cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF CONTRACTING WITH NONPROFITS for SOCIAL SERVICES

ABSTRACT States and municipalities increasingly pursue privatization as a way to deliver public goods and services because of two expected outcomes, reduced costs and quality improvements. Several reasons are frequently cited for these anticipated benefits ranging from market competition to increased management flexibility and discretion to fewer rules and regulations. One policy area in which government has privatized many services through contracting with nonprofit organizations is social services. Contracted services are as diverse as providing shelters for the homeless, vocational education and job retraining, domestic violence services, refugee esettlement, child and elder abuse services, and food banks. A proliferation of public administration and nonprofit organizational scholarship has examined a range of issues associated with the government-nonprofit social service contracting relationship, not the least of which are topics related to management, measurement, and accountability. This article exa...
The association of various isolates of Escherichia coli from the United States with induced cellulitis and colibacillosis in young broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to observe the effects of 10 different avian Escherichia coli isolates in 3-day post-hatch broiler chicks after subcutaneous administration. Isolates were originally obtained from various avian sources throughout the US. Chicks were injected subcutaneously on the ventral surface and necropsied at 7-day intervals for 3 weeks. Cellulitis was produced in all treatments receiving E. coli of cellulitis origin, with the highest incidence occurring 2 weeks post-infection in birds that received an isolate recovered in a previous challenge experiment. Cellulitis was also observed at week 1 post-infection in a small percentage of the birds in two of the treatments receiving E. coli of enteric origin, although lesions disappeared from the group after week 1 post-infection. Septicaemia was the most frequent sequel to challenge and occurred regardless of which isolate was injected. Chicks exposed to cellulitis origin isolates developed septicaemia more frequently than birds challenged with E. coli of non-cellulitis origin. The data implies that cellulitis is unlikely to occur early in the bird's life, since young birds exposed to E. coli frequently develop septicaemia.
Flavone-based analogues inspired by the natural product simocyclinone D8 as DNA gyrase inhibitors

The increasing occurrence of drug-resistant bacterial infections in the clinic has created a need for new antibacterial agents. Natural products have historically been a rich source of both antibiotics and lead compounds for new antibacterial agents. The natural product simocyclinone D8 (SD8) has been reported to inhibit DNA gyrase, a validated antibacterial drug target, by a unique catalytic inhibition mechanism of action. In this work, we have prepared simplified flavone-based analogues inspired by the complex natural product and evaluated their inhibitory activity and mechanism of action. While two of these compounds do inhibit DNA gyrase, they do so by a different mechanism of action than SD8, namely DNA intercalation.
Deep nitrogen-induced valence- and conduction-band states in GaAs 1¿x N x

Most studies of the anomalous electronic properties of the GaAs1-N-x alloy have focused on near-edge states, but x-ray spectroscopic experiments [V. N. Strocov et al., Phys. Status Solidi B 233, RI ...
Stereochemical course of catalysis by the Tetrahymena ribozyme

The group I intron from Tetrahymena catalyzes phosphodiester transfer reactions on various RNA substrates. A modified RNA substrate with a phosphorothioate group in one stereoisomeric form at the site of reaction was synthesized in order to determine the stereochemical course of an RNA-catalyzed reaction. The reaction product was digested with a stereospecific nuclease to determine the configuration of the product phosphorothioate. The reaction occurs with inversion of configuration at phosphorus, implying an in-line pathway for the reaction.
JOSEPH A. CUSHMAN AWARD

DR. ZHENG SHOUYI Dr. Zheng Shouyi received the Joseph A. Cushman Award for outstanding contributions to the field of foraminiferology on November 3, 2003. Dr. Bilal U. Haq presented the award during the Cushman Foundation’s awards ceremony at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Seattle, Washington. His summary of Dr. Zheng’s career accomplishments, adapted from his presentation, is given below. Dr. Zheng Shouyi, recipient of the Cushman Foundation Award, is China’s leading foraminiferalogist, an academician and a senior research scientist at China’s premier Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences in Qingdao. Professor Zheng has spent a lifetime researching the foraminiferal faunas of the China Seas and has produced an impressive body of publications documenting these faunas. Zheng Shouyi was born on May 20, 1931, in Manila, Philippines. She received her early school and university education in the Philippines, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Commercial Education and in Education from the University of the East. Her abiding interest in biology encouraged her to pursue graduate studies at the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City, under the advisorship of the eminent Philippine botanist, Dr. Gregorio Velasquez. During this time she came to know Professor J. J. Graham of Stanford University, who was collaborating with Ms. Priscilla Militante of the University of Philippines on the foraminiferal fauna of the Puerto Galera Area, northern Mindoro, Philippines. It was in their laboratory that she was first introduced to the beautiful and diverse morphology of the foraminifera under the microscope. She says that it was “love at first sight” which inspired her to pursue the study of foraminifera. In 1956, Dr. Zheng heard the call from her motherland for intellectuals to take part in the reconstruction of the country and decided to return to China. She …
Anterior urethral valves

