cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federalism, Republicanism, and the Northwest Ordinance

addressed in its own way the two crises facing the Framers in Philadelphia: the crisis of the Union and the crisis of republican government. It gave government to the Northwest Territory, which had been createdfor the sake of the Union and with an eye to the security of republicanism. That territory was destined to be a matrix of new states, equal members of the Union and republican in form. The working out of those principles, commanded by the Declaration and foreshadowing the Constitution, is traced from Jefferson's plan of 1784 to the Ordinance of 1787. The uncultivated and intractable character of the frontiersman, making his attachment to the Union and his capacity for self-government dubious, presented a special problem. It is seen how the Northwest Ordinance, establishing government, procuring certain social and economic conditions, and inducing proper habits and opinions, sought to make the expansion of the Union an extension of republicanism. On 13 July 1787, as the Constitutional Convention labored in Philadelphia to save and remodel the federal union and to preserve and improve republican government, the Congress of the United States, sitting in New York, enacted "An Ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States North West of the river Ohio."' This study of the Northwest Ordinance and its development will show how concern for the Union and concern for republicanism brought the Northwest Ordinance into being and defined its substance.2 It could be said that "the territory of the United States North West of the river Ohio" had been created for the sake of the federal Union. The harmony of the Union was seriously disturbed by interfering state claims to the lands west of the Alleghenies. Virginia, for example, layed claim to the whole of what became the Northwest Territory. Connecticut claimed a swath sixty miles wide across that same territory, which coincided with New York's claim from Lake Erie to the Mississippi. In addition, the "landless states" set themselves against the "claiming states." Consequently, "a liberal surrender" of territorial claims was, in the words of Congress in 1780, "necessary to the happy establishment of the federal union."'' Another consideration also 'W. C. Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. 34 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904-1937), pp. 32:334-32:343. (Hereafter cited as JCC.) 2For a comprehensive history of the ordinance see Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).
Cortical Triggers in Generalized Reflex Epilepsies

The electroclinical patterns of generalized reflex seizures (GRS) triggered by sensory or cognitive stimuli are reviewed in a report from Montreal Neurological Hospital, Canada; and Universita degli Studi di Messina, Italy.
Should family physicians follow the new ACC/AHA cholesterol treatment guideline? Not completely: why it is right to drop LDL-C targets but wrong to recommend statins at a 7.5% 10-year risk.

The recommendations should have paid more attention to the inherent uncertainties in risk estimates and the importance of individual patient circumstances and preferences.
Other Delivery Systems

Several canisters that dispense refrigerants other than liquid nitrogen (LN), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are sold at pharmacies and distributors of medical supplies. Their efficacy is limited.
Penetration of magnetosheath plasma into dayside magnetosphere: 2. Magnetic field in plasma filaments

In this paper, we examined plasma structures (filaments), observed in the dayside magnetosphere but containing magnetosheath plasma. These filaments show the stable anti-sunward motion (while the ambient magnetospheric plasma moved in the opposite direction) and the existence of a strip of magnetospheric plasma, separating these filaments from the magnetosheath. These results, however, contradict both theoretical studies and simulations by Schindler [1979], Ma et al. [1991], Dai and Woodward [1994, 1998], and other researchers, who reported that the motion of such filaments through the magnetosphere is possible only when their magnetic field is directed very close to the ambient magnetic field, which is not the situation that is observed. In this study, we show that this seeming contradiction may be related to different events as the theoretical studies and simulations are related to the case when the filament magnetic field is about aligned with filament orientation, whereas the observations show that the magnetic field in these filaments may be rotating. In this case, the rotating magnetic field, changing incessantly its direction, drastically affects the penetration of plasma filaments into the magnetosphere. In this case, the filaments with rotating magnetic field, even if in each moment it is significantly inclined to the ambient magnetic field, may propagate through the magnetosphere, if their average (for the rotation period) magnetic field is aligned with the ambient magnetic field. This shows that neglecting the rotation of magnetic field in these filaments may lead to wrong results.
RG Study of Particular Systems

Any of the general methods introduced in the previous chapters can be applied to analyses of particular systems. In this chapter we consider application of the SE method to some simple examples. The central point of the SE approach is consideration of the characteristic set for the \(\hat \Phi \) operator (see Sect. 5.3.2). As the set should define vertexes ĝ k , which are multivariable functions, first of all, we should find representations for this functions reducing equations in partial derivatives to algebraic equations. The general approach to this problem is considered in the following section.
Diminishing Returns? The Curvilinear Relationship between OCB and Performance in Teams

In this research we develop and test a model examining the presence of curvilinearity in the association between team-level organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and team performance. Building ...
Physical modeling of concrete gravity dam vulnerability to explosions

