cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Citizens and Aliens in U.S. Courts

When asked how foreign nationals (known as aliens) are treated in U.S. courts, the short answer should be "just like citizens," but of course a more complete answer will be a bit more complicated. The basis for equal treatment is found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution: no person shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property without Due Process of law." The Due Process clause was adapted from the British Magna Carta, which assured that the Crown would follow the "law of the land," a phrase that was later converted to "Due Process of law." The applicability of Due Process to every person and not just to citizens should guarantee the same treatment, with respect both to applicable law and to procedures, for both citizens and aliens. The differences come in areas in which the fact of nationality is relevant to the issues involved.
Calcium uptake by duodenal enterocytes isolated from young and mature SHR and WKY rats: influence of dietary calcium

Intestinal calcium (Ca2+) transport was examined at the cellular level using duodenal enterocytes isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Compartmental analysis of 45Ca2+ uptake was performed on enterocytes isolated from young (12- to 14-wk-old) and mature animals (24- to 26-wk-old) fed either normal (1%) or high (2%) calcium diets. Intracellular Ca2+ flux (Jc) was reduced in SHR compared with WKY for both young (0.67 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.08 +/- 0.08 nmol Ca2+.mg protein-1.min-1 P less than 0.01) and mature (0.39 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.71 +/- 0.05 nmol Ca2+.mg protein-1.min-1; P less than 0.001) animals on a normal calcium diet. On a high-calcium diet, this strain difference of Jc disappeared in the young rats (0.87 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.06 nmol Ca2+.mg protein-1.min-1, NS). In mature SHR, the high-calcium diet stimulated Jc, whereas it lowered it in mature WKY resulting in a similar flux for both strains (0.56 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.49 +/- 0.05 nmol Ca2+.mg protein-1.min-1, NS). Young SHR had a lower intracellular Ca2+ pool compared with WKY. This defect was corrected by a high-calcium diet. The membrane Ca2+ flux (Jm) was lower in mature SHR than WKY fed a normal calcium diet (P less than 0.02); Jm increased to the control value (P less than 0.05) in the SHR on a high-calcium diet. Diet-induced changes of plasma 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D levels in the SHR did not parallel the observed changes of intestinal Ca2+ fluxes. Thus duodenal enterocytes from SHR appear to have an intrinsic alteration of Ca2+ transport that can be corrected in part by a higher calcium diet.
A Further Look atQ1andQ2from TOGA COARE

AbstractTwo features of Yanai et al.’s profiles of Q1 and Q2—the commonly observed double-peak structure to Q2 and an inflection in the Q1 profile below the melting level—are explored using estimates of convective and stratiform rainfall partitioning based on Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) radar reflectivity data collected during TOGA COARE. The MIT radar data allow the Q1 and Q2 profiles to be classified according to stratiform rain fraction within the radar domain and, within the limitations of the datasets, allow interpretations to be made about the relative contributions of convective and stratiform precipitation to the mean profiles. The sorting of Q2 by stratiform rain fraction leads to the confirmation of previous findings that the double-peak structure in the mean profile is a result of a combination of separate contributions of convective and stratiform precipitation. The convective contribution, which has a drying peak in the lower troposphere, combines with a stratiform drying peak...
Development and funding of a pharmacy-based investigational drug service

The development, implementation, and operation of a pharmacy-based investigational drug service (IDS) at a university medical center are described. Before the IDS was established, pharmacy participation in investigational drug research was limited to the preparation of novel dosage forms. Medication errors, improper storage and labeling, and inadequate inventories of investigational drugs were common problems. Stepped-up enforcement by FDA and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of guidelines for investigational drug control prompted the formation of a multidisciplinary task force, which recommended that the department of pharmaceutical services expand its support of investigational drug studies to include inventory control, record keeping, and clinical services. The IDS is supported by both the hospital and the school of medicine and currently receives 36% of its funding from principal investigator grants and contracts. The IDS coordinates more than 100 study protocols and dispenses more than 4000 doses of investigational drugs annually. The IDS is staffed by 1.0 full-time equivalent (FTE) clinical pharmacist and 0.5 FTE technician. Inventory control and billing functions are performed by a departmental microcomputer system. The IDS has demonstrated a positive gross margin for each of its first two years of operation. Problems associated with the control and use of investigational drugs at this institution have been successfully corrected by the implementation of a pharmacy-based IDS.
Spin–orbit torque-assisted switching in magnetic insulator thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

