cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression During the Development of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage φ29 I. Analysis of Viral-Specific Transcription by Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Ribonucleic Acid Competition Hybridization

Abstract The ribonucleic acid (RNA) specified by bacteriophage 29 was analyzed to determine its composition at various times in the viral lytic cycle. Although viral-specific RNA was detected immediately after infection, a large increase in the rate was observed at 10 min when DNA synthesis began. 29 was found to resemble other viruses in that gene expression occurred in two stages which could be defined temporally as “early” and “late.” Early RNA appeared before the onset of viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and accounted for approximately 40% of the viral genetic potential. This RNA was also present late in the infectious cycle because of the slow turnover rate of 29-specific RNA (approximately 10 min half-life) and the continued synthesis of much early viral RNA throughout infection. Late RNA was first detected at approximately the same time as viral DNA replication, although late transcription was not dependent upon DNA synthesis. This RNA was only partially displaced by early RNA in the appropriate competition experiments, suggesting that it contained sequences not present in the early class. Expression of viral genes was sensitive to rifamycin throughout the lytic cycle, the sensitivity resulting from a dependence upon the rifamycin phenotype of the host RNA polymerase.
Moment and Hypergeometric Filters for High Precision Computation ofFocus, Stereo and Optical Flow

Many low level visual computation problems such as focus, stereo, optical flow, etc., can be formulated as problems of extracting one or more parameters of a non-stationary transformation between two images. Finite-width windows are widely used in various algorithms to extract spatially local information from images. While the choice of window width has a very profound impact on the quality of algorithmic results, there has been no quantitative way to measure or eliminate the negative effects of finite-width windows. To address this problem and the foreshortening problem caused by non-stationarity, we introduce two novel sets of filters: “moment” filters and “hypergeometric” filters. The recursive properties of these filters allow the effects of finite-width windows and foreshortening to be explicitly analyzed and eliminated. We apply the moment filter approach to the focus and stereo problems, in which one parameter is extracted at every pixel location. We apply the hypergeometric approach to the optical flow problem, in which two parameters are extracted. We demonstrate that algorithms based on moment filters and hypergeometric filters achieve much higher precision than other state-of-art techniques.
Tevatron Results on Top Quark Physics

The CDF and D0 collaborations at Fermilab's Tevatron p-pbar collider have in place an extensive program to measure fundamental properties of the top quark. Recent results from Run I (sqrt-s = 1.8 TeV) and Run II (sqrt-s = 1.96 TeV) on the top quark's production, mass, and decays are presented here. All results are consistent within their uncertainties with the Standard Model expectations for the top quark.
Designing an academic firewall: policy, practice, and experience with SURF

Corporate network firewalls are well-understood and are becoming commonplace. These firewalls establish a security perimeter that aims to block (or heavily restrict) both incoming and outgoing network communication. We argue that these firewalls are neither effective nor appropriate for academic or corporate research environments needing to maintain information security while still supporting the free exchange of ideas. In this paper we present the Stanford University Research Firewall (SURF), a network firewall design that is suitable for a research environment. While still protecting information and computing resources behind the firewall, this firewall is less restrictive of outward information flow than the traditional model; can be easily deployed; and can give internal users the illusion of unrestricted e-mail, anonymous FTP, and WWW connectivity to the greater Internet. Our experience demonstrates that an adequate firewall for a research environment can be constructed for minimal cost using off-the-shelf software and hardware components.
An Aerodynamic Analysis of Bird Wings as Fixed Aerofoils

The aerodynamic properties of bird wings were examined at Reynolds numbers of 1-5 × 10 4 and were correlated with morphological parameters such as apsect ratio, camber, nose radius and position of maximum thickness. The many qualitative differences between the aerodynamic properties of bird, insect and aeroplane wings are attributable mainly to their differing Reynolds numbers. Bird wings, which operate at lower Reynolds numbers than aerofoils, have high minimum drag coefficients (0·03-0·13), low maximum lift coefficients (0·8-1·2) and low maximum lift/drag ratios (3–17). Bird and insect wings have low aerofoil efficiency factors (0·2-0·8) compared to conventional aerofoils (0·9-0·95) because of their low Reynolds numbers and high profile drag, rather than because of a reduced mechanical efficiency of animal wings. For bird wings there is clearly a trade-off between lift and drag performance. Bird wings with low drag generally had low maximum lift coefficients whereas wings with high maximum lift coefficients had high drag coefficients. The pattern of air flow over bird wings, as indicated by pressure-distribution data, is consistent with aerodynamic theory for aeroplane wings at low Reynolds numbers, and with the observed lift and drag coefficients.
Do Young Snakes take Refuge in the Stomach of the Mother

THE letters of Messrs. Middleton and Creole (NATURE, vol. xxxiii. pp. 176 and 269) in relation to the above-indicated reputed habit of serpents, directed my attention to some considerations and facts bearing upon the question at issue.
Appraised control, coping, and stress in a community sample: a test of the goodness-of-fit hypothesis.

