cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A recent tour of some oceanographic centers of northwest Europe

What I saw on my brief visits to oceanographic institutions in England, Norway, Denmark, Germany, and France last August and September indicated a large and growing interest in oceanography. The Laboratory in Plymouth, England, had recently been enlarged to nearly double its former size and further construction was in progress. An aquarium for public exhibition (with charge for admission) is connected with the Laboratory. For stirring the experimental tanks slowly a clever syphon-device is employed. Director Allen was away, but Mr. H. W. Harvey, M.A., showed me through the Institution, including its fine new quarters for library and experimental laboratories. Mr. Harvey is working on a new edition of his book. “Physics and chemistry of sea-water,” and is tabulating the surface-salinities of the eastern North Atlantic by latitudes (ordinates) and by months (abscissae). Though interesting work is in progress under the direction of Mr. J. R. Lumby of the Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, I did not have an opportunity to visit that station. Commander Hennessey, in charge of the Marine Division of the Meteorological Office, Kingsway, London, in the absence of Captain Brooke-Smith, said that his Division was not at present mapping sea-temperatures owing to insufficient staff. The data are available, however, on Hollerith punch cards. Commander Hennessey favored intake- over bucket-temperatures, and wanted to know how soon intake temperatures would become standard. He thought international action to secure uniformity would be desirable. He also favored the use of recording-thermometers, but thought the cost would prevent general adoption at present. Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, London manufacturers of sea-thermographs, informed me that they had sold several of these instruments for installation on British ships.
Attempt to alter antigenic structure of normal tissues by treatment with dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide in vivo.

The antigenic structure of normal skin and spleen cells has been investigated following in vivo treatment with the compound DIC. In experiments involving skin grafting in the normal and sensitized host, cross sensitization with a DIC-antigenic lymphoma and3H-thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes cultured with DIC-treated spleen cells, new antigens on DIC-treated tissues were not demonstrated.
A Fourier analysis approach for capillary polarimetry

EL 4823 Polarimetry has long served as reliable noninvasive method for molecular structure and concentration investigations. It has been often used in pharmaceutical industry for purity control of certain biological substances, in chemical industry for polymer identification and characterization and can also be employed in the research environment for kinetic investigations, enzymatic cleavage studies, and identification of unknowns [1]. 1 It has been recently shown that polarimetry can be performed at high sensitivities and in nanoliter detection volumes [2–5]. This capillary polarimeteric detector (CPD) is based on the micro-interferometric backscatter configuration shown in Fig. 1 and consists of the linear polarized coherent light source, fused-silica capillary attached to an aluminum block, and a photo-transducer (which can be a CCD camera or a photodiode array). The capillary tube is in intimate contact with the massive, black anodized A1 block in Figure 1. A block diagram of the capillary-based polarimeter. Neutral density filter is used to avoid CCD saturation and polarizer allows light only with particular polarization to pass through. Figure 2. Two-dimensional false color reconstruction of two typical low frequency fringes from the backscattered fringe pattern. Areas of the same color correspond to the contours of isovisibility of fringes: most intense is white, least intense is black.
Multiplayer reach-avoid games via low dimensional solutions and maximum matching

Abstract We consider a multiplayer reach-avoid game withan equal number of attackers and defenders moving with simpledynamics on a two-dimensional domain possibly with obstacles.The attacking team attempts to send as many attackers to acertain target location as possible quickly while the defendersaim to capture the attackers to prevent the attacking teamfrom reaching its goal. The analysis of problems like this playsan important role in collision avoidance, motion planning, andaircraft control, among other applications. Computing optimalsolutions for such multiplayer games is intractable due tonumerical intractibility. This paper provides a rst attempt toaddress such computational intractability by combining max-imum matching in graph theory with the classical Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs approach. In addition, our solution provides aninitial step to take cooperation into account by computingmaximum matching in real time. I. I NTRODUCTION Differential games are powerful theoretical tools inrobotics, aircraft control, security, and other domains [1],[2], [3]. The multiplayer reach-avoid game (to be denedprecisely in Section II) is a differential game between twoadversarial teams of cooperating players, where one teamattempts to reach a certain target quickly while the other teamaims to delay, or if possible, prevent the opposing team fromreaching the target. One example of a reach-avoid game isthe popular game Capture-the-Flag (CTF) [4], [5]. In roboticsand automation, CTF has been explored most notably in theCornell Roboag competition, where two opposing teamsof mobile robots are directed by human players to play thegame [6]. A number of results related to motion planningand human-robot interactions have been reported from thecompetition [7], [8], [9], [10].A multiplayer reach-avoid game is a complex game dueto both the conicting goals of the two teams and thecooperation among the players within each team, renderingthe optimal solution for each team nontrivial to obtain andvisualize. Previous work [4], [5] has shown that even in a 1vs. 1 scenario, human agents are sometimes unable to nd theoptimal way to play, losing in situations in which an optimalwinning strategy exists. For general multiplayer reach-avoid
A primal-dual algorithm for the economic lot-sizing problem with multi-mode replenishment

