cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
James Madison and Legislative Chaplains

The U.S. Supreme Court has long interpreted the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment by reference to the attitudes and practices of the Framers, including James Madison. Among their practices, the congressional chaplaincy has garnered special attention and influence. In particular, in Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983), the Court referred to the Framers' endorsement of that practice as it upheld a state legislative chaplaincy. Marsh has subsequently formed the core of the Court's precedential support for upholding certain other governmental activities endorsing a religious belief or practice, most recently in Van Orden v. Perry, 125 S. Ct. 2854 (2005) (plurality opinion). Most judges and commentators who have examined Madison's attitude toward the legislative chaplaincy have concluded from certain of his actions that he, like the other Framers, probably supported the congressional chaplaincy as it was being instituted in the first House of Representatives, although he may have changed his mind later in life. This Article canvasses the historical evidence about Madison's life and writings in an attempt to understand his attitude toward legislative chaplains. The Article concludes that Madison never wavered on the issue of legislative chaplains and always thought them inconsistent with religious liberty. This conclusion counsels reappraisal of the lines of Establishment Clause jurisprudence founded on the Framers' supposed uniform acceptance of the congressional chaplaincy and similar religiously imbued practices.
Healthcare Student Stereotypes: A Systematic Review with Implications for Interprofessional Collaboration

Background: Stereotyping is one factor theorized to facilitate or inhibit effective interprofessional healthcare education and collaboration. The primary purpose of this paper is to systematically review the literature to determine what stereotypes are present among healthcare students about other healthcare students and practitioners. The secondary purpose of this paper is to identify the instruments most commonly used to measure stereotypes held by healthcare practitioners and students. Methods and Findings: A search of nine electronic databases identified studies that examined stereotypes among healthcare students. Studies were included if they met three search criteria: utilized quantitative methods; collected data on the stereotypes of healthcare students, including medical students, toward other healthcare students or healthcare practitioners; and included participants who were enrolled in a professional healthcare program. Thirteen studies were identified for this review. The results demonstrate that students of various healthcare professions hold stereotypes characterized by both positive and negative adjectives of students and practitioners in their own and other healthcare professions. Conclusions: The presence of stereotypes among students may have an influence on patterns of communication and collaboration during future practice in the healthcare environment. Key Words: Stereotypes, Interprofessional, Healthcare Students, Healthcare Education
The Joint Socialization of Development by Young Children and Adults

This chapter focuses on how young children and adults together manage children’s socialization through children’s participation in cultural activities with the guidance of adults. Interactions and arrangements between caregivers and infants or toddlers are the basis for the discussion.
The SEC’s New Line-Item Disclosure Rules for Asset-Backed Securities: MOTS or TMI?

Despite the lack of a dominant explanation for the level of risk assumed by investors in asset-backed securities in the period preceding the financial crisis, the U.S. Congress proposed and passed new disclosure prescriptions addressing various aspects of the secondary mortgage market as part of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. This essay asks whether certain disclosure provisions embraced in Dodd-Frank and the related regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are merely new and necessary components of a disclosure infrastructure that the SEC has been building for years for the protection of investors and markets — more of the same (MOTS) — or whether they represent unnecessary window dressing (or worse yet, harmful overregulation) in calling for excessive additional information — too much information (TMI).
The descriptive set theory of Polish group actions

In this book the authors present their research into the foundations of the theory of Polish groups and the associated orbit equivalence relations. The particular case of locally compact groups has long been studied in many areas of mathematics. Non-locally compact Polish groups occur naturally as groups of symmetries in such areas as logic (especially model theory), ergodic theory, group representations, and operator algebras. Some of the topics covered here are: topological realizations of Borel measurable actions; universal actions; applications to invariant measures; actions of the infinite symmetric group in connection with model theory (logic actions); dichotomies for orbit spaces (including Silver, Glimm-Effros type dichotomies and the topological Vaught conjecture); descriptive complexity of orbit equivalence relations; definable cardinality of orbit spaces.
Are Audit Committees More Challenging Given a Sophisticated Investor Base? Does the Answer Change Given Anticipation of Additional Mandatory Audit Report Disclosure?

This study examines the effect of investor sophistication on experienced audit committee (AC) members’ propensity to ask challenging questions about management’s significant accounting estimates. Findings indicate AC members are more challenging given a sophisticated vs. unsophisticated investor base. This difference, however, narrows in the presence of anticipated additional audit report disclosure regarding such estimates where AC members tend to decrease their overall questioning behavior. Further analysis indicates this pattern is driven by those who are designated financial experts and that the effects are likely below the level of AC members’ conscious awareness. The finding that AC members ask fewer challenging questions given unsophisticated investors is potentially disconcerting given the SEC’s traditional emphasis on protecting unsophisticated investors. Moreover, the finding that anticipation of mandated audit report disclosure decreases AC member’s propensity to ask challenging questions has potential implications for both research and practice, especially given recent regulatory and standard-setting activities designed to increase audit report disclosure.
Pulse-label analysis and mapping of the two terminal regions of asynchronous complementary strand replication of mitochondrial DNA in transformed hamster cells.