This study was designed to investigate the response of concrete gravity dams to explosions in their reservoirs. Small-scale models of a typical gravity dam design were subjected to blast loads in a large centrifuge, where the internal stress conditions of full-scale dams, resulting from their mass and the hydrostatic pressure of their reservoir, could be simulated. In addition to observations of visible damage, the models were instrumented to record their transient response to the dynamic loads produced by the explosions. This information provides a preliminary basis for developing formulas to predict damage to full-scale gravity dams from terrorist attacks with explosives. The results will also be used to aid in validating numerical computer models for calculating such similar damage effects in full-scale dams
The Transferability of Terrestrial Water Balance Components under Uncertainty and Nonstationarity: A Case Study of the Coastal Plain Watershed in the Southeastern USA

The challenges posed by nonstationarity in predicting catchment water balance components motivated this study to test the stationary versus nonstationarity hypothesis and detect changes in the watershed response to land use land cover (LULC) alterations, and climate variability and change. The focus is on a two-step procedure that includes model calibration of Soil and Water Assessment Tool using a sequential Bayesian uncertainty algorithm (i.e. sequential uncertainty fitting), followed by nonstationary assessment of water balance component using extreme value analysis over an Atlantic coastal plain watershed in the southeastern USA. Analysis suggests that the uncertainty of Soil and Water Assessment Tool model is statistically aligned with LULC alterations that increased the sensitivity of Manning's roughness coefficient, transmission loss and the resistance of the soil matrix to water flow. Changes in LULC along with variability in the magnitude, timing and frequency of precipitation diminished surface runoff and groundwater contribution to the river system whereas it increased evapotranspiration with a substantial decline in water storage capacity. Nonstationary assessment of water balance using extreme value analysis model further revealed a functional form of stationary behaviour (no trends) prior to LULC alteration while large amplification was detected during post-changes. The results and findings presented in this paper confirm our hypothesis about a combined effect of climate and LULC changes on hydrological functions and that variation of these fingerprints elucidates the presence of nonstationarity in the watershed system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Gate Slots

Flow turbulence within gate slots and cavitation damage just downstream from gate slots occur when wheel (or roller) gates and slide gates are operated at small openings under heads in excess of 35 ft; discussion of investigation which led to generally applicable cavitation-free gate slot design.
Tunability of indium tin oxide materials for mid-infrared plasmonics applications

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) have emerged as alternative plasmonic materials in recent years to replace noble metals. The advantages of TCOs include CMOS compatibility, tunability of optical and structural properties, and reduced losses. In this work, we demonstrate how post-deposition annealing of indium tin oxide (ITO) films in oxygen atmosphere allows for tuning their optical dispersion properties to the mid-infrared spectral range while simultaneously reducing their absorption losses. In particular, we show a materials strategy that extends the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) point of ITO from the near-infrared to the mid-infrared range. This is demonstrated by fabricating periodic arrays of ITO discs of varying diameters and characterizing their plasmonic resonances in the mid-infrared range from λ = 5 to 10 µm. The developed ITO plasmonic structures pave the way to the development of novel infrared active devices for sensing and spectroscopy on a silicon-compatible platform.
[Biocytin13]dynorphin A 1-13 amide: a potential probe for the kappa-opioid receptor.

A dynorphin A 1-13 amide (DYN) derivative biotinylated in position lysine 13 (B-DYN) has been prepared by automated solid-phase peptide synthesis. The derivative retained its ability to bind to avidin, and B-DYN–avidin complex showed a dissociated half-life of 10 hr at 37°C. Opioid receptor binding was measured in membrane preparations of rat brain (µ), NG-108-15 neuroblastoma–glioma hybrid cells (δ), and guinea pig cerebellum (κ). Biotinyl substitution of DYN either did not affect receptor binding (δ) or slightly reduced binding affinity (µ and κ). Binding of B-DYN to the κ receptor was very tight, with an IC50 value in the low picomolar range, while binding to µ and δ sites was over two orders of magnitude lower. Preassociation of B-DYN with avidin resulted in a reduction of the affinities to the investigated opioid receptors by 100- to 1000-fold. However, the apparent affinity of B-DYN–avidin for the κ-opioid receptor is sufficient to suggest that B-DYN may be a useful tool for κ-opioid receptor assay, localization, and purification.
Holospinal epidural abscesses - Institutional experience.

