cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Auditor Reputation on Jurors' Assessment of Auditor Liability in a Limited Liability Regime: Financially Important Nonpublic Clients

AICPA Ethics Interpretation 501-8 permits the use of limitation of liability clauses in jurisdictions where they are allowed (AICPA 2013). This study advances Brandon and Mueller’s (2006) research to examine the impact of auditor reputation on jurors’ perceptions of auditor liability when the client is financially important. The results indicate an auditor’s reputation neither significantly impact jurors’ evaluation of auditor liability, nor does it significantly reduce the incidence of punitive damages assigned to the auditor. Surprisingly, auditors with a reputation for high quality are punished more harshly following an audit failure in the presence of a limitation of liability clause.
Fair Is Fair: Outcome Assessment, Constitutive Luck, and Teacher Evaluation

The influence of the so-called “accountability movement” in education in the United States has elevated the perceived importance of student assessments to predominance over most other educational issues. The emphasis has been so great that the two most recent national-level educational policy initiatives, No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top, placed student assessment outcomes at the center of their policies. As a result, schooling reform movements have increasingly focused on the use of student assessments to evaluate teachers. In this essay, I will attempt to show not only that such practices are flawed, but that they also undermine the stated goals of their advocates.
The in vitro NADPH-dependent inhibition by CCl4 of the ATP-dependent calcium uptake of hepatic microsomes from male rats. Studies on the mechanism of the inactivation of the hepatic microsomal calcium pump by the CCl3.radical.

The hepatotoxicity of CCl4 is mediated through its initial reduction by cytochrome P-450 to the CCl3.radical. This radical then damages important metabolic systems such as the ATP-dependent microsomal Ca2+ pump. Previous studies from our laboratory on isolated microsomes have shown that NADPH in the absence of toxic agents inhibits this pump. We have now found in in vitro incubations that CCl4 (0.5-2.5 mM) enhanced the NADPH-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ uptake from 28% without CCl4 to a maximum of 68%. These concentrations are in the range found in the livers and blood of lethally intoxicated animals (Dambrauskas, T., and Cornish, H. H. (1970) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 17, 83-97; Long, R.M., and Moore, L. (1988) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 92, 295-306) and are toxic to cultured hepatocytes (Long, R. M., and Moore, L. (1988) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 92, 295-306). The inhibition of Ca2+ uptake was due both to a decrease in the Ca2(+)-dependent ATPase and to an enhanced release of Ca2+ from the microsomes. The NADPH-dependent CCl4 inhibition was greater under N2 and was totally prevented by CO. GSH (1-10 mM) added during the incubation with CCl4 prevented the inhibition. This protection was also seen when the incubations were performed under nitrogen. When samples were preincubated with CCl4, the CCl4 metabolism was stopped, and then the Ca2+ uptake was determined; GSH reversed the CCl4 inhibition of Ca2+ uptake. This reversal showed saturation kinetics for GSH with two Km values of 0.315 and 93 microM when both the preincubation and the Ca2+ uptake were performed under air, and 0.512 and 31 microM when both were performed under nitrogen. Cysteine did not prevent the NADPH-dependent CCl4 inhibition of Ca2+ uptake. CCl4 increased lipid peroxidation in air, but no lipid peroxidation was seen under nitrogen. Lipid peroxidation was only modestly reversed by GSH. GSH did not remove 14C bound to samples preincubated with the 14CCl4. Although EDTA (100 microM) decreased the CCl4 inhibition, the metal-complexing agents deferoxamine (100 microM) and diethyldithiocarbamate (100 microM) had no effect on the inhibition of the pump. Similarly, the reactive oxygen scavengers catalase (65 micrograms/ml), superoxide dismutase (15 micrograms/ml), mannitol (10 mM), and dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mM) also had no effect. Our results suggest that the initial toxicity of CCl4 for the Ca2+ pump results from the metabolism of CCl4 to the CCl3. radical. This radical then directly oxidizes the Ca2+ pump, leading to decreased Ca2+ uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Infrared probe of itinerant ferromagnetism in Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As.

The doping and temperature dependence of the complex conductivity is determined for the ferromagnetic semiconductor Ga1� xMnxAs. A broad resonance develops with Mn doping at an energy scale of � 200 meV, well within the GaAs band gap. Possible origins of this feature are explored in the context of a Mn induced impurity band and intervalence band transitions. From a sum rule analysis of the conductivity data the effective mass of the itinerant charge carriers is found to be at least a factor of 3 greater than what is expected for hole doped GaAs. In the ferromagnetic state a significant decrease in the effective mass is observed, demonstrating the role played by the heavy carriers in inducing ferromagnetism in this system.
Effects of external shear forces on crystallisation kinetics of model fat blends

