cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 11735: The Hyperglycemic Exacerbation of Myocardial Infarct Size in Mice is Mediated by Splenocytes

Background: Acute hyperglycemia (HG) potentiates systemic inflammatory responses and exacerbates myocardial infarct (MI) size in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. As an important immune organ, accumulating evidence now shows that the spleen plays critical roles during myocardial infarction and subsequent healing. The current study was designed to determine whether splenocytes mediate the detrimental myocardial infarct exacerbation of ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by HG. Methods and Results: C57BL6 (B6) mice underwent 30 min of LAD occlusion followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Acute HG was induced by injection of 20% Dextrose (2 g/kg, ip) 30 min before LAD occlusion. MI size (IF) and risk region (RR) were determined by TTC and Phthalo blue staining, respectively. HG significantly increased MI size by 41% in mice (p<0.01). Splenectomy (SPLX) performed 30 min before ischemia abolished the infarct exacerbating effect of HG. Acute adoptive transfer of splenocytes (SPAT) from B6 mice performed 25 min before ischemia effectively restored the effects of HG on MI in SPLX mice. ATL146e, an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonist, injected 5 min before reperfusion at 10μg/kg (iv) significantly reduced MI size in both HG (p<0.01) and SPLX+SPAT(B6)+HG groups (p<0.01). Interestingly, ATL146e failed to protect splenectomized HG mice after the adoptive transfer of splenocytes from A2AR knock-out mice (the SPLX+SPAT(A2AR KO)+HG group). Conclusions: Splenocytes mediate the infarct exacerbating effect of acute HG. Adenosine2A receptors on splenocytes are responsible for mediating the vast majority of the cardioprotection afforded by A2AR agonists under HG conditions. These results may have implications for glycemic control during revascularization procedures and cardiac transplantation. Further studies are warranted to investigate the precise mechanisms of how HG activates splenocytes and which cell types are involved in this phenomenon. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Reflectors for SAR performance testing-second edition

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) performance testing and estimation is facilitated by observing the system response to known target scene elements. Trihedral corner reflectors and other canonical targets play an important role because their Radar Cross Section (RCS) can be calculated analytically. However, reflector orientation and the proximity of the ground and mounting structures can significantly impact the accuracy and precision with which measurements can be made. These issues are examined in this report.
Aire controls gene expression in the thymic epithelium with ordered stochasticity

The transcription factor Aire controls immunological tolerance by inducing the ectopic thymic expression of many tissue-specific genes, acting broadly by removing stops on the transcriptional machinery. To better understand Aire's specificity, we performed single-cell RNA-seq and DNA-methylation analysis of Aire-sufficient and Aire-deficient medullary epithelial cells (mTECs). Each of Aire's target genes was induced in only a minority of mTECs, independently of DNA-methylation patterns, as small inter-chromosomal gene clusters activated in concert in a proportion of mTECs. These microclusters differed between individual mice. Thus, our results suggest an organization of the DNA or of the epigenome that results from stochastic determinism but is 'bookmarked' and stable through mTEC divisions, which ensures more effective presentation of self antigens and favors diversity of self-tolerance between individuals.
Recurrent Pseudomembranous Colitis in an Ovarian Cancer Patient Undergoing Carboplatin Chemotherapy.

Background. Diarrhea is a common problem in ovarian cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and Clostridium difficile infection has been identified as a cause. The proper diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea are critical to patient care, especially to prevent the serious complications from a severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Case. We present a heavily pretreated ovarian cancer patient who developed recurrent pseudomembranous colitis while receiving carboplatin chemotherapy. Despite treatment with oral metronidazole for fourteen days, the patient’s diarrhea relapsed and colonoscopy revealed extensive pseudomembranous colitis. The infection eventually resolved with the combination of oral vancomycin and metronidazole. Conclusions. Diarrhea is a common problem in patients undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Management requires obtaining the proper diagnosis. Clostridium difficile associated pseudomembranous colitis must be part of the differential diagnosis. Treatment must be sufficient to prevent relapses of the Clostridium difficile infection to prevent serious consequences in an already vulnerable patient population.
The Circadian Change of Stature for Young Korean Men

Anthropometric data is indispensable for designing consumer products and work spaces for human users. However, there exists variability of anthropometric data between both races and genders. The dimensions and proportions of a human body change as one ages. Some variables even fluctuate in the span of a day such as stature, weight, and foot volume. The circadian change of stature has been overlooked (except space industry) in general application of anthropometric data. This study investigated the circadian change of stature for a homogeneous group, young Korean men (ages 23–25 years old). A statistical analysis showed that the decrease in stature depended on only the elapsed time of a day not on one's weight or stature. An exponential function describing the pattern of the daily change of stature over time was also developed. Finally this paper proposes a better way for collecting the stature data.
Initial Studies of an Autonomous High Specific Power Meso- Scale Generator

