cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground Water – A Key Resourcea

Ground water has emerged from a quantitatively minor (though incalculably valuable) source meeting widespread small-scale needs to a source that is meeting a substantial percentage of the nation's total water demand and is capable of doing even more than it is. At the same time, many scientific, economic, legal, and managerial problems stand in the way of full development and must be solved if ground water is to make its maximum contribution to the nation's welfare. In recent decades ground water has accounted for something between one-fifth and one-sixth of the nation's total withdrawal use of water, which was about 170 billion gallons per day (bgd) in 1950, 240 bgd in 1955, and 270 bgd in 1960. As the total demand increases (estimates by the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources, perhaps somewhat optimistic, call for 559 bgd in 1980 and 888 bgd in 2000), the fraction taken from the ground may go up or down or stay about the same, but the absolute withdrawal of ground water cannot help increasing. Furthermore, underground aquifers will play an increasingly important role as storage reservoirs for surplus surface water, through artificial recharge. Well drillers, as producers of both the ground water itself and much of the basic information needed for scientific prediction of the behavior of complex hydrologic systems, will play a key part in man's efforts to dominate his water problems before they dominate him.
The height of nightglow 5577

Abstract An analysis is given of observations of nightglow 5577 during twelve nights at Fritz Peak, Colorado. A new photometer with a birefringent filter effectively eliminates light of astronomical origin. The heights deduced from the systematic increase of the nightglow intensity toward the horizon depend critically on the scattering and extinction of the lower atmosphere. It is found that, if a constant extinction coefficient is used in the reductions for all the nights, the spread in deduced heights is from 51 to 136 km with 100 km as the mean value. A more probable interpretation is that the actual height is 100 km and that the extinction coefficient varies from night to night. For an entire night of data the uncertainty in the extinction coefficient produces the largest error in the deduced height. On the other hand, at a given instant the spottiness of the sky is the predominant source of error.
Bohmian versus semiclassical description of interference phenomena

The origin of quantum interference characteristic of bound nonlinear systems is investigated within the Bohmian formulation of time-dependent quantum mechanics. By contrast to time-dependent semiclassical theory, whereby interference is a consequence of phase mismatch between distinct classical trajectories, the Bohmian, fully quantum mechanical expression for expectation values has a quasiclassical appearance that does not involve phase factors or cross terms. Numerical calculations reveal that quantum interference in the Bohmian formulation manifests itself directly as sharp spatial/temporal variations of the density surrounding kinky trajectories. These effects are most dramatic in regions where the underlying classical motion exhibits focal points or caustics, and crossing of the Bohmian trajectories is prevented through extremely strong and rapidly varying quantum mechanical forces. These features of Bohmian dynamics, which constitute the hallmark of quantum interference and are ubiquitous in bound nonlinear systems, represent a major source of instability, making the integration of the Bohmian equations extremely demanding in such situations.
CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURES FROM PROPANE-POWERED FLOOR BURNISHERS FOLLOWING ADDITION OF EMISSIONS CONTROLS

Abstract Previous published work by this author suggests that propane-powered floor burnisher use represents a potentially serious health hazard from carbon monoxide exposures, particularly for susceptible individuals. This earlier study, which assessed custodians' exposures to carbon monoxide during burnisher use, was repeated using burnishers retrofitted with emission controls consisting of self-aspirating catalytic mufflers and computerized air/fuel monitors and alarms. Realtime carbon monoxide detectors with datalogging capabilities were placed on the burnishers in the breathing zones of operators during burnisher use. Carbon monoxide levels were recorded every 30 seconds. Ventilation and physical characteristics of the spaces of burnisher use were characterized, as were burnisher maintenance practices. Thirteen burnishing events were monitored under conditions comparable to previously published monitoring. All carbon monoxide exposures were well below even the most conservative recommended limits fro...
Modelling of transgenic mosquitoes and impact on malaria transmission

Transgenic mosquitoes that are resistant to malaria infection become one of the effective weapons to control malaria transmission. To investigate the impact of releasing transgenic mosquitoes on the malaria transmission, we first formulate mathematical models for interactive wild and transgenic mosquitoes based on systems of differential equations. We consider both dominant and recessive transgenes and include density-dependent vital rates in the mosquitoes population and provide fundamental analysis for the dynamics of the interactive mosquitoes. Using a simple compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infective-recovered) malaria transmission model as our baseline model, we then introduce transgenic mosquitoes into the baseline model. We study the dynamics of the simple baseline model and the models with the transgenic mosquitoes. Based on the reproductive numbers and endemic equilibria for these models, we investigate the impact of releasing transgenic mosquitoes on malaria transmission.
The contribution of sex distribution, job content, and occupational classification to job sextyping: Two studies☆

