cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hobbes, Seabright, and our ancestors: institutionalist theory and the writing of evolutionary history

Recently, a debate has ensued as to whether neoclassical economics has jettisoned its inward looking, reductionism of the past in favour of a more open evolutionary style, making it more compatible with institutional economics. Paul Seabright’s, The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life claims to do precisely this and thus it is worthwhile to critically assess its efforts. Does it really represent a fundamental change or it is merely window dressing, serving up the same neoclassical analysis in slightly different form? This paper evaluates Seabright’s claim from largely an (old) institutionalist perspective and finds that fundamentally The Company of Strangers fits quite comfortably within the confines of traditional neoclassicism; thus, no ‘bridge’ has been established which would allow a more fruitful interchange with ‘old’ institutionalism.
Transition of transient vertical natural-convection flows in water

Experimental results and interpretations are given for transient natural convection adjacent to a suddenly heated flat vertical surface in quiescent water. The 1.24 m high surface resulted in laminar, transition and turbulent regimes downstream, in transients and in steady state, over a wide range of surface-energy input rates. Flows were visualized and velocity and temperature measurements made at various downstream locations, after imposing a uniform internal-energy generation rate within the very thin surface. Upflow development from quiescence to steady state was found to depend strongly on the downstream location x and imposed input heat flux. Laminar flow persisted into steady state, for short downstream distances. Further downstream, the flow became turbulent during the transient. Relaminarization at later time occurred only for lower flux inputs. Local measurements across the fluid layer show that the transient disturbances close to the leading edge of the surface are confined to within the final steady boundary layer. Downstream, they extend much further into the ambient. First disturbances always arose before the leading-edge-effect propagation estimates. The trend of data was in agreement with theory for a non-dimensional time τ < 85. For larger τ, turbulence instead terminated the one-dimensional transport regime simultaneously, at all downstream locations. This single value of τ also amounts to a single value of the non-dimensional thermal energy of the flow, ETT = 19.7. Disturbance frequency data early in the transient suggest the presence of a strongly selective amplification mechanism, very similar to that found in steady flows. The non-dimensional times at which local steady state was achieved were best correlated by a Fourier number, over a wide range of energy input conditions. Turbulence arising during the transient enhances the thermal transport significantly. Local convection coefficients then were found to be as much as 40% higher than the eventual steady values.
The effect of amodiaquin (camoquin) on the course of rheumatoid arthritis.

The applicability of the method described by Lansbury for therapeutic trials was studied in a small group of patients who received amodiaquin as a testing agent. By the multiple criteria applied, minor but measurable improvement resulted from the administration of this particular agent. This report gives strong additional support to the validity and desirability of systematic therapeutic evaluation. Severe toxicity of the drug apparently limits its value. Le applicabilitate del methodo describite per Lansbury pro essayos therapeutic esseva studiate in un micre gruppo de patientes qui recipeva amodiaquina como agente a testar. Per le multiple criterios applicate, minor sed mesurabile melioration resultava ab le administration del agente mentionate. Le presente reporto argue fortemente pro le validitate e le desirabilitate de systematic evalutationes therapeutic. Sever grados de toxicitate limita apparentemente le valor de amodiaquina.
Southern Ocean pliocene paleotemperature variation from high-resolution silicoflagellate biostratigraphy

Abstract Applying the modern biogeographic distribution of silicoflagellate genera Dictyocha and Distephanus and calcareous nannoplankton as an analog, the biostratigraphic record of these phytoplankton can be used qualitatively to examine past changes in surface temperature in the Southern Ocean. The Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) is a major biogeographic barrier, limiting Dictyocha and calcareous nannoplankton to areas north of this zone. Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) holes 748B and 751A on the southern Kerguelen Plateau, 900 km south of the present location of the PFZ, contain expanded Pliocene sections through four time intervals: ∼4.5 to 4.2 Ma (Hole 751A), ∼3.7 to 3.1 Ma (Hole 748B), ∼3.6 to 3.5 Ma (Hole 751A), and ∼3.2 to 3.0 Ma (Hole 751A). Three distinct peaks in Dictyocha and calcareous nannofossil abundance reflect surface-water warming of at least 4°C through either southward migration of the PFZ or a weakening of the thermal gradient across this zone. Peak warming in the intervals studied is centered near ∼4.3 Ma, with other brief, yet significant, warming events near ∼4.5, ∼4.2, and ∼3.6 Ma. Cooling as a result of northward migration of the PFZ, or intensified thermal gradient, is indicated by the absence of Dictyocha and calcareous nannofossils in other stratigraphic intervals. These data support previous studies indicating Pliocene oceanic and climatic variability in the southern high latitudes. Silicoflagellate abundance patterns from Hole 751A identify taxonomic relationships between several morphotypes. The simultaneous appearance and proportional occurrence of five-sided and four-sided Dictyocha specimens suggests a close relationship between these two forms. Distephanus crux s.l. and Dictyocha aspera var. pygmaea also show a near mutually exclusive abundance pattern in Hole 751A and are similar in basal ring size and morphology, indicating they are conspecific. They differ only in apical structure, whereby Distephanus crux s.l. may have formed an apical bar under fluctuating environmental conditions in the Early Pliocene. These variations in silicoflagellate architecture appear to be related to paleoenvironmental changes indicating that silicoflagellate morphology may represent a more useful paleoceanographic tool that has been noted previously.
Tax incentives for growth

