cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Quaternary History on Critical Zone Structure and Processes: Examples and a Conceptual Model From the Intensively Managed Landscapes Critical Zone Observatory

The concept of a critical zone (CZ) supporting terrestrial life has fostered groundbreaking interdisciplinary science addressing complex interactions among water, soil, rock, air and life near Earth’s surface. Pioneering work has focused on the CZ in areas with residual soils and steady-state or erosional topography. CZ evolution in these areas is conceptualized as progressive weathering of local bedrock (e.g. in the flow-through reactor model). However, this model is not applicable to areas in which weathering profiles form in transported materials including the formerly glaciated portion of the Central Lowland of North America. We present a new conceptual model of CZ evolution in landscapes impacted by continental glaciation based on investigations at three study sites in the Intensively Managed Landscapes Critical Zone Observatory (IML-CZO) The IML-CZO is devoted to the study of CZ processes in a region characterized by thick surficial deposits resulting from multiple continental glaciations, with bedrock at depths of up to 150 m. Here the physical (glacial ice, loess, developing soil profiles) and biological (microbes, tundra, forest, prairie) components of the CZ vary significantly in time. Moreover, the spatial relationships between mineral components of the CZ record a history of glacial-interglacial cycles and landscape evolution. We present cross-sections from IML-CZO sites to provide specific examples of how environmental change is recorded by the structure of the mineral components of the CZ. We build on these examples to create an idealized model of CZ evolution through a glacial cycle that represents the IML-CZO sites and other areas of low relief that have experienced continental glaciation. In addition, we identify two main characteristics of CZ structure which should be included in a conceptual model of CZ development in the IML-CZO and similar settings: (1) mineral components have diverse origins and transport trajectories including alteration in past CZs, and, (2) variability in climate, ecosystems, and hydrology during glacial-interglacial cycles profoundly influence the CZ composition, creating a legacy retained in its structure. This legacy is important because the current physical CZ structure influences the occurrence and rates of CZ processes, as well as future CZ responses to land use and climate change.
Financializing epistemic norms in contemporary biomedical innovation

The rapid, recent emergence of new medical knowledge models has engendered a dizzying number of new medical initiatives, programs and approaches. Fields such as evidence-based medicine and translational medicine all promise a renewed relationship between knowledge and medicine. The question for philosophy and other fields has been whether these new models actually achieve their promises to bring about better kinds of medical knowledge—a question that compels scholars to analyze each model’s epistemic claims. Yet, these analyses may miss critical components that explain how these models actually work and function. Using the case of translational medicine, this paper suggests that analyses which treat these models as a primarily epistemic interventions miss the way that new approaches are increasingly shaped by specific financial and commercial agendas. Ultimately, social epistemological analyses that are attentive to market forces are required to make sense of emerging bioscientific research models, which are increasingly tethered to or a manifestation of increasingly financialized models of science research and innovation.
Pregnancy and Portal Hypertension

Pregnancy is a normal physiological state characterized by numerous hemodynamic changes. These hemodynamic changes, although necessary for a normal pregnancy, pose a special problem in the presence of portal hypertension. In North America, cirrhosis of the liver is the most common cause of portal hypertension. Although rare, the occurrence of pregnancy is not altogether unknown in this population. This is caused by reduced fertility as a consequence of anovulatory cycles, altered endocrine metabolism, and a relatively older age of these patients (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Most women with well-compensated early chronic liver disease and those with the liver disease in remission, can expect to have normal fertility (3,7). Subjects with liver diseases that progress slowly, such as primary biliary-cirrhosis, are particularly likely to have preserved fertility until the disease becomes quite advanced (8, 9, 10, 11, 12). Also, in patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) the hepatic synthetic functions are relatively well preserved and so is the fertility (13,14). Pregnancy in a patient with portal hypertension is a unique problem that needs specialized care to prevent potentially life-threatening complications such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, it is therefore important to understand the effect of pregnancy on portal hypertension and vice versa so that untoward incidents like fetal morbidity and mortality and gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be avoided.
Some Timeless Truths About Medical Practice

This final chapter of the book is to remind us that medicine is not just about ­epidemiologic data, clinical correlates, diagnostic pearls, physical findings, drug effects and intriguing reports in the medical literature. It is intended to put the prior 287 pages in perspective, emphasizing that essential medical facts really matter only when we use them to help improve the health of our patients.
Creating value through outreach in a hospital setting: a case study from Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital Library.

