cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the extent of lipid peroxidation in the ischemic and reperfused heart by monitoring lipid metabolic products with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography

Estimation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) through malonaldehyde (MDA) formation measured by assaying thiobarbituric acid reactive products remains the method of choice to study the development of oxidative stress to assess myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. However, MDA estimation by this assay is non-specific and often gives erroneous results. In this report, we describe a method to estimate MDA, formaldehyde (FDA), acetaldehyde (ADA), and acetone, the degradation products of oxygen free radicals (OFR) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), as presumptive markers for LPO. Isolated rat hearts were made ischemic for 30 min, followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The perfusates were collected, derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and extracted with pentane. Aliquots of 25 microliters in acetonitrile were injected on a Beckman Ultrasphere C18 (3 microns) column. The products were eluted isocratically with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (40:60:0.1, v/v/v). The peaks were identified by co-chromatography with the hydrazine derivatives of authentic standards. The retention times of MDA, FDA, ADA and acetone were 5.0, 6.3, 9.8 and 15.7 min, respectively. The results of our study indicated progressive increase in all four lipid metabolites with reperfusion time. Thus, our results demonstrate that the release of lipid metabolites from the isolated heart increased in response to oxidative stress. Since MDA, FDA, ADA, and acetone are the products of OFR-PUFA interactions, this method allows proper estimation of LPO to monitor the oxidative stress developed during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium.
High-frequency jet ventilation.

High-frequency ventilation, including HFJV, is an interesting alternative approach to mechanical ventilatory support that may offer benefits in terms of improved gas exchange and lower maximal alveolar distending pressures. Clinical data demonstrating improved outcome exist for neonatal and some forms of pediatric respiratory failure. No such data, however, exist for adults. Important complications can develop, and an extensive learning curve is required for operators to become skilled at delivering proper support safely. Presently, HFV should be limited to only specific applications (e.g., selected neonates, adult airway surgical procedures) and to centers skilled in its use. Considerably more data are required before extensive application, especially in the adult, is warranted.
Mechanism of biosynthesis of 11R- and 12R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

11(R)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [11(R)-HETE] and 12(R)-HETE are biosynthesized by eggs of the sea urchin S. purpuratus. We report here the isolation of the 11(4)- and 12(R)-hydroperoxy-eicosanoids from incubations of the desalted 30-50%(NH4)2SO4 fraction of the egg homogenate; biosynthesis required the addition of calcium but not NADPH. Egg 11- and 12-HETE were formed from octadeuterated arachidonic acid without loss of geminal 2H from C11 or C12, thus revealing that 11- or 12-keto intermediates are not involved in the biosynthesis. The results support the conclusion that egg 11(R)- and 12(R)-HETE are synthesized by a lipoxygenase and not by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mechanism.
Novel Aluminum and Gallium Atrane Structures and Reactivities

New monomeric azaaluminatranes and gallatranes of the type M(RNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N (M = Al, R = Me(3)Si (8) or tert-BuMe(2)Si (9); M = Ga, R = Me(3)Si (10) or tert-BuMe(2)Si (11)) have been prepared, with characterization including a molecular structure determination in the case of 8. Three dimeric azaalumatranes, namely, [Al(MeNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](2) (12) and [Al(Me(3)SiNCH(2)CH(2))(2)(HNCH2CH2)N](2) (13) and [Ga(MeNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](2) (14) have also been structurally characterized and all three compounds feature a central (M-N)(2) four-membered ring with a cis configuration of the nitrogen substituents. Some of the reaction chemistry of these systems is outlined and Al-27 NMR trends as a function of coordination number and geometry are discussed.
Modeling VCSEL characteristics using device and package models

An integrated tool has been developed to predict how vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) light output power is affected by packaging components. The set that has been developed includes modeling tools for devices and packages. The integrated tool can be useful for choosing an optimum specific package design for a VCSEL structure and to predict its characteristics in different packages under a variety of operating conditions. In this paper the integrated tool has been applied to study how VCSEL light output power is affected by different assembly technologies and packaging materials.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Importance of the Mean Elevation in Predicting Skin Friction for Flow Over Closely Packed Surface Roughness

The discrete-element surface roughness model is used to provide insight into the importance of the mean elevation of surface roughness in predicting skin friction over rough surfaces. Comparison of experimental data and extensive computational results using the discrete-element model confirm that the appropriate surface for the imposition of the no-slip condition is the mean elevation of the surface roughness. Additionally, the use of the mean elevation in the Sigal-Danberg approach relating their parameter to the equivalent sand-grain roughness height results in replacing three different piecewise expressions with a single relation. The appropriate mean elevation for closely-packed spherical roughness is also examined.
Linear finite-element numerical techniques for combustion problems requiring variable step size

