cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attorneys' referrals for competency to stand trial evaluations: Comparisons of referred and nonreferred clients

The purpose of this investigation was to compare defendants for whom the competency to stand trial (CTST) motion had been raised with those for whom it had not. Twenty attorneys (10 private, 10 public) rated six clients each on a questionnaire of demographic characteristics, behavioral descriptors, and attorney's certainty of incompetency for the clients who had the motion raised. Type of offense and educational level discriminated between the defendant groups, as did 8 of the 11 behavioral descriptor subscales. Speech disorganization was the only subscale that correlated with attorney certainty of client incompetency. The majority of the attorneys were found to be familiar with the Dusky criteria. RESULTS are discussed in light of future studies and caution with respect to data from studies of only defendants referred for CTST evaluations. Language: en
Supercritical-fluid fractionation of poly(ethylene glycols)

Abstract The partitioning of poly(ethylene glycols), PEGS, in supercritical CO 2 is presented. The individual n -mer partition coefficients are determined from the overall polymer compositions, treasured by UV-absorption spectroscopy and the polymer molecular-weight distributions measured by FAB mass spec troscopy in two coexisting phases. The results of two parent PEGs, one with an average molecular weight of 400 and n -mer range of 4 to 16, and a second with an average molecular weight of 600 and n -mer range of 4 to 21, are reported at various temperatures and pressures. The molecular-weight dependence of n -mer partition coefficients follows Flory's expression for n -mers with molecular NA cights above ≈400 and deviates from the expected behavior for n -mers in the lower molecular-weight range. The observed deviation is attributed to the hydroxyl end groups effects and the resulting intramelecular associations. A critical molecular weight of ≈400 corresponds to the maximum range of these intramolecular associations. The effects of the operating conditions on the yield and the selectivity of supercritical-fluid fractionation of PEGs are also discussed.
Luminescent two- and three-dimensional zinc coordination polymers containing isomers of phenylenediacetate and a kinked tethering organodiimine

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a series of zinc-containing coordination polymers incorporating the kinked organodiimine 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) and phenylenediacetate (phda) isomers. {[Zn(1,4-phda)(dpa)]·H2O}∞ (1) manifests a two-dimensional (2D) corrugated layer morphology. While both {[Zn(1,2-phda)(dpa)]·2H2O}∞ (2) and [Zn(1,3-phda)(dpa)]∞ (3) contain three-dimensional 4-fold interpenetrated coordination polymer networks, 2 possesses the SrAl2 structure type (sra, 42638 topology) but the acentric material 3 adopts the diamond structure type (dia, 66 topology). The varying morphologies thus reveal a significant structure-directing effect of the position of the acetate groups during self-assembly of these coordination polymers. Hydrogen-bonding mechanisms imparted by the central amine group of the dpa ligand provide ancillary supramolecular structure-directing effects in all three cases. All three materials undergo blue–violet luminescence upon irradiation with ultraviolet light.
Rapid determination of a straight magnetic coordinate system for stellarator configurations

Abstract A flux coordinate representation for the magnetic field is used to derive a system of simultaneous linear equations for accurately computing the rotational transform and the poloidal angle stream function for a given magnetic flux surface in a toroidal stellarator configuration. The procedure is useful for converting an arbitrary flux coordinate system into one for which all magnetic field lines are straight. It is quite general and requires only that the flux surfaces can be represented by double Fourier series of the coordinates R and Z and that values of the cylindrical components of the magnetic field are available on each surface. Numerical results obtained for vacuum configurations of the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) show that the present procedure is more accurate and convenient than previous methods.
Current-Use and Legacy Pesticide History in the Austfonna Ice Cap, Svalbard, Norway

The Svalbard archipelago in arctic Norway receives considerable semivolatile organic contaminant (SOC) inputs from the atmosphere. To measure the history of net SOC accumulation there, we analyzed the upper 40 m of an ice core from Austfonna, the largest ice cap in Eurasia, for several legacy organochlorine (OC) compounds and current-use pesticides (CUPs) including organophosphorus (OP), triazine, dinitroaniline, and chloroacetamide compounds. Five OP compounds (chlorpyrifos, terbufos, diazinon, methyl parathion, and fenitrothion), two OCs (methoxychlor and dieldrin), and metolachloran herbicidehad historical profiles in the core. The highest OC concentration observed was aldrin (69.0 ng L-1) in the surface sample (1992−1998). The most concentrated OP was dimethoate (87.0 ng L-1) between 1986 and 1992. The surface sample also had highest concentrations of pendimethalin (herbicide, 18.6 ng L-1) and flutriafol, the lone observed fungicide (9.6 ng L-1). The apparent atmospheric persistence of CUPs likely res...
Act 2: Extending Theory on Social Media and Body Image Concerns

