cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exit Strategies: S1P Signaling and T Cell Migration

Whereas the role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in T cell egress and the regulation of S1P gradients between lymphoid organs and circulatory fluids in homeostasis are increasingly well understood, much remains to be learned about S1P signaling and distribution during an immune response. Recent data suggest that the role of S1PR1 in directing cells from tissues into circulatory fluids is reprised again and again, particularly in guiding activated T cells from non-lymphoid tissues into lymphatics. Conversely, S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2), which antagonizes migration towards chemokines, confines cells within tissues. Here we review the current understanding of the roles of S1P signaling in activated T cell migration. In this context, we outline open questions, particularly regarding the shape of S1P gradients in different tissues in homeostasis and inflammation, and discuss recent strategies to measure S1P.
Analysis on Spaces of Homogeneous Type

The main goal of this chapter is to rework, in a sharp and relatively self-contained fashion, some of the most fundamental tools used in the area of analysis on quasi-metric spaces. Many of the results presented in this section are of independent interest and will be found useful in a plethora of subsequent applications.
Stability Analysis of Cable-Stayed Rigid Frames

The stability analysis of two-dimensional cable-stayed rigid frames containing a mixture of rigid and pin joints, may be conveniently performed on the computer to obtain the critical buckling load and its associated mode shape. The two-dimensional frame may contain a mixture of rigid and pin joints, as well as a mixture of members under combined bending and axial force and cables under axial force only. The primary state under the critical buckling load may be a deformed state by itself, to which the buckling mode shape is superimposed. The displacement method is used to establish the global stiffness matrix. The effects of the primary axial forces on the stiffness coefficients in bending and on the member equilibrium by their separate lines of action are both considered. The buckling load factor is obtained by raising the relative primary axial forces until the determinant of the global stiffness matrix becomes zero. Higher modes may be obtained by further increasing the relative primary axial forces.
Erosional Development of the Ethiopian Plateau of Northeast Africa from a Fractal Analysis of Topography

Sculpting of the Earth’s surface by flowing water is apparent even to a casual observer, yet we know surprisingly little in a quantitative way about how the process of erosion actually occurs over a wide range of length and time scales. Earth’s surface topography at any particular time represents the combined effects of tectonism on one hand, and erosion/depositional processes on the other. Given this situation, it makes sense to study erosion in settings where we can estimate the tectonic component of the topography.
Integration of heterogeneous expression data sets extends the role of the retinol pathway in diabetes and insulin resistance

Motivation: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that involves both environmental and genetic factors. To understand the genetics of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, the DIabetes Genome Anatomy Project (DGAP) was launched to profile gene expression in a variety of related animal models and human subjects. We asked whether these heterogeneous models can be integrated to provide consistent and robust biological insights into the biology of insulin resistance. Results: We perform integrative analysis of the 16 DGAP data sets that span multiple tissues, conditions, array types, laboratories, species, genetic backgrounds and study designs. For each data set, we identify differentially expressed genes compared with control. Then, for the combined data, we rank genes according to the frequency with which they were found to be statistically significant across data sets. This analysis reveals RetSat as a widely shared component of mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and sensitivity and adds to the growing importance of the retinol pathway in diabetes, adipogenesis and insulin resistance. Top candidates obtained from our analysis have been confirmed in recent laboratory studies. Contact: Isaac_kohane@harvard.edu
Vitelliform dystrophies: Prevalence in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States.

ABSTRACTBackground: Vitelliform dystrophies are a group of macular degenerative diseases characterized by round yellow lesions in the macula. While often idiopathic, vitelliform dystrophies include inherited maculopathies such as Best disease and some cases of pattern dystrophy. The prevalence of vitelliform dystrophies in the United States has not been reported. This study examined the prevalence of vitelliform dystrophies in Olmsted County, Minnesota.Materials and methods: The Rochester Epidemiology Project database was used to identify all cases of vitelliform or pattern dystrophy in Olmsted County from 1 January 2000–31 December 2014.Results: Overall, 27 patients had true vitelliform lesions, indicating a prevalence of 1 in 5500. Of these, two had genetically confirmed Best disease, and an additional five to seven carried a diagnosis of Best disease, which chart reviews confirmed as probable cases; 18–20 patients had adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy. The prevalence of Best disease was 1 in 16...
Melanoma: an under-recognized cancer threat.

