cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substitute or subordinate? The role of a male procurator at a Benedictine women's monastery

This paper examines an attempt to introduce a male administrator at a Benedictine women's monastery in Catalonia in the fourteenth century. It argues that records from the monastic and episcopal archives indicate the existence of a complex and dynamic interplay between the nuns and their abbess and the bishop. Due to this complicated process of negotiation, the bishop did not succeed in imposing a new male authority figure over the traditional leadership of the community. Over the next fifty years, the abbesses reasserted themselves and redefined the procurator's role as one subordinate to themselves. The episode illustrates that nuns could employ varied tactics to resist attempts to change their traditional administrative structure.
The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a substrate and inhibitor of the interferon-induced, virally activated protein kinase, PKR

We demonstrate that the interferon-induced, double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated kinase, PKR, is able to bind to and phosphorylate the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activating protein, Tat. Furthermore, Tat can inhibit the activation and activity of the kinase. Phosphorylation of Tat by PKR is dependent on the prior activation of PKR by dsRNA and occurs on serine and threonine residues adjacent to the basic region important for TAR RNA binding and Tat function. Activated PKR efficiently phosphorylates both the two-exon form of Tat (Tat-86) and the single exon form (Tat-72). Mutagenesis indicates that the interaction between PKR and Tat requires the RNA-binding region of Tat. Tat competes with eukaryotic initiation factor 2, a well-characterized substrate of PKR, for phosphorylation by activated PKR. Tat also inhibits the autophosphorylation of PKR by dsRNA. This biochemical evidence of an intimate relationship between Tat, an important regulator of HIV transcription, and PKR, a pleiotropic cellular regulator, may provide insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis and, more generally, virus/host interactions.
Early Industrial Psychology: A Very Brief and Highly Selective History

This essay provides a brief overview of the historical contributions of early industrial psychology to organizational studies. A description of present-day industrial–organizational psychology is first presented. Factors both inside and outside psychology that influenced the development of industrial psychology are discussed, followed by the history of industrial psychology in the early years of the twentieth century. In the USA, initial activity in industry by psychologists was in advertising; however, employee selection then became the major focus. Reflecting their training in experimental psychology, early industrial psychologists favored a quantitative, scientific approach to selection that emphasized empirical verification of the effectiveness of their interventions. Part of finding a niche for their scientific approach to organizations was debunking pseudoscientific approaches to selection such as character analysis.
On the energy-delay trade-off in geographic forwarding in always-on wireless sensor networks: A multi-objective optimization problem

The design and development of multi-hop wireless sensor networks are guided by the specific requirements of their corresponding sensing applications. These requirements can be associated with certain well-defined qualitative and/or quantitative performance metrics, which are application-dependent. The main function of this type of network is to monitor a field of interest using the sensing capability of the sensors, collect the corresponding sensed data, and forward it to a data gathering point, also known as sink. Thus, the longevity of wireless sensor networks requires that the load of data forwarding be balanced among all the sensor nodes so they deplete their battery power (or energy) slowly and uniformly. However, some sensing applications are time-critical in nature. Hence, they should satisfy strict delay constraints so the sink can receive the sensed data originated from the sensors within a specified time bound. Thus, to account for all of these various sensing applications, appropriate data forwarding protocols should be designed to achieve some or all of the following three major goals, namely minimum energy consumption, uniform battery power depletion, and minimum delay. To this end, it is necessary to jointly consider these three goals by formulating a multi-objective optimization problem and solving it. In this paper, we propose a data forwarding protocol that trades off these three goals via slicing the communication range of the sensors into concentric circular bands. In particular, we discuss an approach, called weighted scale-uniform-unit sum, which is used by the source sensors to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. Our proposed data forwarding protocol, called Trade-off Energy with Delay (TED), makes use of our solution to this multi-objective optimization problem in order to find a ''best'' trade-off of minimum energy consumption, uniform battery power depletion, and minimum delay. Then, we present and discuss several numerical results to show the effectiveness of TED. Moreover, we show how to relax several widely used assumptions in order to enhance the practicality of our TED protocol, and extend it to real-world network scenarios. Finally, we evaluate the performance of TED through extensive simulations. We find that TED is near optimal with respect to the energyxdelay metric. This simulation study is an essential step to gain more insight into TED before implementing it using a sensor test-bed.
Folding and purification of a recombinantly expressed interferon regulatory factor, IRF-4.