Abstract In vivo pulse-chase radioactive labeling studies were performed to localize within the physical map of C 13 B 4 hamster mtDNA † the two terminal regions of heavy and light complementary strand synthesis. These terminal segments have been defined operationally as that region on the H- and L-strand that is synthesized last. mtDNA of monolayer cultures was pulsed with [3H]thymidine for a minimum period of 10 minutes, which is about one-tenth of one round of mtDNA synthesis, followed by chase periods of up to 120 minutes. The properties of the labeled closed circular replicative intermediates E-mtDNA, C-mtDNA and D-mtDNA were analyzed in CsCl PrI 2 gradients and in neutral sucrose velocity and alkaline CsCl gradients. Both terminally labeled α and β daughter molecules were found to pass through the E-mtDNA stage. Sensitivity of C 13 B 4 mtDNA to alkali and ribonuclease A indicated the presence of covalently linked ribonucleotides. The distribution (specific activity) of pulse-chase radioactivity relative to uniform label was followed in electrophoretically separated HpaII + HinIII and HpaI restriction fragments (freed of 7 S initiation sequences) and corrected for thymine content. The strand specificity of the pulse-label was determined by hybridization of restriction fragments with H- and L-strands of mtDNA. The kinetic data agree precisely with electron microscopic determinations of H- and L-strand origins at respective genome positions of 0 and 67 ± 3, which are located on HpaII + HindIII fragments 9 and 6, respectively (Nass, 1980). The two terminal regions are within the predicted genome sector between about 67 and 100/0 map units; the highest terminal pulse-chase radioactivity extends within 5 to 15% of the genome's length behind each origin. The kinetics of early labeling events were found to differ at the two termini. The evidence indicates that the majority of L-strand initiation/termination sites are in the region near map position 67 ± 3, and confirms the highly asynchronous replication mechanism of this DNA.
Effect of denoising on supervised lung parenchymal clusters

Denoising is a critical preconditioning step for quantitative analysis of medical images. Despite promises for more consistent diagnosis, denoising techniques are seldom explored in clinical settings. While this may be attributed to the esoteric nature of the parameter sensitve algorithms, lack of quantitative measures on their ecacy to enhance the clinical decision making is a primary cause of physician apathy. This paper addresses this issue by exploring the eect of denoising on the integrity of supervised lung parenchymal clusters. Multiple Volumes of Interests (VOIs) were selected across multiple high resolution CT scans to represent samples of dierent patterns (normal, emphysema, ground glass, honey combing and reticular). The VOIs were labeled through consensus of four radiologists. The original datasets were ltered by multiple denoising techniques (median ltering, anisotropic diusion, bilateral ltering and non-local means) and the corresponding ltered VOIs were extracted. Plurality of cluster indices based on multiple histogram-based pair-wise similarity measures were used to assess the quality of supervised clusters in the original and ltered space. The resultant rank orders were analyzed using the Borda criteria to nd the denoising-similarity measure combination that has the best cluster quality. Our exhaustive analyis reveals (a) for a number of similarity measures, the cluster quality is inferior in the ltered space; and (b) for measures that benet from denoising, a simple median ltering outperforms non-local means and bilateral ltering. Our study suggests the need to judiciously choose, if required, a denoising technique that does not deteriorate the integrity of supervised clusters.
Cyborgs in the Academic Library: A Cyberfeminist Approach to Information Literacy Instruction

This article expands on the figure of the cyborg librarian (Yoder 2003), specifically addressing its overtly cyberfeminist intentions. Drawing on critical information literacy and feminist pedagogy, the cyborg is positioned within the discussion of academic library instruction. This article suggests cyberfeminist techniques for encouraging students to navigate complex and diasporic information resources while thinking critically about issues of diversity and inclusion. Also provided are examples of ways in which the cyborg can guide students to use digital technologies to subvert the narratives that are woven throughout dominant information and knowledge paradigms.
Joint transform correlator using an amorphous silicon ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Abstract A joint transform correlator is demonstrated that utilizes a high-speed optically addressed spatial light modulator in the Fourier plane consisting of an hydrogenated amorphous silicon photodiode and a ferroelectric liquid crystal modulator. Results are shown for binary-amplitude modulation using a smectic C ∗ ferroelectric liquid crystal operating at 4600 frame/s, 20:1 contrast ratio, and 70 lp/mm.
How elevated extracellular Ca2+ inhibits quantal acetylcholine release at frog neuromuscular junctions in high K+.

