cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of attending to feeling on memory for internally generated stimuli

Abstract The present experiments examined the effects of self-focus, as produced by focusing on feelings, on memory. In an initial experiment subjects did complex mental arithmetic significantly faster after self-focus. Because complex mental addition involves internally generated stimuli, the remaining experiments compared the effects, on memory, of self-focus on internally generated stimuli to the effect of self-focus on stimuli supplied by the experimenter. In a second experiment, self-focus facilitated memory for digits recalled in reverse order but not for digits when recalled in the given order. In a third experiment, self-focus facilitated the memory for the classification of digits but not for the digits themselves. In a fourth and fifth experiment, self-focus aided memory for classification of objects into categories such as small, medium, or large but did not aid memory for the objects themselves. In general, improved performance due to feeling focus was attributed to the role that self-focus may play in increasing attention to internally generated stimuli.
Prevalence of unsuspected mitral regurgitation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease and acute pulmonary edema associated with normal or depressed left ventricular systolic function

To define the prevalence and role of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, LV diastolic dysfunction and mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with acute pulmonary edema, 40 patients with coronary artery disease and acute pulmonary edema were prospectively evaluated within 36 hours of presentation. LV ejection fraction and 3 parameters of LV diastolic function were measured with radionuclide ventriculography, whereas MR was assessed with Doppler echocardiography. LV ejection fraction was normal in 11 (27%) and depressed in 29 (73%) patients. Moderate or severe MR without LV diastolic dysfunction was common and equally prevalent in patients with and without LV systolic dysfunction (33 vs 38%; difference not significant). Diastolic dysfunction without MR was less frequent but equally prevalent in patients with and without systolic dysfunction (17 vs 27%; difference not significant). Two (18%) of 11 patients without and 12 (33%) of 36 patients with LV systolic dysfunction had both MR and LV diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, MR was clinically silent and unsuspected in two-thirds of all patients with MR, regardless of a normal or depressed systolic function. These data show that there is a high prevalence of unrecognized moderate to severe MR in patients with acute pulmonary edema, regardless of the presence or absence of LV systolic dysfunction. Furthermore, the prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction without MR is relatively low even in patients with normal LV systolic function and pulmonary edema. Thus, unrecognized MR may be an important contributor to the syndrome of acute pulmonary edema in patients with normal or depressed LV systolic function.
Vitamin C Requirements of the Syrian Hamster

WHILE engaged in some endocrinological and immunological work on the Syrian hamster, we became interested in the diet of this animal. It was thought of interest to examine the ascorbic acid requirements of the hamster, because if the animal required this vitamin, the hamster might be a useful animal for vitamin C studies since it reproduces and matures so rapidly, and is susceptible to many infections not easily produced in other animals. Since we started this study, Routh and Houchin1 have concluded that thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxin, pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid are essential in the diet of the hamster, while Cooper, Waisman and Elvehjem2 have concluded that biotin and possibly inositol and p-aminobeiizoic acid, in addition to thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxin, and cholino, are essential to the hamster, but that nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid are not. Since no growth curves have been published, we think the present study would be of interest.
The Architecture of Computer Hardware and System Software: An Information Technology Approach

From the Publisher: This newly revised reference presents fundamental computer hardware, systems software, and data concepts. It provides a careful, in depth, non-engineering introduction to the inner workings of modern computer systems. The book also features the latest advances in operating system design and computer interconnection.
Produção de leite de vacas alimentadas com alta proporção de forragem em dietas

Vinte e duas vacas primiparas e 26 multiparas da raca Holandesa foram distribuidas em tres tratamentos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As dietas testadas consistiram de duas proporcoes forragem:concentrado, 55:45 (RCS) e 75:25 (RCSH), para silagem de milho comum, e 75:25 (BMR) para outra dieta baseada no hibrido bm3. Nao houve interacao entre tratamentos e ordem de lactacao. A proporcao silagem de alfafa:silagem de milho na porcao forrageira da dieta foi de 47,7:53,3. A ingestao (kg/dia) de materia seca e de proteina bruta foi superior para BMR e RCS (19,5 e 19,5; 3,41 e 3,42, respectivamente) em relacao a ingestao para RCSH (17,6 e 3,14), enquanto que a de fibra em detergente neutro foi maior para BMR (6,61) e menor para RCSH e RCS (6,08 e 5,40, respectivamente). O consumo de fibra em detergente acido (kg/dia) foi maior para BMR e RCSH (4,88 e 4,73) e menor para RCS (4,02). A producao de leite foi superior para o tratamento com maior proporcao de concentrados (35,7kg/vaca/dia), seguida pelo tratamento BMR (34,1kg/vaca/dia) e finalmente por RCSH, com a menor producao (32,1kg/vaca/dia). O teor de gordura no leite foi superior nos tratamentos com alto conteudo de forragem na dieta, enquanto que a porcentagem de proteina seguiu padrao oposto. O hibrido bm3, em dieta contendo alta proporcao de forragem, foi eficiente em manter o nivel de desempenho de vacas de alta producao em comparacao a dietas com relacoes forragem:concentrado normal ou alta e baseadas em hibridos contendo diferente genetica de milho.
The amenability of residential area differences in medical care utilization to amelioration.

