cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of defects on armatures within helical flux-compression generators

Summary form only given, as follows. Tubes of aluminum and copper filled with C-4 high-explosive were tested during this study of the effects of explosive flaws and voids, their sizes and locations, and of the effects of armature machining tolerances on the expansion characteristics of armatures within helical flux-compression generators. Flaws and voids were introduced into the explosive fill of 6061-T6 aluminum armatures during assembly. The defects were located along the major axis of the fill, midway between the major axis and the explosive/armature interface, and at the interface. The resulting effects on armature expansion were recorded by intensified charge-coupled display (ICCD) photography and by flash X-ray. Outer and inner surface defects were introduced into OFHC copper and 6061-T6 aluminum armatures via machining. The resulting effects during armature expansion were recorded by framing camera and by ICCD.
Evaluation of seven Cholestech L.D.X analyzers for total cholesterol determinations.

We assessed the performance of seven Cholestech L.D.X lipid analyzers under tightly controlled laboratory conditions for accuracy and precision in accordance with analytical guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Venous heparinized whole blood (VB) and plasma (VP), venous serum (VS), and capillary fingerstick whole blood (FB) were collected from 18 individuals. Total cholesterol (TC) concentration was measured in VB, VP, and VS on all seven instruments. Three instruments were used for TC measurements of FB. Reference cholesterol values for each individual were generated in the same laboratory with a standardized method. The within-run coefficients of variation (CVs) for all instruments with a Level I pool (1560 mg/L, n = 10) ranged from 1.3% to 1.8% (mean = 1.59%). The between-run CVs with the same pool ranged from 2.2% to 3.4% (mean = 2.84%, n = 10). Correlation coefficients derived from comparison of total cholesterol values generated by the instruments for each specimen type vs the reference cholesterol values were all > 0.97. The average bias for all instruments for each sample type was 1.9% (FB), 4.3% (VB), 6.6% (VP), and 7.0% (VS). Predicted cholesterol concentration for each sample type from regression curves for total cholesterol at the suggested NCEP clinical decision cutoff values of 2000 and 2400 mg/L, respectively, were 2049 and 2431 mg/L for FB, 2081 and 2469 mg/L for VB, 2122 and 2522 mg/L for VP, and 2121 and 2521 mg/L for VS.
Impact of the Opening of Soviet Archives on Western Scholarship on Soviet Social History

The opening of formerly closed and classified archives following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a remarkable experience for historians working in this field. Our data base abruptly expanded in a quantum leap, changing our situation from one roughly comparable to that of researchers on early modern Europe (working with the limited range of sources generated by a relatively unambitious state with a small literate population) to that of researchers on any other developed twentieth-century state (working with the huge array of records generated by a modern bureaucratic state and literate society). From the standpoint of researchers, this brought many changes. Field-specific research skills painfully acquired in the period of archival dearth suddenly become more or less redundant. Different skills and strategies were often required to deal with the new situation of abundance. This essay examines the extent and peculiarities of Western scholars' access to Soviet archives in the decades before 1991, and the nature and variety of archival sources becoming available to Western scholars for the first time, and the impact these had on research and interpretation of Soviet social history.
A simple lattice architecture for even-order linear phase perfect reconstruction filter banks

A simplified lattice architecture is given for 2-channel perfect reconstruction multirate filter banks when the filters are even-order linear phase FIR filters. This approach provides a factorization procedure for the type-1 polyphase component matrix, E(z), for the analysis filter bank. The architecture used ensures that the perfect reconstruction property is structurally imposed by the mathematical form of the factorization. An application is given to the factorization of the filter bank employed in the FBI's standard for digital coding of fingerprint images, and comparisons are made with previous lattice architectures for even-order linear phase filters. >
Differential display of mRNA by PCR.

Formerly unit Unavailable , this unit describes how differential display techniques allow the identification and subsequent isolation of differentially expressed genes that requires no knowledge of sequences, but rather PCR amplification using arbitrary oligonucleotides and high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
How pregnant African American women view pregnancy weight gain.

ABSTRACT Objective To gain insight into how low‐income, pregnant African American women viewed their weight gain while pregnant and how they managed their weight during pregnancy. Design Descriptive study using three focus groups. Setting Women were recruited from urban prenatal care sites and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) services in a medium‐sized urban northeastern city. Participants Twenty‐six adult, low‐income, pregnant African American women, age 18 to 39; the majority were within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Methods Three focus groups were conducted utilizing open‐ended questions related to pregnancy weight gain. Content analysis was used to analyze the verbatim transcripts. Analysis focused on meaning, intention, and context. Groups were compared and contrasted at the within and between group levels to identify themes. Results Four themes were identified that provided insight into how women viewed their pregnancy weight gain and managed weight gain during pregnancy: (a) pregnancy weight gain: no matter how much means a healthy baby; (b) weight retention: it happens; (c) there is a limit: weight gain impact on appearance; and (d) watching and waiting: plans for controlling weight. Conclusion Low‐income African American women, though cognizant of the likelihood of retention of weight following pregnancy, are not focused on limiting their gestational weight gain. The cultural acceptance of a larger body size along with the belief that gaining more weight is indicative of a healthy infant present challenges for interventions to limit excessive gestational weight gain.
Fifty Years of Change: Societal Attitudes and Women's Fashions, 1900–1950