It is known that when end-plates partially depolarized in elevated [K+]o are exposed to an increase in [Ca2+]o there is a decrease in the min.e.p.p. frequency. Two hypotheses to account for the observations are: (1) a rise in [Ca2+]i inhibits m.e.p.p. generation; (2) the divalent metal ions decrease the surface potential on the nerve terminal and thereby increase the voltage drop in the membrane, depressing Ca2+ influx. In preparations in elevated [K+]o and [Ca2+]o, the m.e.p.p. frequency is increased further by additional depolarization, by Ca2+ ionophores, by increasing the tonicity of the extracellular solution, and by replacing the NaCl in the external solution with LiCl. All of these treatments are thought to further increase [Ca2+]i. Ba2+ and Sr2+ produce effects like Ca2+. However, if the increase in [Ca2+]o is compensated by a decrease [Na+]o sufficient to leave the surface potential unchanged, there is little alteration in m.e.p.p. frequency.
Civil Justice Reform in the United States-Opportunity for Learning from 'Civilized' European Procedure Instead of Continued Isolation?

This article reports on present and past efforts at civil justice reform in the United States and assesses the opportunities for learning from Continental models.
Neuronglia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) expression in the chick embryo spinal cord: observations on the earliest developing intersegmental interneurons

Abstract The pattern of expression of the neuronglia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) among the presumptive intersegmental interneurons in the early chick embryo spinal cord (stage 14–19) was examined using whole-mount and cryostat preparations double-stained with anti-Ng-CAM antibody and a neuron-specific anti-β-tubulin antibody. In brachial segments, primitive longitudinal cells (PL-cells), located in the ventrolateral region of the spinal cord, express Ng-CAM both on their cell bodies and longitudinally growing axons, beginning at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 15 (embryonic day (E) 2.5). Shortly thereafter, at stage 16, circumferential cells (C-cells), composed of associational and commissural interneurons in the dorsolateral and lateral region of the spinal cord begin to express Ng-CAM both on their cell bodies and their axons which project ventrally along the lateral surface of the spinal cord. In the following stages, PL-cells express Ng-CAM strongly and begin to fasciculate to form a longitudinal fascicle in the ventrolateral marginal region of the spinal cord. C-Cells either extend their Ng-CAM-positive axons ventrally without fasciculation to join the Ng-CAM positive ipsilateral longitudinal fascicle at stage 17 (which has already been formed by PL-cell axons), or they cross the midline to join the Ng-CAM positive contralateral longitudinal fascicle after growing through the floor plate at stage 19. By stage 19, cell bodies and proximal segments of the C-cell axons exhibit decreased Ng-CAM expression, whereas the distal segment of these axons, including growth cones, strongly express Ng-CAM. Many contacts were observed between Ng-CAM-positive growth cones and axons in the ventral region of the spinal cord, both within the longitudinal fascicle and the floor plate region, suggesting the involvement of Ng-CAM in neurite—neurite interactions. However, Ng-CAM alone is probably not responsible for the decision of C-cells to either enter the ipsilateral (associational) or contralateral (commissural) longitudinal fascicle. Although the axons of both associational and commissural C-cells express Ng-CAM before they encounter the Ng-CAM positive ipsilateral longitudinal fascicle, the axons of commissural C-cells by-pass the ipsilateral fascicle, cross the midline and enter the contralateral longitudinal fascicle.
No Evidence of Extra-Pair Fertilization in Red-footed Boobies (Sula sula)

Abstract. Red-footed Boobies (Sula sula) belong to the Sulidae family and the order Pelicaniformes and are expected to present low rates of extra-pair paternity (EPP) due to several life history traits of seabirds. We found no evidence of EPP among 14 families of Red-footed Boobies nesting on Genovesa Island in the Galapagos archipelago using multilocus minisatellite DNA markers. The band-sharing values between parents and offspring ranged from 0.44 to 0.86 and those among unrelated individuals ranged from 0.07 to 0.4; all bands in offspring lanes were accounted for by those in the lanes of the putative parents.
Development and evaluation of a scale for measuring practitioners' attitudes toward computer applications

Abstract This paper describes the development and evaluation of a scale designed to measure practitioners' general attitudes toward clinical computer applications — the Practitioners' Attitudes Toward Computer Applications Scale (PATCAS). The PATCAS contains 35 items linked to seven structural variables. Results of a study of 227 practicing psychologists indicated that the PATCAS showed several desirable properties. Internal consistency was satisfactory for the seven PATCAS scales and excellent for the total score, and intercorrelations among the seven scales were moderately high. In terms of validity, the PATCAS was found to be related to several measures of computer use. Finally, scores on the PATCAS were found to be related to practitioner characteristics including sex (men's attitudes toward computers were generally more favorable than women's), theoretical orientation, and work setting. Suggestions are made for appropriate applications of the PATCAS.
Potential Role of Chlorination Pathways in PCDD/F Formation in a Municipal Waste Incinerator

