cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Catalytic Properties of Cytosolic Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A Thiolase from Avian Liver

Abstract A cytosolic thiolase, presumably involved in hepatic cholesterogenesis, has been purified to homogeneity from avian liver. This enzyme is the predominant acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase of chicken liver comprising 70% of the total thiolase activity in laying hens. In addition to the cytosolic enzyme, two mitochondrial species were also detected by isoelectric focusing; the cytosolic species exhibits a pI of 7.1, which is identical with that of the purified enzyme, whereas the mitochondrial species have pI values of 5.9 and 8.3. The cytosolic thiolase has a sedimentation coefficient (s20,w) of 7.94 S and a molecular weight, determined by sedimentation equilibrium, of 169,000. At pH 8.2 and 30°, the native enzyme catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of 54,000 moles of acetoacetyl-CoA per min per mole of enzyme; under comparable conditions, but with 50 mm Mg2+ added, the rate in the reverse (condensation) direction is 1,770 moles per min per mole of enzyme. Dissociation of the thiolase and electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels gives rise to a single stained protein band whose mobility corresponds to a subunit weight of 41,000 daltons. Thus it appears that the native enzyme is composed of four identical or similar polypeptide chains. The combined actions of purified cytosolic thiolase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase rapidly converts acetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA in a thermodynamically favorable manner; equilibrium (at pH 8.0 and 30°) is attained when approximately 68% of the acetyl-CoA added has been converted to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. Thus, regulation of one or both of these enzymes would appear necessary to prevent depletion of the cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA pool when cholesterogenesis is shut off. Although feeding 2% cholesterol to chickens for 2 to 7 days depresses liver cytosolic thiolase activity by 30 to 54%, this reduction is insufficient to account for the nearly complete cessation of hepatic cholesterogenesis that has been reported under identical conditions of cholesterol feeding (Sakakida, H., Shediac, C. C., and Siperstein, M. D. (1963) J. Clin. Invest. 42, 1521).
Gender Sorting at the Application Interface

We document gender sorting of candidates into gender-typed jobs at the point of initial application to a company. At this step of the hiring process, the firm has implemented a policy whereby organizational screeners’ discretion has been eliminated such that there is no opportunity for contact between hiring agents and applicants. Thus, the job choices studied here offer unique insight as they are uncontaminated by screeners’ steering of candidates toward gender-typed jobs. Even in the absence of steering, we find clear patterns of gendered job choices that line up with gender stereotypes of job roles. Moreover, these gendered patterns recur both within individuals and within race groups. Comparing our findings to the pattern of job sorting in the external local labor market, we find that supply-side factors do not fully account for the levels job sex segregation observed in the open labor market. Although probably not the entire story, we show clear evidence that supply-side sorting processes are important factors contributing to job sex segregation.
Aliasing probability calculations in nonlinear compactors

This paper discusses a systematic methodology for calculating the aliasing probability when an arbitrary finite-state machine is used to compact the response of a combinational circuit to a sequence of randomly generated test input vectors. The proposed approach is general and is based on simultaneously tracking the states of two (fictitious) compactors, one driven by the response of the fault-free combinational circuit and the other one driven by the response of the faulty combinational circuit. By deriving the overall Markov chain that describes the combined behavior of these two compactors, we are able to calculate the exact aliasing probability based on its stationary distribution and to demonstrate regimes over which nonlinear compactors may be preferable over linear compactors.
Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Vivo

The effects of magnesium deficiency on the in vivo incorporation of labeled precursors into tissue macromolecules were studied. In severe Mg deficiency developing over 4 months, total protein synthesis in spleen and thymus was depressed by 40% to 50%, while DNA synthesis was increased by as much as 350%. RNA synthesis was not significantly altered. Protein synthesis in kidney was also reduced. In the intact liver, DNA synthesis was increased and RNA synthesis reduced, but protein synthesis was unchanged. The regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy was impaired, however, which suggested that the capacity of the liver protein synthetic system was reduced. The effects of magnesium deficiency were unaltered by the ingestion of ethanol that comprised approximately 25% of total energy. Each of the organs enlarged in Mg deficiency, and the spleen was strikingly hyperplastic. The increase in splenic DNA synthesis in the presence of depressed protein synthesis may be an early stage in a lymphoproliferative process leading ultimately to neoplasia.
Innate immune modulation by RNA viruses: emerging insights from functional genomics

Although often encoding fewer than a dozen genes, RNA viruses can overcome host antiviral responses and wreak havoc on the cells they infect. Some manage to evade host antiviral defences, whereas others elicit an aberrant or disproportional immune response. Both scenarios can result in the disruption of intracellular signalling pathways and significant pathology in the host. Systems-biology approaches are increasingly being used to study the processes of viral triggering and regulation of host immune responses. By providing a global and integrated view of cellular events, these approaches are beginning to unravel some of the complexities of virus-host interactions and provide new insights into how RNA viruses cause disease.
Contribution of single-unit spike waveform changes to temperature-induced alterations in hippocampal population spikes

