cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in LPA Is Associated with Lp(a) Levels in Three Populations from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The distribution of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels can differ dramatically across diverse racial/ethnic populations. The extent to which genetic variation in LPA can explain these differences is not fully understood. To explore this, 19 LPA tagSNPs were genotyped in 7,159 participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). NHANES III is a diverse population-based survey with DNA samples linked to hundreds of quantitative traits, including serum Lp(a). Tests of association between LPA variants and transformed Lp(a) levels were performed across the three different NHANES subpopulations (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans). At a significance threshold of p<0.0001, 15 of the 19 SNPs tested were strongly associated with Lp(a) levels in at least one subpopulation, six in at least two subpopulations, and none in all three subpopulations. In non-Hispanic whites, three variants were associated with Lp(a) levels, including previously known rs6919246 (p = 1.18 × 10(-30)). Additionally, 12 and 6 variants had significant associations in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans, respectively. The additive effects of these associated alleles explained up to 11% of the variance observed for Lp(a) levels in the different racial/ethnic populations. The findings reported here replicate previous candidate gene and genome-wide association studies for Lp(a) levels in European-descent populations and extend these findings to other populations. While we demonstrate that LPA is an important contributor to Lp(a) levels regardless of race/ethnicity, the lack of generalization of associations across all subpopulations suggests that specific LPA variants may be contributing to the observed Lp(a) between-population variance.
The Bariatric Spinal Cord-Injured Person: Challenges in Preventing and Healing Skin Problems

As obesity has become epidemic, clinicians will see increasing numbers of spinal cord--injured patients who are obese. The added "padding" of obese patients does not protect them, and pressure ulcers are a major concern. This article reviews the physiology of pressure ulcer development. It also reviews the concerns that clinicians have in providing the appropriate care for the bariatric spinal cord--injured individual.
On the validity of the method of Knudsen iretation

The Knudsen iteration is shown to be valid to predict the near free molecular corrections to drag, heat flux, etc., for non-linear rarefied gas flow problems.
Magnetic hardening of Zr2Co11:(Ti, Si) nanomaterials

Abstract The role of Ti and Si additions in the magnetic hardening of rapidly-quenched Zr 2 Co 11 -based nanomaterials has been investigated. Nanocrystalline Zr 17 − x Ti x Co 83 and Zr 18 Co 82 − y Si y are mainly composed of rhombohedral Zr 2 Co 11 and a small amount of orthorhombic Zr 2 Co 11 , hcp Co and cubic Zr 6 Co 23 . Ti addition decreases the mean grain size of the magnetic phases, and thus increases coercivity and energy product from 1.6 kOe and 1.9 MGOe for x = 0 to 2.6 kOe and 3.9 MGOe for x = 2, respectively. Si addition enhances the anisotropy field of the hard phase which increases the coercivity but slightly decreases the magnetization. This work shows that Ti has a positive effect on energy product through refinement of structure.
Conductivity sensitivity of inelastic scanning tunneling microscopy

We present some considerations for the inelastic increase in conductivity in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) by using the dipole approximation for the vibrating molecules. We show that the relative increase in the case of vacuum tunneling can be considerably larger than that obtained in tunneling through oxide layers, even for a single adsorbed molecule. With the present state of STM, such current changes are readily detectable. We further propose an alternative experimental approach unique for STM.
Nutrient and carbon dynamics in a replacement series of Eucalyptus and Albizia trees

Tree plantations are an important component of tropical landscapes, providing wood, fuel, and perhaps carbon (C) sequestration. Primary production in wet tropical plantations is typically nutrient limited. In some Hawaiian Eucalyptus plantations, nitrogen (N) limitations to production are alleviated by intercropping N-fixing Albizia trees that may decrease available phosphorus (P). Thus, sustainable productivity and C sequestration may depend on species composition. We measured soil N and P availability and ecosystem N and C sequestration in a 17-yr-old replicated replacement series of Eucalyptus and Albizia in Hawaii. Species composition included pure plots of each species and four proportions of mixtures. Soil N availability increased with the proportion of Albizia in the plot, but soil P availability declined. Aboveground tree C accumulation showed a synergistic response to increasing percentage of Albizia, with the mixed stands having more tree C than pure stands of Eucalyptus or Albizia. In the top 50 cm of soil, total N and C increased linearly with percentage of Albizia. Stands with the highest percentage of Albizia had 230 g/m2 more soil N and 2000 g/m2 more soil C than stands without Albizia. Stable C isotope analyses showed that increased soil C resulted from differences in both tree-derived C and “old” sugarcane-derived C. Deeper soil C (50–100 cm) was a substantial fraction (0.36) of total soil C but did not vary among treatments. Our results demonstrate that tree species effects on nutrient and C dynamics are not as simple as monocultures suggest. Mixed-species afforestation increased tree and soil C accrual over 17 years, and N inputs may increase soil C storage by decreasing decomposition.
Issues Bearing on the Legal Regulation of Violent and Sexually Violent Media