Abstract The distribution of males and females on a job, occupational classification, and job content as defined by the DOT analysis of job activity demands were examined as predictors of job sex stereotypes in two studies. Results indicate that the actual base rate of males and females in the job is the most important predictor of job sextypes, accounting for 48 and 70% of the adjusted variance in sextypes in the two studies. The results lend little support to the proposition that job content makes a significant contribution to the perception of job sextypes.
Standard data products from the MODIS science team

The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument will view the Earth in 36 spectral bands ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 micrometers with spatial resolution from 250 to 1,000 meters. Its first flight will be onboard the EOS- AM1 spacecraft scheduled for launch in mid '98 into a near- polar 10:30 AM descending sun-synchronous orbit. In this orbit MODIS will provide global coverage every two days. Science instrument data will be brought to Goddard Space Flight Center for conversion from raw counts to TOA radiances supplemented with geolocation, view angle, and sun angle information. The MODIS science team consists of twenty six members, divided into four discipline groups: atmosphere, land, ocean, and calibration. The MODIS science team is developing algorithms to routinely produce the following standard data products: cloud mask, aerosol concentration and optical properties, cloud properties, vegetation and land-surface cover (including surface reflectance, vegetation indices, land cover type, FPAR/LAI, and net productivity), snow and sea-ice cover and reflectance, land and ocean surface temperature, ocean color, chlorophyll-a concentration and chlorophyll florescence. This paper gives an overview of these products, and identifies information resources associated with the MODIS standard data products.
Experimental infection of swine with a sandfly (Lutzomyia shannoni) isolate of vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serotype.

parisons of bovine coronaviruses derived from neonatal calf 31. Van Kruiningen HJ, Khairallah LH, Sassevelle VG, et al.: 1987, diarrhea and winter dysentery of adult cattle. Arch Virol 140: Calfhood coronavirus enterocolitis: a clue to the etiology of 1303-1311. winter dysentery. Vet Pathol 24:564-567. 29. Van Kruiningen HJ, Castellano VP, Koopmans M, Harris LL: 32. Welch SW, Saif LJ: 1988, Monoclonal antibodies to a virulent 1992, A serologic investigation for coronavirus and Breda virus strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus: comparison of reacantibody in winter dysentery of dairy cattle in the northeastern tivity with virulent and attenuated virus. Arch Virol 101:221United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:450-452. 235. 30. Van Kruiningen HJ, Castellano VP, Torres A, Sharpee RL: 33. Yolken RH: 1982, Enzyme immunoassays for the detection of 1991, Serologic evidence of coronavirus infection in New York infectious antigens in body fluids: current limitations and future and New England dairy cattle with winter dysentery. J Vet Diagn prospects. Rev Infect Dis 4:35-68. Invest 3:293-296.
Simultaneous double side grinding of silicon wafers: a mathematical model for the wafer shape

Silicon wafers are the most widely used substrates for fabricating Integrated Circuits (ICs). The quality of ICs depends directly on the quality of silicon wafers. Simultaneous Double Side Grinding (SDSG) is one of the processes used to flatten the sliced wafers. The literature contains several mathematical models for the wafer shape in Single Side Grinding (SSG). However, no systematical study on the wafer shape in SDSG has been reported. The first part of this paper gives an overview of current mathematical models for the wafer shape in SSG (or SDSG) of silicon wafers. Then a mathematical model for the wafer shape in SDSG of silicon wafers is developed. This developed model is then used to systematically study the effects of several SDSG parameters on the wafer shape.
Development of a field method for measuring manganese in welding fume.

Workers who perform routine welding tasks are potentially exposed to fume that may contain manganese. Manganese may cause respiratory problems and is implicated in causing the occurrence of Parkinson-like symptoms. In this study, a field colorimetric method for extracting and measuring manganese in welding fume was developed. The method uses ultrasonic extraction with an acidic hydrogen peroxide solution to extract welding fume collected on polyvinyl chloride filters. Commercially available pre-packaged reagents are used to produce a colored solution, created by a reaction of manganese(II) with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol. Absorbance measurements are then made using a portable spectrophotometer. The method detection limit and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 5.2 μg filter−1 and 17 μg filter−1, respectively, with a dynamic range up to 400 μg filter−1. When the results are above the LOQ for the colorimetric method, the manganese masses are equivalent to those measured by the International Organization for Standardization Method 15202-2, which employs a strong acid digestion and analysis using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry.
EXIT chart analysis of turbo multiuser detection

