cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conceptual design of the readout system for the Neutrino experiment at SNS

An experiment measuring neutrino-nucleus cross sections has been proposed to the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The 1 GeV proton beam, incident on a liquid mercury target, produces a flux of 1015 neutrinos/sec (nu) from the decays of pions and muons that have been brought to rest in the neutron production target. In order to measure the neutrino-nucleus interaction with nuclei, two neutrino detectors will be placed 22 meters from the neutron source. The electronic readout of one of these proposed detectors is discussed in this paper. This detector consists of approximately 20500 straw tubes interlaced with 20 tons of target foils (e.g., iron), and allows the measurement of the charged-current, neutrino-nucleus cross section with <10% accuracy.
A Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Great Plains Dryline

A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, nested grid version of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was used to perform simulations of an actual dryline that was observed as part of the COPS-91 field experiment on 15 May 1991. A control run designed to reproduce the observed conditions as accurately as possible was generated and verified against standard National Weather Service observations, PAM-II observations, M-CLASS soundings, and vertical cross-sectional analyses obtained from the NOAA P-3 aircraft. A representative heterogeneous soil moisture field for use in the control simulation was generated using an antecedent precipitation index (API). Representative vegetation coverage based on the USGS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset was input into the model. An additional simulation using a homogeneous soil moisture field is compared to the control run. Results of study indicate that the use of realistic heterogeneous soil moisture and vegetation may be extremely important for accurate prediction of dryline formation and morphology. The effect of variable soil moisture appears to be first order, with large impacts on the strength of the thermal and moisture gradients along the dryline, as well as its position, structure, and movement.
Effect of high dose SO2 and ethylene exposure on the structure of epicuticular wax of Picea pungens

Conifers in polluted air generally exhibit accelerated degradation of epicuticular wax, but it is not clear whether the change is due to direct exposure to the pollutant or some other mechanism. Needles from blue spruce (Picea pungens) were exposed to sulfur dioxide or ethylene gas at 0 to 10,000 microliters per liter for 2 to 196 h; samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Neither gas caused changes in the wax crystals, although late in the growing season a fungal infestation was associated with degradation of wax structures. This supports hypotheses explaining accelerated epicuticular wax degradation by indirect effects of exposure to air pollutants.
Enabling Knowledge Sharing Through Intrinsic Motivation And Perceived IT Support

Knowledge is currently viewed as a key organizational resource to gain and sustain competitive advantage. Having the right knowledge at the right time to take effective action has become ever more critical for organizations. A key aspect of achieving this is by promoting conditions that enable organizational members to share their knowledge in the most effective manner. This research investigates the impact of knowledge workers’ intrinsic motivation and their perceived usefulness of information technology support on knowledge sharing. The proposed model is tested using data from a sample of 252 knowledge workers in manufacturing and related industries. Results support proposed hypotheses suggesting that knowledge workers intrinsic motivation and perception of usefulness of information technology support positively affects knowledge sharing. Intrinsic motivation also affects knowledge sharing indirectly by enhancing knowledge workers’ perception of information technology they use to share knowledge. This research underscores the importance of individual characteristics such as motivation and employee perception in sharing knowledge.
The Merely Symbolic

This volume owes its identity to the work of Charles Sanders Peirce. So, too, in its way, does the controversy to which I want to draw attention. On the one hand, Peirce has taught us to regard a social system as a system of signs, and so as composed of events whose consequences or significance is never restricted to their particularity or, more generally, to their causal implications. On the other hand, Peirce and his pragmatist colleagues have led us to the view that it is only the particularity, the cash value, of events that count. American social policy makers are notorious in their respect for the bottom line. More technically the signs which are the substance of their conflicts are allowed to have only consequential significance. And although nothing could be more unfair to Peirce than the charge that he took only what he called “thirdness” seriously, this view does reflect a strain in Peirce.
The Ricochet of Magic Bullets: Summary of the Institute of Medicine Report, Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines

On July 3, 1991, the National Academy of Sciences9 Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a reported entitled, Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines,1 in response to a congressional request to review evidence about a set of serious adverse events and immunization with pertussis and rubella vaccines. The request originated in the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (Public Law 99-660), whose primary purpose was to establish a federal compensation scheme for persons potentially injured by a vaccine; Section 312 of Public Law 99-660 called for the IOM review. Over the course of its 20-month study, the 11-member interdisciplinary committee constituted by IOM to conduct the review examined altogether 18 adverse events for pertussis vaccine—infantile spasms; hypsarhythmia; aseptic meningitis; acute encephalopathy; chronic neurologic (permanent brain) damage; deaths classified as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); anaphylaxis, autism; erythema multiforme or other rashes; Guillain-Barre syndrome (polyneuropathy); peripheral mononeuropathy; hemolytic anemia; juvenile diabetes; learning disabilities and hyperactivity; protracted inconsolable crying or screaming; Reye9s syndrome; shock and "unusual shock-like state" with hypotonicity, hyporesponsiveness, and short-lived convulsions (usually febrile); and thrombocytopenia—and 4 adverse events for rubella vaccine—acute arthritis; chronic arthritis; radiculoneuritis and other neuropathies; and thrombocytopenic purpura. In conducting its review, the committee recognized that its charge was to focus on questions of causation and not broader topics, such as cost-benefit or risk-benefit analyses of vaccination. This summary begins with a brief history of events leading to the IOM study, then reviews the methods used by the committee to evaluate the evidence, summarizes the committee9s conclusions for these adverse events, and offers directions for future investigation of adverse events in connection with widely used health interventions, such as vaccination.
Law and Formalism

