cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Pulse Pressure Affecting the Permeability of Arteries

Arteries are subjected to a pulsatile pressure centered on a constant mean pressure in vivo. This oscillating pressure may increase due to atherosclerotic and age-related wall stiffening, or may be disrupted by the use of cardiopulmonary bypass machines and ventricular assist devices. Previous research has reported that restoration of pulsatile flow improves microcirculation and blood flow to the organs, however little is known about how pulsatile pressure affects the vasculature.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On the velocity of propagation of pressure waves in an incompressible viscous fluid enclosed in a tube with an elastomeric wall

Rashevsky's treatment of the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in an elastic distensible tube is applied to the same problem, except that the wall of the tube is assumed to be elastomeric. As a result the velocity of propagation is obtained in terms of the elastomeric constants of the wall, the thickness and density of the wall, the viscosity of the fluid, and the radius of the tube.
Application of perturbation theory to the stability analysis of realistic atmospheric flows

The 1st-order perturbation technique is investigated as a tool for measuring the dynamical significance of a change in a background flow. The focus is on estimating the change in the behavior of the linear disturbance operator as manifest in both the most rapidly growing normal modes as well as initial disturbances that amplify the most over finite time intervals (also known as singular vectors). The notion of a “small change” to a flow can be made more precise by requiring, for instance, that the changes in the flow's stability properties be accurately estimated using first-order perturbation theory. The perturbation theory updates of the eigen- and singular values are economical to compute, thus making this determination feasible even in a practical setting. Furthermore, a simple refinement of the basic algorithm enables an efficient updating of the singular vectors as well. The technique is illustrated and tested for a flow having a substantial number of degrees of freedom, the global 250-mb flow during northern hemisphere winter represented in a T31 spectral space. A complete generalized barotropic stability analysis of the observed long-term mean 250-mb flow is performed first. Various alterations to the flow are then considered, and the perturbation technique is applied to estimate both the asymptotic and finite-time stability of the altered flows. Finally, the accuracy of these estimates is checked against the complete stability analyses of the altered flows, and an assessment is made of what a “small change” is for these cases. It is shown that in many cases the perturbation theory estimates of the stability changes are accurate enough over a sufficiently large parameter range to be of practical use. Applications to the problems of: (1) anticipating variations in forecast skill associated with day-to-day variations in flow stability; and (2) anticipating the relevance and robustness of individual normal modes are discussed. The latter problem is closely related to the concept of pseudospectra, and perturbation theory can be used to estimate their coarse details. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1997.t01-2-00001.x
Single-Parent Adoptions

ABSTRACT This Research Digest reviews recent studies of single-parent adoptions. Although there has not been much research to date, no particular problems have emerged in single-parent adoptions compared to two-parent adoptions. There is some evidence that single parents may be better able to handle more disturbed children.
Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome: expansion of the phenotype.

Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome (cerebello-trigeminal-dermal dysplasia) is a condition that includes abnormalities of the cerebellum (rhombencephalosynapsis), cranial nerves (trigeminal anesthesia), and scalp (alopecia). Seven patients with this condition have been documented since 1979. We now report a male with Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome who, at the age of 19 years, is the oldest patient identified to date. He has been followed since birth, allowing us to report on the progression of his physical findings and psychiatric problems including hyperactivity, depression, self-injurious behavior and bipolar disorder. In addition, he has short stature and growth hormone deficiency.
The Unexpected Guests: Patterns of Xenia in Callimachus' ‘Victoria Berenices’ and Petronius' Satyricon

Much of the fascination that Petronius' Satyricon holds for its readers originates in the work's gleeful violation of traditional categories of classical genres. Critical terminology makes explicit the issue of unconventionality, as it is reduced to the neutral word ‘work’ in describing the Satyricon, which, as far as we can tell, belongs to no single category (e.g. novel, romance, satire), but appropriates elements from many sources in both poetry and prose. Perhaps if we had more evidence with which to compare the work, such as a greater selection of Menippean satire or proto-novels from antiquity, we might be able to identify it more accurately. But the suspicion remains that the intense variety of its evocations, allusions, and parodic passages differentiates it clearly from its component genres without allowing it to settle firmly in any one established genre. A certain amount of ‘Kreuzung der Gattungen’ is, of course, typical of both Alexandrian and consequently Roman texts. But the Satyricon seems to revel in its generic instability; it plays with the notion of ‘literariness’ by revealing impulses from non-literary forms such as mime and subliterary prose fiction, raising this material to an unfamiliar level of literary sophistication even as it debases other traditional genres (e.g. epic) through parodic techniques. One of the results of this open experimentation with style and decorum is an extremely dense fabric of literary (and sub-literary) allusion which some would label ‘literary opportunism’. The reader quickly learns to expect intertextual pyrotechnics, swift changes from the sublime to the ridiculous, and humorous incongruities in plot and form, as the stylistic disorder of the text reflects the topsyturvy Petronian world. The modern reader's response to this profusion of referents is to explore the recognizable categories and sources embedded in the work, to tease out the familiar elements in the hope of gaining a better understanding of the whole. Since a great deal of the allusion in the Satyricon functions parodically, there is yet another step necessary in the interpretation, namely taking into account the effect of the decontextualization of language and events from the source material and their recombination and transformation into the new text.
The thermal degradation of estradiol.