Combustion problems frequently pose situations in which the dependent variables (temperature, species concentrations, etc.) vary rapidly in some local domain and much more slowly throughout the remaining region of interest. Such situations arise for both fluid-mechanical (e.g., boundary-layer behavior) and chemical reasons (i.e., Arrhenius- type temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates). In any case, they present a particular difficulty in the numerical solution of the governing conservation equations: if a fixed space-step is to be used, its magnitude is dictated by stability and/or accuracy requirements of the limited but rapidly varying domain. Outside this narrow domain, many more space steps are taken than are required; computing costs are thus magnified. Various means to avoid this difficulty have been used in the past, but none has proved generally satisfactory or convenient. Finite-element methods are substantially more convenient than the classical finite-difference techniques for approximating spatial dependencies in certain combustion problems. We discuss only linear finite-element (LFE) methods here. A discussion of this and more general finite-element methods can be found in several sources [1-3]; we briefly outline the application of the LFE method and illustrate its advantages.
Multielectron redox activity facilitated by metal-metal interactions in early/late heterobimetallics: Co/Zr complexes supported by phosphinoamide ligands.

To assess the effect of dative M→M interactions on redox properties in early/late heterobimetallic complexes, a series of Co/Zr complexes supported by phosphinoamide ligands have been synthesized a...
Human P50 suppression is not affected by variations in wakeful alertness

The amplitude and suppression of the auditory P50 event-related potential may be useful for studying schizophrenia and drug abuse; however, the low reliability of the P50 suppression measure limits its value for correlation with clinical measures. Reliability can be increased either by improving measurement methods or by reducing or eliminating sources of variance in the recordings. In this paper, the effect on P50 amplitude and suppression of variation in wakeful alertness within an experimental session was examined in 20 normal subjects. The percentage of beta power in the interval immediately prior to the P50 stimuli was used as an index of alertness. P50 amplitudes or C-T ratios were estimated using peak-picking and using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. No effects of variation of wakeful alertness were observed on any P50 amplitude or suppression measure. Comparing the peak-picking vs SVD estimates replicated our prior results showing markedly higher reliabilities with SVD. We conclude: 1) that variation within an experimental session in wakeful alertness level as indexed by the percentage of beta power does not affect P50 amplitude or suppression, and 2) the SVD method brings the reliability of the C-T ratio up to levels where its usefulness in clinical studies can be examined.
Probing the accumulation history of the voluminous Toba magma.

The age and compositional zonation in crystals from the Youngest Toba Tuff record the prelude to Earth9s largest Quaternary eruption. We used allanite crystals to date and decipher this zoning and found that the crystals retain a record of at least 150,000 years of magma storage and evolution. The dominant subvolcanic magma was relatively homogeneous and thermally stagnant for ∼110,000 years. In the 35,000 years before eruption, the diversity of melts increased substantially as the system grew in size before erupting 75,000 years ago.
Production of leukotriene B4 by luteal tissues of sheeo treated with prostaglandin F2α

Abstract Sheep were injected on Day 10 of the estrous cycle with a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin (PG) F 2 α or injection vehicle. Corpora lutea were recovered at laparotomy 2, 4, 8 and 16 h following treatment. Portions of tissue were processed for light microscopy and analyzed for concentrations of leukotriene (LT)_B 4 and progesterone. There was a significant increase in LTB 4 in tissues collected before evidence of either functional or structural regression (2 h); such levels were sustained. Tissues isolated 2 h after administration of PGF 2 α and placed in short-term incubation produced considerable quantities of LTB 4 . Although no direct in vitro effect of PGF 2 α on luteal production of LTB 4 was demonstrated, it seems possible that lipoxygenase products of arachidonate metabolism, such as LTB 4 , could act as intermediates in the luteolytic mechanisms of action of PGF 2 α in vivo.
Finite element analysis of coupled constituent diffusion in thermoelastic solids

Abstract A finite element theory, suitable for describing the transient mass diffusion of a mobile constituent in a deformable thermoelastic solid, is presented. The theory considers the effects of coupling between concentration, temperature, and strain on a diffusing constituent in a parent solid. Numerical results are compared with closed-form analytical solutions of one-dimensional coupled diffusion problems. Numerical results are also compared with experimental data on internal hydrogen diffusion in beta-phase titanium alloys subjected to bending stress.
Adsorbed films of bovine serum albumin: tensions at air-water surfaces and paraffin-water interfaces.

