cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neotypes for Porites porites (Pallas, 1766) and Porites divaricata Le Sueur, 1820 and remarks on other western Atlantic species of Porites (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Abstract To stabilize the taxonomy of the genus Porites in the western Atlantic and provide a foundation from which to launch future taxonomic research, neotypes for the coral species Porites porites and P. divaricata are chosen and Porites verrillii is proposed as a junior synonym of P. astreoides. Colony photographs and stereo scanning electron micrographs are provided of corallites of: 1) neotypes of P. porites (i.e., the P. clavaria holotype) and P. divaricata, 2) the holotypes of P. furcata, P. branneri, P. colonensis, and P. verrillii, and 3) a common P. astreoides. A brief taxonomic history of the genus is also provided.
Reciprocal regulation of p53 and malic enzymes modulates metabolism and senescence

Cellular senescence both protects multicellular organisms from cancer and contributes to their ageing. The pre-eminent tumour suppressor p53 has an important role in the induction and maintenance of senescence, but how it carries out this function remains poorly understood. In addition, although increasing evidence supports the idea that metabolic changes underlie many cell-fate decisions and p53-mediated tumour suppression, few connections between metabolic enzymes and senescence have been established. Here we describe a new mechanism by which p53 links these functions. We show that p53 represses the expression of the tricarboxylic-acid-cycle-associated malic enzymes ME1 and ME2 in human and mouse cells. Both malic enzymes are important for NADPH production, lipogenesis and glutamine metabolism, but ME2 has a more profound effect. Through the inhibition of malic enzymes, p53 regulates cell metabolism and proliferation. Downregulation of ME1 and ME2 reciprocally activates p53 through distinct MDM2- and AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated mechanisms in a feed-forward manner, bolstering this pathway and enhancing p53 activation. Downregulation of ME1 and ME2 also modulates the outcome of p53 activation, leading to strong induction of senescence, but not apoptosis, whereas enforced expression of either malic enzyme suppresses senescence. Our findings define physiological functions of malic enzymes, demonstrate a positive-feedback mechanism that sustains p53 activation, and reveal a connection between metabolism and senescence mediated by p53.
Coccidioidomycosis in Renal Replacement Therapy

The potential risk of coccidioidomycosis has led to concern about the advisability of maintaining renal transplantation programs in endemic areas. We reviewed the charts of 721 patients undergoing dialysis and 260 renal transplant recipients in Arizona to determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical course of coccidioidomycosis in these immunosuppressed populations. Symptomatic infection occurred in six (0.8%) patients undergoing dialysis and 18 (6.9%) transplant recipients. Male sex and blood type B predisposed to dissemination. Urine cultures for fungus were important diagnostic aids. Four of six patients with infection limited to the thorax and five of 18 patients with dissemination remained alive after seven months to 7 1/2 years. Although the rate of dissemination (75%) and mortality (63%) from coccidioidomycosis were high, the incidence of infection was low and does not preclude renal transplantation in Arizona. Those who have received transplants elsewhere should be advised not to move to or visit areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis. (Arch Intern Med1982;142:489-494)
Measurements of spatially growing dust acoustic waves in a dc glow discharge plasma

In this paper, an experiment is performed on dust acoustic waves in a dc glow discharge plasma. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (stereo-PIV) techniques are used to make measurements of the dust acoustic waves. These stereo-PIV measurements reveal the spatial growth of the waves over three to six wavelengths before reaching a saturated level. Experimental measurements are shown to agree with a simple model for spatially varying waves.
Reliable microjoints for chip stacking formed by solid-liquid interdiffusion (SLID) bonding

In this research, thousands of 20 μm pitch microbumps with a diameter of 10 μm and a structure of pure Sn cap on Cu pillar were electroplated on 8 inch wafers, and those wafers were then respectively singularized to be top chip (5 mm × 5 mm) and bottom Si interposer (10 mm × 10 mm) for stacking. Two methods including conventional reflow and solid-liquid interdiffusion (SLID) bonding were chosen to interconnect the microbumps on the chip and on the interposer. In the former case, the as-plated Sn caps were fluxed with Senju Metal's WF-6400 paste, and the chip was then placed on a Si interposer using a SUSS FC-150 bonder at room temperature. Afterwards, the Sn caps on the chip and on the Si interposer were melted and interconnected at a peak temperature of 250°C in an ERSA's reflow oven (Hotflow 7). The flux residues were cleaned after reflow, and the microgap between the chip and the Si interposer were fully sealed by a Namics' capillary underfill with an average filler size of 0.3 um. Regarding the SLID bonding, the oxides on the as-plated Sn caps were removed by a plasma etcher first, and then the chip was placed on the interposer by the SUSS FC-150 bonder as well, subsequently, the Sn caps were heated up to 260°C to react with Cu to form Cu 6 Sn 5 completely. In the final, the intermetallic microjoints were also protected by the same capillary underfill. After assembling, the JEDEC preconditioning test was used to screen the test vehicles for reliability assessment, and then a temperature cycling test was performed to predict the lifespan of the microjoints. The test results showed that the microjoints formed by SLID bonding provided a superior reliability performance to those assembled by reflow. According to the images of focus ion beam (FIB), the intermetallic phases of Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn coexisted at the interface between the Sn cap and the Cu pillar after reflow once, and some Kirkendall voids were found at the Cu 3 Sn / Cu pillar interface concurrently. When the microjoints undergone 3 times more reflow in the preconditioning test, the Kirkendall voids accumulated and was going to speed up the failure of microjoints as experienced just hundreds of temperature cycles. On the other hand, the microjoints produced by SLID bonding have not failed when thousands of temperature cycles passed. Based on those evidences, it is claimed here that SLID is an efficient bonding method to form reliable intermetallic microjoints for chip stacking.
Relative contributions of abiotic and biological factors in Fe(II) oxidation in mine drainage

