cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships of Larval Rearing Variables to Fly Attraction and Oviposition Responses in the Screwworm, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Responsiveness of gravid screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax , in oviposition and olfactometer bioassays was examined in relation to mean larval weight, mean pupal weight, and survival to the pupal stage in the larval rearing groups that supplied the test females. Weights were not of value for predicting adult behavior in bioassays, but the percentage of insects surviving from egg to pupal stage was positively and linearly correlated with oviposition and attraction responses (r2 = 0.48 and 0.57, respectively). Rearing data compiled over a 21-month interval that included the period of behavioral testing were used to establish that the correlations most likely arose from inadequate control over variables that operated prior to the pupal stage and affected both screwworm survival and the subsequent behavioral responsiveness of surviving insects. Survival in larval groups did not vary with parental age at oviposition or with the temperature at which parental insects had been held as pupae, but circumstantial evidence suggested that composition of the larval starting diet affected survival and adult behavior.
Genetic Algorithm to Solve Optimization Problem with Equality Constrains

Aiming at difficultly solving optimization with equality constraint in genetic algorithm,based on independence analysis of design variables,a descending dimension method was used to deal with equality constraint.In this way,not only equality constraints can be strictly satisfied during optimization,but also there are only inequality constrains in optimization.Furthermore,referring to the multi-objective idea,individuals was ranked through violation degree and violation times simultaneously,which is more in accord with practice.Finally,three numerical examples were used to examine the proposed method,satisfying results were achieved,which indicates the method is valid and feasible.
Patient-focused care and the future of radiography.

Reforming the U.S. health care system to make medical services affordable and accessible to all Americans will require dramatic change. In fact, many of the reform strategies that have been proposed would revolutionize the way medical care is delivered in this country. One such proposal is the patient-focused care model. As its name implies, PFCM would redesign hospital operations to place patients at the center of all activity. Thus, PFCM has ramifications not only on bottom-line medical costs, but also on organizational structure, the efficiency and quality of service, employee relations, educational standards, professionalism and job satisfaction. This article describes PFCM and its potential positive and negative effects on health care delivery in the United States, with particular emphasis on its impact on radiologic technologists.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis differs in many respects from the adult disease. Diagnosis may remain obscure unless full advantage is taken of all clinical and laboratory clues. The physical, emotional and psychologic development of the child poses unique problems in physical and surgical management and special problems in drug management. Crippling disease may be avoided, and the prognosis is usually good for remission of inflammatory activity and for achievement of a gratifying life-style.
Anaerobic Disease of the Lung

Anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections present in various ways. Aspiration pneumonitis occurs first and may be quite difficult to distinguish from the acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and other organisms. Although aspiration pneumonitis may be self-limiting, sequelae such as lung abscess, necrotizing pneumonia, and empyema can develop. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is now acceptable. The initial choice of antimicrobial agents is based on which pathogens are likely to be involved.
Cisplatin and Etoposide for Metastatic Testis Cancer in a Renal Transplant Recipient

We report on a patient with a transplanted kidney and metastatic testicular cancer who received 4 cycles of cisplatin and etoposide. The patient experienced no renal toxicity and was free of disease after 5 years. Patient management issues are discussed.
An Analysis of Displays for Probabilistic Robotic Mission Verification Results

An approach for the verification of autonomous behavior-based robotic missions has been developed in a collaborative effort between Fordham University and Georgia Tech. This paper addresses the step after verification, how to present this information to users. The verification of robotic missions is inherently probabilistic, opening the possibility of misinterpretation by operators. A human study was performed to test three different displays (numeric, graphic, and symbolic) for summarizing the verification results. The displays varied by format and specificity. Participants made decisions about high-risk robotic missions using a prototype interface. Consistent with previous work, the type of display had no effect. The displays did not reduce the time participants took compared to a control group with no summary, but did improve the accuracy of their decisions. Participants showed a strong preference for more specific data, heavily using the full verification results. Based on these results, a different display paradigm is suggested.
Multi-agent system development: design, runtime, and analysis

Dynamic and unexpected events are defining characteristics of numerous application domains. These environments often require decision-makers to solve many problems with insufficient time and resources. To effectively assess options, decision-makers require situation analysis and decision-support tools that model the dynamism of these environments to make rapid, robust decisions. Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems satisfy these requirements for decision-making in dynamic environments. Developing a multi-agent system (MAS) is a challenging task, considering sophisticated agent interactions and uncertain environmental dynamics and domain requirements. This demonstration addresses the comprehensive development process for multi-agent systems; illustrating tools for the initial design of the agent system, the capabilities encoded in the individual agents, and analysis tools that enhance developer comprehension of system behavior.
Microwave oscillators incorporating cryogenic sapphire dielectric resonators