Abstract This study is directed toward an examination of the difference in the utilization of medical care services between areas of residence. It is hypothesized that observed differences in utilization between specified areas of residence may be due entirely to the difference in population characteristics and, further, those characteristics may be non-manipulable. From this, it can be determined whether policy action designed to change utilization can be successful and, if so, which direction it should take. Data used in this study is a 10,000 sub-sample taken from the 1970 Health Interview Survey (HIS). Dental visits per person per year, physician visits per person per year, and short stay hospital days per person per year are used as measures of use of service in separate analyses. p]The findings indicate that the difference in dental service utilization can be explained (statistically) by the difference in the educational levels of the residents of the areas. This suggests that changes in utilization can be effected by adopting programs designed to equalize educational levels between areas. For physician visits, the findings indicate that the difference in utilization between areas can be explained (statistically) by the difference in the sex of the residents of the areas. This suggests that changes in utilization are not possible or would only result from inappropriate use. For hospital days, the findings indicate that the difference in utilization between areas can be explained (statistically) by the difference in the limitation of activity due to chronic conditions (need) of the residents of the areas. This suggests that changes in utilization in the short run are not possible or would only result from inappropriate use. Long run changes could be affected by changes in medical technology that would impact on the amount of need in the populations. The importance of these findings lie in the implication that differences in utilization between areas of residence may persist in spite of policy action that is directed at equalizing the availability of services between areas.
Systems approach toward nationwide air-pollution control I. The problem, the system, the objective

There is currently an acute awareness of the serious nature and spread of air pollution over many parts of the United States and other industrialized countries. Not only is air pollution costly, it is a hazard to health and life. The most recent federal estimate1 set the direct annual cost of air-pollution damage (in 1968) to materials, homes, vegetation, and health in the U.S. at $16.1 billion?and this is not the full accounting. Far more costly in human terms have been the episodes of intense air pollution that have taken a tragic toll of lives several times during this century: more than 1000 deaths in 1909 at Glasgow, Scotland; a large toll during 1936 in the Meuse Valley, northern Europe; 20 deaths and an estimated 6000 ill in 1948 at Donora, Pa.; and the infamous London ``episode'' of 1952 in which 4000 persons died within a few days. It may be conjectured that mere happenstance alone has preserved cities such as New York or Los Angeles from disasters of this magnitude. In view of the seriousness of the present pollution problem, IEEE Spectrum is presenting a three-part article?of which this is the first part?intended to explore a systems approach to large-scale air pollution. Part I covers the overall concept of a nationwide system, Part II will explore the necessary technical requirements, and Part III will outline mathematical models and describe control techniques.
The formal analysis of concepts

The present paper focuses on the extraction, by means of aformal logical/mathematical methodology (i.e., automatically, exclusively by rule), of concept content, as in, for example, continuous discourse. The approach to a fully formal definition of concept content ultimately is owing to a German government initiative to establish “standards” regarding concepts, in conjunction with efforts to stipulate precisely (and then, derivatively, through computer programs) data and information needs according to work role in certain government offices.
Increased purine nucleotides in adenosinedeaminase-deficient lymphocytes

It was found that ATP and cyclic AMP were greatly increased in human blood lymphocytes which weredeficient in ADA. Certain other purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were elevated but to a lesser degree. Energy production in these cells may be inhibited by the increase in nucleotides since the ATP:ADP ratio was significantly below normal. Thus it appears that the immunologic deficiency in human ADA deficiency is related to increased nucleotide concentrations in the lymphocytes.
Eigenvalue method for computing size effect of cohesive cracks with residual stress, with application to kink-bands in composites

Abstract The previously developed eigenvalue method for computing the size effect of cohesive crack model is extended to the cohesive crack model with a finite residual stress. In this model, the structure size for which a specified relative length of kink-band corresponds to the maximum load is obtained as an eigenvalue of a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation. This new method is direct and much more efficient than the classical finite element approach in which the entire load-deflection history must be computed to obtain the maximum load. A secondary purpose of the paper is to apply the new method to the effect of structure size on the compressive strength of unidirectional fiber–polymer composites failing by propagation of kink-band with fiber microbuckling. The kink-band is simulated by a cohesive crack model with a linear compressive softening law and a finite residual stress. The simulation shows that the specimens tested have a negative–positive geometry, i.e., the energy release rate of the kink-band for a unit load first decreases but at a certain length of propagation begins to increase. Finally the effect of shape of the softening law of cohesive crack on the size effect curve is studied by using the new eigenvalue method. It is shown that, for a negative–positive geometry, the size effect on the peak load depends on the entire softening curve if the specimens is not too small.
Photodynamic herbicides. 9. Structure activity study of substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines as potent photodynamic herbicide modulators

