cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of in-use emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles from engine testing

A model of a heavy-duty vehicle driveline with automatic transmission has been developed for estimating engine speed and load from vehicle speed. The model has been validated using emissions tests conducted on three diesel vehicles on a chassis dynamometer and then on the engines removed from the vehicles tested on an engine dynamometer. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were proportional to work done by the engine. For two of the engines, the NOx/horsepower(HP) ratio was the same on the engine and on the chassis dynamometer tests. For the third engine NOx/HP was significantly higher from the chassis test, possibly due to the use of dual engine maps. The engine certification test generated consistently less particulate matter emissions on a gram per brake horsepower-hour basis than the Heavy Duty Transient and Central Business District chassis cycles. A good linear correlation (r2 = 0.97 and 0.91) was found between rates of HP increase integrated over the test cycle and PM emissions for both the chassis and ...
Role of 4-1BB (CD137) in the functional activation of cord blood CD28(-)CD8(+) T cells.

The CD28− subset of CD8+ T cells is associated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector function. We investigated a potential role for 4-1BB, a costimulatory molecule structurally related to members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, in the generation and functional activation of CD28− CTLs by using human cord blood (CB) cells composed exclusively of naive CD8+ T cells with few or no CD28− CTLs. The 4-1BB was induced preferentially on the CB CD28−CD8+ T cells when CD28 down-regulation was induced by interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-12 stimulation. Anti–4-1BB costimulation induced dramatic phenotypic changes in the CD28− CTLs, including restoration of CD28 expression as well as that of memory markers such as CD45RO and CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6). Anti–4-1BB costimulation also promoted long-term survival of CD28− CTLs, which were sensitive to activation-induced cell death upon anti-CD3 stimulation. The memory-type CD28+CTLs induced by anti–4-1BB costimulation acquired a greatly enhanced content of granzyme B, a cytolytic mediator, and enhanced cytotoxic activity as compared with CD28− CTLs. Strong cytotoxicity of memory-type CTLs to a 4-1BB ligand–expressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–transformed B-cell line was almost completely abrogated by 4-1BB–Fc, a soluble form of 4-1BB, suggesting involvement of 4-1BB in cytolytic processes. Taken all together, our results suggest that 4-1BB plays a role in the differentiation of effector memory CTLs.
Investigation of Physical Properties of Graphene-Cement Composite for Structural Applications

The hydration of cement generates heat due to the exothermic nature of the hydration process. Poor heat dissipation in mass concrete results in a temperature gradient between the inner core and the outer surface of the element. High temperature gradients generate tensile stresses that may exceed the tensile strength of concrete thus leading to thermal cracking. The present paper is an attempt to understand the thermal (heat sink property) and microstructural changes in the hydrated graphene-Portland cement composites. Thermal diffusivity and electrical conductivity of the hydrated graphene-cement composite were measured at various graphene to cement ratios. The mass-volume method was implemented to measure the density of the hydrated graphene-cement composite. Particle size distribution of Portland cement was measured by using a laser scattering particle size analyzer. Heat of hydration of Portland cement was assessed by using a TAMAIR isothermal conduction calorimeter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented to study microstructural changes of the hydrated graphene-cement composites. The mineralogy of graphene-cement and the hydrated graphene-cement composites was investigated by using X-ray diffraction. The findings indicate that incorporation of graphene enhances the thermal properties of the hydrated cement indicating a potential for reduction in early age thermal cracking and durability improvement of the concrete structures.
Towards a more efficient sparse coding based audio-word feature extraction system

This paper is concerned with the efficiency of sparse coding based audio-word feature extraction system. In particular, we have defined and added the concept of early and late temporal pooling to the classic sparse coding based audio-word feature extraction pipeline, and we have tested them on the genre tags subset of the CAL10k data set. We define temporal pooling as any functions that are able to transforms the input time series representation into a more temporally compact representation. Under this definition, we have examined the following two temporal pooling functions for improving the feature extraction's efficiency, and they are: Early Texture Window Pooling and Multiple Frame Representation. Early texture window pooling tremendously boost the efficiency by compromising the retrieving accuracy, while multiple frame representation slightly improve both the feature extracting efficiency and retrieving accuracy. Overall, our best feature extraction setup achieves 0.202 in mean average precision on the genre tags subset of the CAL10k data set.
A Predictive Model for Matrix and Analyte Effects in Electrospray Ionization of Singly-Charged Ionic Analytes

In electrospray ionization (ESI), droplets with a surface excess charge are created. The rate of production of surface excess charge is a constant and is equal to the rate of ion production. The ions appearing in the mass spectrum are postulated to be those that formed the surface excess charge at the time of droplet formation (or their collision products). An equilibrium model based on competition among the ions in the solution for the limited number of excess charge sites has been developed. This model accurately predicts the response curves of singly-charged ionic analytes as a function of the concentration of electrolyte and other analytes and provides an explanation for the selective effectiveness of ESI. At low concentrations of total analyte (micromolar and less), the response curves are linear, indifferent to the presence of other low concentration analytes, and suppressed by electrolyte concentrations in excess of the minimum required. At higher analyte concentrations, the response becomes independent of analyte concentration but highly affected by the presence of other analytes.
On a matrix product question in cryptography

