cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Evaluation of the Effects of Exercise Stability Balls on BMI in the Educational Setting

Childhood obesity is a significant public health problem, and school-based interventions offer opportunities to reach children. We examined the feasibility of using stability balls, as compared to traditional desk chairs, in elementary school classrooms testing effects on vital signs and BMI. Forty-seven fourth graders from two classrooms participated: twenty-seven using balls and 20 using chairs over a 45 day period from the beginning to the end of the second quarter of school. Overall, children welcomed using stability balls and over 90% reported improvement of the classroom’s learning environment. No significant difference was found in BMI percentile (p = 0.726), systolic (p = 0.148) or diastolic (p = 0.747) blood pressure percentiles, or resting pulse (p=0.977) between the two classrooms. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(6):e117, 2015
Response surface methods for force balance calibration modeling

A "modern design of experiments" (MDOE) approach to balance calibration at NASA Langley Research Center focuses on the application of formal experimental design techniques to address weaknesses in the current calibration methodologies. The Single-Vector Balance Calibration System (SVS) has been developed as an innovative mechanical load application system specifically designed for the efficient and accurate execution of a formal experimental design. This paper emphasizes practical applications of response surface methodology with the analyses of experimental data. Calibration experimental design concepts including the estimation of the required data volume and an evaluation of the model prediction capability are presented. Randomization, replication, and blocking are proposed as means of tactical defense against systematic errors present in all calibration systems. Response surface methods are implemented in obtaining an adequate model with the minimum number of terms and partitioning of the unexplained variance. A systematic approach to augmenting a second order model with higher order terms is discussed. Applying formal experimental design techniques to force balance calibration provides a suite of sophisticated and elegant tools that advance balance calibration technology.
Concurrency in Modern Programming Languages [Guest editors' introduction]

The guest editors present the articles for this special issue on modern programming languages.
On the calculation of hydrogen NMR chemical shielding

Abstract Ab initio calculations of hydrogen NMR chemical shielding have been carried out at the correlation-including GIAO MP2 level on nine small molecules whose gas phase isotropic shieldings are well known. A range of basis sets from very small to rather large has been studied. While correlation effects at this level of theory are small, basis set and rovibrational effects are large. Large basis sets and the inclusion of rovibrational effects are necessary to calculate hydrogen shieldings well on an absolute basis (chemical shieldings), while the constraints are less demanding for calculations on a relative scale (chemical shifts) where agreement with experiment for the set of molecules studied as measured by the standard error is 0.11 ppm.
Clinical care pathways in a surgical epilepsy program: A comparison of costs by diagnostic related groups for program and nonprogram admissions

Specific diagnostic related groups (DRGs) for patients investigated and treated in a surgical epilepsy program have not been established. This has raised concern that admissions into such a program are categorized into DRGs that do not accurately reflect resource consumption. Three DRGs commonly pertain to surgical epilepsy program admissions: 001, 024, and 025. We established clinical care pathways to allow for the diversity of clinical presentations and the differences in subsequent investigation with or without surgical treatment and categorized financial data for 50 patients completing the surgical epilepsy program from June 1993 through December 1994 for the purposes of comparing costs among clinical pathways along with that for 1,401 patients who were not in the program but who were discharged under the same DRGs during the same period. Four clinical pathways contained sufficient patient volume to allow comparison among the pathways and with nonprogram-related admissions under the same DRGs. A considerable range of cost ($1,576–$86,653) was identified among the four most common clinical care pathways. The two pathways involving intracranial electrode implantation followed by prolonged electrographic monitoring were distinguished by the necessity for a subsequent surgical admission as opposed to resection of the epileptogenic area at the time of electrode removal. The cost incurred by an additional admission increased by 14% to $64,305. The mean cost of program patients discharged under each DRG was significantly higher than that for other patients: DRG 001, $28,439 versus $22,289, p p p
The computational challenges of applying comparative-based computational methods to whole genomes

The explosion in genomic sequence available in public databases has resulted in an unprecedented opportunity for computational whole genome analyses. A number of promising comparative-based approaches have been developed for gene finding, regulatory element discovery and other purposes, and it is clear that these tools will play a fundamental role in analysing the enormous amount of new data that is currently being generated. The synthesis of computationally intensive comparative computational approaches with the requirement for whole genome analysis represents both an unprecedented challenge and opportunity for computational scientists. We focus on a few of these challenges, using by way of example the problems of alignment, gene finding and regulatory element discovery, and discuss the issues that have arisen in attempts to solve these problems in the context of whole genome analysis pipelines.
Neutralizing antibodies to simian virus 40 (SV40) in human sera from India.