Abstract The classical economic lot-sizing problem assumes that a single supplier and a single transportation mode are used to replenish the inventory. This paper studies an extension of this problem where several suppliers and transportation modes are available. The decision-making process in this case involves identifying (i) the timing for an order; (ii) the choice of shipment modes; and (iii) the order size for each mode. The problem is defined as a network flow problem with multiple setups cost function and additional side constraints. This study provides an MIP formulation for the problem. We also provide an additional formulation of the problem by redefining its decision variables and show that the dual of the corresponding LP-relaxation has a special structure. We take advantage of the structure of the dual problem to develop a primal–dual algorithm that generates tight lower and upper bounds. Computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Fermi surface studies of non-dilute disordered alloys by positron experiments

The technique of positron annihilation experiments as applied to the study of Fermi surfaces in metals and alloys is briefly reviewed. The angular correlation of the two annihilation photons is directly related to the momentum distribution of the positron-electron system; breaks in this distribution reflect the size and shape of the Fermi surface. Recent two-dimensional angular correlation measurements designed to study the Fermi surface of Cu−Al and Cu−Zn alloys are presented, and are compared with theoretical predictions.
Hole-interface optical phonon relaxation rates with valence band-mixing effects

Abstract We theoretically investigate the hole-interface optical phonon scattering rates for a InGaAs–AlGaAs quantum well structure, taking into account the valence-band mixing. The dispersion relation and the electrostatic potentials for interface optical phonon modes are obtained based on the macroscopic dielectric continuum model. For the hole dispersion relation, the Luttinger–Kohn Hamiltonian is used. The hole-interface optical phonon interaction is evaluated by the Fermi's golden rule taking into account the Bloch overlap factor. Our results show that the hole-interface phonon scattering rates within the parabolic band approximation are different from those including valence band mixing effects. Especially, in the low energy region, the hole-interface phonon scattering rates within the parabolic band approximation are overestimated very significantly.
Effects of chronic ethanol administration on the activities and relative synthetic rates of myelin and synaptosomal plasma membrane-associated sialidase in the rat brain.

Abstract In an attempt to understand the possible mechanism of chronic ethanol-induced generation of asialoconjugates in the brain and consequent behavioral abnormalities, we have studied the effects of chronic ethanol feeding to rats on the plasma membrane sialidase status in the various subcellular fractions of the brain. We determined sialidase activity using 3 H-monosialoganglioside ( 3 H-GM 3 ), 2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α- d - N -acetylneuraminic acid (4-MU-NeuAC) substrates and Amplex™ Red (Sialidase) kit. We determined the plasma membrane sialidase protein by Western blot using the anti-plasma membrane sialidase. We also determined its relative synthetic rate (RSR) by the 60 min incorporation of intracranially infused [ 35 S]-methionine (50 μCi/100 g) into immunoprecipitable plasma membrane sialidase. Chronic ethanol administration stimulated the sialidase activity in the total brain homogenate as well as the myelin and synaptosomal membrane fractions, respectively, in all the three experimental models. Chronic ethanol also increased the concentration of the rat brain plasma membrane sialidase protein relative to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by 2.4-, 1.62- and 1.51-fold in the total brain homogenate, myelin and synaptosomal membrane fractions, respectively. These increases in plasma membrane sialidase activity and its protein content were due to concomitant increases in their relative synthetic rates by 115% ( p p
Aspirations, bargaining power, and macroeconomic performance

A model of aggregate wage and price setting is developed that nests competing hypotheses concerning the role of worker' aspirations and bargaining power in the wage bargain. It is shown that although aspirations and bargaining power always affect inflation in the short run, there is disagreement as to whether or not they influence macroeconomic performance in the long run. Empirical results suggest that a model in which aspirations and bargaining power affect the long-run rate of unemployment best fits the data and most accurately forecasts the rate of inflation. The implications of this result for the potential future performance of the U.S. economy and for macroeconomic policy are explored.
Development of a Mechanical Based System for Dry Retrieval of Single-Shell Tank Waste at Hanford

