cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judaism and the Heretical Imperative

Those interested in contemporary religious life and thought ought to read Peter Berger's recent book, The Heretical Imperative: Contemporary Possibilities of Religious Affirmation.' They will find it illuminating and at times almost captivating. Berger's sociology of knowledge enables him to explore insight fully our secularized modern society and to define the modern consciousness corresponding to and interacting with that society. It also enables him to diagnose those problems that confront any seriously religious person in such a world and to offer a cure if not for how to live religiously in a secular, modernized world, at least for how to think religiously in such a world. But reading Berger, one may be wholly drawn by his easy style, his self-confidence and air of thoroughly open self-criticism and self-restraint, and one may thereby be captivated by him. This would be a mistake, I think; Berger's analysis and constructive argument deserve more critical reflection than that. Berger is one of those who work at the intersections of phenomenology and social theory.2 In earlier books he has developed a ramified theory of how our subjective views, attitudes, and perspectives develop in subtle, dialectical relation to an objective reality that is both an independent given for consciousness and intentionally constructed by the social self. On the basis of this theory of individual consciousness in the social world, Berger and his collaborators have analyzed the peculiarly modern situation as a complex result ofsecularization, technological change, pluralization, and the attendant loss of traditional norms and fixed points of reference.3 Of particular concern to Berger are the implications of this understanding of social reality for two domains of experience, the political and the religious. In two fairly recent works he assesses the impact of modernization on political ethics and the
Array measurements of the bottom boundary layer and the internal wave field on the continental slope

Abstract An array of current meters was placed on the continental slope and rise for two months in the autumn of 1970. The bottom boundary layer was penetrated on the slope. On the smallest array scale, of the order of 1 kilometer, the array functioned as a directional internal wave antenna. Moving shoreward, the current spectra show strong suppression of the inertial peak and strong enhancement of the semidiurnal tide. The measured wave number spectra show that the tidal energy is almost completely baroclinic, and probably being generated in the region where the slope becomes “critical” for the tidal period. If this area is typical of worldwide conditions, a substantial fraction of the dissipation of surface tides takes place on the continental slopes by conversion to baroclinic waves. The bottom boundary layer has been modeled by an extension of the work of Ellison (1956) to a sloping boundary in a fluid of positive stability. An equivalent constant eddy coefficient has the value 3 cm2/sec as determined...
High-speed optical recording with rare-earth-doped hole-burning materials

We are developing a high density, high speed optical memory, using rare-earth doped hole- burning materials. These materials are theoretically capable of achieving storage densities of 1000 Gigabits/cm3 at input/output (I/O) rates of several gigabits/sec. One remarkable attribute of this storage concept is that both the temporal and spatial information encoded on a laser beam can be stored. Because both the temporal and spatial information can be stored, digital data can be recorded serially as a data or packet stream as well as holographically using the page format. During the past year we have achieved a breakthrough in demonstrating random access holographic data storage at high frame rates. Five hundred holograms were stored and retrieved with very good fidelity at 30 Hz (video rate). Each holographic image with 512 multiplied by 488 pixels could be randomly accessed during the storage and retrieval process. This frame rate is the highest demonstrated frame rate for any optical technique. This breakthrough was achieved through the invention of a memory architecture that allows multiple holographic frames to be stored without any mechanical beam scanning. In this new architecture multiplexing of 500 holograms was achieved by stepping the laser frequency over a range covered by high speed acousto-optic modulators (AOM).© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hearing Loss and the Limits of Amplification

This review article summarizes the effects of sensorineural hearing loss on the recognition of amplified speech, both for speech presented in quiet and in a noise background. Some hypotheses are presented regarding the underlying damage in the cochlea that leads to the deficits in speech recognition for hearing losses of various configurations. For severe hearing losses in the high frequencies, amplification is often ineffective. While the existing data also suggest that sensorineural hearing loss can lead to poor frequency resolution, which leads to problems understanding speech in noise, the frequency resolution of the cochlear implant is usually even poorer. Therefore a strategy of preserving low-frequency residual hearing combined with electrical stimulation for the higher frequencies is an attractive solution for patients with severe high-frequency hearing loss.
Numerical recovery of the layered medium from the surface data

Abstract In this paper an inverse problem is formulated and its numerical solution is given. The problem is of interest, for example, in geophysics. Numerical results show that the algorithm is efficient for noisy data. Practical recommendations are given. The problem consists of finding n(z), the refraction coefficient of the medium, given the surface data u(x, k), ∀x ϵ P = {x: x3 = 0} and all k ϵ (0, k0), where k0 > 0 is an arbitrary small wave number. The governing equation is [∇2 + k2n(z)]u = − δ(x), x = (x1, x2, z). Analytical solution to this inverse problem is given, a numerical implementation is suggested and the results of the numerical experiments are reported.
Effect of alkali and alkali halides on the interaction of SO2 with CaO