Background: Hospital libraries must often demonstrate value to users who are not aware of their services. Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG) Library aimed to increase patient and staff awareness using innovative outreach methods through our involvement in a Summerfest health fair and a National Medical Librarians Month event. Case Presentation: At 2 hospital events, ZSFG Library staff and volunteers used a gameshow-style approach involving active learning to teach attendees about library resources and services. Across events, there were 300 attendees and 167 in-depth discussions of library resources with the librarian (i.e., meaningful interactions), including 54 demonstrations. After implementing these new outreach efforts, the number of attendees increased by over 240% and meaningful interactions increased by 1,300% from the previous year’s event. Our value analysis indicates an overall positive effect with 14 minutes of total library staff time spent per meaningful interaction. Conclusions: The use of a spinnable wheel for asking participants library-related questions and a television monitor to demonstrate library resources greatly increased the number of attendees and fostered new staff connections, resulting in several in-service trainings and search requests. Future recommendations for outreach events include enlisting the help of volunteers to record attendance data, creating materials in multiple languages, and integrating library involvement into existing hospital events. These recommendations may decrease the amount of library staff time spent in return for each meaningful interaction, creating increased value for less time.
Orchestrated Social Movements: Integrating intra- and extra-institutional action

Social movements are forms of extra-institutional collective action that can have significant effects on social and organizational fields. Orchestrated social movements mobilize this extra-institut...
American Journalists in the Great War: Rewriting the Rules of Reporting. By Chris Dubbs. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2017. Pp. 294. $34.95.)

In July 1914, American correspondents gathered in Paris to cover the trial of Henriette Caillaux. The French beauty had murdered a newspaper editor who was running damning stories of her famous and...
Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports

Abstract Doping is an integral part of competitive sports and dates back to ancient Greek Olympic events. Over the years, the word doping has come to mean the use of drugs, ergogenic substances, or artificial methods for the purpose of improving athletic performance. Around 800 BC, Greek Olympic athletes and Roman gladiators consumed mushrooms, plants, and herbs in an attempt to gain a competitive edge and mask pain. The practice of doping continued to evolve with sporting events and by the 1800s athletes participating in endurance events such as cycling used a mixture of strychnine, caffeine, cocaine, and alcohol to gain a competitive edge.
Design of a Hybrid Propulsion Architecture for Midsize Boats

Abstract This paper presents preliminary evaluations on the design of hybrid propulsion architectures related to midsize boats. The analysis is carried out for the case study of a retrofit operation proposed for an oceanographic ship, which is used by the researchers of the National Research Council of Italy for experimental campaigns in the Mediterranean Sea. Starting from the information obtained on the existing architecture by means of various on-board inspections, an experimental set-up is proposed for the monitoring and acquisition of the main electrical and mechanical parameters of the ship, during her navigation campaigns. Different possible hybrid configurations are also proposed, identifying the main advantages and drawbacks of each configuration for the considered application. The proposed set-up allows obtaining experimental information, about the behaviour of the ship in a large variety of operative conditions, which will be useful to support the choice of a proper hybrid propulsion architecture and the optimal design of components.
Development of Floating Delivery for Solid Self Micro-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Prochlorperazine Maleate.

Background Prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) is a phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the treatment of nausea, vomiting and vertigo. It is BCS class II drug with only 12.5% bioavailability. Patents data on PCM had shown work on conjugation and matrix formulation which suggested idea for the present work design. Objective The objective of this study was to enhance solubility of drug and to optimize gastro retentive floating capsule for controlled drug release at the targeted site for stipulated time. Method The solubility of drug was determined in various vehicles like oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the efficient self emulsifying region. SMEDDS were tested for micro emulsifying properties. The resultant microemulsions were evaluated and were further selected for the floating drug delivery. Magnesium hydroxide was used as carrier to transform SMEDDS into Solid SMEDD (S-SMEDD). Non-effervescent floating capsule containing S-SMEDD were optimized using factorial design with independent variable HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose. Results SMEDD consists of PCM, isopropyl myristate, tween 80 and PEG 400 as a drug, oil, surfactant and co-surfactant (1:1 ratio). Optimized formulation F5 showed 10 hrs floating time and percent drug release 91.56±2.7% with controlled drug delivery in stomach. F5 followed Korsmeyer Peppas release kinetics where the drug followed Fickian diffusion transport mechanism due to swelling of polymers in controlled manner. Conclusion It can be concluded that SMEDD enhanced the solubility of drug and floating capsule gave site specific drug release of PCM with the advantages of reduced dosing frequency and better compliance.
Rates of Corrective Osteotomy After Distal Radius Fractures Treated Nonsurgically and Surgically

