cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platform independent software for medical image processing on the internet

We have developed a software tool for image processing over the Internet. The tool is a general purpose, easy to use, flexible, platform independent image processing software package with functions most commonly used in medical image processing.It provides for processing of medical images located wither remotely on the Internet or locally. The software was written in Java - the new programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. It was compiled and tested using Microsoft's Visual Java 1.0 and Microsoft's Just in Time Compiler 1.00.6211. The software is simple and easy to use. In order to use the tool, the user needs to download the software from our site before he/she runs it using any Java interpreter, such as those supplied by Sun, Symantec, Borland or Microsoft. Future versions of the operating systems supplied by Sun, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, and others will include Java interpreters. The software is then able to access and process any image on the iNternet or on the local computer. Using a 512 X 512 X 8-bit image, a 3 X 3 convolution took 0.88 seconds on an Intel Pentium Pro PC running at 200 MHz with 64 Mbytes of memory. A window/level operation took 0.38 seconds while a 3 X 3 median filter took 0.71 seconds. These performance numbers demonstrate the feasibility of using this software interactively on desktop computes. Our software tool supports various image processing techniques commonly used in medical image processing and can run without the need of any specialized hardware. It can become an easily accessible resource over the Internet to promote the learning and of understanding image processing algorithms. Also, it could facilitate sharing of medical image databases and collaboration amongst researchers and clinicians, regardless of location.
Effects of self-radiation damage on electronic properties of 244Cm3+ in an orthophosphate crystal of YPO4

The electronic energy level structure of the α-emitting isotope 244 Cm 3+ (t 1/2 =18.1 years) doped into single crystals of YPO 4 has been studied using site-selected laser spectroscopic methods. Electronic transitions between the nominal 8 S 7/2 ground state and the 6 D 7/2 state of Cm 3+ were utilized to characterize the effects of α-decay-induced structural damage. The total splitting of the four doublets in the ground multiplet is 12.5 cm -1 , and that of the excited multiplet is 611 cm -1 . Due to radiation damage accumulated in 17 years since the crystals were grown, the inhomogeneous line width of the 8 S 7/2 ↔ 6 D 7/2 transitions is broader than 50 cm -1 as measured without site selection. The line width of resonant fluorescence line narrowing (RFLN) is less than 1 cm -1 at 4 K. A total of 12 satellite lines were observed symmetrically spacing about the RFLN line. The position, width, and intensity of these satellite lines have been analyzed to gain information on the electronic and structural properties of the actinide ions in the disordered lattice of Cm 3+ :YPO 4 .
Identification and quantification of a messenger ribonucleic acid induced by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons – using a cloned human cytochrome P-450 gene

We have isolated four overlapping human genomic clones associated with the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon-induced form of cytochrome P-450. The form of P-450 most closely associated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons induction has been defined as P1-450. These four overlapping genomic clones span a total of 31.0 × 103 base pairs in length with the coding sequence lying in the center of these clones. Translation in vitro of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mRNA, selected with the human P1-450 genomic clone, detect a protein with Mr 52000, which is immunoprecipitable by the anti-(mouse P1-450) antibody. The isolated human P1-450 genomic clone hybridizes to 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mRNA from monkey liver, benzanthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated human mammary tumor cells (MCF-7), but not to isosafrole-treated human cells. Upon treatment with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons there is a positive correlation between induced arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (flavoprotein-linked monoxygenase) activity and the amount of mRNA that hybridizes to the isolated human genomic clone for P1-450. The size of mRNA, induced from human cells and monkey liver by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, is around 3.3 × 103 base pairs, which is the same as the larger of two mRNA induced by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the inbred strain of mouse (C57BL/6N). Our data also showed that the isolated DNA clone can detect a mRNA size of 3.3 × 103 base pairs from phytohemagglutinin-activated, benzanthracene-treated human lymphocytes. Densitometer scanning indicated the presence of a 3.6-fold variation (highest—lowest) in the levels of lymphocyte P1-450 mRNA contents among six individuals studied.
The bone marrow: a site of neutrophil clearance

Neutrophils, an essential component of the innate immune system, are produced at a rate 10(11) cells/day and are consequently the most abundant leukocyte in the blood. These granulocytes have a relatively short half-life (6-8 h) in the blood, and as a result of the cytotoxic nature of their contents, it is critical that there are mechanisms in place for the efficient clearance of these effete cells from the circulation. Although macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system are positioned ideally to recognize and phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils in the circulation, this review challenges the current dogma that neutrophils are cleared primarily in the liver and spleen, presenting the evidence that the bone marrow is also an important site of neutrophil clearance under homeostatic conditions. Furthermore, a role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis in the trafficking of senescent neutrophils back to the bone marrow for clearance is described.
An augmented auditory feedback device

