cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ni(II)-mediated synthesis of the novel tripodal aminopyridyl ligand tamepyr: Coordination geometry and rigidity of complexes with the divalent 3d metals Fe–Zn and with In(III)

Abstract The synthesis of the novel chelator ‘tamepyr’ (N,N′,N″-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane) and properties of its complexes with Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and In(III) are reported. Tamepyr was prepared as a complex with Ni(II) by the NaBH4 reduction of the tamepyr-trisimine complex, [Ni((2-py-C(H) NCH2)3CMe)]2+. The decomposition of [Ni(tamepyr)]2+ with excess sodium cyanide affords tamepyr in 40% overall yield from tame. Structural study of [Zn(tamepyr)](ClO4)2 shows similar Zn–N distances with reference to the aminopyridyl tripod tachpyr (N,N′,N″-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane), being d(Zn–Namine,py) = 216.9(2), 212.8(2) pm versus 216.0(3), 216.5(4) pm for [Zn(tachpyr)](ClO4)2. However, the [Zn(tamepyr)]2+ data indicate a greater propensity to octahedral coordination in a tame-framework chelator compared to a tach-framework chelator: the trigonal twist angle in the ZnN6 coordination sphere of [Zn(tamepyr)]2+ is 46.5(2)° versus 43.7(2)° for [Zn(tachpyr)]2+. When presented with larger metals such as In(III), tamepyr shows greater flexibility than tachpyr, thus, [In(tamepyr)]3+ is completely fluxional at ambient temperature while [In(tachpyr)]3+ is static up to 107 °C as shown by 1H NMR in DMSO-d6.
An integrated high-voltage buck converter realized with a low-voltage cmos process

The mantra of the microelectronics community over the past 40 years is smaller and faster. Voltage levels powering IC chips have fallen in recent years from 3.3V to 1.0V, and sub 1.0V processes are on the near horizon. Such low voltage levels make delivering clean reliable power across circuit boards problematic. One solution is to transport power at the supply voltage across a circuit board and directly to an IC chip. Then using on chip power converters reduce the voltage magnitude to the IC's intended process voltage. However, the transistors in the power converters would be subjected to voltages larger than they are capable of supporting. Special high voltage transistors can be used but they require extra manufacturing steps and masks which are expensive. The Stacked MOSFET is a circuit consisting of several MOSFETs designed to evenly share a large voltage. This paper will show the Stacked MOSFET and its implementation into two buck converters in two different IC processes. Simulation results will be presented showing the feasibility of this solution.
The synthesis and chemical reactivity of 6-selenoguanosine and certain related derivatives †

The synthesis of 6-selenoguanosine (2) has been accomplished by a nucleophilic displacement of the chloro group from 2-amino-6-chloro-9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (1) with either selenourea or sodium hydrogen selenide. Treatment of 2 with Raney nickel has revealed that the seleno group can be removed much easier under these conditions than the corresponding mercapto group. Alkylation of 2 with several alkylating agents occurred at the exocyclic 6-seleno group to furnish several 6-alkylseleno-2-amino-9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purines. Nucleophilic displacement of the 6-benzylseleno group from 2-amino-6-benzylseleno-9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (3c) with sodium methoxide has been observed to occur at a faster rate than that observed for the corresponding 6-benzylmercapto derivative. A study on the relative stability between 2 and 6-seleno-9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purine toward basic conditions has revealed that the amino group at position two imparts an increase in stability.
Fighting Tuberculosis in an Undergraduate Laboratory: Synthesizing, Evaluating and Analyzing Inhibitors

A drug discovery project has been successfully implemented in a first-year general, organic, and biochemistry (GOB) health science course and second-year organic undergraduate chemistry course. This project allows students to apply the fundamental principles of chemistry and biology to a problem of medical significance, practice basic laboratory skills, and understand the interdisciplinary aspect of the drug discovery platform. Students collectively synthesize a small library of antituberculosis compounds and subsequently screen them using a Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay for inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, a known safe surrogate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The last unit of the project involves students using PyMOL, a free computer program, to examine a cocrystal structure of the activated inhibitor–enzyme complex, allowing students to identify the molecular interactions responsible for the binding affinity.
Social Work Education's Role in Addressing People and a Planet at Risk

As the nature of the earth's ecological crisis becomes increasingly dire and impossible to ignore and as global concern continues to increase, social work, with its investment in issues of justice and its commitment to a person-in-environment perspective, needs to more aggressively evaluate its place in this crisis. This paper presents a study designed to explore US social work students' attitudes, interests in, and practices related to the environment, as well as their perceptions of the place for environmental issues in the social work curriculum. This study's findings suggest that social work students' attitudes toward the environment are generally consonant with those of the US population, and that there is strong interest in enhancing the amount and scope of exposure to environmental issues in the social work curriculum. A sizable majority of all social work students surveyed view environmental justice as an important aspect of social justice and a viable area of concern for social workers, and they ...
A Comparison of Household Recycling Behaviors in Norway and the United States