Melanoma continues to be a poorly understood and frequently under-recognized cancer threat to society. The authors have provided a comprehensive overview of this malignancy from diagnosis to advanced-stage therapy.
An interview with... David Baltimore

Interview in three sessions, October-November 2009, with David Baltimore, Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology and president emeritus of Caltech (1997-2006). He recalls his childhood and early education in Great Neck, NY, his aptitude for science, and a summer at the Jackson Laboratory in Maine (1955), which confirmed his vocation. He discusses interest in molecular biology at Swarthmore (B.A. 1960); 1959 summer at Cold Spring Harbor with G. Streisinger; meeting S. Luria and C. Levinthal; graduate work at MIT and Rockefeller (PhD 1964); 1961 summer at Albert Einstein College of Medicine; postdoc at MIT with J. Darnell and Einstein with J. Hurwitz. Recalls his discovery of polio polymerase and demonstration that RNA chains initiate with a triphosphate. In 1965 he is invited to join Salk Institute by R. Dulbecco; returns to MIT as associate professor in 1968. Recalls his 1970 discovery of reverse transcriptase and copublication with H. Temin; 1975 Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA; 1975 Nobel Prize with Temin and Dulbecco; founding of Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; National Academy of Sciences committee on national strategy for AIDS. Comments briefly on investigation of T. Imanishi-Kari for fraud and his return to MIT from Rockefeller University in 1994. He discusses vetting process for Caltech presidency, his 1998 inauguration, and highlights of his presidency, including purchase of St. Luke's Medical Center, $1.4 billion capital campaign, and building Broad Center for the Biological Sciences. Comments on Caltech architecture, including Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics; receiving National Medal of Science in 2000; L. Van Parijs dismissal from MIT and prior work in Baltimore's lab; and the prospects for human enhancement and understanding of consciousness.
Use of cytokinin pulse treatments and micrografting to improve sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plant recovery from cotyledonary tissues of mature seeds

Regeneration of sunflower plants from tissue culture can be problematic due to inefficiencies in shoot elongation and subsequent rooting. To minimize exposure to cytokinins, which can negatively impact shoot elongation and rooting, a cytokinin pulse treatment was evaluated by placing cotyledonary tissues from sunflower seeds onto a shoot induction medium containing 1.5 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.2 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 d, prior to transfer to an elongation medium containing 0.1 mg L−1 gibberellic acid. The 16-d pulse treatment gave the highest numbers of shoot primordia, but shoot development was minimal and only 0.4 well-developed shoots could be obtained per explant. The 4-d pulse treatment followed by 14 d of culture on elongation medium led to the production of 5.5 well-developed shoots per explant. For plant recovery, well-developed shoots obtained with the 4-d pulse treatment followed by a 14-d elongation treatment were micrografted onto in vitro seedlings, with graft survival of over 60%. Short pulse treatments (4- and 8-d), followed by culture on elongation medium, generated well-developed shoots that seemed to be more responsive to micrografting than shoots obtained with the 16-d pulse treatment. The use of the 4-d pulse treatment with micrografting of well-developed shoots significantly improved the efficiency of whole-plant recovery of sunflower.
Prolonged Particulate Hexavalent Chromium Exposure Suppresses Homologous Recombination Repair in Human Lung Cells

Genomic instability is one of the primary models of carcinogenesis and a feature of almost all cancers. Homologous recombination (HR) repair protects against genomic instability by maintaining high genomic fidelity during the repair of DNA double strand breaks. The defining step of HR repair is the formation of the Rad51 nucleofilament, which facilitates the search for a homologous sequence and invasion of the template DNA strand. Particulate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a human lung carcinogen, induces DNA double strand breaks and chromosome instability. Since the loss of HR repair increases Cr(VI)-induced chromosome instability, we investigated the effect of extended Cr(VI) exposure on HR repair. We show acute (24 h) Cr(VI) exposure induces a normal HR repair response. In contrast, prolonged (120 h) exposure to particulate Cr(VI) inhibited HR repair and Rad51 nucleofilament formation. Prolonged Cr(VI) exposure had a profound effect on Rad51, evidenced by reduced protein levels and Rad51 mislocalization to the cytoplasm. The response of proteins involved in Rad51 nuclear import and nucleofilament formation displayed varying responses to prolonged Cr(VI) exposure. BRCA2 formed nuclear foci after prolonged Cr(VI) exposure, while Rad51C foci formation was suppressed. These results suggest that particulate Cr(VI), a major chemical carcinogen, inhibits HR repair by targeting Rad51, causing DNA double strand breaks to be repaired by a low fidelity, Rad51-independent repair pathway. These results further enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced chromosome instability and thus, carcinogenesis.
Labor, Education, and Development: Whither Latin America?