A case of anterior urethral valves is presented. A diagnosis of anterior urethral valves can be suspected clinically by watching the patient void. Dribbling and a diminished force of the patient's urinary stream are present in this condition. Confirmation is made with a voiding cystourethrogram and panendoscopy. Various modes of therapy are discussed.
Triple-ionization-induced dissociation of molecules in strong laser fields

We study triple-ionization-induced dissociation in diatomic molecules with different laser polarizations.
Quantum Tunneling and Negative Eigenvalues

Abstract In the path-integral approach to the decay of a metastable state by quantum tunneling, the tunneling process is dominated by a solution to the imaginary-time equations of motion, called the bounce. In all known cases, the second variational derivative of the euclidean action at the bounce has one and only one negative eigenvalue. This note explains this phenomenon by showing it is an inevitable feature of the bounce for a wide class of systems. This class includes a set of particles interacting through potentials obeying some mild technical restrictions, and also theories of interacting scalar and gauge fields. There may exist solutions in other ways like bounces and which have more than one negative eigenvalue, but, even if they do exist, they have nothing to do with tunneling.
Alpha to Omega: A Neurological Analysis of Marital Conflict in a Pilot Study

Although the linkage between health and marriage has been noted (e.g., Hayward and Gorman in Demography 41:87–107. doi: 10.1353/dem.2004.0005 , 2004; Kaplan and Kronick in J Epidemiol Community Health 60:760–765. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.037606 , 2006; Schoenborn in Marital status and health: United States, 1999–2002. Advance data from vital and health statistics. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, 2004), understanding the connection between neurological and behavioral phenomena in marital relationships has yet to be tackled. This pilot study attempted to address this limitation by analyzing electrical brain activity during a conflict interaction between married couples. Results generally supported the work of Lazarus (Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991) and Harmon-Jones et al. (J Pers Soc Psychol 82:610–618. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.4.610 , 2002); individuals that felt like they were in an action-possible situation revealed relatively higher left hemispheric activity in the frontal region of the brain.
Gelling interactions of phycocolloids extracted from red algae with a galactomannan from locust bean and a glucomannan from konjac tuber

The synergistic interaction between three red algae extracts and the galactomannan from locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and the glucomannan from the konjac tuber (Amorphophallus konjac C. Koch (syn.A. rivieri Durien var. konjac (C. Kock) Engler)) has been characterized in terms of gel properties. The extract obtained fromEucheuma alvarezii Doty (E. cottonii of commerce) was highly synergistic with bothkonjac flour and locust bean gum.Furcellaria fastigiata (Huds.) Lamour andEucheuma gelatinae (Esper) extracts were only slightly synergistic with locust bean gum, but were found to be highly synergistic with konjac flour.
Brain Reorganization After Stroke

After a stroke, recovery that continues beyond 3 or 4 weeks has been attributed to plasticity, a reorganization of the brain in which functions previously performed by the ischemic area are assumed by other ipsilateral or contralateral brain areas. Neuronal plasticity has been variously attributed to redundancy (parallel distributed pathways), changes in synaptic strength, axonal sprouting with formation of new synapses, assumption of function by contralateral homologous cortex, and substitution of uncrossed pathways. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and 128-electrode high-resolution electroencephalography have been successfully applied to demonstrate cortical reorganization after hemiplegia. Recording the motor potential is a promising noninvasive method for the localization of motor control after hemispheric lesions. Most patients with hemiparetic stroke show some improvement, usually during the first 3 to 6 months after the ictus. Improvement and prognosis depend on a number of variables including volume and location of the infarction, age of the patient, and the elimination of risk factors to avoid future episodes (i.e., dietary control of lipids, the elimination of tobacco, and the control of diabetes and hypertension). Currently, emphasis has been placed on fibrinolytic treatment in the first 3 hours to prevent or minimize neurological deficit. Aside from the above listed factors, improvement after stroke may be due to reorganization of the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex, and repair of damaged tissue and recanalization. It is also important to relate such changes to functional improvement and successful rehabilitation.
A multichannel hybrid system for rapid eye movement detection (REM detection)

Abstract The design, development, and application of a multichannel hybrid system capable of accurate automatic detection of rapid eye movements (REMs) in electrooculograms (EOGs) recorded from sleeping subjects is described. A definition of a rapid eye movement as it appears as a waveform in recorded EOGs is given and used to develop a REM model. This model serves as a basis for the development of the detection system. The interface between the system circuitry and system software is discussed. In addition, comparative results of the application of the system to automated rapid eye movement analysis are presented.
Boundary element analysis of inclusions with corners