SummaryNeutralizing antibodies to SV40 were detected in 14 of 161 human sera from residents of Uttar Pradesh in North India. Antibody titers were low. The donors gave no history of immunization with any vaccine of monkey kidney origin, but lived in areas of high rhesus prevalence. Neutralizing antibodies were also detected in 10 of 37 individuals who cared for large numbers of juvenile rhesus collected for export. The prevalence of antibodies was related to length of service and titers were higher than in the positive sera from the residents of Uttar Pradesh.
The formation of a vasopressor polypeptide by subtilisin Carlsberg (subtilisin), a proteolytic enzyme of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Subtilisin Carisberg (subtilisin), which has proteolytic properties similar to those of subtilisin BPN' (“Nagarse”), has been shown to produce a vasoactive polypeptide when incubated with fraction IV-4 of human plasma protein. The active material, which could not be distinguished from substance A, produced a contractile response on the isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus and was vasopressor on cats' blood pressure. It behaves in a fashion similar to other physiologically active polypeptides with respect to alkali lability, acid stability, dialysis, and destruction by proteolytic enzymes. Divalent ions were not required for the enzymatic formation of the active substance. However, Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Cu 2+ were partially inhibitory while phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was completely inhibitory. Pharmacological and physiological comparisons failed to distinguish between substance A and the active material formed by subtilisin. In addition, column chromatography with carboxymethyl cellulose failed to distinguish between the two substances. Therefore, it is proposed that the vasoactive polypeptide produced when subtilisin is incubated with fraction IV-4 of human plasma protein is similar to, if not identical with, substance A.
The Fractal Structure of Real Estate Investment Trust Returns: The Search for Evidence of Market Segmentation and Nonlinear Dependency

This article presents a further test for market segmentation between the real estate market and the capital markets. We use rescaled range analysis developed in the fractal geometry literature to test for nonlinear trends in the returns series for different asset classes. We make three major conclusions: (1) the stock market displays tendencies consistent with a random walk, (2) portfolios of mortgage and equity REIT returns display tendencies consistent with a random walk and, (3) conditional upon the methods used, segmentation does not exist between different real estate markets and between the real estate and stock markets.
Ejecta exchange and satellite color evolution in the Pluto system, with implications for KBOs and asteroids with satellites

In this Note, I present first-order scaling calculations to examine the efficacy of impacts by Kuiper Belt debris in causing regolith exchange between objects in the Pluto system. It is found that ejecta can escape Nix and Hydra with sufficient velocity to reach one another, as well as Charon, and even Pluto. The degree of ejecta exchanged between Nix and Hydra is sufficient to cover these bodies with much more material than is required for photometrically change. In specific, Nix and Hydra may have exchanged as up to 10s of meters of regolith, and may have covered Charon to depths up to 14 cm with their ejecta. Pluto is likely unaffected by most Nix and Hydra ejecta by virtue of a combination of dynamical shielding from Charon and Pluto's own annual atmospheric frost deposition cycle. As a result of ejecta exchange between Nix, Hydra, and Charon, these bodies are expected to evolve their colors, albedos, and other photometric properties to be self similar. These are testable predictions of this model, as is the prediction that Nix and Hydra will have diameters near 50 km, owing to having a Charon-like albedo induced by ejecta exchange. As I discuss, this ejecta exchange process can also be effective in many KBOs and asteroids with satellites, and may be the reason that very many KBO and asteroid satellite systems have like colors.
Smallest maximally nonhamiltonian graphs II

Bollobas posed the problem of finding the least number of edges,f(n), in a maximally nonhamiltonian graph of ordern. Clark and Entringer showedf(n)=3n/2 for all evenn?36 andf(n)=(3n+1)/2 or (3n+3)/2 for all oddn?55. We showf(n)=(3n+1)/2 for all oddn?53.
Random subspaces and SAR classification efficacy

The 'curse of dimensionality' has limited the application of statistical modeling techniques to low-dimensional spaces, but typical data usually resides in high-dimensional spaces (at least initially, for instance images represented as arrays of pixel values). Indeed, approaches such as Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis attempt to extract a set of meaningful linear projections while minimizing interpoint distance distortions. The counterintuitive yet effective random projections approach of Johnson and Lindenstrauss defines a sample-based dimensionality reduction technique with probabilistically provable distortion bounds. We investigate and report on the relative efficacy of two random projection techniques for Synthetic Aperture Radar images in a classification setting.
Arthropod resistance to insecticides: a key to pest control failures and successes in north american apple orchards

