cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Natural and Artificial Propagation in Maintaining a Run of Atlantic Salmon in the Penobscot River

Abstract Analysis of the effect of hatchery plants of Atlantic salmon over a 70-year period on the maintenance of the Penobscot River salmon run shows that artificial propagation was not significantly more effective than natural propagation, but was more effective in later than in earlier years. The numbers that can be raised to a sufficiently large size before stocking to gain a material advantage over natural propagation are too limited to employ hatcheries for the maintenance of large runs. The chief role of the hatchery is to provide young fish for reestablishing former runs, and to increase the survival of young during the early period of restoration when the hatcheries can handle a significant proportion of the total eggs in the spawning run.
Putting Ourselves into the Place of Others: Toward a Phenomenology of Imaginary Self — Transposal

To dwell in general terms upon the imperative need and duty of maximum understanding of others in a world as shrunken in space and as divided in spirit as ours would be trivial in theory and ineffectual in practice. I shall therefore concentrate on the concrete task of exploring means for raising curtains, iron and otherwise, that separate the mental and moral isolationists of our time, especially in those almost desperate cases where the normal appeals to mutual understanding are no longer able to penetrate the walls of accumulated misunderstandings. Among the operations increasingly involved in this context is the act of putting ourselves into the place of others. Social psychology, group dynamics, the study of communication and education are becoming aware of its significance. But we still lack a phenomenological clarification of the basic phenomena. The purpose of this sketch is to outline some of the contributions which a descriptive phenomenology can make to the solution of this task. It is meant as a first account of the essential nature of the phenomenon, regardless of whether it actually occurs among human beings, such as we know them.
Newborn Intraabdominal Cystic Lymphatic Malformations

Cystic lymphatic malformations are rare causes of abdominal masses in the newborn. Also known as mesenteric, omental, or retroperitoneal cysts, they can present in a variety of ways including, intestinal obstruction, volvulus, nonspecific abdominal pain, intracystic hemorrhage, or as an asymptomatic abdominal mass. Abdominal ultrasound scan provides a definitive diagnosis in most suspected cases. Complete resection is possible in most patients except those with extensive retroperitoneal involvement. Recurrence is unusual when complete resection is accomplished. Because most case series with complete data suggest that these entities are lymphatic malformations, the authors suggest the more specific term, cystic lymphatic malformations, be used to describe these lesions.
Large- N solution of the heterotic N = ( 0 , 1 ) two-dimensional O ( N ) sigma model

In this paper we build a family of heterotic deformations of the $\mathrm{O}(N)$ sigma model. These deformations break $(1,1)$ supersymmetry down to $(0,1)$ symmetry. We solve this model at large $N$. We also find an alternative superfield formulation of the heterotic ${\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}^{N}$ sigma model, which was discussed in the literature before.
Molecular epidemiology: collision of two cultures.

Back when epidemiology was the study of infectious disease, every epidemiology department had its own laboratory, and every epidemiologist knew how to use it. As we have broadened our scope of diseases, we have also drifted away from the lab bench. Today, when we want to bring the tools of molecular genetics or biochemistry into our research, we cannot proceed without laboratory scientists as our collaborators?particularly when the lab tools involve the most recent technologies. But there is a problem in carrying out these collaborations: epidemiology and the laboratory have evolved into distinct cultures. We approach research from surprisingly divergent perspectives, laced with traces of mutual suspicion. The epidemiologist will bristle at the suggestion that he or she is simply a tissue procurer. The lab researcher is equally sensitive about being treated as an assay cranker. Even when all parties have the best of intentions, we easily misunderstand each other, and projects founder. Here are five areas of possible misunderstanding in molecular epidemiology, with some suggestions for dealing with them.
The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust

Abstract A tandem differential mobility analyzer (DMA)—electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI)—is employed to measure the effective density, mass per unit mobility volume, of soot particles. These measurements reveal a sharp decline in soot effective density from ∼1.2 g/cm 3 at 30 nm to g/cm 3 at 300 nm . This dependence on mobility diameter is well described by a fractal dimension of df=2.15±0.10 for flame-generated soot and df=2.3±0.1 for diesel exhaust particulate matter (PM), with slight deviations suggestive of more compact structures noted for particles at the small end of the size distribution. In the flame, the effective density increases with height above the burner, but the fractal dimension remains constant. Exhaust particle effective densities from two light-duty diesel vehicles and a direct-injection gasoline vehicle are virtually indistinguishable. There is a small, ∼20%, systematic variation in effective density between idle, 64 km/h , and 112 km/h operation, but this appears to be averaged out over transient vehicle operation. The relative independence from speed, load, and driving mode suggests the possibility that particle-sizing instrumentation may afford an accurate alternative to filter collection for the measurement of PM mass emissions.
Dynamic Evaluation of Clotting Phenomena in Vitro and Perfluorochemical Oxygen Transport Across a Membrane-bound Thrombus Model