This study explores the development of a mechanical based system to retrieve single-shell tank waste at the Hanford site, located in Richland, Washington, without the addition of water. Out of 177 tanks at Hanford, there are 149 single-shell tanks (SST) and 28 double-shell tanks (DST). There are currently 67 SSTs that have leaked radioactive waste to the surrounding groundwater in the past or assumed to have questionable tank integrity. Leaking tanks continue to be a major concern as it was recently announced in February 2013 that six SSTs are leaking, even though they were believed to have been stabilized back in 2005. There are also several tanks with significant in-tank obstructions, such as air-lift circulators, where an arm-based retrieval would not be possible.All current methods of waste retrieval deployed involve the addition of significant amounts of water to generate a slurry that can be pumped out of the tank. This water, however, can exacerbate the leak and risk the potential of leaking more waste into the surrounding soil, subsequently contaminating the groundwater. It also reduces available waste storage space in DSTs, and increases the risk of dangerous buoyant displacement gas release events (BDGRE) in the headspace of DSTs.Focusing on leaking tanks, tanks with significant in-tank obstructions, and utilizing existing risers in Hanford’s tanks, this study evaluates commercially available dry technologies, such as augers and high-powered vacuums, for feasibility, safety, and efficiency of waste retrieval at Hanford.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Development of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor OSI-774

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor involved in the regulation of a complex array of essential biological processes such as cell proliferation and survival. Dysregulation of the EGFR signaling network has been frequently reported in multiple human cancers and has been associated with the processes of tumor development, growth, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Inhibition of the EGFR was associated with antitumor effects in preclinical models. On the basis of these data, therapeutics targeting the EGFR were explored in clinical trials. OSI-774 is a small-molecule selective inhibitor of the EGFR tyrosine kinase. In preclinical studies, OSI-774 inhibited the phosphorylation of the EGFR in a dose-dependent and concentration-dependent manner resulting in cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. In in vivo studies, this agent caused tumor growth inhibition and showed synergistic effects when combined with conventional chemotherapy. Subsequent single-agent phase I studies and phase I studies in combination with chemotherapy showed that the agent has a good safety profile and induced tumor growth inhibition in a substantial number of patients with a variety of different solid tumors. Preliminary reports from phase II studies confirmed the excellent tolerability of OSI-774 and showed encouraging preliminary activity. Phase III studies have either been completed or are ongoing in several tumor types such as lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. In summary, OSI-774 is a novel inhibitor of the EGFR tyrosine kinase that has shown promising activity in initial studies and is currently undergoing full development as an anticancer drug.
Geodetic applications of laser ranging

The paper describes the use of dynamic methods of laser ranging of a low altitude satellite along with proposed experiments involving both dynamic and geodetic methods of laser ranging of the Lageos satellite. Particular attention is given to the testing of laser ranging techniques across the San Andreas Fault in California where it is hoped that plate motion will be observable after several years of measurements.
Permian surface water temperatures from Nippewalla Group halite, Kansas

Primary fluid inclusions in evaporite minerals may yield significant data on local paleoclimates. This method requires initial nucleation of vapor bubbles in all liquid inclusions, followed by measurement of the temperatures at which these inclusions homogenize to liquid. This paper presents surface water paleotemperatures from primary, originally all liquid fluid inclusions in middle Permian Nippewalla Group halite from southwestern Kansas. One phase aqueous primary fluid inclusions in Nippewalla Group halite were cooled in order to nucleate vapor bubbles. Their homogenization temperatures range from 32°C to 46°C and are relatively consistent along individual chevron and cornet growth bands. These data fall within the same range as modern evaporative surface waters, suggesting that this Permian environment was relatively similar to its modern counterparts. Reproducible, consistent homogenization temperatures indicate fluid inclusions have not been altered by thermal reequilibration and that this method for determining surface water paleotemperatures is valid. The future application of this method to numerous ancient evaporites may result in a wealth of quantitative local paleoclimate data.
Role of Acid Ceramidase in Resistance to FasL: Therapeutic Approaches Based on Acid Ceramidase Inhibitors and FasL Gene Therapy

Head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC) are particularly aggressive and are resistant to many forms of treatment. Ceramide metabolism has been shown to play an important role in cancer progression and cancer resistance to therapy in many tumor models, including HNSCC. Here, we study the role of the ceramide-metabolizing enzyme acid ceramidase (AC) in therapeutic responses in HNSCC. First, we show that AC is over-expressed in 70% of head and neck squamous cell tumors compared with normal tissues, suggesting that this enzyme may play an important role in facilitating HNSCC growth. Next, comparison of three HNSCC cell lines with low, medium, and high levels of AC reveals an inverse correlation between the levels of AC and their response to exogenous C-6-ceramide. Furthermore, over-expression of AC in SCC-1 cells increased resistance to Fas-induced cell killing. Conversely, down-regulation of AC using specific AC small interfering RNA (siRNA) sensitized the SCC-1 cancer cell line to Fas-induced apoptosis. Finally, we show that the AC inhibitor LCL 204 can sensitize HNSCC cell lines to Fas-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in a xenograft model in vivo, suggesting that the combination of FasL gene therapy and LCL 204 may become a new treatment option for advanced-stage head and neck cancer.
Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of p53 Inhibition by HTLV Type 1 Tax

