cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Neighborhood Influence on Pediatric Trauma Outcome

Introduction: The Child Opportunity Index (COI) is a new measure that combines educational, health and environmental, and socioeconomic variables that have previously been associated with childhood development. This metric is publicly available for 100 US metropolitan areas. It is known that lower socioeconomic status is associated with increased risk of traumatic injury in children. To our knowledge, a multi-factorial comparison such as the COI has not been used to assess associations between neighborhood opportunity and outcomes of pediatric traumatic …
On the Promise and Perils of Democracy in Haiti

* © 1997 Irwin P. Stotzky. I wish to thank the officers and staff of the InterAmerican Law Review for their generosity in honoring me with the 1997 Lawyer of the Americas award. I am particularly grateful to Allyn Danzeisen for her energy and efficiency. I am especially grateful to Ian Hochman for all of his wonderful work in organizing the banquet. David Schiller deserves special thanks for editing the essay. Mistakes, of course, are mine alone. ** Irwin P. Stotzky is the 1997 recipient of the University of Miami Inter-American Law Review's Lawyer of the Americas Award. Irwin P. Stotzky is a Professor of Law at the University of Miami School of Law. He has served as an attorney and adviser to Jean-Bertrand Aristide and adviser to the Rene Preval administration. In these positions, he has been in charge of organizing the investigations and prosecutions of those who committed massive human rights abuses during the military coup period, between 1991 and 1994. This essay reflects the substance of the remarks Professor Stotzky made on April 11, 1997, at the banquet honoring him as the 1997 Lawyer of the Americas. It also reflects the ideas and themes of his recently published book, SILENCING THE GUNS In Haiti: The Promise of Deliberative Democracy (Dec. 1997).
Therapeutic Use of the Psychiatric Hospital for the Depressed Adolescent Girl

In practice, I all too often find an adolescent girl with a depression that is sufficiently severe to present a suicidal risk. On occasion, I have found severely depressed adolescent girls who regress and behave in a juvenile or infantile manner. Both the disabling regression and the suicide wishes are seemingly attempts to avoid the pain of the depression. If the girl becomes suicidal, she will require psychiatric hospitalization to protect her from her own actions. In my experience, the disabling regression found in a severely depressed girl cannot be treated outside of a hospital setting because the girl seems to have abandoned all attempts to change and cannot develop a constructive, working relationship or transference with a psychotherapist.
Calcium-Regulated Protein Kinases Low Km cGMP Phosphodiesterases: Targets for Novel Antihypertensive Therapy

The recent gain in knowledge over the last ten years on the intracellular mechanisms which regulate vascular smooth muscle tone has expanded opportunities for the potential discovery of novel vasodilator/antihypertensive agents. This review focuses on three intracellular enzyme systems: myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and protein kinase C (PKC), which are Ca2+-regulated protein kinases implicated in the control of smooth muscle tone, and the cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which regulate the levels of cGMP in smooth muscle (Fig. 1).
Highly Efficient Synthesis of 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-carboxycarbazole and Its Neuroprotective Effects.

Carbazoles represent a family of tricyclic compounds that widely appeared in nature. Numerous studies have revealed a diverse array of bioactivity associated with this scaffold. In the present study, a novel and highly efficient methodology for preparing 1,3-dihydroxy-2-carboxycarbazole from indole-3-acetic acid and Meldrum’s acid was developed. Furthermore, biological characterization demonstrated that this multisubstituted carbazole analogue exhibited inhibitory activity on Aβ aggregation, antioxidative properties, and promising neuroprotective activities in a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease, thus further supporting the valuable application of this synthetic methodology in search for effective neuroprotectants.
Chapter 14 – Asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation in CO2 expanded methanol—an application of gas anti-solvent reactions (GASR)

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the technical feasibility of conducting an asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation reaction in a gas antisolvent (GAS) medium. The reaction was carried out in a magnetically stirred, stainless steel optical cell complete with jacket. The pressure and temperature were measured with a Druck 911 pressure transducer and a Pt100 RTD, respectively, and logged to a computer. The monitoring of the reaction began upon the introduction of the hydrogen to the vessel. The magnetic stirrer was used throughout the spectral studies to eliminate mass transfer effects and decrease the time required for equilibrium to be reached. The results indicated that the pressure at which methanol expanded dramatically decreased as the temperature was decreased. This was due to the fact that the solubility of carbon dioxide in methanol increased as the temperature was decreased. Reproducible spectra for the reaction were obtained in preliminary trial runs using the nonselective Wilkinson's catalyst in both methanol and expanded methanol solutions.
Cranial osteology and preliminary phylogenetic assessment of Plectrurus aureus Beddome, 1880 (Squamata: Serpentes: Uropeltidae)

