cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unruly Children of the Homeland: Ottomanism’s Non-Muslim Authors

Despite abundant scholarship on the popularity of Ottomanist ideas and practices of civic participation among the empire’s Christians and Jews, Ottomanism is still widely viewed as a project conceived and promoted by Muslim elites. This chapter aims to help revise this perception by highlighting the central role of non-Muslim journalists in fostering the growth and spread of Ottomanist thought from the 1860s through the 1910s, a period that spans the Tanzimat, Hamidian, and Young Turk eras. I focus on the political interventions of Butrus al-Bustani (1819–1883), Diyarbakirli Filip Sṃahinoglu (1828–1900), Teodor Kasap (1835–1897), Alexan Sarafian, Diran Kelekian (1862–1915), and other prominent Christian journalists who used their voices in the Ottoman press to articulate a vision of Ottoman nationhood that was often at odds with that of the state. In drawing these figures out from the margins of historical accounts and re-examining their partnerships with their better-known Muslim collaborators, I argue for a new understanding of what Ottomanism was, whom it spoke for, and what it aimed to achieve.
Still in the shadows: The unresponsiveness of stalking prosecution rates to increased legislative attention

Abstract Stalking is a serious crime involving a course of repeated conduct that frightens, threatens, or harasses the victim. Despite growing scholarly attention, the criminal justice system response to stalking has been understudied. Prior research suggests that stalking, like other interpersonal crimes (i.e., sexual assault, domestic violence) is underreported; however, stalking cases are also inconsistently classified and managed by law enforcement ( Brady & Nobles, 2017 ). This exploratory study used official court data from Houston, Texas to examine trends in stalking cases relative to two major revisions of Texas anti-stalking statutes. Results demonstrate that trends in arrests with intent to prosecute were stable over time and that very few cases of stalking were prosecuted in this jurisdiction during any given year, even as a comparison trend for the broader category of harassment charges showed escalation over time, consistent with population growth and other extra-legal influences. These findings suggest that stalking cases remain rarely prosecuted despite increasing awareness and provisions for enhanced penalties under Texas law. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Empirical analysis of commercial vehicle dwell times around freight-attracting urban buildings in downtown Seattle

Abstract Dwell time is defined as the time that delivery workers spend performing out-of-vehicle activities while their vehicle is parked. Restricting vehicle dwell time is widely used to manage commercial vehicle parking behavior. However, there is insufficient data to help assess the effectiveness of these restrictions. This makes it difficult for policymakers to account for the complexity of commercial vehicle parking behavior. The current study aims to identify factors correlated with dwell time for commercial vehicles. This is accomplished by using generalized linear models with data collected from five buildings that are known to include commercial vehicle activities in the downtown area of Seattle, Washington, USA. Our models showed that dwell times for buildings with concierge services tended to be shorter. Deliveries of documents also tended to have shorter dwell times than oversized supplies deliveries. Passenger vehicle deliveries had shorter dwell times than deliveries made with vehicles with roll-up doors or swing doors (e.g., vans and trucks). When there were deliveries made to multiple locations within a building, the dwell times were significantly longer than dwell times made to one location in a building. The findings from the presented models demonstrate the potential for improving future parking policies for commercial vehicles by considering data collected from different building types, delivered goods, and vehicle types.
Companion Ecologies: A New Theory of the Subject

Often, political theories of the subject detach the subject from nature or else reduce the subject to a mere aggregate of natural features. Consequently, many attempts to articulate theories of the subject purport to preserve political theoretical concepts such as freedom, normativity, or responsibility by means of disjoining the subject from its environment. This article proposes a new theory of the ecologically conditioned subject. Developing the concept of companion ecologies, the article employs three examples – architecture, the human microbiome, and indigenous Amazonian ontologies – to show how theorizing the subject at all necessitates theorizing her ecological conditions, as well. Companion ecologies do not refer merely to our environmental conditions, then. The term also functions as a referent. Ultimately, companion ecologies reveal that the individuation and formation of the subject is a process that takes place, paradoxically, only because of the ecological plurality underlying it. From this, I derive a minimalist theory of the subject for which subjects are materially and temporally extended and causally distributed morphogenetic sites, which emerge only in the context of interactive, multiscalar, and overlapping companion ecologies.
A Ciceronian Defense of Democratic Participation

Opposing the usual elitist presentation of Cicero, I identify three arguments favoring democratic participation in De re publica and De legibus. The first sees democratic participation as a demand of the common people, which results from their untamable desire for freedom and must be fulfilled to avoid civil unrest. The second sees it as an instrument to lessen the likelihood of elites’ corruption. The third incorporates the previous two under an account of state legitimacy, arguing that democratic participation is just because without it, the civic community under a state’s rule cannot be a partnership and hence the state cannot be a legitimate one as a common property of the people. I argue that this account of state legitimacy differs from the one in Pettit’s republicanism and may help clarify the normative commitment to the public nature of the state that underlies the current “realist” and “instrumental” defenses of democracy.
Two-dimensional spectral shearing interferometry (2DSI) for ultrashort pulse characterization

We present a new pulse characterization method based on two-dimensional spectral shearing interferometry with zero delay. It features simple calibration, greatly relaxed spectrometer resolution, and is well suited for few-cycle laser pulses.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Is Superior to Aspirin in Preventing Short-Term Recurrent Stroke at the Cost of More Major Bleeding.

