cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
During its nuclear phase the multifunctional regulatory protein ICP0 undergoes proteolytic cleavage characteristic of polyproteins.

ICP0 is a multifunctional herpes simplex virus protein known primarily as a promiscuous transactivator. In the course of productive infection, it is localized during the first 5–7 h in the nucleus and later in the cytoplasm. In the nucleus, its primary activities are to suppress the silencing of viral DNA by host proteins, activate cdk4 through recruitment of cyclin D3 to the sites of formation of replication compartments, and degrade several cellular proteins including PML and Sp100, key components of the ND10 nuclear bodies. ICP0 is not translocated to the cytoplasm in cells infected with mutants incapable of performing these tasks. We report the unexpected finding that ICP0 is cleaved into several discrete polypeptides by a proteasome-independent process. The products of this cleavage accumulate in cells infected with ICP0 mutants incapable of degrading PML and therefore are retained in the nucleus. In the second step, the products of the initial cleavage of wild-type virus-infected cells are themselves subject to proteasome-dependent degradation. The average half life of intact ICP0 during the nuclear phase is approximately 1 h. The proteasome-independent cleavage products are no longer detected at late times corresponding to the cytoplasmic phase of ICP0. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cleavage products of ICP0 function in topologically distinct domains during its nuclear phase.
Fertile organs and in situ spores of ferns from the late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona and New Mexico, with discussion of the associated dispersed spores

Abstract The fertile structures of four late Triassic leptosporangiate fern species are described, as are their isolated spores. The spores are compared both with in situ spores of other known fertile species of the same genera and with the most similar dispersed spores of the Chinle Formation palynoflora. The species included in this study are Todites fragilis Daugherty emend. Ash (family Osmundaceae), Wingatea plumosa (Daugherty) Ash (family Gleicheniaceae?), Phlebopteris smithii (Daugherty) Arnold emend. Ash et al. (family Matoniaceae), and Clathropteris walkeri Daugherty emend. Ash (family Dipteridaceae). The fluvial and lacustrine, calcareous, bentonitic silstones of the Petrified Forest and Monitor Butte Members of the late Triassic Chinle Formation, from which these fern specimens were collected, bear an abundant and diverse dispersed palynoflora containing Brodispora striata, Camerosporites secatus, Enzonalasporites vigens, Granulatisporites infirmus, Ovalipollis pseudoalatus, Patinasporites densus, Pyramidosporites traversei, Pseudoenzonalasporites summus, Vallasporites ignacii, and other species. The presence of these species suggests a mid-to-late Carnian age for these strata, as was previously reported by several authors. It may be possible to place the assemblage more precisely in the late Carnian (Tuvalian substage), based on the presence of Brodispora striata and Pseudoenzonalasporites summus, the absence of Carollina, and the almost complete absence of striate bisaccate forms. In these characteristics this assemblage is similar to that in strata of the Dockum Group of the southwestern United States, parts of the “Newark Supergroup” of the eastern United States, and portions of the late Triassic of Europe.
Composition, Thermal Behavior, and Gel Texture of Prime and Tailings Starches from Garbanzo Beans and Peas

ABSTRACT Prime and tailings starches of garbanzo beans and peas were separated and the chemical composition, physical properties, thermal behavior, and gel properties were determined. Starch granules <35 μm were 85% in garbanzo beans, 66.8% in a smooth pea cv. Latah, and only 18.4% in a smooth pea cv. SS Alaska. Amylose content of prime starch was 35.9% in garbanzo beans, 44.5–48.8% in smooth peas, and 86.0% in wrinkled pea cv. Scout. Tailings starch amylose content was at least 8% higher than the corresponding prime starch. The endothermic enthalpy value of garbanzo bean and two smooth pea prime starches ranged from 12.1 to 14.2 J/g, while prime starch from wrinkled peas gave a distinctly lower enthalpy value of 1.1 J/g. Differential scanning calorimetry endothermic enthalpy and amylograph pasting properties of prime starch were significantly related to its amylose content (P < 0.05). Prime starches of garbanzo beans and smooth peas produced highly cohesive elastic gels. Wrinkled pea prime starch formed ...
Use of a constraint satisfaction neural network for breast cancer diagnosis and dynamic scenarios simulation

A constraint satisfaction neural network (CSNN) has been developed for breast cancer diagnosis from mammographic and clinical findings. CSNN is a circuit network aiming to maximize the activation of its nodes given the constraints existing among them. The constraints are built into the network weights. An autoassociative backpropagation (auto-BP) learning scheme is initially used to determine the CSNN weights. During the training phase, the auto-BP learns to map any given pattern to itself. During the testing phase, the CSNN is applied to new cases. The CSNN weights remain fixed (as determined by auto-BP) but the activation levels of the nodes are modified iteratively to optimize a goodness function. The medical findings act as the external inputs to the corresponding nodes. For every test case, CSNN tries to reconstruct the diagnosis nodes given the network constraints and the external inputs to the network. The activation levels achieved by the target nodes are used as decision variables for further analysis. Our CSNN was successfully applied on 500 patients with biopsy confirmed diagnosis. The CSNN was also used as an associative memory simulating dynamic scenarios for prototype analysis in our database.
Spin angular momentum in the light of the fluctuon model

