cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies: structure, specificity, and biology

Anti-DNA antibodies are a major contributor to the pathogenesis associated with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus in mice and human. The accumulation of a large body of structural information on autoimmune anti-DNA antibodies over the past several years, particularly from mice, has provided considerable insight into the structure, function, and biology of this important class of autoantibodies. Even though the germline repertoire of light and heavy chain variable regions that may encode DNA-specific antibodies is very large in mice, there are individual light and heavy chain variable region genes that have been recurrent and preferentially expressed among anti-DNA hybridomas. This has been particularly true for hybridomas producing antibodies that bind duplex, B-form, mammalian DNA (dsDNA). Recurrent somatically derived variable region structures, particularly arginines in the third complementary-determining region of the heavy chain (VH-CDR3), have also been recurrent and preferentially expressed among monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies. In fact specificity for dsDNA can be correlated to the relative amino acid position at which arginines are expressed within VH-CDR3 of anti-DNA. Most important from the results of structural analyses of monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies has been the realization that autoimmunity to DNA results from a clonally selective, antigen-specific immune response to DNA. Autoimmune antibodies to DNA have all of the characteristics of secondary immune antibodies. In further support of this hypothesis, we have been able to induce anti-DNA antibodies in normal, nonautoimmune mice by immunization with immunogenic DNA-peptide complexes. The induced antibodies have all of the structural and functional characteristics of autoimmune anti-DNA including the pathogenetic potential to induce glomerulonephritis. This review summarizes the results of research from our laboratory that support the above conclusions.
The world-wide web and plant molecular biology

The Internet has been functional since 1967 and has been operating without interruption for over 20 years. Although local service can be lost, the network will retain its integrity and recover from almost any imaginable combination of faults, whether natural or intentional. This robustness, the global scope, the availability of quality public domain software, and the inherent democracy of the Internet, have combined to eclipse similar efforts. Many scientists have found the Internet immediately useful for communication in the form of electronic mail. Shared resources, an intrinsic benefit of networks, are now becoming apparent in the form of the World-Wide Web (WWW).
Improved high-performance liquid chromatography of the new antineoplastic agents bisantrene and mitoxantrone

Bisantrene and mitoxantrone are two new anthracene derivatives which have shown significant antitumor activity against a wide variety of animal tumors and in human phase I and II clinical trials. We have developed a rapid, simple and sensitive sample cleanup procedure and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for both drugs. This method uses a commercially available mini-cartridge with C18 reversed-phase packing to isolate the drugs from the biological matrix prior to HPLC. For both drugs the average recovery of the assay was 98 +/- 6% with a coefficient of variation (C.V.) of less than 7%. Using this new method our assay sensitivity has improved to less than 10 ng/ml for bisantrene and 1 ng/ml for mitoxantrone, allowing us to document a prolonged terminal phase plasma half-life for both bisantrene and mitoxantrone. Equilibrium dialysis studies showed that both drugs are highly protein bound. Mitoxantrone appears less stable in human plasma than bisantrene. Recoveries from plasma after a 24-h incubation at 25 and 37 degrees C were 40 and 20% for mitoxantrone and 90 and 85% for bisantrene, respectively. Addition of ascorbic acid prior to incubation of mitoxantrone in human plasma at 37 degrees C resulted in less than a 10% decrease in the latter's concentration over a 24-h period. To maintain sample integrity, all plasma samples should be fortified with ascorbic acid and kept frozen prior to analyses.
Nonlinear photoemission of image states: a new 'high-resolution' surface spectroscopy

Image states on the surface of bare and adsorbate covered metals form simple, near-surface, bound electron systems. These systems provide useful model systems for understanding the electron- transfer dynamics between an adsorbate molecule and its underlying substrate. These states may be readily detected by two-photon photoemission, a technique ideally suited for high- resolution studies of excited surface states. Because of its relatively narrow linewidths, spectroscopy of the image states provides a useful method of detecting changes in surface and composition.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multidrug ABC transporters from bacteria to man: an emerging hypothesis for the universality of molecular mechanism and function.

. " he ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane-associated transporters encompasses a diverse group of proteins in a wide variety of organisms and cell types, many of which have been implicated in human diseases. In addition to highly homologous ATP-binding domains, most of these proteins have multiple transmembrane (TM) spanning domains and function as ATP-dependent transportersF z In eukaryotic cells, members of this family include the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the related multidrug resistance-associated protein (mrpl) encoded by the MRP1 gene, 3 the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), ~ the STE6 a-mating factor transporter in the yeast Saccbaromyces cerevisiae, 5,6 and the ABCR protein in retina implicated in macular degeneration. 7,8 Additional members of this family are the peroxisomal membrane pumps, PMPTO 9-11 and ALDP ~2 and the related ALDRP I3 whose mutated versions have been implicated in the cerebro-hepato-renal autosomal recessive disorder Zellweger syndrome and PERSPECTIVES
Energy levels of an electron in the field of a finite dipole