(1997). Fifty Years of Change: Societal Attitudes and Women's Fashions, 1900–1950. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 307-324.
Studies on cell lines derived from a horse with lymphosarcoma.

Long-term suspension cultures were established from the thoracic duct lymph and pericardial effusion of a horse with histopathologically confirmed lymphosarcoma. Chromosome studies have shown that all cultures are aneuploid, suggesting that the cultured cells are neoplastic and are derived from the neoplastic cells of the diseased animal. Preliminary electron microscope studies on the untreated long-term cultures and on phytohemagglutinin-treated cells have failed to reveal virus-like particles.
BEEF SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Potential limitations of NRC in predicting energetic requirements of beef females within western U.S. grazing systems

Assessment of beef cow energy bal- ance and efficiency in grazing-extensive rangelands has occurred on a nominal basis over short time intervals and has not accounted for the complexity of metabolic and digestive responses; behavioral adaptations to climatic, terrain, and vegetation variables; and documentation of the effects of nutrient form and supply to grazing cattle. Previous research using pen-fed cows demonstrated dif- ferences (P < 0.01) in efficiency of weight change ranging from 135 to 58 g/Mcal ME intake. Furthermore, varia- tion in efficiency of ME use for tissue energy gain or loss ranged from 36% to 80%. In general, energy costs for maintenance, tissue accretion, and mobilization were greatest in Angus-based cows, intermediate in Brahman- and Hereford-based cows, and least in dairy-based cows. The most efficient cattle may reflect the types that are suc- cessful in semiarid grazing environments with low input management. Successful range cattle systems are likely the result of retention of animals that best adapted to the graz- ing environment and thus were potentially more efficient. Animals exposed to a variety of stressors may continually adapt, so energy expenditure is reduced and may tend to depart from the modeled beef cow in the 1996 NRC Beef Cattle Requirements. Critical factors comprising cow life- time achievement, including reproductive success, disease resistance, and calf weaning weight, may be driven by cow total energy utilization in energy-limiting environments. Therefore, energy adjustments for adapted cattle within these landscapes and seasonal BW changes can alter sea- sonal NE m requirements. Evaluated studies indicate that in static grazing environments, NRC prediction fitness was improved compared with predictions from dynamic systems where cattle were influenced less by management and more by environmental conditions. Preliminary herd analyses cast doubt on the accuracy of NRC BCS descrip- tions representing NE m requirements of adapted females utilizing semiarid rangelands. Possible gaps are proposed that could be the basis for prediction inaccuracies. A more complete understanding of mechanisms contributing to productivity in the field than the current model predicts will improve future models to better simulate energetic accountability and subsequent female performance.
Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of feedlot manure management practices: Land application versus gasification

Abstract Animal waste is an important source of anthropogenic GHG emissions, and in most cases, manure is managed by land application. Nevertheless, due to the huge amounts of manure produced annually, alternative manure management practices have been proposed, one of which is gasification, aimed to convert manure into clean energy-syngas. Syngas can be utilized to provide energy or power. At the same time, the byproduct of gasification, biochar, can be transported back to fields as a soil amendment. Environmental impacts are crucial in selecting the appropriate manure strategy. Therefore, GHG emissions during manure management systems (land application and gasification) were evaluated and compared by life cycle assessment (LCA) in our study. LCA is a universally accepted tool to determine GHG emissions associated with every stage of a system. Results showed that the net GHG emissions in land application scenario and gasification scenario were 119 and -643 kg CO2-eq for one tonne of dry feedlot manure, respectively. Moreover, sensitive factors in the gasification scenario were efficiency of the biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) system and energy source of avoided electricity generation. Overall, due to the environmental effects of syngas and biochar, gasification of feedlot manure is a much more promising technique as a way to reduce GHG emissions than is land application.
Rheological, Mass Transfer, and Mixing Characterization of Cellulase-Producing Trichoderma reesei Suspensions