Abstract Let A , B be invertible n × n matrices over the finite field F q with irreducible characteristic polynomials. For k ∈ Z + , denote M k ( A , B ) : = { f ( A ) g ( B ) : f , g ∈ F q [ x ] , with deg f , deg g k } . Assume q ⩾ 2 n , we prove that | M k ( A , B ) | > 4 − k q min ( n , 2 k − 1 ) . Moreover, let d = dim Ker ( A B − B A ) , we prove | M k ( A , B ) | > 1 16 ( n d ) ( 2 ( n − d ) ) n − d 2 q k + min ( k 2 , n − d 2 ) .
Dephosphorylation of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase by phosphoprotein phosphatase and human placental alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract Phosphorylation of rabbit muscle glycogen synthase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase results in the incorporation of 32 P into two major tryptic peptides (P-1 and P-2) which are identified by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. When 32 P-labeled synthase is incubated with rabbit muscle phosphoprotein phosphatase both P-1 and P-2 are hydrolyzed. Incubation of 32 P-labeled synthase with human placental alkaline phosphatase results in a specific hydrolysis of P-1. Measurement of the increase in synthase activity ratio accompanied by the dephosphorylation of P-1 with human placental alkaline phosphatase and, subsequently, of P-2 with phosphoprotein phosphatase shows that both P-1 and P-2 affect the glucose-6-P dependency of the synthase.
A note on the asymptotic efficiency of the sobel–wald test

Let X1,X2, … be iid random variables with the pdf f(x,θ)=exp(θx−b(θ)) relative to a σ-finite measure μ, and consider the problem of deciding among three simple hypotheses Hi:θ=θi (1⩽i⩽3) subject to P(accept Hi|θi)=1−α (1⩽i⩽3). A procedure similar to Sobel–Wald procedure is discussed and its asymptotic efficiency as compared with the best nonsequential test is obtained by finding the limit lima→0(EiN(a)/n(a)), where N (a) is the stopping time of the proposed procedure and n(a) is the sample size of the best non-sequential test. It is shown that the same asymptotic limit holds for the original Sobel–Wald procedure. Specializing to N(θ,1) distribution it is found that lima→0 (EiN(α)/n(α))=14 (i=1,2) and lima→0 (E3N(α)n(α))=δ21/4δ, where δi=(θi+1−θi) with 0<δ1⩽δ2. Also, the asymptotic efficiency evaluated when the X's have an exponential distribution.
Microprogramming as a pedagogical tool in teaching computer science

Microprogramming has emerged in the past five years as a major control system design technique for digital systems of all types. Originally proposed by Wilkes [1] in 1951 as a systematic technique for designing computer control units it attracted little attention until the development of third generation computer systems in the early 1960's. The requirement for third generation systems to be able to run second generation system software was met through microprogrammed emulators. With its inherent flexibility in designing control circuits, microprogramming was widely adopted as a design technique for these systems.
Gender, sex, and cognition: Considering the interrelationship between biological and environmental factors

Abstract In this commentary, the first section will present some of the patterns which seem to be emerging from across the articles in the special issues of Learning and Individual Differences on gender and cognition. Then in the second section I will consider these findings from a biological/ environmental interactionist perspective.
Ubiquitous Interpersonal Communication over Ad-hoc Networks and the Internet

The hardware and low-level software in many mobile devices are capable of mobile-to-mobile communication, including ad-hoc 802.11, Bluetooth, and cognitive radios. We have started to leverage this capability to provide interpersonal communication both over infrastructure networks (the Internet), and over ad-hoc and delay-tolerant networks composed of the mobile devices themselves. This network is decentralized in the sense that it can function without any infrastructure, but does take advantage of infrastructure connections when available. All interpersonal communication is encrypted and authenticated so packets may be carried by devices belonging to untrusted others. The decentralized model of security builds a flexible trust network on top of the social network of communicating individuals. This social network can be used to prioritize packets to or from individuals closely related by the social network. Other packets are prioritized to favor packets likely to consume fewer network resources. Each device also has a policy that determines how many packets may be forwarded, with the goal of providing useful interpersonal communications using at most 1% of any given resource on mobile devices. One challenge in a fully decentralized network is routing. Our design uses Rendezvous Points (RPs) and Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) for delivery over infrastructure networks, and hop-limited broadcast and Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) within the wireless ad-hoc network.
Of Spirit Possession and Structural Adjustment Programs: Government Downsizing, Education and Their Enchantments in Neo-Liberal Kenya

