cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and predictors of bicycle helmet use in a southeastern, US city

Fatalities and head injuries from bicycle-related crashes remain a concern in the United States. Despite legislation in many states, helmet use remains low. This observational study examined the helmet use and related factors in a North Carolina city. The sample consisted of 2088 observations of bicyclists. The objectives were to (1) determine helmet use; (2) describe other safe bicycling practices; and (3) examine the relationship of demographic variables and safe riding practices with helmet use. Helmet use was observed for 25% of the sample. Demographic factors related to helmet use were being female (OR = 1.32), 26 years old or older (OR = 4.94), and White (OR = 2.17). Bicyclists riding on the road with traffic were more likely to wear a helmet than bicyclists riding on the sidewalk (OR = 2.04). Findings indicate that helmet use remains low in the city. Research to monitor, better understand, and promote helmet use is needed.
Accommodating a New Tenant in the House of Cards: Introducing Competition Into a Network Industry

The network facilities of many network industries are natural monopolies. It is well accepted, however, that certain network industries may efficiently accommodate competition between several firms over the utilization of the network facilities. Historically, many networks had been created by a single firm, and introducing competition into such networks often requires compelled accommodation of a new competitor into a network dominated by an incumbent. This paper studies one case of compelled accommodation in a networks industry - the introduction of a second processor of Visa-brand credit cards in Israel. The paper does not attempt to offer a theory on this matter, but rather provides a detailed case study that should assist in establishing an empirical basis to theories on government's role in introducing competition into a network industry.
A high gain 18 GHz single transistor frequency doubler

This paper discusses the synthesis of microwave frequency multipliers in K band. These active devices have good conversion efficiency (> +2 dB in the band of interest) and good unwanted harmonic rejection.
Artificial Regeneration of Jeffrey Pine in the Sierra Nevada

Abstract Fertilization with three controlled release nutrient formulations, Sierra 16-6-10 % Minors, High N 24-4-7, and Osmocote 17-7-12, and partial shade provided by mesh solar barriers were evaluated for their effects on establishment of bare root Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyiGrev & Balf.) seedlings on an eastern Sierra Nevada reforestation site. The Osmocote formulation proved effective in stimulating seedling growth with little impairment of survival, particularly at a medium application rate of 20 g per seedling, although a low rate of 10 g and a high rate of 30 g were also effective. Growth responses to the Sierra and High N formulations were generally poor, and the high application rate of the latter induced excessive mortality. Foliar N, P, K, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, and Al varied significantly among fertility treatments, but enhanced N nutrition largely accounted for growth stimulation. Solar protection also increased growth, attributable to improved water relations as indicated by higher xylem water p...
Corrosion of some cobalt and iron base alloys in mercury

Mercury corrosion experiments at temperatures near 1100° F (868 K) were performed with reflux capsules and forced-flow loops. The materials used in the capsule experiments were two iron-base alloys and two cobalt-base alloys. Two loop tests were made with a cobalt-base alloy, HS-25. There was significantly greater depths of corrosive attack in the cobalt alloy loop than in the reflux capsules. An explanation based on velocity effects and changes in corrosion mechanism is offered to account for these results. However, loop results could not be readily correlated with capsule results nor could the loop results be extrapolated beyond the actual test times.
Scientific Norms and the Values of Economists: The Case of Priority in Economics

Eponymic honor is a common form of professional recognition in economics, as it is in other sciences. There also seems to be convincing evidence that individuals exposed to economic theory behave less cooperatively and more self-interestedly than individuals who have not been exposed to such economic ideas. Taken together these two facts would seem to suggest that the history of economic thought would be a history of rather contentious priority fights. If economists generally behave in self-interested and non-cooperative ways, and having your name attached to a particular result serves one's professional self-interest, then economists should be quick to fight for these eponymic honors. This means that economists should be continually involved in sordid disputes about who does, and who does not, get credit for various economic discoveries. The paradox is that such priority fights do not exist in economics. The paper examines absence of such disputes from a Mertonian perspective.
Moving target estimation using distributed MIMO radar in non-homogeneous clutter

In this paper, we consider parameter estimation for moving target detection using a distributed MIMO radar, where the multi-static transmit-receive configuration causes non-homogeneous clutter. Specifically, the clutter power for the same resolution cell may vary significantly from one transmit-receive pair to another, due to azimuth-selective backscattering. Moreover, the clutter power may also vary across resolution cells in the neighborhood of the test cell. In this work, the non-homogeneous clutter is modeled using a subspace approach, whereby the subspace is spanned by a few Fourier bases and the non-homogeneity of the clutter is captured by coefficients that vary with different transmit-receive pairs and/or different resolution cells. The choice of the Fourier bases is based the fact that the clutter Doppler spectrum is bandlimited. We develop a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for the parameters associated with the target and clutter. The Crame´r-Rao bound (CRB) for velocity estimation is also derived. Numerical results show that the proposed estimator outperforms an alternative solution that ignores the non-homogeneous nature of the clutter.
Voice activity detection using subband noncircularity