The development of MEMS generators using the Brayton cycle is attractive because of the cycle’s inherently high power to mass ratio. However, the introduction of such systems has been limited by manufacturing difficulties, as well as fundamental efficiency problems introduced by the MEMS size scales. In typical gas turbine based generators, high efficiencies are achieved through high Reynolds number operation, as well as by having tangential tip speeds close to sonic. In micro-devices these constraints become problematic. At standard atmospheric operating conditions and when the diameters of the compressors and turbines are from the order of several millimeters (micro-scale generators) to one or two centimeters (mesoscale generators), the Reynolds number is significantly decreased and the necessary rotational speeds can approach several millions of revolutions per minute (RPM). Fortunately, the efficiency problems associated with very small sizes can be ameliorated by adopting a closed, externally fired cycle operating with a heavy working gas at elevated pressures. Calculations show that by using xenon at an ambient pressure of 5 to 10 atm, and by adopting a meso-scale system, the operating RPM can be reduced to a few hundreds of thousand. Also, the Reynolds number will be increased by a factor of 10 to 20 over that of an equivalent system running on ambient air, thereby maintaining relatively high thermodynamic efficiencies. Another limitation of MEMS-scale rotating machinery is the difficulty in machining three-dimensional, aerodynamically efficient components. To address this issue a reasonably convenient technique for either reproducing or producing aerodynamically efficient, three-dimensional components has been developed for parts down to somewhat less than 1 cm characteristic size. The technique has been used to manufacture a 2.2 cm diameter centrifugal compressor. An initial experimental study of the compressor has been completed in xenon over a limited range of pressures. The experimental results come from a new small-scale test facility, in which compressors and turbines can operate separately to obtain detailed thermodynamic performance data at below atmospheric pressures up to 10 atmospheres. The precision and repeatability of the manufacturing process are of interest, as well as the feasibility of operating the compressor and the turbine at the high thermal efficiencies required of a useful, autonomous power generator. The externally fired cycle makes extensive use of counter-flow heat exchange for exhaust gas recuperation and combustion heating of the working gas. Estimates based on results reported in the paper, indicate useful power outputs of close to 2.8 kW and an overall system efficiency of around 0.3, for a system employing a 2.0 cm diameter compressor at an ambient pressure of 5 atm in xenon. As with any small thermally driven system, thermal management is a major issue and is discussed in the paper.
Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews recent information on outcomes, indications, techniques, and cost of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). New information on comparisons between TORS, conventional surgery techniques, and chemoradiation is also high
HDL Deficiency, Atherosclerosis, and Stimulation of HDL Synthesis: Role of Gemfibrozil

The accretion of cholesterol in tissues (e.g., the arterial wall) is influenced by (a) the deposition of atherogenic lipoproteins, e.g., low density lipoproteins (LDL) and (b) removal by reverse cholesterol transport, a process mediated by HDL. The process of atherosclerosis may thus be retarded or reversed by (a) lowering plasma concentrations of atherogenic lipoproteins and/or (b) stimulating reverse cholesterol transport. During the last few decades clinical as well as basic experimental evidence has been obtained to indicate that decreasing plasma levels of atherogenic lipoproteins, especially low density lipoproteins, is unequivocally associated with decreased risk for coronary heart disease. The results of the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (1,2) attest to the value of lowering LDL cholesterol in the prevention of coronary disease in man. More recent studies have also shown that lowering atherogenic lipoproteins (while raising HDL) can also result in lack of progression of coronary lesions (3).
Survey on the Current State of Endotracheal Intubation Among the Critically Ill HEMAIR Investigators

Objectives:In the last decade, the practice of intubation in the intensive care unit (ICU) has evolved. To further examine the current intubation practice in the ICU, we administered a survey to cr...
A Description of Activity-rhythm Recordings and Their Implications

As indicated in the preceding chapter, extensive experimental data were published during the past twenty years, which deal with what are now known as the circadian activity rhythms of small birds and mammals. For the benefit of those not familiar with these kinds of experiments, a few words about methods and their limitations are essential.
Teen Ambassador Leadership Kit (TALK)

Teen Ambassador Leadership Kit, (TALK), is an annual weekend retreat designed for teens interested in promoting and marketing 4-H in their communities. TALK organizers felt teens would benefit from an intensive weekend retreat focused on communication. TALK produces a network of educated and excited 4-H teens that are available to help with 4-H promotion and marketing. Participants arrive on Friday evening for team building activities, on Saturday they participate in one of the workshops offered and on Sunday morning each workshop group has the opportunity to share their completed projects and what they learned. At the conclusion of the retreat, teens are designated "County 4-H Ambassadors" and certificates of completion, professional business cards and polo shirts are presented. The TALK teen participants return home to share what they learned with their local county 4-H staff and help promote and market 4-H in their communities.
Toll like Receptor 2 Signaling Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Promotes G-CSF Mediated HSC Mobilization