My thesis is simple: law is essentially formalistic. My plan to establish this thesis is as follows: First, I define what I mean by formalism. Second, I present my argument for why law is essentially formalistic. I maintain that the problem law is meant to solve is that of information, not immoral motivation - that men are not gods, rather than that men are not angels. To solve this problem, law must consist of determinate rules. Standards are unhelpful. And theories of law such as the "justice-seeking Constitution" or other heavily moralized versions of constitutional or statutory interpretation recreate the very problem law is meant to solve. Third, I identify the basic dilemma that formalistic law presents and then canvass various methods that have been advanced as solutions to that dilemma. The dilemma raises the question whether formalism, and hence law, is a possibility for fully rational agents who understand its nature. Finally, I raise, not the question whether formalistic law is possible, but the question whether formalistic law is by its very nature a violation of deontological side constraints. I conclude that law may turn out to be a moral possibility only for consequentialists.
Characterizing the Structural Basis for USHER Activation

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the causative agent of 85% of community-acquired urinary tract infection. UPEC utilize the type 1 pilus to mediate adhesion, via its tip-located FimH adhesin, to mannosylated receptors on the surface of bladder epithelium. Type 1 pilus assembly is an intricate molecular process that requires the passage and polymerization of hundreds of subunits across both the inner and outer membranes. The outer membrane usher, FimD, serves as an assembly platform to catalyze subunit polymerization. FimD is comprised of five functional domains: a 24-stranded transmembrane s-barrel translocation domain (TD), a s-sandwich plug domain (PD), a periplasmic N-terminal domain (NTD), and two periplasmic C-terminal domains (CTD1 and 2). In the absence of pilus assembly, the PD is located within the TD lumen, blocking the TD pore. The high-affinity binding of the chaperone-adhesin complex (FimCH) to the FimD NTD initiates pilus assembly with: i) movement of the PD from the TD lumen to the periplasm; ii) rearrangement of the TD s-barrel from an oval-shaped to a large circular pore; and iii) the formation of a stable interaction between the PD and the NTD. These marked conformational changes prime the TD for subunit-subunit polymerization and transit of the growing pilus fiber through its pore. In order to understand how binding at the NTD induces PD movement, it is crucial to obtain structures of the full-length usher alone and with its NTD in complex with FimCH. We have developed systems for expression and purification of FimD, and for reconstitution of FimDCH ternary complex in vitro. Currently, we are utilizing these tools to obtain the structures of full-length apo-FimD and FimDCH. These structures will provide the first insight into the molecular cues necessary for maintaining the equilibrium between an inactive and active usher state.
Accuracy of Ultrasonography-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Detecting Persistent Nodal Disease After Chemoradiotherapy.

Importance Few patients with persistent adenopathy following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma harbor viable disease. Improved selectivity for surgical salvage is needed to prevent unnecessary salvage neck dissection. Objective To determine whether ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can be used to identify viable cancer cells in the lymph nodes of patients with persistent radiographic adenopathy following CRT. Design, Setting, and Participants A pilot study included patients undergoing preoperative ultrasonography-guided FNA of lymph nodes considered suspicious on radiography prior to planned neck dissection at a quaternary care facility from February 28, 2011, to March 18, 2013. Data analysis was performed from April 28 to December 24, 2013. Patients treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with CRT who were determined to have persistent neck disease on a 6-week posttreatment computed tomographic scan of the neck and scheduled for salvage neck dissection were considered candidates for this pilot study. All patients enrolled in the study underwent ultrasonography-guided FNA of the suspicious lymph nodes within 2 weeks of the planned neck dissection. The cytopathologist reading the samples was blinded to the patient’s identity. Exposures Fine-needle aspiration with a 23- to 25-gauge needle following CRT. Main Outcomes and Measures The accuracy of ultrasonography-guided FNA cytologic results was compared with the standard of surgical pathologic examination of neck dissection specimens. Results Fourteen patients (11 [79%] men; mean [SD] age, 57.8 [11.2] years) were enrolled in this pilot study; data were collected on 17 lymph nodes. Among these 14 patients with incomplete radiographic clinical response, 17 lymph node aspirations were performed. Ultrasonography-guided FNA identified squamous cell carcinoma in the aspirates of 4 (80%) of the 5 nodes with squamous cell carcinoma identified on pathologic testing and confirmed the absence of disease in the remaining 12 (71%) lymph nodes. The statistical analysis of these results revealed a sensitivity of 80%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value, 100%; and negative predictive value, 92.3%. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography-guided FNA at detecting residual persistent cancer was 88%. Conclusions and Relevance This pilot study suggests that ultrasonography-guided FNA may be a feasible ancillary diagnostic imaging tool to imaging to assess patients with radiographic persistent disease prior to consideration of salvage neck dissection.
Deauthorizing Anthropologies and “Authenticating” Landscapes in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and Diamela Eltit’s El cuarto mundo