Abstract A quantum mechanical investigation has been made of the energy levels of an electron moving in the field of two fixed charges with values + e and − e and having a separation R . The Schrodinger equation for this problem is separable in confocal elliptic coordinates. The evaluation of the energy eigenvalues requires the solution of two simultaneous transcendental equations involving continued fractions. The solutions of these transcendental equations have been worked out for the ten lowest bound states over a range of values of R using the IBM 704 electronic computer at the Research Laboratories of the General Motors Corporation. The binding energy of the electron decreases monotonically as R decreases for all states considered. For a given state the electronic binding energy is very small for values of R less than the Bohr radius of the corresponding hydrogenic state obtained by letting R → ∞. Applications of the results to color center problems and to other solid state physics problemsare discussed.
Power Doppler sonography with and without echo-enhancing contrast agent and contrast-enhanced MRI for the evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder joint: differentiation between synovitis and joint effusion

To evaluate patients with clinically active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of the shoulder for joint effusion and synovitis using conventional sonography, power Doppler (PD) sonography with and without echo-enhancing contrast agent, and contrast-enhanced MRI. Twenty-four patients (mean age 64 years) with known RA had one symptomatic shoulder evaluated by conventional gray-scale sonography and PD sonography before and after intravenous administration of the echo-enhancing contrast agent Levovist (300 mg/ml, 2.5 g). The degree and extent of the altered echo pattern in the subacromial bursa, axillary recess and glenohumeral joint seen by conventional gray-scale sonography and the intensity of vascular signals of PD sonography were compared with the findings of MRI obtained with T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted fat-saturated spin-echo sequences. MRI was evaluated by two readers in consensus without knowledge of the sonographic findings. MRI, which was used as the reference examination, detected joint effusion in 71% (17/24) and synovitis in 92% (22/24) of the patients. Conventional sonography revealed an abnormal articular echo pattern in 96% (23/24) of the patients, especially in the axillary recess and subacromial bursa, but failed to attribute the altered echo pattern to either fluid or specific synovitis. PD sonography allowed a specific diagnosis of synovitis in 33% (8 patients), which increased to 50% (12 patients) after administration of an echo-enhancing contrast agent. In 42% (10/24) of the patients, the findings of synovitis demonstrated by MRI corresponded to an altered echo pattern by conventional sonography, but vascular signals were absent by PD sonography with or without echo-enhancing contrast agent. Using MRI as the "gold standard," PD sonography with and without echo-enhancing contrast agent cannot reliably identify synovitis or distinguish synovial inflammation from effusion in the shoulder joint.
The influences of group processes on learners’ autonomous beliefs and behaviors ☆

Abstract This study explores how group processes, such as group cohesiveness and group norms, influence an individual EFL learner’s autonomy – their autonomous beliefs and actual autonomous behaviors. Questionnaires were administered to 152 Taiwanese university students from the English Department of a National Science and Technology University in southern Taiwan. The results from the questionnaires show that there is no correlation between group processes (group cohesiveness and group norms) and students’ autonomous beliefs; however, there is indeed a correlation between group factors and students’ autonomous behaviors. A dozen students from the 152 participants in this study were asked to give further information during an in-depth interview. During those interviews, several students commented that their classmates within the learner group are indeed important to their learning, as being around autonomous, motivated classmates positively influences their own autonomy.
Smile when you say that: Effects of willingness on dispositional inferences☆

Abstract A large body of research has investigated how perceivers integrate a target’s behavior with information about situational forces. However, little research has investigated how the willingness with which a behavior is performed affects inferences. Two experiments examined the effect of behavioral willingness on dispositional inferences. In experiment 1, a target’s willingness to help had a strong effect on inferences. In experiment 2, effects of willingness were even stronger under cognitive load. Implications are discussed.
Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome C and oxyhemoglobin using pulsed laser excitation and optical multichannel detection

Abstract The resonance Raman spectra of dilute cytochrome c and oxyhemoglobin solutions obtained with high peak power (>1 MW) laser excitation at 532.0 nm and optical multichannel analysis (OMA) are presented. The frequencies and intensities of bands in resonance Raman spectra obtained under these conditions are directly comparable to spectra derived from 0.15 W peak power excitation using cw lasers. No anomalous spectral features are observed. These pulsed-laser/OMA spectra are used to comment on the applicability of such techniques for time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy of biopolymers.
Human renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 functions and co-localizes with COX-2