Boundary element method (BEM) has proven to have very good resolution of large stress gradients such as those that may arise at material interface and reentrant corners. There is, however, a paucity of literature in usage of BEM when the inclusion has a corner. The stress singularity at the corner creates numerical difficulties that need to be addressed. This paper describes: application of BEM to inclusion with and without corners; the numerical modeling difficulties; a methodology for calculation of eigenvalues and stress intensity factors without elaborate analytical expressions; and the future research that is needed for the growth of the boundary element methodology for application to inclusion problems. Numerical results for a rectangular inclusion with sharp and fillet corners that in the limit becomes a circular inclusion demonstrate the potential of the proposed methodology in the analysis of inclusion problems.
Operational parameters in the stolen property system

Abstract The operational steps involved in the theft of property are identified and discussed with central attention being given to the criminal receiver of stolen goods—the “fence”. Both the likely and unlikely divisions of labor in the stolen property marketplace are analyzed as are the functional progressions of events in the theft industry. The analysis is based on a field research project.
Variable size percutaneous balloon compression of the gasserian ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia.

Abstract Background Percutaneous balloon compression of the gasserian ganglion is an effective management of trigeminal neuralgia and is the only percutaneous procedure that preferentially may be performed under general anesthesia. However, the anatomy of Meckle's cave dictates the degree of compression, and if capacious, the usual smaller balloons may fail to adequately compress the ganglion. Methods We designed a series of larger cannulas, placed over a guidewire technique for using larger balloons, or even multiple balloons, to increase the applicability of this technique in these patients. Results In select cases, where smaller balloons fail to distort and deform the ganglion, with resultant poor clinical results, larger or multiple balloons may produce the desired response of pain relief. Conclusion This technique is an added resource in managing this condition.
Performance of dual-bus fiber optic network operating under a probabilistic scheduling strategy

Abstract Recent advances in fiber optic technology (viz. its promise to provide information-carrying capacity in the multi-Gbps range over long repeater-free distances) have triggered tremendous activity in the study of unidirectional bus networks spanning the local and metropolitan areas (because signal flow in the fiber is unidirectional). A popular network structure that has received significant attention is the Dual-bus Unidirectional Broadcast System (DUBS) network topology. Many of the earlier access mechanisms studied on this structure were based on round-robin-type scheduling or some variation thereof. However, since round-robin schemes suffer a loss of channel capacity because of their inter-round overhead (which can be significant for long high-speed buses), mechanisms that overcome this limitation have been proposed, including the IEEE 802.6 metropolitan area network (MAN) working committee's recommendation of the Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) protocol as a MAN standard. An alternate proposal is a probabilistic scheduling strategy, called the p i -persistent protocol, which has recently been studied for single-channel unidirectional bus systems. Our concern here is to apply this probabilistic scheduling strategy to each bus in DUBS, and study the corresponding network performance. In so doing, we allow stations to buffer multiple packets, represent a station's queue size by a Markov chain model, and employ an independence assumption. We find that the maximum network throughput approaches two pkt/slot with increasing buffer size. Further, the protocol's performance is insensitive to bus characteristics, and it appears to be particularly well suited for fiber-optic network applications requiring long distances and high bandwidth. Simulation results, which verify the analytical model, are also included.
Gene Cloning of α-Methylserine Aldolase from Variovorax paradoxus and Purification and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme

The α-methylserine aldolase gene from Variovorax paradoxus strains AJ110406, NBRC15149, and NBRC15150 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Formaldehyde release activity from α-methyl-L-serine was detected in the cell-free extract of E.coli expressing the gene from three strains. The recombinant enzyme from V. paradoxus NBRC15150 was purified. The V max and K m of the enzyme for the formaldehyde release reaction from α-methyl-L-serine were 1.89 μmol min−1 mg−1 and 1.2 mM respectively. The enzyme was also capable of catalyzing the synthesis of α-methyl-L-serine and α-ethyl-L-serine from L-alanine and L-2-aminobutyric acid respectively, accompanied by hydroxymethyl transfer from formaldehyde. The purified enzyme also catalyzed alanine racemization. It contained 1 mole of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate per mol of the enzyme subunit, and exhibited a specific spectral peak at 429 nm. With L-alanine and L-2-aminobutyric acid as substrates, the specific peak, assumed to be a result of the formation of a quinonoi...
Complexity analysis and algorithm design for advance bandwidth scheduling in dedicated networks

An increasing number of high-performance networks provision dedicated channels through circuit switching or MPLS/GMPLS techniques to support large data transfer. The link bandwidths in such networks are typically shared by multiple users through advance reservation, resulting in varying bandwidth availability in future time. Developing efficient scheduling algorithms for advance bandwidth reservation has become a critical task to improve the utilization of network resources and meet the transport requirements of application users. We consider an exhaustive combination of different path and bandwidth constraints and formulate four types of advance bandwidth scheduling problems, with the same objective to minimize the data transfer end time for a given transfer request with a prespecified data size: 1) fixed path with fixed bandwidth (FPFB); 2) fixed path with variable bandwidth (FPVB); 3) variable path with fixed bandwidth (VPFB); and 4) variable path with variable bandwidth (VPVB). For VPFB and VPVB, we further consider two subcases where the path switching delay is negligible or nonnegligible. We propose an optimal algorithm for each of these scheduling problems except for FPVB and VPVB with nonnegligible path switching delay, which are proven to be NP-complete and nonapproximable, and then tackled by heuristics. The performance superiority of these heuristics is verified by extensive experimental results in a large set of simulated networks in comparison to optimal and greedy strategies.
Spin-charge-separated superconductivity: The two-component Abelian-Higgs model.

