cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking History Globally: Contextualizing on a Bigger Scale

Framing the history of globalization is also instrumental in specifying the singularities of world history and global history that, in effect, remain almost undistinguished. The relationship between the two can be understood sometimes as one of synonymity, for example, as Michael Adas states in his Essays on Global and Comparative History, part of a larger series by the American Historical Association also entitled Essays on Global and Comparative History, “a new global or world history” is emerging.1 Sometimes it appears as an attempt at nominal differentiation. For instance, in the United States it seems that the name global history aims to differentiate itself from world history and its association with the Advanced Placement (AP) curriculum or introductory survey courses. In Germany, particularly in the former DDR, world history nomination is avoided due to its unwanted association with past official Marxist historiography. However, beyond nominal considerations, the singularity of world history and global history is not yet specified.
Romantic relationships in the ecosystem: Compassionate goals, nonzero-sum beliefs, and change in relationship quality.

According to the egosystem-ecosystem theory of social motivation, people with ecosystem motivation believe their interpersonal relationships work in nonzero-sum ways. A longitudinal study of individuals in romantic relationships and a study of romantic couples who had a conflict discussion in the laboratory both showed that compassionate goals predict increased nonzero-sum beliefs through increased responsiveness and perceptions of partner’s responsiveness and that nonzero-sum beliefs uniquely predict increased relationship quality through increased optimism that relationship problems can be overcome. The results support the view that motivational orientations shape people’s lay theories that their relationship works in zero-sum or nonzero-sum ways, and further show that nonzero-sum beliefs are an important and unique predictor of change in relationship quality independent of responsiveness or perceived partner responsiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Evolution in educational change: A literature review of the historical core of the Journal of Educational Change

This literature review explored educational change trends as reflected in the first 15 years of the Journal of Educational Change (JEC), from 2000 to 2014. The examination of 52 articles accounting for 61% of the Journal’s historical citations indicated that the JEC has evolved through five periods, which relate to ‘waves of educational change’ beyond the Journal itself. At the center of this development there has been a process of de-centering of Anglo-American perspectives on educational reform, pushed both by an increasing pessimism among U.S. and U.K. scholars regarding their countries’ reforms and by systematic evidence that other educational systems are achieving better student learning outcomes. The aforementioned evolution also shows a shift from more conceptual works by the field’s historical leaders toward more empirical research conducted by emergent scholars. After discussing the predominant concept of educational change, the major silences in the reviewed literature, and what this evolution in the JEC says about the field of educational change at large, the paper ends reflecting on challenges as a new generation of scholars begins to enter the conversation.
Tools for annotation and comparison of structural variation

The impact of structural variants (SVs) on a variety of organisms and diseases like cancer has become increasingly evident. Methods for SV detection when studying genomic differences across cells, individuals or populations are being actively developed. Currently, just a few methods are available to compare different SVs callsets, and no specialized methods are available to annotate SVs that account for the unique characteristics of these variant types. Here, we introduce SURVIVOR_ant, a tool that compares types and breakpoints for candidate SVs from different callsets and enables fast comparison of SVs to genomic features such as genes and repetitive regions, as well as to previously established SV datasets such as from the 1000 Genomes Project. As proof of concept we compared 16 SV callsets generated by different SV calling methods on a single genome, the Genome in a Bottle sample HG002 (Ashkenazi son), and annotated the SVs with gene annotations, 1000 Genomes Project SV calls, and four different types of repetitive regions. Computation time to annotate 134,528 SVs with 33,954 of annotations was 22 seconds on a laptop.
Open Loop Hyperparameter Optimization and Determinantal Point Processes

Driven by the need for parallelizable hyperparameter optimization methods, this paper studies \emph{open loop} search methods: sequences that are predetermined and can be generated before a single configuration is evaluated. Examples include grid search, uniform random search, low discrepancy sequences, and other sampling distributions. In particular, we propose the use of $k$-determinantal point processes in hyperparameter optimization via random search. Compared to conventional uniform random search where hyperparameter settings are sampled independently, a $k$-DPP promotes diversity. We describe an approach that transforms hyperparameter search spaces for efficient use with a $k$-DPP. In addition, we introduce a novel Metropolis-Hastings algorithm which can sample from $k$-DPPs defined over any space from which uniform samples can be drawn, including spaces with a mixture of discrete and continuous dimensions or tree structure. Our experiments show significant benefits in realistic scenarios with a limited budget for training supervised learners, whether in serial or parallel.
Preoperative Ultrasound Prediction of Essential Landmarks for Successful Fetoscopic Laser Treatment of Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome.