The role of chlorination reactions in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in a municipal waste incinerator was assessed by comparing predicted chlorination isomer patterns with incinerator flue gas measurements. Complete distributions of PCDD and PCDF congeners were obtained from a stoker-type municipal waste incinerator operated under 13 test conditions. Samples were collected from the flue gas prior to the gas cleaning system. While total PCDD/F yields varied by a factor of 5 to 6, the distributions of congeners were similar. A conditional probability model, dependent only on the observed distribution of monochlorinated isomers, was developed to predict the distributions of polychlorinated isomers formed by chlorination of dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) and dibenzofuran (DF). Agreement between predicted and measured PCDF isomer distributions was high for all homologues, supporting the hypothesis that DF chlorination can play an important role in the formation of P...
Architecture of Qbox: a scalable first-principles molecular dynamics code

We describe the architecture of Qbox, a parallel, scalable first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) code. Qbox is a C++/ Message Passing Interface implementation of FPMD based on the plane-wave, pseudopotential method for electronic structure calculations. It is built upon well-optimized parallel numerical libraries, such as Basic Linear Algebra Communication Subprograms (BLACS) and Scalable Linear Algebra Package (ScaLAPACK), and also features an Extensible Markup Language (XML) interface built on the Apache Xerces-C library. We describe various choices made in the design of Qbox that led to excellent scalability on large parallel computers. In particular, we discuss the case of the IBM Blue Gene/L™ platform on which Qbox was run using up to 65,536 nodes. Future design challenges for upcoming petascale computers are also discussed. Examples of applications of Qbox to a variety of first-principles simulations of solid, liquids, and nanostructures are briefly described.
Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Root Bark of Sassafras albidum

The root bark of Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees (Lauraceae) was extracted at room temperature with hexane and chloroform as solvents. The isolated essential oils were analyzed with GC and GC/MS. Thirty compounds were identified, nine of which have not been previously reported from this species. The major compounds were safrole (85%), camphor (3.25%), and methyleugenol (1.10%). Ten sesquiterpenes were also identified.
Magnetotails at unmagnetized bodies: Comparison of comet Giacobini‐Zinner and Venus

It is found that the near ionopause environs play a crucial role in the tail formation process at both Venus and G-Z and that draping at the two very different sized bodies occurs on ionopause scale sizes. On the other hand, ion densities, downtail mass fluxes, tailward J x B forces, and lobe betas are factors of about 10,000, 50, 100, and 20 times greater in the G-Z tail than in Venus', while bulk flow speeds and ion temperatures are factors of about 15 and 240 times lower. These large quantitative differences in the properties within the two magnetotails are attributable to the significantly greater upstream mass loading of the solar wind by the extended neutral atmosphere at G-Z (comets in general) compared to the gravitationally bound atmosphere of Venus.
Modified Winograd FFT algorithm and its variants for transform size N = pk and their implementations

We continue the program, initiated by the authors (IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., in press), of designing multiplicative FFT algorithms with highly structured data flow. In this paper, we take up the cases of transform sizes N, N = p^2 and p^k, p an odd prime. These algorithms have operational counts close to the Winograd algorithm, but they have a better structure, which simplifies their implementation. Two algorithms are given in this paper for N = p^2. The first is suited for parallel computing. The second has a better operational count and is suited for conventional serial machines.
How to use SimPoint to pick simulation points

Understanding the cycle level behavior of a processor running an application is crucial to modern computer architecture research. To gain this understanding, detailed cycle level simulators are typically employed. Unfortunately, this level of detail comes at the cost of speed, and simulating the full execution of an industry standard benchmark on even the fastest simulator can take weeks to months to complete. This fact has not gone unnoticed, and several techniques have been developed aimed at reducing simulation time.
Local operator products in gauge theories. I

Abstract We study the operator product expansion of two gauge-invariant currents. We discuss the operators that may appear in the expansion. We study the hadronic matrix elements of gauge-variant operators that may appear in the operator product expansion and show that in the physical applications contemplated so far their hadronic physical matrix elements either vanish or cannot be isolated from strong interactions. We also study the gauge dependence of the Green's functions of the product of two (weak or e.m.) currents and show that is corresponds to the gauge dependence of the additional renormalization counterterms due to weak and electromagnetic interactions.
Association of severity of enteric granulomatous inflammation with disseminated Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and antemortem test results for paratuberculosis in dairy cows.

