cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of human placental PAPP-A2 over gestation and in preeclampsia.

Abstract Introduction Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A2 (PAPP-A2) is a pregnancy related insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) protease, known to be elevated in preeclampsia. As the insulin-like growth factors are important in human implantation and placentation, we sought to determine the expression pattern of PAPP-A2 over human gestation in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies to evaluate its role in placental development and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Methods Placental basal plate and chorionic villi samples, maternal and fetal cord blood sera were obtained from preeclamptic and control pregnancies. Formalin-fixed tissue sections from across gestation were stained for cytokeratin-7, HLA-G, and PAPP-A2. PAPP-A2 immunoblot analysis was also performed on protein lysates and sera. Results PAPP-A2 expression is predominately expressed by differentiated trophoblasts and fetal endothelium. Chorionic villi show strong expression in the first trimester, followed by a progressive decrease in the second trimester, which returns in the third trimester. PAPP-A2 expression is not impacted by labor. PAPP-A2 is increased in the basal plate, chorionic villi and maternal sera in preeclampsia compared to controls, but is not detectable in cord blood. Discussion PAPP-A2 is differentially expressed in different trophoblast populations and shows strong down regulation in the mid second trimester in chorionic villous samples. Both maternal sera and placental tissue from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia show increased levels of PAPP-A2. PAPP-A2 levels are not altered by labor. Additionally, PAPP-A2 cannot be detected in cord blood demonstrating that the alterations in maternal and placental PAPP-A2 are not recapitulated in the fetal circulation.
Legitimacy of non-negotiable imposition in diverse approaches to education

Modern conventional education is full of impositions on its students. Schools often impose on students where they must be, what they must do and learn, how they must behave and communicate in the places and the ways that the teacher and school define. However, the legitimacy of this imposition – how much of this imposition is necessary, useful, justified, and desirable for education itself – has not been specifically discussed and analyzed yet. The legitimacy of this imposition is especially important to do for innovative education, evaluating and reconsidering its goals and practices of education. Analysis of imposition in education can help to address important questions of why oppression, alienation, if not pedagogical violence, are so prevalent in organized education and whether this is can be avoided or not. The goal of this paper is to consider different approaches to non-negotiable imposition in education, its legitimacy, and justifications and analyze their pros and cons. I consider Totalizing conventional, Capitalist, Progressive, Democratic, Anarchist, and Communitarian educational approaches to non-negotiable imposition and its legitimacy from an educational perspective.
An Original Misunderstanding: Akhil Amar and Fourth Amendment History

The Supreme Court's modern Fourth Amendment decisions rely on two central assumptions about the original understanding of the amendment. First, the Court and most modern commentators have presumed that the Fourth Amendment prefers searches and seizures pursuant to a specific warrant. Second, even where law enforcement activities do not require a warrant, the Court has presumed that the Fourth Amendment imposes a global reasonableness requirement on all searches and seizures. In a series of influential writings, Professor Akhil Amar has advocated a restructuring of Fourth Amendment law, based on a very different account of Fourth Amendment history. Professor Amar writes that the Fourth Amendment was enacted to limit warrants. According to Professor Amar, the framers viewed warrants as dangerous, because a warrant would provide a defense to law enforcement officers in a trespass damages action. Rather than imposing a warrant preference rule, Professor Amar asserts that the Fourth Amendment imposes a global reasonableness requirement on all searches and seizures. This article concludes that Professor Amar's account receives little support from historical sources. Contrary to Professor Amar's assertion, the framers did not believe that all warrants were dangerous. The framers actually intended that law enforcement officers must obtain a specific warrant before entering a house. Nor does the historical record support Professor Amar's claim that the Fourth Amendment imposed a global reasonableness requirement on all searches and seizures. For example, the Fourth Amendment was not even mentioned in early federal ship seizure cases. The real Fourth Amendment envisioned by the framers was actually a narrow document - much less sweeping in scope than either the traditional account or Professor Amar's understanding of history. The framers were focused on a single, narrow problem - unlawful physical invasions of houses by government agents. The Fourth Amendment was enacted to address this problem with a precise, bright-line rule. Before entering a house, law enforcement officers typically would need to obtain a specific warrant. But what about searches or seizures that did not involve a physical entry into a house? Outside of house searches, the Fourth Amendment was simply inapplicable.
Myocardial blood flow, metabolism, and function with repeated brief coronary occlusions in conscious ponies.

