cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic assessment of the distal response to gingival injury

Twelve young BNL mice received a “gingivectomy” excising the gingival papilla mesial to the left maxillary first molar. Twelve additional young mice served as uninjured controls. One hour prior to sacrifice, each animal received a subcutaneous injection of 1 μCi H3-TDR per gm body weight. Animals were sacrificed 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after injury. At time of sacrifice, maxillae, femora, and a portion of abdominal skin were obtained from each animal for histologic and autoradiographic analysis. In most tissues analyzed, the gingivectomy led to a significant reduction in labeling indices at tissue sites distant from the gingivectomy. This effect was short-lived, however, and could not be noted at time periods later than two days post-injury. Since such distal effects are of short duration, it is questionable whether they would affect therapeutic sequences currently used in periodontal treatment.
Ask not, what have you done for me lately?

I am borrowing from John F. Kennedy’s famous line, “Ask not what the Academy can do for you. Ask what you can do for the Academy.” It is a bit of a cliche now but still relevant. The members of the Academy board, committees, and expert panels are contributing their time and talents to advancing the mission of the organization, and most also make annual gifts to the Rheba de Tornyay Fund, recognizing that we are a small but visionary organization that needs more resources than dues provide to move forward on our strategic plan. I’m writing this message to ask you to make a gift at a level that is meaningful to you. Why should you do so? Let me share with you a few of the recent accomplishments of the Academy.
Effect of Propranolol and Phentolamine on Canine and Bovine Responses to TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone increased adenyl cyclase activity in canine and bovine thyroid homogenates. Activation of ade-nyl cyclase was impaired by 3 adrenergic blocking agents, dl-propranolol, d-propranolol and phentolamine, over the range 3−7.5 × 10−4m. The concentrations are approximately 100 times greater than those which produce alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade. dl-Propranolol and phen-tolamine at 1.5−3.0 × 10−4M impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation of glucose-l-14C oxidation in canine thyroid slices. A similar effect was seen when the slices were preincubated with propranolol, washed, and then incubated with thyroid-stimulating hormone in the absence of propranolol. Propranolol and phentolamine at concentrations which abolished thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulated glucose oxidation in canine thyroid slices had little effect on the stimulation of glucose oxidation by dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-AMP. In bovine thyroids concentrations of propranolol which abolished stimulation of adenyl cy...
Enhancement of benzodiazepine binding by methaqualone and related quinazolinones

Methaqualone and mecloqualone were found to inhibit [3H]diazepam binding to rat cortical membranes, whereas a related quinazolinone, piriqualone (3-(2-methylphenyl)-2-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethenyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone), elicited an increase in the binding. Irrespective of their in vitro effects on benzodiazepine binding, all three quinazolinones enhanced the amount of intravenously administered [3H]flunitrazepam bound to mouse brain in vivo. Ex vivo experiments indicated that the enhanced binding induced by methaqualone and piriqualone, as well as that elicited by the pyrazolopyridine binding enhancers cartazolate and tracazolate, involved an increase in receptor density. This ex vivo effect differed from the in vitro enhancement of [3H]diazepam binding by piriqualone, cartazolate, and tracazolate, which was caused by an increase in binding affinity, and the in vitro inhibition of binding by methaqualone. The quinazolinones did not appear to affect [3H]GABA binding, but GABA-like activity was suggested by their potent reversal of the cerebellar cyclic GMP accumulation induced by isoniazid. The benzodiazepinelike actions (anticonvulsant, hypnotic, anxiolytic) exerted by methaqualone and related quinazolinones may be mediated via GABA/benzodiazepine/barbiturte receptor complexes.
Structure and energetics of protein-carbohydrate complexes

Abstract During the past year, several new coordinate sets for protein-carbohydrate complexes have appeared. The data fall into two important categories: complexes of lectins other than legume and chemotaxis proteins, and high-resolution refinements that allow placement of discrete water molecules. These data should lead to a better understanding of the role of water in protein-carbohydrate complexation. Interest in the energetics of association is growing, and calorimetrically determined thermodynamic parameters are now available for a host of protein-carbohydrate complexations. The impact of recent structural and energetic studies on proposed models of protein-carbohydrate association is discussed.
Imaging of Traumatic Vascular Injuries in the Neck