The oxidation of Fe(II) is apparently the rate-limiting step in passive treatment of coal mine drainage. Little work has been done to determine the kinetics of oxidation in such field systems, and no models of passive treatment systems explicitly consider iron oxidation kinetics. A Stella II™ model using Fe(II)init concentration, pH, temperature, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and O2 concentration, flow rate, and pond volume is used to predict Fe(II) oxidation rates and concentrations in seventeen ponds under a wide range of conditions (pH 2.8 to 6.8 with Fe(II) concentrations of less than 240 mg L−1) from 6 passive treatment facilities. The oxidation rate is modeled based on the combination of published abiotic and biological laboratory rate laws. Although many other variables have been observed to influence Fe(II) oxidation rates, the 7 variables above allow field systems to be modeled reasonably accurately for conditions in this study. Measured T. ferrooxidans concentrations were approximately 107 times lower than concentrations required in the model to accurately predict field Fe(II) concentrations. This result suggests that either 1) the most probable number enumeration method underestimated the bacterial concentrations, or 2) the biological rate law employed underestimated the influence of bacteria, or both. Due to this discrepancy, bacterial concentrations used in the model for pH values of less than 5 are treated as fit parameters rather than empirically measured values. Predicted Fe(II) concentrations in ponds agree well with measured Fe(II) concentrations, and predicted oxidation rates also agree well with field-measured rates. From pH 2.8 to approximately pH 5, Fe(II) oxidation rates are negatively correlated with pH and catalyzed by T. ferrooxidans. From pH 5 to 6.4, Fe(II) oxidation appears to be primarily abiotic and is positively correlated with pH. Above pH 6.4, oxidation appears to be independent of pH. Above pH 5, treatment efficiency is affected most by changing design parameters in the following order: pH>temperature≈influent Fe(II)>pond volume≈O2. Little to no increase in Fe(II) oxidation rate occurs due to pH increases above pH 6.4. Failure to consider Fe(II) oxidation rates in treatment system design may result in insufficient Fe removal.
The Missing Migrants: African Seeds in the Demographer's Field

The three principal components of demography--fertility, mortality, and migration--can each provide information for reconstructing elements of the African past. Birth rate, more than anything else, determines the reproduction of the labor force, a particular concern of many historians. Death rate is an existential measure of the quality of life; any assessment of the long-run effects of colonial rule must take into account any discernable changes in mortality patterns that may have occurred. Finally, the study of migration is essential for understanding the redistribution of people and resources which resulted from the slave trade and colonization. Although all three indicators are essential for a complete understanding of the history of a given population, they occur with substantially different rhythms. Mortality is a one-time happening for us all. Fertility depends on both partners in a sexual union, although most clearly circumscribed by menarchy and menopause in females. Migration, particularly in Africa, has affected males more frequently than females and can be, moreover, an abrupt and irregular phenomenon. Following the three activities simultaneously is thus an extremely complex undertaking. For the developed world demographers have examined whole countries for periods as far removed as the eighteenth century and individual villages for demographic phenomena reaching back to the Middle Ages. Unfortunately for students of Africa, the materials available to us are not nearly so rich. Most colonial regimes did not conduct censuses in the current sense of the word. At most, they conducted surveys or village-by-village ‘nose counts’ which, naturally, vary enormously in their reliability.
The Land We Share: Private Property and the Common Good

Is private ownership an inviolate right that individuals can wield as they see fit? Or is it better understood in more collective terms, as an institution that communities reshape over time to promote evolving goals? What should it mean to be a private landowner in an age of sprawling growth and declining biological diversity? These provocative questions lie at the heart of this wide-ranging book by legal scholar and conservationist Eric Freyfogle. Bringing together insights from history, law, philosophy and ecology, Freyfogle undertakes an enquiry into the ownership of nature, leading us behind publicized and contentious disputes over open-space regulation, wetlands protection and wildlife habitat to reveal the foundations of and changing ideas about private ownership in America. Drawing upon ideas from Thomas Jefferson, Henry George and Aldo Leopold, and interweaving engaging accounts of actual disputes over land-use issues, Freyfogle develops a vision of what private ownership in America could mean - an ownership system, fair to owners and taxpayers alike, that fosters healthy land and healthy economies.
Acute Renal Failure Associated with Suspected Amanita smithiana Mushroom Ingestions: A Case Series

