cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An FPGA-Based Signal Processor for FMCW Doppler Radar and Spectroscopy

We report on the design and development of a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based radar and spectrometer signal processor. It leverages an efficient implementation of a fixed-point frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) Doppler radar algorithm and has been demonstrated in a short-range W-band radar system developed for mapping plume and jet phenomena in the solar system. The signal processor also performs Fourier transform-based spectroscopy with a resolution, bandwidth, and averaging time appropriate for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave passive remote sensing in space. With a dc power consumption totaling only 3 W, the processor helps make the Doppler radar and spectrometer instrument well-suited for spaceborne, airborne, or portable platforms. Here, we describe the fixed-point implementation of the radar and spectrometer algorithm, emphasizing its computational efficiency for low resource utilization, and provide examples of Doppler radar sensing of rain and spectrometer sensitivity to hot and cold blackbody loads.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Federalism: Who Decides?

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented public health crisis that has prompted an unprecedented response Drastic and previously unthinkable steps have been t
Urban vs Suburban: Is the Door-to-Balloon Time Affected by Geographic, Socioeconomic, or Racial Differences? A Tale of Two Campuses.

Background. In 2004, the ACC/AHA released guidelines in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within a time window from the time a patient physically enters the hospital to the time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This time window is defined as the door-to-balloon time (DTB) and is recommended to be under 90 minutes to improve patient mortality. To add another layer of complexity, patients with varying socioeconomic status and racial differences experience large disparities in health. Our institution provides care for patients in two locations separated by approximately 30 miles within the Detroit metropolitan area. We aimed this study to investigate any differences between DTB times of our two campuses (urban versus suburban population) as well as any differences in the components that comprise DTB times. Methods. We retrospectively collected data on all patients who presented to either Campus 1 or Campus 2 with a STEMI from 2016 to 17. DTB times, demographical, temporal, and anatomical data were collected and analyzed. Our search included 169 patients who met the full inclusion criteria. Results. The combined average of the overall DTB time for both campuses was 81 minutes, 15 seconds (95% CI: 78:05, 84:25). The average DTB time in Campus 1 was 78 minutes and 41 seconds (95% CI: 73:05, 84:18) versus 82 minutes and 46 seconds (95% CI: 78:55, 86:38) for Campus 2 ( ). There were no statistically significant differences between either campuses within the separate metrics that comprise DTB times. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that we have been able to provide high-quality care to all of our patients presenting with STEMI at either campus, regardless of socioeconomic differences in the populations they serve. Additionally, each campus has demonstrated DTB well below the nationally recommended guidelines.
Mystery Case: Clinical Reasoning: Recurrent cerebral ischemia during pregnancies.

A 29-year-old G6P3023, left-handed woman presented with acute onset left-sided weakness and expressive aphasia. She was in her normal state of health while driving home from work when her mother noted symptom onset. She was taken immediately to the emergency department for further evaluation. On presentation, she was afebrile with blood pressure 136/99 mm Hg, regular heart and respiratory rates, and oxygen saturation 88% on room air. Neurologic examination was notable for left-sided hemiparesis and sensory disturbance. The aphasia had resolved. Emergent head CT did not demonstrate any abnormalities.
Geometric Aspects of the Interaction of Vorticity and Strain in Homogeneous Sheared Turbulence

The interaction of the vorticity vector ω and the rate-of-strain tensor S through vortex stretching is considered a primary mechanism in the generation and associated dynamics of the small scales in three-dimensional incompressible turbulence.
Ephemeral geopolitics: Tracing the role of refugees in Syria's transnational opposition

Abstract It has become common to read that Syria's conflict has become a “globalized civil war,” with the understanding that states have become the key actors shaping its dynamics. While in great part true, such an understanding overlooks the significance of transnational networks in shaping the conflict and, more importantly, how these networks and states have been intimately connected from its early stages. This paper explores how a network of Syrian refugees that I dub the “coordinating class” performed the work of binding together the heterogeneous assemblage that was Syria's opposition movement. Drawing on assemblage theory and two years of multi-sited fieldwork, the paper explores three practices through which this emergent network linked the spaces of exile to the warzone of Syria's opposition-held “Liberated Territories.” In doing so, the paper argues that in Syria's conflict, refugees' geopolitical agency was highly layered, provisional, and ephemeral, yet still shaped the wider geopolitics of the war.
Impacts of Different Winter Storage Conditions on the Physiology of Diutinus Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Global decline in insect pollinators, especially bees, have resulted in extensive research into understanding the various causative factors and formulating mitigative strategies. For commercial beekeepers in the United States, overwintering honey bee colony losses are significant, requiring tactics to overwinter bees in conditions designed to minimize such losses. This is especially important as overwintered honey bees are responsible for colony expansion each spring, and overwintered bees must survive in sufficient numbers to nurse the spring brood and forage until the new 'replacement' workers become fully functional. In this study, we examined the physiology of overwintered (diutinus) bees following various overwintering storage conditions. Important physiological markers, i.e., head proteins and abdominal lipid contents were higher in honey bees that overwintered in controlled indoor storage facilities, compared with bees held outdoors through the winter months. Our findings provide new insights into the physiology of honey bees overwintered in indoor and outdoor environments and have implications for improved beekeeping management.
The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis

One of the most influential ideas in the past 30 years is the efficient markets hypothesis, the idea that market prices incorporate all information rationally and instantaneously. The emerging discipline of behavioral economics and finance has challenged the EMH, arguing that markets are not rational, but rather driven by fear and greed. Research in the cognitive neurosciences suggests these two perspectives are opposite sides of the same coin. An adaptive markets hypothesis that reconciles market efficiency with behavioral alternatives applies the principles of evolution?competition, adaptation, and natural selection?to financial interactions. Extending Simon9s notion of ?satisficing? with evolutionary dynamics, the author argues that much of what behaviorists cite as counter-examples to economic rationality?loss aversion, overconfidence, overreaction, mental accounting, and other behavioral biases?is in fact consistent with an evolutionary model of individual adaptation to a changing environment via simple heuristics. The adaptive markets hypothesis offers a number of surprisingly concrete implications for portfolio management.
Computational design of a double-clad radiation-balanced fiber laser

We report a new radiation-balanced laser design of a cladding-pumped double-clad fiber laser based on Yb-doped silica. The single-mode glass core has a high Yb doping level for lasing, whereas the inner cladding is cooling- grade silica glass with a low Yb concentration. Multimode pumping propagates along the inner cladding, scaling up the signal and extracting heat generated inside the core due to quantum defects and concentration quenching. Both analytical and numerical methods are used to calculate the electric-field and temperature distribution in the fiber. The core temperature is reduced significantly due to anti-Stokes cooling of the inner cladding.
Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for recurrent bacterial vaginosis.

Given the frequency of recurrent bacterial vaginosis (RBV), enhancing treatment and preventing recurrence have become the central target of pharmacotherapy today. Antimicrobial failure is occurring...
Pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: state-of-the-art 2020.

Pulmonary endarterectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with operable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) as it is potentially curative. In expert centers that conduct > ...
KV7 channels are potential regulators of the exercise pressor reflex.

KV7 channels control neuronal excitability. We show that these channels are expressed in muscle afferents and generate currents that are blocked by XE991 and bradykinin (BK). The XE991 block sugges...
The Gastrointestinal and Gastroesophageal Reflux (GIGER) Scale for Infants and Toddlers.

The purpose of this study was to describe the development of the Gastrointestinal and Gastroesophageal Reflux (GIGER) Scale for Infants and Toddlers, and determine its factor structure and psychome...
The Gender-Equality Paradox and Optimal Distinctiveness: More Gender-Equal Societies Have More Gendered Names:

Findings in several domains have documented a gender-equality paradox, where greater social and economic gender equality predicts increased gender differentiation. Many of these findings have used ...
Navigating Power Dynamics and Racism in Palliative Care.

When I reflect on this case example, I keep coming back to the question: Am I proud of the work I did with this patient? The short answer is no. As an oncology social worker working in a large, aca...
Compatibility Analysis: A Country Selection Strategy for Investment in LDCS

The global economy is continually being reshaped as companies expand their operations by means of foreign investment. Increasingly, companies are looking for investment opportunities in Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs). Some companies invest in LDCs for more favorable labor or material costs to help them compete in world markets, while other companies seek access to the fast growing, emerging markets found within LDCs. With either objective, the decision of which LDC to enter is a difficult one. LDCs do share many economic similarities, yet individual countries may differ greatly with regards to the governmental policies used to promote economic growth. This paper provides a managerially oriented framework for identifying governmental policies which complement a company’s investment objectives.
Site Density and Entropy Criteria in Identifying Rate-Determining Steps in Solid-Catalyzed Reactions

Publisher Summary In a solid-catalyzed gas reaction any one of several steps may be a rate-determining step. The possibilities should be considered when only one molecule reacts. The rate-determining step could be adsorption, reaction on the surface after adsorption, or desorption. The dissociation of the molecule might or might not necessarily accompany adsorption. A surface reaction might be one of several kinds. The adsorbed molecule could isomerize or decompose on a fixed site, and either kind of step could be rate determining. In some cases reaction occurs only when two adsorbed molecules react with each other. Regardless of whether the surface reaction is monomolecular or bimolecular, the reacting molecules could possess surface mobility and not be attached to fixed sites. A desorption rate-determining step could be simple desorption from a site upon which reaction has occurred. Surface mobility could also be a factor in desorption. For example, in some cases the adsorbed molecule must move from the site of reaction to a site from which it can desorb.
Rapid Upregulation of Aromatase mRNA and Protein Following Neural Injury in the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata)

