cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of genomic DNA hypomethylation in the offspring of rats consuming diets mildly deficient in vitamin B2, B6, B12 and folate.

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 3061 INTRODUCTION: Folate is essential for the synthesis, repair and methylation of DNA. Folate depletion causes chromosome breaks and DNA methylation aberrations. Vitamins B2, B6, and B12 are required in the metabolism of folate and mild deficiencies in these vitamins exacerbate the molecular aberrations caused by folate depletion alone. These aberrations likely explain the inverse relationship between folate intake and the incidence of colorectal and other cancers. Genomic DNA hypomethylation and methylation of the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes are common events in carcinogenesis. In addition to folate intake affecting DNA methylation in an individual, recent studies show that maternal B-vitamin intake may impact on the methylation of specific genes in offspring. Furthermore, maternal folate status has been inversely related to the risk for leukemia, neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma in offspring. Mild inadequacies of these B vitamins are not uncommon and may affect 10-20% of pregnancies. SPECIFIC AIMS: To determine whether maternal B-vitamin depletion affects genomic DNA methylation and DNA methylation patterns in the offspring of rats. METHODS: Female Swiss-Webster rats were fed a diet containing either replete or deficient quantities of folate, B2, B6 and B12 for 4 weeks before being mated to males. Dams remained on experimental diets through pregnancy and weaning. Dams and pups were euthanized after weaning (approx 3 weeks after birth). Plasma folate concentrations were measured using the L.Casei microbiological assay. Global DNA methylation was determined by enzymatic hydrolysis DNA followed by LC-MS analysis. RESULTS: Consumption of the B vitamin deficient diet caused a 47% reduction in maternal plasma folate at sacrifice (59.67 ± 6.89 vs. 31.38 ± 3.28 ng/μL. P<0.0001). After weaning, pups of B vitamin deficient dams weighed 55% less than those of control-fed dams (16.58 ± 0.67 vs. 36.69 ± 0.87 g. P< 0.0001). Genomic DNA methylation in the colonic mucosa of the B vitamin deficient pups was 17% lower in deficient than in control pups (4.23 ± 0.15 vs. 5.14 ± 0.14 % methylated cytosine. P=0.001). CpG methylation profiling analyses are underway. CONCLUSION: Maternal B vitamin depletion causes a significant stunting of growth and a reduction of genomic methylation in the colonic mucosa of offspring. The latter is a consistent feature of carcinogenesis. In order to determine the effect of such methylation aberrations on carcinogenesis, similar experiments in cancer-prone mice are underway.
Numerical Solution of Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations Showing Trailing Tip Vortices

Numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in integro-differential form is applied to timedependent flow about a rectangular slab at an angle of attack. With this formulation the solution is obtained in the entire unbounded flowfield, but with actual computation required only in regions of significant vorticity. This allows considerable reduction in computer storage, since only points in regions of significant vorticity need be stored at any particular time. The computational field thus expands in time. (This method is not to be confused with "vortex methods" using discrete vortices and images.) The finite numerical calculation field in the integro-differential formulation is, in effect, infinite, and the necessity of locating "infinity" at a finite distance is avoided. Although it is not necessary in this numerical method to calculate the velocity at points outside the region of nonzero vorticity, the velocity at these points and, in fact, to infinity, is determined by the solution via an integral over the vorticity distribution. The method requires two orders of magnitude less computer storage than do methods based on the differential formulation. Results have been obtained for the development of trailing tip vortices and the force coefficients.
Multistage MMSE receivers for ultra-wide bandwidth impulse radio communications

A reduced-rank receiver based on the multi-stage Wiener filter (MSWF) is proposed for multiple-access interference suppression for ultra wideband time-hopping spread spectrum radio in multipath channels. The proposed reduced-rank MSWF receiver provides performance superior to that of the classical RAKE receiver with similar complexity, and comparable to that of the full rank minimum mean squared error receiver with much lower complexity. The reduced rank MWSF also offers improved tracking performance in the presence of time-varying channels. Simulation and theoretical results confirm that the reduced rank scheme achieves a comparable output SINR to that of the full-rank scheme employing only 1/50th of the full-rank dimension. The superior tracking behavior of the reduced rank MWSF is also demonstrated.
ARTISTIC SCRIPTS, NARRATIVES, AND THE THEATRE: IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES IN THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Analysts in the subfield of social movements recognize the importance of culture, and by extension, artistic mediums to facilitating solidarity between members of a community that in turn spurs them to social or political action. This study uses both primary and secondary sources to examine theatrical works linked to the Chicano movement. In particular, we are interested in the ways dimensions of collective identity such as negotiation, boundaries, and consciousness surface in narratives or texts. Theatrical scripts, we argue, give clear indications of group mobilization efforts. Through a textual analysis of plays, we also observe that Chicano theater draws on group history, language, and folklore as it defines and reinforces identity. Analyzing works of theater from the 1960s Chicano movement, along with contemporary pieces, provides a look into the ways that collective identity is used in different time periods, in comparable and contrasting ways, and shows both the constancy and trajectory of the move...
Attention and perception: An information-integration perspective