If the authors have found all the relevant studies, administering dual antiplatelet therapy within 24 hours of a mild to moderate stroke or TIA is more effective than aspirin at decreasing recurrent stroke over the subsequent 90 days. There is a low overall risk of major bleeding, but it is significantly higher with dual antiplatelet therapy than with aspirin.
Discussion and Open Questions

In this chapter, we present a list of “things we know” and “things we do not know” about manganites and related compounds. The chapter is informally organized to keep the discussion fluid. When results are mentioned that have already been considered in previous chapters, the associated references and details are omitted to avoid repetition. The reader can form a better opinion about the statements in this chapter by reading the appropriate chapters in the present book. Some of the comments and ideas are somewhat sketchy, but this is natural when addressing issues that are still not understood. Also, some items reflect the personal opinion of the author and may be debatable. An important portion of the chapter discusses results for other families of compounds that exhibit similarities with manganites. It is conceivable that the knowledge accumulated in Mn oxides may be applicable to the famous high-T c cuprates, as well as other materials discussed here and in Chap. 20. Coexisting nanoclusters appear to be a common phenomenon of a variety of compounds, and “colossal” effects of one form or another could be expected. There is plenty of work ahead, and surprises waiting to be unveiled.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Low-Density Atmospheric Flow on Io

We explore the effects of a non-condensible gas on the SO2 atmospheric flow near volcanic plumes and sublimating frost patches on Io. The flows involve rarefied/continuum transition, compressibility, gas mixtures, and radiation. Preliminary results are presented which show that a non-condensible gas can either limit or enhance the tranport of SO2 away from a local source. Such analysis is of importance for determining the distribution of gases near the surface and, hence, the flux of atmosphere into space. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used.
MicroRNAs in Solid Tumors

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that hybridize to mRNAs inducing either translation repression or mRNA cleavage. MiRNAs regulate a variety of biological processes in the cell, including development, cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and their abnormal expression levels are closely associated with pathogenesis of cancers. In this scenario, several high-throughput technologies studies have revealed miRNA roles in classifying tumors and predicting patient outcome with high accuracy. Because of their ability to concurrently target multiple pathways miRNA-based anticancer therapies are being developed, either alone or in combination with current targeted therapies, with the goal to improve the response and increase cure rates. Here, we highlight recent advances on the use of miRNAs as a potential approach for diagnosis and prognosis of solid cancer.
Mammalian pancreatic islet tissue in organ culture. II. Insulin contents of tissues and culture medium.

Summary Pancreatic explants obtained from 17-day fetal rats were cultured in a 95 per cent O2−5 per cent CO2 atmosphere on a semi-defined liquid culture medium, as previously described. Insulin immunoassays of whole culture medium and tissue extracts were performed. Tissunes explanted from 17-day fetal rats and cultured for 2, 4 or 6 days contained more insulin (p≤0.02) than did uncultured control pancreata of comparable ages (i.e., 19, 21 and 23 fetal days). Assays of tissue and medium indicated continuous synthesis and release of insulin during 10 days of culture. Total insulin recovered from tissue plus medium (medium changed each 48 hr) was over 50 times that recoverable from uncultured 17-day fetal pancreas. These data support our hypothesis of selective differentiation and maintenance of metabolically active pancreatic beta cells in explants of fetal rat pancreas cultured under the specified conditions.
The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides at the Ocular Surface

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as defensins and cathelicidins are small peptides with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. In addition, several AMPs modulate mammalian cell behaviours including migration, proliferation and cytokine production. This review describes findings from recent studies showing the presence of various AMPs at the human ocular surface and discusses their mechanism of antimicrobial action and potential non-microbicidal roles. Corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells produce β-defensins and the cathelicidin LL-37, whereas neutrophils, infiltrating in response to a specific stimulus, supply additional LL-37 as well as α-defensins. In vitro studies suggest that LL-37 and human β-defensin-3 are the most likely to have significant independent antimicrobial activity, while other AMPs may act synergistically to help protect the ocular surface from invading pathogens. Current evidence also supports a role for some AMPs in modulating wound healing responses. Although yet to be brought to fruition, AMPs hold significant potential as therapeutic agents for the prophylaxis and treatment of infection, promotion of wound healing and immune modulation.
Cellular immunoadsorbents: An improved technique for specific depletion of cytotoxic (T) lymphoid cells