Progress is reported on efforts to develop a commercially-viable high purity X-band signal source incorporating a cryogenic sapphire dielectric resonator. The resonator design is of the whispering gallery type to take advantage of the excellent electromagnetic field confinement offered by this geometry. Complications resulting from the high spurious mode density of this type of resonator have been eliminated by developing a very accurate and complete mode analysis program which fully incorporates the dielectric anisotropies of the sapphire ring. This program allows the design of a window in the frequency domain where no unwanted modes exist, with accurate placement of the desired mode at the center of this region. Preliminary evaluation of the phase noise properties of simple oscillators incorporating these resonators have been performed. For example, in a dual-oscillator comparison of two oscillators operating near 13 GHz phase noise values of L(f)=-55 dBc/Hz, -145 dBc/Hz and -161 dBc/Hz were obtained for offset frequencies of 1 Hz, 1 kHz and 10 kHz, respectively. >
Modeling, Control Design, and Combined Plant/Controller Optimization for an Energy-Harvesting Tethered Wing

This paper presents a combined plant and controller performance analysis and optimization for a tethered rigid wing with on-board rotors, flying in crosswind patterns. Specifically, we use a 3-D model of the tethered wing to assess the influence of critical design parameters on both quality of flight and energy-generation performance, as quantified by the “Loyd Factor,” which compares energy-generation performance to a theoretical upper bound. Recognizing that the optimal performance occurs when the system is on the verge of closed-loop instability, we demonstrate how a combined optimization of the plant and controller can aid in further pushing the boundaries of the system. The results of this combined optimization show a critical tradeoff between robustness and energy-generation performance. We demonstrate that attaining maximum energy-generation performance requires operating on the verge of closed-loop instability and also results in a reduced set of parameters for which the system is stable.
Review of Erythrodermic Psoriasis

Erythrodermic psoriasis is a rare variant of psoriasis in which more than 75% of the patient's skin is inflamed and scaling. Patients with this condition can experience fevers, chills, malaise, and...
70 years of fighting the 5 giants - lessons from the front line.

In the year that celebrates the 70th anniversary of the ‘national treasure’ that is the National Health Service, this meeting of the Manchester Medical Society is more than timely. The origins of t...
Potential pathogenicity of Inquilinus limosus in a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis.

PRESENTATION Patient is a 6-year-old male with CF, MRSA colonization, and pancreatic insufficiency that presented with worsening ppFEV1 and systemic symptoms despite multiple interventions. BAL grew NTM, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Inquilinus limosus, a rare organism found in patients with CF. COURSE I. limosus treatment was deferred. Despite treatment of other pathogens, symptoms worsened. I. limosus was targeted with meropenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin along with clindamycin for MRSA colonization. Within weeks, symptoms had resolved with ppFEV1 improvement. DISCUSSION This case discusses the importance of a rare organism in the CF population. Targeting I. limosus was key to recovery, revealing its potential pathogenicity.
Memory-Access Penalties in Write-Invalidate Cache Coherence Protocols

Using an analytical program model, we compare the memory-access penalty of five write-invalidate cache coherence protocols. The memory-access penalty is the average time that a processor is blocked per memory reference to shared writable blocks because of a miss or of coherence activity. The protocols are compared for two systems with different cache-to-cache and memory-to-cache transfer times. The model permits rapid evaluation of protocols for different environments.
Beyond Citizenship: American Identity After Globalization

American identity has always been capacious as a concept but narrow in its application. Citizenship has mostly been about being here, either through birth or residence. The territorial premises for citizenship have worked to resolve the peculiar challenges of American identity. But globalization is detaching identity from location. What used to define American was rooted in American space. Now one can be anywhere and be an American, politically or culturally. Against that backdrop, it becomes difficult to draw the boundaries of human community in a meaningful way. Longstanding notions of democratic citizenship are becoming obsolete, even as we cling to them. Beyond Citizenship charts the trajectory of American citizenship and shows how American identity is unsustainable in the face of globalization. Peter J. Spiro describes how citizenship law once reflected and shaped the American national character. Spiro explores the histories of birthright citizenship, naturalization, dual citizenship, and how those legal regimes helped reinforce an otherwise fragile national identity. But on a shifting global landscape, citizenship status has become increasingly divorced from any sense of actual community on the ground. As the bonds of citizenship dissipate, membership in the nation-state becomes less meaningful. The rights and obligations distinctive to citizenship are now trivial. Naturalization requirements have been relaxed, dual citizenship embraced, and territorial birthright citizenship entrenched-developments that are all irreversible. Loyalties, meanwhile, are moving to transnational communities defined in many different ways: by race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, and sexual orientation. These communities, Spiro boldly argues, are replacing bonds that once connected people to the nation-state, with profound implications for the future of governance. Learned, incisive, and sweeping in scope, Beyond Citizenship offers a provocative look at how globalization is changing the very definition of who we are and where we belong.
THE BEHAVIOR OF CASINO GAMING REVENUE OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE CONSIDERING ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF “INCOME”