Abstract Purpose The authors present a holospinal epidural abscesses (HEA) case series and a single institution’s experience with varied surgical approaches and outcomes. Methods Medical records were queried and reviewed (6 years) for patients with a spinal abscess diagnosis; HEA were selected. Medical history, comorbidities, blood and epidural pathogens, presentation symptoms, abscess location, presence of mass effect, surgical procedures, treatment regimens, and neurological outcomes were collected. Results Eight patients with HEA were treated; all underwent surgery. In the index procedure, one (12.5%) underwent laminectomy of the entire spinal column, four (50%) focal laminectomies at the area of mass effect, and three (37.5%) skip laminectomies. Of the four patients who initially had focal laminectomies, three (75%) required additional operations for abscess evacuation in other spine regions. Average number of laminectomies per patient was 8.6. Neurologically, 50% of patients improved, 37.5% remained stable, and 12.5% worsened. There was no difference in outcome between patients who underwent skip versus panspinal laminectomies. No differences in outcomes were noted in timing from presentation to surgery (median 5.3 h), location of mass effect, dorsal versus ventral abscesses, or initial symptoms. Of the four patients who had cervical laminectomy without fusion, two developed post-laminectomy kyphosis requiring fusion. Conclusion Cervical instability occurred in half the patients who underwent cervical laminectomies without fusion, and there were no adverse outcomes in the patients who were fused in the setting of infection. For lower cervical abscess, upper thoracic laminectomy with catheter irrigation may be sufficient for decompression, minimizing risk of future instability.
A Novel Long Non-Coding RNA in the hTERT Promoter Region Regulates hTERT Expression

A novel antisense transcript was identified in the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter region, suggesting that the hTERT promoter is bidirectional. This transcript, named hTERT antisense promoter-associated (hTAPAS) RNA, is a 1.6 kb long non-coding RNA. hTAPAS transcription is initiated 167 nucleotides upstream of the hTERT transcription start site and is present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Surprisingly, we observed that a large fraction of the hTERT polyadenylated RNA is localized in the nucleus, suggesting this might be an additional means of regulating the cellular abundance of hTERT protein. Both hTAPAS and hTERT are expressed in immortalized B-cells and human embryonic stem cells but are not detected in normal somatic cells. hTAPAS expression inversely correlates with hTERT expression in different types of cancer samples. Moreover, hTAPAS expression is not promoted by an hTERT promoter mutation (-124 C>T). Antisense-oligonucleotide mediated knockdown of hTAPAS results in an increase in hTERT expression. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of hTAPAS down regulates hTERT expression, suggesting a negative role in hTERT gene regulation. These observations provide insights into hTAPAS as a novel player that negatively regulates hTERT expression and may be involved in telomere length homeostasis.
Metal-to-insulator transition in SmNiO3 induced by chemical doping: a first principles study

Rare-earth perovskite RNiO3 (R = Sm, Pr, Nd, etc.) has been investigated during the past decades due to a variety of tunable physical properties such as electrical conductivity and optical properties. Chemical doping in SmNiO3 was confirmed by experiments as a new way to drive metal-to-insulator transition under isothermal conditions. However, detailed crystal and electronic structure changes remain unknown. Here, we applied first principles density functional theory (DFT) to understand the mechanism of chemical doping with H and Li in SmNiO3. We showed that the DFT+U method with the PBEsol functional and Ueff = 2 eV produced results in good agreement with experiments for both insulating and metallic phases of SmNiO3. We examined the changes in geometry and electronic structures at various hydrogen and lithium doping concentration up to the experimental 1 : 1 H(Li) : Ni ratio. We observed a band gap opening of ∼3.0 eV (predicted by HSE06) at H : Ni = 1 : 1, in good agreement with experiments. We further investigated the migration of H or Li along the [001] direction of SmNiO3. We found a migration barrier of ∼0.3 eV for hydrogen and ∼0.4 eV for lithium. These current findings pave the way for future theoretical and experimental investigation to develop efficient metal–insulator switching devices using rare earth perovskites.
Instructional Practices, Priorities, and Preparedness for Educating Students With Autism and Intellectual Disability

Improving educational outcomes for students with autism and intellectual disability requires delivering services and supports marked by evidence-based practices. We surveyed 535 special educators o...
A detailed study of leaf micromorphology and anatomy of New World Vitis L. subgenus Vitis within a phylogenetic and ecological framework reveals evolutionary convergence

We investigated leaf anatomy and micromorphology in the New World Vitis using light and scanning electron microscopy to understand the correlation of these traits to molecular phylogenetic relationships and environmental affinity. We observed traits known to differ among species of Vitis with importance in traditional taxonomy of Vitis: trichome type, stomata morphology, mesophyll organization, and midrib vascularization. We found that traits associated with water conductance and photosynthesis comprised the highest loadings of axis one of a principal components analysis (PCA) while traits related to gas exchange (i.e., the stomatal apparatus) had high loadings on axis two. Using the PCA, we identified seven clusters of species, which showed little correlation to recently reported molecular phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, analyses using Bayes Traits and Bayesian Binary Method revealed little to no phylogenetic signal in trait evolution. PCA axes one and two separated species occurring in dry southwestern North American habitats from those in mesic places. For example, a cluster of V. monticola and V. arizonica occurred adjacent to a cluster of V. californica and V. girdiana in ordination space, and the latter three species share key leaf anatomical traits. Nevertheless, among these, only V. arizonica and V. girdiana are closely related according to molecular phylogeny. Thus, the leaf micromorphological/anatomical traits of Vitis observed in this study are highly correlated with environment, but not phylogenetic relationships. We expect that trait similarities among distantly related species may result from evolutionary convergences, especially within xeric habitats of western North America.
Radiation Imagers for Quantitative, Single-particle Digital Autoradiography of Alpha- and Beta-particle Emitters.