Abstract An improved technique for specific adsorption of cytotoxic T lymphocytes on corresponding target cell monolayers is described. The adsorption process is accelerated by a 5-min centrifugation and results in 70–90% specific depletion of cytotoxic cells. The whole procedure requires 20 min.
Inter-Scale Correlations as Measures of CMB Gaussianity

A description of CMB temperature fluctuations beyond the power spectrum is important for verifying models of structure formation, especially in view of forthcoming high-resolution observations. We argue that higher-order statistics of inter-scale correlations, because of their low cosmic variance, may be effective in detecting non-Gaussian features in the CMB. Inter-scale correlations are generically produced in defect-based models of structure formation. We analytically study properties of general higher-order cumulants of Fourier components of homogeneous random fields and design a new set of statistics suitable for small-scale data analysis. Using simulated non-Gaussian fields, we investigate the performance of the proposed statistics in presence of a Gaussian background and pixel noise, using the bispectrum as the underlying cumulant. Our numerical results suggest that detection of non-Gaussian features by our method is reliable if the power spectrum of the non-Gaussian components dominates that of the Gaussian background and noise within at least a certain range of accessible scales.
Network multiplexer with generalized processor sharing and heavy-tailed on-off flows

We consider a set of fluid On-Off flows that share a common server of capacity c and a finite buffer B. The server capacity is divided using Generalized Processor Sharing scheduling discipline. Each flow has a minimum service rate guarantee that exceeds its long term average demand ρi. The buffer sharing is unrestricted as long as there is available space; if the buffer is full, the necessary amount of fluid from the most demanding flows is discarded. When the On periods are heavy-tailed, we show that the loss rate of a particular flow i is asymptotically equal to the loss rate in a reduced system with capacity c−Σj≠iρj and buffer B, where this flow is served in isolation. In particular, each flow perceives to have the whole buffer B to itself. This insight provides a new guideline for efficiently engineering differentiated quality of service in integrated multimedia networks.
A study of the potential genotoxicity of methapyrilene and related antihistamines using the hepatocytes/DNA repair assay

Abstract Methapyrilene and four related antihistamines were evaluated for their ability to cause DNA repair measured autoradiographically as unschedules DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary cultures of Fischer-344 rat hepatocytes. Methapyrilene failed to induce UDS at all doses tested while pyrilamine and tripelennamine induced a concentration-dependent increase in DNA repair. Doxylamine and thenyldiamine, previously untested in this system, induced a weak response at the highest non-toxic doses tested. Methapyrilene was clearly cytotoxic at doses of 100 μM and higher, as judged by morphology, and precursor incorporation into RNA and protein. Precursor incorporation into RNA was irreversibly inhibited 90% and 55% at 1000 μM and 100 μM methapyrilene, respectively, while precursor incorporation into protein was inhibited 80% and 60%. These data verify the genotoxicity of pyrilamine and tripelennamine and the failure of methapyrilene to elicit DNA repair, and suggest that doxylamine and thenyldiamine may be weak DNA-damaging agents.
Elastic and inelastic quasiparticle tunneling between anisotropic superconductors

Numerical results are presented for quasiparticle tunneling across a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction due to elastic and inelastic tunneling, with the latter mediated by spin fluctuations and phonons. SIS tunnel junctions with ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}},$ extended ${s+d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}},$ and extended ${s+id}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ superconducting order-parameter symmetries are investigated. The dependence of the tunneling conductance $(dI/dV)$ on temperature, directional tunneling matrix element, and a tight-binding band structure appropriate for high-temperature superconductors is studied. The results are compared with recent point-contact tunneling and scanning tunneling microscope measurements of SIS tunneling $dI/dV$ curves for optimal and overdoped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}.$
Real-time recursive estimation of statistical parameters

Abstract Recursive algorithms for the computation of standard deviation and average deviation are derived and their applications in data acquisition are discussed. The relative speeds and accuracies of the two algorithms are compared for synthetic data. The performance of recursive estimation under shot and proportional noise limitations is also described. As an example of the utility of these algorithms, absorbance data with constant confidence intervals are collected regardless of incident and transmitted intensities. The desired precision is specified prior to data acquisition and used to control signal-averaging of the data in real time.
Non-nutritive sucking recorded in utero via fetal magnetography

