cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Evolution of Bicontinuous Nanostructures in Dealloyed Li-based Systems

Dealloying, the selective dissolution of one or more of the elemental components of an alloy, is an important corrosion mechanism and a technologically relevant process used to fabricate nanoporous metals for a variety of applications including catalysis, sensing, actuation, supercapacitors and radiation-damage-resistant materials. In noble-metal alloy systems for which the ambient-temperature solid-state diffusivity is minuscule, dealloying occurs at a composition-dependent critical potential above which bicontinuous nanoporous structures evolve and below which a full-coverage layer of the more-noble component forms causing the alloy surface to become passive. In contrast, for alloy systems exhibiting significant solid-state diffusive transport, our understanding of dealloying-induced morphologies and the electrochemical parameters controlling this are largely unexplored. Here, we examine dealloying of Li from Li-Sn alloys and show that depending on alloy composition, particle size and dealloying rate, all known dealloyed morphologies evolve including bicontinuous nanoporous structures and hollow core-shell particles. Furthermore, we elucidate the role of bulk diffusion in morphology evolution using chronopotentiometry and linear sweep voltammetry. Our results may have implications for lithium-ion battery development while significantly broadening the spectrum of strategies for obtaining new nanoporous materials through dealloying.
Voltage Noise in Production Processors

Voltage variations are a major challenge in processor design. Here, researchers characterize the voltage noise characteristics of programs as they run to completion on a production Core 2 Duo processor. Furthermore, they characterize the implications of resilient architecture design for voltage variation in future systems.
Rapid integration of Parts of Speech information to improve reordering model for English-Farsi Speech to Speech Translation

Integrating Parts of Speech (POS) information to Machine Translation (MT) model usually amounts to significant changes in the MT decoder. We present a method to rapidly integrate POS information without adding complexity to the decoder. We show how we can re-estimate the lexicalized reordering probability estimates with POS tags during the training time without having to use POS tagger at the decoding phase. We present our empirical results for two different MT decoding algorithms that use lexicalized reordering models.
Information-seeking behavior and the use of online resources: a snapshot of current health sciences faculty

PURPOSE: The research assesses the impact of online journals on citation patterns by examining whether researchers were more likely to limit the resources they cited to those journals available online rather than those only in print. SETTING: Publications from a large urban university with a medical college at an urban location and at a smaller regional location were examined. The number of online journals available to authors on either campus was the same. The number of print journals available on the large campus was much greater than the print journals available at the small campus. METHODOLOGY: Searches by author affiliation from 1996 to 2005 were performed in the Web of Science to find all articles written by affiliated members in the college of medicine at the selected institution. Cited references from randomly selected articles were recorded, and the cited journals were coded into five categories based on their availability at the study institution: print only, print and online, online only, not owned, and dropped. Results were analyzed using SPSS. The age of articles cited for selected years as well as for 2006 and 2007 was also examined. RESULTS: The number of journals cited each year continued to increase. On the large urban campus, researchers were not more likely to cite journals available online or less likely to cite journals only in print. At the regional location, at which the number of print-only journals was minimal, use of print-only journals significantly decreased. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION: The citation of print-only journals by researchers with access to a library with a large print and electronic collection appeared to continue, despite the availability of potential alternatives in the online collection. Journals available in electronic format were cited more frequently in publications from the campus whose library had a small print collection, and the citation of journals available in both print and electronic formats generally increased over the years studied.
World History for Behavior Analysts: Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel

Jared Diamond’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, contains two important messages for behavior analysts, one a statement of theoretical (and perhaps social-political) kinship and the other a suggestion about scientific methodology and subject matter. First, Guns, Germs, and Steel presents an environmental ist explanation of the dramatically different fates of the world’s cultures that is compatible with the views of many behavior analysts, past and present. Second, Diamond’s discussion of the book’s methodology suggests useful new ways for behavior analysts to investigate important but currently neglected forms of individual behavior. NATURE, NURTURE, AND HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT Among psychological theorists, behavior analysts tend to emphasize environmental causes. There is no inherent reason why behavior analysts should be found on the nurture end of the traditional nature-nurture continuum (nor, for that matter, on the liberal end of the liberal-conservative continuum). One might toil in the behavioral laboratory articulating the laws of learning, while granting those laws relatively little influence on the achievements of the species. Indeed, Richard Herrnstein’s behavior analytic research contributed enormously to our understanding of the law of effect while his more widely read works emphasized the role of heredity in social problems and in the differing accomplishments of social groups (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985). Nonetheless, behavior analytic research highlights the power of environmental variables in the control of behavior. Genetic endowment is acknowledged as an important source of behavior in human and non-human species (Skinner, 1966), but relative to most other behavioral scientists, behavior analysts are more likely to attribute behavior to environmental contingencies than to lasting behavioral tendencies internal to the organism. Watsonian omnipotentiality is no longer widely endorsed; however, behavior analysts continue to reject theories of behavior that rely on traits and temperaments, arguing that these are circular constructs—explanatory fictions that have no reality beyond the behavior they seek
Metabolic alterations in genetically selected Drosophila strains with different longevities.

