cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water/Rocks Interaction

Water–rock interactions encompass primarily three types of reactions, namely adsorption, dissolution, and precipitation, that take place at the mineral-fluid interfaces. Adsorption reactions occur because of the formation of surface complexes and can be described by a chemical and an electrostatic interaction between adsorbates and surface species on minerals. Although the chemical (intrinsic) reaction of adsorption can be evaluated by equilibrium thermodynamics, theories of electrochemistry, such as the diffuse double layer model, have to be invoked to encounter the coulombic interactions. Dissolution and precipitation are solution saturation-driven reactions. The direction of dissolution-precipitation reactions can be accessed by the relative level of solute chemical potential in solid and liquid phases. Whereas a higher potential in solid phase leads to dissolution, a reversed situation results in precipitation. Precipitation cannot be regarded as a mirror reaction of dissolution because the former is a two-step process, nucleation and growth, and each step has its unique thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics. Kinetics of dissolution/precipitation may be controlled by the rate of the actual interfacial chemical reactions or the transport process that moves reactants and products. It is general agreed that most mineral-water interactions are surface reaction controlled processes. Keywords: adsorption; crystal growth; dissolution; interfacial reactions; mineral-water interactions; nucleation; precipitation; reaction driving force; reaction kinetics; redox reactions; surface complexation; surface functional groups/species
An extension of Liouville's theorem

I . Motivation, Computing integrals h0s been a favorite pastime of algebraic manipulators (bol, h human and machine) for some time. The usual problem is to determine if the integral of a function can be expressed in terms of some prespecitled set of functions. This set is usually the "elementary functions"-algebraic functions, the exponential function and the logarithm. Slaglc's thesis [11] was the first research to draw the attention of researchers in algebraic manipulation to the integration probtcm. His methods were entircly heuristic and were really an application of artificial intelligence techniques to an algebraic manipulation problem. His program achieved about the same proficiency as that of a college freshman. The first computational work on the integration problem that made usc of thc mathematical structure of the problem is contained in Moses's thesis [4]. SIN, tile program described in Moses's thesis, contained a set of special case algorithms, such as for rational functions of simple exponentials. It also tried as a default method--the "Edge" hcurlstic. This heuristic is used to make an educated guess on the structure of the intcgrat based on Liouvillc 's theorem [2, 3]. By carefully analyzing the mathematical properties of integration, Moses was frequently able to guess the structure of an integral. Then, by filling in the unknown coefficients, differentiating and solving the resulting system of equations, he was able to solve a large class of problems. At the end of the sixties, Risch was able to produce a decision procedure for integrating expressions ccnst.ruct.cd from elementary functions [7, 8]. By sharpening Liouville 's theorem hc was able to deduce what the structure of an integral had to bc if it could bc expressed in terms of elementary functions. The next step in the integration problem is to incorporate special functions in the integral. Moses [5] began discussing the problems and some possible solutions in the use of special functions. Hc emphasized the us,~ge of a "functional" approach to the problem. Ra the r than studying a particular function, Sp(x), Moses suggested studying the s tructure of extensions via Spence functions, Sp(u(x)) for some class of functions u(:c). Rothst.ein investigated the integration problem involving special functions in his thesis [1% Hc developed an algorithm that could compute the integral of an expression given the the functions that could occur in the answer. From our point of view it would have
Linguistic Reference Performance in Parents of Schizophrenic Patients

Clinicians have often reported observing subtle signs of thought disorder or communication difficulties in parents of schizophrenic patients. Ascertaining empirically whether these impressions are valid and, if so, clarifying the nature of such disturbances is important for at least two reasons. First, it could assist in elucidating the etiologies of the illness. If distinguishing parental characteristics could be clearly defined, then further research could be undertaken to determine to what extent they represent genetic vulnerability markers, pathogenic environmental influences, or behavioral responses to having a disordered offspring. Secondly, it could facilitate our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in schizophrenia or in the constitutional vulnerability to schizophrenia.
Lobing control using the pole-arrangement method

In this paper, the concept of root distribution envelope is introduced to characterize the locations of the lobing loop characteristic roots in the complex u-plane. The advantage is that the root envelope relates only to the setup angle P, thus, it simplifies the workpiece setup selection from two setup angles to only one setup angle. This leads to a new approach to lobing control in centerless grinding, designated as the pole-arrangement method. The principle of this method is to select a proper setup angle /spl beta/ based on the root envelope such that the lobing response is minimized under the present grinding disturbances. An example of using the pole-arrangement method for lobing control is also presented.
BioResources: Ten Years of Service for the Progress of the Science and Technology of Lignocellulosic Products

