cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Renal Biology of Endothelins

Endothelin (ET) is distinguished from other endogenous vasoactive peptides by its biphasic pressure response and its sustained duration of action. There is marked regional variability in the sensitivity to either the vasodilatory or the vasoconstrictor effects of ET. The renal vascular bed is exquisitely sensitive and may be an important target organ for ET. The extent to which ET functions as an auto-crine, paracrine, or circulating mediator is as yet unclear. Evidence suggests that ET may play a role as a mediator of chronic volume and blood pressure regulation and contribute to sustained renal ischemia in pathophysiological states. Eventual development of effective blockers of ET action will aid in understanding the in vivo effects of ET.
Abstract 3453: Medical history, lifestyle, and family history exposures and chronic lymphocytic leukemia outcome

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Background: Associations of medical history, lifestyle, and family history of hematological disorders with risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been previously established (1), but these exposures have not been well-studied as contributing factors to CLL prognosis. Here we investigate the association of these exposures with time to first treatment (TTFT) in 730 CLL patients. Methods: Newly diagnosed CLL patients seen at the Mayo Clinic between 2002 and 2012 were enrolled. CLL was defined according to the 1996 NCI-Working Group criteria (2). Risk factor data (including body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, sun exposure, having lived on a farm, any allergy, asthma, eczema, blood transfusion, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and family history of hematological malignancy) were collected from self-administered questionnaires. Clinical and prognostic characteristics for CLL were extracted from medical records. Analyses were performed using Cox regression with first treatment as the event. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. We used Bonferroni correction for multiple testing with statistical significance at 0.004. Results: The median age at CLL diagnosis was 63 years (range 36 - 89); 65% were male, and 95% had a Rai stage 0.1). Conclusions: We observed an improved CLL prognosis in patients with a history of any allergies or asthma. These results were independent of other prognostic markers and suggest that an overactive IgE level from environmental exposures may provide insight into the progression of CLL. Literature Cited 1. Slager SL, Benavente Y, Blair A, Vermeulen R, Cerhan JR, Costantini AS, et al. Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014 Aug;2014(48):41-51. 2. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Grever M, Kay N, Keating MJ, O’Brien S, et al. National Cancer Institute-sponsored Working Group guidelines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood. 1996 Jun 15;87(12):4990-7. Citation Format: Sara Beiggi, James M. Foran, O’Byrne Megan, Celine M. Vachon, Timothy G. Call, Neil E. Kay, Tait D. Shanafelt, James R. Cerhan, Susan L. Slager. Medical history, lifestyle, and family history exposures and chronic lymphocytic leukemia outcome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3453.
Automated grading of student programming assignments: tutorial presentation

In a SIGCSE note [1] Henry Walker addresses some of the problems with grading in computer science. He cites a report from the MAA/ACM/IEEE Computer Science Task Force on the Teaching of Computer Science with Mathematics Departments [2] to demonstrate that "grading CS [computer science] takes longer than comparable assignments in mathematics or other sciences; CS grading rates appear more closely tied to foreign language than science. [...] However, while upper-level foreign-language courses often require only 4 or 5 short papers during a semester, many CS faculty believe that one assignment every 2 or 3 weeks provides students with inadequate practice. Thus, in CS, assignment frequency may parallel other sciences, while grading time parallels foreign language." Walker concludes from the task force report that "One can grade approximately one and one-half [times] as many English examinations and almost twice as many calculus examinations in a fixed time period [as computer science]." This is part of the CS assessment burden.
Effects of a Collaborative Problem-Solving Approach on an Inpatient Adolescent Psychiatric Unit.

OBJECTIVE Effects of collaborative problem-solving (CPS) approaches on an inpatient adolescent psychiatric unit were investigated during this study, modeling Dr. Ross Greene's CPS theory, which considers that cognitive deficits are associated with adolescent behavioral dysfunction; his research, treatment, and subsequent results on similar units were notably successful. PROBLEM The staff viewed prestudy, negative behavior modification and resultant punitive consequences as culturally acceptable. New York State's Office of Mental Health (OMH) disapproved these strategies, necessitating cultural transformation and alteration of routine responses to patients’ maladaptive behaviors. METHOD The study incorporates quantitative, comparative, quasi-experimental design, utilizing retrospective staff surveys and hospital medical records to compare behavioral outcomes and staff perceptions during pre- and post-training phases of this 5-year study. RESULTS A significant decrease in punitive strategies and techniques (p = .001), reduction in behaviors related to the need for restraints, and significant decline in self-inflicted injury (p = .005), length of stay (p = .001), and need for security staff involvement (p = .001) were noted.
Comparison of photopic negative response measurements in the time and time–frequency domains