. Mushroom poisoning leading to acute renal failure is extremely rare in North America. Cortinarius species and Amanita smithiana both can cause acute renal failure and inhabit the Pacific northwest. This article describes 4 patients who presented in acute renal failure and who ingested mushrooms described as resembling A. smithiana. Two patients (a 74-year-old Korean couple) described eating mushrooms with an approximately 6 × 0.5-inch stipe with a white cap, 1.25-1.5 inches in diameter. The other 2 patients (a 55-year-old male and a 30-year-old female) also described a white-capped mushroom. All believed they were eating the matsutake (Tricho-loma magnivalere) mushroom, which can be mistaken for A. smithiana. Onset of gastrointestinal symptoms ranged from 20 minutes to 12 hours, and presentation in acute renal failure ranged from 4 to 6 days postingestion (initial BUN and creatinine were 72–91 mg/dL and 12–13.9 mg/dL, respectively). One patient had underlying mild renal insufficiency and one had hypertension that was under control, while the others had no risk factors for renal disease. None had any other explanation for the episode of acute renal failure. All underwent acute hemodialysis for at least several weeks, eventually returning to baseline renal function.
Investigation of the Impact of Latex Components On the Survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Control of biological spoilage is critical to the success of any coatings formulation. However, problems with bacterial resistance and biocide toxicity require changes in waterborne resin preparation and the resulting formulated product. Despite the importance of controlling bacteria-induced spoilage, very little research exists in the field. Critical aspects of biocide/bacteria/coatings component interactions must be understood in order to improve the design of future biocides specific for coatings formulations.
Social Values, Conformity, and Dress

This study examined the influence of social values on the importance of various clothing features. A model is hypothesized in which social values lead to differing needs for group identification, affiliation, and conformity, which influence clothing feature importance. In general, social values are associated with a high need for affiliation and group identification, conformity, and a greater emphasis on both the utilitarian and the display aspects of clothing (style and brand name). Theoretically, values are desirable and enduring end-states that influence both attitudes and behavior (Kahle, 1983; Rokeach, 1973). Empirically, few studies have actually examined how the abstract guiding principles of values are translated into more concrete consumer phenomenon. This study hypothesizes a sequential set of relations from social values, to group identification and affiliation, to conformity, to the importance placed on various clothing features. It is an effort to integrate theoretically and test empirically the findings of past research and to establish a link between values, attitudes, and more concrete and specific consumer phenomena (in this case, the importance of various clothing features). Implicit in this analysis is the assumption that different individuals attach different levels of importance to the interpersonal aspects of clothing. Social values influence the need for affiliation, which ultimately influences the relative importance attached to the display dimensions of clothing (e.g., style, brand name), versus the utilitarian properties of a garment (e.g., ease of care, durability). Clothing is an important and controllable means of communicating one's values (Kaiser, 1985), rich in psychosocial and emotional consequences (Goldsmith & Stith, 1992). Its public and visible nature make it an ideal domain for studying the influence of values on more concrete consumer phenomenon.
Anemia as a presenting manifestation of giant cell arteritis.

Nine older patients sought medical attention because of malaise and fatigue. Each had a hypoproliferative anemia and their hematocrits ranged from 27 to 32%. When an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) exceeded 100 mm/hr the temporal artery was biopsied. Giant cell arteritis was found in 4 biopsies and 2 others showed focal calcification. All patients were given corticosteroids and their symptoms improved rapidly, hematocrit values rose, and ESR fell.
SU-GG-T-362: Intercomparision of Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Codes MCNPX, GEANT4 and FLUKA for Simulating Proton Radiation Therapy of the Eye

Purpose: To compare the dosimetric accuracy and simulation speed of Monte Carloradiationtransport codes MCNPX, GEANT4 and FLUKA for simulating protonradiation therapy of the eye. Method and Materials:Monte Carlo simulations of an ocular treatment beam line consisting of a nozzle and a water phantom were carried out using MCNPX, GEANT4 and FLUKA. The simulations were performed for a circular and a hemi‐circular final collimating aperture. The simulated central axis percent depth dose profiles and the cross‐field dose profiles at a depth of 17.5 cm in the water phantom were compared with the bench marked experimental data for the circular aperture at the range setting 25 cm. In addition, cross field profiles at the same depth were studied for the ranges from 20 cm to 40 cm in steps of 5 cm using the hemi‐circular aperture. Simulation efficiency in parallel processing architectures was evaluated by comparing the number of proton histories simulated per time per CPU. Results: The maximum differences between absorbed dose profiles from any of the simulations and the measurements were 6% and 0.6 mm, while typical differences were a factor of three smaller. The computation efficiency of the various Monte Carlo codes differed approximately by a factor of two or less for similar simulation conditions. Conclusion: Preliminary results indicate that the Monte Carlotransport codes considered for the study are similar to one another in computational efficiency and in accuracy. All of the codes considered were sufficiently accurate for calculating protondose distributions in the eye.
Sclerosis of Postoperative Lymphoceles: Avoidance of Prolonged Catheter Drainage with Use of a Fibrin Sealant