Abstract Attentional effects in perceptual processing are analyzed within a framework of a fuzzy logical model of perception. The recognition of a pattern is conceptualized as involving three stages of processing: featural evaluation, integration of features, and pattern classification. The model predicts no loss of resolution when multiple sources of information are integrated to recognize a perceptual event. This model is contrasted with a single-channel model in which only one source of information can be recognized at a time. The task involves a relatively novel situation of speech perception by ear and eye. No attentional decrement is observed when observers process both auditory and visual speech specifying a single speech event. This result contrasts with previous studies showing a loss when attention has to be divided between different events along auditory and visual modalities. The different results are interpreted in terms of the number of events that have to be processed. Processing two different modalities leads to an attentional decrement when the two inputs specify different events whereas no attentional decrement occurs when these inputs are integrated to recognize a single event. A distinction is made between detection that requires only the evaluation of a single source of information and recognition that requires the evaluation and integration of multiple sources of information. The current framework is also used to discuss previous empirical and theoretical work and the issue of early versus late selection.
Optical reconstruction from projections via circular harmonic expansion

Abstract The problem of reconstruction of a two-dimensional object from one-dimensional projections of that object has wide application in such fields as computerized tomography, testing and measurement, and radio astronomy. We report here on a new optical method of performing this reconstruction, and results are given for computer simulation of one special case, the inverse Abel transform.
Study of the initial adsorption of nitrogen on SiC(100)-(2×1)

Abstract The initial adsorption of nitrogen (by filament-assisted exposure to N 2 ) on the SiC(100)-(2 × 1) surface at ∼ 800–1000°C has been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. N adsorbs at low coverage in either a c(2 × 6) or c(4 × 4) structure. At higher coverage, about two-thirds of a monolayer, a (1 × 3)-ordered layer forms and further adsorption is slow. A model is proposed for the (1 × 3)N structure involving rows of SiNSi bridges with every third row missing.
A COMPARISON OF THE BODY AND ENDOCRINE GLAND (ADRENAL, THYROID AND PITUITARY) WEIGHTS OF EMOTIONAL AND NON-EMOTIONAL RATS

DISSIMILARITY in endocrine gland weights of rats displaying temperamental 11 differences has been reported by several authors. Freudenberger (i) compared JJ the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary weights of the Wistar with the Long-Evans strain, which he referred to as “nervous,” and found heavier adrenals and thyroids but lighter pituitaries in the latter. Donaldson and King (2) and Hatai (3) discovered lighter pituitaries and heavier adrenals in wild Norway rats as compared with Wistar albinos, but practically equal thyroid weights. We have undertaken a similar study of the glands of two strains of rats which have been selectively bred for emotionality and non-emotionality. The work reported here is a comparison of the weights of body and of adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands of the two psyche logically divergent types. The rats used by us are descendants of animals collected from various colonies on the Pacific coast.
A Nondestructive Technique For Preprocessing Semiconductor Material

New applications of advanced semiconductor materials, as for example in two-color missile seekers or focal plane arrays generate a need for faster, more detailed material characterization at the wafer level. Conventional contact bonding methods are severely limited in this respect, especially in high production rate situations. A cost effective technique that seeks to satisfy this need is presented here together with results of a feasibility investigation using wafers of very high quality single crystal CdS, an advanced detector material for the STINGER-POST air defense missile. These results indicate that Faraday Rotation (FR) could be used initially as the first step in screening wafers, and could potentially become the preferred method of characterization.
THE ECOLOGY OF AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

ABSTRACT African sleeping sickness or trypanosomiasis is unique to Africa; it is one of the continent's most significant diseases because it may infect both man and domestic animals. Sleeping sickness has been an important control in the history and geography of Africa, and is still a critical element for rural development planning. The disease is spread by the tsetse fly, with an intermediary reservoir in domestic and wild animals. The geographical distribution of sleeping sickness results from a complex ecology of pathogenic trypanosomes, the tsetse, wildlife, and behavioral patterns of man and livestock that expose these hosts to infective flies. Eradication of sleeping sickness depends on an understanding of this ecology for isolation of crucial points for breaking the disease cycle.
Transactional time‐structuring and interpersonal communication

(1974). Transactional time‐structuring and interpersonal communication. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 56-59.
A Practical Procedure for the Resolution of (+)- and (−)-Tramadol

