cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of yoga on oxidative stress, motor function, and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of Hatha yoga on oxidative stress, motor function, and non-motor symptoms among individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The study has a pilot randomized controlled trial design with two arms: an immediate treatment group and a wait-list control group. The yoga-for-PD program was implemented via twice weekly 60-min group-based classes for 12 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 6 months post-intervention. Outcome measures included oxidative stress, motor function, physical activity, cognitive function, sleep quality, and quality of life. Data on program acceptability and yoga adherence were collected during the intervention and at 6 months post-intervention. Participants (n = 20) had a mean age of 63 years (SD 8, range 49–75) and disease duration 4.8 years (SD 2.9, range 1–13). All participants had mild-moderate disease severity; 18 (90%) were on dopaminergic medications. Seventeen participants (85%) attended at least 75% of the classes and 4 (20%) attended all classes. Most participants (n = 17) reported they “definitely enjoyed” the intervention program. No adverse events were reported. At 12 weeks, there were no major differences in blood oxidative stress markers between the two groups. Motor function based on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale was better in the treatment group, but their scores on sleep and outlook in Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life (PDQUALIF) Scale and the physical activity levels based on the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam Physical Activity Questionnaire were worse than those of the control group. In within-group comparisons, motor function, cognitive function, and catalase improved but three PDQUALIF domains (social and role function, sleep, and outlook) and physical activity level worsened by the end of the yoga intervention program compared to baseline. The response rate for the 6-month follow-up survey was 74% (n = 14) with six participants (43%) who signed up for a yoga class and four (29%) who practiced it independently. Health problems were the main barrier to yoga practice. Yoga is feasible and acceptable and may serve as a complementary method for improving motor function in PD. Further research using a larger sample size is needed to determine its impact on oxidative stress and non-motor symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02509610031.
Clinical Predictors of Rapid Gastric Emptying in Patients Presenting with Dyspeptic Symptoms

Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) is defined as less than 30% retention at 1 h of solid meal ingestion. It is unclear whether RGE represents a separated clinical entity or part of the functional dyspepsia spectrum. To determine clinical predictors of RGE in patients presenting with dyspeptic symptoms. Retrospective study of patients who underwent solid Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy to evaluate dyspeptic symptoms from January 2011 to September 2012. Patients with delayed gastric emptying (> 10% gastric retention at 4 h) or prior gastric surgery were excluded. Patients with RGE were compared to those with normal gastric emptying (NGE) in a patient ratio of 1:3. Demographic data, symptoms, comorbidities, surgeries, endoscopy findings, medications, HbA1c, and TSH were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. A total of 808 patients were included, 202 patients with RGE and 606 patients with NGE. Mean gastric retention at 1 h was 18% [12.0, 24.0] and 65% [52.0, 76.0], respectively. Patient with RGE were more likely to present with nausea/vomiting (OR 2.4, p < 0.001), weight loss (OR 1.7, p = 0.008), and autonomic symptoms (OR 2.8, p = 0.022). Identified clinical predictors of RGE were older age (OR 1.08 [1.01, 1.1], p = 0.018), male gender (OR 2.0 [1.4, 2.9], p ≤ <0.001), higher BMI (OR 1.03 [1.00, 1.05], p = 0.018), diabetes (OR 1.8 [1.2, 2.7], p = 0.05), and fundoplication (OR 4.3 [2.4, 7.7], p ≤ 0.001). RGE represents a distinct population among patients presenting with dyspepsia in whom fundoplication, diabetes, and male gender were the strongest clinical predictors. RGE was significantly associated with nausea/vomiting, weight loss, and autonomic symptoms.
Nematode Community Structure and Biodiversity in Relation to Submerged Aquatic Vegetation at Currituck Sound, North Carolina

Abstract: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) in coastal habitats plays critical roles because it protects coastlines, prevents erosion, provides nursery habitat, and dissolved oxygen. Meiobenthic c...
Wave Theory Predictions of Crest Kinematics

In much of the practice of coastal and ocean engineering, the question of which wave theory to use has been largely of academic interest. Consideration of shallow water and/or higher order wave theories has been complicated by the relative inaccessibility of these theories. The literature is extensive and frequently confusing, which has often led to the adoption of linear wave theory, whether or not it is appropriate. In much of the practical parameter range, mathematical predictions for steady, progressive waves are available from a range of orders from Stokes, Cnoidal and Fourier theories. The differences are often considerable.
Mainstreaming Approach for Behaviorally Disordered Secondary Students in a Rural School District

