cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the epithelial sodium channel by phosphatidylinositides: experiments, implications, and speculations.

Recent studies suggest that the activity of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) is increased by phosphatidylinositides, especially phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3). Stimulation of phospholipase C by either adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-activation of purinergic P2Y receptors or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-activation of EGF receptors reduces membrane PI(4,5)P2, and consequently decreases ENaC activity. Since ATP and EGF may be trapped in cysts formed by the distal tubule, it is possible that ENaC inhibition induced by ATP and EGF facilitates cyst formation in polycystic kidney diseases (PKD). However, some results suggest that ENaC activity is increased in PKD. In contrast to P2Y and EGF receptors, stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor by aldosterone or insulin produces PI(3,4,5)P3, and consequently increases ENaC activity. The acute effect of aldosterone on ENaC activity through PI(3,4,5)P3 possibly accounts for the initial feedback for blood volume recovery after hypovolemic hypotension. PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3, respectively, interacts with the N terminus of β-ENaC and the C terminus of γ-ENaC. However, whether ENaC selectively binds to PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 over other anionic phospholipids remains unclear.
Fe on Au(100): Quantum-well states down to a monolayer.

Quantum-well states are observed for Fe films embedded in Au(100) using inverse photoemission. They can be analyzed with a simple interferometer model, using bulk states from the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{12}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{1}$${\mathit{H}}_{15}$ band that are modulated by an envelope function with wavelengths in the order of 7--10 atomic layers (10--14 \AA{}). These states can be followed down to a monolayer, where two states are seen at 0.6 and 1.9 eV. They are tentatively assigned to the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{5}$\ensuremath{\downarrow} monolayer state and a ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{1}$ quantum-well state. The resulting ferromagnetic exchange splitting of the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{5}$ is 2.7 eV, exceeding the splitting of 1.8--2.1 eV for the analogous bulk band.
Heat capacity of Fe2+ in MgO

Abstract The heat capacity of Fe 2+ in MgO in a magnetic field is observed to fit the simple Schottky expression for a S = 1 system.
Improving Wais—R Estimates with the Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic Personnel Tests: Need to Control for Reading Ability

The present study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic in the prediction of Full Scale WAIS—R IQs while controlling for subjects' reading ability. 34 psychiatric patients from the Waco VA Medical Center who had attained at least a sixth-grade reading level on the basis of the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised were administered the WAIS—R, Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic in random order. Significant correlations were found between Full Scale WAIS—R IQs and age-corrected WAIS—R equivalent scores for the Shipley-Hartford and the Wonderlic. The results of these and other analyses supported the view that both the Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic are accurate in making gross estimates of Full Scale WAIS—R IQs. The results are discussed in the context of previous research, using both clinical and nonclinical samples. Clinical implications and suggestions for research, including further methodological refinements, are also discussed
Social and Emotional Competencies: Contributions to Young African-American Children's Peer Acceptance

This study explored the relation between measures of emotional competence, behavioral regulation, and general social competence and African-American preschoolers' peer acceptance and popularity. These children came from both lower and middle income families. Data were collected in a short-term longitudinal study following children over the course of a school year. Gender, emotion knowledge, emotion regulation, and themes of violence in response to hypothetical situations of interpersonal conflict were strongly related to peer acceptance. The results are consistent with findings from middle-class Caucasian samples. The results also highlight the importance of potential influences of context and setting on children's peer status as well as the need for greater understanding of within- group variability with regard to these constructs. Given the growing evidence that peer relationships are related in important ways to children's school adjustment, understanding the development of positive peer relationships ...
Erratum to: Race, SES, and mathematics achievement conflicts: how policy and political climate affect academic achievement

Socioeconomic status (SES) has been widely used as a determining factor to explain educational processes and outcomes such as mathematics academic achievement. Research has documented the links between SES and mathematics academic achievement. However, further understanding the complex relationship between contextual factors, such as policy, and its implications for these processes within an ideologically patriarchal society is paramount. After decades of United States school policy and reform—with the most recent focus on Common Core Standards—there continue to be inconsistent notions of what the “real” issues are and how to address those issues. This paper sets out to explore one specific case—House Bill 2281 (HB 2281) and, in effect, the banning of the Mexican–American Studies program in one school district in the US—in understanding the implications of policy in the shaping of the public education system. Implications for mathematics education research are explored.
Problems and Opportunities in School Financial Management: A Consultant's Perspective

Many school systems' budget presentations, management control, cost accounting, and reporting are unsatisfactory. The author suggests improvements.
Integrin β4 attenuates SHP‐2 and MAPK signaling and reduces human lung endothelial inflammatory responses