To compare measurements of the full-field photopic negative response (PhNR), as well as intra-subject variation in the PhNR, using time and time–frequency domain analyses. Full-field ERGs were recorded from 20 normally sighted subjects (aged 24–65 years) elicited by a long-wavelength pulse (3 cd s m−2) presented against a short-wavelength adapting field (12.5 cd m−2). Three to 10 waveforms were obtained from each subject, and each waveform was analyzed using standard time domain analyses of the PhNR, as well as a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to extract time–frequency components that correspond to the PhNR. Three different measures of the PhNR were derived and compared: (1) amplitude at the PhNR trough; (2) amplitude at 72 ms following stimulus onset; (3) energy in the 11 Hz, 60–120 ms DWT frequency bin that corresponds to the PhNR. In addition, the effect of normalizing the PhNR by the b-wave was evaluated for each of the measures. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were computed for each definition to evaluate intra-subject variation. PhNR amplitudes measured at the trough and at 72 ms were significantly correlated (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). Additionally, PhNR energy derived by DWT was significantly correlated with the amplitude measured at the trough (r = 0.64, p = 0.002) and at 72 ms (r = 0.60, p = 0.005). Mean (±SD) intra-subject CVs were 26 % (15 %), 49 % (26 %), and 30 % (15 %), for measures at the trough, 72 ms, and DWT, respectively. Normalization by the b-wave amplitude (i.e., PhNR/b) had minimal effect on the intra-subject CVs, whereas normalization by the sum of the b-wave and PhNR amplitudes (i.e., PhNR/[b + PhNR]) substantially reduced the CVs for all three measures (mean CVs were less than 17 % for all conditions). Although each PhNR definition has advantages and disadvantages, all three metrics provide similar estimates of the PhNR. Intra-subject CVs, however, were relatively high for measurements made at 72 ms, indicating that definitions based on a fixed time point may introduce variability. The substantial decrease in intra-subject variation after normalization by the sum of the PhNR and b-wave amplitudes may be advantageous under some conditions.
Leveraging Librarian Liaison Expertise in a New Consultancy Role

ABSTRACT This paper presents a case study of an advisory role that librarians successfully developed with faculty editors to increase the visibility and readership of an open access scholarly publication. The study represents an example of how expertise among liaison librarians and other library service professionals can be leveraged in new consultancy roles in support of evolving library service models. It also depicts local application of a hybrid model for librarianship that combines the functional specialist and subject librarian liaison roles in implementing advisory activities and recommendations. The liaison librarians successfully used their knowledge of scholarly communications and applied innovative bibliometric analysis to help enhance the discoverability and user experience of an online journal publication. The librarians made specific recommendations for optimizing journal website content organization, search functionality, metadata standards and marketing opportunities that were subsequently implemented by the editors and platform managers. The faculty editor places a high value on these recommendations, and the librarian advisory role continues to develop. Our study also outlines many of the essential considerations that scholar-editors and librarian advisors can use to help implement open access scholarly publishing projects successfully.
Bedrock Ground Stone Features on Chacuaco Creek, Southeastern Colorado

In southeastern Colorado, bedrock ground stone (BGS) features, also called bedrock metates or mortars, are a well-recognized part of the archaeological record. Although sometimes documented or recorded, they are rarely studied. However, elsewhere BGS are considered an important aspect of subsistence strategies, landscape adaptation, and symbolic ideology. A critical examination of any aspect of material culture begins with an unbiased description, and subsequent development of methods to scientifically examine the phenomena. This paper offers a methodology for recording BGS features to encourage reporting in the region. Results underscore the importance of developing accurate feature planviews, but also illustrate that minimal metric data (length, width, and depth) offer insight into how the landscape was inhabited by ancient peoples.
In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit

Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance must now come from domain-specific hardware. This paper evaluates a custom ASIC---called a Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) --- deployed in datacenters since 2015 that accelerates the inference phase of neural networks (NN). The heart of the TPU is a 65,536 8-bit MAC matrix multiply unit that offers a peak throughput of 92 TeraOps/second (TOPS) and a large (28 MiB) software-managed on-chip memory. The TPU's deterministic execution model is a better match to the 99th-percentile response-time requirement of our NN applications than are the time-varying optimizations of CPUs and GPUs that help average throughput more than guaranteed latency. The lack of such features helps explain why, despite having myriad MACs and a big memory, the TPU is relatively small and low power. We compare the TPU to a server-class Intel Haswell CPU and an Nvidia K80 GPU, which are contemporaries deployed in the same datacenters. Our workload, written in the high-level TensorFlow framework, uses production NN applications (MLPs, CNNs, and LSTMs) that represent 95% of our datacenters' NN inference demand. Despite low utilization for some applications, the TPU is on average about 15X -- 30X faster than its contemporary GPU or CPU, with TOPS/Watt about 30X -- 80X higher. Moreover, using the CPU's GDDR5 memory in the TPU would triple achieved TOPS and raise TOPS/Watt to nearly 70X the GPU and 200X the CPU.
“We Deserve Better!”: Perceptions of HIV Testing Campaigns Among Black and Latino MSM in New York City