T here is little evidence to support the significance of state and local government incentives for inducing private investment. Nonetheless, state and local governments apparently believe that they have the means, either through legislative action or persuasion, to influence the level of economic activity in their region. This belief is evidenced by the fact that tax-free state and local revenue bond financing is offered to industry in 45 states; 29 states offer other types of low-interest loans; 25 states do not collect sales taxes on newly purchased industrial equipment; 38 do not levy inventory taxes on goods in transit; virtually all states have industrial development agencies; and many state and local governments offer tax credits, abatements, and rapid depreciation to encourage new investment in plant and equipment. Why do state and local governments offer these incentives? Presumably the objective is to improve that state's business climate on the assumption that economic developTax li_ sLicinG | THE
The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata

Abstract Haemolymph withdrawn from Ceratitis capitata larvae and adult males inoculated a day earlier with Enterobacter cloacae contains potent antibacterial factors, while haemolymph from untreated controls has none. A sterile wound can also induce the antibacterial immune response, but it is augmented substantially by bacteria. The response is detectable within 3 h and lasts for at least 8 days. Ceratitus larvae and adult males produce about four factors with isoelectric points between 8.5 and 10 and larvae make an additional factor at about pI 7. The fat body of both larvae and adults produces antibacterial factors.
Bounds on dark matter interactions with electroweak gauge bosons

We investigate scenarios in which dark matter interacts with the Standard Model primarily through electroweak gauge bosons. We employ an effective field theory framework wherein the Standard Model and the dark matter particle are the only light states in order to derive model-independent bounds. Bounds on such interactions are derived from dark matter production by weak boson fusion at the LHC, indirect detection searches for the products of dark matter annihilation and from the measured invisible width of the ${Z}^{0}$. We find that limits on the UV scale, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, reach weak scale values for most operators and values of the dark matter mass, thus probing the most natural scenarios in the weakly interacting massive particle dark matter paradigm. Our bounds suggest that light dark matter (${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{m}_{Z}/2$ or ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}100--200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, depending on the operator) cannot interact only with the electroweak gauge bosons of the Standard Model, but rather requires additional operator contributions or dark sector structure to avoid overclosing the Universe.
A nullspace-based precoder with subspace expansion for radar/communications coexistence

In this paper we consider spectrum sharing between a communication system, modeled as MIMO interference channel (MIMO IFC), and MIMO radar. We first derive a zero-forcing precoder to eliminate the interference at the communication receivers. We show that this precoder is equivalent to orthogonal projection matrix onto the null space of an effective interference channel and show that this choice of precoder will degrade the radar target direction estimation performance. We show that the radar performance can be improved at the cost of non-zero interference at communication users by projecting the radar signal onto a subspace which is an expanded version of the aforementioned null space. We propose two approaches to smoothly expand the projected subspace and study the tradeoff between radar performance and interference at the communication users through simulation.
A computational model of spindle oscillations

Abstract A model of the thalamocortical system was constructed for the purpose of a computational analysis of spindle. The parameters used in the model were based on experimental measurements. The model included a reticular thalamic nucleus and a dorsal layer. The thalamic cells were capable of undergoing a low threshold Ca 2+ mediated spike. The simulation was used to investigate the plausibility an ramifications of certain proposals that have been put forward for the production of spindle. An initial stimulus to the model reticular thalamic layer was found to give rise to activity resembling spindle. The emergent population oscillations were analyzed for factors that affected its frequency and amplitude. The role of cortical feedback to the pacemaking RE layer was also investigated. Finally, a non-linear dynamics analysis was conducted on the emergent population oscillations. This activity was found to yield a positive Lyapunov exponent and define and attractor of low dimensions. Excitatory feedback was found to decrease the dimensionality of the attractor at the reticular thalamic layer.
Serial magnetic resonance imaging of experimental atherosclerosis detects lesion fine structure, progression and complications in vivo

A major problem in the study of lesions of atherosclerosis is the difficulty of imaging noninvasively the lesions and following their progression in vivo. To address this problem, we have developed advanced magnetic resonance techniques to noninvasively and serially image advanced lesions of atherosclerosis in the rabbit abdominal aorta. Both lumen and wall were imaged with high resolution. Progression of disease, resulting in increase in lesion mass, decrease in arterial lumen, or stenosis, and intralesion complications, can be detected. Images acquired in vivo correlate with the fine structure of the lesions of atherosclerosis, including the fibrous cap, necrotic core, and lesion fissures, as verified by gross examination, dissection microscopy, and histology. The ability to noninvasively identify the features of atherosclerotic plaques, has significant implications for determining risks and benefits associated with different therapeutic approaches.
Three decades of luminescence research