Abstract Using the pendant-drop method, the interfacial tension between n-octadecane and aqueous solutions of bovine serum albumin reached constant values after about 30 min, and became independent of protein concentration above about 0.025%. At low ionic strength there is a minimum in the interfacial tension in the isoelectric region whereas at higher ionic strengths there is a tendency for a maximum to occur in this pH region. The addition of octadecylamine to the n-octadecane decreases considerably the interfacial tension against water both in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin. The entropy change per unit area of interface goes through a sharp maximum with increasing concentration of bovine serum albumin. The compressibilities of the interfacial bovine serum albumin films as obtained from decreasing the size of the drop increases sharply at a film pressure of about 22 dynes/cm.
Gender Differences in the Decision to Run for School Board

Proponents of the political pipeline theory argue that when more women fill the ranks of locally elected positions, the number of qualified female candidates will increase and more women will event...
Effects of Ovariectomy on Body Growth and Organ Weights of the Young Albino Rat

SummaryThe ovaries were removed from 24 Wistar albino rats which averaged 26 days of age. An equal number of litter mate controls were used. All rats were kept under similar conditions and were kil...
Exercise Training Decreases Dyspnea and the Distress and Anxiety Associated With It: Monitoring Alone May Be as Effective as Coaching

Study objective To determine whether exercise training with coaching is more effective than exercise training alone in reducing dyspnea and the anxiety and distress associated with it and improving exercise performance, self-efficacy for walking, and dyspnea with activities of daily living. Design Randomized clinical trial of 51 dyspnea-limited patients with COPD assigned to monitored (n=27) or coached (n=24) exercise groups. Setting Outpatient area of university teaching hospital. Intervention Both groups completed 12 supervised treadmill training sessions (phase 1) over 4 weeks followed by 8 weeks of home walking (phase 2). The CE group also received coaching during training. Measurements Perceived work of breathing, dyspnea intensity, distress associated with dyspnea, and anxiety associated with dyspnea were rated on a visual analog scale during incremental treadmill testing and after 6-min walks before and after phase 1. Dyspnea with activities of daily living, self-efficacy for walking, state anxiety, and 6-min walks were measured before and after both phases. Results Dyspnea and the associated distress and anxiety improved significantly for both groups relative to work performed and in relation to ventilation (p Conclusions Coaching with exercise training was no more effective than exercise training alone in improving exercise performance, dyspnea, and the anxiety and distress associated with it, dyspnea with activities, and self-efficacy for walking.
Developing political intelligence for making feasible decisions

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to propose a model for acquiring political intelligence by describing steps for assessing feasibility that can be used to systematically evaluate a situation. The paper also aims to discuss individual and situational biases to acquiring an accurate political feasibility assessment.Design/methodology/approach – A pre‐ and post‐test method was used to compare a sample of novice managers who received training with the feasibility assessment model to experienced, politically savvy managers.Findings – Assessing the political feasibility of a decision is a skill that can be developed to acquire the political intelligence necessary for today's politically‐laden, uncertain competitive environment.Originality/value – Political intelligence is at the heart of avoiding political blunders and conflict in organizations. When time and money are spent promoting decisions that are unlikely to succeed, managers can derail their careers from backing initiatives from a declining dom...
Localization of Members of the γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Family Identifies Sites of Glutathione and Glutathione S-Conjugate Hydrolysis

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) are essential for hydrolysis of the tripeptide glutathione (γ-glutamate-cysteine-glycine) and glutathione S-conjugates since they are the only enzymes known to cleave the amide bond linking the γ-carboxylate of glutamate to cysteine. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four GGT genes have been identified based on homology with animal GGTs. They are designated GGT1 (At4g39640), GGT2 (At4g39650), GGT3 (At1g69820), and GGT4 (At4g29210). By analyzing the expression of each GGT in plants containing GGT:β-glucuronidase fusions, the temporal and spatial pattern of degradation of glutathione and its metabolites was established, revealing appreciable overlap among GGTs. GGT2 exhibited narrow temporal and spatial expression primarily in immature trichomes, developing seeds, and pollen. GGT1 and GGT3 were coexpressed in most organs/tissues. Their expression was highest at sites of rapid growth including the rosette apex, floral stem apex, and seeds and might pinpoint locations where glutathione is delivered to sink tissues to supplement high demand for cysteine. In mature tissues, they were expressed only in vascular tissue. Knockout mutants of GGT2 and GGT4 showed no phenotype. The rosettes of GGT1 knockouts showed premature senescence after flowering. Knockouts of GGT3 showed reduced number of siliques and reduced seed yield. Knockouts were used to localize and assign catalytic activity to each GGT. In the standard GGT assay with γ-glutamyl p-nitroanilide as substrate, GGT1 accounted for 80% to 99% of the activity in all tissues except seeds where GGT2 was 50% of the activity. Protoplasting experiments indicated that both GGT1 and GGT2 are localized extracellularly but have different physical or chemical associations.
Temperature changes in solvent extractions of cadmium oxinate

The extraction of 10-5.1M cadmium ion from aqueous solution into chloroform containing oxine has been investigated and the effects caused by changing the temperature were studied. Values of equilibrium constants for all reactions participating in the extraction have been obtained as a function of temperature. Plots of the logarithms of the constants vs. the reciprocal of the absolute temperature gave straight lines. Thermodynamic functions for all reactions involved have been calculated.
Determination of surface states in selenium diodes by conductance and capacitance studies