We previously identified the marked upregulation of integrin beta4 in human lung endothelial cells (EC) treated with simvastatin, an HMG coA-reductase inhibitor with vascular-protective and anti-inflammatory properties in murine models of acute lung injury (ALI). We now investigate the role of integrin beta4 as a novel mediator of vascular inflammatory responses with a focus on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling and the downstream expression of the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) essential for the full elaboration of inflammatory lung injury. Silencing of integrin beta4 (siITGB4) in human lung EC resulted in significant increases in both basal and LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, consistent with robust integrin beta4 regulation of MAPK activation. In addition, siITB4 increased both basal and LPS-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein secretion into the media. We next observed that integrin beta4 silencing increased basal and LPS-induced phosphorylation of SHP-2, a protein tyrosine phosphatase known to modulate MAPK signaling. In contrast, inhibition of SHP-2 enzymatic activity (sodium stibogluconate) abrogated the increased ERK phosphorylation associated with integrin beta4 silencing in LPS-treated EC and attenuated the increases in levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in integrin-beta4-silenced EC. These findings highlight a novel negative regulatory role for integrin beta4 in EC inflammatory responses involving SHP-2-mediated MAPK signaling. Upregulation of integrin beta4 may represent an important element of the anti-inflammatory and vascular-protective properties of statins and provides a novel strategy to limit inflammatory vascular syndromes.
Angioblast differentiation is influenced by the local environment: FGF-2 induces angioblasts and patterns vessel formation in the quail embryo

The embryonic vasculature forms by the segregation, migration, and assembly of angioblasts from mesoderm, a process termed vasculogenesis. The initial role of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) in vascular development appears to be in the induction of endothelial precursors, angioblasts. Quail somites transplanted into chick embryos will give rise to angioblasts of quail origin. The number of angioblasts present within the chimera is dependent on the host environment. Angioblast induction can be demonstrated in vitro by the addition of FGF-2 to cultures of dissociated somitic mesoderm, as assessed by QH-1 epitope expression. Manipulation of FGF-2 concentration in the quail/chick chimeras by FGF-2 peptide or neutralizing antibody injections increases or decreases angioblast induction in the predicted manner. To better control growth factor release in vivo we have implanted beads that release FGF-2 into the embryonic environment. FGF-2 beads implanted into the somite induce angioblast differentiation in the epithelial somite; whereas, beads lateral to the somitic mesoderm induce the formation of ectopic vessels. These studies suggest that FGF-2 is important for both the induction of angioblasts and the assembly of angioblasts into the initial vasculature pattern. Dev Dyn;218:371–382. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Double-stranded RNA Inhibits β-Cell Function and Induces Islet Damage by Stimulating β-Cell Production of Nitric Oxide

Viral infection has been implicated as a triggering event that may initiate β-cell damage during the development of autoimmune diabetes. In this study, the effects of the viral replicative intermediate, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (in the form of synthetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC)) on islet expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), production of nitric oxide, and islet function and viability were investigated. Treatment of rat islets with poly(IC) + interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulates the time- and concentration-dependent expression of iNOS and production of nitrite by rat islets. iNOS expression and nitrite production by rat islets in response to poly(IC) + IFN-γ correlate with an inhibition of insulin secretion and islet degeneration, effects that are prevented by the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). We have previously shown that poly(IC) + IFN-γ activates resident macrophages, stimulating iNOS expression, nitric oxide production and interleukin-1 (IL-1) release. In addition, in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) + lipopolysaccharide, activated resident macrophages mediate β-cell damage via intraislet IL-1 release followed by IL-1-induced iNOS expression by β-cells. The inhibitory and destructive effects of poly(IC) + IFN-γ, however, do not appear to require resident macrophages. Treatment of macrophage-depleted rat islets for 40 h with poly(IC) + IFN-γ results in the expression of iNOS, production of nitrite, and inhibition of insulin secretion. The destructive effects of dsRNA + IFN-γ on islets appear to be mediated by a direct interaction with β-cells. Poly IC + IFN-γ stimulates iNOS expression and inhibits insulin secretion by primary β-cells purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In addition, AG prevents the inhibitory effects of poly(IC) + IFN-γ on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by β-cells. These results indicate that dsRNA + IFN-γ interacts directly with β-cells stimulating iNOS expression and inhibiting insulin secretion in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. These findings provide biochemical evidence for a novel mechanism by which viral infection may directly mediate the initial destruction of β-cells during the development of autoimmune diabetes.
Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with pancreatitis: evaluation of signal intensity and enhancement changes.