As an in-plane charge current flows in a heavy metal film with spin-orbit coupling, it produces a torque on and thereby switches the magnetization in a neighbouring ferromagnetic metal film. Such spin-orbit torque (SOT)-induced switching has been studied extensively in recent years and has shown higher efficiency than switching using conventional spin-transfer torque. Here we report the SOT-assisted switching in heavy metal/magnetic insulator systems. The experiments used a Pt/BaFe12O19 bilayer where the BaFe12O19 layer exhibits perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. As a charge current is passed through the Pt film, it produces a SOT that can control the up and down states of the remnant magnetization in the BaFe12O19 film when the film is magnetized by an in-plane magnetic field. It can reduce or increase the switching field of the BaFe12O19 film by as much as about 500 Oe when the film is switched with an out-of-plane field.
Creating wide band gap LEDs without P-doping

Wide band gap semiconductors like AlN typically cannot be efficiently p-doped: acceptor levels are far from the valence band-edge, preventing holes from activating. This means that pn-junctions cannot be created, and the semiconductor is less useful, a particular problem for deep Ultraviolet (UV) optoelectronics.
Abstract B056: Harnessing tissue resident memory T cells to combat solid tumors

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a major hurdle to overcome in the development of successful cancer therapies. Newly discovered tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) function to create a potent immunostimulatory environment to protect against local reinfection. As TRM are present in abundance in nearly every tissue and can be triggered by cognate peptide alone, without adjuvant, we tested whether we could hijack infection-specific TRM in tumors to reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhance existing immunotherapies. Mice with established vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-specific skin TRM were challenged with the transplantable B16 melanoma cell line. We find VSV-specific CD8+ T cells within established tumors and within 12 hours of cognate peptide delivery, these cells upregulate IFNγ, CD25, and Granzyme B. This led to 1) tumor NK cell activation through Granzyme B upregulation, 2) NK cell recruitment to the tumor, and 3) CD8+ T cell recruitment to the tumor. Ongoing studies are testing whether TRM immunotherapy synergizes with CAR T cell and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies for eradication of recalcitrant tumors. These results demonstrate proof of principal efficacy for exploiting infection-specific TRM as a tumor immunotherapy. Citation Format: Pamela C. Rosato, Luke S. Manlove, Christine E. Nelson, Christopher A. Pennell, Vaiva Vezys, David Masopust. Harnessing tissue resident memory T cells to combat solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B056.
Expanding 4-H Horizons Livestock Leader Guides

What does a 4-H volunteer do when a child asks to start a project they don’t know anything about? The Expanding 4-H Horizons Swine Leader Guide offers information and activities that can be used by anyone in a club or clinic setting. A team of western regional extension professionals have created and piloted a user friendly tool that can be utilized by 4-H leaders and state/county extension staff. The swine specific manual is the first of four being created that will eventually offer information and activities for the beef, sheep and goat projects. This series of leaders guides are being created to serve as a useful tool that can be utilized across a variety of counties and states by supplementing already existing member manuals. With this curriculum, adults will be able to conduct highly effective activities that emphasize project skills, life skill learning, the experiential learning model and 4-H SET.
Inflammasome and autophagy regulation - a two-way street.

Inflammation plays a significant role in protecting hosts against pathogens. Inflammation induced by noninfectious endogenous agents can be detrimental and, if excessive, can result in organ and tissue damage. The inflammasome is a major innate immune pathway that can be activated via both exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Inflammasome activation involves formation and oligomerization of a protein complex including a nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR), an adaptor protein and pro-caspase-1. This then allows cleavage and activation of caspase-1, followed by downstream cleavage and release of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 from innate immune cells. Hyperinflammation caused by unrestrained inflammasome activation is linked with multiple inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. So there is an understandable rush to understand mechanisms that regulate such potent inflammatory pathways. Autophagy has now been identified as a main regulator of inflammasomes. Autophagy is a vital intracellular process involved in cellular homeostasis, recycling and removal of damaged organelles (eg, mitochondria) and intracellular pathogens. Autophagy is regulated by proteins that are important in endosomal/phagosomal pathways, as well as by specific autophagy proteins coded for by autophagy-related genes. Cytosolic components are surrounded and contained by a double-membraned vesicle, which then fuses with lysosomes to enable degradation of the contents. Autophagic removal of intracellular DAMPs, inflammasome components or cytokines can reduce inflammasome activation. Similarly, inflammasomes can regulate the autophagic process, allowing for a two-way mutual regulation of inflammation that may hold the key for treatment of multiple diseases.
CRUZIA TENTACULATA (RUDOLPHI, 1819) TRAVASSOS, 1917 EN DIDELPHIS PERNIGRA (ALLEN, 1900) DEL VALLE DE ACERO MARKA DE LOS YUNGAS DE LA PAZ, BOLIVIA

Registramos el hallazgo del nematodo, Cruzia tentacula Rudolphi, 1819, encontrado en el ciego de una zarigueya andina de orejas blancas Didelphis pernigra Allen, 1900 en los Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia. Los nematodos fueron aclarados con lactofenol de Amman e identificados como C. tentacula. Este es el primer registro de esta especie nematodo en este didelfido en Bolivia
Hydraulic Fracturing and Production Optimization in Eagle Ford Shale Using Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid Flow Model

