cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PPL integrated circuit design methodology

Abstract Path programmable logic (PPL) is an integrated circuit design methodology offering small layout areas, greatly reduced design time, and a high degree of technology independence. In this paper, the structure of PPL is presented, and the details of one implementation, static CMOS PPL, are shown. A conceptual model of PPL design using truth and state tables is given. A database format is presented, and the design system using this database is described. Benchmarks comparing PPL to other design methodologies show PPL compares favourably with custom design in terms of layout area while providing significant savings in design time.
Inhibition of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts isolated from leaves with low water potentials.

Chloroplasts were isolated from pea and sunflower leaves having various water potentials. Oxygen evolution by the chloroplasts was measured under identical conditions for all treatments with saturating light and with dichloroindophenol as oxidant. Evolution was inhibited when leaf water potentials were below -12 bars in pea and -8 bars in sunflower and the inhibition was proportional to leaf water potential below these limits. Inhibition was more severe in sunflower than in pea chloroplasts. In sunflower, it could be detected after 5 minutes of leaf desiccation, and, up to 1 hour, the effect was independent of the duration of low leaf water potential.In high light, the reduction in activity of sunflower chloroplasts paralleled the reduction in CO(2) fixation by intact sunflower plants having low leaf water potentials. Stomatal apertures and transpiration rates were also reduced under these conditions and were probably limiting. In low light, intact sunflowers required more light per unit of CO(2) fixed when leaf water potentials were low than when they were high. This increased light requirement in the intact system was of a magnitude which could be predicted from the reduced oxygen evolution by the isolated chloroplasts. It was concluded that moderately low leaf water potential affects photosynthesis in at least two ways: first, through an inhibition of oxygen evolution by chloroplasts and, second, by closure of stomata in intact leaves.
Diffusion at the liquid-vapor interface of an aqueous ionic solution utilizing a dual simulation technique.

The recently proposed dual simulation technique [J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 6595.], with slight modification, was used to determine the diffusion coefficients for a variety of regions of a 2.2 M sodium chloride aqueous solution with a vapor−liquid interface. The diffusion of all species was shown to be isotropic far away from the interface, but at different regions in the interface, the diffusion coefficients parallel and perpendicular to the interface did not agree for water and chloride. Specifically, interfacial water diffusion parallel to the interface was significantly higher than diffusion perpendicular to the interface. Chloride ions showed even larger anisotropicity in its diffusion coefficient at the interface, with its perpendicular diffusion being similar to its bulk value, but parallel diffusion being much higher, corresponding to the region of highest chloride ion concentration. The origin for this was found to be hydrogen bonds with waters which are highly oriented perpendicular to the inte...
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and oxygenase from Thiocapsa roseopersicina: activation and catalysis.

Abstract Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase purified from malate-grown Thiocapsa roseopersicina required Mg 2+ for the activation of both carboxylase and oxygenase activities. Mg 2+ was either not required or required at very low concentrations for catalysis by both enzyme activities. EDTA and dithiothreitol had no effect on ribulose 1,5-biphosphate oxygenase. The K 0.5 values with respect to Mg 2+ for activation of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities were 8.4 and 2 m m , respectively. Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase and oxygenase activities revealed differential sensitivities to 6-phosphogluconate. This ligand at 1 m m inhibited the carboxylase activity 30%, whereas the oxygenase activity was inhibited by 69%.
Computer-generated imagery for 4-D meteorological data

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center is developing animated stereo display terminals for use with McIDAS (Man-computer Interactive Data Access System). This paper describes image-generation techniques which have been developed to take maximum advantage of these terminals, integrating large quantities of four-dimensional meteorological data from balloon and satellite soundings, satellite images, Doppler and volumetric radar, and conventional surface observations. The images have been designed to use perspective, shading, hidden-surface removal, and transparency to augment the animation and stereo-display geometry. They create an illusion of a moving three-dimensional model of the atmosphere. This paper describes the design of these images and a number of rules of thumb for generating four-dimensional meteorological displays.
Echocardiography of dilated cardiomyopathy in children.

Echocardiography is useful and reliable in the diagnosis and management of children with dilated cardiomyopathy. M-mode echocardiography provides quantitative information of left ventricular and left atrial dimensions and left ventricular wall thickness. Left ventricular function including shortening fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vd), systolic time intervals, left ventricular wall thickening and thinning rate, isovolumic contraction time, and wall stress can be derived from M-mode study. Left ventricular and left atrial dimensions are usually 1.5 times normal. Left ventricular systolic function is markedly reduced. Shortening fraction can be easily obtained and is the most informative index for assessing the severity of illness. Very low shortening fraction at presentation and follow-up (12–15%) is a poor prognostic sign. Two-dimensional echocardiography is valuable for excluding valvular lesion or coronary artery anomaly and detection of intracardiac thrombus. The left ventricular free wall is usually more severely affected than the ventricular septum as seen by two-dimensional echocardiography. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, March 1991)
Exile and the Demos: Leo Strauss in America

