cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eldercaring employees: an agenda for employers.

The aging of the U.S. society and the growth in female labor force participation have produced a workplace environment in which eldercare is becoming common. In the context of the employed caregiver, this article reviews the nature of long-term caregiving arrangements, including the onset of long-term care need, the trajectory that such care takes and the means by which most long-term care needs are met. Six specific recommendations are offered for employers to proactively plan for the impact of eldercare in the workplace.
Fundamental Solutions for Two-Point Boundary Value Problems in Orbital Mechanics

We consider a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP) in orbital mechanics involving a small body (e.g., a spacecraft or asteroid) and N larger bodies. The least action principle TPBVP formulation is converted into an initial value problem via the addition of an appropriate terminal cost to the action functional. The latter formulation is used to obtain a fundamental solution, which may be used to solve the TPBVP for a variety of boundary conditions within a certain class. In particular, the method of convex duality allows one to interpret the least action principle as a differential game, where an opposing player maximizes over an indexed set of quadratics to yield the gravitational potential. In the case where the time duration is less than a specific bound, there exists a unique critical point for the resulting differential game, which yields the fundamental solution given in terms of the solutions of associated Riccati equations.
Moving toward ‘common’ use of the marmoset as a non-human primate aging model

No abstract available. (Published: 22 July 2016) Citation: Pathobiology of Aging & Age-related Diseases 2016, 6 : 32758 -http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/pba.v6.32758
A case study using the Discipline with a clinical team.

SUMMARY Health care delivery in hospitals and clinics promotes an interdisciplinary team approach. This article presents the use of The Discipline though the involvements of the chaplain as part of the Infectious Disease team as together they addressed the inherent spirituality of one HIV/AIDS patient. This narrative recounts the unfolding events of the patient's life and describes the use of The Discipline during a very difficult time period for the patient and the staff. The experience can serve as a model for other health care teams who must manage difficult, deteriorating patients.
Chemically mediated sexual behavior of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis

The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is an invasive pest species responsible for serious economic and ecological damage on the Pacific island of Guam, including the extirpation or extinction of...
Abstract: Exploring the Dark Side of Relationship Marketing, A Systematic Review and Implications

The nature of firm relationships continues to be evolutionary and dynamic. While most of the extant research focuses on the positive side of relationship marketing and the corresponding benefits to the firm, some research highlights the dark side of relationship marketing. The different phases of relationships require activities that are prone to different forms of relationship-destroying behaviors. This research, through a systematic review, (1) explores relationship-destroying behaviors in the context of the acquisition, development, and maintenance of relationships with customers and (2) identifies specific kinds of relationship-destroying behaviors and the corresponding antecedents and consequences. We hope that this systematic review acts as a catalyst for researchers’ attention to the dark side of relationship marketing.
Interaction of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals with Organic Matter in Natural Particles

This lecture will review sorption to organic substances in soils and sediments including natural organic matter (NOM) and black carbon (BC) materials. In it I will discuss molecular-level interactions separately from the point of view of the sorbing molecule and the sorbent matrix.
CHA2DS2-VASc Score: A Predictor of Thromboembolic Events and Mortality in Patients With an Implantable Monitoring Device Without Atrial Fibrillation

Abstract Objective To determine if the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category) predicts thromboembolism and death in patients without atrial fibrillation in a population with implantable cardiac monitoring devices. Patients and Methods A retrospective review utilizing the Rochester Epidemiology Project research infrastructure was conducted to evaluate the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc tool as a predictor of mortality and ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or systemic embolism in patients without atrial fibrillation. An implantable device was required in the inclusion criteria to discern the absence of atrial fibrillation. The study period was January 1, 2004, through March 7, 2016. Results The study population (N=1606) had a mean (SD) age of 69.8 (12.6) years and median follow-up of 4.8 years (range, 0-12 years; quartile 1, 2.6 years and quartile 3, 8.1 years). The number of thromboembolic and mortality events stratified by CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score groupings of 0 to 2 (399 patients), 3 to 5 (756 patients), and 6 to 9 (451 patients) were 12 (3.0%), 109 (14.4%), and 123 (27.3%) and 22 (5.5%), 205 (27.1%), and 214 (47.4%), respectively. The CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score predicted thromboembolism and death. The hazard ratios (HRs) for thromboembolic events for CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc scores 3 to 5 and 6 to 9 were 4.84 (95% CI, 2.66-8.80) and 10.53 (95% CI, 5.77-19.21) (reference group, scores 0-2). The HRs for death for the corresponding score categories were 4.45 (95% CI, 2.86-6.91) and 8.18 (95% CI, 5.23-12.78). The CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score also predicted development of atrial fibrillation, for which the HRs for scores 3 to 5 and 6 to 9 were 1.51 (95% CI, 1.13-2.00) and 2.17 (95% CI, 1.60-2.95). Conclusion The CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc tool predicts thromboembolic events and overall mortality in patients without atrial fibrillation who have implantable devices.
Background for Teacher Education Program Evaluation

