cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Only a Sith Thinks Like that': Llewellyn's 'Dueling Canons', Twenty One to Twenty Four

This is the fifth installment in a series of articles examining the famous twenty-eight pairs of “dueling canons” left to us in 1950 by Karl N. Llewellyn, “Remarks on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the Rules or Canons about How Statutes Are to Be Construed,” 3 VANDERBILT L.REV. 395 (1950). After more than half a century, Llewellyn’s assault on the legitimacy of canons remains an imposing landmark in statutory interpretation scholarship. The first four installments of this study, covering pairs 1 through 20, showed that Llewellyn’s thesis that for every canon of construction there was another to opposite effect did not stand up to examination. This study of pairs 21 through 24 continues the pattern. It includes the familiar principles noscitur a sociis (Parry 21) and ejusdem generis (Thrust 22), the “last antecedent” rule of anaphora (Pair 23), and the frailty of punctuation as a ground for interpretation (Pair 24). Llewellyn’s practice of taking a familiar principle of interpretation and splitting off its “unless” clause, then calling both parts canons and therefore contradictory again features. Only a determination to deny legislative intention in favor of interpretive formulae can save the contrariety of these pairs. And his strategy, familiar from pairs 1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, and 18, of creating a parry from a variation on “. . . unless the legislature intended otherwise” appears again in pairs 22, 23, and 24. Pairs 21 to 24 demonstrate no greater problems for canons than did Pairs 1 to 20. Unless something dramatically different appears in the bottom of the batting order, Llewellyn’s celebrated list will prove not at all deconstructive, let alone devastatingly so.
A characterization of the financial condition of the United States' aerospace-defense industrial base

Over the past several years, the United States' Department of Defense acquisition environment has changed considerably as new policies and procedures have been enacted, budgets reduced, military hardware requirements changed, etc. Using data envelopment analysis, this study assesses the financial condition of the aerospace-defense industrial base from 1978 to 1992 in comparison to the Standard & Poors (S&P) 500. The results of this research indicate that the S&P 500 firms were in better financial condition relative to defense firms over the entire 15-year period of the study. Furthermore, the financial condition of aerospace-defense firms has not deteriorated relative to S&P 500 firms.
A novel method for training residents in robotic hysterectomy

Standard surgeon training for robotic hysterectomy currently includes the use of a porcine lab to gain experience using the daVinci Surgical System. Residents in obstetrics/gynecology are taught using a novel dry lab which mimics the tasks specific to a robotic hysterectomy. This technique may ultimately aid in the credentialing of gynecologic surgeons, obviating the need for the porcine lab. A lab simulating the anatomy of key tasks in the hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy has been developed using readily available materials. Residents perform simulated tasks under direct supervision. Time to complete, a subjective grading score, and any errors made are recorded and compared amongst the participants. From April 2007 through April 2008, 16 residents participated in the lab. Mean times (range, standard deviation) to perform simulated procedures were: 177.3 s (100–270, 48.2) for dexterity training, 71.9 s (32–171, 34.6) for identification of the ureter and sealing/dividing the infundibulopelvic ligament, 157.8 s (60–300, 76.8) for dissecting the bladder flap, 77 s (25–148, 34.8) for skeletonizing the uterine arteries, and 516 s (270–946, 237.8) for suturing the vaginal cuff. Since completing the lab, five residents have completed a total of 16 robotic hysterectomies on live patients, with no training-related patient complications. This lab closely mimics those segments of a hysterectomy on humans. Here, we describe a technique to train residents for robotic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without the use of a porcine lab.
Definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma

Radiation therapy plays an important role in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Radiation therapy may be combined with chemotherapy, used as a component of induction therapy, used in the adjuvant setting, or used for palliation of advanced disease. Chemotherapy is also occasionally used as a solitary treatment modality for patients with esophageal cancer. Current treatment protocols include multiple agents, and agents directed against specific molecular targets have been investigated in clinical trials. This article discusses future directions related to the selection of radiation treatment protocols, novel targeted chemotherapeutic agents, and the selection of patients for surgery.
An Optimized Patient-reported Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Measure Derived from the Mayo Score and the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index