An augmented auditory feedback device is described. The device can be easily and economically constructed and implemented during a patient's physical rehabilitation. The rationale is to provide an external source of information to the user in order to correct errors during weight-bearing activities. Possible applications of the augmented auditory feedback device include increasing symmetry and weight distribution during sitting, standing, and gait. Instructions regarding its construction are provided, and a case study using the device is presented. Improved midline alignment and weight distribution in sitting for a 2-hour duration was achieved by a stroke patient using the augmented auditory feedback device in conjunction with physical therapy.
Predicting the Strength of Volar Screw Purchase in the Distal Radius: Comparison Between DEXA and a New “Smart” Surgical Tool

The distal radius is a common site of fracture with volar plates and screws as the current clinical practice for fracture fixation [1]. Local measurements of bone quality at the sites of screw insertion aid in providing the most stable fixation with the least amount of hardware, minimizing the risk of construct failure and irritation to soft tissue [2, 3]. The clinical standard for pre-operative bone mineral density (BMD) assessment uses dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). However, DEXA scans provide global BMD values and cannot accurately predict variations in BMD within a given anatomical site [4]. Furthermore, patients frequently present without a pre-operative DEXA scan, so intra-operative assessment would be ideal. We developed a simple sensor system that would be appropriate for assessing local BMD intra-operatively. The system consists of a “smart” Weber clamp instrumented with a single uniaxial strain gage that provides real-time feedback regarding the local BMD.© 2010 ASME
Sparse array configurations yielding uniform MTFs in reciprocal path imaging applications

Abstract A method is presented for constructing both one-dimensional and two-dimensional configurations of sparse subaperture arrays which result in uniform spatial frequency response with arbitrarily high spatial resolution for reciprocal path imaging applications (i.e., imaging laser radar applications).
Investigation of the neptunium-zirconium phase diagram by differential thermal analysis

Abstract Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of Np-Zr alloy specimens has been used to characterize the essential features of the Np-Zr phase diagram. DTA results for seven samples with approximate aggregate compositions of 25, 50 or 75 at% Zr led to the conclusion that there were limited mutual solubilities at the terminal portions of the diagram. The apparent immiscibility of the high-temperature bcc allotropes of Np and Zr contrasts with the behavior reported for the U-Zr and Pu-Zr systems. X-ray diffraction data have indicated the existence of an intermediate phase at lower temperatures, believed to have a nominal composition of NpZr2, analogous to the δ-UZr2 phase.
Freezing points and small-scale deicing tests for salts of levulinic acid made from grain sorghum.

Abstract Deicers from renewable resources are needed to overcome the disadvantages of using traditional deicers. Salts made from levulinic acid produced using grain sorghum as raw material were tested as road deicing agents. Freezing points of these salts viz., sodium levulinate, magnesium levulinate and calcium levulinate along with rock salt (sodium chloride) were determined according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 1177-94 standard at concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 % w/w. There were significant differences among the freezing points of the salts. Freezing points for rock salt, sodium levulinate, calcium levulinate and magnesium levulinate, for different concentrations, were in the ranges of −6.6 to −20.5, −2.9 to −15.0, −2.1 to −7.8 and −1.5 to −6.5 °C, respectively. Deicing effectiveness of the salts of levulinic acid were investigated by conducting small-scale deicing tests with aqueous solutions of various salt concentrations (2%, 5% and 10%) in a laboratory freezer and by spraying the deicer on a graveled surface covered by ice and snow with the average temperature during the testing at −2.7 °C. Deicing capabilities of the three salts of levulinic acid differed. At −2.7 °C, all three salts caused melting of the ice. Among the different levulinates studied sodium levulinate was the most effective deicing agent. These salts of levulinates could be a viable replacement for traditional deicers and could help in reducing the disadvantages of traditional deicers.
Sedimentary textures of Recent Belizean peritidal dolomite

ABSTRACT Recent surface and buried dolomite crusts and massive dolomite beds on Ambergris Cay, Belize have formed on topographically low-relief, peritidal flats whereon the hydrologic system is characterized by a dominant phreatic diagenetic overprint. As a consequence of their low subaerial exposure index, such dolomites and associated undolomitized surface sediments lack many of the textural and microfabric features that are considered diagnostic of the peritidal environment. The progressive dolomitization of precursor sandy, fossiliferous sediments (wackestones to packstones) is accompanied by a textural change to dolowackestones with allochem ghosts, and a porosity system that resembles, but is distinct from, syndepositional fenestral fabrics formed in unconsolidated or partly consolidated peritidal sediments. The microcrystalline dolomite cements in these rocks are predominantly of phreatic aspect, and only rare examples of possible vadose diagenetic fabrics are observed. These texturally anomalous peritidal dolomites, characterized by a markedly subtidal appearance, may have fossil counterparts in many ancient carbonate tidal-flat sequences.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE TRADE BALANCE AND EXPORT FINANCING ON INTERNATIONAL SHORT-TERM CAPITAL MOVEMENTS: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