Purpose To evaluate the utility of unenhanced and enhanced T1-weighted fat-suppressed (T1-FS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting pancreatitis. Materials and Methods 1.5-T MRI was performed in 25 patients with acute and 23 patients with chronic pancreatitis and in 20 control subjects without known pancreatic disease. T1-FS spin-echo and contrast-enhanced arterial-predominant (DYN1) and portal-predominant (DYN2) fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-echo (FMPSPGR) sequences were evaluated. These three sets of images were evaluated both subjectively for decreased or heterogeneous signal intensity (rating scale, 0–3) and objectively (region of interest (ROI)) in the head, body, and tail of the pancreas, in each patient. Results Good correlation between subjective assessment and objective data was demonstrated. The T1-FS sequence showed an abnormality with greater frequency (T1-FS > DYN1, 81/144 scores; T1-FS = DYN1, 63/144 scores; T1-FS < DYN1, 0/144 scores) and magnitude (average subjective score, 2.48 vs. 1.74; P < 0.0003) than that of the contrast-enhanced FMPSPGR (decreased or heterogeneous enhancement). The overall sensitivity and specificity of MRI was 92% and 50%, respectively. On the basis of signal intensity and enhancement, MRI was not able to differentiate acute from chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion MRI was highly sensitive for disease detection, particularly using the T1-FS sequence, but using the sequences described, was not able to differentiate acute from chronic pancreatitis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:275–284. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biotransformation of Uranium and Transition Metal Citrate Complexes by Clostridia

AbstractClostridium sphenoides, which uses citric acid as its sole carbon source, metabolized equimolar Fe(III)-citrate with the degradation of citric acid and the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), but not the U(VI)-citrate complex. However, in the presence of excess citric acid or added glucose it was reduced to U(IV)-citrate. In contrast, Clostridium sp., which ferments glucose but not citrate, reduced Fe(III)-citrate to Fe(II)-citrate and U(VI)-citrate to U(IV)-citrate only when supplied with glucose. These results show that complexed uranium is readily accessible as an electron acceptor despite the bacterium's inability to metabolize the organic ligand complexed to the actinide. These results also show that the metabolism of the metal-citrate complex depends upon the type of complex formed between the metal and citric acid. Fe(III) forms a bidentate complex with citric acid and was metabolized, whereas U forms a binuclear complex with citric acid and was recalcitrant.
Correcting Distortions in Measurements of Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations

Although recognized as important, measurements of turbulent atmospheric pressure are considered difficult and are conducted infrequently. Here we discuss the essential elements in the design of an instrument for measuring turbulent fluctuations of atmospheric pressure. Our analysis of the instrument’s dynamics is focused on the signal distortions resulting from a pneumatic filter, a necessary element in the instrument’s design. Such distortions substantially affect the observed spectral scaling of the pressure field as well as other quantities of physical interest, such as pressure-velocity 〈p, v〉 and pressure-wave 〈p, η〉 covariances. We propose a computationally efficient discrete-time signal processing method for complete compensation of pneumatic filter distortions and review the criteria for selecting the instrument parameters (sampling frequency and time constant), so that digital filter distortions, precision degradation, clipping, and over-damping, are simultaneously avoided. This correction method must be an inherent part of the instrument’s design.
Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation

The rapid development and potential release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have raised considerable concerns due to the unique properties of nanomaterials. An important aspect of the risk assessment of ENPs is to understand the interactions of ENPs with plants, an essential base component of all ecosystems. The impact of ENPs on plant varies, depending on the composition, concentration, size and other important physical chemical properties of ENPs and plant species. Both enhancive and inhibitive effects of ENPs on plant growth at different developmental stages have been documented. ENPs could be potentially taken up by plant roots and transported to shoots through vascular systems depending upon the composition, shape, size of ENPs and plant anatomy. Despite the insights gained through many previous studies, many questions remain concerning the fate and behavior of ENPs in plant systems such as the role of surface area or surface activity of ENPs on phytotoxicity, the potential route of entrance to plant vascular tissues and the role of plant cell walls in internalization of ENPs. This article reviewed the current knowledge on the phytotoxicity and interactions of ENPs with plants at seedling and cellular levels and discussed the information gap and some immediate research needs to further our knowledge on this topic.
Energy storage and heating measurements in flashlamp-pumped Cr:Nd:GSGG and Nd:YAG

The authors have experimentally measured the energy stored and the heat generated in flashlamp-pumped Cr:Nd:GSGG for three Cr/sup 3+/ concentrations in the range of 1-2*10/sup 20/ ions/cm/sup 3/. It has been found that the energy storage efficiency in these samples is 1.7 times greater than that of the Nd:YAG sample, and the normalized heating parameter chi , defined as the heat deposited per unit of stored energy, is 2.5 under the specified pumping conditions, with no evident dependence on the Cr/sup 3+/ concentration. It has been been found that the measured chi value for the sample of Nd:YAG is 2.9 for the same pumping conditions. These observed chi values exceed expected values by factors of approximately 1.1 and 2 for the Cr:Nd:GSGG and Nd:YAG samples, respectively. The thermal focal length in the two materials was measured showing that the lensing is shorter in GSGG by a factor of 2.6 for the same available output power, or a factor of 4.5 for the same input pump power. The expected thermal lensing was determined using measured heat loads with no adjustable parameters, achieving satisfactory agreement with measured lensing values. >
Catalytic Mechanism and Product Specificity of Rubisco Large Subunit Methyltransferase: QM/MM and MD Investigations†

