cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anshutz on anatomy.

When Thomas Eakins left the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in i886 because of a controversy related to the use of a nude male model in a women’s class, his responsibilities were assumed by Thomas Pollack Anshutz, who first taught anatomy and later became the director of the school during his more than 30 years at the academy. Anshutz was less formal and less didactic than his mentor Eakins, and he continued the traditional emphasis of the Philadelphia School on anatomy in artistic education. Anshutz, whose life will be the subject of a future article in this series, had a successful career as a painter, but he is equally remembered as a teacher of many of the most signifcant artists of the early 20th century, including members of the Ash Can School, Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, and William Glackens. John Sloan, the subject of an earlier article in this series (AJR i56:554, March 1991), wrote in a letter on March i 8, 1936: I studied under Thomas P. Anshutz. I have a habit of spelling the name Schutz, which is an error. . . . He was a friend of Thomas Eakins and his work was of a kindred sort. Eakins is now recognized as one of our great masters. . . Anshutz was a great teacher. Henri, Glackens, and other notable painters studied with him. His talks on anatomy were repeated several times each term at the P.A.F.A. [Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts] and were about the best means I ever heard of for giving an artist an idea of essential bone and muscle structure. He laid the muscles, which he formed in clay, upon the skeleton demonstrating their use by the means of a living model. The occasion pictured in my plate was such a talk, one of a series, at the invitation of Robert Henri, to students and friends in the N.Y. School of Art, 68th Ave. and 57th St.-i905. Among those present (in my etching): Robert Henri, Linda Henri (his first wife), myself, Rockwell Kent, my wife (Dolly S.), Sherman Potts. Other artists depicted in the print are William Glackens, George Bellows, Maurice Prendergast, and Walter Pach. This etching, done in i9i2, the year that Anshutz died, was Sloan’s memorial to his teacher. It commemorates the respect and affection that artists, not all of whom had been his students, had for Anshutz. The work also depicts many of America’s most important artists of the early 20th century. This illustration of Anshutz’s methods is reminiscent of Dr. William Keen’s early anatomical lectures at the Pennsylvania Academy (AJR 158:1210, June 1992). The etching was exhibited at the Armory show in New York in February i9i3 and now is included in the collection of many major American museums.
A method for securing thymineless mutants from strains ofE. coli

1. A method for obtaining thymineless mutants is described; it is based on the selective growth of bacteria in medium containing high concentrations of aminopterin and thymidine. 2. The forces which allow the appearance of thethy− mutants seem to be spontaneous mutation and selection. The selective agent forthy− mutants is aminopterin, which depresses the growth rate of thethy+ cells but not that of thethy− bacteria in the presence of thymidine. 3. Thy− mutants can be obtained from various derivatives ofE. coli 15 and K 12.
Respect the unstable

Control engineers often design feedback control systems for inherently unstable systems, to keep them operating safely. In such cases, there are fundamental limitations on the achievable sensitivity function. The article discusses the potentially serious consequences of sensitivity constraints, input saturation, and instability. Inadequacies of control systems in such cases have led to deaths.
Design, simulation and implementation of three-pole/four-pole topologies for active filters

Three-pole/four-pole topologies of current-controlled voltage source inverters (CC-VSI) used as active filter (AF) are considered. The proposed AF system employs power balance theory, which is implemented using a TMS320C31 DSP. A four-pole topology for the AF system exhibits the facility of operating it as a three-pole device. A prototype model of the AF system has been designed and tested with a non-linear load to demonstrate its effectiveness for harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and power-factor correction. After the control scheme was verified through extensive experimental investigations on a three-pole AF system, it was applied to demonstrate the performance of a four-pole AF system through simulation with different possibilities for the non-linear loads in field applications. Simulation and experimental results of the developed model of the AF system are given and discussed in detail.
Using Intergenerational Oral History Service-Learning Projects to Teach Human Behavior Concepts: A Qualitative Analysis

An intergenerational oral history project paired 63 students enrolled in human behavior in the social environment (HBSC) courses in a bachelor of social work (BSW) programs with older adults. The goal of the project was to provide contextual application of HBSE theories and concepts by engaging students in semester-long intentional interaction with older adults. Qualitative evaluation of the oral history project found that students reported multiple benefits from participation. The authors attribute the project's positive outcomes to its service-learning nature as well as the unique and applied way in which it allowed students to learn mandated course content.
A model for the mechanical stresses induced by head-disk contact