Traumatic injuries to the carotid or vertebral arteries are uncommon but can have devastating associated longterm morbidity. The permanent disability seen in these injuries requires early identification and treatment. In fact, trauma is the most common cause of stroke in patients under 45 years of age. 1 Since cervical arterial injuries (CAI) require accurate early diagnosis, various screening methods have been considered for CAI identification. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), Doppler ultrasound, and conventional angiography have been all used to evaluated the carotid and vertebral arteries in both trauma and nontrauma patients. Background Several factors contribute to difficulty in diagnosing CAI. First, CAI is rare in trauma. The incidence of vascular injuries in the neck varies from 0.02 2 to 0.67%, 3 depending on admission criteria and degree of trauma. The severity and acuity of other injuries may mask symptoms and signs of CAI, or neurological evaluation may not be possible because of altered consciousness. In other situations, the diagnosis may not be considered in cases of mild head and neck trauma, ie, chiropractic manipulation. Even in patients that are alert and can be examined, CAI is often asymptomatic at presentation. Rogers and coworkers found that 23% of blunt trauma patients with CAI presented without symptoms of CAI. 2 The trauma surgeon must initiate concern for CAI in the acute setting. Fabian and coworkers 3 outlined criteria that raise clinical suspicion of an injury. The criteria were as follows: (1) physical findings demonstrating soft-tissue injury to the anterior neck; (2) a neurologic evaluation that is inconsistent with findings on head CT; (3) development of neurological deficit after admission to the hospital (whether or not there were CT changes); (4) and development of Horner’s Syndrome. Rogers and coworkers also noted that seizure was the presenting symptom in several patients with CAI. Concomitant cervical spine fractures, head injury, facial fractures, and airway injuries are also associated with CAI and should raise the level of suspicion. 2
Protease activity in the mouse dental follicle during tooth eruption

Eruption results in the movement of the tooth from an intraosseous to a functional position in the mouth. This physiological movement occurs through a path of least resistance and is mediated by the dental follicle. In this study the presence of a 80-kDa proteinase of the gelatinase family in the dental follicle of mandibular first molars obtained from CD-1 mouse neonates was investigated by zymography on sodium dodecyl sulphate-gelatin. The results showed a differential distribution of this proteinase in the coronal and apical parts of the follicle at postnatal days 9 and 11. The findings suggest that the onset of this differential enzymatic activity is concomitant with the initiation of tooth eruption.
Feminist “Cant” and Narrative Selflessness in Sarah Grand’s New Woman Trilogy

This essay examines the ethical and rhetorical significance that narrative knowledge holds for women’s public articulation of belief in Sarah Grand’s New Woman trilogy (1888–1897). Grand’s novels’ interest in moral and political expression has led critics, early and late, to criticize Grand for moralizing. The novels themselves, however, express a similar concern, and strive to distinguish between moral expression aimed to effect positive change and moral expression aimed toward self-promotion. A public speaker on women’s issues herself, Grand portrays her feminist heroines’ airing of their beliefs as essential to their moral development. While demonstrating moral articulation as key to self-awareness, Grand’s narrators emphasize the selfless unselfconsciousness behind her heroines’ expressions of belief—an unself-consciousness that maneuvers around the risk that self-awareness might become self-regard. Narrative can pinpoint this selfless unself-consciousness, but, as Grand realizes, it can also transform it into just another instance of moralizing self-promotion on the part of the author. This essay reveals that Grand’s unorthodox narrative forms, previously assumed to be isolated experiments, serve as part of a complex rhetorical schema that allows Grand to grasp at ethical self-awareness that avoids self-absorption as she speaks out for moral and political change for women. Grand ultimately understands her authorial voice as engaged in a kind of secular prayer, in which her intended audience lies somewhere between self and other, the purpose of her expression somewhere between self-reflection and rhetorical efficacy. Training her readers to interpret a version of her heroines’ selfless unself-consciousness in themselves and others, Grand imagines an ethically self-reflective, rhetorically powerful mode of moral agency for women facing misinterpretation in the real, "narratorless" world.
Patent ductus arteriosus ligation in neonates: preoperative predictors of poor postoperative outcomes.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify preoperative predictors of adverse outcomes in infants undergoing surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Methods Charts of all neonates who underwent PDA ligation at Texas Children's Hospital (Houston, TX) between 2001 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed with specific attention to preoperative clinical characteristics, echocardiographic details, operative morbidity, and postoperative outcomes. Infants with other cardiac anomalies or right-to-left or bidirectional PDA shunt were excluded. Results Eighty-two neonates were included (mean gestational age, 27 weeks; mean birth weight, 1000 g). There were no intraoperative complications. Preoperative symptoms related to respiratory insufficiency, hypotension, apnea, and pulmonary edema improved after ligation ( P P P = .001). Conclusion The PDA ligation can be accomplished safely; however, some neonates have prolonged recovery. Lower gestational age and low peak velocity (
Antigen processing of glycoconjugate vaccines; the polysaccharide portion of the pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine co-localizes with MHC II on the antigen processing cell surface.