Abstract The local renal metabolism of glucocorticoids (GCs) by isoforms of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2) determines their biological effects. 11β-HSD2, located in collecting duct epithelial cells of the mammalian and human kidney, serves as a putative “guardian” preventing GCs from binding to mineralocorticoid receptors. Various investigators have shown that both isoforms are present in kidney tissue from the rat, dog and other mammals. There is controversy as to whether 11β-HSD1 exists and functions in human kidney. The current studies examine the locale and function of both isoforms in human kidney. The expression of 11β-HSD1 was similar to that of 11β-HSD2 by Western blot. Two distinct Lineweaver Burke plots could be drawn providing enzyme kinetics for both isoforms. The apparent Km for the NADP dependent 11β-HSD1 enzyme was 0.42 μM while the apparent Km for the NAD dependent 11β-HSD2 enzyme was 10.2 nM. Human renal 11β-HSD1 appears to function as a dehydrogenase with no significant “reverse” reductase activity. Using immuno-histochemistry and Western blot analysis, 11β-HSD1 was found to co-localize with COX-2 in proximal tubule cells; COX-2 was not seen with 11β-HSD2 in cortical collecting duct. Thus, normal human kidney contains active 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. 11β-HSD1 co-localizes with COX-2 in proximal tubule cells.
Biochemical properties of glutamate synthase of salt-tolerant Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WR1001

Accumulation of high levels of intracellular glutamate was a common response of a variety of bacteria to osmotic stress. We characterized the NADPH-dependent glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WR1001. This enzyme had a pH optimum in the region of 8.3, as compared to 7.6 for most other Rhizobium strains reported in the literature. The enzyme was not inhibited by the end product, glutamate, in the range 50–200 mM.
Universal multiplicity formula

Abstract Thermodynamic reasoning is used to derive a universal multiplicity formula for particle production in high energy collisions. Among the results are the equality of πp , pp and γp multiplicity, the prediction of a slow decrease in deep inelastic multiplicity when Q 2 increases, and the prediction of an s 3 8 dependence of hadronic multiplicity in e + − e − annihilation.
The maize mitochondrial mnsods encoded by multiple genes are localized in the mitochondrial matrix of transformed yeast cells

We recently demonstrated that maize mitochondrial MnSODs are encoded by a differentially expressed multigene family. Molecular characterization of the cloned maize MnSod cDNAs shows that all the maize MnSODs encoded by the cloned MnSod have mitochondrial transit peptides and that the matrix-targeting signal was conserved in all the MnSOD precursor proteins, suggesting that all the maize MnSODs are associated with mitochondria in vivo. In an attempt to clarify the submitochondrial localization of each individual maize MnSOD, each of the maize MnSod cDNAs was introduced into the MnSOD-deficient yeast cells. The functional role and submitochondrial location of each individual MnSOD were examined in the transformed yeast cells. Herein, we demonstrate that all the maize MnSODs can functionally complement the MnSOD deficiency and rescue the transformed yeast cells from oxidative stress induced by paraquat. Biochemical analyses indicate that all of the maize MnSODs are expressed and targeted into the mitochondrial matrix of transformed yeast cells.
Country Competition and US Overseas Assembly

To examine the role of international competition in outsourcing production decisions, I study the decisions of producers who used the U.S. Overseas Assembly Program (OAP) to conduct assembly operations in developing countries. The evidence, which is based on U.S. OAP imports between 1991 to 2000, shows that production costs and corporate tax policies both shaped production decisions. While increases in own country costs reduced the size of a developing country's OAP shipments, increases in competitor costs helped to increase a country's shipments. The effects of competitor country cost changes were relatively large, as the analysis suggests that a ten percent increase in competing country costs would increase a country's OAP outsourcing activities by 5.8 percent, while a ten percent increase in competitor country taxes would increase a country's OAP exports by 1.6 percent.
Morphological changes in asymmetric erythrocyte membranes induced by electrolytes

Abstract Washed human erythrocyte membranes are made permanently leaky to cations by EDTA. These ghosts can exhibit the stomatocyte-disc-echinocyte sequence of shape changes in response to electrolytes in the medium. The changes are instantaneous and reversible. The observations can be explained on the basis of the known effects of cations on charged phospholipids together with the bilayer couple hypothesis.
Storage of Dairy Bull Spermatozoa

An appreciation of the limitations and possibilities of storing dairy bull semen and retaining its fer t i l i ty is necessary in order to define the practical limits of artificial insemination with shipped or stored semen. While various diluents have been proposed and different storage temperatures have been suggested, there still remain many unexplained factors concerning the successful storage of dairy bull semen. One difficulty in semen storage research has been the lack of an accurate criterion of fert i l i ty. Since the time of survival with vigorous motil i ty of bull spermatozoa stored undi luted at 40 ° F. has been shown to be correlated with the fer t i l i ty of bull semen (14), this p roper ty of the semen may be used in evaluating storage methods more accurately than simple determinat ion of time of survival. Refr igerat ion has been recognized for some time as the most effective method of preserving bull semen (15). Spermatozoa normally live only a short while at body temperature, and room temperature (70 ° F.) has likewise been found too high for successful semen storage (17). The highest tempera ture at which spermatozoa may be stored successfully has been given as 50 ° F. (4), and longer viabili ty was secured with reduction of the storage tempera ture to 35 ° to 40 ° F. (4, 7, 8, 17). I t has been emphasized tha t the change of tempera ture of the semen must be gradual or irreversible immotili ty will result f rom temperature shock (2, 6). Many diluents of various composition have been used with bull semen, but their main use has been in increasing the volume (15, 4). The addition of nu t r ien t substances to these diluents did not increase the survival of spermatozoa in them (1). The buffering action provided by some diluents has increased the motil i ty of spermatozoa (8). A diluent using egg yolk plus a buffer has been reported as causing a marked increase in survival and fert i l i ty of stored bull semen (11). The secretions of the accessory sex glands were shown to be harmful to survival of spermatozoa and were ent irely unsuitable as diluting fluid for bull semen (5, 10, 11). ]¥ i th horse and boar semen the removal of the sperm fluid and concentration of the sperfi~atozoa has resulted in greater survival in storage (16, 9). Exper iments along this line with bull semen were not successful in obtaining greater survival in storage. E a r l y investigators excluded air f rom the semen by a layer of paraffin
Differences in sorghum cultivar root response to concomitant excess hydrogen (H+) and manganese (Mn2+) ion applications