This paper investigates empirically the determinants of household recycling in Norway and compares the results with a similar, recently published, study of households in the United States. The comparison focuses on the relative importance of user fees on waste disposal, community recycling programs, and socioeconomic factors. Both data sources are nationwide, material-specific, and at the household level. One major finding is that a disposal fee provides a significant economic incentive to Norwegian households, whereas its effectiveness in the United States is still up for debate. Providing households with convenient recycling options, such as curbside and drop-off recycling, appears generally effective, but less so in Norway than in the United States. Socioeconomic characteristics are less important predictors of behavior in Norway than in the United States. Qualifications on the comparison are provided throughout and two extensions for future research are suggested at the end.
The relationships among selected business environment factors and manufacturing strategy: insights from an emerging economy

Manufacturing strategy represents the way a firm plans to deploy its manufacturing resources and to use its manufacturing capability to achieve its goals. Recent research has pointed out the important role of the business environment on the manufacturing strategy choices by organizations. However, most of the research has been confined to well-developed economies. This paper extends the research on business environment and manufacturing strategy by presenting results from an emerging economy. Using data collected from manufacturing firms in Ghana we demonstrate that in an emerging economy concerns about the competitive hostility is the factor with the strongest influence on manufacturing strategy choice.
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor: A key mediator of the vasodilator action of bradykinin

Bradykinin causes vasodilatation by stimulating the production of vasodilator prostanoids and nitric oxide (NO). However, there is an additional component that is mediated by a diffusible endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The non-selective inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism eicosatetraynoic acid inhibits the EDHF-mediated component of the relaxation to bradykinin. Therefore, EDHF may be an archidonic acid metabolite. The diffusible nature of EDHF has been disputed because of the inability to consistently detect the factor using perfusion bioassay techniques. However, administration of the acyltransferase inhibitor thimerosal facilitates the release of EDHF by endothelial cells in culture. Further studies are warranted to identify EDHF and explore further its functions in vasomotion.
Multimodality CAD: combination of computerized classification techniques based on mammograms and 3D ultrasound volumes for improved accuracy in breast mass characterization

Mammography and ultrasound (US) are two low-cost modalities that are commonly used by radiologists for evaluating breast masses and making biopsy recommendations. The goal of this study was to investigate computerized methods for combining information from these two modalities for mass characterization. Our data set consisted of 3D US images and mammograms of biopsy-proven solid breast masses from 60 patients. Thirty of the masses were malignant and 30 were benign. The US volume was obtained by scanning with an experimental 3D US image acquisition system. After computerized feature extraction from the 3D US images and mammograms, we investigated three methods (A, B and C) for combining the image features or classifier scores from different mammographic views and the US volumes. The classifier scores were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methodology. The area Az under the ROC curve of the classifier based on US alone was 0.88±0.04 for testing Two classifiers were designed using the mammograms alone, with test Az values of 0.85±0.05 and 0.87±0.05, respectively. The test accuracy of combination methods A, B, and C were 0.89±0.04, 0.92±0.03, and 0.93±0.03, respectively. Our results indicate that combining the image features or classifier scores from the US and mammographic classification methods can improve the accuracy of computerized mass characterization.
Toward an understanding of polyglutamine neurodegeneration

Polyglutamine expansion is now recognized to be a major cause of inherited human neurodegenerative disease. The polyglutamine expansion diseases identified so far are slowly progressive disorders in which distinct yet overlapping brain regions are selectively vulnerable to degeneration. Despite their clinical differences these diseases likely share a common pathogenic mechanism, occurring at the protein level and centered on an abnormal conformation of expanded polyglutamine in the respective disease proteins. Recently there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of polyglutamine disease, but still there are many unanswered questions. In this review, I first outline some of the shared features of polyglutamine diseases and then discuss several issues relevant to an understanding of pathogenesis, paying particular attention to possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
A Nonparametric “Trim and Fill” Method of Accounting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis

Abstract Meta-analysis collects and synthesizes results from individual studies to estimate an overall effect size. If published studies are chosen, say through a literature review, then an inherent selection bias may arise, because, for example, studies may tend to be published more readily if they are statistically significant, or deemed to be more “interesting” in terms of the impact of their outcomes. We develop a simple rank-based data augmentation technique, formalizing the use of funnel plots, to estimate and adjust for the numbers and outcomes of missing studies. Several nonparametric estimators are proposed for the number of missing studies, and their properties are developed analytically and through simulations. We apply the method to simulated and epidemiological datasets and show that it is both effective and consistent with other criteria in the literature.
Protectionist Responses to the Crisis: Damage Observed in Product-Level Trade