Cases of developed resistance in apple arthropods in North America, including pests and natural enemies, are reviewed with emphasis on the past 20 years since organophosphate (O-P) insecticides were first widely employed. During this period, no key pest, including the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella L., has developed resistance to the O-P compound, azinphosmethyl, while a variety of secondary pests including mites, aphids, leafhopper and leafminers, have done so as well as several important natural enemies of these species. The extensive features of DDT, O-P, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the predatory mites Tyhplodromus occidentalis Nesbitt and Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) are described. Also discussed is the impact of long-term O-P use and resistance in relation to pest problems, insecticide selectivity and IPM, increased biological control, changing requirements for new chemical insecticides and possibilities for “resistance management” within the entire arthropod pest natural enemy complex associated with this crop. RESUME La resistance des arthropodes aux insecticides: cle pour les echecs et les succes de la protection contre les insectes dans les vergers de pommiers en Amerique du Nord Les cas d'apparition de resistance — a la fois chez les ravageurs et chez les auxilliaires — parmi les Arthropodes des vergers d'Amerique du Nord, sont passes en revue en insistant sur les 20 dernieres annees, c'est-a-dire depuis le debut de l'emploi generalise des insecticides organophosphores (O.P.). Pendant cette periode, aucun ravageur majeur, y compris Laspeyresia pomonella L., n'a presente de resistance a l'azinphosmethyle, compose O.P., tandis que plusieurs ravageurs secondaires, comprenant des acariens, des pucerons, des hemipteres et des mineuses de feuilles, en ont presente, tout comme plusieurs de leurs ennemis naturels importants. Les characteristiques generales de la resistance aux DDT, O-P, carbamate et pyrethroide des acariens predateurs Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt et Amblyseius fallacis German sont decrites. L'impact de l'utilisation prolongee d'O-P et de la resistance en relation avec les problemes des ravageurs, de l'effet selectif des insecticides et de l'IPM, d'une lutte biologique renforcee, des besoins nouveaux pour de nouveaux insecticides chimiques et des possibilites pour “l'amenagement de la resistance” dans le systeme entier des arthropodes ravageurs et de leurs ennemis naturels associes a cette culture, est egalement discute.
Improved self-boot-strapped gain enhancement technique for GaAs amplifiers

In this letter, we report an improved self-boot-strapped gain enhancement circuit structure for GaAs MESFET amplifiers. Unlike previously reported work, this circuit operates based on first-order characteristics of GaAs MESFETs and requires no extra processing steps. Analysis shows that the new circuit also provides a higher output resistance.
Slowing the revolving door: motivating and retaining student employees

Turnover is a fact of life when managing student employees. Are there steps managers can take to reduce the speed at which employees leave their workplace? This panel will consider what options managers have to deal with this problem, from the hiring process and training, to evaluations and other managerial methods. The goal will be to come up with incentives for employees to make their student job a priority rather than drudgery.
Specific tryptophan UV-absorbance changes are probes of the transition of rhodopsin to its active state.

The difference of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin II (MII) absorption spectra exhibits a characteristic pattern in the UV wavelength range, consisting of peaks at 278, 286, 294, and 302 nm. These diffe...
Invited paper: Variability in nanometer CMOS: Impact, analysis, and minimization

Variation is a significant concern in nanometer-scale CMOS due to manufacturing equipment being pushed to fundamental limits, particularly in lithography. In this paper, we review recent work in coping with variation, through both improved analysis and optimization. We describe techniques based on integrated circuit manufacturing, circuit design strategies, and mathematics and statistics. We then go on to discuss trends in this area, and a future technology outlook with an eye towards circuit and CAD-solutions to growing levels of variation in underlying device technologies.
Classification of ex-vivo breast cancer positive margins measured by hyperspectral imaging

This paper presents our recent development of a classification algorithm for identification of breast cancer margins measured by hyperspectral imaging for the purpose of lowering the number of missed positive margins in breast cancer lumpectomy. After extracting Fourier coefficient selection features and reducing the dimensionality of hyperspectral image data via the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance method, an SVM classifier involving a radial basis kernel function is deployed to separate cancerous tissues from normal tissues. By examining exvivo breast cancer hyperspectral images tagged by a pathologist, the developed classification approach is shown to achieve a sensitivity of about 98% and a specificity of about 99%.
Balancing process and content in groups: A metaphor

Abstract Through the use of a culinary metaphor, the authors depict common problems that can occur when process is overlooked in group settings. The metaphor offers “food for thought” for helping leaders achieve a balance between process and content in effective group work.
Application of Extended DLVO Theory, IV: Derivation of Flotation Rate Equation from First Principles

Abstract A flotation model was developed by considering both hydrodynamic and surface forces involved in the process. The hydrodynamic forces were determined using a stream function and then used for estimating the kinetic energies that can be used for thinning the water films between bubbles and particles. The kinetic energies were compared with the energy barriers created by surface forces to determine the probability of adhesion. The surface forces considered included ion-electrostatic, London–van der Waals, and hydrophobic forces. Due to the insufficient information available on the hydrophobic forces for bubble–particle interactions, contributions from the hydrophobic force were back-calculated from the values of the flotation rate constants determined experimentally with methylated silica spheres. The results show that the hydrophobic force constants (K132) for bubble–particle interaction are larger than those (K131) for particle–particle interactions but smaller than that (K232) for air bubbles interacting with each other in the absence of surfactants. TheK132values determined in the present work are close to the geometric means ofK131andK232, suggesting that the combining rules developed for dispersion forces may be useful for hydrophobic forces. The flotation rate equation derived in the present work suggests various methods of improving flotation processes.
Use of mouthrinses for professional indications.