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations have been carried out in an investigation of Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase (LSMT). It was found that the appearance of a water channel is required for the stepwise methylation by S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). The water channel appears in the presence of AdoMet (LSMT·Lys-NH3+·AdoMet), but is not present immediately after methyl transfer (LSMT·Lys-N(Me)H2+·AdoHcy). The water channel allows proton dissociation from both LSMT·AdoMet·Lys-NH3+ and LSMT·AdoMet·Lys-N(Me)H2+. The water channel does not appear for proton dissociation from LSMT·AdoMet·Lys-N(Me)2H+, and a third methyl transfer does not occur. By QM/MM, the calculated free energy barrier of the first methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by LSMT (Lys-NH2 + AdoMet → Lys-N(Me)H2+ + AdoHcy) is ΔG‡ = 22.8 ± 3.3 kcal/mol. This ΔG‡ is in remarkable agreement with the value 23.0 kcal/mol calculated from the experimental rate constant (6.2 × 10-5 ...
Duration selectivity organization in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus.

Abstract Duration selectivity of auditory neurons plays an important role in sound recognition. Previous studies show that GABA-mediated duration selectivity of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) of many animal species behave as band-, short-, long- and all-pass filters to sound duration. The present study examines the organization of duration selectivity of IC neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus , in relation to graded spatial distribution of GABA A receptors, which are mostly distributed in the dorsomedial region of the IC but are sparsely distributed in the ventrolateral region. Duration selectivity of IC neuron is studied before and during iontophoretic application of GABA and its antagonist, bicuculline. Bicuculline application decreases and GABA application increases duration selectivity of IC neurons. Bicuculline application produces more pronounced broadening of the duration tuning curves of neurons at upper IC than at deeper IC but the opposite is observed during GABA application. The best duration of IC neurons progressively lengthens and duration selectivity decreases with recording depth both before and during drug application. As such, low best frequency neurons at upper IC have shorter best duration and sharper duration selectivity than high best frequency neurons in the deeper IC have. These data suggest that duration selectivity of IC neurons systematically varies with GABA A receptor distribution gradient within the IC.
Activation energy determinations from dielectric thermal analysis of reacting polymeric systems

Methods were developed for calculating reaction activation energies from dielectric property measurements during isothermal and nonisothermal cure of thermosetting polymers. These methods were derived by assuming that features of the dielectric response occurred at unique extent of reaction values. Activation energy results were obtained through dielectric analysis for two thermosetting resin systems: a model epoxy system — tetraglycidyl-4, 4′-diaminodiphenylmethane cured with 25 parts per hundred of 4,4′-diaminiphenylsulfone hardener; and a model dicyanate blend resin, 55% (by weight) of bisphenol A dicyanate and 45% of tetrao-methyl bisphenol F dicyanate. Results were in excellent agreement with activation energies determined from differential scanning calorimetry measurements.
Conceptualizing and scaling the developmental structure of behavior disorder: The Lifetime Alcohol Problems Score -as an example

We contrast the current, clinically based framework for behavior disorder against a life course framework, as an alternative structure upon which to map the variations in onset and stability of clinical symptomatology known to take place in adult life. This alternative developmental framework is used as a base around which to understand known variations in rates of alcohol abuse/dependence over the life course and to review existing schemes for the evaluation of developmental variation in “caseness.” From this work, it was proposed that symptom structure be regarded as a mass of greater or lesser breadth, with properties of extensiveness in time and life course invasiveness, as a function of where in the life course the symptomatology first emerged, and the degree to which the mass sustained itself in developmental time. This framework guided the construction of a time-based measure of alcohol related symptomatology, called the Lifetime Alcohol Problems Score (LAPS). The LAPS discriminated among a variety of alcohol-specific and nonalcohol-specific measures of alcohol-related difficulty, including diagnosis of alcohol dependence, having been in treatment, level of other psychopathology, and measures of family disorganization. The measure has potential applicability for prospective studies, and in estimating clinical prognosis. The utility of the paradigm as a framework within which to conceptualize the emergence, ebb, and flow of other behavior disorders is also discussed.
Hydromagnetic flow of a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet

An analysis is carried out to study the flow characteristics in an electrically conducting second grade fluid permeated by a uniform magnetic field over a stretching sheet. In order to solve the fourth-order non-linear differential equation, a fourth boundary condition is augmented and a proper sign for the normal stress modulus is used. It is observed that for a physical flow problem the solution is unique. The exact solutions for the velocity fields for various combinations of the parameters M (the magnetic parameter) R (the suction Reynolds number) and @l"1 (the viscoelastic parameter) are obtained. Furthermore, numerical solutions for the velocity components are obtained and discussed.
Hybrid VQ of video sequences using quadtree motion segmentation

A new hybrid coding scheme for video sequences is presented. With the introduction of a fast quadtree motion segmentation algorithm, motion vectors are estimated with variable size block matching which produces better performance considering both overhead motion information and motion compensated prediction error. Small blocks containing high motion activities are intraframe vector quantized, whereas large blocks representing smooth motion areas are first decimated and then interframe vector quantized. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme performs very well.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flow balancing in liquid metal blankets

Abstract Non-uniform flow distribution between parallel channels is one of the most serious concerns for self-cooled liquid metal blankets with electrically insulated walls. We show that uncertainties in flow distribution can be dramatically reduced by relatively simple design modifications. Several design features which impose flow uniformity by electrically coupling parallel channels are surveyed. Basic mechanisms for “flow balancing” are described, and a particular self-regulating concept using discrete passive electrodes is proposed for the US ITER advanced blanket concept. Scoping calculations suggest that this simple technique can be very powerful in equalizing the flow, even with massive insulator failures in individual channels. More detailed analyses and experimental verification will be required to demonstrate this concept for ITER.
Methemoglobinemia caused by 8-aminoquinoline drugs: DFT calculations suggest an analogy to H4B's role in nitric oxide synthase.

We suggest a possible mechanism of how 8-aminoquinolines (8-AQ’s) cause hemotoxicity by oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin. In our DFT calculations, we found that 5-hydroxyprimaquine is able to donate an electron to O2 to facilitate its conversion to H2O2. Meanwhile, Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) and methemoglobin is formed. In this mechanism, the 8-AQ drug plays a similar role as that of H4B in nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, our study offers an approach to inform the design of less toxic antimalarial drugs.
FINISHED AT 40 Women's Development within the Patriarchy

Psychological theories of women's lives in middle age and beyond are restricted, negative, and scarce. An overview of women's adult development in textbooks and the professional literature indicates that (a) the prevailing focus of concern is the woman as a biological creature, especially as a mother; (b) the proposed lifecycle trajectory is one in which the woman's life goes into decline after approximately age 40; and (c) little attention is paid to the particular character of women's life narratives. Such treatments of adult womanhood are advantageous to a patriarchal system of power. For future inquiry a social constructionist approach is proposed. Recommended are theories that: liberate interpretations of women from an exclusive focus on their reproductive roles; support methodologies along feminist valuational lines; give preference to relational networks over autonomous individualism; create new narrative life forms for women that are multiple and non-linear; and support a critical function both wi...
The role of place of reinforcer delivery in the appearance of positive induction when rats respond for 1% sucrose

Rats increase their rate of operant responding for 1% sucrose reinforcement in the first half of an experimental session if a high-valued reinforcer will be available in the second half. Previous research suggests that this induction effect occurs because the reinforcing value of the low-valued substance has increased. The present study investigated whether this increase may occur because of where the substances are delivered. Rats pressed a lever to earn 1% liquid-sucrose reinforcers in the first half of the session. In control conditions, they also pressed for 1% sucrose in the second half. In treatment conditions, they pressed for food-pellet (Experiment 1) or 32% sucrose (Experiment 2) reinforcers in the second half, with these reinforcers either being delivered to the same location as the 1% sucrose or to a different location. Upcoming food-pellet or 32% sucrose reinforcement increased rates of lever pressing for 1% sucrose in the first half of the session, with the largest increase observed when the high-valued reinforcer was delivered to the same location as the 1% sucrose. Qualitatively similar results were found with rates of consumption of 1% sucrose reinforcers in the first half of the session, which were measured in Experiment 2. The location to which reinforcers are delivered appears to be one of the factors that contributes to this induction effect. The present results may therefore identify one of the factors that determine whether differential conditions of reinforcement will lead to contrast or induction.
The Rumanians and the Habsburg Monarchy

The endless and frequently meaningless disputes involving the contribution of one or another nationality group to the maintenance or dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy have obscured the essential question: was the multinational empire viable? Different answers have been provided, usually on the basis of the historian's individual national prejudices, whether Hungarian, Yugoslav, Polish, Ruthenian, Italian, or Rumanian. The ranks of the disputants have been swelled by “volunteers” of non-East European origin ever ready to champion, on sentimental or ideological rather than historical grounds, whatever causes may have been appealing at a given time.
Search for progestin receptors (PR) in prolactin-releasing peptidergic neurons: oxytocin neurons lack PR, but respond to gonadal steroids in monkeys.