Abstract Disseminated infection (DI) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle may impair cow health, potentiate spread of disease, and is a potential food-safety risk. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between severity of histologic enteric lesions and the occurrence of DI, clinical signs, and positive fecal culture and serum ELISA results. Bacteriologic fecal culture and serum ELISA were performed on 40 dairy cows from MAP-infected herds. Cows were classified as having DI if MAP was isolated from any of 11 extra-intestinal tissues collected postmortem. A grade of 0–3, corresponding to the severity of histologically evident granulomatous inflammation was determined for sections of ileum, jejunum, mesenteric lymph node, and ileocolic lymph node. An overall intestinal inflammation (OII) grade of 0–3 was assigned to each cow. The proportion of cows with DI increased with tissue-specific lesion grade and OII grade. All cows with grade 3 inflammation in any single tissue had DI, however, some cows with DI had grade 1 inflammation or no lesions. In general, there was a positive association between OII grade and clinical signs, gross enteric lesions, and positive ELISA and fecal culture results. However, 12% of OII grade 0 cows had clinical signs (explained by other conditions recognized with necropsy), and the proportion of positive ELISA results was lower for OII grade 3 cows relative to grade 2 cows. Although MAP dissemination may occur early in the disease process, histopathology of intestinal tissues may be used to detect a substantial proportion of DI cows.
Entering and Succeeding in the “Culture of College”: The Story of Two Mexican Heritage Students

In this retrospective study, the academic resilience of two individuals of Mexican heritage who graduated from Stanford University is described. The respondents (a woman and a man) now in their early 20s came from home backgrounds of extreme impoverishment and adversity. By means of in-depth interviews the challenges the two respondents faced in school beginning in kindergarten and continuing through their graduation from Stanford is described. Both respondents attribute their academic success to the support given them by their mothers and their personal motivation to succeed in school; however, the authors show that this was also possible because the respondents acquired knowledge of the “culture of college” that is essential for the transition from high school to college. The authors describe the processes of this information transmission and how even though it changed the life of their respondents, it has not altered the life of their family.
Evolution of the human capacity: The symbolic evidence

Rare instances of symboling and problem-solving in the archaeological record of the European Acheulian and Mousterian suggest highly evolved potentially variable hominid capacities. These are aspects of capacity not evidenced in the lithic industries and habitation site complexes, and they cannot be determined from studies of comparative morphology or genetic distance. This sparse artifactual evidence cannot be quantified and is, in fact, statistically insignificant. Nevertheless, the internal cognitive contents and complexity evident in these unique materials reveal the presence of highly evolved skills and conceptual capacities involving the evaluation and use of diverse materials and processes. They also reveal a capacity for planning and mapping or modeling the territory and culture in time and space. Significantly, the evidence for these behaviors is richer in Europe during these early periods than in other areas of late hominid presence, including the Middle East and Africa where forms of anatomically modern humans were developing. It is possible that these early European efforts represent incipient and preparatory innovations that in some measure led to the regional “creative explosion” of the following European Upper Paleolithic. It is suggested that hominization selected for certain types and classes of problem-solving and symboling capacity and that the Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans each represent progressive advances over the evolved erectus capacity and its cultural manifests. It is also suggested that these late hominid capacities ultimately and evolutionarily derive from still earlier potential and variable problem-solving and conceptual capacities comparable to those found among the great apes.
Bragg Gratings Made with IR Femtosecond Radiation in High Alumina Content Aluminosilicate Optical Fibers

Bragg gratings were manufactured in a high alumina content (30 mole %) optical fiber. More than 10-3 index modulation was generated for fundamental pitched gratings, and < 10-4 for higher order gratings
Comparison of Mean Length at Age and Growth Parameters of Bluegills, Largemouth Bass, and Yellow Perch from Length-Stratified Subsamples and Samples in Michigan Lakes

Abstract Estimates of mean length at age and von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from mean length at age can be biased if based only on age information collected from length-stratified subsamples. However, historic data are often limited to length-stratified subsample summaries. To evaluate the potential for using historic length-stratified subsamples to compare the average growth of fishes among Michigan lakes, we quantified the subsample bias in estimates of the mean lengths at ages 1–10 and von Bertalanffy growth parameters for bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and yellow perch Perca flavescens. In regression analysis of estimates based on subsamples and full samples, only two of nine possible tests indicated significant bias in subsamples relative to samples. The mean lengths at ages 1–10 based on subsamples were not biased. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters indicated no bias for bluegill asymptotic length L ∞, largemouth bass early growth rate ω, and yellow...
Just‐in‐time manufacturing and logistical complexity: a contingency model

Presents a model that hypothesizes relationships between logistical complexity and both the importance of JIT manufacturing and the most appropriate organization structure for implementing JIT manufacturing. Logistical complexity can be defined in terms of the number of manufacturing steps or the number of different part numbers handled in a factory. Hypothesizes that the greater a factory′s logistical complexity, the greater the importance of JIT manufacturing and the greater the interdependences between different manufacturing steps and people and thus the greater the need for co‐ordinating mechanisms.
Economic Effects of Smoke-Free Laws on Rural and Urban Counties in Kentucky and Ohio

