cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schlegel's photon clock theory: A reply to Wormald

Wormald proposes to remove the anomalous absorption of photons in the light clock by making a relativistic correction for absorption frequencies in the mirrors. This would require different corrections for atoms in mirrors 1 and 2, even though both have the same velocity relative to the observer. A relativistic time transformation by direct velocity dependence of time rate is different from a transformation between clocks with Lorentz-invariant proper time readings. With ascription of an invariant proper time to the photon clock, one loses its property of directly illustrating the relativistic time transformation.
Coding true arithmetic in the Medvedev degrees of Π 1 0 classes

Abstract Let E s denote the lattice of Medvedev degrees of non-empty Π 1 0 subsets of 2 ω , and let E w denote the lattice of Muchnik degrees of non-empty Π 1 0 subsets of 2 ω . We prove that the first-order theory of E s as a partial order is recursively isomorphic to the first-order theory of true arithmetic. Our coding of arithmetic in E s also shows that the Σ 3 0 -theory of E s as a lattice and the Σ 4 0 -theory of E s as a partial order are undecidable. Moreover, we show that the degree of E s as a lattice is 0 ‴ in the sense that 0 ‴ computes a presentation of E s and that every presentation of E s computes 0 ‴ . Finally, we show that the Σ 3 0 -theory of E w as a lattice and the Σ 4 0 -theory of E w as a partial order are undecidable.
Localized Marangoni forcing in driven thin films

Abstract We consider the use of localized Marangoni forcing to produce a thermocapillary “microfluidic valve” that allows us to control the downstream flow of a thin film of viscous fluid. To this end, we analyze the influence of this localized forcing on a flow driven by a combination of uniform Marangoni stresses and gravity in a one-dimensional model. Long-time solutions approach states that can be categorized in two classes, where the film thickness downstream of the forcing is: (I) determined by the upstream thickness, or (II) controlled by the forcing amplitude. The type II solutions are stable stationary hydraulic jumps for thin films. We give careful attention to the relation between the forcing and the downstream film flow for the resulting bi-stable solutions. We include a comparison of the one-dimensional theory with two-dimensional computations and experimental results.
Robert Solow: An Affectionate Portrait

The great Cambridge mathematician G. H. Hardy summed up his scholarly worth with the assertion: "I collaborated with Littlewood." When I meet up with St. Peter in Heaven it will be my boast, "I collaborated with Bob Solow." Solow is the consummate economist's economist. He does everything well and with apparent ease. What Ty Cobb was to baseball, Solow has been to our generation of economists. But with this difference. Cobb had a will to win that never let up. Solow acts as if he has nothing to prove. And what is most remarkable, as a youngster long before his merits had become clear to all, he displayed the same relaxed approach to economic science and academic life. The subjects of probability and mathematical economics he found to be the most fascinating things in life; and if you did not share this view, young Bob could only feel sorry for you. As an anthropologist who has spent a long lifetime observing achieving scholars and scientists, I can report how rare this relaxed approach is and how great must be the natural abilities of anyone with it who nevertheless attains the highest rung of the ladder. I once said to Solow, "Bob, you are perfect except for one thing. You don't play tennis." Instead of reminding me that I don't ski, sail, play chess, and after the age of 40 row for Balliol, Solow merely smiled.
A note on optimal ergodic invariant measures for piecewise linear maps on fractal repellers

Abstract We answer a question about uniqueness of maximum information dimension invariant measures on invariant fractal sets, and we interpret the maximum information dimension as an instance of a general regularity principle. New expressions for information dimension, Lyapunov exponent, and chaotic trajectory decay rate, are derived.
Lack of promoter IV-driven BDNF transcription results in depression-like behavior

Transcription of Bdnf is controlled by multiple promoters, in which promoter IV contributes significantly to activity-dependent Bdnf transcription. We have generated promoter IV mutant mice [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-KIV] in which promoter IV-driven expression of BDNF is selectively disrupted by inserting a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-STOP cassette within the Bdnf exon IV locus. BDNF-KIV animals exhibited depression-like behavior as shown by the tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test (SPT) and learned helplessness test (LHT). In addition, BDNF-KIV mice showed reduced activity in the open field test (OFT) and reduced food intake in the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT). The mutant mice did not display anxiety-like behavior in the light and dark box test and elevated plus maze tests. Interestingly, the mutant mice showed defective response inhibition in the passive avoidance test (PAT) even though their learning ability was intact when measured with the active avoidance test (AAT). These results suggest that promoter IV-dependent BDNF expression plays a critical role in the control of mood-related behaviors. This is the first study that directly addressed the effects of endogenous promoter-driven expression of BDNF in depression-like behavior.
Electrospray and ICP-mass spectrometry: enemies or allies?