Sometime ago we obtained biomarker data suggesting that the earliest determining event in the expression of the extended longevity phenotype in our selected strains of Drosophila took place early in adult life at about 5–7 days of age. In a later series of experiments we documented that our La and Lb long lived strains underwent a specific up-regulation of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) genes and enzymes. This led to a reduction in oxidative damage and an extended longevity. In the current work, we assayed the activity of 17 metabolically important enzymes in 5–7 day old flies of 13 strains variously selected for different longevities. We conclude that the two sets of replicated long-lived strains have an altered metabolic pattern (relative to normal-lived animals) which is consistent with an increased flux through the pentose shunt and an enhanced NADP+ reducing system to support the increased activity of the ADS enzymes. This result can be interpreted as a shift of energy expenditure from reproduction to somatic maintenance. We conclude that theories based on differential energy allocations appear to empirically explain, at least in part, the mechanisms underlying the transformation of a normal longevity phenotype to an extended longevity phenotype.
Experimental demonstration of UWB monocycle pulse generation using two-photon absorption in a silicon waveguide

We propose and experimentally demonstrate UWB monocycle generation using non-degenerated two-photon absorption in a silicon waveguide. A 8.69-GHz 10-dB bandwidth (BW) and a 154.5% fractional bandwidth is achieved with a ∼125 ps monocycle pulse.
Physcomitrella patens: a model for tip cell growth and differentiation

The moss Physcomitrella patens has emerged as an excellent model system owing to its amenability to reverse genetics. The moss gametophyte has three filamentous tissues that grow by tip growth: chloronemata, caulonemata, and rhizoids. Because establishment of the moss plant relies on this form of growth, it is particularly suited for dissecting the molecular basis of tip growth. Recent studies demonstrate that a core set of actin cytoskeletal proteins is essential for tip growth. Additional actin cytoskeletal components are required for modulating growth to produce caulonemata and rhizoids. Differentiation into these cell types has previously been linked to auxin, light and nutrients. Recent studies have identified that core auxin signaling components as well as transcription factors that respond to auxin or nutrient levels are required for tip-growing cell differentiation. Future studies may establish a connection between the actin cytoskeleton and auxin or nutrient-induced cell differentiation.
Entamoeba histolytica: Correlation of the cytopathic effect of virulent trophozoites with secretion of a cysteine proteinase

Work from several laboratories suggests a correlation between expression of cysteine proteinase activity and the cytopathic effect of virulent HM1 strain Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites on cultured cell monolayers. Consistent with this relationship, we find that L-6 trophozoites, mutants cloned from the HM1 parent strain, are deficient in both proteinase expression and cytopathic effect. Three other clones, with proteinase expression equal to or greater than that of the HM1 strain, express the cytopathic effect. Furthermore, a nontoxic specific proteinase inhibitor, Z-phenylalanyl-alanyl-CH2F, inhibits the cytopathic effect of live trophozoites in a dose-dependent manner. These results support the hypothesis that expression and release of the cysteine proteinase is an important factor in producing the cytopathic effect, presumably by its degradation of cell anchoring proteins.
Dynamics of cerebral metabolism during moderate hypercapnia.

— The effects of hypercapnia on the kinetics of cerebral energy metabolism were evaluated in adult rats by the closed system method of LOWRY et al. (1964). Moderate hypercapnia with a Paco2 of 61 torr sustained for 20 min resulted in intracellular brain acidosis (7.07-6.97). During hypercapnia the tissue content of glucose increased whereas phosphocreatine, ADP, pyruvate and lactate contents, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio decreased. The ATP/ADP ratio increased from 7.7 to 9.0; the cytoplasmic NADH/NAD + ratio decreased from 2.06 × 10-3 to 1.49 × 10-3. There was no change in Energy Charge. Turnover rate of phosphocreatine increased from 3.84 to 4.62 mmol/kg/min, but the turnover rates of ATP, glucose and glycogen were reduced (from 1.98 to 1.86, 6.24 to 4.80, and 3.96 to 2.94 mmol/kg/min, respectively). The utilization rate of total high energy phosphate decreased from 30.6 to 25.4 mmol/kg/min while the post-decapitation EEG during hypercapnia persisted longer than during normocapnia. These results indicate that moderate hypercapnia reduces the overall kinetic activity of cerebral energy metabolism. The steady Energy Charge suggests that the reduction in the rate of high energy phosphate use is proportionally balanced by a lowered production rate of ATP.
Interactive transformation of java programs in eclipse

Implementing large and sweeping changes to software source code can be tedious and error-prone. A conceptually simple change may require a significant code editing effort. Integrating scriptable source-to-source program transformations into development environments can assist developers with this task. We present a developer-oriented interactive source code transformation tool for Java that addresses this need.
Current approaches to advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: first-line therapy in patients with a good functional status.