AbstractThis article explores the political, as opposed to the philosophical, impact of Leo Strauss’s exile in America on his thought. After a consideration of anti-Semitism and the importance Strauss attached to being a Jew, I argue that the fact that in America he no longer wrote in his Muttersprache but in English was central to his becoming a political theorist rather than a philosopher. Whereas as a philosopher he was unable to speak to the demos, as a political theorist what he needed was a group of “rhetors” who would carry a particular message to the demos.
Relationship between semen production and medical comorbidity

Objective To study the relationship between semen quality and current health status in a cohort of men evaluated for infertility. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Fertility clinic. Patient(s) Nine thousand three hundred eighty-seven men evaluated for infertility between 1994 and 2011. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Charlson comorbidity index, medical diagnoses by organ system. Result(s) At the time of evaluation, 9,387 men with a mean age of 38 years had semen data available. Of these men, 44% had at least one medical diagnosis unrelated to infertility. When stratifying the cohort by the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), differences in all measured semen parameters were identified. Men with a higher CCI had lower semen volume, concentration, motility, total sperm count, and morphology scores. In addition, men with diseases of the endocrine, circulatory, genitourinary, and skin diseases all showed significantly higher rates of semen abnormalities. Upon closer examination of diseases of the circulatory system, men with hypertensive disease, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease, and nonischemic heart disease all displayed higher rates of semen abnormalities. Conclusion(s) The current report identified a relationship between medical comorbidites and male semen production. Although genetics help guide a man's sperm production, his current condition and health play an important role.
An efficient numerical method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

This paper describes an efficient numerical method for solving the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method is a fully implicit method based on the generalized Galerkin method, and the resulting system of equations is solved in a sweeping mode by iterative line relaxation. Results of the present method are compared with published results for separating and reattaching flows, and parametric studies showing the effects of step size, boundary locations, and Reynolds number are presented. The present method is substantially faster than previously published methods; typical run times range from 10 sec to 1 min of 7600 CPU time; and, based on results obtained to date, it is stable at any Reynolds number.
The role of gastric histamine release in the acid secretory response to pentagastrin and methacholine in the dog.

We have previously demonstrated that both pentagastrin and methacholine can stimulate histamine release from the canine stomach during short term administration of the secretagogues into the gastrosplenic artery. In this study we tested the hypothesis that gastric histamine release determines the acid secretory response to acid secretagogues. Increasing doses of pentagastrin (2, 6, and 20 ng/kg/min) and methacholine (0.1, 0.3, and 1µg/min) were infused into the gastro-splenic artery in dogs, while gastric acid output, histamine and Nτ-methyl histamine secretory rates were monitored. Histamine and Nτ-methyl histamine concentrations in plasma were measured using GC/NICI-MS. Increasing doses of pentagastrin resulted in increasing gastric output. Total histamine secretory rate expressed as the sum of histamine and Nτ-methyl histamine secretory rate showed a significant increase above basal with the two highest doses of pentagastrin. Regression analysis correlating the dose of pentagastrin to gastric acid output gave a correlation coefficient of 0.586 which was very significant. Regression analysis correlating the total histamine secretory rate to acid output gave a correlation coefficient of 0.498 which was also very significant. Increasing doses of methacholine also resulted in a dose-dependent increase in acid output. Histamine secretory rates showed a statistically significant increase above basal only at the 1µg/min infusion rate, however, the total histamine secretory rates (histamine + Nτ-methyl histamine) were no longer significant at any of the doses of methacholine. Regression analysis correlating the dose of methacholine to gastric acid output gave a correlation coefficient of 0.571 which was significant, while correlating the histamine secretory rate to acid output gave a correlation coefficient of 0.338, not significant, which decreased to 0.079 when the total histamine secretory rates were correlated to acid output. Sixty-eight min infusions of pentagastrin demonstrated a dose-dependent, pulse-like but persistent increase in histamine secretory rate above basal, while long-term infusion of methacholine gave a flat, low-grade histamine stimulation. These data suggest that for pentagastrin, both the dose of pentagastrin and the amount of histamine released determine the acid secretory response with this secretagogue, but the dose of pentagastrin correlates more strongly with acid output. During cholinergic stimulated acid output, only the dose of methacholine correlates with acid output. Thus, for cholinergic stimulated gastric acid output, histamine is not likely to be a final mediator, but for gastrin both its direct action at the parietal cell and the amount of histamine released appear to contribute to the acid secretory response.
Functional Role of Mitochondrial Ryanodine Receptor Type 1 in the Heart