The expression of aromatase (oestrogen synthase) within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is key in the provision of local oestrogens to neural circuits. Aromatase expression appears to be exclusively neuronal under normal conditions. However, some in vitro studies suggest the presence of astrocytic aromatase in songbirds and mammals. Recently, aromatase in reactive astrocytes has been demonstrated in response to neural injury in the mammalian CNS. Since the glial aromatase expression first documented in cultures of the songbird telencephalon may reflect processes similar to those in response to mammalian neural injury, we investigated whether injury alters the pattern of aromatase-expression in the zebra finch, a species with very high levels of forebrain aromatase expression. Adult males received a penetrating neural injury to the right hemisphere and were killed either 24 or 72 h later. Controls were anaesthetized and otherwise unmanipulated. We determined the expression of aromatase mRNA and protein using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Both the transcription and translation of aromatase is dramatically upregulated around the lesion site in response to neural injury in the zebra finch forebrain. This effect is robust and rapid, occurring within 24 h of the injury itself. Cells that upregulate aromatase appear to be reactive astrocytes based upon morphology. The hemisphere contralateral to the injury and both hemispheres in control birds showed the normal, exclusively neuronal pattern of aromatase expression. The upregulation of aromatase in astrocytes may provide high levels of oestrogen available to modulate processes such as CNS repair. Injury-induced upregulation of astrocytic aromatase may be a general characteristic of the injured vertebrate brain.
Abstract 19623: Validation of the Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category Illness Severity Score

Introduction: The purpose of the current study was to both prospectively and retrospectively validate an early post-cardiac arrest illness severity classification ability to predict the likelihood of survival to hospital discharge and good functional outcome. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC) would be predictive of post-arrest survival and good functional outcome after adjusting for other determinants of outcome. Methods: The PCAC is a 4-level illness severity score that was found to be strongly predictive of patient outcomes in the initial derivation study. We assigned PCAC scores to consecutive in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest subjects treated at two tertiary care centers between January 2011 and September 2013. We made these assignments prospectively at Site 1 and retrospectively at Site 2. Our primary outcome of interest was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes were favorable discharge disposition (home or acute rehabilitation), Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at hospital discharge. We tested the association of PCAC with each outcome using unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression. Results: We included 607 patients admitted with cardiac arrest during the study period (393 at Site 1 and 214 at Site 2). The populations at the two sites differed in age, arrest location, presenting rhythm, use of induced hypothermia and distribution of PCAC. PCAC was associated with survival (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) Site 1: 0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27-0.41)) Site 2: 0.32 (95%CI 0.24-0.43)) even after adjustment for other clinical variables (adjusted OR Site 1: 0.32 (95%CI 0.25-0.41)) Site 2: 0.31 (95%CI 0.22-0.44)). PCAC was similarly predictive of secondary outcomes. Conclusions: Our results confirm that PCAC is strongly predictive of survival and good functional outcome after cardiac arrest.
Associations between intracranial haemorrhage and prescribed prophylaxis in a large cohort of haemophilia patients in the United States.

Summary Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious type of bleeding for patients with haemophilia. Prior published reports regarding ICH predate the widespread provision of prophylaxis. Our study objectives were to determine risk factors for ICH and whether prophylaxis reduces ICH occurrence. We performed a nested case-control study of persons with haemophilia, ≥2 years of age enrolled in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Universal Data Collection project. Of 10 262 patients 199 (1·9%) experienced an ICH for an incidence rate of 390/105 patient years. Head trauma was reported in 44% (88/199). ICH mortality was 19·6% (39/199). Significant risk factors for ICH included a high titre inhibitor [odds ratio (OR) = 4·01, 95% confidence interval (2·40–6·71)], prior ICH [OR = 3·62 (2·66–4·92)] and severe haemophilia [OR = 3·25 (2·01–5·25)]. Prophylaxis was associated with a significant risk reduction for ICH occurrence in patients with severe haemophilia who were negative for human immunodeficiency virus or an inhibitor, with an OR of 0·52 (0·34–0·81) and 0·50 (0·32–0·77) respectively. The most significant risk factors for ICH included the presence of an inhibitor, prior ICH, severity of haemophilia and reported head trauma. This is the first study to demonstrate that prescribed prophylaxis conferred a protective effect against ICH in patients with uncomplicated severe disease.
The Conversion of Acetoacetate to Pyruvaldehyde

Abstract The oxidative decarboxylation of acetoacetate to pyruvaldehyde is catalyzed by sheep heart extracts in the presence of O2 and Mn2+. The product was identified by spectral and chromatographic methods. From fractionation and inhibitor characteristics and the similarity of the catalytic activity to that of commercial myoglobin, it is concluded that the catalyst for the conversion in sheep heart extracts is myoglobin. A free radical mechanism which would account for the characteristics and requirements of the reaction is presented.
Exchange dynamics in aluminum tris-(Quinoline-8-olate) (Alq/sub 3/)

