cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in Research on Mental Accounting and Reason-Based Choice

Research extending over twenty years in behavioral decision theory has led to the development of two important research streams — mental accounting and reason-based choice. This paper explores recent research on the role of mental accounting and reason-based choice in the construction of consumer preferences. Evidence suggests that the principles of mental accounting often regulate the purchase and consumption of luxuries and that reasons may play an important part in this process. In particular, buying and consuming luxury goods tends to call for reasons and justification and can evoke intra-personal conflict that might be resolved with the aid of mental accounting. Moreover, reasons can serve as important building blocks in the formation and grouping of mental accounts. The current paper also discusses the construction of preferences as a process where, in certain cases, consumers choose reasons rather than options. Among other things, focusing on reasons can lead to discrepancies between decisions and consumption experiences, preference intransitivity, and unconventional choices. Directions for future research are discussed.
Is "Hotspot" Volcanism a Consequence of Plate Tectonics?

Many volcanoes are associated with subduction zones or mid-ocean ridges, but other areas of unusually high volcanism (or "hotspots") have a more subtle connection to plate tectonic processes. In their Perspective, Foulger and Natland argue that "hotspot" volcanism is not very hot and is a shallow-source by-product of plate tectonics. In a related Perspective, DePaolo and Manga argue that evidence for at least some "hotspots" being caused by deep plumes originating at the base of Earth9s mantle is strong, although direct evidence is still lacking because of the limited resolution of seismic studies.
Probing crystallinity of never-dried wood cellulose with Raman spectroscopy

The structure of wood cell wall cellulose in its native state remains poorly understood, limiting the progress of research and development in numerous areas, including plant science, biofuels, and nanocellulose based materials. It is generally believed that cellulose in cell wall microfibrils has both crystalline and amorphous regions. However, there is evidence that appears to be contrary to this assumption. Here we show, using 1064-nm FT-Raman spectroscopy, that (1) compared to the crystalline state, cellulose in the never-dried native state is laterally aggregated but in a less-than crystalline state wherein internal chains are water-accessible, (2) hydroxymethyl groups (CH2OH) in cellulose exist not only in the tg conformation but also in the gt rotamer form, and (3) in native-state fibrils, low-frequency Raman bands due to cellulose crystal domains are absent, indicating the lack of crystallinity. Further evidence of the absence of crystallinity of the fibrils was the failure of the normal 64 % H2SO4 hydrolysis procedure to produce nanocellulose crystals from untreated wood. X-ray diffraction data obtained on wood, treated-wood, and wood-cellulose samples were consistent with the new finding and indicated that full-width-at-half-height of the X-ray diffractograms and lateral disorder in samples as measured by Raman were correlated (R2 = 0.95).
Positive bias in mycophenolic acid concentrations determined by the CEDIA assay compared to HPLC-UV method: is CEDIA assay suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid?

Background Both immunoassays and chromatographic methods are available for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant. We studied the suitability of cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) assay for routine monitoring of MPA by comparing values obtained by the CEDIA assay with corresponding values obtained by using a high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:77–80, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Methods We compared MPA concentrations obtained by a reference HPLC-UV method and CEDIA assay on Hitachi 917 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) using 60 patient specimens (18 liver transplant recipient and 42 kidney transplant recipients). Results When MPA concentrations in all 60 transplant recipients obtained by the HPLC-UV (x-axis) method were compared with corresponding values obtained by the CEDIA method (y-axis), the following regression equation was obtained: y = 1.1558x + 0.2876 (r = 0.97). Interestingly, much lower bias was observed in 42 renal transplant recipients as revealed by the following regression equation; y = 1.1181x + 0.2745 (r = 0.98). However, more significant positive bias was observed in 18 liver transplant recipients as following regression equation as observed: y = 1.3337x + 0.1493 (r = 0.94). Conclusions We conclude that MPA concentrations determined by the CEDIA assay showed significant positive bias compared to HPLC-UV method. Therefore, caution must be exercised in interpreting therapeutic drug monitoring result of MPA if CEDIA assay is used.
Deforming an Even Representation II, Raising the Level☆

Starting from a surjective representationρ: Gal(Q/Q)→SL2(Z3) a technique is developed to ensure that certain primes can be added to the level, i.e. that there exists a representation congruent toρ mod 3 ramified at the new prime as well. Several such primes are found. Also, several pairs of primes and one triple are found that can be added to the level simultaneously.
Capsaicin induces degeneration of cutaneous autonomic nerve fibers

