cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schopenhauer, the Philosophy of Music, and the Wisdom of Classical Indian Philosophy

Among Western philosophers, Schopenhauer is one of the few who seeks to clarify the nature of music, and its effects upon us. He claims that music is the most important of all the arts; and he argues that music is a kind of metaphysics that allows us to experience the ultimate reality of the world. In this essay, I evaluate Schopenhauer’s philosophy of music in the context of his overarching philosophy. Then I discuss the relevance of traditional Indian philosophies -- including Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism -- which Schopenhauer recognized as forerunners to his own philosophical system. Here, the discussion of Om is particularly important. Schopenhauer’s discussion of music is insightful. But his insistence on the priority of the will is problematic. I suggest another perspective on willing, ultimate reality and music which follows the classical Indian philosophies that he affirms.
Cochran, William Gemmell

Born 1909, Rutherglen, Scotland; died 1980 Orleans, MA. Leading contributor to the British–American school of applied statistics during a period of rapid development of the field across the middle decades of the twentieth century. Keywords: applied statistics; kinsey report; polio
Ammonia–Oxygen Fuel Cell

EARLIER publications have shown that the ‘Teflon’-bonded platinum black electrodes developed by Niedrach and Alford1 for use in fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes are mechanically stable over a temperature range from 25° to 200° C and perform well with both oxygen and air and with a variety of fuels and electrolytes1–6. This communication presents the initial results that we have obtained using these electrodes in a fuel cell operating with gaseous ammonia and oxygen and using 54 weight per cent aqueous potassium hydroxide as electrolyte. Similar results have been obtained with aqueous caesium hydroxide as electrolyte7. The cell and auxiliary electrical equipment were essentially the same as those used for the methanol–oxygen fuel cell2.
Dark Matter and Large Scale Structure III.

We discuss how measurements of the absorption of γ-rays from GeV to TeV energies via pair production on the extragalactic background light (EBL) can probe important issues in galaxy formation. We use semi- analytic models (SAMs) of galaxy formation, set within the hierarchical structure formation scenario, to obtain predictions of the EBL from 0.1 to 1000/im. SAMs incorporate simplified physical treatments of the key processes of galaxy formation — including gravitational collapse and merging of dark matter halos, gas cooling and dissipation, star formation, supernova feedback and metal production — and have been shown to reproduce key observations at low and high redshift. Here we also introduce improved modelling of the spectral energy distributions in the mid-to-far-IR arising from emission by dust grains. Assuming a flat ACDM cosmology with Ωm0.3 and Hubble parameter h — 0.65, we investigate the consequences of variations in input assumptions such as the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and the efficiency of converting cold gas into stars. We conclude that observational studies of the absorption of γ-rays with energies from ∼ Gev to ∼10 TeV will help to determine the EBL, and also help to explain its origin by constraining some of the most uncertain features of galaxy formation theory, including the IMF, the history of star formation, and the reprocessing of light by dust.
Using spatial analysis to drive reserve design: a case study of a national wildlife refuge in Indiana and Illinois (USA)

Our refuge design strategy involves a landscape approach formulated to complement existing management efforts and employ restoration in the heavily degraded Kankakee River watershed in northeastern Indiana and northwestern Illinois. The watershed historically contained an approximately 400,000 ha wetland (Grand Marsh), a diverse riverine system, oak savanna, and prairie. Today only fragments of these habitats remain. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a preliminary project proposal (PPP) during the summer of 1996 to protect and restore habitat within the watershed by establishing the Grand Kankakee Marsh National Wildlife Refuge. The Indiana and Illinois Gap Analysis projects provided the resources to move beyond the expert workshop approach to a data-driven method for initial reserve design. Using visual analysis of various Gap Analysis data layers, we established ‘Focus Areas’ that formed the basis for the Environmental Assessment and the Economic Impact Study required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). We have initiated Phase II of the reserve design analysis using preliminary results of the Indiana Gap Analysis project and C-Plan software in conjunction with the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Agent Oriented Logic Programming Constructs in Jinni 2004

Jinni 2004 [1] (available from http://www.binnetcorp.com/Jinni) expresses various agent programming constructs in terms of an Object Oriented Logic Programming layer implemented on top of a Java-based Prolog compiler. The architecture provides a high degree of compositionality through the use of a small set of orthogonal programming language constructs.
Runa: Human but not only

Comment on Kohn, Eduardo. 2013. How forests think: Toward an anthropology beyond the human . Berkeley: University of California Press.
The price of ignorance: The impact of side-information on delay for lossless source-coding