Abstract Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seeds were planted into ‘white quartz flintshot’ sand and watered with 0.01M sodium acetate at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, or 4.0 plus 0, 1.4, 14.0, or 140.0 mg/L manganese (Mn2+). Cultivars used were 38M, 58M, GP‐140, SC283, SC574, 5C599, TAM428, and Funk G522DR. Lengths, fresh weights, and dry weights of roots were decreased as hydrogen (H+) or Mn2+ concentrations increased. Interactions of H+ and Mn2+ concentrations were synergistic for length, fresh weight, and dry weight of roots in 38M and 58M. Interaction of H+ and Mn2+ stresses on root length was additive in GP‐140, SC283, SC574, SC599, and TAM428 but interactions of these stresses were antagonistic in root length of Funk GS22DR.
Soft electrons as a possible heat source for Jupiter's thermosphere

The 850 K exospheric temperature inferred for Jupiter from the radio-occultation experiments on Pioneers 10 and 11 is shown to imply a heat input of 0.25-0.5 erg/sq cm/sec. One possible source of this energy is precipitation of electrons from a warm plasma (temperature corresponding to energies of the order of 30-500 eV). A mechanism is suggested wherein the presence of this plasma can be accounted for by centrifugal acceleration and adiabatic compression of ionospheric electrons and protons. Present ideas of the source strength of ionospheric plasma, however, give heating rates that are too small by one to two orders of magnitude, although inferences from direct plasma measurements suggest that the required plasma is indeed present.
Deep soil: Quantification, modeling, and significance of subsurface nitrogen

Abstract Nitrogen (N) is one of the primary limiting nutrients in Pacific Northwest forests, as well as many other terrestrial ecosystems around the world. Efforts to quantify total soil N and to monitor N cycling have often sampled soils to a depth of 0.2 m, occasionally to 1.0 m depth, or the bottom of the B horizon. However, tree roots often extend many meters into the soil redistributing water to the surface during droughts and contributing to nutrient uptake. This study examined the systematic sampling depth for ecosystem N analyses in the Pacific Northwest, and compared best-fit models of N in deep soil layers with observed quantities. At 22 sites across the Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir zone, O horizon and mineral soil bulk density samples were collected at depths of 0.1 m, 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, and 2.5 m. Mineral soil was screened to 4.75 mm and analyzed for total N content. Systematic sampling shallower than 2.0 m produced significantly smaller estimates of total N. On average, only 3% of total soil N was in the O horizon, and 31% was below 1.0 m depth (almost 2700 kg ha −1 of N). Over 45% of soil N was below 1.0 m at three sites. A nonlinear mixed effect model using the Langmuir equation predicted total N to 2.5 m with −12.4% mean error given data to 1.0 m, and −7.6% mean error with data to 1.5 m. Shallow sampling of soil N in studies of biogeochemical cycling, forest management impacts, or ecosystem monitoring at best provides a biased estimate and at worst produces misleading conclusions. Research and monitoring efforts seeking to quantify soil N or measure fluxes should sample deep soil to create a more complete picture of soil pools and changes over time.
Methods In Calibration And Error Analysis For Imaging Radiometers

This paper describes various methods for the calibration and error estimation of imaging radiometers. The methodologies are presented in the form of specific examples of the calibration of the Naval Research Laboratory's airborne infrared (IR) radiometric measurement system. Two imaging radiometers are part of this system and are used to perform radiometric measurements on a variety of targets and backgrounds over a spectral range of 3μm to 12μm. The calibration procedures for these radiometers are presented along with an extensive error analysis which examines in detail 11 different sources of error. Such an error analysis clearly illustrates the need for proper calibration procedures.
Citizenship in transition: Globalization, postindustrial technology and education

