cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Diabetes Management by Certified Diabetes Educators via Telephone Versus Mixed Modalities of Care

IN BRIEF This pilot program evaluates the impact of telephone versus mixed modalities of care on A1C. A retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate mean baseline and follow-up A1C values for all patients who received telephone care, video-conferencing, or in-person clinic appointments with certified diabetes educators at a single, rural U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs clinic. The results of this evaluation showed that glycemic control was improved both in patients who received diabetes management through telephone care alone and in those who received mixed modalities of care.
Citizen Sailors: Becoming American in the Age of Revolution. By Nathan Perl-Rosenthal. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. 372. $29.95.)

In Edward Everett Hale's popular 1863 short story “The Man Without a Country,” Philip Nolan, a US Army lieutenant implicated in the 1807 treason trial of Aaron Burr, renounces his citizenship. The ...
On the Affective Politics of Cosmopolitanism: African Migration, Lavapiés, and the Domestic Realm in Lucía Etxebarría’s Cosmofobia (2007)

This chapter uses feminist geography to analyze Lucia Etxebarria’s 2007 novel, Cosmofobia. Specifically, the author examines the positioning of immigrant women in the novel’s urban settings as a point of departure to consider their attendant social positioning and its resonance for the mobility and multiculturalism that Lavapies, an urban enclave known for its migrant populations, frequently symbolizes. The author’s analysis of Cosmofobia focuses on the precarious position of immigrant women in urban spaces to shed light upon the flaws and ideals of cosmopolitanism and equality touted in democratic Spain. What the author’s reading of Cosmofobia offers is a glimpse into the insidious ways that immigrant women are funneled into spaces and contexts of dependence and marginalization, thus affirming the unique challenges posed to cosmopolitanism in a setting where lo castizo, a problematic and localized iteration of cultural purity, and its attendant machismo, prevail.
Supreme Court Splits... On Grammar and Writing Style

This article details the results of a study of every signed U.S. Supreme Court opinion, concurrence, and dissent from the 2015 and 2014 terms. The review revealed that while on most matters of writing, U.S. Supreme Court Justices achieve unanimity, they are often split on subtler matters of style, like how to use conjunctions, possessives, contractions, and fragments.
The Brownian Sheet and Potential Theory

The results and discussions of Chapter 11 do not readily extend to cover a multiparameter process such as the Brownian sheet, since the latter is not a multiparameter Markov process according to the definitions of Chapter 11. In this regard, see Exercise 1.1.3, Chapter 11. In the first section of this chapter we extend and refine the arguments of Chapter 11 to estimate intersection probabilities for the range of the Brownian sheet. As in the development of Chapter 11, these estimates yield geometric information about the range of the Brownian sheet by way of Hausdorff dimension calculations.
The Woodchuck Model of HDV Infection

The Eastern woodchuck, Marmota monax, has been a useful model system for the study of the natural history of hepadnavirus infection and for the development and preclinical testing of antiviral therapies. The model has also been used for hepatitis delta virus (HDV). In this chapter several new applications of the woodchuck model of HDV infection are presented and discussed. The development of a woodchuck HDV inoculum derived from a molecular clone has facilitated the analysis of viral genetic changes occurring during acute and chronic infection. This analysis has provided insights into one of the more important aspects of the natural history of HDV infection—whether a superinfection becomes chronic. These results could renew interest in further vaccine development. An effective therapy for chronic HDV infection remains an important clinical goal for this agent, particularly because of the severity of the disease and the inability of current hepadnaviral therapies to ameliorate it. The recent application of the woodchuck model of chronic HDV infection to therapeutic development has yielded promising results which indicate that targeting the hepadnavirus surface protein may be a successful therapeutic strategy for HDV.
Evaluation of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-L-glucose for imaging focal areas of inflammation with PET

1636 Objectives Alterations in tissue permeability due to inflammation results in non-specific increases in accumulation of tracers at these sites. L-Glucose is not a substrate for either glucose carrier proteins or hexokinase and therefore cellular penetration is minimal. Thus, an F-18 labeled L-glucose analog may be useful for delineation of sites of inflammation using PET. In this report we prepared 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-L-glucose and studied its localization in inflammatory foci. Methods 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-L-glucose was prepared from the L-mannose triflate in a manner similar to that for 2-FDG production. Focal sites of inflammation were produced in mice by bacterial infection, turpentine injection and thermal injury. Animals with each type of inflammation were injected with ~ 0.7 mCi tracer and imaged dynamically for 30 min with a Siemens P4 microPET camera. After rebinning in 2 min frames the images were reconstructed and regions of interest were placed over the inflammatory sites and the contralateral uninvolved area. Results This sugar analog rapidly entered infammatory sites. In infected tissues and turpentine induced inflammation, peak uptake occurred at ~ 20 min after injection (peak lesion/muscle: infection ~ 3.0, turpentine ~ 1.5) and decrease slightly thereafter. In burned tissue, peak uptake occurred at ~ 10 min after injection (peak lesion/muscle ~ 2.0) and decrease slightly thereafter. In contrast, the tracer washed-out rapidly in normal tissue beginning at ~3-4 min after injection. Conclusions The rapid uptake of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-L-glucose is due to increased tissue permeability and demonstrates the feasibility of using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-L-glucose for imaging of infection and inflammation
The Development of Targeted Cancer Gene-Therapy Adenoviruses for High-Grade Glioma Treatment