Inspired by the context of compressing encrypted sources, this paper considers the general tradeoff between rate, end-to-end delay, and probability of error for lossless sou rce coding with side-information. The notion of end-to-end delay is made precise by considering a sequential setting in which source symbols are revealed in real time and need to be reconstructed at the decoder within a certain fixed latency requirement. Upper bounds are derived on the reliability functions with delay when side-informatio n is known only to the decoder as well as when it is also known at the encoder. When the encoder is not ignorant of the side-information (including the trivial case when there is no sideinformation), it is possible to have substantially better t radeoffs between delay and probability of error at all rates . This shows that there is a fundamental price of ignorance in terms of end-to-end delay when the encoder is not aware of the side information. This effect is not visible if o nly fixed-block-length codes are considered. In this way, side-information in source-coding plays a role analogous t o that of feedback in channel coding. While the theorems in this paper are asymptotic in terms of long delays and low probabilities of error, an example is used to show that the qualitative effects describ ed here are significant even at short and moderate delays.
An experimental study of the effect of pancreatic juice on the gall bladder.

Summary A review of experimental studies of the effect of pancreatic juice on the gall bladder indicates that conflicting results can largely be attributed to failure to control the factors of obstruction and infection. Perfusion in vivo of the gall bladder of goats with pancreatic juice with or without bile or protease activators produced only a mild inflammation. Pancreatic juice with or without bile produced a necrotizing cholecystitis if the wall of the gall bladder became distended either acutely or gradually in the presence of varying degrees of obstruction.
Intraday Price Efficiency

Empirical methodologies used to assess intraday price efficiency are described. The metrics presented here summarize the extent to which actual prices deviate from an underlying efficient price and, therefore, attest to overall market quality. Two different approaches are discussed, and their relative merits are evaluated. The first approach uses a vector autoregression model over transaction-based returns and trade information. The second one uses simple autocorrelations of intraday midquote returns. Because it explicitly decomposes price changes into permanent (efficient) versus temporary (pricing error) components and it is set in transaction time as opposed to clock time, the first approach is preferred. Keywords: intraday price efficiency; random walk; pricing errors; market quality
Toward a movement dynamics perspective on dual-task performance

The effect of practice on the parallel organization and control of discrete, asymmetrical bimanual movements was investigated. Subjects performed a flexion movement in the left limb together with a flexion-extension-flexion movement in the right limb. Two groups, one of which received kinematic information feedback, were instructed to produce the different patterns simultaneously. A third group performed each movement in isolation at all times, serving as the baseline condition. The degree of success in parallel action organization was assessed at the qualitative (or structural) and quantitative (or metrical) level of movement specification. Findings revealed that the bimanual groups displayed a tendency to synchronize the patterns of motor output, resulting in (mutual) interference. However,the provision of augmented kinematic information feedback resulted in more successful metrical and structural dissociation of the limb actions. The results are discussed in support of a movement dynamics perspective on motoric dual-task performance. The relevance of the approach for human factors is also emphasized. Language: en
Exact Linearization of a Painlevé Transcendent

There is a connection between nonlinear partial differential equations that can be solved by the inverse scattering transform and nonlinear ordinary differential equations without movable critical points (e.g., Painlev\'e transcendents). We exploit this connection to reduce the second equation of Painlev\'e to a linear integral equation. We also describe a class of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that can be exactly linearized by this method.
Postweaning copper restriction and behavior in the Long-Evans rat.

Abstract A variety of behaviors was assessed in Long-Evans male rats placed on either a low copper diet, a margginal copper diet, or an adequate copper diet at weaning. Rats in the low copper group had slightly, but significantly, enlarged hearts and gained less weight than rats fed diets containing higher copper levels. Treatment effects were not detected in measurements of muricide, open-field activity, water intake, shock sensitivity, and shock avoidance and memory.
Computer simulations of catalyst deactivation—I. Model formulation and validation

Abstract Catalyst deactivation due to site coverage and pore blockage is a percolation process, and is characterized by a transition point (percolation threshold) at which a previously connected sample-spanning cluster of open (unplugged) pores becomes disconnected, so that macroscopic transport and reaction are no longer possible. In a percolation process the length scale over which the system is macroscopically homogeneous (i.e. the length scale over which macroscopic continuum equations of transport and reaction are applicable), is of fundamental importance. Most previous models have not taken this fact into account and, as a result, may not be valid over certain macroscopic length scales. We have developed a percolation model of catalyst deactivation which is formally correct both at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. The porous catalyst is represented by a network of interconnected pores. The effect of finite molecular size of the reactants, and the reslting hindered diffusion, is taken into account. When applied to catalytic pore plugging during hydrodemetallation, the predictions are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
SU‐FF‐I‐153: First Experience of High Resolution 3D Optical‐CT Scanning of An Anthropomorphic, Leuco‐Dye Doped, Radiochromic Plastic Dosimeter

