cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pzt Thin Films on a Lead Titanate Interlayer Prepared by rf Magnetron Sputering

Ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films with a composition near the morphotropic phase boundary have been deposited by rf magnetron sputtering on a Si substrate coated with silicon oxide, titanium, and platinum (Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt). Substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure were changed during deposition to prepare films with controlled stoichiometry and perovskite structure. The effects of lead titanate (FT) as a buffer layer were investigated. Thin films of PT/PZT have a dielectric constant of 800 with a dissipation factor of 0.04 at 1 kHz. The remnant polarization of 8μ}C/cm2 and the coercive field of 50 kV/cm were measured. The effect of processing on the formation of perovskite phase and the electrical properties will be discussed.
The Cochran Thesis: A Critique in Statistical Analysis

OR A number of decades historians accepted the notion that the growth of American industrialism had its origin in the Civil War. Though this idea still lurks in the pages of American history textbooks, most historians believe that the Civil War did little more than accelerate segments of an industrial mechanism that had long since been in motion. Now, however, Thomas C. Cochran rejects this idea and offers instead the thesis that the Civil War actually retarded industrialism in the United States.' Cochran supports his position with ample evidence from several recent statistical compilations, which, as he observes, "have provided additional material to support the argument that the Civil War retarded American industrial development."2 It is not the purpose here to subject Cochran's thesis to direct examination, but rather to analyze his assumptions and the method of his statistical analysis.
Do People Recognize the Four Cs? Examining Layperson Conceptions of Creativity

Researchers examine implicit beliefs about creativity to understand what laypeople think. Past work has looked at cultural differences, characteristics associated with creativity, and the positive or negative valence that people feel toward creativity. In this study, we focused on the Four C Model of Creativity (Beghetto & Kaufman, 2007; Kaufman & Beghetto, 2009) to discover if laypeople perceive nuances in different levels of accomplishment. We found that although Pro-c and little-c merged into one factor, Big-C, mini-c, and Not-c (not creative) were distinguishable. Personality (particularly agreeableness and openness) predicted how participants rated different levels of creativity.
Ornery alligators and soap on a rope: Texas prosecutors and punishment reform in the Lone Star State:

This article presents historical data on changes in punishment policy in Texas, examining how Texas’s prosecutors played an important role in shaping law and policy. This article helps parcel out t...
A process model of prosocial behavior: The interaction of emotion and the need for justice

Research on prosocial behavior has tended to focus on the positive consequences of prosocial behavior. This paper draws on attribution, emotion and justice motive literature to expand the discussion of prosocial behavior in organizations. Specifically, an expanded definition of prosocial behavior is offered and a process-oriented process model of prosocial behavior is introduced. The process model of prosocial behavior is used to discuss the idea that prosocial behavior might have negative consequences. This paper contributes to the literature on prosocial behavior in organizations by (1) accounting for the effects of emotion and the need for justice on decisions to engage in prosocial actions and (2) identifying negative consequences of specific prosocial actions.
Use of Methylene Blue in Suspected Coloyesical Fistula

AbstractPositive urine and blood assays of methylene and leukomethylene blue were obtained from 9 volunteers with normal colonic and renal function after a 100ml. methylene blue enema (50mg.). The study conclusively demonstrates that methylene blue is absorbed by rectal mucosa and excreted by the kidneys as a colored dye in the urine. Thus, intrarecfal methylene blue cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis of a colovesical fistula.
Posture Prediction and Optimization

Chapter 3 introduces basic concepts associated with the posture prediction problem of the human body. The chapter introduces posture prediction as a generalized method used to predict the values for human joints used to assume a posture. The method uses optimization and human performance measures to adequately predict natural motions. The three ingredients for the formulation of an optimization problem are: design variables (joint angles), human performance measure (discomfort, energy consumption, and others), and constraints for the variables (joint ranges of motion, end-effector reaching a point, and others). The posture prediction problem is explained, as the estimation of joint variables that allow the human body to assume a posture towards achieving an objective. In the robotics field this is called the inverse kinematics problem. The posture prediction problem is formulated as an optimization problem. Furthermore, in order to predict smooth continuous motions, rather than discreet postures, the design variables (joint angle profiles) are represented as linear combinations of B-spline basis functions; thus giving a finite number of design variables for the problem. Various human performance measures are formulated as cost functions for the optimization problem. Constraints for the problem are formulated and explained. Single- and multi-objective optimization example problems are presented to illustrate the methodology.
Discovery of bacterial sRNAs by high-throughput sequencing.

sRNA-Seq is an unbiased method that allows for the discovery of small noncoding RNAs in bacterial transcriptomes through direct cloning and massively parallel sequencing by synthesis. Small bacterial transcripts are enriched from a total RNA preparation and modified with 5′ and 3′ linkers that allow for downstream amplification and sequencing. This protocol includes a treatment that depletes small RNA fractions of tRNAs and 5S rRNA, thereby enriching the starting pool for non-tRNA/rRNA sequences. This protocol can be readily modified to target different RNA species for depletion or to change the size range of RNAs to be sequenced. Thus, sRNA-Seq represents a comprehensive, versatile cloning protocol that may be applicable to the cloning of small RNAs of any size range from any organisms.
Evaluating clinicians' representations of schizoaffective disorder.

