cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating wetlands for waterfowl in Wyoming

Abstract Over 1500 wetlands have been created in northeast Wyoming as a result of bentonite mining. The potential for future creation is high and many groups are interested in modifying wetland creation during the construction/reclamation stage to improve habitat for waterfowl. We examined a sample of 92 bentonite wetlands for waterfowl use in 1991 and 1992. Our main objective was to relate waterfowl use with variables that could be modified during the construction phase. In general, waterfowl use wetlands that are >1.0 ha in size, located within complexes of >5 wetlands within a 1 km radius, and have abundant emergent and submersed vegetation. Wetlands created through bentonite mining tend to be small (
Ab initio study of GaB3H8 structures

Abstract Several geometries were considered for the most stable form of GaB 3 H 8 . Unlike arachno-2-H 2 GaB 3 H 8 , which is known to adopt the same geometry as the boron hydride B 4 H 10 , the most stable geometry of GaB 3 H 8 has no counterpart in the boron hydrides. The geometry corresponds to a charge-transfer complex between Ga + and B 3 H − 8 . Geometries which correspond to B 4 H 8 boron hydrides are at least 18 kcal/mol higher in energy. The elimination of molecular hydrogen from the known arachno-2-H 2 GaB 3 H 8 isomer is predicted to be endothermic by only 6.4 kcal/mol.
Leakage temperature dependency modeling in system level analysis

As the semiconductor technology continues its marching toward the deep sub-micron domain, the strong relation between leakage current and temperature becomes critical in power-aware and thermal-aware design for electronic systems. Previous circuit-level research results can capture the leakage/temperature dependency accurately, but can be too complex and thus ineffective in high level system design. In this paper, we study a large spectrum of leakage power models that are able to account for the leakage/temperature dependency, and in the meantime, are simple enough and suitable for system level design. We analyze and compare the tradeoff between the complexity and accuracy of these models empirically. Our experimental results strengthen the important role that the leakage power consumption plays in the electronic system design as the transistor size continues to shrink. More importantly, our results highlight the fact that it is vital to take the leakage/temperature and leakage/supply voltage dependency into considerations for high level power and thermal aware system level design.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with disease progression and decreased overall survival in advanced-stage melanoma patients

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are increased in the peripheral blood of advanced-stage cancer patients; however, no studies have shown a correlation of these immunosuppressive cells with clinical outcomes in melanoma patients. We characterized the frequency and suppressive function of multiple subsets of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the peripheral blood of 34 patients with Stage IV melanoma, 20 patients with Stage I melanoma, and 15 healthy donors. The frequency of CD14+ MDSCs (Lin− CD11b+ HLA-DR− CD14+ CD33+) and CD14− MDSCs (Lin− CD11b+ HLA-DR− CD14− CD33+) was increased in the peripheral blood of Stage IV melanoma patients relative to healthy donors. The frequency of CD14+ and CD14− MDSCs correlated with each other and with the increased frequency of regulatory T cells, but not with classically defined monocytes. CD14− MDSCs isolated from the peripheral blood of Stage IV melanoma patients suppressed T cell activation more than those isolated from healthy donors, and the frequency of these cells correlated with disease progression and decreased overall survival. Our study provides the first evidence that the frequency of CD14− MDSCs negatively correlates with clinical outcomes in advanced-stage melanoma patients. These data indicate that suppressive MDSCs should be considered as targets for future immunotherapies.
Weak Protein-Protein Interactions as Probed by NMR Spectroscopy

Weak protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are fundamental to many cellular processes, such as reversible cell-cell contact, rapid enzyme turnover and transient assembly and/or reassembly of large signaling complexes. However, structural and functional characterizations of weak PPIs have been technically challenging and lagged behind those for strong PPIs. Here, we describe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a highly effective tool for unraveling the atomic details of weak PPIs. We highlight the recent advances of how NMR can be used to rapidly detect and structurally determine extremely weak PPIs (K(d)>10(-4)M). Coupled with functional approaches, NMR has the potential to look into a wide variety of biologically important weak PPIs at the detailed molecular level, thereby facilitating a thorough view of how proteins function in living cells.
Does PRISM distort the energy signature of heat-pump houses?

