N/L. Slopes of the probit regressions of NH3-N concentration versus mortality increased with decreases in pH and were nearly vertical at pH 6.0. Hematocrits of channel catfish exposed to lethal ammonia solutions also increased with decreases in pH, indicating an effect on osmoregulation. Plasma osmolality and red blood cell diameters did not change...
Cone-beam computed tomography to detect erosions of the temporomandibular joint: Effect of field of view and voxel size on diagnostic efficacy and effective dose

Introduction In this study, we examined the influence of field of view (FOV) and voxel size on the diagnostic efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans to detect erosions in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods The sample consisted of 16 TMJs containing natural or artificially created erosions and 16 normal TMJs. CBCT scans were obtained with 3 imaging protocols differing in the FOV and the size of the reconstructed voxels. Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists scored the scans for the presence or absence of erosions. Diagnostic efficacies of the 3 imaging protocols were compared by using receiver operating curve analysis. For each TMJ imaging protocol, we used thermoluminescent dosimetry chips to measure the absorbed dose at specific organ and tissue sites. Effective doses for each examination were calculated. Results Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.77 ± 0.05 for the 6-in FOV, 0.70 ± 0.08 for the 9-in FOV, and 0.66 ± 0.05 for the 12-in FOV. The diagnostic efficacy of the 6-in FOV, determined by the area under the curve, was significantly higher than that of the 12-in FOV (P ≤0.05). Effective doses for bilateral TMJ evaluation were 558 μSv for the 6-in FOV, 548 μSv for the 9-in FOV, and 916 μSv for the 12-in FOV. Conclusions The diagnostic efficacy of CBCT scans for the evaluation of erosive changes in the TMJ is highest for the 6-in FOV and lowest for the 12-in FOV.
The Epidermal-Dermal Junction

Ultrastructurally, the epidermal-dermal junction is composed of four component areas: (1) the basal cell plasma membrane with its specialized attachment devices or hemidesmosomes, (2) an electron-lucent area, the lamina lucida, (3) the basal lamina, and (4) the sub-basal lamina fibrous components, including anchoring fibrils, dermal microfibril bundles, and collagen fibers. The light microscopic "basement membrane" comprises only the sub-basal lamina fibrous zone. Other cell types, including melanocytes and Merkel cells, are also found at the epidermal-dermal junction. Structures at the junction derive their origin from the epidermis and dermis: the basal lamina is primarily of epidermal origin, the anchoring fibrils of dermal origin. The junction serves the following functions: (1) epidermal-dermal adherence, (2) mechanical support for the epidermis, and (3) a barrier to the exchange of cells and of some large molecules across the junction.
Collision efficiency factors for polymer flocculation

Abstract A simple model has been developed to describe the probability of adhesion by polymer bridging between colliding particles. The model is based on the assumptions that adsorbed polymer is randomly distributed over the particle surfaces but that interacting particles have complete freedom to reorient themselves into configurations favorable to adhesion. Earlier models contain the implicit assumption that no such reorientation is possible. The implications of the model with respect to the flocculation of fine particle suspensions by polymers are discussed.
Fatigue crack initiation from notches in austenitic stainless steels

Abstract Fatigue crack initiation from notches in austenitic stainless steels has been studied using compact specimens of two common cryogenic alloys: AISI 316 and AISI 304L. The procedure is based on a fracture mechanics technique whereby ΔK p 1 2 a parameter proportional to the change in maximum elastic stress at the notch root, is correlated with the cycles to initiate a 0.254 mm crack. The effects of some experimental variables including notch radius, stress level, specimen size and test temperature (295, 76 and 4 K) are presented, and the fatigue crack initiation resistances of the AISI 316 and 304L austenitic steels are compared with martensitic and ferritic/pearlitic steel data at room temperature.