Many voice activity detection (VAD) systems use the magnitude of complex-valued spectral representations. However, using only the magnitude often does not fully characterize the statistical behavior of the complex values. We present two novel methods for performing VAD on single- and dual-channel audio that do completely account for the second-order statistical behavior of complex data. Our methods exploit the second-order noncircularity (also known as impropriety) of complex subbands of speech and noise. Since speech tends to be more improper than noise, higher impropriety suggests speech activity. Our single-channel method is blind in the sense that it is unsupervised and, unlike many VAD systems, does not rely on non-speech periods for noise parameter estimation. Our methods achieve improved performance over other state-of-the-art magnitude-based VADs on the QUT-NOISE-TIMIT corpus, which indicates that impropriety is a compelling new feature for voice activity detection.
A DC-4 GHz 270Ω differential SiGe low-noise amplifier for cryogenic applications

The design and measurement of a differential DC-4 GHz low-noise amplifier that is impedance matched to 270 Ω is presented in this paper. At room temperature, the amplifier has a measured gain of 29 dB with a 3 dB bandwidth of 4 GHz. To measure the noise temperature of the amplifier at cryogenic temperatures, an extension of the cold attenuator method was employed. The measured noise was found to be better than 10 K from 1–3 GHz at 24 K physical temperature. To the authors' knowledge, this is the lowest reported noise for a differential amplifier that is impedance matched to 270 Ω.
Synthetic and structural studies of heteroleptic platinum(II) complexes containing crown trithioether and diphosphine ligands

We wish to report the syntheses and spectroscopic properties of seven new Pt(II) heteroleptic complexes containing a series of diphosphine [P2 = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 (dppe), Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2 (dppp), Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2 (dppb), Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2 (dpppe), 1,2-Ph2PC6H4PPh2 (dppbe), and 1,2-Ph2C2H2PPh2 (dppv)] ligands and the crown trithioethers [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane) or [10]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclodecane). All seven reported complexes have the general formula [Pt([n]aneS3)(P2)](PF6)2 and form similar structures in which the Pt(II) center is surrounded by a cis arrangement of the two P donors from the diphosphine chelate and two sulfur atoms from the trithioether ligand. The third sulfur atom forms a longer interaction with the platinum resulting in an elongated square pyramidal structure with Pt–S axial distances ranging from 2.6505(9) to 2.8766(17) A. The 195Pt NMR chemical shifts for the complexes show values in the range of −4400 to −4700 ppm, consistent with a cis-PtS2P2 coordination sphere.
1,2,4‐Triazine

[290-38-0] C3H3N3 (MW 81.09) InChI = 1S/C3H3N3/c1-2-5-6-3-4-1/h1-3H InChIKey = FYADHXFMURLYQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electron-deficient heteroaromatic azadiene capable of participation in inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions with electron-rich dienophiles1) Alternate Names: as-triazine; α-triazine; isotriazine. Physical Data: mp 16–17.5 °C; bp 158 °C; n25D 1.5150. Solubility: sol CHCl3, THF, dioxane, DMSO. Form Supplied in: pale yellow oil. Preparative Methods: 2 a cooled (−75 °C) solution of monomeric Glyoxal (90.0 mmol) in absolute MeOH (200 mL) is added to a solution of formamidrazone hydrochloride (40 mmol) in absolute MeOH (300 mL) at −50 °C. Et3N (200 mmol) is added and the resulting reaction mixture is allowed to stand at 25 °C for 24 h. The MeOH is removed in vacuo at 20 °C and the residue extracted with Et2O (peroxide free, 5×). Vacuum distillation of the residue after evaporation of the Et2O affords 1,2,4-triazine (bp 25–28 °C/0.5 mmHg). Alternative preparations of 1,2,4-triazine have been detailed.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: best stored at 0 °C or below. It is stable to acid, less stable to base, and is hygroscopic; should be stored under anhydrous conditions since it reacts slowly with water and protic solvents.
On the performance of turbo product codes and LDPC codes over partial-response channels

We investigate the performance of low density parity check (LDPC) codes, single-parity turbo product codes (TPC/SPC) and multi-parity turbo product codes (TPC/MPC) over various partial response channels (PR) encountered in magnetic and magneto-optical (MO) recording systems, like PR4/EPR4 and PR1/PR2 channels. The codes have similarity in structures and can be decoded using simple message-passing algorithms. We show that the combination of a TPC/SPC code and a precoded PR channel results in good distance spectrum due to interleaving gain. Density evolution is then used to compute the thresholds for TPC/SPC and LDPC codes over PR channels. Through analysis and through simulations, we show the three types of codes yield comparable bit error rate performance with similar complexity, but they exhibit quite different error statistics, which in turn may result in sharp differences in block failure rate after the Reed-Solomon error correction code (RS-ECC).
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Dental Faculty Development Program