Purpose Distal radius fractures commonly occur and can be a major cause of morbidity in the aging population; yet the rates of osteotomy for malunited fractures have not been described for nonsurgical and surgical treatment. We hypothesized that the rate of corrective osteotomy would be lower in fractures treated surgically compared with nonsurgically. Methods Using the PearlDiver patient record program, we used Current Procedural Terminology coding to identify 48,815 patients within the Humana database from 2007 to 2015 who sustained a distal radius fracture. Rates of osteotomy after both nonsurgical treatment and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of distal radius fractures were evaluated and stratified by age and gender. We analyzed the cost of treatment for each group. Osteotomy rates were compared between groups using chi-square test of significance. Results The rates of osteotomy with nonsurgical treatment compared with ORIF were significantly different (0.5% vs 0.3%). The rate of osteotomy for patients aged more than 50 years was significantly higher than that for patients aged less than 50 years regardless of treatment (0.3% vs 0.1%). In men, the rate of osteotomy for nonsurgical treatment compared with ORIF was not significantly different. However, in women, the rate of osteotomy for nonsurgical treatment compared with ORIF was significantly different (0.59% vs 0.30%). The average cost per patient (regardless of outcome) for nonsurgical treatment was $477 and the average cost for ORIF was $1,309. If an osteotomy was required after nonsurgical treatment, the average overall cost was $4,152. If an osteotomy was required after ORIF, the average overall cost was $5,965. Conclusions Osteotomy after distal radius fracture infrequently occurs but is seen more frequently in fractures treated nonsurgically. Female patients are more likely to undergo an osteotomy after nonsurgical treatment of a distal radius fracture than are males. This information can be used to counsel patients when making shared decisions regarding treatment. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Helping Us Think about Ourselves: Black Males' Sense of Belonging through Connections and Relationships with Faculty in College.

This qualitative study investigated the collegiate experiences of 65 Black males at three different historically white institutions. Specifically, this paper examines how students make meanings fro...
Standardizing Nurse Leader Safety Rounds to Promote Highly Reliable Care

Background Despite decades of intensive resource allocation to eliminate preventable harm and increase high reliability in the hospital, the prevalence of serious harm remains consistent. Local problem A hospital reduced targeted preventable harms using audit and feedback (AF high quality (50%-90%); and HRO leadership (0%-67%). Precursor incident reporting rates increased 25%. Conclusions A&F reinforced quality and accountability for daily safety rounds. HRO theory-guided feedback offered an innovative way to translate HRO influence into nurse leader practice.
Behaviour of Spectral Active Power Terms for the Swiss 15 kV 16.7 Hz Railway System

A non-negligible amount of active power is carried also by harmonic (or, in general, spectral) terms, especially for highly distorted systems, such as electrified ac railways. The paper considers the distribution and correlation of these spectral active power terms, including train operating conditions, and gives criteria to select and group harmonic power terms. Several processing and display techniques are used to this aim: scatter histograms for joint probability, correlation coefficients, V-I maps. Results are shown and discussed for the Swiss 15 kV 16.7 Hz railway, using measured pantograph voltage and current quantities.
Results of Tibia and Fibula Osteotomies Performed Concomitant to Total Ankle Replacement

Background:Neutral ankle alignment along with medial and lateral support are paramount to the success of total ankle replacement (TAR). Fibula, intra-articular medial malleolus, and supramalleolar ...
The Social Nature of Stakeholder Utility

For positive or negative, one stakeholder’s utility derives in part from her/his perceptions of how other stakeholders are being treated by the business. Yet, to date, the stakeholder literature ha...
S06.4 Chlamydia, trichomonas and syphilis infections in macaques: effects on simian HIV acquisition

Epidemiologic studies have linked sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to an increased risk of HIV acquisition. Although the precise mechanism of this association is unclear, it is likely to be a combination of STI-induced local inflammation, disruption of mucosal surfaces, and recruitment of HIV target cells. Given that some experiments are logistically difficult or impossible to conduct in humans, nonhuman primates (NHP) as STI models of enhanced HIV susceptibility are invaluable in understanding mechanisms, magnitude of risk, and evaluating effectiveness of biomedical interventions. Advantages of using NHPs over other animal models include their relatedness to humans and availability of better immunological reagents. We have successfully developed NHP models of both vaginal and rectal STIs, and studied them in the context of simian HIV (SHIV) acquisition and coinfection, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) efficacy. We demonstrated that vaginal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections increase SHIV acquisition risk while rectal CT infections do not. Also, to study efficacy of Truvada® (the only anti-HIV medication FDA-approved for PrEP), we used a validated STI-NHP model of repeated SHIV exposures to mimic populations at high risk for HIV infection, and demonstrated that oral Truvada® maintained efficacy despite CT-TV infections, albeit with a modest loss of PrEP activity. We showed that another promising anti-HIV injectable, long-acting cabotegravir, maintained complete efficacy against vaginal SHIV acquisition in NHPs infected with CT and TV. However, these are non-ulcerative infections, which led us to develop the first NHP models for rectally and vaginally acquired syphilis, an ulcerative STI. More NHP studies are ongoing to assess risk of vaginal SHIV acquisition and PrEP efficacy in macaques coinfected with syphilis, CT, and TV. These STI-NHP models are also powerful tools to study interactions between STIs, concomitant alterations in clinical manifestations and host responses, and to evaluate specific STI-related interventions, including vaccines. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Talking with Objects