Abstract Thermal degradation of purified estradiol between 275 and 375° was found to be a series of low-yield first-order reactions. Up to 317° estrone and hydrogen were identified as residual molecular fragments. Evidence for further dehydrogenations and possible dehydration was also obtained.
Mass spectrometric immunoassay of intact insulin and related variants for population proteomics studies

Purpose: The purpose of the work presented herein was to develop a high-throughput assay for the quantification of human insulin in plasma samples while simultaneously detecting, with high mass accuracy, any additional variant forms of insulin that might be present in each sample. Experimental design: A mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) was designed in which anti-human insulin antibodies were immobilized to commercially available mass spectrometric immunoassay pipette tips and used to capture insulin and related protein variants from human plasma. Results: Standard curves for insulin exhibited linearity (average R2 for three days of analysis=0.99) and assay concentration limits of detection and limits of quantification for insulin were found to be 1 and 15 pM, respectively. Estimated coefficient of variations for inter-day experiments (n=3 days) were <8%. Simultaneously, the assay was shown to detect and identify insulin metabolites and synthetic insulin analogs (e.g. Lantus). Notably, insulin variants not known to exist in plasma were detected in diabetics. Conclusions and clinical relevance: This introductory study sets a foundation toward the screening of large populations to investigate insulin isoforms, isoform frequencies, and their quantification.
Contraction and cross-striation of muscle.

Abstract Microphotograms were taken of glycerinated psoas fibers of the rabbit in different stages of contraction and stretch. A and I bands retain their relative width of 1:1 over the whole range. It is concluded that both bands are equally capable of contraction and both contain contractile material.
Integrating p38α MAPK immune signals in nonimmune cells

A study by Huang et al. in this issue of Science Signaling highlights key roles for the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α and the phosphatase MK1 in mediating interleukin-17-dependent pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
In Situ Environmental Cell–Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Microbial Reduction of Chromium(VI) Using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Reduction of Cr(VI) by the bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis (previously classified Shewanella putrefaciens strain MR-1), was studied by absorption spectrophotometry and in situ, environmental cell-transmission electron microscopy (EC-TEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Bacteria from rinsed cultures were placed directly in the environmental cell of the transmission electron microscope and examined under 100 Torr pressure. Bright field EC-TEM images show two distinct populations of S. oneidensis in incubated cultures containing Cr(VI)O2- 4: those that exhibit low image contrast and heavily precipitate-encrusted cells exhibiting high image contrast. Several EELS techniques were applied to determine the oxidation state of Cr associated with encrusted cells. The encrusted cells are shown to contain a reduced form of Cr in oxidation state +3 or lower. These results demonstrate the capability to determine the chemistry and valence state of reduction products associated with unfixed, hydrated bacteria in an environmental cell transmission electron microscope.
Graphical tool for computer-aided prototyping

Abstract The basic problem in rapid prototyping of software is information overload. Graphic interfaces can help by providing multiple views, where each view is limited to providing information relevant to a particular task or problem. The graphical editor under development for the Computer Aided Prototyping System (CAPS) proposes a dataflow-diagram-based model with multiple views and automatic program generation to manage the quantity of information necessary to prototype large, real-time systems.
The observer's observer's paradox

Perspectives are central to paradox, from perceptual illusions (Bruno, N. (2001). When does action resist visual illusions? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(9), 379–382), to dialetheism (Dietrich, E. (2008). The Bishop and Priest: Toward a point-of-view based epistemology of true contradictions. Logos Architekton. Journal of Logic and Philosophy of Science, 2, 35–58.; Dietrich & Webber, this issue). But why? We argue that apparent inconsistencies among perspectives are driven by the observer's methods, goals, etc., of inquiry: The manner in which the observer is observing. It is well known in various areas of science that observers inherently disrupt the system that is being studied. But even after we have measurement schemes (or theoretical apparatus) for collecting maximally observer-untainted behavioural data, there remains an inextricable observer-centred influence. We consider the case of cognitive science, in which diverse theoretical frameworks on offer continue to be pitted against one another as i...
Validity of the first‐order fluid model

The general validity of the first-order fluid model is considered. Conditions are established for which a first-order fluid represents an acceptable approximation to the integral viscoelastic fluid from which it was derived as a Taylor series approximation. The results are applied to two flow problems: generation of flow by the application of a pressure gradient and the growth or dissolution of bubbles in viscoelastic liquids.
Relationship between brachial flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima-media thickness in an elderly cohort: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in a large multi-ethnic elderly cohort.
Preoperative weight loss in high-risk superobese bariatric patients: a computed tomography-based analysis.