The vanilloid, capsaicin, the pungent component in hot chili peppers, is widely used as a topical agent to treat neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain and itch.1 Capsaicin is an agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor, a non-selective, cation channel that functions as integrator of noxious chemical and physical stimuli. TRPV1 is expressed in small and medium diameter nociceptor sensory neurons although recent reports have suggested a more widespread distribution.2,3 Studies reveal TRPV1 plays a role in visceral sensation. It is expressed in visceral afferent fibers and influences visceral tissue homeostasis via efferent release of peptides such as CGRP and SP.4–8 Topical application of capsaicin results in burning pain mediated by discharges in C polymodal and Aδ mechano-heat nociceptors due to TRPV1 receptor activation. Physiological desensitization of nociceptor neurons follows the initial activation, however, with repeated application 9–11 neural degeneration occurs. The desensitization and subsequent degeneration may underlie the analgesic effects of capsaicin. Furthermore, some investigators have suggested that nerve regeneration following capsaicin induced degeneration may provide a measure of efficacy in disease modifying peripheral neuropathy therapeutic trials.11,12 All reports of capsaicin induced nerve degeneration in humans have examined small sensory neurons.9–11 Since TRPV1 receptors are present in visceral afferents in humans13–15 and other species,4–8 we hypothesized that topical application of capsaicin would lead to degeneration of cutaneous autonomic nerves. Such degeneration would not only extend our understanding of the cutaneous innervation but, if present, may have safety implications given the widespread use of topical capsaicin in patients with neuropathic pain.1 Furthermore, the knowledge that another population of neurons degenerate and regenerate would provide an additional dimension to this model for the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of disease modifying agents for peripheral neuropathy.
Changes in Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA Expression in the Rat Locus Coeruleus Following Acute or Chronic Treatment with Valproic Acid

Valproate has proven effective in treating bipolar disorder. Though some biochemical effects of valproate are rapid, mood-stabilizing effects can take weeks, suggesting that regulatory changes in gene expression in brain neurotransmitter systems may be involved. Given a presumed role for norepinephrine (NE) in bipolar disorder, as well as the actions of mood-stabilizing drugs, we examined changes in mRNA expression for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the NE transporter (NET) and α2A autoreceptor in the rat locus coeruleus after valproate treatment. TH mRNA increased slightly (16%) following acute treatment, and more so after chronic valproate treatment (26%), while neither NET nor α2A mRNA expression changed. Further, chronic valproate treatment attenuated the elevation in TH mRNA expression induced in the LC in response to acute restraint stress. Both acute and chronic valproate treatment attenuated restraint stress-induced elevations in plasma ACTH secretion. These observations suggest that the therapeutic effects of valproate may involve regulatory alterations in TH message expression in the brain, and attenuation of stress-reactivity of the central noradrenergic system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Sire Evaluation by Only Extended Partial Milk and Fat Records

Abstract The standard of comparison for dairy production records is the 305-day lactation, and much research has been directed to estimating 305-day milk and fat records from incomplete or in-progress records. This study was to determine the effect of several methods of extending incomplete records on sire evaluation. Complete 305-day milk and fat records of first lactations of 73,724 daughters of 1,362 artificial insemination Holstein sires processed at the New York Dairy Records Processing Laboratory were used to compute sire proofs for yield of milk and fat. Partial records of two lengths (60 to 80 days and 130 to 160 days) on the same daughters were extended by three methods, and sire proofs were computed from these six sets of extended records. Correlations between sire proofs with complete records only and sire proofs with only extended incomplete records were .93 or .94 (for milk proofs) when the length of the part record was between 130 and 160 days, regardless of the method of extension. Correlations were less (.66 to .81 for milk proofs), as expected, when the length of the part record was between 60 and 80 days.
Regional Allocation of Investment: Comment

