cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note: Roman dominating influence parameters

A function f:V(G)->{0,1,2} is a Roman dominating function for a graph G=(V,E) if for every vertex v with f(v)=0, there exists a vertex w@?N(v) with f(w)=2. Emperor Constantine had the requirement that an army or legion could be sent from its home to defend a neighboring location only if there was a second army which would stay and protect the home. Thus, there are two types of armies, stationary and traveling. Each vertex with no army must have a neighboring vertex with a traveling army. Stationary armies then dominate their own vertices, and a vertex with two armies is dominated by its stationary army, and its open neighborhood is dominated by the traveling army. In this paper, we introduce Roman dominating influence parameters in which the interest is in dominating each vertex exactly once.
Investigation of optic-phonon—magnetoplasmon-type surface polaritons on n -InSb

The coupled-phonon---magnetoplasmon-type surface polaritons at $n$-InSb---air interfaces are studied optically using the attenuated-total-reflection method in the configuration with a magnetic field oriented perpendicular to the sagittal plane. These data are in good agreement with theory exhibiting nonreciprocal behavior, virtual-excitation modes, and bulk-loss modes. Differences between theory and experiment are attributed to surface effects, which indicates that surface-polariton experiments may be useful in detailed studies of these effects.
LVAD destination therapy: applying what we know about psychiatric evaluation and management from cardiac failure and transplant.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have evolved into long-term use as destination therapy for those with severe end-stage heart failure due to other medical risks. Success with LVAD depends on adherence to a complicated mechanical regimen, and acceptance of a life that is far from normal. Patients with LVADs share characteristics with other end-stage cardiac failure patients and those waiting for or receiving heart transplants. Understanding the more thoroughly studied issues of psychiatric disorders, adherence, and behavioral correlates of success in heart failure and transplantation may identify feasible strategies for optimizing care of LVAD patients and suggest directions for future research. Depression and distress complicate post-transplant care. Psychiatric morbidity is associated with poor outcomes, including graft rejection, non-adherence, hospitalizations, infection, and death. With a high risk of embolic neurological events, patients’ ability for self-care may be compromised. Psychiatric symptoms are underdiagnosed and undertreated, which may impact overall survival and quality of life.
Single-Laparoscopic Incision Transabdominal Surgery Sleeve Gastrectomy

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has recently been added to the list of appropriate weight loss operations presently performed by bariatric surgeons. The sleeve gastrectomy is routinely performed using five and up to seven laparoscopic trocars with enlargement of one of the trocar sites for extraction of the gastric specimen. We describe a case of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy performed through a single laparoscopic incision.
Toxicity of purified fungal toxin hirsutellin A to the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ash.)

Abstract A toxic protein, hirsutellin A, isolated from culture filtrate during liquid fermentation of the fungal mycelia ofHirsutella thompsonii,was tested using contact/residual and residual leaf bioassay methodologies at concentrations of 0, 10, 32, 56, and 100 μg/ml against adult citrus rust mite,Phyllocoptruta oleivora. P. oleivorais the natural host of the parasitic fungus,H. thompsonii.Mite mortality increased with an increase in hirsutellin A concentration, reaching virtually 100% at 100 μg/ml using both leaf assay methods. The number of eggs found on leaf disk bioassays within a 3-day period decreased significantly with an increase in hirsutellin A concentration, suggesting that fecundity was affected prior to the death of the host.
Combating bacteria and drug resistance by inhibiting mechanisms of persistence and adaptation

Antibiotics have revolutionized the treatment of infectious disease but have also rapidly selected for the emergence of resistant pathogens. Traditional methods of antibiotic discovery have failed to keep pace with the evolution of this resistance, which suggests that new strategies to combat bacterial infections may be required. An improved understanding of bacterial stress responses and evolution suggests that in some circumstances, the ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic therapy either by transiently tolerating antibiotics or by evolving resistance requires specific biochemical processes that may themselves be subject to intervention. Inhibiting these processes may prolong the efficacy of current antibiotics and provide an alternative to escalating the current arms race between antibiotics and bacterial resistance. Though these approaches are not clinically validated and will certainly face their own set of challenges, their potential to protect our ever-shrinking arsenal of antibiotics merits their investigation. This Review summarizes the early efforts toward this goal.
Mechanism of RF plasma induced fragmentation of SiCl4 and surface functionalization of polymeric substrates from SiClx species

The generation of extremely reactive species of silylium (silicenium) ions under plasma conditions opens up new ways for surface modification, even of the most inert polymeric surfaces. To control the plasma-induced chemistry and to tailor new molecular surface architecture, the mechanism of formation of the active species of the discharge must be understood. In this work the plasma-induced molecular fragmentation of SiCl4 was studied and the surface functionalization of cellulose paper (CP), polyester (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates with silicon atom based active species was evaluated. Gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and low Energy Electron MS (LEEMS) measurements carried out both on SiCl4 and on the molecular mixture resulting from the recombination of plasma generated species indicate that the most predominant fragments are SiCl3+ cations accompanied by SiCl2+ and SiCl+ species. Survey and high-resolution electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) data collected from plasma functionalized surfaces show significant silicon and oxygen atom content regardless of the nature of the substrates. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The given of achievement and the reluctance to assent: Argument and inquiry in the post-postmodern world