Pneumococcal (Pn) polysaccharides (PS) are T-independent (TI) antigens and do not induce immunological memory or antibodies in infants. Conjugation of PnPS to the carrier protein CRM(197) induces PS-specific antibody in infants, and memory similar to T-dependent (Td) antigens. Conjugates have improved immunogenicity via antigen processing and presentation of carrier protein with MHC II and recruitment of T cell help, but the fate of the PS attached to the carrier is unknown. To determine the location of the PS component of PnPS-CRM(197) in the APC, we separately labeled PS and protein and tracked their location. The PS of types 14-CRM(197) and 19F-CRM(197) was specifically labeled by Alexa Fluor 594 hydrazide (red). The CRM(197) was separately labeled red in a reaction that did not label PS. Labeled antigens were incubated with APC which were fixed, permeabilized and incubated with anti-MHC II antibody labeled green by Alexa Fluor 488, followed by confocal microscopy. Labeled CRM(197) was presented on APC surface and co-localized with MHC II (yellow). Labeled unconjugated 14 or 19F PS did not go to the APC surface, but PS labeled 14-CRM(197) and 19F-CRM(197) was internalized and co-localized with MHC II. Monoclonal antibody to type 14 PS bound to intracellular type 14 PS and PS-CRM(197). Brefeldin A and chloroquine blocked both CRM(197) and PS labeled 14-CRM(197) and 19F-CRM(197) from co-localizing with MHC II. These data suggest that the PS component of the CRM(197) glycoconjugate enters the endosome, travels with CRM(197) peptides to the APC surface and co-localizes with MHC II.
Calcium sensitivity, force frequency relationship and cardiac troponin I: critical role of PKA and PKC phosphorylation sites.

Abstract Transgenic models with pseudo phosphorylation mutants of troponin I, PKA sites at Ser 22 and 23 (cTnIDD 22,23 mice) or PKC sites at Ser 42 and 44 (cTnIAD 22,23 DD 42,44 ) displayed differential force–frequency relationships and afterload relaxation delay in vivo . We hypothesized that cTnI PKA and PKC phosphomimics impact cardiac muscle rate-related developed twitch force and relaxation kinetics in opposite directions. cTnIDD 22,23 transgenic mice produce a force frequency relationship (FFR) equivalent to control NTG albeit at lower peak [Ca 2+ ] i , while cTnIAD 22,23 DD 42,44 TG mice had a flat FFR with normal peak systolic [Ca 2+ ] i , thus suggestive of diminished responsiveness to [Ca 2+ ] i at higher frequencies. Force–[Ca 2+ ] i hysteresis analysis revealed that cTnIDD 22,23 mice have a combined enhanced myofilament calcium peak response with an enhanced slope of force development and decline per unit of [Ca 2+ ] i , whereas cTnIAD 22,23 DD 42,44 transgenic mice showed the opposite. The computational ECME model predicts that the TG lines may be distinct from each other due to different rate constants for association/dissociation of Ca 2+ at the regulatory site of cTnC. Our data indicate that cTnI phosphorylation at PKA sites plays a critical role in the FFR by increasing relative myofilament responsiveness, and results in a distinctive transition between activation and relaxation, as displayed by force–[Ca 2+ ] i hysteresis loops. These findings may have important implications for understanding the specific contribution of cTnI to β-adrenergic inotropy and lusitropy and to adverse contractile effects of PKC activation, which is relevant during heart failure development.
Uric Acid Dye Inclusion Crystals

ABSTRACT Crystallization in the presence of molecular dye probes has been used as a means of discerning surface recognition events that occur during the growth of uric acid (UA) and uric acid dihydrate (UAD), which are known components of some human kidney stones. The growth of synthetic UA and UAD crystals from supersaturated aqueous solutions containing seven different cationic dyes (Thionin, New Methylene Blue, Neutral Red, Acridine Yellow G, Safranine O, Bismarck Brown Y, and Bismarck Brown R) yielded dye-included crystals in all cases. Herein we describe the specific inclusion patterns and/or habit modification resulting from these growth conditions.
The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in the monkey brain: Preliminary observations

Abstract The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive cell bodies was studied in the central nervous system of colchicine-treated monkeys. They followed a distribution pattern similar to enkephalin immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminal fields, and were found throughout much of the spinal cord and brain. Large numbers of enkephalin immunoreactive cell bodies were seen in the brainstem, hypothalamus and in telecephalic nuclear areas. In most regions, the distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive cell bodies in the monkey brain was similar to that reported for the rat.
Differential Sensitivity of Estrogen Target Tissues: The Role of the Receptor*

In this report, we describe the neuroendocrine features of the estrogen-implanted ovariectomized rat and define a number of estrogen-induced responses in these animals. We further demonstrate differential sensitivity to estradiol among several estrogen target tissues and investigate the role of the estrogen receptor in the mediation of this phenomenon. Ovariectomized rats implanted with a range of estradiol doses (1 μ-5 mg estradiol/capsule) provided a good experimental model for generation of dose response curves. These animals have serum estradiol levels that span the physiological range and that modulate numerous neuroendocrine endpoints. Using this animal model, dose response curves between estradiol and six estrogeninduced responses were generated. These responses included uterine wet and dry weight, negative and positive feedback of estrogen on serum LH levels, the LHRH content of neurosecretory terminals of the medial basal hypothalamus, and the size of the LHRH bolus released from the median emine...
Pending federal legislation and postgraduate training