Reasons exist for believing that casino gaming revenue does not respond equally to all sources of income over the business cycle. We examine the growth and variability of casino revenue resulting from the growth and variability in different sources of income. We find that casino revenue behaves quite differently in response to short‐run and long‐run variation in each income source, thus revealing that the common use of personal income masks underlying drivers of each state's business cycle. Our results have implications for revenue forecasting models, research on the growth and variability of tax bases in general, and public policy. (JEL H72, H79, L83)
Machine Assisted Human Decision Making

Artificial intelligence is often touted as the ultimate automation technology capable of outperforming humans. It is also feared by some because of its potential to eliminate certain jobs. In this paper, we describe scenarios in which man-machine symbiosis, or properly designed combinations of man and machine, can actually outperform man and machine. We also present a statistical solution to a constrained version of a generic problem in man-machine symbiosis. Specifically, we solve the problem of optimal selection, ordering and presentation of data to a human to solve a class of problems that artificial intelligence can fail to solve on its own, such as fraud detection. The man-machine symbiosis solution we present overcomes human cognitive biases which stand in the way of their rational decision making.
Visiting the horned serpent’s home: A relational analysis of Paquimé as a pilgrimage site in the North American Southwest:

Paquime, Chihuahua, was the ceremonial center of the Medio period (AD 1200 to 1450) Casas Grandes world, and the focus of regional pilgrimages. We use a relational perspective to explore the connec...
27 Acoustical Measurements

This chapter provides a working knowledge of the basic acoustical or sound measurements and measurement techniques for the practicing engineer. It also provides a broad overview and introduction to more advanced acoustical measurement methods. The chapter discusses the acoustical quantities that are typically measured. It presents the definitions of the terms, measurement units, and weighting filters. The chapter also discusses the various types of microphones. It explains the hardware used to make the measurements along with principles of calibration and data acquisition. The chapter gives the detailed steps to the measurement of sound pressure. It also describes the acoustical measurements important in the areas of sound isolation and room acoustics. The chapter focuses on the measurements of sound intensity and sound power, which are the most advanced measures of a sound field. It concludes with a discussion of sound exposure and noise dosage measurements. Keywords: acoustical measurements; microphones; room acoustics measurements; sound exposure measurements; sound intensity measurements; sound isolation; sound power measurements
Fidelity of Implementation for an Evidence-Based Enrichment Practice:

Children with gifts and talents benefit from participation in programs grounded in research-based models. Implementation fidelity, however, is a potential moderator of intended benefits. The purpos...
Assessing the risks to United States and Canadian mammals caused by climate change using a trait-mediated model

A set of 182 populations of 76 mammal species in the United States and Canada, examined in natural conditions with minimized disturbances or management effects, shows that responses to climate change include negative responses, such as elevational range contractions, upward shifts and decreases in abundance, positive responses, such as range expansions, and no detectable responses. Responses vary among and within mammal species but many are correlated with species traits, particularly the responses linked to high extinction risks (= climate change risk: decreases in population sizes, range contractions, local extirpations). The traits showing the strongest links to differential responses to climate change are 1) body size—large mammals respond more often and most negatively to climate change, 2) activity times—few mammals with flexible active times respond to climate change, and 3) spatial distribution—high-latitude and high-elevation mammals responded more often to climate change. Using these traits and two approaches to trait weighting, I modeled the relative climate change risk for all 328 terrestrial, nonvolant mammal species in the United States and Canada across 10 levels of risk (low = 1–2, moderate = 3–4, moderate-high = 5–6, high = 7–8, very high = 9–10). The models predicted that 15% of these mammalian species are in the high- and very high-risk categories, including species from most orders. Many mammal populations and species listed as of conservation concern due to other human impacts by national or international agencies are also predicted by my models to be in the higher categories of climate change risk. My intention for these models is to clarify for managers and researchers which, where, and how mammals are responding to climate change relatively independent of other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., large-scale habitat change, overhunting) and to provide a preliminary assessment of species most in need of careful monitoring for climate change impacts.
Dreamwork, art worlds and miracles in Malaysia

Dreamwork recorded in the Malay art world questions the occult power of artistic agency. As I did participant observation in Malaysia and Singapore, the artist Mohammad Din Mohammad divulged knowle...
Identifying click baits using various machine learning and deep learning techniques