We recently demonstrated the existence of type 1 ryanodine receptors (RyR1) in the mitochondria of cardiac muscle cells (Beutner et al, 2001, 2005, Altschafl et al, 2007). However, the functional significance of mitochondrial type 1 ryanodine receptors (mitoRyR1), especially in the whole heart preparations, remains unclear. We determined the cardiac phenotype of knock-in mice harboring an RyR1 mutation (RyR1Y522S) that promotes RyR1 Ca2+ leak and results in malignant hyperthermia and central cores in humans. In Langendorff perfused hearts, isoproterenol (10-50 nM) infusion induced a significantly (p 8). We studied the morphology of cardiac mitochondria using electron microscopy. Cardiac mitochondria in RyR1Y522S/WT mice (3-18 months old) exhibit a lower density of cristae, a higher incidence of mitochondrial clustering and misalignment with sarcomeres, and a dissociation of mitochondria from myofilaments, as routinely observed in controls (n>5). Finally, we examined the heart structure of homozygous RyR1Y522S/Y522S embryos, which die prior to birth. Compared to RyR1Y522S/WT and wild-type littermates, RyR1Y522S/Y522S embryos developed normally until approximately embryonic day (E) 14.5, after which their hearts exhibit significant myocyte disarray, lack ventricular lumen and display evidence of heart failure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mitoRyR1 plays an important role in the proper development and regulation of cardiac structure and function.
PDT Dose Dosimeter for Pleural Photodynamic Therapy

PDT dose is the product of the photosensitizer concentration and the light fluence in the target tissue. For improved dosimetry during plural photodynamic therapy (PDT), a PDT dose dosimeter was developed to measure both the light fluence and the photosensitizer concentration simultaneously in the same treatment location. Light fluence and spectral data were rigorously compared to other methods of measurement (e.g. photodiode, multi-fiber spectroscopy contact probe) to assess the accuracy of the measurements as well as their uncertainty. Photosensitizer concentration was obtained by measuring the fluorescence of the sensitizer excited by the treatment light. Fluence rate based on the intensity of the laser spectrum was compared to the data obtained by direct measurement of fluence rate by a fiber-coupled photodiode. Phantom studies were done to obtain an optical property correction for the fluorescence signal. Measurements were performed in patients treated Photofrin for different locations in the pleural cavity. Multiple sites were measured to investigate the heterogeneity of the cavity and to provide cross-validation via relative dosimetry. This novel method will allow for accurate real-time determination of delivered PDT dose and improved PDT dosimetry.
Economic model predictive control of parabolic PDE systems: Addressing state estimation and computational efficiency

Abstract In a previous work [20] , an economic model predictive control (EMPC) system for parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) systems was proposed. Through operating the PDE system in a time-varying fashion, the EMPC system demonstrated improved economic performance over steady-state operation. The EMPC system assumed the knowledge of the complete state spatial profile at each sampling period. From a practical point of view, measurements of the state variables are typically only available at a finite number of spatial positions. Additionally, the basis functions used to construct a reduced-order model (ROM) for the EMPC system were derived using analytical sinusoidal/cosinusoidal eigenfunctions. However, constructing a ROM on the basis of historical data-based empirical eigenfunctions by applying Karhunen-Loeve expansion may be more computationally efficient. To address these issues, several EMPC systems are formulated for both output feedback implementation and with ROMs based on analytical sinusoidal/cosinusoidal eigenfunctions and empirical eigenfunctions. The EMPC systems are evaluated using a non-isothermal tubular reactor example, described by two nonlinear parabolic PDEs, where a second-order reaction takes place. The model accuracy, computational time, input and state constraint satisfaction, and closed-loop economic performance of the closed-loop tubular reactor under the different EMPC systems are compared.
Complete Arcs in Steiner Triple Systems

A complete arc in a design is a set of elements which contains no block and is maximal with respect to this property. The spectrum of sizes of complete arcs in Steiner triple systems is determined without exception here.
Sexually Active Adolescent Women: Assessing Family and Peer Relationships Using Event History Calendars

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore family and peer relationships (including support and influence on risk behavior) among sexually active European American and African American adolescent girls in the context of risk behaviors documented on retrospective event history calendars (EHCs) and in interviews. The EHCs were completed by the adolescents prior to a clinic visit with a nurse practitioner at a school-based clinic in Southeast Michigan, and interviews were conducted after the visit. Constant comparative analysis of EHCs and interview data of 19 sexually active 15 to 19-year-old girls revealed that those with positive familial and peer support were less likely to report risk behaviors compared to those with poor family and peer relationships. School nurses and other providers working with adolescents to prevent risk behaviors could utilize the EHC to determine risks and develop education plans and interventions to reduce risk behaviors.
RCVS funding for health support programme