We study the mutual information transfer characteristics of the soft interference cancellation (SIC) multiuser detectors (MUD) for coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems in synchronous additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and asynchronous multipath fading channels. Based on the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart technique, we compare the asymptotic (as the block length goes to infinity) performance and the convergence behavior of different joint detection schemes which are highly dependent upon different system parameters and channel conditions. A framework of using the EXIT chart to analyze the coding-spreading tradeoff is also addressed for turbo multiuser detection. Results show that the SIC-minimum mean square error (MMSE) MUD generally provides a higher spectral efficiency than the SIC-match filter (MF) MUD. Moreover, the impact of finite block length on the convergence behavior of turbo MUD is also analyzed using a consistent Gaussian approximation on the distribution of the output extrinsic information.
Correcting and validating moored oxygen time-series observations in the Gulf of Maine

The University of New Hampshire has been involved with an Open Ocean Aquaculture demonstration project for the last 10 years in the western Gulf of Maine. As part of an environmental monitoring program, a mooring has been deployed at the field site 10 km off the New Hampshire coast about 9 months each year. Since 2005, dissolved oxygen sensors have been deployed on the mooring. Oxygen was measured by Sea-Bird SBE-43 sensors powered and recorded by SBE-16 Plus SEACATs located ~22 m depth and ~2 m above the bottom. The sensors were calibrated and checked yearly by Sea-Bird. In-situ calibration of the moored oxygen sensors was also done with water samples and Winkler titrations about 6 times a year from 2005 to 2008. The difference between the moored and water sample oxygen concentrations showed a nearly linear drift with time. The drift rates during each of the years and for each sensor (at different depths) were not the same. As the SBE-43 sensors have no apparent zero drift, the drift was corrected by a time changing sensitivity which was applied to the data. The resulting time-series showed the dissolved oxygen variations with time over a year, and showed low values of dissolved oxygen in the deeper waters in late summer and fall. With the successful correction for the sensor drift, the climatology of the Western Gulf of Maine can be studied in more detail and related to the spring and fall plankton blooms, the biological cycles and health of the Gulf.
Enhanced resolution of proton NMR spectra of malignant lymph nodes using magic‐angle spinning

Proton NMR spectroscopy has proven useful in the detection of cancer in lymph node tissue. However, due to the high fat content of this type of tissue, 2D 1H COSY measurements (requiring acquisition times of 4-5 h or longer) are necessary to obtain the spectral information necessary for diagnosis. T2-filtered proton magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy provides 1D spectra of lymph nodes in approximately 20 min with sufficient spectral resolution allowing for identification of changes in cellular chemistry due to the presence of malignant cells. MAS data from lymph nodes of five control and six rats with mammary adenocarcinoma (R13762) demonstrated increases in the signal intensity of resonances associated primarily with lactate (delta = 4.12 ppm) P < 0.0004, creatines/lysine (delta = 3.04 ppm) P < 0.0032, and glutamate/ glutamine (delta = 2.36 ppm) P < 0.0002 in metastatic compared with normal lymph nodes. The infiltration of lymph nodes by malignant cells is an important prognostic factor for many cancers. The rapid assessment of node tissue without the introduction of sampling errors (inherent in currently employed histological procedures) would allow postoperative therapy decisions to be made more efficiently.
Searching genetic databases on Splash 2

The author describes two systolic arrays for computing the edit distance between two genetic sequences using a well-known dynamic programming algorithm. The systolic arrays have been implemented for the Splash 2 programmable logic array and are intended to be used for database searching. Simulations indicate that the faster Splash 2 implementation can search a database at a rate of 12 million characters per second, several orders of magnitude faster than implementations of the dynamic programming algorithm on conventional computers. >
Capturing rogue events with the time-stretch recording scope

Ultrafast transient signals appear in numerous contexts in optics and electronics. A particularly interesting variety of ultrafast waveforms are those that represent extreme outliers. Specifically, it is known that certain complex systems produce output sets with unusual statistics known as extreme value or heavy-tail distributions; such systems have the potential to beget extreme, rare events outside the realm of Gaussian statistics. As an example, recent experiments have identified rare, broadband optical pulses known as optical rogue waves, which can arise during supercontinuum generation [1].
Behavioural Training Methods in a Higher Education Programme

Behaviour Modification has been applied in education since the early days of operant Work. In the Beginning, almost all applications were with children, but in recent years research has begun on behaviour modification methods for training professional behaviour modifiers, including therapists (Matarazzo, 1971), teachers (Peck & Tucker, 1973), and parents (O'Dell, 1974). A few of these techniques have begun to replace the traditional “higher education” methods that still predominate in the training of behaviour modifiers at all levels. This paper will describe as a case study a training programme which is coordinated by this author.
Environmental change controls of lacustrine carbonate, Cayuga Lake, New York