I originally submitted the title for this presentation in November 1974. At that time, I thought that there would be some health manpower legislation at this time before Congress. However, there is no such legislation at this time. The administration has not introduced its bill, nor is there a bill pending in either the House of Representatives or the Senate. The reasons for this unfortunate situation are outlined in the article entitled, “Health Reports. Kennedy Effort to Revise Health Manpower Carries Over to 1975.“’ The essence of the situation is that the manpower bills that were pending in the Congress at the end of 1974 died when Congress adjourned on December 20, 1974. The aforementioned monograph explains why these bills were not sent on to the President: There was a dispute between the House and the Senate concerning levels of financial support for medical schools, ways of dealing with the question of maldistribution by specialty and geography, and matters relating to the expansion of the National Health Service Corps. Unfortunately, perhaps, the administration itself took very little part in the debate on these two measures. As you may be aware, there has been a tremendous shift in power from the executive branch of government to the legislative branch since the revelations of Watergate. Thus, as in many other areas, the prime movers in health have become the chairmen of the health subcommittees in the House and the Senate. Views of Congress
MECHANISM OF COLOR CENTER DESTRUCTION IN HYDROGEN IMPREGNATED RADIATION RESISTANT GLASSES.

Abstract Hydrogen-impregnated glasses have been found to resist radiation induced absorption in the visible and UV ranges. During irradiation the hydrogen reacts with trapped holes and electrons of color centers to form both hydroxyl and hydride groups as indicated by IR absorption studies.
The Politics of Popular Drama

In this article, the social and political context of production of prime-time series and movies for television is examined to document the present struggle for control over content. The author contends that television drama is not necessarily a reflection of the tastes and ideology of either the creators or those who control the channels of communication; rather, it represents a negotiated struggle between a number of participants. In particular, these are the networks which presently control the means of communication, the advertisers, the government (especially Congress and the Federal Communications Commission), social critics, and citizen groups, as well as the program suppliers and the people employed by the program suppliers who create the drama (actors, writers, directors, and on-the-line producers). The struggle for control or access being described may exist in varying forms for all popular culture such as music, sports, and novels. For television drama in particular, the struggle has not been be...
Procedure- and age-dependent hyperactivity in a new animal model of endogenous depression

We have replicated the findings of Mirmiran and colleagues that neonatal administration of the antidepressant clomipramine (CLI) to male rats results in hyperactivity in open-field tests in adulthood. We report that this effect does not reliably occur in a "Digiscan" activity device. The difference in effect between the two activity measuring devices may be due to more stress being present in the open-field test, and we propose that the CLI-treated rats may be more reactive to stress. This hypothesized enhanced reactivity to stress may be similar to the proposed vulnerability of depressed humans to stress. In addition, we have found that the open-field effect does not occur until the rats are at least 4 months old; this delayed effect may be analogous to the progressive onset of endogenous depression in humans.
Relationship between the angular characteristics of a hydrogen bond and the energetics of proton transfer occurring within

Abstract For a number of different H-bonded complexes, the proton transfer potential is computed by ab initio methods for the optimal geometry as well as for various angular distortions. In all cases, it is found that a rocking of one subunit A so as to turn its dipole moment away from the other subunit B causes the equilibrium position of the proton to shift toward A, even if B has a higher proton affinity than A. This shift may be explained on the basis of a better charge-dipole attraction in the preferred AH··B configuration as compared to A··HB. This principle is straightforward for the N bases where the dipole moment is approximately coincident with the N lone pair. The presence of two O lone pairs, neither of which points along the direction of the molecular dipole moment, adds a second factor which results in a net magnification of the above rule.
Sharper Wiman inequality for entire functions with rapidly oscillating coefficients

Abstract For entire functions of the form ∑∞n = 0aneiθntzn where the θn are integers satisfying the Hadamard gap condition it is proved that Wiman's inequality can be improved to M(r) ⩽ μ(r) ( log μ(r)) 1 4 ( log log μ(r)) 1 + δ , for almost every t and all r except a set Eδ(t) of finite logarithmic measure.
Nitrogen and calcium additions increase forest growth in northeastern USA spruce–fir forests

We determined responses of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) – balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests to 6 years of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and N + Ca treatments (100, 160, and 260 kg·ha–1·year–1 of N, Ca, and N + Ca, respectively) in New York (NY) and New Hampshire (NH). Forest responses to Ca treatments were also determined in Vermont (VT). Nitrogen treatments increased aboveground net primary production (ANPP) by 33% and 25% above controls in NY and NH, respectively. Similarly, N + Ca treatments increased ANPP by 27% and 28% in NY and NH, respectively. Calcium treatments increased ANPP by 25% and 21% above controls in NY and VT. Calcium treatment did not increase ANPP in NH, suggesting N, but not Ca limitation. Leaf-litter quantity and quality, and soil C and N storage were greater in treated than in control plots. Fine-root mass and production did not differ among treatments. Trees, therefore, assimilated more soil nutrients without increasing root growth in treated plots. Red spruce ANPP, h...
Changes in length of sarcomeres following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle.