Margaret Atwood and Diamela Eltit respond with defiance to the logic often present in the discourse of the discovery and conquest of the Americas as set forth by Anne McClintock. As such, Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) and Eltit’s El cuarto mundo [The Fourth World] (1988) function to return the gaze of the discoverer/conquistador by narrating a new version of discovery/conquest from the point of view of female, indigenous and marginalized groups...Their female protagonists...narrate forgotten human experiences, thus composing a new “history of the future” for the New World at the same time that they project the consequences of “foundational fictions” in which bodies, especially female bodies, become metaphorical and actual sites, or historical landscapes, for the construction of national projects.
270 MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY FOLLOWING CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION FOR CHEDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME.

Introduction Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that often undergoes progression to a life-threatening accelerated phase with lymphohistiocytic infiltration in multiple organs. We report a case of CHS in the accelerated phase that was successfully treated with IVIG and high-dose corticosteroids. He then went underwent cord blood transplantation that was successful, but he later developed a monoclonal gammopathy. Case Report Our patient was diagnosed with CHS at 16 months of age by peripheral blood smear, which revealed giant granules in his white blood cells. His parents declined bone marrow transplantation at that time. He was placed on G-CSF for his associated neutropenia. At 6 years of age, he presented to us with pancytopenia, fever, respiratory stress, mental status changes, and seizure activity. On physical examination, he had significant hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies revealed hemoglobin 10.0 g/dL, platelets 34 × 10(9)/L, and leukocytes 1.3 × 10(9)/L. Parvovirus PCR was positive. Bone marrow biopsy showed cytoplasmic inclusions granule and hemophagocytic cells. Head MRI showed nonspecific focal hyperintensity in the subcortical white matter, consistent with lymphohistiocytic infiltration. For treatment, he received three courses of IVIG (4.5 g/kg total). He was also given methlyprednisolone 30 mg/kg/d × 3 days, followed by 20 mg/kg/d × 4 days and then 10 mg/kg/d × 3 days. He was then placed on dexamethasone 0.4 g/kg/d × 1 month, followed by 0.3 mg/mg/d × 1 month and then maintenance for 0.1 mg/kg/d until the time of transplantation. He underwent splenectomy due to persistent thrombocytopenia. Over the course of several weeks, his mental status returned to baseline, seizure activity ceased, hepatomegaly resolved, and pancytopenia improved. Repeat bone marrow biopsy showed rare hemophagocytic cells, and repeat head MRI showed significant improvement. Therefore, his accelerated phase had undergone remission. He then received a 10/10 match cord blood transplantation. RFLP showed 30% donor chimerism with 70% recipient cell lineage. The patient appeared to engraft successfully following the transplantation and routine infusions of IVIG were stopped. Approximately 15 months after transplantation, the patient was clinically stable, but serum IgG level was found to be 4000 mg/dL and his CD 4/8 ratio was 0.55. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed that he had developed a monoclonal IgG gammopathy. Bone marrow and repeat RFLP studies are being done to further investigate this abnormality.
The effect of SC 15396 on gastrin stimulated pancreatic secretion.

SummaryThe effect of SC 15396 on gastrin stimulated pancreatic and gastric secretion in conscious dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas was tested. A dose of SC 15396 that caused marked inhibition of gastric secretion produced only a small and statistically insignificant depression of pancreatic secretion.
Influence of temperature on the inhibition by colchicine of allergic histamine release.