This study assesses the efficacy of a systematic program of intervention designed to facilitate a goodness of fit between behavior problem secondary level students and a particular rural school sys...
Nonlocal continuum plasticity

Abstract In classical continuum theory, the constitutive model of a material point can be solely defined from certain characteristic properties at that point. The coupling to the rest of continuum body is governed by the standard balanced equations and through the stress tensor. These families of continuum models are categorized as the local models. Local continuum models incorporate no length scale, and scaling of the specimen size does not change the governing equations. In reality, however, due to the material heterogeneities, the material behavior is size dependent. In fact, as the sample size becomes comparable to the length of the nature of heterogeneities, such as aggregate size in concrete, the governing mechanism of deformation becomes a function of sample length. At least one length scale should be incorporated into the material model to capture the size effects in different materials which leads to the nonlocal continuum models. Various methods have been developed to incorporate the size effects in plasticity through different procedures. The nonlocal plasticity models can be categorized as two families. First, the models which addresses size effects by incorporating additional kinematic variables in addition to strain including higher order gradient of displacement. Furthermore, the weighted spatial averages of strain can be also included in this category. Second, the nonlocal models which modify the constitutive equation by adding the gradients of the internal variables or their thermodynamic conjugates. Again, the weighted spatial averages of internal variables and their thermodynamic conjugates are accounted as the same group. Another way to categorize the nonlocal plasticity models is based on an operator used to capture size effects which includes the gradient and integral-type models. In this chapter, local and nonlocal plasticity models will be discussed in both frameworks of small strain and finite strain continuum mechanics.
The Natural History of Iron Deficiency Anemia.

Abstract Background Current evidence suggests that adult men and nonmenstruating women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) should undergo gastrointestinal (GI) evaluation to detect a potential bleeding lesion. We hypothesized that after endoscopic evaluation and treatment, IDA would be expected to resolve. Thus, we aimed to understand the natural history of IDA, in particular long-term outcomes. Materials and Methods Adult patients with IDA (defined as anemia and ferritin Results A total of 93 patients were included, with a mean follow-up of 6 years. A lesion (either an upper or lower GI) consistent with chronic blood loss and IDA was identified in 54 patients (58%). Overall, only 14 patients with endoscopic lesions and 16 patients without endoscopic lesions, totaling 30/93 (33%) of all patients, had complete resolution of their anemia. In the 63/93 (67%) who remained anemic after medical management, 33 underwent repeat endoscopy(ies), which identified 7 new lesions (7 different patients), all in the upper GI tract. Among the patients who remained anemic after initial evaluation, no new GI malignancies were identified during follow-up. Conclusions Many patients with IDA, with or without GI tract lesions thought to be responsible for their IDA, remain anemic despite adequate therapy during long-term follow-up. In this study, after appropriate initial GI evaluation, even in those patients with persistent IDA, new GI malignancies were not identified.
A Frequency Domain Multiplexing Technique for Multi-Channel Detector Instrumentation

Abstract—Radiation detection often requires several detectors to be employed at once. Normally, each detector outputs a signal that must be transported, digitized, and stored. One common format for these signals is a finite, aperiodic pulse. Since the detector and data acquisition system are not necessarily physically close, transporting signals from several detectors to a central data acquisition system often requires the use of many cables. The technique presented here allows for the combination and later recovery of a number of analog detector signals using a single cable, by shifting their content to narrow bands in the frequency domain and summing them together into a single channel for transmission. The output is a linear combination of decaying sinusoids, whose peak frequencies and bandwidths in the frequency domain are controlled by inductor, resistor, and capacitor values in the circuit. By separating the outputs by several megahertz, and lowering the bandwidth to about 1 MHz, we can isolate each signal. The timing of the original input can be recovered by taking the inverse Fourier transform of the isolated peak and identifying the start time of the resulting single decaying sinusoid. The energy of the input signal is proportional to the square root of the integral of the corresponding power spectrum peak. We show that energy spectra can be reconstructed with minimal additions to energy resolution. We also show that coincidence timing measurements can be performed with an uncertainty smaller than 2 ns. The result is an N to 1 reduction in cabling, with obvious cost and complexity gains. Since most of the signal content exists only in a band around each peak frequency, noise outside of these bands does not impact the performance.
A Robust Hybrid Heavy Ball Algorithm for Optimization with High Performance

This paper proposes hybrid control algorithms for optimization of a convex objective function with fast convergence, reduced oscillations, and robustness. Developed using hybrid system tools, the algorithms feature a uniting control strategy, in which two standard heavy ball algorithms, one used globally and another used locally, with properly designed gravity and friction parameters, are employed. The proposed hybrid control strategy switches the parameters to converge quickly to the set of minimizers of the convex objective function without oscillations. A hybrid control algorithm implementing a switching strategy that measures the objective function and its gradient, and another algorithm that only measures its gradient, are designed. Key properties of the resulting closed-loop systems, including existence of solutions, asymptotic stability, and robustness, are analyzed. Numerical results validate the findings.
Caring for Dying Children.

