cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments and theory for a Tm:Ho:YAG laser end pumped by a Cr:GSAG laser

A Cr:GSAG-laser-pumped Tm:Ho:YAG laser has been fabricated and tested. A maximum output energy of 14 mJ with a slope efficiency of 33.6 percent was obtained using a 98-percent reflective output coupler. A comprehensive rate equation model has been developed to describe laser performance. Details of the experimental measurements and model are presented.
Chitin and Yeast Budding ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION OF CHITIN SYNTHETASE BY A HEAT-STABLE PROTEIN FROM YEAST

The soluble fraction of a spheroplast lysate from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains a heat-stable, nondialyzable inhibitor of the particulate chitin synthetase. The chitin synthetase inhibitor (CSI) can also be extracted by heating intact cells in buffer. CSI was highly purified by conventional methods of protein fractionation, as indicated by disc gel electrophoresis. The inhibitory power is destroyed by incubation with trypsin, thus confirming that CSI is a protein. CSI is a potent effector, since half-maximal inhibition is attained with less than 1 µg per ml, yet the activity of chitin synthetase is never totally abolished. Kinetically, the inhibition is of the noncompetitive type. Storage of chitin synthetase results in a decreased sensitivity to CSI, and treatment of the enzyme with trypsin eliminates the effect of CSI altogether, while the enzymatic activity is doubled. The desensitized enzyme is still sedimentable and its Km for UDP-acetylglucosamine is essentially unchanged. The content of CSI in yeast increased 3- to 4-fold during growth from the middle logarithmic to the stationary phase. The activity of chitin synthetase also increased. It is postulated that CSI has a regulatory role connected with the budding process since chitin is found in the cell wall at the site where the bud had formed and detached.
Towards teaching metacognition: supporting spontaneous self-assessment

The Self-Assessment Tutor (SAT) is an add-on component to Cognitive Tutors that supports self-assessment in four steps: prediction, attempt, reflection, and projection. The SAT encourages students to self-assess their ability spontaneously while problem solving, and to use help resources accordingly. For that reason its episodes precede the students' work with the Cognitive Tutor, which itself remains unchanged. The SAT offers detailed feedback and help function to support the Self-Assessment process. A complementary instruction is given to students before working with the SAT. We hypothesize that working with the SAT will encourage students to self-assess on subsequent problems requiring similar skills, and thus will promote learning. A classroom evaluation of SAT is currently in progress.
A Best Practices Model for Preparation of Rural Special Education Teachers

This district-university partnership program is meeting the personnel needs of a 17-district region in the California desert where over 40% of their special education teachers had been employed wit...
A Model for Developing and Managing Distance Education Programs Using Interactive Video Technology

Based on two years of experience with a distance MSW program, the authors present an evolving model for the development, management, and evaluation of distance education graduate programs that use interactive video technology. The model includes five core components: (a) accreditation standards compliance, (b) resource requirements, (c) curriculum adaptation, (d) faculty development, and (e) program evaluation. While not an exhaustive listing, these components are advanced as central to the effective planning and administration of distance education programs in social work.
Three-dimensional volume-averaged soil moisture transport model with a scalable parameterization of subgrid topographic variability

[1] Subgrid variability of subsurface moisture flux transport is strongly influenced by the local variation of topographic attributes, such as elevation, slope, and curvature. A three-dimensional volume-averaged soil moisture transport (VAST) model is developed to incorporate these effects using the volume-averaged Richards equation. The small-perturbation approach is used to decompose the equation into mean and fluctuation, which are then averaged over the model grid box. This formulation explicitly incorporates the variability of moisture flux due to subgrid variation of topographic attributes. The model is independent of scale, but the parameters need to be estimated at the model scale. It is demonstrated that the flux contribution from the subgrid variability can be comparable to that of mean flux, particularly under drier moisture conditions. This formulation can be substituted for subsurface moisture transport schemes in most existing land surface models.
A Cultural Contingency Leadership Model for Multinational Joint Ventures