In today’s world, most readers prefer to read news online as they get instant access to what is happening right now. Furthermore, personalized recommendations help in keeping users engaged. Along with these virtues, online news has some vices as well. One such vice is the presence of alluring social media posts (tweets) relating to news articles whose sole purpose is to draw the attention of the users rather than directing them to read the actual content. Such posts are referred to as click baits. The objective of this paper is to develop a system which is capable of predicting how likely are the social media posts (tweets) relating to new articles tend to be click baits. GloVe embeddings [Pennington et al. in: Empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 1532–1543, 2014] have been used to represent text data numerically. Various novel features (like Word mover’s distances (Kusner et al. in: Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on international conference on machine learning, ICML’15, vol 37, pp 957–966, 2015), subjectivity, polarity of the tweets and so on) have been engineered. Several machine learning-based models like Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XG-Boost and Light GBM have been trained for classification. Moreover, we have also implemented a few deep learning-based models like Deep Neural Networks and Long Short Term Memory for developing this predictive system.
28 GHz Active Monopulse Networks with Amplitude and Phase Control and -30 dB Null-Bandwidth of 5 GHz

This paper presents an active bi-directional monopulse comparator at 28 GHz. The four inputs from the antenna quads are first divided and fed into two 2×2 TRX beamformer chips to perform sum (Δ) or delta (Δ) operation in either azimuth or elevation planes. A symmetrical input and output RF routing with multi-layer crossovers is implemented for wideband performance. The amplitude and phase mismatch due to both on-chip variation and off-chip routing is calibrated out with a single-point calibration at 28 GHz using fine-step VGA and phase shifters (0.2-0.3 dB/step, 5.6°/step). The measured sum (Σ) port gain of 14 dB is achieved with >30 dB null-depths for a 5 GHz instantaneous bandwidth in both planes.
Fire and local factors shape ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Pinus ponderosa in mountains of the Madrean Sky Island Archipelago

Abstract With a warming and drying climate, coniferous forests worldwide are increasingly threatened by wildfires. We examined how fire impacts ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi associated with Pinus ponderosa, an important tree species in western North America. In the biodiverse Madrean Sky Islands, P. ponderosa forests exist on insular mountains separated by arid lands. How do EM fungi in these isolated ranges respond to fire, and can data from individual ranges predict community shifts after fire at a regional scale? By comparing areas in two ranges that experienced moderate fires 12–16 y earlier, and proximate areas in each range without recent fire, we reveal pervasive effects on diversity and composition of EM communities more than a decade after moderate fires occurred. Post-fire differences in EM communities in different ranges highlight the challenge of predicting fungal community shifts in these isolated forests, despite similarities of climate, plant communities, and fire severity.
Hold On: The Remarkably Resilient, Constitutionally Dubious '48-Hour Hold'

For decades, various local jurisdictions used (and in some areas, still use) a constitutionally suspect procedure called a "48-hour hold." A suspect is detained for up to 48 hours without charge while an investigation continues; after 48 hours, the suspect is either charged or released. The practice continues despite occasional criticism by courts, the bar, and the press. In many cases, this practice unconstitutionally detains persons without probable cause. Even where probable cause exists, the practice improperly circumvents rights to get bail, to get a prompt bail determination, and to be free of interrogation without the presence of counsel. While similar procedures may occur in other countries, it is contrary to American principles of criminal justice. Understanding why may also help in current debates over the proposed use of "investigative holds" of terrorism suspects.
The revolution will wear burqas: feminist body politics and online activism in India

In this article, I examine the linkages between the online activism and offline protests against the anti-Muslim, Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) passed in India in 2019. Muslim women initiated a 1...
A quantitative, equitable framework for urban transportation electrification: Oakland, California as a mobility model of climate justice

Abstract This paper implements a framework that catalogs and maps opportunities at a city level to support the electrification of the transportation system in an equitable way. Leveraging on the use of hyper-local air quality data, paired with sociodemographic indicators, we evaluate the framework in the City of Oakland, CA under a context of public and private transport areas to prioritize interventions and incentives, while reducing environmental hazard exposure under an equity focus. Following the recognition of racial and socio-economic disparities, the subsequent steps of implementing operational strategies are to identify specific bus routes in the city in which decarbonization would render the highest impact with respect to the distribution of environmental burden, and to identify regions in which private vehicle interventions would render the highest impact with respect to racial and social equity and mobility.
Impact of PEGMA on transport and co-transport of methanol and acetate in PEGDA-AMPS cation exchange membranes