Many, if not most, dental faculty members have not received formal training to be educators. However, the importance of faculty development programs in improving teaching skills, fostering career development, and reinforcing relationships with colleagues and mentors has increasingly been acknowledged. In 2005, the Excellence in Clinical Teaching Program at New York University College of Dentistry (NYUCD) was created to enhance the clinical teaching skills of NYUCD faculty members. As of spring 2009, fifty-nine faculty members had participated in eight separate cohorts. The program consists of five formal group sessions supplemented by readings, reflection papers, and a final project. This study examined the short- and long-term effectiveness of the program. Participants were asked to complete a short pre-program survey to self-assess their teaching abilities and, at the last session, a satisfaction survey. In fall 2011, forty-eight faculty members who completed the program from spring 2005 to fall 2009 and were actively teaching at least one session a week at NYUCD were asked to complete a follow-up survey asking about the long-term value of the program and their academic career progression since program completion. Thirty-three faculty members responded for a response rate of 69 percent. Ninety-seven percent of the respondents indicated they would recommend the program to their colleagues, 94 percent said program participation led to a greater likelihood of conferring with peers about teaching issues,79 percent had increased their teaching responsibilities, and 62 percent said that presenting the final project improved their presentation skills. In addition, the retention rate of those still teaching at the school (81 percent) exceeds national retention rate averages for dental faculty. This follow-up study suggests that participation in the Excellence in Clinical Teaching Program is associated with meaningful professional growth.
"Liting it up": Popular Culture, Indo-Pak Basketball, and South Asian American Institutions

South Asian American participants of a co-ethnic basketball league, known as Indo-Pak Basketball, utilized urban basketball vernacular through the phrase “liting it up” to identify individuals scoring points in great numbers. The person “liting it up” becomes visible and receives recognition. Accordingly, I want to “lite up” the scholarship on South Asian America whereby situating South Asian American religious sites and cultural centers as key arenas for “Americanization” through US popular culture. I situate sport as a key element of popular culture through which South Asian American communities work out, struggle through, and contest notions of self. Informed by an Anthropology of Sport, ethnography of South Asian American communities in Atlanta takes place alongside an examination of the North American Indo-Pak Basketball circuit. Accordingly, my findings indicate that such community formation has also taken shape at the intersections of institutions, gender, and sexuality whereby excluding queers, women, and other communities of color.
Package-level Implementation of Multiband Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structures

The design and implementation of package-level electromagnetic band-gap structures is demonstrated. By using spiral-based electromagnetic band-gap structures (EBG), the relative periodicity for achieving band-gap at extremely low frequency is substantially minimized in comparison to traditional EBG's. Using both full wave electromagnetic simulation and experimental characterization it is demonstrated that this type of structure can exhibit multiple band-gaps, which are individually tunable through variation of the inductance per unit area and its periodicity. Sample structures with dimensions compatible to today's packaging technology are fabricated and show stop-band behavior in frequency band of interest for commercial wireless communication systems
A validation study of a new molecular diagnostic assay: the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center experience with the GeneSearch BLN assay in breast sentinel lymph nodes.

Abstract Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) processing remains variable in terms of performing multiple tissue levels and immunohistochemical (IHC) or PCR-based assays. A rapid and reliable molecular pathology assay, as an adjunct to routine SLN processing, could minimize and standardize the histologic evaluation needed for an accurate and clinically significant diagnosis. We compared the recently FDA-approved Veridex GeneSearch™ Breast Lymph Node (BLN) Assay (Veridex, LLC; Warren, NJ), a real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay that is designed to detect metastases > 0.2 mm, with our standard lymph node processing. Materials and methods The GeneSearch™ BLN assay evaluates RNA expression data for three target genes (mammaglobin, cytokeratin 19, and internal control porphobilinogen deaminase), and provides a qualitative (positive/negative) result. In 59 patients, the assay was performed on SLN tissue that would normally be deep within the tissue block and not routinely evaluated histologically. Two 1 -mm slices from the outer node portions were submitted fresh for RNA extraction; the remaining tissue was submitted for routine histology. Results Of the 59 patients, the assay determined 43 as true negative, eight as true positive, one as false-negative, three as false-positive, and four as invalid. Assay sensitivity was 88.9%, specificity 93.5%. Discussion The sensitivity of the assay sampling from the outer node tissue was high (88.9%) and identical to that validated in the large registration study in which half of the node was assessed as alternate slices (87.6%). Our protocol uses this assay as an adjunct to traditional histologic evaluation, to reduce and standardize the number of tissue sections needed for thorough SLN evaluation, and to enhance our ability to bank RNA.
Single-crystal growth of NaxCo2O4 via a novel low-temperature flux method