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the United States. Approximately 80-85% of lung cancer cases are non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and approximately 65% of these patients have advanced-stage (IIIB/IV) disease at diagnosis. The median survival for patients with advanced-stage NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy is a disappointing 8-10 months. This article reviews the current status of chemotherapy in patients with a good functional status and evaluates the treatments in terms of efficacy, toxicity, survival, and impact on quality of life in the first-line treatment. Biologic agents such as bevacizumab and erlotinib have been investigated in phase III trials in the first- and second-line setting. These agents could play a role in select patient populations. This article also highlights some of the more promising new strategies, such as advances in pharmacogenomics and immune-based therapy. There is a clear need for improvement in the current standard of care. Well-designed clinical trials with appropriate patient selection, as well as continued efforts in translational research and pharmacogenomics, are crucial for progress in this disease.
Planetary operations for the Pioneer Venus Orbiter mission

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was inserted into Venus orbit on December 4, 1974 and is expected to operate until 1992. This paper discusses the scientific objectives of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Project components, i.e., the Orbiter spacecraft, the atmosphere entry Probes, and the probe Bus, together with the design and operation characteristics of the Orbiter. Consideration is also given to the science instruments of the Orbiter, to their requirements with respect to pointing, orientation, and timing, and to the ground operations system. The Probes, the Bus, and the Orbiter were selected to study Venus in complementary ways: the Probes by sounding through most of the atmosphere at four locations, the probe Bus by sounding through the upper atmosphere during entry, and the Orbiter by in situ planet-wide observations of the ionosphere and the extreme upper atmosphere, and by examining the surface and interior remotely. In addition, the Orbiter also observes the interactions of Venus with the solar environment.
Time-resolved photon-scattering measurements from scattering media fitted to non-Euclidean and conventional diffusion models

Time-resolved light scattering profiles were measured from highly forward-scattering media in the spatial range of 5\char21{}15 transport mean free paths ${(l}_{t}).$ Experimental profiles were compared with theoretical predictions based on the non-Euclidean diffusion (NED) and conventional diffusion approximation (DA) equations. The NED model was found to be better in predicting scattered photon distribution over various temporal and spatial scales than the DA approach.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of propeller performance methodologies

This paper briefly covers aspects related to propeller performance by means of a review of propeller methodologies; presentation of wind tunnel propeller performance data taken in the NASA Lewis Research Center 10 x 10 wind tunnel; discussion of the predominent limitations of existing propeller performance methodologies; and a brief review of airfoil developments appropriate for propeller applications.
Suppression of growth of H-69 small cell lung carcinoma by antagonists of growth hormone releasing hormone and bombesin is associated with an inhibition of protein kinase C signaling

We investigated the effects of antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) alone and in combination with bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) antagonist RC-3940-II on the growth of H-69 human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) xenografted into nude mice. Since the activation of the signaling pathways involving protein kinase C (PKC) and the subsequent steps involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-fos and c-jun oncogenes are known to be important mechanisms implicated in cellular growth, we investigated how the blockade of tumoral GHRH receptor splice variants and BN/GRP receptors by these antagonists could interfere with these intracellular signaling pathways. Treatment with GHRH antagonists JV-1-65 or MZ-J-7-110 for 4 weeks significantly (p<0.05) decreased the tumor volume by 22.7+/-3.0% and 36.7 +/- 3.6%, respectively, as compared to controls. A larger decrease in tumor volume of 73.0 +/- 9.5% (p<0.01) was produced by BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II and its combination with JV-I-65 caused the greatest tumor reduction of 91.0 +/- 9.8% (p<0.01) vs. controls. H-69 SCLC tumors expressed alpha-, betaII-, delta- and eta-PKC isoforms. Antagonists of GHRH and BN/GRP decreased significantly (p<0.05) the expression of betaII- and delta-, but not of alpha- and eta-PKC isoforms. They also inhibited MAPK levels, the effects being significant (p<0.05) in the groups that received BN/GRP antagonist. In addition, expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNA was reduced after combined treatment with JV-1-65 and RC-3940-II. The proliferation of H-69 SCLC cells "in vitro" was also significantly inhibited after incubation of cells with GHRH antagonist, PKC inhibitors or MAPK inhibitor. These findings suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of antagonists of GHRH and BN/GRP on H69-SCLC involve an inhibition of the signaling pathways of specific PKC isoforms, MAPK and c-fos and c-jun oncogenes.
A recursive version of Grubbs' test for detecting multiple outliers in environmental and chemical data.

