cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Insights from "Neuroeconomic" Data

How and to what extent “neuroeconomic” data (broadly interpreted as data other than standard choice data) should be used in advancing economic theory is open to question. Several authors have attempted to make use of such nonstandard data to shed light on the process of economic decision making. John W. Payne, James R. Bettman, and Eric. J. Johnson (1993), Miguel Costa Gomes, Vincent P. Crawford, and Bruno Broseta (2001), and Xavier Gabaix et al. (2006) have used MouseLab software in order to determine the manner in which people use information. Joseph Wang, Michael Spezio, and Colin Camerer (2006) make use of eye-tracking data for the same purpose. More dramatically, researchers such as Paul William Glimcher, Joseph Kable, and Kenway Louie (2007) are using brain-scanning data in an attempt to constrain economic models of discounting and time preference. Camerer (forthcoming) presents an excellent review of economic research involving nonstandard data. In opposition to this trend, Faruk Gul and Wolfgang Pesendorfer (forthcoming) present a strong critique of the use of nonchoice data within economics. They put forward two specific arguments that users of “neuroeconomic” data must refute if their work is to be taken seriously. First—economic models were designed only to explain choices. Thus, nonchoice data can be used neither to confirm nor deny a particular economic model. Second, it is by and large true that economists are interested in choice behavior. Any two models will either make different predictions for choice, in which case they can be differentiated by standard choice data, or they will not, in which case an economist will not be interested in differentiating between them. Economic Insights from “Neuroeconomic” Data
Design and Applications of Environmental Cell Transmission Electron Microscope for In Situ Observations of Gas-Solid Reactions.

The environmental transmission electron microscopy (E-TEM) is a budding technique for in situ study of gas–solid chemical reactions with numerous applications. Recent improvements in the design have made it possible not only to obtain atomic level information but also the chemical information during the reaction by incorporating an imaging filter or electron energy-loss spectrometer to an E-TEM. We have been involved in modifying a couple of microscopes to incorporate environmental cells in order to convert them into E-TEMs. These microscopes have been used to obtain atomic level information of the structural and chemical changes during dynamic processes by in situ electron diffraction, high-resolution imaging, and electron energyloss spectroscopy. The applications include, but are not limited to, oxidation, reduction, polymerization, nitridation, dehydroxylation, hydroxylation, chemical vapor deposition, etc. We report recent developments in the design and application along with the limitations of an E-TEM.
Project-based, asynchronous collaborative learning

The value of collaboration as a tool to promote learning is becoming increasingly more evident. Students engaged in collaborative efforts typically retain the information being learned longer by becoming more actively engaged in the learning activity. There is evidence that collaborative activities foster higher-order thinking skills such as analytical reasoning, synthesis, and evaluation. Furthermore, students work in an environment that better prepares them to meet the challenges inherent in succeeding in the workforce. Constructivism in the form of project-based learning has likewise been shown to foster increased retention of material and greater depth of learning. When combined with collaborative assignments, students have demonstrated greater retention and enhanced capability of transferring concepts to practice. Promoting collaboration in a classroom setting is difficult and often resisted by both teachers and students. This difficulty is magnified for courses offered in an online learning environment. Although there are a number of applications available to enable real-time communication, the immediacy and intimacy of person-to-person interaction is difficult to replace. The non-verbal cues that comprise a large part of everyday communication are largely lost through even the richest online environment. As a result, educators are faced with a dilemma: both students and academic institutions are flocking towards courses offered via an asynchronous learning network, but there is no clear understanding of how to foster collaboration, one of the most promising pedagogical tools. Although asynchronous online environments certainly lack the intimacy and immediacy inherent in face-to-face settings and simulated to an extent by synchronous applications, meaningful collaborative assignments are still possible. The proposed paper details a five-step systems approach for fostering project-based, collaborative learning in an asynchronous learning environment. The steps are illustrated with examples from a graduate-level course in multimedia systems in which asynchronous collaboration was a featured assignment.
Information rates for non-coherent multiantenna systems in the wideband regime

This work presents analytical upper and lower bounds on the information rate of a multiuser Rayleigh fading channel with no Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitters or the receivers. These bounds are shown to converge whenever an individual user's data rate is small compared with the bandwidth, e.g., when users can employ CDMA. The convergence will take place even when the aggregate spectral density is large, so that even though the individual users are in wideband, the system is not. The amount of spreading required for a given degree of convergence depends on the number of receive antennas. The paper presents exact analytical expressions for the information rates of both the block fading and the continuous correlated fading channel models in this regime. However, these results can be easily extended to more general channel models.
A lexical comparison program to simplify the maintenance of portable software