Abstract Understanding multi-component transport behavior in membranes with varied internal structures and functionalities is critical for the rational design of membranes that will be challenged with the separation of, or come in contact with, multi-component solutions. One interesting application is ion exchange membranes for CO2 reduction cells as these membranes interact with multiple CO2 reduction products (e.g. methanol and acetate) whose permeation must be controlled, as they readily oxidize back to CO2 and by-products in the anode chamber. Previously, the co-transport behavior of methanol and acetate in membranes with various pendant groups, such as sulfonate (-SO3-), carboxyl (-COOH), ethylene oxide (-CH2CH2OH), and poly(ethylene oxide) (-(CH2CH2O)5H, PEO), was investigated, where permeabilities to acetate was suppressed in PEO-containing films in co-permeation with methanol. Here, we further examine this co-transport behavior in pendant PEO-containing films by preparing three chemically different crosslinked films with a constant crosslinker, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), content and varied the remaining between a PEO-containing comonomer, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), and a sulfonate-containing comonomer, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) (i.e. PEGDA-PEGMA, PEGDA-AMPS/PEGMA, and PEGDA-AMPS). For each chemistry, three structurally distinct films are prepared by varying pre-polymerization water content, leading to differences in water volume fraction (and thereby free volume). We observe the diffusivities of PEGMA-free films (PEGDA-AMPS) to acetate are increased in co-diffusion, while those of PEGMA-containing films (PEGDA-PEGMA and PEGDA-AMPS/PEGMA) to acetate are decreased. These results suggest the strategic addition of a charge-neutral pendant group in a charged IEMs is a valid approach to suppress the crossover of undesired molecules.
Inertial Platforms in Photogrammetric Mapping

The inertial platform has been used in photogrammetric mapping to give the direction of the vertical at the moment of exposure in addition to the horizontal position of the camera. Conclusions, which are subject to the limitations of the mathematical model used in the study, are derived. The gravity anomalies have a secondary effect on the accuracy of the inertially determined direction of the vertical, and is found to be approximately equal to the total angle of deflection.
Environmentally Assisted Cracking Properties of AA7249 Extrusions for Aerospace Applications

Abstract : The Development of new military aerospace platforms is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, it is important that current platforms maximize their service lifetime. Exposure to environmental elements, particularly seawater, is especially troublesome to the Navy because it shortens required aircraft lifetime. The P-3C is an example of a versatile aircraft whose lifetime has been extended to the point that environmental attacks is now becoming a significant concern. Structural components in the P-3C are currently composed of aluminum alloy AA7075-T6, which has high strength but limited corrosion resistance. In particular, AA7075-T6 is susceptible to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), which can cause catastrophic fracture of a stressed part. In 1999, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems was granted funding to complete the Service Life Assessment Program (SLAP) for the P-3. One objective of this program was to identify a possible replacement for corrosion-prone AA7075-T6 extruded components that would help reach the goal service life of 2015. AA7249 is currently under development as a possible replacement material. The objective of this Trident project is to extend the ongoing evaluation of AA7249 extrusions to include corrosion testing, mechanical testing, and evaluations of the effects of processing on wide panel extrusions. The results of this study will contribute to the ongoing evaluation of these alloys for replacement of AA7075-T6 in aerospace structures and contribute to a better basic understanding of the structure/property relationship obtained for these component parts as well as the effect of processing on EAC behavior and material performance.
8-PSK combined to regular and irregular symbol based turbo codes

This paper deals with pragmatic 8-PSK turbo coded modulations based on a symbol based iterative turbo decoder. Both regular and irregular turbo codes are considered. Results show that the regular scheme can replace the well known turbo trellis coded modulations (TTCM). In fact, similar performance can be found using this scheme. Better performance is found using an irregular turbo code. Moreover, a classical turbo decoder is implemented instead of the particular decoder derived for TTCM where the systematic and the extrinsic information cannot be separated.
The Challenges of Building Computational Cognitive Architectures

The work in the area of computational cognitive modeling explores the essence of cognition through developing detailed understanding of cognition by specifying computational models. In this enterprise, a cognitive architecture is a domain-generic computational cognitive model that may be used for a broad, multiple-domain analysis of cognition. It embodies generic descriptions of cognition in computer algorithms and programs. Building cognitive architectures is a difficult task and a serious challenge to the fields of cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and computational intelligence. In this article, discussions of issues and challenges in developing cognitive architectures will be undertaken, examples of cognitive architectures will be given, and future directions will be outlined.
V. S. Srinivasa Sastri and the moderate style in Indian politics

(1972). V. S. Srinivasa Sastri and the moderate style in Indian politics. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 81-100.
A new distribution mapping technique for climate model bias correction

We evaluate the performance of different distribution mapping techniques for bias correction of climate model output by operating on synthetic data and comparing the results to an “oracle” correction based on perfect knowledge of the generating distributions. We find results consistent across six different metrics of performance. Techniques based on fitting a distribution perform best on data from normal and gamma distributions, but are at a significant disadvantage when the data does not come from a known parametric distribution. The technique with the best overall performance is a novel nonparametric technique, kernel density distribution mapping (KDDM).
Medication Treatments for Nicotine Dependence

