cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning, Imitation, and the Use of Knowledge: A Comparison of Markets, Hierarchies, and Teams

We use computer simulation to study how different allocations of decision rights give rise to different organizational abilities to maintain and act upon accurate maps of a changing environment. We compare the performance of three archetypal organizational forms as we vary the dynamism and complexity of the environment and the rates at which individuals can observe the environment and imitate each other. We find that teams in which actions are based on plurality votes excel when the task is relatively easy—that is, the ability of individual members to observe the environment is high compared to the environment's dynamism and size. Markets in which all agents act independently perform well when the task is difficult and the agents can easily imitate each other. Hierarchies in which agents in the upper echelons impose actions on their subordinates outperform the other two forms when the agents' abilities to observe the environment are heterogeneous, the task is difficult, and imitation among the agents is moderate. The analysis has implications for the relationship between centralization and the notions of exploitation and exploration in March's influential work [March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. 2(1):71–87].
Eurobond financing bargains and the clientele hypothesis

Abstract According to the clientele hypothesis advanced by Kim and Stulz (1988), market imperfections may account for the significant positive abnormal returns associated with Eurobond issues during 1975–1985. As predicted, they found that Eurobond interest-cost savings during the period were positively correlated with the associated abnormal returns. Contrary to predictions, however, the savings were smaller than the abnormal returns. One explanation only partially explored by Kim and Stulz is the effect of regulatory differences between the domestic and Eurobond markets. We present complementary evidence suggesting that the clientele hypothesis appears to account for all but the largest abnormal returns, and that and a brief regulatory advantage in issuing Eurobonds in a volatile market could account for the larger-than-expected average abnormal returns.
Multiattribute Assessment of Alternative Cropping Systems

Multiattribute rankings of seventy-two alternative midwestern cropping systems involving corn, soybeans, and alfalfa hay are analyzed from profitability and environmental quality perspectives. Environmental consequences are simulated using EPIC and GLEAMS, and profitability is based on budget analysis. Results are analyzed using an algorithm based on multiattribute decision theory. A corn-soybean rotation using low input levels and minimum tillage on high-productivity soil, and continuous corn using low input levels and minimum tillage on low-productivity soil are in the preferred set regardless of whether profits or preserving the environment is the first priority for the decision maker.
A phase I/II study of capecitabine given on a week on/week off schedule combined with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin for patients with untreated advanced colorectal cancer

Abstract Background A week on/week off capecitabine schedule with oxaliplatin/bevacizumab was evaluated in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Patients and Methods Forty patients were required. The projected median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12 months (81% power, 1-sided level 0.1 log-rank test). Capecitabine dose was 2500 mg/m 2 /day on days 1–7 (n = 11) and was increased to 3000 mg/m 2 /day (n = 29) in combination with oxaliplatin (85 mg/m 2 ) and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg). Cycles were repeated every 2 weeks. Results Patient characteristics included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 (n = 24) or 1 (n = 15); median age of 62 years (range, 38–81 years). Median cycles administered were 7 (range, 125), corresponding to 3.5 months' treatment duration. Pertinent grade 3/4 toxicities seen were diarrhea (18%), hand-foot syndrome (10%), and peripheral neuropathy (10%). Bowel perforation in 1 patient (3%) and 1 death due to a cerebral hemorrhage (3%) were noted. Response rate (RR) was 38% (1 complete and 14 partial responses). Median PFS was 8.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.7–10.2 months). Median overall survival was 17.2 months (95% CI, 10.4–24.2 months). Conclusion The first US experience of capecitabine to our knowledge (3000 mg/m 2 on days 1–7) in combination with oxaliplatin/bevacizumab in mCRC does not appear to have advantages compared with current standard first-line mCRC treatment regimens.
Scattering and absorption by inhomogeneous spheres and sphere aggregates

Most models involving absorption and scattering of light by particulate matter have relied on theories that treat the scatterers as homogeneous spheres or as spherical cores centered in spherical hosts. Aggregation and scavenging processes are commonly encountered in the study of aerosol particles, frequently resulting in situations where such spherically symmetric systems are unrealistic. A theoretical study of the absorption properties of carbon grains entrained eccentrically as spherical inhomogeneities in otherwise homogeneous droplets is presented. Although the focus of the calculations discussed herein is on single inclusions, a rigorous theoretical treatment is outlined for host spheres possessing multiple spherical inclusions.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using Computed Stream Flow in Watershed Analysis

Modifications in the computed climatic water budget have made it possible to achieve good agreement between computed and measured stream flow on both a monthly and annual basis in basins without appreciable winter snow cover. Comparisons of computed and measured stream flow in 28 basins on the Delmarva peninsula show that for some basins the agreement is excellent (regression line essentially equals unity), for other basins the regression line has a slope of one but it is displaced above or below the y=x line, while for other basins, the slope of the regression line differs appreciably from unity. Study of the basins where agreement between computed and measured values is only fair to poor reveals that the patterns of disagreement can be used to provide information on the water holding capacity in the root zone of the soil, on the quantity of deep aquifer recharge within the basin, or on the effect of human modifications within the basin. The technique should also reveal the quantity of interbasin transfers or other consumptive uses within the basin. The water budget, thus, becomes a useful tool to study hydrologic characteristics or their changes over time within a basin.
Making Connections: Using TeleHealth to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, an Underrecognized Neuroinflammatory Disorder