The need for improved evaluation of teacher education programs has been well documented over the past two decades. In the past five years, most states have mandated substantial reforms in teacher education programs. These reforms have included: strengthening the general (liberal arts) education for prospective teachers, developing of five year programs leading to initial licensure, developing alternative routes to licensure for liberal arts graduates, and developing and implementing total field base programs operated within a school district.
Microfilarial reduction following ProHeart® 6 and ProHeart® SR-12 treatment in dogs experimentally inoculated with a resistant isolate of Dirofilaria immitis.

Emerging resistance of heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) to macrocyclic lactone (ML) preventives is an increasing concern for veterinarians, pet owners and animal health companies that supply heartworm preventives, with recent reports of resistant isolates identified from the Mississippi Delta region of the United States. Products that are effective in eliminating microfilariae (MF) in dogs harboring resistant heartworm infections could be important in reducing the spread of heartworm resistance. The current study was conducted to investigate the potential for ProHeart® 6 (PH 6; Zoetis) and ProHeart® SR-12 (PH 12; Zoetis) to reduce MF in dogs experimentally inoculated with an isolate of D. immitis (ZoeMo-2012) confirmed to be resistant to MLs. Twenty-three dogs with preexisting heartworm infections (via surgical transplantation) were randomly allocated to four groups based on pretreatment (Day −14) MF counts. On Day 0, dogs received a subcutaneous injection of either saline (placebo-treated control, 6 dogs), PH 6 (0.17 mg/kg, 6 dogs), PH 12 (0.5 mg/kg, 5 dogs) or a single oral dose of moxidectin powder in a gelatin capsule (0.25 mg/kg, 6 dogs). All dogs were bled for MF counts (modified Knott’s test) on Days 0 (pretreatment), 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84. Dogs in control and PH 6 groups were also bled for MF counts on Days 112, 140, and 168. No adverse events associated with treatment were observed for any dog. Average reductions in MF counts compared with controls for PH 6 were 9.7% on Day 1, increasing to 75.0% on Day 7, and further to 86.5% on Day 28. On Day 42, average MF reduction increased to 90.3%. Reductions increased further over the next several months with reductions of 91.3, 96.8, 96.6, and 98.9% on Days 56, 84, 112, and 140, respectively. On Day 168, the reduction was 99.3% (P < 0.0001). Average reductions in MF counts compared with controls for PH 12 were 20.9% on Day 1, increasing to 78.9% on Day 7, and further to 91.2% on Day 28. On Day 84, the reduction was 96.9%. For dogs receiving a single oral moxidectin (0.25 mg/kg) on Day 0, reductions in MF were 86.3% on Day 1 and fluctuated between 74.4 and 83.6% through Day 28. On Days 42 and 56, percentage reductions were 87.1 and 81.8%, respectively, and 92.6% at the final time point (Day 84). Both PH 6 and PH 12 were highly effective in reducing the MF levels of a confirmed ML-resistant heartworm isolate following a single dose.
The Puzzling Success of 'Federal Democracy'

Most of the world’s free population lives in states that are “federal democracies.” Such states select leaders and steer policy decisions through elections, but also divide power among two levels of government that enjoy some degree of mutual autonomy. Yet it is by no means obvious why this hybrid form of government organization should thrive. Federalism and democracy arose from different historical roots, rest on fundamentally distinct conceptions of politics, and proceed by very different and largely incompatible methods, which often causes them to become operationally entangled in ways that impair the efficacy of both systems. A theoretical account of federal democracy may be constructed that explains its success as resulting from its incorporation, in a pragmatically useful format, of two very different mechanisms of social and political dispute resolution that are activated on different occasions, and in response to different kinds of problems. On this account, the success of federal democracy rests primarily on its ability successfully to assign issues for resolution to the forum – democracy or federalism – for which they are best suited. In practice, however, evolving political and social circumstances may change which forum is best suited to resolution of any particular issue. Federal democracies, however, have not in general devised any particularly effective or systematic method for adjusting the assignment of issues from one forum to another. As a result, mismatches between issues and the forums to which they are assigned are typically resolved in the crucible of constitutional politics, an environment that is not necessarily conducive to sound and lasting solutions to problems implicating the long-term stability of the state. An account of federal democracy as a dual system therefore does not solve the puzzle of its success but at best allows the question to be recharacterized as a better-known, longstanding puzzle about how federal states survive at all for any length of time.
Interrogating the “Fourth Space”: Reimagining “Nation,” “Culture” and “Community” in South Asian Diasporic Fiction

