cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiologic Evaluation of Chronic Venous Stasis with Ambulatory Venous Pressure Studies

Seven normal controls and 51 lower extremities with venous insufficiency in 45 patients were studied with ambulatory venous pressure. Measurements were done at rest and during 15 seconds of exercise without a tourniquet and with 1 or 2 tourniquets at different levels of the extremity. The decrease in pressure during exercise and the time to return to standing levels were used to calculate a venous sufficiency index. Six pathologic categories were identified in patients with chronic venous stasis. Incompetence of perforators was present in 17 cases. A combination of long saphenous vein and perforator incompetence was detected in 10 cases. Thirteen cases had a pattern of regurgitant deep vein incompetence. Two cases had incompetence of the saphenous system. A deep vein obstruction pattern was present in 3 other patients. Ascending and retrograde phlebography was done in 30 of these cases. There was an 83.3% correlation between the venous pressure and phlebographic tests. Contrast studies were found to be complementary and added extra-anatomical information. Based on these special studies, a rational approach to the treatment of venous insufficiency has evolved. The early results are encouraging.
A COMPENSATION TECHNIQUE FOR STRAIN MEASUREMENT IN CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS

The Centaur test requires a large number of gages with very steep temperature gradients and warrants the time and expense required to develop the correction curves for a mathematical compensation. Once the curves are developed there is no added cost for adding more gages with the mathematical compensation. Furthermore, mathematical compensation will allow us to quantify the data uncertainty prior to beginning the tests. While mathematical compensation is not the best solution for cryogenic strain measurements, in this application it is the only truly viable method.
Cost–time performance of public sector housing projects in Nigeria*

Abstract The performance of the construction industry in Nigeria has consistently been a source of concern to both public and private sector clients. Previous studies have identified cost and time overruns amongst others as key performance indicators. This is particularly significant for public sector clients in Nigeria, where due to poor budgetary control, many projects have been abandoned at various stages of completion. This paper is set to evaluate the magnitude of this problem at key stages in the process, from budgetary planning to completion, using the public sector client as exploratory model.
Mortality Impact of Hypothermia After Cavitary Explorations in Trauma

Admission hypothermia (core temperature ≤ 35°C) is an independent risk factor for mortality after trauma. The predictive value of perioperative core temperatures during acute trauma surgery, however, although widely employed as a criterion for initiating damage control, is unknown. We hypothesized that for trauma patients undergoing laparotomy or thoracotomy, early postoperative hypothermia is a predictor of mortality. After institutional review board (IRB) approval, all critically ill trauma patients undergoing cavitary surgery (laparotomy or thoracotomy) at a level 1 trauma center from 01/1998 to 07/2006 were identified from the trauma registry. Immediate postoperative core temperature (Tc) was used to classify patients as hypothermic (Tc ≤ 35°C) or normothermic (Tc > 35°C). The profoundly hypothermic subgroup of patients with a Tc 35°C, the relative risk of death for patients with a Tc between 35°C and 33°C was 4.0, and that for patients with a Tc ≤ 33°C it was 7.1. After adjusting for multiple differences between groups, postoperative hypothermia remained an independent predictor of mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–5.3; p < 0.001). Postoperative hypothermia is common in critically injured patients requiring cavitary surgery and is an independent predictor of mortality. The impact of measures to maintain or restore normothermia in the operating room warrants further investigation.
A new group of interstitial worms, Lobatocerebridae nov. fam. (Annelida) and its significance for metazoan phylogeny

This is the first paper of a series dealing with the new interstitial, monotypic family Lobatocerebridae. The single genusLobatocerebrum is described as a turbellariomorph taxon in the annelid line of evolution. The male genital system, the protonephridial system, the body wall and the anus-hindgut system reveal the most important characteristics for the determination of its phylogenetic position. Although presently the group can not be clearly aligned with any of the classes within the Annelida, the new family is provisionally included into the Oligochaeta, until further, yet undescribed species of this group will reveal better the within-group characterconsistency. Because of the high degree of superficial similarities to the Turbellaria (acoelomate body cavity, complete ciliation, lack of signs of segmentation, special features of the foregut, arrangement of reproductive organs) this paper argues that the Lobatocerebridae may become an important example for trying to understand the origin and evolution of acoelomate flatworms from coelomate ancestors.
Calculating group cohomology: tests for completion

We want to calculate generators and relations for the mod- p cohomology rings of finite groups using computer technology. For this purpose we develop interactive tests to check whether a specific calculation is complete, in the case that the group is a p -group. The method involves checking some conjectures about the nature of the cohomology rings.
The effect of combining aromatase inhibitors with antiestrogens on tumor growth in a nude mouse model for breast cancer.