Abstract A model is developed for the mechanical stresses resulting from contact between a flying head and a thin-film “rigid” disk of a magnetic storage system. The complexity of the configuration leads to a number of simplifying assumptions so as to render the problem tractable. In particular, the disk is treated as being comprised of homogeneous, isotropic. elastic layers; the normal loading is considered to be quasi-static provided dynamic enhancement is included; the tangential loads are simply taken to be the normal loading times a coefficient of friction; and the surface roughness is modelled as being sinusoidal in two dimensions. Even so, the problem is three-dimensional and geometrically nonlinear. Analysis proceeds on substructuring the model into a global problem for contact over the lowermost head planform and a local problem for asperity contact within this planform, with attention being focused on the latter. For the local problem, solutions for the contact stresses are obtained via an adaptation of the recent paper by Johnson et al . (1985, Int. J. Mech. Sci. ^]p 27 , 383), while solutions for the interior stresses are derived in closed form using Papkovich Neuber potentials. Some typical results are presented. In a full treatment of a system, these would have to be combined with the in situ and thermal stresses involved. Thus the present analysis simply provides a means for determining the mechanical contribution to the complete stress fields.
Work in progress: Early prediction of students' academic performance in an introductory engineering course through different mathematical modeling techniques

This paper presents our ongoing efforts in developing mathematical models to make early predictions, even before the semester starts, of what score a student will earn in the final comprehensive exam of the engineering dynamics course. A total of 1,938 data records were collected from 323 undergraduates in four semesters. Employed were four different mathematical modeling techniques: multivariate linear regression, multilayer perceptron neural networks, radial basis function neural networks, and support vector machines. The results show that within the five predictor variables investigated in this study, there is no significant difference in the prediction accuracy of these four mathematical models.
Investigation of pre-university pathways into engineering

Significant efforts have been made to increase the number and diversity of students in pathways to engineering careers. This paper describes an effort to address these goals by adapting EPICS, a nationally recognized project-based, service-learning university program, to the high school and middle school environments. Preliminary data from 60 high schools in 11 states with over 2,200 students indicate that this program is having an impact on students' interest in and their views of engineering. However, students' academic and career choices are influenced by a number of factors. Building on previous research investigating pathways into and through engineering, we are beginning a study to explore pre-university students' experiences in our program and how they impact pathways into engineering using a mixed-methods approach grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory. As an initial step, we have developed a survey, which can be given to students before and after they participate in the program, in order to determine changes in their self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal interest. In this work-in-progress paper, we describe the instrument development and data analysis processes. At the conference, we will present preliminary analyses of the pilot tests.
When does regionalization of expensive medical care save money

Regionalization of expensive, high-technology medical care is often proposed as a way to reduce medical costs. Most empirical estimates of the cost implications of regionalization suffer from methodological shortcomings. Here, we discuss all the factors that must be taken into account to produce an accurate assessment of how regionalization changes costs. These factors include the following: (1) The extent of resource sharing among different services; (2) The extent of unused capacity; (3) Whether regionalized facilities have high, low or average costs; (4) Costs of a regionalized system, including transporting patients to the regionalized facilities, coordinating care between the referring and regionalized providers, and out-of network care; (5) The effect of regionalization on the volume of care; and (6) whether a short- or long-term view is taken.
Sparse imaging with metamaterials at terahertz frequencies

Metamaterials are composite structures which permit unprecedented control over light matter interactions. Here we show use of metamaterials as spatial light modulators permitting single pixel compressive imaging at terahertz frequencies.
Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research

Summary The prevalence of overweight among children has doubled within the past two decades. Increases in the rate of childhood overweight are of particular concern due to the negative health and psychological effects noted among overweight children. As shown by previous research, the development of childhood overweight involves a complex set of factors from multiple contexts that interact with each other to place a child at risk of overweight. This multifaceted system can be conceptualized using Ecological Systems Theory (EST). EST highlights the importance of considering the context(s), or ecological niche, in which a person is located in order to understand the emergence of a particular characteristic. In the case of a child, the ecological niche includes the family and the school, which are in turn embedded in larger social contexts including the community and society at large. In this review, EST is used as a framework with which to summarize research assessing predictors of childhood overweight. Specifically, child characteristics that place children at risk of the development of overweight (including dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour) will be reviewed while taking into consideration the influence of the familial environment, the school environment, and the community and larger social environments. It is concluded that future research needs to adopt a broader contextual approach in order to understand and intervene against the processes leading to the development of overweight among children and that the use of theories or paradigms such as EST will facilitate developing and testing models of causal processes.
The evolution of monogamy and concealed ovulation in humans