This paper explores the changes associated with the move from an industrial to a postindustrial society and discusses the corresponding shifts in education. After reviewing a number of contemporary responses to the present crisis within society, the paper examines some of the implications for the concept of citizenship and suggests that, while much remains unknown, the task of education in a postindustrial society will still be to furnish knowledge and skills that articulate with the requirements of social life.
MRI in the assessment of the supportive soft tissues of the cervical spine in acute trauma in children

We carried out a retrospective analysis of imaging and clinical findings in 52 children with a history of cervical spinal trauma. No patient had evidence of a fracture on plain films or CT. All had MRI at 1.5 T because of persistent or delayed symptoms, unexplained findings of injury or instability, or as further assessment of the extent of soft-tissue injury. Clinical follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3.5 years. MRI was evaluated for its influence on therapy and outcome. MRI was positive in 16 (31%) of 52 patients. Posterior soft-tissue or ligamentous injury was the most common finding in the 10 patients with mild to moderate trauma, while acute disc bulges and longitudinal ligament disruption, each seen in one case, were uncommon. MRI was superior to CT for assessment of the extent of soft-tissue injury and for identification of spinal cord injuries and intracanalicular hemorrhage in the six patients with more severe trauma. MRI specifically influenced the management of all four patients requiring surgery by extending the level of posterior stabilization. No patients with normal MRI or any of the 10 with radiographically stable soft-tissue injury on MRI, developed delayed clinical or radiographic evidence of instability or deformity.
On deriving and incorporating multihop path duration estimates in VANET protocols

The expected duration of multihop paths can be incorporated at different layers in the protocol stack to improve the performance of mobile ad hoc networks. This article presents two discrete-time and discrete-space Markov chain-based methods, DTMC-CA and DTMC-MFT, to estimate the duration of multihop road-based paths in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). The duration of such paths does not depend on individual nodes because packets can be forwarded by any vehicle located along the roads forming the path. DTMC-CA derives probabilistic measures based only on vehicle density for a traffic mobility model, which in this article is the microscopic Cellular Automaton (CA) freeway traffic model. DTMC-MFT generalizes the approach used by DTMC-CA to any vehicular mobility model by focusing on the macroscopic information of vehicles rather than their microscopic characteristics. The proposed analytical models produce performance-measure values comparable to simulation estimates from the validated CA traffic model. Furthermore, this article demonstrates the benefits of incorporating expected path durations into a VANET routing protocol. Simulation results show that the network overhead associated with route maintenance can be reduced to less than half by using the expected path durations.
The effects of heat transfer on performance and exergy destruction for a turbocharged, spark-ignition engine

The use of the second law of thermodynamics is a powerful means for assessing the performance of engines, and is the only way to determine the destruction of exergy. This work has examined a turbocharged, spark-ignition engine in some detail, and in particular, has quantified the effects of varying the engine cylinder heat transfer. A thermodynamic simulation was developed to investigate these effects from both the first law and second law perspectives. The engine used for this study was a 3.81, V-6, turbocharged engine with an intercooler. The engine was examined for various levels of heat transfer. The exergy values associated with the components of the turbocharger along with the engine components were quantified as a percentage of fuel exergy. For the base case operating conditions (full load, 2000 r/min) about 20.5 per cent of the exergy was destroyed during the combustion process, and the turbocharger components were responsible for less than 1 per cent of the exergy destruction. As the heat transfer level decreased, work increased only slightly while the exhaust energy and exergy increased much more significantly. Although engine performance was altered as the heat transfer level was changed, the destruction of exergy remained nearly constant.
Clinical evaluation of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium plasma-sprayed and titanium plasma-sprayed cylinder dental implants

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this article was to present the preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial comparing titanium plasma-sprayed versus hydroxyapatite-coated titanium plasma-sprayed cylinder (press fit) implants in different regions of the mouth. Study design. Sixty-five subjects met the inclusion requirements. Surgery was done in two phases by four experienced surgeons. Implant placement and abutment connection were separated by 3 to 4 months in the mandible, 6 to 7 months in the maxilla. Patients were assigned to either titanium plasma-sprayed or hydroxyapatite-coated implants on the day of surgery. Implant placement was not stratified for the region of the jaws. Outcome assessment was failure (loss) of an implant before or within 3 months of second phase surgery. Results. Three hundred fifty-two implants equally distributed between titanium plasma-sprayed and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium plasma-sprayed implants were placed in four different sites; anterior maxilla, posterior maxilla, anterior mandible, and posterior mandible. There were a total of 15 failures (4.26%). Overall, titanium plasma-sprayed implants showed a higher but not significant failure rate compared with hydroxyapatite-coated implants ( p = 0.06). Although not statistically significant, we believe that a smoking history played an important role in the failure of implants. Conclusion. This study suggests that an hydroxyapatite-coating of an implant allows superior initial integration when compared with a titanium plasma-sprayed surface.
Distribution of central nervous system lesions in β-mannosidosis

