cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Aspects of Particle Swelling in Living Free Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization

Living free radical reactions originally were carried out in bulk or solution. Recently, this chemistry has been carried out in water-based systems (emulsion and miniemulsion living free radical polymerization). Significant colloidal instability early in the polymerization has been found in several of these systems. With the hypothesis that something unique to living free radical polymerization was causing colloidal instability beyond that found in conventional free radical emulsion polymerization, the swelling of polymer particles during the early stages of living free radical miniemulsion polymerization was investigated. A new superswelling state caused by the presence of a large number of oligomers was found. This superswelling could be used to explain the instability issues reported. The effect of various factors on the superswelling state was studied. It was found that superswelling state is rather sensitive to recipe variations. Simply increasing the costabilizer level and/or using a nonionic polyme...
High efficiency and low carbon monoxide micro-scale methanol processors

A micro-scale power supply is being developed to provide an alternative to current secondary batteries for use in microelectronics devices, such as microsensors. The work discussed in this paper expands on this earlier reported sub-watt power generation system. Two designs were evaluated: a processor optimized to improve the thermal efficiency of the methanol reforming reactor from 9 to above 20%, and a system tailored to decrease the carbon monoxide levels to below 500 ppm, preferably lower than 100 ppm. Each design was operated over a range of feed flow rates. Thermal efficiencies up to 33% were demonstrated with the optimized processor, likely as a result of the low operating temperature, high methanol concentration (∼60 wt.%) in the feed, and the high hydrogen production. Up to 3.55 sccm hydrogen was produced with relatively low carbon monoxide. In the second design, significant decreases in carbon monoxide, in some cases below 100 ppm, were achieved while maintaining reasonable thermal efficiencies of up to 19%.
Darwin's conversion: The Beagle voyage and its aftermath

The issue of how and when Charles Darwin became an evolutionist has long fascinated his biographers. Such historical curiosity is hardly surprising; for, without his own conversion, the orthodox young Darwin who once intended to become a clergyman would never have gone on to inspire the scientific revolution that now bears his name. Intimately associated with Darwin's conversion is the story of his circumnavigation of the globe as ship's naturalist aboard H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836). Indeed,the voyage of the Beagle displays all the hallmarks of a heroic tale in the history of science. Young Darwin, a recent Cambridge University graduate and the third person to be offered the position as ship's naturalist, realized the scientific opportunity of a lifetime when he accompanied the Beagle around the world. "The voyage of the Beagle," Darwin asserted in his Autobiography, "has been by far the most important event in my life and has determined my whole career. .. . I have always felt that I owe to the voyage the first real training or education of my mind" (1958(1876] :76-77). For the nearly five years that Darwin was aboard the Beagle, he examined many little-explored regions and collected materials for what subsequently became nine volumes on the geology and natural history of the places he visited. Further inspired by his Beagle observations and collections, Darwin commenced within ten months of his return to England the first of a series of notebooks on the transmutation of species, a subject on which he never ceased to reflect. Precisely what scientific ideas Darwin developed during the Beagle
Biomechanical analyses of whiplash injuries using an experimental model

Neck pain and headaches are the two most common symptoms of whiplash. The working hypothesis is that pain originates from excessive motions in the upper and lower cervical segments. The research design used an intact human cadaver head-neck complex as an experimental model. The intact head-neck preparation was fixed at the thoracic end with the head unconstrained. Retroreflective targets were placed on the mastoid process, anterior regions of the vertebral bodies, and lateral masses at every spinal level. Whiplash loading was delivered using a mini-sled pendulum device. A six-axis load cell and an accelerometer were attached to the inferior fixation of the specimen. High-speed video cameras were used to obtain the kinematics. During the initial stages of loading, a transient decoupling of the head occurs with respect to the neck exhibiting a lag of the cranium. The upper cervical spine-head undergoes local flexion concomitant with a lag of the head while the lower column is in local extension. This establishes a reverse curvature to the head-neck complex. With continuing application of whiplash loading, the inertia of the head catches up with the neck. Later, the entire head-neck complex is under an extension mode with a single extension curvature. The lower cervical facet joint kinematics demonstrates varying local compression and sliding. While the anterior- and posterior-most regions of the facet joint slide, the posterior-most region of the joint compresses more than the anterior-most region. These varying kinematics at the two ends of the facet joint result in a pinching mechanism. Excessive flexion of the posterior upper cervical regions can be correlated to headaches. The pinching mechanism of the facet joints can be correlated to neck pain. The kinematics of the soft tissue-related structures explain the mechanism of these common whiplash associated disorders.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PSYCHOSOMATOGENIC FAMILY MODEL