Several studies in term and pre-term infants have investigated the rhythmic pattern of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) indicating correlations between the quantitative measures derived from sucking pressure variation and/or electromyographic (EMG) recordings and a range of factors that include age, perinatal stress and sequelae. In the human fetus, NNS has been reported from 13 weeks of gestation and has been studied using real-time Doppler ultrasonography exclusively. The present study indicates that NNS in fetus can be reliably recorded and quantified using non-invasive biomagnetic measurements that have been recently introduced as an investigational tool for the assessment of fetal neurophysiologic development. We show that source separation techniques, such as independent component analysis, applied to the high-resolution multichannel recordings allow the segregation of an explicit waveform that represents the biomagnetic equivalent of the ororhythmic sucking pressure variation or EMG signal recorded in infants. This enables the morphological study of NNS patterning over different temporal scales, from the global quantitative measures to the within burst fine structure characterization, in correlation with the fetal cardiac rhythm.
Study of Consecutive Biradicals from 2-Hydroxy-2,12-dimethylcyclododecanone by TR-CIDNP, TREPR, and Laser Flash Photolysis

Several time-resolved spectroscopic techniques (1H CIDNP, time-resolved EPR, and nanosecond laser flash photolysis) have been used to investigate geminate reactions of consecutive biradicals genera...
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone mediated luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone release from human pituitary tissue in vitro

Menschliche Hypophysen wurden mit und ohne LH-RH inkubiert und eine Freisetzung von LH und FSH in vitro gefunden, die sich durch Sexualsteroide hemmen lasst.
Effect of Octreotide on Pancreatic Endocrine Function in Partial Pancreatectomy

Octreotide acetate (Sandostatin), a long-acting somatostatin analogue, has been demonstrated to inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. The effect of octreotide acetate on pancreatic endocrine function in patients undergoing pancreas surgery or pancreas transplantation has not been as well described, nor have the clinical implications been studied as systematically. This study was designed to investigate the effects of octreotide acetate on glucose metabolism and endocrine function in a partial pancreatectomized canine model, simulating reduced islet cell reserve. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were determined at intervals over 2 hr following an intravenous glucose tolerance test (0.5 g/kg intravenous bolus of 50% glucose) in: normal animals (Group A, n = 5), normal animals pretreated with an intravenous bolus of 400 micrograms of octreotide acetate (Group B, n = 5), partial pancreatectomized animals (Group C, n = 5), and partial pancreatectomized animals pretreated with an intravenous bolus of 400 micrograms of octreotide acetate (Group D, n = 5). Peak glucose concentration was significantly increased in Group D when compared to Group C (Group C = 304.2 +/- 13.5 mg/dl vs Group D = 353.2 +/- 12.9 mg/dl, P < 0.05), indicating an impairment of glucose metabolism by octreotide. In addition, octreotide significantly decreased peak insulin release in the partial pancreatectomy groups (Group C = 129 +/- 12.9 micro U/ml vs Group D = 47.5 +/- 6.8 micro U/ml, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the rate of glucose utilization or glucagon concentrations among the groups. These results demonstrate that octreotide does result in insulin suppression, with a resultant increase in stimulated glucose concentrations, in a canine model of reduced islet cell mass. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of action of octreotide on endocrine function in the setting of pancreas transplant.
The Effect of Environmental and Mechanical Variables on Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Martensitic Stainless Steel for Transmutation Applications

Extensive work has been performed on Type 422 stainless steel (SS), to characterize environment-induced degradations in aqueous environments of different pH values at ambient and elevated temperatures. The test material was thermally treated prior to the evaluation of stress-corrosion-cracking (SCC) behavior by slow-strain-rate (SSR) and constant-load (CL) testing techniques, using smooth and notched tensile specimens. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) testing was performed to evaluate localized corrosion behavior using a three-electrode polarization technique in similar environments. Fractographic and metallographic evaluations of broken specimens were also performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope, respectively.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Transplantation of porcine islets in nude mice: Implications for islet replacement therapy in humans

: Porcine islets obtained from adult donors were transplanted under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin diabetic nude mice. Over a period of 30 days or more, blood glucose levels fell to values lower than those of normal mice but comparable to those of normal pigs; this change in the mice was probably being driven by a lower set point for glucose-induced insulin secretion of porcine islets. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests had lower glucose profiles than those carried out in control mice. The mass of beta cell tissue in the porcine islet graft that cured the diabetes was about 1 mg, close to the normal beta cell mass of a mouse pancreas. When graft-bearing kidneys were perfused in situ, there was a marked increase of insulin secretion to challenges with glucose and arginine. These results suggest that porcine islets could be a good source of tissue for human islet replacement therapy. Some of the ramifications of this possibility are discussed.
Qualitative analysis of coping strategies among mexican disaster survivors

This study describes the various coping strategies reportedly used by survivors after a disaster. Using unstructured interviews, 27 Mexicans (16 women, 11 men) were asked to recount how they coped with a specific disaster and its aftermath. Interviews were carried out in three cities: Guadalajara, Jalisco (n=10), Homestead, Florida (n=6) and Puerto Angel, Oaxaca (n=11). Guadalajara experienced a neighbourhood sewer explosion, whereas Homestead and Puerto Angel experienced Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Paulina, respectively. Analysis of common themes revealed seeking support, seeking meaning, problem solving, and avoidance as primary coping strategies in all three cities. Seeking support was the most commonly cited coping strategy. Seeking support may be a universal coping strategy for disaster survivors, whereas other coping strategies varied by context-specific factors such as type of disaster, resource availability, and stage of disaster recovery. Implications for future coping research and interventio...
Literature review: supplemented phase diagram of the trehalose-water binary mixture.