Talking about objects requires talking with objects, presenting objects in speech to identify a term's referent. I say This figure is a circle while handing you a ring. The ring is a prop, a perceptual object referenced by an extra-sentential event to identify the extension of a term, its director ('This figure'). Props operate in speech acts and their products, not in sentences. Intra-sentential objects we talk with are displays. Displayed objects needn't be words but must be like words, perceptually, reproductively, and syntactically. Displays are presented by their syntactical position, as terms, with a term-like function. Semantically they are props. The O in FOD (This figure O is a circle) is a prop-like referent, not a term. The O in OD (O is a circle) may be that of FOD, but that display may have semantically and syntactically diverse directors, and without a specific one OD has no determinate sense.Describing the display of quotations demands distinguishing displays from quotations.Quotations are repetitions of something said. Displays are perceptual objects, linguistic and non-linguistic, reproductions and originals, presented in sentences to identify a referent. Display markers are disambiguators that say: Read this as a prop. They may mark direct speech from indirect speech. Markers of quotation say: Someone said this. That historical claim is outside a sentence's propositional content. Those marks don't say: This is a display. They do make it true.Calling displays quotations muddies the study of speaking with speech. Calling both displays and intranyms quotations muddies the study of meaning and truth. Intranyms are terms, consisting of an expression flanked by lines, that denote that interior expression. Intranyms are created by stipulation to formalize a metalanguage. Formalization of a metalanguage replaces displays with intranyms. Formalized metalanguages lack the logical form and subject matter of our natural metalanguage.
Hearing aid affordability in the United States

Substantial out-of-pocket costs for hearing aids constitute a barrier to hearing health care accessibility for older adults among whom prevalence of hearing loss is high. This study is the first to...
Si diffusion across the liquid/solid interface of capillary driven (Al–Si)-KxAlyFz micro-layers

Diffusion is an important phenomenon involved in thermal processing, e.g., a Si diffusion in an (Al–Si)-KxAlyFz clad alloy during aluminum (Al–Mn) brazing, to be considered in this study. Specifically, the Si migration affects the amount of liquid metal available to form a mating surfaces’ bond and further influences the solid substrate dissolution at the liquid–solid interface between (Al–Si)-KxAlyFz and Al–Mn. These events greatly impact the performance (e.g., joint formation) of the materials involved. To quantify theoretically the available liquid metal contributing to the subsequent joint formation, the diffusion process is in the first approximation divided into two evolving time segments, both before the onset of resolidification: 1. the solid-state Si diffusion prior the clad melting and 2. the liquid state Si diffusion after the clad melting. Of the two segments, the later has not been addressed in the available literature. The analysis of the sequence of the solid and liquid diffusion segments has been facilitated by performing a series of experimental benchmark studies. The Si solid diffusion across the clad–core interface has been monitored at 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C peak temperatures. Each dwell at the peak lasted for 10 min. For the study of the impact of liquid diffusion on the solid substrate, the experiments have been performed at the peak temperature of 600 °C with different heating rates, ranging from 1 to 60 °C/min. The joint formation process evolution has been modeled, and an excellent agreement with empirical data has been established.
The Influence of Diversity and Qualifications in Presidential Nominations: The Case of United States Attorneys

In this project, we employ original data on the future positions of United States Attorneys (USAs) to assess the influence of formal qualifications in structuring the post-service careers of a grou...
Uranium hydride corrosion. II Modeling spatially random growth using reaction and nucleation kinetics

Abstract A uranium hydride (UH3) corrosion kinetics model has been developed, based on dimensionally restricted nucleation kinetics, which combines heretofore separate reaction and nucleation kinetics models into a single predictive construct. This theoretical framework accounts for the superficial and random pitting behaviour of UH3 corrosion. The model can be used to generate the net corrosion surface area and volume fractions for a uranium specimen, generally accounting for its geometric form factor through the surface-to-volume ratio. The combined corrosion kinetics model enables the generation of quantities which may be directly compared to those obtained by non-destructive, non-contact evaluation methods.
Tolerance and near‐tolerance strategies in monkeys and their application to human renal transplantation