Abstract Background Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) has routinely exhibited poor diagnostic accuracy and reliability. In addition to phenomenological problems with the definition of SAD, the way in which clinicians represent the symptoms of the disorder could contribute to its poor diagnostic outcomes. Purpose The present study sought to examine clinicians' representations of SAD compared to schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BiPD-PSY), and major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDD-PSY). Method Participants ( N =113) were clinicians recruited via email as part of a larger study. They were randomly assigned to either select symptoms from a predetermined criteria list or freely list features of the disorders based on their own mental representations. Results Participants' conceptualizations of SAD were not entirely congruent with DSM-5 criteria; they conceptualized it as less psychotic than SCZ and less affective than the two mood disorder tasks. SAD was conceptualized as significantly more depressive than manic. Conclusions This study's findings support the notion that clinicians' conceptualizations of SAD are not entirely congruent with its DSM-5 criteria, which could contribute to diagnostic difficulties.
Correction of tibial malunion in a patient with ipsilateral total knee and ankle prostheses using external ring fixation and the ilizarov method

Total ankle replacement (TAR) aims at reestablishing a functional and painless ankle joint while maintaining motion and preventing adjacent joint arthritis. TAR can be complicated by comorbidities such as ipsilateral knee arthritis and deformity with subsequent arthroplasty and/or other lower extremity malalignment issues. We present a case of a 67-year-old female with severe right ankle pain and a history of ipsilateral subtalar and calcaneocuboid fusion, bilateral total knee arthroplasty, and a malunion of a conservatively treated ipsilateral segmental tibial fracture. Following TAR, there was recurrent lateral hindfoot pain due to subtle malalignment from the tibial malunion which resulted in persistent hindfoot valgus. This caused symptomatic subfibular impingement in addition to limb length discrepancy. To address that, a circular external fixator was applied to realign the ankle and lengthen the tibia, eliminating pain and avoiding complications with either implant.
Emission of THz radiation by GeS nanosheets

We have observed emission of terahertz radiation from photoexcited GeS nanosheets without external bias. We attribute the origin of terahertz pulse emission to the shift current resulting from inversion symmetry breaking in ferroelectric single- or few-layer GeS nanosheets.
The effects of oncology massage on symptom self-report for cancer patients and their caregivers.

Massage has shown benefit for symptomatic relief in cancer patients and their caregivers. We explored the effects of a single massage session on self-reported symptoms in an outpatient clinic at a comprehensive cancer center. Patients and caregivers receiving oncology massage treatments (30 or 60-min duration) at our Integrative Medicine Center outpatient clinic from September 2012 to January 2015 completed the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS; 0–10 scale, 10 most severe) pre and post massage. ESAS individual items and subscales of physical distress (PHS), psychological distress (PSS), and global distress (GDS) were analyzed. We used paired t tests with a p value correction (i.e., p < .001) to examine symptoms pre/post massage. Initial massage visits for 343 patients and 87 caregivers were analyzed. The highest symptom burdens (means) at baseline for patients were sleep 4.22, fatigue 3.57, and pain 2.94; for caregivers, sleep 3.77, well-being 3.01, and pain 2.59. Although patients reported significantly greater global distress and physical symptoms (p < .0001) compared to caregivers at baseline, groups did not differ in regard to psychological symptom burden (p = .66) and individual symptom scores (e.g., pain, sleep, spiritual pain). Massage therapy was associated with statistically (p < .0001) and clinically significant improvements in symptoms of pain, fatigue, anxiety, well-being, and sleep and ESAS subscales for both patients and caregivers. Greater massage duration (30 vs 60 min) did not lead to greater symptom reduction. Patients and caregivers reported a moderately high symptom burden. A single massage treatment resulted in acute relief of self-reported symptoms in both groups. Further study is warranted regarding optimal massage dose and frequency.
Modular differential power processing (mDPP)

This paper presents a modular approach to differential power processing. The method combines the series differential power processing approach with the parallel differential power processing approach, allowing scalability that could not be achieved previously. The modular approach is demonstrated for photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, the ability to add groups of solar modules in series or parallel and still operate the differential power processing units to achieve maximum power point tracking is proven.
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia Phage OSYSP.