Promising therapies are being developed or are in early-stage clinical trials that employ the use of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides to cure hematologic malignancies. However, these targeted radionuclide therapies have not yet met their expected potential for cancer treatment. A primary reason is lack of biodistribution, dosimetry, and dose-response information at cellular levels, which are directly related to optimal targeting, achieving a requisite therapeutic dose, and assessing the safety profile in normal organs and tissues. The current set of imaging tools, such as film autoradiography, scintigraphy, and SPECT/CT, available to researchers and clinicians do not allow the effective assessment of radiation absorbed dose distributions at cellular levels because resolutions are poor, measurement and analytical times are long, and the spatial resolutions are low—generally resulting in poor signal-to-noise ratios. Recently, new radiation digital autoradiography imaging tools have been developed that promise to address these challenges. They include scintillation-, gaseous-, and semiconductor-based radiation-detection technologies that localize the emission location of charged particles on an event-by-event basis at resolutions up to 20 µm FWHM for alpha and beta emitters. These imaging systems allow radionuclide activity concentrations to be quantified to unprecedented levels (mBq/µg) and provide real-time imaging and simultaneous imaging capabilities of both high- and low-activity samples without dynamic range limitations that plague traditional autoradiography. Additionally, large-area imagers are available (>20 × 20 cm2) to accommodate high-throughput imaging studies. This article reviews the various detector classes and their associated performance trade-offs to provide researchers with an overview of the current technologies available for selecting an optimal detector configuration to meet imaging requirement needs.
“My Progress Comes From the Kids”: Portraits of Four Teachers in an Urban Turnaround School:

This article uses elements of narrative and portraiture to acknowledge the voices of four teachers who participated in a 3-year effort to turn around an urban elementary school. Turnaround is a san...
Hemangiopericytoma of the skull base masquerading as a middle ear mass: Case report and literature review

Abstract Objective Review the clinical presentation and management of meningeal hemangiopericytomas of the lateral skull base and cerebellopontine angle (CPA), and describe a case of anaplastic hemangiopericytoma of the CPA presenting as a middle ear mass. Study design Case report and literature review. Case description A 51-year-old male presented with a one year history of hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, and disequilibrium. Physical examination demonstrated a mass in the left middle ear. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 4 cm, T1-/T2-isointense, contrast-enhancing mass in the middle cranial fossa. The erosive mass extended into the middle ear and surrounding temporal lobe. A trans-zygomatic approach with a pterional craniotomy exposed a well-encapsulated, highly vascular mass. Manipulation of the tumor resulted in significant hemorrhage. Following removal from the temporal lobe and middle ear, an anterior petrosectomy was performed to remove tumor from the internal auditory canal (IAC) and carotid artery. The facial nerve near the IAC was encased in tumor, and all but a small amount of tumor adherent to the nerve was successfully removed. The final pathologic diagnosis was anaplastic hemangiopericytoma (WHO Grade III). Metastatic workup revealed no extracranial disease, and the patient underwent adjuvant radiation therapy. He continues to do well with only mild disequilibrium at one year follow-up. Conclusions Hemangiopericytomas are rare, malignant neoplasms that are aggressive and highly vascular. Current management recommendations include excision followed by radiotherapy. Close surveillance is required for patients with anaplastic hemangiopericytoma due to the aggressive nature of this tumor and its propensity for recurrence or metastasis.
Synthesis of the C1-C23 fragment of Spirastrellolide A.

Synthesis of the C1−C23 fragment in spirastrellolide A is described, featuring a cyclic acetal-tethered RCM for stereoselective constructions of spiroketal, and a 1,3-anti aldol involving methyl ketone enolate and Mukaiyama conditions.
Finite Element Analysis of Thick Shell of Revolution

In the present study, the authors have sought a method in which thin shell approximations are modified so as to accommodate the behavior of a thick shell, thus requiring only six strain equations instead of eight and the elasticity matrix of only 3 x 3 instead of 5 x 5. Example problems include an axisymmetric hemispherical shell with various thickness dimensions. The radial displacements are compared with those by thin shell theory. It is shown that the presence of a transverse shear reduces the deflection, and this effect is less significant as the thickness is reduced.
Consequences of Involvement in Distinct Patterns of Adolescent Peer and Dating Violence

Typological theoretical perspectives suggest that the consequences of involvement in peer and dating violence may depend on the particular pattern of violent behaviors that youth experience and/or engage in. Yet few studies have examined whether distinct patterns of dating and peer violence involvement differentially predict developmental outcomes. Using two waves of data, the current study examined the prospective associations between distinct patterns of peer and dating aggression and victimization, identified using latent class analysis, and a range of potential developmental outcomes in a general population sample of adolescents in the 8th to 10th grades (n = 3068; 46% female, 58% White, 31% Black, 11% other race/ethnicity). The findings suggest that, compared to youth involved in other patterns of violence, youth involved in peer and dating violence as aggressors and victims are at greatest risk for negative sequelae, although results differed considerably for girls and boys and on the outcome variable and comparison groups being examined.
The American Revolution, State Sovereignty, and the American Constitutional Settlement, 1765–1800. By Aaron N. Coleman. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016. Pp. vii, 259. $95.00.)