Publisher Summary As Latin America approached the last decades of the twentieth century, it was the protean task of catching up with the affluent nations of the world. This task required a basic transformation of its economic structure, a change in the occupational mix of its labor force, and an improvement in quality of the skills and in the educational requirements of occupations. This chapter presents the comparison of data on the distribution of employment and productivity of economic sectors, the occupational distribution of the labor force, and the educational attainments of the labor force of Latin American and OECD countries in the 1970s to provide an answer to the question, that is, how Latin America responded to this challenge.
The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities

1. Introduction Part I. Theory: 2. The international politics of assimilation, accommodation, and exclusion Part II. Empirical Evidence: 3. Why the Balkans? 4. Cross-national variation: nation-building in post-World War I Balkans 5. Odd cases: analysis of outliers 6. Subnational variation: Greek nation-building in western Macedonia, 1916-20 7. Temporal variation: Serbian nation-building toward Albanians, 1878-1941 8. Application of the theory beyond the Balkans 9. Conclusion.
CHAPTER 12 – Demographics, Environmental Influences, and Ethnic and International Differences in the Menopausal Experience

Despite important methodological differences and the limitations in the study designs used and the populations studied in the accumulating literature on the menopausal experience, an interesting and complex picture is emerging. A number of demographic (e.g., education, employment, race/ethnicity), menstrual and reproductive, and lifestyle (e.g., smoking and diet) factors appear to be important determinants of the age at which menopause occurs and to have meaningful relationships to the varied symptom experience of women. African-American and Latina ethnicity, smoking, lower parity, vegetarian diet and under nutrition, and lower socioeconomic status have been found fairly consistently to be associated with earlier menopause. Symptom reporting varies by ethnicity, with less reporting of vasomotor symptoms in most Asian populations and increased reporting of vaginal dryness in African-American and Hispanic women. History of premenstrual tension, smoking and lower socioeconomic status have been associated with increased symptom reporting, whereas dietary phytoestrogen intake appears to reduce hot flashes. However, a number of the relationships are inconsistent (e.g., the role of body mass and composition and physical activity), possibly due to varying methodological approaches and limitations, and others remain largely unexplored (e.g., passive smoke exposure and occupational and other environmental exposures). Thus, much remains to be learned about how these factors affect hormones at the physiologic level and thus determine the onset of the perimenopause, the timing of the final menstrual period, and the occurrence of the constellation of symptoms that are associated with the menopause transition.
Smartphone-based noise adaptive speech enhancement for hearing aid applications

It is well established that the presence of environmental noises has a negative impact on the performance of hearing aid devices. This paper addresses a noise adaptive speech enhancement solution for the purpose of improving the performance of hearing aid devices in noisy environments. Depending on three noise types of babble, machinery, and driving car, the parameters of a recently developed speech enhancement algorithm are appropriately adjusted to gain improved speech understanding performance in noisy environments. This solution is implemented on smartphone platforms as an app and interfaced with a hearing aid device. A clinical testing protocol is devised to evaluate the performance of the app in participants with normal hearing and hearing impairments. The clinical testing results have indicated that statistically significant improvement in speech understanding is gained between the unprocessed and processed conditions using the developed noise adaptive speech enhancement solution.
Role of Stoichiometry on Ordering in Ni-Cr Alloys

Mechanical property degradation due to an ordering phase transformation is a concern for alloys based on the Ni-Cr binary system (e.g., 690, 625), particularly in nuclear power applications, such as stream generator tubing, reactor pressure vessel and head control rod drive mechanism penetrations, where component lifetimes can exceed 40 years. In the present research, the disorder-order phase transformation has been studied in Ni-Cr model alloys with varying stoichiometry by experimental methods. In this paper, the effect of composition on ordering is characterized via X-ray diffraction.
Managing the relationship between intermediaries and meta sites

Travel meta search engines have great potential to alter the travel landscape. Although their current booking impact is relatively low, these new entrants are well-funded, growing quickly, and gaining consumer visibility (Christodoulidou, Connolly, and Brewer, 2006). This research (a) explored whether travel meta sites are an opportunity or a threat to travel intermediaries, (b) examined the transactional relationship between travel meta sites, travel intermediaries, and their suppliers, and (c) compared the consumer's perceptions regarding travel meta sites and travel intermediaries. To examine the role of meta sites in the travel industry and the transactional relationships an information rich-case study approach was used. The results were triangulated using personal interviews with subjects-matter experts from the travel industry, document analysis, and a review of the literature. The outcomes of these studies revealed that the travel intermediaries should consider establishing partnerships with meta search engines now, while they are in a position of power to leverage an opportunity. In addition, these research findings can act as a guide as to how travel meta sites and travel intermediaries should structure and maintain relationships with their suppliers. In order to examine consumer's perceptions, an online survey was used to identify whether travel meta sites provide additional benefits for the customer over travel intermediaries. Factor analysis was used to identify the groupings and the measures of the customer's perceptions. MANOVA was then performed to identify any significant differences in consumer behavior. Finally ANOVA was conducted to see whether travel meta sites and travel intermediaries, affect the factors of ease of use, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, loyalty, and decision autonomy.
Beams and Rods