Preface, by Tony P. Gearoge BASIC SCIENCE Pharmacological Effects of Nicotine and Nicotinic Receptor Subtype Pharmacological Profiles Ronald J. Lukas Cellular and Synaptic Effects of Nicotine Daniel S. McGehee, Michael Iacoviello, and Robert Mitchum Animal Models of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Medications Development Rebecca C. Steiner and Marina R. Picciotto FIRST-LINE MEDICATION TREATMENTS Nicotine Replacement Therapies and Other Nicotinic Strategies Jed E. Rose Sustained-Release Bupropion as a Pharmacological Aid to Smoking Cessation J. Taylor Hays and Jon O. Ebbert SECOND-LINE MEDICATION TREATMENTS Tricyclic Antidepressants in the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence Sharon M. Hall Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors for Smoking Cessation Ivan Berlin Opioid Antagonists for the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin and Stephanie S. O'Malley Other Nonapproved Agents for Smoking Cessation Andrea H. Weinberger, Erin L. Reutenauer, and Tony P. George NOVEL MEDICATION TREATMENTS Immunological Approaches to Nicotine Addiction Paul Pentel, Mark LeSage, Daniel E. Keyler,and Dorothy Hatsukami Glutamatergic Agents for Nicotine Dependence Adam Bisaga GABAergic Agents for the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence Mehmet Sofuoglu and Jaakko Lappalainen Cannabinoid Antagonists: CB1 Receptors as a Therapeutic Target for Nicotine Dependence Robert M. Anthenelli Targeting the Dopamine D3 Receptor for Treatment of Nicotine Dependence Bernard Le Foll and Steven R. Goldberg Varenicline: An alpha4a2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Agonist as an Aid to Smoking Cessation Cheryl A. Oncken, David Gonzales, Mitchell Nides, Steven Rennard, Eric J. Watsky, and Jotham W. Coe SPECIAL TOPICS Combining Medications with Behavioral Treatments Christi A. Patten and Tabetha A. Brockman Medication Treatments for Nicotine Dependence in Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders Taryn M. Allen, Kristi A. Sacco, Andrea H. Weinberger, and Tony P. George Pharmacogenetic Approaches to the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence Caryn Lerman, Alexandra E. Shields, and Marcus Munafo Neuroimaging of Nicotine Dependence: A Bioassay for Medications Development Arthur L. Brody CONCLUDING PERSPECTIVES Suggestions for Future Research Ivan D. Montoya and Frank Vocci Treatment of Nicotine Dependence: Toward a Partial Solution Bernard Le Foll
A decentralized trust model to reduce information unreliability in complex disaster relief operations

The vulnerability of urban areas to extreme events is a vital challenge confronting society today. Response to such events involves a large number of organizations that had no past interactions with each other but are required to collaborate during disaster relief efforts. Participants from diverse teams need to form an integrated first response group to effectively react to extreme situations. Civil engineers are expected to play a key role in collaborative first response groups, because of their structural expertise, as complex disasters in urban areas are usually followed by structural damage of critical physical infrastructure. The establishment of trust is a major challenge in extreme situations that involve diverse response teams. Although the means of communication are available (e.g., ad-hoc networks), first responders are hesitant to interact with others outside of their organization because of no prior experience of interactions with them. Moreover, the spread of inaccurate information in cases of complex disaster relief operations increases uncertainty and risk. Participants must be given the ability to assess the trustworthiness of others and information propagated by them in order to enforce collaboration. In this paper, we propose a decentralized trust model to reduce uncertainty and support reliable information dissemination in complex disaster relief scenarios. Our model includes a distributed recommendation scheme, incorporated into an existing membership maintenance service for ad-hoc networks, and a nature-inspired activation spreading mechanism that allows trust-based information propagation. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method in reducing information unreliability in complex disaster areas, we tested it through software simulations and by conducting a search and rescue exercise involving civil engineers and firefighters. Results indicate fast and robust establishment of trust and high resilience to the spread of unreliable information.
Biomonitoring: Uses and Considerations for Assessing Nonoccupational Human Exposure to Pesticides

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the state of the science for pesticide biomonitoring research. It presents the fundamental concepts and primary uses of biomonitoring and then highlights the major criteria required for the selection and use of biomarkers in population-based exposure studies. It also focuses on factors that affect the use and interpretation of biomarkers of exposure for current-use pesticides. Biomonitoring is an important tool that can be used to evaluate human exposure to pesticides by measuring the levels of pesticides, pesticide metabolites, or altered biological structures or functions in biological specimens or tissues. These measurements in biological media, referred to as biomarkers, reflect human exposure to pesticides through all relevant routes and can therefore be used to monitor aggregate and cumulative exposures. The complexity of aggregate and cumulative pesticide exposures often obscures the linkages between exposure measurements and potential human health effects. Therefore, biomonitoring offers a means to clarify these critical relationships. However, careful interpretation of biomonitoring data is necessary to accurately assess human exposure to pesticides and the associated human health risks. One of the biggest challenges facing pesticide biomonitoring research is the interpretation of measurements of nonpersistent current-use pesticides in samples of human urine. Urinary measurements of nonpersistent pesticide biomarkers are difficult to interpret in terms of exposure and dose because of their highly variable nature and other influential factors.
The prevalence of 16p12.1 microdeletion in patients with left-sided cardiac lesions.