SummaryColchicine inhibited the release of histamine from sensitized human leukocytes reacted with pollen antigens. Inhibition was significantly greater when cells were treated with colchicine at 0° prior to their reaction with antigen at 37° than when cells were pretreated at 37°. These observations are discussed in terms of the effect of colchicine and low temperatures on cytoplasmic microtubules. Involvement of these structures in the allergic secretion of histamine is proposed.
Evaluation of the elastic property based on boundary measurement

This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the elastic constant of a rod based on the measurement obtained at the boundary. We consider the problem of recovering the elastic rigidity of a rod that is a function of space. The approach is based on allowing the unknown function to depend on time. With appropriate measurement data the unknown system parameters are guided from an arbitrary initial condition to their true value at a final time. An explicit equation describing the time evolution of the parameter is obtained by minimizing the error along the trajectory. The method leads to an iterative algorithm which is described in detail. Numerical results with the method indicate that accurate estimates of the unknown function can be obtained.
Synthesis Of Highly Ordered Macroporous Minerals: Extension of the Synthetic Method to Other Metal Oxides and Organic-Inorganic Composites

The facile synthesis of three-dimensional macroporous arrays of titania, zirconia and alumina was recently reported [1]. The synthesis of these materials has now been extended to the oxides of iron, tungsten, and antimony, as well as a mixed yttrium-zirconium system and organically modi- fied silicates. These materials were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ordered structures of iron, tungsten, and antimony were formed from alkoxide precursors as in the originally reported synthesis, but the template was removed at a lower temperature. Samples of vinyl- and 2-cyanoethyl-modified silicates were formed from a mixture of organotrialkoxysilane and tetraalkoxysilane precursors; the polystyrene template was removed by extraction with a THF/acetone mixture. These results show the ease of extending the original syn- thesis to a wide range of systems. Also, the ability to form homogenous mixed-metal oxides will be important for tailoring the dielectric and photonic properties of these materials.
Extended Storage of Quail, Chicken, and Turkey Eggs 1. Hatchability and Embryonic Mortality

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE fortuitous observation of elevated frequencies of twins in stored Japanese quail eggs, clustered in only a few related families, prompted us to investigate on a larger scale the effects of extended storage on hatching eggs. Similar studies have been conducted over more than 50 years with chickens (Landauer, 1967; review) and turkeys under a variety of conditions and in a variety of genetic stocks. Data from a storage trial involving chickens and turkeys simultaneously (Abbott, Abplanalp and Asmundson; unpublished) were available for comparative purposes. Their study and our quail experiment were conducted in the same laboratory under identical storage conditions. Comparisons of the three species as to hatchability and embryonic losses after extended storage of eggs are presented in this report. Analyses of embryonic abnormalities, sex ratios, and of genetic parameters will be presented separately. MATERIALS AND METHODS All birds used in this study were maintained by the…
Zis: a developmentally regulated gene expressed in juxtaglomerular cells

Renal juxtaglomerular (JG) cells are specialized myoepithelioid cells located in the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. Their main function and distinctive feature is the synthesis and release of renin, the key hormone-enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system that regulates arterial blood pressure. Despite their relevance to health and disease, not much is known about factors that confer and/or maintain JG cell identity. To identify genes uniquely expressed in JG cells, we used a cell culture model and RNA differential display. JG cells cultured for 2 days express renin and renin mRNA, but after 10 days in culture they no longer contain or release renin and renin mRNA is reduced 700-fold. We report one cDNA differentially expressed in the 2-day JG cell culture that detects a 2.6-kb mRNA expressed at higher levels in newborn than adult kidney. Screening a 2-day culture JG cell cDNA library yielded clones representing differentially spliced transcripts. These cDNAs encode one unique protein (Zis) containing zinc fingers and domains characteristic of splicing factors and RNA binding proteins. Northern blot analysis confirmed Zis mRNA expression in differentiated JG cells, and identified an additional unique 1.5-kb transcript. The Zis transcripts are developmentally regulated in kidney and a number of other organs. The features of the Zis protein and its organ distribution suggest a possible role in regulation of transcription and/or splicing, both important steps for controlling developmentally expressed genes.
Experimental Research on Friction Mean Effective Pressure of Naturally Aspirated Gasoline Engine

To achieve the engine downsizing and lightweight,a 4-cylinder naturally aspirated gasoline engine was modified to a 3-cylinders naturally aspirated engine,and the pmm(Friction Mean Effective Pressure)comparison experiments with full close and full open throttle were carried out.The experiment result showed that the pmmof the 3-cylinder gasoline engine was about 45% and 30% larger than that of the 4-cylinder gasoline engine in full close and full open throttle respectively.In order to analyze the reason,the pmm of gasoline engine was estimated with the theoretical and empirical formulas.The result showed that the main reason of pmm increase in the 3-cylinder gasoline engine was the resulting pumping loss increase by the intake/exhaust neutral,but the actual interior friction loss between them was almost the same.
Complexities in field-based partnership research: Exemplars, challenges, and an agenda for the field.