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in pathogen recognition and shaping the innate immune response. While most of the studies of the role of TLRs have focused on mature immune cell populations, recent reports suggest that TLR signaling may regulate the immune response from the level of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). In this study, we sought to further elucidate the effects of systemic TLR ligand exposure on HSCs and determine the cell-intrinsic versus extrinsic effects of such exposure. We specifically focused on TLR2 signaling, as although TLR2 is expressed on HSCs, it’s role in their regulation is not clear. Furthermore, enhanced TLR2 signaling is associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (Wei et al, Leukemia 2013), suggesting that aberrant signaling through this receptor may have clinically significant effects on HSC function. To elucidate the role of TLR2 signaling in regulating HSCs, we used mice with genetic loss of TLR2, as well as a synthetic agonist of TLR2 (PAM 3 CSK 4 ) to determine the effects of TLR2 signaling loss or gain, respectively, on HSC cycling, mobilization and function. While TLR2 expression is not required for normal HSC function, treatment of wild-type mice with PAM 3 CSK 4 leads to expansion of HSCs in the bone marrow and spleen, increased HSC cycling, and loss of HSC function in competitive bone marrow transplantation experiments. As TLR2 is expressed on a variety of stromal and hematopoietic cell types, we used bone marrow chimeras ( Tlr2 -/- + Tlr2 +/+ marrow transplanted into Tlr2 +/+ recipients) to determine if the effects of PAM 3 CSK 4 treatment are cell intrinsic or extrinsic. The data suggests that HSC cycling and expansion in the marrow and spleen upon PAM 3 CSK 4 treatment are extrinsic (occurring in both transplanted HSC populations), and are associated with increased serum levels of G-CSF. Indeed, inhibition of G-CSF using either a neutralizing antibody or mice lacking the G-CSF receptor ( Csf3r -/- ) leads to even further enhanced HSC bone marrow expansion upon G-CSF treatment but significantly reduced numbers of spleen HSCs compared to similarly treated wild-type mice. This suggests mobilization in response to TLR2 signaling is an indirect, G-CSF-mediated process. Ongoing studies are aimed at determining the contribution of G-CSF to the PAM 3 CSK 4 - induced loss of HSC function, and determining the source (stromal vs hematopoietic) of G-CSF production upon PAM 3 CSK 4 exposure. Collectively, this data suggest that TLR2 signaling affects HSCs in a largely extrinsic fashion, with G-CSF playing a major role in regulating the effects of TLR2 ligand exposure on HSCs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Linear Algebra Approach to the Analysis of Rigid Body Motion from Position and Velocity Data

Abstract The location, orientation, and velocity of a rigid body can be defined in terms of three non-collinear points fixed in the body. As the rigid body moves through space, the displacement may be described by a series of rotations and translations and the velocity by the angular velocity of the body and the velocity of a point in the body. The displacement and velocity can be conveniently represented in matrix form by a series of matrices which describe the motion of the body between two finitely separated positions and two infinitesimally separated positions respectively. In this paper, solutions are presented which provide explicit formulas for the finite displacement of the rigid body in terms of the initial and final positions of three points fixed in the body and for the angular velocity and axis of rotation of the body in terms of the position and velocity of those same three points.
Testing an Open-Space Damping System

AbstractThe open-space damping system has been developed to preserve open space within the frame of its installation. An earlier paper by the authors described its function, presented a theory to d...
Corporate Lending by Banks: The Ongoing Stagnation

In 2016, corporate credit exposure growth rates dropped to zero. Origination of new loans declined against the volumes of economic activity. In recent months, a reduction of past-due payment was observed across all loan categories.
The Growing Concerns Regarding School Resource Officers.

There have been an increasing number of incidents in which school resource officers (SRO) have been used to manage student disciplinary issues with disastrous results. Court cases brought by parent...
On the rocks: Quantifying storage of inorganic soil carbon on gravels and determining pedon-scale variability

Abstract The storage and flux of carbon from soils, the planet's third largest carbon pool, strongly influence the global carbon cycle and are essential, but poorly constrained, parameters for global climate models. An estimated 40% of all soil carbon is stored as inorganic carbonate minerals. Despite a recognition of the importance of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) in soil carbon storage, few studies have quantified pedon-scale variability in SIC storage. We examine different stages of carbonate development and accumulation rates between gravelly and non-gravelly soils. Studies often ignore carbonate coatings on gravels in measurements of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). By quantifying and differentiating the fine ( 2 mm) fractions of SIC in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho, we show that gravel coatings contain up to 44% of total SIC at a given site. Among the 26 soil sites examined throughout the watershed, an average of 13% of the total SIC is stored as carbonate coatings within in the gravel fraction. We measured a high level of pedon-scale field variability (up to 220%) among the three sampled faces of 1 m 3 soil pits. Analytical error associated with the modified pressure calcimeter (0.001–0.014%) is considerably less than naturally occurring heterogeneities in SIC within the soil profile. This work highlights and quantifies two sources of uncertainty in studies of SIC needed to inform future research. First, in gravelly sites, the > 2 mm portion of soils may store a large percentage of SIC. Second, SIC varies considerably at the pedon-scale, so studies attempting to quantify carbon storage over landscape scales need to consider this variability.
Charge-Neutral, Stable, Non-Cytotoxic, Near-Infrared SnS Aqueous Quantum Dots for High Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Biomedical Imaging