Abstract Na x Co 2 O 4 single-crystals have been grown using a novel low-temperature flux method. As compared to the formerly reported recipe, the growth temperature has been lowered almost by half to 550 °C via using pure Co as the Co source and the NaOH/NaCl admixture as the flux. The issue of significant loss of Na due to its high vapor pressure at elevated temperatures is much better controlled. Various growth conditions, such as the NaOH to NaCl ratio in the flux, the ratio of Co element to the flux, the firing temperature,the soaking time,the warming/cooling rates and the atmosphere control, have been optimized. The as-grown Na x Co 2 O 4 single-crystals, in form of platelets with growth direction along the ab-plane and with a typical size of ∼ few mm on one edge, are found to be Na deficient ( x ∼0.3–0.8), which is consistent with the observed electrical resistivity, thermopower and magnetic susceptibility behavior. Despite the single-crystal nature, the directly measured in-plane thermal conductivity κ exhibited an amorphous-like temperature dependence; with the room temperature κ value is ∼7 W/m-K. In addition, the thermal stability and the associated surface micro-morphology changes have been studied by means of the differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the as-grown Na x Co 2 O 4 single-crystals start losing Na above ∼900 °C.
Parallel unstructured grid generation

Abstract A parallel unstructured grid generation algorithm is presented and implemented on the INTEL hypercube. Different processor hierarchies are discussed, and the appropriate hierarchies for mesh generation and mesh smoothing are selected. A domain-splitting algorithm for unstructured grids, which tries to minimize the surface-to-volume ratio of each subdomain, is described. This splitting algorithm is employed both for grid generation and grid smoothing. Results obtained on the INTEL hypercube demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms developed.
Shōsōin: The Oldest Archive in Japan

This article chiefly focuses on the process of restoration and cataloging of the eight-century documents stored in the world's oldest wooden warehouse, Shōsōin, in Japan. The fact that many of these documents are double sided scrolls, and have different kinds of content each side of the paper poses special challenge for those who engage in reconstructing and cataloging the documents.
Yields, photosynthetic efficiencies and proximate composition of dense marine microalgal cultures. I. Introduction and Phaeodactylum tricornutum experiments.

Abstract Marine microalgae may be grown in dense, coastal pond cultures as a source of biomass energy and/or protein. Seawater, containing some elements that are used by algae, would be a useful resource. This paper, describes laboratory experiments with Phaeodactylum tricornutum toward realizing the above concept. Highest cell yields (22 g m−1 day−1) were achieved in batch cultures at light intensities of 40–60% of daily sunlight recorded at La Jolla, California. Thirteen per cent of the energy of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was converted into cellular calories. Yields and efficiencies were reduced in continuous culture and at higher light intensities. The latter effect was probably due to photoinhibition. Nitrogen-sufficient cells contained 55% protein, 10% carbohydrate, 20% lipid, 12% ash and 4·8 calories mg−1 dry weight. Nitrogen deficiency changed these values to 25%, 15%, 22%, 16% and 5·0, respectively. During extreme deficiency, lipid content was as high as 30% of the dry weight, but lipid yield did not increase because overall cellular yield was decreased. These experiments were generally run with a CuSO4 filter to remove infrared light energy; when the filter was removed, yields increased.
Test of Trajectory Surface Hopping Against Accurate Quantum Dynamics for an Electronically Nonadiabatic Chemical Reaction

This paper presents the first test of the popular trajectory surface-hopping (TSH) method against accurate three-dimensional quantum mechanics for a reactive system. The system considered is a model system in which an excited atom with an excitation energy of 0.76 eV reacts with or is quenched by the H2 molecule. The electronically nonadiabatic collisions occur primarily near a conical intersection of an exciplex with a repulsive ground state. The accurate quantal results are calculated using the outgoing wave variational principle in an electronically diabatic representation. Four variants of the TSH method are tested, differing in the criteria for hopping and the component of momentum that is adjusted in order to conserve energy when a hop occurs. Coupling between the ground and excited surface occurs primarily in the vicinity of a conical intersection and is mediated by an exciplex found on the upper surface. We find that the overall TSH quenching probabilities are in good agreement with quantum mechanical results, but the branching ratios between reactive and nonreactive trajectories and many of the state-selected results are poorly reproduced by trajectory calculations. The agreement between trajectory surface hopping and quantal results is on average worse for the relatively more “quantum mechanical” j ) 0 initial state and M + H2 quenching process and better for
Reduced platelet-derived growth factor receptor expression is a primary feature of human bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Animal studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling is required for normal alveolarization. Changes in PDGF receptor (PDGFR) expression in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease of hypoalveolarization, have not been examined. We hypothesized that PDGFR expression is reduced in neonatal lung mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from infants who develop BPD. MSCs from tracheal aspirates of premature infants requiring mechanical ventilation in the first week of life were studied. MSC migration was assessed in a Boyden chamber. Human lung tissue was obtained from the University of Rochester Neonatal Lung Biorepository. Neonatal mice were exposed to air or 75% oxygen for 14 days. PDGFR expression was quantified by qPCR, immunoblotting, and stereology. MSCs were isolated from 25 neonates (mean gestational age 27.7 wk); 13 developed BPD and 12 did not. MSCs from infants who develop BPD showed lower PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β mRNA and protein expression and decreased migration to PDGF isoforms. Lungs from infants dying with BPD show thickened alveolar walls and paucity of PDGFR-α-positive cells in the dysmorphic alveolar septa. Similarly, lungs from hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice showed lower expression of PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β, with significant reductions in the volume of PDGFR-α-positive alveolar tips. In conclusion, MSCs from infants who develop BPD hold stable alterations in PDGFR gene expression that favor hypoalveolarization. These data demonstrate that defective PDGFR signaling is a primary feature of human BPD.
Internal rotation of the birefringence axes in polarization-holding fibers.