Research has continuously demonstrated the positive effects of family–school collaboration on children’s academic, behavioral, and social development. Current trends in family–school partnership and parental involvement research suggest that interventions are most successful when (a) families and schools partner together, (b) healthy relationships between schools, parents, and children are promoted, and (c) evidence-based parent and teacher practices are utilized. Two family–school partnership interventions that model these characteristics (i.e., Getting Ready; Conjoint Behavioral Consultation), and their associated outcomes are described. This chapter describes unique challenges associated with the execution, interpretation, and translation of field-based partnership interventions. Definitional inconsistency among researchers, multidimensionality of family–school partnership interventions, issues related to fidelity assessment, and the co-occurrence of research and practice demands are highlighted as necessary considerations when conducting partnership research in applied settings. An agenda is set for researchers to address the challenges, including (a) specifying the definition of family–school partnerships by determining common partnership elements across various intervention strategies, (b) successfully translating efficacious partnership research into natural settings, and (c) determining psychometrically sound measures to assess various dimension of fidelity.
Survey of a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura occurred after immunization of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine and freeze-dried attenuated varicella vaccine

In October 17,2013,an urban vaccination clinic in Xiangshan reported to county center for disease control and prevention that a child developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura occurred after immunization of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine and freeze- dried attenuated varicella vaccine. The immunization expert panel survey result indicated that the case w as associated w ith viral infection because there w as no evidence to support the association betw een the vaccination and the onset of the disease. It w as a coupled reaction
Meeting the Needs of Gifted and Talented Students Case Study of a Virtual Learning Lab in a Rural Middle School

Researchers used case study methods to investigate a virtual learning lab (VLL) in a rural school district that was created in 2011 as a way to better meet the unique needs of exceptional students who are considered gifted. Data were collected through focus groups, classroom observations, interviews, and reviewing relevant documents. Topics include an in-depth explication of the learning lab, lessons learned and suggestions by teachers and administrators, and benefits for improved teaching and learning. Findings are that VLL programming, specifically online instruction that takes place in brick-and-mortar public schools, can be an effective means for providing accelerated coursework to exceptional middle school students who are gifted. Benefits include cost-effectiveness, parent and student satisfaction, allowing for individualized work pace in talent area, and others.
Preexisting Periapical Inflammatory Condition Exacerbates Tooth Extraction-induced Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Lesions in Mice.

Abstract Introduction Surgical interventions such as tooth extraction increase the chances of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving bisphosphonates (BPs) for the treatment of bone-related diseases. Tooth extraction is often performed to eliminate preexisting pathological inflammatory conditions that make the tooth unsalvageable; however, the role of such conditions on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) development after tooth extraction is not clearly defined. Here, we examined the effects of periapical periodontitis on tooth extraction–induced BRONJ development in mice. Methods Periapical periodontitis was induced by exposing the pulp of the maxillary first molar for 3 weeks in C57/BL6 mice that were intravenously administered with BPs. The same tooth was extracted, and after an 3 additional weeks, the mice were harvested for histologic, histomorphometric, and histochemical staining analyses. Results Pulp exposure induced periapical radiolucency as shown by increased inflammatory cells, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclasts, and bone resorption. When BPs were administered, pulp exposure did not induce apical bone resorption despite the presence of inflammatory cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclasts. Although tooth extraction alone induced BRONJ lesions, pulp exposure further increased tooth extraction-induced BRONJ development as shown by the presence of more bone necrosis. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that a preexisting pathological inflammatory condition such as periapical periodontitis is a predisposing factor that may exacerbate BRONJ development after tooth extraction. Our study further provides a clinical implication wherein periapical periodontitis should be controlled before performing tooth extraction in BP users in order to reduce the risk of developing BRONJ.
Reactivity Studies of a Zirconium Methylidene Complex: Group Transfer and Methylenation Reactions

The zirconium methylidene complex (PNP)Zr═CH2(OAr) (1; PNP = N[2-PiPr2-4-methylphenyl]2–, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), prepared from photolysis of (PNP)Zr(CH3)2(OAr), can engage in incomplete and complete methylidene group transfer reactions with CO, CDCl3, cyclododecanone, and benzophenone. When CO was treated with 1, methylenation occurred via the putative metalloketene adduct [(PNP)Zr(OCCH2)(OAr)], which ultimately afforded the C–C coupled enolate dimer [(PNP)Zr(OAr)]2(OCH2C═CCH2O) (2). Addition of CDCl3 to 1 rapidly resulted in formation of (PNP)ZrCl2(OAr) (3) along with liberation of d1-vinyl chloride, H2C═CDCl. Complex 3 could be readily prepared independently from (PNP)ZrCl3 and 1 equiv of NaOAr. Wittig reactivity was observed between 1 and cyclododecanone to afford methylenecyclododecane. Similarly, treating 1 with the ketone OCPh2 resulted in methylenation of the ortho position followed by tautomerization to produce the chelated alkyloxide complex (PNP)Zr(OAr)[OCHPh(C6H4)CH2] (4). In addition to the isola...
Nonspecific aggregation in native electrokinetic nanoelectrospray ionization