Steady and dynamic shear measurements are utilized to characterize the rheological behavior of Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 fungal suspensions during batch growth on xylose (soluble substrate) or cellulose (particulate solid substrate) at three different fermentor impeller speeds (250, 400, and 550 rpm). Biomass concentrations versus time were unimodal on xylose and bimodal on cellulose. This behavior is consistent with relatively rapid, early growth on easily metabolized growth medium components (yeast extract), followed by a second, slower growth phase due to hydrolysis of recalcitrant cellulose by increasing cellulase concentrations. Critical dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration for T. reesei growth on cellulose was found to be 0.073 mmol/L. The DO was kept above this level by supplementing the air feed with pure oxygen, implying that mass transfer limitations were not the cause of bimodal cell growth. Steady shear rheological data showed shear thinning behavior and a yield stress for all broth samples regardless of substrate. Casson and Herschel−Bulkley constitutive equations fit steady shear data well. Dynamic shear measurements on broth suspensions indicated “gel-like” behavior at low strains, with microstructural breakdown at larger displacements. Time variations of the Casson model parameters (yield stress and Casson viscosity) and dynamic moduli (elastic and viscous modulus) followed both cell mass and morphology: a single maximum in all rheological variables resulted when cells were grown on xylose or on cellulose at impeller speeds of 400 or 550 rpm, and dual maxima were observed for cellulose-grown cells at 250 rpm.
Nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and dietary antioxidants.

S ince nitric oxide (NO) was determined to be an important physiologic molecule in the late 1980s, its role in the pathophysiology of disease, therapeutic uses, and possible detrimental effects has occupied many researchers. In the process, the impact of NO on nutrition is being defined. The molecule and its metabolites affect gastrointestinal function, macronutrient metabolism and micronutrient status. Some of the actions of NO in gastrointestinal physiology and interactions with vitamins E and C in vascular tissue were recently covered in Nutrition.1 In the present article, the role of nutrients in the control of NO, in particular peroxynitrite defense, is discussed. The chemistry of NO is complex. The molecule reacts principally with guanylate cyclase and metaloproteins, such as those with iron or iron–sulfur centers.2 It is produced from arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which exists in three isoforms. Two of the isoforms are constitutive to endothelial tissue and neurons and produce small amounts of NO in a short time. Acting as a signal, this NO activates guanylate cyclase. In the case of endothelial NOS (eNOS), the end result is smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow. Much of the NO produced in this cycle is scavenged by hemoglobin and eventually reduced to nitrate.2 The third isoform of NOS (iNOS) is inducible by cytokines, notably tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and lipolysaccharide. Actual NO production is evident a few hours later. In humans the enzyme is tightly regulated and at least two activators must be present.3 As part of the inflammatory response, iNOS produces large amounts of NO, which is lethal to pathogens and injurious to cells.4 NO AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
Depression and heart rate variability in patients with coronary heart disease.

Depression is common in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and is a risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality in these patients. Depression is associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which may at least partially explain this increased risk. Low heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects excessive sympathetic and/or inadequate parasympathetic modulation of heart rate, is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with CHD. Most studies—both in patients with stable CHD and in patients with a recent acute coronary event—have found HRV to be lower in depressed patients than in their nondepressed counterparts. This manuscript provides an overview of this literature and concludes that HRV may account for a substantial part of the risk associated with depression in CHD.
Nonconscious effects of peculiar beliefs on consumer psychology and choice

Abstract Irrational or illogical beliefs are referred to variously as magical thinking, peculiar beliefs, superstitious beliefs, and half-beliefs. We first distinguish the various terms according to their most common and relevant usage for consumer psychologists and define a conceptual structure for the roles of conscious and nonconscious processes associated with peculiar beliefs in decision-making. We present a study that provides initial evidence of the effect of nonconscious, experiential processing on the impact of peculiar beliefs in a consumer auction-based sales scenario. We also offer propositions that extend the theory on peculiar beliefs to their nonconscious effects on consumer psychology and choice.
Optimization of Conical Intersections with Floating Occupation Semiempirical Configuration Interaction Wave Functions

We outline a new implementation of a minimal energy conical intersection (MECI) optimization algorithm within the context of semiempirical methods. Computationally, this semiempirical conical intersection optimization method is much less demanding than ab initio CASSCF and MRCI techniques. We apply the method to several molecules and compare the geometries and energies of the resulting MECIs with ab initio CASSCF methods. The locations of the semiempirical MECIs agree very well with the ab initio predictions, but the energetics generally do not. This suggests that the semiempirical conical intersection optimization method may be useful in finding initial guess geometries for ab initio MECI searches and/or in identifying families of MECIs that may be relevant in photochemical dynamics. Indeed, in the present work, we have located many new MECIs for some of the studied molecules that were then verified and refined with ab initio electronic structure theory. The good agreement of MECIs locations further sugg...
The Mpl ligand and platelet homeostasis