Brain temperature changes accompany exploratory behavior and profoundly affect field potential amplitudes recorded in hippocampus. The waveform alterations in fascia dentata include a reduction in population spike area, which might be explained by fewer granule cells firing in response to a given stimulus or by an alteration in the size or shape of the individual action potentials. This study was designed to assess these alternate possibilities. In experiment 1, changes in the shape and firing rates of single cells recorded in the fascia dentata of awake rats were compared with changes in the population spike before and after a bout of activity. Single-unit amplitudes were significantly reduced following exploration, and there was a small (< 3%) change in unit spike-width. These changes, however, were insufficient to account, in a linear fashion, for the entire decline in the population spike. In experiment 2, radiant heat was used to manipulate brain temperature in anesthetized rats. As in the first experiment, the magnitude of change in the extracellular units was much smaller than the change in population spike amplitude. The spontaneous firing rates of the cells were also modified by brain temperature changes. In experiment 3, the polysynaptic, contralateral commissural response (which covaries with changes in the ipsilateral population spike at a fixed temperature) was measured as a function of either exploratory behavior or radiant heat. The relationship between the ipsilateral population spike and corresponding polysynaptic commissural response was altered following exploration and passive warming in a manner consistent with a reduction in net granule cell output, reduced transmission efficacy through the polysynaptic circuit, or a combination of these. Taken together these data suggest that at least two factors contribute to temperature-dependent changes in the perforant path-evoked population spikes recorded in the fascia dentata: changes in the size of individual action potentials and alterations in discharge of action potentials in response to a given stimulus.
Ligand-dependent and -independent interactions with the transforming growth factor type II and I receptor subunits reside in the aminoterminal portion of the ectodomain of the type III subunit.

The type III receptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which exhibits no kinase activity, binds TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 and is involved in assembly and activity of the multi-subunit TGFβ signal transduction complex. Recently we showed that TGFβ receptor type III (TβRIII) can participate in a complex composed of the dimeric TGFβ ligand and a type III, II, and I receptor subunit. The interaction of the TβRIII subunit with TβRII is TGFβ-dependent, whereas interaction with TβRI is TGFβ-independent. Here we use coexpression of the three types of TGFβ receptors in baculoviral-infected insect cells to determine which parts of the unglycosylated TβRIII receptor participate in the binding of TGFβ, the TGFβ-dependent interaction with TβRII and the TGFβ-independent interaction with TβRI. The results suggest that the first 500 amino acid residues in the aminoterminal portion of TβRIII exhibit all three properties.
Impact of humidity exposure during device fabrication on CZTSSe solar cell performance

The effect of exposing Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 films to ambient humidity during various stages of device fabrication was studied. Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 films were made via solution-based processing of binary and ternary metal-chalcogenide nanoparticle precursors. Following the formation of precursor films, storage conditions between successive steps for device completion were varied. The performance of finished devices showed little sensitivity to overnight storage conditions with the exception of exposure to high relative humidity prior to the p-n junction formation, which resulted in catastrophic efficiency loss. The time evolution of the moisture degradation was exponential, with a characteristic time of approximately 2 hours.
Beyond economics for guiding large public policy issues: Lessons from the Bell System divestiture and the California electricity crisis

During the summer (2000), wholesale electricity prices in California were approximately 500% higher than those during the same months in 1998-1999. This study finds that the price hike has occurred due to an increase in fuel prices and real demand. The change of the two market fundamentals explains 45.73% of the price increase and fluctuation during the crisis. The responsibility of energy utility firms is 21.41%. The policy implication regarding the California electricity crisis is different from well-known economic studies which have attributed the price hike to the exercise of market power. The difference points up a need for drawing on researchers from multiple disciplines who are capable of checking each other's methodologies in guiding large policy decisions. This need was suggested by Professor Cooper regarding the AT&T breakup two decades ago.
Analyzing the uses and gratifications concept of audience activity with a qualitative approach: Media encounters during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake disaster

Diaries and narratives produced by 29 college students during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake served as the data for a qualitative analysis grounded in the conventional philosophy, if not the traditional methodology, of the uses and gratifications perspective. Two hundred ninety‐nine individual media episodes were interpreted. Audience activity before, during, and after media exposure was studied through the application of the Levy and Windahl Typology of Audience Activity which demonstrated the operation of the nine types of media activity proposed by its creators. Conclusions call for the redirection (rather than abandonment) of audience‐based research away from general‐trend audience consumption and towards more specific cultural interaction of people with media.
Risks, choices and behavioral treatment

