cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: 3. causal and responsibility attributions for spouse behavior

Causal and responsibility attributions for spouse behavior are examined in couples seeking therapy and in nondistressed community couples. Eighty spouses rated the causes of positive and negative partner behaviors, made attributions of responsibility for the behaviors, indicated their affective impact, and, finally, specified what they would do in response to each behavior. Distressed spouses saw the causes of negative partner behavior as more global and considered the behavior to be more negative in intent, selfishly motivated, and blameworthy than did nondistressed spouses. The inverse pattern of results was obtained for positive spouse behavior. Only responsibility attributions predicted the affective impact and intended responses to the behavior. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of attribution processes in martial dysfunction, and their implications for therapy are outlined.
Stakeholder performance implications of corporate responsibility

Demands for greater integrity - more corporate responsibility - are an increasingly critical element of doing well and doing "good" in today's business environment. Using a definition of corporate citizenship that links stakeholder-related operating practices to corporate responsibility, this paper explores the performance implications of companies treating stakeholders well. Companies face conflicting pressures: one set for profitability and wealth maximisation, the other is to manage more responsibly, with more accountability and transparency. Specifically, the paper addresses the ways in which companies can benefit from - or be hurt by - some general emerging institutional pressures that push in the direction of greater responsibility.
Can the ion H3+ account for missing opacity in the solar ultraviolet?

Limb darkening and specific intensity data imply more continuous opacity in the solar photosphere between 2000 A and 3500 A than has been predicted theoretically. The temperature dependence and wavelength dependence of this missing opacity are in qualitative agreement with those deduced for the ion H3+, but it is unlikely that H3+ is sufficiently abundant to account for this opacity.
Reduction of EEDF Measurement Distortion in Regularized Solutions of the Druyvesteyn Relation

Electron energy distribution function (EEDF) extraction from Langmuir probe data is an ill-posed problem due to the integral relationship between electron current and probe voltage. Both curve fitting of experimental data and reconstruction of the integral problem through methods, such as Tikhonov regularization, address this to some measure, with regularized solutions offering an advantage in overall EEDF accuracy over curve fitting. Although Tikhonov regularization provides a more accurate estimation of EEDF overall energy space, it typically also can distort the overall shape of the reconstructed distribution, particularly at high energies and energies below the distribution peak. This, combined with the relative ease of use that simple data smoothing algorithms provide, has limited the use of the more advanced reconstruction algorithms in EEDF analysis. In this paper, we will shed some light on these limitations and offer an alternative method to overcome these limitations.
Piezoelectric actuation of a compliant semi-infinite beam

Piezoelectric materials (PZT) are commonly used as actuators and sensors for vibration suppression in flexible metal or composite substrates. There are well-established techniques for modeling the actuation of PZTs when they are bonded to these structures. However, if the substrate material is much softer than the piezoelectric actuator/sensor, a higher level of modeling is needed to predict the local deformations at the interface. In this research, a finite-length piezoelectric element bonded perfectly to an infinite elastic strip is modeled. The specific goal was to quantify the actuation and sensing mechanics of piezoelectric devices on substrates potentially much softer than the piezoelectric element. Previous works have addressed membranes or plates bonded to an elastic half-space subjected to mechanical or thermal loads. Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is used to derive equations of equilibrium for the piezoelectric beam. These equations are then recast as integral equations for the interface displacement gradients and equated to the equivalent quantities for an elastic layer subject to distributed shear and normal tractions. The resulting singular integral equations are solved by expanding the interface tractions using a series of Chebyshev polynomials. First, certain sanity checks are performed to confirm the validity of the model by choosing a stiff substrate for which Euler-Bernoulli beam-assumptions holds good. For certain combinations of geometrical and material parameters, the substrate has a positive curvature, whereas the piezoelectric has a negative curvature and vice versa. After analyzing the forces acting on both piezoelectric and the substrate, the reasons for this behavior in soft substrates are justified here. Finally, the range of geometric parameters where the reversal of bending occurs in the piezoelectric is given.
Coulomb gap and transport in classical electron liquid.

The lattice model of a classical electron liquid with the Coulomb interaction and zero kinetic energy is considered. It is shown by both qualitative arguments and computer modeling that in this system the Coulomb gap exists near the chemical potential. Arguments are given that this is true for the nonideal quantum liquid as well. Nearest-neighbor hopping conductivity is studied at d=2. At low temperatures, the conductivity mechanism is shown to be a many-electron diffusion. At very small external disorder, the crossover from the diffusion to percolation has been found.
Millay's what Lips my Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why

(2005). Millay's what Lips my Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why. The Explicator: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 94-96.
How It's Done : Examining Distance Education Library Instruction and Assessment

ABSTRACT While articles on individual studies, surveys, and programs abound, there is a lack of baseline data regarding what and how libraries provide instruction for their distant populations. Do libraries generally provide information literacy or library instruction to students at a distance? How is instruction usually provided? Is instruction generally assessed? If so, how is instruction assessed? These questions were asked of librarians in an online survey of 143 institutions offering distance programs, randomly sampled from the College Blue Book. With a 55% response rate, data about instruction offerings and assessment were correlated with information about library staff size, budget, and student enrollment. The expectation was that larger libraries with more money and students would provide more and better services, but interestingly these factors had far less influence than anticipated. It seems that the individual efforts of librarians were the major determinants for services offered by libraries ...
Monitoring of relapse and remission in acute leukaemias by DNA-fingerprint analysis.