We have synthesized charge-neutral, stable, non-cytotoxic, bright, near-infrared (NIR) SnS quantum dots (QDs) by first making Cysteamine-capped SnS QDs in glycerol under acidic conditions followed by lengthening the capping molecule with peptide bonds by reacting the capping molecules with glycine and subsequent heat treatment at 200°C for 4 hours. The obtained stable SnS QDs exhibited a band gap of 1.5 eV and a strong, narrow NIR emission peak at 830 nm with a quantum yield of 4.6%. The suspension could be stable for more than 1 month without aggregation or emission decay. The positively charged SnS QDs were further neutralized by 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (MPA) through electrostatic attraction. The MPA neutralized SnS QDs were shown to be non-cytotoxic at concentrations 6 times the typical QDs concentration for immunostaining. Low-noise, optimal NIR immunofluorescent imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on 3T3 cells and Tn antigen on HT29 cells was achieved by using streptavidin (SA)-linked MPA-neutralized SnS QDs with a SA:QD molar ratio of 22:1 to bind to biotinylated secondary antibody bound on the primary antibody that was bound on the targeted antigen on the cell membrane with a high signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of 35.
The Evaluative Framework for Workplace Spirituality Assessments: Working Our Strengths and Strengthening Our Work

In this chapter, we develop and pilot-test a framework with which we evaluate workplace spirituality assessments (WSAs). WSAs are used empirically to measure some aspect of workplace spirituality. Building upon Gardner’s work on multiple intelligences and previous reviews of the workplace spirituality literature, we develop a framework with four different evaluative filters. First, we determine which approach to workplace spirituality the WSA concerns, including metaphysical transcendence, existential meaning-making, or religio-spiritual. Next, we assess which foundation of spiritual intelligence is considered, be it computational, empirical, operational, or teleological. Then, we consider whether the WSA is contextualized by cultural bounds and if the WSA considers workplace spirituality critically. Last, we argue that WSAs should be held to the standard of rigor, relevance, and reciprocality. The evaluative framework allows for study- and field-level reflection on the state of WSAs and directs our attention to potential areas of focus.
La Confederación Interamericana de Defensa del Continente (CIDC)

L'objectiu central d'aquesta recerca es analitzar el rol que la Confederacio Interamericana de Defensa del Continent va exercir en l'execucio d'una violencia racionalment dirigida contra el comunisme. Malgrat la centralitat que aquesta organitzacio va tenir en aquesta envestida persecutoria, no existeix, a dia d'avui, cap treball que l'hagi estudiada. Per aixo, i tot emprant un ric corpus documental recol·lectat de patrimonis publics i privats d'Argentina, Alemanya, Espanya, Mexic i Estats Units, pretenem retre compte d'aquesta organitzacio en la historia del continent america durant la segona meitat del segle XX. Ens centrarem particularment en com la Confederacio es va erigir en guardiana de la societat occidental i cristiana i va contribuir a configurar els criteris de comprensio de la realitat del seu temps entorn de la guerra a mort contra el comunisme.
Can we increase organ donation by reducing the disincentives? An experimental analysis.

Abstract Our research utilizes the experimental economics laboratory to investigate the impact that reducing disincentives has on organ donation. The experiment consists of four treatments across different levels of donation related costs, which reflect the disincentives associated with being an organ donor. Our experimental results indicate that sizable increases in the organ donation rate are achievable if we reduce the level of disincentives present. The largest observed donation rates arise when a financial return is offered for being an organ donor, which is prohibited under the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA), but nearly 80% of the gains observed under the positive financial incentives can be achieved if all of the disincentives are eliminated.
Scanned Photovoltage and Photoemission

Focused beams of light or electrons [1] are useful in probing semiconductor materials and devices in order to obtain information on crystalline defects, surface irregularities, minority carrier lifetime, and resistivity variations as well as gross device defects. Generally, in this type of measurement, the beam is scanned across the surface to generate hole-electron pairs in the material. For the standard configuration, a junction near the surface is used to collect a current which is displayed as a function of position, producing an image of the defects or inhomogeneities in the material. The structure of the image is due to fluctuations of the current produced by material inhomogeneities in the vicinity of the scanned beam. Of the two modes of scanning, the electron beam offers a higher resolution; on the other hand, the optical beam is a simpler measurement which can be used for probing semiconductor material under various insulating materials found in actual devices. Together, the techniques provide complimentary information on the microscopic structure and the electronic propoerties of defects and inhomogeneities in semiconductor materials.
Reductive Dissolution Mechanisms at the Hematite-Electrolyte Interface Probed by in Situ X-ray Scattering

