cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of fertilization on soil microorganisms in paddy rice systems – A meta-analysis

Abstract Soil microorganisms are considered a sensitive indicator of soil health and quality. In cropping systems, soil microorganisms are strongly affected by crop management, including the application of fertilizers. While studies in natural ecosystems have generally found that increased nitrogen (N) inputs decrease microbial biomass, microorganisms in soils under upland crops often benefit from mineral fertilizer input. Paddy rice soils, being flooded for part of the season, are dominated by different carbon (C) and N cycle processes and microbial communities than soils under upland crops. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of fertilizer on soil microorganisms in paddy rice systems in a meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed literature. Across all studies (n = 55), the addition of mineral fertilizer significantly increased microbial biomass carbon content (MBC) by 26% in paddy rice soils. Mineral fertilizer applications also increased soil organic carbon content (SOC) by 13%. The higher crop productivity with fertilization likely led to higher organic C inputs, which in turn increased SOC and MBC contents. The time of sampling within a season (pre-plant rice, in-season rice, post-harvest rice, or post-harvest rotational crop) did not significantly affect the response of MBC to mineral fertilizer. The positive effect of mineral fertilizer on MBC content did not differ between cropping systems with continuous rice and systems where paddy rice was grown in rotation with other crops. However, compared with upland cropping systems, the increase in the microbial biomass due to mineral fertilizer application is more pronounced in rice cropping systems, even when rice is grown in rotation with an upland crop. Differences in climate and soil oxygen availability likely explain the stronger response of soil microorganisms to mineral fertilizer input in paddy rice systems. Our analysis suggests that fertilization does not consistently select for specific microbial groups (e.g. gram positive or negative bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) in paddy rice systems; however, it affects microbial community composition through changes in soil properties. How specific groups of microorganisms respond to mineral fertilization likely depends on environmental factors. Overall, our results suggest that in paddy rice systems the application of inorganic fertilizers increases SOC and MBC contents, both of which are important indicators of soil health.
Buccal epithelial cells display somatic, bone marrow-derived CALR mutation.

Key Points Buccal epithelial cells harbor an MPN-associated CALR mutation in a patient with CALR -mutant essential thrombocytosis, Ph + CML, and no germ line CALR mutation.
Breadfruit Fermentation in Pohnpei, Micronesia: Site Formation, Archaeological Visibility, and Interpretive Strategies

Fermentation is a common method of processing and preserving breadfruit throughout the Pacific Islands. While these pits are often reported in the archaeological record, they can pose some interpre...
Satellite communication system design

Satellite communication has triumphed as one of the most fascinating stream of telecommunication engineering for last 75 years. While the world has moved on in tremendous pace, Bangladesh mostly stayed out of the procession, up until now. Recently Bangladesh has procured its first communications satellite and is on the brink of launching it to the orbit, which makes it a high time to talk about satellite communication (SATCOM). This presentation attempts to shed some light on SATCOM System Design in general. The topics that will be covered are — brief history of communication satellites, orbital dynamics, geostationary/geosynchronous satellites, channel propagation characteristics, communication system design — link budgeting, antennas, ground stations, example of real SATCOM system such as Iridium Satellite Phone, GPS, DVB standard, and new frontiers in SATCOM known as SmallSat and CubeSat.
Prediction of weather induced background radiation fluctuation with recurrent neural networks

Abstract Background radiation estimation plays an important role in the anomalous radiation detection. Accurately estimating temporal and spatial fluctuations of background radiation helps to reduce the false alarm rate and improve the estimation accuracy of anomalous source location. It has been long observed that background radiation is positively correlated with precipitation due to the scavenging effect of rain and snow. This paper presents the usage of recurrent neural networks to predict the background radiation level based on past weather and radiation data. Two datasets are prepared with different noise levels. Experiment results show that recurrent neural networks outperform the traditional moving average algorithm on the high noise dataset; recurrent neural networks perform as well as the moving average algorithm on the low noise dataset.
Healing Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diaphragmatic Breathing

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 7 to 21% of the general population and is a chronic condition. The symptoms usually include abdominal cramping, discomfort or pain, bloating, loose or frequent stools and constipation, and can significantly reduce the quality of life. This case report describes how a 22-year-old woman, who was initially diagnosed with IBS when she was a high school junior, healed herself from IBS with slow abdominal breathing without any therapeutic coaching. She has continued to be symptom-free for the last three years. The article reviews how slower diaphragmatic breathing (abdominal breathing) may reduce symptoms of IBS, explores the possibility that breathing is more than increasing sympathetic/parasympathetic balance, and suggests additional self-care strategies to reduce the symptoms of IBS.
The “Literature in Life” Philosophy vs. Reality: The Role of the River in Beppe Fenoglio’s Il Partigiano Johnny

The Italian contemporary writer Beppe Fenoglio’s Il partigiano Johnny has captured the attention of several critics who have found it to be an innovative and complex narrative. Set at the time of Italy’s Resistance, the novel was published posthumously in 1968, five years after the author’s premature death. In 1978 there appeared a critical edition of Fenoglio’s works, including the two drafts of Il partigiano Johnny (PJ1 and PJ2).1
Cytochrome P-450 oxidations and the generation of biologically reactive intermediates.