SUMMARY The relationships between international trade and short-term capital placements are shown to be more numerous and complex than is often recognized in the literature. At first instance the trade balance determines a flow of private capital but these flows do not represent movements to equilibrium positions. At least partial repatriation of such flows will be desired by traders but the speed of this repatriation is constrained by the terms on which trade finance has been extended. With full repatriation, a ‘permanent’ change in the trade balance would not lead to a permanent change in private capital flows, but rather to a change in the net stock of short-term assets held abroad due to these constraints on instantaneous portfolio adjustment by traders. The size of the change in this stock is shown to depend on the terms on which trade is financed as well as on the size of the change in the trade balance. The time path of the permanent outward shift is dependent upon these terms as well. The effects just summarized depend upon a divergence between traders’ actual and desired portfolio allocations because of temporary constraints on portfolio adjustment. Longer run changes in the trade balance and absolute volume of trade will affect traders’ convenience and hedging returns from holdings of foreign balances and hence may affect their desired portfolio allocations. While these effects could conceptually go in cither direction, the secular expansion of trade should level to a short-term capital inflow into the United States because of the international role of the dollar.
Unified Finite Integral Transform Analysis

Abstract A special matrix is introduced, the elements of which are zero or first-order operators. This matrix is used to define the initial boundary value problem which covers a wide class of engineering applications. To bring the solution of the problem within the realm of integral transform theory, a new finite integral transform and the corresponding inversion formula are developed. The necessary orthogonality relations is derived using an extension of the Gauss-Green theorem. The formal solution obtained here can be applied to study heat conduction problems, elasticity problems, etc.
Mileage-based contention management in transactional memory

In Transactional Memory (TM), a conflict occurs when a memory block is accessed concurrently by two or more transactions and at least one of them is a write access. The management of conflicts significantly impacts TM performance. There are two alternative approaches for managing conflicts: Reactive Contention Management (RCM) [1] and Proactive Contention Management (PCM) [2]. Previous contention management schemes treat all transactions with no weights, and make a decision based on the information provided by the running transaction instance.
Theory and Practice in Managerial Selection: Do We Practice What We Preach?: A Report on Student Characteristics Desired and Selection Tools Used in Hospitality College Recruiting

This research project provides interesting insights into the campus selection practices of hospitality firms. The study first identifies and ranks the student characteristics currently most valued by hospitality campus recruiters, and compares these results to previous findings. Then, a unique contribution of the study is to identify the selection tools (application blanks, resumes, interviews, tests) hospitality recruiters use to identify candidates who possess the desired characteristics. Implications for students, for educators, for recruiters, and for further research are considered.
The Hong Kong Currency Board During the 1997–8 Crisis: Problems and Solutions

The note-based Hong Kong currency board was ineffective in dealing with currency speculations at the start of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The makeshift modification implemented by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority imposed implicit controls on the capital outflow and produced high and volatile interest rates. There are simple solutions. We examine the merits and evidence related to the issuance of currency put options by the monetary authority as a commitment against devaluation. Furthermore, a simple mechanism linking the domestic credit demand to the reserve currency base will induce proper interest-rate dynamics for a currency board to function properly.
Cyclosporine toxicity: the effect of combined therapy using cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone.

Forty-nine patients among 360 who received renal transplants under cyclosporine (CsA)lprednisone (Pred) immunosuppression required alteration of the immunosuppressive regimen because of intractable nephrotoxicity. Twenty-five patients, converted totally to azathioprine (Aza)/Pred, suffered intractable nephrotoxicity with no associated evidence suggesting ongoing rejection. The results with Aza/Pred conversion were disappointing because of an unacceptably high incidence of rejection and allograft loss. Twenty-four patients with intractable CsA nephrotoxicity were, therefore, treated using an alternative approach combining Aza with aggressive CsA dose reduction, and continued Pred therapy. All patients tolerated initiation of Aza without complication; allograft rejection was not common. Renal function improved for 23 of the 24 (96%) CsA/Aza/Pred patients with mean serum creatinine levels falling from 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/dL to 2.2 ± 0.4 mg/dL after a mean follow-up of 14 months ( P
Effects of reinforcement on retention and transfer: Pattern discrimination

In two experiments, Ss learned to discriminate between patterns drawn from different pattern populations. Different groups received consistent, intermittent, or no extrinsic reinforcement. The groups which received extrinsic reinforcement tended to remember pattern characteristics, and demonstrated transfer to a new task, better than did the unreinforced groups. Results were generally consistent with an earlier experiment which indicated that monetary rewards improve recall, relearning, and transfer in a verbal learning task.
Coherence length and vortex filament in the boson-fermion model of superconductivity.