Abstract Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4), an intracellular, multidomain protein, is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family and a lymphoid-specific transcription factor that can form a ternary complex with DNA and the transcription factor PU.1. Recombinant human IRF-4 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from the soluble cell extract and the insoluble inclusion bodies. The inclusion bodies were solubilized with guanidinium-hydrochloride and sequentially buffer exchanged into urea- and then NaCl-containing solutions. This two-step process for the removal of the denaturants was the critical step to allow for the correct folding of IRF-4. Following purification through immobilized metal affinity, hydrophobic interaction, and gel permeation chromatographies, the renatured protein was shown to be structurally and physically equivalent to a sample of IRF-4 produced in the soluble fraction of E. coli cells. This was confirmed by near and far UV circular dichroism analysis, including thermal stability analysis. The purified IRF-4 was also shown to be capable of binding DNA in a PU.1-dependent manner by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis. The protein folding and purification methods are suitable for producing large quantities of full-length IRF-4.
Theoretical simulation of the decay of the 4 s 4 p P 1 o 1 level in Kr vii following beam-foil excitation

The decay of the $4s4p^{1}P_{1}^{o}$ level in Krvii following beam-foil excitation has been simulated using theoretical initial-state populations and calculated transition probabilities. It was found that the decay curve was substantially influenced by cascading from higher levels and that such cascades dominate the decay in the region beyond three times the lifetime of the $4s4p^{1}P_{1}^{o}$ level. The simulation is in good agreement with an experimental decay curve at short decay times, but is unable to reproduce the long-time behavior of the experimental data. However, recent spectroscopic evidence indicates that line blending is responsible for this aspect. Complications due to core-excited states and other complex cascade mechanisms are discussed.
Effect of Milk Fat Content on Flavor Perception of Vanilla Ice Cream

The effects of milk fat concentration on flavor perception of vanilla ice cream (with 0.5 to 10% fat) were studied by sensory analyses. The percentage of free vanillin in the ice cream was determined by HPLC. The HPLC data showed that the amount of free vanillin decreased when fat content increased. Perceptions of vanilla flavor and sweetness were evaluated by a trained panel using time-intensity methodology. No significant difference was found in sweetness perception. Among 11 time-intensity parameters for vanilla flavor perception, the panel found a significant difference only in the time required to reach maximum vanilla intensity. However, free-choice profiling and a consumer preference panel showed, respectively, that, as fat content was increased, sensory quality improved, and overall preference increased.
Molecular mechanism of biological action of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) is a selective serotonergic neurotoxin by virtue of its selective uptake into 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons and its ability to undergo autoxidation. The mechanism by which 5,7-DHT induces neurodegenerative effects remains enigmatic. The mechanism of autoxidation of 5,7-DHT, which has been recently discovered, is unique among the autoxidizable neurotoxins and involves incorporation of oxygen to produce the 4-hydroperoxy-5-keto derivative of 5,7-DHT and thence the (4,7) p-quinone of 4,5,7-trihydroxytryptamine (4,5,7-THTQ), a relatively unreactive quinone. In addition, no reduced oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radical are produced during autoxidation of 5,7-DHT. Yet, there is evidence to suggest that both the covalent modification of endogenous macromolecules by 5,7-DHT derived products and the toxic effects of reduced oxygen species are, at least in part, responsible for the neurodegenerative effects of 5,7-DHT. Here we propose that (1) the 4-hydroperoxy-5-keto derivative of 5,7-DHT may serve as a substrate for glutathione peroxidase to eventually produce reduced oxygen species and 4,5,7-THTQ, (2) 4,5,7-THTQ may undergo redox cycling thereby generating reduced oxygen species and lowering the reducing equivalents of the neuron, (3) rapid oxygen consumption by 5,7-DHT and the products derived from it may lead to hypoxia, and (4) the product of autoxidation of 5,7-dihydroxyindole-3-acetaldehyde, the monoamine oxidase metabolite of 5,7-DHT, may serve as an alkylating (crosslinking) agent of proteins.
Intrathecal arabinosyl cytosine in meningeal leukemia

Intrathecal arabinosyl cytosine was administered on a twice weekly schedule, in a dosage range of 5 to 70 mg per square meter of body surface area, to 13 children with meningeal leukemia. Eleven children with acute lymphocytic leukemia had been previously treated with intrathecal methotrexate, and 7 had received cranial or craniospinal radiotherapy. Seven of these 11 children responded with relief of symptoms and reduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count to less than 10 mononuclear cells per mm3 of CSF and less than 2 leukemic cells on one smear of CSF sediment. The median duration of response was 28 days. Vomiting occurred in 5 children after treatment, headache in 2, and fever in one. Neither leukopenia nor other systemic toxicity was observed. It is concluded that intrathecal arabinosyl cytosine has therapeutic activity against meningeal leukemia.
Coherent-potential and average t -matrix approximations for disordered muffin-tin alloys. I. Formalism