Abstract In view of the relationship between supragingival and subgingival plaque, chemical agents which alter supragingival plaque may also alter subgingival plaque. As a result, a beneficial effect on gingival health may be anticipated. This article reviews the use of chemotherapeutic agents which reduce plaque and gingivitis. Indications for the use of these agents include patients with problems with mechanical plaque control, extensive splinting or fixed prostheses, intraoral fixation, orthodontic appliances, overdenture abutments and implants, and for patients in the immediate post-surgical period. Improvement of wound healing following periodontal surgery may represent one of the most valuable aspects of use of these agents. As mouthrinses, these agents cannot be expected to significantly alter subgingival plaque. However, for this purpose, their use in irrigation devices deserves further study. Since recent reports have suggested benefits of various mouthrinses when used as irrigants as compared to rinses may also reduce the bacterial back-spray associated with ultrasonic devices and high-speed handpieces, and thus provide a protective effect for dental personnel. The practitioner in the United Staes is encouraged to recommend products accepted by the American Dental Association's Council on Dental Therapeutics in order to insure both safety and efficacy.
Reanalyses-Based Tropospheric Temperature Estimates: Uncertainties in the Context of Global Climate Change Detection

Abstract Uncertainties in estimates of tropospheric mean temperature were investigated in the context of climate change detection through comparisons of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) 40-yr reanalysis (1958–97), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Data Assimilation Office (NASA/DAO) 14-yr reanalysis (1980–93), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Project (ERA) 15-yr reanalysis (1979–94), and the satellite microwave sounding unit channel 2 (MSU Ch2) (1979–97) temperature data. The maximum overlap period for comparison among these datasets is the 14 full years January 1980 to December 1993. This study documents similar shifts in the relative bias between the MSU Ch2 and the ERA and the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses in the 1991–97 period suggesting changes in the satellite analysis. However, the intercomparisons were not able to rule out the changes in the reanalysis systems and/or the input data on whic...
Inshore Stocks of Atlantic Cod Are Important for Rebuilding the East Coast Fishery

Cod (Gadus morhua) inhabit not only the famous fishing banks of the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf, but also inshore waters from Labrador to New England. Relatively little is known about the life history of inshore cod, their historic levels of abundance, and their relationship to offshore stocks. Inshore cod stocks along the East Coast should be managed under a new paradigm that recognizes the importance of these fish to the stock complex. Recently documented fishers' ecological knowledge (FEK) suggests inshore stocks of cod may exist along the Newfoundland and Labrador coastline that have yet to be scientifically documented. Coastal communities adjacent to the local population of cod in Gilbert Bay, Labrador have initiated efforts to protect and manage this stock locally through a co-management approach. The Gilbert Bay experience, FEK, and related science and education could provide insight into ways to protect and enhance the health of local stocks remaining along the northeast coast of North Am...
Neural network process models based on linear model structures

The KBANN (Knowledge-Based Artificial Neural Networks) approach uses neural networks to refine knowledge that can be written in the form of simple propositional rules. This idea is extended by presenting the MANNIDENT (Multivariable Artificial Neural Network Identification) algorithm by which the mathematical equations of linear dynamic process models determine the topology and initial weights of a network, which is further trained using backpropagation. This method is applied to the task of modeling a nonisothermal chemical reactor in which a first-order exothermic reaction is occurring. This method produces statistically significant gains in accuracy over both a standard neural network approach and a linear model. Furthermore, using the approximate linear model to initialize the weights of the network produces statistically less variation in model fidelity. By structuring the neural network according to the approximate linear model, the model can be readily interpreted.
Effects of glycine-extended and serine13-phosphorylated forms of peptide YY on food intake in rats

The gut hormone peptide YY(3-36)-amide [PYY(3-36)-NH(2)] is significantly more potent than PYY(1-36)-NH(2) in reducing food intake in rats and humans. Other Gly-extended and Ser(13)-phosphorylated PYY forms have been detected or predicted based upon known cellular processes of PYY synthesis and modification. Here we compared the effects of 3-h IV infusion of PYY(1-36)-NH(2), PYY(3-36)-NH(2), PYY(1-36)-Gly-OH, PYY(3-36)-Gly-OH, Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(1-36)-NH(2), Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(3-36)-NH(2), Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(1-36)-Gly-OH, and Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(3-36)-Gly-OH during the early dark period on food intake in freely feeding rats. PYY(3-36)-NH(2) and Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(3-36)-NH(2) reduced food intake similarly at 50 pmol/kg/min, while only PYY(3-36)-NH(2) reduced food intake at 15 pmol/kg/min. PYY(1-36)-NH(2) and Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(1-36)-NH(2) reduced food intake similarly at 50 and 150 pmol/kg/min. In contrast, PYY(1-36)-Gly-OH, PYY(3-36)-Gly-OH, Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(3-36)-Gly-OH, and Ser(13)(PO(3))-PYY(1-36)-Gly-OH had no effect on food intake at doses of 50 or 150 pmol/kg/min. Taken together, these results indicate that (i) PYY(3-36)-NH(2) is significantly more potent than PYY(1-36)-NH(2) in reducing food intake, (ii) Gly-extended forms of PYY are significantly less potent than non-extended forms, and (iii) Ser(13)-phosphorylation of PYY(3-36)-NH(2) decreases the anorexigenic potency PYY(3-36)-NH(2), but not PYY(1-36)-NH(2). Thus, PYY(3-36)-NH(2) appears to be the most potent PYY form for reducing food intake in rats.
Binasal visual field defects from simultaneous bilateral retinal infarctions in sickle cell disease.