PURPOSE To review experience with fibrin-based tissue sealant sclerosis of postsurgical lymphoceles at a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen patients who presented with postsurgical lymphoceles were treated with injection of fibrin tissue sealant. Procedures were performed under fluoroscopic and sonographic guidance. All lymphoceles were drained and sclerosed with a mixture of fibrin sealant and gentamicin. No drainage catheter was left in place. Postprocedural follow-up consisted of imaging and clinical evaluations. RESULTS Twelve men and three women (mean age, 52 years) were treated. Eleven patients with lymphoceles were successfully treated with one session of sclerosis. Four patients required more than one treatment (two underwent two sessions, and two underwent three sessions). Seven patients undergoing a single treatment experienced complete resolution, and the remaining patients had smaller, persistent, asymptomatic collections. Imaging mean follow-up was 114 days (range, 5–339 d); mean clinical follow-up was 487 days (range, 195–856 d). There were no periprocedural complications. CONCLUSION The use of fibrin sealant is safe and effective in the sclerosis of postoperative lymphoceles.
An Analysis of Ancient Egyptian Settlement Patterns Using Location-Allocation Covering Models

Abstract Location-allocation models may be used to focus upon a multiplicity of factors potentially underlying settlement pattern development. We describe several such maximal covering models and their applicability in understanding the degree of political centralization in the Nile Valley during the Ramessid period (ca. 1317–1070 B.C.). The results of the covering models support the contention that the main objective of the Ramessid bureaucracy in choosing sites for administrative centers was to maximize control of the Nile Valley population and the agricultural labor power they provided, to supply much needed land rent-taxes to the royal coffers. Even when a premium is placed upon centrality (i.e., spatial coverage) at the expense of maximizing the population which could be served from a set of administrative centers, capitals of eight political subdivisions (nomes) appear consistently in the solution sets. Factors not accounted for in the covering model, such as trade routes and selected resource depos...
Intravenous diazepam fails to change growth hormone and cortisol secretion in humans

Some, but not all studies have reported that a single dose of benzodiazepine affects growth hormone (GH) and cortisol secretion in healthy volunteers. The majority of studies that found GH elevations after benzodiazepine administration did not use placebo trials. The present placebo-controlled investigation determined plasma GH and cortisol levels after intravenous administration of diazepam (0.15 mg/kg) to 10 healthy volunteers. Neither GH nor cortisol secretion changed significantly after diazepam infusion. The lack of placebo trials and the presence of elevated baseline GH values may have been responsible for peak GH elevations reported in previous studies.
Marital Disruption and Health: Investigating the Role of Divorce in Differential Outcomes

Abstract In this paper, we consider the role of marital disruption on health. Much research that has focused on this topic has looked at the mental health effects of divorce with less attention paid to indicators of physical health. Research on mental health indicates that the events of divorce create psychological distress (social causation) but that pre-existing conditions (selectivity) also play a role. We explore this argument for indicators of physical health. Using data from the longitudinal survey Americans' Changing Lives, we find some direct relationship between physical health indicators and divorce. However, depression also plays an explanatory role. Further analysis indicates the role of selection in physical health and divorce. There is a significant relationship between initial physical health decrements and becoming divorced over a three-year period. Poor health, both physical and mental, contributes to becoming divorced. Implications of these results are discussed.
Comment on "New Eddy Viscosity Model for Computation of Swirling Turbulent Flows"

g, C.-M., "Comment on 'Critique of Turbulence Models for Shock-Induced plow Separation,' " AIAA Journal, Vol. 29, 1991. Ericsson, L. E., "Critique of Turbulence Models for ShockInduced Flow Separation," AIAA Journal, Vol. 27, Nov. 1989, pp. 1648-1650. Hung, C. M., "Computation of Three-Dimensional Shock Wave and Boundary-Layer Interactions," NASA TM 86780, August 1985. Dolling, D. S., "Comparison of Sharp and Blunt Fin-Induced Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions," AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, Oct. 1982, pp. 1385-1391. Knight, D., Horstman, C. C., Ruderich, R., Mao, M.-F., and Bogcjonoff, S. M., "Supersonic Turbulent Flow Past a 3-D Swept Compression Corner at Mach 3," AIAA Paper 87-0551, Jan. 1987. Knight, D., Raufer, D., Horstman, C. C., and Bogdonoff, S. M., "Supersonic Turbulent Flow Past a Swept Compression Corner," AIAA Paper 88-0310, Jan. 1988. Horstman, C. C., "Prediction of Secondary Separation in Shock Wave Boundary-Layer Interactions," Computers and Fluids, Vol. 17, Nov. 4, 1989, pp. 611-614. Bogdonoff, S. M., AIAA Paper 90-0766, Jan. 1990. After some elaborate manipulation, Kim and Chung obtained an expression for the eddy viscosity vt:
The Value of Urban Forests to Wintering Birds