The average density of states $〈\ensuremath{\rho}(E)〉$ and the component charge density associated with an $A(B)$ atom in the alloy, $〈{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{A(B)}(E)〉$, are discussed for the disordered alloy ${A}_{x}{B}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ within the framework of the muffintin Hamiltonian. A new version of the average $t$-matrix (ATA) is developed. The structure in the spectral density function, $〈\ensuremath{\rho}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k},E)〉$, in the coherent-potential approximation (or the new ATA) is seen to result from not only the Bloch-type states in the medium of coherent-potential effective atoms ${t}_{\mathrm{CP}}$ (or the average $t$-atoms $〈t〉$) but also from non-Bloch-type impurity levels arising when a single $A$ or $B$ atom is embedded in an otherwise perfect effective medium. The proposed ATA equations would allow a simple yet reliable treatment of many aspects of the electronic spectrum of disordered transition and noble-metal alloys.
Nucleation of voids in solids containing excess vacancies, interstitials and helium atoms☆

Abstract A homogeneous nucleation model is presented for void formation in solids containing excess vacancies, interstitials and helium atoms. The reactions between void embryos and these diffusing species can be represented by pseudobinary kinetics. A steady-state nucleation rate is derived by assuming the existence of a saddle point in the energy surface of formation of embryos. The result can be reduced to Katz and Wiedersich's case in which no helium is present. A significant enhancement in nucleation rate by the presence of excess helium atoms is predicted.
Threshold voltage characteristics of double-boron-implanted enhancement-mode MOSFETs

Threshold voltage characteristics are presented for a double boron-ion-implanted n-channel enhancement MOSFET device for high speed logic circuit applications. A 15-Ω-cm high resistivity p-type (100) substrate was used to achieve low junction capacitance and low threshold substrate sensitivity. A shallow boron implant was used to raise the threshold voltage, and a second, deeper, boron implant was used to increase the punch-through voltage between the source and the drain. This design is especially beneficial for short channel devices, while maintaining the low junction capacitance and low threshold substrate sensitivity of the high resistivity substrate. A one-dimensional analysis was performed to predict the effects of ion implantation dose and energy on the device characteristics, and a quasi two-dimensional analysis was used to account for the short channel effect. The calculated results agree well with the behavior of experimental devices fabricated in the laboratory.
Epidemiology of cancer of the vulva. A case-control study.

Few epidemiologic studies have been undertaken to investigate the etiology of cancer of the vulva. To identify risk factors associated with this cancer, a case-control study was conducted in 149 patients with histologically proven vulvar carcinoma and the same number of control patients matched for age, race, marital status, and hospital from five U.S. metropolitan areas. As previously suspected, we found prior histories of leukoplakia of the vulva, inflammation of the vulva or vagina, and urogenital cancer to be significantly associated with vulvar cancer. In addition, we found moderately high odds ratios associated with occupational histories of private household maids and servants, and work in laundry, cleaning, and other garment services. A slightly increased odds ratio was associated with coffee consumption and a dose-response effect was demonstrated. The findings suggest that environmental exposures may play a role in vulvar carcinogenesis.
Seasonal variation in paediatric blood lead levels in Syracuse, NY, USA.

Venous blood lead values for 2,633 children aged 0–4 years in Syracuse, New York, collected between 1 April 1992 and 31 March 1993 were summarised by census tract for study of geographic variability. A demographic exposure model is presented showing housing stock and SES (socioeconomic status) parameters as the most significant predictor variables. A seasonal trend in blood lead levels was observed with late summer values about 40% higher than late winter values for census tracts with the highest geometric mean PbB levels. Seasonal variation is compared with a biokinetic uptake model to examine hypotheses about temporal variations in soil and dust lead exposure patterns.
Individualization: the categorical imperative of behavior therapy practice.

Abstract The fact that unadaptive neurotic anxiety response habits are learned makes it necessary for the stimulus antecedents to be accurately defined in every case in order to plan effective treatment. This requirement has been frequently neglected in recent years that have witnessed a growing tendency to apply common treatments to cases with common labels, e.g. agoraphobia. This paper argues for the desirability of accurate individual diagnosis, and illustrates its benefits in unique cases and also in respect of three common syndromes — agoraphobia, panic attacks and depression.
Hydrogen Outgassing Considerations for an Orbiting Aluminum Molecular Shield

A molecular shield and associated hardware made of pure aluminum is shown to have an outgassing rate sufficiently low so that operations in orbit would undergo less density contributions than that present from the upper atmospheric atomic hydrogen contribution. Measurements of the atomic hydrogen outgassing from baked-out 6061 aluminum cylindrical samples 3 mm thick are demonstrated to be less than 1/100 trillion l/sec per sq cm, comparable to that of austenitic stainless steels. Calculations of the density distribution with a hemispherical molecular shield are presented, and the elimination of porosity in the aluminum shells is recommended by means of vacuum melting.
Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ventricular fibrillation