In an article in this issue of Sex Roles, I proposed a transactional model of social media effects on body image concerns that emphasizes the role played by individual vulnerability characteristics, gratifications sought from social media, and a host of mediating psychological processes. Commentators offered thoughtful responses to the model, pointing to strengths, but also targeting a number of areas for additional emphasis and ameliorative attention. This article, with a focus on the U.S. context, reviews each of the papers. It summarizes their main suggestions, and pulls together the host of forward-looking ideas, including the role played by cultural forces, the interplay between social and conventional mass media, and an emphasis on the salutary effects of social media on body image processes.
Motion of Ions in Helium II

The general motion of ions in He II is investigated assuming that nucleation of and escape from vortex rings is a random thermally activated process. The mean drift velocity ${v}_{d}$ is calculated as a function of temperature, applied field, and ionic species. It is shown that lowfield data up to and just beyond the giant discontinuity can be explained, provided careful attention is paid to the friction forces on small rings, by assuming that ${v}_{d}$ is the equilibrium drift velocity. The transition between bare-ion and vortex-ring behavior is discussed in some detail. At higher fields one must take into account vortex-ring dynamics and the possibility of escapes. In general ${v}_{d}$ is larger than the equilibrium velocity and, for very large fields, increases with field. Predictions of the theory are compared with experimental drift-velocity data. Also considered are the characteristics of ion currents in nonuniform fields. In particular, predictions are made for the "persistence current" observed when ions propagate first through a region of constant field, then through a region of zero or retarding field.
High-resolution mapping of the barley leaf rust resistance gene Rph5 using barley expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and synteny with rice

The rapidly growing expressed sequence tag (EST) resources of species representing the Poacea family and availability of comprehensive sequence information for the rice (Oryza sativa) genome create an excellent opportunity for comparative genome analysis. Extensive synteny between rice chromosome 1 and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome 3 has proven extremely useful for saturation mapping of chromosomal regions containing target genes of large-genome barley with conserved orthologous genes from the syntenic regions of the rice genome. Rph5 is a gene conferring resistance to the barley leaf rust pathogen Puccinia hordei. It was mapped to chromosome 3HS, which is syntenic with rice chromosome 1S. The objective of this study was to increase marker density within the sub-centimorgan region around Rph5, using sequence-tagged site (STS) markers that were developed based on barley ESTs syntenic to the phage (P1)-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones comprising the distal region of rice chromosome 1S. Five rice PAC clones were used as queries in a blastn search to screen 375,187 barley ESTs. Ninety-four non-redundant EST sequences were identified from the EST database and used as templates to design 174 pairs of primer combinations. As a result, 9 barley EST-based STS markers were incorporated into the 'Bowman' x 'Magnif 102' high-resolution map of the Rph5 region. More importantly, six markers, including five EST-derived STS sequences, were found to co-segregate with Rph5. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of rice genomic resources for efficient deployment of barley ESTs for marker saturation of targeted barley genomic regions.
Effects of acetabular component orientation on dislocation propensity for small-head-size total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Objective. Examine the role of surgical orientation of the acetabular cup on posterior dislocation propensity for small-head-size total hip arthroplasty. Design. A finite element model of a widely used total hip arthroplasty system was examined for peak resisting moment and range-of-motion prior to impingement, as well as prior to onset of posterior dislocation. Acetabular component surgical orientation was varied. Background. Dislocation is a leading cause of total hip replacement failure, with an incidence between 2% and 11%. Clinical registries imply acetabular component orientation to be a leading predictor of dislocation. The finite element method permits this complex kinetic behavior to be addressed systematically. Methods. Twenty-five combinations of cup abduction (five angles) and anteversion (five angles) were studied, with the resultant resisting moment about the cup center being tracked in each case. Key events were benchmarked, and a novel dislocation resistance index was developed for multi-factor comparison. Results. Increasing tilt and/or anteversion resulted in a monotonically increasing range-of-motion prior to impingement, as well as increased peak resisting moment. Range of motion was more sensitive to tilt, while peak resisting moment was more sensitive to anteversion. Peak resisting moment for 22-mm head size was nearly 25% less than that for a 26-mm head. Conclusions. Increased cup tilt and anteversion discourage posterior dislocations of small-head-size components. Relevance Pre-existing soft tissue compromise and untoward patient motions/postures are largely beyond surgeon control. However, other factors being equal, especially for small-head-size components, many posterior dislocations that would otherwise occur might be prevented by suitable tilt and anteversion of the acetabular component.
Pitipeptolides C–F, Antimycobacterial Cyclodepsipeptides from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Guam