Abstract Homo sapiens is unique among primates in that it is the only group-living species in which monogamy is the major mating system and the only species in which females do not reveal their ovulation by estrus. These unique traits can be explained in terms of natural selective and cultural selective theory applied at the level of the individual. The relative amount of parental investment by the sexes is an important correlate with the type of mating systems found in animal species. In human history the evolution of increased hunting abilities, bipedality, relatively altricial young and the concomitant dependency on the male for food by the female are viewed as the factors allowing and favoring increased male parental investment. The same scenario can explain the evolution of extensive female parental care in humans. Monogamy is the result of the male's investment being increased to approximate equality with that of the female and the male's attempt to insure his paternity. The incipient hunting activities of Australopithecus and small cranium would indicate polygyny at this stage of hominid evolution. The increase in hunting activities and brain size of Homo erectus may have favored monogamy. Polygyny may have reappeared to some extent with the evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens 40,000 B.P., but perhaps not until 15,000–11,000 B.P. did disparity in resources controlled by males allow some males to exceed the polygyny threshold. The loss of estrus in the female is regarded not as a precondition to pair-bonding, but as a means for increasing the likelihood of successful cuckoldry of the male after monogamy has been established. The human social setting of monogamous pairs in close proximity greatly reduces the costs of infidelity.
Application of backpropagation neural architectures to the realization of control transfer functions and compensators

A method is developed to design simulations of neural-network based transfer functions, applicable to both linear and nonlinear structures. The algorithm used to implement the trainable neural mechanism is backpropagation. Using the trained structures as building blocks, a neural architecture is constructed in order to drive systems from expected inputs to satisfactory transient and steady-state output performance, in effect, the scope of control compensation; this method results in the design of neural-net control compensators. The algorithms are coded in a PC-based prolog, traditionally used for rule-based logic and Artificial Intelligence, rather than for Neural or Fuzzy models. Given a sequence representing the time-sample of a desired control input trajectory that will drive the plant to a desired output response, such a control input will be modelled as the desired output layer of an antecedent network driven by an error vector consistent with the closed-loop system's commanded behavior. This Controller network is trained to provide such an output profile for all expected inputs, in accordance with arbitrary specifications of rise-time, permitted overshoot, settling time, etc. The control vectors are generated as a by-product of this training. Additionally, a correlation is investigated between classical control parameters and the characteristics of the weight matrices, threshold vectors, and representation traits of the converged neural nets.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economics Course Enrollments in U.S. High Schools.

High school transcript data were used in this study to estimate the percentage of high school graduates who complete an economics course, and to examine course-taking trends in economics from 1982 to 2009. In 2009, 58 percent of high school graduates took an economics course, up from about 45 percent from 1990 to 2005. The increases in economics enrollments over the years included in this study are consistent with the trends in the number of states mandating an economics course to be taken for graduation. Estimated percentages are reported across the demographics of high school students. Enrollments in economics are compared to enrollments in other high school social studies courses.
Exact solution for the diffusion of a charged particle in a time-varying electromagnetic field

An exact solution for a charged particle which diffuses in a time-varying electromagnetic field has been determined by writing the equation of the charged particle in a matrix form and diagonalising the magnetic-field vector. Thus the components of the equation of motion are decoupled. A simple example is presented to show the significance of the results.
Evaluating Electronic Voting Systems Equipped with Voter-Verified Paper Records

Despite their widespread deployment, questions about electronic voting systems' performance emerge following many elections. To encourage full public confidence in the electoral process, some researchers recommend equipping electronic voting machines with voter-verifiable audit trails that print out paper records that voters can read and verify. In this article, the authors report on their analysis and testing of one US state's criteria for direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machines equipped with voter-verified paper-record (VVPR) systems. The criteria and analysis cover various categories, including privacy, security, verification, integrity, functionality, and examination. The authors describe their testing methodologies, discuss issues exhibited by different voting systems, and propose solutions to address those issues.
Immunization against intracerebral transplantation of a glioma in mice.

THIS investigation was concerned with the effects produced by immunization with glioma and adjuvant on the growth of glioma transplanted intracerebrally into mice in an isologous system. The original glioma from which this transplantable glioma was derived was induced by implanting methylcholanthrene into the brain of a mouse of the same strain. The present tumour can be inhibited by immunization with glioma and adjuvant when transplanted subcutaneously1; but similar inhibition of growth of the tumour transplanted intracerebrally was uncertain since the ‘agent’ causing tumour inhibition, or rejection systemically might not penetrate the blood brain barrier in adequate concentrations.
On the periodic variations in the shape of moving Bloch waves