The p53 protein plays a pivotal role in transmitting signals from many forms of genotoxic stress to genes and factors that control aspects of the cell cycle and death. Although mutated in approximately 60% of all human cancers, only a minority of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-transformed cells carry p53 mutations. Nevertheless, the p53 protein in HTLV-1-transformed cells is functionally inactive. We have previously demonstrated that the HTLV-1 Tax protein can inhibit p53 trans-activation function. Tax does not accomplish this by directly binding to p53, but rather by a unique mechanism that includes constitutive phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15 and Ser-392. Analysis of Tax mutants in lymphocytes demonstrates that Tax-induced p53 inhibition correlates with the ability of Tax to activate NF-kappaB, but not p300 binding or CREB trans-activation. Consistent with these results, expression of the I-kappaBalpha(S32,36A) mutant that blocks NF-kappaB activation blocks Tax-mediated p53 inhibition. We further demonstrate the importance of Tax activation of NF-kappaB in p53 inhibition, using p65 knockout (KO) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). In the absence of p65 Tax could not inhibit p53. Tax does activate IKKbeta in the p65 KO MEFs, indicating that prenuclear events of NF-kappaB activation are not sufficient for Tax-mediated p53 inhibition, but rather NF-kappaB transcriptional activation is critical. Importantly, using phosphospecific antibodies, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15 and Ser-392 correlates with Tax-mediated inhibition. In addition, mutation of p53 at Ser-15 and Ser-392 to alanines renders p53 resistant to Tax inhibition. This report reviews p53 inhibition by Tax and presents our current model.
University-industry relations: what do we do now?

I propose to discuss three topics that bear on the relations between industrial research labs and research universities. There are powerful forces of change at work on both of these parties; how we think about these changes, and how we react to them, will have a definite effect on the future course of university-industry relations.
Repairing harm and transforming African‐American communities through restorative justice

The massive incarceration of African‐American men impacts negatively on African‐American families and undermines their communities' informal social control mechanisms, thereby hindering community safety efforts. To repair the harm and transform African‐American communities, a case is hereby made for the empowerment of African‐American communities through restorative justice.
Fuzzy arithmetic on systolic arrays

Abstract This paper presents parallel algorithms for fuzzy arithmetic operations on systolic arrays. A large part of the arithmetic on fuzzy numbers is referred to as fuzzy convolutions, which take O(n2) time steps when implemented sequentially. In this paper, we present two parallel algorithms. The first algorithm runs on a linear array machine in O(n) time, using O(n) processors, and thus, achieving optimal time and cost. The second algorithm runs on a mesh-of-trees type of computer architecture in L(log n) time steps, using O(n2) processors. The latter, although not optimal achieved high speedup. Both can be adapted to handle larger linear fuzzy numbers of fuzzy numbers with higher dimension.
A Precipitin Test for Antigens Present in Mouse Tissues Containing the Milk Agent.

SummaryThe data presented in this report describe a precipitin test for mouse tissues containing the milk agent. Antiserum produced in rabbits against mouse mammary cancer reacts in high titre with tissues containing the cancer agent and in low titre with tissues lacking the agent. Antiserum prepared against normal mammary gland tissues abundant with milk agent will precipitate mammary cancer antigen in high serum dilutions. Antiserum prepared against normal mammary gland tissues lacking the agent will precipitate mammary cancer antigen in low serum dilutions. Precipitin-adsorption reactions show that the removal of antibodies against mammary gland tissues without the agent in mouse mammary cancer antiserum will not remove antibodies which react with the common antigen or antigens found in mouse mammary cancer and mouse mammary gland tissues containing the milk agent.
Segmentation of the optic nerve head combining pixel classification and graph search

Early detection of glaucoma is essential to minimizing the risk of visual loss. It has been shown that a good predictor of glaucoma is the cup-to-disc ratio of the optic nerve head. This paper presents an automated method to segment the optic disc. Our approach utilizes pixel feature selection to train a feature set to recognize the region of the disc. Soft pixel classification is used to generate a probability map of the disc. A new cost function is developed for maximizing the probability of the region within the disc. The segmentation of the image is done using a novel graph search algorithm capable of detecting the border maximizing the probability of the disc. The combination of graph search and pixel classification enables us to incorporate large feature sets into the cost function design, which is critical for segmentation of the optic disc. Our results are validated against a reference standard of 82 datasets and compared to the manual segmentations of 3 glaucoma fellows.
Innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses in the female reproductive tract.