Summary DNA-fingerprint (DNA-F) analysis was successfully performed with DNA from 22 adult patients with acute leukaemia, including 13 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and nine patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The purpose of this study was to detect differences between the leukaemic phase (at diagnosis or relapse) and remission-phase DNA. We applied one simple repeat probe (GTG)s and one minisatellite (M13) after DNA-digestion with different restriction endonucleases (Hinf I and Hae III) and agarose gel electrophoresis. In 7/13 patients with AML and 5/9 patients with ALL it was possible to detect loss of bands. additional bands or band shift with at least one of the probes. Together the probes M13 and (GTG)5 unveiled deviating fingerprint patterns in 54.6% of patients between leukaemic cells and remission-phase leucocytes. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was performed on six patients. In each case the DNA-F pattern of the donor was different from the relapse and the remission-phase pattern. We conclude from our studies that the probes M13 and (GTG)5 are useful in the detection of relapse and remission in acute leukaemias after chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.
Localization of ribosomal DNA within the proximal X heterochromatin of Sciara coprophila (Diptera, Sciaridae).

By means of several reciprocal translocations in Sciara coprophila, each having a break-point in the proximal X heterochromatin, it has been possible in the salivary gland nucleus to bring about separation of specific regions of this heterochromatin and then, by means of in situ hybridization, to determine the relative number of ribosomal RNA cistrons in each. The three blocks of heterochromatin delineated by the translocation break-points have been designated H1, H2, and H3; H1 is the most proximal, lying immediately to the right of the X centromere, and H3 is the most distal, constituting the very end (right) of the chromosome. The distribution of ribosomal RNA cistrons is as follows: 10% are located in H1; 50% in H2; and 40% in H3. For the first time it has been possible to confirm by grain count our previous biochemical estimate of a 60% deletion of rRNA cistrons in the proximal heterochromatin of the X′ W homologue. The grain count data also support the conclusion of our previously published cytological analysis, that the exchange points in the X heterochromatin are identical in translocations T29 and T32 (between H1 and H2), also in translocations T23 and T70 (between H2 and H3). The coincidence of break-points in the X heterochromatin is considered in relation to the chromomere make-up of the region. Also, the occurrence of ribosomal RNA cistrons in all three heterochromomeres is discussed in relation to the functional significance of chromomeres.
Transient myocardial wall motion abnormalities in a child: the phenomenon of "stunning".

Reversible depression of myocardial function following brief periods of myocardial ischemia has been shown to occur in both animal models and humans.l, s Radionuclide angiocardiography, contrast echocardiography, stress echocardiography, and cineangiography have been used to study the extent and severity of myocardial dysfunction following episodes of ischemia or infarction.2-5 To our knowledge, transient wall motion abnormalites have not been visualized in children. We report the observation of extensive anteroseptal wall motion abnormalities after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy; the abnormalities completely resolved in 4 days and were not associated with identifiable coronary artery abnormalities. A &year-old white girl underwent elective tonsillo-adenoidectomy for recurrent tonsillitis with tonsillar enlarge-
WE-E-BRE-12: Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics Following Radiation

Purpose: This work aims to understand the radiation-induced interplay between tumor oxygenation and metabolic activity. These dynamics can potentially serve as biomarkers in assessing treatment response allowing for patient-specific adaptive radiotherapy. Methods: Using patient-derived xenografts of head and neck cancer we assessed tumor oxygenation via fiber-optic probe monitored hemoglobin saturation and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) MRI. Measurements were taken before and after a 10 Gy dose of radiation. Changes in metabolic activity were measured via Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging (FLIM) with the appropriate controls following a 10 Gy dose of radiation. FLIM can non-invasively monitor changes in fluorescence in response to the microenvironment including being able to detect free and bound states of the intrinsically fluorescent metabolite NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). With this information FLIM can accurately quantify the metabolic state of cells that have been radiated. To model the observed changes, a two-compartment, source-sink simulation relating hemoglobin saturation and metabolic activity was performed using MATLAB. Results: Hemoglobin saturation as measured by interstitial probe and BOLD-MRI decreased by 30% within 15 minutes following radiation. FLIM demonstrated a decrease in the mean fluorescence lifetime of NADH by 100 ps following 10 Gy indicating a shift towards glycolytic pathways. Simulation of radiation-induced alterations in tumor oxygenation demonstrated that these changes can be the result of changes in either vasculature or metabolic activity. Conclusion: Radiation induces significant changes in hemoglobin saturation and metabolic activity. These alterations occur on time scales approximately the duration of common radiation treatments. Further understanding these dynamics has important implications with regard to improvement of therapy and biomarkers of treatment response.
Patenting Drought Tolerance in Organisms