Changes in the social, political, and intellectual climate worldwide portend radical changes in how humans view themselves and their world. This essay argues that the twenty-first century will usher in apost-postmodern age. The new epoch will be one in which argument practices more closely resemble their modernist forbears. The ‘given of achievement’ will overcome the postmodern ‘reluctance to assent.’ Argument will be practiced against the backdrop of realist philosophical frameworks and will be viewed as contributing to the accretion of knowledge.
Assessment of a Prenatal Nutrition Intervention for Low-income African-American Pregnant Women

Abstract The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention reported in 1991 that African-American infants are twice as likely to be born of low birth weight than white infants. Nutrition and maternal weight gain are factors that may determine birth weight of infants. A random sample of 20 low-income African-American women participated in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups of ten, the control and intervention groups. Women in the intervention group were visited in their homes by a nutritionist, a minimum of six times throughout their pregnancy. Adequate nutrition and attention to recommended weight gain were the focus of counseling sessions which were individualized and also met the cultural needs of the clients. A 24-hour recall and two-day food records were collected before and after the intervention in both intervention and control groups. Mother's weight gain and infant birth weights were documented for both groups. Women in the intervention group increased their iron consumption (p
Comparison of infant care in family groups of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus).

The involvement of parents and siblings in infant care in similarly composed groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) was compared during the infants' first 8 weeks of life. The results indicate an earlier infant independence in C. jacchus than in S. oedipus due primarily to a more frequent rejection of carried infants in C. jacchus. There was no species difference in extent of maternal involvment in carrying infants. However, S. oedipus fathers carried infants significantly more often during weeks 5-8 than did C. jacchus fathers. Siblings were generally more involved in infant care at an earlier infant age in C. jacchus than in S. oedipus.
Effect of Fe content on structural and magnetic properties of SmCo4−xFexB alloys

Abstract The phase formation and magnetic behavior of SmCo 4 − x Fe x B ( x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2) produced by melt spinning have been investigated. At x = 0, melt spinning resulted in the formation of the SmCo 4 B phase and an ultrahigh coercivity of 44 kOe at 300 K. Fe substitution resulted in the formation of an amorphous structure along with the Sm(Co,Fe) 4 B phase during melt spinning. A single Sm(Co,Fe) 4 B phase was observed after crystallization when x 4 B and Sm 2 (Co,Fe) 17 B y were observed when x ⩾ 1. Hysteresis loops at x x ⩾ 1. In the crystallized Fe-containing materials, an increase in both coercivity and magnetization with increasing Fe content was observed until x = 1. Initial magnetization curves revealed nucleation-controlled behavior at x x = 1 and x = 2. The average grain size for the annealed SmCo 4 − x Fe x B samples measured from TEM micrographs was 110 nm for both x = 0.5 and x = 1 and 90 nm for x = 2.
Bone marrow staging in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: is flow cytometry a useful test?

BACKGROUND Flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow often is used as an adjunct to morphologic evaluation in the staging of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The goal of this study was to define objectively the benefit of flow cytometry in this setting. METHODS The authors reviewed retrospectively all bone marrow specimens submitted between January 1992 and December 1994 to the Washington University Department of Pathology for flow cytometric immunophenotyping to rule out NHL. Results of morphologic examination and flow cytometry were reviewed independently and the ability to detect bone marrow involvement compared. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-three bone marrow specimens from 190 patients with an established diagnosis of NHL were submitted for flow cytometric analysis at initial presentation, restaging, and/or recurrence. Morphologic evaluation was negative in 69%, positive in 23%, and equivocal in 8%. Flow cytometry was negative in all but 1 morphologically negative bone marrow specimens and 40% of morphologically involved bone marrow specimens. Two of 23 morphologically equivocal bone marrow specimens were positive by flow cytometry. An additional 86 specimens were obtained to rule out NHL in patients without an established diagnosis of NHL. The majority of patients had a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection, cytopenia, or unexplained fevers. Morphologically, one specimen was involved with NHL, 5 were equivocal, and 80 were negative. All specimens were negative by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS In this study, flow cytometric analysis improved the detection of NHL in bone marrow in only 3 of 273 samples, 2 of which were suspicious morphologically. Flow cytometry of bone marrow aspirates has a limited role in the routine staging and follow-up of patients with an established diagnosis of NHL. Cancer 1998;82:1154-9. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Metabolism of [4-14C]levulinic acid by etiolated and greening leaves of Hordeum vulgare

