cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical Postbuckling of Plates and Shells Incorporating Non-Classical Effects*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses thermomechanical postbuckling of plates and shells incorporating nonclassical effects. Flat and curved panels are very common forms of construction in aircraft/spacecraft structures. They can constitute parts of the fuselage and empennage, which are basic elements of the slightly curved structures such as the wing and vertical stabilizers and missile nose and body sections. Any combination of biaxial loading, shear, and internal and external pressure can be found in a typical aircraft structure. The extensive use of the full capabilities of aircraft structures aimed to save structural weight demands a thorough understanding of their stability behavior considered in both linear and nonlinear formulation. The 3D thermoelasticity theory implying small strains but large displacement gradients may be described by linear constitutive equations, correlating second Piola–Kirchhoff stress and Lagrangian strain tensor components. The chapter describes the post-buckling behavior of simply supported composite doubly curved panels with rectangular projection on a plane. It also presents the equations governing the post-buckling behavior.
NMR studies of the dynamics of nitrophorin 2 bound to nitric oxide.

The Rhodnius nitrophorins are β-barrel proteins of the lipocalin fold with a heme protruding from the open end of the barrel. They are found in the saliva of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus, which synthesizes and stores nitric oxide (NO) in the salivary glands, where NO is bound to iron. NO is released by dilution and an increase in pH when the insect spits its saliva into the tissues of a victim, to aid in obtaining a blood meal. In the adult insect, there are four nitrophorins, NP1–NP4. At pH 7.3, NP4 releases NO 17 times faster than NP2 does, as measured by stopped-flow kinetics. A number of crystal structures of the least abundant protein, NP4, are available. These structures have been used to propose that two loops between adjacent β-strands at the front opening of the protein, the A–B and G–H loops, determine the rate of NO release. To learn how the protein loops contribute to the release of NO for each of the nitrophorins, the dynamics of these proteins are being studied in our laborator...
MS2-1: Early Life Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk: Preeclampsia and Puberty.

Women diagnosed with preeclampsia (PE) in pregnancy have a 12–72% reduced risk of breast cancer compared to women with a normotensive pregnancy while her daughter from the index pregnancy also has a lower breast cancer risk than normotensive (NT) daughters. Why is this so? The preeclamptic (PE) pregnancy is highly androgenic with low levels of estrogens and insulin-like growth factor −1 levels. We followed a cohort of offspring of preeclamptic pregnancies and of normotensive pregnancies from birth through 12.8 years to examine whether daughters of the PE pregnancy would delay breast development, have lower estrogens and IGF-1 levels in puberty compared to their normotensive offspring and also compared factors influencing age at onset of puberty in the PE and NT girls. In young pubertal aged girls of 10 years, high dehydroepiandosterone- sulfate levels (DHEAS) but low testosterone levels may reflect the in utero exposures of the PE compared to the NT offspring. By 13 years, PE daughters had a 20% lower risk of breast development (OR= 0.80 95% CI 0.70−1.00). In an examination of the role of early life exposures on age at onset of puberty, we report that age of greatest weight gain in infancy is earlier for the NT (3-6 months) than the PE (6-12 months) and that age of greatest weight gain in infancy is associated with the odds of age at onset of puberty. Our findings and those of others in early life exposures and breast cancer risk provide clues to tailoring the effect of early exposures by maternal morbidity in pregnancy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr MS2-1.
COMPUTERS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE.

As yet the application of computers to the problems relating to clinical medicine is largely in the exploratory stage, but the possible ramifications of computers in this field are great. The characteristics and functions of a computer are described and some examples are given of programming as they would relate to analysis and control of factors in diagnosis and treatment, storage and retrieval of patient records, and possible application in hospital management. The limitations as well as the potential benefits of computers are emphasized.
Data Fusion Analysis Applied to Airborne Sonobuoy Positioning

Several positioning algorithms have been used for airborne sonobuoy to locate the target regarding to different sonobuoy types.The positioning precision of airborne sonobuoy is very disparate due to the disturbance of diverse stochastic factors.When more than one algorithm can be applied to locating the target,the data redundancy will occur.Aiming at this problem an algorithm for positioning sonobuoy is proposed in this paper.Two methods are discussed:weighted data fusion and nonlinear least mean square(LMS)data fusion.Through the simulation test this data fusion algorithm is proved efficient and feasible.
Comments on: Higgins: “Closure in crystal size distributions (CSD), verification of CSD calculations, and the significance of CSD fans”

Higgins found that the slope and intercept of crystal size distribution (CSD) are automatically correlated with each other when the crystal content is constant, but he failed to make the necessary conclusion that even if the crystal content is not constant, the slope and intercept are still automatically correlated, as shown by his example of Mt. Taranaki. CSD analysis in its present form is fundamentally flawed not only because of its automatically correlated slope and intercept but also because crystal content, together with crystal shape factor, is the only hidden information we can recover from CSD plots.
Factors affecting the rate of cooling of cornstarch-thickened mixtures.