Abstract In this paper, I will briefly survey and review the progress we have all achieved in understanding luminescence and light emitting processes since I participated in my first Luminescence Conference. These advances have been the direct result of advances and improvements in our experimental and theoretical methodology. We will cite a number of illustrative examples.
Injuries to law enforcement officers: The backface signature injury

In today's law enforcement community, one of the most vital tools an officer can possess is personal body armor. However, a recent Department of Justice investigation has raised important questions regarding the protection actually afforded officers through the use of personal body armor, and the current test methods used to assess the armor. Test results show that most Zylon-containing vests showed deformations in excess of the 0101.04 Standard's 44 mm backface signature limit. Such increased deformation can lead to serious injuries, including backface signature injuries, which have occurred in the field. Although the vest is successful in containing the round, it is not effectively dissipating the energy enough to prevent large amounts of vest deformation at the area of impact. Therefore, open, penetrating wounds occur even though the bullet did not penetrate the vest. The objective of the current study was to further define the backface signature injury through the use of case studies and laboratory experiments. Following the case study investigation, backface signature testing was conducted using a clay medium based on the NIJ 0101.04 Standard. The final component of this research involved the use of post-mortem human specimens (PMHS) for further investigation of the backface signature injury. Although the underlying cause of backface signature injuries is unknown, energy density is likely to play a role in the mechanism. Energy density (E/a) is defined as the energy per unit area and has been previously used in less lethal skin penetration research. Further research into the underlying causes of backface signature injuries is necessary. In addition to armor testing, the study of law enforcement personnel who have been shot while wearing soft body armor is also a valuable tool for determining the effectiveness of certification standards. Finally, it is important for medical personnel to recognize the backface signature injury and document this as a type of injury separate from blunt trauma or penetrating trauma behind armor injuries. Detailed knowledge of the injury, including the depth of the wound, would be beneficial to the scientific community.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SHALE OIL I. DEPENDENCE ON OIL SHALE ORIGIN

ABSTRACT Shale oils obtained by nitrogen retorting of North Carolina, Cleveland, Ohio, Colorado, Rundle, Stuart, and Condor oil shales have been chemically characterized by g.c.-m.s. techniques. After species identification, chemical compositions of the shale oils have been related to the geological origins of the parent shales. Based on the characteristics observed in the chromatograms, eight semi-quantitative parameters have been used to describe the chromatograms. Six of these parameters describe the relative abundance and distribution of straight chain alkanes and alkenes in the chromatograms. The other two parameters represent the abundance, relative to the total amount of volatiles in the oil, of alkylbenzenes and alkylphenols.
Coadsorption of CO and K on Ni(100) I. TDS studies

Abstract Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) has been used to study the coadsorption system, carbon monoxide and potassium, dosed at 120 K on a Ni(100) surface. Two CO desorption states are induced by predosed K. The lower temperature state, attributed to molecular desorption, shifts to higher temperatures with increasing K precoverage and to lower temperatures with increasing CO exposure. The intensity of the high temperature state, attributed to associative desorption of adsorbed C and O atoms, increases linearly with K coverage. Potassium desorption occurs simultaneously. Models involving long-range (indirect) K effects on adsorbed CO are supported.
Parent training for Spanish‐speaking families with a retarded child

Spanish-speaking and lower socioeconomic status families have been under-represented in studies of parent training. This study assessed utilization of and benefits from a group parent-training program for lower socioeconomic status, Spanish-speaking families with a developmentally disabled child. Access to training was facilitated by a central location, evening meetings, reimbursement for transportation, and provision of child care. Measures, instructional manuals, and training were in Spanish. A standard group curriculum, which emphasized behavior problem management and self-help skill teaching, was modified to include incentives and weekly supervision of parents' teaching. Twenty families were assigned randomly to group training or a delayed-training control group. Measures were taken of mother's teaching ability, child's self-help skills, child's behavior problems, mother's knowledge of teaching principles, and family's home teaching. Trained parents gained significantly more than control parents on the latter three of these measures, and trained families combined gained significantly on all measures. At a 6-month follow-up, parents' home teaching had diminished, although not to pretraining levels.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT IV. DEVELOPMENT OF A RAT COLONY FREE FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