Abstract The interaction of SO2 with lithium-, potassium-, sodium chloride-, and sodium bromide-covered sufaces of single crystal CaO(100) at 373, 473, and 673 K was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High coverages if lithium and pottassium enhanced the interaction of SO2 with CaO while all coverages of sodium chloride or sodium bromide decreased the interaction. Effects due to sodium on the adsorption of SO2 on CaO have been studied previously in our laboratory. Of the three alkali metals, lithium, sodium, and potassium, the highest promotion for SO2 adsorption on CaO was observed for lithium while the lowest promotion was observed for potassium. It is postulated that the size of the alkali metal, in addition to the electronic effect, has a major contribution to the SO2 adsorption on CaO. At high coverages of potassium, two sulfur peaks corresponding to sulfide and sulfite were observed on CaO after SO2 exposures. At low potassium coverage only sulfite was observed. Two sulfur peaks were observed on li CaO after SO2 exposures. One sulfur peak was identified as sulfide but the binding energy of the other sulfur peak corresponded to neither sulfite nor sulfate but was located between them. This could possibly be due to Li2S2O3-or Li2SnO6-type compounds. Sulfite was the only form of sulfure on both SO2/NaCl/Cao and SO2/NaBr/CaO. NaBr decreased the adsorption of SO2 on CaO more than NaCl. Thus, the size of the anion also has a major influence on the SO2 adsorption on CaO.
Seasonal and geomorphic controls on N and P removal in riparian zones of the US Midwest

Riparian zones are an important strategy to mitigate N and P export to streams. However, their efficiency with respect to nitrate (NO3 −), ammonium (NH4 +), or soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in groundwater remains uncertain in the US Midwest. This study investigates water table fluctuations and NO3 −, NH4 +, and SRP concentration dynamics in two riparian zone types (outwash vs. glacial till) common in the upper US Midwest. During low water table periods, NO3 − removal was 93 % at WR (outwash site), and 75 % at LWD (glacial till site); but during high water table periods, NO3 − removal efficiencies dropped to 50 % at WR, and 14 % at LWD. Median seasonal mass fluxes of NO3 − removed at WR (9.4–21.7 mg N day−1 m−1 of stream length) and LWD (0.4–1.9 mg N day−1 m−1) were small compared to other riparian zones in glaciated landscapes. The WR site was a small SRP sink (0.114 and 0.118 mg day−1 m−1 during the dry period and wet period, respectively), while LWD acted as a small SRP source to the stream (0.004 mg day−1 m−1 during the dry period; 0.075 mg day−1 m−1 during the wet period). Both LWD and WR acted as sources of NH4 + to the stream with mass fluxes ranging from 0.17 to 7.75 mg N day−1 m−1. Although riparian zones in the US Midwest provide many ecosystem services, results suggest they are unlikely to efficiently mitigate N and P pollution in subsurface flow.
Photochemical fate of sulfa drugs in the aquatic environment: sulfa drugs containing five-membered heterocyclic groups.

The photochemical fate of five sulfa drugs with varying five-membered heterocyclic substituents (sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethizole, sulfathiazole, and sulfamoxole) was investigated in aqueous solution. The rate of direct photolysis of these compounds is dependent upon the identity of the heterocyclic R group as well as the pH of the solution. Matrix deconvolution methods were employed to determine the absorption spectrum and photolysis rate of each protonation state (cationic, neutral, and anionic). From these data, quantum yields for direct photodegradation were calculated for each protonation state of the sulfa drugs. The quantum yields calculated range from <0.005 for the neutral state of sulfamethizole to 0.7 ± 0.3 for the protonated state of sulfisoxazole. The protonation state that is most photoreactive varies among the sulfa drugs and cannot be attributed to the rate of photon absorption. Products arising from the direct photolysis of the sulfa drugs were also investigated. For all th...
Instrumental considerations for reliable fieldable VOC analyses

The major justification for field analysis is the production of data and information that allows decisions to be made in a timely fashion for effective mitigation and/or efficient remediation of environmental contamination. Secondary benefits include lower cost per sample, more samples analyzed per work shift, and improved monitoring for worker safety. However, all of these applications require production of field analytical data of high quality and documented consistency and integrity. These data quality requirements place special constraints on the analytical instruments that are used for field analysis. The application and analytical capabilities of a dual silicon micro fabricated gas chromatographic instrument, with dedicated microprocessor control of all analytical functions, are discussed in relation to fieldable analytical chemistry. This small, rugged and very fast instrument provides for redundancy in analytical results, or, alternatively, the use of different modes of separation to achieve a wide variety of analytical capabilities within a portable instrument configuration.
Conditional alleles for activation and inactivation of the mouse Rx homeobox gene