With increasing production from shale gas and tight oil reservoirs, horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing processes have become a routine procedure in unconventional field development efforts. Natural fractures play a critical role in hydraulic fracture growth, subsequently affecting stimulated reservoir volume and the production efficiency. Moreover, the existing fractures can also contribute to the pressure-dependent fluid leak-off during the operations. Hence, a reliable identification of the discrete fracture network covering the zone of interest prior to the hydraulic fracturing design needs to be incorporated into the hydraulic fracturing and reservoir simulations for realistic representation of the in situ reservoir conditions. In this research study, an integrated 3-D fracture and fluid flow model have been developed using a new approach to simulate the fluid flow and deliver reliable production forecasting in naturally fractured and hydraulically stimulated tight reservoirs. The model was created with three key modules. A complex 3-D discrete fracture network model introduces realistic natural fracture geometry with the associated fractured reservoir characteristics. A hydraulic fracturing model is created utilizing the discrete fracture network for simulation of the hydraulic fracture and flow in the complex discrete fracture network. Finally, a reservoir model with the production grid system is used allowing the user to efficiently perform the fluid flow simulation in tight formations with complex fracture networks. The complex discrete natural fracture model, the integrated discrete fracture model for the hydraulic fracturing, the fluid flow model, and the input dataset have been validated against microseismic fracture mapping and commingled production data obtained from a well pad with three horizontal production wells located in the Eagle Ford oil window in south Texas. Two other fracturing geometries were also evaluated to optimize the cumulative production and for the three wells individually. Significant reduction in the production rate in early production times is anticipated in tight reservoirs regardless of the fracturing techniques implemented. The simulations conducted using the alternating fracturing technique led to more oil production than when zipper fracturing was used for a 20-year production period. Yet, due to the decline experienced, the differences in cumulative production get smaller, and the alternating fracturing is not practically implementable while field application of zipper fracturing technique is more practical and widely used.
When Reason Is in a Bad Mood: A Fanonian Philosophical Portrait

This article examines the impact of racism on philosophical reasoning through an exploration of the thought of Frantz Fanon. How does one respond to forms of reason premised upon the rejection of one’s humanity? Such a challenge leads to melancholia, the author argues, in the face of what he calls disciplinary decadence, which calls for a teleological suspension of philosophy and a philosophical anthropology conducive to metacritical and open conception of a human being.
Management komplexer Innovationssysteme auf Basis des Viable System Models

Unternehmen der Automobilindustrie stehen mehr denn je besonderen Herausforderungen im Innovationsmanagement gegenuber. Sie mussen im Bereich des Unternehmensumfeldes die zunehmende Wandlungsgeschwindigkeit und Koexistenz von aufkommenden Trends in den Bereichen Mode, Design und Technik beherrschen, sowie mit der wachsenden Komplexitat in technischer und sozialer Sicht umgehen.
Generating Evolving Property Graphs with Attribute-Aware Preferential Attachment

In recent years there has been significant interest in evolutionary analysis of large-scale networks. Researchers study network evolution rate and mechanisms, the impact of specific events on evolution, and spatial and spatio-temporal patterns. To support data scientists who are studying network evolution, there is a need to develop scalable and generalizable systems. Tangible systems progress in turn depends on the availability of standardized datasets on which performance can be tested.In this work, we make progress towards a data generator for evolving property graphs, which represent evolution of graph topology, and of vertex and edge attributes. We propose an attribute-based model of preferential attachment, and instantiate this model on a co-authorship network derived from DBLP, with attributes representing publication venues of the authors. We show that this attribute-based model predicts which edges are created more accurately than a structure-only model. Finally, we demonstrate that synthetic graphs are indeed useful for evaluating performance of evolving graph query primitives.
Design of an assistive, glove-based exoskeleton

A soft robotic exoskeleton has been designed to serve as an assistive device to increase quality of life and independence, as well as a task-based robotic hand therapy research testbed for the cervical level spinal cord injury (SCI) population. The design of this glove incorporated user feedback within an iterative, collaborative development process. This compliant, glove-like exoskeleton is underactuated, with fewer actuators than degrees of freedom (DOF), and can accomplish seven poses which support most activities of daily living (ADL). In addition to its role as an assistive device, this glove has the potential to provide individuals with impairment with “hands-in” rehabilitation centered on performing functional tasks. Future investigations of the role of the assistive glove in upper extremity function and reaching will focus on the potential lor the device to increase the quantity and quality of use of the unassisted upper extremity joints during tasks.
On Modeling and Verification of Agent-Based Traffic Simulation Properties in Alloy