Abstract Native mass spectrometry is widely used to determine the stoichiometries and binding constants of noncovalent interactions in solution. One challenge is that multiple analytes in a single electrospray droplet can aggregate during solvent evaporation, which will bias the distribution of oligomeric states observed during gas-phase measurements. Here, measurements of solution flow rates, electrospray currents, droplet size distributions, and nonspecific aggregation are used in conjunction with Poisson statistics to characterize the factors that control nonspecific aggregation during typical native mass spectrometry experiments. Using electrokinetic nanoelectrospray ionization and a 30 nA current, low flow rates of less than 10 nL min −1 and initial droplets with mean diameters of ∼60 nm were observed. For solutions containing 4 μM analyte under these conditions, Poisson statistics and charge-reduction drift tube ion mobility spectrometry both indicate that ∼90% of the desolvated, occupied droplets contain a single analyte. Initial droplet sizes and contributions from nonspecific aggregates both increase with increasing current. Ion mobility mass spectrometry analysis of the ions produced using these conditions without charge reduction exhibit even less nonspecific aggregation (∼2%). All approaches indicate that increasing the ionization current increases the flow rate, droplet size distribution, and extent of nonspecific aggregation. These results provide detailed insights into the role of small initial droplets in the success of native mass spectrometry.
Pediatric Starvation by Neglect

Starvation due to neglect is a form of fatal child abuse. Although a thorough autopsy examination for organic causes of malnutrition is warranted, the detection or exclusion of such a disease is no...
Is your data gone?: measuring user perceptions of deletion

Previous studies have shown that many users do not use effective data deletion techniques upon sale or surrender of storage devices. A logical assumption is that many users are still confused concerning proper sanitization techniques of devices upon surrender. This paper strives to measure this assumption through a buyback study with a survey component. We recorded participants' thoughts and beliefs concerning deletion, as well as general demographic information, in relation to actual deletion effectiveness on USB thumb drives. Thumb drives were chosen for this study due to their relative low cost, ease of use, and ubiquity. In addition, we also bought used thumb drives from eBay and Amazon Marketplace to use as a comparison to the wider world.We found that there is no statistically significant difference between buyback and market drives in terms of deletion methods nor presence of sensitive data, and thus our study may be predictive of the perceptions of the market sellers. In our combined data sets, we found over 60% of the drives tested still had recoverable sensitive data, and in the buyback group, we found no correlation between users' perceived versus actual effectiveness of deletion methods. Our results suggest the security community may need to take a different approach to increase the usability, availability, and/or necessity of strong deletion methods.
Professor Bernard (“Bernie”) Roth – His journey from kinematics to design thinking

Abstract Dr. Bernard Roth (see Fig. 1 ) is the Rodney H. Adams Professor of Engineering at Stanford University and the co-founder and current Academic Director of the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (also known as the d.school). His long and distinguished academic career at Stanford consists of significant and pioneering accomplishments in teaching, research, and consulting on various aspects of mechanical engineering, with a special emphasis on mechanism design. Bernie has established a worldwide reputation in the kinematic synthesis and analysis of mechanisms and is a pioneer in the field of computer controlled robot manipulators. Bernie has investigated the mathematical theory of rigid body motions and the application of these motions to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms. He has placed a special emphasis on geometric kinematics over the more traditional time-based formulations which have allowed him to make important contributions to Burmester theory, curvature theory, and screw theory. His text book, Theoretical Kinematics, co-authored with Oene Bottema, is regarded by many kinematicians as the most elegant and rigorous treatment of this applied science. Also, his popular book The Achievement Habit: Stop Wishing, Start Doing, and Take Command of Your Life describes some of the innovative techniques that he employs in the classes, workshops, and short courses that he has offered on creativity and design thinking.
A neural network-based detection and mitigation system for unintended acceleration

Abstract Modern vehicles are equipped with a growing number of electronic devices, which significantly improve the driving experience. However, the complicated architecture of electronic systems also increases the difficulty of fault diagnosis since process models are often unavailable. This paper presents a novel detection and mitigation system for vehicle related anomalies originating in unintended acceleration (UA), which has become one of the most complained-about vehicle problems in recent history. The detection system consists of several neural network-based models, which are created by analyzing historical vehicle data at specific moments such as acceleration peaks and gear shifting. These data-driven models describe the boundary of normal vehicle behavior in the data space. A priori knowledge of complete vehicle structures is not necessary for building them. The detection system combines these models to decide if a UA event has occurred. When a UA event is detected, a mitigation system cuts the engine power and adjusts the braking force accordingly. The whole system was validated in the Simulink/dSPACE environment. UA errors were simulated so that they occurred randomly when human subjects drove virtual cars in a simulated environment. Random noise of sensors were also considered and incorporated to add realism. Various traffic scenarios were included in tests. Test results show that the integrated system is capable of detecting UA in one second with high accuracy and reducing the risk of accidents.
HabEx polarization ray trace and aberration analysis