In 2014, Black/African-American and Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with men (BLMSM) comprised 64.1% of HIV diagnoses among MSM in the U.S. Routine HIV testing allows earlier diagnosis, linkage to care, and improved health outcomes. HIV testing campaigns may increase HIV awareness and testing behaviors, but perceptions of these campaigns by BLMSM have been understudied. We explored perceptions of HIV testing campaigns with BLMSM in New York City (NYC) to inform campaign strategies that target BLMSM for HIV testing. Using respondent-driven sampling methods, we conducted semi-structured interviews from 2011 to 2012 with BLMSM in NYC who participated in a larger HIV research study. Interview responses from 108 participants were examined for main themes using computer-assisted thematic analyses. The four main themes identified were that HIV testing campaigns should: (1) use non-stereotypical messages and images on the basis of race and sexuality, (2) use non-gay identified images, (3) be maximally inclusive and visible, and (4) raise risk perception of HIV. These findings can inform future campaigns for strengthening HIV testing among BLMSM in support of earlier diagnosis, linkage to care, and reduced disparities.
New Multiple-Choice Measures of Historical Thinking: An Investigation of Cognitive Validity

AbstractHistory education scholars have recognized the need for test validity research in recent years and have called for empirical studies that explore how to best measure historical thinking processes. The present study was designed to help answer this call and to provide a model that others can adapt to carry this line of research forward. It employed think-aloud protocols with 12 high school history students to explore whether selected multiple-choice items from a new test of historical thinking—the Historical Thinking Test (HTT)—elicit the intended aspects of historical thinking among high school history students and whether these new items elicit these constructs at higher rates than items from extant standardized history tests. Data revealed that HTT multiple-choice items did, to varying degrees, elicit aspects of historical thinking and that HTT items elicited the intended aspects of historical thinking at higher rates than selected multiple-choice items from extant standardized tests. Yet the HT...
Disruptive Fixation: School Reform and the Pitfalls of Techno-Idealism

School is broken. Everybody knows it. Kids hate it, teachers find it dispiriting, parents become weary of navigating the stresses and requirements. The curriculum is too rigid, the bureaucracy stif...
Improving Prediction Accuracy of Binding Free Energies and Poses of HIV Integrase Complexes Using the Binding Energy Distribution Analysis Method with Flattening Potentials

To accelerate conformation sampling of slow dynamics from receptor or ligand, we introduced flattening potentials on selected bonded and nonbonded intramolecular interactions to the binding energy distribution analysis method (BEDAM) for calculating absolute binding free energies of protein–ligand complexes using an implicit solvent model and implemented flattening BEDAM using the asynchronous replica exchange (AsyncRE) framework for performing large scale replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations. The advantage of using the flattening feature to reduce high energy barriers was exhibited first by the p-xylene-T4 lysozyme complex, where the intramolecular interactions of a protein side chain on the binding site were flattened to accelerate the conformational transition of the side chain from the trans to the gauche state when the p-xylene ligand is present in the binding site. Much more extensive flattening BEDAM simulations were performed for 53 experimental binders and 248 nonbinders of HIV-...
Lymphocyte Membrane Complement Receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the function of lymphocyte membrane complement receptors. Membrane receptors for serum complement (C) proteins are present on several different cell types including lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte-macrophages, kidney glomerular cells, primate erythrocytes, and nonprimate platelets. The exact function of C and C receptors in the immune response is unclear. Complement, in particular C3, has been shown to be an essential component of the humoral response to those certain antigens that are primarily recognized by T cells. As this type of reaction is known to involve at least three different cell types (T cells, B cells, macrophages), the C receptors of either B cells or macrophages might be important in the immune response. In this regard, it may be significant that macrophages normally synthesize C3 and store at least part of this C3 on their cell surface CR. In tissue spaces devoid of C3, macrophages would, thus, have their own supply of C3 ready for use. Previous studies have suggested two possible roles for C receptors in the immune response. T-cell-activated macrophages may generate C3b, C3b', or C3d fragments that subsequently react with B cell C receptors, triggering B-cell activation. Also, it has been suggested that antigens may form immune complexes with small amounts of circulating IgM natural antibody and thereby acquire a coating of classical pathway-derived C3b.
HIERARCHICAL BAYESIAN CLASSIFIER BASED ON RBF-NN APPLIED IN THE ENVIRONMENT RECOGNITION FOR A MOBILE ROBOT