Summary The effects of different shearing conditions on the crystallisation of cocoa butter (CB) with the addition of other confectionery ingredients (sugar and lecithin) were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarised light microscopy (PLM) were conducted to measure the thermal, polymorphic and microstructural properties, of these mixtures, respectively. Both shearing conditions and ingredients have a pronounced impact on the thermal and polymorphic behaviour of CB, and its microstructure. In the absence of shear, the addition of lecithin delayed the polymorphic transformation in CB and results in slightly bigger crystal clusters. When both sugar and lecithin are added to nonsheared CB, they retard the formation of stable polymorphism. Moreover, sugar particles tended to agglomerate in the absence of lecithin under static conditions. With the application of shear, a more homogenous microstructure of the samples was observed. Shear significantly increases the crystallisation rate, polymorph transformation and the formation of a higher number of smaller crystals at both the presence and absence of lecithin.
Homogeneous Einstein–Weyl Structures on Symmetric Spaces

In this paper we examine homogeneous Einstein–Weyl structures and classify them on compact irreducible symmetric spaces. We find that the invariant Einstein–Weyl equation is very restrictive: Einstein–Weyl structures occur only on those spaces for which the isotropy representation has a trivial component, for example, the total space of a circle bundle.
Density-based data clustering algorithms for lower dimensions using space-filling curves

We present two new density-based algorithms for clustering data points in lower dimensions (dimensions ≤ 10). Both our algorithms compute density-based clusters and noises in O(n) CPU time, space, and I/O cost, under some reasonable assumptions, where n is the number of input points. Besides packing the data structure into buckets and using block access techniques to reduce the I/O cost, our algorithms apply space-filling curve techniques to reduce the disk access operations. Our first algorithm (Algorithm A) focuses on handling not highly clustered input data, while the second algorithm (Algorithm B) focuses on highly clustered input data. We implemented our algorithms, evaluated the effects of various space-filling curves, identified the best space-filling curve for our approaches, and conducted extensive performance evaluation. The experiments show the high performance of our algorithms. We believe that our algorithms are of considerable practical value.
Choriocarcinoma with metastasis in a postmenopausal woman.

ductive years. Molar pregnant! is 10 limei; as irequent in the age group over 4.3 than in the tllirtl ckade. Latent metastases arising Iron1 choriocal-~irlonla have been found and reported in medical writings.!--3 Yalthouf‘ and Polkson (I.epCJl& by ~.)-nch4) described a patient who had a 31 vear latent period. 0~‘ longesi on record, between the last pregnanq and subsequent metastatic trophoblastic disease. ‘l‘hc findings in our case are of interest in this regard.
“They Paid No Mind to My State of Mind”: African American Breast Cancer Patients’ Experiences of Cancer Care Delivery

This qualitative study describes experiences of cancer care delivery for nine African-American breast cancer patients. Three focus groups captured participants' experiences with the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and parenting their children. Spontaneous accounts describing their interactions with oncology staff were reported by all breast cancer patients. Content analysis revealed five themes: interaction with physicians, power and authority of physicians, collaboration between physicians and mental health professionals, navigating the system, and involvement of the family in the treatment process. These themes may help in developing culturally sensitive training programs for oncology providers to improve the quality of cancer care.
Protein Synthesis in the Maturing Reticulocyte

Abstract In order to determine why protein synthesis declines with reticulocyte maturation, rabbit reticulocytes separated by age on a density gradient of bovine serum albumin were studied. The ribosomal fraction was identified as the cell fraction largely responsible for this decline. Magnesium ion concentration in the soluble fraction of the cell declines with maturation. This decline may have functional significance, since the cell-free system from old cells showed a greater dependence on added magnesium than did the cell-free system from young cells. In response to added polyuridylic acid, the cell-free system from old cells synthesized polyphenylalanine at a slower rate than did the cell-free system from young cells, even when tested with equal concentrations of ribosomes. This difference was attributed to decreased responsiveness of the ribosomes from old cells to polyuridylic acid. A similar difference in responsiveness to endogenous messenger for hemoglobin would fully account for the observed difference in hemoglobin synthesis. A reticulocyte ribonuclease activity, extracted from the intact cells with a hypertonic solution containing ethylenediaminetetraacetate and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, declines with maturation from the earliest stage studied onward. The difference in activity of young and old cells was not due to a difference in membrane permeability, a deficiency in amino acids or adenosine triphosphate, nor to a diffusable activator or inhibitor of protein synthesis. No difference was found in the effects of heme, protoporphyrin IX, iron, or high and low oxygen tensions in either whole cells or cell fractions, nor in the ribosomal ribonucleic acid to protein ratio.
Chest Wall Leiomyosarcoma After Breast-Conservative Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer in a Young Woman With Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is one of the most penetrant forms of familial cancer susceptibility syndromes, characterized by early age at tumor onset and a wide spectrum of malignant tumors. Identifying LFS in patients with cancer is clinically imperative because they have an increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and are more likely to develop radiation-induced secondary malignancies. This case report describes a young woman whose initial presentation of LFS was early-onset breast cancer and whose treatment of this primary malignancy with breast conservation likely resulted in a secondary malignancy arising in her radiation field. As seen in this case, most breast cancers in patients with LFS exhibit a triple-positive phenotype (estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-positive/HER2-positive). Although this patient met classic LFS criteria based on age and personal and family history of cancer, the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian Cancer endorse genetic screening for TP53 mutations in a subset of patients with early-onset breast cancer, even in the absence of a suggestive family history, because of the potential for de novo TP53 mutations.
The unusual development of the sagittal crest in the Brazilian tapir ( Tapirus terrestris )