Studies were performed in the conscious pony instrumented with a Doppler flow probe and hydraulic occluder on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), sonomicrometry crystals and intrave...
The Impact of Training Data on Automated Short Answer Scoring Performance

Automatic evaluation of written responses to content-focused assessment items (automated short answer scoring) is a challenging educational application of natural language processing. It is often addressed using supervised machine learning by estimating models to predict human scores from detailed linguistic features such as wordn-grams. However, training data (i.e., human-scored responses) can be difficult to acquire. In this paper, we conduct experiments using scored responses to 44 prompts from 5 diverse datasets in order to better understand how training set size and other factors relate to system performance. We believe this will help future researchers and practitioners working on short answer scoring to answer practically important questions such as, “How much training data do I need?”
Etiology of Brain Attacks in Children

Investigators at the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Australia, studied the presenting features, scope, and prevalence of conditions causing brain attack symptoms in children aged 12 month to 18 years presenting to a tertiary pediatric ED.
Interest in Use of Technology for Healthcare Among Veterans Receiving Treatment for Mental Health

Abstract Introduction: There is great interest in leveraging technology, including cell phones and computers, to improve healthcare. A range of e-health applications pertaining to mental health such as messaging for prescription refill or mobile device videoconferencing are becoming more available, but little is known about the mental health patient's interest in using these newer applications. Methods: We mailed a survey to 300 patients seen in the general mental health clinic of a local Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Survey questions focused on interest in use of cell phones, tablets, and other computers in patients' interactions with the healthcare system. Results: A total of 74 patients, primarily treated for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety disorders, returned completed surveys. Nearly all reported having a cell phone (72/74, 97%), but fewer than half reported having a smartphone (35/74, 47%). Overall, a substantial majority (64/74, 86%) had access to an Internet-capable devic...
Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Group A Streptococcal M Protein Fragment Fused to the B Subunit of Escherichia coli Labile Toxin Protects Mice against Systemic Challenge Infections

A fusion gene named LT-B-M5 was constructed encoding the entire B subunit of Escherichia coli labile toxin (LT-B), a 7 amino acid proline-rich linker, and 15 amino-terminal amino acids of type 5 streptococcal M protein. The purified LT-B-M5 was immunogenic in rabbits and evoked antibodies against a synthetic peptide copy of the amino-terminus of M5 (SM5[1-15]) and the native M5 protein and opsonic antibodies against type 5 streptococci. The hybrid protein retained the ganglioside-binding activity of LT-B and was tested in mice for its immunogenicity after local administration. Mice that were immunized intranasally with LT-B-M5 developed serum antibodies against SM5(1-15) and were significantly protected from death after intraperitoneal challenge infections with type 5 streptococci. The data show that protective systemic immune responses may be evoked after intranasal immunization with a fragment of M protein fused to LT-B.
Bioassay of Galactin, the Lactogenic Hormone

The increase in the crop weight of the common pigeon, while a valuable qualitative test, was found unsatisfactory in the quantitative assay of galactin due to the variability of groups of birds to the same amount of hormone. As the further purification of galactin requires a reliable bioassay, a more accurate method was sought.Instead of weight, the minimum proliferation of the crop gland was found more satisfactory. This degree of crop growth is characterized by the presence of transverse strands or lobules of cellular development and considerable opaqueness when the crop is extended.In the assay of the estrogenic hormone, Coward and Burn1 made use of the variation in the response of rats as indicated by the percentage showing a positive reaction at various levels of administration. The adaptability of this method of bioassay to galactin has been studied. A characteristic sigmoid curve with maximum sensitivity in the region of 50% response was obtained (Fig. 1). An assay method has therefore been devised...
Histochemical demonstration of glycogen in the mouse pituitary.

Summary1. Material giving a very strong periodic acid-Schiff reaction was seen in certain structures in sections of mouse pituitaries. This material was shown to be glycogen by its disappearance when exposed to saliva or diastase prior to staining. 2. In mice 8 days and younger, glycogen could be demonstrated in the intercellular spaces and in the cells of the neural lobe, in the cells of the pars tuberalis, and intercellularly in the stalk and median eminence of the hypothalamus. At 5 days and less, glycogen also appeared to be located in irregular patterns in the sinusoids of the anterior lobe. 3. After 8 days of age, glycogen was apparently restricted, in the pituitary system, to the pars tuberalis. After one month the amount of glycogen was considerably reduced, but nevertheless could still be demonstrated at 7 months.
Design of Sound-optical Q-switch Output Device of Dual-LD-end-pumped Double-Nd:YVO_4 Crystal Laser

The sound-optical Q-switch output device of dual-LD-end-pumped double-Nd:YVO4 crystal laser was designed by reset with the parts of the demonstration equipment of"Semiconductor Pump Laser Theory".The output power could be improved.
Diagnostic significance of pulmonary function test and skin prick test in children with asthma or cough variability asthma