Abstract Background Superobesity, through organomegaly, excessive adiposity, and associated severe co-morbidities, is a recognized risk factor for bariatric surgery. Our study examined the utility of preoperative weight loss with a liquid low-calorie diet (LCD) as a method of risk reduction. Methods All patients with a body mass index (BMI) >50 kg/m 2 were instructed to consume a LCD (800 kcal/d) with the goal of losing ≥10% of their body weight. The co-morbidities were monitored. The abdominal wall depth and cross-sectional areas of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) at 12 and 20 cm below the costal margin, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and liver volume were measured, using computed tomography, at baseline and after completion of the LCD. Laparoscopic gastric bypass was performed in all patients. Results The study included 30 patients (27 men and 3 women) with a mean age of 53 years (range 34–53). The mean BMI was reduced from 56 kg/m 2 (range 50–69) at baseline to 49 kg/m 2 (range 43–60) after an average of 9 weeks of the LCD. The VAT decreased from a mean of 388 cm 2 to 342 cm 2 . The abdominal wall depth decreased from 3.6 to 3.2 cm at 12 cm below the costal margin and from 3.7 to 3.4 cm at 20 cm. The mean SAT at both 12 and 20 cm below the costal margin had decreased from 577 cm 2 and 687 cm 2 to 509 cm 2 and 614 cm 2 , respectively. The liver volume was reduced by 18%. All co-morbidities were well controlled at LCD completion. No patient died, and 2 minor complications occurred postoperatively. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that preoperative LCD is a safe and effective tool leading to a significant decrease in liver volume and abdominal wall depth, as well as a reduction in both VAT and SAT. Its use might contribute to improved short-term surgical outcomes in high-risk superobese patients.
Modulating Gene Expression as a Therapeutic Approach in the Treatment of AML

Chemotherapy plays an indispensable role in the management of leukemia. However, resistance development and lack of selectivity are major drawbacks. Unfortunate side effects of chemotherapy create a continuous demand for developing other novel strategies for treatment. Epigenetic modulation of gene expression is one of the emerging and promising strategies that has demonstrated successful clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemis (AML). However, the exact molecular mechanism of action of epigenetic modifiers remains unclear. Ongoing clinical trials are attempting to identify the possible candidate genes that upon re-expression can induce remission and cure in patients. Interestingly, epigenetic modifiers exhibit other pharmacological effects not related to gene expression modulation, including generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage induction. It appears that epigenetic therapy is having a promising impact in myelodysplatic syndrome (MDS) and leukemia, but exactly how these epigenetic modifiers achieve clinical responses remains to be elucidated.
Natural Ground Water Colloids From the USGS J-13 Well in Nye County, NV: a Study Using SAXS and TEM

We report results from ultra small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of dilute silicate colloids that occur naturally in groundwater from the USGS J-13 well, located near the Yucca Mountain Site in Nevada. We also examined a separate sample of this groundwater that had been treated by heating to 90 degrees C in contact with crushed Topopah Spring Tuff from the Yucca Mountain. The USAXS measurements were done at the UNICAT undulator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory. Power-law plots (scattering intensity verses momentum transfer) were fitted to the USAXS data. Colloids in the untreated J-13 groundwater were shown to have a fractal dimension of nearly 3, whereas colloids in the treated groundwater (“EJ-13”) have a dimensionality of approximately 2.4 over a length scale of approximately 3 to 300 nm. Similar power-law plots with dimension 3 characterized concurrent SAXS measurements from aqueous suspensions of Na-montmorillonite and NIST Brick Clay (NBS-67). We attribute these results to the sheet silicate layered structure of the clay colloids present in J-13 well water, montmorillonite, and “brick clay” systems. The differences between EJ-13 and as-received J-13 are perhaps owing to exchange of calcium for sodium with the tuff. Radionuclide incorporation into, adsorption onto, or ion exchange with existing groundwater colloids may promote colloidal transport of radionuclides in groundwater. Such radionuclide-bearing colloids could thereby increase the concentrations of actinides in groundwater and enhance migration into human-accessible aquifers. Our results demonstrate the first application of USAXS to study the physical nature of such groundwater colloids, and represent perhaps one of the most dilute systems ever studied by small angle scatering.
Anatomical study of the superior orbital fissure as seen during a pterional approach