In this article we consider a number of legal responses to the problem of media violence. We underscore the tension between evidence collected by social scientists and traditional First Amendment (free speech) protections, noting several criticisms of media violence research that challenge the use of this research to establish legal harms. The second half of this article covers legal actions against sexually violent materials to which social science research may be relevant. One legal alternative that has been suggested includes establishing liability for a range of social harms sustained to certain groups of persons, namely women, as a result of the proliferation of sexually demeaning images. Even though the courts give some credence to social science evidence concerning the harms of exposure to sexual violence, they are most concerned with balancing the harm done to women as a class against the harm done to the rights of free speech. The courts are currently unwilling to remove First Amendment protections for materials other than those that fall within traditional categories (e.g., obscenity). We suggest that social science research may be most useful in establishing liability for individual injuries sustained indirectly through media portrayals of sexual violence subsumed by traditional definitions of obscenity.
Laser-plasma interactions in direct-drive ignition plasmas

Direct-drive ignition is most susceptible to multiple-beam laser?plasma instabilities, as the single-beam intensities are low (Is???1014?W?cm?2) and the electron temperature in the underdense plasma is high (Te???3.5?keV). Cross-beam energy transfer is driven by multiple laser beams and can significantly reduce the hydrodynamic efficiency in direct-drive experiments on OMEGA (Boehly et al 1997 Opt. Commun. 133 495). Reducing the radii of the laser beams significantly increases the hydrodynamic efficiency at the cost of an increase in the low-mode modulations. Initial 2D hydrodynamic simulations indicate that zooming, transitioning the laser?beam radius prior to the main drive, does not increase low-mode nonuniformities. The combination of zooming and dynamic bandwidth reduction will provide a 30% effective increase in the drive energy on OMEGA direct-drive implosions. It was shown that two-plasmon decay (TPD) can be driven by multiple laser beams and both planar and spherical experiments were performed to study the hot electrons generated by TPD. The fraction of laser energy converted to hot electrons scales with the hot-electron temperature for all geometries and over a wide range of intensities. At ignition-relevant intensities, the fraction of laser energy converted to hot electrons is measured to decrease by an order of magnitude when the ablator material is changed from carbon?hydrogen to aluminum. The TPD results are compared with a multiple-beam linear theory and a nonlinear Zakharov model.
Design of distributed information systems for agile manufacturing virtual enterprises using CORBA and STEP standards

In the global market environment, agile manufacturing companies are forced to cooperate with each other and form temporary opportunistic alliances called virtual enterprises. Each partner may have unique software applications and hardware systems as well as policies and procedures that govern the flow of work. This paper presents a distributed information system architecture for agile manufacturing enterprises such that the heterogeneous partners are seamlessly integrated and, more importantly, their internal processes remain unaffected while enterprise-wide information is kept consistent. The architecture is related to the three-tier information communication model proposed by Song and Nagi (1997). This architecture is advanced for partner heterogeneity by incorporating two standards: (1) Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) for information exchange, and (2) International Standard for the Exchange of Product Data (STEP) for information modeling and mapping. Further proposed, for policy integration, is a workflow manager and a systematic approach to develop composite workflows for the virtual enterprise by wrapping the legacy partner workflows. Petri nets and meta data are used to facilitate the workflow simulation and workflow description, respectively. A prototype system has been developed for demonstration purposes.
Novel stream mining for audio steganalysis

In this paper, we present a novel stream data mining for audio steganalysis, based on second order derivative of audio streams. We extract Mel-cepstrum coefficients and Markov transition features on the second order derivative, a support vector machine is applied to the features for discovery of the existence of covert message in digital audios. We also explore the relation between signal complexity and detection performance on digital audios, which has not been studied previously. Our study shows that, in comparison with a recently proposed signal stream based Mel-cepstrum steganalysis, our method prominently improves the detection performance, which is not only related to information-hiding ratio but also signal complexity. Generally speaking, signal stream based Mel-cepstrum audio steganalysis performs well in steganalysis of audios with low signal complexity; it does not work so well on audios with high signal complexity. Our stream mining approach for audio steganalysis gains significant advantage in each category of signal complexity - especially in audios with high signal complexity, and thus improves the state of the art in audio steganalysis.
The fine structure of a parasitic ciliate Terebrospira during ingestion of the exoskeleton of a shrimp Palaemonetes