Studies in non-human primates to evaluate tolerance strategies in organ transplantation have led to innovation in human transplantation. The two strategies we have studied in detail in non-human primates are T-cell depletion by anti-CD3 immunotoxin and co-stimulation blockade. Each of these strategies has been extended into early human trials in renal transplantation. The results of these human and non-human primate studies are summarized. Continued progress in better and safer immunosuppressive methods remains closely linked to research using non-human primates. However, there has not been a one-to-one correspondence between efficacy in the primate and efficacy in humans. Rather, principles can be derived from non-human primate studies that can be extended into human trials with the knowledge that regimens will likely differ in humans compared to non-human primates.
Closed-Loop System Identification of Restricted Complexity Models Using Iterative Refinement

A novel technique for identifying reduced-order models in the closed-loop is presented. The method arrives at a process model and its corresponding compensator in an iterative fashion by introducing a series of step chan at the manipulated variable. The bias introduced into the identification data set by the closed-loop system, coupled with a control-relevant prefilter, yields a model whose corresponding control system improves its performance at every step. The method is appealing to chemical engineering practitioners because it combines the tasks of system identification with controller commissioning to produce a simple-to-use yet reliable autotuning procedure.
Mechanical Strain and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT Stacks Related to Semi‐Bipolar Electric Cyclic Fatigue

PZT stacks that had an inter-digital internal electrode configuration and consisted of a specific number of multilayer actuators were tested to more than 108 cycles by using a 100-Hz semi-bipolar sine wave with a field range of +4.5/-0.9 kV/mm and a 20-MPa mechanical preload. Significant reductions in mechanical strain and piezoelectric coefficients were observed during the fatigue cycling, depending on the measuring condition. Extensive surface discharges and arcs were also observed. These surface events as well as related dielectric breakdown resulted in the erosion of external electrode and outcrop of internal electrode, and that partially accounts for the reduction observed above. The data obtained in this study demonstrated the feasibility of using a semi-bipolar mode to drive a PZT stack with a designed mechanical preload applied and illustrated the potential fatigue of stack~{!/~}s performance during its service.
Using Social Media and Internet Data for Public Health Surveillance: The Importance of Talking

D espite progress in public health and the biomedical sciences, infection has yet to be vanquished: vaccine-preventable diseases continue to be transmitted; pandemics occur; previously unknown pathogens emerge; contaminated foods and food products are traded and consumed; and the specter of a post-antibiotic era looms ever larger. Bioterrorism is, and will remain, a danger. Infectious disease is both a national and an international security issue and represents an important threat to human health and well-being. In order to confront these and related threats, detailed data regarding the global ebb and flow of disease are needed. Over many decades, surveillance methods (often termed “indicator-based” methods) have been developed and refined to provide disciplined, standardized approaches to acquiring and recording important information. More recently, ubiquitous and unstandardized data collected from the Internet have been used to gain insight into emerging disease events. Although this approach— known as “Internet-based biosurveillance,” “digital disease detection,” or, more simply, “event-based” surveillance—has been described and
802.11ab propagation prediction inside a B777

Electromagnetic propagation models for signal strength prediction within aircraft cabins are essential for evaluating and designing a wireless communication system to be implemented onboard aircraft. A prediction model was developed for a B777 using commercial grade software intended for predictions within offices and buildings. The performance of the model was evaluated through a comparison with test data measurements taken on the aircraft. It was concluded that the model can accurately predict power propagation throughout the cabin. This model can enhance researchers' understanding of power propagation within aircraft cabins and will aid in future research.
57 Activation mechanism of R776H mutation in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)

Activating mutations in EGFR have been implicated in a variety of human cancers (Roskoski Jr., 2014). R776H is one such recurrent mutation in the hinge region of the kinase domain and is known to a...
Selective regulation of TCR signaling pathways by the CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase during thymocyte development.

In CD45-deficient animals, there is a severe defect in thymocyte-positive selection, resulting in an absence of mature T cells and the accumulation of thymocytes at the DP stage of development. However, the signaling defect(s) responsible for the block in development of mature single-positive T cells is not well characterized. Previous studies have found that early signal transduction events in CD45-deficient cell lines and thymocytes are markedly diminished following stimulation with anti-CD3. Nevertheless, there are also situations in which T cell activation and TCR signaling events can be induced in the absence of CD45. For example, CD45-independent TCR signaling can be recovered upon simultaneous Ab cross-linking of CD3 and CD4 compared with cross-linking of CD3 alone. These data suggest that CD45 may differentially regulate TCR signaling events depending on the nature of the signal and/or on the differentiation state of the cell. In the current study, we have assessed the role of CD45 in regulating primary thymocyte activation following physiologic stimulation with peptide. Unlike CD3-mediated stimulation, peptide stimulation of CD45-deficient thymocytes induces diminished, but readily detectable TCR-mediated signaling events, such as phosphorylation of TCR-associated ζ, ZAP70, linker for activation of T cells, and Akt, and increased intracellular calcium concentration. In contrast, phosphorylation of ERK, which is essential for positive selection, is more severely affected in the absence of CD45. These data suggest that CD45 has a selective role in regulating different aspects of T cell activation.
Universities and Science and Technology: United States