ABSTRACT Bacteriophage OSYSP is a new anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 phage isolated from municipal wastewater in Ohio. OSYSP is potent against enterohemorrhagic E. coli and is a candidate biocontrol agent for food and therapeutic applications. In this paper, we present the important genetic features of this phage based on its complete genome sequence.
A mesoporous silica based platform to enable tablet formulations of low dose drugs by direct compression

Abstract Achieving adequate content uniformity (CU) is a significant challenge in the development and manufacturing of low dose oral tablets. Using four model active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), we show that loading APIs into a grade of mesoporous silica, Aeroperl®, is effective for achieving excellent CU. All APIs in the Aeroperl® composites were amorphous. After six months under accelerated stability conditions, the drug-Aeoperl composites exhibited good physical stability for all four APIs. The performance of Aeroperl®-based formulations was robust since their good CU and manufacturability were insensitive to model APIs. In addition, the dissolution rate of composite-based formulations was higher than corresponding physical mixtures. Overall, the Aeroperl®-based platform formulation is a promising approach for successfully developing low dose oral tablet products.
Temporal Bone Malignancies in Children

Temporal bone malignancies in children often present with signs and symptoms often associated with more common pediatric ear symptoms. Ear pain, ear drainage, and hearing loss may be present in these tumors, but when present, signs such as cranial nerve deficits and masses are particularly worrisome. Imaging including CT and MRI is important to determine extent of tumor and to give some clues as to the nature of the mass. Biopsy is often required. Common temporal bone malignancies include rhabdomyosarcoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and malignancies of the lymphoreticular system should also be considered. A combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery forms the treatment plan for these malignancies. Due to the common pathologies encountered in the pediatric population, the role of surgery is usually for biopsy of the lesion or in the treatment of residual tumor after chemotherapy and radiation. Primary surgical therapy is appropriate in some cases.
ShinyCNV: a Shiny/R application to view and annotate DNA copy number variations.

Motivation Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array is the most widely used platform to assess somatic copy number variations (CNVs) in cancer studies. Many SNP data-based CNV callers are available, however, the false positive rates from automated calling are commonly high, and reported breakpoints can be inaccurate. Manual review for each reported CNV by visualizing the SNP data is important, but is challenging for users lacking computational experience. To address this, we present a Shiny/R application ShinyCNV, an interactive graphical user interface to view and annotate CNVs. Results With this application, normalized SNP data, which includes log R ratio (LRR) and B allele frequency, can be plotted against the reported CNVs, and users can visually check the reliability of CNVs per se or adjust the incorrectly assigned breakpoints. Further, the interactive LRR spectrum panel within ShinyCNV can facilitate the process to identify commonly affected CNV regions from a group of samples, and to visually check if important focal gains/losses are missing from reported CNVs. ShinyCNV is designed to be intuitive for cancer researchers and can be easily installed for either personal use or deployed on servers to provide online service. Availability and implementation ShinyCNV and the tutorial are freely available from https://github.com/gzhmat/ShinyCNV. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Dating the SLE

The date of the composition of the SLE is not without relation to a theory respecting its nature. If, for example, the SLE were to have been composed prior to, as well AS in proximity to the writing of the Prima secundae, then there would be some reason for regarding the former work as undertaken in preparation for the moral part of the Summa theologiae.1 However, in the 1950s Gauthier argued that Aquinas composed the SLE in 1271–1272, and so, after the completion of the Prima secundae} Subsequently, because of the use in the latter work of Moerbeke’s translation of Aristotle’s Rhetoric, a version possessed by Aquinas only in late 1270, Gauthier proposed the Prima secundae as having itself been written somewhat later than previously thought.2 Consequently, Gauthier now dates the Prima secundae after early 1271 and the Secunda secundae after the summer ofthat year, thus late 1271–1272. Yet Gauthier’s original dates of 1271–1272 for the SLE, as well as its posteriority relative to the Prima secundae, continue to stand.3
The Journey from Realism to Pluralism

In this chapter I take the reader on a journey from a naive realist position through to the beginnings of pluralism. Some simplifying assumptions are made, but this is done in order to introduce some of the concepts we find in pluralism, not to defeat all realist positions. In particular, in order to set the stage, the naive realist will take Zermelo Fraenkel set theory to be the foundation for mathematics in a philosophically robust sense of capturing the essence, ontology and absolute truth of mathematics. The reader is given several reasons to abandon the naive realist conception and to consider a more pluralist conception. The main aspect of pluralism discussed here is pluralism in foundations. ‘Pluralism in foundations’ is an oxymoron, and therefore, is unstable. Some other aspects of pluralism are then introduced: pluralism in perspective, pluralism in methodology and pluralism in measure of success.
Defining and measuring clinical processes using a dynamical systems approach.