Dehydration is a major form of osmotic stress in cells. Physiological and molecular basis of dehydration stress responses in cells and organisms has been intensively researched over past years. Almost all of the patented dehydration stress tolerance genes from different organisms were used in engineering drought tolerance in crop plants. In spite of the moral, religious and ethical controversies surrounding use of foreign DNA sequences in crop plants, the numbers of such patents has grown tremendously in recent years. In future, we might witness another rise in patents on use of dehydration stress related gene sequences in creating environmental stress tolerant biological control agents for plant disease and insect pest management in agriculture. This review summarizes some of the recent published patents related to drought tolerance genes and their use.
OMNIVORY AND THE INDETERMINACY OF PREDATOR FUNCTION: CAN A KNOWLEDGE OF FORAGING BEHAVIOR HELP?

In 1960, N. G. Hairston, F. E. Smith, and L. B. Slobodkin proposed that terrestrial ecosystems are composed of three trophic levels: predators, herbivores, and plants. Under this model, predators act in a predictable manner to suppress herbivore populations, freeing plant populations from the strong effects of herbivory. However, empirical work has recently demonstrated that many predators exhibit trophic-level omnivory, consuming both herbivores and other predators. This creates a problem for terrestrial ecologists: pred- ator function is indeterminate, because predators may operate from either the third trophic level (''intermediate predators'') or the fourth trophic level (''omnivorous top predators'') and have opposite effects on herbivore and plant populations. Here we attempt to use a basic understanding of the foraging behavior of predators and their prey to make predictions about predator function. A simulation model produces four predictions: (1) actively foraging predators may be effective regulators of sedentary herbivore populations; (2) sit-and-wait predators are unlikely to suppress populations of sedentary herbivores, but may act as omnivorous top predators, suppressing populations of widely foraging intermediate pred- ators and thereby increasing herbivore densities; (3) among widely foraging predators attacking a common herbivore prey, predators that are large relative to the body size of their prey will be more mobile, and therefore more vulnerable to predation by sit-and-wait omnivores, compared to predators that are similar in size to their prey; and (4) widely foraging omnivores, unlike sit-and-wait omnivores, are unlikely to disrupt herbivore pop- ulation suppression generated by intermediate predators, and may instead enhance herbivore suppression. These predictions appear to explain the results of several experimental studies of the function of predatory arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems.
Effects of prehospital nitroglycerin on hemodynamics and chest pain intensity.

Objective. To assess the effects of prehospital nitroglycerin (NTG) on vital signs and chest pain intensity. Methods. A retrospective review of advanced life support (ALS) run sheets was performed in a suburban volunteer emergency medical services (EMS) system receiving 8,000 annual ALS calls. All consecutive patients who were administered NTG by EMS were included. Standardized forms were used to collect data on patient demographics, history, and physical exam. Patients assessed their chest pain (CP) before and after NTG on a verbal numeric scale of 0–10 from least to most severe. The presence of syncope, dysrhythmias, or profound hypotension [loss of peripheral pulses, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 100 mm Hg in BP] was noted. Results. One thousand six hundred sixty-two patients received NTG over 18 months, their mean age was 66 years, and 48% were female. Indications for NTG included CP (83%), dyspnea (45%), and congestive heart failure (20%). After NTG administrat...
Xenon out of its shell

Like all noble gases, xenon is colourless, odourless and inflammable — but it is also more reactive, and much rarer, than its lighter relatives. Ivan Dmochowski ponders how xenon, though initially slow to earn a spot in the periodic table, is now at the forefront of advances in science and technology.
Tracing Super's Theory of Vocational Development: a 40-Year Retrospective

In a short time span, from 1951 to 1963, six major vocational choice or vocational development theories were introduced into vocational psychology and vocational guidance (Bordin, Nachman & Segal, 1963; Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad & Herman, 1951; Holland, 1959; Roe, 1956; Super, 1953, 1957; Tiedeman, 1961; Tiedeman & O'Hara, 1963). Most of these theories flourished briefly because of research activity, but only those of Holland and Super have survived and prospered. While Holland produced landmark books (1966, 1973, 1985) to summarize important research results and to document changes in his person-environment choice theory (1959), Super's career development, "segmented" theory (1953, 1957, 1969, 1972, 1981, 1984a, 1990) evolved more subtly, without as clear a connection to empirical research, as a demonstration of his exceptional creativity in discovering meaningful relationships between life-span phenomena and vocational variables. Whereas Holland's theory was written in a form that could be tested easily, in large measure Super's theory has had to wait for the development of career maturity and other instruments in order to be evaluated. Super indicated in 1984 that "what I have contributed is not an integrated, comprehensive, and testable theory, but rather a 'segmental theory'. Each of these segments does provide testable hypotheses, and in due course I expect the tested and refined segments
Pediatric intestinal transplantation: normal radiographic appearance and complications