The co-editors of BioResources note the completion of our first ten years. We think that the journal can be judged as a success based on having achieved an impact factor of about 1.4 each year since 2009 and having reached a publication rate of about 700 articles per year. We strive to be a “people’s journal” serving scientists, students, and society. We plan to continue emphasizing editorial pieces and review articles, which supplement our main service of publishing peer-reviewed articles dealing with the science of lignocellulosic materials, chemicals, and their uses. We also support undergraduate scholarship in our academic department, including tuition payment, opportunities for pre-editing work, and support for undergraduates to attend conferences, etc.
Suicide Attempt and Social Isolation on the MAPS Test

: Make-A-Picture Story Test protocols of 14 suicidal, 47 schizophrenic, and 49 normal male Caucasian subjects were evaluated for the presence and extent of social isolation. Social isolation was defined by the number of figures used and their social withdrawal implications. It was found that the suicide attempters used more figures than the other subjects and that there was no difference in the social withdrawal implications of the figures used by the suicidal and normal subjects. It was concluded that the social isolation of suicidal individuals manifests itself on the MAPS by increased compensatory fantasied interpersonal contacts.
Maternal Education and Employment Mediating Maternal and Adolescent Emotional Adjustment

This research investigated maternal employment and education in relation to mothers' emotional well-being and the emotional well-being of their adolescents. In the study, 52 adolescents and their parents carried electronic pagers and responded to signals via self-report forms for I week At the end of the week the Beck Depression Inventory and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered along with other self-report measures. The results showed that mothers' global well-being was influenced by an interaction between education and employment. Additionally, mothers' education/employment match interacted with their affect to influence adolescents's global well-being (depression and self-esteem) as well as adolescents' day-to-day experiences (affect). These interactions were investigated further and the findings are discussed in relation to the emotional development of adolescents.
Parallel Output-Sensitive Algorithms for Combinatorial and Linear Algebra Problems

This paper gives output-sensitive parallel algorithms whose performance depends on the output size and are significantly more efficient tan previous algorithms for problems with sufficiently small output size. Inputs are n×n matrices over a fixed ground field. Let P(n) and M(n) be the PRAM processor bounds for O(logn) time multiplication of two degree n polynomials, and n×n matrices, respectively. Let T(n) be the time bounds, using M(n) processors, for testing if an n×n matrix is nonsingular, and if so, computing its inverse. We compute the rankR of a matrix in randomized parallel time O(logn+T(R)logR) using nP(n)+M(R) processors (P(n)+RP(R) processors for constant displacement rank matrices, e.g., Toeplitz matrices). We find a maximum linearly independent subset (MLIS) of an n-set of n-dimensional vectors in time O(T(n)logn) using M(n) randomized processors and we also give output-sensitive algorithms for this problem. Applications include output-sensitive algorithms for finding: (i) a size R maximum matching in an n-vertex graph using time O(T(R)logn) and nP(n)/T(R)+RM(R) processors, and (ii) a maximum matching in an n-vertex bipartite graph, with vertex subsets of sizes n1?n2, using time O(T(n1)logn) and nP(n)/T(n1)+n1M(n1) processors.
Study of the oxidative methylation of acetonitrile to acrylonitrile with CH4 over Li/MgO catalysts

Abstract The oxidative methylation of acetonitrile to acrylonitrile with methane for temperatures in the range 550–730°C over Li/MgO follows a radical mechanism. The reaction proceeds via the formation of radicals at the α-carbon of acetonitrile and methyl radicals from methane. The coupling of these radicals leads to propionitrile which is further transformed to acrylonitrile via oxidative dehydrogenation. Experimental evidences indicate that the reaction is Langmuir–Hinselwood. The Li+O− surface sites of Li/MgO are the active centers for the activation of both methane and acetonitrile. Oxygen is absolutely necessary for the formation of the corresponding radicals from methane and acetonitrile but it must be provided at a controllable manner in order to avoid undesired oxidation reaction of nitriles. The decomposition of acetonitrile which would lead to CH4 and HCN does not take place. However, the increase of the nitrile chain length favors the breaking of the C–C bond between the cyanide group and the α-carbon of the corresponding nitrile.
La retórica y el análisis de la tecnología y de la sociedad actuales. Presentación.

Es un honor para mi presentar el segundo monografico dedicado a la retorica de la revista academica Icono 14. El anterior fue el primer numero del volumen 3, en 2005. Pasa el tiempo, y queda claro que la retorica no muere, sino que se transforma. Esto es asi porque la retorica es el estudio de la comunicacion eficaz. Todo emisor desea que su comunicacion sea lo mas efectiva posible, esto es, que la comunicacion logre los objetivos del comunicador. Creo que una de las fortalezas de la retorica clasica es que ha construido un andamiaje muy solido, ordenado, que permite un analisis estructurado, y sin embargo flexible, que le facilita adaptarse a los cambios tecnologicos y sociales. Algunos articulos publicados en este monografico sirven de ejemplo de dicha estructura trabada, pero tambien maleable del analisis retorico. El presente monografico pretende integrar la retorica clasica con la tecnologia actual, y ambas con las formas de comunicacion social que los cambios tecnologicos han propiciado. En este numero se publican nueve articulos que se ocupan de muy distintos temas, y que demuestran fehacientemente que es la aproximacion retorica actual. A continuacion anotare algunos breves comentarios sobre los articulos publicados para que el lector dirija su atencion hacia aquellos textos que mas le pudieran interesar.
3-D scene reconstruction from noisy image sequences using data fusion