Abstract This study evaluated the psychosomatogenic family model as an etiological theory of psychosomatic symptomatology among chronically ill asthmatic children. The model postulates that four family transactional characteristics—enmeshment, overprotectiveness, lack of conflict resolution, and rigidity—nurture psychosomatic symptoms among chronically ill children. These four characteristics were measured in the families of 42 asthmatic children, and the severity of each child's asthmatic condition was assessed through parents' ratings, medical records, and physicians' clinical judgements. Factor analysis was used to create composite variables of severity, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between the four family characteristics and six dimensions of severity of the asthmatic condition. No evidence was found to support the psychosomatogenic family model, and an inverse relationship was discovered between the four family characteristics and parents' views of severity. Implications of these findings are discussed along with the importance of multidimensional ratings of severity in future research on the psychosomatic aspects of childhood asthma.
Expressing inter‐link constraints in OWL knowledge bases

: In this paper the Web Ontology Language (OWL) is examined to instantiate expert system knowledge bases intended for semantic Web applications. In particular, OWL is analyzed for expressing Unified Modeling Language (UML) representations that have been augmented with propositional logic asserted as inter-link constraints. The motivation is ultimately to provide declarative propositional logic constraints that can be represented in UML and declaratively implemented using OWL and other constructs to realize semantic Web knowledge base repositories and databases to facilitate expert system applications. The results of this paper show that OWL is sufficient for capturing most inter-link constraints asserted on generalization/specialization instances; however, OWL alone is inadequate for representing some inter-link constraints asserted on associations. We propose enhancements to OWL via RDF extensions for the reification of associations into classes. These extensions mitigate all concerns that were identified in OWL as part of this study. The result is increased support of declarative constraint representations, which can be expressed in knowledge bases in the context of the semantic Web.
Near-Infrared Turbidity of β-FeOOH Particle Suspensions

Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy can be complicated by the light scattering from heterogeneous materials. For the examination of an evolving system exhibiting such light scattering, transmission spectra near wavenumber υ = 104 cm-1 were obtained during the hydrolysis of FeCl3 solutions. At first, the resulting turbid suspension of cigar-shaped β-FeOOH particles exhibits single-particle scattering, including a Rayleigh regime (attenuation ∝ υ4). At later times, the scattering increases strongly as the particles aggregate, and becomes proportional to υα, with α ≈ 2, consistent with scattering models that interpret the structure of aggregates in terms of a fractal dimension df roughly equal to 2. In all cases investigated, the attenuation due to scattering is spectrally smooth and increases monotonically with wavenumber. It can be written in the simple form υα with 1≤ α ≤ 4. While over limited spectral ranges α may be taken independent of υ , over wide ranges it decreases with increasing υ. This behavior is consistent with the theoretical limits of α = 4 at υ = 0, and α = 0 at υ = ∞. Overall, the results suggest that a useful form for simulating scattering backgrounds in near-infrared spectroscopy is Aυα, with A and α fitted constants.
The Ecology of Order and Chaos

The science of ecology has had a popular impact unlike that of any other academic field of research. Consider the extraordinary ubiquity of the word itself: it has appeared in the most everyday places and the most astonishing, on day-glo T-shirts, in corporate advertising, and on bridge abutments. It has changed the language of politics and philosophy-springing up in a number of countries are political groups that are self-identified as "Ecology Parties." Yet who ever proposed forming a political party named after comparative linguistics or advanced paleontology? On several continents we have a philosophical movement termed "Deep Ecology," but nowhere has anyone announced a movement for "Deep Entomology" or "Deep Polish Literature." Why has this funny little word, ecology, coined by an obscure 19th-century German scientist, acquired so powerful a cultural resonance, so widespread a following? Behind the persistent enthusiasm for ecology, I believe, lies the hope that this science can offer a great deal more than a pile of data. It is supposed to offer a pathway to a kind of moral enlightenment that we can call, for the purposes of simplicity, "conservation." The expectation did not originate with the public but first appeared among eminent scientists within the field. For instance, in his 1935 book Deserts on the March, the noted University of Oklahoma, and later Yale, botanist Paul Sears urged Americans to take ecology seriously, promoting it in their universities and making it part of their governing process. "In Great Britain," he pointed out,
An impact factor model of Intranet adoption: an exploratory and empirical research

Abstract Intranet adoption is a topic of increasing importance to enterprises as well as researchers. This paper discusses the development of a theoretical model and testing of research hypotheses. The model captures the critical factors affecting the success of Intranet adoption. An exploratory survey and an empirical study were conducted. Empirical analysis indicates that the proposed model offers enterprises a model that can be used to plan, design, manage, and to evaluate Intranet adoption, and in turn promote the possibility of successful adoption. Moreover, the findings of the success factors on Intranet adoption are consistent with those in other studies.
Temperature dependence of the laser‐initiated polymerization of a thiol‐ene system

The laser-initiated polymerization of a thiol-ene photopolymerizable system was studied. The laser was operated in single- and multiple-pulse modes to generate exotherms, which were measured in a modified differential scanning calorimeter. Arrhenius plots of the polymerization, obtained by measuring polymerization exotherms at various temperatures, showed positive and negative portions. Pseudoactivation energies for the thiol-ene polymerization increased rapidly at low conversions (<50%) of the thiol and ene chromophores. The results were comparable to those obtained from photopolymerization of multifunctional acrylate monomers.
Swift's Projector of Mathematics in Lagado: A Note

(2009). Swift's Projector of Mathematics in Lagado: A Note. The Explicator: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 177-178.
What kind of multinational deposit-insurance arrangements might best enhance world welfare?