Abstract Objective To compare the performance of Grubbs' outlier detection procedure with recursive Extreme Studentized Deviate (ESD) outlier detection procedure. Design and methods Using simulated data, the powers of Grubbs’ and ESD procedures were evaluated. Results Except when the sample contained exactly one outlier, the power of ESD procedure was higher than that of Grubbs' procedure. Conclusion The ESD recursive procedure is the procedure of choice to detect multiple outliers in environmental and chemical data.
Prostate cancer: improving PSA testing by adjusting for genetic background.

Recent studies showing that a man's background genetic variations might influence his PSA levels raise the intriguing question of whether screening for prostate cancer with serum PSA testing can be improved by correcting for genotype.
TOYS: Universals for Teaching Global Education

(1991). TOYS: Universals for Teaching Global Education. Childhood Education: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 161-163.
Dialectical tensions in marital partners’ accounts of their relationships

This study identifies contradictions in married partners’ accounts of their relationship and assesses the importance of the tensions at beginning, middle, and present relational turning points. Overall, autonomy‐connection was the most frequently experienced contradiction, however openness‐closedness was perceived as the most important tension. When looking at gender differences, results showed that internal tensions were equally important for both husbands and wives, however external tensions of inclusion‐seclusion and revealment‐concealment were more important for wives than husbands.
Transcript profiling of Wilms tumors reveals connections to kidney morphogenesis and expression patterns associated with anaplasia

Anaplasia (unfavorable histology) is associated with therapy resistance and poor prognosis of Wilms tumor, but the molecular basis for this phenotype is unclear. Here, we used a cDNA array with 9240 clones relevant to cancer biology and/or kidney development to examine the expression profiles of 54 Wilms tumors, five normal kidneys and fetal kidney. By linking genes differentially expressed between fetal kidney and Wilms tumors to kidney morphogenesis, we found that genes expressed at a higher level in Wilms tumors tend to be expressed more in uninduced metanephrogenic mesenchyme or blastema than in their differentiated structures. Conversely, genes expressed at a lower level in Wilms tumors tend to be expressed less in uninduced metanephrogenic mesenchyme or blastema. We also identified 97 clones representing 76 Unigenes or unclustered ESTs that clearly separate anaplastic Wilms tumors from tumors with favorable histology. Genes in this set provide insight into the nature of the abnormal nuclear morphology of anaplastic tumors and may facilitate identification of molecular targets to improve their responsiveness to treatment.
Commentary on "a roadmap for the prevention of dementia II: Leon Thal Symposium 2008." "Big Asks": what can be changed to increase and speed progress on Alzheimer's disease research and treatment?

The focus of the 2008 Leon Thal Symposium was to identify issues and changes that might be facilitated by government agencies, industry, or the academic research community that might move the field forward: “Big Asks” for fundamental shifts in the way we deal with Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. These items are therefore aimed at macro rather than molecular changes, but their impact will carry to the molecular level of research to increase our understanding of etiology and treatment of AD and associated disorders.
The Diffusion of Tractor Technology

A substantial literature exists claiming the adoption of tractors was inefficiently slow. We develop a linear programming model of farms that specifically incorporates the opportunity cost of the farmer's time and apply it to farms in Iowa during the interwar period. We develop technological coefficients derived at the task level, based on the data and agricultural reports from that period. By valuing the time saved by tractors, we demonstrate that the seemingly slow rate of tractor adoption was in fact wealth maximizing. Tractors were widely adopted only after the improvement in implements that came late in this period. F or much of the last generation, economists have been saying that the adoption of the tractor was "too slow." We contend that this perception is in part the result of an incorrect application of Paul David's 1966 threshold model. That model plausibly assumes that producers will switch to the most efficient (least cost) technology for accomplishing a task or set of tasks. Previous studies have focused on only one part of farming-raising crops. In this article we develop a model that incorporates the opportunity cost of the farmer's time and we apply the model to farmers in Iowa in the interwar period, a time when tractors came to resemble the machines we now recognize by that name. That is, we model the tractor adoption decision not as a horses or tractor decision, but rather as a horse farming versus horse and tractor farming decision. We show that an important reason why farmers switched to tractors was because they provided farmers with more time for noncrop activities, such as raising livestock, improving the farm infrastructure, or working off the farm. In fact it is more accurate to say that the tractor, by freeing up a farm owner's time to raise livestock or work off the farm, increased the opportunity cost of growing crops. With these results, explanations such as market imperfections and "lumpiness" of the inputs are not needed. The imperfect capital market explanation seems particularly suspect: farmers in fact bought cars, a purchase of comparable expense to tractors. In 1920, 74 percent of Iowa farms reported automo
Partitioning of Seismoacoustic Energy and Estimation of Yield and Height‐of‐Burst/Depth‐of‐Burial for Near‐Surface Explosions