BACKGROUND There is a need for simple, noninvasive patient-driven disease assessment instruments in ulcerative colitis (UC). We sought to further assess and refine the previous described 6-point Mayo score. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 282 UC patients was conducted assessing the correlation of the 2 patient-reported Mayo score components (6-point Mayo score) with the simple clinical colitis activity index (SCCAI) and a single Likert scale of patient-reported disease activity. Spearman's correlation, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating curves (AUC) were calculated. A separate validation study in 59 UC patients was also conducted. RESULTS Participants predominantly had long-standing disease (83%) and were in self-reported remission (63%). The 6-point Mayo score correlated well with the SCCAI (rho = 0.71; P < 0.0001) and patient-reported disease activity (rho = 0.65; P < 0.0001). Using a cutpoint of 1.5, the 6-point Mayo score had 83% sensitivity and 72% specificity for patient-defined remission, and 89% sensitivity and 67% specificity for SCCAI-defined remission (score, <2.5). The 6-point Mayo score and SCCAI had similar accuracy of predicting patient-defined remission (AUC = 0.84 and 0.87, respectively). Addition of the SCCAI general well-being question to the 6-point Mayo improved the predictive ability for patient-defined remission; and a new weighted score had an AUC of 0.89 in the development cohort and 0.93 in the validation cohort. The optimal cutpoint was 1.6. CONCLUSIONS The patient-reported UC severity index that includes stool frequency, bleeding, and general well-being accurately measures clinical disease activity without requiring direct physician contact.
Lung cancer chemoprevention: current status and future directions

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. In the United States, lung cancer causes more death per annum than colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers combined. While smoking prevention and cessation are essential strategies against lung cancer, they are often ineffective, and former smokers remain at lower, yet persistent risks. The magnitude of the tobacco epidemic and burden of lung cancer will continue to escalate globally, underscoring the importance of advancing chemoprevention research. Recently, exciting results from phase 2b randomized control trials are beginning to emerge. Advancements in understanding clinical tumor biology, diagnostic technology, and bioinformatics will continue to propel significant progress in the field. This update will provide a general overview of the background and rationale for lung cancer chemoprevention, review important results from historical trials, summarize key findings from recently completed studies, and discuss ongoing clinical trials and future directions for lung cancer chemoprevention.
Rapid development of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor supersensitivity as indicated by striatal and pallidal Fos expression

Rats were injected with a single dose of the monoamine-depleting agent reserpine (5 mg/kg s.c.) or its vehicle. Twenty-four hours later rats were injected with either the selective D1 agonist SKF 38393 (5 mg/kg i.p.), the selective D2 agonist quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) or saline, and perfused 2 h later. Fos-like immunoreactivity was visualized using a polyclonal antibody to the Fos protein and standard ABC methods. Reserpine rendered striatal D1 and D2 receptors supersensitive as indicated by 10- to 12-fold increases in striatal and pallidal Fos immunoreactivity. The short latency of the development of both D1 and D2 supersensitivity limits the candidate causative mechanisms to those that occur within hours of the initiating stimulus.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity by flow cytometric drug sensitivity assay in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Risk-based treatment strategies have improved outcome in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in vitro drug sensitivity assessment using methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay has been shown to be an independent prognostic marker. To date, such strategies in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have proved elusive, and in vitro drug sensitivity testing has had limited success in T-ALL due to poor T-cell lymphoblast survival in vitro. We have developed the flow cytometric drug sensitivity assay (FCDSA) to evaluate in vitro drug sensitivity. We studied 68 cases of childhood T-ALL for cytarabine (Ara-C) and daunorubicin sensitivity by FCDSA and compared the results with those obtained by MTT assay. Spontaneous apoptosis was correlated with cytotoxicity rates for both drugs by FCDSA, but not with the results obtained by MTT assay. Daunorubicin sensitivity had a positive correlation with Ara-C in individual cases by FCDSA; but not by MTT assay. Studies repeated on stored samples had comparable results for both drugs by FCDSA (P<0.01), but not for Ara-C by MTT assay. Comparison of T-ALL sensitivity with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases revealed a unique pattern difference. Median cytotoxicity (expressed in arbitrary units) for Ara-C was 8 (0-47) and 27 (0-81), and daunorubicine cytotoxicity for T-ALL and AML samples was 79 (5-100) and 34 (0-98), respectively. Although age or white blood cell count at diagnosis was not associated with any particular drug response pattern, CD13 expression on T-lymphoblasts was associated with in vitro resistance. FCDSA is a reliable, practical and reproducible method that can be integrated into studies of drug-target cell interactions in T-ALL.
Vibrational correlations via coherent multi-resonant four-wave mixing

A new family of coherent multidimensional vibrational spectroscopies has been developed which provide opportunities for establishing the correlations between vibrational modes that result from intra- and intermolecular interactions. The multidimensional spectroscopies contain cross-peaks between the modes because of coupling where the oscillations from one mode affect the optical properties of other modes. This paper presents an experimental overview of representative methods for coherent multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy.
SOFC : A playground for solid state chemistry