The flux difference between a terrestrial exoplanet and a much brighter nearby star creates an enormous optical design challenge for space-based imaging systems. Coronagraphs are designed to block the star’s flux and obtain a high-dynamic-range image of the exoplanet. The contrast of an optical system is calculated using the point spread function (PSF). Contrast quantifies starlight suppression of an imaging system at a given separation of the two objects. Contrast requirements can be as small as 10−10 for earth-like planets. This work reports an analysis of the September 2017 Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) end-to-end optical system prescription for geometric and polarization aberrations across the 450 to 550 nm channel. The Lyot coronagraph was modeled with a vector vortex charge 6 mask but without adaptive optics (AO) to correct the phase of the Jones pupil. The detector plane irradiance was calculated for three states of the telescope/coronagraph system: (1) free of geometric and polarization aberrations; (2) isotropic mirror coatings throughout the end-toend system; and (3) isotropic mirrors with form birefringence on the primary mirror. For each of these three states the system response both with and without a coronagraph mask was calculated. Two merit functions were defined to quantify the system’s ability to attenuate starlight: (1) normalized polychromatic irradiance (NPI), and (2) starlight suppression factor (SSF). Both of these are dimensionless and their values are functions of position across the focal plane. The NPI is defined as the irradiance point-by-point across the detector plane with a coronagraph mask divided by the value of the on-axis irradiance without a coronagraph mask. The SSF is the irradiance point-by-point across the detector plane with a coronagraph mask divided by the pointby-point value of the irradiance across the detector plane without a coronagraph mask. Both the NPI and the SSF provide insights into coronagraph performance. Deviations from the aberration-free case are calculated and summarized in table 2. The conclusions are: (1) the HabEx optical system is well-balanced for both geometric and polarization aberrations; (2) the spatially dependent polarization reflectivity for the HabEx primary mirror should be specified to ensure the coating is isotropic; (3) AO to correct the two orthogonal polarization-dependent wavefront errors is essential.
Integration of silver nanoparticles and microcurrent for water filtration

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been incorporated into water filtration membranes as an effective agent for biofouling control. However, the antimicrobial efficacy of silver will be substantially reduced after sulfidation caused by sulfur species that are naturally present in many waters. To minimizing silver oxidation and flux loss, this paper proposed a novel strategy which integrates AgNP-impregnated membranes with low intensity electrofiltration technology. Polysulfone membranes incorporated with AgNPs or polyaniline nanofibers were fabricated by wet phase-inversion method. The membranes were connected to the cathode of a low intensity direct current source to form an electric field which facilitated electrophoretic force to direct aqueous ions. Without the presence of AgNPs, the low intensity electric activation alone did not exert a significant effect on membrane filtration efficacy or biofilm resistance. However, the combined effect of AgNP and electric activation resulted in a substantial biofilm reduction against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains over 24 h. The mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the cathodization preserved the metallic state of AgNPs for long period, and thus led to a superior performance than passive AgNP membranes. The integration of AgNP and electrofiltration extended the duration of biofouling resistance and minimized the silver leaching. It is a low-input, innovative approach that addresses the primary limitations of silver-based membrane technologies.
Performance-Based Fee Structures: A Possible Market Stabilizer and Herding Deterrence

This paper addresses the issue of reputational herding between fund managers. The model presented analyzes how herding depends on the fee structure, competition environment, quality of information in the market, and the density of talented fund managers. Environments where net fund balance growth depends on reputation of talent rather than fund return have more equilibria involving herding between the fund managers. These inefficient equilibria are found to be removed when the ratio of the performance fee rate to management fee rate is high enough. The model also shows that having fund managers compete against each other induces herding when net fund balance growth depends on fund returns, but surprisingly removes herding equilibria when net fund balance growth depends on reputation of talent. The effect of the quality of information in the market and density of talented fund managers differs across different assumptions and equilibria constraints.
The market for transformation

Most people remain who they are through their whole life. If they are happy, they rarely seek to change. However, if they are unhappy, they might spend time with psychiatrists, drugs and support gr...
Nonviral Injection-Related Injuries in Persons Who Inject Drugs: Skin and Soft Tissue Infection, Vascular Damage, and Wounds.