The classification of Mpl as a cytokine receptor present on cells of the platelet lineage has led to the identification and cloning of its ligand. This has resulted in a rapid accumulation of data advancing the understanding of the processes of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis and the regulation of endogenous Mpl ligand (thrombopoietin, eTPO). Highlights of in vitro human and non-human primate data will be discussed, as well as preclinical (in vivo) non-human primate studies. Two recombinant forms of Mpl ligands (rTPO) are currently being tested in clinical trials and early results will be reviewed. The preclinical and clinical studies will be summarized with consideration of the observations which provide insights into the biology of the response to exogenous rTPO. Understanding the biology of platelet production and the condition of target cells in treatment populations will facilitate the appropriate use of this potential therapeutic agent.
Designer genes and critical care nursing: the future is now

Discoveries about the human genetic code and innovations to manipulate genes are rapidly advancing. Laboratory strategies used for recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques have revolutionized medication production and have led to experimental protocols for gene therapy. The implications for critical care nursing practice are profound. To keep pace with new discoveries, critical care nurses now need to consider the impact of advances in genetic engineering on their practice. Nurses assisting with gene therapy protocols will need to not only update their knowledge of genetics but also learn the fundamentals of recombinant technology. Administration of genetically engineered medications almost certainly will lead to new clusters of side effects and new routes for delivery. A multitude of ethical considerations such as biosafety and patient selection raises a realm of clinical practice implications. To provide the care that critically ill patients require, practitioners will need to update their knowledge constantly about the rapidly changing discipline of genetics and how advances in genetics relate to nursing and medical practice.
Analytical Modeling for the Shape Control of an Adaptive Composite Satellite Dish

A three-dimensional dynamic analysis of a satellite dish in spherical coordinate system is investigated. The method of separation of variables is employed to obtain the explicit 3D solution of the partial differential governing equation of the active composite satellite dish (ACSD). Then, the mode shape functions are expanded as a combination of periodic functions, associated Legendre functions, and spherical Bessel functions. The validation of the theoretical model is performed by comparing the developed analytical mode shapes with finite element method (FEM) mode shapes. Also, using the developed analytical model, the disturbance observer (DOB) controller is employed for the ACSD shape control. The numerical results show that, by employing the DOB controller, more accurate shape control of the satellite dish is achieved and less control energy is consumed, when piezoelectric actuator patches are placed on their optimal locations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Localization of toroidal motion and shear heating in 3-D high Rayleigh number convection with temperature-dependent viscosity

We have applied spectral-transform methods to study three-dimensional thermal convection with temperature-dependent viscosity. The viscosity varies exponentially with the form exp(-BT), where B controls the viscosity contrast and T is temperature. Solutions for high Rayleigh numbers, up to an effective Ra of 6.25 x 10(exp 6), have been obtained for an aspect-ratio of 5x5x1 and a viscosity contrast of 25. Solutions show the localization of toroidal velocity fields with increasing vigor of convection to a coherent network of shear-zones. Viscous dissipation increases with Rayleigh number and is particularly strong in regions of convergent flows and shear deformation. A time-varying depth-dependent mean-flow is generated because of the correlation between laterally varying viscosity and velocity gradients.
Autoradiographic Determination of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in the Immature Rat

ABSTRACT.: Seven-day-old rats (15 g body weight) were injected subcutaneously with iodo-[14C] antipyrine (5 μCi). After a variable period, each pup was decapitated and arterial blood collected for scintillation counting. Brains were immediately removed and either prepared for isotopic counting or frozen for autoradiography. The brain:blood partition coefficient was determined [0.944 ± 0.006 ml/g (mean ± SEM)]. Both cerebral blood flow (CBF) and regional CBF (RCBF) were calculated according to a formula derived from the Fick equation. CBF equaled 66 ± 4 ml/100 g/min (mean ± SEM), a value midway between reported 1-day-old rat CBF and adult rat CBF. Autoradiographs were of sufficient quality to permit microdensitimetric readings of a minimum of 11 structures. RCBF ranged from 20 ml/100 g/min in subcortical white matter to 71 ml/100 g/min in the brain stem. Immature rat RCBF, as a proportion of adult rat RCBF, was greatest in brain stem. Previously thought not feasible, this technique provides a reliable and relatively simple means of measuring both CBF and RCBF in the very small laboratory animal.
Blue Gene/L compute chip: control, test, and bring-up infrastructure