The author introduces a simple tool to alleviate the problem of detecting substantive differences in software versions. It is a typical line-by-line file-comparison program, modified to work with a lexical analyzer so that it reports only differences in the text that might affect code generation. The report of differences relates back to the original source files, so that the programmer does not have to map the code differences back to the files he is accustomed to using. >
Fiber Types in Skeletal Muscles of Broiler- and Layer-Type Chickens

Abstract Distribution of muscle fiber types (αR, αW, and βR) and fiber size was compared in broiler-type and layer-type chickens at 4 weeks of age. Broiler chickens had a lower percentage of a fibers, but a higher proportion of the α fibers were in the αW class. Both α and β type fibers had larger diameters in broiler chickens. The results suggest that the meat of broiler-type chickens may be lighter in color because the muscles are more anaerobic.
AN ALBINO MUTANT IN PLANTAGO INSULARIS REQUIRING THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE—EFFECTS OF TPP ON CHLOROPLAST ULTRASTRUCTURE

SUMMARY The responses of normal (al+/al+) and albino mutant (aljal) seedlings of Plantago insularis to light and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Plastids in seedlings of normal and albino genotypes grown in darkness had the structure of etioplasts with a thylakoid plexus (prolamellar body) from which extend thylakoids. Some of the thylakoids were often associated into parallel or concentric sheets. In the mutant, the thylakoid sheets were generally shorter, and some were vesiculated. Exposure of normal plants to light resulted in the transformation of the etioplasts to chloroplasts, with the loss of the thylakoid plexus and the formation of typical grana and an intergranal thylakoid system, plus a few globules in the stroma. Exposure of the albino mutant to light caused the loss of the thylakoid plexus and the formation of highly ordered, concentrically associated thylakoid sheet systems, but no grana. After 24 h of illumination, the plastids of the albino mutant showed evidence of thylakoid degeneration and accumulation of globules and starch. These changes are interpreted as a consequence of very low TPP in the mutant and as evidence for the role of TPP in the degradation of glucose through the Krebs cycle in the normal genotype. The application of TPP to the albino mutant resulted in the formation of essentially normal chloroplasts. The ultrastructural observations support the view that TPP deficiency does not handicap the mutant in protein synthesis until after exposure to light. TPP and light are essential for the formation of normal grana and TPP is in some way involved in the pathways for pigment and protein synthesis in chloroplasts.
A computerized method for the application of coronary artery disease risk classification models to a large patient population

The authors developed a flexible and powerful coronary anatomy classification system which can be applied to the development and evaluation of qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing myocardium in jeopardy on the basis of the severity and location of coronary artery lesions, relative size of arteries, and contributions from collateral blood flow. The system employs a graphical user interface for the interactive generation of a coronary tree diagram depicting a patient's coronary anatomy. An anatomical relational database for over 5000 patients has been collected. Various classification schemes can be rapidly applied to this data set and iteratively modified to arrive at a model which correlates best with patient prognosis. As an example of this system's ability to easily implement complex coronary artery disease risk classification models, a risk region analysis model based on size and distribution of terminating vessels was implemented. This method offers a significant improvement over its predecessors in that it takes into account changes in coronary size and distribution among different patients. >
Decentralized Bayesian Search Using Approximate Dynamic Programming Methods

We consider decentralized Bayesian search problems that involve a team of multiple autonomous agents searching for targets on a network of search points operating under the following constraints: 1) interagent communication is limited; 2) the agents do not have the opportunity to agree in advance on how to resolve equivalent but incompatible strategies; and 3) each agent lacks the ability to control or predict with certainty the actions of the other agents. We formulate the multiagent search-path-planning problem as a decentralized optimal control problem and introduce approximate dynamic heuristics that can be implemented in a decentralized fashion. After establishing some analytical properties of the heuristics, we present computational results for a search problem involving two agents on a 5 times 5 grid.
Translation factors direct intrinsic ribosome dynamics during translation termination and ribosome recycling

Characterizing the structural dynamics of the translating ribosome remains a major goal in the study of protein synthesis. Deacylation of peptidyl-tRNA during translation elongation triggers fluctuations of the pretranslocation ribosomal complex between two global conformational states. Elongation factor G-mediated control of the resulting dynamic conformational equilibrium helps to coordinate ribosome and tRNA movements during elongation and is thus a crucial mechanistic feature of translation. Beyond elongation, deacylation of peptidyl-tRNA also occurs during translation termination, and this deacylated tRNA persists during ribosome recycling. Here we report that specific regulation of the analogous conformational equilibrium by translation release and ribosome recycling factors has a critical role in the termination and recycling mechanisms. Our results support the view that specific regulation of the global state of the ribosome is a fundamental characteristic of all translation factors and a unifying theme throughout protein synthesis.
Godzilla/Gojiro: Evolution of the Nuclear Metaphor