The electron-catalyzed dissolution and reprecipitation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides constitute critical steps in natural geochemical iron cycling. However, the atomic-scale mechanisms of reductive dissolution and oxidative precipitation of Fe2+ remain poorly understood because they are difficult to directly experimentally probe. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and a novel electrochemical cell, we interrogate the interfacial structure between the hematite (α-Fe2O3) (1102) surface and acidic aqueous solution (5 mM Na2SO4, pH 4.0) under controlled electrochemical potential from the open circuit condition to cathodic bias as the reductive dissolution potential is approached and then exceeded. The crystalline order of the surface improves under mild reducing conditions, and the surface Fe stoichiometry changes with cathodic bias. After significant reductive dissolution occurs and cathodic bias is removed, dissolved Fe is redeposited, forming a disordered interface. Unlike at circumneutral pH, water laye...
Neutronic performance characteristics of different LEU fuels in a proposed NIST research reactor

Abstract As a potential replacement for the National Bureau Standards Reactor (NBSR) at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a conceptual design of a new reactor with a horizontally-split core has recently been studied using low-enriched uranium (LEU) silicide dispersion (U3Si2/Al) fuel. In this paper, the neutronics calculations of the proposed NIST reactor with other two low-enriched U-Mo fuels (U-10Mo monolithic fuel and U-7Mo/Al dispersion fuel) were performed, and the results were compared to that of the U3Si2/Al fuel, with the objective of identifying the best fuel candidate for the reactor cycle length and maximum cold neutron production. To make consistent comparisons, fuel inventories for multi-cycle equilibrium cores were produced for each fuel based on a 30 d reactor cycle at 20 MW thermal power. With its very high uranium density, the potential to load more uranium in the core with U-10Mo monolithic fuel was explored with test cases using an alternate fuel management scheme, a higher power level (30 MW), or a longer cycle (45 d). The research results indicate similar neutronics performance characteristics of the three LEU fuel options in the proposed NIST reactor with the same power level. However, the ability to load more fuel in the reactor with the U-10Mo option allows additional flexibility in the reactor design and could lead to other optimizations that maximize cold neutron production.
Radiofrequency Ablation, Cryoablation, and Microwave Ablation for T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Evaluation of Therapeutic and Renal Function Outcomes.

Abstract Purpose To compare the therapeutic and renal function outcomes of radiofrequency (RF) ablation, cryoablation, and microwave (MW) ablation for treatment of T1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods A retrospective assessment of 297 patients (mean age 72 years range 24–90 years) with biopsy-proven RCC treated with image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation was performed between October 2006 and December 2016. Mean tumor size was 2.4 cm; mean radius, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness of tumor to collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior, hilar tumor touching the main renal artery or vein, and location relative to polar lines; Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical; and c-centrality scores were 6.0, 7.0, and 2.8, respectively. Assessments of adverse events, treatment efficacy, and therapeutic outcomes were performed among RF ablation, cryoablation, and MW ablation. The 2-year disease-free, metastatic-free, and cancer-specific survival rates were tabulated. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was used to assess for treatment related changes in renal function. Results A total of 297 T1aN0M0 biopsy-proven RCCs measuring 1.2–3.9 cm were treated with computed tomography–guided RF ablation (n = 244, 82%), cryoablation (n = 26, 9%), and MW ablation (n = 27, 9%). There were no significant differences in patient demographics among the 3 groups (P = .09). Technical success rates were similar among the 3 treatments (P = .33). Primary efficacy at 1 month postablation was more likely to be achieved with RF ablation and MW ablation than with cryoablation. At 2 years’ follow-up, there was no local recurrence, metastatic progression, or RCC-related death observed in the 3 groups. There was no significant change in estimated glomerular filtration rate among the 3 ablation groups compared with baseline at 2-year follow-up (P = .71). Conclusion RF ablation, cryoablation, and MW ablation are equivalent at 2 years for treatment of T1a RCC for therapeutic outcome, stability of renal function, and low adverse event rate.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation May Benefit Women with Asthma Who Have Low Androgen Levels: A Pilot Study