Tenotomy of the proximal and distal tendons of the soleus muscle of female Wistar rats was performed and sarcomeric length and muscle fascicle length measured. On the first postoperative day muscle bellies were found shortened and their sarcomeric length considerably reduced. Four weeks following tenotomy, although the muscle bellies remained shortened, sar-comeric length was comparable with that of control muscles. Measurement of muscle fascicle lengths at this time showed that those of experimental muscles were nearly 50% less than those of control muscles. It was concluded from these experiments that a reduction of the number of sarcomeres in series had occurred, thus compensating for the reduced length of the muscle belly.
Molecular dynamics study of the surface vibration of the rconstructed Au(111) surface

Abstract The surface dynamics of the dislocation-mediated reconstruction of the Au(111) surface is investigated using three dimensional Molecular Dynamics. At low temperatures the surface phonon dispersions are calculated along the direction. The computational results reproduce the experimentally observed anomalies in the surface phonon curves and provide detailed interpretation of their origin, and of the polarization of the different phonon branches. The anomaly in the vertical-shear branch is found to be due to a cross-over to localization when the phonon wavelength becomes shorter than the size of the dislocations. The high temperature dynamics is followed by trajectory diagrams.
Non-unique reaction equilibria in non-ideal systems

Abstract Illustrations are given of non-ideal solutions of chemically reactive substances which display more than one equilibrium state, i.e. more than one relative minimum of Gibbs free energy. Simple cases are pairs of minima in symmetric regular solutions and unsymmetric Margules and van Laar solutions of two isomers in reactive equilibrium. The accessibility of the absolute minimum is discussed. Implications are pointed out for the general problem of calculating equilibrium states in non-ideal reaction systems.
The safety of rapid valproic acid infusion.

Summary Purpose: The recommended rate of administration of valproic acid injection is 20 mg/min. Drug delivery at this rate may be inadequate for expeditious control of seizures. The safety of rapid infusion of valproic acid has not been established, and this study was designed to explore the effects of rapid infusion in patients with acute seizures. Methods: Twenty patients with acute repetitive seizures received 20 mg/kg loading doses of valproic acid. Infusion rates ranged from 33.3 to 555 mg/min (median, 200 mg/min). Sixteen patients had received previous or concomitant antiepileptic drugs, with inadequate seizure control. Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were measured before infusion and at frequent intervals for 1 hour after infusion. Patients were also observed for changes in level of alertness and signs of local irritation. Results: No patient exhibited a decline in level of conscious ness or respiratory function. Two patients with significant con tributing factors exhibited declines in blood pressure requirinj vasopressors. No significant local irritation was reported. Al though efficacy was not a measured end point, seizures wen abolished in all patients. Conclusions: Infusion of valproic acid at rates between 3! and 555 mg/min is well tolerated. No serious adverse effect attributable to the rapid infusion of valproic acid were encoun tered, although valproic acid, along with other factors, ma; have contributed to the hypotension in two patients. Intrave nous valproic acid is an option for the control of acute seizures.
The acquisition of typewriting skill

Abstract Typewriting, like handwriting, is an example of a highly practiced motor skill. Professional typists spend about a year learning to type and then accumulate thousands of hours of practice during their working lives. This article describes data collected from 18 typists, ranging from beginning students in a typing class (about 1 keystroke/second) to expert professional typists (about 10 keystrokes/second). Expert typists were, of course, faster than beginners, but the rate and amount of improvement varied for different classes of keystroke sequences, and the pattern of keystroke times displayed qualitative changes with the acquisition of typewriting skill. For example, double letters, such as dd, were the fastest keystroke sequences for student typists, but they were among the slowest sequences for professional typists. In addition, the relative variability of the interstroke intervals decreased with learning. The most striking changes were for one-finger non-doubles, such as de, which were the most variable intervals for beginners and the least variable intervals for experts. Finally, the correlation between successive interstroke intervals for some letter sequences became more negative with learning. These experimental findings are interpreted in terms to two general changes during acquisition of typewriting skill: (1) the finger movements become less sequential and more overlapping with practice: (2) performance shifts from being limited by cognitive constraints in students, to being limited by motoric and physical constraints in experts.
A Sequential Linear Programming Coordination Algorithm for Analytical Target Cascading