INTRODUCTION Numerous empirical studies have examined the influence of smoke-free legislation on economic activity, with most finding a null effect. The influence could possibly differ in rural areas relative to urban areas due to differing rates of smoking prevalence and access to prevention and treatment programs. Furthermore, the discussion of the effectiveness of smoke-free laws has been extended to consider local ordinances relative to statewide laws. This study examines these issues using 21 local laws in Kentucky and the Ohio statewide smoke-free law. METHODS The number of employees, total wages paid, and number of reporting establishments in all hospitality and accommodation services in Kentucky and Ohio counties were documented, beginning the first quarter 2001 and ending the last quarter of 2009. A generalized estimating equation time-series design is used to estimate the impact of local and state smoke-free laws in Kentucky and Ohio rural and urban counties. RESULTS There is no evidence that the economies in Kentucky counties were affected in any way from the implementation of local smoke-free laws. There was also no evidence that total employment or the number of establishments was influenced by the statewide law in Ohio, but wages increased following the implementation of the law. Furthermore, there is no evidence that either rural or urban counties experienced a loss of economic activity following smoke-free legislation. CONCLUSIONS The study finds no evidence that local or state smoke-free legislation negatively influences local economies in either rural or urban communities.
Delayed antagonism of AMPA/kainate receptors reduces long-term functional deficits resulting from spinal cord trauma.

Abstract Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors play a significant role in delayed neuronal death after ischemic and traumatic injury to the CNS. Focal microinjection experiments have demonstrated that 2,3-dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), a highly selective and potent antagonist of non-N-methyl- d -aspartate ionotropic EAA receptors, i.e., those preferring α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or kainate, can reduce histopathology and functional deficits when administered at 15 min after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Similarly, intravenous infusion of NBQX, beginning at 15 min postinjury (p.i.), results in a significant amelioration of the functional deficits produced by experimental SCI. However, if antagonists of AMPA/kainate receptors were to be used therapeutically for patients with SCI, administration would likely be delayed for several hours after injury. We therefore examined the effects of NBQX administered at 4 h after SCI on functional deficits and histopathology in a standardized rat model of contusive SCI. An incomplete SCI was produced in Sprague–Dawley rats at T8 with a weight-drop device (10 g × 2.5 cm). NBQX (15 nmol), or vehicle alone, was microinjected into the injury site 4 h later. Recovery of hind limb reflexes, postural control, and locomotor function was determined by a battery of behavioral tests performed for 8 weeks. Spinal cord tissue was then fixed by perfusion and used for morphometric and immunocytochemical analyses. Previous studies with acute NBQX treatment showed significant functional improvement by 1 week; the effects of delayed NBQX treatment on functional deficits were not discernible until 3–4 weeks after SCI. Thereafter, significant reductions in hindlimb deficits were demonstrated in two independent studies. The nature and magnitude of the reductions in chronic deficits were similar to those observed previously when NBQX was administered acutely at 15 min after SCI. Morphometric analyses showed that delayed treatment with NBQX resulted in sparing of gray matter adjacent to the injury site but no significant effect on the area of white matter at the epicenter. However, serotonin immunoreactivity below the lesion, used as a marker for preservation of one supraspinal pathway, was significantly higher in the NBQX-treated group. These results support a therapeutic potential for NBQX, and presumably other AMPA antagonists, in SCI by demonstrating effectiveness in a clinically relevant time frame. They indicate the importance of assessing chronic functional deficits in evaluating the therapeutic potential of a treatment paradigm. Further, they suggest the intriguing hypothesis that mechanisms underlying early functional recovery after SCI are, at least in part, distinct those from those involved in reducing chronic functional deficits.
The Impact of Recent Cocaine Use on Plasma Levels of Methadone and Buprenorphine in Patients with and Without HIV-infection

Cocaine decreases methadone and buprenorphine plasma concentrations. HIV infection and/or antiretroviral medication use may impact these relationships. We sought to determine the association between recent cocaine use and methadone and buprenorphine concentrations in HIV-infected and uninfected subjects in clinical care. R- and S-methadone or buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine concentrations were assessed at 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours after dosing in subjects with confirmed cocaine use and abstinence. We compared methadone and buprenorphine concentrations for cocaine use vs. abstinence, by HIV status in 16 subjects receiving methadone (6 HIV-infected) and 17 receiving buprenorphine (8 HIV-infected). With recent cocaine use, peak R-methadone (244 vs. 297 ng/mL, p = 0.03) and peak S-methadone (285 vs. 339 ng/mL); p = 0.03 concentrations were lower in HIV-uninfected subjects only. Peak buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine concentrations were unchanged regardless of cocaine use or HIV status. Cocaine may decrease methadone concentrations in HIV-uninfected subjects. HIV infection or its treatment may attenuate cocaine's effect on methadone.
On the kinetics of shrinking grains

Photoemission microscopy is used to observe grain boundary migrating during grain growth in a Ti6Al2V2Zr (wt%) alloy. Analysis of the motion of the grain boundary/edge intercepts with the free surface is performed on disappearing grains. These grains exhibit parabolic shrinkage kinetics of the form 2(t)− 2(0)=−Ct. The characteristic length (t) is defined as the geometric mean edge spacing of the grain at the free surface at time t, and C is a positive constant that depends on the topology and shape of the grain below the free surface. The significance of these results with respect to grain growth is discussed.
Differentiation of radicular cyst and granulomas using computerized tomography.