A practical procedure for the efficient resolution of cis-tramadol [cis-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol] has been developed. This process was based on the observation that cis-tramadol free base selectively formed mandelic acid salts at different rates, affording a readily scalable kinetic resolution of each enantiomer. The key to the process was the observation that the resolving salt needed to be broken and re-formed to ultimately improve the optical purity. The mandalate salt of each cis-enantiomer was found to be >99% optically pure after three cycles through the salt formation process. A sample of each mandelate salt enantiomer was successfully converted to the known, optically active hydrochloride salt.
Nongenericity of variations of hodge structure for hypersurfaces of high degree

In this paper, we are interested in proving that the infinitesimal variations of Hodge structure for hypersurfaces for hypersurfaces of high-enough degree lie in a proper subvariety of the variety of all integral elements of the Griffiths transversality system. That is, this proves that in this case, the geometric infinitesimal variations of Hodge structure satisfy further conditions rather than just being integral elements of the Griffiths system. This is proved using the Jacobian ring representation of the (primitive) cohomology of the hypersurfaces and a space of symmetrizers as defined by Donagi, but here, we use the Jacobian ring representation to identify a geometric structure carried by the variety of all integral elements.
Nitrogen Defect Concentration in Chemical Vapor Deposited Homoepitaxial Diamond at High TemperatureS

Homoepitaxial diamond films were grown on polished single crystal {100} oriented natural type Ila diamond circular substrates using high density microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Twelve homoepitaxial diamond films were grown under a variety of substrate temperatures (1000 C-2000 C), methane concentration (1% - 3% in hydrogen gas) and processing pressure(60 - 150 torr). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies demonstrate that nitrogen is largely incorporated as singly substitutional impurity (P1-center) and nitrogen’s concentration is in the range of 10 -100 parts per million. Nitrogen’s concentration also shows a systematic decrease with increasing substrate temperatures. The temperature variation of nitrogen at high temperatures is discussed within a model where single substitutional nitrogen aggregates to form nitrogen defects which are not EPR active.
Cauchy and Fredholm methods for Euler equations

The mathematical treatment of many problems in mathematical physics requires the minimization of a quadratic functional. It is shown that the optimizing function can be viewed as the solution of the familiar Euler equation, subject to boundary conditions, or as the solution of a certain Fredholm integral equation, or as the solution of an initial-value (Cauchy) problem. Each formulation has certain analytic and computational advantages and disadvantages.
The Absolute Number of Quanta from the Bombardment of Fluorine with Protons

From recent experiments it seems very probable that the 6.2-Mev quanta from the proton bombardment of fluorine are associated in one-to-one correspondence with the short range alpha-particles. This correspondence makes possible the establishment of the gamma-ray intensity by measuring the alpha-particle yield. With a specially designed variable pressure absorption-cell ionization-chamber to facilitate clear distinction between the short range alpha-particles and the scattered protons, the angular distribution and total yield of the alpha-particles at the lowest resonance (330 kv) have been determined. The determinations were based on plateaus appearing in curves of counting rate as a function of (1) cell pressure, (2) counter bias, and (3) bombarding voltage at angles of 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the proton beam. The results show that: ($a$) To within two percent the angular distribution of the alpha-particles is spherically symmetric; and ($b$) the yield over $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ steradians is 8.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ alpha-particles per microcoulomb of 360-kv protons bombarding a thick crystal of Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The absolute number of quanta from the reaction is presumably the same to the same accuracy. With both a heavily shielded counter and a similarly protected electroscope the ratio of the gamma-ray intensity at 1050 kv to that at 370 kv was found to be 42.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8. Thus the gamma-ray intensity at 1050-kv bombarding voltage is ${3.7}_{4}$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ quanta per microcoulomb of protons on Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The angular distribution of the gamma-radiation was found to be spherically symmetric to within the experimental error of five percent. Knowledge of the absolute intensity of the fluorine source greatly enhances its value in photo-nuclear and other experiments.
Expression of Escherichia coli β-Galactosidase and Rat HPRT in the CNS of Macaca mulatta Following Adenoviral Mediated Gene Transfer

Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to the caudate nucleus of Macaca mulatta was accomplished using stereotactic injection of two distinct recombinant Ad5 vectors containing the gene for Escherichia coli β-galactosidase and the cDNA for rat hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosylphosphotransferase (HPRT), respectively. Multiple analyses (including immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, RNA in situ hybridization, nucleotide pool analysis, and enzyme assay) confirmed efficient expression of β-galactosidase and rat HPRT. Transgene expression was evident in both neurons and glia. Clinically, no evidence of meningitis or cerebritis was observed and no focal neurological deficits were detected in the animal. These preliminary studies indicate that recombinant adenovirus is capable of mediating high level transgene expression to the brains of higher order mammals.
T Lymphocyte Myosin IIA is Required for Maturation of the Immunological Synapse

