cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transient capacitance study of radiation-induced defects in aluminum-doped silicon

Diodes are fabricated from aluminum-doped Czochralski-grown silicon, are electron irradiated at room temperature, and are studied using the DLTS technique. The divacancy, the carbon interstitial, and the carbon–oxygen–vacancy complex, all previously observed in boron-doped Cz silicon, are observed as well as several defects unique to aluminum-doped silicon. The results are quite different from those reported for aluminum-doped float zone silicon, however. Dioden, hergestellt aus mit Aluminium-dotiertem Czochralski-Silizium, werden bei Zimmertemperatur mit Elektronen bestrahlt und dann mit DLTS gemessen. Sowohl die Doppelleerstelle, Zwischengitter-Kohlenstoff und der Kohlenstoff–Sauerstoff–Leerstellen-Komplex, die schon fruher in mit Bor dotiertem Czochralski-Silizium gefunden worden waren, als auch einige neue Fehlstellen, die spezifisch fur mit Aluminium dotiertes Silizium sind, werden nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse sind allerdings recht verschieden von den Ergebnissen fur mit Aluminium dotiertes zonengeschmolzenes Silizium.
Adaptive Model Update Algorithms for Remote Network Emulation

Remote network emulation is an approach that utilizes a remote parallel simulator to improve the scale and accuracy of network emulation for general users with no local access to high performance computing facilities. The remote network emulation approach involves using a large scale detailed packet level simulation at a remote site in conjunction with a local network emulation to quickly provide QoS predictions to real time applications. Model update algorithms are needed to keep the remote simulator and local emulator updated with each other’s status, while keeping the amount of communication required to an acceptable level. In this paper two adaptive model update algorithms are explored for triggering network status updates. The first algorithm dynamically adjusts update frequency according to the real network status between the remote simulator and emulator. The second algorithm triggers updates whenever the prediction error of the network emulation exceeds a pre-set threshold. Preliminary experimental results show that the two algorithms can improve emulation accuracy compared with a fixed update algorithm for the scenarios that were tested.
Joint Metering and Conflict Resolution in Air Traffic Control

This paper describes a novel optimization-based approach to conflict resolution in air traffic control, based on geometric programming. A key feature of this approach is its ability to also take into account various metering directives issued by the traffic flow management level, in contrast to most methods that focus purely on aircraft separation issues. Moreover, the proposed methodology can account for some of the nonlinearities present in the formulationsofconflictresolutionproblems,whileincurringonlyasmallpenaltyincomputationtimewithrespectto the fastest linear-programming-based approaches. Integer variables can be introduced to improve the quality of the solutions and to include combinatorial choices, for example, to optimize over aircraft sequences in merging streams. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the approach on various aircraft separation problems, including miles-in-trail and minutes-in-trail restrictions through airspace fixes and boundaries.
A golden age of gelata: past and future research on planktonic ctenophores and cnidarians

The study of the natural history of gelatinous zooplankton (‘gelata’) reached a high point at the end of the 19th century, when scientists first began to understand the phylogenetic and ecological links between cnidarians and ctenophores. Siphonophores, carefully figured in their entirety, and gauze-like lobate ctenophores too fragile to touch, were described by the dozens. In the ensuing years, focus on zooplankton shifted toward more ‘industrial’ goals such as quantitative sampling using plankton nets. While plankton scientists were busy summing tattered parts, they lost sight of the whole jellies themselves, and a crustaceocentric view of the ocean came to dominate. During this period, the most dramatic breakthroughs in cnidarian research came from laboratory studies of neurobiology, physiology, and development, particularly of certain model organisms. Now, at the turn of this century, we have the opportunity to bring gelata back into primacy. Submersibles and remotely operated vehicles allow us to study entire life histories of organisms that we did not even know existed. The tools of molecular biology allow us to answer questions about development, evolution, and phylogeny that had reached a stalemate. Even in the surface waters, where it might be thought that there is little left to learn, in situ observations have revealed unexpected interactions and hidden diversity. The critical roles that these organisms play in the health of the oceans, their position at the crux of many evolutionary debates, and the tools for biotechnology that they provide, have led to resurgent public appreciation and awareness. Although advanced tools do not necessitate good science, we have few excuses for failing to bring about another golden age of gelata.
Analyzing the Origins of Life-Course-Persistent Offending: A Consideration of Environmental and Genetic Influences

Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy has sparked much attention among criminologists interested in explaining the etiology of life-course-persistent (LCP) offending. The taxonomy suggests that genetic factors influence LCP offending, that genetic risk factors will be mediated by neuropsychological deficits, and that genetic factors interact with environmental factors to influence LCP offending. Various behavior genetic methodologies were used to estimate the genetic influence on LCP offending, to determine whether these genetic factors were mediated by the presence of neuropsychological deficits, and to control for genetic factors while simultaneously estimating the impact of numerous environmental influences. The findings suggested that genetic factors influence persistent offending and that these influences are partially mediated by levels of self-control. No parental influences predicted persistent offending after controlling for genetic effects, no Gene × Environment interactions were found, and few envir...
Foreword: special issue on mathematical programming in biology and medicine