Lazarus and Folkman proposed one of the most comprehensive theories of stress and coping in the psychology literature, but many of their postulates have received little empirical attention, and some of the existing research has yielded contradictory findings. This longitudinal study sought to clarify the associations among control appraisal, coping, and stress within this theoretical framework. The theory postulates that coping strategies used tend to match the level of appraised controllability of the stressor (matching hypothesis). It further states that the effects of problem-focused versus emotion-focused coping are moderated by the appraised controllability of the stressor (goodness-of-fit hypothesis). An alternative to the latter is the main-effects hypothesis, which states that problem-focused coping is generally more effective in reducing distress regardless of appraisal. These hypotheses were tested on 72 adults who completed questionnaires on coping and control appraisal. Stress was assessed using self-report (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) and a behavioral measure (proofreading task) at two times approximately 2 months apart. Appraised control significantly predicted type of coping such that greater control was associated with more problem-focused and less emotion-focused coping. Although the main-effects hypothesis was not supported, the goodness-of-fit hypothesis was partly confirmed by a significant control by emotion-focused coping interaction predicting both self-report and behavioral measures of stress.
Effects of Mass Addition on the Stability of Slender Cones at Hypersonic Speeds

Effects of gas injection on the heat transfer and pressure distributions on slender cones at hypersonic speeds
Basophilic Intranuclear Inclusions in Warts, Psoriasis, and Certain Malignancies

One of the commonly accepted evidences of virus activity is the histological demonstration of intranuclear acidophilic inclusions. These structures have been described in many diseases believed to have a virus as the causative agent. Such is not the case with intranuclear basophilic inclusions such as were described by Lipschuetz in warts (1, 2, 3) and in psoriasis (4, 5); they have not been observed by other investigators. Lipschuetz described these inclusions in the stratum granulosum and corneum of warts as round or elliptical bodies which filled out the entire nucleus or which were separated by a narrow space from the thickened nuclear membrane. He described the changes in psoriasis as consisting of hyperchromia of the morbid nuclei with thickening of the nuclear membranes. Apparently, the delicate chromatin structure of these nuclei is replaced by a homogeneous “chromophane” mass which occupies the whole nucleus or is separated from the nuclear membrane by a clear space, although the nucleoli and cytoplasm remain unaltered. These changes were described as being observed in every layer of the epidermis, with preponderance in the basal cell layer and in the stratum Malpighi.
Compact multisection cavity switches in metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides

We introduce a compact absorption switch consisting of a plasmonic metal-dielectric-metal waveguide coupled to a multisection cavity. The optimized multisection cavity switch leads to greatly enhanced modulation depth compared to an optimized Fabry-Perot cavity switch.
SU-FF-T-143: Comparison of Major Monte Carlo Codes in Physics Modeling and Sampling Efficiency

Purpose: The Monte Carlo method is able to provide the most accurate radiation dose calculations. On the other hand, one issue that needs to be addressed is the reliability of the physics models in the Monte Carlo codes. The purpose of this study is to seek for a much more thorough interpretation of this issue. Methods and Materials: Several general‐purpose Monte Carlo codes have already been widely used in many aspects of medical physics. Four well known Monte Carlo codes (EGSnrc, MCNP, GEANT4, and PENELOPE) are included in this investigation. The source codes are carefully studied, and the sampling techniques for each interaction for photons and electrons are evaluated in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The influence of the differences in physics modeling on radiation dose calculations is also analyzed. Results: All the four Monte Carlo codes present a certain extent of approximations in physics modeling, due to the lack of differential cross sections (with respect to energy and direction) and the consideration of simulation efficiency. The difference in sampled energy and angular distributions can be quite appreciable under some situations, and the difference in sampling efficiency can be significant as well. Conclusions: To faithfully simulate a physical interaction of radiation particles with matter with a Monte Carlo code, the physics processes have to be accurately modeled. However, the reality is that some approximations are inevitable. There are already several investigations on comparisons of the Monte Carlo codes, and both good agreements and discrepancies were reported. Since the previous studies were primarily based on simply applying the codes to some basic situations (such as PDDs and profiles in water), little in‐depth understanding of the causes of the discrepancies was provided. Our investigation provides a source‐code level interpretation of this issue.
Randomly closed Cayley trees and fractal dimensionality

