cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract OT1-4-03: Phase I study of erlotinib and metformin in triple negative breast cancer

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are enriched for increased phosphorylated EGFR expression and decreased expression of PTEN. We found that combined treatment of metformin and erlotinib induces cell death in a subset of TNBC cell lines with evidence of combined enhanced reduction of EGFR, AKT, S6 and 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Analysis of TNBC cell line alterations led to the hypothesis that loss of PTEN sensitized cells to the drug combination, which was confirmed using isogenic cell line models with and without PTEN expression. The inhibitory effects of combined erlotinib and metformin were confirmed in mouse xenografts of PTEN null TNBC breast cancer cell lines. These data provided a rationale for clinical translation and testing in advanced TNBC patients. Trial Design: Single institution expanded Phase I design in patients with advanced TNBC. Erlotinib dosing will start and remain at 150 mg. Due to frequent GI upset in patients starting metformin, the dose of metformin will be titrated up to the assigned dose level over 2 weeks. The first metformin dose level will be 850 mg twice daily and will be escalated to its maximum FDA approved dose of 850 mg three times daily. Dose escalation will follow the standard 3 + 3 design. Dose limiting toxicities will be determined during the first 5 weeks of therapy. One metformin dose de-escalation level to 500 mg twice daily is allowed. Cycles will be defined as three weeks of treatment, and response assessments will be performed after every three cycles. Main Eligibility Criteria: 1. Pathologic diagnosis of TNBC. 2. Measurable or non-measurable disease. 3. At least one prior treatment for metastatic disease. 4. ECOG PS = 0-2. 5. Prior metformin or EGFR targeted therapy. 6. Fasting blood glucose level 7. Normal renal function. 8. Available archived tumor tissue. Specific Aims: The primary endpoints are defining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of metformin in combination with 150 mg erlotinib, and for the extended phase, determining the potential for clinical benefit by treating 14 patients at the MTD with the goal of rejecting the null hypothesis that the regimen is futile. Clinical benefit is defined as either partial response or lack of progression after 18 weeks of therapy (stable disease). Secondary endpoints include: 1) progression free survival, and 2) pharmacodynamic assessment of the phosphorylation status of AMPK and EGFR from pre- and on-treatment skin biopsies. The exploratory endpoint will be assessment of the status of EGFR, PTEN, LKB1, and 4EBP1 from available patient tumor samples to correlate against treatment response. Statistical Methods: If one patient meets the primary endpoint, among the 14 patients treated at the MTD, then the regimen will be considered worthy of further investigation. Target Accrual: 17-20 patients. Four patients accrued as of June 2013. Accrual completion expected June 2015. Contact: Matthew Maurer, Columbia University Medical Center, mm2058@columbia.edu. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr OT1-4-03.
THE ANATOMY OF LEAF ABSCISSION AND EXPERIMENTAL DEFOLIATION IN GUAYULE

THE LEAVES of guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) contain relatively low amounts of rubber. They also contain appreciable amounts of materials that lower the quality of milled rubber when the leaves are left on the shrub during milling. Hence defoliation is a desirable step in the improvement of the milling process. Several methods of defoliation have been under consideration: one involves flash-drving followed by tumbling; another consists of immersing the plants in boiling water for a few minutes, after which the leaves fall off with a slight agitation; a third possibility was developed from experiments with the retting of intact shrubs. The anatomical aspects of these processes were studied. Since very little was known of the anatomv of leaf abscission in guayule, it was considered advisable first to investigate this process in field plants. The results of both phases of the investigation are reported in this paper. There is a considerable body of knowledge concerning the physiology and anatomy of leaf abscission. Pfeiffer (1928) in his review of the subject gives a list of citations covering 18 pages. However, there appears to have been very little work done on plants such as guayule whose abscission layer does not function actively in leaf fall. Certain of the anatomical changes that take place at the petiole base of Rhus typhina (Lee, 1911) and Mercurialis annua (Yampolsky, 1934) as well as in the perigone and style of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Namikawa, 1926) are similar to those at the petiole base in guayule. Artschwager (1943), in his anatomical study of guayule, did not consider the abscission of leaves; however, Lloyd (1911) refers briefly to the environmental conditions affecting leaf-fall as well as to the absciss layer of leaves. The absence of details on the anatomy of leaf-fall in guayule, the general lack of information on similar plants, and the need for knowledge fundamental to the development of methods of defoliation justifies a careful examination of the problem *in this plant. MfATERIALS AND METHODS.-Leaf bases of field plants were obtained from the Hansen and Lee Field of the Salinas, California, plantings of the Emergency Rubber Project. The plants were two years old; the field was irrigated. Samples from flash-drying and retting experiments were obtained through the courtesy of the Guayule Rubber Extraction Research Unit. Samples for the study of the action of hot water in defoliation were obtained from small-scale experiments carried on in the laboratory with material from field plants. Tissue
Diabetic nephropathy: Can the natural history be modified?