This article analyzes a case of possession by spirit familiars (majini) among female students of a primary school in the Taita/Taveta District of Kenya. I explore the symbolic and historical significance of majini among the people of Taita (Wataita), examining in particular the homology among local conceptions of majini and local conceptions of money. I argue that the idea of majini has long reflected the discontents of the particular modernity that emerged in late colonial and post-colonial Taita society: in particular, the social fact of local reliance on the money earned in urban labor markets and acquired from cash crop production. Then, as now, social criticism about commercial exchange and the atrophy of relations and obligations of blood was framed in terms of gender conflict, just as debates about appropriate gender roles reflected local preoccupation with broader social-cultural transformations. I end by arguing that, if majini once expressed the insufficiencies and cruelties of modernity's articulations, the recent possession incidents speak to the unmaking of Taita modernity in the wake of global transformations associated with economic liberalization.
Reconstructing race in science and society: Biology textbooks, 1952-2002

How has growing knowledge about human genetics affected how American textbooks present race? This article analyzes 80 biology textbooks published from 1952 to 2002 to reveal that U.S. biology texts have pursued the topic of race with renewed vigor in recent years. Moreover, textbooks have redefined race as genetic without furnishing empirical evidence for this framing. The textbooks’ transformation sheds light on the broader relationship between race and science in the United States, where claims about racial difference have not only drawn instrumentally and selectively from empirical research, but at times forgo scientific grounding altogether. As the textbooks show, both the tight and the loose linkage of race to science can preserve the cultural authority of the race concept. The texts also make clear that race is not a one‐time construct or a relic of centuries past. Instead, it is continually remade—and is being reworked today—suggesting its dynamic adaptation for ongoing use as a fundamental tool of...
A head-holding device for repeated micro-electrode studies in monkeys during operant responding ☆

Abstract A technique is described for the rigid fixation of a fully conscious, freely responding monkey during micro-electrode recordings from single cortical units.
New photochromic foldable intraocular lens: preliminary study of feasibility and biocompatibility

Purpose To evaluate a new hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) with photochromic properties in vitro and in vivo in a rabbit model. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods The photochromic optic change of 5 study IOLs was evaluated in vitro on ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. The tests were done in the dry state and during immersion of the lenses in a balanced salt solution. Six additional IOLs were implanted in the right eye of New Zealand rabbits. The left eyes were implanted with SA60AT or SN60AT IOLs (Alcon Laboratories, 3 each). After a clinical follow-up of 6 months, the rabbits were killed and their eyes enucleated. Three study IOLs and 2 control SN60AT IOLs were evaluated in vitro on UV exposure after explantation. The other IOLs and the rabbit eyes had histopathologic examination. Results On in vitro UV light exposure, the optic of the study IOLs changed from colorless to yellow, turning again colorless on discontinuation of UV light projection. The same photochromic change was also observed on UV light exposure throughout the clinical follow-up of 6 rabbits, as well as after explantation of the IOLs. Postoperative clinical inflammatory reactions and cellular reactions on the surface of the explanted IOLs were similar in the study and control groups. No sign of untoward toxicity was observed in the histopathological sections of the rabbit eyes in all groups. Conclusions The new photochromic IOL turned yellow only on exposure to UV light; otherwise it remained clear. This lens was also found to be biocompatible.
Production of Proteases by Psychrotrophic Microorganisms

Six milk-derived psychrotrophic microbial cultures were screened for the ability to grow at refrigerated temperatures and produce proteases in reconstituted skim milk. Of these, two cultures, Pseudomonas fluorescens M3/6 and Pseudomonas fragi K122, produced extracellular protease(s) beginning 7 d postinoculation when the cultures had entered late log or early stationary phases of growth. Further work with these two cultures showed that intracellular proteases were present after only 20-h incubation, before detection of the extracellular proteases. Using H-D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-4-nitroanilide (S-2251), a sensitive substrate for plasmin activity, P. fluorescens was shown to have greater intracellular proteolytic activity than extracellular activity at 20 h of incubation. The intracellular enzyme activity remained constant while the extracellular and periplasmic activities increased over the remaining 6-d incubation period. The proteases in crude extracellular extracts from both cultures were characterized and were heat stable with broad temperature (7 to 52 degrees C) and pH (pH 5.5 to 8.5) ranges for activity and were inhibited by the metal chelator, EDTA, indicating that they were metalloproteases.
Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence

Australian and New Zealand College of Anesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine, Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence, Second Edition 2005, National Health and Medical Research Council http://www.anzca.edu.au The second edition of Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence is a must read for all pain medicine physicians and other practitioners in an outpatient clinic or hospital setting. The authors make a clear exposition of the practical application of evidence-based approaches to the management of acute pain. The reader is not submerged in a welter of detail but is presented with sufficient data to confront acute pain management problems with confidence. Reading straight through one discovers that the information contained in this document accomplishes what it sets out to do, …
Scalable streaming of JPEG2000 images using hypertext transfer protocol