Recent arguments against the use of intrusive behavioral interventions in the treatment of handicapped people are examined. The anti-aversive position was found to be based on assumptions about the negative impact of aversive procedures, and to consider only a small subset of the variables that should be taken into account when treatment decisions are made. A preliminary application of formal decision-analysis techniques that have been developed in response to other controversial technologies had a number of benefits including: (a) sharpening the distinction between scientific and social criteria; (b) sensitizing decision-makers and scientists to the range of costs, risks, and benefits associated with treatment decisions; and (c) identifying critical areas of research. Decision-analysis techniques were found to be helpful in directing scientists and policy-makers towards more informed decision-making.
Association rate constants for reactions between resonance-stabilized radicals: C3H3 + C3H3, C3H3 + C3H5, and C3H5 + C3H5

Reactions between resonance-stabilized radicals play an important role in combustion chemistry. The theoretical prediction of rate coefficients and product distributions for such reactions is complicated by the fact that the initial complex-formation steps and some dissociation steps are barrierless. In this paper direct variable reaction coordinate transition state theory (VRC-TST) is used to predict accurately the association rate constants for the self and cross reactions of propargyl and allyl radicals. For each reaction, a set of multifaceted dividing surfaces is used to account for the multiple possible addition channels. Because of their resonant nature the geometric relaxation of the radicals is important. Here, the effect of this relaxation is explicitly calculated with the UB3LYP/cc-pvdz method for each mutual orientation encountered in the configurational integrals over the transition state dividing surfaces. The final energies are obtained from CASPT2/cc-pvdz calculations with all pi-orbitals in the active space. Evaluations along the minimum energy path suggest that basis set corrections are negligible. The VRC-TST approach was also used to calculate the association rate constant and the corresponding number of states for the C(6)H(5) + H --> C(6)H(6) exit channel of the C(3)H(3) + C(3)H(3) reaction, which is also barrierless. For this reaction, the interaction energies were evaluated with the CASPT2(2e,2o)/cc-pvdz method and a 1-D correction is included on the basis of CAS+1+2+QC/aug-cc-pvtz calculations for the CH(3) + H reference system. For the C(3)H(3) + C(3)H(3) reaction, the VRC-TST results for the energy and angular momentum resolved numbers of states in the entrance channels and in the C(6)H(5) + H exit channel are incorporated in a master equation simulation to determine the temperature and pressure dependence of the phenomenological rate coefficients. The rate constants for the C(3)H(3) + C(3)H(3) and C(3)H(5) + C(3)H(5) self-reactions compare favorably with the available experimental data. To our knowledge there are no experimental rate data for the C(3)H(3) + C(3)H(5) reaction.
Illustrated helminths and protozoans

Atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology (4th edition)edited by P.L. Chiodini, A.H. Moody and D.W. Manser, Churchill Livingstone, 2001. £35.00 (82 pages) ISBN 0443 062 684As the authors comment in their preface, major advances in immunology and molecular biology have transformed our understanding of human parasitic diseases. Newly recognized human pathogens, such as Cyclospora, have appeared, and other parasites have increased their incidence, owing to the current AIDS epidemic.The Atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology (4th edition) provides a well described set of illustrations of the life cycles and morphology for important helminths and protozoan parasites of humans. This book also has a strong emphasis on diagnosis and is well illustrated with color drawings and photomicrographs. However, there are no references, which is not helpful for readers interested in finding out more about the parasites described. There are also some mistakes, some small and some not so small. Although the authors indicated that protozoa and helminths are studied in parasitology, and viruses, bacteria and fungi are usually studied in microbiology, they included Microsporidia as a protozoan despite recent evidence suggesting that Microsporidia belong to the group of fungi, – no information is provided about these recent findings. Some important steps in the life cycle of some helminths are not clear in the drawings. For example, in the Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle, juveniles appear to hatch in the stomach instead of the duodenum. Ova from Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta are shown in one plate but their life cycles are not described. Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, and not promastigotes, are the forms present in the gut of insects. These mistakes will no doubt be put right in the next edition.This book is agreeably written and beautifully illustrated. The life cycles are extremely easy to follow and informative. This book could be useful for university teachers, undergraduates or medical students, and personnel involved in diagnostics as an introduction to the world of helminthology and protozoology.
Scattering and Contracts in Medieval Agriculture: Challenges Ahead

Among the issues involved in understanding the organization of medieval agriculture, two have particularly interested economic historians: the manorial contractual arrangements between the lord of the manor and the peasants, and the scattering of peasant land holdings on open fields. While our understanding of each issue has improved, the symmetry between them needs further attention. Examining the issues separately is only a necessary first step; it is also important to consider their interdependence. I argue below that the explanations offered by Stefano Fenoaltea, Donald McCloskey, and Douglass North and Robert Thomas all need modification to address more adequately the facts of the overall organization of medieval agriculture.' Note, however, that my goal here is simply to alert future researchers to the symmetry between open fields and the manorial organization. Pointing out the incompleteness of earlier explanations offers a way to reopen the debate.
Fetal nicotine exposure increases preference for nicotine odor in early postnatal and adolescent, but not adult, rats.