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross provided an impetus for physicians and patients to begin thinking in new ways—or to begin thinking at all—about death and dying. Kubler-Ross' work led to expectations about ch...
Phthalate exposure and neurodevelopment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human epidemiological evidence.

Abstract Objective We performed a systematic review of the epidemiology literature to identify the neurodevelopmental effects associated with phthalate exposure. Data sources and study eligibility criteria Six phthalates were included in the review: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). The initial literature search (of PubMed, Web of Science, and Toxline) included all studies of neurodevelopmental effects in humans, and outcomes were selected for full systematic review based on data availability. Study evaluation and synthesis methods Studies of neurodevelopmental effects were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for risk of bias and sensitivity by two reviewers using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and phthalate and strength of evidence was summarized using a structured framework. For studies of cognition and motor effects in children ≤4 years old, a random effects meta-analysis was performed. Results The primary outcomes reviewed here are (number of studies in parentheses): cognition (14), motor effects (9), behavior, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (20), infant behavior (3), and social behavior, including autism spectrum disorder (7). For each phthalate/outcome combination, there was slight or indeterminate evidence of an association, with the exception of motor effects for BBP, which had moderate evidence. Conclusions and implications of key findings Overall, there is not a clear pattern of association between prenatal phthalate exposures and neurodevelopment. There are several possible reasons for the observed null associations related to exposure misclassification, periods of heightened susceptibility, sex-specific effects, and the effects of phthalate mixtures. Until these limitations are adequately addressed in the epidemiology literature, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence that there are no neurodevelopmental effects of phthalate exposure. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
Hair Transplantation in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Lichen Planopilaris: A Systematic Review.

Objective Evolving hair transplantation (HT) techniques have offered new possibilities for hair restoration. However, the role of HT in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) and lichen planopilaris (LPP) remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes and temporal relationship of HT in this population. Methods A literature search of three databases was conducted. We reviewed 1) literature reporting outcomes of patients with LPP or FFA who received HT, and 2) studies reporting the development of LPP or FFA resulting from HT. Results Thirteen articles included 42 patients that provided data for evaluation. Fifteen patients had previously been diagnosed with FFA or LPP, and the remaining 27 patients developed disease after undergoing HT. Seven patients with FFA and eight patients with LPP received HT, with a mean sustained disease remission of 2.69 years prior to HT. In total, two of seven (29%) patients with FFA and five of eight (75%) patients with LPP experienced positive HT results over a follow-up period of 8-72 months. Interestingly, 27 patients without evidence of previous disease developed FFA or LPP following HT after a median duration of 16 months. Conclusions HT for LPP and FFA is feasible but results may be less favorable compared to HT for other causes. Outcomes may be more favorable for LPP than FFA but this was not statistically significant and evidence is very limited. FFA and LPP can also develop following HT in patients without previous evidence of disease. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 131:59-66, 2021.
Other People’s Children: Conscience, Complicity, and Collective Engagement

Integrating personal stories of maternal connection and separation with a detailed analysis of the 2018 crisis of migrant family separation in the United States, this autoethnographic essay examine...
CNT Conductive Epoxy Composite Metamaterials: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization

In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) epoxy composite films were fabricated, characterized, and tested as resonant, plasmonic metamaterials. CNT-epoxy formulations, containing diverse CNT loadings, were fabricated and templates were used to generate repeating arrays of squares of diverse dimensions. Their absorption characteristics were characterized by collecting free space reflectivity data in the microwave band, using an arch setup in an anechoic chamber. Data were collected from 2 to 20 GHz. The materials behavior was modeled using a standard unit-cell-based finite element model, and the experimental and calculated data were compared. The experimental results were successfully reproduced with appropriate adjustments to relative permittivity of the composite films. This research demonstrates the ability to use CNT-based conductive composites for manufacturing metamaterials, offering a potentially lighter-weight alternative in place of traditional metal films. Lower conductivity than other conductors causes a widening of the absorption curves, providing a wider band of frequency absorption.
LONG-TERM VARIABILITY OF SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY QUASARS