Abstract We describe an approach to defining and measuring a clinical process and its components. The approach was developed subsequent to an attempt to measure the value of an Electronic Patient Medical Record System (EPMRS). To build our model, we assume the medical record is a communications channel and extend Shannon's model to include the clinicians' concepts, tasks, and tactics. We assumed the patient care process is a series of actions and explore the appropriate dimensions for describing patient care events. The extended model of communication and patient care events enumerates the dimensions for gathering data to measure physicians' use of patient medical information systems while caring for patients. The clinical process model may be constructed using dynamical systems theory, also known as chaos theory. Traditional statistical modeling is compared to dynamical system modeling to suggest which method may result in a better model of the patient care process.
Fencing the Airshed: Using Remote Sensing to Police Auto Emissions

Remote sensing technology enables the government to take a property-rights approach to the airshed: You are free to drive unmolested until we detect you fouling the air. Basic economics teaches that it is better to specify and police outputs and let people in the market entrepreneurially decide the inputs. Policy can employ remote sensing can to police the airshed and discontinue input-oriented (command and control) policies, such as Smog check, fleet emission standards, and subsidies and research for alternative vehicles and fuels.
Heats of Adsorption from Molecular Models of Adsorption in Heterogeneous Solids

In this paper we present calculations of heats of adsorption via grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for molecular models of adsorption in heterogeneous porous solids. The molecular models considered in this work treat the adsorbent as a collection of particles arranged in a predefined micro-structure, and in the present case describe the adsorption of simple molecules in high surface area silica gel. We have assessed the relative importance of the adsorbate-solid and adsorbate-adsorbate molecular interactions in determining the coverage dependence of the heat of adsorption, and also how these contributions change with the adsorbent microstructure. The accuracy of different methods for obtaining the isosteric heat from the Monte Carlo simulations is also investigated.
5.32 Marital Confidences Privilege

This article addresses the marital confidences privilege. This privilege applies to confidential communications by spouses made during the course of their marriage. The privilege continues even after the termination of the marriage. The privilege protects communications only, but includes conduct that is communicative in nature. Under the prevailing view, both spouses hold the confidences privilege.
Surface EMG (SEMG): A Synopsis

Surface electromyography is an electrophysiological modality assessing the electrical activity of skeletal musculature. The Sella protocol is a structured assessment protocol, including static musc...
Anatomy of a Medical Student

A reductive linocut is created in progressive stages from a single block. Each color is printed on top of a previous layer
Do High School Students Participate in Second Chance Breakfast Programs

BACKGROUND Breakfast consumption often decreases as youth get older. The School Breakfast Program (SBP) provides an opportunity to intervene and increase breakfast consumption, especially among high school students. METHODS Project breakFAST implemented an expanded breakfast service at 12 high schools. In this longitudinal evaluation, school administrators provided SBP participation and demographic data on all ninth and 10th graders for two full consecutive school years. Students screened for eating breakfast <3 times/week were randomly selected to participate in the cohort study. The cohort completed a survey on perceived barriers, benefits, and breakfast habits. RESULTS At baseline, all 12 schools had only traditional before school cafeteria SBP service. Mean participation was 16.3% and ranged from 7.9 to 38.1%. After the intervention, there was an increase in participation to 25.7% (p = .004) ranging from 14.1 to 47.5%. There was no change in breakfast participation before school (13.3%, p = .06). Students who traveled to school by car, bike, or walking at baseline were 4.5% less likely to participate in second chance breakfast at follow-up than those who took the bus to school (p = .006). CONCLUSION Second chance breakfast is an option for increasing high school breakfast participation, especially for those riding the bus.
TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL HIGHER EDUCATION

In the 21 st century technology and global higher education must work together to increase society’s future growth and development. The focus of society in the 21 st century is knowledge-based: learning is critical, and yet information will continually become obsolete. Society has assumed a global focus, supported by technology that demands quality global higher education institutions produce more at less cost. Technology implementation has accelerated tremendously during the last decade, particularly changes in the development, access, and delivery of learning opportunities. In the current scenario of globalization and heightened accountability for educational enterprises, global higher education needs technology to provide enlightened, far-sighted and highly qualified persons and systems to handle educational and societal concerns now and in the future. Higher education is no longer a national concept, but rather a global concept. Globalization has sanctioned competition as a new driving force in higher education that includes competition for students, faculty, research, innovation and especially technology. Current technology clearly provides the means for acquiring greater amounts of information with more efficiency than ever before, but what of the future technology? Technology is transforming global higher education by intensifying the global interconnectedness of people, institutions, learning, and society. Technology has now become central to global changes; reshaping social, economic and cultural life. Data and information are more readily available and more quickly accessible today, but that does not mean they are used more efficiently or effectively. The key is the relationship between technology and its application in global higher education systems.
Resources for Community Dental Outreach Programs