A colony of albino rats was developed from three breeders (not germ-free) originally delivered by Cesarian section and artificially reared in the laboratories of Professor James A Reyniers. The colony has been maintained under quarantine since June, 1948, in the absence of any demonstrable involvement of the respiratory tract or of the middle ears. At autopsy pleuropneumonia-like organisms, Streptobacillus moniliformis, and the virus-like agent associated with endemic pneumonia were not recoverable from the lungs or the nasal passages of 81 young and adult rats. During the same time interval the morbidity rate of pneumonia in another rat colony known to be free from infectious catarrh was 51 per cent while the incidence of infection with the virus-like agent approached 100 per cent.
DISTURBANCE, PREDATOR, AND RESOURCE INTERACTIONS ALTER CONTAINER COMMUNITY COMPOSITION

Species diversity at the local-community scale can be altered by numerous factors, including disturbances, predators, and resource levels. Intermediate levels of these three factors are predicted to enhance coexistence and diversity. However, no study has examined how these factors may interact to alter community composition. The protozoan and rotifer community that colonized containers set in a forest was used to examine the interactions between these local community processes. We conducted a fully factorial mi- crocosm experiment that manipulated disturbance frequency, predator density, and resource levels to examine protozoan and rotifer richness, community composition, and species abundance. Species richness was significantly altered by disturbances and predators, while predator densities interacted with disturbances and resources. Total abundance was signif- icantly affected by each treatment, as well as a disturbance and predator interaction. We found that community composition was altered by each of the treatments and their inter- actions, indicating that different groups of species were present depending on the treatments. These results indicate that strong species sorting occurs in this community. Understanding these factors alone and in concert can provide insight to the potential complexities that underlie community structure and species composition.
Self-diffusion of entangled linear and circular DNA molecules : Dependence on length and concentration

Self-diffusion coefficients (D) of DNA molecules of varying length and concentration were measured by tracking the Brownian motion of individual fluorescently labeled tracer molecules. Four possible cases were examined: linear tracer molecules surrounded by linear molecules (L-L), circular tracers surrounded by linears (C-L), linear tracers surrounded by circles ( L-C), and circles surrounded by circles (C-C). With 6 and 11 kilobasepair (kbp) DNA D was largely insensitive to topology and varied consistent with Rouse scaling (D L -1 C -0.5 ). In contrast, with 25 and 45 kbp DNA topology had a strong influence. At 1 mg/mL we found DC-C > DL-C. DL-L. DC-L.I n theL-L, L-C, and C-C cases a crossover from scaling consistent with the Rouse model to scaling consistent with the reptation model (D L -2 C -1.75 ) was observed at 6 times the molecular overlap concentration. In contrast, DC-L decreased much more steeply with concentration, indicating that a process much slower than reptation governs that case.
Association of Achieved Dialysis Dose with Mortality in the Hemodialysis Study: An Example of “Dose-Targeting Bias”

In the intention-to-treat analysis of the Hemodialysis Study, all-cause mortality did not differ significantly between the high versus standard hemodialysis dose groups. The association of mortality with delivered dose within each of the two randomized treatment groups was examined, and implications for observational studies were considered. Time-dependent Cox regression was used to relate the relative risk (RR) for mortality to the running mean of the achieved equilibrated Kt/V (eKt/V) over the preceding 4 mo. eKt/V was categorized by quintiles within each dose group. Analyses were controlled for case-mix factors and baseline anthropometric volume. Within each randomized dose group, mortality was elevated markedly when achieved eKt/V was in the lowest quintile (RR, 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40 to 2.66; P < 0.0001 in the standard-dose group; RR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.50 to 2.76; P < 0.0001 in the high-dose group; RR relative to the middle quintiles). The mortality rate in the lowest eKt/V quintile of the high-dose group was higher than in the full standard-dose group (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.96; P < 0.0001). Each 0.1 eKt/V unit below the group median was associated with a 58% higher mortality in the standard-dose group (P < 0.001) and a 37% higher mortality in the high-dose group (P < 0.001). The magnitude of these dose-mortality effects was seven- to 12-fold higher than the upper limit of the 95% CI from the intention-to-treat analysis. The effects were attenuated in lagged analyses but did not disappear. When dialysis dose is targeted closely, as under the controlled conditions of the Hemodialysis Study, patients with the lowest achieved dose relative to their target dose experience markedly increased mortality, to a degree that is not compatible with a biologic effect of dose. The possibility of similar (albeit smaller) biases should be considered when analyzing observational data sets relating mortality to achieved dose of dialysis.
Robust control design for uncertain nonlinear systems under feedback linearization

A study is made of the design of robust stabilizing controllers for uncertain nonlinear systems which are feedback-equivalent to controllable linear systems. Uncertainty is considered to be parametric and is caused by unknown or time-varying modeled parameters. Uncertainties due to unmodeled dynamics are not addressed. The proposed design method does not necessarily require structure matching conditions between the real plant and the nominal model of the plant. The problem reduces to the design of linear controllers for a linear system perturbed by uncertainties which lie in the range of the control input operator only when the matching conditions are satisfied. The design approach is based on the second method of Lyapunov, wherealgebraic Riccati equations need to be solved. >
Two-layer supervisory controller-based thyristor-controlled braking resistor for transient stability crisis