Abstract Pitipeptolides A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) are cyclic depsipeptides isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Piti Bomb Holes, Guam. Additional analogues have now been isolated by revisiting larger collections of the same cyanobacterium. The four identified analogues, pitipeptolides C–F ( 3 – 6 ), are the tetrahydro analogue ( 3 ), an analogue with a lower degree of methylation ( 4 ) as well as two homologues ( 5 and 6 ) of pitipeptolide A. Their structures were elucidated using 2D NMR experiments, chiral HPLC analysis and comparison with pitipeptolide A. The identified analogues showed weaker cytotoxic activities compared to the two major parent compounds, pitipeptolides A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), against HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma and MCF7 breast cancer cells. On the other hand, pitipeptolide F ( 6 ) was the most potent pitipeptolide in a disc diffusion assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The latter finding suggests that the structure of pitipeptolides could be optimized for selective antibacterial activity.
A Wide-Band Variable Microwave Coupler

A method is described whereby the coupling value of a TEM quarter-wave coupler can be continuously varied over ranges up to 100 percent of the nominal value. The method employs the change of even- and odd-mode characteristic impedance levels over the coupling region and as such is best suited to stripline and other configurations which use parallel ground planes as outer conductors. Because current lines are crossed only in regions of relatively low current densities and because physical realizations are mechanically simple and compact, reliability is assured. Its major disadvantage is that the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) increases and the isolation decreases as the coupling is tuned away from the nominal value. However, the simple predesign procedures described in Section III can reduce or eliminate this problem. The device can be used as a variable attenuator, a variable sampler, and, in systems with couplers, a trimming device.
Radioisotopic assay of arginase activity

Abstract A radioisotopic method of assay of arginase activity is reported. The method is based on the hydrolysis of labeled substrate (arginineguanido- 14 C). The labeled urea developed is hydrolyzed by urease and the 14 CO 2 released is measured in a liquid seintillation counter as a measure of arginase activity. Advantages of the method are sensitivity and accuracy derived from the absence of interference by nonradioactive urea in the incubation mixture. The procedure is simple and easily applicable to a large number of samples.
Emissions trading and environmental justice: distributive fairness and the USA's Acid Rain Programme

As emissions trading regimes become increasingly popular mechanisms for environmental pollution control around the world, environmentalists are asking whether market-based programmes meet their promise of both efficient and equitable pollution reductions. The emissions trading regime of the USA's Acid Rain Programme (ARP) is investigated in order to determine whether the programme has concentrated sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) pollution disproportionately for the poor and people of colour. While the USA emissions trading regime has been hailed as a success for cost-efficiently reducing pollution in the aggregate, critics contend that the programme is insufficiently attentive to the localized concentrations of harmful SO 2 that trading can create. Further, advocates of environmental justice question whether emissions trading might exacerbate the disproportionate pollution burdens already facing the poor and people of colour. Stack emissions and pollution allowance holdings for all 110 power plants participating in Phase I of the trading programme are correlated with income and racial demographic characteristics of the people living around each plant to determine whether the ARP might raise distributive environmental justice concerns. Using USA Census data at the tract level, income and racial demographics around plants that increased and decreased their emissions as well as plants that were net purchasers and sellers of pollution allowances over the first three years of the programme are compared. For the first few years of the ARP, the emissions trading regime does not appear to have been concentrating SO 2 pollution disproportionately for the poor and racial minority populations.
3D Seismic Interpretation of Turbidite-Sands From the Gulf of Mexico

Summary This study interprets and maps some key stratigraphic and structural elements of Garden Bank (GB) Block 191 applying both geological and geophysical techniques. Three-dimensional seismic data and some well logs were integrated and analyzed to construct a reasonable geological subsurface image. Software in UNIX environment from a geophysical company was used in this research. Special attention was given to salt diapers. Their influence on sand accumulations and hydrocarbon traps were investigated. Two Pleistocene sands accumulations (4500-ft & 8500-ft) were examined thoroughly in this research. Time and amplitude maps were produced. In addition, a wave-theoretical model that describes salt tectonic activities within the area was reconstructed in order to understand the influence of these dynamical forces on the overlaying strata.
Progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration is not the only factor determining outcomes of in vitro fertilization.

Objective To assess whether progesterone elevation is the only factor in determining outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Infertility clinic at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. Patient(s) One thousand five hundred eight women undergoing a total of 1,508 IVF cycles. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates. Result(s) Patients were classified into four subgroups according to their progesterone concentration on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) triggering. The clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates were statistically significantly associated with the age of the woman, the day of embryo transfer, the progesterone concentration on the day of hCG administration, the number of transferred embryos, and the number of top-quality embryos transferred. However, after omitting the women with the highest progesterone concentration (≥1.94 ng/mL), only four factors—patient age, day of embryo transfer, number of transferred embryos, and number of top-quality embryos transferred—were statistically significantly associated with the clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates. Conclusion(s) Progesterone concentration on the day of hCG administration is not the only factor determining the clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates. Fresh embryos from women should be frozen with extremely high progesterone concentrations. Each patient's general condition and the capacity for frozen-thawed embryo transfer should be considered before implantation.
Motor competence in rats of different stocks reared in large and small litters

The effects of sex and stock on a task of motor competence (balancing on a rod) were studied in Long-Evans, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats reared in large and small litters. The data indicated significant sex and stock effects but no effects of rearing condition. Although no nutritional effect was found on this task, the data suggest that stock differences should receive greater attention particularly with regard to the possibilities that such differences provide for the identification and analysis of a broad spectrum of effects.
Parent cognitive-behavioral intervention for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a pilot study.