A square-lattice gauge-theory model for spin-charge-separated superconductivity is introduced. The phases of the spinon and holon order parameters couple gauge invariantly via a statistical gauge field, which arises from the implicit strong interaction physics. We find that physical electronic phase correlations show a superconductor--normal-metal phase transition of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless type, while statistical gauge-field excitations are strictly gapless. These results are discussed in the context of both the superconducting and the normal-state properties of the oxide superconductors.
High pressure-temperature bioreactor: assays of thermostable hydrogenase with fiber optics.

Enzymes from deep-sea thermophilezs should be useful models for studying the influence of pressure on enzyme activity and stability under extreme physical conditions. To demonstrate the features of the bioreactor described later, initial studies have focused on the enhancement by pressure of methyl viologen-reducing hydrogenase activity in crude extracts of M. jannaschii
Guanidinium‐carboxylate interaction: methylguanidinium formate

The crystal structure of methylguanidinium formate is presented as a model for arginine - carboxylate interactions. The crystals are orthorhombic, P212121, with a =6.963(2), b = 7.110(2), c = 11.873(3)A. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by block-diagonal least squares to R = 0.078 and Rw = 0.080. Ion pairs are formed by hydrogen bonds between the amino and CH3 NH- imino groups and the formate ion. Additional hydrogen bonding results in the formation of a three-dimensional network. Comparisons are made with similar compounds.
Performance comparison of three different estimators for the Nakagami m parameter using Monte Carlo simulation

Nakagami distribution has proven useful for modeling the multipath faded envelope in wireless channels. The shape parameter of the Nakagami distribution, known as the m parameter, can be estimated in different ways. In this contribution, the performance of the inverse normalized variance, Tolparev-Polyakov, and the Lorenz estimators have been compared through Monte Carlo simulation, and it has been observed that the inverse normalized variance estimator is superior to the others over a broad range of m values.
Dissociation of ST segment elevation and regional wall motion with open-artery, intracoronary Fluosol

Abstract Intracoronary infusion of oxygenated Fluosol during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has been shown to reduce chest pain and preserve contractile function. In spite of this evidence for reduced severity of myocardial ischemia, ST elevation is frequently observed on the electrocardiogram. To determine if Fluosol produces ST segment elevation by a mechanism other than myocardial ischemia, closed-chest dogs underwent three interventions: (1) an infusion of oxygenated Fluosol into the unoccluded left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery; (2) an identical infusion of unoxygenated Ringer's lactate; and (3) a transient occlusion of the LAD coronary artery. Open-artery infusions were chosen to minimize ischemia by permitting antegrade coronary blood flow. ST segments were monitored continuously and contrast left ventriculography was performed to assess regional systolic function. Coronary occlusion for 1 minute resulted in significant ST segment elevation from baseline (0.8 ± 0.2 to 3.2 ± 0.6 mm, p p p
In What Sense are Positive and Negative Affect Independent? A Reply to Tellegen, Watson, and Clark

We agree with most of the claims made by Tellegen, Wat- son, and Clark: Pleasant and unpleasant affect (i.e., happiness and unhappiness) are strongly negatively correlated; random and nonran- dom error need to be taken into account before interpreting correla- tions among affect scales; scales of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) embedded within the affective circumplex are orthogonal in theory, as are pleasure and arousal; and two-dimensional views of the affective space are more valid and useful than one- or three- dimensional models. Finally, and most important, we agree that PA and NA, as typically operationalized, are not independent, despite what may be the case theoretically. In this brief rejoinder, we offer some reasons why measurement problems likely prevent PA and NA from being measured orthogonally, why the factor analytic work reported in the target article is unlikely to shed new light on the per- plexing problem of how best to characterize and measure affect, and why Pleasantness and Arousal tend to be operationally superior to their PA and NA counterparts.
The Impact of Personal Experience on Behavior: Evidence from Video-Rental Fines

Personal experience matters. In a field setting with longitudinal data, we disentangle the effects of learning new information from the effects of personal experience. We demonstrate that experience with a fine, controlling for the effect of learning new information, significantly boosts future compliance. We also show that experience with a large fine boosts compliance more than experience with a small fine, but that the influence of experience with both large and small fines decays sharply over time. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, Teck Ho, and Terrance Odean, special issue editors.
Field Strength and RFI Standards at the National Bureau of Standards