Trehalose is of great interest in many fields, including freeze-drying, cryoprotection, and anhydrobiosis. Although data for the trehalose-water supplemented phase diagram have previously appeared in the literature, the data have been widely scattered and reported in several units. In this study, literature data for the binary trehalose-water system were collected and analyzed. The literature data were found to be reasonably consistent, with substantial agreement on the melting points for water, trehalose, and trehalose dihydrate and the glass transition temperature of water. There was also good agreement for the solubility, freezing, and glass transition curves. However, there was no general agreement on the glass transition temperature of pure trehalose. Additionally, the trehalose-water glass transition curve was modeled using the Gordon-Taylor equation, with a value for k of 5.2. The collected data in this report will be of much use in further studies of the protective abilities of trehalose.
Polyfluoroaromatics. The interrelated chemistry of barrelenes, anthracenes and vis-à-visenes

Abstract Tetrafluoro- and octafluorodibenzobarrelenes (1,2) are readily prepared by reaction of tetrafluorobenzyne (from C 6 F 5 MgBr) with naphthalene and tetrafluoronaphthalene, respectively. Cycloaddition (4+2) of tetracyclone to 1 and 2 at 180° leads to the polyfluoroanthracenes (3,4) in high yields. The reactions of dibenzobarrelenes with anthracenes (with fluorine in either reactant) afford the vis- a-visenes (nee janusenes) 5 and 6, in which phenyl and tetrafluorophenyl rings are disposed in a close facial relationship. Compound 5, which is formed in regiospecific reactions, exhibits an ultraviolet spectrum characteristic of a donor-acceptor interaction between proximate -C 6 H 4 - and -C 6 F 4 - rings. NMR spectra also support the structure of 5.
PKCθ expression in the amygdala regulates insulin signaling, food intake and body weight†

Objective: To investigate the signaling mechanisms that might underlie the loss of anorectic response to insulin injections into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) within 3 days of feeding a high fat diet. Design and Methods: Protein samples from amygdala and hypothalamus of rats fed high or low fat diets were subjected to a phosphorylation screening assay. The effects of dietary fat intake on the expression and activation of protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) in brain regions was studied. Finally, lentiviral vectors were used to overexpress rat PKCθ unilaterally or bilaterally into the CeA of rats and the effects on food intake, body weight and insulin stimulation of Akt phosphorylation were studied. Results: The level of pMARCKS (Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate), a major substrate of PKCθ, was increased 116% in amygdala of high fat diet fed rats but reduced in the hypothalamus. High fat diets increased the level of PKCθ in a region specific manner in the brain and this PKCθ was activated by membrane association. Overexpressing rat PKCθ either unilaterally or bilaterally into the CeA inhibited insulin stimulation of Akt signaling and blocked the anorectic response to insulin injected into the amygdala. Bilaterally injected PKCθ rats gained more weight and body fat and had increased food intake when fed a high fat diet compared to the control rats that received a lentiviral-Green Fluorescent Protein construct. Conclusion: The data suggest that insulin may have a physiological role within the amygdala to regulate energy balance.
Pathogenic effects of salt loading in the presence and absence of the adrenal glands.

This study involved 125 young, sexually mature male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. The rats were fed a fluid medium carbohydrate diet to which different amounts of sodium chloride were added. Food-intake was controlled either by tube-feeding or by paired-feeding. Ratshaving sham-operations, adrenalectomy onty, uni-nephrectomy only and adrenalectomy uni-nephrectomy were given salt loads of 4, 12, 16, or 20% (dry weight of diet) for either 56 or 84 days. At the end of the experiment blood-pressure was determined and tissues were prepared for microscopic examination. Uni-nephrectomized rats given high salt loads developed severe hypertension and severe renal-cardiovascular pathology. In similar rats having both kidneys intact thechanges from normal were relatively mild but pathogenic effects of salt-loading were still evident. Although adrenalectomy ameliorated the pathogenic effects of saltloading in the uni-nephrectomized rat some damage did occur; in a few rats the hypertension was marked and the kidn...
Binding and Cross-linking Studies Show That Scavenger Receptor BI Interacts with Multiple Sites in Apolipoprotein A-I and Identify the Class A Amphipathic α-Helix as a Recognition Motif

Scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI) mediates the selective uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl ester without the uptake and degradation of the particle. In transfected cells SR-BI recognizes HDL, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and modified LDL, protein-free lipid vesicles containing anionic phospholipids, and recombinant lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoA-II, apoE, or apoCIII. The molecular basis for the recognition of such diverse ligands by SR-BI is unknown. We have used direct binding analysis and chemical cross-linking to examine the interaction of murine (m) SR-BI with apoA-I, the major protein of HDL. The results show that apoA-I in apoA-I/palmitoyl-oleoylphosphatidylcholine discs, HDL3, or in a lipid-free state binds to mSR-BI with high affinity (K d ≅ 5–8 μg/ml). ApoA-I in each of these forms was efficiently cross-linked to cell surface mSR-BI, indicating that direct protein-protein contacts are the predominant feature that drives the interaction between HDL and mSR-BI. When complexed with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, the N-terminal and C-terminal CNBr fragments of apoA-I each bound to SR-BI in a saturable, high affinity manner, and each cross-linked efficiently to mSR-BI. Thus, mSR-BI recognizes multiple sites in apoA-I. A model class A amphipathic α-helix, 37pA, also showed high affinity binding and cross-linking to mSR-BI. These studies identify the amphipathic α-helix as a recognition motif for SR-BI and lead to the hypothesis that mSR-BI interacts with HDL via the amphipathic α-helical repeat units of apoA-I. This hypothesis explains the interaction of SR-BI with a wide variety of apolipoproteins via a specific secondary structure, the class A amphipathic α-helix, that is a common structural motif in the apolipoproteins of HDL, as well as LDL.
The detection of asbestos in floor tiles by X-ray diffractometry

Abstract A method has been developed for the detection of the chrysotile form of asbestos in floor tiles using X-ray diffraction. The procedure was compared against the detection of asbestos in floor tile material using polarized light microscopy after ashing of the material. The experimental conditions and methods of sample preparation are described.
Chaos, order, and information in the evolution of strings

Abstract Chaos and stochastic processes are the source of new structures and new information. Evolution is a spiral of self-organizing cycles operating, on the border between order and chaos.
‘We are the forgotten victims’: Perspectives of adult siblings of persons with traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: This study determined how the lives of a cross-national sample of adult siblings had changed since their brothers and sisters incurred a traumatic brain injury.Research design: A total of 272 participants provided responses to the question, ‘How is your life different since your sibling had a TBI?’ Responses were analysed through the constant comparative method of textual analysis.Methods and procedures: Responses were collected through a mailed-survey. The analysed question appeared at the end of a 243-item quantitatively-based survey containing five open-ended questions.Outcomes and results: Three themes emerged: (1) ‘Family impacts’ such as growing up with a sibling with TBI and impact on family closeness; (2) ‘Caring’ including caring for and about the family member; and (3) ‘Making sense of the experience’ through adjustment and personal development.Conclusions: The study demonstrates that having a sibling with a TBI can result in profound and enduring negative and positive life ch...
Lift of delta wings with leading-edge blowing

Analyse de l'augmentation de portance due a un mince jet d'air issu d'une fente le long du bord d'attaque d'une aile delta
Public health: emergency management: capability analysis of critical incident response

Since the 9/11 terrorist incident, homeland security efforts and the readiness of local emergency management agencies have become focal points in the war on terrorism. A significant issue faced by front line responders has been the significant increase in the number and type of potential incidents they must be prepared to handle. This paper describes a simulation-based approach that allows local county-level emergency management agencies to more quickly develop, test, and refine robust plans for an ever increasing list of potential threats. The focus of the simulation environment is on the information flow, coordination, and response of medical, police, and fire resources.
OAT PROTEIN CONCENTRATES FOR BEVERAGE FORTIFICATION

Up to 4% oat protein concentrates can fortify either neutral or acidic beverages. The concentrate was produced in good yield from both defatted and non-defatted oat groats by alkaline extraction. If desired, the gum and water-soluble protein fractions can be removed by a preliminary water extraction yielding a concentrate with a higher percentage of protein. Nitrogen solubility of protein concentrate from defatted groats in dilute phosphoric acid was considerably higher than one from nondefatted groats. Fortified acidic beverages (pH 3) prepared with oat concentrate from laboratory ground groats were slightly astringent in taste. However, astringency was eliminated if the concentrate was produced from commercial oat flour (heat treated during production). Milklike and breakfast-type beverages fortified with oat protein concentrate would be nutritious, palatable and easily prepared and flavored.
The endoplasmic reticulum-based acetyltransferases, ATase1 and ATase2, associate with the oligosaccharyltransferase to acetylate correctly folded polypeptides.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has two membrane-bound acetyltransferases responsible for the endoluminal Nϵ-lysine acetylation of ER-transiting and -resident proteins. Mutations that impair the ER-based acetylation machinery are associated with developmental defects and a familial form of spastic paraplegia. Deficient ER acetylation in the mouse leads to defects of the immune and nervous system. Here, we report that both ATase1 and ATase2 form homo- and heterodimers and associate with members of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. In contrast to the OST, the ATases only modify correctly folded polypetides. Collectively, our studies suggest that one of the functions of the ATases is to work in concert with the OST and “select” correctly folded from unfolded/misfolded transiting polypeptides.
“Dilettantes and Over-Specialization”: Diagnosing and Treating Nazism at West German Universities after World War II