The advances in Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS call for a new generation of traffic simulation models that support connectivity and collaboration among simulated vehicles and traffic infrastructure. In this paper we introduce MATISSE, a complex, large scale agent-based framework for the modeling and simulation of ITS and discuss how Alloy, a modeling language based on set theory and first order logic, was used to specify, verify, and analyze MATISSE's traffic models.
Bladder Emptying: Contractility

Bladder contractility is a measure of detrusor muscle contractile strength and it can be affected by a variety of factors. In this chapter, conditions such as detrusor underactivity, acontractile detrusor, detrusor hyperactivity and impaired contractility, and other abnormal forms of detrusor function will be discussed extensively with urodynamics tracings demonstrating each clinical scenario. Other factors that can affect bladder contractility, such as the bladder outlet, will also be reviewed in this chapter underscoring the importance of understanding the relationship between bladder contractility and outlet resistance. A properly performed urodynamic study is a powerful tool in better understanding disorders of bladder contractility.
32. Sphincter- und Beckenbodenverletzungen

Sphincter- und Beckenbodenverletzungen sind selten und durch ihre grose Variationsbreite und hohe Morbiditatsrate gekennzeichnet. Unter den Unfallmechanismen dominiert die Pfahlung. Das Letalitatsrisiko hangt von den Begleitverletzungen ab. Der Kontinenzverlust des Sphincterapparates ist die schwerstwiegende Spatkomplikation. Das funktionelle Ergebnis wird durch das Ausmas der Verletzung bestimmt. Die primare Rekonstruktion hat die besten Ergebnisse.
Canonical Correlation Analysis with Common Graph Priors

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a well-appreciated linear subspace method to leverage hidden sources common to two or more datasets. CCA benefits are documented in various applications, such as dimensionality reduction, blind source separation, classification, and data fusion. However, the standard CCA does not exploit the geometry of common sources, which may be deduced from (cross-) correlations, or, inferred from the data. In this context, the prior information provided by the common source is encoded here through a graph, and is employed as a CCA regularizer. This leads to what is termed here as graph CCA (gCCA), which accounts for the graph-induced knowledge of common sources, while maximizing the linear correlation between the canonical variables. When the dimensionality of data vectors is high relative to the number of vectors, the dual formulation of the novel gCCA is also developed. Tests on two real datasets for facial image classification showcase the merits of the proposed approaches relative to their competing alternatives.
Study the Effects of Capsaicin on Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer accounting for 12% of breast cancer cases. It is characterized by the lack of the estrogen receptor (ER), p...
Self-Actualizing People in the 21st Century: Integration With Contemporary Theory and Research on Personality and Well-Being:

More than 70 years ago, Maslow put forward an integrated theory of human motivation that still captures the public imagination. Still, integration with modern theory and research remains elusive. T...
A new Cryptotermes (Blattodea (Isoptera): Kalotermitidae) from Honduras and known distribution of New World Cryptotermes species.

Cryptotermes garifunae sp. nov. (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) is described from a single colony sample collected on the coast of Honduras. This species represents the twenty-second Cryptotermes species known from the Caribbean Basin and West Indies. The C. garifunae soldier and imago are the smallest of the New World Cryptotermes . Distribution maps, constructed from 1,452 new records, are given for all 31 species of New World Cryptotermes . Resumen Se describe Cryptotermes garifunae sp. nov. (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) a partir de una muestra de una sola colonia recolectada en la costa de Honduras. Esta especie representa la vigesima segunda especie de Cryptotermes conocida de la cuenca del Caribe y las Antillas. El soldado y el imago de C. garifunae son los mas pequenos de las especies de Cryptotermes conocidas en el Nuevo Mundo. Se provee mapas de distribucion, construidos a partir de 1, 452 nuevos registros, para las 31 especies de Cryptotermes en el Nuevo Mundo. View this article in BioOne
Improving the Quality of Inpatient Ulcerative Colitis Management: Promoting Evidence-Based Practice and Reducing Care Variation With an Inpatient Protocol

Background Hospitalization for ulcerative colitis is a high-risk period associated with increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection, thromboembolism, and opiate use. The study aim was to develop and implement a quality-improvement intervention for inpatient ulcerative colitis management that standardizes gastroenterology consultant recommendations and improves delivery of evidence-based care. Methods All adult patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis between July 1, 2014, and December 31, 2017, who received intravenous corticosteroids were included. On July 1, 2016, the UCSF Inpatient Ulcerative Colitis Protocol was implemented, featuring standardized core recommendations and a daily checklist for gastroenterology consultant notes, a bundled IBD electronic order set, and an opiate awareness campaign. The composite primary outcome was adherence to all 3 evidence-based care metrics: C. difficile testing performed, pharmacologic venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis ordered, and opiates avoided. Results Ninety-three ulcerative colitis hospitalizations occurred, including 36 preintervention and 57 postintervention. Age, gender, disease duration, disease extent, and medication use were similar preintervention and postintervention. C. difficile testing was performed in 100% of hospitalizations. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was ordered on 84% of hospital days before intervention compared with 100% after intervention (P ≤ 0.001). Opiates were administered in 67% of preintervention hospitalizations, compared with 53% of postintervention hospitalizations (P = 0.18). The median daily dose of oral morphine equivalents decreased from 12.1 mg before intervention to 0.5 mg after intervention (P = 0.02). The composite outcome of adherence to all 3 metrics was higher after intervention (25% vs. 47%, P = 0.03). Conclusions Evidence-based inpatient ulcerative colitis management may be optimized with standardized algorithms that reinforce core principles, reduce care variation, and do not require IBD specialists to implement.
Neue Perspektiven für eine bessere Betreuung