In recent years, mathematical programming and optimization techniques have beenincreasingly applied to various ﬁelds of biological and medical sciences, and in manycases have become indispensable tools. This volume contains a collection of ﬁve papersin this area. In this foreword, we aim to provide a little context for the applicationsdescribed in these papers and, in particular, their use of optimization methodology. Wecite several excellent survey articles and books, and indicate where an interested readermight ﬁnd relevant literature on these topics.Optimization is used heavily in computational biology, especially in the area ofcomputational structural biology. In discovering protein structures or their functions,one either needs to ﬁt observed data optimally to models (as in X-ray crystallography),or to minimize some highly non-convex energy functions (as in protein folding). Theseproblems are usually global optimization problems that are extremely difﬁcult to solve.Since analogous processes in nature normally seem able to reach their optimal stateswith ease, it might be expected that once the available information is correctly utilized,one should be able to solve these problems. Included in this issue is a contribution byWagner, Meller and Elber on the design of protein folding potentials. In a related vein,the recent survey article [5] outlines a variety of combinatorial optimization problems incomputational biology and indicates approaches that mathematical programmers mighttake to become more familiar with the area. The paper [6] gives some easily accessibledescriptions of genomics and molecular biology problems from a mathematical per-spective. Behavioral models in biology have also been explored from a mathematicaloptimization perspective; see for example [10]. The collection [2] includes a number ofpapers that outline problems in computational chemistry and molecular biology. Opti-mization researchers are deeply involved in the critical assessment of techniques forprotein structure prediction (CASP) series of experiments [7].While not explicitly represented in this issue, classiﬁcation and pattern recognitiontechniques have also been used extensively for medical problems.Application to cancerclassiﬁcation is described in [12, 4]; the work of Mangasarian and his colleagues on thistopic [9, 3] is possibly more familiar to the optimization community. In this issue, thecontribution of Pardalos et al. concerns prediction of the onset of an epileptic seizure.
Evaluation of interfacial fracture toughness of a flip-chip package and a bimaterial system by a combined experimental and numerical method

Abstract In this paper, the interfacial fracture toughness of a flip-chip package subjected to a constant concentrated line load and a bimaterial system under thermal loading condition were evaluated using a unique six-axis submicron tester, a thermal vacuum chamber and FEM modeling coupled with a high density laser moire interferometry. The six-axis submicron tester was used to provide a constant concentrated line load, whereas the moire interferometry technique was used to monitor the crack length during the test. In addition, a finite element technique was simultaneously used to determine the near crack tip displacement fields of the specimens. The interfacial fracture toughness and phase angle were computed by using these near tip displacement variables through the analytical energy release rate and phase angle expressions derived by authors. The interfacial fracture toughness and the phase angle of the flip-chip package considered at the interface where the passivated silicon chip meets the underfill are 35 J/m 2 and −65°, respectively, while the interfacial fracture toughness and the phase angle of the tested bimaterial specimen at the interface of the molding compound/silicon with the crack length of 3.3 mm under the temperature rise thermal load from room temperature (20°C) to 138°C are 20.02 J/m 2 and −54.8°, respectively.
Recovery and Genetic Similarity of Salmonella from Broiler House Drag Swabs Versus Surgical Shoe Covers

SUMMARY Reducing the contamination of poultry houses requires adequate sampling of the environment. Sampling regimens that assess the Salmonella status of broilers prior to processing can be used to identify and process negative flocks first. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of surgical shoe covers vs. drag swabs in the recovery of Salmonella from poultry house litter. Current methods of determining the colonization status of a flock include drag swabs of the litter surface. This method requires significant time and labor in drag swab assembly preparation. The time and cost involved with drag swab assembly, sterilization, and use decreases the likelihood that the number of samples needed to adequately assess the health of a flock will be taken. A simple solution to the sampling problem is the use of surgical shoe covers. Our results indicate that surgical shoe covers are more effective (12.5%) in recovering Salmonella from an infected flock than drag swabs (2.1%). Three Salmonella serotypes were recovered with surgical shoe covers, whereas only one serotype was recovered with drag swabs. The Salmonella serotypes from drag swabs that matched the serotypes from surgical shoe covers were genetically identical. Poultry supervisors often travel to farms to assess a flock prior to processing, and to aid in this evaluation, surgical shoe covers may be worn over disposable plastic boots as supervisors walk through the house. Surgical shoe covers cost $0.70/pair and may be kept in vehicles along with disposable plastic boots.
Microsystems the Microprocessor in the Biological Laboratory