The American research university's history is inseparable from the growing importance of science and technology to the state in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Successive world wars and ongoing global conflict have firmly connected academic science and technology to government patronage. Even as government support declines, federal policies shape the means through which the research university and its products enter the commercial marketplace.
Arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh: A geostatistical and epidemiological framework for evaluating health effects and potential remedies

[1] This paper examines the health crisis in Bangladesh due to dissolved arsenic in groundwater. First, we use geostatistical methods to construct a map of arsenic concentrations that divides Bangladesh into regions and estimate vertical concentration trends in these regions. Then, we use census data to estimate exposure distributions in the regions; we use epidemiological data from West Bengal and Taiwan to estimate dose response functions for arsenicosis and arsenic-induced cancers; and we combine the regional exposure distributions and the dose response models to estimate the health effects of groundwater arsenic in Bangladesh. We predict that long-term exposure to present arsenic concentrations will result in approximately 1,200,000 cases of hyperpigmentation, 600,000 cases of keratosis, 125,000 cases of skin cancer, and 3000 fatalities per year from internal cancers. Although these estimates are very uncertain, the method provides a framework for incorporating better data as it becomes available. Moreover, we examine the remedy of drilling deeper wells in selected regions of Bangladesh. By replacing 31% of the wells in the country with deeper wells the health effects of drinking groundwater arsenic could be reduced by approximately 70% provided that arsenic concentrations in deep wells remain relatively low. INDEX TERMS: 1831 Hydrology: Groundwater quality; 6309 Policy Sciences: Decision making under uncertainty; 6304 Policy Sciences: Benefit-cost analysis; 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; KEYWORDS: arsenic, Bangladesh, geostatistics, health effects, risk assessment, mitigation
Repose time and cumulative moment magnitude: A new tool for forecasting eruptions?

[1] During earthquake swarms on active volcanoes, one of the primary challenges facing scientists is determining the likelihood of an eruption. Here we present the relation between repose time and the cumulative moment magnitude (CMM) as a tool to aid in differentiating between an eruption and a period of unrest. In several case studies, the CMM is lower at shorter repose times than it is at longer repose times. The relationship between repose time and CMM may be linear in log-log space, particularly at Mount St. Helens. We suggest that the volume and competence of the plug within the conduit drives the strength of the precursory CMM.
The Impact of Research Alliances on Measures of Future Financial Market and Operating Performance Risk of Biotechnology Firms

In this paper, we investigate the impact of research alliances on measures of firm level financial market and operating performance risk in the biotechnology industry. We focus on biotechnology firms since research alliances have played an important role in the development and commercialization of new products, processes and technologies in that industry. Although managers suggest that a major reason to enter into alliances is to reduce operating risk, our paper is the first (to our knowledge) to examine directly this conjecture by investigating the link between alliance activity and risk from multiple perspectives. We find that for research focused firms, market and operating risk increase as their alliance activity increases. For firms which outsource research activities, however, market and operating risk decrease as alliance activity increases. The findings of our paper have the potential to help managers better understand both the benefits and costs of entering into alliance relationships and investors better evaluate the impact of alliance announcements on investment opportunities in biotechnology firms.
Constitutions as "Living Trees"? Comparative Constitutional Law and Interpretive Metaphors

Debate over the appropriate role of foreign and international law in adjudication of public law claims is not unique to the United States.1 Some of the opposition in the United States is driven by resistance to the Supreme Court’s decision on the merits of the issues in recent “hot button” constitutional cases. But the fierceness of positions being taken in the United States, the xenophobic hostility unveiled in some discussions of foreign law, and the emergence of legislative efforts to control the interpretive sources the Court looks at, suggest that there is something more than ordinary constitutional disagreement at stake.2 At least three different sets of concerns are layered on each other in this debate about foreign and international law (which I refer to jointly as “transnational legal sources”). One question entailed in current discussions of foreign law is about what the United States and U.S. law stand for in a world perceived as hostile and threatening. External threats to the security of a nation that had become
Pheochromocytoma Presenting as a Skull Metastasis with Massive Extracranial and Intracranial Extension

A case of metastatic pheochromocytoma is reported in which the diagnosis was determined on the basis of a painless scalp mass. Subsequent to biopsy and histological diagnosis, further investigations revealed a large skull lesion with intracranial extension, an adrenal mass, and various catecholamine abnormalities. The radiological characteristics and operative findings of this case are described, and the literature regarding pheochromocytoma with intracranial metastatic extension is reviewed.
Soot oxidation rates in gas turbine engines