Deciphering the true intent of the founders and how that intent applies (or not) to the present is a virtual cottage industry within the historical profession and increasingly in general society. E...
Health systems that serve: what's the bottom line?

CADRE: Services de sante dans des pays a revenus faibles ou moyens. CONTEXTE: Le Plan Mondial Stop TB, 2006―2015. OBJECTIF: Evaluer les evidences demontrant que les services de tuberculose (TB) contribuent au renforcement des systemes de sante en utilisant un reseau d'evaluation des systemes de sante publique. SCHEMA: Evaluation critique de la litterature publiee. RESULTATS: Le Plan Mondial Stop TB 2006―2015 a considere le renforcement des systemes de sante comme une de ses composantes. Les etudes publiees illustrent une amelioration substantielle de la qualite des services de TB au cours de la derniere decennie. Toutefois, meme lorsque ces services ont atteint un niveau eleve de qualite, il y a peu d'elements probants indiquant que d'autres services de sante dans les memes localites aient une qualite similaire. CONCLUSION: Les politiques, les strategies et les actions visant a renforcer les systemes de sante grâce aux services de TB necessiteront des plans specifiques et des priorites si l'on veut qu'elles atteignent leurs objectifs. Ceux-ci ne seront pas atteints par le simple effet naturel de l'amelioration des services de TB.
Lake Bonneville: A Scientific Update

Charles G. Oviatt and J. F. Shroder, Jr., eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 2016. xxxvi and 659 pp., maps, photos, diagrams, bibliography, index. $175.00 (ISBN 978-0444635907).Lake Bonnevi...
A Randomized Controlled Trial: Attachment-Based Family and Nondirective Supportive Treatments for Youth Who Are Suicidal.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) compared with a family-enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE-NST) for decreasing adolescents’ suicide ideation and depressive symptoms. Method A randomized controlled trial of 129 adolescents who are suicidal ages 12- to 18-years-old (49% were African American) were randomized to ABFT (n = 66) or FE-NST (n = 63) for 16 weeks of treatment. Assessments occurred at baseline and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Trajectory of change and clinical recovery were calculated for suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms. Results There was no significant between-group difference in the rate of change in self-reported ideation (Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Jr; F1,127 = 181, p = .18). Similar results were found for depressive symptoms. However, adolescents receiving ABFT showed a significant decrease in suicide ideation (t127 = 12.61, p Conclusion Contrary to expectations, ABFT did not perform better than FE-NST. The 2 treatments produced substantial decreases in suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms that were comparable to or better than those reported in other more intensive, multicomponent treatments. The equivalent outcomes could be attributed to common treatment elements, different active mechanisms, or regression to the mean. Future studies will explore long-term follow up, secondary outcomes, and potential moderators and mediators. Clinical trial registration information Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Suicidal Adolescents; http://clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT01537419 .
The $\bar{\partial}$-Neumann operator with the Sobolev norm of integer orders

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{C}^m$ be a bounded pseudoconvex domain with smooth boundary. For each $k\in\mathbb{N}$, we give a sufficient condition to estimate the $\bar\partial$-Neumann operator in the Sobolev space $W^k(\Omega)$. The key feature of our results is a precise formula for $k$ in terms of the geometry of the boundary of $\Omega$.
Collaborative Approach to Pediatric Medication Reconciliation

Introductory Statement: Preventing adverse drug events (ADE) is of paramount priority in health care practice. In 2014, there were 1,289,133 adverse drug events reported in the United States. Pediatric adverse drug event rates are significant at 5.7 to 11% in the inpatient setting. Moreover, 2 to 5% of ADE were preventable. Medication reconciliation is a …
Abstract 163: Predictors of Survival of Therapeutic Hypothermia Based on Analysis of a Consecutive American Inner City Population Over 4 Years