Measurements of the conductance and capacitance of selenium diodes as a function of bias and frequency at room temperature are shown to indicate the presence of surface states in those diodes having Ni and Cd electrodes. These surface states are found to have a uniform, quasicontinuous distribution of energy in the region of measurement. The surface state density at zero bias in a sample having a Ni electrode is found to be 7 × 1011 states/eV cm−2. A sample having a Cd electrode has a surface state density of 2 × 1011 states/eV cm2 in the range of zero to 0.125 V forward bias. The selenium diodes having Ni and Cd electrodes have current—voltage characteristics typical of p—n junctions dominated by recombination currents. Measurements of samples having Al and In electrodes show small frequency dispersion of capacitance and conductance, and also have current—voltage characteristics that differ markedly from the usual p—n junction behavior.
Large Deployable Reflector (LDR): A Concept For An Orbiting Submillimeter-Infrared Telescope For The 1990S

The history and background of the Large Deployable Reflector (LDR) are reviewed. The results of the June 1982 Asilomar (CA) workshop are incorporated into the LDR science objectives and telescope concept. The areas where the LDR may have the greatest scientific impact are in the study of star formation and planetary systems in the own and nearby galaxies and in cosmological studies of the structure and evolution of the early universe. The observational requirements for these and other scientific studies give rise to a set of telescope functional requirements. These, in turn, are satisfied by an LDR configuration which is a Cassegrain design with a 20 m diameter, actively controlled, segmented, primary reflector, diffraction limited at a wavelength of 30 to 50 microns. Technical challenges in the LDR development include construction of high tolerance mirror segments, surface figure measurement, figure control, vibration control, pointing, cryogenics, and coherent detectors. Project status and future plans for the LDR are discussed.
A novel approach to stabilization of protein drugs in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres using agarose hydrogel

Abstract A novel approach has been taken to stabilize protein drugs in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. This approach creates a new protein drug delivery system, which is based on the combination of agarose hydrogel particles and PLGA microspheres. This combination produces a heterogeneously structured polymeric composite. The protein drug molecules are encapsulated in the agarose hydrogel particles and the drug-containing agarose hydrogel particles are further dispersed in the PLGA microspheres. One PLGA microsphere may contain many agarose hydrogel particles to form a PLGA–agarose composite microsphere. The PLGA–agarose composite microspheres have spherical shape and a smooth surface. They possess a normal or Gaussian size distribution and an average diameter of 150 μm. The PLGA–agarose composite microspheres have higher protein loading efficiency than that of the conventional PLGA microspheres. The hydration of the PLGA–agarose composite microsphere matrix is faster than that of the conventional PLGA microspheres. Protein drugs can be slowly released from the PLGA–agarose composite microspheres. The agarose hydrogel particles can stabilize protein drugs in the PLGA matrix, which is the major advantage of this novel protein drug delivery system over the conventional PLGA microspheres.
PdERECTA, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase of poplar, confers enhanced water use efficiency in Arabidopsis

Water deficiency causes a dramatic reduction in crop production globally. Breeding crop varieties that are more efficient in their water use is one strategy to overcome this predicament. In this study, a member of the LRR-RLKs family, the Populus nigra × (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) ERECTA (PdERECTA) gene was cloned. To study the biological functions of PdERECTA, transgenic Arabidopsis plants (35S:PdERECTA) that constitutively expressed the PdERECTA gene were constructed. Overexpression of PdERECTA resulted in early seedling establishment, longer primary roots, and larger leaf areas. Notably, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing PdERECTA resulted in enhanced long-term water use efficiency (WUEl), as estimated by the analysis of carbon isotopic discrimination. The WUEl results were supported by the physiological and anatomical results, which included improved photosynthetic rate, decreased transpiration rate, and stomatal density. The transgenic lines have significantly more dry-biomass as compared to the wild type. Since the overexpression of PdERECTA can strongly enhance the water use efficiency in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, PdERECTA could potentially be used in transgenic breeding to improve the water use efficiency.
Microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme damage in cultured Leydig cells: relation to steroidogenic desensitization.

It is well established that treatment of animals with a single high dose of LH or hCG results in steroidogenic desensitization of Leydig cells.'*2 Desensitized Leydig cells exhibit a decreased capacity to produce testosterone in response to subsequent stimulation with gonadotropins or CAMP analogues, and have decreased activities of the microsomal P-450 enzymes, 17a-hydroxylase, and C17-20 lyase. The present study provides evidence that the decreases in microsomal P450 activities are caused by oxygen-derived, free-radical damage of the enzymes, and, furthermore, that the decrease in microsomal P-450 activities are not the primary cause of the decrease in testosterone-producing capacity observed in desensitized Leydig cells. Primary cultures of purified, adult mouse Leydig cells were maintained in serum-free medium at 32"C, in a humidified atmosphere of 19% O2 (95% air/5% C02) or 1% 02, in the presence and absence of the antioxidant dimethyl sulfoxide. The culture medium was changed daily and the activities of microsomal enzymes were determined by quantifying the conversion of 'H-substrate to 'H-products during a I hr incubation at 37°C in an atmosphere of 1% 02. The maximal capacity to produce testosterone was determined by incubating replicate cultures with 1 mM 8-Br-CAMP for a 3 hr period and measuring testosterone in the medium by radioimmunoassay. 1 mM 8-Br-CAMP was added to half of the Leydig cells, during the initial 24 hr of culture only, to induce steroidogenic desensitization. The other half served as controls. Testosterone production by desensitized Leydig cells was 15-fold and threefold greater than that of controls on days one and two of culture, respectively. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to the culture medium and/or reduction of the oxygen tension had no effect on testosterone production by control or desensitized Leydig cells. The data presented in TABLE 1 demonstrate that, when control Leydig cell cultures are incubated in 19% 02, the microsomal P-450 activities, 17 a-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase, are stable during the first 24 hr but decrease markedly by 48
Causes of tooth loss in a veteran population