We use a sample of 3791 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Early Data Release and compare their photometry with historic plate material for the same set of quasars in order to study their variability properties. The time baseline we attain this way ranges from a few months to up to 50 yr. In contrast to monitoring programs, where relatively few quasars are photometrically measured over shorter time periods, we use existing databases to extend this baseline as much as possible, at the cost of sampling per quasar. Our method, however, can easily be extended to much larger samples. We construct variability structure functions and compare these with the literature and model functions. From our modeling, we conclude that (1) quasars are more variable toward shorter wavelengths, (2) their variability is consistent with an exponentially decaying light curve with a typical timescale of ~2 yr, and (3) these outbursts occur on typical timescales of ~200 yr. With the upcoming first data release of the SDSS, a much larger quasar sample can be used to put these conclusions on a more secure footing.
Pooled testing with compressive sensing

In this work, we consider compressed sensing based pooled testing, where k out of n items are defective (with a non-zero state). Each time, a subset of items are mixed together, and a real-valued quantitative measurement is obtained, where the measurement equals a random linear combination of the states of the mixed items. Our objective is to detect the k defective items based on the quantitative measurements. This problem arises in a variety of applications, including viral infection diagnosis, network state inference, etc. We assume that each item can be mixed in a limited number of tests, and the mixing coefficients are drawn independently according to a standard Gaussian distribution. We obtain sufficient conditions on the number of tests required for the exact detection of the defective items using an exhaustive search decoder. Our result indicates that the sample complexity scales in the order of O( k^_ log(nk )), where ^_ is approximately the minimum of the n proportions of tests that include individual items. Our result recovers the optimal sample complexity in compressive sensing when ^_ = 1. The performance of the exhaustive search decoder is evaluated numerically under various assumptions on the mixing constraints, signal to noise ratio, and sparsity level.
Forecasting discharge rate and chloride content of karstic spring water by applying the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm

The Mediterranean countries' coastal-karstic aquifer systems are facing increased pressure due to seawater intrusion and drought impacts. There is a need to understand better karstic systems' functional mechanisms for developing the most appropriate management scenario of water resources in these systems. In this study, the application of Non-Linear Autoregressive neural networks (NAR) on a dataset from mid-1968 to 1994 was deployed for predicting values of discharge flow rates and salinity of Almyros spring (Heraklion-Crete, Greece). Two neural networks were trained for the prediction of the discharge rates and the chloride concentration. The neural networks operated with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm's aid and attained a coefficient of determination R = 0.83, and R = 0.86, respectively, indicating a high degree of prediction capacity.
Too Hot to Handle?: Native Advertising and the Firestone Dilemma

Native advertisements are advertisements that mimic the format and content of non-paid for content that surrounds them. Instead of interrupting the content being consumed, native advertisements become part of that content—they are largely indistinguishable from other tweets, posts, videos, and pictures appearing on a given platform. Because of this unique format, native advertisements are often content that consumers want to engage with. This reformulation of advertising has radically remade the process of persuading consumers to act, believe, and consume. And, over the past two decades, native advertising has become both a ubiquitous part of everyday content consumption and an ever-growing, billion-dollar industry. Unfortunately for consumers, native advertising is also very deceptive. While most people believe they differentiate native advertising from non-advertising content, that is unfortunately not the case. To make matters worse, most native advertising does not include a disclosure that it is advertising—and even when a disclosure is present, most consumers still fail to recognize the content as advertising. To paraphrase contemporary native advertising scholars, we live in a world where consumers cannot tell an advertisement and a non-advertisement apart. To control native advertising deception, the Federal Trade Commission has promulgated numerous subregulatory guidance documents, initiated enforcement actions, and engaged with regulated parties through educational events. The FTC’s goal has been to ensure that native advertising is transparent to consumers and that consumer deception from native advertising falls below 15% consumer deception—the threshold established in Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Federal Trade Commission. The outcome of these concerted efforts is an array of unclear, even contradictory guidelines that have worked against achieving the FTC’s goals. This Note proposes that the FTC adopt an easily met strict liability framework for native advertising disclosure. That framework would require that each native advertisement have a disclosure with three elements: (1) the disclosure must include the language “Paid Advertisement” or “Paid Ad”; (2) the disclosure must include the name (and also logo, if available) of the party paying for the advertisement; (3) the first and second elements must be in close proximity to each other and to the advertisement itself. This Note argues the FTC should adopt this framework because it is empirically likely to reduce native advertising deception below the Firestone threshold. Furthermore, this framework will also produce simple, clear guidelines that balance the FTC’s consumer protection interests with the commercial interests of regulated parties.
Alluvial response to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum climatic event, Polecat Bench, Wyoming (U.S.A.)

