cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated With Time to Identify Physical Problems of Nursing Home Residents With Dementia

This study describes new problems emerging over six weeks for nursing home residents with advanced dementia and factors associated with time to identify the problems. The sample of 65 developed 149 new acute problems or exacerbations of existing conditions over the six weeks of data collection. The majority of these problems involved uncontrolled pain, new infections and severe psychoses. Nurse assessment skill was associated with a shorter time to identify the new problem and more time spent on the problem. A higher ratio of new to existing interventions was also associated with a shorter time to identify the problem. Other patient characteristics associated with time to identify problems included non-specific vocalizations, physical signs, cognitive status and length of stay. While future research is warranted, findings from this study highlight the frequency of problems requiring treatment and suggest that improved assessment of residents may decrease the time to identify new problems.
Amelioration of the deleterious pleiotropic effects of an adaptive mutation in Bacillus subtilis

The deleterious pleiotropic effects of an adaptive mutation may be ameliorated by one of two modes of evolution: (1) by replacement, in which an adaptive mutation with harmful pleiotropic effects is replaced by one that confers an equal benefit but at less cost; or (2) by compensatory evolution, in which natural selection favors modifiers at other loci that compensate for the deleterious effects of the mutant allele. In this study, we have measured the potential of these two modes of evolution to ameliorate the deleterious pleiotropic effects of resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. One approach was to measure the fitness cost of a series of spontaneous rifampicin-resistance mutations from each of several strains. The potential for amelioration by the replacement mode was estimated by the variation in fitness cost among the mutants of a single strain. Another approach was to introduce a series of different rifampicin-resistance alleles into a diversity of strains, and to measure the fitness cost of rifampicin resistance for each allele-by-strain combination. The potential for amelioration by the replacement mode was estimated by the variation in fitness costs among rifampicin-resistance alleles; the potential for compensatory evolution was estimated by variation in the fitness cost of rifampicin resistance among strains. This study has shown that the cost of rifampicin resistance may be ameliorated by both the compensatory and replacement modes.
Computational Algorithms for Calculating Least Absolute Value and Chebyshev Estimates for Multiple Regression

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTLeast absolute value (LAV) and Chebyshev estimation are two possible alternatives to least squares estimation in multiple regression models. This paper reviews the historical development of these two alternatives with special attention placed on the development of algorithms for producing LAV and Chebyshev estimates of the regression parameters. Recent algorithmic improvements are reviewed, sources for obtaining computer programs are identified and recommendations are made for the most efficient algorithm for specific cases. In the final section suggestions for future research are made for the development and refinement of computational algorithms and inference procedures.
Studies on dihydrofolate reductase related to the drug sensitivity of microbial and neoplastic cells.

Abstract Current information about dihydrofolate reductase provides one of the most detailed models of a drug receptor yet available. The affinity of amethopterin for the substrate site of this enzyme is greater than in the case of most drug-receptor interactions. This property accounts for the retention of amethopterin for prolonged periods in the tissues of treated animals. The general properties of dihydrofolate reductase in mammalian tissues are quite similar with regard to molecular weight, cofactor requirement, substrate specificity and inhibition by 4-aminofolate antagonists. Among microorganisms, however, marked differences in the properties of this enzyme seem to reflect differences in its fine structure. Several lines of evidence indicate that there are differences in the properties of dihydrofolate reductase in different mammalian tissues which remain to be explored in relation to chemotherapy. Dihydrofolate reductase is being studied not only as a model drug receptor but also to elucidate the various factors which contribute to the selectivity for certain neoplasms of drugs known to inhibit this enzyme. In some cells capable of growing in the presence of high concentrations of amethopterin, the slow rate of drug entry, the rate of cell division and the high rate of formation of this enzyme allow sufficient dihydrofolate reductase to remain drug-free to maintain normal metabolism. The intracellular enzyme level may be regulated to some extent by the availability of substrates or cofactor since these, as well as the presence of inhibitors, confer remarkable stabilization against proteolytic digestion. Drug sensitivity is related to capacity for cellular uptake of amethopterin in both microbial and tumor systems in which factors influencing the susceptibility to inhibition of growth have been studied. A structural basis for cross sensitivity has been defined in microbial cell lines selected for increased sensitivity to amethopterin. Several diaminopyrimidines effectively inhibited an amethopterin refractory solid tumor. Marked differences in the content and distribution pattern of tetrahydrofolate cofactors in two solid tumors which differ in their response to amethopterin suggest that tissues vary with respect to the tetrahydrofolate requiring pathways most vital to their growth. The basis for the selective action of cytotoxic drugs may be elucidated by consideration of factors such as those found to be important in the selective inhibition of growth by drugs capable of inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase.
The preparation and acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of polyoxymethylene isopropyl methyl ethers