Two of the four living species of tapir (genus Tapirus) possess a distinct sagittal crest, but the development of this crest follows an unusual path in one species, T. terrestris. In T. pinchaque, T. bairdii, and T. indicus, as in other mammals, temporal ridges form on either side of the braincase, and, as postnatal ontogeny proceeds, these ridges migrate dorsad and mediad. In T. pinchaque and other mammals with a true sagittal crest, the temporal ridges eventually meet at the dorsal midline of the skull. In T. terrestris, paired temporal ridges never develop; instead, the crest simply erupts from the skull midline early in postnatal ontogeny. The sagittal crest continues to heighten, resulting in the tall crest that is characteristic of this species. Development of the sagittal crest is generally thought to be linked to the development of the temporalis muscle. Dissections of one adult and one neonate of T. terrestris indicate that the temporalis is strongly developed in this species and unusually extensive in its origin at an early age. A lack of comparative data forbids any conclusive statements about the relative development of this muscle as compared to that in other tapirs, but the unusual pattern of crest development seen in T. terrestris may be a consequence of the development of the temporalis muscle in this herbivorous ungulate. The pattern of crest development observed in T. terrestris is unique among tapirs, and perhaps among mammals. This explanation of the unusual sagittal crest morphology of T. terrestris is consistent with current interpretations of skull morphology and the taxonomy of Pleistocene Tapirus.
A microcomputer course for sophomore and graduate students

A graduate dual-level (senior/graduate) course on microcomputers is needed to provide a background for practicing engineers who did not have the opportunity to learn about microcomputers as undergraduates. The author has developed such a graduate microcomputer course, which was offered for the first time in the fall semester of 1988. It is almost identical to the existing sophomore core microcomputer course for all undergraduate engineering students at Purdue University. An outline of the course is given and the differences in content between the sophomore and graduate courses are discussed. >
Interleukin-6 and the Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Are Major Independent Regulators of Granulopoiesis In Vivo But Are Not Required for Lineage Commitment or Terminal Differentiation

Multiple hematopoietic cytokines can stimulate granulopoiesis; however, their relative importance in vivo and mechanisms of action remain unclear. We recently reported that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR)-deficient mice have a severe quantitative defect in granulopoiesis despite which phenotypically normal neutrophils were still detected. These results confirmed a role for the G-CSFR as a major regulator of granulopoiesis in vivo, but also indicated that G-CSFR independent mechanisms of granulopoiesis must exist. To explore the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in granulopoiesis, we generated IL-6 x G-CSFR doubly deficient mice. The additional loss of IL-6 significantly worsened the neutropenia present in young adult G-CSFR-deficient mice; moreover, exogenous IL-6 stimulated granulopoiesis in vivo in the absence of G-CSFR signals. Near normal numbers of myeloid progenitors were detected in the bone marrow of IL-6 x G-CSFR-deficient mice and their ability to terminally differentiate into mature neutrophils was observed. These results indicate that IL-6 is an independent regulator of granulopoiesis in vivo and show that neither G-CSFR or IL-6 signals are required for the commitment of multipotential progenitors to the myeloid lineage or for their terminal differentiation.
Difficulties in the analysis of acid-labile sulfide in Mo-S and Mo-Fe-S systems

Abstract The colorimetric sulfide assay of Fogo and Popowsky was found to give systematically low results with Mo-S and Mo-Fe-S systems of known sulfide content. A modification consisting of preincubation of the sample with basic zinc acetate at 100°C improves the accuracy in most cases. Under these conditions, however, release of a portion of the protein-bound sulfur as sulfide is also observed.
NO link between calorie restriction and mitochondria.

Sir2 is a key regulator in promoting longevity in response to a low-calorie diet. A new role for nitric oxide in promoting mitochondrial synthesis may be the reason why.
Visceral Obesity and Colorectal Cancer: Are We Missing the Boat with BMI?