Abstract Although the negative impacts of urbanization on ecological communities are usually emphasized in the literature, urban parks may make positive contributions to conservation. We hypothesized that riparian forest parks surrounded by urban development would support greater numbers and diversity of wintering birds than similar forests in more rural landscapes due to improved food resources and microclimate conditions in urban landscapes. During winters 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, we surveyed bird communities three times each year at 36 sites located in riparian forests along a rural-urban gradient in central Ohio. At each forest site, we measured forest width (m), landscape characteristics (percentages of urban and forest cover within 1 km), and local variables describing both habitat and microclimate conditions. Species richness, total abundance, and numbers of nine of 10 species were positively related to urban development within 1 km. These patterns may be partially explained by positive association...
Synthesis of YBa2Cu3Ox UNDER O2 pressure and its superconductivity

Abstract Conventional synthesis of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x from the metal oxides was followed by exposure at 550°C to 80 atm O 2 gas for 4 h. The resulting material has only a slightly higher superconducting transition temperature T c (97.7 versus 97.0 K) than the one prepared in air.
Ground state of the double-well condensate for quantum metrology

We discuss theoretically the ground state of a Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive atom-atom interactions in a double-well trap as a starting point of Heisenberg-limited atom interferometry. The dimensionless parameter governing the quality of the ground state for this purpose is identified. The near degeneracy between the ground state and the first excited state severely curtails the prospects of the thermally prepared ground state in quantum metrology.
Infrared Studies of Benzotriazole on Copper Electrode Surfaces: Role of Chloride in Promoting Reversibility

The potential-dependent behaviors of benzotriazole (BTAH) and 1-(methoxymethyl)-1H-benzotriazole (MeOMe-BTA) on copper surfaces were studied by cyclic voltammetry and in situ polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The identity of the anion in the supporting electrolyte has a significant effect on the formation and decomposition of the Cu(I)BTA multilayer surface complex. In chloride-containing solution, the Cu(I)BTA film is more easily formed. This film can be completely reduced upon excursion to more negative potentials. In sulfuric acid solution, the Cu(I)BTA film is formed less readily at more positive potentials and cannot be completely reduced at more negative potentials. The differences in the film formation/ decomposition in the two electrolytes are attributed to coordination of the anion (Cl or HSO 4 ) to the Cu(I) center of the Cu(I)BTA complex. Secondary ion mass spectrometric results also show that the anion coordination changes the amount of specific elements incorporated into the copper electrodeposit. MeOMe-BTA does not form a complex with copper due to blockage of one of the triazole ring nitrogens, and its electrochemical behavior is not affected by the anion identity.
Impairment of macrophage activation and granuloma formation by protein deprivation in mice

Protein-calorie malnutrition predisposes to infection by intracellular pathogens, but the basis for this predisposition is unclear. We studied the effect of protein deprivation on mouse peritoneal macrophage function and on granuloma formation during infection by bacille Calmette-Gueŕin (BCG). Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation elicited fewer peritoneal cells from mice fed a 2.5% protein diet than from mice fed an isocaloric chow in which protein calories constituted 24% of the total. LPS-elicited macrophages from protein-deprived mice demonstrated a reduction in spreading, total cell protein, cell lactate dehydrogenase, and release of superoxide anion (O2-) in response to stimulation. Priming in vitro by interferon (IFN)-gamma for enhanced release of O2- was also significantly impaired in protein-deprived mice. This defect was reversible by repletion with 24% protein diet for 10 days. Impairment of macrophage function in protein-deprived mice was further evidenced by an impaired capacity to express Ia antigen in response to IFN-gamma and by reduced production of IL-1 activity in response to LPS. Infection by BCG in protein-deprived mice was characterized by impaired granuloma development in liver, lungs, and spleen. Thus, in this model, protein deprivation significantly impaired macrophage activation, as assessed by morphologic, metabolic, and functional criteria. This impairment might compromise immune effector mechanisms dependent on macrophage activation, including rejection of intracellular pathogens.
Lead poisoning in an adult: Lead mobilization by pregnancy?