Filled bakery products are among the foods most often incriminated in outbreaks of food poisoning. What measures must be taken to reduce this hazard? The authors found that the rate of cooling, the quantity stored, and the types of pans used for storage affected significantly the pattern of cooling.
O conceito de 'retornado' e a representação da ex-metrópole em O Retorno e Os Pretos de Pousaflores

Following the trajectories of the families featured in the novels O Retorno (2011), by Dulce Maria Cardoso, and Os Pretos de Pousaflores (2011), by Aida Gomes, this essay aims to problematize the meaning retornado and understand how the label evokes contradictory feelings and conceptions regarding the Portuguese colonial experience. I also reflect on the complex process of the integration of retornados into post-colonial Portuguese society. Finally, I analyze the text’s representation of the former metropole and its ambivalent role in the construction of identity undertaken by these narrators.
Training a Surrogate for Evaluation of Tobacco Smoking of Humans: Rationale and Outcome

Problems of statistics, ethics, and convenience interfere with drawing strong conclusions about relations between smoking tobacco and other processes when humans are subjects in the investigations. The present study established and tested a research preparation and procedure to study smoking behavior with a nonhuman primate, Cebus apella. Long-term habituation procedures to the testing situation and to tobacco smoke were necessary. Smoking then occurred reliably, using a procedure to fade-in smoke with a reward contingency for smoking a preferred substance. After smoking was discontinued for several months, reliable smoking performance was reinstated by reinstating the testing conditions.
Maternal vaccination with dPNAG protects foals against the intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi

Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular pathogenic bacterium that causes a form of pneumonia similar to tuberculosis in foals and immunocompromised humans. A vaccine against R. equi is lacking. We studied the efficacy of maternal vaccination with deacetylated poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (dPNAG) oligosaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid to protect foals against R. equi . Pregnant mares (n=9) were randomly assigned to intramuscular injection 6 and 3 weeks prior to foaling with either vaccine (n=5) or saline (n=4). Foals were infected intrabronchially at age 28 days with 1 × 10 6 of a single strain of live, virulent R. equi . Foals were examined twice daily for clinical signs of R. equi pneumonia ( viz ., coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea, temperature >103°F), and weekly by thoracic ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected at age 2, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 84 days from all foals to detect antibodies by ELISA against dPNAG and native PNAG in serum and IFNγ production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The proportion of foals with pneumonia was significantly (P R. equi antigen was significantly greater (P R. equi and efficacy against R. equi was likely mediated by maternally-transferred antibodies and enhanced CMI responses, and contribute to a growing body of evidence for a key role of antibodies in protecting against intracellular pathogens.
Evaluation of Downstream Merge Behaviors Resulting from Driver Lane Choice: A Driving Simulator Study:

With the ever-increasing demand to add roadway capacity in a safe and efficient manner, the application of auxiliary through lanes (ATLs) at intersections has increased in recent years. Despite the...
Communities on Deep-Sea Hard Bottoms

Although most of the deep-sea floor is blanketed with a thick layer of soft sediment, surprising amounts of hard bottom are available for community development, and specialized organisms and communities exploit these hard surfaces. The habitats include rock outcroppings on continental slopes, seamounts and island slopes; ferromanganese nodules and crusts; volcanic basalts and glasses associated with volcanoes and spreading centers; glacial dropstones, methane hydrates, authigenic carbonates, and asphalts; deep coral reefs; bones of dead whales and other large vertebrates from the upper ocean, and the hard parts of living or dead invertebrate organisms on the muddy seafloor. Studies of community development on hard bottom have focused on hydrothermal vents and on seamount faunas strongly influenced by water currents. The deep-sea fauna includes very long-lived and slow-growing organisms such as gorgonians, but also short-lived animals adapted for the exploitation of vents, wood falls, and other ephemeral habitats.
Direction of Arrival Estimation Using a Phase Array Antenna

Accurate estimation of a signal direction of arrival (DOA) has received considerable attention in communication and radar systems of commercial and military applications. Although an ideal array antenna has uniform spacing between the array elements, there will be always some small deviation of spacing from an array element to adjacent elements. This small deviation causes an error in the electrical angle of each element. Additionally, when the array system is not perfectly calibrated, there will be a random phase error. Statistical analysis is carried out in this chapter to investigate the effect of random element position variation and random phase variation on DOA estimation.
Groups of Divisibility: A Unifying Concept for Integral Domains and Partially Ordered Groups

The theory of divisibility and factorization in an integral domain is essentially the study of a partially ordered abelian group. This is because if D is an integral domain with identity, K a field containing D, and K* the set of nonzero elements of K, then the divisibility relation (a divides b for a,b∈K* if and only if b/a∈D) determines a partial order on K* modulo the units of D. To be sure, the divisibility relation is reflexive and transitive on K* and so determines a preordering compatible with the group structure of K* (if a divides b, then ac divides bc for all c∈K*).
CATECHOLAMINE INNERVATION OF THE DEVELOPING NEOCORTEX IN THE RAT