Compared to subcutaneous fat, visceral fat is more metabolically active, leading to chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. The aim of this study is to describe the effect of visceral obesity on colorectal cancer outcomes using computed tomography (CT) imaging to measure visceral fat. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent surgical resection for colorectal cancer. Visceral fat volume was measured by preoperative CT scans. Final analysis was performed by stratifying patients based on oncologic stage. Two hundred nineteen patients met the inclusion criteria, 111 viscerally obese and 108 nonobese. Body mass index (BMI) weakly correlated with visceral fat volume measurements (R 2 = 0.304). Whereas obese patients had no difference in survival when categorizing obesity by BMI, categorizing based on visceral fat volume resulted in significant differences in stage II and stage III patients. In stage II cancer, viscerally obese patients had a nearly threefold decrease in disease-free survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.72; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.21, 6.10). In stage III cancer, viscerally obese patients had a longer time to recurrence (HR = 0.39; 95 % CI = 0.16, 0.99). This study shows that viscerally obese patients with stage II colorectal cancer are at higher risk for poor outcomes and should be increasingly considered for adjuvant chemotherapy.
Performance of Operational Model Precipitation Forecast Guidance during the 2013 Colorado Front-Range Floods

AbstractDuring the period 9–16 September 2013, more than 17 in. (~432 mm) of rainfall fell over parts of Boulder County, Colorado, with more than 8 in. (~203 mm) over a wide swath of Colorado’s northern Front Range. This caused significant flash and river flooding, loss of life, and extensive property damage. The event set a record for daily rainfall (9.08 in., or >230 mm) in Boulder that was nearly double the previous daily rainfall record of 4.8 in. (122 mm) set on 31 July 1919. The operational performance of precipitation forecast guidance from global ensemble prediction systems and the National Weather Service’s global and regional forecast systems during this event is documented briefly in the article and more extensively in online supplemental appendixes. While the precipitation forecast guidance uniformly depicted a much wetter-than-average period over northeastern Colorado, none of the global nor most of the regional modeling systems predicted precipitation amounts as heavy as analyzed. Notable ex...
Monitoring Solid Oxide CO2 Capture Sorbents in Action

The separation, capture, and storage of CO2, the major greenhouse gas, from industrial gas streams has received considerable attention in recent years because of concerns about environmental effects of increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. An emerging area of research utilizes reversible CO2 sorbents to increase conversion and rate of forward reactions for equilibrium-controlled reactions (sorption-enhanced reactions). Little fundamental information, however, is known about the nature of the sorbent surface sites, sorbent surface–CO2 complexes, and the CO2 adsorption/desorption mechanisms. The present study directly spectroscopically monitors Na2O/Al2O3 sorbent–CO2 surface complexes during adsorption/desorption with simultaneous analysis of desorbed CO2 gas, allowing establishment of molecular level structure–sorption relationships between individual surface carbonate complexes and the CO2 working capacity of sorbents at different temperatures.
The Arctic: Past or Prologue?

The word unaami from the Alaskan Native Yup'ik language translates broadly to “tomorrow”, and is commonly used with a connotation of change. There is no question that Arctic environments are changi...
New methodology to determine equilibrium surfactant adsorption properties from experimental dynamic surface tension data.

In this paper, we explore a novel approach to predict equilibrium adsorption properties from experimental dynamic surface tension (DST) data and the known rate-limiting adsorption kinetics mechanism, an approach that has never been pursued in the DST literature. Specifically, we develop a new methodology to predict the equilibrium surface tension versus surfactant bulk solution concentration (ESTC) behavior of nonionic surfactants from experimental DST data when the adsorption kinetics rate-limiting mechanism is diffusion controlled. The new methodology requires the following three inputs: (1) experimental DST data measured at a single surfactant bulk solution concentration, Cb, (2) the diffusion coefficient of the surfactant molecule, D, and (3) a single equilibrium surface tension data point, to predict the entire ESTC curve applicable over a wide range of surfactant bulk solution concentrations which are less than, or equal to, Cb. We demonstrate the applicability of the new methodology by predicting t...
The Relevance of Authenticity in Personal Selling: Is Genuineness an Asset or Liability?

Salespeople have traditionally been viewed as phony and manipulative. However, the profession is evolving to become more customer-needs focused. This research is developed to evaluate salesperson authenticity and its relationship to performance, professional commitment, and intent to stay in the profession. To date, no reported personal selling research has specifically explored these variables. This research reports results intended to address this void. Implications for personal selling and sales management practice and research are offered.
Afterword: Political Ethnography as Art and Science