Abstract High processing and operation temperatures, as well as the presence of non-equilibrium phases turn solid oxide fuel cells into a playground for solid state reactivity. Formation of reaction products, diffusion, segregation, electronic structure modifications at electrolyte–electrode interfaces and atsurfaces affect the oxygen exchange rates and impact the resulting SOFC performance. In the present work, various types of solid state reactivity in solid oxide fuel cells and particularly in systems with zirconia electrolyte and oxide cathodes are addressed. Examples of solid state reactivity induced modifications of bulk, interface and surface chemistry in the SOFC cathode are discussed and correlated with its electrochemical performance. The formation of pyrochlore is considered as example of solid state reactions that occur in zirconia–manganite and zirconia–cobaltite cathodes. Possible reaction mechanisms and their contributions are discussed for various perovskites and different geometries. The local interface chemistry and electronic structure in zirconia–manganite cathodes are studied by ELNES. Differences between annealed and operated cathodes reveal that upon SOFC operation (cathode polarization) a highly defective structure with high concentrations of partially reduced transition metal develops at the interfaces. Based on the results, the impact of interface chemistry on cathode performance is evaluated. The influence of cathode and electrolyte surface chemistry on SOFC performance is illustrated in several examples that include electrochemical promotion, cathode poisoning by silicates and by chromium oxide. In situ spectro-microscopy is used to investigate the surface chemistry of operating model cathodes and electrolyte. The study reveals not only drastic differences between surface and bulk chemistry, it also shows that the cathode and electrolyte surface compositions change with cathode polarization. Oxygen incorporation in the SOFC cathodes with its different reaction steps is explored in terms of the local chemical environment of potential oxygen exchange sites and local conductivities. The concepts are then applied to explain the electrochemical performance of the cathodes.
Lichen planopilaris: clinical and pathologic study of forty-five patients.

Background: We review the findings in a large series of patients with lichen planopilaris. Objective: Clinical, histologic, and direct immunofluorescence findings were reviewed in 45 patients. Methods: Scalp biopsy specimens for routine histologic examination and direct immunofluorescence were reviewed. Clinical data and follow-up were obtained. Results: Women were affected more commonly and had patchy hair loss, with perifollicular erythema, perifollicular spines, and scarring. Half had or developed glabrous skin, mucous membrane, or nail changes typical of lichen planus. Follicular involvement was limited to the infundibulum and isthmus and included lichenoid inflammation and cytoid formation, with few or no changes in interfollicular epidermis. Direct immunofluorescence showed cytoid body staining with anti-IgM and anti-IgA and patchy or linear fibrinogen deposition along the basement membrane zone. The various therapeutic options used were usually unsuccessful. Conclusion: To make the correct diagnosis, patients with scarring alopecia should be evaluated histologically and with direct immunofluorescence. They should also be followed up to assess whether lichen planus, develops elsewhere.
SELF-CONSISTENT POMERANCHON COUPLING RATIOS IN THE MULTIPERIPHERAL MODEL.

Given the two leading eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the resonance (low-subenergy) component of a multiperipheral kernel and assuming lower eigenvalues to be unimportant, it is shown how the mixture corresponding to the Pomeranchon eigenfunction may be calculated from considerations of self-consistency. The method is illustrated in a multiperipheral model with pseudoscalar-meson links by associating the two leading unperturbed eigenstates with the 2+ particles f(1260) and f′(1514).
Fission of Bismuth with 15- and 22-Mev Deuterons

Radiochemical studies of bismuth bombarded with 15- and 22-Mev deuterons give evidence of fission product species, clearly distinguishable from species arising from activation of target impurities. The massyield curve of fission products from bismuth bombarded with 22-Mev deuterons is unlike the double-humped curves of the heavier elements ($Zg~90$) excited to comparable energies: it is single humped, symmetric about mass 103.5 and quite narrow. The width of the curve at half-maximum is only 17 mass units. The cross sections for fission of bismuth by 20-Mev deuterons is estimated to be about 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and for 15-Mev deuterons about 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}31}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The competition between fission and neutron evaporation in high-energy fission is discussed.
Torsade de pointes: successful acute control by lidocaine and chronic control by tocainide in two patients--one each with acquired long QT and the congenital long QT syndrome.

grams. During atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, the atria1 electrograas were coincident with the ventricular electrogram, and a paced ventricular complex coincident with the His bundle depolarization did not advance the atria1 electrograms. A 12-lead ECG demonstrated the presence of QRS ahernans in lead V, during episodes of orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (Fig. 3), and the absence of QRS alternans during episodes of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (Fig. 4). In both orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia and atriaventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, the ventricles are depolarized via the atrioventricular node-HisPurkinje axis. In the patient in this case report, despite ventricular activation over the same atrioventricular conduction system at an identical rate, QRS alternans was present during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia but not during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. This finding demonstrates that the specificity of QRS alternans for orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia may be independent of specific characteristics of the atrioventricular conduction system and also independent of the tachycardia rate. Green et al.’ reported that QRS alternans during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia persisted in some patients after the administration of drugs that slowed the tachycardia rate. In the patient in the present case report, QRS alterans appeared during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia only after the cycle length of the tachycardia had been lengthened from 310 to 380 msec by procainamide. The appearance of QRS alternans despite to slower tachycardia rate after the administration of procainamide suggests that QRS alternans was related to depression in conduction through the His-Purkinje system by procainamide. In the absence of differences in rate, differences in the pathway of anterograde ventricular activation, or intrinsic conduction characteristics of the His-Purkinje system, the explanation for the presence of QRS alternans during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia but not during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia is unclear. However, it should be noted that both tachycardias were induced by ventricular pacing. Therefore, a possible explanation is that there was a difference in the degree of retrograde penetration of the His-Purkinje system by the ventricular depolarizations that induced the tachycardias. Whether the same specificity of QRS alterans for orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia would have been observed had the tachycardias been inducible by atria1 stimulation remains unknown.
Review of Information and Communication Technology Devices for Monitoring Functional and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials

Detecting and monitoring early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant need in the field of AD therapeutics. Successful AD clinical trial designs have to overcome challenges related to the subtle nature of early cognitive changes. Continuous unobtrusive assessments using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices to capture markers of intra-individual change over time to assess cognitive and functional disability therefore offers significant benefits. We review the literature and provide an overview on randomized clinical trials in AD that use intelligent systems to monitor functional decline, as well as strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for the use of ICTs in a new generation of AD clinical trials.
Eventivity effects in early grammar: The case of non-finite verbs

During the Root Infinitive (RI) stage children produce both stative and eventive finite verbs, but their non-finite verbs are restricted to eventive predicates (Hoekstra & Hyams, 1998; Wijnen, 1997...
Biventricular repair after Norwood palliation.

Abstract Background In general, neonates with severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, aortic valvar stenosis or atresia, and arch hypoplasia with either interruption or coarctation, and a small left ventricle undergo Norwood palliation followed classically by a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and eventual modified Fontan. However, a subset of patients, usually neonates with a ventricular septal defect, may have adequate left ventricle and mitral valve sizes making them candidates for future biventricular repair (BVR). In view of the long-term advantage of BVR, the feasibility and outcome of this approach was studied. Additionally, echocardiographic data were reviewed in an attempt to develop objective prognostic criteria for selection of patients suitable for BVR. Methods During a 4-year period, 8 of 58 infants undergoing Norwood palliation were identified as potential two-ventricle candidates. Their mean age was 6 days. Diagnoses included aortic atresia (n = 1), or aortic valve stenosis and subaortic stenosis (n = 7), with an interrupted aortic arch in 3 and coarctation in 4. All patients had a ventricular septal defect and a left ventricle that was considered to be apex forming. Mean mitral valve size was 11 mm (z-score = −1.7). Mean aortic valve size was 4.1 mm (mean z-score = −8.4). Results All 8 patients survived Norwood palliation. Six subsequently underwent BVR with ventricular septal defect closure and a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit at a mean age of 7 months. One patient is awaiting repair, and 1 underwent a cavopulmonary shunt. At the time of BVR, mean mitral valve z-score was essentially unchanged at −1.4 (14 mm). No early deaths or late deaths occurred during a mean follow-up of 32 months. Conclusions A small subset of patients requiring Norwood palliation as newborns may be candidates for eventual BVR with low risk. In general, patients suitable for BVR have a mitral valve z-score of more than −3 and a normal-sized left ventricle. Recognition of neonatal BVR candidates enables consideration of complete neonatal repair. However, single-stage repair needs to be compared with the excellent results obtainable with the staged approach.
Proof in science

Tatsch's dissertation would have been slender indeed if he had abided strictly by his supervisor's admonition that he not use unproved hypotheses as the basis for deriving quantitative estimates (EOS), August 21,1979). No hypothesis is ever proven; only mathematicians prove things. In science we can only ask whether or not a hypothesis seems to correspond with the real world, as best we perceive it. Since observations always have limited accuracy, and since every hypothesis always leaves some loose ends (some observations which have not been shown either to be consistent or inconsistent with the hypothesis), we must always come back to a subjective judgment as to which hypothesis gives the more satisfactory description of the real world. The companion articles by Beloussov and by Sengor and Burke (EOS, April 24, 1979) are a good illustration of this process.
Toward an unnatural history of immunology

Les precurseurs de l'immunologie ont contribue pour une large part a la naissance et a l'evolution de cette science. L'A. decrit les grandes etapes de cette breve histoire devenue le commencement de l'immunologie moderne
Large aperture adaptive doublet polymer lens for imaging applications

We report a full design process-finite element modeling, fabrication, and characterization-of adaptive doublet polymer lenses. A first-order model was developed and used to design fluidic doublets, analogous to their glass counterparts. Two constant-volume fluidic chambers were enclosed by three flexible membranes, resulting in a variable focal length doublet with a clear aperture of 19.0 mm. Chromatic focal shift was then used to compare numerical modeling to experimentally measured results over a positive focal length range of 55-200 mm (f/2.89 to f/10.5).
Synthesis and properties of novel fluorescent switches.