Cytochrome P-450 (P-450) enzymes are involved in the oxidation of many steroids, eicosanoids, pesticides, drugs, and carcinogens. Considerable evidence has been accrued over the years to support the view that the majority of chemical carcinogens require bioactivation in order to elicit tumor initiation, and many toxic chemicals other than carcinogens also require bioactivation. The P-450 enzymes are probably involved to a greater extent than any other enzymes in the generation of the biological reactive intermediates involved in such toxicities (for reviews see Nelson, 1982; Guengerich and Liebler, 1985; Nelson and Harvison, 1987; Kadlubar and Hammons, 1987; Guengerich, 1988). Thus, a proper knowledge of these enzymes and the chemistry involved in catalysis is requisite for a rational understanding of schemes of toxicity and carcinogenesis.
Effect of Threat and Social Identity on Reactions to Ingroup Criticism: Defensiveness, Openness, and a Remedy:

Openness to criticism and dissenting opinions is enormously important to group decision-making. Past research has found that people are more persuaded by criticism of their group when it comes from...
Allan Ramsay and Thomas Ruddiman: Two Ways of Reviving Scotland’s Dead Poets

This chapter examines the emergence of cultural nationalism in Scotland in the two decades after the Act of Union in 1707. It takes stock of the dearth of Middle Scots poets in print at the time and describes their return as “good old Bards” in Allan Ramsay’s The Ever Green, a collection of poems by Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and other Scots makars. The publication of The Ever Green is marked as the start of cultural nationalism under the sign of the bard. The second half of the chapter turns to Ramsay’s own new Scots poetry and his highly deliberate work of fitting old poetic forms for new cultural-nationalist purposes.
Talker head orientation discrimination using only auditory cues

Although many studies focus on human ability to localize a sound source, less is known about human ability to determine the physical orientation of a given sound source. In our study, we assessed listeners’ ability to detect changes in talker head orientation. Participants with normal hearing were asked to detect head orientation changes (relative to 0 deg, i.e., directly facing the listener) for two male and two female talkers. We found listeners are sensitive to changes of approximately 40 deg in talker head orientation using only auditory cues. This is less sensitive than what humans have displayed with only visual cues. These findings indicate that auditory cues are available for head orientation discrimination, which may be of greater utility when visual cues are unavailable.Although many studies focus on human ability to localize a sound source, less is known about human ability to determine the physical orientation of a given sound source. In our study, we assessed listeners’ ability to detect changes in talker head orientation. Participants with normal hearing were asked to detect head orientation changes (relative to 0 deg, i.e., directly facing the listener) for two male and two female talkers. We found listeners are sensitive to changes of approximately 40 deg in talker head orientation using only auditory cues. This is less sensitive than what humans have displayed with only visual cues. These findings indicate that auditory cues are available for head orientation discrimination, which may be of greater utility when visual cues are unavailable.
Buckling of Sandwich Cylinders Under Combined Compression, Torsion, and Bending Loads

Abstract : Buckling loads are calculated by using Galerkin's method to sol ve Donnell's equation modified to include the effects of transverse shear for sandwich curved plates and shells. These loads are plotted in the form of interaction curves. In the limiting cases of bending alone, axial compression alone, torsion alone, and combined bending and axial compression, the results agree with those previously obtained.
The Density of the Lyme Disease Vector, Ixodes scapularis (Blacklegged Tick), Differs Between the Champlain Valley and Green Mountains, Vermont.

Lyme disease is an emerging infectious disease of public health concern in the northeastern US. The disease's vector, Ixodes scapularis (Blacklegged Tick), has increased its range in the past 20 y. There have been few studies of the Blacklegged Tick's habitat associations in its newly endemic northern range. From 2016–2018, we sampled for nymphal Blacklegged Ticks in the Champlain Valley and Green Mountains of Addison County, VT, and tested them for Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent. We found 10 times more ticks in the Champlain Valley than in the Green Mountains. Nymphal infection prevalence was 0.21 and did not vary by year or region. The difference in tick density reported has public health consequences, as Vermont has one of the highest rates of Lyme disease in the US.
Isolated fibular stress fractures: Radiographic parameters.