Fieldler‘s (1967) contingency theory with its Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) instrument, while groundbreaking, has not been the subject of significant recent research in leadership theory. A significant opportunity to apply the theory to culturally contingent leadership (CCL) research has thus been missed as it is one of the few theories that contain a Western leadership model that addresses both the individualism of the West and the collectivism of the East. This research uses the framework provided by Triandis (1993) to capitalize on the values orientation of two organizational/leadership researchers, Hofstede (1980) and Fiedler. In the first step in developing a model which can be used by practitioners in the global environment to develop the leadership necessary for bi-national combinations of professionals working on, for instance, a joint venture, the relationship between the research of these pioneers was explored. Next, original research on the cultural values of almost 200 professionals from the United States and Germany was compared to research from both Hofstede (1980) and Hoppe's (1990) comprehensive replication of Hofstede's research on IBM employees. This was used to corroborate the contention by Hofstede and Peterson (2000) that existing research on cultural values can be used as long as there is a close match between the characteristics of the sample upon which the previous research was conducted and the current sample. Finally, using the established cultural values and the values generated by this research, a flowchart model developed through the use of the Triandis framework was employed to recommend CCL for teams of professionals from different countries which are involved in cooperative (joint) ventures by organizations representing predominately two national cultures.
Architectural and morphological assessment of rat abdominal wall muscles: comparison for use as a human model

The abdominal wall is a composite of muscles that are important for the mechanical stability of the spine and pelvis. Tremendous clinical attention is given to these muscles, yet little is known about how they function in isolation or how they interact with one another. Given the morphological, vascular, and innervation complexities associated with these muscles and their proximity to the internal organs, an appropriate animal model is important for understanding their physiological and mechanical significance during function. To determine the extent to which the rat abdominal wall resembles that of human, 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed and formalin-fixed for architectural and morphological analyses of the four abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis). Physiological cross-sectional areas and optimal fascicle lengths demonstrated a pattern that was similar to human abdominal wall muscles. In addition, sarcomere lengths measured in the neutral spine posture were similar to human in their relation to optimal sarcomere length. These data indicate that the force-generating and length change capabilities of these muscles, relative to one another, are similar in rat and human. Finally, the fiber lines of action of each abdominal muscle were similar to human over most of the abdominal wall. The main exception was in the lower abdominal region (inferior to the pelvic crest), where the external oblique becomes aponeurotic in human but continues as muscle fibers into its pelvic insertion in the rat. We conclude that, based on the morphology and architecture of the abdominal wall muscles, the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat is a good candidate for a model representation of human, particularly in the middle and upper abdominal wall regions.
Utilizing Wisconsin Afterschool Programs to Increase Physical Activity in Youth.

BACKGROUND Approximately 31.7% of children in the United States are overweight or obese. Interventions in the afterschool setting may help combat childhood obesity. Research exists on interventions in school settings, but a few data exist for interventions about afterschool programs. This study investigates increasing physical activity (PA) in Wisconsin afterschool programs. METHODS A literature review was used to develop key informant interviews. Utilizing a constant comparative method, interview data were coded and themes were identified. The themes, literature review, and expert opinions were used to formulate recommendations for improving PA in afterschool programs. RESULTS Programs had success in utilizing different resources to improve PA. Key barriers to improving PA included grant-imposed academic restrictions, the need for provider education, fears of conflict and competitiveness, and a lack of understanding between health and sedentariness. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear need for additional exploration into improving PA in Wisconsin afterschool programs. This study resulted in specific recommendations to increase PA in afterschool programming, including utilizing school wellness policies and staff professional development to improve PA in afterschool programs.
Use of anoctamin 1 (ANO1) to evaluate interstitial cells of Cajal in Hirschsprung’s disease

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells involved in facilitating neurotransmission and the generation of slow electrical waves necessary for colonic peristalsis. Their distribution has been found to be abnormal in the aganglionic and ganglionic colon in Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) using c-kit-labelling. Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) is a Ca2+-activated Cl− channel thought to be specifically expressed on ICCs. Unlike c-kit, it plays a key role in ICC pacemaker activity. We aimed to investigate the utility of ANO1 in evaluating the colonic ICC network in HSCR. We collected full-length pull-through specimens from children with HSCR (n = 10). Control colon specimens were collected at colostomy closure in children with anorectal malformation (n = 6). The distribution of ANO1 and c-kit expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. ANO1 expression was quantified using Western blot analysis. ANO1 was not expressed on 23 % of c-kit immuno-positive cells in the circular muscle; however, 100 % of ANO1-positive ICCs were c-kit positive. The distribution of ANO1-positive ICCs was sparse in aganglionic colon, with a modest reduction in ICCs seen in the ganglionic colon in HSCR compared to controls (p = 0.044). ANO1 protein expression was reduced in aganglionic colon but similar in ganglionic colon relative to controls. ANO1 is preferential to c-kit in evaluating the ICC network in HSCR due to its specificity and functional importance. Abnormal distribution of ANO1-positive ICCs in the ganglionic colon in HSCR may contribute to persistent bowel symptoms in some patients after pull-through surgery.
Three-dimensional spatial compounding of ultrasound scans with incidence angle weighting