Purpose To report a case of retinal occlusive disease producing binasal visual field defects in a patient with sickle cell (SC) disease. Design Retrospective case report. Methods A 21-year-old man with SC disease presented with binasal field defects and 20/20 acuity in each eye. Results Initial ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography revealed no abnormalities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated bilateral temporal inner retinal hyperreflectivity, and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) confirmed retinal dysfunction. Several weeks later, ophthalmoscopy and angiography demonstrated macular arteriolar occlusive disease. Conclusions Simultaneous bilateral macular occlusive events are uncommon in patients particularly with SC disease. Although the binasal field defects raised the suspicion of a process affecting the optic nerves, the OCT and mfERG proved essential in diagnosing retinal rather than optic nerve disease.
Acute Sensitivity of Juvenile Shortnose Sturgeon to Low Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations

Abstract There is considerable concern that factors such as eutrophication, industrial pollution, and dredging are adversely affecting the habitats of the endangered shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum. Specific knowledge of the environmental requirements of this species is required if environmental managers are to adequately protect it. We conducted experiments to obtain information on the acute sensitivity of young-of-year shortnose sturgeon to a low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Flow-through tests were conducted with hatchery-produced fish exposed to the ranges of DO, salinity, and temperature expected in the southeastern United States coastal river–estuary interfaces during spring and summer. The estimated concentration lethal to 50% of the test organisms (the LC50 value) after 24 h that we derived for approximately 77-d-old fish tested at 2‰ salinity and a nominal temperature of 25°C was 2.7 mg/L (32% saturation). An estimated LC50 of 2.2 mg/L (26% saturation) was obtained for approximat...
Resilience and regime change in a southern Rocky Mountain ecosystem during the past 17 000 years

Paleoecological records indicate that subalpine forests in western North America have been resilient in response to multiple influences, including severe droughts, insect outbreaks, and widely varying fire regimes, over many millennia. One hypothesis for explaining this ecosystem resilience centers on the disruption of forest dynamics by frequent disturbance and climatic variability, and the resulting development of non-steady-state regimes dominated by early-successional conifers with broad climatic tolerances, such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.). To evaluate this hypothesis, we independently reconstructed the vegetation, fire, and effective-moisture histories of a small, forested watershed at 2890 m elevation in southeastern Wyoming, USA, using sedimentary pollen and charcoal counts in conjunction with sedimentary lake-level indicators. The data indicate that prominent vegetation shifts (from sagebrush steppe to spruce–fir parkland at ca. 10.7 ka and spruce–fir parkla...
Oversight as Insight: Reading The Second Shepherd's Play

With its Latin title Secunda Pastorum , this Corpus Christi pageant is correctly translated as The Second Shepherds’ Play . Numerous indexes and critical essays, however, contain a bibliographic disjunction: these listings misplace the apostrophe and record the text as The Second Shepherd’s Play . Rather than politely ignoring this common translation error as previous scholarship has done, this essay takes the somewhat unusual stance of embracing it. A close examination of Secunda Pastorum reveals that the second shepherd announces central events and recurring themes within the play. Foretelling such key elements as the stealing of the sheep, the grotesque nature of Mak’s wife, and the comic blending of the pious and the parodic, Gyb’s remarks constitute an important point of entry for understanding the pageant. As the misplaced apostrophe suggests, this common bibliographic mistake or oversight may actually provide a new critical insight.
Ligation of CD31/PECAM‐1 modulates the function of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils

CD31 or platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) is a 130-kDa glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells, granulocytes, a subset of lymphocytes and platelets. In this study, we examined the ability of four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against different domains of CD31 to modulate the function of T lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. Engagement of CD31 on T lymphocytes results in co-stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation to suboptimal doses of anti-CD31 mAb. This proliferation is accompanied by secretion of numerous cytokines and chemokines, up-regulation of CD25 and an increase in cell size. Purification of T lymphocytes into CD45RO and CD45RA subsets showed that only naive CD45RA T lymphocytes are co-stimulated by anti-CD31 mAb. Further studies on neutrophils show that engagement of CD31 results in down-regulation of CD62L and up-regulation of CD11b/CD18 as well as oxidative burst, as assessed by superoxide release. In addition, ligation of CD31 on monocytes results in TNF-alpha secretion, and studies with various cell signaling inhibitors indicate that tyrosine kinases and cAMP-dependent kinases are involved in monocyte activation via CD31. Of the four mAb used in this study, only two activated human leukocytes. These mAb were PECAM-1.3 and hec7, which bind to domains 1 and 2 of CD31. We conclude that engagement of domains 1 and 2 of CD31 results in outside-in signaling in leukocytes.
Differential binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to bovine peripheral-blood leukocytes

