cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracic spinal cord and cervical vagosympathetic neuromodulation obtund nodose sensory transduction of myocardial ischemia

Abstract Background Autonomic regulation therapy involving either vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or spinal cord stimulation (SCS) represents emerging bioelectronic therapies for heart disease. The objective of this study was to determine if VNS and/or SCS modulate primary cardiac afferent sensory transduction of the ischemic myocardium. Methods Using extracellular recordings in 19 anesthetized canines, of 88 neurons evaluated, 36 ventricular-related nodose ganglia sensory neurons were identified by their functional activity responses to epicardial touch, chemical activation of their sensory neurites (epicardial veratridine) and great vessel (descending aorta or inferior vena cava) occlusion. Neural responses to 1 min left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion (CAO) were then evaluated. These interventions were then studied following either: i) SCS [T1-T3 spinal level; 50 Hz, 90% motor threshold] or ii) cervical VNS [15–20 Hz; 1.2 × threshold]. Results LAD occlusion activated 66% of identified nodose ventricular sensory neurons (0.33 ± 0.08–0.79 ± 0.20 Hz; baseline to CAO; p Conclusions Both VNS and SCS obtund ventricular ischemia induced enhancement of nodose afferent neuronal inputs to the medulla.
A Comparison of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion versus Fusion Combined with Artificial Disc Replacement for Treating 3-Level Cervical Spondylotic Disease

Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 3-level hybrid surgery (HS), which combines fusion and cervical disc replacement (CDR), compared to 3-level fusionin patient with cervical spondylosis involving 3 levels. Methods Patients in the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) group (n=30) underwent 3-level fusion and the HS group (n=19) underwent combined surgery with fusion and CDR. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale for the arm, the neck disability index (NDI), Odom criteria and postoperative complications. The cervical range of motion (ROM), fusion rate and adjacent segments degeneration were assessed with radiographs. Results Significant improvements in arm pain relief and functional outcome were observed in ACDF and HS group. The NDI in the HS group showed better improvement 6 months after surgery than that of the ACDF group. The ACDF group had a lower fusion rate, higher incidence of device related complications and radiological changes in adjacent segments compared with the HS group. The better recovery of cervical ROM was observed in HS group. However, that of the ACDF group was significantly decreased and did not recover. Conclusion The HS group was better than the ACDF group in terms of NDI, cervical ROM, fusion rate, incidence of postoperative complications and adjacent segment degeneration.
Mindfulness instruction for HIV-infected youth: a randomized controlled trial

HIV-infected youth experience many stressors, including stress related to their illness, which can negatively impact their mental and physical health. Therefore, there is a significant need to iden...
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1897–1941)

Through his studies of American Indian languages, and in collaboration with Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf developed the Sapir-Whorf, or linguistic relativity, hypothesis, which proposes that there exists a direct relationship between the linguistic categories unique to every language and the way the world is perceived, experienced, and interpreted.
The role of vitamin A in visual transduction

The role of vitamin A aldehyde as the chromophore of vertebrate visual pigments was discovered by George Wald [1]. Vitamin A deprivation studies by John Dowling and his colleagues established the necessity of this essential compound to the visual process and the maintenance of the structural integrity of the photoreceptors [2]. Although it has been recognized that vitamin A is essential for vision for years, the transport and metabolism of vitamin A within the retina and pigment epithelium is far from being fully understood and there are obviously splendid opportunities for further discoveries in this area.
Differentialdiagnose nicht lochbedingter Netzhaut-Erhebungen

Diese Arbeit wird sich mit der Differentialdiagnose verschiedener nicht rhegmatogener, d. h. nicht lochbedingter Netzhaut-Erhebungen befassen. Wir haben deshalb den Begriff Netzhaut-Erhebungen gewahlt, weil wir darunter Flussigkeitsansammlungen zwischen sensorischer Retina und Pigmentepithel — also die ubliche Netzhaut-Ablosung — und Flussigkeitsansammlungen innerhalb der sensorischen Retina — also z. B. die Schisis — zusammenfassen. Fur die Differentialdiagnose der nicht rhegmatogenen Netzhaut-Erhebungen werden die Begrenzungsform und Lokalisation von groster Bedeutung sein. Mit Hilfe dieser Merkmale wird es dem Untersucher moglich, verschiedene nicht rhegmatogene Retina-Erhebungen gegeneinander abzugrenzen. Auf zusatzliche Aspekte dieser Netzhaut-Veranderungen soll in diesem Rahmen nicht eingegangen werden.
The Aortic Arch

Since the introduction of MRA much attention has been paid to the cervical and intracranial segments of the carotid and vertebral arteries, with significantly less attention to the region of the aortic arch. Fortunately, current time-of-flight (TOF) MRA methods are well suited to the evaluation of the aortic arch and proximal brachiocephahc arteries (Edelman et al. 1989; Lewin et al. 1991). Though a much less common cause of neurological symptoms than cervical carotid disease, disease of the aortic arch branches may arise from a variety of etiologies, including atherosclerosis, inflammatory arteritis, trauma, fibromuscular dysplasia, neoplasm, and radiation (Provan 1989). MRA can provide accurate noninvasive evaluation of stenosis and occlusion from these causes, and can allow for confirmation of vessel patency following surgical intervention. This chapter will discuss MRA methods applicable to evaluation of the aortic arch, with particular emphasis on 3D TOF techniques, followed by a discussion of pathological entities which may be encountered.
Dietary Antioxidants and Breast Cancer Risk: Effect Modification by Family History

Since breast cancer in a first-degree relative has been shown with some consistency to be associated with breast cancer risk (1), it is possible that family history modifies the effects of other risk factors, with disease in women with a family history possibly resulting from a different etiologic pathway. Studies have indicated that risk associated with some reproductive factors varies significantly for women with and without a family history (2). Since antioxidants have been shown to have an inverse association with breast cancer risk (3), these factors may also vary in their effects for women with and without a family history of the disease.
Stability-Constrained Adaptive Droop for Power Sharing in AC-MTDC Grids

A secure operation of AC-multiterminal dc (MTDC) grids following an ( N $-$ 1) contingency (e.g., converter outage) is of a major concern for the system planners and operators. For the case of converter outage, the concept of adaptive droop control enables the healthy converters to share the burden of power mismatch in an effective manner. However, certain settings of the droop coefficients may lead to instability of the AC grid where multiple converters are connected and one of them goes out. This paper proposes a stability-constrained adaptive droop approach for autonomous power sharing following the outage of a converter in an MTDC grid. A trajectory sensitivity analysis-based approach is presented to impose the constraints on the adaptive droop gains that can be an outcome of dynamic security assessment performed by the system operators. The robustness of the proposed approach for post-contingency system is demonstrated through nonlinear time-domain simulation results using models developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
Automated Identification of Persistent Time-Domain Features in Seismocardiogram Signals

In the field of cardiac monitoring, the seismocardiogram (SCG) measures the movement of the chest wall using accelerometers and gyroscopes. A key limitation of SCG signals is their sensitivity to transient signal disruptions primarily due to motion artifacts. This work describes a method for automated extraction of time-domain features in SCG signals in the presence of such artifacts, using an iterative method of clustering and re-sampling features to optimize consistency. The accelerometer (axl) and gyroscope (gyr) features extracted with this method are shown to correlate more strongly (median $R^{2}=0.88\ (\mathbf{axl}), 0.88 (\mathbf{gyr})$ ) with the reference standard for pre-ejection period (PEP), impedance cardiography (ICG), than both peak-counting $(R^{2}=0.29\ (\mathbf{axl}), 0.48\ (\mathbf{gyr}))$ and manual labeling $(R^{2}=0.44\ (\mathbf{axl}), 0.38 (\mathbf{gyr}))$ in the post-exercise period. This result has implications for the feasibility of at-home SCG monitoring.
Theoretical modeling and optimization of fin-based enhancement of heat transfer into a phase change material

Abstract Phase change heat transfer is used commonly for enhanced thermal management and energy storage in several engineering applications. The rate of heat transfer from a heat source into a phase change material (PCM) is limited by thermal properties and geometry, due to which, the use of metal fins protruding into the PCM has been investigated. This paper derives and solves the governing energy conservation equations to determine the transient temperature distribution in the PCM due to the presence of a Cartesian fin. A perturbation method based solution for the Stefan problem with time-dependent temperature boundary condition is used to derive an equation for the fin temperature distribution. Results show that for a given total time available for heat transfer into the fin, the presence of a fin results in two competing effects – enhanced heat transfer into the PCM through the fin and reduced heat transfer into the PCM due to lower area of direct contact between PCM and heat source. This results in a non-monotonic dependence of total heat flow into the PCM on the fin size, and shows that a fin larger than a certain optimal size may actually impede overall heat flow into the PCM. For a given total time, the optimal fin size is shown to be a function of the fin thermal conductivity. The impact of thermal properties of PCM and fin on the rate of heat transfer is also examined. The theoretical work in this paper extends the well-known governing equation for a fin in a single-phase medium to a fin in a phase change material, which is a much more complicated, transient problem. In addition to extending the theoretical understanding of extended surfaces and phase change, this work also provides practical guidelines for the optimized design of phase change based energy storage and thermal management systems.
Making Heads or Tails of Combined Landmark Configurations in Geometric Morphometric Data

Researchers using geometric morphometric methods can be confronted with a need to combine separate landmark configurations from the same research subjects as a more holistic description of organismal morphology. Combining configurations might be valid if single configurations represent separate anatomical structures that can change position with respect to each other or have been shown to be phenotypically integrated, and researchers would prefer to recognize these structures as one set, rather than multiple sets. However, generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) scales separate configurations to unit size, meaning that in combination, some attempt to relativize the size of configurations should be made. A few recent studies have calculated the relative size of separate configurations in different ways but there has been no formal consideration for the implications of a priori judgments for how configuration sizes should be weighted, before the synthesis presented here. We offer a general solution for weighting separate configuration centroid sizes when combining them, which captures the intention of different methods thus far proposed. We also demonstrate that under various conditions, weighting via normalized centroid size is fraught with problems, and should be avoided. By contrast, an unweighted approach that seeks to maintain landmark densities in separate configurations provides reliable results. Nevertheless, researchers should realize that combining configurations creates new configurations with landmark covariances that are arbitrary with respect to any real anatomical features. As such, combining landmark configurations should not be a haphazard enterprise under any circumstances.
Does a Knowledge Generation Approach to Learning Benefit Students? A Systematic Review of Research on the Science Writing Heuristic Approach

The shifting emphases of new national curricula have placed more attention on knowledge generation approaches to learning. Such approaches are centered on the fundamental sense of generative learning where practices and tools for learning become the focus of the learning environment, rather than on the products of learning. This paper, building on from the previous review by Fiorella and Mayer (2015, 2016), focuses on a systematic review of doctoral and master theses of a knowledge generation approach to the learning of science called the science writing heuristic (SWH) approach. The outcomes of examining 81 theses show that students regardless of grade levels and cultural settings were significantly advantage in terms of content knowledge, critical thinking growth, and representational competency. The results also indicate that time in terms of engagement with the approach is critical for achieving student outcomes and for teachers to develop expertise with the approach. Questioning was also noted as being critical. Implications arising from the study are centered on the development and use of writing, the need for interactive dialogical environments, and the importance of questioning as critical elements for success.
Sharing is Caring – Can an App Help?

Parents of febrile young infants who present to the emergency department are frequently overwhelmed, surprised by the potential seriousness of their child's condition and the need for extensive testing and possible hospitalization.1 In this stressful context, communication can be challenging. Emergency physicians are faced with the responsibilities of explaining the need for testing, answering questions, addressing concerns, and providing support.
Insurer risk and performance before, during, and after the 2008 financial crisis: The role of monitoring institutional ownership

This study examines the relationship between institutional ownership and insurers' risk and performance before, during, and after the 2008 financial crisis. Monitoring institutional investors are defined as those that have (a) a long‐term investment horizon, (b) large holdings in the investee firm, (c) independence from management, and (d) a large portion of their portfolio invested in the firm. We measure both the level and persistence of monitoring institutional ownership and find a negative relationship between monitoring institutional ownership and an insurer's stock stability and performance during the crisis. Further examination reveals that these firms took more risk before the crisis. Whereas many monitoring institutions exited the insurance market after the crisis, evidence suggests that the remaining institutional investors in the postcrisis period have a longer investment horizon and are active in monitoring and risk management.
FLOCCULATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE: MECHANISM OF CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS1

ABSTRACT Flocculation in S. cerevisiae is mediated by a Ca 2+ -dependent, cell-surface recognition mechanism which is governed by the expression of a dominant gene, FL0 4 (FL0 1). Electron microscopy revealed interactions between cell wall mannan layers during flocculation. These interactions require the participation of at least two distinct cell wall components. The α-branched mannans, which bind con A, may act as ligands or cognons for receptors or cognors found only on the surfaces of flocculent yeasts. The cognor activity dictates the strain specificity and Ca 2+ - dependency of flocculation. It is sensitive to Proteinase K and mercaptoethanol, suggesting that the cognor may be proteinaceous or dependent on proteins for activity. Proteins unique to flocculent cells however could not be found. The activity of the cognor was expressed at all stages of aerobic cell growth. KEYWORDS Flocculation; FL0 4 (FL0 1) ; mannan; cell-cell interaction; protein; carbohydrate.
The Historical and Current Status of Global IFRS Adoption: Obstacles and Opportunities for Researchers

The number of countries that have adopted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in some form has grown each year. However, the existing literature generally ignores the varied types an...
Cost Comparison of Open and Arthroscopic Treatment Options for SLAP Tears.

Purpose To identify cost drivers of open biceps tenodesis, arthroscopic biceps tenodesis, and arthroscopic SLAP repair in the setting of isolated SLAP tears and to perform a direct cost comparison between the procedures. Methods The 2014 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases from 6 US states were used. Cases with Current Procedural Terminology codes 23430 (tenodesis of long tendon of biceps), 29807 (shoulder arthroscopy, repair of SLAP lesion), and 29828 (shoulder arthroscopy, biceps tenodesis) were selected, excluding patients who were >50 years old or had a concomitant rotator cuff repair. Generalized linear models were used to model costs based on surgical and patient variables. Results The mean patient age was 41.8 years for open biceps tenodesis, 31.6 for arthroscopic SLAP repair, and 41.3 for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (P < .001). Open biceps tenodesis had cost reductions of $5,664 over arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (P = .001) and $2,320 over arthroscopic SLAP repair (P = .043). Male sex was associated with $3,798 more in costs (P < .001), presence of ≥1 comorbidities added $1,829 (P = .002), and each minute in the operating room added $37 (P < .001). Operative time for open biceps tenodesis averaged 114 minutes, and both arthroscopic procedures averaged 94 minutes (P < .001). Low-volume facilities were associated with $5,536 higher costs for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (P = .001). Conclusion In patients aged ≤50 years with isolated SLAP tears, open biceps tenodesis provides cost savings over arthroscopic methods of treatment. There was no significant cost difference between arthroscopic SLAP repairs and arthroscopic biceps tenodesis. Given the increased emphasis on cost containment, surgeons should be aware of the procedural costs associated with the treatment of SLAP tears. Level of Evidence III, retrospective cohort study.
Synthetic Natural Product-Inspired Peptides

Natural products (NPs) are a bountiful source of bioactive molecules. Unfortunately, discovery of novel bioactive NPs is challenging due to cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), low titers, and arduous purifications. Herein, we describe SNaPP (Synthetic Natural Product Inspired Peptides), a method for identifying NP-inspired bioactive molecules. SNaPP expedites bioactive molecule discovery by combining bioinformatics predictions of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) with chemical synthesis of the predicted NPs (pNPs). SNaPP utilizes a recently discovered cyclase, the penicillin binding protein (PBP)-like cyclase, as the lynchpin for the development of a library of cyclic peptide pNPs. Analysis of 500 BGCs allowed for identification of 131 novel pNPs. 51 diverse pNPs were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis and in-solution cyclization. Antibacterial testing revealed 14 pNPs with antibiotic activity, including activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, SNaPP demonstrates the power of combining bioinformatics predictions with chemical synthesis to accelerate the discovery of bioactive molecules.
Naked exclusion by a dominant input supplier: Exclusive contracting and loyalty discounts

Recent literature has shown that an incumbent can use exclusive contracts to maintain supra-competitive prices when buyers of the good are also competitors. Most of the models require the incumbent to completely prevent a more efficient potential entrant from entering, and assume that the entrant is exogenously prevented from making exclusive offers. Such models cannot explain how exclusive arrangements can lower welfare when they do not completely foreclose a small rival, when the rival can make exclusive offers, nor can they identify rudimentary relationships such as how a dominant supplier's size affects his incentive and ability to exclude and lower welfare. I extend the intuition of the literature by formally modeling competition between a dominant input supplier and a small rival selling to competing downstream firms. I show that a dominant supplier can pay downstream firms for exclusivity, allowing him to maintain supra-competitive input prices, even when a small rival that is more efficient at serving some portion of the market can make exclusive offers. I also show that exclusives need not completely exclude the small rival to cause competitive harm. The payment the dominant supplier makes for exclusivity equals the incremental rents that the rival's input could generate if exactly one downstream firm sold final goods using it.
Integration of the Response Surface Methodology with the Compromise Decision Support Problem in Developing a General Robust Design Procedure

In this paper we introduce a comprehensive and rigorous robust design procedure to overcome some limitations of the current approaches. A comprehensive approach is general enough to model the two major types of robust design applications, namely, robust design associated with the minimization of the deviation of performance caused by the deviation of noise factors (uncontrollable parameters), and robust design due to the minimization of the deviation of performance caused by the deviation of control factors (design variables). We achieve mathematical rigor by using, as a foundation, principles from the design of experiments and optimization. Specifically, we integrate the Response Surface Method (RSM) with the compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP). Our approach is especially useful for design problems where there are no closed-form solutions and system performance is computationally expensive to evaluate. The design of a solar powered irrigation system is used as an example. Our focus in this paper is on illustrating our approach rather than on the results per se.
Biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. 18. Free amino acids in spores.

Abstract Pools of free amino acids in spores and vegetative cells were compared. Spores contained a restricted number of free amino acids, in contrast with the wide variety found in vegetative cells. l-Glutamic acid was the predominant component of the amino acid pools of vegetative cells and of spores of several species. Free l-lysine and l-arginine were found in spores of some species. Spore extracts also contained several ninhydrin-reactive compounds which could not be identified with commonly occurring amino acids. The level of free glutamate in spores was not greatly affected by the amount of glutamate in the sporulation medium, and was the same whether sporulation occurred in a simple or a complex medium. The free glutamate in spores was very firmly bound and did not exchange with exogenous glutamate, but it could be released by extraction with water at 100°. During germination, free l-glutamate was released to the medium. A wide variety of free amino acids was generated from endogenous sources during germination, apparently by proteolysis.
The Hungarian pension system in transition

After discussing the evolution of the policy dialogue in Hungary, this report broadly describes the reform of the pay-as-you-go public pension system and its partial privatization as legislated in July 1997. Through a combination of a debt and tax financed transition, the first partial pension privatization in Central Europe is shown to generate increased national savings while placing the pension system on a more sustainable course. The potential positive impact on savings was diminished by politically-motivated compromises. Outstanding issues include problematic features of the second pillar and the reemergence of pay-as-you-go deficits in the long run. This suggests that further reforms, such as raising the retirement age beyond 62, will eventually be required.
Ontology Guided Risk Analysis: From Informal Specifications to Formal Metrics

The level of compliance with security certification requirements is the primary driver of the decision to accredit a software system into operation with an acceptable level of risk. However, given the complexity of current software systems, numerous natural language Certification and Accreditation (C&A) requirements, and ad-hoc processes to assess compliance, this decision is often based on the subjective judgment of the designated officials rather than well-designed metrics and measures. This chapter presents our ongoing research on ontology guided process of building “formal metrics” for understanding risk from the informal specification of security requirements and related evidence collected from the C&A process. The transformation of informal sources (in the problem space) into a representation that supports well-defined metrics (in the solution space) is realized through a combination of knowledge engineering and requirements engineering techniques. Our research outlines a methodological approach for metrics development and understanding using the structured representation of regulatory security requirements in a problem domain ontology. The metrics derived from the domain ontology create a traceable chain of analytical thoughts with software artifacts (e.g. requirements, design, and code). We provide concrete examples for the feasibility of our research findings through its application to a security C&A process and the resulting tool suite.
Structures of the U-snRNAs

The work of our laboratory in 1962 led to the evolution of methods for isolation of nucleoli (Busch and Smetana 1970). In the course of these studies it became apparent that the nucleoli were very complex structures that contained a variety of enzymes, nonhistone proteins, the rDNA and precursors of rRNA. It was not known at that time that in addition to many species of macromolecules involved in ribosome synthesis, nucleoli also contained slowly turning over elements.
Reflectivity and Wavelength-Modulation-Derivative Reflectivity of Pb 1 − x Sn x Te

Reflectivity and wavelength-modulation-derivative-reflectivity spectroscopy have been performed on the alloy series ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ throughout the compositional range $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1$. PbTe and SnTe reflectivities were studied from 0.5 to 21 eV and the ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ alloy reflectivities from 0.5 to 13 eV. Wavelength-modulation-derivative data were obtained from 1.6 to 4.4 eV for all samples studied. Optical constants and characteristic energy-loss functions were obtained through a Kramers-Kronig computation. Line-shape analysis of derivative spectra in conjunction with recent band calculations indicate that saddle-point singularities give rise to the ${E}_{2}$ and ${E}_{3}$ reflectivity peaks. Derivative spectra show additional structure in these spectral regions consistent with theoretical predictions. Observed reflectivity of PbTe and the derived optical constants $n$ and $k$ are compared with the recent calculation of Buss and Parada. Reflectivity peak positions as a function of alloy composition are discussed. Characteristic energy-loss spectra of PbTe and SnTe as found from optical data are in very good agreement with electron energy-loss experiments.
Helping endometrial cancer survivors to live longer - and better

Endometrial cancer survivors are more likely to be obese and to die from co-existing illnesses. Here are at least five ways gynecologists can help them live longer—with a better quality of life.
Construction of Lyapunov functions in robustness analysis with multipliers

Robust control system analysis using a combination of multiplier theory and linear matrix inequality-based convex optimization has received considerable attention recently. The multipliers used in establishing stability are in general noncausal, and the underlying Lyapunov function that proves robust stability is not immediately apparent. Given an affine parametrization of a set of noncausal multipliers that prove robust stability in the presence of diagonal, linear time-invariant, passive uncertainties, we describe an explicit procedure for the construction of the corresponding set of quadratic Lyapunov functions that prove stability of the closed-loop system. >
Otolaryngologic aspects of oral–facial–digital syndrome

Abstract The oral–facial–digital (OFD) syndromes are a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders which have in common the findings of oral abnormalities, facial dysmorphism, and hand/feet malformations. We report the case history of an 18-month-old male with cerebellar cysts, hydrocephalus, tongue hamartomas, and polydactyly. These findings are most consistent with OFD VI. The clinical features of eight different types of OFD are discussed, with particular attention to the characteristics of the most interest to the otolaryngologist.
Parent and Child Effects on Cognitive Performance: An Experimental Approach to the Etiological and Responsive Theories of Schizophrenia†

While many theorists have assumed that the family has an etiological part in the development of schizophrenia, most findings, since they come predominantly from observations after the illness has occurred, could plausibly be interpreted as family responses to the illness. In this experimental study, we constructed artificial families in order to measure independently of each other the effects of parents of schizophrenics on children and the effects of schizophrenic children on parents. Findings from a cognitive task requiring abilities to attend and abstract show that the presence of a schizophrenic child has only minor disruptive effects upon the performance of normal parents; parents of schizophrenics also have little effect upon normal children. Instead, the most consistent effects are those of normal parents on the schizophrenic child. Adolescent schizophrenic patients whose cognitive performance deficit is apparent prior to the experiment show significant improvement after having worked on the cognitive task with normal parents; their cognitive deficit disappears, and their performance is not different from matched normal children. Further investigation will center on the quality of the normal parents' “normalizing” effects.
Statistical challenges with gene expression studies

Studies that include high-throughput data, such as gene expression data, raise unique issues with respect to study design and analysis. At the same time, they should be viewed through the lens (albeit a modified one) of standard scientific approach that involves such issues as specifying objectives (even if the study is mainly hypothesis generating or exploratory), a careful consideration of design, including sample size and replication, deciding whether to include technical replication in addition to biological replication, and ensuring that the methods of analysis are appropriate for the objective.
International long-term care reform: A demographic, economic, and policy overview.

Advanced industrial countries around the world are making or contemplating major reforms of their systems for financing and organizing long-term care for the elderly. The paper describes major reform efforts including: the pursuit of cost efficiencies from further differentiation of the acute and long-term care delivery systems, promotion of home and community-based care alternatives to traditional institutions, and ‘systems integration’ involving consolidation of responsibility for long-term care at one level of government. The paper concludes by discussing the special relevance to the longterm care reform debate in the U.S. of recent British and German decisions to, respectively, decentralize versus centralize responsibility for long-term care.
Academic research in the Latin American context: a review of the empirical literature 1990‐2010

Purpose – The purpose of this literature review is to provide a systematic overview and analysis of the trends and methodological issues of empirical scholarship in the Latin American context.Design/methodology/approach – The publications of a 21‐year period (1990‐2010) were reviewed in 45 business journals; 108 empirical studies were found that utilized a Latin American context.Findings – Country‐specific and research design patterns were identified. This paper discusses how three methodological challenges – language, data collection, and response rates – have evolved in the context of Latin America over a period of two decades.Originality/value – This paper contributes to presenting Latin America as a more tractable empirical context for future qualitative and quantitative scholarship and highlights the feasibility of including this understudied region to test scholars' hypotheses in the developing world.
Engineering systems in the Re_home: A net-zero, solar-powered house for the U.S. Department of Energy's 2011 Solar Decathlon

This paper focuses on the engineering systems designed for a solar-powered, net-zero energy house created for the 2011 Solar Decathlon. The house was built by a group of students and professors from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who were among twenty collegiate teams chosen to compete in the biennial Solar Decathlon competition sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. Detailed information is given about the design choices made while an evaluation of the photovoltaic system installed on the house is presented.
The Obscure Object of Knowledge: German Military Medicine Confronts Gas Gangrene during World War I

Les difficultes du corps medical allemand a diagnostiquer et traiter la gangrene durant la Premiere Guerre Mondiale sont analysees en decrivant les relations entre la recherche medicale conduite durant la guerre et les progres medicaux
Hall Mobility Measurements and Chemical Stability of Ultrathin, Methylated Si(111)-on-Insulator Films

The chemical and electronic properties of 10−20 nm thick, methylated Si(111)-on-insulator (CH3/Si(111)SOI) thin films, prepared using a wet chemical chlorination/methylation procedure, are investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that CH3/Si(111)SOI is resistant to oxidation upon exposure to air and to various device fabrication schemes and associated chemicals. Temperature-dependent Hall mobility measurements yield results that are dependent upon the duration of the chlorination step. For short-time chlorination steps, bulklike mobilities are observed, and the dominant scattering mechanism arises from ionized impurities. For longer time chlorination steps, surface roughness or neutral impurity scattering limit the carrier mobilities.
Phosphonopeptide K-26 biosynthetic intermediates in Astrosporangium hypotensionis

Precursors and advanced intermediates for phosphonopeptide K-26 biosynthesis were synthesized and incorporation studies in Astrosporangium hypotensionis suggest a new mechanism of C-P bond formation in aromatic phosphonates.
Sex Differences in Social Play of Scimitar‐horned Oryx Calves (Oryx dammah)

and Summary Sexual differences in play have been reported for a variety of mammalian species, the majority of which arc polygynous and sexually dimorphic in size. These observed sex diflerences in play have been interpreted by the physical training hypothesis as having evolved to train young differentially for adult roles. This study examined sex differences in play behaviour of a polygynous, but isomorphic, ungulate — the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). 8 calves were studied in captivity at the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center. Mate calves initiated more bouts of social play and used more components of contact and dominance during play than did ♀♀. Age was an important factor in play partner choice, but sex and genetic relatedness were not. Mixed sex play was common, and the duration of play between ♂♂ and ♀♀ was longer than that between ♀♀. The results supported the physical training hypothesis, but suggested that size dimorphism between the sexes was also important in the ontogeny of sex differences in play. Zusammenfassung Von verschiedenen Tieren werden geschlechtsspezifische Spiele beschrieben. Die meisten dieser Tiere sind polygyn und sexuell dimorph. Das fuhrte zu der Hypothese, diese Spiele dienten dam, die Jungen auf ihre verschiedenen Erwachsenen-Rollen vorzubereiten. Hier werden Spiele einer polygynen aber monomorphen Antilope, Oryx dammah, auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede untersucht. 8 Junge (4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀) wurden in Gefangenschaft beobachtet. Mannliche Kalber begannen signifikant mehr Spiele und verwendeten mehr Kontakt– und Dominanzelemente als weibliche. Spielpartner wurden nach dem Alter ausgewahlt, aber nicht nach Geschlecht oder Verwandtschaft. Gemischtes Spielen war ublich und dauerte langer als Spielen allein zwischen weiblichen Kalbern. Grosendimorphismus der Geschlechter scheint wichtig fur die Entwick-lung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede beim Spielen.
Differentially homogeneous differential polynomials

Let X be a differential field (characteristic zero) with a single derivation operator J (if a c Z we also write Ja = a’). Let y., yl, . . . . y~ be n+ 1 differential indeterminates over F and R = F{ y., . . . . yn ] be the differential polynomial ring over F. Finally, let t be a differential indeterminate over R. A differential polynomial (d.p.) P in R is said to be dz~erentially homogeneous (d.h.) of degree d if
Dynamic converter characterization for radar

New surveillance radars require analog-to-digital (A/D) converters that are linear over a large dynamic range for wide instantaneous bandwidth signals. Nonlinearities of the converter cause mainbeam clutter to spread into the clear Doppler region, because of cross modulation and intermodulation between the large clutter and jamming signal components. The present test methods for converters, which are based on sine waves are not adequate because it is difficult to correlate the test results with real-world performance. This paper presents a new test method that employs simulated radar signals to clearly quantify the impact of the A/D converter upon the radar performance under typical operating conditions. This paper describes the new method and the test facility. It also presents results for a 12-bit A/D converter based on the simulated radar signals and compares it with dynamic tests based on sinusoidal testing. The results clearly show that compared to sine wave testing, this method provides more realistic system performance. >
Nitrogen Recycling and Biological Populations in Upwelling Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling has been studied in the upwelling areas of Baja California, Northwest Africa, and Peru. Regeneration by biological populations in these areas contributes significant quantities of recycled nitrogen which is utilized in productivity processes. Each area has a different combination of organisms which leads to differences in the relative contributions of zooplankton, nekton, or benthos to the nutrient cycles. Comparisons of ammonium regeneration rates of zooplankton and nekton-micronekton populations in the three upwelling areas show that zooplankton recycle relatively less nitrogen in the Baja California and Peru systems than nekton. In the Northwest Africa upwelling region, however, zooplankton, fish, and benthic inputs are all substantial. In recent years the Peruvian upwelling system has been altered with the decline of the anchoveta population and an increase in the importance of zooplankton in nutrient recycling. The distribution of recycled nitrogen (ammonium and urea) in transects across the shelf at 10°S and 15°S indicates that regeneration is relatively more important at 10°S in the region of the wide shelf. In both areas the distribution of ammonium and urea are not entirely coincident thereby indicating differences in their production and/or utilization.
Moving beyond message passing. Experiments with a distributed-data model

A message-passing model provides a natural and efficient parallel implementation for many applications in chemical physics on MIMD machines. However, although the distinction between local and non-local memory is at the very heart of writing efficient parallel programs, message passing leaves all responsibility for data management to the applications. This has significant, detrimental implications for both ease of programming and efficient use of shared and distributed resources. Examined here is a simple model which increments message passing with Linda-like tools for the manipulation of distributed-data structures. This is applied to common algorithms in chemical physics.
Variation in offspring sex ratio among individual Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) females of different quality