Le monstre de cinema Godzilla est traite differemment par les Japonais et par les Americains. Tandis qu'au Japon, il symbolise l'horreur de la bombe atomique, realite de la conscience collective japonaise, et integree comme telle, aux Etats-Unis la mort de Godzilla sert a refouler l'angoisse suscitee par la menace nucleaire. L'A. explique ceci par une difference culturelle de conception de l'Autre : tandis qu'au Japon, il y a integration de la notion de l'Autre dans la culture, aux Etats-Unis l'Autre est externalise. L'A. etudie une nouvelle version americaine de Godzilla/Gojira : « Gojiro » . En analysant les scenarii apocalyptiques qui l'accompagnent, melange de culpabilite nucleaire et de conscience ecologiste, l'A. montre que Gojiro inaugure une nouvelle approche de l'Autre
Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix.

The angiogenic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), either stimulates endothelial cell growth or promotes capillary differentiation depending upon the microenvironment in which it acts. Analysis of various in vitro models of spontaneous angiogenesis, in combination with time-lapse cinematography, demonstrated that capillary tube formation was greatly facilitated by promoting multicellular retraction and cell elevation above the surface of the rigid culture dish or by culturing endothelial cells on malleable extracellular matrix (ECM) substrata. These observations suggested to us that mechanical (i.e., tension-dependent) interactions between endothelial cells and ECM may serve to regulate capillary development. To test this hypothesis, FGF-stimulated endothelial cells were grown in chemically defined medium on bacteriological (nonadhesive) dishes that were precoated with different densities of fibronectin. Extensive cell spreading and growth were promoted by fibronectin coating densities that were highly adhesive (greater than 500 ng/cm2), whereas cell rounding, detachment, and loss of viability were observed on dishes coated with low fibronectin concentrations (less than 100 ng/cm2). Intermediate fibronectin coating densities (100-500 ng/cm2) promoted cell extension, but they could not completely resist cell tractional forces. Partial retraction of multicellular aggregates resulted in cell shortening, cessation of growth, and formation of branching tubular networks within 24-48 h. Multicellular retraction and subsequent tube formation also could be elicited on highly adhesive dishes by overcoming the mechanical resistance of the substratum using higher cell plating numbers. Dishes coated with varying concentrations of type IV collagen or gelatin produced similar results. These results suggest that ECM components may act locally to regulate the growth and pattern-regulating actions of soluble FGF based upon their ability to resist cell-generated mechanical loads. Thus, we propose that FGF-stimulated endothelial cells may be "switched" between growth, differentiation, and involution modes during angiogenesis by altering the adhesivity or mechanical integrity of their ECM.
Background context and decision making in hoarding gray jays

If decision makers assign stable fitness-related values to options, preference for the most valuable of simultaneously encountered options should be independent of background context (i.e., prior options). The tendency to choose option x versus y should be unaffected by whether the decision maker has already been given a choice between x and y or between x and y . Here, food-hoarding gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis) were given an initial choice between x (one raisin, 0.5 m into a tube) and y (three raisins, 0.5 m) or between x and y (both identical to x ). All subjects were then given a choice between x (one raisin, 0.3 m) and y (three raisins, 0.7 m). In violation of the principle of irrelevant alternatives, the ‘‘market share’’ of x depended on prior options. Subjects initially exposed to context {x , y } showed a stronger preference for x than did subjects initially exposed to {x , y }, which implies that the jays did not assign a fixed value to each option. Subjects that initially could obtain a large reward (y ) for about the same ‘‘price’’ (perceived danger) as a small reward (x ) apparently devalued the large reward (y) in the subsequent choice. This effect may be the joint byproduct of cognitive constraints and an adaptive tendency to use information provided by the context.
Preparation of Refractories from Uranium Dioxide

The preparation of refractories from uranium dioxide is governed by certain properties of the material that require special consideration. Significant among these properties are (1) the oxidation characteristics, which necessitate firing in a hydrogen atmosphere, (2) the nonplastic nature, which presents forming problems, (3) the chemical reactivity, and (4) the radioactivity, which necessitates special precautions in handling to avoid health hazards. Crucibles and shapes are formed both by pressing and by slip casting. Pressing is performed without binders of any kind and therefore entails limitations in die design, close control of water content and pressure, and extreme care in handling the green ware. Slip casting is made possible by leaching the finely ground UO2 in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, followed by thorough washing to remove the excess acid. A binder to increase dry strength is helpful and may assist in deflocculation. If Carbowax-4000W is used as a binder, very thin crucibles (1/16 in. thick) can be cast. The slip must be carefully controlled for successful casting and special attention must be given to mold design and casting technique. A molybdenum furnace with a hydrogen atmosphere is used for firing all UO2 refractories. The usual firing temperature is 1750°C. At this temperature shrinkage is approximately 15% and density is more than 80% of the maximum theoretical density. Shrinkage and density increase abruptly at higher temperatures.
Female Sports Celebrities Targeting Female Teenagers: A Content Analysis Of Magazine Advertising