The first four members of the polyoxymethylene ether series (CH3)2CHO(CH 2O)nCH3 were prepared, separated by fractional distillation and GLC, and characterized by NMR. Rate constants for the aqueous acid hydrolysis of the compounds were determined at 25°, 30°, and 35°C. Although the polyformals (n > 1) in this series hydrolyzed at essentially the same rate, they all hydrolyzed three times faster than the formal (n = 1). It is proposed that a mixed polyformal, (CH3)2CHO (CH2O)n>1CH3, undergoes two concurrent fissions to yield (1) the stem (CH3)2CHOCH2 with CH3O(CH2O)n−1 as the leaving group and (2) the stem CH3OCH2 with (CH3)2CHO(CH2O)n−1 as the leaving group. Most of the fissions occur by the first path. An equation that can aid in predicting the rate of hydrolysis of a mixed polyformal was developed and tested.
Cognitive-behavioral group depression prevention compared to bibliotherapy and brochure control: Nonsignificant effects in pilot effectiveness trial with college students

Abstract Objective Conduct a pilot trial testing whether a brief cognitive-behavioral (CB) group reduced depressive symptoms and secondary outcomes relative to bibliotherapy and brochure controls in college students with elevated depressive symptoms. Method 82 college students (M age = 19.0, SD = 0.9; 70% female, 80% White) with elevated self-assessed depressive symptoms were randomized to a 6-session CB group, bibliotherapy, or educational brochure control condition, completing assessments at pretest, posttest, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results Planned contrasts found no significant effects for CB group on depressive symptoms compared to either bibliotherapy or brochure controls at posttest (d = −.08 and .06, respectively) or over follow-up (d = −.04 and −.10, respectively). There were no intervention effects for social adjustment and substance use, though CB group participants had improved knowledge of CB concepts at posttest, versus brochure controls. Condition differences in major depression onset were nonsignificant but suggested support for CB interventions (CB group = 7.4%, bibliotherapy = 4.5%, brochure control = 15.2%). Conclusions Unexpectedly modest support was found for a brief CB group depression prevention intervention, compared to bibliotherapy or brochure control, when provided to self-selected college students, suggesting that alternative screening or interventions approaches are needed for this population.
Masing behavior in copper single crystals fatigued under load control

Abstract In a previous paper it was demonstrated that copper single crystals cycled under load control do not saturate in plastic strain once PSBs have nucleated. Thus, a powerful tool for describing and analyzing information from the stress–strain hysteresis loop is lost. This paper approaches the details of the cyclic stress–strain response using Masing behavior as a tool for understanding the microstructural changes that prevent saturation from occurring. It is shown that under constant amplitude load control copper single crystals do not strictly exhibit Masing behavior. However, Masing behavior is observed in crystals that do saturate because the cycling conditions are not such as to lead to the nucleation of PSBs. This implies that the microstructure is constantly evolving meaning, that the number of PSBs is increasing throughout life. The change in the microstructure is gradual and Masing behavior can be said to apply to the first degree. Under variable amplitude load control, however, copper single crystals exhibit Masing behavior if the current load is lower than the previous load. This implies that the previously established microstructures are capable of supporting the deformation specified at the current load amplitude.
Pyroxene separation by HF leaching and its impact on helium surface- exposure dating

Abstract Cosmogenic 3 He surface-exposure dating has become an important tool in earth surface sciences. Pyroxene, together with olivine, is the principal mineral phase for this technique, making 3 He particularly appropriate for volcanic lithologies. However, two important factors that affect the viability of the method are the extensive, thus expensive, preparation procedure and the often under-constrained purity of pyroxene separates. Here, we present an approach to preparing pyroxenes for 3 He dating, adapted from the quartz-separation method for 10 Be and 26 Al analyses, which utilises hydrofluoric-acid leaching to improve pyroxene purity and streamline the pyroxene separation procedure. In addition to producing abundant sample in relatively little time, the results of two experiments demonstrate that acid leaching (i) yields samples of higher purity than conventional methods, reflected in slightly elevated 3 He concentrations, and (ii) reduces 4 He concentrations, in turn elevating the 3 He/ 4 He ratio. This new protocol for preparing pyroxenes thus has the potential to increase the precision and accuracy of cosmogenic 3 He surface-exposure dating.
Influence of the cellular redox state on NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression.

The redox state has been shown to regulate a variety of biochemical functions including cellular proliferation. Previous studies from our laboratory and others have shown that the binding of many transcription factors to their cognate DNA sequences is sensitive to the redox environment. Therefore, it is likely that redox status serves as an additional regulatory control for the activity of transcription factors and that this may mediate the redox regulation of proliferation. To assess this possibility, the influence of altering the redox state on NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression was studied. A more-reducing environment favored higher levels of expression of gro, an endogenous gene associated with proliferation, when the redox levels were changed either naturally by altering culture density or chemically by treatment with modulators of glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, nuclear runoff studies showed that a more-reducing redox increased transcription of gro. In order to ascertain the singular effect of the redox state on the activity of NF-kappaB, expression of a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene solely under the control of an NF-kappaB response element was measured under varying redox conditions. Changes in the redox state modulated the expression of this reporter system. Taken together, these results suggest the involvement of a redox mechanism regulating signaling events operating through the control of gene expression by transcription factors.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of symmetrical two-tailed dendritic tricarboxylato amphiphiles.