The Blue Gene®/L compute (BLC) and Blue Gene/L link (BLL) chips have extensive facilities for control, bring-up, self-test, debug, and nonintrusive performance monitoring built on a serial interface compliant with IEEE Standard 1149.1. Both the BLL and the BLC chips contain a standard eServer™ chip JTAG controller called the access macro. For BLC, the capabilities of the access macro were extended 1) to accommodate the secondary JTAG controllers built into embedded PowerPC® cores; 2) to provide direct access to memory for initial boot code load and for messaging between the service node and the BLC chip; 3) to provide nonintrusive access to device control registers; and 4) to provide a suite of chip configuration and control registers. The BLC clock tree structure is described. It accommodates both functional requirements and requirements for enabling multiple built-in self-test domains, differentiated both by frequency and functionality. The chip features a debug port that allows observation of critical chip signals at full speed.
ATM and ATR Check in on Origins: A Dynamic Model for Origin Selection and Activation

Initiation of DNA replication occurs at origins of replication, traditionally defined by specific sequence elements. Sequence-dependent initiation of replication is the rule in prokaryotes and in the yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae. However, sequence-dependent initiation does not appear to be absolutely required in metazoan eukaryotes. Origin firing is instead likely dependent on stochastic initiation from chromatin-defined loci, despite the demonstration of some specific origins. Based on some recent observations in Xenopus laevis egg extracts and in mammalian cell culture, we propose that timing of origin firing is dependent on feedback from active replicons. This dynamic regulation of replication is mediated by sensing of ongoing replication by the DNA-damage checkpoint kinases ATM and ATR, which in turn downregulate neighboring and distal origins and replicons by inhibition of the S-phase kinases Cdk2 and Cdc7 and by inhibition of the replicative Mcm helicase. Origin selection, activation, and replicon progression are therefore constrained in both space and time via feedback from the cell cycle and ongoing replication.
Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese von Antibiotica

Die Feinheiten der chemischen Synthesen, die von lebenden Zellen beim Aufbau komplexer organischer Naturstoffe ausgefuhrt werden, lassen sich durch Markierung mit stabilen Isotopen in Verbindung mit hochentwickelten 2D- und Mehrquanten-NMR-Analysenmethoden detailliert untersuchen. Mechanistische Einzelheiten werden durch Aufklarung der „kryptischen” Stereochemie biosynthetischer Reaktionen mit Hilfe stereospezifischer Isotopenmarkierung enthullt. Die Analyse blockierter Mutanten und das Klonieren von Biosynthesegenen bieten neue Moglichkeiten fur die Untersuchung von Biosynthesewegen und fur die Ausnutzung der chemischen Fahigkeiten lebender Organismen.
The role of a bio-ecological assessment system in writing a culturally sensitive report: The importance of assessing other intelligences

This article shows how the bio-ecological assessment system is applied in assessing a child's cognitive intelligence beyond a psychometric intelligence test. The authors conceive of intellectual behavior as an inextricable bio-ecological phenomenon and argue for an assessment system consistent with this conception. The recognition that there are many types of intelligences (such as musical and bodily kinesthetic) is discussed. The article presents a cursory review of how to assess the other intelligences of a child and how to incorporate this into a culturally sensitive report. A case sample via a psychological report demonstrating this model is presented with the goal of showing how the psychological status of minority children can be enhanced if psychologists adopt an integrated approach to assessment by way of a bio-ecological model. The case presented is that of a child with deficient cognitive functioning on the psychometric tests, but advanced functioning on the “Other Intelligence Assessment Measure.” Diagnostic impressions are given and implications for report writing and interventions are suggested.
Long-term effects of diazepam and phenobarbital treatment during development on GABA receptors, transporters and glutamic acid decarboxylase.

Diazepam (DZ) and phenobarbital (PH) are commonly used to treat early-life seizures and act on GABAA receptors (GABAR). The developing GABAergic system is highly plastic, and the long-term effects of postnatal treatment with these drugs on the GABAergic system has not been extensively examined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prolonged DZ and PH treatment during postnatal development and then discontinuation on expression of a variety of genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission during adulthood. Rat pups were treated with DZ, PH or vehicle from postnatal day (P) 10–P40 and then the dose was tapered for 2 weeks and terminated at P55. Expression of GABAR subunits, GABAB receptor subunits, GABA transporters (GAT) and GABA synthesizing enzymes (glutamic acid decarboxylase: GAD) mRNAs in hippocampal dentate granule neurons (DGNs) were analyzed using antisense RNA amplification at P90. Protein levels for the α1 subunit of GABAR, GAD67, GAT1 and 3 were also assessed using Western blotting. At P90, mRNA expression for GAT-1, 3, 4, GABAR subunits α4, α6, β3, δ and θ and GABAB receptor subunit R1 was increased and mRNA expression for GAD65, GAD67 and GABAR subunits α1 and α3 were decreased in DGNs of rats treated with DZ and PH. The current data suggest that prolonged DZ and PH treatment during postnatal development causes permanent alterations in the expression of hippocampal GABA receptor subunits, GATs and GAD long after therapy has ended.
Pharmaceutical Price Controls and Entry Strategies