The ciliated protozoan, Terebrospira chattoni, invades the exoskeleton of the shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, eating out long galleries parallel to the surface of the exoskeleton. Solubilization of the exoskeleton occurs around an area of the elaborately infolded surface membrane at the anterior of the organism. Dissolved products of the digestion of the exoskeleton are taken into the body by the formation of coated vesicles at pores in the membrane. The surface membrane that is taken in by pinocytosis is apparently recycled by the introduction into the membrane of organelles implicated in membrane recycling in other ciliates. Acid phosphatase can be demonstrated on the surface membrane as well as in the endocuticle around the organism.
“Here at the Fringe of the Forest”: Staging Sacred Space in As You Like It

in terms of its dramatic, social, and economic significance, though a few critics have considered the spiritual possibilities offered by the idyllic Forest of Arden in an age of religious conflict. 2 Robert Schwartz, for instance, has argued that the Duke and his “band of outlaws” are Libertines who seek “to pursue the spirit of Christian value through nature rather than scripture or the orthodox rituals of the church” and its conventional sacred places. 3 Conversely, Peter Milward has associated the Forest of Arden with “the old faith,” pointing out that some important Catholic families resided in its environs, among them the Ardens, through whom the playwright was connected with the recusant culture of Warwickshire.4 And Carol Enos suggests that the play gives us a dramatic version of the Forest of Ardennes — situated at the border of Flanders and France, at an easy distance from the Catholic university at Louvain as well as from the seminaries at Douai, Rheims, and St. Omer — and with it an Edenic place that facilitates spiritual reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants.5 Shakespeare’s Arden and its borderlands do indeed present spatial possibilities for a world out of place in which ancient sacred spaces had vanished or were changed profoundly. This essay is concerned with the play’s reimagining of the constitution and function of sacred space in a postReformation age. As many of the old faith’s sacred sites were dismantled, left to decay, or altered significantly, reformed congregations sought to rei magine the relationship of worship to space.6 As You Like It presents us with a potent spatial opposition: the courtly world of culture and the wild realm
Gating Communities: An Introduction

This issue of Home Cultures presents papers originally delivered at the "Symbols of Division and Markers of [Dis]order: Gated Communities as Fortified Spaces in a Neo-colonial World" panel at the American Anthropological Association Meetings in Chicago in 2003. The five articles take as their subjects communities that reflect the many varieties of fortified social space in the Americas, including a U.S. military officers' retirement community and emergent gated communities in large urban centers. The authors of these articles address the specific ways in which the built environment reflects and reinforces ideologies of segregation and fear, illuminating the way in which such barriers literally and metaphorically manifest ideologies of the powerful, solidify social hierarchies, and control the movement of people inside and outside of the gates
Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams

ABSTRACT Wider exploration of ethanol coproduct uses is necessary as the ethanol industry continues to face challenges. Currently, process streams such as thin stillage and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) are processed into distillers dried grains with solubles and used as animal feeds, but other higher value opportunities may exist. The objective of this study was to identify chemical components and quantify physical properties of CDS and thin stillage. Protein, organic acid, and sugar profiles were determined. Zein protein was identified, and glycerol was determined to have a concentration of 18.8 g/L in thin stillage and 63.2 g/L in CDS. Physical properties including density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and rheological behaviors were also examined. Thermal conductivity of thin stillage and CDS was approximately 0.54 and 0.45 W/m°C, respectively. Quantification of the physical properties and identification of the chemical constituents pave the way for exploration of new value-added us...
Utilisation of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation in regulatory decision-making.

Modelling and simulation (M&S) play an important role in regulatory decision-making that affects both the public and industry. Technological advances in various fields related to drug development call for more focus on ways to optimise current drug development practices. Recognition of the potential of M&S by regulatory agencies inevitably has a substantial impact on drug development. The objective of the current review is to present the various regulatory initiatives for application of M&S to clinical drug development. The relevant parts of the various recommendations issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), via guidance documents and advisory committee meeting proceedings, are highlighted. Application of M&S to a variety of activities, such as integrating pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic knowledge across a new drug application and designing efficient trials, is discussed. Some of the challenges that pharmaceutical institutions currently face when implementing M&S projects, such as team structure, communication with regulators, training and time constraints, are also presented, and solutions are, proposed.
Policy Monitor Trends in Clean Air Legislation in Europe: Particulate Matter and Low Emission Zones1

The European Union (EU) Clean Air Directive is currently among the strictest acts of legislation worldwide concerning PM10 air pollution. The most visible result of the new PM10 legislation has been the rapid adoption of “Low Emission Zones” (LEZs), which define areas that vehicles may enter only if they are classified as low PM10 emitting vehicles. High-polluting vehicles are not allowed to be driven into LEZs. This article describes recent developments in Europe concerning clean air legislation, focusing in particular on the legislation of particulate matter (PM). The article begins with a discussion of the health impacts of PM, and then traces the history of ambient PM standards in the EU. After comparing ambient PM standards in the EU with those in the United States, we discuss Germany’s implementation of LEZs, including public reaction to the policy. We also provide a brief overview of other urban traffic-related policies aimed at reducing air pollution. JEL classification: K32 (Environmental, Health, and Safety Law), Q53 (Environmental Economics, Air Pollution)
Black and brown carbon fractal aggregates from combustion of two fuels widely used in Asian rituals