Abstract o -Phenanthroline, also known as 1,10-phenanthroline, is a potent photodynamic herbicide modulator which induces the accumulation of large amounts of tetrapyrroles in the absence or the presence of exogenous δ-aminolevulinic acid. Relationships between the molecular properties of substituted 1,10-phenanthroline analogues and their herbicidal and tetrapyrrole biosynthesis modulating activities were established. It was observed that the presence of two N atoms, at positions 1 and 10 of the 1,10-phenanthroline macrocycle, were mandatory for the expression of herbicidal activity. Quantitative structure-activity studies suggested that 90–98% of the variance in in vivo herbicidal photodynamic activity could be explained by the pattern of electronic density over specific regions of the molecules. Furthermore, it is suggested that observed variations in the tetrapyrrole modulating activities of substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines are due to alterations in their molecular electrostatic potentials.
Evidence that production of autoantibody to the alternative pathway C3 convertase is a normal physiologic event.

The origin of autoantibody production was studied with the use of antibody to the alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) as a model. Pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral mononuclear cells from newborn infants, normal adults, and patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis indicated that the ability to make C3NeF is apparently present in everyone from the time of birth. In addition, C3NeF appeared to express a single or very limited idiotope (21/21 isolates). The data also suggest that the elaboration of C3NeF may approximate an antibody response after immunization. Thus the C3NeF fraction of the total IgG or IgM produced in culture by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells from normal neonates and adults, as well as from patients, was in the range of the production of specific antibody. Further, both IgG and IgM C3NeF produced by cells from these normal individuals, including newborn infants, had an affinity for antigen (10 8 to 10 9 L/mol) that was also in the range of specific antibody. Most of the autoantibody molecules (5/7) from serum were IgG3; two B cell clones producing C3NeF were CD5-negative. These experiments indicate that unmutated germline genes are used in the production of C3NeF and that a limited spectrum of antiidiotypic antibodies regulate its production.
Two-beam Coupling Modules for Photorefractive Optical Circuits

Modules that perform photorefractive two-beam coupling operations have been built, characterized, and tested. These portable modules, interconnected by fiber optics, dispense with the need for repeated alignment and greatly facilitate the prototyping of complex signal- or image-processing photorefractive circuits. To evaluate the performance of the modules in a photorefractive circuit, we interconnected them in the feature extractor configuration: a ring configuration composed of two modules that selects the strongest signal within the signals presented on its input. With two signals at the input, an output contrast ratio of 45.4 dB is obtained for an input contrast ratio of 5 dB.
Computer identification of visual surfaces

This work deals with computer analysis of textured visual scenes. We shall concentrate on the process of isolation of meaningful regions with respect to their interpretation. First, we shall describe an algorithm for finding textured and colored regions. This amounts to the segmentation of the scene. Secondly, we will discuss the merging process of artifically isolated regions and the boundary inducing process from fuzzy (noisy) data, both based on context information (world model). Thirdly, we shall present a mathematical model, known as topological sheaves, for formalizing the region-forming process.
Isolation and Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Pork Farms and Visiting Veterinary Students

In the last decade livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) has become a public health concern in many parts of the world. Sequence type 398 (ST398) has been the most commonly reported type of LA-MRSA. While many studies have focused on long-term exposure experienced by swine workers, this study focuses on short-term exposures experienced by veterinary students conducting diagnostic investigations. The objectives were to assess the rate of MRSA acquisition and longevity of carriage in students exposed to pork farms and characterize the recovered MRSA isolates. Student nasal swabs were collected immediately before and after farm visits. Pig nasal swabs and environmental sponge samples were also collected. MRSA isolates were identified biochemically and molecularly including spa typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Thirty (30) veterinary students were enrolled and 40 pork farms were visited. MRSA was detected in 30% of the pork farms and in 22% of the students following an exposure to a MRSA-positive pork farm. All students found to be MRSA-positive initially following farm visit were negative for MRSA within 24 hours post visit. Most common spa types recovered were t002 (79%), t034 (16%) and t548 (4%). Spa types found in pork farms closely matched those recovered from students with few exceptions. Resistance levels to antimicrobials varied, but resistance was most commonly seen for spectinomycin, tetracyclines and neomycin. Non-ST398 MRSA isolates were more likely to be resistant to florfenicol and neomycin as well as more likely to be multidrug resistant compared to ST398 MRSA isolates. These findings indicate that MRSA can be recovered from persons visiting contaminated farms. However, the duration of carriage was very brief and most likely represents contamination of nasal passages rather than biological colonization. The most common spa types found in this study were associated with ST5 and expands the range of livestock-associated MRSA types.
Wideband acoustic transmission of human lungs.

