cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Families of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth: What Do Parents and Siblings Know and How Do They React?

Abstract Parents' and siblings' awareness of GLB youths' sexual orientation and their reactions were examined in a sample of 516 GLB youth. Youth expected unaware parents to have negative reactions. Less than one-quarter lived with siblings who did not know about their sexual orientation. Youth with only one sibling were more likely to be known by these siblings than youth with several siblings. Few adjustment indicators were associated with parental or sibling knowledge or reactions. Compared to youth not living with parents, those living with parents experienced significantly less verbal abuse from parents related to their sexual orientation but reported less family support. Youth whose parents and siblings knew about their sexual orientation and who reacted positively became aware of their same-sex attractions, identified as GLB, and first disclosed their sexual orientation at earlier ages. Although such youth reported more past verbal harassment based on their sexual orientation from their families, t...
Investigations on the Origin of Amylase in Serum and Urine

The values for serum and urinary amylase do not change after subtotal pancreatectomy in man and after complete extirpation of the gland in dogs. Serum amylase and urinary amylase, therefore, cannot be of pancreatic origin under normal conditions. When the pancreatic ducts are ligated alone these enzymes become markedly increased. They rise further when secretin is injected. They fall to their original values when the pancreas is removed after duct ligation. The same effect is obtained by establishment of a pancreatic fistula after duct ligation; that is, urinary and serum amylase return to their original levels. Secretin given after establishment of the fistula does not affect the values for amylase in serum or urine. However, the amount of amylase secreted through the fistula is markedly increased. After hepatectomy alone, there is an increase of serum amylase in the first 4 to 6 hr. Six hours later the values drop to between 46 and 96 units. When pancreas and liver are removed at the same operation, serum amylase is elevated after 2 hr. Then the values fall to around 45 units until the death of the animals. When the liver is removed after the dogs have sufficiently recovered from the pancreatectomy, serum amylase decreased to values as low as 38 to 42 units in 12 to 16 hr until the dogs died. These results indicate that the amylase regularly present in serum and urine is not of pancreatic origin. Only those elevated amounts of amylase which appear in the urine and blood under pathological conditions are derived from the pancreas. Since the serum amylase decreases steadily after hepatectomy, the liver is to be considered as one of the sources of the amylase in serum.
Nolan & Ready – ‘Settling’ for Less than Perfect in Illinois When Determining the Role Defendants Play in the Litigation after They Settle

This article explores two decisions made by the Illinois Supreme Court during their 2008-2009 term -- Ready v. United/Goedecke Services, Inc. and Nolan v. WEIL-McLain. Ready held that settled defendants may not be included on jury verdict forms when apportioning fault, and Nolan held that a defendant may submit evidence of settled defendants in support of his sole proximate cause defense. This article points out that the Nolan decision renders the Ready decision unworkable, because once a jury is exposed to the evidence of settled defendants, the jury will consider that evidence when apportioning fault, regardless of whether the settled defendants' names appear on the jury verdict form. The result is that the remaining defendant and the plaintiff will be forced to bear the liability that is unable to be apportioned to the settled defendants. Consequently, this article argues that the Ready decision should be overturned, allowing settled defendants to be included on the jury verdict form. Additionally, the article argues that the sole proximate cause instruction should be abrogated from Illinois courts. Through these changes, the Illinois legislature's intent in passing the joint and several liability statute (735 ILCS 5/2-1117) will be achieved -- protect the minimally culpable defendant from having to pay the entire amount of damages. Moreover, the plaintiff will have a greater chance to be made completely whole.This article has been updated to account for the 2010 Ready v. United/Goedecke Services, Inc. (Ready II) Illinois Supreme Court decision.
O mundo real da análise de custo-benefício: 36 questões (e quase tantas respostas quanto)

Algumas das discussoes mais interessantes sobre a analise de custo-beneficio focam problemas dificeis, incluindo cenarios catastroficos, “ fat tails ”, incerteza extrema, equidade interagencias e descontos sobre horizontes longos de tempo. Como opera no mundo real da pratica governamental, entretanto, a analise de custo-beneficio normalmente nao precisa explorar as questoes dificeis, e, quando isso acontece, tende a conseguir metodos e ferramentas padronizados. E muito util abordar a analise de custo beneficio de baixo para cima, ou seja, fixando a discussao em cenarios especificos envolvendo compensacoes e avaliacoes. Trinta e seis cenarios sao apresentados aqui, juntamente com uma exploracao de como eles devem ser controlados na pratica. As questoes abertas sao tambem discutidas. Some of the most interesting discussions of cost-benefit analysis focus on difficult problems, including catastrophic scenarios, “fat tails,” extreme uncertainty, intergenerational equity, and discounting over long time horizons. As it operates in the actual world of government practice, however, cost-benefit analysis usually does not need to explore the hardest questions, and when it does so, it tends to enlist standardized methods and tools. It is useful to approach cost-benefit analysis from the bottom up, that is, by anchoring the discussion in specific scenarios involving trade-offs and valuations. Thirty-six stylized scenarios are presented here, alongside an exploration of how they might be handled in practice. Open issues are also discussed.
Personalization, Personalized Learning and the Reform of Social Policy: The Prospect of Molecular Governance in the Digitized Society