In the present contribution, the intrinsic dynamics of the Alq3 molecule has been studied using two dimensional exchange NMR spectroscopy. The understanding of the intrinsic internal dynamics of the Alq3 complex provides the basis for future studies of dynamic processes. This information will contribute towards understanding both the processing and degradation of Alq3 based organic LED devices.
Sequential analyses of error rate: a theoretical view

Though error rate is a ubiquitous measure of human performance, as typically measured in terms of overall error rate or percentage, there are a number of predictive variables lost by summing or averaging the errors made. In this paper, we present a sequential analysis of error rate, where the pattern of errors is analyzed. By examining such concepts as the number of transitions from incorrect responses (I) to correct responses (C) or IC transitions as well a concept called I-length, which refers to the number of incorrect responses followed by a correct response, valid ordinal predictions of persistence in the face of continuous failure can be made. This paper develops this theoretical construct in the hopes that utilizing such data will facilitate the analysis and predictive quality of error rate data.
Observation of NLIW in the South China Sea using PIES

Abstract : Long-term goals are to study the mechanisms of generation, evolution and propagation of high frequency nonlinear internal waves [NLIW] in the vicinity and west of Luzon Strait in the South China Sea, making use of pressure equipped inverted echo sounders. Our objectives are (1) to observe the internal tide propagating west of Luzon Strait and its progressive evolution in shape and speed as it traverses the South China Sea under the influence of nonlinearity, non-hydrostatic effects, rotation, topography, currents and stratification, and (2) to interpret the results with the help of models that incorporate these effects. Our approach involved deployment of three modified pressure equipped inverted echo-sounders [PIES], set up to transmit every 6s (see Fig.1). These instruments measure the return acoustic travel time from sea-floor to surface, which is modified by variations in the local stratification resulting from passage of internal waves. Knowledge of the background stratification is provided by CTD casts. Time series measurements of the acoustic travel time then provide a basis for inferring the first mode internal response. The observations are analyzed with 2-layer models: a weakly nonlinear and also a fully nonlinear model of the wave evolution process, a model of the wave generation mechanism and a coupled model in which the wave generation is coupled to the fully nonlinear evolution model.
Light and transcutaneous PO2 device = problem?

In Reply.— Dr Newport9s questions present us with an excellent opportunity to clarify our statement on the use of vitamin E for the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity. The Committee reviewed all of the available information and concluded that protocols for the use of vitamin E as a prophylaxis against retinopathy of prematurity had not been evaluated in a large enough population to give us a valid estimate of the risks v the benefits. Our statement was published about the time that Johnson and her associates1 reported significant risks associated with the administration of vitamin E to increase the serum concentration well above the 1- to 2-mg/dL that has been generally accepted as normal.
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTER-TEMPORAL INTEGRATION IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

According to the knowledge-based view (KBV), knowledge is a valuable resource that can lead to a competitive advantage. However, in industries where codified knowledge is used in developing successive iterations of products, codified knowledge has the potential to become obsolete over time and thus can also be an impediment to innovation. Using cycle-time (competitor comparison) as a performance measure, we find that inter-temporal integration — organisational practices designed to transfer tacit knowledge between former and current employees in successive new product development projects (NPDS) — enables a firm to effectively utilize codified knowledge to enhance product development cycle-time performance. Furthermore, using dysfunctional design change frequency as a performance measure, we find that inter-temporal integration has a negative relationship to this variable, but the relationship is stronger when knowledge codification is high. The results provide evidence of an important boundary condition to the benefit of codified knowledge in new product innovation.
Glutathione-mediated transfer of Cu(I) into phytochelatins

Room temperature luminescence attributable to Cu(I)-thiolate clusters has been used to probe the transfer of Cu(I) from Cu(I)-glutathione complex to rabbit liver thionein-II and plant metal-binding peptides phytochelatins (gamma-Glu-Cys)2Gly, (gamma-Glu-Cys)3Gly and (gamma-Glu-Cys)4Gly. Reconstitutions were also performed using CuC1. The Cu(I)-binding stoichiometry of metallothionein or phytochelatins was generally independent of the Cu(I) donor. However, the luminescence of the reconstituted metallothionein or phytochelatins was higher when Cu(I)-GSH was the donor. This higher luminescence is presumably due to the stabilizing effect of GSH on Cu(I)-thiolate clusters. As expected, 12 Cu(I) ions were bound per molecule of metallothionein. The Cu(I) binding to phytochelatins depended on their chain length; the binding stoichiometries being 1.25, 2.0 and 2.5 for (gamma-Glu-Cys)2Gly, (gamma-Glu-Cys)3Gly and (gamma-Glu-Cys)4Gly respectively at neutral pH. A reduced stoichiometry for the longer phytochelatins was observed at alkaline pH. No GSH was found to associate with phytochelatins by a gel-filtration assay. The Cu(I) binding to (gamma-Glu-Cys)2Gly and (gamma-Glu-Cys)3Gly occurred in a biphasic manner in the sense that the relative luminescence increased approximately linearly with the amount of Cu(I) up to a certain molar ratio whereafter luminescence increased dramatically upon the binding of additional Cu(I). The luminescence intensity declined once the metal-binding sites were saturated. In analogy with the studies on metallothioneins, biphasic luminescence suggests the formation of two types of Cu(I) clusters in phytochelatins.
Conservation sum rules for the quadratic density response function.