Mr. Rahman is concerned with planning investment in an underdeveloped country so as to maintain a reasonable balance among the rates of progress in different regions of the country. The importance of this problem does not require discussion. But, as Rahman notes, it is strongly analogous to another, more pervasive problem, the allocation of investment among different industrial sectors of an underdeveloped country so as to attain a maximum over-all rate of growth in a specified planning period. In this version of the problem the rates of progress of the different sectors need not be kept in balance if doing so interferes with the basic goal, namely attaining maximal wealth at the end of the planning period. It is therefore somewhat simpler than the regional allocation problem and since it has some interesting implications of its own, it will be discussed in this note. Let the length of the planning period be T. Let Kit be the capital stock, measured in appropriate physical units (for example, number of looms, nameplate capacity of generators, and so on), in sector i at date t (t = 0, 1,..., T). Let ca be the value assigned by the planning commission to a unit of capital in sector i at the terminal date, T. These valuation numbers, ci, are entirely arbitrary. They might approximate the income-producing potential of capital in various sectors; they might, if industrial employment is an important national goal, approximate the employment opportunities per unit of capital; they might be simply unity for sectors deemed desirable and zero for others. Whatever they are, we take it that the objective of the plan is to maximize the value of capital at the terminal date, namely W = UCXKIT. Investment in each year is to be financed out of saving or reinvestible surplus, computed as follows. Each unit of capital in sector i contributes vi per year to the total value added in the economy. This contribution can be divided (for example) into three parts: wages equal to nmwj, where nm is employment per unit of capital and wj is the wage rate in sector i; rentier and interest payments equal to ri per unit of capital; and profits equal to vi niwi ri. Differing proportions of these three streams of income are reinvestible, so the total reinvestible surplus per unit of capital in the ith sector is
Recent progress in field emitter array development for high performance applications

This article discusses the current status of the rapidly evolving area of field emitter arrays. The development of field emitter arrays is reviewed in the context of major applications of the devices, such as flat panel displays and cathodes for microwave power amplifiers. State-of-the art technologies for fabrication of field emitter arrays as well as recently reported results on electrical performance of the devices are reviewed. Remaining challenges in the major applications in conjunction with some of the potential pathways to device improvement are discussed.
Fault Diagnosis Method Utilizing Actuator Redundancy and Identicalness With Applications to Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a fault diagnosis approach for a class of over-actuated systems where the actuators share the same unknown parameters. With the persistence of excitation condition being satisfied, the estimated unknown parameters from all the healthy and identical actuators should have a great similarity. A significant parameter estimation difference from other estimations may be attributed to the fault on the specific actuator. Such a feature was utilized to design the residuals and evaluate the actuator fault for over-actuated systems with identical actuators and applied to a four wheel independently actuated (FWIA) electric ground vehicle where the tire-road friction coefficient (TRFC) can be treated as the common unknown parameter for the four wheels. Simulation and experimental results from a FWIA electric ground vehicle are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Non-dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction and cardiac surgery-an assessment of perioperative risk factors.

Objective In most reports, dialysis-dependent patients are known to be at increased risk for perioperative morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgical procedures. 1–7 However, the preoperative factors important for risk stratification of patients who have renal insufficiency but are not dialysis dependent are unclear. We set forth to ascertain preoperative risk factors important for predicting 2 endpoints: (1) dialysis at discharge and (2) hospital death. Design A retrospective analysis. Setting A tertiary referral center. Patients From a database of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass over a 6-year period, 150 patients were chosen for study based on their preoperative creatinine being greater than 1.5 mg/dl. Interventions Routine monitoring and care of patients after their cardiac surgical procedures. Measurements and main results Many preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative variables were measured. Multivariable regression was used for data analysis. There were 21 (14%) hospital deaths and 7 (5%) patients who were not on preoperative dialysis who required dialysis at discharge. Preoperative risk factors for hospital death were the patients' New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (p = 0.004) and emergency status (p = 0.005). Preoperative risk factors for dialysis at discharge were female gender (p = 0.02), emergency status of procedure (p = 0.01), and preoperative creatinine (p = 0.03). Conclusions These data allow for a more accurate assessment of risk stratification in this group of patients with renal insufficiency but who are not dependent on dialysis. Given the data presented here and other studies that report good outcomes for patients with renal disease after cardiac surgical procedures, 8–10 earlier operative intervention for coronary disease in this subset of patients might be warranted.
Merlin C. Wittrock and the Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy

Merl Wittrock, a cognitive psychologist who had proposed a generative model of learning, was an essential member of the group that over a period of 5 years revised the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, originally published in 1956. This article describes the development of that 2001 revision (Anderson and Krathwohl, Editors) and Merl's contributions to that effort.
Toward National Health Insurance in the United States: An historical outline, 1910–1979