This paper investigates how trade flows are being affected by new discriminatory measures implemented during the global financial crisis. We match data on behind-the-border measures (e.g., bailouts and subsidies) and border measures implemented through April 2010 to monthly HS 4-digit bilateral trade data. Our estimation strategy relies on a first-differenced gravity equation and time-varying fixed effects to disentangle the impact of new discriminatory measures. Trade in exporter-importer pairs subject to new measures decreased by 5 to 8 percent relative to trade in the same product among pairs not subject to new measures. These product-level results imply global trade declines at the aggregate level of about 0.2 percent, or $30-35 billion a year. These aggregate figures would be higher, if one third of measures had not been excluded due to incomplete data. The paper then goes on to dissect protectionism’s trade impact by disaggregating measures by type, advanced/developing countries, regions, sectors, and time. Behind-the-border measures are found to have been more harmful than border measures at the product level. Among border measures, impacts tend to be higher for less transparent measures. Advanced countries are found to be responsible for 2/3 of the trade decline due to crisis protectionism, but their exports also absorbed 2/3 of this decline. When breaking down measures in a time dimension, we find that those taken in the first nine months after the Lehman collapse were most harmful and likely continue to constitute a drag on trade.
iFriendU: leveraging 3-cliques to enhance infiltration attacks in online social networks

Online Social Networks (OSNs) such as Facebook have become ubiquitous in the past few years, counting hundreds of millions of people as members. OSNs allow users to form friendship relationships, join groups, communicate and share information with friends. The tremendous popularity of OSNs has naturally made them an appealing target for privacy compromising attacks. In this abstract we propose a novel attack against tightly knit OSN communities. Such (artificial) communities consist of users that know well each other and that are reluctant to accept other users as friends. Becoming a member of such a community may be only a first milestone for the attacker. Harvesting private information of members of such communities and following up with offline attacks may be the longer term benefit.In a naive approach, the attacker sends random friend invitations to users in the target community hoping that some of them will accept the request. However, by definition such communities are difficult to infiltrate using a direct invitation based approach. The attack we propose relies on a novel technique, which makes use of 3-cliques to find the most vulnerable member of a targeted community. The attacker then sends invitations to all the friends of this member. After befriending its friends, the attacker's chances of befriending the weakest community member increase. Then, the attacker not only gains initial access to the community, but also increases its chances of befriending other, less accessible members. Our experiments, performed on a real-world social network, show that our attack can be 75% more efficient than the naive attack. Using real social network data, we also propose and evaluate a solution that mitigates the problem.
Bags and blogs: creating an ostomy experience for nursing students.

Background There are well over three-quarters of a million people living in the United States with an ostomy. These individuals experience many physical and emotional challenges which nurses should address during the in-patient hospitalization experience. Purpose The purpose of this educational activity was to provide undergraduate nursing students with a simulated laboratory experience which allowed the student to discuss and experience some of the challenges of living with an ostomy. Method Small group work, an experiential learning activity, and blogging were used to foster the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective development of the nursing students. Results All 134 students participated in the small group work and blogging experience and over 100 students participated in the experiential learning activity of wearing an ostomy bag overnight with the bag containing a small amount of simulated fecal material. Discussion The impact of the simulated experience is evident in the depth of awareness and emotion expressed in the blogs. The students collectively acknowledged the value of the activity and the impact the gained awareness had on their careers as nurses. Conclusion The use of social technology and the provision of learning activities, not available on the clinical unit, can have a significant impact on the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective development of nursing students.
Face saving, materialism, and desire for unique apparel products: differences among three Asian countries

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of face saving and materialism on the desire for unique apparel products and to examine the country moderating effects in three Asian countries, Korea, China, and India. A total of 612 usable data-sets were collected in Korea, China, and India from one university in a metropolitan city of each country. Face saving and materialism were found to serve as important antecedents for desire for unique consumer products (DUCP). A country moderating effect was confirmed between materialism and DUCP, but analysis revealed mixed results across the three countries. A materialism-DUCP link was found to be positive only in India, but negative in China. A negative link in Korea was insignificant. This study is one of the earliest attempts to verify antecedents (i.e. face saving and materialism) of DUCP in three Asian countries and to discover that the materialism-DUCP link is not always positive across countries.
Center of pressure excursion capability in performance of seated lateral-reaching tasks

