cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VOLCANISM IN THE CAMPANIA PLAIN: VESUVIUS, CAMPI FLEGREI AND IGNIMBRITES: Edited by B. De Vivo, Elsevier Developments in Volcanology 9, Amsterdam, 324 p. (2006) ISBN 0444521766 ($165)

This book is a collection of edited papers stemming from a workshop on Vesuvius and volcanism of the Campanian Plain. The workshop was organized by Bernardo De Vivo, and the results are an expressed effort by scientists from Italian institutions and foreign collaborators to tell the public exactly what is known and unknown about how a volcano works with the goal of avoiding problems that come about from oversimplifications and convenient but misleading models. De Vivo sets a critical tone in the book’s Preface by stating that the existing emergency evacuation plan is “bizarre.” He emphasizes this criticism despite the years of ground-breaking efforts by other volcanologists to get volcanic hazards and response on the political agenda. Negotiation and compromise is a fundamental of politics, and if not recognized by scientists the results of this fundamental can be viewed as a “selling out.” Unfortunately this dissenting point of view is echoed as an all-to-apparent undertone in many of the chapters of this book, evidenced by an unwilling acknowledgment and in many places a complete disregard of much of the science used to develop the existing emergency plan. Despite this perhaps negative, critical aspect, the optimism and ingenuity of pure science emerges as the book’s 14 chapters (enumerated below) and 128 illustrations progress from discussions of Campi Flegrei and the Campanian Ignimbrite to a focus on Vesuvius (“probably the best-known volcano in the world” in the words of De Vivo). In the following chapters, contributing authors reinterpret some older data and describe new data concerning magma volatile solubility experiments, fluid and melt inclusions, geophysics, geochronology, and tectonism. Some new models based on these data are detailed in order to illustrate a better understanding of the volcanic system behavior. 1. The volcanological history of the volcanoes of Naples: a review ( R. Scandone, L. …
Radiation dose efficiency comparison between differential phase contrast CT and conventional absorption CT.

Purpose: The superior radiation dose efficiency of a newly implemented differential phase contrastCTimaging method compared to the conventional absorption CT method is demonstrated. Methods: A differential phase contrastCTimaging method has recently been implemented using conventional x-ray sources with a grating interferometer consisting of three gratings. This approach offers the possibility of simultaneous reconstruction of both attenuation contrast and phase contrastimages from a single acquisition. This enables a direct comparison of radiation dose efficiency of both types of reconstructed images under identical conditions. Radiation dose efficiency was studied by measuring the change in contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) with different exposure levels. A physical phantom of 28.5 mm diameter was constructed and used for measurement of CNR in both the absorption and phase contrastCTimages, which were reconstructed from the same data set. Results: For three of the four materials studied, at any given exposure level, the CNR of the differential phase contrastCTimages was superior to that of the corresponding absorption contrastCTimages. The most dramatic improvement was noted in the contrast between PMMA and water, where the CNR was improved by a factor of approximately 5.5 in the differential phase contrastCTimages. Additionally, the CNR of phase contrastCT is empirically shown to have the same square root dependence on exposure, as is the case for absorption contrastCT. Conclusions: The differential phase contrastCT method provided higher CNR than conventional absorption CT at equivalent dose levels for most of the materials studied, and so may enable achievement of the same object visibility as conventional absorption CT methods at a lower exposure level.
Ultrafine Particulate Ferrous Iron and Anthracene Associations with Mitochondrial Dysfunction

The ultrafine size fraction of ambient particles (ultrafine particles [UFP], diameter < 100 nm) has been identified as being particularly potent in their adverse health effects, yet, the detailed mechanisms for why UFP display such distinctive toxicity are not well understood. In the present study, mitochondria were exposed to ambient UFP while monitoring mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activity as a model system for biochemical toxicity. UFP samples were collected in rural and urban environments, and chemically characterized for trace metals, ferrous (Fe(II)) and easily reducible ferric (Fe(III)) iron, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and surface constituents with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fixed doses of UFP (8 μg mL−1) inhibited mitochondrial ETC function compared to controls in 94% of the samples after the 20 min of exposure. Significant moderate to weak correlations exist between initial %ETC inhibition (0 – 10 min) and Fe(II) (R = 0.55, P = 0.03, N = 15), anthracene...
Strawberry Plasticulture in North Carolina Part II