We present a pictorial essay on pediatric intestinal transplantation that describes the indications for pediatric intestinal transplantation, surgical technique, and the role of imaging in the pre-transplant work-up and detection of post-transplant complications. We illustrate the normal post-transplant imaging appearance and common complications, including rejection, infection, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), mechanical dysfunction and vascular complications. We conclude with an imaging algorithm for suspected post-transplant complications based on clinical scenarios.
Energy cost of fat-fuel mobilization in geriatric trauma

Age-related changes in body composition may result in varied responses to acute accidental injury. Gaining fat as age advances is common and therefore the mobilization of fat fuel resources in traumatized geriatric patients needs closer examination. We have measured in six elderly (age, 60 to 74 years) and seven young (age, 18 to 46) traumatized, hypermetabolic, and highly catabolic patients, in the “flow phase” of the metabolic response to injury, the rates of whole-body lipolysis and net fat oxidation. This enabled us to calculate the rate of triglyceride/free fatty acid (TGFFA) cycling in the whole body and to assess its contribution to energy expenditure. Energy metabolism in general and the fat metabolism in particular were found to be somewhat slowed in elderly trauma patients compared with equally injured young individuals, although the aged patients had more total body fat. The energy cost of TGFFA cycling is significantly (P < .025) lower in elderly trauma victims (0.28 ± 0.06 kcal/kg/d) compared with young patients (0.63 ± 0.1 kcal/kg/d). This can account for approximately 3% to 4% of the elevation in metabolic rate over that predicted in the uninjured state.
Movement patterns of adult red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, in shallow Florida lagoons as inferred through autonomous acoustic telemetry

Acoustic telemetry was employed to resolve seasonal and daily movement patterns of adult red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in the northern Indian River Lagoon system, Florida. From May 2006 to September 2008, 44 tagged fish were tracked within an array of 34 autonomous receivers with individuals detected for up to 654 days. Most red drum exhibited strong site fidelity from winter through early summer with movement rates increasing significantly during fall spawning months. While some fish migrated to the nearest ocean inlet at this time, the majority remained within the lagoon year-round suggesting that true estuarine reproduction, a behavior uncommon or poorly documented elsewhere is the dominant life history strategy locally. Diel movement patterns were also pronounced and indicated changing depth preferences over a 24 h period. Despite a harvest prohibition on large red drum, long-term estuarine residency coupled with high angling pressure (41% recapture rate in 50 months) suggest that post-release angling mortality and sub-lethal effects to growth and reproduction may strongly influence the strength of adult size classes.
Added sugars in the diet are positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides in children

Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia have traditionally been associated with dietary sodium and fat intakes, respectively; however, they have recently been associated with the consumption of added sugars in adults and older adolescents, but there is no clear indication of how early in the life span this association manifests. Objective: This study explored the cross-sectional association between added sugar (sugars not naturally occurring in foods) consumption in children, blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood lipids [triglycerides and total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol]. Design: BP, blood lipids, and dietary intakes were obtained in a multiethnic pediatric sample aged 7–12 y of 122 European American (EA), 106 African American (AA), 84 Hispanic American (HA), and 8 mixed-race children participating in the Admixture Mapping of Ethnic and Racial Insulin Complex Outcomes (AMERICO) study—a cross-sectional study conducted in the Birmingham, AL, metro area investigating the effects of racial-ethnic differences on metabolic and health outcomes. Multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relations of added sugars and sodium intakes with BP and of added sugars and dietary fat intakes with blood lipids. Models were controlled for sex, race-ethnicity, socioeconomic status, Tanner pubertal status, percentage body fat, physical activity, and total energy intake. Results: Added sugars were positively associated with diastolic BP (P = 0.0462, β = 0.0206) and serum triglycerides (P = 0.0206, β = 0.1090). Sodium was not significantly associated with either measure of BP nor was dietary fat with blood lipids. HA children had higher triglycerides but lower added sugar consumption than did either the AA or EA children. The AA participants had higher BP and HDL but lower triglycerides than did either the EA or HA children. Conclusions: These data suggest that increased consumption of added sugars may be associated with adverse cardiovascular health factors in children, specifically elevated diastolic BP and triglycerides. Identification of dietary factors influencing cardiovascular health during childhood could serve as a tool to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00726778","term_id":"NCT00726778"}}NCT00726778.
Parenting Among Mothers With Bipolar Disorder: Children's Perspectives