Abstract Two series of water-soluble, symmetrical two-tailed homologous dendritic amphiphiles—R 2 NCONHC((CH 2 ) 2 COOH) 3 , 2 ( n , n ), and R 2 CHNHCONHC((CH 2 ) 2 COOH) 3 , 3 ( n , n ), where R = n -C n H 2n+1 —were synthesized and compared to R″NHCONHC((CH 2 ) 2 COOH) 3 , 1 ( n ), R″ = n -C n H 2n+1 , to determine whether antimicrobial activity was influenced by total or individual alkyl chain lengths, and whether antimicrobial activity depends on hydrophobicity or tail topology (one or two). In a broad screen of 11 microorganisms, 2 ( n , n ) and 3 ( n , n ) generally displayed higher minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) than 1 ( n ) against growth as measured by broth microdilution assays. Chain-length specificity was observed against Candida albicans as 1 ( 16 ), 2 ( 8 , 8 ), and 3 ( 8 , 8 ) showed the lowest MIC in their respective series. The one case where two-tailed compounds displayed the lowest MICs— 3 ( 10 , 10 ), 15 μM; 3 ( 11 , 11 ), 7.2 μM; and 3 ( 12 , 12 ), 6.9 μM—was against Cryptococcus neoformans .
Surveyor I and Luna IX pictures and the Lunar soil

Lunar soil composition determined to be porous fine-grain moderately cohesive rock powder, from Surveyor I and Luna IX pictures
The economics of laboratory animal production.

The economics of research animal production run the entire gamut from production to utilization and embrace management, distribution and financing. Since others at the Symposium have already spoken on transportation and distribution problems, the management of animal facilities, supply, demand and the raising of animals and operational methodology, the comments herein will be confined to the financial considerations inherent in the breeding of experimental animals. This paper will concern itself primarily with the costs for animal production incurred in the USA. First consideration must be given to the land on which production buildings are to be placed. In addition to the thought given to legal problems of usage and water supply and drainage, distance from markets, availability of labour and nearness of transport, one must also keep in mind the initial value of the land. More and more, the accessibility of land for animal production facilities and its cost are becoming inversely related to the distance from major cities. Because of the expensiveness of tracts of ground in or near large cities, it is frequently necessary to compensate for this cost by constructing high, multi-storey buildings which are not widely regarded as good animal production quarters. The alternative, then, is to build a one-story building (with or without a basement), spreading it out, as need dictates, over a large area of ground. This design will keep down the original expense for the land and, at the same time, provide a suitable structure for this purpose. In addition, one must take into account landscaping and tree planting, both for aesthetic reasons and in order to dampen sound. Although the facility for the housing of laboratory animals in a production colony will account for the greatest portion of the original expense, it is extremely difficult to provide cost figures since such variables as materials, labour and design change with bewildering rapidity as you travel from country to country and from one geographic area to another. The National Institutes of Health has recently renovated a building constructed in 1956 for animal breeding. Built as part of their conventional animal facilities in 1956 at a cost of $21/ft 2, it was not used as animal space, but provided temporary office accommodation for personnel until now. If, rather than being planned for conventional animals, it had been built to specifications for specific pathogen-free animals, it would have cost $25/ft 2 in 1956. In 1963, the estimated cost, a combination of original construction prices plus the addition of equipment, such as special air-conditioning and electrically interlocking doors, had risen to $32/ft'-', an increase in 7 yr of $7/ft '. The figures given are for gross area (R. S. Runkle, personal communication). Another government research institution has recently erected a series of 3-room animal buildings, completely air-conditioned. The cost was $26/ft '. Phillips (1963) has estimated the cost of infectious disease laboratories with attendant animal housing facilities at
Reactions of Aliphatic Alcohols on WO3(001) Surfaces

Interactions of ethanol and 2-propanol with oxidized and reduced WO3(001) thin film surfaces, grown epitaxially on a sapphire substrate, were studied with calibrated thermal desorption spectroscopy (CTDS). Coverage-dependent desorption spectra show that alcohol molecules diffuse rapidly on the WO3 thin film surfaces. Ethanol and 2-propanol desorb molecularly between 200 and 450 K with evolution of water. The remaining alkoxy intermediates decompose via β-H elimination, followed by C−O bond scission, to produce ethylene and propylene, respectively. At low coverage, diffusion and competition between reaction rates of dehydroxylation vs associative molecular desorption of alcohol control the alkoxy coverage after the surface hydroxyls are depleted. The remaining alkoxy species undergo β-H elimination and C−O bond scission to produce the alkene. The selectivity toward alkene is controlled by surface reaction kinetics, rather than by surface structure.
Sources of resistance for two differentially pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas fragariae in Fragaria genotypes