Abstract The behavior of PRISM applied to electrically heated houses with heat pumps is investigated. The nonlinear response of consumption to outside temperature for these houses is shown to lead to systematic distortions in the model parameters. The most important effect is a reduction in τ from the true value, by perhaps 3°C. Nevertheless, the overall model performance remains high. The distortion in the resulting Normalized Annual Consumption (NAC) is minimal (on the order of 1 – 2%) so that the NAC remains a reliable index for measuring saved energy, as it is in electrically heated houses without heat pumps.
Capillary Penetration of Liquid Droplets into Porous Materials

Abstract The behavior of a liquid droplet placed on a porous solid is considered. A model is developed for the infiltration of finitesize liquid droplets into porous materials, including the effects of the instantaneous droplet size on the number of pores in contact with the droplet. Simple analytical solutions are developed for the time dependence of the droplet radius under two limiting case assumptions concerning the kinetic behavior of the droplet as its volume is depleted. The two limiting cases are seen to represent upper and lower limits on the liquid depletion time. Liquid depletion data of silicone liquids on a soda-lime-silicate porous solid are presented and compared with predictions of the models.
Commentary on: "Newborn screening for Krabbe Disease: the New York state model" and "the long-term outcomes of presymptomatic infants transplanted for Krabbe disease. A report of the workshop held on July 11 and 12, 2008, Holiday Valley, New York".

Commentary on: “Newborn screening for Krabbe Disease: the New York state model” and “The long-term outcomes of presymptomatic infants transplanted for Krabbe disease. A report of the workshop held on July 11 and 12, 2008, Holiday Valley, New York”
Using a Goal-Switching Selection Operator in Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Optimization Problems

This paper demonstrates how solution quality for multiobjective optimization problems can be improved by altering the selection phase of a multiobjective genetic algorithm. Rather than the traditional roulette selection used in algorithms like NSGA-II, this paper adds a goal switching technique to the selection operator. Goal switching in this context represents the rotation of the selection operator among a problem’s various objective functions to increase search diversity. This rotation can be specified over a set period of generations, evaluations, CPU time, or other factors defined by the designer. This technique is tested using a set period of generations before switching occurs, with only one objective considered at a time. Two test cases are explored, the first as identified in the Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2009 special session and the second a case study concerning the market-driven design of a MP3 player product line. These problems were chosen because the first test case’s Pareto frontier is continuous and concave while being relatively easy to find. The second Pareto frontier is more difficult to obtain and the problem’s design space is significantly more complex. Selection operators of roulette and roulette with goal switching were tested with 3 to 7 design variables for the CEC 09 problem, and 81 design variables for the MP3 player problem. Results show that goal switching improves the number of Pareto frontier points found and can also lead to improvements in hypervolume and/or mean time to convergence.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
THYROID STORM PRECIPITATED BY TRAUMA

A 21-year-old woman presented to the emergency department complaining of head, neck, and abdominal pain after being assaulted. She denied a previous history or significant symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The physical examination was remarkable for lethargy, low-grade fever, tachycardia, facial abrasions, swelling of the anterior neck, and a tremor. A diagnosis of thyroid storm was made. An extensive work up excluded other causes of the patient's tachycardia, altered mental status, and neck swelling. A review of the clinical features and management of thyroid storm is presented. Relatively minor trauma can be a precipitating event for thyroid storm.
Stress corrosion cracking (caustic embrittlement) of super heater tubes

Abstract After two years of non-continuous service of three boilers, weld seams for the super heater and header tubes showed severe circumferential cracking and failure. Extensive cracking was noticed after emergency shutdown to investigate the cause of tubes leakage. On-site investigation revealed the fact that tubes were suffered from extensive circumferential cracking initiated at the weld heat affected zone (HAZ) area. Over the cracked area thick crystalline white deposit was visible. The analysis using X-ray diffraction revealed that the white deposits compose mainly of sodium carbonate (nitrite) which resulted from the oxidation of caustic soda. Little amount of burkeite and thermonarite were also detected. Detailed investigation such as the visual, microscopic and metallographic examination revealed the fact that circumferential cracks were initiated at the heat-affected zone and propagated through the grain boundaries (intergranular). However, at and adjacent to the weld seams the fracture was not intergranular (quasi-cleavage) owing to the non-granular martensitic structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirms the finding that the fracture morphology was mainly intergranular at the parent metal and quasi-cleavage around the weld seams. All the above mentioned findings confirm that the cracking of boiler tubes was mainly by caustic embrittlement owing to the high concentration of caustic soda.
Funded Research of Faculty at 2-Year Institutions by Geographic Locations and Funding Sources

Little is known about how faculty at 2-year institutions secure grants. Although the mission of community colleges focuses more on teaching than research, many of the faculty desire to pursue grants and some actually engage in this activity. The purpose of this research was to better understand faculty at 2-year institutions regarding several issues: (a) the faculty profile for those who are securing grants, (b) the organization of their funding sources, and (c) the geographical area in which the faculty reside. The faculty in this study were located in 7 geographical areas and received funds from 7 different funding sources.
Analytic statistical model for magneto-optic read paths