Four children from three families in which the mother had a bipolar disorder were interviewed to understand their perspectives on their mothers' parenting. Children identified strengths in their mother's parenting, such as helping them with homework and moods and providing for their wants. They also identified challenges, such as mothers sleeping well into the day and displaying anger. Two children were worried over the possibility of having a bipolar disorder themselves. Implications of these findings for social work practice include acknowledging and supporting mothers' strengths in parenting, providing appropriate services to manage mothers' sleep and anger, and psychoeducation for children.
Supermode control in integrated hybrid Si/III–V optoelectronic circuits for modal gain enhancement

We propose using supermode control to enhance the modal gain in integrated hybrid Si/III–V optoelectronic circuits. Numerical simulations predict that a 4-fold enhancement in modal gain can be achieved with optimal design.
Studies on Cross-Contamination in the Dental Clinic

To test if potential pathogens were transferred from the mouths of patients to the operator’s fingers or sites in clinical areas, swabs were taken of four possible areas of transfer before and after a prophylaxis. Appropriate media were used to plate and isolate the various pathogens, and it was concluded that significant transfer of most of potential pathogens occurred.
Time dependent inflow-outflow boundary conditions for 2D acoustic systems

An analysis of the number and form of the required inflow-outflow boundary conditions for the full two-dimensional time-dependent nonlinear acoustic system in subsonic mean flow is performed. The explicit predictor-corrector method of MacCormack (1969) is used. The methodology is tested on both uniform and sheared mean flows with plane and nonplanar sources. Results show that the acoustic system requires three physical boundary conditions on the inflow and one on the outflow boundary. The most natural choice for the inflow boundary conditions is judged to be a specification of the vorticity, the normal acoustic impedance, and a pressure gradient-density gradient relationship normal to the boundary. Specification of the acoustic pressure at the outflow boundary along with these inflow boundary conditions is found to give consistent reliable results. A set of boundary conditions developed earlier, which were intended to be nonreflecting is tested using the current method and is shown to yield unstable results for nonplanar acoustic waves.
Junctional membrane permeability

Junctional membranes ofChironomus salivary gland cells were exposed to test media of varying divalent cation concentration through a hole (estimated diameter ∼10 μ) in a cell's nonjunctional surface membrane. Junctional conductance is markedly depressed by Ca++, Mg++, Sr++, Ba++ and Mn++. The order of potency is Ca++>Mg++>Sr++>Ba++; the minimal effective concentration for Ca is 4 to 8×10−5 m. Tests with Ca++ show that, at least, this ion also depresses junctional permeability to fluorescein (mol. wt. 330). The permeability depression is confined to the junctional membranes to which (exogenous) Ca++ has direct access via the hole. The permeability change produced by Ca++ is apparently fast enough to limit transjunctional flux of this ion. The depression is reversed by repolarization of the nonjunctional membrane with inward current when the junctional membrane is exposed to divalent cation-free medium, but not when it is exposed to medium containing 10−3 m Ca. Perforation of the nonjunctional membrane in divalent cation-free medium leads to transient depression of junctional permeability when the membrane hole is large enough to cause nearly complete cell depolarization. This depression can be prevented by clamping the membrane potential with inward current. Smaller holes (estimated diameter ∼2 μ) seal in the presence of divalent cations; the ion diffusion barrier is restored within 14 to 30 min of divalent cation application.
What is mahogany? The importance of a taxonomic framework for conservation

Taxonomy is an integral part of conservation and management because it allows managers to define taxa that can be managed to conserve the range of diversity in an ecosystem. This however, depends upon that classification being an accurate description of the taxon, and its interspecific relationships. Misidentification, or an inaccurate, or inadequate classification may lead to the loss of diversity through inadequate protection. Swietenia is a genus of the Meliaceae comprising three species: S. humilis, S. macrophylla and S. mahagoni. The biological boundaries between these species are not clear-cut, and many biological processes within and among these taxa are poorly understood. The following areas are identified as research priorities to resolve the relationships among the three species of Swietenia hybrid zones, cytology and distribution of morphological variation. Preliminary data testing S. macrophylla for DNA markers that allow identification independent of phenotype are presented here. This is the first reported analysis of cpDNA in the genus Swietenia. It is shown that while there is substantial genetic variation in the genome as a whole, variation in the chloroplast genome is low.
Self-healing materials: a review