Adam Ashforth has written one of the recent political ethnographies I most admire. His Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in South Africa draws on a total of about 3 years’ residence during the 1990s in Soweto (South West Township), an Apartheid-built black suburb of Johannesburg, plus subsequent visits to his adopted family and friends there. Earlier, Ashforth wrote an impressive historical analysis of the process by which Apartheid took shape (Ashforth 1990). But preparation for his book on witchcraft, violence, and democracy plunged him shoulder-deep into ethnography. Through first-hand observation, personal intervention, and incessant interrogation of his acquaintances, Ashforth built up a powerful picture of coping, strife, and hope amid vicious violence. Ashforth’s ethnographic involvement forced him to abandon many a preconceived category and explanation of struggle during and after Apartheid. Ashforth’s ethnography yielded remarkable, even disturbing, results. His analysis persuades me, at least, of two surprising conclusions I long resisted when hearing them from Adam: first, that no one can make sense of local South African politics without understanding the enormous part played by fears about, accusations of, and reactions to witchcraft in Soweto’s (and, by extension, South Africa’s) everyday politics; second, that no one can hope to deal with South Africa’s devastating AIDS epidemic or build local-level democracy without confronting witchcraft directly. Many a political ethnographer will resonate to Ashforth’s reflection: Fortunately, from my first day in Soweto I was blessed with remarkable friends who guided me through the pleasures and perils of life in the township. They steered me toward what little understanding of their world I can now claim, though they do not always agree with the way I have come to understand this place. I have read widely in the years since I began getting to know Soweto, but the essence of whatever I know about this place I have learned through my friends: how I know it is by being there as a friend. This is both the strength and the weakness of what follows. For what I came to understand – dimly, slowly, over many years of fumbling in the dark – is that their world is my world, and mine theirs, and yet we also live in worlds apart (Ashforth 2005, pp. x–xi). In order to do his ethnography, Ashforth had to become at least moderately competent in Zulu, Sotho, Xhosa, and the special brands of English Sowetans speak. It helped that he learned to play the violin Zulu style with other musicians in local drinking places, and that he was ready to defend his adopted brothers and sisters from
Direct thrombin inhibitors.

Abstract Direct thrombin inhibitors interact with thrombin and block its catalytic activity on a wide range of substrates. Their action is in contrast to heparin and its derivatives, which inhibit thrombin and other coagulation serine proteases via antithrombin, and to the warfarin-type drugs that interfere with synthesis of the precursors of the coagulation serine proteases. There are three direct thrombin inhibitors approved for clinical use at present (lepirudin, bivalirudin, argatroban) and another in advanced clinical testing (melagatran/ximelagatran). The chemical structure, kinetics of thrombin inhibition, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use of each of these agents are discussed. Semin Hematol 39:187-196. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
A rose for Dr. Martin.

One day after my lecture during morning report, Dr. Martin approached me. She said, “I'm going to teach you how to read an EKG.” I was shocked that she would take time out of her busy day to teach ...
SARAN BLANKET SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS, AND RADIANT HEAT DEMAND IN PREMATURE NEONATES UNDER RADIANT WARMERS

Radiant warmer beds offer the advantages of increased accessibility and visibility for the intensive care of critically ill infants. Two problems associated with radiant warming are increased insensible water loss (IWL) and oxygen consumption (VO2). Covering babies with a Saran plastic blanket has been suggested to alleviate these problems. Eight premature neonates (wt 1.11 ± .05 SEM kg, EGA 30 ± 1 wks, age 9 ± 2 days) were studied for 90 minutes each both naked and covered by a Saran blanket while nursed supine under servocontrolled (36.1°C) radiant warmers. VO2 was measured by computer assisted open circuit method, IWL was measured by Potter Scale, and radiant power demand from the heater (RPD) was measured by wattmeter and thermopile. Vital signs and temperatures were also measured. Results (mean ± SEM) show: A Saran blanket has proven to be an effective and therapeutic adjunct in the thermal regulation of the very low birthweight premature infant nursed under a radiant warmer in our nursery.
Comorbidity of schizotypy and psychopathy: Skin conductance to affective pictures

Prior research indicates a relationship between psychopathy and schizophrenia, elucidating a specific trajectory toward violence. Recent research has suggested that this relationship exists at the nonclinical trait level of schizotypy; however, this finding has not been examined objectively. To explore this relationship using both subjective and objective measures, 54 undergraduates (50% male; mean age 20.41) who endorsed a wide range of schizotypy on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) completed a laboratory-based protocol. Participants viewed 15 pictures (five neutral, five threatening, and five of others in distress) from the International Affective Pictures System while electrodermal activity was recorded. As expected, all participants exhibited increased skin conductance levels (SCL) to threat and distress pictures compared to neutral pictures; however, no difference in SCL was found between threat and distress pictures. A unique relationship between psychopathy and schizotypy was found (i.e., schizotypy was related to higher Self-Centered Impulsivity and lower Fearless Dominance); however, schizotypy was related to increased SCL in response to emotional and neutral pictures. Although results do not support autonomic hyporesponsiveness often found in clinical psychopathy, a positive relationship was found between schizotypy and self-reported physical aggression. Findings highlight the need to examine other trajectories of violence within the schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Ability to walk 1/4 mile predicts subsequent disability, mortality, and health care costs.