Human studies demonstrate a four-fold increased possibility of smoking in the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Nicotine is the active addictive component in tobacco-related products, crossing the placenta and contaminating the amniotic fluid. It is known that chemosensory experience in the womb can influence postnatal odor-guided preference behaviors for an exposure stimulus. By means of behavioral and neurophysiologic approaches, we examined whether fetal nicotine exposure, using mini-osmotic pumps, altered the response to nicotine odor in early postnatal (P17), adolescent (P35) and adult (P90) progeny. Compared with controls, fetal exposed rats displayed an altered innate response to nicotine odor that was evident at P17, declined in magnitude by P35 and was absent at P90 - these effects were specific to nicotine odor. The behavioral effect in P17 rats occurred in conjunction with a tuned olfactory mucosal response to nicotine odor along with an untoward consequence on the epithelial response to other stimuli – these P17 neural effects were absent in P35 and P90 animals. The absence of an altered neural effect at P35 suggests that central mechanisms, such as nicotine-induced modifications of the olfactory bulb, bring about the altered behavioral response to nicotine odor. Together, these findings provide insights into how fetal nicotine exposure influences the behavioral preference and responsiveness to the drug later in life. Moreover, they add to a growing literature demonstrating chemosensory mechanisms by which patterns of maternal drug use can be conveyed to offspring, thereby enhancing postnatal vulnerability for subsequent use and abuse.
Carbon production in comet West 1975n

Rocket-ultraviolet spectra of comet West 1975n are reported which were obtained with scanning spectrophotometers in the wavelength range from 1200 to 1300 A. The principal emission features observed include lines of C, O, and C(+), as well as bands of OH, CO, CO(+). The estimated fluxes of the C, O, H, CO, and OH features are found to be consistent with a photodissociation source in which the CO evaporation rate is about one-third that of water. The presence of a large number of carbon atoms in the metastable 1D state is indicated and taken to suggest that dissociative recombination is important near the cometary nucleus, that CO must originate in the nucleus, and that CO is the primary carbon constituent of the comet.
The MacQuarrie test for mechanical ability.

Data originally analyzed by Charles H. Goodman on the MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability are subjected to the principal axes factoring method. The maximum variance was extracted with three factors. Rotation to an oblique simple structure yielded a factor pattern which satisfies the simple structure concept more adequately than the orthogonal factor matrix, thus leading to greater clarity of interpretation of the factors.
Energy and performance impact of aggressive volunteer computing with multi-core computers

The rapid advances in multi-core architecture and the predicted emergence of 100-core personal computers bring new appeal to volunteer computing. The availability of massive compute power under-utilized by personal computing tasks is a blessing to volunteer computing customers. Meanwhile the reduced performance impact of running a foreign workload, thanks to the increased hardware parallelism, makes volunteering resources more acceptable to PC owners. In addition, we suspect that with aggressive volunteer computing, which assigns foreign tasks to active computers (as opposed to idle ones in the common practice), we can obtain significant energy savings. In this paper, we assess the efficacy of such aggressive volunteer computing model by evaluating the energy saving and performance impact of co-executing resource-intensive foreign workloads with native personal computing tasks. Our results from executing 30 native-foreign workload combinations suggest that aggressive volunteer computing can achieve an average energy saving of around 52% compared to running the foreign workloads on high-end cluster nodes, and around 33% compared to using the traditional, more conservative volunteer computing model. We have also observed highly varied performance interference behavior between the workloads, and evaluated the effectiveness of foreign workload intensity throttling.
The functions of RPS19 and their relationship to Diamond–Blackfan anemia: A review

The relatively new study of ribosomal proteins has allowed for greater understanding of protein synthesis; however the connection between ribosomal proteins' roles and that of disease pathophysiology has not yet been established. RPS19 is a ribosomal protein linked to Diamond-Blackfan anemia whose functions have begun to be elucidated. We review here the known roles of RPS19 in both ribosome construction and other extra-ribosomal functions and discuss their relationship to Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
Comparison of gas use efficiency and treatment uniformity in a forest ecosystem exposed to elevated [CO2] using pure and prediluted free-air CO2 enrichment technology

A direct comparison of treatment uniformity and CO2 use of pure and prediluted free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems was conducted in a forest ecosystem. A vertical release pure CO2 fumigation system was superimposed on an existing prediluted CO2 fumigation system and operated on alternate days. The FACE system using prediluted CO2 fumigation technology exhibited less temporal and spatial variability than the pure CO2 fumigation system. The pure CO2 fumigation system tended to over-fumigate the upwind portions of the plot and used 25% more CO2 than the prediluted CO2 fumigation system. The increased CO2 use by the pure CO2 system was exacerbated at low wind speeds. It is not clear if this phenomenon will also be observed in plots with smaller diameters and low-stature vegetation.
Modification of photocarcinogenesis by two immunosuppressive agents.