Bloch wave packets are decomposed into individual subpackets and the periodic variations in the shape of moving Bloch waves are explained in terms of subpacket velocities.
The Potential Role of PKC β in Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most debilitating complications of diabetes mellitus. Despite major advances in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and the efficacy of current therapies, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of new-onset blindness among working-age people. The mainstay of current therapy, laser photocoagulation, is useful in preventing blindness and severe vision loss but is not often effective in restoring lost visual acuity. In addition, troublesome side effects and potentially serious complications may occur. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a progression of abnormalities. Nonproliferative retinopathy results from a series of biochemical and cellular changes that ultimately cause progressive retinal ischemia. The subsequent elaboration of growth factors in response to ischemia leads to the development of proliferative retinopathy, which is characterized by aberrant neovacularization of the retina-potentially leading to severe, irreversible visual loss. Increased retinal vascular leakage may also occur at any stage in this process, resulting in macular edema and possible progressive visual impairment. Although numerous biochemical factors are thought to play a role in the development of retinopathy, activation of protein kinase C (PKC), specifically the beta isoform of PKC (PKC beta), is implicated for both the early and late-stage manifestations of retinopathy. Studies suggest that orally administered LY333531, a beta-isoform specific PKC inhibitor, may be effective in ameliorating retinopathy progression, proliferation, and retinal vascular leakage. The status of ongoing clinical trials aimed at addressing the efficacy of PKC beta with regard to diabetes-induced retinal complications and perspectives on the role of PKC beta are presented.
Analytical green's functions for interacting bands: Coupled linear exciton bands☆

Abstract Analytical Green's functions for interacting bands were calculated for two coupled linear exciton bands. The total, partial and overlap density-of-states functions and their corresponding F functions were also obtained in an analytical form. This approach enables us to discuss analytically the nature of van Hove singularities and the impurity states involving the interacting bands.
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Purified Cytosolic C-Terminus of the Human BK Channel

The large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK) are activated by membrane depolarizations and intracellular Ca2+. Two consecutive intracellular RCK (Regulators of K+ Conductance) domains, RCK1 and RCK2, are responsible for calcium sensitivity and together form the majority of the C-terminus.Information about the structural and functional properties of the individual RCK1 and RCK2 domains has been reported by our group (Yusifov, et. al. PNAS 2008). However, the characterization of the full C-terminus remains unresolved. Here we report the initial structural and functional characterization of a high-purity protein expressed and purified from E. coli corresponding to the human (hSlo) BK channel C-terminus. The expressed C-terminus includes 684aa, starting from the S6-RCK1 linker and encompassing RCK1, RCK2, and the interconnecting 92aa RCK1-RCK2 linker.The calcium-binding activity of the C-terminus (10ug), loaded on a nitrocellulose membrane, was probed by dot blot analysis of 45Ca2+-binding. The C-terminus displayed a strong calcium-binding property when compared to Albumin.The organization of the secondary structure of the C-terminus was investigated using Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Far-UV CD spectra (190-260nm) of the C-terminus, analyzed with CONTIN/LL algorithm from the CDpro suite (SMP56 protein reference set), gave a secondary structure consisting of 29% α-helix, 20% β-strand, 22% turn, and 29% unordered.The quaternary structure of C-terminus was investigated using size-exclusion chromatography with a Superdex 200 10/300 column. The C-terminus eluted in a single peak at a molecular weight of 330kDa corresponding to the theoretical tetrameric C-terminus complex (310kDa). In denaturating condition (SDS-gel electrophoresis), the C-terminus migrated as a monomeric 74kDa band (expected 77.6kDa).In conclusion, we have successfully purified the functional human BK channel C-terminus domain, which allows for further investigation of the properties of the mammalian BK “Gating ring,” encompassing eight RCK domains.
Comparative analysis of a modified rapid presence/absence test and the standard MPN method for detectingEscherichia coli in orange juice

Abstract A modified rapid presence/absence test was evaluated and compared to the standard most probable number (MPN) method for detecting Escherichia coli in artificially contaminated orange juice. In each of the four experiments conducted, pasteurized and unpasteurized orange juice samples were seeded with one of the three different strains ofE. coli , at levels ranging from 0·4 to 6·5 cfu ml−1. The samples were also seeded with 360–510 cfu ml−1 of other enteric bacteria to simulate background flora. Samples were analysed by the MPN method for E. coli and by the modified ColiComplete (CC) presence/absence test in E. coli (EC) broth at 44·5°C, after pre-enriching 10 ml of juice samples in Universal Pre-enrichment Broth for 24 h (modified CC method). Of the 12 comparative analyses performed, E. coli was detected in all 12 tests by the modified CC method and, furthermore, showed the presence of E. coli in 59 of the 60 (98·3%) orange juice replicates that were examined. In contrast, the standard MPN method was only able to quantify detectable levels of E. coli in eight of 12 tests. The modified CC procedure was faster, required less media and reagents, enabled analysis of 10 ml samples and was more reliable than the standard MPN method for determining the presence or absence of E. coli in artificially contaminated orange juice.
A TimeSpace for electoral geography: economic restructuring, political agency and the rise of the Nazi party