Abstract The stratigraphic interval spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming shows changes in the alluvial record that can be tied to a high resolution climate record. The complexity and stratigraphic spacing of paleosols change through the study section. Comparison to the climate record, reconstructed from paleosols, indicates the changes correspond to Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum climatic fluctuations. In particular, the middle of the section contains thick, welded paleosols and thin avulsion deposits that link to times of well-drained floodplains and lower mean annual precipitation. Stratigraphic intervals below and above the main part of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum interval correspond to times of less well drained floodplains and higher mean annual precipitation. These strata contain thinner paleosols and thick avulsion deposits. Differences in paleosol complexity and spacing suggest that sediment flux to the depositional site varied in response to precipitation fluctuations associated with the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Welded paleosols and thin avulsion deposits indicate reduced floodplain accretion during deposition of the middle of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Intervals with widely spaced paleosols indicate more rapid accretion. We hypothesize that drier episodes associated with warming caused reduced vegetation in source areas and promoted erosion and increased sediment yield. Because precipitation was reduced, much of that sediment was stored in upstream reaches of the fluvial system rather than moving to the depositional basin. Welded paleosols formed because of diminished sediment supply to the basin. With a return to wetter conditions during the recovery phase of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, upstream water flux increased, stored sediment moved to the basin, and vertically spaced, thinner paleosols developed. The results demonstrate how vertical sections of alluvial paleosols can provide information on how climate fluctuated through time and how the fluvial system responded to climate change.
Principles of Radiation Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma

Radiation therapy (RT) is a major component of the current successful treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). For decades, radiation was used alone to cure the majority of patients with HL; RT is still the most effective single agent in the oncologic armamentarium for this disease, and RT alone remains the treatment of choice for patients with early-stage lymphocyte predominance HL (LPHL) and for selected patients with classical HL who have contraindications to chemotherapy. Currently, most patients with HL are treated with combined-modality programs in which RT is given as consolidation after chemotherapy. As the role of RT has transformed over the years from a single modality into a component of combined-modality therapy, the classic principles of RT fields, dose, and technique have fundamentally changed.
Random coil chemical shifts in acidic 8 M urea : Implementation of random coil shift data in NMRView

Studies of proteins unfolded in acid or chemical denaturant can help in unraveling events during the earliest phases of protein folding. In order for meaningful comparisons to be made of residual structure in unfolded states, it is necessary to use random coil chemical shifts that are valid for the experimental system under study. We present a set of random coil chemical shifts obtained for model peptides under experimental conditions used in studies of denatured proteins. This new set, together with previously published data sets, has been incorporated into a software interface for NMRView, allowing selection of the random coil data set that fits the experimental conditions best.
The use of ICPMS for stable isotope tracer studies in humans: a review

The use of stable isotope tracers in human studies is a rapidly growing research field that benefits from the many new developments in inorganic mass spectrometric instrumentation and from the better availability of mass spectrometric techniques to nutritional scientists during the last three decades. Traditionally, thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) has been the preferred technique for these studies, but the development of new inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICPMS) techniques with better isotope-ratio measurement and interference-removal capabilities (e.g. single and multi-detector ICPMS and reaction/collision cell ICPMS) has enabled broader use of ICPMS for determination of stable isotope tracers in nutritional research. This review discusses the current and future use of ICPMS in stable isotope tracer studies in humans.
Effects of fine-scale plant arrangement on grassland establishment

Plants and their ramets often occur through space in non-random arrangements, potentially due to effects of local dispersal, competition with neighbors, and heterogeneity in the environment. Given that a plant’s potential influence on others is limited in space, such plant pattern likely affects community dynamics. The studies presented further our understanding of effects of plant pattern by addressing if, and in what ways, fine-scale plant arrangement affects perennial grassland communities. In restored grasslands, I found that seeding method affected pattern formation, likely due to effects of altering local seed density and the depth at which seeds were sown. In these grasslands, fine-scale plant arrangement explained aspects of invader abundance that were not accounted for by plot-scale richness and evenness measures. In an experimental system, initial plant arrangement was related to subsequent invasion, but hypotheses concerning effects of arrangement on species coexistence were not supported. In total, these findings suggest that plant pattern may affect communities independently of the number and abundances of the species present and have implications for how practitioners might use knowledge of effects of initial plant arrangement to improve restoration success. Future studies will assess the mechanisms that underlie these responses and continue to investigate if restoration success may be improved by altering initial plant arrangement.
Fourier analysis of clamped moderately thick arbitrarily laminated plates