Central nervous system (CNS) morphological changes were delineated in goats affected with beta-mannosidosis to determine the extent and distribution of lesions associated with this inherited glycoprotein metabolic perturbation. Coronal sections of one cerebral hemisphere, sagittal sections of one cerebellar hemisphere, and transverse sections of the brain stem of 4- and 16-week-old affected and control goats were analyzed. Lysosomal storage vacuoles, probably representing storage of uncleaved oligosaccharides, were present to various extents in different cell types, with variation in the size of vacuoles. Axonal spheroids were present throughout the white matter, but were most numerous in the rostal thalamic peduncle and brachium of the inferior colliculus. Mineralization occurred only in the globus pallidus and cerebellum. Unlike related storage disorders, severe deficiency of myelin occurred throughout the brain, with regional variation in the extent of myelin deficits. White matter of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, alveus, fornix, fimbria, and medullary pyramids showed the most severe myelin paucity. Reduction in the number of oligodendroglia and vacuolation of remaining oligodendroglia occurred throughout the white matter. In general, later myelinating tracts showed the most severe myelin deficiency, suggesting that the time of myelination may be a major factor in determining the severity of myelin paucity in beta-mannosidosis.
"We're in a tight spot!": The Coen Brothers' Screwy Romantic Comedies

While most discussions of the relationship between classical screwball comedy and postclassical romantic comedy are best served by emphasizing the differences between the two, with the comedies of the Coen brothers that's just not the case. Accordingly, this article traces the myriad connections between their ostensibly romantic comedies and the classical screwballs of the 1930s and early 1940s in order to shed light on how these films succeed almost in spite of the tastes and expectations of contemporary audiences.
Inhaled nitric oxide does not improve systemic oxygenation after bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis.

References 1. Khargi K, Deneke T, Haardt H, Lemke B, Grewe P, Muller KM, et al. Saline-irrigated, cooled-tip radiofrequency ablation is an effective technique to perform the maze procedure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72: S1090-5. 2. Schuetz A, Schulze C, Sarvanakis K, Mair H, Plazer H, Kilger E, et al. Surgical treatment of permanent atrial fibrillation using microwave energy ablation: a prospective and randomized clinical trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24:475-80. TABLE 1. Surgical procedures
β-Zone Parapapillary Atrophy and the Velocity of Glaucoma Progression

Purpose β-Zone parapapillary atrophy (PPA) occurs more commonly in eyes with glaucoma. Rates of glaucomatous visual field (VF) progression in eyes with and without β-zone PPA at the time of baseline assessment were compared. Design Retrospective, comparative study. Participants Two hundred forty-five patients from the New York Glaucoma Progression Study. Methods Subjects with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and repeatable VF loss were assessed for eligibility. Eyes with a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT) examination, at least 5 visual field tests after the HRT in either eye, optic disc photographs, and Main Outcome Measures The relationship between β-zone PPA and the rate and risk of glaucoma progression. Results Two hundred forty-five eyes of 245 patients (mean age, 69.6±12.3 years) were enrolled. The mean follow-up was 4.9±1.4 years and the mean number of VFs after HRT was 9.3±2.7. β-Zone PPA was present in 146 eyes (65%). Eyes with β-zone PPA progressed more rapidly (−0.84±0.8 dB/year) than eyes without it (−0.51±0.6 dB/year; P P P = 0.02), and presence of β-zone PPA (HR, 2.59; P P = 0.01) and fast (>1.5 dB/year; P = 0.08) global rates of progression occurred more commonly in eyes with β-zone PPA than in eyes without it. Thinner CCT ( Conclusions Eyes with β-zone PPA are at increased risk for glaucoma progression and warrant close clinical surveillance. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
IS JUSTICE “COLLAR-BLIND”?: PUNISHING MEDICAID PROVIDER FRAUD*

The question of punishment of white-collar criminals is addressed in this paper through an examination of sanctions imposed on health care providers convicted of defrauding California's Medicaid “Medi-Cal” system. Quantitative data were collected from Medi-Cal case files and, for comparative purposes, from a statewide data base maintained by the California Bureau of Criminal Statistics for grand theft arrestees. Qualitative data comprising interviews with Medi-Cal enforcement personnel supplement the analysis. The analysis of criminal sanctions reveals greater leniency in the punishment of Medi-Cal offenders than in the punishment of similarly charged non-white-collar offenders. The findings are related to recent debates regarding the severity of punishment for white-collar offenders.
Trityl Radicals as Persistent Dual Function pH and Oxygen Probes for in Vivo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging: Concept and Experiment

Triarylmethyl radicals, TAMs, have been the popular choice for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging applications because of their extraordinary stability in cells and tissues, narrow linewidths resulting in high analytical resolution at μM concentrations, and enhanced sensitivity to O2. In this Communication we propose a general approach and provide experimental data allowing for improvement of the functionality of TAM radicals by developing pH sensitive derivatives. The magnetic resonance parameters, both g-factor and hydrogen hyperfine splitting, of several TAM radicals containing different number of carboxyl groups and hydrogen atoms attached to the aryl substituents were found to be pH dependent. This pH effect was measured using X-band and Q-band EPR spectroscopy and is related to reversible protonation of carboxyl groups. Taking into account that both oxygen and pH play key roles in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, dual function pH and oxygen probes based on TAM radical...
Perishable Inventory Theory: A Review