Object. The superior orbital fissure (SOF) is an important landmark in the neurosurgical pterional approach, but the anatomical features of the SOF and the procedures necessary to fully expose it and its contents have not been detailed. Although the pterional approach is commonly used during skull base or vascular surgery by neurosurgeons who may already be familiar with its nuances and anatomical relationships to the SOF, this knowledge may also be useful to the wider neurosurgical community. The authors describe the spatial relationships of the contents of the SOF and suggest a specific sequence of steps for exposing the SOF region in a pterional approach. Methods. Using standard microsurgical equipment and instruments, the authors performed 20 pterional approaches in 10 embalmed cadaver heads in which the vascular systems had been injected with colored material. Five sequential steps were delineated for approaching and dissecting the SOF and its contents: 1) drilling the sphenoidal ridge, anterior clinoidal process, and part of the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid; 2) resecting the dural bridge; 3) detaching the hemispheric dura mater, thereby exposing the anterior portion of the cavernous sinus and the neural component entering the SOF; 4) identifying and dissecting the extraanular structures; and 5) opening the anulus of Zinn and identifying its neural constituents. Conclusions. Knowing the 3D relationships of the contents of the SOF encountered in the pterional approach enables safe neurosurgical access to the area. The proposed sequence of steps allows a controlled exposure of the SOF and surrounding areas. Untethering the frontotemporal lobe by transecting the dural bridge connecting the dura to the periorbita allows good exposure of the basal frontotemporal lobes, both intra- and extradurally, and reduces brain retraction.
Propensity Score Matching in Randomized Clinical Trials

Cluster randomization trials with relatively few clusters have been widely used in recent years for evaluation of health-care strategies. On average, randomized treatment assignment achieves balance in both known and unknown confounding factors between treatment groups, however, in practice investigators can only introduce a small amount of stratification and cannot balance on all the important variables simultaneously. The limitation arises especially when there are many confounding variables in small studies. Such is the case in the INSTINCT trial designed to investigate the effectiveness of an education program in enhancing the tPA use in stroke patients. In this article, we introduce a new randomization design, the balance match weighted (BMW) design, which applies the optimal matching with constraints technique to a prospective randomized design and aims to minimize the mean squared error (MSE) of the treatment effect estimator. A simulation study shows that, under various confounding scenarios, the BMW design can yield substantial reductions in the MSE for the treatment effect estimator compared to a completely randomized or matched-pair design. The BMW design is also compared with a model-based approach adjusting for the estimated propensity score and Robins-Mark-Newey E-estimation procedure in terms of efficiency and robustness of the treatment effect estimator. These investigations suggest that the BMW design is more robust and usually, although not always, more efficient than either of the approaches. The design is also seen to be robust against heterogeneous error. We illustrate these methods in proposing a design for the INSTINCT trial.
Analysis of Elastic, Doubly Symmetric, Horizontally Curved Beams during Lifting

The lifting of horizontally curved beams (or almost-straight beams with an imperfection in shape) is considered, with application in the construction of bridges. A circularly curved beam that is suspended at two symmetric locations by vertical or inclined cables is analyzed. The cross section of the beam is assumed to be doubly symmetric, the material is assumed to be linearly elastic, the cross-sectional dimensions are assumed to be small relative to the radius of curvature, and the deformations are assumed to be small. Both uniform (St. Venant) torsion and inclusion of nonuniform (warping) torsion are treated. Analytical equations are derived for the overall roll angle of the beam, the internal forces and moments, the weak-axis and strong-axis deflections, and the cross-sectional angle of twist. The behavior depends crucially on the locations of the lift points.
A model of distributed-shared-memory on the SOME-Bus architecture

Summary form only given. This paper examines the performance of distributed-shared-memory (DSM) systems based on the Simultaneous Optical Multiprocessor Exchange Bus (SOME-Bus) using queuing network models and develops theoretical results which predict processor utilization, message latency and other useful measures. It also presents simulation results which compare the performance of the SOME-Bus, the crossbar and the torus using queuing-network models. The SOME-Bus is a broadcast-based, fiber-optic interconnection network which contains a dedicated channel for the data output of each node, eliminating the need for global arbitration and providing bandwidth that scales directly with the number of nodes in the system. The effect of collective communications due to cache coherence is examined. Results reveal that the performance of the SOME-Bus interconnection network is the least affected by large communication times, compared to the other two architectures considered here. Even in the presence of intense coherence traffic, processor utilization and message latency is much less affected than in the other architectures.
Mitochondrial Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species After Brain Ischemia in the Rat

Background and Purpose Brain mitochondria have a substantial capacity to generate reactive oxygen species after ischemia when the components of the respiratory chain are reduced and molecular oxygen is present. We tested the hypothesis that brain mitochondria in vivo produce reactive oxygen species after ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in rats at a rate sufficient to escape endogenous antioxidant defenses. Methods Ischemia-dependent production of hydroxyl radical in the hippocampus of the anesthetized rat was monitored with the use of intracerebral microdialysis. Transient global ischemia was produced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion and hemorrhagic hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg for 15 minutes followed by reperfusion for 60 minutes. Salicylic acid was infused into the hippocampus during the experiments, and changes in the recovery of its hydroxylated product, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), were used to assess the effects of inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I on formation of ...
Self-interstitial configurations in hcp Zr: a first principles analysis