Abstract The dynamics of spin angular momentum in the fluctuon model of virtual particle exchange parallels the dynamics of linear momentum. The initiation and termination of spin 1 chains (photons, gluons, gravitons) is always associated with a change in the state of motion, or acceleration, of the absorbing particle and therefore with a compensating change in the angular momentum of the universe. The pattern of graviton exchanges in the universe will be altered, even if the initiated particle is not a graviton. This is required by the principle of equivalence, since the acceleration produced by chain initiation or termination cannot be distinguished from a gravitational effect. The analysis allows intrinsic spin to be given an extrinsic (Machian) interpretation in terms of the angular momentum state of the surrounding universe.
Scission-point parameters determined by light particle emission in fission of Cf 252

Trajectory calculations were performed in order to determine "scission-point" parameters which fit experimental data on light particle emission from $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$. The uncertainty principle was invoked when determining the initial light particle momentum and position. Experimental $^{5}\mathrm{He}$ data were fitted in order to provide an absolute time scale for particle emission. The results indicate that different light particles are fitted with different sets of parameters. None of these sets are consistent with the kinetic energy distribution in binary fission.RADIOACTIVITY, FISSION $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}(\mathrm{sf})$; trajectory calculations of light charged particle emission.
Priming effects with ambiguous figures

We varied the format and semantic content of primes to determine the degree to which they would influence the interpretation of ambiguous figures. The primes were objects or object names that were related in some way to one of the two organizations of the ambiguous figures. In Experiment 1, we provided some normative data regarding the stimulus materials, whereas in Experiment 2, an orienting question was used to focus attention on the semantic relationship between the prime and the figure. In Experiment 3, we used the orienting question to divert attention away from the relationship by asking about physical features of the figures. Recognition responses to biased versions of the figures and to new figures were measured. Primes that were loosely and indirectly associated with one of the two interpretations of an ambiguous figure were found to be effective at biasing the interpretation of an ambiguous figure in the direction of the primed alternative but only if attention was focused on the semantic relationship between the two stimuli. Attention to the physical characteristics of the stimuli during encoding eliminated the prime's influence on complex object perception. These findings are consistent with the conceptual priming literature and extend those of some recent studies (Balcetis & Dale, 2007; Feist & Gentner, 2007), which show that the interpretation of complex figures can be biased by the advanced presentation of related verbal information.
Tissue levels of metaraminol and its metabolite, α-methylnorepinephrine, in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated guinea pigs

Abstract In guinea pigs, metaraminol disappeared from heart and liver during the first 4 days after its injection with a half-life of 31 and 30 hrs, respectively. In guinea pigs pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine 24 hrs before metaraminol injection, tissue levels of metaraminol were lower, and the half-life was shortened to about 10 hrs in heart and 12 hrs in liver. Norepinephrine levels in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated guinea pigs were reduced by 93 percent in heart and 90 percent in liver, indicating nearly complete chemical sympathectomy in these tissues. α-Methylnorepinephrine, whose in vitro formation by guinea pig liver homogenates previously had been shown to occur unchanged after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, was present in heart and liver at lower levels in 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated guinea pigs than in controls. The half-life of α-methylnorepinephrine both in heart and in liver was 39 hrs in control guinea pigs. In 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated guinea pigs, α-methylnorepinephrine disappeared too rapidly to permit half-life estimation. These data support the idea that metaraminol and α-methylnorepinephrine are retained in noradrenergic fibers and that this retention is a dominant factor in their rates of disappearance from tissues.
Radiometric dating of sediments using fission tracks in conodonts

Conodonts are microfossils which are commonly found in marine rocks of Cambrian to Triassic age. Although their biological affinities are difficult to assess, conodonts are valuable stratigraphical indices for much of their geological range1. Recent work has also established that conodont colour alteration indices (CAI) are useful guides to diagenetic temperatures and hence burial depth2. Fission tracks3 in conodonts allow measurement of uranium concentrations and estimates of ‘age’ to be made using isotopic methods4. We report here that fission tracks counted in irradiated, thermally unaltered (as indicated by CAI) middle Palaeozoic conodonts indicate typical uranium concentrations of ∼1 part in 109, with some samples higher. A single specimen of Siphonodella from the Lower Mississippian yielded an age estimate of 380±140 Myr consistent with conventional interpolations. This method may also allow the unroofing of deeply buried sediments to be dated.
On the control of noise in finite element tidal computations: A semi-implicit approach