Background. Seated center of pressure excursion capability can be used for patient evaluation in a clinical setting and in universal design. A quantification of excursion capability across age and anthropometry has not been previously reported, although some research suggests that the ischial tuberosities are the support structure limiting the excursion. Methods. Thirty-eight neurologically healthy adults ranging in age from 21 to 74 years and including 12 obese persons performed a series of 6 lateral-reaching tasks. Participants sat on a platform such that their feet did not touch the ground, leaving their legs free to provide counterbalancing support. Data recorded from a force plate under the platform allowed calculation of the center of pressure throughout the trial and the maximum excursion for each condition was recorded. Findings. The average excursion capability for the healthy, experimental population was 148 mm or 37% of seated hip breadth. Taller participants had larger maximum excursions, on average, than shorter participants, and older participants had smaller excursions than younger participants. Interpretation. The greater trochanter of the femur—rather than the ischial tuberosities—appears to be the primary support structure limiting center of pressure excursion in lateral, balance-limited reaches without contralateral support. These measures and concepts can be used for design, accommodation, and clinically for patient assessment. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A model for estimating the surface effective mass during collision-induced processes on Pt{111}

Abstract The number of surface lattice atoms involved in a particle-surface collision is represented by an effective mass. A model for estimating the effective mass of Pt{111} during the collision with an incident particle is proposed. The effective mass is governed by the collision time which is a function of the incident particle's velocity. The effective mass is proposed to increase geometrically with collision time, based on the hexagonal close-packed structure of the Pt lattice. The effective mass model was tested using Ar and Xe scattering data from Pt{111}.
Serotonergic functions in arousal and motor activity

Changes in motor activity have long been used to characterize the effects of serotonergic manipulations. The prevailing view has been that serotonin typically inhibits motor output, often in reciprocity with catecholaminergic systems. Recent findings, however, indicate that the release of presynaptic serotonin by indirect agonists leads to a profound locomotor activation. Studies were performed in a behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). The BPM is an automated holeboard/activity apparatus measuring 30.5 x 61 cm, that allows detailed sequential analyses of both locomotor and investigatory behaviors. When tested under comparable conditions, direct agonists at both 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors decrease locomotor activity in rats. With hallucinogenic 5-HT2 agonists, this effect is dependent upon the novelty of the test environment, indicating that these compounds increase the responsiveness of the animal to the threatening aspects of the novel environment. Indirect serotonin agonists, however, increase locomotor activity and decrease investigation of discrete stimuli in the environment. The activating effects of indirect agonists such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), para-chloroamphetamine (PCA), or alpha-ethyltryptamine are dependent upon the release of serotonin from presynaptic terminals and are mimicked by direct agonists at 5-HT1B receptors. Both behavioral analyses and studies with synthesis inhibitors and receptor antagonists clearly distinguish the MDMA-induced hyperactivity from that induced by amphetamine-like releasers of dopamine. Further supporting the relevance of 5-HT1B receptors to the activating effects of serotonin-releasing agents, MDMA exhibits reciprocal cross-tolerance with the 5-HT1B agonist RU 24969, but not with either 5-HT1A or 5-HT2 agonists or amphetamine. Thus, studies of locomotor and investigatory responses can be used to demonstrate and differentiate the effects of direct agonists at 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT2 receptors as well as indirect serotonin agonists. The fact that the predominant effect of serotonin releasers is locomotor activation, apparently mediated via post-synaptic 5-HT1B receptors, suggests that some endogenous serotonergic systems may normally activate rather than suppress motor output.
Party Registration and the Geography of Party Polarization

Are voters in the United States sorting into geographic “enclaves” of determined commitment to one party or the other, or do voting and public opinion patterns hide a fundamentally ambivalent electorate? The most common geographic measure of partisanship—the presidential vote—cannot identify strength of commitment to the parties because voters have no viable alternative to the major-party candidates. We use party registration statistics instead, since voters can safely register with a third party or as an independent without giving up their right to choose a major-party candidate in the fall election. These numbers suggest that the strongest trend by far is not growing polarization but the large and pervasive increase in registered independents. Although the 2008 election was extraordinary in many ways, its impact on these basic trends is ambiguous. We offer some preliminary analysis that suggests this trend is ideologically meaningful and bears important implications for polarization, and then make a case for further research on the independent phenomenon.
Extending the Arabidopsis flowering paradigm to a mass flowering phenomenon in the tropics