Abstract This paper finds that the use of price controls has a statistically and quantitatively important effect on the extent and timing of the launch of new drugs. Firms headquartered in countries that regulate price reach fewer markets than those in countries without price controls. Companies avoid price-controlled markets, and are less likely to introduce products in additional markets after entering a price-controlled country. Launches into low-price European countries are further delayed following legalization of parallel imports. The results suggest that price regulation in one country affects entry into other countries, and may affect the strategies of domestic firms.
Production and Properties of Ejecta Released by Fracture of Materials

Abstract We have examined ejecta (particles in the size range 0.1 to 500 μm) which are released by fracture of a variety of materials. The ejecta from most non-metallic materials are electrically charged and frequently have high velocities. The amount of ejecta produced depends on the material and the conditions of fracture. For unfilled, glassy polymers the ejecta are produced in regions of fast-hackled fracture. Detailed measurements have been made on the ejecta mass and size distributions from the fracture of composites. From these measurements the total particle surface areas can be estimated and are found to be comparable to or greater than the cross-sectional area of the fractured samples. Thus, the ejecta should be a consideration in the analysis of surface energy and other parameters from fractographical analysis.
Structure of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylated carboxypeptidase A

Abstract Bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (EC 3.4.12.2) was treated with dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium chloride at pH 7.5, resulting in a preparation which consisted primarily of a monohydroxynitrobenzylated derivative of the enzyme. Samples of the hydroxynitrobenzylated enzyme were subjected to tryptic digestion and to cyanogen bromide cleavage, and resulting peptides were isolated chromatographically. One tryptic hydroxynitrobenzyl-containing peptide was isolated; its amino acid composition was that of the N-terminal tryptic segment of carboxypeptidase Aγ (residues 8–35). Likewise, CNBr cleavage of the hydroxynitrobenzylated enzyme revealed that the hydroxynitrobenzyl group resided in the N-terminal fragment, F N (residues 8–22). Neither of these hydroxynitrobenzylated peptides contains Trp, the amino acid residue which is characteristically the site of hydroxynitrobenzylation in proteins, and each was found to contain approximately one less Asx than the corresponding native peptide. Both dansylation and automated Edman degradation procedures revealed that the N-terminal Asn of carboxypeptidase Aγ had been modified by hydroxynitrobenzylation of the enzyme. Thus the sulfonium salt reacts with carboxypeptidase A in the same manner as that established earlier for 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (Radhakrishnan, T.M., Bradshaw, R.A., Deranleau, D.A. and Neurath, H. (1970) FEBS Lett. 7, 72–76). Such reactivity of the α-amino group presumably reflects its unique location with respect to Trp residues in the tertiary structure of the enzyme.
Channel assignment with partially overlapping channels in wireless mesh networks

Many efforts have been devoted to maximizing the network throughput with limited channel resources in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks. It has been believed that the limited spectrum resource can be fully exploited by utilizing partially overlapping channels in addition to non-overlapping channels in 802.11b/g networks. However, there are only few studies of channel assignment algorithms for partially overlapping channels. In this paper, an extension to the traditional conflict graph model, weighted conflict graph, is proposed to model the interference between wireless links more accurately. Based on this model, we first present a greedy algorithm for partially overlapping channel assignment, and then propose a novel genetic algorithm, which has the potential to obtain better solutions. Through evaluation, we demonstrate that the network performance can be dramatically improved by properly utilizing the partially overlapping channels. In addition, the genetic algorithm outperforms the greedy algorithm in mitigating the interference within the network and therefore leads to higher network throughput.
Methodological overview of a self-determination theory-based computerized intervention to promote leisure-time physical activity☆

OBJECTIVES: To provide a methodological overview of a computerized intervention to promote leisure time physical activity (PA) and to apply self-determination theory (SDT) to PA initiation to better understand the psychological mechanisms underlying PA frequency, intensity, and duration in previously-sedentary individuals. DESIGN: Based on SDT, two computerized personal trainers were developed for use with sedentary young adults. One personal trainer was designed to be need-supportive, empathic, and structured while the other was designed to be more controlling, evaluative, and judgmental. METHOD: Participants are randomly assigned to work with either the need-supportive or controlling computerized personal trainer. They complete a series of 7 weekly training sessions. In between training sessions, participants complete daily records of PA behaviors and experiences including autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence for PA and PA frequency, intensity, and duration. POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS: The design of this intervention and its theoretical basis have important implications for advancing the field of exercise science specifically and health behavior change more broadly. Computerized interventions have the benefit of standardizing intervention content as well as reducing clinical contact burden for practitioners. Daily recording procedures reduce the likelihood of retrospection bias and allow for the modeling of (1) daily fluctuations in PA behavior and (2) the psychological mechanisms believed to be involved in PA behavior (e.g., autonomous self-regulation). Finally, as a broad theory of human motivation, SDT is uniquely positioned to offer explanations for the conditions that are likely to promote both the initiation and maintenance of health behavior change.
Enhancement of differentiation and cytotoxicity of leukemia cells by combinations of fluorinated pyrimidines and differentiation inducers: development of DNA double-strand breaks.