Analytic Statistical Model for Magneto-Optic Read PathsJ.M. ZavislanIBM Research Division IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, CA 95120AbstractAn analytic model of signal strength and common—mode rejection ratio is developed for a magneto-opticdifferential detection channel. The model analytically maps component error probability densities into prob-ability densities of signal and common-mode rejection ratio. This model applies to optical heads with linearand circular polarized read paths and computes assembly tolerances using simple formulas rather than usingMonte-Carlo simulations.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of human immunodeficiency virus fusion peptides associated with host-cell-like membranes: 2D correlation spectra and distance measurements support a fully extended conformation and models for specific antiparallel strand registries.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is "enveloped" by a membrane, and infection of a host cell begins with fusion between viral and target cell membranes. Fusion is catalyzed by the HIV gp41 protein which contains a functionally critical ∼20-residue apolar "fusion peptide" (HFP) that associates with target cell membranes. In this study, chemically synthesized HFPs were associated with host-cell-like membranes and had "scatter-uniform" labeling (SUL), that is, only one residue of each amino acid type was U- 13 C, 15 N labeled. For the first sixteen HFP residues, an unambiguous 13 C chemical shift assignment was derived from 2D 13 C/ 13 C correlation spectra with short mixing times, and the shifts were consistent with continuous � -strand conformation. 13 C- 13 C contacts between residues on adjacent strands were derived from correlation spectra with long mixing times and suggested close proximity of the following residues: Ala-6/Gly-10, Ala-6/Phe-11, and Ile-4/Gly-13. Specific antiparallel � -strand registries were further tested using a set of HFPs that were 13 CO-labeled at Ala-14 and 15 N-labeled at either Val-2, Gly-3, Ile-4, or Gly-5. The solid-state NMR data were fit with 50-60% population of antiparallel HFP with either Ala- 14/Gly-3 or Ala-14/Ile-4 registries and 40-50% population of structures not specified by the NMR experiments. The first two registries correlated with intermolecular hydrogen bonding of 15-16 apolar N-terminal residues and this hydrogen-bonding pattern would be consistent with a predominant location of these residues in the hydrophobic membrane interior. To our knowledge, these results provide the first residue-specific structural models for membrane-associated HFP in its � -strand conformation.
Pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: Application to the investigational opioid trefentanil

Objective We determined the possible benefits of a new opioid, trefentanil, relative to fentanyl and alfentanil using high-resolution pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and computer simulations of clinical dosing scenarios. Methods First, we determined in nine volunteers the electroencephalographic (EEG) effects and the trefentanil infusion rate that gave maximal EEG changes in 3 to 10 minutes. Then, in a crossover fashion in five volunteers, we compared the pharmacokinetics and EEG pharmacodynamics of trefentanil with fentanyl and alfentanil. Finally, we used computer simulations to predict offset of opioid effects of trefentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil when given in different dosing schemes. Results The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of trefentanil was similar to alfentanil, except for a higher elimination clearance. Trefentanil versus alfentanil pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: Elimination clearance, 0.444 ± 0.073 versus 0.184 ± 0.031 L/min; steady-state distribution volume, 37 ± 7 versus 23 ± 3 L; and elimination half-life, 127 ± 24 versus 114 ± 19 minutes. Trefentanil versus alfentanil pharmacodynamics were as follows: the equilibration half-time between EEG effect and arterial drug concentration, 1.2 ± 0.5 versus 0.6 ± 0.4 minutes; and the concentration resulting in 50% of maximal EEG effect, 429 ±313 versus 577 ± 273 ng/ml. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of fentanyl was significantly different from trefentanil and alfentanil. Simulation of effect compartment concentration decay curves after variable-length infusions predicted more rapid recovery from trefentanil than from alfentanil or fentanyl. Conclusion We suggest that high-resolution pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies and computer simulations of clinical dosing scenarios may have significant usefulness in appreciating differences between new and established drugs in early phase I studies. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 56, 261–271; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.136
Search for charm particle production in π−p interactions at 15.4 GeV/c

Abstract We report on a search for associated charm production in the reaction π−p→D− + Λc at 15.4 GeV/c in an experiment carried out at the Brookhaven Multiparticle Spectrometer. Upper limits on σB2 of ∼1 μb are established for the various decay channels.
Metamorphic optoelectronic integrated circuits

As the required operational bandwidth of photoreceivers is increased, it becomes desirable to monolithically integrate photodiodes and transistors in order to optimize performance and enhance yield. In this paper we describe our demonstration of material and process capabilities which allow us to integrate high electron mobility transistors and 1.55 /spl mu/m PIN photodiodes on one substrate. The demonstration vehicles used for this are a DC-45 GHz traveling wave amplifier and a photodiode with 12 /spl mu/m optical windows. Measured results of three interconnection approaches (standard attenuator, optimized lossy match, buffer amplifier) are described.
PCA vs. tensor-based dimension reduction methods: An empirical comparison on active shape models of organs