Abstract The system reconstructs 3-D scenes from sequences of noisy binocular images. First, the system establishes possible matches between the feature pixels in the first image pair and assigns a confidence value to a possible match. Each possible match is associated with a 3-D volume. The possible matches are used to predict projections of associated 3-D volumes onto the remaining image pairs. The new matches are used to update confidence values using a Kalman filtering related fusion algorithm. Finally, matches pixels with high confidence values are used to reconstruct a 3-D scene.
An Other Face of Ethics in Levinas

The main threads of Emmanuel Levinas's theory of ethics, developed in his philosophical works, Totality and Infinity (1969), and Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence (1998), instruct that ethics require transcendence of being and nature, which he describes in terms of a transcendence of animality to the human. This apparent devaluation of the nonhuman would seem to preclude the development of Levinasian environmental ethics. However, a deconstructive reading of Levinas recognizes a subtext that interrupts the main threads of his argument running against the inclusion of nonhuman others in ethics. Through a critical reconstructive reading of Levinas, I develop an ethic extraneous to Levinas's transcendent ethics, an ethic outside his "otherwise than being."
Changes in the intraisolate genetic structure of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus populations associated with plant resistance breakdown

The causal agent of rhizomania disease, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), typically produces asymptomatic root-limited infections in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) carrying the Rz1-allele. Unfortunately, this dominant resistance has been recently overcome. Multiple cDNA clones of the viral pathogenic determinant p25, derived from populations infecting susceptible or resistant plants, were sequenced to identify host effects on the viral population structure. Populations isolated from compatible plant-virus interactions (susceptible plant-wild type virus and resistant plant-resistant breaking variants) were large and relatively homogeneous, whereas those from the incompatible interaction (resistant plant-avirulent type virus) were small and highly heterogeneous. All populations from susceptible plants had the same dominant haplotype, whereas those from resistant cultivars had a different haplotype surrounded by a spectrum of mutants. Selection and diversification analyses suggest an evolutionary trajectory of BNYVV with positive selection for changes required to overcome resistance, followed by elimination of hitchhiking mutations through purifying selection.
Differential diagnosis of a prehistoric biological object from the Koster (Illinois) Site

This paper details the differential diagnosis of a biological artifact recovered from a burial within the Koster Middle Archaic site in Illinois. The burial was excavated from the Middle Archaic 3, Helton Phase component (∼5800–4900 BP). The artifact was a calcified nodule of unequivocal biological origin recovered from the pelvic region of an adult (50+ years) female. Morphological and radiographic analysis of the object resulted in the consideration of 19 possible diagnoses; all but four could be eliminated. Possible interpretations of the object as a lithopaedion, calcified lymph node, amputated ovary or simple ovarian cyst are examined in detail. Of these, calcified lymph node or amputated ovary remain most probable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine structure of a fifth type of epithelial cell in the thyroid gland of the C3H mouse

A new cell with relatively little cytoplasm has been identified in the second kind of follicle in the C3H mouse thyroid gland. It has as ultrastructural characteristics the presence of clusters of fiber in the cytoplasm, vesicles near the basal plasma membrane, and half desmosomes in the basal plasma membrane. It resembles the U cell found in the ultimobranchial follicle of the Fischer rat thyroid, but has a somewhat larger amount of granular reticulum. It is found in the follicle wall between other epithelial cells and the basement membrane, but occasionally is in contact with the lumen. It also occurs as a double layer in the follicle wall. Cell debris in the lumen of the follicle contains fibrils and may be the result of desquamation of this fibril‐containing cell. Copyright © 1972 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic phosphates and the reaction of N-butyl isocyanide with human hemoglobin

Abstract An analysis of the binding of n-butyl isocyanide (BIC) to human hemoglobin requires the consideration of a minimum of two spectrally and functionally distinct components. A variety of evidence indicates very strongly that these components represent the α and β subunits. The presence of diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) not only alters the overall affinity of hemoglobin for BIC but also amplifies the differences between the functional properties of the α and β chains.
Microfluidic Pumping Based on Traveling-Wave Dielectrophoresis

This article presents a microfluidic pumping approach using traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP) of microparticles. With this approach, the flow is generated directly in the microfluidic devices by inducing strong electromechanical effects in the fluid using integrated microelectrodes. The fluidic driving mechanisms due to the particle–fluid and particle–particle interactions under twDEP are analyzed, and the induced flow field is obtained from numerical simulations. Experimental measurements of the flow velocity in a prototype DEP micropumping device show satisfactory agreement with the numerical predications. Results from this work indicate that the DEP-induced micropumping scheme holds great promise for devising versatile, self-contained microscale fluidic delivery systems.
A review of 364 perioperative rescue echocardiograms: findings of an anesthesiologist-staffed perioperative echocardiography service.