(2003). Interrogating the “Fourth Space”: Reimagining “Nation,” “Culture” and “Community” in South Asian Diasporic Fiction. South Asian Review: Vol. 24, Globalization and Diaspora, pp. 116-129.
Mitigating Satellite‐Based Fire Sampling Limitations in Deriving Biomass Burning Emission Rates: Application to WRF‐Chem Model Over the Northern sub‐Saharan African Region

Largely used in several independent estimates of fire emissions, fire products based on MODIS sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua polar-orbiting satellites have a number of inherent limitations, including (a) inability to detect fires below clouds, (b) significant decrease of detection sensitivity at the edge of scan where pixel sizes are much larger than at nadir, and (c) gaps between adjacent swaths in tropical regions. To remedy these limitations, an empirical method is developed here and applied to correct fire emission estimates based on MODIS pixel level fire radiative power measurements and emission coefficients from the Fire Energetics and Emissions Research (FEER) biomass burning emission inventory. The analysis was performed for January 2010 over the northern sub-Saharan African region. Simulations from WRF-Chem model using original and adjusted emissions are compared with the aerosol optical depth (AOD) products from MODIS and AERONET as well as aerosol vertical profile from CALIOP data. The comparison confirmed an 30-50% improvement in the model simulation performance (in terms of correlation, bias, and spatial pattern of AOD with respect to observations) by the adjusted emissions that not only increases the original emission amount by a factor of two but also results in the spatially continuous estimates of instantaneous fire emissions at daily time scales. Such improvement cannot be achieved by simply scaling the original emission across the study domain. Even with this improvement, a factor of two underestimations still exists in the modeled AOD, which is within the current global fire emissions uncertainty envelope. Plain Language Summary Polar-orbiting satellites sensors, such as MODIS, have limitations in detecting fires under clouds or when viewing angles are large or in the gaps among satellites' different ground swaths. Here we developed an empirical method to mitigate the effect of these limitations in fire emission estimate. The method is applied to a fire emission inventory (FEER) based on MODIS. We show that, with our method, the adjusted emission inventory improves WRF-Chem simulation of smoke transport and distribution.
Neoliberal Ideology and the Centrality of Trust

While trust has become an important symbol of social health, this essay proposes that critical mistrust is essential to social progress and personal well-being. Trust is examined here as a foundational element of liberal and neoliberal ideology that has taken the place of religious faith in the unseen. However, its commodification is responsible for its scarcity and inflated value. While trust is a tool that commands allegiance to the powerful, those with power have little trust in the vast majority. Expenditures on systems of security appear to correlate with ever-declining rates of trust in social institutions, just as they decline with the increasing disparities between rich and poor around the world.
The Development of Pharmacodynamic Endpoint Models for Evaluation of Therapeutics in Pancreatic Cancer

The lack of development of new, more effective, therapies for pancreatic cancer has been disappointing. Among the factors limiting the development of targeted therapy approaches has been the inherent molecular heterogeneity of this disease combined with the challenge of obtaining fresh tumor tissue for the identification of pharmacodynamic biomarkers to segment patients based on target expression and resistance factors. Although many pre-clinical studies include pharmacodynamic studies, few large clinical studies have included similar biological correlative endpoints. Gemcitabine, although only modestly effective, still remains the standard of care. Emerging studies have identified potential molecular and genetic markers for cellular transporters and metabolism of gemcitabine which may be useful in predicting both clinical benefit and toxicity from this agent. The continued development of new therapeutics combined with identification of pharmacodynamic biomarkers to predict and monitor response to anti-cancer agents represents an exciting opportunity to individualize therapy and improve outcomes in this challenging disease.
Conservative Women in Power: A New Predicament for Transnational Feminist Media Research

Ozcan explores the similarities between conservative women’s movements in Turkey and the United States. She argues that the designation of conservative women’s activism as “Islamic feminism” in Turkey has eclipsed the similarities between these women and the conservative women’s movements elsewhere. The chapter focuses on how Turkey’s conservative women, so called “Islamic feminists,” have aligned with the authoritarian policies of the Justice and Development Party, supported the elimination of rights and freedoms, and institutionalized anti-feminism. The author suggests that transnational feminist scholarship pays more attention to how networks of conservative women in different parts of the world ally with misogynist men in power and contribute to the marginalization of feminism.
Some Other Filter Types