A case is made that either inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry or electospray-mass spectrometry alone will not be adequate for the identification of unknown elemental species at trace levels in complex mixtures. These two types of ion source can be readily combined to provide both selective elemental analysis and molecular identification. The liquid flow rate regimes of these two measurement techniques are such that little compromise is expected if the two are used simultaneously on the same liquid chromatographic effluent.
Single-Incision Percutaneous Epiphysiodesis of the Lower Extremity

The authors describe their single-incision percutaneous epiphysiodesis technique, using a cannulated reamer and curets to create a large central epiphyseal arrest under radiographic control. We reviewed our first 165 lower extremity epiphysiodesis procedure performed in 117 patients. Patients were included if follow-up was at least 2 years or skeletal maturity was reached. Successful epiphyseal arrest was documented in all patients, and there were no angular deformities. Minor complications included a seroma with superficial infection, a temporary loss of knee flexion, an asymptomatic stress fracture at the operative site, and 1 incisional burn from a hot reamer that resulted in a broadened scar. A perforation of the posterior cortex during a proximal tibial epiphysiodesis was the only major complication. None of these patients required an additional surgical procedure. Single-incision percutaneous lower extremity epiphysiodesis of the lower extremity is a reliable, safe and minimally invasive method to achieve irreversible epiphyseal arrest.
Expression of Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels by an Inducible Adenoviral Vector Reduced the Neuronal Hyperexcitability and Hyperalgesia Produced by Chronic Compression of the Spinal Ganglion

Background A chronic compressed dorsal root ganglion (CCD) in rat produces pain behavior and an enhanced excitability of neurons within the compressed ganglion. Kir2.1 is an inwardly rectifying potassium channel that acts to stabilize the resting potential of certain cell types. We hypothesized that an inducible expression of Kir2.1 channels in CCD neurons might suppress neuronal excitability in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and reduce the associated pain behavior.
Adults' Perceptions of the Behavior of Competent and Dysfunctional Children Based on the Children's Physical Appearance.

This study explored adults' judgments of competent and dysfunctional children's behavioral adjustment based solely on children's physical appearance. Adults rated photographs of preschoolers (6 boys, 6 girls) who previously had been classified as socially competent or dysfunctional on the basis of independent, standardized teacher ratings. Participants, who were not given any information about the stimulus children, rated their photographs one at a time on measures of attractiveness, aggression, anxiety, social competence, and overall adjustment. Results indicated that dysfunctional children were easily distinguished from their competent peers. Specifically, dysfunctional children were rated as less attractive, more aggressive, more anxious, less socially competent, and more likely to have an emotional or behavioral problem than competent children. These findings (especially strong for aggressive boys), remained significant when group differences in attractiveness were statistically controlled. Implications for interpreting the current literature on attractiveness and for modification of childhood behavior disorders are discussed.
What have we learned from clinical neuroprotective trials

Although no neuroprotective agent is yet available for acute stroke patients, the information we have gleaned from clinical neuroprotective trials is incredibly valuable. We know that these agents are biologically active, potentially safe, and likely to have a primary role in the acute treatment of the stroke patient. The ischemic cascade has been attacked from a myriad of directions, and we now appreciate some of the advantages and limitations of preclinical models. We can use this knowledge to design more effective trials in the future.
Analysis of remotely sensed ocean data by the optimal spectral decomposition (OSD) method

A new data analysis/assimilation scheme, optimal spectral decomposition (OSD), has been developed to reanalyze fields from noisy and sparse data in a domain with open boundary conditions using two scalar representations for a three-dimensional incompressible flow. The reanalysis procedure is divided into two steps: (a) specification of basis functions in the spectral decomposition from knowledge of boundary geometry and velocity and (b) determination of coefficients in the spectral decomposition for the circulation solving linear or nonlinear regression equations. The basis functions are the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian operator with mixed boundary conditions. The optimization process is used to obtain unique and stable solutions on the base of an iteration procedure with special regularization (the filtration. The capability is demonstrated using various examples.
Memory, Difference, and Information: Generative Architectures Latent to Material and Perceptual Plasticity

Stemming from ongoing research between architecture and the biological sciences, this paper explores dynamic organizations of matter in both a multi-dimensional, microscopic scale human cellular system and a human-scaled perceptual environment from an information theoretical framework. This research examines latent virtual diagrams residing within real dynamic material systems whose generative potential emerges from difference, history, and ultimately the structural information content of spatiotemporal data arrays. Through the development of a design tool, we offer a method for visualizing the underlying formal structures of these data arrays. Currently this method is being developed and deployed in the biomedical sciences as a means of analyzing dynamic biological data sets for purposes of determining unique spatiotemporal behavioral signatures in different cell types within unique cellular environments. From a design standpoint, a parallel aim of this research deploys these same information theoretical principles as an analytic technique, specifically in areas of generative design, materiality, and affect as they pertain to organizations of data arrays generated from objects within their environments with and without perceiving subjects, or what we call relative observers.
Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus strain capable of degrading the extracellular glucan from Cellulomonas flavigena strain KU