Dated sediment cores from Cayuga Lake, New York State, document that biologically mediated precipitation of calcite has been controlled by environmental change, both natural and anthropogenic, over the past 10 000 yr. During the Holocene Hypsithermal (~9‐4 ka [ 14 C]), Milankovitch forcing of summer insolation in the Northern Hemisphere resulted in a broad increase (to 55%), then decrease (to <5%), of calcite content in bottom sediment. Warmer summers resulted in earlier onset of thermal stratification of the water column, which increased the duration of primary production as well as the abundance of picoplankton, which in turn increased the amount of calcite precipitated. At the end of the Hypsithermal ca. 3500 yr ago, global cooling greatly reduced the amount of calcite precipitated. However, since A.D. 1940, calcite contents in Cayuga Lake sediments have risen up to ~20%. One hypothesis is that this recent increase in calcite is the result of cultural eutrophication (nutrient loading). However, this rise in calcite also closely tracks the anthr opogenic rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide, suggesting a possible link to global environmental change. Further research on hard-water lake basins will be needed to test which of these two hypotheses is corr ect.
Comment on Wagar

Wagar's paper is most welcome for reviving attention to the vital role that a transnational political party might play in global politics. I fully agree with Warren that globalization from above is the material reality that will, sooner or later, engender the self-organization of a countervailing "globalization from below," including the emergence of world parties. His vision is both utopian and "as radical as reality itself." While progressive transnational organizations like Greenpeace are well known, it is not widely recognized that there is a world party presently organized, the Transnational Radical Party (TRP), an outgrowth, or more like an appendage, of the Italian Radical Party.
Chemosterilization of Bollworms and Tobacco Budworms

Apholate and metepa were fed to adult bollworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworms, H. virescens (F.), in a 10% sugar solution. Both materials induced partial to complete sterility, depending on the dosage level. Considering a given dosage level, metepa was more effective than apholate. At higher dosages, both chemosterilants caused a reduction in mating frequency and oviposition. When tobacco budworm moths were fed 1% apholate for 1, 2, 4, and 8 days, results indicated little difference in effect among 2-, 4- and 8-day feeding periods. The percent hatch was 6.8 in the case of 1-day exposure. Males were more sensitive than females to the chemosterilants, although both sexes were affected. When both sexes were treated the effects were cumulative. Ovarioles of both species were significantly reduced in size when the adults were fed the chemosterilants. However, neither chemical had an apparent effect on the size of the testes.
Spectral Diffusion of Excitons in Disordered GaAs Quantum Wells

We have studied spectral diffusion of excitons in GaAs quantum wells using two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. Localized and delocalized excitons exhibit distinct spectral diffusion characteristics. These results cannot be explained in the strong redistribution approximation.
Does the Arrangement of Embedded Text versus Linked Text in Homework Systems Make a Difference in Students Impressions, Attitudes, and Perceived Learning?.

Students in a first-semester general chemistry course at a large southwestern university completed a 3-week homework assignment using MindTap, a Cengage Learning product. MindTap is the first major electronic system that has homework questions embedded in the text, such that students read a short section of the textbook and then answer a question set. Prior to MindTap, electronic homework systems were stand-alone or contained questions with links to the textbook. Next, students completed two 2-week homework assignments in Online Web Learning (OWL) version 1 also from Cengage Learning. The OWL system shows homework questions with a link to the textbook in a separate window. Both the MindTap and OWL systems contain the same or similar questions. After the students used both homework systems, a survey was given that included Likert-scaled and open-response questions that dealt with students’ perceived level of understanding using the different systems, how easy the systems were to use, and the advantages/disadvantages of each system. A delayed survey was given at the end of the second semester of general chemistry, during which students had used OWL for the complete semester. This paper investigates the effects of the arrangement (embedded vs. linked) on student preferences and perceived learning in this pilot study with a 300-person class. Based on the results of the study, it was found that students perceived that they learn more with MindTap and prefer the embedded text in MindTap over the linked text in OWL.
Influenza vaccination program for elderly outpatients

The effect of pharmacist interventions on the rate at which elderly outpatients were offered influenza vaccination was studied. Pharmacists at a university-based ambulatory-care facility reviewed the medical records of a random sample of control patients over the age of 65 who had been seen during the influenza vaccination months in 1987 or 1988 or both years. The purpose was to estimate the percentage of patients who had been documented as being offered influenza vaccination. In 1989 an intervention program was undertaken consisting of inservice presentations to the facility's nursing staff, dissemination of influenza information sheets to patients upon check-in, placement of wall posters, placement of reminders in patient charts, and institution and advertisement of a vaccination clinic. At the end of the 1989 vaccination season, the records of a random sample of intervention group patients were reviewed to determine the proportion of patients who had been offered influenza virus vaccine. Of the 280 control group patients, 47% were offered influenza vaccination during 1987 and 1988. A significantly higher proportion of the 153 intervention group patients, 71%, was offered influenza vaccine during 1989. A combination of pharmacist-initiated interventions significantly increased the number of elderly patients who were offered vaccinations during scheduled clinic visits.
Analyzing hyperspectral images into multiple subspaces using Gaussian mixture models