Background Mobility, such as walking 1/4 mile, is a valuable but underutilized health indicator among older adults. For mobility to be successfully integrated into clinical practice and health policy, an easily assessed marker that predicts subsequent health outcomes is required.
Recovery of fermentable sugars from process vegetable wastewaters

Abstract The U.S. fruit and vegetable processing industry annually generates approximately 11 million t of byproduct wastes along with over 430 × 109 l of effluent wastewaters. Appropriate disposal of these wasteflows is a costly burden to the generating industries. By selective processing of certain of these wasteflows through reverse osmosis (RO) facilities, approximately 1.42 million t of fermentable sugars could be recovered as a 20% sugar concentrate suitable for bioconversion to useful liquid fuels. The annual fuel alcohol potential of these sugars is between 750 and 900 million l. Economic analysis indicates that overall alcohol production costs should average only 40% of current FOB prices for U.S. bulk fuel alcohol. The coincident major reduction in wastewater BOD and associated disposal cost, and the recovery of over 43 × 109 l of reusable RO permeate water afford added incentives for industrial participation in the production of sugar concentrates from fruit and vegetable byproduct wasteflows.
Replication protein A (RPA) binding to duplex cisplatin-damaged DNA is mediated through the generation of single-stranded DNA.

Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric protein composed of 70-, 34-, and 14-kDa subunits that has been shown to be required for DNA replication, repair, and homologous recombination. We have previously shown preferential binding of recombinant human RPA (rhRPA) to duplex cisplatin-damaged DNA compared with the control undamaged DNA (Patrick, S. M., and Turchi, J. J. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8808–8815). Here we assess the binding of rhRPA to DNA containing site-specific cisplatin-DNA adducts. rhRPA is shown to bind 1.5–2-fold better to a duplex 30-base pair substrate containing a single 1,3d(GpXpG) compared with a 1,2d(GpG) cisplatin-DNA intrastrand adduct, consistent with the difference in thermal stability of DNA containing each adduct. Consistent with these data, a 21-base pair DNA substrate containing a centrally located single interstrand cisplatin cross-link resulted in less binding than to the undamaged control DNA. A series of experiments measuring rhRPA binding and concurrent DNA denaturation revealed that rhRPA binds duplex cisplatin-damaged DNA via the generation of single-stranded DNA. Single-strand DNA binding experiments show that rhRPA binds 3–4-fold better to an undamaged 24-base DNA compared with the same substrate containing a single 1,2d(GpG) cisplatin-DNA adduct. These data are consistent with a low affinity interaction of rhRPA with duplex-damaged DNA followed by the generation of single-stranded DNA and then high affinity binding to the undamaged DNA strand.
Maybe He's Depressed: Mental Illness as a Mitigating Factor for Drug Offender Accountability

Given the often perplexing relationship between mental illness and substance abuse among offenders, this article looks at how a juvenile drug court staff's presumptions of a youth's mental illness affect its decision‐making process. Based on thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork at a Southern California juvenile drug court, this article uses Manzo and Travers's “law in action” approach to analyze how the staff readjusts its application of normal remedies (a concept developed by Robert Emerson) designed to respond to a youth's noncompliance when it suspects mental illness may be influencing the youth's actions. In doing so, it highlights how court staff's considerations of youth mental disorders arise out of its everyday work practices. Furthermore, the article discusses how staff negotiations around a youth's mental illness create tensions for the juvenile drug court's accountability‐based model of therapeutic jurisprudence, because assessments of mental illness tend to mitigate responsibility for a youth's behavior.
Local perceptions of risk associated with poaching of wildlife implicated in human-wildlife conflicts in Namibia

Abstract Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) includes how people perceive risks associated with negative interactions with wildlife. Risk perceptions are important for conservationists to understand because perceptions can influence human behaviors in response to HWC, such as tolerance or poaching specific species. Our study site, the Zambezi region of Namibia, is renowned for diverse wildlife that come into conflict with humans and are vulnerable to poaching. Our study objectives were: (1) quantify local perceptions of risk associated with species-specific HWC and poaching, (2) examine the relationship between species-specific HWC and poaching risks, and (3) characterize economic costs, benefits and perceptions of the ecological values (e.g., disease vector) of the top four species implicated in HWCs and poaching. The species that were perceived to be at greatest risk from poaching were characterized as posing high ecological risks (e.g., disease vectors) and livelihood risks (e.g., crop damage) and were economically valuable for local subsistence and trade. Species perceived to pose high risk to livelihoods were moderately correlated with increasing perceived poaching vulnerability ( r = 0.53, p = 0.04, df = 14). All but one of the top four species most vulnerable generated greater average annual revenue from legal hunting than average annual damage to crops. However, a majority of participants stated that conservancy benefits were not equitably distributed. Quantifying and characterizing how stakeholders perceive poaching-related risks can complement risk assessment data and result in more robust conservation planning. These findings have implications for risk communication, distribution of wildlife-related risks and benefits and more nuanced management of the most vulnerable species.
HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION: OBSERVATIONS ON A CASE TREATED WITH D-PENICILLAMINE.