P.A. BERTRAM, C.S. BULLER, G.C. STEWART AND J.M. AKAGI. 1993. Bacteria capable of utilizing the water-insoluble purified extracellular (1 3)-β-D-glucan (curdlan) from Cellulomonas flavigena strain KU by extracellular enzymes, were insolated and characterized. Enrichment cultures from a Winogradsky column were incubated anaerobically at 55dC with curdlan as the sole source of carbon. Colonies surrounded by zones of clearing were selected from subcultures on solid curdlan media. One of the isolates was chosen for further study and identified by conventional methods, API-tests with calculation of similarity coefficients and ID-scores, estimation of mol% (G + C) and DNA-DNA liquid hybridization. The isolate is a facultatively anaerobic, facultatively thermophilic Bacillus sp. Identification at the species-level was not achieved. The isolate was characterized by some rare traits among bacilli, but it remains unresolved whether it defines a new taxon.
Autonomous Acoustic Receiver Deployment and Mooring Techniques for Use in Large Rivers and Estuaries

Acoustic telemetry receivers are used across a range of aquatic habitats to study a diversity of aquatic species. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System autonomous acoustic receiver system was deployed and moored in the Columbia River and its estuary. A high receiver loss rate during 2005 in the Columbia River estuary, an area with high water velocities and unstable substrates, prompted improvements to the receiver mooring system, and in 2006 the mooring system was redesigned. This change included elimination of surface buoys, a cable bridle, and an anchor tagline (for anchor recovery). The new mooring configuration, consisting of an acoustic receiver, acoustic release, and mooring line sections that were anchored to the riverbed, improved receiver recovery rates and crew safety. Additionally, a reward program was implemented to provide an incentive for people to return found receivers. The mooring design presented here performed well compared with previous acoustic receiver mooring methods used in the Columbia River system and should be useful for similar applications in large rivers and estuaries with high water velocities and shifting substrates.
A New Exercise Central Hemodynamics Paradigm: Time for Reflection or Expansion?

Current hemodynamic dogma suggests that the increase in central blood pressure during exercise is largely driven by augmentation of pressure from wave reflections. However, this hemodynamic presupposition lacks teleological and physiological support. During dynamic aerobic exercise, there are marked reductions in terminal impedance because of peripheral metabolic vasodilation. Moreover, despite an increase in central artery stiffness and potential muscle pump–mediated pressure counterpulsations during exercise, increases in aortic diameter coupled with peripheral vasodilation and reductions in peripheral artery stiffness result in central-peripheral impedance matching favorably altering pressure wave timing/magnitude. This hemodynamic milieu would foster transmission of minimal wave reflections and thus optimize ventricular–vascular …
Constraint-based visualization of spatial interpolation data

We propose using a constraint relational representation for spatial data derived using an inverse distance weighting interpolation method. The advantage of our approach is that many queries that could not be done in traditional GIS systems can now be easily expressed and evaluated in constraint database systems. The data visualization can also be based on constraint techniques.
EL LIDERAZGO ESCOLAR COMO ÁMBITO DE LA POLÍTICA EDUCATIVA SUPRANACIONAL

INTRODUCTION. In recent years, International Organizations, especially OECD and EU, have paid increasing attention to school leadership as a key factor for the quality of education, establishing recommendations on this issue. Since many education systems have recently undertaken reforms in relation to leadership, the question is if it is possible to find converging aspects in the policies developed at the international level, based on the proposals made by these agencies or, on the contrary, if it is an area where the predominant factors are essentially national. METHOD . After a documentary review of the reforms relating to school leadership in OECD and EU member countries, the content of these reforms is compared with guidelines from both agencies, in order to verify the existence or not of international convergences in this regard. RESULTS. The results suggest the existence of common lines in current policies on school leadership in the countries analyzed, although some variations can be found in the scope of the reforms and the specific aspects regarding these. DISCUSSION. There arises the existence of an interaction between global streams postulated by international organizations and the weight of national states in defining models of school leadership. It is considered, therefore, that there is an influence of the supranational level in policies relating to school leadership, so these can not be analyzed exclusively in a national perspective.
Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis

If carcinogenesis occurs by somatic evolution, then common components of the cancer phenotype result from active selection and must, therefore, confer a significant growth advantage. A near-universal property of primary and metastatic cancers is upregulation of glycolysis, resulting in increased glucose consumption, which can be observed with clinical tumour imaging. We propose that persistent metabolism of glucose to lactate even in aerobic conditions is an adaptation to intermittent hypoxia in pre-malignant lesions. However, upregulation of glycolysis leads to microenvironmental acidosis requiring evolution to phenotypes resistant to acid-induced cell toxicity. Subsequent cell populations with upregulated glycolysis and acid resistance have a powerful growth advantage, which promotes unconstrained proliferation and invasion.
MGH cylindrical PET operational characteristics

The MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital) cylindrical PET (positron emission tomography) camera employs a pseudocontinuous BGO (bismuth germanate) detector with analog position sensing. The goal is to achieve a uniform response, high sensitivity, and high resolution in space, time, and energy. The performance of the detector and the setting of its control parameters are discussed. The detector reflects many of the characteristics of a continuous crystal scintillation camera, allows utilization of thick detectors and low scintillation efficiency detector material, and has less restrictive geometric requirements. >
Separating Growth from Elastic Deformation during Cell Enlargement

Plants change size by deforming reversibly (elastically) whenever turgor pressure changes, and by growing. The elastic deformation is independent of growth because it occurs in nongrowing cells. Its occurrence with growth has prevented growth from being observed alone. We investigated whether the two processes could be separated in internode cells of Chara corallina Klien ex Willd., em R.D.W. by injecting or removing cell solution with a pressure probe to change turgor while the cell length was continuously measured. Cell size changed immediately when turgor changed, and growth rates appeared to be altered. Low temperature eliminated growth but did not alter the elastic effects. This allowed elastic deformation measured at low temperature to be subtracted from elongation at warm temperature in the same cell. After the subtraction, growth alone could be observed for the first time. Alterations in turgor caused growth to change rapidly to a new, steady rate with no evidence of rapid adjustments in wall properties. This turgor response, together with the marked sensitivity of growth to temperature, suggested that the growth rate was not controlled by inert polymer extension but rather by biochemical reactions that include a turgor-sensitive step.
The person–situation debate: A critical multiplist perspective.

Critical multiplism is an approach to question and method choice predicated on the only partial validity of most current social science practices In the first part of this paper, the approach is described, and note is made of many of its advantages but also of two of its limitations Critical multiplism is then applied to the person-situation debate The analysis reveals that major protagonists in the debate have often discussed different versions of what appears to be the same question, and they usually agree when they define the questions similarly The major real difference concerns predictions about the extent of cross-situational consistency in behaviors This entails at least two subquestions (1) how consistent is the same molecular behavior across situations? and (2) how crosssituationally stable are different molecular behaviors presumed to indicate the same latent trait? Data from Peake (1982) reported in Mischel and Peake (1982) are then reanalyzed For molecular behaviors within the trait of conscientiousness, the central tendency of the cross-situational correlation is between 30 and 50, while for the nine different behaviors measured as most prototypical of the latent trait of conscientiousness it is in the 30 to 40 range While these values are higher than those of Mischel and Peake (1982), comparable analyses of their friendliness data failed to replicate the results for conscientiousness, cautioning us not to overgeneralize estimates of cross-situational consistency from any of the analyses currently available
Application of a Socio-Ecological Model to Mother–Infant Bed-Sharing

Mother-infant bed-sharing has been associated with an increased risk of sleep-related infant deaths, and thus, health messaging has aimed to discourage this behavior. Despite this messaging, bed-sharing remains a common practice in the United States, especially among minority families. Moreover, rates of accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (often related to bed-sharing) are on the rise, with Black infants at two to three times greater risk than Whites. Multiple studies have identified risk factors for bed-sharing, but a gap remains between findings and translation into interventions. The socio-ecological model (SEM) has been suggested as a way to study and design interventions addressing complex public health issues. This article reconceptualizes the literature on mother-infant bed-sharing using the SEM. PubMed, POPLINE, ERIC, and Psych Info were searched for articles that (a) included bed-sharing as the outcome variable, (b) were published between 2000 and 2013, (c) were conducted in the United States, and (d) included quantitative comparison of more than one factor. The following data were extracted: sample characteristics, bed-sharing definition, methods, factors examined, key findings, and conclusions. Data were summarized into five SEM levels--infant, maternal, family and household, and community and society, nested within the historical context of race. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria. Significant factors associated with bed-sharing were present within each SEM level of influence. Educational interventions may increase efficacy by attending to multiple levels of the SEM, especially when implementing such interventions within minority subpopulations. Using a harm reduction approach to reducing the risk around bed-sharing may be one way to account for the multiple influences on bed-sharing. The science and practice of minimizing mother-infant bed-sharing may be advanced through use of the SEM.
A taxonomy of novice user perception of error on the Web