Die Internationale Liga gegen Epilepsie hat im Jahr 2017 eine neue Klassifikation von Anfallen und Epilepsien vorgelegt. Dadurch soll eine spezifischere und bessere Betreuung der Patienten und ihrer Familien ermoglicht werden. Lernen Sie diese und andere Neuerungen in der Epileptologie fur die tagliche Arbeit in unserer Ubersicht kennen.
Face familiarity detection with complex synapses

Synaptic plasticity is a complex phenomenon involving multiple biochemical processes that operate on different timescales. We recently showed that this complexity can greatly increase the memory capacity of neural networks when the variables that characterize the synaptic dynamics have limited precision, as in biological systems. These types of complex synapses have been tested on mostly simple memory retrieval problems involving random and uncorrelated patterns. Here we turn to a real-world problem, face familiarity detection, and we show that also in this case it is possible to take advantage of synaptic complexity to store in memory a large number of faces that can be recognized at a later time. In particular, we show that the memory capacity of a system with complex synapses grows almost linearly with the number of the synapses and quadratically with the number of neurons. Complex synapses are superior to simple ones, which are characterized by a single variable, even when the total number of dynamical variables is matched. Our results indicate that a memory system with complex synapses can be used in real-world applications such as familiarity detection.
Legal and Ethical Considerations for Family-School Engagement with Undocumented Families

The National Association of School Psychologists emphasizes school psychologists’ role in facilitating family-school collaboration. This may be particularly important for vulnerable populations, including undocumented students and their families. Considering that there are a significant number of undocumented immigrants in the USA, it is likely that school psychologists will work with these students and their families. Additionally, undocumented immigrants often face increased academic hardship and are at heightened risk for deportation, necessitating that school psychologists are well versed in best practices for working with this underserved population. This article provides relevant legal and ethical guidelines related to working with students and families who are undocumented. Practical implications are provided to school psychologists to help facilitate family-school collaboration.
Zwitterionic carboxybetaine polymers extend the shelf-life of human platelets.

Abstract The shelf-life of human platelets preserved in vitro for therapeutic transfusion is limited because of bacterial contamination and platelet storage lesion (PSL). The PSL is the predominant factor and limiting unfavorable interactions between the platelets and the non-biocompatible storage bag surfaces is the key to alleviate PSL. Here we describe a surface modification method for biocompatible platelet storage bags that dramatically extends platelet shelf-life beyond the current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards of 5 days. The surface coating of the bags can be achieved through a simple yet effective dip-coating and light-irradiation method using a biocompatible polymer. The biocompatible polymers with tunable functional groups can be routinely fabricated at any scale and impart super-hydrophilicity and non-fouling capability on commercial hydrophobic platelet storage bags. As critical parameters reflecting the platelets quality, the activation level and binding affinity with von Willebrand factor (VWF) of the platelets stored in the biocompatible platelet bags at 8 days are comparable with those in the commercial bags at 5 days. This technique also demonstrates promise for a wide range of medical and engineering applications requiring biocompatible surfaces. Statement of significance Current standard platelet preservation techniques agitate platelets at room temperature (20–24 °C) inside a hydrophobic (e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) storage bag, thereby allowing preservation of platelets only for 5 days. A key factor leading to quality loss is the unfavorable interaction between the platelets and the non-biocompatible storage bag surfaces. Here, a surface modification method for biocompatible platelet storage bags has been created to dramatically extend platelet shelf-life beyond the current FDA standards of 5 days. The surface coating of the bags can be achieved via a simple yet effective dip-coating and light-irradiation method using a carboxybetaine polymer. This technique is also applicable to many other applications requiring biocompatible surfaces.
Systematic errors in mixing measurements using filtered Rayleigh scattering in supersonic flows