The Rx homeobox gene is a transcriptional regulator indispensable for development of the eye and ventral forebrain. Rx-null homozygotes lack optic pits, which are the earliest ocular structures. To study the roles Rx may play at various stages of eye and brain development, we generated an allelic series at the Rx locus. The targeted allele, Rx(neo), is a severely hypomorphic or null allele. This Rx(neo) allele is converted via FLP-mediated recombination to the Rx(flox) allele, which is phenotypically identical to the wildtype allele. Cre-mediated conversion of Rx(flox) generates the RxDelta2 allele, which, when homozygous, results in an Rx-null phenotype that includes perinatal lethality, anophthalmia, and anterior neural and craniofacial defects. Mice carrying these alleles allow both Cre-mediated inactivation and FLP-mediated activation of Rx gene activity on a conditional basis and will be useful in examining Rx function at different developmental stages and in distinct tissue environments.
Growth kinetics and in situ composition determination of mixed-group-V compounds grown by gas-source molelcular beam epitaxy

Abstract We have developed in situ techniques of determining group-V compositions in GaAsP and InAsP, and a growth kinetics model for these compounds. We have also established the temperature range of validity for the in situ methods. At low substrate temperature, where desorption of As2 and P2 can be ignored, the in situ methods agree with ex situ determined compositions.
Social-emotional assessment practices in school psychology

This study examined the social-emotional assessment practices of a random sample of school psychologists in the United States. For each assessment instrument, respondents indicated frequency of use, rationale for use, information gained, importance, and scoring system used. Results indicate that projective tests remain popular, are used primarily to generate hypotheses about social-emotional functioning, are viewed as important in the assessment process, are applied for a range of purposes, and often are scored with personalized systems. Most objective tests are used to confirm hypotheses about social-emotional functioning, also are viewed as important in the assessment process, and are applied for various purposes. Surprisingly, a considerable percentage of school psychologists use personalized systems to score some objective tests. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Spatial and Spectral Release from Masking in Three-Dimensional Auditory Displays

The extent to which simultaneous sounds in three-dimensional (3D) auditory displays mask one another was examined as a function of their spectral proximity and spatial separation. A tonal signal of either 0.5 or 4 kHz was presented at 0 deg azimuth in the horizontal plane of the listener's head. Spectral proximity was varied by centering a notched-noise masker on the signal frequency and varying the notch width. The masker was presented at an azimuth of 0, 20, or 40 deg, and the listener's head was immobilized. Detection levels decreased with both masker notch width and spatial separation. Analysis of the results shows that spatial separation produces both a broadening of the band over which masking is effective and a decrease in the minimum signal-to-noise ratio needed to detect the signal at all notch widths. Both effects were greater at 0.5 kHz than at 4 kHz. Additional experiments showed that these mechanisms are disrupted when two maskers are positioned symmetrically around the signal and head. The r...
Effect of hydrophobicity and pore geometry in cathode GDL on PEM fuel cell performance

The effect of hydrophobic and structural properties of a single/dual-layer cathode gas diffusion layer on mass transport in PEM fuel cells was studied using an analytical expression. The simulations indicated that liquid water transport at the cathode is controlled by the fraction of hydrophilic surface and the average pore diameter in the cathode gas diffusion layer. Deposition of a hydrophobic microporous layer reduces the average pore diameter in the macroporous substrate. It also increases the hydrophobic surface, which improves the mass transport of the reactant. The optimized hydrophobicity and pore geometry in a dual-layer cathode GDL leads to an effective water management, and enhances the oxygen diffusion kinetics.
Serum factors required for arginase induction in macrophages

Abstract Two nondialyzable factors in the sera of several species were required for the induction of arginase in resident peritoneal macrophages in vitro . One factor stimulated PGE 2 production by macrophages, was inhibited by indomethacin, and could be replaced by the addition of PGE 2 or DBcAMP. Thirty percent serum was required for maximal activity of this factor. DBcAMP reduced the requirement for serum by 10-fold, suggesting the requirement of a second factor which required less than 3% serum for maximal activity. A factor with similar activity was found in the supernatant of tumor cells grown in vitro .
Phrenoblysis: special brain and mind growth periods. I. Human brain and skull development.

Although gross brain properties averaged over many individuals are highly unlikely to exhibit possible special growth periods, the hypothetical spurts in brain growth can be recovered to some extent from averaged data by computing multiyear weight increments. And, since brain weight correlates very well with skull circumference, similar spurts may be found in that parameter. A review of the literature shows that, indeed, characteristic spurts in brain and skull occur, roughly, at ages 6-8, 10-12, 14-17, and possibly 2-4 yr. The spurts are, as expected, especially clear in data from longitudinal studies, although spurts are detectable in the data from every study thus far found in the literature.
Severe Limits on Variations of the Speed of Light with Frequency