Objective To explore the diagnostic significance of pulmonary function test and skin prick test( SPT) in children with asthma or cough variability asthma( CVA). Methods Eighty children patients who were diagnosed as asthma or CVA at outpatient department of our hospital from May to November in 2010 were enrolled in the study. They were divided into three groups: asthmatic attack group( group A,n = 33),asthma remission group( group B,n = 27),CVA group( group C,n= 20),and the other 30 healthy children were enrolled as control group. All the children were 5 ~ 14 years old. The children in the four groups underwent pulmonary function test to detect the parameters including FVC,FEV1,PEF,FEF25,FEF50 and FEF75,and EOS absolute value in peripheral blood was counted in the four groups. Except for group A,SPT was performed in the other three groups. Results The lung functional parameters( except for FEV1 in group B and group C) in group A,B,C were significantly lower than those in group D( P 0. 05 or 0. 01),moreover,which in group A were obviously lower than those group B and group C( P 0. 01),however,there were no significant differences between group B and group C( P 0. 05). The EOS absolute value in group A,B,C was significantly higher than that in group D( P 0. 05),furthermore,which in group A was obviously higher than that in group C( P 0. 05),however,there was no significant difference between group A and group B and between group B and group C( P 0. 05). The positive rate by SPT was 70. 37%( 19 /27) in group B,55%( 11 /20) in group C,and 0 in group D,with total positive rate being 63. 83%,there was no significant difference between group B and group C( P 0. 05). The positive rate of SPT was positively correlated to EOS absolute value( r = 0. 22,P 0. 05). Conclusion Pulmonary function test plays an important role in diagnosis and assessment for children with asthma or CVA,EOS counting and SPT are of great value in the process.
Essay: the limits of conscience: moral clashes over deeply divisive healthcare procedures.

Refusals by individual pharmacies and pharmacists to fill prescriptions for emergency contraceptives (“EC”) have dominated news headlines, from the Washington Post to the Miami Herald. In the act that sparked a firestorm of controversy, an Eckerd pharmacist refused to fill a rape victim’s prescription for Plan B. A few months later, 11 Alabama nurses resigned positions at state clinics rather than provide EC against their moral convictions. These refusals do not seem to be driven by moral concerns about promiscuity, since pharmacists have refused to dispense Plan B to married couples as well. Instead, the refusals reflect moral and religious concerns about facilitating an act that would cut-off a potential human life.
Learning in Discussion Forums: An Analysis of Knowledge Construction in a Gaming Affinity Space

In the learning sciences and game studies communities, there has been an increasing interest in the potential of game-related "paratexts" and "surrounds" in supporting learning, such as online discussion forums and gaming affinity spaces. While there have been studies identifying how learning occurs in such communities, little research has been done on learning at the aggregate level. This study examined the social construction of knowledge in two sections of the discussion forums in the TUG "The Untitled Game" gaming affinity space. Findings suggest that game-like prompts and sections in online discussion forums can spur higher level forms of interaction and learning and can have implications for the design of gaming communities in which the social construction of knowledge is a desired outcome.
Electrothermally actuated MEMS scanning micromirrors and their applications in endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging

This chapter is focused on introducing a unique class of electrothermal bimorph MEMS mirrors and their applications in endoscopic OCT imaging. The novel bimorph actuator designs provide the electrothermal MEMS mirrors with unrivaled combination of large linear scan range, small drive voltage, and high fill factor, making them especially suitable for endoscopic in vivo imaging of internal organs. Using the electrothermal MEMS mirror-based OCT probes, clinical imaging experiments have been performed to detect and stage early bladder cancer and oral cancer. Those MEMS OCT probes have also been successfully applied to brain tissue imaging, tooth imaging, and meniscus imaging. All these imaging experiments have demonstrated the potential and feasibility of the electrothermal MEMS-based OCT endoscopic imaging. With further improvement of the robustness of the MEMS mirrors, the clinical use of this technology is coming in the foreseeable future.
“We Are Not Interested in the Politics of the Situation”: The Radio Corporation of America in Nationalist China, 1928–37

RCA quickly put the Federal debacle behind it. The company agreed to two radio contracts with China’s new Nationalist regime in 1928, and had two new stations operational in China by the early 1930s. The optimism surrounding the potential for Sino-American radiotelegraphy returned in full force. When RCA opened the first of those radio links between China and the United States in 1930, company president James Harbord predicted that the new Sino-American radio connections “will be a factor in bringing China and the United States into a closer relationship.”1 Convinced that a stagnant China had been historically disconnected from the ongoing global march of progress, RCA Vice President William Winterbottom metaphorically claimed that radio made a “breach in the Great Wall of China’s isolation.” “This direct service,” Winterbottom continued, “gives China an independent communication system operated by the Chinese Government to aid in developing foreign markets and increasing her trade and commerce.”2
JOHN DEWEY ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION: Context, Conception and Legacy

(1989). JOHN DEWEY ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION: Context, Conception and Legacy. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 82-103.
Measurement Of Sound Speed By Extracting The Time Delay, Using Miniprobe Transducer