We have previously established a model for postmenopausal, hormone‐dependent breast cancer in nude mice which is responsive to both antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors. In this model, MCF‐7 human breast carcinoma cells transfected with the aromatase gene (MCF‐7CA) synthesize sufficient estrogen to form tumors in ovariectomized nude mice. In the present study we used this intratumoral aromatase model to investigate the effects on tumor growth of the new nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors letrozole (CGS 20,267) and anastrozole (ZD 1033) and the antiestrogens tamoxifen (ICI 47,474) and faslodex (ICI 182,780). Furthermore, we determined whether the inhibition of estrogen synthesis together with inhibition of estrogen action would be more effective in controlling breast tumor growth. The results of our studies indicate that the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole, as well as the new pure antiestrogen faslodex, have potent antitumor effects in the mouse model. In the treatment of mice with mammary tumors, letrozole was more effective in suppressing tumor growth than anastrozole. This was consistent with the Ki values of these inhibitors against placental aromatase and the IC50 values in cell culture (MCF‐7CA), which indicated the greater potency of letrozole as an aromatase inhibitor. Letrozole also had greater antitumor effects than tamoxifen and faslodex. The antitumor effect of letrozole was substantial, making it difficult to detect any additional effect on the tumors when letrozole was combined with the antiestrogens. However, the combined treatment of anastrozole + tamoxifen and anastrozole + faslodex also did not increase efficacy compared to the aromatase inhibitor alone. In addition, combining the two antiestrogens did not suppress tumor growth more effectively than faslodex alone. Our results show that treatment with the combinations of aromatase inhibitors with either tamoxifen or faslodex are not more effective in blocking estrogen stimulation of tumor growth than the aromatase inhibitors alone.
Programmatic utilities of sensor data: keynote talk

Utilizing sensor data directly by Ubicomp applications requires simple programmatic abstractions such as sensor API's or service-oriented representations of sensors. However, there are other powerful utilities such as phenomena clouds, complex events, continuous queries, contexts, activities, situations, and goals, all needy of equally powerful programmatic abstractions. Without empowering and supporting programmers and developers to use these various utilities, the full potential of sensor deployments will not be realized. In this keynote speech, I will present several programmatic abstractions that support programmers and developers of future Ubicomp systems, and that promotes the transfer of specialized research (as it matures) into the realm of languages, tools, run time environments and middleware. I will present our ongoing research work in this area and discuss several challenges that require more attention and creativity by this research community.
Restenosis following coronary angioplasty: Clinical presentations and therapeutic options

Restenosis following angioplasty is an iatrogenic disease of increasing frequency. Restenosis may be defined in terms of either angiographic or clinical criteria. Definitions of angiographic restenosis have varied in different studies, accounting in part for the differences in reported restenosis rates. Most studies now define angiographic restenosis as either a > 50% loss of initial gain or an absolute lesion stenosis of > or = 50% at follow-up angiogram. Common clinical end points used in defining restenosis include recurrent angina, need for repeat revascularization, or myocardial infarction. Despite technical advances and multiple pharmacologic interventions, most studies have found that the incidence of angiographic restenosis remains in the range of 40%; in none of these studies, however, was complete angiographic follow-up obtained, and thus actual restenosis rates may be somewhat higher. In several studies, clinical restenosis has been found to occur in approximately 36-40% of patients. Thus, a minority of patients with angiographic restenosis have no clinical manifestations. Most patients who develop symptoms of restenosis develop these symptoms within the first 3 months after angioplasty. The presenting symptom in the majority of these patients is progressive exertional angina. Patients occasionally will present with unstable angina and only rarely with acute myocardial infarction. In patients who present with recurrent chest pain, several features have been found to be helpful in predicting whether they will have angiographic restenosis at follow-up angiography. Patients who present 1-6 months after angioplasty with typical anginal symptoms have a high likelihood of having angiographic restenosis. By contrast, patients who present more than 6 months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with recurrent chest pain are more likely to have new, significant coronary lesions to account for their symptoms. Noninvasive testing in patients with clinical presentations suggestive of restenosis can, in general, add only modest information in predicting whether restenosis is indeed present. A negative exercise thallium test appears to have a high specificity in ruling out restenosis and may be helpful in patients who present with more atypical symptoms. Repeat angioplasty is the therapy most frequently utilized to treat restenosis, although coronary artery bypass surgery or medical therapy may be reasonable alternative therapies. Clinical success rates with repeat angioplasty are > 90%, and major complications are rare; however, restenosis will recur in a significant percentage of these patients. Some patients who develop such recurrent restenoses will ultimately benefit from a strategy of repeat angioplasties, although many will require surgical revascularization.
Diagnosis and monitoring of disseminated candidiasis based on serum/urine D/L-arabinitol ratios.