We report a case of acute lead poisoning in an adult female who had last been exposed to lead 7 years ago. She presented with abdominal pain, knee pain, and neurological symptoms, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and anemia with basophilic stippling and lead gum lines. Compared to during her recent pregnancy, her lead level had almost tripled in 5 months to 81 mcg/dL. Chelation therapy was initiated and improved the patient’s symptoms and lead level significantly. In the absence of any new lead exposure or other reasons for increased bone turnover, this acute lead increase was likely due to skeletal mobilization caused by increased resorption from mineralized tissue during and after her pregnancy. This case report illustrates the seriousness of long-term health effects associated with lead poisoning at a multi-organ level, even years after the initial exposure. Thus, patient care should not be limited to the acute treatment of increased lead levels, but also include prevention of increased mobilization and bone turnover and appropriate patient education. In this context, we review various aspects of lead toxicity, especially during pregnancy and lactation.
Mechanisms of chemical mutagenesis and carcinogenesis: effects on DNA replication of methylation at the O6-guanine position of dGTP

The incorporation of O6-methyl-dGTP during DNA replication in vitro by 'Klenow' E. coli pol I was determined. O6-Methyl-dGTP was found to: (i) incorporate opposite T and C template residues, with a greater than 20-fold preference for T, and (ii) arrest DNA synthesis when incorporated in place of dATP at all but pyrimidine-rich growing-strand sequences. The significance of O6-methyl-dGTP incorporation during DNA biosynthesis in vivo for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis is discussed.
Metaphor in the marketplace

This inquiry uses an anthropological construal of metaphor to argue for the multi-vocal presence of symbolic meanings in the marketplace. Metaphoric imagery is described as it emanates from marketers, popular culture media and consumers with respect to the product area of hair care. We identify two primary deep metaphors for hair: (1) a living organism requiring nourishment and hydration; and (2) a malleable structure that may be subjected to design and utilized as apparel, accessory, or protection. This theoretical approach is compared to two others currently `in play' in marketing: the Brands-as-Icons model of Holt (2004) and the Meaning Management Model of McCracken (2005).
WHAT CAN WE EXPECT FROM A THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY Prediction as a rejection test for theories is limited and unnecessarily severe. Useful knowledge frequently does not fall into this mold. Also the prediction test does not follow from the view that science provides coherent explanations of experience. The inapplicability of prediction as a sharp test is especially likely to be true for macro-economic development theories. Thus it may not be meaningful to say that a given theory is correct or incorrect in a strict sense. Where the phe-nomena that a theory covers is inseparable from a large system in which it is imbedded then it may be impossible in principle to discover the true relations between variables. Although no single simple test may exist for a class of theories there may be a number of considerations that help us judge the adequacy of some theories. Development theories may be looked upon as sets of partially connected sample relations that operate within a changing environment. Such relations should be credible. Sample relations based on hypotheses that constantly flout experience are likely to be poor samples. Thus the realism of assumptions matter. Theories of the type considered may be useful in that the sample relations are helpful in the discovery of specific relations in specific contexts that we hope will work frequently in a loose fitting servo-mechanistic type of arrangement so that (1) diagnoses of existing difficulties can be made, and (2) corrective policies fashioned which, while they cannot be expected to work universally, do work sufficiently frequently in terms of directional changes to be of interest.
Theory of the lattice energy, equilibrium structure, elastic constants, and pressure-induced phase transitions in alkali-halide crystals

The interionic forces in alkali-halide crystals are calculated theoretically, using a modified electron-gas treatment including corrections to the kinetic, exchange, and correlation energy contributions. These results are used to predict the equilibrium bond distances and lattice energies, the pressure-volume phase diagrams, and the elastic constants of the lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides. Both the $B1$ (rock salt) and $B2$ (cesium chloride) lattice types are considered, and the pressure-induced phase transition between them is predicted. First- and second-nearest-neighbor short-range interactions between the ions have been included for the $B1$ phase, while third-nearest-neighbor interactions were also needed for the $B2$ phase. The average magnitude of the deviation between the predicted and observed bond distances is 2%, lattice energy 2%, and elastic constants 10%. The pressure variation of the elastic constants for NaCl has also been predicted, up to the onset of a shear instability.
A physical interpretation of stochastic models for fluctuations in the Earth's dipole field

Author(s): Buffett, BA; King, EM; Matsui, H | Abstract: Several recent studies have used palaeomagnetic estimates of the virtual axial dipole moment to construct a quantitative stochastic model for fluctuations and reversals in the Earth's dipole field. We investigate the physical significance of the terms in a standard stochastic (Langevin) model using output from a numerical geodynamo model. The first term, known as the drift term, characterizes the slow adjustment of the dipole field toward a time-averaged state. We find that the timescale for this slow adjustment is set by the magnetic decay time of dipole fluctuations. These fluctuations are typically be represented by the first few decay modes. The second term is often called the noise term because it characterizes the influence of short-period convective fluctuations in the core. We establish a connection between the noise term and the rms variation in magnetic induction. Applying these results to the palaeomagnetic field suggests that the rms variation in dipole generation exceeds the mean rate of generation. Such large fluctuations may be necessary to permit magnetic reversals. Palaeomagnetic estimates of the drift term favour a high electrical conductivity in the core. A lower bound on electrical conductivity is 0.6 × 106 S m-1. Similarly, we establish an upper bound on turbulent magnetic diffusivity (0.8 m2 s-1), although realistic estimates may be much less. © The Authors 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.
A behavioral control approach to formation-keeping through an obstacle field