Abstract A basis for extrapolating soot oxidation rate measurements obtained in laboratory flames to the more extreme operating conditions of gas turbine combustion chambers is proposed. The proposal is based on the observation that, within probable experimental uncertainty, the limited soot oxidation measurements correlate with the more extensive measurements of the surface oxidation rates of macroscopic sized samples of pyrographite. The soot oxidation rates thus determined for the conditions of a typical gas turbine combustion chamber are considerably lower than previous estimates which were based on simple extrapolations of the flame data.
Dark adaptation and vitamin A

Summary Further observations on dark adaptation as determined by means of the biophotometer are reported. Evidence is presented that the results obtained with this instrument are consistent from test to test of the same subjects and correspond with the vitamin A status of those subjects, when the technique employed is satisfactory and when certain interpretations are applied. By mathematical analysis of the results, the technique described in 1937 has been shown to be satisfactory. Reports of inconsistent results by other observers have been reinterpreted in the light of our own experience, with the conclusion that the apparent inconsistencies have a logical explanation in variability of the status of the subject rather than in fallibility of the test. Normal subjects with ample vitamin A intake, while remaining ingood health, have normal test results at all times. The subjects of our observation group who had poor dark adaptation and who submitted to therapy attained normal adaptation in all instances while receiving vitamin A. Three subjects receiving an experimental diet of low vitamin A content showed changes in dark adaptation ability paralleling the depletion of this material and later repletion. In the geographic region in which these observations were made,dietary deficiency alone seemed to be the cause of impaired dark adaptation in few instances. The most frequent and usual cause of impaired adaptation seemed to be a utilization deficiency resulting from illness, especially illness resulting from infection. A seasonal incidence of dysadaptation was observed. The greatest number of instances was found in the winter and the smallest number in the summer. It is believed that the seasonal incidence is related more closely to the seasonal occurrence of infections than to seasonal variations in diet. In the case of an orphanage in which the children were receiving approximately 2,000 units of vitamin A in the diet daily, no instances of abnormal dark adaptation were observed during a winter period of observation. In a group of 120 school children, 5 per cent had dark adaptationnot wholly normal in the fall. In the winter almost 20 per cent had abnormal adaptation. In the spring only one child of fifty tested had an abnormal test result, and this one child gave a borderline test.
Activity-dependent long-term enhancement of transmitter release by presynaptic 3',5'-cyclic GMP in cultured hippocampal neurons

LONG–TERM potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus is a type of synap-tic plasticity that is thought to be involved in learning and memory1. Several lines of evidence suggest that LTP involves 3′,5′-cyclic GMP (cGMP), perhaps as an activity-dependent presynaptic effector of one or more retrograde messengers (refs 2-12, but see ref. 13). However, previous results are also consistent with postsynaptic effects of cGMP. This is difficult to test in hippocam-pal slices, but more rigorous tests are possible in dissociated cell culture14–17. We have therefore developed a reliable method for producing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent LTP at synapses between individual hippocampal pyramidal neurons in culture. We report that inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or of cGMP-dependent protein kinase block potentiation by either tetanic stimulation or low-frequency stimulation paired with postsynaptic depolarization. Conversely, application of 8-Br-cGMP to the bath or injection of cGMP into the presynaptic neuron produces activity-dependent long-lasting potentiation. The potentiation by cGMP involves an increase in transmitter release that is in part independent of changes in the presynaptic action potential. These results support a presynaptic role for cGMP in LTP.
What Scientists Say: Scientists’ views of nature of science and relation to science context

The purpose of this study is to examine practicing scientists’ views of nature of science (NOS) and explore possible relationships between these views and science context. Science educators emphasize teaching NOS through inquiry‐based learning experiences throughout science disciplines. Yet aspects of NOS that are agreed upon as relevant to science education have been described in discipline‐independent ways. Given the situated nature of learning, we sought to examine how scientists understand recommended aspects of NOS and whether these views vary depending on the science discipline or investigative context of authentic practice. Participants were 24 scientists, representing four broad science disciplines (chemistry, life science, physics, earth/space science) and a variety of approaches (experimental, descriptive, theoretical). Data included questionnaires and interviews. Through intra‐group and cross‐group comparisons, we examine associations between NOS views, scientific disciplines, and methods of sc...
Charge form factors and charge distributions of 3H and 4He

Abstract The charge form factors and charge distributions of 3H and 4He are calculated from wave functions obtained with nucleon-nucleon potentials which contain a hard core.
LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA IN WATER PLUMBING SYSTEMS

Abstract Evidence for the presence of Legionella pneumophila was obtained from the water plumbing systems of 17 of 52 hotels, none of which was associated with cases of human disease. Of a total of 170 samples of water examined, 10 yielded L. pneumophila and a further 19 probably also contained it. No serogroup was predominant. Most isolations were made from water from hot taps or from hot-cold mixer shower heads.
Crystal-field transitions in f-electron oxides.