Abstract We have previously shown that pretreatment of mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells with the fluorinated pyrimidines 5-fluorouraciI (FUra) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) followed by the differentiation inducer hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) greatly enhanced the magnitude of their differentiation and caused extensive cell death. We have now extended these studies to address the mechanism that may be responsible for this enhancement and have also examined a human leukemic cell line (HL-60) for its sensitivity to this combination cytotoxic-differentiation therapy. We found that in HL-60 cells, pretreatment with FUdR, but not FUra, followed by 1.2% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) led to an 8 to 10-fold enhancement of cell death as compared to FUdR alone. When all- trans -retinoic acid (ATRA) was used instead of DMSO, the enhancement of differentiation and cytotoxicity was 5-fold. The percent of cells induced to differentiate was dependent on the concentration of both FUdR and ATRA. In HL-60 cells resistant to ATRA-induced differentiation, the combination of FUdR and ATRA did not result in enhanced cytotoxicity. Leucovorin (LV), a compound known to enhance the inhibitory effect of FUra or FUdR on DNA synthesis, increased the effectiveness of the cytotoxic-differentiation therapy, whereas thymidine inhibited its effectiveness. This suggests that inhibition of DNA metabolism may be an integral part of the differentiation-enhancing cytotoxic mechanism. To further explore inhibition of DNA synthesis, DNA was extracted under alkaline on neutral conditions from 3 H-thymidine-labelled cells that were treated with FUra/LV and HMBA individually or in combination. The emergence of single and double-strand DNA breaks was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. In parallel to the enhancement of cytotoxicity, the combination treatment (FUra/LV followed by HMBA) also produced a 2.5-3-fold increase in the DNA breaks when compared to the same effect obtained by the agents applied individually. Thus, we propose that DNA degradation may be the mechanism responsible for the enhanced loss of cell viability. In summary, we report here an approach which is targeted to increasing the death rate of leukemic cells through the combined use of low doses of cytotoxic drugs and differentiation inducers.
Query size estimation by adaptive sampling (extended abstract)

We present an adaptive, random sampling algorithm for estimating the size of general queries. The algorithm can be used for any query Q over a database D such that 1) for some n, the answer to Q can be partitioned into n disjoint subsets Q1, Q2, …, Qn, and 2) for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, the size of Qi is bounded by some function b(D, Q), and 3) there is some algorithm by which we can compute the size of Qi, where i is chosen randomly. We consider the performance of the algorithm on three special cases of the algorithm: join queries, transitive closure queries, and general recursive Datalog queries.
Variability of electrocardiographic data recorded with orthogonal leads.

Abstract Displacement of the horizontal level of chest electrodes produced larger changes in data recorded with Frank than with axial leads, but anteroposterior displacement of lateral chest electrodes did not result in consistent differences between the lead systems. Variability of data recorded from normal subjects with Frank and axial leads was very similar, so this study did not provide a basis for a selection between these lead systems. Data recorded with Frank leads revealed smaller magnitude of QRS and T variables and a more superior location of mid and maximal QRS vectors in older normal subjects than in young subjects, while a shift in azimuth of mid and maximal QRS vectors was related to body build.
Activation of μ opioid receptors inhibits transient high- and low-threshold Ca 2+ currents, but spares a sustained current

Opioids and opiates decrease the duration of action potentials and the amount of neurotransmitter released from sensory neurons. The mu-type opioid receptor, the binding site for morphine, is thought to act exclusively on K+ channels. Here, we show that activation of the mu receptor inhibits Ca2+ channels in rat sensory neurons; the effect is blocked by a mu antagonist and is not mimicked by kappa or delta receptor agonists. Both low-threshold (T-type) and high-threshold Ca2+ currents are partially suppressed. omega-Conotoxin-sensitive and omega-conotoxin-insensitive, high-threshold Ca2+ currents are inhibited. The kinetic effect on high-threshold current is like that caused by diminished rest potential: the transient component is selectively lost, whereas the sustained component is spared.
Error/Erasure-Resilient and Complexity-Constrained Zero-Delay Distributed Coding for Large-Scale Sensor Networks