Purpose: To investigate feasibility of high‐resolution three dimensional (3D) optical‐CT scanning of an anthropomorphic leuco‐dye doped radiochromic plastic dosimeter. Method and Materials: An anthropomorphic head phantom made out of PRESAGE™ (a leuco‐dye‐doped radiochromic plastic) was from Heuris Pharma. Co‐planar alignment marks (visible on x‐ray CT and optical‐CT) were placed on the surface. These were used to setup the phantom for x‐ray CT and treatment and for registration of measured dose from optical‐CT with the eclipse treatment planning system calculations. A RapidArc™ treatment for braintumor was delivered and radiochromic response was scanned using optical‐CT. Optical‐CT (pre‐irradiation and post‐irradiation) was with a commercial laser beamscanner called OCTOPUS‐5X™ (MGS Research Inc). The following imaging parameters were used: Image matrix of 418×418, pixel size of 0.5 mm, 1200 projections at 0.3 degree angular increments and inter‐slice spacing of 2.5 mm. The relationship between post‐irradiation radiochromic response and dose was established by irradiation of 1 cm path‐length cuvettes to a known dose and measuring the corresponding optical density change. Results: Pre‐irradiation and post‐irradiation optical‐CT scans of the head‐phantom were promising with artefacts generally confined to the edge because of refractive index mismatch between scanning fluid and phantom material. Even with a refractive index mismatch, challenging surfaces like the nose and ears were reconstructed with clarity. A profile through the center of the reconstructed central slice was flat suggesting uniform optical density. Further improvements to optical‐CT images are possible by satisfying the Nyquist sampling‐sufficiency criteria and with precise refractive index matching. Cuvette irradiations confirmed that the relationship between delivered dose and radiochromic response was linear with a slope of 0.0144 OD change per Gray. Conclusion: Results suggest that anthropomorphic dosimetry phantoms could be used for patient specific 3D quality‐assurance in the near future, which represents a major advance in the field of 3D dosimetry.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Studies on Skin Divers Following Physical Training

Twenty-seven scuba divers were studied to determine the level of physical fitness before and after four months’ training. Studies included an exercise-tolerance step test, vital capacity (VC), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume (RV), resting and stress blood pressure (BP), and the reflex bradycardia associated with diving. The results revealed an improvement In conditioning as measured by the step test. The ratio of RV to TLC diminished; MVV, VC and ERV increased. Resting BP diminished in both conditioned and unconditioned groups. Resting pulse rate did not change. Bradycardia with face submersion was found to be prominent in the conditioned group, although statistical significance was borderline. A short training period appears useful in improving physiologic functions of divers and is suggested as a safety measure.
Rapid Determination of Spinal Cord Content in Ground Beef by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

: The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure spinal cord content in ground beef was investigated. Near-infrared spectra were obtained for ground beef adulterated with 0 to 100 ppm spinal cord. A partial least square model was developed with 2nd derivative near-infrared spectral data (5400/cm to 10000/cm). The model showed a calibration of Rval= 0.94 and a validation of Rval= 0.90. The detection limit of the model was 21 ppm, and sensitivity to detect true positive spinal cord–adulterated samples was 87%. Near-infrared spectroscopy has the potential to identify spinal cord–adulterated ground beef.
Nursing Care, Delirium, and Pain Management for the Hospitalized Older Adult

Delirium is a reversible cognitive disorder that has a rapid onset. Delirium risk factors include older age, severity of illness, poorer baseline functional status, comorbid medical conditions, and dementia. There are adverse consequences of delirium, including increased length of stay and increased mortality. Therefore, it is important for nurses to identify clients at risk and prevent and manage delirium in the hospitalized older client. Once high-risk clients are identified, prevention strategies may be used to reduce the incidence. Examples of prevention strategies include providing glasses and working hearing aids and effective pain management. This article discusses various assessment instruments that detect the presence of delirium. With this information, nurses are better equipped to evaluate the best assessment options for their work setting. Early detection is crucial to reduce the adverse consequences of delirium. Once a client is found to be experiencing delirium, a treatment plan can be established using both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. In addition, the identification and the correction of etiologies of delirium can shorten the course of delirium.
High-Fidelity Linearized J Model for Satellite Formation Flight