Neutron inelastic scattering has been used to measure for the first time the ground- to excited-state crystal-field transitions in ${\mathrm{PrO}}_{2}$ (130 meV), ${\mathrm{BaPrO}}_{3}$ (255 meV), and ${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}$ (\ensuremath{\sim}160 meV). Details of these neutron experiments using the epithermal neutrons from the Argonne National Laboratory spallation source are given. From the observed transitions the following values of ${V}_{4}$=${A}_{4}$〈${r}^{4}$〉 are deduced: ${\mathrm{PrO}}_{2}$ (-66 meV), ${\mathrm{BaPrO}}_{3}$ (119 meV), and ${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}$ (-385 meV). Comparisons are made with ${V}_{4}$ values deduced for metallic systems and those determined by optical techniques for dilute lanthanides in transparent hosts. In the case of ${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}$, two peaks are seen, one at 155 meV and the other at 172 meV. This structure exists both below and above the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$ (30.8 K) and is discussed in terms of mechanisms that might exist in ${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}$. Several further neutron experiments are suggested now that energy transfers above \ensuremath{\sim}100 meV may be measured at small (i.e., \ensuremath{\lesssim}5 A${\r{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) values of the momentum transfer.
Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of some energetic materials and propellant formulations

Abstract : Fourier transform Raman (FTR) spectroscopy employing near infrared (NIR) laser radiation at 9,394.5/cm is used to characterize neat energetic materials and several propellant formulations. Raman spectra are reported over the region from 100/cm to 3,000/cm, relative to the Rayleigh line. The technique is extended to the study of crystalline components of propellant formulations during heating. The utility of the technique in determining the principal crystalline ingredient in a propellant formulation is demonstrated. jg p3
In vitro incorporation of isomeric CIS-octadecenoic acids by rat liver mitochondria

Abstract The metabolic fate of positional isomers of cis -octadecenoic acids was compared to that of oleic acid, elaidic acid and stearic acid in rat liver mitochondria. The positional isomers as well as elaidic acid and stearic acid were labelled with 3 H and they were incubated in pairs with [1- 14 C] oleic acid. 3 H/ 14 C ratios were determined for the administered mixtures and for the isolated lipid classes. The results suggested that all isomers were readily incorporated into the membraneous structure of mitochondria. Those with the double bond in the middle of the acyl chain resembled oleic acid and they were preferentially incorporated in cholesterol esters, triacylglycerols and in the 2-position of triacylglycerols and of phosphatidylcholines. Those with the double bond away from the middle of the chain were metabolically distinct from oleic acid and behaved like trans fatty acids. They were rapidly taken up by mitochondria. They were preferentially incorporated in phospholipids and they occupied the 1-position in phosphatidylcholines and the 1- and 3-positions in triacylglycerols.
A ketopentyl transition state analog for acetylcholinesterase.

Abstract 4-oxo-N,N,N-trimethylpentanaminium chloride is a competitive inhibitor of eel acetylcholinesterase with K I = 8 × 10 −6 M at 25°, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.04 M MgCl 2 , pH 7.5. Its binding decreases at low pH with pK a = 6.0. N,N,N-trimethylpentanaminium bromide has K I = 4 × 10 −4 M under the same conditions. Its binding also decreases with pH with pK a = 5.35. Comparison with literature data indicates that the ketone binds much more strongly than substrates and that its binding shows the pH dependence expected for a transition state analog.
Slopes of integral lattices

We use the dyadic trace to define the concept of slope for integral lattices. We present an introduction to the theory of the slope invariant. The main theorem states that a Siegel modular cusp form f of slope strictly less than the slope of an integral lattice with Gram matrix s satisfies f(sτ)=0 for all τ in the upper half plane. We compute the dyadic trace and the slope of each root lattice and we give applications to Siegel modular cusp forms.
Structure of human isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase at 2.6 A resolution: structural basis for substrate specificity,.

Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) belongs to an important flavoprotein family of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases that catalyze the α,β-dehydrogenation of their various thioester substrates. Although enzymes from this family share similar sequences, catalytic mechanisms, and structural properties, the position of the catalytic base in the primary sequence is not conserved. E376 has been confirmed to be the catalytic base in medium-chain (MCAD) and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and is conserved in all members of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family except for IVD and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. To understand this dichotomy and to gain a better understanding of the factors important in determining substrate specificity in this enzyme family, the three-dimensional structure of human IVD has been determined. Human IVD expressed in Escherichia coli crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell parameters a = 94.0 A, b = 97.7 A, and c = 181.7 A. The structure of IVD was solved at 2.6 A r...