The ability of materials to self-heal from mechanical and thermally induced damage is explored in this paper and has significance in the field of fracture and fatigue. The history and evolution of several self-repair systems is examined including nano-beam healing elements, passive self-healing, autonomic self-healing and ballistic self-repair. Self-healing mechanisms utilized in the design of these unusual materials draw much information from the related field of polymer–polymer interfaces and crack healing. The relationship of material damage to material healing is examined in a manner to provide an understanding of the kinetics and damage reversal processes necessary to impart self-healing characteristics. In self-healing systems, there are transitions from hard-to-soft matter in ballistic impact and solvent bonding and conversely, soft-to-hard matter transitions in high rate yielding materials and shear-thickening fluids. These transitions are examined in terms of a new theory of the glass transition and yielding, viz., the twinkling fractal theory of the hard-to-soft matter transition. Success in the design of self-healing materials has important consequences for material safety, product performance and enhanced fatigue lifetime.
Web-based Agents for Reengineering Engineering Education

Agent technology has great potential to make WWW-based learning environments effective. This study describes four Web-based agents developed for reengineering a freshman chemistry laboratory educat...
Development of Guidelines to Attenuate Galvanic Corrosion between Mechanically-Coupled Aluminum and Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Insulation Layers

The use of an insulating skirt to attenuate galvanic action between mechanically-coupled 6061-T6 aluminum (Al) and electrically conductive carbon fiber reinforced (CFR) polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) was assessed, analyzed and modeled. The galvaniccorrosion current as a function of time between the 6061-T6 Al and CFR PMCs for a range of insulative skirt lengths, ls, and sodium chloride (NaCl) salt loadings, m′, in a humidity chamber at 30◦C and 90% relative humidity (RH) were monitored. Polarization experiments were conducted on 6061-T6 Al and conductive CFR PMC electrodes to study the mechanisms governing galvanic corrosion in solutions ranging from 0 ppm chloride (Cl−) to 20,000 ppm Cl− concentrations. Based on the electrochemical characteristics of Al and the CFR PMC and the ohmic loss within the galvanic couple, a model was developed that related the galvanic corrosion rate (iGalv) to the value of ls/m′, which is the ratio of the insulating skirt length to salt loading. Experimental data from the polarization experiments as well as data from monitoring the galvanic couples in the humidity-chamber galvanic experiments were used to generate plots of log ls/m′ vs log iGalv, which can be used in design to determine proper skirt length for various environments (based on salt-loading levels) to limit the galvanic corrosion rate to a specified value. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0611510jes] All rights reserved.
THE CHEMISTRY OF DAYLIGHT VISION.

1. While several reports of photosensitive pigments from the retinas of animals possessing large numbers of cone cells have been published, the only study which could be confirmed was Wald's discovery of iodopsin, a red-sensitive pigment from chicken eyes. 2. In its chemical properties, such as the range of pH stability and the effect of polar organic solvents, iodopsin resembles rhodopsin but is considerably more labile. 3. A partial purification from inert yellow impurities has been effected by prehardening the retinas in pH 4.9 acetate buffer before extraction by 2 per cent digitonin. Rhodopsin was an inevitable contaminant in most methods of extraction, but could be reduced to about 10 per cent of the absorption due to iodopsin by extraction of unhardened retinas with 4 per cent Merck's saponin in ¾ saturated magnesium sulfate for about 1 hour. 4. The rate of bleaching of iodopsin was found to be first order and linear with respect to energy. 5. The bleaching effectiveness spectrum of iodopsin was determined with the aid of color filters of known energy transmission, and shows a maximum at 560 mµ in the yellow green with a lower plateau in the blue. The spectrum is in good agreement with the sensitivity of the human cones except for the wavelength of maximum bleaching effectiveness. The maximum sensitivity of the human cones is found at 540 mµ. 6. Previous reports of changes in pH and inorganic phosphate level of retinas due to bleaching could not be confirmed.
Metabolism of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine by Clostridium bifermentans strain HAW-1 and several other H2-producing fermentative anaerobic bacteria.

Several H2-producing fermentative anaerobic bacteria including Clostridium, Klebsiella and Fusobacteria degraded octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) (36 μM) to formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) with rates ranging from 5 to 190 nmol h−1 g [dry weight] of cells−1. Among these strains, C. bifermentans strain HAW-1 grew and transformed HMX rapidly with the detection of the two key intermediates the mononitroso product and methylenedinitramine. Its cellular extract alone did not seem to degrade HMX appreciably, but degraded much faster in the presence of H2, NADH or NADPH. The disappearance of HMX was concurrent with the release of nitrite without the formation of the nitroso derivative(s). Results suggest that two types of enzymes were involved in HMX metabolism: one for denitration and the second for reduction to the nitroso derivative(s).
A self-powered glucose biosensing system