The role of non-muscle myosin IIA (heavy chain encoded by the non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 gene, Myh9) in immunological synapse formation is controversial. We have addressed the role of myosin IIA heavy chain protein (MYH9) in mouse T cells responding to MHC-peptide complexes and ICAM-1 in supported planar bilayers - a model for immunological synapse maturation. We found that reduction of MYH9 expression levels using Myh9 siRNA in proliferating mouse CD4+ AND T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells resulted in increased spreading area, failure to assemble the central and peripheral supramolecular activation clusters (cSMAC and pSMAC) and increased motility. Surprisingly, TCR microcluster speed was reduced marginally, however TCR microclusters dissipated prior to forming a cSMAC. TCR microclusters formed in the Myh9 siRNA-treated T cells showed reduced phosphorylation of the Src family kinase activation loop and displayed reduced cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca2+) elevation. In addition, Myh9 siRNA-treated cells displayed reduced phosphorylation of the Cas-L substrate domain - a force-dependent Src family kinase substrate - which was also observed in control siRNA cells but at higher levels in foci throughout the immunological synapse except the cSMAC. Cas-L exhibited TCR-ligation dependent induction of phosphorylation. These results provide further evidence that T cell activation is modulated by intrinsic force-generating systems and can be viewed as a mechanically responsive process influenced by MYH9.
Root Zone Leachate from High Chemical Oxygen Demand Cannery Water Irrigation

Food processing frequently results in substantial land application of wastewater of impaired quality, which requires consideration of soil and groundwater degradation. Of particular concern is the potential for impact by high organic loadings from this practice. This study evaluated the consequences of irrigating soil columns with fruit cannery wastewater (CW) at high chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings. A CW having a COD of 9216 mg L -1 and Na adsorption ratio of 11.4 (mmol c L -1 ) 1/2 was applied weekly to grassed soil. Loading rates equated to 467, 701, and 934 kg COD ha -1 d -1 , the lowest rate equivalent to the historic loading rate for the soil. Percolate chemistry was evaluated during dosing and after a rest period followed by rainfall. Nearly all organic constituents were mineralized (88-99%); the balance of COD-sourced C was retained in the soil. There was no evidence of COD waste in the percolate, suggesting that the CW was primarily labile. However, CW dosing resulted in modestly alkaline post-study soil conditions and Na + leaching below the rooting zone. Neither NO 3 - -N nor total salt concentration in the leachate was high enough to warrant environmental concern under the circumstances of this study. Outcomes substantiate CW COD loadings in land application at rates exceeding current practices in some locations, although high-COD CW loading rates are not necessarily recommended best management practices. Sodium management and loading rates matching the site evapotranspiration potential can minimize the potential for soil and groundwater degradation from CW land application.
Oxidative Damage to Amino acids, peptides, and proteins by Radiation

SUMMARY Oxidative damage to amino acids, peptides and proteins by radiation was measured as total peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactants. Two types of thiobarbituric acid reactants were formed in low yields.
Flux vector splitting of the inviscid gasdynamic equations with application to finite-difference methods

The conservation-law form of the inviscid gasdynamic equations has the remarkable property that the nonlinear flux vectors are homogeneous functions of degree one. This property readily permits the splitting of flux vectors into subvectors by similarity transformations so that each subvector has associated with it a specified eigenvalue spectrum. As a consequence of flux vector splitting, new explicit and implicit dissipative finite-difference schemes are developed for first-order hyperbolic systems of equations. Appropriate one-sided spatial differences for each split flux vector are used throughout the computational field even if the flow is locally subsonic. The results of some preliminary numerical computations are included.
Preschool interactive peer play mediates problem behavior and learning for low-income children

Abstract The study employed a developmental, ecological, and resiliency framework to examine whether interactive peer play competencies mediated associations between teacher reported problem behavior and learning outcomes for a representative sample of urban low-income children ( N = 507 across 46 Head Start classrooms). Structural equation models provided evidence for full mediation, whereby associations between internalizing and externalizing problem behavior and learning outcomes were fully explained through their effects on interactive peer play skills. An alternate model was also tested (whether problem behavior mediated the effects of interactive peer play on spring learning outcomes); however, this alternate model was not supported in these data. A third model testing whether mediation was conditional on child sex was also not supported. Implications for developmental theory, research, and practice are discussed as they relate to opportunities to build on children's strengths and promote learning within early childhood educational programs serving children living in urban poverty.
Bacterial HA1 Vaccine against Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus: Evidence of Oligomerization, Hemagglutination, and Cross-Protective Immunity in Ferrets