This chapter provides the means by which to analyze beams, rods, and columns. These structural members have a commonality in that in a Cartesian coordinate system, one dimension, the length (L), is an order of magnitude greater than the other two dimensions, the width (b) and the height (h). Hence for a beam, rod, or column: $$ \frac{h}{L} \ll 1{\text{ and }}\frac{b}{L} \ll 1.$$ (3.1) A beam is a structure that is primarily subjected to a lateral load resulting in bending of the beam. A rod is such a structure subjected to a load in the length direction resulting in tensile stresses, while a column is this type of structure subjected to a compressive load in the length direction, such that the induced stresses are compressive. However, in this chapter, the column studied is one in which the loads only cause compressive stresses; when the loads increase, there will occur a critical load at which time the compressive loads in the length direction will cause lateral displacements, a phenomenon called buckling or elastic instability. This phenomenon is treated in detail in Chapter 7, because it involves a theory more complicated than that involved in this chapter.
Understanding differences in the receipt of chemotherapy between African-American (AA) and white (W) patients with stage III colon cancer

6568 Background: Even when stage is controlled for, AA are more likely to die from colon cancer than are W. Previous research suggests that AA are less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy for S...
Paradoxical myeloid-derived suppressor cell reduction in the bone marrow of SIV chronically infected macaques

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which suppress anti-tumor or anti-viral immune responses, are expanded in the peripheral blood and tissues of patients/animals with cancer or viral infectious diseases. We here show that in chronic SIV infection of Indian rhesus macaques, the frequency of MDSCs in the bone marrow (BM) was paradoxically and unexpectedly decreased, but increased in peripheral blood. Reduction of BM MDSCs was found in both CD14+MDSC and Lin-CD15+MDSC subsets. The reduction of MDSCs correlated with high plasma viral loads and low CD4+ T cell counts, suggesting that depletion of BM MDSCs was associated with SIV/AIDS disease progression. Of note, in SHIVSF162P4-infected macaques, which naturally control viral replication within a few months of infection, the frequency of MDSCs in the bone marrow was unchanged. To investigate the mechanisms by which BM MDSCs were reduced during chronic SIV infection, we tested several hypotheses: depletion due to viral infection, alterations in MDSC trafficking, and/or poor MDSC replenishment. We found that the possible mobilization of MDSCs from BM to peripheral tissues and the slow self-replenishment of MDSCs in the BM, along with the viral infection-induced depletion, all contribute to the observed BM MDSC reduction. We first demonstrate MDSC SIV infection in vivo. Correlation between BM CD14+MDSC reduction and CD8+ T cell activation in tissues is consistent with decreased immune suppression by MDSCs. Thus, depletion of BM MDSCs may contribute to the pathologic immune activation during chronic SIV infection and by extension HIV infection.
Gene expression of sphingolipid metabolism pathways is altered in hidradenitis suppurativa.

Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating skin disease characterized by painful recurrent nodules and abscesses caused by chronic inflammation. Early events in the development of HS are believed to occur in the folliculopilosebaceous unit; however, the signaling pathways behind this mechanism are unknown. Sphingolipids, such as ceramide, are essential components of the skin and appendages and have important structural and signaling roles. Objective We sought to explore whether the gene expression of enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolic pathways is altered in HS. Methods A microarray data set including 30 samples was used to compare the expression of sphingolipid-related enzymes in inflammatory skin lesions from HS patients (n = 17) with the expression in clinically healthy skin tissue (n = 13). Differential expression of sphingolipid metabolism–related genes was analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus 2R. Results HS lesional skin samples have significantly decreased expression of enzymes generating ceramide and sphingomyelin, increased expression of enzymes catabolizing ceramide to sphingosine, and increased expression of enzymes converting ceramide to galactosylceramide and gangliosides. Limitations Limitations of this study include assessing the expression of sphingolipid-related enzymes without assessing the levels of the related sphingolipids. Conclusion Our study suggests that sphingolipid metabolism is altered in HS lesional skin compared with normal skin.
Direct comparison of time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy and Hall Van der Pauw methods for measurement of carrier conductivity and mobility in bulk semiconductors