Abstract Background Fibular stress fractures are uncommon injuries with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and predisposing characteristics. This study investigated the demographic and radiographic risk factors for fibular stress fractures. Methods A retrospective chart review from 2010 to 2018 revealed thirteen patients with isolated fibular stress fractures. Demographics, history of fracture, fracture location, bone quality, and heel alignment were collected. Results The cohort consisted of six men and seven women with a mean age of 41.8 years. The average BMI was 28.5 kg/m2. Three patients used tobacco. 69.2% of fractures were in the distal third, 23.1% proximal third, and 7.7% middle third. No patients had evidence of osteopenia. Distal fibula stress fractures were more common in women (66.7%) and associated with hindfoot valgus. Conclusion Distal third fibula stress fractures were most common and associated with hindfoot valgus. This could be due to a greater amount of axial force through fibula in this alignment. Level of evidence Level IV, Retrospective Case Series.
Study and application about a modality preventing iodine deficiency disorders in coastal salt-produced areas

Objective To discuss the strategy and intervention measures of the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)control in coastal salt.producing areas so as to shoot the problem of non-iodized salt causing IDD.Methods Accordinng to different areas,periods and crowds,eomplicatd measures and strategies were taken such as supply of iodized salt to peopie in special need while universalizaion of iodized salt,health promotion,private salt factory censu8 and close.iodized salt quality monitoring and promotion of technology of iodized salt producion in Xiamen, where the probiem of non-iodized salt Was serious since 1995.Results Iodized salt manufactured Was qualified in a increased rate from 89.50% in 1995 to 96.17% in 1997,stablized at 99.00%since 2000.Qualified iodized salt sold in the shops waft increased from 87.33%in 1996 to 96.33%in 1998.Popularization covered by iodized salt in urban areas increaased from 0.92%in 1 995 to 100.00%in 2000,and it Was increased from 0 to 99.00%in suburban area8 and increased from 0 to 89.00%in rural areas.Since 2001 iodized salt covered up 93.00%of the people.The rate of child goitre in urban,suburban and rural areas respectively Wag 16.44%(228/1387), 20.57%(266/1293) and 24.93%(651/2611).Moreover,beginning from 1996,it reduced tO below of 5.00%respectively in 1999,2001 and 2005.The median of urinary iodine of children in urban,suburban and rural areas respectively was 137.50, 102.12,94.66 μg/L in 1995,since 1997 it reached 100.00μg/L and kept at 120.00μg/L In 2007 the median of urinarv iedine of children respectively was 271.10,240.40,198.10μg/L in urban,suburban and rural areas.The pereentage of awareness of IDD knowledge was 74.00%(444/600)in students in 1997 and reached 95.00% since 2000.Conclusion The paRern of eliminating iodine deficiency dis ease in Xiamen has successful established,which works efficiently and sets an example for iodized salt supplement in non-iodized salt areas and continually eliminating the iodine deficiency disease. Key words: Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Salts; Mode
Characterization and Genome Sequence of the Mycobacteriophage Donny

We report the discovery of the novel bacteriophage Donny, a Siphoviridae virus that infects Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. Donny has a genome length of 69,691 bp and a G+C content of 68.5%. Donny shares 99% and 93% nucleotide identity with bacteriophages Acadian and Baee, respectively.
Development of uncertainty-aware equation-of-state models: Application to copper

Sophisticated hydrodynamic codes are commonly used to understand and predict events relevant to natural and applied sciences. The degree to which these simulations reflect reality, however, is dependent on how well we understand the materials and underlying physics involved. These research communities need material models that communicate the uncertainty in the physical properties, which at their basest form comes from the uncertainty in the underlying experimental measurements. We have constructed a new framework for using both experimental measurements and the associated experimental uncertainties to build equation-of-state models that reflect not only current best measurements but also the accuracy of those measurements. This method had been used to construct an ensemble of equation-of-state models for copper that communicates the experimental uncertainties in the data through the equation-of-state model, which is available for application in any simulation metric of interest.
Persistent Crises and Levered Asset Prices

This paper shows that standard disaster risk models are inconsistent with the behavior of stock market volatility and credit spreads during disasters. We resolve this shortcoming by incorporating persistent macroeconomic crises into a structural credit risk model. The model successfully captures the joint dynamics of aggregate consumption, financial leverage, and asset market risks, both unconditionally and during crises. Leverage provides a strong amplification mechanism for fundamental shocks because it continues to rise while crises endure. We structurally estimate the model and show that it replicates the firm-level implied volatility curve and its cross-sectional relation with observable proxies of default risk.
Assessing the NCAA as a Compliance Organization

The National Collegiate Athletic Association is, at essence, a compliance organization. This is evidenced by the NCAA’s stated and functional mission—one supported by a considerable and growing administrative apparatus—that is aimed at ensuring its member-schools abide by the association’s rules. While a significant body of academic literature analyzes the NCAA and its bylaws, surprisingly none of these prior works evaluate the effectiveness of the NCAA as a compliance organization. This omission is glaring considering the past decade has seen a rich body of work emerge regarding the field of corporate governance and organizational compliance. And it is all the more surprising given the sustained and withering critiques of the NCAA centered on the association’s inability to adequately and fairly police the integrity of college athletics. This article seeks to fill this conspicuous gap in the literature by analyzing the NCAA through the lens of corporate compliance. What it finds, after applying theories based in behavioral ethics, criminology, and procedural justice, is that the association’s legislative and enforcement apparatus has become so overwrought, so “overcriminalized,” that it is eroding the legitimacy of the NCAA as a whole. Critically, this delegitimization not only decreases compliance effectiveness, but actually fosters future wrongdoing by allowing players, coaches, staff, and third-parties to rationalize rule-breaking behavior. In its misguided attempts to increase the integrity of college sports, the NCAA has damaged its own legitimacy, thereby creating conditions ripe for further rule violations. The origins, operation, and examples of this phenomenon are detailed, but so too are the implications for the NCAA, which must learn from corporate compliance if it is ever to effectuate its laudable, yet increasingly embattled, mission.
Superoxide Oxidation by a Thiolate-Ligated Iron Complex and Anion Inhibition.