In this paper, a supervisory two-layer control structure is synthesized with network elements as control means for thyristor-controlled braking resistor (BR) of multimachine power system operating in transient emergency state. This creates a multiple local feedback controller that can be realistically implemented using only local measurements and whose performance is consistent with respect to changes in network configuration, loading, and power transfer conditions. Following a major disturbance, the rotor angle and rotor speed of each generator unit are determined and the firing angle of the thyristor switch associated with the BR is computed by the local controllers. By controlling the firing angle of the thyristor, the BR controls the accelerating power in each generator and, thus, enhances the stability margins and damping oscillations. Since the local controllers rely only on measurements particular to their own subsystem, interconnection effects and the nonlinearities introduced by them are accounted for by the supervisory layer. The two-layer controller was tested on the IEEE Western States Coordinating Council (WSCC) test system. Results show that the controller is capable of bringing the system under control when starting with inherently unstable conditions, even when the severity of the disturbances is increased.
Fleeting Dreams and Flowing Goods: Citizenship and Consumption in Havana Cuba

This article explores the ways that consumption practices and the expectations around consumption are changing in Havana, Cuba. Drawing on studies of citizenship, I argue that consumption is a right of citizenship and, as such, has transformative power—not necessarily positive—for society and its citizens. This is especially the case when there are economic and political distinctions made about who can and cannot consume what products. Ethnography provides insights into the varying forms of consumption that Cubans encounter, and the ways that these are fragmenting socialist ideals and values, perceptions of national unity, and, ultimately, definitions of belonging and citizenship.
Glycoproteomic analysis of two mouse mammary cell lines during transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition

TGF-β acts as an antiproliferative factor in normal epithelial cells and at early stages of oncogenesis. However, later in tumor development TGF-β can become tumor promoting through mechanisms including the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that is thought to contribute to tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. To identify EMT-related breast cancer therapeutic targets and biomarkers, we have used two proteomic approaches to find proteins that change in abundance upon the induction of EMT by TGF-β in two mouse mammary epithelial cell lines, NMuMG and BRI-JM01. Preliminary experiments based on two-dimensional electrophoresis of a hydrophobic cell fraction identified only 5 differentially expressed proteins from BRI-JM01 cells. Since 3 of these proteins were glycoproteins, we next used the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), to enrich for glycoproteins, followed by relative quantification of tryptic peptides using a label-free LC-MS based method. Using these approaches, we identified several proteins that are modulated during the EMT process, including cell adhesion molecules (several members of the Integrin family, Fibronectin, Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, and Neural cell adhesion molecule 1) and regulators of cellular signaling (Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2, Basigin). Interestingly, despite the fact that TGF-β induces similar EMT phenotypes in NMuMG and BRI-JM01 cells, the proteomic results for the two cell lines showed only minimal overlap. These differences likely result in part from the conservative cut-off values used to define differentially-expressed proteins in these experiments. Alternatively, it is possible that the two cell lines may use different mechanisms to achieve an EMT transition.
Binary choice, subset choice, random utility, and ranking: A unified perspective using the permutahedron

The d-permutahedron Pd� 1CR d is defined as the convex hull of all d-dimensional permutation vectors, namely, vectors whose components are distinct values of a d-element set of integers ½d ��f 1; 2;y; dg: By construction, Pd� 1 is a convex polytope with d ! vertices, each representing a linear order (ranking) on ½d� ; and has dimension dimðPd� 1 Þ¼ d � 1: This paper provides a review of some well-known properties of a permutahedron, applies the geometric-combinatoric insights to the investigation of the various popular choice paradigms and models by emphasizing their inter-connections, and presents a few new results along this line. Permutahedron provides a natural representation of ranking probability; in fact it is shown here to be the space of all Borda scores on ranking probabilities (also called ‘‘voters profiles’’ in the social choice literature). The following relations are immediate consequences of this identification. First, as all d ! vertices of Pd� 1 are equidistant to its barycenter, Pd� 1 is circumscribed by a sphere S d� 2 in a ðd � 1Þ-dimensional space, with each spherical point representing an equivalent class of vectors whose components are defined on an interval scale. This property provides a natural expression of the random utility model of ranking probabilities, including the condition of Block and Marschak. Second, Pd� 1 can be realized as the image of an affine projection from the unit cube Cdðd� 1Þ=2 of dimension dðd � 1Þ=2: As the latter is the space of all binary choice vectors describing probabilities of pairwise comparisons within d objects, Borda scores can be defined on binary choice probabilities through this projective mapping. The result is the Young’s formula, now applicable to any arbitrary binary choice vector. Third, Pd� 1 can be realized as a ‘‘monotone path polytope’’ as induced from the lift-up of the projection of the cube CdCR d onto the line
A public/private partnership in personalized cancer care