The quadratic density response function has been shown to be determined by the three-point density correlations at equilibrium. Consequently, the conservation laws enjoyed by the density fluctuation are expected to have their manifestations in the quadratic density response function. New frequency-moment sum rules are established along these lines. We show that the lowest-order quadratic response function exhausts the quadratic equivalent of the f-sum rule.
A Darwinian approach to the actuator number and placement problem with non-negligible actuator mass

Abstract The problem of optimal actuator number and placement for the vibration control of large flexible space structures is addressed in this work. The inherent mass of the actuators is integrated in the number and placement algorithm. The algorithm utilises concepts from genetic programming, which is loosely based on Darwin's "survival of the fittest" theories. The paper develops the genetic algorithm in the context of the actuator number and placement problem. Examples are presented which demonstrate the genetic algorithm and the effect of actuator mass on the placement and number problem.
YIELD STRENGTH RATIO AND LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS OF SLOPES AND EMBANKMENTS

A procedure is proposed to evaluate the triggering of liquefaction in ground subjected to a static shear stress, i.e., sloping ground, using the yield strength ratio, su(yield)/σv0′. Thirty liquefaction flow failures were back analyzed to evaluate shear strengths and strength ratios mobilized at the triggering of liquefaction. Strength ratios mobilized during the static liquefaction flow failures ranged from approximately 0.24 to 0.30 and are correlated to corrected cone and standard penetration resistances. These yield strength ratios and previously published liquefied strength ratios are used to develop a comprehensive liquefaction analysis for ground subjected to a static shear stress. This analysis addresses: (1) liquefaction susceptibility; (2) liquefaction triggering; and (3) post-triggering/flow failure stability. In particular, step (2) uses the yield strength ratio back-calculated from flow failure case histories and the cyclic stress method to incorporate seismic loading.
Nutrients on Asphalt Parking Surfaces in an Urban Environment

Amounts of readily soluble nutrients on asphalt parking lot surfaces were measured at four locations in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. Using a rainfall simulator, short intense rainfall events were generated to simulate ‘first flush’ runoff. Samples were collected from 0.3 m2 sections of asphalt at 8 to 10 sites on each of four parking lots, during the pre-monsoon season in June–July 1998 and analyzed for dissolved NO 3 − -N, NH 4 + -N, soluble reactive phosphate (SRP), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Runoff concentrations varied considerably for NO 3 − -N and NH 4 − -N (between 0.1 and 115.8 mg L−1) and DOC (26.1 to 295.7 mg L−1), but less so for SRP (0.1 to 1.0 mg L−1), representing average surface loadings of 191.3, 532.2, and 1.8 mg m−2 respectively. Compared with similar data collected from undeveloped desert soil surfaces outside the city, loadings of NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N on asphalt surfaces were greater by factors of 91 and 13, respectively. In contrast, SRP loads showed little difference between asphalt and desert surfaces. Nutrient fluxes in runoff from a storm that occurred shortly after the experiments were used to estimate input-output budgets for 3 of the lots under study. Measured outputs of DOC and SRP were similar to those predicted using rainfall and experimentally determined surface loadings, but for NH 4 + -N and particularly for NO 3 − -N, estimated rainfall inputs and surface runoff were significantly higher than exports in runoff. This suggests that parking lots may be important sites for nutrient accumulation and temporary storage in arid urban catchments.
Virus particles associated with "nonproducer" Rous sarcoma cells.

Abstract Examination of four cultures of “nonproducer” (NP) Rous sarcoma cells in the electron microscope revealed the presence of extracellular particles with the morphology of avian leukosis viruses. Focus assays on fluids from these NP cell cultures failed to detect infectious virus. To confirm this observation, two lines of NP cells were carried in culture through seven serial passages and examined at intervals for evidence of infectious or noninfectious virus. A total of 160 ml of culture fluid was removed from the two NP cell lines at various times during passage and this fluid was tested for infectious virus in fresh cultures of chick fibroblasts. No evidence of infection was found when the indicator cells were tested by focus assay, RIF test, or COFAL test, and the indicator cells remained free of virus particles detectable in the electron microscope. NP cells were examined directly for the presence of group-specific complement-fixing antigen with hamster antiserum against Schmidt-Ruppin sarcoma virus. In early passages no antigen was detected, but the 6th and 7th passage NP cells contained small amounts of C'F antigen. Electron microscopic examination revealed the presence of virus particles in both cell lines through 7 passages in culture. Direct particle counts were not attempted; however, NP cell cultures were estimated to contain 1 10 to 1 100 the number of particles seen in cultures of Rous sarcoma cells that were releasing infectious virus.
Hall coefficient and resistivity of amorphous Ti1-xAlx films.