Abstract When etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Larker) shoots are incubated with [4-14C]levulinic acid, 14CO2 is evolved, and amino and organic acids are labelled. Respiratory inhibitors and short-chain fatty acids, similar in size to levulinic acid, reduce the production of 14CO2 from [4-14C]levulinic acid, while δ-aminolevulinic acid treatment or illuminating the tissue increase 14CO2 evolution. The contribution of levulinic acid metabolism to α-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis is no greater than that of a general cellular metabolite. The data suggest that fatty acid oxidation and the citric acid cycle are involved in levulinic acid metabolism.
Determining residue-base interactions between AraC protein and araI DNA

Depurination/depyrimidation binding-interference experiments (missing contact probing) identified specific candidate residue-base interactions lost by mutants of Escherichia coli l-arabinose operon regulatory protein, AraC, to one of its binding sites, araI. These candidates were then checked more rigorously by comparing the affinities of wild-type and alanine-substituted AraC protein to variants of araI with alterations in the candidate contacted positions. Residues 208 and 212 apparently contact DNA and support, but do not prove the existence of a helix-turn-helix structure in this region of AraC protein whereas contacts by mutants with alterations at positions 256, 257 and 261 which are within another potential helix-turn-helix region do not support the existence of such a structure there. The missing contacts displayed by three AraC mutants are found within two major groove regions of the DNA and are spaced 21 base-pairs apart in a pattern indicating a direct repeat orientation for the subunits of AraC.
Chemical factors influencing the psychotomimetic potency of glycolate esters.

Abstract The psychotomimetic potency and chemical characteristics of a group of glycolate esters of heterocyclic amines were compared. It was found that in a group of drugs in which steric factors did not vary, the differences in psychotomimetic potency could be explained by differences in the nucleophilicities of the drugs as measured by their rates of quaternization with methyl iodide. The stability constants of the charge-transfer complexes of these drugs with chloranil were found to correlate well with the psychotomimetic potencies of the drugs, raising the possibility that charge-transfer interactions play an important role in these drug-receptor interactions. It was concluded that although nucleophilicity was a factor in determining psychotomimetic potency, steric factors were also important.
Enzymatic maturation of mouse cerebral neocortex in vitro and in situ

Abstract Enzymes active in various metabolic pathways have been studied by quantitative micromethods in histologically defined areas corresponding to layers III–V of the superior frontal neocortex from frozen-dried long-term tissue cultures and from frozen sections of the forebrains of mice at ages between birth and 24 days. Characteristic, parallel increases were seen for hexokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase during in vitro and in situ development. NADP + -dependent isocitric dehydrogenase showed parallel decreases. The greatest rates of change under both conditions occurred between Days 8 and 15. Only β-glucuronidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed differences between in situ and in vitro findings. These results generate further confidence in the use of the mouse cerebral cortex culture as a biological model for studies of neocortical development and function. Evidence is offered that lactic dehydrogenase may be inducible in nervous tissue.
PLANT DEFENSE, GROWTH, AND HABITAT: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CONSTITUTIVE AND INDUCED RESISTANCE

The growth rate (GR) hypothesis relates the evolution of plant defense to resource availability and predicts that plants that have evolved in abiotically stressful environments grow inherently more slowly and are more constitutively resistant to herbivory than plants from more productive habitats. Stress-adapted plants are also predicted to have reduced inducibility, but this prediction has not been previously tested. To evaluate this hypothesis, I compared the growth of nine species of herbaceous plants from Missouri glade habitats to congeners from more productive non-glade habitats. I also conducted bioassays using larvae of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua to estimate constitutive and inducible resistance in these congeners. Glade congeners tended to grow more slowly and have higher constitutive resistance and lower inducibility than non-glade species. However, none of these comparisons was statistically significant due to the conflicting response of one congeneric pair (Salvia azurea and S. lyrata). Analyses without this genus were consistent with the GR hypothesis, as were analyses that categorized congeners by relative growth rate. These results highlight the complexity in searching for factors that determine plant growth rates and resistance traits across multiple genera and support the hypothesis that both constitutive and induced resistance may be influenced by selection on traits that alter plant growth rates. Future studies should attempt to determine whether variation in inducibility is better explained by habitat or relative plant growth rates.
Human Vertebral Bone: Relation of Strength, Porosity, and Mineralization to Fluoride Content