Introduction: The insertion site of the fetoscope for laser occlusion (FLOC) treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) determines the likelihood of treatment success. We assessed a standardized preoperative ultrasound approach for its ability to identify critical landmarks for successful FLOC. Methods: Three surgeons independently performed preoperative ultrasound and deduced the likely orientation of the intertwin membrane (ITM) and vascular equator (VE) based on the sites of the cord insertion, the lie of the donor, and the size discordance between twins. At FLOC, these landmarks were visually verified and compared to preoperative assessments. Results: Fifty consecutive FLOC surgeries had 127 preoperative assessments. Basic ITM and VE orientation were accurately predicted in 115 (90.6%), 109 (85.8%), and 105 (82.7%) assessments. Predictions were anatomically correct in 96 (75.6%), 70 (55.1%), and 58 (45.7%) assessments with no differences in accuracy between operators of different training level. The ITM/VE relationship was most poorly predicted in stage-3 TTTS (χ2, p = 0.016). Conclusion: In TTTS, preoperative ultrasound identification of placental cord insertion sites, lie of the donor twin, and size discordance enables preoperative prediction of key landmarks for successful FLOC.
A paternal methyl donor depleted diet leads to increased anxiety- and depression-like behavior in adult rat offspring.

Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation elicit lasting changes in gene expression and likely mediate gene–environment interactions that shape brain development, behavior, and emotional health. Myriad environmental factors influence DNA methylation, including methyl donor content in the paternal diet, could influence methylation in offspring via changes in the paternal germ line. The present study examines the effects of paternal methyl donor dietary deficiency on offspring’s emotional behaviors, including anxiety, social interaction, and depression-like behavior. We previously found that rats bred to display high levels of anxiety- and depression-like behavior exhibit diminished DNA methylation in the amygdala. We also observed that depleting dietary methyl donor content exacerbated the rats’ already high levels of anxiety- and depression-like behavior. Here we sought to determine whether paternal dietary methyl donor depletion elicits intergenerational effects on first generation (F1) offspring’s behavior (potentially triggering a similar increase in anxiety- and/or depression-like behavior). Thus, adult male rats prone to high anxiety/depression-like behavior, were fed either a methyl donor depleted (DEP) or control (CON) diet for 5 weeks prior to mating. They were paired with females and resultant F1 male offspring were subjected to a behavioral test battery in adulthood. F1-DEP offspring showed a similar behavioral profile to the F0 males, including greater depression-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST) and increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field test (OFT). Future work will interrogate molecular changes in the brains of F1 offspring that mediate these intergenerational effects of paternal methyl donor dietary content on offspring emotional behavior.
HIV-1 entry inhibitors as microbicides

Sexual transmission of HIV-1 is the major route for infection of both men and women [1]. During the early phase of the HIV pandemic in the western hemisphere and industrialized world, sexual transmission of HIV was regarded as a public health concern that mostly impacted men who have sex with men (MSM) and commercial sex workers and their male clients [2]. In the developing world, however, heterosexual transmission of HIV between sex partners both outside and within the context of the commercial sex industry was identified early on as a major driving force for the catastrophic rate of infection now reported in many regions of the world [2, 3].
Cultural patterns of drug and alcohol use: an analysis of host and agent in the cultural environment

Applying the public health approach, the author of this article analyses the problems of drug abuse and alcoholism in the context of the interactions between the host (person), drugs and the environment in order to understand better the nature, extent, spread, patterns and associated aspects of these problems. Whenever the problems arising from drug or alcohol use reach a critical level in society there is a tendency to view them as an entirely new and unique phenomenon, although such problems relating to socially accepted substances have already occurred in numerous societies over the past few centuries. Patterns of drug use evolve from the meanings, values, attitudes, beliefs and norms that a society assigns to any particular drug. Cultures differ widely in the psychological and social functions that are assigned to drug use. A drug whose use has been woven into the fabric of a stable society runs less risk of being problematic for that society. Increased drug-related problems in societies around the globe often appear as a result of diffusion, or the spread of a given drug or its mode of administration, from one culture to another. Migration, affluence, urbanization and rapid cultural change also contribute to changes in drug use. Cross-cultural studies of drug problems show that certain social strategies concerning drug use hinder the development of such problems and help to reduce and prevent the abuse of drugs and alcohol, while certain other strategies are liable to add to drug problems.
Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Nonlinearity of Metals from a Design Perspective

Acoustoelasticity is a method for evaluating the state of stress in a material by making measurements of the relative velocity change of an ultrasonic wave propagating through the stressed medium. The physical basis of this technique is the slight nonlinearity found in the stress-strain curve in the elastic region. This nonlinearity is often characterized by the introduction of two types of elastic constants: second-order elastic constants (SOEC) which describe the material behavior in the absence of stress, and third-order elastic constants (TOEC) which describe the nonlinearity.
Calcite Growth Inhibition by Ferrous and Ferric Ions