The resistivity of codeposited amorphous ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$ films has been measured from 1.5 to 300 K over the composition range 0.4\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.92, and the Hall coefficient has been measured at 4 K. The resistivity exhibits a relatively small temperature dependence. The magnitude of the room-temperature resistivity varies appreciably with composition, with a broad maximum around 250 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm near x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5. The Hall coefficient is positive at x=0.4 and increases to a maximum at x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.6. It becomes negative at x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.85 with a value comparable to that of liquid Al at the highest value of x. The positive values of the Hall coefficient and their dramatic increase with x below x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5 are discussed in terms of current theories for a positive Hall coefficient.
Modal and Tonal Aspects in Two Compositions by Heinrich Schütz

(1992). Modal and Tonal Aspects in Two Compositions by Heinrich Schutz. Journal of the Royal Musical Association: Vol. 117, No. 1, pp. 86-122.
Biological treatments of pulps

Abstract This is a brief review which highlights the current research on applications of biotechnology to the upgrading of unbleached kraft and mechanical pulps. The potential applications include biological beating, biological treatment for dissolving pulp, and biological bleaching and brightening of pulps.
Hormonal Effects of Smoking—II: Effects on Plasma Cortisol, Growth Hormone, and Prolactin

Effect of smoking on the plasma levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin was evaluated in a group of smokers and nonsmokers. Plasma levels of these hormones were measured under basal conditions and following a short burst of smoking. In addition, to determine the mechanism of action of nicotine on the release of these hormones, rat renal cortical slices were incubated with nicotine and the generation of cyclic AMP was measured in vitro. Increasing concentrations of nicotine in the incubation medium resulted in increased generation of cyclic AMP. Basal levels of plasma cortisol were similar for both smokers and nonsmokers. After smoking, the cortisol levels increased significantly among smokers only and the levels achieved were significantly higher compared with nonsmokers. Mean prolactin curves were higher among nonsmokers compared with smokers, whereas growth hormone levels were similar in the two groups. These data suggest that the effects of smoking on pituitary/adrenal hormones differ among smokers and nonsmokers and that these effects may be mediated through increased generation of cyclic AMP induced by nicotine.
Downregulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression Contributes to alpha-TEA's Proapoptotic Effects in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.

RRR-α-tocopherol derivative α-TEA (RRR-α-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid analog) has been shown to be a potent antitumor agent both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of α-TEA on the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members, ErbB1, 2 and 3, and the role of ErbB 2 and 3 in α-TEA-induced apoptosis and suppression of Akt, FLIP and survivin in the cisplatin-sensitive (A2780S) and -resistant (A2780/CP70R) human ovarian cancer cell lines. Data show that α-TEA's ability to induced apoptosis was associated with reduced expression of ErbB1 (cisplatin-resistant cells), 2 and 3 (both cell types) and reduced levels of the phosphorylated (active) form of Akt; as well as, reduced levels of FLIP and survivin proteins in both cell types. Ectopic overexpression and siRNA knockdown studies showed that ErbB2, ErbB3, Akt, FLIP and survivin are involved in α-TEA-induce apoptosis and that α-TEA downregulates FLIP and survivin via suppression of pAkt, which is mediated by ErbB2 and ErB3. Thus, α-TEA is a potent pro-apoptotic agent for both cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cell lines in cell culture and it produces cell death, at least in part, by downregulation of members of the EGFR family.
The visual backward masking deficit in Schizophrenia

1. Subjects with schizophrenia have an impairment very early in visual information processing, requiring a longer minimal stimulus duration than normal controls to identify a target stimulus. Subjects with schizophrenia have a deficit in visual backward masking, identifying fewer target stimuli than normal controls when the target is briefly obscured by a second visual stimulus When interstimulus interval is increased parametrically, subjects with schizophrenia have trouble identifying target stimuli at intervals that do not affect the performance of normal controls. 2. The visual backward masking deficit: is trait-related; is associated with negative symptoms but has also been associated with measures of thought disorder; may or may not be related to treatment with neuroleptic medication or other neurocognitive deficits of schizophrenia; is of unclear etiology, though researchers have speculated that it involves magnocellular channels and/or the cortical dorsal visual processing stream; has been shown to be heritable in one study. 3. If visual information processing deficits are observed in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients, it may be a candidate intermediate phenotype.
Aqueous-phase linker-assisted attachment of cysteinate(2-)-capped cdse quantum dots to TiO2 for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells.