The response of mammalian monocytes and macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may be influenced by serum factors that increase or decrease the propensity of LPS to bind to cell surfaces. We used fluorescence flow cytometric analysis to investigate the capability of bovine peripheral-blood leukocytes to bind LPS in the presence or absence of bovine serum. At all concentrations of FITC-LPS tested (LPS fromE. coli 0111:B4; 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml), monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes bound more FITC-LPS in the presence of 10% bovine serum than in serum-free conditions (P<0.01). At the intermediate concentration tested (100 ng/ml), monocytes displayed a relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of 2.27±1.24 units without serum and 17.48±8.05 with 10% serum. Values for granulocytes were similar to those of monocytes, 3.55±1.31 without and 19.24±6.93 with serum, and values for lymphocytes were 1.89±0.47 RFI units without serum and 6.27±2.61 RFI units with serum. At 10 ng/ml and 1 μg/ml FITC-LPS the RFI of monocytes and granulocytes were also similar and not significantly different, and both bound significantly more LPS than lymphocytes (P<0.01). When 100 ng/ml FITC-LPS was coincubated with leukocytes, 10% serum, and a 100-fold excess of unlabeled LPS, the amount of FITC-LPS bound to monocytes was reduced from 23.99 to 7.23 RFI units (P<0.01), reduced from 22.00 to 7.30 RFI units with granulocytes (P<0.05), and reduced from 7.51 to 2.29 RFI units (P<0.10) with lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that factors in bovine serum significantly amplify the association of LPS with peripheral-blood leukocytes and that increased binding of LPS is greatest with monocytes and granulocytes.
Chronic Thought Suppression

ABSTRACT We conducted several tests of the idea that an inclination toward thought suppression is associated with obsessive thinking and emotional reactivity. Initially, we developed a self-report measure of thought suppression through successive factor-analytic procedures and found that it exhibited acceptable internal consistency and temporal stability. This measure, the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), was found to correlate with measures of obsessional thinking and depressive and anxious affect, to predict signs of clinical obsession among individuals prone toward obsessional thinking, to predict depression among individuals motivated to dislike negative thoughts, and to predict failure of electrodermal responses to habituate among people having emotional thoughts. The WBSI was inversely correlated with repression as assessed by the Repression-Sensitization Scale, and so taps a trait that is quite unlike repression as traditionally conceived.
Madurese Seafarers: Prahus, Timber and Illegality on the Margins of the Indonesian State. By Kurt Stenross. (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, 2011. Pp. xix, 315. $32.00.)

There is considerable scholarship on the Indonesian timber industry. However, no one has attempted to look at the industry from the perspective of a seafaring minority group in Indonesia—the Madure...
Admissibility of the Defendant’s Criminal Records at Trial

The jury trial, which is a hallmark of the Anglo-American adversary system, requires close attention to the evidence that it is permissible for the lay jurors to hear. No evidentiary issue has proved more contentious than the admissibility of witnesses’, especially defendants’, prior criminal history because of concern that the lay jurors might prejudicially infer present guilt from past criminality. This article explains the complex evidentiary rules for admitting criminal history to prove guilt and to impeach witness credibility. It suggests that inquisitorial trial procedure, which historically has been unconcerned that judges know about the defendant’s prior criminal history while they are determining present guilt may have to restrict admissibility of such evidence as lay juries become more common.
Patients’ Awareness of Stroke Signs, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