Superoxide (O2•-) is a toxic radical, generated via the adventitious reduction of dioxygen (O2), which has been implicated in a number of human disease states. Nonheme iron enzymes, superoxide reductase (SOR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), detoxify O2•- via reduction to afford H2O2 and disproportionation to afford O2 and H2O2, respectively. The former contains a thiolate in the coordination sphere, which has been proposed to prevent O2•- oxidation to O2. The work described herein shows that, in contrast to this, oxidized thiolate-ligated [FeIII(SMe2N4(tren)(THF)]2+ (1ox-THF) is capable of oxidizing O2•- to O2. Coordinating anions, Cl- and OAc-, are shown to inhibit dioxygen evolution, implicating an inner-sphere mechanism. Previously we showed that the reduced thiolate-ligated [FeII(SMe2N4(tren))]+ (1) is capable of reducing O2•- via a proton-dependent inner-sphere mechanism involving a transient Fe(III)-OOH intermediate. A transient ferric-superoxo intermediate, [FeIII(SMe2N4(tren))(O2)]+ (3), is detected by electronic absorption spectroscopy at -130 °C in the reaction between 1ox-THF and KO2 and shown to evolve O2 upon slight warming to -115 °C. The DFT calculated O-O (1.306 A) and Fe-O (1.943 A) bond lengths of 3 are typical of ferric-superoxo complexes, and the time-dependent DFT calculated electronic absorption spectrum of 3 reproduces the experimental spectrum. The electronic structure of 3 is shown to consist of two antiferromagnetically coupled (Jcalc = -180 cm-1) unpaired electrons, one in a superoxo π*(O-O) orbital and the other in an antibonding π*(Fe(dyz)-S(py)) orbital.
Enhanced protein and amino acids of corn-ethanol co-product by Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae.

Upcycle of co-products from corn–ethanol plant into protein-rich animal feed with balanced key amino acids via solid-state fermentation is a promising approach to economically support both biofuel and animal feed industries. However, there are multiple types of solid-state fermentation microorganisms and growth conditions that have not been tested. In this study, Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae were used to ferment corn-based wet distiller’s grains with solubles (WDGS). The effects of fermentation conditions (temperature, agitation, and moisture) and supplementations (extraneous carbon and nitrogen sources) were evaluated on protein production and amino acids profiles before and after fermentation. The study established best fermentation conditions (23 °C, static incubation for 4 days at 70% initial moisture content) to improve protein content for both R. oryzae and M. indicus. Moreover, urea supplied to R. oryzae and M. indicus improved protein concentration by 35 and 38%, and total amino acids content by 28 and 18%, respectively. The amount of 693.1 and 451.8 mg of additional total amino acids including 262.8 and 227.7 mg of key amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and arginine) was synthesized by R. oryzae and M. indicus, respectively, per supply of 536 mg urea in 25 g of WDGS. This study demonstrated the feasibility of urea as a low-cost nitrogen source for amino acid biosynthesis in fungal fermentation of WDGS, which could contribute to the increasing demand for high-value monogastric animal feed.
The researcher’s participant roles in ethical data collection of Autistic interaction

The method of participant-observation is fundamental to ethnomethodological, ethnographic video-based fieldwork. Collecting data of the embodied interactions of non-speaking Autistic individuals surfaces questions that are central to the nature of video-based fieldwork: What are the technical and interactional challenges of navigating the researcher’s multiple participant roles during data collection? What are ethical issues that arise with emergent participant roles during data collection? Grounded in two contrasting pieces of data—one of two siblings in a display of intimacy, and another of a student displaying distress—this paper examines the multiple participant roles the EMCA researcher navigates moment-by-moment during the data collection process. Studying these roles unearths participant orientations to the camera, the complex interactional work undertaken by the researcher, and ethical dilemmas when the positionality of the researcher becomes blurred.
Towards an Integrated Vehicle Management System in DriveOS