How to model shape variations plays an important role in active shape models that is widely used in model-based medical image segmentation, and principal component analysis is a common approach for this task. Recently, different tensor-based dimension reduction methods have been proposed and have achieved better performances than PCA in face recognition. However, how they perform in modeling 3D shape variations of organs in terms of reconstruction errors in medical image analysis is still unclear. In this paper, we propose to use tensor-based dimension reduction methods to model shape variations. We empirically compare two-dimensional principal component analysis, the parallel factor model and the Tucker decomposition with PCA in terms of the reconstruction errors. From our experimental results on several different organs such as livers, spleens and kidneys, 2DPCA performs best among the four compared methods, and the performance differences between 2DPCA and the other methods are statistically significant.
THE ROLE OF SYNTAX IN INFORMATION EXTRACTION

Our group at New York University has developed a number of information extraction systems over the past decade. In particular, we have been participants in the Message Understanding Conferences (MUCs) since MUC-1. During this time, while experimenting with many aspects of system design, we have retained a basic approach in which information extraction involves a phase of full syntactic analysis, followed by a semantic analysis of the syntactic structure [2]. Because we have a good, broad-coverage English grammar and a moderately effective method for recovering from parse failures, this approach held us in fairly good stead.
Physical and Sexual Abuse Among Women and Men with Substance Use Disorders

Abstract This study focuses on the association of physical and sexual abuse with psychological symptoms and associated functioning among substance use disorder (SUD) patients and whether patient gender moderates these associations. A total of 24,959 treatment seeking patients who had SUDs were assessed with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) as part of a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) initiative to evaluate the quality of VA mental health treatment. A high proportion of SUD patients had trauma histories and women experienced more sexual victimization and more dual abuse (both physical and sexual abuse) than men. Abuse history was associated with more problems across ASI domains, which include alcohol, drug, psychiatric, medical, social/family, legal, and employment problems. In addition, abuse was related to receiving comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, including affective, anxiety, and psychotic disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Patient gender emerged as a moderator of several of these assoc...
Biosecurity on a Multiple-Age Egg Production Complex: A 15-Year Experience

SUMMARY. A multiple-age egg production farm was conceived, designed, constructed, and managed with the goal of blocking the introduction of preventable poultry diseases and infestations. Fifteen years after conception and 13 years after housing the first hens, the 4 million-hen farm remains free of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, infectious laryngotracheitis, and Ornithonyssus sylviarum. Annual savings in vaccine use exceed the estimated annual costs of the biosecurity program. The cumulative design, construction, and operation of this farm are a successful demonstration of practical, effective biosecurity on a commercial poultry farm.
Systemic Hypotheses for Generalized Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: A New Take on An Old Problem

The schizophrenia research community, including government, industry, and academia, has made development of procognitive treatment strategies a priority. Much current research is directed at dividing broad impairments in cognition into more delineated components that might correspond to relatively specific neural systems and serve as targets for intervention. Sometimes overlooked in this ambitious agenda is the substantial neuropsychological literature that signals a more broadly generalized dysfunction in higher order cognitive functions in this illness. In this article, we argue that a generalized cognitive deficit is at the core of the disorder, is not a methodological artifact, and deserves more focused consideration from cognitive specialists in the field. Further, we weigh evidence that this broad deficit may have systemic biological underpinnings. At the level of the central nervous system, examples of findings that might help to account for broad cognitive impairment include gray and white matter irregularities, poor signal integration by neurons and neural networks, and abnormalities in glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission. Other, more speculative hypotheses focus on even broader somatic systems, including energy metabolism and inflammatory processes. Treatment implications of systemic conceptualizations of schizophrenia are also considered.
Stability analysis for singular non-Abelian magnetic monopoles