The role of coronary artery revascularization in the management of survivors of cardiac arrest remains controversial. Patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia rarely respond to revascularization, but the response of patients with ventricular fibrillation as their basic arrhythmia has not been characterized. Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 8 patients with a history of cardiac arrest known to be caused by ventricular fibrillation without preceding sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. All patients had critical double-vessel or triple-vessel coronary artery disease, and 7 of 8 had wall motion abnormalities from a prior myocardial infarction. After successful operation, 5 patients had no spontaneous arrhythmias and no inducible arrhythmias at a postoperative electrophysiological study. Three patients, however, had spontaneous, recurrent episodes of ventricular fibrillation unassociated with recurrent ischemia. Clinical factors were not useful predictors of response. The effect of coronary artery revascularization in patients with ventricular fibrillation is unpredictable, and full postoperative electrophysiological evaluation is necessary to judge the success of the procedure.
Fragility analysis of transportation networks

This paper describes a method of evaluating seismic system performance of transportation network. The results are shown to demonstrate post-earthquake traffic behavior in animation. This will assist emergency response professionals to gain pre-event insight for developing optimal emergency response strategy. The basic element that plays a crucial role here is the fragility information for highway bridges in Caltrans' Freeway network. The fragility information is expressed as a function of the ground motion intensity, such as peak ground acceleration (PGA) or peak ground velocity (PGV), and is obtained empirically on damage database associated with the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The PGA and PGV values for the bridges are acquired from the TriNet ShakeMap. In this paper, the bridges are classified into different groups according to their structural characters and soil conditions. Based on the information, the fragility curves for different levels of damage are developed with the aid of the maximum likelihood method. The fragility information thus developed is integrated into the Monte Carlo analysis involving traffic flows, and degradation of traffic capacity of Caltrans' network in Los Angeles and Orange County damaged by the Northridge earthquake is evaluated. Furthermore, the network analysis results on the basis of fragility curves based on PGA and PGV are compared. Finally, the simulation results are compared with the actual performance of Caltrans' network during the Northridge earthquake. This comparison shows that the seismic analysis based on the fragility information is very reasonable, and hence the animation of simulated traffic flow is quite useful.
Parafoveal processing of words and saccade computation during eye fixations in reading

Studied parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading to answer two questions: (a) Is the processing of parafoveally available words limited to the identification of beginning letters? (b) Does the parafoveal processing of words affect the following interword saccade? Reading afforded either no parafoveal preview, preview of beginning trigrams, preview of ending trigrams, or preview of the whole parafoveal word. Previews were controlled by replacing original letters either with X's or dissimilar letters. Preview benefits were larger for the whole word previews than for beginning or ending trigram previews. X-masks yielded preview benefits from intact beginning and ending trigrams but dissimilar letter masks yielded benefits from beginning trigrams only. Saccades were larger for whole word previews than for no previews. These results support Logogen-type models of word recognition and a model of saccade computation that posits a time-locked functional relation between the acquisition of parafoveal word information and the positioning of each fixation. Language: en
Is the bulk vs. SOI battle over

Following Intel's lead in the 22nm technology, it seems that the industry has decided that the junction-isolated FinFET on bulk is the dominant technology for the next two nodes, namely 14 and 10nm. In this talk, we will examine the reasoning behind such decision and evaluate the likelihood of alternative solutions such as dielectrically-isolated FinFET and FDSOI/UTBB for a broad spectrum of high volume products driving the semiconductor industry.
Industrial applications of collaborative Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey

The objective of this paper is to summarize the recent literature and application examples of the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the industry. Main focus in this paper is primarily on the use of collaborative wireless sensor networks for condition and performance monitoring of the industrial machines and plants. Current challenges and potential future research issues are outlined for design of WSN-based industrial monitoring systems in order to provide guidelines to researchers and application developers.
Timing of mussel mortality and predator activity in sheltered bays of the Gulf of Maine, USA

The timing of mortality in the mussel Mytilus edulis and the activities of its predators were monitored on the mid and low shore at three similar sites in sheltered bays. Experimental clumps containing an average of 15 mussels were attached to the rocky shore for 11–57 days during three summers. The arrival of predators, deaths due to predators and to other causes were recorded on successive visits to each clump. Failure time analysis was used to analyze the effects of site, intertidal height and years on: (1) the time of the first arrival of the predatory snail Nucella lapillus, (2) the time to the commencement of drilling, and (3) the time to the first mussel death due to Nucella. Attacks by crabs were rare, and no attacks by seastars were recorded. Analyses showed striking differences among sites, years, and height. At the site most affected by predators, Nucella arrived at clumps in less than 4 days, commenced drilling within 4 days, and killed the first mussel within eight days in all three years. At the least affected site, arrival and attacks by predators were so rare that the estimated median time of the first death was greater than 7 weeks. Rates of arrival, attacks, and mortality tended to be greater on the mid shore than the low shore. Analyses suggest mortality rates are very variable among seemingly similar sites and among years. Data on abundance of Nucella showed site-to-site variation, but no correlation with mussel mortality.
Why does skeletal part representation differ between smaller and larger bovids at klasies river mouth and other archeological sites