Abstract The mucosal surface of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is the primary site of transmission for a plethora of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that represent a significant burden upon womens’ health worldwide. However, fundamental aspects of innate and adaptive immune protection against HIV infection in the FRT are poorly understood. The FRT immune system is regulated by the cyclical changes of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone across the menstrual cycle, which as we have hypothesized, leads to the creation of a window of vulnerability during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle, when the risk of HIV transmission is increased. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple levels of protection against HIV infection in the FRT, the contribution of different cell types including epithelial cells, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells to this, and their regulation by estradiol and progesterone. Understanding the unique immune environment in the FRT will allow for the potential development of novel therapeutic interventions such as vaccines and microbicides that may reduce or prevent HIV transmission in women.
Expression of the C-type lectins DC-SIGN or L-SIGN alters host cell susceptibility for the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, is a cause of great economic loss in the poultry industry. The virus mainly infects respiratory epithelium, but can be also detected in other organs. The functional receptor for the virus has not been found and field strains of IBV do not infect conventional cell lines. Recently, it has been shown that the C-type lectins DC-SIGN/L-SIGN can promote entry of several coronaviruses. Here we examine whether DC-SIGN/L-SIGN are entry determinants for IBV. We show that by introducing human DC-SIGN/L-SIGN into non-permissive cells, infection by the IBV is dramatically increased. DC-SIGN mediated infection was inhibited by mannan and anti-lectin antibodies, and was independent of sialic acid levels on the cell. Enhancement of IBV infection also occurred for different serotypes of IBV. Our findings demonstrated that even in the absence of avian-specific receptor, DC-SIGN-like lectins are capable of mediating efficient IBV infection.
A pseudo-Stokes representation of the effective drag coefficient for large particles entrained in a turbulent airstream

Abstract Recently published data by Littman et al., Powder Technol., 77 (1993) 267 and Powder Technol., 84 (1995) 49, for the effective drag coefficient in the vertical pneumatic transport of 1 and 2 mm glass and 1.99 mm rapeseed particles are represented by the pseudo-Stokes equation, C d = 24/ R e pc . The effects of freestream turbulence are represented using Lee's ( Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 13 (1987) 247) correlation for the apparent turbulent kinematic viscosity of the fluid felt by the particles in a suspension flow. These results not only confirm the importance of freestream turbulence in lowering the drag coefficient for those particles significantly below that on the standard drag curve but suggest that the turbulence intensities are high enough to largely or completely eliminate the particle wake. These low drag coefficients increase corresponding slip velocities above terminal suggesting that solids residence times in the pipe are much higher than predicted by use of the standard drag curve.
Practicing the Ancient Art of Memoria in the Modern Classroom

Objective: To challenge students' memorization and speaking skills by having them present an excerpt from a previously delivered speech Courses: Basic, public speaking
The effect of glucose and ATP on sex pheromone production in fat bodies from male boll weevils Anthonomus grandis boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose, added to fat bodies from adult male boll weevils ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman) incubated in saline solution, caused an increase in sex pheromone production in this tissue. 2. 2. ATP added to fat bodies from the same population of insects incubated in saline solution also caused an increase in sex pheromone production. 3. 3. This study proved our hypothesis that added energy sources can cause increased sex pheromone production in incubating male boll weevil fat bodies.
Comparison of two routes of chemical administration on the lung adenoma response in strain AJ mice

This study was undertaken to determine the ability of a series of 19 compounds representing different chemical classes of carcinogens to induce lung tumors in strain A/J mice after either ip or po administration. Aflatoxin B1, dibutylnitrosamine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, and methylnitrosourea induced a significant increase in the lung tumor response in both sexes after ip and po administration. Azaserine was active in both sexes only after ip administration. Benzene, 1,2-dibromoethane, and epichlorohydrin, following ip administration, produced significant increases in the tumor response in at least one sex. Aflatoxin B1, azaserine, benzene, 1,2-dibromoethane, dibutylnitrosamine, and epichlorohydrin were more active when given ip than after po administration. In contrast, dimethylhydrazine and methylnitrosourea were more active (in females only) when given po. 2-Acetylaminofluorene, azobenzene, chloroform, 1,4-dioxane, FANFT (N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide), lead subacetate, methylmethanesulfonate, beta-naphthylamine, beta-propiolactone, safrole, and 2,4,6-tri-chlorophenol did not induce lung tumors in strain A/J mice. These data confirm previous observations on the importance of the route of chemical administration on the lung tumor response in strain A mice, and on the inability of the lung tumor bioassay to detect certain liver and bladder carcinogens and unstable alkylating agents.
Colonisation by Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of pigs and immunity to the osteolytic toxin

Gnotobiotic pig antisera to purified toxoid from a capsule type A or D strain of Pasteurella multocida contained large quantities of antitoxin but comparatively little antibody to a crude lysate of P. multocida. These sera given intraperitoneally to further pigs were almost completely protective against turbinate atrophy after intranasal inoculation of dilute acetic acid and infection with type D toxigenic P. multocida. In contrast, antisera to a crude lysate or bacterin of toxigenic P. multocida which contained large titres of antibody to P. multocida lysate, but no detectable antitoxin, were not protective. Colonisation by toxigenic P. multocida was significantly reduced in protected pigs and was similar to colonisation by nontoxigenic P. multocida in pigs untreated or treated with dilute acetic acid. These results indicated (1) that antitoxin was protective and cross protective between toxins from different capsule types; and (2) that the toxin was the main colonisation factor produced by toxigenic bacteria in the acetic acid model of infection and that immunity to it did not eliminate infection.
Antibacterial Activity of Fullerene Water Suspensions: Effects of Preparation Method and Particle Size†