Flowering time is a critical life history trait, one that is shaped by evolution to maximize fecundity, reproductive success and fitness (Amasino 2010). This is especially true of annual plants where the cycle of floral initiation, pollination and seed production occur at regular intervals to ensure the survival of the species. In long-lived perennials, however, flowering can be an intermittent phenomenon and thus a challenge to understand. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kobayashi et al. (2013) tackle this particular challenge by applying modern-day molecular techniques to the ‘spectacular and mysterious’ mass flowering that takes places in mixed dipterocarp forests of South-East Asia. Here, amidst an almost unimaginable diversity of forbs, shrubs and trees, these authors used next-generation sequencing technology to characterize what they refer to as the ‘ecological transcriptome’ in an attempt to glimpse into the functional genomic reprogramming of Shorea beccariana at pre- and postflowering developmental transitions. They encountered many of the challenges that are often underappreciated yet typical for tropical ecological research including sample collection within a ~40-m high tree canopy, unpredictable flowering intervals and determining the most appropriate preflowering state for sampling. Despite these challenges, the authors were able to integrate gene ontology relationships with gene-clustering algorithms and environmental data to support the hypothesis that drought is a key trigger for flowering in S. beccariana. The cloning and transgenic expression of selected S. beccariana genes to corroborate presumed protein function is a key feature of their work and seldom applied within an ecological framework. As illustrated by Kobayashi et al. (2013), the inclusion of molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics has the potential to shed light on long-standing questions of ecological concern.
A report on the use of multimedia courses in computer science education

This report describes the author's experience using commercially-available, video-based, multimedia training courses to teach undergraduate computer science courses. The multimedia courses were used as the primary teaching vehicle in an entry-level COBOL course and a junior-level systems analysis course. They were also used to supplement the discussion of direct access file design in a data structures course.
Will employers hire welfare recipients? Recent survey evidence from Michigan

In this paper we present data from a survey of 900 employers in Michigan during 1997. The survey was designed to gauge employer demand for welfare recipients. The results show that, given the tightness of labor markets there, the prospective demand for recipients is quite high—employers report that 3 percent of all jobs currently, and almost 9 percent over the following year, might be available to unskilled recipients. On the other hand, prospective employment is quite highly correlated with measures of unmet labor demand, implying that much of it could disappear during the next recession. Many of the prospective jobs are also found in establishments to which innercity minorities might have limited access, such as small or suburban establishments that receive few black applicants or that recruit informally. Absenteeism and basic skill readiness are potential problems, based on jobs filled by recipients to date or those that are potentially available. The effects of a variety of potential policy responses targeted at private employers (such as job placement efforts and tax credits for employment or training) are considered as well. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Ion—Aerosol Attachment Coefficients and the Steady-State Charge Distribution on Aerosols in a Bipolar Ion Environment

Calculations of the ion—aerosol attachment coefficients are carried out for Fuchs' theory (as corrected in this paper) and for a theory which includes three body trapping. The resulting charge distributions agree quite well for particles with radii greater than about 0.007 μm. For smaller particles three-body trapping becomes increasingly important. Comparison of theoretically predicted charge distributions with recently measured charge distributions at radii smaller than 0.02 μm show good agreement. Asymmetric charging due to differences in the physical properties of positive and negative ions can result in large differences in the number of positively and negatively charged particles, particularly at larger radii. The asymmetric charge distribution is also shown to depend on the ionization rate. For the case when aerosol concentrations are comparable to the ion concentrations the effect of polydispersity on the charge distribution is difficult to predict. It is shown that a dominant size particle can es...
Pharmacology of all-trans-retinoic acid in children with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Background Due to severe side effects in virtually all children treated with a standard dose of 45 mg/m2/day all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) the AML-BFM study group reduced the dosage to 25 mg/m2/day. For the lack of data on the use of ATRA at this dosage in children with APL, the study group further decided to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ATRA in children. Procedure Twenty-three pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of ATRA were studied in 14 children (aged 0.9–18.4 years) with APL. Eleven plasma samples were collected over a period of 8 hr and analyzed for ATRA and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Peak plasma concentrations of ATRA were characterized by wide interpatient variability (range: 28.6–513.0 nM). Compared to adults the same metabolic pathways were observed in children. Even though peak plasma concentrations were in the lower range of those considered effective in vitro, ATRA side effects, notably neurotoxicity, still required dose reduction, treatment break, or drug withdrawal in eight patients. In this small number of patients, neurotoxicity could not be related to age or any specific level of ATRA or metabolites in the plasma. Plasma concentrations of vitamin A, however, were significantly higher in those patients, who developed signs of neurotoxicity (P = 0.03, Mann–Whitney Rank Sum test). Conclusions Considering the low plasma concentrations and the persistence of toxicity in spite of dose reduction intermittent dosing schedules might be considered as an alternative to further dose reduction of ATRA in the treatment of APL especially in children, who might be at risk of ATRA-induced neurotoxicity. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:293–301. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients.