This study examined the usage of female sports celebrities as endorsers in magazines targeting female teenagers. Female sports figures act as role models for female teenagers and studies have shown they have a positive impact on self-image and self-identification. The Eriksonian Theory (Adams-Price and Greene, 1990), states that a “primary task of adolescence is the consolidation of ego identity.” Teenagers often adopt the mannerisms, dress, and attitudes of celebrities as experimentation in their search for an identity. Theories of impression management and self-presentation focus on aspirational identities; those that individuals want to attain or want to be associated with, in social interactions (Norman and Tedeschi, 1989). Teenagers relate to sports figures as teens are often active in sports as both participants and observers, and sports figures act as aspirational figures. Increasing the number of female athlete endorsement ads could be an innovative and effective marketing strategy.
Problems in the Use-Centered Development of a Taxonomy of Web Genres

Web search engines such as Google or Yahoo determine relevance of Web pages according to the occurrence of words in the pages indexed by the engine (additional information is then used to rank these results). Unfortunately, such searches are not always sufficient to solve information needs since task-driven searchers often must distinguish between documents that share a set of keywords (i.e., a topic) but assume a different form to serve a different purpose or function. For example, before purchasing a digital camera, an individual may want to read reviews from online magazines and see the blogs in which people who have used this camera express their opinions and personal stories.
Influence of molecular weight upon mannosylated bio-synthetic hybrids for targeted antigen presenting cell gene delivery.

Abstract Given the rise of antibiotic resistant microbes, genetic vaccination is a promising prophylactic strategy that enables rapid design and manufacture. Facilitating this process is the choice of vector, which is often situationally-specific and limited in engineering capacity. Furthermore, these shortcomings are usually tied to an incomplete understanding of the structure–function relationships driving vector-mediated gene delivery. Building upon our initial report of a hybrid bacterial-biomaterial gene delivery vector, a comprehensive structure–function assessment was completed using a class of mannosylated poly(beta-amino esters). Through a top-down screening methodology, an ideal polymer was selected on the basis of gene delivery efficacy and then used for the synthesis of a stratified molecular weight polymer library. By eliminating contributions of polymer chemical background, we were able to complete an in-depth assessment of gene delivery as a function of (1) polymer molecular weight, (2) relative mannose content, (3) polymer-membrane biophysical properties, (4) APC uptake specificity, and (5) serum inhibition. In summary, the flexibility and potential of the hybrid design featured in this work highlights the ability to systematically probe vector-associated properties for the development of translational gene delivery candidates.
The Reproductive Efferent Duct Systems and Associated Structures. Development and Genetic Control of Differentiation

As in almost all other aspects of their structure and ecology, insects exhibit an almost bewildering array of patterns for the differentiation of the germ cells and the formation of the gonads and associated secondary structures, such as the efferent ducts and appendages. Various aspects of these topics have been described and reviewed by Snodgrass (1935), Imms (1957) and Matsuda (1976), among others. Even reviews that are nearly a century old (Graber 1891; Heymons 1895) contain relevant information, and provide some flavor of the full range of variation. From the perspective of this monograph, the embryonic origin and further development and differentiation of the reproductive efferent ducts and their associated structures are of greatest interest. The situation in the orthopteroid insects (the grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, and mantids) and in the Diptera will be discussed in greatest detail, since the bulk of the published information is on these systems; other examples will be considered to highlight common features or to stress differences in development. Whether the structures formed are male or female is under genetic control. Rather intense recent effort, using genetic and molecular approaches, has begun to yield substantial insights on the control of sexual differentiation in insects. This work is discussed in some detail in Section 2.3).
The Effects of Chronic, Low Level Baygon Exposure on Deep Brain Structures of Rhesus Monkeys:

This study concerned itself with the development and application of a non invasive screening procedure to detect pesticide exposure in deep Brain structures Before onset of overt clinical symptoms.This system used the electroencephalogram (EEG) as an indication of pesticide exposure. Sections of the EEG were first converted to the frequency domain. The energy content of each frequency band was then reduced by an amount determined by an energy template which best described the power spectra of a control group. The selection of a proper template was based upon the shape of the input EEG's power spectrum. By reducing the amount of energy in the input spectrum, a new spectrum was effectively generated which was then converted back to the time domain. The resulting time domain signal was the filtered EEG. This process emphasized the differences between controls and animals exposed to pesticides. These differences, usually appearing as spikes, were used as an indication of pesticide exposure.This procedure was ...
The Dominant Characteristics of German Romanticism