When performing non-reacting mixing enhancement experimental studies in supersonic flow, helium is often used as an injectant which serves as a simulant gas for hydrogen fuel. The resulting distribution of helium mole fraction in the binary mixture of air and helium can be quantified using filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS). The FRS technique requires two independent experiments in supersonic flow, one with helium injection and the other with air injection. The helium mole fraction is retrieved under the key assumptions that the number density profiles and the extent of the Doppler shift that is associated with each of the two independent experiments at the measuring plane are identically the same. This work is centered on the analysis of the impact of a departure from the aforementioned assumptions with the aid of a reduced-order model developed for a canonical rectangular jet in supersonic flow. The results, derived from the implementation of the model, are used to identify key driving phenomena that concurrently contribute to violate the key assumptions and are compared and discussed in the light of available experimental data. Additionally, the analysis suggests that the newly developed model can be used in the design of FRS experiments by minimizing the extent of mismatch in the number density profile and thus reducing the systematic bias error associated with the mixture’s composition measurements.
Careers in Academic Research

Research experiences can be beneficial for trainees and practicing physicians at all stages of their professional development. Individuals seeking a research experience can obtain funding support from medical societies, federal and private grants, and from residency training programs. The Medical Scientist Training Program is a combined degree M.D./Ph.D. program designed to fund and train physician-scientists. These physician-scientists are highly sought-after in academia, because they can fulfill roles in many professional areas, including basic science research, clinical research, teaching, and clinical medicine.
Possible antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric transition and metallic antiferroelectricity caused by charge doping in PbZrO 3

Using linear-response density functional calculations we study how the soft modes at both the zone center and the zone boundary are influenced by charge doping in cubic $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. We find (i) upon the electron doping of $n=\ensuremath{-}0.5$ per unit cell, the soft-mode frequency at zone-center $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ becomes considerably lower than that at the zone-boundary $R$, showing that electron doping may turn antiferroelectric $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ into ferroelectric. (ii) On the other hand, when the hole is doped into $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, the soft mode at $R$ or $M$ remains to be the lowest in frequency, and therefore antiferroelectric instability is robust and persists after hole doping. Since hole doping makes $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ metallic, the coexistence of metallicity and antiferroelectricity demonstrates the feasibility of metallic antiferroelectricity. (iii) Electron doping and hole doping are revealed to impact the atom-atom interaction very differently. The origin responsible for these charge-doping phenomena is provided.
An economic and environmental assessment model for microchannel device manufacturing: Part 1 - Methodology

Abstract To manage the effects of manufacturing industries on the economy and environment, design tools are needed that will aid engineers to assess manufacturing costs and environmental impacts early in design. The development of cost analyses and environmental assessments can be burdensome, but much of the data used in these analyses can be shared. Little work has been done to integrate environmental assessments with cost analyses for the purposes of evaluating manufacturing plans for both environmental impact and cost. A spreadsheet-based cost and environmental impact assessment model is developed for simultaneously analyzing the effects of manufacturing process plans on both product cost and the environment. A bottom-up process-based cost calculation method is used to estimate microchannel device manufacturing costs over a range of production volumes, while process-based cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment is utilized to evaluate environmental impacts. Both models draw data from a common database for describing the device geometry and the production environment. The method is used to evaluate the manufacturing plan for a microchannel heat exchanger, providing insight into the likely drivers of cost and environmental impact. For this case study, the analysis shows that both cost and environmental impact are dominated by the same process step – diffusion bonding.
The IMF and Reform of the Dollar-Centered Reserve System

This chapter considers how a strengthened IMF could play a more central role in the international monetary system by reforms in its financial and operational responsibilities. The chapter examines, in particular, the changes that could be made to allow the IMF’s global reserve asset (SDRs or Special Drawing Rights) to become over time the principal reserve asset of the international monetary system, as intended when the Bretton Woods Agreement was revised in 1978. The chapter notes that this kind of reform would require strong agreement among the major shareholders in the Fund to overcome likely resistance on the part of the United States.
Identifying structure-property relationships of micro-architectured porous scaffolds through 3D printing and finite element analysis

Abstract This study integrates 3D printing and finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the effect of micro-architectural characteristics on the mechanical properties of porous scaffolds. The studied characteristics include the thickness of the scaffold walls and the number of domains at the cross-section. We use 3D printing to fabricate scaffolds of deliberately designed microstructures to enable strict architecture control of the scaffolds. The longitudinal compressive properties of different scaffolds are first analyzed through experimental testing. Then, FEA is conducted to investigate the mechanical properties and the deformation mechanisms of the scaffolds. We find that decreasing wall thickness leads to failure mechanism transition from wall compression failure to buckling instability. For scaffolds with different wall thicknesses, the failure mechanisms and the critical loads are evaluated using the theory of thin plate buckling. For the characteristic of the number of domains, both experimental and FEA results show increasing effective stiffness with increasing domains. Interestingly, we find that with the material properties extracted from a single wall scaffold, the computational models tend to overestimate the effective compression modulus of scaffolds with larger numbers of walls or domains than the experimental data. This observation indicates possible size-dependent material properties in 3D printed structs. Our study demonstrates that integrating experiments and computational modeling can provide fundamental insights into the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of micro-architectured scaffolds and unveil unique small-scale material behaviors.
Anti-plurality and Genocide: Hannah Arendt’s Understanding of Holocaust Perpetrators and Contemporary Holocaust Research