I argue that the spectra in a hyperspectral datacube will usually lie in several low-dimensional subspaces, and that these subspaces are more easily estimated from the data than the endmembers. I present an algorithm for ﬁnding the subspaces. The algorithm ﬁts the data with a Gaussian mixture model, in which the means and covariance matrices are parameterized in terms of the subspaces. The locations of materials can be inferred from the ﬁt of library spectra to the subspaces. The algorithm can be modiﬁed to perform material detection. This has better performance than standard algorithms such as ACE, and runs in real time.
Proposed Modification of the Graphene Analogue Ni3(HITP)2 To Yield a Semiconducting Material

The metal–organic framework material Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (Ni3(HITP)2) is composed of layers of extended conjugated planes analogous to graphene. We carried out density functional theory (DFT) calculations to model the electronic structure of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk Ni3(HITP)2. These materials have intriguing electronic properties; for example, appreciable band dispersion is predicted not only in-plane but also perpendicular to the stacking planes. This suggests that, unlike graphene, the material may have appreciable conductivity in all crystallographic directions. Moreover, the bulk and bilayer structures are predicted to be metallic; in contrast, a 2D monolayer of the material exhibits a band gap. Insight obtained from studies of the transition of the material from semiconducting to metallic as the dimensionality increases from 2D to 3D suggests the possibility of producing a 3D semiconducting material by inserting spacer moieties between the layers. Our calculations suggest t...
The Epistemic Functions of Empathy

The previous chapter provided a working definition of empathy that was broad enough to include different phenomena called empathy, but specific enough to allow identification of different kinds of empathy. Although my proposed definition, feeling a congruent emotion with another person, in virtue of perceiving her emotion with some mental process such as imitation, simulation, projection, or imagination, does not necessarily resolve the debate on how to define empathy, it provides a frame-work for how to interpret and understand the variety of phenomena called empathy. But from this point forward, my discussion of empathy will identify a particular type of empathy, one that fits the functional account of empathy, and examine it in detail. My goal in the book is to examine the role of empathy in moral deliberation and judgment, and I have already suggested that empathy alone is insufficient for moral judgment. My argument to this conclusion is laid out in this chapter. By examining different kinds of empathy and their corresponding functions, I show that feeling empathy alone does not express a moral judgment.
Ernst Mayr, causal understanding, and systematics: an example using sabelliform polychaetes

Ernst Mayr suggested that understanding the features of organisms involves the study of what he called “proximate” and “ultimate” causes. Proximate causes of characters occur during the life of the organism; ultimate causes occur prior to the life of the organism, as part of the evolutionary history leading to organisms in the present. Mayr also pointed out that descriptive biology is important because it provides the basis for pursuing understanding by way of proximate and ultimate causes. Systematics encompasses each of these components. We routinely describe organisms (not taxa), and often infer proximate hypotheses (e.g., ontogenetic, functional, and physiological causes) to explain particular characters. Characters are also explained by ultimate causes in the form of intraspecific, specific, and phylogenetic hypotheses. Success at attaining ultimate understanding is distinctly limited, however, since these hypotheses are rarely tested. The consequence is that we often use specific and phylogenetic hypotheses to move toward the study of descriptive aspects and proximate understanding, where increases in causal understanding are more successful. An example of interactions between descriptive, proximate, and ultimate understanding are presented from research on the sabelliform groups Fabriciidae and Sabellidae. Members of both families have what is interpreted as two peristomial rings, anterior and posterior. A distinct mid-ventral patch of cilia occurs on the anterior peristomial ring among Fabriciidae, and the posterior peristomial ring among Sabellidae. Phylogenetic hypotheses suggest these different cilia patches are synapomorphies for the respective families. Since these phylogenetic hypotheses cannot be tested, it will be more productive to investigate whether or not these patches of cilia are homologous, which might be established through ontogenetic and histological studies of proximate causes: are these cilia derived from the larval prototroch or metatroch? Are anterior and posterior peristomial rings really peristomial? Studies directed at these proximate causes offer valuable increased understanding not possible for ultimate causes in systematics.
A Model of State Expenditures on Mental Health Services

This article incorporates several institutional characteristics of the mental health market place into a model of public expenditure. Estimates of the elasticity of demand for mental hospital services, the responsiveness to cost shifting opportunities, and several epidemiological determinants of mental hospital use are presented. The estimated model is used to interpret recent trends in mental hospital policy.
Good or bad collaborative wiki writing: Exploring links between group interactions and writing products