Photochromic dithienylethene moieties were covalently attached to fluorescent 4,4-difluoro-8-(4‘-iodophenyl)-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (iodo-BODIPY) via a phenylacetylene linker. UV light induced isomerization of the photochrome results in significant decrease in fluorescence intensity. This fluorescence can be recovered with visible light. Steady-state fluorescence measurements demonstrate that the emission of the dye can be modulated by external light. An intramolecular energy transfer mechanism accounts for the fluorescence quenching in the UV light produced isomers.
Contextual effects of prekindergarten classrooms for disadvantaged children on cognitive development: the case of Chapter 1.

This study explores the effects of the social context of Chapter 1 prekindergarten classrooms on children's learning. Chapter 1 (also called Title I) is a federal government preschool program directed at children in lowincome schools who are at risk of later school failure. Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and a sample of 677 4-year-olds in 55 1990-1991 Chapter 1 prekindergarten classes in 5 states, the study explores factors that influence gains on the Preschool Inventory (PSI) over the preschool year. Social context is defined here mainly in terms of the cognitive and social composition of the classroom. Contextual factors defined in terms of demographics are shown to be related to learning, but the average cognitive level of the class is not. On average, children learn less in classrooms with high concentrations of minorities, children with special needs, recent immigrants, and children whose mothers have little education. The study explores differential effects of racial concentration on race differences in learning. Policy implications are discussed.
Patterns of Discourse Coherence: Variations in Genre Performance in Children with Language Impairment

Background:The purpose of this investigation was to compare the discourse coherence of 36 children with language impairment (LI) who produced 3 types of genres: scripts, personal narratives, and procedural discourse.Method:The children described in random order a routine activity, personal experience, and a favorite game. The genres were analyzed for length, syntactic complexity, topic maintenance, informativeness, and fluency.Results:Scripts resulted in short, simple, and fluent utterances. Personal narratives and procedural discourse were similar in their length, informativeness, and fluency. Procedures were more syntactically complex and on topic than personal narratives.Conclusions:Children with LI are influenced by discourse genre.Clinical Implications:Different discourse genres should be compared in clinical assessments. Intervention should include different discourse genres in order to maximize a child's social, communicative, and classroom discourse.
Critical role of NMDA but not opioid receptors in the acquisition of fat-conditioned flavor preferences in rats.

Abstract Animals learn to prefer flavors associated with the intake of dietary fats such as corn oil (CO) solutions. We previously reported that fat-conditioned flavor preferences in rats were relatively unaffected by systemic treatment with dopamine D1 and D2 antagonsits. The present study examined whether systemic opioid (naltrexone, NTX) or NMDA (MK-801) receptor antagonists altered the acquisition and/or expression of CO-CFP. The CFP was produced by training rats to drink one novel flavor (CS+, e.g., cherry) mixed in a 3.5% CO solution and another flavor (CS−, e.g., grape) in a 0.9% CO solution. In expression studies, food-restricted rats drank these solutions in one-bottle sessions (2 h) over 10 d. Subsequent two-bottle tests with the CS+ and CS− flavors mixed in 0.9% CO solutions occurred 0.5 h after systemic administration of vehicle (VEH), NTX (0.1–5 mg/kg) or MK-801 (50–200 μg/kg). Rats displayed a robust CS+ preference following VEH treatment (85–88%) which was significantly though moderately attenuated by NTX (69–70%). The lower doses of MK-801 slightly reduced the CS+ preference; the high dose blocked the CS+ preference (49%) but also markedly reduced overall CS intake. In separate acquisition studies, rats received VEH or NTX (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) or MK-801 (100 μg/kg) 0.5 h prior to 1-bottle training trials with CS+/3.5% CO and CS−/0.9% CO training solutions. Additional Limited VEH groups were trained with intakes limited to that of the NTX and MK-801 groups. Subsequent two-bottle CS+ vs. CS− tests were conducted without injections. Significant and persistent CS+ preferences were observed in VEH (77–84%) and Limited VEH (88%) groups. NTX treatment during training failed to block the acquisition of CO-CFP although the magnitude of the CS+ preference was reduced by 0.5 (70%) and 1.0 (72%) mg/kg doses relative to the Limited VEH treatment (88%). In contrast, MK-801 (100 μg/kg) treatment during training blocked the acquisition of the CO-CFP. These data suggest a critical role for NMDA, but not opioid receptor signaling in the acquisition of a fat conditioned flavor preferences, and at best limited involvement of NMDA and opioid receptors in the expression of a previously learned preference.
Serum proteins in the germ-free mouse after oral challenge with Candida albicans.