Decomposition-based strategies, such as analytical target cascading (ATC), are often employed in design optimization of complex systems. Achieving convergence and computational efficiency in the coordination strategy that solves the partitioned problem is a key challenge. A new convergent strategy is proposed for ATC that coordinates interactions among subproblems using sequential linearizations. The linearity of subproblems is maintained using infinity norms to measure deviations between targets and responses. A subproblem suspension strategy is used to suspend temporarily inclusion of subproblems that do not need significant redesign, based on trust region and target value step size. An individual subproblem trust region method is introduced for faster convergence. The proposed strategy is intended for use in design optimization problems where sequential linearizations are typically effective, such as problems with extensive monotonicities, a large number of constraints relative to variables, and propagation of probabilities with normal distributions. Experiments with test problems show that, relative to standard ATC coordination, the number of subproblem evaluations is reduced considerably while the solution accuracy depends on the degree of monotonicity and nonlinearity.
Nile Crossings: Hospitality and Revenge in Egyptian Rural Narratives

This essay looks at acts of hospitality and revenge as constituent elements of a broad social code in rural Egyptian narratives. By looking at five stories in particular, I argue that hospitality and revenge work in complementarity, and that they often trespass and blur each other’s social and literary borders, creating ambiguity and complexity in the stories. The traditional rules that govern hospitality are at times challenged or inverted by hostile intentions, and revenge may be exacted for common or personal well-being. Also, the Nile River, richly symbolic of Egyptian history and identity, plays a vital role in situating the self, in all its pristine, bifurcated, and sullied forms.
Tunneling bacteria in decaying leaves of a seagrass

Abstract Decaying leaves of turtlegrass ( Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig) contained mazes of tunnels within their cell walls. The microorganisms within the tunnels were filamentous bacteria in chains; it is suggested that these may belong to the genus Cytophaga . These bacteria do not fit well into a previous morphological classification of cell-wall tunneling bacteria.
EXPRESSION OF ADDITIONAL GENES IN A VECTOR DERIVED FROM A MINIMAL RNA VIRUS

Abstract Previous studies have shown that expression of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein (G) from a Semliki Forest virus (SFV) RNA replicon results in the production of propagating infectious particles that we call minimal viruses. These minimal viruses consist of vesicles containing VSV G protein that bud from the plasma membrane and trap the infectious SFV G RNA, but they do not contain other viral structural proteins. The cell binding and membrane fusion activity of the VSV G protein allow minimal viruses to propagate in tissue culture cells. To determine if these minimal viruses could be used to express foreign genes, we added a second SFV promoter and a multiple cloning site downstream of the VSV G gene. We report here expression of three different proteins from this modified, minimal virus vector. Although expression of each foreign, unselected gene was lost rapidly from the vector upon passaging, it was possible after the initial transfection to derive stocks of infectious particles that could be used to infect multiple additional cultures and transfer protein expression efficiently. When cells were infected with these minimal viruses, host protein synthesis was shut off and the foreign protein and VSV G proteins were the major proteins expressed in the infected cells. Both were expressed at similar levels and accumulated to about 1–2% of total cell protein.
α2-Adrenoreceptors in rat brain are decreased after long-term tricyclic antidepressant drug treatment

Summary After two weeks of twice-daily administration of amitriptyline to rats, the binding of [3H]clonidine to presynaptic α2-adrenoreceptors was decreased in membranes isolated from 5 areas of the rat brain. After one day of treatment, binding did not differ from saline treated controls. In vitro, a high concentration of amitriptyline caused a competitive inhibition of [3H]clonidine binding but did not alter the number of binding sites. The decrease in the number of α2-adrenoreceptor binding sites after two weeks of amitriptyline treatment would explain the subsensitivity of these receptors which occurs after prolonged administration of antidepressant drugs.
What motivates hate crimes based on sexual orientation? Mediating effects of anger on antigay aggression.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of anger in response to gay men within three theoretical models of antigay aggression. Participants were 135 exclusively heterosexual men who completed a structured interview designed to assess sexual prejudice, anger in response to a vignette depicting a nonerotic male–male intimate relationship (i.e. partners saying “I love you”, holding hands, kissing), and past perpetration of antigay aggression. Among identified antigay assailants, motivations for one earlier assault (i.e. sexual prejudice, peer dynamics, thrill seeking) were also assessed. Results indicated that anger fully mediated the relationship between sexual prejudice and antigay aggression, partially mediated the effect of peer dynamics on antigay aggression, and did not account for the relationship between thrill seeking and antigay aggression. These findings indicate that anger in response to gay men facilitates antigay aggression among some, but not all, antigay perpetrators. Aggr. Behav. 34:306–318, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Political Profit: Taxing and Spending in Democracies and Dictatorships

. The economic analysis of the power to tax and spend, or what Franz Oppenheimer called “the political means,” is applied to democracies and to dictatorships. The constraints imposed by democracies and dictatorships on the “iron law of political redistribution” and the “law of hierarchical centralization” are examined. It is shown that the fiscal exploitation inherent in these two laws of political profit reaches its fullest potential in a dictatorship, where a single firm attempts to monopolize the government by forbidding competition to its rule. Democracy and capitalism are correlatives, since they both rest upon rights, which necessarily imply property. Both socialism and dictatorship destroy rights, the former by abolishing private ownership over capital and resources, the latter by forbidding the use of such resources for the purpose of competing against the ruling group. The greater the centralization of the State, the greater its capacity to expand its power; and the greater the scope of the State, the more economical it becomes to centralize the government, with force if necessary. Thus, dictatorship and socialism converge in despotism.
Solar conversion under consideration of energy and entropy