Personalized cancer care means that a treatment is delivered to the patient in a very directed fashion. No longer is a one-size fits all approach acceptable. More importantly, the standard approach using non-targeted chemotherapy, treating many patients to help an unknown few, is rapidly falling in disfavor to therapies paired with unique biomarkers. Recent success in targeting patient subpopulations harboring RAF mutations has shown promise for accelerating the drug development process. Moreover, this success suggests the need for increased focus on cancer diagnostics. Biomarker discovery, however, has been a substantial challenge, limited by the availability of a large number of high quality, well-annotated specimens. Here, we describe the development of one of the world’s largest molecular databases of human cancer that will have a wide spectrum of utility in the years to come as the clinical data mature. The database supports a broad initiative in personalized medicine called “Total Cancer Care”. This represents a successful private/public partnership between and an academic medical center, a large network of community hospitals, and a large pharmaceutical company.
Triage of Patients with Acute Chest Pain and Possible Cardiac Ischemia: The Elusive Search for Diagnostic Perfection

Few diagnostic decisions in medicine have been more heavily researched than the approach to the patient with acute chest pain. Despite the advances in both diagnosing and treating patients presenting with this symptom, cases of missed myocardial infarctions still cause substantial morbidity and mortality. This article examines a case in which a patient was sent home from the emergency department after presenting with chest pain and was subsequently found to have a myocardial infarction. In the context of the case, the article discusses clinical decision making about the diagnosis and triage of patients presenting with acute chest pain or with symptoms consistent with possible cardiac ischemia. A standardized approach to addressing the management of these patients is essential, given the adverse consequences of missing a life-threatening condition.
OGO Search Coil Magnetometer Experiments

The OGO triaxial search coil magnetometer measures naturally occurring magnetic fluctuations between 0.01 Hz and ~1000 Hz in the space around the earth. The instrument design is described and the design rationale discussed. The results of the observations on the first five OGO spacecraft in the magnetosphere, magnetotail, magnetosheath, and interplanetary medium, as well as at hydromagnetic bow shock, are summarized and discussed.
The WUSCHEL Related Homeobox Protein WOX7 Regulates the Sugar Response of Lateral Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Sugars promote lateral root formation at low levels but become inhibitory at high C/N or C/P ratios. How sugars suppress lateral root formation is unclear, however. Here we report that WOX7, a member of the WUSCHEL related homeobox (WOX) family transcription factors, inhibits lateral root development in a sugar-dependent manner. The number of lateral root primordia increased in wox7 mutants but decreased in plants over-expressing WOX7. Plants expressing the WOX7-VP16 fusion protein produced even more lateral roots than wox7, suggesting that WOX7 acts as a transcriptional repressor in lateral root development. WOX7 is expressed at all stages of lateral root development, but it is primarily involved in lateral root initiation. Consistent with this, the wox7 mutant had a higher mitotic activity only at early stages of lateral root development. Further studies suggest that WOX7 regulates lateral root development through direct repression of cell cycle genes, particularly CYCD6;1. WOX7 expression was enhanced by sugar, reduced by auxin, but did not respond to salt and mannitol. In the wox7 mutant, the effect of sugar on lateral root formation was mitigated. These results together suggest that WOX7 plays an important role in coupling the lateral root development program and sugar status in plants.
Phenytoin sodium solubility in three intravenous solutions

The solubility of phenytoin sodium injection of two manufacturer's was studied in three intravenous fluids, 0.9% sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, and four manufacturers 5% dextrose injections. Phenytoin sodium for injection was added to 250 ml of an intravenous fluid to give calculated initial concentrations of 0.40, 0.98, 2.38, and 4.55 mg/ml. The pH of each solution was determined before and after the addition of phenytoin. Visual examination and nephelometric measurements for crystals were performed at various times between 5 and 1440 minutes after mixing. Phenytoin concentration was determined by spectrophotometry at these times; nephelometric measurements were done on unfiltered samples. The concentration of phenytoin declined rapidly in all dextrose solutions but at different rates for each brand. A greater stability was demonstrated when phenytoin was diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride and lactated Ringer's injections. Mean concentrations in excess of 95% of initial concentration were maintained for eight hours in those fluids. The two brands of phenytoin sodium injection did not differ consistently with respect to solubility. Crystals were observed in all dextrose solutions; nephelometric measurements indicated crystals were present in all solutions. The pH of all solutions increased sharply upon addition of phenytoin sodium injection. It is concluded that 0.9% sodium chloride and lactated Ringer's injections are suitable diluents for the intravenous administration of phenytoin. Factors other than pH and cosolvent concentration may affect phenytoin stability in dextrose solutions.
A u-shaped backward masking function in vision