Setting Left-sided cardiac lesions have a birth prevalence of approximately 1 in 1000 and have been shown to be heritable in pedigree studies. A large microdeletion at 16p12.1 is associated with childhood developmental delay, and initial studies describing this deletion identified left-sided lesions as an enriched phenotype compared with a control population. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether patients with left-sided cardiac lesions have an increased frequency of 16p12.1 microdeletions as compared with control populations. Design A cohort of 262 probands with left-sided lesions, including 53 with isolated aortic stenosis/bicuspid aortic valve, 83 with coarctation of the aorta with or without aortic stenosis/bicuspid aortic valve, and 126 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were assessed for copy number variation at 16p12.1. The control cohort included 595 patients with conotruncal defects as a cardiac control and 971 healthy children. Results We detected one patient in the left-sided lesion cohort with a large duplication partially overlapping the reported 16p12.1 microdeletion, along with one patient each in the conotruncal and control cohorts with a deletion in the same region. None of these patients had dysmorphic features, extracardiac malformations, or developmental delay. Conclusion In our cohort, structural variation at 16p12.1 was not identified with increased frequency in patients with left-sided lesions as compared with controls.
Interactions of nitric oxide with Si (111) and (100) at high temperatures

Abstract The interactions of nitric oxide (NO) with the clean Si (111) and (100) surfaces have been studied at high temperatures (1220–1390°C) for NO pressures between 6 × 10−6 and 2 × 10−4 Torr. Growth of silicon nitride has been observed for high NO pressures P(NO) and low substrate temperatures Ts, while for low values of P(NO) and high values of Ts, the volatile products N2 and SiO are formed, so that an active Si surface is maintained. The NO molecule is found to be extremely reactive with the clean Si surface at high Ts, with an essentially unit probability for the production of one volatile SiO molecule per incident NO molecule. The growth of a silicon nitride film is observed to occur for values of P(NO) well below those predicted from thermodynamics. It is proposed that this result is due either to the strong bonding of N atoms to the Si surface or to the initial growth of a surface phase (SixNy) which has a lower free energy than Si3N4
Numeric instability of predictive values.

In this month’s Annals, Hogg et al examine the performance of the Simplify D-dimer among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with pleuritic chest pain. The authors conclude that this test cannot be relied on to exclude pulmonary embolism in these patients, despite reporting a negative predictive value of 99% for the Simplify D-dimer . How can such a conclusion be compatible with a near-perfect negative predictive value? To answer this question, we must begin with the standard 2 2 matrix shown in the Figure. This 4-fold table clearly displays the dichotomous relationship between the presence or absence of a target disorder (disease) and a positive or negative test result. The 4 shaded central cells of the Figure, generated by superimposing 2 rows on 2 columns, contain the 4 mutually exclusive elements (true positive [TP], false positive [FP], true negative [TN], and false negative [FN]) from which the traditional triad of test performance characteristics is derived: (1) positive/negative predictive values, (2) sensitivity/specificity, and (3) positive/negative likelihood ratios. The definitions and attributes of these 3 pairs of test characteristics are summarized in Table 1. At first glance, positive and negative predictive values appear to be highly attractive test properties. Indeed, they seem to tell us exactly what we wish to know from a diagnostic test: if the test result is positive, then the positive predictive value (defined in Table 1 as [TP/(TPCFP)]) provides us with a numeric probabilitydexpressed as a simple percentage ranging from 0% to 100%dof ‘‘ruling in’’ the target disorder at which the test is aimed. Conversely, if the test is negative, the negative predictive value (defined in Table 1 as [TN/(TNCFN)]) provides a similarly straightforward probabilitydalso expressed as a simple percentagedof ‘‘ruling out’’ the target disorder we wish to exclude. Unfortunately, there is a hitch: predictive values are highly vulnerable to fluctuations in disease prevalence, causing numeric instability, which markedly constrains their clinical usefulness. When disease prevalence (defined as the proportion of patients in a population with the target disorder) increases, the positive predictive value of any given diagnostic test must increase, and, reciprocally, the negative predictive value of that same test must decrease. Similarly, as prevalence
pH-insensitive glucose indicators.