Abstract North Carolina is experiencing a revitalization of the strawberry industry due to the adoption of plasticulture technologies and the California cultivar ‘Chandler,’ which produces excellent yields and fruit quality on black plastic mulch. With this system berries can be harvested in just 7 to 8 months after planting. The spring harvest season can last up to 6 weeks in most years. Strawberry plasticulture growers in North Carolina typically experience yields of 17,000 to 18,000 lbs/acre (19,054 to 20,174 kg/ha). Cash expenses for the system are approximately $4345/acre ($10,736/ha). The system requires both an overhead sprinkler system for blossom and bud frost/freeze protection, and drip irrigation for supplying water and fertilizer in the prebloom, bloom and fruiting periods. Sandy loam and clay loam soils are ideal for forming the 10-inch-high (25.4 cm) beds with bedding machines. Usually 33% of the N, 50% of the K and all of the P is applied preplant with the remaining N and K being applied th...
How authentic leadership and inclusion benefit organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine perceptions of inclusion and related factors, to understand how organizations can encourage and facilitate the full participation of employees. The research explored authentic leadership (AL) as an antecedent of inclusion, and two outcomes, organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Design/methodology/approach – Using an online survey, data were collected from 107 primary and 219 peer participants in various industries throughout the USA. Primary participants provided perceptual ratings on inclusion, AL, OBSE and OCB. Co-workers assessed primary participants’ OCB. Findings – AL was positively related to inclusion (β=0.58, p<0.01) as well as self-rated OCB (β=0.36, p<0.01). Inclusion was positively associated with OBSE (β=0.48, p<0.01) and self-rated OCB (β=0.63, p<0.01). Inclusion mediated the relationship between AL and self-rated OCB. OBSE mediated the relationship between inclusion and self-rated OCB. All analys...
Food habits of the long‐nosed snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei), a ‘specialist’ predator?

We explored predator specialization by examining dietary variation in the widespread North American long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei. We examined the stomach contents of more than 800 museum specimens, and supplemented our findings with published dietary records. Sixty-six percent of 135 prey eaten by R. lecontei were lizards, 26% were mammals, and 7% were squamate eggs; teiid lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus comprised 72% (64 of 89) of all lizard prey. Ninety-four percent of specimens with food contained a single item, and all 79 prey for which we determined direction of ingestion were swallowed head-first. Among those specimens containing food, long-nosed snakes from Mexico were significantly larger, and ate a higher percentage of mammals, than specimens from the United States. Larger R. lecontei sometimes fed on larger prey, and perhaps excluded smaller prey from their diet. To assess relative trophic niche breadth for R. lecontei, we compared the percentage of lizards and of Cnemidophorus in the diet of long-nosed snakes with the percentage with which other terrestrial snakes consumed lizards as their modal prey, and with which these same snakes ate members of their preferred lizard prey genus. Although we uncovered no statistical basis for labelling R. lecontei a specialist, its diet may often be restricted to lizards and even to Cnemidophorus, and therefore recognizing long-nosed snakes as specialist predators remains a subjective decision. Our study also demonstrates that quantitative natural history can place related species in a resource use continuum, and thereby can help to elucidate the evolutionary basis for specialization.
ACCURACY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS' INTENDED ENTREE SELECTIONS FOR FORECASTING PRODUCTION DEMAND

Accurate forecasting, which is essential to foodservice management, is baaed on reliable predictions of food choices. Objectives of this research were to survey intended entree selections of college students and compare actual choices with data of intended selections. Pairing of entree items was a key determinant in reactions of students to the menu items. Degree of certainty and like and dislike of entree items were used to study differences in intended and actual selections. Survey data of intended choices indicated the general pattern of actual selection behavior; however, the data were not sufficiently accurate for precise forecasting.
Teacher knowledge and use of population education materials: report from national surveys.

The purpose of this paper is the examination of use and awareness of population education materials among 2 national samples of population education teachers. A 1974 sample included 593 teachers taken from 3 sources: participants in workshops institutes and training programs in population education between 1971-73; subscribers to the Population Reference Bureau publication "Interchange" and population educators named by principals in a random sample of 1000 secondary schools. A 1976 survey sampled from lists of secondary school teachers maintained by the National Science Teachers Association stratified to reflect national proportions of teachers of general science environmental and earth science social studies and biology. Both surveys used mail questionnaires with response rates of 47 and 46% resepctively. Educators were asked about their use and awareness of 20 population education materials (2 bogus materials were also included to check for overstatement). Data were also gathered form publishers of the materials to assess the availability and dissemination strategies of these materials. The inescapable conclusion is that with few exceptions these materials are finding little use in U.S. secondary school classrooms. The majority of the actual materials were reportedly used less than the bogus materials. Some evidence was found that suggest that training of teachers in population education increases to some degree the utilization of the materials. If dissemination of population materials is to be successful materials have to be provided to larger numbers of teachers and instruction must be given on how best to utilize them within already established curricula.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
The Dispersal of Dense Water Formed in an Idealized Coastal Polynya on a Shallow Sloping Shelf