The impending influenza virus pandemic requires global vaccination to prevent large-scale mortality and morbidity, but traditional influenza virus vaccine production is too slow for rapid responses. We have developed bacterial systems for expression and purification of properly folded functional hemagglutinin as a rapid response to emerging pandemic strains. A recombinant H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) hemagglutinin globular domain (HA1) was produced in Escherichia coli under controlled redox refolding conditions. Importantly, the properly folded HA1(1-320), i.e., HA1 lacking amino acids 321 to 330, contained ≥75% functional oligomers without addition of foreign oligomerization sequence. Site-directed mutagenesis mapped the oligomerization signal to the HA1 N-terminal Ile-Cys-Ile residues at positions 3 to 5. The purified HA1 oligomers (but not monomers) bound fetuin and agglutinated red blood cells. Upon immunization of rabbits, the oligomeric HA1(1-320) elicited potent neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous H5N1 viruses more rapidly than HA1(28-320) containing only monomers. Ferrets vaccinated with oligomeric HA1 (but not monomeric HA1 with the N terminus deleted) at 15 and 3 μg/dose were fully protected from lethality and weight loss after challenge with homologous H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004, clade 1) virus, as well as heterologous clade 2.2 H5N1 (A/WooperSwan/Mongolia/244/2005) virus. Protection was associated with a significant reduction in viral loads in the nasal washes of homologous and heterologous virus challenged ferrets. This is the first study that describes the presence of an N-terminal oligomerization sequence in the globular domain of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Our findings suggest that functional oligomeric rHA1-based vaccines can be produced efficiently in bacterial systems and can be easily upscaled in response to a pandemic influenza virus threat.
Unmasking of latent hypoparathyroidism in a child with partial DiGeorge syndrome by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid infusion

DiGeorge syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly with a wide range of clinical manifestations. This syndrome is usually associated with hypocalcaemia resulting from primary hypoparathyroidism. We report here a case of an 8-year-old boy with partial DiGeorge syndrome who presented initially with neonatal hypocalcaemia, but was subsequently normocalcaemic. Latent hypoparathyroidism was unmasked by a diagnostic EDTA infusion resulting in hypocalcaemia without a parathyroid hormone response. We propose that EDTA infusions can be useful in the diagnosis of latent hypoparathyroidism in children.
On purely elsatic instabilities in eccentric cylinder flows

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation of the stability of the viscoelastic flow of the Boger fluid between eccentric cylinders is considered. In our theoretical study, a local linear stability analysis for the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid suggests that the flow is elastically unstable for all eccentricities. It is shown that the linear stability of eccentric cylinder flow, to leading order for small gap ratio, is very similar to that of Taylor-Dean flow (Y.L. Joo and E.S.G. Shaqfeh, Phys. Fluids A, 4(3) (1992) 524). Flow visualization experiments with a solution of high molecular polyisobutylene dissolved in a viscous solvent clearly show the transition from a purely azimuthal to a secondary torodial flow. Comparison of these experimental results with the local linear stability theory shows qualitative agreement with the predicted critical conditions for the onset of the non-inertial cellular instability when δ
The Cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in Foxes in North Dakota

Red foxes (Vulpes fulva) from Ward County, North Dakota, were found to be infected with the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, a parasite which has not hitherto been reported in the United States.
On determining the ozone number density distribution from OAO-2 stellar occultation measurements

Abstract Stellar occultation data from the 2460 A and 2980 A channels of the OAO-2 stellar photometers have been used to derive the nighttime ozone number density distribution in the low latitude mesosphere. The nighttime ozone distribution obtained from both channels are similar indicating a maximum in the ozone distribution near 80km of 2–3 × 103cm−3.
Spectroscopic tests of a 2.3 μm tunable diode laser

Abstract A 2.3 μm near-room temperature tunable diode laser was tested for applications in high-resolution laboratory spectroscopy. It was mounted using a simple adaptor in a spectrometer usually used with lead-salt diode lasers, and was found to be electrically and optically compatible with the system. Good output power (several milliwatts) was observed, and a tuning range of 4460–4150 cm−1 was achieved for laser temperatures of 210–310 K. Some spectra of N2O and NH3 were recorded in the 4300–4430 cm−1 region. However, the laser was not generally useful due to noisy and unstable output and high sensitivity to optical feedback.
Cecile Pickart 1954–2006

When an unusually gifted scientist passes away prematurely, and when her friendship was so widely treasured, the intensity of sadness is difficult to convey. Cecile Pickart shaped the ubiquitin field for over two decades with equal parts creativity, rigor, and fairness (Figure 1). Her finest work centered on the polyubiquitin chain, the primary signal for protein degradation by the proteasome. With consummate ingenuity, she explored the idea that the structure of the chain constituted a detailed code specifying the fate of the target protein.
beta, gamma-Peroxy analogs of adenosine and guanosine triphosphate: synthesis and biological activity

Extended analogs of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), in which a peroxide bridge replaces the terminal bridge-oxygen of the triphosphate chain, have been synthesized. The ability of beta, gamma-peroxy-ATP to inhibit or substitute for ATP in representative enzyme systems and that of beta, gamma-peroxy-GTP, for FTP in protein synthesis was tested.
Spinal Cord Injury Repair Strategies