Explosive astrophysical events at high redshift can be used to place severe limits on the fractional variation in the speed of light with frequency ( $\ensuremath{\Delta}c/c$), the photon mass ( ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$), and the energy scale of quantum gravity ( ${E}_{\mathrm{QG}}$). I find $\ensuremath{\Delta}c/cl6.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ based on the simultaneous arrival of a flare in GRB 930229 with a rise time of $220\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ for photons of 30 and 200 keV. The limit on ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is $4.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}44}\mathrm{g}$ for GRB 980703 from radio to gamma ray observations. The limit on ${E}_{\mathrm{QG}}$ is $8.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\mathrm{GeV}$ for GRB 930131 from 30 keV to 80 MeV photons.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Isolysergol via Ring-Closing Metathesis

The first enantioselective synthesis of (+)-isolysergol was completed in 12 steps from commercially available materials by a novel approach that features a late stage microwave-mediated, diastereomeric ring-closing metathesis catalyzed by a chiral molybdenum catalyst to simultaneously form the D ring and set the stereocenter at C(8).
Relationship between insulin-like growth factor I, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and proresorptive cytokines and bone density in cystic fibrosis.

Introduction Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are known to be at risk for early osteoporosis, and the mechanisms that mediate bone loss are still being delineated. The aim of the present investigation was to investigate if a correlation exists in these patients between skeletal measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and two anabolic factors, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and proresorptive factors such as the cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-6.
Habeas corpus: death in nineteenth-century America. [Review of: Laderman, G. The sacred remains: American attitudes toward death, 1799-1883. Yale University Press, 1996].

By the time Philippe Aries published his panoramic survey of Western attitudes toward death in 1977, L'homme devant la Mort (translated as The Hour of Our Death in 1981), it had become a truism that in modern-day America, d---h was the ultimate taboo. In The American Way of Death, published in 1963, Jessica Mitford exposed more than the shady business practices of the funeral industry. The ghoulish and laughable details of cosmetic reconstruction and "slumber rooms" she gleefully provided demonstrated our own unwillingness to look death squarely in the face. Aries's study made it clear just how new-and American-this way of death was. In the early Middle Ages, the men and women of Christendom accepted death as a part of the life of the community and died secure in the knowledge of their eventual resurrection. Such "natural" attitudes, Aries claimed, persisted among traditional peasant folk even into the nineteenth century; but, among other classes, and under modernizing social conditions, they were superseded by other perspectives. Enlightenment rationalists analyzed death as a purely biological phenomenon. Nineteenth-century romantics focused their attention on the "beautiful death" and the grieving survivors it left behind. But by the early twentieth century, death had become invisible, an embarrassing, even obscene fact to be hidden away. For Aries, however, contemporary America occupies a unique position in what he called "the geography of the invisible death" (p. 594). For the most part, death is denied, but mourners are allowed to confront deathor, at least the illusion of the "life-like" corpse-in that uniquely American institution known as the funeral home. The distinctive rituals of the American
Effect of body mass index and device type on infection in left ventricular assist device support beyond 30 days

Infection as a complication of long-term left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Obesity, a possible risk factor for other postoperative cardiovascular surgical site infections, is an increasingly prevalent condition among recipients of LVAD devices. We retrospectively analyzed 145 LVADs that remained in place beyond 30 days over a nine-year period at a single medical institution. Statistical analysis was carried out using univariate and multivariable logistic regression and chi(2)-testing where indicated. Body mass index (BMI) had no effect on the incidence of infectious outcomes regardless of age, gender, underlying pathogen or device type. This included the morbidly obese population as well (BMI >or=40). Independent of BMI, device type did have an effect, with the HeartMate XVE increasing the risk for infections [odds ratio (OR) 4.3 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-8.8, P=0.0001] and the HeartMate II reducing the risk (OR 0.21 with 95% CI 0.09-0.50, P=0.0001). The risk for infection after LVAD placement for long-term support is likely to be a multi-factorial phenomenon. BMI, including morbid obesity, does not appear to be a statistically significant relevant factor in determining that risk. Device type may have an effect, however, on risk of infection in long-term support.
Transaction cost determinants and ownership-based entry mode choice: a meta-analytical review

Entry mode choice is a critical ingredient of international entry strategies, and has been voluminously examined in the field. The findings, however, are very mixed, especially with respect to transaction-cost-related factors in determining the ownership-based entry mode choice. This study conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the literature and empirically generalize more conclusive findings. Based on the 106 effect sizes of 38 empirical studies, the meta-analysis shows that the findings of the existing studies are moderated to varying degrees by both study-setting factors and statistical artifacts, although the combined overall effects of transaction cost-based determinants are consistent with the predictions of transaction cost economics. We extensively discuss the implications of meta-analytical results, especially moderating effects of location, country of origin, industry type, and statistical artifacts, highlight the measurement adequacy, equivalence, and multidimensionality of transaction cost determinants, and present our suggestions to improve theoretical inquiries and empirical verifications on entry mode choice.
Immortalization of polarized rat retinal pigment epithelium

Rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were immortalized by infection with a temperature-sensitive tsA SV40 virus and following cloning and selection for epithelial properties the polarized RPE-J cell line was obtained. At the permissive temperature of 33 degrees C, RPE-J cells behave as an immortalized cell line. When RPE-J cells are grown on nitrocellulose filters coated with a thin layer of Matrigel in the presence of 10(-8) M retinoic acid for 6 days at 33 degrees C and then switched for 33-36 hours to the non-permissive temperature of 40 degrees C, they acquire a differentiated polarized RPE phenotype. Under these growth conditions, RPE-J cells exhibit circumferential staining for the tight-junction protein ZO-1 and acquire a transepithelial resistance of 350 ohms cm2. Morphologically, RPE-J cells exhibit a characteristic RPE morphology with extensive apical microvilli as well as numerous dense bodies including premelanosomes and varied multilamellar structures. Ruthenium red labeling revealed the frequent basal localization of the tight junction. The cells were identified to be of rat RPE origin by their expression of the rat RPE marker RET-PE2 and their ability to phagocytose latex beads. While RPE-J cells are capable of sorting influenza and vesicular stomatitis virus to the apical and basal surfaces, respectively, the Na,K-ATPase is not polarized and the neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM, is localized exclusively to the lateral surface. In vivo the apical surface of RPE interacts with the adjacent neural retina and the Na,K-ATPase and N-CAM are both apical; the altered polarity of these two proteins in RPE-J cells may be a consequence of the absence of apical interaction with the neural retina in culture. Previous studies of RPE have been restricted to the use of primary cultures and the RPE-J cell line should prove an excellent model system for the study of the mechanisms determining the characteristic polarity and functions of the retinal pigment epithelium.
The Prosody of Backchannels in American English

We examine prosodic and contextual factors characterizing the backchannel function of single affirmative words. Data is drawn from collaborative task-oriented dialogues between speakers of Standard American English. Despite high lexical variability, backchannels are prosodically well defined: they have higher pitch and intensity and greater pitch slope than affirmative words expressing other pragmatic functions. Additionally, we identify phrase-final rising pitch as a salient trigger for backchanneling.
American Political Thought and the American Revolution.

“The great advantage of the American,” Tocqueville once wrote, “is that he has arrived at a state of democracy without having to endure a democratic revolution….” Fundamental as this insight is, we have not remembered Tocqueville for it, and the reason is rather difficult to explain. Perhaps it is because, fearing revolution in the present, we like to think of it in the past, and we are reluctant to concede that its romance has been missing from our lives. Perhaps it is because the plain evidence of the American revolution of 1776, especially the evidence of its social impact that our newer historians have collected, has made the comment of Tocqueville seem thoroughly enigmatic. But in the last analysis, of course, the question of its validity is a question of perspective. Tocqueville was writing with the great revolutions of Europe in mind, and from that point of view the outstanding thing about the American effort of 1776 was bound to be, not the freedom to which it led, but the established feudal structure it did not have to destroy. He was writing too, as no French liberal of the nineteenth century could fail to write, with the shattered hopes of the Enlightenment in mind. The American revolution had been one of the greatest of them all, a precedent constantly appealed to in 1793.
The response of atmospheric heat transport to zonally-averaged SST trends

We compute the atmospheric heat transport in a realistic atmospheric general circulation modelunder five different configurations of implied heat transport in the ocean. The implied oceanicheat transport is varied by changing the meridional gradient of sea surface temperature (SST).Climatological SSTs are employed for the control run. The other runs differ in that a zonallysymmetric component is added to or subtracted from the climatological SST field. The meridionalstructure of the variation in SST gradient is based on the observed change in zonallyaveraged SST over the last century. The SST trend has maxima of about 1 K at high latitudesof both hemispheres. Elsewhere, the change in SST over the last century is fairly uniform atabout 0.5 K.We find that in the annual mean, the atmosphere adjusts so that the total meridionalheat transport (by atmosphere and ocean) is rather insensitive to the change in zonally averagedSST. Interannual variability in the annual mean heat transport is minor in each of these cases.There is a large degree of compensation even between the different components of atmosphericheat transport such that changes in latent heat transport usually go hand in hand with changesin dry static energy transport of an opposite sign. The radiative flux at the top of the atmosphereis affected the most by the change in SST in the tropics, where the shortwave component showsa strong negative feedback and the longwave component shows a weak positive feedback.Concentrating on the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere, we find that when we decreasethe meridional SST gradient (i.e., warm the sea surface at high latitudes the most), the stationarywaves accomplish more of the poleward heat transport than before. When we increase themeridional SST gradient, the heat flux due to both transient and stationary waves increases,although not by nearly as much as most eddy parameterization schemes would predict. Thewinter season in the Southern Hemisphere shows a substantial increase in heat transport bytransient waves when the meridional SST gradient is increased. Their maximum heat transportis greater and extends over a wider band of latitudes than in the control case. Because theSouthern Hemisphere is mostly covered by ocean, the stationary waves are weak and play aminor roˆ le in atmospheric heat transport. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1999.00019.x
Differential Effects of p38- and Extracellular Signal—Regulated Kinase Mitogen—Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Tumor Necrosis Factor Production in Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Streptococcus pneumoniae