Summary The carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the skin of hairless (hr) mice was modified by two immunosuppressive agents, rabbit anti-mouse lymphocytic serum (ALS), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP). Daily exposure of mice to UVR resulted in multiple tumor production. Carcinogenesis was measured in terms of affected mice (prevalence) and numbers of tumors produced. By both criteria, photocarcinogenesis was enhanced by ALS but inhibited by 6MP.
Identifying major hemorrhage with automated data: results of the Veterans Affairs study to improve anticoagulation (VARIA).

Abstract Introduction Identifying major bleeding is fundamental to assessing the outcomes of anticoagulation therapy. This drives the need for a credible implementation in automated data for the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) definition of major bleeding. Materials and Methods We studied 102,395 patients who received 158,511 person-years of warfarin treatment from the Veterans Health Administration (VA) between 10/1/06-9/30/08. We constructed a list of ICD-9-CM codes of "candidate" bleeding events. Each candidate event was identified as a major hemorrhage if it fulfilled one of four criteria: 1) associated with death within 30days; 2) bleeding in a critical anatomic site; 3) associated with a transfusion; or 4) was coded as the event that precipitated or was responsible for the majority of an inpatient hospitalization. Results This definition classified 11,240 (15.8%) of 71, 338 candidate events as major hemorrhage. Typically, events more likely to be severe were retained at higher rates than those less likely to be severe. For example, Diverticula of Colon with Hemorrhage (562.12) and Hematuria (599.7) were retained 46% and 4% of the time, respectively. Major, intracranial, and fatal hemorrhage were identified at rates comparable to those found in randomized clinical trials however, higher than those reported in observational studies: 4.73, 1.29, and 0.41 per 100 patient years, respectively. Conclusions We describe here a workable definition for identifying major hemorrhagic events from large automated datasets. This method of identifying major bleeding may have applications for quality measurement, quality improvement, and comparative effectiveness research.
Simultaneous mixed-integer dynamic optimization for integrated design and control

We consider strategies for integrated design and control through the robust and efficient solution of a mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) problem. The algorithm is based on the transformation of the MIDO problem into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) program. In this approach, both the manipulated and controlled variables are discretized using a simultaneous dynamic optimization approach. We also develop three MINLP formulations based on a nonconvex formulation, the conventional Big-M formulation and generalized disjunctive programming (GDP). In addition, we compare the outer approximation and NLP branch and bound algorithms on these formulations. This problem is applied to a system of two series connected continuous stirred tank reactors where a first-order reaction takes place. Our results demonstrate that the simultaneous MIDO approach is able to efficiently address the solution of the integrated design and control problem in a systematic way.
EUV Extendibility: Challenges Facing EUV at 1x and beyond

EUV extendibility: challenges facing EUV at 1x and beyond Patrick P. Naulleau, 1 Christopher N. Anderson, 1 Suchit Bhattarai, 2 Andrew Neureuther 2 Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA EECS, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Extreme ultraviolet chemically amplified resist performance has recently been extended to the 15-nm half pitch regime, yet line-edge roughness (LER) remains far from targets. Stochastic analysis, however, shows current LER performance to be material limited rather than photon limited. Interest in contact hole printing and contact size uniformity has dramatically increased over the past few years. As with line space printing, we find contact uniformity performance to be material limi ted rather than photon limited. Nevertheless, current resist parameters would lead to the photon noise alone exceeding the uniformity requirement by the 16-nm half pitch node with conventional mask s. The use of phase shift masks is shown to provide a significant benefit. Combining phase shift masks with relatively modest improvements in resist is predicted to lead to target performance down to 12-nm half pitch and beyond. Keyword: photoresist, extreme ultraviolet, shot noise, line-edge roughness 1. Introduction Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has now entered the pilot line phase and interest in the question of extendibility to the 1x node and beyond has greatly increased. Advanced resist testing with 0.3 numerical aperture (NA) microfield exposure tools [1,2] is now focused on extremely low-k 1 configurations and development is underway for new 0.5-NA tools [3]. Chemically amplified resist performance has recently been extended to the 15-nm half pitch regime, yet line-edge roughness (LER) remains far from targets. Here we explore the importance of photon limits relative to materials limits for the current LER values. This analysis is also extended to contact critical dimension uniformity (CDU). As we push to the deep 1x regime, resist performance cannot be considered in isolation of aerial image performance. Extending EUV to the low-k 1 regime will potentially come with significant implications on aerial image performance and thus variability. When exploring variability limits, mask and system optimization should be considered. 2. Resolution status Since achieving 16-nm half pitch (HP) performance in chemically amplified (CA) resists in 2011, progress in ultimate resolution has stalled. Figure 1 shows a plot of EUV resist resolution as a function of time. Despite the lack of progress in ultimate resolution, a sensitivity improvement from 30 mJ/cm 2 to 20 mJ/cm 2 was made between 2011 and 2012, however, at the cost of LER. Figure 1. Progress in EUV chemically amplified resist resolution as a function of time.
Neutron scattering and neutron emission cross sections on 27Al, 93Nb and 209Bi at 7 MeV☆