Spinal cord injury is a devastating event, currently without cure. Much progress has been made in treating the consequences of the initial injury, however, the primary event has no answer. This article will examine and attempt to summarize the vast body of work presently underway to reverse this. As with all diseases, an understanding of the pathology is of first and foremost importance before solutions can be reliably sought. We will start there and proceed to discuss the variety of different thoughts and works presently being undertaken to find a cure. Included in this article will be all known ongoing clinical trials that we are aware of at the time of this journal's publication. With continued dedication and hard work, the solution to this injury, which was at one time believed irreversible, will be with us soon.
Phenological responses of old and modern soybean cultivars to air temperature and soil moisture treatment

Abstract Soil moisture deficits and low air temperatures frequently result in crop yield losses in the United States. Understanding how older and newer soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars differ in phenological development under various environmental conditions may aid in the selection of higher-yielding cultivars and in the development of simulation models for field-grown soybean. In this study, we examined the phenological responses of two widely adapted older (‘Dunfied’ and ‘Manchu’) and two more-recent (‘Clark 63’ and ‘Williams 82’) soybean cultivars to soil moisture deficit and monitored the development of these cultivars as a function of air temperature. These cultivars were grown under drought stress and irrigation on a Flanagan silt loam soil at Urbana, Illinois, in 1984 and 1985. The soil moisture-deficit treatment was begun approximately 2 weeks before initial flowering (R1 stage) and was continued until harvest maturity. Drought stress reduced the final number of mainstem nodes due to a decrease in the rate at which the nodes were produced, but had little effect on the date of termination of node formation. Except for Manchu, no association was observed between the number of nodes produced under irrigation and the magnitude of the decrease in node number due to drought stress. Although the correlation between cumulative growing degree-days and mainstem node formation was high, little difference was found between the old and modern cultivars in their responses to air temperature. A period of low temperatures during early flower formation in 1985 appeared to have partially contributed to a delay in flower appearance of each cultivar. The results from this study show that the old and modern cultivars do not differ in their phenological responses to drought stress.
Research for newborn screening: developing a national framework.

To the Editor. I respond with interest to Botkin's timely, well-presented, and pertinent discussion and call for additional sophisticated research and collaboration to address national newborn screening program issues.1 Having researched the complexity of galactosemia screening and its cost-effectiveness in my state,2 I add the following comments to the current debate:
Photosynthesis and respiration of the tropical red seaweeds, Eucheuma striatum (Tambalang and elkhorn varieties) and E. denticulatum

Abstract Rates of photosynthesis for three Central Pacific forms of Eucheuma (Tambalang and Elkhorn varieties of E. striatum Schmitz, and E. denticulatum (Burm.) Collins & Hervey) ranged from 2031–2685 μl O 2 h −1 g −1 dry wt. tissue under the conditions used when measured by manometric techniques in the laboratory (24°C, 1600 ft-candles light). Respiration ranged from 471–630 μl O 2 h −1 g −1 dry wt. Photosynthesis and respiration of Tambalang showed diurnal variations and also varied with the position of the tissue along a branch. Light saturation of photosynthesis (24°C) occurred at 1200 ft-candles for all three forms. Inhibition by light intensity for Tambalang was 18% at 5000 ft-candles compared to the rate at 1000 ft-candles, which was measured in air by the infrared gas analyzer technique. The photosynthetic capacity of Tambalang was found to decrease with increasing water depth, at a site in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Maximum rates of photosynthesis for all three forms occurred at 30°C with Q 10 values of ca. 3.0 between 20 and 30°C at 1600 ft-candles of illumination. Inhibition of photosynthesis occurred above 32°C. The response of respiration to temperature showed two peaks of activity air at 25% C and 1000 ft-candles illumination by the infrared gas analyzer Tambalang had a carbon dioxide compensation point of 29–32 ppm when measured in recirculated air at 25°C and 1000 ft-candles illumination by the infrared gas analyzer technique.
Heat-capacity study of phase transitions in the liquid-crystal racemic 4 − ( 2 ′ − methylbutyl ) phenyl − 4 ′ − n − nonyloxybiphenyl − 4 − carboxylate (2M4P9OBC)

The heat capacity of racemic 4-(2'-methylbutyl)phenyl-4'-n-nonyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate (2M4P9OBC) has been measured in the vicinity of SmC-SmI, SmI-SmG, and SmG-SmH phase transitions. The nature of the SmC-SmI transition will be discussed in the context of known microscopic pictures of each phase. In contrast to the continuous SmA-hexatic-B phase transition found in n-hexyl-4'-n-pentyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate, an asymmetric heat-capacity anomaly is identified in the SmC-SmI transition of 2M4P9OBC.
Molybdenum Sulfides and Selenides as Possible Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction

Linear scaling relations between reaction intermediates pose a fundamental limitation to the CO2 reduction activity of transition-metal catalysts. To design improved catalysts, we propose to break these scaling relations by binding key reaction intermediates to different sites. Using density functional theory, we demonstrate this principle in the active edge sites in MoS2, MoSe2, and Ni-doped MoS2. These edges show the unique property of selectively binding COOH and CHO to bridging S or Se atoms and CO to the metal atom. DFT calculations suggest a significant improvement in CO2 reduction activity over the transition metals. Our results point to the broader application of the active edge sites of transition-metal dichalcogenides in complex electrochemical processes.
Synthesis and Structure of (Bis(1-propylbenzimidazol-2-yl)- trans-1,2-cyclohexane)copper(II) Dichloride and the Structure of a Novel, Unexpected By-Product

Two structures containing the novel ligand bis(1-propylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexane, L, are reported. The first structure, (bis(1-propylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexane)copper(II) dichloride, Cu(II)(L)Cl2 1, crystallized in the monoclinic space group P 21/n with a = 10.992(4) A, b = 13.576(5) A, c = 18.047(7) A, β = 106.909(8) and V = 2576.7(16) A3 and Z = 4. Complex 1 exhibits a D 2d-flattened tetrahedral Cu(II)N2Cl2 coordination geometry, for which the four-coordinate geometry index τ4 of 0.59 lies almost midway between the ideal geometry values of zero (square-planar) and 1 (tetrahedral). The second and unexpected structure, (bis(1-hydro-3-propylbenzimidazol-1-ium)-trans-1,2-cyclohexane)(μ4-oxo-hexa-(μ2-chloro)-tetra(chloro-copper(II)) di(nitromethane) solvate, 2[H2L]2+[Cu4OCl10]4−·(CH3NO2)2, 2, consists of three dimensionally hydrogen bonded bis(benzimidazolium) dications and tetra-copper(II)-oxo-chloride tetra-anions, interspersed with nitromethane solvate molecules. A balanced equation for the formation of the byproduct suggests that it forms via an acid–base reaction in the presence of water in the reaction mixture. The complex crystallized in the triclinic space group P −1 with a = 13.696(3) A, b = 13.819(3) A, c = 16.797(4) A, α = 89.480(4), β = 87.308(4)°, γ = 89.434(4) and V = 3175.3(12) A3 and Z = 2. Ligand L contains two stereogenic centers, each of the same handedness, and, since the space groups determined for structures 1 and 2 are centrosymmetric, both structures are racemates. Both title complexes contain the ligand bis(1-propylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexane. The first structure corresponds to the target complex with D 2d-flattened tetrahedral Cu(II)N2Cl2 coordination. For this structure, the four-coordinate geometry index τ4 of 0.59 lies almost midway between the ideal geometry values of zero (square-planar) and 1 (tetrahedral). The second and unexpected structure is a minor by-product which contains two hydrogen bonded diprotonated ligand dictations and a copper-oxo tetra-anion interspersed with nitromethane. A balanced equation for the formation of the byproduct suggests that it forms via an acid–base reaction in the presence of water in the reaction mixture.
Arterial and metabolic changes during the critical period of spontaneous sterol accumulation in pigeon aorta

Abstract Age-related changes in arterial structure and sterol chemistry were investigated during spontaneous (noncholesterol fed) atherogenesis in the White Carneau pigeon and compared to the changes in atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer breeds. The critical period of spontaneous sterol accumulation occurs at 9–12 months of age in the White Carneau pigeons. At this age there is an increase in cholesteryl esters (rich in oleic acid) in the aorta. The Show Racer pigeons, however, did not show significant changes with age. Structurally, aortas from both breeds showed intimal cushions at birth which become prominent with age, with an increase in extracellular lipid and basement membranelike structures and the presence of a few foam cells at 9–12 months of age. The Show Racers showed a slightly lesser amount of lipid material when compared to White Carneau pigeons. During the period of lipid accumulation the White Carneau pigeons showed a significantly decreased excretion of total fecal steroids P P
Office window of the future?-Field-based analyses of a new use of a large display