Novice users face many challenges when browsing the Web. The goal of this experiment was to learn about how users perceive error situations when using the World Wide Web. Specifically, the goal was to learn which circumstances cause users to believe that an error has occurred. An exploratory experiment took place with 78 subjects who were novice users. In the experiment the subjects were asked to identify when they perceived that an error had occurred. The subjects reported a total of 219 error situations. These error situations were then classified by the researchers into the following four categories: user error, system error, situational error, and poor Web design. Based on the collected data, suggestions are presented for improving the usability of Web browsers and Web sites.
A Subset of Membrane-Altering Agents and γ-Secretase Modulators Provoke Nonsubstrate Cleavage by Rhomboid Proteases

Rhomboid proteases are integral membrane enzymes that regulate cell signaling, adhesion, and organelle homeostasis pathways, making substrate specificity a key feature of their function. Interestingly, we found that perturbing the membrane pharmacologically in living cells had little effect on substrate processing but induced inappropriate cleavage of nonsubstrates by rhomboid proteases. A subclass of drugs known to modulate γ-secretase activity acted on the membrane directly and induced nonsubstrate cleavage by rhomboid proteases but left true substrate cleavage sites unaltered. These observations highlight an active role for the membrane in guiding rhomboid selectivity and caution that membrane-targeted drugs should be evaluated for cross-activity against membrane-resident enzymes that are otherwise unrelated to the intended drug target. Furthermore, some γ-secretase-modulating activity or toxicity could partly result from global membrane effects.
Vulnerability and Schizoaffective Psychosis: A Two-Factor Model

Remitting illness such as affective or schizoaffective disorder is appropriately described by a vulnerability model. Clinical evidence is reviewed here to clarify the relationship between the affective-disorder-like and schizophrenia-like symptoms in a schizoaffective episode. A model is proposed which treats vulnerability to schizoaffective and schizophreniform psychosis as the result of two factors. The first factor is vulnerability to an episode of psychotic illness characterized by psychomotor and vegetative activation. The second is vulnerability to cognitive disturbance in response to increased activation. The relationship between stress and increased activation may be mediated by dopaminergic systems; this relationship is probably specific neither to etiology nor to diagnosis. The relationship of cognitive symptoms to episodes of activation is unclear. The model presented here may help organize and interpret research in this area, especially as traditional research designs which emphasize comparisons between diagnostic groups may not address these questions adequately.
Positive Inotropic Effects of Dibutyryl Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate

The positive inotropic effects of catecholamines have been postulated to result from an increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) produced by activation of adenyl cyclase. Although lack of an inotropic effect by exogenously administered cyclic AMP has cast doubt on this hypothesis, cardiac cells are not readily permeable to cyclic AMP. The N6-2'-O-dibutyryl derivative of cyclic AMP is thought to enter cells more readily and is resistant to enzymatic degradation by phosphodiesterase. We examined the effects of cyclic AMP and its dibutyryl derivative on the contractile performance of isolated cat right ventricular papillary muscles. Cyclic AMP (1 x 10-4 to 5 x 10-3M) had no effect on papillary muscle function. However, dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused a concentration-dependent increase in isometric tension and rate of tension development, the threshold concentration being 5 x 10-4M. The increments in tension (4.5 ± 0.4 g/mm2) and rate of tension development (58.4 ± 5.4 g/m...
Racial Differences in Tuberculosis Infection in United States Communities: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Previously reported associations between race/ethnicity and tuberculosis infection have lacked sufficient adjustment for socioeconomic factors. We analyzed race/ethnicity and self-reported tuberculosis infection data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a well-characterized cohort of 5115 black and white participants, and found that after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, black participants were more likely to report tuberculosis infection and/or disease (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-2.9).
Human Parainfluenza Viruses hPIV1 and hPIV3 Bind Oligosaccharides with α2-3-Linked Sialic Acids That Are Distinct from Those Bound by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

We investigated the binding of human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 (hPIV1 and hPIV3, respectively) to the glycan array of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics and binding and their release from erythrocytes under conditions where neuraminidase is inactive or active. hPIV1 and hPIV3 bind modifications of Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, including the sialyl-Lewisx motif and structures containing 6-sulfogalactose. hPIV1 and hPIV3 thus bind typical N-linked glycans, in contrast to avian influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin (J. Stevens, O. Blixt, T. M. Tumpey, J. K. Taubenberger, J. C. Paulson, and I. A. Wilson, Science 312:404-410, 2006), which binds less-common motifs. While the receptor is not the sole determinant of tropism, hPIV or H5 influenza virus infection of specific cells that express receptors may contribute to their different pathologies.
How the checklist paradigm elucidates the semantics of fuzzy inference

The authors present some results on a theoretical semantic device called the checklist paradigm which gives the theoretical bounds on the performance of particular many-valued implication operators and other connectives. In its most general form, the checklist paradigm pairs the distinct connectives of the same logical type to provide the bounds for interval-valued approximate inference. The global structure imposed on the many-valued connectives by the certain type of checklist paradigm contracting measures is shown to be the S/sub 2*2*2/ group. >
lac repressor acts by modifying the initial transcribing complex so that it cannot leave the promoter