Barrier Filter-Used in fluorescence photography to completely absorb all excitation energy in the system such that only wavelengths of energy longer than the excitation energy reach the imaging system.
The Multi-Lawyered Problems of Professional Responsibility

Multiple lawyer situations are becoming more important in the practice of law and the law of lawyering, but have not been adequately studied in a comprehensive and systematic way. The simple dichotomy of sole practitioner and law firm are no longer adequate. In this essay, I examine the "multi-lawyered" problems arising out of these ubiquitous and complex situations. By multi-lawyered problems I mean problems arising from two or more lawyers, who have some relationship to each other and/or to the same client in a particular matter, and who each owe ethical and legal obligations to that client arising from that matter. I offer three different, but related, approaches to multi-lawyered problems. First, I present a taxonomy based on the variety of structural and legal relationships between the lawyers and between the lawyers and the client. Second, I examine how the presence of multiple lawyers affects the professional responsibilities of these lawyers, focusing on the core concerns of the law of lawyering: competence, confidentiality, and conflicts of interest. The presence of multiple lawyers can help ameliorate all of these core concerns, but can also exacerbate them. In particular, the addition of a second lawyer to a matter may increase the costs of monitoring competence, preventing unwanted disclosures, and preserving loyalty. Third, I apply an approach I previously developed based on the potential for collusive behavior in tripartite agency relationships (involving a principal, agent, and third party) to show how the presence of multiple lawyers complicates these problems. Specifically, the second lawyer may act with the first lawyer against the interests of the client or third parties, may act with the client against the interests of the first lawyer, or may act with third parties against the interests of the client or the first lawyer. I argue that thinking about where the greatest collusive risks lie may help resolve multi-lawyer problems. Finally, I discuss briefly how the Ethics 2000 revisions to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct deal with (and ignore) multi-lawyered problems.
The American Paradox

The ability to recognize something out of the ordinary is the hallmark of the dysmorphologist or the medical geneticist, but recognizing the abnormality and determining its cause are not one and the same.
Introduction to the Ferroelectric Special Issue on 2017 Joint IEEE ISAF–IWATMD–PFM

The 26th International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics (ISAF) was held jointly with the International Workshop on Acoustic Transduction Materials and Devices (IWATMD) and Piezoresponse Force Microscopy Workshop (PFM), on May 7–11, 2017, at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Determinants of the opinion gap between the elites and the public in the United States

Abstract Recent scholarship indicates that elites possess disproportionate power in the policy-making process in the United States. The degree to which elite preferences trump the preferences of non-elite Americans raises questions about American democracy, and even indicates the nation exhibits oligarchic tendencies. This paper seeks to further our understanding of when or how elite preferences differ from those of the general public. We utilize the unique survey data that ask identical questions both to the elites and to the general public, and present a quantitative model in which the opinion gap between elites and non-elites is the dependent variable. Our results indicate that elites are particularly likely to diverge from the rest of the population on issues related to economic and domestic policy. The preference gap is typically smaller on issues related to international affairs.
Convex relaxation of Sparse Tableau Formulation for the AC optimal power flow

Abstract Optimal power flow (OPF) approaches employing such methods as semi-definite programming (SDP) have garnered considerable interest in the literature of the last decade. The OPF formulations for these approaches have almost universally relied on Ybus admittance matrix representations, which derive from nodal analysis, and restrict allowable network elements to be voltage-controlled only. Limitations of nodal analysis long been recognized, and to overcome these, commercial power system software often employs modified nodal analysis (MNA). Here, we consider a novel general power system modeling approach based on multi-port representation of individual components with Sparse Tableau Formulation (STF) of network constraints, which is more versatile than MNA for OPF requiring many monitored links with constrained flows. In STF, one is better able to exploit the fact that the vast majority of power grid network elements have voltage-current behavior that is well-modeled as linear. This opens the door to simple, engineering-based convex relaxations. We discuss two relaxations, admittance-based and current-based. The tightness of the relaxation is shown to improve when angle constraints and narrow bounds for active power generation are provided. Sequential bound tightening and reduced spatial branch-and-bound are discussed to obtain stronger relaxation solution. We conduct case studies to show the effectiveness of our relaxations with standard test cases.
Developmental cascades in reciprocal vocal signaling between infant and caregiver in typical development and autism