Modern automotive systems feature dozens of electronic control units (ECUs) for chassis, body and powertrain functions. These systems are costly and inflexible to upgrade, requiring ever increasing numbers of ECUs to support new features such as advanced driver assistance (ADAS), autonomous technologies, and infotainment. To counter these challenges, we propose DriveOS, a safe, secure, extensible, and timing-predictable system for modern vehicle management in a centralized platform. DriveOS is based on a separation kernel, where timing and safety-critical ECU functions are implemented in a real-time OS (RTOS) alongside non-critical software in Linux or Android. The system enforces the separation, or partitioning, of both software and hardware among different OSes. DriveOS runs on a relatively low-cost embedded PC-class platform, supporting multiple cores and hardware virtualization capabilities. Instrument cluster, in-vehicle infotainment and advanced driver assistance system services are implemented in a Yocto Linux guest, which communicates with critical real-time services via secure shared memory. The RTOS manages a real-time controller area network (CAN) interface that is inaccessible to Linux services except via well-defined and legitimate communication channels. In this work, we integrate three Qt-based services written for Yocto Linux, running in parallel with a real-time longitudinal controller task and multiple CAN bus concentrators, for vehicular sensor data processing and actuation. We demonstrate the benefits and performance of DriveOS with a hardware-in-the-loop CARLA simulation using a real car dataset.
Singularities of the Second Kind

In this chapter, we explain the structure of asymptotic solutions of a system of differential equations at a singular point of the second kind. In §§XIII-1,XIII-2, and XIII-3, a basic existence theorem of asymptotic solutions in the sense of Poincare is proved in detail. In §XII-4,this result is used to prove a block-diagonalization theorem of a linear system. The materials in §§XIII-1—XIII-4 are also found in [Si7]. The main topic of §XIII-5 is the equivalence between a system of linear differential equations and an n-th-order linear differential equation. The equivalence is based on the existence of a cyclic vector for a linear differential operator. The existence of cyclic vectors was originally proved in [Del]. In §XIII-6, we explain a basic theorem concerning the structure of solutions of a linear system at a singular point of the second kind. This theorem was proved independently in [Huk4] and [Tul]. In §XIII-7, the Newton polygon of a linear differential operator is defined. This polygon is useful when we calculate formal solutions of an n-th-order linear differential equation (cf. [St]). In §XIII-8, we explain asymptotic solutions in the Gevrey asymptotics. To understand materials in §XIII-8, the expository paper [Ram3] is very helpful. In §§XIII-1—XIII-4, the singularity is at x = ∞, but from §XIII-5 through §XIII-8, the singularity is at x = 0. Any singularity at x=∞ is changed to a singularity of the same kind at x=0 by the transformation \(x = \frac{1}{\xi }. \)
Teaching Practices in Classrooms for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Discrepancies between Recommendations and Observations

An important issue in the study of classrooms for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) concerns understanding teacher behavior and the teacher-student interaction patterns as coactive forces in the development and maintenance of problem behavior. Recent descriptive work in the area of teacher-student interactions suggests that teachers are employing less than optimal teaching practices. This article highlights a number of recommended best teaching practices, selectively reviews the research literature on teacher interactions in classrooms for students with E/BD, provides a possible interpretative framework for the apparent discrepancies, and makes recommendations for future research in this area.
X-ray deposition in inertial fusion graphite and silicon-carbide first walls

First wall protection against X-rays and debris coming from the pellet explosion is a critical design issue in inertial confinement fusion reactors. In the present communication, energy deposition of typical target X-ray in silicon-carbide and graphite is shown to occur over distances of the order of the first wall thickness for hard X-ray (/spl gamma/-ray) target spectra, and the resulting maximum instantaneous temperature rise is negligible. It is also shown that, for photons with energies above 1 keV, large fraction of the target photon yield is deposited behind the first wall. Based on these results, it is concluded that target X-ray (/spl gamma/-ray), which represent serious design constraint with metallic first walls, may be of less concern with first walls made of silicon-carbide or graphite. Consequently, the first wall protection scheme, based on silicon-carbide or graphite, needs to deal with potential first wall damage due to target debris only.
An emendation of elastic rebound theory: Main rupture and adjacent belt of right-lateral distortion detected by Viaduct at Kaynaşli, Turkey 12 November 1999 Düzce Earthquake

The fault trace of the 12 November 1999 earthquake in theDuzce-Bolu region in Anatolia crossed the alignment of a 2.4 kmviaduct in Kaynasli that had been carefully surveyed. The builders of theviaduct, the ASTALDI-BAYINDIR Co., resurveyed the viaduct after theearthquake. We repeated the survey for approximately one kilometre of theeastern end of the viaduct and obtained essentially identical results. Thoughit was unfortunate that the earthquake damaged the new structure, the piersdid produce a very rare record of ground deformation of an earthquake.In effect, the viaduct was a giant strain gage that yielded reliable data aboutground movement and distortion near a fault. This paper describes thesurvey data and their evaluation leading to convincing evidence that (a) thefault trace must be considered, not as a fault line or plane, but as a faultzone with a finite width and that (b) the structural damage within the zonewas caused, not primarily by ground acceleration, but by ground distortion.Along the right-lateral fault at Kaynasli, the fault zone consists ofright-lateral movement at the main trace, a zone of right-lateral distortionnear the trace, bounded by left-lateral distortion. The 12 November 1999event in Turkey, like the ground deformation and fracturing at Landers,California (Johnson et al., 1994, 1996), thus affirmed a forgottenconclusion from the studies by Lawson (1908), Gilbert and Reid (1910)of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake that earthquake ruptures typicallyoccur throughout zones or belts, rather than along linear traces or planes.
Growth of desulfovibrio in lactate or ethanol media low in sulfate in association with H2-utilizing methanogenic bacteria.

