cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment and survival outcomes in young men diagnosed with prostate cancer: a Population-based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of treatment for young men compared with older men with prostate cancer are poorly defined outside of limited institutional series. In this study, the authors examined the association between age at diagnosis and grade, stage, treatment, and survival outcomes in men who were diagnosed during the era of prostate-specific antigen testing. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1988 and 2003. Men ages 35 years to 74 years were stratified by age at diagnosis to examine differences in tumor characteristics, treatment, and survival within each age group. RESULTS: In total, 318,774 men ages 35 years to 74 years were identified who had been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate between 1988 and 2003. The proportion of men aged ≤55 years at diagnosis increased over the study period from 2.3% between the years 1988 and 1991 to 9% between the years 2000 and 2003, and the median age at diagnosis decreased from 72 years in 1988 to 68 years in 2003. Younger men were diagnosed less frequently with organ-confined tumors (P < .001) but were less likely to be diagnosed with high-grade cancer (P < .001). Older men were more likely to receive no local therapy or external beam radiation than young men (P < .001 for trend). Among men who had tumors with a Gleason score between 5 and 7, overall survival was worse with advancing age. However, among all age groups with high grade and stage, the youngest men (ages 35-44 years) were at the highest risk of all-cause and cancer-specific death. CONCLUSIONS: Age at diagnosis among men with prostate cancer continued to decline. Younger men were more likely to undergo prostatectomy, have lower grade cancer, and, as a group, to have better overall and equivalent cancer-specific survival at 10 years compared with older men. Among men with high grade and locally advanced prostate cancer, the youngest men had a particularly poor prognosis compared with older men. Cancer 2009. Published 2009 by the American Cancer Society.
AN OPTIMIZATION METHOD TO DESIGN HYDRAULIC NETWORKS

Nonlinear programming is applied to the solution of hydraulic network problems. The significant differences between the proposed optimization method and other conventional methods are that this method can solve problems with mixed unknowns (e.g. pipe sizes, discharges and pressures), it can optimize solutions involving unknowns defined by inequalities (e.g. specifled minimum discharge and pressure values), it can handle network control problems such as required valve adjustments or in-line booster pump needs, and it may solve problems of networks with continuous discharge distribution along the pipes.
Multivariate segmentation of fMRI for human brain mapping

fMRI has provided a new option to study cognitive phenomena. Recent developments in medical image processing and analysis allow researchers to study more elaborate cognitive tasks from a wide perspective. These techniques include Statistical Parametric Mapping, Subspace Modeling and Maximum Likelihood Estimation, and Spatio-temporal Analysis using Random Fields. Their common weakness is the assumption of the statistical independence among the image pixels. We have developed a multivariate segmentation method to functional MRI analysis for human brain function study based on the second-order statistics of images. It consists of four steps: (1) detecting the number of the distinctive image regions, (2) generating the scores and determining their rank, (3) forming score plots and clustering in the feature space, (4) projecting clusters from the feature space to the image space to generate object images. We have validated this method on the simulated and fMRI images. The theoretical and experimental results obtained by using this method were in good agreement. The relations between this method and other multivariate image analysis methods are discussed.
A solution of transport in porous media with equilibrium and kinetic reactions

A solution is presented to verify numerical computer codes of reactive transport with both equilibrium and kinetic reactions. A synthetic model of A ↔ B ↔ C → chain reactions is proposed to describe operator-splitting numerical schemes used in numerical computer codes. A reaction matrix is derived for both the equilibrium and the first-order kinetic reactions and further decoupled as a diagonal matrix. Therefore, the partial differential equations (PDEs) coupled by the reaction matrix can be transformed into independent PDEs, for which closed-form solutions exist or can be derived. The solution derived in this study is compared with numerical results.
The Quiet Crisis in Government Publishing

Although the publishing activities of the federal government comprise the most extensive information distribution system in the world, they fall far short of meeting the “information requirements of a highly-educated, industrialized, complex, and space-age society.” Enormous amounts of money are spent annually on printing - some in the GPO, and much outside it - and there is considerable bureaucratic battling over what branch or agency receives priority in getting its publications into print. Documents are sometimes sold and often deposited, but the depository system is so uncomprehensive in scope and so costly to administer in the recipient libraries as to make it at best a mixed blessing. High level attention is badly needed.
HEAD ULTRASOUND: UNSUSPECTED VENTRICULAR CONFIGURATIONS IN HEALTHY NEWBORN INFANTS