The measurement of sound transmission in human lungs has shown promise to reveal, by noninvasive methods, information about the structure of peripheral airways and lung tissue. The paper gives a detailed explanation of the instrumentation and testing methods developed to measure sound transmission through human lungs and thoracic structures in the 5–20 kHz frequency range and describes in detail experiments comparing the acoustic lung transmission patterns of four different subject groups. The experimental results are compared with those predicted by an acoustical model of sound transmission through lung parenchyma.
Establishing a practice-based research network of advanced practice registered nurses in southern New England.

Abstract Background: Biomedical research focuses on highly controlled clinical trials in academic health centers, where the emphasis is on disease treatment and rehabilitation. The results, therefore, are not readily applicable to patient populations that primary care clinicians encounter in their community practices, where the focus is on health promotion and disease prevention. Although the number of practice-based research networks (PBRNs) is growing in primary care, these networks are governed by the physicians who created them and address research questions reflective of physicians' practices and perspectives. Other primary care clinicians, such as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), who routinely provide care for underserved and minority populations lack a forum for studying their practice problems and processes. A PBRN of APRNs in primary care provides a means for this research. Summary: The Advanced Practice Registered Nurses' Research Network in southern New England is the first PBRN established for APRNs. This article describes the development of the network. Nurs Outlook 2002;50:127-32.
A quench sensitivity study on the novel Al–Li–Cu–X alloy AF/C 458

Abstract The quench sensitivity of a novel Al–Li–Cu–X alloy, designated AF/C 458, was investigated through employing cooling rates of 1.8, 68 and 290 °C/s from the solution heat treatment temperature. Two versions of this alloy were investigated; an unrecrystallized temper consisting of equiaxed subgrains approximately 10 μm in diameter, with the second having recrystallized grains, absent of substructure. Subsequent mechanical testing, fractography and microstructural characterization were used in order to investigate the degree of quench sensitivity for naturally and artificially aged specimens. Varying levels of pre-age plastic deformation were also implemented for the artificially aged specimens. The slowest quench rate from the solution heat treatment correlated with the highest strength in the as-quenched condition but with subsequent minimal gains from natural aging. The as-quenched strength is attributed to the precipitation of large Al 2 CuLi(T 1 ) plates during cooling. Conversely, the rapidly quenched specimens were free of coarse precipitation and exhibited superior gains during natural aging at ambient temperature due to the enhanced nucleation and growth of Al 3 Li(δ ′ ). Despite the presence of the coarse T 1 precipitation in the slowly cooled specimens, the strength did not vary by more than 10% between the three quench rates for a given heat treatment. However, there was a consistent trend of enhanced ductility with increasing quench rate from the solution heat treatment temperature for each aged condition. Samples with the recrystallized grain structure had lower strengths in the as-quenched and naturally aged conditions when compared to samples with an unrecrystallized grain structure. Different levels of pre-age deformation did not affect the quench sensitivity for the under-aged conditions investigated in this study.
Persons With Communication Disabilities in Natural Disasters, War, and/or Conflict:

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 35 million people around the world have been displaced because of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, or tsunamis. In addit...
Instability of water polymers

Abstract The previously suggested possibility of a doubly bridged diborane-like set of homologous covalent structures for “polywater” was examined using semiempirical and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The all-valence-electron extended Huckel method was tested and found to be inadequate for predicting a realistic geometry for water monomer, even with iteration to self-consistent charge. CNDO/2 calculations were made with a program which allows independent variation of the 2 s and 2 p orbital scaling factors; zeta values used were those optimized in an earlier ab initio calculation on water. These calculations at various geometries gave a reasonable monomer structure. Computations on the diborane-like oligomers from dimer to hexamer, at various geometries, led to results showing that all these structures are thermodynamically unstable. The dimer was shown to be kinetically unstable (not metastable) as well. Considering these results and other theoretical studies we conclude that there are no plausible structures for polymers of water more stable than the ordinary hydrogen-bonded species.
Heterojunction band discontinuities for GaAs grown on Ge(110): Time variation

Abstract The valence-band discontinuity, ΔE v , for heterojunctions formed bu growing GaAs on epitaxial Ge(110) layers has been observed to exhibit a continuous decrease with time for ≈100 h after interface formation. These new results are compared with previous measuremnts for heterojunctions formed by growing GaAs on sputter-annealed Ge(110) substrates. It is found that the magnitude of the ΔE v variations is observed for GaAS grown on both epitaxial Ge(110) layers and on Ge(110) substrates, it appears to be a characteristic feature of GaAs grown on Ge interface.
Modelling and Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamics in Autonomous Heterarchical Manufacturing Systems Control