We consider a Cayley tree closed on itself in a random fashion, i.e., the lattice now has closed loops which are distributed randomly throughout the lattice. There is no positional order in this lattice, neither in the short range nor in the long range, and thus the lattice provides physical systems of very low symmetry. The Ising model on this lattice shows long-range order which is absent in the open tree and in Jellitto's closed tree. The order-parameter exponent, which we compute by means of the Monte Carlo method, is intermediate between those of integer lattice dimensionalities. The corresponding noninteger effective lattice dimensionality is much lower than its fractal dimensionality. The lattice is similar in structure to a bond-diluted two-dimensional Ising model which has randomly distributed long-range bonds. These bonds couple randomly distant spins with the same strength as the short-range bonds, and thus the lattice resembles a wad of paper. The critical behavior of this truly irregular lattice is also intermediate as before and the corresponding effective lattice dimensionality is lower than the fractal dimensionality. We discuss the reason for this difference.
Honouring Saint Louis in a small town

The cult of Saint Louis of France has traditionally been regarded as largely limited to royal shrines and aristocratic patronage, but two documents published here provide some tentative evidence that patronage may have been wider. Evidence of this sort may be rare not because non-aristocratic patronage was rare but because so few records of parish church endowments have survived.
Growth Regulatory Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 and Interleukin-2 on IL-2 Dependent CD4+T Lymphoblastoid Cell Line

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-s1) is an immuno-modulatory cytokine which has been shown to modulate the activity of T and B cells. We show here that human TGF-s1 inhibited stationary cultures of IL-2 dependent CD4+ bovine lymphoblastoid T cells (BLTC) by down-regulating their IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression, arresting cells in the G0/G1 compartment of the cell cycle, and inducing these cells to undergo apoptosis. These events were reversed by the addition of a minimal concentration of IL-2 (2U/ml). In the presence of exogenous IL-2, TGF-s1 was found to augment the proliferative response of BLTC through up-regulation of IL-2R expression, allow progression of normal cell cycle, and significantly prevent apoptosis. Our data clearly show that IL-2 and TGF-s1, when present alone, have contrasting effects on BLTC. TGF-s1 down regulates events that are associated with IL-2 mediated signal. But when present together, IL-2 and TGF-s1 upregulate activation signals and proliferation of rapidly dividing CD4...
Subcellular distribution of aminotransferases, and pyruvate branch point enzymes in gill tissue from four bivalves.

Abstract 1. 1. Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), malic enzyme (ME), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of gill tissue from Modiolus demissus (ribbed mussel), Mytilus edulis (sea mussel), Crassostrea virginica (oyster) and Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog) were determined using enzyme assay and starch gel electrophoresis combined with subcellular fractionation. 2. 2. AAT showed distinct mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes in gills of all these animals. 3. 3. Although ALAT showed distinct mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes in the gills of oysters, sea mussels and quahogs, only the mitochondrial ALAT was evident in ribbed mussel gill tissue. 4. 4. PK and PEPCK were cytosolic in all these preparations. 5. 5. ME was found only in the mitochondrial fraction of ribbed mussel and quahog gill tissue whereas sea mussel gills showed distinct cytosolic and mitochondrial ME isozymes. 6. 6. With oyster gills, the “cytosolic ME” was electrophoretically identical to the mitochondrial ME indicating that in vivo, the ME is probably mitochondrial. 7. 7. MDH showed distinct cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes in all bivalve gills tested.
The Gendered Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa: Discussion

For many African countries that have experienced prolonged macroeconomic disequilibria, adhering to structural adjustment is essential to restore macroeconomic balance. Restoration of macroeconomic balance is a necessary condition for resuming growth. However, African agriculture faces another set of "structural" problems. The question, therefore, is not whether to undertake structural adjustment but rather how to resume growth through restoration of macroeconomic balance in situations of these other
Regrouping: organized activity involvement and social adjustment across the transition to high school.

Although organized activities (OAs) have been established as important contexts of development, limited work has examined the role of OAs across the high school transition in buffering adolescents' social adjustment by providing opportunities for visibility and peer affiliation. The transition to high school is characterized by numerous changes and OAs may provide an important setting for establishing and maintaining peer relationships during this tumultuous time. This study included 151 8th grade U.S. students (58% male) who were assessed across the transition to high school (spring of 8th and 9th grade). Continuous involvement in academic activities across the transition and becoming involved (i.e., initiation) in community/service activities following the transition was associated with fewer depressive symptoms in the spring of 9th grade. Continuous involvement in sports and initiation of academic activities was associated with having more friendships. In addition, links between OAs and loneliness were only evident among females. There appear to be significant social benefits for OA involvement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Morphological studies on long‐term culture of marrow cells: Characterization of the adherent stromal cells and their interactions in maintaining the proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells

In long-term cultures of bone marrow, the adherent stromal cells provide support for the proliferation and maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells. These stromal cells and their interactions were characterized by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy in correlation with functional studies. Cultures were initiated by establishing the adherent stromal layer as a "soil" which was then "seeded" after 3 weeks by the addition of another marrow-cell suspension. Clonal assay of the supernatant demonstrated the continuous proliferation of the hemopoietic stem cell. The stroma essentially consisted of two cell types, macrophages and epithelioid cells. Macrophages were smaller, 10-15 microns, phagocytosed latex and carbon particles, and contained lysosomes. Their surface did not stain with polycationic ferritin (PCF). Epithelioid cells were much larger, more than 100 microns; contained numerous thin, elongated mitochondria; did not phagocytose latex particles; but did display strong surface staining with PCF. The appearance of epithelioid cells in TEM depended on their state of development and whether the section was parallel or perpendicular to the substratum. Epithelioid cells displayed a maturational spectrum, at two ends of which were synthetic and storage phases. In the synthetic phase, the cell contained numerous profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the storage phase, numerous storage granules. These two phases were best appreciated in sections perpendicular to the substratum, demonstrating synthetic cells on top settling over the substratum upon maturation into the storage cells. Both macrophages and epithelioid cells contained fat globules which increased in number and size with the addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium. A distinct fat-cell type, as has been claimed, was not found in this study. Granulopoiesis was observed in the culture system in the absence of colony-stimulating activity in the supernatant, suggesting direct cellular interaction or short-range factors in the induction of granulopoiesis. Widespread cellular interactions were noted between macrophages and epithelioid cells, the latter often completely embracing the former and both extending cytoplasmic processes toward each other. This is reminiscent of the cooperative interaction of endoderm and mesoderm in chick embryo hemopoiesis and may be necessary for the maintenance of stem cells in these cultures.
Retrospective analysis of previous relationship disengagement and current and current attachment style

This study examined attachment styles and disengagement strategies used to end romantic relationships for 213 college students. The research predicted differences between attributions about the cause of the breakup and who initiated the breakup. The study also predicted differences in reports about the use of disengagement strategies, depending upon a person's attachment style and whom they attributed as the initiator of the breakup. People more frequently attributed the cause of breakups to situational factors than to the other person; and least frequently, to self. Persons who perceived they caused the breakup more frequently perceived they also initiated the breakup. Some of the hypothesized differences in reports about the use of disengagement strategies for persons with different attachment styles and different attributions of who initiated the breakup were observed for positive‐tone, behavioral de‐escalation, and negative identity management strategies. Leniency in self‐attributions was detected in ...
Cocaine Potentiates Multiple 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling Pathways and Is Associated with Decreased Phosphorylation of 5-HT2A Receptors In Vivo

Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we used Sprague-Dawley rats injected with either saline (1 ml/kg) or cocaine (15 mg/kg) for 7 days (b.i.d, i.p) to study the effect of cocaine on several components of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFCx). We detected enhanced activation of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phospholipase C beta (PLCβ) and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 activity in PFCx of cocaine-treated rats. Although we were unable to detect changes in the protein levels of several proteins associated with 5-HT2A receptor signaling such as caveolin-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, β-arrestin 2, etc., we found a significant reduction in the phosphorylation status of cortical 5-HT2A receptors. This phenomenon was associated with reduced levels of G-protein receptor kinase 5 (GRK5), but not GRK2 or RSK2, proteins. Our results suggest that decreased phosphorylation of 5-HT2A receptors could mediate, at least in part, the cocaine-induced potentiation of multiple 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways in rat PFCx. As discussed in this manuscript, we hypothesize that preventing these neuroadaptations in 5-HT2A receptor signaling may alleviate some of the aversive withdrawal-associated symptoms that contribute to relapse to cocaine abuse.
Intrapersonal Communicology: Reflection, Reflexivity, and Relational Consciousness in Embodied Subjectivity

Ruesch and Bateson operationalize the intrapersonal level as a “one-person communication system” and describe the function of the communicative agent as a “self-observer.” In this article, I seek to establish a theory of intrapersonal communicology. My analysis follows a phenomenological and psychoanalytic consideration of G. H. Mead's concept of the “I” and “me.” In doing so, I articulate the ground of intrapersonal communicative experience as the phenomenological embodiment of social and cultural relations. We begin our psychological development in group relations (i.e., in the order of the family) and from the effects of this experience on our capacities for trust, autonomy, and initiative, we can begin to entail our social embodiment in a recognizable identity for the experience and articulation of our adult agency. My argument is that communicative embodiment and intersubjective social experience are simultaneous events.
Cysteine and keto acids modulate mosquito kynurenine aminotransferase catalyzed kynurenic acid production

Kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) catalyzes the formation of kynurenic acid (KYNA), the natural antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors. This study tests potential substrates and assesses the effects of amino acids and keto acids on the activity of mosquito KAT. Various keto acids, when simultaneously present in the same reaction mixture, display a combined effect on KAT catalyzed KYNA production. Moreover, methionine and glutamine show inhibitory effects on KAT activity, while cysteine functions as either an antagonist or an inhibitor depending on the concentration. Therefore, the overall level of keto acids and cysteine might modulate the KYNA synthesis. Results from this study will be useful in the study of KAT regulation in other animals.
Design and fabrication of bimetallic colloidal "Janus" particles.