Abstract Strong evidence supports cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of childhood anxiety. Many studies suggest that parents play an etiological role in the development and maintenance of child anxiety. This pilot study examined the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention delivered to the parents of 31 anxious children (ages 7–13). Parents were randomly assigned to an individual parent-only CBT intervention (PCBT, n = 18) or wait-list control (WL, n = 13). PCBT demonstrated significant reductions in children's number of anxiety disorder diagnoses, parent-rated interference and clinician-rated severity of anxiety, and maternal protective behaviors at post-treatment, which were maintained at 3-months. WL did not demonstrate significant changes. There were no significant differences between conditions in child self-reported or parent-report of child anxiety symptoms. Findings were replicated in a combined sample of treated participants, as well as in an intent-to-treat sample. Parent-only CBT may be an effective treatment modality for child anxiety, though future research is warranted.
Altered gene expression in kidneys of mice with 2,8-dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis.

Altered gene expression in kidneys of mice with 2,8-dihydroxy- related differences in gene expression in DHA lithiasis, possi- adenine nephrolithiasis. bly caused by increased deposition of DHA crystals in male Background. We have developed a knockout mouse model compared with female kidneys; and (2) the expression of cer- for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a tain genes (for example, C10) may simply be an indication of condition that often leads to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) nephrolithiasis in humans. Aprt knockout male mice develop nonspecific cellular stimulation and may not be related to renal severe renal damage by three months of age, but this is strain injury. specific. Renal damage in female mice is less pronounced than in males. The gene level changes that promote renal injury in APRT-deficient mice are not known. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) is a ubiq- Methods. We used mRNA differential display polymerase uitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes the formation chain reaction (DD-PCR) to analyze renal gene expression changes in APRT-deficient male and female mice (strain C3H) of AMP from adenine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyro- compared with age- and sex-matched Aprt heterozygote con- phosphate. In human APRT deficiency, adenine is oxi- trols. The differentially amplified bands were reamplified, dized by xanthine dehydrogenase to 2,8-dihydroxyade- cloned, sequenced, and queried against the National Center nine (DHA). The sparingly soluble nature of DHA at for Biotechnology Information nonredundant databases using the Basic Alignment Search Tool. Relative quantitative reverse the normal urinary pH results in the excretion of DHA transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm crystals in the urine and, frequently, the deposition of the results of DD-PCR for a selected number of genes in one-, DHA stones in the kidneys. Clinical symptoms of APRT three-, and six-month-old male and female mice. deficiency vary from benign to life threatening and may Results. Sixty-three differentially amplified bands were identi- be present from birth or may be onset late in life. Major
Dynamics of a Phase Qubit-Resonator System: Requirements for Fast Nondemolition Readout of a Phase Qubit

We examine the time-dependent evolution of a coupled qubit-transmission line-resonator system coupled to an external drive and a resonator environment. By solving the equation for a non-stationary resonator field, we determine the requirements for a single-shot nondestructive dispersive measurement of the phase qubit state. Reliable isolation of the qubit from the “electromagnetic environment” is necessary for a dispersive readout and can be achieved if the whole system interacts with the external fields only through a resonator that is weakly coupled to the qubit. A set of inequalities involving the resonator-qubit detuning and a coupling parameter, the resonator leakage and the measurement time, together with the requirement of multi-photon outgoing flux is derived. In particular, it is shown that to decrease the measurement time one must increase the resonator leakage. This leakage increase reduces the quality factor and decreases the resolution of the resonator eigenfrequencies corresponding to different qubit states. The consistency of our inequalities for two sets of experimental parameters is discussed.
Evidence for an S-adenosylmethionine requirement in the chemotactic behavior of Salmonella typhimurium.

The following evidence suggests that S-adenosyl- l -methionine is involved in regulating the chemotactic response of Salmonella typhimurium. (a) Methionine analogs that replace methionine as substrates in the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase reaction will also replace methionine in restoring chemotaxis to starved cells, while those that are non-substrates show no replacement activity. (b) Cycloleucine, a methionine analog that inhibits S-adenosylmethionine synthesis, produces the same behavioral change as methionine starvation. (c) S-adenosylmethionine is one of only two metabolites derived from methionine that are rapidly formed and present in high concentrations during incubation in chemotaxis medium. The presence of the other metabolite, spermidine, does not correlate with chemotactic behavior. (d) When methionine-starved, chemotactically wild type cells are given an exogenous supply of methionine, the S-adenosylmethionine pool is replaced in about the same time that spontaneous tumbling reappears. Likewise, the rapid turnover of S-adenosylmethionine correlates well with the rapid loss of tumbling that occurs when the exogenous supply of methionine is removed. A possible model for the role of S-adenosylmethionine is presented, which states that S-adenosylmethionine is necessary for maintaining the normal steady-state level of a hypothetical tumble regulator.
Surf zone dynamics during upwelling on the Oregon coast