This work attempts to measure the sound speed in objects by extracting the time delay of the system. In biological tissues, the accurate determination of the propagation path length is very difficult due to the highly irregular shape of the tissues. The accuracy in measuring the propagation path length will patly affect the accuracy of measurement of the speed of sound in the tissues. In order to overcome this problem. a pair of miniprobe rmnsducers [I, 21 was fabricated at the tips of a variable path caliper to fix and measure the path length with 0.05(mm) in accuracy. Methods to develop the measurement of the sjmd of sound by extracting the time delay of the system are proposed. Sound speed in some materials have been measured using the proposed methods as preliminary to the measurement of sound speed in biological tissues.
Performance assessment of a compressive sensing single-pixel imaging system

Conventional sensors measure the light incident at each pixel in a focal plane array. Compressive sensing (CS) involves capturing a smaller number of unconventional measurements from the scene, and then using a companion process to recover the image. CS has the potential to acquire imagery with equivalent information content to a large format array while using smaller, cheaper, and lower bandwidth components. However, the benefits of CS do not come without compromise. The CS architecture chosen must effectively balance between physical considerations, reconstruction accuracy, and reconstruction speed to meet operational requirements. Performance modeling of CS imagers is challenging due to the complexity and nonlinearity of the system and reconstruction algorithm. To properly assess the value of such systems, it is necessary to fully characterize the image quality, including artifacts and sensitivity to noise. Imagery of a two-handheld object target set was collected using an shortwave infrared single-pixel CS camera for various ranges and number of processed measurements. Human perception experiments were performed to determine the identification performance within the trade space. The performance of the nonlinear CS camera was modeled by mapping the nonlinear degradations to an equivalent linear shift invariant model. Finally, the limitations of CS modeling techniques are discussed.
Review: Human Intracortical Recording and Neural Decoding for Brain–Computer Interfaces

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) use neural information recorded from the brain for the voluntary control of external devices. The development of BCI systems has largely focused on improving functional independence for individuals with severe motor impairments, including providing tools for communication and mobility. In this review, we describe recent advances in intracortical BCI technology and provide potential directions for further research.
Unity of Language and Communication: Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are functionally asymmetric for certain aspects of language and communication. Despite the fact that the two hemispheres take the lead for different aspects of language and communication, there is unity in language processing. This chapter provides a brief overview of hemispheric superiority for selected aspects of language, consideration of why so many of these hemispheric superiorities seem to complement each other, consideration of how complementary hemispheric superiorities might emerge over the course of time, and discussion of various mechanisms of interhemispheric collaboration that serve to unify the processing of the two hemispheres.
Learning to Read Spectra: Teaching Decomposition with Excel in a Scientific Writing Course.

Literacy requires reading comprehension, and fostering reading skills is an essential prerequisite to and a synergistic enabler of the development of writing skills. Reading comprehension in the chemical sciences not only consists of the understanding of text but also includes the reading and processing of data tables, schemes, and graphs. Thus, education in scientific writing in chemistry cannot focus on writing alone, but such efforts must aim both at the development of higher level skills in reading and writing; moreover, the reading instruction ought to occur concurrently with or precede the writing exercise. In this context, a computer laboratory experiment is described which develops students’ ability to read spectra. The computer laboratory experiment cultivates students’ Excel skills with the specific objective of teaching them how individual transitions overlap in spectra. Qualitative decomposition and an automated Solver extension method are discussed. Qualitative decomposition is best suited to...
The role of situational interest in personalized learning.

Context personalization—the incorporation of students’ out-of-school interests into learning tasks—has recently been shown to positively affect students’ situational interest and their performance and learning in mathematics. However, few studies have shown effects on both interest and achievement, drawing into question whether context personalization interventions can achieve both ends. The effects of personalization are theorized to result from activation of students’ prior knowledge of personal interests and generation of situational interest in math tasks, though theorists have begun to question whether situational interest serves as a mechanism by which learning outcomes are achieved. This experimental study examines whether personalizing 4 units of algebra problems that high school students (N = 150) solve in an intelligent tutoring system could improve their performance in units (i.e., accuracy and learning efficiency) and on classroom exams, whether adolescents who solved personalized problems would report greater situational interest in units (and later, individual interest in math) than peers who solved standard problems, and whether paths through situational interest would contribute to effects of personalization on outcomes. High school students in the personalization condition reported greater triggered situational interest in experimental units, and triggered interest predicted in-tutor outcomes (accuracy, learning efficiency). A total effect of personalization was also observed on classroom exam performance and individual interest in mathematics. Implications for theories of interest and context personalization are discussed, as are implications for math instruction and design of personalized learning environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
The piracy terrorism paradigm: an interlinking relationship