Abstract The wiki has empowered collaborative writing in L2 classes during this decade. Previous studies investigated wiki writing processes, including students’ contribution to wiki texts and patterns of interaction, but scarce is the research on the quality of wiki writing products in relation to peer interaction during writing processes. This article reports a case study that examined collaborative wiki writing texts, and explored the links between wiki-mediated interactions and wiki products when four small groups of ESL students performed a research proposal writing task in an English for Academic Purposes course. We examined the qualities of wiki group writing products by analyzing features of rhetorical structure, coherence, and accuracy, supplemented with the scores given by two raters. Based on previously reported results on group interactions (Li, 2014; Li & Kim, 2016), we also explored the connections between writing products and patterns of interaction in the wiki writing task environment. Results revealed that Group 1, which demonstrated a collective pattern, produced the research proposal of the highest writing quality, particularly in the areas of rhetorical structure and coherence, followed by Group 2 that exemplified an expert/novice pattern. Group 3 and Group 4 that exhibited a dominant/defensive pattern and a cooperating-in-parallel pattern respectively produced research proposals of relatively low quality. We explained the links between wiki interactions and products by drawing on scaffolding and co-ownership.
Methods for On-Orbit Germination of Arabidopsis thaliana for Proteomic Analysis

Large-scale ‘omics approaches make excellent choices for research aboard the ISS because they provide large amounts of data that can be continually mined even after the original research has been completed. A proteomic approach can provide information about which proteins are produced, degraded, or post-translationally modified, potentially shedding light on cellular strategies that cannot be discerned from transcriptomic data. To collect sufficient tissue from a BRIC-grown experiment on the ISS for proteomic analysis several modifications were made to existing protocols. 800-1000 seeds were planted in each PDFU. These were germinated up to 120 hours after planting by transferring the BRIC from cold stasis to room temperature. Growth continued for only 72 hours after germination to allow sufficient tissue for extraction, but to minimize the impact of ethylene and crowding stress. Seedlings were then exposed to RNAlater®. Results indicate that RNAlater®-treated Arabidopsis seedlings yield an equal amount of protein to those flash frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Quadruple Butterfly Coil With Passive Magnetic Shielding for Focused Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Coil design for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a critical factor that is constantly being investigated to provide more focused stimulation of the brain. The design of focal coils is important because TMS uses time-varying magnetic fields generated from electromagnetic coils to stimulate a specific region of interest of the brain non-invasively. TMS is a useful tool in both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for identifying and treating psychiatric and neurological disorders. Currently, TMS is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic depression and is being researched for the treatment of stroke, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, the authors are proposing to further improve the focality of the quadruple butterfly coil (QBC) by using a high-permeability ferromagnetic material acting as passive magnetic shield. Analyses of the resulting field profiles with 50 heterogeneous head models using a single and double magnetic shield has been conducted at two different positions in the brain: the vertex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Comparison of the results has been illustrated with the help of QBC and figure-8 coil by using parameters of interest such as maximum electric field intensities in both the brain and the entire head, the volume of the brain receiving strong stimulation intensities, and the surface area of the brain receiving strong stimulation intensities. There is a significant amount of improvement found in focality when the QBC is used with a magnetic shield. With a shield, the coil is still able to maintain a comparable maximum electric field intensity in the targeted region of the brain to that of the original QBC. Although both shielding solutions show significant improvement, no notable difference has been found in the results between single and double shields with the QBC.
How to Capture Consumer Experiences: A Context-Specific Approach To Measuring Engagement: Predicting Consumer Behavior Across Qualitatively Different Experiences

ABSTRACT Although academics and practitioners have embraced customer engagement as a major objective of marketing, the conceptualization and measurement of engagement is challenging. Prior research largely has relied on conventional “one-size-fits-all” measures with a fixed set of scale items. The current, more flexible approach measures engagement based on context-specific experiences that can vary across brands and products. Three studies examining engagement when consuming (a) live jazz music, (b) newspapers, and (c) television programming provided evidence that a flexible approach to measuring engagement can help predict consumer behavior. The third of these studies also provided new evidence that engagement with television programming increases advertising effectiveness.
Manganese testing under a clean air act test rule and the application of resultant data in risk assessments