Progesterone (P) increases PRL secretion in estrogen (E)-primed primates, but not by a direct action on lactotropes. Oxytocin is one of several hypothalamic hormones that stimulate PRL secretion. This study was conducted to determine whether oxytocin neurons directly mediate the action of P on PRL secretion. Hypothalamic sections from steroid-manipulated macaques were double immunolabeled for oxytocin and progestin receptors (PR). In addition, serum levels of oxytocin were measured in steroid-treated macaques, and hypothalamic levels of oxytocin were measured in monkeys under various physiological conditions. E treatment (28 days) of spayed monkeys caused a significant increase in the number of PR-positive neurons in the preoptic area, ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and median eminence. Addition of P to the E treatment for the last 14 of 28 days did not change the number of PR-positive neurons in these areas. The number of PR-positive neurons was low and was unchanged by steroid treatment in the s...
An Object-Based Approach to Assessing the Organization of Tropical Convection

AbstractThe organization of tropical convection is assessed through an object-based analysis of satellite brightness temperature data Tb, a proxy for convective activity. The analysis involves the detection of contiguous cloud regions (CCRs) in the three-dimensional space of latitude, longitude, and time where Tb falls below a given threshold. A range of thresholds is considered and only CCRs that satisfy a minimum size constraint are retained in the analysis. Various statistical properties of CCRs are documented including their zonal speed of propagation, which is estimated using a Radon transformation technique. Consistent with previous studies, a majority of CCRs are found to propagate westward, typically at speeds of around 15 m s−1, regardless of underlying Tb threshold. Most of these zonally propagating CCRs have lifetimes less than 2 days and zonal widths less than 800 km, implying aggregation of just a few individual mesoscale convective systems. This object-based perspective is somewhat different...
Determination of Tin in Enamel and Dentin by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

The determination of tin by atomic absorption spectroscopy was developed to such a degree that it could be applied to the analysis of tin in dental tissues at the 1 ppm level. This development involved the elimination of the interference due to calcium and its phosphates and the improvement of operating conditions to maximize sensitivity. By use of this method, tin was determined in untreated and stannous fluoride-treated powdered and intact enamel and dentin.
Burden: A Review of Measures Used Among Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia

This paper critiques and discusses 10 measures of burden that have been used with caregivers of individuals with dementia. Current measures target diverse caregiver and care recipient populations, and vary in conceptualization and measurement of burden. Although many measures contain reliability data, relatively few report content validity, convergent/divergent validity, criterion validity, or sensitivity to change. Implications of these limitations for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Colonization of a Watershed by Anadromous Salmonids following the Installation of a Fish Ladder in Margaret Creek, Southeast Alaska

Abstract We evaluated the colonization of a watershed blocked by a 7-m falls following the installation of an Alaska steeppass fish ladder to provide access for anadromous salmonids. Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, pink salmon O. gorbuscha, and chum salmon O. keta were present below the falls. Fry of sockeye salmon O. nerka were stocked into Margaret Lake once in 1988 and annually from 1990 through 1994. Pink salmon were the most numerous species to colonize habitat above the falls. Coho salmon moved up the ladder during all years. However, progeny from 25,000 coho salmon presmolts that were stocked in 1991 were the greatest proportion of the returns in 1992, 1995, and 1996. During the study, only 1,595 sockeye salmon returned from more than 1.4 million that were stocked. The rapidity of colonization by naturally occurring anadromous salmonids, including cutthroat trout O. clarki, Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma, and steelhead O. mykiss, underscores a life history strategy of exploiting newly accessible h...
Further conformational aspects of the amino-acid histidine: crystal and molecular structure of histidine dihydrochloride

Histidine dihydrochloride crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space groupP212121, with unit-cell dataa = 6.970(4),b = 16.165(7),c = 8.964(6)A,Vc = 1010.0A3 andZ = 4. Intensities for 1360 independent reflections were collected on an automated diffractometer. The structure was solved by standard heavy-atom methods and refined by full-matrix least squares, based onF, to anR-value of 0.027. The final weightedR-value and goodness-of-fit are 0.029 and 1.9, respectively. The histidine residue exists in the crystal as the carboxylic acid with protonation of the primary amine nitrogen and the imidazole ring. The overall conformation of the molecule is extended, similar to that observed inL-histidine,DL-histidine hydrochloride dihydrate, and one of the two independent molecules in the structure ofL-N-acetylhistidine. There is an extensive array of hydrogen bonds formed in the crystal, which, presumedly, together with the observed electrostatic interactions, account for the adopted molecular conformation.
Cardiac arrest in the emergency medical service system: Guidelines for resuscitation