We have synthesized water-dispersible cysteinate(2–)-capped CdSe nanocrystals and attached them to TiO2 using one-step linker-assisted assembly. Room-temperature syntheses yielded CdSe magic-sized clusters (MSCs) exhibiting a narrow and intense first excitonic absorption band centered at 422 nm. Syntheses at 80 °C yielded regular CdSe quantum dots (RQDs) with broader and red-shifted first excitonic absorption bands. Cysteinate(2–)-capped CdSe MSCs and RQDs adsorbed to bare nanocrystalline TiO2 films from aqueous dispersions. CdSe-functionalized TiO2 films were incorporated into working electrodes of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Short-circuit photocurrent action spectra of QDSSCs corresponded closely to absorptance spectra of CdSe-functionalized TiO2 films. Power-conversion efficiencies were (0.43 ± 0.04)% for MSC-functionalized TiO2 and (0.83 ± 0.11)% for RQD-functionalized TiO2. Absorbed photon-to-current efficiencies under white-light illumination were approximately 0.3 for both MSC- and...
Rev-Erbs repress macrophage gene expression by inhibiting enhancer-directed transcription

Rev-Erb-α and Rev-Erb-β are nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of genes involved in the control of circadian rhythm, metabolism and inflammatory responses. Rev-Erbs function as transcriptional repressors by recruiting nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR)-HDAC3 complexes to Rev-Erb response elements in enhancers and promoters of target genes, but the molecular basis for cell-specific programs of repression is not known. Here we present evidence that in mouse macrophages Rev-Erbs regulate target gene expression by inhibiting the functions of distal enhancers that are selected by macrophage-lineage-determining factors, thereby establishing a macrophage-specific program of repression. Remarkably, the repressive functions of Rev-Erbs are associated with their ability to inhibit the transcription of enhancer-derived RNAs (eRNAs). Furthermore, targeted degradation of eRNAs at two enhancers subject to negative regulation by Rev-Erbs resulted in reduced expression of nearby messenger RNAs, suggesting a direct role of these eRNAs in enhancer function. By precisely defining eRNA start sites using a modified form of global run-on sequencing that quantifies nascent 5' ends, we show that transfer of full enhancer activity to a target promoter requires both the sequences mediating transcription-factor binding and the specific sequences encoding the eRNA transcript. These studies provide evidence for a direct role of eRNAs in contributing to enhancer functions and suggest that Rev-Erbs act to suppress gene expression at a distance by repressing eRNA transcription.
Contribution of Individual Polyphenolics to Total Antioxidant Capacity of Plums

To study the effect of polyphenolics on antioxidant capacities of plums, the amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids and individual phenolic compounds, and vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of eleven plum cultivars was determined. There was a good linear relationship between the amount of total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity (r2 = 0.9887). The amount of total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity also showed a good correlation (r2 = 0.9653). Although the summation of individual antioxidant capacity was lower than the total antioxidant capacity of plum samples, there was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.9299) of total antioxidant capacity of plum samples with the sum of the VCEACs calculated from individual phenolics. Chlorogenic acids and glycosides of cyanidin, peonidin, and quercetin were major phenolics among eleven plum cultivars. The antioxidant capacity of chlorogenic acids and anthocyanins showed higher correlation (r2) of 0.7751 and 0.6616 to total VCEAC, respectively, than that of quercetin glycosides (r2 = 0.0279). Chlorogenic acids were a major source of antioxidant activity in plums, and the consumption of one serving (100 g) of plums can provide antioxidants equivalent to 144.4-889.6 mg of vitamin C.
Mechanism of Exchange of Inorganic Phosphate with Bone Mineral and its relation to the Mechanism of Calcification

INORGANIC phosphate exchange with bone mineral and with synthetic hydroxyapatites has been studied by the same methods as calcium exchange1,2. The two types of exchange differ, however. At a pH of about 7.4, the inorganic phosphate solutions contain HPO42− as the predominant ion, the concentration of PO43− being less than 1 per cent of the total phosphate3, while the calcium solutions contain almost all the calcium as Ca2+. Increasing the relative concentration of PO43− by increasing the pH might be expected to increase the rate of phosphate exchange. Experiments on the uptake of 32P-labelled inorganic phosphate by defatted bone powder and anorganic bone were carried out as described for calcium and other elements4,5. The results are shown in Table 1.
Chiral Spaces: Dissymmetric Capsules Through Self-Assembly

Molecules with self-complementary surfaces interact through weak intermolecular forces to form assemblies, and the assembled states frequently exhibit distinctive properties. Described here are systems in which symmetrical molecules assemble through hydrogen bonding to produce capsules with dissymmetric cavities. The capsules form and dissipate on a time scale that permits their direct observation by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, and they act as hosts for smaller molecular guests. Molecular recognition of chiral guests, such as naturally occurring terpenes, determines which dissymmetric cavities are preferentially formed in the assembly process.
Reach In and Feel Something: On the Strategic Reconstruction of Touch in Virtual Space