Head ultrasound was performed on each of 53 full term healthy infants in order to determine the normal variation of ventricular appearance. All infants had good Apgar scores, normal physical examinations and normal neurological examinations. Three types of configuration of the lateral ventricles were identified. In 44 infants (83%), "compressed" ventricles containing little or no cerebrospinal fluid were identified. In 8 infants (15%), the lateral ventricles were easily visible, containing clearly demonstrable CSF. In the remaining 9 infants (17%), the ventricles were distinctly asymmetric, six markedly. The choroid plexus in four of the six seemed irregular. No correlation existed between the ventricular configuration and either maternal age and parity or the infant's age and weight. Nor was there a correlation between type of delivery and the presence or absence of ventricular asymmetry. A statistically significant correlation existed between type of delivery and the configuration of symmetrical lateral ventricles. 75% of infants with easily visible lateral ventricles were delivered by Cesarean section, while C-section accounted for only 34% of all deliveries. 94% of vaginally delivered infants had "compressed" ventricles. These findings support the conclusion that both asymmetric ventricles and "compressed" ventricles are normal variants in the healthy newborn population.
Surface Modification of Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers with Ascorbate Residues Improves their Tumor-Cell Association and Killing and the Cytotoxic Action of Encapsulated Paclitaxel In Vitro

To evaluate the potential of ascorbate as a novel ligand in the preparation of pharmaceutical nanocarriers with enhanced tumor-cell specific binding and cytotoxicity. Palmitoyl ascorbate was incorporated into liposomes at varying concentrations. A stable formulation was selected based on size and zeta potential measurements. A co-culture of cancer cells with GFP expressing non-cancer cells was used to determine the specificity of palmitoyl ascorbate liposome binding. Liposomes were fluorescently labeled to facilitate analysis by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The cytotoxic action of palmitoyl ascorbate liposomes against a variety of cell types was assayed using a standard metabolic assay. The cytotoxic effect of a low dose of paclitaxel incorporated in palmitoyl ascorbate liposomes on various cell lines was also determined. Palmitoyl ascorbate liposomes associated preferentially with various cancer cells compared to non-cancer cells in a co-culture model. Palmitoyl ascorbate liposomes exhibited anti-cancer toxicity in numerous cancer cell lines. Furthermore, ascorbate liposomes enhanced the effectiveness of encapsulated paclitaxel compared to paclitaxel encapsulated in ‘plain’ liposomes. Surface modification of liposomes with ascorbate residues represents a novel way to target and kill certain types of tumor cells and additionally can potentiate the effect of paclitaxel delivered by the liposomes.
Potassium metabolism in the fresh-water medusa, Craspedacusta sowerbyi

1. Percent water of Craspedacusta sowerbyi medusae ranged from 98.76 to 99.57. 2. Whole body potassium values ranged from 0.45 to 0.6 μeq/gm wet weight for animals held in pond water. 3. Whole body potassium values ranged from 0.045 to 0.13 μeq/gm wet weight for animals held in diluted pond water. 4. Potassium turnover rates averaged 9%/hr, and was similar for animals held in pond water and diluted pond water.
Thermally coupled magnetohydrodynamics flow

Abstract This paper deals with the questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions to the equations of stationary, incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) when bouyancy effects due to temperature differences in the flow cannot be neglected. To that effect we couple the MHD equations to the heat equation and employ the well-known Boussinesq approximation. We consider the equations posed on a bounded three-dimensional domain. We point out that these equations model such phenomena as the cooling of nuclear reactors by electrically conducting fluids, continuous metal casting, crystal growth, and semiconductor manufacture.
The Effect of Stereotype Threat on Math Performance of Students with Different Majors

Stereotype threat is the sub-conscious level of psychological activity due to emotional distress, which results in a decrement in performance. We tested the effect of stereotype threat on math performance in students with different majors. The difference between Korean students and Caucasian students was also examined. As a result, we found a tendency that students underperformed when they were threatened by the stereotype with respect to their majors and ethnicity. The implication of stereotype threat in academic environment is discussed.
Neuronal phosphoproteins: physiological and clinical implications

The presence of a great variety of neuron-specific phosphoproteins in nervous tissue supports the view that protein phosphorylation plays many roles in neuronal function. The physiological significance of several of these phosphoproteins has already been established. Some neuronal phosphoproteins have been detected throughout the entire nervous system, whereas the distribution of others is limited to one or a few neuronal cell types. These various neuron-specific phosphoproteins are proving of value in the study of the physiology, anatomy, developmental biology, and pathophysiology of the nervous system.
True value of flexible networks

This presentation illustrates how new Packet Optical platforms will leverage coherent optics along with CDC-F ROADM advances to significantly improve network reliability. scalability and flexibility to reduce the overall cost of transport infrastructure.
Utility and dynamic social networks

Abstract A dynamic process model of utility maximizing social actors embedded within social networks is developed. Actors make social choices under four combinations of tie formation and deletion rules: unilateral and mutual tie formation, and unilateral and mutual tie deletion. Ties are dual valued, parameterized with both a benefit and a cost. A utility function is used to assess the structurally determined utility of an actor's position in the social network. The process generates eight types of networks: Null, near-Null, Star, near-Star, Shared, near-Shared, Complete, near-Complete. Agent-based simulation modeling is the basic methodology used in these analyses. Two types of simulation models were developed: a multi-thread “real time” model, and a discrete event model.
Analysis of epoxy resin curing kinetics using the Avrami theory of phase change