The inhibiting effects of ferric and ferrous ions on calcite growth were investigated using a free drift, seeded growth technique (at 25°C, pH 7.0 and 8.0, 0.15 M alkalinity and an initial supersaturation of 8). For the first 60 minutes after growth was initiated, the inhibiting effectiveness of ferric ions at pH 7.0 was essentially the same as at pH 8.0. Differences were observed at longer times. Ferrous ions were much less effective inhibitors than ferric at pH 7.0; however, their inhibiting effectiveness was dramatically improved by the addition of oxygen. At pH 8.0, essentially the same inhibiting effectiveness was observed with ferrous ions as with ferric, probably because they immediately oxidize to ferric ions even without added oxygen. With decreasing alkalinity the inhibiting effectiveness of ferric ions decreased. Initial studies on other metal ions showed that, at low alkalinities, zinc and copper are effective calcite growth inhibitors.
Functional performance deficits in adolescent athletes with a history of lateral ankle sprain(s).

Abstract Objective To determine if adolescent athletes with a history of lateral ankle sprain(s) (LAS) displayed deficits on functional performance tests (FPTs) and if deficits on FPT were related to the number of previous LAS. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Biomechanics Laboratory. Participants The injured group (n = 24) had a history of ≥1 moderate-severe LAS. The uninjured group (n = 34) had no history of LAS. Main outcome measure(s) The average reach distance of three trials in each direction of the star excursion balance test (SEBT) was normalized to leg length (%). The average of two trials of single-leg-hop test (SLHT) was calculated in seconds. Results The injured group performed significantly worse in 3 directions of SEBT than the uninjured group (P 0.05). Conclusion(s) Adolescent athletes with a history of LAS exhibit functional performance deficits on the SEBT and SLHT. Therefore, the SEBT and SLHT may provide clinicians cost- and time-effective objective tools.
Miniaturized Echocardiography in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

Miniaturized transesophageal echocardiography has become more common in cardiac intensive care units. There are potential benefits to this mode of technology, many of which have been described in the literature. However, image acquisition and quality have been cited as being less optimal when compared to traditional transesophageal echocardiography. This review will discuss the current options available for miniaturized transesophageal echocardiography along with a literature review of this emerging assessment modality.
Achievement of a negative minimal residual disease state after hypomethylating agent therapy in older patients with AML to reduce risk of relapse.

7018Background: Persistence of minimal residual disease (MRD) post therapy is a powerful predictor of outcome in patients with AML treated with traditional cytarabine and anthracycline based regime...
Using Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity to Monitor Disparities in HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis.

Objectives. To quantify sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) disparities in incidence of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and viral hepatitis.Methods. We performed a reco...
Magnesium: Pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic roles in intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains the second-most common form of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. ICH can be divided into two pathophysiological stages: an acute primary phase, including hematoma volume expansion, and a subacute secondary phase consisting of blood-brain barrier disruption and perihematomal edema expansion. To date, all major trials for ICH have targeted the primary phase with therapies designed to reduce hematoma expansion through blood pressure control, surgical evacuation, and hemostasis. However, none of these trials has resulted in improved clinical outcomes. Magnesium is a ubiquitous element that also plays roles in vasodilation, hemostasis, and blood-brain barrier preservation. Animal models have highlighted potential therapeutic roles for magnesium in neurological diseases specifically targeting these pathophysiological mechanisms. Retrospective studies have also demonstrated inverse associations between admission magnesium levels and hematoma volume, hematoma expansion, and clinical outcome in patients with ICH. These associations, coupled with the multifactorial role of magnesium that targets both primary and secondary phases of ICH, suggest that magnesium may be a viable target of study in future ICH studies.
Feature Extraction from Electromagnetic Backscattered Data Using Joint Time-Frequency Processing

In radar cross section applications, it is well known that the electromagnetic backscattering from a complex target can be approximately modeled as if it is emanating from a discrete set of points on the target called scattering centers. The scattering center model, while only an approximation, is conceptually simple and provides a sparse abstraction of the actual target for numerous radar applications. For instance, by storing the strength and position of the scattering centers, the 1D range profile and 2D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imagery of the target can be easily reconstructed in real time, alleviating the need for the storage of large data sets. Therefore, the extraction of the scattering center model of a target from electromagnetic signature data is an important problem1.
A quasiclassical trajectory study of H + CO2 → OH + CO: Bulk reaction dynamics and the effect of van der Waals precursor formation