Abstract Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering and neutron emission at 7 MeV incident energy has been studied for monoisotopic samples of 27 Al, 93 Nb and 209 Bi. Time-of-flight spectra were taken at nine angles between 30° and 140° using the beam-swinger spectrometer. The efficiency of the neutron detectors was maximized using a dynamic bias; low background was obtained throughout the neutron energy detected which correspond to about 6 MeV excitation energy. The data were converted to energy spectra and corrected for sample attenuation, finite geometry and multiple scattering. For unresolved states the data were averaged over 0.5 MeV energy bins. Calculations for elastic and inelastic transitions and for compound and precompound processes are presented.
THERMAL GENERATION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH RADIATION PRESSURE IN ROTATING STARS

It has been suggested by Biermann that in rotating stars the electron partial pressure could generate a toroidal magnetic field of a considerable strength. However, Mestel and Roxburgh have shown recently that the generation of such a toroidal magnetic field could almost completely be suppressed when a weak primodial poloidal magnetic field exists in the star. In this paper it is shown that a toroidal magnetic field of a moderate strength could be generated even in the presence of a primodial poloidal magnetic field, if the effect of radiation pressure is taken into consideration. This considered mechanism is effective for moderately massive stars, and numerical estimate indicates that in A type stars a toroidal magnetic field of the order of a thousand gauss can be generated near the surface within the time scale of the evolution of the star.
Biomaterials for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction

For nearly a decade, researchers have investigated the possibility of cell transplantation for cardiac repair. More recently, the emerging fields of tissue engineering and biomaterials have begun to provide potential treatments. Tissue engineering approaches are designed to repair lost or damaged tissue through the use of growth factors, cellular transplantation, and biomaterial scaffolds. There are currently 3 biomaterial approaches for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). The first involves polymeric left ventricular restraints in the prevention of heart failure. The second utilizes in vitro engineered cardiac tissue, which is subsequently implanted in vivo. The final approach entails injecting cells and/or a scaffold into the myocardium to create in situ engineered cardiac tissue. This review gives an overview of the current progress in the growing field of biomaterials for the treatment of MI.
The role of obesity in the increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Abstract Objectives : To determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in a population of premenopausal women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to study the impact of obesity on the increased prevalence of OSAS in this population. Methods : Twenty-three premenopausal women with definite PCOS, and no prior diagnosis of a sleep disorder, were recruited from gynecology clinics. An investigator interviewed them, for symptoms of excessive sleepiness, their body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and they underwent overnight polysomnography. Results : Sixteen of 23 (69.6%) met criteria for OSAS. Five were treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Confidence interval was 47.7–84.5%. An increased respiratory disturbance index (RDI) did not correlate with higher BMI. Conclusions : OSAS is significantly more prevalent in this population than in a population of obese women. There was no correlation between obesity and severity of the OSAS. Obesity is not the cause of this increased prevalence of OSAS in a population of women with PCOS.
Analysis of five-point grids: the diamond configuration

It is thought to be impossible to estimate the interaction coefficient from five measurements taken at the vertex and center points of the diamond array. Estimates of the cited coefficient can be obtained by operational equations that use polynomials, sines and cosines, exponential terms, or powers of linear expressions. Interaction coefficients estimated by these equations are compared to the true values obtained by Taylor expansions of the generating functions.
Delay-Doppler channel estimation with almost linear complexity: To Solomon Golomb for the occasion of his 80 birthday mazel tov

A fundamental task in wireless communication is channel estimation: Compute the channel parameters a signal undergoes while traveling from a transmitter to a receiver. In the case of delay-Doppler channel, a widely used method is the matched filter algorithm. It uses a pseudo-random waveform of length N, and, in case of non-trivial relative velocity between transmitter and receiver, its computational complexity is O(N2 log(N)). In this paper we introduce a novel approach of designing waveforms that allow faster channel estimation. Using group representation techniques we construct waveforms, which enable us to introduce a new algorithm, called the flag method, that significantly improves the matched filter algorithm. The flag method finds the channel parameters in O(m · N log(N)) operations, for channel of sparsity of order m. We discuss applications of the flag method to GPS, and radar system as well.
Phase Transformations Induced by Solid Solution