Among individuals with severe asthma, FEV1 is low in individuals with low dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate (DHEAS) levels. In the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP), no women with DHEAS > 200 μg/dL had an FEV1 60% predicted received 100 mg DHEA orally every 12 h for 2 weeks. Spirometry and DHEAS were measured at the initial visit and 2 weeks later, after completion of DHEA treatment. Based on our previous work, the primary outcome variable for this pilot study was post-albuterol spirometry in the low-DHEAS group. Subjects also continued their other routine asthma management. Serum DHEAS increased with DHEA treatment in women with starting DHEAS < 200 µg/dL: this increase was from 71 ± 23 to 725 ± 295 µg/dL (n = 10; p = 0.0001). The increase in the high-DHEAS group was smaller. Post-albuterol FEV1 increased by 51 mL, from 3.026 ± 0.5 to 3.077 ± 0.49 L (n = 10; p = 0.034 by paired t test, significant after Bonferroni), in women with low DHEAS. In the high-DHEAS group (baseline DHEAS ≥ 200 µg/dl), post-albuterol FEV1 did not change significantly (n = 3, p = NS). Three subjects were excluded: one had comorbid COPD, one could not perform spirometry, and one did not take the DHEA. There were no adverse effects of DHEA treatment in this trial. Endocrine treatments (corticosteroids) are a mainstay of anti-inflammatory management for moderate and severe asthma. Their use has improved asthma outcomes. Androgens also reduce airway inflammation and promote airway smooth muscle relaxation, but are rarely used clinically for asthma treatment. Our results suggest that the over-the-counter steroid DHEA may improve lung function in asthma outcomes among women with DHEAS < 200 ug/dL.
Children on the Spectrum…. Information Every Occupational Therapist Should Know!

ABSTRACTNumerous research studies have been completed on the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). As individuals with this diagnosis are frequently treated by occupational therapists, this revi...
Strong toll-like receptor responses in cystic fibrosis patients are associated with higher lung function.

Abstract Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) airways disease varies widely among patients with identical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genotypes. Robust airway inflammation is thought to be deleterious in CF; inter-individual variation in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune inflammatory responses (TMIIR) might account for a portion of the phenotypic variation. We tested if TMIIR in people with CF are different than those of healthy controls, and whether higher TMIIR in people with CF are associated with reduced lung function. Methods We cultured whole blood from clinically stable subjects with CF (n = 76) and healthy controls (n = 45) with TLR agonists, and measured cytokine production and expression of TLR-associated genes. We tested for differences in TLR-stimulated cytokine levels between subjects with CF and healthy subjects, and for associations between cytokine and gene expression levels with baseline lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted (FEV1%)) and decline in FEV1% over time. Results TMIIR in blood from subjects with CF were lower than in healthy controls. Expression of TLR regulators SARM1, TOLLIP, and AKT1 were downregulated in CF. In subjects with CF we found that lower TLR4-agonist-induced IL-8 was associated with lower FEV1% at enrollment (p Conclusions TMIIR were lower in people with CF relative to healthy controls; however, unexpectedly, greater whole blood TMIIR were positively associated with lung function in people with CF. These findings suggest a complex interaction between inflammation and disease in people with CF.
Reduction-induced CO dissociation by a [Mn(bpy)(CO)4][SbF6] complex and its relevance in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.

[Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br] is recognized as a benchmark electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction to CO, with the doubly reduced [Mn(bpy)(CO)3]− proposed to be the active species in the catalytic mechanism. The reaction of this intermediate with CO2 and two protons is expected to produce the tetracarbonyl cation, [Mn(bpy)(CO)4]+, thereby closing the catalytic cycle. However, this species has not been experimentally observed. In this study, [Mn(bpy)(CO)4][SbF6] (1) was directly synthesized and found to be an efficient electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO in the presence of H2O. Complex 1 was characterized using X-ray crystallography as well as IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The redox activity of 1 was determined using cyclic voltammetry and compared with that of benchmark manganese complexes, e.g., [Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br] (2) and [Mn(bpy)(CO)3(MeCN)][PF6] (3). Infrared spectroscopic analyses indicated that CO dissociation occurs after a single-electron reduction of complex 1, producing a [Mn(bpy)(CO)3(MeCN)]+ species. Complex 1 was experimentally verified as both a precatalyst and an on-cycle intermediate in homogeneous Mn-based electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Thermal Activation of a Copper-Loaded Covalent Organic Framework for Near-Ambient Temperature Hydrogen Storage and Delivery

Copper(II) formate is efficiently incorporated into the pores of a 2D imine-based covalent organic framework (COF) via coordination with the phenol and imine groups. The coordinated metal ion is th...
Beyond Words: Understanding Grit in Survivors of Stroke and Caregivers.

Grit is defined as perseverance and long-term focus on goals. Grit may be helpful in surviving stroke for both survivors and caregivers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of gr...
Characterization of the Al-Ga solid-liquid interface using classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation

We present a detailed characterization of the structure and transport properties of aluminum--gallium solid--liquid interfaces using classical molecular-dynamics simulation and an embedded-atom model. In addition, ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations are performed to confirm the structural results from the classical force field. For the (100), (110), and (111) Al crystal orientations, we calculate density, potential energy, stress, and diffusion constant profiles as well as a two--dimensional Fourier analysis of the interfacial layers. We find that, for each crystal orientation, the first one to two layers of the Ga liquid have a lateral structure that is commensurate with the underlying Al substrate. Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of a smaller system size for the (100) and (111) orientations were also performed. The results support the liquid absorption behaviors from the larger scale classical simulations.
Unexpected mechanism for glucose-primed soil organic carbon mineralization under an anaerobic-aerobic transition