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a common and complex, but often underrecognized neuroinflammatory disorder. This syndrome can cause significant intractable pain, worsening motor changes, negative sensory symptoms as well as autonomic, vasomotor and trophic changes. Primary care providers and specialists are frequently challenged with patients who present with unusual symptoms and are unsure of the differential diagnosis and best practices treatment options for CRPS. The Project ECHO Pain Team leverages tele-health technologies to connect clinician specialists and primary care providers in order to increase awareness and create knowledge networks regarding improvement in clinical care for patients with CRPS.
Fibromyalgia Associated Syndromes

SUMMARYObjectives: To describe the syndromes that share overlapping clinical features with fibromyalgia [FMS].Findings: There are a number of semantic terms currently used to described systemic syndromes that share overlapping features with FMS. These include chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, somatoform disorders, and Gulf War Illnesses. There are also a number of regional or “organ-specific” syndromes that overlap with these conditions that have as their common features regional pain, with and without dysfunction of internal organs.Conclusions: In aggregate, chronic multisymptom illnesses such as FMS are extremely common. Hallmarks of these syndromes include non-nociceptive pain, fatigue, memory difficulties, and dysfunction of visceral organs.
Modified tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (Snodgrass) procedure for hypospadias repair.

Abstract Objectives To report the outcomes in a large series using a modified tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (Snodgrass) technique with a local de-epithelialized skin flap to cover the urethroplasty. The use of the TIP urethroplasty (Snodgrass) technique has gained wide acceptance among pediatric urologists for the correction of hypospadias repair because of its good cosmesis, low complication rate, and reliability in creating a vertically oriented meatus. Methods A total of 101 boys, aged 6 months to 3 years, with distal (n = 85), mid-shaft (n = 8), or proximal (n = 8) hypospadias underwent one-stage repair using a modified TIP repair with a local de-epithelialized skin flap to cover the urethroplasty. Charts were reviewed for each patient to determine the complications, reoperations, cosmesis, and functional results after surgery. Results With at least 6 months of follow-up, all patients had achieved excellent functional and cosmetic results, with the meatus at the tip of the penis on follow-up. Three repairs for meatal stenosis and two for fistula were needed. Conclusions The modified TIP procedure is a safe and reliable technique. It provides excellent cosmesis with a low reoperation rate.
Inorganic carbon uptake by phytoplankton in Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. II: Comparative primary productivity and nutritional status of winter and summer assemblages

Abstract Using time-course, natural-light incubations, we assessed the rate of carbon uptake at a range of light intensities, the effect of supplemental additions of nitrogen (as NH 4 + or urea) on light and dark carbon uptake, and the rates of uptake of NH 4 + and urea by phytoplankton from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts from February through August 1982. During the winter, photoinhibition was severe, becoming manifested shortly after the start of an incubation, whereas during the summer, there was little to no evidence of photoinhibition during the first several hours after the start of an incubation. At light levels which were neither photoinhibiting nor light limiting, rates of carbon uptake normalized per liter were high and approximately equal during winter and summer (22–23 μg C·l −1 · h −1 ), and low during spring ( μg C · l −1 · h −1 ). In contrast, on a chlorophyll a basis, rates of carbon fixation were as high during spring (15–20μg C·μg Chl a −1 ·h −1 ), when concentrations of chlorophyll a were at the yearly minimum ( −1 ) as during the summer, when chlorophyll a concentrations were substantially higher (0.8–1.3 μg · l −1 ). Highest rates of NH 4 + and urea uptake were observed during summer, and at no time of the year was there evidence for severe nitrogen deficiency, although moderate nitrogen nutritional stress was apparent during the summer months.
Correlating structure topological metrics with bulk composite properties via neural network analysis

Abstract Given a database of any quantifiable set of cause and effect, machine learning methods can be trained to predict future effects based upon an assumed set of causes. In this paper, neural networks are trained to predict the bulk Young’s modulus and electrical conductivity of a two-phase composite with high material property contrast, based upon a sample’s microstructure. Various structure metrics are used to quantify the topological connectivity and disorder of analytically generated heterogeneous samples. The neural network is trained to predict the Young’s modulus and coefficient of electrical conductivity based upon values calculated for a training set of samples using a finite element model. By repeating the process with various subset of structure metrics we can determine which metrics—or combination of metrics—have the strongest influence in accurately predicting bulk material properties. Not only are neural net predictions of bulk properties in good agreement with calculated values for the 2D two-phase composites, but the insights into which metrics most strongly correlate with these properties (in this case, the connectivity metrics) may help focus the development of improved structure–property relations.
Electromagnetic properties of the rotationally aligned band in 162 Dy