Hannah Arendt’s portrayal of Holocaust perpetrators in Eichmann in Jerusalem has long been the object of sharp criticism and widespread distortion. This essay attempts to identify and refute some of the most common and pernicious distortions of Arendt’s views while also presenting a new reading of her understanding of Holocaust perpetrators. A comparison of Arendt’s views to those advanced in recent studies of Nazi perpetrators by David Cesarani, Bettina Stangneth, Michael Thad Allen, and Claudia Koonz reveals that they share many of Arendt’s ideas, even as they claim to have refuted her. Far from being refuted, her interpretation is consistent with the findings of the most recent historical research.
Heart Valve Disease

This chapter was designed to provide the reader with a brief overview of the current surgical treatment options for heart valve disease. Major topics of discussion are: (1) development of prosthetic valve replacements; (2) current issues with valve replacement; (3) major valvular diseases that affect humans in the Western world; and (4) recent advances in therapeutic options for valvular diseases.
Auditors' Role in Reporting on a Company's Going Concern Status

We discuss the evolution and nature of auditors' responsibility to report on public companies' going concern status. Our discussion includes an overview of current standards that provide guidance to auditors on the evaluation of their public clients' going concern status. We also report the incidence of going concern reports in the last decade (2000–2010), summarize research that has examined how auditors make the decision and comment on the effect that the going concern report has on various stakeholders in the financial reporting chain. Keywords: going concern; external auditors; audit standards; effect on stakeholders
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis of Near Psychosis

I divide near psychosis into two categories: those who are near psychotic in ideas and attitudes only, and those who are also near psychotic in behavior. In addition, illness etiology of near psychosis varies from formes frustes of schizophrenia, manic depressive illness, organic brain syndromes, severe trauma, severe character pathology and its various subtypes, and combinations of these etiologies. Because of this variation of illness phenomena, the literature on psychoanalytic psychotherapy technique with near psychotic patients varies a great deal as to relevant psychodynamics, tactics of intervention, and types of treatment. The psychodynamic issues range from focus on narcissism, aggression, and splitting defenses (Kernberg, 1975), to focus on separation anxiety (Adler, 1983), to focus on infantile abandonment/depression (Masterson, 1972). The tactics range from consistent confrontation (Kernberg, 1975), to empathic support (Adler, 1983), to limit setting (Masterson, 1972), to supportive psychoanalytic treatment (Kohut, 1971), to so-called unmodified (neo)classical psychoanalysis (Porder et al., 1983). (For a review of dynamics see Gunderson, 1984; Frosch, 1990; or Gabbard, 1990.)
Adverse events rates and risk factors in adults undergoing cardiac catheterization at pediatric hospitals—results from the C3PO

Objective Determine the frequency and risk factors for adverse events (AE) for adults undergoing cardiac catheterization at pediatric hospitals. Background Adult catheterization AE rates at pediatric hospitals are not well understood. The Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes (C3PO) collects data on all catheterizations at eight pediatric institutions. Methods Adult (≥18 years) case characteristics and AE were reviewed and compared with those of pediatric (<18 years) cases. Cases were classified into procedure risk categories from 1 to 4 based on highest risk procedure/intervention performed. AE were categorized by level of severity. Using a multivariate model for high severity AE (HSAE), standardized AE rates (SAER) were calculated by dividing the observed rates of HSAE by the expected rates. Results 2,061 cases (15% of total) were performed on adults and 11,422 cases (85%) were performed on children. Adults less frequently underwent high-risk procedure category cases than children (19% vs. 30%). AE occurred in 10% of adult cases and 13% of pediatric cases (P < 0.001). HSAE occurred in 4% of adult and 5% of pediatric cases (P = 0.006). Procedure-type risk category (Category 2, 3, 4 OR = 4.8, 6.0, 12.9) and systemic ventricle end diastolic pressure ≥ 18 mm Hg (OR 3.1) were associated with HSAE, c statistic 0.751. There were no statistically significant differences in SAER among institutions. Conclusions Adults undergoing catheterization at pediatric hospitals encountered AE less frequently than children did. The congenital heart disease adjustment for risk method for adults with congenital heart disease is a new tool for assessing procedural risk in adult patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Terahertz pulse probing of metal-oxide-semiconductor inversion layers

Summary form only given. Femtosecond-laser-driven terahertz (THz) electromagnetic pulses have been used to study the carrier transport dynamics of bulk semiconductors and modulation-doped GaAs quantum wells by observing absorption spectra. Using a Drude fit to the absorption measurement results, carrier density and mobility have been obtained. We apply this technique to non-contact investigation of the carrier dynamics of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) inversion layers. The inversion layer mobility is typically obtained through the drain current measurements versus drain voltage for a given gate voltage. This method therefore requires a full MOS transistor structure, including source and drain. The THz technique only requires a simple MOS capacitor to determine the mobility.
Capital Requirements in United States Corporation Law