AbstractThis study examines the dispersal of dense water formed in an idealized coastal polynya on a sloping shelf in the absence of ambient circulation and stratification. Both numerical and laboratory experiments reveal two separate bottom pathways for the dense water: an offshore plume moving downslope into deeper ambient water and a coastal current flowing in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation. Scaling analysis shows that the velocity of the offshore plume is proportional not only to the reduced gravity, bottom slope, and inverse of the Coriolis parameter, but also to the ratio of the dense water depth to total water depth. The dense water coastal current is generated by the along-shelf baroclinic pressure gradient. Its dynamics can be separated into two stages: (i) near the source region, where viscous terms are negligible, its speed is proportional to the reduced gravity wave speed and (ii) in the far field, where bottom drag becomes important and balances the pressure gradient, the velocity i...
Ethanol-induced changes in hepatic free radical defense mechanisms and fatty-acid composition in the miniature pig.

In the miniature pig, ethanol consumption has been reported to induce alterations in hepatic antioxidant defense capacity, which could result in increased risk of peroxidative damage. However, ethanol may also induce changes in membrane fatty acid composition, which could reduce the risk of peroxidative damage. This study examined lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense and fatty acid composition in livers from miniature pigs fed ethanol in diets containing 12% of their calories as fat for 20 mo. After 12 and 20 mo of feeding, ethanol-fed pigs had higher hepatic manganese–superoxide dismutase activity, lower hepatic copper concentrations and low hepatic copperzinc–superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities compared with controls. Lipid peroxidation as assessed by thiobarbituric acid reacting substance assay was lower in liver homogenate and mitochondrial and microsomal fractions from ethanol-fed pigs than in controls. The percentage contribution of highly unsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids in liver homogenates (after 12 mo of feeding) and microsome fractions (after 20 mo of feeding) was lower in the ethanol-fed pigs than in the controls, resulting in a lower peroxidizability index. Ethanol-fed pigs had minimal or no hepatic damage as assessed by histological methods. We suggest that the relative resistance of microsomes to lipid peroxidation is due to the lower peroxidizability index in the ethanol-fed pigs and may account in part for the absence of significant histopathological findings after 20 mo of ethanol feeding. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:1185–1192.)
Effects of Lipid-Lowering by Simvastatin on Human Atherosclerotic Lesions A Longitudinal Study by High-Resolution, Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background This study was designed to investigate the effects of lipid-lowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions. Methods and Results Eighteen asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic patie...
Pollutant Formation and Destruction

One of the principal deterrents to the increased use of coal is the concern with noxious combustion-generated emissions. The pollutants of greatest concern have changed over the centuries (Table 1) and can be seen to be related to either the combustion process itself, for example polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soot, and the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, or to contaminants in coal such as mineral constituents, sulfur, and organically bound nitrogen. In this presentation, an overview will be presented of the mechanisms governing the formation and, sometimes destruction, of the different pollutants.
Hot-boning enhances cook yield of boneless skinless chicken thighs

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of postmortem deboning time on cook yield of boneless skinless chicken thighs. In experiment 1, chicken thigh meat was deboned at 0.75 (hot-bone), 2, and 24 h postmortem (PM) and trimmed to obtain mainly iliotibialis muscle. Samples were cooked directly from a frozen state. Cook yield of the muscle was significantly influenced by PM deboning time. Hot-boned thighs exhibited a 7% greater cook yield than the samples deboned at 24 h. In experiment 2, boneless skinless chicken thighs were deboned at 0.3, 2, and 24 h PM and cooked directly from a fresh, never-frozen state at 24 h PM. Cook yield of the hot-boned thighs was significantly higher than those of the 2 and 24 h deboned samples, which did not differ from each other. In experiment 3, whole legs (thigh + drumstick) were cut from the carcass backbone at 0.3 (hot-cut), 2, and 24 h PM. Thighs were separated from the legs (drumsticks) at either the same time the whole legs were removed from the carcasses or at 24 h PM. Intact thighs (bone in) were cooked fresh at 24 h PM. Color of fresh thigh muscles, cook yield, and Warner-Bratzler shear force of cooked samples were measured. Cook yield of the thighs cut from the backbone before chilling was significantly higher than those cut from the carcasses at 2 and 24 h PM, which did not differ from each other. The PM time at which intact thighs were separated from the leg (drumstick) did not influence cook yield. These results demonstrate that postmortem deboning time can significantly affect cook yield of boneless skinless chicken thigh products. Deboning chicken thighs after chilling reduces the cook yield. Differences in the cook yield of thighs may also result from the removal of whole chicken legs from the carcass backbone.
Interactions between E6, FAK, and GIT1 at Paxillin LD4 Are Necessary for Transformation by Bovine Papillomavirus 1 E6