Adenovirus infections have been reported in as many as one-fifth of bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and in a lesser, though still prominent, proportion of organ transplant recipients. The relative contributions of primary infections versus reactivations from latency in immunocompromised patients remain unclear. Compared with adult BMT recipients, pediatric BMT recipients appear to be infected by adenovirus more frequently and earlier in the post-transplant period. The diagnosis of adenovirus infection is complicated by the existence of >40 viral serotypes, although certain subgroups are more likely to be involved in certain patient populations. Adenoviruses are responsible for a broad range of clinical diseases that may be associated with high mortality, including pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and gastroenteritis. The clinical and histopathologic features of adenovirus disease may resemble those of cytomegalovirus disease, potentially complicating the diagnosis. Risk factors for clinical adenovirus disease include the number of sites from which the virus is cultured and, in BMT recipients, the presence of moderate to severe acute graft-versus-host disease.
First-principles DFT modeling of nuclear fuel materials

We review the state of first-principles density functional theory (DFT) modeling of nuclear fuel materials. DFT-based first-principles modeling has emerged as a quantitatively rigorous method that has been widely used to study these materials. The main challenge in DFT modeling of nuclear fuels lies in the f electron nature of actinide materials. DFT + U methods along with regular DFT methods including both non-spin-polarized and spin-polarized treatments are discussed. The review topics include bulk and intrinsic defects properties, stability of fission products, modeling of fission gas (xenon) transport, and non-equilibrium behavior of fission products in uranium dioxide and surrogate materials. In addition, DFT modeling activity in alternative fuel forms including uranium nitride, uranium carbide, and metal fuels is reviewed. Some of the limitations of empirical potential calculations addressed by DFT are also discussed.
Adolescent risk factors for binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood : Variable- and pattern-centered approaches to change

This longitudinal study examined adolescent personality and social context predictors of changes in binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood. Variable- and pattern-centered approaches were used, with the latter focusing on different trajectories of binge drinking. Data came from the national Monitoring the Future project, including 6,852 youths from the 1976-1987 senior year cohorts who were surveyed at biennial intervals between ages 18 and 24. Being male, possessing low self-efficacy, and drinking primarily to get drunk were found to be unconditional adolescent risk factors for increased binge drinking over time. In contrast, other adolescent risk factors (e.g., low conventionality) were found to be conditional on initial level of binge drinking. Discussion focuses on the a priori prediction of difficulties during developmental transitions and the benefits of combining variable- and pattern-centered approaches to change.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of seizure states.

Summary: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can be used for noninvasive measurement of more than two dozen small metabolites in the brains of living animals and humans. In the first decade of its use for study of seizure phenomena in animals, MRS successfully detected in vivo seizure-induced cerebral acidosis and reduction of phosphocreatine concentration, changes that had been described previously by techniques requiring destruction of tissue. Thus validated, MRS was used to reveal new aspects of epileptic pathophysiology in animals: (a) dissociation of brain lactate and pH during experimental status epilepticus of low and intermediate intensity, reflecting metabolic compartmentation; and (b) long persistence of metabolically active elevated brain lactate after brief cortical electroshock. The latter phenomenon may be an extreme form of a mechanism by which lactate production primes synaptic terminals for maximal sustained firing rates during normal brain activation. Diffusion-weigh ted imaging of rat brain has shown that status epilepticus apparently shortens the mean path length of water diffusion, a novel finding that provides new insight concerning the physical conditions under which the seizure-related chemical changes detected by MRS occur. MRS study of epileptic patients has been undertaken more recently as instruments large enough for observations on humans have become available. Acidosis, reduction of phosphocreatine, and elevation of lactate have all been demonstrated in the human brain during seizure discharge. Chronic reduction of N-acetylaspar-tate in limbic regions probably reflects neuronal loss and may correlate with mesial temporal sclerosis.
Insights into the Origin of Water Soluble Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter

Concentrations of fine carbonaceous aerosols (PM 2.5 ), including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were measured from filters collected every 6th day for one year at three urban/industrial sites in the Midwestern United States: Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Mingo Junction, Ohio. The water-soluble fraction of fine particulate OC varied considerably from site to site and monthly averages were between 39–85% at Cincinnati, 35–68% at Cleveland, and 32–65% at Mingo Junction. Average monthly concentrations of WSOC were compared with measurements of organic source tracers, including levoglucosan, to better understand the spatial and temporal distribution and sources of WSOC. Two methods of predicting the non-biomass burning portion of WSOC (WSOC NB ) were compared including estimation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) by the EC-tracer Method and comparison of the unapportioned OC from a chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment analysis. Poor correlations be...
The survival game: A sex role analysis