Explosions near the Earth’s surface excite both seismic ground motions and atmospheric overpressure. The energy transferred to the ground and atmosphere from a near‐surface explosion depends on yield ( W ) as well as the height‐of‐burst/depth‐of‐burial (HOB/DOB) for above/belowground emplacements. We report analyses of seismic and overpressure motions from the Humble Redwood series of low‐yield, near‐surface chemical explosions with the aim of developing quantitative models of energy partitioning and a methodology to estimate W and HOB/DOB. The effects of yield, HOB, and range on amplitudes can be cast into separable functions of range and HOB scaled by yield. We find that displacement of the initial P wave and the integral of the positive overpressure (impulse) are diagnostic of W and HOB with minimal scatter. An empirical model describing the dependence of seismic and air‐blast measurements on W , HOB/DOB, and range is determined and model parameters are found by regression. We find seismic amplitudes for explosions of a given yield emplaced at or above the surface are reduced by a factor of 3 relative to fully contained explosions below ground. Air‐blast overpressure is reduced more dramatically, with impulse reduced by a factor of 100 for deeply buried explosions relative to surface blasts. Our signal models are used to invert seismic and overpressure measurements for W and HOB and we find good agreement ( W errors <30%, HOB within meters) with ground‐truth values for four noncircular validation tests. Although there is a trade‐off between W and HOB for a single seismic or overpressure measurement, the use of both measurement types allows us to largely break this trade‐off and better constrain W and HOB. However, both models lack resolution of HOB for aboveground explosions.
The influence of pressure, fluid flow, and chemistry on the combustion-based oxidation of silicon

There is evidence that the low-pressure combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures is effective in producing high-quality gate oxides for advanced semiconductor devices. The high growth rates and excellent oxide properties have been attributed, in part, to an abundance of atomic oxygen and its reaction with the silicon. Using three different models, we explored flame-surface interactions from the viewpoint of understanding the radical-species fluxes at the surface. Well stirred reactor and boundary-layer models were used to analyze published growth data and explain the role of oxygen atoms. In addition, we explored the use of low-pressure stagnation flames as an attractive alternative for the efficient delivery of radical species to a film surface.
W/Righting History: A Pedagogical Approach with Urban African American Learners.

An avid supporter of oral history, educator historian Carter G. Woodson maintained that an understanding of the past would enlighten present generations. Illuminating Woodson’s spirit and philosophy, this article is written to investigate oral history as a theory and practice used to problematize traditional assumptions of history while licensing urban African American learners to become authors and constructors of knowledge. In so doing, the piece highlights educative possibilities of oral history as a pedagogical approach with urban African American students.
Repeatability and uncertainty analyses of light gas gun test data

All large spacecraft are susceptible to high-speed impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbiting space debris which can damage flight-critical systems and in turn lead to catastrophic failure. One way to obtain information on the response of a structure to a meteoroid impact or an orbital debris impact is to simulate the impact conditions of interest in the laboratory and analyze the resulting damage to a target structure. As part of the Phase B and C/D development activities for the Space Station Freedom, 950 impact tests were performed using the NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) light gas gun from 1985-1991. This paper presents the results of impact phenomena repeatability and data uncertainty studies performed using the information obtained from those tests. The results of these studies can be used to assess the utility of individual current and future NASA/MSFC impact test results in the design of long-duration spacecraft.
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH : PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Participatory Action Research provides psychologists with a way of putting their skills and training to work in support of positive social change while still contributing to the important work of knowledge generation within the field. This article summarizes the development of Participatory Action Research and reviews the theoretical justification for this practice as a valid form of social research. The basic tenets and practices of this approach are discussed and the potential role of Participatory Action Research in psychology is considered.
Status of the IUCF electron cooled storage ring

Beam commissioning of a new 2.4 Tm injector synchrotron (CIS) for the IUCF Cooler is complete and Cooler injection development has progressed enough to allow Cooler experiments to resume with up to 1010 stored, cooled, unpolarized protons. The injector synchrotron is designed to "ll the Cooler with 1011 polarized protons (deuterons) via bucket-to-bucket longitudinal stacking of 2.5]1010 protons per pulse. CIS is presently delivering 1]1010 unpolarized protons/pulse at 201.5 MeV to the Cooler injection system at 0.8 Hz. Injection e$ciency into the Cooler stored orbit is 50% and accumulations to 2.5 mA in 5 s was demonstrated via both cooled coasting beam accumulation and longitudinal stacking. Installation of a 1 mA polarized H~ source on the CIS injection beam line began on February 4 and is nearly complete. Delivery of polarized protons to the Cooler from CIS is scheduled to begin in June 1999. This contribution will report on the beam capabilities of the new CIS injector and the resulting Cooler performance enhancements. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Factors That Contribute to Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction in Stepfather-Stepchild Relationships