Abstract The paper analyzes the legislative history of the movement toward national health insurance over the last 70 years and analyzes key periods in this history in terms of the value basis upon which legislation was proposed and also in terms of the decision making theory utilized throughout this period in the provision of health care for American citizens. This analysis resulted in the following conclusions: (1) The bulk of the legislation which has come before Congress over the last 70 years has been polarized around two disparate value bases (total comprehensive and compulsory versus limited, categorical and voluntary, and two distinct decision theories—rationale versus incremental). (2) Congress and the administration have demonstrated receptivity on a limited basis to a total comprehensive and compulsory/rational approach in times of great socio-economic upheaval. (3) In times of relative stability, Congress and the administration have tended to adopt a limited, categorical and voluntary stance toward national health care and have utilized an incremental approach in deliberating health policy. (4) In that the nation has experienced more periods of stability than instability over the last 70 years, the present health care system can be understood as being the product of a limited, categorical and voluntary philosophy toward health care coupled with an incremental approach to policy formulation. (5) In that the percentage of Federal dollars spent on health care has risen from 4.3% in 1963 to 12.7% in 1978, the effectiveness of a limited, categorical and a voluntary approach to health care planning is questionable. (6) In that the Federal government has only exhibited receptivity to a total comprehensive and compulsory approach to health care planning during times of great economic and social upheaval, it seemed unlikely that the 96th Congress would respond favorably to the health care legislation proposed by Senator Edward Kennedy and the Committee for National Health Insurance.
Renormalization of Bloch electrons in coherent light.

Une separation des parties coherentes des modes du champ electromagnetique des parties provenant des fluctuations du vide conduit a une nouvelle representation des excitations d'une monoparticule dans les cristaux. Etude des effets de cette renormalisation sur les structures de bandes simples
The value of job safety for railroad workers

The value of reducing job risk is estimated using a hedonic wage model and a risk variable that is matched by occupation and state of residence. This study is the first to use the hedonic wage approach to estimate the value of safety in a single industry. Industry-specific estimates will help researchers and labor policymakers better understand the distribution of compensating wage differentials across industries. Our estimated value of job safety for railroad workers is between $21,000 and $26,000 (1980 dollars) per statistical disabling injury, which is somewhat larger than the average of values estimated in previous studies that use cross-industry or crossoccupation aggregate risk data.
Creation of environmental health information system for public health service: A pilot study

Despite more than a decade of research on medical information systems, deficiencies exist in our capability of establishing an effective environmental health information infrastructure. In this research, we present a pilot study on creating a feasible environmental health information infrastructure. The newly-developed environmental health information system is a web-based platform that integrates databases, decision-making tools, geographic information systems for supporting public health service and policy making. The study, which is a part of a comprehensive effort known as Environmental Public Health Tracking proposed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, opens the door for future research on a large scale nation-wide healthcare information infrastructure.
The relative contributions of internal motor cues and external semantic cues to anticipatory smooth pursuit

Smooth pursuit eye movements anticipate the future motion of targets when future motion is either signaled by visual cues or inferred from past history. To study the effect of anticipation derived from movement planning, the eye pursued a cursor whose horizontal motion was controlled by the hand via a mouse. The direction of a critical turn was specified by a cue or was freely chosen. Information from planning to move the hand (which itself showed anticipatory effects) elicited anticipatory smooth eye movements, allowing the eye to track self-generated target motion with virtually no lag. Lags were present only when either visual cues or motor cues were removed. The results show that information derived from the planning of movement is as effective as visual cues in generating anticipatory eye movements. Eye movements in dynamic environments will be facilitated by collaborative anticipatory movements of hand and eye. Cues derived from movement planning may be particularly valuable in fast-paced human-computer interactions.
Piezoelectric property of hot pressed electrospun poly( γ -benzyl- α , L-glutamate) fibers

Since the 1960s, the piezoelectricity in biopolymers (e.g. proteins and polynucleotides) has attracted considerable scientific attention. In particular, poly(glutamate)s have been one of the most popular targets for this research due to their well-defined helical structure and permanent polarity along the helical axis. To date, films of poly(glutamate)s have been shown to exhibit piezoelectricity only in shear mode (d14), mainly due to the limitation in fabricating electrically poled polymer samples. This paper describes a combined electrospinning and hot press method that allows production of poled poly(γ-benzyl-α,L-glutamate) (PBLG) films with piezoelectricity in all d33, d31 and d14 modes for the first time. It is found that this PBLG film belongs to the matrix structure of C∞v group, which is the same as that of poled PVDF film. The moderately high piezoelectric coefficients in both d33 and d14 modes as well as their thermal stability make the poled PBLG film an excellent candidate for use in flexible transducers and small energy harvesting devices.
Long-Term Executive Function Deficits in Children With Traumatic Brain Injuries: Assessment Using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)