THE serum of many conventional and so-called germ-free animals contains bactericidal activity against certain Gram-negative bacteria1. This activity is effective against those bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract or bacteria related to them. Even the feeding of heat-killed bacteria to germ-free chicks results in specific agglutinin2. Thus it appears that antigens from the lumen of the gut may become transported to sites of antibody synthesis. It is well established that gamma globulin and possibly other serum globulins are decreased in germ-free animals3–5. All immunoglobulins were markedly decreased in the germ-free mouse6.
The clinical syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction

Clinicians have hypothesized a spectrum of minor neurologic manifestations, consistent with neuroanatomical reports and collectively termed as a "syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND)," which can occur in the absence of classical kernicterus. The current review builds on these initial reports with a focus on clinical signs and symptoms that are assessed by standardized tools and manifest from neonatal age to childhood. These clinical manifestations are characterized by the following domains: (i) neuromotor signs; (ii) muscle tone abnormalities; (iii) hyperexcitable neonatal reflexes; (iv) variety of neurobehavior manifestations; (v) speech and language abnormalities; and (vi) evolving array of central processing abnormalities, such as sensorineural audiology and visuomotor dysfunctions. Concerns remain that the most vulnerable infants are likely to acquire BIND, either because their exposure to bilirubin is not identified as severe enough to need treatment or is prolonged but slightly below current threshold levels for intervention. Knowing that a total serum/plasma bilirubin (TB) level is not the most precise indicator of neurotoxicity, the role of expanded biomarkers or a "bilirubin panel" has yet to be validated in prospective studies. Future studies that correlate early "toxic" bilirubin exposure to long-term academic potential of children are needed to explore new insights into bilirubin's effect on the structural and functional maturation of an infant's neural network topology.
Publish and Flourish

In their Letter “Battling the paper glut” (17 September 2010, p. [1466][1]), D. Siegel and P. Baveye lament that the academic community continues to enforce a “publish or perish” policy that is bad for science. Siegel and Baveye suggest that high publication output may be correlated with
Performance measurement in the warehousing industry

Warehouses are a substantial component of logistic operations and an important contributor to speed and cost in supply chains. While there are widely accepted benchmarks for individual warehouse functions such as order picking, little is known about the overall technical efficiency of warehouses. Lacking a general understanding of warehouse technical efficiency and the associated causal factors limits industry's ability to identify the best opportunities for improving warehouse performance. The problem is compounded by the significant gap in the education and training of the industry's professionals. This article addresses this gap by describing both a new methodology for assessing warehouse technical efficiency based on empirical data integrating several statistical approaches and the new results derived from applying the method to a large sample of warehouses. The self-reported nature of attributes and performance data makes the use of statistical methods for rectifying data, validating models, and iden...
Transport properties of quantum dot arrays

The model of crystalline arrays of quantum dots is studied with dynamical mean-field theory. Low-temperature transport coefficients are calculated. The material is found to be metallic with a large Seebeck coefficient, which has a good promise for thermoelectric applications.
Simulated Annealing, Random Search, MultiStart or SAD?

Abstract The convergence properties of simulated annealing are compared to those of other general purpose global optimization algorithms on some simple examples. It appears that simulated annealing is frequently outperformed by the other procedures. Tentative analytical justifications are proposed and some implementation issues are discussed.
Chloride salt enhancement and stabilization of the photoluminescence from a porous silicon surface

In a postetch treatment, chloride salts are used to greatly enhance and stabilize the photoluminescence (PL) from a porous silicon (PS) surface. We compare the enhancement and stabilization induced by solutions of the strong acid HCl (H{sup +}+Cl{sup -}), saturated NaCl (in MeOH, where Me denotes methyl), and a tetrabutylammonium perchlorate [TBAP(Cl{sup -})] solution. The extent and duration of the stabilization process and its dependence on the chloride-ion concentration, the identity of the cation, and the solvent composition are outlined and contrasted to strongly quenching NaF (Na{sup +}+F{sup -}) and NaOH (Na{sup +}+OH{sup -}) treatments. Treatment with HCl is found to produce the most efficient enhancement of the PL signal. The H{sup +}- and Cl{sup -}-ion concentrations in solution are critical as the stability of the strong HCl-induced enhancement of the nitrogen-laser-induced luminescence from the PS surface depends, as well, on the presence of methanol. PS surfaces treated in an HCl/H{sub 2}O solution display a strongly enhanced in situ luminescence, which decays rapidly in an ex situ environment without treatment in ultrahigh-purity (UHP) methanol. Samples treated in an HCl(H{sub 2}O)/MeOH solution (greater than 2M) maintain their enhancement for extended periods. Chloride-ion stabilization appears independent of the method of preparing themore » PS structure, implying that chloride salt treatment largely stabilizes the surface structure of the luminescent PS. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate the profound change that accompanies the HCl treatment of the PS surface. Energy dispersive spectroscopy reveals chloride incorporation into the PS surface at strongly photoluminescent regions. Raman scattering demonstrates that the PL is correlated with the creation of amorphous structural regions. In conjunction with detailed quantum-chemical modeling, in which we examine the derivatization of the PS surface, time-dependent histograms obtained for the HCl-treated systems indicate that the resulting luminescence, initiated through the pumping of the HCl-modified surface, displays the manifestation of a significant surface interaction. It is suggested that this interaction might result in the formation of both chlorosilanones and chlorosilylenes, the latter of which are formed in either a photochemically induced or chloride-catalyzed conversion of the silanone. The modification of the PS surface appears to facilitate the formation of a photoluminescing ''blue-green'' precursor state as well as a ''deep red'' emitter, both of which appear to be associated, at least in part, with surface-bound silylene isomers. The importance of these results to sensor development is considered. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.« less
The neurons of the medial geniculate body in the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii).