Abstract Numerical solution of the two-dimensional shallow water equations is achieved by coupling the finite element method in space with finite difference time stepping schemes. Solutions obtained with an efficient leapfrog model are found to contain severe short-wavelength oscillations in space when compared to analytic solutions. An alternative semi-implicit formulation in the time domain, which retains most of the economical advantages of the leapfrog scheme is developed and tested. A significant reduction in the mode-to-node oscillations and improved agreement with analytical solutions are obtained. Both linear triangles and quadratic isoparametric quadrilaterals are examined. Emphasis is on the numerical behavior of the schemes tested and a comparison with a field case is not attempted.
Radio Noise and Corona Loss Results from Project EHV

Fair-and foul-weather corona loss and radio noise data from the Project EHV line are presented. Insulator loss and the dependence of corona loss on load current are discussed. Corona and radio noise data were logged continuously from three configurations tested at 500 kv and another at 700 kv and analyzed with a computer. They provide a basis for predicting line performance. The radio noise measurements from the test line are correlated with long-line performance.
Permeability characteristics of muscle membrane

Unidirectional flux rates of saturated fatty acids, saturated alcohols, and bile acids were measured in an intact rat diaphragm preparation. The logarithm of the permeability coefficients for fatty acids containing from five to ten carbon atoms was a linear function of the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. Incremental free energies of solution were +336 cal x mol-1 for the addition of a hydroxyl group and -258 cal x mol(-1) for the addition of a methylene group. These incremental free energies were similar to those obtained by other investigators in other animal tissues, and our data suggest a structural similarity between membranes in different tissues and in different species. The muscle membrane exhibited anomalously high permeabilities for fatty acids containing less than five carbon atoms. Since muscle lacks tight junctions, this result suggest that small non-electrolytes traverse polar regions or aqueous pores within the cellular membrane.
Preparation of Silylated Esters, Lactones, and Amides

Abstract We have recently found β-ketosilanes (α-trimethylsilyl ketones) to be useful precursors to β-hydroxyalkylsilanes, which are readily converted to olefins.2 α-Silyl esters have been shown to be useful precursors to α,β-unsaturated esters.3 In connection with our interest in the use of α-silylated carbonyl compounds in organic synthesis, we have investigated the possibility of preparing these compounds by silylation of enolates and by alkylation of silylated carbonyl compounds.4 In several cases, the C-silylated products can be obtained in good yields.
Regulation of C-type Lectin Antimicrobial Activity by a Flexible N-terminal Prosegment

Members of the RegIII family of intestinal C-type lectins are directly antibacterial proteins that play a vital role in maintaining host-bacterial homeostasis in the mammalian gut, yet little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their biological activity. Here we show that the antibacterial activities of mouse RegIIIγ and its human ortholog, HIP/PAP, are tightly controlled by an inhibitory N-terminal prosegment that is removed by trypsin in vivo. NMR spectroscopy revealed a high degree of conformational flexibility in the HIP/PAP inhibitory prosegment, and mutation of either acidic prosegment residues or basic core protein residues disrupted prosegment inhibitory activity. NMR analyses of pro-HIP/PAP variants revealed distinctive colinear backbone amide chemical shift changes that correlated with antibacterial activity, suggesting that prosegment-HIP/PAP interactions are linked to a two-state conformational switch between biologically active and inactive protein states. These findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism governing C-type lectin biological function and yield new insight into the control of intestinal innate immunity.
Glutamate neurons within the midbrain dopamine regions

Midbrain dopamine systems play important roles in Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, addiction, and depression. The participation of midbrain dopamine systems in diverse clinical contexts suggests these systems are highly complex. Midbrain dopamine regions contain at least three neuronal phenotypes: dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic. Here, we review the locations, subtypes, and functions of glutamatergic neurons within midbrain dopamine regions. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) mRNA-expressing neurons are observed within each midbrain dopamine system. Within rat retrorubral field (RRF), large populations of VGluT2 neurons are observed throughout its anteroposterior extent. Within rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC), VGluT2 neurons are observed centrally and caudally, and are most dense within the laterodorsal subdivision. RRF and SNC rat VGluT2 neurons lack tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), making them an entirely distinct population of neurons from dopaminergic neurons. The rat ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains the most heterogeneous populations of VGluT2 neurons. VGluT2 neurons are found in each VTA subnucleus but are most dense within the anterior midline subnuclei. Some subpopulations of rat VGluT2 neurons co-express TH or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), but most of the VGluT2 neurons lack TH or GAD. Different subsets of rat VGluT2-TH neurons exist based on the presence or absence of vesicular monoamine transporter 2, dopamine transporter, or D2 dopamine receptor. Thus, the capacity by which VGluT2-TH neurons may release dopamine will differ based on their capacity to accumulate vesicular dopamine, uptake extracellular dopamine, or be autoregulated by dopamine. Rat VTA VGluT2 neurons exhibit intrinsic VTA projections and extrinsic projections to the accumbens and to the prefrontal cortex. Mouse VTA VGluT2 neurons project to accumbens shell, prefrontal cortex, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and lateral habenula. Given their molecular diversity and participation in circuits involved in addiction, we hypothesize that individual VGluT2 subpopulations of neurons play unique roles in addiction and other disorders.
Study Habits, Motives, and Strategies of College Students With Symptoms of ADHD