General purpose To explore skin and soft-tissue infections and vascular damage in persons who inject drugs and relate these changes to wound development and care. Target audience This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. Learning objectives/outcomes After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:1. Review the issues surrounding wound infections in persons who inject drugs.2. Describe the risk factors and manifestations of wound infections in persons who inject drugs.3. Summarize the treatment options for wound infections in persons who inject drugs. Abstract The number of persons who inject drugs (PWIDs) is increasing. The literature has placed a substantial focus on the association between injection drug use and the transmission of blood-borne viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis C, but there is less extant research on other injuries such as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), vascular damage, and associated wounds. Both SSTIs and vascular injury can result in marked morbidity and mortality and wounds that are slow to heal, likely to reoccur, and lifelong. The aims of this article are to (1) explore SSTIs and vascular damage in PWIDs and (2) relate these changes to wound development and care. Providers must address the health and psychosocial problems of PWIDs; take physical, psychosocial, and substance use histories; and develop multifocal plans of care. Finally, care must be provided in a nonjudgmental manner.
Firearm and Nonfirearm Violence After Operation Peacemaker Fellowship in Richmond, California, 1996–2016

Objectives. To evaluate whether the Operation Peacemaker Fellowship, an innovative firearm violence-prevention program implemented in Richmond, California, was associated with reductions in firearm and nonfirearm violence.Methods. We compiled city- and jurisdiction-level quarterly counts of violent firearm and nonfirearm incidents from statewide records of deaths from and hospital visits for homicide and assault (2005-2016) and from nationwide crime records of homicides and aggravated assaults (1996-2015). We applied a generalization of the synthetic control method to compare observed patterns in firearm and nonfirearm violence after implementation of the program (June 2010) to those predicted in the absence of the program, using a weighted combination of comparison cities or jurisdictions.Results. The program was associated with reductions in firearm violence (annually, 55% fewer deaths and hospital visits, 43% fewer crimes) but also unexpected increases in nonfirearm violence (annually, 16% more deaths and hospital visits, 3% more crimes). These associations were unlikely to be attributable to chance for all outcomes except nonfirearm homicides and assaults in crime data.Conclusions. The Operation Peacemaker Fellowship may have been effective in reducing firearm violence in Richmond but may have increased nonfirearm violence.
Applying Key Principles of Performance Psychology to Enhance Physical Education and Sport Programs

Physical educators and coaches serve essential educational functions, including promoting higher levels of physical activity, increasing understanding of culturally-appropriate sports skills and ga...
Chapter 35 – How to Design Usable Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the way in which usable systems can be designed. Usability is a combination of many factors, each of which is often developed independently. User-interface code is becoming an increasingly large percentage of the total system code. Standards are beginning to emerge for user interface design. Establishing standards for software aspects of the user interface is probably premature. There are lots of guidelines for a good system design. However, these are not enough for the design of good systems. One should at the beginning and throughout development focus on prospective users and their work. It is often heard that people buy computer systems for the functions in them. One is unlikely to figure out what the functions should be without talking with users. One should continuously measure each aspect of usability, and then iterate in a hill-climbing way toward a better system. All aspects of usability should begin evolving from the beginning and should be under one focus.
Dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers at different time points after immunization with enterovirus type 71 vaccin

Objective To observe the dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers at different time points after immunization with enterovirus type 71 (EV71) vaccine. Methods A randomized, open-label clinical trial was conducted. One hundred and twenty infants aged 6-35 months in Zhejiang province were recruited as subjects and were randomly divided into 3 groups. The serum was collected at 10 days, 20 days, and 30 days after 1 dose of EV71 vaccine in each group. EV71 neutralizing antibody was detected to study immunogenicity at different time points after initial immunization with EV71 vaccine. An open-label design was conducted to study 343 subjects in phase III clinical trials in Jiangsu province in 2012. Venous blood samples were collected to detect EV71 neutralizing antibodies 64 months after the first dose of vaccine was administered, so as to evaluate the antibody persistence over 5 years. Results The results of the Zhejiang study showed that the seropositive rate before inoculation was only 3.8%(4/104). Pre-immune antibody geometric mean titer (GMT) was 1:5.0. The seropositive rates of EV71 vaccine antibody at day 10, 20 and 30 after inoculation with 1 dose of EV71 reached 89.2% (33/37), 80.6% (25/31) and 66.7% (24/36), respectively and the GMTs were 1:24.6, 1:1:12.9, and 1:13.8, respectively. The seropositive rates (P<0.01) and GMT (Z10=-5.03, Z20=-3.73, Z30=-4.31, all P<0.01) at each time point were statistically higher than those before vaccination; The results of the Jiangsu study showed that the seropositive rates were 94.3% (100/106) and 71.4% (75/105) at 64-month in vaccine group and placebo group, respectively. The indicator was statistically higher in the vaccine group than that in the placebo group (x2=19.567, P<0.01). The GMT was 1:141.4 and 1:71.8, respectively and the indicator was statistically higher in the vaccine group than in the placebo group (t=2.60, P=0.01). Conclusions EV71 vaccine can stimulate immune response quickly after vaccination and showed good persistence over five years. Key words: Hand, foot, and mouth disease; Enterovirus infections; Viral vaccines; Immunocompetence