Abstract The Middle Stone Age (MSA) caves at Klasies River Mouth, South Africa, are well known for fragmentary fossils supporting the hypothesis that anatomically modern humans originated in Africa. They have also provided numerous artifacts and faunal remains that bear on the behavior of early modern or near-modern people. The faunal remains come mainly from bovids exhibiting a pattern of skeletal part representation that has become highly controversial. At issue is why, relative to the smaller bovids, the larger ones tend to be more poorly represented by proximal limb bones and better represented by bones of the feet and skull. The contrast is more than locally interesting, because it characterizes many other archeological habitation sites throughout the world. One intriguing explanation, offered specifically for Klasies River Mouth, is that it indicates that the smaller bovids were mainly hunted, while the larger ones were mainly scavenged. More prosaically, ethnographic and archeological observations summarized in this paper suggest that the contrast is due mainly to differences in carcass size as these affect (1) the likelihood that particular skeletal parts will be transported from a carcass to a base camp and (2) the likelihood that the parts will survive in identifiable condition. Recently, it has also been suggested that the Klasies excavators created the contrast when they discarded bones they thought were unidentifiable. This can never be totally discounted, but there is no reason to invoke it, except for the sake of argument.
The Effectiveness of the Stop Now and Plan (SNAP) Program for Boys at Risk for Violence and Delinquency

Among the available treatments for disruptive behavior problems, a need remains for additional service options to reduce antisocial behavior and prevent further development along delinquent and violent pathways. The Stop Now and Plan (SNAP) Program is an intervention for antisocial behavior among boys between 6 and 11. This paper describes a randomized controlled treatment effectiveness study of SNAP versus standard behavioral health services. The treatment program was delivered to youth with aggressive, rule-breaking, or antisocial behavior in excess of clinical criterion levels. Outcomes were measured at 3, 9, and 15 months from baseline. Youth in the SNAP condition showed significantly greater reduction in aggression, conduct problems, and overall externalizing behavior, as well as counts of oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Additional benefits for SNAP were observed on measures of depression and anxiety. Further analyses indicated that the SNAP program was more effective among those with a higher severity of initial behavioral problems. At 1 year follow-up, treatment benefits for SNAP were maintained on some outcome measures (aggression, ADHD and ODD, depression and anxiety) but not others. Although overall juvenile justice system contact was not significantly different, youth in SNAP had significantly fewer charges against them relative to those standard services. The SNAP Program, when contrasted with standard services alone, was associated with greater, clinically meaningful, reductions in targeted behaviors. It may be particularly effective for youth with more severe behavioral problems and may result in improvements in internalizing problems as well.
Erratum to: Changing Interactions Between Physician Trainees and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A National Survey

reported receiving gifts when they attended medical schools that received higher levels of NIH funding (odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.38-0.67, p<0.001). However, there was also a non-significant negative correlation between receiving gifts and a school’s AMSA score (OR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.61-1.12, p=0.21). Since medical students’ exposure to pharmaceutical marketing is more strongly related to the school’s NIH funding level, policymakers seeking to further insulate students from industry marketing could focus their resources on less research-intensive medical schools. Students in more research-intensive schools (OR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.00-1.85, p=0.052) and in schools with high AMSA scores (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 0.92-1.80, p=0.14) were more likely to report that receiving gifts would affect their prescribing practices, although neither association was statistically significant. Neither NIH funding level (OR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.51-1.48, p=0.60) nor AMSA score (OR 1.14, 95 % CI 0.70-1.85, p=0.24) was correlated with students’ report of “adequate separation” between school faculty and the pharmaceutical industry. We apologize for the erroneous rows in the Figure.
Automatic resource allocation in a distributed camera network

In this paper, we present a hierarchical smart resource coordination and reconfiguration framework for distributed systems. We view the coordination problem as one of context aware resource reconfiguration. The fundamental unit in this hierarchy is a Fault Containment Unit (FCU) that provides run-time fault-tolerance by deciding on the best alternative course of action when a failure occurs. FCUs are composed hierarchically and are responsible for dynamically reconfiguring failing FCUs at lower levels. When such a reconfiguration is not possible, FCUs propagate the failure upward for resolution. We evaluate the effectiveness of our framework in a people tracking application using a network of cameras. The task for our multi-camera network is to allocate pairs of cameras that localize a subject optimally given the current run-time context. The system automatically derives policies for switching between camera pairs that enable robust tracking while being attentive to certain performance measures. Our approach is unique in that we model the dynamics in the scene and the camera network configuration steers the policies to provide robust tracking.
Radar tracking and classification of littoral targets

Radar can provide inexpensive wide-area surveillance of river and port traffic for both security and emergency response. We demonstrate the tracking of multiple vessels as well as the micro-Doppler signatures of different classes of small vessels, including kayaks and zodiacs. The pattern of life of a river is analyzed over several days and can be used to easily identify suspicious or unusual cases.
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry using multiphoton ionization and IR multiple photon dissociation. decomposition of the triethylamine cation

Abstract Low-energy, adiabatic dissociation pathways of molecular ions can be determined unambiguously by combining IR multiple photon dissociation with a laser based time of flight mass spectrometer. In this study, we report the sequential dissociation mechanism for the triethylamine cation.
Function of YY1 in Long-Distance DNA Interactions.