Nomenclature Ay, By, DIJ = extensional, (bending-stretching) coupling, and bending rigidities, respectively a, b = dimensions of the plate parallel to the x\ and x2 axes, respectively EI = Young's modulus in the */ direction GIJ = shear modulus in the i-j plane (/ j*j) h = total thickness of a laminated plate K = shear correction factor m, n = modal wave numbers in x\ and x2 directions, respectively TV/, Mj = in-plane stress resultants and stress couples, respectively q = distributed transverse load HI = components of displacement at the reference surface fa, x2, 0) in x/ direction Xj = orthogonal Cartesian coordinates j>i2 = major Poisson's ratio in the xrx2 plane 0/ = rotation of the normal to the reference surface
Chapter 38 Intracerebral hemorrhage

Publisher Summary Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from arterial bleeding directly into brain parenchyma. In defining the pathogenesis, risk factors, and clinical course of primary ICH, evidence suggests that the location of hemorrhage is important. Deep hemispheric ICH (deep ICH) is a result of rupture of small arterioles most commonly in the putamen or thalamus. Lobar intracranial hemorrhage (lobar ICH) results from rupture of small and medium-sized arteries in the hemispheric subcortical white matter and is most commonly associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The prevalence of hypertension in different populations plays an important role in risk of ICH. Genetic risk factors for ICH have been implicated by studies showing increased risk conferred by having an affected family member. Dementia has generally been considered a major risk factor for CAA-related lobar ICH because of the close molecular relationship between CAA and Alzheimer's disease. Other risk factors for ICH have been examined, including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and serum cholesterol. The chapter discusses the pathophysiologic features of ICH, Clinical features and diagnosis of ICH, and Treatment methods of ICH. The chapter also discusses the iatrogenic causes of ICH which includes warfarin anticoagulation, heparin, fibrinolytic agents, antiplatelet agents, and other drugs associated with ICH.
An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior

Abstract We present a model that integrates findings from several areas to explain in parallel the voluntary acts of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). CWB is behavior, such as aggression or sabotage, intended to hurt the organization or its employees. OCB is prosocial behavior intended to help. A variety of job/organizational conditions (constraints on performance, job stressors, injustice, or violation of psychological contract) will elicit emotional reactions. Negative emotion will tend to increase the likelihood of CWB and positive emotion will increase the likelihood of OCB. CWB is associated with the personality characteristics of trait anger and anxiety, locus of control, and delinquency. OCB is associated with empathy and perceived ability to help. We discuss how management of emotion-eliciting conditions and events can help control voluntary behavior in a way that leads to both employee and organization well-being.
Cross-Border Insolvency and the Discharge of Debts

Although the English literature on cross-border insolvency dates back almost two centuries, it is only during the last two decades that the subject has truly emerged from the shadows. The growing awareness of cross-border insolvency issues is no doubt closely bound to the increasing pace of globalization, although a number of spectacular collapses – often referred to as ‘mega-insolvencies’ – have also been a factor. It is therefore of some interest to note that a small scene in the BCCI saga, surely one of the most notorious mega-insolvencies, was recently played out before the Privy Council. Wight v. Eckhardt Marine GmbH firstly explored the relationship between the debt owed to a creditor and the statutory trust that arises in English law when the court makes a winding-up order; and secondly, in relation to the private international law rule that the discharge of a debt is determined by the governing (proper) law, it examined the effect of a discharge in a situation where a creditor had already submitted a proof in the local liquidation prior to the discharge of the debt under the foreign governing law.
Dietary effects on resting metabolic rate in C57BL/6 mice are differentially detected by indirect (O2/CO2 respirometry) and direct calorimetry.

Abstract Resting metabolic rate (RMR) studies frequently involve genetically-manipulated mice and high fat diets (HFD). We hypothesize that the use of inadequate methods impedes the identification of novel regulators of RMR. This idea was tested by simultaneously measuring RMR by direct calorimetry and respirometry in C57BL/6J mice fed chow, 45% HFD, and then returned to chow. Comparing results during chow feeding uncovered an underestimation of RMR by respirometry (0.010 ± 0.001 kcal/h, P P P
Burnside's theorem for representations of Hopf algebras