This paper reviews the relevant literature on the problem of determining suitable ordering policies for both fixed life perishable inventory, and inventory subject to continuous exponential decay. We consider both deterministic and stochastic demand for single and multiple products. Both optimal and sub-optimal order policies are discussed. In addition, a brief review of the application of these models to blood bank management is included. The review concludes with a discussion of some of the interesting open research questions in the area.
168 CHRONIC HIGH ALTITUDE RESIDENCE AND SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN

Studies suggest that chronic adult residents at high altitude have lower blood pressures than comparable individuals living at sea level. 2780 children aged 6-20 yrs., living near sea level (el. 36 ft) or at high altitude (el. 10,200 ft) had indirect systemic blood pressure measured with standardized techniques. Korotkoff 1-4-5 sounds, morphometric measures (ht., wt., triceps skinfold thickness), pulse, age, sex, and ethnic origin (white-Hispanic) were recorded. A 3 factor analysis of variance was used separately for each of the 3 dependent variables - Korotkoff 1-4-5 sounds. The 3 main factors in this model were elev., sex, and race. In addition, age and Quetelet index were used in all of the analysis as covariables. These 2 covariables were selected from among 4 initial candidates - age, QI, skinfold, and pulse - on the basis of separate multiple regressions done for each elev.,sex, and race combination. The P values quoted in this abstract are based upon appropriate F-statistic from the analysis of variance table. Children at all ages living at altitude had significantly lower (p < .001) Korotkoff 1-4-5 values than children at sea level. Hispanic children had significantly lower blood pressures (p < .001) than white children. The mechanism of the blood pressure lowering effect of chronic altitude residence remains speculative but higher pulse rate at altitude suggests that cardiopulmonary conditioning isn't an important factor.
Validation of the dyspnea index in adolescents with exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion.

Importance Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) affects almost 1 million adolescents in the United States. However, to date, no disease-specific objective measure exists to assess symptom severity and response to treatment in adolescents with exercise-induced PVFM. Objectives To validate the Dyspnea Index (DI) quality-of-life instrument (previously validated for adults with breathing disorders) in children aged 12 to 18 years with exercise-induced PVFM and to determine the minimum significant DI change corresponding to patient-reported or caregiver-reported improvement or worsening of symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants A longitudinal study of 56 patients (age range, 12-18 years) diagnosed as having exercise-induced PVFM and their caregivers from February 1, 2013, to September 30, 2013, in an outpatient pediatric otolaryngology office practice. Interventions The DI was administered to patients and caregivers, with items modified to reflect the perspective of caregivers. Main Outcomes and Measures Appropriate DI change was measured to reflect improvement or worsening of symptoms. Test-retest reliability was accomplished by having a subset of patients and caregivers complete the instrument twice within 2 weeks before therapy. Internal consistency was assessed by calculation of Cronbach α. Discriminant validity and convergent validity were determined by comparing DIs with assessment of global change in symptoms. Results The patient and caregiver mean (SD) DI changes were −12.9 (9.6) and −14.7 (9.3), respectively (P Conclusions and Relevance The DI appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess quality of life in exercise-induced pediatric PVFM. A DI change of 8 or higher seems significant. This instrument can serve as an objective tool to assess change in exercise-induced pediatric PVFM following speech therapy.
Biovailability of chromium to rats from raw and cooked preparations of potato

Abstract The bioavailability of chromium was examined in three feeding studies using laboratory rats. Absorption of the mineral from extrinsically labeled potato preparations was compared to absorption of an intrinsic potato label and of chromate. Raw and cooked potato preparations were fed. Excretion of endogenous chromium was 6% of daily intake. True and apparent absorption of chromium were calculated as percent of intake and were apparently affected by both labeling and preparation methods used. True absorption from extrinsically labeled feedings was 33.4±4.7% and apparent absorption, 27.0±7.1%. No difference existed between raw and cooked feedings. These results differed significantly from absorption of intrinsic labels and of chromate. True absorption from raw intrinsically labeled potatoes was 13.3±5.9% of dose. Apparent absorption of raw intrinsically labeled feedings (11.1±7.9%) differed significantly from that of the cooked intrinsically labeled material (−0.7±2.8%). True absorption of inorganic chromium was 17.8% and apparent absorption, 11.5%.
Interdiffusion of hydrous dacitic and rhyolitic melts and the efficacy of rhyolite contamination of dacitic enclaves