This paper describes a scalable architecture for streaming of JPEG2000 images, using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). JPEG2000 is a new image compression standard. One of the goals of JPEG2000 is to support large images. For a large image, even the compressed image file size can be very big. Thus downloading the entire image at its full resolution can take a long time depending upon the user's connection speed. Thus we propose to use streaming of JPEG2000 images. We use Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for streaming. The use of HTTP to stream JPEG2000 images will ease its deployment, because of the widespread availability and accessibility of web servers. Thus JPEG2000 images can be hosted by web server and can be streamed to the client helper application. Our solution is scalable. The clients can view image at a variety of resolutions and quality levels. It is also possible to stream only selected region of the image at a particular resolution and decode this partial stream and display it at the client. Thus client devices with different capabilities, variety of screen resolutions, heterogeneous bandwidths can all achieve a scalable viewing of the same content stored in a single file.
Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum.

The radiographic and arteriographic features of leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum closely correlate with many of the pathological characteristics. Five cases are reported and illustrated and their radiological features are discussed in detail.
Multilevel pharyngeal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: Indications and techniques

Patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea generally manifest upper airway obstruction and collapse at multiple levels. After these collapsing segments are identified preoperatively, the surgical approach should be customized to address the obstruction in a site-specific way. The combination of palatopharyngoplasty with both a hyoid myotomy and a mandibular osteotomy with tongue advancement provides a high rate of surgical success and is described in detail, along with a logical algorithm for patient selection.
Resolving the active versus passive conundrum for head direction cells

Head direction (HD) cells have been identified in a number of limbic system structures. These cells encode the animal's perceived directional heading in the horizontal plane and are dependent on an intact vestibular system. Previous studies have reported that the responses of vestibular neurons within the vestibular nuclei are markedly attenuated when an animal makes a volitional head turn compared to passive rotation. This finding presents a conundrum in that if vestibular responses are suppressed during an active head turn how is a vestibular signal propagated forward to drive and update the HD signal? This review identifies and discusses four possible mechanisms that could resolve this problem. These mechanisms are: (1) the ascending vestibular signal is generated by more than just vestibular-only neurons, (2) not all vestibular-only neurons contributing to the HD pathway have firing rates that are attenuated by active head turns, (3) the ascending pathway may be spared from the affects of the attenuation in that the HD system receives information from other vestibular brainstem sites that do not include vestibular-only cells, and (4) the ascending signal is affected by the inhibited vestibular signal during an active head turn, but the HD circuit compensates and uses the altered signal to accurately update the current HD. Future studies will be needed to decipher which of these possibilities is correct.
Faculty research involvement and instructional outcomes

Faculty members in the natural-mathematical sciences (N=93) and in the social-behavioral sciences (N=90) were rated on “research involvement” by department heads and on “teaching outcomes” by students. Differences in teaching outcomes for members of the two disciplines confirmed several common stereotypes. Those heavily involved in research appeared to establish higher academic standards for students than did the relatively uninvolved, but the two faculty groups generally did not differ on student progress ratings. However, for four of ten criterion measures, a significant interaction occurred. Student ratings were positively related to the degree of research involvement for faculty members in natural-mathematical sciences but negatively related to research involvement on the part of social-behavioral scientists.
Do Null Phonemic Masking Effects Reflect Strategic Control of Phonology

Verstaen, Humphreys, Olson and D'Ydewalle ((1995) Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 335-356) reported null phonemic masking effects with homophone targets under conditions discouraging reliance on phonology. They attributed these null effects to the absence of reliance on phonology, concluding that reliance on phonology may be strategic- ally controlled. Two studies using Verstaen et al.'s method occasionally replicate these null phonemic masking effects, but challenge their interpretation. The emergence of null phon- emic masking effects was unrelated to the strategy manipulation. Conversely, evidence for phonology emerged in homophone errors regardless of the strategy manipulation and despite null phonemic masking effects. Our findings reflect an inherent instability in the perception of homophones. We demonstrate that this instability is directly due to reliance on phonology, rather than to its control.
Society Honors Five Top Computing Professionals

The IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors voted at a recent meeting to amend the procedure by which proposed bylaw amendments are made available for comment by membership.
DETERMINATION OF PCMX CONJUGATED METABOLITES IN BLOOD PLASMA AND URINE USING ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract An enzymatic-high performance liquid chromatography method with electrochemical detection was developed for the quantitation of p-chloro-m-xylenol conjugated metabolites in blood plasma and urine. The method is based on enzymatic hydrolysis of PCMX conjugates and extraction with benzene. The HPLC system consisted of a C18 reverse-phase column and a 65% methanol:35% ammonium carbonate 0.05% solution as a mobile phase. An electrochemical detector/glassy carbon electrode set at a potential of +0.9V versus Ag/AgCl/3M NaCl was used to monitor the drug. The recovery of PCMX after enzymatic hydrolysis from blood plasma samples and urine samples is approximately 98%.
Phosphotyrosine Binding Domains of Shc and Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Recognize the NPXpY Motif in a Thermodynamically Distinct Manner

Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains of the adaptor protein Shc and insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) interact with a distinct set of activated and tyrosine-phosphorylated cytokine and growth factor receptors and play important roles in mediating mitogenic signal transduction. By using the technique of isothermal titration calorimetry, we have studied the thermodynamics of binding of the Shc and IRS-1 PTB domains to tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY-containing peptides derived from known receptor binding sites. The results showed that relative contributions of enthalpy and entropy to the free energy of binding are dependent on specific phosphopeptides. Binding of the Shc PTB domain to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from TrkA, epidermal growth factor, ErbB3, and insulin receptors is achieved via an overall entropy-driven reaction. On the other hand, recognition of the phosphopeptides of insulin and interleukin-4 receptors by the IRS-1 PTB domain is predominantly an enthalpy-driven process. Mutagenesis and amino acid substitution experiments showed that in addition to the tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY motif, the PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 prefer a large hydrophobic residue at pY-5 and a small hydrophobic residue at pY-1, respectively (where pY is phosphotyrosine). These results agree with the calculated solvent accessibility of these two key peptide residues in the PTB domain/peptide structures and support the notion that the PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 employ functionally distinct mechanisms to recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors.
Developmental toxicity: web resources for evaluating risk in humans

This review presents a brief overview of Internet resources that provides information on developmental toxicity. The advantages and limitations of these resources for evaluating human risk and where each one is useful for informing various stages of the risk assessment process (i.e. hazard characterization, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization) are reviewed. How these Internet resources can be utilized to obtain information on and evaluate the developmental risk associated with exposures during pregnancy will be illustrated using toluene. Translating information derived from laboratory and human population studies into clinical management prescriptions for individual patients is difficult. With the increasing availability of Internet resources that provide information relevant for developmental risk assessments, health care professionals will be better equipped to make more accurate estimations of potential risk for their patients.
Some Transference and Countertransference Issues in the Playroom

Abstract Transference and countertransference issues in child psychotherapy are rarely discussed in the child psychiatric literature and are infrequent in the psychoanalytic literature. This paper reviews some of the historic and current literature regarding tranference and countertransference in psychotherapeutic work with children, including the rarely described countertransference problems arising from child sexual and seductive behavior. A developmental approach to these issues is presented with illustrative vignettes.
PCOUNT: A power aware fetch policy in Simultaneous Multithreading processors

The Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) architecture improves the resource efficiency via scheduling and executing concurrent threads in the same core. Moreover, fetch policies are proposed to assign priorities in the fetch stage to manage the shared resources. However, power consumption study is omitted in most fetch policies. On the other hand, the power management schemes nowadays are focused on multicore processors. Given the growing demands to manage the power consumption of processors and the fully shared system resources in SMT environment, it requires detailed research to develop the power management in an SMT processor. This paper proposes a power aware fetch policy PCOUNT, which evaluates the power consumption for two categories in SMT: computation resources and memory accessing resources. PCOUNT fetches from the thread with lowest evaluated power consumption in every CPU cycle, in order to reduce overall power consumption. Furthermore, this paper justifies studied fetch polices using power efficiency, which is calculated as evaluated power consumption per unit system throughput. As a result, PCOUNT improves power efficiency over ICOUNT by 26% and over DWarn by 31% on average. Meanwhile, PCOUNT is able to achieve better overall system throughput and average thread improvement than ICOUNT and DWarn.
The Cost-Quality Trade-Off: Need for Data Quality Standards for Studies That Impact Clinical Practice and Health Policy

Observational studies of cancer patients often rely on existing administrative data such as insurance claims and cancer registry data. As researchers began to supplement administrative data with patient self-reported data or medical record review, limitations in the validity of these easily obtainable data sets began to emerge.
Effect Of Developer Type And Agitation On Dissolution Of Positive Photoresist

The role of surfactants and agitation in improving the performance of diazo type positive photoresist is explored through dissolution measurements, quantitative models for process simulation with SAM-PLE and SEM profile comparison. In-situ dissolution measurements of a commercial resist, Shipley 1400-31 in MF312, 314 and 319 developers were made on a Perkin Elmer development rate monitor (DRM) with and without moderate agitation. The quality of the measurement data was improved by using a nitride-oxide-nitride thin-film coating to reduce standing wave effects within the resist. Both developers with surfactants, MF314 and 319, show improved contrast over MF312 in plots of thickness remaining versus exposure dose. Although contrast was improved in all three cases by agitation, the effect was most pronounced with MF314. R(M) plots, obtained from combining dissolution rate data with exposure state, distinguish surface retardation effects from bulk effects and suggest that the improvement in contrast for MF314 is due to enhanced surface rate retardation. Using the rate parameters extracted from the R(M) plots, resist profiles were simulated and compared to SEM profiles of fine-lines.
Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping of vector fields