The use of microprocessors in the biological laboratory is a logical result of the evolution of computer use in the biomedical sciences. In 1963, H. K. Hartline and Floyd Ratliff, working at Rockefeller University in New York City, hooked up a CDC 160A computer as a generalpurpose laboratory instrument for data acquisition during their experiments on vision.1For stimulus control, they used a digital programmer constructed from commercially available discrete transistor logic circuits.2The work in the Hartline-Ratliff laboratory was a continuation of earlier work done by Hartline on inhibitory interaction in the horseshoe crab's eye, for which Hartline shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1966, with Wald and Granit.3
Failure-tolerant path planning for kinematically redundant manipulators anticipating locked-joint failures

This work considers kinematic failure tolerance when obstacles are present in the environment. It addresses the issue of finding a collision-free path such that a redundant robot can successfully move from a start to a goal position and/or orientation in the workspace despite any single locked-joint failure at any time. An algorithm is presented that searches for a simply-connected, obstacle-free surface with no internal local minimum or maximum in the configuration space that guarantees the existence of a solution. The method discussed is based on the following assumptions: a robot is redundant relative to its task, only a single locked-joint failure occurs at any given time, the robot is capable of detecting a joint failure and immediately locks the failed joint, and the environment is static and known. The technique is illustrated on a seven degree-of-freedom commercially available redundant robot. Although developed and illustrated for a single degree of redundancy, it is possible to extend the algorithm to higher degrees of redundancy
Canna yellow mottle virus in Canna spp. in Washington State.

Canna (Canna indica) is an important nursery/landscape plant in Washington State with several nurseries producing canna plants for wholesale and retail businesses. Canna plants showing symptoms such as mottling, general yellowing, and veinal chlorosis were found to be widespread (40% symptomatic plants in a nursery of more than 2,000 plants) in Grant County, WA in September 2007. Symptomatic leaves from five plants of each of the following cultivars were tested: Richard Wallace, Crimson Beauty, Wyoming, Petoria, Pink Beauty, Robert Kemp, and Black Knight. Electron microscopic examination of leaf-dip preparations from symptomatic leaves showed badnavirus-like particles of approximately 120 × 30 nm. A badnavirus, Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) (family Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus) from canna was first reported from Japan (4) and later in the United States (1,3). Most recently, CaYMV was reported from Italy and the Netherlands (2). Samples were tested for CaYMV by PCR using CaYMV-specific primers, CaY...
Hybrid type checking

Traditional static type systems are very effective for verifying basic interface specifications, but are somewhat limited in the kinds specifications they support. Dynamically-checked contracts can enforce more precise specifications, but these are not checked until run time, resulting in incomplete detection of defects.Hybrid type checking is a synthesis of these two approaches that enforces precise interface specifications, via static analysis where possible, but also via dynamic checks where necessary. This paper explores the key ideas and implications of hybrid type checking, in the context of the simply-typed λ-calculus with arbitrary refinements of base types.
How Does Comprehension of Passives Develop? A Comparison of Actional and Experiential Verbs.

Experiment I required first, third, and sixth graders to identify the actor or experiencer from active and passive sentences with actional and three subclasses of experiential verbs. Actional passives were understood better than experientials, with no difference among the subcategories of experiential verbs, and no effect of verb frequency or regularity. Response distributions for each verb type did not show two populations of subjects – one knowing and the other not knowing the passive – but approximately unimodal distributions whose mean increased with age. Experiment II studied preschoolers. Again, the actional passives were systematically easier than the experientials, and again, for neither verb type did the response distributions show two distinct subject populations, one competent and the other incompetent. The forms of the distributions cannot be wholly accounted for by fluctuating attention to cues to passivization, but indicate that many children have partial knowledge of the passive (increasing with age). A hypothesis about the nature of this partial knowledge accounts for the gradual acquisition and the difference between the verb types.
Research on Forecasting: A Quarter-Century Review, 1960-1984

Before 1960, little empirical research was done on forecasting methods. Since then, the literature has grown rapidly, especially in the area of judgmental forecasting. This research supports and adds to the forecasting guidelines proposed before 1960, such as the value of combining forecasts. New findings have led to significant gains in our ability to forecast and to help people to use forecasts. What have we reamed about forecasting over the past quarter century? Does recent research provide guidance for making more accurate forecasts, obtaining better assessments of uncertainty, or gaining acceptance of our forecasts? I will first describe forecasting principles that were believed to be the most advanced in 1960. Following that, I will examine the evidence produced since 1960.
Distribution of leukotriene B4 receptors in human hematopoietic cells.

