cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decay of mass-separated Zn 78

The decay of neutron-rich $^{78}\mathrm{Zn}$ produced by the thermal neutron fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ was studied with mass-separated sources. The decay scheme was deduced from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ singles and coincidence measurements. The $^{78}\mathrm{Zn}$ half-life was determined to be 1.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 s and 57 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions were placed in a level scheme for $^{78}\mathrm{Ga}$ involving 19 excited states. The systematics of odd-odd Ga nuclides is discussed.RADIOACTIVITY $^{78}\mathrm{Zn}$ [from $^{235}\mathrm{U}(n, f)$]: measured ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin., Ge(Li) detectors; $^{78}\mathrm{Ga}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $log\mathrm{ft}$. Mass-separated $^{78}\mathrm{Zn}$ activity.
Score Equivalence is at the Heart of International Measures of Physical Activity

(2000). Score Equivalence is at the Heart of International Measures of Physical Activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 71, No. sup2, pp. 121-128.
Metabolic disposition and pharmacokinetics of pelrinone, a new cardiotonic drug, in laboratory animals and man

The metabolic disposition of pelrinone, a cardiotonic drug, was studied in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and man. Pelrinone was rapidly and extensively absorbed in rodents, dogs, monkeys and man. Except in rabbits, the major portion of the serum radioactivity was due to parent drug. Pelrinone was moderately bound to human serum proteins and weakly bound to serum proteins from animals. Radioactive compounds were rapidly eliminated from rat tissues with the highest concentrations found in organs associated with absorption and elimination. After a 1.0 mg/kg i.v. dose, the rapid elimination of pelrinone from mouse, rat and dog serum precluded estimation of an elimination half life (t1/2). However, after higher oral or i.V. doses, a more prolonged elimination phase was apparent and the t1/2 of pelrinone ranged from 8–10 h in rodents and dogs. In human subjects given escalating oral or i.v. doses of pelrinone, the elimination t1/2 was independent of dose and averaged 1–2 h. The serum AUC of pelrinone was linearly dose-related following oral doses up to 20 mg/kg in dogs and 100 mg in man. In mice, a greater proportional increase in AUC occurred between oral doses of 2–100 mg/kg while in rats, the serum AUC increased in less than proportional manner from 10–200 mg/kg p.o. In ell species, radioactive compounds were excreted mainly in the urine. No metabolites were detected in dog and human urine while small amounts of unconjugated metabolites were excreted in mouse and rat urine.
TREATMENT OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA WITH METHYLGLYOXAL-BIS-GUANYLHYDRAZONE (METHYL GAG).

Methyl GAG was administered to 83 patients with acute leukemia. Significant antileukemic activity was identified in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia who received the drug in an average daily dose of 126 to 160 mg. per square meter (4.5 per cent complete remissions). The remission rate is higher than that reported for other agents and is reflected by the median increlMe in survival from 2.5 to 6.5 months when compared to patients with myeloblastic leukemia treated with 6-mercaptopurine. Adverse effects of methyl GAG are severe, and include mucosal ulcerations, diarrhea, phlebitis, desquamation of feet, furunculi tis, and marrow hypoplasia. The effective dose range is quite narrow; minor alterations in dose result in either greater toxicity or decreased antileukemic effect. Leukemic cells of patients with the highest response rate to methyl GAG (72 per cent) were characterized morphologically by Auer rods and/or significant granulation. Remissions lasted 4 months (median) and 4 patients had reinduction by a subsequent course. Methyl GAG has antileukemic activity which, although associated with substantial toxicity, is unique in the treatment of acute myelohlastic leukemia.
Multiple Imputation and Analysis with Multilevel (Cluster) Data

In this chapter, I provide a little theory about multilevel data analysis and some basic imputation strategies that match up with the desired analysis. I then describe the automation utility for performing multilevel (mixed model) analysis with SPSS 15/16 and SPSS 17-19 based on Norm-imputed data. Finally, I describe the automation utility for using HLM 6/7 with Norm-imputed data.
Daily Physical Activity Patterns During the Early Stage of Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that results in severe disability. Very few studies have explored changes in daily physical activity patterns during early stages of AD when components of physical function and mobility may be preserved. Objective: Our study explored differences in daily physical activity profiles, independent of the effects of non-cognitive factors including physical function and age, among individuals with mild AD compared to controls. Methods: Patients with mild AD and controls (n = 92) recruited from the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center Registry, wore the Actigraph GT3X+ for seven days, and provided objective physical function (VO2 max) and mobility data. Using multivariate linear regression, we explored whether individuals with mild AD had different daily average and diurnal physical activity patterns compared to controls independent of non-cognitive factors that may affect physical activity, including physical function and mobility. Results: We found that mild AD was associated with less moderate-intensity physical activity (p < 0.05), lower peak activity (p < 0.01), and lower physical activity complexity (p < 0.05) particularly during the morning. Mild AD was not associated with greater sedentary activity or less lower-intensity physical activity across the day after adjusting for non-cognitive covariates. Conclusions: These findings suggest that factors independent of physical capacity and mobility may drive declines in moderate-intensity physical activity, and not lower-intensity or sedentary activity, during the early stage of AD. This underscores the importance of a better mechanistic understanding of how cognitive decline and AD pathology impact physical activity. Findings emphasize the potential value of designing and testing time-of-day specific physical activity interventions targeting individuals in the early stages of AD, prior to significant declines in mobility and physical function.
Predictors and patterns of weight gain during treatment for tuberculosis in the United States of America.