During B cell development long-distance DNA interactions are needed for V(D)J somatic rearrangement of the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to produce functional Ig genes, and for class switch recombination (CSR) needed for antibody maturation. The tissue-specificity and developmental timing of these mechanisms are a subject of active investigation. A small number of factors are implicated in controlling Ig locus long-distance interactions including Pax5, YY1, EZH2, IKAROS, CTCF, cohesin, and condensin proteins. Here we will focus on the role of YY1 in controlling these mechanisms. YY1 is a multifunctional transcription factor involved in transcriptional activation and repression, X chromosome inactivation, Polycomb Group (PcG) protein DNA recruitment, and recruitment of proteins required for epigenetic modifications (acetylation, deacetylation, methylation, ubiquitiation, sumoylation etc.). YY1 conditional knock-out indicated that YY1 is required for B cell development, at least in part, by controlling long-distance DNA interactions at the IgH and Igκ loci. Our recent data show that YY1 is also required for CSR. The mechanisms implicated in YY1 control of long-distance DNA interactions include controlling non-coding antisense RNA transcripts, recruitment of PcG proteins to DNA, and interaction with complexes involved in long-distance DNA interactions including the cohesin and condensin complexes. Though common rearrangement mechanisms operate at all Ig loci, their distinct temporal activation along with the ubiquitious nature of YY1 poses challenges for determining the specific mechanisms of YY1 function in these processes, and their regulation at the tissue-specific and B cell stage-specific level. The large numbers of post-translational modifications that control YY1 functions are possible candidates for regulation.
An image-recognition system using algorithmically dedicated integrated circuits

An image-recognition system was implemented with a set of eight algorithmically dedicated integrated circuits to recognize two-dimensional objects that are characterized by their closed outer contours. The complete system operates at rates up to 15 frames/second using a standard workstation as a controller. The recognition system achieved a 97% recognition rate for over 10,000 trials of recognition of eight objects over a wide range of orientation and size variations. A 100% recognition rate was achieved if size variations were eliminated. The set of 4-micron NMOS image processor chips operates on 10-megahertz 8-bit video data (512 × 512 images) in real time. The processors include: a 3 × 3 linear convolver, a 3 × 3 sorting filter, a 7 × 7 logical convolver, a contour tracer, a feature extractor, a look-up table ROM, and two post-processors for the linear convolver. Each chip was designed using an architecture that is dedicated to the particular image processing task being performed. The design time for all of the chips was kept to 1.5 man-years by developing a set of design guidelines. The relationship between the algorithms that were implemented and the silicon implementation is discussed.
Hormonal effects on amino acids and related compounds in plasma, amniotic fluid, and allantoic fluid of the chicken embryo.

So far, more than 40 free amino acids and related compounds have been identified in plasma, amniotic fluid, and/or allantoic fluid of the 13-day chicken embryo. Concentration differences, and greatly varying behavior of these compounds under experimental conditions, revealed the presence of specific barriers among the three fluids. We tested the hypotheses that (1) the absence of an innervation of amnion and allantois indicates a hormonal control of their barriers, and (2) changes in the concentrations of certain amino compounds in the three fluids indicate anabolic or catabolic actions of hormones. Insulin, prolactin, and stress caused complex changes of the concentrations of amino compounds in all three fluids within 30 min. Some of these changes indicated breakdown of embryonic tissues, while others must have been due to transfer of amino compounds among the three fluid compartments. However, there was no significant effect on the glucose concentration in any of the three compartments under any of the experimental conditions. This is the first demonstration of hormonal effects on the amino compounds in the extraembryonic fluids of nonmammalian amniotes.
Algorithmic control over dynamical computation systems

In this paper, we describe a method that will provide automated control over a dynamical simulation. Many simulations of physical objects have a dynamical scale, and cannot be adequately simulated with a fixed computational grid. The use of a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller provides an automated method to expand or contract the computational grid. We show the application of this method to the test example of a rarefaction wave expanding into vacuum. In addition, we present methods by which this procedure can be generalized to other physical situations.
Attenuation of experimental pain by vibro‐tactile stimulation in patients with chronic local or widespread musculoskeletal pain