In the analysis of an ethanol-CO2 enrichment of bacteria from an anaerobic sewage digestor, a strain tentatively identified as Desulfovibrio vulgaris and an H2-utilizing methanogen resembling Methanobacterium formicicum were isolated, and they were shown to represent a synergistic association of two bacterial species similar to that previously found between S organism and Methanobacterium strain MOH isolated from Methanobacillus omelianskii. In lowsulfate media, the desulfovibrio produced acetate and H2 from ethanol and acetate, H2, and, presumably, CO2 from lactate; but growth was slight and little of the energy source was catabolized unless the organism was combined with an H2-utilizing methanogenic bacterium. The type strains of D. vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans carried out the same type of synergistic growth with methanogens. In mixtures of desulfovibrio and strain MOH growing on ethanol, lactate, or pyruvate, diminution of methane produced was stoichiometric with the moles of sulfate added, and the desulfovibrios grew better with sulfate addition. The energetics of the synergistic associations and of the competition between the methanogenic system and sulfate-reducing system as sinks for electrons generated in the oxidation of organic materials such as ethanol, lactate, and acetate are discussed. It is suggested that lack of availability of H2 for growth of methanogens is a major factor in suppression of methanogenesis by sulfate in natural ecosystems. The results with these known mixtures of bacteria suggest that hydrogenase-forming, sulfate-reducing bacteria could be active in some methanogenic ecosystems that are low in sulfate.
Regularities in Software Systems

Regularities, or the conformity to unifying principles, are essential to the comprehensibility, manageability and reliability of large software systems. Yet, as is argued in this paper, the inherent globality of regularities makes them very hard to establish in traditional methods, unless they are imposed on a system by some kind of higher authority. This paper explores an approach to regularities which greatly simplifies their implementation, making them more easily employable for taming of the complexities of large systems. This approach, which is based on the concept of law-governed architecture (LGA), provides system designers and builders with the means for establishing regularities simply by declaring them formally and explicitly as the law of the system. Once such a lawgoverned regularity is declared, it is enforced by the environment in which the system is developed. Although not all desirable regularities can be established this way, it is argued that the range of feasible ”law-governed regularities,” which can be easily defined and efficiently enforced, is sufficiently broad for this to become a powerful software engineering technique.
Sensor Computations in Modular Self Reconfigurable Robots

Sensors play important roles in automatic systems; smart systems have to be equipped with smart sensors. PolyBot, a modular self-reconfigurable robot developed at the Palo Alto Research Center, is designed with a rich set of sensors in each of its 5 cm-cubed modules. These include infra-red (IR), accelerometers, potentiometers, force, and touch sensors. These sensors are used: to determine the current state of the system and its environment; to obtain the six degree-of-freedom offset between two docking plates for automatic reconfiguration; to select the right gait for locomotion; and to trigger different behavior modes in response to different terrain conditions. Sensor computations are computational methods that, given raw sensor data, extract or deduce the state information about the system. This paper discusses two types of sensor computation, forward computation and inverse computation and focuses on two interesting sensor computations in PolyBot: IR 6 DOF ranging and accelerometer 2 DOF orientation.
Zen Macrobiotic Dietary Problems in Infancy

Two infants fed Kokoh, a Zen macrobiotic food mixture comprising cereal grains, legumes, and oil seeds, for a period of several months weighed 4.96 kg and 5.81 kg at 7 and 13 months of age, respectively. Kokoh formulas were evaluated by computation using food composition tables and chemical analysis. The computed energy value of Kokoh was within 3% of that measured by calorimetry. The daily intake of energy by the infants from Kokoh and other supplementary foods was about 400 Calories. This represents only 40% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (R.D.A.) for the United States. The estimated protein intake was 11 gm for one child, and 13 gm for the other. The quality of the Kokoh protein as determined by computation was adequate for growth, but the analytical data suggested that the amino acid pattern was poor. The unsatisfactory nature of the formulas given to the infants was due to excessive dilution. There is a need for more definitive data on the feasibility of feeding infants Kokoh and similar foods, at a concentration that will meet energy needs. Further information is required on the amino acid content of plant foods used for infant feeding. Until more is known about feeding infants on plant food proteins, infants and children fed Kokoh should be kept under strict surveillance.
Preference-for-solitude and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents

Abstract Social withdrawal has been associated with internalizing difficulties across development. Although much is known about shyness, little is known about preference-for-solitude; even less is known about how preference-for-solitude might relate to youth depression in non-Western countries. Using structural equation modeling, this study examined the links between preference-for-solitude and depressive symptoms in 201 young Chinese adolescents (86 boys; M age = 14.21 years). Consistent with past research demonstrating social withdrawal as a multidimensional construct, preference-for-solitude emerged as a related but distinct construct from shyness; youth who preferred to be alone were reliably differentiated from youth who were shy. Additionally, preference-for-solitude was positively associated with negative affect and negative self-esteem after accounting for shyness. These findings closely replicate past research conducted in North America and European settings, and suggest that interventions targeting preferred-solitary youth in early adolescence may prove particularly fruitful across cultures.
Comparison of Traditional Brain Segmentation Tools with 3D Self-Organizing Maps

Algorithm-assisted 3D MR brain segmentation may be significantly faster than manual methods and produce visually pleasing results. We tested two- and three-dimensional region growing (2DRG and 3DRG) and self-organizing map (SOM) algorithms for segmentation of the cerebral ventricles. The SOM algorithm provides the greatest times savings, 12∶1, over manual segmentation. Concern for reproducibility of algorithm-assisted segmentation motivated an intra-operator comparative study of these and manual segmentation methods. One of us, DK, segmented the cerebral ventricles from S 3D MR-scan data sets three times manually and with the three algorithms. When variability is measured as the shape variance of derived landmarks sets, the three algorithm-assisted methods show less intra-operator variability than manual segmentation. The 2DRG and 3DRG segmentations show more variability than SOM. Of the 4 methods, SOM segmentation requires the fewest operator decisions.
DICTADORES O DEMÓCRATAS CONSECUENCIAS DE LA DISTANCIA DE PODER PREVALENTE EN LA ORGANIZACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA

Several impediments to democracy in groups, organizations, communities, and nations in Latin America are discussed in this article. These roadblocks can be traced to the mental models prevalent in the Latin American cultures. The main conclusion is that the Latino tends to be closer to the socio-cultural conditions that favor dictatorships and undermine democracy. More concretely, democratization in Latin America is limited by many variables. Chief among them are: Timidity toward organizational and social change, parochialism, orientation toward the past, preference for the status quo, hierarchy, power distance, classism, sectarianism, authoritarianism, vertical decision-making structures, organizational rigidity, and low social synergy. These features permeate the political cultures in Latin American countries, as well as their managerial cultures. These cultural peculiarities represent serious obstacles to the democratic transformation of organizations and societies in the region. Important changes in values, attitudes, and behaviors (among individuals, organizations, communities, and even nations) are necessary to overcome the impediments discussed here.
The piezoelectric detection of electrode surface processes

Abstract A technique is described for the observation of surface processes (e.g., adsorption, film formation) occurring on solid electrodes using a piezoelectric element to detect the derivative of the surface stress with potential. The technique is illustrated for the case of Pt in 1 M H 2 SO 4 , 1 M HClO 4 and 50 μM AgNO 3 in 1 M HClO 4 . The formation and removal of oxide layers, adsorbed hydrogen and silver on Pt were observed to be in agreement with past electrochemical and optical studies. In addition, evidence for the occurrence of processes difficult to detect by electrochemical methods (e.g., oxide layer transformations) was obtained.
Effect of antidiuretic hormone to the connective tissues of rat renal papilla

Summary We studied a strain of rats with congenital diabetes insipidus homozygote (DI). The collecting tubules could not concentrate urine. Electron microscopy shows cytoplasmic lesions, vacuoles, swelling and degenerating mitochondria in the collecting tubule cells. Heterozygous animals are similar to the normal animals and rarely show the above described lesions. The connective tissue mucopolysaccharide (MPS) in the renal papilla of normal rats stains more intensely with Alcian Blue-PAS than comparable tissue from DI rats. After vasopressin was given daily to the DI rats for a period of more than three weeks, the animals present a normal water intake, an increase in urine osmolality and an increase in MPS in the connective tissue. The cytoplasmic lesions in the collecting tubule cells also disappear. Thus, it seems reasonable to relate the morphologic changes of DI rats to a lack of appropriate ADH activity. Apparently, ADH causes alteration in the polymeric state of the MPS in connective tissue of the papilla and thereby presumably induces changes in permeability.
Some Personal Reflections After 42 Years in Student Affairs

Working in student affairs for more than four decades provided many opportunities to be involved in change, building new programs and facilities, witnessing unparalleled growth in higher education, and seeing the profession itself expand. The period of 1963-2005 was truly a revolution in social expectations in American society, and this period drove the agenda of student affairs administrators. The reason student affairs exists is for the education of students, and the most valuable and rewarding experiences were to be engaged with the lives of students: sharing their struggles and dreams, and being a part of efforts to help them grow.
Tone chroma is functional in melody recognition.

Musical notes can be defined both in terms of their fundamental frequencies (tone height) and their positions in the musical octave (tone chroma). Although there is some evidence indicating that hoth tone height and chroma can contribute to tone perception, Deutsch 11969, 1972) suggested that chroma is not functional in melody recognition. By systematically transforming melodies so as to preserve one or another type of information, Idson and Massaro (1978) de~nonstrated that chroma was also functional in melody recognition. However, in the Idson and Massaro study, subjects repeatedly heard the same melodies and were asked to identify them out of a limited set of possibilities (forced-choice procedure). The repetition of melodies and the forced-choice procedure might have encouraged subjects to develop special recognition strategies. To preclude this possibility, subjects in the present experiments heard each melody only once and were not informed in advance of the possible melodies. When systematic transformations similar to those used by Idson and Massaro were applied to familiar melodies, similar results were found. Therefore, it is unlikely that special recognition strategies were responsible for the results of the Idson and Massaro (1978) study: tone chroma contributes to melody recognition in both types of experimental procedures. The functional role of tone chroma in melody recognition is consistent with the idea that octave generalization not only applies to l:he perception of single tones but also occurs in the perception of successive intervals.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Youths Across Five Sectors of Care

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among youths from the following five public sectors of care: alcohol and drug services (AD), child welfare (CW), juvenile justice (JJ), mental health (MH), and public school services for youths with serious emotional disturbance (SED) in San Diego, California. Method The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was administered between October 1997 and January 1999 for 1,618 randomly selected youths aged 6–18 years who were active in at least one of the five sectors. Results Fifty-four percent of the participants met criteria for at least one study disorder. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (50%) were much more common than anxiety (10%) or mood (7%) disorders. Youths who were active in the MH and SED sectors were more likely than those not in these sectors to meet criteria for a disorder; youths in the CW sector were least likely. Conclusions Rates of psychiatric disorders, specifically ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders, are extremely high for youths in public sectors of care. Rates are generally higher in sectors designed to serve youths with psychiatric needs, but the prevalence of disorders was also high in sectors not specifically designed for this need (e.g., CW and JJ).
Designing smarter touch-based interfaces for educational contexts

In next-generation classrooms and educational environments, interactive technologies such as surface computing, natural gesture interfaces, and mobile devices will enable new means of motivating and engaging students in active learning. Our foundational studies provide a corpus of over 10,000 touch interactions and nearly 7,000 gestures collected from nearly 70 adults and children aged 7 years and above, which can help us understand the characteristics of children's interactions in these modalities and how they differ from adults. Based on these data, we identify key design and implementation challenges of supporting children's touch and gesture interactions, and we suggest ways to address them. For example, we find children have more trouble successfully acquiring onscreen targets and having their gestures recognized than do adults, especially the youngest age group (7---10 years old). The contributions of this work provide a foundation that will enable touch-based interactive educational apps that increase student success.
IT-09PHASE I STUDY OF SAFETY, TOLERABILITY AND IMMUNOLOGIC EFFECTS OF A SURVIVIN PEPTIDE MIMIC VACCINE (SurVaxM) IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT MALIGNANT GLIOMA

BACKGROUND: Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) that is highly expressed in malignant gliomas and other cancers. Induction of cytotoxic immunity against survivin is an attractive antitumor strategy. Preclinical studies demonstrated the ability of a KLH-conjugated survivin peptide mimic (SVN53-67/M57-KLH; SurVaxM) to induce an immune response capable of inhibiting the growth of gliomas in mice, and killing human glioma cells ex vivo. The vaccine is predicted to be immunogenic in humans with HLA-A*02, HLA-A*03, HLA-A*24 and other haplotypes and pre-clinical studies demonstrate potent and specific cytokine-supported antitumor CTL responses. METHODS: Nine patients with survivin-positive, recurrent malignant gliomas and either HLA-A*02 or HLA-A*03 haplotypes received a series of 4 subcutaneous injections of SurVaxM at 2 week intervals. MRIs were performed at baseline, week 8, and at subsequent intervals. RESULTS: SurVaxM was well tolerated with no SAE, and mostly grade one AE. 6 of 9 patients experienced grade 1 localized erythema at the injection site, likely related to the vaccine. 3 patients reported grades 1 or 2 fatigue, 2/9 experienced myalgia, possibly related to the study drug. Grade 1 lymphopenia was seen in 3/9 patients and grade 1 or 2 leukopenia was recorded in 3 patients. The only grade 3 AE, a seizure, was not related to the vaccine. The majority of patients developed specific cellular and humoral immune responses to survivin and 3 of 8 patients (all with GBM), who are evaluable for clinical response, have stable disease after more than 12 months of follow-up. All others have had progressive disease. Survival data will be described. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the safety and tolerability of SurVaxM in patients with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma following failure of standard therapy. SurVaxM proved to be immunogenic in most patients. A phase II clinical trial of SurVaxM is planned.