The replication cycle of many viruses kills the host cell, and this property is an attractive feature for the development of anticancer viral therapy. The challenge resides in modifying the viral genome so that it will direct the formation of viral particles that can preferentially replicate in and destroy tumor cells while sparing normal tissue. In this review, we will discuss the different strategies that have been developed to engineer cancer-targeted adenoviruses, both replication-deficient gene-therapy vectors and replication-competent oncolytic vectors. Their specific application to the targeting of malignant gliomas in preclinical studies and the results of the first eight clinical trials are presented. Lastly, new ongoing developments in the design, imaging, and replication potency of new generations of therapeutic viruses are discussed.
Small molecule scaffolds that disrupt the Rev1-CT/RIR protein-protein interaction

Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance mechanism that allows replicative bypass of DNA lesions, including DNA adducts formed by cancer chemotherapeutics. Previous studies demonstrated that suppression of TLS can increase sensitivity of cancer cells to first-line chemotherapeutics and decrease mutagenesis linked to the onset of chemoresistance, marking the TLS pathway as an emerging therapeutic target. TLS is mediated by a heteroprotein complex consisting of specialized DNA polymerases, including the Y-family DNA polymerase Rev1. Previously, we developed a screening assay to identify the first small molecules that disrupt the protein-protein interaction between the C-terminal domain of Rev1 (Rev1-CT) and the Rev1-interacting region (RIR) present in multiple DNA polymerases involved in TLS. Herein we report additional hit scaffolds that inhibit this key TLS PPI. In addition, through a series of biochemical, computational, and cellular studies we have identified preliminary structure-activity relationships and determined initial pharmacokinetic parameters for our original hits.
Many-body localization and quantum thermalization

It is the common wisdom that time evolution of a many-body system leads to thermalization and washes away quantum correlations. But one class of system—referred to as many-body localized—defy this expectation. It is the common wisdom that time evolution of a many-body system leads to thermalization and washes away quantum correlations. But one class of system — referred to as many-body localized — defy this expectation.
The border difference: The Anishinaabeg, Benevolence, and state Indigenous policy in the nineteenth-century great lakes basin

After the War of 1812, British and American authorities attempted to sequester the Anishinaabeg—the Three Fires of the Ojibwes (Chippewas), Odawas (Ottawas), and Boodewadamiis (Potawatomis)—on one side of the Canada-US border or the other. The politics of the international border thus intersected with evolving federal/state and imperial/provincial Native American/First Nations policies and practices. American officials pursued land cessions through treaties followed by removals of Indigenous peoples west of the Mississippi. Their British counterparts also strove to clear Upper Canada (Ontario) of Indigenous title, but instead of removal from the province attempted to concentrate the Anishinaabeg on Manitoulin and other smaller islands in northern Lake Huron. Most affected by these policies were the Odawas, whose homeland was bisected by the international border. Their responses included two colonies underwritten by missionary and government support, one in Michigan and the other on Manitoulin Island, led by members of the same family intent on providing land and educational opportunities for their people. There were real, if subtle, differences, however, in the languages of resistance and networks of potential white allies then available to Indigenous people in Canada and the US. The career trajectories and writings of two cousins, sons of the brothers who helped to craft the Odawa cross-border undertaking exemplify these cross-border differences.
Building new twenty-first century medical school libraries from the ground up: challenges, experiences, and lessons learned

The twenty-first century library at a newly opened medical school often differs from those at traditional medical schools. One obvious difference is that the new medical school library tends to be a born-digital library, meaning that the library collection is almost exclusively digital. However, the unique issues related to building a library at a new medical school are not limited to online collections. A unique start-up culture is prevalent, of which newly appointed directors and other library and medical school leaders need to be aware. This special paper provides an overview of best practices experienced in building new medical school libraries from the ground up. The focus is on the key areas faced in a start-up environment, such as budgeting for online collections, space planning, staffing, medical informatics instruction, and library-specific accreditation issues for both allopathic and osteopathic institutions.
Aluminum hydroxide coatings in limestone drains