Abstract Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a product of arachidonic acid metabolism, plays an important role in inflammatory responses. We have cloned from human erythroleukemia cells, a G protein-coupled receptor, designated P2Y7, which was later identified as the receptor for LTB4 (B-LTR). We have investigated the distribution of LTB4 receptors in various hematopoietic cells. Northern blotting and reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses using radiolabeled LTB4 receptor cDNA as a probe indicated the presence of LTB4 receptor mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes but not in platelets. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood cells using specific LTB4 receptor antibodies revealed that monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes, but not platelets, express LTB4 receptors. RT-PCR-Southern hybridization analysis revealed that peripheral blood leukocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells express the LTB4 receptor. Of the hematopoietic cell lines tested, promonocytic U937 cells, promyelocytic HL-60 cells, K562 cells, and human erythroleukemia cells express the LTB4 receptor. These results suggest a physiological role for the LTB4 receptor in the stimulation of monocytes, neutrophils, and endothelial cells.
Thrombogenic Vasculopathy and Interstitial to Diffuse Dermal Neutrophilic Inflammation as a Histologic Manifestation of Tick Bite Reaction

Ticks are ectoparasites that cause dermatologic disease both directly through physical trauma to the skin, salivary secretions, or remnant body parts, and indirectly through transmission of disease. Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and babesiosis are known tick-transmitted diseases. The histopathology related to a primary tick bite, similar to other arthropod bites, classically consists of a perivascular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, neutrophils, histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils in varying amounts. We describe five patients with a novel histologic reaction to embedded tick parts., Each case demonstrates a thrombotic vasculopathy consisting of intraluminal eosinophilic deposits that stain strongly with Periodic acid Schiff stain. The adjacent tissue shows dermal necrosis with surrounding interstitial to diffuse dermal neutrophilic inflammation. We postulate that diffuse dermal nutrophilic infiltrates in association with thrombogenic vasculopathy is an unusual histologic picture of tick bite reactions that may be attributable to remnant tick parts.
17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Deficiency: From Clinical Investigation to Molecular Definition*

THE term congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) defines a group of syndromes resulting from inherited defects in any one of the five enzymes involved in the steps leading to cortisol biosynthesis from cholesterol. These include four distinct forms of cytochrome P450: P450scc, P450C21, P45011β, and P45017α, as well as 3β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Pathologically, CAH is characterized by hyperplastic growth of the adrenal stimulated by ACTH. A blockage in any one of the steps in normal steroid hormone synthesis leads to decreased synthesis of the steroid hormones and accumulation of intermediates, giving rise to the various clinical symptoms. The most common form of CAH, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, accounts for 90–95% of CAH (1). The high frequency of 21-hydroxylase deficiency is related to the structure of the P450C21 (CYP21) genes of which there are two, closely linked, a functional gene and a pseudo-gene (2, 3). Understanding of this unique gene structure and its location in the HLA locus has led to the...
Stabilizing a linear system with quantized state feedback

The problem of stabilizing an unstable, time-invariant, discrete-time, linear system by means of state feedback when the measurements of the state are quantized is addressed. It is found that there is no control strategy that stabilizes the system in the traditional sense of making all closed-loop trajectories asymptotic to zero. If the system is not excessively unstable, feedback strategies that bring closed-loop trajectories arbitrarily close to zero for a long time can be implemented. It is also found that when the ordinary linear feedback of quantized state measurements is applied, the resulting closed-loop system behaves chaotically. The asymptotic pseudorandom closed-loop system dynamics differ substantially from what would be predicted by a conventional signal-with-noise analysis of the quantization's effects. Probabilistic reformulations of the stability problem in terms of the invariant measure are considered. >
XTRec: Secure Real-Time Execution Trace Recording on Commodity Platforms

We propose XTRec, a primitive that can record the instruction-level execution trace of a commodity computing system. Our primitive is resilient to compromise to provide integrity of the recorded execution trace. We implement XTRec on the AMD platform running the Windows OS. The only software component that is trusted in the system during runtime is XTRec itself, which contains only 2,195 lines of code permitting manual audits to ensure security and safety. We use XTRec to show whether a particular code has been executed on a system, or conversely to prove that some malware has not executed on the system. This is a highly desirable property to ensure information assurance, especially in critical e-government infrastructure. Our experimental results show that the imposed overhead is 2x--4x for real-world applications. This overhead is primarily due to CPU Branch Trace Messages(BTM), a ubiquitous debugging feature used to record control-flow instructions. Hardware improvements to BTM would therefore enable XTRec to run with minimal overhead.
Structure and Ubiquitin Interactions of the Conserved Zinc Finger Domain of Npl4