Objective: The objective of this poster is to create an awareness of pediatric oral health resources and information on community outreach programs recently developed by the University of Iowa’s Department of Pediatric Dentistry. Methods: Faculty members from the Department of Pediatric Dentistry have developed …
The Need to Integrate Theory, Research, and Application Efforts

The knowledge base created about families with adolescents over the past 15 years has been organized in the present book as three separate parts according to work done on theory, research, and application topics, respectively. At the same time, the natural overlap of these theoretical, empirical, and application literatures was discussed wherever possible. The present chapter makes the case for more systematic attempts to highlight the interconnectedness of these oft-separated scholarly works. Harkening back over 3 decades ago in the family literature, David Olson’s “triple threat” model for bridging theory, research, and application efforts is brought forward for consideration by scholars who think about, observe, and work with families with adolescents. This chapter begins by briefly reviewing some of the key points made in this earlier work, and is followed by a discussion of some of the key factors that have served as barriers to the unification of these academic activities. This is followed by some concluding thoughts as to why the “triple threat” model is both applicable and advantageous to those scholars who study families with adolescents.
Evaluations of a Sampling Impedance Bridge

This paper reports our effort to improve a sampling impedance bridge. Custom-modified ac multimeters together with optimized waveform digitizing software enable us to achieve a stability and resolution better than 1 part in 108 for nominal 1:1 voltage ratios around 1 kHz. We wish to leverage this new sampling capability to build a digital impedance bridge, aiming to derive the capacitance unit from the ac quantized Hall resistance.
Towards Generic Parallel Programming in Computer Science Education with Kokkos

Parallel patterns, views, and spaces are promising abstractions to capture the programmer's intent as well as the contextual information that can be used by an underlying runtime to efficiently map software to parallel hardware. These abstractions can be valuable in cases where an algorithm must accommodate requirements of code and performance portability across hardware architectures and vendor programming models. Kokkos is a parallel programming model for host- and accelerator architectures that relies on these abstractions and targets these requirements. It consists of a pure C++ interface, a specification, and a programming library. The programming library exposes patterns and types and maps them to an underlying abstract machine model. The abstract machine model offers a generic view of parallel hardware. While Kokkos is gaining popularity in large-scale HPC applications at some DOE laboratories, we believe that the implemented concepts are of interest to a broader audience including academia as they may contribute to a generic, vendor, and architecture-independent education of parallel programming. In this work, we give an insight into the design considerations of this programming model and list important abstractions. Further, we document best practices obtained from giving virtual classes on Kokkos and give pointers to resources that the reader may consider valuable for a lecture on generic parallel programming for students with preexisting knowledge on this matter.
Digital Humanities at CUNY. Building Communities of Practice in the Public University

In this essay, I reflect on my experience working in the field of Digital Humanities at The Graduate Center (GC) of the City University of New York (CUNY) to refute the misconception that the point of intersection of humanities and computation is dependent on robust technological infrastructure and, therefore, outside of the reach of underfunded public institutions. On the contrary, my tenure as a GC Digital Fellow suggests that the development of DH communities of practice can be an especially valuable asset for public universities, due to the waterfall effect they can produce for both the academic and the local community. Finally, I present evidence of second and third-order effects of the GC’s institutional DH culture by briefly introducing two projects developed at CUNY that both rely on and engage critically with technology: the CUNY Distance Learning Archive (CDLA), a GC class project, and QC Voices, a structured initiative established at one of the four-year CUNY colleges.
It's a Two-Way Street: Giving and Receiving Feedback to the Unaware.

Giving and receiving constructive feedback is a valuable skill and an evolving process due to improved understanding and changes in culture. This article provides a practical review of key elements of effective feedback skills and strategies for providing constructive feedback, with a focus on how to address recipients who may have impaired insight into the issue at hand. Commonly known tips and tricks include direct, immediate, and specific feedback delivered in a safe setting and in a conversational manner. This article specifically considers how the feedback will be heard or accepted by the intended recipient, in order for the educator to best overcome hurdles in relaying constructive criticism.
Underground Localization System using a Combination of RFID and IMU Technologies

Underground mines are GPS-denied and extremely challenging environments, both from an environmental hazard as well as from a wireless communications standpoint. Inertial measurement unit (IMU) measurements used in dead reckoning algorithms quickly accrue heading drift errors and are unsuitable for large scale environments. By dividing up the underground environment into zones demarcated by Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, the drift errors of the IMU dead reckoning are bounded. We present here a GPS-free localization system for miners making use of a hybrid approach based on RFID and IMU technologies. Successful localizing with the prototype system in Colorado School of Mines' Edgar experimental mine is achieved.
Case 8: Hypotension During Microdiscectomy