An internal rotation of the birefringence axes has been measured in a variety of polarization-holding fibers. The rotation of the axes causes coupling of the major-field components of the fundamental modes, which limits the polarization-extinction ratio in short lengths of birefringent fibers to −45 dB in some cases. A practical consequence of the rotation of the axes is a reduction of the polarization-holding ability of devices such as fiber couplers that are made with these fibers.
Transport of nonmetabolizable amino acids in rat liver slices

Abstract Transport of α-amino [ i -14C]isobutyric acid (AIB) by rat liver slices against a concentration gradient has been demonstrated; uptake was improved by including a preincubation step. Similarities to other systems included linearity of uptake over an extended period of time, as well as indications of saturability of the system with increasing concentrations of substrate. The transport of AIB was inhibited by anoxia and by 2,4-dinitrophenol, while glucose was without effect; inhibition also occurred in the presence of ouabain. No evidence for the active transport of AIB was seen when Na+ was totally replaced in the medium. The removal of extracellular K+ or Ca2+ markedly decreased the transport of AIB, although some uptake against a concentration gradient still occurred. The replacement of Mg2+ had little or no effect on the gradients achieved. Uptake was lower in a Krebs-Ringer phosphate than in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. The Na+ and K+ concentrations of slices incubated in the presence of AIB were similar to those of fresh liver. Cycloleucine was also transported against a concentration gradient but to a lesser extent than AIB.
Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Low‐Dose Pulse Methotrexate in Psoriatic Arthritis

Thirty-seven patients with psoriatic arthritis were entered into a 12-week prospective, controlled, double-blind multicenter trial comparing placebo and oral pulse methotrexate therapy. Methotrexate was given in a dose of 2.5-5.0 mg every 12 hours in 3 consecutive doses per week. A stable background medication program with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs was allowed. Methotrexate was superior to placebo only in physician assessment of arthritis activity and in improvement of the amount of skin surface area with psoriasis. A small but statistically significant rise of serum total bilirubin occurred in the methotrexate-treated patients. No patients were withdrawn from the study for adverse drug effects.
Unilateral tunicamycin sensitivity of gametogenesis in dioecious isogamous chlamydomonas species

Sex cell adhesion in isogamous chlamydomonads is caused by a complementarity between sex-specific mating type substances, glycoproteins anchored in the flagella membrane of (+) and () gametes. The systems of mating type substances are species-specific and condition, by their individuality, gametic incompatibility between species. The adhesion systems of several species share one common feature: the attainment of the agglutination capacity is sensitive to tunicamycin, but in one sex only. The effect is interpreted as due to the interference of tunicamycin with the synthesis of the mating type substances by blocking of their glycosylation in one but not in the other sex. It is postulated that the tunicamycin-sensitive gametic adhesiveness depends, within the mating-type-specific glycoprotein, on an N-glycosidically bound ligand of carbohydrate nature. A concept on the origin of sibling species by mutative modulations within the proper ligands of the glycoproteinaceous mating type substances is developed.
Seeing Double: Sertraline and Diplopia: A Case Report:

ObjectiveTo describe the first case of sertraline-induced diplopia.MethodMedline and PubMed data search using the words sertraline, Zoloft, diplopia, double vision. A case summary of a patient who ...
Mechanism-based representative volume elements (RVEs) for predicting property degradations in multiphase materials