The boson-fermion model of high-{Tc} superconductivity is based on the dominance of the {ital s}-channel'' reaction 2{ital e}{r arrow}{phi}{r arrow}2{ital e}, where {phi} is a local field, representing phenomenologically the pair state. We show that in this model the coherence length {xi} can be calculated and is very small, consistent with observation. This, in turn, justifies the local-field approximation. The relevance of Bose-Einstein condensation is discussed; in this theory, the critical temperature can be much higher than that in the BCS theory. We also examine the vortex filament and the critical magnetic fields {ital H}{sub {ital c}1} and {ital H}{sub {ital c}2}.
Ares Upper Stage Processes to Implement Model Based Design - Going Paperless

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) has all but replaced the drafting board for design work. Increased productivity and accuracy should be natural outcomes of using CAD. Going from paper drawings only to paper drawings based on CAD models to CAD models and no drawings, or Model Based Design (MBD), is a natural progression in today?s world. There are many advantages to MBD over traditional design methods. To make the most of those advantages, standards should be in place and the proper foundation should be laid prior to transitioning to MBD. However, without a full understanding of the implications of MBD and the proper control of the data, the advantages are greatly diminished. Transitioning from a paper design world to an electronic design world means re-thinking how information gets controlled at its origin and distributed from one point to another. It means design methodology is critical, especially for large projects. It means preparation of standardized parts and processes as well as strong communication between all parties in order to maximize the benefits of MBD.
Monoclonal antibody to Na,K-ATPase: Immunocytochemical localization along nephron segments

Monoclonal antibody to Na,K-ATPase: Immunocytochemical localization along nephron segments. To obtain a highly specific reagent that could be utilized for ultrastructural localization of Na,K-ATPase, monoclonal antibodies were produced using microsomal preparations of outer renal medulla of dog and rat enriched for Na,K-ATPase. The monoclonal antibody (C62.4) raised against dog antigen, immunoprecipitated a 96,000 Dalton protein from membranes labeled either with 35 S methionine or 3 H NAB ouabain. Na,K-ATPase, Na-ATPase, and KpNPPase activity were 25, 60, and 100% maximal after reaction with C62.4. Na,K-ATPase activated with SDS was inhibited, but Na,K-ATPase in tight right-side-out membrane vesicles was not. C62.4 inhibited ouabain binding in the presence of Na,K, and Mg, but did not inhibit ouabain binding in the presence of Mg and Pi. Labeling of broken membranes was readily seen using C62.4 labeled with colloidal gold. Intact right-side-out vesicles showed no evidence of labeling, demonstrating that the antibody is directed to an epitope of the cytoplasmic domain of the enzyme. Differential localization of C62.4 along the nephron was identified. Glomeruli showed no significant antibody binding except by occasional cells in the mesangial regions. Only basal lateral membranes of cells from all tubule segments labeled with C62.4. There was no evidence of specific apical labeling. The thick ascending limb of Henle's loop demonstrated the greatest concentration of antibody binding. In the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct, only principal cells showed abundant antibody binding. Intercalated cells showed no detectable evidence of antibody binding on any surface. These studies demonstrate that Na,K-ATPase is localized exclusively to the basal lateral membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells and varies in density and distribution in different nephron segments.
POTATO CARLAVIRUS S (PVS) RESISTANCE OF POTATO CLONE B6603-12

The potato (Solarium tuberosum L.tuberosum) breeding line B6603-12 was shown to be resistant to Potato Carlavirus S (PVS) on the basis of non detection of PVS by ELISA in plants that were: 1) either graft or mechanically inoculated with composite isolates of PVS; and 2) interplanted among PVS infected cultivars in fields for twelve growing seasons.
Effects of Infra-red Irradiation on the American Cockroach

Considerable interest has been aroused by the appearance of a device purported to have a “lethal ray” which is particularly destructive to insect life. A few preliminary tests of this apparatus have been made and it seems desirable to record the results.
The role of colony organization on pathogen transmission in social insects.