Ubiquitylated proteins are directed into a large number of different cellular pathways through interactions with effector proteins that contain conserved ubiquitin binding motifs. Here, we report the solution structure and ubiquitin binding properties of one such motif, the Npl4 zinc finger or RanBP2/Nup358 zinc finger (NZF) domain. Npl4 NZF forms a compact module composed of four antiparallel β-strands linked by three ordered loops. A single zinc ion is coordinated by four conserved cysteines from the first and third loops, which form two rubredoxin knuckles. Npl4 NZF binds specifically, but weakly, to free ubiquitin using a conserved 13TF14 dipeptide to interact with the “Ile-44” surface of ubiquitin. Our studies reveal the structure of this versatile class of protein binding domains and provide a means for identifying the subset of NZF domains likely to bind ubiquitin.
Chronic cocaine exposure in the fetal rhesus monkey: consequences for early development of dopamine neurons

The effects of cocaine on the development of neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were investigated in fetal rhesus macaques. Pregnant monkeys were treated with cocaine 3 mg/kg or saline i.m., four times a day from day 18 of pregnancy until days 40 or 60. Cocaine concentration in plasma from females thus treated was approximately 800 ng/ml 10–20 min following injection. At the time of C-section, plasma levels of cocaine in fetal blood were 231 +/- 70 ng/ml. The brains from 40 and 60 d old fetuses were examined using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. The appearance of neurons containing TH by day 40 of gestation was not different between control and cocaine-treated fetal monkeys. In both groups (N = 3 each) TH-IR neurons and TH mRNA were located in the mesencephalon and dorsal hypothalamus by day 40, and fiber projections extended to the developing striatum. Also in the day 60 fetuses, the TH-IR neurons were distributed similarly in both groups (N = 5 each), but the TH mRNA content, measured by quantitative in situ hybridization, was reduced in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) after cocaine treatment. These data suggest that exposure to cocaine in fetal life does not affect the development of TH or the expression of its mRNA on day 40 of gestation. By day 60, however, the expression of TH mRNA was significantly reduced. This latter effect can be explained by reduced dopamine synthesis in the cocaine-treated fetuses.
A programmer's view of the 80960 architecture

The 80960 processor integrates many architectural features normally found in RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) processors with others found in more traditional architectures. The result is a processor providing high performance while presenting few difficulties for either applications or compiler writers. A discussion is presented of the programming model of the 960, including aspects of the instruction set and the register architecture. Techniques for effective use of the 960 from both assembly language and high-level languages are discussed, including the subroutine calling sequence designed for the architecture. >
Security Requirements Engineering for Software Systems: Case Studies in Support of Software Engineering Education

Software engineering curricula too often neglect the development of security requirements for software systems. As a consequence, programmers often produce buggy code with weak security measures. This report focuses on three case studies in which graduate students applied a novel security requirements engineering methodology to real-world software development projects. The experiences showed promise for curriculum integration in educating students about the importance of security requirements in software engineering, as well as how to develop such requirements.
Domains of View: A Foundation for Specification and Analysis

We propose a platform for the specification and analysis of systems. This platform contain models, their refinement and abstraction, and a temporal logic semantics; rendering a sound framework for property validation and refutation. The platform is parametric in a domain of view, an abstraction of a construction based on the Plotkin power domain. For each domain of view E, the resulting platform P [E]1 contains partial,incomplete systems and complete systems — the actual implementations. Complete systems correspond to the platform that has as parameter a domain D that is, as a set, isomorphic to the maximal elements of E. If one restricts P [E] to implementations, but retains the temporal logic semantics, refinement, and abstraction relations, one recovers the platform P [D]. This foundation recasts existing work on modal transition systems, presents fuzzy systems, and ponders on the nature of probabilistic platforms. For domains of view E that are determined by a linearly ordered, complete lattice, we present a category of “relations” as a step toward a view-based semantics of predicate logic.
‘Moral Perception’ Reflects Neither Morality Nor Perception

Recently, Gantman and Van Bavel [1] introduced the notion of ‘moral perception’ – the claim that ‘perception is preferentially attuned to moral content’ (p. 631). This bold hypothesis aims to directly link vision science and social psychology, and promises exciting consequences for both fields. We explore here what it would take to demonstrate its existence. We suggest that moral perception does not exist, and that the evidence adduced in its favor fails to support it, in at least three ways.
Modulation of sleep by cortisone in normal and bacterially infected rabbits

Infectious disease is known to alter both sleep patterns and hydrocortisone (cortisol) concentrations in rabbits. Moreover, the sleep-altering effects of microbial infections are likely to be mediated via endogenous immune modulators whose actions are attenuated by glucocorticoids. To evaluate the relationships between sleep and glucocorticoids during infectious disease, the effects of cortisone administration (20 mg/kg, im) on sleep were examined before and after inoculation of rabbits with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. When administered alone, cortisone did not alter the amount of time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) but did reduce electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave amplitudes during SWS, the number of bouts of SWS and the amount of time spent in rapid-eye-movement sleep. The duration of individual bouts of SWS was increased after cortisone treatment. Bacterially infected rabbits developed biphasic changes in sleep patterns that were characterized by an initial increase and a subsequent decrease both in SWS time and in EEG slow-wave amplitudes during sleep. Cortisone treatment attenuated these effects in S. aureus-inoculated rabbits. In contrast, cortisone treatment did not alter the initial phase of enhanced sleep in E. coli-inoculated rabbits but did attenuate the subsequent sleep suppression. These data indicate that glucocorticoid administration is associated with an attenuated sleep response in bacterially inoculated rabbits.
Wind Damage Observations and Implications