Adults habitually adopt a special vocal register when talking to children. Current evidence suggests that the acoustic properties characterizing infant-directed speech change over development, in response to changes in infant vocal behavior, but the factors driving these changes remain largely unknown. The goal of this study is to elucidate developmental progressions in the acoustic structure of infant-directed speech over the first two years of life, and to determine the origin of these changes in infant vocal response. Samples of adult- and infant-directed speech and infant vocalizations were extracted from audio recordings of 10 typically developing infants and 10 infants later diagnosed with autism and their mothers, collected from 0 to 24 months using LENA technology. Multitaper analysis was used to determine the time-varying harmonic structure of each utterance, deriving indices summarizing differences in source and filter properties between infant- and adult-directed speech. In typical development, transitions were found towards the end of the first year of life from baby talk, emphasizing prosodic properties, towards mature child-directed register, emphasizing resonance dynamics. In autism, caregivers persisted in baby talk or shifted into adult-directed register, concurrent with disruptions of vocal contingency, which may be stimulating the transition.
Modeling building resilience against extreme weather by integrated CityFFD and CityBEM simulations

Abstract In the past decade, urban building energy models have been developed to address the increasing concerns over energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission due to rapid urbanization and building resilience as a result of climate change. These models can estimate energy consumption, GHG emission and resilience response of buildings in an urban area, and evaluate retrofit strategies for architects, engineers, researchers and policy makers. It has been recognized that local microclimate and neighborhood effects play an important role in urban building energy modeling. Creating an urban building energy model also requires the collection of extensive building data, which is a time-consuming process. In this study, we developed an integrated platform by combining CityFFD (City Fast Fluid Dynamics), an urban-scale fast fluid dynamics model for microclimate modeling, and CityBEM (City Building Energy Model), a new urban building energy model with a library of 1700 building archetypes for facilitating urban model creation. Local aerodynamics and heat transfer information are exchanged between both models at each time step. Graphics processing unit computing is also applied to CityFFD for simulation speedup. The simulation of the 1971 Montreal snowstorm of the century was conducted as a case study of more than 1500 buildings of an island near Montreal, Canada for the investigation of their resilience against the three-day power outage due to the storm. Building retrofit analysis was also conducted to evaluate the added level of resilience. The results show that the proposed platform can produce high-resolution results of building thermal load, microclimate condition, and building behavior during weather extremes.
Phenol Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Extremity Cancer Pain

Neurolytic brachial plexus block for management of intractable upper extremity pain is a rarely used technique. Experience with such a procedure is described.
Connecting the Stakeholders: Departments, Policy, and Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education.

AbstractThe Mathematical Association of America’s Precalculus to Calculus: Insights and Innovations Conference brought together representatives of mathematics departments from across the country wi...
Toward Long-Range Entanglement between Electrically Driven Single-Molecule Magnets

Over the past two decades, several molecules have been explored as possible building blocks of a quantum computer, a device that would provide exponential speedups for a number of problems, including the simulation of large, strongly correlated chemical systems. Achieving strong interactions and entanglement between molecular qubits remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we show that the TbPc2 single-molecule magnet has the potential to overcome this obstacle because of its sensitivity to electric fields stemming from the hyperfine Stark effect. We show how this feature can be leveraged to achieve long-range entanglement between pairs of molecules using a superconducting resonator as a mediator. Our results suggest that the molecule-resonator interaction is near the edge of the strong-coupling regime and could potentially pass into it given a more detailed, quantitative understanding of the TbPc2 molecule.
Short Paper: TigerAware Assistant: A New Serverless Implementation of Conversational Agents for Customizable Surveys on Smart Devices

Applications of conversational agents, also called chatbots, have accelerated in recent years. However, it is difficult for people with limited programming skills to implement chatbots and analyze the data collected by chatbots. In this paper, we present a new serverless implementation of conversational agents for delivering customizable surveys on smart devices, including smartphones and smart speakers, and a web-based system for applying advanced analytics techniques to survey data using cloud services. The system is called TigerAware Assistant, as part of the TigerAware platform for customizable mobile survey and sensor data collection. TigerAware Assistant enables non-technical people to easily create and deploy chatbots on various mobile devices to conduct surveys through conversations in natural languages via auditory and textual methods. It also provides a web-based system for survey data visualization, statistical analysis, and advanced machine learning-based data analysis using cloud services on survey responses collected by chatbots.
Leveling the Playing Field between Inherited Income and Income from Work through an Inheritance Tax