A 16-year-old girl (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I [ASA 1]) is scheduled for a bilateral L4–L5 microdiscectomy. Aside from her back complaint, she is healthy with no known allergies. She has donated 1 unit of her own blood. She weighs 67 kg and measures 5 ft 4 in.; her starting hematocrit (Hct) is 35 %. In the operating room, after standard monitoring is placed, she is anesthetized in a routine manner and turned prone for the surgery. Ninety minutes into the surgery, with blood loss estimated to be 200 ml, sudden onset of tachycardia from 76 beats per minute (bpm) to 120 bpm occurs. The blood pressure (BP) decreases from a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 80 mmHg to 50 mmHg. The surgeon is informed. He sees no evidence of any acute blood loss. The hypotension is treated with ephedrine and 750 ml of albumin with good result. An intraoperative Hct taken after the event is 25 %. As a precaution, a 16-gauge intravenous (IV) line is placed in her external jugular vein, and her right radial artery is cannulated. One hour later, the surgeon finishes the operation. Estimated blood loss per suction bottle is 600 ml, and a repeat Hct is 21 %. The vital signs are stable. The surgeon wants a quick changeover, so he can start his next case.
Differential Fc-Receptor Engagement Drives an Anti-tumor Vaccinal Effect.

Summary Passively administered anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rapidly kill tumor targets via FcγR-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), a short-term process. However, anti-tumor mAb treatment can also induce a vaccinal effect, in which mAb-mediated tumor death induces a long-term anti-tumor cellular immune response. To determine how such responses are generated, we utilized a murine model of an anti-tumor vaccinal effect against a model neoantigen. We demonstrate that FcγR expression by CD11c + antigen-presenting cells is required to generate anti-tumor T cell responses upon ADCC-mediated tumor clearance. Using FcγR-humanized mice, we demonstrate that anti-tumor human (h)IgG1 must engage hFcγRIIIA on macrophages to mediate ADCC, but also engage hFcγRIIA, the sole hFcγR expressed by human dendritic cells (DCs), to generate a potent vaccinal effect. Thus, while next-generation anti-tumor antibodies with enhanced binding to only hFcγRIIIA are now in clinical use, ideal anti-tumor antibodies must be optimized for both cytotoxic effects as well as hFcγRIIA engagement on DCs to stimulate long-term anti-tumor cellular immunity. PaperClip
Standards for Teacher Tests.

States are increasingly requiring that public school teachers pass one or more tests as a condition for permanent employment. As a result of a recent federal court decision, these tests must now satisfy the same legal standards as other employment tests. Moreover, some of the measures used to assess teacher competence no longer rely on multiple-choice items. They now utilize various types of open-ended performance assessments. This article discusses how these developments may affect the adverse impact, reliability, validity, and pass-fail standards of teacher certification tests. The article concludes by recommending that such tests combine multiple-choice questions with open-end tasks that focus on the common or critical situations that are likely to arise across the full range of practice setting for which the teacher is being certified or licensed.
Aperiodic Time Series in Astronomy

Many different sorts of astronomical quantities vary aperiodically. Examples discussed in this review include the pulse arrival times of radio pulsars, the x-ray flux of accreting stellar mass black holes, and the flux in virtually all bands from active galactic nuclei. It is hoped that these fluctuations can be used to learn more about the underlying systems, and to serve as probes of other structures. For example, fluctuations in the x-ray flux from accreting black holes may tell us about the dynamics of accretion disks, while the fluctuations in gravitationally lensed quasars may be used to study the structure of the lens.
Evaluating river management during seaward migration to recover Columbia River stream-type Chinook salmon considering the variation in marine conditions

Evidence suggests Snake River stream-type Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) experience substantial delayed mortality in the marine environment as a result of their outmigration experience through the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS). We analyzed mortality patterns using methods that incorporated downriver reference populations passing fewer dams, and temporal approaches that were independent of reference populations. Our results from the alternative spatial and temporal methods consistently corroborated with spawner–recruit residuals and smolt-to-adult survival rate data sets, indicating that Snake River salmon survived about one quarter as well as the reference populations. Temporal analysis indicated that a high percentage (76%) of Snake River juvenile salmon that survived the FCRPS subsequently died in the marine environment as a result of their outmigration experience. Through this and previous studies, it is evident that delayed hydrosystem mortality increases with the number of po...
The structure of a far‐red fluorescent protein, AQ143, shows evidence in support of reported red‐shifting chromophore interactions

Engineering fluorescent proteins (FPs) to emit light at longer wavelengths is a significant focus in the development of the next generation of fluorescent biomarkers, as far-red light penetrates tissue with minimal absorption, allowing better imaging inside of biological hosts. Structure-guided design and directed evolution have led to the discovery of red FPs with significant bathochromic shifts to their emission. Here, we present the crystal structure of one of the most bathochromically shifted FPs reported to date, AQ143, a nine-point mutant of aeCP597, a chromoprotein from Actinia equina. The 2.19 A resolution structure reveals several important chromophore interactions that contribute to the protein's far-red emission and shows dual occupancy of the green and red chromophores.
Redox activity and multiple copper(I) coordination of 2His-2Cys oligopeptide.

Copper binding motifs with their molecular mechanisms of selective copper(I) recognition are essential molecules for acquiring copper ions, trafficking copper to specific locations and controlling the potentially damaging redox activities of copper in biochemical processes. The redox activity and multiple Cu(I) binding of an analog methanobactin peptide-2 (amb2) with the sequence acetyl–His1–Cys2–Tyr3–Pro4–His5–Cys6 was investigated using ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and UV–Vis spectrophotometry analyses. The Cu(II) titration of amb2 showed oxidation of amb2 via the formation of intra- and intermolecular Cys–Cys disulfide bridges and the multiple Cu(I) coordination by unoxidized amb2 or the partially oxidized dimer and trimer of amb2. The principal product of these reactions was [amb2 + 3Cu(I)]+ which probably coordinates the three Cu(I) ions via two bridging thiolate groups of Cys2 and Cys6 and the δN6 of the imidazole groups of His6, as determined by geometry optimized structures at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory. The products observed by IM-MS showed direct correlation to spectral changes associated with disulfide bond formation in the UV–Vis spectrophotometric study. The results show that IM-MS analysis is a powerful technique for unambiguously determining the major ion species produced during the redox and metal binding chemistry of oligopeptides. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion rate of copper rotating-disk-electrode in simulated acid rain

Abstract The dependence of corrosion rate of a copper rotating disk electrode in (i) simulated acid rain solution (pH 3.5), (ii) a mixture solution of 5 × 10 −3 mol dm −3 H 2 SO 4 and simulated acid rain (pH 2.1) (iii) a mixture solution of 10 −2 mol dm −3 HNO 3 and simulated acid rain (pH 2.1) has been investigated. In these experiments, the amount of copper dissolved into a test solution was analyzed by ICP-AES, and electrochemical impedance was measured. In the range of rotation speeds from 0 to 2500 r.p.m., the corrosion rate in simulated acid rain solution was found to decrease with increasing rotation speed. This decrease was more pronounced in 5 × 10 −3 mol dm −3 H 2 SO 4 + simulated acid rain (pH = 2.1), and in 10 −2 mol dm −3 HNO 3 + simulated acid rain (pH = 2.1) at the rotation speeds above 100 r.p.m. Magnitude of the electrochemical impedance was correlated with corrosion rate, and relationship between corrosion potential and the reciprocal of the absolute impedance revealed a local anodic-polarization curve when the solution pH was 2.1. Decrease in corrosion rate with increasing rotation speed was found to result from anion-adsorption which is diffusion-controlled.
Adequacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead placement for tachyarrhythmia detection by sinus rhythm electrogram amplitude

This study examines whether the current clinical practice of using a 5 mV minimum amplitude during normal sinus rhythm (NSR) ensures adequate detection during subsequent episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) at the time of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) threshold testing. Risk of nondetection occurs with ICDs when a substantial portion of the individual cardiac events on an electrogram goes undetected. Detection risk was assessed by 2 methods: percentage of missed cardiac events (incidence of signal dropout), and mean electrogram amplitude. During ICD implantation and testing in 27 patients utilizing 41 lead positions, 135 episodes of VF were induced and analyzed. On 64 occasions, the countershock was not successful in achieving cardioversion, and the continuing electrical activity was analyzed as a separate group of postshock waveforms. Thresholds of 1 and 2 mV were applied to each individual cardiac depolarization in a VF episode. Significant risk of nondetection was assumed when > or = 10% of individual events displayed dropout. Underdetection by signal dropout occurred in 11 of 135 preshock arrhythmia signals (8.1%) from 3 patients at a 2 mV threshold, and in 6 of 135 signals (4.4%) at a 1 mV threshold. A mean NSR amplitude > or = 5 mV was associated with significantly lower risk of nondetection during subsequent VF episodes at both 1 and 2 mV thresholds (largest p < 0.001). Similar results were observed in analysis of postshock arrhythmia signals. Further examination of signal dropout and linear regression criteria suggest that in order to eliminate the possibility of nondetection at a 1 mV threshold, minimum NSR amplitudes of 8.5 and 10.0 mV, respectively, are required.
Maximally entangling tripartite protocols for Josephson phase qubits

We introduce a suit of simple entangling protocols for generating tripartite GHZ and W states in systems with anisotropic exchange interaction g(XX+YY)+g'ZZ. An interesting example is provided by macroscopic entanglement in Josephson phase qubits with capacitive (g'=0) and inductive (0<|g'/g|<0.1) couplings.
Magnetic resonance angiography in clubfoot and vertical talus: a feasibility study.