With massive deployment of solar panels on the built environment expected in the future, it is anticipated that most of these panels, especially in new buildings, will be incorporated into the roof structure, rather than attached onto the roof, above an already existing conventional skin to protect against the weather. These panels have to fulfill the demand for comfort conditioning and to provide electrical power. When incorporated into the roof they also have to participate in providing mechanical strength and shielding the house from inclement weather. In addition it is essential that these solar panels are optimized with respect to their efficiency under consideration of energy, entropy and cost. In this paper, we have analyzed the intricate interconnection between the different components of a solar-fueled collection and conversion system, based on hybrid collectors, thermal storage and a heat pump.
Recent legal trends affecting your older patients.

Although elder law encompasses many areas, this article examines 2 recent trends, caregiver issues and elder abuse. These trends address the ever-increasing overlap between healthcare services and the legal rights of older persons. Both the legal and healthcare systems must often intervene to assist aging patients. This article outlines resources and strategies that physicians or office staff can use to help patients access appropriate legal services and aging network services. The ElderCare Locator, sponsored by the Administration on Aging, is one of several such excellent resources (www.eldercare.gov). Language: en
Impact of Spatial-Hole Burning on Beam Quality in Large-Mode-Area Yb-Doped Fibers

The effects of spatial-hole burning are explored in multimode active fibers. A propagation model using the fiber modes is used to explain experimentally observed behavior. Local gain saturation is required for accurate explanation of physics.
On the Phenomenology of Innocence: The Role of Belief in a Just World

This research empirically tested belief in a just world (BJW) as an explanation for the phenomenology of innocence. Two studies tested the impact of BJW on innocent suspect behaviour and lie detection judgements. In Study 1, BJW was measured as a trait and experimentally primed in innocent mock crime suspects. Suspects with stronger BJW trait scores reported lower levels of nervousness in relation to the interview and higher confidence in being judged innocent. Suspects primed to have a strong BJW (compared with a weak BJW) were more likely to believe they would be found innocent. In Study 2, observers assessed the suspects from Study 1 via videotaped interviews. Observers were more likely to judge those primed to have a strong BJW as innocent. The results support the hypothesis that BJW plays a role in the reasoning and behaviour of innocent suspects.
Office-based anesthesia: new frontiers, better outcomes, and emphasis on safety.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Office-based anesthesia has grown and continues to grow very rapidly in the ever-changing medical environment. The demand of patients, surgeons and the evolving economic environment has set off a dynamic growth explosion. This explosion has created aggressive and tumultuous enhancements, some of which have been adapted well and some of which have led to disastrous results. RECENT FINDINGS As we institute rules and regulations to govern this 'wild west' of anesthesia, the landscape is set with some new guidelines that continue to evolve.Practice recommendations have been outlined for fire safety especially on patient fires. Closed claim studies offer valuable recommendations for MAC claims in the office based setting. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation and the ASA have outlined valuable information regarding the nonsilencing of equipment alarms.New equipment enhancements have generated successful mobile general anesthesia platforms. Finally, as we forge ahead we must construct measurements of our safety and success as outcome parameters are developed. SUMMARY The review of recent literature and technological advances has provided some valuable lessons in the evolution of patient safety and office based technology for the surgical office-based environment. As this specialty grows, measures of its outcome parameters will allow a gauge of performance.
Role of platelets in blood-biomaterial interactions.

Over 2 million cardiovascular procedures are performed annually in the United States. Every one of these procedures requires some period of contact with blood with several different biomaterials used in the manufacture of assist devices or implant devices. In view of the increasing importance of the biomaterials in clinical practice, it would be timely to review briefly physicochemical characterization as well as biological evaluations. Blood compatibility encompasses a variety of events associated with blood interaction with the biomaterials used in various procedures. Two separate coagulation mechanisms are involved (arterial and venous) depending upon the flow characteristics. At least three interacting factors modulate normal hemostasis and the pathogenesis of thromboembolic events. They are the state of activation of coagulation cascade, circulating levels of thrombin and fibrinogen and relative activity of platelets. In this overview we discuss the current concepts on the role of platelets in blood-biomaterial interactions. When blood contacts a biomaterial surface a variety of blood components interact with the surface. Some of the key players in platelet activation on biomaterial surface include fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. Currently available antiplatelet drugs effectively block aggregation and secretion induced by physiological agonists such as epinephrine, adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane in suspension. However, they do not prevent platelet interaction on biomaterial surfaces. Mechanisms involved in platelet activation in suspension and on surfaces as well as the pharmacology of newer antiplatelet drugs will be discussed.
The new rules of measurement.