Abstract Heterarchical architectures characterized by fully distributed control and cooperation among loosely-coupled autonomous entities have been proposed for controlling automated manufacturing systems. A non-linear, control-theoretic analytical model is developed in this paper to represent the dynamical behavior of closed-loop distributed controllers in autonomous part-driven heterarchical systems. The model and the control law introduced for adjusting arrival times of parts to be processed allows the dynamics of these highly distributed, highly non-linear control systems to be analyzed. Analytical and numerical results are used to validated the model and illustrate robustness to uncertainties such as new part arrivals and machine failures of the fully distributed, heterarchical system control.
Spasm of the near reflex mimicking deteriorating accommodative esotropia.

Purpose: To describe a patient with accommodative esotropia who developed spasm of the near reflex. Case report: A 6-year-old girl with a history of successfully treated refractive, accommodative esotropia suddenly developed spasm of the near reflex after the death of a relative. The condition resolved after 2 months. Conclusion: Spasm of the near reflex should be considered in children with accommodative esotropia who seem to deteriorate and become esotropic once again while wearing their hyperopic glasses.
Deficit in active avoidance learning in rats following penicillin injection into hippocampus.

Abstract Penicillin was found to cause epileptiform (spike) activity when injected into the hippocampus of male rats. Animals so prepared were found to be severely impaired in the acquisition of a two-way active avoidance task. Animals with bilateral hippocampal destruction produced by aspiration and animals receiving an antibiotic, sodium sulfadiazine, which did not cause epileptiform activity learned the task as quickly as did unoperated animals. In a second study, rats were trained on the two-way task and then subjected to penicillin injection. They rapidly reached the pre-operative criterion showing significant amounts of retention. The fact that they were able to perform the avoidance response quite readily suggested that the impaired animals in Experiment 1 were not suffering from some basic sensory or motor loss.
Fumarate-enriched blood cardioplegia results in complete functional recovery of immature myocardium.

Abstract Amino acid enrichment of cardioplegic solutions has been shown to improve both the metabolic and functional recovery of ischemic myocardium. However, because of the marked systemic vasodilatation involved, use of amino acid enrichment is limited to the periods of induction and reperfusion. Fumarate is a Krebs' cycle intermediate whose conversion to succinate is responsible for the generation of adenosone triphosphate and the oxidation of the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine nucleotide which is the pathway by which aspartate exerts its effect. Fumarate may also function as a free-radical scavenger and is involved in calcium transport. To determine if fumarate-enriched blood cardioplegia would improve the functional recovery of the neonatal heart, 14 neonatal piglet hearts were isolated and placed on a blood-perfused working heart circuit. After the baseline functional and metabolic assessment was done, cold ischemic arrest was initiated with either standard blood cardioplegic solution (group I; N=7) or fumarate-enriched (13 mmol/L) blood cardioplegic solution (group II; N=7). Cardioplegic solution was given at a pressure of 40 mm Hg every 20 minutes for 2 hours, and topical hypothermia was used. Sixty minutes after warm whole blood reperfusion, the functional recovery at left atrial pressures of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mm Hg was 70%, 66%, 66%, and 65%, respectively, in group I, versus 102%, 106%, 105%, and 109%, respectively, in group II ( p
Optical second-harmonic generation from thallium on silver

Light which was generated at the surface of polycrystalline Ag was monitored in the specular direction at the second-harmonic energy of the neodynium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser incident radiation as a function of the applied voltage in a thin-layer electrochemical cell (0.05M ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$) with and without the presence of 0.75\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$M ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{+}$. The second-harmonic generation (SHG) decreased when ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{+}$ became physisorbed prior to underpotential deposition (UPD) of a stable Tl monolayer and increased slightly upon UPD of Tl. In contrast to this, previously reported reflectance data at the first harmonic are insensitive to events preceding Tl deposition. These results point out basic differences between SHG and reflectance of the fundamental and also show that simple surface-charge-density arguments are unsatisfactory in the explanation of SHG surface phenomena.
Use of neoadjuvant data to design adjuvant endocrine therapy trials for breast cancer

Mature outcomes from adjuvant endocrine therapy trials in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer have enabled comparisons with neoadjuvant clinical trials that have parallel randomizations of treatment in terms of the response of disseminated disease versus the local response within the breast. Imprecise end points, such as 'clinical response', have produced inconsistent results regarding the relationship between neoadjuvant and adjuvant endocrine therapy outcomes. However, the proliferation marker Ki-67, measured during neoadjuvant treatment, has predicted accurately and consistently the results of much larger studies in the adjuvant setting. In this Review, we summarize these trials and discuss the implications for the design of future adjuvant endocrine therapy trials. We conclude that there is sufficient evidence supporting the view that the degree of Ki-67 suppression is a reliable short-term surrogate for the adjuvant potential of endocrine drugs, at least in postmenopausal women. We propose that adjuvant endocrine therapy trials should only be conducted once adequately-powered neoadjuvant studies have indicated superior Ki-67 suppression in patients receiving experimental endocrine treatment versus the standard treatment.
USE OF DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY

▪ Abstract Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States and in many other countries of the world. Obesity is a chronic disease, not a failure of willpower. Diet, exercise, and behavioral modification of lifestyle are rarely successful over the long term. Medications have been used sparingly, because of concerns about addiction and ineffectiveness, but used chronically, obesity drugs are effective. The two main categories of obesity drugs are centrally active adrenergic and serotonergic agents. These drugs reduce appetite, enhance satiety, and increase energy expenditure. Use of single agents produces modest weight loss and use of combinations increases loss, but few patients reach their goal weight. Co-morbidities associated with obesity resolve or are reduced in severity with weight loss. Adverse events of major concern are changes in brain biochemistry and primary pulmonary hypertension. Published guidelines for use of obesity medications recommend they be used only for medically significant obesity.
5,5‐Dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorocyclopentadiene

[2207-27-4] C7H6Cl4O2 (MW 263.94) InChI = 1S/C7H6Cl4O2/c1-12-7(13-2)5(10)3(8)4(9)6(7)11/h1-2H3 InChIKey = UHSMEJQTFMHABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Diels–Alder diene;1 steroid synthesis;2 cyclopentanones;3 norbornadienone4) Physical Data: yellow liquid with sweet odor; bp 108–110 °C/11 mmHg; d420 1.50 g cm−3. Preparative Method: dechlorination of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in methanolic potassium hydroxide solution (eq 1).5 (1) Purification: distillation under reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: do not inhale the vapor; can cause dizziness. This reagent should only be used in a fume hood.
Optimal Cluster Head Selection in the LEACH Architecture

LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) (W. Heinzelman et al., 2000) is one of the popular cluster-based structures, which has been widely proposed in wireless sensor networks. LEACH uses a TDMA based MAC protocol, and in order to maintain a balanced energy consumption, suggests that each node probabilistically become a cluster head. To reduce the energy consumption and to avoid the strict synchronization requirements of TDMA, we first apply a sleep-wakeup based decentralized MAC protocol to LEACH, then we present an analytic framework for obtaining the optimal probability with which a node becomes a cluster head in order to minimize the network's energy consumption. The analysis is first presented for small networks, under the assumption of identical expected distance of all cluster heads from the sink. Then the analysis is extended for large networks to consider the case when the distances of various sections of the network from the sink may be different, since nodes further away have to spend greater energy in order to reach the sink. Our simulation results show that using this optimal probability results in much more efficient energy consumption and compared with the current LEACH, our proposal consumes significantly less power.
child and family therapy combined: Indications and implications

Abstract The literature regarding indications and implications for providing individual child therapy and family therapy combined, either sequentially or concurrently, is reviewed. Recommendations for modality selection and integration are offered.
Rapid-Assessment Instruments for Evaluating Practice With Children and Youth

Few assessment instruments seem practical for use in daily social work practice with children and youth. This article reviews a class of easy to use evaluation measures called rapid-assessment instruments (RAIs). The article focuses exclusively upon RAIs that may be completed by children or youth with or without worker assistance. A case example illustrates the use of RAIs in social work practice.
Technical note: Alternative soft-tissue graft preparation technique for cruciate ligament reconstruction

Reconstruction of both the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament has become increasingly common in orthopaedic practice. Once the gold standard for graft choice, the bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft has lost favor because of complications associated with its use. Attention has turned to other graft sources that lack a bone plug on 1 or both sides, such as hamstring autograft, and allografts including quadriceps, Achilles, and tibialis anterior tendons. We have developed a technique for graft preparation that can be used for a wide range of graft choices that has been shown both to provide better protection of the graft from interference screw damage, and to increase sequential compression of the graft in the bony tunnel, enhancing pull-out strength.
Myosin II is involved in the production of constitutive transport vesicles from the TGN.