Abstract The Dirac magnetic monopole potential g A(r) = (g/4π)( r ×^n )(r− r· n ) −1 is a stable solution to the Abelian Maxwell equations. The simple generalization A = M A is a solution to the classical non-Abelian generalized Yang-Mills equations, where M is a matrix in the Lie algebra G of the gauge group. In this paper, the stability problem for these non-Abelian monopoles is posed and solved. Although A is essentially Abelian in that A × A = 0 , the stability analysis is non-trivial because it involves the full non-Abelian structure of the theory. It is first shown that the potential A leads to a rotationally invariant classical theory only if the quantization condition g β = 1 2 n β (g β = eigenvalue of M /4π; n β = integer = 0, ±1, ±2,…; 0⩽β⩽ dim G ; gauge field coupling constant = e = 1) is satisfied. (In contrast, the Abelian Dirac quantization condition g/4π = 1 2 n is necessary only in quantum mechanics.) The stability analysis is performed by solving the linearized equations for the perturned potentials A (r) + a (r , t) . Thus the existence of a solution a (r ,t) which grows exponentially in time t is equivalent to the instability of A . Using a convenient choice for the basis of G , and the background gauge condition, the equation for the Fourier transform ψ( r ,ω) of a is seen to be equivalent to the Schrodinger equation for a particle of unit spin, unit charge and unit anamolous magnetic moment moving in the potential 4πg β A . This equation is separated using the Wu-Yang monopole harmonics, generalized to include unit spin. The radial equation is then solved in terms of the eigenvalues of an operator related to the spin and orbital angular momentum operators. The result is that A is stable if and only if each integer n β is either 0 or ±1. The monopoles with |g β | 1 2 are thus unstable and therefore have no quantum-mechanical significance. This conclusion is used to speculate about the empirical absence of monopoles, the stability of the non-singular ('t Hooft-Polyakov) monopoles, and the existence of magnetic confinement.
Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia-Reply

—Several interesting comments about the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia that I presented have been raised in the above letters. I agree with Dr King's impression that the neurodevelopmental model discussed for adult-onset schizophrenia does not readily lend itself to childhood cases. However, even in adult-onset central nervous system disorders of better-known cause (eg, Huntington's disease), the existence of childhood cases is not easily understood. Dr King enumerates some of the critical questions for childhood schizophrenia: is it a matter of the severity of the pathologic process, of genetic load, of biologic and/or nonbiologic compensatory factors, or is it a different illness? There are few scientific data at the present time to guide further speculation about these questions. His assertion that the "coming of age" of neural systems implicated in schizophrenia is not a necessary prerequisite for the development of the syndrome may be true, but maturation is probably not
Visibility as a factor in the copepod-planktivorous fish relationship

The question we treat in this contribution is whether or not planktivorous fish can use the motion pattern of planktonic copepods to distinguish these animals from other suspended particles in the water. A targeted overview of the predator-prey relationship is followed by a first report of experiments performed in our laboratory where fish selected between two virtual targets on a TV screen, each target showing a different swimming pattern. The results suggest that fish can perceive temporal visual patterns and select their preferred target after two to ten seconds observing the two moving targets. Implications of these preliminary results are discussed and hypotheses for further research formulated.
Alterations in connexin 43 phosphorylation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease: Possible role of astrocytic calcineurin

mouse model that early microglial alternative activation around amyloid plaques showed neuroprotective capabilities, however at later stages the inter-plaque activated microglial displayed a classic phenotype with pro-inflammatory cytokine release that could contribute to neuronal demise. A better understanding of microglial phenotype at the various stages of AD in human brain is still required. Methods: RT-PCR, western blots and immunostaining were performed in non-demented controls and clinically diagnosed mild (Braak II) to severe (Braak V-VI) AD cases. Results: As expected, our molecular and cellular data demonstrated the existence of a neuroinflammatory process even at early Braak stages. However, the active microglial cells in Braak II samples displayed a preferential alternative phenotype. On the contrary, Braak Vand/or VI samples displayed the classic microglial activation state, characterized by the expression of cytotoxic TNF-alpha and FAS-L. In the same Braak V/VI samples, we also observed a consistent reduction in the expression of death receptor antagonists (FLIP-L, FAIM-L and Life Guard). Also as expected from previous results, we have found a significant increase in the presence of CD3 positive cells in AD samples. Noteworthy, these CD3 positive lymphocytes were polarized to a Th1 stage. Conclusions: These data were consistent with the possible implication of the classic microglial activation on the neurodegenerative process of AD. Also, the presence of different oligomeric Abeta forms could trigger these classic microglial response.
Microstructural evolution during ion beam assisted Deposition

The advantages of energetic deposition are low temperature processing, oriented or single crystal films, high phase purity, high density and good adhesion to substrates. The time and spatial scales over which the atoms arrange themselves on a surface are not easy accessed experimentally. Therefore, these advantages are customarily verified by ex-situ examination of films after deposition is complete, which gives little information on atomic scale processes that lead to the listed advantages. The addition of energy to the deposition flux effects surface processes that are otherwise only controllable by changing the substrate temperature. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which energetic atoms alter surface processes in analogy with thermal effects is of paramount interest for optimization of the deposition parameters. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the effects of energetic ions on film formation. For high quality, defect free films, the energy must be controlled in the energy region of 5 eV to 30 eV. Below about 5 eV, the energy is ineffective for changing the physical processes, and above about 30 eV, defects are added to the film by displacement damage that cannot anneal out due to low temperature of the deposition. Models for the composition and chemistry of films energetically deposited are progressing well, while models for prediction of the phases that form are almost nonexistent. Molecular dynamics provide the best information, but only a handful of cases have been simulated.
Solving modal equivalences