Balance studies, performed on a child with hepatolenticular degeneration, revealed that d -penicillamine brought about a change from a positive to a markedly negative copper balance because of its cupriuuretic effect. He was then treated with this drug, with marked restriction of copper intake, and with the administration of potassium sulfide which to some extent prevents absorption of copper from the gut. This regimen resulted in appreciable improvement despite the fact that later studies revealed a diminution in the cupriuretic effect of d -penicillamine which necessitated an increase in dosage. D-penicillamine also increased the urinary excretion of magnesium and of calcium.
On development of a VLSI circuit for impact source identification in ceramic plates

Interest has been shown in the problem of real-time crack detection, crack extent measurement and the identification of the impact source causing the damage. A solution to the problem of impact source identification is presented using a signal processing technique employing piezoelectric sensors. In order to detect the crack and to identify the source of the impact, the Fuzzy logic approach is suggested. Based on the FLA approach, a procedure to develop the rule base is given. The implementation of the rules is done using Hardware Description Languages (HDL) such as Verilog. The procedure from Verilog to VLSI implementation is suggested. FPGA implementation and testing of the suggested procedure is included. The problems for the future work on the development of VLSI to measure the crack and identify the impact sources are given.
A classification of all order-preserving homeomorphism groups of the reals that satisfy finite uniqueness

The only real relational structures of scale type (m, n) with 1 ≤ m ≤ n < ∞ are of scale type (1, 1), (1, 2), and (2, 2), and so are conjugate to structures whose automorphism groups are subgroups of the affines containing the group of translations. All real relational structures of scale type (0, n) with n < ∞ have automorphism groups abstractly isomorphic to; moreover, each contains subchain of order type theta, invariant under the action of the automorphism group, s.t. the action of the automorphisms on this subchain is conjugate to that of a sub-group of the affines.
Plasma concentrations of angiogenic/anti-angiogenic factors have prognostic value in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia to the obstetrical triage area: a prospective study.

AbstractObjective: To prospectively determine the prognostic value of maternal plasma concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble endoglin (sEng) and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptors-1 and -2 (sVEGFR-1 and -2) in identifying patients with suspected preeclampsia (PE), who require preterm delivery (PTD) or develop adverse outcomes.Study design: This prospective cohort study included 85 consecutive patients who presented to the obstetrical triage area at 20–36 weeks with a diagnosis of “rule out PE.” Patients were classified as: 1) those who remained stable until term (n = 37); and 2) those who developed severe PE and required PTD (n = 48). Plasma concentrations of PlGF, sEng and sVEGFR-1 and -2 were determined by ELISA.Results: Patients with PlGF/sVEGFR-1 ≤0.05 multiples of the median (MoM) or PlGF/sEng ≤0.07 MoM were more likely to deliver preterm due to PE [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) 7.4 and 8.8], and to develop maternal (aOR 3.7 and 2.4) or neonatal complications (aOR 10.0...
Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru

Peasant and Nation offers a major new statement on the making of national politics. Comparing the popular political cultures and discourses of postcolonial Mexico and Peru, Florencia Mallon provides a groundbreaking analysis of their effect on the evolution of these nation states. As political history from a variety of subaltern perspectives, the book takes seriously the history of peasant thought and action and the complexity of community politics. It reveals the hierarchy and the heroism, the solidarity and the surveillance, the exploitation and the reciprocity, that coexist in popular political struggle. With this book Mallon not only forges a new path for Latin American history but challenges the very concept of nationalism. Placing it squarely within the struggles for power between colonized and colonizing peoples, she argues that nationalism must be seen not as an integrated ideology that puts the interest of the nation above all other loyalties, but as a project for collective identity over which many political groups and coalitions have struggled. Ambitious and bold, Peasant and Nation both draws on monumental archival research in two countries and enters into spirited dialogue with the literatures of post-colonial studies, gender studies, and peasant studies.
Accelerated Progression of Gastritis to Dysplasia in the Pyloric Antrum of TFF2 / C57BL6 Sv129 Helicobacter pylori-Infected Mice

Trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is up-regulated in Helicobacter spp.-infected gastric tissues of both humans and mice. To ascertain the biological effects of TFF2 in vivo, TFF2−/− C57BL/6 × Sv129 and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 × Sv129 mice were orally infected with Helicobacter pylori SS1. Mice were evaluated for gastric H. pylori colonization, pathology, and cytokine profiles at 6 and 19 months post inoculation (pi). At 6 months pi, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) for epithelial criteria (mucosal defects, atrophy, hyperplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and dysplasia) in the corpus of TFF2−/− versus WT mice. At 19 months pi, a similar statistical difference in epithelial parameters was noted in the antrum of TFF2−/− versus WT mice (P < 0.01). All of the TFF2−/− H. pylori-infected mice had high-grade antral dysplasia, including gastric intraepithelial neoplasia, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) compared with the infected WT mice. Levels of interferon-γ were markedly elevated in the gastric mucosa of infected TFF2−/− mice at both 6 and 19 months pi. TFF2 provided a cytoprotective and/or anti-inflammatory effect against the progression of premalignant lesions of the gastric corpus at 6 months pi and in the pyloric antrum in H. pylori-infected mice at 19 months pi. These data support a protective role for TFF2 in part by modulating levels of gastric interferon-γ in the development of H. pylori-associated premalignancy of the distal stomach.
Impact of progression during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on surgical management of breast cancer.

Background Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) is standard therapy for locally advanced breast cancer, it remains controversial for early-stage disease due to concerns that disease progression may make breast-conservation therapy (BCT), or even operability, impossible. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of disease progression during NCT on surgical management.
Computer-assisted versus Manual Alignment in THA: A Probabilistic Approach to Range of Motion

Dislocation remains a major complication after THA, and range of motion before impingement is important in joint stability. Variability in implant alignment affects resultant range of motion. We used a probabilistic modeling approach to assess the effects of implant alignment variability based on manual and computer-assisted surgical (CAS) techniques on resultant range of motion after THA. We implemented a contact detection algorithm within a probabilistic analysis framework. The normally distributed alignment variables (mean ± 1 standard deviation) were cup abduction (manual = 45° ± 7.6°, CAS = 45° ± 5.7°), cup anteversion (manual = 20° ± 9.6°, CAS = 20° ± 4.5°), and stem anteversion (manual and CAS = 10° ± 1.5°). The outcomes of the probabilistic analysis were range of motion distributions with 1% and 99% bounds. The upper bounds of motion for manual and CAS alignment were similar because bony impingement was the limiting factor. The lower bounds of range of motion were substantially different depending on the type of surgical alignment; manual alignment produced a smaller range of motion in 3% to 5% of cases. CAS implant alignment produced range of motion values above minimum acceptable levels in all cases simulated.
Pressure drop studies in a plate heat exchanger

Recent studies on heat transfer in plate heat exchangers have pointed out the need for quantitative expressions for pressure drop in this type of apparatus. This paper presents the results of experimental studies to obtain pressure drop relationships useful in plate heater design. A plastic prototype of a commercial model (Chester-Jensen) exchanger was fabricated and used to obtain entrance, exit, crossover, ribbed section, and overall pressure drops as a function of velocity with water as the fluid. These individual losses were combined into an expression for overall pressure drop for a series plastic plate pack having any number of plates and employing any fluid. Overall pressure drop data on a commerical Chester-Jensen Model HTF plate heater were available from several heat transfer studies reported previously. The data for series patterns were resolved by inserting overall pressure drop, physical properties of the fluid, and number of plate passes into the general form of the equation derived for plastic plates and by solving for a new set of constants. The resulting computer-derived expression was found to predict series pressure drops in the apparatus to ± 10%. From a similar approach it was possible to correlate the overall pressure drop data for the heater for looped flow patterns.
Mirror fusion reactor design

Recent conceptual reactor designs based on mirror confinement are described. Four components of mirror reactors for which materials considerations and structural mechanics analysis must play an important role in successful design are discussed. The reactor components are: (a) first-wall and thermal conversion blanket, (b) superconducting magnets and their force restraining structure, (c) neutral beam injectors, and (d) plasma direct energy converters.
Examining the Presence of Anxiety in Aggressive Individuals: The Illuminating Role of Fight-or-Flight Mechanisms

Although internalizing and externalizing problems are often considered in isolation from one another, they frequently co-occur in individuals leading to unique behavioral profiles. To examine the overlap and divergence of anxious and aggressive behaviors, as well as the differential presence of anxiety within the forms, functions, and subtypes of aggression. This is a theoretical literature review conducted by reviewing recent manuscripts detailing numerous correlates of anxiety and aggression and then synthesizing them into a potential conceptual model. Conceptualizing anxiety and aggression as behavioral representatives of the fight-or-flight response, this paper considers their overlap and divergence on various emotional (e.g., emotion regulation) and cognitive (e.g., perceptions of control) mechanisms. Variations in these mechanisms as they relate to the forms (relational/overt), functions (proactive/reactive), and form-function subtypes of aggression are also examined. The clinical utility of considering these cognitive and emotional mechanisms when dealing with aggressive behavior is discussed. Concluding remarks seek to conceptualize anxiety and aggression as parts of an interconnected fight-or-flight system.