Long-term deficits in executive functions following childhood traumatic brain injuries (TBI) were examined using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Parents completed the BRIEF approximately 5 years postinjury as part of a prospective study of children injured between the ages of 6 and 12. The children were between 10 and 19 years of age at the time of the assessment, and included 33 with severe TBI, 31 with moderate TBI, and 34 with orthopedic injuries. Parents also rated children's adaptive functioning and completed several other measures of parent and family functioning. Children were administered a neuropsychological test battery that included several measures of executive functions. The groups displayed a significant linear trend in BRIEF scores, with the largest deficits in executive functions reported in children with severe TBI. BRIEF scores were related consistently across groups to a test of working memory, but not to other neuropsychological measures. BRIEF scores also predicted children's adaptive functioning and behavioral adjustment, as well as parent psychological distress, perceived family burden, and general family functioning. The findings indicate that TBI results in long-term deficits in executive functions that are related to children's psychosocial outcomes, as well as to parent and family functioning.
Intraocular lymphoma: a clinical perspective

Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare malignancy that is speculated to arise extraocularly, and preferentially invade and flourish in the ocular and CNS microenvironments. The eye is involved in about 20% of primary central nervous system lymphomas, but the brain is eventually involved in about 80% of PVRL. Most are B-cell lymphomas with small numbers of T-cell lymphomas metastatic to the vitreous and retina. Metastatic systemic B-cell lymphoma usually involves choroid. Primary choroidal lymphoma is rare. Intraocular lymphoma can usually be distinguished from uveitis clinically, although there are overlaps, which may be pronounced in eyes with a large component of reactive inflammation related to tumor surveillance and control. There are controversies in diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis through examination of ocular fluid is technically difficult and can utilize cytology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, molecular detection of gene rearrangements, and cytokine profiling. Treatment of intraocular lymphoma without detectable CNS disease could consist of a full course of systemic chemotherapy with ocular adjunctive treatment, or ocular treatment alone depending on the preference of the clinical center. In ocular only cases where the vitreous has been debulked to improve vision and there is no sight-threatening involvement of the RPE, orbital irradiation or intravitreal chemotherapy stabilizes the intraocular process but does not seem to modify the CNS component, which can present symptomatically in an advanced state. This is a highly malignant disease with a poor prognosis. Close collaboration with a pathologist and oncologist, and good communication with patients is essential.
Autocorrelation times for the N -fold-way Monte Carlo algorithm

We present calculations of the autocorrelation times for the [ital N]-fold-way Monte Carlo algorithm applied to the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model. We present a proof of microreversibility which points out an error in the configuration weight factor used in the earlier work. We test the corrected [ital N]-fold-way algorithm on the 2D Ising model and, while still suffering from critical slowing, we find significant improvement in the autocorrelation times compared with the standard Metropolis approach.
Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) therapy is associated with hepatic venoocclusive disease in patients who have not received stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND Mylotarg™ (Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, St. Davids, PA) is the brand name for a calicheamicin-conjugated humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody (gemtuzumab ozogamicin, CMA-676) and has been approved recently for the treatment of a subset of elderly patients who have relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Mylotarg is associated with an incidence of approximately 20% Grade 3 or 4 hyperbilirubinemia and liver transaminitis in this patient population. Hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD) has been reported in patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation (SCT) after Mylotarg therapy. Outside of the SCT setting, VOD has been associated very rarely with cytotoxic therapy. METHODS The authors assessed the incidence of VOD in 119 patients who were receiving Mylotarg-containing non-SCT regimens. VOD was diagnosed through the use of standard Seattle and Baltimore criteria. RESULTS A cohort of 119 (61 previously untreated, 58 with relapsed disease) patients with AML (92 patients), advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (25 patients), or chronic myeloid leukemia in blast phase (2 patients), received Mylotarg-based regimens. Fourteen (12%) developed VOD. The diagnosis of VOD was supported by histology in 2 patients and radiologic studies in a further 10 patients. Five (36%) of 14 patients with VOD had received no prior antileukemic cytotoxic therapy, including 2 patients who received single-agent Mylotarg therapy. CONCLUSIONS Mylotarg was shown to be associated with the development of potentially fatal VOD in patients with leukemia who had not received SCT. VOD occured when Mylotarg was used either as a single agent or when it was given with other cytotoxic agents. VOD occured in Mylotarg-treated patients who had received no prior cytotoxic therapy. The current study concluded that risk factors for VOD should be assessed when considering Mylotarg therapy, and that attempts to avoid and treat VOD are warranted in patients who receive Mylotarg therapy. Cancer 2001;92:406–13. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Multicomponent protein adsorption in supported cationic polyacrylamide hydrogels