Bovine papillomavirus 1 E6 interacts with two similar proteins that regulate cell attachment and cell migration called paxillin (PXN) and HIC-5 (also known as HIC5, ARA55, HIC-5, TSC-5, and TGFB1I1). Despite the similarity between HIC-5 and paxillin, paxillin is required for E6 to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts while HIC-5 is not. Using mutants of paxillin, we found that dynamic competitive interactions between E6, focal adhesion kinase, and the GIT1 ARF-GAP protein for binding to paxillin are required but not sufficient for transformation by E6. Using mutants of paxillin and chimeric proteins between HIC-5 and paxillin, we demonstrate that a critical difference between HIC-5 and paxillin is within the LIM domains of paxillin that do not directly interact with E6. Mutational analysis indicates that at least six distinct domains of paxillin are required for E6 transformation. IMPORTANCE Papillomaviruses cause epitheliomas in vertebrates through the actions of virus-encoded oncoproteins. Despite the immense diversity of papillomavirus types, our understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus-encoded E6 oncoproteins contribute to cell transformation is restricted to human papillomavirus types that are associated with cancer. Bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) E6 has served as a model system for studies of E6 structure and function. This study examines the mechanisms by which BPV-1 E6 association with the cellular focal adhesion adapter protein paxillin contributes to cell transformation and extends our knowledge of the diverse mechanisms by which papillomaviruses transform host cells.
Bacteriophage T4 gp2 Interferes with Cell Viability and with Bacteriophage Lambda Red Recombination

The T4 head protein, gp2, promotes head-tail joining during phage morphogenesis and is also incorporated into the phage head. It protects the injected DNA from degradation by exonuclease V during the subsequent infection. In this study, we show that recombinant gp2, a very basic protein, rapidly kills the cells in which it is expressed. To further illustrate the protectiveness of gp2 for DNA termini, we compare the effect of gp2 expression on Red-mediated and Int-mediated recombination. Red-mediated recombination is nonspecific and requires the transient formation of double-stranded DNA termini. Int-mediated recombination, on the other hand, is site specific and does not require chromosomal termini. Red-mediated recombination is inhibited to a much greater extent than is Int-mediated recombination. We conclude from the results of these physiological and genetic experiments that T4 gp2 expression, like Mu Gam expression, kills bacteria by binding to double-stranded DNA termini, the most likely mode for its protection of entering phage DNA from exonuclease V.
On using partial supervision for text categorization

We discuss the merits of building text categorization systems by using supervised clustering techniques. Traditional approaches for document classification on a predefined set of classes are often unable to provide sufficient accuracy because of the difficulty of fitting a manually categorized collection of documents in a given classification model. This is especially the case for heterogeneous collections of Web documents which have varying styles, vocabulary, and authorship. Hence, we investigate the use of clustering in order to create the set of categories and its use for classification of documents. Completely unsupervised clustering has the disadvantage that it has difficulty in isolating sufficiently fine-grained classes of documents relating to a coherent subject matter. We use the information from a preexisting taxonomy in order to supervise the creation of a set of related clusters, though with some freedom in defining and creating the classes. We show that the advantage of using partially supervised clustering is that it is possible to have some control over the range of subjects that one would like the categorization system to address, but with a precise mathematical definition of how each category is defined. An extremely effective way then to categorize documents is to use this a priori knowledge of the definition of each category. We also discuss a new technique to help the classifier distinguish better among closely related clusters.
Interfuel substitution and biomass use in the U.S. industrial sector: A differential approach

This study examines interfuel substitution in the U.S. industrial sector with a focus on the substitution of biomass for primary industrial fuels. For the empirical analysis, the differential fuel allocation model is applied to the most recent data published by the U.S. EIA (Energy Information Administration). The results provide statistical evidence that the industrial sector is highly dependent on the use of petroleum when the sector increases its output level. In addition, the results reveal that the demand for coal, natural gas, petroleum, electricity, and biomass is very inelastic with respect to the own-price changes. The most important findings are that biomass is not only a substitute for coal and natural gas but also a complement for electricity, implying that biomass substitution can lead to the changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in response to fuel price changes.
Molecular basis of the chemoprotective effect of white button mushrooms against breast cancer