Rotational band structures in ${}^{162,164}\mathrm{Dy}$ were studied by projectile inelastic excitation on a ${}^{118}\mathrm{Sn}$ target at near-barrier energies. States with spin up to ${24}^{+}{(22}^{+})$ of the ground-state band and ${18}^{+}{(18}^{+})$ of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational band in ${}^{162}\mathrm{Dy}{(}^{164}\mathrm{Dy})$ were populated in these reactions. States with spin spanning from ${8}^{+}$ to ${20}^{+}$ of the rotationally aligned S band in ${}^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$ were populated by way of its band-crossing point with the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational band at spin ${12}^{+},$ where strong mixing occurred due to an accidental degeneracy. This S band eventually crosses the ground-state band at spin ${18}^{+}$ and becomes the yrast at spin ${20}^{+}.$ From the peripheral-collision $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yield data, sets of electromagnetic matrix elements for both the intraband and interband transitions were determined by using the Coulomb excitation code, GOSIA. The measured intraband $E2$ matrix elements were used to derive a quadrupole deformation of the S band that is $\ensuremath{\approx}20%$ larger than those of the nearby low-lying collective bands. This represents the first measurement made for the quadrupole deformation of the S band for states well below the crossing point with the ground-state band. The two-phonon $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibration harmonic strength in ${}^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$ is highly fragmented, 36% of the strength is located in two ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}{=4}^{+}$ bands at excitation energies 1535.9 and 2181.0 keV, respectively. Significant octupole collectivity was observed coupling the ground-state band to the ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}{=2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ band in ${}^{162}\mathrm{Dy}.$
Loss of charged particles by nuclear interactions in scintillators

Abstract Some particles, when detected by total energy counters, undergo inelastic collisions. These particles are lost from the full energy peak. This loss has been calculated for deuterons and alpha particles of up to 160 MeV, for NaI and plastic scintillators.
Photoionization and Photosensitized Electron-Transfer Reactions of Psoralens and Coumarins1

The radical cations of several psoralens (furocoumarins) and coumarins have been generated via direct excitation (λex = 355 nm) in aqueous solution and/or via photosensitized electron transfer in acetonitrile and characterized using transient absorption spectroscopy. Significant photoionization yields were observed for 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and three methoxy-substituted coumarins in aqueous buffer and for 4,5‘,8-trimethylpsoralen in aqueous acetonitrile. Of those, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (67-DMC) was found to have the highest quantum (0.2 ± 0.03) yield for photoionization in aqueous buffer following direct excitation at both 355 and 308 nm. Laser energy dependence plots for the photoionization process are linear and pass through (0,0) for λex = 355, 308, and 266 nm, providing strong evidence for a monophotonic process. The photoionization results are compared with both the one-electron oxidation potentials of the compounds (obtained via cyclic voltammetry) and the fluorescence quantum yields and lifetim...
Nonenzymatic hydrolysis of oligoribonucleotides

Selective cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in RNA is important in the processing of large RNA molecules. This paper reports specific cleavage at UA sequences in single stranded oligoribonucleotides as short as hexamers. The hydrolysis between U and A leaves a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate on the 5'-side and a 5'-hydroxyl group on the 3' side of the cleavage. The hydrolysis is promoted by a wide range of cofactors, including polymeric organic compounds such as polyvinylpyrrolydone (PVP) and by proteins. A variety of experiments suggests the cleavage is not due to contamination by ribonuclease. The rate of cleavage is a function of oligoribonucleotide, PVP and spermidine concentrations. Mg2+ is not required. The phenomenon described here can potentially provide a relatively simple way of coding chemical stability into single stranded RNA based on its sequence and structure. This process seems to be similar to that involved in post-transcriptional degradation of mRNA.
Priapism Associated with Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathy in Children: Long-Term Effects on Potency

AbstractPurpose: Children with sickle cell priapism have traditionally been treated conservatively with surgery done as a last resort. Only sparse subjective data are available on the long-term assessment of potency in these patients.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all pediatric patients with sickle cell priapism who presented to Children's Hospital of Michigan between 1972 and 1992, and subsequently assessed erectile capabilities subjectively by questionnaire and objectively by RigiScan.[dagger][dagger] Dacomed Corp., Minneapolis, Minnesota.Results: Of the 15 patients interviewed 5 had undergone shunt procedures. The return of potency tended to vary inversely with patient age at onset and duration of priapism.Conclusions: Shunts performed within 48 hours, especially in postpubertal children, seemed more likely to preserve potency.
Strategic Opportunities for Engineering Management

(1989). Strategic Opportunities for Engineering Management. Engineering Management Journal: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 8-10.
Nickel L-Edge Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of Nickel−Iron Hydrogenases and Model CompoundsEvidence for High-Spin Nickel(II) in the Active Enzyme