Citrated platelet-rich plasma was used to occlude 3-microns and 10-microns poresize Nuclepore membranes after recalcification as a thrombus model. Morphologic studies, using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, indicated that over 90 percent of the number of pores available for filtration in hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes were occluded either partially or completely. Results of transient and steady state pressure drop measurements supported the morphologic studies. It was found that the percentage of oxygen transported across the occluded membranes was greater for filtration of red blood cell suspensions diluted with a perfluorochemical emulsion than that of those diluted with Ringers. The findings in this study suggested that perfluorochemical emulsions might transport oxygen across a thrombus to maintain tissue viability during acute ischemic events.
Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles or even electrical grid stabilization systems. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials, including new materials, doping, nanostructuring, coatings or surface modifications and novel binders. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students. In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes.
tRNA ligase catalyzes the GTP-dependent ligation of RNA with 3'-phosphate and 5'-hydroxyl termini.

The RNA ligase RtcB is conserved in all domains of life and is essential for tRNA maturation in archaea and metazoa. Here we show that bacterial and archaeal RtcB catalyze the GTP-dependent ligation of RNA with 3′-phosphate and 5′-hydroxyl termini. Reactions with analogues of RNA and GTP suggest a mechanism in which RtcB heals the 3′-phosphate terminus by forming a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate before joining it to the 5′-hydroxyl group of a second RNA strand. Thus, RtcB can ligate RNA cleaved by RNA endonucleases, which generate 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and then 3′-phosphate termini on one strand, and a 5′-hydroxyl terminus on another strand.
Variation in tolerance induction and oncogenicity due to strain of avian leukosis virus.

Summary Chickens were inoculated as embryos or orally at hatching with various doses of four strains of avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A (RAV‐1, RPL40, RPL41 and RPL42). Viraemia, antibody and tumours in chickens of various groups were compared; ALV shedding was determined, but only in chickens inoculated with virus at hatching. Results indicate that 95% to 100% of chickens embryonally inoculated with 105 infectious units of virus were viraemic at hatching, regardless of the strain of virus used. However, the incidence of viraemia in groups of chickens embryonally inoculated with 100 infectious units of virus varied, depending on the strain of virus, from 5% to 72%. All embryonally inoculated chickens, that had detectable virus at hatching and survived to 16 weeks of age were immunologically tolerant to the virus. ALV‐induced tumours ranged from 4% to 47% depending on the strain of virus. Chickens inoculated orally at hatching did not develop immuno‐logical tolerance to the virus; 13% to 76% of these...
The role of laughter when discussing workplace barriers: Women in Information Technology jobs

Focus group discussions with 39 women in Information Technology positions in a large company were used to identify the barriers they faced, when group laughter occurred, and which theoretical perspective best explained the group laughter. The barriers mentioned included family responsibilities, politics, stress, discrimination, and the problematic attitudes of upper management, supervisors, and coworkers. Laughter occurred when respondents discussed external clients, internal politics, discrimination, respect, promotions, family responsibilities, gender differences, and when derogatory comments were made or reported. Superiority and incongruity theories were supported.
Thermodynamic Cycle without Turning Off Self-Interactions: Formal Discussion and a Numerical Example

The efficiency and accuracy of thermodynamic cycle calculations are considered. It is rigorously shown that the energy of the mutated part (MP) need not be scaled in a thermodynamic cycle computed with dual topology. Hence, there is no need to scale to zero any of the self-interactions (i.e. the interactions involving only particles of the same MP) regardless of whether the MP is bound or not to the main system. This observation carries a promise to lower computational resources and increase accuracy. A numerical test of a complete thermodynamic cycle illustrates cost and accuracy considerations.
Identification of Pneumocin, a Developmentally Regulated Apical Membrane Glycoprotein in Rat Lung Type II and Clara Cells

Pneumocin (Mr, 165 kD) is a recently identified apical membrane surface sialoglycoprotein marker of type II pneumocytes. A murine monoclonal IgG1 subclass-producing clone 4A (4A mAb), which was developed against the purified pneumocin, and recognized pneumocin on Western blots of adult rat lung homogenates, was used to study expression of the glycoprotein in developing rat lungs. Pneumocin localized to apical membranes of late fetal, neonatal, and adult rat type II pneumocytes as well as Clara cells in situ, by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Faint immunofluorescence was observed in 17-d fetal lungs. However, 19-d fetal lungs showed intense immunofluorescence with the antibody. On immunoelectron microscopy, apical membranes of 19-d fetal and adult rat lung type II cells were labeled by 4A mAb, but type I cells were not stained. On Western blots, amounts of pneumocin increased up to the fourth day after birth, when near-adult levels were attained. Lower molecular weight forms (Mr, 80 to 9...
The Ions Produced by Discharges at Liquid Surfaces