Abstract this paper presents hierarchical Bayesian classifier to recognize and rebuild the environment surrounding a mobile robot; it works with information coming from 16 sonar sensors supplying the distance measurements between the obstacles and the robot. This classifier has been implemented using Radial Basis Functions Neural Networks (RBF-NN) trained with Orthogonal Least Square algorithm “OLS”. It sorts the environment into classes and operates a second processing to highlight objects. Additionally, instead to have only a binary decision such for example, a hard decision of impasse, the mobile robot decides for 90% of impasse situation. After the description of the classifier architecture and the training method, some simulation results are presented.
Signs of autonomic arousal precede tilt-induced psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse among youth

Abstract Characterizing the physiologic changes leading up to psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse (PNSC) may help to elucidate the processes that cause paroxysmal functional neurological symptom disorders and to clinically distinguish PNSC from syncope. Thus, we aimed to characterize preictal sweat rate, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure changes among patients with tilt-induced PNSC compared to patients with tilt-induced neurally mediated syncope. The presence of increased preictal sweating was compared between groups. Heart rates and systolic blood pressures were compared from the recumbent and tilted baselines to the periods 120 s and 30 s prior to PNSC and syncope. Patients with PNSC (n = 44) were more likely than patients with syncope (n = 44) to have preictal increases in sweating, n = 31 (70.5%) versus n = 21 (47.7%), p = 0.03, although all patients with syncope eventually developed a sweat response. Comparing the recumbent baseline to the period 30 s prior to PNSC, blood pressure (112 ± 9 versus 129 ± 13 mmHg, p
Fast Proteome Identification and Quantification From Data-Dependent Acquisition-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (DDA MS/MS) Using Free Software Tools

The identification of nearly all proteins in a biological system using data-dependent acquisition (DDA) tandem mass spectrometry has become routine for organisms with relatively small genomes such as bacteria and yeast. Still, the quantification of the identified proteins may be a complex process and often requires multiple different software packages. In this protocol, I describe a flexible strategy for the identification and label-free quantification of proteins from bottom-up proteomics experiments. This method can be used to quantify all the detectable proteins in any DDA dataset collected with high-resolution precursor scans and may be used to quantify proteome remodeling in response to drug treatment or a gene knockout. Notably, the method is statistically rigorous, uses the latest and fastest freely-available software, and the entire protocol can be completed in a few hours with a small number of data files from the analysis of yeast.
Dynamic Covalent Bonds in Polymeric Materials

Dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) have received significant attention over the past decade. These are covalent bonds that are capable of exchanging or switching between several molecules. Particular focus has recently been on utilizing these DCBs in polymeric materials. Introduction of DCBs into a polymer material provides it with powerful properties including self-healing, shape-memory properties, increased toughness, and ability to relax stresses as well as to change from one macromolecular architecture to another. This Minireview summarizes commonly used powerful DCBs formed by simple, often "click" reactions, and highlights the powerful materials that can result. Challenges and potential future developments are also discussed.
Systematic review on the utility of magnetic resonance imaging for operative management and follow-up for primary sarcoma—lessons from extremity sarcomas

Primary sarcomas of the vertebral column affect roughly 5 in every million persons annually, of which half to one-third are malignant. Treatment of these lesions requires multimodal management, often employing attempts at en bloc resection of the lesion with negative margins. This may be facilitated using magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative margin planning, but current literature is lacking regarding the use of such imaging to accurately predict planned surgical margins. Here we review prior studies describing the use of magnetic resonance imaging for en bloc resection of sarcomas of the extremities to identify learning points for application to the treatment of spinal neoplasms. We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and EMBASE literature. Included studies described the accuracy of MRI for preoperative evaluation of tumor margins, intraoperative guidance for en bloc resection, or post-operative evaluation of residual or recurrent disease. All included studies described patients treated for osseous or soft tissue sarcoma of the limbs. We found 1,705 unique references of which 27 met criteria for inclusion. Seven studies reported MR had an overall diagnostic accuracy of 93.6–96% for preoperative margin evaluation with non-contrast T1 most accurately reflecting true margins. In the nine articles reporting results of MR-guided resection, negative margins were achieved in 88.8–100% of cases with a closest margin of 2–4 mm. Eleven articles combined reported the accuracy of MR for residual disease or local recurrence, with a mean sensitivity and specificity of 71.7% and 79.3%, respectively for residual disease and 87.9% and 85.9%, respectively for local recurrence. The current literature for appendicular musculoskeletal sarcoma suggests that MR is highly accurate for defining tumor margins preoperatively, guiding osteotomy cuts intraoperatively, and documenting recurrence or residual disease. Further evidence is necessary to evaluate the degree to which it can accurately guide osteotomy planning for en bloc resection of vertebral primaries.
An interdisciplinary nutrition assessment and intervention protocol for children with disabilities.