The role of p38- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways in the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in macrophages stimulated with Streptococcus pneumoniae was examined. Inhibitors of p38 kinases effected significant decreases in the accumulation of iNOS protein in macrophages challenged with pneumococcal cell wall preparations or antibiotic-killed pneumococci, even when added up to 6 h after bacterial challenge. In contrast, ERK pathway inhibitors failed to inhibit pneumococcus-induced iNOS protein accumulation. ERK pathway inhibitors significantly reduced TNF secretion when added at the same time as pneumococcal challenge, and inhibitors of both ERK and p38 pathways reduced TNF secretion when added to the macrophages 1 h before stimulation. These data confirm the importance of the p38 and ERK MAP kinase pathways in macrophage activation by bacterial products but indicate that these 2 kinase pathways regulate different macrophage responses in a temporally distinct manner.
Can Regular Multivitamin/Mineral Supplementation Modify the Relation between Maternal Smoking and Select Adverse Birth Outcomes?

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not regular multivitamin/mineral supplementation can modify the relation between maternal smoking and preterm birth (gestational age METHODS: Live birth data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) were used for the analysis. Maternal smoking referred to self-reported average number of cigarettes smoked after recognition of pregnancy, while regular multivitamin/mineral supplementation referred to use of multivitamin/mineral supplements for at least three days per week during the three months before and/or after recognition of pregnancy. Sample sizes included 9402 singleton infants for the analysis of preterm birth, 9395 for very or moderately low birthweight, and 9363 for small-for-gestational-age. Odds ratios were derived from logistic regression analyses after adjusting for a number of demographic and reproductive variables. RESULTS: Major results include: 1) increased risks for the adverse outcomes studied were observed among smoking women; 2) no effect of regular multivitamin/mineral supplementation in the absence of maternal smoking was revealed; and 3) relative excess risks due to interaction at different smoking levels and overall interactions between smoking and supplementation were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that regular multivitamin/mineral supplementation does not minimize the adverse effects associated with maternal smoking.
WAVE EXCITATION IN AN UNSTEADY BOUNDARY LAYER

A new approach to the boundary layer receptivity problem is described using unsteady boundary layer theory to study the transformation of large scale unsteady motion into transition-inducing disturbances. Classical unsteady boundary layer oscillations combine with roughness to generate the well known damped spatial eigenfunctions in the boundary layer approximation. Both short wavelength convected disturbances and long wavelength acoustic disturbances are treated in an integrated manner. It is shown that a measure of these eigenfunctions can be interpreted as a key link in the receptivity process, thus separating the generation and propagation of instability waves into two separate problems.
Occurrence of intramitochondrial glycogen in canine myocardium after prolonged anoxic cardiac arrest

Abstract Intramitochondrial glycogen deposits were observed in viable cardiac muscle cells of dogs sacrificed 2 to 4 weeks following prolonged periods of normothermic anoxic cardiac arrest induced by aortic cross-clamping during total cardiopulmonary bypass. These deposits were not observed in control dogs, in dogs which died several hours to 8 days after the anoxic period, or in cardiac biopsies taken immediately before and immediately after the anoxic period. The intramitochondrial glycogen deposits were located in the outer mitochondrial compartment, and varied from few to large numbers of granules that almost completely filled the mitochondria. These granules occurred in the monoparticulate (β) form and usually were slightly larger than the extramitochondrial β glycogen granules. Both intra- and extramitochondrial glycogen gave a strongly positive reaction with the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate method of Thiery for the demonstration of polysaccharides; glycogen granules in both locations were extracted from ultrathin sections by amylase. Although intramitochondrial glycogen deposits have been described in a few patients with cardiomyopathies, the present study suggests that such deposits indicate a type of response to injury rather than a specific type of cardiomyopathy. It is suggested that the three factors responsible for the occurrence of intramitochondrial glycogen deposits in cardiac muscle cells following anoxic cardiac arrest are: (i) solubilization of the enzymes of glycogen metabolism during the anoxic period: (ii) increased permeability, due to anoxic damage, of the outer mitochondrial membrane; and (iii) diffusion of the solubilized enzymes of glycogen synthesis into the mitochondria with subsequent formation of glycogen.
Expression of the las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not correlate with efflux pump expression or antimicrobial resistance

Objectives: Quorum-sensing systems regulate expression of several virulence factors and may affect the MexAB-OprM efflux system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study investigated the relationship between two quorum-sensing systems, efflux pump MexAB-OprM expression and antimicrobial resistance in 33 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methods: Expression of the quorum-sensing regulatory genes lasR and rhIR was assessed by real time RT-PCR. The autoinducer synthetase genes lasI and rhil and the regulatory genes mexT and mexS were characterized by DNA sequencing. Production of pyocyanin and elastase in each of the isolates was also determined. Results: While there was a significant correlation between expression of the quorum-sensing regulatory genes and production of pyocyanin and elastase, there was no correlation with expression of mexA or with antimicrobial resistance. There were no mutations in lasI, rhil, mexTor mexSthat correlated with quorum-sensing expression. Conclusions: Increased activity of two quorum-sensing systems in P. aeruginosa does not contribute to increased mexA expression or antimicrobial resistance.
Test Compaction by Sharing of Functional Test Sequences Among Logic Blocks

This paper describes a test compaction procedure that considers a set of functional test sequences for a set of logic blocks in a design. The logic blocks may have different numbers of primary inputs, and functional test sequences of different lengths. The procedure expands the test sequences such that every sequence is applicable to every logic block. It then concatenates and compacts the sequences into a single sequence. In this process, it considers the logic blocks one at a time to avoid the need to store and simulate all the logic blocks simultaneously. The resulting test sequence can be applied to all the logic blocks in parallel. The experimental results demonstrate the levels of test compaction that can be achieved by this approach. The results also demonstrate that the resulting sequence has an improved coverage of faults that were not targeted during the generation of the functional test sequences or the test compaction procedure.
Extracting factors from heteroskedastic asset returns

This paper proposes an alternative to the asymptotic principal components procedure of Connor and Korajczyk (J. Financial Econom. 15 (1986) 373) that is robust to time series heteroskedasticity in the factor model residuals. The new method is simple to use and requires no assumptions stronger than those made by Connor and Korajczyk. It is demonstrated through simulations and analysis of actual stock market data that allowing heteroskedasticity sometimes improves the quality of the extracted factors quite dramatically. Over the period from 1989 to 1993, for example, a single factor extracted using the Connor and Korajczyk method explains only 8.2% of the variation of the CRSP value-weighted index, while the factor extracted allowing heteroskedasticity explains 57.3%. Accounting for heteroskedasticity is also important for tests of the APT, with p-values sometimes depending strongly on the factor extraction method used. r 2001 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Airborne Electro-Mechanical Actuator Test Stand for Development of Prognostic Health Management Systems

With the advent of the next generation of aerospace systems equipped with fly-by-wire controls, electromechanical actuators (EMA) are quickly becoming components critical to safety of aerospace vehicles. Being relatively new to the field, however, EMA lack the knowledge base compared to what is accumulated for the more traditional actuator types, especially when it comes to fault detection and prognosis. Scarcity of health monitoring data from fielded systems and prohibitive costs of carrying out real flight tests create the need to build high-fidelity system models and design affordable yet realistic experimental setups. The objective of this work is to build an EMA test stand that, unlike current laboratory stands typically weighing in excess of one metric ton, is portable enough to be easily placed aboard a wide variety of aircraft. This stand, named the FLEA (for Fl yable Electromechanical Actuator test stand), allows testing EMA fault detection and prognosis technologies in flight environment, thus substantially increasing their technology readiness level – all without the expense of dedicated flights, as the stand is designed to function as a non-intrusive secondary payload. No aircraft modifications are required and data can be collected during any available flight opportunity: pilot currency flights, ferry flights, or flights dedicated to other experiments. The stand is currently equipped with a prototype version of NASA Ames developed prognostic health management system with models aimed at detecting and tracking several fault types. At this point the team has completed test flights of the stand on US Air Force C-17 aircraft and US Army UH-60 helicopters and more experiments, both laboratory and airborne, are planned for the coming months.
Enabling automated, rich, and versatile data management for android apps with bluemountain

Today's mobile apps often leverage cloud services to manage their own data as well as user data, enabling many desired features such as backup and sharing. However, this comes at a cost; developers have to manually craft their logic and potentially repeat a similar process for different cloud providers. In addition, users are restricted to the design choices made by developers; for example, once a developer releases an app that uses a particular cloud service, it is impossible for a user to later customize the app and choose a different service. In this paper, we explore the design space of an app instrumentation tool that automatically integrates cloud storage services for Android apps. Our goal is to allow developers to treat all storage operations as local operations, and automatically enable cloud features customized for individual needs of users and developers. We discuss various scenarios that can benefit from such an automated tool, challenges associated with the development of it, and our ideas to address these challenges.
Quantum Brownian Oscillator Analysis of Pump-Probe Spectroscopy in the Condensed Phase

Nuclear motions and relaxation play an important role in determining the rates and outcomes of chemical processes in the condensed phase [1—12]. Electron transfer, isomerization and bimolecular reactions are directly effected by intramolecular vibrations as well as solvent motions.
Closing the transport budget of the Florida Straits

Closing the mean mass budget of the Florida Straits is fundamental to understanding the source waters of the Gulf Stream and for constraining ocean simulations and forecasts in a region of complex topography. Existing transport time series of the inflow through Yucatan Channel and the outflow at 27°N yield a 9 Sv difference in the mean, which cannot be reconciled by the two minor inflows between. Here we present a synthesis of transport estimates from throughout the Florida Straits, using velocity data collected aboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas. Our transports form a consistent mass budget and conform with the northern outflow from the Straits of 32.1 ± 3.3 Sv, as measured continuously by cable. In particular, we find an average of 30.0 ± 5.3 Sv for the inflow to southern Florida Straits and estimate that Old Bahama Channel contributes less than an additional 2 Sv.
Chemical synthesis of α‐inhibin‐92 by the thiocarboxyl segment coupling method

The amino acid residue peptide, alpha-inhibin-92 (alpha-IB-92), has been synthesized by the thiocarboxyl segment strategy. Three segments were synthesized by the solid phase method, purified, and characterized: [GlyS34]-alpha-IB-92-(1-34) (I), CF3CO-[GlyS65]-alpha-IB-92-(35-65) (II), and Msc-alpha-IB-92-(66-92) (III). All were reacted with citraconic anhydride followed by removal of the Msc group in III to give Ia, IIa, and IIIa, respectively. Peptide IIIa was coupled to IIa by the silver nitrate/N-hydroxysuccinimide procedure and, after removal of uncoupled segments and the trifluoroacetyl group, Ia was coupled followed again by removal of uncoupled segments. Final deblocking to remove citraconyl groups was accomplished under exceptionally mild conditions in aqueous acetic acid. The synthetic product was identical to natural alpha-IB-92 in amino acid analysis, HPLC, gel electrophoresis, and tryptic mapping. The synthetic peptide was indistinguishable from natural alpha-IB-92 in a radioimmunoassay and in an in vitro mouse pituitary assay for measuring suppression of FSH release in the presence of LHRH.
Oh! What a tangled web we weave.

When Sir Walter Scott wrote “Marmion” in 1808, he told a story of love, lust, honor, and deception in the setting of war between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. After reading the work by Flythe et al. ([1][1]) entitled “Disentangling the ultrafiltration rate–mortality association: The
The elimination of anastomosis in open trauma vascular reconstruction: A novel technique using an animal model.

Background The standard approach to vascular trauma involves arterial exposure and reconstruction using either a vein or polytetrafluoroethylene graft. We have developed a novel technique to repairing arterial injuries by deploying commercially available vascular stents through an open approach, thus eliminating the need for suture anastomosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, stent deployment time (SDT), and stent patency of this technique in a ewe vascular injury model. Methods After proximal and distal control, a 2-cm superficial femoral arterial segment was resected in 8 Dorper ewes to simulate an arterial injury. Two stay sutures were placed in the 3- and 9-o'clock positions of the transected arterial ends to prevent further retraction. Ten milliliters of 10-IU/mL heparinized saline was flushed proximally and distally. An arteriotomy was then created 2.5 cm from the transected distal end through which we deployed Gore Viabahn stents with a 20% oversize and at least 1-cm overlap with the native vessel on either end. The arteriotomy was then closed with 3 (1) interrupted 6-0 Prolene sutures. The ewes were fed acetylsalicylic acid 325 mg daily. Duplex was performed at 2 months postoperatively to evaluate stent patency. SDT was defined as time from stay suture placement to arteriotomy closure. Results The 8 ewes weighed a mean (SD) of 34.4 (4.3) kg. The mean (SD) superficial femoral arterial was 4.3 (0.6) mm. Six 5 mm × 5 cm and two 6 mm × 5 cm Gore Viabahn stents were deployed. The mean (SD) SDT was 34 (19) minutes, with a trend toward less time with increasing experience (SDTmax, 60 minutes; SDTmin, 10 minutes). Duplex performed at 2 months postoperatively showed stent patency in five of eight stents. There was an association between increasing SDT and stent thrombosis. Conclusion Open deployment of commercially available vascular stents to treat vascular injuries is a conceptually sound and technically feasible alternative to standard open repair. Larger studies are needed to refine this technique and minimize stent complications, which are likely technical in nature.
Learning a Skill-Teaching Curriculum with Dynamic Bayes Nets

We propose an intelligent tutoring system that constructs a curriculum of hints and problems in order to teach a student skills with a rich dependency structure. We provide a template for building a multi-layered Dynamic Bayes Net to model this problem and describe how to learn the parameters of the model from data. Planning with the DBN then produces a teaching policy for the given domain. We test this end-to-end curriculum design system in two human-subject studies in the areas of finite field arithmetic and artificial language and show this method performs on par with hand-tuned expert policies.