Objective Review the findings and use of rescue echocardiography performed by the Division of Perioperative Echocardiography and its impact on patient management. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Single institution, tertiary care hospital. Participants Three hundred sixty-four consecutive rescue echocardiograms in the perioperative setting. Interventions Rescue transesophageal or rescue transthoracic echocardiography. Measurements and Main Results Of a total of 1,675 perioperative echocardiograms performed in a 28-month period, 364 (21.8%) were rescue studies. Of these, 95.9% were transesophageal and 4.1% were transthoracic. Location at time of rescue echocardiography was intraoperative (55.5%), postoperative (44.2%), and preoperative (0.3%). No single diagnosis predominated the intraoperative or postoperative environment, and the frequency of common etiologies did not allow for assumption. There was a change in management for 214 patients (59%) as the result of findings. The methods used in performing rescue echocardiography at the authors’ institution are reported. Conclusions The heterogeneity of diagnoses and the frequency with which rescue echocardiography changed management further supports the growing body of evidence that the hemodynamically unstable perioperative patient benefits from its use.
The Genealogical Search as a Counseling Technique

With selected populations, research into one's family history can serve as a foundation for personal healing, family communication, and personal growth. A framework for using genealogical research in counseling is provided, and a list of questions to guide the search is offered. Potential client issues and characteristics are discussed.
Effect of relative humidity on the aerosol backscattering coefficient at 0.694- and 10.6-μm wavelengths

The effect of relative humidity on the backscattering of 0.694- and 10.6-μm radiation by aerosol particles in the lower troposphere is modeled. Two models of particle composition are considered: (1) all particles are composed of a uniform mixture of water-soluble material, dustlike material, and soot (uniform internal mixture) and (2) pure soot particles coexist with particles which are mixtures of water-soluble and dustlike materials (external mixture of soot). The amount of soot ranges from 1% to 20% of the volume of the aerosol. Changes in relative humidity have a greater effect on the backscattering coefficient, βπ, at 0.694 μm than at 10.6 μm. If soluble material accounts for 30% of the volume of mixed particles and if an urban type aerosol size distribution is assumed, an increase in relative humidity from 0% to 99% results in an increase in βπ at 0.694 μm ranging from a factor of 5.7 for an external mixture containing 20% soot by volume to a factor of 15.6 in the case of a uniform internal mixture containing 20% soot. At 10.6 μm the increase in βπ ranges from a factor of 2.1 to a factor of 2.8. The backscatter-to-extinction relation for 0.694-μm radiation propagating through a region of varying relative humidity is also investigated.
Calculation of positron range and its effect on the fundamental limit of positron emission tomography system spatial resolution

Developments in positron emission tomography (PET) technology have resulted in systems with finer detector elements designed to further improve spatial resolution. However, there is a limit to what extent reducing detector element size will improve spatial resolution in PET. The spatial resolution of PET imaging is limited by several other factors, such as annihilation photon non-collinearity, positron range, off-axis detector penetration, detector Compton scatter, undersampling of the signal in the linear or angular directions for the image reconstruction process, and patient motion. The overall spatial resolution of the systems is a convolution of these components. Of these other factors that contribute to resolution broadening, perhaps the most uncertain, poorly understood, and, for certain isotopes, the most dominant effect is from positron range. To study this latter effect we have developed a Monte Carlo simulation code that models positron trajectories and calculates the distribution of the end point coordinates in water for the most common PET isotopes used: 18F, 13N, 11C and 15O. In this work we present some results from these positron trajectory studies and calculate what effect positron range has on the overall PET system spatial resolution, and how this influences the choice of PET system design parameters such as detector element size and system diameter. We found that the fundamental PET system spatial resolution limit set from detector size, photon non-collinearity and positron range alone varied from nearly 1 mm FWHM (2 mm FWTM) for a 10-20 cm diameter system typical for animal studies with 18F to roughly 4 mm FWHM (7 mm FWTM) for an 80 cm diameter system typical for human imaging using 15O.
Buoyancy Regulation and the Potential for Vertical Migration in the Oceanic Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium

Diel protein and carbohydrate content in Trichodesmium thiebautii was measured to evaluate the relationship to buoyancy status. Carbohydrate:protein ratio was the best predictor of buoyancy and fit a cosine curve with increasing values during the day and decreasing values at night in cycles that paralleled observed diel buoyancy patterns. This ratio also increased in short-term experiments as a function of light and increased in parallel with decreasing positive buoyancy. We used changes in this ratio to estimate the potential for vertical migration. Whereas limited vertical excursions in the upper 70 m are possible, deeper migrations appear unlikely unless respiration rates decrease significantly. N:P ratios in sinking and floating colonies were used to test for the P acquisition at depth (vertical migration). We noted that pooled N:P ratios were not significantly different between sinking and ascending colonies (N:P = 65.6 and 66.3, respectively) collected along the northern Australian coast, much like published results from north of Hawaii. Highly significant differences (p <0.0001) were observed in the western Gulf of Mexico between sinking and ascending colonies (N:P = 87.0 and 43.5, respectively) and provide the best direct evidence to date of vertical migration for P acquisition. Our physiological data on compositional changes during buoyancy reversals suggest a complex relationship between light and nutrients. It appears likely that light and P metabolism interact to regulate the vertical extent of migrations, with deep vertical migration regulated by P metabolism superimposed on a mixed-layer light-driven migration. The variability in N:P ratios suggests that care should be taken in assuming buoyancy reversals always result in P acquisition in this oceanic cyanobacterium.
Watson's hekatompathia [1582] in the sonnets and Romeo and Juliet

Recurrence du lexique et de la rhetorique watsonienne dans les sonnets de Shakespeare et de la diction archaique du poete dans la parodie petrarchienne que celui-ci fait de Romeo
α1- and β-adrenergic interactions on L-type calcium current in cardiac myocytes

We investigated the mechanism by which α1-adrenergic activation regulates basal and stimulated whole cell L-type Ca current (ICa) in rat ventricular myocytes using the physiological neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE, 10μM). Stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors, achieved by NE+10μM esmolol (a β-receptor antagonist), had no significant effect on basal ICa. α1-adrenergic activation had a marked inhibitory effect on ICa elevated by β activation (NE+1μM) prazosin, an α1-receptor antagonist) or activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin (25μM); the inhibitory effect was reversible upon washout. However, α1-adrenergic stimulation had no significant effect on ICa previously increased by intracellular application of cAMP (25μM). The inhibitory effect seen on ICa elevated by NE showed no significant shift of either I–V or inactivation curves. It is unlikely that the inhibitory effect of α1-adrenergic stimulation on NE or forskolin-elevated ICa is mediated through activation of Ca-dependent protein kinase C or changes in intracellular free Ca (pCa=8.5, EGTA 5 mM) or cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase. We conclude that α1-adrenergic inhibition of β-adrenergic stimulated-ICa is probably mediated through an as yet unknown G-protein. This inhibitory effect could serve as a regulatory feedback mechanism in physiological and pathophysiological settings.
The relation of the inner border of subgingival calculus to the zone of disintegrating epithelial attachment cuticle.

Abstract It has been shown that the inner border of subgingival calculus is closely related to the zdeac. In general the course of the zdeac about the tooth parallels that of the advancing calculus. As the calculus builds and advances apexward the zdeac moves correspondingly, and the space between them tends to be about the same width all the way along. The constancy of these conditions tends to support the idea of a cause and effect relationship.
Quantitative tools for addressing hospital readmissions

Increased interest in health care cost containment is focusing attention on reduction of hospital readmissions. Major payors have already developed financial penalties for providers that generate excess readmissions. This subject has benefitted from the development of resources such as the Potentially Preventable Readmissions software. This process has encouraged hospitals to renew efforts to improve these outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe quantitative tools such as definitions, risk estimation, and tracking of patients for reducing hospital readmissions. This study employed the Potentially Preventable Readmissions software to develop quantitative tools for addressing hospital readmissions. These tools included two definitions of readmissions that support identification and management of patients. They also included analytical approaches for estimation of the risk of readmission for individual patients by age, discharge status of the initial admission, and severity of illness. They also included patient specific spreadsheets for tracking of target populations and for evaluation of the impact of interventions. The study demonstrated that quantitative tools including the development of definitions of readmissions, estimation of the risk of readmission, and patient specific spreadsheets could contribute to the improvement of patient outcomes in hospitals.
Tubular basement membrane change occurs pari passu with the development of cyst formation