The purpose of this investigation was to study periapical lesions by means of computerized tomography to ascertain if this noninvasive method could be of value in distinguishing between radicular cysts and granulomas. Periapical radiographs were taken of the teeth of 60 human cadavers. Periapical radiolucencies were seen in conjunction with 33 teeth. Based on the periapical radiographs, an oral radiologist (J.P.) attempted to select 4 granulomas and 4 cysts from the 33 radiolucencies. Computerized tomography was performed on the root tips and the periapical lesions of these 8 teeth. The roots and periapical lesions were then surgically removed and prepared histologically for microscopic examination. In the tomographs, 7 of the periapical lesions had a cloudy appearance with a density similar to each other and to the surrounding soft tissue. In the eighth lesion a homogeneous dark area with a distinctly lower density could be distinguished from surrounding cloudy areas. Histologically, the dark area was shown to be an epithelialized cyst cavity. The other 7 lesions were granulomas. Thus, a cyst could be differentiated from periapical granulomas by computerized tomography because of a marked difference in density between the content of the cyst cavity and granulomatous tissue.
Effect of upper-surface blowing on static longitudinal stability of a swept wing

A low-speed wind-tunnel investigation was conducted on a sharp-edged 75 deg delta wing, to determine the effect of upper-surface blowing on static longitudinal stability characteristics. The model incorporated nozzles, located at 0.50 mean aerodynamic chord length, supplied by compressed air to provide blowing on the upper surface. A full span trailing-edge flap was also tested as an additional high-lift device. The angle of attack was varied from 0 to 24 deg for a range of thrust coefficients from 0 to 0.45. The results of the static force tests showed that favorable increments in static longitudinal stability and lift were obtained using upper-surface blowing.
Resilin in the lens cuticle of the firefly, Photinus pyralis Linnaeus.

C'est la premiere fois que de la resiline a ete identifiee dans la cornee dePhotinus pyralis Linnaeus.
Identification of connexin43 (α1) gap junction gene mutations in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

Gap junction channels formed by the connexin43 protein are considered to play crucial roles in development and function because they allow the direct cell-to-cell exchange of molecules that mediate multiple signaling events. Previous results have shown that connexin43 channels are intricately gated by phosphorylation and that disruption of this regulation gives rise to severe heart malformations and defects of laterality in human, chick and frog. Here we report the identification of connexin43 gene mutations that represent a minor population of connexin43 alleles, which could be reliably detected by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to visualize normal and mutant DNAs that were separately sequenced. In contrast, sequencing of total PCR products without DGGE-pre-selection failed to consistently identify these mutations. Forty-six controls and 20 heart transplant recipients were examined in this study. In the latter group, 14 children had hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in which connexin43 gene defects were detected in eight. The remaining six transplant patients with HLHS and all controls showed no defects. All eight HLHS children with gene defects had the same four substitutions: two that were silent polymorphisms, and two that were missense, replacing arginine codons at positions 362 and 376 with codons for glutamines. All four of these substitutions are identical to the nucleotide sequence of the connexin43 pseudogene, suggesting the possibility of an illicit recombination. A breakpoint region was identified 5' to the mutation site in a 63bp domain that is 100% identical in the gene and pseudogene. Results from in vitro phosphorylation indicate that the absence of arginines 362 and 376 completely abolishes phosphorylation in the connexin43 channel regulation domain suggesting a possible mechanism for the pathologies associated with HLHS.
Insolation‐weighted assessment of northern hemisphere snow‐cover and sea‐ice variability

The effects of sea-ice and snow-cover trends on the surface energy budget are assessed by scaling with the direct solar insolation. We have found that, consistent with other studies, an early spring melt has occurred in recent years in the unweighted data, but this trend is muted when the data are weighted by solar insolation. The onset of sea-ice growth and snow in the Fall, however, has no significant trend during the period of record. The effect of sea ice on the reflection of sunlight is largest in May and June when significant sea-ice coverage remains and the sun angle is high. Snow cover, in contrast, has its largest effect on the reflection of sunlight in April.
Further studies on the inhibition of nucleic acid biosynthesis by azathymidine and by deoxyadenosine.