Disseminated candidiasis, a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients, is difficult to diagnose because of the protean nature of symptoms and the lack of rapid and reliable laboratory diagnostic procedures. The subject of this review is the status of gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of D-arabitinol, a unique metabolite of pathogenic Candida species, in serum and urine. The enantiomers are separated by chiral chromatography followed by specific and sensitive detection using chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring. Using D/L-arabinitol ratios, instead of individual concentrations, eliminates the need for knowing the volume of samples and for calibration curves. A new filter paper technique requires only an unmeasured drop of whole blood (venous or finger/heel puncture) or urine; paper spots are mailable. Parallel determinations of D/L-arabinitol ratios in serum and urine in normal subjects and cancer patients with both normal and increased D/L-arabitinol ratios revealed constant (1.2–1.3 range) ratios of serum D/L-arabitinol/urine D/L-arabinitol for all populations studied. Analyzing two body fluids taken at the same time increases reliability by reducing false positives. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Whole-Hearted Motivation and Relevant Alternatives: A Problem for the Contrastivist Account of Moral Reasons

Recently, Walter Sinott-Armstrong and Justin Snedegar have argued for a general contrastivist theory of reasons. According to the contrastivist account of reasons, all reasons claims should be understood as a relation with an additional place for a contrast class. For example, rather than X being a reason for A to P simpliciter, the contrastivist claims that X is a reason for A to P out of {P,Q,R…}. The main goal of this paper is to argue that the contrastivist account of reasons will be ill-fitted for accommodating certain features of moral reasons. In brief, the reason why the contrastivist analysis fails is that it cannot adequately allow for cases of morally correct whole-hearted action—cases where consideration of any alternate course of action would be misguided. But, if all consideration of alternate courses of action is misguided, then it is hard to see how one can set the relevant contrast class that is essential to the contrastivist view—any contrast class will seem out of place. In addition, I address some of the arguments that have been given in favor of the contrastivist account of reasons and argue that there are at least two ways that the non-contrastivist can respond to these arguments.
Mental Health Promotion for Vulnerable African American Youth

Fifty-six African American youth between 10-14 years of age participated in a community-based 14-week expressive arts program designed for youth at risk of involvement with the juvenile justice system. Positive and statistically significant findings for pre-post changes in self-control, protective factors, and resilience were found. Difficulty in engaging parents and the strong racial biases of the community appear to have influenced the lack of improvement in self-esteem scores.
The use of women in the advertising of distilled spirits 1956 - 1979.

(1980). The Use of Women in the Advertising of Distilled Spirits 1956–1979. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Synthesis of polyarylene homopolymers and copolymers via nickel(0)-catalyzed homocoupling of arylenebismesylates derived from bisphenols

A general and inexpensive procedure for the synthesis of poly(arylene)-type homopolymers and copolymers containing alternating oligophenylene and a functional group (X) (e.g. X=-O-, -CO-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -CH2-CH(Et)-, etc) is described. The synthetic method is based on the Ni(0)-catalyzed homocoupling of aryl bismesylates (MsOAr-X-ArOMs) derived from bisphenols. Symmetric X groups lead to regioregular crystalline and insoluble polymers whereas bulky, asymmetric X groups or the incorporation of comonomers yield regioirregular polymers and, respectively, copolymers with decreased crystallinity and increased solubility. This new synthetic method can be applied to the preparation of polymers with controlled rigidity which are amorphous, crystalline or liquid crystalline.
Traffic congestion: an experimental study of the Downs-Thomson paradox

This study considers a model of road congestion with average cost pricing. Subjects must choose between two routes—Road and Metro. The travel cost on the road is increasing in the number of commuters who choose this route, while the travel cost on the metro is decreasing in the number of its users. We examine how changes to the road capacity, the number of commuters, and the metro pricing scheme influence the commuters’ route-choice behavior. According to the Downs-Thomson paradox, improved road capacity increases travel times along both routes because it attracts more users to the road and away from the metro, thereby worsening both services. A change in route design generates two Nash equilibria; and the resulting coordination problem is amplified even further when the number of commuters is large. We find that, similar to other binary choice experiments with congestion effects, aggregate traffic flows are close to the equilibrium levels, but systematic individual differences persist over time.
On the fundamental basis of fracture mechanics