Fullerene research in biological systems has been hindered by the compound's relative insolubility in water. However, C60 molecules can be made to aggregate, forming stable fullerene water suspensions (FWS) whose properties differ from those of bulk solid C60. There are many different protocols for making FWS. This paper explores four of these methods and establishes the antibacterial activity of each resulting suspension, including a suspension made without intermediary solvents. The aggregates in each polydisperse suspension were separated by size using differential centrifugation and tested for antibacterial activity using Bacillus subtilis as a test organism. All suspensions exhibited relatively strong antibacterial activity. Fractions containing smaller aggregates had greater antibacterial activity, although the increase in toxicity was disproportionately higher than the associated increase in putative surface area. This suggests the need for improved understanding of the behavior of FWS towards orga...
Computed tomography with multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional image reconstruction in the preoperative evaluation of adult hip disease

Computed tomography (CT) with multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction was used pre-operatively to outline the bony morphological changes and femoral-acetabular relationships in 25 adult patients suffering from hip disease. Diagnoses included ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease, previous trauma and chronic dislocation. Polyethylene models of the femora and acetabula were constructed from three-dimensional contouring of CT data and compared with resected specimens in patients subjected to subsequent total hip arthroplasty. Information provided by this imaging technique was useful in both selecting and guiding the most appropriate surgical procedure and it was found that models depicted the actual bony contours with reasonable accuracy. CT combined with multiplanar reformation and 3D analysis may be the optimal pre-operative means of assessment of the diseased adult hip.
Adsorption studies on clays. I. The adsorption of two alkaloids by activated attapulgite, halloysite, and kaolin.

Adsorption studies on strychnine and atropine by activated attapulgite, halloysite, and kaolin have been carried out. The activated attapulgite and halloysite were found to be superior adsorbents to kaolin. The adsorptive properties of the clays were not reduced after they were washed with acid and gastric juice. Activated attapulgite and halloysite had superior adsorptive properties at pH 6.8 and 7.2 than at higher hydrogen-ion concentrations. The results indicate that activated attapulgite and halloysite warrant further investigations as ingredients in intestinal adsorbent preparations.
Seasonal Movements and Habitats of Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta) in Southcentral Lake Ontario

During 1980–82 the movements, seasonal locations, and habitat preferences of brown trout in southcentral Lake Ontario were examined using radio telemetry and vertical gill nets. In fall and spring 85% of the 28 brown trout tracked by radio moved east from tagging sites. Movements frequently centered around original stocking sites, streams, and power plant outflows. Fish moved farther in spring (4.4 ± 2.5 km/d) than in fall (2.4 ± 1.7 km/d) seasons, but short-term movement rates did not differ between seasons (0.4 ±0.1 km/h in spring vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 km/h in fall). Females moved farther and faster than males in the fall. Brown trout generally occupied shallow waters < 1 km from shore; 81% of temperatures occupied by trout were between 8–18°C in spring (10.6 ± 2.3°C) and fall (10.1 ± 3.9°C), but turbidity appeared to influence presence or absence of trout near shore on a daily basis. In summer 78% of the 75 brown trout netted were in 8–18° C water (12.6 ± 4.0°C); 88% were caught in or within ±3 m of the thermocline region. Brown trout occupied regions near the thermocline despite widely varying bottom depths and thermocline temperatures. All brown trout were netted within 3.2 km of shore in summer, most in water ≤ 30 m deep; 70% were caught more than 3 m off bottom. The strong association of brown trout with nearshore and thermocline regions may distinguish their distributions from other salmonid species in Lake Ontario.
Photochemistry of phenylcyclopropane

Abstract The 213.9 nm gas phase photolysis of phenylcyclopropane yields cis -1-phenylpropene, trans -1-phenylpropene and 3-phenylpropene as the principal products. The formation of these products is efficiently quenched by either neopentane or tetramethylsilane. Xenon is an inefficient quencher. The total product quantum yield as pressure tends to zero is found to be 0.25 ± 0.05. Since fluorescence is not observed, 75% of the absorbed photons are unaccounted for. The results of this study are discussed in terms of photochemical and photophysical mechanisms for aromatic hydrocarbons.
The consumer expenditures of elderly women: Racial, marital, and rural/urban impacts