In this work, we demonstrate the results of a novel approach developed in our lab to prepare bimetallic Janus particles, which are composed of silica particles with differing metals on opposite hemispheres. SEM imaging, EDS mapping, and XPS analysis clearly indicate that beads are capped with two different metals, typically leaving an equatorial belt around the particle composed of uncoated silica. Oxidation of some metal components can be induced by oxygen plasma exposure, producing compositional and morphological changes. The facile conversion of metal to metal oxide heralds a wide variety of Janus particles with different electronic, optical, and magnetic properties.
Detection of malignant tumors: Water‐suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma

Average linewidths of methyl and methylene proton resonances of plasma lipoproteins from healthy controls and untreated cancer patients were measured in water-suppressed proton spectra obtained at 400 MHz. In contrast to a previous report (E. T. Fossel, J. M. Carr, and J. McDonagh, N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 1369 (1986] no statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.5) was found between the average linewidths in plasma samples from 20 normal controls (36.0 +/- 6.4 Hz) and 17 untreated cancer patients (34.6 +/- 6.3 Hz). When the effect of lactate was removed by graphical extrapolation, a small but marginally significant (P = 0.08) difference was observed between the average linewidths of the normal controls (35.1 +/- 5.8 Hz) and untreated cancer patients (31.8 +/- 5.2 Hz). However, there was still a large overlap between the two groups. In addition, substantial day to day variations in the linewidths of samples from the same individuals were observed. We conclude that these measurements cannot be used to detect cancer.
Readmissions Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreas Cancer: A Population-Based Appraisal

Procedure complexity and volume–outcome relationships have led to increased regionalization of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreas cancer. Knowledge regarding outcomes after PD comes from single-institutional series, which may be limited if a significant number of patients follow up at other hospitals. Thus, readmission data may be underreported. This study utilizes a population-based data set to examine readmission data following PD. California Cancer Registry (1994–2003) was linked to the California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) database; patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who had undergone PD, excluding perioperative (30-day) mortality, were identified. All hospital readmissions within 1 year following PD were analyzed with respect to timing, location, and reason for readmission. Our cohort included 2,023 patients who underwent PD for pancreas cancer. Fifty-nine percent were readmitted within 1 year following PD and 47% were readmitted to a secondary hospital. Readmission was associated with worse median survival compared with those not readmitted (10.5 versus 22 months, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing T-stage, age, and comorbidities were associated with increased likelihood of readmission. Diagnoses associated with high rates of readmission included progression of disease (24%), surgery-related complications (14%), and infection (13%). Diabetes (1.4%) and pain (1.5%) were associated with low rates of readmission. We found a readmission rate of 59%, which is much higher than previously reported by single institutional series. Concordantly, nearly half of patients readmitted were readmitted to a secondary hospital. Common reasons for readmission included progression of disease, surgical complications, and infection. These findings should assist in both anticipating and facilitating postoperative care as well as managing patient expectations. This study utilizes a novel population-based database to evaluate incidence, timing, location, and reasons for readmission within 1 year following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Fifty-nine percent of patients were readmitted within 1 year after pancreaticoduodenectomy and 47% were readmitted to a secondary hospital.
Machine-augmented composites

We have recently demonstrated that composites with unique properties can be manufactured by embedding many small simple machines in a matrix instead of fibers. We have been referring to these as Machine-Augmented Composites (MAC). The simple machines modify the forces inside the material in a manner chosen by the material designer. When these machines are densely packed, the MAC takes on the properties of the machines as a fiber-reinforced composite takes on the properties of the fibers. In this paper, we describe the Machine-Augmented Composite concept and give the results of both theoretical and experimental studies. Applications for the material in clamping mechanisms, fasteners, gaskets, and seals are presented. In addition, manufacturing issues are discussed showing how the material can be produced inexpensively.
Optically pumped atoms with velocity- and spin-changing collisions at low gas pressures