IN the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 39, Section A, No. 3, under the above title, J. J. Nolan and J. G. O'Keeffe give an account of experiments showing that the ions which carry the discharge from liquid points have essentially the same mobilities as those present in discharges from metal points. Some statements made by these authors regarding my early work on the same subject seem to imply that it is my contention that the current in such cases is carried altogether by minute droplets of liquid. I do believe this to be true under certain conditions, but not as a general rule; for positive discharges especially can be produced from liquid surfaces without the formation of any droplets, and I have shown in a later paper (Phys. Rev., 16, p. 102; 1920) than those to which reference was made by the authors named that the main characteristics of discharges from liquid points agree very closely with those obtained with metal points of the same dimensions.
Ventricular septal defect associated with aortic insufficiency: Medical and surgical management☆

Abstract We have described seven patients with aortic insufficiency and ventricular septal defect (classified by Tatsuno and associates 6 as supracristal and infracristal). Four patients (Group I) had supracristal VSD and three (Goup II) had infracristal) VSD. All underwent VSD repair only, without operation on the aortic valve. In three patients from Group I the AI disappeared two to three years after VSD repair. From our present study and reports of others, it is suggested that, if the VSD is supracristal, appearance of AI is an indication for early surgical repair of the VSD prior to development of signs and symptoms of left ventricular failure, with the expectation that AI will disappear or be minimized.
The Computer and Geography: Some Methodological Comments

(1983). The Computer and Geography: Some Methodological Comments. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 343-344.
Orientation relationship and partial lattice match between the decagonal AlCoCu phase and a (CsCl) crystalline AlCo(Cu) phase

Abstract A new Al Co(Cu) cubic phase has been observed to coexist with the decagonal Al Co Cu phase in Al 65 Co 15 Cu 20 alloy. A well-defined orientation relationship is present between the two phases. Partial lattice and atomic match between the two phases, which are a result of the orientation relationship, is presented and discussed.
Including detector effects in the design of wide-field imaging systems

Most imaging systems today include a mosaic detector array in the focal plane. Optical designers of astronomical telescopes typically produce a design that yields a superb on-axis aerial image in the focal plane, and detector effects are included only in the analysis of the final system performance. Aplanatic optical designs (corrected for spherical aberration and coma) are widely considered to be superior to non-aplanatic designs. However, there is little merit in an aplanatic design for wide field applications because one needs to optimize some-field-weighted average measure of resolution over the desired operational field of-view (OFOV). Furthermore, when used with a mosaic detector array in the focal plane, detector effects eliminate the advantage of the aplanatic design even at small field angles. For wide fields of view, the focal plane is frequently despaced to balance field curvature with defocus thus obtaining better overall performance. We will demonstrate that including detector effects in the design process results in a different optimal (non-aplanatic) design for each OFOV that is even superior to an optimally despaced aplanatic design.
A prospective approach to investigating the natural history of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using first-degree relatives of probands with RA.

Objective To describe a large, multicenter prospective cohort study of first-degree relatives (FDRs) of probands with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and outline the use of such a study in investigating the natural history of RA development. Methods A total of 1,058 FDRs, none of whom met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA, were enrolled in a prospective study investigating genetic and environmental influences on the development of RA-related autoimmunity. Demographic, epidemiologic, genetic, autoantibody, and physical examination data from the initial study enrollment visit were described for these FDRs, and the relationship was examined between genetic factors, autoantibodies, inflammation, and joint disease. Results Fifty-five percent of the FDRs had ≥1 copy of the shared epitope, 20% had ≥1 copy of the PTPN22 polymorphism, and ∼16% were positive for rheumatoid factor (RF; including isotypes) and/or anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody. IgM-RF positivity is associated with ≥1 tender joint on examination (odds ratio [OR] 2.50, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.27–4.89; P < 0.01) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (OR 5.31, 95% CI 1.45–19.52; P = 0.01). Conclusion FDRs without RA demonstrate high prevalences of genetic risk factors and RA-related autoantibodies. Additionally, an RF association with tender joints and elevated CRP levels suggests that autoantibodies are a valid intermediate marker of RA-related autoimmunity in this cohort. This prospective FDR cohort will be a valuable resource for evaluating the relationship between genetic and epidemiologic factors and the development of RA-related autoimmunity.
Moving laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to unfamiliar home cages

Removing a three-year-old rhesus monkey from its home cage and placing it into a second but unfamiliar cage of similar size produces increases in vocalizations and stereotyped behaviors, and decreases in cage shaking and manual and oral exploration of the cage. Males and females respond differently to a cage change, particularly in regard to visual exploration and locomotor activity.
p-p bremsstrahlung calculations and relativistic spin corrections

Abstract We discuss in detail the Hamiltonian for p-p bremsstrahlung, including relativistic corrections to the Pauli-Schrodinger equation. We derive the cross section for this process, and present calculations, based on the Hamada-Johnston potential with and without relativistic corrections. When the relativistic spin correction is neglected, our results, here found by calculating the amplitude in the c.m. frame, are quite different from results found previously using the lab frame. However, when the relativistic correction is included, then the lab and c.m. calculations are in agreement with each other, and also with experimental data. The correction is small in the c.m. frame and large at higher energies in the lab frame. Comparisons between theory and experiment are made at various energies, and for cases of unequal proton polar angles, and noncoplanar scattering.
Humiliation and the Cultural and Relational Structuring of Hysteria: Reply to Commentaries

In this reply to the discussions by Muriel Dimen and Richard Lasky of “Hysteria and Humiliation” I emphasize how historical theoretical conceptualizations of hysteria have always been informed by derogatory attitudes. I concur with Dimen's view that power is always invoked in gender and race relations and that these inevitably find their way into the clinical. I disagree with Lasky's view that the hysteric can be understood primarily through the operation of “autonomous mental events” and that too great a reliance on this concept obscures the role of cultural and developmental experiences of humiliation in the origins and maintenance of hysteric phenomena.
Cytogenetics of trophoblasts from complete hydatidiform moles

Abstract The risk of developing choriocarcinoma following a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is 2000–4000 times greater than the risk following a normal pregnancy. To understand more fully the increased susceptibility of the molar trophoblast to malignant transformation, we separated the trophoblastic cells from the stromal cells in 14 complete moles and cultured them for cytogenetic analysis. The numerical and structural abnormalities found were compared with those found in the trophoblasts from normal pregnancy and malignant choriocarcinoma cell lines. The percentage of polyploid cells was 2.8 times greater in molar trophoblasts than in normal trophoblasts. Although we found no consistent chromosomal abnormality in the molar trophoblasts, these cells were significantly more vulnerable to chromosomal breakage than the molar fibroblasts, normal trophoblasts, normal fibroblasts, and maternal decidual cells. Out of a total of 103 breakpoints observed in 338 cells, 42 coincided with known fragile sites, 18 with the location of protooncogenes, 27 with breakpoints reported in other neoplasia, and 18 with breakpoints found in four choriocarcinoma cell lines. The chromosomes in choriocarcinoma cell lines have hypotetraploid mode and many structural rearrangements. Our results suggest that the genetic instability found in the molar trophoblasts may be responsible for progressive karyotypic changes and greater susceptibility to malignant transformation.
Feminism as a Correlate of Self-Esteem, Self-Acceptance, and Social Support Among Lesbians.

In this study it was hypothesized that, among lesbians, agreement with feminist ideology and participation in feminist activities would correlate positively with self-esteem, self-acceptance, and social support. Demographic variables were also examined as correlates. Respondents were contacted through 11 lesbian, gay, and feminist organizations and establishments and asked to complete a research questionnaire. One-hundred-twenty-three usable questionnaires were returned. Age and current involvement in a lesbian relationship were significantly related to self-esteem, self-acceptance, and social support. Participation in feminist activities also correlated with self-acceptance. The results give tentative, but important, information useful in understanding the correlates of self-esteem and support among lesbians.
Doppler visibility of coherent random noise radar systems

Random noise radar has recently been used in a variety of imaging and surveillance applications. These systems can be made phase coherent using the technique of heterodyne correlation. Phase coherence has been exploited to measure Doppler and thereby the velocity of moving targets. The Doppler visibility, i.e., the ability to extract Doppler information over the inherent clutter spectra, is constrained by system parameters, especially the phase noise generated by microwave components. Our paper proposes a new phase noise model for the heterodyne mixer as applicable for ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar and for the local oscillator in the time domain. The Doppler spectra are simulated by including phase noise contamination effects and compared to our previous experimental results. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization routine is applied to synthesize the effects of a variety of parameter combinations to derive a suitable empirical formula for estimating the Doppler visibility in dB. According to the phase noise analysis and the simulation results, the Doppler visibility of UWB random noise radar depends primarily on the following parameters: (a) the local oscillator (LO) drive level of the receiver heterodyne mixer; (b) the saturation current in the receiver heterodyne mixer; (c) the bandwidth of the transmit noise source, and; (d) the target velocity. Other parameters such as the carrier frequency of the receiver LO and the loaded quality factor of the LO have a small effect over the range of applicability of the model and are therefore neglected in the model formulation. The Doppler visibility curves generated from this formula match the simulation results very well over the applicable parameter range within 1 dB. Our model may therefore be used to quickly estimate the Doppler visibility of random noise radars for trade-off analysis.
Characterization of polymer molecular weight distribution by transient viscoelasticity: polytetrafluoroethylenes

The relationship between the relaxation time spectrum H(τ) in the terminal zone and the volume-fraction differential molecular-weight-distribution function P(M) is derived by considering binary chain contacts for stress transmission, where β and λ are constants for a given chemical type. This is used to determine the molecular-weight-distribution curves from the stress relaxation modulus spectrum (above the crystal melting point) at 370°C for a number of commercial and experimental poly(tetrafluoroethylenes) (PTFEs). It is found that PTFEs typically have bimodal molecular-weight distributions. The lower-molecular-weight peak conforms essentially to the “most-probable” distribution, and the higher-molecular-weight peak to the binary coupling distribution. The entanglement molecular weight Me is 5490, and the number of main-chain atoms between entanglement points is 110, consistent with a flexible chain. The zero-shear melt viscosity at 370°C is η0 = 1.79 × 10−13Mw2.94±0.13, where η0 is in Pa.s and Mw/Me = 2,000 to 12,000. The monomeric friction coefficient is also determined.
NlpI-mediated modulation of outer membrane vesicle production through peptidoglycan dynamics in Escherichia coli

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are ubiquitously secreted from the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria. These heterogeneous structures are composed of OM filled with periplasmic content from the site of budding. By analyzing mutants that have vesicle production phenotypes, we can gain insight into the mechanism of OMV budding in wild-type cells, which has thus far remained elusive. In this study, we present data demonstrating that the hypervesiculation phenotype of the nlpI deletion mutant of Escherichia coli correlates with changes in peptidoglycan (PG) dynamics. Our data indicate that in stationary phase cultures the nlpI mutant exhibits increased PG synthesis that is dependent on spr, consistent with a model in which NlpI controls the activity of the PG endopeptidase Spr. In log phase, the nlpI mutation was suppressed by a dacB mutation, suggesting that NlpI regulates penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) during exponential growth. The data support a model in which NlpI negatively regulates PBP4 activity during log phase, and Spr activity during stationary phase, and that in the absence of NlpI, the cell survives by increasing PG synthesis. Further, the nlpI mutant exhibited a significant decrease in covalent outer membrane (OM-PG) envelope stabilizing cross-links, consistent with its high level of OMV production. Based on these results, we propose that one mechanism wild-type Gram-negative bacteria can use to modulate vesiculation is by altering PG-OM cross-linking via localized modulation of PG degradation and synthesis.
Stimulation of Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Rat Ovaries in Vitro

The cyclic AMP levels in incubated rat ovaries were measured by the protein binding assay of Gilman. As little as 0.1 μg/ml of medium of LH caused a significant increase in ovarian cyclic AMP levels, and maximal stimulation occurred at 10-20 μg/ml. FSH and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also stimulated an increase in cyclic AMP content. The stimulation by PGE2 was similar to that by LH; however, the maximal stimulation by FSH was less than that obtained with LH. The amount of LH contained in the FSH preparation used appeared to be insufficient to account for the stimulating activity. Prolactin was inactive in this system. LH, FSH, and PGE2 had considerably more effect on immature ovaries than on those luteinized with PMS + hCG, or ovaries from pregnant rats. Corpora lutea isolated from pregnant or partially luteinized rat ovaries were unable to respond appreciably to the addition of LH, FSH, or PGE2 in vitro with respect to cyclic AMP formation. The remaining ovarian tissue did show increased cyclic AMP formatio...
How to: Construct and Use a Problem-based Programmed Lecture

In a programmed lecture a single teacher can transform an amphitheatre into a small-group tutorial. This paper, based on ten years' experience of using programmed lectures, provides details on their construction and administration and contrasts them with the classical lecture method.
The independent and combined effects of weight loss and aerobic exercise on blood pressure and oral glucose tolerance in older men

The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise training (AEX) and weight loss (WL) on blood pressure (BP) and oral glucose tolerance were studied in 97 nondiabetic, sedentary, older men. The men were assigned to either a WL (n = 31), AEX (n = 35), AEX+WL (n = 20) intervention, or to a control (CON) group (n = 11). The AEX regimen consisted of 3 days/week for 9 months, whereas WL consisted of a behavioral modification weight loss program that met weekly for 9 months. Maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly (P < .05) in both the AEX and AEX+WL groups (delta change: 0.45 +/- 0.06 and 0.43 +/- 0.07 L/min, respectively; mean +/- SEM), but did not change in the WL (delta change: 0.00 +/- 0.04 L/min) and CON (-0.05 +/- 0.07 L/min) groups. The AEX+WL and WL groups had comparable reductions in body weight (-8.6 +/- 0.7 and -8.8 +/- 0.7 kg,) and %fat (-5.4 +/- 0.5 and -5.2 +/- 0.6%) that were significantly greater than the CON and AEX groups, in which neither body weight nor %fat changed. The AEX, WL, and AEX+WL groups had significant reductions in both systolic (-6.4 +/- 1.3, -9.2 +/- 1.6, and -9.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, respectively) and diastolic (-5.2 +/- 1.0, -6.2 +/- 1.3, and -7.2 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, respectively) BP after their respective interventions compared with the change in systolic (3.2 +/- 3.6 mm Hg) and diastolic (-0.5 +/- 1.9 mm Hg) BP in the CON group. The AEX, WL, and AEX+WL groups also had significant reductions in glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test compared with the CON group. The reduction in the insulin area in the AEX+WL group was significantly greater than in the AEX and WL groups. The results of this study demonstrate that AEX and WL are effective nonpharmacologic therapies to lower BP and alter glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. However, combining the two interventions does not result in any further improvement in BP.
Failure of Selenomethionine Residues in Albumin and Immunoglobulin G to Protect against Peroxynitrite

Abstract Selenomethionine has been suggested to protect against peroxynitrite by quenching it in vivo. Selenomethionine is distributed randomly in the methionine pool. Albumin and IgG were purified from plasma of a human being before and after 28 days of supplementation with 400 μg selenium/day as selenomethionine. The albumin contained 1 selenium atom, presumably as selenomethionine, per 8000 methionine residues before supplementation and 1 per 2800 after supplementation. Although this ratio suggested that selenomethionine would not have as great an effect in quenching peroxynitrite as would methionine, direct testing of the albumin and IgG fractions was carried out to assess the ability of these proteins to prevent peroxynitrite oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 to rhodamine 123. The ability of the albumin preparations to resist nitration of tyrosine residues was also assessed. The high-selenomethionine preparations of the proteins had no greater effect in quenching the peroxynitrite than did the normal-selenomethionine preparations. These results do not support the proposal that selenomethionine in proteins contributes to in vivo protection against peroxynitrite.
Compiler optimizations for Fortran D on MIMD distributed-memory machines

Massively parallel MIMD dis tribut ed-memory ma­ chines can provide enormous computation power. However, the difficul ty of developing parallel programs for thes e machines has limited their acce ssibility. This paer presnts compiler algor ithms to automatic ally derIve efficIent message-passing programs based on data decompositions. Optimizations are presented to minim ize load imb alance and communication costs for both loosely synchronous and pipelined loops. These techniques are empl oyed in the compiler being devel­ oped at Rice Univ ersity for Fortran D, a version of �ortran enhanced with data decomposition specifica­ tIOns.
Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines

The gender imbalance in STEM subjects dominates current debates about women's underrepresentation in academia. However, women are well represented at the Ph.D. level in some sciences and poorly represented in some humanities (e.g., in 2011, 54% of U.S. Ph.D.'s in molecular biology were women versus only 31% in philosophy). We hypothesize that, across the academic spectrum, women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent. This hypothesis extends to African Americans' underrepresentation as well, as this group is subject to similar stereotypes. Results from a nationwide survey of academics support our hypothesis (termed the field-specific ability beliefs hypothesis) over three competing hypotheses.
Limitations in prediction of gestational age and birth weight by ultrasonographic methods.

The index of predictability of estimated gestational age (EGA) and birth weight (BW) from biparietal diameter (BPD) was tested in 1333 normal pregnancies; 96% of the patients were black. The correlation BPD and actual weeks to delivery was 0.834, r2 = 69.5%. Confidence limits were established and a nomogram for EGA was derived. Our nomogram and two similar ones were compared. The overall correlation between them was good, but that for specific BPD and EGA was not. In addition, our BPD values were smaller for corresponding gestational ages in other nomograms. The overall accuracy of estimated delivery date was ± 1.6 weeks. We were not able to predict birth weight at all from a single, random BPD measurement. We have demonstrated the serious limitations that exist in the prediction of gestational age from previously established nomograms. We infer that this error is even greater when homogeneous populations are so studied. We suggest that any published BPD-EGA or BPD-BW nomogram be given close, intensive statistical scrutiny, within the population studied, before it is used. When such scrutiny is not possible, serial sonographic determinations, or longitudinal use of growth charts, would be more acceptable.
Metabolic Memory and Diabetic retinopathy: Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Retinal Pericytes

Abstract Diabetic retinopathy shares many characteristics features of a low grade chronic inflammatory disease. Its progression resists arrest when good metabolic control is re-established after a period of poor metabolic control, suggesting a ‘metabolic memory’ phenomenon. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of reversal of high glucose to normal glucose on the inflammatory mediators in pericytes, the site of histopathology in diabetic retinopathy. Bovine retinal pericytes were incubated in high glucose (20 mM) for 2 days followed by normal glucose (5 mM) for 4 days (2 → 4), or in high glucose for 4 days followed by normal glucose for 4 days (4 → 4) or 8 days (4 → 8). Pericytes incubated in continuous normal or high glucose for 2–12 days served as controls. Continuous high glucose exposure for 2–12 days significantly elevated gene expressions and protein concentrations of IL-1β, NF-kB, VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β and ICAM-1 in retinal pericytes. Four days of normal glucose that followed 2 days of high glucose (2 → 4) had marginal, but significant, beneficial effect on the increases in these inflammatory mediators. Four days of normal glucose in 4 → 4 group failed to reverse increases in inflammatory mediators and cell apoptosis remained elevated, but addition of dexamethasone during normal glucose exposure ameliorated such increases. However, when normal glucose exposure, after 4 days of high glucose was extended to 8 days (4 → 8), increases in these mediators were significantly decreased. Hyperglycemia-induced elevations in inflammatory mediators in retinal microvascular cells resist reversal after re-institution of normal glucose conditions. Both, the duration of the initial exposure to high glucose, and normal glucose that follows high glucose, are critical in determining the outcome of the alterations in the inflammatory mediators.
The Library of Virginia's digital library project

Explains the development of a project by the Library of Virginia to provide universal Internet access to the state‘s vast treasury of historical documents, records, finding aids and photographs through the process of digitization. Considers selection criteria, the HTML gateway, catalogues and databases, the family bible project, electronic card indexes, microfilm digitization, colonial records and newspaper‐based history. Outlines ongoing and future projects.
Comparison of amlodipine or nifedipine treatment with developing congestive heart failure: Effects on myocyte contractility***

Abstract Background: Past studies have suggested that amlodipine, a dihydropyridine L-type Ca 2+ channel antagonist, may exert useful effects in congestive heart failure (CHF). The present study examined the effects of amlodipine or nifedipine treatment in a model of developing CHF on left ventricular (LV) pump function and myocyte contractility. Methods and Results: Pigs (25 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: 1) pacing-induced CHF (rapid atrial pacing at 240 bpm) for 3 weeks (n = 9), 2) concomitant Ca 2+ channel blockade with amlodipine (1.5 mg/kg/day) and rapid pacing (n = 7), 3) concomitant Ca 2+ channel blockade with nifedipine (0.7 mg/kg twice daily) and rapid pacing (n = 7), and 4) sham controls (n = 7). LV fractional shortening fell with pacing CHF from baseline values (17% ± 1% v 42% ± 1%, P P P =.2). LV myocyte velocity of shortening, as measured by high speed videomicroscopy, was reduced with pacing CHF compared with controls (42 ± 2 μm/s v 87 ± 9 μm/s, P P 2+ (8 mmol/L) was reduced with pacing CHF (94 ± 5 μm/s v 160 ± 15 μm/s, P P Conclusions: These results suggest that the primary mechanism for the effects of amlodipine on myocyte contractility in developing CHF is because of direct Ca 2+ channel blockade.
Evidence for Cytosolic p27(Kip1) Ubiquitylation and Degradation during Adipocyte Hyperplasia

Objective: Subcellular localization has been shown to play an important role in determining activity and accumulation of p27 protein during cell cycle progression. The purpose of this study was to examine p27 localization and ubiquitylation in relation to E3 ligase expression during adipocyte hyperplasia. Research Methods and Procedures: This study used the murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model to examine p27 regulation during synchronous cell cycle progression. Cell lysates were isolated over time after hormonal stimulation, fractionated to cytosolic and nuclear compartments, and immunoblotted for relative protein determinations. Results: Data presented in this study show that p27 was present in the cytosol and nucleus in density-arrested preadipocytes and that abundance in both compartments decreased in a phase-specific manner as preadipocytes synchronously re-entered the cell cycle during early phases of adipocyte differentiation. Blocking CRM1-mediated nuclear export did not prevent degradation, nor did it cause nuclear accumulation of p27, suggesting that distinct mechanisms mediating cytosolic and nuclear p27 degradation were involved. Treating preadipocytes with a potent and specific proteasome inhibitor during hormonal stimulation prevented Skp2 accumulation and p27187 phosphorylation, which are essential events for SCFSkp2 E3 ligase activity and nuclear p27 ubiquitylation during S/G2 phase progression. Proteasome blockade also resulted in the first evidence of cytosolic p27 ubiquitylation during late G1 phase as preadipocytes undergo the transition from quiescence to proliferation. Discussion: These data are consistent with the postulate that p27 is ubiquitylated and targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome in a phase-specific manner by distinct ubiquitin E3 ligases localized to the cytosol and nucleus during adipocyte hyperplasia.
Photodecomposition of PCBs absorbed on sediment and industrial waste: implications for photocatalytic treatment of contaminated solids