1580 An abnormal expression of aromatase in breast tissue is considered to be a risk factor for breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors have been shown to be effective drugs in treating hormone-dependent breast cancer and potentially useful in preventing this cancer in postmenopausal women. Based on our results, we hypothesize that postmenopausal women can benefit from a diet that includes white button mushrooms (species Agaricus bisporus), a common vegetable, since they contain phytochemicals that have been shown to be effective aromatase inhibitors. To better understand the cancer protective effects of mushrooms, our laboratory has investigated the in vivo action of mushroom extract. Three sets of animal experiments have been conducted and the results suggest that the oral intake of mushroom extracts might slow MCF-7aro-derived tumor growth in nude mice. MCF-7aro is an ER-positive/aromatase-positive breast cancer cell line and demonstrates increased cell proliferation in the presence of testosterone. While it is exciting to find that mushroom extract contains anti-aromatase chemicals, it is reasonable to think that mushroom chemicals also affect other cellular pathways. As the first step, we have performed gene expression microarray analysis on MCF-7aro tumors from the mushroom-fed animals and those from the control animals. It was our goal to identify additional gene targets whose expression could also be modulated by the mushroom diet. We have performed the analysis using Affymetrix Human Genome U133A among three biological replicates, i.e., RNAs were isolated tumors from three individual animals and analyzed separately. The intensities of the probe signals on GeneChips were statistically normalized following a background noise subtraction, and were analyzed using algorithms in R/Bioconductor. We compared more than 22,000 gene expressions using two-sample t-tests and applied the Benjamini-Yekutieli p-value correction to control the false discovery rate. Using a minimum fold change criteria of 1.2 and an adjusted p-value cutoff of 0.05, we identified 515 genes that were up-regulated, and 1805 genes that were down-regulated in tumors from mushroom-fed mice versus those from control mice. The results indicate that a higher percentage of signal transduction genes are up-regulated and a higher percentage of genes involved in DNA processing and transcription/translation are down-regulated in tumors from mushroom-fed mice versus those from control mice. A careful evaluation of the results from microarray analysis will yield novel insights into the mechanisms as well as important signal-transduction pathways regulated by the phytochemicals in white button mushrooms.
Virus-mimicking optical nanomaterials: near infrared absorption and fluorescence characteristics and physical stability in biological environments.

The use of viruses as platforms for the development of optical imaging materials has received increasing attention in recent years. We have engineered a hybrid nanomaterial composed of the capsid proteins of genome-depleted plant-infecting Brome mosaic virus that encapsulates the near-infrared (NIR) dye indocyanine green. Herein, we investigate the NIR absorption and fluorescence characteristics of these nanomaterials in biological environments consisting of cell culture media with and without serum proteins. Our results demonstrate that the NIR absorption and fluorescence emission of the constructs are enhanced in the presence of serum proteins. The constructs remain physically stable and maintain their NIR absorption and fluorescence properties for at least 79 days. The presence of serum proteins also reduces the aggregation of the constructs. These findings have relevance for the further development of optical imaging and phototherapeutic methods on the basis of such virus-mimicking nanomaterials as we...
Reduced oxygen consumption with effective left ventricular venting during postischemic reperfusion.

Abstract The effect of left ventricular (LV) venting on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) during reperfusion after hypothermic cardioplegic arrest was tested using 29 dogs placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During the first 20 minutes of reperfusion after 45 minutes of 20 degrees C arrest, group 1 (n = 10) had total venting with the LV systolic pressure (LVSP) maintained at 0 mm Hg. Group 2 (n = 10) had partial venting with the LVSP at 41.6 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (one-half perfusion pressure), while in group 3 (n = 9), the LVSP was kept just below CPB perfusion pressure (76.6 +/- 3.1 mm Hg) by occlusion of the LV vent. Next, there were 10 minutes of partial bypass (CPB flow reduced by 50%) followed by cessation of CPB. MVO2 expressed as ml O2/100 g LV/min (wet weight) during the first 20 minutes of reperfusion was 2.66 +/- 0.33 for group 1, 2.40 +/- 0.36 for group 2 and 4.62 +/- 0.53 for group 3 (p less than 0.05 vs groups 1 and 2). There were no significant differences in MVO2 in any of the groups during partial CPB compared with the period without CPB. These results demonstrate that effective LV venting reduces MVO2 during reperfusion after hypothermic ischemic arrest. However, there was no reduction in MVO2 during partial CPB compared with the initial period without CPB. Thus, volume loading of the left ventricle during reperfusion by failing to vent leads to increased myocardial oxygen demand, which may be detrimental in hearts that have sustained significant ischemia or when revascularization is incomplete.
Structural Changes of Cu(110) and Cu(110)-(2 × 1)-O Surfaces under Carbon Monoxide in the Torr Pressure Range Studied with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy

The atomic structure of the clean Cu(110) and the oxygen covered Cu(110) surfaces in the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) gas in the Torr pressure range at 298 K is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). We found that the initially clean surface reconstructs to form short rows of Cu atoms along the [1–10] direction separated by missing rows. The adsorbed CO molecules show two different C–O stretch vibration modes originating from molecules bound to Cu atoms with different coordination numbers, in the middle and at the end of the atomic rows. On the oxygen covered p(2 × 1) surface, adsorbed CO is observed only after removal of surface O atoms by reaction with CO. In the presence of 1:5 and 1:1 mixtures of O2 and CO at 298 K, the p(2 × 1)-O reconstructed surface transforms into Cu2O, instead of reducing to metallic Cu.
Analysis of numerical simulation and test of the separated flow field in solid rocket motor nozzle