TOPIC. Factors contributing to satisfaction and dissatisfaction in stepfather-stepchild relationships. METHOD. A qualitative multicase study of six stepfathers. FINDINGS. Four themes emerged: previous experiences as parents, other relationships within the family, issues that required negotiating, discipline of the children. CONCLUSIONS. Previous experience as parents, good relationships with other family members, similarity in values between parents, and inclusion in the disciplinary process increased stepfathers' satisfaction.
Blind estimation of band limited channels: a low complexity approach

We consider the problem of blind estimation of a band-limited channel excited by a cyclostationary input. We propose a channel estimation method that, like several existing ones, exploits the relationship between the channel frequency response and the cyclic spectrum. However, the novelty here is an approximation made for the discretized phase of the cyclic spectrum, which, under certain conditions, results in a significant simplification of the aforementioned relationship. The result is a channel estimation method with complexity equal to that of an IDFT. The proposed approach is applied to simulated data, and real recordings obtained at our wireless communications testbed, and is compared to existing methods.
Cutaneous metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid gland: analysis and outcome.

Background. Our aim was to review the presenta- tion, treatment, and outcome of patients with metastatic cu- taneous squamous cell carcinoma involving the parotid gland at a tertiary referral center. Methods. We performed a retrospective chart review of the cancer registry at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, from 1970 to 2001. All patients had a previously untreated metastatic cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma involving the parotid gland. A minimal follow-up of 1 year was mandatory for inclusion in the study. Results. Fifty-six white patients (43 men and 13 women), with a median age of 76 years (range, 49-97 years), were eligible for inclusion. The disease in all patients was retro- spectively staged according to a new system. Twenty patients had P1 disease, 14 had P2, and 22 had P3. Therapy included surgery and adjuvant external beam radiation in 37 patients, single-modality external beam radiation in 12, and surgery alone in seven patients. The overall recurrence rate was 29%. The disease-specific survival was significantly worse in patients treated with external beam radiation alone (p 6 cm (p < .01) and the presence of facial nerve involvement (p < .01) were poor prognostic factors. Conclusions. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcino- ma to the parotid gland is an aggressive neoplasm that requires combination therapy. The presence of a lesion in excess of 6 cm or with facial nerve involvement is associated with a poor prognosis. A 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 727-732, 2004
The Military Threat To Spanish Democracy: A Historical Perspective

Military intervention in politics has been a constant factor in Spanish history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The nature of intervention has varied and it can be divided into three distinct periods: 1814 to 1875; 1923 to 1939; and 1976 to the present. The armed forces which emerged from the Franco regime were dominated by an antidemocratic ideology, born of civil war and preserved through the military's isolation from society at large. They have neither fully supported nor wholly rejected the democratic system created by the transition which followed the death of Francisco Franco (in November 1975); they have been a source of perpetual concern. The first governments of the democracy did not take measures to resolve this situation. The socialist government elected in October 1982 has inherited the problem and is aware of the types of major changes needed to solve it.
Always one more bug: applying AdaWise to improve Ada code

AdaWise, a set of tools currently under development at ORA, performs automatic checks to verify the absence of common run-time errors affecting the correctness or portability of Ada programs. The tools can be applied to programs of arbitrary size, and they are conservative—that is, the absence of a warning guarantees the absence of a problem. If AdaWise issues a warning, there is a potential error that should be investigated by the programmer. AdaWise checks at compile-time for such potential errors as incorrect order dependence and erroneous execution due to improper aliasing. These errors are not detected by typical compilers. We ran two of the tools on several publicly available Ada software products to determine if the tools issue useful warnings without bombarding the user with “false positives.” We found that AdaWise generated a small number of total warnings, and that false positives usually indicated areas of weakness in the products tested.This paper describes our preliminary tests using the AdaWise toolset, and analyzes the warnings that were issued.
Endothelin in the splanchnic vascular bed of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

Vascular capacitance is reduced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) in deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. This may contribute to hypertension development. Because the splanchnic blood vessels (e...
Corneal thickness measurements with the Topcon SP-2000P specular microscope and an ultrasound pachymeter.

Objective To compare the reproducibility of measurements obtained with a new pachymetry instrument, the Topcon specular microscope (Topcon SP-2000P; Topcon America Corp, Paramus, NJ), with those obtained by ultrasound pachymetry. Methods Corneal thickness was measured in 40 eyes of 40 patients 3 times each with the Topcon SP-2000P and an ultrasound pachymeter (DGH 500; DGH Technology Inc, Exton, Pa) by 2 separate investigators. Comparisons included average thickness as measured by each instrument, average thickness for each instrument as measured by each investigator, and differences in thickness due to corneal abnormalities. Results Mean corneal thickness measured by the Topcon instrument was significantly less (32 µm; P P P =.32]) than those obtained with the ultrasound unit (difference was significant [ P =.02]). Conclusions The new noncontact Topcon specular microscope provides measurements of corneal thickness that are somewhat less than those of ultrasound pachymetry, but that seem to be more consistent from one operator to another, possibly as a result of the elimination of observer bias induced by probe placement required by the ultrasound unit. This consistency may be important in the comparison of measurements by different operators over time in patients being followed up after refractive surgery or other therapeutic interventions.
Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth.