Charge carrier conductivity and mobility for various semiconductor wafers and crystals were measured by ultrafast above bandgap, optically excited time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS) and Hall Van der Pauw contact methods to directly compare these approaches and validate the use of the non-contact optical approach for future materials and in situ device analyses. Undoped and doped silicon (Si) wafers with resistances varying over 6 orders of magnitude were selected as model systems because contact Hall measurements are reliably made on this material. Conductivity and mobility obtained at room temperature by terahertz transmission and TRTS methods yield the sum of electron and hole mobility which agree very well with either directly measured or literature values for corresponding atomic and photodoping densities. Careful evaluation of the optically generated TRTS frequency-dependent conductivity also shows it is dominated by induced free carrier absorption rather than small probe pulse phase shifts, which is commonly ascribed to changes in the complex conductivity from sample morphology and evaluation of carrier mobility by applying Drude scattering models. Thus, in this work, the real-valued, frequency-averaged conductivity was used to extract sample mobility without application of models. Examinations of germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), and zinc telluride (ZnTe) samples were also made to demonstrate the general applicability of the TRTS method, even for materials that do not reliably make good contacts (e.g., GaAs, GaP, ZnTe). For these cases, values for the sum of the electron and hole mobility also compare very favorably to measured or available published data.
Integrated Impedance-matched Photonic Dirac-cone Metamaterials

We experimentally demonstrate zero index of an in-plane Dirac-cone metamaterial at 1550 nm. This design can serve as an on-chip platform to explore the exotic physics of Dirac-cone metamaterials and its applications in integrated photonics.
Loss of Habitat: Impacts on Pinnipeds and Their Welfare

Pinnipeds around the world have been affected by habitat loss as a result of climate change and anthropomorphic activity, such as marine and coastal development. In addition to the physical reduction of available habitat, pinnipeds are impacted by secondary effects of habitat loss, such as disease and changes in prey availability. The impacts of global climate change are thought to be the most wide reaching, with changes in the availability and stability of sea and pack ice habitat expected to be most significant for at least 11 ice-associated species. Potential impacts on pinniped welfare occur as a result of changes in distribution and migration patterns, increased pup mortality, reduced foraging success, and decrease in body condition. Reductions in survival due to increased storm activity, increased exposure to disease and parasites, and human development have also been observed.
Deprived, but not depraved: Prosocial behavior is an adaptive response to lower socioeconomic status

Individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES) display increased attentiveness to others and greater prosocial behavior compared to individuals of higher SES. We situate these effects within Pepper & Nettle's contextually appropriate response framework of SES. We argue that increased prosocial behavior is a contextually adaptive response for lower-SES individuals that serves to increase control over their more threatening social environments.
Learning Label Preserving Binary Codes for Multimedia Retrieval: A General Approach

Learning-based hashing has been researched extensively in the past few years due to its great potential in fast and accurate similarity search among huge volumes of multimedia data. In this article, we present a novel multimedia hashing framework, called Label Preserving Multimedia Hashing (LPMH) for multimedia similarity search. In LPMH, a general optimization method is used to learn the joint binary codes of multiple media types by explicitly preserving semantic label information. Compared with existing hashing methods which are typically developed under and thus restricted to some specific objective functions, the proposed optimization strategy is not tied to any specific loss function and can easily incorporate bit balance constraints to produce well-balanced binary codes. Specifically, our formulation leads to a set of Binary Integer Programming (BIP) problems that have exact solutions both with and without bit balance constraints. These problems can be solved extremely fast and the solution can easily scale up to large-scale datasets. In the hash function learning stage, the boosted decision trees algorithm is utilized to learn multiple media-specific hash functions that can map heterogeneous data sources into a homogeneous Hamming space for cross-media retrieval. We have comprehensively evaluated the proposed method using a range of large-scale datasets in both single-media and cross-media retrieval tasks. The experimental results demonstrate that LPMH is competitive with state-of-the-art methods in both speed and accuracy.
Quantum beats of a multiexciton state in rubrene single crystals

We observe quantum beats in the nanosecond-scale photoluminescence decay of rubrene single crystals after photoexcitation with short laser pulses in a magnetic field in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 T. The relative amplitude of the quantum beats is of the order of 5%. Their frequency is 1.3 GHz when the magnetic field is oriented parallel to the twofold rotation axis of the rubrene molecules and decreases to 0.6 GHz when the magnetic field is rotated to the crystal's molecular stacking direction. The amplitude of the quantum beats decays alongside the non-oscillatory photoluminescence background, which at low excitation densities has an exponential decay time of 4.0 ± 0.2 ns. We interpret this as the effective lifetime of a multiexciton state that originates from singlet-fission and can undergo geminate recombination back to the singlet state.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TORT LAW

Under tort law, once a physician–patient relationship has been established, it is the physician's responsibility to diagnose and treat the patient with due care. Failure by the physician to carry out his duty constitutes negligence, with the implication that the physician has engaged in malpractice. The injured patient can sue the physician under tort law and recover monetary damages. This chapter discusses a medical malpractice case, Helling v. Carey , that illustrates many facets and tensions within the field of medical malpractice in court and it reviews some reforms that took place from 1974 to 1975. The negligence law does not require the defendant to be altruistic in the sense of being self-abnegating. However, he or she is required to place the welfare of others and his or her own on an equal footing. Conduct that embodies a failure to do so leads to a judgment of negligence under the Incremental Standards of the Learned Hand formula. The chapter also discusses the concept of sovereign immunity and parole decisions. There is obvious merit in more carefully classifying parole decisions into discretionary and ministerial ones. Most decisions by parole agencies to implement those made by parole boards should fall into the second category. Removing immunity from many parole agency activities, though leaving individual officials and parole boards immune, is likely to lead to more carefully considered parole decisions.
Genomic Imprinting in the Adult and Developing Brain