Small concentrations of impurities can create profound differences in the thermodynamic stability and the physical behavior of crystalline materials. The dramatic changes produced by chemical substitutions are perhaps best illustrated by the discovery of high-Tc superconducting oxides by Bednorz and Muller in 1986. As a pure endmember, the cuprate that revolutionized solid state physics is an insulator. However, when small amounts of Ba2+ or Sr2+ replace La3+ in La2CuO4, the doping induces a series of surprising transformations. At low levels of substitution, La2− x (Sr,Ba) x CuO4−y remains insulating, but the length scale of antiferromagnetic ordering drops precipitously. With slightly higher concentrations (~0.10 < x < ~0.18), the compound becomes a superconductor, with critical temperatures as high as 40 K for x Sr = 0.15 (Tarascon et al. 1987). In the four years that followed the announcement of Bednorz and Muller’s discovery, materials scientists pushed the superconducting critical temperature in doped cuprates beyond 100 K and published more than 18,000 papers in the process (Batlogg 1991). The systematic exploration of compositional diversity and its influence on crystal structure has long been a pursuit of materials scientists who attempt to tailor substances for specific technological applications. Geologists, by comparison, have expended much less energy on the study of impurities and their influence on transition behavior in minerals. This inattention is surprising in view of the fact that few natural materials conform exactly to their idealized compositions, and the transitional properties of “dirty” minerals may depart considerably from those of the pure endmember. For example, interstitial and/or substitutional atoms in a mineral structure can: (1) change the stability fields of polymorphs relative to each other; (2) alter the energetics of transformation between polymorphs; (3) stabilize incommensurate phases; (4) decrease the characteristic …
Accuracy of prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis and prognosis of fetuses with conotruncal anomalies.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy of the prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis and prognosis of fetuses with conotruncal anomalies. BACKGROUND The accuracy of prenatal echocardiographic diagnoses of cardiac lesions has been reported, but no previous reports specifically address fetal conotruncal anomalies. METHODS Medical records of 61 fetuses, in which a fetal diagnosis of a conotruncal anomaly was made, were reviewed. Disease entities included were tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), double outlet right ventricle (DORV), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and truncus arteriosus (TA). RESULTS Fetal diagnosis was established at a median of 24.5 weeks' gestation. Termination of pregnancy was chosen in 31% (19/61) of cases. Postnatal assessment of the diagnosis was not obtained in 12 cases. Excluding two sets of conjoined twins, accurate prenatal diagnosis including definition of the great artery orientation was achieved in 36 of 47 cases (77%). Seven of 17 fetuses with DORV anatomy, of which 6 were thought to have a subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (VSD), had incorrect prenatal assessment of the great artery relationships. One fetus thought to show features of TA had aortic atresia with VSD and normal-sized left ventricle. Of the 42 pregnancies that continued, 15 had major extracardiac malformations and/or chromosomal abnormalities of which one died in utero with trisomy-13 and TA. A further nine died within the neonatal period. Among the 27 fetuses without a documented chromosomal or major extracardiac anomaly, 13 (48%) died. Overall, the survival rate beyond 28 days of life was 52% (22/42). In contrast, 75% (6/8) of fetuses with TOF, excluding the absent pulmonary valve syndrome, survived. CONCLUSIONS Conotruncal anomalies can be diagnosed by prenatal echocardiography with a high degree of accuracy. Defining the exact spatial relationship of the great arteries is problematic in some fetuses. The overall prognosis for fetuses with a conotruncal anomaly is poor, with the exception of uncomplicated TOF.
Comparison of Feature Extraction and Selection Methods in Mammogram Recognition

: This paper presents a comparison of feature extraction and selection methods in the design of mammogram recognition systems. Mammographic images were classified into two categories, normal and cancerous. The following methods of feature extraction were investigated: two-dimensional Haar wavelets, histograms, and singular value decomposition. The feature patterns were reduced and selected using principal component analysis (PCA) and rough sets. The rough sets methods were applied to the final selection of the pattern features. Classification of mammograms was realized using an error backpropagation neural network.
A Twelve-Year Experience in Ambulatory Surgery within Urology