Abstract This paper describes a mixed flow reactor experiment and associated data analysis scheme that are well suited for studying the chemical and physical processes that occur in limestone drains used to treat acid mine drainage (AMD). The experiment simulates the slowly evolving, near steady state, reactions that form coatings on limestone. The resulting coatings can be recovered for analysis of their structure and composition. Analysis of the time evolution of the composition of the effluent solutions is used to isolate and understand key factors that affect limestone drain performance. The experiment investigated reactions between acidic aluminum sulfate solutions and calcite. The aluminum sulfate feed solutions contained 0.002–0.01 molal (32–329 mg/kg) Al and had pH values ranging from 3.7 to 4.2. At the beginning each experiment, the rate of H+ consumption by reaction with the calcite was fast causing a distinct increase of the effluent pH. The pH increase caused some of the dissolved Al to precipitate as a coating on the calcite surfaces. The coating blocked the transfer of ions to and from the calcite causing the reaction rates to be limited by ion diffusion through the coating. The continued growth of the coating caused it to become an increasingly effective barrier to ion transport, which caused the neutralization rate to slow and the effluent solution pH to decline toward that of the feed solution. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggested that the coatings were mostly poorly crystalline gibbsite. Effluent solutions were analyzed to determine pH along with Al, Ca and S concentrations. The coating thickness at each sample time was estimated from the amount of Al lost from the solution since the beginning of the experiment. This thickness and the Ca and H+ fluxes were used to find the apparent H+ diffusion coefficient in the coatings.
Can California Ground Squirrels Reduce Predation Risk to Burrowing Owls

In northern California, USA, western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) use burrows in active California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) colonies for nesting and protection. Ground squirrels have well-developed, anti-predator alarm-calling behavior, but the potential benefits of such alarm calling to Burrowing Owls have not been examined. The objective of this study was to assess the rate and types of predator interactions experienced by Burrowing Owls and the extent to which they may benefit from alarm calls given by California ground squirrels. We studied interactions of California ground squirrels and Burrowing Owls at Moffett Federal Airfield in urban Santa Clara County, California, during two Burrowing Owl breeding seasons, in 2012 and 2013, using cameras and direct observations. We detected 177 approaches by predators, four of which resulted in predation events on owls. The rate of predator approach during diurnal periods, as determined by direct observation, was 0.93/hr. Ground squirrels called in response to predator approaches before owls did 66% of the time, which was approximately proportional to the abundance of ground squirrels and Burrowing Owls. When squirrels called first, an estimated 75% of owls exhibited alert responses, including alarm calling, running to the burrow, and scanning, indicating that owls benefited from ground squirrel alarm calls in response to approaching predators. Our research suggests that healthy ground squirrel populations may provide important predator alert services to Burrowing Owls, especially in the context of increasing populations of urban predator species.
Enzymatic Noncovalent Synthesis of Supramolecular Soft Matter for Biomedical Applications

Summary Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS), a process that integrates enzymatic reactions and supramolecular (i.e., noncovalent) interactions for spatial organization of higher-order molecular assemblies, represents an emerging research area at the interface of physical and biological sciences. This review provides a few representative examples of ENS in the context of supramolecular soft matter. After a brief comparison of enzymatic covalent and noncovalent synthesis, we discuss ENS of man-made molecules for generating supramolecular nanostructures (e.g., supramolecular hydrogels) in cell-free conditions. Then, we introduce ENS in a cellular environment. To illustrate the unique merits for applications, we discuss intercellular, peri- or intracellular, and subcellular ENS for cell morphogenesis, molecular imaging, cancer therapy, and targeted delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook on the potential of ENS. We hope that this review offers a new perspective for scientists who develop supramolecular soft matter to address societal needs at various frontiers.
A System Dynamics Model of the Betamax-VHS VCR Competition including Technological, Production, and Network Effects (Including Data)

The issue of complementary assets is beginning to heat up again with the movement of Microsoft into the Internet market. Many people are looking again at past cases of standards competition to determine the importance of complementary assets. One of the more important cases was the battle between the Betamax (Beta) and Video Home System (VHS) videocassette formats during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Beta was launched by Sony in 1975, eighteen months ahead of its rival format VHS . Despite this disadvantage, VHS, sponsored by Panasonic, JVC, and RCA, managed to overtake Beta by 1979 and came to dominate the market almost completely by 1988. This paper develops a system dynamics model to study this format competition and the effect of its complementary assets. Based on simulations, two factors were necessary for VHS to win. One was VHS's longer tape playtime relative to Beta, which enabled pre-recorded tapes earlier. The second was OEM production. Relevant historic data from the 1970s and 1980s are included in the appendix.
MECHANISM OF PERSISTENT LCMV INFECTION IN MICE: ROLE OF LCMV VARIANTS IN SUPPRESSION OF LCMV SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T CELL RESPONSE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE CARRIER STATE

Publisher Summary Mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as neonates or in utero become carriers with life-long viremia. This is the natural infection. Such carrier mice make an antiviral antibody response but contain no detectable LCMV specific cytotoxic T cells. Since the classic studies of Traub, almost 50 years ago, the mechanism of suppression of CTL responses and its possible role in the persistence of LCMV have remained a central question about the biology of LCMV infection. This chapter discusses studies on the mechanism of LCMV persistence and suppression of CTL responses in Balb/c wehi mice persistently infected with LCMV Armstrong CA1371. It has been found that spleen cells from carrier mice actively suppress the induction of LCMV-specific CTL response of normal adult mice. The suppression is specific for the CTL response and has no effect on anti-LCMV antibody response. The suppression of LCMV specific CTL response is associated with the establishment of persistent infection.
Developmental Gender Differentiation: Pathways in Conforming and Nonconforming Outcomes