A three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging system has been used to study spatial compounding of images acquired with different scanhead positions and orientations. A compounding algorithm has been developed which assigns regional weights depending on the local incidence angle of the ultrasound beam. Compound scans were performed of bones in vitro and the shoulder rotator cuff in volunteer subjects. Border measurements (peak value and width) were compiled as a function of ultrasound beam incidence angle and compared for single views and for maximum, mean and weighted mean compounding techniques. The weighted mean produces less variability than that of the maximum and mean for both intensity and border width. The weighted method also demonstrates less blurring of borders than the maximum and mean methods. Surfaces derived from the weighted reconstructions exhibited fewer gaps and fewer spurious connections between surfaces, which could be of particular importance for automated image analysis.
G-computation demonstration in causal mediation analysis

Recent work has considerably advanced the definition, identification and estimation of controlled direct, and natural direct and indirect effects in causal mediation analysis. Despite the various estimation methods and statistical routines being developed, a unified approach for effect estimation under different effect decomposition scenarios is still needed for epidemiologic research. G-computation offers such unification and has been used for total effect and joint controlled direct effect estimation settings, involving different types of exposure and outcome variables. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of parametric g-computation in estimating various components of the total effect, including (1) natural direct and indirect effects, (2) standard and stochastic controlled direct effects, and (3) reference and mediated interaction effects, using Monte Carlo simulations in standard statistical software. For each study subject, we estimated their nested potential outcomes corresponding to the (mediated) effects of an intervention on the exposure wherein the mediator was allowed to attain the value it would have under a possible counterfactual exposure intervention, under a pre-specified distribution of the mediator independent of any causes, or under a fixed controlled value. A final regression of the potential outcome on the exposure intervention variable was used to compute point estimates and bootstrap was used to obtain confidence intervals. Through contrasting different potential outcomes, this analytical framework provides an intuitive way of estimating effects under the recently introduced 3- and 4-way effect decomposition. This framework can be extended to complex multivariable and longitudinal mediation settings.
Survival After Starr-Edwards Aortic Valve Replacement

A series of 507 patients who underwent Starr-Edwards aortic valve replacement is reported. Four hundred fifty-five of these patients were adequately followed an average of 36 months. Of this number, 339 patients (75%) are alive, and 116 (25%) have died. There was an operative mortality of 10.8% and a late mortality of 13.4%. Patients with mixed aortic stenosis and regurgitation had a significantly lower cumulative mortality than patients with pure stenosis or regurgitation. Complications related to the valvular prosthesis itself were frequent. Although the great majority were minor, prosthetic complications caused a significant number of deaths and considerable morbidity. Myocardial disease was the other significant limiting factor in survival. Preoperative cardiac index and functional classification were valuable in predicting long-term survival, but age at time of surgery and type of preoperative symptoms were of lesser prognostic value.
Anomalous Phonon Effects on Specific Heat and Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Cerium Ethyl Sulfate

The hitherto unexplained extra specific heat and fast spin-lattice relaxation in cerium ethyl sulfate are explained by an anomalous phonon spectrum calculated using thermodynamic Green's functions for incoherent spins and phonons.
Groupwork with Children from HIV/AIDSAffected Families

Abstract The AIDS epidemic has given rise to a profound concern about the needs of persons with HIV/AIDS. Less attention has been given to “well children” living with a family member who has HIV/AIDS. This paper describes a group treatment approach used at a community mental health agency for helping children deal with emotional and safety issues related to living with HIV/AIDS in a family member. Group processes are explored in providing social support, psychoeducation and therapeutic intervention for children and adolescents. Groupwork is an effective strategy in helping children, youth and their caregivers work through these issues toward violence prevention.
On Organizational Conflict: Reaping the Benefits of Effective Conflict Management

Many librarians are called upon to supervise employees and manage conflict situations, yet most lack meaningful training in and knowledge of conflict management techniques. This article discusses the causes of organizational conflict, conflict dynamics, conflict management theories, and conflict management styles. The article is followed by an annotated bibliography of important literature in the field.
Non-arteriosclerotic lesions in the kidneys of dogs fed an atherogenic diet.