Social organisms are especially vulnerable to pathogens due to the homogeneity of the colony, and the close proximity and extensive interactions among its members. However, the social organization of these groups also offers the potential to provide an effective barrier against the transmission of pathogens within the colony. Social insects with their elaborate colony organizations provide an ideal model system to develop and test this hypothesis. While the different elements of colony organization are generally assumed to be products of ergonomic selection, in this paper we address how the same elements could influence the transmission of pathogens. By developing a simple model, we explore how three parameters of colony organization, division of labor, interaction network and colony demography could influence the transmission of pathogens. We find that heterogeneity among individuals in terms of division of labor alone has little effect on the spread of an infection in the colony and the scenario is indistinguishable from one in which all the individuals are homogeneous. However, division of labor, combined with heterogeneity in the interaction network and demographic schedules reduce the spread of an infection.
Measurement of femtosecond Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) using biased p-shifted low-coherence interferometry.

Conventional low-coherence interferometry (LCI) can be employed in the measurement of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of fiber-optic components and fibers. However, the smallest PMD, which can be measured using this technique, is limited by the coherence length of the source. We propose a biased π-shifted Michelson interferometer where a birefringent crystal is inserted in front of the interferometer to introduce a bias differential group delay (DGD) larger than the coherence time of the source. In this way, the limitation imposed by the source coherence time has been overcome and PMDs much smaller than the source coherence time, in the order of several femtoseconds, can be measured. Experimental results for the PMD have been shown and compared with Jones matrix eigen-analysis. The theoretical model confirms the experimental observations.
Influence of Diet on the Course of Nephrotoxic Nephritis in Rats

Conclusions1. Under certain conditions chronic progressive nephritis follows a single insult to the kidney. 2. The course of nephrotoxic nephritis in rats can be markedly influenced by diet.
Mitochondria—A Nexus for Aging, Calorie Restriction, and Sirtuins?

Recent studies of calorie restriction in several organisms demonstrate an increase in mitochondrial activity that is associated with the salutary effects of this dietary restriction regimen. In this Essay, I speculate on how an increase in mitochondrial activity might provide benefit and discuss how diet, mitochondria, and sirtuins might interact in a pathway to slow aging and associated diseases.
Effects of simulated altitude and exercise upon ECGs of young black men.

Abstract Twenty-five healthy black men between 17 and 21 years of age were evaluated. Their resting and exercise electrocardiograms were recorded at simulated sea level and at a simulated altitude of 4,000 m. Sea level exercise caused a reduction in the amplitudes of R waves and a lowering of J points. Exercise at a simulated altitude of 4,000 m caused a lowering of the J point in several leads and a reduction of the R wave amplitude in lead aVF. Hypoxia caused a reduction in the amplitudes of the T waves and a lowering of the J points in several leads. These effects of exercise and altitude, to a great extent, eliminated the appearance of “early repolarization”, which is very common among young black men.
Neutral-current constriants on gauge theories. II

We extend the analysis of our SU(2) x U(1) model to the case of the ambidextrous SU/sub L/(2) x SU(2)/sub R/ x U(1) model and SU(2) x U/sub L/(1) x U/sub R/(1) models of the vector type. In the first case, we find that the only model of this kind that can fit the present neutral-current data is the standard doublet model. In the latter case, we find that vector models are ruled out.
Temperament, Context and Sexual Risk among College Students

Much is known about predictors of risky sexual behaviors in young adults. Little is known; however, about the contribution of temperament and how temperament interacts with context to influence sexual risk intentions and actual behaviors. Since intentions are closely linked to behavior, knowing how temperament influences these decisions is important in planning interventions. The purpose of this quasiexperimental study was to examine the effect of gender, temperament, and context on sexual risk intentions and behaviors among college students (N = 145). Although individual components of temperament were associated with sexual risk intentions, temperament did not predict sexual risk intentions in a safer or risky context or actual behaviors. There were also no differences by gender. In this study, temperament did not interact with context to influence sexual risk intentions or behaviors. According to these results, interventions promoting safer sexual behaviors may not have to be tailored to individuals with different temperament styles.
Liquid scintillators—III the quenching of liquid-scintillator solutions by organic compounds

Abstract A study has been made of the quenching characteristics of a large number of selected organic compounds in a few commonly encountered liquid scintillator solutions. From this it should be possible to anticipate the quenching difficulties associated with homogeneous liquid scintillation counting.
Method for determining photonuclear production of radioisotopes using high-energy electron beams.