SUMMARY The authors review their Developmental Pathway Models that characterize normative gender differentiation during childhood. Particular attention is paid to the attitudinal pathway model that describes the routes by which children's gender attitudes guide the selection and impact of gender-related experiences for the self. The personal pathway model describes the ways in which children's own interests and skills may affect their gender-related attitudes about others. The authors identify opportunities for the emergence of various kinds of gender nonconformity in relation to the constructs and mechanisms in these models.
Kollegiale Beratung in Gruppen als Instrument der Schulentwicklung

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Organisationsentwicklung in Schulen. Wie ich zeigen werde, kann dieses ursprunglich okonomische Modell auch sinnvoll mit padagogischen Masstaben verbunden werden. Es werden Daten aus dem Modellprojekt „Kooperative Lehrerfortbildung mit der Methode der Kollegialen Beratung“ in Gruppen, das von 2003-2007 von der Bund-Lander-Kommission fur Bildungsplanung und Forschungsforderung finanziert wurde, ausgewertet. Die Verbesserung der Unterrichtsqualitat sowie Schulentwicklung und die Steigerung der Handlungskompetenz der teilnehmenden Schulleiter und Lehrkrafte waren zentrale Ziele des Projektes. Eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation des Gesamtprojektes wurde durchgefuhrt (Macha u.a. 2010). Die Fragestellung ist hier jedoch eingeschrankt darauf, die Wirksamkeit der Fortbildung fur die Schulentwicklung zu uberprufen. Insofern werden hauptsachlich Ergebnisse der Evaluation aus den Gruppen von SchulleiterInnen ausgewertet.
Exotic grass litter modulates seasonal pulse dynamics of CO2 and N2O, but not NO, in Mediterranean-type coastal sage scrub at the wildland-urban interface

Mediterranean shrublands adjacent to urbanization experience nitrogen deposition and exotic grass invasions which likely have downstream consequences for carbon and nitrogen emissions from soils. We tested a hypothesis that soil wetting produces trace gas pulses modified by seasonal wetting history, grass litter availability, and cover type in these systems. Over two seasons, we conducted 48-h wetting experiments and measured CO2, N2O, and NO pulses at an invaded, polluted California shrubland following grass litter addition to sites dominated by either an invasive grass (Schismus barbatus) or a native shrub (Erioginum fasciculatum). CO2 and N2O pulses consistently appeared 15 min post-wetting and diminished within 12 h; NO peaked later and remained elevated at 24 h. All pulses were stronger in the dry season than wet season. Grass litter amendments increased CO2 and dry-season N2O pulses without significantly modifying NO pulses. Grass cover reduced CO2 pulses compared to shrub cover. Our results support the hypothesis that shrubland soils produce stronger pulses of CO2, N2O, and NO during the dry season when wetting is less frequent. We show that invasive grass litter can provide a labile C source that stimulates CO2 and N2O, but not NO, emissions from shrubland soils.
Chapter 11 Capital market theory and the pricing of financial securities

Publisher Summary The core of financial economic theory is the study of individual behavior of households in the intertemporal allocation of their resources in an environment of uncertainty and of the role of economic organizations in facilitating these allocations. The intersection between this specialized branch of microeconomics and macroeconomic monetary theory is most apparent in the theory of capital markets. The complexity of the interaction of time and uncertainty provides intrinsic excitement to study the subject. The mathematics of capital market theory contains some of the most interesting applications of probability and optimization theory. This chapter discusses necessary conditions for static financial equilibrium that are used to determine restrictions on equilibrium security prices. The combined consumption–portfolio selection problem is formulated in a more realistic and more complex dynamic setting. The chapter examines intertemporal equilibrium pricing of securities and discusses the conditions under which allocations in the continuous trading model are Pareto efficient.
Undocumented Workers and Concepts of Fault: Are Courts Engaged in Legitimate Decisionmaking?