Abstract Based on the crack tip stress and strain fields, the linear and the non-linear fracture mechanics have been developed. Their applications to the studies of fracture initiation and stable crack growth may differ because of the difference in the basic postulates of various fracture theories. The correct postulates will help to develop non-linear fracture mechanics for valid fracture toughness measurements and to extend fracture mechanics beyond the realms of K and J . The basic postulates of the linear elastic fracture mechanics are examined. The theory of global energy balance, the theory of sharp notch, and the theory of the characterization of crack tip stress and strain fields by K are analyzed. Fracture initiation and stable crack growth are local fracture phenomena. Therefore the global energy balance theory for crack initiation and stable crack growth without the study of the detailed fracture processes is fortuitous. The capability of the stress intensity factor to characterize the crack tip stress and strain fields for the localized fracture process is the basis for the validity of the linear elastic fracture mechanics. The concept of the characteristic crack tip field can be directly extended to the non-linear fracture mechanics. The fracture toughness and the tearing modulus of a tough material are measures of the fracture ductility of the material. The possibility to extend fracture mechanics beyond the realms of K and J are discussed.
CPU Sim 3.1: A tool for simulating computer architectures for computer organization classes

CPU Sim 3.1 is an educational software package written in Java for use in CS3 courses. CPU Sim provides students an active learning environment in which they can design, modify, and compare various computer architectures at the register-transfer level and higher. They can run assembly language or machine language programs for those architectures through simulation. CPU Sim is a complete development environment, including dialog boxes for designing the CPU architecture, a text editor for editing assembly language programs, an assembler, several display windows for viewing the registers and RAMs during the execution of programs, and many debugging features such as the ability to step forward or backward during execution, inspecting and optionally changing the values in the registers and RAMs after each step. These features and suggested uses of CPU Sim in CS3 classes are discussed.
Exchange of conductance and gating properties between gap junction hemichannels.

Gap junction channels span the membranes of two adjacent cells and allow the gated transit of molecules as large as second messengers from cell to cell. The structure of the gap junction channel pore is not resolved. For identification of pore determinants we used a chimera of two connexins, cx46 and cx32E143, that form membrane channels with distinct unit conductances and channel kinetics. Exchange of the first transmembrane segment (M1) between these connexins resulted in a chimera that exhibited most of the channel properties of the M1 donor, including single channel conductance, channel kinetics, and the preference to dwell at a subconductance level. The M1 segment thus appears to be an important determinant of conductance and gating properties of connexin channels.
Engineering teaching inducements

Engineering instruction offers many inducements as a professional career according to Doctor R. M. Brick, director of the metallurgical engineering department of the University of Pittsburgh, Pa. In the June issue of Mining and Metallurgy he cites the need for more qualified men with engineering training to go into the teaching profession.
Mediastinal teratoma and precocious puberty in a boy with mosaic Klinefelter syndrome.

We describe a boy who developed precocious puberty resulting from chorionic gonadotropin produced by a mediastinal germ cell tumor. Following tumor removal he began spontaneous precocious sexual development which was treated and then arrested spontaneously. Investigation of this arrested puberty established that he had Klinefelter syndrome (KS) mosaicism. He represents the first instance of KS mosaicism reported with a mediastinal germ cell tumor, a neoplasm commonly reported in males with a 47,XXY karyotype. We recommend that all males with KS and early sexual development or with “normal” testicular growth be screened with measurement of germ cell tumor markers including β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and α-fetoprotein. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future

The eddy covariance technique ascertains the exchange rate of CO2 across the interface between the atmosphere and a plant canopy by measuring the covariance between fluctuations in vertical wind velocity and CO2 mixing ratio. Two decades ago, the method was employed to study CO2 exchange of agricultural crops under ideal conditions during short field campaigns. During the past decade the eddy covariance method has emerged as an important tool for evaluating fluxes of carbon dioxide between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere over the course of a year, and more. At present, the method is being applied in a nearly continuous mode to study carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange at over a hundred and eighty field sites, worldwide. The objective of this review is to assess the eddy covariance method as it is being applied by the global change community on increasingly longer time scales and over less than ideal surfaces. The eddy covariance method is most accurate when the atmospheric conditions (wind, temperature, humidity, CO2) are steady, the underlying vegetation is homogeneous and it is situated on flat terrain for an extended distance upwind. When the eddy covariance method is applied over natural and complex landscapes or during atmospheric conditions that vary with time, the quantification of CO2 exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere must include measurements of atmospheric storage, flux divergence and advection. Averaging CO2 flux measurements over long periods (days to year) reduces random sampling error to relatively small values. Unfortunately, data gaps are inevitable when constructing long data records. Data gaps are generally filled with values produced from statistical and empirical models to produce daily and annual sums of CO2 exchange. Filling data gaps with empirical estimates do not introduce significant bias errors because the empirical algorithms are derived from large statistical populations. On the other hand, flux measurement errors can be biased at night when winds are light and intermittent. Nighttime bias errors tend to produce an underestimate in the measurement of ecosystem respiration. Despite the sources of errors associated with long-term eddy flux measurements, many investigators are producing defensible estimates of annual carbon exchange. When measurements come from nearly ideal sites the error bound on the net annual exchange of CO2 is less than ±50 g C m−2 yr−1. Additional confidence in long-term measurements is growing because investigators are producing values of net ecosystem productivity that are converging with independent values produced by measuring changes in biomass and soil carbon, as long as the biomass inventory studies are conducted over multiple years.
Approval Summary: Imatinib Mesylate in the Adjuvant Treatment of Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