Because of the multifactorial nature of the nutrition problems associated with developmental disabilities, a well-organized, interdisciplinary effort is necessary to deal with such problems. A team composed of professional and support staff, the client, and the family needs to be involved in an integrated approach to service. The team members share their knowledge and expertise in developing an individual program plan to meet identified needs. This article describes the development and implementation of a prototype for interdisciplinary nutritional evaluation and intervention in an outpatient setting. In 1987, a Regional Nutrition and Feeding Diagnosis and Evaluation Clinic was established through a contractual agreement between the University of Georgia University Affiliated Program and St. Mary’s Hospital in Athens, GA. The purposes of the clinic are twofold: to offer direct services to developmentally disabled infants and children who require outpatient services and to provide a unique community-based interdisciplinary training experience for graduate students in nutrition and other health disciplines. The interdisciplinary treatment protocol is based on current knowledge in the treatment of developmental disabilities,
Two-sample two-stage and purely sequential methodologies for tests of hypotheses with applications: comparing normal means when the two variances are unknown and unequal

In this paper, we develop appropriate sampling methodologies for testing hypotheses regarding the difference of mean values from two independent (or dependent) normal populations when their varianc...
Are Anatomy PhDs Nearing Extinction or Adapting to Change? United States Graduate Education Trends in the Anatomical Sciences.

Faculty qualified to teach in the anatomical sciences are growing scarce just as the need for trained anatomists is greater than ever. Enrollments are surging in anticipation of a large physician shortfall; meanwhile, many anatomists are reaching retirement age. Who will fill the teaching gap? This study assessed trends in doctorates awarded in Anatomy and related fields within the United States (US) since 1969 and evaluated modern graduate education in the anatomical sciences. Data were compiled from the National Science Foundation Survey of Earned Doctorates. The total number of doctorates in the anatomical sciences and number of doctorates by sex and race/ethnicity were plotted for trend analysis. The number of PhD anatomy training programs within US medical schools was also assessed. Curricula and major characteristics of all active programs were evaluated through website searches and program director interviews. While doctorates in cell biology, developmental biology, and neuroscience have grown, the number of PhDs awarded in Anatomy has declined, on average, by 3.1 graduates per year to a 50-year low of only 8 graduates in 2017. Currently, 21 active doctoral programs in anatomy operate within US medical schools and fall into three general categories: anatomy education (n = 8), classic anatomy (n = 8), and anthropology/evolutionary anatomy (n = 5). Without a concerted effort by stakeholders to address the shortage, anatomists may face extinction. Expansion of the anatomy education doctoral degree may represent a necessary evolution of the field to meet job market needs and to thwart the extinction threat.
Genetic Testing Use and Expectations in Early Onset Colorectal Cancer

A substantial proportion of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed under age 50, or early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), is associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome. It is of utmost importance to identify these patients to customize cancer treatment options, decrease the risk of metachronous cancers, and facilitate testing within the family to identify carriers. The purpose of this paper is to review the evolution of genetic evaluation in patients with EOCRC, review current best practices, and describe areas ripe for future work and research. Fourteen to 25% of all EOCRCs are associated with a pathogenic germline variant. These variants are found in genes typically associated with EOCRC, such as Lynch syndrome or biallelic MUTYH, as well as genes that are not necessarily congruent with EOCRC phenotypes such as polyposis syndromes or hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes. Professional societies now recommend comprehensive multigene panel testing in all patients with EOCRC, regardless of personal history, family history, or tumor characteristics.
Opioid-Sparing Anesthetic Technique for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Adenoidectomy: A Pilot Study.

Introduction An opioid-sparing anesthetic involves a multi-modal technique with non-opioid medications targeting different analgesic pathways. Such techniques may decrease adverse effects related to opioids. These techniques may be considered in patients at higher risk for opioid-related adverse effects including obstructive sleep apnea or sleep disordered breathing. Methods A prospective, pilot study was performed in 10 patients (3–8 years of age), presenting for adenoidectomy. The perioperative regimen included oral dextromethorphan (1 mg/kg) and acetaminophen (15 mg/kg) plus single boluses of intraoperative dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg). Pain scores were assessed in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) using the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scale. Patients with a pain score >4 received fentanyl as needed. PACU time, pain scores, and parent satisfaction were recorded. Postoperatively, patients were instructed to use oral acetaminophen or ibuprofen every 6 hours as needed for pain. Results The study cohort included 10 patients, 3–8 years of age. All patients had opioid-free anesthetic care. PACU time ranged from 24 to 102 minutes (median: 56 minutes). FLACC pain scores were 0 for all PACU assessments. Nine patients were discharged home and 1 patient had a planned overnight admission. Following hospital discharge, the pain scores were satisfactory during the 72-hour study period and 90% of the patients’ guardians were satisfied or highly satisfied with their child’s pain control. Conclusion This opioid-sparing approach provided safe and effective pain control as well as parental satisfaction following adenoidectomy in children. Additional prospective studies are needed to determine whether this regimen is effective in a larger cohort of patients with and for other otolaryngology procedures.
Creating, Implementing, and Redefining a Conceptual Framework for Mentoring Pathways for Education Doctorate Students.

Supporting the proficiencies scholar-practitioners need to be successful in Doctor of Education (EdD) programs typically differ from the needs of traditional doctoral students in other types of programs; however, EdD students may benefit from participating in a mentoring program during the progression of their academic career. Several theoretical and conceptual frameworks that influence mentoring programs exist at the doctoral level despite the lack of research conducted that is specific to EdD degrees. In this article, we review several frameworks that influenced the creation and redesign of the Mentoring Pathways Program, developed explicitly to address the needs of scholar-practitioners attending a midwestern university. Through this process, we developed a Mentoring Pathways Program Model, by exploring the domains of sustainability, networking, and expected outcomes, with each domain enhanced through the foundational disciplines of readiness, self-efficacy, and progress. The development and implementation of the MPP model guides the mentoring approach for our EdD students while allowing for the flexibility to accommodate changing needs and requests. In this article, we present a reflective and responsive practice towards EdD mentor and mentee relationships, which are assessed yearly through surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
The relations between discrimination, stressful life events, and substance use among adults experiencing homelessness

The current study investigated whether stressful life events and everyday discrimination experiences were associated with using one or more substances in the past 30-days and substance use disorder (SUD) among adults experiencing homelessness. We obtained survey data from adults (N = 501) seeking services at a day shelter. Participants self-reported whether they used cigarettes, other tobacco products, cannabis, alcohol, opioids, amphetamine, and cocaine/crack in the past 30-days, and the total number of substances used were also calculated. We measured stressful life events and everyday discrimination using validated scales. We used multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression analyses to evaluate hypothesised associations. Results indicated that reporting a higher number of stressful life events was associated with past 30-days cannabis, tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use, screening positive for a SUD, and using a greater number of substances in the past 30 days. After accounting for stressful life events, everyday discrimination was associated with only past 30-days cannabis use. Overall, we found that reporting stressful life events was related to current substance use and screening positive for a SUD. Findings suggest that life stressors, and discrimination to a lesser extent, were associated with substance use and SUD among adults experiencing homelessness.
Effect of Perceived Level of Interaction on Faculty Evaluations of 3rd Year Medical Students.

Several factors are known to affect the way clinical performance evaluations (CPEs) of medical students are completed by supervising physicians. We sought to explore the effect of faculty perceived “level of interaction” (LOI) on these evaluations. Our third-year CPE requires evaluators to identify perceived LOI with each student as low, moderate, or high. We examined CPEs completed during the academic year 2018–2019 for differences in (1) clinical and professionalism ratings, (2) quality of narrative comments, (3) quantity of narrative comments, and (4) percentage of evaluation questions left unrated. A total of 3682 CPEs were included in the analysis. ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences between LOI and clinical ratings (p ≤ .001), with mean ratings from faculty with a high LOI significantly higher than from faculty with a moderate or low LOI (p ≤ .001). Chi-squared analysis demonstrated differences based on faculty LOI and whether questions were left unrated (p ≤ .001), quantity of narrative comments (p ≤ .001), and specificity of narrative comments (p ≤ .001). Faculty who perceive higher LOI were more likely to assign that student higher ratings, complete more of the clinical evaluation and were more likely to provide narrative feedback with more specific, higher-quality comments.
Examining the Role of Water Vapor on Small Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Ti-6242S Using Ultrasonic Fatigue and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Abstract The influence of water vapor on small fatigue crack growth rates in the near alpha titanium alloy Ti-6242S was investigated using a combined ultrasonic fatigue/environmental scanning electron microscope system (UF-SEM). Small fatigue cracks were grown at a cyclic frequency of 20 kHz in laboratory air, partial pressures of water vapor ranging from 65 to 1330 Pa, and vacuum (1.7 x 10-4 Pa). Fatigue cracks grew at higher rates in all water vapor pressures investigated versus in vacuum, with a nearly identical growth rate observed in laboratory air and 1330 Pa water vapor. A linear dependence of small fatigue crack growth rate on water vapor pressure was observed that is consistent with a pressure dependent transport rate of water vapor molecules to the crack-tip. This work indicates that the amount of water vapor present in the environment (humidity) plays an important role in determining the fatigue life of Ti-6242S and must be accounted for even at very high cyclic frequencies, such as the 20 kHz cyclic frequency commonly employed in ultrasonic fatigue testing.
A CONTINUOUS PROCESS TOWARDS THE SYNTHESIS OF QUINOLONES

ii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables viii List Figures viiii List of Schemes x Abbreviations xii Chapter 1 4(1H)-Quinolones 13 1.0 Overview 13 1.
Chromatin Structure and Modification