Radiographically normal vertebral bone cylinders from 80 male subjects were tested mechanically by static compression and analyzed for porosity, fluoride and ash content. As a group, they had low fluoride content, suggesting little prior intake, consonent with this geographic area. Nevertheless, increasing levels of fluoride were associated with bulkier bone, less porosity, and less mineral per unit of bone, which in direction though not degree suggested changes similar to those of osteomalacia and opposite from those of osteoporosis without apparent threshold. The higher fluoride hard tissue was weaker in static tests than that with less fluoride, but the increased bulk apparently offset this, resulting in bones of unchanged static strength. Hence, water fluoridation should not alter static bone strength. There has, however, been a recent report suggesting that increased mineralization of bone renders it more brittle and thus more likely to fracture on impact. Therefore, the possibility that fluoridation may increase impact resistance by lessening mineralization can be entertained.
Note on the β-circularly polarized γ-angular correlations in the decays of 46Sc and 58Co

Abstract The β-γ circular polarization correlations of the (357 keV, 4 + → 4 + , β − ) − (1.121 + 0.889 MeV, γ ) cascade in 46 Sc and the (475 keV, 2 + → 2 + , β + ) − (0.810 MeV, γ ) in 58 Co have been measured by using the standard forward scattering technique for the detection of circular polarization of γ-rays. The energy selection of the β-rays was performed with a magnetic lens spectrometer. The measured asymmetry coefficients, Fermi to Gamow-Teller matrix element ratios, values of the Fermi matrix elements, isospin impurity coefficients and the effective Coulomb matrix elements are as follows: A =M F /M GT |M F | × 10 3 |α| × 10 3 |〈H C 〉|keV 46 Sc 0.06±0.03 0.03±0.04 1.9±2.5 0.95±1.25 6.7±10 58 Co 0.18±0.04 0.02±0.05 0.7±1.8 0.3 ±0.7 1.8± 4.7
The effects of exercise as a countermeasure for fatigue in sleep-deprived aviators

This study examined the effectiveness of exercise for sustaining performance despite moderate amounts of sleep. Twelve volunteers engaged in 10-min bouts of exercise during one 40-hr period of sleep deprivation and rested for an equivalent amount of time during a 2nd period. Participants were more alert immediately following exercise, as evidenced by longer sleep latencies, than after the resting, control condition. However, electroencephalogram data collected 50 min following exercise or rest showed that exercise facilitated increases in slow-wave activity, signs of decreased alertness. Cognitive deficits and slowed reaction times associated with sleep loss were equivalent in both conditions. The results from this study suggest that short bouts of exercise may ameliorate some of the increases in sleepiness and fatigue associated with sleep loss for a short period of time but are not likely to prevent performance decrements. In addition, less than 1 hr following exercise, significant increases in fatigue and sleepiness may occur.
PET-CT Localizes Previously Undetectable Metastatic Lesions in Recurrent Fallopian Tube Carcinoma

Abstract Background. Fallopian tube carcinoma is a rare malignancy that commonly recurs after initial surgical resection. New combined instrumentation with co-registered PET and CT is a new technique that combines functional and anatomic imaging to detect metastatic disease that may be difficult to detect with either modality alone. Case. We present two cases of suspected fallopian tube carcinoma recurrence demonstrating the unique potential of combined PET-CT using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG). These cases demonstrate the unique capability to detect and localize metastatic disease when serum CA-125, laparoscopy, and CT scan alone were unable to detect recurrence. Conclusion. PET-CT with FDG may prove to be a sensitive and accurate method for detection of metastatic disease and may influence the clinical management of recurrent fallopian tube carcinoma.
Relative Contributions of Complications and Failure to Rescue on Mortality in Older Patients Undergoing Pancreatectomy.

Background: For pancreatectomy patients, mortality increases with increasing age. Our study evaluated the relative contribution of overall postoperative complications and failure to rescue rates on the observed increased mortality in older patients undergoing pancreatic resection at specialized centers. Methods: We identified 2694 patients who underwent pancreatic resection from the American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Pancreatectomy Demonstration Project at 37 high-volume centers. Overall morbidity and in-hospital mortality were determined in patients younger than 80 years (N = 2496) and 80 years or older (N = 198). Failure to rescue was the number of deaths in patients with complications divided by the total number of patients with postoperative complications. Results: No significant differences were observed between patients younger than 80 years and those 80 years or older in the rates of overall complications (41.4% vs 39.4%, P = 0.58). In-hospital mortality increased in patients 80 years or older compared to patients younger than 80 years (3.0% vs 1.1%, P = 0.02). Failures to rescue rates were higher in patients 80 years or older (7.7% vs 2.7%, P = 0.01). Across 37 high-volume centers, unadjusted complication rates ranged from 25.0% to 72.2% and failure to rescue rates ranged from 0.0% to 25.0%. Among patients with postoperative complications, comorbidities associated with failure to rescue were ascites, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes. Complications associated with failure to rescue included acute renal failure, septic shock, and postoperative pulmonary complications. Conclusions: In experienced hands, the rates of complications after pancreatectomy in patients 80 years or older compared to patients younger than 80 years were similar. However, when complications occurred, older patients were more likely to die. Interventions to identify and aggressively treat complications are necessary to decrease mortality in vulnerable older patients.
Effects of Internal Divalent Cations on Voltage-Clamped Squid Axons