Literature containing observations of windstorm damage to buildings is condensed into descriptions of failure modes exhibited by several common building types. Failure modes are reviewed and building types that constitute the largest contributor in windstorm damage costs are identified. Buildings that receive some engineering attention but are constructed largely in a traditional and routine fashion (e.g. low-rise commercial buildings) are especially susceptible to wind-induced damage, and contribute to large economic losses through damage to inventory and loss of business. Wind and earthquake caused damages are compared, and observations regarding damage dissimilarities are examined.
New Genera of Agaricales

Three new genera, Pegleromyces (Trirholomataceae), Mycoalvimia (Tricholomataceae), Callistodermatium (Tricholomataceae), are described. One insufficiently known genus, Phyllobolites (Paxillaceae), ...
THE ECONOMIC PAMPHLETEER: Cooperation: The Key to Sustainable Livelihoods in Food Systems

First paragraphs: Profits are not sustainable in today's food systems, and most certainly not for farmers. The more efficient producers may be able to survive financially, but their potential to do more beyond survival is inherently limited. The economic livelihoods necessary to incentivize the needed transition to a sustainable food system will require fundamental change in today's food economy. Historically, market economies have been characterized by competition. We typically think of horizontal competition within food retailing, processing, and farming sectors, but competition also occurs vertically throughout the different sectors of the food economy. Such markets are coordinated vertically, from consumers down to farmers, through vertical competition. For example, when consumers demand more of something, prices are raised by retailers to ration the available supplies. Higher retail prices provide profit incentives for retailers to offer higher prices to processors, who then offer higher prices to producers, providing incentives to produce more of the higher-priced products. This process is reversed by weaker consumer demand. Vertical competition reallocates productive resources to accommodate changing consumer demand. These are basically the conditions under which markets for organic, local, and other sustainably produced foods have grown over the past few decades. For example, as consumers' preferences shifted away from industrially produced foods and toward organic foods, price premiums for organic foods provided both the economic incentives and financial means for organic farmers to expand production. However, market growth does not ensure profitability in market economies, as many organic farmers have discovered....
Video Supervision System of People′s Armed Police Based on WiMAX Technique

Broadband wireless access technology WiMAX has such features as high transmission rate,long transmission distance and wide cover.The advantage and architecture of WiMAX are described,the design scheme of video supervision system based on WiMAX technique is introduced combined with the requirements of the People′s Armed Police.Then,functional component and working principle are discussed.Finally the important factors that affected engineering construction are analyzed.The scheme not only can be used in People′s Armed Police,but can be used in other place.
Musical Interaction Design with the CREATE USB Interface Teaching HCI with CUIs instead of GUIs

The CREATE USB Interface, or CUI, is a tool for both research and teaching that was developed to facilitate the design of new musical instruments and other interactive art projects. Teaching Human-Computer Interaction in music and related media arts presents a requirement for extremely responsive control methods, and a very different design theory than conventional HCI. A new course titled Media Interface Technology was developed in order to give students the necessary engineering expertise and aesthetic awareness to create successful input/output devices, and map their functionality onto musical synthesis or other interactive algorithms.
De-industrialization and the Rise of the Service Economy

Should we be concerned about the elimination of manufacturing jobs and the rise of service employment in the United States? In the past, economists as far apart as Karl Marx and Adam Smith regarded services as decidedly unproductive. Recently, the attitude toward services has shifted. Despite the prevalence of low-wage service employment, some modern economists welcome the replacement of manufacturing employment as a positive development.
Prominent Intrapulmonary Bronchopulmonary Anastomoses and Abnormal Lung Development in Infants and Children with Down Syndrome.

Objectives To determine the frequency of histologic features of impaired lung vascular and alveolar development and to identify the presence of intrapulmonary bronchopulmonary anastomoses (IBA) in infants and children who died with Down syndrome. Study design A retrospective review of autopsy reports and lung histology from 13 children with Down syndrome (ages: 0-8 years) was performed. Histologic features of abnormal lung development were identified and semiquantified, including the presence of IBA. Three-dimensional reconstructions of IBA were also performed. Comparisons were made with 4 age-matched patients without Down syndrome with congenital heart defects who underwent autopsies during this time period. Results Of the 13 subjects with Down syndrome, 69% died from cardiac events, 77% had a congenital heart defect, and 46% had a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Lung histology from all subjects with Down syndrome demonstrated alveolar simplification, and 92% had signs of persistence of a double capillary network in the distal lung. The lungs from the subjects with Down syndrome frequently had features of pulmonary arterial hypertensive remodeling (85%), and prominent bronchial vessels and IBA were observed in all subjects with Down syndrome. These features were more frequent in subjects with Down syndrome compared with control subjects. Conclusions Children with Down syndrome who died of cardiopulmonary diseases often have histologic evidence of impaired lung alveolar and vascular development, including the presence of prominent IBA and pulmonary hypertension. We speculate that children with Down syndrome are at risk for reduced lung surface area and recruitment of IBA, which may worsen gas exchange in subjects with Down syndrome.
Management of Status Epilepticus