The Trivers–Willard model predicts that in polygynous species, superior-quality females will maximize their fitness by producing male offspring. Using a sample of 1,780 Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups recorded over 31 years, we investigated relationships between offspring sex ratio and maternal age, reproductive experience, an index of maternal lifetime reproductive output, and annual environmental variations. We found evidence that females with higher index of lifetime reproductive output were more likely to produce male than female offspring but found only weak evidence that large-scale environmental variations influenced sex ratios. Our results suggest that mothers manipulate offspring sex to maximize their own fitness, and inherent maternal quality may influence offspring sex. These findings support the Trivers–Willard sex-allocation model.
Case conference: Assertive training in a case of homosexual pedophilia

A case of homosexual pedophilia of 10 years' duration was seen at a time when his family was disintegrating in consequence of his deviation. At his first session he was trained in thought-stopping in order to diminish his preoccupation with pedophilic fantasies and the anxiety they produced. He then went overseas for a month, during which the thought-stopping proved notably effective. Upon his return, he was schooled in assertive behavior which led, apparently, to an elimination of the interpersonal anxieties which had interfered with normal heterosexual functioning and led to the pedophilia. The patient attained normal social and sexual function in the course of a total of 13 interviews.
Specific Maltose Derivatives Modulate the Swarming Motility of Nonswarming Mutant and Inhibit Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

We have demonstrated that specific synthetic maltose derivatives activate the swarming motility of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa nonswarming mutant (rhlA) at low concentration, but inhibit it at high concentration. Although these molecules are not microbicidal, active maltose derivatives with bulky hydrocarbon groups inhibited bacterial adhesion, and exhibited biofilm inhibition and dispersion (IC50 ~20 μM and DC50 ~30 μM, respectively). Because the swarming motility of the rhlA mutant is abolished by the lack natural rhamnolipids, the swarming activation suggests that maltose derivatives are analogues of rhamnolipids. Together, these results suggest a new approach of controlling multiple bacterial activities (bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and swarming motility) by a set of disaccharide-based molecules.
Charged pion spectra and energy transfer following antiproton annihilation at rest in carbon and uranium

The momentum spectra of charged pions following antiproton annihilation at rest in carbon and uranium have been measured. This information complements our previous measurement of the neutral pion spectra. The total charged pion multiplicity is 2.84±0.10 and 2.47±0.09 for carbon and uranium, respectively, in good agreement with recent INC model predictions of 2.96 and 2.48 for the same quantities. However, structures predicted by the model near 200 MeV/c and 300 MeV/c related to delta-resonance production are not seen in the data. The total energy transfers to the nucleus are calculated to be 119±59 MeV(carbon) and 455±50 MeV(uranium). The possibility of exciting multifragmentation with a¯p beam impinging on heavy nuclei is discussed.
Technical communique: A note on the robustness of high-gain-observer-based controllers to unmodeled actuator and sensor dynamics

It is shown that a nonlinear output feedback stabilizing controller, which combines a globally bounded state feedback controller with a high-gain observer, is robust with respect to unmodeled fast actuator and sensor dynamics. The actuator and sensor dynamics need to be sufficiently fast relative to the dynamics of the nominal closed-loop system under state feedback, but they need not be faster than the observer dynamics.
Disagreements about taste

I argue for the possibility of substantive aesthetic disagreements in which both parties speak truly. The possibility of such disputes undermines an argument mobilized by relativists such as Lasersohn (Linguist Philos 28:643–686, 2005) and MacFarlane (Philos Stud 132:17–31, 2007) against contextualism about aesthetic terminology. In describing the facts of aesthetic disagreement, I distinguish between the intuition of dispute on the one hand and the felicity of denial on the other. Considered separately, neither of those phenomena requires that there be a single proposition asserted by one party to an aesthetic dispute and denied by the other. I suggest instead that many such disputes be analyzed as disputes over the selection or appropriateness of a contextually salient aesthetic standard.
Appropriation and Independence: BTM,Burroughs, and IBM at the Advent of the Computer Industry

Comparisons between the early British and US computer industries invariably have focused on the differential development of the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and IBM. In this article, the author seeks to refocus examination of BTM (and comparisons of it to IBM) within the context of an American competitor somewhat similar in size, customer base, and organizational capabilities in electronics to BTM: Burroughs Corporation. The cases of BTM and Burroughs demonstrate the complexity of coordinating international R&D joint ventures, the struggle to create advanced products in an emerging technology while preserving existing revenue streams, and the cultural and technical hurdles involved in assimilating R&D resources from acquisitions in a rapidly changing technologically based industry.