Non-state actors (i.e. pirates and terrorists) are an international security concern. Prior studies have examined the political and economic impact that pirates and terrorists inflict on our societ...
Dragons in The Sky: The Story of HAATS, The High-Altitude Army National Guard Aviation Training Site

By the time the sun crested the eastern horizon and showered Oregon's Mount Hood in golden light on the morning of May 30, 2002, dozens of climbers had been pushing into the frigid heights of the 1...
Marriage and Divorce

Marriage between two people is one of the oldest social institutions in the world. So why do we need to legally regulate marriage? The answer is simple—marriage is a contract, albeit a special one, between two people that covers many aspects of their lives together. Most countries in the world like each state in the U.S. define a marriage as taking place between a man and a woman. But, we know that there are many family arrangements where people live in a marriage-like home without a formal marriage ceremony. This includes same gender couples as well as friendship groups often called ‘families-of-choice’. Sometimes the law covers them and sometimes it does not.
AMon-Chat - Um Agente de Interface para Auxiliar na Avaliação de Aprendizagem baseada na Web

Resumo: Aqui se apresenta um agente de interface para avaliacao de conteudos para aprendizagem baseada em chat que pode ser usado de dois modos: i) o professor pode utilizar a medida que o chat se desenvolve ou ii) utilizar apos o termino do mesmo. A meta e propor um mecanismo que facilite a tarefa de avaliar a performance de cada participante. Os resultados podem utilizados “on-fly” e tambem armazenados para permitir analise a posteriori e compor uma base para uma avaliacao global ao fim do curso. Tendo em mente o requisito de performance de baixa complexidade, uma estrutura de dados muito simples foi escolhida para a implementacao do agente. O problema principal e uma solucao simples e facil de usar para o mesmo podem ser encontrados neste artigo. Abstract: Here is described an evaluation contents chat based interface agent that can be used by two ways: i) the teacher can use it as the chat is going or ii) after the chat’s end. The goal is to improve a mechanism to facilitate the evaluation performance task. The results can be used “on-fly” or stored to permit post analysis and to compose a basis for a global evaluation when the course deadline is reached. Having in mind the low complexity performance requirement, a very light data structure was chosen to bind it. The main problem and the easy-to-use solution to evaluate the participants issues can be seen in this paper.
Power Issues During Test

An unintended consequence of technology scaling has increased power consumption in a chip. Without specialized solutions, level of power consumption and rate of change of power consumption is even greater during test. Power delivery during test is somewhat limited by mechanical and electrical constraints. This chapter introduces the basic concepts related to power and energy and describes typical manufacturing test flow and associated constraints with power delivery. It also describes various types of power droop mechanisms, thermal issues, and how they interfere with the test process. Test economics issues, such as throughput and yield loss, are also discussed to further develop the low-power test problem statement.
Language Revitalization and Revival

This chapter points out that assumptions about teaching an official language in school (standardized form, correct usage and spelling, formal genres and contexts) do not meet the more immediate needs of Native American communities: language as a bond between kin and community; informal and formal language use in a variety of contexts; dialect variation. Instructing a Native American language as a foreign language following a grammar-and-dictionary standard must be replaced with meaningful language acquisition in existing cultural contexts, if any language revitalization or revival is to actually happen.
Light-Induced Charge Carrier Dynamics at Nanostructured Interfaces Investigated by Ultrafast Electron Diffractive Photovoltammetry

We present an ultrafast photovoltammetry framework to investigate the surface charge carrier dynamics at the nanometer scale. This diffraction-based method utilizes the feature-gated nanomaterial diffraction pattern to identify the scattering sites and to deduce the associated charge dynamics from the nanocrystallographic refraction-shift observed in the ultrafast electron diffraction patterns. From applying this methodology on SiO2/Si interface, and surfaces decorated with nanoparticles and water–ice adsorbed layer, we are able to elucidate the localized charge injection, dielectric relaxation, and carrier diffusion, with direct resolution in the charge state and possibly correlated structural dynamics at these interfaces, which are central to nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis development. These new results highlight the high sensitivity of the interfacial charge transfer to the nanoscale modification, environment, and surface plasmonics enhancement and demonstrate the diffraction-based ultrafast surface voltage probe as a unique and powerful method to resolve the nanometer scale charge carrier dynamics.
Third trimester uterine artery Doppler indices as predictors of preeclampsia and neonatal small for gestational age.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that third-trimester uterine artery Doppler (UAD) predicts adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in a high-risk population.Study design: This is a nested case co...
Systems Engineering Based Effective Approach for Executing Senior Projects for Engineering Students