This Article examines judicial decisionmaking in labor and employment cases involving undocumented workers. Labor and employment laws, designed to protect all workers regardless of immigration status, often conflict with immigration laws designed to deter the employment of undocumented workers. In the absence of clarity as to how these differing policy priorities should interact, courts are left to resolve the conflict. While existing case law appears to lack coherence, this Article identifies a uniform judicial reliance upon “fault-based” factors. This Article offers a structure to understand this developing body of law and evaluates the legitimacy of the fault-based decisionmaking modalities utilized by courts. Though concepts of fault are not uncommon in law, when evaluating these cases courts tend to examine immigration-related fault as opposed to fault stemming from the underlying workplace claim. Using the taxonomy rooted in the Supreme Court’s 2002 Hoffman decision, courts employ two constructs in cases involving undocumented workers: past fault as it relates to unlawful immigration, continued unlawful presence in the country or fraud to obtain work; and future fault as it relates to the potential for prospective illegal acts.This Article explores whether courts’ use of these fault concepts provide legitimate bases upon which to make decisions and concludes that decisional legitimacy depends on the fault-based modality used by the court. Future “fault-based” decisionmaking effectuates legislative intent in a manner sufficient to satisfy separation of powers principles. Past “fault-based” decisions, unrooted in existing legal doctrine, constitute unchecked judicial policymaking that may violate separation of powers principles. In the middle are past fault-based decisions that are rooted in existing doctrine but are inappropriately applied in the undocumented worker context because of the insufficient nexus between the immigration wrong and the injury.The Article concludes that the attempt to effectuate immigration policy through the application of immigration fault into labor and employment cases can be an impermissible exercise of judicial authority.
Childhood Maltreatment and Mindfulness: Implications for Older Adult’s Marital Outcomes

Childhood maltreatment has well-established links to poorer marital functioning. Mindfulness has been shown to improve marital relationships and may buffer the effects of maltreatment. Using the Mi...
Empathy: The Capacity for Empathy

The capacity for empathy emerges from the original ability to echo others—our primary capacity for identificatory resonance. Empathy may then be defined as the ability to identify with the Other for the purpose of grasping her or his subjective experience. Mature empathy requires nurturance and cultivation. Its pervasive presence is a sign of mental health. However, empathy is achieved in degrees and may be selectively exercised in different social contexts. When the ability to enter imaginatively and accurately into the subjective experience of the Other is reciprocated between two partners over time it results in strengthening their loving bond. Empathy requires balancing with compassionate, reflective distancing.
A study of mixed problem for second order elliptic problems using modified weak Galerkin finite element method

Abstract In this article, a modified weak Galerkin finite element method is developed for a second order elliptic problem with mixed boundary conditions. The basic idea of modified weak Galerkin method is to reduce the degrees of freedom in comparison to the standard weak Galerkin method. The optimal convergence orders in a discrete L 2 norm and H 1 norm are established. Numerical examples are presented to verify the theoretical estimates.
Experimental Test of One-Pion Exchange and PCAC in Proton-Nucleus Charge Exchange Reactions at 144 MeV

The inelastic excitation of nuclei by intermediate energy nucleons is a topic of long standing experimental and theoretical interest. At intermediate energy it has been argued, the inelastic scattering amplitudes should bear some more or less transparent relation to the free nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes. Although this relation would be difficult to apply to an arbitrary complex final state, at the very least the relation should be evident in a judiciously chosen set of discrete final states. Not only has the latest generation of accelerators and experimental techniques fostered a renewed interest in this problem, but the nucleon-nucleon amplitudes themselves are now rather well determined.
QoS constrained minimum-power cellular ad hoc augmented network architecture

Power consumption of mobile terminals (MT) is a critical design concern in a wireless network. Provisioning of quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in wireless networks is complicated due to user mobility and limited wireless resources. Next generation systems evolves to those that include dynamic adaptation to traffic and QoS needs. In this paper, we propose QoS constrained minimum-power cellular ad hoc augmented network architecture (QCMP CAHAN) for next generation wireless networks. The QCMP CAHAN is a hybrid architecture, in which each MT of CDMA cellular networks has CDMA ad hoc communication capability. The proposed OCMP CAHAN architecture has good scalability and high reliability. In the QCMP CAHAN, the optimal minimum-power routes can he found under QoS constraints (bandwidth, packet-delay, or packet-error-rate constraint). We show that the total energy consumed by the MTs is lower in the case of QCMP CAHAN than in the case of pure cellular networks but the end-to-end delay is higher
Plata v. Brown and Realignment: Jails, Prisons, Courts, and Politics