L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to study, under a variety of conditions, the electronic structure of Ni in the Ni−Fe hydrogenases from Desulfovibrio gigas, Desulfovibrio baculatus, and Pyrococcus furiosus. The status of the enzyme films used for these measurements was monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. The L-edge spectra were interpreted by ligand field multiplet simulations and by comparison with data for Ni model complexes. The spectrum for Ni in D. gigas enzyme “form A” is consistent with a covalent Ni(III) species. In contrast, all of the reduced enzyme samples exhibited high spin Ni(II) spectra. The significance of the Ni(II) spin state for the structure of the hydrogenase active site is discussed.
ETS2 and ERG promote megakaryopoiesis and synergize with alterations in GATA-1 to immortalize hematopoietic progenitor cells

ETS2 and ERG are transcription factors, encoded on human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), that have been implicated in human cancer. People with Down syndrome (DS), who are trisomic for Hsa21, are predisposed to acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL). DS-AMKL blasts harbor a mutation in GATA1, which leads to loss of full-length protein but expression of the GATA-1s isoform. To assess the consequences of ETS protein misexpression on megakaryopoiesis, we expressed ETS2, ERG, and the related protein FLI-1 in wild-type and Gata1 mutant murine fetal liver progenitors. These studies revealed that ETS2, ERG, and FLI-1 facilitated the expansion of megakaryocytes from wild-type, Gata1-knockdown, and Gata1s knockin progenitors, but none of the genes could overcome the differentiation block characteristic of the Gata1-knockdown megakaryocytes. Although overexpression of ETS proteins increased the proportion of CD41+ cells generated from Gata1s-knockin progenitors, their expression led to a significant reduction in the more mature CD42 fraction. Serial replating assays revealed that overexpression of ERG or FLI-1 immortalized Gata1-knockdown and Gata1s knockin, but not wild-type, fetal liver progenitors. Immortalization was accompanied by activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, commonly seen in megakaryocytic malignancies. These findings provide evidence for synergy between alterations in GATA-1 and overexpression of ETS proteins in aberrant megakaryopoiesis.
Future UV detectors for space applications

We review the basic concepts of UV detectors and discuss why astronomers and planetary geologists place requirements of the detectors to be both UV sensitive and yet visible blind. This visible-blind requirement means that although CCD (and CMOS) based cameras can be quite efficient in the UV (approximately 40%), when filters are applied to knock out the necessary visible contribution, the effective CCD sensitivity is reduced significantly. We review several detector concepts from wide band-gap semi-conductors (primarily GaN-based) to Si-based (CCD and CMOS) and low temperature detectors (e.g., transmission edge sensors [TESs], superconducting Tunnel Junctions (STJs), and metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs). We conclude a new mission that would use a GaN photo-cathode camera for the UV low light level applications.
The Efficacy of Paregoric Versus Tincture of Opium in the Treatment of Neonatal Abstinance Syndrome (NAS)

The Efficacy of Paregoric Versus Tincture of Opium in the Treatment of Neonatal Abstinance Syndrome (NAS)
Exploring the effect of therapists' treatment practices on client attendance in community-based care for children.

Sustained treatment attendance has been reported to be poor in publicly-funded community-based clinic settings serving children and families. Several child and family characteristics have been shown to predict attendance in community-based care, but virtually no research has been conducted to examine how experiences in care, including psychotherapists’ within-session practices, influence client attendance. The goal of this exploratory study was to examine how observed practice within sessions, in particular the extent to which therapists delivered elements consistent with evidence-based practices, impacts total number of sessions attended, while accounting for an array of other potential predictors. Participants include 181 children ages 4–13 and their parents entering a new episode of care for disruptive behavior problems in publicly-funded clinics. Data sources include administrative billing records on treatment attendance, coded videotaped treatment sessions, and self-reports from children, parents, and therapists. Results indicate that parent education, service funding source, parent alliance with therapist, and therapist experience predicted number of sessions attended; intensity of evidence-based treatment techniques delivered to children was marginally associated with attendance (p=.059). Implications for improving engagement in community-based care are discussed.
Connectivity and stability of mesophotic coral reefs

Abstract Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs), occurring at depths of 30 to over 150 m, represents the deep continuum of adjacent shallow coral reefs about which little is known. These reefs are most developed, and most frequently studied, in areas where light penetration is high and photosymbiotic reef-builders (corals) can persist as common members of the benthic community. The upper mesophotic zone typically extends to 60 m and comprises communities that are generally similar to those found in shallow reef systems. Below 60 m, the lower mesophotic zone is dominated by sponges and algae that are uncommon or absent from shallower areas, and a fish fauna that is largely specialized to these intermediate depths. It is likely that these ecosystems are much more widespread and important than was previously recognized. MCEs have the potential to function as refugia for shallow reefs because many disturbances in the upper 30 m may leave MCEs largely intact. Ontogenetic movement and spawning migrations by reef fishes provide an important ecological component to connectivity between shallow and mesophotic reefs and may represent the effective range of larval dispersal. However, there is currently limited information on genetic connectivity between deep and shallow coral reef populations, and this is a critical gap in understanding the role of MCEs in coral reef resilience. Here we review the connectivity and trophic relationships between the shallow and mesophotic coral reefs, the potential role of MCEs as refugia, and the effects of a new biological invader that exposes critical gaps in our understanding of the stability of these ecosystems.
Ethanol drinking microstructure of a high drinking in the dark selected mouse line