German romanticism extends over a relatively long period, since in part it goes back to the ideas of Herder and the Storm and Stress movement in the seventies of the eighteenth century. Within narrower limits, one may assign to it the period from the seventeen-nineties to about 1830, when it was challenged by the Young German Movement. Obviously, however, this does not mark the end of its influence. To give a brief account of so complex and varied a movement, and to attempt to generalize in the face of marked individual differences is an undertaking beset with pitfalls.
Using Simulation for Global Health Preparation

* Abbreviations: GH — : global health GHE — : global health education SUGAR — : Simulation Use for Global Away Rotations Participation in global health electives (GHE) by pediatric residents continues to grow. In 2013, more than half of residency programs in the United States offered international electives, and 1 in 15 residents participated in such an experience during that year.1 Pretravel preparation for these experiences has been established as a best practice and should include learning about diseases likely to be encountered, health and safety abroad, site-specific information, and strategies to address cultural differences.2 Unfortunately, of the 127 programs offering GHE in 2013, only two-thirds (66.1%) provided pretravel preparation.1 Increasingly, preparatory curricula are available ranging from online self-directed modules to standardized lectures with facilitator guides for faculty.3 Much of the focus is on medical knowledge including topics such as the management of tropical diseases. Although this knowledge is an integral part of pretravel preparation, in our experience, trainees note that the more common challenges they experience working in resource-limited settings involve emotional and ethical issues that emerge while abroad. As such, preparation that focuses solely on the acquisition of knowledge, but ignores the skills and attitudes needed to practice global child health, may be short-sighted.4 We wish to highlight the need for comprehensive preparation for GHE that goes beyond merely transfer of medical knowledge … Address correspondence to Michael B. Pitt, MD, Department of Pediatrics, M653, 2450 Riverside Ave South, Minneapolis, MN 55454. E-mail: mbpitt{at}umn.edu
The Interaction of Marketing with Other Functional Units in Product/Service Management: R&D, Production, and Human Resources

The interaction of marketing with other business functional units has been receiving increasing attention of the discipline. This study examines the impact of the quality movement, services expansion, and the evolution of marketing on the relationships between marketing, production, and human resources management, concluding that increasing interaction is taking place.
High-throughput screening for tumor metastasis-associated human gene

Objective To identify novel tumor metastasis-associated human gene by cell-based high-throughput dualluciferase reporter system assay.Method We cotransfected plasmid encoding VEGF-responsive element-luciferase(VEGF-LUC) reporter gene with 409 human genes clones into Hela cell respectively,for high-throughput screening of tumor metastasis-associated gene,and then,we used Western blot to detect the VEGF protein expression level to further verify the VEGF-LUC activity screening.Results Only identified one gene(chromatin modifying protein 4A,CHMP4A) that could significantly up-regulate VEGF-LUC activity.The result of Western blot showed that CHMP4A can increase the congregation of VEGF protein.Conclusion CHMP4A is a potential gene that increases the stability and transcriptional activity of VEGF which related to tumor metastasis.
Bacterial meningitis: newer concepts of pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae.

Bacterial meningitis remains a very significant problem, having increased in frequency during the past several decades. This discussion highlights current concepts of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition, specific attention is drawn to various sequelae of meningitis, and to certain clinical and laboratory findings which may be of value in predicting which sequelae will occur.
The Thinking Reed: Intellectuals and the Soviet State from 1917 to the Present

This panoramic account of political culture in the Soviet Union, by one of the leading voices of unofficial radical socialism, examines the way in which cultural life in the arts, philosophy and historiography has been able to withstand the persistent efforts of the statocracy to extinguish independent thought."
Breath biomarkers in toxicology

Exhaled breath has joined blood and urine as a valuable resource for sampling and analyzing biomarkers in human media for assessing exposure, uptake metabolism, and elimination of toxic chemicals. This article focuses current use of exhaled gas, aerosols, and vapor in human breath, the methods for collection, and ultimately the use of the resulting data. Some advantages of breath are the noninvasive and self-administered nature of collection, the essentially inexhaustible supply, and that breath sampling does not produce potentially infectious waste such as needles, wipes, bandages, and glassware. In contrast to blood and urine, breath samples can be collected on demand in rapid succession and so allow toxicokinetic observations of uptake and elimination in any time frame. Furthermore, new technologies now allow capturing condensed breath vapor directly, or just the aerosol fraction alone, to gain access to inorganic species, lung pH, proteins and protein fragments, cellular DNA, and whole microorganisms from the pulmonary microbiome. Future applications are discussed, especially the use of isotopically labeled probes, non-targeted (discovery) analysis, cellular level toxicity testing, and ultimately assessing “crowd breath” of groups of people and the relation to dose of airborne and other environmental chemicals at the population level.
A study of pre-operative presence of micro-organisms in affected knee joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients who need total knee arthroplasty