To przoduce efficiently high quality structural parts from fiber-reinforced epoxy materials systems, it is necessary to develop detailed process models. One key component in any such model involves the prediction of the cure kinetics, which in turn governs the viscosity, resin flow, void formation, and other important processing parameters. In this study, a series of isothermal and dynamic differential scanning calorimetry experiments was performed using Hercules 3501-6 and 3502 resins (TGDDM epoxy with DDS curing agent). The hypothesis of a dispersion of growing microgel particles, which become a continuous-phase solid at the gel point, was used as a basis to apply the Avrami theory of phase change to describe the polymerization kinetics up to the gel point. The extended equations for nonisothermal conditions properly accounted for the temperature effects on the kinetics. Comparison of the theoretical predictions with experimental data suggests that the Avrami theory of phase change may model adequately the cure kinetics of these systems, at least up to the gel point.
Endothelin receptor antagonist TAK-044 arrests and reverses the development of carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhosis in rats.

Background and aims: Hepatic concentrations of the powerful vasoconstrictor and fibrogen endothelin 1 (ET-1) and its receptors increase in human and experimental cirrhosis, suggesting a major role for ET-1 in the pathology of chronic liver disease. We investigated whether ET-1 receptor antagonism, after the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis, arrests/reverses the progression of chronic liver disease. Methods: Chronic liver injury was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment (0.15 ml/kg intraperitoneally twice a week) in conjunction with phenobarbital in drinking water (0.4 g/l) for four (group 1: fibrosis) and eight (group 2: cirrhosis) weeks. Rat were then treated concurrently with the ET-1 receptor antagonist TAK-044 (10 mg/kg/day) and CCl4/phenobarbital for a further four weeks. Results: Histopathological examination revealed significant arrest of progression to cirrhosis in group 1 and reversal of cirrhosis in group 2 rats. TAK-044 treatment caused significant amelioration of portal hypertension, systemic hypotension, and liver injury (reduced activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), and improved hepatic synthetic capacity (increased serum albumin concentration) in both groups of rats relative to vehicle treated rats. TAK-044 treatment reduced collagen synthesis, as evidenced by decreased hepatic hydroxyproline content, mRNA expression of collagen-α type I, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2, and mRNA and protein expression of a potent fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor β1. Conclusions: The results emphasise the role of ET-1 in the development of cirrhosis and strongly suggest that blockade of its actions can be a rational therapy for chronic liver disease and its complications.
Retention of liquid drops by solid surfaces

Abstract A spinning platter has been used to study retention of relatively nonvolatile liquid drops on solid surfaces. The liquids used were ethylene glycol, glycerol, and water. Solids consisted of a variety of polymers, as well as glass. All liquid-solid combinations showed a characteristic value of the ratio F R of critical force to contact area radius, at which the drop, as a whole, began to move. The values are in reasonable agreement with measured values of the critical advancing and receding contact angles, θa and θr. The elongation of the drop before it became detached was found to increase with the difference in the contact angles. Roughening a PMMA surface dramatically increased both the retention force and the critical elongation of a drop.
Screening for prostate cancer using multivariate mixed-effects models

Using several variables known to be related to prostate cancer, a multivariate classification method is developed to predict the onset of clinical prostate cancer. A multivariate mixed-effects model is used to describe longitudinal changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA), a free testosterone index (FTI), and body mass index (BMI) before any clinical evidence of prostate cancer. The patterns of change in these three variables are allowed to vary depending on whether the subject develops prostate cancer or not and the severity of the prostate cancer at diagnosis. An application of Bayes' theorem provides posterior probabilities that we use to predict whether an individual will develop prostate cancer and, if so, whether it is a high-risk or a low-risk cancer. The classification rule is applied sequentially one multivariate observation at a time until the subject is classified as a cancer case or until the last observation has been used. We perform the analyses using each of the three variables individually, combined together in pairs, and all three variables together in one analysis. We compare the classification results among the various analyses and a simulation study demonstrates how the sensitivity of prediction changes with respect to the number and type of variables used in the prediction process.
GE-32AN INTERGRADED BIOINFORMATICS APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING NOVEL GENE NETWORKS IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor. Despite treatment advances, the median survival time is still below 2 years since recurrence is nearly universal. Therefore, the discovery of novel and specific molecular targets is needed. However, the identification of such targets is difficult given the high degree of variability among patient samples and individual sequencing analysis is needed for patient specific therapies. Identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes based on small sample sizes is yet another challenge since there is high variability among the different analysis algorithms. To circumvent this problem, we implemented a bioinformatics pipeline, which utilizes the large number of samples in TCGA as a reference to identify DE genes in an individual patient's tumor. By using this algorithm, we produced enriched single patient RNAseq DE gene lists and subsequently calculated a hypergeometric probability and correlation coefficient for every gene pair on these lists. Furthermore, by using the most significant of these pairs, we generated gene association networks. Importantly, our networks were validated utilizing protein-protein interaction studies and therefore could be used to identify patient specific combination therapies for GBM.
Implementation of evidence-based tobacco use cessation guidelines in managed care organizations.