Uropeltid snakes are among the most poorly understood clades within Alethinophidia. Their small size, limited geographic distribution, high incidence of endemism, and fossorial behaviour all contribute to the general paucity of systematic collections of these snakes, especially of adequate skeletal preparations, in most museum collections. Their hypothesized position within the higher-order phylogeny of alethinophidian snakes calls attention to the need for additional morphological work on the group. Hypotheses of uropeltid phylogenetic relationships based on morphological analyses are few, and continue to be hampered by limited taxon-sampling and character matrices that rely predominantly on features that are visible on articulated skulls. We utilized high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRCT) to investigate the cranial osteology of Plectrurus aureus Beddome, 1880, a species for which no osteological data were previously available. We provide a detailed description of the skull and mandible, and comment on morphological characters and potential phylogenetic relationships. Clarity in character descriptions is of paramount importance, and additional morphological characters are desirable. HRCT provides a nondestructive way to identify new systematically informative morphological characters from digitally disarticulated specimens. The small size of many uropeltid species, including P. aureus, will help to frame a greater appreciation of the limitations of traditional HRCT protocols for revealing detailed anatomical features of small vertebrates. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 160, 118–138.
Physical limits in information processing

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the physical limits in information processing. It illustrates that many physical effects retard the advance of microelectronics toward smaller structures, higher levels of integration, higher speeds, lower powers, and greater reliability. Most of these depend on the properties of particular materials. In some cases, such as semiconductor materials, few materials are known and the consequences of the properties of these can be regarded as limits. Advances in the capabilities of microelectronics stem from miniaturization and integration. Continuing these avenues of improvement depends on new device structures and new fabrication tools. The extent to which novel concepts can be utilized is frequently limited by economics, the ever-increasing cost of new instruments, and facilities.
BRASILONEMA ANGUSTATUM SP. NOV. (NOSTOCALES), A NEW FILAMENTOUS CYANOBACTERIAL SPECIES FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS(1).

A new filamentous cyanobacterial species of the genus Brasilonema was isolated from the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The taxon is distinguished from the seven other species in the genus by attenuation of trichomes, and is here described as Brasilonema angustatum sp. nov. It possesses the cytoplasmic kerotimization and reddish-brown coloration of several species in the genus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence shows B. angustatum within a highly supported clade containing all sequenced Brasilonema species. We compared the secondary structure of the 16S-23S ITS regions for B. octagenarum and B. angustatum. The structurally conservative D1-D1' and V3 helices show similar motifs between the two taxa, but differ structurally and in sequence, providing additional justification for erection of the new species. The Box-B helix has identical secondary structure. The existence of tapering in a Brasilonema species is unique in this genus, and requires modification of the current concept of the genus Brasilonema, which was described as being unattenuated. Our phylogenetic evidence supports the hypothesis that tapering has developed repeatedly in separate cyanobacterial lineages and lacks the taxonomic significance once assumed by early workers.
From Custom to Law in Copyright

This paper explores two situations where custom may have been misperceived as trumping copyright law. The first part considers why lawyers can copy many practice-related documents without permission and explains why those reasons do not apply to other documents that cannot be so freely copied. The second part considers how schools' customary disinterest in owning copyright in academic employees' works has inappropriately influenced the outcome of unrelated litigation. In both parts, the paper argues that careful attention should be given to reasons for customary behavior before determining its effect on the law.The paper was also reprinted in 41 I.P.L.Rev. 637 (2009) (collection of IP articles reputed to be the "best" of the year).
Nonlinear Behaviour of Multibody Systems under Impulsive Parametric Excitation

A two-body nonlinear system under impulsive periodic parametric excitation is studied in this paper. The two bodies are coupled through a rotational damper. The analysis utilizes period-to-period mappings. Single-mode and mixed-mode periodic solutions are determined and their stability character investigated. Also studied is the global behavior of the system when the system possesses more than one asymptotically stable periodic solutions. The approach used has a very important virtue in that all the features can be studied in an exact manner. The study also shows that under parametric excitation even a simple multibody system can have extremely complex behavior patterns.
Ultra-long electron lifetime induced efficient solar energy storage by an all-vanadium photoelectrochemical storage cell using methanesulfonic acid

The properties of a supporting electrolyte are critically important to any photo- or electrochemical cells. In this study, we conducted studies on and characterized an all-vanadium photoelectrochemical storage cell (all-V PESC) for highly efficient solar energy storage using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a promising supporting electrolyte. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and zero resistance ammetry (ZRA) studies of the all-V PESC show greatly improved photoelectrochemical properties of MSA over conventional H2SO4. To elucidate its heightened performance, the conductivity and reaction kinetics of the system were investigated using four-probe conductivity measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The EIS results demonstrate vastly reduced charge transfer resistance and interfacial capacitance at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface via ultra-long photoelectron lifetime; while the conductivity measurements reveal a comparable bulk ionic conductivity to H2SO4. Cell efficiency tests indicate a nearly 19-fold enhancement in incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) and a high faradaic efficiency (84.8%) during a continuous 60 h operation using MSA as the supporting electrolyte. Besides, multiple cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans on the electrolyte along with XRD and SEM characterization of the photoelectrode corroborate the exceptional chemical stability of MSA.
Evidence for CVD 103-HgR as an effective single-dose oral cholera vaccine.