THE Board of the Veterinary Benevolent Fund (VBF) would like to express its gratitude to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons following the recent announcement that the College intends to double its funding to the charity's health support programme to …
Book Availability Revisited: Turnaround Time for Recalls versus Interlibrary Loans

Librarians typically view interlibrary loan (ILL) as a means of providing access to items not owned by the local institution. However, they are less likely to explore ILL’s potential in providing timely access to items locally owned, but temporarily unavailable, particularly in the case of monographs in circulation. In a two-part study, the authors test the assumption that, on average, locally owned books that a patron finds unavailable (due to checkout) can be obtained more quickly via recall than via ILL. Phase 1 of this study establishes an average turnaround time for circulation recalls in a large academic library for comparison with well-established turnaround times for ILL borrowing transactions. In Phase 2, a more rigorous paired study of recalls and ILL compares the ability of each system to handle identical requests in real time. Results demonstrate that, under some circumstances, ILL provides a reasonable alternative to the internal recall process. The findings also underscore the need for more holistic, interservice models for improving not just access, but also the timeliness of access, to monograph collections.
EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION AND TARGET STATUS ON AGGRESSIVE RESPONDING

Suntmasy.-The aggressive responding (on a Buss "aggression" machine) of psychiatrically hospitalized depressives was compared wlth controls under two conditions. The conditions varied in that the aggression target was defined as high status (physician) in one and low status (orderly) in the other. There was no threat of retaliation in either condition. While there was no significant over-all main effect of depression, the aggressive response of the depressives was significantly inhibited by the high-status condition, while the aggression scores of the controls were virmally unaffected. This resulted in a s~gn~ficant over-all effect of StaNS and a significant two-way interaction between depression and target's status. The results were discussed and interpreted in a predominantly analytic framework. Depression is a clinical syndrome recognized for over 2,000 years (Beck, 1967) with an almost surprising consistency of symptoms. Feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and guilt; changes in activity level, appetite, sleep, and sexual habits; and numerous somatic complaints seem to constitute a core which affect literally millions of Americans each year (Lehrnan, 1968; Gershon, et al., 1968; Raskin, et al., 1967). Despite close agreement on the manifestations of depression and its enormous cost in terms of economics and even lives (Lehman, 1968; Schwab, Brown, Holzer, & Sokalov, 1968), there are still no clear answers to the questions of etiology, onset, course, or cure (Grinker, Miller, Sabskin, Nunn, & Nunnally, 1961; Aillon, 1972). Theories abound, both biological and psychological, but crucial questions raised by &ch theory remain essentially unanswered. In terms of the psychology of depression, the psychoanalytic writers have presented perhaps the most influential interpretive framework. Abraham ( 1911) and later, Freud ( 1917) offered an interpretation that related depression to a conflict between aggressive impulses and dependency. This position has subsequently been elaborated by many other writers who may disagree on some points but who generally agree on the basic importance of the role of the dependency-aggression conflict (Rosenfeld, 1959). This Abraham-Freud position has generated research which has suggested that there may indeed be a relationship between depression and aggression. Results have often seemed conflicting, however, and the parameters of the relationship (if any) remain elusive (Kendall, 1970). Some part of the difficulty has been the variability of translations into operational definitions from terms which refer to intrapsychic processes. Kendall ( 1970) attempts to come
The blood supply of the lateral geniculate body in the rat

The anterior chorioidal artery supples the main part of the ventral nucleus and the anterodorsal pole of the dorsal nucleus.
Continuous and Feasible Implementation of Rational-Expectations Lindahl Allocations

Abstract In this paper we consider Bayesian implementation of rational-expectations Lindahl allocations for economic environments with public goods when agents are incompletely informed about environments. We construct a continuous and feasible mechanism whose Bayesian equilibrium allocations coincide with rational-expectations Lindahl allocations. We not only allow the types of individuals to be unknown but also allow both the preferences and the initial endowments to be unknown to the designer. In addition, we allow some types of boundary equilibrium allocations and a continuous information structure.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C72, D71, D82, H41.
Perceived Mental Workload in an Endocopic Surgery Simulator

Endoscopic surgery–a procedure wherein a target organ is displayed on a monitor and physicians use graspers to manipulate the tissue - has benefits for patients in terms of reduced blood loss, infection, and pain. However, physicians' informal reports indicate that this type of surgery is challenging to perform. These challenges arise from the need to view the target tissue on a monitor, resulting in reduced depth information as well as a disruption of the normal hand-eye mapping. This study represents the initial experimental effort to assess the workload demands experienced in an endoscopic surgery simulator using the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX), a well validated workload measure, and the Multiple Resource Questionnaire (MRQ), a newly developed workload scale. The TLX revealed that the workload experienced in the simulator was indeed high. Additionally, the MRQ revealed different workload profiles associated with different levels of handeye mapping disruption.
Software maintenance life cycle