A self-powered glucose biosensor (SPGS) system is fabricated and in vitro characterization of the power generation and charging frequency characteristics in glucose analyte are described. The bioelectrodes consist of compressed network of three-dimensional multi-walled carbon nanotubes with redox enzymes, pyroquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) and laccase functioning as the anodic and cathodic catalyst, respectively. When operated in 45 mM glucose, the biofuel cell exhibited an open circuit voltage and power density of 681.8 mV and 67.86 µW/cm(2) at 335 mV, respectively, with a current density of 202.2 µA/cm(2). Moreover, at physiological glucose concentration (5mM), the biofuel cell exhibits open circuit voltage and power density of 302.1 mV and 15.98 µW/cm(2) at 166.3 mV, respectively, with a current density of 100 µA/cm(2). The biofuel cell assembly produced a linear dynamic range of 0.5-45 mM glucose. These findings show that glucose biofuel cells can be further investigated in the development of a self-powered glucose biosensor by using a capacitor as the transducer element. By monitoring the capacitor charging frequencies, which are influenced by the concentration of the glucose analyte, a linear dynamic range of 0.5-35 mM glucose is observed. The operational stability of SPGS is monitored over a period of 63 days and is found to be stable with 15.38% and 11.76% drop in power density under continuous discharge in 10mM and 20mM glucose, respectively. These results demonstrate that SPGSs can simultaneously generate bioelectricity to power ultra-low powered devices and sense glucose.
Immunohistochemical and pathological study of Mycoplasma bovis-associated lung abscesses in calves

Out of 45 cases of fatal chronic pneumonia in calves examined for Mycoplasma bovis infection from February to July 1994, 11 cases with pulmonary abscesses that were culture positive for M. bovis were encountered. The cases were studied in detail using a recently developed monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase technique. Mycoplasma bovis organisms were detected in specific locations at all stages of abscessation observed. In bronchioles or terminal airways within which abscesses developed, M. bovis was located at the epithelial surface and in close association with infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages. Abscessed airways that had lost the epithelium were encapsulated and were seen as coagulative necrotic foci that stained intensely for M. bovis, especially at the periphery. Some foci stained weakly and such might have been resolving lesions. Mycoplasma bovis was also demonstrated at sites of mild mononuclear cell infiltration in the livers and kidneys of 2 calves. The mycoplasma was detected within bile ducts in the liver and in the tubular epithelium of the kidney. Abscesses not staining for M. bovis, presumably caused by other pathogens, were seen concurrently with M. bovis-associated abscesses in some lungs. Thirteen other M. bovis-positive cases showed no abscesses, possibly indicating heterogeneity among M. bovis strains. Three other cases with abscesses were negative for M. bovis by culture and immunoperoxidase staining. The monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical technique is efficient for specific detection of M. bovis in cases of enzootic pneumonia of calves with or without abscessation. Mycoplasma bovis is implicated in the pathogenesis of lung abscesses in some calves.
Dynamic-CBT and ChIPS—router support for improved multimedia performance on the Internet

The explosive increase in the volume and variety of Internet traffic has placed a growing emphasis on congestion control and fairness in Internet routers. Approaches to the problem of congestion, such as active queue management schemes like Random Early Detection (RED) use congestion avoidance techniques and are successful with TCP flows. Approaches to the problem of fairness, such as Fair Random Early Drop (FRED), keep per-flow state and punish misbehaved, non-TCP flows. Unfortunately, these punishment mechanisms also result in a significant performance drop for multimedia flows that use flow control. We extend Class-Based Threshold (CRT) [12], and propose a new active queue management mechanism as an extension to RED called Dynamic Class-Based Threshold (D- CBT) to improve multimedia performance on the Internet. Also, as an effort to reduce multimedia jitter, we propose a lightweight packet scheduling called Cut-In Packet Scheduling (ChIPS) as an alternative to FIFO packet scheduling. The performance of our proposed mechanisms is measured, analyzed and compared with other mechanisms (RED and CBT) in terms of throughput, fairness and multimedia jitter through simulation using NS. The study shows that D-CBT improves fairness among different classes of flows and ChIPS improves multimedia jitter without degrading fairness.
Dietary carotenoids mediate a trade-off between egg quantity and quality in Japanese quail

Carotenoids offer animals many nutritional, health, and reproductive benefits. When in high supply, carotenoids can boost antioxidant protection and immune strength as well as stimulate egg production and enrich the color of sexual ornaments like feathers. Certain reproductive investments, however, often come at the cost of others; for example, the production of many offspring may compromise the quality of those offspring. Under such a scenario, we rarely know the precise intrinsic or extrinsic mechanism that generates such a reproductive trade-off. Here I show that variation in dietary carotenoid intake mediates a trade-off between egg quantity and quality in female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Females fed high doses of two common plant carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, during a 1-month diet experiment were more likely to lay eggs, but produced eggs with significantly smaller yolks. Yolk serves as the criti cal nutritional supply for developing embryos, and several studies show dramatic negative developmental consequences for offspring that are allocated scant yolk reserves. These results demonstrate nutritional control of yolk size and highlight a potential reproductive cost of high carotenoid accumulation in multiparous birds. In future studies, we should consider total yolk-carotenoid reserves rather than simply carotenoid concentration to better understand the cost-benefit bal ance of these nutrients.
Fabrication Defects and Fault Models for DNA Self-Assembled Nanoelectronics