We propose the ideal oral cholera vaccine (OCV) should be an inexpensive, single, oral dose that rapidly confers immunity for a long duration, and is well tolerated by individuals vulnerable to cholera. Vaccine trials in industrialized countries of a single oral dose of 5 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) of the live, attenuated cholera strain CVD 103-HgR have shown 88–97% serum vibriocidal antibody seroconversion rates, a correlate of protection and documented vaccine efficacy of ≥80% using volunteer challenge studies with wild-type cholera. For individuals of developing countries, a 5 × 109 CFU dose of CVD 103-HgR is necessary to elicit similar antibody responses. Presently, a reformulation of CVD 103-HgR is in late-stage clinical development for prospective US FDA licensure; making a cholera vaccine for US travelers potentially accessible in 2016. The availability of CVD 103-HgR should be a welcome addition to the currently available OCVs.
Supporting routine decision-making with a next-generation alarm clock

People make hundreds of decisions every day. Rather than optimize those decisions by gathering pertinent information, people instead rely on routines. While those routines are usually sufficient, they do occasionally fail. Those failures present an opportunity to improve decision-making by providing low-cost information when and where people start to follow their routines. We conducted a study to examine the routines that users follow at night and in the morning. Drawing on the results, we created a next-generation alarm clock that highlights unusual situations to help users determine when and how to modify their routines to more effectively decide on an alarm time, what to wear, when to get out of bed, and when to leave for work.
Effectiveness of Oral Surgeons Compared With OralCDx Brush Biopsy in Diagnosing Oral Dysplastic Lesions

Purpose To evaluate oral surgeons' effectiveness in diagnosing oral dysplastic lesions and compare it to OralCDx brush biopsy. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, the oral surgeon's ability to diagnose dysplasia among 152 consecutive cases (tissue samples) that had previously tested either “positive” (n = 3) or “atypical” (n = 149) for dysplasia by OralCDx brush biopsy was determined by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value using the scalpel biopsy as the gold standard. PPV for oral surgeons and atypical brush biopsy was compared stratified by age, gender, and lesion site. Results The PPV, negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity for oral surgeons were 10.3%, 100%, 100%, and 23.5%, respectively. After controlling for age, gender, and lesion site, oral surgeons were 19% to 58% more likely to diagnose a dysplastic lesion compared to OralCDx brush biopsy. Conclusions Oral surgeons' effectiveness in diagnosing oral dysplastic lesions was slightly better than the OralCDx brush biopsy; hence, it is recommended that patients be referred to an oral surgeon for evaluation.
Topical photoprotection for hereditary polymorphic light eruption of American Indians

We evaluated the photoprotectioe efficacy of a broad-spectrum sunscreen containing a UVA screen (butyl methoxydibenzoyhnethane) and a UVB screen (octyl dimethyl p -aminobenzoic acid) in patients with hereditary polymorphic light eruption. At least 18 of the 30 patients who enrolled in the study were sensitive to sunlight through window glass, an indication of UVA sensitivity. Of the 21 patients who completed the clinical trial, the physician's evaluation was that 18 (86%) obtained good to excellent results. Self-evaluation by the patients revealed that 16 (76%) noted more photoprotection than from previous treatments.
REM Sleep Bout Duration and Frequency in PTSD

The few pharmacological treatments shown to be effective in reducing sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might work through normalization of rapid eye movement (REM). However, evidence of REM sleep disturbance in PTSD has been inconsistent and the definition of REM bout has varied as well. In this study, we compared polysomnographic findings in adults with PTSD to both normal sleepers and insomniacs. We found no differences between those with and without PTSD on REM bout frequency or duration. We did, however, find gender differences within our PTSD sample as consistent with a previous review suggesting that males with PTSD are more likely to demonstrate REM sleep disturbance. Consensus on REM bout definition is needed, in addition to studies powered to detect gender differences.
Merging and sorting networks with the topology of the omega network

A class of comparator networks obtained from the omega permutation network by replacing each switch with a comparator exchanger of arbitrary direction is considered. These networks are all isomorphic to each other, have merging capabilities, and can be used as building blocks of sorting networks in ways different from the standard merge-sort scheme. It is shown that the bitonic and balanced mergers are members of the class. These two networks were not previously known to be isomorphic. >
Demographic characteristics of a Grasshopper Sparrow population in a highly fragmented landscape of western New York state

Abstract We studied the breeding biology, site fidelity, and dispersal of Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) from 1996 to 2000 in a fragmented landscape in western New York State. Ten fields (1.8–13.2 ha) contained territorial male Grasshopper Sparrows during the study; total territorial males in the study area varied between 31 and 19 birds. In 1996, eight fields were occupied; five extinctions and two colonizations occurred between 1997–2000. Fields that suffered extinctions were smaller than fields in which subpopulations persisted or colonizations occurred. Adult return rates (0.33 vs. 0.16), nest success (0.59 vs. 0.25) and average number of fledglings/female/year (2.3 vs. 1.3) tended to be higher in fields ≥8 ha. Estimates of λ, the finite rate of increase, were 0.23 for small fields and 0.46 for large fields. Although sample sizes were small, our data suggest that return rates and productivity were greater in large than in small habitat patches. However, even the larger habitat patches in...
Does mortality occur early or late in acute pancreatitis

Abstract: Several prior studies have suggested that 80% of deaths in acute pancreatitis occur late as a result of pan-creatic infection. Others have suggested that approx half of deaths occur early as a result of multisystem organ failure. The aim of the present study was to determine the timing of mortality of acute pancreatitis at a large tertiary-care hospital in the United States. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (ICD-9 code 577.0) admitted to Brigham and Women’s Hospital from October 1, 1982 to June 30, 1995 were retrospectively studied to determine total mortality, frequency of early vs late deaths, and clinical features of patients with early (≤14 d after admission) or late deaths (>14 d after admission). Results: The overall mortality of acute pancreatitis was 2.1% (17 deaths among 805 patients). Eight deaths (47%) occurred within the first 14 d of hospitalization (median d 8, range 1–11 d), whereas 9 occurred after 14 d (median d 56, range 19–81). Early deaths resulted primarily from organ failure. Late deaths occurred postoperatively in 8 patients with infected or sterile necrosis and 1 patient with infected necrosis treated medically. Conclusion: Approximately half of deaths in acute pancreatitis occur within the first 14 d owing to organ failure and the remainder of deaths occur later because of complications associated with necrotizing pancreatitis. Improvement in mortality in the future will require innovative approaches to counteract early organ failure and late complications of necrotizing pancreatitis.
Geothermal space heating

The use of geothermal resources for space heating dominates the direct use industry, with approximately 37% of all direct use development. Of this, 75% is provided by district heating systems. In fact, the earliest known commercial use of geothermal energy was in Chaudes-Aigues Cantal, France, where a district heating system was built in the 14th century. Today, geothermal district space heating projects can be found in 12 countries and provide some 44,772 TJ of energy yearly. Although temperatures in excess of 50 °C are generally required, resources as low as 40 °C can be used in certain circumstances, and, if geothermal heat pumps are included, space heating can be a viable alternative to other forms of heating at temperatures well below 10 °C.
Infrared Monitoring of Interlayer Water in Stacks of Purple Membranes

The thermodynamic behavior of films of hydrated purple membranes from Halobacterium salinarum and the water confined in it was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the 180–280 K range. Unlike bulk water, water in the thin layers sandwiched between the biological membranes does not freeze at 273 K but will be supercooled to ∼256 K. The melting point is unaffected, leading to hysteresis between 250 and 273 K. In its heating branch, a gradually increasing light-scattering by ice is observed with rate-limiting kinetics of tens of minutes. Infrared (IR) spectra decomposition provided extinction coefficients for the confined water vibrational bands and their changes upon freezing. Because of the hysteresis, at any given temperature in the 255–270 K range, the interbilayer water could be either liquid or frozen, depending on thermal history. We find that this difference affects the dynamics of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle in the hysteresis range: the decay of the M and N states and the redistribution between them are different depending on whether or not the water was initially precooled to below the freezing point. However, freezing of interbilayer water does block the M to N transition. Unlike the water, the purple membrane lipids do not undergo any IR-detectable phase transition in the 180–280 K range.
Medium and large rings superimposable with the diamond lattice

Abstract A method is described for finding, examining and describing all possible structures for saturated carbocylic rings ideal with respect to stretching, bending and dihedral angle strain. All rings through those containing 24 atoms have been examined and the results compared with structures found by X-ray crystallography in appropriate cases.
A model for signal-relay adaptation in Dictyostelium discoideum. II. Analytical and numerical results

Abstract In paper I we examined several schemes for the activation of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum and showed that they do not exhibit adaptation in the sense used there. In this paper, we introduce several schemes in which internal calcium acts as an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, and analyze the dynamics of the complete network given in the proceeding paper using these schemes. We show that this network reproduces much of the experimentally observed behavior.
Retrieving information with interactive videodiscs

Although early interest in videodiscs focused on their storage capaclty and rapid access to all types of visual and auditory data, the ultimate success of interactive videodiscs may well lie in their Capabilities as tools of information retrieval. The authors describe applications which may unfold in a variety of settings using videodiscs with online databases, identify underlying technical capabilities, and discuss five operations required to implement any application: (1) coordinatlng diverse formats: (2) indexing; (3) physically arranging items on the disc: (4) designing input, search, and output; and (5) modifying the system.
Adjunctive risperidone treatment and sleep symptoms in combat veterans with chronic PTSD.

Sleep disturbances are core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are often resistant to treatment. One reason for the recent use of atypical antipsychotics in PTSD appears to be their effects on sleep. Study objectives were (1) to evaluate preliminarily the sleep effects of adjunctive risperidone, and (2) to evaluate the use of sleep diaries versus the more standard retrospective sleep assessments. This was a pilot, open-label, 12-week, flexible-dose trial of adjunctive risperidone in male veterans with a primary diagnosis of chronic, combat-related PTSD, partially responsive to current medications. Diagnostic interviews were administered at baseline, and PTSD ratings were obtained at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks. Self-report sleep measures, including morning logs, were obtained at baseline and 6 weeks. Seventeen patients completed at least 6 weeks of the trial. Global ratings of sleep disturbance improved. Changes in frequency of awakenings and reductions in trauma-related dreams were only evident via morning log assessments. Nighttime awakening frequency derived from the sleep logs but not from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) decreased significantly. There were no changes in the PSQI nightmare item; however, sleep log data indicated a reduced proportion of traumatic dreams at 6 weeks. Preliminary results suggest that adjunctive risperidone may benefit sleep disturbances associated with chronic PTSD. Prospective logs may be more sensitive to change than are retrospective scales. Depression and Anxiety 23:489–491, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. y
Dynamic viscous resuspension of bidisperse suspensions—I. Effective diffusivity

Abstract In this paper, we describe an experimental investigation into the dynamic viscous resuspension of bidisperse suspensions in an annular parallel plate device. We use the model of Chapman & Leighton to determine the effective diffusivity of the particulate phase (51.0 and 119.0 μm glass spheres) in the plane of shear as a function of overall concentration (0.3 0.0 L (Φ L +Φ S ) ). The effective diffusivity of a mixed suspension was found to be somewhat less than the volume average of the diffusivities of monodisperse large and small sphere suspensions.
Abstract language design

Abstract The use of formal designs of languages as language definitions is described. From such definitions more typical language definitions can be derived. Also, unlike typical language definitions, formal designs can easily be manipulated into designs for other languages for the same underlying domain. Unlike the traditional definition of a language given as a syntax and semantics, a definition by abstract design in invertible , meaning that one can use it to map evaluated meanings to terms in the language, as well as for the more usual task of mapping terms in the language to evaluated meanings.
Reoperation in the Treatment of Recurrent Intracranial Malignant Gliomas

Fifty-five consecutive patients with recurrent intracranial malignant gliomas were reoperated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1972 to 1983. The patients were 10 to 70 years old (median, 48 years). Thirty-five patients (64%) had glioblastoma multiforme, and 20 (36%) had anaplastic astrocytoma. The median interval between the first operation and reoperation was 43 weeks. The Karnofsky rating before reoperation ranged from 40 to 90 (median, 70). Eleven patients (20%) had more than one reoperation. The mortality rate was 1.4% per procedure, and the morbidity rate was 16% per procedure. After reoperation, 41 patients (75%) had chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The median survival for all patients was 92 weeks. The median survival after reoperation was 36 weeks. Patients with Karnofsky ratings of greater than or equal to 70, with anaplastic astrocytomas, or in whom gross total removal of the tumor was undertaken lived longer than their respective counterparts (P less than 0.05). Prereoperation Karnofsky rating and extent of surgical resection were the most important independent factors related to survival after reoperation according to multivariate analysis (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Twenty-five patients (45%) had improved Karnofsky ratings after reoperation, and the 32 patients (58%) who were independent after reoperation were able to stay so for more than 6 months of their survival time (median value). Reoperation is feasible and can be accomplished with acceptable mortality and morbidity. When intracranial malignant gliomas recur, the combined use of reoperation and adjuvant therapy prolongs good quality life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clash of the titans: a multi-species invasion with high gene flow in the globally invasive titan acorn barnacle

The goal of this study was to investigate the phylogeny, invasion history and genetic structure of the global invader Megabalanus coccopoma. First, we created a Bayesian phylogeny using cytochrome oxidase I and 16S mitochondrial genes of samples we collected and sequences available on GenBank for all species in the genus Megabalanus. Second, we compared the genetic differences within and between native and invasive populations verified as M. coccopoma by constructing a haplotype network of the COI sequences and estimating gene diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π). Finally, we ran an analysis of molecular variance and calculated pairwise Φ ST to evaluate the similarity among populations. We identified several lineages that correspond to putatively different species of Megabalanus and uncovered nomenclature discrepancies among GenBank samples and undocumented lineages from our own collections. However, we found that the majority of samples were indeed M. coccopoma. Among populations of M. coccopoma, levels of within-population genetic diversity were not significantly different (p h = 0.131, p π = 0.129) between native (h = 0.970, π = 0.00708) and non-native populations (h = 0.950, π = 0.00605) and analysis of molecular variance analyses revealed that 98.34 % of the genetic variation was partitioned within populations with a significant global Φ ST = 0.017. Our results revealed that invasions in at least the southeastern United States and Brazil are composed of multiple lineages; however, we found that most of the global invasion occurred from a single lineage, M. coccopoma, and that no significant genetic differentiation exists between native and non-native populations of this species.
As Advisors, Nondirectional Consultation Is Best

In the target article, Robert Baker suggests that the bioethicist often serves as an advisor, showing all the options and perhaps recommending a course of action to take or a policy to follow (2005...
Progress Report on the Search for Early Devonian Gas in Northern West Virginia, with Comments on Pre-Devonian Oil Prospects: ABSTRACT

Since the discovery of gas in the Oriskany sand in north-central Pennsylvania in 1930, nineteen deep wells have been drilled to the Oriskany on seven major folds 30-40 miles southeast of the old oil and gas fields in northern West Virginia. This exploratory drilling has resulted in the discovery of two gas fields known as the Terra Alta and Canaan Valley fields situated respectively 25 and 50 miles south of the Summit field in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The Terra Alta field has eight gas wells and the Canaan Valley field three gas wells. The extent of neither field has been fully defined. Gas is produced from the Huntersville chert and the underlying Oriskany sand, which are encountered at depths ranging from 5,000 to 8,150 feet. Yields vary from ½ million to 4 million cubic feet daily per well. Small flows of gas also have been obtained in the Benson and Speechley sands and Helderberg limestone in two or three wells. Shows of oil have not been reported. The gas obtained in the two fields contains 97 per cent methane and 1 per cent ethane. It is consequently unlikely that oil will be found in the Devonian formations. However, there are 10,000 feet or more of older Paleozoic rocks beneath the Devonian which are oil-bearing in marginal parts of the Appalachian basin. Only three of the nineteen deep wells drilled in the region have reached the base of the Silurian. O der Paleozoic formations have not been penetrated. It is believed that no factual or theoretical data can be presented to disprove the possibility that oil may be present in pre-Devonian formations in some of the major folds of the region where fracturing and solution weathering may have developed secondary porosity. It is possible that the hydrocarbon content of the entire pre-Trenton Paleozoic section may have migrated along fissures to the Trenton and be held there by the impermeable cover of Upper Ordovician shale. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1771------------
First trimester dating by fetal heart rate assessment: a comparison with crown-rump length measurement

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetal heart rate (FHR) can be used to date pregnancies in the early first trimester using the gold standard of crown-rump length (CRL) dating as a reference.Methods: This single center study evaluated women undergoing obstetrical ultrasounds between 4.5 and 8.5 weeks. FHR and gestational age (GA) based on CRL were obtained. Linear regression analysis and a Bland–Altman plot were used to demonstrate the relationship between the two measurements. A further simplified version of the relationship between CRL and FHR that may be clinically useful was calculated.Results: 176 patients were included in the study. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.95, indicating a strong correlation between the two dating methods. The Bland–Altman plot demonstrated agreement across GA tested. A simple arithmetic formula of GA(weeks) = FHR (beats per minute)/20 was calculated. 169/176 patients had <4 days discrepancy between FHR- and CRL-based dating usin...
Common Genetic Risk of Major Depression and Nicotine Dependence: The Contribution of Antisocial Traits in a United States Veteran Male Twin Cohort

Many studies that found associations between depression and nicotine dependence have ignored possible shared genetic influences associated with antisocial traits. The present study examined the contribution of genetic and environmental effects associated with conduct disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) to the comorbidity of major depression (MD) and nicotine dependence (ND). A telephone diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-III-R, was administered to eligible twins from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry in 1992. Multivariate genetic models were fitted to 3360 middle-aged and predominantly white twin pairs (1868 monozygotic, 1492 dizygotic pairs) of which both members completed the pertinent diagnostic interview sections. Genetic influences on CD accounted for 100%, 68%, and 50% of the total genetic variance in risk for ASPD, MD and ND, respectively. After controlling for genetic influences on CD, the partial genetic correlation between MD and ND was no longer statistically significant. Nonshared environmental contributions to the comorbidity among these disorders were not significant. This study not only demonstrates that the comorbidity between ND and MD is influenced by common genetic risk factors, but also further suggests that the common genetic risk factors overlapped with those for antisocial traits such as CD and ASPD in men.
Reporters who cover Congress

T he question has often been asked: Who covers Congress? Some answers may be found in a 1988 survey of 190 Washington regional reporters. These are men and women who write principally for a local, state or regional audience. An estimated 71 percent of their time is spent reporting on Congress, 55 percent of which relates to the House of Representatives. For purposes of comparison, I have recoded comparable information from a 1978 survey. "In terms of demographics," I wrote in The Washington Reporters (1981), "if there is an average Washington reporter and an average American, they do not look much like each other." Weighed on the same scales, the average Washington reporter also did not look much like the average reporter in the rest of the United States. Washington reporters were an elite, based on most conventional measures of status, such as educational attainment. At a time when 10 percent of all American joumalists had eamed graduate degrees, for instance, a third of Washington reporters had graduate degrees. Today the gap between Washington journalists and those in other part of the United States has narrowed.
Journals for electrical engineers

MOST ENGINEERS as well as educational and research institutions are continually faced with the problem of locating reliable, adequate, and up-to-date sources of information. Obviously, standard textbooks and important periodicals are the basic sources. However, because textbooks present in permanent form generally accepted theories or facts which probably first appeared in periodical publications at a much earlier date, the latter are the most important sources of current information. This article is an abridgement of a recent report on evaluation of scientific periodicals,1 and presents lists totaling 108 journals for electrical engineers,
Information encoding systems employing multifaceted volume holograms

Abstract Information coding and protection systems using multifaceted holographic optical elements afford parallel coding and a high degree of protection against forgery, unwarranted copying, or access to coded information. In this paper, an identification system utilizing these holographic elements is proposed and demonstrated. The number of discrete elements producible is examined.
Biochemical Genetics of Resistance to Aryl Carbamate Insecticides in the Predaceous Mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis

The mechanism of insecticide resistance, the inheritance of resistance, and crossresistance to different insecticides were investigated in a carbaryl-resistant strain of the predaceous mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Resistance extends to the aryl carbamate insecticide propoxur and the benzimidazolecarbamate fungicide benomyl, but not to the oxime carbamate insecticide methomyl or to noncarbamate insecticides. Resistance appears to be related to high levels of oxidative detoxification, which seems to be present even in the egg stage. Genetic analyses showed that the resistance is primarily due to a single, incompletely dominant gene. Carbamate resistance in M. occidentalis seems very similar to that observed previously in insects.
SIGNATURE OF THE CUO2 PLANE RELATED BANDS IN YBA2CU3O6.9 AS SEEN BY ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION

Abstract The intensity and polarization dependence of the spectral feature in angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) associated with the CuO2 plane bands from the YBa2Cu3O7 (001) surface is computed for the first time within the band theory framework, and the corresponding polarization-dependent ARPES measurements are presented. The theoretical predictions are in remarkable agreement with the experimental features along the ΓS line which have been interpreted as the signature of CuO2 plane bands crossing the Fermi energy. Our results clearly establish that the bulk CuO2 plane bands are indeed observed by ARPES, and indicate that the local-density-approximation based wave functions implicit in the band theory reasonably describe the physical situation.
Scanned Orbital Welding: Thermal Modeling and Lumped Adaptive Control

Scan orbital welding of cylindrical vessel, flange, and piping parts is performed by their rapid revolution under a radially or axially translated heat source, with its power modulated so as to implement a specified thermal distribution. Thus, the plasma-arc welding torch sweeps the stainless steel surface to generate a desirable temperature field and the concomitant material features. A numerical simulation of the thermal field is developed for off-line analysis. On this basis, a lumped thermal regulator of the heat-affected zone, employing infrared temperature feedback at a single spot, as well as standard PI, gain scheduling, and self-tuning control algorithms is tested. The thermal model is also employed for real-time torch efficiency identification and compensation. The numerical reference model serves as the basis for an in-process adaptive thermal control system to regulate the temperature field, using thermal feedback from the infrared pyrometer. A distributed-parameter control strategy, with guidance of the torch motion and power by a new weighted attraction strategy to randomly sampled points, is tested on scan-welded flanges. The regulator is validated computationally and experimentally, and its applicability to other scanned processing of materials is considered.
Recombinants in the H-2S/H-2D interval of mouse chromosome 17 define the map position of a gene for cleft palate susceptibility.

The H-2 region of mouse chromosome 17 is known to include one or more genes that affect susceptibility to cortisone-induced cleft palate. We have now studied congenic strains that possess crossovers in the interval between H-2S and H-2D and have observed significant differences in susceptibility among recombinants that had been believed to possess the same H-2 haplotypes. Pregnant mice were injected on days 11 through 14 of gestation with 100 mg of cortisone per kg of body weight. The frequency of cleft palate in B10.A(2R) was significantly greater than in B10.A(1R), despite the fact that both have H-2a/H-2b crossovers in the interval between the S and D loci and have the same alleles at all loci that have been previously characterized. Both B10.BAR5 and B10.BAR12 were significantly more susceptible than B10.A(18R), although these strains also share the same alleles at all loci that have been previously characterized. All three of these strains have H-2b/H-2a recombinant chromosomes, with crossovers in the S/D interval. Genetic linkage between H-2 and the high-susceptibility gene of B10.BAR5 was confirmed by testing H-2 homozygotes derived by intercrossing backcross animals. These data therefore suggest that a gene coding for susceptibility, which we designate Cps-1, maps in the 350-kb interval between H-2S and H-2D, and the congenic strains that we have found to be different have different crossover points within this interval. Alleles at the Cps-1 locus have embryonic effects, but no demonstrable effects on the maternal environment.
Whole Ion Optics Gridlet Simulations Using a Hybrid-Grid Immersed-Finite-Element Particle-in-Cell Code

A new model is developed for three-dimensional global simulations of plasma flow in an entire subscale ion optics. This model explicitly includes apertures located near the edge of the grid surface and fully accounts for the effects of multiple ion beamlets and geometric asymmetry. This model is based on a new algorithm, the streamline hybrid-grid immersed-finite-element particle-in-cell. This algorithm is capable of achieving the same accuracy as an unstructured body-fit mesh-based particle-in-cell with a faster computational speed. Simulation results are presented to understand the plasma sheath upstream of the screen grid, direct impingement of beam ions, the crossover limit, the perveance limit, and the electron backstreaming onset.
A Statistical Description of AGN Jet Evolution from the VLBA Imaging and Polarimetry Survey (VIPS)

A detailed analysis of the evolution of the properties of core-jet systems within the VLBA Imaging and Polarimetry Survey (VIPS) is presented. We find a power-law relationship between jet intensity and width that suggests that for the typical jet, little if any energy is lost as it moves away from its core. Using VLA images at 1.5 GHz, we have found evidence that parsec-scale jets tend to be aligned with the direction of emission on kiloparsec scales. We also found that this alignment improves as the jets move farther from their cores on projected scales as small as ~50-100 pc. This suggests that realignment of jets on these projected scales is relatively common. We typically find a modest amount of bending (a change in jet position angle of ~5°) on these scales, suggesting that this realignment may typically occur relatively gradually.
Stimulated emission polarization spectroscopy of V2 =2, X̃1Ag glyoxal

Abstract A polarization detection method was demonstrated for stimulated emission spectroscopy in the study of the v 2 =1 level of X 1 A g glyoxal. Analysis of the intensity and the polarization of the stimulating photons shows that the observed spectral lines result from a stimulated emission process. The vibrational term value of the 2 2 level was measured to be 3473.2 ± 0.2 cm −1 and the vibrational constants for the v 2 mode were determined as ω 0 2 = 1745.8(5) cm −1 and X 22 = −4.6(5) cm −1 . It was observed that the rotational levels are perturbed by an a -axis Coriolis coupling. The B and C rotational constants are accurately determined as 0.1584 (8) and 0.1500(10) cm −1 .
Diode laser spectra of cis-HONO near 850 cm−1 and trans-HONO near 1700 cm−1

Abstract Tunable diode laser spectra have been measured for the ν4 band of cis-HONO near 850 cm−1 and the ν2 band of rans-HONO near 1700 cm−1. The ν4 band is completely unperturbed and 355 well-resolved transitions have been fit with a standard deviation of 0.0007 cm−1. The ν2 band appears to have some small perturbations, but about 190 transitions have been fit with a standard deviation of 0.0027 cm−1. Rotational and centrifugal distortion constants are given for both bands.
Pioneer 10 and Voyagers 1 and 2 backscattered UV data and the nature of the interstellar medium

Abstract It has not yet been unambiguously established whether the bulk velocity of the very local interstellar medium (VLISM) relative to the Sun is subsonic or supersonic. Till now there has been no way to decide between the two possibilities although the backscattered UV data base obtained from the Pioneer 10 and Voyagers 1 and 2 missions in principle contain the required information. The principal difficulty in interpreting the UV data has been the lack of self-consistent heliospheric models. In recent years, however, several self-consistent models have become available. We have used two two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamic models of the heliosphere developed by one of the authors for both supersonic and subsonic VLISM flow and compared their predictions with the observed backscattered Lyman-α data. We found that neither model can satisfactorily reproduce the observed Pioneer 10 and Voyager 2 UV data except for the large distance Pioneer 10 downstream UV data.
Changing Agricultural Property Rights for the Twenty-first Century: Discussion

In the early 1870s, the State of Illinois enacted a law enabling cities and villages to purchase, condemn, or take lands beyond their corporate limits for the purpose of establishing or supplying waterworks. Furthermore, "The jurisdiction of the city or village to prevent or punish any pollution or injury to the stream or source of water, or to the waterworks, extends 20 miles beyond its corporate limits, or so far as the waterworks may extend" (State of Illinois). In the ensuing years, this preventive/punitive provision of the act has been used infrequently. The only legal challenge to the pollution provision concerned oil and gas drilling near a water supply lake, and the city's right to regulate the drilling was upheld by the courts (City of West Frankfort v. Fullop, 1955). In Illinois, most surface water supplies are surrounded by land devoted to intensive crop agriculture, where pesticides and fertilizers are used in abundance. The nutrient components of fertilizers, especially nitrogen, are a particular problem. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient for eutrophication processes and also has the potential to cause "blue baby" syndrome (methemaglobanemia) in young children. While some level of nitrogen will inevitably be found in water, the background levels are rarely troublesome. It is the addition of large amounts of synthetic fertilizers that poses ecological and public health problems. Now to the dilemma. Under the Safe Drink-