Abstract Background To evaluate, by way of intraoperative tissue culture and pathological study, the pre-operative presence of micro-organisms in knee joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who need total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods From November 2012 to January 2014, 47 patients with RA (53 knees) who needed TKA were included in this study. Patients received routine pre-operative examination and joint fluid routine and culture. Each RA patient was match-paired with one osteoarthritis (OA) patient. During arthrotomy, synovial tissue was reserved and portioned for culture, frozen section, and routine pathologic examination. Results Pre-operative infection in all knees was ruled out. There were 12 RA patients (13 knees) with positive culture results: two Escherichia coli , two Staphylococcus epidermidis , two Staphylococcus aureus , one Proteus mirabilis , one Staphylococcus warneri , one Enterococcus faecalis , one Acinetobacter baumannii , one Candida albicans , one Ochrobactrum anthropi , and one Candida glabrata . Except for microabscess found in one RA patient, all pathological sections showed mild chronic inflammation but no infection. All patients with positive culture results were administered sensitive antibiotics for six weeks after surgery. Two patients had deep infection: one had a fused knee after a failed debridement, and the second was previously treated with an amphotericin injection. Conclusion Pre-operative presence of micro-organism in knee joints of RA patients is common (24.5%). This finding of a high incidence of pre-operative presence of micro-organism in joints of RA patients before arthroplasty may suggest a role of micro-organism in the pathogenesis of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Intraoperative synovial tissue culture is valuable for diagnosis of this condition and in instruction of antibacterial treatment.
Intratendinous Injection of Hydrogel for Reseeding Decellularized Human Flexor Tendons.

Background:Decellularized cadaveric tendons are a potential source for reconstruction. Reseeding to enhance healing is ideal; however, cells placed on the tendon surface result in inadequate delivery. The authors used an injection technique to evaluate intratendinous cell delivery.Methods:Decellular
Communication characteristics of large-scale scientific applications for contemporary cluster architectures

This paper examines the explicit communication characteristics of several sophisticated scientific applications, which, by themselves, constitute a representative suite of publicly available benchmarks for large cluster architectures. By focusing on the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and by using hardware counters on the microprocessor, we observe each application's inherent behavioral characteristics: point-to-point and collective communication, and floating point operations. Furthermore, we explore the sensitivities of these characteristics to both problem size and number of processors. Our analysis reveals several striking similarities across our diverse set of applications including the use of collective operations, especially those collectives with very small data payloads. We also highlight a trend of novel applications parting with regimented, static communication patterns in favor of dynamically evolving patterns, as evidenced by our experiments on applications that use implicit linear solvers and adaptive mesh refinement. Overall, our study contributes a better understanding or the requirements of current and emerging paradigms of scientific computing in terms of their computation and communication demands.
Removing Circulation Effects to Assess Central U.S. Land‐Atmosphere Interactions in the CESM Large Ensemble

Interannual variability of summer surface air temperature (SAT) in the central United States (U.S.) is influenced by atmospheric circulation and land surface feedbacks. Here a method of dynamical adjustment is used to remove the effects of circulation on summer SAT variability over North America in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble. The residual SAT variability is shown to reflect thermodynamic feedbacks associated with land surface conditions. In particular, the central U.S. is a “hot spot” of land-atmosphere interaction, with residual SAT accounting for more than half of the total SAT variability. Within the “hot spot,” residual SAT anomalies show higher month-to-month persistence through the warm season and a redder spectrum than dynamically induced SAT anomalies. Residual SAT variability in this region is also shown to be related to preseason soil moisture conditions, surface flux variability, and local atmospheric pressure anomalies.
Role of Kidneys in Sex Differences in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension.