On December 19, 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved imatinib mesylate tablets for oral use (Gleevec(R); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ) for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients following complete gross resection of Kit(+) (CD117(+)) gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolling 713 patients was submitted. The primary objective of the clinical trial was to compare the recurrence-free survival (RFS) intervals of the two groups. Overall survival (OS) was a secondary endpoint. Eligible patients were > or =18 years of age with a histological diagnosis of GIST (Kit(+)), resected tumor size > or =3 cm, and a complete gross resection within 14-70 days prior to registration. Imatinib, 400 mg orally, was administered once daily for 1 year. The study was terminated after completion of the third protocol-specified interim analysis. At that time, 100 RFS events were confirmed by a blinded central independent review. With a median follow-up of 14 months, 30 RFS events were observed in the imatinib group and 70 were observed in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.398; 95% confidence interval, 0.259-0.610; two-sided p-value or =3 adverse reactions. The most frequently reported adverse reactions (> or =20%) were diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, edema, decreased hemoglobin, rash, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in 17% and 3% of the imatinib and placebo-treated patients, respectively.
Physician's Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance

Part I: Pathological Conditions Caused by Arthropods. Principles of Treatment of Arthropod Bites, Stings, etc. Allergy to Arthropods and Their Venoms. Stings. Bites. Dermatitis, Urticaria, Blistering. Myiasis. Delusions of Parasitosis. Part II: Identification of Arthropods and the Diseases They Cause. Identification of Medically Important Arthropods. Signs and Symptoms of Arthropod-borne Diseases. Part III: Arthropods of Medical Importance. Ants. Bees. Blister Beetles. Bugs (The True Bugs). Caterpillars (Urticating). Centipedes. Cockroaches. Earwigs. Fleas. Flies (Biting). Flies (Non-Biting). Flies (Which Cause Myiasis). Lice. Millipedes. Mites. Mosquitoes. Moths (Whose Scales Cause Irritation). Scorpions. Spiders. Ticks. Wasps. Part IV: Personal Protection Measures Against Arthropods. Pros and Cons of Repellents. Arthropod-Specific Personal Protection Techniques. Part V: Glossary and Index.
Comparisons of Paranormal Beliefs of Black and White University Students from the Southern United States

Paranormal beliefs of 250 black and 208 white university students from the Southern United States were compared on the Paranormal Belief Scale. This sample of black students reported significantly greater belief than the sample of white students in Superstition, Witchcraft, Spiritualism, and Precognition. The white students showed significantly greater Traditional Religious Belief and belief in Extraordinary Life Forms. However, notwithstanding these significant group differences, both groups similarly reported “belief” in Traditional Religious Belief and in Precognition, while reporting “disbelief” in Psi, Witchcraft, Superstition, Spiritualism, and Extraordinary Life Forms.
An authorization mechanism for a relational database system

A multiuser database system must selectively permit users to share data, while retaining the ability to restrict data access. There must be a mechanism to provide protection and security, permitting information to be accessed only by properly authorized users. Further, when tables or restricted views of tables are created and destroyed dynamically, the granting, authentication, and revocation of authorization to use them must also be dynamic. Each of these issues and their solutions in the context of the relational database management system System R are discussed.When a database user creates a table, he is fully and solely authorized to perform upon it actions such as read, insert, update, and delete. He may explicitly grant to any other user any or all of his privileges on the table. In addition he may specify that that user is authorized to further grant these privileges to still other users. The result is a directed graph of granted privileges originating from the table creator.At some later time a user A may revoke some or all of the privileges which he previously granted to another user B. This action usually revokes the entire subgraph of the grants originating from A's grant to B. It may be, however, that B will still possess the revoked privileges by means of a grant from another user C, and therefore some or all of B's grants should not be revoked. This problem is discussed in detail, and an algorithm for detecting exactly which of B's grants should be revoked is presented.
Calcineurin-dependent cofilin activation and increased retrograde actin flow drive 5-HT–dependent neurite outgrowth in Aplysia bag cell neurons