Despite our founding vision as a land of opportunity, the United States ranks at or near the bottom among high-income countries in economic equality and inter-generational mobility. Our tax code plays a key role. Inherited income is taxed at less than one-seventh the average tax rate on income from work and savings. This chapter proposes a major step toward leveling the playing field by requiring wealthy heirs to pay income and payroll taxes on inheritances they receive above a large lifetime exemption. As part of this shift, the proposal would repeal the current estate and gift taxes and would tax accrued gains (beyond a threshold) on transferred assets at the time of transfer. It would also substantially reform the rules governing family-owned businesses, personal residences, and the timing and valuation of transfers through trusts and similar vehicles. Relative to current law, the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center estimates the proposal would raise $337 billion over the next decade if the lifetime exemption was $2.5 million, and $917 billion if the lifetime exemption was $1 million. The proposal would almost exclusively burden the most affluent and most privileged heirs in society, while the additional revenues could be used to invest in those who are not as fortunate. As a result, the proposal would soften inequalities, strengthen mobility, and more equitably allocate taxes on inheritances among heirs. It would also enhance efficiency and growth by curtailing unproductive tax planning, increasing work among heirs, and reducing distortions to labor markets and capital allocation. Furthermore, the proposal is likely to increase public support for taxing inherited income. While the burdens of estate and inheritance taxes both largely fall on heirs, inheritance taxes are more self-evidently “silver spoon taxes” and appear to be more politically resilient as a result.
Breakdown in the expedited partner therapy treatment cascade: from reproductive healthcare provider to the pharmacist.

Abstract Background The rising incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the U.S. highlight the need for concurrent treatment of patients and their sexual partners. Expedited partner therapy (EPT) allows healthcare providers to offer antibiotic prescriptions or medications to an index patient for distribution to their sexual partner(s) without evaluating the partner. We hypothesized that there was a gap between EPT policy at the state level and its downstream implementation by community pharmacists. Objectives The objectives of our study were to evaluate pharmacists’ EPT knowledge and practices in 41 EPT-permissible U.S. states; determine if there were differences in practice based on the length of time EPT was permissible in the state and chlamydia incidence rates; and measure the cost of EPT treatment. Study Design A randomized cohort of pharmacists (n=335) was invited to complete a telephone interview from November 2017 through January 2018. Descriptive statistics were calculated and stratified by early, mid, and late EPT-adopter status based on the year of the state’s EPT enactment and the state’s chlamydia incidence rate. Fisher’s exact test and one-way analyses of variance were used to compare measures across strata. Results We had 143 (42.7%) pharmacists agree to complete the survey. Among our respondents, 40.6% (n=58/143) indicated that they were aware of EPT, 14.7% (n=21/143) reported that they had ever received an EPT prescription; and 97% (n=139/143) reported that they would dispense an EPT prescription if they received one in the future. These findings were stable across the six strata defined by early, mid, or late EPT-adopter and high or low incidence rates of chlamydia status. Mean cost of azithromycin 1000 mg and cefixime 400 mg for treatment of chlamydia and gonorrhea was $22.17 (95% CI=[20.29, 24.05]) and $30.46 (95% CI=[28.65, 32.26]), respectively. Conclusions Less than half of pharmacists were aware of EPT. A small minority of pharmacists reported ever having received an EPT prescription, regardless of the length of time EPT had been legal in their states and the incidence of chlamydia. However, almost all pharmacists reported that they would dispense an EPT prescription if they received one. Additionally, costs were high for EPT for self-pay patients. These data suggest that there are opportunities to increase EPT utilization by healthcare providers, patients, and pharmacists.
An Empirical Assessment of Pretextual Stops and Racial Profiling