With the recent flurry of research on satellite formation flight, a need has become apparent for a set of linearized equations that describe the relative motion of satellites under the effect of the J 2 geopotential disturbance. In the past, Hill's linearized equations of relative motion have been used to analyze relative motion between satellites, but they were not designed to capture the effect of the J 2 potential. A new set of constant-coefficient, linearized, differential equations of motion is derived. Although surprisingly similar in form to Hill's equations, they are able to capture the effects of the J 2 potential. A numerical simulator is employed to check the fidelity of the equations. It is shown that with the appropriate initial conditions, the new linearized equations of motion have periodic errors of only 0.4% over all inclinations, radii, and cluster configurations. The new linearized equations of motion also allow for insights into the effects of the J 2 disturbance on a satellite cluster including an effect called tumbling, where the cluster as a whole rotates about the vector normal to the orbital plane of the reference orbit. The differential J 2 effects are also analyzed, and the cluster configurations that minimize this effect can be determined from the new equations. Overall, a new high-fidelity set of linearized differential equations is produced that is well suited to model satellite relative motion in the presence of the J 2 potential.
Pharmacokinetics of growth hormone secretion in humans induced by growth hormone releasing hormone

Abstract This investigation compares the age- and sex-related changes in growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in normal subjects using an appropriate pharmacokinetic model. Twenty-five subjects (14 males and 11 females) aged 23–89 yr received a single intravenous bolus dose (1 μg/kg) of GHRH-40 solution. Plasma GH concentration-time profiles are best characterized by a biexponential equation (or one-compartment model) with first-order release and disappearance rates and an equilibration lag time. The harmonic mean release rate half-life is similar for both sexes (males: 12.6 min vs. females: 11.4 min) but significantly different across age groups (23–35 yr: 7.2 min vs. 50–89 yr: 16.8 min). The mean disappearance rate half-life and GHRH-equilibration time lag for females (33.6 and 20.4 min, respectively) and the higher age group subjects (32.4 and 21.6 min, respectively) are significantly longer than those of males (22.8 and 9 min, respectively) and the lower age-group subjects (21.6 and 8.4 min, respectively). The mean metabolic clearance rate of GH is significantly lower (p
Changes in Cognitive and Language Functioning of Preschool Children with Autism.

Preschool children with autism and their normally developing peers were compared on the Stanford-Binet IV and Preschool Language Scale before and after 1 school year. Both measures showed that although the children with autism functioned at a lower level than their normally developing peers, the children with autism had narrowed this gap after treatment, making a nearly 19-point increase in IQ and an 8-point gain in language quotient. The IQ measure remained stable for the normally developing peers while their language showed a 7.73-point increase. The data support the notion that young children with autism can make very significant developmental gains.
SO(10) operator analysis for nu micro nu tau oscillations.

In grand unified theories the flavor mixing angles of leptons are related to those of quarks. In this paper we study SO(10) theories with a precise group-theoretic relation at the GUT scale for mixing between the heaviest two generations: ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}}^{0}=\ensuremath{\kappa}|{V}_{\mathrm{cb}}^{0}|$. A comprehensive operator search yields all possible cases where $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is a group theory Clebsch coefficient. The resulting predictions for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ oscillations are scaled from the grand to the weak scales. We find that all but one of the models which have such a relationship between ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}}^{0}$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{cb}}^{0}$, and are not already excluded, will be probed by the CHORUS and NOMAD experiments. A more precise mixing measurement, for example, by the proposed P803 experiment, could distinguish between the models.
The doubting disease: religious scrupulosity and obsessive-compulsive disorder in historical context.

Psychologists and cultural historians typically have argued that early modern theologians such as Martin Luther, John Bunyan, and Ignatius Loyola exhibited behavior that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) classifies as a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder termed “religious scrupulosity.” This essay argues that, although early modern theologians do manifest scrupulosity, such religiosity was a culturally acceptable, even recommended component of spiritual progress, a necessary means of receiving an unmerited bestowal of God’s grace. The larger aim of the essay is to point out some of the limitations of current DSM criteria when attempting retrospectively to diagnose historical figures with mental pathology.
Regional climate gradients in precipitation and temperature in response to climate teleconnections in the Greater Everglades ecosystem of South Florida