There is an urgent need for developing a biosensor that can real-time and noninvasively determine glucose concentration within living cells. In our previous study, we have engineered a glucose indicator protein (GIP) that can provide continuous glucose monitoring through a conformation change-induced Forster resonance-energy transfer measurement. Because of the pH-sensitivity of the fluorescent proteins used in the GIP construction, the GIP made from these fluorescent proteins is less tolerant to a pH change, especially to the acidic environment. It has been well documented that intracellular pH does not always remain the same, and it fluctuates in metabolism and other cellular activities and also differs between cellular compartments. To address these issues, we developed a GIP that can tolerate to pH change. This GIP was constructed by flanking a glucose binding protein with a cyan fluorescent protein and a pH-insensitive yellow fluorescent protein. Our experimental results indicated that the new GIP is more tolerant to pH change. The glucose response of this new GIP kept almost unchanged from pH 7.3 to 5.3, suggesting its capability of tolerating to acidic environment. This capability is desirable for intracellular glucose measurement.
An Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience on Improving Medication Adherence

Objective. To evaluate the impact of a medication adherence activity on introductory pharmacy practice experience students’ perceptions of patient adherence as well as student development of empathy and confidence in patient counseling. Design. Students participated in a personal medication simulation using an automated medication dispenser. Students then identified a patient with nonadherence and provided counseling on use of the dispenser. After 4 to 6 weeks, students interviewed the patient about their experience with the dispenser and assessed changes in adherence. Assessment. One hundred fifty-three students completed the assignment and 3 surveys instruments. Following the experience, the majority of students agreed or strongly agreed that they developed more empathy for patients with multiple medications and felt confident counseling a patient in the use of a dispenser (92.0% and 88.2%, respectively). Most students (91.4%) reported feeling that their patient education session was successful. Conclusion. An introductory pharmacy practice experience involving an automated medication dispenser and patient counseling to improve medication adherence resulted in the development of empathy and improved student confidence.
The impact of the export enhancement programme on the soybean market in the United States

This study endeavours to understand the nature and extent of the market interrelationships between the price of soybeans, the price of soybean meal and oil and the crushing margin, in order to assess how processors benefit relative to farmers with regard to the Export Enhancement Programme as it applies to soybean oil. The results suggest that while both farmers and processors do benefit from the programme, processors benefit porportionately more than farmers, receiving nearly three times the relative return of farmers from the effects of the programme. This observed outcome is a function of the joint nature of the products being produced (soybean meal and oil) by processors and the relative less importance afforded to soybean oil in the production process. In an absolute sense, however, the returns to soybean farmers are substantially greater than those to processors, being a function of the magnitude of the price of soybeans relative to the crushing margin.
Relating Plant Canopy Characteristics to Soil Transport Capacity by Wind

Federal legislation mandates that wind erosion soil losses be kept to a tolerable limit to maintain eligibility for federal farm programs on highly erodible land. Therefore, much interest has been generated in devising wind erosion models that accurately determine the potential erosion from a given site and also evaluate the effectiveness of any control measure. These models require mathematical relationships between surface properties and the transport capacity of the wind. Such relationships are available for soil surface roughness and plant residues, but not for growing crops. Our objective was to establish these relationships for growing crops. We developed a theoretical approach that accounts for the effect of stem area, leaf area, and canopy cover of growing crops on the soil loss ratio, threshold velocity, and transport capacity. The predictive ability of the theory was tested using published data sets from growing plants tested in a wind tunnel. Measured soil loss ratios were highly correlated to predicted values (r 2 = 0.99, P = 0.001). The results showed that plant area index and canopy cover are highly correlated with reduction in the transport capacity of the wind and, therefore, serve as indicators of the soil protection afforded by growing plants. A plant area index of 0.02 and a canopy cover of 4% reduced the transport capacity of a 16 m s -1 wind by 50%. This method for determining the protective ability of a combination of growing plants and standing residue will improve predictive capabilities of wind erosion models for more diverse farm management conditions.
Conversion of aflatoxicol to aflatoxin B1 in rats in vivo and in primary hepatocyte culture.

Abstract The hepato-metabolic conversion of aflatoxicol to aflatoxin B, was studied by administering [ 14 C]aflatoxicol to the rat iv and to rat primary hepatocyte culture. Aflatoxicol was found to be rapidly metabolized to the parent toxin, aflatoxin B,, both in the rat in vivo and in primary hepatocyte culture. The aflatoxin B 1 so-formed was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, autoradiography and high-pressure liquid chromatography, and that formed in vitro was also confirmed by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, and by its mutagenic potency. In comparison to aflatoxin B 1 , aflatoxicol showed a higher level of distribution to the tissues and a shorter plasma biological half-life. The biological potency of aflatoxicol and the correlation of its formation with species sensitivity to the carcinogenic effect of aflatoxin B, may be due to its ability to undergo oxidation to the parent toxin, aflatoxin B 1 , allowing further bioactivation.