Linear accelerators can produce electrons at high power and energy. These electrons can be targeted at materials to produce radionuclides. Monte Carlo simulation is used to follow the path of the linac electrons (15–35 MeV) through materials. The production of photons and their passage through the material is modeled. The method of using this Monte Carlo information to calculate activation in the materials is presented. It is found that kilowatt power levels can produce mCi amounts of radioactivity in minutes. This work permits systematic evaluation of the potential for designing linear accelerators for in-house production of radionuclides.
Research Note: Effect of Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Given Via Drinking Water on Early Mortality of Broiler Chicks from Twenty-Eight-Week-Old Dams

The effect of tetracycline HCl and oxytetracycline HCl on early mortality in straight-run Peterson x Hubbard cross broiler chicks from 28-wk-old dams was studied. Treatments consisted of a sham-treated control, and groups treated with a tetracycline either HCl (25 mg/454 g of BW per day) or an oxytetracycline HCl (14.6 mg/454 g of BW per day). Each group was treated via the drinking water for the first 5 days after hatching. There were 24 replications per treatment with 54 chicks each. Birds were maintained at a density of 622.5 cm2 per chick. Chicks treated with tetracycline HCl and oxytetracycline HCl had significantly (P less than .05) improved livability when compared with the sham-treated controls both at 2 and 6 wk of age (1.00 and .83 versus 1.79 at 2 wk, and 2.79 and 3.29 versus 4.29% mortality at 6 wk, respectively). No significant differences in mortality were observed between tetracycline HCl-treated chicks and oxytetracycline HCl-treated chicks. At the end of the 6-wk trial, no differences between treatments were seen in the productive performance of the broilers. The observed differences in livability at 6 wk of age could increase the number of saleable broilers by 10 to 15 thousand per million chicks placed.
Daily image guidance with cone-beam computed tomography for head-and-neck cancer intensity-modulated radiotherapy: a prospective study.

Purpose To report on a prospective clinical trial of the use of daily kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to evaluate the interfraction and residual error motion of patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. Methods and Materials Patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy with an Elekta linear accelerator using a mounted CBCT scanner. CBCT was performed before every treatment, and translational (but not rotational) corrections were performed. At least once per week, a CBCT scan was obtained after intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Variations were measured in the medial–lateral, superoinferior, and anteroposterior dimensions, as well as in the rotation around these axes. Results A total of 28 consecutive patients (1,013 CBCT scans) were studied. The average interfraction shift was 1.4 ± 1.4, 1.7 ± 1.9, and 1.8 ± 2.1 mm in the medial–lateral, superoinferior, and anteroposterior dimensions, respectively. The corresponding average residual error shifts were 0.7 ± 0.8, 0.9 ± 0.9, and 0.9 ± 0.9 mm. These data indicate that in the absence of daily CBCT image-guided radiotherapy, a clinical target volume to planning target volume margin of 3.9, 4.1, and 4.9 mm is needed in the medial–lateral, superoinferior, and anteroposterior dimensions, respectively. With daily CBCT, corresponding margins of 1.6, 2.5, and 1.9 mm should be acceptable. Subgroup analyses showed that larynx cancers and/or intratreatment weight loss indicate a need for slightly larger clinical target volume to planning target volume margins. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that image-guided radiotherapy using CBCT for head-and-neck cancer is effective. These data suggest it allows a reduction in the clinical target volume to planning target volume margins by about 50%, which could facilitate future studies of dose escalation and/or improved toxicity reduction. Caution is particularly warranted for cases in which the targets are mobile ( e.g., the tongue).
Aeration in tower-type fermenters

The effects of air flow rate, oxygen partial pressure, aeration disk size and porosity, liquid height, and surface-active agents on aeration were studied in two unstirred towers or column-type vessels of different diameters using the sodium sulphite oxidation method. The coefficient of oxygen transfer increased with air flow rate up to the “flooding” point. The air flow rate required to cause “flooding” was increased by increasing the area of the aeration disk relative to the cross-sectional area of the tower. Within limits, aeration was improved by using disks of finer porosity. Under most conditions the coefficient of oxygen transfer was much higher in the small tower. The coefficient of transfer was not affected by liquid height in the tower, but efficiency of absorption increased with height. Aeration was adversely affected by all surface active agents tested.
A simple and rapid method for determination of lignin in plant tissues—its usefulness in elicitor screening and comparison to the thioglycolic acid method

Abstract Lignification of injuries is an important component of a plant’s defense against postharvest diseases. Currently available methods for determination of lignin are slow and tedious. We describe a method to rapidly quantify lignin in plant tissue discs based on measurement of color difference following selective staining with Schiff’s reagent. The effect of elicitor treatment on accumulation of lignin at 30°C was evaluated using storage tissues of four plants. Root tissues of daikon, turnip and sweet potato all exhibited increased lignification in response to elicitation with pectinase, chitosan or a yeast extract. Acorn squash tissue responded only to pectinase. Squash tissue elicited and then held at 28°C for 18 h developed considerable resistance to infection by Penicillium italicum. Accumulation of lignin over time was determined by both the color difference method and the thioglycolic acid (TGA) method. These two methods gave very different impressions of the accumulation of lignin over time. However, each method gave very similar results on all four plants tested. As measured by the color difference method, lignin accumulation became apparent only 4 h after elicitation and the lignification process was complete within 24 h. In contrast, lignin accumulation by the TGA method was much slower, increases were not evident until 8–12 h after elicitation, and lignin continued to accumulate for a further 36 h. The difference between the results obtained with these two methods may be explained by the solubility of the lignin when first formed.
Detection of interleukin-1 beta in human periapical lesions☆