This paper describes a systems engineering approach for an effective design and execution of an undergraduate engineering capstone senior project. The paper will describe the steps and tools to construct and execute a multidisciplinary systems engineering based senior project and propose an outline for the final report. The proposed report outline will guide the students in the steps that they need to follow to successfully execute their project. The use of the systems engineering process will eliminate the causes of most of the problems students face during their project execution process. Systems engineering is an effective multidisciplinary approach that has been successfully used in the design of large complex and small systems. The proposed systems engineering based senior project outline aligns with the new ABET 2019–2020 Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) requirements for accreditation.
A computational pipeline to find lobule-specific electric field distribution during non-invasive cerebellar stimulation

Objective: Cerebellar Transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) of cerebellar lobules is challenging due to the complexity of the cerebellar structure. Therefore, we present a freely available computational pipeline to determine the subject-specific lobule-specific electric field distribution during ctDCS. Methods: The computational pipeline isolates subject-specific cerebellar lobules based on a spatially unbiased atlas template (SUIT) for the cerebellum, and then calculates the lobule-specific electric field distribution during ctDCS. The computational pipeline was tested using Colin27 Average Brain. The 5 cm × 5 cm anode was placed 3 cm lateral to inion, and the same sized cathode was placed on the contralateral supra-orbital area (called Manto montage) and buccinators muscle (called Celnik montage). A published 4x1 HD-ctDCS electrode montage was also implemented for a comparison using analysis of variance. Results: The electric field strength of both the Celnik and the Manto montages affected the lobules Crus II, VIIb, VIII, and IX of the targeted cerebellar hemispheres while Manto montage had a more bilateral effect. The HD-ctDCS montage primarily affected the lobules Crus I, Crus II, VIIb of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere. Discussion: Our freely available subject-specific computational modeling pipeline can be used to analyze lobulespecific electric field distribution to select an optimal ctDCS electrode montage.
Study and modeling of the electric propulsion system for marine boat

This paper deals with the modeling and simulation of the ship electric propulsion system. This system is depicted by a non-linear mathematical model. This analysis highlights the operation of a propulsion system of a ship and allows the modeling of its elements. Through a non-linear global model we obtain the performance of a total propulsion system. The numerical simulation is realized through Matlab/Simulink software.
Does perceptual psychology rule out disjunctivism in the theory of perception

Disjunctivist views in the theory of perception hold that genuine perceptions differ in some relevant kind from misperceptions, such as illusions and hallucinations. In recent papers, Tyler Burge has argued that such views conflict with the basic tenets of perceptual psychology. According to him, perceptual psychology is committed to the view that genuine perceptions and misperceptions produced by the same proximal stimuli must be or involve perceptual states of the same kind. This, he argues, conflicts with disjunctivism. In this paper, I defend epistemological disjunctivism from Burge’s inconsistency charge. To this end, I survey the perceptual psychological literature, and reveal that the perceptual kinds they tend to employ differ from and imply nothing about the kinds at issue for the epistemological disjunctivist. I then argue that Burge’s concerns with epistemological disjunctivism are best interpreted as motivated not by his commitment to empirical science, but instead by his views in epistemology and about human rationality.
Abstract P1-19-35: Trends in daily mood, pain, and fatigue among participants in the MADELINE study

Background: MADELINE is an observational, multicenter study of women in the United States with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) receiving palbociclib in combination with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) as initial endocrine therapy, or fulvestrant after progression on prior endocrine therapy. A novel mobile application is used to collect real-time patient-reported outcome (PRO) data to assess patient functioning and quality of life through daily, weekly, and monthly questionnaires for 6 months. Methods: An interim analysis of select PRO data was conducted among completed and ongoing patients with a minimum of baseline mobile app and eCRF data as of May 1, 2019. PROs analyzed included daily assessments of seven-level mood rating (very sad to most happy), pain and fatigue severity measured using an 11-point (0 to 10 with 10 being the worst possible pain or fatigue) numeric rating scale (NRS), and pain location. Analyses were descriptive and daily data were averaged to create weekly scores. Results: Twenty-three sites contributed 137 patients (mean [± standard deviation] age 59.7 ± 11.74; white: 84%; ECOG 0-1: 87%; initiated palbociclib plus AI at enrollment: 62%). At the start of cycle 1, the average percentage of days where patients reported a mood of “Neutral” was 44.5%, followed by “Content” with 26.5%; results were relatively stable across the study. The average daily level of pain was 2.3 (2.32) on the NRS during cycle 1, week 1 with no substantial numerical changes across the study [cycle 6, week 4: mean± standard deviation 2.0 (2.13)]. Pain was indicated throughout the body but reported more frequently in the lower body, legs and chest. The average daily fatigue severity on the NRS during the following time points were [mean ± standard deviation]: cycle 1, week 1: 2.8 (2.25); cycle 3, week 1: 2.5 (2.31); and cycle 6, week 1: 2.3 (1.91). Results were relatively similar for patients that initiated either palbociclib plus AI or palbociclib plus fulvestrant. Average daily pain and fatigue scores for week 1 by cycle are shown in the table. Conclusions: Daily reported PRO collected in the MADELINE study suggest a low level of pain and fatigue that does not change substantially over time. The most commonly reported mood ratings among patients were neutral or content. Citation Format: David Richardson, Lin Zhan, Maria Reynolds, Kelly Hollis, Lynn McRoy, Debanjali Mitra, Reshma Mahtani. Trends in daily mood, pain, and fatigue among participants in the MADELINE study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-19-35.
WaveSpy: Remote and Through-wall Screen Attack via mmWave Sensing