Precipitation and temperature in Florida responds to climate teleconnections from both the Pacific and Atlantic regions. In this region south of Lake Okeechobee, encompassing NWS Climate Divisions 5, 6, and 7, modern movement of surface waters are managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the US Army Corps of Engineers for flood control, water supply, and Everglades restoration within the constraints of the climatic variability of precipitation and evaporation. Despite relatively narrow, low-relief, but multi-purposed land separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, South Florida has patterns of precipitation and temperature that vary substantially on spatial scales of 101–102 km. Here we explore statistically significant linkages to precipitation and temperature that vary seasonally and over small spatial scales with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Over the period from 1952 to 2005, ENSO teleconnections exhibited the strongest influence on seasonal precipitation. The Multivariate ENSO Index was positively correlated with winter (dry season) precipitation and explained up to 34 % of dry season precipitation variability along the southwest Florida coast. The AMO was the most influential of these teleconnections during the summer (wet season), with significant positive correlations to South Florida precipitation. These relationships with modern climate parameters have implications for paleoclimatological and paleoecological reconstructions, and future climate predictions from the Greater Everglades system.
An application of taguchi's methods reconsidered

Two aspects of Taguchi's methods for analyzing parameter design experiments that can be improved upon are considered. It is shown how using interaction graphs instead of marginal graphs, and how using the sample variance instead of a signal-to-noise ratio, can lead to product designs that are more robust to variation. The advantages of the alternative analysis will be illustrated by reanalyzing a case study considered by Barker (1986).
Epidemiologic study of insect allergy in children. II. Effect of accidental stings in allergic children

One hundred eighty-one children with non-life-threatening reactions to insect stings and positive venom skin tests were randomized to treatment (53) or no-treatment (128) groups and followed up clinically and immunologically for at least two years to assess the results of accidental stings. Twenty-eight stings in 17 treated patients and 74 stings in 47 untreated children occurred, leading to one mild reaction in a treated patient, and eight in the no-treatment group (P=NS). No reaction was more serious than the original. Based on IgE antibody changes and skin test results, 87% of the untreated children were stung by insect to which they had clinical sensitivity by skin test. Vespid skin test sensitivity decreased 10-fold or more in both treated (72%) and untreated (44%) children. Of those with increased sensitivity. ≅ 70% had been stung. These data indicate that the incidence of sever reactions on resting is low in insect-allergic children, and that the majority show decreased skin test sensitivity over time.
Disassembly energy release for mechanical damage evaluation

Abstract Techniques available for determining the energy release from prompt critical excursions in fast reactors are discussed. This includes models used to develop the pressure source-terms needed to analyze the structural response of the system. Methods for characterizing the work-potential available from energetic excursions are reviewed. Areas where advanced models would be most beneficial are also discussed.
Social Normative Influence: An Exploratory Study Investigating its Effectiveness in Increasing Engagement in Sustainable Apparel-Purchasing Behaviors

Abstract Even when consumers are knowledgeable and concerned about sustainability issues related to apparel production and consumption, their level of engagement in sustainable apparel purchasing behaviors is low. Through a four-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental design, this exploratory research examined the persuasive appeal of door hangers employing social normative influence and petitioning consumers to engage in sustainable apparel-purchasing behaviors. Data were collected from students living on campus at a university in the Midwestern United States. At the start of the experiment, the participants completed a survey that assessed engagement in sustainable apparel purchasing. Door hangers were then distributed to the participants’ rooms. After 10 weeks, the students’ engagement in sustainable apparel purchasing was reassessed by having the participants complete an identical survey. Results indicate that engagement in sustainable apparel-purchasing behaviors among the participants was low. Fu...
Quantum Oscillations of the Interlayer Magnetothermopower in a Q2D Organic Conductor

The beating oscillations of the interlayer thermopower with a large amplitude as a function of both the magnetic field magnitude and an angle between the normal to the Q2D layer plane and the magnetic field are shown to occur when the cyclotron energy is comparable with the interlayer transfer integral. The evaluation based on the semi-classical Boltzmann theory predicts that the position of the beats in the magnetic oscillations of the interlayer thermopower are shifted with respect of those in the interlayer magnetoresistance. The shift is even bigger with increasing magnetic field. This will facilitate the experimental study of the quantum oscillaton effects.
The erosion of nursing resources: employee withdrawal behaviors.

A 5-year retrospective cohort study of 404 nurses hired during a 2-year period in five hospitals was conducted in order to explore withdrawal behavior exhibited by 76% of them. Three with-drawal behaviors were examined and compared: turnover, absenteeism, and systematic reduction in participation (reduced work schedules). In two separate regressions, systematic reduction in participation (SRP) and turnover were each regressed on absenteeism, after controlling for six organizational and demographic variables. The relationship between absenteeism and each of the other two behaviors was significant, but opposite in effect. Systematic reduction in participation was found to be an important source of nursing resource loss in some, but not all, hospitals. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of RANKL-targeted therapy in immunity and cancer

The role of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK system is well characterized within bone, where RANKL/RANK signaling mediates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. However, this system has also been shown to influence biologic processes beyond the skeletal system, including in the immune system and in cancer. RANKL/RANK signaling is important in lymph-node development, lymphocyte differentiation, dendritic cell survival, T-cell activation, and tolerance induction. The RANKL/RANK axis may also have direct, osteoclast-independent effects on tumor cells. Indeed, activity of the RANKL/RANK pathway in cancer cells has been correlated with tumor progression and advanced disease. Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, inhibits osteoclastogenesis and is widely used not just for the treatment of osteoporosis, but for the prevention of skeletal-related events from bone metastases in solid malignancies such as breast and prostate cancer. The potential effects of denosumab on the immune system have been largely ignored. Nevertheless, with the emergence of immunotherapies for cancer, denosumab may impact the effectiveness of these therapies, especially if they are given in combination. In this article, we review the role of RANKL/RANK in bone, immunity, and cancer. Examining the potential effects of routine treatment with denosumab beyond the bone represents an important area of investigation.
Morphosyntactic Issues in Second Language Acquisition edited by GABRYS–BARKER, DANUTA

The article reviews the book "Morphosyntactic Issues in Second Language Acquisition," edited by Danuta Gabrys-Barker.
The effect of thought structure on the production of lexical movements

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that participants who are expressing a thought that is encoded spatially will use more lexical movements than participants who are expressing a thought that is encoded textually. The 37 participants were divided into two groups and instructed to either watch a cartoon or read a description of the cartoon. Their video-taped responses were analyzed for the frequency and laterality of both lexical and motor movements. Members of the video group did use more lexical movements than members of the written group, and the right hand was dominant in the production of lexical movements made by members of both groups. These data support the theory that lexical movements are integrally related to the speech production process.
Comparative antilipidemic effects of various ethyl 5-substituted benzofuran-, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-, and 3(2H)-benzofuranone-2-carboxylate analogs of clofibrate in a triton hyperlipidemic rat model.

The antilipidemic properties of certain benzofuran-, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-, and 3(2H)-benzofuranone-2-carboxylate analogs of clofibrate in a hyperlipidemic rat model are described. The hyperlipidemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Triton WR-1339. The results were analyzed in light of structural modifications as well as the lipid solubility of substituted compounds as assessed by a consideration of calculated log P values. Comparisons are made between the activity of these compounds and the activity of related cyclic analogs previously reported. Among the various compounds tested, only the 5-C1 and phenylsubstituted dihydrobenzofurans were selective against elevated serum cholesterol levels in this animal model. The data presented support the hypothesis that the cholesterol and triglyceride lowering activity of clofibrate related analogs in this animal model may be separated through a consideration of log P, conformational, and electronic changes. The proposal is advanced that relatively minor structural modification of clofibrate related analogs may lead to compounds which are not only selective in the Triton model but also to compounds which are likely to exert their effects by differing modes of action.
Evaluating student achievement with a relational database

Commercial database programs such as dBase and Paradox, although developed originally for business applications, are versatile and powerful tools that can be used for an academic purpose such as evaluating student performance. They can be used to write and store test questions, assemble and print classroom or on-line laboratory tests, and calculate grades, test statistics, and so forth. Databases are flexible, unlike textbook “ancillary” test bank programs that are inextricably bound to the strictly linear format and brief shelf life of specific textbook editions. A prototypical relational database program is described, with which an instructor can produce tests based on generic terms adapted from Boneau’s (1990) study of psychological literacy, as well as on behavioral learning objectives adapted from Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy of educational objectives. As a relational database, the program integrates terms, objectives, questions, tests, and test scores, and avoids unnecessary data duplication and waste of computer storage space.
Melanocytes and iris color : Electron microscopic findings

Objective: To quantitatively associate iris color with melanocyte pigment content. Methods: Autopsy eyes were classified as uniform-blue, uniform-hazel, or uniform-brown or showing a darker peripupillary ring. Using electron microscopic images and computerized image analysis, area, number, and size of mature melanosomes within the perinuclear cytoplasmic area only or within perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic areas of the superficial stromal melanocytes combined were measured. Results: Average melanosomal area per perinuclear cytoplasmic area (AMAC) and average number of melanosomes per perinuclear area (AMNC) significantly differed across iris color groups (overall P P =.06 for AMAC and P =.07 for AMNC). The average perinuclear cytoplasmic area was larger in the central iris zone (within 1 mm around the pupillary margin) than in the intermediate iris zone (between 1 and 2 mm around the pupillary margin) ( P =.002), but AMAC and AMNC did not significantly differ between zones. The average melanosome size did not differ significantly across color groups ( P =.11). Conclusion: Differences in iris colors are at least partially attributed to variable AMNC and AMAC within superficial melanocytes.
Common Belief of Rationality in the Finitely Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma☆