The authors present the results of a quasiclassical trajectory study of the H+CO{sub 2} {yields} OH+CO reaction, with particular emphasis on comparing the bulk reaction dynamics (isolated bimolecular collisions) with results for the van der Waals precursor photoinduced reaction HBr{center dot}CO{sub 2} hv {yields} OH+CO+Br. All calculations are based on a full-dimensional HCO{sub 2} potential surface that was derived from ab initio calculations. The T-shaped HBr{center dot}CO{sub 2} system was modeled by adding HBr, BrC, and BrO pair potentials to the HCO{sub 2} potential. Their cross sections and OH product distributions for the bulk reaction are generally in good agreement with experiment over a wide range of collision energies. The agreement is especially good close to the effective threshold for reaction. The trajectory CO product distributions are in good agreement with recent measurements at 300 K, but there are important differences in the dependence of the distributions on initial rotational temperature. In modeling the van der Waals reaction, the experimental geometry for the heavy atoms is used to define initial conditions, with the orientation of the HBr relative to CO{sub 2} treated as a variable. The authors find that reaction occurs efficiently over angular regions in which the H atomsmore » is directed into either HOCO or HCO{sub 2} wells. Overall energy available to the OH+CO products is about 80% of the bulk value, which is consistent with the major component of the energy distribution that has been inferred from experiment. However, the trajectory calculations indicate that the energy in products is not reduced equally for all degrees of freedom. In particular, OH rotation is not necessarily colder than in the bulk, in contrast to the experimental result. The energy dependence of the reaction probability is found in the calculations to be stronger in the complexes than in the bulk, while it is about the same in the experimental results.« less
Transcriptomic perspective on extracellular ATP signaling: a few curious trifles

Extracellular ATP is perceived by the purinoceptor P2K1, leading to induction of defense response in plants. Previously, we described the transcriptomic response to extracellular ATP in wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings and mutants of classical defense hormone signaling pathways (Jewell et al., 2019, Plant Physiol. 179: 1144-58), in which extracellular ATP was found to induce defense-related genes independently and also along with other defense signaling pathways. In the present study, we provide further analysis and discussion of the data that we neglected to describe in the previous transcriptomics report. Briefly, we describe transcriptomic differences between a P2K1 knockout mutant (dorn1) and wild-type seedlings in the absence of exogenous ATP as well as an analysis of genes more responsive to extracellular ATP in a P2K1 overexpression line. Finally, we describe an exaggerated response to extracellular ATP in the ein2 mutant and suggest testable explanations of this phenomenon.
The Demiurge of Words

While traditional rhetorical theory places that ethos is situated in a rhetor and pathos in an audience, research suggests both—like logos—are cached within the text itself, which alone is rhetorical. Much of this scholarship stems from sophistic rhetorical theory from John Poulakos, Richard Katula and James Murphy. However, it is John Ward’s theory of rhetoric as magic that explains how the text can create the illusion of authority and cast a spell on those perceiving it. Ultimately this only works so long as the audience accepts the subjective rhetoric as objective reality. Thus, all of this profoundly impacts the teaching of writing specifically and the art, practice, and study of human communication in general.
0034 Using content analysis and eye-tracking to understand injury prevention content dissemination on social media

Statement of purpose We will provide information on two study branches: content analysis, showing the frequency and content of injury prevention social posts from key disseminating organizations, and eye tracking experiment, examining the textual and pictorial factors of social posts that influence visual attention and safety behaviors among parents of young children. Methods/Approach First, we conducted a quantitative content analysis (May 2018-April 2019) of Instagram posts from 22 key pediatric injury organizations. Next, parents (n=150) of young children ( Results A total of 4,598 posts were analyzed, of which 754 had a pediatric injury focus. Pediatric injury content was posted in 54% of posts from pediatric injury organizations. More posts had images than videos, but videos were more likely to show safety recommendations. Participants spent an average of 5.3 seconds on the concordant image posts compared to 3.3 seconds on the discordant image posts (p Conclusion Visual attention to posts with recommended safety behaviors attracted significantly higher visual attention and resulted in an increased recognition/identification of the optimal safety actions. Significance Identifying gaps in social media messaging and understanding how parents view these messages allows us to provide recommendations for injury prevention organizations to more effectively design and disseminate child injury prevention messages to local and global audiences.
Assessing the Feasibility of an Online Training Designed to Enable Community Health Workers to Deliver a Comprehensive, Evidence-Based Weight Loss Intervention for Rural African Americans of Faith