Background: Although managed care organizations (MCOs) may be optimal settings for implementing tobacco use cessation clinical guidelines, such guidelines remain poorly implemented in many MCO settings.Purpose: We examined issues related to the implementation of guidelines in MCOs, to provide examples of studies that have addressed issues related to guideline implementation and to suggest ways behavioral medicine researchers can play a role in examining issues of how guidelines can be better implemented.Methods: Surveys of clinical guideline implementation, studies from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation addressing tobacco use cessation in a managed care database, selected to illustrate issues related to system-wide implementation.Results: Surveys show that effective tobacco use cessation interventions remain underutilized in MCOs. A few studies have evaluated and shown the benefit of insurance coverage for tobacco use and dependence treatments, clinician reimbursement and leadership incentives, practice feedback, and leveraging administrative data to create tobacco use tracking systems. The studies also point to the need for large-scale, multidisciplinary, methodologically rigorous studies that allow one to isolate the effects of promising strategies as well as to explore synergistic effects as different system changes are combined.Conclusions: Tobacco use cessation guidelines need to be better implemented in MCOs. Behavioral medicine research needs to move beyond treatment efficacy and effectiveness studies to focus on rigorous evaluations of these and other strategies to enhance guideline implementation and dissemination.
Evaluation of a thermally-driven metal-hydride-based hydrogen compressor

Abstract Currently, the hydrogen storage method used aboard fuel cell electric vehicles utilizes pressures up to 70 MPa. Attaining such high pressures requires mechanical gas compression or hydrogen liquefaction followed by heating to form a high-pressure gas, and these processes add to the cost and reduce the energy efficiency of a hydrogen fueling system. In previous work we have evaluated the use of high-pressure electrolysis, in which hydrogen is generated from water and the electrolyzer boosts the hydrogen pressure to values from 13 to 45 MPa. While electrolytic compression is a novel and energy efficient method to produce high-pressure hydrogen, it has several limitations at present and will require more development work. Another concept is to use hydrogen absorbing alloys that form metal hydrides, in combination with a heat engine (hot and cold reservoirs), to drive a cyclic process in which hydrogen gas is absorbed and desorbed to compress hydrogen. Furthermore, by using a thermally-driven compressor, the hot and cold reservoirs can be obtained using renewable energy such as sunlight for heating together with ambient air or water for cooling. In this work we evaluated the thermodynamics and kinetics of a prototype metal hydride hydrogen compressor (MHHC) built for us by a research group in China. The compressor utilized a hydrogen input pressure of approximately 14 MPa, and, operating between an initial temperature of approximately 300 K and a final temperature of 400 K, a pressure of approximately 41 MPa was attained. In a series of experiments with those conditions the average compression ratio for a single-stage compression was approximately three. In the initial compression cycles, up to 300 g of hydrogen was compressed for each 100 K temperature cycle. The enthalpy of the metallic-alloy-hydriding reaction was found to be approximately 20.5 kJ per mole of H 2 , determined by measuring the pressure composition isotherm at three temperatures and using a Van't Hoff plot. The thermodynamic efficiency of the compressor, as measured by the value of the compression work performed divided by the heat energy added and removed in one complete cycle, was determined via first and second law analyses. The Carnot efficiency was approximately 25%, the first law efficiency was approximately 3–5%, and the second law efficiency was approximately 12–20%, depending on the idealized compression cycle used to assign a value to the compression work, as well as other assumptions. These efficiencies compare favorably with values reported for other thermally-driven compressors.
Critical Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Transition for Subcooled Flow Boiling

The emphasis in the engineering development of fusion reactor components has been on material development. If high heat fluxes are to be accommodated with the present emphasis, low-pressure thermal data will be needed. The objectives of this experiment were to (1) expand the critical heat flux, W/cm{sup 2} data base near 4.0 kilowatts cm{sup 2} and heated coolant channel length divided by coolant chamber diameter near 100.0 (near-term application), (2) add low-pressure quantitative data to our existing knowledge of the qualitative influence of coolant exit pressure on CHF, and (3) provide thermal data in a region applicable to high heat flux components for assessing existing and evolving CHF and local heat transfer coefficient correlations (long-term).
A Torsional Strain and Vibration Monitor for the Motor-Generator Shaft of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS)