Abstract Incense sticks and mustard oil are the two most popular combustion fuels during rituals and social ceremonies in Asian countries. Given their widespread use in both closed and open burning activities, it is important to quantify the spectral radiative properties of aerosols emitted from the combustion of both fuels. This information is needed by climate models to assess the impact of these aerosols on radiative forcing. In this study, we used a 3-wavelength integrated photoacoustic-nephelometer – operating simultaneously at 405, 532 and 781 nm – to measure the optical coefficients of aerosols emitted from the laboratory combustion of mustard oil lamp and two types of incense sticks. From the measured optical coefficients at three wavelengths, time-varying single scattering albedo (SSA), absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE), and scattering Angstrom exponent (SAE) were calculated. For incense smoke particles, the time-averaged mean AAE values were found to be as high as 8.32 (between 405 and 532 nm) and 6.48 (between 532 and 781 nm). This spectrally-varying characteristic of AAE indicates that brown carbon – a class of organic carbon which strongly absorbs solar radiation in the blue and near ultraviolet – is the primary component of incense smoke aerosols. For aerosols emitted from the burning of mustard oil lamp, the time-averaged mean AAE values were ∼1.3 (between 405 and 781 nm) indicating that black carbon (BC) is the primary constituent. Scanning electron microscopy combined with image processing revealed the morphology of incense smoke aerosols to be non-coalescing and weakly-bound aggregates with a mean two-dimensional (2-d) fractal dimension (Df)=1.9±0.07, while the mustard oil smoke aerosols had typical fractal-like BC aggregate morphology with a mean 2-d Df=1.85±0.09.
Comprehension and a statement's relation to the situation it describes

Comprehension of relational statements by 5-, 7-, and 9-year-old children was tested by requiring them to place one item relative to a second fixed item. It was easier to place the item that was grammatical-subject of the statement relative to the one that was grammaticalobject than vice versa. These findings provide clues about how S s process such statements.
Proactive Annotation Management in Relational Databases

Annotation management and data curation has been extensively studied in the context of relational databases. However, existing annotation management techniques share a common limitation, which is that they are all passive engines, i.e., they only manage the annotations obtained from external sources such as DB admins, domain experts, and curation tools. They neither learn from the available annotations nor exploit the annotations-to-data correlations to further enhance the quality of the annotated database. Delegating such crucial and complex tasks to end-users---especially under large-scale databases and annotation sets---is clearly the wrong choice. In this paper, we propose the Nebula system, an advanced and proactive annotation management engine in relational databases. Nebula complements the state-of-art techniques in annotation management by learning from the available annotations, analyzing their content and semantics, and understanding their correlations with the data. And then, Nebula proactively discovers and recommends potentially missing annotation-to-data attachments. We propose context-aware ranking and prioritization of the discovered attachments that take into account the relationships among the data tuples and their annotations. We also propose approximation techniques and expert-enabled verification mechanisms that adaptively maintain high-accuracy predictions while minimizing the experts' involvement. Nebula is realized on top of an existing annotation management engine, and experimentally evaluated to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, and to demonstrate the potential gain in enhancing the quality of annotated databases.
Clarifications to the symbolic mode in REDUCE

I assume the reader's knowledge of REDUCE's syntax, see [1,2]. The symbolic mode in REDUCE is best thought of as LISP presented in PASCAL like form. This mode should be used for system building and major enhancements to the algebraic mode, while most application programs will be written in algebraic mode.
Cortical substrates of taste aversion learning: Direct amygdalocortical projections to the gustatory neocortex do not mediate conditioned taste aversion learning

The gustatory neocortex (GN) receives direct projections from the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Amygdalocortical afferents ascend to the GN via the external capsule and the claustrum. The involvement of these amygdalocortical projections in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning was examined by producing lesions within the GN, the amygdaloid complex, or the external capsule and claustrum caudal to the GN. The complete destruction of amygdalocortical projections by lesions of the external capsule was verified following behavioral testing both by anterograde degeneration histology and by retrograde fluorescent transport experiments. Elimination of amygdalocortical input to the GN failed to significantly disrupt CTA acquisition, whereas lesions of the GN or amygdaloid complex produced reliable CTA learning impairments. These results are inconsistent with a current hypothesis which suggests that ascending amygdalocortical projections to the GN may mediate CTA learning.
Distinguishing between interlayer and external sorption sites of clay minerals using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Metals dissolved in natural aquatic environments are often sorbed on high surface area, smectite-clay minerals. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), it is shown that at low pH and Na ion concentration Co(II) forms outer-sphere, mononuclear surface complexes with permanent-charge sites in the interlayer region of smectites. XAS analysis indicates that with increasing pH and Na ion concentration Co(II) is increasingly excluded from the interlayer permanent-charge sites and forms polynuclear species with external surface-hydroxyl sites. These studies demonstrate the potential of XAS for distinguishing between the sorption of trace metals on interlayer and external sites of smectites as a function of changing solution conditions.
Code coverage, performance approximation and automatic recognition of idioms in scientific applications