cultivars and clones tested by Kennedy and King (1962b), only the clones Minnesota 1716 (a third-generation self of ‘Belt’ x ‘Premier’) and F. vesca (‘Alpine’) had low disease severity ratings compared with the others evaluated in a greenhouse inoculation test. Unfortunately, the clone Minnesota 1716 has been lost as a source of disease-resistant germplasm (J. Luby, pers. comm.). In a related field inoculation study by Kennedy and King (1962b), ‘Robinson’, ‘Sparkle’, and ‘Trumpeter’ developed the most severe symptoms of 20 clones tested, while the F. vesca (‘Alpine’) plants showed no infection. Hazel and Civerolo (1980) observed that ‘Badgerbelle’ and ‘Atlas’ had low susceptibility to BALD. Hazel (1981) found that, of several Fragaria species evaluated by inoculation, only F. moschata Duch. (hexaploid) was immune, some F. virginiana clones displayed a moderate degree of tolerance, and all other species were susceptible to X. fragariae. These data suggest that selection for resistance to the disease may
Mechanisms of successional dynamics: Consumers and the rise and fall of species dominance

Insight into potential mechanisms of succession following disturbance to an ecological community can be gained by considering processes that contribute to the rise (colonization, interactions with established species) and demise (differential mortality) of specific stages within the successional sequence. Most successional theories focus on the rise to dominance, assuming demise is the result of competition, but other factors can cause differential mortality among species, including physical disturbance, senescence, and consumers. In rocky intertidal communities on the coast of Washington state, USA, gaps in mussel beds exhibit a succession from predator-susceptible to predator-resistant species following disturbance, suggesting that differential consumption by mobile species may play an important role in the demise of early succession species and the eventual dominance of the mussel Mytilus californianus. Experimental manipulation of a dominant species earlier in succession, the blue mussel Mytilus trossulus, demonstrated that this species inhibits the invasion of M. californianus in the absence of predators. Experimental manipulation of predatory snails (Nucella emarginata and Nucella canaliculata), which feed heavily on M. trossulus but not M. californianus, greatly increased the rate at which M. californianus invaded gaps. These results and those of other studies indicate that consumers frequently have important effects on the dynamics of succession in benthic marine systems, and might also play a role in other settings.
Closed-form low frequency solutions for electromagnetic waves through a frequency selective surface

A simple closed-form approximate solution is given to the problem of transmission of a low-frequency electromagnetic wave through a frequency selective surface (FSS). FSS are periodic metal plates (or their complimentary apertures) sandwiched between dielectric slabs. At low frequencies, the induced currents on the metal plates may be approximated by a known function with a constant coefficient to be determined by the boundary conditions. Based on such a "one-mode" approximation, we derive a closed-form solution for the scattered field for FSS with multiple narrow rectangular slots, with a single wide rectangular aperture, and a circular aperture. When compared with the available exact solutions, we find that the one-mode approximation is valid when the period a of the FSS is such that a/\lambda is small enough that no grating lobe appears, e.g., a for normal incidence.
A role for C5a in augmenting IgG-dependent histamine release from basophils in chronic urticaria.

Abstract Background: Histamine release in chronic urticaria is initiated by cross-linking of the α subunit of FceRI by means of IgG antibody, followed by complement activation. Objective: We sought to further elucidate the mechanism by which complement augments histamine release and to assess the role of C5a. Methods: We first quantitated the ability of purified C5a to initiate basophil histamine release and to be inhibited by antibody directed to the C5a receptor. Using this antibody, we quantitated its ability to inhibit histamine release induced by sera from patients with chronic urticaria. We also compared the ability of normal serum, C5-depleted serum, and C5-depleted serum after reconstitution with C5 to augment histamine release by IgG isolated from patients with chronic urticaria. Results: As the concentration of C5a was increased up to 50 ng/mL, the percentage of histamine release increased and reached a plateau of 40% to 50%; this was inhibited by antibody to the C5a receptor. Preincubation of basophils with antibody to the C5a receptor inhibited basophil histamine release from 15 sera tested, with a range of 4% to 39%. Histamine release caused by patient IgG was augmented when normal serum was added but not when C5-depleted serum was substituted for normal serum. Augmentation of histamine release by patient IgG was again obtained when C5-depleted serum was reconstituted with C5. Conclusion: Our conclusion is that pathogenic IgG cross-links the IgE receptor directly to cause histamine release, and activation is augmented by complement. C5a is the complement agonist that is responsible for the augmented histamine release. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:114-8.)
On the Topology and Geometry of Spaces of Affine Shapes

We define the space of affine shapes of k points in R n to be the topological quotient of (R n ) k modulo the natural action of the affine group of R n . These spaces arise naturally in many image-processing applications, and despite having poor separation properties, have some topological and geometric properties reminiscent of the more familiar Procrustes shape spaces Σ n k in which one identifies configurations related by an orientation-preserving Euclidean similarity transformation. We examine the topology of the connected, non-Hausdorff spaces Sh n k in detail. Each Sh n k is a disjoint union of naturally ordered strata, each of which is homeomorphic in the relative topology to a Grassmannian, and we show how the strata are attached to each other. The top stratum carries a natural Riemannian metric, which we compute explicitly for k>n, expressing the metric purely in terms of "pre-shape" data, i.e. configurations of k points in R n .
Brain tumor treatment: chemotherapy and other new developments.