Genomic imprinting results in the preferential expression of the paternally or maternally inherited allele of certain genes. Although originally studied in the context of early embryonic development, imprinted genes are also highly expressed in the adult and developing brain and have been implicated in key steps of brain development, cortical plasticity, and social and motivated behavior. Furthermore, defects in imprinted loci have been associated with various mental illnesses, including autism, psychosis, and mental retardation, generating an enormous interest in this mode of epigenetic regulation. We recently developed a genome-wide experimental strategy that led to the identification of over 1,000 new imprinted loci and large numbers of imprinted clusters in the adult and developing brain. Strikingly, the repertoires of imprinted genes in the developing brain and adult male and female cortex differ, suggesting a complex regulation of imprinting that has direct implications for the understanding of male and female brain development and function, and of impairment leading to mental illnesses.
Proactive Leadership and the Role of Information: Identifying Strategic Networks of Information

Networking is supposed to be essential to successful leaders. But what is the importance of networking conceptually? Typically it is thought to be the ability to remain in and sustain contact with people as information and opportunity sources. Strangely few leaders actually understand the concept. Otherwise they would position themselves to receive other forms and channels of information and opportunities. People are only one form of this vital leadership resource. What are the others? And if they can be identified, how would one go about developing expanded networks of information and sources? An explanation follows:
Investigation of net unidirectional ring shuttling in a chemically fueled [2]catenane

Switchable rotaxanes and catenanes are environmentally responsive mechanically interlocked molecular architectures (MIMAs). Because of their ability to exhibit reversible and controllable motion in response to environmental stimuli, switchable rotaxanes and catenanes show promise for the advancement of nanoscale devices. Herein we present a study of the first 'autonomous' catenane-based motor (Wilson et al. in Nature 534(7606):235-240, 2016) through a domestically developed simulation tool designed to capture the basic physics/chemistry of the ring shuttling process. The results of the simulation are consistent with the experimentally inferred unidirectional motion in the catenane motor. The factors that affect ring shuttling are explored, and the features of the system that could potentially be modified to influence the rate and directional preference of ring shuttling are reported.
Measuring Collective Intelligence in Groups: A Reply to Credé and Howardson

Recent work by Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone and their colleagues finds evidence for a general collective intelligence factor that predicts a group’s performance on a wide variety of tasks, like the general intelligence factor does for individuals. Crede and Howardson argue that there is not yet sufficient evidence to conclude such a collective intelligence factor exists. Specifically, C&H suggest that the general factor is not strongly enough correlated with all the tasks examined, but we point out problems with their interpretation of the evidence presented. C&H also suggest that the effort and abilities of the group members are “statistical artifacts” that may have inflated the correlations observed, but we demonstrate that the data do not support that interpretation. We concur with C&H about the importance of improving measures of collective intelligence, and we elaborate upon their suggestions for future research to better understand the boundaries and the causal mechanisms of this phenomenon.
A practical approach to CADCAM training

This paper describes the CADCAM courses that are being run at and by Counting House Computer Systems Limited. It looks at the course programmes and defines the training objectives and methodology as well as making a comment about the divergent characteristics of the average trainee attending the CAM as distinct from the CAD course.
Toward a Performative Understanding of Politeness

In this article, we argue that critical communication scholars have largely overlooked the study of politeness as a constitutive component of identity, culture, and power. We offer a critical-performative framework for critical scholars interested in studying politeness as a political, discursive, and embodied act. To develop this agenda, we first outline Brown and Levinson’s postpositivist theory of politeness. We then review three challenges to their use of intentionality, Grice’s cooperative principle, and Goffman’s concept of face. These challenges are located in interactional, traditional critical, and discursive understandings of politeness (respectively). Next, we show how a performative understanding of politeness both encompasses the three challenges and offers a way to understand the role of politeness in identity formation. We conclude by suggesting that ethnographic methods, informed by performance ethnography, provide analytical tools consistent with a performative understanding of politeness.
A Strong Stability Preserving Analysis for Explicit Multistage Two-Derivative Time-Stepping Schemes Based on Taylor Series Conditions