Some of the calibration services offered to industry and other governmental agencies by the National Bureau of Standard's Radio Standards Laboratory are discussed. The emphasis is placed on field strength measurements and related calibration services at frequencies from 30 Hz to 12 GHz. These include the calibration of 3 basic types of antennas: (1) Loop antennas, (2) Half-wave dipole antennas and (3) Horn antennas. Methods of calibrating these antennas are described and illustrated. A discussion of calibration problems at microwave frequencies emphasizes the measurement errors as related to the antenna and receiver voltage standing wave ratios (VSWR). Antenna and receiver VSWR's are exemplified, and corresponding measurement errors are shown. Methods of estimating errors are given. The National Bureau of Standards recently designed and constructed some antenna standards for both the Air Force and the Navy. These standards were designed to calibrate loop and half-wave dipole antennas. The frequency range is 10 kHz to 1000 MHz. These antenna standards are briefly described and illustrated. The future plans for the development of antenna standards and broadband EMC standards at the National Bureau of Standards are discussed. Work is in progress in areas of impulse generators, random noise generators, and other instruments.
Wireless bandwidth in the making

Several emerging communication technologies hold the key to approaching the information theoretic limits of wireless multiple access channels. This article offers an review of those technologies and their promise to meet future demand for wireless data rate.
Salvage Fisheries Ethnography

The Bay Shrimpers of Texas: Rural Fishermen in. Global Economy. Robert Lee Maril. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. $35.00 hardcover, $17.95 paperback. Gulf Coast Soundings: People and Policy in the Mississippi Shrimp Industry. E. Paul Durrenberger. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. $29.95 hardcover, $17.95 paperback
Social Capital and Community Effects on Population and Individual Health

Social capital refers to those features of social relationships--such as levels of interpersonal trust and norms of reciprocity and mutual aid--that facilitate collective action for mutual benefit. Social capital is believed to play an important role in the functioning of community life across a variety of domains, ranging from the prevention of juvenile delinquency and crime, the promotion of successful youth development, and the enhancement of schooling and education to the encouragement of political participation. More recently, researchers have begun to apply the concept to explain variations in health status across geographic localities. In preliminary analyses, the higher the stocks of social capital (as indicated by measures of trust and reciprocity in social surveys), the higher appear to be the health achievement of a given area. Strengthening the social capital within communities may provide an important avenue for reducing socioeconomic disparities in health.
Transcriptional regulation of the adipocyte fatty acid synthase gene by agouti: interaction with insulin

Claycombe, Kate J., Yanxin Wang, Brynn H. Jones, Suyeon Kim, William O. Wilkison, Michael B. Zemel, Joseph Chun, and Naima Moustaid-Moussa. Transcriptional regulation of the adipocyte fatty acid sy...
Share: a programming environment for loosely bound cooperation

We introduce a programming environment entitled Share that is designed to encourage loosely bound cooperation between individuals within communities of practice through the sharing of code. Loosely bound cooperation refers to the opportunity community members have to assist and share resources with one another while maintaining their autonomy and independent practice. We contrast this model with forms of collaboration that enable large numbers of distributed individuals to collaborate on large scale works where they are guided by a shared vision of what they are collectively trying to achieve. We hypothesize that providing fine-grained, publicly visible attribution of code sharing activity within a community can provide socially motivated encouragement for code sharing. We present an overview of the design of our tool and the objectives that guided its design and a discussion of a small-scale deployment of our prototype among members of a particular community of practice.
Predictors of virologic and clinical outcomes in HIV-1-infected patients receiving concurrent treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 320.

The HIV-1 RNA level and CD4 cell count achieved at 8 weeks of indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine therapy are important predictors of subsequent virologic and clinical outcomes.
The Archaeology of Liberty in an American Capital: Excavations in Annapolis

The Archaeology of Liberty in an American Capital: Excavations in Annapolis. Mark Leone. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 327 pp.
Outcome of liver transplantation for hepatitis B: report of a single center's experience.

Results of liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis B have improved significantly with the use of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and/or lamivudine. The aim of this study is to review the long-term outcome of patients who underwent LT for hepatitis B. Records of 41 patients who underwent LT for hepatitis B and survived 3 months or longer post-LT were reviewed. Twenty patients were administered no immunoprophylaxis or short-term intramuscular HBIG, whereas 21 patients were administered high-dose intravenous (IV) HBIG. Median post-LT follow-up in these 2 groups was 76 months (range, 4 to 155 months) and 25 months (range, 4 to 68 months), respectively. Hepatitis B recurred in 15 (75%) and 4 patients (19%) who underwent LT in the pre-HBIG and post-HBIG eras, respectively. Cumulative rates of recurrent hepatitis B at 1 and 3 years post-LT in these 2 groups were 66% and 77% and 20% and 20%, respectively (P < .001). Recurrent hepatitis B in the post-HBIG era correlated with antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen titer less than 100 IU/L. Nine patients with recurrent hepatitis B were administered lamivudine for 13 to 49 months (median, 28 months); 6 patients continued to have stable or improved liver disease, whereas 3 patients developed virological breakthrough with slow deterioration of liver disease. Long-term IV HBIG is effective in preventing recurrent hepatitis B. The risk for recurrent hepatitis B is negligible after the first year post-LT. Among patients with no virological breakthrough, lamivudine can stabilize or improve liver disease for up to 4 years in patients with recurrent hepatitis B post-LT. (Liver Transpl 2001;7:724-731.)
Synthesis and characterization of volatile liquid cobalt amidinates.