Numerical simulation and test of the separated flow field in a solid rocket motor nozzle with large expansion ratio were carried out.In order to guide the test,pressure distribution and the position of separation point of the flow field on nozzle wall were obtained by numerical simulation;by the test,the accuracy of the computation model was validated,then the different gas flow characteristics before and after the separation point were revealed.Results show that internal flow field in nozzle becomes more disorganized when the separation occurs and turbulent fluctuation phenomenon also exists in lower frequency band by spectrum analysis of the inspected points pressure before and after the separation point.This research could provide important reference for structure design,ground test and test analysis of nozzle with large expansion ratio.
Estimation of Light Rainfall Using Ku-Band Dual-Polarization Radar

The light rain (less than or equal to a few mm hr-1) is critical to the Earth's ecosystem due to the high occurrence rate, particularly in middle and high latitude (over 80%). However, it is challenging to use rainfall gauge to measure light rain due to the sampling time and bucket volume resolution. Dual-polarization radar has become an important tool for quantitative precipitation estimation because of its relatively large covering area and ability to fill the sampling void. This paper presents the application of Ku-band dual-polarization radar for light rainfall estimation. The Ku-band radar rainfall algorithms and their error structure are described. The Ku-band observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dual-frequency Dual-polarization Doppler Radar (D3R) during the NASA Iowa Flood Studies (IFoodS) field campaign are used to derive the rainfall products. The comparisons are performed between radar rainfall estimates and ground rainfall measurements from rain gauge and Autonomous Parsivel Unit (APU). It is shown here that the radar rainfall measurements at different timescales (i.e., 5, 10, and 15 min) agree with the APU observations very well. The normalized difference error is about 26.1%, 24.8%, and 23.7%, for 5-min, 10-min, and 15-min rainfall accumulations, respectively. The excellent performance of Ku-band rainfall algorithm for light rain estimation indicates the great potential of using D3R as a ground validation tool for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite precipitation product evaluations.
Caries control in medical practice.

For general practitioners, in whose practice is included a major proportion of the medical management of infants and children, and for the specializing pediatrician as well, Postgraduate Medicine presents this special regular department devoted to brief discussions by recognized authorities on their preferred methods of the treatment and management of diseases and problems of infancy and childhood.
Constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic stroke hemiparesis and other disabilities

Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CI therapy) refers to a family of treatments for motor disability that combines constraint of movement, massed practice, and shaping of behavior to improve the amount of use of the targeted limb. CI therapy has controlled evidence for efficacy that supports its benefit for patients with chronic disability following central nervous system injury, regardless of their age or the interval since illness onset. Furthermore, the benefits transfer to real-world measures of limb use. Significant functional improvement may occur even after the patient has been treated with conventional physical therapy. In this paper we review the evidence for the efficacy of CI therapy, particularly for chronic stroke hemiparesis, but also for diverse other chronic disabling illnesses, including non-motor disorders such as phantom limb pain and aphasia. The adaptation of the therapy to the stroke clinic is described, along with a review of the neurophysiologic mechanisms that are postulated to underlie the treatment benefit (overcoming learned nonuse, plastic brain reorganization). Critical to the success of CI therapy is its modification according to disease factors, economic considerations, limitations of the practice setting, and the cognitive and physical status of the patient. We conclude by recommending future areas for research on CI therapy.
Upshift of Light Intensity on Synechocystis 6714 Causes Increases in Glycogen, Respiration, and P700 Reduction

In cyanobacteria respiratory electron transport, measured in darkness as O2 uptake, can also be measured in light in terms of turnover of P700. This is possible because a) Electron transport to O2 uses some of the same carriers which provide for transport from PS2 to PS1 in light. b) Under a light 1 (as 440 or 680 nm) P700 is an effective competitor to cytochrome oxidase and becomes the acceptor for respiratory electrons. This gives rise to the Kok effect, a suppression of O2 uptake. c) Under a light 1 rate of photoreaction 1 is limited by rate of electron supply.
Reconciling Social Responsibility and Neutrality in LIS Professional Ethics: A Virtue Ethics Approach

An ethical dilemma occurs when two values are in opposition. One that arises in the context of professional practice has the potential to create a division among a profession’s membership. This division in membership can lead to factionalism, which in turn may weaken the effectiveness of the affected profession. In the United States, the Library and Information Science (LIS) profession is host to a long-standing division between supporters of social responsibility and of library neutrality. This essay offers a virtue ethics approach as a framework to accommodate both values. Successful accommodation of both would promote greater professional coherence and simplify the ethical decision making processes of LIS practitioners. This chapter centers on a discussion of contemporary ethical crises that illustrate the social responsibility/library neutrality division and is a consideration of how a virtue ethics approach would facilitate using both core ethical concepts to address these crises in ways that are mutually compatible.
Enhancing efficacy of the multi-drug resistance-sensitive compound T138067 by advance treatment with negative modulators of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin

5164 Previous studies demonstrated that the aberrant expression of survivin, a protein with a central role in the inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of cell division, is strongly implicated in the majority of human cancers. Survivin is obligatory/highly expressed during fetal development, but its expression in healthy adults is restricted to normal proliferative tissues and cells, e.g. thymus, testis and stem/progenitor cells. In contrast, survivin is highly expressed in cancer tissues, and has been widely recognized as an innovative target for cancer treatment. 2-fluoro-1-methoxy-4-pentafluorophenylsulfonamidobenzene (T138067) is a synthetic compound, which inhibits mitosis via partial disruption of microtubule polymerization, resulting in G2/M cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) human cancer cells lines and mouse xenograft tumors with T138067 elicits an apoptotic response and tumor regression, respectively. However, as a stand alone chemotherapeutic, it failed to extend overall survival in phase II clinical trials. We discovered that this compound increases survivin expression over time and speculated that this was part of the mechanistic basis for its poor clinical outcomes. Based on our initial observation, we hypothesized that if we could oppose the T138067-mediated induction of survivin, its potency might be dramatically enhanced. To test our hypothesis, we treated MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells first with agents that suppress survivin, SN-38 (the active form of CPT-11/irinotecan, which is currently used in the clinic), resveratrol (a natural component of red grapes), or using RNAi directed against survivin, followed by exposure to T138067, a sequential combination treatment that provoked massive cell death compared with T138067 alone. Mechanistically, while T138067 activates Akt and Erk1/2 which upregulate survivin, and inhibits p38 activation which is associated with inhibition of survivin expression, SN-38 and resveratrol neutralized these events, and downregulated the expression of survivin, a known drug-resistance factor. Together, our findings support the notion that T138067 may be effective against refractory human MDR tumors when used in combination with prior treatment with agents that abrogate the drug-induced survivin expression.
Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Voiding Dysfunction and Fecal Incontinence in Male and Female Cancer Survivors

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a widely accepted and minimally invasive treatment for several urologic lower urinary tract pathologies and bowel dysfunction. Treatment for pelvic malignancies is associated with significant rates of urinary, sexual, and fecal dysfunction. The authors sought to determine the role SNM should play in the management of voiding and fecal dysfunction in the male and female cancer survivor patient. There is a lack of studies looking at SNM in the cancer survivor population, particularly in the setting of radiation cystitis or proctitis. Regardless, the authors feel there is a role for SNM in this population. Further studies are needed to further delineate this role and the efficacy of SNM in this challenge to treat patient population. Voiding dysfunction in the cancer survivor population including urinary urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence is very common. Similarly, fecal incontinence occurs not infrequently and is a major source of patient distress. There is great evidence for SNM via InterStim in urinary urgency, urge incontinence, non-obstructive retention, and fecal incontinence. Studies are lacking, however, in the cancer survivor population. They are non-existent in the postradiation patient population. SNM is a good treatment option for urinary urgency, urge incontinence, non-obstructive urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. More studies are needed in the cancer survivor population, particularly following radiation therapy. Regardless, the authors feel there is a role in the cancer survivor for SNM.
Developing an Online Database on a Shoestring: Growing Pains at the Online Medieval Sources Bibliography

The Online Medieval Sources Bibliography (OMSB) is a database of modern editions of medieval primary sources. This paper discusses the computing, financing, and logistical challenges we faced in creating the database, as well as our solutions. The OMSB is aimed at a wide audience, from high school students to professors, so we have had to tailor our data to the needs of many different types of researcher, and to keep in mind all of the different ways someone might search for sources. Working with a very limited budget, we have made use of graduate and undergraduate students to provide both programming and data entry, a solution that has provided excellent research experience (and often much-needed funding) for the students involved.
THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS An Evidence-Based Approach to Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Osteoporosis is one of the most common and debilitating diseases of postmenopausal women. Recent advances in understanding the bone remodeling unit have clarified the pathophysiologic processes that contribute to bone loss after the onset of estrogen deprivation. Epidemiologic studies have suggested a protective effect from long-term estrogen replacement therapy on fracture risk. This article examines the key role estrogens play in bone remodeling and the current evidence that estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women reduces the likelihood of osteoporotic fractures.
Force and moment constraints of a curved surface gripper and wrist for assistive free flyers