Effective binary diffusion coefficients of Si during the interdiffusion of hydrous, 3 and 6% H2O, dacitic and rhyolitic melts have been determined at 1.0 GPa, 1100°–1400°C. Water is shown to enhance diffusivities by one to two orders of magnitude above dry Si diffusivities in the same compositional system for SiO2 compositions 65–75wt%. The effect of silica content on diffusion is small and typically within experimental error. With 3% H2O in the melts the Arrhenius equation for Si diffusion at 70% SiO2 is: $${\text{D = }}2.583\operatorname{x} 10^{ - {\text{ }}8} {\text{ }}\exp ( - 126.5/R{\text{T}})$$ where D is the diffusivity in m2/s, the activation energy (126.5) is in kJ/mol, R is in J/mol and T in Kelvin. Although less-well constrained, the Si diffusivity at 70% SiO2 with 6% H2O in the melts can be described by: $${\text{D = }}2.692\operatorname{x} 10^{ - {\text{ }}7} {\text{ }}\exp ( - 131.4/R{\text{T}})$$ The activation energies for diffusion are substantially below the activation energy of 236.4kJ/mol measured during anhydrous interdiffusion in the same system (Baker 1990). The decrease in activation energy with the initial addition of 3% water and the relative insensitivity of the activation energy to the additional water is related to the abundance of OH species in the melt, and the reduction of (Si,Al)-O bond strengths due to the interaction of hydroxyls with the (Si,Al)-O network. Changes in the pre-exponential factor of Arrhenius equations are attributed to the abundance of H2O species in the melts. No decoupling of non-alkalies from SiO2 during interdiffusion of the two melts was observed, although alkalies diffuse much more rapidly than non-alkalies (but were not measured quantitatively in this study) and can become decoupled. Interdiffusion of Si and all non-alkalies is demonstrated to be predictable, at least to within a factor of ten, by the Eyring equation. Using the diffusion data of this study for nonalkalies and of other studies for alkalies and Sr isotopes the contamination of a host rhyolitic magma by dacitic enclaves, 5 and 50 cm radius, has been modeled for temperatures of 1000°, 900°, and 800° C with water contents of 3 and 6%. Even when the effects of phenocrysts on diffusion in the dacitic enclaves are estimated the results of the modeling demonstrate that significant contamination is possible in the case of small enclaves, and even large enclaves have the potential to affect the composition of their host magma in geologically short times.
Silicon backbond strain effects on NH3 surface chemistry: Si(111)-(7 × 7) compared to Si(100)-(2 × 1)

Abstract The role of surface structure in controlling NH3 surface chemistry has been investigated by HREELS and TPD on Si(111)-(7 × 7) and Si(100)-(2 × 1). Following the initial NH3 dissociative adsorption producing NH2(a) and H(a), the production of NH(a) species is favored on Si(111)-(7 × 7) between 300 and 600 K. This is believed to occur through the insertion of NH(a) into the backbond of the Si adatom on Si(111)-(7 × 7) and to be driven by the relief of bond strain on the Si adatom backbonds. By contrast, this stepwise reaction step is disfavored on (Si(100)-(2 × 1). Instead, the surface NH2(a) species remain thermally stable until ~ 600 K, when a new reaction channel opens up leading to the 73% depletion of NH2(a) by recombination with H(a) to form NH3(g).
Cell cycle modulators for the treatment of lung malignancies.

Abstract It has become clear in the past decade that most human malignancies, including lung neoplasms, have aberrations in cell cycle control. The tumor suppressor gene retinoblastoma is an important player in the G 1 /S transition and its function is abnormal in most human neoplasms. Retinoblastoma function is lost as a result of phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Thus, modulation of CDKs may have an important use for the therapy and prevention of human neoplasms. Direct CDK modulators are small molecules that target specifically the adenosine triphosphate binding site of CDKs. In contrast, indirect CDK modulators affect CDK function by modulation of upstream pathways required for CDK activation. The first example of a direct smallmolecule CDK modulator tested in the clinic, flavopiridol, is a pan-CDK inhibitor that not only promotes cell cycle arrest but also halts transcriptional elongation, promotes apoptosis, induces differentiation, and has antiangiogenic properties. The second example of direct small-molecule CDK modulators tested in clinical trials is UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine). UCN-01 has interesting preclinical features: it inhibits Ca 2 +-dependent protein kinase C, promotes apoptosis, arrests cell cycle progression at G 1 /S, and abrogates checkpoints upon DNA damage. In summary, novel small-molecule CDK modulators are being tested in the clinic with interesting results. Although these small molecules are directed toward a very prevalent cause of carcinogenesis, their role in the clinical armamentarium is still uncertain.
High energy neutrino and gamma ray astrophysics

Abstract When energetic cosmic rays interact with gas in interstellar space or near the sources in which they are accelerated, photons and neutrinos are among the stable end products of the collisions. In the energy range above 100 TeV there is little understanding at present of how cosmic particles are accelerated - though there are many ideas. The field awaits clarification from experiments that look for signals of very energetic photons and neutrinos from sites of cosmic ray origin and acceleration.