A monitoring system has been developed for measuring the torsional strains and torsional vibrations produced in the motor-generator shaft by the pulsed operation of the ring magnet of the ZGS. The detection of these vibrations makes it possible to readjust the ring magnet cycle to prolong the life of the shaft. The monitoring system uses stainless steel bands mounted on the shaft. These bands contain engraved markings that are sensed by the optical system that controls the digital electronics. The system makes over 800 digital measurements of strain during each revolution of the generator shaft. Alarms and shutdown circuits are activated if the strain exceeds a safe limit. A digital-to-analog (d-to-a) converter produces an output for displaying strain and vibrations on a conventional oscilloscope.
The big fundamental group, big Hawaiian earrings, and the big free groups ✩

Abstract In this second paper in a series of three we generalize the notions of fundamental group and Hawaiian earring. In the first paper we generalized the notion of free group to that of a big free group . In the current article we generalize the notion of fundamental group by defining the big fundamental group of a topological space. We also describe big Hawaiian earrings , which are generalizations of the classical Hawaiian earring. We then prove that the big fundamental group of a big Hawaiian earring is a big free group.
Decidability of complexity one-half for finite semigroups

All semigroups considered are finite. The semigroup C is by definition combinatorial (or group free or aperiodic) iff the maximal subgroups of C are singletons. Let S2oS1 denote the wreath product of S1 by S2, so P1: S2oS1 → S1 with P1 the projection surmorphism. S<T, read S divides T, iff S is a homomorphic image of a subsemigroup of T.
Inhibition of Motor Nerve Regeneration in a Rabbit Facial Nerve Model

Objectives/Hypothesis: We hypothesized that intramuscular injection of vincristine into the upper lip selectively prevents reinnervation of the target muscle (quadratus labii superioris) after facial nerve transection. Study Design: Prospective controlled experiment. Methods: Transection injuries with primary neurorrhaphy were performed just proximal to the buccal and zygomatic branches of both facial nerves in 20 rabbits. The left (experimental) quadratus labii superioris muscle was injected with 200 μg vincristine 72 hours after injury; the right (control) side was injected with saline. Functional, electrophysiological and histological studies were performed 6 weeks after surgery. Results: After 6 weeks, the control side had a mean axon count (distal buccal branch) of 1160, conduction velocity of 50.4 m/s, reduction of compound action potential amplitude of 44%, and functional index of 1.67 units. The experimental side had a mean axon count of 265, conduction velocity of 16.5 m/s, reduction of compound action potential amplitude of 88%, and a functional index of 0.176 units. All parameters were significantly reduced by vincristine blockade (P <.05). The zygomatic division (not exposed to vincristine) displayed a trend toward increased axon counts, but this was not statistically significant (P =.131). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that reinnervation of a selected muscle can be prevented by injection of vincristine. Enhanced reinnervation of adjacent muscle groups may also occur. Thus, nerve blockade by vincristine may be useful for the prevention of synkinesis.
Trinuclear Metal Clusters with Three Different Metal Atoms from the Insertion of CpCo and Cp*Rh Groups into the S–S Bonds of [CpFeMn(CO)5(μ-S2)]2†

Two cobalt containing products CpCoMn2(CO)6(μ3-S)2, 2 and Cp2FeCoMn(CO)3(μ3-S)2, 3 were obtained from the reaction of [CpFeMn(CO)5(μ-S2)]2, 1 with CpCo(CO)2 at room temperature. The two rhodium containing products: Cp*RhMn2(CO)6(μ3-S)2, 4 (11% yield) and CpFeCp*RhMn(CO)3(μ3-S)2, 5 (9% yield), were obtained from the reaction of 1 with Cp*Rh(CO)2. Compounds 3 and 5 were characterized structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Compounds 3 and 5 both contain triangular clusters of three different types of metal atoms and have triply bridging sulfido ligands on each side of the cluster. A mechanism for their formation from 1 is proposed.
The Evolution of Social Work in a Community Hospital

Since 1905 social work has had the privilege of working with great medical leaders who have respected and assisted our profession. As predicted in 1984 by Abraham Lurie, The social work department of the future will be more decentralized ... develop stronger links administratively ... knowledge of changing social problems ... legislation, research, computerization, data gathering and retrieval. The Columbus Regional Hospital Social Work department is still early in its development, yet the above predictors have occurred which strengthened social work role and professional practice. By 1992 the following areas served as a strong foundation for the department's continued growth: Resource acquisition Hospital Integration Physician Support We must continue to advocate for improved care along with providing an environment of compassion for the patients and their families who seek services. Through continued participation on hospital committees such as ethics, and utilization review, we can demonstrate our practice and influence the environment. By creatively accessing resources we can influence and shape opportunities for colleagues. As a social work manager I thank those who have come before me who laid framework, fought battles and defined territory. We need to continue to support one another through collaborative processes and shared experiential learnings.
Respiratory responses to hypoxia by Ambystoma tigrinum larvae, paedomorphs, and metamorphosed adults.