Nonmonotonic logics such as reflective logic, default logic, and autoepistemic logic, are usually defined in terms of set-theoretic fixedpoint equations defined over deductively closed sets of sentences of first order logic. Such systems may also be represented as necessary equivalences in a modal logic stronger than S5 with the added advantages that such representations may be generalized to allow quantified variables crossing modal scopes whereby both the Barcan formula and its converse hold. Herein, we discuss the problem of solving such necessary equivalences. Methods for solving equations and subsidiary methods for deducing what is logically possible are discussed. Solutions obtained by this method are then compared to related results obtained in the literature by circumscription in 2/sup nd/ order logic since the disjunction of all the solutions of a necessary equivalences containing just normal defaults is equivalent to circumscription in 2/sup nd/ order logic.
Study of spectrum usage and potential interference to passive remote sensing activities in the 4.5 cm and 21 cm bands

The increasing usage of radio spectrum in both frequency and power, coupled with the vulnerability of passive remote sensing systems to interference, necessitates a better understanding of the existing and predicted usage of the spectral environment. A Radio Spectrum Evaluation System (RSES) has been developed which provides coverage from 400 MHz to 7.2 GHz and offers the capability to observe and analyze spectral usage in multiple dimensions: frequency, power, location space, azimuth, polarization and time. Since passive radiometry can suffer interference at extremely low power levels, this system's sensitivity has been enhanced by reducing intermodulation distortion and thermal noise. A study of the radio frequency usage in and adjacent to the remote sensing bands at 4.5 cm and 21 cm was undertaken to determine current usage levels and characteristics. These bands are of interest to instruments such as NPOESS/CMIS and ESA/SMOS. While this study was performed in an urban area, additional studies are measuring spectrum usage in suburban and rural environments to assist in predicting future spectral usage and characteristics
Work and Family Life: Findings From International Research and Suggestions for Future Study

Studies focusing on interface between work and family life have increased over the past decade. Many of these studies advanced our understanding on the intricate work/family relationships that exist in the United States. This year, 1994, is the United Nation's International Year of the Family. In observance of this special year, this article discusses dominant perspectives on work and family in the United States and suggests the ways to refine our views by reviewing comparative research and studies conducted in other countries on work and family life. I offer recommendations for further international and comparative research and encourage family scholars to expand their views on work and family by considering more global perspectives.
Coexpression of complementary fragments of ClC-5 and restoration of chloride channel function in a Dent's disease mutation.

The human hereditary disorder Dent's disease is linked to loss-of-function mutations of the chloride channel ClC-5. Many of these mutations involve insertion of premature stop codons, resulting in ...
Structure of the reovirus core at 3.6?Å resolution

The reovirus core is an assembly with a relative molecular mass of 52 million that synthesizes, modifies and exports viral messenger RNA. Analysis of its structure by X-ray crystallography shows that there are alternative, specific and completely non-equivalent contacts made by several surfaces of two of its proteins; that the RNA capping and export apparatus is a hollow cylinder, which probably sequesters its substrate to ensure completion of the capping reactions; that the genomic double-stranded RNA is coiled into concentric layers within the particle; and that there is a protein shell that appears to be common to all groups of double-stranded RNA viruses.
Human Cytomegalovirus US7 Is Regulated Synergistically by Two Virally Encoded MicroRNAs and by Two Distinct Mechanisms

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes at least 14 microRNAs (miRNAs) that act posttranscriptionally to repress gene expression. Although several HCMV miRNA targets of both cellular and viral origin have been identified, our knowledge of their function remains limited. HCMV miRNA targets, as well as phenotypes associated with HCMV miRNA mutants, have been difficult to identify since the downregulation of targets by a single miRNA is often less than 2-fold. Several factors can contribute to the strength of repression, including the mechanism of translational inhibition, the degree of complementarity between the miRNA and target mRNA, the number of binding sites for one miRNA, and cooperativity or antagonism between miRNAs. To determine the effect of multiple miRNAs on one gene, we examined the repression of a viral gene, US7. Here we demonstrate that the HCMV-encoded miRNAs miR-US5-1 and miR-US5-2 function in a highly synergistic manner to regulate US7, even at very low miRNA concentrations. Regulation of US7 involves three functional miRNA binding sites: two that are completely complementary to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) and one that is imperfectly matched. Surprisingly, we observed equal contributions to inhibition from both complete and partially complementary sites, and repression was not completely abrogated until all three sites were mutated simultaneously. We also observed that the miRNA binding sites did not follow the spacing constraints for corepressive miRNAs observed in earlier reports. These results underscore the importance of evaluating the contribution of multiple miRNAs on gene regulation and shed new insight into miRNA:mRNA interactions.
TouchDevelop: programming cloud-connected mobile devices via touchscreen