Abstract Using the electoral rise of the Nazi party in Weimar Germany as an example, this paper proposes the use of cyclico-ideological TimeSpace from Immanuel Wallerstein for the analysis of electoral geography. Elections are viewed as acts of political agency within structural constraints. From a world-systems perspective, the temporal dynamics and spatial structure of the capitalist world-economy are used to identify Weimar Germany as a semi-peripheral country during a period of global economic stagnation and restructuring, a Kondratieff B-phase. The structure and dynamics of the world-economy are expected to mobilize three classes in the semi-periphery; the “national” bourgeoisie, professionals, and skilled workers. Conflicts between factions of capital in Weimar Germany, defined by the economic restructuring, created a period of political instability exploited by the Nazi party. Furthermore, the Nazi party pursued policies to capture the votes of the three classes mobilized in the semi-periphery. However, electoral politics was mediated by regional contextual settings so that different classes supported the Nazi party in different regions of Germany. The regional specificity of the Nazi party's ability to capture the votes of people disaffected by the dynamics of the world-economy is modeled using spatial regression models. Consideration of a cyclico-ideological TimeSpace allows electoral geography to analyze how voters in contextual settings react to global processes.
Gibberellin and the Growth of Plant Tissue Cultures

TWO recent publications report the effects of gibberellic acid on the growth of excised plant tissues. Netien1, working with isolates from the tuber parenchyma of Helianthus tuberosus, found a slight increase in growth at 1 p.p.m. in the absence of indolylacetic acid and a decrease at higher levels. In the presence of the auxin all levels of gibberellic acid were quite inhibitory. Schroeder and Spector2 used explants from the mesocarp of mature citron (Citrus medica). They found gibberellic acid, in the absence of indolylacetic acid, caused an increase in weight at 5 p.p.m. In the presence of indolylacetic acid all levels tested resulted in increases in weight.
Ethical and Ethnical Requirements in the Production of Food L. E. GRIVETTI

: The presentation explores ethnic food and ethics aspects of food distribution and food security. Basic principles associated with human food selection and avoidance have been known for some time (since World War I). During intervening decades, however, persistent problems have remained, including mismatched food assistance, short-sighted economic policies, lack of political will, disrespect for women's labor and decision-making skills, and, more recently, debate over zero-risk and genetically modified foods (GMFs) to reduce hunger and malnutrition. Fieldwork investigations of regional food production systems where specific food security mechanisms are identified have improved and streamlined the distribution of food supplies during and after regional or local crises. Paradoxically, such studies raise an important ethical issue, given that these same data have been and can be used by insurgents to sabotage food supplies and disrupt relief efforts. The presentation concludes with personal perspectives on associations between ethnic foods, food-related ethics, and food security. Several approaches to improving food chain security are reviewed, including micro-finance, household gardens, selected GMF technology, and how to improve existing food-related programs.
Voice-to-phoneme conversion algorithms for voice-tag applications in embedded platforms

We describe two voice-to-phoneme conversion algorithms for speaker-independent voice-tag creation specifically targeted at applications on embedded platforms. These algorithms (batch mode and sequential) are compared in speech recognition experiments where they are first applied in a same-language context in which both acoustic model training and voice-tag creation and application are performed on the same language. Then, their performance is tested in a cross-language setting where the acoustic models are trained on a particular source language while the voice-tags are created and applied on a different target language. In the same-language environment, both algorithms either perform comparably to or significantly better than the baseline where utterances are manually transcribed by a phonetician. In the cross-language context, the voice-tag performances vary depending on the source-target language pair, with the variation reflecting predicted phonological similarity between the source and target languages. Among the most similar languages, performance nears that of the native-trained models and surpasses the native reference baseline.
Effect of coagulants, somatic cell enzymes, and extracellular bacterial enzymes on plasminogen activation

Abstract Any factor that converts plasminogen (inactive form of the proteolytic enzyme plasmin) to plasmin in milk may have a negative impact on milk protein functionality. The effect of milk coagulants (calf rennet and proteases from Mucor miehei, Endothia parasitica, Mucor pusillus ), leukocytes from bovine blood, somatic cells from high SCC bovine milk, and extracellular bacterial enzymes from psychrotrophic bacteria and mastitis pathogens on the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin was determined. Constituents of somatic cells isolated from high SCC bovine milk were able to convert plasminogen to plasmin. This plasminogen activator was inactivated by heating milk to 63°C for 30min. Leukocytes from bovine blood, milk coagulants, and extracellular bacterial enzymes were not able to convert plasminogen to plasmin. Therefore, a source of plasminogen activator in milk is somatic cells. Plasminogen present in milk could be converted to plasmin in the udder before milking or during milk storage after milking, resulting in increased proteolysis of casein. Proteolytic damage to casein influences cheese yield, milk protein functionality, and dairy product quality.
Copolymers containing meta-pyridylvinylene and para-arylenevinylene fragments: synthesis, quaternization reaction, and photophysical properties