Objectives To provide a summary of chemotherapy used in the management of malignant brain tumors, including a historical perspective, current standard therapies, and promising new therapies. Data sources Published articles, research data, and reference books. Conclusion Chemotherapy is used to treat several types of brain tumors, including primary central nervous system lymphomas, medulloblastomas, brain metastases, and malignant gliomas. New therapies, including cytostatic agents and molecular therapies, are being evaluated and used in the management of brain tumors. Implications for nursing practice It is essential for the oncology nurse to possess knowledge of the different types of brain tumors treated with chemotherapy, current chemotherapy regimens, new innovative therapies, and nursing management issues specific to this population.
Up-conversion and cross-relaxation in Tb3+ : LiYF4

Efficient cross-relaxation occurs in 1% Tb 3+ :LiYF 4 between the 5 D 3 → 5 D 4 and 7 F 1 ← 7 F 6 transitions following ultraviolet excitation. When the 5 D 4 state is directly pumped, anti-Stokes fluorescence from the higher 5 D 3 state is observed and attributed to energy transfer up-conversion. The Inokuti-Hirayama model is modified to analyze the up-conversion process and cross relaxation in this system
c-Rel, an NF-κB family transcription factor, is required for hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and memory formation

Transcription is a critical component for consolidation of long-term memory. However, relatively few transcriptional mechanisms have been identified for the regulation of gene expression in memory formation. In the current study, we investigated the activity of one specific member of the NF-κB transcription factor family, c-Rel, during memory consolidation. We found that contextual fear conditioning elicited a time-dependent increase in nuclear c-Rel levels in area CA1 and DG of hippocampus. These results suggest that c-rel is active in regulating transcription during memory consolidation. To identify the functional role of c-Rel in memory formation, we characterized c-rel−/− mice in several behavioral tasks. c-rel−/− mice displayed significant deficits in freezing behavior 24 h after training for contextual fear conditioning but showed normal freezing behavior in cued fear conditioning and in short-term contextual fear conditioning. In a novel object recognition test, wild-type littermate mice exhibited a significant preference for a novel object, but c-rel−/− mice did not. These results indicate that c-rel−/− mice have impaired hippocampus-dependent memory formation. To investigate the role of c-Rel in long-term synaptic plasticity, baseline synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral synapses in c-rel−/− mice was assessed. c-rel−/− slices had normal baseline synaptic transmission but exhibited significantly less LTP than did wild-type littermate slices. Together, our results demonstrate that c-Rel is necessary for long-term synaptic potentiation in vitro and hippocampus-dependent memory formation in vivo.
Design and constraints of the Drosophila segment polarity module: Robust spatial patterning emerges from intertwined cell state switches

The Drosophila segment polarity genes constitute the last tier in the segmentation cascade; their job is to maintain the boundaries between parasegments and provide positional "read-outs" within each parasegment for the entire developmental history of the animal. These genes constitute a relatively well-defined network with a relatively well-understood patterning task. In a previous publication (von Dassow et al. 2000. Nature 406:188-192) we showed that a computer model predicts the segment polarity network to be a robust boundary-making device. Here we elaborate those findings. First, we explore the constraints among parameters that govern the network model. Second, we test architectural variants of the core network, and show that the network tolerates a wide variety of adjustments in design. Third, we evaluate several topologically identical models that incorporate more or less molecular detail, finding that more-complex models perform noticeably better than simplified ones. Fourth, we discuss two instances in which the failure of the network model to behave in a life-like fashion highlights mechanistic details that need further experimental investigation. We conclude with an explanation of how the segment polarity network can be understood as an interwoven conspiracy of simple dynamical elements, several bistable switches and a homeostat. The robustness with which the network as a whole maintains a spatial regime of stable cell state emerges from generic dynamical properties of these simple elements.
Vertical integration of pyroelectric detector array and integrated signal processing circuitry

The use of surface-micromachining techniques combined with standard VLSI techniques to fabricate a 64-element*64-element imager for infrared heat detection is described. A large array of pyroelectric detectors (ZnO/PbTiO/sub 3/) was vertically integrated on top of the integrated circuitry. The operation and fabrication of the circuit are described. Device and circuit characterization, carried out prior to and after microsensor processing, showed no significant degradation. The chip area per sensor is significantly reduced by use of surface micromachining rather than bulk machining methods. The ability to fabricate these microsensors in VLSI NMOS and CMOS processes suggests further integration of ZnO-based sensors with high-density standard cell analog and digital building blocks. >
Mechanistic Positron Emission Tomography Studies of 6-[18F]Fluorodopamine in Living Baboon Heart: Selective Imaging and Control of Radiotracer Metabolism Using the Deuterium Isotope Effect

Mechanistic positron emission tomography (PET) studies using the deuterium isotope effect and specific pharmacological intervention were undertaken to examine the behavior of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine (6-[18F]-FDA; 1) and (-)-6-[18F]fluoronorepinephrine [(-)-6-[18F]FNE; 2] in the baboon heart. Two regiospecifically deuterated derivatives of 6-[18F]FDA [alpha,alpha-D2 (3) and beta,beta-D2 (4)] were used to assess the contributions of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, respectively, to the clearance kinetics of 6-[18F]FDA. Compound 3 showed a reduced rate of clearance, consistent with MAO-catalyzed cleavage of the alpha C-D bond, whereas compound 4 showed no change, indicating that cleavage of the beta C-D bond is not a rate-limiting step. Pretreatment with pargyline, an MAO inhibitor, also decreased the rate of clearance. Desipramine and tomoxetine [norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitors], but not GBR-12909 (a dopamine uptake inhibitor), blocked the uptake of both (-)-6-[18F]FNE and 6-[18F]FDA, with (-)-6-[18F]FNE showing a higher degree of blockade. Chiral HPLC demonstrated that 6-[18F]FDA is stereoselectively converted to (-)-6-[18F]FNE in vivo in the rat heart. These studies demonstrate that (a) the more rapid clearance of 6-[18F]FDA relative to (-)-6-[18F]FNE can be largely accounted for by metabolism by MAO; (b) selective deuterium substitution can be used to protect a radiotracer from metabolism in vivo and to favor a particular pathway; (c) 6-[18F]FDA and (-)-6-[18F]FNE share the NE transporter; (d) 6-[18F]FDA is stereoselectively converted to (-)-6-[18F]FNE in vivo; and (e) the profile of radioactivity in the heart for 6-[18F]FDA is complex, probably including labeled metabolites as well as neuronal and nonneuronal uptake.
Transdisciplinary, Play-Based Assessment in Early Childhood Special Education An Examination of Social Validity

Although standardized assessments for young children have been criticized, little empirical evidence exists to support alternative assessment methods. Forty children under 3 years of age referred for an early childhood special education evaluation were randomly assigned to either a multidisciplinary, standardized assessment or a transdisciplinary, playbased assessment. Data on parent perceptions, staff perceptions, time factors, functional utility of reports, and parent and staff congruence in judgment-based ratings were evaluated. The play-based assessments took 3 weeks less time to complete than standardized assessments, resulted in favorable parent and staff perceptions, provided useful reports, and had high congruence in developmental ratings. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the social validity of transdisciplinary, play-based assessment methods.
Surveying the Post-Millennial Sherlock Holmes: A Case for the Great Detective as a Man of Our Times

This article analyses the three most recent sets of Sherlock Holmes adaptations: the Warner Brothers film franchise, the BBC series Sherlock, and the CBS series Elementary. Asserting that the questions surrounding Sherlock Holmes adaptations, namely, why do they appear so frequently, and what qualities have they evolved to remain relevant since they began appearing on screen in 1901, should be fundamental to the field of Adaptation Studies as a whole, it seeks to interrogate the fresh conceptions of the character as he is made to appeal to a 21st century viewing audience in these adaptations. This interrogation shows that though they differ in several ways including genre, medium, setting, and target audience, taken together, these adaptations offer not only unique interpretations of the character, but a surprisingly uniform vision of how this hero of page and screen has evolved. It considers how that uniform vision is manifested in the various executions of each show’s particular vision and concept as well as how they are all motivated by the same drive to make a viable Sherlock Holmes for today’s audiences. It specifically focuses on the transition of the character from traditional detective fiction hero to a more complex postmodern antihero and how this transition is fundamental to the character’s journey into the 21st century.
The Signal Perceived by the Macula Densa during Changes in Renin Release

Renin secretion was studied in acute experiments in dogs during occlusion of the ureter alone (experiment 1), ureteral occlusion with a superimposed intrarenal infusion of papaverine (experiment 2), or ureteral occlusion with a superimposed intravenous ethacrynic acid injection (experiment 3) and following release of the ureteral occlusion (all three experiments). In all three experiments, ureteral occlusion increased renin secretion four- to fivefold. In experiment 2, papaverine, an inhibitor of smooth muscle contractility, was infused intrarenally during the last 20 minutes of ureteral occlusion, but renin secretion was unchanged by the infusion. Renin secretion decreased rapidly and was at the control level 5, 12½, and 27½ minutes after release of the occlusion, but urinary sodium concentration and excretion rate increased markedly during this period. In experiment 3, a superimposed injection of ethacrynic acid failed to alter renin secretion during ureteral occlusion. After release of the ureter, renin secretion remained unchanged for the first 5 minutes. Although renin secretion had decreased 12½ and 27½ minutes after release of the occlusion, it was still elevated twofold above the control level. Again, sodium excretion increased markedly and urinary sodium concentration was high after ureteral release. These findings support the hypothesis that the rate of renin release is inversely related to the rate of sodium transport by the macula densa cells.
Combining-ability analysis in cotton for agronomic characters, fruiting efficiency, photosynthesis and bollworm resistance.

Heterosis and combining abilities for yield, bollworm resistance, fruiting efficiency and photosynthesis were studied in a five-parent diallel involving cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) strains differing in their resistance to the bollworm complex (Heliothis zea and H. virescens).Substantial magnitudes of useful heterosis (over the commercial cultivar ‘Coker 304’) were observed for yield and other agronomic characters. Useful heterosis for yield ranged from 1 to 32·7%. The highest yielding hybrid was Coker 304 × PD 695. The strain PD 695 is moderately resistant to bollworms.All the hybrids having at least one resistant strain as their parent suffered less damage from bollworms than Coker 304. The resistant strains (BW 76–31, PD 695 andred leaf cotton) had desirable general combining ability (GCA) effects for bollworm damage. Relative yield (yield without protection expressed as percentage of yield with protection) was used as a measure of bollworm resistance. The high gossypol strain BW 76–31 had desirable GCA effects for relative yield, bollworm damage to buds, number of live worms and for bolls per plant. The fruiting efficiencies and photosynthetic rates of some bollworm-resistant strains were similar to those of a high-yielding, moderately susceptible cultivar.Combining-ability analysis indicated BW 76–31 to be a desirable parent for use in hybridization programmes for improving agronomic performance, fruiting efficiency, photosynthetic rate and bollworm resistance. It was also observed that bollworm-resistant cottons do not always have lower fruiting efficiencies and photosynthetic rates and it might be possible to combine this resistance with high yields.
A study in loss: Six poems

Crossing the campus alone I look up at the clock on the campanile. It sags in its cradle of bricks. There's a chill, the tower trembles, crashes to the ground. I remain calm. In the distance I hear...
SERCA Structural Dynamics Induced by ATP and Calcium

We have used time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy (TPA) to probe rotational dynamics of the rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA), to test the hypothesis, generated from X-ray crystallography, that large-scale structural changes are induced by Ca in this system. Previous TPA studies on SERCA used primarily erythrosin 5'-isothiocyanate (ErITC), which binds to the nucleotide- binding domain and inactivates the enzyme. To investigate rotational dynamics of the active enzyme, we labeled SERCA with erythrosin 5'-iodoacetamide, which binds to the phosphorylation domain and has a minimal effect on the calcium-dependent ATPase activity. In the absence of nucleotide and the presence of calcium, TPA results were similar to those observed previously with ErITC, consistent with the global uniaxial rotation of SERCA monomers and oligomers and small amplitude internal protein dynamics. The removal of Ca had only a slight effect, while the addition of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) increased the amplitude of internal dynamics and changed the probe's orientation, corresponding to tilting of the phosphorylation domain by at least 20°. Ca partially reversed the ATP effects. A nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue had the same effects as ATP, showing that the observed changes were not dependent on active ion transport. Computational analysis indicates that these ligands affect primarily the internal dynamics of the enzyme, with negligible effects on global dynamics and enzyme association. Melittin, which has been shown to aggregate and inhibit SERCA, eliminated the nucleotide-induced internal dynamics and increased the final anisotropy. We propose that (i) the large Ca-dependent structural changes suggested by SERCA crystallography are more dependent on ATP than on Ca and (ii) aggregation-induced inhibition of SERCA is due to the functional coupling between global and internal protein dynamics.
The coordinate replication of the human beta-globin gene domain reflects its transcriptional activity and nuclease hypersensitivity.

Abstract The temporal order of replication of DNA sequences in the chromosomal domain containing the human beta-globin gene cluster and its flanking sequences (140 kilobases) was measured and compared in two different human cell lines. In human erythroleukemia (K562) cells, in which embryonic and fetal globin genes are transcribed, all of the sequences we examined from the beta-globin domain replicated early during S phase, while in HeLa cells, in which globin genes are transcriptionally silent, these sequences replicated late during S. Potential sites of initiation of DNA replication within this domain were identified. The beta-globin gene domain was also found to differ with respect to the nuclease sensitivity of the chromatin in these two cell lines. In K562 cells, hypersensitive sites for endogenous nucleases and DNase I were present in the chromatin near the earliest-replicating segments in the beta-globin domain.
Unsupervised deduplication using cross-field dependencies

Recent work in deduplication has shown that collective deduplication of different attribute types can improve performance. But although these techniques cluster the attributes collectively, they do not model them collectively. For example, in citations in the research literature, canonical venue strings and title strings are dependent -- because venues tend to focus on a few research areas -- but this dependence is not modeled by current unsupervised techniques. We call this dependence between fields in a record a cross-field dependence. In this paper, we present an unsupervised generative model for the deduplication problem that explicitly models cross-field dependence. Our model uses a single set of latent variables to control two disparate clustering models: a Dirichlet-multinomial model over titles, and a non-exchangeable string-edit model over venues. We show that modeling cross-field dependence yields a substantial improvement in performance -- a 58% reduction in error over a standard Dirichlet process mixture.
On the problems of crack interactions and crack coalescence

A short overview of various approaches to two- and three-dimensional crack interaction problems is given. Solutions for closely spaced cracks are discussed. It is argued that such solutions are not immediately relevant for the problems of crack coalescence.
Separation of paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic susceptibilities using low temperature magnetic susceptibilities and comparison with high field methods

Magnetic susceptibility of rocks can be dominated by diamagnetic and paramagnetic matrix minerals, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic trace minerals, or a combination. The interpretation of magnetic fabric data (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, AMS) hinges on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sources of magnetic susceptibility. We discuss two methods that quantify the contribution of the different groups to the AMS: (1) comparative measurements of the magnetic susceptibility in low fields and high fields and (2) heating curves from 77 K to room temperature (low temperature magnetic susceptibility, LTMS). Method 1 measures paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and antiferromagnetic susceptibilities above the saturation magnetization of the ferrimagnetic minerals and method 2 interprets heating curves based on the fact that only the paramagnetic susceptibility is a function of temperature (Curie—Weiss law). Curie constants, paramagnetic Curie temperatures, and phase transitions (Verwey at 118 K: magnetite; Morin at 263 K: hematite) are diagnostic for specific minerals and provide further information about the contributing minerals of the sample. The relative contribution of the ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic minerals to the total susceptibility can be estimated from both methods with the same precision, if antiferromagnetic and diamagnetic contributions are insignificant. However, the LTMS method requires only simple equipment and procedures. The low temperature method can be extended to the three-dimensional case to decompose the total susceptibility tensor into its paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic sub-tensors (low temperature AMS, LTAMS). L1’MS and LTAMS are powerful additions to the group of magnetic fabric methods that allow the quantification of mineral preferred orientation in natural samples.
Sexual and Physical Abuse and Gastrointestinal Illness

Background: Clinicians are becoming aware of the increased attention paid to the occurrence of sexual and physical abuse in our society and its consequences. However, only recently has attention been paid to their association with medical and particularly gastrointestinal illnesses. Methods and results: Recently, we investigated the frequency of sexual or physical abuse among female patients in our gastroenterology clinic, and their association with health status. Of 206 women, 89 (44%) reported some type of sexual or physical abuse in their lifetime. We also found that patients diagnosed with functional GI disorders when compared with those with organic diagnoses reported a significantly greater frequency of sexual (53% versus 37%) and physical abuse (13% versus 2%). Of these, 59% had never discussed the abuse experience outside their families, a third had never told anyone, and only 17% of their GI physicians were aware of this history. We also found that abuse history led to a poorer health outcome: mo...
A 5-year study comparing a posterior composite resin and an amalgam

Eighty class I and class II light-cured posterior composite resin restorations were compared with 43 class I and class II amalgam restorations during a 5-year period after placement. The results of this clinical study showed that both materials were satisfactory during the time period and that the only significant statistical differences are a poorer marginal integrity for the amalgam and a greater wear rate for the composite resin.
A model-based method for phase unwrapping

Presents a model-based phase unwrapping method which represents the unwrapped phase function by a truncated Taylor series and a residual function. An efficient, noniterative computational algorithm is also proposed for calculating the model parameters from the phase derivatives. Sample experimental results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm for extracting unwrapped phase images from two-dimensional (2-D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.
Outcome neuropsychologischer Rehabilitationsprogramme: Integration von kognitiver Rehabilitation und psycho-therapeutischer Intervention

Holistische neuropsychologische Rehabilitations-programme scheinen haufig die besten Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit Schadel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) zu erzielen. Die Meinungen daruber gehen jedoch auseinander (Malec u. Basford 1996). Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit der klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Evidenz fur die Effektivitat dieser Rehabilitationsprogramme. In diesem Zusammenhang mussen die folgenden Fragen beantwortet werden: Verbessern holistische, „milieuorientierte“ neuropsychologische Rehabilitationsprogramme die psychosoziale Funktionsfahigkeit von Menschen mit Hirnschadigungen? Verbessern kognitives Training und Rehabilitation hohere zerebrale Funktionen? Helfen bestimmte Formen kognitiver Rehabilitation hirngeschadigten Menschen, ihre an haltenden Defizite effektiv zu kompensieren? Helfen psychotherapeutische Interventionen den Patienten, sich an die chronischen Foigen der Hirnschadigung dauerhaft anzupassen?