Abstract Hyperlipidemia was induced and sustained in a group of five dogs by feeding them a semi-synthetic diet containing 5% cholesterol and 16% hydrogenated coconut oil for 14 months. Extensive lipidosis was observed in renal tubules and collecting ducts, and degenerative and fibrotic changes were observed in glomeruli. No lipid deposits or atherosclerotic changes were seen in intrarenal arteries, despite the presence of widespread atherosclerosis in the aorta and iliac arteries. The glomerular changes consisted of hypercellularity, swelling of the mesangial stalk, adhesions between the tuft and the capsule and fibrosis of periglomerular tissue. Electron microscopy showed that these glomerular changes were associated with nodular thickenings and vacuolations of the glomerular basement membrane and fusion of the glomerular epithelial foot-processes. The cytoplasm of the proximal tubule cells was disrupted by numerous lipoid vesicles and inclusions. A control group of eight dogs fed a similar diet without cholesterol and supplemented with essential fatty acids showed none of these changes. Measurements of the clearance of endogenous creatinine and of the rate of disappearance from plasma of [131I]Iodohippurate showed that both glomerular and tubular function were severely depressed in dogs fed the cholesterol and hydrogenated coconut oil diet when compared to dogs fed a normal diet. The results indicate that significant morphological and functional changes may be brought about in the canine kidney by dietary-induced hyperlipidemia, in the absence of any renal ischemia.
Development of microfabricated magnetic actuators for removing cellular occlusion

Here we report on the development of torsional magnetic microactuators for displacing biological materials in implantable catheters. Static and dynamic behaviors of the devices were characterized in air and in fluid using optical experimental methods. The devices were capable of achieving large deflections (>60°) and had resonant frequencies that ranged from 70 Hz to 1.5 kHz in fluid. The effect of long-term actuation (>2.5 × 108 cycles) was quantified using resonant shift as the metric (▵f < 2%). The cell-clearing capabilities of the devices were evaluated by examining the effect of actuation on a layer of aggressively growing adherent cells. On average, actuated microdevices removed 37.4% of the adherent cell layer grown over the actuator surface. The effects of actuation time, deflection angle and beam geometry were evaluated. The experimental results indicate that physical removal of adherent cells at the microscale is feasible using magnetic microactuation.
Strong Presidential Approval or Disapproval Influencing the Expected Benefits of Voting and the Voter Participation Rate

This empirical study seeks to broaden the interpretation of the rational voter model so as to identify and better understand key determinants of the expected benefits from voting and hence key determinants of the aggregate voter participation rate in the US. Using annual data for all years in the 1960–1997 study period, this study finds that the voter participation rate has been positively impacted by strong public approval or strong public disapproval of the incumbent President, a finding unique to this literature and study period. In addition, the aggregate voter participation rate has been positively impacted by such factors as the Gulf War, which is generally regarded as having been popular among the US electorate, and a rising unemployment rate. This study also finds the voter participation rate to have been negatively impacted by the public’s dissatisfaction with government, as well as by the Watergate scandal.
Minimum-Multiplicity Routing Problems of Multimedia Communications

In this work, we investigate the routing problems of minimizing the number of distinct transmission mediums or carrier domains for multimedia communications. We consider the problems of two-party connection as well as three-or-more-party connections. By minimizing the number of distinct transmission mediums or carrier domains on the connections, rather than minimizing bandwidth, length or hop counts, the network carriers may achieve higher cost savings on connection provisioning and management. These problems are proven to be NP-hard. Heuristic algorithms are proposed for larger instances of the problems and evaluated through simulations.
Cancer prevention and early detection strategies for reaching underserved urban, low-income black women : barriers and objectives

To achieve national health goals set for reduction of cancer by the year 2000, populations with higher cancer mortality and lower survival must be reached with proven advances for use in cancer prevention and early detection. This article focuses on one segment of those populations that continues to have a poor cancer experience: urban, low-income black women. Barriers for them to cancer prevention and early detection are identified and discussed from studies conducted in Chicago. Specifically tailored interventions that have been used to bring services to this population are described, and implications from the outcomes of this work are discussed.
Generation of discrete yeast DNA fragments by endonuclease RI

FINE structure genetic analysis has shown that the ilv1 gene of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is multifunctional1–3. The ilv1 gene product, threonine deaminase, shows catalytic activity, as well as participating in multivalent repression of other enzymes involved in isoleucine–valine biosynthetic pathways1–3. A better understanding of the regulatory role of the ilv1 gene product and other proteins, such as isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, which in addition to the ilv1 gene product seems to regulate ilv2 and ilv3 gene expression, could be obtained if a pure preparation of the various ilv genes were isolated in large quantities. One way of isolating the genes would be to use restriction enzymes to cleave yeast DNA which contains normal ilv genes and join the fragments to a bacterial plasmid. Because of the similarity of the isoleucine–valine pathways in yeast and Escherichia coli, the fused DNA could then be transformed into a strain of E. coli with a deletion in the particular ilv gene. Restriction enzyme-cleaved DNA from various sources has been amplified by growth in E. coli4–7. We have found that restriction enzyme EcoRI treatment of yeast DNA results in not only a reduction in the size of total DNA but also the generation of several distinct species of homogeneous size DNAs some of which are derived from ribosomal genes and others from mitochondrial genes.
Treatment recommendations and practical applications of botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia.