Background Most studies of children's exposure to violence focus on separate, relatively narrow categories of victimization (such as sexual abuse, physical maltreatment, or bullying), paying less attention to exposure to multiple forms of victimization. Purpose This study documents children's lifetime exposure to multiple victimization types (i.e., “poly-victimization”) and examines the association between poly-victimization and extent of trauma symptomatology. Methods Analyses were based on telephone interviews conducted between January 2008 and May 2008 with a nationally representative sample of 4053 children aged 2–17 years and their caregivers. Results Exposure to multiple forms of victimization was common. Almost 66% of the sample was exposed to more than one type of victimization, 30% experienced five or more types, and 10% experienced 11 or more different forms of victimization in their lifetimes. Poly-victims comprise a substantial portion of the children who would be identified by screening for an individual victimization type, such as sexual assault or witnessing parental violence. Poly-victimization is more highly related to trauma symptoms than experiencing repeated victimizations of a single type and explains a large part of the associations between individual forms of victimization and symptom levels. Conclusions Studies focusing on single forms of victimization are likely to underestimate the full burden of victimization that children experience and to incorrectly specify the risk profiles of victims. Research, clinical practice, and intervention strategies are likely to improve with more comprehensive assessments of victimization exposure.
Locating all tandem repeat families in a sequence

We present a new data structure called the BSCP (block sorted common prefix), and its tree representation, called the BSCP tree. We also introduce the notion of PTR family - a biologically motivated description and representation of the tandem repetitions hi a sequence. The PTR family implicitly encodes each distinct primitive tandem repeat in the sequence as its part. Based on the BSCP tree, we describe a method to locate all the primitive tandem repeat families in an input sequence T. The proposed method requires average space and time complexity in O(u), where u = |T|.
Ross sea ice motion, area flux, and deformation

Abstract The sea ice motion, area export, and deformation of the Ross Sea ice cover are examined with satellite passive microwave and RADARSAT observations. The record of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, from 1998 and 2000, allows the estimation of the variability of ice deformation at the small scale (∼10 km) and to assess the quality of the longer record of passive microwave ice motion. Daily and subdaily deformation fields and RADARSAT imagery highlight the variability of motion and deformation in the Ross Sea. With the passive microwave ice motion, the area export at a flux gate positioned between Cape Adare and Land Bay is estimated. Between 1992 and 2003, a positive trend can be seen in the winter (March–November) ice area flux that has a mean of 990 × 103 km2 and ranges from a low of 600 × 103 km2 in 1992 to a peak of 1600 × 103 km2 in 2001. In the mean, the southern Ross Sea produces almost twice its own area of sea ice during the winter. Cross-gate sea level pressure (SLP) gra...
Strategies for collecting land snails and their impact on conservation planning

Abstract: Land snail collecting methods are each designed with a particular purpose. This paper provides a brief overview of land snail collecting strategies, suggests the use of multiple methods and collection of ecological data to broaden the knowledge of land snail life habits and relationships with their environment, and indicates approaches that are most relevant to land snail conservation.
The Optimal Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: Chasing a Mirage

The optimal treatment duration of aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has vexed cardiologists since the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) approximately a decade ago. A short (2- to 4-week) course of aspirin and a thienopyridine after
Early increase in pulsatile growth hormone release after unilateral nephrectomy in adult rats

Removal of one kidney results, within days, in accelerated growth of the remaining kidney. However, the mechanisms that underlie this compensatory renal hypertrophic response, particularly in the early time period following nephrectomy, are not understood. In this study we tested the hypothesis that removal of one kidney leads to a change in the pulsatile release of growth hormone (GH), which facilitates compensatory renal growth. Adult Wistar rats were implanted with Silastic cannulas in jugular veins and underwent either unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) or sham operation. Plasma levels of GH were determined 24 and 48 h after sham operation or UNX. Blood samples were taken every 20 min over a 6-h period from conscious, unrestrained animals. Pulsatile GH release was markedly elevated 24 h after UNX in both the amplitude of the surges as well as in the duration of release. Peak GH levels after 24 h were three- to fourfold higher in UNX rats compared with sham controls (417 +/- 75 vs. 119 +/- 23 ng/ml, P < 0.05). However, this enhanced release of GH appeared to be of short duration and began declining by 48 h post-UNX (peak level of 227 +/- 37 ng/ml, P < 0.05 vs. both 24 h UNX and sham controls). To examine whether this rise in GH release post-UNX contributed to the compensatory renal growth, rats underwent UNX and were immediately treated with an antagonist to GH-releasing factor (GRF-AN; i.e., [N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Arg2]GRF-(1-29) amide, 200 micrograms/kg twice daily), and the effects on GH release and renal growth were determined. Administration of GRF-AN significantly suppressed the increase in GH release post-UNX and was associated with a significant attenuation in renal growth 48 h post-UNX in GRF-AN-treated rats (8.7 +/- 2.6% vs. 22.7 +/- 3.0% in UNX controls, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In-Vivo Measurements of Vitreous and Retinal Acceleration