Three new volatile cobalt amidinate compounds were prepared: Co(tBuNC(R)NEt)2, R = Me, Et and n-Bu. They were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, X-ray structure analysis, melting point, vapor pressure, vaporization rate, thermal stability and chemical reactivity. They were found to evaporate cleanly without decomposition. Two of them are liquids at room temperature, allowing for more convenient preparation, handling and purification by distillation. They are highly reactive compounds that have been found to be suitable precursors for vapor deposition of cobalt metal, cobalt nitride and cobalt oxide. A new synthetic method allows for the facile and inexpensive preparation of large quantities of these compounds.
New Opportunities for the Organic Chemist in the Computer Age

A number of uses of computers in organic chemistry are studied by example. Principal Component Analysis studies of aromaticity in heterocycles and the use of statistical methods to study GC retention factors are covered. Semiempirical methods are used to study the tautomeric equilibria of heteroaromatic compounds in solution. The review ends with a brief overview of molecule and reaction databases.
A New Phase Diagram for Combined-Flow Bedforms

Abstract Combined-flows, which involve a combination of unidirectional and wave-induced oscillatory flow, are omnipresent in coastal and lacustrine environments. Despite the extensive progress made in understanding the bedforms generated by such flows in past studies, there still remains a wide range of unexplored flow conditions where the bedform geometry, and hence consequent sedimentary structures, have not been explored, especially for strong unidirectional flows (greater than 0.30 m s−1) and intermediate oscillation periods (between 2 and 8 seconds). To address this gap in our knowledge, the stability of bedforms in a 0.25 mm diameter sand bed was studied under pure unidirectional, pure-oscillatory, and combined-flow conditions with oscillation periods of 4, 5, and 6 s. The maximum orbital velocity (Uo) was varied from 0.00 to 1.00 m s−1 while the unidirectional component (Uu) was varied from 0 to 0.50 m s−1. The experimental data collected under unidirectional flows stronger than 0.30 m s−1 allows expansion of current understanding of the bed configurations for current-dominated combined-flows, where the phase boundary between combined-flow bedforms and current ripples was uncertain. Under these flow conditions, ten distinctive bedform states can be recognized: no motion (NM), 2D symmetric ripples (2D SR), 3D symmetric ripples (3D SR), 3D symmetric dunes (3D SR), 3D asymmetric ripples (3D AR), 3D quasi-asymmetric ripples (3D QAR), 3D asymmetric dunes (3D AD), 3D current ripples (3D CR), 3D current dunes (3D CD), and upper-stage plane bed (USPB). Each of these bedform stages is described, quantified, and characterized in dimensional phase diagrams. A complete re-evaluation of the nomenclature for combined-flow bedforms is proposed, which includes their planform and cross-sectional geometry, in order to better represent the bed morphologies. This new nomenclature also unifies past research on bedforms in both unidirectional and oscillatory flows and thus presents a new synopsis of bedforms developed under such flows. One of the main changes proposed that allows integration with the nomenclature used in unidirectional flows is the reclassification of large ripples as dunes. Furthermore, the introduction of the planform and cross-sectional geometries as properties by which to classify bedforms leads to the definition of a stable phase space for two-dimensional symmetrical ripples and three-dimensional quasi-asymmetrical ripples. These new data and analysis allow proposition of a new unified phase diagram for combined-flows.
Nutritionally-Directed Compensatory Growth Enhances Mammary Development and Lactation Potential in Rats

A nutritionally-regulated compensatory growth regimen imposed during a growing period from prepuberty to gestation can significantly affect mammary development and subsequent lactation performance. The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to determine whether a compensatory nutrition regimen enhances lactation potential for the first and second lactation cycles and 2) to determine the extent to which a compensatory nutrition regimen modulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and expression of genes in mammary tissues of female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 122, 35 d of age) were randomly assigned either to the control group, with free access to diet, or to a stair-step compensatory nutrition feeding regimen, with an alternating 2-2-3-3-wk schedule. The regimen began with an energy-restricted diet (40% restriction) for 2 wk, followed by the control diet for 2 wk; this step was then repeated at 3-wk intervals. Pups of dams from the compensatory nutrition regimen group gained more during mid-lactation than did control group pups. Mammary tissues were obtained from early (d 2) and late (d 19) lactating rats. Mammary tissue from the compensatory nutrition group exhibited increased cell proliferation and greater gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and ornithine decarboxylase gene expressions than did tissue from the control group during early lactation of both cycles. Mammary tissue from the compensatory nutrition group also had fewer apoptotic cells than tissue from the control group during late lactation of the first lactation cycle. These results suggest that the compensatory nutrition regimen imposed during the peripubertal developmental phase stimulated mammary growth and enhanced lactation performance by affecting the expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle.
Alcohol Treatment in Native North America: Gender in Cultural Context

Using ethnographic findings from two community-based substance abuse programs for indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada, this article examines how greater attention to cultural context can help to inform the treatment of alcohol problems among Native North American women. Cultural context shapes not only therapeutic activities and interactions within substance abuse programs, but also how such programs develop within different communities. These findings add to the growing evidence that gender can powerfully shape how Native American clients engage spiritual resources and respond to conventional styles of psychotherapeutic talk, supporting emergent efforts to rethink “cultural competency” in mental health services for Native North Americans.
Wortmannin-Sensitive Phosphorylation, Translocation, and Activation of PLCγ1, but Not PLCγ2, in Antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 Mast Cells

In RBL-2H3 tumor mast cells, cross-linking the high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) with antigen activates cytosolic tyrosine kinases and stimulates Ins(1,4,5)P3 production. Using immune complex phospholipase assays, we show that FcepsilonRI cross-linking activates both PLCgamma1 and PLCgamma2. Activation is accompanied by the increased phosphorylation of both PLCgamma isoforms on serine and tyrosine in antigen-treated cells. We also show that the two PLCgamma isoforms have distinct subcellular localizations. PLCgamma1 is primarily cytosolic in resting RBL-2H3 cells, with low levels of plasma membrane association. After antigen stimulation, PLCgamma1 translocates to the plasma membrane where it associates preferentially with membrane ruffles. In contrast, PLCgamma2 is concentrated in a perinuclear region near the Golgi and adjacent to the plasma membrane in resting cells and does not redistribute appreciably after FcepsilonRI cross-linking. The activation of PLCgamma1, but not of PLCgamma2, is blocked by wortmannin, a PI 3-kinase inhibitor previously shown to block antigen-stimulated ruffling and to inhibit Ins(1,4,5)P3 synthesis. In addition, wortmannin strongly inhibits the antigen-stimulated phosphorylation of both serine and tyrosine residues on PLCgamma1 with little inhibition of PLCgamma2 phosphorylation. Wortmannin also blocks the antigen-stimulated translocation of PLCgamma1 to the plasma membrane. Our results implicate PI 3-kinase in the phosphorylation, translocation, and activation of PLCgamma1. Although less abundant than PLCgamma2, activated PLCgamma1 may be responsible for the bulk of antigen-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 production in RBL-2H3 cells.
Second Language Reading Strategy Research at the Secondary and University Levels: Variations, Disparities, and Generalizability.

Because of the interactive nature of variables involved in reading a second language text, an attempt to evaluate different studies that examine L2 strategies in terms of their generalizability is necessary. This article highlights some L2 reading strategy investigations in order to illuminate the disparities in research methods utilized across studies that are conducted with participants beyond the elementary school grade levels. It includes an extended discussion of some relevant research and provides tables to visually display the variations. Because of the highlighted differences in the database of research it is difficult to formulate generalizations, thereby limiting the instructional implications. Suggestions for future research are also provided. _______________
Repeatability of posterior and total corneal curvature measurements with a dual Scheimpflug-Placido tomographer.

Purpose To evaluate the repeatability of the Galilei G4 dual Scheimpflug analyzer in measuring simulated keratometric, total, and posterior corneal curvature in normal and post-refractive surgery eyes. Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Prospective evaluation of diagnostic technology. Methods A single observer performed 3 consecutive measurements in 1 eye of each subject. The following were evaluated in both eyes and in eyes that had previous myopic excimer-laser surgery: (1) simulated keratometric corneal power and astigmatism, (2) total corneal power and astigmatism, and (3) posterior corneal power and astigmatism. Repeatability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviation (S w ), coefficient of variation (CoV), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The study evaluated 41 normal eyes and 36 post-refractive surgery eyes. In normal eyes, the S w was 0.08 diopters (D), 0.10 D, and 0.03 D for simulated keratometric, total, and posterior corneal power, respectively. The CoV ranged from 0.16% to 0.40%, and the ICC was 0.992 or more ( P w was 0.09 D, 0.09 D, and 0.02 D for simulated keratometric, total, and posterior corneal power, respectively. The CoV ranged from 0.19% to 0.32%, and the ICC was 0.990 or more ( P Conclusions In normal corneas and corneas that had undergone myopic excimer laser ablation, the dual Scheimpflug analyzer showed high intra-observer repeatability for simulated keratometric, total, and posterior corneal power measurements and moderate repeatability for posterior corneal astigmatism. Financial Disclosure Drs. Koch, Weikert, and Wang received research support from Ziemer USA, Inc. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Grid Integration and the Transmission of Wind Power Generation