The drive to make human–computer interactions more efficient and effortless has pushed interface designers to think about new methods of information transmission, display and manipulation. The inco...
Development and Fabrication of New Accelerator Grid Modules for Ion Sources in the 80 keV Neutral Beam Lines for DIII-D

In 2001, efforts commenced to develop the technology to fabricate new accelerator grid modules for the ion sources in the 80 keV neutral beam lines for DIII-D. This campaign arose after water leaks began occurring with increasing frequency in the molybdenum grid rails and stainless steel water bellows of the original grid modules, fabricated in the mid-1980s. Root causes of the damage were determined and operational adjustments were made to correct the problems, but the string of failures depleted the DIII-D program of its supply of spare grid rail modules. The program was unable to procure new grid rail modules from any commercial source, nor was it able to obtain the molybdenum grid rails needed in two of the four module types. Efforts were then focused on fabricating new molybdenum rails required to make all four module types as well as on developing the procedures to successfully braze together the molybdenum and stainless steel parts into modules. Producing the diamond-shaped cross-section plasma grid rails proved to be very difficult, and a parallel task was initiated to design a modified source grid module that would employ circular cross-section grid rails while maintaining the most critical parameters of the original design. The brazing development program produced procedures that yielded consistently successful brazes in all the joint types present in all the modules. The parts for new grid modules, including the new modules containing circular cross section plasma grids, were fabricated. The new brazing procedures were successfully utilized to produce four new plasma grid modules of the new design. These modules were installed in an ion source and tested to full power before being utilized in service at the end of the 2005 DIII-D experimental campaign. An overview of the ion source development program is presented and a summary of the performance of the ion source containing the new plasma grid modules is reported
Can You Hear Me Now? Communication in Virtual Product Development Teams*

Globalization and technological advances are driving organizations to extend the boundaries of new product development (NPD) teams from traditional colocated settings to dispersed or virtual settings. Virtual NPD teams have a wide array of information and communication technologies (ICTs) at their disposal. ICTs allow team members to communicate and collaborate as they cope with the opportunities and challenges of cross-boundary work. The purpose of this paper is to explore ICT use by members of virtual NPD teams. This study presents an exploratory test and integration of two competing perspectives of media use in virtual teams: media capacity theories and social dynamic media theories. Specifically, this paper examines the role of task type, organizational context, and ICT type as critical contingency variables affecting ICT use. It also examines how different patterns of ICT use relate to individual perceptions of team performance. The findings from this study of 184 members of virtual NPD teams in three global firms suggest that communication via ICTs in virtual NPD teams is contingent on a range of factors.
Differential Item Functioning By Sex and Race in The Hogan Personality Inventory.

The authors examined measurement bias in the Hogan Personality Inventory by investigating differential item functioning (DIF) across sex and two racial groups (Caucasian and Black). The sample consisted of 1,579 Caucasians (1,023 men, 556 women) and 523 Blacks (321 men, 202 women) who were applying for entry-level, unskilled jobs in factories. Although the group mean differences were trivial, more than a third of the items showed DIF by sex (38.4%) and by race (37.3%). A content analysis of potentially biased items indicated that the themes of items displaying DIF were slightly more cohesive for sex than for race. The authors discuss possible explanations for differing clustering tendencies of items displaying DIF and some practical and theoretical implications of DIF in the development and interpretation of personality inventories.
Small-diameter ducted contrarotating propulsors for marine robots

Many marine robots, including industry and institution-grade systems, rely on substandard propellers for thrust. This is especially true in small systems. Many of these systems are moving toward onboard power, which is often restricted. Inefficient propulsion becomes a major design problem in these vehicles. Using computational tools, we design, test, and evaluate a small-diameter ducted contrarotating propulsor with a high thrust coefficient. We perform a parametric study to determine the optimum operating point and match a motor and gearbox to the propulsor. A three-dimensional vortex lattice code is then used in conjunction with a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver to adjust the mean camber surface of the propeller blades and to determine the desired duct offsets. The propellers and duct are manufactured using computer-numerical-controlled machines, as are the components for the motor housing and the miter gearbox used to achieve contrarotation. Propulsors are assembled for use on the MIT ROV and for testing in the recirculating water tunnel at the MIT Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory. Propulsion tests are conducted to determine KT, KQ, and eta at different rotation speeds. Results show good agreement with design and modeling, with some extra losses due to manufacturing roughness and other unmodeled factors. Propulsors were installed on the MIT ROV Team's entry into the Annual MATE ROV Competition, and performed well in real-world conditions. Lessons learned in testing and missions at the competition identified some points for future improvement in the design
Completion norms for 329 sentence contexts

Completion responses were collected for two sets of sentence contexts, which were designed to produce different distributions of probabilities for the primary responses. The subject population consisted of undergraduate college students. For each context, responses and their respective probability of occurrence are listed, and an index of the primary responses is provided. It is hoped that these normative materials will facilitate comparison among future studies of the effects of sentence contexts on word processing.