We have studied the effects of internally applied divalent cations on the ionic currents of voltage-clamped squid giant axons. Internal concentrations of calcium up to 10 mM have little, if any, effect on the time-course, voltage dependence, or magnitude of the ionic currents. This is inconsistent with the notion that an increase in the internal calcium concentration produced by an inward calcium movement with the action potential triggers sodium inactivation or potassium activation. Low internal zinc concentrations (∼1 mM) selectively and reversibly slow the kinetics of the potassium current and reduce peak sodium current by about 40% with little effect on the voltage dependence of the ionic currents. Higher concentrations (∼10 mM) produce a considerable (ca. 90%) nonspecific reversible reduction of the ionic currents. Large hyperpolarizing conditioning pulses reduce the zinc effect. Internal zinc also reversibly depolarizes the axon by 20–30 mV. The effects of internal cobalt, cadmium, and nickel are qualitatively similar to those of zinc: only calcium among the cations tested is without effect.
Correlation of Self-Perception and Image of Christ Using the Five-Factor Model of Personality

In this study, the relationship between one’s self-perception of personality and his or her image of Jesus Christ was studied within a sample of 153 undergraduate students, of whom 130 were Christian and 23 were non-Christian; 23 Protestant pastors; and 55 Protestant laypersons. Using two forms of the NEO Personality Inventory (Self and Observer), ratings of the Big Five personality factors were obtained for both self and Jesus Christ. Results indicated significant positive correlations between ratings of self and Christ in each of the subgroups of Christian individuals. No correlations were found between ratings of self and Christ for the non-Christians. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differing correlations between groups. Christian persons may project perceptions onto Christ or attempt to mold themselves in a way more consistent with their own images of Christ. Further implications of the results as well as direction of the relationship between self-perception and image of Christ are discussed.
Octahedral Metal Carbonyls. 68. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Displacement of Chlorobenzene by Piperidine from the Photoproduced [Chlorobenzene-Pentacarbonylchromium(0)] Solvate

Abstract Upon flash photolysis in chlorobenzene (CB) solution, Cr(CO)6 reacts with piperidine (pip) to afford (pip)Cr(CO)5. The reaction proceeds via photochemically-induced dissociation of CO and creation of specifically-solvated [(CB)Cr(CO)5]. Studies in CB/hex (hex = hexanes) solutions indicate that displacement of CB by pip proceeds via a rapid solvation/desolvation pre-equilibrium and attack by pip at [Cr(CO)5]. While the activation enthalpy for Cr-pip bond-fission is some 66.5. (29) kJ mol−l greater than for Cr-CB bond-fission, the “competition ratios” of rate constants for pip and CB attack at the reacting intermediate to afford [(pip)Cr(CO)5] and (CB)Cr(CO)5 at 13.8–35.4[ddot]C are 1.37(8) and are temperature-independent. Based upon data from previous studies, these results indicate that [Cr(CO)5] rather than [(hex)Cr(CO)5] is the intermediate which reacts with CB and pip. It also may be concluded that the enthalpy of activation for CB-Cr bond-fission, 41.0 (4) kJ mol−1, closely approximates the C...
Live Three‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Stenosis

In the present study, we describe our experience in using live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of mitral stenosis.
Evidence for two upper mantle sources driving volcanism in Central Kamchatka

article i nfo Article history: Volcanoes of the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD) form the most active arc volcano system in the world. Volcanoes of the CKD are positioned ~170 km above the subducting Pacific Plate, in excess of the typical glob- al value of ~100 km for arc volcanism. We present results of a combined geophysical and petrological study of the main volcanic center in the CKD, and argue for the presence of a second contributing melt source within the mantle wedge. This region of melt generation is separate from the fluid fluxed region above the subduct- ing Pacific Plate; it may explain the presence of the active CKD arc in its current location. Results of receiver function imaging of the upper mantle beneath CKD reveal a distinct area of low velocities at approximately 110 km depth that is clearly distinct from the crust of the subducting Pacific Plate. Results of petrological modeling suggest presence of pyroxenite source melt contribution to CKD lavas, alongside pre- viously described peridotite source melts. We contend that our results advance the notion that melting at two separate sources, rather than the simple flux-induced melting within the mantle wedge, drives volca- noes of the CKD.
Spline Approximation and Difference Schemes for the Heat Equation.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on spline approximation and difference schemes for the heat equation. The chapter discusses some preliminaries concerning certain trigonometric polynomials related to the B-splines, and reviews some properties of the spline interpolation operator. The finite difference operator Fk is analyzed by studying its symbol. It is proved that it is parabolic and accurate of order, 2μ - 2. Certain mixed initial-boundary value problems can be rephrased as pure initial-value problems by periodicity considerations. The chapter presents an example of such a problem and shows how a specific discrete time Galerkin scheme can be applied to initial data with and without smoothing. Some well-known facts about Toeplitz operators on sequences are reviewed. The continuous time Galerkin method, and the application of the finite difference theory is discussed. The chapter also presents a class of discretizations in time and analyzes the corresponding difference schemes. Various lemmas are also reviewed.
Configuring scientific applications in a heterogeneous distributed system