The neurons in the medial geniculate body were studied in Golgi preparations from adult mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitecture, immunocytochemistry, and tectothalamic connections. Three primary divisions are defined. The ventral division is large and has a stereotyped neuronal organization. Medium-sized perikarya (about 10 μm in diameter) represent tufted neurons; the fibrodendritic plexus forms laminae in the lateral part along which midbrain axons terminate. A smaller, possibly intrinsic, neuron with thin, sparse dendrites is rarely impregnated. Neurons in the larger, medial part, which represents frequencies of 60 kHz and higher, have more spherical dendritic fields; their branching pattern remains tufted, and the laminar organization was less evident. The dorsal division is about equal in size, and it has many nuclei and a corresponding neuronal diversity. These neurons are medium-sized except in the suprageniculate nucleus, where many cells are larger. Four dorsal division nuclei are recognized. Each has neurons with radiate or weakly tufted dendritic arbors. Superficial dorsal nucleus neurons are oriented from medial to lateral, imparting a slightly laminated appearance to the neuropil. A few smaller, stellate neurons with modest dendritic domains are present. Suprageniculate nucleus neurons have radiating dendritic fields that project spherically; they have fewer branches than dorsal nucleus neurons. The posterior limitans nucleus is dorsomedial to the suprageniculate nucleus; it has small neurons with long, sparsely branched dendrites. The rostral pole nucleus, included in the dorsal division on cytoarchitectonic grounds, had too few neurons impregnated to reveal its neuronal architecture. The medial division, the smallest of the main parts, is one nucleus with at least six types of cells, including the magnocellular, bushy tufted, disc-shaped, medium-sized multipolar, elongated, and small stellate neurons. There is no laminar arrangement. Many of the neurons resemble those in rodent, marsupial, carnivore, and primate auditory thalamic nuclei. Despite such morphological correspondences, functional differences, such as the evolution of combination sensitivity, suggest that structurally comparable auditory thalamic neurons may subserve diverse physiological representations. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Authenticity and TV Shows: A Multidimensional Analysis Perspective.

Television shows, especially soap operas and sitcoms, are usually considered by English as a second language practitioners as a source of authentic spoken conversational materials presumably because they reflect the linguistic features of natural conversation. However, practitioners are faced with the dilemma of how to assess whether such conversational materials reflect the linguistic characteristics of natural ones. Previous classifications were based on practitioners' personal impressions and intuitions. The present study shows that this subjective approach is problematic and instead adopts a corpus-based register analysis tool to investigate the extent to which soap opera, compared to sitcom, reflects the linguistic representation of natural conversation. The tool is the multidimensional analysis developed by Biber (1988). Findings indicate that sitcom captures the linguistic features of natural conversation more than soap opera does. Implications for research, teaching, and teaching materials development are discussed.
WE‐B‐BRB‐02: Patient Motion: Adaptive RT