This work addresses the problem of guiding a number of ground vehicles from some initial location to a specified destination, while avoiding obstacles in an unmapped field and maintaining formation relative to each other. Potential applications for recently developed ground formation are described in this paper, illustrating the need for autonomy in such formation systems. The behavior-base technique has been implemented to reach this autonomy in differential drive kinematics systems. The basic behaviors: move-to-goal, avoid-obstacle, maintain-relative-distance, maintain-relative-angle, and stop have been assigned to the independent systems to form a guidance algorithm. Validation of this guidance algorithm is carried out through simulations via Matlab/Simulink.
Frame-disrupting mutations elicit pre-mRNA accumulation independently of frame disruption

The T-cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) genes are unique among vertebrate genes in that they undergo programmed rearrangement, a process that allows them to generate an enormous array of receptors with different antigen specificities. While crucial for immune function, this rearrangement mechanism is highly error prone, often generating frameshift or nonsense mutations that render the rearranged TCR and Ig genes defective. Such frame-disrupting mutations have been reported to increase the level of TCRβ and Igµ pre-mRNA, suggesting the hypothesis that RNA processing is blocked when frame disruption is sensed. Using a chimeric gene that contains TCRβ sequences conferring this upregulatory response, we provide evidence that pre-mRNA upregulation is neither frame- nor translation-dependent; instead, several lines of evidence suggested that it is the result of disrupted cis elements necessary for efficient RNA splicing. In particular, we identify the rearranging VDJβ exon as being uniquely densely packed with exonic-splicing enhancers (ESEs), rendering this exon hypersensitive to mutational disruption. As the chimeric gene that we developed for these studies generates unusually stable nuclear pre-mRNAs that accumulate when challenged with ESE mutations, we suggest it can be used as a sensitive in vivo system to identify and characterize ESEs.
Antagonists of excitatory opioid receptor functions enhance morphine's analgesic potency and attenuate opioid tolerance/dependence liability.

Recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that cotreatments with extremely low doses of opioid receptor antagonists can markedly enhance the efficacy and specificity of morphine and related opioid analgesics. Our correlative studies of the cotreatment of nociceptive types of dorsal-root ganglion neurons in vitro and mice in vivo with morphine plus specific opioid receptor antagonists have shown that antagonism of Gs-coupled excitatory opioid receptor functions by cotreatment with ultra-low doses of clinically available opioid antagonists, e.g. naloxone and naltrexone, markedly enhances morphine's antinociceptive potency and simultaneously attenuates opioid tolerance and dependence. These preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo provide cellular mechanisms that can readily account for the unexpected enhancement of morphine's analgesic potency in recent clinical studies of post-surgical pain patients cotreated with morphine plus low doses of naloxone or nalmefene. The striking consistency of these multidisciplinary studies on nociceptive neurons in culture, behavioral assays on mice and clinical trials on post-surgical pain patients indicates that clinical treatment of pain can, indeed, be significantly improved by administering morphine or other conventional opioid analgesics together with appropriately low doses of an excitatory opioid receptor antagonist.
Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury

Traumatic injury induces hypermetabolism. The degree of hypermetabolism can be variable, depending on the type of injury, the degree of inflammation, body composition, age, and treatment regimens. To estimate metabolic rate in some types of injury, predictive equations have been published. Some of these equations have been tested in validation studies. For other types of injury, equations do not exist. Some expert panels have recommended measuring in lieu of estimating metabolic rate, though studies have not been performed to determine whether clinical outcome is affected by the method used to determine energy requirements. Traumatically injured patients are usually catabolic, but protein needs after traumatic injury continue to be debated. Some suggest that 1.5 g protein per kg body weight is adequate and that any additional protein is simply oxidized, adding to the nitrogen load to be excreted. Alternately, protein intake >2.0 g/kg body weight increases the absolute rate of body protein synthesis, and achievement of nitrogen balance has been associated with survival. Thus, provision of high-protein feeding to achieve nitrogen balance might be worthwhile, even if that balance is achieved at the cost of additional nitrogen production.
Invariant quantum algorithms for insertion into an ordered list

We consider the problem of inserting one item into a list of N-1 ordered items. We previously showed that no quantum algorithm could solve this problem in fewer than log N/(2 log log N) queries, for N large. We transform the problem into a "translationally invariant" problem and restrict attention to invariant algorithms. We construct the "greedy" invariant algorithm and show numerically that it outperforms the best classical algorithm for various N. We also find invariant algorithms that succeed exactly in fewer queries than is classically possible, and iterating one of them shows that the insertion problem can be solved in fewer than 0.53 log N quantum queries for large N (where log N is the classical lower bound). We don't know whether a o(log N) algorithm exists.
Reconsidering American Indian historical trauma: lessons from an early Gros Ventre war narrative