Current scientific applications are often structured as a collection of individual software components that are manually executed on heterogeneous machines, with files being used to transfer data from one component to the next. Yet despite having the structure of a distributed application from the perspective of configuration management, the techniques and tools that have been used in this domain to address configuration have generally been minimal at best. An approach to configuring scientific applications in a heterogeneous distributed system is described. The focus is on Schooner, an interconnection system that provides the programming model and base technology needed for realizing enhanced configurability. One key aspect of this technology is a machine- and language-independent interface specification that is used to generate interface code to bind components into the application and map them onto suitable host architectures. The other is a runtime system that implements support for both static and dynamic configuration. The authors describe the Schooner application model, outline the method of creating component interfaces, and describe the runtime system and its various configuration options. >
F11R Is a Novel Monocyte Prognostic Biomarker for Malignant Glioma

Objective: Brain tumors (gliomas) contain large populations of infiltrating macrophages and recruited microglia, which in experimental murine glioma models promote tumor formation and progression. Among the barriers to understanding the contributions of these stromal elements to high-grade glioma (glioblastoma; GBM) biology is the relative paucity of tools to characterize infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia. In this study, we leveraged multiple RNA analysis platforms to identify new monocyte markers relevant to GBM patient outcome. Methods: High-confidence lists of mouse resident microglia- and bone marrow-derived macrophage-specific transcripts were generated using converging RNA-seq and microarray technologies and validated using qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Expression of select cell surface markers was analyzed in brain-infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia in an induced GBM mouse model, while allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was performed to trace the origins of infiltrating and resident macrophages. Glioma tissue microarrays were examined by immunohistochemistry, and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was queried to determine the prognostic value of identified microglia biomarkers in human GBM. Results: We generated a unique catalog of differentially-expressed bone marrow-derived monocyte and resident microglia transcripts, and demonstrated that brain-infiltrating macrophages acquire F11R expression in GBM and following bone-marrow transplantation. Moreover, mononuclear cell F11R expression positively correlates with human high-grade glioma and additionally serves as a biomarker for GBM patient survival, regardless of GBM molecular subtype. Significance: These studies establish F11R as a novel monocyte prognostic marker for GBM critical for defining a subpopulation of stromal cells for future potential therapeutic intervention.
Translocation of problem Amur tigers Panthera tigris altaica to alleviate tiger-human conflicts

We translocated four Amur tigers Panthera tigris altaica captured after killing domestic animals or attacking people; two were released immediately and two following 162 and 388 days rehabilitation. All were radio-collared and released 150–350 km from their capture site. Two translocations were successful: the tigers caused no conflicts with people, killed wild prey, and survived their first winter, although one was poached after 1.1 year and one slipped its collar after surviving 10 months. In the two translocations that were unsuccessful, both tigers moved to areas of high human activity and were killed by people. At least in some cases, translocation appears to be a viable alternative to killing or removing problem tigers from the wild.
Utilization of iron by oat when supplied as ferrated synthetic chelate or as ferrated hydroxamate siderophore

Abstract Utilization of iron by oat (Avena sativa, var. Victory) when supplied as ferrated ethylenediamine[di(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic) acid] (EDDHA), or the ferrated microbially‐produced hydroxamate siderophore, ferrichrome, was examined. Ten‐day‐old iron‐deficient seedlings, grown in aerated Hoagland's nutrient solution (minus iron) buffered at pH 7.0 with CaCO3, were placed in fresh nutrient solution in which 10‐8M 55FeCl3 (23.7 mCi/mg) was added with excess EDDHA (10‐5M), excess ferrichrome (10‐5M), or without chelate, and grown for 6 days. At 2, 4, and 6 days, 55Fe content of shoots from the ferrichrome treatment was significantly greater than from the EDDHA treatment, and at 6 days was nearly 100X greater (10154 vs. 112 dpm mg‐1 dry wt.). Although oat readily utilized iron from ferrichrome relative to EDDHA when ligand was in excess of total iron, uptake of 55Fe by plants was greater in the no chelate treatment. Reduction of chlorosis was evident in both the ferrichrome and no chelate treatments. Resul...
A base-station antenna array receiver for cellular DS/CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation

Code division multiple access (CDMA) has been shown to offer higher capacity than the existing FDMA or TDMA systems. In the proposed IS-95 CDMA standard, no pilot is used in the reverse link due to power efficiency considerations. Therefore, an M-ary orthogonal modulation with noncoherent reception is used for this link. Spatial processing with base-station antenna arrays was proposed to reduce co-channel interference and increase system capacity. We present a base-station antenna arrays receiver structure for cellular CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation and noncoherent RAKE combining in the presence of multipath. >
Estimation of link carrier-to-noise ratio in satellite communication systems

In a satellite network, the transmit power levels of satellite terminals have to be carefully controlled to minimize interference to neighboring satellites and maintain the allocated satellite power level to the terminal. Satellite links encounter various propagation impairments, such as rain fading effects, that require adaptively changing the transmit power level, coding/modulation and spread spectrum rates to compensate for these impairments. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) estimation process plays a key role in facilitating such adaptive techniques. The C/N estimation process for a typical satellite communication system is presented and analyzed in this paper. It is shown that estimating the C/N is particularly challenging when the received signal C/N ratio is large. In this paper, novel approaches to estimating the C/N ratio are proposed to overcome these challenges.
Interactions between the circadian clock and metabolism: there are good times and bad times

An endogenous circadian (∼24 h) clock regulates rhythmic processes of physiology, metabolism and behavior in most living organisms. While able to free-run under constant conditions, the circadian clock is coupled to day : night cycles to increase its amplitude and align the phase of circadian rhythms to the right time of the day. Disruptions of the circadian clock are correlated with brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. In this review, we focus on the interactions between the circadian clock and metabolism. We discuss recent findings on circadian clock regulation of feeding behavior and rhythmic expression of metabolic genes, and present evidence of metabolic input to the circadian clock. We emphasize how misalignment of circadian clocks within the body and with environmental cycles or daily schedules leads to the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndromes in modern society.
Three-Dimensional Micromechanical Finite-Element Network Model for Elastic Damage Behavior of Idealized Stone-Based Composite Materials

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) micromechanical finite-element (FE) network model for predicting elastic damage behavior of the idealized stone-based materials. Stone-based composite materials have multiphase structures: an aggregate (or stone) skeleton, a binding medium, fillers, and air voids. Numerical simulation of the micromechanical behavior of the idealized stone-based materials was accomplished by using a microframe element network model that incorporated the mechanical load transfer between adjacent particles. The elastic stiffness matrix of this special element was obtained from an approximate elastic stress-strain analysis of straight cement between particle pairs. A damage-coupled microframe element was then formulated with bilinear damage laws, including elastic and softening behavior based on the equivalent fracture release energy. Indirect tension and compression simulations were conducted with developed FE models on the idealized digital samples of the stone-based materials. These simulations predicted the internal microdamage distribution and global fracture behavior of these samples, which qualitatively agree with the laboratory observations. The results indicate that the developed FE models have the capability to predict the typical loading-related damage behavior observed from the stone-based materials.
Studies on the Tintinnida of Enewetak Atoll

SYNOPSIS. Twenty-six species of Tintinnida were identified in the plankton at Enewetak Atoll. The majority of species in this habitat had hyaline loricae. The agglutinated forms had a high degree of specificity for the types of calcium-containing particles that they incorporated into the loricae. Scanning electron micrographs of loricae are presented for 10 species.
Service Users’ Knowledges and the Social Construction of Social Work:

• Summary: This article considers the implications for social work and social care education, policy and practice of including the viewpoints and knowledges of service users. The development of pol...
High Efficiency Counter Mode Security Architecture via Prediction and Precomputation

Encrypting data in unprotected memory has gained much interest lately for digital rights protection and security reasons. Counter Mode is a well-known encryption scheme. It is a symmetric-key encryption scheme based on any block cipher, e.g. AES. The schemeýs encryption algorithm uses a block cipher, a secret key and a counter (or a sequence number) to generate an encryption pad which is XORed with the data stored in memory. Like other memory encryption schemes, this method suffers from the inherent latency of decrypting encrypted data when loading them into the on-chip cache. One solution that parallelizes data fetching and encryption pad generation requires the sequence numbers of evicted cache lines to be cached on-chip. On-chip sequence number caching can be successful in reducing the latency at the cost of a large area overhead. In this paper, we present a novel technique to hide the latency overhead of decrypting counter mode encrypted memory by predicting the sequence number and pre-computing the encryption pad that we call one-time-pad or OTP. In contrast to the prior techniques of sequence number caching, our mechanism solves the latency issue by using idle decryption engine cycles to speculatively predict and pre-compute OTPs before the corresponding sequence number is loaded. This technique incurs very little area overhead. In addition, a novel adaptive OTP prediction technique is also presented to further improve our regular OTP prediction and precomputation mechanism. This adaptive scheme is not only able to predict encryption pads associated with static and infrequently updated cache lines but also those frequently updated ones as well. Experimental results using SPEC2000 benchmark show an 82% prediction rate. Moreover, we also explore several optimization techniques for improving the prediction accuracy. Two specific techniques, Two-level prediction and Context-based prediction are presented and evaluated. For the two-level prediction, the prediction rate was improved from 82% to 96%. With the context-based prediction, the prediction rate approaches 99%. Context-based OTP prediction outperforms a very large 512KB sequence number cache for many memory-bound SPEC programs. IPC results show an overall 15% to 40% performance improvement using our prediction and precomputation, and another 7% improvement when context-based prediction techniques is used.
What every mental health professional should know about alcohol