Abstract In the finitely repeated Prisoners' Dilemma, an intuitive argument suggests that if rationality is common belief, both players will “defect” in every period of the game. But in a strategic (normal) form analysis, a “defect-always” outcome requires an additional condition. This paper uses a precise formalism to state and prove the following result: if rationality is common belief, and if the players' beliefs are mutually absolutely continuous, then the players defect in every period. When beliefs are mutually absolutely continuous, it is common belief that each player assigns positive probability to the true state of the world.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, D82.
Effects of FK506 in rat and human resistance arteries

artery to FK506 (1000 ng/ml) increased the sensitivity to norepinephrine (NE) and impaired the response to acetylcholine sion, which is an important side effect of both drugs, in (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNp). In contrast, arteries some investigations has been found to be less severe and isolated from rats given FK506 for eight days showed a reduced frequent in patients receiving FK506 [4‐8]. In their study, sensitivity to NE (P , 0.05) and a normal endothelium-depenCanzanello et al observed that hypertension occurred dent relaxation. Their incubation with l-arginine caused a significant reduction in Ach sensitivity in the FK506 group (P , in 82% of their liver transplant patients treated with 0.05) but not in controls, suggesting enhancement of nitric cyclosporine and in only 33% of those treated with oxide production by the drug. The sensitivity to SNp was re- FK506 [9]. Spencer, Goa and Gillis in their recent review, duced, as in the in vitro experiments (P , 0.05). Rats given reached a similar conclusion in which the frequency of FK506 for eight days presented blood pressure similar to that adverse effects of both immunosuppressive drugs was in controls but also presented signs of a compensatory response to excess vasodilation: tachycardia (P , 0.01), reduced blood compared [10]. In particular, the authors reported that pressure sensitivity to NE and Ach, blunted heart rate response although FK506 was associated with a higher incidence to both agonists, and exaggerated hypotension at high doses of diabetes mellitus, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity, of Ach. After 21 days of treatment, blood pressure remained cyclosporine caused more hyperlipidemia, hypertension, similar to that in controls, but resistance artery showed further hirsutism, and gingival hyperplasia in patients submitted functional deterioration, with significant impairment of the maximum responses to Ach and to SNp.
Application of NTRU Cryptographic Algorithm for SCADA Security

Critical Infrastructure represents the basic facilities, services and installations necessary for functioning of a community, such as water, power lines, transportation, or communication systems. Any act or practice that causes a real-time Critical Infrastructure System to impair its normal function and performance will have debilitating impact on security and economy, with direct implication on the society. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system is a control system which is widely used in Critical Infrastructure System to monitor and control industrial processes autonomously. As SCADA architecture relies on computers, networks, applications and programmable controllers, it is more vulnerable to security threats/attacks. Traditional SCADA communication protocols such as IEC 60870, DNP3, IEC 61850, or Modbus did not provide any security services. Newer standards such as IEC 62351 and AGA-12 offer security features to handle the attacks on SCADA system. However there are performance issues with the cryptographic solutions of these specifications when applied to SCADA systems. This research is aimed at improving the performance of SCADA security standards by employing NTRU, a faster and light-weight NTRU public key algorithm for providing end-to-end security.
Technical Challenges and Opportunities for Concentrating Solar Power With Thermal Energy Storage

Concentrating solar power (CSP) provides the ability to incorporate simple, efficient, and cost-effective thermal energy storage (TES) by virtue of converting sunlight to heat as an intermediate step to generating electricity. Thermal energy storage for use in CSP systems can be one of sensible heat storage, latent heat storage using phase change materials (PCMs) or thermochemical storage. Commercially deployed CSP TES systems have been achieved in recent years, with two-tank TES using molten salt as a storage medium and steam accumulators being the system configurations deployed to date. Sensible energy thermocline systems and PCM systems have been deployed on a pilot-scale level and considerable research effort continues to be funded, by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and others, in developing TES systems utilizing any one of the three categories of TES. This paper discusses technoeconomic challenges associated with the various TES technologies and opportunities for advancing the scientific knowledge relating to the critical questions still remaining for each technology.
Correspondence: Quantitative analysis of ultrasound contrast agent postexcitation collapse

An empirically based peak-detection technique is described for statistically analyzing single ultrasound contrast agent collapses. It is shown that microbubbles with postexcitation collapse initially exhibit a stronger principal response on average than those without postexcitation, and that lower insonifying frequencies lead to postexcitation signals which have greater separation from their principal response and persist through more rebounds.
An Interval Estimate for Making Statistical Inferences About True Scores.