There has been considerable interest in distributed source coding (DSC) in recent years, primarily due to its potential contributions to low-power sensor networks. However, two major obstacles pose an existential threat to practical deployment of such techniques: the exponential growth of decoding complexity with network size and coding rates and the critical requirement of resilience to bit errors and erasures, given the severe channel conditions in many wireless sensor network applications. This article proposes a novel, unified approach for large-scale, error/erasure-resilient DSC that incorporates an optimally designed, nearest neighbor classifier-based decoding framework, where the design explicitly controls performance versus decoding complexity. Motivated by the highly nonconvex nature of the cost function, we present a deterministic annealing-based optimization algorithm for the joint design of the system parameters, which further enhances the performance over the greedy iterative descent technique. Simulation results on both synthetic and real sensor network data provide strong evidence for performance gains compared to other state-of-the-art techniques and may open the door to practical deployment of DSC in large sensor networks. Moreover, the framework provides a principled way to naturally scale to large networks while constraining decoder complexity, thereby enabling performance gains that increase with network size.
Psychosocial Correlates of Health Status among Asians, Caucasians, and Multiracial Subjects

The present study assessed the relationship between race and physical health in a multicultural sample. When controlling for a variety of health risk factors, the results revealed a significant relationship between race and recent and chronic physical symptoms (i.e., minor health problems) as well as past major health problems. Multiracial individuals reported more health problems than Asians or Caucasians. These findings may reflect the differences in diet and socioeconomic status (SES) as well as conditions associated with low SES such as decreased likelihood of seeking medical services and a variety of psychosocial variables.
Intermittent mask and bag therapy: An alternative approach to respirator therapy for infants with severe respiratory distress

Forty infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome have been treated with intermittent mask and bag therapy as an alternative to the mechanical respirator. Twenty-four of the infants (60 per cent) survived. This survival rate compares favorably with that of infants treated with continuous respirator therapy, and pulmonary complications appear to be minimal. The procedure requires simple equipment and is easily taught to nurses and physicians. Mask and bag therapy appears to be an easily adapted and relatively safe alternative to the respirator in infants with the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.
Accuracy of grading gliomas on CT-guided stereotactic biopsies: A survival analysis

The accuracy of using a combination of cytopathologic and histopathologic techniques to diagnose stereotactically guided brain biopsies was investigated in 74 patients. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by determining whether classification of the biopsies as gliosis, astrocytoma (A), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) predicted survival. The utility of on-site evaluation using Diff-Quik-stained crush preparations was also assessed. The patients ranged in age from 5 to 88 years (mean, 55 years) and were followed for over 2 years in most cases. Four cases (5%) were classified as gliosis (G), 7 (9%) as atypical gliosis (AG), 4 (5%) as high-grade mixed oligodendroglioma/ astrocytoma (OA), 11 (15%) as astrocytoma (A), 21 (28%) as anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), and 27 (36%) as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Median survival was 11 months in patient with OA, 57 months in patients with A, 10 months in patients with AA, and 5 months in patients with GBM. Diagnosis of Diff-Quik-stained crush preparations made during the biopsy procedure was highly correlated with the final diagnosis and survival. We conclude that the diagnosis of stereotactic brain biopsies using cytopathology with on-site evaluation in combination with histopathological evaluation of needle cores is accurate based on a survival analysis. However, A and G may be difficult to distinguish.
Is the Client-Worker Relationship Associated with Better Outcomes in Mandated Child Abuse Cases?:

Objective: The purpose of this research was to (a) find if there were associations between child welfare outcomes and the client-worker relationship and (b) learn what are the predictors of a positive client-worker relationship. Method: 100 (55 Family Maintenance [FM] and 45 Family Preservation [FP]) clients were interviewed in English and Spanish. Pearson’s r, t tests, chi-squares, and a regression analysis were conducted. Results: A majority of the participants were Latino single mothers. Higher scores on the Relationship with Worker Instrument were correlated with better outcomes in discipline and emotional care of children (p < .01). FP clients were more satisfied with their workers than routine FM participants (p < .01). Ability to openly communicate (p < .001), frequency of visits (p < .05), and receipt of public assistance (p < .05) were found to be predictors of good client-worker relationships. Conclusions: This assessment indicates that client-worker relationships and open communication matter.
Scattering theory in relation to quantum computing

Much of the theory of quantum computing assumes the capacity to apply a chosen sequence of unitary transformations to the state of a quantum register (sometimes called a memory). It is widely recognized that this "application of a unitary transformation" requires an external influence. Here we relate the physics of external influences to the well established framework of quantum-mechanical scattering problems, in order to show how scattering is conceptually necessary to quantum computers, even in the idealization of zero temperature and no imperfections. For a single-qubit quantum register, infinitely slow limiting cases are shown in which scattering indeed results in a unitary transformation of the register. Implications for "transformation-induced decoherence" are developed and related to questions of errors and error correction.