Abstract Azathymidine, an analogue of thymidine, inhibited reversibly the utilization of radioactive thymidine for the biosynthesis of DNA-thymine of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vitro . The thymidine analogue also inhibited the utilization of radioactive adenine for the biosynthesis of DNA-adenine, but an excess of thymidine did not completely prevent this inhibition. Deoxyadenosine, but not adenosine, adenine or deoxyguanosine, inhibited the utilization of formate and to a lesser extent that of thymidine for the biosynthesis of DNA-thymine.
Macrodystrophia lipomatosa extending into the upper abdomen

We report a case of macrodystrophia lipomatosa in an infant with extension of hypertrophied fatty tissue into the abdomen and abdominal wall. The patient not only presented with typical limb abnormalities but also an abdominal mass. We reviewed the literature on the subject, and believe that our case is rare because the hypertrophied lipomatous tissue extended into the abdomen.
Viscosometric investigation of the ordinary–extraordinary phase transition in dilute polylysine solutions

Low shear viscosities have been determined for a 1 mg/ml poly(L-lysine) solution as a function of added salt concentration in the region of the previously reported ordinary–extraordinary phase transition. The measured viscosities indicate that the polyions are far from completely extended at the transition. Estimates of the longest internal relaxation time for an equivalent free-draining Rouse-Zimm chain give τ ≃ 10−5 sec, similar to that of the rapid, angle-independent component previously observed in the dynamic light-scattering correlation function at the transition. An unusual peak and valley are observed in the curve of [η]0 versus [NaBr] in the transition region. Possible interpretations of these features, and their bearing on the nature of the extraordinary phase, are discussed.
WE‐E‐M100J‐03: PET‐CT Simulation of Tumors in the Thorax: Pitfalls and Workaround

PET/CT simulation of tumors in the thorax suffers from potential misalignment between the CT and the PETimages even though the data are acquired in the same imaging session on the PET/CT scanner. The misalignment was caused by the fast acquisition of the CTimages in sub‐second temporal resolution and the slow acquisition of the PET data of over several minutes. Current approach of degrading the CTimages in spatial resolution does not fix the problem. We will go over the pitfalls resulted from the mismatch of CT and the PET data, and will review a new average CT scan to mitigate this problem, and its potential impact to radiation therapy planning.
Race and gender differences in the cognitive effects of childhood overweight

The increase in the prevalence of overweight children (ages 6–13 years) in the United States over the past two decades is likely to result in adverse public health consequences. We use data from the children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to investigate an additional consequence of childhood overweight – its effect on relative cognitive development. To control for unobserved heterogeneity, we estimate individual (child) fixed effect (FE) models and instrumental variable (IV) models. Although recent research suggests that there is a negligible effect of childhood overweight on cognitive ability, our results demonstrate that the effects are uncovered when examining the relationship separately by race. In particular, we find that overweight white boys have math and reading scores approximately an SD lower than the mean. Overweight white girls have lower math scores whereas overweight black boys and girls have lower reading scores. Our results suggest that in addition to well-documen...
Current voltage modeling of current limiting mechanisms in HgCdTe focal plane array photodetectors

An automated iterative nonlinear fitting program has been developed to model current-voltage (I–V) data measured on HgCdTe infrared (IR) detector diodes. This model includes the ideal diode diffusion, generation-recombination, band-to-band tunneling, trap-assisted tunneling (TAT), and avalanche breakdown as potential current limiting mechanisms in an IR detector diode. The modeling presented herein allows one to easily distinguish, and more importantly to quantitatively compare, the amount of influence each current limiting mechanism has on various detectors’ I–V characteristics. Longer cutoff wavelength detectors often exhibit significant current limitations due to tunneling processes. The temperature dependence of these tunneling characteristics is thoroughly investigated for two diodes.
Double-layer silicon photonic crystal fiber tip temperature sensor

We describe the fabrication of a double-layer silicon photonic crystal using self-aligned CMOS-compatible processes and its assembly on a single mode fiber using a wafer template and epoxy bonding. The fiber sensor has sharper resonances and higher temperature sensitivity than the previously-reported single-layer sensor. The new assembly method facilitates batch-production of the sensor and allows for extension to high temperature measurement.
Diversion From the Juvenile Justice System: Observations of a Teen Court Program

Teen courts are a multidisciplinary intervention used to divert youth with minor offenses from the juvenile justice system. Observations were conducted at 13 hearings in an urban jurisdiction, with information gathered about the youth respondent, peer jurors, and adult volunteers. Peer jurors engaged in the majority of communication with the respondent during hearings. Adult volunteers, often members of the legal or judicial community, fulfilled supporting functions. Findings suggest that a youth-oriented process with support from adult volunteers can result in active participation from youth, and that teen courts provide opportunities for community involvement.
Further moments inequalities of life distributions with hypothesis testing applications: the IFRA, NBUC and DMRL classes

Abstract In a recent article, Ahmad (J. Statist. Plann. Inference 92 (2001) 121–132), one of the authors presented moments inequalities for classes of life distributions including increasing failure rate, new better than used, new better than used in expectation and harmonic new better than used in expectation. He then uses these inequalities to devise new testing procedures for exponentiality against an alternative among the four classes indicated above. Three other classes, the increasing failure rate average, the new is better than used in convex ordering and the decreasing mean residual lifetime, were left untreated since the techniques employed in Ahmad (2001) did not apply to them. Thus, new techniques are developed here to address these three classes completing the study of the perennial group of life distributions. The tests proposed here are simpler than those known in the literature with very good efficiencies.