RNA polymerase engaged in the joint complex with the lac repressor at the lac UV5 promoter cannot escape into elongation but generates abortive RNA oligomers. The joint complex actively transcribes a few initial base pairs in a reaction unusually sensitive to a decrease in the substrate concentration. The joint complex, however, fails to traverse a point in the initial transcribed sequence that normally requires a high concentration of the elongating substrate. Thus, the repressor acts by augmenting a natural high "kNTP" site (pause site) embedded in the promoter. A lethal RNA polymerase mutation that mimics the effect of the repressor leads to an analogous block of promoter clearance and shortened abortive product pattern on several promoters, reflecting the widespread occurrence of high kNTP sites in promoters.
Analytical design of evolutionary control flow components

The market demands that software systems be adaptable to changes in requirements. Software must be evolvable to solve slightly different problems over time. The transition from real-world requirements to software is a human-intensive and potentially complex process that provides limited automated support for the analysis of alternative designs with respect to their evolvability. In this paper, we propose an analytical software design approach to localize changes to control flow requirements. We present an analytical and "heuristically good" design approach to generate control components that localize change and reduce the computational complexity of an optimal approach. We apply our heuristic to an example and summarize the results. Lastly, we propose future research and summarize our ideas.
When Church and State Collide: Averting Democratic Disaffection in a Post-Smith World

On October 11, 2006, forty-year-old Ginnah Muhammad brought suit against Enterprise Rent-A-Car seeking relief for $2,750 in assessed damages to a rental car, damages she claimed were caused by thieves. Rather than discussing her claims, however, the court focused on her sartorial choices: Muhammad arrived in court wearing the niqab a modesty veil, worn by some devout Muslim women, covering the head and face with the exception of the eyes.1 Presiding Judge Paul Paruk gave her the choice of removing the niqab, or having her case dismissed. Paruk's reasoning appeared to be pragmatic: "I can't see your face and I can't tell whether you're telling me the truth and I can't see certain things about your demeanor and temperament that I need to see in a court of law."2 Muhammad parried, requesting that her case be heard in front of a female judge before whom she would feel comfortable removing her veil. When Paruk rejected this option as impossible, Muhammad chose to have her case dismissed rather than remove her veil, stating, "I wish to respect my religion and so I will not take off my clothes."3 Neither Muhammad nor any commentator contends that Paruk's actions stemmed from anti-Muslim animus. To the contrary, his courtroom rules while not statutorily mandated appeared motivated by the desire to accurately judge the veracity of witnesses' statements. Moreover, his decision would appear to be in line with the Supreme Court's First Amendment jurisprudence: when faced with a conflict between religious practice and a rule or statute
Alteration in the urinary excretion rate of amino acids and nitrogen by dietary means in obese and normal human subjects.

Abstract The effect of altered nutritional states in man on the urinary excretion of total nitrogen, urea, taurine, and 13 individual amino acids was examined. With the exception of leucine and β-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), the excretion of these urinary constituents was decreased during starvation, as well as during maintenance on an isocaloric protein-free diet. Although there was no significant difference in the urinary excretion of nitrogen, urea, taurine, and amino acids by nonobese and obese subjects during starvation, there was a marked difference in the excretion of these constituents by fasted and protein-deprived normal subjects. A greater excretion of nitrogen and urea, and a lesser excretion of taurine, occurred during starvation than during the isocaloric protein-free dieting. Among the examined amino acids there was a significant difference in the excretion rate of 5 amino acids in these 2 groups of subjects, while their renal clearance of amino acids remained the same. The subjects excreted a greater amount of 3 branched-chain amino acids, β-AIB, and a smaller amount of alanine during starvation than during the isocaloric protein-free dieting. These observations together with our previous data on plasma amino acid concentrations suggest that the difference in urinary excretion pattern of free amino acids exhibited during starvation and during protein-free dieting is principally a reflection of differences in plasma amino acid composition during these altered nutritional states. Moreover, excess stored lipids (obesity) does not provide any metabolic advantage in reducing the amino acid catabolism during the short-term (6 days) starvation period.
Primary Care Physicians Practicing Preventive Medicine in the Outpatient Setting