Summary CD is a complex disorder that can have significant impact on a patient's quality of life and physical well-being. BoNTs are a very effective and well-tolerated first-line therapy in relieving CD symptoms over long-term treatment. BoNT treatment should be administered at the lowest effective dose with a minimum of 3 months between treatments. As the incidence of immunoresistance is low, a reassessment of muscle selection, dosing, and diagnosis should take place in the event of suboptimal patient response. Optimal treatment may involve a combination of oral pharmacologic treatment with BoNTs to maintain the use of lowest possible dosing and to extend effectiveness to the recommended 3-month dosing interval. Physical therapy in conjunction with BoNT treatment can also extend treatment efficacy as well. Comorbidities such as insomnia, depression, and anxiety can interfere with successful CD treatment and should be actively managed along with the symptoms of CD. Although our understanding of CD is incomplete, it is ever expanding. As a deeper understanding of disease pathophysiology and disease progression is gained, treatment efforts will be refined for optimal outcome and patient satisfaction.
Library design for NMR-based screening

Recent advances in NMR-based screening methods have made it possible to screen larger libraries of molecules with higher throughput. However, experience shows that intelligent library design is important if NMR screening is to succeed in aiding our discovery of potent and useful lead compounds. This review presents the current state-of-the-art methodologies for designing primary and follow-up libraries for NMR screening. Diversity, drug-likeness and combinatorial libraries are discussed, and the inherent pitfalls of the NMR approach are addressed.
Efficacy of fixed filtration for rapid kVp-switching dual energy x-ray systems.

Purpose: Dose efficiency of dual kVp imaging can be improved if the two beams are filtered to remove photons in the common part of their spectra, thereby increasing spectral separation. While there are a number of advantages to rapid kVp-switching for dual energy, it may not be feasible to have two different filters for the two spectra. Therefore, the authors are interested in whether a fixed added filter can improve the dose efficiency of kVp-switching dual energy x-ray systems. Methods: The authors hypothesized that a K-edge filter would provide the energy selectivity needed to remove overlap of the spectra and hence increase the precision of material separation at constant dose. Preliminary simulations were done using calcium and water basis materials and 80 and 140 kVp x-ray spectra. Precision of the decomposition was evaluated based on the propagation of the Poisson noise through the decomposition function. Considering availability and cost, the authors chose a commercial Gd2O2S screen as the filter for their experimental validation. Experiments were conducted on a table-top system using a phantom with various thicknesses of acrylic and copper and 70 and 125 kVp x-ray spectra. The authors kept the phantom exposure roughly constant with and without filtration by adjusting the tube current. The filtered and unfiltered raw data of both low and high energy were decomposed into basis material and the variance of the decomposition for each thickness pair was calculated. To evaluate the filtration performance, the authors measured the ratio of material decomposition variance with and without filtration. Results: Simulation results show that the ideal filter material depends on the object composition and thickness, and ranges across the lanthanide series, with higher atomic number filters being preferred for more attenuating objects. Variance reduction increases with filter thickness, and substantial reductions (40%) can be achieved with a 2× loss in intensity. The authors’ experimental results validate the simulations, yet were overall slightly worse than expectation. For large objects, conventional (non-K-edge) beam hardening filters perform well. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of fixed K-edge filtration to improve the dose efficiency and material decomposition precision for rapid kVp-switching dual energy systems.
The Metacontingency and the Behavioral Contingency: Points of Contact and Departure

The utility of interdisciplinary concepts such as metacontingency and macrocontingency and the points of contact and departures between behavior analysis and cultural are the topics of this paper. We provide an examination of the levels of analysis involved in the behavioral contingency and the metacontingency, and the parallel between these two types of contingency. In doing so, we suggest a set of refinements to the metacontigency that would bring about a greater parallel of this concept with the behavioral contingency as well as a greater consistency of the associated levels of analyses.
Argentina: Political culture and instability

The Iberian heritage and the legacy of Catholicism the impact of liberalism and the orientation to Europe the lack of legitimacy the personalist political tradition kinship and the zero-sum model of politics economic values nationalism and its antithesis prospects for political stability.
Problems and limitations in studying a genetic component of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Difficulties with conclusively diagnosing Alzheimer's patients and the apparent multifactorial, genetic/environmental interactions of the disease, continue to complicate attempts to study and understand the disease. Although families with an apparent autosomal dominant trait are potentially quite valuable in studying a possible genetic etiology, small numbers of such families, small numbers of living members within such families, and possible genetic heterogeneity will make their evaluation a complex task.
Boosting understanding of pertussis outbreaks