Summary Objectives Patients with tuberculosis (TB) often present with weight loss. Lack of weight gain with TB treatment has been associated with treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of weight gain in patients with TB and determine the disease characteristics that predict weight gain. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of adults with TB treated in a county health system in the USA. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and microbiological data were recorded in addition to monthly weights during treatment. Results Overall, patients had a significant change in weight over the course of treatment ( p p Conclusions Only a subset of patients treated for TB gain significant weight. A greater burden of disease was predictive of weight gain.
A modified total variation approach for single frequency inverse scattering

The Linear Sampling Method (LSM) is a relatively novel method of solving the inverse acoustic or electromagnetic scattering problem. The linear formulation of the inverse problem, which is due to an exact linear relationship that is satisfied by far-field data, makes LSM imaging in the presence of multiple scattering a straightforward linear algebra procedure. The main drawback of the LSM is its dependence on copious data. In this work we seek to improve LSM reconstruction performance by considering undersampled single frequency multi-static far-field data coupled with a spatial gradient constraint on the regularized image. The resulting total-variation-type optimization problem is then solved by means of an alternating minimization scheme.
Autonomous aerial payload delivery with quadrotor using varying length cable

Full dynamics and control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) transporting and delivering a payload connected via a length-varying cable are presented in this paper. It is shown that a coordinate-free form of equations of motion can be derived for this model without any simplicity assumptions that commonly appear in other literature, according to Lagrangian mechanics on a manifold. A geometric nonlinear controller is devised to transport the payload to a fixed desired position while aligning the cable along the vertical direction and considers the changes of the length in the direction of the cable. A rigorous mathematical stability proof is given using the Lyapunov theory and the desirable features of the proposed system and controller are illustrated by numerical examples.
Model-based adaptive control of a hydraulic wind power system

In this paper a multiple model adaptive control (MMAC) strategy is used to mitigate the undesired effect of output power fluctuations in hydraulic wind power systems. This control structure is based on linear Kalman filters, probability block and PID controllers and aims to regulate the speed of generation unit. Nonlinearities and disturbances such as wind speed and valve position make the system work over a wide range of operating point which degrades the performance of the control loop. MMAC as an approach for these types of systems implemented and simulated to consider the control performance over the whole operating regimes.
A novel approach to study the pMDI plume using an infrared camera and to evaluate the aerodynamic properties after varying the time between actuations

Plume characteristics, such as temperature and velocity, emitted from pMDIs could significantly affect the dose delivered to the lung. Currently, high speed cameras and thermocouples are used separately to evaluate these parameters. We used a low-noise infrared camera to evaluate both the temperature and velocity of the emitted plume from pMDIs. Additionally, we investigated whether the fine particle fraction (FPF) is affected when time between actuations is varied. We tested three different albuterol sulfate pMDIs: ProAir® HFA, Proventil® HFA, and Ventolin® HFA. The plume and aerodynamic characteristics from these pMDIs were evaluated, after varying the time between actuations (15, 30, 60, and 120s), using the infrared camera and a next generation impactor, respectively. The aerodynamic characteristics were evaluated with and without a valved holding chamber (VHC). ProAir HFA had the softest plume followed by Proventil HFA and Ventolin HFA. Further, Ventolin HFA was slightly cooler and had significantly lower FPF than ProAir HFA and Proventil HFA. All inhalers had higher FPF when used with VHC. Further, we observed that the time between actuations affected the FPF across pMDIs. Moreover, generalized guidelines suggesting one-minute interval between actuations for pMDIs should be reconsidered, with and without a VHC.
Cross-linguistic phonotactic competition and cognitive control in bilinguals.

The current study examines the relation between cognitive control and linguistic competition resolution at the sublexical level in bilinguals. Twenty-one Spanish–English bilinguals and 23 English m...
Mn(II) Oxidation by the Multicopper Oxidase Complex Mnx: A Binuclear Activation Mechanism

The bacterial protein complex Mnx contains a multicopper oxidase (MCO) MnxG that, unusually, catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of Mn(II) to MnO2 biomineral, via a Mn(III) intermediate. Although Mn(III)/Mn(II) and Mn(IV)/Mn(III) reduction potentials are expected to be high, we find a low reduction potential, 0.38 V (vs Normal Hydrogen Electrode, pH 7.8), for the MnxG type 1 Cu2+, the electron acceptor. Indeed the type 1 Cu2+ is not reduced by Mn(II) in the absence of molecular oxygen, indicating that substrate oxidation requires an activation step. We have investigated the enzyme mechanism via electronic absorption spectroscopy, using chemometric analysis to separate enzyme-catalyzed MnO2 formation from MnO2 nanoparticle aging. The nanoparticle aging time course is characteristic of nucleation and particle growth; rates for these processes followed expected dependencies on Mn(II) concentration and temperature, but exhibited different pH optima. The enzymatic time course is sigmoidal, signaling an activation step, prior to turnover. The Mn(II) concentration and pH dependence of a preceding lag phase indicates weak Mn(II) binding. The activation step is enabled by a pKa > 8.6 deprotonation, which is assigned to Mn(II)-bound H2O; it induces a conformation change (consistent with a high activation energy, 106 kJ/mol) that increases Mn(II) affinity. Mnx activation is proposed to decrease the Mn(III/II) reduction potential below that of type 1 Cu(II/I) by formation of a hydroxide-bridged binuclear complex, Mn(II)(μ-OH)Mn(II), at the substrate site. Turnover is found to depend cooperatively on two Mn(II) and is enabled by a pKa 7.6 double deprotonation. It is proposed that turnover produces a Mn(III)(μ-OH)2Mn(III) intermediate that proceeds to the enzyme product, likely Mn(IV)(μ-O)2Mn(IV) or an oligomer, which subsequently nucleates MnO2 nanoparticles. We conclude that Mnx exploits manganese polynuclear chemistry in order to facilitate an otherwise difficult oxidation reaction, as well as biomineralization. The mechanism of the Mn(III/IV) conversion step is elucidated in an accompanying paper .
Perceptions of Community Risk and Travel During Pregnancy in an Area of Zika Transmission.

Introduction Between June 2016 and August 2016, the first cases of the Zika transmission were reported in Miami, FL, US. Since then, travel advisories have been issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to avoid travel to Florida. Women that are of childbearing age or pregnant are the populations most vulnerable to Zika infection because birth defects can occur in infants born to infected mothers. Till date, there are no studies assessing the perception of the community risk of Zika in pregnant women residing in an affected region such as Miami. Methods A cross-sectional design was utilized for this study. The survey included questions assessing community risk and travel perceptions. Surveys were distributed in the antenatal clinics at the University of Miami Hospital and the Jackson Memorial Hospital. Results A total of 85 women were surveyed between January 27, 2016 and March 3, 2017. Of the surveyed women, 92.6 percent believed Zika is an important issue in their community, 85.9 percent reported a change in behavior because of Zika, 26.9 percent believed they can get Zika at their location, and 13.9 percent considered moving away from Florida because of Zika. Conclusion Despite the majority of women believing Zika is an important issue in their community, only one-fourth believed they could get Zika in Miami. Efforts to educate pregnant women in affected areas about preventive measures against the Zika infection should be undertaken. Further studies comparing the perceptions of community risks and travel behaviors in other affected areas are warranted.
Foods and Beverages Available at SNAP-Authorized Drugstores in Sections of North Carolina

Abstract Objective To assess healthy food availability in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–authorized drugstores by store chain and neighborhood income level in 3 regions of North Carolina. Design Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Setting Twenty-five counties in North Carolina. Participants A total of 108 drugstores (36 CVS Health, 36 Rite Aid, and 36 Walgreens). Main Outcome Measure(s) Fifty foods and beverages offered at drugstores, categorized as healthier and less healthy. Analysis Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to test differences in the availability of foods and beverages by chain and neighborhood income. Results Of the 50 foods/beverages observed, 11 were available at all drugstores. Three of the 36 (8%) healthier items were available at all stores (100% fruit juice, water, and high-fiber cereal) whereas 8 of the 14 less healthy items (57%) were available at all stores (chips, sports drinks, energy drinks, regular soda, diet soda, sugar-sweetened beverages, beer, and wine). Only 3% of drugstores offered fresh vegetables and 4% offered fresh fruits. Less than 20% offered frozen chicken or beef. For 36 healthier foods, 11 differed by chain (28%); for less healthy foods 2 of 14 differed by chain (7%). Foods and beverages offered did not vary by neighborhood income. Conclusions and Implications Although drugstores offer some healthier items, few offer fresh produce. As the drugstore industry changes, it is important for the nutrition community to study the impact of these changes on food purchasing behavior and ultimately health.
How do videogame players identify their actions? Integrating Action Identification Theory and videogame play via the Behavior Identification Form - Gamer

Abstract How does a videogame player identify the actions of their character in a videogame, and do those identifications have meaningful implications or effects on cognition? The principles of Action Identification Theory (Vallacher & Wegner, 1985) were utilized in the present research to understand how players identify their actions when playing a violent videogame. A new measure, the Behavior Identification Form – Gamer, was created and tested for reliability and validity across three studies. The BIF-G demonstrated acceptable reliability along with convergent and incremental validity from the original Behavioral Identification Form. Results indicated that those who played videogames more, as well as those who, played more diverse types of videogames, thought of their game actions more abstractly than those who played less or played fewer types. In addition, those who thought of their game actions more abstractly performed better while playing games compared to those who viewed actions more concretely. The implications of these results are applied to the current debate regarding violent videogame play's impact on aggressive thoughts and actions. The utility of viewing this relationship through the lens of Action Identification Theory is also discussed.
Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Retrochiasmatic Craniopharyngioma with Fascia Lata Button and Nasoseptal Flap Reconstruction.

Surgery for craniopharyngiomas can be challenging due to the involvement of multiple critical neurovascular structures. The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach can provide superior access to suprasellar craniopharyngiomas, particularly with retrochiasmatic extension and significant hypothalamic involvement. We describe the surgical technique used to treat a 30-year-old patient who presented with 4 weeks of worsening vision, fatigue, and memory loss. His vision was counting fingers at 1 feet on the right and 20/800 on the left with a temporal hemianopsia. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated central hypoadrenalism, hypothyroidism, and hypogonadism. Imaging showed a large solid and cystic suprasellar mass. The transtubercular approach with removal of the lateral tubercular strut can provide wide bilateral access to the opticocarotid region. The superior intercavernous sinus must be coagulated and ligated. Initial arachnoid dissection is centered at the midline, mobilizing the superior hypophyseal branches to the optic apparatus laterally. The cyst capsule is opened and care is taken to minimize spillage of cyst fluid into the subarachnoid space. Central debulking and then extracapsular dissection is performed under direct visualization using sharp dissection. Reconstruction of the dura is performed with an inlay/onlay fascia lata button that is held together with four sutures that hold the graft edges against the native dural edges. This is followed by vascularized nasoseptal flap reconstruction. No lumbar drain or nonabsorbable packing is required. The patient's vision had dramatic improvement and by 1 week postoperatively was 20/20 with full visual fields. Postoperative diabetes insipidus was managed with nasal desmopressin. Postoperative MRI demonstrated complete removal. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/QQxCNUcq1qg .
Multiple sclerosis onset after granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor withdrawal

A 51-year old woman with stage III melanoma participated in a phase II clinical trial in which she received subcutaneous rhGM-CSF injections for 3 years. She was in remission by the end of the trial. Seven months after discontinuing GM-CSF she had her first MS event. The unique timeline of rh-GM-CSF injections in a melanoma trial, during which yearly MRI scans showed subtle stable demyelination followed by RRMS onset shortly after discontinuation of treatment, may provide some insight on the role of GM-CSF in MS.
Chapter 13 – Life Without Water: Responses of Prokaryotes to Desiccation

This chapter focuses on desiccation tolerance of prokaryotic cells in general, and the cyanobacteria Nostoc commune and Chroococcidiopsis spp. , in particular, as model systems. Water is fundamental for the living state and provides a unique physical framework in which the molecular interactions sustaining life take place. Nevertheless, organisms often experience environmental conditions that remove cell-bound water through air-drying and they must adapt or die. Organisms, including bacteria, fungal spores, yeast cells, certain soil-dwelling animals, cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia, higher and lower plants (including their seeds and pollen), and desert resurrection plants, are capable of “life without water.”The exposure of a cell to either dry air (matric water stress) or to hyperosmotic stress results in fundamentally different changes that affect growth potential and cell physiology. While the immediate environment of cells under matric stress is the atmosphere, cells subjected to osmotic stress are bathed in an aqueous solution, albeit one of diminished water activity (Potts, 1994).
Effect of Statin Therapy on Fibrous Cap Thickness in Coronary Plaque on Optical Coherence Tomography - Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Statin therapy has been shown to result in coronary plaque regression, but the relationship between statin use and stabilization of coronary plaque has not been elucidated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of statin therapy on fibrous cap thickness (FCT) on optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods and Results:Nine OCT studies (6 randomized controlled trials and 3 observational studies) were enrolled with a total of 341 patients (390 lesions). Arms of the studies were grouped according to statin type and/or dose. Random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate a pooled mean change in FCT from baseline to follow-up. The overall effect mean FCT change was 67.7 µm (95% CI: 51.4-84.1, I2=95.0%, P<0.001). All statin groups had an increase in FCT, but the magnitude of the increase differed according to the statin. Two homogeneous subgroups with I2=0 were identified: mean FCT change was 27.8 µm (for subgroup atorvastatin 5 mg and rosuvastatin), and 61.9 µm (for subgroup atorvastatin 20 mg, fluvastatin 30 mg, and pitavastatin 4 mg). On meta-regression modeling, statin therapy alone explained most of the change in FCT. CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy induced a significant increase in FCT as assessed on OCT, independent of coronary risk factors and other medications.
Transition from Training to Practice

Moving from a training program to private practice can be a stressful time for any doctor. For your previous training experience, you are in a cocoon or bubble and are protected by staff and faculty from your training program. There are so many things to take into consideration when making that transition to practice. Balancing your current workload as a resident or fellow and then managing family responsibilities while attempting to start your new practice can often lead to mistakes and missed opportunities. This chapter will help make that transition seamless. The following suggestions are a compilation of advice from several young physicians who entered private practice within the past 3 years. They will share what worked for them and what they would do if they had a chance to start all over again.
Reflections of Past ATE Presidents

ABSTRACTThe Association of Teacher Educators (ATE) held its first annual meeting in February 1920 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the 100 years since its inception, ATE has led advocacy in issues ...
Characterization of MXenes at every step, from their precursors to single flakes and assembled films

Abstract The MXene field continues to grow and expand as more research groups begin to study this fascinating and very large class of 2D materials. While synthesis and applications of MXenes have been widely discussed in literature, characterization is often overlooked. Due to the large variety of MXene structures and compositions, it is often necessary to use multiple advanced characterization techniques within a single study, and each characterization technique has its own quirks, pitfalls, and benefits when applied to MXenes. This review focuses on the utilization of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy/spectroscopy and a number of other techniques to understand if the precursor (MAX phase) is suitable for MXene synthesis, confirm successful synthesis of MXene, and finally determine its composition, structure and properties. Researchers should look to this review article as a guide to help them understand which techniques to use for characterization of their MXene samples and leverage the best characterization practices developed to date.
P-INSPECT: Architectural Support for Programmable Non-Volatile Memory Frameworks

The availability of user-friendly programming frameworks is key to the success of Non-Volatile Memory (NVM). Unfortunately, most current NVM frameworks rely heavily on user intervention to mark persistent objects and even persistent writes. This not only complicates NVM programming, but also introduces potential bugs. To address these issues, researchers have proposed Persistence by Reachability frameworks, which require minimal user intervention. However, these frameworks are slow because their runtimes have to perform checks at program load/store operations, and move data structures between DRAM and NVM during program execution.In this paper, we introduce P-inspect, a novel hardware architecture targeted to speeding up persistence by reachability NVM programming frameworks. P-inspect uses bloom-filter hardware to perform various checks in a transparent and efficient manner. It also provides hardware for low-overhead persistent writes. Our simulation-based evaluation running a state-of-the-art persistence by reachability framework shows that P-inspect retains programmability and eliminates most of the overhead. We use real-world applications to demonstrate that, on average, P-inspect reduces an application’s number of executed instructions by 26% and the execution time by 16%—delivering similar performance to an ideal runtime that has no persistence by reachability overhead.
Feeding Kinematics And Morphology Of The Alligator Gar (Atractosteus Spatula, Lacépède, 1803): Feeding Mechanics Of Atractosteus Spatula

ABSTRACT Modern (lepisosteid) gars are a small clade of seven species and two genera that occupy an important position on the actinopterygian phylogenetic tree as members of the Holostei (Amia + gars), sister-group of the teleost radiation. Often referred to as “living fossils,” these taxa preserve many plesiomorphic characteristics used to interpret and reconstruct early osteichthyan feeding conditions. Less attention, however, has been paid to the functional implications of gar-specific morphology, thought to be related to an exclusively ram-based, lateral-snapping mode of prey capture. Previous studies of feeding kinematics in gars have focused solely on members of the narrow-snouted Lepisosteus genus, and here we expand that dataset to include a member of the broad-snouted sister-genus and largest species of gar, the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacepede, 1803). High-speed videography reveals that the feeding system of alligator gars is capable of rapid expansion from anterior-to-posterior, precisely timed in a way that appears to counteract the effects of a bow-wave during ram-feeding and generate a unidirectional flow of water through the feeding system. Reconstructed cranial anatomy based on contrast-enhanced micro-CT data show that a lateral-sliding palatoquadrate, flexible intrasuspensorial joint, pivoting interhyal, and retractable pectoral girdle are all responsible for increasing the range of motion and expansive capabilities of the gar cranial linkage system. Muscular reconstructions and manipulation experiments show that, while the sternohyoideus is the primary input to the feeding system (similar to other “basal” actinopterygians), additional input from the hyoid constrictors and hypaxials play an important role in decoupling and modulating between the dual roles of the sternohyoideus: hyoid retraction (jaw opening) and hyoid rotation (pharyngeal expansion) respectively. The data presented here demonstrate an intricate feeding mechanism, capable of precise control with plesiomorphic muscles, that represents one of the many ways the ancestral osteichthyan feeding mechanism has been modified for prey capture. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Alligator gars use a surprisingly expansive cranial linkage system for prey capture that relies on specialized joints for increased mobility and is capable of precise modulation from anterior to posterior using plesiomorphic osteichthyan musculature.
Food insecurity is associated with magnetic resonance-determined nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis in low-income, middle-aged adults with and without HIV.

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease in the United States. Food-insecure individuals often depend on low-cost, energy-dense but nutritionally poor foods, resulting in obesity and chronic diseases related to NAFLD. Objectives To determine whether food insecurity is associated with NAFLD in a cohort of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected and uninfected adults. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of low-income, middle-aged adults from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort without a history of excessive alcohol consumption. Food security was assessed with the USDA's Household Food Security Survey. MRIs were used to assess liver steatosis and fibrosis. Metabolic parameters were assessed from fasting blood, anthropometrics, and vitals. Results Of the total 603 participants, 32.0% reported food insecurity. The prevalences of NAFLD, fibrosis, and advanced fibrosis were 16.1%, 15.1%, and 4.6%, respectively. For every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, the odds of NAFLD increased by a factor of 3.83 (95% CI, 2.37-6.19) in food-insecure participants compared to 1.32 (95% CI, 1.04-1.67) in food-secure participants. Food insecurity was associated with increased odds for any liver fibrosis (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.01-2.72) and advanced liver fibrosis (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.22-6.54), adjusted for confounders. HIV and HCV infections were associated with increased risks for fibrosis, but the relationship between food insecurity and liver fibrosis did not differ between infected and uninfected participants. Conclusions Among low-income, middle-aged adults, food insecurity exacerbated the risk for NAFLD associated with a higher BMI and independently increased the risk for advanced liver fibrosis. People who experience food insecurity, particularly those vulnerable to chronic diseases and viral infections, may be at increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality. Improving access to adequate nutrition and preventing obesity among low-income groups may lessen the growing burden of NAFLD and other chronic diseases.
Artifacts and Pitfalls in Sonography of Muscles and Tendons

Some specific artifacts and pitfalls encountered in the ultrasound examination of muscles and tendons are presented in this chapter.
Design of a Cylindrical Crossed Dipole Phased Array Antenna for Weather Surveillance Radars

We present a cylindrical dual-polarization phased array antenna for weather surveillance radars that features high isolation, matched copolar beams, low sidelobe levels, and adaptive null steering. We present a crossed dipole antenna element to replace the patch antenna on the currently deployed cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar (CPPAR). The crossed dipole element offers suppressed surface wave and lower coupling between adjacent elements of an array. As a result, we achieved lower backlobe and sidelobe levels, and a higher match between copolar beams of CPPAR compared to the currently deployed multi-layer patch antenna. Further reduction of the sidelobe level and adaptive null steering are obtained using a modified particle swarm optimization. The proposed null steering mitigates the interference among the four concurrent beams of a cylindrical phased array radar. The improvement in CPPAR radiation characteristics has been verified by comparing the presented crossed dipole antenna’s radiation patterns and the existing aperture coupled patch antenna. The proposed crossed dipole phased array can benefit national weather radar networks to provide accurate multiparameter measurements enabling reliable observation of severe weather phenomena.
Über die Liquorelektrophorese

Darstellung der Technik der Liquorelektrophorese auf Filterpapier mit Konzentrierung des Liquors durch Ultrafiltration. Ubersicht uber die normale Liquorelektrophorese. Es wird besonders auf die Beziehung von Serum- und Liquoreiweisen zueinander eingegangen und pathologische Liquorelektrophoresen bei neurologisch unauffalligen Patienten mit Paraproteinamien und Dysproteinamien gezeigt. Unter den Elektrophoresen pathologischer Liquores wird der „unspezifische serumahnliche Typus“ besprochen, und es wird auf die oft hochgradigeγ-Globulinvermehrung bei Multipler Sklerose und gewissen metaluischen Erkrankungen des ZNS eingegangen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Beziehung der Liquorelektrophorese zu den Kolloidkurven besprochen. Letztere scheinen nicht nur vom quantitativen Verhaltnis der Albumine zu denγ-Globulinen im Liquor abhangig zu sein, sondern es kommen in ihnen gewisse qualitative Eigenschaften der Eiweiskorper zum Ausdruck, die sich mit deren Wanderungsfahigkeit im elektrischen Feld nicht immer decken.
Dangerous Disclosures

Increasingly, policies at the local and state level protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people (LGBTs) from employment discrimination. This policy advancement has been instrumental for increasing the numbers who “come out” about their sexual identity on the job. At the same time, we know that homophobic and heterosexist workplace environments often hinder coming out. This article extends our understanding of the role of policy in the coming out process by asking: Under what conditions do policy protections enable gay and lesbian employees to come out? Through a qualitative analysis of the experiences of a particularly vulnerable category of gay and lesbian workers—that of teachers and primary/secondary education professionals—this article provides insight into the on-the-ground realities that such employees contend with when making decisions about coming out at work. Specifically, this article compares teachers in California, a gay-friendly policy context, with teachers in Texas, a gay-hostile policy context, to ascertain when and how policy protections matter for teachers considering coming out. The findings indicate that policy does matter, but it interacts with school cultures in ways that complicate the decision-making process. This has implications for improving and strengthening policy protections by considering the interplay between policy, local culture, and individuals.
Expedited Digital-Analog Hybrid Method To Fabricate A 3D Printed Implant Overdenture.

The present case report describes a technique to convert an interim mandibular complete dental prosthesis into a digitally designed and additively manufactured implant overdenture prosthesis. A patient had two dental implants placed, an interim complete denture, and a soft reline procedure completed. After implant osseointegration, existing healing abutments were removed, a functionally generated reline impression with polyvinyl siloxane impression material was made. Using an intraoral scanner, a 360-degree optical scan was obtained of the relined interim prosthesis. A new prosthesis was digitally designed using the optical scan, additively manufactured, and housings picked-up intraorally to create an implant-retained overdenture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Developmental Opportunities Among Leaders and Followers: A Qualitative Approach.

Objective. To understand and identify developmental opportunities throughout students’ evolving views of leadership, including the emergence of leadership and self-identification, among leaders and followers. Methods. An exploratory qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews was conducted, investigating developmental differences among leaders and followers. Fourteen students/residents were selected to participate in interviews. Student responses were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Results. Four themes surfaced in discussions including motivations for exploration and engagement in leadership, perceptions of ideal leaders and followers, the value of coalition building, and a leader’s role in sustainability. Difficulty in delegation was identified as a potential barrier to the development of others. Leader stress may contribute to a self-serving perspective regarding their developmental responsibilities. Conclusion. Followers may require a more individualized approach to their development, and achieve deeper attachments with their responsibilities, informing a heightened awareness in promoting sustainability in comparison to their leader counterparts. Schools of pharmacy should be poised to support faculty, advisors, mentors, and student leaders with the tools to identify and develop active followers who may not seek out traditional leadership experiences.
Scaling Intersectionality: Advancing Feminist Analysis of Transnational Families

Intersectional analyses represent an enormously important advance in understanding how people identify whether as individuals, families or other social groups. However, the overwhelming majority of research taking an intersectional approach to date is hampered by limiting its analysis to the confines of any given country. Such “domestic intersectionality” does not reflect the growing transnationalization of people’s lives and family matters given that over 200 million people now live outside the nation where they were born. A key objective of this article is to make a case explicitly for broadening intersectional analyses to the transnational scale. Moreover, the article argues that feminist analysis of families is greatly enhanced when their standpoints are examined simultaneously at multiple social scales including the intimate, local, national and transnational scales. Intersections of gender, class, ethnicity, race, nation, etc. can and typically do shift as we move across scales of analysis. Thus, a family who enjoys a privileged standpoint in their homeland community can, and often does, occupy a marginalized standpoint abroad, albeit marginalization vis-a-vis the society in the country of relocation and enhanced privilege concurrently in the home community. Within the same transnational family—indeed within any family—there will be variability in individuals’ standpoints as well. This article provides a blueprint for how such multi-scalar intersectional analyses can be accomplished and then executes it for one set of transnational families—Hindu Bengalis who conduct their family life between India and South Florida.
Sorption of Humic Materials onto Inorganic Surfaces for the Mitigation of Facilitated Pollutant Transport Processes

The transport of hydrophobic organic pollutants in groundwaters is facilitated by sorption of these chemicals onto natural organics and transport with these materials. One strategy to mitigate pollutant transport through clay liners and slurry walls is to reduce the transport of the natural organics by enhancing their sorption onto the containment barrier materials. A controlled experimental study of the adsorption of humic acid onto typical inorganic constituents of soils was performed using two types of model solid phases: 1) pure solids (washed Na-montmorillonite clay, amorphous ferrihydrite, and amorphous aluminosilicate gel) and 2) binary combined phases (Na-montmorillonite coated with ferrihydrite or aluminosilicate gel). The combined phases were synthesized for a range of metal to clay mineral ratios. Adsorption tests were conducted to investigate the relative sorption affinity of these solid phases for humic acid. Addition of a ferrihydrite coating was found to increased the sorption of humic acid onto montmorillonite clay.
On some general solutions of transient Stokes and Brinkman equations

General solution representations for velocity and pressure fields describing transient flows at small Reynolds numbers (Stokes flows) and flows obeying Brinkman models are presented. The geometry dependent vector representations emerge from the incompressibility condition and are expressed in terms of just two scalar functions similar to the Papkovich-Neuber and Boussinesq-Galerkin solution type. We provide new formulae connecting our differential representations and other solutions describing unsteady Stokes flow including Lamb's (1932) general infinite series solution. The unified approach presented here further demonstrates an important link between oscillatory flows and flow through porous media using Brinkman models. It is shown that the solutions of boundary value problems in the latter can be obtained in a straightforward fashion; from the results of the former. This simple but surprising analogy is further explained using the properties (mathematical as well as physical) that are shared by the two different models. The construction of certain physical quantities is also illustrated for spherical and spheroidal inclusions. It is believed that the general solutions presented here will be useful in the computation of multi-particle interactions in transient and Brinkman flows and also in linear elasticity.
The third wheel: the impact of Twitter use on relationship infidelity and divorce.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how social networking site (SNS) use, specifically Twitter use, influences negative interpersonal relationship outcomes. This study specifically examined the mediational effect of Twitter-related conflict on the relationship between active Twitter use and negative relationship outcomes, and how this mechanism may be contingent on the length of the romantic relationship. A total of 581 Twitter users aged 18 to 67 years (Mage=29, SDage=8.9) completed an online survey questionnaire. Moderation–mediation regression analyses using bootstrapping methods indicated that Twitter-related conflict mediated the relationship between active Twitter use and negative relationship outcomes. The length of the romantic relationship, however, did not moderate the indirect effect on the relationship between active Twitter use and negative relationship outcomes. The results from this study suggest that active Twitter use leads to greater amounts of Twitter-related conflict amon...
Discovery of Interesting Usage Patterns from Web Data

Web Usage Mining is the application of data mining techniques to large Web data repositories in order to extract usage patterns. As with many data mining application domains, the identification of patterns that are considered interesting is a problem that must be solved in addition to simply generating them. Aneces sary step in identifying interesting results is quantifying what is considered uninteresting in order to form a basis for comparison. Several research efforts have relied on manually generated sets of uninteresting rules. However, manual generation of a comprehensive set of evidence about beliefs for a particular domain is impractical in many cases. Generally, domain knowledge can be used to automatically create evidence for or against a set of beliefs. This paper develops a quantitative model based on support logic for determining the interestingness of discovered patterns. For Web Usage Mining, there are three types of domain information available; usage, content, and structure. This paper also describes algorithms for using these three types of information to automatically identify interesting knowledge. These algorithms have been incorporated into the Web Site Information Filter (WebSIFT) system and examples of interesting frequent itemsets automatically discovered from real Web data are presented.
HANDBOOK OF THE BIOLOGY OF AGING (6th Edition) Edited by Edward J. Masoro and Steven N. Austad

In Western civilization, senescence is the primary cause of suffering, disease, and death. It is a topic that gerontologists continue to study with the aim to preserve health and well-being, to pro...
How to Explain (and Overcome) 2% Barrier in Teaching Computer Science: Towards New Applications of Fuzzy Ideas

Computer science educators observed that in the present way of teaching computing, only 2% of students can easily handle computational concepts -- and, as a result, only 2% of the students specialize in computer science. With the increasing role of computers in the modern world, and the increasing need for computer-related jobs, this 2% barrier creates a shortage of computer scientists. We notice that the current way of teaching computer science is based on easiness of using two-valued logic, on easiness of dividing all situations, with respect to each property, into three classes: yes, no, and unknown. The fact that the number of people for whom such a division is natural is approximately 2% provides a natural explanation of the 2% barrier -- and a natural idea of how to overcome this barrier: to tailor our teaching to students for whom division into more than three classes is much more natural. This means, in particular, emphasizing fuzzy logic, in which for each property, we divide the objects into several classes corresponding to different degrees with which the given property is satisfied. We also analyze which are the best ways to implement the corresponding fuzzy ideas.
Random Motion of a Rigid Body

We study the random motion of a rigid body through a stochastic differential equation on the special orthogonal group SO(d).
A DC and small signal model for high electron mobility transistors

A new model is presented for high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). It is based on a single analytical function that describes the electron concentrations in the two-dimensional electron gas and in the AlGaAs layer. The model results in closed-form expressions for the current, transconductance and output conductance. The theoretical predictions of the model are compared with experimental data and shown to be in good agreement over a wide range of bias conditions. >