For a swift proof see [I]. This theorem has been generalized by Steinberg [7] to essentially the case of (possibly infinite) semigroups. Our first theorem is a generalization of Burnside’s theorem to the case of Hopf algebras, which we feel is probably the most natural setting for the theorem. Next we obtain an upper bound on the number of tensor products needed in the case of a finite dimensional Hopf algebra. Finally we show how Steinberg’s theorem, and so Burnside’s theorem, are consequences of our theorem for Hopf algebras.
Kinetics of carbon deposition in a fluidized bed

Rate data were obtained for the deposition of carbon films from methane and acetylene in fluidized beds of alumina, uranium dioxide, uranium monocarbide, uranium dicarbide, and a solid solution of uranium-thorium dicarbide powders. These carbon films were shown to provide excellent protection for the powdered fertile material against attack by hot concentrated nitric-acid solutions. The coated uranium - thorium dicarbide particles were also shown to be stable in humid air. (auth)
Exploring the relation between polarized light fields and physical-optical characteristics of the ocean for remote sensing applications

Measurements of light intensity, often from space borne sensors, have been used to investigate the optical properties of the constituents of Earth's ecosystem. In ocean color research, water-leaving radiance can give useful information about inherent optical properties (IOPs). Additional consideration of polarization of the water-leaving radiance can lead to a better understanding of the physical and optical characteristics of the water body. Polarization properties strongly depend on particle microphysics, such as refractive index, effective radius, size distribution, and single scattering albedo. Using radiative transfer simulations of the polarized light field for various ranges of water constituents, we were able to develop relationships between the degree of polarization (DOP) and the ratio of hydrosol absorption to attenuation coefficient. This relationship was then studied for different viewing geometries of the polarized light and for different sun positions. A Neural Network sensitivity analysis was also performed to better understand the dependence of DOP on microphysical parameters.
Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who acutely decompensate may benefit from admission to the ICU. Patients with COPD admitted to an ICU for an acute exacerbation of COPD have a hospital mortality between 10% and 25% with a 1- year mortality of about 40%. However, the need for mechanical ventilation appears not to influence either short- or long-term outcome; therefore, the need for mechanical ventilation should not be used as a reason for not offering respiratory support. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is a viable alternative to endotracheal intubation in patients with a COPD exacerbation, and depending on the circumstances, this may be instituted on a general medical floor, a step-down unit, or in a medical ICU. NPPV should be considered in patients with severe COPD who have indicated their preference for the limitation of life-sustaining therapy.
Note on Word Frequency as a Factor in Perception of Category Size

Ratings of category size were found to be affected by the normative frequency of the words representing the category with low-frequency exemplars decreasing perceived category size.
Aspergillus flavus infection of developing cottonseed: Microscopical determination of mycelial progression and associated aflatoxin formation

The mechanisms by which toxigenicAspergillus flavus gains access into cottonseed are not well understood. Microscopy used in conjunction with chemical assays has provided insight into some fungus-plant interactions leading to fungal infection of the seed. Growth of fungus was traced by optical and electron microscopy from inoculated wounds in the boll surface, through underlying fibers and into the seed. Hyphae were found growing under the chalazal cap of a seed after it had been dried slowly. Presence of fungal hyphae and spores was verified on seed parts where no toxin was found. In sliced seed, the decreasing thickness during embryogenesis of the nucellus membrane surrounding the embryo was shown and this thinning may be correlated with periods of maximum toxin formation.
Artemal PCO2, in awake cats calculated from gas tensions in subcutaneous pockets

Abstract Arterial P CO 2 , has been calculated from the tensions measured in subcutaneous gas pockets in awake unrestrained cats. Pa CO 2 , was found to be 29.9 mm Hg ±0.3 mm Hg (SEM).
Inter-firm Collaboration and Technology Development Partnerships Within US Manufacturing Industries

The paper examines the conditions under which firms enter into technology development partnerships with customers, suppliers and other firms. Three conceptual approaches to inter-firm collaboration are examined, namely: transactions costs theory; resource-strategy theories of the firm; and network theory. Drawing upon data collected in a mailed questionnaire survey of US manufacturing establishments in the chemical, electronics and instruments industries, I assess empirically various determinants of inter-firm collaboration in technology development. The empirical work suggests that large firms, and firms located in major urban centres, are more likely to enter into technology development partnerships. Firms located in a specialized industrial agglomeration do not demonstrate a greater propensity toward entering into technology development partnerships with customers, suppliers or other firms. Cet article cherche a examiner les conditions sous lesquelles les entreprises concluent des partenariats technolo...
Drift-Modified Tearing Instabilities Due to Trapped Electrons