We discuss optical pumping when (a) the collision rates of optically pumped atoms with atoms or molecules of the background gas are small enough that individual velocity groups can be preferentially excited by a monochromatic light beam, (b) the collision rates are still fast enough to partially transfer the spin polarization to other velocity groups, and (c) there are nonnegligible losses of polarization due to collisional spin relaxation and Larmor precession. These conditions lead to a strong correlation between the velocity and the spin polarization of the atoms - that is, to 'spin-tagging' of the different velocity groups. This regime is similar to that of optically pumped {sup 23}Na atoms of the Earth's upper atmosphere, but it is seldom encountered in laboratory experiments. For cooling and trapping experiments, the collision rates with background gas are negligible. For gas-cell experiments the velocity-changing rates are normally so fast compared to spin relaxation or Larmor precession rates that the atoms have a Maxwellian velocity distribution with negligible correlation between the spin polarization and the velocity. We analyze the limiting cases of strong and weak collisions, which change the velocity by a large or small fraction, respectively, of the mean thermal velocity. The Keilson-Storermore » model [J. Keilson and A. E. Storer, Q. Appl. Math. 10, 243 (1952)] is used to discuss strong collisions, with memory parameter {alpha}=0 and weak collisions with {alpha}{yields}1. For weak collisions, the physics can be modeled by coupled Fokker-Planck equations, identical to those for forced diffusion in a harmonic-oscillator potential well. In this limit there are solutions analogous to the quantum mechanical coherent states of a harmonic oscillator.« less
Sleep induced by focal brain suppression using anesthetic gases

Abstract Silicone rubber tubing has been shown to be permeable to most anesthetic gases and has been used to fashion “chemodes” for stereotaxic intracerebral inplantation. The safety of these devices and their effectiveness in producing focal brain suppression was studied in cats with chronically implanted chemodes. The silastic chemodes were found to elicit little reaction after chronic implantation. When perfused through the chemodes, the anesthetic gas, Tefluorane, was found likewise to cause little cerebral reaction, while inducing satisfactory and reversible focal cerebral suppression. The effectiveness was evaluated in terms of sleep production with chemodes implanted in the reticular-activating system. Silastic rubber chemodes allow the focal introduction of various gases, liquids and solutions into the brain with no additional distortion of the brain. The membrane is impermeable to bacteria, so that nonsterile chemicals may be employed. This study demonstrated the safety of chronically implanting chemodes and their effectiveness in producing focal brain suppression. The use of brain stimulants as well as suppressants should make these devices useful for animal experimentation and human therapy.
TOR Signaling Couples Oxygen Sensing to Lifespan in C. elegans

Metazoans adapt to a low-oxygen environment (hypoxia) through activation of stress-response pathways. Here, we report that transient hypoxia exposure extends lifespan in C. elegans through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent regulation of the nutrient-sensing kinase target of rapamycin (TOR) and its upstream activator, RHEB-1. The increase in lifespan during hypoxia requires the intestinal GATA-type transcription factor ELT-2 downstream of TOR signaling. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we describe an ELT-2-dependent hypoxia response that includes an intestinal glutathione S-transferase, GSTO-1, and uncover that GSTO-1 is required for lifespan under hypoxia. These results indicate mitochondrial ROS-dependent TOR signaling integrates metabolic adaptations in order to confer survival under hypoxia.
Decoding Skills in Children With Language Impairment: Contributions of Phonological Processing and Classroom Experiences

Purpose Children with language impairment (LI) often demonstrate difficulties with word decoding. Research suggests that child-level (i.e., phonological processing) and environmental-level (i.e., c...
Other HIV-Associated Pneumonias

The incidence, mortality, and epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pulmonary infections have changed as a result of effective antiretroviral and prophylaxis antimicrobial therapy. The clinical presentation, radiographic abnormalities, and treatment of pneumonia from various uncommon pathogens in patients with AIDS can be different from those in immunocompetent patients. Advances in invasive and noninvasive testing and molecular biological techniques have improved the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary infections in patients infected with HIV. This review focuses on pulmonary infections from nontuberculosis mycobacteria, cytomegalovirus, fungi (aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, endemic fungi), and parasites (toxoplasmosis), and uncommon bacterial pneumonia (nocardiosis, rhodococcosis) in these patients.
Board members, corporate social responsiveness and profitability: Are tradeoffs necessary?

The relationship between corporate social responsiveness and profitability is investigated in a sample of corporate directors. The findings show there is no relationship between the level of director social responsiveness and corporate profitability. The implications of these results are discussed, especially as they relate to concerns about corporate governance.
Microstructural length-scale effects in the nanoindentation behavior of thin gold films

Abstract Nanoindentation experiments have been conducted on thin gold films of varying thickness and grain size in an effort to study the effects of microstructural length scales on indentation plasticity. We show that the deformation of epitaxial and coarse-grained films is characterized by Hertzian elastic loading, followed by discrete displacement bursts and subsequent softening with increasing depth of indentation. In contrast, the loading response of fine-grained films is continuous, and characterized by elastic–plastic behavior from the earliest stages of indentation, and gradual hardening with increasing indentation depth. We argue that these different behaviors are closely related to the mechanisms of plasticity initiation. Homogeneous dislocation nucleation at theoretical shear stresses is required for indentation into dislocation-free, single-crystalline volumes while grain boundaries provide a ready source for dislocations in fine-grained films. This picture of indentation plasticity is additionally supported by observations of grain boundary proximity effects on the critical load at which plasticity commences.
The structure of rat preproatrial natriuretic factor as defined by a complementary DNA clone