Those diabetic patients who progress to advanced kidney disease constitute a subpopulation that is particularly vulnerable to the angiotoxic effects of the insulin-dependent disorder. Until the predisposing factors are identified, the most effective way to arrest renal deterioration is by controlling those currently recognized risk factors that accelerate the glomerulopathy. Treatments that normalize blood pressure, reduce dietary protein intake, and control hyperglycemia have been shown to retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Evaluation of the binding of polyhedral borane anions to representative proteins

The ability of three polyhedral borane anions, [B20H18](2-), [B20H17SH](4-), and [B20H19](3-), to bind to proteins was evaluated by measuring the total boron content using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy after purification by gel electrophoresis. Results were correlated to the known chemical reactivity of the compounds as well as the reported murine biodistributions of the liposomally encapsulated sodium salts of each of the polyhedral borane anions. Qualitative reactions were performed with the [B20H18](2-) anion to determine the potential reactivity with simple molecular building blocks.
Calcium effects on epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated endocytosis in normal and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts

Lowering of extracellular Ca2+ levels will reversibly arrest the growth of human fibroblasts (WI38). Simian virus40(SV40)-transformed WI38 cells do not exhibit this Ca2+-dependent arrest. One possibility for this difference in Ca2+ requirement is that extracellular or surface membrane-bound Ca2+ may be required for growth factor receptor-mediated endocytosis and this Ca2+ requirement may differ in normal versus transformed cells. In this study we have evaluated the role of Ca2+ in the binding, internalization, and degradation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the WI38 and SV40WI38 cell. The binding of [125I]EGF to the cell surface is not significantly altered by lowering of Ca2+ to 10(5)-M levels in either the normal or transformed cell. At this Ca2+ level, growth of the normal cell is inhibited. The subsequent internalization of EGF is reduced nearly threefold in the normal cell but not in the transformed cell following Ca2+ deprivation. Degradation of the EGF-receptor complex is also sensitive to Ca2+. A twofold reduction in the rate of release of acid-soluble 125I occurs in the normal but not the transformed cell under conditions of lowered medium Ca2+. In contrast, 2-chloro-10-3-aminopropyl phenothiazine (CP), an inhibitor of the Ca2+-dependent regulator protein calmodulin, causes an inhibition of [125I]EGF internalization and degradation in both the normal and transformed WI38 cell, and a marked inhibition of [125I]EGF binding to the cell surface receptor of the transformed cell but not the normal cell.
Cholinergic properties of spino-bulbo-spinal reflex inhibition

Abstract Experiments were performed to determine whether the inhibitory phase of the spino-bulbo-spinal (SBS) reflex had a cholinergic component and, if so, whether it was at the spinal or at the bulbar level. Cats were decerebrated under ether anesthesia and then two laminectomies were performed. One laminectomy was done over the lumbar cord exposing L 6 and L 7 for stimulating and recording; the other was done at T 10 for cold-blocking the cord. By stimulating the dorsal root of L 7 and recording from the ventral root, the L 7 monosynaptic reflex (MSR) obtained was used to test the effects of eserine and atropine, both directly and on the SBS inhibition produced by stimulating the dorsal root of L 6 . Eserine (0–1 mg/kg, i.v.) was found to have an immediate effect of increasing SBS inhibition. It also produced, at a longer latency, a deep inhibitory phase of both the conditioned and unconditioned MSR. Atropine (4 mg/kg, i.v.), while having no effect when given alone, not only blocked the effects of a preceding dose of eserine, but usually abolished the SBS reflex altogether. The major effects of both eserine and atropine were found to be above the level of T 10 .
Cytldlne Cyclic (3′, 5′) Monophosphate: Cyclic Nucleotide With a Non-Characteristic Ribose Ring Conformation

Abstract Cytidine 3′,-5′-cyclic phosphate (cCMP) occurs in nature and has growth stimulatory activity on L-1210 cells. The initiation of cell growth by cCMP, under conditions where CAMP, cGMP and cUMP delay the onset of proliferation suggests that cCMP may play a regulatory role in the cell metabolism. It has been reported that in 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides, the phosphate ring fused to the furanose ring resuicts the conformation of the furanose ring to the twist form C(3′) endo C(4′) exo (3T4), in contrast to the C(2′) endo C(3′) endo (2T3) and C(3′) endo C(2′) exo (3T2) twist forms normally found in nucleotides and nucleosides. We have carried out an accurate crystal structure of cCMP and found that the furanose ring in cCMP has the C(3′) endo C(2′) exo conformation (3T2), with a pseudo rotation amplitude (P) of 44° and phase angle τm of 12°. cCMP is in low anti conformation (XCN = 15.4°) and O(5′) has the fixed g conformation. The phosphate ring is constrained to the chair conformation, as in other cyclic...
The stratosphere: Dynamics, transport, and chemistry