Histones and chromatin modifiers are quite conserved, but there is some variation, even among the fungi. This chapter discusses what is known about chromatin structure in the filamentous fungi. The information is compared to what is known for other eukaryotes and exciting areas for future research are highlighted. In budding yeast, transcription of the core histones is tightly regulated and is primarily restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle. Posttranslational modification of histone proteins by acetylation and methylation was first described in 1964. Acetylated histones supported higher rates of RNA synthesis than did unacetylated histones, suggesting that posttranslational modification of the histone proteins could produce functionally distinct chromatin domains. Histone modifications can be loosely grouped into "active marks," which facilitate processes such as transcription, recombination, and DNA repair, and "repressive marks," which tend to inhibit these processes. Changes in chromatin structure from a closed to an open conformation may result from transcription. The chromatin remodelers that catalyze the dramatic changes in nucleosome organization at the Aspergillus promoters are also described in the chapter. The investigation of chromatin structure and function in the filamentous fungi has been fruitful, but much remains unknown. It will be interesting to determine how histone variants, chromatin remodeling, and chromatin modifications impact additional biological processes in filamentous fungi. The complete genome sequences available for many fungi allow high-resolution mapping of the distributions of modified histones, histone variants, and nonhistone chromatin proteins, which should provide some clues to their functions.
The Association between the Accuracy of Management Earnings Forecasts and Discretionary Accounting Changes

This study examines whether there is an association between discretionary accounting changes and the accuracy of management earnings forecasts. First, we discuss the rationale for management's incentive to improve the accuracy of publicly disclosed earnings forecasts. We then conduct empirical tests to determine whether there is support for the hypothesized relationship between discretionary accounting changes and management forecast accuracy.The empirical results indicate that there is a strong association between high prechange forecast errors and the adoption of discretionary accounting changes. Most accounting changes are associated with significant forecast errors (i.e., deviations between the prechange earnings and predicted earnings are high); after adopting discretionary changes, the deviations are reduced. The results of a comparative analysis using analyst forecasts as a benchmark indicate that accounting changes are adopted when management forecast errors are higher than analyst forecast errors...
What are the Consequences of Non-Linear Ecological Interactions for Grasshopper Control Strategies?

Grasshopper populations from grasslands have been notoriously difficult to predict, a prerequisite for developing forecasting methods. In part, lack of good studies that uncover mechanisms driving population dynamics has contributed to this state of affairs. More importantly, grasshopper population dynamics may not follow the simple climate-driven, niche-based models that underlie most current explanations and control strategies. More likely, non-linear responses resulting from combined effects of abiotic forces (climate) and biotic interactions (e.g., competition, predation, parasitism) cause this unpredictability. A variety of examples is provided and a synthesis of new possible directions is described.
Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Guinea Pig Cerebral Cortical Slices: III. FORMATION, DEGRADATION, AND REFORMATION OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE DURING SEQUENTIAL STIMULATIONS BY BIOGENIC AMINES AND ADENOSINE

Abstract In guinea pig cerebral cortical slices, formation of both endogenous and radioactive cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), the latter derived from intracellular nucleotides labeled during a prior incubation with radioactive adenine, may be stimulated by incubation with histamine, histamine-norepinephrine, adenosine, veratridine, and combinations of adenosine and biogenic amines, allowed to return to basal levels after washing, and then restimulated by the same agent or a different agent. Restimulations by histamine or histamine-norepinephrine are minimal except in the presence of adenosine. Maximal accumulations of total cyclic AMP and of radioactive cyclic AMP decline slowly and in parallel during a series of repetitive stimulations with adenosine-histamine-norepinephrine. The results provide no evidence for significant translocation of nucleotides of different specific activities between morphological compartments of brain slices during repetitive stimulations of cyclic AMP formation. An intermediate incubation of slices with adenosine does not restore the responsiveness of the cyclic AMP-generating system to biogenic amines after a prior stimulation with histamine or histamine-norepinephrine. Part of the lack of response to biogenic amines after a prior stimulation by the same amines is apparently due to an increase in phosphodiesterase-mediated degradation of cyclic AMP since the addition of phosphodiesterase inhibitors partially restores the response to the biogenic amines. The presence of adenosine markedly decreases the rate of disappearance of cyclic AMP in slices after a prior stimulation with adenosine-histamine.
An Observation in Acrosclerosis Using the Galvanic Skin Response1