A numerical procedure is outlined for obtaining an interval estimate of the regression of true score on observed score. Only the frequency distribution of observed scores is needed for this. The procedure assumes that the conditional distribution of observed scores for fixed true score is binomial. The procedure is applied to several sets of test data.
Age differences in the use of beneficial and misleading cues in recall: with a comment on the measurement of between-group differences in accuracy.

Young and old subjects were tested on their memory for paired-associate terms when cued with either facilitative or misleading word stems. After studying a long list of pairs of unrelated words (e.g., hair–turtle), recall of a particular target term was cued in a facilitative manner (hair–tu____) or a misleading manner (hair–ta____). The effects of these cues were assessed relative to a baseline condition in which levels of performance lay between the other two (hair–t____). To interpret the age-related effects of the facilitative and misleading cues relative to baseline, the variance in differences between the baseline and the experimental conditions related to the overall baseline level was factored out, and age-related differences as a function of cue were assessed on the remaining variability. This analysis revealed that the two age groups differed both in their ability to overcome the adverse effects of the misleading cue and also to take advantage of the benefits afforded by the facilitative cue. Th...
How to Quantify 'Small-World Networks'?

Recently Watts and Strogatz emphasized the widespread relevance of 'small worlds' and studied numerically networks between complete regularity and complete randomness. In this letter, I derive simple analytical expressions which can reproduce the empirical observations. It is shown how a few random connections can turn a regular network into a 'small-world network' with a short global connection but persisting local clustering.
Electromagnetic velocity-transducer studies of plastic waves in aluminum bars

In this investigation, annealed aluminum rods were subjected to dynamic compressive impact loading of duration of the order of 560 μsec to study the propagation of longitudinal plastic waves, using an electromagnetic transducer to record particle velocities at four stations approximately three inches apart. Test results indicate that any given level of particle velocity propagates along the bar with a constant speed, not affected by the strain rate, within the range of strain rates encountered. Good agreement was found between the propagation speeds observed for different levels of velocity (averaged over all tests) and predictions of the von Karman rate-independent plastic-wave-propagation theory based on a single dynamic stress-strain curve almost coinciding with the static curve.
Repeated social stress increases reward salience and impairs encoding of prediction by rat locus coeruleus neurons.

Stress is implicated in psychopathology characterized by cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive responses to stress are regulated by the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine (LC–NE) system. As social stress is a prevalent human stressor, this study determined the impact of repeated social stress on the relationship between LC neuronal activity and behavior during the performance of cognitive tasks. Social stress-exposed rats performed better at intradimensional set shifting (IDS) and made fewer perseverative errors during reversal learning (REV). LC neurons of control rats were task responsive, being activated after the choice and before reward. Social stress shifted LC neuronal activity from being task responsive to being reward responsive during IDS and REV. LC neurons of stressed rats were activated by reward and tonically inhibited by reward omission with incorrect choices. In contrast, LC neurons of stress-naive rats were only tonically inhibited by reward omission. Reward-related LC activation in stressed rats was unrelated to predictability because it did not habituate as learning progressed. The findings suggest that social stress history increases reward salience and impairs processes that compute predictability for LC neurons. These effects of social stress on LC neuronal activity could facilitate learning as indicated by improved performance in stressed rats. However, the ability of social stress history to enhance responses to behavioral outcomes may have a role in the association between stress and addictive behaviors. In addition, magnified fluctuations in LC activity in response to opposing behavioral consequences may underlie volatile changes in emotional arousal that characterize post-traumatic stress disorder.
The use of discrete event simulation in a design for six sigma project

This paper describes how a risk event to customer satisfaction for a food service facility was identified, validated, and eventually mitigated through the use of a discrete event simulation as part of a Design for Six Sigma project. Further described is how simulation was utilized to identify leading indicators to the risk event, to give pre-warning of the occurrence as well as to perform what if tests to validate mitigation practices and contingency plans. The results presented demonstrate how a simulation model coupled with Six Sigma can design a superior process in regards to predictability and reliability.
Creative dramatics for the gifted: A multi‐disciplinary approach

The author explains how creative dramatics, used as a technique for interating the disciplines, can be an integral part of a gifted program.
Review of the International Archaeopteryx Conference (Eichstätt, September 1984)

(1985). Review of the International Archaeopteryx Conference (Eichstatt, September 1984) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 177-179.