A central question in epidemiology is the extent to which vaccines provide indirect protection (herd immunity) to infectious diseases, in addition to directly protecting individuals. Such artificial immunity often matches with the strength of natural protection: Vaccines against infections with strong and long-lasting natural immunity, such as measles, often provide very durable and effective protection against both disease and transmission (1, 2). A more complex picture emerges with pertussis (whooping cough), which is caused by a bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. The disease burden arising from this serious childhood infection is still considerable in countries with low vaccination rates. On the other hand, over the last 60 y, there has been a major reduction in pertussis in many countries, associated with mass vaccination of infants and toddlers (3). However, in the last decade or so, infection has resurged in many highly vaccinated populations (4). Further, the age distribution of pertussis has changed markedly: Disease (and likely infection) used to be focused in the very young, as in a classical immunizing infection; in the recent resurgence, clinical disease has a much wider age range, with a conspicuous peak in adolescents. A number of recent studies have focused on the question of pertussis immunity and resurgence. The paper by Lavine et al. in PNAS (5) presents a distinctive explanation for these phenomena on the basis of temporal changes in boosting of prevailing immunity by exposure to pertussis infection in the community.
Rapid method for the determination of ampicillin residues in animal muscle tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A rapid and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the determination of ampicillin residues in muscle tissues of beef, pork, chicken and catfish. Muscle tissues were blended with a food processor into paste. A 5-g aliquot of the blended tissues was homogenized with 14 ml of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) using a tissue homogenizer. Proteins were precipitated with the addition of 1 ml trichloroacetic acid (75%, w/v) followed by centrifugation. After filtration, 1 ml of the supernatant was reacted with formaldehyde under acidic and heating conditions. The ampicillin fluorescent derivative was then analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of spiked ampicillin at 5, 10 and 20 ng/g were >85%, with coefficients of variation <5%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for ampicillin in the tissues were 0.6 ng/g and 1.5 ng/g, respectively. The method is also applicable to the analysis of ampicillin residue in dry milk powder.
Space-time analysis of TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) measurements

A technique is developed for reducing the amount of aliasing in the spectral analysis of TIDI observations, by ingestion of ground-based data into the satellite data set. A multi-dimensional (space-time) least squares fitting approach is applied to the satellite and ground-based data to determine the aliasing spectra. The addition of ground-based data to the TIDI data set reduces the aliased components in the aliasing spectrum. For example, at 20° latitude, the combined ground-based and TIDI data set of a sampled input semidiurnal (frequency of 2 days−1) signal with zonal wavenumber 2 results in a factor of 2 reduction in the amount of power aliasing into a signal with zonal wavenumber 0 and frequency 0 days−1.
Targeting mutations predictably.

The report by Popovic and colleagues in this issue of Blood , while a milestone on our way to personalizing immunologic cancer therapy, highlights the pitfalls in identifying specific peptides for immunotherapy. 1
Technology: Its influence in the secondary school upon achievement in academic subjects and upon students' attitude toward technology

Many programs in the United States have undertaken to show the benefits to students of integrating academic disciplines. The TEC-Lab project, however, is unique among them because of its innovative approach. First, the TEC-Lab students are in senior high school, grades 9 to 12, while most innovative efforts are concentrated at the elementary and middle school levels. Second, the TEC-Lab approach uses technology as a means of meeting the usual academic requirements, rather than attempting to integrate the other academic areas into technology. The difference between these two approaches is subtle but profound.
Correlation and Aliasing in Dynamic Branch Predictors

Previous branch prediction studies have relied primarily upon the SPECint89 and SPECint92 benchmarks for evaluation. Most of these benchmarks exercise a very small amount of code. As a consequence, the resources required by these schemes for accurate predictions of larger programs have not been clear. Moreover, many of these studies have simulated a very limited number of configurations. Here we report on simulations of a variety of branch prediction schemes using a set of relatively large benchmark programs that we believe to be more representative of likely system workloads. We have examined the sensitivity of these prediction schemes to variation in workload, in resources, and in design and configuration. We show that for predictors with small available resources, aliasing between distinct branches can have the dominant influence on prediction accuracy. For global history based schemes, such as GAs and gshare, aliasing in the predictor table can eliminate any advantage gained through inter branch correlation. For self-history based prediction scheme, such as PAs, it is aliasing in the buffer recording branch history, rather than the predictor table, that poses problems. Past studies have sometimes confused these effects and allocated resources incorrectly.
Aggression and Heat: The Mediating Role of Negative Affect