We report the Wittig reaction of the diphosphonium salt of 2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine with terephthaldehyde, 2.5- dioctyloxyterephthaldehyde, or 9,10-anthracenedicarbaldehyde to form conjugated copolymers with fragments of 2,6 - pyridylene and para-arylenevinylene. The protonation reaction of poly(para-arylenevinylene)-co-(meta- pyridylvinylene) with hydrochloric acid and the quaternization reaction of poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4- phenylenevinylene)-co-(2,6-pyridylvinylene) with methyl triflate have been investigated by spectrophotometric and fluorescent methods. The absorption, excitation and fluorescence spectra of these copolymers as well as their corresponding model compounds were studied and compared. The photophysical properties of the investigated polymers suggest that these materials could be good candidates for the fabrication of efficient blue and green light-emitting diodes.
Recent Advances in the Endocrinology of Puberty

I. Introduction The term puberty is derived from the Latin pubes, hair. In trying to define puberty, scientists of the 18th century gave more emphasis to the changes in phenotypical appearance associated with puberty than to the morphological and functional changes undergone within the gonads at this time. Researchers of the earlier part of the present century were already more concerned in their definitions with the acquisition of reproductive capacity resulting from the completion of gonadal and accessory sex organ development. Thus, in 1929 Parkes defined puberty as “the phase in which the individual acquires sexual maturity” (from Ref. 1). According to him puberty (in the female) consists of two phases: the gradual prepubertal development of the accessory organs and the abrupt appearance of the first estrus and ovulation. Years later Asdell defined puberty as “the time at which reproduction first becomes possible, i.e. when germ cells are released” (from Ref. 1). Almost 20 years later (1965), Donovan ...
Efficient parallel optimization of volume meshes on heterogeneous computing systems

We describe a parallel algorithmic framework for optimizing the shape of elements in a simplicial volume mesh. Using fine-grained parallelism and asymmetric multiprocessing on multi-core CPU and modern graphics processing unit hardware simultaneously, we achieve speedups of more than tenfold over current state-of-the-art serial methods. In addition, improved mesh quality is obtained by optimizing both the surface and the interior vertex positions in a single pass, using feature preservation to maintain fidelity to the original mesh geometry. The framework is flexible in terms of the core numerical optimization method employed, and we provide performance results for both gradient-based and derivative-free optimization methods.
How do depressed and healthy adults interpret nuanced facial expressions

This study investigates the discrimination accuracy of emotional stimuli in subjects with major depression compared with healthy controls using photographs of facial expressions of varying emotional intensities. The sample included 88 unmedicated male and female subjects, aged 18-56 years, with major depressive disorder (n = 44) or no psychiatric illness (n = 44), who judged the emotion of 200 facial pictures displaying an expression between 10% (90% neutral) and 80% (nuanced) emotion. Stimuli were presented in 10% increments to generate a range of intensities, each presented for a 500-ms duration. Compared with healthy volunteers, depressed subjects showed very good recognition accuracy for sad faces but impaired recognition accuracy for other emotions (e.g., harsh, surprise, and sad expressions) of subtle emotional intensity. Recognition accuracy improved for both groups as a function of increased intensity on all emotions. Finally, as depressive symptoms increased, recognition accuracy increased for sad faces, but decreased for surprised faces. Moreover, depressed subjects showed an impaired ability to accurately identify subtle facial expressions, indicating that depressive symptoms influence accuracy of emotional recognition.
Micro-analysis of Mineral Saturation Within Enamel During Lactic Acid Demineralization