Obesity is a critical modifiable risk factor in cancer prevention, control, and survivorship. Comprehensive weight loss interventions (e.g., Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)) have been recommended by governmental agencies to treat obesity. However, their high implementation costs limit their reach, especially in underserved African American (AA) communities. Community health workers (CHWs) or trusted community members can help increase access to obesity interventions in underserved regions facing provider shortages. CHW-led interventions have increased weight loss. However, in-person CHW training can be costly to deliver and often requires extensive travel to implement. Web-based trainings have become common to increase reach at reduced cost. However, the feasibility of an online CHW training to deliver the DPP in AAs is unknown. The feasibility of an online CHW training to deliver the DPP adapted for AAs was assessed. The online training was compared to an in-person DPP training with established effectiveness. CHW effectiveness and satisfaction were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. Nineteen participants (in-person n = 10; online n = 9) were recruited. At post-training, all scored higher than the 80% on a knowledge test required to deliver the intervention. All participants reported high levels of training satisfaction (88.9% of online participants and 90% of in-person participants rated the training as at least 6 on a 1–7 scale) and comfort to complete intervention tasks (78% of online participants and 60% of in-person participants scored at least 6 on a 1–7 scale). There were no significant differences in outcomes by arm. An online CHW training to deliver the DPP adapted for AAs faith communities produced comparable effectiveness and satisfaction to an evidence-based in-person CHW training. Further research is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of different CHW training modalities to reduce obesity.
Retrospective analysis of burn windows for fire and fuels management: an example from the Lake Tahoe Basin, California, USA

In fire-adapted ecosystems of the western USA, prescribed fire is an essential restoration and fuel reduction tool. There is general concern that, as the fire season lengthens, the window for conducting prescribed burns will contract unless management changes are made. This could occur because a number of conditions must be met before prescribed fire can be used in the field, and those are most common during the spring and autumn when the need for fire suppression response has been historically less. To assess patterns of potential prescribed burning feasibility, this study evaluated three conditions: (1) permission to burn as granted by air quality regulators; (2) weather within burn plan prescription; and (3) availability of operational and contingency resources. Our 21-year analysis (1999 to 2019) combines three independent datasets for a daily comparison of when prescribed fires could have been implemented (henceforth, burn windows) in the Lake Tahoe Basin (LTB) and analyzes seasonality, interannual variability, and trends. Burn windows were most frequent during spring, followed by autumn, with the fewest burn windows during the summer and winter. Burn windows lasting multiple days occurred infrequently. Two- to three-day burn windows did not often occur more than twice per month over the study period, and longer burn windows were very rare. Interannual variation was considerable. Finally, an abrupt increase in burn windows was detected in 2008. This was determined to be related to a methodological change by air quality regulators and not to any changes in climate or resource availability. While this case study focuses on the LTB, the analysis was performed with readily available data and could be applied easily to other land management units, demonstrating a valuable method for planning and prioritizing fire and fuels management activities. This type of tool can also identify areas for research. For example, if there were unused burn windows during the winter and early spring—or they were projected to increase—research into the ecological impacts of winter and spring burning may allow managers to more confidently adapt to changing climate. Moreover, this analysis demonstrated that modest and reasonable regulatory changes can increase opportunities for prescribed burning.
IRS Announces New PTIN User Fee in Proposed Regulations

The IRS has announced the imposition of a new PTIN (practitioner tax identification number) user fee. The proposed regulations require tax practitioners to pay $21 (plus a vendor fee) to obtain, or renew, their PTIN. This is a marked reduction from the previous (pre-suspension) $33 fee, which itself had been a significant reduction from the original PTIN fee of $50 (plus the vendor fee). After the district court in Steele held the IRS lacked the authority to impose the fee, they briefly suspended the issuance of PTINs altogether. However, the Service quickly resumed issuance of the PTIN – without charging the corresponding user fee. Last year, in Montrois, the D.C. Circuit reversed Steele and held the IRS could properly impose a PTIN user fee. Unresolved, however, was the question of how much could be charged for the PTIN. That issue was remanded to the district court for determination.
Coronary artery perforation treated with Viabahn stent graft: A case report

Coronary artery perforation is a rare but serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. This case report describes a patient with Grade III perforation of the left anterior descending coronary artery who underwent placement of a peripheral arterial stent graft due to persistent contrast extravasation refractory to conventional coronary stent graft placement and balloon tamponade.
Collaborative care in the treatment of opioid use disorder and mental health conditions in primary care: A clinical study protocol.