In an ever-changing world, psychological testing remains the flagship of applied psychology. Although both the context of application and the legal guidelines for using tests have changed, psychological tests themselves have been relatively stable. Many historically valued tests, in somewhat revised forms, remain in active current use. Further, although several new tests have developed in response to contemporary needs in applied psychology, the principles underlying test development have remained constant. Or have they? Classical test theory has served test development well over several decades. Guiliksen's (1950) classic book, reprinted even in the 1990s, is often cited as the defining volume. However, classical test theory is much older. Many procedures were pioneered by Spearman ( 1907, 1913 ). Most psychologists should, and in fact do, know its principles. In some graduate programs, classical test theory is presented in a separate course that is required for applied psychologists and elective for other areas. In other graduate programs, classical test theory is part of the basic curriculum in testing methods for courses for clinical, counseling, industrial-organizational, and school psychologists. However, since Lord and Novick's (1968) classic book introduced model-based measurement, a quiet revolution has occurred in test theory. Model-based measurement, known as item response theory (IRT) or latent trait theory, has rapidly become mainstream as a theoretical basis for psychological measurement. Increasingly, tests are developed from modelbased measurement not only because the theory is more plausible but also because the potential to solve practical testing problems is greater. A large family of diverse IRT models are now available to apply to an assortment of measurement tasks. IRT applications to available tests will be increasing. Although the early IRT models emphasized dichotomous item formats (e.g., the Rasch model), extensions to other item formats, such as rating scales (Andrich, 1982) and partial credit scoring (Masters, 1982 ) are
Theoretical model for investigating the impact of knowledge portals on different levels of knowledge processing

Much of the research in the area of Knowledge Management (KM) has been at the individual level. However, KM literature argues for knowledge processing capacity at an organisational level to enhance organisational performance. This paper argues that there are additional levels of knowledge processing that need to be studied such as teams and communities of practice. The paper presents a theoretical model for investigating the impact of knowledge systems on different levels of and inter-level knowledge processing. Knowledge portals are used as an example of a KM system that facilitates knowledge flows. A framework for classification of portals is presented. Drawing from three theoretical foundations, a theoretical model explaining the impact of knowledge portals on levels of KM is presented. The model focuses on the impact of the knowledge portals on learning, agility and decision-making. Implications and directions for future research, including research propositions, are presented.
A definition of preventive dentistry.

Dr. Gerrie, having found no satisfactory definition of Preventive Dentstry invites criticism of his definition from everyone who reads it.
A Block Sampling Approach to Distinct Value Estimation

To process queries efficiently in a relational database it is often of value to estimate the number of distinct values occurring in a particular field. In contexts where complete enumeration is costly, estimators based on a subsample are an attractive alternative. Though many such estimators have already been proposed, most are based on a simple random sampling of records which is wasteful in a database where records are retrieved in blocks. This article seeks to develop estimators that perform well in contexts where blocks of records are sampled randomly. Building on a result of Good's we derive six such estimators and evaluate their performance.
How detailed should muscle models be to understand multi-joint movement coordination?

Abstract This paper addresses the state-of-the-art of muscle modelling, from the perspective of a systems bioscientist interested in multi-joint movement coordination involving many muscles. Principles underlying model design are developed. Both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle tissue properties are considered, and a muscle-reflex actuator is developed that results in improved model performance for studies of postural coordination. Areas where more knowledge is needed are emphasized; most pressing are data that could help refine assumptions for scaling muscle properties with submaximal excitation. The benefits of explicitly modelling nonlinear muscle properties are described, especially for studies of multi-joint coordination in larger-scale, redundant systems.
Single-particle correlation techniques for remote measurement of wind speed: Aerosol condition and measurement rate

Using the probability density analysis mode in a digital correlator, a simple technique for determining the scattering distribution of large aerosols and the overall quantity of aerosols is developed. It is found that a simple measurement of the average count rate is sufficient for the assessment of the performance of both single-particle correlated laser Doppler and laser time-of-flight velocimeters. In terms of the experimental parameters and the measured quantity of aerosols, an equation that describes the power and range dependences of the unambiguous rate of remote wind speed measurements is derived. Laboratory experimental results that test the validity of this equation are reported.
Implicit functional testing for analog circuits

We propose an efficient approach to functional testing for linear time-invariant (LTI) analog circuits. By using proper signatures (impulse response samples) to infer the satisfaction/violation of the specifications for the performance parameters (we call such a procedure implicit functional testing), we can achieve over 90% fault and yield coverages based on only a small number of signatures. We use the pseudo-random technique to estimate the impulse response samples. Our approach is effective in terms of costs of test equipments and production testing time. We also present simulation results to illustrate the effects of the randomness of the estimated impulse response samples on the fault and yield coverages.