Last year, a bare majority of the U.S. Supreme Court, in an opinion in Brown v. Plata by Justice Anthony Kennedy, affirmed a district court order requiring California to remedy its longstanding constitutional deficits in prison medical and mental health care by reducing prison crowding. The order the Supreme Court reviewed requires California’s state prisons to limit prison population to 137.5% of the rated capacity of California’s prisons by the end of 2013; absent construction, that works out to a bit under 116,000 prisoners — about equal to the state prison population in mid-1993. At its peak in 2007, California’s prisoner total was over 173,000, with prisoners who couldn’t fit in cells packed instead into congregate spaces such as gyms. This Article explores the legal and political ecosystem in which the Plata order developed and is being implemented. The result illustrates the complex interplay of institutional reform litigation and political outcomes and processes. The Article proceeds in four parts. Part I sets out crucial background how a 1996 anti-prisoners’ rights federal statute, the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), structures correctional civil rights litigation. Part II paints the litigation history in the district court and the Supreme Court, focusing on the interaction of court procedure and politics — describing, for example, how the litigation promoted a more explicit, open, and elaborate multiparty bargaining process over prison population and criminal justice policy; and how the focus during trial on public safety actually increased prisoners’ rights advocates’ effectiveness outside of litigation. It analyzes Governor Jerry Brown’s 'realignment' plan — the state’s response to the Plata/Coleman population order, which shrinks the parole population and shortens parole revocation sentence terms, moves some classes of prisoners from state to county custody, and encourages counties to consider non-incarcerative penalties for crime. Part III looks at one of the key features of the environment in which realignment is being implemented: pre-PLRA jail population court orders, which have been very common in correctional civil rights cases, functioning for decades as county-specific bail and jail sentencing reform mechanisms. Part IV concludes, by examining the prospects of a litigation-focused response to what I call the 'hydra risk' — the very real possibility that court intervention could succeed at chopping the head off of unconstitutional conditions of prison confinement in California, only to cause 58 counties to develop unconstitutional conditions of jail confinement. Going forward, it will be a huge challenge for prisoners’ rights advocates to find out what is going on in all the scattered county jails, much less to seek remedies for the problems that may be uncovered. Three types of litigation responses are likely: additional scrutiny of jails in ongoing statewide prison litigation; new jail litigation; and revival of existing but more-or-less orphaned jail cases.
The transcription complex of the 5 S RNA gene, but not transcription factor IIIA alone, prevents nucleosomal repression of transcription.

Assembly of nucleosomes on a 5 S DNA plasmid with histone H3.H4-N1 complex and histone H2A-H2B dimers causes a marked, 30-300-fold repression of 5 S RNA transcription. This repression is a time-dependent process that parallels the process of nucleosome formation. At physiological histone levels, DNA plasmids carrying nucleosomes with only histones H3 and H4 are transcriptionally permissive. The histone H3-H4 chromatin becomes transcriptionally nonpermissive when histone H2A-H2B dimers complement the nucleosome assembly reaction. H3-H4-H2A-H2B nucleosomes, but not H3-H4 nucleosomes, displace a DNA-bound transcription factor IIIA. In contrast, a preassembled 5 S RNA transcription complex is refractory to inactivation by nucleosomes.
Understanding Latino adolescent risk behaviors: parental and peer influences

OBJECTIVE: To assess baseline factors associated with having ever drunk alcohol, smoked, and having had sex two years later among a sample of Latino adolescents. DESIGN: In a prospective cohort study, Latino adolescents completed telephone surveys assessing demographic information and health-enhancing and -compromising behaviors, administered 3 times (baseline, T2, and T3) during a two-year period. SETTING: Students were recruited between 1997 and 1998, from four middle schools within three Los Angeles school districts. PARTICIPANTS: Latino adolescents in 7th and 8th grade, from any of the four middle schools, whose parents provided written permission for them to participate in a telephone health behavior survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-report of ever drank alcohol, ever smoked cigarettes, ever had sex by T3. RESULTS: Being more acculturated, engaging in risky behaviors, valuing independence, and having friends who had ever smoked at baseline were positively associated with having ever drunk alcohol and having ever smoked by T3. Parents' negative reactions to risky and unhealthy behaviors were protective against drinking and smoking. Working at a paid job and having parents with a high school education or higher were associated with drinking alcohol by T3. Older age at baseline was positively associated with having sex, while receiving good grades and valuing religion were protective against having sex. CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal that both parents and peers are important influences on adolescent risk behaviors and suggest that interventions for adolescents to prevent such behaviors should involve peers and parents. Language: en
IFRS Teaching Resources: Available and Rapidly Growing

With the rapid adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) around the world, accounting practitioners, educators, and students are in great need of IFRS instructional materials. ...
Alkaloids of Heimia montana

Abstract The alkaloid composition of the little known Heimia species, H. montana has been determined. A new alkaloid, demethylvertine, has been isolated from this species and a close biogenetic correlation with other members of the genus has been established. Differences in alkaloid metabolism among the three species of Heimia have been demonstrated.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes in the rat intramembranous bone during postnatal growth and upon mechanical stresses

A cranial suture consists of neural-crest derived cells and matrices between mineralized skull bones. Little is known regarding the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the degradation of extracellular matrix of cranial sutures. In the postnatal rat model, the posterior frontal suture (PFS) undergoes complete ossification between P12-P22, whereas the sagittal suture (SS) remains patent. The present study utilized reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to explore the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 genes in the PFS and SS in P8 and P32 rats, and also to determine whether these MMP genes are modulated by exogenous mechanical forces. RNA was isolated from P8 and P32 normal PFS and SS each by pooling sutural specimens from 14 to 20 rats. RT-PCR analysis and semi-quantitative luminosity demonstrated the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 genes in the patent P8 PFS, P8 SS, and P32 SS, but no apparent MMP-2 expression in the physiologically ossified P32 PFS. Exogenous cyclic forces applied to the maxilla at 1000 mN and 4 Hz elicited corresponding cyclic bone strain waveforms with peak strain of 134.14+/-38.15 muepsilon (mean+/-S.D.) for the PFS, and 28.35+/-10.86 muepsilon for the SS in P32 rats. These cyclic forces delivered for 20 min/d over 2 consecutive days induced the expression of MMP-2 gene in the physiologically fused P32 PFS that was not expressed without mechanical stresses. Taken together, these data suggest potentially important roles of MMP genes in the postnatal development of cranial sutures, and their susceptibility to mechanical stresses.
Genetics and The Sopranos.