The common view in the software field is to regard the software maintenance life cycle (SMLC) as being essentially the same as the life cycle for software development (SDLC). The examination that is presented of the nature of the actual work performed, however, does not support this common view. Even after taking into account definitional variation and situational adjustments, the two life cycles are seen actually to differ both in what stages are included and in the relative effort applied to the stages. These differences have major implications for the choice of aids and tools, and for the management of application software maintenance or support. >
EFFECT OF Paco2 ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION DURING HALOTHANE COMPARED WITH ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN THE RAT

In order to examine anaesthetic effects on the distribution of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during normo- and hypocapnia, male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated randomly to four groups in a 2×2 factorial design, using PaC(,2 value and anaesthetic agent as between-group factors. Animals were anaesthetized with either 1.38%isoflurane (inspired) or 1.05% halothane (inspired) and the lungs ventilated mechanically at either normocapnia (PaC0) 5.1–5.6kPa) or hypocapnia (?aCOl 3.1–3.3 kPa) for 1 h. CBF was measured using 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradio-graphy. Local CBF in selected cortical and subcortical regions of interest and area - weighted mean global CBF were calculated. Data were compared by analysis of variance. Normocapnic (mean (SE)) CBF for halothane (n = 6) and isoflurane (n = 7) was 120 (8) ml/100 g min−1 (Paco, 5.6 (0.49) kPa) and 117 (9) mil 100 g min−1 (PaC0} 5.4 (0.5) kPa), respectively. Hypocapnic CBF for halothane (n = 6) and isoflurane (n = 6) was 82 (7) ml/100 g min−1 (PaC0} 3.3 (0.12) kPa) and 82 (6) ml/ 100 g min−1 (PaCOl3.2 (0.12) kPa), respectively. Hypocapnia reduced global CBF for both groups by 30% (P 0.8). Hypocapnia decreased CBF in all local structures examined. Although subcortical structures had similar CBF at both normocapnia and hypocapnia, CBF in three cortical samples was greater (P
Bioavailability of fluconazole administered via a feeding tube in intensive care unit patients

Fluconazole, a triazole compound with potent activity against many medically important fungi, undergoes rapid oral absorption, and has been shown in healthy volunteers to exhibit virtually complete bioavailability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bioavailability of fluconazole administered via a feeding tube with concomitant enteral feeds in intensive care unit patients. Once prescribed by the attending physician, fluconazole was administered either as an intravenous infusion over 1 h or the tablet was crushed and given via a feeding tube with concomitant enteral feeds. Once blood samples were obtained (not before the fifth dose) of the first regimen, the patient could be switched over to the alternate route and blood samples were again obtained after at least five doses. All patients had normal gastrointestinal motility, normal renal, and hepatic function. Serum concentrations were determined by a validated HPLC method. The area under concentration-time curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal rule; bioavailability was determined from the ratio of AUC(tube)/AUC(intravenous). The bioavailability for five patients was calculated to be 97.2 +/- 9.8%. Fluconazole retained excellent bioavailability when crushed and administered via a feeding tube with or without concomitant enteral feeding in critically ill patients. This alternative route of administration promotes cost savings and decreases the chance for secondary infection from indwelling intravenous catheters.
Cold tests of quasi-optical gyrotron resonators

Cold tests which have been performed on quasi-optical gyrotron resonators at frequencies near 94 and 120 GHz to measure cavity Q are discussed. The separation between the resonator mirrors was varied between 0.15 and 0.35 m. Quality factors ranging from 10000 to 100000 are shown. Good agreement is shown between the measured data and values calculated from scalar diffraction theory. The experimental effect of misaligning the mirrors is examined. >
Transperitoneal Trocar Placement

Proper port placement is crucial during conventional laparoscopic surgery. Likewise, during robotic laparoscopic procedures this concept is equally as important. The da Vinci® Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) in its current form consists of a patientside cart with arms that dock to trocars that are preplaced by the surgeon. These arms are rather bulky and require sufficient room to maneuver. An effective port placement situates the arms so that they provide excellent intraabdominal instrument mobility while minimizing arm collisions. This chapter will describe some tips on port placement classified by procedure to help surgeons overcome the learning curve of this preliminary but crucial step to robotic urologic procedures.
The role and use of the stochastic linear-quadratic-Gaussian problem in control system design

The role of the linear-quadratic stochastic control problem in engineering design is reviewed in tutorial fashion. The design approach is motivated by considering the control of a non-linear uncertain plant about a desired input-output response. It is demonstrated how a design philosophy based on 1) deterministic perturbation control, 2) stochastic state estimation, and 3) linearized stochastic control leads to an overall closed-loop control system. The emphasis of the paper is on the philosophy of the design process, the modeling issue, and the formulation of the problem; the results are given for the sake of completeness, but no proofs are included. The systematic off-line nature of the design process is stressed throughout.
Solution of sparse systems of equations on multiprocessor architectures