Patients with chronic pain syndromes, like fibromyalgia (FM) complain of widespread pain and tenderness, as well as non-refreshing sleep, cognitive dysfunction, and negative mood. Several lines of evidence implicate abnormalities of central pain processing as contributors for chronic pain, including dysfunctional descending pain inhibition. One form of endogenous pain inhibition, diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), has been found to be abnormal in some chronic pain patients and evidence exists for deficient spatial summation of pain, specifically in FM. Similar findings have been reported in patients with localized musculoskeletal pain (LMP) disorders, like neck and back pain. Whereas DNIC reduces pain through activation of nociceptive afferents, vibro-tactile pain inhibition involves innocuous A-beta fiber. To assess whether patients with localized or widespread chronic pain disorders have dysfunctional A-beta related pain inhibition we enrolled 28 normal pain-free controls (NC), 29 FM patients, and 19 subjects with neck or back pain. All received 10 s sensitivity-adjusted noxious heat stimuli to the forearms as test stimuli. To assess endogenous analgesic mechanisms of study subjects, vibro-tactile conditioning stimuli were simultaneously applied with test stimuli either homotopically or heterotopically. Additionally, the effect of distraction on experimental pain was assessed. Homotopic vibro-tactile stimulation resulted in 40% heat pain reductions in all subject groups. Distraction did not seem to affect experimental pain ratings. Conclusions: Vibro-tactile stimulation effectively recruited analgesic mechanisms not only in NC but also in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, including FM. Distraction did not seem to contribute to this analgesic effect.
Legitimization of regulatory norms: Waterfowl hunter acceptance of changing duck bag limits

Few studies have examined response to regulatory change over time, or addressed hunter attitudes about changes in hunting bag limits. This article explores Minnesota waterfowl hunters’ attitudes about duck bag limits, examining attitudes about two state duck bag limits that were initially more restrictive than the maximum set by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), but then increased to match federal limits. Results are from four mail surveys that examined attitudes about bag limits over time. Following two bag limit increases, a greater proportion of hunters rated the new bag limit “too high” and a smaller proportion rated it “too low.” Several years following the first bag limit increase, the proportion of hunters who indicated that the limit was “too high” had declined, suggesting hunter acceptance of the new regulation. Results suggest that waterfowl bag limits may represent legal norms that influence hunter attitudes and gain legitimacy over time.
Traversing Boundaries: a Public Policy Approach To the Analysis of Foreign Policy:

HT HIS article traverses boundaries in two different senses: the conceputal division between foreign and other policy, and the political dividing line between the United States and Mexico. The ideas and frameworks used by scholars of public policy and foreign policy have remained separate even though complex interdependence has come to characterize world politics, and the line between domestic and international affairs has blurred (Hanreider 1970; Keohane and Nye 1977). Public policy scholars have mainly focused on domestic issues and rarely upon foreign policy. For their part, foreign policy scholars have noted and developed theories about the extent to which domestic politics has become mixed with international relations but have not generally utilized public policy categories and insights. This gap in analysis is unfortunate for the understanding of foreign policies with strong domestic implications. Among such policies are those related to bi-national problems arising between nations that share a boundary. The two thousand mile long boundary between the United States and Mexico has a profound impact on U.S. policy toward Mexico which causes it to be different from U.S. policy concerning most other nations except, perhaps, Canada. United States/Mexico relations present an extreme example of complex interdependence, where multiple channels link societies, multiple issues exist that are not arranged in any clear or consistent hierarchy, and military force is not used as an instrument of foreign policy (Keohane and Nye 1977: 24-29). Reflecting this multifaceted and complex relationship between the two countries, U.S. policy toward Mexico generally has lacked coherence and consistency (Bagley 1981). However, no conceptual framework yet exists to order and explain how and why a variety of policies arise. The large body of literature on border studies is expecially rich in explaining social and political behavior, and in documenting the handling of specific issues through individual case studies. U.S./Mexico scholars have found it difficult, however, to derive general rules that explain the particulars of inconsistent U.S. policy.
The Potential of Crowdsourcing to Improve Patient-Centered Care

Crowdsourcing (CS) is the outsourcing of a problem or task to a crowd. Although patient-centered care (PCC) may aim to be tailored to an individual’s needs, the uses of CS for generating ideas, identifying values, solving problems, facilitating research, and educating an audience represent powerful roles that can shape both allocation of shared resources and delivery of personalized care and treatment. CS can often be conducted quickly and at relatively low cost. Pitfalls include bias, risks of research ethics, inadequate quality of data, inadequate metrics, and observer-expectancy effect. Health professionals and consumers in the US should increase their attention to CS for the benefit of PCC. Patients’ participation in CS to shape health policy and decisions is one way to pursue PCC itself and may help to improve clinical outcomes through a better understanding of patients’ perspectives. CS should especially be used to traverse the quality-cost curve, or decrease costs while preserving or improving quality of care.
Cost-effectiveness of presumptively medically treating women at risk for ectopic pregnancy compared with first performing a dilatation and curettage