Neurite outgrowth in response to soluble growth factors often involves changes in intracellular Ca(2+); however, mechanistic roles for Ca(2+) in controlling the underlying dynamic cytoskeletal processes have remained enigmatic. Bag cell neurons exposed to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) respond with a threefold increase in neurite outgrowth rates. Outgrowth depends on phospholipase C (PLC) → inositol trisphosphate → Ca(2+) → calcineurin signaling and is accompanied by increased rates of retrograde actin network flow in the growth cone P domain. Calcineurin inhibitors had no effect on Ca(2+) release or basal levels of retrograde actin flow; however, they completely suppressed 5-HT-dependent outgrowth and F-actin flow acceleration. 5-HT treatments were accompanied by calcineurin-dependent increases in cofilin activity in the growth cone P domain. 5-HT effects were mimicked by direct activation of PLC, suggesting that increased actin network treadmilling may be a widespread mechanism for promoting neurite outgrowth in response to neurotrophic factors.
A new achievable rate region for the discrete memoryless X channel

We consider the discrete memoryless X channel, a communication model with two transmitters and two receivers in which every transmitter has a message for every receiver. We propose an achievable scheme, based on the message splitting and binning techniques, which results in the best inner bound on the capacity region of the X channel to date.
Authorship in Scholarly Manuscripts: Practical Considerations for Resident and Early Career Physicians

The effective presentation of new knowledge through published scholarship is essential to advancing the field of medicine, and the generation of outstanding scholarship is essential to advancing the careers of academic physicians. Indeed, academic reputation and standing remains largely based on the quantity and quality of publications across diverse career tracks in academic medical centers and universities (2). Academic writing is therefore important, but learning to write papers for publication is not easy. Moreover, learning to respond to the many complexities that arise when collaborating with colleagues in developing written scholarship can be very difficult—scientifically, interpersonally, professionally, and ethically. This is especially true in modern academic settings where expectations and standards for scholarly productivity are demanding, where rigorous intellectual work often derives from a shared process, and where interdisciplinary collaboration is highly valued. Perhaps one of the most vexing issues encountered by resident physicians and early career faculty is how best to approach the assignment of authorship. There are both
Intrathyroidal Accumulation of T Cell Phenotypes in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

In this study we have correlated peripheral T cell subset phenotypes with intrathyroidal lymphocyte accumulation in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' and Hashimoto's disease). Our study utilized euthyroid family members for one of our control groups (n = 48) thus significantly limiting familial, but not disease-specific, influences on these T cell phenotypes. Our principal new observations were found only in patients with Graves' disease. As previously reported, there was a decrease in CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with untreated hyperthyroid Graves' disease (n = 27) (mean +/- SEM, 19 +/- 1.1% in patients compared with 25 +/- 1.2% in controls, p = 0.03), a finding not observed in treated, euthyroid Graves' disease patients or their relatives. However, the relative number of CD8+ T cells, assessed by CD4:CD8 ratios, was increased in the intrathyroidal T cell populations (n = 10), when compared to normal and patient peripheral blood. There were no consistent changes in total CD4+ (helper) T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with treated and untreated Graves' disease but a reduction in CD4+2H4+ (suppressor-inducer) T cells was seen in patients undergoing surgery for Graves' disease (13 +/- 6.9% compared with 39 +/- 3.4%). Again, however, this T cell subset was increased within the target organ of the same patients (41 +/- 5.9%). These data point to either a selective accumulation, or a specific "homing", of certain T cell subsets within the thyroid gland of patients with Graves' disease where T cell differentiation may be strongly influenced by antithyroid drug treatment and the local immune environment.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and protective effects in cardiovascular disease: a new therapeutic approach for myocardial protection

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a member of the proglucagon incretin family implicated in the control of appetite and satiety. GLP-1 has insulinotropic, insulinomimetic, and glucagonostatic effects, thereby exerting multiple complementary actions to lower blood glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A major advantage over conventional insulin is the fact that the insulinotropic actions of GLP-1 are dependent upon ambient glucose concentration, mitigating the risks of hypoglycemia. Recently, the crucial role of GLP-1 in cardiovascular disease has been suggested in both preclinical and clinical studies. The experimental data indicate GLP-1 and its analogs to have direct effects on the cardiovascular system, in addition to their classic glucoregulatory actions. Clinically, beneficial effects of GLP-1 have also been demonstrated in patients with myocardial ischemia and heart failure. GLP-1 has recently been demonstrated to be a more effective alternative in treating myocardial injury. This paper provides a review on the current evidence supporting the use of GLP-1 in experimental animal models and human trials with the ischemic and non-ischemic heart and discusses their molecular mechanisms and potential as a new therapeutic approach.
An ounce of prevention: noninvasive ventilation to prevent postextubation respiratory failure.