This research, using data from the interview component of the 1990 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), examines the main and interaction effects of race, marital status, and residence on the economic well-being of women 65 years or older (N=3,205). Economic well-being is measured by total annualized expenditures of the household for goods and services. The first hypothesis is supported: race, marital status, and urban or rural residence each has a major effect on the economic well-being of older women after adjusting for the effects of age and household size. The characteristics of nonwhite, nonmarried, and rural are associated with lower economic well-being. The second hypothesis is not supported: race, marital status, and residence do not interact to produce differences in the economic well-being of older women. Both hypotheses are examined by analysis of covariance. The results show the economic diversity of older women and the persistent effects of race, marital status, and rural or urban residence on the economic well-being of older women regardless of age and household size.
Using Positive Behavior Support in Physical Education

Physical educators are constantly seeking ways to improve their teaching effectiveness and to manage the ever-increasing challenges they face, such as large classes, inadequate equipment, lack of support for children with special needs, and more. Teachers in special education and general education were introduced to Response to Intervention (RTI) and the use of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) just a few years ago as ways to improve student achievement and independence, and to manage student behavior. Such strategies are not limited to the classroom and can be very effective tools to use in physical education. This article provides a brief description of RTI and PBS and discusses how to utilize PBS in physical education.
Stress, Social Support, and Workers' Intentions to Leave Their Jobs in Public Child Welfare

ABSTRACT The present study examined the relationships among stress, social support, and intention to leave in 418 public child welfare workers. Workers with higher levels of stress were more likely to think about leaving, while those receiving greater social support were less likely. Social support did not buffer the effects of organizational stress, but had some effect in buffering the effects of work-family conflict. Implications for agency administration and future research are discussed.
P-Chlorophenylalanine Methyl Ester: An Aphrodisiac?

P-Chlorophenylalanine methyl ester and the ester plus pargyline have been reported to facilitate sexual mounting behavior in animals, but these studies have shown only a facilitation of homosexual mounting. The present study indicates that these agents do not enhance the probability or frequency of heterosexual interactions in rats.
Diurnal oscillations in atmospheric pressure at twenty‐five small oceanic islands

The diurnal oscillation in atmospheric surface pressure—the S1(p) tide—is estimated at 25 oceanic stations. The estimated mean amplitudes and phases are compared to two theoretical predictions of the migrating S1 component recently computed by Braswell and Lindzen and to the older wavenumber-1 decomposition of Haurwitz and Cowley. The new S1 amplitudes are weaker than the Haurwitz-Cowley amplitudes everywhere, suggesting that their model may have been unduly influenced by nonmigrating components from continental stations. The observations show best agreement with a theoretical model having 25 W m−2 additional atmospheric energy absorption relative to that inferred from general circulation models. Stations polewards of the S1 critical latitude are somewhat anomalous.
Rotational and vibrational dynamics of H2O and HDO in helium nanodroplets

Abstract High-resolution infrared spectra have been obtained in the 2.7 μm region of water monomer, solvated in superfluid helium nanodroplets. A total of five ro-vibrational transitions have been identified for the ν3 bands (OH stretch) of H2O and HDO. The associated Lorentzian line widths fall in the range 0.05–2.0 cm−1 (FWHM). The electric field induced Q(0) transition of HDO has also been observed. In the latter case the broadening appears to be inhomogeneous, with a line width of 0.007 cm−1. The line widths for the various transitions correlate with the available rotational energy in the excited state, relative to the energies of the elementary excitations of the liquid helium.
A Client-Centered Review of Rogers with Gloria.

Carl Rogers's nondirective theory and his response style with Gloria (E. L. Shostrom, 1965) are discussed in reply to S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's (2003) “An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client-Centered Conversation With Gloria.” Client-centered studies of C. Rogers's transcripts give context for reformulating S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's “devices” (p. 179) in a manner consistent with C. Rogers's nondirective attitude. Awareness of varying views of C. Rogers's Gloria session as an example of his work can enrich training use of the film.
Nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the electronic transition in near-equiatomic V-Ru alloys

For the near-equiatomic V-Ru alloys (46-50-at.% Ru) Chu et al. have observed dramatic changes in the electronic properties of these alloys with an accompanying tetragonal crystallographic distortion. Using the ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of the electronic properties, we have studied the Knight shift $K$ and spin-lattice relaxation rate $R$ in the high-temperature cubic phase and low-temperature tetragonal phase. The dramatic decrease in $R$ and increase in $K$ from the cubic to tetragonal phases are strongly concentration dependent. These results correlate well with the strongly concentration-dependent results for the bulk electronic properties. An analysis of the NMR and susceptibility data shows that the change in the electronic properties from the cubic to tetragonal phases results from a dramatic decrease of the $d$-electron density of states at the Fermi energy, and the $R$ and $K$ are dominated by the $d$-orbital contributions.
Commutators and Self-Adjointness of Hamiltonian Operators

A time dependent approach to self-adjointness is presented and it is applied to quantum mechanical Hamiltonians which are not semi-bounded. Sufficient conditions are given for self-adjointness of Schrodinger and Dirac Hamiltonians with potentials which are unbounded at infinity. The method is the introduction of an auxiliary operatorN≧0 whose rate of change (commutator with the Hamiltonian) is bounded by a multiple ofN.
Sponsored-research Funding by Newly Recruited Assistant Professors: Can It Be Modeled as a Sequential Series of Uncertain Events?