Objective To compare the cost and complication rate of two alternative strategies for the diagnosis and medical management of ectopic pregnancy when ultrasound is nondiagnostic. Design A decision tree was constructed to compare [1] dilatation and curettage (D&C) followed by treatment of all ectopic pregnancies with methotrexate versus [2] empiric treatment of all patients with possible ectopic pregnancies with methotrexate without D&C. Setting University setting. Patient(s) Ten thousand hypothetical women with nonviable pregnancies and a known incidence of ectopic pregnancy were entered into a computer model. Main outcome measure(s) The two approaches were compared with respect to the number of missed ectopic pregnancies, complications, procedures performed, admissions to the hospital, and cost. Result(s) The D&C group had 1% more failed managements of ectopic pregnancies and 13.4% fewer patients with a miscarriage undergo a second treatment for resolution. The D&C group had 13.7% fewer complications including 6.3% fewer hospitalizations. D&C costs $173 to $223 more than empiric use of methotrexate per patient. Conclusion(s) Empirically treating women at risk for ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate does not reduce complications or save money. In the absence of such savings, the desire to make an accurate and definitive diagnosis, allowing objective prognosis on future fertility and risk of repeat ectopic pregnancy, supports the need to distinguish a miscarriage from ectopic pregnancy before treatment with methotrexate.
5-hydroxydecanoate fails to attenuate ventricular fibrillation in a conscious canine model of sudden cardiac death.

Abstract The electrophysiologic and antifibrillatory properties of 5-hydroxydecanoate, a KATP channel antagonist, were studied in a conscious canine model of sudden cardiac death. After a surgically induced myocardial infarction, animals were subjected to programmed electrical stimulation to identify those at risk for sudden cardiac death. 5-Hydroxydecanoate was administered as a bolus (10 mg/kg i.v.) followed by an infusion, 10 mg/kg/h (group 1, n = 12) or 30 mg/kg bolus followed by an infusion, 30 mg/kg/h (group 2, n = 8) i.v., while vehicle treated animals received a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (group 3, n = 11). The administration of 5-hydroxydecanoate did not alter the ventricular effective refractory period or the QTc interval. Anterior wall myocardial infarcts, expressed as a percentage of the left ventricle, did not differ among groups. Infusions of 5-hydroxydecanoate did not confer significant protection from sudden cardiac death (death within 60 min of posterolateral ischemia) due to ventricular fibrillation: group 1, 50%; group 2, 38%; and group 3, 18%. The data demonstrate that a continuous infusion of 5-hydroxydecanoate (10 and 30 mg/kg/h, i.v.) does not provide protection from ischemia-in-duced ventricular fibrillation in the postinfarcted conscious canine.
Effect of the Diffusion of Microbial Growth Factors Through Tooth Substance on Production of Carious Lesions in Vitro

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUALE EFFECTO DEL DIFFUSION DE FACTORES DE CRESCENTIA MICROBIAL A TRANSERVSO LE SUBSTANTIA DEL DENTE SUPER LE PRODUCTION DE LESIONES CARIOSE IN VlTRO.—Le presente studio testava le hypothese que certe nutrientes essential pro le subsistentia de micro-organismos cariogenic es obtenite ab liquidos dentinal. Extrahite dentes esseva montate individualmente in tubos de diffusion construite de maniera a assecurar un barriera hermetic inter un medio de cultura nutritionalmente carente que coperiva le coronas e solutiones de factores de crescentia in que le radices esseva immergite. Varie factores de crescentia diffundeva a transverso le dentes in quantitates sufficiente a supportar crescentia microbial le qual, de su parte, produceva lesiones que non esseva distingubile ab carie clinic. Lamellas de adamante provideva vias specific pro le ingression de micro-organismos.
In vitro culture of petioles and intact leaves of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris )

Methods are described for obtaining explants which produce adventitious shoots, for subsequent stimulation of rooting and then transplanting using six commercial sugar-beet cultivars. The rate of adventitious shoot regeneration from petioles or intact leaf explants was affected by the source of donor plants, cytokinin type (BAP or Kin) and concentration and cultivar. Increasing the sucrose concentration of the medium from 3% to 5% or 8% had no apparent effect. Adventitious shoots could be produced directly from callus formed on the base of the petioles. In general adventitious shoots were produced on either the concave surface of the petiole or from the callus, occasionally simultaneously on both, and on the convex surface of the petiole in intact leaf explants. The highest rooting rate with 3% sucrose and 1.0 mg l−1 NAA was obtained using half-strength MS medium. There was considerable variation in the propagules from petioles or callus indicating that this system may provide valuable somaclonal variation.