The primary objective of these lecture notes is to introduce the reader to some basic techniques for solving large sparse systems of equations, along with some currently active areas of research on the subject. In addition, introductory material is included on the basic problems and techniques associated with performing numerical computations on multiprocessors, using the problem of solving large sparse systems as an application example.
Prophylaxis of Candida albicans infection with tuftsin

The efficacy of tuftsin, a naturally-occurring immunomodulating peptide, in the prophylaxis of disseminated Candida albicans infections in mice was studied. The intravenous administration of tuftsin caused prolonged survival at all concentrations tested.
Brain Activation during Anticipation of Sound Sequences

Music consists of sound sequences that require integration over time. As we become familiar with music, associations between notes, melodies, and entire symphonic movements become stronger and more complex. These associations can become so tight that, for example, hearing the end of one album track can elicit a robust image of the upcoming track while anticipating it in total silence. Here, we study this predictive "anticipatory imagery" at various stages throughout learning and investigate activity changes in corresponding neural structures using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anticipatory imagery (in silence) for highly familiar naturalistic music was accompanied by pronounced activity in rostral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and premotor areas. Examining changes in the neural bases of anticipatory imagery during two stages of learning conditional associations between simple melodies, however, demonstrates the importance of fronto-striatal connections, consistent with a role of the basal ganglia in "training" frontal cortex (Pasupathy and Miller, 2005). Another striking change in neural resources during learning was a shift between caudal PFC earlier to rostral PFC later in learning. Our findings regarding musical anticipation and sound sequence learning are highly compatible with studies of motor sequence learning, suggesting common predictive mechanisms in both domains.
The African telecommunications union: A Pan-African approach to telecommunications reform

Abstract This article examines the organisational structure and strategic plans of the African Telecommunications Union (ATU). Although the ATU has been restructured to include private telecommunications entities as associate members, it remains essentially an inter-governmental agency. The article assesses the benefits of a regional approach to telecommunications reform and proposes that regional economic organisations replace the nation states as members of the ATU. Although the goals of the ATU, as articulated in its strategic plans are laudable, clearly defined benchmarks and specific strategies to achieve them are needed to make the organisation more effective.
Haptic interaction for creative processes with simulated media

We present a survey of our recent research on the development of haptic interfaces for simulating creative processes with digital media, including 3D multiresolution modeling and 2D and 3D painting. We discuss the design issues involved and lessons learned. Based on the preliminary user studies, we observe that haptic interfaces can improve the level of usability of digital design systems and assist in capturing the feel of creative processes.
A Framework for Reliability and Performance Assessment of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

This paper proposes a framework for reliability and dynamic performance assessment of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) in the face of internal component faults and external grid disturbances. The proposed framework facilitates a quantitative analysis of different WECS designs, control strategies, and fault ride-through mechanisms. The framework can also be used to identify key design parameters that influence overall WECS reliability and to compute WECS reliability for different grid codes and performance requirements. To illustrate the framework, a case study for a doubly-fed induction generator is presented.
On Some Classes of Repeated-root Constacyclic Codes of Length a Power of 2 over Galois Rings

Negacyclic codes of length 2 s over the Galois ring GR(2 a , m) are ideals of the chain ring \( \frac{{GR \left( {2^a ,m} \right)\left[ x \right]}} {{\left\langle {x^{2^s } + 1} \right\rangle }} \). This structure is used to provide the Hamming and homogeneous distances of all such negacyclic codes. The technique is then generalized to obtain the structure and Hamming and homogeneous distances of all γ-constacyclic codes of length 2 s over GR(2 a , m), where γ is any unit of the ring GR(2 a , m) that has the form γ = (4k 0 −1)+4k 1ξ +...+ 4k m−1ξ m−1, for integers k 0, k 1, ..., k m−1. Among other results, duals of such γ-constacyclic codes are studied, and necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a self-dual γ-constacyclic code are established.
Balancing Human and Machine Contributions in Human Computation Systems

Many interesting and successful human computation systems leverage the complementary computational strengths of both humans and machines to solve these problems. In this chapter, we examine Human Computation as a type of Human-Computer Collaboration—collaboration involving at least one human and at least one computational agent. We discuss recent advances in the open area of function allocation, and explore how to balance the contributions of humans and machines in computational systems. We then explore how human-computer collaborative strategies can be used to solve problems that are difficult or computationally infeasible for computers or humans alone.
The Potential for Competition in Network Communications Industries