Abstract 1. 1. O2 consumption (VO2) from air and from water was partitioned at four levels of D.O. (dissolved oxygen). 2. 2. Metamorphosed adults and paedomorphs exhibited metabolic regulation of total VO2 by increasing the percentage of their O2 taken from the air. The larvae exhibited only partial regulation of total VO2. 3. 3. Forcibly submerged animals obtained essentially the same amount of O2 from water as those with access to air. All three forms exhibited metabolic conformity when submerged. 4. 4. Ligating the gills of larvae reduced slightly the ability to absorb O2 in low D.O.'s but did not effect the water VO2 in air saturated water.
Effect of incubation temperature on nutrient transporters and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of elevated incubation temperature on posthatch nutrient transporter gene expression, integrity of the intestinal epithelium, organ development, and performance in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Ross × Ross 308 fertile eggs (n = 900) were incubated at different eggshell temperatures during development. From embryonic day (ED) 1 to ED12, all eggs were incubated at 37.1°C, whereas from ED13 to ED21, the eggs were divided into 2 groups for incubation at 37.4°C (S) or 39.6°C (H). Performance characteristics were measured at day of hatch (DOH) and d 7, 14, 21, 30, and 42. Small intestine and residual yolk sacs were collected at DOH and d 2, 4, 6, and 10 and weighed individually. Intestinal samples from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were evaluated for mucosal morphology and relative nutrient transporter gene expression. No significant differences were found in performance or organ weights. The intestinal morphology results showed a temperature × age interaction in duodenum villus height (P = 0.02) and crypt depth (P = 0.05) and in ileum villus height-to-crypt depth ratios (P = 0.02). There was a main effect of temperature, resulting in deeper crypts (P = 0.02) in the jejunum of chicks incubated at H compared with S. In the nutrient gene expression evaluation, peptide transporter (PepT1) showed a temperature × age interaction. On DOH and d 2, 4, and 10, PepT1 expression was similar between chicks incubated at S and H. However, on d 6, chicks incubated at S had significantly higher expression of PepT1 than those incubated at H. This study presents the effects of elevated incubation temperature on small intestine morphology and relative expression of nutrient transporter mRNA in high-yield broiler chicks, which can be important for the availability of nutrients and distribution of energy.
Visual field defects after missile injuries to the geniculo-striate pathway in man

The main objective of the survey reported was a quantitative comparison of different visual functions at identical retinal points of individual patients. The possibility to develop objective forms of visual-field testing was also explored, taking into account reports by Frydrychowicz and Harms (1940) and Harms (1951). These investigators had insisted that pupillary responses to light are depressed in areas of homonymous scotomata. The shapes of homonymous visual field defects are discussed together with questions regarding the association and dissociation of symptoms.
Dynamic structure of membranes by deuterium NMR

Progress in our understanding of the dynamic structure of membrane lipids and proteins has recently been made possible by the advent of high-field "solid-state" nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of specifically deuterium-labeled systems. Major features of lipid and protein dynamics have been deduced.
Reduced Smad3 Protein Expression and Altered Transforming Growth Factor- β 1–Mediated Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease characterized by an aggressive inflammatory response in the airways. Given the antiinflammatory properties of transforming growth factor (TGF)- β 1, it was our goal to examine components of TGF- β 1–mediated signaling in both a cultured cell model and a mouse model of CF. A CF-related reduction of protein levels of the TGF- β 1 signaling molecule Smad3 was found in both of these model systems, whereas Smad4 levels were unchanged. Functional effects of reduced Smad3 expression are manifest in our cultured cell model, as reduced basal and TGF- β 1–stimulated levels of luciferase expression using the TGF- β 1–responsive reporter construct 3TP-Lux in the CF-phenotype cells compared with control cells. However, TGF- β 1–stimulated responses using the A3-Luc reporter construct were normal in both cell lines. These results suggest that select TGF- β 1–mediated signaling pathways are impaired in CF epithelial cells. This selective loss of Smad3 protein expression in CF epithelium...
Measurement of ultrasonic velocity in several biological tissues

Abstract The ultrasonic velocity at 100 MHz and room temperature (23–26°C) was measured in fresh, excised mammalian liver, kidney, spleen, and pancreas and mouse kidney. The results show excellent agreement with measurements at low MHz frequencies. A significant velocity difference is reported between kidney cortex and medulla, but no difference was observed between the exocrine and islets of Langerhans in the first measurements of velocity in the pancreas.
Periodic contention-free multiple access for power line communication networks

There is industrial intent to use powerline communication (PLC) networks in the home for delivery of multimedia data, with associated challenging quality of service (QoS) requirements. Existing protocols for PLC, for wireless networks, or even for wired networks cannot meet these challenges efficiently. This paper proposes and analyzes a new protocol designed to provide the high QoS needed for delivery of multiple multimedia streams in a PLC environment. The proposed protocol, periodic contention-free multiple access (PCF/MA), directly addresses the issues of channel noise, hidden nodes and near-far effects. The proposed PCF/MA performance is analyzed theoretically and its performance is simulated. The results show that 85Mbps MAC throughput is possible with 100Mbps channel data rate, even when there are hidden nodes in the network.
METAL HYDRIDE WALL STRESS MEASUREMENTS ON A FOUR-INCH SHORT (FISH) BED