Background The High Drinking in the Dark (HDID) selected mouse line was bred for high blood ethanol (EtOH) concentration (BEC) following the limited access drinking in the dark (DID) test and is a genetic animal model of binge-like drinking. This study examines the microstructure of EtOH drinking in these mice and their control line during 3 versions of the DID test to determine how drinking structure differences might relate to overall intake and BEC. Methods Male mice from the HDID-1 replicate line and HS/Npt progenitor stock were tested in separate experiments on 2- and 4-day versions of the DID test, and on a 2-day 2-bottle choice DID test with 20% EtOH and water. Testing took place in home cages connected to a continuous fluid intake monitoring system, and drinking during the DID test was analyzed for drinking microstructure. Results HDID-1 mice had more drinking bouts, shorter interbout interval, larger bout size, greater total EtOH intake, and higher BECs than HS/Npt mice on the second day of the 2-day DID test. The 4-day DID test showed greater bout size, total EtOH intake, and BEC in the HDID-1 mice than the HS/Npt mice. Total EtOH intake and BECs for the HDID-1 mice in the DID tests averaged 2.6 to 3.0 g/kg and 0.4 to 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The 2-bottle choice test showed no genotype differences in drinking microstructure or total consumption but did show greater preference for the EtOH solution in HDID-1 mice than HS/Npt. Conclusions These results suggest that inherent differences in EtOH drinking structure between the HDID-1 and HS/Npt mice, especially the larger bout size in the HDID-1 mice, contribute to the difference in intake during the standard DID test.
Energetics of multihelix interactions in protein folding: Application to myoglobin

Conformational-energy calculations have been carried out in order to determine favorable packing arrangements within a group of α-helices. The influence of side chains and of the number of interacting α-helices on the mode of packing was analyzed. In this work, our earlier methods for computing the packing energy of a pair of α-helices [Chou, K.-C., Nemethy, G. & Scheraga, H. A. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc.106, 3161–3170] have been extended to treat the interactions among several helices. Also, new algorithms allow the matching of standard peptide geometry to x-ray coordinates of helical complexes and the analysis of interrelations between several helices. As a specific test case, the packing of three neighboring α-helices, viz., the A, G, and H helices of sperm whale myoglobin, was considered. Minimum-energy arrangements were computed for the separate A-H and the G-H α-helix pairs as well as for the A-G-H three-helix complex. For the packing of the nearly antiparallel G and H α-helices, the same optimal structure was obtained in two- and three-helix complexes, indicating that a single packing arrangement is specifically favored by interhelix interactions. For the pair of nearly perpendicular A and H α-helices, interactions are less specific, so that there is no unique optimal structure in the two-helix complex; in the three-helix complex, however, a specific mode of packing is favored even for the A-H pair. This result indicates that the presence of other nearby α-helices can influence the packing of a given α-helix pair. The computed arrangement of the A-G-H complex is very close to that of the crystallographically determined structure. These results can be used to make deductions about the likely sequence of events in protein folding, where, in this particular case, it appears that the G-H helix pair may form first and then induce proper orientation of the A helix.
Crystallographic Evidence for Chromium−Platinum Interaction

Heteronuclear Pt−Cr paddlewheel complexes with significant Pt−Cr interaction have been made. They can be interconverted. Upon oxidation, the Pt−Cr distance shortens significantly while other bond lengths remain unchanged. By taking into account the strong axial coordination from the chloride ligand in the oxidized compound, we suspect that the removed electron upon oxidation is probably from a Pt−Cr orbital that is significantly antibonding in nature.
Pneumatic Actuator with Constant Velocity Mode in Reciprocating Motion

Motion systems with speed control mode are widely used in industry. This paper reports on an open loop pneumatic actuator that provides reciprocating motion with constant velocity mode. Computer simulations of the dynamic behavior of these actuators show their acceptable performance and high robustness. In addition, the estimation method, which allows performing the calculation of the actuator key parameters, is described. Design of the pneumatic actuator for a printing machine has been considered as the practical example.
Rhodium catalyzed dehydrogenation of triorganotin hydrides and mercaptans, preparation of triorganotin mercaptides

Abstract Triorganotin hydrides react with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic mercaptans in the presence of a catalytic amount of chlorotris(triphenolphosphine)rhodium to produce triorganotin mercaptides.
Next Generation Transmission with Photonic Integrated Circuit based Superchannels and Flexgrid ROADMs

We present a review of next generation optical transmission systems making use of flexible capacity superchannels based upon photonic integrated circuits, Flexgrid WSS based ROADMs, and next generation multiplexing architectures.
Controlled Environments as an Adjunct to Field Research on Lentils ( Lens culinaris ) I. Perspectives, Tenets and Objectives