A survey of male players of the National Survival Game reveals that most participants are young, single, well educated, and consider themselves to be active sportsmen. A factor analysis suggests there are three distinct reasons for participation: 1) general physical, intellectual; and social benefits, 2) aggression, and 3) achievement and control. Surprisingly, those players in the sample who had traditional sex role attitudes participated less frequently than those with less traditional views.
Epidermal growth factor binding is altered in pancreatic acini from diabetic rats

The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding were studied in rat pancreatic acini. 125I-EGF binding was one-half maximal at 20 min, and maximal at 90 min. Saturation data revealed a decreased binding capacity in diabetic acini when compared with normal acini. Insulin, in vivo, normalized the decreased binding capacity. 125I-EGF internalization was also decreased in diabetic rat acini. Further, the inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK8) on cell-associated 125I-EGF radioactivity was significantly greater in diabetic than in normal rat acini. These findings suggest that insulin deficiency may lead to defective regulation of the exocrine pancreas by EGF.
Effects of Experimental Manipulation of Testosterone Levels on Parental Investment and Breeding Success in Male House Sparrows

-Breeding male House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) were implanted with testosterone (T), the antiandrogen flutamide (F), or an empty capsule as a control (C). Parental feeding rates by C-treated males were high until nestlings reached 10 days of age, then declined significantly. This is the typical temporal pattern of parental behavior for free-living males. In contrast, F-treated males fed young at a high rate throughout the nestling stage, while T-treated males fed young much less frequently and were more involved in male-male competition during this period of time. There was a significant decrease in the breeding success of T-treated males resulting from increased starvation of their nestlings. Despite lowered levels of testosterone, F-treated males were able to maintain control of their nest boxes and exhibited normal sexual behavior. During the subsequent brood, breeding success of T-treated males again was reduced by nestling starvation. Our results demonstrate that high levels of testosterone inhibit the expression of parental care in male House Sparrows. Moreover, they suggest that the typical pattern of testosterone levels in males (high when mate guarding and low when feeding young) represents an optimal compromise between allocation of effort to male-male competition vs. parental care. Received 10 July 1986, accepted 1 March 1987. CORRELATIONAL and experimental studies on House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) have suggested that the activities of breeding males represent a trade-off between investment in malemale competition vs. parental care. In males, circulating levels of testosterone reflect this trade-off, being elevated when male-male competition is high and low when parental investment is high. We have suggested that this pattern maximizes an individual's overall reproductive output, even if it results occasionally in a reduction of fecundity (Hegner and Wingfield 1986a, 1987). In this study, we tested experimentally whether the variable pattern of male investment represents an optimization by artificially altering that pattern. This was achieved by altering the endocrine and behavioral state of males with subcutaneous hormone implants. We tested specifically whether elevated levels of testosterone during the last portion of the nestling stage, the interbrood interval, and the egglaying stage are critical for (1) defense of the I Present address: Department of Zoology, NJ-15, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA. nesting site, (2) normal sexual behavior, and (3) successful mate guarding. We also tested (4) whether lowered levels of testosterone during incubation and the early portion of the nestling stage are necessary for the expression of parental care.
The World Bank, the language question and the future of African education

L'enseignement en Afrique est traverse par une contestation portant sur l'anglais d'une part et les langues indigenes d'autre part. Les langues africaines ont ete marginalisees par la pression colonialiste creant ainsi une repartition inegale du pouvoir entre les personnes selon les langues apprises. Seuls quelques pays (Somalie, Soudan, Ethyopie, Tanzanie) ont reussi a etendre l'enseignement des langues indigenes au-dela de l'enseignement primaire. L'A. presente l'ampleur de la contestation et la place de la Banque Mondiale dans les debats
The Fourier transform of the fields of periodic structures excited by aperiodic sources

In general, Floquet's theorem cannot be used to solve for the fields of periodic structures when excited by aperiodic sources. However, the Fourier transform of the fields obeys Floquet's theorem with respect to the source coordinates. This property and reciprocity is used to expand the Fourier transform in a very useful form.
Targeting the human microbiome with antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics: gastroenterology enters the metagenomics era.