Sixty-four undergraduate males received either very postive or very negative personal evaluations from an attitudinally similar or dissimilar stranger, and were then given an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shock. Half were exposed to these stimuli under comfortably cool environmental conditions, while half were so treated under uncomfortably hot conditions. It was predicted that aggression toward the victim would increase as the degree of negative affect induced among subjects by the experimental conditions increased up to moderate levels, but that beyond this point, further increments in negative affect would actually tend to inhibit such behavior. A significant (p lt 0.007) curvilinear relationship between negative affect and aggression supported these predictions, and suggested that such affect mediates the influence of high ambient temperatures on human aggression.
CFD validation experiments for hypersonic flows

A roadmap for CFD code validation is introduced. The elements of the roadmap are consistent with air-breathing vehicle design requirements and related to the important flow path components: forebody, inlet, combustor, and nozzle. Building block and benchmark validation experiments are identified along with their test conditions and measurements. Based on an evaluation criteria, recommendations for an initial CFD validation data base are given and gaps identified where future experiments could provide new validation data.
A topological approach to digital topology

(1991). A Topological Approach to Digital Topology. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 10, pp. 901-917.
Portable approach landing system design

This paper presents a design concept for an azimuth and an elevation antenna suitable for the light weight Portable Approach Landing System (PALS). The proposed design complies with the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 10. Based on a proven technology, the proposed design offers a low risk and a cost effective approach. >
Studies in renal response to various protein intakes in preterm infants.

. The renal effects of two diets—breast-milk and breast-milk with extra human protein (7 g/l breast-milk)—were compared in very low birth weight infants with a gestational age of 26 to 30 weeks. When the infants were given the high protein diet for one week the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased significantly more than when breast-milk alone was given. Sodium clearance showed a similar increase in proportion to the GFR during the two diets. The high protein diet raised the urine osmolality moderately in all individuals, while the diuresis remained unchanged. The data in the present study indicate that the function of the immature kidney is influenced by the amount of protein in the diet. However, the long-term renal effects in preterm infants maintained on a high protein intake remain unknown.
Cancer survivors' needs reported by survivors and their families

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF), Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center, Oncology Nursing Task Force, and the Cuyahoga County Unit of the American Cancer Society cosponsored "EXPO '88: Recovering from Cancer" on the first National Cancer Survivors' Day. The day featured educational workshops, a fashion show, and a celebration of cancer survivorship. The needs of cancer survivors were evaluated by means of a self-administered survey of cancer survivors attending the EXPO. The cross-section of survivors represented by 71 respondents expressed interest in prevention/detection programs, psychosocial issues such as family and physician communications, economic issues, and peer support groups. A majority of our respondents (51%) had been diagnosed less than three years earlier as having cancer, but 73% had completed active treatment. Prevention/Detection was the number one interest topic reported by respondents. They were almost universally supportive (97%) of peer group sessions to address survivor issues. The formation of the Northeast Ohio Cancer Survivors' Group, which meets monthly, is a direct result of the positive response to the survey by cancer survivors. This report suggests for cancer educators the interest of cancer survivors in a peer support group and the information and counseling needs that could be addressed in this setting.
OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS THROUGH THE TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE

Using a CO2, cw, coherent lidar, we have measured the surface roughness of diffuse targets through 1000 m of turbulent atmosphere. The technique measures the phase fluctuations of the speckle field at the receiver and relates the measured phase variance to the surface roughness. Measurements were made with aluminum targets that had been sandblasted with 8-, 16-, and 30-grit material and also with a flame-sprayed aluminum target. It was found that a linear relationship exists between the standard deviation (SD) of the unwrapped phase fluctuations and the SD of the target surface-height fluctuations. Good results were obtained with modest transmitter power and small receiver optics in just a few seconds of averaging time.
The Integrative Care Conference: An Innovative Model for Teaching at the Heart of Communication in Medicine

Background: By focusing on the biomedical aspects of a disease, physicians often dismiss the emotional effect that patients have on them and the stories that provide meaning to the patients' experience with illness. This approach often leads to strained relationships, medical errors, and dehumanized health care. Description: We describe the Integrative Care Conference, an interdisciplinary format for teaching enhanced communication between residents and their patients. Evaluation: Three findings emerged: (a) The gap between what the resident knows about the patient and what is relevant to the patient's health care is wide. (b) Despite this gap, patients express great appreciation for their physician. (c) After learning about their patients' life and relationships, residents developed more humanistic approaches to their patient that reshaped treatment. Conclusions: The Integrative Care Conference provides a powerful format for teaching patient–physician communication.
The petrolingual ligament: the anatomy and surgical exposure of the posterolateral landmark of the cavernous sinus