Free-flying robots have the potential to autonomously fulfill a wide range of tasks involving manipulation of objects in space. In this paper we study the design of a wrist mechanism for free-flying robots that are equipped with an adhesive gripper for attaching to objects and surfaces. The wrist and gripper allow the robots to apply moments in addition to forces, which increases their versatility for object manipulation. We apply grasp optimization to establish limitations on the forces/moments that the wrist can impart, subject to adhesion capabilities. Building on these results, we present considerations for tuning a passive wrist mechanism, or controlling an active wrist, to broaden the range of forces and moments that the robot can exert. Our theoretical insights and wrist designs are validated in simulations and on a planar micro-gravity test bed.
Sample average approximations for the continuous type principal-agent problem: an example

Principal-agent problems study contracts for goods or services that a principal (seller) should offer an agent (buyer). The goal is for the principal to optimize the quantity and price in the contract offered to an agent with uncertain demand, where the principal has estimated a distribution for the agent's demand. The agent's demand distribution can be discrete or continuous. A deterministic optimization solution to the discrete distribution problem delivers a contract with price and quantity options targeted towards each possible demand realization. When the demand distribution is continuous, the optimal contract becomes a continuous function of the demand space. This paper introduces a sample average approximation to the continuous distribution problem using methods for solving the discrete distribution problem. We explore using numerical results an example motivated by carbon capture and storage systems.
Characterization and visualization of RNA secondary structure Boltzmann ensemble via information theory

The nearest neighbor model and associated dynamic programming algorithms allow for the efficient estimation of the RNA secondary structure Boltzmann ensemble. However because a given RNA secondary structure only contains a fraction of the possible helices that could form from a given sequence, the Boltzmann ensemble is multimodal. Several methods exist for clustering structures and finding those modes. However less focus is given to exploring the underlying reasons for this multimodality: the presence of conflicting basepairs. Information theory, or more specifically mutual information, provides a method to identify those basepairs that are key to the secondary structure. To this end we find most informative basepairs and visualize the effect of these basepairs on the secondary structure. Knowing whether a most informative basepair is present tells us not only the status of the particular pair but also provides a large amount of information about which other pairs are present or not present. We find that a few basepairs account for a large amount of the structural uncertainty. The identification of these pairs indicates small changes to sequence or stability that will have a large effect on structure. We provide a novel algorithm that uses mutual information to identify the key basepairs that lead to a multimodal Boltzmann distribution. We then visualize the effect of these pairs on the overall Boltzmann ensemble.
Significant Aspects of the Shanidar Neandertals

This chapter discusses the significant aspects of the Shanidar Neandertals. The large cave that overlooks the Shanidar Valley in northeastern Iraq provided shelter and a final resting place for nine individuals that have become known as the Shanidar Neandertals. The skeletal remains of these seven adults and two infants have been variably preserved in the deposits of the cave and were subsequently discovered during archeological excavations. They supply a window onto their anatomy, their biological relationships to previous, contemporaneous, and subsequent human populations, and their general behavioral patterns. Through the detailed descriptions of their individual bones and the comparisons of their morphologies to those known for other Pleistocene and recent humans, an image emerges of a group of prehistoric humans that closely resemble recent humans in many ways but differ from recent humans in others. As such, they furnish a perspective on that period of human existence that provided the background for the evolutionary emergence of modern humanity.
Molecular and Cellular Bases of Salmonella Entry into Host Cells

Salmonella spp. are facultative intracelluiar pathogens capable of causing disease in a great variety of animal species, including human beings (HOOK 1990). Some Salmonella serotypes are highly adapted to a specific host (e.g., S. typhi and S. gallinarum can infect only human beings and poultry, respectively) or preferentially infect one species (e.g., S. choleraesuis and S. dublin preferentially infect swine and cattle, respectively). In contrast, other serotypes can infect a broad range of hosts (e.g., S. enteritidis). The molecular bases for host adaptation are poorly understood. The type of disease caused by these microorganisms depends not only on the Salmonella serotype but also on the species and immunological status of the infected host. In human beings, the clinical manifestations of salmonellosis range from severe systemic infection to mild gastroenteritis. A common feature of the pathogenesis of all Salmonellae is their ability to gain access to cells that are normally nonphagocytic. This includes not only the cells of the intestinal epithelium, these organisms’ port of entry, but also other cells that may constitute “safe sites” for Salmonellae at later stages of their pathogenic cycle (TAKEUCHI 1967; LIN et al. 1987; CONLAN and NORTH 1992; DUNLAP et al. 1992; VERJAN et al. 1994). Although the actual mechanisms of Salmonella entry are not fully understood, work in a number of laboratories is beginning to provide some insights into this intricate process. In this chapter, the molecular and cellular bases of Salmonella entry into non-phagocytic cells will be reviewed. Most of the information available has been derived from the use of in vitro systems. However, there is enough in vivo evidence that indicates that the molecular genetic bases and mechanistic principles derived from these studies are highly relevant to the natural infection process (GALAN and CURTISS III 1989; JONES and FALKOW 1994).