The self-assembly of nanoelectronic devices provides an opportunity to achieve unprecedented density and manufacturing scale in the post-Moore's Law era. Bottom-up DNA self-assembly has emerged as a promising technique towards achieving this vision and it has been used to demonstrate precise patterning and functionalization at resolutions below 20 nm. However, a lack of understanding of fabrication defects and their impact on circuit behavior are major obstacles to the eventual application of these substrates to circuit design. We present a classification of defects observed in our experimental work on self-assembled nanostructures. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images are used to study these defects and determine their relative frequencies. We connect these defects to fault models and predict their likely impact on the behavior of logic gates. This work will be useful in predicting the potential success of defect-tolerance techniques for DNA self-assembled nanoelectronic substrates.
FEMINIST ATTITUDES TOWARD PORNOGRAPHY CONTROL

Feminist attitudes toward legislative control of pornography were investigated. A sample of 119 recipients of the National Organization of Women Newsletter in a Southern California community responded to a questionnaire assessing variables expected to be related to pornography control: demographic variables, and attitudes toward pornography, censorship, free speech, and the harm of pornography. Values were related to attitude toward pornography control, especially the prioritizing of responsibility versus freedom. Attitudes toward pornography were also significant predictors; however, beliefs about importance of protecting free speech and the harm of pornography were the strongest predictors, with the protection of free speech making the largest contribution. In understanding “mainstream” feminists' attitudes toward pornography control, the most important variables appear to be those that assess the consequences of pornography.
“You need some laugh bones!”: Leveraging AAL in a high school English classroom

The purpose of this study was to examine how a White teacher (Gina) responded to African American Language (AAL) in ways that situated students as valuable members of a high school English classroom. This 5-month qualitative study in a 10th grade classroom drew from positioning theory and discourse analysis to make sense of classroom interactions with AAL. Findings show that although Gina was not fluent in AAL, she leveraged it in ways that positioned students as members of the literacy community by doing the following: (a) opening opportunities for students to use AAL in ways that contributed to the community, (b) not dismissing or ridiculing the use of AAL, and (c) maintaining a classroom of respect when AAL was used in ways that disrespected that community. Implications from the study suggest that teaching high school English is not only about knowledge of content or best practices but also about leveraging multiple languages in ways that position students as participants of a literacy community.
P-wave anisotropy from azimuthal AVO and velocity estimates using 3D seismic data from Saudi Arabia

A horizontal well is most productive in tight reservoirs when it intersects a large number of vertical fractures, yet strata near the borehole remain mechanically stable. Azimuthal velocity analysis and P-wave amplitude versus offset (AVO) using 3D wide-azimuth prestack surface seismic data provide a remote yet detailed way to map a fracture pattern away from well control. We estimate fracture direction and relative fracture intensity from such data at two gas fields in Saudi Arabia. Our results show a small azimuthal variation in P-wave velocity (maximum 5%) and a larger variation in azimuthal AVO at the reservoir (larger than 100%). Computed fracture attributes for field 1 show a consistent east-west fracture direction. However, in field 2, fracture azimuth is variable but generally east-west and north-south, with the strongly anisotropic north-south orientation correlating with faults and areas of large structural curvature in the reservoir. In both fields, azimuthal AVO analysis shows a more consisten...
Long‐range experimental hydrologic forecasting for the eastern United States

[1] We explore a strategy for long-range hydrologic forecasting that uses ensemble climate model forecasts as input to a macroscale hydrologic model to produce runoff and streamflow forecasts at spatial and temporal scales appropriate for water management. Monthly ensemble climate model forecasts produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center global spectral model (GSM) are bias corrected, downscaled to 1/8° horizontal resolution, and disaggregated to a daily time step for input to the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model. Bias correction is effected by evaluating the GSM ensemble forecast variables as percentiles relative to the GSM model climatology and then extracting the percentiles' associated variable values instead from the observed climatology. The monthly meteorological forecasts are then interpolated to the finer hydrologic model scale, at which a daily signal that preserves the forecast anomaly is imposed through resampling of the historic record. With the resulting monthly runoff and streamflow forecasts for the East Coast and Ohio River basin, we evaluate the bias correction and resampling approaches during the southeastern United States drought from May to August 2000 and also for the El Nino conditions of December 1997 to February 1998. For the summer 2000 study period, persistence in anomalous initial hydrologic states predominates in determining the hydrologic forecasts. In contrast, the El Nino-condition hydrologic forecasts derive direction both from the climate model forecast signal and the antecedent land surface state. From a qualitative standpoint the hydrologic forecasting strategy appears successful in translating climate forecast signals to hydrologic variables of interest for water management.