In 1954 Perry and Mount (1) described a technic of measuring and recording the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) in normal human subjects. Using this method other studies were reported in which sweat inhibiting drugs were consistently followed by an increase in skin resistance or lowering of the GSR level, while sweat-stimulating drugs appeared to decrease the resistance or elevate the GSR level (2, 3,4). These results supported the theory that the GSR phenomenon is directly correlated with sweat gland function (5). Additional studies of the responses of sympathectomized subjects and of the effects of varying drug dosages have also supported this hypothesis (6). Controlled experiments have shown that these effects cannot be attributed to the order of drug administration or adaptation (7).
Representing and reasoning about commitments in business processes

A variety of business relationships in open settings can be understood in terms of the creation and manipulation of commitments among the participants. These include B2C and B2B contracts and processes, as realized via Web services and other such technologies. Business protocols, an interaction-oriented approach for modeling business processes, are formulated in terms of the commitments. Commitments can support other forms of semantic service composition as well. This paper shows how to represent and reason about commitments in a general manner. Unlike previous formalizations, the proposed formalization accommodates complex and nested commitment conditions, and concurrent commitment operations. In this manner, a rich variety of open business scenarios are enabled.
Balancing Cognitive and Motivational Scaffolding in Tutorial Dialogue

A key challenge in the design of tutorial dialogue systems is identifying tutorial strategies that can effectively balance the tradeoffs between cognitive and affective student outcomes. This balance is problematic because the precise nature of the interdependence between cognitive and affective strategies is not well understood. Furthermore, previous studies suggest that some cognitive and motivational goals are at odds with one another because a tutorial strategy designed to maximize one may negatively impact the other. This paper reports on a tutorial dialogue study that investigates motivational strategies and cognitive feedback. It was found that the choice of corrective tutorial strategy makes a significant difference in the outcomes of both student learning gains and self-efficacy gains.
The Stoned Proteins Regulate Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Presynaptic Terminal

The Drosophila stoned locus was identified 25 years ago on the basis of stress-sensitive behavioral mutants (Grigliatti et al., 1973). The locus is dicistronic and encodes two distinct proteins, stoned A and stoned B, which are expressed specifically in presynaptic terminals at central and peripheral synapses. Several stoned mutant alleles cause embryonic lethality, suggesting that these proteins are essential for synaptic function. Physiological analyses at the stoned synapse reveal severe neurotransmission defects, including reduced and asynchronous neurotransmitter release and rapid fatigue after repetitive stimulation. At the EM level, stoned synapses show a depletion of synaptic vesicles and a concomitant increase in membrane-recycling intermediates. Mutant terminals also display a specific mislocalization of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin. These results suggest that the stoned proteins are essential for the recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane and are required for the proper sorting of synaptotagmin during endocytosis.
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: A Practitioner's Guide

1. What Defines a Psychoanalytic Therapy? 2. The Psychoanalytic Sensibility 3. The Therapist's Preparation 4. Preparing the Client 5. Boundaries I: The Frame 6. Basic Therapy Processes 7. Boundaries II: Quandaries 8. Molly 9. Donna 10. Ancillary Lessons of Psychoanalytic Therapy 11. Occupational Hazards and Gratifications 12. Self-Care Appendix: Annotated Bibliography
Mapping action potentials and calcium transients simultaneously from the intact heart

Intracellular calcium handling plays an important role in cardiac electrophysiology. Using two fluorescent indicators, we developed an optical mapping system that is capable of measuring calcium tr...
Staphylococcus aureus Infections: New Challenges from an Old Pathogen

Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile organism with several virulent characteristics and resistance mechanisms at its disposal. It is also a significant cause of a wide range of infectious diseases in humans. S. aureus often causes life-threatening deep seated infections like bacteremia, endocarditis and pneumonia. While traditionally confined mostly to the hospital setting, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is now rapidly becoming rampant in the community. Community-acquired MRSA is particularly significant because of its potential for unchecked spread within households and its propensity for causing serious skin and pulmonary infections. Because of the unfavorable outcome of many MRSA infections with the standard glycopeptide therapy, new antimicrobial agents belonging to various classes have been introduced and have been evaluated in clinical trials for their efficacy in treating resistant staphylococcal infections. A number of preventive strategies have also been suggested to contain the spread of such infections. In this review, we address the recent changes in the epidemiology of S. aureus and their impact on the clinical manifestations and management of serious infections. We also discuss new treatment modalities for MRSA infections and emphasize the importance of preventive approaches.