Purpose. The aim of this study is to show you the results we obtained through the integration of the Urology Department into the Ambulatory Surgery Unit for the very first twelve years. Scope. We will explain both the criteria we followed for patients to join in and the surgical and anesthetic procedures we used with those 1544 patients who were ambulatory subjected to urological diseases. After those patients were treated, they reached up to 95% of reasonable results. Conclusions. Most of urological patients liable to have surgical treatment are bound to be included in an ambulatory surgery program, which implies neither a worse healthcare service standard nor a worse satisfaction in patients.
A representation of the hazard rate of elapsed time in macaque area LIP

The capacity to anticipate the timing of environmental cues allows us to allocate sensory resources at the right time and prepare actions. Such anticipation requires knowledge of elapsed time and of the probability that an event will occur. Here we show that neurons in the parietal cortex represent the probability, as a function of time, that a salient event is likely to occur. Rhesus monkeys were trained to make eye movements to peripheral targets after a light dimmed. Within a block of trials, the 'go' times were drawn from either a bimodal or unimodal distribution of random numbers. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area showed anticipatory activity that revealed an internal representation of both elapsed time and the probability that the 'go' signal was about to occur (termed the hazard rate). The results indicate that the parietal cortex contains circuitry for representing the time structure of environmental cues over a range of seconds.
Mean Free Paths of He, Li, and Be Produced in Heavy-Ion Collisions at 2 GeV/u

The interaction mean free paths of He fragments emitted from two heavy-ion beams of $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ and $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ at energy of 2 GeV/u have been measured with high statistics and were found to be approximately the same at all distances from their production points. Li and Be fragments, produced from known primary beams, also do not show any significant anomalous effect, within the statistics, in their mean-free-path values at any distance from their production point.
Recurrence and Transience for a Card Shuffling Model

A rule for shuffling an infinite deck of cards is considered where at each time step the first and j th card are interchanged with probability pj . Conditions are given under which this shuffling scheme, considered as a Markov chain on the space of permutations of integers, is recurrent or transient.
Visualization and segmentation of liver tumors using dynamic contrast MRI

Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver tumor) is one of the most common malignancies causing an estimated one million deaths annually, and the fastest growing form of cancer in the United States. Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a useful way to characterize tumor response to contrast agent uptake, but the method still lacks maturity in terms of quantifying tumor burden and viability. We propose a semi-supervised technique for visualizing and measuring liver tumor burden and viability from DCE-MRI examinations. In order to solve the challenging segmentation problem, we exploit prior information about the spatio-temporal characteristics of DCE-MRI data, and perform k-means clustering in a hybrid intensity-spatial feature space.
Limited proteolysis of MP26 in lens fiber plasma membranes of the galactose-induced cataract in the rat.

Lenses of rats maintained on a 50% galactose diet displayed the development of a progressive cataract which was cortical at 3-11 days, and progressively internalized (nuclear as well) and mature at 16-20 days of feeding. Lens fiber plasma membranes were isolated from female rats subjected to the galactose diet and from controls at 11, 19, and 31 days of feeding, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Examination of the fiber plasma membranes from whole lenses of galactose-fed rats demonstrated the limited proteolysis of MP26 into MP23-24, in both the cortical and mature stages of the resultant cataracts. The limited proteolysis of MP26 was first evident in the lens cortex at 11 days of galactose feeding, and was evident as well, and more severe in proportion, in the lens nucleus at 19 days of feeding. The greatest proportion in MP26 limited proteolysis was observed in whole lenses at 31 days of galactose feeding. The regional progression of MP26 limited proteolysis closely paralleled the morphological progression of t...
Detection and management of actuator faults in controlled particulate processes using population balance models

This paper presents a methodology for the design of an integrated fault detection and fault-tolerant control (FD-FTC) architecture for particulate processes described by population balance models (PBMs) with control constraints, actuator faults and a limited number of process measurements. The architecture integrates model-based fault detection, state estimation, nonlinear feedback and supervisory control on the basis of an appropriate reduced-order model that captures the dominant dynamics of the process and is obtained through application of the method of weighted residuals. The architecture comprises a family of control configurations together with a fault detection filter and a supervisor. For each configuration, a stabilizing output feedback controller with well-characterized stability properties is designed through the combination of a state feedback controller and a state observer that uses the available measurements of principal moments of the particle size distribution (PSD) and the continuous-phase variables to provide appropriate state estimates. A fault detection filter that simulates the behavior of the fault-free, reduced-order model is designed, and its discrepancy from the behavior of the actual process state estimates is used as a residual for fault detection. Finally, a switching law based on the stability regions of the constituent control configurations is derived to reconfigure the control system in a way that preserves closed-loop stability in the event of fault detection. Appropriate fault detection thresholds and control reconfiguration criteria that account for model reduction and state estimation errors are derived for the implementation of the FD-FTC architecture on the particulate process. Finally, the methodology is applied to the problem of constrained, actuator fault-tolerant stabilization of an unstable steady-state of a continuous crystallizer.