Patients: Ninety-seven consecutive patients with similar baseline characteristics requiring >48 hours of mechanical ventilation and considered at risk of developing postextubation respiratory failure (i.e., patients who had hypercapnia, congestive heart failure, ineffective cough and excessive tracheobronchial secretions, more than one failure of a weaning trial, more than one comorbid condition, and upper airway obstruction).
A connection formalism for the solution of large and stiff models

Realistic computer systems are hard to model using state-based methods because of the large state spaces they require and the likely stiffness of the resulting models (because activities occur at many time scales). One way to address this problem is to decompose a model into submodels, which are solved separately but exchange results. We call modeling formalisms that support such techniques "connection formalisms". We describe a new set of connection formalisms that reduces state-space size and solution time by identifying submodels that are not affected by the rest of a model and solving them separately, A result from each solved submodel is then used in the solution of the rest of the model. We demonstrate the use of two of these connection formalisms by modeling a real-world file server in the Mobius modeling framework. The connected models were solved one to two orders of magnitude faster than the original model, with one of these decomposition techniques introducing an error of less than 11%.
Outcome of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Patients with Multiple Renal Calculi Based on Stone Burden and Location

Of 2,234 renal units treated with the Dornier HM3 lithotripter, 641 contained multiple renal calculi. The number of treatments/kidney ratio varied from 1.0 to 1.58 (mean = 1.47) and was dependent on stone burden and location.
Low-rank structure in semidefinite programs derived from the KYP lemma

We extend a fast technique for solving semidefinite programs involving nonnnegative trigonometric polynomials to problems derived from the discrete-time Kalman-Yakubovich- Popov (KYP) lemma and some of its generalizations. The frequency-domain inequality associated with the generalized KYP lemma is first expressed as a weighted sum of squares of rational functions. By taking a sufficient number of samples of the sum-of-squares expression, an equivalent standard-form semidefinite program with low-rank structure is obtained. This low-rank structure is easily exploited in implementations of primal-dual interior-point algorithms. A complexity analysis and numerical examples are provided to support the performance improvement over standard semidefinite programming solvers.
Space-time block codes (STBC) versus beam pattern scanning (BPS): capacity, performance, complexity and spectrum efficiency evaluation

In this paper, two transmit diversity techniques, space-time block coding (STBC) and beam pattern scanning (BPS) (also called beam pattern oscillation) are compared. Beam pattern scanning was recently introduced in the literature, where controlled time varying phase shifts are applied to the antenna array elements mounted at the base station. This creates a small movement in the antenna array pattern directed toward the desired user. In a rich scattering environment, this beam pattern movement creates an artificial time varying channel which generates time diversity exploitable at the receiver. The BPS scheme enhances receiver performance via diversity and network capacity via directionality. In this work, we conduct a comparison between STBC and BPS schemes in terms of their complexity and antenna physical dimension, network capacity (in term of number of users), bit-error-rate (BER) performance, and their relative spectrum efficiency. Network capacity (considering inter-cell-interference effects) and BER performance simulations are generated and compared. We see that BPS achieves a higher network capacity and BER performance with a smaller antenna dimension and complexity (especially for wideband systems) with minimal cost of spectrum efficiency. This identifies BPS technique as a promising scheme for future wireless communications.
Observational analysis of correlations between aftershock productivities and regional conditions in the context of a damage rheology model

SUMMARY Aftershock sequences are commonly observed but their properties vary from region to region. Ben-Zion and Lyakhovsky developed a solution for aftershocks decay in a damage rheology model. The solution indicates that the productivity of aftershocks decreases with increasing value of a non-dimensional material parameter R, given by the ratio of timescale for brittle deformation to timescale for viscous relaxation. The parameter R is inversely proportional to the degree of seismic coupling and is expected to increase primarily with increasing temperature and also with existence of sedimentary rocks at seismogenic depth. To test these predictions, we use aftershock sequences from several southern California regions. We first analyse properties of individual aftershock sequences generated by the 1992 Landers and 1987 Superstition Hills earthquakes. The results show that the ratio of aftershock productivities in these sequences spanning four orders of event magnitudes is similar to the ratio of the average heat flow in the two regions. To perform stronger statistical tests, we systematically analyse the average properties of stacked aftershock sequences in five regions. In each region, we consider events with magnitudes between 4.0 and 6.0 to be main shocks. For each main shock, we consider events to be aftershocks if they occur in the subsequent 50 d, within a circular region that scales with the magnitude of the main shock and in the magnitude range between that of the main shock and 2 units lower. This procedure produces 28–196 aftershock sequences in each of the five regions. We stack the aftershock sequences in each region and analyse the properties of the stacked data. The results indicate that the productivities of the stacked sequences are inversely correlated with the heat flow and existence of deep sedimentary covers, in agreement with the damage model predictions. Using the observed ratios of aftershock productivities, along with simple expressions based on the damage model, we estimate the relative values of the material parameter R and seismic coupling coefficient in the different regions. The employed methodology for estimating the seismic coupling in different regions can be useful for seismic hazard studies.
The Political Apprenticeship of Benjamin Hoadly