Is monopoly the inevitable market outcome for a network industry without regulation? Policy related to network communications industries historically has been based on the assumption that the characteristics of these industries will lead to high concentration, and ultimately monopoly. However, current economic theory and empirical evidence is insufficient to determine the industry structure of these markets without regulation. This paper provides a formal framework - The Network Pricing Game - to identify when competition between communications networks is a sustainable market outcome. The Network Pricing Game is a stylized model developed in this paper to reflect the characteristics of communications networks, namely significant fixed costs and friction in switching for subscribers, and to focus on a competing network firm's exit decision. The results of The Network Pricing Game show that the sustainability of competition between networks is influenced by initial market share allocations, propensity of subscribers to switch networks, fixed costs of operations, a market's monopoly price and marginal cost. These results are used to explain observed market structure in different network communications markets, namely local telephone and broadband Internet access. The analysis in this paper shows that monopoly is the inevitable market outcome in some network communications markets, but not all. An important implication of the Network Pricing Game results is that policy must be designed to meet market conditions. In some markets, competition will result without regulation. In other markets, where competition is not sustainable, policymakers may choose to promote competition through regulatory intervention, thereby preventing monopoly where it is the inevitable market outcome. In particular, the relationship of initial disparity in market shares to the potential for competition found in this paper makes the timing of intervention critical. In some markets where monopoly is inevitable in the mature market, earlier-stage regulatory intervention may prevent this "inevitable" monopoly.
Anomaly detection in computer systems using compressed measurements

Online performance monitoring of computer systems incurs a variety of costs: the very act of monitoring a system interferes with its performance and if the information is transmitted to a monitoring station for analysis and logging, this consumes network bandwidth and disk space. Compressive sampling-based schemes can help reduce these costs on the local machine by acquiring data directly from the system in a compressed form, and in a computationally efficient way. This paper focuses on reducing the computational cost associated with recovering the original signal from the transmitted sample set at the monitoring station for anomaly detection. Towards this end, we show that the compressed samples preserve, in an approximate form, properties such as mean, variance, as well as correlation between data points in the original full-length signal. We then use this result to detect changes in the original signal that could be indicative of an underlying anomaly such as abrupt changes in magnitude and gradual trends without the need to recover the full-length data. We illustrate the usefulness of our approach via case studies involving IBM's Trade Performance Benchmark using signals from the disk and memory subsystems. Experiments indicate that abrupt changes can be detected using a compressed sample size of 25% with a hit rate of 95% for a fixed false alarm rate of 5%; trends can be detected within a confidence interval of 95% using a sample size of only 6%.
Energetics and diffusion of hydrogen in SiO 2

We explore the energetics and migration of neutral hydrogen in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ using ab initio density-functional calculations. From static minimizations $(T=0),$ we have calculated the formation energy and the adiabatic potential-energy surface of hydrogen in bulk ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}.$ Using our $T=0$ results, we employ classical transition state theory to derive the temperature dependent diffusivity: $D(T)=(8.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{sec})\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}0.2 \mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{kT}).$ This result is in good agreement with our molecular-dynamic simulations at $T=600 \mathrm{K},$ and agrees reasonably with recent experiments.
Whose Enlightenment is the Right Enlightenment? What Cicero's De Legibus Can Teach Us About the Dispute between Locke and Rousseau

This paper has three parts: first, it compares and contrasts the concepts of natural law and equality as they are presented in Locke’s Second Treatise and Rousseau’s Second Discourse and Social Contract; second, it considers Cicero’s understanding of the universal basis of just law, which he argues in De Legibus is founded on a common human nature; and, third, it offers some preliminary reflections on what Cicero can teach us about the differences between Locke and Rousseau and about contemporary disputes arising from those differences.
Glucocorticoids regulate transendothelial fluid flow resistance and formation of intercellular junctions.

The regulation of transendothelial fluid flow by glucocorticoids was studied in vitro with use of human endothelial cells cultured from Schlemm’s canal (SCE) and the trabecular meshwork (TM) in con...
Thin accretion discs are stabilized by a strong magnetic field

By studying three-dimensional, radiative, global simulations of sub-Eddington, geometrically thin black hole accretion flows we show that thin disks which are dominated by magnetic pressure are stable against thermal instability. Such disks are thicker than predicted by the standard model and show significant amount of dissipation inside the marginally stable orbit. Radiation released in this region, however, does not escape to infinity but is advected into the black hole. We find that the resulting accretion efficiency ($5.5\pm0.5\%$ for the simulated $0.8\dot M_{\rm Edd}$ disk) is very close to the predicted by the standard model ($5.7\%$).
Agenda-Building and Big Science

This paper extends concepts about agenda-building politics within the policy literature by considering the implications of `big science' agenda-building politics for policyrnaking. It argues that agenda-building in the `big science' policy arena is distinct from agenda-building in the general social problem-solving policy arena. The general policy development process and the `big science' policy development process are contrasted conceptually. Two different cases of agenda-building in big science are then highlighted to offer empirical evidence of the differences between the two processes. A distinction is drawn between the contemporary conceptualization of agenda-building in the general policy arena and the big science policy arena and comments are made about the value of the paper for policy learning. Accordingly, the paper has important implications for the science policy arena and perhaps the larger policy arena.
Electronic Structures of Ga- and Zn- Substituted Yba2Cu3O7 Superconductors