This article argues that personalized learning has emerged in the last decade as a special instance of a more generalized response to the problem of the reorganization of the State in response to globalization and the end of the effectiveness of the industrial mass production model in the delivery of public services. The article examines personalization as one of a number of strategies for overcoming the bureaucratic State and then provides a discussion of ' mass customization' as the discourse from which personalization emerged. Finally, there is an analysis of the policy discourse of personalization in the United Kingdom, including a focus on personalizing learning as the model of future public sector reform.
A vertically-supported two-axial torsional micromirror

A vertically-supported, two-axial torsional micromirror has been successfully demonstrated and analyzed with finite element analysis. The 2 /spl mu/m-thick polysilicon micromirror, vertically supported on a substrate by locking springs and hinges, was torsionally actuated in the two orthogonal angular directions under AC driving voltage of 2.5 V and DC bias voltage of 5 V to reflect and generate laser light patterns of line, ellipse or circle on a distant screen as controlled by the driving frequency. The scanned and reflected laser light was able to make a circular pattern at f=387 Hz, an elliptical pattern at f=350 Hz, and a line pattern at f=427 Hz. As such, this surface-micromachined micromirror could provide opportunities of making complicated optical systems on a chip.
Review: Arthur P. Bochner & Carolyn Ellis (Eds.) (2002). Ethnographically Speaking: Autoethnography, Literature and Aesthetics

Das hier besprochene Buch enthalt Beitrage einer Tagung zu Autoethnographie, die – organisiert von der Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction – 2000 in St. Petersberg, Florida stattgefunden hat. In 27 Kapiteln geben unterschiedlicher Autor(inn)en Beispiele fur Ansatze, die sich um eine Verknupfung alltagsweltlicher Erfahrung mit sozialwissenschaftlicher Ethnographie bemuhen. Die Sammlung und die Tagung, aus der sie hervorgegangen ist, eroffnen kreative Alternativen zu gegenwartigen sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskussionen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs030216
Ultrasonographic Imaging of the Cervical Thoracic Duct in Children with Congenital or Acquired Heart Disease

Conditions that increase central venous pressure lead to secondary dilation of the thoracic duct and impaired lymphatic circulation. We report the use of ultrasound to directly image the cervical part of the thoracic duct in children without the need for invasive techniques or contrast agents. Systematic evaluation of the thoracic duct may be useful in cardiovascular conditions with congestion of the lymphatic system such as single ventricle following Glenn or Fontan procedures.
A National Multicenter Phase 2 Study of Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Pox Virus Vaccine with Sequential Androgen Ablation Therapy in Patients with PSA Progression: ECOG 9802

Background E9802 was a phase 2 multi-institution study conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of vaccinia and fowlpox prostate-specific antigen (PSA) vaccine (step 1) followed by combination with androgen ablation therapy (step 2) in patients with PSA progression without visible metastasis.
Control of Optical Properties using Various Nanostructured Materials: Dendrimers, Phase-Separating Block Copolymers, and Polymer Microspheres

Control of the spatial arrangement of atoms over nanoscale dimensions can be used to achieve electronic isolation of chromophores, to control electronic delocalization, to control the spatial variation of material indices of refraction, and to achieve spatially controlled energy transfer. Such control can, in turn, be exploited to avoid quenching of luminescence, to control optical absorption and emission characteristics, to achieve morphological resonances and photonic bandgap phenomena, and to achieve light harvesting and transfer to an active center. Examples of control of optical properties using nanostructured dendimers, block copolymers, and polymer microspheres are given.
Hydronephrosis in pediatric kidney transplant: clinical relevance to graft outcome.

Abstract Objective To evaluate our pediatric renal transplant patient population at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh to better understand the clinical significance of hydronephrosis. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed records of patients who had received a renal transplant in 1998–2008. Exclusion criteria included multi-organ transplants and allograft failure within 3-months. We determined the incidence of hydronephrosis and compared serum creatinine, incidence of pyelonephritis, rejection and vesicoureteral reflux between the hydronephrotic and non-hydronephrotic cohorts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t -test and Pearson Chi–Square test. Results 51 patients (35 male, 68.6%) were identified. The mean age at time of transplant was 8.7 ± 5.9 years and the mean follow-up period was 45.2 ± 45.4 months. Common causes of renal failure included posterior urethral valves, renal dysplasia, reflux and prune belly syndrome. Twenty-five (49%) patients developed hydronephrosis. This was associated with worsening renal function ( p = 0.008). Hydronephrosis was also associated with pyelonephritis ( p = 0.03) and male gender ( p = 0.004). Age at transplant may be a predictor of pyelonephritis: median age of 10 patients with pyelonephritis was 4.6 years (range 0.6–19.9 years). Hydronephrotic cohort had increased rate of reflux and rejection; as not all patients underwent voiding cystourethrogram and/or allograft biopsy, this result was not significant. Conclusions Pediatric renal graft hydronephrosis was correlated with worsening renal function and increased incidence of pyelonephritis. More aggressive preoperative and postoperative urological testing and management should help preserve renal function.
Influence of aquifer heterogeneity and return flow on pumping test data interpretation