Purpose. Recruitment of junior faculty with an investigative focus is essential to regenerate and expand the research mission of academic health centers. Predicting funding profiles for junior faculty is limited by variability in the timing, magnitude, and duration of projected research grant funding. The author demonstrated the validity of Monte Carlo simulation to predict sponsored-research revenues by newly recruited faculty. Method. Demographic characteristics and funding profiles were determined for assistant professors recruited to Yale University School of Medicine in four separate fiscal years (1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98). These data were applied to develop and assess the simulation model. Results. Only when assistant professors were subcategorized by type of research was it possible to accurately predict recovery of both direct research costs and facilities and administrative costs. Simulations illustrated both the high degree of variability among individual faculty and also the advantage of a prediction tool that displays the range and probability of all possible outcomes. Conclusion. Sponsored-research funding by newly recruited assistant professors can be modeled as a sequential series of uncertain events and used to predict consequences of imminent changes in federal funding for biomedical research.
Angular Distribution of Intensity of Resonance Radiation.

function both of the direction of flow with respect to the crystal axis within the crystal and of the orientation of the surface, contrary to my former statement. It is also shown that these crystal phenomena no longer offer a basis for the proof that the electrons must move in the crystal along something analogous to fixed channels. * In Proc. Nat. Acad. for Jan., 1927, I announced the experimental detection of the transverse temperatture effect, as I thought, for the first time. Recently, however, Dr. Borelius has called to my attention that this effect was experimentally established in a paper by Borelius and Lindh published during the war (Ann. Phys., 53, 97, 1917). The effect has also been independently announced by Terada and Tsutsui in Japan (Proc. Imp. Acad., 3, 132, 1927). 1 P. W. Bridgman, Phys. Rev., 31, 221, 1928. 2 E. S. Linder, Phys. Rev., 29, 554, 1927.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Secretes a Highly Conserved Mucin-Degrading Metalloprotease To Effectively Engage Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of death due to diarrheal illness among young children in developing countries, and there is currently no effective vaccine. Many elements of ETEC pathogenesis are still poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that YghJ, a secreted ETEC antigen identified in immunoproteomic studies using convalescent patient sera, is required for efficient access to small intestinal enterocytes and for the optimal delivery of heat-labile toxin (LT). Furthermore, YghJ is a highly conserved metalloprotease that influences intestinal colonization of ETEC by degrading the major mucins in the small intestine, MUC2 and MUC3. Genes encoding YghJ and its cognate type II secretion system (T2SS), which also secretes LT, are highly conserved in ETEC and exist in other enteric pathogens, including other diarrheagenic E. coli and Vibrio cholerae bacteria, suggesting that this mucin-degrading enzyme may represent a shared virulence feature of these important pathogens.
Regulation of intestinal NaPi-IIb cotransporter gene expression by estrogen

The current experiments were designed to study the effect of β-estradiol on type IIb sodium-coupled phosphate (NaPi-IIb) cotransporter gene expression. Uptake studies with intestinal brush-border m...
A look to the future: new treatment guidelines and a perspective on statins

New National Cholesterol Education Program treatment guidelines incorporate a global measure of coronary heart disease (CHD) that alters risk categorization in primary prevention by identifying individuals with CHD risk equivalence on the basis of estimated absolute CHD risk. Increasing recognition of the association of on-treatment non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels with risk of CHD events is also reflected in the new guidelines by incorporation of secondary non-HDL cholesterol goals. The increased complexity of the guidelines and the likelihood of more individuals being assigned to higher risk groups with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goals is of some concern, because most patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy do not achieve current guideline LDL cholesterol goals. Increased potency of LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs would be of value in enabling more patients to achieve goals.
Assessing the nicotine content of smokeless tobacco products.

Nicotine content of 11 smokeless tobacco products is analyzed. The nicotine content of 11 popular brands of smokeless tobacco—including moist snuff, plug and loose-leaf chewing tobacco—was analyzed. In general, moist snuff has the highest nicotine content and loose-leaf chewing tobacco has the lowest, with plug tobacco falling in the middle. Variability in nicotine content may affect smokeless tobacco use and should be considered when studying usage as a variable for adverse effects of ST use.
Robustness of Statistical Tests in the Two‐Sample Location Problem

A simulation study was performed to compare three statistical tests with respect to their performances in the two-sample location problem for contaminated normal distributions. The three tests were: the t-test, the rank-transformed t-test, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The results showed the t-test to be inferior to the other two tests.