The alignment of vacancy loops and voids along basal planes observed in irradiated Zr and Zr alloys requires anisotropic point-defect transport with a dominant contribution along the basal plane. For neutron irradiation, this can be explained by one-dimensional mobility of self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters, but experiments with electron irradiation indicate unambiguously that even single SIA should exhibit anisotropic diffusion. No experimental information is available on SIA properties in Zr and the previous ab initio calculations did not provide any evidence of anisotropic diffusion mechanisms. An extensive investigation of SIAs in Zr has been performed from first principles using two different codes. It was demonstrated that the simulation cell size, type of pseudopotential, exchange-correlation functional and the c/a ratio are crucially important for determining the properties of interstitials in hcp Zr. The most stable SIA configurations lie in the basal plane, which should lead to SIA diffusion ...
In vivo gene expression profile analysis of metallothionein in renal cell carcinoma.

The antiapoptotic and mitogenic responses of metallothionein (MT) have been well documented in vitro. While MT protein overexpression, frequently encountered in a number of human primary tumors, has been shown to be correlated with disease progression, little information is available on the in vivo isoform expression of MT. In this study we have demonstrated the occurrence of MT proteins and further defined their differential expression profile in human primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Pooled normal human kidney RNA and paired biopsy specimens (tumor and control) obtained from 11 patients diagnosed with RCC with tumor grade ranging from 1–3 and a pathological staging of T2–T3 (N0M0) were used for the study. Samples were analyzed for the presence of MT protein using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and for MT isoform-specific mRNA expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Metallothionein protein assumed both cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in cancer cells and was detected in eight of 11 samples (72%) with polyclonal antibodies. The immunoreactivity of MT protein, but not its cellular localization, in RCC specimens suggests a relationship between and advanced disease. While alterations in the basal level of expression of MT-1E, MT-1F and MT-1X genes remained unchanged, significant up-regulation of MT-2A and down-regulation of MT-1A and MT-1G transcripts was observed in RCC tissue specimens when compared with controls. Intriguingly, the paired RCC biopsy specimens had lower MT-1H transcripts than pooled normal human controls. We here provide the first report of the differential expression of MT isoforms in human RCC and that this data further support the role of MT-2A in tumorigenesis.
The MIT-Bates South Hall Ring

The MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center is in the process of constructing an electron storage ring. The 190-m ring will be used for internal target experiments with stored beams. It will also be used as a pulse stretcher to provide external beams with high duty factors. The present design incorporates a low beta region with a beta /sub x/ of 1 m and a 4.5 m-space between ring quadrupoles at the internal target location. The ring will contain up to 80 mA using two turn injection. Extraction using a one-half integer resonance will produce up to 50 mu A with a duty factor over 80%. Injection will occur at 1 kHz. Design extracted beam properties include an energy spread of 0.04% and an emittance as low as 0.01 pi mm-mr. >
Seasonal synchrony of life cycles between the exotic predator, Pseudoscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its prey, the hemlock woolly adelgid Adelges tsugae (Homoptera:Adelgidae)

1 The seasonal synchrony between the exotic predator, Pseudoscymnus tsugae and its prey, the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, was investigated in field cages and in the forest in Connecticut, U.S.A. from 1997–1999. 2 In early spring, egg to adult development took 45 d at 18.7 °C, 39.7 d at 20.2 °C and 31.5 d at 22.7 °C. Earliest emerging F1 adults mated and oviposited in the same year. whereas F1 and F2 females emerging later in the summer mated and reserved most of their egg complement for the following year. 3 A second generation of P. tsugae is possible in Connecticut but may be delayed by cool mid-spring temperatures. Individuals of three generations of P. tsugae, including overwintering survivors, may coexist in July and August and adults can be found year-round with A. tsugae in infested hemlock forests. 4 A linear regression model for development from egg to adult under field temperatures gave good agreement with results from constant temperature findings. The model predicted a lower development threshold of 9.5 °C and a sum of effective temperatures of 405 day °C. Development time of P. tsugae is shorter relative to its prey A. tsugae and generation time ratios of predator to prey was 0.16–0.5, with an advantage conferred on the coccinellid. 5 Overwintering ability and behaviour were determined in 1998–1999 and adults remained on infested hemlock branches throughout a mild winter, becoming reproductively active in mid-April. Peak oviposition period extended from April to July, in synchrony with peak oviposition and developing stages of two generations of A. tsugae.
Transonic Aeroelastic Instability Suppression for a Swept Wing by Targeted Energy Transfer