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the international standard of care for all comatosed patients after cardiac arrest, but criticism focuses on poor outcomes. We sought to develop criteria to identify American urban patients more likely to benefit from TH. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 107 consecutive adults undergoing TH in downtown New Orleans from 2010-2014 yielded records for 99 patients with all 44 survivors or families contacted up to four years. Results: 69 males and 38 females with a mean age of 60.2 showed 63 dead (58%) and 44 survivors (42%). Presenting cardiac rhythm was divided into shockable (Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia, Ventricular Fibrillation) and non-shockable (Pulseless Electrical Activity, Asystole). Presenting in shockable rhythms with ROSC 20 minutes until ROSC in shockable rhythms had 5 patients with 3 survivors (78%, p=0.2). Presenting in non-shockable rhythms with ROSC 20 minutes in non-shockable rhythms had 19 patients with 2 survivors (8%, p=.03). Survivors of shockable rhythms showed 19 (100%) living post TH. 15 survivors (79%, n=19) had CPC score 1 or 2 with 4 survivors (21%, n=19) having a CPC score of 3. A total of 25 survived non-shockable rhythm. Acute survival of patients with non-shockable rhythm showed 18 expired <72 hours (72%, n=25) with longterm survival of 4 patients (5%, n=74) and CPC scores of 1 or 2. Interestingly, patients with time to ROSC 20 minutes ROSC had overall survival of 70% but those undergoing >3 cardiac rhythm changes had 100% mortality. Conclusion: Patients presenting with shockable rhythms undergoing TH had overall acute survival of 70% followed by long term survival of 100% after 4 years. In contrast, patients presenting with non-shockable rhythm had long term survival of 5%. TH is not recommended for patients presenting with non-shockable rhythm and requiring greater than 20 minutes for restoration of ROSC.
Tractable Stochastic Unit Commitment for Large Systems During Predictable Hazards

Many foreseeable natural hazards, including extreme weather events, lead to an outage of multiple transmission lines. Although such outages can be predicted in advance, there is a great deal of uncertainty in these predictions. To appropriately use the failure estimations in power system scheduling, this paper formulates a stochastic unit commitment (SUC) problem with explicit modeling of the predicted outages. The formulated problem, however, is extremely computationally-demanding, as the uncertainty is placed on the binary status of transmission lines. This paper, then, develops a computationally efficient algorithm to solve the formulated SUC for large-scale systems. The algorithm employs generation shift factors to enable rapid calculation of power flows. Additionally, flow canceling transactions are used to model multiple line outages without having to recalculate shift factors. Finally, critical constraints are iteratively detected and added to the problem. This approach substantially reduces the size of the problem, which helps computational tractability. The effectiveness of the developed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation studies on the Texas 2000-bus test system. The algorithm is used to minimize the lost load during a hypothetical hurricane. The results show that the algorithm is computationally tractable and can effectively identify a preventive dispatch, leading to a substantial reduction in power outages.
Gender Affirmation Surgery for a Delayed Diagnosis of Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development: A Case Report

Background: Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD) is a rare condition characterized by abnormal gonadal development. Although most OT-DSD is diagnosed during infancy, diagnosis is o...
Overnight Feedback Reduces Late Submissions on Programming Projects in CS1

Some novice programming students procrastinate the start of a programming assignment. These students also seem to struggle knowing whether or not their program meets the requirements of the assignment. Both of these factors play a role in a student’s success in a programming project with negative impact on their grades; but more importantly, a negative impact on learning. Finding ways to motivate students to start earlier could improve learning outcomes and performance in the course with little, if any, risk. This paper reports on the experience of giving students ‘Overnight Feedback’ with the goals of 1) motivating earlier project work, and 2) helping students to know when they have met, or not met, project requirements. This report is more about the concept of providing feedback on a once-daily basis - overnight; and less about the specific tool used. In our experience, the Overnight Feedback technique seems to have achieved the goal of getting students to start earlier. Late submissions dropped from approximately 34% for a project without a feedback system to approximately 4% with Overnight Feedback. Also included in this report is a summary of students’ perspectives on the Overnight Feedback tool we used, which were collected as responses to a survey.
Sobre los silencios: refugiados salvadoreños ayer y hoy

La intervencion economica y militar de Estados Unidos en El Salvador establecio las condiciones para la migracion masiva desde la decada de 1980. Tanto entonces como ahora, a pesar de las violaciones de derechos humanos ampliamente documentadas, el gobierno de Estados Unidos se niega a reconocer a personas salvadorenas como refugiados. Entrelazando lo personal y lo politico, este ensayo analiza los paralelismos de la violencia contra los refugiados en la decada de 1980 y en el presente. Asimismo, estudia los silencios generados a partir de la negacion del terrorismo de Estado y las consecuencias politicas y colectivas de esos silencios para las personas salvadorenas en Estados Unidos.
Passively Pointing Directional Satellite Antenna By Leveraging Earth's Magnetic Field