The Sopranos , the widely viewed HBO television series portraying contemporary Mafia life in New Jersey, recently aired its final episode. Future critics of popular culture who look back on The Sopranos years from now may especially appreciate its relatively sophisticated treatment of genetic themes. By my count, the 86 episodes aired since 1999 include 20 explicit dialogs about genetics. These range from the comical (“Two beautiful kids—you must be proud… yeah, yeah—how about that huh?… Even with our genes.”) to dinnertime conversation about the number of nucleotides in a chromosome, to the forensic (“cut him up in the work area?… no more of that: DNA.”) and the dramatic (“My God—there's nothing holding us together but DNA!”). The most in-depth discussions about heredity occur between the lead character Tony Soprano and his psychiatrist concerning the genetic basis of panic attacks in Tony's family when he discovers that his father suffered from them and that his son does, too (“He has that putrid, rotten [expletive] Soprano gene!”). ![Figure][1] The nuclear Soprano family… celebrating an interesting genetic heritage?CREDIT: ANTHONY NESTE/THE KOBAL COLLECTION/HBO Most people derive their knowledge of genetics from popular culture ([1][2]). The Sopranos , therefore, may have already shaped the genetic literacy of millions of viewers. Central questions about the relative roles of heredity and environment in human behavior can be examined through the attention paid in this series to “family” themes and discussion of familial traits that include depression, panic attacks, and attention deficit disorder, as well as discussions about suicide, criminality, sexual preference, substance abuse, and reproductive cloning. As The Sopranos takes its place in the history of American popular culture, its use of genetic dialogs may, in the long run, be recognized as one of its most revealing insights. 1. 1.[↵][3]1. B. Bates , Public Understand. Sci. 14, 47 (2005). [OpenUrl][4][Abstract/FREE Full Text][5] [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPublic%2BUnderstanding%2Bof%2BScience%26rft.stitle%253DPublic%2BUnderstanding%2Bof%2BScience%26rft.aulast%253DBates%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D14%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D47%26rft.epage%253D65%26rft.atitle%253DPublic%2Bculture%2Band%2Bpublic%2Bunderstanding%2Bof%2Bgenetics%253A%2Ba%2Bfocus%2Bgroup%2Bstudy%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1177%252F0963662505048409%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15822248%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NToic3BwdXMiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6NzoiMTQvMS80NyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjI0OiIvc2NpLzMxNy81ODM4LzU5Ni4yLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==
Ambient Temperature Activation of Haloporphyrinic-Enediynes: Electronic Contributions to Bergman Cycloaromatization

We have synthesized the nickel(II) 2,3-bis(haloethynyl)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins with -Br (2a) or -I (2b) at the alkyne termini position from the corresponding 2,3-diethynyl analogue (1). The cross coupling of nickel(II) 2,3-dibromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin with trimethyl(trimethylstannanylethynyl)silane in the presence of a Pd0 catalyst and subsequent deprotection with base under aqueous conditions yields the nickel(II) 2,3-diethynyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (1). Subsequent reaction of 1 with N-bromo- or N-iodosuccinimide in dry acetone in the presence of AgNO3 yields 2,3-bis(haloethynyl)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins in 70% (2a) and 68% (2b) yields. The X-ray crystal structures of 2a,b show that the porphyrin backbone deviates significantly from planarity due to a Ni(II)-induced mixture of the classic ruffle and saddle distortions. Thermolysis of 2a at 190 degrees C for 6 h in chlorobenzene and 30-fold 1,4-cyclohexadiene (CHD) generates the Bergman cyclized nickel(II) dibromopicenoporphyrin product (3) in 65% yield, which derives from diradical addition across the adjacent meso-phenyl substituents. Similarly, nickel(II) 2,3-bis(iodoethynyl)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, 2b, cyclizes at 190 degrees C in chlorobenzene/CHD via high-temperature substitution of iodine by hydrogen (from CHD) or chlorine (from solvent) to afford a mixture of 4 (15%) and 5 (45%). Remarkably, ambient temperature incubation of 2a in MeOH/CHCl3 (1:3, 22 h) or chlorobenzene/CHD (3:1, 24 h) leads to generation of 3 in 15% and 22% isolated yields, respectively. Addition of 1.2 equiv of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in CHCl3/MeOH dramatically accelerates the rate of reaction, producing 3 in 30% yield within 0.5 h. The origin of the ambient temperature activation of 2a derives from the ability of electron-withdrawing functionalities at the alkyne termini to decrease the activation barrier to the Bergman product.
Conversion of Oleic Acid to 10-Ketostearic Acid by Sphingobacterium sp. Strain O22