Tooth loss in adults over age 35 usually is attributed to periodontal diseases. However, certain adult populations are known to have high caries rates. It is not clear to what extent caries contributes to tooth loss in adults. This pilot study examined the causes of tooth loss in a veteran population residing in an 800-bed, primarily long-term care facility. The study retrospectively reviewed 572 patients' dental records and documented causes for dental extractions. Of the sample population, 168 teeth were extracted in 51 patients who had 860 teeth present before treatment. Mean age of the patients undergoing extractions was 57.7 years, lower than the sample population of 60.1 years. Of the 168 teeth extracted, 105 (63%) were attributed to caries and 33 (20%) were documented as root tips, suggesting the presence of root caries. Fifty-five (33%) were extracted due to periodontal disease and six (4%) were extracted for prosthodontic reasons. Of the maxillary teeth, 67 percent were extracted for caries and 25 percent of periodontal reasons. Caries accounted for 57 percent and periodontal disease accounted for 42 percent of the mandibular teeth extracted. The order in which teeth were most frequently extracted was maxillary anteriors, mandibular anteriors, maxillary and mandibular premolars, and maxillary and mandibular molars. This study supports the recent work of authors who have found caries contributing significantly to tooth loss in adult populations.
The systems perspective as a theoretical basis for the study of human communication

This essay presents the logical and empirical requirements for studying communication from the systems perspective. Four alternatives are distinguished: open, closed, cybernetic, and structural‐functional systems. The systems perspective is contrasted with competing theoretical views, and it is argued that the systems view can incorporate important aspects of each. A brief account of the epistemic framework provided by systems is provided.
Integrating Self‐directed Teams into the Management Development Curriculum

Self‐directed work teams are playing an increasingly important role in companies around the world. In many respects they represent a fundamentally different way of conducting business at every level in the organization. Management development departments have the potential to take a leading role in introducing and fostering attitudes and skills necessary to be successful in this effort. They can do this by reframing their use of existing experiential activities. In the process, they can more fully harvest the participant′s time at the programme and create a teamwork signature for the management development curriculum.
Kinetostatic Modelling of an Unconventional Motion Conversion Mechanism in Application of a Plunger Pump System

The development of a mathematical model of Stiller-Smith mechanism for the application of a four-cylinder plunger pump system is presented. The magnitude and direction of the internal dynamic load are obtained by solving a set of equations using the overall geometric parameters, prescribed motions, inertia distribution and applied torques on the system. The simulation presented here yields the history of the internal loads, which are then normalized with respect to the required peak output load on the plungers, through an entire rotary cycle. The approach allows for the development of further design criteria through parametric sensitivity studies.
Asymmetry of magneto-optical Kerr effect loops of Co nano-columns grown by oblique incident angle deposition

Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) in the longitudinal mode was used to measure the in-plane magnetic anisotropy of about 300 nm thick Co nano-column films that were grown by e-beam evaporation at different oblique incident angles (0–851) on native SiO2 substrates at room temperature. The symmetry of MOKE loops measured at azimuthal angles that are 1801 apart is obviously broken for Co nano-column films grown at high deposition angles >701. The plot of coercivity Hc of loops versus azimuthal angle shows that Hc values for azimuthal angles between � 901 and 901 are much larger than the values for azimuthal angles between 901 and 2701. The asymmetry of coercivity is due to MOKE measurement that combines both longitudinal and polar Kerr effects. This combination is caused by the oblique magnetic anisotropy associated with the tilted Co nano-columns. A method is introduced to separate the longitudinal and polar Kerr effects. The longitudinal Kerr effect is obtained by adding hysteresis loops measured at azimuthal angles 1801 apart while the polar Kerr effect is obtained by subtracting these two loops. By comparing these two orthogonal magnetization components represented by longitudinal and polar Kerr effects, we show that magnetization rotation exists in the magnetic reversal process even at azimuthal angle f ¼ 01 that is the closest in-plane direction to the easy axis. After separating these two Kerr effects, the two-fold symmetry of coervicity associated with tilted nano-columns measured by longitudinal Kerr effect is restored. r 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Learning through social interaction: Shared cognitive experience, negotiation strategies, and joint concept construction for young children

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the nature of sociocognitive growth in 5- and 6-year-old children. Questions focused on (a) growth when interacting with peers who entered the investigation performing differently or similarly on cognitive tasks; (b) joint construction of concepts within collaborative problem solving; (c) negotiation strategies used for problem solving; and (d) levels of shared cognitive experience displayed by young children during sociocognitive interaction. Pairs of young children worked together to solve spatial perspective taking problems. Cognitive growth following interaction and the within-pair social interactions were analyzed. Entering performance composition of the dyad did not impact cognitive growth. The construction of shared cognitive experiences in which children worked together and actually solved problems did result in cognitive change. Educational implications are provided.
Transport of alkali metal cations through monoazacrown ether-modified NafionTM 117 membrane

Abstract Conditions have been developed for the surface modification of Nafion TM 117 cation-exchange membrane by conversion to the sulfonyl chloride form and coupling with secondary amines to form sulfonamide groups. Nafion 117 membranes modified with diethylamine ( 13 ), dibutylamine ( 14 ), morpholine ( 15 ), bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine ( 16 ), and 8-aza-2,5,11, 14-tetraoxapentadecane ( 17 ), monoaza-12-crown-5 ( 18 ), monoaza-15-crown-5 ( 19 ), and monoaza-18-crown-6 ( 20 ) were prepared and their competitive, proton-coupled transport of alkali metal cations was compared with that of unmodified Nafion 117 membrane. Alkali metal cation permeation of membranes 13–16 was found to be poor. However, membranes 17–19 which were produced by coupling with an acyclic or cyclic polyether amine having more than three oxygen atoms gave efficient alkali metal cation permeation which was comparable with that for unmodified Nafion 117 membrane. The permeation selectivity order for these surface-modified Nafion 117 membranes was Cs + > Rb + > K + > Na + > Li + which differs from the ordering of K + > Rb + > Cs + > Na + > Li + observed for unmodified Nafion 117 membrane.
The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating

Kimura and Crow (1963b) have recently made an interesting comparison between two classes of systems of mating within populations of constant size: ones in which there is maximum avoidance of consanguine mating and ones in which all matings are between close relatives around an unbroken circle. These are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 in populations of eight. The rate of decrease of heterozygosis in the former class had, as they note, been found long before to approach 1/(4N) asymptotically with increasing size of population, N (Wright, 1921, 1933a). Two cases with patterns of mating similar to those of Kimura and Crow's second class, except that the matings were between neighbors along infinitely extended lines instead of around a circle, had also been considered in these papers. These systems consisted of exclusive mating of half-sibs or of first cousins, otherwise with a minimum of relationship. It was found that there is no equilibrium in either case short of complete fixation locally, in spite of the linear increase in number of different ancestors with increasing number of ancestral generations. This was in contrast to systems (half first cousin or second cousin) in which this increase is more than linear and a steady state is rapidly attained with respect to heterozygosis. Kimura and Crow were surprised to find that the limiting rates of decrease of heterozygosis in their circular systems are much less than under maximum avoidance approaching [v/(2N + 4)]2 in the case of half-sib matings and [7/ (N + 12)]2 under first-cousin matings with large N. Maxi-
RELATIONS BETWEEN TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY AND MORPHOGENESIS IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS GL.

SYNOPSIS. The division delay responses of Tetrahymena (“set-back” curves) which result from heat shocks of the type used in synchronizing studies have been examined in logarithmic and synchronized T. pyriformis GL. The curves indicate an increasing sensitivity to heat shocks with increasing cell age, a sudden sharp increase just prior to the “transition point” and a loss of sensitivity at the transition point. A correlated study of morphogenesis in the synchronous generation suggests that the sudden increase in thermal sensitivity before the transition point is due to a dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of the developing oral primordium which can be induced at this time. The results also suggest that the “stabilization” of the primordium which follows the transition point may occur at more than one developmental stage, i.e., is not stage-specific. It is suggested that stabilization may therefore be due to conditions lying outside the primordium.
The effect of repeated testing upon comprehension of informed consent materials by elderly volunteers.