Studies of metagenomics and the human microbiome will tremendously expand our knowledge of the composition of microbial communities in the human body. As our understanding of microbial variation and corresponding genetic parameters is refined, this information can be applied to rational remodeling or “tailoring” of human-associated microbial communities and their associated functions. Physiologic features such as the development of innate and adaptive immunity, relative susceptibilities to infections, immune tolerance, bioavailability of nutrients, and intestinal barrier function may be modified by changing the composition and functions of the microbial communities. The specialty of gastroenterology will be affected profoundly by the ability to modify the gastrointestinal microbiota through the rational deployment of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Antibiotics might be used to remove or suppress undesirable components of the human microbiome. Probiotics can introduce missing microbial components with known beneficial functions for the human host. Prebiotics can enhance the proliferation of beneficial microbes or probiotics, to maximize sustainable changes in the human microbiome. Combinations of these approaches might provide synergistic and effective therapies for specific disorders. The human microbiome could be manipulated by such “smart” strategies to prevent and treat acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and a variety of other disorders.
Physical properties of two new crown and bridge veneering resins.

Summary The degree of conversion and physical properties of two contemporary resin veneers based on light-cured microfilled composite formulations and employing proprietary curing systems were evaluated. Visio-gem (V) and Dentacolor (D) were polymerized using the appropriate curing systems. Polymer structure and degree of conversion were determined by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) techniques. Physical properties, including depth of cure, compressive and diametral tensile strengths, hardness, thermal expansion and colour stability were determined by standard test modalities. Both materials appear to have the properties of typical microfilled resins including low compressive yield strengths and high thermal expansion coefficients. The curing system for V produced an increased depth of cure compared to conventional light curing techniques and the D system, but no clinically significant increase in the physical properties.
Teaching cleanroom software engineering with object-oriented data abstraction

This paper describes the benefit of incorporating two ideas from Design-by-Contract [3] into the teaching of Cleanroom Software Engineering [4][5], namely the specification of method behavior in terms of inspector methods, and inheritance of method specifications. The inspectors serve as a specification of the transformation between the abstract data type represented by a class and its internal data representation. By inheriting method specifications, the behavior of augmented polymorphic methods can be specified. Pedagogical examples and student code are presented and discussed.
STUDIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DYSENTERY INTOXICATION : PRODUCTION OF LESIONS BY INTRODUCTION OF TOXIN INTO THE CEREBRAL VENTRICLES

The introduction of Shiga toxin into the ventricular system of the brain with major location in the third ventricle resulted in a response similar to that following the administration of the toxin either intravenously or by cross-circulation. The intravenous administration at the dosage level employed would have elicited no response. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that Shiga toxin activates some mechanisms in the central nervous system which are capable of producing visceral lesions. These mechanisms are those which control the vasomotor components of homeostasis. This hypothesis permits an explanation of the proximo-distal and intramural features of the lesion.
Phosphorus Release and Equilibrium Dynamics of Canal Sediments within the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida

High phosphorus (P) in surface drainage water from agricultural and urban runoff is the main cause of eutrophication within aquatic systems in South Florida, including the Everglades. While primary sources of P in drainage canals in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) are from land use application of agricultural chemicals and oxidation of the organic soils, internal sources from canal sediments can also affect overall P status in the water column. In this paper, we evaluate P release and equilibrium dynamics from three conveyance canals within the EAA. Incubation and flux experiments were conducted on intact sediment cores collected from four locations within the Miami, West Palm Beach (WPB), and Ocean canal. After three continuous exchanges, Miami canal sediments reported the highest P release (66 ± 37 mg m−2) compared to WPB (13 ± 10 mg m−2) and Ocean (17 ± 11 mg m−2) canal over 84 days. Overall, the P flux from all three canal sediments was highest during the first exchange. Miami canal sediments showed the highest P flux (2.4 ± 1.3 mg m−2 day−1) compared to WPB (0.83 ± 0.39 mg m−2 d−1) and Ocean canal sediments (0.98 ± 0.38 mg m−2 day−1). Low P release from WPB canal sediments despite having high TP content could be due to carbonate layers distributed throughout the sediment column inhibiting P release. Equilibrium P concentrations estimated from the sediment core experiment corresponded to 0.12 ± 0.04 mg L−1, 0.06 ± 0.03 mg L−1, and 0.08 ± 0.03 mg L−1 for Miami, WPB, and Ocean canal sediments, respectively, indicating Miami canal sediments behave as a source of P, while Ocean and WPB canal sediments are in equilibrium with the water column. Overall, the sediments showed a significant positive correlation between P release and total P (r = 0.42), Feox (r = 0.65), and Alox (r = 0.64) content of sediments. The contribution of P from the three main canals sediments within the EAA boundary corresponded to a very small portion of the total P load exiting the EAA. These estimates, however, only take into consideration diffusive fluxes from sediments and no other factors such as canal flow, bioturbation, resuspension, and anaerobic conditions.