Background: Preventive care is an important part of primary care medicine, yet much variation in its practice exists. The aim of this study is to assess physicians' perspectives of practicing preventive medicine and evaluate which topics are deemed most important. Methods: All primary care medicine providers at two separate academic medical centers (Mayo Clinic, MN and Mayo Clinic, FL) were surveyed via an E-mail questionnaire assessing physicians' perception of the role of preventive medicine during both acute/routine and yearly visits, physicians' perception of patients' response to preventive medicine topics, and which preventive medicine topics are commonly practiced. Results: Of 445 providers meeting inclusion criteria, a total of 183 (41.1%) responded. Providers were more likely to engage patients in preventive medicine during yearly visits more so than acute visits (3.82 vs. 4.72, range 1-5 Likert Scale), yet providers were very likely to partake in such practices during both visits. Providers perceived that patients received the practice of preventive medicine very well (4.13 on 1-5 Likert Scale). No significant difference between provider practice and patient perception was noted between the two sites, although there was some variation based on clinical experience of the provider. Providers were found to most commonly practice topics recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force. Conclusions: Our study found a high predisposition to practicing preventive medicine. Providers seem to practice according to published evidence-based medicine recommendations.
Emergent particle-hole symmetry in the half-filled Landau level

Here, the authors investigate the possibility that particle-hole symmetry in the lowest Landau level at half filling arises as an emergent low-energy symmetry. Specifically, they start with the traditional approach to the half-filled Landau level: an effective field theory known as the composite Fermi liquid pioneered by Halperin, Lee, and Read. In this theory, composite fermions arise when flux is attached to electrons in a half-filled Landau level. However, an equivalent starting point is one where one starts with a filled Landau level, depletes electrons (or equivalently, adds holes) to the point of half filling. One then attaches flux to the holes, and the resulting composite hole description is another viable description of the half-filled Landau level. The authors construct a particle-hole symmetric theory by studying a system consisting of alternating quasi-one-dimensional strips of composite Fermi liquid (CFL) and composite hole liquid (CHL), both of which break particle-hole symmetry. Gauge invariance requires the existence of gapless edge modes at the interface between the CFL and CHL. Out of these modes, they construct a neutral Dirac fermion coupled to an emergent U(1) gauge field. Thus, at distances long compared to the strip width, they demonstrate that the system is described by a Dirac fermion coupled to an emergent gauge field, with an anti-unitary particle-hole symmetry, precisely the form conjectured recently by Son to be the low-energy description of a particle-hole symmetric half-filled Landau level.
Mechanism of killing of HeLa cells by the antitumor sulfonylurea, N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY 181984)

The antitumor sulfonylureas appear to inhibit both mitochondrial activity in susceptible human colon lines and to inhibit the oxidation of NADH by isolated plasma membrane vesicles from HeLa cells. The results reported here describe the morphological appearance of HeLa cells treated with the antitumor sulfonylurea N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY181984). The cells remain viable for several days although the rate of increase in cell number is slowed especially at high concentrations of the drug. Cells become smaller with normal nuclei or maintain a normal size but contain multiple or enlarged nuclei. The morphological observations suggest that the drug may somehow interfere with the ability of the cells to enlarge following cytokinesis. Between 72 and 96 h, the cells begin to die. Cell death is accompanied by a condensed and fragmented appearance of the nuclear DNA as revealed by fluorescence microscopy with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole suggestive of apoptosis. Early transients in loss of pH control (4 min after sulfonylurea addition) and an increase in cytoplasmic calcium (4 h after sulfonylurea addition) were observed but were small and perhaps secondary to the mechanism responsible for the failure of the cells to grow and ensuing cell death.
Maximum Numbers Associated with the Diophantine Equation Σ(1/x1x2 ··· xn-1) = b/[(m + 1)b − 1]

(1930). Maximum Numbers Associated with the Diophantine Equation Σ(1/x1x2 ··· xn-1) = b/[(m + 1)b − 1] The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 137-142.
Submitting to a Loving Mistress: BDSM in William Moulton Marston’s Wonder Woman Comics

Wonder Woman was America’s first major kinky icon. Her comics consistently provided 1940s America with strikingly positive portrayals of bondage and discipline. More importantly, Wonder Woman articulated a philosophy of erotic ethics which emphasized the virtues of dominance and submission, especially female dominance. She consistently presented submission to a loving Mistress as an ethically viable erotic practice. Indeed, her comics dared to suggest that such submission might be the key to both personal happiness and world peace. While the latter claim was rather utopian, one thing is clear: throughout the years of U.S. involvement in World War Two, Wonder Woman offered America a vision of ethical, erotic power which contrasted beautifully with the fascist political power against which America and her Amazon ally struggled tirelessly. Wonder Woman was born into a culture which typically viewed BDSM as pathological. The Amazon princess redeemed these practices, locating BDSM squarely within the bounds of legitimate erotic behavior. More than any other icon of mid-twentieth century popular culture, Wonder Woman mainstreamed the theory and practice of kink.
Some Thoughts about Improving Production Efficiency of Machining Flexibility