In the 1990's, the proposed use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) as an octane-enhancing gasoline fuel additive led to concerns for potential public health consequences from exposure to manganese (Mn) combustion products in automotive exhaust. After a series of regulatory/legal actions and negotiations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued under Clean Air Act (CAA) section 211(b) an Alternative Tier 2 Test Rule that required development of scientific information intended to help resolve uncertainties in exposure or health risk estimates associated with MMT use. Among the uncertainties identified were: the chemical forms of Mn emitted in automotive exhaust; the relative toxicity of different Mn species; the potential for exposure among sensitive subpopulations including females, the young and elderly; differences in sensitivity between test species and humans; differences between inhalation and oral exposures; and the influence of dose rate and exposure duration on tissue accumulation of Mn. It was anticipated that development of specific sets of pharmacokinetic (PK) information and models regarding Mn could help resolve many of the identified uncertainties and serve as the best foundation for available data integration. The results of the test program included development of several unique Mn datasets, and a series of increasingly sophisticated Mn physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. These data and models have helped address each of the uncertainties originally identified in the Test Rule. The output from these PBPK models were used by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in 2012 to inform the selection of uncertainty factors for deriving the manganese Minimum Risk Level (MRL) for chronic exposure durations. The EPA used the MRL in the Agency's 2015 evaluation of potential residual risks of airborne manganese released from ferroalloys production plants. This resultant set of scientific data and models likely would not exist without the CAA section 211(b) test rule regulatory procedure.
The use of pulmonary clearance medications in the acutely ill patient.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Retention of airway secretions occurs in disease, leading to airway plugging, atelectasis, and worsened respiratory mechanics, making airway clearance an important therapeutic target.Areas covered: Many medications designed to enhance clearance of airway secretions are available. We will review the medications available to enhance airway clearance, their mechanisms of action, and the evidence available for their use in acutely ill patients.Expert commentary: In the cystic fibrosis (CF) population, beneficial effects have been shown in pulmonary function with the use of some of these agents. In the non-CF population, there is limited evidence regarding these medications. While some studies have found benefit, the quality of evidence is low, making it difficult to draw conclusions. While certain patients may derive benefit, the general use of these medications in acutely ill patients without CF cannot be recommended at this time.
Valuation of microgrid unused capacity in islanded operation

Microgrids, as small-scale power systems, comprise various types of distributed energy resources (DERs) installed next to loads. Islanding, as a salient feature of microgrids, requires adequate installed dispatchable capacity to fully supply local critical loads when disconnected from the utility grid. There is however a great potential that this installed capacity is underutilized, resulting in negative economic impacts. This paper investigates the microgrid unused capacity in the islanded operation, and further determines the value of this unused capacity, thus creating stepwise generation price bids. A microgrid optimal scheduling model is developed for the purpose of assessment in this paper, which is further used to study a test microgrid for a period of one year.
Mitochondrial genetic variation within and between Holbrookia lacerata lacerata and Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis, the spot-tailed earless lizards of Texas

ABSTRACTWe examined genetic relationships among individuals and populations of the species Holbrookia lacerata, the spot-tailed earless lizard, using whole mitochondrial genomes. Lizards were collected from south, central and west Texas. We found significant amounts of genetic structure among populations and evidence of two major reciprocally monophyletic groups of spot-tailed earless lizards in Texas. Holbrookia lacerata lacerata occurs on the Edwards Plateau and adjacent regions of West Texas north of the Balcones Escarpment, while Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis occurs in South Texas and adjacent Mexico south of the Balcones Escarpment. These two recognised subspecies correspond to the two clades we discovered. Holbrookia l. lacerata occupies much of its historical range at sometimes high population densities, while populations of H. l. subcaudalis appear to be highly fragmented based on recent observations compared to their historical range.
Carbon dioxide/water foams stabilized with a zwitterionic surfactant at temperatures up to 150 °C in high salinity brine

Abstract Stabilization of CO2-in-water (C/W) foams with surfactants at high temperature and high salinity conditions is challenging given limitations in the solubility and thermal stability of surfactants, particularly for surfactants other than anionic ones. Here we show that a single zwitterionic surfactant, cetyl betaine (CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)2CH2COO−), stabilizes viscous C/W foam (>15 cP) in crushed limestone (76-Darcy) at a temperature up to 150 °C and over a wide range in salinity up to 22% total dissolved solids (TDS) at superficial velocity of 940 ft/day. According to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS), cetyl betaine has high thermal stability with negligible chemical degradation after incubation at 135 °C for 30 days. Interfacial tension (IFT) at the C/W interface was reduced significantly from ∼37 mN/m to 20 cP) within 6 pore volumes of injection at 120 °C. The surfactant stabilized viscous C/W foam at low oil fractions and broke in the presence of large fractions of oil, both of which are desirable in CO2 mobility control and oil displacement. The ability to form foams at high temperatures and over a wide range in salinity is important for various practical applications including CO2 enhanced oil recovery, fracturing with energized fluids and CO2 sequestration.
Behavioral and Technological Adaptation