A two-year study of 198 consecutive patients treated for cardiac arrest in the emergency department at Stanford University Medical Center was undertaken. The relatively poor overall survival rate of 3% and the complexity of deciding how to treat cardiac arrest victims suggest the need for guidelines to assist the emergency physician when resuscitating cardiac arrest patients. From the above study and a survey of the literature, the authors formulated the following guidelines of when resuscitation should be discontinued or not attempted: Cases of apnea and pulselessness known to have exceeded 10 minutes, no response after more than 30 minutes of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), no ventricular EKG activity after more than 10 minutes of ACLS, and preexisting terminal illness.
Simulator telemetry (STING) and head up display designer middleware for the NADS MiniSim driving simulator

In-vehicle systems, from infotainment to head up displays, increasingly make use of telemetry data obtained from the vehicle (e.g., speed, location, brake pedal state). Researchers must carefully study the design and use of these dynamic systems to ensure displays and interactions are optimal for driving. Thus, researchers must have tools to test and refine HUDs and integrated systems, especially in driving simulator environments. However, getting live telemetry data to integrate into new interfaces is often very difficult to accomplish, particularly within a simulator as most simulators do not provide this live-feed. Further, HUD systems can be difficult or expensive to build within a research environment, and limited in their flexibility. We present two new middleware systems, for use in the NADS MiniSim simulator, that accomplish both of these feats: (1) STING, a system for reading live data from the simulator and making it available to researchers; and (2) HUD Designer, a system for creating custom dynamic HUD graphics, and displaying them on any of the MiniSim screens, or on an external HUD. Possible use cases for these systems are discussed, along with where to find more information and download the subsystems.
Electron-donor-acceptor π-orbital correlations in cofacial isomers of the benzene-tetracyanoethylene system

Abstract Anti correlation of highest bonding with lowest antibonding π-orbitals of the benzene - TCNE complex in cofacial isomers of C 2v symmetry leads to ground state stabilisation associated with EDA complex behaviour in each case.
Scanners Save Time and Dollars

For some time I have been intrigued by the idea of using a device to scan a printed report and save the image to a file that could be manipulated by a word processor or a spreadsheet program. But each time I inquired at a store or read a review of a scanner, my idea was abruptly scotched by the information that the scanned and saved image was only a “graphic image” and not a manipulatable series of letters and numbers (i.e., a character image commonly referred to as an ASCII file). To do what I wanted to do would require Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software, and that was very expensive.
Mesoporous indium tin oxide (ITO) films

Abstract We have developed a route to mesostructured indium tin oxide (ITO) films. The films, with the In/Sn atomic ratio of 9:1, were prepared using cetyltrimethylammonium (CTAB) as templating agent. Substrates of silicon and quartz and borosilicate glasses were spin-coated with an ethanol–CTAB solution of indium and tin chlorides, followed by heat treatment in air. Characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The CTAB template could be removed with retention of the mesostructure, by heat treatment at 300 °C, yielding a material with pore walls of single-phase cubic bixbyite structure and a mesoporous d-spacing of 4.4 nm.
A review of technology-based interventions to maintain weight loss.

Abstract Background: For many decades, healthcare providers and researchers have developed weight-loss interventions to help people achieve weight loss. Unfortunately, it is typical for people to lose weight quickly during the intervention period but then slowly regain weight until they return to their approximate baseline. Technology-based maintenance interventions are among the newest approaches to long-term weight loss. Several advantages make technology helpful for maintaining weight loss. The purpose of this article was to review and critique the randomized controlled trials of technology-based weight-loss maintenance interventions (WLMIs) for adults. Materials and Methods: A systematic search through electronic databases and a manual citation search were conducted. Limited numbers of controlled trials published since 2000 that included randomization, and technology-based WLMIs were identified. Results: The characteristics of the eight studies were diverse. The average score of study design quality w...
Effects of Heavy Drinking on Executive Cognitive Functioning in a Community Sample

BACKGROUND: Deficits in several aspects of executive cognitive functioning (ECF) have been consistently associated with alcohol use disorders. Most of this research, however, has been conducted in alcohol dependent patient samples. A handful of recent studies, primarily in college students, have also reported similar deficits, but little is known about the effects of heavy drinking in adult, non-patient men and women. METHODS: A community sample (N = 560) of men and women completed a brief battery of ECF measures including measures of attentional control, cognitive flexibility, working memory and response inhibition.Quantity/frequency of alcohol and illicit drug use in the past year were also assessed. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that men and women with higher levels of alcohol consumption exhibited greater impairment on several ECF measures, primarily those pertaining to cognitive flexibility and response inhibition. These results remained after controlling for demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support and extend prior work documenting the deleterious effects of heavy alcohol consumption on ECF in a community sample and specifically indicate robust effects on cognitive flexibility,psychomotor speed, and response inhibition. Language: en
Low-density lipoprotein receptors regulate microglial inflammation through c-Jun N-terminal kinase