Targeted energy transfer is studied as a means for suppression of transonic aeroelastic instabilities of a wind-tunnel swept wing, with a focus on designing a lightweight nonlinear energy sink that improves the critical flutter condition. The aeroelastic response modes of the wing with a nonlinear energy sink coupled to the tip are identified and tested for robustness using a medium-fidelity computational aeroelasticity model, and confirm that robust suppression of transonic aeroelastic instabilities is achievable. Accordingly, a nonlinear energy sink is designed based on a parametric study, and its transonic aeroelastic effects are studied using medium- and high-fidelity models. The results of both models indicate an improvement in stability over a broad range of conditions; the high-fidelity model predicts an approximately 40% increase in the dynamic pressure at the critical stability condition. Finally, a prototype winglet-mounted nonlinear energy sink is modeled to examine its aeroelastic effects. The...
The multiplayer: multi-perspective social video navigation

We present a multi-perspective video "multiplayer" designed to organize social video aggregated from online sites like YouTube. Our system automatically time-aligns videos using audio fingerprinting, thus bringing them into a unified temporal frame. The interface utilizes social metadata to visually aid navigation and cue users to more interesting portions of an event. We provide details about the visual and interaction design rationale of the multiplayer.
Psychiatric epidemiology: selected recent advances and future directions

Reviewed in this article are selected recent advances and future challenges for psychiatric epidemiology. Major advances in descriptive psychiatric epidemiology in recent years include the development of reliable and valid fully structured diagnostic interviews, the implementation of parallel cross-national surveys of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders, and the initiation of research in clinical epidemiology. Remaining challenges include the refinement of diagnostic categories and criteria, recognition and evaluation of systematic underreporting bias in surveys of mental disorders, creation and use of accurate assessment tools for studying disorders of children, adolescents, the elderly, and people in less developed countries, and setting up systems to carry out small area estimations for needs assessment and programme planning. Advances in analytical and experimental epidemiology have been more modest. A major challenge is for psychiatric epidemiologists to increase the relevance of their analytical research to their colleagues in preventative psychiatry as well as to social policy analysts. Another challenge is to develop interventions aimed at increasing the proportion of people with mental disorders who receive treatment. Despite encouraging advances, much work still needs to be conducted before psychiatric epidemiology can realize its potential to improve the mental health of populations.
Spatial damage detection in electrically anisotropic fiber-reinforced composites using carbon nanotube networks

Abstract Due to their small size, carbon nanotubes are able to create electrically conductive networks surrounding structural fiber reinforcements in composites. As damage accumulates in the polymer matrix, cracks break the nerve-like conducting pathways resulting in bulk changes in electrical resistance. To utilize carbon nanotube networks as a potential structural health monitoring (SHM) approach it is necessary to develop techniques capable of detecting localized and site-specific damage. Electrically anisotropic composites were manufactured from unidirectional glass fibers treated with a sizing containing carbon nanotubes. Local damage was introduced to the composite laminates and was assessed by taking electrical measurements from an array of surface mounted electrodes. Conductivity maps generated using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) were compared to the normalized resistance change approach. A center of mass approach was utilized to define the damage location. Both techniques are capable of localizing damage in the composite but EIT has much higher overall spatial sensitivity. The normalized resistance change approach, however, requires significantly fewer measurements and can be utilized for real-time detection of damage.
Basic Aspects of the Programs

The LEED programs assume the input to be expressed in Angstroms for lengths, electron-volts for energies (except in the phase shift input, where energies are in hartrees), degrees for angles (radians for phase shifts) and kelvins for temperatures. Internally these programs work in atomic units (ℏ=e=m=1), i.e. in Bohr radii for lengths and hartrees (double rydbergs) for energies, and in radians for angles and kelvins for temperatures. Output quantities have mixed units: see Chap. 10.
Coordination, Triangulation, and Language Use

AbstractIn this paper, I explore two contrasting conceptions of the social character of language. The first takes language to be grounded in social convention. The second, famously developed by Donald Davidson, takes language to be grounded in a social relation called triangulation. I aim both to clarify and to evaluate these two conceptions of language. First, I propose that Davidson’s triangulation-based story can be understood as the result of relaxing core features of conventionalism pertaining to both common-interest and diachronic stability—specifically, Davidson does not require uses of language to be self-perpetuating, in the way required by conventionalism, in order to be bona fide components of linguistic systems. Second, I argue that Davidson’s objections to conventionalism from language innovation and language variation fail, and that certain kinds of negative data in language use require an appeal to diachronic social relations. However, I also argue that recent work on communication in the a...
Effects of diltiazem upon experimental ventricular dysrhythmias.

The antidysrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of the calcium entry blocker diltiazem were examined in three experimental canine models: 1) ventricular fibrillation thresholds in the anesthetized dog; 2) programmed electrical stimulation in the conscious dog during the subacute phase of myocardial infarction; and 3) a conscious canine model of sudden coronary death wherein ventricular fibrillation was produced by acute myocardial ischemia in the presence of previous anterior myocardial infarction. Diltiazem administration failed to alter ventricular fibrillation thresholds determined under normal physiologic conditions and during acute occlusion of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery. Diltiazem did not prevent ventricular tachyarrhythmias produced by programmed electrical stimulation in the subacute phase of myocardial infarction. The coupling intervals of premature beats producing ventricular tachycardia and the cycle length of the ventricular tachycardias were unchanged by diltiazem administration. In a conscious canine model of sudden coronary death, left circumflex coronary artery thrombosis was produced in the presence of previous anterior myocardial infarction. Acute myocardial ischemia as evidenced by ST-segment changes in saline-treated animals (145 +/- 26 min) was followed by the development of premature ventricular beats (150 +/- 27 min) and ventricular tachycardia (154 +/- 26 min). Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 9 of 10 animals at 156 +/- 28 min. Diltiazem administration did not affect the time to development of ST-segment changes (196 +/- 38 min), premature ventricular beats (202 +/- 37 min) or ventricular tachycardia (209 +/- 37 min). Although the development of ventricular fibrillation was not prevented by diltiazem (9 of 10 animals developed ventricular fibrillation), the time to onset of the fatal arrhythmia was delayed significantly (P less than .01). These data fail to suggest a protective action for the calcium entry blocker diltiazem.
A minimally invasive model data passing interface for integrating legacy environmental system models

This paper presents the Model Data Passing Interface (MODPI). The approach provides fine-grained, multidirectional feedbacks between legacy environmental system models through read and write access to relevant model data during simulation using a bidirectional, event-based, publish-subscribe system with a message broker. MODPI only requires commented directives in the original code and an XML linkage file with an optional custom data conversion module. Automated code generation, compilation, and execution reduce the programming burden on the modeler. Case study results indicated that MODPI required less code modifications within each model code base both before and after automated code generation, outperforming a baseline subroutine approach. Performance overhead for MODPI was minimal for the use case, offering speedup in some cases through parallel execution. MODPI is much less invasive than other techniques, potentially encouraging adoption by the modeling community in addition to maintainability and reusability of integrated model code. Display Omitted We developed a minimally invasive model data passing interface.MODPI requires very minimal modifications to original model code bases.MODPI uses code generation to minimize the programming work.MODPI provides fine-grained, multidirectional feedback between models.We provide analysis of computational overhead concerns.
Selective Covalent Chemistry via Gas-Phase Ion/ion Reactions: An Exploration of the Energy Surfaces Associated with N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester Reagents and Primary Amines and Guanidine Groups

Selective covalent bond forming reactions (referred to as covalent reactions) can occur in gas-phase ion/ion reactions and take place via the formation of a long-lived chemical complex. The gas-phase ion/ion reactivity between sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide (sulfo-NHS) ester reagent anions and peptide cations containing a primary amine or guanidine group has been examined via DFT calculations and complex dissociation rate measurements. The results reveal insights regarding the roles of the barriers of competing processes within the complex. When the covalent reaction is exothermic, two prototypical cases, determined by the nature of the energy surface, are apparent. The product partitioning between covalent reaction and simple proton transfer upon dissociation of the long-lived complex is sensitive to activation conditions when the transition state barrier for covalent reaction is relatively high (case 1) but is insensitive to activation conditions when the transition state barrier is relatively low (case 2). Covalent reaction efficiencies are very high in case 2 scenarios, such as when the reactive site is a guanidine and the anion attachment site is a guanidinium ion. Covalent reaction efficiencies are variable, and generally low, in case 1 scenarios, such as when an amine is the reactive site and an ammonium ion is the site of anion attachment. A relatively long slow-heating step prior to the complex dissociation step, however, can dramatically increase covalent reaction yield in case 1 scenarios.
Dose-Dense (dd) Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide (AC) Followed by Weekly Paclitaxel (P) with Trastuzumab (T) and Lapatinib (L) in Early Breast Cancer (EBC); Troponin I and C-Reactive Protein as Biomarkers of Cardiotoxicity.