The world is experiencing a technology shift. In 2011, more touchscreen-based mobile devices like smartphones and tablets will be sold than desktops, laptops, and netbooks combined. In fact, in many cases incredibly powerful and easy-to-use smart phones are going to be the first and, in less developed countries, possibly the only computing devices which virtually all people will own, and carry with them at all times. Furthermore, mobile devices do not only have touchscreens, but they are also equipped with a multitude of sensors, such as location information and acceleration, and they are always connected to the cloud. TouchDevelop is a novel application creation environment for anyone to script their smartphones anywhere -- you do not need a separate PC. TouchDevelop allows you to develop mobile device applications that can access your data, your media, your sensors and allows using cloud services including storage, computing, and social networks. TouchDevelop targets students, and hobbyists, not necessarily the professional developer. Typical TouchDevelop applications are written for fun, or for personalizing the phone.TouchDevelop's typed, structured programming language is built around the idea of only using a touchscreen as the input device to author code. It has built-in primitives which make it easy to access the rich sensor data available on a mobile device. In our vision, the state of the program is automatically distributed between mobile clients and the cloud, with automatic synchronization of data and execution between clients and cloud, liberating the programmer from worrying (or even having to know about) the details. We report on our experience with our first prototype implementation for the Windows Phone 7 platform, which already realizes a large portion of our vision. It is available on the Windows Phone Marketplace.
Combining Historical Biogeography with Niche Modeling in the Caprifolium Clade of Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacales)

The Lonicera clade Caprifolium contains approximately 25 species distributed around the Northern Hemisphere, including in the Mediterranean climates of California and Europe. We sequenced the second intron of LFY to help resolve relationships within the clade where the internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast markers had previously failed to do so. Divergence time estimation and biogeographic analyses over the posterior distribution of dated trees suggest that a widespread ancestor was distributed across the Northern Hemisphere some 7-17 million years ago. Asian species form a sister group to a clade in which the European species are sister to the North American species. We use climatic niche modeling and divergence time estimates to explore the evolution of climate variables in the group. Principal component analyses help to identify instances of convergence, especially between distantly related species in the Mediterranean basin and in the chaparral of California. We document several cases of significant divergence between sister species in eastern North America and western North America. Climatic models were projected from one continent into the others (e.g., North American species projected into Asia and Europe) to examine whether species living in these areas occupy similar climates. This study demonstrates the utility of combining niche modeling with historical biogeographic analyses and documents significant climatic niche evolution within a group of species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. These results suggest a possible model for the origin of the Madrean-Tethyan disjunction pattern.
Bayesian selection of log-linear models

A general methodology is presented for finding suitable Poisson log-linear models with applications to multiway contingency tables. Mixtures of multivariate normal distributions are used to model prior opinion when a subset of the regression vector is believed to be nonzero. This prior distribution is studied for two- and three-way contingency tables, in which the regression coefficients are interpretable in terms of odds ratios in the table. Efficient and accurate schemes are proposed for calculating the posterior model probabilities. The methods are illustrated for a large number of two-way simulated tables and for two three-way tables. These methods appear to be useful in selecting the best log-linear model and in estimating parameters of interest that reflect uncertainty in the true model. Nous presentons une methodologie generale pour trouver des modeles logarithmiques lineaires Poisson comportant des applications aux tableaux de contingence a entrees multiples. Nous utilisons des melanges de distributions normales a plusieurs variables pour modeliser l'opinion a priori lorsqu'un sous-ensemble du vecteur de regression est considere different de zero. Nous etudions cette distribution a priori pour les tableaux de contingence a deux et trois entrees, dans lesquels les coefficients de regression peuvent etre interpretes en termes de rapports impairsdans le tableau. Nous proposons des schemes efficaces et precis pour calculer les probabilites du modele a posteriori. Nous illustrons les methodes dans un grand nombre de tableaux simules B deux entrees et dans deux tableaux a trois entrees. Ces methodes semblent etre utiles lors de la selection du meilleur modele logarithmique lineaire et lors de l'estimation de parametres d'interet qui refletent l'incertitude inherente au vrai modele.
Activation Domain-Specific and General Transcription Stimulation by Native Histone Acetyltransferase Complexes