PCBs in contaminated sediment and soil have been photodegraded in slurry suspension with TiO2 and simulated solar illumination without pre-treatment or amendments. Degradation of 81% of the PCBs in St. Lawrence River sediment was achieved in a 24 h irradiation period. Replicate experiments using five times as much sediment and half the light intensity yielded similar results. The observed degradation rates of individual PCB congeners correspond with gas chromatograph retention time and chlorine number. Lesser and ortho chlorinated PCBs are preferentially photodecomposed. The solubility of individual congeners controls the observed rate of decomposition by regulation of the transfer of PCBs to the aqueous phase and thus effectively retards access to the catalyst (anatase). The rate and degree of photodegradation can be enhanced by the use of lower wavelength ultraviolet light which leads to hydroxylation of PCB congeners increasing solubility and accessibility to photocatalytic reactions. Photodecomposition of PCBs in a slurry composed of furnace ash, core sands, and aluminum-rich (>45% Al2O3) slag from an aluminum foundry was increased from 45 to 88% during a 24 h irradiation period by using low wattage UVC lamps instead of solar equivalent illumination.
Electrochemistry of oxygen and superoxide ion in dimethylsulfoxide at platinum, gold and mercury electrodes

Abstract The electrochemistry of dissolved oxygen and of superoxide ion in dimethyl-sulfoxide solutions has been studied at platinum, gold and mercury electrodes using voltammetric and chronopotentiometric techniques as -well as controlled-potential coulonietry. In the absence of protic electrolytes and solvents, oxygen is reduced in two one-electron steps, first to superoxide ion at a potential of −0.75 V vs. S.C.E. and then to peroxide ion at a potential of −2.02 V vs. S.C.E. The second step is not observed with a platinum electrode. Superoxide ion is oxidized to oxygen at −0.73 V and is reduced to peroxide ion at −2.02 V. Peroxide ion is oxidized directly to oxygen at +0.75 V by a two-electron process. In the presence of a protic electrolyte (0.1 F NH4ClO4) oxygen is reduced in one step to hydrogen peroxide at −0.28 V. The kinetic parameters for the oxygen-superoxide ion electrode reaction are essentially the same for all three electrodes; the average for all determinations is: αna = 0.55; ks,h0 = 10−3. The diffusion coefficients for oxygen and superoxide ion in 0.1 F (Et4)NClO4-DMSO solutions have been evaluated; Do2 = 3.23·10−5 cm2 sec and Do2 = 1.08·10−5 cm2 sec. Mechanisms are proposed for the electrode reactions and for disproportionation reactions that are consistent with the observed experimental data.
On the performance of games using solid state drives

Since games typically demand considerable computer resources, game players will often purchase new technologies to improve their game performance. One such technology is the solid state drive (SSD) with the potential to provide significantly better performance than the traditional hard disk drive (HDD). However, while the benefits of SSDs to drive access speeds can be demonstrated, the benefits to computer game performance is largely unknown. This paper presents a detailed study comparing the performance of SSDs to HDDs for several popular computer games. Initial experiments provide read access speeds on both a desktop PC and a laptop to provide a baseline for SSD and HDD comparison. Then, detailed experiments are run for three computer games, Civilization IV, Portal 2, and Torchlight, covering a range of disk activity types. Analysis of the results shows SSDs compared with HDDs provide a 25% improvement to game boot times and game start times, but no significant improvement to game save times.
Ontogeny and Regulation of a Rat Placental Estrogen Receptor

Scatchard analysis of cytosol and nuclear fractions of rat placental homogenates under exchange conditions showed that an estrogen receptor (RE) was present at high levels during a limited period of midpregnancy in the basal zone of the placenta. The disappearance of placental RE appeared to be under strict regulation. From days 9–15 of pregnancy (day 0 = sperm-positive day) cytosol RE fell from 30,000 to 600 sites/cell and nuclear RE from 3400 to 200 sites/cell. We attempted to change RE levels from days 12–15 by manipulating hormone levels and/or increasing the proportion of trophoblast giant cells in the basal zone of the placenta. Two effects on RE levels could be achieved. First, the disappearance of cytosol RE was delayed by 2 days under experimental conditions in which estrogen was lowered by ovariectomy. The temporarily increased levels of cytosol RE may have been due to insufficient estrogen to translocate RE into the nucleus rather than to increased synthesis of RE, inasmuch as RE fell to low le...
Tenues and mediae in Japanese: A reinterpretation

Abstract All descriptions and analyses of the contemporary standard Japanese phonological system have assumed the correct feature to be voiced vs voiceless as regards obstruents. The present paper shows that it is, in fact, the tenseness feature that is to be regarded as distinctive in Japanese. It does so by adducing markedness-theoretic evidence which presupposes that phonology is a semiotic system.