This paper introduces the general situation of wind power generation throughout the world,the fundamental principles of wind power generation,the characteristics of different wind generators and current grid integration techniques.The existing problems of AC transmission in general use are analyzed according to the characteristics of remote wind farms and wind generation.A novel technique,HVDC Light,is discussed based on above discussion.The advantages and the disadvantages between the two transmission methods are compared.Finally,the outlook for development trend of wind power is given.
What Is the Role of a Clinical Ethics Consultant

An (ethics) consultation is not standardized like a drug. It is important to have more detail on what was actually done. (Lo and Schroeder 1981, 1)Dr. Lo is correct. The role of clinical ethics con...
The Dosimetric and Delivery Advantages of a New 160-leaf MLC

The purpose of this study was to conduct a measurement and treatment planning study on the dosimetric and delivery advantages of a new 160-leaf multileaf collimator (MLC). Recently, a new 160-leaf multileaf collimator (Siemens 160 MLC(TM)) was introduced. The 160-MLC is a single focused design that consists of 160-leafs (80 pairs), each 95 mm thick with a projected leaf width of 5 mm at the machine isocenter. Compared to its double focused predecessors, the 82-leaf MLC (Siemens OPTIVIEW((tm)) MLC) and 58-leaf MLC (Siemens 3-D MLC((tm))), the 160-MLC has leaf widths of half the size. The most notable difference is the new slanted leaf design that replaced the tongue and groove system and allows for complete interdigitation. A systematic study that compared the dosimetric and delivery differences among the 160-MLC, 58-MLC, and divergent Cerrobend blocks was performed. Dosimetric conformity for each collimator type was determined by conforming each to circular targets of various diameters. The effective penumbra for each collimator type was calculated by conforming each, at various collimator angles, to a square stationary target. The quality of 3D conformal radiotherapy treatment (3D-CRT) plans and the quality intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) plans were respectively compared with each collimator type. The 160-MLC was found to have improved dosimetric conformity over the 58-MLC. The divergent Cerrobend block showed marginal dosimetric conformity improvement over the 160-LMC. Overall, the 160-MLC had a 45% and 29% reduction in the 20/80 and 30/90 effective penumbra over the 58-MLC, respectively, while exhibiting only a slightly larger effective penumbra over the divergent Cerrobend block. Comparing 3D-CRT plans generated for small lesions of the head and neck, the V100 for the PTV of the plans generated with the Cerrobend blocks, the 58-MLC, and the 160-MLC were 97.78%, 92.51%, and 99.18%, respectively, while with regards to the OARs, the three produced similar DVHs. IMRT plans generated with the 160-MLC were found to significantly reduce the total delivered monitor units by up to 14.7% and the number of segments by as much as 10.7% compared to the 58-MLC. The average delivery time for the direct aperture optimized (DAO) IMRT plans generated with the 160-MLC was approximately 5 minutes. Overall, compared to the 58-MLC, the new 160-MLC was found to improve dosimetric conformity and IMRT delivery efficiency.
Method for Monitoring and Establishing Baseline Data for Resistance to Permethrin by Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

We describe a method for the microapplication of insecticides to small Agromyzidae, specifically Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Standardizing the age and sex of the test animals significantly reduced variability and control mortality. Males were more variable in their response to insecticides than females. Short exposures to carbon dioxide for anesthesia did not cause significant mortality; control mortality was typically under 10%. A procedure for increasing susceptibility of a strain of L. trifolii collected in the field is described using 25 isofemale lines. Six susceptible lines that had a range of response to the parent colony LD50 of 95 to 100% mortality were used to initiate a colony. After three generations, this colony has retained this level of sensitivity to permethrin.
Textures in AiN-SiC Composite Ceramics

Historically, texture analysis has been useful in explaining processing-induced property anisotropy in metals and deformation history in geological materials. Texture analysis, however, has not been fully utilized in explaining similar phenomena in ceramic systems. The scarcity of texture analysis in ceramic systems could conceivably stem from the classical conception that textures rarely develop in ceramic materials because of their lack of plasticity. While it is true that slip-based textures occur in only a limited number of ceramic systems, textures occur in a multitude of ceramic systems in which dislocation plasticity is not observed. The most prominent non-slip-based texture development mechanism in ceramic systems is grain rotation during processing. Other possible mechanisms for texture development in ceramics are seeded solid solution formation and oriented grain growth. These non-slip-based texture development mechanisms and other phenomena related to the measurement of textures in covalent ceramics are discussed in the context of the AIN-SiC system.