Abstract Analytical solutions of drawdown in unconfined aquifers are widely applied for determining the specific yield, S y , and the horizontal and the vertical hydraulic conductivity K r and K z , respectively. In many previous studies, estimates of S y and K z were observed to be highly variable and physically unrealistic. This has been attributed to the conceptualization of flow above the declining water table and aquifer heterogeneity in the applied models. We present the analysis of time-drawdown data from a pumping test instrumented with depth-differentiated observation piezometers arranged in clusters. Applying homogeneous anisotropic aquifer models in combination with nonlinear least squares parameter identification techniques, the data were analyzed in different groups: analysis of data from individual piezometer clusters and simultaneous analysis of the entire data set from all piezometer clusters (global analysis). From the cluster analyses, estimates of S y and K z exhibit large variances and depart from a priori estimates inferred from the hydrostratigraphy. Parameter estimates from the global analysis do not fall within the parameter bounds (minimum and maximum values) defined by the cluster analyses. While heterogeneity appears to be the important reason for large parameter variances, we discuss the influence of rarely considered aquifer return flow on drawdown and the inconsistent results from the cluster and global analyses. We corroborate our findings with data on hydraulic gradients, slug test data, and results from the application of a more realistic numerical flow model.
Multisensor data fusion and visualization for impact echo testing of bridge decks

An effective multisensor data fusion and visualization framework is proposed for accurate localization and effective visualization of delamination in concrete bridge decks based on impact echo (IE) nondestructive evaluation method. The fusion rules are developed by analyzing the spatial distribution of surface motion resulting from mechanical impacts applied at different locations based on numerical simulation. The proposed approach can process, integrate and interpret the data from a series IE source-receiver arrays to improve the accuracy and reliability of delamination characterization for bridge decks. The visualization approach provides an intuitive way for users to visualize the internal defects of concrete bridge decks.
Domain structure of the myosin head in correlation-averaged images of shadowed molecules.

Electron microscope images of rotary shadowed myosin heads and subfragment-1 (S1) have been computationally aligned and averaged using correlation methods. Average images show reproducible detail within the ‘pear-shaped’ envelope of the head; the major features are invariant in S1 and in intact heads, in two mirror-related views of the head, and in the presence and absence of ATP. The averages support the view that the head contains two main structural domains separated by a cleft, and that the region of the neck close to the head-rod junction is flexible. They also reveal the inadequacy of the conventional method of correcting the measured dimensions of shadowed particles for the supposed thickness of the ‘metal coat’.
Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of a Dual-Band Negative-Index Metamaterial

We study the nonlinear optical response of a dual-band negative-index metamaterial with two-color pump-probe spectroscopy. We demonstrate the utility of the device as a nanoscale, structurally tunable, subpicosecond all-optical modulator.
Exercise training of late-pregnant and nonpregnant dairy cows affects physical fitness and acid-base homeostasis.

Abstract The objective was to determine if exercise training improves physical fitness of nonlactating, late-pregnant and nonpregnant multiparous Holstein cows and alters acid-base homeostasis during an exercise test on a treadmill. Twenty-six pairs (each pair having 1 late-pregnant and 1 nonpregnant) of cows were assigned to treatments of exercise training or no exercise. Exercise training was walking (1.25 to 1.5 h at 3.25 km/h) every other day in an outdoor mechanical walker for 70 d. Cows completed treadmill exercise tests on d 0, 30, and 60 of the experiment or about d 70, 40, and 10 before expected parturition of the pregnant cow of each pair. On d 0, physical fitness was similar among all cows based on durations of treadmill tests, heart rates, and acid-base measurements at given workloads (21.1 ± 0.6 min; 144 ± 2.2 beats per min; plasma lactate 3.1 ± 1.9 mmol/L; and venous blood pH 7.44 ± 0.0035, respectively). After 60 d of training, exercised cows walked longer during treadmill exercise tests compared with nonexercised cows (23.7 vs. 18.3 ± 0.85 min, respectively), indicating greater physical fitness (pooled across pregnancy status). Heart rates and plasma lactate concentrations at given workloads were less (144 vs. 156 ± 2.7 beats per min; and 1.4 vs. 3.2 ± 0.24 mmol/L for exercised compared with nonexercised cows, respectively). Additionally, exercised cows more effectively maintained acid-base homeostasis during treadmill tests compared with nonexercised cows. Metabolic, endocrine, and nutritional demands associated with late pregnancy did not affect responses differently to exercise training for late-pregnant compared with nonpregnant cows. Overall, exercise training of late-pregnant and nonpregnant cows for 60 d improved physical fitness.
Material anisotropy and trimming method effects on total elongation in DP500 sheet steel

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the influence of material anisotropy and trimming method on the total elongation of the trimmed edge of DP500 sheet steel. For various orientations, experimental analysis is carried out on rectangular shaped tensile test specimens featuring a polished edge on one side and a trimmed edge on the other side. It is shown that the total elongation in DP500 steel exhibits significant sensitivity to (1) specimen orientation with respect to rolling direction, and (2) trimming method employed. In particular, difference in total elongation between longitudinal and transverse orientations become more pronounced with increasing trim clearance for conventionally trimmed samples. Total elongation anisotropy, however, can be significant even at small trim clearances and when sheared surface of the blank has relatively good quality without the burr which is the case for samples trimmed by the technology with offal support and dulled upper trim edge. The observations provided herein may be instrumental in contributing to meaningful explanations for unexpected edge cracking problems observed in some DP500 stamping cases. Recommendations for manufacturing best practices are offered.
Testosterone selectively influences protein kinase-C-coupled secretion of proluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-derived peptides.

Abstract LHRH and GnRH-associated peptide (GAP) are two major pro-LHRH-derived peptides which are secreted from median eminence (ME) nerve terminals in vitro. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether manipulation of gonadal steroid levels in vivo influenced selectively the in vitro secretion of LHRH and GAP under basal or K+ and phorbol ester (PDBu) stimulation. Secretion of both peptides under each of these three conditions was reduced at least 2-fold in 2-week orchidectomized (ORDX) rats relative to the level in intact controls. Tissue stores of LHRH and GAP were also depressed in the ME of ORDX relative to control rats. When the data were expressed in terms of the percentage of peptide secreted per ME, both groups secreted similar percentages of the peptides into the medium under basal and K+-stimulated conditions. Interestingly, PDBu-activated secretion of LHRH and GAP remained depressed in ORDX animals. The nerve terminals from ORDX animals were not susceptible to a more rapid d...
A preliminary study of anticholinergic burden and relationship to a quality of life indicator, engagement in activities, in nursing home residents with dementia.

Objectives (1) To describe the anticholinergic burden experienced by nursing home residents with dementia using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) Scale; and (2) to determine the association of anticholinergic burden and engagement in activity. Design Cross-sectional, using baseline data from an ongoing clinical trial. Setting Nine nursing homes in Pennsylvania. Participants Eighty-seven nursing home residents with dementia Measurements The ACB Scale was used to classify the severity of each resident's prescribed drugs’ anticholinergic activity on cognition. Engagement in activity was measured by direct observation using a standard instrument. Results Across 775 observations, subjects were active approximately 54% of the time, doing nothing 24% of the time, and asleep over 21% of the time. Seventy-one (81.6%) subjects were prescribed at least one drug with anticholinergic properties and 32 (36.7%) were prescribed at least one drug with severe anticholinergic properties. On average, subjects had a total ACB score of 2.55 (± 1.9). Mental status (MMSE) and dependency (PGDRS) were associated with engagement, but use of anticholinergic drugs was not. Conclusion Nursing home residents are prescribed many drugs with anticholinergic properties. The ACB Scale has utility as a tool to alert practitioners to high anticholinergic burden, who can then use this information when choosing between equally efficacious medications. Further study using larger samples of persons with dementia in earlier stages of the disease, and use of intense measurement designs are needed to more clearly determine the association of ACB with quality of life indicators.
Optical Spectroscopic Studies of Mononitrated Benzo[a]pyrenes†

Spectroscopic properties, including absorption, emission spectra, and excited-state lifetimes of the mononitrated benzo[a]pyrenes (NBaPs), specifically 1-, 3-, and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes (1-, 3-, and 6-NBaP), are reported, and correlations with structure are developed. With 1- and 3-NBaP, bathochromic shifts are observed in the absorption spectra. The quantum yields of emission display the following trend: BaP >> 6-NBaP > 1-NBaP approximately 3-NBaP. Fluorescence lifetimes for nitrated BaPs were approximately 6 to 7 times shorter than that of BaP. With the help of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), assignments of the electronic transitions are proposed and are in good agreement with the electronic spectra for the NBaPs in methanol. On the basis of optimization of the triplet states, different photochemical consequences are discussed, and the observed fluorescence quenching is explained. Changes in the electron density distributions in the ground and excited states calculated at the second-order coupled-cluster level using the resolution-of-the-identity approximation (RI-CC2) provide information about the possible mechanism of photochemical reactions of NBaPs. Correlations between the orientation of the nitro group relative to the aromatic plane and the observed properties of the NBaP are discussed.
The Triglyceride Paradox in Stroke Survivors: A Prospective Study

Objective. The purpose of our study was to understand the association between serum triglycerides and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods. A cohort of all adult patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with an AIS from March 2004 to December 2005 were selected. The lipid profile levels were measured within 24 hours of stroke onset. Demographics, admission stroke severity (NIHSS), functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)), and mortality at 3 months were recorded. Results. The final cohort consisted of 334 subjects. A lower level of triglycerides at presentation was found to be significantly associated with worse National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (P = 0.004), worse mRS (P = 0.02), and death at 3 months (P = 0.0035). After adjusting for age and gender and NIHSS, the association between triglyceride and mortality at 3 months was not significant (P = 0.26). Conclusion. Lower triglyceride levels seem to be associated with a worse prognosis in AIS.
Lymphokines and the immune response: the central role of interleukin-2

Abstract A number of recent and past reports on the in vitro and in vivo roles of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-β suggest that interleukin-2 plays a general role in the immune response. The other three lymphokines often play directive roles that determine the kind of response that occurs.
Reliably generating traffic conflicts in human-in-the-loop experiments

This paper describes a method for reliably generating traffic conflicts in human-in-the-loop (HITL) experiments. Research, development and pilot training on systems such as TCAS or ACAS-X require HITL simulation studies, which have been historically limited by their ability to create desired collision avoidance trajectories. With the present method, pilots are free to control their own trajectory within the limits of air traffic instructions. The simulator adapts to any variation in the ownship's trajectory as it generates intruder trajectories. The method not only results in an RA, but also provides the ability to reliably control the type of initial resolution advisory (climb, descend,...) and any modifications (reversal, strengthen). Moreover, the generated intruder trajectories remain realistic and fade in with surrounding traffic. Therefore, pilots' reactions can be accurately studied in realistic settings and with minimal variation in the experimental conditions. Results from a recent study are presented, illustrating success rates in achieving desired initial resolution advisory and any modifications to it.
Allowed and forbidden transitions in the ESR spectra of manganese(II)-doped tris(octamethylpyrophosphoramide)magnesium(II) perchlorate

Abstract The ESR spectra of Mn(OMPA)3(ClO4)2 (OMPA = octamethylpyrophosphoramide) doped into the corresponding magnesium host lattice is reported. The electron spin-nuclear spin hyperfine coupling constant (106 gauss) is indicative of the highly ionic character of the manganese-oxygen bonding. The spectra were interpreted using an axially symmetric spin- Hamiltonian for an S= 5 2 spin state. The zero-field splitting is predominantly due to interaction of Mn(II) with the trigonal crystalline field. The magnitude and signs of the zero-field splitting parameters D and (a − F) were determined: D = 157 gauss, (a − F) = +9 gauss (g = 2.011). A nuclear quadrupole coupling constant of 0.154 gauss results from an analysis of the forbidden ESR lines.
Specific effects of chronic phenobartibal administration on high- and low-affinity benzodiazepine receptors in mouse cerebellum and forebrain

Abstract Characteristics of [3H]flunitrazepam ([3H]FLU) binding to cortical and cerebellar membrane receptors were examined following chronic (six days) administration of phenobarbital (PB) to C57B1 mice. Following PB treatment, the number of [3H]FLU binding sites (Bmax) was significantly reduced in both cerebral cortex and in cerebellum. No change in the affinity (KD) of these binding sites was observed. Using 3-methyl-6-[3-(trifluormethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4,-triazolo [4,3-β]pyridazine (CL-218,872), further analysis revealed a significant decrease in the number of high-affinity CL-218,872 binding sites in cerebellar tissue. In the forebrain areas, however, a significant decrease in the number of low-affinity binding sites was found. Finally, the enhancement of [3H]FLU binding, produced by in vitro addition of pentobarbital, was significantly less pronounced in the cerebellum of PB-treated animals.
Credibility in California

Abstract The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 22nd Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Long Beach, California. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies from TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, PO Box 58066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA.
Spin-orbit scattering in dirty superconductors

Spin-orbit scattering and the resulting spin contamination of the pure spin-up and spin-down states of a singlet Cooper pair lead to a finite exchange term in the pairing interaction, besides the direct term of BCS theory. Both of these terms are evaluated as functions of the spin lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{so}}$ and the effective coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ of a dirty superconductor. We show that, as ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{so}}$ decreases, the weakening of the direct term caused by spin rotation of the pair within $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is exactly compensated by intervention of the exchange term. Both effects are proportional to $\frac{\ensuremath{\xi}}{{v}_{F}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{so}}}$ (where ${v}_{F}$ is the Fermi velocity). The physical conclusion is that the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ remains unaffected, a result first noted by Anderson.
μ-Opioid Receptor-Induced Ca2+ Mobilization and Astroglial Development: Morphine Inhibits DNA Synthesis and Stimulates Cellular Hypertrophy through a Ca2+-Dependent Mechanism

Morphine, a preferential mu-opioid receptor agonist, alters astroglial development by inhibiting cell proliferation and by promoting cellular differentiation. Although morphine affects cellular differentiation through a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism, few studies have examined whether Ca2+ mediates the effect of opioids on cell proliferation, or whether a particular Ca2+ signal transduction pathway mediates opioid actions. Moreover, it is uncertain whether one or more opioid receptor types mediates the developmental effects of opioids. To address these questions, the present study examined the role of mu-opioid receptors and Ca2+ mobilization in morphine-induced astrocyte development. Morphine (1 microM) and non-morphine exposed cultures enriched in murine astrocytes were incubated in Ca(2+)-free media supplemented with < 0.005, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mM Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o), or in unmodified media containing Ca2+ ionophore (A23187), nifedipine (1 microM), dantrolene (10 microM), thapsigargin (100 nM), or L-glutamate (100 microM) for 0-72 h. mu-Opioid receptor expression was examined immunocytochemically using specific (MOR1) antibodies. Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was measured by microfluorometric analysis using fura-2. Astrocyte morphology and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (DNA synthesis) were assessed in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactive astrocytes. The results showed that morphine inhibited astroglial growth by activating mu-opioid receptors. Astrocytes expressed MOR1 immunoreactivity and morphine's actions were mimicked by the selective mu agonist PL017. In addition, morphine inhibited DNA synthesis by mobilizing [Ca2+]i in developing astroglia. At normal [Ca2+]o, morphine attenuated DNA synthesis by increasing [Ca2+]i; low [Ca2+]o (0.3 mM) blocked this effect, while treatment with Ca2+ ionophore or glutamate mimicked morphine's actions. At extremely low [Ca2+]o (< 0.005 mM), morphine paradoxically increased BrdU incorporation. Although opioids can increase [Ca2+]i in astrocytes through several pathways, not all affect DNA synthesis or cellular morphology. Nifedipine (which blocks L-type Ca2+ channels) did not prevent morphine-induced reductions in BrdU incorporation or cellular differentiation, while thapsigargin (which depletes IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores) severely affected inhibited DNA synthesis and cellular differentiation-irrespective of morphine treatment. However, dantrolene (an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent Ca2+ release) selectively blocked the effects of morphine. Collectively, the findings suggest that opioids suppress astroglial DNA synthesis and promote cellular hypertrophy by inhibiting Ca(2+)-dependent Ca2+ release from dantrolene-sensitive intracellular stores. This implies a fundamental mechanism by which opioids affect central nervous system maturation.
Addressing behavior problems among school-aged children: traditional and controversial approaches.

1. Mark L. Wolraich, MD* 1. 2. *Professor of Pediatrics and Director of the Division of Child Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. 1. Children’s behavior can be modified by providing appropriate environmental interventions. 2. The first step in addressing behavioral problems in children is to identify the specific problem, what preceded and encourages that behavior, and what other psychosocial issues are occurring within the family. 3. Important elements in improving parents’ ability to manage their children is to make them more reinforcing and positive, to improve their consistency, and to make them more contingent in their application of their parenting. 4. The pediatrician must consider a spectrum of activities to help parents that range from providing suggestions and reading materials to referring for individual family therapy with a mental health clinician, depending on the severity of the problem. 5. All therapies should be demonstrated to be efficacious and not significantly harmful before they are recommended for use. This requires well-controlled scientific studies, including blinding and use of a placebo. In discussing behavior problems, particularly in school-aged children, it is important to note that the age-old argument about nature versus nurture is clinically counterproductive. Children’s behavior reflects the interaction of their temperament and inherited personality, the history of their experiences, and the particular nature of each situation. In most circumstances it is impossible to determine what proportion each of these elements contributes to a given manifestation. Likewise, the proportions are likely to vary from child to child and even from situation to situation in a single child. Although it is difficult to modify children’s personalities, it is possible to modify behavior by identifying and correcting adverse situations in the environment and by introducing appropriate interventions. Previous experiences cannot be changed, but if adverse environments can be corrected early, there is a greater possibility of preventing or diminishing their impact. Identifying adverse situations, such as child abuse or neglect, marital discord, or inappropriate class placement, is an important aspect …
The prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease after coronary bypass operations. Time-related progress of 532 patients with disabling angina pectoris.

The clinical progress of 532 patients who were treated for ischemic heart disease by coronary bypass grafting during a five-year period was studied. All patients had at least 50% luminal narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries determined by preoperative coronary arteriography and relatively stable and disabling (New York Heart Association Functional Class III and IV) angina pectoris. During the total observation period there were 35 deaths: 18 early and 17 late. The over-all 4-year survival rate by life-table methods was 89%, and it differed among patients with one-vessel involvement (96%), two-vessel involvement (89%), and three-vessel involvement (84%), but not significantly so. The patency rate of bypass grafts determined in 191 patients at a mean time of six months postoperatively was 76%. Functional class I and II status was 93% during the first year and was 75% during the fourth year after operation in observed survivors.
A high-voltage regulator for the ORNL 86-inch cyclotron

A plate-voltage regulator was installed in the 86-Inch Cyclotron to reduce the ripple in the r.f. output of the oscillator. Three 69201 high-perveance triodes in the series regulator reduce the plate-voltage ripple from 15% to 0.05% (peak-to-peak). The 2% (peak-to-peak) ripple (120 cps) remaining on the r.f. output is presumably due to the 60 cps supply to the oscillator filament. Problems encountered in the conversion are described.
Ionic aggregates in partially Zn-neutralized poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomers : Shape, size, and size distribution

The ionic aggregates in a series of partially Zn-neutralized poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomers have been imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy. The profound advantage of this technique is the direct interpretation of the images for the shape, size, and size distribution of the ionic aggregates. Using tilt series and aspect ratios, the aggregates at all neutralization levels (17−78%) and both as-extruded and recrystallized were found to be spherical. The diameter of the Zn-rich aggregates is ∼2.1 nm and is independent of the neutralization level. The size of the aggregates increased slightly upon recrystallization, and this was more pronounced at higher neutralization levels. The size distribution was described by a size dispersity index and was found to be nearly monodisperse. Finally, at 17% neutralization the ionic aggregates are widely separated relative to the polymer chains. These combined results suggest that the ionic aggregates include segments from the nonionic polymer...
The design and calibration of a startle measurement system.

Abstract The present study sought to determine appropriate instrumentation for amplification and calibration of cages used to measure the acoustic startle response in rats. Fourier analysis indicated that the characteristic frequency of the rat startle response is about 5–15 Hz. This value was consistent in cages differing widely in resonant frequency, among several different transducers and across a range of large and small startle responses. Given this characteristic frequency range of startle, it is suggested that amplifiers fitted with band pass filters centered at about 10 Hz should be ideal for measuring startle while simultaneously excluding non-startle activity. A device is described which vibrates startle cages at 10 Hz, since this seems most appropriate for calibrating the sensitivity of a startle system. Data are presented showing that this type of calibrator is more valid than an impact-type calibrator.
Botulinum neurotoxin type E fragmented with endoproteinase Lys-C reveals the site trypsin nicks and homology with tetanus neurotoxin.

Abstract Botulinum neurotoxin type E, a 150 kDa single chain protein, cleaved with endoproteinase Lys-C yielded 113, 73, and 50 kDa fragments. The N-terminal sequence of the 113 kDa fragment, Gly-Ile-Arg-Lys-Ser-Ile-Cys-Ile, overlaps the N-terminal sequence, Lys-Ser-Ile-Cys-Ile of the 103 kDa heavy chain produced by nicking the neurotoxin with trypsin. The -Arg-Lys- bond is therefore the site on the single chain type E NT where trypsin nicks generating the 50 kDa light and 103 kDa heavy chains of the dichain NT. The sequence of the first 50 N-terminal residues of the 73 kDa fragment were determined. This fragment is a segment of the heavy chain; 50% of the 50 residues are present in identical positions in a similar segment of the heavy chain of tetanus neurotoxin.
Inertial impaction and gravitational deposition of aerosols in curved tubes and airway bifurcations

A theoretical model of the simultaneous action of inertial impaction and gravitational forces on a particle moving in three dimensional circular bends is presented. Deposition efficiencies are computed for three different idealized flow patterns: 1) uniform; 2) radially dependent, or rotational; and 3) parabolic. The bend is in a vertical plane, the inclusive angle of the bend is a variable, and its inlet can be at any angle of alignment to the horizontal. The results of these new simulations are compared with available experimental data and theoretical computations. The integral and differential distributions of deposition along the length of the tubes are examined. The relative contributions of the inertial impaction and sedimentation mechanisms to total (i.e., simultaneous) deposition are studied. The applicability of simple pipe bend models, and their appropriate limits, are examined for the deposition of aerosols in human tracheobronchial bifurcations. The conceptual model is further developed for th...
Is Fatherhood a Full-Time Job? Mixed Methods Insights into Measuring Stay-at-Home Fatherhood

Little is known about men who serve as primary caregivers for American families due to a lack of detailed questions on fatherhood and small numbers found in large-scale, nationally representative surveys. This paper moves beyond this limitation using a combination of in-depth interviews with 40 fathers and microdata from the 2005-2007 American Community Survey to critically assess whether the US Census Bureau accurately counts the number of male primary caregivers. Findings suggest that it likely underestimates the number who care full-time, by as many as 1.4 million, by not counting fathers who work part-time, report other reasons for being home and/or have been home less than one year. These results have important implications for how scholars more precisely measure emergent, transitioning forms of fatherhood.
Analysis of trends in the Florida Trauma System (1991-2003): Changes in mortality after establishment of new centers

Background This study analyzes trends in hospitalization and outcome for adult, elderly, and pediatric trauma victims in the Florida Trauma System (FTS) from 1991 to 2003, during which time the number of centers nearly doubled from 11 to 20. Methods Administrative data was queried for all admissions with at least one trauma related discharge. Patients were stratified by age as pediatric (age, 0 to 15 years), adult (age, 16 to 64 years), or elderly (age, >64 years). Volume of admissions, severity, and mortality were analyzed over time. A logistic regression model was used to test the existence of an organizational experience curve after the designation of a new trauma center. Results Injury-related hospitalizations increased for the elderly, stayed the same for adults, and declined for children. As the system matured, a larger percentage of victims, particularly the most severely injured, were triaged to trauma centers, indicating more effective triage. In contrast to adults and pediatric patients, the majority of elderly trauma victims were managed at non-trauma centers. The trauma mortality rate per 1,000 population among the elderly increased during the study period (P Conclusions The FTS has grown with its population and has matured to treat a larger percentage of trauma victims. Trauma victims transported to established trauma centers (4+ years) have a survival advantage compared to their counterparts transported to newly created centers. The reduction in the odds of mortality does not occur immediately after trauma center designation.
Performance of adults ages 20 to 90 on the abbreviated Wisconsin card sorting test.

Studies of the potential effect of aging on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance have found older adults to perform at an impaired level relative to younger adults. This study examined the sensitivity of the 64-card version of the WCST to age-related changes in 140 healthy adults, ages 20 to 90 years. Results revealed significant linear trends for age, demonstrating decreased competence on variables of accuracy (e.g., Total Errors, Categories) and perseveration.
Associations of aging and birth cohort with body mass index in a biethnic cohort.

Objective: To examine associations of aging and birth cohort with body mass index (BMI) in a biethnic cohort. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a longitudinal closed cohort study of 14, 500 white and African-American men and women, 45 to 64 years of age, followed for 9 years. Aging was defined as the length of the interval in years between baseline and following visits. Birth cohort was defined by the year in which participants were born. Mixed model analyses were used to examine associations of aging, birth cohort, and BMI in four ethnicity-gender groups. Results: We found that aging was associated with an increase in BMI in white and African-American men and women. The associations between aging and BMI were stronger in the younger birth cohorts. Except for white women, younger birth cohort was associated with a higher BMI. After adjusting for aging, birth cohort was associated with an increase in BMI of 0.1 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): −0.1, 0.3] among white women. The corresponding values for African-American women, white men, and African-American men are 0.5 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.9), 0.6 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.8), and 0.6 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.2, 1.0), respectively. Discussion: Our analyses show that, in all except white women, people in this age range who were born later have a higher BMI at the same attained age. In all groups, people who are born later gained more weight as they aged. In general, subjects ages 45 to 64 years gained weight as they aged 9 years.
Numerical stability of boundary layers with massive blowing.

By = 0.408%, K = 50.0 for the tensile plastic loading phase and ey = 0.097%, K = 1.90 for the compression plastic phase, Eq. (2) curve-fit the data accurately. A comparison of the measured strain-time history and the theoretical prediction is shown in Fig. 5. As discussed in Ref. 1, the Bauschinger effect reduces peak amplitudes after the first maximum peak and also reduces the final deformation. After 108 /^sec, the ring vibrates elastically; this vibration eventually damps out and the ring is left with a permanent strain of 2.2%. This Note presents an experimental method for expanding rings into the plastic regime and measuring the response. This procedure and the compressive method presented in Ref. 1 provide techniques for experimentally verifying nonlinear dynamic stress-strain laws.
MiR-33 Contributes to the Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis

Cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated at the cellular level. Here we show that miR-33, an intronic microRNA (miRNA) located within the gene encoding sterol-regulatory element-binding factor-2 (SREBF-2), a transcriptional regulator of cholesterol synthesis, modulates the expression of genes involved in cellular cholesterol transport. In mouse and human cells, miR-33 inhibits the expression of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCA1, thereby attenuating cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1. In mouse macrophages, miR-33 also targets ABCG1, reducing cholesterol efflux to nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lentiviral delivery of miR-33 to mice represses ABCA1 expression in the liver, reducing circulating HDL levels. Conversely, silencing of miR-33 in vivo increases hepatic expression of ABCA1 and plasma HDL levels. Thus, miR-33 appears to regulate both HDL biogenesis in the liver and cellular cholesterol efflux.
Transcription termination sites in the major leftward operon of coliphage lambda

Abstract A transcriptional mapping technique was employed to determine the locations of leftward transcription termination sites within the pL-att region of bacteriophage λ. Lysogens in which phage or host mutations blocked N-mediated antitermination were used. The results are consistent with the presence of three major termination sites, designated tL1, tL2, and tL3, which map at about 71.1 (between genes N and ral), 68.9 (likely within gene cIII) and 64.4 (within gene exo) %λ units, respectively, measured from the left terminus of the mature λ DNA. The tL1 terminator is about 80% efficient, while the tL2 and tL3 terminators are over 90% efficient. The locations of other possible terminators, including one near the nutL site and another within the int gene, are also discussed.