A 38 cm (15 inch) long metal hydride bed fabricated using 11.4 cm (4.5 inch) O.D., standard schedule 316/316L stainless steel pipe was fitted with 22 strain gauges to measure tangential and longitudinal stress resulting from hydride absorption and desorption cycling. Tests were conducted using two different LaNi 4.25 Al 0.75 metal hydride fill-levels in the bed. Tests conducted with hydride filled to two-thirds (1.75L) of the 2.63L total bed volume resulted in a maximum stress less than one-third of the pipe's ASME Code allowable, for hydride absorption up to a hydrogen-to-metal ratio (H/M) of 0.86. After 15 absorption/desorption tests and hydride passivation, examination of the bed interior revealed a significant decrease in particle size and increase in hydride height. The second fill level had 0.4L of fresh hydride added to the bed's cycled hydride material, and 56 absorption/desorption tests, up to a gas loading of 0.83 H/M performed. Second fill tests resulted in maximum stresses less than 40% of the ASME Code allowable. Post-test bed radiographs showed a further increase in the apparent hydride fill height, and internal component deformation.
Arms Transfers and Coups d'État: A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa

Early studies of African coups have largely focused on domestic determinants such as social mobilization, economic conditions, and the characteristics of the military itself. Scant attention has be...
Transcriptomes of purified gastric ECL and parietal cells: identification of a novel pathway regulating acid secretion.

The gastric entero-chromaffin-like (ECL) cell plays a key regulatory role in peripheral regulation of acid secretion due to the release of histamine that stimulates acid secretion by the parietal c...
An atypical long RP tachycardia--what is the mechanism?

Case presentation A 44-year-old man with recurrent palpitations and electrocardiogram-documented long RP interval supraventricular tachycardia despite metoprolol therapy underwent diagnostic electrophysiologic evaluation. His resting 12-lead electrocardiogram was normal. During sinus rhythm, atrio-His (AH) and His-ventricular intervals measured 51 and 39 ms, respectively. Antegrade dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal physiology was not observed. In the baseline state, tachycardia could not be induced but on isoproterenol, the patient
Response of the mitochondrial proteome of rat renal proximal convoluted tubules to chronic metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis is a common clinical condition that is caused by a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate concentration. Increased extraction and mitochondrial catabolism of plasma glutamine withi...
Harmonization versus differentiation in international property rights regimes

This paper argues that intellectual property rights in any country are protected according to the perceived national interest of that country. It discusses the relative merits of a differentiated system of intellectual property rights, vis a vis a homogeneous regime, depending on the stage of industrial development within a country. Illustrative examples of the level and range of protection given by different regimes are given and models of intellectual property rights regimes, giving optimum protection, are discussed.
Model Hamiltonian for Paraelectric Impurities in Alkali Halides

Certain dipolar impurities in alkali halides, such as O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in KCl, are free to reorient themselves among the six $〈100〉$ directions of the crystal. A one-parameter model Hamiltonian is introduced to describe the properties of such an impurity in the presence of electric and strain fields. Wave functions and energy levels are calculated for fields along the [100], [110], and [111] directions. The susceptibility is calculated for frequencies much smaller or much larger than ${{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, the rate of relaxation to the lattice. Resonance transitions between different energy levels are described and the matrix elements for such transitions are tabulated for several orientations of dc and rf electric fields. A simple theory of line broadening due to inhomogeneous strains is presented and compard with experimental results.
A posturing strategy against voltage instabilities in electric power systems

The problem of system collapse or blackout characterized by a local severe voltage depression is generally believed to be associated with inadequate VAR support at key busses. The authors discuss techniques for improving the system security with respect to this index. The effect of adding capacitors are examined. They also present a continuation technique that redistributes the system generation to the optimal operating condition with respect to the minimum singular value index. >
Recognition using information-optimal adaptive feature-specific imaging.