After 1945, the words "anti-fascist education" appeared much less frequently in the western zones of occupied Germany than in the Soviet zone, but the concerns expressed by the phrase were shared by all occupying powers: How could education help prevent a resurgence of Nazism? For the American and British occupation authorities, and to a lesser extent, the French, the answer was to "reeducate" for democracy. The leaders of German universities in the western zones answered this question differently. Drawing on the traditional German "idea of the university," German professors stressed the inculcation of morality through Bildung or character formation. In practical terms, this meant very little change in curriculum, course content, or educational structure: Only a rededication to university traditions supposedly uncompromised and unaffected by Nazism could lead German higher education, and by extension Germany, away from fascism. Determining what educational measures to take after 1945 depended on how one interpreted what had gone wrong before 1945. For the Americans and the British, who during the war cooperated closely in determining postwar occupation policy, the basic interpretation stressed cultural and historical developments that made Germans susceptible, but not predestined, to authoritarianism. The solution, therefore, lay in long-term cultural change, facilitated by removal of dangerous elements from public life (through denazification), and reeducation.' The term reeducation itself, sometimes
The transient response of two cracks at the interface of a layered half space

Abstract In this paper, the transient response of two interface cracks, in a layered half space subjected to antiplane stress fields, is analytically studied. The problem is formulated in terms of a coupled set of integral equations, which are then solved by expanding the unknown crack opening displacements in a complete set of Chebyshev's polynomials. The method is coded in FORTRAN program and numerical results for a sample problem are presented. The results show that the response of one crack is significantly influenced by the presence of a bigger neighboring crack.
Investigating art objects through collaborative student research projects in an undergraduate chemistry and art course

Inspired in part by Chemistry Collaborations, Workshops, and Community of Scholars workshops, the Chemistry and Art course offered at Ithaca College is team-taught by a chemist and an art historian, underscoring the complementary nature of the two disciplines. The course, populated primarily by nonscience majors, highlights the importance of using both historical knowledge and empirical measurements to address particular questions about a work of art. The course culminates in a collaborative student research project in which students must select a nonaccessioned art object, generate a series of questions about the object, and subsequently use available scientific tools to attempt to address these questions. Undergraduates are exposed to a variety of techniques used in the analysis of art objects, including visible and infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and microscopy. The Chemistry and Art course at Ithaca College will be discussed, and two case studies from the collaborative student research projects will be summarized.
Routes to Positive Interracial Interactions: Approaching Egalitarianism or Avoiding Prejudice

The current work examined factors that contribute to positive interracial interactions. It argues that the source of people’s motivation to respond without prejudice and the goals and strategies they pursue in interracial interactions influence the quality of these interactions. Three studies show that non-Black participants who are highly internally motivated to respond without prejudice tend to focus on strategies and behaviors in interactions with Black people that approach a positive (i.e., egalitarian) outcome. As a result of engaging in these approach behaviors, their interracial interactions go more smoothly for both themselves and their interaction partners as compared to people less internally motivated. In contrast, externally motivated people tend to focus on avoiding negative (i.e., prejudiced) outcomes, which ironically results in their coming across to their partners as prejudiced. The implications of the findings for smoothing out the rocky road to positive intergroup interactions are discu...
Personal fraud victims and their official responses to victimization

The bulk of the research on predatory crime focuses on characteristics, profiles, and patterns of offenders. This information is important, but from the perspective of police agencies, information about the victims of predatory crimes, including victims of white-collar predatory crimes, and how they officially respond to victimization is also important. Using survey data from a random sample of 400 residents of Knox County, Tennessee, we investigated the characteristics of victims of thirteen different types of fraud. After dividing individuals into categories of non-victims, one-time victims, and repeat victims, we develop profiles of personal fraud victims by examining differences in key demographic and offense characteristics. Next, we investigate the official reporting behavior of victims. The results are instructive for police agencies as they highlight common characteristics of fraud victims and suggest methods for encouraging fraud victims to report their victimization to police.
SOME TECHNICAL ISSUES IN TIME-LIMITED PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH CHILDREN