On an October weekend in 2008, scientists gathered in New York City for PlumbFest, a symposium and celebration centered on the field of stratospheric research. Thirteen influential speakers explored the latest developments in the study of the middle atmosphere. The presentations, formalized and collected, became the AGU monographThe Stratosphere: Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry, edited by Lorenzo M. Polvani, Adam H. Sobel, and Darryn W. Waugh. In this interview, Waugh talks toEos about the origins of PlumbFest, the Antarctic ozone hole, and the role the stratosphere plays in controlling the weather.
Use of explanted human hearts as a model for the study of cardiac pathophysiologic conditions

The purpose of this paper is to describe an isolated heart model that uses human hearts to study cardiomyopathy. Techniques of organ preparation and perfusion are described that result in successful restoration of explanted human hearts to a beating condition. Native hearts of transplant recipients were placed on an isolated perfusion circuit immediately after explant. After appropriate organ and circuit preparation these hearts were restored to a functional state. Studies were done to assess the stability over time and response to inotropic stimulation. Six of seven hearts were returned to a functional condition. Left ventricular pressure generation ranged from 56 to 118 mm Hg (mean 84.8±34.11) at physiologic loading conditions. Hearts remained functional from 67 to 271 minutes (mean 152±71.7) and retained up to 70% of functional capacity after 120 minutes. Hearts performed in isovolumic and ejecting modes. Hearts had a marked response to inotrope administration not previously described. We conclude that human hearts can be reproducibly restored to a functional condition after explant from transplant recipients and can be maintained in a beating state with reasonably stable pressure generation for an extended period of time, which makes this a useful model with which to study cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. These hearts demonstrate an apprpriate response to inotropes not previously observed, most likely because of improved myocardial preservation and stringent control of perfusate chemical make-up
Recent Progress on Lower Bounds for Arithmetic Circuits

In recent years there has been much exciting progress on depth reduction of arithmetic circuits and lower bounds for bounded depth arithmetic circuits. We will survey some of these results and highlight some of the main challenges and open questions that remain.
Anesthetic management of three pediatric cases with Pena–Shokeir syndrome

Pena–Shokeir syndrome is a rare, early lethal disease. It is characterized by fetal growth restriction; craniofacial deformities, for example micrognathia and microcephaly; multiple ankyloses; and pulmonary hypoplasia. For patients with this syndrome, maintenance of airway and control of perioperative respiratory complications are important for anesthetic management. We report 3 pediatric cases of Pena–Shokeir syndrome undergoing tracheostomy and arthrolysis under general anesthesia using sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, fentanyl, and vecuronium bromide. Anesthetic procedures including mask ventilation, tracheal intubation, and extubation were successfully performed without complications during and after surgery. In patients with Pena–Shokeir syndrome, inhalational anesthetics can be safely used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, although it is important to assume that difficult airway management might be encountered.
Tagging ribozyme reaction sites to follow trans-splicing in mammalian cells

In mammalian cells, genetic instructions are usually revised by RNA splicing before they are translated to proteins. Here we demonstrate that a trans-splicing group I ribozyme can be employed to intentionally modify the sequence of targeted transcripts in tissue culture cells. By analyzing the ribozyme reaction products, we demonstrate that targeted trans-splicing can proceed in murine fibroblasts with high fidelity, providing direct evidence that ribozymes function as anticipated in a therapeutically relevant setting. Trans-splicing is not very specific however, and the ribozyme reacted with and tagged a variety of cellular transcripts with its 3' exon sequence. RNA tagging provides a unique approach to study RNA catalysis in mammalian cells. Such analysis should facilitate the logical development of safe, therapeutic ribozymes that can repair mutant RNAs associated with a variety of inherited diseases.
Photoemission study of oxygen chemisorption on tin