Abstract Quantitative understanding of the evolving thermal–mechanical properties of a multi-phase material relies on the availability of statistically representative microstructure descriptions. Questions then arise as to whether a two-dimensional (2D) or a three-dimensional (3D) representative volume element (RVE) should be considered as the statistically representative microstructure. Although 3D models are more physically representative than 2D models in general, they are usually computationally expensive and difficult to be retrieved and/or reconstructed. In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of a 2D RVE in predicting the property degradations induced by different degradation mechanisms with the multiphase solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode material as an example. Both 2D and 3D microstructure RVEs of the anodes are adopted to quantify the effects of two different degradation mechanisms: humidity-induced electrochemical degradation and phosphorus poisoning induced structural degradation. The predictions of the 2D model are then compared with the available experimental measurements and the results from the 3D model. It is found that the 2D model, limited by its inability to reproduce the realistic electrical percolation, is unable to accurately predict the degradation of thermo-electrical properties. On the other hand, for the phosphorus poisoning induced structural degradation, both the 2D and 3D microstructures yield similar results, indicating that the 2D model is capable of providing computationally efficient yet accurate results for studying the structural degradation within the anodes.
Exercise rehabilitation in congenital cardiac disease

Abstract Cardiac rehabilitation for children is a new and evolving service intended to integrate the child with a significant cardiovascular impairment into a lifestyle of normal physical activity. Its long-term success requires the help of the hospital-based cardiology team and the compliance of the child and family. Cardiac rehabilitation can be viewed as the child's initial step toward the development of lifelong cardiovascular fitness, thus optimizing the benefits of surgical correction.
Inhibition of pituitary LH release resulting from endogenous opioid peptides

Evidence was reviewed which supports a physiological role for one or more endogenous opioid (EO) peptides in the inhibition of release of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH). Those physiological states in which there is a naloxone-reversible EO inhibition of LH release were reviewed. In addition, several mechanisms and receptor subtypes by which this EO inhibition is mediated were discussed.
Heat Transfer Correlations for a CVD Optical Fiber Coating Process

A numerical heat transfer study of the chemical vapor deposition coating process used in the manufacture of optical fibers is conducted. A finite volume model, developed to study gas flow and heat transfer in the reactor and heat transfer within the fiber itself, is used. A parametric correlation relating percent temperature drop to the Peclet number and dimensionless fiber radius is determined. This correlation is expanded upon to obtain a correlation for the amount of energy loss as the fiber travels through the reactor. These equations are valid for fiber radius values ranging from 62.5 to 200 μm, and for draw rates ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 m/s.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Interactions between sodium and calcium intake and blood pressure responses to norepinephrine and parathyroid hormone

The present study has examined the vascular responses to infusion of norepinephrine (NE) and parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) in animals subjected for a six month period to one of four dietary regimens. Some animals received normal calcium chow (1.0% Ca by weight) and drank water (subgroup A), others consumed the same chow, but water was replaced by 0.5% saline (subgroup B), a third group consumed chow which had 2.0% Ca content and also drank 0.5% saline (subgroup C) and a fourth group consumed the 2.0% Ca chow, but drank water (subgroup D). No differences were found in the pressor response to NE across subgroup A, B, and C, while pressor response to NE in subgroup D was markedly reduced. Depressor responses to PTH were not significantly different across any of the four groups. The ability of changes in calcium homeostasis to affect blood pressure responses to NE and PTH were evaluated in animals consuming reduced dietary calcium (0.1%) for two and four weeks and compared with animals on normal calcium intake (1.0%). This dietary treatment resulted in only mild effects on calcium balance; after four weeks no significant difference in plasma total calcium concentration was observed, but plasma PTH levels were increased in animals on the low Ca diet. No effects on the blood pressure response to NE or PTH infusion were observed after 2 weeks of dietary treatment. At four weeks, NE responses remained unchanged, while responses to PTH were blunted in animals on 0.1% Ca chow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The moral regulation of markets: Professions, privatization and the english insolvency act 1986

Abstract Both economists and sociologists in the last two decades have pointed to the variety of ways that markets require normative foundations and legitimation. In order to understand better how market morality is constructed through law, this paper examines how Mrs Thatcher's Conservative Government used the 1986 Insolvency Act to produce a reconstruction of market behavior. First, it championed privatization in the administration of bankruptcy and in corporate liquidation and reorganization. To do so required a clean-up of the “unacceptable face of capitalism.” It used the insolvency reforms to develop a moral code that distinguished among three types of commercial behavior — mistakes, recklessness, and criminal activity. Second, the Act attempted to “professionalize” some elements of business practice. It did so by developing codes that exposed reckless and criminal company directors to civil actions with strong punitive sanctions, including personal liability and disqualification from management. And third, the legislation created a new occupational monopoly of insolvency practitioners, which was charged with the monitoring of directors' behavior, and reporting recklesssness and the appearance of criminality to government enforcement agencies. The paper concludes that Mrs Thatcher's Government used the ideals and actuality of professionalization as an instrument to define and improve both market morality and efficiency. This linkage between professionalization and market rejuvenation further demonstrates how states may use professions as agents of economic surveillance and enforcers of commercial morality. It raises questions about the conditions under which states will exert their enormous leverage over licensing to compel professions to act as moral agents on the state's behalf.
Rapid bootstrapping of statistical spoken dialogue systems