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been implicated in modulating the central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in apoE-dependent immunomodulation are poorly understood. We hypothesize that apoE alters the CNS inflammatory response by signaling via low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in glia. To address this hypothesis, we used a small bioactive peptide formed from the receptor-binding domain of apoE, apoE peptide (EP), to study LDL receptor signaling in microglia. To model glial activation, we treated primary mouse microglia and the microglial cell line BV2 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and studied two inflammatory responses: an increase in nitric oxide production (NO) and a decrease in apoE production. We found that treatment of primary microglia and BV2 cells with EP attenuated LPS-induced NO accumulation and apoE reduction in a dose-dependent manner. Using the receptor-associated protein to block ligand binding to members of the LDL receptor family, we found that EP attenuated both of these LPS-induced inflammatory responses via LDL receptors. We studied two intracellular signaling cascades associated with apoE: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). LPS induced both ERK and JNK activation, whereas EP induced ERK activation, but drastically reduced JNK activation. Inhibition of JNK with SP600125 reduced LPS-induced NO production and apoE reduction in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of microglia with suboptimal EP in combination with JNK inhibitor enhanced attenuation of LPS-induced NO production. These data suggest that microglial LDL receptors regulate JNK activation, which is necessary for apoE modulation of the inflammatory response.
5: Bilingual/Bicultural Education:

This chapter (in line with the policy guidelines for the Review of Research in Education volumes) will survey the state of disciplined inquiry in the field of bilingual education (BE). This topic presents an unusually difficult task for a review chapter because the inquiry is frequently characterized by lack of discipline and rampant bias for or against issues, which range from bilingual education itself, its goals and objectives, to classroom techniques. Frequently this debate is carried out at a level of methodological development, when political ideology is actually the basic issue. To illustrate, the innocuous-sounding title of this chapter, assigned by the Review editor (no doubt in all innocence), has become a slogan which serves as the rallying cry of a particular interest group. At the federal level, only HEW agencies which work with civil rights legislation and Title VI funding ever use the term bicultural education. Title VII-funded programs officially eschew the use of the term bilingual/bicultural education; the statement by John Molina, former director of the Office of Bilingual Education of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, at a recent conference at the National Institute of Education is illustrative: "The United States government is in the business to teach language, not to teach culture." Needless to say, a great deal of caution is needed with research which grows out of such a controversial situation.
Common patient care issues following surgery for head and neck cancer.

The patient with an exposed neck wound is at high risk for rupture of the carotid artery. Although this is an infrequent event, it is a complication in 3.5% of patients who have had radical surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx.' Predispos- ing factors that may contribute to disruption of the suture line with resultant exposure of the carotid artery are extensive radiation therapy, tumor growth and invasion, tissue necrosis, hematoma formation, skin graft rejection, wound infection, fistula formation, and vessel exposure.2'7 When the common carotid or innominate artery ruptures, external bleeding through the neck wound and/or internal bleeding within the oropharynx may oc- cur.
The fusion of isolated nonlinear eddies

Abstract The interaction of two isolated lens-like eddies is examined with the aid of an inviscid nonlinear model. The barotropic layer in which the lenses are embedded is infinitely deep so that there is no interaction between the eddies unless their edges touch each other. It is assumed that the latter is brought about by a mean flow which relaxes after pushing the eddies against each other and forming a “figure 8” structure. Using qualitative arguments (based on continuity and conservation of energy along the eddies’ edge) it is shown that, once a “figure 8” shape is established, intrusions along the eddies’ peripheries are generated. These intrusions resemble “arms” or “tentacles” and their structure gives the impression that one vortex is “hugging” the other. As time goes on the tentacles become longer and longer and, ultimately, the eddies are entirely converted into very long spiral-like tentacles. These spiraled tentacles are adjacent to each other so that the final result is a single vortex conta...
Holography Applied to Structural Components

Some examples of applications of holographic interferometry to structures are presented in this paper. Some of the reconstruction techniques are novel and have not been reported previously, in particular the moire and blink projection methods to be described. The applications are arranged in increasing order of quantitative or interpretive sophistication. The dis-cussion of the actual holographic technique in each instance is very brief, the details being available in the literature. . . . nothing more can be attempted than to establish the beginning and the direction of an infinitely long road. The pretension of any systematic and definitive completeness would be, at least, a self-illusion. Perfection can here be ob-tained by the individual student only in the subjective sense that he communicates everything he has been able to see." Georg Simmel