Ocular motion produces accelerative movement of the cortical vitreous and detached retinal segments. Such motion generates forces within the eye leading to retinal holes and tears and tractional retinal detachments. It is now possible to clinically measure in-vivo acceleration of ocular tissues using fast-frame, real-time ultrasound. The new equipment employs an electronically-scanned array to image in A- and B-modes at 60 frames per second and record these images on videotape. Studies of ocular tissue motion enables us to more fully understand the development of peripheral horseshoe retinal tears and posterior polar holes as well as degenerative changes within the vitreous body.
Simulation tests on pit foundation reinforced by full-length-bonding pre-stressed cables

By use of the method of numerical simulation,the reinforcing mechanism of full-length-bonding pre-stressed cable on pit foundation was studied from two aspects of single cable and group cables.The obtained results were credible compared with the existing conclusion,indicating that the simulation method is relatively reasonable.Finally some experiences of application of numerical method were given.
Modeling of joint site of end milling processing system and dynamic characteristics prediction

A two points Receptance Coupling Subsystem Algorithm(RCSA)model is proposed at the joint site of tool subsystem and holder subsystem of an end milling processing system.The displacement receptance of tool point was obtained according to the RCSA model.Harmonic response analysis was carried out to get the displacement receptance of tool subsystem and holder subsystem using ANSYS software.Matlab was adopted to write the program of two points RCSA.Data from ANSYS were used to calculate the displacement receptance of the tool point.A finite element model of the system,including tool subsystem and holder subsystem,was established in ANSYS,and displacement receptance of tool point was obtained.The results of the RCSA model and finite element model were compared and relative error of the two models was calculated.The relative error is less than 0.7%in the frequency range concerned.Experiment was conducted,and the experiment results and theoretical results are in good agreement.
Investigation on reference intervals of serum K~+,Na~+,Cl~-,TCa,TCO_2,FBG and CRP by dry chemical system among preschool children in Shenzhen

Objective:To investigate the reference intervals of serum Kalium ion(K+),Natrium ion(Na+),Chlorine ion(Cl-),total calcium(TCa),total carbon dioxide(TCO2),fasting blood glucose(FBG) and C-reactive protein(CRP) among healthy preschool children(aged from 3 to 6 years) by dry chemical system in Shenzhen.Methods:Stratified randomized cluster sampling method was used to select children aged from 3 to 6 years and 839 healthy children were selected for intravenous blood extraction.Serum K+,Na+,Cl-,TCa,TCO2,FBG and CRP in venous blood were detected by the VITROS 350 system and the data were analyzed by statistical methods.Results:Reference intervals of serum K+,Na+,Cl-,TCa,TCO2,FBG and CRP were respectively 3.8-4.9,136-146,102-110,2.29-2.63,20-28,4.0-6.1 mmol/L and 0-7 mg/L.Conclusions:Reference intervals of serum K+,Na+,Cl-,TCa,TCO2,FBG and CRP are established by dry chemical system among healthy preschool children in Shenzhen.It can provide better references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Cardiac anatomic considerations in pediatric electrophysiology

Although interventional electrophysiology and the use of radiofrequency energy to cure various arrhythmias primarily developed in the adult population, similar applications in children have grown dramatically over the last decade. The anatomic basis for various arrhythmias is critically important for the pediatric ablationists to appreciate. Such understanding allows the use of alternative technique to affect cure while avoiding complications. Further, because of the relatively small heart and less thick myocardium in children, without the appreciation of the underlying cardiac anatomic relationships, collateral injury, for example to the arterial system, may occur. In this review, the cardiac anatomic consideration important in approaching various supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in the normal heart is discussed.
Owners’ Role in Facilitating Prevention through Design

AbstractExploratory research was performed on a promising safety intervention concept, prevention through design (PtD), also known as designing for construction safety (DfCS). The overall research goal was to increase understanding of the role that owners of constructed facilities can play in adopting PtD on their capital projects. A total of 65 face-to-face interviews and 79 anonymous surveys were completed at four case-study organizations in addition to 103 surveys completed online by members of national construction associations and organizations. Industry survey data indicate that while the majority of owner firm employees had not heard of PtD, they find the concept compelling and do not anticipate significant barriers to its implementation. Key empirical findings indicate that (1) an explicit PtD process is required for implementation; (2) proactive owner leadership and involvement are necessary to initiate PtD on a project; (3) owner leadership is required both to set high expectations for worker sa...