Objective: Studies on ADHD in educational settings indicate that a student’s motivation for learning is significantly related with the student’s grade point average. The present study examined the relationship between ADHD symptoms and student academic achievement by considering the student’s approach to and motivation for learning. Method: Participants completed a questionnaire that breaks down learning strategies into a surface or deep approach. Each approach is then divided into a deep or surface motivation and strategy. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance determined that those in the control group were using the deep approach, whereas those in the ADHD group strongly favored the surface approach. Furthermore, ADHD participants preferred surface motive and surface strategy. A factor analysis of a study-habits questionnaire identified five categories, with collaborative learning approaching significant levels. Conclusion: Implications for guiding ADHD college students toward effective study str...
Eikonal Approach to Scattering from Coated Perfect Conductors in a Spinor Formalism

The eikonal approach is applied to the problem of the scattering of electromagnetic waves from an excluded volume in the presence of a weak external potential. The scattering of electromagnetic waves is treated in the spinor formalism previously developed by the author. The excluded volume is eventually taken to be a perfectly conducting cone, the external potential a coating of thickness δ, with complex dielectric constant e′, and permeability μ (tacitly assumed equal to 1). It is shown that to order (N−1), whereN=(e′ μ)1/2, the eikonal approach in the spinor formalism yields results equivalent to those obtained from the vector theory of Uberall in the particular case of nose-on backscattering, using the eikonal function corresponding to ‘straight-line propagation’.
An empirical likelihood method for spatial regression

Properties of a “blockwise”empirical likelihood for spatial regression with non-stochastic regressors are investigated for spatial data on a lattice. The method enables nonparametric confidence regions for spatial trend parameters to be calibrated, even though non-random regressors introduce non-stationary forms of spatial dependence into the “blockwise” construction. Additionally, the regression results are valid in a general framework allowing for a variety of behavior in regressor variables as well as the underlying spatial error process. The same regression method also applies when the regressors are stochastic.
The Schur Indices of the Irreducible Characters of the Special Linear Groups

Abstract We compute the Schur indices of each irreducible character of SL ( n , q ) the special linear group, for all n ≥ 1 and for all q a power of a prime.
Decay Scheme of Gallium-72

The decay of ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{72}$ has been investigated with scintillation spectrometers, both single and in coincidence. Evidence has been found for the existence of levels in ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{72}$ at 0.69, 0.84, 1.46, 1.73, 2.06, 2.39, 2.51, 2.82, 3.04, 3.32, and 3.34 Mev. The 0.3-\ensuremath{\mu}sec isomeric state has been definitely determined to be the first excited level at 0.69 Mev and, as previously indicated, requires a spin of 0 and even parity. Spins and parities of the other levels of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{72}$ are discussed.
Assessment of imaging parameters correlated with the effects of cryopreservation on embryo development

Embryo cryopreservation is an increasingly common technique that allows patients to undergo multiple cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) without being subjected to repeated ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval. There are two types of cryopreservation commonly used in IVF clinics today: slow freezing and vitrification. Because vitrification has been shown to result in higher rates of embryo survival post-thaw compared to slow freezing, it is rapidly gaining popularity in clinics worldwide. However, several studies have shown that vitrification can still cause damage to embryos in the form of DNA fragmentation, altered mitochondrial distribution and changes in transcriptional activity, all of which are impossible to assess noninvasively. In this paper we demonstrate a new method of quantitatively and noninvasively assessing changes in embryo appearance due to vitrification. Using full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT), we show that vitrification causes striking changes in the appearance of the cytoplasm that are not visible under conventional brightfield microscopy. Using an automated algorithm that extracts parameters to describe these changes, we show that these parameters can also predict viability in embryos that have undergone vitrification. An automated, noninvasive assessment of embryo viability after vitrification and thawing could have significant clinical impact: allowing clinicians to more accurately choose the most viable embryos to transfer back to patients could reduce the average number of IVF cycles that patients must undergo to achieve pregnancy.
Delayed Contrast Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Aortic Stenosis