The participation of nonmuscle myosins in the transport of organelles and vesicular carriers along actin filaments has been documented. In contrast, there is no evidence for the involvement of myosins in the production of vesicles involved in membrane traffic. Here we show that the putative TGN coat protein p200 (Narula, N., I. McMorrow, G. Plopper, J. Doherty, K.S. Matlin, B. Burke, and J.L. Stow. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 114: 1113–1124) is myosin II. The recruitment of myosin II to Golgi membranes is dependent on actin and is regulated by G proteins. Using an assay that studies the release of transport vesicles from the TGN in vitro, we provide functional evidence that p200/myosin is involved in the assembly of basolateral transport vesicles carrying vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVG) from the TGN of polarized MDCK cells. The 50% reduced efficiency in VSVG vesicle release from the TGN in vitro after depletion of p200/myosin II could be reestablished to control levels by the addition of purified nonmuscle myosin II. Several inhibitors of the actin-stimulated ATPase activity of myosin specifically inhibited the release of VSVG-containing vesicles from the TGN.
Analysis of traffic flow in urban areas using web cameras

With the development of the Internet and the omnipresence of video cameras, the amount of visual information available to individuals with access to the world wide web has increased by orders of magnitude in the last few years. Due to cost and communication constraints, this information is usually of rather low quality. The cooccurrence of a large number of sensors and the low quality of every single sensor has the potential to create a new episteme in computer vision. This paper presents an example of how certain limitations of a single sensor can be overcome by using the sensor multiplicity. Using a number of web cameras available in the Seattle area, the paper performs first a simple qualitative traffic analysis from each single camera. Since the cameras provide images at a very low rate (1 image every 2 minutes), standard techniques based on motion detection are unusable, and the paper proposes a simple approach based on image variance. Then, the data are integrated using the structure of the Seattle highway system and network tomography to determine the major flows of traffic at different times of the day.
Genetic Polymorphisms and the Risk of Stroke After Cardiac Surgery

Background and purpose Stroke represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Although the risk of stroke varies according to both patient and procedural factors, the impact of genetic variants on stroke risk is not well understood. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that specific genetic polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of stroke after cardiac surgery. Methods Patients undergoing cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were studied. DNA was isolated from preoperative blood and analyzed for 26 different single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine the association of clinical and genetic characteristics with stroke. Permutation analysis was used to adjust for multiple comparisons inherent in genetic association studies. Results A total of 1635 patients experiencing 28 strokes (1.7%) were included in the final genetic model. The combination of the 2 minor alleles of C-reactive protein (CRP; 3'UTR 1846C/T) and interleukin-6 (IL-6; -174G/C) polymorphisms, occurring in 583 (35.7%) patients, was significantly associated with stroke (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 8.1; P=0.0023). In a multivariable logistic model adjusting for age, the CRP and IL-6 single-nucleotide polymorphism combination remained significantly associated with stroke (P=0.0020). Conclusions We demonstrate that common genetic variants of CRP (3'UTR 1846C/T) and IL-6 (-174G/C) are significantly associated with the risk of stroke after cardiac surgery, suggesting a pivotal role of inflammation in post-cardiac surgery stroke.
Characterization of 38 polymorphic microsatellite markers for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Thirty-eight new microsatellite markers were developed for genome mapping and population genetics studies in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The amount of polymorphism, percentage of heterozygosity and ability of each marker to amplify genomic DNA from other salmonids were recorded. Five markers were observed to be duplicated in the rainbow trout genome by containing more than one allele in homozygous (clonal) fish.
Central Role of Hemocytes in Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea

Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) can infect and kill a wide range of larval lepidopteran hosts, but the dosage required to achieve mortal infection varies greatly. Using a reporter gene construct, we identified key differences between AcMNPV pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea, a fully permissive and a semipermissive host, respectively. Even though there was more than a 1,000-fold difference in the susceptibilities of these two species to mortal infection, there was no significant difference in their susceptibilities to primary infections in the midgut or secondary infections in the tracheal epidermis. Foci of infection within the tracheal epidermis of H. zea, however, were melanized and encapsulated by 48 h after oral inoculation, a host response not observed in H. virescens. Further, H. zea hemocytes, unlike those of H. virescens, were highly resistant to AcMNPV infection; reporter gene expression was observed only rarely even though virus was taken up readily, and nucleocapsids were transported to the nucleus. Collectively, these results demonstrated that hemocytes-by removing virus from the hemolymph instead of amplifying it and by participating in the encapsulation of infection foci-together with the host's melanization response, formed the basis of H. zea's resistance to fatal infection by AcMNPV.
Sex differences in the escalation of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration under FR and PR schedules in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale Studies with male rats indicate that long access (LgA) vs short access (ShA) to i.v. cocaine and heroin self-administration leads to an escalation of drug intake and a subsequent upward shift of the dose-response function.
Optimizing DNA yield from buccal swabs in the elderly: attempts to promote buccal cell growth in culture.