Abstract Interleukins are involved in modulating bone cell activity. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to be potent stimuli of bone resorption in organ culture. This hormone-peptide is produced primarily by monocytes and macrophages. Diverse inflammatory cell types are clearly present in periapical lesions. The purpose of this study was to detect IL-1β activity in human periapical lesions. Eight human periapical lesions were examined for the presence of IL-1β. Pulp tissue of clinically impacted teeth were used as controls. Each specimen was quick-frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. IL-1β activity was measured with, an IL-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that used monoclonal antibodies specific for IL-1β. Periapical samples exhibited significant activity of IL-1β (mean 604.4 ± 563.0 pg/mg protein), whereas normal pulp had no activity. These results demonstrate that IL-1β is produced and released locally in inflammatory periapical lesions to mediate bone resorption.
Foreign Direct Investment and Pesticide Use Intensity in Less-Developed Countries: A Quantitative Investigation

A growing area of empirical literature in sociology investigates the social and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment. Building on macrosociological theorization of foreign capital dependence and prior research, I test the hypothesis that less-developed countries with higher levels of foreign capital penetration in the primary sector use a greater amount of pesticides per hectare of arable and permanent cropland. Findings for the ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and robust regression analyses of 40 less-developed countries confirm the hypothesis, and underscore the need for social scientists to assess the effects of foreign capital penetration in different sectors.
CARCINOMA OF THE LARGE INTESTINE AS A LATE COMPLICATION OF PELVIC RADIOTHERAPY

Summary Carcinoma of the rectosigmoid is reported as a late complication 15 years after vigorous pelvic radiation therapy. A segment of bowel, thought to be radiation stricture, showed both radiation changes and a carcinoma. Microspically, there was evidence of severe radiation damage throughout all areas of the bowel and these changes, although general, were accentuated in the immediate vicinity of the carcinoma. The conditions under which this rare complication of radiation therapy can occur have been defined.
Percutaneous flexor tenotomy for treatment of neuropathic toe ulceration secondary to toe contracture in persons with diabetes: a systematic review

Percutaneous flexor tenotomy has been proposed for treatment of neuropathic toe ulcerations secondary to toe contracture in persons with diabetes who have failed ongoing local wound care measures due to the perceived safety and efficacy. Because this patient population comprises a substantial proportion of the authors' practice, we undertook a systematic review of electronic databases and other relevant sources to identify material relating to the use of percutaneous flexor tenotomy for the treatment of neuropathic toe ulcerations secondary to toe contracture deformities in persons with diabetes. Information from peer-reviewed journals, as well as that from non-peer–reviewed publications, abstracts and posters, textbooks, and unpublished works, was considered. In an effort to procure the highest-quality studies available, studies were eligible for inclusion only if they involved consecutively enrolled patients undergoing the same percutaneous surgical treatment, evaluated patients at a mean follow-up of ≥12 months' duration, and included details of complications. Two studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria, both of which were retrospective case series of relatively poor methodological quality. Rather than providing strong evidence for or against the use of percutaneous flexor tenotomy for the treatment of neuropathic toe ulceration secondary to toe contracture in persons with diabetes, the results of this systematic review make clear the need for methodologically sound prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials that focus on the use of this form of surgical intervention. Level of Evidence: 1
Determination of α-helix and β-sheet stability in the solid state: A solid-state NMR investigation of poly(L-alanine)