Digital screens, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), are vulnerable to attacks (e.g., "shoulder surfing") that can bypass security protection services (e.g., firewall) to steal confidential information from intended victims. The conventional practice to mitigate these threats is isolation. An isolated zone, without accessibility, proximity, and line-of-sight, seems to bring personal devices to a truly secure place.In this paper, we revisit this historical topic and re-examine the security risk of screen attacks in an isolation scenario mentioned above. Specifically, we identify and validate a new and practical side-channel attack for screen content via liquid crystal nematic state estimation using a low-cost radio-frequency sensor. By leveraging the relationship between the screen content and the states of liquid crystal arrays in displays, we develop WaveSpy, an end-to-end portable through-wall screen attack system. WaveSpy comprises a low-cost, energy-efficient and light-weight millimeter-wave (mmWave) probe which can remotely collect the liquid crystal state response to a set of mmWave stimuli and facilitate screen content inference, even when the victim’s screen is placed in an isolated zone. We intensively evaluate the performance and practicality of WaveSpy in screen attacks, including over 100 different types of content on 30 digital screens of modern electronic devices. WaveSpy achieves an accuracy of 99% in screen content type recognition and a success rate of 87.77% in Top-3 sensitive information retrieval under real-world scenarios, respectively. Furthermore, we discuss several potential defense mechanisms to mitigate screen eavesdropping similar to WaveSpy.
A Restricted Four-Parameter IRT Model: The Dyad Four-Parameter Normal Ogive (Dyad-4PNO) Model

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the four-parameter item response theory model as a way to capture guessing and slipping behaviors in responses. Research has shown, however, that the nested three-parameter model suffers from issues of unidentifiability (San Martin et al. in Psychometrika 80:450–467, 2015), which places concern on the identifiability of the four-parameter model. Borrowing from recent advances in the identification of cognitive diagnostic models, in particular, the DINA model (Gu and Xu in Stat Sin https://doi.org/10.5705/ss.202018.0420 , 2019), a new model is proposed with restrictions inspired by this new literature to help with the identification issue. Specifically, we show conditions under which the four-parameter model is strictly and generically identified. These conditions inform the presentation of a new exploratory model, which we call the dyad four-parameter normal ogive (Dyad-4PNO) model. This model is developed by placing a hierarchical structure on the DINA model and imposing equality constraints on a priori unknown dyads of items. We present a Bayesian formulation of this model, and show that model parameters can be accurately recovered. Finally, we apply the model to a real dataset.
Photoelectrosynthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) and Impact of Band-Gap on Conversion Yield

Electrooxidation of water to oxygen is a kinetically slow reaction; hence, a large overpotential is required to drive this process at a desired rate and to generate adequate electrons for hydrogen reduction at a platinum cathode. A possible alternative is to replace water with another species whose oxidation needs lower overpotentials. In this regard, electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has shown fast kinetics at low overpotentials Figure 1).1 Furthermore, this reaction features great industrial significance; HMF is a byproduct of the food industry (estimated annual production of 50 million tons) and its conversion to FDCA is an important process in the field of degradable polymers.2,3 FDCA is a cheap and green alternative for polyethylene terephthalic acid (PET) that has been used for fabrication of plastics.4–6 In the present work, we studied the electro- and photoelectrooxidation of HMF to FDCA with application of an anode made of NixCu1-xWO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1). In experiment 1, electrooxidation of HMF was carried out in the absence of light. The conversion yield has been reported for this experiment by measurement of the amount of hydrogen gas evolved and FDCA formed at the end of the electrolysis. Finally, the yield of the reaction was correlated to the doping amount of copper incorporated within the host of nickel tungstate. For photoelectrochemical conversion of HMF, a similar setup to experiment 1 has been utilized; however, electrolyses were carried out in the presence of light (experiment 2). Conversion yield and oxidation overpotential in both experiments have been compared to evaluate the effect of doping on the photoelectrochemical properties of modified nickel tungstate. Present data revealed that lower oxidation overpotential is needed in experiment 2 in comparison with experiment 1. Moreover, we observed that, by enhancement of the copper amount (experiment 2), conversion yield was improved significantly. References Kubota, S. R.; Choi, K.-S. ChemsusChem. 2018, 11, 2138. Rosatella, A. A.; Simeonov, S. P.; Raquel, F. M.; Afonso, C. A. M. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 754. Howard, J.; Rackemann, D. W.; Bartley, C.; Samori, C.; Doherty, W. O. S. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 4531. Li, K.; Mengmeng, D.; Ji, P. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018 , 6, 5636. Xu, S.; Zhou, P.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, C.; Zhang, B.; Deng, K.; Bottle, S.; Zhu, H. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 139, 14775. Macedo, N. G.; Gouveia, A. F.; Roca, R. A.; Assis, M.; Garcia, L.; Andres, J.; Leite, E. R.; Longo, E. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 866. Figure 1
Mechanisms for Communicating in a Marmoset "Cocktail Party"