Basic data flow patterns which we call idioms, such as stream, transpose, reduction, random access and stencil, are common in scientific numerical applications. We hypothesize that a small number of idioms can cover most programming constructs that dominate the execution time of scientific codes and can be used to approximate the application performance. In this paper, we start with a manual analysis of code coverage on the NAS Parallel Benchmark (NPB) and find that five idioms suffice to cover 100% of the NPB codes. We then compare the performance of our idiom benchmarks and their corresponding instances in different NPB codes on two different platforms and find that they differ by about 30%. To check the hypotheses with real applications further, we propose an automatic idioms recognition method, implement the method basing on the open source compiler Open64, and verify the prototype system with the previous manual analysis results.
Development and Application of the Multiwell Productivity Index (MPI)

In this article we generalize the concept of the pseudosteady-state productivity index for the case of multiple wells producing from or injecting into a closed rectangular reservoir of constant thickness. The work complements the analytical study by Rodriguez and Cinco-Ley for systems produced at constant flowing pressures. Wells are represented by fully penetrating vertical line sources located arbitrarily in a homogeneous and isotropic reservoir. The multiwell productivity index ~MPI! is a square matrix of dimension n, where n is the number of wells. The MPI provides a simple, reasonably accurate and fast analytical tool to evaluate well performance without dividing the cluster into single-well drainage areas. The MPI approach is used to obtain approximate analytical solutions for constant ~but possibly different! wellbore flowing pressures, and to visualize the resulting pressure field. In addition, the skin factor trace technique is introduced as a tool to monitor a cluster of wells. The MPI technique is illustrated using a synthetic example taken from Ref. 2, as well as two field cases.
Participant attrition in longitudinal studies of cochlear implant outcomes in children

Abstract Speech and language scores obtained from 183 prelingually deafened children followed longitudinally at Indiana University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed. All participants were assessed preimplant and at regular postimplant intervals. Fifty-two children withdrew from participation before completing 3 years of cochlear implant (CI) use (mean CI use at withdrawal was approximately 2 years). The remaining 131 children participated through 3 or more years of device use (mean≈5.5 years). Data obtained from the 2-year postimplant interval were examined qualitatively and quantitatively to identify differences in the distribution of scores and overall performance between groups. Vocabulary and open-set speech recognition did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, qualitative differences were noted. Vocabulary scores were bimodally distributed for children who withdrew from the study but normally distributed for long-term participants. Similar trends were noted for open-set word recognition; the 75th percentile was 10% for children who withdrew and 30% for children who participated more than 3 years. Our findings suggest that reports of longitudinal speech and language outcomes in children with CIs represent data from children at all levels of performance, and do not only represent the children who are performing well with their cochlear implant.
Role of heat loss and heat production in generation of the circadian temperature rhythm of the squirrel monkey.

Abstract To study heat production and heat loss in determination of the daily body temperature rhythm, we examined colonic temperature, skin (tail, foot and abdomen) temperatures and oxygen consumption in chair-restrained squirrel monkeys maintained in isolation in an environmental chamber with a 24-hr light-dark cycle (LD 12:12), maintained at a constant thermoneutral temperature (26°C). In all experiments repeated high amplitude (2°C) diurnal rhythms in colonic temperature were observed. Heat loss, estimated from changes in skin temperature, also displayed a circadian rhythm, although there was considerable variation in waveform. On average, a rhythm in heat production, indicated by changes in the rate of oxygen consumption, was also present. However, a large degree of variability was seen in oxygen consumption, and in several cycles from various animals there were no observable 24-hr rhythms. The circadian body temperature rhythm is thus not simply a consequence of daily changes in metabolism, but rather a regulated response that involves both heat production and heat loss.
Assessment of pesticide effects on non-target soil microorganisms

Abstract Agricultural pesticides should be free of side effects that may cause a lasting disruption of microbial processes that are essential for continued soil fertility. A test program is described here for the assessment of the potential effects of newly-developed pesticides on non-target soil micro-organisms. The pesticides to be tested are applied at the equivalent of their recommended field application concentration and, for a margin of safety, also at the tenfold thereof. The measurement of pesticide effects on the microbial cycling of C, N and S constitute the core of the test program. These measurements are, in some cases, complemented by evaluation of pesticide effects on total and viable microbial numbers, on the abundance of specific components of the soil microbial community, and on the growth rates of selected soil microorganisms. The above test program was applied to evaluate the safety of the herbicides N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-clinitrobenzeneamine(pendimethalin) l,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H pyrazolium (difenzoquat), S-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (thiobencarb), and the fungicides N-[(trichloromethyl) thio]-phthalimide (folpet) and cis-N-[(l,l,2,2-tetrachloroethyl) thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captafol). No detectable adverse effects were caused by any of the tested herbicides. The fungicides inhibited some of the C cycling activities, but the inhibition was temporary and was associated with their effect on soil fungi.
A conservative approach for flow field calculations on multiple grids

In the computation of flow fields about complex configurations, it is very difficult to construct body-fitted coordinate systems. An alternative approach is to use several grids at once, each of which is generated independently. This procedure is called the 'multiple grids' or 'zonal grids' approach and its applications are investigated in this study. The method follows the conservative approach and provides conservation of fluxes at grid interfaces. The Euler equations are solved numerically on such grids for various configurations. The numerical scheme used is the finite-volume technique with a three-stage Runge-Kutta time integration. The code is vectorized and programmed to run on the CDC VPS-32 computer. Some steady state solutions of the Euler equations are presented and discussed.
Thermal Performance of Violet and Blue Single-Quantum-Well Nonpolar m-Plane InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes

We compare thermal performance of violet and blue single-quantum-well nonpolar m-plane InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over a temperature range from 25 to 140 °C. The hot/cold factor, defined as the ratio between the output power at high and low temperatures, improved as the quantum-well thickness increased from 3 to 10 nm. A hot/cold factor of 93% was measured under high injection current for the 10-nm-thick blue-emitting quantum well LED, indicating high thermal stability. The increase in hot/cold factor with current density for blue samples indicates possible contributions of Shockley–Read–Hall recombination for quantum wells of increased indium composition.
Formation of misplaced and reflexive tight junction strands in prostate epithelial cells.

Tight junction strands occur at three atypical locations in slices of rat ventral prostate exposed to conditions promoting rapid tight junction assembly: (1) in the basal plasma membranes of the columnar epithelial cells, over 40 μm from the native apical tight junction band (misplaced tight junctions); (2) in the plasma membranes of basal epithelial cells, which never have tight junctions in the native state; and (3) between processes of the same cell (reflexive or autocellular tight junctions) at the basal or lateral portions of the columnar epithelial cell. These findings suggest that tight junction formation is not limited to specific parts of the plasma membrane, even in highly polarized cells such as those in prostate epithelium. Taken together with other new evidence, they also suggest that tight junctions may be very labile.
Behavioral Factors Related to Fatigue Among Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Saunders LL, Krause JS. Behavioral factors related to fatigue among persons with spinal cord injury. Objective To examine behavioral risk factors in relation to fatigue after spinal cord injury (SCI), specifically cardiovascular-related behaviors, prescription medication use, and alcohol and cigarette use. Design Cross-sectional. Setting A medical university in the southeastern United States. Participants Adults (N=2245) at least 1 year post-SCI from a large specialty hospital in the Southeast responded to a mail-in survey. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcomes Measure The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale–5-item version was used to assess disabling fatigue. Results Of participants, 8.3% had disabling fatigue, 45.3% reported fatigue rarely to never impacted their life, and 46.4% reported having some fatigue. Persons who reported having less exercise than others with a similar injury level were 2.49 times as likely to have disabling fatigue as persons who reported more exercise. Those with a fair or poor diet were also more likely to have disabling fatigue. Use of prescription medication to treat pain was associated with disabling fatigue, as was being CAGE positive. Among nonbehavioral variables, race and injury severity were significantly associated with disabling fatigue. Conclusions We identified several behavioral predictors of disabling fatigue, including cardiovascular risk factors, prescription medication use, and alcohol use. These factors are important because they are able to be modified and could be potential factors for prevention or intervention.
Temperature-dependent 29Si NMR resonance shifts in lightly- and heavily-doped Si:P.

Abstract Careful NMR measurements on a very lightly-doped reference silicon sample provide a convenient highly precise and accurate secondary chemical shift reference standard for 29 Si MAS-NMR applicable over a wide temperature range. The linear temperature-dependence of the 29 Si chemical shift measured in this sample is used to refine an earlier presentation of the paramagnetic (high-frequency) 29 Si resonance shifts in heavily-doped n-type silicon samples near the metal–nonmetal transition. The data show systematic decreases of the local magnetic fields with increasing temperature in the range 100–470 K for all samples in the carrier concentration range from 2×10 18 cm −3 to 8×10 19 cm −3 . This trend is qualitatively similar to that previously observed for the two-orders of magnitude larger 31 P impurity NMR resonance shifts in the same temperature and concentration ranges. The 29 Si and 31 P resonance shifts are not related by a simple scaling factor, however, indicating that impurity and host nuclei are affected by different subsets of partially-localized extrinsic electrons at all temperatures.
Observation of the spin isovector monopole resonance using the Pb ( p → , n → ) Bi reaction at 795 MeV

We examine a broad resonance in the $0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}{(p,n)}^{208}\mathrm{Bi}$ and ${}^{90}\mathrm{Zr}{(p,n)}^{90}\mathrm{Nb}$ cross section spectra obtained at 795 MeV incident energy that appears at 32 MeV excitation energy in ${}^{208}\mathrm{Bi}$ and ${}^{90}\mathrm{Nb}.$ Earlier data taken at 200 MeV incident energy using the same reactions show no evidence for this resonance. We present theoretical results indicating that the spin isovector monopole predicted at this excitation energy is barely excited at 200 MeV while it is strongly excited at the higher energy. To further investigate this structure we have measured the first complete set of polarization-transfer observables for ${}^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{Pb}$ at $0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ using the $(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n})$ reaction at 795 MeV. The data show this resonance is predominantly a spin flip $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=1$ excitation giving strong supporting evidence for assigning this resonance as the spin isovector monopole.
Evidence of a maternal effect that protects against water stress in larvae of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

We report that the ability to absorb water vapor from the air in larvae of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, changes depending upon moisture conditions where the eggs develop. When development occurs at lower relative humidities, resultant larvae can replenish water stores, maintain water balance, and survive at relative humidities as low as 75-85% RH, a range that agrees with previously published values for the critical equilibrium humidity or CEH. In contrast, exposure to high relative humidity conditions during development elevates the CEH to 93-97% RH. These larvae can survive only at relative humidities that are close to saturation, as 93% RH is a dehydrating atmosphere. For these larvae, absorption at 97% RH can be prevented by blocking the mouthparts with wax, indicating that an upward shift has occurred in the moisture threshold where the active mechanism for water vapor absorption operates. Based on transfer experiments between low and high relative humidities, the CEH of larvae is determined by the relative humidity experienced by the mother rather than the moisture conditions encountered by eggs after they are laid. The fact that no changes in body water content, dehydration tolerance limit and water loss rate were observed implies that adjustments to the CEH conferred by the mother have the adaptive significance of enabling larvae to maintain water balance by limiting the range of hydrating atmospheres.
Reconfiguring freedom: Muslim piety and the limits of secular law and public discourse in France

Through an analysis of the practice of veiling, I first examine how pious Muslim French women reconcile the dominant secular oppositions between personal autonomy and religious authority, and between the “true” self and religious norms, as they constitute themselves as religious subjects. I then turn to the 2004 law banning headscarves in public schools, and to the attendant public debates, exploring how this Muslim French religiosity was rendered incommensurable in secular law and unintelligible in public discourse. In so doing, I bring into focus both the underlying assumptions and exigencies of French secularity as well as some of its aporias.
Effects of electric stimulation of brain stem reticular formation on hippocampal theta rhythm and muscle activity in unanesthetized, cervical- and midbrain-transected rats

Abstract This study tested certain theories on the significance of hippocampal theta rhythm, as it relates to the descending motor functions of various levels of the brain stem reticular formation (BSRF). Electric stimulation of 100 sites of 10 unanesthetized, cervical-transected rats revealed that stimulation of either midbrain, pontine, or medullary BSRF simultaneously evoked hippocampal theta rhythm and increased EMG activity in vibrissae and neck muscles. Stimulation of 12 sites in 5 rats caused a brief ‘rebound’ EEG activation during which theta frequency increased over that during the stimulation; stimulation of 10 sites in 4 rats caused a rebound increase in EMG activity. Comparison of pulse duration effects (300/sec stimulation) showed that optimal activating responses occurred with 0.3 msec pulses, with no effect at durations longer than 1 msec. Comparison of frequency effects (0.3 msec pulses) showed that simultaneous EEG and EMG activations occurred at all frequencies tested between 100 and 300/sec. With higher frequency stimulation of 7 BSRF sites in 5 rats, hippocampal theta rhythm increased 1–4 waves/sec, and at 9 other sites in 5 rats, EMG response intensity increased progressively with slower stimulation frequencies. When the rats were paralyzed with curare, and their EMG activations blocked, EEG activations could still be elicited. In a given rat, curare decreased the frequency of stimulus-evoked theta by 0.5–2 waves/sec. Increasing stimulus voltage at 6 of the 16 BSRF sites tested in curarized rats increased theta frequency by 0.5–1.5 waves/sec, or converted it into low voltage, fast activity. Stimulation of 79 BSRF sites in 7 midbrain-transected rats consistently activated neck muscles, as well as one or more contralateral or ipsilateral forelimb muscles. Twenty-six patterns of forelimb muscle activation were observed, involving different degrees of contraction intensity in either or both flexor or extensor muscles on the same limb. Increasing the stimulus voltage in a given BSRF area increased the number of muscles responding and the intensity of their response.
The role of radiation in improving survival for early-stage carcinosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma.

Objective We examined the effect of radiation on survival for early-stage uterine carcinosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas. Study Design The surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database was used to identify patients with stage I/II carcinosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas. Logistic regression and Cox models were developed to determine radiation use and survival. Results Among 1819 women with carcinosarcomas and 1088 women with leiomyosarcomas, radiation was administered to 667 of the patients (37%) with carcinosarcomas and to 235 of the patients (22%) with leiomyosarcomas. In a multivariate model, adjuvant radiation reduced the risk of death by 21% in women with carcinosarcomas (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.7-0.9). Radiation reduced mortality rates in patients with carcinosarcomas who had not undergone node dissection but had only a marginal effect on survival in node-negative women. Adjuvant radiation had no effect on survival for early-stage leiomyosarcomas (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9-1.4). Conclusion Adjuvant radiotherapy improves survival for select patients with early-stage carcinosarcomas but is of limited value for leiomyosarcomas.
Chemoprophylactic activity of imidocarb, diminazene and oxytetracycline againts Babesia bovis and B. Bigemina

Abstract Splenectomized calves treated with imidocarb, diminazene, and oxytetracycline were exposed to Babesia bigemina and B. bovis stabilites at various time intervals following treatment to evaluate prophylactic efficacy. Diminazene showed no residual activity againts a B. bigemina challenge given 54 days after treatment. Oxytetracycline appeared responsible for an increased incubation time when given 2 days prior to B. bigemina exposure. Imidocarb showed marked prophylactic efficacy against both B. bigemina and B. bovis. Treatment with 1 or 2 mg kg−1 imidocarb, followed by Babesia exposure on the day of treatment, 7 days after treatment, than every 14 days for 91 days, delayed patent B. bigemina infections for 49 days and patent B. bovis infections for 42 days. Imidocarb at 4 or 5 mg kg−1, followed by similar Babesia exposures, delayed patent B. bovis infections for 68 days, and delayed B. bigemina for 81–103 days, and in some instances prevented infections. The delayed onset of injection due to either B. bigemina or B. bovis, following imidocarb treatment was accompanied by a significantly milder clinical response. Calves not responding to the primary challenge were fully susceptible to stabilate challenge 196 days after treatment. Calves experiencing a mild clinical response to B. bovis following imidocarb treatment and exposure failed to show any signs of response to a 196-day challenge exposure. Calves experiencing a mild clinical response to B. bigemina following imidocarb treatment and exposure did, in some instances, show a second mild response when challenge 196 days after initial treatment.
Calculating load division in distribution systems

A COMPARATIVELY simple and convenient method is available for solving the division of current in the various sections of an electrical network and obtaining the voltages at the different load points. The method consists essentially of the application of Kirchoff's laws to the solution of a network, the departure from the usual procedure being that instead of solving a number of simultaneous equations, the problem is handled in steps by the superposition of currents. The idea of a circulatory current is introduced when any change in the system is made by a closure between two points in the existing system.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis--assessment.

The assessment of overall health status of a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is complex and multi-dimentional. The general physical examination is complemented by a rheumatological evaluation that includes determination of articular indices of inflammation and duration of inactivity stiffness. Laboratory assessment plays a critical role in monitoring side effects of pharmacologic management, but is limited in its ability to portray accurately the degree of active inflammation. Newly measureable indicators of inflammatory activity, such as serum cytokine and soluble cytokine receptors will likely become part of routine laboratory assessment in the future. Radiographs remain a useful tool for assessing disease progression, but may be replaced in the future by magnetic resonance imaging.
Thick filaments of striated muscle are laterally interconnected

Earlier reports from this and other laboratories indicated that thick filaments may be interconnected along their length by rung-like structures. This study was carried out to test whether these interconnections are genuine structures; whether they appear in different muscle types; and whether they arise from myosin cross-bridges. We studied insect flight muscles because of their well-known ultrastructure, and frog heart and rabbit psoas muscles secondarily. Ultrastructure was examined with freeze-fracture; with conventionally prepared thin sections; and with negative stain. All three methods showed rung-like interconnections between thick filaments. The interconnections spanned the length of the cross-bridge zone, i.e., along all but the central bare zone of the thick filament. They were observed consistently in relaxed, activated, and rigor states. We considered potential artifacts that might cause apparent interconnections where none existed in vivo, but were unable to identify a source of artifact common to all methods. Several features of the interconnections imply that for the most part they may be composed of S-1 heads from adjacent thick filaments binding to one another at their tips.