cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directed Motion of Colloidal Particles in a Galvanic Microreactor

The mechanisms leading to the deposition of colloidal particles in a copper−gold galvanic microreactor are investigated. Using in situ current density measurements and particle velocimetry, we establish correlations between the spatial arrangement and the geometry of the electrodes, current density distribution, and particle aggregation behavior. Ionic transport phenomena are responsible for the occurrence of strongly localized high current density at the edges and corners of the copper electrodes at large electrode separation, leading to a preferential aggregation of colloidal particles at the electrode edges. Preferential aggregation appears to be the result of a combination of electrophoretic effects and changes in bulk electrolyte flow patterns. We demonstrate that electrolyte flow is most likely driven by electrochemical potential gradients of reaction products formed during the inhomogeneous copper dissolution.
Pyrimidine biosynthesis in rat liver: studies on the source of carbamoylphosphate.

Abstract The incorporation of labeled bicarbonate into RNA in tissue slices of rat liver exhibits many of the same properties found for the synthesis and export of carbamoylphosphate by isolated intact mitochondria prepared from the same tissue. Thus the intramitochondrial carbamoylphosphate synthetase is shown to contribute carbamoylphosphate toward the biosynthesis of pyrimidines in the cytoplasm.
Linear Free Energy Correlations for Enzymatic Base Flipping: How Do Damaged Base Pairs Facilitate Specific Recognition?†

To efficiently maintain their genomic integrity, DNA repair glycosylases must exhibit high catalytic specificity for their cognate damaged bases using an extrahelical recognition mechanism. One possible contribution to specificity is the weak base pairing and inherent instability of damaged sites which may lead to increased extrahelicity of the damaged base and enhanced recognition of these sites. This model predicts that the binding affinity of the enzyme should increase as the thermodynamic stability of the lesion base pair decreases, because less work is required to extrude the base into its active site. We have tested this hypothesis with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) by constructing a series of DNA duplexes containing a single uracil (U) opposite a variety of bases (X) that formed from zero to three hydrogen bonds with U. Linear free energy (LFE) relationships were observed that correlated UDG binding affinity with the entropy and enthalpy of duplex melting, and the dynamic accessibility of the damage...
Mutanolysin for Improved Lysis and Rapid Protoplast Formation in Dairy Streptococci

Abstract Mutanolysin, an N-accetylmuramidase, was more effective than lysozyme in lysing and in generating protoplasts of dairy streptococci.
The effect of phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphate induced delayed neuropathy on selected hemodynamic and hematologic parameters in the hen

Abstract Cardiovascular parameters, including limb venous flow and arterial blood pressure, were measured 1, 3, 7, and 15-21 days after a single 2.5 mg/kg intramuscular injection of phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphate (PSP) was administered to hens. All hens given the organophosphate developed clinical signs of delayed neuropathy by Day 10 and these signs were maximal by Day 20 after PSP administration. Resistance to blood flow was increased in the legs of hens given PSP prior to the onset of clinical signs of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). This did not occur in hens given an OP that did not cause OPIDN (paraoxon). PSP administration also resulted in significant decreases in the activities of brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) and plasma cholinesterase, as well as decreases in body weight prior to evidence of clinical signs of OPIDN. When maximal signs of OPIDN were present, activities of brain NTE and plasma cholinesterase had returned to control levels. Limb venous flow and arterial blood pressure were elevated in PSP-treated hens when maximal clinical signs were evident (Days 15-21). Body weight and arterial PCO 2 were also significantly decreased in hens with OPIDN and hematocrit significantly increased. Administration of this neuropathy-inducing organophosphate was, therefore, capable of altering hemodynamic and hematologic parameters before and after onset of OPIDN.
Aquaculture of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus): status of knowledge, current research and future research priorities.

Commercial aquaculture of summer flounder began in 1996. Both the research leading to commercialization and the production itself have been heavily oriented toward the hatchery phase. Producers of summer flounder larvae experience many of the same problems that producers of turbot and Japanese flounder larvae have faced and, in some cases, overcome. The extended period of metamorphosis and settling of summer flounder leads to problems with cannibalism and weaning to formulated diets that appear more severe than those in turbot. Producers are experimenting with both recirculation systems and net pens to identify the equipment that optimizes grow-out production. The major research problems that industry and academia should jointly address are (1) establishment of broodstock selection programs, (2) identification of broodstock nutritional requirements, (3) development of methods for volitional spawning by broodstock, (4) management of the microbial ecology in larval rearing tanks, (5) synchronization of metamorphosis to reduce cannibalism and enhance weaning, (6) optimization of production systems and diets for grow-out, and (7) reduction of disease through good husbandry and vaccination.
The Political Economy of Rural Development in Latin America: An Interpretation: Comment

In an article in this Journal, Alain de Janvry argues that increased poverty among marginal farmers (minifudistas) in Latin America leads to an increase in family size and ". .. poverty thus leads to more poverty" (p. 495). This implies not only that fertility is high in low income rural areas but that as income decreases fertility increases. De Janvry feels that the ". . . ecological and demographic contradictions in the subsistence sector ... (are) ... an integral part of the dynamics of growth in peripheral economies of the world capitalist system ... (and that his theory that includes these ecological and demographic contradictions in the subsistence sector) permits identification of the variables that affect rural poverty and understanding of the political economy of alternative strategies aimed at alleviating it" (pp. 495-96). I will argue on both theoretical and empirical grounds that poverty and the mining of land in rural areas is associated with lower rather than higher fertility and against the existence of ecological and demographic contradictions that lead from rural poverty to increasing family size to even greater poverty. In the case where children are producer goods (rather than consumer goods (Becker)), de Janvry maintains that "the pressure of poverty in the minifundio implies the need to search for additional productive resources. Strict individual economic rationality in the subsistence sector will often lead to mining the land and increasing family size in order to face poverty, and poverty thus leads to more poverty" (p. 495). In contrast to de Janvry's assertion about the consequences of individual economic rationality on fertility, neoclassical economic theory posits that the determinants of fertility in rural areas are the factors that influence the net returns to rural households from additional
Transformation Behavior of Molybdenum during Pressure Oxidation Process of Molybdenite Concentrate

MoS2(AR) was used to analyze molybdenum transformation behavior in the pressure oxidation process of Chile molybdenite concentrate. Amount of NaNO3, temperature and sulphuric acid concentration were investigated on the total transform rate of Mo, leaching rate of Mo and absolute transform rate of Mo in residue. ICP, XRF, XRD were used to analyze the content and phase of elements in the molybdenite concentrate and residue. Single factor experiment results of indicate that when amount of NaNO3 is 1:4, temperature is 150°C,sulphuric acid concentration is 40g/L, oxygen partial pressure is 0.8MPa, liquid to solid ratio is 6:1(ml:g), reaction time is 120min and stirring speed is 500rpm, total transform rate of Mo is 97.95%, leaching rate of Mo is 18.48% and absolute transform rate of Mo in residue is 79.47%. Synthetical condition experiment results certified this process has the preferably reproducibility. Molybdenum could be recovered sufficiently through this method.
Hemoglobin-Based O2 Carrier O2 Affinity and Capillary Inlet pO2 Are Important Factors That Influence O2 Transport in a Capillary

Hemopure (Biopure; Cambridge, MA) and PolyHeme (Northfield Laboratories; Evanston, IL) are two acellular hemoglobin-based O2 carriers (HBOCs) currently in phase III clinical trials for use as red blood cell substitutes. The most common adverse side effect that these HBOCs exhibit is increased vasoconstriction. Autoregulatory theory has been presented as a possible explanation for this physiological effect, where it is hypothesized that low-affinity HBOCs over-deliver O2 to tissues surrounding arterioles, thereby eliciting vasoconstriction. In this paper, we wanted to investigate HBOC oxygenation of tissue surrounding a capillary, which is the smallest element of the circulatory system. An a priori model has been developed in which the performance of mixtures of acellular HBOCs (synthesized by our group and others) and human red blood cells (hRBCs) has been simulated using a Krogh tissue cylinder model (KTCM) comprising a capillary surrounded by a capillary membrane and skeletal muscle tissue in cylindrical coordinates with specified tissue O2 consumption rates and Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In this study, the total hemoglobin (hRBCs and HBOCs) concentration was kept constant. The HBOCs studied possessed O2 affinities that were higher and lower compared to hRBCs (P50's spanned 5-55 mmHg), and the equilibrium binding/release of oxygen to/from the HBOCs was modeled using the Adair equation. At normoxic inlet pO2's, there was no correlation between O2 flux out of the capillary and the O2 affinity of the HBOC. However, a correlation was found between the average pO2 tension in the capillary and the O2 affinity of the HBOC. Additionally, we studied the change in the O2 equilibrium curve of HBOCs with different O2 affinities over a wide range of inlet pO2's and found that changing the inlet pO2 greatly affected which HBOC, having a unique O2 affinity, best delivered O2 to the surrounding tissue. The analysis of oxygen transport presented could lead to a better prediction of which acellular HBOC is best suited for a specific transfusion application that many times depends on the capillary inlet pO2 tension.
Influence of age on the biochemical response of rat lung to ozone exposure.

We have previously examined the influence of animal age on the pulmonary response to ozone (03) in rats between 7 and 90 days of age (Elsayed et al., 1982a). In the present study, we expanded the a...
Fertility and longevity in twins, sibs, and parents of twins.

Abstract Genealogical records containing birth and death dates for completed families have been analyzed to compare the longevity of twins, sibs and parents. The data are restricted to twins and sibs who survived to adulthood and married. The findings, similar to those found with respect to fertility (Wyshak and White, 1969), show that twins, especially male twins, are disadvantaged in comparison with their male sibs. Sib‐sib and parent‐offspring correlation analysis confirmed that there is a genetic component in the determination of life span, but environmental factors contribute more to the total variation. No evidence of a stronger maternal than paternal effect was found. Twin bearers also lived longer than nontwin bearers. Even among persons who survived to age SO or more, parents of twins had more children and lived slightly longer than their twin and nontwin offspring. Regression analysis for persons who survived to SO or longer indicated that, in addition to life span of parents, secularity (year o...
Self-similar grain size distribution in two dimensions : Analytical solution

Abstract Consideration of the physics and topology of two-dimensional grain growth suggests that a stochastic treatment is required to determine grain size distribution [Pande CS. Acta Metall 1987;35:2671]. In this paper, a size-based continuum stochastic formulation is presented based on topological considerations. As expected, this analysis leads to a Fokker–Planck equation for the size distribution, which should yield a unique self-similar asymptotic state that could be reached from any arbitrary initial state. The approximate solution of the Fokker–Planck equation presented here is limited to two dimensions and is based on the assumption of quasi-stationary distributions reached in the long time limit. The resulting grain size distribution is shown to be in agreement with that obtained from computer simulations, indicating the validity of the stochastic approach.
Acute inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis alters endothelial function and blood pressure in rats.

The cardiovascular and biochemical responses during acute oxidative stress induced by D,L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) were investigated in Sprague–Dawley rats. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and vascular reactivity were measured after subcutaneous injection of BSO (4 mmol/kg). Control rats received saline. Levels of GSH and GSSG in blood and tissues as well as renal superoxide were determined. Nitric oxide, prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in plasma and aorta, and isoprostane in plasma were also measured. Blood pressure was elevated at 24 h (121F2 vs. 104F2 mm Hg), with increased reactivity to phenylephrine (by a 59F4 vs. 45F2 mm Hg change), and impaired response to sodium nitroprusside (by a 35F2 vs. 63F2 mm Hg change), P<0.05. The GSH:GSSG ratio was reduced at 8 and 24 h in blood (4.1F0.6 and 5.1F0.3, respectively, vs. 8.5F0.2), and at 8 h in the aorta (1.0F0.2 vs. 2.9F0.5), heart (1.6F0.3 vs. 2.3F0.1) and kidney (2.1F0.2 vs. 3.7F0.4), P<0.05. Superoxide fluorescence was increased at 24 h via NADH (4131F194 vs. 2853F199), NADPH (2874F272 vs.1479F257) and succinate (2475F133 vs. 1594F2150), P<0.05. Plasma prostacyclin was reduced at 8 and 24 h (36F4 and 52F13, respectively, vs. 310F44 pg/ml), P<0.001, whereas nitric oxide was reduced at 24 h (6.4F1 vs. 22F2 AM), P<0.01. Also at 24 h, thromboxane A2 was increased both in plasma (374F154 vs. 61F10 pg/ml) and the aorta (174.4F38 vs. 27F3.4 pg/mg), P<0.05. Thus, acute BSO-induced oxidative stress alters blood pressure and endothelial function by mechanisms involving increased plasma levels and aortic release of thromboxane A2 and reduced nitric oxide and prostacyclin. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
An appreciation of contemporary settlement morphology

Abstract This paper uses interpretive structural modelling as a heuristic tool for exploring the complexity of human settlements. It attempts to integrate ideas from general systems theory, policy sciences, and the science of human settlements (ekistics) into a paradigm of inquiry that is particularly suited to the investigation of alternative futures for human settlements. In recognising the diversity and complexity of perceptions, it adopts a particular morphology and suggests how interpretive structural modelling can be used to explore relationships among sets of relevant elements.
Upper Bounds for Turán Numbers

A system ofr-element subsets (blocks) of ann-element setXnis called aTuran(n, k, r)-systemif everyk-element subset ofXncontains at least one of the blocks. TheTuran number T(n, k, r) is the minimum size of such a system. We prove upper estimates:formula]
Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances adenoviral vector transduction in inner ear tissue.

Abstract Adenovirus vectors (AdVs) are efficient tools for gene therapy in many tissues. Several studies have demonstrated successful transgene transduction with AdVs in the inner ear of rodents [ Kawamoto K, Ishimoto SI, Minoda R, Brough DE, Raphael Y (2003) J Neurosci 23:4395–4400]. However, toxicity of AdVs [ Morral N, O'Neal WK, Rice K, Leland MM, Piedra PA, Aguilar-Cordova E, Carey KD, Beaudet AL, Langston C (2002) Hum Gene Ther 13:143–154.] or lack of tropism to important cell types such as hair cells [Shou J, Zheng JL, Gao WQ (2003) Mol Cell Neurosci 23:169–179] appears to limit their experimental and potential clinical utility. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are known to enhance AdV-mediated transgene expression in various organs [Dion LD, Goldsmith KT, Tang DC, Engler JA, Yoshida M, Garver RI Jr (1997) Virology 231:201–209], but their effects in the inner ear have not been documented. We investigated the ability of one HDI, trichostatin A (TSA), to enhance AdV-mediated transgene expression in inner ear tissue. We cultured neonatal rat macular and cochlear explants, and transduced them with an AdV encoding green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP) under the control of a constitutive promoter for 24 h. In the absence of TSA, GFP expression was limited, and very few hair cells were transduced. TSA did not enhance transduction when applied at the onset of Ad-GFP transduction. However, administration of TSA during or just after Ad-GFP application increased GFP expression in supporting cells approximately fourfold. Moreover, vestibular hair cell transduction was enhanced approximately sixfold, and that of inner hair cells by more than 17-fold. These results suggest that TSA increases AdV-mediated transgene expression in the inner ear, including the successful transduction of hair cells. HDIs, some of which are currently under clinical trials ( Sandor et al., 2002 ), could be useful tools in overcoming current limitations of gene therapy in the inner ear using Ad-GFP.
Numerical Modeling of Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine Gasdynamics and Performance

Pulse detonation rocket engines (PDREs) offer potential performance improvements over conventional designs, but represent a challenging modeling task. A quasi-1-D, finite-rate chemistry computational fluid dynamics model for PDREs is described and implemented. Four different PDRE geometries are evaluated in this work: a baseline detonation tube, a detonation tube with a straight extension, and a detonation tube with two types of converging-diverging (C-D) nozzles. The effect of extension length and C-D nozzle area ratio on the single-shot gasdynamics and performance of a PDRE is studied over a wide range of blowdown pressure ratios (1-1000). The results indicate that a C-D nozzle is generally more effective than a straight extension in improving PDRE performance, particularly at higher pressure ratios. Additionally, the results show that the blowdown process of the C-D nozzle systems could be beneficially cut off well before the pressure at the end-wall reaches the ambient value. The performance results are also compared to a steady-state rocket system using similar modeling assumptions.
Systematics of renewable olefins from thermal cracking of canola oil

Abstract Olefins are the most important industrially produced organic chemicals with world annual production of over 300 billion pounds (lbs) per year. The conventional feedstock for the olefin plants ranges from light gaseous ethane/propane to heavy naphtha and vacuum gas oils. Thermal cracking of vegetable oils could convert them into valuable raw materials, which can be used in the chemical and petrochemical industry. This paper focuses on the systematics of a large number of experimental yields data obtained for the thermal cracking of canola oil and measured with a Carl 500 GC at University of Saskatchewan, Canada. The products were solid coke, liquid oil and light hydrocarbon rich gases. This large body of data is organized using an analytical semi-empirical model (ASEM) developed at the University of Florida that provides a reasonable account using only a small number of adjusted parameters. The model fits very well with the experimental data in the temperature range of 200–800 °C. The results suggest that the analytical methodology should be useful for organizing pyrolysis yields of other materials containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Two-photon active polymeric nanoparticles for high contrast in vitro imaging

Two water dispersible and two-photon (TP) active polymer nanoparticles were synthesized from poly[2-(3-thienyl) ethanol n-butoxy carbonyl methyl-urethane] and poly(3,3′′′-didodecyl quarter thiophene) polymers using a simple miniemulsion technique. Strong TP fluorescence was observed from each of these nanoparticles using a femtosecond laser operated at 800 nm. Interestingly, these polymeric nanoparticles were found to be non-toxic in dose dependent cell viability studies for 24 h nanoparticle incubation time period. TP microscopic imaging and Z-stacking confirmed cellular internalization of TP active nanoparticles by human macrophage THP-1 cells. These fluorescent polymer nanoparticles could be suitable candidates for in vitro TP bioimaging.
The role of the BK channel in ethanol response behaviors: evidence from model organism and human studies

Alcohol abuse is a significant public health problem. Understanding the molecular effects of ethanol is important for the identification of at risk individuals, as well as the development of novel pharmacotherapies. The large conductance calcium sensitive potassium (BK) channel has emerged as an important player in the behavioral response to ethanol in genetic studies in several model organisms and in humans. The BK channel, slo-1, was identified in a forward genetics screen as a major ethanol target in C. elegans for the effects of ethanol on locomotion and egg-laying behaviors. Regulation of the expression of the BK channel, slo, in Drosophila underlies the development of rapid tolerance to ethanol and benzyl alcohol sedation. Rodent expression studies of the BK-encoding KCNMA1 gene have identified regulation of mRNA levels in response to ethanol exposure, and knock out studies in mice have demonstrated that the β subunits of the BK channel, β1 and β4, can modulate ethanol sensitivity of the channel in electrophysiological preparations, and can influence drinking behavior. In human genetics studies, both KCNMA1 and the genes encoding β subunits of the BK channel have been associated with alcohol dependence. This review describes the genetic data for a role for BK channels in mediating behavioral responses to ethanol across these species.
Optimization of carbon nanotube synthesis from porous anodic Al-Fe-Al templates

A parametric study of carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis from catalytically active porous anodic Al–Fe–Al multilayer templates was conducted with respect to pore aspect ratio, Fe layer thickness, CNT synthesis temperature, and pre-anodization thermal annealing. Performance metrics included CNT catalytic activity and the pore wall integrity at the Al–Fe–Al interface. The observed CNT density was a strong function of pore diameter, synthesis temperature and pre-anodization annealing of the catalyst film. Vertical pore wall integrity at the Al–Fe–Al interface was optimized by selection of pre-anodization annealing conditions, with interfacial void formation observed in the absence of this technique. Based on CNT growth rates, an activation energy of 0.52 eV was observed for CNT synthesis for all film structures, regardless of pore aspect ratio. The optimization of templated CNT synthesis is expected to assist in the development of highdensity vertically oriented CNT-based devices. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Infrared spectroscopy of gas phase benzenium ions: protonated benzene and protonated toluene, from 750 to 3400 cm-1.

Gas phase C6H7+ and C7H9+ ions are studied with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy (IRPD) and the method of rare gas tagging. The ions are produced in a pulsed electric discharge supersonic expansion source from benzene or toluene precursors. We observe exclusively the formation of either the C2v benzenium ion (protonated benzene) or the para isomer of the toluenium ion (protonated toluene). The infrared spectral signatures associated with each ion are established between 750 and 3400 cm−1. Comparing the gas phase spectrum of the benzenium ion to the spectrum obtained in a superacid matrix [Perkampus, H. H.; Baumgarten, E. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1964, 3, 776], we find that the C2v structure of the gas phase species is minimally affected by the matrix environment. An intense band near 1610 cm−1 is observed for both ions and is indicative of the allylic π-electron density associated with the six membered ring in these systems. This spectral signature, also observed for alkyl substituted benzenium ions a...
Detection of a gem-diamine and a stable quinonoid intermediate in the reaction catalyzed by serine–glyoxylate aminotransferase from Hyphomicrobium methylovorum

Abstract Background The enzyme l -serine–glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGAT) from Hyphomicrobium methylovorum is a PLP-containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l -serine and glyoxylate to hydroxypyruvate and glycine. The cloned enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli is isolated as a mixture of the E:PLP and E:PMP forms. The PLP form of the enzyme has a maximum absorbance at 413 nm. Methods Uv–visible spectra of SGAT were obtained using an HP-8453 diode array spectrophotometer in the absence and presence of substrates and substrate analogs. Pre-steady state kinetic studies were carried out using an OLIS rapid scanning spectrophotometer in the rapid scanning mode. Results Incubation of the enzyme with a saturating concentration D-serine leads to a shift in the 413 nm peak to 421 nm that is ascribed to the external aldimine. The reverse stereochemistry of D-serine does not allow for abstraction of the Cα proton by the e-amine of the active site lysine residue leading to an abortive external aldimine intermediate. Pre-steady state studies pushing SGAT against d -serine leads to a rapid decrease in the 413 nm peak and an increase at ∼ 330 nm with an associated rate constant of 47 s − 1 at pH 7.6. This is followed by a slower decrease (0.26 s − 1 ) at 330 nm and an increase and shift of the 413 nm peak to 421 nm. The intermediate species that absorbs at ∼ 330 nm is attributed to the gem -diamine intermediate. The rate of the fast phase increases with pH and increase in rate is likely due to the deprotonation of an enzymatic group that accepts a proton from the α-amine of d -serine. In the presence of hydroxypyruvate and ammonia the enzyme spectra display an increase in absorbance at 521 nm that occurs on the order of minutes. The shape and position of the 521 nm species is consistent with a quinonoid intermediate. General significance The data suggest a non-enzymatic reaction between hydroxypyruvate and ammonia to form an imine which will be in equilibrium with the enamine. A mechanism is proposed by which the enamine reacts with the PLP form of SGAT to generate the stable highly conjugated quinonoid intermediate.
Solid Infrared Spectra, Assignment and Vibrational Potential Function of Diazomethane

Infrared spectra of pure solid diazomethane and diazomethane in nitrogen or argon are given here for the molecules CH2N2, CD2N2, CHDN2, and CH2N15N. These data combined with the gas‐phase spectra reported earlier provide a basis for a reassignment of the vibrational spectrum. The vibrational potential function, centrifugal distortion constants, Coriolis coupling constants, and thermodynamic functions of diazomethane have been calculated. The out‐of‐plane hydrogen bending force constant is found to be unusually low, 0.045×10—11 erg rad—2. This is about one‐fifth of that for ethylene and about one‐half of that for ketene. The observed divergence of the energy levels of the out‐of‐plane hydrogen bending mode shows that there must be a large positive quartic contribution to the potential function for this motion.
Action research in public schools: is it research? Should it be reviewed?

Teachers conduct in-class action research to solve classroom problems. Cases of K-12 classroom action research were examined to determine which of them require ethics review. A variety of action research projects were collected and transformed into fictitious examples that could be systematically examined to answer these questions pertinent to whether ethics review is required. The resulting analysis suggested that much classroom action research is a local curriculum development activity, which solves important problems but does not require ethics review for various reasons. If it is human research, as defined in the U.S. Common Rule, and is funded by an agency covered by the Common Rule, or if it is not funded but is human research conducted within an institution that has agreed to review all human research, ethics review is legally required unless the intervention is normal educational practice. However, since some action research may trigger other legal requirements, such as the U.S. Family Educational...
Production and distribution of dry matter in maize following changes in plant population after flowering

SUMMARY Maize plants were grown singly in pots in a population of 3.7 plants m-2, and 98 days after sowing (shortly after flowering) were arranged into three populations, 1.27 (W), 3.70 (M), and 6.15 (C) plants m-2, respectively. The plants were harvested 131 days after sowing, about 4 wk before the normal time of maturity, because some plants at the closest spacing began dying. Increment of dry weight between days 98 and 131 was 373, 243, and 108 g/plant and grain dry weight at harvest was 218, 220 and 195 g/plant in populations W, M and C, respectively. Thus, dry weight of parts of the plant other than grain increased in population W, remained about the same in population M, and decreased in population C between days 98 and 131. Number of kernels per plant was c. 540 in all three populations. On day 98, immediately after rearrangement, leaf area index (L) was 2.0, 5.8 and 9.7 in populations W, M and C, respectively. By day 131 L had decreased to 6.7 in population C, but had hardly changed in the other two populations. Crop growth rate between days 98 and 131 was 101, 191 and 141 g m-2 wk-1, and grain dry wt per unit of land on day 131 was 277, 816 and 1196 g m-2, in populations W, M and C, respectively.
Contrast echocardiography can assess risk area and infarct size during coronary occlusion and reperfusion: experimental validation.

Abstract Objectives We sought to validate the ability of real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) measures of opacification defect and contrast refilling parameters to estimate risk area (RA) and infarct area (IA) during coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Background No data exist establishing the accuracy of MCE in determining RA and IA size. We hypothesized that in the setting of coronary occlusion, MCE should identify RA as a perfusion defect early after bubble destruction, collateral flow to viable myocardium as opacification late during refilling and IA as absent opacification. Methods Three hours of coronary occlusion and reperfusion were each produced in 11 dogs in which real-time MCE was performed during intravenous infusion of Sonovue (Bracco). Real-time contrast echocardiography was performed at baseline, during occlusion and reperfusion. Early (BEGIN) and end (END) images from a FLASH refilling sequence were acquired, as well as late refilling images (LATE) 1 min after FLASH. Real-time contrast echocardiography defect size and quantitative refilling parameters were compared with RA and IA determined by tissue staining. Results During occlusion, defect size varied with refilling time; defects from BEGIN images correlated best to RA and those from LATE images to IA. Refilling parameters, but not LATE peak intensity, did not predict the IA size during occlusion. During reperfusion, defects from BEGIN images were well correlated to RA and END images to IA, whereas peak plateau intensity and refilling slope parameters predicted IA size. Conclusions Real-time contrast echocardiography defect size varies throughout microbubble refilling. Appropriately selected defect sizes and refilling parameters provide estimates of RA and IA during coronary occlusion and reperfusion.
MESOAMERICA'S FORMATIVE SCHOLAR: GARETH W. LOWE, 1922–2004

The challenge in summing up the active life and productive career of any famous person is to put the important facts on record while steering a respectful path between hagiography and recitation of his curriculum vitae. We attempt to do this for our esteemed colleague and mentor, one of Mesoamerica's last originals, Gareth W. Lowe (Figure 1). With his death on March 8, 2004, in Tucson, Arizona, at age 82, Gareth left behind a legacy that reaches far beyond his well-deserved international reputation. Gareth spent 50 years of his life working in Mesoamerica, principally on the Formative period in Chiapas, Mexico. He first went to southern Mexico in 1953 as a crew member of the newly organized New World Archaeological Foundation (NWAF). Two years later, the NWAF was rescued by the sponsorship of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and much later (in 1976) it became part of Brigham Young University. Gareth served two stints as NWAF field director (1956–1959, 1961–1975), basically as de facto director, and finally served officially as director from 1975 to 1987. In a real sense, Gareth was the NWAF, and its successes and agenda were largely his. The story of one cannot be understood without the other.
Removal Of Fe, Co, Ni, And Cu From Zr For 0.01-Db/Km Fluoride Optical Fibers

For attainment of 0.01-dB/km absorption losses in the 2-4 micrometer range, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper concentrations in fluoride fibers must lie in the 0.2-10 range. (1 PPB = 1 mol/109 mol glass.) Commercial grades of zirconium salts tend to form colloids and to contain hundreds or thousands of times more than the tolerable concentrations. We have found filtration to be partially effective for colloid removal. Working with rela-tively concentrated (2 molar, about 17% by weight) solutions of Zr salts, we have introduced about 7000 PPB each of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. We have determined that all of these metals can readily be removed, by laboratory-scale ion-exchange methods, to meet the absorption stan-dards for 0.01-dB/km absorption.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Silver- and Gold-Mediated Nucleobase Bonding

We report the results of a density functional theory investigation of the bonding of nucleobases mediated by silver and gold atoms in the gas phase. Our calculations use the Becke exchange and Perdew–Wang correlation functional (BPW91) combined with the Stuttgart effective core potentials to represent the valence electrons of gold, silver, and platinum, and the all-electron DGTZVP basis set for C, H, N, and O. This combination was chosen based on tests on the metal atoms and tautomers of adenine, cytosine, and guanine. To establish a benchmark to understand the metal-mediated bonding, we calculated the binding energy of each of the base pairs in their canonical forms. Our calculations show rather strong bonds between the Watson–Crick base pairs when compared with typical values for N–H–N and N–H–O hydrogen bonds. The neutral metal atoms tend to bond near the nitrogen atoms. The effect of the metal atoms on the bonding of nucleobases differs depending on whether or not the metal atoms bond to one of the hydrogen-bonding sites. When the silver or gold atoms bond to a non-hydrogen-bonding site, the effect is a slight enhancement of the cytosine–guanine bonding, but there is almost no effect on the adenine–thymine pairing. The metal atoms can block one of the hydrogen-bonding sites, thus preventing the normal cytosine–guanine and adenine–thymine pairings. We also find that both silver and gold can bond to consecutive guanines in a similar fashion to platinum, albeit with a significantly lower binding energy.
The Importance of Conditioning in Conditioned Immunosuppression

(1988). The Importance of Conditioning in Conditioned Immunosuppression. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 39, No. 3-4, pp. 289-297.
Molecular characterization of plasminogen activators in human gingival crevicular fluid.

Abstract Plasminogen activators (PAs), a family of serine proteases, and their inhibitors (PAIs) are important in fibrinolysis, wound healing and tissue remodelling. Previous studies revealed differences in the localization of PA activity between healthy and diseased gingival tissues, suggesting that PAs and PAIs could play a part in periodontal homeostasis and disease. PAs and PAIs are synthesized by most of the cell types making up the periodontium and can be identified in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). These studies sought to characterize the molecular species of PAs and their inhibitors in GCF collected from clinically healthy sites. PA enzymatic activity in GCF samples demonstrated by fibrin zymography revealed the presence of only tissue-type PA (tPA) activity. No urokinase-type PA (uPA) enzymatic activity was detected. tPA enzymatic activity appeared predominantly as an uncomplexed 70-kDa species, although some samples contained enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Quantitation of total tPA by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean concentration of 1.6ng/μl. Analysis of GCF samples for uPA by immunoblotting and enzyme immunoassay disclosed the presence of small amounts of uPA (0.2 ng/μl), which were present predominantly in activator-inhibitor complexes. Immunoblotting showed specific PAI-2 immunoreactivity bands in high molecular-weight complexes and low molecular-weight degradation products, but less than nanogram amounts of free PAI-2 molecules. Enzyme immunoassay revealed that PAI-2 was present in an at least a seven times greater amount than PAI-1. These observations support the hypothesis that PA-generated proteolysis and its regulation by endogenous inhibitors has a role in the diverse biochemical mechanisms underlying periodontal physiology and pathology including host-microbial interaction, polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration, turnover and migration of epithelial cells, connective tissue degradation and remodelling, fibrinolysis and wound healing.
Understanding the importance of organizational and system variables on addiction treatment services within criminal justice settings

NIDA's Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) is the primary vehicle for testing emerging treatment interventions and fostering adoption of evidence-based therapies in criminal justice settings. The papers in this issue of Drug and Alcohol Dependence use data from the CJ-DATS National Criminal Justice Treatment Practice Survey to explore the influence of organizational and system variables on access to addiction treatment and the types of services available within correctional settings. This essay provides context for the papers in this issue of Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Systems and organizational interventions that improve the delivery and quality of drug abuse treatment services are described and the potential to apply systems change thinking to addiction treatment services available in the criminal justice system is discussed. Each paper is described briefly. CJ-DATS is evolving to support research at the organizational and systems level that facilitates the implementation and sustainability of research-supported treatments and business practices in criminal justice settings.
Synthesis of low/zero index of refraction metamaterials from frequency selective surfaces using genetic algorithms

Presented is a new means of synthesising thin, planar low or zero index metamaterials (LIM/ZIM) via frequency selective surfaces (FSS), the parameters of which are optimised using a genetic algorithm. FSS-based LIM/ZIM possess advantages such as light weight, ease of fabrication, low loss, and are readily scalable in frequency.
The Effects of Dipotassium Endothall on the Zooplankton and Water Quality of a Small Pond

: Zooplankton samples and dissolved oxygen-temperature readings and water samples were taken from a treatment and control pond on 41 and 42 separate occasions, respectively, both before and after the application of 5.0 mg/l (a.i.) dipotassium endothall to the 0.31 ha treatment pond on May 31, 1973. Seasonal fluctuations in the density of Cladocera and Copepoda coincided quite closely in both ponds and were similar to the fluctuations reported in the literature to be typical of temperate region ponds and lakes. An apparent seasonal shift in generic composition from .Daphnia spp. in May to Ceriodaphnia spp. in June to Chydorus spp. from July/early September occurred in both ponds and is thought to be at least partially due to fish predation. No apparent changes in species composition or generic densities of Cladocerans was noted in the treatment pond that did not also occur in the control pond. There were no noticeable effects of the dipotassium endothall on either the Calanoida or Cyclopoida suborders of Copepoda. A later pulse of Ostracoda in the treatment pond, when compared to the control, may have been due to the dipotassium endothall or to a combination of the effects of the herbicide on the macrophytes and the method of sampling. A decrease in dissolved oxygen below saturation, occurring in the treated pond from 3–21 days after treatment, was attributed to an increase in biological oxygen demand associated with weed-kill. There was no noticeable increase in plant nutrients (N and P) in the treated pond following herbicide application, nor were there any apparent changes in the other chemical parameters studied.
Reinforcing inspiration for technology acceptance: Improving memory and software training results through neuro-physiological performance

This paper investigates the phenomenon of reinforcing inspiration for technology acceptance by improving memory and software training results Neuro-physiological performance. Monitoring of cortisol levels provided feedback for a decision support system that measured errors and elapsed time for training tasks completed by end-users of a health care application. The training success was measured utilizing statistics, SEM and a Fuzzy approach. The predictive model was implemented by comparing the regression, fuzzy logic and SEM results. Data collected from 338 health care workers were used to test a proposed model that inspiration, memory, and inspirational memory affect end user intention to adopt a digitized patient record software application. Structural equation modeling showed that, as expected, inspiration affected the individual behavior of the end users. Inspiration had an interactive impact through memory on collective acceptance of the technology, thereby affecting subsequent evaluations and behavior. The proposed model was nomologically validated through the use of a portable platform loaded with software for the electronic collection of operational-level health care data. Embedded metrics measured participants' memory as operationalized by task completion time, number of errors, and completeness of the data. In order to triangulate the results, salivary cortisol levels collected from 74 health care workers were used to measure whether inspiration improves memory and affects end user intention to adopt the application through reduced errors and decreased completion times. This paper contributes to the literature by introducing inspiration as a key driver that improves memory to affect end user intention to use digitized patient record technology.
Axoplasmic transport in aged rats.

Abstract The velocities of 3H-proteins undergoing fast axoplasmic transport in sciatic nerves were measured in rats of different ages with close attention paid to temperature regulation during the period of transport. The rate of axoplasmic transport slowed from a high of 453 ± 15 mm/day at 3 months of age, to 406 ± 16 mm/day in the 37- to 38-month-old group. Although a statistically significant reduction in the rate of fast transport was found in the oldest age group compared with the other ages, all transport velocities taken together did not differ from the overall measurement of 410 ± 40 mm/day found for other mammals. The relation of the radioactivity remaining in the somal pool to that transported in the crest also remained the same for all age groups. A comparison of fast transport with the changes in slow transport reported in the literature for aged animals is discussed.
LAUNCH CONDITION DEVIATIONS OF REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE SIMULATIONS IN EXO-ATMOSPHERIC ZOOM CLIMBS

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has proposed a two-stage system to deliver a small payload to orbit. The proposal calls for an airplane to perform an exo-atmospheric zoom climb maneuver, from which a second-stage rocket is launched carrying the payload into orbit. The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center has conducted an in-house generic simulation study to determine how accurately a human-piloted airplane can deliver a second-stage rocket to a desired exo-atmospheric launch condition. A high-performance, fighter-type, fixed-base, real-time, pilot-in-the-loop airplane simulation has been modified to perform exo-atmospheric zoom climb maneuvers. Four research pilots tracked a reference trajectory in the presence of winds, initial offsets, and degraded engine thrust to a second-stage launch condition. These launch conditions have been compared to the reference launch condition to characterize the expected deviation. At each launch condition, a speed change was applied to the second-stage rocket to insert the payload onto a transfer orbit to the desired operational orbit. The most sensitive of the test cases was the degraded thrust case, yielding second-stage launch energies that were too low to achieve the radius of the desired operational orbit. The handling qualities of the airplane, as a first-stage vehicle, have also been investigated.
An ultrastructural study of the invasion of Ascaris suum larvae by neutrophils

Abstract Neutrophils are capable of penetrating the cuticle of the second-stage larvae of the nematode Ascaris suum . The integrity of the internal tissues of the larvae is then destroyed by cytoplasmic extensions of the neutrophils.
Estimating Demand Elasticities in Non-Stationary Panels: The Case of Hawaii Tourism

Abstract It is natural to turn to the richness of panel data to improve the precision of estimated tourism demand elasticities. However, the likely presence of common shocks shared across the underlying macroeconomic variables and across regions in the panel has so far been neglected in the tourism literature. We deal with the effects of cross-sectional dependence by applying Pesaran’s (2006) common correlated effects estimator, which is consistent under a wide range of conditions and is relatively simple to implement. We study the extent to which tourist arrivals from the US Mainland to Hawaii are driven by fundamentals such as real personal income and travel costs, and we demonstrate that ignoring cross-sectional dependence leads to spurious results.
A more rugged ZnS(Ag) alpha scintillation detector

An alpha scintillation detector more rugged and durable than conventional models has been developed. The newly developed scintillator assembly consists of a mixture of silver-activated zinc sulfide (ZnS(Ag)) and clear epoxy. The ZnS(Ag) scintillation powder is mixed with a low-viscosity, optically transparent epoxy and poured into a glass-smooth mold of desired shape and size. The scintillator particles settle to the bottom of the epoxy, leaving a smooth scintillator that can be easily covered with an opaque material once the epoxy has cured. Results have shown this detector to be strong, durable, and slightly more efficient than conventional alpha scintillation detectors. The extra ruggedness offered by this monolithic assembly makes the detector more durable for field surveys; therefore, it requires less maintenance than conventional alpha detectors using Mylar entrance windows. >