Abstract Background People with opioid use disorder (OUD) often have a co-occurring psychiatric disorder, which elevates the risk of morbidity and mortality. Promising evidence supports the use of collaborative care for treating people with OUD in primary care. Whether collaborative care interventions that treat both OUD and psychiatric disorders will result in better outcomes is presently unknown. Methods The Whole Health Study is a 3-arm randomized controlled trial designed to test collaborative care treatment for OUD and the psychiatric disorders that commonly accompany OUD. Approximately 1200 primary care patients aged ≥18 years with OUD and depression, anxiety, or PTSD will be randomized to one of three conditions: (1) Augmented Usual Care, which consists of a primary care physician (PCP) waivered to prescribe buprenorphine and an addiction psychiatrist to consult on medication-assisted treatment; (2) Collaborative Care, which consists of a waivered PCP, a mental health care manager trained in psychosocial treatments for OUD and psychiatric disorders, and an addiction psychiatrist who provides consultation for OUD and mental health; or (3) Collaborative Care Plus, which consists of all the elements of the Collaborative Care arm plus a Certified Recovery Specialist to help with treatment engagement and retention. Primary outcomes are six-month rates of opioid use and six-month rates of remission of co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Discussion The Whole Health Study will investigate whether collaborative care models that address OUD and co-occurring depression, anxiety, or PTSD will result in better patient outcomes. The results will inform clinical care delivery during the current opioid crisis. Clinical Trials Registration www.clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT04245423
Learning Down to Train Up: Mentors are More Effective When They Gather Insights from Below

Mentorship, advising, and coaching are vital for individuals to achieve success within their organizations and across their careers. Although most mentors believe that knowledge resides at the top ...
The Dynamics of Trust and Verbal Anthropomorphism in Human-Autonomy Teaming

Trust in autonomous teammates has been shown to be a key factor in human-autonomy team (HAT) performance, and anthropomorphism is a closely related construct that is underexplored in HAT literature. This study investigates whether perceived anthropomorphism can be measured from team communication behaviors in a simulated remotely piloted aircraft system task environment, in which two humans in unique roles were asked to team with a synthetic (i.e., autonomous) pilot agent. We compared verbal and self-reported measures of anthropomorphism with team error handling performance and trust in the synthetic pilot. Results for this study show that trends in verbal anthropomorphism follow the same patterns expected from self-reported measures of anthropomorphism, with respect to fluctuations in trust resulting from autonomy failures.
Thinking Between the Lines: Computers and the Comprehension of Causal Descriptions

Introduction - what this book is about, the causal reconstruction task, the transition space representation, the PATHFINDER program, a note to the reader causal reconstruction - a closer look at the problem, task restrictions for PATHFINDER transition space - guidelines from perceptual psychology, representing transitions and events, using language to generate representations matching in transition space - overview, direct matches between referenced events, matches involving precedent events inference, background statements and assumptions - overview, employing inference, making use of background statements, identifying supporting assumptions exploratory transformations - overview, information-preserving transformations, non-information-preserving transformations making use of connecting statements - overview, temporal ordering statements, other specifications of association an extended example - phase 1 - parsing and encoding the input, phase 2 - applying exploratory transformations, phase 3 - associating the events, phase 4 - answering questions related literature - research in artificial intelligence, research in psychology, research in linguistics and philosophy conclusions - contributions of the research, extending the approach, new horizons. Appendices: PATHFINDER implementation PATHFINDER test examples.
Presurgical evaluation in patients with catastrophic epilepsy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the common etiologies of catastrophic epilepsy across various age groups, diagnostic and presurgical evaluation, and identification of candidates for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy surgery is a well-established treatment for catastrophic localization-related epilepsy in infants and children. All children with catastrophic epilepsy, regardless of age, must be promptly evaluated for diagnosis and presurgical evaluation. The risk–benefit ratio should then be cautiously weighed for every child in the light of several complex age-related issues. Young age entails special challenges for presurgical evaluation, but it also provides a great opportunity to attain early freedom from daily seizures and a chance to achieve the maximum cognitive potential. The presurgical evaluation of complex cases is best done at specialized centers with extensive pediatric epilepsy surgery experience. The three elements for candidacy for epilepsy surgery are: intractable disabling epilepsy; localizable epileptogenic zone; and low risk of new, unacceptable, and postoperative neurologic deficits. However, in comparison to adults, surgical consideration in children with catastrophic epilepsy is challenging and requires careful analysis of several complex age-related issues.
Feedback and adaptation within a complex systems approach to designing for scalable and sustainable professional development

This paper reports on the efficacy of a professional development framework premised on four complex systems design principles of which two are detailed here--feedback and adaptation. The framework is applied to the design and delivery of the first two years of a three-year study aimed at improving teacher and student understanding of computational modeling tools. We demonstrate that structuring a professional development program around these principles facilitates the development of important strategies such as the identification of salient system variables, effectively distributing expertise, and constructing curricular adaptations. We discuss two meta-level themes that may account for the success of the principles: attending to structure vs. agency and setting short-term vs. long-term goals. Each illustrates the tension existing between competing variables that need to be considered to effectively program for professional development around educational technology with the goal of sustaining and scaling innovations in real world complex educational systems.
Observed and Modeled Warm Rainfall Occurrence and Its Relationships with Cloud Macrophysical Properties