Participation in genetic studies is often limited by a volunteer's reluctance to donate blood samples. We wished to determine if alternate, less painful, methods to venipuncture could be used to collect cells to provide DNA for genotyping, and whether the cells could be grown in culture for extraction of DNA. Volunteers in the study were comprised of two groups. Nine individuals from a university campus were recruited to provide samples for initial experiments. A second group of 710 twins and singletons from North Carolina and of African-American descent were a part of an ongoing study of age-related traits and participated in collection of buccal swabs via the mail. A protocol was generated that maximizes the recovery of DNA from buccal swabs, which are easier to handle than saline rinses. The DNA recovered is stable over several years, allowing genotype tests at a future date. Attempts to encourage growth of buccal epithelial cells recovered from swabs in tissue culture proved unsuccessful. Buccal swabs work well for the collection of DNA, especially from nonclinic-based volunteers, and can be sent via the mail to the laboratory for DNA extraction. Thus, an inexpensive and efficient method exists for genetic studies of population-based samples.
Some results on arithmetic codes of composite length

A new upper bound on the minimum distance of binary cyclic arithmetic codes of composite length is derived. New classes of binary cyclic arithmetic codes of composite length are introduced. The error correction capability of these codes is discussed, and in some cases the actual minimum distance is found. Decoding algorithms based on majority-logic decision are proposed for these codes.
Clinical Predictors for Hearing Loss in Children With Bacterial Meningitis

Objectives To identify clinical risk factors that predict a higher incidence of hearing loss in children with bacterial meningitis, to determine the overall incidence of hearing loss in a large group of children proven by culture findings to have bacterial meningitis, and to compare clinical characteristics among patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and Neisseria meningitidis meningitis. Design Retrospective review Setting Tertiary pediatric hospital. Patients A total of 171 children identified with bacterial meningitis who met inclusion criteria over a consecutive 10-year period. Main Outcome Measure Presence of sensorineural hearing loss. Results Of 134 patients who underwent audiologic testing during their initial hospitalization, 41 (30.6%) were found to have at least a unilateral mild sensorineural hearing loss. The incidence of hearing loss was greater in patients with S pneumoniae meningitis than in patients with N meningitidis meningitis (35.9% and 23.9%, respectively). Length of hospitalization, development of seizures, elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, and decreased cerebrospinal fluid glucose were significant predictors for hearing loss in children with bacterial meningitis. These factors were not found to be as strong a predictor for hearing loss in patients with N meningitidis meningitis. Stability of hearing was demonstrated with limited follow-up audiometry. Conclusions Sensorineural hearing loss is a common sequela in children with bacterial meningitis. Identification of hearing loss in children with bacterial meningitis and early rehabilitation will lessen the long-term educational and social difficulties these children may experience.
Native Lords of Quito in the Age of the Incas: The Political Economy of North Andean Chiefdoms

List of tables, figures and maps Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The problem of the 'paramo Andes' 2. The llajtakuna 3. Local and exotic components of llajta economy 4. Interzonal articulation 5. The dimensions and dynamics of chiefdom polities 6. The Incaic impact 7. Quito in comparative perspective Notes Glossary References Index.
Low-temperature deposition of ZrC thin films from a single source precursor

Stable zirconium carbide thin films have been deposited from a singlesource organometallic precursor, tetraneopentyl zirconium, at substrate temperatures above 500 °C. Materials deposited above this temperature are crystalline by X-ray diffraction. A metal to carbon ratioof 1:2 is observed by Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the zirconium is single phase. The observed spectra correspond well to spectra for zirconium carbide standards. Carbon XPS reveals carbidic and graphitic or hydrocarbon species with a third unknown carbon species. Elastic recoil detection finds a large, up to 16%, hydrogen content in the thin film.
Soybean Aphid (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Population Growth as Affected by Host Plant Resistance and an Insecticidal Seed Treatment

ABSTRACT The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a significant soybean pest in the north central United States. Insecticidal seed treatments and host plant resistance are two commercially available management tools. Here we investigate the efficacy of both management tools throughout the season. Soybean lines containing the soybean aphid resistance genes Rag1, Rag2, or both Rag1 + Rag2 were compared with a near-isogenic aphid-susceptible line. Each line was grown in field plots both with and without thiamethoxam applied to the seed. Individual plants from each plot were caged and infested with soybean aphids to measure the efficacy and potential interaction of aphid resistance and thiamethoxam. Aphid population growth rate was measured for each caged plant for 9–12 d after infestation. New cages were established each week from 34 d after planting (dap) to 92 dap to track seasonal variations in efficacy. Thiamethoxam reduced population growth only at the 42 dap time point and ...
Electroplastic Effect in Cast Polycrystalline NaCl with Various Orientations of the Electric Field

The influence of various orientations and configurations of an electric field on the flow and fracture stresses in compression of cast polycrystalline NaCl was determined at room temperature. An electric field of }0.1 MV/m reduced the flow and fracture stresses by }50%, relatively independent of the orientation of the field. This field is one to two orders of magnitude lower than those previously reported to enhance {110} (110) dislocation motion in NaCl single crystals. It is concluded that in the present tests on polycrystals the electric field enhanced cross slip. Several mechanisms by which this might occur are proposed.