CubeSats have become a big player in the satellite arena not only for education missions, but also as operational platforms. Accordingly, the performance demand on these volume- and power-limited satellites have drastically increased in the recent years. The demand for higher data throughput capabilities has been increasing, so more CubeSats are choosing S- and X-band communication options in order to meet the increasing data rates. Due to the limitations on link margin for CubeSats, use of S- and/or X-band necessitates a higher-gain, directional antenna. The main problem is that these antennas require accurate attitude determination and pointing, which can often become power-, volume-, and cost-prohibitive for CubeSat projects. The method proposed uses a permanent magnet to passively orient the satellite antenna towards the nadir direction. For satellites contacting higher-latitude ground stations, aligning the patch antenna in the direction of the magnetic dipole is enough to acquire the ground station within its half-power beamwidth. This research investigates the feasibility of using a permanent magnet onboard a CubeSat to passively point the antenna towards the ground station in the absence of other active attitude control systems. The study characterizes the expected communication link performance for a typical 3U CubeSat when implementing the proposed communication architecture using a S- or X-band patch antenna.
Visions of Health: The GirlPower Photovoice Project

The perceptions of 12 middle school girls regarding the health promoting and inhibiting aspects of their community were explored using the innovative methodology known as Photovoice that was situated in a youth-participatory-action research (YPAR) methodology. The photographs and resulting focus group discussions revealed overarching themes of Community Health and Safety, Food, Relationships, Socioeconomic Status (SES), Moral Development, and Physical Activity. The themes offer a way to organize the multiple realities of adolescent girls and how they interpret their personal health and the health of their communities, while the outcomes associated with participating in the project provide evidence of gains in self-esteem, collective efficacy, and leadership and advocacy skills.
Resonant Scattering of Light by Molecules: Time-Dependent and Coherent Effects

The object of this article is to provide a quantum-mechanical description of the interaction of light and molecules and to describe the time dependence of the absorption and reemission of the light. It will be shown that the incident and scattered photons can be coherent under special circumstances, and also that popular light sources that produce many photons manifest varying degrees of coherence. In many of the experiments described here, it is the light source that cannot be easily described by a definite wavefunction and that needs the density matrix description, whereas single molecules serve to probe this coherence through their light-scattering and stimulated effects. However, in many instances the molecular and photon ensembles have features in common that are useful in the design of experiments. Thus, one object of the present article will be to distinguish between various interpretations of coherence, in light, in scattering, and in ensembles.
Malaria complicating pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. Malaria complicated pregnancy in this locality during a period of twenty years, once in 727 live white births and once in 2,260 negro livebirths recorded. 2. 2. With the youngest patient 15 and the oldest 41, three-fourths were under 26 years of age. Two-thirds were in the last trimester of pregnancy. It was more frequent in white women. 3. 3. The symptoms were mainly those of recurrent high fever and anemia. Most were treated with quinine, and its effect in regard to pregnancy was studied. 4. 4. The maternal mortality was about 4 per cent; fetal approximately 60 per cent. It seems that an attack of malaria is more fatal to the fetus if occurring early in pregnancy and more dangerous to the mother if occurring late. 5. 5. The maternal blood of the placenta apparently becomes a store-house for the malarial parasites, but in no case could we find them in the fetal blood.
Challenges Students Face in Solving Open-Ended Problems*

Several core aerospace engineering courses at SJSU have been re-designed in an effort to help students develop problem-solving skills.This re-design includes (a) explicit definition of skills and attributes students need to develop to become capable problem-solvers, (b)inclusion of open-ended problems in each of several key, junior-level, core courses, (c) coaching students in the use of Wood’s Problem-Solving Methodology, and (d) development of rubrics to evaluate student performance at each step of this methodology. The paperdiscusses the application of this process and, in particular, it presents an assessment of student performance in two courses: fluidmechanics and aerodynamics. The focus of this study is to identify specific difficulties students face while solving open-ended problemsand specific steps they can take to overcome these difficulties.
A thermally isolated microstructure suitable for gas sensing applications

A thermally isolated microstructure for use in metal-oxide gas sensing applications was fabricated and tested. Using the techniques of bulk micromachining, a thin silicon membrane 5 mu m thick was fabricated and then used as a structural support during subsequent device processing. The mechanical stability of the thin silicon membrane was found to be dependent on the compressive surface-oxide thickness which induced membrane buckling. A study of the buckling criteria was examined in detail by performing etch-back experiments on a series of sequentially sized membranes and observing the transition for buckling. A linear relationship between oxide thickness and membrane edge length squared was found. The device is fabricated over the membrane on the wafer surface and consists of a sandwich of LPCVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, LPCVD poly-Si and LPCVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. After device fabrication, the support membranes is etched away leaving the device completely isolated from the substrate. The measured values of power consumption and thermal time constant are compared with a simple model. >
Assessing Dispositions in Teacher Preparation Programs: Are Candidates and Faculty Seeing the Same Thing?

Professional dispositions are an important component in teacher education programs. Therefore, it is important that teacher education candidates and teacher educators agree on what dispositions mean, understand how dispositions will be assessed, and agree on how they are portrayed. This study compared dispositional self-assessments from 248 undergraduate elementary education and special education candidates with their instructors over five semesters. Overall, results indicated that candidates and instructors shared similar perceptions. Specifically, candidates and instructors agreed that candidates were frequently tardy to class and submitted written work that did not meet program standards. However, candidates acknowledged displaying off-task behaviors during class that were not noted by faculty. Implications for teacher educators based on the data are included.
Class Formation and Class Identity: Birth, Death, and Possibilities for Renewal

While social class served as a powerful organizing identity for much of the 19th and 20th centuries, many doubt its contemporary relevance. This article examines the formation and development of theories of class identity over the past century. From a debate largely among Marxists in the early 20th century about the conditions under which the working class will mobilize to defend its interests ‐ moving from a “class in itself” to a “class for itself ”‐ the question of the relationship between individuals’ class position, social interests, and political mobilization attracted greater attention among social scientists following World War II. However, postwar socioeconomic transformations led some to argue for the “death of class” as a central organizing principle for modern social and political life. While others countered that class identities remained relevant, the sharp decline in class-based organization in the late 20th century led scholars to develop more nuanced understandings of the relationship between individuals’ class position and collective identities. Although current scholarship shows that there is no natural translation of class identities into collective action, the reality of growing socioeconomic inequality, along with the resurgence of social and political mobilizations to contest that growth, suggests that class identities retain the capacity to unite.
Living the Future Conferences: History, Philosophy, Planning, and Themes

ABSTRACT The University of Arizona Libraries planned and executed seven successful Living the Future conferences from 1996 to 2008. The conferences covered such themes as process improvement and organizational change, collaboration, future vision, partnerships, information literacy, new services and their impact on organizations, human resources, and other global issues. The focus of this article is on major themes and the history and philosophy of the conferences, with descriptions of the planners’ vision and participants’ experiences, success stories from the conferences, and the potential themes and needs for future Living the Future conferences.
Three-Dimensional Porous Metal–Metalloporphyrin Framework Consisting of Nanoscopic Polyhedral Cages

An unprecedented nanoscopic polyhedral cage-containing metal–metalloporphyrin framework, MMPF-1, has been constructed from a custom-designed porphyrin ligand, 5,15-bis(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)porphine, that links Cu2(carboxylate)4 moieties. A high density of 16 open copper sites confined within a nanoscopic polyhedral cage has been achieved, and the packing of the porphyrin cages via an “ABAB” pattern affords MMPF-1 ultramicropores which render it selective toward adsorption of H2 and O2 over N2, and CO2 over CH4.
Detecting Positively Selected Sites From Amino Acid Sequences: An Implicit Codon Model

Fixation of advantageous mutations is an important evolutionary force driving the accelerated protein diversification. However, the standard phylogenetic approach to infer positive selection is based on relative rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, and requires the knowledge of DNA sequences, hence precludes its application to family of remotely related sequences where saturated substitution occur. In this study, we develop a new method to detect positive selection directly from amino acid sequences by treating codon usage as hidden parameters. For a given amino acid sequence set and a phylogenetic tree, we use a reversible continuous time Markov process as our evolutionary model. This model has fewer parameters than normal amino acid evolutionary model, with only transition/transversion rate ratio, nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (omega = dN/dS), and codon usage. Similar to earlier work, we assume that omega is a random variable with different probabilities to take a set of discrete values. Those with omega>1 model sites under positive selection. We use the Bayesian Monte Carlo method to estimate model parameters, as it allows implementation of complex model of sequence evolution. Here unobserved DNA sequences are sampled from protein sequences based on distributions parametrized by codon usages, based on the fact that both protein sequences and the native protein-encoding DNA sequences have the same phylogenetic tree. The object is that sampled DNA sequences should fit the same phylogenetic tree as well as the native DNA sequences. Data set of beta-globin sequences from vertebrates is used to verify our model. We are able to detect all eight positive selection sites, which were originally reported using native nucleotide sequences. Our work shows that although nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio is defined at codon level, it can be used to detect selective pressures of amino acid sequences by our implicit codon-based model.
Crystallographic studies of the role of Mg as a stabilizing impurity in β-Ca3(PO4)2. II. Refinement of Mg-containing β-Ca3(PO4)2

Abstract The crystal structures of five samples of Mg-containing β-tricalcium orthophosphate, β-Ca3(PO4)2, have been refined and the Mg-impurity distribution has been examined. Typically, ∼7500 reflections were measured and merged into a unique set of ∼2500. Least-squares refinements with anisotropic temperature factors (and third cumulants for some atoms) produced weighted residuals, Rw(F), in the region of 0.02 to 0.04. Three of the five cation sites are always completely filled with calcium ions, a fourth site with Ca and Mg ions, and the fifth site contains Ca, Mg, and vacancies. Local order may exist because the sizes of the coordinations about the two Mg-containing cation sites are directly related by the orientation of phosphate group P(2)O4 such that a small ion in one site favors the incorporation of a small ion in the other site.