The care given to 8 children with epilepsy admitted with convulsive status epilepticus during 1990 is evaluated at the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff.
Introduction: Gary Snyder

This special issue had its origin in the ongoing work of Dr. Joan Qionglin Tan and her Center for Gary Snyder Studies housed at Hunan University, Changsha, China, which promotes analysis and transl...
Radio background measurements at long wavelengths

The measurement of the radio background at long wavelengths has received a great deal of attention in observational cosmology over past decade. The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) has imprinted on it the history of the cosmological evolution of the primordial neutral hydrogen. The interaction of the CMB and the neutral hydrogen resulted in 21 cm spin flip transitions that has manifested itself in the form of faint spectral signature and are now redshifted to long radio wavelengths. A successful detection of these signatures requires extremely wideband measurements with a 1:10⁁5 accuracy that could be accomplished with smart system engineering and accurate theoretical description of the system that is connected to its electrical performance. We herein present the measurement technique and the result of the radio background measurements by a single element experiment “Shaped Antenna measurements of the background RAdio Spectrum” (SARAS). We also present the design and development of a multi element experiment “Hydrogen Probe of the Epoch of REIONization” (HYPERION) for precision measurements of the radio background at long wavelengths.
EDUCATORS' FORUM: WELCOME TO A NEW SECTION IN THE JNMT.

As an educator of nuclear medicine technologists, I am a rare breed. There are only a few hundred of us in the United States, and we do not get many opportunities to meet with and learn from one another. The SNMMI annual meeting is our one chance each year to come together, share ideas, and compare
Combined Spinal and Caudal Epidural Anesthesia for Prolonged Surgical Procedures in Pediatric-Aged Patients: A Report of Two Cases

With emerging evidence that specific anesthetic agents may affect neurocognitive outcomes, there has been renewed interest in the applications of spinal anesthesia in neonates and infants. Because of its short duration of action, spinal anesthesia in infants is generally limited to procedures lasting less than 70 - 75 min. To avoid this limitation, we report a technique combining spinal and caudal epidural anesthesia. We present two infants in whom this technique was used to provide surgical anesthesia (without general anesthesia or airway manipulation) for two cases lasting more than 90 min. The technique used is presented, its applications discussed, and previous reports reviewed. J Med Cases. 2018;9(2):64-67 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2994w
C-reactive Protein — a Prognostic Marker of Inflammation in Atherothrombosis

Though significant advancements continue in the management of unstable ischemic heart disease, preventive interventions with a similar magnitude of benefit have the potential to reduce the number of cardiovascular deaths each year by more than 100,000 in the United States alone [1]. Epidemiological data have established important risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease, including advanced age, tobacco use, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, up to one third of first coronary events occur among individuals without these traditional risk factors [2]. Thus, efforts to identify additional indicators of cardiovascular prognosis that add to the predictive information from traditional risk factors, and that might aid in targeting therapy are central to improving the preventive strategies.
From pecher to pêcher... or pécher: Simplifying French Input by Accent Prediction

In this paper we describe our approach to building a French text input system, in which no explicit typing of accents is required. This makes typing of French available to a wider range of keyboards and to occasional writers of the language. Our method is built on the noisy-channel model, and achieves 99.8% characterlevel accuracy on the test data consisting of formal and casual writing styles. This system is part of a larger project of making text input easier for multiple languages, including those that have traditionally been the target of input methods (such as Chinese and Japanese) as well as phonetically based non-Roman script languages (such as Greek, Russian, and Indic languages). A demo of this system including these languages will be shown at the workshop.
On the Holocene Water Balance in Central Europe and Several Historical Consequences

Climatic conditions have influenced the patterns of human settlement and activities for many millennia. Combining information from archeological and paleoclimatic studies, these patterns can be reconstructed. The nature and frequency of extreme events is of special significance in affecting human history, and water supply plays a crucial role. In Central Europe, sedimentary sequences with alternating fresh-water deposits and buried soil horizons testify to change in availability of water. Archeologic objects are quite common within the buried soils and can be used for age assignment. Soil formation and lake expansion correlate over large areas, emphasizing the climatic origin. During times of drought, settlements moved closer to water sources with shifts both toward lake shores and to higher altitudes. A prominent record of human response to drought cycles in central Europe is represented in the so-called “Burgenhorizonte” (fort horizons) representing times of construction of fortifications against sporadic immigration from drought-stricken regions, e.g. during the Bronze Age. At the end of the regional Bronze Age the climate became more continental with significant consequences for human settlement, culture, and history.
SWAY ADDED-MASS COEFFICIENTS FOR RECTANGULAR PROFILES IN SHALLOW WATER