The relative stability of alpha-helix and beta-sheet secondary structure in the solid state was investigated using poly(L-alanine) (PLA) as a model system. Protein folding and stability has been well studied in solution, but little is known about solid-state environments, such as the core of a folded protein, where peptide packing interactions are the dominant factor in determining structural stability. (13)C cross-polarization with magic angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the backbone conformation of solid powder samples of 15-kDa and 21.4-kDa PLA before and after various sample treatments. Reprecipitation from helix-inducing solvents traps the alpha-helical conformation of PLA, although the method of reprecipitation also affects the conformational distribution. Grinding converts the secondary structure of PLA to a final steady-state mixture of 55% beta-sheet and 45% alpha-helix at room temperature regardless of the initial secondary structure. Grinding PLA at liquid nitrogen temperatures leads to a similar steady-state mixture with 60% beta-sheet and 40% alpha-helix, indicating that mechanical shear force is sufficient to induce secondary structure interconversion. Cooling the sample in liquid nitrogen or subjecting it to high pressure has no effect on secondary structure. Heating the sample without grinding results in equilibration of secondary structure to 50% alpha-helix/50% beta-sheet at 100 degrees C when starting from a mostly alpha-helical state. No change was observed upon heating a beta-sheet sample, perhaps due to kinetic effects and the different heating rate used in the experiments. These results are consistent with beta-sheet approximately 260 J/mol more stable than alpha-helix in solid-state PLA.
Interventions for Heart Disease and Their Effects on Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Objectives: To review the contributions of cardiovascular disease to Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Methods: Review of the literature. Results: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia both share significant risk attributable to cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia at midlife are significant risk factors for both subsequent dementia. Diabetes and obesity are also risk factors for dementia. Stressful medical procedures, such as coronary artery bypass and graft operations also appear to contribute to the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein E is the major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein E does not appear to contribute to Alzheimer's disease by increasing serum cholesterol, but it might contribute to the disease through a mechanism involving both Aβ and an increase in neuronal vulnerability to stress. Discussion: The strong association of cardiovascular risk factors with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia suggest that these...
The Thermoelastic Behavior of Thrust Washer Bearings Considering Mixed Lubrication, Asperity Contact, and Thermoviscous Effects

A comprehensive numerical model is developed to investigate the behavior of a tilted thrust washer bearing. The goal of this work is to investigate the physical phenomena that distress the bearing system. This work includes thermoelastic deformations, which have been neglected in previous studies. The thrust washer bearing is subjected to non-axisymmetric loads within the planetary gear sets of automatic transmissions and consists of flat-faced washers placed between an idle helical gear and an adjacent carrier face. Various coupled numerical schemes model sliding friction, boundary lubrication, asperity contact, thermo-mechanical deformation, thermoviscous effects, and full-film lubrication. The model provides predictions of frictional torque, bearing temperature, hydrodynamic lift, and other indicators of bearing performance. The numerical model and theoretical predictions confirm the experimental results, showing that the bearing under consideration is very susceptible to the mechanisms of thermoelasti...
Activation of Endothelial and Coagulation Systems in Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

Background The paucity of organ donors has necessitated redirecting research toward finding alternative means to a heart transplant, such as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) that will serve not merely as bridge-to-transplant but also as destination therapy. To better understand hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications that currently limit the use of such devices, we studied the endothelial and coagulation system changes in LVAD recipients with time. Methods We studied these markers of endothelial dysfunction: circulating endothelial cells and expression of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule, and tissue factor on circulating endothelial cells, thrombin generation (prothrombin fragments 1,2 and thrombin/antithrombin), and fibrinolysis (D-dimer). Our study group consisted of 21 LVAD recipients (on day 0 and on postoperative days 1, 7, 30, 90, and 180) and 7 control patients undergoing non-LVAD cardiac surgery. Results Baseline values of intercellular adhesion molecule, E-selectin, tissue factor, thrombin/antithrombin, and D-dimer were significantly higher in LVAD recipients than the normal range. Markers of thrombin generation (thrombin/antithrombin and prothrombin fragments 1,2) and fibrinolysis (D-dimer) peaked postoperatively and declined to baseline levels or below by 3 months. But the expression of inducible endothelial markers (intercellular adhesion molecule, E-selectin, tissue factor) on circulating endothelial cells increased postoperatively, then decreased but remained elevated above preoperative levels for up to 6 months. In our control patients, baseline levels of intercellular adhesion molecule, E-selectin, tissue factor, D-dimer, and thrombin/antithrombin were lower and decreased significantly by day 7, as compared with LVAD recipients (p Conclusions Left ventricular assist device recipients experienced significant baseline activation of endothelial and coagulation systems, further accentuated in the early postoperative period. Left ventricular assist device recipients also had prolonged activation of the endothelial and coagulation systems, suggesting activation of the extrinsic (tissue factor) pathway of thrombosis mediated by sustained endothelial dysfunction in these patients. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical influence of such changes in LVAD recipients.
Industrial development of vibroimpact molding of silicon carbide refractories

A technology was developed for the vibrocompaction of silicon carbide refractories. The efficiency of the process was confirmed in industrial conditions. The properties achieved by vibrocompaction in silicon carbide refractories and their uniformity of distribution appreciably exceeds similar characteristics for tamped, and to some extent pressed, refractories. Vibromolding equipment is very simple in design, of low metal content, low power rating and cost, and can be used to obtain product qualities at pressures of 1–2 kg/cm2 that are achieved in pressing only by pressures of about 1500 kg/cm2. The use of vibrocompacted silicon carbide slabs in the porcelain industry as kiln furniture increased the inter-repair periods for shelf cars for firing pottery.