Our experience with potentially tropic-adapted grain legumes leads us to hypothesize that ‘with appropriate and sufficiently proven technology, developed specifically for the purpose, controlled environment facilities can be a powerful adjunct to field research and so assist in the attainment of crop improvement objectives in lentils’. This contribution comments on the ‘adaptation’ of grain legume crops to their environments, describes current lentil production in the USA and elsewhere, and discusses the tenets and objectives of a programme of research devoted to the ultimate release of lentil genotypes that are well adapted to the environments for which they are intended.
Rates and Mechanism of Carbonyl Sulfide Oxidation by Peroxides in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

We measured the rates of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) oxidation by hydrogen peroxide H_2O_2 (HP) and peroxymonosulfuric acid HOOSO_2OH (PSA) in 13.5−18.0 M (76−96 wt %) sulfuric acid (SA) between 290 and 306 K. The reaction is first order in both [OCS] and [peroxide], having nearly identical second-order rate constants k_1 for HP or PSA as oxidants. k_1 increases exponentially with Hammett acidity Ho in the range investigated: log(k_1/M^(-1) s^(-1)) = − (9.57 ± 0.41) − (0.80 ± 0.05) H_o, (H_o < 0), at 306 K. OCS is, however, inert toward HP in concentrated perchloric acid at equivalent H_o values. We infer that OCS oxidation by HP in SA proceeds by an acid-catalyzed process involving the intermediacy of PSA rather than H_3O^(2+). k_1 depends on temperature according to log(k_1/M^(-1) s^(-1)) = (6.64 ± 1.58) − (2606 ± 472)/T, in 18 M SA. The observed kinetic behavior and parameters are typical of sulfide oxidations by PSA in very acidic media. Present data, in conjunction with data on ambient HP and sulfate aerosol levels in the lower stratosphere, lead to reaction lifetimes that are many orders of magnitude longer than the currently estimated OCS atmospheric residence time of about 4 years.
Effects of testosterone on body composition of the aging male

The aging process is accompanied by significant changes in body composition characterized by decreased fat free mass and increased and redistributed fat mass. Muscle loss results from the atrophy of muscle fibers and decreased synthesis of muscle proteins. Increased number of adipocytes and fat accumulation in non-adipose tissue leads to adiposity. These changes can impose functional limitations and increase morbidity. In men, declining testosterone levels that occur with aging can be a contributing factor to these changes. Studies in hypogonadal men have shown that testosterone replacement is effective in increasing muscle mass and strength and decreasing fat mass. The molecular mechanisms of testosterone's influence on muscle and adipose are not fully elucidated. However, testosterone appears to stimulate IGF-1 expression directly and indirectly leading to increased muscle protein synthesis and growth. It may also counter the inhibitory effects of myostatin, cytokines, and glucocorticoids. The predominant effects of testosterone on fat mass are increased lipolysis and decreased adipogenesis. Current evidence suggests that testosterone replacement may be effective in reversing age-dependent body composition changes and associated morbidity. However, hypogonadism must be diagnosed carefully, and therapy should be monitored regularly in order to avoid the adverse effects associated with testosterone supplementation.
Congenital alkalosis with diarrhea

Summary A report is made of a new syndrome. The patient showed intractable watery diarrhea from birth to the age of 2 years, 11 months (the time of this report). The stools were acid, contained considerable amounts of sodium, chloride and, at times, potassium. The alkaline urine contained no chloride, little sodium, and variable amounts of potassium. Stool chloride was always greater than stool sodium and stool water greater than urine water. Absorption of nitrogen, fat, carbohydrate, phosphorus, and calcium were essentially normal. As a result of these disturbances, the boy grew slowly, and was subject to frequent exacerbations of the diarrhea accompanied by signs and symptoms of dehydration. The blood serum showed extreme alkalosis, the maximal changes being pH 7.73; bicarbonate, 47 mM per liter; chloride 45 mM per liter; sodium, 118 mM per liter. Occasionally, serum potassium was low (1.5 mM per liter) but usually normal. Usually no signs of tetany were present but tetanic convulsions occurred once and carpopedal spasm, occasionally. Metabolic data are presented which show that as chloride is lost more rapidly than sodium, extracellular sodium is transferred into intracellular fluids and approximately equivalent amounts of potassium are released from the cells and excreted. Similarly when dehydration is treated with sodium chloride and potassium chloride, insufficient sodium is retained to account for the expansion of extracellular chloride but retention of potassium accounts for the release of sufficient sodium from cells to replace the deficit of extracellular sodium and to explain the changes in concentration of extracellular electrolytes. The alkalosis and low serum chloride are accompanied by no evidence of change in the blood-brain barrier. The displacement of muscle potassium by sodium is discussed.
Kinetics of Facet Formation During Growth and Etching of Crystals

Morphological instabilities of surfaces with respect to faceting in deposition of microelectronic materials and etching of semiconductors and catalysts are of great technological importance. Macroscopic theories fail in predicting correctly the time and size dependence of microstructures observed. p]We have examined the temporal and spatial evolution of unstable interfaces in zero net flux, growth, and etching of crystals as functions of temperature and degree of irreversibility using the Monte Carlo method. In addition to faceting, thermal or kinetic roughening transitions are also observed under some conditions. We have found that the type of transition and the surface structures depend strongly on the irreversibility of the process and the surface temperature. It is demonstrated that surface diffusion has a profound influence on the transitions and surface morphologies.
Nano aptasensor for protective antigen toxin of anthrax.