We report a case of a 12-year-old boy with severe congenital aortic stenosis in whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with delayed contrast enhancement demonstrated extensive subendocardial hyperenhancement within the left ventricle. The hyperenlaancement was confirmed to be subendocardial infarct and fibrosis by histopathology. This case supports the utility of MRI with delayed contrast enhancement in evaluating myocardial viability in patients with congenital heart disease.
Consumer and Case Manager Agreement on Needs Assessments in Programs for Homeless Adults With Serious Mental Illness

Effective treatment planning is optimal when consumers’ perceived needs align with their providers’ assessments of those needs, which can facilitate collaborative partnerships and recovery-oriented services. This study compares consumers’ and case managers’ perceptions of consumer needs for adult clients in programs serving homeless adults with serious mental illness that use either a Housing First or non-Housing First (i.e., traditional) approach. Descriptive statistics were calculated based on a 20-item needs assessment checklist. The alternative chance-correlated coefficient (AC1) was used to assess level of overall agreement between individual consumer–case manager dyads while controlling for chance. Results of analyses with 72 consumer–case manager dyads show that although there was high agreement on the need for housing, case managers assessed greater needs in the clinical and social domains whereas consumers reported greater needs in the vocational and independent living domains, which did not diff...
Function of Yolutin (Metaphosphate) in Mitosis

VOLUTIN is a cytological entity which has long been recognized as an important constituent of the yeast cell. After fixation with formaldehyde and over-staining with methylene blue, it retains the stain when treated with dilute acids. I have devised a staining mixture which makes volutin directly visible in yeast cells ; it contains 1.5 c.c. of glacial acetic acid, 4 c.c. of saturated aqueous toluidine blue and 20 c.c. of formalin. Volutin does not contain nucleic acid ; ribose nucleic acid granules in the cytoplasm are often referred to as Volutin, but this is incorrect1. Wiame2 has defined volutin chemically as meta-phosphate, thus confirming my view that it is not a nucleoprotein.
An evaluation of the role of vapor lubrication mechanisms in MoS2

Abstract The sliding behavior of MoS 2 has been studied in room air, in controlled atmospheres and in vacuum at pressures as low as 10 −9 torr. These studies confirm the occurrence of friction transients under a number of experimental conditions. However, numerous lines of evidence indicate that these transient effects are not involved in the sliding mechanism. Best evidence is obtained in ultra-high vacuum (10 −9 torr). In a thoroughly baked and degassed vacuum system the friction of MoS 2 is found to be low immediately upon resumption of sliding after stop times as long as several weeks. The friction should pass through a transient region if it is necessary to generate a sulfur film to act as vapor lubricant. It is concluded that, unlike graphite, MoS 2 does not depend upon a vapor lubrication mechanism.
Recruiting parents, retaining families

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share St John Fisher College Library's marketing approach to recruiting and retention of parents within the higher education community.Design/methodology/approach – The objectives of this paper are achieved by connecting local experiences with other parent initiatives on university campuses throughout the country. The paper takes the approach of addressing marketing strategies for recruitment and retention of parents, while also including opportunities for these strategies to be applied.Findings – The findings display the library's ability to contribute to their campus recruitment and retention goals while assisting parents in connecting to the library in an informational and emotional capacity.Originality/value – This paper presents the academic library's perspective on a higher education initiative focused on targeting parents during the recruitment and retention processes. Academic librarians will find the most value in this paper by finding step‐by‐step guidel...
Vitamin D and Cancer: Can We Believe the Evidence from Observational Studies?

The article by Afzal et al. in this issue of Clinical Chemistry (1) presents data showing an association of low concentrations of vitamin D with risk of tobacco-related cancers. The authors found that vitamin D was not associated with other types of cancer, that the effect was stronger among smokers, and that it appeared to be independent of levels of tobacco consumption among smokers. Although these data suggest that increasing concentrations of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D],2 especially among smokers, may lead to cancer protection, the data remain suggestive rather than conclusive. Science is rife with examples of promising hypotheses based on observational data that did not hold up under more rigorous randomized controlled trials. An early panacea was β-carotene, which was hypothesized to reduce cancer incidence (2). At the time, it was the exciting new theory and garnered much attention. When tested in randomized controlled trials, however, the promising hypothesis failed to hold up. The Physicians' Health Study, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) trial, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), and other trials found no overall effect of β-carotene on cancer (3). Whereas observational analyses can carefully control for many confounders, residual confounding cannot be ruled out. There is a persistent and consistent association of consumption of fruits and vegetables with reduced cancer risk, but it is difficult to break down the food items into individual nutrients that may be causally related. The same has occurred for various other dietary nutrients, including vitamin E, vitamin C, and the B vitamins (4). All had been shown to be related to cancer or cardiovascular disease in observational data, but the results did not hold up to the more rigorous examination of a randomized trial. Vitamin E, in particular, enjoyed widespread public attention and was promoted as akin to a …
The relationship between burning velocity and space velocity of a spherical combustion wave in a closed spherical chamber

Abstract A relationship between burning velocity and space velocity of a centrally ignited spherical combustion wave with reaction zone of zero thickness is derived for expansion in a closed spherical chamber, on the assumption that the velocity of the gas is sufficiently small compared to that of sound that the pressure remains uniform throughout the chamber, and that temperature equilibrium exists in the cold gas and hot gas regions. It is shown that if, in addition, the specific heats and average gramme molecular weight are constant, the ratio v s /v f may be expressed as a function of the flame radius.
Densification and grain growth of ultrafine 3 mol % Y2O3ZrO2 ceramics

Abstract Ultrafine tetragonal 3 mol% Y2O3ZrO2 powder was prepared by chemical coprecipitation from yttrium and zirconium oxychloride. The powder is weakly agglomerated with a 15 nm crystallite size. The powder compacts were pressureless sintered with various combinations of sintering temperatures and soaking times, as well as wide range of heating rates. The nanocrystalline powder showed very fast densification kinetics during the early stage of sintering. High isothermal sintering temperatures (>1100°C) associated with a fast heating rate resulted in poor densification and the formation of large pores. The main cause of this problem is probably differential shrinkage resulting from thermal gradients. Precoarsening of the nanocrystalline sample can alleviate this problem. Two key processing parameters for making a dense and nanocrystalline microstructure are identified: a low sintering temperature and a high starting green density. Starting with 58% green density, a 99.9% density sample with an 85 nm grain diameter can be made by pressureless sintering at 1050°C for 5 hrs.
The Conceptual and Empirical Relationship Between Spirituality and Social Justice: Exemplars from Diverse Faith Traditions

In the experience of many clients, social justice and spirituality are intrinsically linked. After noting the growing interest in spirituality, the theoretical connection between spirituality and social justice is discussed, along with spiritually-animated efforts to create a just society at the micro-, mezzo-, and macro-levels. To illustrate how understandings of social justice are operationalized across diverse spiritual traditions, examples are profiled from Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. The paper concludes with a discussion of the educational implications that flow from the profession's ethical standards and the contributions that spiritually-based understandings of social justice can contribute to professional discourse; thereby enhancing the profession's ability to address complex social problems.
Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys I. Surgical techniques and gross observations

Abstract Vasectomy and vaso-occlusion techniques were used in 47 male rhesus monkeys to maximize and minimize the amount of sperm allowed to escape from the vas into surrounding tissues for up to seventy-two weeks postoperatively. Body weight changes and blood clinical data indicated that the general health of all the monkeys remained good. Normal seasonal changes in body weights and testicular volumes suggested that there were no disturbances to the endocrine system and that the monkeys remained responsive to seasonal environmental stimuli. Vasectomy appears to cause no short-term deleterious effects in the rhesus monkey, based on observations made during the seventy-two weeks that these monkeys were studied after vasectomy. This conclusion agrees with the findings of other investigators.
Neutrinos from supernovae and gamma ray bursts: Nucleosynthesis and detection

We discuss the way in which neutrino oscillations, sterile neutrinos and ambient conditions impact the nucleosynthesis in extreme astrophysical environments such as supernovae and gamma ray bursts. We focus first on r-process nucleosynthesis and supernovae and the role of neutrinos. Secondly, we discuss active sterile neutrino oscillations in this environment. We then turn to gamma ray bursts and examine the nucleosynthesis that can be produced by accretion disk winds, and the impact of the neutrinos. Finally we comment on the prospects for detecting such an accretion disk if it were to occur in the Galaxy with existing neutrino detectors.
Diabetes Peer Coaching Do “Better Patients” Make Better Coaches?

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of peer coaches associated with improvement in diabetes control among low-income patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsLow-income patients with type 2 diabetes who spoke English or Spanish from 6 urban clinics in San Francisco, California, were invited to participate in the study. Twenty participants received training and provided peer coaching to 109 patients over a 6-month peer coaching intervention. Primary outcome was average change in patient glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C). Characteristics of peer coaches included age, gender, years with diabetes, A1C, body mass index (BMI), levels of diabetes-related distress, self-efficacy in diabetes self-management, and depression.ResultsPatient improvement in A1C was associated with having a coach with a lower sense of self-efficacy in diabetes management (P < .001), higher level of diabetes-related distress (P = .01), and lower depression score (P = .03).ConclusionsCoach characteristics are associat...
An HMO treatment of the reduction of aromatic hydrocarbons with alkali metals; reduction of fluoranthene☆

Abstract Simple molecular orbital theory is applied to the metal-ammonia reduction of aromatic hydrocarbons. The theory is based on protonation at sites of highest electron density in the corresponding anions. Good agreement is observed between predicted and observed reduction products. The reduction of the non-alternant hydrocarbon fluoranthene takes an anomalous course that is not inconsistent with the theory. Evidence is presented to show that an initial dihydroreduction product, 2,3-dihydrofluoroanthene, undergoes a Michael addition by its conjugate anion to yield 1,2,2′,3,3′,10b-hexahydro-1,2′-bifluoranthyl.
Environmental context and termination uncertainty in games with a dynamic public bad

We employ a laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of environmental context and termination uncertainty on decisions in a dynamic game with a public bad. Every period the subjects decide on their own production level that generates private revenue and ‘emissions’. Emissions accumulate over time and act as a public bad. We characterize and use as benchmarks the Markov perfect equilibrium and social optimum and find that observed decisions are between the two predictions. We find no significant effect of termination uncertainty on decisions in any except the last few rounds where, in a fixed-end setting, subjects allocate their entire endowment to production. We find a strong effect of environmental context which partially substitutes for experience. The effect of experience is most pronounced in the fixed-end treatment where production allocations and the level of the public bad become lower after the restart.
Evaluation of Fortran vector compilers and preprocessors

Many scientific codes can achieve significant performance improvement when executed on a computer equipped with a vector processor. Vector constructs in source code should be recognized by a vectorizing compiler or preprocessor. This paper discusses, from a general point of view, how a vectorizing compiler/preprocessor can be evaluated. The areas discussed include data dependence analysis, IF loop analysis, nested loops, loop interchanging, loop collapsing, indirect addressing, use of temporary storage, and order of arithmetic. The ideas presented are based on vectorization of over a million lines of production codes and an extensive test suite developed to evaluate preprocessors under varying degrees of code complexity. Areas for future research are also discussed.
Applications to Discrete Problems

In Chapters 2 and 3 we have presented a general theoretical framework for generating a hierarchy of relaxations spanning the spectrum from the continuous linear programming relaxation to the convex hull representation. In practice, the actual relaxation adopted needs to be carefully designed using these general concepts and results as guidelines, being specialized for the particular application. Often, even a full first-level relaxation might be too large to manage computationally, although this is highly dependent on linear programming technology. For example, as mentioned in Section 2.5, first as well as second-level relaxations have been successfully implemented for the notorious quadratic assignment problem, despite their massive size; such problems have as many as 15–25 facilities and location sites.
Risk factors for abnormal anal cytology over time in HIV-infected women.

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the incidence of, and risk factors for, abnormal anal cytology and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) 2-3 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected women. Study Design This prospective study assessed 100 HIV-infected women with anal and cervical specimens for cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing over 3 semiannual visits. Results Thirty-three women were diagnosed with an anal cytologic abnormality at least once. Anal cytology abnormality was associated with current CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm 3 , anal HPV infection, and a history of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Twelve subjects were diagnosed with AIN2-3: 4 after AIN1 diagnosis and 4 after 1 or more negative anal cytology. AIN2-3 trended toward an association with history of cervical cytologic abnormality and history of STI. Conclusion Repeated annual anal cytology screening for HIV-infected women, particularly for those with increased immunosuppression, anal and/or cervical HPV, a history of other STIs, or abnormal cervical cytology, will increase the likelihood of detecting AIN2-3.
Environmental Justice Analysis: Challenges for Metropolitan Transportation Planning

This research focuses on three major challenges of incorporating environmental justice into metropolitan transportation planning. The data needed are compared with the data currently available on the spatial distributions of race and income, the spatial distributions of trip ends, trip tables, network performance, and cost estimates of improvements. Several conflicting definitions of equity are offered, as are applications for each within the context of environmental justice. The importance of choosing a correct unit of analysis is discussed, with particular emphasis on how the geographic unit of analysis is a poor proxy for the group unit, which is theoretically required, as the analysis's purpose is to compare performance measures across groups. The primary goal of this paper is to explore challenging topics such as these raising questions and concerns. The answers to the questions raised will differ depending on each implementing agency's objectives and resources.
Equisetum xylem: SEM studies and their implications

Abstract Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies of xylem of three species of Equisetum reveal numerous details not previously reported on the basis of light microscopy. SEM images of thick (ca. 1 mm) sections reveal pit shapes, cell contexts, and microstructure of pit membranes. Pit shapes are remarkably diverse in comparison to those of ferns or conifers. Nodal tracheary elements are isodiametric to fusiform in shape, and have crowded circular (mostly) to elongate prominently bordered pits and uniformly thick secondary walls. Internodal tracheary elements, by contrast, have relatively large circular pits with inconspicuous borders. Secondary walls of internodal tracheids are thin, with thickenings that are annular, looplike, or of some intermediate form. Metaxylem internodal tracheary elements line the inner surface of carinal canals ( = proxylem lacunae), and many of the large circular (often crateriform) pits facing the canals may lack pit membranes, especially in E. giganteum and E. myriochaetum....
THE PERSISTENCE OF CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES AFTER INTERVERTEBRAL DISC CALCIFICATION OF CHILDHOOD

A case is reported in which clinical and radiological abnormalities were present nine years after the initial acute presentation of intervertebral disc calcification of childhood. In view of the major anatomical and pathological changes that have been described with this condition it is suggested that the prognosis should be guarded.
NF-κB Is Required for Apoptosis Prevention during Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection

Wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection triggers apoptosis in human cells. The subsequent synthesis of infected cell proteins between 3 and 6 h postinfection (hpi) acts to block this process from killing the cells. The factors produced during this window also prevent cell death induced by environmental staurosporine or sorbitol (M. Aubert, J. O'Toole, and J. A. Blaho, J. Virol. 73:10359-10370, 1999). We now report that (i) during the prevention window, HSV-1(F) also inhibited apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plus cycloheximide (CHX) treatment. While deciphering the mechanism of this inhibition, we observed that (ii) the transcription factor NF-kappaB translocated from the cytoplasm into the nuclei of infected cells, and (iii) this migration initiated at 3 hpi. (iv) The complete inhibition of protein synthesis at 3 hpi by the addition of CHX precluded NF-kappaB translocation, while CHX additions at 6 hpi or later did not elicit this effect. This result confirms that infected cell protein synthesis is required for the nuclear import of NF-kappaB. (v) The detection of NF-kappaB in nuclei correlated with the ability of HSV-1(F), HSV-1(KOS1.1), or HSV-1(R7032), a replication-competent recombinant virus containing a deletion in the gene encoding the gE glycoprotein, to prevent apoptosis. (vi) NF-kappaB did not bind its kappaB DNA recognition site and remained cytoplasmic in cells actively undergoing apoptosis following infection with HSV-1(vBSdelta27), a virus with the key regulatory protein ICP27 deleted. (vii) Prestimulation of NF-kappaB by the addition of a phorbol ester prevented HSV-1(vBSdelta27)-induced apoptosis. (viii) Retention of NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm by the addition of a pharmacological antagonist of its release from IkappaBalpha led to an increase in death factor processing during HSV-1(F) infection. (ix) A novel HEp-2 clonal cell line, termed IkappaBalphaDN, was generated which expresses a dominant-negative form of IkappaBalpha. Treatment of IkappaBalphaDN cells with TNF-alpha in the absence of CHX resulted in apoptotic death due to the inability of NF-kappaB to become activated in these cells. Finally, (x) infection of IkappaBalphaDN cells with HSV-1(F) or HSV-1(KOS1.1) resulted in apoptosis, demonstrating that (xi) the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB between 3 and 6 hpi (the prevention window) is necessary to prevent apoptosis in wild-type HSV-1-infected human HEp-2 cells.
Alexithymia, Emotional Dysregulation, and Recovery From Alcoholism Therapeutic Response to Assessment of Mood

This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that tested the effects of a gratitude intervention on well-being in a sample of individuals in outpatient treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Follow-up qualitative interviews unexpectedly revealed that participants found the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to be helpful to their recovery in the ways that it asked them to identify and rate their emotions. Participant statements were purposively sampled and analyzed using grounded theory methods to produce a conceptual framework illustrating the process of mood identification and its sequelae. Evidence of existing alexithymia and emotional dysregulation, dominance of negative mood, and increasing ability to identify, accept, and regulate mood as part of recovery was found. Findings suggest that emotion regulation is a compelling topic for those in recovery from AUD, and may deserve a more prominent role in treatment.
Algorithmic Aspects of Prediction: An Approach Based on Symmetry and Similarity

As we have mentioned earlier, one of the main objectives of science is to predict future events. From this viewpoint, the first question that we need to ask is: is it possible to predict? In many cases, predictions are possible, but in many other practical situations, what we observe is a random (un-predictable) sequence. The question of how we can check predictability – i.e., check whether the given sequence is random – is analyzed in Section 3.2. In this analysis, we use symmetries – namely, we use scaling symmetries.
Continuos social decision procedures

Classical social decision procedures are supposed to map lists of preference orderings into binary relations which describe society ‘preferences’. But when there are infinitely many alternatives the resulting plethora of possible preference orderings make it impossible to differentiate ‘nearby’ preference relations. If the preference information used to make social decisions is imperfect, society may wish to implement a continuous social decision procedure (SDP) so that nearby preference configurations will map into nearby social preference relations. It is shown here that a continuity requirement can severely restrict the admissible behavior of a social decision procedure. Furthermore, a characterization of continuous SDPs is presented which facilitates the examination of such procedures and their relation to various voting mechanisms.
What We Know About The Voynich Manuscript

The Voynich Manuscript is an undeciphered document from medieval Europe. We present current knowledge about the manuscript's text through a series of questions about its linguistic properties.