In this study, the physicochemical factors responsible for caries-like lesion propagation were investigated by means of a micro-analytical system used to study the fluid within a lesion during a simulation of the decay process. Four 500-microns-thick serial sections prepared from a single human molar were mounted between glass plates with only the natural surface of the tooth exposed. Microwells were then drilled into sound and pre-existing carious regions of the section through one of the plates. These microwells were then filled with fluid under mineral oil, and after a week of equilibration, the natural surface of the section was exposed to a lesion-producing fluid. The concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and hydrogen ions of the fluid in the wells were then followed as a function of time as the lesion advanced. The results of this study, in which lactic acid was used to demineralize enamel, were consistent with those previously reported (Vogel et al., 1987a): The solution within the lesion remained saturated during the acid attack. Differences in initial mobilities of the calcium and phosphate and other ions, a result of the permselectivity of the enamel, increased the concentrations within the lesion and permanently changed the ratio of these ions in the lesion solution. Based on these results, we suggest that the ionic permselectivity of tooth enamel can have a profound effect on the transport of mineral from a caries lesion.
Arterial carbon dioxide estimates during upper body exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a regression equation to predict arterial carbon dioxide tensions (PaCO2) from end-tidal carbon dioxide tensions (PETCO2) during upper body exercise. A secondary purpose was to examine the ability of an existing regression equation developed for lower body exercise (Jones et al. 1979) to predict PaCO2 during upper body exercise. Nine male subjects completed a progressive intensity, discontinuous test on an arm crank ergometer with submaximal power output (PO) levels of 25, 74, and 98 W. During each submaximal PO level, steady state oxygen uptake was achieved and appropriate physiological responses were measured. PETCO2 was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than PaCO2 at both the 74 and 98 W levels. In addition, when PETCO2's were regressed against their corresponding PaCO2 tensions a correlation coefficient of r=0.66 was found. Based upon our subjects' PETCO2 and tidal volume (VT) responses, a multiple regression equation was constructed to predict their PaCO2 (SPaCO2), this being SPaCO2=24.7+0.43 PETCO2−3.3 VT. When SPaCO2 was regressed against the corresponding PaCO2 tension, a correlation coefficient of r=0,84 was found. When the equation of Jones et al. (1979) was used to predict PaCO2 a correlation coefficient of r=0.77 was found. No significant differences were found between tensions predicted by either equation and the actual PaCO2 at any PO level. These results indicate that either prediction equation can be satisfactorily used to estimate PaCO2 tensions during upper body exercise.
Undocumented workers' transitions: legal status, migration, and work in Europe

In this new book, Sonia McKay, Eugenia Markova and Anna Paraskevopoulou present data from the Undocumented Workers' Transition project, an impressive two-year undertaking that draws on administrati...
A Reexamination of the Structure and Content of Confucius' Version of the Golden Rule

For the purposes of interpretation and constructive engagement, the structure and content of Confucius' version of the Golden Rule (CGR) is examined by elaborating its three dimensions as suggested in the Analects. It is argued that the CGR, which consists of two intertwined central ideas in Confucius' ethics, shu and zhong, involves three interdependent and complementary dimensions: (1) the methodological (i.e., the methodological aspect of shu), which consists of the principles of reversibility and extensibility; (2) the internal starting point (i.e., the substantial aspect of shu), which somehow points to the fundamental virtue ren and constitutes the internal starting point for applying the methodological principles of the CGR; and (3) the external starting point (i.e., zhong as one's sincere and devoted commitment to those established social constituents specified by the li, regardless of the involved moral recipient's social status), which constitutes the external starting point for applying the methodological principles of the CGR.
Noise reduction in chaotic time series using scaled probabilistic methods

We present a probabilistic approach to the problem of additive source separation characterized by wide band power spectra when one of the sources is deterministic and low-dimensional (regular or chaotic). The algorithm is based upon a probabilistic analysis of local behavior in the phase space in which the deterministic source is embedded. It creates a kind of time domain “filter” for the noisy data from areference orbit of the system, and it then corrects the observed noisy data in an incremental fashion to adjust it to match this filter in the sense of having as close as possible the same invariant distribution in the phase space. After describing the general method, we demonstrate its use on three familiar chaotic systems: first, two examples of chaotic maps (Henon and Ikeda) in two dimensions and then a three-dimensional flow (the Lorenz system). The data from each of these is perturbed by uniformly distributed noise or by a spike signal, and we show that the method gives excellent results in recovering the original clean signal even when noise levels are quite large. Our present method appears to work even when the signal-to-noise ratio is quite small. The method works in cases where classical linear methods fail because both “signal,” and “noise,” are broadband spectrally.
Equilibration and coarsening in the quantum O(N) model at infinite N

The quantum $O(N)$ model in the infinite-$N$ limit is a paradigm for symmetry breaking. Qualitatively, its phase diagram is an excellent guide to the equilibrium physics for more realistic values of $N$ in varying spatial dimensions ($dg1$). Here, we investigate the physics of this model out of equilibrium, specifically its response to global quenches starting in the disordered phase. If the model were to exhibit equilibration, the late-time state could be inferred from the finite-temperature phase diagram. In the infinite-$N$ limit, we show that not only does the model not lead to equilibration on account of an infinite number of conserved quantities, it also does not relax to a generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE) consistent with these conserved quantities. Instead, an infinite number of new conservation laws emerge at late times and the system relaxes to an emergent GGE consistent with these. Nevertheless, we still find that the late-time states following quenches bear strong signatures of the equilibrium phase diagram. Notably, we find that the model exhibits coarsening to a nonequilibrium critical state only in dimensions $dg2$, that is, if the equilibrium phase diagram contains an ordered phase at nonzero temperatures.
Connecting Analytics and Curriculum Design: Process and Outcomes of Building a Tool to Browse Data Relevant to Course Designers