We installed large plasma displays on the walls of seven inside offices of faculty and staff at a university, and displayed, as the default image, real-time HDTV views of the immediate outside scene. Then, utilizing a field-study methodology, data were collected over a 16-week period to explore the user experience with these large display windows. Through the triangulation of data-652 pages of interview transcripts, journal entries, and responses to email inquiries-results showed that users deeply appreciated many aspects of their experience. Benefits included a reported increase in users' connection to the wider social community, connection to the natural world, psychological wellbeing, and cognitive functioning. Users also integrated the large display window into their workplace practice. However, users expressed concerns particularly about the impacts on the privacy of people whose images were captured in the public place by the HDTV camera. Discussion focuses on design challenges for future investigations into related uses of large displays.
Use of the Synera™ Patch for Local Anesthesia Before Vascular Access Procedures: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Objective. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, paired study compared the Synera™ patch, a drug delivery device comprised of an eutectic mixture of lidocaine (70 mg) and tetracaine (70 mg) whose onset is accelerated by a controlled heating device, with placebo. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of Synera in inducing local anesthesia before a vascular access procedure. Design. Before the vascular access procedures, adult volunteers randomly received a concurrent application of Synera and placebo to the right and left antecubital surfaces. Forty subjects received 20-minute treatments. After each vascular access procedure, efficacy evaluations were completed by the subject, investigator, and an independent observer. Median subject-reported pain intensity, using the visual analog scale scores (VAS, 0–100 mm scale) were significantly lower for Synera than placebo (5 mm vs 28 mm, P < 0.001). Results. Compared with placebo, more subjects reported adequate anesthesia following Synera (73% vs 31%, P = 0.002), and more subjects indicated they would use Synera again (70% vs 33%, P = 0.006). Investigators rated more subjects having no pain with Synera compared with placebo (63% vs 33%, P = 0.021), and more subjects having adequate anesthesia with Synera (60% vs 23%, P = 0.004). Independent observers rated 68% of subjects having no pain with Synera compared with 38% with placebo (P = 0.015). Side-effects were limited to localized pruritus and erythema. Erythema was more common with Synera than placebo (62% vs 42%, P = 0.018). Conclusions. A 20-minute application of Synera consistently provided clinically useful anesthesia for vascular access procedures, and appears to be well suited for topical dermal anesthesia due to its reduced time required to produce adequate anesthesia and high subject and investigator acceptance.
EMF, an Arabidopsis Gene Required for Vegetative Shoot Development

In higher plants, the transition from the vegetative to the; reproductive state in the shoot meristem initiates flowering. To study this floral transition, Constitutively flowering mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia, embryonic flower (emf), was characterized. No vegetative shoots were produced from emf embryos or calli; the shoot apical meristems (SAMs) in the emf embryos were altered compared to wild-type SAMs. The mutant SAMs enlarged precociously and produced inflorescence meritems upon germination. These results suggest that the dominant, wild-type allele EMF is required for the vegetative state of the SAM. In the absence of EMF function, the mutant embryo assumes the reproductive state.
Abstract 4570: Role of ERRalpha in ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Objective. The estrogen receptor-related receptor-alpha (ERRα, encoded by ESRRA) has emerged as a key transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial function and has been implicated as a prognostic marker in many cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer. ERRα has shown promise as a therapeutic target in breast cancer where ERRα transcriptional activity regulates growth of breast cancer cells. This study aims to evaluate whether ERRα expression in ovarian cancer correlates with patient outcomes, determine the effect of inhibiting ERRα transcriptional activity on ovarian cancer cell growth, and identify molecular signaling pathways regulated by ERRα in ovarian cancer cells. Methods. Affymetrix U133A gene expression microarray analysis from frozen tumor specimens of serous epithelial ovarian cancer was used to compare ESRRA transcripts levels in patients with short-term ( 7 years). ESRRA transcript levels were also measured in normal ovarian surface and fallopian tube epithelial tissues. Protein expression levels were assessed in ovarian cancer cell lines and patient tumor samples. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier Method. The effect of ERRα inhibition on proliferation and anchorage-independent growth was determined after treatment with the ERRα antagonist, XCT790. The activity of 49 different phospho-receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) was analyzed after down-regulation of ERRα with shRNA. Results. ESRRA expression was significantly higher in cancer tissues verses normal ovarian surface and fallopian tube epithelial tissues. Expression was also higher in patients with short-term versus long-term survival. Inhibition of ERRα with XCT790 led to a >50% reduction in proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. The induced knockdown of ERRα decreased the phosphorylation of RTKs, including HER2, suggesting that important growth promoting pathways are downstream of ERRα. Conclusions. In this study we determined that higher expression of ESRRA correlates with worse survival in ovarian cancer patients. However, inhibition of ERRα results in decreased growth potential. This effect may be manifest through the regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Thus, ERRα may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer and warrants future studies to determine the role of ERRα regulated signaling networks in ovarian oncogenesis. Citation Format: Ellen V. Stevens, Regina Whitaker, Audrey Guinet, Ching-Yi Chang, Carole Grenier, Jeffrey Marks, Donald P. McDonnell, Susan K. Murphy, Andrew Berchuck, Stephanie Gaillard. Role of ERRalpha in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4570. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4570
Thermoregulatory behavior of juvenile cromileptes altivelis (serranidae), a tropical marine fish

Ten juvenile Cromileptes altivelis were tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes to measure their thermoregulatory behavior. The fish voluntarily occupied a 21–27°C span, out of a potentially available 0–50°C range. The mean final thermal preferendum was 24.5°C for all individuals. The thermoregulatory performance of this species is similar to that of cool temperate freshwater fishes.