Background and Purpose We sought to determine knowledge at the time of symptom onset regarding the signs, symptoms, and risk factors of stroke in patients presenting to the emergency department with potential stroke. Methods Patients admitted from the emergency department with possible stroke were identified prospectively. A standardized, structured interview with open-ended questions was performed within 48 hours of symptom onset to assess patients’ knowledge base concerning stroke signs, symptoms, and risk factors. Results Of the 174 eligible patients, 163 patients were able to respond to the interview questions. Of these 163 patients, 39% (63) did not know a single sign or symptom of stroke. Unilateral weakness (26%) and numbness (22%) were the most frequently noted symptoms. Patients aged ≥65 years were less likely to know a sign or symptom of stroke than those aged <65 years (percentage not knowing a single sign or symptom, 47% versus 28%, P=.016). Similarly, 43% of patients did not know a single ris...
Effects Of Hydration On The Dynamics Of Water In Lipid Bilayer Systems: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The properties of interlamellar water are critically important to the structure and function of biological membranes. Recent developments in femtosecond infrared spectroscopy on membrane systems at various hydration levels have opened the possibility of direct comparison between experiment and molecular dynamics simulations on the same time scales. The interpretation of experimental findings can benefit from a detailed computational study of water solvation structure and dynamics of inter-lamellar water at these hydration levels. In this presentation, we report molecular dynamics simulations of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine POPC bilayers in the liquid-crystalline state and at three hydration levels. Simulations were performed in the canonical ensemble using the GROMACS software package. The extent to which water is influenced by the presence of membrane depends on the hydration level. We found the anisotropic diffusion constant of lipid water exhibits interesting crossover behavior as the water molecule moves from the head group region toward the bulk region. The anisotropic hydrodynamic diffusion of water is explained by structural perturbation of the water hydrogen bond network by the lipid. Radial distribution function, spatial distribution function, and power spectra of water are calculated to consolidate our interpretation. This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DGE-0221680.
The Problem of Ch‘ien Hsuan

The Sparrow on an Apple Branch, attributed to Ch'ien Hsuan (ca. 1235–1300) in the Princeton Art Museum (Fig. 1),1 was part of the famous Marquis Asano Collection in Tokyo before World War II. It is mounted as a short kakemono, with a dazzling golden-threaded, yellow brocade around the painting, and two pieces of rich, golden-threaded, dark-green brocade at the top and the bottom of the scroll. The outer cover of the scroll is of a plain blue-green silk, which is smoothly worn through around the middle in two areas, one small and one large, tokens of centuries of eager and persistent gripping by many a zealous owner and his chosen friends. The scroll is sumptuously wrapped in layers of silk and cloth-casings and encased in three boxes, two inner ones of plain unpainted t'ung wood and an outer one of heavy black lacquer.
The Validity of the Nelson-Denny Reading Test as a Predictor of Performance in Introductory Psychology

The objective of this paper was to assess the extent of the relationship between Nelson-Denny Reading Test (NDRT) scores and introductory psychology examination scores. Tests were administered to subjects from selected sections of an introductory psychology course. Measures were taken over a four-semester period. The median correlation between the Nelson-Denny scores and each of the two criterion measures (first unit examination and total number of points earned during the semester—Semester Point Total) was 0.56 (significant at the 0.01 level). When standardized aptitude measures are not available, the NDRT would appear to be a useful predictor of performance in an introductory psychology class.
The Effect of Microstructure on Chemical Mechanical Polishing Process of Thin-Film Metals

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a critical nanomanufacturing process used to remove or planarize ultrathin metallic, dielectric, or barrier layers on silicon wafers. The CMP process is a vital interim fabrication step for integrated circuits and data storage devices. One of the major shortcomings of existing CMP models is that they do not account for crystallographic effects of the thin film metal materials when predicting material removal rates. This work investigates the effect of the microstructure on the CMP of copper and metal thin films on silicon wafer. Nanoindentation tests were conducted to measure the hardness variations across a wafer surface due to the crystallography of the metal films. Spatial variation of mechanical properties was also input into an existing multi-scale CMP model. Nano-characterization and CMP experimental results are presented and compared to an existing CMP wear model.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Pars screw fixation of a hangman's fracture: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis may be treated by external immobilization or surgical fixation. CLINICAL PRESENTATION We report the case of a 23-year-old man who sustained an Effendi Type II fracture of the axis, for which halo immobilization did not provide adequate stability. INTERVENTION The unstable fracture was treated by placing lag screws in the pars interarticularis of C2, which reduced the fracture directly but sacrificed no normal spinal motion. The patient developed a solid fusion, and cervical alignment was normal at his 6-month follow-up examination. CONCLUSION Although this technique has been reported previously, it is more commonly used in multilevel cervical fusions than for stand-alone repair of C2. Management options, anatomy, and technical considerations for the treatment of traumatic spondylolisthesis are reviewed.
A q-analogue of the Whittaker-Shannon-Kotel'nikov sampling theorem

The Whittaker-Shannon-Kotel'nikov (WSK) sampling theorem plays an important role not only in harmonic analysis and approximation theory, but also in communication engineering since it enables engineers to reconstruct analog signals from their samples at a discrete set of data points. The main aim of this paper is to derive a q-analogue of the Whittaker-Shannon-Kotel'nikov sampling theorem. The proof uses recent results in the theory of q-orthogonal polynomials and basic hypergeometric functions, in particular, new results on the addition theorems for q-exponential functions.
Estradiol tends to improve inhibitory avoidance performance in adrenalectomized male rats and reduces pyknotic cells in the dentate gyrus of adrenalectomized male and female rats.