High-order strong stability preserving (SSP) time discretizations are often needed to ensure the nonlinear (and sometimes non-inner-product) strong stability properties of spatial discretizations specially designed for the solution of hyperbolic PDEs. Multi-derivative time-stepping methods have recently been increasingly used for evolving hyperbolic PDEs, and the strong stability properties of these methods are of interest. In our prior work we explored time discretizations that preserve the strong stability properties of spatial discretizations coupled with forward Euler and a second-derivative formulation. However, many spatial discretizations do not satisfy strong stability properties when coupled with this second-derivative formulation, but rather with a more natural Taylor series formulation. In this work we demonstrate sufficient conditions for an explicit two-derivative multistage method to preserve the strong stability properties of spatial discretizations in a forward Euler and Taylor series formulation. We call these strong stability preserving Taylor series (SSP-TS) methods. We also prove that the maximal order of SSP-TS methods is $$p=6$$ , and define an optimization procedure that allows us to find such SSP methods. Several types of these methods are presented and their efficiency compared. Finally, these methods are tested on several PDEs to demonstrate the benefit of SSP-TS methods, the need for the SSP property, and the sharpness of the SSP time-step in many cases.
A Synopsis of US Consumer Perception of Genetically Modified (Biotech) Crops

Over the last few decades, the use of modern tools of molecular biology has made it possible to discover, isolate, and introduce several important agricultural traits in cultivated crops. Such improvements are usually accomplished by the technique known as genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification. The aim of this article is to provide an update on recent developments with respect to GM food crops, as well as an assessment of US public opinion with regards to GM foods in general. A successful case of how a US-grown GM crop gained acceptance in one of the strictest fruit importing countries is presented. This 8-page fact sheet was written by Edward A. Evans and Fredy H. Ballen and published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, June 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe934
Tandem Microscopic Slalom Technique: The Use of 2 Microscopes Simultaneously Performing Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression in Multilevel Lumbar Spinal Stenosis:

Study Design:Technical note, retrospective case series.Objective:Lumbar stenosis can be effectively treated using tubular unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD). For multilevel st...
Institutional Connectedness in Resilience Planning and Management of Interdependent Infrastructure Systems

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to propose a framework for characterizing and analyzing institutional connectedness as an emerging property in the human system affecting resilience planning ...
Outcomes of a COVID-19 recovery program for patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York City: A prospective cohort study.

Background In the spring of 2020, New York City was an epicenter of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The post-hospitalization needs of COVID-19 patients were not understood and no outpatient rehabilitation programs had been described. Objective To evaluate whether a virtual rehabilitation program would lead to improvements in strength and cardiopulmonary endurance when compared with no intervention in patients discharged home with persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Between April and July 2020, 106 patients discharged home with persistent COVID-19 symptoms were treated. Forty-four patients performed virtual physical therapy (VPT); 25 patients performed home physical therapy (HPT); 17 patients performed independent exercise program (IE); and 20 patients did not perform therapy. Interventions All patients were assessed by physiatry. VPT sessions were delivered via secure Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant telehealth platform 1-2 times/week. Patients were asked to follow up 2 weeks after initial evaluation. Main outcome measures Primary study outcome measures were the change in lower body strength, measured by the 30-second sit-to-stand test; and the change in cardiopulmonary endurance, measured by the 2-minute step test. Results At the time of follow-up, 65% of patients in the VPT group and 88% of patients in the HPT group met the clinically meaningful difference for improvement in sit-to-stand scores, compared with 50% and 17% of those in the IE group and no-exercise group (P = .056). The clinically meaningful difference for improvement in the step test was met by 74% of patients in the VPT group and 50% of patients in the HPT, IE, and no-exercise groups (P = .12). Conclusions Virtual outpatient rehabilitation for patients recovering from COVID-19 improved lower limb strength and cardiopulmonary endurance, and an HPT program improved lower limb strength. Virtual rehabilitation seems to be an efficacious method of treatment delivery for recovering COVID-19 patients.
Differential Splicing of Skipped-exons Predicts Drug Response in Cancer Cell Lines.

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts is an important regulatory mechanism that increases the diversity of gene products in eukaryotes. Various studies have linked specific transcript isoforms to altered drug-response in cancer; however, few algorithms have incorporated splicing information into drug-response prediction. In this study, we evaluated whether basal-level splicing information could be used to predict drug sensitivity by constructing doxorubicin-sensitivity classification models with splicing and expression data. We detailed splicing differences between sensitive and resistant cell lines by implementing quasi-binomial generalized linear modeling (QBGLM) and found altered inclusion of 277 skipped-exons. We additionally conducted RNA-binding protein (RBP) motif enrichment and differential expression analysis to characterize cis- and trans-acting elements that potentially influence doxorubicin response-mediating splicing alterations. Our results showed that a classification model built with skipped-exon data exhibited strong predictive power. We discovered an association between differentially spliced events and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and observed motif enrichment, as well as differential expression of RBFOX and ELAVL RBP family members. Our work demonstrates the potential of incorporating splicing data in drug-response algorithms and the utility of a QBGLM approach for fast, scalable identification of relevant splicing differences between large groups of samples.
Beyond Who Is Killing Whom