The structure of rat preproatrial natriuretic factor ( preproANF ) was determined by nucleotide sequence analysis of an ANF complementary DNA clone. PreproANF is composed of a hydrophobic leader segment (20 amino acids), a precursor containing one glycosylation site (106 amino acids), and ANF (24 amino acids). Atrial natriuretic factor is located at the carboxyl terminus of the precursor molecule. The human, mouse, and rat genomes each contain a single ANF gene which is highly conserved.
Limitations in applying humanistic psychology in the classroom

The open classroom has been applauded, but the author describes some of the difficulties that arise. Although sympathetic to humanistic psychology, she points out the difficulties in applying it to classroom teaching.
Knight Shift and Zero-Field Splitting in Rhenium Determined by Nuclear Acoustic Resonance

Nuclear acoustic resonance signals have been observed in a single crystal of rhenium metal. From measurements of the resonance fields at different frequencies, values for the Knight shift and zero-field splitting at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are obtained. The Knight shift, referred to aqueous NaRe${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, is found to be (1.02 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.06)%. The zero-field splitting, $\frac{3{e}^{2}\mathrm{qQ}}{20h}$, is found to be 40.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.35 MHz for ${\mathrm{Re}}^{185}$ and 38.35 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 MHz for ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$.
Use of a mobile health van by a vulnerable population: Homeless sheltered women

Little is known about the health status of homeless women. In this study, we examined the health problems of and services provided to sheltered, homeless, Midwestern women who used a mobile health van. Our objectives were to document these women's ages, self‐reported past medical histories, self‐reported histories of addictions and hospitalizations, presenting concerns, diagnoses, and visit patterns. To this end, we performed a retrospective review of the 689 records of 408 women who had sought care during a 3‐year period. The data were divided into three groups, representing women ages 15–25 (n = 111), 26–40 (n = 211), and 41–70 (N = 86). In all three age groups, respiratory disorders were most frequently treated. Preventive health maintenance concerns were also major concerns of all age groups. Recommendations for improving the quality, continuity, and follow‐up of care are offered.
Approximating the Pareto curve to help solve biobjective design problems

When faced with multiple objectives, designers have to find ways to combine these objectives to find the solution that satisfies acceptable trade-off levels. In this paper, we present a methodology based on approximating the Pareto set of biobjective problems and presenting these trade-off graphs to the designer to facilitate decisions on trade-off. Once a solution is selected from the approximated set, the designer can select to either set a target on one or both objectives and use one of two methods to find the sought after solution. The paper details the methodology and applies it to three structural problems of increasing complexity, showing that the procedure provides also useful feedback even in the case of nonconvex Pareto sets.
Engineering plastics from lignin. III. Structure property relationships in solution cast polyurethane films

Lignin-based polyurethane films were synthesized by solution casting from hydroxypropyl lignin derivatives and either an aliphatic or an aromatic isocyanate. Two lignins, kraft and steam explosion lignin, and two diisocyanates, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), were chosen for the study. It was found necessary to use stoichiometric excess diisocyanate in the synthesis of the thermosetting polyurethanes. This part of the series addresses the effect of synthesis variables on film properties. The study examines the effect of lignin type, of diisocyanate type, and of composition in terms of NCO to OH stoichiometry on thermal and mechanical properties. Stoichiometric NCO-excess was found to cause a more significant increase in the glass transition temperature of TDI-based films than of films made with HDI. The films swelled less with increasing NCO/OH ratio. Use of aliphatic diisocyanate (HDI) resulted in films with lower moduli as compared to aromatic diisocyanate (TDI). Kraft-lignin-based polyurethanes had slightly inferior strength characteristics (Young's modulus and tensile strength) in comparison with those derived from steam explosion lignin. Variation in the NCO/OH stoichiometry had no noticeable effect on modulus or tensile strength, but did significantly influence glass transition temperature, swelling, and strain at break. It is observed that the properties of these thermosetting polyurethanes are very sensitive to their composition. The study illustrates that materials of satisfactory performance characteristics can be engineered by proper selection of synthesis variables and modification of network architecture.
N-Acetyl-D-Mannosamine Analogues as Potential Inhibitors of Sialic Acid Biosynthesis