Mental health professionals are playing an increasing role in the treatment of alcohol problems. Yet many such professionals have had little specialized training in this area. This article presents a 50-item self-assessment quiz regarding basic knowledge that might be expected of professionals treating alcohol problems. Expanded answers are provided, along with normative data from samples of clinical psychology students and Ph.D. alumni. Students currently in training scored significantly higher on this quiz than did graduated clinical psychologists, reflecting in part a higher percentage of current psychology students receiving specific training in alcohol problems.
Bicriterion Decision-Making under Randomness and Worth of Perfect Information

Many complex engineering problems require multicriterion decision making (MCDM) under uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how such decision making may take place. Although a few specialized techniques are available for solving such problems, no general approach is available for examining the effect of uncertainty on both individual criteria or objectives and the overall solution of the MCDM problem. Uncertainty can be reduced by obtaining additional information. However, no multicriterion approach nor technique is available for considering the value of additional information in reducing the effect of uncertainty in MCDM analysis.
Online Experimentation for Information Retrieval

Online experimentation for information retrieval (IR) focuses on insights that can be gained from user interactions with IR systems, such as web search engines. The most common form of online experimentation, A/B testing, is widely used in practice, and has helped sustain continuous improvement of the current generation of these systems.
GENE EFFECTS ON A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT: TWO-LOCUS EPISTATIC EFFECTS MEASURED AT MICROSATELLITE MARKERS AND AT ESTIMATED QTL

Most evolutionarily and agriculturally important traits are affected by many genes (quantitative trait loci, or QTL) of relatively small effect. Usually the genetics of these traits are examined by indirect statistical analysis of the covariance among relatives, rather than by direct analyses. We use new analytical and molecular techniques to examine nonadditive interactions of microsatellite markers and estimated QTL that influence adult body weight in mice. Offspring of a cross between a large inbred mouse strain (LG/J) and a small inbred strain (SM/J) were intercrossed to form a segregating F2 generation. Using 76 microsatellite markers and 19 estimated QTL, we estimate gene-level epistasis and population-level epistasis for body weight at 10 weeks for 534 F2 mice. Significant epistasis was found for large numbers of the two locus comparisons using both markers and previously detected QTL. There are many genes segregating for adult body weight in this cross and many of these genes appear to interact epistatically. The discovery of potentially extensive epistasis has important implications for evolutionary models.
Conceptual Design of a Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) Flight Validation Mission

In this paper we present a detailed overview of the MDL study results and subsequent advances in the design of GNC algorithms for accurate terminal guidance during hypervelocity NEO intercept. The MDL study produced a conceptual con guration of the two-body HAIV and its subsystems; a mission scenario and trajectory design for a notional flight validation mission to a selected candidate target NEO; GNC results regarding the ability of the HAIV to reliably intercept small (50 m) NEOs at hypervelocity (typically greater than 10 km/s); candidate launch vehicle selection; a notional operations concept and cost estimate for the flight validation mission; and a list of topics to address during the remainder of our NIAC Phase II study.
Determination of the purity of cucurbit[n]uril (n = 7, 8) host samples.

The formation of highly stable inclusion complexes in aqueous solution between the organometallic cobaltocenium cation (Cob+) and the hosts cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) was used ...
The diagnostic significance of a lump in the neck.

The medical profession must be reminded emphatically of the frequency with which cervical metastasis may appear as the first and only symptom in cancer of the mouth, pharynx and larynx, less often elsewhere in the body. There can be no possibility of cure until the primary lesion is found. The immediate removal of a lymph node for diagnosis is never in the best interests of the patient.
Data-driven Posterior Features for Low Resource Speech Recognition Applications.

In low resource settings, with very few hours of training data, state-of-the-art speech recognition systems that require large amounts of task specific training data perform very poorly. We address this issue by building data-driven speech recognition front-ends on significant amounts of task independent data from different languages and genres collected in similar acoustic conditions as the data in the low resource scenario. We show that features derived from these trained front-ends perform significantly better and can alleviate the effect of reduced task specific training data in low resource settings. The proposed features provide a absolute improvement of about 12% (18% relative) in an low-resource LVCSR setting with only one hour of training data. We also demonstrate the usefulness of these features for zero-resource speech applications like spoken term discovery, which operate without any transcribed speech to train systems. The proposed features provide significant gains over conventional acoustic features on various information retrieval metrics for this task.