Abstract One hundred elderly adults (mean = 71.3 years of age, range = 59–88 years) in four WAIS vocabulary subgroups (<40, 40–49, 50–59, ≥60) served in an evaluation of the effects of using multiple comprehension test trials to improve informed consent procedures. Participants in Croup I were given a single comprehension test and feedback before signing consent documents, while those in Croup II were provided with as many as three comprehension trials, if necessary. All participants were tested for memory of the information 2–3 weeks later. Results indicated that both comprehension and memory performance varied directly with vocabulary level. The multi-trial approach improved comprehension scores at all vocabulary levels, but had no effect upon memory.
Translating Racial Genomics: Passages in and Beyond the Lab

While qualitative studies of science have traditionally focused on sciences as bounded cultures, or cohesive communities that operate in well-defined research settings, Actor-Network Theory (ANT) helps to envision the complex processual formation of scientific associations across a diverse array of social entities and sites. Using the case of race and health disparities research in genetic science, this article explores how ANT’s emphasis on agentic symmetry, and the translation of interests between humans and nonhumans, makes visible the multiplicity of agencies and research institutes that, guided by the US federal government’s Directive No. 15, marshaled genomics to construct race as a social problem. It also examines the multiplicity of methodological strategies such an analysis entails. Here, qualitative analysis of government regulations, policy councils, funding mechanisms, scientific practices, and statements from key scientists in elite biomedical positions is used to show how it came to be that racial governance became an “obligatory passage point” for scientists, and, in a second movement, that genomics became an obligatory passage point for conceiving large-scale analysis of racial stratification. Yet, going beyond current conceptions of ANT, I consider how tracing translation in and beyond the lab can expose a third multiplicity: the multiplicity of obligatory passage points in a given network. I argue that ANT, taken to its logical end, involves study of a plurality of mutually reinforcing actors that co-constitute one another and synergistically push collective agendas.
Information seeking behaviors of music students

– This paper seeks to explore how and via what tools music students are identifying, locating, and accessing music materials – specifically scores and recordings – for use in their music studies. It also aims to examine similarities and differences in the information seeking behavior of students in various music sub‐disciplines and students at different points in their academic tenure., – The study employed survey and focus groups methodologies., – It was found that students use myriad library and non‐library tools to discover and access scores and recordings. It identified the frequency and specificity with which students seek scores and recordings. There are more similarities between performers and music educators than musicologists or other areas, and graduate and upperclass students have different behaviors than underclass students, who are more likely to use library resources. This study also identified some of the reasons students become frustrated in searching for music materials and from where they seek help., – The response rate to this survey was only 11 percent and surveys are not the best indicator of actual behavior. While the use of focus groups did offset this to a degree, a more widespread survey and user studies would be merited to understand any wider patters of music student behaviors., – With the findings from this study libraries serving music students can tailor their instruction and marketing efforts. They can also focus their collections and resources appropriately for the various types of patrons served by their library., – Little previous research has been done on the general information seeking behaviors of music students. Other work has focused on music faculty, specific sub‐disciplines in music, or on issues specific to finding music in library catalogs.
Proline bis-amides as potent dual orexin receptor antagonists.

Abstract A series of OX2R/OX1R dual orexin antagonists was prepared based on a proline bis-amide identified as a screening lead. Through a combination of classical and library synthesis, potency enhancing replacements for both amide portions were discovered. N-methylation of the benzimidazole moiety within the lead structure significantly reduced P-gp susceptibility while increasing potency, giving rise to good brain penetration. A compound from this series has demonstrated in vivo central activity when dosed peripherally in a pharmacodynamic model of orexin activity.
Navigation in uncharted waters. Is anesthesiology on course for the 21st century

IT is an honor to join a group of distinguished colleagues who have delivered the Rovenstine lecture previously. Dr. Rovenstine has special meaning for me because he was a fellow Hoosier and graduate of Indiana University, my alma mater for both undergraduate and graduate medical education. However, I am humbled by this recognition, also. I am aware that there are many in this audience who possess more judgment and knowledge than I, and all of us would benefit from their wisdom on this occasion. Nevertheless, I accept the opportunity with enthusiasm, for I believe these are defining times for the specialty. The thoughts that follow are mine only, and they will benefit from group discussion and modification by collective wisdom. My purpose is to catalyze these discussions and stimulate action by both the leaders and the membership of this society. My title suggests an analogy between my vocation, anesthesiology, and my avocation, sailing. Both require careful route planning to reach a desired destination, so the analogy seems appropriate. My comments are divided into four sections, which are intended to define the current position of the specialty and plot a course for the future.
Rapid adaptation of the 2f1–f2 DPOAE in humans: Binaural and contralateral stimulation effects

The present data were collected in humans to characterize the effects of monaural and binaural stimulation and contralateral noise on the 2f1-f2 distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) adaptation response. DPOAE levels (f2/f1=1.21, L1=70 dB SPL, L2=65 dB SPL) were measured in both ears for a range of f2 frequencies (1.2 to 10.0 kHz). The f2 frequency producing the largest amplitude DPOAE was used for further testing employing three different stimulus conditions: the primary tones were presented to only one ear for 4 s; the two tones were presented simultaneously in both ears; and, contralateral broadband noise (60 dB SPL) was presented for 5 s, beginning 4 s after the onset of the monaural primaries in the test ear. Acoustic reflex thresholds were measured to verify that the middle-ear muscles played no systematic role in the measured DPOAE reductions. Estimates of monaural rapid adaptation levels and time constants agreed well with previous human findings. The magnitude of the rapid adaptation under binaural stimulation, as compared with monaural primaries, was 25% greater on average, though adaptation time constants were comparable. With added contralateral noise, the average DPOAE suppression was 1.1 dB (0.3-2.7 dB). The magnitude of the monaural adaptation and the effects of binaural and contralateral stimulation, however, were smaller than those measured previously in experimental animals, though the time constants were in good agreement.
Vegetable Juices as Fixatives