The petrolingual ligament is the posteroinferior attachment of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, where the internal carotid artery enters the cavernous sinus. The petrous segment of the internal carotid artery finishes and the cavernous segment begins at the superior margin of this ligament. The ligament is surgically important due to its identification as a landmark for dissection of the internal carotid artery during the approaches to posterolateral intracavernous and extracavernous lesions. It can be well exposed after mobilization of the gasserian ganglion, or after the trigeminal root and ganglion have been split along the junction of V2 and V3 (the transtrigeminal approach). The petrolingual ligament was studied in five cadaveric head specimens from ten sides. The size of the ligament was measured, and its anatomical, clinical and surgical importance is discussed.
Minimalistic, dynamic, tube climbing robot

This video shows the investigation of a novel minimalistic, dynamic climbing robot which can climb up tubes of different shapes using a simple dc motor. The motor moves an eccentric mass in a constant velocity. The location of the eccentric mass relative to the contact point determines the stability and the direction of the climbing motion. We present the analysis of this mechanism, simulation and experimental results.
Robust control design of fuzzy dynamical systems

This paper presents stability analysis and robust control design for Takagi and Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy dynamical systems. A systematic approach is proposed to check the stability of the T-S fuzzy system. We then extend the consideration to the uncertainty case, which can be nonlinear and (possibly fast) time-varying. Only the possible bound of the uncertainty is needed. If the uncertainty is matched, a robust control scheme is proposed, which renders the fuzzy system practically stable. If the uncertainty is mismatched, we show that a mismatched threshold is needed to ensure stability.
Kinetics of calf lens phosphofructokinase activity at physiological substrate concentrations.

Abstract The kinetic properties of purified calf lens phosphofructokinase (PFK) have been studied under physiological concentrations of ATP, fructose-6-phosphate and cyclic AMP. The rate of the PFK reaction is characterized by a high sensitivity to inhibition by ATP. PFK rates measured as a function of fructose-6-phosphate concentration can be described by the Hill equation. Values of KF6P−0·5, the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate for half-maximal velocity, increase with increasing ATP concentration. Values of the Hill coefficient remain constant at 2 for all ATP concentrations studied. Values of Vmax also remain constant. Thus, ATP inhibition is competitive with fructose-6-phosphate. Inhibition can be reversed by cyclic AMP, which decreases the KF6P-0·5 values, but does not change the Vmax value or the Hill coefficient. The regulation of lens PFK activity can be described by a modification of the Hill equation which includes terms for the increase of KF6P−0·5 by ATP and the decrease of KF6P−0·5 by cyclic AMP.
General 2D phase correction method for interleaved EPI reconstruction

Interleaved echo-planar imaging (EPI) and spiral imaging are two fast clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) schemes that obtain k-space signal more efficiency for encoding an object. Since points along their k-space trajectories are from different echo times that may carry different phase and amplified errors originating from the static magnetic field inhomogeneity and nuclear spin relaxation, to form an image free of artifacts, both phase and amplitude errors need to be compensated properly in the image reconstruction. To address this issue, we have develop a general image reconstruction technique which is capable of accomplishing 2D phase correction for image reconstruction of interleaved EPI and spiral data. In this technique we formulated the image reconstructions as a problem of finding an optical solution to a set of linear algebraic equations corresponding to a specific imaging measurement. Furthermore, the phase errors, as well as other constraints known of the image, can be incorporated into these equations. The final solution can be obtained by solving the equation via an iterative procedure, free of k-space data gridding. Images with 2D phase correction have been successfully reconstructed using a set of imaging data acquired on a clinical MRI scanner. The significance of the work is that it has demonstrated that the 2D spatial phase correction can be accomplished for a set of interleaved EPI acquisition. Also, this is a flexible image reconstruction method for further improving the resulting image quality.
Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Swine Manure using Solid Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Olfactometry

Swine manure is associated with emissions of odor, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gases that can affect air quality on local and regional scales. In this research, a solid phase microextraction (SPME) and novel multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (MDGC-MS-O) system were used to simultaneously identify VOCs and related odors emitted from swine manure. Gas samples were extracted from manure headspace using Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 85-microm SPME fibers. The MDGC-MS-O system was equipped with two columns in series with a system of valves allowing transfer of samples between columns (heartcutting). The heartcuts were used to maximize the isolation, separation, and identification of compounds. The odor impact of separated compounds was evaluated by a trained panelist for character and intensity. A total of 295 compounds with molecular weights ranging from 34 to 260 were identified. Seventy one compounds had a distinct odor. Nearly 68% of the compounds for which reaction rates with OH* radicals are known had an estimated atmospheric lifetime <24 h.