This paper presents analytic and numerical results for the added-mass coefficients of two-dimensional rectangular cylinders, accelerating laterally in shallow water. The free surface is assumed rigid, corresponding to low-frequency oscillations in waves or low Froude number maneuvers in calm water. The effects of finite water depth are most significant for rectangles of large beam-draft ratio.
Venerating nature’s deviance in the Roman de la Rose

The Roman de la Rose ends with an allegory of foreplay and intercourse: Amant first venerates relics that figuratively represent testicles and then penetrates his beloved only to find entry hampered by a barrier signifying the hymen. The hermaphroditism of the body here penetrated incarnates a hermaphroditic hermeneutics. The reader must engage the body of the beloved with an attention to detail that is at least as rapt as the adoring gaze of the lover and must, in the process, attempt to separate the literal and figurative registers of the text. The task is frustrated, however, by the fact that the body in question is both literally male and figuratively female. Frustration, nonetheless, brings a pleasure of its own, the delight that accrues for the very act of interpretation.
Compiling Bayesian Network Classifiers into Decision Graphs.

We propose an algorithm for compiling Bayesian network classifiers into decision graphs that mimic the input and output behavior of the classifiers. In particular, we compile Bayesian network classifiers into ordered decision graphs, which are tractable and can be exponentially smaller in size than decision trees. This tractability facilitates reasoning about the behavior of Bayesian network classifiers, including the explanation of decisions they make. Our compilation algorithm comes with guarantees on the time of compilation and the size of compiled decision graphs. We apply our compilation algorithm to classifiers from the literature and discuss some case studies in which we show how to automatically explain their decisions and verify properties of their behavior.
Synthesis and application of the blue fluorescent amino acid L-4-cyanotryptophan to assess peptide–membrane interactions

Recently, l-4-cyanotryptophan has been shown to be an efficient blue fluorescence emitter, with the potential to enable novel applications in biological spectroscopy and microscopy. However, lack of facile synthetic routes to this unnatural amino acid limits its wide use. Herein, we describe an expedient approach to synthesize Fmoc protected l-4-cyanotryptophan with high optical purity (>99%). Additionally, we test the utility of this blue fluorophore in imaging cell-membrane-bound peptides and in determining peptide-membrane binding constants.
Towards a Non-Magnetic Topological Haldane Laser

We introduce a new design for implementing the topological Haldane laser on a nonmagnetic platform. Unit cells are provided for detuned nearest neighbor coupling and imaginary next-nearest neighbor coupling based on microring laser networks. © 2019 The Author(s)
One hundred years after the 1918 pandemic: new concepts for preparing for influenza pandemics.

Purpose of reviewIn the 100 years since the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, the most deadly event in human history, we have made substantial progress yet we remain vulnerable to influenza pandemics This article provides a brief overview of important advances in preparing for an influenza pandemic,
Assessing the lymphoid tissue bioavailability of antiretrovirals in human primary lymphoid endothelial cells and in mice

Background The secondary lymphoid tissues (LTs), lymph nodes (LNs) and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are considered reservoirs for HIV. Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have lower penetration into LT. In vitro models predictive of ARV LT penetration have not been established. Objectives To develop an in vitro model of LT bioavailability using human lymphoid endothelial cells (HLECs) and investigate its predictability with in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in mice. Methods ARV bioavailability in HLECs was evaluated at the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) observed in HIV-infected patients. ARVs were: abacavir, atazanavir, darunavir, dolutegravir, efavirenz, elvitegravir, emtricitabine, maraviroc, raltegravir, rilpivirine, ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and the PK booster cobicistat. The LT PK of representative drugs showing high (efavirenz), intermediate (dolutegravir) and low (emtricitabine) HLEC bioavailability was investigated in BALB/c mice given 50/10/30 mg/kg efavirenz/dolutegravir/emtricitabine orally, daily for 3 days. The concordance of in vitro and in vivo ARV bioavailability was examined. Results ARVs showed high (>67th percentile; rilpivirine, efavirenz, elvitegravir and cobicistat), intermediate (67th-33rd percentile; ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, dolutegravir and maraviroc) and low ( dolutegravir>emtricitabine. Conclusions ARVs displayed distinct HLEC penetration patterns. PK studies of representative ARVs in LT of mice were concordant with HLEC bioavailability. These findings support further development of this approach and its translational predictability in humans.