Renal tubular basement membrane change occurs pari passu with the development of cyst formation. Our previous studies have shown that 2-amino-4, 5-diphenyl thiazole hydrochloride (DPT) administered orally to rats induces a urine concentrating defect (within 1 to 2 days) and progressive, but reversible, cystic change of all collecting tubules (prominent between 4 and 8 weeks). Cystic change was characterized by tubular cell and basement membrane changes consisting of alterations in cellular biosynthetic/secretory organelles, followed by thickening of the basement membrane with marked reduction (∼50%) of the de novo synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans, suggesting that altered synthesis of tubular basement membrane plays a role in the development of cystic disease. In this study, following the administration of [ 14 C]-DPT in vivo, a major urinary metabolite (> 70%) was isolated by HPLC and characterized by gas chromatographic-mass spectral and NMR analyses as 2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl-5 phenyl thiazole, designated phenol II. Phenol II was synthesized and administered orally to rats for four days to compare its biological effects with DPT. Phenol II induced a significantly greater impairment of concentrating ability and tubular cystic transformation than DPT. At day 5, in phenol II treated animals, basement membranes lining cysts were thickened several-fold and exhibited extensive loss and disorder of ruthenium red binding sites, indicative of loss of sulfated proteoglycans (heparin sulfate proteoglycan). The basement membrane changes occurred in tandem with the development of cystic transformation and strongly suggests that the basement membrane has a key role in the pathogenesis of PKD. The findings support the hypothesis that PKD may be due to a defect in the synthesis/degradation of one or more basement membrane components (sulfated proteoglycans) resulting in faulty tubular morphogenesis.
Fragmentation of two-phonon γ vibration strength in deformed nuclei

Abstract The intrinsic E2 matrix elements between ΔK = 2 bands for 186,188,190,192Os have been deduced from previously measured interband E2 transition matrix elements after correcting for the coupling between the rotational and intrinsic motion. The ratio of the intrinsic E2 matrix element between the K = 4 and 2 bands to that between the K = 2 and 0 bands, together with the ratio of their excitation energies, provide strong evidence for the existence of rather pure harmonic double-phonon γ-vibrational excitation. A similar result is obtained for 232Th, whereas significant fragmentation of the two-phonon strength is deduced for 156Gd and 160Dy.
MOTIONS AND LOADS OF A CATAMARAN SHIP OF ARBITRARY SHAPE IN A SEAWAY

An analytical method is presented for predicting the motions and loads of a catamaran of arbitrary shape running in oblique regular waves. Numerical calculations were carried out for the ASR catamaran and a semisubmersible. Correlations between the theoretical and experimental values are shown and a brief discussion is given.
Peripheral injury and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horse radish peroxidase to the spinal cord

Abstract Previous observations have revealed labeling in the extracellular space surrounding boutons and unmyelinated fibers in superficial laminae of the spinal cord after injection of the tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase in dorsal root ganglia. The degree of extracellular labeling appeared related to the extent of the damage to the ganglia at the time of the injection. To determine whether injury might produce extracellular labeling, we investigated the effects of unilateral nerve crush or transection on spinal labeling after bilateral injections of the tracer into sciatic nerves. Confirming previous reports, labeling was confined to small dorsal root ganglion cells and to spinal laminae I and II, suggesting a selective affinity of this tracer for unmyelinated fibers. Labeling of both ganglion neurons and superficial spinal laminae was increased on the injured side, probably as a result of increased efficiency of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Electron microscopical observations revealed that the tracer was largely confined to unmyelinated dorsal root fibers bilaterally; a higher percentage of these fibers were labeled on the injured side. In the dorsal horn, the tracer was predominantly within unmyelinated axons and their terminals on the control side, whereas most of the labeling was extracellular and transneuronal on the injured side. The extracellular labeling surrounded unmyelinated fibers and their terminals in the spinal cord, but was excluded from the synaptic cleft. The demonstration that injury is accompanied by significantly increased release of this tracer from the terminals of unmyelinated fibers into the extracellular space suggests that endogenous substances may be released after peripheral lesions as a central signal of injury.
The pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia.

Purpose of reviewCardiac cachexia, the loss of lean body mass that affects a large proportion of patients with chronic heart failure, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia is complex and multifactorial, but recent studies are providing new info
Test of a model of decision processes in an intense conflict situation

A particularly intense form of conflict is uelative conflict. It is a situation in which at most one of some set of participants may obtain an objective and in which it is possible that none will obtain their objective. A mathematical model is derived from basic assumptions about the decision making process in a three-person uelative conflict situation, a truel. It is proposed that the model is generalizable to re-person situations. A preliminary test of the model that varied only one of the parameters revealed support for the model. More extensive tests of the model are warranted. In addition, the applicability of the model to internation or intergroup conflict is explored.
Bayesian analysis of mixtures applied to post-synaptic potential fluctuations