We present an information-theoretic adaptive feature-specific imaging (AFSI) system for a M-class recognition task. The proposed system utilizes the recently developed task-specific information (TSI) framework to incorporate the knowledge from previous measurements and adapt the projection matrix at each step. The decision-making framework is based on sequential hypothesis testing. We quantify the number of measurements required to achieve a specified probability of misclassification (Pe), and we compare the performances of three approaches: the new TSI-based AFSI system, a previously reported statistical AFSI system, and static FSI (SFSI). The TSI-based AFSI system exhibits significant improvement compared with SFSI and statistical AFSI at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is shown that for M=4 hypotheses, SNR=−20 dB and desired Pe=10−2, TSI-based AFSI requires 3 times fewer measurements than statistical AFSI, and 16 times fewer measurements than SFSI. We also describe an extension of the proposed method that is suitable for recognition in the presence of nuisance parameters such as illumination conditions and target orientations.
Analysis of Poultry Fertility Data.2. Comparison of Long- and Short-Term Fertility Trials,

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of egg collection interval on interpretation of fertility trial results. Low-fertility (LF) and randombred (RB) Delaware hens were inseminated with spermatozoa from LF or RB Delaware roosters. Three replicate trials were performed for each cross. Eggs were collected for 21 days following insemination. Fertility was analyzed with a log odds model following logit transformation. Separate analyses were performed on data collected throughout the first 7 days and the entire egg collection interval. Duration of fertility over the 21-day interval was analyzed by iterative least squares. Whereas the 21-day egg collection interval afforded detection of differences between males and between females, no differences were observed following analysis of data from the 7-day interval. Differences in reproductive efficiency also were detected when data were analyzed by iterative least squares. Thus, the value of a fertility trial is, in part, determined by the length of the egg collection interval.
Platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate cell proliferation and the expression of notch-1 receptor in a new oligodendrocyte cell line.

We generated a new cell line, N38, by conditionally immortalizing mouse oligodendrocytes (OLs) at early stages of maturation. The morphology and marker expression pattern suggest N38 cells are similar to immature OLs. N38 cells were sensitive to changes in serum concentrations, and forcing the cells to differentiate in low serum at 39 degrees C significantly decreased the survival of the cells. Importantly, addition of PDGFaa, bFGF or astrocyte-conditioned medium had protective effects on the cells, by increasing cell proliferation but not cell differentiation. This effect was receptor-mediated. Exposure of N38 cells to differentiating signals such as retinoic acid did not cause further differentiation of the cells. The N38 cell line expresses the vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila notch-1 receptor, a molecule that appears to regulate OL differentiation. Notch-1 receptor was homogeneously distributed in the somas of N38 cells. Incubation of N38 cells with either PDGFaa or bFGF, however, induced a polarized distribution of the receptor in the majority of the cells as well as an upregulation of receptor protein levels. The upregulation of molecules, such the notch-1 receptor, in pathways that control differentiation might be an important mechanism for keeping OL precursors in an undifferentiated state during their exit of the germinal layer and migration in the developing central nervous system. This OL cell line might constitute a suitable model for studies of regulatory mechanisms at this stage of OL differentiation.
Signaling in dendritic spines and spine microdomains

The specialized morphology of dendritic spines creates an isolated compartment that allows for localized biochemical signaling. Recent studies have revealed complexity in the function of the spine head as a signaling domain and indicate that (1) the spine is functionally subdivided into multiple independent microdomains and (2) not all biochemical signals are equally compartmentalized within the spine. Here we review these findings as well as the developments in fluorescence microscopy that are making possible direct monitoring of signaling within spines and, in the future, within sub-spine microdomains.
Differences Between Minority, Majority, and Unanimous Group Members in the Communication of Information

This article integrates research on minority influence and information sampling in groups. The traditional information-sampling paradigm implies that the discussion bias for common over unique information affects all types of groups universally. We proposed an alternative in which information sampling depends on the composition of opinions. We proposed that groups with a minority opinion may focus more on unique information and that a minority opinion may lead majority members to consider more preference-inconsistent information. In a study that tested how minority, majority, and unanimous group members differ in their discussion of information, results lent no support for the alternative conception of information sampling. However, when the minority prevailed, minority members repeated significantly more common information than when the majority prevailed.
Responses in growth rate of larval northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) to anomalous upwelling in the northern California Current

We examined variability in growth rate during the larval stage of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax )i n response to physical and biological environmental factors in 2005 and 2006. The onset of spring upwelling was anomalously delayed by 2–3 months until mid-July in 2005; in contrast, spring upwelling in 2006 began as a normal year in the northern California Current. Larval and early juvenile E. mordax were collected in August, September, and October off the coast of Oregon and Washington. Hatch dates ranged from May to September, with peaks in June and August in 2005 and a peak in July in 2006, based on the number of otolith daily increments. Back-calculated body length-at-age in the June 2005 hatch cohort was significantly smaller than in the August 2005 cohort, which had comparable growth to the July 2006 cohort. Standardized otolith daily increment widths as a proxy for seasonal variability in somatic growth rates in 2005 were negative until late July and then changed to positive with intensification of upwelling. The standardized increment width was a positive function of biomass of chlorophyll a concentration, and neritic cold-water and oceanic subarctic copepod species sampled biweekly off Newport, Oregon. Our results suggest that delayed upwelling in 2005 resulted in low food availability and, consequently, reduced E. mordax larval growth rate in early summer, but once upwelling began in July, high food availability enhanced larval growth rate to that typical of a normal upwelling year (e.g., 2006) in the northern California Current.