This Article empirically illustrates that legal doctrines permitting police officers to engage in pretextual traffic stops may contribute to an increase in racial profiling. In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Whren v. United States that pretextual traffic stops do not violate the Fourth Amendment. As long as police officers identify an objective violation of a traffic law, they may lawfully stop a motorist—even if their actual intention is to use the stop to investigate a hunch that by itself does not amount to probable cause or reasonable suspicion. Scholars and civil rights activists have sharply criticized Whren, arguing that it gives police officers permission to engage in racial profiling. But social scientists have struggled to empirically evaluate how Whren has influenced police behavior. A series of court decisions in the State of Washington presents an opportunity to test the effects of pretextual-stop doctrines on police behavior. In the years since the Whren decision, Washington has experimented with multiple rules that provide differing levels of protection against pretextual stops. In 1999, the Washington Supreme Court held in State v. Ladson that the state constitution barred police from conducting pretextual traffic stops. However, in 2012, the court eased this restriction on pretextual stops in State v. Arreola. Exploiting a dataset of 8,257,527 traffic stops conducted by the Washington State Patrol from 2008 through 2015, we carry out difference-in-differences and triple-difference analyses to assess whether the Arreola decision increased traffic stops among drivers of color relative to white drivers. We find that the Arreola decision is associated with a statistically significant increase in traffic stops of drivers of color relative to white drivers. Further, we find this increase in traffic stops of drivers of color is concentrated during daytime hours, when officers can more easily ascertain a driver’s race through visual observation. These insights suggest that judicial decisions like Whren and Arreola increase the probability of racial profiling by police officers. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for the literature on police accountability.
Chapter 20 – Hepatobiliary lesions in cystic fibrosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the clinical features, management, and diagnosis of hepatobiliary lesions in cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasian populations. It is a generalized disorder of exocrine glands, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The characteristic hepatic lesion in cystic fibrosis is usually termed focal biliary cirrhosis, although it starts as a focal biliary fibrosis without derangement of hepatic architecture or nodular regeneration. There is accumulation in the intrahepatic ducts of amorphous eosinophilic PAS-positive diastase-resistant material, which on electron microscopy is shown to contain lipid and bile pigment and to have a filamentous structure. This material obstructs some intrahepatic bile ducts. The portal tracts draining to these develop edema, chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate, bile duct proliferation, and increased fibrosis. The child with cystic fibrosis is susceptible to all other forms of chronic liver disease in childhood. It is particularly important to consider the possibility of correctable disorders such as Wilson's disease, choledochal cyst, and constrictive pericarditis. The coexistence of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis should also be considered.
Interior Deformation Measurements Using X-Ray Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation

Volumetric Digital Image Correlation (VDIC) or Digital Volumetric Correlation (DVC) is becoming more widely used in biological research, micro-structural studies in materials, geological sciences and other fields. With DVC, volumetric image sets obtained by X-Ray tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or confocal microscopy can be analyzed to obtain volumetric deformation measurements throughout the interior of a specimen, provided that there is sufficient contrast (local changes in contrast) within the interior region of interest. Using software developed by the authors [1], results from a series of experimental studies on a small circular disk specimen are presented that demonstrate the accuracy of the method when adequate contrast exists.
Termolecular chemistry facilitated by radical-radical recombinations and its impact on flame speed predictions

Abstract Recent theoretical studies have shown that termolecular chemistry can be facilitated through reactions of flame radicals (H, O, and OH) or O2 with highly-energized collision complexes (either radical or stable species) formed in exothermic reactions. In this work, radical-radical recombination reaction induced termolecular chemistry and its impact on combustion modeling was studied. Two recombination reactions, H + CH3 + M → CH4 + M and H + OH + M → H2O + M, were analyzed using ab-initio master equation analyses guided by quasiclassical trajectory results. The dynamics results and the master equation calculations indicate that CH4⁎ and H2O⁎ (formed in the two radical-radical reactions outlined above) react rapidly with flame radicals and O2 at rates that are competitive with collisional cooling. The addition of these processes into conventional combustion modeling requires two modifications: the inclusion of the new nonthermal termolecular reaction rates and the simultaneous reduction of the competing recombination reaction rates. The former is described with newly derived Arrhenius expressions based on quasiclassical trajectories, and the latter is achieved by perturbing the recombination reaction rate during the simulation. Kinetic modeling was used to gauge the impact of including this nonthermal chemistry for H2/CH4-air laminar flames speeds. Inclusion of this nonthermal chemistry has a noticeable impact on simulated flame speeds. The procedure developed here can be utilized to properly quantify the effects of such nonthermal reactions in macroscopic kinetic models.
Disruptive Firms and Technological Change

The fundamental question in the economics of innovation is how technological change is generated in competitive markets. This study confronts this question here by developing the concept of disruptive firms that deliberate introduce new and improved generations of durable goods that destroy, directly or indirectly, similar products and competencies present in markets in order to support their competitive advantage and/or market leadership. In fact, this concept of disruptive firms endeavours to explain firm success in a Schumpeterian world of innovation-based competition, performance rivalry, increasing returns, and the destructive creation of existing competences and products. If correct, the framework suggests that rapid technological change depends in large measure on disruptive firms (subjects), rather than disruptive technologies (objects) and it extends the existing literature to provide a more complete picture of how technological and industrial change evolves. Hence, this theoretical framework can be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize, whenever possible one of the drivers that generates technological and industrial change in modern economies.
The Incidence and Natural Progression of New-Onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to characterize the natural progression and recurrence of new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) during an intermediate-term follow-up post cardiac ...
O33 Healthy Eating Perspectives and Food Literacy Needs of Parents Living with Food Insecurity