AbstractObserved and modeled rainfall occurrence from shallow (warm) maritime clouds and their composite statistical relationships with cloud macrophysical properties are analyzed and directly compared. Rain falls from ~25% of warm, single-layered, maritime clouds observed by CloudSat and from ~27% of the analogous warm clouds simulated within a large-domain, fine-resolution radiative–convective equilibrium experiment performed using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), with its sophisticated bin-emulating bulk microphysical scheme. While the fractional occurrence of observed and simulated warm rainfall is found to increase with both increasing column-integrated liquid water and cloud depth, calculations of rainfall occurrence as a joint function of these two macrophysical quantities suggest that the modeled bulk cloud-to-rainwater conversion process is more efficient than observations indicate—in agreement with previous research. Unexpectedly and in opposition to the model-derived relationshi...
The Book of Judges: The Hebrew Bible’s Federalist Papers

This paper continues the analysis of political theory in the Hebrew Bible. This book of Judges evaluates the pros and cons of a confederacy of semi-sovereign tribes, constituted by legal obligations and embodied in three institutions: judges, military leaders, and a tribal assembly. Although the author portrays the leaders of the confederacy as heroes who rescue Israel from distress, his evaluation of the confederacy is negative. He argues that its institutions are not strong enough to reliably deliver the benefits of nationhood – justice, security, prosperity, domestic tranquility, and fidelity to God.
Range profiles from an experimental OFDM passive radar

Modern communication systems provide myriad opportunities for passive radar applications. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular waveform used widely in wireless communication networks today. Understanding the structure and potential of these networks becomes critical in future passive radar systems design and concept development. An experimental OFDM radar is developed and used to support ground radar imaging research using these commercial OFDM waveforms. This paper presents one-dimensional range profile results using the experimental radar setup. A brief discussion on OFDM range compression is also presented.
Study of Autoignition of Natural Gas in Diesel Environments Using Computational Fluid Dynamics with Detailed Chemical Kinetics

Abstract In this work, fluid flow and detailed chemical kinetic calculations were combined as a step along the way to understand the ignition process of natural gas (NG) in diesel environments. The kinetic scheme consisted of 31 species in 125 reactions. The flow calculations involved time-dependent, fully elliptic Navier–Stokes equations, and conservation equations of mixture mass, mass of 31 species, and energy. The simulations were done for a constant volume cylindrical chamber filled initially with air at high temperature (>1000 K) and pressure (25.2 atm) into which the cold natural gas was injected. The computations were confined to the near field of the jet assuming laminar, axisymmetric flow. Initial air temperature and chamber height were varied in this study. The computations revealed that the fluid dynamics affected the ignition delay and location of the ignition spot. Computed results from this work are consistent with experimental data on autoignition of NG in diesel environments.
Calcium-sensing receptor regulation of renal mineral ion transport

Extracellular calcium has long been known to affect the rate and magnitude of renal calcium and phosphate recovery. In this review, we consider some of these findings in light of our present understanding of the tubular localization of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Experiments directly implicating the CaSR in regulating calcium and phosphate transport are described. These results point to an important role of the CaSR in regulating PTH-dependent calcium absorption by cortical thick ascending limbs and on PTH-sensitive proximal tubule phosphate transport. Possible avenues for further investigation are suggested.
Scaling up from greenhouse resistance to fitness in the field for a host of an emerging forest disease

Forest systems are increasingly threatened by emergent, exotic diseases, yet management strategies for forest trees may be hindered by long generation times and scant background knowledge. We tested whether nursery disease resistance and growth traits have predictive value for the conservation of Notholithocarpus densiflorus, the host most susceptible to sudden oak death. We established three experimental populations to assess nursery growth and resistance to Phytophthora ramorum, and correlations between nursery-derived breeding values with seedling survival in a field disease trial. Estimates of nursery traits’ heritability were low to moderate, with lowest estimates for resistance traits. Within the field trial, survival likelihood was increased in larger seedlings and decreased with the development of disease symptoms. The seed-parent family wide likelihood of survival was likewise correlated with family predictors for size and resistance to disease in 2nd year laboratory assays, though not resistance in 1st year leaf assays. We identified traits and seedling families with increased survivorship in planted tanoaks, and a framework to further identify seed parents favored for restoration. The additive genetic variation and seedling disease dynamics we describe hold promise to refine current disease models and expand the understanding of evolutionary dynamics of emergent infectious diseases in highly susceptible hosts.
A model of intestinal iron absorption and plasma iron kinetics: Optimal parameter estimates for normal dogs