Abstract Estradiol or vehicle was administered daily to gonadectomized, adrenalectomized (ADX) male (experiment 1) and female (experiment 2) Long–Evans rats. Four and 5 days after ADX, respectively, animals were trained and tested in an inhibitory avoidance task. Male and female ADX rats had shorter cross over latencies on the test day than did nonADX rats. In males, estradiol administration to ADX rats improved inhibitory avoidance performance to levels that were comparable to nonADX, estradiol-administered male rats. No effects of estradiol were seen on inhibitory avoidance performance of female rats. In both males and females, ADX increased the number of pyknotic cells in the dentate gyrus compared to nonADX rats; estradiol also reduced pyknotic cell number compared to vehicle administration. These findings suggest that estradiol’s effects on inhibitory avoidance and pyknosis in the dentate gyrus may be independent of each other.
Hydride formation of rare earths under water vapor

Abstract Thin films of Gd were exposed to water vapor at 423°K for about 1 to 3 hr. X-Ray diffraction indicates that this treatment results in complete dihydride formation. No signs of oxide formation are evident in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The presence of oxide layers in materials prior to water vapor treatment appears to destroy the conditions which allow for hydride formation. This is concluded from similar experiments on fine particles of Er prepared by laser techniques.
Transgranular stress-corrosion cracking of disordered Cu-25Au in aqueous chloride and sulfate media

Transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (T-SCC) in disordered copper-25 at. pct gold single crystals was studied in two chloride media: 2 pct (0.13 M) FeCl3 and oxygen-free 0.6 M NaCl. A limited number of tests were also performed on polycrystals in the chloride media and also in acidified 1 M Na2SO4. Potentiostatic polarization, constant deflection tests, and high-resolution SEM examination were used to relate the electrochemical and fractographic features of T-SCC in these systems. Exclusive selective electro-dissolution of copper occurs over the potential domain investigated, and the polarization behavior is characterized at low potentials by a “passive≓ domain in which the current is very low (2 to 4 microamps/cm2), increasing only very slowly with increasing potential up to a “transpassive” potential,E c. AboveE c the current increases by a factor of 103 in a very narrow domain of rising potential ( ≈ 50 mv). In both chloride media Ec was found to be +430 mv (sce). At and above Ec a porous gold-rich “sponge” is readily formed on the surface, and in aq. FeCl3 metallographic evidence for sponge formation was also found in the low-current region of potential, well below Ec. In all three media, fracture surfaces display the characteristic cleavage-like features scen in other T-SCC systems. For the constant deflection loading employed in the present investigation, the lower limit of potential for susceptibility to cracking in aq. NaCl occurs at +400 mv (sce), which is slightly below Ec; whereas, for aq. FeCl3 the limiting potential is 0 mv (sce), considerably belowE c. For both chloride media, the upper limit, if it exists, is greater than +600 mv (sce). These results are analyzed in order to distinguish between proposed mechanisms for T-SCC.
Inhibition and release of respiration in particles from Alcaligenes faecalis.

Abstract Oxidation of DPNH by phosphorylating particles from Alcaligenes faecalis is stimulated by P i and to a further variable degree by ADP plus P i . The rates of oxidation in the presence and absence of P i and ADP show different pH dependences. When a protein necessary for coupling phosphorylation to electron transport is removed from the particles, respiration is rapid and P i and ADP have no further effect. When this coupling protein (which is also found associated with DPN as an intermediate) is rebound to the particles by magnesium ions and a specific oligoribonucleotide, respiration is slowed, and can again be stimulated or released by P i or P i and ADP. The magnitude of respiratory stimulation by P i or P i and ADP is much smaller that that observed with intact mitochondria, but is similar to that observed with mitochondrial particles. These observations are compatible with our previously stated hypothesis that oxidative phosphorylation is mediated by electron carrier-coupling enzyme intermediates. The stimulating effect of P i or P i and ADP on respiration appears in this system to be the result of releasing electron carriers from such intermediates and thus allowing them to function again in electron transport.
Effect of transition state aromaticity and antiaromaticity on intrinsic barriers of proton transfers in aromatic and antiaromatic heterocyclic systems; an ab initio study.

An ab initio study of two series of carbon-to-carbon proton transfer reactions is reported. The first series refers to the heterocyclic C4H5X+/C4H4X (X = CH−, NH, S, O, PH, CH2, AlH, BH) systems, and the second to the linear (X = CH−, NH, S, PH, O, CH2, AlH, BH) reference systems . The major objective of this study was to examine to what degree the aromaticity of C4H4X (X = CH−, NH, S, O, PH) and the antiaromaticity of C4H4X (X = AlH, BH) is expressed at the transition state of the proton transfer and how this affects the respective intrinsic barriers. From the differences in the barriers between a given cyclic system and the corresponding linear reference system , ΔΔH⧧ = ΔH⧧(cyclic) − ΔH⧧(linear), it was inferred that in the cyclic systems both aromaticity and antiaromaticity lower ΔH⧧(cyclic). This conclusion was based on the assumption that the factors not associated with aromaticity or antiaromaticity such as resonance, inductive and polarizability effects in the protonated species, and charge delocal...