The disconnect between data collection and analysis across sectors of academic institutions makes it challenging to incorporate data into curricular design. Understanding the factors related to student persistence and success is unlikely to occur by focusing only on one sector at a time. By promoting course design that is informed by data from all sectors we are more likely to understand important connections that could encourage more effective and holistic change. Facilitating evidence-based course design might begin with the creation of a tool that allows real-time exploration of data across sectors for integration into the traditional course/curricular design. Our paper describes how data from institutional, learning, and what we call “developmental” analytics can be incorporated into course and curricular design by using a purposefully built analysis tool that permits the exploration of student and course objects. This Browser of Student and Course Objects (BoSCO) is being built in a faculty driven-process and can be used as a bridge between the analytics space and the course/curriculum design environments. Such a tool can promote alignment of research within institutions and facilitate communication about analytics, therefore encouraging teachers to use analytics for course and curricular design.
Zeta potential of microfluidic substrates: 2. Data for polymers

Zeta potential data are reviewed for a variety of polymeric microfluidic substrate materials. Many of these materials currently used for microchip fabrication have only recently been employed for generation of electroosmotic flow. Despite their recent history, polymeric microfluidic substrates are currently used extensively for microchip separations and other techniques, and understanding of the surface zeta potential is crucial for experimental design. This paper proposes the use of pC (the negative logarithm of the counterion concentration) as a useful normalization for the zeta potential on polymer substrates in contact with indifferent univalent counterions. Normalizing zeta by pC facilitates comparison of results from many investigators. The sparseness of available data for polymeric substrates prevents complete and rigorous justification for this normalization; however, it is consistent with double layer and adsorption theory. For buffers with indifferent univalent cations, normalization with the logarithm of the counterion concentration in general collapses data onto a single zeta/pC vs. pH curve, and (with the exception of PMMA) the repeatability of the data is quite encouraging. Normalization techniques should allow improved ability to predict zeta potential performance on microfluidic substrates and compare results observed with different parameters.
Integration of Postclosure Safety Analysis with Repository Design for the Yucca Mountain Repository through the Selection of Design Control Parameters

The Yucca Mountain repository will use both natural and engineered barriers that work both individually and collectively to limit the movement of water and the potential release and movement of radionuclides to the accessible environment. Engineered structures, systems, and components are designed to function with features of the natural environment in order to meet the postclosure performance objectives established by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The features of the natural environment are expected to respond to the presence of the repository through geomechanical, hydrogeologic, and geochemical changes. In order to ensure that conformity between the design basis of the repository and the analyzed postclosure safety basis is maintained, specific features, both engineered and natural, have been identified as requiring design control during repository construction and operations. These features are referred to as postclosure design controls and are intended to maintain the integration of the repository design with the postclosure performance assessment through continued design evolution and changes in scientific understanding.
Key findings of the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation's clinical practice benchmarking project.

Benchmarking is the process of using outcome data to identify high-performing centres and determine practices associated with their outstanding performance. The US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) Patient Registry contains centre-specific outcomes data for all CFF-certified paediatric and adult cystic fibrosis (CF) care programmes in the USA. The CFF benchmarking project analysed these registry data, adjusting for differences in patient case mix known to influence outcomes, and identified the top-performing US paediatric and adult CF care programmes for pulmonary and nutritional outcomes. Separate multidisciplinary paediatric and adult benchmarking teams each visited 10 CF care programmes, five in the top quintile for pulmonary outcomes and five in the top quintile for nutritional outcomes. Key practice patterns and approaches present in both paediatric and adult programmes with outstanding clinical outcomes were identified and could be summarised as systems, attitudes, practices, patient/family empowerment and projects. These included: (1) the presence of strong leadership and a well-functioning care team working with a systematic approach to providing consistent care; (2) high expectations for outcomes among providers and families; (3) early and aggressive management of clinical declines, avoiding reliance on ‘rescues’; and (4) patients/families that were engaged, empowered and well informed on disease management and its rationale. In summary, assessment of practice patterns at CF care centres with top-quintile pulmonary and nutritional outcomes provides insight into characteristic practices that may aid in optimising patient outcomes.