Bayesian inference techniques have been applied to the analysis of fluctuation of post-synaptic potentials in the hippocampus. The underlying statistical model assumes that the varying synaptic signals are characterized by mixtures of (unknown) numbers of individual gaussian, or normal, component distributions. Each solution consists of a group of individual components with unique mean values and relative probabilities of occurrence and a predictive probability density. The advantages of bayesian inference techniques over the alternative method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the parameters of an unknown mixture distribution include the following: (1) prior information may be incorporated in the estimation of model parameters; (2) conditional probability estimates of the number of individual components in the mixture are calculated; (3) flexibility exists in the extent to which the estimated noise standard deviation indicates the width of each component; (4) posterior distributions for component means are calculated, including measures of uncertainty about the means; and (5) probability density functions of the component distributions and the overall mixture distribution are estimated in relation to the raw grouped data, together with measures of uncertainty about these estimates. This expository report describes this novel approach to the unconstrained identification of components within a mixture, and provides demonstration of the usefulness of the technique in the context of both simulations and the analysis of distributions of synaptic potential signals.
Karaoke Night at the Tower of Babel: The Cacophonous Discourse of School Reform

Written for the general public, this article unpacks the “dialogue gap” in education and raises concerns about what can happen when groups dependent on one another are not talking. Part of the problem involves a matter of scale; policymakers rarely talk about children as individuals as opposed to as aggregates. The larger policy context loses the child in the push to have standardized assessments drive instruction. We are challenged to include students in conversations about assessment and achievement so that they might embrace our ambitions and achieve the standards they hold for themselves.
Usefulness of Screening Tools for Predicting Driving Performance in People With Parkinson’s Disease

OBJECTIVE: We used screening tests administered by a certified driving rehabilitation specialist and by Parkinson's disease (PD) specialty neurologists to develop a model to predict on-road outcomes for patients with PD. METHOD: We administered a battery of screening tests to 41 patients with PD and 41 age-matched control participants before on-road testing. We used statistical models to predict actual on-road performance. RESULTS: The PD group had a higher failure rate, indicating more on-road errors. For the PD participants, the Useful Field of View (UFOV) Subtest 2 and Rapid Pace Walk were responsible for most of the variance in the on-road test. The model accurately categorized pass-fail outcomes for 81% of PD patients. CONCLUSION: Clinical screening batteries may be predictive of driving performance in PD. The UFOV Subtest 2, administered in approximately 15 min, may be the single most useful clinical test for such predictions. Language: en
The NOAA pathfinder program

Abstract The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are participating in a joint program to generate “research/climate quality” data sets from archived operational satellite observations dating as far back as 1978. The raw instrumental observations have been transcribed from thousands of magnetic tapes to more accessible, high density storage media and are being reprocessed using the best available calibration information and community consensus algorithms. Under the distributed processing arrangements, NOAA is responsible for: Path C products from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), which consist of clear radiances and deep layer mean temperatures independent of a priori information; atmosphere products from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), including cloud, Earth radiation budget, and aerosol variables; and, together with NASA, reduced resolution radiances from the GOES satellites consisting of hourly 8 km and 70 km statistical data sets. The status of the NOAA processing effort is described and examples of the data sets are presented.
Formation and characterization of P(AN-AM-AA)/PVA intermacromolecular complex through hydrogen bonding

Abstract In this paper, the poly(acrylonitrile-acrylamide-acrylic acid) [P(AN-AM-AA)]/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) intermacromolecular complex formed through hydrogen bonding is described. The experimental results show that P(AN-AM-AA), which was prepared by hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile followed by acidifying, complexes with PVA through hydrogen bonding, as verified by pH value testing and FT i.r. thermal analysis demonstrates that the complex formed is superior in thermal stability, compared with its component polymers. Favourable conditions for complexation of P(AN-AM-AA) with PVA are: AA content in P(AN-AM-AA): 41–46%; a ratio of P(AN-AM-AA) to PVA in the range 1:20–1:10; and a solution pH value of 5.0–5.5.
The Pros and Cons of “Self-Enumeration”

Los datos censolee pueden obtenerse enviando el cuestionario al jefe del hogar, quien delvolvera la informacion por Correo, 0 por medio de la visita de un enumerador al hogar, quien obtiene personalmente la informacion. Los meritos de cada uno de eetos metodoe han dado lugar a una amplia discusion sobre el particular. El primer metodo mencionado, de uso comun en Europa, fue adoptado por la Ojicina de Censo de los Estados Unidos, en 1960. Este articulo pretende resumir que efectos, tuvo esta decision en la precision de los datos censoles. Se concluye que este metodo de enumeracion no cubre una mayor cantidad, produce una tasa mayor de no-respuesta, y no reduce los errores de clasificacion. De hecho, esia tasa parece aumentar en los grupos socio-economicos mas bajos de la poblacion. Se concluye que ambos motodos, tal como han sido usados en el pasado, producen estadisticas menos precisas que las que se necesitan para las investigaciones demograficas; debe prestarse apoyo a estudios que hagan relacion con maneras de mejorar estos sistemas. Se sugiere que para obtener en ellargo plazo mayor precision con el metodo de enumeradores, la seleccion, entrenamiento y supervision de los mismos debe ser en extremo rigurosa. Sin embargo, una respuesta definitiva solo podra darse, cuando se sepa mas de los errores cometidos tanto por los J efes del Hogar como por los enumeradores.
Integration of ground-penetrating radar data, global positioning systems, and geographic information systems to create three-dimensional soil models