Abstract An International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI) was formed in May 2002. This paper argues that differences in regulatory culture render schemes for consolidating national insurers impractical. The IADI could best advance the goals of impeding cross-country spillovers of crisis pressures and improving the exchange of meaningful regulatory information by organizing a public market in deposit-reinsurance derivatives. Opportunities to swap individual-country loss exposures would help to recognize, price and transfer selected deposit-insurance risks to well-capitalized private parties. The spreads and prices observed for different deposit-insurance strips would help domestic guarantors of deposit-insurer obligations to rank the quality of financial regulatory performance at home and abroad. This information would help researchers to identify potentially superior design features and allow voters and uninsured bank creditors to discipline insurer loss-control efforts in a more timely and constructive fashion.
Betty Reardon’s philosophy of peace education and the centrality of justice

There is no clear description of an approach to justice that is related to peace education. Betty Reardon’s writing holistically connects peace and justice. While there are various traditions of justice, such as utilitarianism and contractarianism (social contract), the breadth of Reardon’s writing suggests that justice, in terms of its relationship with peace, is most consistent with the capabilities or human development approach to justice. Popularized by Nobel - prize winning economist Amartya Sen and University of Chicago philosopher Martha Nussbaum, capabilities are substantive opportunities and freedoms, consistent with human dignity, that enable persons to choose their own life path. Articulating Reardon’s conception of justice might provide peace educators, researchers, and activists with more clarity about the nature of justice in relation to peace, places to begin inquiry, and critical and conceptual understanding about the meaning of ‘NO JUSTICE, NO PEACE!’.
The influence of age, sex and drug treatment on microsomal drug metabolism in four rat strains

Abstract The present study describes the influence of sex, age and drug pretreatment on drug metabolism in four common strains of rats. Basal levels of activity of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in the four strains varied considerably less than those reported in different rabbit and mouse strains. There was, in general, only a 2-fold variation in metabolic rate for a single drug. Young male and female Holtzman rats showed the lowest microsomal metabolism in all drug pathways examined. Phenobarbital pretreatment caused a stimulation of drug metabolism in young and adult, male and female rats of all strains. 3-Methylcholanthrene, on the other hand, often caused no change or decreased the rate. Evidence is presented which suggests that liver microsomes may contain a number of NADPH-dependent enzymes which differ in their rates of postpubertal development.
The depth dependent damage profile in nickel irradiated with nickel or copper ions

Abstract High purity nickel samples have been irradiated with high energy (> 14 MeV) heavy ions and the resultant microstructure examined in cross section (i.e., in a plane parallel to the incident ions). The microstructure observed after irradiation with copper ions was not significantly different from that observed after nickel ion irradiation. Swelling near the ion end-of-range was less than that in the mid-range in both the self-ion and copper ion irradiated samples. A 100 nm void denuded zone was observed at the front surface in samples irradiated at 525 °C, and voids were observed at depths ≈ 15% greater than the calculated damage curves. An irradiation at 200 °C produced a loop lattice structure aligned along {001} with a spacing of ≈40 nm. The steady-state rate equations were formulated and solved to give the depth dependent defect concentrations. The calculated void growths rate was found to qualitatively fit the experimental results. A depth dependent radiation enhanced diffusion model predicted the result that for ion fluences used in this study, the injected copper impurities were confined to the end-of-range region.
Vanillin and syringaldehyde as attractants for Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

Beetles of the family Scolytidae attack certain individual trees of their host species for oviposition. Although Person (1931) suggested that Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte was attracted initially to weakened individuals of Pinus ponderosa Lawson by aldehydes or esters produced in the abnormal trees, a chemical understanding of this initial host selection by bark beetles still is largely lacking.
Nationalism, masculinity and multicultural citizenship in Serbia*

Since the 5 October revolution that formally ushered Serbia into a democratic era, political commentators, scholars, civic activists and others have watched the country for signs of resurgent natio...
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) augments IL-2-induced pulmonary vascular leak.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy is dose limited by a severe vascular leak with resulting systemic and pulmonary toxicity. Although recognized as a mediator of septic shock and vascular leak, the relative role of IL-1 in IL-2 toxicity is unclear. We evaluated the effect of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on IL-2 lethality, pulmonary vascular leak, and treatment of pulmonary metastases in a murine model. In vivo induction of mRNA for IL-1α was evaluated in liver by Northern blots after 0, 5, 8, and 11 doses of IL-2 in C3H/HEN mice. The expression index for the IL-1α gene increased from 0.16 to 0.74 after 6 doses of IL-2, and further increased to 1.04 after 11 doses of IL-2. C3H/HEN mice (n = 56) were randomized to receive phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), IL-1ra high dose (HD), or IL-1ra low dose (LD) by continuous subcutaneous infusion via Alzet minipumps. The biologic effectiveness of the dose and administration of IL-1ra was determined by the ability to block IL-1-induced IL-6 production in vivo. Mean serum IL-6 levels 3 hr after intraperitoneal IL-1α (10 μg/kg) were: PBS, 3730 ± 526 (mean ± SEM pg/ml); IL-1ra (LD), 1156 ± 398; and IL-1ra (HD), 594 ± 30 (P < 0.01, IL-1ra HD or LD vs PBS). Pulmonary vascular leak was measured by iv I125 albumin after 8 doses of IL-2 (100,000 U ip q 8 hr). C3H/HEN mice (n = 8 per group) given additional IL-2 doses were followed for survival. There was an increase in vascular leak in lungs of mice treated with IL-1ra (HD) plus IL-2 compared to IL-2 plus Hank's balanced salt solution (8597 ± 808 cpm vs 6975 ± 452; P < 0.05). IL-1ra did not affect survival of mice treated with repeated doses of IL-2. The effect of IL-1ra on IL-2 therapy of 10-day pulmonary metastases was evaluated with MC 38 tumor in C57BL6 mice. IL-2 significantly reduced the number of pulmonary metastases and IL-1ra had no further effect on IL-2 response. These results suggest that endogenous IL-1 is produced during IL-2 therapy and that blockade of its effects by IL-1ra does not reduce either the toxicity or the efficacy of IL-2 therapy. Endogenous IL-1 production may be a beneficial response during IL-2 therapy in ameliorating pulmonary vascular leak.
ADULT ONSET NOCTURNAL ENURESIS

Purpose: We determined the etiology and prognostic significance of adult onset enuresis with absent daytime incontinence. Adult onset nocturnal enuresis unassociated with daytime incontinence is uncommon and there is a paucity of information about its incidence, significance, evaluation and treatment. We present a retrospective evaluation of this condition based on a database review of more than 3,000 consecutive patients referred for the evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms.Materials and Methods: A database of 3,277 consecutive patients was searched for adult onset nocturnal enuresis. Patients with daytime incontinence were excluded from study. Evaluation consisted of history, physical examination, American Urological Association symptom score, voiding diary, uroflowmetry, estimation of post-void residual urine, video urodynamics, cystoscopy and radiographic evaluation of the upper tract.Results: Of 3,277 patients 8 (0.02%) had adult onset nocturnal enuresis without daytime incontinence as a primar...
Vertebral compression fractures what time destroys, methylmethacrylate may mend.

The sequelae of osteoporosis present numerous clinical challenges; several new surgical options show promise.
Coordination Changes Associated with Practice of a Soccer Kick

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in coordination associated with practice of a soccer kick. Video records were collected on 6 novice, right-footed soccer players prior to and after 20 regularly scheduled kicking practice sessions. Three experienced players were alson videotaped for comparison. Movement of the right leg was digitized and analyzed using motion analysis software. As a result of practice, subjects were able to significantly increase the maximum resultant linear velocity of the foot, and these increases were accompanied by changes in the pattern of coordination underlying the movement. These changes were assessed qualitatively through the topological characteristics of the relative motions of the hip and knee and quantitatively through three different timing variables. The results provide some support for Bernstein's (1967) ideas on the acquisition of skilled behavior as well as for the two-stage model of motor learning proposed by Newell (1985).
Health Care Reinsurance and Insurance Reform in the United States: A Simulation Model

This paper uses data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, a U.S. health care survey, to simulate the impact of reinsurance on insured health care expenditures for different cohorts. The paper concludes that reinsurance would not eliminate potential risk selection by insurers and, even with reinsurance, specific cohorts would have trouble obtaining affordable insurance unless reinsurance was accompanied by significant changes to U.S. insurance laws including the adoption of guarantee issue requirements and the abolition of underwriting based on health status or pre-existing conditions. The simulation model reveals that the impact of reinsurance on insurance expenditures is larger for older cohorts than for younger cohorts.
Differential modulation by dopamine of responses evoked by excitatory amino acids in human cortex.

The responses of human neocortical neurons to iontophoretic application of excitatory amino acids and their modulation by dopamine (DA) were studied in vitro. Brain slices were obtained from children undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy. Application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) to the slices induced slow depolarizations accompanied by decreased input conductances and sustained action potentials in cortical neurons. Glutamate produced rapid depolarizations and firing with few changes in input conductances. Quisqualate also induced depolarization and firing, but input conductances increased during the rising phase of the membrane depolarization. Iontophoretic application of DA alone produced no change in membrane potential or input conductance. However, when DA was applied in conjunction with the excitatory amino acids, it produced contrasting effects. With either bath application of DA or when iontophoresis of DA preceded application of NMDA, the amplitude of the membrane depolarizations and the number of action potentials were increased, whereas the latency of these responses decreased. In contrast, DA decreased the amplitude of the depolarizations and the number of action potentials evoked by glutamate or quisqualate. The fact that DA affects responses to NMDA and glutamate or quisqualate in opposite directions is of considerable importance to the understanding of cellular mechanisms of neuromodulation and the role of DA in cognitive processing and in epilepsy. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Online Intercultural Exchange: An Introduction for Foreign Language Teachers edited by O'DOWD, ROBERT

A review of the book "Online Intercultural Exchange: An Introduction for Foreign Language Teachers," edited by Robert O'Dowd is presented.
Neuro-Critical Care Skills Training Using a Human Patient Simulator

Neurosurgical trainees regularly encounter critical care situations. Traditionally, education was accomplished through lecture and experience. Increasingly, human patient simulators (HPS) are employed, allowing trainees to sharpen skills in a safe and realistic environment. We describe our experience using HPS in neurosurgical training. We developed a critical care training program for residents and medical students using HPS. We used a hi-fidelity, lifelike Human Patient Simulator™ (HPS™) produced by Medical Education Technologies, Inc.™ to simulate realistic scenarios for trainee education. Topics included spinal shock, closed head injury, and cerebral vasospasm. A three-way evaluation model was employed to test validity, including pre- and post-exercise testing, survey feedback, and videotaped replay. The simulation exercises were conducted by a neuro-critical care attending, a senior neurosurgical resident, and a HPS technician. We currently have 29 participants. On a 20-point critical care multiple-choice exam for these participants, average improvement has been 4.5 points or 25%. In subgroup analysis, average improvement was 4.75 points (24%) amongst neurosurgery residents, 3.07 points (18%) amongst neurology residents, 7 points (38%) amongst general surgery residents, and 7 points (38%) amongst senior medical students. Post-exercise evaluations were overwhelmingly positive. Neurosurgical critical care education is important for safe and effective care for patients. Clinical experience and didactic lectures help trainees obtain a solid knowledge base, but do not provide the benefit for learning in a fail-safe environment. Through the use of HPS, we have enhanced the critical care education of our trainees.
SeaWiFS measurements of the moon

Measurements of the lunar surface in the visible and near infrared wavelength regions provide a new and intriguing method of determining changes in the sensitivities of Earth observing radiometers. Lunar measurements are part of the calibration strategy for the instruments in the Earth Observing System (EOS) and part of the calibration strategy for the Sea Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor (SeaWiFS). SeaWiFS was launched on August 1, 1997. The first SeaWiFS images of the Earth were taken on September 4, 1997, and the first lunar measurements were made on November 14, 1997. We describe the results from the initial nine lunar measurements by SeaWiFS, extending to July 10, 1998. The time series for the lunar images show changes in the sensitivities of SeaWiFS bands one through five (412 to 555 nm) to be very small over the eight month interval. For band 6 (670 nm), the decrease in sensitivity over seven months is 1/2%. For bands 7 and 8 (765 and 865 nm), the decreases are 11/2% and 5% respectively. These changes, with reduced scatter in the results, are also found in the band ratios. The instrument changes can be seen in the SeaWiFS data products. Using the lunar time series, plus data from diffuser and ocean surface measurements, a time-dependent correction for the changes in the sensitivities of bands 6, 7, and 8 has been applied in the SeaWiFS data processing algorithm.
Laparoscopic vaginal reconstruction using a sigmoid colon segment: a preliminary report.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Sigmoid vaginoplasty is an alternative technique for vaginal replacement. We describe the successful use of laparoscopy for reconstruction of a vagina in patients with the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Materials and Methods: Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 5 girls with a mean age of 17 years and 5 months. We used 4 ports, the first of which was inserted supraumbilically by the Hasson technique. The next 10 mm port was introduced through the right lower quadrant under visual control. Then 5 and 15 mm ports were inserted at the left lower quadrant. The scope was introduced through the supraumbilical port. After isolating a segment of the sigmoid using 2 endoscopic staplers an incision was made in the deepest part of the vestibule. Performing a blunt dissection a 2-finger wide space was created between the urethra, bladder and rectum. In the top of the space the peritoneum was incised under laparoscopic control, which allowed passage of the forceps from the perineum and enabled descent of the isolated sigmoid segment. The graft was fixed to the mucosa of the vaginal vestibule using a single suture. The continuity of the intestinal tract was restored using a circular mechanical suture through the rectum. Results: Average operative time was 5 hours. None of the cases needed conversion to open surgery. No significant blood loss or any other complication was noted. Average postoperative stay was 7 to 9 days. Conclusions: This preliminary report suggests that laparoscopic sigmoid vaginal replacement is feasible and safe, and may be used as an alternative to open surgery.
Properties of Novel Terahertz Electric Metamaterials

Planar electric metamaterials are studied with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in transmission and reflection. Energy absorption of 5-20% due to Ohmic losses within the metal patterning is observed at resonant frequencies. Finite-element simulations verify experimental results.
Multilineage Potential of Cells From the Artery Wall

Background— In diabetes or atherosclerosis, ectopic bone, fat, cartilage, and marrow often develop in arteries. However the mechanism is unknown. We have previously identified a subpopulation of va...
Supramolecular main-chain liquid crystalline polymers and networks with competitive hydrogen bonding: a study of rigid networking agents in supramolecular systems

A set of supramolecular liquid crystalline networks and polymers are synthesised and analysed utilising a bis-functionalised hydrogen bond donor, a rigid bis-pyridyl species and non-mesogenic rigid polyfunctional networking agents in tetra, tri and bi functionalities. Networks utilising the shorter bisacid eliminated nematic phases in concentrations of 62.5%, 55% and 57.5% loadings, respectively. Smectic phases were observed in inclusions of 10%, 5% and 15%, respectively. It is believed that the increased rigidity of the networking agents allows liquid crystalline phases to form at higher concentrations than would normally be expected. In addition, the presence of the smectic phase at 15% inclusion of the 2SBZ would seem to indicate the bi-functionalised species assists in the formation of the more complex, layered mesogenic phase.
Capillaries measured in canine diaphragm by two methods.

We have measured capillary distribution in costal and crural canine diaphragm using two methods: histochemical processing and perfusion fixation. Each of 18 dogs was deeply anesthetized, the abdomen opened, and the left inferior phrenic artery cannulated. The animal was heparinized and overdosed with pentobarbital. The right hemidiaphragm was frozen, either postexcision (Protocol 1) or intact with no preload (Protocol 2), for histochemical processing. The left hemidiaphragm was fixed by perfusion in situ using 2% glutaraldehyde, either with preload (Protocol 1) or without (Protocol 2). Costal and crural regions of each hemidiaphragm were sampled for analysis. Frozen samples were sectioned and processed for acid-stable (pH 4.0) ATpase activity; perfusion-fixed samples were postifixed, stained, embedded in Epon, and sectioned. Measurements were made using a digital imaging system. We found that muscle fibers had smaller cross-sectional areas in costal than in crural diaphragm; capillary-to-fiber ratio (C:F) did not differ by region and regional differences in capillary density could be attributed to differences in fiber size. Results depended critically on methodology. In perfusion-fixed muscle, fiber area was less, C:F was greater, and capillary density was greater than in histochemically-processed tissue. We conclude that capillary distribution is similar in costal vs. crural diaphragm and that perfusion fixation identifies capillaries more effectively than histochemistry. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The historical roots of the theory and therapy of stuttering

The history of the problem of stuttering, one of the best known yet least understood disorders of communication, begins with several brief mentions of ‘ ‘truuloi’ ’ by Hippocrates (460-377 B . C. ) . Although we can be sure that this word refers to a speech defect of some kind (it is very’likely a generic term that would today be regarded as several distinct defects), its exact meaning is far from clear. Particularly in the books of the Epidemics, the passages are quite obscure, as their definitive commentator, Galen (13 l-ca 200 A.D.), readily admitted. This did not stop him from making some kind of sense of them, however. Since the subsequent history of the subject is largely derived from these Galenic commentaries, at least up to the beginnings of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, a few general remarks would be in order. In the first place it is impossible to understand the earlier history of stuttering unless we realize that no basic distinction was made between stuttering, cluttering, disarthria, functional articulation problems, and even some types of aphasia. Secondly, as a corollary to this, the terminology for these various conditions was anything but precise. We find each of the terms traulosis, psellismos, blaesitas, balbuties, and to some extent mogilalia, used to describe every one of these conditions, while ischnophonia, which very clearly means stuttering in the works of Aristotle, just as clearly describes a weak voice in the works of Galen. Thirdly, the humoral system of medicine, which Galen espoused, and which became the framework of medieval and renaissance medicine, made no diagnostic disjunction between mind and body. For this reason it is somewhat misleading to think in terms of a “humoral physiology” and a “humoral psychology” (useful as these concepts may be in tracing the development of the respective modern disciplines of those names), because no real separation appeared until the humoral system was already in an advanced state of decay. With the lack of such clear distinctions, the Galenic writings on stuttering at first appear almost totally worthless to the modern investigator. Their meaning
An integrated program for amplitude-modulated RF pulse generation and re-mapping with shaped gradients.

Abstract Efficient generation of amplitude modulated, frequency selective RF pulses has been demonstrated by the Shinnar-Le Roux (SLR) algorithm. In the present article, we provide an overview of a relatively comprehensive computer program that includes a version of the SLR algorithm and also incorporates an algorithm for re-mapping a selective RF pulse onto a new dwell time with modulated gradients. The re-mapping may be used to reduce SAR, or to shorten the RF pulse time by increasing the gradient and RF strength in regions where the original RF pulse amplitude was low. The program includes additional useful features including a Bloch equations algorithm, and pulse scaling, to enable examination of pulse profiles under a variety of conditions such as RF inhomogeneity and even nuclear relaxation. The program, MATPULSE, was developed with the MATLAB for Windows programming language and makes extensive use of the MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) features to generate a userfriendly interface. A number of examples are provided to illustrate the capabilities of the MATPULSE program.
Zone Plates and Their Aberrations

The zone plate is an optical device that depends on interference, not reflection or refraction, for its image-forming properties. Although the irradiance at the focus is only 110 that of a lens with the same aperture, a zone plate with 100 or more zones is capable of resolution equal to that of the lens. Zone plates can be used in spectral regions where conventional optics are unavailable and for special applications in the visible spectrum. This paper derives the third-order and chromatic aberrations of the zone plate. The image may be diffraction limited only if the illumination is relatively monochromatic. Like the pinhole camera, the zone plate turns out not to suffer from linear distortion, even at very wide fields.
Implementation of a photonic antenna in optical OFDM link

The integration of photonic antennas with radio over fiber (RoF) systems can serve high dense populated areas such as airports, shopping centers, dead-zone areas and tunnels. In this paper, we present an optical wireless communication downlink with a photonic antenna. Our proposed radio over fiber (RoF) system is to carry modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals with a 2.4 GHz radio frequency over a cost effective optical link. A comparison of using a photonic antenna as a passive and an active in the RoF system is presented. The active photonic antenna (APHA) is mounted at the end of the optical link to the photodiode as a package of a band-pass filter (BPF) and a radio frequency power amplifier. The photonic antenna scattering parameters are implemented into the optical system simulation tools with various fiber length and free space loss (FSL). The wireless link is implemented for a transmission distance up to 100 meters. The transmitted signal is fully carried over a radio frequency signal and then optically carried over a standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The measurements of the EIPR and SNR were done with 0 dBm RF input into the directly modulated laser (DML) for all the simulations. The results show that the analog optical wireless link is very suitable to carry the OFDM signals. Moreover, the active photonic antenna provides sufficient service for more than 30 meters compared to the passive antenna.
Compact adaptive optical compensation systems using continuous silicon deformable mirrors

Deformable mirrors have been fabricated using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. The mirrors have been integrated into an optical test bed capable of generating static and dynamic aberrations in the beam path. It was found that the DM could be used to improve optical system resolution in the presence of static aberrations. Strehl ratio was measured for the optical system under four test conditions. A Strehl ratio of 0.81 was obtained for the case in which an introduced aberration was compensated by the DM, compared to a Strehl ratio of 0.45 for case in which the aberration was uncompensated and the DM was removed from the optical path. A parallel stochastic gradient descent approach was used for control.
On the rate of convergence of the range of cumulative sums

Let [X~, n>=l} be a sequence of independent random variables, and S write ~ = ~ X~. The range of cumulative sums, max (0, S~, 9 -., S~)min (0, $ 1 , . . . , S~) has been the subject of considerable research in the li terature (see, for example, [3], [5] where fur ther details and references may also be found). In what follows the random variables X1, X 2 , . . . are assumed to be independent and identically distributed with common law ~(X). We write M~=maxS~, m ~ = m i n S~ and call R ~ = M ~ m ~ , l ~ k N u 1NkN_n the range of cumulative sums S~. Take 0 ntJ~), for the sequence {P(R~>nlJ~s), n>=l} to converge to zero for arbitrary s>0 at specified ra tes (Theorem 2).
A domain of p47phox that interacts with human neutrophil flavocytochrome b558.

Abstract The NADPH-dependent oxidase of human neutrophils is a multicomponent system including cytosolic and membrane proteins. Activation requires translocation of cytosolic proteins p47phox, p67phox, and Rac2 to the plasma membrane and association with the membrane flavocytochrome b to assemble a functioning oxidase. We report the location of a region in p47phox that mediates its interaction with flavocytochrome b. From a random peptide phage display library, we used biopanning with purified flavocytochrome b to select phage peptides that mimicked potential p47phoxbinding residues. Using this approach, we identified a region of p47phox from residue 323 to 342 as a site of interaction with flavocytochrome b. Synthetic peptides 315SRKRLSQDAYRRNS328, 323AYRRNSVRFL332, and 334QRRRQARPGPQSPG347 inhibited superoxide (O∸2) production in the broken cell system with IC50 of 18, 57, and 15 μM, respectively. 323AYRRNSVRFL332 and its derivative peptides inhibited phosphorylation of p47phox. However, the functional importance of this peptide was independent of its effects on phosphorylation, since 323AYRRNAVRFL332 inhibited O∸2 production, but had no effect on phosphorylation. None of the peptides blocked O∸2 production when added after enzyme activation, suggesting that they inhibited the assembly, rather than the activity, of the oxidase. Furthermore these peptides inhibited membrane association of p47phox in the broken cell translocation assay and O∸2 production by electropermeabilized neutrophils, thereby supporting the interpretation that this region of p47phox interacts with flavocytochrome b.
Helminth infections of some invertebrates of the Georgia Bight

Dominant macroinvertebrates of the Georgia Bight were studied to evaluate the incidence of helminth infection and pathologies produced. Twenty-one stations along seven transects were sampled in February, May, August, and November 1977. Sicyonia brevirostris (rock shrimp) were heavily infected (83%) with cestode cysticercoids in the hepatopancreas and nerve tracts. Loligo pealeii (common squid) were lightly infected with cestodes (6%) throughout the year and with trematodes (<5%) during most of the year, but in the fall 33% were parasitized with trematode metacercarial. This study reemphasizes the high frequency of infection of marine invertebrates over large areas, the considerable pathology produced as well as the remarkable variability in infection patterns in local areas and with season.
Co-visibility and pedagogy: innovation and challenge at the High Museum of Art

Museum space is arranged not only to present but also to help understand displays. Patterns of visitor movement and the co-visibility of displays act as pedagogical media. This paper traces the recent history of the interior of the High Museum of Art, in Atlanta, and identifies radical transformations in the interaction between architectural setting, exhibition design and curatorial intention. The original 1983 second-floor layout, designed by Meier, created ‘rooms within rooms’, privileged cross views and provided a web of vistas cutting through spatial layers of displays and meandering paths of movement, even as the structural grid notated an abstract overall order. Thus, it supported comparisons and a multiplicity of points of view rather than a rigid classificatory scheme. Also, it challenged focused frontal viewing and hence traditional curatorial approaches. The 1997 second-floor layout, by Scogin and Elam, masterfully deployed a formal exhibition language that resonated with Meier's architecture in...
Development of a Benthic Invertebrate Objective for Mesotrophic Great Lakes Waters

Abstract A biological indicator of mesotrophic conditions should (1) provide an appropriate and interpretable objective; (2) be achievable if corrective measures are taken (i.e., it should be within the expected environmental range of the system); and (3) allow measurement of progress toward the objective. Historical data from the Great Lakes suggest that population density of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata , could provide an appropriate objective, and that the tubificid oligochaete community can be used to evaluate progress toward that objective. Finally, data from other systems show that Hexagenia can return to locations where it was formerly abundant, and therefore is an attainable objective for formerly mesotrophic ecosystems.
Numerical Simulations of Low-Btu Coal Gas Combustion in a Gas Turbine Combustor

A numerical model for turbulent reacting flow is described and applied for predictions in an industrial gas turbine combustor operating on low-Btu coal gas. The model, based on fast-reaction limit, used Favre averaged conservation equations with the standard k-e model of turbulence. Effects of turbulent fluctuations on chemistry are described statistically in terms of the mean, variance and probability density function (assumed to be β-distribution) of the mixture fraction. Two types of geometric approximations, namely axisymmetric and three-dimensional, were used to model the combustor. Computations were performed with (a) no swirl (b) weak swirl and (c) strong swirl at the fuel and primary air inlets. Essentially, the same bulk mean temperature distributions were obtained for axisymmetric and three-dimensional calculations while the computed pattern factors and the liner wall temperatures for the two differed significantly. Complete combustion was predicted with strong swirl, a result supported by the available test data. The maximum liner wall temperature predicted for three-dimensional calculations compared favorably with the experimental data while the predicted maximum exhaust gas temperature differed by ≈120 K. The difference was attributed to measurement uncertainties, model assumptions and lack of accurate data at the inlets. The maximum flame temperature was below 1,850 K indicating that thermal NOx may be insignificant.Copyright © 1991 by ASME
Optimized cladding materials for nonlinear-optic polymer-based devices

We have investigated various conductive and nonconductive polymer materials suitable for use as cladding layers in nonlinear optic (NLO) polymer based opto-electronic devices. Our goal was to maximize the nonlinearity of the NLO core materials, while minimizing the total poling voltage and minimizing the absorption loss. Using a cladding material that is more conductive than the NLO core material, the majority of the applied poling voltage is dropped across the core, realizing a maximum EO coefficient with minimum applied poling voltage. We found, however, that there are tradeoffs between absorption loss, conductivity, refractive index, materials processability and materials compatibility when using off-the-shelf materials. Results are presented for a 3-layer device structure using a conductive polymer material for both the top and bottom cladding layers.