Abstract Photoemission measurements have been made at photon energies from 5–12 eV and at 21.2 eV on evaporated Sn films and the same films with varying room temperature exposure to oxygen. For hν ≳ 9 eV the quantum yield for Sn with exposures of as much as 4000 L oxygen (1 L = 1 Langmuir = 10−6 Torr sec) differs only slightly from the clean metal. For hν ≲ 9 eV no change in yield is observed with oxygen exposure. The energy distribution of photoemitted electron (EDC's) from Sn with increasing exposure to oxygen above ≅ 20 L are characterized by the growth of two peaks which were not present in the EDC's for the clean metal, located 2.9 ± 0.1 eV and 4.8 ± 0.1 eV below the Fermi level. We associate this structure with the presence of SnO2. No sharp resonance which could be associated with adsorbed oxygen was seen. Uniformly reduced emission from metallic Sn states and a Fermi level as sharp as for the clean metal is observed in the EDC's at all oxygen exposures. In addition, no change in work function with oxygen exposure was detected. The effects of oxygen saturate for exposures ≳ 4000 L. We suggest that under the conditions used in this experiment, the oxygen penetrates beneath the surface forming SnO2 and leaving metallic Sn on the surface.
Abstract 530: Inhibition of amphiregulin-mediated EGFR signaling suppresses tumorigenicity in breast cancer cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Approximately half of all basal type breast cancers show evidence of autocrine activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by amphiregulin (AREG). In addition, AREG expression is associated with aggressive and chemoresistant forms of breast cancer. Studies in our laboratory show that when AREG is the activating ligand, EGFR accumulates at the cell surface, resulting in altered receptor trafficking and downstream signaling. To investigate the effect of AREG-mediated activation of EGFR on the phenotype of AREG-expressing cancers, AREG expression was knocked-down in SUM149 cells, a highly tumorigenic and metastatic cell line isolated from a basal subtype inflammatory breast cancer, which expresses high levels of AREG and overexpresses EGFR. Microarray analysis of AREG knockdown cells revealed a number of relevant pathways affected by AREG-EGFR signaling. These pathways include Notch signaling, MAPK activation, IL-1 signaling and multiple components of the Wnt signaling pathway. In particular, knockdown of AREG or inhibition of EGFR signaling in AREG stimulated cells resulted in the upregulation of DKK-1, an antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling, and the expression of several WNT target genes. Flow cytometric analysis of these cells demonstrated that AREG knockdown resulted in a significant reduction in CD44+ cells while simultaneously increasing the non-stem cell fraction of CD44-/CD24+ cells. Because CD44hi/CD24lo is characteristic of undifferentiated cells that have the potential to initiate tumor formation, the tumorigenicity of these cells was investigated by transplanting parental and AREG knock-down SUM149 cells into the mammary fat pads of NOD-SCID mice. The tumorigenic activity of the AREG knock-down derivatives was significantly reduced compared to the parental SUM149 cells. In particular, the AREG knockdown clone that expressed the lowest level of AREG expression and the highest level of DKK-1 expression failed to form tumors in NOD-SCID mice. To investigate the link between AREG-mediated activation of EGFR, receptor trafficking, and downstream signaling pathways that are responsible for changes in expression of WNT pathway genes, we are investigating differences in EGFR phosphorylation and downstream signaling stimulated by AREG versus EGF. In conjunction with our previous findings that AREG-mediated EGFR signaling results in activation of NF-κβ and the upregulation of IL1α/β, our current results suggest a link between these pathways, WNT signaling, and tumorigenicity in SUM-149 cells. Citation Format: Christiana S. Kappler, Stephen P. Ethier. Inhibition of amphiregulin-mediated EGFR signaling suppresses tumorigenicity in breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 530. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-530
Maternal Floor Infarction in Autoimmune Disease: Two Cases

Two cases of maternal floor infarction in women with autoimmune antibody production to various antigens are presented. We speculate that maternal floor infarction could be produced by antibodies directed against the placental urokinase plasmin system.
Electromagnetic wave scattering by a small impedance body of an arbitrary shape

It is proved that electromagnetic wave scattering problem for a small impedance body D of an arbitrary shape is uniquely solvable and the scattered field can be found in the form e = ∇× ∫ s g(x, t)J(t)dt, where S is the smooth surface of the small body D, J is a tangential field on S, and g(x, t):= eik|x-t|/4π|x-t|. The full field is E = E 0 + e, where E 0 is the incident field. The scattering amplitude is A(α, β, k) = −ζ|S|/4π √∊/μ [β, τ∇×E 0 (O)], where the origin O is assumed to be inside D, β := x/|x|,|x| →∞, τ := τ pq := δ pq − 1/|S| ∫ s N p (t)N q (t)dt, α is the unit vector in the direction of the incident plane wave, ∊ and μ are dielectric and magnetic constants of the medium, and δ pq is the unit tensor.
A note on the thermal structure of the upper ocean in the Bransfield Strait-South Shetland Islands region

Abstract Sixteen XBT sections were occupied from December 1982 to July 1987 in and around the Bransfield Strait and the South Shetland Islands. These and other temperature data from the FDRAKE75, FDRAKE76 and DRAKE79 field programs provide a description of the temperature structure and water mass distribution of the upper 500 m in this region. Temperature distributions at 300 and 500 m show Circumpolar Deep Water (>0°C) north of the South Shetland Islands, which enters Bransfield Strait through a gap between Smith and Snow Islands. Inside the Strait this water is confined to a narrow band along the southern flank of the Islands. The fine spatial resolution of the XBT sections shows a sharp thermal gradient between the cold ( 0°C) waters of Drake Passage origin. The presence of cold Bransfield Strait waters, over the northeast portion of the Island slope region, is related to north-south motions of this temperature boundary. The Polar Slope Current, on the northern side of the South Shetland Islands, appears as a tongue of cold (
Grasp planning based on strategy extracted from demonstration

In this paper, we discuss information that is beneficial to robotic grasp planning and can be extracted from human demonstration. We present a method that integrates grasp intention: grasp type, and the relative thumb positions and orientations on the grasped object to the force-closure-based grasp planning procedure. Instead of completely mimicking the human grasp, grasp type and the relative thumb position are partially extracted from the demonstration to represent the task properties and grasp strategies, and avoid the challenging kinematic correspondence problem. Instead of mapping the demonstrated motion, the grasp type and thumb position provide meaningful constraints on hand posture and wrist position. Both the feasible workspace of a robotic hand and the search space of grasp planning are thereby highly reduced by the constraints. This approach has been evaluated in a simulation with a Barrett hand and a Shadow hand on eight daily objects.
Near infrared optical parametric oscillators

Abstract Optical parametric oscillators are becoming important sources of tunable coherent radiation in the near infrared spectral region. This paper summarizes some of the basic concepts of infrared optical parametric oscillators and presents the results of calculated performance parameters of devices based on arsenate crystals.
Growth of Metal Carbide Nanotubes and Nanorods

Transition-metal carbide nanorods have been prepared by reacting carbon nanotubes with volatile Ti and Nb iodides. Systematic temperature-dependent growth studies of TiC nanorods produced from spatially separated Ti metal and carbon nanotubes in the presence of iodine have shown that reaction proceeds initially via the formation of a thin, uniform carbide coating and that further reaction proceeds via inward growth of this coating with a concomitant consumption of the carbon nanotube until a solid nanorod is formed. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area diffraction, and X-ray powder diffraction have been used to show that the coatings and nanorods are polycrystalline, cubic TiC. Similar results were also obtained in growth studies of of NbC nanorods from Nb metal and carbon nanotubes. These data show that the growth of TiC and NbC nanorods involves a template mechanism in which the carbon nanotubes define the overall morphology and, furthermore, demonstrate that new TiC and NbC nanotubes can be ...
Role of indirect allo- and autoreactivity in anti-tumor responses induced by recipient leukocyte infusions (RLI) in mixed chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning.

Abstract In mixed chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning, we previously showed that recipient leukocyte infusions (RLI) induced loss of donor chimerism and anti-tumor responses against the A20 BALB/c B cell lymphoma. We also previously showed that RLI-mediated tumor rejection involved IFN-γ-producing RLI-derived CD8+ cells and non-RLI, recipient-derived CD4 T cells, leading to the generation of anti-tumor cytotoxic cells. However, the mechanisms of such paradoxical anti-tumor responses remained to be clarified. In the present study, we further explored the cellular mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of RLI in fully MHC-mismatched and haploidentical strain combinations. In both cases, we show that RLI breaks the tolerance of chimeric T cells toward donor antigens, in association with the in vivo expansion of recipient splenic T, B and CD4−CD8− cells and the production of IFN-γ. RLI leads to the development of two types of tumor-specific responses. The first is mediated by indirect presentation of donor antigens and occurs independently of tumor injection. The second is observed only in recipients of RLI and tumor and may involve responses to self antigens. Anti-tumor cytotoxicity was mediated by CD8+ or CD4−CD8− effector cells. Thus, anti-tumor cytotoxic responses are generated following complex interactions between recipient APCs presenting donor and recipient antigens and host-type CD4+, CD8+ and CD4−CD8− cells.
Casing the Academy for Community

One of the current topics informing a sense of academic disenchantment is the lack of community apparent in many academic settings. This personal narrative recounts my experiences searching for community in the academy and focuses on the central role of writing and speaking in that process. Five lessons about the concept of community are derived from these accumulated experiences and are offered here as a way of reformulating a narrative theory of community that is not symbolically or practically tied to commonplace ideals of place, stability, or order.
Economic voting and political context: a comparative perspective

Based on individual-level survey data collected in 13 European democracies, this study analyzes three alternative ways of modeling how political context affects the relationship between economic perceptions and vote intention. The three approaches are (1) institutional clarity of responsibility; (2) governing party target size; and (3) clarity of available alternatives. The results reveal that political context interacts with economic perceptions to affect voting behavior. When the institutional context clarifies who is in charge of policymaking, when the target of credit and blame is large, and when citizens have fewer viable alternative choices, economic effects are stronger. Taken together, these findings suggest that voters’ ability to express discontent with economic performance is enhanced when mechanisms of accountability are simple. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
OYSTER CILIARY INHIBITION BY CYSTIC FIBROSIS CULTURE MEDIUM

Using the oyster ciliary test, sera and fibroblast culture fluid from certain homozygotes and heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis can be shown to contain an inhibitory factor. The tissue culture fluid derived from the metachromatic fibroblast cultures (cystic fibrosis classes I and II) show ciliary inhibition. The fluid derived from the ametachromatic fibroblast cultures (cystic fibrosis class III), thus far studied, cannot be invariably distinguished from the normal noncarriers. Similarly sera from classes I and II show marked ciliary inhibition, whereas sera from class III individuals do not consistently. These experiments support the notion of genetic heterogeneity in cystic fibrosis. The nature of the inhibitory factor in tissue culture fluid and its relationship to the serum factor remain to be explored.
An entropy-based method for assessing the number of spatial outliers

A spatial outlier is a spatial object whose non-spatial attributes are significantly different from those of its spatial neighbors. A major limitation associated with the existing outlier detection algorithms is that they generally require a pre-specified number of spatial outliers. Estimating an appropriate number of outliers for a spatial data set is one of the critical issues for outlier analysis. This paper proposes an entropy-based method to address this problem. We define the function of spatial local contrast entropy. Based on the local contrast and local contrast probability that derived from non-spatial and spatial attributes, the spatial local contrast entropy can be computed. By incrementally removing outliers, the entropy value will keep decreasing until it becomes stable at a certain point, where an optimal number of outliers can be estimated. We considered both the single attribute and the multiple attributes of spatial objects. Experiments conducted on the US Housing data validated the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Design and evaluation of benchmarks for financial applications using Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) over InfiniBand

Message oriented middleware (MOM) is a key technology in financial market data delivery. In this context we study the advanced message queuing protocol (AMQP), an emerging open standard for MOM communication. We design a basic suite of benchmarks for AMQPpsilas Direct, Fanout, and Topic Exchange types. We then evaluate these benchmarks with Apache Qpid, an open source implementation of AMQP. In order to observe how AMQP performs in a real-life scenario, we also perform evaluations with a simulated stock exchange application. All our evaluations are performed over InfiniBand as well as 1 Gigabit Ethernet networks. Our results indicate that in order to achieve the high scalability requirements demanded by high performance computational finance applications, we need to use modern communication protocols, like RDMA, which place less processing load on the host. We also find that the centralized architecture of AMQP presents a considerable bottleneck as far as scalability is concerned.
From Circular Migrants in the Mines to Transnational Polygynists in the Townships: A Century of Transformation in Central Mozambican Male Migration Regimes (1900‐1999)

This article tracks the most significant transformations in the international migration regime between central Mozambique and South Africa throughout the twentieth century as the product of complex and continuous interactions between the broader political-economic environment and local forms of gendered and inter-generational social struggle. A century of perspective brings into resolution the complex linkages between forms of migrancy such as labour migration and refugee displacement that are usually treated as categorically distinct, but which are be demonstrated here to significantly inform each other. As a result of its deployment as a strategy for coping with various forms of political duress, seizing new economic opportunity, and negotiating local social relations, the meaning and practice of migration has been transformed throughout the twentieth century from a strategy for ensuring social reproduction back in Mozambique into the indispensable mechanism for enacting transnational lives that presume and pursue simultaneous social and economic investment and involvement in both South Africa and in Mozambique.
A generalization of the ray‐chaudhuri‐wilson theorem

Let K = {k1,…,kr} and L = {l1,…,ls} be two sets of non-negative integers and assume ki > lj for every i,j. Let F be an L-intersecting family of subsets of a set of n elements. Assume the size of every set in F is a number from K. We conjecture that |F| ⩽ (ns). We prove that our conjecturer is true for any K. (with min ki ⩾ s) when L = {0,1,…,s − 1}. We also show that for any K and any L, (with min ki > max lj) CALLING STATEMENT : © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence and Marital Dissolution: Evidence From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among alcohol use disorder (AUD), stressful life events, and marital dissolution in a probability sample of adults.Method:The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions is a prospective, longitudinal study of a probability sample of 43,083 adults 18 years of age and older living in the United States. The interval between Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2) was approximately 3 years. Cross-sectional analyses included 32,359 adults ages 18 and older who were ever married at W1, and longitudinal analyses included 17,192 adults who were currently married at W1 and who completed relevant W2 measures. Participants completed inhome surveys conducted with computer-assisted personal interviewing.Results:Rates of lifetime marital dissolution were significantly higher among those with lifetime AUD (48.3%) than in those with no lifetime AUD (30.1%). The incidence of marital dissolution from W1 to W2 was 1...
Local Cutaneous Flaps

It is a pleasure to put together an issue of the Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America dedicated to cutaneous flaps and reconstruction. This issue is an excellent example of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. All of the authors are recognized leaders in the field of facial reconstruction and have volunteered their individual expertise for this issue. Together, the text represents an overview of skin lesions and the array of reconstructive options for defects in all regions of the face. The text begins with an introduction to cutaneous lesions that are a common finding in many clinical practices. A fundamental understanding of the physiology of wound healing and cutaneous flaps is necessary as we attempt to elevate our final results, and this is the topic of the second article in this issue. Many individuals prefer minimally invasive methods of repair, so these should be considered. One article in this issue reviews the more conservative options that can be most practical in a select population
Anxiety Dissociates Dorsal and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex Functional Connectivity with the Amygdala at Rest

Anxiety is linked to compromised interactions between the amygdala and the dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). While numerous task-based neuroimaging studies show that anxiety levels predict amygdala–mPFC connectivity and response magnitude, here we tested the hypothesis that anxiety would predict functional connectivity between these brain regions even during rest. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans and self-reported measures of anxiety were acquired from healthy subjects. At rest, individuals with high anxiety were characterized by negatively correlated amygdala–ventral mPFC functional connectivity, while low anxious subjects showed positively correlated activity. Further, high anxious subjects showed amygdala–dorsal mPFC activity that was uncorrelated, while low anxious subjects showed negatively correlated activity. These data show that amygdala–mPFC connectivity at rest indexes normal individual differences in anxiety.
Advertisements impact the physiological efficacy of a branded drug

We conducted randomized clinical trials to examine the impact of direct-to-consumer advertisements on the efficacy of a branded drug. We compared the objectively measured, physiological effect of Claritin (Merck & Co.), a leading antihistamine medication, across subjects randomized to watch a movie spliced with advertisements for Claritin or advertisements for Zyrtec (McNeil), a competitor antihistamine. Among subjects who test negative for common allergies, exposure to Claritin advertisements rather than Zyrtec advertisements increases the efficacy of Claritin. We conclude that branded drugs can interact with exposure to television advertisements.
Effect of PBPK Model Structure on Interpretation of In Vivo Human Aqueous Dermal Exposure Trials

Multiple research teams have reported data from in vivo human trials in which breath was monitored during and after whole-body or partial immersion in aqueous solutions of volatile organic compounds. Estimation of total dermal absorption from exhaled breath measurements requires modeling, a task to which physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have often been applied. In the context of PBPK models, the exposed skin compartment can be modeled in many different ways. To demonstrate potential effects of alternative skin models on overall PBPK model performance, alternative models of skin have been incorporated in a PBPK model used to predict chloroform in breath during and after immersion in aqueous solution. The models investigated include treatment of skin as both a homogeneous phase and as a membrane in which concentration varies with depth. Model predictions are compared with in vivo human experimental results reported in the prior literature. In the example chosen, the common practice of modeling skin as a homogenous phase leads to prediction of more rapid initial uptake and lower cumulative uptake than does modeling skin as a membrane. Numerical estimates of the permeability coefficient are shown to be dependent upon skin model form and temperature of the aqueous solution.
Teratogenic Effects in Cattle of Conium maculatum and Conium Alkaloids and Analogs

The plant Conium maculatum produced congenital defects in calves born to cows gavaged the fresh green plant during days 50-75 of gestation. Both arthrogryposis and spinal curvature were produced and were similar to the defects produced by the piperidine alkaloid coniine. The arthrogrypotic manifestations of the condition markedly increased in severity as the animals aged. Animals gavaged dry plant had either normal or equivocally deformed offspring. A number of chain length and ring saturation analogs of coniine were not teratogenic. No congenital defects arose in offspring from maternal inhalation of either the teratogenic alkaloid coniine, or from the teratogenic green plant.
Paraphilias in U.S. pornography titles: "pornography made me do it" (Ted Bundy)

In 1986, the U.S. Commission on pornography reviewed 3,050 separate magazine and book titles sold in "adults only" pornographic outlets randomly selected in Washington, DC; Baltimore, MD; Miami, FL; Philadelphia, PA; New York, NY; and Boston, MA. Of these, 746 titles could be assigned to a DSM III-R paraphilia category (513 titles if the category partialism is excluded). Incest was listed as a category separately from pedophilia. Thus, 16.8 percent of the titles could be assigned to a paraphilia category (24.4% of all titles, if partialism is included as a category). Paraphilia distribution is discussed. Sadomasochism was by far the most common paraphilia (49.9%) while incest titles comprised 21.4 percent of the perversions. The frequency distribution for the U.S. material is compared with titles reviewed by the Victoria (Australia) State Classification of Publications Board and previously reported by the author.
Specific reduction of G6PT may contribute to downregulation of hepatic 11β-HSD1 in diabetic mice.

Pre-receptor activation of glucocorticoids via 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11b-HSD1 (HSD11B1)) has been identified as an important mediator of the metabolic syndrome. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) mediates 11b-HSD1 amplifying tissue glucocorticoid production by driving intracellular NADPH exposure to 11b-HSD1 and requires glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT (SLC37A4)) to maintain its activity. However, the potential effects of G6PT on tissue glucocorticoid production in type 2 diabetes and obesity have not yet been defined. Here, we evaluated the possible role of G6PT antisense oligonucleotides (G6PT ASO) in the pre-receptor metabolism of glucocorticoids as related to glucose homeostasis and insulin tolerance by examining the production of 11b-HSD1 and H6PDH in both male db/C and db/db mouse liver tissue. We observed that G6PT ASO treatment of db/db mice markedly reduced hepatic G6PT mRNA and protein levels and substantially diminished the activation of hepatic 11b-HSD1 and H6PDH. Reduction of G6pt expression was correlated with the suppression of both hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes G6Pase and PEPCK and corresponded to the improvement of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in db/db mice. Addition of G6PT ASO to mouse hepa1–6 cells led to a dosedependent decrease in 11B-Hsd1 production. Knockdown of G6PT with RNA interference also impaired 11B-Hsd1 expression and showed comparable effects to H6pdh siRNA on silencing of H6pdh and 11B-Hsd1 expression in these intact cells. These findings suggest that G6PT plays an important role in the modulation of pre-receptor activation of glucocorticoids and provides new insights into the role of G6PT in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Alterations in Pulmonary and Peripheral Vascular Resistance in Immersion Hypothermia

The effects of immersion hypothermia on the systemic and pulmonary circulations were investigated in anesthetized, closed-chest, untreated dogs, cold-adapted dogs and in dogs receiving sympathomimetic and sympatholytic agents. Evidence is presented that both pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances are increased progressively during hypothermia, the former to a greater extent than the latter. It is felt that the primary causes for the increase in vascular resistance are progressive diminution in the cardiac output and the local effect of low blood temperature on the vasculature.
Growth and Characterization of Wide Bandgap Quaternary BeMgZnO Thin Films and BeMgZnO/ZnO Heterostructures

i Executive Summary iii Acknowledgments vii Table of Consents ix List of Figures xi List of Tables xvii
How to Prepare for a Regulatory Inspection

Guidelines for the proper preparations prior to a regulatory inspection are presented. A periodic series of mock inspections with a standardized format is advocated. A review of needed documentation and health physics considerations is given.
The Role of Interactional Quality in Learning from Touch Screens during Infancy: Context Matters.

Interactional quality has been shown to enhance learning during book reading and play, but has not been examined during touch screen use. Learning to apply knowledge from a touch screen is complex for infants because it involves transfer of learning between a 2-dimensional (2D) screen and 3-dimensional (3D) object in the physical world. This study uses a touch screen procedure to examine interactional quality measured via maternal structuring, diversity of maternal language, and dyadic emotional responsiveness and infant outcomes during a transfer of learning task. Fifty 15-month-old infants and their mothers participated in this semi-naturalistic teaching task. Mothers were given a 3D object, and a static image of the object presented on a touch screen. Mothers had 5 minutes to teach their infant that a button on the real toy works in the same way as a virtual button on the touch screen (or vice versa). Overall, 64% of infants learned how to make the button work, transferring learning from the touch screen to the 3D object or vice versa. Infants were just as successful in the 3D to 2D transfer direction as they were in the 2D to 3D transfer direction. A cluster analysis based on emotional responsiveness, the proportion of diverse maternal verbal input, and amount of maternal structuring resulted in two levels of interactional quality: high quality and moderate quality. A logistic regression revealed the level of interactional quality predicted infant transfer. Infants were 19 times more likely to succeed and transfer learning between the touch screen and real object if they were in a high interactional quality dyad, even after controlling for infant activity levels. The present findings suggest that interactional quality between mother and infant plays an important role in making touch screens effective teaching tools for infants’ learning.
Take It or Leave It: How Choosing versus Rejecting Alternatives Affects Information Processing

People can make decisions by choosing or by rejecting alternatives. This research shows that changing a task from choice to rejection makes people more likely to rely on deliberative processing, what we label the task-type effect. To demonstrate this effect, we use a set of established decision biases that can be attenuated under deliberative processing. We show that changing a task from choice to rejection makes people express more consistent preferences between safe and risky options in the Asian disease problem (study 1A) and in financial decision making (study 1B), even with real monetary consequences (study 1C). Further, switching a task from choice to rejection increases the quality of consideration sets in the context of hotel reviews (study 2) and leads to more rational decisions in the context of cell phone plan selection (study 3). Studies 4 and 5 tap into the process underlying the effect of task type. We demonstrate that a rejection task produces decisions similar to those observed in a choice task when decision makers are cognitively depleted (study 4) or encouraged to rely on their feelings (study 5). The findings provide insight into the effect of task type on deliberation and decision outcomes.
Characterization of Aging and Degradation of 28kV Polymeric insulators using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrical characterization of materials, including polymers has been performed using electrical impedance spectroscopy. The impedance (Z) spectra gives details about the dielectric dispersion of the resistivity (or conductivity) and the relative permittivity of the material with frequency. This enables one to assess the condition of the material, such as the ripening of fruit, or the aging of polymeric insulators. In this research, Autolab/PGSTAT30 Impedance analyzer was used to assess the aging of 28 kV Thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) insulators under multistress acid rain conditions. The aged samples showed increased conductance compared to virgin. However, the imaginary Z value (corresponding to the capacitive reactance) of the aged samples were lower than the virgin sample values. The reduction varied for HV and LV samples. The results indicate that impedance spectroscopy can be effectively used to study surface structural modification caused by aging.