Background A healthy home depends on parents' health behaviors, nutrition knowledge, food literacy skills, and confidence in making healthy choices. Parents who lack these foundational skills are ill-equipped to model and encourage healthy family habits. Additionally, when parents also face economic barriers that limit food access while struggling with foundational food knowledge and skills, the ability to create a healthy home is diminished even further. Therefore, parental nutrition education programs delivered within an emergency food pantry (EFP) are valuable in targeting food insecure populations. Despite the value of nutrition education programs, little is known about parents' perspectives and barriers that influence their understanding and application of nutrition education to successfully provide a healthful home food environment. Objective To explore the barriers to, perspectives on, and nutrition education needs to support healthy eating identified by food-insecure parents within an EFP. Study Design, Setting, Participants In Spring 2019, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted using focus groups with low-income parents recruited from a parenting class run by Catholic Social Services in southeastern Pennsylvania. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data were analyzed using a constant comparative method. Results Nine parents participated in the focus group (2 males and 7 females). Most were under 40 years-of-age, high school graduates, received federal nutrition assistance, and experienced food insecurity. Four themes emerged: 1) Cooking Confidence Deficit; 2) Healthy Meal Preparation Barriers; 3) Healthy Meal Acceptance Barriers; and 4) Meal Planning, Management, and Adaptability. Conclusion Emergent themes support the notion that limited food literacy impairs parents' ability to meet personal and familial nutrition needs. These findings also emphasize the need to develop and evaluate comprehensive and population-specific food literacy programs to promote community health within EFP settings.
2D Vibrational Exciton nano-imaging as a molecular ruler of domain formation in self-assembled monolayers

We develop precision infrared nano-imaging and -spectroscopy to probe vibrational excitons and associated vibrational wavefunction delocalization as a molecular ruler to study order and domains in molecular materials and self-assembled monolayer on the molecular scale.
A microcontroller-based ambulatory brain-computer interface training system

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are generally developed as desktop devices that confine a subject to the training site and limit training protocol options. We hypothesize that a BCI system that can be used at any time and place will improve current training methods and will thus accelerate the realization of a human's potential towards controlling an external device. For this reason, we have developed an ambulatory BCI (ABCI) training system. It consists of a microcontroller-based circuit that acquires, digitizes, and processes up to two amplified EEG signals and then transmits the bandpass-limited power to a PDA for classification, translation, and training game control. The game allows the user to train by providing a visual feedback signal that is to be cognitively controlled in a task-oriented challenge. Evaluation of the ABCI shows that the accuracy and response time are equivalent to a desktop BCI system. The ABCI can therefore be used chronically and away from any training site, thus removing barriers inherent in traditional BCI systems. This should allow more advanced training protocols to be developed and implemented in order to more effectively study the ability of the brain to adapt and control augmentative devices.
New genes that extend Caenorhabditis elegans’ lifespan in response to reproductive signals

Summary In Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, removing germline stem cells increases lifespan. In C. elegans, this lifespan extension requires DAF-16, a FOXO transcription factor, and DAF-12, a nuclear hormone receptor. To better understand the regulatory relationships between DAF-16 and DAF-12, we used microarray analysis to identify downstream genes. We found that these two transcription factors influence the expression of distinct but overlapping sets of genes in response to loss of the germline. In addition, we identified several new genes that are required for loss of the germline to increase lifespan. One, phi-62, encodes a conserved, predicted RNA-binding protein. PHI-62 influences DAF-16dependent transcription, possibly by collaborating with TCER-1, a putative transcription elongation factor, and FTT-2, a 14-3-3 protein known to bind DAF-16. Three other genes encode proteins involved in lipid metabolism; one is a triacylglycerol lipase, and another is an acyl-CoA reductase. These genes do not noticeably affect bulk fat storage levels; therefore, we propose a model in which they may influence production of a lifespan-extending signal or metabolite.
Evaluating a human service program: Employing the judicial evaluation model

Abstract The emergence of adversarial models as an approach to formative and summative evaluations is gaining recognition among educational research professionals. The implementation of the Judicial Evaluation Model (JEM), as described in this article, is the first application to a human service employment and training program. Evaluation questions raised within the study were designed to assess the efficacy of linkage arrangements between the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) prime sponsors and education service providers in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The four stages of the JEM and its application to CETA are discussed, the panel findings are reported along with noted pitfalls and strengths, suggested guidelines for implementation, and a few recommendations.