Congenital vascular alterations of the normal adult arterial pattern have been associated with multiple congenital limb deformities including clubfoot and vertical talus. Investigators have observed absence of the anterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery in most patients with clubfoot, and absence of the posterior tibial artery in all patients with vertical talus. We used magnetic resonance angiography to define the lower extremity vascular anatomy of two patients with left-sided vertical talus and right-sided clubfoot and one patient with bilateral vertical talus and cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 (CDMP-1) gene mutation. Of the three patients, one had bilateral posterior tibial artery deficiencies while the other had bilateral anterior tibial artery deficiencies. The third patient with bilateral vertical talus and CDMP-1 mutation had normal arterial structure bilaterally. Though clubfoot and vertical talus have distinctly different clinical phenotypes, the association of each with arterial abnormalities suggests a common etiology during development. The presence of normal arterial structure in our patient with vertical talus and CDMP-1 mutation suggests that other nonvascular etiologies may be responsible for some cases of foot deformities.
Effects of orbital space flight on vestibular reflexes and perception

We have considered the complex adaptive process of human spatial orientation in terms of a time varying optimal estimator (Borah et al., 1978,1988, Merfeld et al., 1993). According to this view, the brain is constantly attempting to make the best possible guess about where we are in the presence of parallel, at times conflicting, cues from the various sensory organs and from efferent copy of our own motor commands. Central to the optimal estimator is the Kalman filter, which is capable of determining mathematically the gains to be applied to each measurement signal in order to produce a “state estimate” which is optimal in the least squares error sense, for some given error cost function. At the heart of the optimal estimator is the “internal model”, which includes knowledge of the dynamic characteristics of the body, of the sense organs and of the random motions to which the body is subjected. This internal model appears, in part, under many different names in the evolving literature on oculomotor and postural control, including “perceptual feedback”, “corollary discharge”, “velocity storage”, “second integrator” and “body schema”. In its full implementation the mathematics for solving the Ricatti equations for the optimal gains is daunting - but the idea is actually quite simple.
Toward a Nanobioinformatics Infrastructure for Nanotechnology-based Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Response Tracking

Nanobioinformatics is an emerging field of study born out of a necessity of nanotechnology researchers in the life sciences whose work is dependent on timely access to an emerging wealth of data. It brings together the three very diverse fields of nanotechnology, molecular biology and biomedical informatics that until now have had little overlap and where major cultural gaps exist. It is critical that nanobioinformatics be embraced as an extension of biomedical informatics and not be orphaned prematurely. Because of the combinatorial nature of nanoparticle composition (core + surface modifier + payload) and the enthusiasm for this area in general, nanotechnology in biomedicine will see a rapid exponential increase in the data produced, thus making it critical to develop robust infrastructure to support data standardization and storage, modeling and simulation, symbolic reasoning and information retrieval. The goal of the multi-institutional Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence focused on therapy response (CCNE-TR) at Stanford University is to develop a combined ex vivo nanosensor and in vivo molecular imaging approach toward highly sensitive tracking of prostate cancer response to therapy. As a part of this effort, we are developing an informatics platform to serve the diverse needs of this group. In particular, our data portal is designed to support electronic communication and data sharing within the center as well as data and knowledge sharing with the greater scientific community. We are developing this platform to be caBIG compatible integrating a number of different caBIG components that are each the best of breed solution for their particular area. While our approach is designed to meet the needs of our specific center, the methods and infrastructure developed should prove useful for other similar informatics efforts as well.
Heterogeneity in the AML stem cell pool.

To examine AML and stem cell diversity, Heuser and colleagues develop a novel murine model that closely mimics aggressive human AML and demonstrate an essential role of Stat5 in leukemic stem cell renewal.
DOUBLE-MODE RR LYRAE VARIABLES IN THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER M3

We present new B-band CCD photometry for five double-mode RR Lyrae (RRd) variables (V68, V79, V87, V99, and V166) in the globular cluster M3. The pulsational behavior of the RRd variables is described. V68 and V87 have been known as RRd variables since 1982, V79 was recently discovered as an RRd (Clement et al.), and our data have identified V99 and V166 as RRd variables (Corwin et al.). Earlier studies of V79 and V166 do not show double-mode behavior, which indicates that these stars have only recently become RRd stars. V166 changed its dominant pulsation mode from fundamental to first overtone in the interval 1992 to 1993. The candidate double-mode variables V28 and V126 do not exhibit clear RRd behavior in the 1992–1993 data.
Physicochemical modelling of cell signalling pathways

Physicochemical modelling of signal transduction links fundamental chemical and physical principles, prior knowledge about regulatory pathways, and experimental data of various types to create powerful tools for formalizing and extending traditional molecular and cellular biology.