Rapid deployment of statistical spoken dialogue systems poses portability challenges for building new applications. We discuss the challenges that arise and focus on two main problems: (i) fast semantic annotation for statistical speech understanding and (ii) reliable and efficient statistical language modeling using limited in-domain resources. We address the first problem by presenting a new bootstrapping framework that uses a majority-voting based combination of three methods for the semantic annotation of a ''mini-corpus'' that is usually manually annotated. The three methods are a statistical decision tree based parser, a similarity measure and a support vector machine classifier. The bootstrapping framework results in an overall cost reduction of about a factor of two in the annotation effort compared to the baseline method. We address the second problem by devising a method to efficiently build reliable statistical language models for new spoken dialog systems, given limited in-domain data. This method exploits external text resources that are collected for other speech recognition tasks as well as dynamic text resources acquired from the World Wide Web. The proposed method is applied to a spoken dialog system in a financial transaction domain and a natural language call-routing task in a package shipment domain. The experiments demonstrate that language models built using external resources, when used jointly with the limited in-domain language model, result in relative word error rate reductions of 9-18%. Alternatively, the proposed method can be used to produce a 3-to-10 fold reduction for the in-domain data requirement to achieve a given performance level.
The problem of the noninbred animal in tissue transplantation

Summary o 1. Observations between strains of commercially bred nonisologous rats show marked variation in homograft survival between six combinations of three strains. Difference in mean survival of groups of reciprocal interstrain grafts was as great as 15 days. 2. The proportion of successful induction of tolerance to homografts between strains varied, depending on strain combination. 3. The data demonstrate the degree of some variations of experimental error which can arise in using noninbred commercial animals in tissue transplantation studies. 4. Some of the problems in interpretation and design of homograft experiments are discussed.
Chiropractic management for veterans with neck pain: a retrospective study of clinical outcomes.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to report demographic characteristics, chiropractic treatment methods and frequency, and clinical outcomes for chiropractic management of neck pain in a sample of veteran patients. Methods This is a retrospective case series of 54 veterans with a chief complaint of neck pain who received chiropractic care through a Veterans Health Administration medical center. Descriptive statistics and paired t tests were used with the numeric rating scale and Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire serving as the outcome measures. A minimum clinically important difference was set as 30% improvement from baseline for both outcomes. Results The mean number of chiropractic treatments was 8.7. For the numeric rating scale, the mean raw score improvement was 2.6 points, representing 43% change from baseline. For the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire, the mean raw score improvement was 13.9 points, representing 33% change from baseline. For both measures, 36 (67%) patients met or exceeded the minimum clinically important difference. Conclusion Mean chiropractic clinical outcomes were both statistically significant and clinically meaningful for this sample of veterans presenting with neck pain.
THE METAMORPHOSIS OF NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY AND THE REINVENTION OF THE NEUROSURGEON

Since its inception more than 12 000 years ago, neurosurgery has progressed through a number of phases, largely dictated by the available supporting bodies of information and technical adjuvants that allowed progress. The recent rapid escalation of technical progress related to surgery of the nervous system as well as global and regional climates have created diverse demands for the field and have challenged traditional methods of education for developing needed neurosurgical expertise. The creation of the “new neurosurgeon” is, in fact, the creation of many individuals and is dependent on objectives that are based on the needs directed toward the field. These needs are local, national, and international, and they are created by medical, scientific, economic, social, and political factors. Specific education should be directed toward these needs from early educational involvements at the premedical level but also should pervade the entire medical specialty exposure and postgraduate training. This communication discusses specific categories of needs and makes suggestions regarding programs and involvements that may address elements of the situation. General information and educational principles are discussed, along with recommendations for the fostering of a climate of innovation for the field.
Breast and cervical carcinoma mortality among women in the Appalachian region of the U.S., 1976–1996

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown high cervical carcinoma mortality and increasing breast carcinoma mortality in the Appalachian region of the U.S. (which includes parts of 12 states and all of West Virginia). In the current study the authors report trends in breast and cervical carcinoma death rates among women in Appalachia for 1976–1996. METHODS Death rates were calculated from information provided on death certificates and reported to the National Center for Health Statistics for Appalachian women and for women living elsewhere in the U.S. (“other U.S. women”). Trends were examined with joinpoint regression techniques overall and by age and race. Average annual mortality rates were calculated by state for 1992–1996 for each state's Appalachian and non-Appalachian areas. RESULTS Overall breast carcinoma mortality was lower among Appalachian women than among other U.S. women throughout the study period; however, after rates decreased among both groups in the 1990s, the difference appears to have narrowed. No such decline was observed for women age ≥ 70 years. Overall cervical carcinoma mortality was higher among Appalachian women than among other U.S. women but decreased during the study period to rates closer to those for other U.S. women. No significant decrease was observed among women age < 50 years. Overall, for both black and white women, breast carcinoma mortality was lower and cervical carcinoma mortality higher among women in Appalachia compared with their counterparts elsewhere in the U.S. For both breast and cervical carcinoma, the average annual death rates (1992–1996) varied by geographic areas within the Appalachian states, but most differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of mortality trends in breast and cervical carcinoma may provide guidance for prevention and control activities to reduce premature mortality from these diseases. Cancer 2000;89:1593–602. Published 2000 American Cancer Society.
BARYON MASS SPLITTING AND WEAK AND STRONG COUPLINGS