Organ motion blurs dose distributions. The blurring can be described in a statistical way by use of a motion probability (density) function (PDF). The motion‐blurred dose distribution is obtained by a convolution of the “sharp” (static case) dose distribution with the motion PDF. This holds true for both inter‐ and intra‐fraction motions. If intra‐fraction motion is present during an IMRT treatment, the dose distribution will also be affected by an “interplay” effect, in addition to the blurring. It has been shown that the interplay effect averages out during the course of a fractionated treatment, and that it is usually negligible after a typical number of fractions. The convolution model relies on the linear superimposition principle, which holds true for dose values but not for the biological effect. This issue has recently been addressed and will be discussed. Several investigations have now looked at the feasibility of un‐doing the motion blur through the use if intensity‐modulation. In principle it should indeed be possible to de‐convolve the motion PDF from the intensity maps, to compensate for motion effects. This approach has been called 4D optimization or 4D inverse planning. Motion de‐convolution cannot, however, compensate motion effects exactly and it cannot be applied in a naive straight‐forward way, because that would lead to undeliverable intensity maps with sharp spikes and negative values. The method of choice is rather to include the motion PDF in the IMRToptimization process. It has been shown that this can indeed yield a surprisingly high degree of motion compensation and it can even compete with other motion compensation methods such as gated delivery. However, this is only true if the motion characteristics (the PDF) are known with great precision. If the actually realized motion PDF deviates substantially from the planned PDF, the method becomes less useful and can, in principle, make things worse. More recently, uncertainties in the knowledge of the motion characteristics have been taken into account by use of robust optimization techniques. With these one can now compensate for motion effects in an approximate way for a large class of motion characteristics. In terms of the sparing of normal structures, the results are in between the use of conventional margins and the idealistic case of perfect motion compensation. The resulting intensity maps exhibit “horns”, which can shave off a few mm from the margins. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the concepts of motion blur and PDF. 2. Understand the idea of de‐blurring a dose distribution through “4D” motion optimization. 3. Be able to discuss the relative potential and limitations of 4D motion optimization in comparison with margins and gating.
A Brownian Dynamics computational study of the interaction of spinach plastocyanin with turnip cytochrome f: the importance of plastocyanin conformational changes.

Brownian Dynamics (BD) computer simulations were used to study electrostatic interactions between turnip cytochrome f (cyt f) and spinach plastocyanin (PC). Three different spinach PC structures were studied: The X-ray crystal structure of Xue and coworkers [(1998) Protein Sci 7:2099–2105] and the NMR structure of Musiani et al. [(2005) J Biol Chem 280:18833–18841] and Ubbink and co-workers [(1998) Structure 6:323–335]. Significant differences exist in the backbone conformation between the PC taken from Ubbink and coworkers and the other two PC structures particularly the regions surrounding G10, E59–E60, and D51. Complexes formed in BD simulations using the PC of Ubbink and colleagues had a smaller Cu–Fe distance than the other two. These results suggest that different PC conformations may exist in solution with different capabilities of forming electron-transfer-active docks. All three types of complexes show electrostatic contacts between D42, E43, and D44 on PC and K187 on cyt f as well as between E59 on PC and K58 on cyt f. However, the PC of Ubbink and coworkers reveals additional contacts between D51 and cyt f as a result of the difference in backbone configuration. A second minor complex component was observed for the PC of Ubbink and co-workers and Xue and co-workers which had contacts between K187 on cyt f and E59 and E60 on PC rather than between K187 on cyt f and D42-D44 on PC as observed for the major components. This second type of complex may represent an earlier complex which rearranges to form a final complex capable of electron transfer.
Beginning Teachers Immersed into Science: Scientist and Science Teacher Identities.

We use identity as a multidimensional lens to explore ways in which beginning teachers saw themselves as scientists and as science teachers during and after 10-week summer apprenticeships at a science lab. Data included four interviews with each teacher, three during the apprenticeship and one after the first year of teaching. Two themes emerged that were used to organize the findings: (a) science as a practice and (b) science as a community of practice. Teachers came to appreciate certain science practices, speech acts, and tools. As scientists, they noticed and engaged in the nonlinearity, messiness, risk taking, evolution over time, and complexity of science (their own and others'), and in both levels of scientific activity, theory and data, and their interplay. Their scientist identity also came to incorporate the delicate dynamics of collaboration, autonomy, and mentoring within a community. However, for several reasons the teachers raised, such practices became elements of their science teacher identities to differing degrees. What they experienced as science teachers was a sense of conflict. At times this conflict took the form of ambivalence, a back-and-forth movement between their sense of the practice of science and their sense of what makes school different from the lab. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed, 89:492–516, 2005
Inhibition of protein kinase C differentially affects baroreflex inhibition and hypoxic excitation of medullary vasomotor neurons in rats.

We examined whether rapid sympathoexcitatory responses to hypoxia in rats resulting from excitation of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) results from activation of protein kinase C. In peripherally chemodenervated rats, the specific phosphokinase C inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) administered intracisternally (i.c., 1 mumol), abolished responses of medullary vasomotor neurons and sympathetic nerves to baroreceptor activation, but did not attenuate excitation of RVL or sympathetic neurons to systemic hypoxia (100% N2 for 20 s). Responses of the vasomotor neurons to iontophoretically applied GABA were not attenuated by H-7. In slices, arachidonic acid (100 microM, 40 s) did not change membrane currents (VH = -70 mV) of RVL neurons in the presence tetrodotoxin (10 microM). The inward membrane currents (0.49 nA) induced by cyanide (300 microM, 40 s) were not reduced by H-7 (100 microM, 20 min). The results indicate that activation of protein kinase C does not underlie mechanisms involved in rapid hypoxic excitation of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons.