cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic-vibrational density evolution in a perylene bisimide dimer: mechanistic insights into excitation energy transfer

The process of excitation energy transfer (EET) in molecular aggregates is etched with the signatures of a multitude of electronic and vibrational time scales that often are extremely difficult to resolve. The effect of the motion associated with one molecular vibration on that of another is fundamental to the dynamics of EET. In this paper we present simple theoretical ideas along with fully quantum mechanical calculations to develop a comprehensive mechanistic picture of EET in terms of the time evolution of electronic-vibrational densities (EVD) in a perylene bisimide (PBI) dimer, where 28 intramolecular normal modes couple to the ground and excited electronic states of each molecule. The EVD motion exhibits a plethora of dynamical features, which impart physical justification for the composite effects observed in the EET dynamics. Weakly coupled vibrations lead to classical-like motion of the EVD center on each electronic state, while highly nontrivial EVD characteristics develop under moderate or strong exciton–vibration interaction, leading to the formation of split or crescent-shaped densities, as well as density retention that slows down energy transfer and creates new peaks in the electronic populations. Pronounced correlation effects are observed in two-mode projections of the EVD, as a consequence of indirect vibrational coupling between uncoupled normal modes induced by the electronic coupling. Such indirect coupling depends on the strength of exciton–vibration interactions as well as the frequency mismatch between the two modes and leaves nontrivial signatures in the electronic population dynamics. The collective effects of many vibrational modes cause a partial smearing of these features through dephasing.
Three Immunocompetent Small Animal Models That Do Not Support Zika Virus Infection

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. ZIKV causes disease in infected humans with added complications of Guillain-Barre syndrome and birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. There are several large immunocompetent animal models for ZIKV including non-human primates (NHPs). NHP models closely reflect human infection; however, due to sample size restrictions, investigations into the effects of transmission route and the impacts on disease dynamics have been understudied. Mice have been widely used for modeling ZIKV infection, yet there are few ZIKV-susceptible immunocompetent mouse models and none of these have been used to investigate sexual transmission. In an effort to identify a small immunocompetent animal model to characterize sexual transmission of ZIKV, we attempt experimental infection of multimammate mice, New Zealand white rabbits, and Hartley guinea pigs. The multimammate mouse is the natural reservoir of Lassa fever virus and has been identified to harbor other human pathogens. Likewise, while NZW rabbits are susceptible to West Nile virus, they have not yet been examined for their susceptibility to infection with ZIKV. Guinea pigs have been successfully used as models for ZIKV infection, but only in immunocompromised life stages (young or pregnant). Here, it was found that the multimammate mouse and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are not susceptible ZIKV infection as determined by a lack viral RNA in tissues and fluids collected. Sexually mature male Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously and by mosquito bite, but found to be refractory to ZIKV infection, contrary to findings of other studies in young and pregnant guinea pigs. Interestingly, here it is shown that adult male guinea pigs are not susceptible to ZIKV infection, even when infected by natural route (e.g., mosquito bite). Although a new small animal model for the sexual transmission for ZIKV was not established through this study, these findings provide information on outbred animal species that are not permissive to infection (NZW rabbits and multimammate mice) and new information surrounding limitations of a previously established animal model (guinea pigs).
Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis by Cladophialophora bantiana associated with Fingolimod

Abstract Background Cladophialophora species are fungi, which almost exclusively cause infections of the central nervous system. Mortality from Cladophialophora exceeds 65% despite treatment. Although it is a rare infection in the United States, the use of multiple and concurrent immunosuppressants has led to surges in invasive fungal infections. Case Presentation We present a case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a patient with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, who was treated with fingolimod and methotrexate. The patient presented with altered mental status and aphasia secondary to a loculated abscess in the left temporal region. She underwent surgical debridement and was treated with antifungals. Fingolimod and methotrexate were discontinued indefinitely, and the patient recovered. Conclusion Fingolimod, a lymphocyte-depleting agent, increases the risk of opportunistic infections, especially if used concurrently with other disease modifying therapies, therefore, careful selection of a single agent should be performed in patients with MS and other concurrent autoimmune disorders.
Dynamic dispersion slope monitoring of many WDM channels using dispersion-induced RF clock regeneration

We demonstrate an inline dispersion slope monitoring scheme for dynamically measuring the residual dispersion in dispersion managed fiber optic links by taking advantage of chromatic dispersion induced RF clock regeneration.
A Mathematical Bibliography of Signed and Gain Graphs and Allied Areas

A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled by signs. This is a bibliography of signed graphs and related mathematics. Several kinds of labelled graph have been called "signed" yet are mathematically very different. I distinguish four types: Group-signed graphs: the edge labels are elements of a 2-element group and are multiplied around a polygon (or along any walk). Among the natural generalizations are larger groups and vertex signs. Sign-colored graphs, in which the edges are labelled from a two-element set that is acted upon by the sign group: - interchanges labels, + leaves them unchanged. This is the kind of "signed graph" found in knot theory. The natural generalization is to more colors and more general groups — or no group. Weighted graphs, in which the edge labels are the elements +1 and -1 of the integers or another additive domain. Weights behave like numbers, not signs; thus I regard work on weighted graphs as outside the scope of the bibliography — ex cept (to some extent) when the author calls the weights "signs". Labelled graphs where the labels have no structure or properties but are called "signs" for any or no reason.
THE EFFORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED PASSIVE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

This report presents an overview of the Occupant Packaging research program within the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The report discusses the program's efforts to establish the feasibilities of practical methods for providing the highest levels of occupant protection. In the area of frontal impact protection, work is progressing on advanced driver air bag systems, on a bag and bolster approach to passenger protection, on the development of improved inflation techniques for inflatables and on the passive application of the air belt concept. Efforts in the other areas of side, rear, and rollover protection are discussed as are NHTSA's efforts in child restraint research.
Desigualdades de bienestar y axiomática rawlsiana

Este articulo trata de las comparaciones ordinales de desigualdad de bienestar y su uso en los juicios de bienestar social, especialmente en el contexto del "principio de diferencia" de Rawls. En la seccion 1 se desarrolla el concepto de comparaciones de desigualdad ordinales y se presenta un teorema sobre las comparaciones de desigualdad de bienestar para problemas de distribucion. La seccion 2 se dedicaa la discusion de Harsanyi (1955) de que la preocupacion por reducir las desigualdades de bienestar entre las personas no debe interferir en los juicios de bienestar social. En la seccion 3 se presenta una derivacion axiomatica de la regla lexicografica maximin de Rawls; esta se relaciona directamente con los resultados establecidos por Hammond (1975), d'Aspremont y Gevers (1975), y Strasnick (1975). En la ultima seccion se examinan los axiomas usados y se analizan algunos axiomas alternativos con la intencion de llegar a una evaluacion critica del enfoque de Rawls de los juicios sobre el bienestar social.
Acai Palm Management in the Amazon Estuary: Course for Conservation or Passage to Plantations?

In the lalate 1980s, the acai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit and palmito extraction system of eastern Amazonia was heralded as a promising alternative to deforestation that could simultaneously provide income to rural producers and protect forest integrity. We e tested these claims in ffive communities located along a distance gradient from the lalargest regional market in Belem, Brazil. We e evaluated the market accessibility and management strategies of acai producers, and assessed the im­pacts of management on forest characteristics. In contrast to other NTFP systems, we found that distance to the major market is not a limiting factor for acai sales because throughout the region intermediaries are readily available to transport acai from producer to market. Demand for acai fruit is increasing, leading to intensification of palm management, which results in the conversion of native flfloodplain forests into acai-dominated forests that closely resemble plantations. We e conclude that the acai system is not typical of other NTFP and should not be regarded as a model for merging forest conservation with rural development. However, the increased demand for acai, especially from educated consumers, together with the ease of production and marketing, present an opportunity to develop the acai system into one in which both rural livelihoods and forest integrity are supported.
Percutaneous Cryoablation vs Partial Nephrectomy: Cost Comparison of T1a Tumors

Abstract Purpose: To compare cost of percutaneous cryoablation vs open and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy of T1a renal masses from the hospital perspective. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively compared cost, clinical and tumor data of 37 percutaneous cryoablations to 26 open and 102 robot-assisted partial nephrectomies. Total cost was the sum of direct and indirect cost of procedural and periprocedural variables. Clinical data included demographics, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), hospitalization time, complication rate, ICU admission rate, and 30-day readmission rates. Tumor data included size, RENAL nephrometry score, and malignancy rate. Student's t-test was used for continuous variables and Fisher's exact or chi-square tests for categorical data. Results: Mean total cost was lower for percutaneous cryoablation than open or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: $6067 vs $11392 or $11830 (p<0.0001) with lower cost of procedure room: $1516 vs $3272 or $3254 (p<0.0001), room and board: $95 vs $1...
Köhler illumination for high-resolution optical metrology

Accurate preparation of illumination is critical for high-resolution optical metrology applications such as linewidth and overlay measurements. To improve the detailed evaluation and alignment of the illumination optics, we have separated Koehler illumination into three components. The three Koehler illumination components are defined as full field spatial intensity variation (Koehler factor 1), angular intensity homogeneity (Koehler factor 2), and wavefront phase/intensity homogeneity (Koehler factor 3). We have also proposed a field aperture pattern transfer method to analyze the illumination properties with respect to systematic variations, such as the shape of the source, the intensity distribution at the back focal plane, and the displacements of elements along and off the optical axis. These factors were investigated in both ideal and practical illumination systems. In particular, any angular asymmetry in the illumination proves to have a detrimental effect upon the distribution of light that illuminates the target. Wavefront asymmetry is also studied in the context of an optical system with a coherent or partially coherent light source.
Short versus Long Coalitions: Electoral Accountability and the Size of the Public Sector

This article examines the policy consequences of the number of parties in government. We argue that parties externalize costs not borne by their support groups. Larger parties thus internalize more costs than small parties because they represent more groups. This argument implies that the public sector should be larger the more parties there are in the government coalition. We test this prediction using yearly time-series cross-sectional data from 1970 to 1998 in 17 European countries. We find that increasing the number of parties in government increases the fraction of GDP accounted for by government spending by close to half a percentage point, or more than one billion current dollars in the typical year. We find little support for the alternative claim that the number of legislative parties affects the size of the public sector, except via the number of parties in government.
Maternal Guidance of Adolescents: An African-American Perspective

This study sought to determine how 271 African-American mothers of 10- to 14-year-old children perceived their strengths and limitations as parents, and detect how 292 children from this age group perceived the parent performance of their mothers. Significant generational differences were found in 4 of 6 subscales and 30 of 60 items on the Parent Success Indicator (PSI). The variable that had the greatest influence on how both generations viewed parent success was the amount of time they spent together.
Influence of Cooling Rate on the Microstructures and Properties of Q550

A Q550 high strength steel was selected at two different cooling rates through ultra-fast cooling process, and its microstructures and strengthening mechanisms were analyzed. The results show the bainite transformation temperature of the steel decreased with the increasing of cooling rate.The ultra-fast cooling process can improve the performance of Q550 compared with the conventional cooling process, and the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 600MPa, 755MPa and 19%, and - 20 °Cimpact energy is 253J, and good strength and toughness are obtained under ultra-fast cooling process. The microstructure of this steel is bainite and good strength and toughness are caused by the refinement of bainite and fine precipitates. Ultra-fast cooling technology improves the strength and toughness of this steel effectively.
Help-Seeking and Social Support in Japanese Sojourners

Research shows that social support is essential for healthy psychological functioning. Help seeking and social support are soc ial processes shaped by cultural understandings about how need should be expressed, to whom, and in what circumstances. This study used grounded theory methodology to examine how cultural factors regulate help seeking and social support in a sample of 25 Japanese sojourners' wives living in America. Culturally based social edicts such as mutual responsibility and in-group solidarity were found to promote help seeking and social support. In contrast, culturally specific factors such as enryo (polite deference) hierarchy, and the cultural rules governing reciprocity inhibited these behaviors. From these data, a cultural model of social exchange allowing for cultural diversity, is proposed. This model can increase the effectiveness of nursing interventions aimed at community-based health promotion.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of neurons in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus during tonic and burst response mode

Relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus respond to visual stimuli in one of two modes: burst and tonic. The burst mode depends on the activation of a voltage-dependent, Ca2+ conductance underlying the low threshold spike. This conductance is inactivated at depolarized membrane potentials, but when activated from hyperpolarized levels, it leads to a large, triangular, nearly all-or-none depolarization. Typically, riding its crest is a high-frequency barrage of action potentials. Low threshold spikes thus provide a nonlinear amplification allowing hyperpolarized relay neurons to respond to depolarizing inputs, including retinal EPSPs. In contrast, the tonic mode is characterized by a steady stream of unitary action potentials that more linearly reflects the visual stimulus. In this study, we tested possible differences in detection between response modes of 103 geniculate neurons by constructing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for responses to visual stimuli (drifting sine-wave gratings and flashing spots). Detectability was determined from the ROC curves by computing the area under each curve, known as the ROC area. Most cells switched between modes during recording, evidently due to small shifts in membrane potential that affected the activation state of the low threshold spike. We found that the more often a cell responded in burst mode, the larger its ROC area. This was true for responses to optimal and nonoptimal visual stimuli, the latter including nonoptimal spatial frequencies and low stimulus contrasts. The larger ROC areas associated with burst mode were due to a reduced spontaneous activity and roughly equivalent level of visually evoked response when compared to tonic mode. We performed a within-cell analysis on a subset of 22 cells that switched modes during recording. Every cell, whether tested with a low contrast or high contrast visual stimulus exhibited a larger ROC area during its burst response mode than during its tonic mode. We conclude that burst responses better support signal detection than do tonic responses. Thus, burst responses, while less linear and perhaps less useful in providing a detailed analysis of visual stimuli, improve target detection. The tonic mode, with its more linear response, seems better suited for signal analysis rather than signal detection.
RE‐SITUATING SCOTIST THOUGHT

In “Duns Scotus: His Historical and Contemporary Significance”, Catherine Pickstock presents several levels of a critique against Scotist thought. My response focuses upon the assumptions that ground her critique. In sum, I think that Pickstock’s argument errs on two counts. While her contemporary critique may be better lodged upon the interpreters and not the Franciscan himself, her much more elaborated critique of Scotus is not well founded. I conclude my essay with a few comments about the danger of historical categories such as “voluntarism” or “intellectualism” for any authentic retrieval of a medieval thinker.
Economics of sunflower oil production and use in the United States

U.S. consumption of fats and oils over the past decade increased at an annual rate of 2.8% and in 1970 reached an all-time high of 18 billion pounds. About two thirds of U.S. consumption is in food products. Salad and cooking oils, shortening, and margarine account for the major share of food oil use. Sunflower oil is well suited for these uses especially for salad and cooking oils, and margarine, owing to its stable qualities and high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids. With yields averaging around 1250 lb./acre and prices at 3–4 cents/lb., sunflowers have not been competitive with established crops in the southern states during the past few years. Returns from sun-flowers in the Red River Valley, where yields have averaged around 1000 lb, appear to be more competitive with established crops than in the southern states. Some farmers in the South have achieved yields of 2000 lb. or more per acre and this seems to indicate that yields could be improved with better management. This analysis indicates that yields of 1600–2000 lb./acre, at a price of 4 cents/lb. for the seed, should permit sunflowers to compete with corn, soybeans, wheat and sorghum in a number of farming areas. As experience is gained in growing the crop and higher yielding hybrid seed is better adapted to the available region, sunflowers should become a more significant factor in the U.S. farm economy.
A toolkit for nonlinear feedback design

Abstract Motivated by several recent results, we assemble a set of basic tools which can be used to construct systematic procedures for nonlinear feedback design. As an illustration, we construct a backstepping procedure for observer-based global stabilization and tracking of a class of nonlinear systems.
bim-FCS Analysis of Membrane Protein Diffusion Reveals Dynamics of Membrane Cytoskeleton and Lipid Domains in Intact Cells

Signaling transmembrane proteins are experiencing a heterogeneous structure due to membrane cytoskeleton meshwork and selective association with cholesterol stabilized lipid domains throughout the cell membrane. The limited optical resolution due to diffraction limits direct observation of both cytoskeleton structure and cholesterol stabilized micro-domains.Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) allows to measure membrane protein diffusion, but does not resolve the heterogeneity. We analyze the diffusion of GFP-tagged membrane proteins in multiple areas of increasing size simultaneous using TIRF illumination and camera based FCS. The binned-imaging FCS (bim-FCS) allows distinguishing free Brownian diffusing proteins from proteins interacting with the membrane cytoskeleton and from proteins transiently entering sub-microscopic domains of reduced mobility. Using bimFCS it is possible to study how subtle changes modulate the structural nanodomains or the functional interaction with them, and how these changes propagate with time.We investigate effect of membrane meshwork on diffusion of transmembrane proteins and on GPI anchored proteins which associate with cholesterol stabilized micro-domains in intact cells. We show in real-time how the protein-membrane ultrastructure interactions are modulated by protein dimerization or lipid cross-linking. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of bimFCS experiments with square pixels to analyze the effect of cytoskeleton barriers and cholesterol domains on the diffusion. We are able to quantitatively model the changes induced by protein or lipid cross-linking.
The development and lateralization of prey delivery in a bill load-holding bird

Laterality or the preferential use of one or the other side of the body is associated with differential brain activity and increased specialization of brain function. Right or left biases are widespread among vertebrates and have been documented among some birds. Bill load holding or the delivery of whole prey in a bird's beak is common among terns (Charadriiformes) and many other birds. We recorded more than 2000 Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia, chick-feeding events for analysis of lateralization of prey within the bills of adult birds, size and shape of prey items delivered to chicks in relation to chick age, and the development of prey-handling skills among chicks. No initial lateralization of prey head position was found as adults flew into the colony, but head position of successful feeds was found to be significantly lateralized with a bias to the right side. Adults switched prey orientation significantly more often from left to right than from right to left without dropping the prey item, suggesting an adult bias. Adults appeared to adjust the length but not the shape of prey delivered according to chick age. Ability of chicks to manipulate prey items increased with age. Lateralization was most obvious in the first week of a tern's life, and adults modified their delivery behaviour to respond to these changes. Bill load-holding birds are excellent subjects to study lateralization of feeding behaviour in the wild and they may allow integration of lateralization with developmental changes.
EXACERBATION OF GLYCOSURIA BY PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY IN THE PARTIALLY DEPANCREATIZED RAT.

SummaryPartially depancreatized rats were tube-fed a medium carbohydrate diet. Removal of approximately 70% of the liver did not increase already severe glycosuria, but it did cause a marked exacerbation of glycosuria in moderately diabetic rats and in partially depancreatized rats without spontaneous glycosuria. A sham operation failed to cause excretion of more glucose although there was increased excretion of non-protein nitrogen.
Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Applicant Survey: Characteristics of Successful Applicants and Feedback about the Interview Process

BACKGROUND Integrated plastic surgery residency training is growing in popularity, bringing new challenges to program directors and applicants. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of successful applicants and to obtain feedback from applicants to improve the integrated plastic surgery residency training application and interview process. METHODS An anonymous survey assessing applicant academic qualifications, number of interviews offered and attended, and opinions about the application and interview process was distributed electronically to the 2006 integrated plastic surgery residency training applicant class. The number of interviews offered was used as an indicator of potential applicant success. RESULTS A 38 percent survey participation rate (139 of 367) was achieved. United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score correlated with number of interview invitations (p < or = 0.001). Successful Alpha Omega Alpha designation (p < or = 0.001), high class rank (p = 0.034), presence of a plastic surgery residency program at the participant's school (p = 0.026), and authorship of one or more publications (p < or = 0.001) were associated with receiving greater number of interview invitations. Geographic location was an important consideration for applicants when applying to and ranking programs. Applicants desired interviews on weekdays and geographic coordination of interviews. CONCLUSIONS Integrated plastic surgery residency training is highly competitive, with the number of interview invitations correlating with academic performance and, to a lesser extent, research. Applicant feedback from this survey can be used to improve the application and interview process.
Particulate characterization by PIXE multivariate spectral analysis

Abstract Obtaining particulate compositional maps from scanned PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) measurements is extremely difficult due to the complexity of analyzing spectroscopic data collected with low signal-to-noise at each scan point (pixel). Multivariate spectral analysis has the potential to analyze such data sets by reducing the PIXE data to a limited number of physically realizable and easily interpretable components (that include both spectral and image information). We have adapted the AXSIA (automated expert spectral image analysis) program, originally developed by Sandia National Laboratories to quantify electron-excited X-ray spectroscopy data, for this purpose. Samples consisting of particulates with known compositions and sizes were loaded onto Mylar and paper filter substrates and analyzed by scanned micro-PIXE. The data sets were processed by AXSIA and the associated principal component spectral data were quantified by converting the weighting images into concentration maps. The results indicate automated, nonbiased, multivariate statistical analysis is useful for converting very large amounts of data into a smaller, more manageable number of compositional components needed for locating individual particles-of-interest on large area collection media.
Bulk growth of wide band gap II-VI compound semiconductors by physical vapor transport

The mechanism of physical vapor transport of II-VI semiconducting compounds was studied both theoretically, using a one-dimensional diffusion model, as well as experimentally. It was found that the vapor phase stoichiometry is critical in determining the vapor transport rate. The experimental heat treatment methods to control the vapor composition over the starting materials were investigated and the effectiveness of the heat treatments was confirmed by partial pressure measurements using an optical absorption technique. The effect of residual (foreign) gas on the transport rate was also studies theoretically by the diffusion model and confirmed experimentally by the measurements of total pressure and compositions of the residual gas. An in-situ dynamic technique for the transport rate measurements and a further extension of the technique that simultaneously measured the partial pressures and transport rates were performed and, for the first time, the experimentally determined mass fluxes were compared with those calculated, without any adjustable parameters, from the diffusion model. Using the information obtained from the experimental transport rate measurements as guideline high quality bulk crystal of wide band gap II-VI semiconductor were grown from the source materials which undergone the same heat treatment methods. The grown crystals were then extensively characterized with emphasis on the analysis of the crystalline structural defects.
Differential responses to measures of gait performance among healthy and neurologically impaired individuals.

Abstract Cunha-Filho IT, Henson H, Qureshy H, Williams AL, Holmes SA, Protas EJ. Differential responses to measures of gait performance among healthy and neurologically impaired individuals. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1774–9. Objectives To compare gait during a 5-minute walk among healthy individuals, persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke survivors and to investigate whether simultaneous measures of oxygen consumption enhance information about performance. Design Descriptive study. Setting Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants Thirty-nine healthy individuals, 10 persons with SCI, and 20 stroke survivors. Interventions Participants were fitted with a portable gas analyzer and walked on a 5-m walkway for 5 minutes. Main outcome measures Measures of walk distance, gait speed, gait energy expenditure (GEE), and gait cost were obtained, along with measures of ventilation (Ve), ventilation and carbon dioxide production slope (Ve·Vco 2 ), oxygen pulse, and heart rate. Results The SCI group (127.65±81.74m) walked less than the stroke survivors (148.80±64.3m) or the healthy group (268.90±35.01m) but had higher energy demands, as shown by GEE (SCI group, 13.28±3.23mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ; stroke group, 10.18±2.14mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ; healthy group, 9.61±1.90mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ) and by gait cost (SCI group, .57±.40 mL·kg −1 ·m −1 ; stroke group, .40±.52mL·kg −1 ·m −1 ; healthy group, .18±.02mL·kg −1 ·m −1 ). Compared with the healthy group, the stroke group had higher Ve (stroke group, 22.34±5.20L/min vs healthy group, 16.11±3.22L/min) and Ve·Vco 2 slope (24.22±8.80 vs 18.73±5.44, respectively). Conclusion Use of metabolic assessment during the 5-minute walk was feasible and provided further information for evaluating gait performance with the subjects studied.
Structure analysis of spontaneous behavior during the estrous cycle of the rat.

Abstract The structure of spontaneous motor behavior during estrous and diestrous stages of the adult female rat's reproductive cycle was analyzed using time-lapse photography. Repeated measures of the frequency, duration, sequences and distribution of fifteen different motor acts were taken for each female in diestrus and again during estrus. In contrast to findings of previous studies, no increase in general activity was observed in correlation with the physiological condition of estrus. Furthermore, consideration of factors including the individual, environment and estrous cycle stage demonstrated that the individual was most important, the environment next and estrous cycle stage least for influencing behavior sequence consistency. Consequently, these results, from a more complete, quantitative analysis of female spontaneous behavior, do not support the widely accepted belief that female rats' motor activity varies with estrus to preclude their use in studies of behavioral toxicity.
Infection of Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: Critical Role of Cell-Associated Virus

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) displays strong lymphotropism in vivo, but paradoxically, established B cell lines have largely been refractory to infection by soluble KSHV virions. Here we show that this block can be overcome by exposure to cell-associated virus. Doxycycline-inducible recombinant KSHV.219 (rKSHV.219)-harboring SLK (iSLK.219) cells were employed as KSHV donors. Cocultivation of lymphoid cell lines with reactivated iSLK.219 cells resulted in readily demonstrable viral entry into each cell line; similar observations were made in primary tonsillar B cell cultures. Moreover, infected lymphoid cells were able to outgrow upon puromycin selection, indicating development of persistent infection. Infected BJAB cells display signatures of latent infection, including classical latency-associated transcripts, a punctate pattern of LANA expression, and episomal maintenance of the KSHV genome. However, when lytically activated by various chemical stimuli, infected BJAB cells were able to produce only low levels of infectious virions. These data demonstrate that (i) cell-associated viruses can bypass viral entry blocks in most lymphoid cell lines, (ii) the determinants of cell-associated virus entry differ from those of soluble virion infection, and (iii) immortalized lymphoblastoid lines have partial postentry blocks to efficient lytic reactivation.
Journalism in Crisis and Change: The High Modernism of American Journalism

“Journalism in Crisis and Change: The High Modernism of American Journalism” (Journal of Communication, 42, 3, Summer 1992).
IV prenatal nicotine exposure increases the reinforcing efficacy of methamphetamine in adult rat offspring.

Abstract Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy is correlated with increased substance use in offspring. Research using rodent models shows that gestational nicotine exposure produces enduring alterations in the neurodevelopment of motivational systems, and that rats prenatally treated with nicotine have altered motivation for drug reinforcement on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. Objective The present study investigated methamphetamine (METH) self-administration in adult offspring prenatally exposed to intravenous (IV) nicotine or saline using a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Methods Pregnant rats were administered IV prenatal saline (PS) or nicotine (PN; 0.05 mg/kg/infusion), 3×/day during gestational days 8–21. At postnatal day 70, offspring acquired a lever-press response for sucrose (26%, w/v; FR1-3). Rats were trained with METH (0.05 mg/kg/infusion), and following stable FR responding, animals were tested using a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule for three different doses of METH (0.005, 0.025, and 0.05 mg/kg/infusion). Results METH infusion, active lever presses, and the ratio breakpoint are reported. PN-exposed animals exhibited more METH-maintained responding than PS controls, according to a dose × prenatal treatment interaction (e.g., infusions). PN rats self-administered more METH infusions between the range of 0.025 and 0.05, but not for the 0.005 mg/kg/infusion dose. Conclusions IV PN-exposure produced enhanced motivation to self-administer METH. These findings indicate that pregnant women who smoke tobacco may impart neurobiological changes in offspring's motivational systems that render them increasingly vulnerable to drug abuse during adulthood.
Characteristics and Predictors of Full and Partial Recovery From Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Primary Care Patients

The current study examined the naturalistic course of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a sample of 113 primary care patients across a 2-year period. Initial diagnoses were established using structured clinical interviews according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Results indicated that the majority of patients meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for GAD were still symptomatic to some degree after 2 years of follow-up. Rates of full and partial recovery from GAD, however, were found to be higher than those reported for previous studies of GAD in psychiatric patients. Diagnostic comorbidity, severity of psychosocial impairment, and gender were found to be significantly associated with achieving full or partial recovery from GAD. Psychiatric treatment was not found to be associated with time to full or partial recovery from GAD symptoms, likely due to a treatment-biasing effect. These results underscore that GAD is a chronic and persistent illness in primary care patients.
Evidence for a 5-HT4 receptor pathway mediating chloride secretion in the rat distal colon.

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) is a potent secretagogue of chloride ion (Cl - ) and a mediator of diarrhea in the carcinoid syndrome. We investigated the role of the 5-HT 4 receptor pathway in mediating 5-HT-induced Cl - secretion that is seen as a rise in short circuit current ( I SC ) in the Ussing chamber. Rat distal colon was stripped of the muscularis, mounted in Ussing chambers, and short circuited. By cumulative concentration responses, 5-HT-induced rise in I SC was measured in the presence and absence of 0.1 μ M of the nerve conduction blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX). TTX was later added routinely to remove any effects of residual nerve tissue. 5-HT concentration response was measured in the presence and absence of the following 5-HT receptor antagonists: 10 μ M 5-HTP-DP (5-HT 1p ), 1 μ M methysergide (5-HT 1-like and 5-HT 2 ), 0.1 μ M ketanserin (5-HT 2 ), 0.3 μ M ondansetron (5-HT 3 ) 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3 μ M ICS 205-930 (5-HT 3 and 5-HT 4 ), and 0.1, 0.03, and 0.01 μ M of the new selective 5-HT 4 antagonist, SC 53606. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. TTX had no effect on EC 50 for 5-HT. ICS 205-930 and SC 53606 produced dextral shifts in 5-HT concentration-response curves and at all concentrations a significant shift in the EC 50 for 5-HT, except at 0.1 μ M ICS 205-930. The Schild plot slopes for ICS 205-930 (0.8) and SC 53606 (0.7) were not significantly different from unity. The pA 2 values were 6.5 and 7.2, respectively. Methysergide, ketanserin, ondansetron, and 5-HTP-DP had no significant effect on the EC 50 for 5-HT. These results suggest that the 5-HT 4 receptor pathway mediates 5-HT-induced Cl - secretion.
In search of redistribution nodes

Abstract Redistribution nodes (r-nodes) are load-controlled locations in a mechanical component or a structure. As such r-nodes lie on a distribution of stresses corresponding to primary stresses as defined in the ASME codes. R-Nodes can be determined on the basis of two linear elastic analyses. On account of its load-controlled nature, the ‘combined r-node equivalent stress’ can be identified with the reference stress, which is widely used in integrity assessments of components and structures. In this paper, the concepts of r-node, reference stress, limit load and primary stress are discussed. Aspects pertaining to lower bound limit loads are addressed because of their relevance in engineering design.
International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Application of SAR methods to non-congeneric data bases associated with carcinogenicity and mutagenicity: issues and approaches.

Abstract In both industry and government, structure-activity relationships (SAR) are capable of playing an important decision-support role in estimating the potential mutagenicity or carcinogenicity of chemicals for which bioassay test results are unavailable. Traditional SAR modeling approaches, however, are usually restricted to the consideration of structurally similar chemical congeners. The highly structurally diverse nature of current carcinogenicity and mutagenicity data bases has motivated development of more general SAR approaches, potentially applicable to the treatment of diverse, non-congeneric mutagenicity and carcinogenicity data bases. Three specific approaches are considered in some detail — Ashby's structural alert moedl, classified as a “rule-based” SAR approach, and the computerized CASE fragment-base method and TOPKAT linear discriminant equation method, both classified as “correlative” SAR approaches. Relative strengths and limitations, and a number of common features and important distinctions betwee these 3 methods are discussed. Rule-base methods are highly flexible and able to incorporate many different types of relevant information, yet are biased towards current knowledge, viewpoints, and mechanistic assumptions, that may or may not hold true. Correlative SAR methods are less biased and offer the promise of “discorvering” potentially new SAR associations that could lend fresh insight into the basis for a structure-activity association. However, problems associated with their application to non-congeneric data bases relate to: modeling multiple or overlapping mechanisms of action with a single relationship; defining the range of applicability of models in complex multi-dimensional structure-activity space; assigning confidence levels to predictions in the absence of knowledge concerning mechanisms of activity; and determining the potential mechanistic significance of diervse model parameters. It is argued that many of these concerns can be partially alleviated by careful application of statistical procedures, scrutiny of model results, and estabilishment of reasoned limits to the range of model applicability. The most significant confidence-building measure, however, will be a rationalization of the correlative SAR model and model parameters in terms of principles of chemical reactivity and postulated molecular mechanism(s) for the biological activity. Hence, it is recommended that models and model descriptors be designed to facilitate mechanistic interpretation and hypothesis generation. Finally, problems in comparing the relative predictive capabilities of different SAR approaches are discussed, and strategies for SAR investigation involving integration of existing techniques are suggested.
Movement disorders in pregnancy

Movement disorders are not particularly common during pregnancy, with a few exceptions. RLS occurs most commonly followed by CG. Currently, with the incidence of rheumatic fever lower than previously, any woman who develops CG should be checked for illness other than rheumatic heart disease. The differential includes systemic lupus erythromatosis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Regarding the use of dopaminergic agents, the dopamine agonist, pergolide, can be maintained during pregnancy for the treatment of PD, Segawa disease, and RLS. The use of levodopa and ropinirole should be limited during pregnancy because of the possible teratogenic effects. Amantadine is contraindicated during pregnancy. The data on selegiline are controversial; animal studies show possible serotonergic effects and teratogenic effects. If treatment is indicated in patients who have Tourette syndrome, the high potency neuroleptics drugs (haloperidol) are preferred to treat associated symptoms. Depression is a common comorbidity in patients who have PD, HD,Tourette syndrome, or other chronic neurologic diseases. Depression treatment during pregnancy is covered by Levy et al elsewhere in this issue. As discussed previously, most of the data on the use of drugs during pregnancy, especially the dopaminergic agents, are limited to animal studies and case reports. Therefore, it is in part left to the neurologist to decide on treatment based on the individual patient, clinical judgment, and inferences from animal studies and limited case reports.
Morphine-induced desensitization and down-regulation at mu-receptors in 7315c pituitary tumor cells

Abstract Pituitary 7315c tumor cells maintained in culture were treated with varying concentrations of morphine from 10 nM to 300 μM, for periods of five or forty-eight hours. The ability of the mu-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO, to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in washed membrane preparations from the treated cells was compared with its activity in membranes from cells incubated in the absence of added morphine. In the same membrane preparations, the number and affinity of mu-opioid receptors was estimated by measurements of [3H]diprenorphine binding. After 5 hr of treatment with morphine concentrations of 100 nM or higher, a significant reduction in inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by DAMGO was observed. Little further loss of agonist activity was observed when the incubations were extended to 48 hr. After 5 hr of morphine treatment, there was no change in either the number of receptors, or their affinity for [3H]diprenorphine. However, after 48 hr of morphine treatment, greater than 25% reductions in receptor number were apparent with morphine pretreatment concentrations of 10 μM or higher. These results suggest that opioid tolerance in this system is primarily associated with a reduced ability of agonist-occupied receptor to activate the effector system. Receptor down-regulation was not necessary for loss of agonist response, although a reduction in receptor number occurred after exposure to high concentrations of morphine for periods longer than 5 hr.
Environments for VLSI and software engineering

Abstract A description of environments for VLSI and software development is provided. Many similarities exist because of the common difficulties of building complex systems in either software or hardware. These similarities include support for the complete system life cycle as well as the differences, e.g., the overwhelming need for simulation aids in the VLSI design domain. Development environments of the future will have to be able to support both disciplines because distinctions between the two continue to disappear, and because large systems need to incorporate both hardware and software components in their designs.
Why self-care fails: Implementing policy at a low-income sickle cell clinic

This paper addresses health care service delivery—its practice and its meanings—to a low income African-American population. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews at a sickle cell clinic, I explain why assumptions in the literature on self-care do not apply to a population historically excluded from access to health services. Self-care, a practice in which the individual assumes primary responsibility for health care, is typically seen as empowering patients and reducing the use of professional health services. While these predictions may apply to white, middle-class populations, they were not borne out in the low-income African-American population I studied. Self-care did not increase client control, nor was it associated with sparing use of health services. In this paper I explain why this was the case. I argue that conditions of poverty and the meanings clients attach to self-care impinge upon the implementation of policy producing results directly contrary to those that are predicted.
Stock Returns, Real Activity, and the Trust Question

Periodic antitrust attacks on corporations may have influenced stock prices. For the period 1904 to 1944, each antitrust case filed is associated with a 0.5 to 1.9 percent drop of the Dow and each unexpected case with even larger drops. Other aspects of antitrust besides actual filings may help account for other movements, in particular the 1929 Crash. Historical evidence bears on the question of whether antitrust is exogenous and also links antitrust and the "corporation problem." These results illustrate the sorts of real factors, aside from changes in concurrent output, that may account for stock price volatility. Copyright 1992 by American Finance Association.