Professional clinicians and human services providers are increasingly attributing the mental health problems of American Indians (AIs) to historical trauma (HT). As an alternative to established psychiatric disorders, AI HTwas formulated to explain enduring mental health disparities as originating in tribal experiences of Euro-American colonization. As a result, AI HT has been described as the collective, cumulative, and intergenerational psychosocial disability resulting from massive group-based oppression, such as forced relocation, political subjugation, cultural domination, and genocide. One objective of the HT construct is to frame AI distress and dysfunction in social and historical terms. Given widespread indigenous experiences of colonization, the debilitating effects of HT are presumed to affect most AI communities today. With this background in mind, I explore AI HT with specific reference to a “war narrative” obtained by an anthropologist in 1901 from an elderly Gros Ventre woman. In this account, Watches All described her participation in a historic intertribal battle, and her subsequent captivity and escape from the enemy during the late 1860s. This historical narrative references many first-hand experiences that would today be identified as traumatogenic. Interestingly, however, this account complicates several assumptions underlying AI HT, leading to vexing questions of whether Watches All’s ordeal actually qualifies as an instance of AI HT. No matter how one answers these questions, such ambiguity highlights serious theoretical confusions requiring elaboration and refinement if AI HT is to remain a useful construct in the behavioral health sciences.
Non Linearities And Noise In Perpendicular Dibit Recording

Nonlinearities and medium noise in perpendicular recording are studied by simulating the dibit recording process. Strong nonlinear bit shift is observed: the second transition shifts away from the first transition. Transition noise on the second transition decreases with a reduction of the bit separation due to a shortening of the second transition. To a very good approximation, even when the bit separation is very small, medium fluctuations are determined only by the cross track average magnetization. The cross track correlation of nonexchange coupled granular media with sufficiently low magnetization is roughly one grain diameter. >
Soil physical responses to cattle grazing cover crops under conventional and no tillage in the Southern Piedmont USA

Grazing of cover crops in grain cropping systems can increase economic return and diversify agricultural production systems, but the environmental consequences of this intensified management have not been well documented, especially under different tillage systems. We conducted a multiple-year investigation of how cover crop management (grazed and ungrazed) and tillage system (conventional (CT; initial moldboard plowing and thereafter disk tillage) and no tillage (NT)) affected soil physical properties (bulk density, aggregation, infiltration, and penetration resistance) on a Typic Kanhapludult in Georgia. Responses were determined in two cropping systems: summer grain/winter cover crop and winter grain/ summer cover crop. Soil bulk density was reduced (P = 0.02) with CT compared with NT to a depth of 30 cm at the end of 0.5 year, but only to a depth of 12 cm at the end of 2, 2.5, and 4.5 years. Grazing of cover crops had little effect on soil bulk density, except eventually with 4.5 years of management. Water- stable macroaggregation was reduced (P � 0.01) with CT compared with NT to a depth of 12 cm at all sampling times during the first 2.5 years of evaluation. Stability of macroaggregates in water was unaffected by grazing of cover crops in both tillage systems. Across 7 sampling events during the first 4 years, there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for water infiltration rate to be lower with grazing of cover crops (5.6 mm min � 1 ) than when ungrazed (6.9 mm min � 1 ), irrespective of tillage system. Across 10 sampling events, soil penetration resistance was greater under NT than under CT at a depth of 0-10 cm (P = 0.001) and the difference was greater in ungrazed than in grazed systems (P = 0.06). Biannual CT operations may have alleviated any surface degradation with animal traffic, but the initially high level of soil organic matter following long-term pasture and conversion to cropland with NT may have buffered the soil from any detrimental effects of animal traffic. Overall, the introduction of cattle to consume the high-quality cover crop forage did not cause substantial damage to the soil.
EFFECT OF SPEAKER AND SAMPLING RATE ON MOS-X RATINGS OF CONCATENATIVE TTS VOICES

The MOS-X is a recently-developed questionnaire used to evaluate the quality of artificial speech. In this experiment, participants listened to audio files produced by concatenative text-to-speech voices for the purpose of assessing the effect of Speaker and Sampling Rate on MOS-X ratings. The concatenative voices were developed from recordings of three different human speakers (code named AF, AM, and B) and produced using two different sampling rates (8 kHz and 22 kHz). Six independent groups of raters participated, one group for each combination of speaker and sampling rate. Analyses of variance indicated a significant main effect of Voice, but no significant main effect of Sampling Rate and no significant Voice by Sampling Rate interaction. The results indicate that independent groups of raters are sensitive to speaker differences in concatenative text-to-speech (TTS) voices, but not to differences in these sampling rates.
A Hardening Rule Between Stress Resultants and Generalized Plastic Strains for Thin Plates of Power-Law Hardening Materials

For power-law hardening materials, a stress resultant constitutive law of incremental plasticity nature for thin plates is constructed. The yield function in the stress resultant space is approximated in quadratic form and an equivalent stress resultant is defined. One of two parameters in the yield function is analytically determined based on the concept of complementary potential surface. The other is determined by the least square method to fit the complementary potential surface of Chou et al., (1991). In analogy to the work of Hill (1979), the equivalent work-conjugate generalized plastic strain rate is derived. Finally, the hardening rule between the equivalent stress resultant and generalized plastic strain is obtained based on the results of Chou et al. (1991) for power-law materials under proportional straining conditions.