The realities of present-day child psychiatric practice compel the increasing use of time-limited therapeutic interventions both in clinics and in residential institutions. Staff members, burdened with lengthening waiting lists and a shortage of qualified therapists, must seek less time-eonsuming methods of effective treatment. Trainees are frequently assigned to an outpatient service or placed in a residential treatment center for periods of a few months, at the end of which time they must terminate with their patients and move on. Faced with such realities, trainees and experienced therapists alike may feel they have to make the best of a bad situation while they continue to practice according to traditional models. In this case, the necessarily brief courses of therapy carried out by trainees are regarded as incomplete fragments of long-term therapy. Some clinics, swinging to the opposite extreme, reorganize to conduct primarily "crisis intervention" and preventive work according to models drawn from community psychiatry, relegating traditional psychotherapy to a minor position (Caplan, 1964). It is not the purpose of this paper to consider either of these alternatives, but rather to explore pragmatically the distinctive issues, problems, and possible advantages of individual psychotherapy with disturbed children that is specifically designed for a span of several months.
The influence of head and body tilt on human fore-aft translation perception.

The tilt–translation ambiguity occurs because acceleration due to translation cannot be differentiated from gravitational acceleration. Head tilt can occur independent of body tilt which further complicates the problem. The tilt–translation ambiguity is examined for fore-aft (surge) translation with head and/or body orientations that are tilted in pitch 10° forward or backward. Eleven human subjects (six female), mean age 40 years participated. Conditions included no tilt (NT), head and body tilt (HBT), head only tilt (HOT), and body only tilt (BOT). The fore-aft stimulus consisted of a 2 s (0.5 Hz) sine wave in acceleration which a maximum peak velocity of 10 cm/s. After each stimulus, the subject reported the direction of motion as forward or backward. Subsequent stimuli were adjusted to determine the point at which subjects were equally likely to report motion in either direction. During the HBT, responses were biased such that upward pitch caused a neutral stimulus to be more likely to be perceived as forward and downward pitch caused the stimulus to be more likely to be perceived as backward. The difference in the point of subjective equality based on the direction of tilt was 3.3 cm/s. During the BOT condition, the bias with respect to the direction of body tilt was in a similar direction with a difference in PSE 1.6 cm/s. During HOT and NT, there was no significant bias on fore-aft perception. These findings demonstrate that body tilt shifts the PSE of fore-aft direction discrimination while head tilt has no influence.
Age-related changes of the glenoid labrum in normal shoulders *

A growing number of labral changes are described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the glenoid and labrum of normal shoulders at different ages and characterize any apparent age-dependent changes. We analyzed 32 normal cadaveric shoulders with a mean age of 57 years (range, 18-89 years). There were 22 male and 10 female cadavers, with 14 right and 18 left specimens. The shoulders were studied macroscopically, histologically, and radiologically. The radiologic evaluation consisted of an analysis of the subchondral mineralization of the glenoid with the use of computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry. Macroscopically, there were no statistically significant differences among the age groups. Histopathologically, the labrum showed a significant qualitative and quantitative increase (P <.01) in lesions across all regions with increasing age. In younger individuals, lesions at the 12-o'clock position were the most prevalent, with the incidence increasing with age. The anterosuperior position was the region with the next highest prevalence. This was also the area of the highest stress distribution on the glenoid. Our studies demonstrated clear histopathologic changes of the glenoid labrum that are significantly age-related at specific sites. The earliest changes are seen close to the area of highest stress distribution of the glenoid, which could explain the progressive labral changes with increasing age. Arthroscopically detected changes of the glenoid labrum should be evaluated in the context of age-related changes in normal shoulders.
New In Vitro Dissolution Test Apparatus

A new in vitro dissolution test apparatus was designed and evaluated. Compressed tablets of drugs representing different solubility characteristics were tested at various air pressures and compared to dissolution patterns of similar tablets by the Levy beaker and USP methods. Air pressure of 46 mm generally was suitable for determining the dissolution rates of tablets. This new dissolution tester possibly can be useful in determining drug release from solid dosage forms and correlating it with in vivo bioavailability because dissolution rate can be controlled easily with the adjustment of air pressure without complicated changes in the apparatus, there is no excessive settling of particles, and complete drug dissolution can be achieved with no clogging of the screen.
Mission-oriented biomedical research at the NIH

Abstract The NIH (National Institutes of Health) is the largest single funder of biomedical research in the world. This paper documents tensions between the agency's health and science missions and considers how, in light of these, it has managed to sustain a level of bipartisan political support uncommon in U.S. health or research policy. It highlights the serendipity hypothesis, the presence of “safety valve” mechanisms that allow it to (on occasion) target research at particular diseases and priorities, and a broad and diverse set of constituencies as important to understanding the agency's political success. Through an in-depth look at the NIH allocation process, the paper also provides insights into how demand-side considerations can affect the direction of scientific research.