The conversion of oleic acid by a bacterium, tentatively identified as Sphingobacterium thalpophilum strain O22, was investigated. The microorganism was isolated as a stable culture from compost that was enriched with soybean oil outdoors and subsequently with oleic acid in the laboratory. Strain O22 converted oleic acid to products identified as 10-ketostearic acid (95% of the total conversion product) and 10-hydroxystearic acid (5%). This is in contrast to S. thalpophilum strain B-14797, which produces solely 10-hydroxystearic acid. Maximal conversion was reached in about 36 h after the addition of oleic acid to the fermentation broth. The yield of 10-ketostearic acid was approximately 75% from 0.26 g of oleic acid in 30 mL fermentation broth at 28°C and 200 rpm for 48 h. This is the first report on the major production of 10-ketostearic acid by a microorganism in the genus Sphingobacterium.
Effects of Campaign-to-User and Text-Based Interactivity in Political Candidate Campaign Websites

This study examined the effects on users of two forms of interactivity commonly found on political candidate campaign Web sites in the 2002 U.S. House election cycle. The first form, campaign-­to-­user interactivity, focuses on features or mechanisms used to enable or facilitate communication between site users and the campaign. The second form, text ­based interactivity, focuses on how site content is verbally and visually expressed. Study participants viewed one of four versions of either a Democratic or Republican campaign website. Both text ­based and campaign -to-­user interactivity increased the amount of time users spent on the site and their accurate recall of candidates' issue stances. The co ­occurrence of both forms of interactivity, however, showed a noticeably lower level of issue recall, confirming earlier findings that too much interactivity can interfere with user recall of site content.
Developmental Toxicology Evaluation of 1-Pentanol, 1-Hexanol, and 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol Administered by Inhalation to Rats:

As part of a large study evaluating the developmental toxicology of industrial alcohols, groups of approximately 15 Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 7 h/day on gestation days 1–19 to one of three alcohols at the highest concentrations we could generate as a vapor. Since these concentrations were not sufficiently high to be toxic to the maternal rats, lower levels were not included. These concentrations were 14,000, 3500, and 850 mg/m3 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, respectively. Dams were weighed daily for the first week of exposure and weekly thereafter and were sacrificed on day 20. Fetuses were serially removed, blotted dry, examined for external malformations, sexed, weighed, fixed, and examined for visceral or skeletal defects. Pentanol reduced maternal feed intake and weight gain, but there were no significant decreases in fetal weights. Resorptions were slightly increased in the group exposed to 1-hexanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol reduced maternal feed intake, but neither hexanol de...
Inhibition of endogenous phosphatase in a postsynaptic density fraction allows extensive phosphorylation of the major postsynaptic density protein

The major postsynaptic density protein, proposed to be a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, becomes phosphorylated when a postsynaptic density preparation from rat cerebral cortex is incubated in medium containing calcium and calmodulin. Upon longer incubation, however, the level of phosphorylation declines, suggesting the presence of a phosphatase activity. When Microcystin-LR, a phosphatase inhibitor, is included in the phosphorylation medium, the decline in phosphorylation is prevented and a higher maximal level of phosphorylation can be achieved. Under these conditions, the maximal phosphorylation of major postsynaptic density protein is accompanied by a nearly complete shift in its electrophoretic mobility from 50 kDa to 54 kDa, similar to that described for the alpha subunit of the soluble calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Of the four major groups of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, the enzyme responsible for the dephosphorylation of major postsynaptic density protein is neither type 2C, which is insensitive to Microcystin-LR, nor type 2B, which is calcium-dependent. As Microcystin-LR is much more potent than okadaic acid in inhibiting the dephosphorylation of major postsynaptic density protein, it is likely that the postsynaptic density-associated phosphatase is a type 1. The above results indicate that the relatively low level of phosphorylation of the major postsynaptic density protein observed in preparations containing postsynaptic densities is not due to a difference between the cytoplasmic and postsynaptic density-associated calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases as previously proposed, but to a phosphatase activity, presumably belonging to the type 1 group.
Horseradish peroxidase pellets implanted into infant neocortex: Some technical considerations

Abstract This study was undertaken to examine whether implanting pellets of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), rather than injecting an aqueous solution, would improve the sensitivity of the retrograde tracing method as applied to infant rat neocortex. From 1 to 10 pellets, each containing approximately 10 μg of HRP, were implanted into somatosensory cortex of 6-day-old rats. Implantation of one pellet labeled 4 neuronal groups; 5 pellets, 37 groups. Higher doses of injected HRP (20–50 μg and 200–400 μg) are needed to label the same number of groups. Also, individual neurons of a group generally contain more granules/cell after pellets than following injections of much higher doses of HRP. The pellet implant technique offers a high degree of reproducibility and is technically simpler than injections. We conclude that HRP pellet implants offer advantages over injections in identifying potential afferents to immature neocortex.