Based on the analysis of change-type operation of the production line of generator machining flexibility,the article found the main reasons that affect it.Meanwhile,the article also analyzes and summarizes the factors that have effects on flexibility production,in the aspects of machining techniques,knife tools,work fixture equipment and measuring system.It concludes some factors that affect the production efficiency of machining flexibility and puts forward some measures to improve the production efficiency.
Discussion on individual animal traits influencing post-release survival of captive-bred giant pandas

Relocation of captive giant pandas refers to releasing captive-bred giant pandas to the wild with the aim of bolstering and restoring the wild panda population.This method should be one of the key approaches adopted as part of conservation measures implemented for this endangered species.Compared to translocation of wild pandas to a new place,relocation of captive-bred pandas faces more difficulties and challenges.At present,giant panda relocation programs are still at the exploration stage in China.Focusing on captive-bred giant pandas,individual animal traits are discussed here.It is indicated that a well-managed husbandary system which enables the captive pandas to develop normally as wild ones is one of the key factors for relocation programs.Accordingly,based on some latest achievements,some measures to improve husbandary management are presented.This summary provides scientific data concerning ongoing giant panda reintroduction work,particularly on selecting animals for reintroduction and on training animals for release.
Promotion and Application of SF_6 Gas Recycling Technology

This paper outlines the development of SF6 gas recycling at home and abroad,systematically analyzes the existing problems in the recycling technology application,and advances some suggestions to solve the problems.
Transfer Factor and Cellular Immunity

It has been shown that delayed hypersensitivity can be transferred both in vivo and in vitro by a cell-free substance elaborated by immune lymphocytes. This demonstration opens up the possibility that disease states associated with derangements in cellular immunity—perhaps including cancer—might be treated without the necessity of bypassing or surmounting the host defense mechanisms against whole cells.
A Comparison of the Charlson and Elixhauser Comorbidity Measures to Predict Inpatient Mortality after Proximal Humerus Fracture

Objectives Proximal humerus fractures are very common in infirm elderly patients and are associated with appreciable inpatient mortality. We sought to compare the discriminative ability of the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity measures for predicting inpatient mortality after proximal humerus fractures. Methods Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002-2011) were obtained. We constructed 2 main multivariable logistic regression models, with inpatient mortality as the dependent variable and 1 of the 2 comorbidity scores, as well as age and sex, as independent variables. A base model that contained only age and sex was also evaluated. The predictive performance of the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity measures was assessed and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) derived from these regression models. Results Elixhauser comorbidity adjustment provided better discrimination of inpatient mortality [AUC = 0.840, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.828-0.853] than the Charlson model (AUC = 0.786, 95% CI, 0.771-0.801) and the base model without comorbidity adjustment (AUC = 0.722, 95% CI, 0.705-0.740). In terms of relative improvement in predictive ability, the Elixhauser score performed 46% better than the Charlson score. Conclusions Given that inadequate comorbidity risk adjustment can unfairly penalize hospitals and surgeons that care for a disproportionate share of infirm and sick patients, wider adoption of the Elixhauser measure for mortality prediction after proximal humerus fracture-and perhaps other musculoskeletal injuries-merits to be considered.
Introduction to Effective Questioning (EQ)

This chapter focuses on the interdependence among global partnerships that require Leader-Negotiators (L-Ns) to increase their competitive edge through Contextual Intelligence (CI). CI is two-dimensional. Dimension 1 involves the quality of the L-N's interdependent business networks. Dimension 2 involves how effective L-Ns soften specialization barriers and reinforce a porous integration of the three organizational zones. The chapter suggests that asking sophisticated questions improves CI via team competence, three-zone integration, and breaking down politeness barriers. To do this, L-Ns must promote an Effective Questioning (EQ) culture via the six EQ principles.
Immunodeficiency and Bronchiectasis

Various defects in host immunity predispose a patient to the development of bronchiectasis. The human immunodeficiency virus and hypogammaglobulinemia are two classic examples of host defects resulting in bronchiectasis. Recommendations for work up and therapy in these diseases are discussed. Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome has a significant association with bronchiectasis and pulmonary pathology. Antigen processing deficiency and dysregulated adaptive immunity to Pseudomonas bacteria are both specific immune deficits that can result in hyperactivity of innate immunity. These interactions are best described as “immune dysregulation,” and may be responsible for the true pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. With continued clarification of these mechanisms, there may be hope for future-directed therapies and vaccinations in the management of bronchiectasis. In summary, this paper highlights the concomitant nature of bronchiectasis and immunodeficiency and emphasizes the importance of a thorough evaluation and therapy of one when the other is present.
'Dementia-friendly communities' and being dementia friendly in healthcare settings.

Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the concept of ‘dementia-friendly communities’ and summarizes the latest research and practice around such communities. This review also highlights important topic areas to be considered to promote dementia friendliness in healthcare settings.Recent findingsDef