Three-dimensional modeling of Ground-Penetrating-Radar (GPR) surveys is increasing in popularity and demand. Combining GPR data with other georeferenced data using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) would allow for more detailed and efficient site analysis and planning. Integrating GPR and GPS data into a geographic information system (GIS) has not been investigated in Florida. Thus, the objectives ofthis research are to (i) identify subsurface soil horizons using GPR, (ii) create a three-dimensional (3D) subsurface model based on imported GPR data, and (iii) develop a procedure to import GPR data into a GIS. The soils investigated are located in Marion County, Florida, and are characterized by Pleistocene-age sands over the clayey, marine deposited Miocene-age Hawthorn Formation, which drapes the Eocene-age Ocala Limestone. GPR transects of different lengths and spacing were collected and georeferenced using GPS to determine the subsurface variation of the Hawthorn Formation and location of karstic features. The GPR and GPS information was incorporated into ArcView and ArcGIS software. The information generated by integrating GPR, GIS, and GPR may assist researchers in determining best management practices including experimental plot placement, irrigation management, fertilizer treatments, and pesticides applications.
Legal Logics of Scale and Racial Consciousness in Affirmative Action Jurisprudence

The article analyzes the "logic of scale" in affirmative action law from Regents of California v. Bakke (1978) through the 2003 University of Michigan cases. The arc of cases shows how the legal system has used institutional and geographic hierarchies to evaluate the constitutionality of affirmative action programs. During this period, the Supreme Court recognized both diversity rationales and remedial justifications for racially conscious policies. The Court began with a contentious, qualified endorsement of diversity justifications, then shifted its attention to remedial justifications during the 1980s and 1990s before returning to diversity issues in the Michigan cases. Under remedial theories, courts have used a logic of scale to separate cause, effect and remedy. The separation by scale restricted affirmative action policies to institutions and jurisdictions seen to be directly responsible for discrimination without regard to the scale of discrimination's effects.
The mitochondrial permeability transition, and oxidative and nitrosative stress in the mechanism of copper toxicity in cultured neurons and astrocytes

Copper is an essential element and an integral component of various enzymes. However, excess copper is neurotoxic and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, prion conditions, and other disorders. Although mechanisms of copper neurotoxicity are not fully understood, copper is known to cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. As oxidative stress is an important factor in the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), we determined whether mPT plays a role in copper-induced neural cell injury. Cultured astrocytes and neurons were treated with 20 microM copper and mPT was measured by changes in the cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive inner mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m), employing the potentiometric dye TMRE. In astrocytes, copper caused a 36% decrease in the Delta Psi m at 12 h, which decreased further to 48% by 24 h and remained at that level for at least 72 h. Cobalt quenching of calcein fluorescence as a measure of mPT similarly displayed a 45% decrease at 24 h. Pretreatment with antioxidants significantly blocked the copper-induced mPT by 48-75%. Copper (24 h) also caused a 30% reduction in ATP in astrocytes, which was completely blocked by CsA. Copper caused death (42%) in astrocytes by 48 h, which was reduced by antioxidants (35-60%) and CsA (41%). In contrast to astrocytes, copper did not induce mPT in neurons. Instead, it caused early and extensive death with a concomitant reduction (63%) in ATP by 14 h. Neuronal death was prevented by antioxidants and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors but not by CsA. Copper increased protein tyrosine nitration in both astrocytes and neurons. These studies indicate that mPT, and oxidative and nitrosative stress represent major factors in copper-induced toxicity in astrocytes, whereas oxidative and nitrosative stress appears to play a major role in neuronal injury.
Differential regulation of serine acetyltransferase is involved in nickel hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi goesingense.

When growing in its native habitat, Thlaspi goesingense can hyperaccumulate 1.2% of its shoot dry weight as nickel. We reported previously that both constitutively elevated activity of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and concentration of glutathione (GSH) are involved in the ability of T. goesingense to tolerate nickel. A feature of SAT is its feedback inhibition by l-cysteine. To understand the role of this regulation of SAT by Cys on GSH-mediated nickel tolerance in T. goesingense, we characterized the enzymatic properties of SATs from T. goesingense. We demonstrate that all three isoforms of SAT in T. goesingense are insensitive to inhibition by Cys. Further, two amino acids (proline and alanine) in the C-terminal region of the cytosolic SAT (SAT-c) from T. goesingense are responsible for converting the enzyme from a Cys-sensitive to a Cys-insensitive form. Furthermore, the Cys-insensitive isoform of SAT-c confers elevated resistance to nickel when expressed in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana, supporting a role for altered regulation of SAT by Cys in nickel tolerance in T. goesingense.