A multicompartment model describing the physiological processes of intestinal iron absorption has been developed. The model accounts for uptake by the intestinal mucosa of iron in the lumen, followed by either iron incorporation into a mucosal storage pool (presumably ferritin) or direct iron transfer to the plasma. To enable analysis of iron absorption from noninvasive measurements, plasma iron kinetics were also analyzed. The model was validated in studies of three beagle dogs given oral 59Fe-citrate and intravenous 55Fe-transferrin simultaneously. Model parameters were estimated from the best (least-squares) fit of the model outputs to the tracer iron activity in venous blood samples and in the whole body. The parameter values show that both incorporation of iron into the mucosal storage pool and transfer of iron from the mucosa to the plasma occur at rates approximately 100 times greater than mucosal uptake of iron from the gut lumen. Further, release of iron from mucosal storage, while measurable, occurs at a slow rate. The study demonstrates the practicality of this noninvasive approach for the simultaneous study of iron absorption and plasma iron kinetics.
Strategies to infuse global perspectives and industrial collaboration in engineering education

The influence of a global economy and the speed of communications will require future engineers to have a diverse background and develop sensitivity to the needs of other cultures. Engineers must be able to function in this increasingly global market with adequate awareness of engineering needs and practices across cultures. Undergraduate engineering education must be structured to provide adequate balance between theory and practice, as well as industrial relevance and global perspectives in engineering. Current approaches to address this issue include the introduction of technical advisory boards, co-op experience, capstone projects, international exchange programs, and encouraging students to take non-technical courses in humanities, business and management. Creating partnerships with industry and other institutions is another key step that academic institutions have taken to expose students to engineering practice in a global context. Partnerships should be long-term and established at the local and global levels with input from practicing professional engineers. There are other approaches that could be used to generate interest and help develop activities that enable students to acquire the skills needed for global engineering practice. The authors suggest strategies that can be adopted by academic institutions to prepare engineers capable of addressing future global challenges.
BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS CAN GENERALIZE RULES and DEVELOP ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

: Generalization of a rule is demonstrated if the rule governs a class of problem, and the subject, after successful experience with a limited number of problems, can apply the governing rule to new problems within that class. We show that the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is capable of such generalization for classes of problems requiting the matching of one of two alternative stimuli to a “sample” stimulus to which the animal had been previously exposed, regardless of the sensory domain used: vision, passive listening, or active echolocation. We also show this generalization capability in a related class of problem requiring a judgment of whether a single “probe” stimulus is the same as, or different from, a stimulus or stimuli previously presented. Further, one dolphin was shown capable of developing a true abstract concept of same/different through its ability to categorize pairs of simultaneously presented objects as identical or not. The suggestion that such generalization ability of dolphins may be in question because of so-called exclusion effects is shown to be not tenable when the whole body of available data is considered.
Arctic cloudiness : comparison of ISCCP-C2 and Nimbus-7 satellite-derived cloud products with a surface-based cloud climatology

One surface-based and two satellite arctic cloud climatologies are compared in terms of the annual cycle and spatial patterns of total monthly cloud amounts. Additionally, amounts and spatial patterns of low, middle, and high cloud type are compared. The surface-based dataset is for the years 1951-81, while the satellite-based data are for 1979-85 and 1983-86. The satellite cloud amounts are generally 5-35 percent less than the surface observations over the entire Arctic. However, regional differences may be as high as 45 percent. During July the surface-based cloud amounts for the central Arctic are about 40 percent greater than the satellite-based, but only 10 percent greater in the Norwegian Sea area. Surprisingly, (ISCCP) cloud climatology and surface observations agree better during winter than during summer. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Low Cost, Mass Use: American Engineers and the Metrics of Progress

This paper examines initiatives in engineering formation in the USA as, in part, responses to dominant territorial identities defining what counts as progress. The absence of a primary method of engineering formation during the antebellum period suggests that no metric of progress had yet scaled up to a level of dominance. Robert Thurston's efforts in the 1890s to scale up school‐based formation without liberal education did not fit a country that emphasized high‐volume production at low costs. The attempts of the Wickenden study in the 1920s to achieve coordination did not fit a country highlighting self‐realization through consumption. The 1955 Grinter Report achieved great success when the sudden appearance of Sputnik scaled up a new territorial identity for the USA. Overall, by responding to the evolving metric of low cost, mass use, advocates of engineering formation have designed engineers to serve the country.
Targeted Isotretinoin in Neuroblastoma: Kinetics, Genetics, or Absorption

Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid; 13-cisRA) has been shown to significantly improve survival for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Pharmacokinetics of isotretinoin may be negatively affected by the mode of drug administration and the dosing formula.