Partitioning and transport of proteins in charged polyacrylamide gels were studied for single and two-component protein mixtures. The gels were synthesized within fused-silica capillaries allowing a direct microscopic determination of concentration profiles in the gel during adsorption and desorption of fluorescently labeled proteins. α-lactalbumin, ovalbumin, and BSA were used as model proteins spanning molecular masses between 15 and 65 kDa. The proteins were conjugated to green and red rhodamine fluorescent labels, allowing simultaneous and independent determinations of two proteins during binary adsorption. The proteins were found to be favorably but reversibly partitioned into the gel and could be eluted at high salt concentrations. The transient concentration profiles were found to be consistent with a Fickian diffusion model with a driving force based on the adsorbed phase concentration gradient. The diffusivity and adsorption capacity of the proteins determined from the microscopic data compared favorably to results previously obtained from macroscopic studies of Q-HyperD, a gel-filled particle chemically similar to the gels synthesized in this work. Coadsorption and sequential adsorption experiments also resulted in diffuse concentration profiles indicating that the underlying transport mechanism is the same as for single component transport. The diffusion model was extended to predict the two-component cases. Predictions were reasonably accurate for co-adsorption, but gave rates higher than seen experimentally for sequential adsorption, probably as a result of diffusion flux coupling or other nonidealities. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Intracranial self-stimulation site specificity: The myth of current spread

Locus-specificity of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was determined for 78 electrode placements using monophasic stimulation. ICSS rate comparisons between each pole of a bipolar electrode when each served as cathode were made when the anodal source was either the other pole of the bipolar electrode or a skull screw. In hypothalamic areas, medial forebrain bundle electrode tips elicited significantly higher rates than electrode tips of the same bipolar electrodes located in perifornical or far-lateral diencephalic placements. In turn, perifornical electrode tips elicited higher rates than more dorsally or medially placed tips. In dorsal pontine areas, locus coeruleus electrode tips elicited significantly higher rates than more medially or laterally placed tips. In periaqueductal midbrain and substantia nigra placements, tips located along the midline or in the substantia nigra elicited significantly higher rates than tips located lateral to or ventral to those respective structures. Anodal locus did not change these results. These results suggest that ICSS behavior is delimited by and corresponds to neuroanatomically discrete entities and that cathodal, rather than anodal factors seem to most crucially determine ICSS integrity.
Evaluation of MDI-spacer utilization and technique in caregivers of urban minority children with persistent asthma.

AbstractObjective: Incorrect Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)-spacer technique can result in decreased drug delivery to distal airways and poor asthma outcomes. There is lack of research to examine whether the caregivers utilize proper technique when applying an MDI-spacer delivery system for young minority children with persistent asthma in the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate MDI-spacer utilization and technique among the caregivers of Bronx minority children with persistent asthma and to determine characteristics associated with correct use. Methods: We analyzed data from 169 caregivers of urban minority children with persistent asthma (aged 2–9 years). MDI-spacer device technique was assessed using a 10-step checklist derived from the national guidelines, literature and manufacturers’ instructions. Based on the median MDI-technique score of six steps demonstrated accurately, caregivers were categorized as correct (seven or more) or incorrect (six or less) users. Results: Of the 169...
Economics of Purchasing a Yield Monitor for Split-Planter Corn Hybrid Testing