SINCE the article on “A Modified Gold Chloride Method for the Demonstration of Nerve Endings” was published by Mr. Fred W. Gairns, of Glasgow,1 we have been experimenting with vegetable juices, other than lemon. This communication is intended only as a preliminary announcement of the uniformly satisfactory and constant results that we have obtained with them, and we hope to be able to publish an account of our investigations in greater detail soon in the Mysore University Journal. The following juices have been employed, both for the purpose of demonstrating the nerve endings and for general histological investigations, with great success: Onion juice (Allium cepa); mango juice, green and unripe (Mangifera indica); tamarind juice, green and unripe (Tamarindus indica); gooseberry juice (Philanthus emblica); sour milk (whey).
Minimax Bayes estimators of a multivariate normal mean

Abstract In three or more dimensions it is well known that the usual point estimator for the mean of a multivariate normal distribution is minimax but not admissible with respect to squared Euclidean distance loss. This paper gives sufficient conditions on the prior distribution under which the Bayes estimator has strictly lower risk than the usual estimator. Examples are given for which the posterior density is useful in the formation of confidence sets.
Sympathetic reactions to the bait dog in a film of dog fighting: the influence of personality and gender.

Media sources brought international attention to dog fighting during the Michael Vick case. Although a significant number of people who watched footage of the abused dogs used in the Vick case may have felt sympathy for them, the characteristics associated with those types of individuals are not known. The current study examined personality and gender as predictors of sympathetic reactions to the mistreatment of a bait dog depicted in a film clip. The results supported the predictions that animal-oriented sympathy, trait sympathy, agreeableness, and gender would predict sympathetic reactions to the bait dog. The analyses showed that trait sympathy could not explain unique variance beyond animal-oriented sympathy, but that agreeableness fully mediated the relation between gender and sympathetic reactions to the bait dog. Unexpectedly, emotional stability was also a unique predictor. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed.
Adsorption of nitric oxide in aqueous slurries of activated carbon: Transport rates by moment analysis of dynamic data

Moment analysis of input-response data for three-phase slurry reactors is shown to be useful for detrmining mass trasnport rate coefficients. Data for the nitric oxide-water activated carbon system indicated that bubble-to-liquid transport, intraparticle diffusion, and the adsorption step could all influence the adsorption rate for high concentrations of carbon particles.
Intracellular pH as a regulatory signal in astrocyte metabolism

An intracellular alkalinization is observed in mammalian astrocytes in response to repetitive neuronal activity in vivo. The alkalinizing effect of potassium released from electrically active neurons predominates over many other influences on the intracellular pH of astrocytes, including acid loads induced by glutamate and ammonium. There is evidence that this pH signal, elicited by neuronal activity, may facilitate glucose utilization and glutamine formation in astrocytes. This short review surveys the mechanisms of the intracellular pH changes induced in astrocytes by extracellular potassium, glutamate, and ammonium. It then focuses upon the regulatory effects of these pH changes on glucose utilization, as estimated primarily by rates of deoxyglucose phosphorylation, and on the uptake and metabolism of glutamate. Many studies in this field exploit the advantages of astrocyte cell culture. However, the conditions of cell culture can diminish expression of the intracellular alkalinization induced by potassium and thus lead to underestimation of the metabolic significance of this pH signal.
Jejunal sodium transport in the rat: Effects of alloxan diabetes

Abstract A previous study has shown that, in the presence of relatively high concentrations of glucose (16 mM), net transport of Na+ and glucose is greater in jejunal sacs prepared from diabetic than control rats. This increase in Na+ transport may be caused by (a) the increased transport of glucose, or (b) differences in glucose metabolism between controls and diabetics. We examined effects of alloxan diabetes on jejunal Na+ transport using a low concentration (1 mM) of a non-metabolized hexose, 3-O- methyl- d - glucose . Net transport of Na+ into the serosal medium (all data μmoles/g wet wt of sac per h) was greater in everted sacs from diabetic (30) than control (15) rats. Mucosal-to-serosal flux of Na+ was also greater in sacs from diabetic rats (213 vs 176), but serosal-to-mucosal fluxes did not differ significantly (151 vs 142). Serosal transport of 3-O- methyl- d - glucose was three times greater in sacs from diabetic rats (6.2 vs 2.4). Thus, jejunal Na+ transport is increased in diabetes, independently of the presence of high concentrations of glucose. In these studies, the increase in Na+ transport is of sufficient magnitude to explain the stimulation of hexose absorption in diabetes. Alternatively, the magnitude of the stimulation of hexose transport could not explain effects of Na+ movements.