This paper proposes a method to match diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images (DT-MRIs) through the large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping of vector fields, focusing on the fiber orientations, considered as unit vector fields on the image volume. We study a suitable action of diffeomorphisms on such vector fields, and provide an extension of the Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping framework to this type of dataset, resulting in optimizing for geodesics on the space of diffeomorphisms connecting two images. Existence of the minimizers under smoothness assumptions on the compared vector fields is proved, and coarse to fine hierarchical strategies are detailed, to reduce both ambiguities and computation load. This is illustrated by numerical experiments on DT-MRI heart images.
A randomized trial on the effects of flavorings on the health benefits of daily peanut consumption

BACKGROUND Chronic peanut consumption is associated with health benefits. To encourage consumption, peanuts are marketed with various flavorings, but questions have been raised as to whether seasonings offset the benefits of peanuts alone. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine whether flavorings on peanuts affect health benefits over 12 wk. DESIGN In a randomized, parallel-group trial, 151 participants received 42 g peanuts/d as 14-g servings of 3 different flavors (n = 50) or a single flavor (n = 25-26/group). Anthropometric indexes, blood pressure, and heart rate were measured biweekly. Cardiovascular disease risk factors (serum lipids, insulin, glucose, and cortisol) were assessed monthly. RESULTS No single added flavor differentially altered body weight, body fat, body mass index, heart rate, or blood indexes in the total sample. Participants at greater risk of cardiovascular disease had significantly greater mean (± SE) reductions in diastolic blood pressure (-5.0 ± 1.7 mm Hg compared with -0.7 ± 0.6 mm Hg), cholesterol (-12.1 ± 8.5 mg/dL compared with +5.6 ± 2.0 mg/dL), and triglycerides (-31.7 ± 15.8 mg/dL compared with +2.3 ± 3.0 mg/dL) (n = 27, 24, and 15, respectively; P < 0.01) than did those at lower risk, who did not have significantly different cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Consumption of a variety of flavors led to greater weight gain (0.9 ± 0.3 kg) compared with individual flavors alone (0.5 ± 0.2 kg) (P < 0.05), but increases in fat and lean masses were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of flavoring, peanut consumption offered significant benefits to participants with elevated serum lipids and blood pressure. Sensory variety led to a small, but significant, increase in body weight in comparison with ingestion of a single flavor but no change in fat mass.
Temperature dependence of emulsion morphologies and the dispersion morphology diagram: Two-phase emulsions of the system C6H13(OC2H4)2OH/n-tetradecane/“water”

Abstract Using several different two-phase compositions of the pseudoternary amphiphile/oil/“water” system C6H13(OC2H4)2OH/n-tetradecane/aqueous 10 mM NaCl, we show by means of electrical conductometry that the temperature dependencies of the emulsion morphologies were consistent with predictions from the dispersion morphology diagram, thus contradicting the phase inversion temperature (PIT) concept.
The Normative Dimensions of Institutional Stewardship: High Reliability, Institutional Constancy, Public Trust and Confidence

Todd LaPorte's contribution to knowledge about Hazardous Large Technical Systems (HLTS) and Critical Infrastructure (CI) systems has provided a way to place these systems in sociological context. The article describes LaPorte's development of the concept of Institutional Stewardship, as an amalgamation of High Reliability Organizations, Institutional Constancy, and Public Trust and Confidence has provided a way of understanding the enormous public challenges of managing and maintaining systems that create public vulnerabilities. The article suggests the development of the Vulnerability Principle as a way of bringing the requirement of Institutional Stewardship to the management of HLTs and CIs.
Global Migration Can Lead to Stronger Spatial Selection than Local Migration

The outcome of evolutionary processes depends on population structure. It is well known that mobility plays an important role in affecting evolutionary dynamics in group structured populations. But it is largely unknown whether global or local migration leads to stronger spatial selection and would therefore favor to a larger extent the evolution of cooperation. To address this issue, we quantify the impacts of these two migration patterns on the evolutionary competition of two strategies in a finite island model. Global migration means that individuals can migrate from any one island to any other island. Local migration means that individuals can only migrate between islands that are nearest neighbors; we study a simple geometry where islands are arranged on a one-dimensional, regular cycle. We derive general results for weak selection and large population size. Our key parameters are: the number of islands, the migration rate and the mutation rate. Surprisingly, our comparative analysis reveals that global migration can lead to stronger spatial selection than local migration for a wide range of parameter conditions. Our work provides useful insights into understanding how different mobility patterns affect evolutionary processes.
Earliest Fossil Record of a Pigmy Rattlesnake (Viperidae: Sistrurus Garman)

Abstract We report the earliest fossil record of a Pigmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus) on the basis of a trunk vertebra from the Late Miocene (Clarendonian NALMA) Pratt Slide local fauna of Nebraska. Vertebral characteristics of the genus are discussed, and the fossil was diagnosed mainly by the presence of a zygosphenal spine. This record suggests Sistrurus existed as a distinct lineage prior to the Late Miocene and that the genus has been present on the central Great Plains for at least five million years.
Structural and Compositional Change in Great Smoky Mountains National Park since Protection, 1930s–2000s

When Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) was placed under strict protection in 1934, about 20 % of the landscape was old-growth forest that had never been logged or farmed, and about 80 % was second growth recovering from logging and settlement. We might expect that the structure of GSMNP’s old-growth forests today would capture the natural range of variation of these southern Appalachian forests, subject only to localized natural disturbances such as landslides, flooding, windthrow, ice storms, and fire. Despite protection, however, multiple indirect, diffuse anthropogenic disturbances including exotic pests, atmospheric deposition, changes in herbivory, and changes in fire regime have continued to affect both old-growth and successional GSMNP forests. Here, we employ a mid-1930s vegetation survey and a compilation of more recent vegetation datasets (1990s–2000s) to compare the historic and present-day range of variation in GSMNP forest structure and composition. Widespread changes in structure reflect succession from historical disturbance and the overlay of continued disturbance, including in formerly undisturbed areas. Species indicative of disturbance and reduced fire frequency are abundant across the landscape in patterns reflecting the legacy of historical disturbance types, continued disturbance, and the interaction of these disturbances with environment.
Transcriptator: Computational Pipeline to Annotate Transcripts and Assembled Reads from RNA-Seq Data

RNA-Seq is a new tool, which utilizes high-throughput sequencing to measure RNA transcript counts at an extraordinary accuracy. It provides quantitative means to explore the transcriptome of an organism of interest. However, interpreting this extremely large data coming out from RNA-Seq into biological knowledge is a problem, and biologist-friendly tools to analyze them are lacking. In our lab, we develop a Transcriptator web application based on a computational Python pipeline with a user-friendly Java interface. This pipeline uses the web services available for BLAST (Basis Local Search Alignment Tool), QuickGO and DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) tools. It offers a report on statistical analysis of functional and gene ontology annotation enrichment. It enables a biologist to identify enriched biological themes, particularly Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to biological process, molecular functions and cellular locations. It clusters the transcripts based on functional annotation and generates a tabular report for functional and gene ontology annotation for every single transcript submitted to our web server. Implementation of QuickGo web-services in our pipeline enable users to carry out GO-Slim analysis. Finally, it generates easy to read tables and interactive charts for better understanding of the data. The pipeline is modular in nature, and provides an opportunity to add new plugins in the future. Web application is freely available at: www-labgtp.na.icar.cnr.it:8080/ Transcriptator.
A Theory of Entrepreneurial and Managerial Services: Revisiting Penrose from an Agency Perspective

Using a parsimonious principal-agent model, this paper builds a theory of how responsibility for entrepreneurial and managerial services should be allocated among managers within a firm. The paper offers an alternative explanation for the Penrose effect, whereby firm growth is said to be retarded by the time required to assimilate new managers. The paper shows a combination of moral hazard and causal ambiguity can similarly retard firm growth.
The C3 of conservation: The influence of cool, convenience and cash on residential household energy conservation

Abstract It is important not to underestimate the connectedness of the cool, convenience and cash factors in consumers’ choices regarding their energy and water use. A review of the literature suggests that each one of our decisions to save is based on a set of values and virtues that appreciates our time, our hard-earned cash, and our access to technology.
Enhancing Research Productivity in Health Education: What, Why, and How

(2005). Enhancing Research Productivity in Health Education: What, Why, and How. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 322-330.
Critical aspects in the aerodynamics of helicopter blade-vortex interaction; a numerical study using LES

Numerical investigations of helicopter blade-vortex mechanism of interaction are performed using large eddy simulation (LES). The simulations were performed for a Reynolds number, Re = 1.3 x 10 6 , based on the chord, c, of the airfoil (NACA0012). Computations are carried out for two different types of blade -vortex interactions, concerning single and respectively two vortices blade interaction. It was observed that for single vortex-blade interaction, the blade-vortex interaction becomes less significant with the increase of vertical miss distance . Larger amplitudes of aerodynamic coefficients were observed for the case of two vortices-blade interaction when compared with the single vortex blade interactions.
Effect of different cytokinins on axillary shoot proliferation and elongation of several genotypes of Sequoia sempervirens

Five genotypes ofSequoia sempervirens were cultured in vitro. Stem segments of greenhouse-grown plants were disinfested and grown on a Wolter and Skoog (WS) medium without growth regulators for 4 wk. Newly developing shoots from axillary buds were then subcultured onto fresh media containing several different cytokinins at a concentration of 5µM each per treatment. The following cytokinin treatments were used: benzyladenine (BA), BA plus adenine hemisulfate,N-benzyl-9(2-tetrahydropyranyl) adenine (BPA), N6-[2-Isopentenyl]adenine (2ip), kinetin, thidiazuron (TDZ), and zeatin. Each genotype responded differently to tested cytokinins. The use of zeatin resulted in the highest number of shoots and the longest shoots for three genotypes ofS. sempervirens. In another experiment, shoots from three genotypes were grown on the same basal medium described above and supplemented with zeatin at six different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30µM). For all zeatin concentrations, significant differences among genotypes for shoot proliferation were observed. When all five genotypes were grown under three concentrations of zeatin (5, 10, and 15µM), differences among genotypes were observed for both shoot proliferation and shoot length. The influence of the culture medium on the overall micropropagation protocol ofS. sempervirens is discussed.
Oil and the OPEC Roller Coaster

The quadrupling of the price of crude petroleum in late 1973 from $2.75 a barrel to $12.50 a barrel led to visions of financial disaster for the industrial countries and for many developing countries such as Brazil and India. The World Bank, headed by Robert McNamara, remembered at Ford for the Edsel and at the Pentagon for the McNamara Line in Vietnam, projected that the financial wealth of oilproducing countries would climb to $300 billion by 1980 and $650 billion by 1985. The specter was that much of the money and the wealth in the West would be transferred to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela, Nigeria, and other OPEC countries, who would stuff dollars into the wells almost as fast as they pumped the oil out. Since OPEC wealth would increase more rapidly than world wealth, it seemed only a matter of time before OPEC would own the world. The Western industrial countries seemed squeezed; the OPEC countries sat on their lifeline. Inflation rates were higher and employment levels lower in both the industrial countries and in the developing countries as a result of the four-fold price hike in oil.
Duane syndrome with prominent oculo-auricular phenomenon

Duane syndrome is a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder involving absent or anomalous innervation of the lateral and medial rectus muscles that is sometimes associated with other manifestations of dysinnervation. We describe a patient with right esotropic Duane syndrome with a long-standing retroauricular tugging sensation in right gaze who was noted to have prominent ipsilateral oculo-auricular phenomenon, representing either abnormal enhancement of existing innervation or an uncommon dysinnervation. After successful strabismus surgery the tugging sensation improved but the phenomenon could still be elicited.
Healing From Intimate Partner Violence: An Empowerment Wheel to Guide the Recovery Journey

ABSTRACTThis article presents an empowerment wheel that can be used to guide survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) as they move through the healing journey. The empowerment wheel addresses the following six concepts: boundary setting, recognition of red flags, relationship authenticity, locus of control, negative self-talk, and integrated sense of self. A case study example is used to demonstrate the concepts as they relate to the renegotiation of self and self-in-relationship in the aftermath of IPV.
Effects of Response Cards on Performance and Participation in Social Studies for Middle School Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

This study investigated the use of the instructional strategy of response cards during social studies instruction in five middle school emotional support classrooms. Twenty-nine middle school stude...
"Product Variety, Complexity and the Bottleneck of Coordination"

This paper studies the coordination challenges facing firms that pursue variety as their main product strategy. We propose that product variety magnifies the tension between scale economy in produc...
Activation of host transient receptor potential (TRP) channels by praziquantel stereoisomers

The anthelmintic praziquantel (±PZQ) serves as a highly effective antischistosomal therapy. ±PZQ causes a rapid paralysis of adult schistosome worms and deleterious effects on the worm tegument. In addition to these activities against the parasite, ±PZQ also modulates host vascular tone in blood vessels where the adult worms reside. In resting mesenteric arteries ±PZQ causes a constriction of basal tone, an effect mediated by (R)-PZQ activation of endogenous serotoninergic G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we demonstrate a novel vasodilatory action of ±PZQ in mesenteric vessels that are precontracted by high potassium-evoked depolarization, an effect previously reported to be associated with agonists of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel (TRPM8). Pharmacological profiling a panel of 17 human TRPs demonstrated ±PZQ activity against a subset of human TRP channels. Several host TRP channels (hTRPA1, hTRPC3, hTRPC7) were activated by both (R)-PZQ and (S)-PZQ over a micromolar range whereas hTRPM8 showed stereoselective activation by (S)-PZQ. The relaxant effect of ±PZQ in mesenteric arteries was caused by (S)-PZQ, and mimicked by TRPM8 agonists. However, persistence of both (S)-PZQ and TRPM8 agonist evoked vessel relaxation in TRPM8 knockout tissue suggested that canonical TRPM8 does not mediate this (S)-PZQ effect. We conclude that (S)-PZQ is vasoactive over the micromolar range in mesenteric arteries although the molecular mediators of this effect remain to be identified. These data expand our knowledge of the polypharmacology and host vascular efficacy of this clinically important anthelmintic.