This paper focuses on corporation law in the United States as it relates to capital contributions and capital maintenance. In other words, the paper addresses the provisions of corporation law relating to (1) the obligation of investors to contribute to the corporation a specified amount of capital and (2) the obligation of the corporation to maintain a specified amount of capital (and not to pay it back to the stockholders in the form of dividends or payments to repurchase or redeem shares). Traditionally, the amount of capital that must be contributed to and maintained by a corporation is called the legal capital of the corporation. Thus, I refer here to the rules relating to these matters as legal capital rules. The paper is divided into three parts. First, I outline the history and evolution of legal capital rules in the United States. Although these rules have been de-emphasized in recent years, particularly in the Model Business Corporation Act (MBCA) and the states that follow it, the legal capital rules remain on the books of numerous states and continue to be litigated from time to time. Second, I describe and analyze the legal capital rules currently in force in the major commercial jurisdictions, including Delaware, New York, and California. In addition, I will describe the rules as currently set forth in the MBCA. Third, I describe the various rules that have taken the place of the legal capital rules in the United States. These include federal securities law, fraudulent transfer statutes, bulk sale statutes, veil piercing doctrine, successor liability doctrine, fiduciary duty doctrine relating to corporations operating on the edge of insolvency, and a variety of corporation statutes relating to particular transactions such as sales of assets and dissolution. I do not address any industry-specific capital rules such as those relating to banks, brokers, or insurance companies. This paper was written at the request of the Working Group on Legal Capital in Europe, a group of German legal scholars chaired by Professor Marcus Lutter of the University of Bonn. The group was formed to study the abolition of legal capital rules as contemplated by the Commission of the European Union under the Second Directive on Company Law. This paper will be published together with other papers prepared for the group in both English and German in a free standing volume.
Improved method for diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1a: patent pending?

In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , two groups, Badano et al. (1) from Baylor College of Medicine and Latour et al. (2) from France, report on PCR of short tandem repeats (STRs) for the diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A). CMT1A is caused by the duplication of a 1.4-Mb region on chromosome 17p12 that includes the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. The increased gene dosage of PMP22 caused by the duplication event is thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of CMT1A, producing a peripheral neuropathy. When the duplication was reported in 1991, the method developed for diagnosis was densitometric analysis of a Southern hybridized with a region-specific probe, allowing assessment of the presence of one to four copies of the 17p12 region. For diagnostic laboratories that began testing for CMT1A, the method was laborious and time-consuming. Other methods for diagnosis of CMT1A subsequently were developed, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for detection of recombination-specific junction fragments, fluorescent in situ hybridization using a PMP22 probe, and several PCR methods. Initial use of STR PCR of a single locus looking for the presence of three different alleles for diagnosis of CMT1A was able to diagnose only approximately one-third of cases. Use of additional STR loci increased the detection rate to ∼85%. Although the STR PCR method was easier for the laboratory, it could not be done without the back up of a second more sensitive method [see Refs. (1)(2) for methods]. Both reports in this issue describe improved STR PCR methods with the ability to diagnose 100% of CMT1A cases tested. The Baylor group (1) identified a larger set of 42 STR loci in the duplicated region and defined a subset of 15 STRs that can be amplified in two multiplex PCRs. The panel was tested on 39 …
Lorenzo Dow Turner: Beyond Gullah Studies

Si la contribution de Lorenzo Dow Turner, professeur de langues et linguiste afro-americain, sur le dialecte Gullah est devenue legendaire, la diversite des contributions qui representent l'ensemble de son heritage intellectuel est moins connue. L'A. se propose de detailler certaines de ces contributions quand, entre 1950 et 1970, Turner a oriente son attention vers l'Afrique. Ses contributions sont multiples : 1. la redaction de deux livres sur le Krio du Sierra Leone pour la formation des cooperants volontaires ; 2. des cours de Krio et de culture africaine au Roosevelt College et ailleurs ainsi que des conferences sur la linguistique et la culture africaine ; 3. la recherche de donnees linguistiques sur les langues africaines pour les dictionnaires americains ; 4. la collecte de donnees krio et de traditions populaires des Yoruba et en Sierra Leone ; 5. un engagement en faveur des etudes africaines et des etudiants africains aux Etats-Unis ; 6. et, finalement, la fonction de contact pour les dignitaires africains voyageant aux Etats-Unis. L'un des fondateurs de la linguistique aux Etats-Unis, Lorenzo D. Turner fut egalement un citoyen engage, determine a faire reconnaitre la contribution des Africains dans l'hemisphere occidentale et dans la diaspora.