Sontag’s construct of who is killing whom becomes a central component to unraveling the phenomenology of terrorism. Any possibility of moving beyond this untenable cycle of violence requires the ability, at least in part, to reconfigure this process of nomic ordering and the types of relationships it constructs and create a more flexible structure of social meanings that can so easily manipulate fear and ignorance. As such, Agamben’s configuration of the Whatever is employed to uncover perhaps the potentialities it offers to provide a strategy by which to escape these unending cycles of violence.
A Review of Disparities in Cardiac Rehabilitation: EVIDENCE, DRIVERS, AND SOLUTIONS

Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has been shown to improve functional status, quality of life, and recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Despite its demonstrated compelling benefits and guideline recommendation, CR is underutilized, and there are significant disparities in CR utilization particularly by race, ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence and drivers of these disparities and recommend potential solutions. Methods In this review, key studies documenting disparities in CR referrals, enrollment, and completion are discussed. Additionally, potential mechanisms for these disparities are summarized and strategies are reviewed for addressing them. Summary There is a wealth of literature demonstrating disparities among racial and ethnic minorities, women, those with lower income and education attainment, and those living in rural and dense urban areas. However, there was minimal focus on how the social determinants of health contribute to the observed disparities in CR utilization in many of the studies reviewed. Interventions such as automatic referrals, inpatient liaisons, mitigation of economic barriers, novel delivery mechanisms, community partnerships, and health equity metrics to incentivize health care organizations to reduce care disparities are potential solutions.
Circulatory responses to beta adrenergic blockade with alprenolol. Studies in patients with chronic heart disease.

Abstract Fourteen patients with acquired heart disease received 0.2 mg/kg body weight of alprenolol, a beta adrenergic blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic properties, during cardiac catheterization. A high degree of beta blockade was demonstrated by injection of 3 μg of isoproterenol before and after alprenolol, the chronotropic effect of isoproterenol being almost completely abolished by alprenolol. After administration of alprenolol, significant decreases at rest and during bicycle exercise were noted in heart rate, cardiac index, maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt), left ventricular work and aortic systolic pressure, and (on exercise alone) in tensiontime index and mean systolic ejection rate. Mean right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures were significantly increased at rest after alprenolol. In patients with heart disease, alprenolol has substantial negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, similar to those of propranolol, which are not overcome by its intrinsic beta stimulating properties.
Productivity of Women Physicians

It is widely recognized that woman physicians work fewer hours than their male colleagues. Less clear, however, is the nature of the productivity differences between men and women, and how that difference is changing over time. Certainly, the fact that women physicians work less and see fewer patients is a source of consternation, and has led some men to believe that women should not be trained as physicians (Buchanan). Heins and colleagues (1978) quote a man as saying, “Women doctors do not practice enough to warrant training them,”—a major indictment. Two women, who are not physicians, estimated the dollar loss of the educational investment per female physician as $55,000 (Jussim).
Correlational Research to Examine the Relation between Attachment and Sensory Modulation in Young Children

This study investigated whether a relation exists between attachment and sensory modulation in young children. Participants were 68 children ages 3-6 yr recruited through the local community. Caregivers were asked to complete a standardized behavioral inventory of sensory modulation patterns, and parent-child interactions were observed in their home. The evaluator categorized these interactions on the basis of items related to attachment security and dependency. Results revealed modest correlations between attachment and sensory modulation: rs(66)=.28, p=.02. The capacity to predict sensory modulation function by attachment characteristics and the capacity to predict attachment characteristics by sensory modulation function was significant but small (p<.05). These findings supporting a relation between attachment and sensory modulation should be considered when assessing and planning treatment of children with problems in one or both of these areas.
WAVE GROUP EVOLUTION, WAVE DEFORMATION, AND BREAKING: SIMULATIONS USING LONGTANK, A NUMERICAL WAVE TANK

Non-linear, planar wave trains have been simulated numerically using an efficient computational method. This method utilized matrix diagonalization, based on multi-subdomains. The waves are created by a plunging wedge wavemaker and followed to downtank distances, x/ of O(102). High resolution of wave shapes was obtained. The numerical tank, LONGTANK, was used to study non- linear sideband growth, strong group evolution, wave formation, energy redistribution in the deformed waves, and jet formation (breaking). Comparisons of steepness at breaking and distance to breaking, as they depend on wave steepness, have been made, with excellent agreement. Similar agreement is shown between simulated and photographed wave shapes in the final stages of breaking. A criterion for the onset of breaking is suggested by the simulations.