ABSTRACT Fluorescence histochemistry, high affinity uptake and an endogenous amine assay were used to characterize the development of the neocortical norepinephrine (NE) axon system. The axon system matures rapidly to achieve adult innervation patterns and high affinity uptake levels of (3H)-NE by postnatal day 7 (P7), whereas the neocortical NE content increases slowly into adulthood.
Irradiation of Materials using Short, Intense Ion Beams from an Induction Accelerator*

We present experiments studying material properties created with nanosecond and millimeter-scale ion beam pulses on the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment-II at Berkeley Lab. 4The accessible scientific topics include the dynamics of ion induced damage in materials, materials synthesis far from equilibrium and intense beam-plasma physics. We describe the accelerator performance, diagnostics and results of beaminduced irradiation of thin samples of, for example, tin and silicon. Bunches with $>3 \mathrm {x}10 ^{10}$ions/pulse within 1-mm radius and 2–30 ns FWHM duration have been created. To achieve the short pulse durations and mm-scale focal spot radii, the 1.2 MeV He $^{+}$ion beam is accelerated and bunched in the induction accelerator. After the last of twelve acceleration gaps, the beam is neutralized in a drift compression section which removes the space charge defocusing effect during the final compression and focusing. Detailed particle-in-cell simulations include the effects of space charge and image charge fields, finite temperature of the ion beam, plasma neutralization, applied focusing fields and acceleration fields. Quantitative comparison of these simulations with the experiment play an important role in optimizing the accelerator performance and keep pace with the accelerator repetition rate of $< 1 /$minute.
American Exceptionalism from an Economic Point of View

This chapter presents analyses of American Exceptionalism from American contributors to the field of economics. They have developed, added, or refined the basic, classical, and neoclassical paradigms in economics. The object is to appraise American contributors who have pioneered or fundamentally contributed to the scientific economic paradigms and research programs that have led to the progress of society. The demarcation criteria we use place those who do not measure up to that standard as only precursor candidates to American Exceptionalism. Some of the names in the precursor category include Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Raymond, Henry C. Carey, Francis A. Walker, and Stuart Wood. Some of the exceptional candidates are John Bates Clark, Irving Fisher, Frank Knight, Paul Samuelson, Milton Friedman, and Kenneth Arrow.
Measuring deprivations in the slums of Bangladesh: implications for achieving sustainable development goals

Approximately 880 million people, or one in four urban residents, live in slums today. While this enumeration is useful, it is not a trivial exercise to estimate slum population for a city, let alo...
Evaluating the Impact of Improving Access on Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables in a Rural Community in Texas: A Modeling Study

Purpose: Most residents in rural regions of the United States consume fewer amounts of fruits and vegetables (FVs) compared with their urban counterparts. Difficulties in access to FVs often contribute to different consumption patterns in rural regions, aside from a lack of education or motivation for eating healthy foods. This article uses simulation methods to estimate the relationship between increasing food access and FV consumption levels in a targeted rural community. Methods: An agent-based model previously developed to predict individual dietary behaviors was used. We adapted it to a rural community in west Texas following a two-step process. First, we validated the model with observed data. Second, we simulated the impact of increasing access on FV consumption. We estimated model parameters from the 2010 census and other sources. Results: We found that decreasing the driving distance to FV outlets would increase FV consumption in the community. For example, a one-mile decrease in driving distance to the nearest FV store could lead to an 8.9% increase in FV consumption; a five-mile decrease in driving distance could lead to a 25% increase in FV consumption in the community. We found that the highest marginal increase in FV consumption was when the driving distance decreased from 3.5 miles to 3 miles. Conclusions: Analysis to inform policy alternatives is a challenge in rural settings due to lack of data. This study highlights the potential of simulation modeling to inform and analyze policy alternatives in settings with scarce data. The findings from modeling can be used to evaluate alternative policies in addressing chronic diseases through dietary interventions in rural regions.
Deficits in Sexual Interest Among Adults With Schizophrenia: Another Look at an Old Problem

Objective:Despite the important impact of sexuality on quality of life in adults, there is a paucity of research on this topic for people with schizophrenia. This study examined predictors of sexua...
Optical Character Recognition with Chinese and Korean Character Decomposition

We present our work on Optical Character Recognition on Chinese and Korean Characters for line level transcriptions. One challenge for recognizing Chinese and Korean is that there are thousands of characters for a system to recognize. In addition, many uncommon characters only appear a couple of times in training. We use character decomposition methods to break characters into smaller constituent graphemes. CangJie is used for Chinese character decomposition and Korean Jamo is used for Korean character decomposition. Character decomposition reduces the size of the Neural Network models and allows training examples to be shared across uncommon characters with the same graphemes. We report that a CNNTDNN neural network model using character decomposition has significantly fewer parameters than the baseline while also improving character error rate.
Parametrization, characterization, and optimization of double-bend achromat cell

We continue the study of single-particle dynamics in a more realistic cell, namely, the double-bend achromat with three families of quadrupoles. The cell is parametrized with the optical parameters including the phase advances and the horizontal beta functions at its entry and center. At zero chromaticity, we find that the landscape of the dynamic aperture in the tune plane can be captured by a simple formula constructed from the effective Hamiltonian of fourth order. Furthermore, the optimal dynamic aperture can be found by simply minimizing the third-order driving terms with equal weight in the effective Hamiltonian.
4 – Collecting as Luxury Consumption: Effects on Individuals and Households

Publisher Summary As an essentially materialistic activity, collecting is a lens for viewing all luxury consumption more clearly. At the extreme in which collecting becomes an addictive or compulsive activity that the collector hides out of shame, clearly, both the collector and his or her family are harmed financially as well as psychologically. Still, society generally regards collecting as less self-indulgent and frivolous than many other forms of consumption. Given that money might be spent on individual travel, clothing, recreation, dining and drinking, or collecting—all luxury expenditures—collecting would generally be judged to be the most serious and least selfish allocation of funds (although not of time). Collecting is also vaguely believed to be something done in the service of science or art. It enriches the life of the collector and sometimes others as well. The collector is a knowledgeable person with an expertise, no matter how narrow and esoteric. Being able to offer a nomenclature of matchbooks or judge the quality of antique clocks or know the year and circulation of a comic book may be highly specialized skills, but there is no denying that they are skills. Moreover, successful collecting involves a connoisseurship, preservationism, scholarship, daring, perseverance, and judgment that rehearses or parallels traits one generally values in careers and in Western culture generally.
Integrated dispersion compensated mode-locked quantum dot laser

Quantum dot lasers are excellent on-chip light sources, offering high defect tolerance, low threshold, low temperature variation, and high feedback insensitivity. Yet a monolithic integration technique combining epitaxial quantum dot lasers with passive waveguides has not been demonstrated and is needed for complex photonic integrated circuits. We present here, for the first time to our knowledge, a monolithc offset quantum dot integration platform that permits formation of a laser cavity utilizing both the robust quantum dot active region and the versatility of passive GaAs waveguide structures. This platform is substrate agnostic and therefore compatible with the quantum dot lasers directly grown on Si. As an illustration of the potential of this platform, we designed and fabricated a 20 GHz mode-locked laser with a dispersion-engineered on-chip waveguide mirror. Due to the dispersion compensation effect of the waveguide mirror, the pulse width of the mode-locked laser is reduced by a factor of 2.8.
Switching Decision, Timing, and App Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Mobile App Developers’ Switching Behavior Between Monetarization Strategies

Mobile application developers switch their monetarization strategies (between paid and free) for strategic purposes. We investigate the determinants and consequences of app developers’ switching behavior between paid and free strategies over time. Using large-scale daily app rank data from the iOS App Store in 2011, our estimations of simultaneous equations reveal that the prior performance of an app and its duration of staying in a monetarization strategy significantly impact the developers’ decision of switching. We also find that better performing apps tend to have longer stays in the paid strategy, whereas developers tend to switch their monetization strategy to free (ad-supported) when the performance of a paid app declines. Finally, app developers’ switching behavior and duration of the app in each strategy have significant effects on the subsequent app performance in the App Store. Implications on strategic moves by app developers towards higher app performance on app platforms are provided.
Genre based hybrid filtering for movie recommendation engine

With the dramatic rise of internet users in the last decade, there has been a massive rise in the number of daily web searches. This leads to a plethora of data available online, which is growing by the days. A recommendation engine leverages this massive amount of data by finding patterns of user behavior. Movie recommendation for users is one of the most prevalent implementations. Although it goes way back in the history of recommendation engines, collaborative filtering is still the most predominant method when it comes to the underlying technique implemented in recommendation engines. The main reasons behind that are its simplicity and flexibility. However, collaborative filtering has always suffered from the Cold-Start problem. When a new movie enters the rating platform, we do not have any user interaction for the movie. The foundation of collaborative filtering is based on the user-movie rating. In this paper, we have proposed a hybrid filtering to combat this problem using the genre labeled for a new movie. The proposed algorithm utilizes the nonlinear similarities among various movie genres and predicts the rating of a user for the new movie with the associated genres for the movie.
Cavitation of Water in Soil

AbstractDespite increasing awareness that cavitation can be a potential mechanism for drainage of water from soil, comprehensive understanding of its effects on soil water retention (SWR) remains l...
Electric utility mergers in the presence of distributed renewable energy

Abstract Firm consolidation through mergers and acquisitions could be a strategic option for the electricity industry which has recently witnessed several transformations such as renewable integration and regulatory changes. This study uses a Cournot oligopoly model to examine the profitability of electric utility mergers in the presence of distributed renewable energy sources. We introduce two sector specific parameters that influence merger profitability: the rate at which renewable energy raises the marginal grid integration cost and the extent to which renewable energy reduces pollution intensity. Our model predicts that an increase in the first parameter reduces the profitability of profitable mergers while an increase in the latter increases the profitability of profitable mergers. We find that due to the strategic substitutability between renewable and non-renewable energy, an increase in energy produced from distributed sources reduces the profitability of profitable mergers and reduces losses from unprofitable mergers. Furthermore, we show that the variability in electricity produced from renewable sources induces utilities to produce more exacerbating the extent that extra renewable energy affects merger profitability. Results from the theoretical model are illustrated by simulating a hypothetical merger among investor-owned utilities in the PJM market.
Implementing Modern Security Solutions for Challenges Faced by Businesses in the Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) connects various nonliving objects through the internet and enables them to share information with their community network to automate processes for humans and make their lives easier. The use of IoT is increasing between businesses and individuals. Businesses are currently increasing their investment in IoT for use in the coming years. This chapter presents the challenges of IoT and solutions. The usage of IoT is growing in marketing, given the vast benefits that IoT offers. For businesses to fully use IoT and realize its benefits, the companies will need to change their business processes. However, businesses will need to overcome three major challenges: security, privacy, and network challenges.
TU-CD-BRB-03: Radiomics Investigation in the Distinction Between in Situ and Invasive Breast Cancers

Purpose: To determine the capability of machine learning and computer-extracted image phenotypes to distinguish between ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancers, which may facilitate timely assessment of disease prognosis and treatment. Methods: This study used a HIPAA compliant data set of 248 breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images of breast cancers collected under IRB-approved protocols (58 in situ and 190 invasive cancers). After automated 3D tumor segmentation, 38 image phenotypes were computer-extracted, describing tumor size, shape, morphology, enhancement texture, variance kinetics, and kinetic curve characteristics. A random forest classifier was used in a leave-one-case-out training/testing paradigm for the distinction between in situ and invasive breast cancer. Performance for this task was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The random forest classifier also automatically determined the relevance of all 38 phenotypes to the task at hand. Results: The random forest classifier obtained an AUC of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [0.86;0.95]) in the task of distinguishing between in situ and invasive breast cancers. Phenotypes most important here were shape (sphericity), enhancement texture (variance, difference variance, heterogeneity, contrast), and kinetic curve characteristics (normalized total rate variance, washout rate, time to peak). Phenotypes least effective were size (maximum diameter, surface area), morphology (margin gradient, margin sharpness), variance kinetics, and a kinetic curve characteristic (maximum enhancement). Conclusion: We obtained promising results in automated MR image-based assessment of breast tumor invasiveness. In the current era of personalized medicine such analysis may positively impact patient care by identifying which breast tumors require timely work-up because of invasive components, and which findings could potentially be monitored without aggressive treatment. The image-based phenotypes that emerged in this study are markedly different from those relevant to the distinction between benign and malignant breast tumors, where mainly size and morphology influenced diagnostic decision making. Funding: NIH S10 RR021039, University of Chicago Dean Bridge Fund. and Carole Segal. COI: M.L.G. is a stockholder in R2 Technology/Hologic and receives royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi and Toshiba. MLG is a cofounder of and stockholder in Quantitative Insights.
Engagement of the adhesion receptor CD22 triggers a potent stimulatory signal for B cells and blocking CD22/CD22L interactions impairs T-cell proliferation

The B-lymphocyte-restricted adhesion protein CD22 mediates sialic acid-dependent cell-cell interactions. Engagement of CD22 on B lymphocytes with a CD22 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) HB22.7 that blocks the binding of CD22 to its ligand(s) directly stimulated B-cell proliferation. In addition, the HB22.7 MoAb costimulated B-cell proliferation with either anti-IgM, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, or CD40 and triggered predominantly B-cell IgG secretion with IL-2. Even more striking levels of B-cell proliferation occurred with HB22.7 MoAb under culture conditions that enhanced B-B-cell interactions. In contrast, a nonblocking CD22 MoAb (CD22.5) poorly costimulated in similar experiments. The functional differences between the two antibodies likely result from differing abilities to trigger downstream signaling events as significant differences in CD22 tyrosine phosphorylation and the recruitment of the tyrosine kinase p53/56lyn and the tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP1C were found. Besides their role in B-cell stimulation, CD22/CD22L interactions may also assist in regulating T-cell proliferation because inhibition of CD22-CD22L engagement with the HB22.7 MoAb impaired T-cell proliferation in a costimulatory assay. Thus, CD22/CD22L interactions result in stimulatory signals for both B and T lymphocytes.
A new method for achieving compression in hindfoot arthrodesis.

When performing hindfoot arthodeses, one goal of fixation is often to achieve compression across the joint. Traditional lag screws are applied eccentrically, providing compression more on the edge of the fusion. A new technique, using a post in one bone and a lag screw through the post to the other bone, may offer better compression across more of the joint. There are three parts to this study comparing a post-and-screw construct to traditional lag screws. Synthetic bone models, representative of the talonavicular joint, were created and assessed for biomechanical measures of compression. Next, the post-and-screw construct was tested in cadavers, under conditions representing early weight bearing after arthrodesis surgery. Finally, 18 patients who had a talonavicular fusion with a post-and-screw construct with one surgeon were compared to the previous 18 patients fixed with traditional screws. In the synthetic bone model, the post-and-screw construct brought the centre of compression closer to the centre of the joint, suggesting compression was less eccentric. Neither traditional screws nor the post-and-screw construct were sufficiently strong to resist early weight bearing forces in cadaver specimens. In the clinical comparison, four patients had a painful nonunion when fixed with traditional screws, compared to none in the post-and-screw construct. A post-and-screw construct spreads the forces of compression more uniformly across an arthrodesis, even when placed eccentrically. Although not all the biomechanical measures were superior, the post-and-screw construct achieved higher levels of successful fusion in patients. This technology may offer improved outcomes in some clinical scenarios and deserves further study. Level of Evidence: Level 3
Experience with Rule-Based Analysis of Spacecraft Logs

One of the main challenges facing the software development as well as the hardware communities is that of demonstrating the correctness of built artifacts with respect to separately stated requirements. Runtime verification is a partial solution to this problem, consisting of checking actual execution traces against formalized requirements. A related activity is that of humans attempting to understand (or comprehend) what the system does when it executes, for validation purposes, or for simply operating the system optimally. For example, a key challenge in operating remote spacecraft is that ground operators must rely on the limited visibility available through spacecraft telemetry in order to assess spacecraft health and operational status. In this paper we illustrate the use of the rule-based runtime verification system LogFire for supporting such log comprehension. Specifically, LogFire is used for generating abstract events from the concrete events in logs, followed by a visualization of these abstract events using the D3 visualization framework.
Percolation in ∞ + 1 Dimensions at the Uniqueness Threshold

For independent density p site percolation on the (transitive non-amenable) graph T b × ℤ, where T b is a homogeneous tree of degree b + 1, and b is supposed to be large, it is shown that for p = p u = inf {p: a.s. there is a unique infinite cluster} there are a.s. infinitely many infinite clusters. This contrasts with a recent result of Benjamini and Schramm, according to whom for transitive non-amenable planar graphs there is a.s. a unique infinite cluster at p u .
Mathematical Questions of Liquid Crystal Theory

A liquid crystal is a mesomorphic phase of a material which occurs between its liquid and solid phases. Frequently the material is composed of rod-like molecules which display orientational order, unlike a liquid, but lacking the lattice structure of a solid. It may flow easily and so may also be thought of as an anisotropic fluid. This anisotropy is evident in the way it transmits light; for example, a nematic liquid crystal is optically uniaxial. We take the opportunity of this note to discuss a few of the analytical issues which arise in the attempt to study static equilibrium configurations. One attractive feature of this subject is that it has a well developed continuum description in the Ericksen-Leslie [E1,[L1] theory. Some of the questions have significance in the context of harmonic mappings into spheres and we shall attempt to clarify these connections. We refer to the articles by F. Leslie [L2],[L3] in these proceedings both for other aspects of the static theory and for an introduction to flow problems.
Maternal Employment When Children Are Toddlers and Kindergartners

Mothers of young children are in the labor force in record numbers: Over half (66%) of mothers with children under 18 years of age work outside the home or are seeking employment (Hayghe, 1986). In recent years, the fastest growing segment of the work force has been among mothers of very young children: In 1985, 51% of married women with children under 3 were entering or reentering the work force soon after giving birth (Hayghe, 1986). When employed, many of these women (65%) with young children are likely to work full-time.
Lorenz energy cycle of the global atmosphere based on reanalysis datasets

The mean state of the global atmospheric energy cycle is re-examined using the two reanalysis datasets — NCEP2 and ERA40 (1979–2001). The general consistency between the two datasets suggests that the present estimates of the energy cycle are probably the most reliable ones. The comparison between the present and a previous study shows noticeable discrepancies in some of the energy components and conversion rates. The current estimate of the transformations from mean potential energy to mean kinetic energy C(P_M, K_M) further suggests that the near-surface processes play an important role in the conversion rate C(P_M, K_M), along with the Ferrel cell and Hadley cells, which probably change the direction of the conversion rate C(P_M, K_M).
Pasireotide, an IGF-I action inhibitor, prevents growth hormone and estradiol-induced mammary hyperplasia.

Mammary hyperplasia increases breast cancer risk. Tamoxifen prevents breast cancer in women with atypical hyperplasia, but has serious side effects. As estradiol action requires IGF-I, direct inhibition of IGF-I action theoretically might be an efficacious alternative to tamoxifen. After hypophysectomy and oophorectomy, 21-day-old female rats were treated with GH and E2. After 7 days all terminal end buds (TEBs) and 75% of ducts became hyperplastic. Co-treatment with pasireotide, a somatostatin analog that blocks GH secretion and IGF-I action in the mammary gland, prevented hormone-induced hyperplasia. The number and size of TEBs and moderately or floridly hyperplastic ducts was reduced by pasireotide (P < 0.01). In contrast, the same concentration of octreotide, which has a more selective somatostatin receptor subtype binding profile, was less effective than pasireotide. Tamoxifen inhibited hyperplasia when used alone with GH + E2, but did not add to the inhibitory effect of pasireotide when the two treatments were combined. Both pasireotide and tamoxifen acted via the IGF-I receptor signaling pathway and both were found to inhibit mammary cell proliferation and stimulate apoptosis. The number of epithelial cells expressing phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 in response to GH and E2 was reduced by pasireotide, as was staining intensity. These results support the concept that IGF-I inhibition, in this case by pasireotide, inhibits E2 and GH-induced mammary hyperplasia. As tamoxifen did not further increase the inhibitory effect of pasireotide, the peptide appears to be at least as effective as tamoxifen in preventing GH + E2-induced mammary hyperplasia.
Impact of Assumed Versus Measured Vehicle Distributions on County Road Flexible Pavement Design

Accurate characterization of traffic is critical to the design of pavement structures. At the low-volume road level, a common practice is to use assumed vehicle type distributions based on statewide or regional studies instead of measuring the traffic for a particular location. The impact of this practice was investigated, and equivalent single-axle loads determined from measured vehicle distributions on 29 county roads in Minnesota were compared with those calculated from assumed distributions. It was found that significant differences exist between the assumed distribution and the measured distribution. Additionally, the impact of using assumed distributions on the structural design of flexible pavements was investigated. With data collected from 21 different county roads in Minnesota, it was found that using assumed distributions can result in over- or underdesigned pavements, with asphalt concrete thicknesses often deviating by more than 50 mm (2 in.). Based on the results, it was recommended that Minnesota counties begin to evaluate when more detailed traffic studies are warranted to improve their designs and use of resources.
Solving Word Problems and Elementary Mathematical Modelling.

The process of solving word problems in elementary mathematics is not unlike the process of modelling more complex situations. Operations research methodology provides a framework for understanding this process and suggests some guidelines for systematically addressing the typical modelling problems that are found in elementary algebra and calculus textbooks.
an ecological perspective and model for campus design

Blocker's article described the implications of an ecological perspective in the elementary school setting. Banning and his colleagues at WICHE have been interested in institutional change in higher education. While this article does not describe a “program” per se, it does describe in some detail a methodology for change. After discarding traditional student personnel perspectives (unenlightened, adjustment, and developmental), Banning and Kaiser push out the frontier with their concept of “ecosystems.” An ecosystem is one in which there is a true transaction between mutually dependent partners, with the assumption that either may change so that mutual benefit may result. A model for bringing about such change is presented, and a methodology for using the model is described.
Defect modeling studies in HgCdTe and CdTe

We have used a quasichemical formalism to calculate the native point defect densities in x = 0.22 Hg1−xCdxTe and CdTe. The linearized muffin-tin orbital method, based on the local density approximation and including gradient corrections, has been used to calculate the electronic contribution to the defect reaction free energies, and a valence force field model has been used to calculate the changes to the vibration free energy when a defect is created. We find the double acceptor mercury vacancy is the dominant defect, in agreement with previous interpretations of experiments. The tellurium antisite, which is a donor, is also found to be an important defect in this material. The mercury vacancy tellurium antisite pair is predicted to be well bound and is expected to be important for tellurium antisite diffusion. We consider the possibilities that the tellurium antisite is the residual donor and a Shockley-Read recombination center in HgCdTe and suggestions for further experimental work are made. We predict that the cadmium vacancy, a double acceptor, is the dominant defect for low cadmium pressures, while the cadmium interstitial, a double donor, dominates at high cadmium pressures.
Human Factors and Medicine

Technology is particularly paramount in two major aspects of our culture: military and medicine. Concern about reducing human error and optimizing human performance in the use of technology in the ...
Evolution of the orang-utan

The common assumption that the lineage leading to modern orang-utans has always been arboreal is based on general principles of irreversibility and parsimony rather than on any direct evidence of postcranial morphology in ancestral species. We argue here that the available evidence, albeit indirect and circumstantial, justifies the concept of a Pliocene orang-utan ancestor at least as terrestrial as the modern chimpanzee.
Contemplating the Use of Motivational Interviewing With Patients Who Have Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders

This commentary addresses four questions about using motivational interviewing (MI) with patients who have co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders: (1) Has MI passed the threshold of an “evidence-based” approach when applied to dual diagnosis treatment? (2) How does MI work when used with patients who have psychotic disorders? (3) Which proposed MI modifications for these patients are efficacious or erroneous? (4) What are the implications for training clinicians in MI for use with this patient population? Upon contemplating the answers, the recommendation to use MI as a best dual diagnosis treatment practice may be premature.
Abstract 4671: Radioguided detection of lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Lymph node staging provides the most important prognostic information in patients with loco-regional non-small cell lung cancer. We hypothesized that gamma radiation detection using an intra-operative hand-held gamma probe following intravenous 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) injection would identify lymph nodes containing metastases in a much more sensitive manner than standard pathological practices. We compared the accuracy of detecting thoracic lymph node metastases using positron emission tomography- computed tomography (PET-CT) versus the gamma probe. Methods: One hundred patients with resectable lung cancers had pre-operative positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) and mediastinoscopy. 10mCi of FDG was injected on the day of surgery. A handheld gamma probe detected increased FDG uptake within thoracic lymph nodes during pulmonary resection procedures. The lymph nodes that demonstrated increased FDG uptake, but were non-malignant by conventional HE 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4671. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4671
Preparation and lattice parameters of 249Bk monopnictides

Abstract The berkelium monopnictides have been prepared as single-phase materials by heating elemental 249 Bk with the corresponding pnictogen element in evacuated quartz tubes. The monopnictides exhibit the NaCl-type, cubic structure with observed lattice parameters (A) of 4.951 for BkN, 5.669 for BkP, 5.829 for BkAs, and 6.191 for BkSb.
Mindfulness-Based Attention as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Depressive Affect and Negative Cognitions

In this research we investigated the role of mindfulness-based attention in mitigating possible negative consequences of experiencing depressive affect. A sample of 278 undergraduate college students completed self-report measures of depressive affect, negative cognitions, and mindfulness-based attention. As expected, depressive affect was positively related to negative cognitions, mindfulness-based attention was inversely related to negative cognitions, and the strength of the relationship between depressed affect and negative cognitions was significantly moderated by mindfulness-based attention. More specifically, a simple slope analysis revealed that individuals low in mindfulness-based attention evidenced a statistically significant relationship between depressive affect and negative cognitions, whereas individuals who are high in mindfulness-based attention did not. These findings support the extant literature suggesting that the general tendency to be mindful may be a protective factor against the development of psychopathology and enhance mental health.
Monogenic Hopf algebras and local Galois module theory

Let K be an unramified extension of Qp, and denote the ring of integers of K by R=OK. Let H be an R-Hopf algebra with monogenic dual H∗. We realize H∗ as the kernel of an isogeny of one-dimensional formal groups. This allows us to give a complete list of fields L for which L/K is H⊗K-Hopf Galois and S=OL is a free H-module.
Supersymmetric signature in quarkonium decays

Abstract We calculate the heavy quarkonium decay widths for decays to scalar fermion-scalar antifermion pairs. In the light of the supersymmetric interpretation of the recently observed monojets, these decays could be observable in the forthcoming e + −e − colliding beam machines. The scalar lepton-scalar antilepton pairs produced by toponium decays is comparable to those produced by direct photon exchanges. The decays of the scalar pair into an electron-positron (or muon-antimuon) pair (carrying about one-half of the total beam energy) together with the missing photinos will be a clean signature of supersymmetry.
Deposition of sulfate during stable atmospheric transport over lake michigan

Abstract Sulfate concentration measurements were made during very stable atmospheric conditions at-a Lake Michigan sampling site 55 km downwind of Chicago. Chicago sulfate concentrations are compared with the midlake concentrations. Dilution and transformation effects upon downwind sulfate concentrations are considered to be small during the very stable atmospheric conditions encountered. Depositional loss to the lake is then assumed to explain essentially all the differences between Chicago and midlake concentrations. The deposition velocity of sulfate to the lake is found to be 0.2 ± 0.16 cms −1 despite the very stable conditions prevailing.
COMPLEX REGGE POLES AND HIGH ENERGY SCATTERING DATA

Abstract For the high energy data on σtotpp the proton-proton total cross section, and on ϱ, the ratio of real to imaginary part of the forward elastic amplitude, including the recent ISR results, an excellent fit is obtained with P, P', ω Regge poles plus a pair of complex conjugate Regge poles. The complex poles describe the possible oscillatory behavior of the quantities σtotpp and ϱ. The physical meaning of these complex poles and extrapolation to future measurements of the above quantities are discussed.