Maintaining a euhydrated state is critical for normal biochemical and physiological function. Hydration is normally a dynamic process of the constant loss of water from the body (insensible as well as dynamic water loss from sweating) being replaced through drinking, eating, and the metabolism of food. Significant water loss from sweating during exercise must be replaced to avoid heat and other related injuries. Monitoring of physiological processes has occurred from ancient times but has become sophisticated in the last 100 years. Wearable wireless monitoring has been developed allowing the wearer to determine their physiological status under a variety of conditions (exercise, environmental). Monitoring may help avoid injury that may occur when physiological limits are exceeded (e.g., heat stroke). In addition to physiological monitoring, wearable cooling technologies have been developed which limit the effects of environment on the physiological burden of the environment reducing the risk of heat injury to workers.
Between Transcendence and Immanence

The trajectory of Edmund Husserl’s thought on “phantasy” points toward a de-emphasis of both perception and presence as tools for understanding the imagination. I will argue, however, that Husserl’s treatment of “phantasy” is ultimately deficient inasmuch as it focuses on the epistemological function of the imagination, while neglecting its ontological significance. As a corrective, I will develop an ontological concept of imagination by drawing on the work of the 12thcentury Sufi philosopher, Ibn al-‘Arabi. It will be shown that the imagination is a constitutive feature of both the world (as the horizon of possibility) and all knowledge of the world (as an intentional relationship); it is both ontologically and epistemologically essential. Keywords: Imagination, Edmund Husserl, Phantasy, Phenomenology, Ibn al-‘Arabi
Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Programming languages meets program verification

Welcome to PLPV'07! This workshop is dedicated to the study and development of language-based approaches to program verification. The main goal is to unite programming and verification to support creation of statically verified software. While PLPV-style work does not shy away from full correctness of software, one of its distinguishing characteristics is a focus on extending existing programming languages or methodologies to support lightweight verification. A good example is provided by dependently typed languages. In these languages it is often possible to verify stronger properties than can typically be shown with traditional type systems, without departing very far from traditional programming methods. Such approaches promise not only to achieve a tighter integration between verification and programming, but also to make verification a more natural extension of programming, and thus bring it closer to mainstream use. We were very pleased this year to receive a focused group of high quality submissions. We received 8 regular research papers, limited to 12 pages; and 1 work-in-progress report, limited to 6 pages. We also had a submission category for challenge problem proposals, limited to 6 pages, but we but did not receive any submissions in that category. We accepted the work-in-progress submission, and of the 8 regular research papers, we took 6. Each paper received at least three reviews from members of the PC. No PC member chose to utilize external reviewers. The accepted papers cover what we find to be an exciting diversity of topics from uses of monads for verification; to type systems with advanced features such as dependent types, intersection types, and equality types; to uses of types for compilation and low-level code. We were also very glad that Claude Marche accepted our invitation to be the sole invited speaker for PLPV'07. We were eager to have Claude speak at PLPV, based on his expertise on termination checking and verification of heap-manipulating programs.
Bi-Hamiltonian Structures and Integrability

The Hamiltonian approach to integrability of nonlinear evolution equations in 1+1, i.e. in one spatial and one temporal dimension, has its origin in the works of Zakharov and Faddeev [1] and Gardner [2] who interpreted the KortewegdeVries (KdV) equation $${{u}_{t}} = {{u}_{{xxx}}} + 6u{{u}_{x}}$$ (1.1) as a completely integrable Hamiltonian system in an infinite dimensional phase space (the relevant Hamiltonian operator is ∂x). Furthermore, it was shown in [1], that the inverse spectral method yields action-angle variables for this equation. Hierarchies of infinitely many commuting vector fields and constants of motion in involution for the KdV equation, were constructed by Lax [3]–[4] and by Gel’fand and Dikii [5]–[7], using the equation of the resolvent of the Schrodinger operator (which is related to the equation for the squared eigen-functions). The approach of Lax is based on what became later known as the Lenard scheme (see below), while Gel’fand and Dikii obtained the constants of motion explicitly in terms of fractional powers of the Schrodinger operator, using what we shall call the resolvent scheme.
919— Protonation of radical anions by the parent compound: Effect of structure in the hydroxypyrimidines

Abstract The attack on its parent compound of a radical anion seeking to neutralize its negative charge by abstracting a proton from the parent (the father-son reaction) is discussed. The variation in the father-son reaction patterns with compound structure, especially in respect to: • the availability and acidity of proton donor sites, and • the availability and basicity of proton acceptor sites, is seen on electrochemical examination in DMSO solution of a series of pyrimidines (1,3-diazines) which are of interest as nucleic acid bases:, 2-hydroxypyrimidine, uracil (2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine), thymine (2,4-dihydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine), cytosine (4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine), and related compounds. Of particular interest are the competing rates of: • attack of the radical anion on its progenitor, • dimerizations of radical anion and of the corresponding free radical, and • protonation of the free radical and reduction of the resulting product, as well as the behavior of the conjugate base, i.e. , anion, generated from the parent compound.