It is shown that the collisional detrapping of magnetically trapped electrons in tokamaks can excite drift tearing modes with high azimuthal mode numbers. For normal temperature gradients ($\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{T}_{e}}{d\mathrm{ln}n}g0$), the modes are unstable in the collisional regime (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}g{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{^{*}e}$), but stable in the collisionless regime (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}l{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{^{*}e}$).
Chance-Constrained Transmission Switching With Guaranteed Wind Power Utilization

Due to the significant variability and uncertainty of wind power over short time scales, high penetration of wind power can be problematic in an electric grid. One of the critical issues is how to keep increasing wind penetration without jeopardizing grid security and reliability. This paper explores the possibility of changing transmission network topology, by transmission switching, to accommodate higher utilization of wind power and reduce the generation costs of thermal units. Considering the uncertainty in wind power output, we use chance constraints to ensure that the wind energy utilized exceeds a minimal usage level at a certain probability. We develop a deterministic approximation approach using sample average approximation and provide a strong extended formulation. Numerical results show the potential benefit the proposed model can achieve.
The prediction of vapor—liquid equilibrium from heat of mixing data of binary hydrocarbon—ether and hydrocarbon—aldehyde mixtures

Abstract The method of Hanks, Gupta and Christensen for predicting vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) from heat of mixing ( h E ) data was applied to binary hydrocarbon-ether and hydrocarbon-aldehyde mixtures. Parameters for the Continuous Linear Association Model (CLAM) of Renon and Prausnitz were determined from h E data measured at a temperature of 298.15 K for most of the mixtures. These parameters were used to predict VLE data at higher temperatures. It was not possible to evaluate parameters at the temperatures at which VLE data were measured because h E data were not available at these temperatures. Nevertheless, the method seems to be able to account properly for the temperature dependence of VLE data. Results can be considered satisfactory given the large differences of temperature existing between the correlated VLE and h E data.
Physical-biological interactions in North Pacific oxygen variability

[1] We investigate the temporal variability of oxygen in the upper water column of the North Pacific using a hindcast ocean model. The model embeds simple biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and O2 within an isopycnal circulation model that is forced at the surface by historical atmospheric conditions. The resulting O2 variability is spatially and temporally complex, but includes large-scale O2 decreases between the 1980s and 1990s in the subpolar region, and simultaneous O2 increases in the subtropics. These simulated changes are similar in pattern to those observed along repeat transects (Emerson et al., 2004), suggesting that the model captures key mechanisms of late twentieth century O2 variability in the North Pacific. Additional simulations were performed to distinguish O2 changes due to variability in biology, ventilation, and circulation. Regional trends in export production drive significant oxygen changes that are focused in the upper thermocline, where remineralization rates are largest. However, shallow biological O2 changes are often balanced by opposing physically driven O2 changes. In contrast, physical processes of ventilation and circulation are found to be the dominant cause of model O2 variability in the lower ventilated thermocline, where observed O2 anomalies are the largest. These results suggest that O2 variability in the lower ventilated thermocline may be a useful tracer of physical climate change in the North Pacific, while changes in the biological pump may be difficult to detect on the basis of O2 trends alone. Continued analysis of historical patterns of subsurface O2 variability will provide important further tests of these conclusions.
Minimalistic sample preparation strategies for LC-MS quantification of large molecule biopharmaceuticals: a case study highlighting alpha-1 antitrypsin protein.

Background: Large molecule biotherapeutics pose a distinctive bioanalytical challenge for LC–MS assay development, particularly when optimizing sample enrichment steps. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is used as an example for highlighting large-molecule assay-development strategies. Results: Two sensitive and selective LC–MS/MS-based quantification assays were developed. Fit-for-purpose assay qualifications for BAL and serum matrices were performed by assessing sensitivity, precision and accuracy, dilution linearity and interferences. Conclusion: Our approach to sample preparation focuses on optimizing the simplest methodology necessary to generate fit-for-purpose bioanalytical assays. To measure AAT protein levels in preclinical species with selectivity and increased assay sensitivity, a minimalistic sample preparation strategy was adopted that included either traditional direct digestion or a more complicated immunoprecipitation enrichment process.
Gibbons confirmed as science adviser

On January 28, John H. Gibbons, President Clinton's nominee for director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, was confirmed by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. During the January 26 confirmation hearing he outlined his thinking on a number of science policy issues, including his relationship to Vice-President Al Gore on science policy development. Gibbons has had a long and successful relationship with Congress for 14 years, since he became director of the Office of Technology Assessment. Gibbons clearly impressed the members of the confirmation committee.