Errors in discriminating the letters O and D in a forced-choice design were measured with 4 Ss when the exposure of either letter was accompanied or followed by a ring encircling it. The delay between offset of the letter and onset of the ring varied from concurrent presentation of both, through 0 msec. delay to 120 msec. delay, in steps of 10 msec. The letter and ring were presented randomly in one of four positions in a centrally located row, with the other three positions always empty. Accuracy was a u-shaped function of the delay between letter and ring for all 4 Ss. An explanation of the discrepancy between these findings and those of Eriksen & Collins (1964) is offered.
The genesis of New Zealand's ban

Party politics, a well-timed peace movement, and the advantages of New Zealand's relative isolation converged to turn antinuclear sentiments into a law. But a clear non-nuclear defense policy has yet to be developed.
Self-Deception and Akrasia

We have arrived at a notion of the self as the ideal person one wants to become, the incarnation of his prudential and moral values. That one has such an ideal of self follows from the concept of a person. Since being a person entails having authority to avow one’s reasons for action, and the exercise of this authority involves appeal to prudential and moral rules in justifying a course of action, it follows that, when our actions are inconsistent with our avowed reasons and intentions, we must attribute them to an agent other than that to which the avowals are attributed, an ‘alter-ego’ which, if it could be consulted, would give different and more consistent reasons. So arises the notion of an unconscious self as the grammatical object of reflexive description, the person who actually did what I did, but not my ‘real’ self which disapproves of what was done. A split between the actual and the ideal self is necessitated in order to preserve the authority of avowals. If I cannot avow reasons consistent with my actions, then there must be, within me, some other ‘I’ that can. In brief, where the authority of self-knowledge seems to break down, it is preserved by distinguishing between two different sources of authority, the actual and the ideal self. When one identifies himself with the former, he is in self-deception. When he identifies himself with the latter, he experiences weakness of will.
Code Generation and RISC Architectures

One of the most important and controversial innovations in computer architecture in the 1980’s has been the notion of a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). Both the RISC advocates and the defenders of CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architectures argue that the respective styles of architecture are intended to support programming in higher-level languages (HLL’s). The argument for CISC design is that it reduces the “semantic gap” between source language and architecture. The arguments for RISC architecture include the claims that code generation is easier because there are fewer choices, and that the architecture includes only the instructions that are used frequently.
Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of the Pancreas

The pancreas is a complex organ that may give rise to large number of neoplasms and non-neoplastic lesions. This article focuses on benign neoplasms, such as serous neoplasms, and tumorlike (pseudotumoral) lesions that may be mistaken for neoplasm not only by clinicians and radiologists, but also by pathologists. The family of pancreatic pseudotumors, by a loosely defined conception of that term, includes a variety of lesions including heterotopia, hamartoma, and lipomatous pseudohypertrophy. Autoimmune pancreatitis and paraduodenal ("groove") pancreatitis may also lead to pseudotumor formation. Knowledge of these entities will help in making an accurate diagnosis.
Patient Characteristics in CD 20+ and CD 20− Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): A Single Institution Analysis.

Targeted therapy is increasingly incorporated into the chemotherapy regimens of adult ALL. While the prognosis of BCR/ABL + (Philadelphia) ALL is well recognized; the significance of CD 20 postivity is unknown. We report the characteristics of 76 patients treated at Emory University between January 1999 and March 2005, divided into 2 groups based on CD 20 expression, as determined by flow cytometry. The CD 20+ patients presented with a higher WBC count and LDH, and lower platelet counts (table). In the CD 20+ group, 65% had pre B cell ALL and 8% had high grade B cell leukemia/lymphoma, whereas the CD 20- group consisted of 30% pre B cell ALL, 24% T cell ALL, and 10% had high grade leukemia/lymphoma. Of the 35 Ph+ ALL patients, 27 were CD20+ (20%) and 18 CD20- (51%). Patients were treated on clinical trials L20, ALL2, and more recently with the Hyper-CVAD regimen (n=32). Only 5 of the CD 20+ patients received rituximab in addition to chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 320 days, 46% of patients in each group are alive, 35% and 38% relapsed in the CD 20+ and CD 20- group, respectively. In summary, we found that CD 20+ ALL patients present with higher WBC count and LDH, and a lower platelet count; although, due to our small sample size, these differences were not significant. Further follow up is needed to provide mature results on survival and remission. | | CD 20+ | CD 20- | p= | |:------------------------ | ------------ | ---------- | ---- | | Total numbers | 26 | 50 | | | Median Age (yrs) | 45.2 (18–74) | 44 (19–76) | NS | | Median WBC (103/μl) | 29.1 | 10 | 0.09 | | Median Platelet (103/μl) | 35 | 65 | 0.11 | | Median LDH (IU) | 894 | 500 | 0.05 | | Normal Cytogenetics | 13 (50%) | 21 (42%) | NS | | Ph+ ALL | 7 (26%) | 18 (35%) | NS | | CR within 60 days | 20 (77%) | 27 (54%) | NS | | Primary Refractory | 2 (8%) | 6 (12%) | 0.7 | | Relapse | 9 (35%) | 19 (38%) | NS | | Alive at last follow up | 12(46%) | 23 (46%) | NS | | Expired by d270 | 8 (36%) | 11 (25%) | NS |
The Political Dynamics of District Reform: The Form and Fate of the Los Angeles Public School Choice Initiative:

BackgroundScholars widely acknowledge that politics help explain why policies are adopted and how they play out in states, districts, and schools. To date, political analyses of education reform te...
Sequential self-folding of polymer sheets

Shape plays an important role in defining the function of materials, particularly those found in nature. Several strategies exist to program materials to change from one shape to another; however, few can temporally and spatially control the shape. Programming the sequence of shape transformation with temporal control has been driven by the desire to generate complex shapes with high yield and to create multiple shapes from the same starting material. This paper demonstrates a markedly simple strategy for programmed self-folding of two-dimensional (2D) polymer sheets into 3D objects in a sequential manner using external light. Printed ink on the surface of the polymer sheets discriminately absorbs light on the basis of the wavelength of the light and the color of the ink that defines the hinge about which the sheet folds. The absorbed light gradually heats the underlying polymer across the thickness of the sheet, which causes relief of strain to induce folding. These color patterns can be designed to absorb only specific wavelengths of light (or to absorb differently at the same wavelength using color hues), thereby providing control of sheet folding with respect to time and space. This type of shape programming may have numerous applications, including reconfigurable electronics, actuators, sensors, implantable devices, smart packaging, and deployable structures.
Friction, adhesion, and elasticity of graphene edges

Frictional, adhesive, and elastic characteristics of graphene edges are determined through lateral force microscopy. Measurements reveal a significant local frictional increase at exposed graphene edges, whereas a single overlapping layer of graphene removes this local frictional increase. Comparison of lateral force and atomic force microscopy measurements shows that local forces on the probe are successfully modeled with a vertical adhesion in the vicinity of the atomic-scale graphene steps which also provides a new low-load calibration method. Lateral force microscopy performed with carefully maintained low-adhesion probes shows evidence of elastic straining of graphene edges. Estimates of the energy stored of this observed elastic response is consistent with out-of-plane bending of the graphene edge.
Raman Probing of Electronic Gap Excitations and Their Coupling to Phonons in High-Tc Superconductors

The room temperature Raman spectrum from single crystals of YBCO and BiSrCCO shows a surprisingly strong continuum that starts at zero energy and extends to beyond 800 cm−1. In YBCO this continuum shows strong anti-resonance-type interactions with two Raman-active phonons and a weaker interaction with a third. In BiSrCCO such interactions are not so well-established. As the temperature is reduced to well below Tc, in both materials the continuum persists, essentially to zero, and it shows a broad peak in the 350–550 cm−1 range. This peak may be interpreted as a measure of the gap, 2Δ. In YBCO the strong anti-resonances persist; one at 115 cm−1 providing additional proof that the continuum is present at an energy well below the expected value of 2Δ.
Crowd-sourced advocacy: Promoting disability rights through online storytelling:

This article sheds light on the emergent advocacy technique of building policy counter-narratives by crowd-sourcing, organizing, and disseminating personal life stories online. Focusing on the case...
Progress in Theoretical Study of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Materials

Lead halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising absorbers for fabricating low-cost and high-efficiency thin-film solar cells. The record power conversion efficiency of lead halide perovskite-based solar cells has rapidly increased from 3.8% in 2009 to 22.1% in early 2016. Such rapid improvement is attributed to the superior and unique photovoltaic properties of lead halide perovskites, such as the extremely high optical absorption coefficients and super-long photogenerated carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths that are not seen in any other polycrystalline thin-film solar cell materials. In the past a few years, theoretical approaches have been extensively applied to understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the superior photovoltaic properties of lead halide perovskites and have gained significant insights. This review article highlights the important theoretical results reported in literature for the understanding of the unique structural, electronic, optical, and defect properties of lead halide perovskite materials. For comparison, we also review the theoretical results reported in literature for some lead-free perovskites, double perovskites, and nonperovskites.
“Over the Top:” Has Technological Change Radically Altered the Prospects for Traditional Media?

In the last few years, consumers have found it increasingly easy to access content through the internet that they would previously have obtained from broadcasters, through cable television or satellite television, or on CDs, DVDs, and printed materials. In addition, they have access to a wide variety of user-generated content and social-networking sites to occupy time that once might have been devoted to traditional media. Despite these dramatic changes in access to media, however, most people still obtain much of their entertainment and information from rather traditional sources, such as cable and broadcast television networks, newspapers, magazines, or their online affiliates. But the owners of these media are now justifiably worried that this traditional environment is about to be disrupted, perhaps in a dramatic fashion.