Abstract Redox reactions are important for cycling of carbon (C) in soils frequently subject to fluctuations in redox conditions, such as wetland soils, which contribute around one third of the global terrestrial C reservoir. Priming effects (PE), induction of changes in C mineralization due to additions of energy-rich organic carbon (OC) substrates, have been largely ignored during redox transitions in current modelling and experimental efforts for evaluating C cycles. In this study, we investigated the effects of glucose input on the mineralization of soil OC during an anaerobic–aerobic transition. Substantially more soil OC was mineralized under aerobic conditions in samples that received glucose under preceding anaerobic conditions compared to controls that did not receive glucose and to samples that received glucose under aerobic-only conditions. Our results reveal a novel PE by which glucose indirectly primes the mineralization of soil OC by increasing the reductive release of iron oxide-associated OC under anaerobic conditions, followed by a dramatic positive PE when aerobic conditions are reestablished. Inclusion of this novel indirect priming mechanism is crucial for accurately predicting the contribution of atmospheric greenhouse gases from soils experiencing redox fluctuations (e.g., wetlands).
Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Zebrafish Regeneration.

Currently, there is no treatment for recovery of human nerve function after damage to the central nervous system (CNS), and there are limited regenerative capabilities in the peripheral nervous system. Since fish are known for their regenerative abilities, understanding how these species modulate inflammatory processes following injury has potential translational importance for recovery from damage and disease. Many diseases and injuries involve the activation of innate immune cells to clear damaged cells. The resident immune cells of the CNS are microglia, the primary cells that respond to infection and injury, and their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. These cells serve as key modulators of development and plasticity and have been shown to be important in the repair and regeneration of structure and function after injury. Zebrafish are an emerging model for studying macrophages in regeneration after injury and microglia in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. These fish possess a high degree of neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and emotional/social behavioral resemblance with humans, serving as an ideal simulator for many pathologies. This review explores literature on macrophage and microglial involvement in facilitating regeneration. Understanding innate immune cell behavior following damage may help to develop novel methods for treating toxic and chronic inflammatory processes that are seen in trauma and disease.
Nano-enabled personalized nutrition: Developing multicomponent-bioactive colloidal delivery systems

There is growing interest in the production of foods and beverages with nutrient and nutraceutical profiles tailored to an individual's specific nutritional requirements. In principle, these personalized nutrition products are formulated based on the genetics, epigenetics, metabolism, microbiome, phenotype, lifestyle, age, gender, and health status of a person. A challenge in this area is to create customized functional food and beverage products that contain the required combination of bioactive agents, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals, prebiotics and probiotics. Nanotechnology may facilitate the development of these kind of products since it can be used to encapsulate one or more bioactive agent in a single colloidal delivery system. This delivery system may contain one or more different kinds of colloidal particle, specifically designed to protect each nutrient in the food, but then deliver it in a bioavailable form after ingestion. This review article provides an overview of the different kinds of bioactives that need to be delivered, as well as some of the challenges associated with incorporating them into functional foods and beverages. It then highlights how nanotech-enabled colloidal delivery systems can be developed to encapsulate multiple bioactive agents in a form suitable for functional food applications, particularly in the personalized nutrition field.
Applying Nuisance Law to Internet Obscenity

The current use of criminal law to prosecute Internet obscenity is ineffective and at the same time unfair. While prosecution of obscenity over the internet is extremely rare, when a prosecution does occur the punishment is extremely harsh. This paper advocates the use of nuisance law injunctions as a better alternative to responding to Internet obscenity. Nuisance law provides the advantage of allowing for wider enforcement of obscenity law on the Internet, while at the same time reducing the penalty for violating the subjective Miller test for obscenity. This paper also explores recent applications of nuisance law to the Internet and the standards for the ancient tort of moral nuisance.
Thromboelastography utilization for dabigatran reversal in a patient with acute kidney injury.

PURPOSE: This case report describes utilization of thromboelastography (TEG) in the setting of an acute major bleed in a patient on dabigatran who had concomitant acute kidney injury. SUMMARY: An 80-year-old female presented to the emergency department after a fall with complaints of pain in her knee, shoulder, and hip. Her medical history was significant for coronary artery disease, for which she took clopidogrel 75 mg daily, and atrial fibrillation, for which she took dabigatran 150 mg twice daily. The physical exam was remarkable for pain within the shoulder, hip, and knee, which had swelling and ecchymosis that extended into the right thigh. Given the possibility of compartment syndrome with multiple possible etiologies of coagulopathy, TEG and computed tomography angiography (CTa) of the right lower extremity were performed. The initial TEG showed prolonged R time and activated clotting time, indicating clotting factor dysfunction with no additional coagulopathy noted, including antiplatelet effects. On the basis of the TEG and CTa findings, it was decided to reverse dabigatran with 5 grams of idarucizumab. Approximately 1 hour after administration of idarucizumab, the patient was taken to interventional radiology where a limited angiogram of the right lower extremity showed no active extravasation. Because of the patient's renal dysfunction and the possibility of rebound hypercoaguability, repeat TEG tests were ordered at 4 and 8 hours after the initial reversal to ensure clearance of idarucizumab-dabigatran complexes. The repeat TEG values showed complete reversal of the initial coagulopathy noted. During the admission, the patient required no blood transfusions or surgical interventions and all her initial laboratory results improved. CONCLUSION: Serial TEG testing was successful at managing multiple coagulopathies in a patient at risk for trauma-induced compartment syndrome.
The Role of Molecular Genetics of Glioblastoma in the Clinical Setting