The mass difference between various baryons is attributed to the presence of bosons weakly coupled to a primary baryon. As an example, the case of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ is treated assuming the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ partly to be even. An eigenvalue condition derived by Albright, Blankenbecler, and Goldberger, using the $\frac{N}{D}$ method, is rederived simply. This derivation not only clarifies the assumptions, but makes the algebraic handling of the problem very simple.
Isolation of α-Arachin, the major peanut globulin

Abstract α-Arachin has been isolated from an extract of peanut cotyledons by two methods: ( 1 ) precipitation of 2°C, followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and ( 2 ) column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Analysis of the purified material by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, DEAE-cellulose, ultracentrifugation, and immunoelectrophoresis revealed one major component along with trace contaminants. α-Arachin purified on DEAE-cellulose shows an increase in electrophoretic mobility and was eluted from the column at a higher salt concentration. This was not observed for α-arachin prepared by precipitation in the cold. A component that precipitates with α-arachin was separated from the latter by ammonium sulfate fractionation. α-Arachin prepared by the two methods is quite homogeneous and seemingly identical by the analytical methods employed.
Changing Strategies for Information Delivery: Theory into Practice

ABSTRACT Many events over the past decade have jeopardized the library's ability to fulfill its basic mission resulting in a shift of information delivery paradigms. Interlibrary loan, document delivery and resource sharing have become essential rather than peripheral and funding patterns are reflecting this philosophical shift. There is renewed interest in cooperative collection development and multiple options for meshing document delivery with an existing ILL program. Within this environment under a redefined mission statement, the Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks, addresses these shifting paradigms and has implemented a program to meet the information needs of its patrons.
Homogeneous simplex splines

Homogeneous simplex splines, also known as cone splines or multivariate truncated power functions, are discussed from a perspective of homogeneous divided differences and polar forms. This makes it possible to derive the basic properties of these splines in a simple and economic way. In addition, a construction of spaces of homogeneous simplex splines is considered, which in the nonhomogeneous setting is due to Dahmen, Micchelli, and Seidel. A proof for this construction is presented, based on knot insertion. Restricting the homogeneous splines to a sphere gives rise to spaces of spherical simplex splines.
GATA and Nkx factors synergistically regulate tissue-specific gene expression and development in vivo.

In vitro studies have suggested that members of the GATA and Nkx transcription factor families physically interact, and synergistically activate pulmonary epithelial- and cardiac-gene promoters. However, the relevance of this synergy has not been demonstrated in vivo. We show that Gata6-Titf1 ( Gata6-Nkx2.1 ) double heterozygous ( G6-Nkx DH) embryos and mice have severe defects in pulmonary epithelial differentiation and distal airway development, as well as reduced phospholipid production. The defects in G6-Nkx DH embryos and mice are similar to those observed in human neonates with respiratory distress syndromes, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and differential gene expression analysis reveals essential developmental pathways requiring synergistic regulation by both Gata6 and Titf1 (Nkx2.1). These studies indicate that Gata6 and Nkx2.1 act in a synergistic manner to direct pulmonary epithelial differentiation and development in vivo, providing direct evidence that interactions between these two transcription factor families are crucial for the development of the tissues in which they are co-expressed.
Institutional review boards lack the moral legitimacy to reinterpret subpart D.

Brendel and Miller (2008) propose a pragmatic approach to clinical research ethics in which “moral rules and principles function hypothetically within the process of moral problem-solving, when we ...
Caveolin-1 null (-/-) mice show dramatic reductions in life span.

Caveolae are 50−100 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane found in most cell types. Caveolin-1 is the principal protein component of caveolae membranes in nonmuscle cells. The recent development of Cav-1-deficient mice has allowed investigators to study the in vivo functional role of caveolae in the context of a whole animal model, as these mice lack morphologically detectable caveolae membrane domains. Surprisingly, Cav-1 null mice are both viable and fertile. However, it remains unknown whether loss of caveolin-1 significantly affects the overall life span of these animals. To quantitatively determine whether loss of Cav-1 gene expression confers any survival disadvantages with increasing age, we generated a large cohort of mice (n = 180), consisting of Cav-1 wild-type (+/+) (n = 53), Cav-1 heterozygous (+/−) (n = 70), and Cav-1 knockout (−/−) (n = 57) animals, and monitored their long-term survival over a 2 year period. Here, we show that Cav-1 null (−/−) mice exhibit an ∼50% reduction i...