Although nothing approaching the number of words written by Benjamin Hoadly during the eighty-five years of life has been written about him in the 185 years since his death—still, the contentious Bishop has been by no means neglected by historians of eighteenth century England. Hoadly's peculiar position with respect to the Established Church has been dissected out of the complicated anatomy of the Bangorian controversy. His major political treatises have been screened to reveal original contributions to political theory—with largely negative results. His remarkable and rapid climb up the ladder of preferment after the accession of George I, when the Whigs once more prevailed in ministerial and parlimentary positions, has been generally interpreted as payment for substantial services rendered. However, so far as the writer is aware, the preliminary establishment of Benjamin Hoadly's right to Whig patronage has not received detailed consideration.
The use of pelleted dichlorvos in the control of murine acariasis

Dichlorvos resin pellets placed in bedding were found to be highly efficacious in eliminating Myobia musculi (Schrank) from a conventional mouse colony. The infested mice were exposed continuously to the insecticide for a 14-day period. At the end of this period no live mites or eggs were observed.
What symptoms predict the diagnosis of autism or PDD-NOS in infants and toddlers with developmental delays using the Baby and Infant Screen for aUtIsm Traits

Purpose: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by life-long and severe symptoms such as stereotypies, social skills deficits and language delays. Previous research has demonstrated that children who receive early intensive behavioural intervention have a better prognosis than those who do not receive services. It is for this reason that assessments designed specifically for early identification of ASD are of paramount important.Method: In Study 1, 957 infants with autism, PDD-NOS and atypical development were evaluated using an assessment screener for ASD traits, the Baby and Infant Screen for aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT). In Study 2, only those with an autism or PDD-NOS diagnosis were evaluated.Results: The BISCUIT was found to have an excellent overall classification rate for children in the target population. A sub-set of BISCUIT items was found that distinguished children with ASD from atypically developing children. Items were also found which could accurately predict autism vs PDD-NOS diagnos...
KINSHIP, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND DEN SHARING IN KIT FOXES

on adjacent home ranges were often closely related. F IS values indicated a deficiency of homozygotes that was likely due to clusters of relatives living on adjacent home ranges. Foxes that shared the same den on the same day were usually members of the same social group. Contrary to expectations, however, we sometimes found foxes sharing dens with foxes from other social groups. Many cases involved unpaired individuals and appeared to be unsuccessful attempts at pair formation. Other cases involved members of 2 adjacent social groups, a pair and a trio. Both members of the pair were closely related to $1 member of the trio, indicating that kit foxes can maintain enduring social relationships with adult offspring or siblings that have dispersed to a new home range and found a mate.
A presurgical psychosocial intervention for breast cancer patients. psychological distress and the immune response.

Abstract Objective: The present study evaluated the feasibility and potential immunological benefit of a presurgical intervention for breast cancer patients. Methods: Forty-one newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were randomized into control (standard care) and intervention groups. In addition to standard care, intervention group members received a two-session psychosocial intervention. Blood was drawn at three timepoints: (1) at preintervention; (2) at postintervention/presurgery; and (3) at postsurgery. Results: Examination of the immunological data revealed evidence of suppression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the control group over time, but not in the intervention group. Secondary findings related to psychological assessment generally paralleled the IFN-γ results. Conclusion: The relevance and applicability of these findings to future breast cancer intervention research is detailed.
Preparing Teachers of Young Children: How an Interdisciplinary Curriculum Approach is Understood, Supported, and Enacted Among Students and Faculty

With the rollout of edTPA, Common Core Standards (CCS), and the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), there is renewed interest in teacher education programs providing an interdisciplinary approach to curriculum. Yet, future teachers are under increased pressure to pass standardized exams, such as the MTEL, WIFOR and PRAXIS, with a focus on content-specific instruction. Curriculum and assessment policy initiatives present contradictory messages regarding best practice. This research study examines an interdisciplinary approach to teaching content in one early childhood education teacher preparation program. Teaching that crosses disciplines and honors the content and epistemology of each discipline is complex and challenging to convey. Data for this yearlong study exploring student and faculty understanding of teaching from an interdisciplinary perspective at a small liberal arts college included semester-end surveys, focal student interviews, final projects, and faculty surveys. Based on this researc...
The Performing Mind

Theater exists because we already do all of it all the time. From a cognitive scientific perspective, theater qua theater is a slightly specialized design for the deployment of pre-existing and ubiquitous theatricality.