The significance of kidneys in regulation of sodium and water balance and hemodynamics has been demonstrated both in patients and animal models. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that kidneys play an essential role in control of sex differences in angiotensin II (Ang II)–dependent hypertension. Kidney transplantations (KTXs) were performed between male (M) and female (F) C57BL/6 mice (donor→recipient: F→F, M→M, F→M, and M→F). Radiotelemetry transmitters were implanted for measurement of mean arterial pressure during the infusion of Ang II (600 ng·kg −1 ·min −1 ). Gene expressions and inflammatory responses in the transplanted grafts were assessed. We found that same-sex–KTX mice still exhibited sex differences in Ang II–dependent hypertension (31.3±0.8 mm Hg in M→M versus 12.2±0.6 mm Hg in F→F), which were reduced between males and females when they received kidneys of the opposite sex (32.9±1 mm Hg in M→F versus 22.3±0.7 mm Hg in F→M). The sex differences in gene expressions, including AT 1 R (angiotensin II receptor, type 1), AT 1 R/AT 2 R, ET-1 (endothelin-1), ETA (endothelin receptor type A), NHE3 (sodium–hydrogen exchanger 3), α-ENaC (α-epithelial sodium channel), and γ-ENaC, were unaltered in same-sex KTXs and much lessened in cross-sex KTXs. In addition, the cross-sex KTXs exhibited more robust inflammatory responses reflected by higher expression of IL-6 (interleukin 6), TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α), and KC (keratinocyte-derived chemokine) than same-sex KTX. Our results indicate that kidneys play an essential role in sex differences of Ang II–dependent hypertension. KTX of male kidneys to females augmented the blood pressure response, whereas KTX of female kidneys to males attenuated the blood pressure response. The host’s extrarenal systems modulate expressions of many genes and inflammatory response, which may also contribute to the sex differences in blood pressure regulation.
Probabilistic estimation of overlap graphs for large sequence datasets

Sequence overlap graphs, constructed based on suffix-prefix relationships between pairs of sequences, are an important data structure in computational biology. High throughput sequencers can read several million to a few billion DNA fragments in a single experiment, making the construction of overlap graphs for such datasets compute-intensive. In this paper, we present a Locality-Sensitive Hashing based parallel heuristic algorithm to construct overlap graphs for large genomic datasets. With reasonable assumptions on the characteristics of input sequences, we establish probabilistic bounds on the quality of the overlap graphs so produced. We demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our approach by comparing against true overlap graphs using datasets derived from small (E. coli) and large (H. sapiens) genomes.
Green Revolution: A Review

The Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1943 and the late 1970s in Mexico, which increased industrialized agriculture production in many developing nations. The initiatives involved the development of high-yielding cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, and distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers. The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former USAID director William Gaud. The goal of the Green revolution was to increase the efficiency of agricultural processes so that the productivity of the crops was increased and could help developing countries to face their growing population’s needs.
Boosting off-chip interconnects through chip-to-chip capacitive coupled communication

We propose Chip-to-Chip Capacitive Coupled Communication (5C) to increase off-chip communication through the metal plate on the side wall of the chip packaging, as the chip to chip spacing for the state of the art electronic designs has been reduced due to the advances of design for manufacturing (DFM) technologies. We demonstrate 5C can transmit 20Gbps data on each channel and provide noise immunity to the coupling noise from adjacent channel.
Denormalization, smoke-free air policy, and tobacco use among young adults.

Abstract Smoke-free air laws and the denormalization of smoking are important contributors to reductions in smoking during the 21st century. Yet, tobacco policy and denormalization may intersect in numerous ways to affect smoking. We merge data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, American Nonsmokers’ Right Foundation, and Census to produce a unique examination of the intersection of smoking bans and denormalization and their influence on any smoking and heavy smoking among young adults. Operationalizing denormalization as complete unacceptability of smoking within nightlife venues, we examine 1) whether smoking bans and denormalization have independent effects on smoking, 2) whether denormalization mediates the influence of smoking bans on smoking, and 3) whether denormalization moderates the impact of smoking bans on smoking. For any smoking, denormalization has a significant independent effect beyond the influence of smoking bans. For heavy smoking, denormalization mediates the relationship between smoking bans and habitual smoking. Denormalization does not moderate the relationship of smoking bans with either pattern of smoking. This research identifies that the intersection of denormalization and smoking bans plays an important role in lowering smoking, yet they remain distinct in their influences. Notably, smoking bans are efficacious even in locales with lower levels of denormalization, particularly for social smoking.
The Long March: China’s Use of Proliferation as a Means for Obtaining “Great Power” Status

The decision-making process of the People’s Republic of China during the 1950s and 1960s under Mao Zedong was inside the mind of one person. Mao decided to pursue nuclear weapons and missile technology after the United States deported Tsien Hsue-shen. Tsien gives the Chinese ruling elite, the tacit knowledge required to pursue nuclear weapons and missile technology at the same time. This chapter is organized by using the Observe, Orient, Decision, and Action (OODA) Loop and highlighting the perception of Mao, and the Chinese ruling shared, that China was a small state in search of recognition by the Superpowers. The efforts of the Chinese had a direct link to the geography of Southern California. The security dilemma created an incentive for the Chinese to increase their international status and in effect enhance the legitimacy of the ruling elite.
Introduction of Piezotronics and Piezo-Phototronics