Abstract A fundamental challenge for audition is parsing the voice of a single speaker amid a cacophony of other voices known as the Cocktail Party Problem (CPP). Despite its prevalence, relatively little remains known about how our simian cousins solve the CPP for active, natural communication. Here we employed an innovative, multi-speaker paradigm comprising five computer-generated Virtual Monkeys (VM) whose respective vocal behavior could be systematically varied to construct marmoset cocktail parties and tested the impact of specific acoustic scene manipulations on vocal behavior. Results indicate that marmosets not only employ auditory mechanisms – including attention – for speaker stream segregation, but also selectively change their own vocal behavior in response to the dynamics of the acoustic scene to overcome the challenges of the CPP. These findings suggest notable parallels between human and nonhuman primate audition and highlight the active role that speakers play to optimize communicative efficacy in complex real-world acoustic scenes.
European experience of state policy in the field of justice

The article considers European experience of state policy in the field of justice. Various models of justice in Europe, on the basis of which protection of rights and freedoms of citizens and their interaction with public authorities and local governments is ensured, are considered. Different approaches to the construction of the system of justice in different European countries are highlighted. The essence of the judicial bodies in different European countries is determined and their activity is evaluated.It is argued that each European country has its own peculiarities of appointment of judges to their positions. It is determined that in most European countries organizational support of judicial institutions belongs to the competence of executive bodies, which are mainly the Ministries of Justice. Common and distinctive features of the activity of judicial bodies in European countries and in Ukraine are analyzed. It is noted that in Ukraine, in contrast to European countries, the powers in the field of intellectual property do not belong to the judicial bodies, but to the State Intellectual Property Service of Ukraine, which is a separate central executive body. Proposals regarding improvement of the activities of the judiciary bodies in Ukraine, taking into account European experience, are made. European experience shows that a rationally constructed system of justice can be an effective mechanism for protection of rights of citizens and promote the development of a civilized legal society. Analysis of this experience shows the possibility of borrowing the positive achievements of European legal policy to improve the activities of judiciary bodies in Ukraine. European standards will promote the establishment of the rule of law in Ukrainian state and ensure effective protection of human and civil rights in relations with public administration and local self-government bodies arising in the field of public legal relations in Ukraine.
Moving Beyond Breastfeeding Initiation: A Qualitative Study Unpacking Factors That Influence Infant Feeding at Hospital Discharge Among Urban, Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Women.

Abstract Background Factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and duration have been well established; however, there is limited understanding of in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), which is critical for establishing breastfeeding. Grady Memorial Hospital, which serves a high proportion of participants receiving Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and racial/ethnic minorities, had an in-hospital EBF rate in 2018 by the Joint Commission’s definition of 29% and sought contextualized evidence on how to best support breastfeeding mothers. Objective The objectives were to (1) identify facilitators and barriers to in-hospital EBF and (2) explore breastfeeding support available from key stakeholders across the social-ecological model. Design In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants The sample included a total of 38 purposively sampled participants from Grady Memorial Hospital (10 EBF mothers, 10 non-EBF, and 18 key stakeholders such as clinicians, community organizations’ staff, and administrators). Results Key themes included that maternal perception of inadequate milk supply was a barrier to in-hospital EBF at the intrapersonal level. At the interpersonal level, a personable and individualized approach to breastfeeding counseling may be most effective in supporting EBF. At the institutional level, key determinants of EBF were gaps in prenatal breastfeeding education, limited time to provide comprehensive prenatal education to high-risk patients, and practical help with latching and positioning. Community-level WIC services were perceived as a facilitator due to the additional benefits provided for EBF mothers; however, the distribution of WIC vouchers for formula to mothers while they are in the hospital undermines the promotion of EBF. Cultural norms and a diverse patient population were reported as barriers to providing support at the macrosystem level. Conclusion Multipronged approaches that span the social-ecological model may be required to support early EBF in hospital settings.