A 45-day time series study was conducted along the central Oregon coast during July and august 1973. The North Pacific Subtropical High dominated the weather pattern with strong north winds and coastal upwelling. Waves were 1–3 m high with periods of 6 to 9 s. The upwelling was interrupted when low pressure systems passed over the coast. With the low pressure, the wind shifted to the southwest, and the wave height increased. Rip currents and southward longshore currents in the surf zone reached 90 cm s −1 . The mixed diurnal—semi-diurnal tide along the coast had a spring tide range of 4 m. Three beaches were mapped at low tide once every three days. At South Beach, Oregon, 2 sets of bars advanced shoreward at I to 5 m day −1 and expanded to the south at 5 to 15 m day −1 . A longshore trough and rip channel system which was active at mid-tide separated the bars. At Beverly Beach, a basalt ridge formed an island 400 m long and 730 m offshore. The island functioned as a detached breakwater and formed a protuberance on the beach. Sand bars and rip channels built up on the protuberance and migrated 200 m to the south. At Gleneden Beach, cusps with a wavelength of 40 m were formed on the steep foreshore. Rhythmic topography formed by bars and rip channels with a wavelength of 300 m developed on the nearshore. The bars advanced across the rip channel at 5 m day −1 and welded onto the foreshore.
Interferon-γ Down-regulates Adenosine 2b Receptor-mediated Signaling and Short Circuit Current in the Intestinal Epithelia by Inhibiting the Expression of Adenylate Cyclase

Adenosine is an endogenous signaling molecule that is highly up-regulated in inflammatory states. Adenosine acts through the A2b receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor that couples positively to Gαs and activates adenylate cyclase. This leads to cAMP-mediated electrogenic chloride secretion in intestinal epithelia. To better understand the regulation of the A2b receptor in intestinal epithelia, we studied the effects of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a potent immunomodulatory cytokine, in the T84 cell line. Pretreatment of cells with 500 units/ml IFN-γ for 12 h inhibited an adenosine-induced short circuit current (Isc) without affecting the transepithelial resistance. Under these conditions, IFN-γ did not inhibit the protein expression or membrane recruitment of the A2b receptor, shown to be essential for its function. Interestingly, IFN-γ inhibited cAMP levels as well as its downstream signaling pathway as shown by the inhibition of adenosine-induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein and protein kinase A activity. Similar studies with forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, also demonstrated inhibition of cAMP and its downstream response by IFN-γ. However, IFN-γ did not affect secretory responses to the calcium-dependent secretagogue carbachol or cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP, indicating that normal secretory responses to adequate second messengers in IFN-γ-treated cells are achievable. Moreover, IFN-γ inhibited the expression of adenylate cyclase isoforms 5 and 7. In conclusion, we demonstrate that IFN-γ down-regulates adenosine-mediated signaling possibly through the direct inhibition of adenylate cyclase expression. We propose that IFN-γ may acutely affect global cAMP-mediated responses in the intestinal epithelia, thereby decreasing secretory responses, which may consequently aggravate inflammatory processes.
Combined Electrical Imaging and Distributed Temperature Sensing to Characterize Groundwater/surface-water Exchange

Accurate understanding of the spatial and temporal distributions and rates of groundwater/surface-water exchange is critical to addressing numerous hydrologic and engineering problems, including, for example, the calculation of contaminant loading to rivers; stream temperature dynamics and aquatic habitat; and stormwater management and flooding. Hydrogeophysical approaches for both characterization and monitoring, respectively, can provide valuable information to delineate areas of enhanced exchange and to monitor such exchange over time. Here, we review recent case studies from the Columbia River, Washington, USA, and Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, USA. These studies showcase three highly complementary methods: (1) continuous waterborne electrical imaging; (2) electrical resistivity imaging with fixed electrodes; and (3) fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing.
Real-time porphyrin detection in plaque and caries: a case study

An ultrathin scanning fiber endoscope, originally developed for cancer diagnosis, was used in a case study to locate plaque and caries. The imaging system incorporated software mitigation of background auto-fluorescence (AF). In conventional fluorescence imaging, varying AF across a tooth surface can mask low-level porphyrin signals. Laser-induced auto-fluorescence signals of dental tissue excited using a 405-nm laser typically produce fluorescence over a wavelength range extending from 440-nm to 750-nm. Anaerobic bacterial metabolism produces various porphyrin species (eg. protoporphyrin IX) that are located in carious enamel, dentin, gingivitis sites, and plaque. In our case study, these porphyrin deposits remained as long as one day after prophylaxis. Imaging the tooth surface using 405-nm excitation and subtracting the natural AF enhances the image contrast of low-level porphyrin deposits, which would otherwise be masked by the high background AF. In a case study, healthy tissues as well as sites of early and advanced caries formations were scanned for visual and quantitative signs of red fluorescence associated with porphyrin species using a background mitigation algorithm. Initial findings show increasing amplitudes of red fluorescence as caries severity increases from early to late stages. Sites of plaque accumulation also displayed red fluorescence similar to that found in carious dental tissue. The use of real-time background mitigation of natural dental AF can enhance the detection of low porphyrin concentrations that are indicators of early stage caries formation.
Biodiesel synthesis via homogeneous Lewis acid-catalyzed transesterification

Abstract Lewis acids (AlCl 3 or ZnCl 2 ) were used to catalyze the transesterification of canola oil with methanol in the presence of terahydrofuran (THF) as co-solvent. The conversion of canola oil into fatty acid methyl esters was monitored by 1 H NMR. NMR analysis demonstrated that AlCl 3 catalyzes both the esterification of long chain fatty acid and the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol suggesting that the catalyst is suitable for the preparation of biodiesel from vegetable oil containing high amounts of free fatty acids. Optimization by statistical analysis showed that the conversion of triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters using AlCl 3 as catalyst was affected by reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio, temperature and the presence of THF as co-solvent. The optimum conditions with AlCl 3 that achieved 98% conversion were 24:1 molar ratio at 110 °C and 18 h reaction time with THF as co-solvent. The presence of THF minimized the mass transfer problem normally encountered in heterogeneous systems. ZnCl 2 was far less effective as a catalyst compared to AlCl 3 , which was attributed to its lesser acidity. Nevertheless, statistical analysis showed that the conversion with the use of ZnCl 2 differs only with reaction time but not with molar ratio.
Human β-defensin-3 alters, but does not inhibit, the binding of Porphyromonas gingivalis haemagglutinin B to the surface of human dendritic cells.

Human β-defensin-3 (HBD3) is a small, cationic, host defence peptide with broad antimicrobial activities and diverse innate immune functions. HBD3 binds to many microbial antigens and, in this study, we hypothesised that the known binding of HBD3 to Porphyromonas gingivalis recombinant haemagglutinin B (rHagB) alters, but does not inhibit, the binding of rHagB to human dendritic cells. To test this, human myeloid dendritic cells were incubated for 5 min with rHagB, HBD3 + rHagB (10:1 molar ratio), HBD3 or 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2) and were then rapidly fixed and processed for confocal microscopy and ultramicrotomy. rHagB and HBD3 could be detected with primary monoclonal mouse antibody to rHagB (MoAb 1858) or polyclonal rabbit antibody to HBD3 (P241) and secondary fluorescent-labelled anti-mouse or anti-rabbit antibodies (confocal microscopy) or protein A–colloidal gold (immunoelectron microscopy). In cells incubated with rHagB only, fluorescence and protein A–colloidal gold were seen at the cell surface and throughout the cytoplasm. In cells incubated with HBD3 + rHagB, fluorescence was observed only at the cell surface in a ‘string of pearls’ configuration. Overall, these results suggest that HBD3 binding to rHagB alters, but does not inhibit, the binding of rHagB to human myeloid dendritic cells.
Protein and RNA synthesis in the premolt crayfish, Orconectes virilis

1. The protein and RNA content of the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Orconectes virilis increases during the normal premolt stage while the quantity of DNA remains unchanged. Eyestalk removal from intermolt animals elicits premolt activity including changes in RNA and protein content similar to that observed in normal premolt crayfish. 2. The rate of incorporation of labelled leucine into hepatopancreatic protein in vitro increased during early premolt and decreased at late premolt. The rate of incorporation of 3H-uridine into hepatopancreatic RNA in vitro was essentially constant from intermolt to mid-premolt but increased at late premolt. 3. No striking changes occurred in the rates of protein synthesis or RNA synthesis when the hepatopancreas was incubated in vitro in the presence of crustecdysone or eyestalk extracts (molt inhibiting hormone).
A Bidirectional Approach to the Synthesis of a Complete Library of Adjacent-Bis-THF Annonaceous Acetogenins

Thirty-six stereoisomers of bifunctional adjacent bis-THF (tetrahydrofuran) lactones have been synthesized, which can afford a complete library of the adjacent bis-THF Annonaceous acetogenins. The bis-THF lactones were synthesized, starting from the enantioselectively pure 8,9:12,13-(E,E and Z,E)-16-benzyloxy-5-hydroxy-hexadeca-1,4-olide, in a highly distereoselective manner using oxidative reactions, including rhenium(VII) oxides-mediated oxidative cyclization, Shi's asymmetric epoxidation, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions. Using the nonsymmetrical bis-THF lactones, syntheses of two nonnatural acetogenins were achieved.
Stereochemically general approach to adjacent bis(tetrahydrofuran) cores of annonaceous acetogenins.

A series of six 2,5-disubstituted adjacent bis(tetrahydrofuran) stereoisomers with trans/erythro/cis, trans/threo/trans, or cis/threo/cis relative stereochemistry have been synthesized from known dihydroxycyclooctenes via ring opening/cross metathesis and Pd(0)-mediated asymmetric double cycloetherification. The stereochemistry of four of these isomers has been found in the biologically active annonaceous acetogenin natural products.
Incidence of tuberculin skin test conversion among HIV-infected and -uninfected women: results of a 6-year study.

OBJECTIVE To define the incidence of tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion and to evaluate the yield of annual testing in an era of declining tuberculosis incidence rate in the United States. METHODS Annual TSTs were performed on initially TST-negative women (HIV infected, 995; uninfected, 260) from October 1995 through March 2002. RESULTS A total of 4,622 repeat TSTs were performed during 5,530 person-years. The incidence of TST conversion was 0.8 case per 100 person-years for HIV-infected and 1.0 case per 100 person-years for uninfected women. Non-Hispanic blacks, women younger than 40 years of age, and HIV-infected women who had recently initiated active therapy were more likely to experience TST conversion. The incidence of conversion decreased over the course of the study from a peak of 21 cases per 937 tests in 1996 to 1 case per 179 tests in 2002 (P = 0.046 for trend). Twenty-one of 47 conversions occurred on the second TST, implying that boosting accounted for a number of conversions. CONCLUSIONS The yield of annual skin testing diminished from 1996 to 2002. Our data suggest that repeating testing after initiation of HIV therapy, regardless of CD4 cell change, is warranted. If serial testing is undertaken, initial 2-step testing should be performed to allow for accurate interpretation of subsequent tests and earlier identification of persons with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Dietary lysine needs of late-developing heavy broilers

Two studies were conducted to determine the response of late-developing broiler males and females to dietary Lys from 42 to 56 d of age. Hubbard Ultra Yield males and females were placed at separated ends of a floor pen broiler house and raised on common diets. At 42 d of age, broilers were then fed 1 of 7 gradient concentrations of dietary Lys that progressively increased by 0.07% from 0.68 to 1.10% total Lys. Regression analysis was performed to estimate dietary Lys needs in the presence of quadratic responses. Female broilers did not respond to dietary Lys for any variable measured. Gradient additions of Lys improved feed conversion linearly (P < 0.01) for male broilers. Fillet weight, tender weight, and their composite increased linearly (P < 0.05) with Lys supplementation in male broilers. Quadratic responses were exhibited by carcass yield, fillet yield, and total breast meat yield, resulting in total Lys optimization dietary levels of 0.88, 0.93, and 0.93%, respectively, in male broilers. Based on results from this study, high-yield male broilers should be fed a minimum of 0.93% total dietary Lys (0.85% calculated digestible) from 42 to 56 d of age. Lack of response by female broilers suggests that less dietary Lys may be needed for adequate growth and meat yield.
Extinction sum rule and optical moment for an ellipsoidal particle of arbitrary size

Abstract The frequency dependent extinction cross section of an ellipsoidal particle of arbitrary size is examined from the perspective of sum rules and optical moments. An extinction strength sum rule is found which directly relates the effective number of electrons in the scatterer to the integral over the extinction cross section spectrum, independent of particle shape. In addition, the characteristic frequency for the extinction cross section spectrum is found to be independent of particle size.
Ultrasonic cavity preparation: Effect on the immature dentition

T HE GROWTH OF THE REALIZATION that clinical dental treatment is founded on a basic scientific rationale has received powerful impetus by the introduction of the ultrasonic dental tool. Histopathologic evaluation of the new device, an analysis of potential tissue effects resulting from clinical use, was soon recognized by the profession as a necessity for thorough appraisal. Early report& 2, 3 attested to the mechanical effectiveness of the ultrasonic tool in removing tooth substance; manipulative advantages to the operator, technical advantages in the smoothness and precision of the preparations, and human advantages in terms of lessened stress to the patient were outlined and evaluated. The new modality of energy application to the tooth heightened the need for a biologic assay of tissue response in comparison with tissue effects produced by rotary instrument cavity preparation. Preliminary papers4-* were devoted to pulp studies of adult, erupted teeth in both humans and animals. Reactions were generally mild and judged reversible. A study9 of heat flow within the pulp and at the apex of the tooth, induced by cavity preparation, indicated no thermogenesis beyond 14” F. with any device, including ultrasonics, when water coolant was used. Safe limits prevailed. One report, however, by Hansen and Nielseni focused attention in a new direction ; on the possible effect of ultrasonic preparation on extremely labile, growing dental structures. Their findings disclosed a dysplastic response, inducing distortion of amelogenesis and disruption of dentinogenesis in the continuously erupting guinea pig incisor subjected to ultrasonic cavity preparation. Though no direct homologue exists in higher animal orders, this report on a tooth of continuous growth bore implications of potential effects on the immature dentitions of children. This article is an attempt to evaluate the ultrasonic device as used in the preparation of cavities in deciduous and immature permanent teeth. It is aimed as a histologic bio-assay of ultrasonic effect on the deciduous tooth being shed, the underlying permanent tooth and its developing membranes, and the young permanent tooth with incomplete root, together with supporting and surrounding structures.
ON THE CAUSATION BY FILTERABLE AGENTS OF THREE DISTINCT CHICKEN TUMORS

A causative agent has been separated from three chicken tumors of very different sort, namely a spindle-celled sarcoma, an osteochondrosarcoma, and a spindle-celled sarcoma peculiarly fissured by blood sinuses. This was accomplished after the tumors had been transplanted repeatedly and their malignancy enhanced. Each of the tumor-producing agents is a distinct entity in that it gives rise only to growths of the precise kind from which it has been derived. All pass through Berkefeld cylinders impermeable at the same test to small bacteria, and two of the three retain their activity in tumor tissue that has been dried or glycerinated. All are strikingly dependent for their action on derangement of the tissue with which they are brought in contact. The general findings strongly suggest that the agents are of about the same size, and of the same natural class. It is perhaps not too much to say that their recognition points to the existence of a new group of entities which cause in chickens neoplasms of diverse character.
Monte Carlo Backbone Sampling for Nucleic Acids Using Concerted Rotations Including Variable Bond Angles

An efficient concerted rotation algorithm for use in Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations of nucleic acids is reported. The corresponding algorithm "concerted rotations with flexible bond angles" (CRA) for sampling polypeptides was found to be superior to local moves that included only flexible dihedral angles by allowing exploration of a larger conformational space as well as facilitating backbone transitions. The performance of the present CRA algorithm for polynucleotides is compared to two alternatives, a simple update of main-chain torsion angles and a previously reported, concerted rotation algorithm with fixed bond angles and a mix of flexible and rigid main-chain dihedral angles. The test system is a 12 base-pair duplex B-form DNA helix, and the performance comparisons are made for the system both in a vacuum and with continuum GB/SA solvation. The results demonstrate the superior efficiency of the CRA method over the alternatives.
Metallic ferromagnetism without exchange splitting

In the band theory of ferromagnetism there is a relative shift in the position of majority and minority spin bands due to the self-consistent field due to opposite spin electrons. In the simplest realization, the Stoner model, the majority and minority spin bands are rigidly shifted with respect to each other. Here we consider models at the opposite extreme, where there is no overall shift of the energy bands. Instead, upon spin polarization one of the bands broadens relative to the other. Ferromagnetism is driven by the resulting gain in kinetic energy. A signature of this class of mechanisms is that a transfer of spectral weight in optical absorption from high to low frequencies occurs upon spin polarization. We show that such models arise from generalized tight binding models that include off-diagonal matrix elements of the Coulomb interaction. For certain parameter ranges it is also found that reentrant ferromagnetism occurs. We examine properties of these models at zero and finite temperatures, and discuss their possible relevance to real materials.
SU-FF-J-124: The Unappreciated Benefits of Randomness and Slow Delivery with Organ Motion

Purpose: Expand a groundbreaking study (C. Yu, et al., PMB 43, 91) to explore the implications for helical tomotherapy and to expand it with more exploration of random components of the organ motion function. Method and Materials: Three MatLab codes were independently constructed to simulate sinusoidal motion (amplidute, scan speed, and frequency varied) superimposed upon a constant scan speed as in C. Yu, et al., PMB 43, 91. The fluence at a point in the moving target (tumor) is calculated by the amount of time that point spend in the beam (1 cm wide) assuming a constant fluence rate. These codes with varying resolutions and frames of reference are cross-checked. A resolution of 0.01 cm and 0.005 sec were found to be sufficient. Results: Motion plots of points in the target are compared to the fluence profiles for a variety of parameters. Hot and cold spots in the target (dose modulations) are small for typical helical tomotherapy couch speeds with longitudinal target organ motion. The edge is blurred because the points move in and out of the beam at both sides. When cycle-to-cycle randomness is added to amplitude and frequency, these modulations are high sensitivity to these parameters. However, with multiple fractions at random phases, the modulations decrease quickly and single fraction variability is quickly averaged out. Conclusion: Typically used helical tomotherapy couch speeds imply less concern for dose modulations from longitudinal tumor motion. There is still a need for a large enough PTV for edge blurring. Multiple fractions smooth out modulations that occur in a single fraction from randomly phased motion. Methods that remove this randomness may not benefit from this averaging process.