Abstract The 1,3,6-tri- O -acetyl and l,3,6-tri- O -acetyl-4- O -mesyl analogues of N -acetyl-D-mannosamine and the corresponding N -trifluoroacetyl derivative have been synthesized, and their effects on the proliferation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in culture have been evaluated. The acetamido series showed a dependency on the 4-substituent for optimum cytotoxicity while the trifluoroacetamido series did not. Thus, the 1,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl and l,3,6-tri- O -acetyl-4- O -mesyl analogues of N -acetyl-D-mannosamine were 10-fold and 42-fold more active, respectively, than 2-acetamido-l,3,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy- α -D-mannopyranose as inhibitors of cellular replication. The corresponding trifluoroacetamido analogues were essentially equiactive and had a potency equivalent to that of the 4- O -mesyl derivative in the acetamido series.
Myocardial response to cigarette smoking in normal subjects and patients with coronary disease.

The myocardial and peripheral hemodynamic effects of cigarette smoking have been assessed during a steady state situation in a group of normal subjects, and compared with a group of patients with coronary artery disease. During smoking, in both groups there was augmentation of heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and left ventricular work, this response being somewhat greater in the coronary patients. Despite these hemodynamic alterations, neither group had a significant change in coronary blood flow, so that myocardial oxygen usage remained virtually identical with the value before smoking. There was no evidence of myocardial ischemia in the coronary subjects during smoking. The various factors, potentially responsible for the lack of myocardial blood flow increment are considered.
The modified decomposition method for analytic treatment of differential equations

The modified decomposition method is applied for analytic treatment of nonlinear differential equations. The modified method accelerates the rapid convergence of the series solution, dramatically reduces the size of work, and provides the exact solution by using few iterations only without any need to the so-called Adomian polynomials. Numerical illustrations that include nonlinear PDEs, nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations, and nonlinear Lane-Emden equation, are investigated to show the pertinent features of the technique.
Visual cue salience depends on place of articulation and syllabic context

This study is on audio-visual perceptual intelligibility of consonants in intervocalic clusters (VC1C2V). Previous studies have yielded inconsistent findings on perceptual salience of different stop consonants and very few have tested salience in clusters. Consequently, it has been unclear as to whether greater or less perceptual salience leads to greater degree of place assimilation. In Korean, labials are often produced with more gestural overlap than velars in C1. I tested whether labials are perceptually more or less salient in both audio and audio-visual conditions. VC and CV syllables spoken by both English and Korean speakers were first embedded in noise and spliced together for non-overlapping VCCV sequences. Korean listeners identified the two consonants in either audio or AV presentations. A confusion matrix analysis for each stop consonant shows that in C1 there is asymmetric improvement with the addition of videos for labial consonants only, while in C2 this asymmetry was not found. The result suggests that listeners make differential use of visual cues depending on place of articulation and syllabic context. Also, the result supports the talker enhancement view of sound change, which assumes that talkers are aware of perceptual salience and enhance (with less gestural overlap) the weak contrast.
Molecular analysis of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric inflammation in naïve versus previously immunized mice.

Abstract To identify mechanisms of immunity against Helicobacter pylori , we performed microarray analysis on gastric tissue from infected mice and mice vaccinated prior to challenge. RNA from gastric tissue was used to screen over 10,000 genes. MHC antigens and GTP binding proteins were upregulated in both groups. Infected mice were characterized by expression of innate host defense markers while immune mice expressed many IFN-γ response genes and T cell markers. Results were confirmed for several genes by RT-PCR. CD4 + spleen cells from immune mice produced significantly more IFN-γ than from infected mice. These results support a role for T cell regulated inflammation in H. pylori immunity.
Real-space parallel density matrix renormalization group

We demonstrate how to parallelize the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm in real space through a straightforward modification of serial DMRG. This makes it possible to apply at least an order of magnitude more computational power to challenging simulations, greatly accelerating investigations of two-dimensional systems and large parameter spaces. We discuss details of the algorithm and present benchmark results including a study of valence-bond-solid order within the square-lattice ${Q}_{2}$ model and N\'eel order within the triangular lattice Heisenberg model. The parallel DMRG algorithm also motivates an alternative canonical form for matrix product states.
Influence of Physical Properties of Biomaterials on Cellular Behavior

Purpose In this study, we evaluated the effect of hydrogel structural properties on proliferation and biosynthesis activity of encapsulated chondrocytes.
The University of the Future

AbstractThe economic and social pressures on universities will require a more flexible approach to education to be evolved if the system is to survive. An increasingly multicultural and multiethnic mix of students and the growing number of older students demand the ability to tailor programmes to the individuals concerned. Use of fibre optic and other high speed communications technology will be crucial in this endeavour, allowing courses to be pooled between institutions, while multimedia facilities and virtual reality offer students unrivalled opportunities to expand their educational experience. The future must also rest on increased collaboration with industry and in closer integration of universities into their local communities.