Recent progress in identifying the catalytic subunits of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes has implicated histone acetylation in the regulation of transcription. Here, we have analyzed the function of two native yeast HAT complexes, SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase) and NuA4 (nucleosome acetyltransferase of H4), in activating transcription from preassembled nucleosomal array templates in vitro. Each complex was tested for the ability to enhance transcription driven by GAL4 derivatives containing either acidic, glutamine-rich, or proline-rich activation domains. On nucleosomal array templates, the SAGA complex selectively stimulates transcription driven by the VP16 acidic activation domain in an acetyl coenzyme A-dependent manner. In contrast, the NuA4 complex facilitates transcription mediated by any of the activation domains tested if allowed to preacetylate the nucleosomal template, indicating a general stimulatory effect of histone H4 acetylation. However, when the extent of acetylation by NuA4 is limited, the complex also preferentially stimulates VP16-driven transcription. SAGA and NuA4 interact directly with the VP16 activation domain but not with a glutamine-rich or proline-rich activation domain. These data suggest that recruitment of the SAGA and NuA4 HAT complexes by the VP16 activation domain contributes to HAT-dependent activation. In addition, extensive H4/H2B acetylation by NuA4 leads to a general activation of transcription, which is independent of activator-NuA4 interactions.
Antidepressants in the Medically Ill: Prediction of Benefits

Although depression secondary to medical illness occurs frequently, little is known about its response to conventional antidepressant therapy. In this retrospective study of 50 patients, the authors assessed the charted therapeutic effect of antidepressants and sought to define pretreatment features associated with good outcome. Half (9/18) of the patients with a previous history of depression improved while only 22% (7/32) of the patients without a previous history of depression showed improvement in mood. Those patients meeting DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder were no more likely to benefit from antidepressants than were patients meeting criteria for adjustment disorder with depressed mood. The authors conclude that previous history of depression should be considered when assessing risks and benefits for antidepressants for medically ill patients with depressive syndromes.
Predictive channel reservation for handoff prioritization in wireless cellular networks

In wireless cellular networks, a roaming mobile station (MS) is expected to move from one cell to another. In order to ensure that ongoing calls are not dropped while the owner mobile stations roam among cells, handoff calls may be admitted with a higher priority than newly generated calls. Predictive channel reservation (or pre-reservation) schemes allow the reservation of a channel for an ongoing call in an adjacent cell before its owner MS moves into that cell, so that the call is sustained when the MS moves into the adjacent cell. Pre-reservations are made when the MS is within some distance of the new cell boundary. This distance determines the area in which the MS can make channel reservations. In this paper, we study the effect of the pre-reservation area size on handoff performance in wireless cellular networks. Our studies show that if the reserved channels are strictly mapped to the MSs that made the corresponding reservations, as we increase the pre-reservation area size, the system performance (in terms of the probability that the handoff calls are dropped) improves initially. However, beyond a certain point, the performance begins to degrade due to a large number of false reservations. The optimal pre-reservation area size is closely related to the traffic load of the network and the MSs' mobility pattern (moving speed). We provide an analytical formulation that furthers understanding with regard to the perceived behavior in one-dimensional networks (in which all cells are along a line). With the objective of improving handoff performance and alleviating this sensitivity to the area size, we propose an adaptive channel pre-reservation scheme. Unlike prior pre-reservation methods, the key idea in our scheme is to send a channel pre-reservation request for a possible handoff call to a neighboring cell not only based on the position and orientation of the owner MS, but also as per its speed towards the target cell. The newly proposed scheme uses GPS measurements to determine when channel pre-reservation requests are to be made. Simulation results show that the adaptive channel pre-reservation scheme performs better in all typical scenarios than a previously proposed popular pre-reservation method that does not take mobility into account.
Obesity Stresses Cardiac Mitochondria Even When You Are Young

Obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure. Although the mechanisms are multifactorial and include increased coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease, increased hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea, there is growing evidence that intrinsic defects
The Reconceptualization of Legislative History in the Supreme Court

In 1995, the Supreme Court began to embrace a approach to interpreting Congressional intent. From that year forward, the Breyers-Stevens model of legislative history, or "institutional legislative history," has seen significant success, emerging in the shadows of the success Justice Scalia's enjoyed while promoting his brand of textualism in the early 1990s. In developing a new way to view Congressional intent, Justices Breyers and Stevens synthesize information gathered from congressional report details, preferably attached to bill drafting choices, thereby renouncing Scalia's reliance on the purposes espoused by the Congressional majority. This new approach, the author contends, rejuvenated the court's approach to legislative history, offering a superior and more holistic approach toward uncovering Congressional intent.This article, in seeking to illustrate why "institutional legislative history" has enjoyed significant success in the Court, traces the developments in the early 1990s that led to the Court's shift from textualism to Justices Breyers and Stevens's conceptualization. By examining seventeen recent opinions, the author uncovers the philosophical and political theories compelling the Court's decisions before asking important questions about their continued viability.