Starting from the road map for microelectronics, the focus of future electronics will be on functionalities toward personal, portable, polymer, sensor, and self-powering applications. The integration of these characteristics with the fast speed and high density as defined by Moore’s law will lead to the development of smart systems and self-powered systems. This chapter first introduces the basic physics of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics from band structure theory. Then blue-prints for future impacts and applications of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics are presented. The role anticipated to be played by piezotronics in the era of “Beyond Moore” is similar to the mechanosensation in physiology that provides a direct human “interfacing” with CMOS technology. It presents a paradigm shift for developing revolutionary technologies for force/pressure triggered/controlled electronic devices, sensors, MEMS, human–computer interfacing, nanorobotics, touch-pad, solar cell, photon detector and light-emitting diodes.
The effect of operating conditions on the performance of soil slurry-SBRs.

Biological treatment of a silty clay loam with aged diesel fuel contamination was conducted in 8 L Soil Slurry-Sequencing Batch Reactors (SS-SBRs). The purpose was to monitor slurry conditions and evaluate reactor performance for varying solids concentration (5%, 25%, 40%, 50%) mixing speed (300 rpm, 700 rpm, 1200 rpm), retention time (8 d, 10 d, 20 d), and volume replaced per cycle (10%, 50%, 90%). Diesel fuel was measured in slurry and in filtered aqueous samples. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was monitored. Aggregate size was measured with sieve analyses. Biosurfactant production was quantified with surface tension measurements, increasing solids concentration and decreasing mixing speed resulted in increased aggregate size, which in turn increased effluent diesel fuel concentrations. Diesel fuel removal was unaffected by retention time and volume replaced per cycle. Biosurfactant production occurred with all operating strategies. Foam thickness was related to surfactant concentration and mixing speed. OUR, surfactant concentration, and foam thickness increased with increasing diesel fuel added per cycle.
Keeping Up Appearances: Dress, Architecture, Furniture, and Status at French Azilum

Situated in northern Pennsylvania, French Azilum was a late eighteenth-/early nineteenth-century community of elite French refugees escaping the French Revolution. Inhabitants of the isolated community expressed the need to reconstitute themselves as the privileged class of the ancien regime by attempting to dress, build their homes, and furnish them in a certain fashion to distinguish themselves as elites and to reestablish the social hierarchy of the ancien regime in a frontier outpost. In this paper, we explore how the settlers at French Azilum used architecture, furnishings, and dress in an attempt to “keep up appearances.”
Reliable Communication of Highly Distributed Information

Shannon’s theory of information [1] and subsequent generalizations to multiple users (for a survey see [2]) consider the situation of a small number of users each with an unlimited amount of information. The users communicate over a noisy channel with the goal of exchanging their information reliably. Here, we consider a complementary model. We assume a very large number of users, each with a small amount of information. We also assume that the communication takes place over a noisy channel but assume that the goal of the users is to compute a function reliably. This highly distributed information model is motivated by problems of decision making in a network. The users could be either a large number of processors, human beings, or simply the components of a logic circuit. In all cases, the noise is an inevitable physical limitation.
Note on Measuring Controlling Shareholders' Ownership, Voting, and Control Rights

Founders and their families can raise equity without relinquishing control of their companies, through the use of mechanisms such as dual-class stock, pyramidal ownership, voting agreements, and disproportionate board representation. The use of these mechanisms in publicly traded companies is widespread throughout the world, and in the United States. Understanding how the various mechanisms contribute to the separation between economic ownership and control is important for the individuals who set them up because the choice among these mechanisms impacts firm value. It is also important for minority shareholders in these companies and for regulators, for reasons of transparency and investor protection.
Adolescent–Parent Communication Among Youth Who Have and Have Not Experienced Dating Violence

The current study examines the impact of adolescent–parent communication, which can play a significant role in alleviating risk behaviors, especially adolescent dating violence (ADV). Adolescents (N = 55; 28 males and 27 females), majority of whom were Latinos, were recruited from social service agencies serving youth and families. Adolescents completed a paper survey on the Parent–Adolescent Communication (comprised of open and problematic subscales) and Revised Conflict Tactics scales. T-tests and ANOVAs were conducted revealing that youth with ADV experience reported lower overall communication levels with their parents and increased problematic communication, especially with their mothers than adolescents with no ADV experience. No significant difference emerged by age or gender but Latino youth who experience ADV had lower levels of problematic communication with both parents. Teens, whose mothers were receiving domestic violence-related services, versus who were not receiving services, reported more overall communication with their mothers. Implications for educators, practitioners, and research are provided.