The band structures of YBa2Cu307 superconductors in which one of the Cu atoms was replaced by Ga or Zn have been studied by the first-principles orthogonalized LCAO method. Substitutions involving Cu on the chain site and Cu on the plane site were investigated. Results show significant modifications in the electronic structure due to the dopant-specific and site-specific substitutions. These results are discussed in light of some recent experimental observations.
Biology of the Longtailed Dance Fly, Rhamphomyia longicauda (Diptera: Enipididae); a New Look at Swarming

At dusk the female Rhamphomyia longicauda Loew in-flates her abdomen, and places her feathered legs along-side it. Those habits not only broaden the female; they convert her into a 2-tone silhouette—tan abdomen surrounded by black legs—that provides a visual signal to the male, who feeds her prey at the time of mating. The male is also attracted to burs and to a chewing gum model in which black threads are embedded. Feeding and mating occur with solitary as well as with swarming females. The swarm is looked on, among other things, as a queue formed by the females as a consequence of the males' inability to serve them promptly. Chironomids are the favorite prey of the dance fly; mosquitoes made up to 14% of the prey in a single year; the average was 6%. R. longicauda is compared with 3 other predatory insects that were also studied in Ashland County, Ohio, viz., Psilonyx annulatus (Say), Bittacus apicalis Hagen, and B. strigous Hagen. The complex behavior of the 4 pre dators appears to be governed by their procurement of food rather than by their acquisition of mates.
Reactions in OMVPE Growth of InP

Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) has achieved remarkable recent success, becoming the most promising technique for the ultimate production of III/V materials and device structures. Unfortunately, our understanding of the growth process remains primitive. In this paper we report a new technique for tracing the reactions by conducting the epitaxial growth in a D 2 ambient using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to analyze the product molecules. The pyrolysis reactions were studied for PH 3 , both alone and in the presence of trimethylindium (TMIn), and for TMIn alone and in the presence of PH 3 . For the reactants alone, the PH 3 pyrolysis is completely heterogeneous at the InP surface, while TMIn pyrolyzes homogeneously in the gas phase. For TMIn and PH 3 together, the reaction mechanism is entirely different; the pyrolysis temperatures for both PH 3 and TMIn are lowered. Since the reaction produces only CH 4 molecules, with a complete absence of CH3D at high ratios of PH 3 to TMIn, we hypothesize that InP growth is initiated by the direct interaction of TMIn and PH 3 molecules, either in the vapor phase at normal growth temperatures or at the InP surface at temperatures as low as 250°C.
A 3-6-9 Rule of Monitoring System for Building Equipment

A 3-6-9 rule of the 3 layers network system structure for the 18th chapter——monitoring system for building equipment in JGJ 16—2008 "Code for Electric Design of Civil Buildings" was proposed. The characteristics of monitoring system for building equipment were interpreted, and the system network structure, system function, devices of monitoring system for building equipment were also introduced.
Abstract B12: The co-location of academia with the community in addressing cancer health disparities: A new model of partnerships for environmental public health

Environmental factors play an important and explanatory role in health disparities. Research suggests that a community should be an integral part of the process of solving community problems. Consequently, there has been a shift from traditional academic research to more community participatory approaches. To our knowledge none of these approaches have examined the role of academic co-locations (multiple site locations) as part of a community-level cancer prevention and disparities approach. Our co-location strategy involves exporting faculty and staff, clinical trials, interventions, outreach, education, and research from Georgetown University9s main campus to a newly established office site located in Southeast, DC, a medically underserved area. Using the environmental focus group study as a case example of the impact of our co-location strategy, we seek to put forward an academic co-location definition and framework for implementation. Our findings show that co-location is a viable strategy that should be considered as part of a multifaceted approach in building and sustaining collaborative partnerships and research capacity, particularly within minority underserved communities. Focus group themes emerged around six topical areas: (1) the concept of environment, (2) perception of pollution, (3) perceptions of water quality, 4) perceptions of air quality, 5) health issues related environmental pollutants, (6) personal and community environment, and 7) environmental information received. Our co-location strategy was also associated with the following outcomes: beneficial in establishing trust, respect, accessibility, and success in study accrual and retention. Co-location benefits, challenges, and lessons learned are also discussed. Citation Format: Sherrie Flynt Wallington, Chiranjeev Dash, Rhonda Hamilton, Everett Dodson, Lucile L. Adams-Campbell. The co-location of academia with the community in addressing cancer health disparities: A new model of partnerships for environmental public health. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr B12.