BackgroundThe early detection of cardiotoxicity and congestive heart failure (CHF) from anthracyclines and anti-HER2 agents is currently limited to measuring changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at arbitrary time points. This approach has limited sensitivity and specificity and has led to the investigation of putative biomarkers such as cardiac Troponin I (TnI), a highly specific marker of myocardial damage and C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive inflammatory marker. In a pre-planned analysis we investigated these as biomarkers of cardiotoxicity within a prospective study testing the feasibility of ddAC- followed by weekly P with T and L.Materials and MethodsPatients (pts) with HER2+ EBC enrolled at MSKCC and DF/HCC and received ddAC (A 60mg/m2 + C 600mg/m2) x 4 → weekly P (80mg/m2) x 12 + T + L (1000mg/day). T+L continued for a total of 1yr. At baseline pts had LVEF ≥50%. Pts with unstable angina, CHF, recent MI, uncontrolled arrhythmia, grade 3 QT prolongation were excluded. LVEF was assessed by MUGA scan at mths 0, 2, 6, 9 and 18. TnI and CRP were measured every 2 wks right before treatment (Rx) during ddAC-PTL, then at mths 6, 9 and 18. TnI was categorized as “undetectable” ( 0.31ng/ml). Elevated CRP was defined as (>0.8mg/dl; MSKCC, >0.3mg/dl; DF/HCC). Investigators were blinded to these results until pts completed 18mth follow-up (F/U).ResultsFrom Apr 07- Apr 08, 95 pts were enrolled; 39/95 (41%) withdrew due to PTL toxicities (incl. 3 with asymptomatic LVEF (aLVEF) declines and 3 with CHF). Final biomarker results were available in 84 pts (88%) and 11 pts (12%) continue on study. During Rx, minimal elevations in TnI occurred in 55 pts (65%). One pt had ↑TnI above normal range with AC#4; MUGA 1 wk later was unchanged (LVEF 75%), but she died from sepsis during subsequent Rx without evidence of CHF. Elevations in TnI occurred only during chemoRx and no pt had a ↑TnI during TL or at 18mth F/U. Of 55pts with elevated TnI, 25 (45%) had aLVEF declines (3 ↓ ≥16%, 10 ↓ 10-15%, 12 ↓ 5 Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3088.
Strategies for Limiting Patient Exposure to Allogeneic Blood

The past decade has witnessed a revolution in transfusion therapy. Transfusion safety has increased many fold because of improvements in donor screening and testing. With increased knowledge of physiology, transfusionists have been able to use blood components with greater precision. Greater awareness of infectious and other complications has sparked the development and use of alternatives to allogeneic red cell transfusions. The most important of these alternatives are preoperative and intraoperative autologous transfusion and recombinant human erythropoietin. The effect of these approaches has been a marked reduction in the use of allogeneic blood. In many surgical and some medical settings, the need for allogeneic blood has been eliminated.
Prospective Comparison of Plateletpheresis With Three Cell Separators Using Identical Donors

Each of 41 donors underwent plateletpheresis on the CS–3000 (Fenwal), 2997 (IBM/Cobe), and V50 (Haemonetics) blood cell separators. Platelet collection efficiency was highest with the 2997. The fewest number of lymphocytes were present in products collected with the 2997. Procedures with the CS#x2013;3000 resulted in the least amount of change in donor ionized calcium levels and in the fewest number of donor reactions. Products collected with the 2997 had the largest volume and had the longest set-up time but shortest processing time to obtain the highest yields. These data may help apheresis services select equipment best suited to the particular needs of their staff, donors, and patients.
X-ray-Initiated Metal-Promoted Thin Film Growth

In many applications, the deposition of solid films requires control over thickness, conformality, and possibly spatial resolution. Polymeric films are often grown on surfaces with the aid of X-rays or other excitation sources,one example being the deposition of photoresist masks. Polymerization is also possible via the use of catalysts, typically metalorganic compounds based on early transition metals. Here we report on a way to grow solid films by combining X-ray excitation with early transition-metal promotion, for the particular case of the polymerization of pentakis(dimethylamido)tantalum (PDMAT) on a tantalum foil initiated by radiation with soft X-rays (Al Kα radiation, hν = 1486.6 eV). Detailed mechanistic studies led to the conclusion that the initial excitation is triggered by the secondary electrons generated from the underlying surface and that activation is propagated to form polymeric films with the help of the tantalum atom in the metalorganic precursor. This dual-functionality polymerizati...
Streaming potential near a rotating porous disk.

Theory and experimental results for the streaming potential measured in the vicinity of a rotating porous disk-shaped sample are described. Rotation of the sample on its axis draws liquid into its face and casts it from the periphery. Advection within the sample engenders streaming current and streaming potential that are proportional to the zeta potential and the disk's major dimensions. When Darcy's law applies, the streaming potential is proportional to the square of the rotation at low rate but becomes invariant with rotation at high rate. The streaming potential is invariant with the sample's permeability at low rate and is proportional to the inverse square of the permeability at high rate. These predictions were tested by determining the zeta potential and permeability of the loop side of Velcro, a sample otherwise difficult to characterize; reasonable values of -56 mV for zeta and 8.7 × 10(-9) m(2) for the permeability were obtained. This approach offers the ability to determine both the zeta potential and the permeability of materials having open structures. Compressing them into a porous plug is unnecessary. As part of the development of the theory, a convenient formula for a flow-weighted volume-averaged space-charge density of the porous medium, -eζ/k, was obtained, where e is the permittivity, ζ is the zeta potential, and k is the Darcy permeability. The formula is correct when Smoluchowski's equation and Darcy's law are both valid.