The rapid evolving knowledge of glioblastoma molecular biomarkers and their association to prognosis and treatment calls for clinicians to keep abreast of the latest literature on the recommendations that have an impact on clinical practice. The presence or absence of IDH mutations and MGMT methylation continue to be essential molecular markers that indicate prognosis and response to treatment. New emerging data on the presence of other alterations such as TERT promoter mutation, EGFR amplification, and/or the combination of gain of entire chromosome 7 and loss of entire chromosome 10 (+7/−10) in the case of IDH-wildtype astrocytomas and the presence of CDKN2A/B in IDH-mutant astrocytomas have become significant as these mutations are associated with more aggressive tumor behavior. Other mutations such as EGFRvIII expression, FGFR-TACC gene fusions, PTEN deletion, PDGFRA and BRAF V 600E have elucidated important pathways for targeted therapies and aid in prognosis assessment.
Depositional patterns of slowly plugging neck cutoffs from core analysis and estimates of bedload transport, White River, Arkansas

Meander cutoffs and oxbow lakes are very common features of fluvial landscapes that add complexity and diversity to floodplain alluvial architecture and riverine habitats. Following initial cutoff, sediment accumulates within the entrance and exit of the original bend forming plugs that eventually disconnect the abandoned bend from the main channel. While studies have examined the sedimentology of these plugs once they have fully disconnected from the abandoned bend, fewer studies have detailed the sedimentological processes occurring during the early stages following cutoff initiation. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted the importance that planform geometry plays in the evolution of neck cutoffs. This study examines the spatial depositional patterns of two neck cutoffs on the White River in central Arkansas, USA, that remain hydrologically connected to the main channel, providing a unique opportunity to research sedimentological processes before disconnection of the abandoned bend. Sediment cores were collected in key locations of each cutoff, including the entrance and exit of the abandoned bends, abandoned bend apices, and newly developed cutoff bars in the downstream channel. The cores were logged and interpreted and grain-size analyses were performed. In addition to sediment cores, repeat high-resolution multibeam echo sounding surveys were conducted roughly four hours apart to estimate bedload transport rates and patterns of bedload routing through each cutoff. Results from this research are different from previous studies. Sediment core results show a pattern of deposition typically associated with lower diversion angle chute cutoffs instead of higher diversion angle neck cutoffs. Previous research has indicated that plugging of abandoned bends drives disconnection from the active channel; however, this research shows that disconnection is more associated with the prevention of sediment from being delivered to the abandoned bends due to flow being pulled away from the abandoned bends and the evolving channel morphology.
Sleep-Scheduling Strategies in Hospital Shiftworkers

Introduction Shiftwork causes circadian disruption and results in impaired performance, sleep, and health. Often, individuals on non-standard shifts cannot modify work schedules. At-home sleep schedules are a potentially modifiable point of intervention, yet sleep-scheduling strategies remain relatively understudied. Specifically, the adoption of multiple strategies and the employment of strategies for not only night shifts, but also early starts on days, have yet to be formally examined to our knowledge. We studied how adoption of specific and/or multiple sleep-scheduling strategies for day and night shifts relates to measures of adaptation to shiftwork, self-reported on-shift sleepiness, and individual characteristics (eg, age, chronotype, education in circadian and sleep health). We hypothesized: 1) strategies would differ by shift type, 2) individuals would adopt multiple strategies, 3) strategies better aligned with circadian principles would relate to measures of adaptation, and 4) individual characteristics, such as having dependents, would relate to strategy selection. Methods A retrospective, online questionnaire (including items from the Survey of Shiftworkers and items related to sleep-scheduling strategies) was administered to both permanent and rotating hospital staff in four wards working 12-h day and/or night shifts (n=89). Additionally, reasons for strategy selection were explored. Results Level of adaptation varied by sleep-scheduling strategy, with the least adaptation for those utilizing the Incomplete Shifter strategies. For night shifts, Night Stay and Switch Sleeper-N strategies were related to lower mid-shift sleepiness. Many night workers reported using strategies that restricted sleep, and most reported using multiple strategies, both of which also related to lower adaptation. Domestic considerations were the most common rationale for strategy selection. Strategies varied by several individual characteristics, including chronotype, dependents, and level of sleep education. Discussion Future work should investigate sleep strategies and circadian interventions to help mitigate the effects of circadian and sleep disruption in hospital staff.