We demonstrate a highly sensitive nano aptasensor for anthrax toxin through the detection of its polypeptide entity, protective antigen (PA toxin) using a PA toxin ssDNA aptamer functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) device. The aptamer was developed in-house by capillary electrophoresis systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX) and had a dissociation constant (Kd) of 112 nM. The aptasensor displayed a wide dynamic range spanning up to 800 nM with a detection limit of 1 nM. The sensitivity was 0.11 per nM, and it was reusable six times. The aptasensor was also highly selective for PA toxin with no interference from human and bovine serum albumin, demonstrating it as a potential tool for rapid and point-of-care diagnosis for anthrax.
Outcomes in African Americans and Hispanics with lupus nephritis

Poor outcomes have been reported in African Americans and Hispanics compared to Caucasians with lupus nephritis. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to identify independent predictors of outcomes in African Americans and Hispanics with lupus nephritis. In total, 93 African Americans, 100 Hispanics, and 20 Caucasians with a mean age of 28±13 years and an annual household income of 32.9±17.3 (in $1000) were studied. World Health Organization (WHO) lupus nephritis classes II, III, IV, and V were seen in 9, 13, 52, and 26%, respectively. Important baseline differences were higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) in African Americans compared to Hispanics and Caucasians (107±19, 102±15, and 99±13 mmHg, P
Kinetics and mechanism of the alkali catalysed condensation of o‐ and p‐methylol phenols by themselves and with phenol

The kinetics of the alkali-catalysed condensation of ortho and para methylol phenols, each by itself and with phenol has been studied under various experimental conditions with the help of quantitative paper chromatography. At low concentrations of the reactants and catalyst, the self-condensation of saligenin gives mainly 3-methylol 2′,4-dihydroxy diphenyl methane (DPM) and that of p-methylol phenol 5-methylol 2,4′-DPM, the apparent first-order rate constant at 80°C. and activation energy being 1.60ċ10−5sec−1 and 16.0 kcal./mole for the former and for the latter 1.67ċ10−5sec−1 and 17.3 kcal./mole However at higher concentrations, p-methylol phenol gives also p,p′-DPM, 2,4-dimethylol phenol, and small amounts of 3-methylol 4,4′-DPM. When phenol and one of the methylol phenols are made to react, both the self-condensation and the inter-condensation take place, the former much more rapidly than the latter. A large excess of phenol is needed to suppress the self-condensation. The apparent energies of activation for the formation of o,o′-, o,p′- and p,p′-DPMs are 21.4, 18.7, and 17.0 kcal./mole respectively. Evidence is presented for the probable mode of formation of monomethylol dinuclear compounds in the alkali-catalysed phenol-formaldehyde reaction. Die Kinetik der alkalikatalysierten Kondensation von o- und p-Methylol-phenol mit sich selber oder mit Phenol unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen wurde mit Hilfe der quantitativen Papierchromatographie untersucht. Bei niedriger Konzentration der Reaktionsteilnehmer und des Katalysators ergibt die Selbstkondensation von Saligenin hauptsachlich 3-Methylol-2′,4-dihydroxy-diphenyl-methan (DPM), wahrend die Selbstkondensation von p-Methylol-phenol zu 5-Methylol-2,4′-DPM fuhrt. Die scheinbare Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Reaktion 1. Ordnung bei 80°C ist 1,6ċ10−5sec−1 und die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie betragt 16,0 kcal/Mol; fur p-Methylol-phenol liegen diese Werte bei 1,67ċ10−5sec−1 und 17,3 kcal/Mol. Bei hoheren Konzentrationen fuhrt die Kondensation von p-Methylol-phenol aber auch zur Bildung von p,p′-DPM, 2,4-Dimethylol-phenol und geringen Mengen 3-Methylol-4,4′-DPM. Wenn ein Gemisch von Phenol mit einem der Methylol-phenole reagiert, findet sowohl Selbstkondensation des Methyl-phenols als auch Cokondensation statt, und zwar die erstere viel schneller als die letztere. Ein groser Phenoluberschus ist erforderlich, um die Selbstkondensation zu unterdrucken. Die scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergien fur die Bildung von o,o′-o,p′- und p,p′-DPM betragen 21,4, 18,7 bzw. 17 kcal/Mol. Es werden Hinweise fur den wahrscheinlichen Bildungsmechanismus einer zweikernigen Monomethylolverbindung bei der alkalikatalysierten Phenol-Formaldehyd-Kondensation gegeben.
Metal clusters and model rocks: Electromagnetic properties of conducting fractal aggregates.

We present a numerical study of fractal metallic aggregates embedded in a two-dimensional (2D) dielectric host. The metallic clusters are constructed from Drude-like bonds, while the dielectric host is taken to have purely capacitive response. The clusters are either grown randomly [by diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA)] or by a deterministic algorithm which generates self-similar clusters. The effective ac response of the composite is computed using the Y-\ensuremath{\Delta} algorithm of Frank and Lobb. For finite clusters, either random or deterministic, the far-infrared absorption per unit mass of metal is found to be greatly increased over that of isolated metallic particles. This provides a possible explanation of the enhancement observed in suspensions of small metal particles, assuming a fractal clustering is present. At higher frequencies, the random fractals lead to a broad surface-plasmon absorption spectrum, while the ordered fractals have an optical conductivity which appears to be self-similar in frequency. When a random 2D DLA cluster is allowed to percolate across the composite, we find a strong low-frequency enhancement of the dielectric constant, similar to the enhancement observed in brine-saturated porous rocks. We discuss the possible relevance of the model, and its probable limitations, as applied to real composites.
Adiabatic polymerization of acrylamide using a persulfate–bisulfite redox couple

The temperature rise during the adiabatic polymerization of acrylamide in water has been used to characterize the kinetic parameters. Based on initial rate data, the following equation is obtained: where concentrations of monomer, persulfate, and bisulfite are in mole/kg, T is in K, and t is in min. The order with respect to monomer is confirmed by an analysis of the entire temperature–time record during polymerization. The persulfate–bisulfite couple was studied also in the absence of monomer. Concentrations were measured by UV absorbance and by permanganate titration. The reaction can be represented by: where concentrations are in mole/liter, T is in K, and t is in min.
Proapoptotic Bid mediates the Atr-directed DNA damage response to replicative stress.

Proapoptotic BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid), a BH3-only Bcl-2 family member, is situated at the interface between the DNA damage response and apoptosis, with roles in death receptor-induced apoptosis as well as cell cycle checkpoints following DNA damage.1, 2, 3 In this study, we demonstrate that Bid functions at the level of the sensor complex in the Atm and Rad3-related (Atr)-directed DNA damage response. Bid is found with replication protein A (RPA) in nuclear foci and associates with the Atr/Atr-interacting protein (Atrip)/RPA complex following replicative stress. Furthermore, Bid-deficient cells show an impaired response to replicative stress manifest by reduced accumulation of Atr and Atrip on chromatin and at DNA damage foci, reduced recovery of DNA synthesis following replicative stress, and decreased checkpoint kinase 1 activation and RPA phosphorylation. These results establish a direct role for the BH3-only Bcl-2 family member, Bid, acting at the level of the damage sensor complex to amplify the Atr-directed cellular response to replicative DNA damage.
Orienting in normal and pathological development

The term plasticity is often confined to changes due to learning. We believe, however, that the rapid lability of human behavior as different mental contents receive attention represents an important form of plasticity. Recent research in temperament and cognitive neuroscience provides an account of the development of a specific neural system involved in attentional self-regulation. In this paper, we concentrate on a network involved in orienting. We describe what is currently known about this network and its development during the first years of life. This network interacts with other attentional networks that come to control orienting to remembered events as well as those currently present. Orienting reflects processes that are both deeply biological and also open to cultural influences through learning. Attention is influenced by the current emotional state and is also important in achieving control over the emotional state. We present evidence on how learning influences eye position between 4 and 18 months of life and indicate influences of orienting on important aspects of infant behavior. Like any biological system, problems can arise in these mechanisms. We speculate on how individual differences in distress proneness and orienting may relate to the development of psychopathology.
Twos-complement data processing for improved encoded matrix-vector processors.

A new method for handling bipolar data by twos-complement representation is detailed. This technique requires fewer bits, uses simpler optical processor devices (fewer channels), and provides a higher processing rate and throughput. It is directly extendable to more complex matrix operations because of its data flow property and requires only a modest increase in the complexity of the digital support system.
Support± challenge± vision: a model for faculty mentoring

Mentoring is recommended for socializing new faculty into academic medicine. However, there is no literature identifying the key features of effective mentor-protege interactions in academic medicine. Seeking to validate a theoretically derived mentoring model of challenge, support and vision, this paper reports the results of a study that utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand the interactive processes used by effective mentors for academic family physicians.
Construction of Varicella-Zoster Virus Recombinants from Parent Oka Cosmids and Demonstration that ORF65 Protein Is Dispensable for Infection of Human Skin and T Cells in the SCID-hu Mouse Model

We generated an ORF65 deletion mutant by using a cosmid system constructed from the genome of a low-passage clinical isolate (P-Oka). Using the SCID-hu mouse model, we demonstrated that the ORF65 protein is dispensable for viral replication in skin and T cells, which are critical host cell targets during primary varicella-zoster virus infection.