Economic studies have not been conducted on yield monitors because it is difficult to separate out costs and benefits of yield mapping. We conducted split-planter studies in 1999 on two farms to test a new ('37M81') and proven ('3752') corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid ($10 bag -1 seed cost difference) to determine if farmers could offset yield monitor costs by identifying the better hybrid to plant in subsequent years. At one farm, 37M81 yielded 0.48 Mg ha -1 greater than 3752 in 1999. In 2000 and 2001, 37M81 yielded 1.03 Mg ha -1 greater for an $85 ha -1 return above seed costs. If 37M81 were planted on 20 ha in 2000 and 2001, additional revenue from higher yields offset annual fixed costs ($1655) of a yield monitor. If 37M81 were planted to 320 ha, relative profit ($79 ha -1 ) did not equal the $85 ha -1 return for planting 37M81 without on-farm testing. At the other farm, 3752 yielded 0.39 Mg ha -1 greater in 1999 but the same (7.7 Mg ha -1 ) in 2000 and 2001. Savings in seed costs ($9 ha -1 ) did not offset annual yield monitor costs in 2000 and 2001. If 3752 were planted to more than 200 ha, relative profit from the yield monitor purchase exceeded relative profit for planting 37M81 without on-farm testing. We recommend that farmers who plant 200 or more corn hectares conduct split-planter studies to compare new hybrid releases vs. proven hybrids because seed costs have increased significantly.
A completely fractured zotarolimus-eluting stent in an aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have significantly improved the rate of target vessel revascularization in comparison with bare metal stents. DES fracture was not reported in multicenter randomized clinical trials, but several case reports of DES fracture have been published, mostly with sirolimus-eluting stents. DES fracture is associated with stent restenosis and thrombosis. We report a zotarolimus-eluting stent fracture in an aortocoronary saphenous vein graft (SVG) bypass. The patient presented with chest pain and a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. He underwent cardiac catheterization that showed a complete fracture of a zotarolimus-eluting stent in the ostium of a sequential SVG to the diagonal and obtuse coronary arteries. His management included coronary angioplasty and retrieval of the proximal fractured segment. We discuss the potential causes for this stent fracture and suggest caution when using a DES in an ostial location of a SVG bypass, especially in a highly mobile vessel. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lac repressor-operator interaction. IV. Assay and purification of operator DNA.

Abstract An assay and purification of lac operator DNA are described, based on the binding of the lac repressor to the lac operator. The assay is accurate, sensitive and specific. It is used here to follow the purification of specific lac DNA fragments of average M.W. ∼ 1 × 10 6 containing the lac operator region.
Over-The-Counter Appetite Suppressants Containing Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride (PPA) and the Young Adult: Usage and Perceived Effectiveness

A survey of 944 young adults regarding their usage and perceived effectiveness of over-the-counter (O-T-C) diet pills containing phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA) showed that 30.1 percent of the women had consumed these preparations during the year prior to the interview. Women who either perceived themselves as being very overweight and/or desired to lose the most poundage tended to consume more diet pills. About 25 percent of the women who had ingested appetite suppressants reported various side effects. The vast majority of women (86%) believed that the pills were useful only on a very short-term basis, or that they acted as placebos, with little or no anorectic action and/or that they were completely ineffective. Only 3.7 percent of the men had used an O-T-C diet preparation. In a second survey of 425 young adults the potentiality for overdosage was demonstrated by the 47 percent of the women who had used two or more O-T-C preparations (diet pills and/or decongestants) containing PPA in a twenty...
Boron fertilization, vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and growth of citrus jambhiri lush

Abstract The role of boron (B) fertilization in the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization and growth of container‐grown Citrus seedlings was evaluated. Citrus jambhiri Lush, seedlings inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus etunicatum or non‐inoculated were grown in a sandy loam soil for sixteen weeks. Seedlings were fertilized with 25 ug/ml B applied to the foliage as a mist, to the soil as a solution, or to both the foliage and the soil. Boron applied to the foliage or to the soil significantly increased root exudation of reducing sugars and amino acids two weeks after seedling germination. Subsequently, foliar fertilization with B significantly increased VAH colonization of seedlings relative to the controls. Plants inoculated with G. fasciculatum were larger and had greater VAM development than those inoculated with G. etunicatum. The growth of the noninoculated seedlings was not enhanced by B fertilization. The superior VAH colonization and growth of inoculated seedlings fertilized ...
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed as an n-3 fatty acid source for finishing pigs: effects on fatty acid composition and fat stability of the meat and internal fat, growth performance, and meat sensory characteristics.

Coronary heart disease is caused by arteriosclerosis, which is triggered by an unbalanced fatty acid profile in the body. Today, Western diets are typically low in n-3 fatty acids and high in SFA and n-6 fatty acids; consequently, healthier foods are needed. Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.), which contains the greatest known plant source of n-3 α-linolenic acid, was fed at the rate of 10 and 20% to finishing pigs, with the goal to determine if this new crop would in- crease the n-3 content of the meat as has been report- ed for other n-3 fatty acid-rich crops. The effects of chia on fatty acid composition of the meat, internal fats, growth performance, and meat sensory character- istics were determined. Productive performance was unaffected by dietary treatment. Chia seed modified the fatty acid composition of the meat fat, but not of the internal fat. Significantly (P < 0.05) less palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids were found with both chia treatments. This is different than trials in which flax- seed, another plant based source of ω-3 fatty acid, has been fed. Alpha-linolenic acid content increased with increasing chia content of the diet; however, only the effect of the 20% ration was significantly (P < 0.05) different from that of the control. Chia seed increased panel member preferences for aroma and flavor of the meat. This study tends to show that chia seems to be a viable feed that can produce healthier pork for human consumption.
Radiation Therapy and the Management of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors

The use of radiation therapy in the management of intramedullary spinal cord tumors remains controversial. Several studies indicate that the use of postoperative radiation therapy modestly improves both local control and survival in spinal cord ependymomas and astrocytomas. Modern treatment planning and imaging allow more accurate target definition and respect for related normal tissue tolerances.
Derivation of Hyperfine Structure Formulas for One Electron Spectra

A short but rigorous derivation is given for the energy level separations caused by a nuclear magnetic moment in a one electron spectrum. Formulas (5) and (7) are general. For weak coupling between the orbital angular momentum and the electron spin formula (6) may be used.
Bilateral complete renal duplication with total obstruction of both lower pole collecting systems

Sepsis and a flank mass developed in a twenty-two-year-old primagravida two days after a normal delivery. Urography showed normal upper pole collecting structures bilaterally. A spherical mass containing curvilinear calcification occupied the left lower pole, and a large inflammatory mass filled the right inferior renal fossa. Angiography and retrograde pyelography demonstrated marked bilateral lower pole hydronephrosis with complete obstruction of the water to each inferior duplicated collecting system.
Patient-centered health care using pharmacist-delivered medication therapy management in rural Mississippi

Objective To describe and provide preliminary clinical and economic outcomes from a pharmacist-delivered patient-centered health care (PCHC) model implemented in the Mississippi Delta. Setting Mississippi between July 2008 and June 2010. Practice description 13 community pharmacies in nine Mississippi Delta counties. Practice innovation This PCHC model implements a comprehensive medication therapy management (MTM) program with pharmacist training, individualized patient encounters and group education, provider outreach, integration of pharmacists into health information technology, and on-site support in community pharmacies in a medically underserved region with a large burden of chronic disease and health disparities. The program also expands on traditional MTM services through initiatives in health literacy/cultural competency and efforts to increase the provider network and improve access to care. Main outcome measures Criteria-based clinical outcomes, quality indicator reports, cost avoidance. Results PCHC services have been implemented in 13 pharmacies in nine counties in this underserved region, and 78 pharmacists and 177 students have completed the American Pharmacists Association's MTM Certificate Training Program. Preliminary data from 468 patients showed 681 encounters in which 1,471 drug therapy problems were identified and resolved. Preliminary data for clinical indicators and economic outcome measures are trending in a positive direction. Conclusion Preliminary data analyses suggest that pharmacist-provided PCHC is beneficial and has the potential to be replicated in similar rural communities that are plagued with chronic disease and traditional primary care provider shortages. This effort aligns with national priorities to reduce medication errors, improve health outcomes, and reduce health care costs in underserved communities.
Computers and accounting: where do we go from here?

Traces the evolution of computers and their applications in accounting. Highlights the changing in relationships between accountants and IT. Argues that accountants have not kept pace with technology. Accounting programs still train accountants without adequate technical knowledge. Concludes that the current situation must change to save the profession from a takeover by others who can do the job more competently.
Characterization of the BeAg interfacial region of silver films deposited onto beryllium using a hot hollow cathode discharge

Abstract Silver films are physically vapor deposited onto beryllium substrates using a hot hollow cathode discharge. To obtain high BeAg adhesion strengths, an atomically “clean” surface is obtained by ion bombardment cleaning. In this investigation, the relationship of the ion cleaning parameters to contaminants in the BeAg interfacial region and their effect on adhesion strength were evaluated. Specimens were ion cleaned at various bombardment parameters and then flash coated with silver. In-depth film profiles were taken by sputter etching in argon and monitoring the Auger electron peak-to-peak heights. The interface was also analyzed by taking a complete spectrum at the edge of the sputter crater. Impurities found at the interface were tantalum, copper and oxygen. The source of tantalum is evaporation from the hot hollow cathode tube. Copper is deposited by sputtering of the specimen holder. If the copper holder had been predeposited with silver, no copper would have been found in the interface. The results for oxygen show that oxygen can be left in the interface if the ion cleaning period is not long enough to remove completely the oxide from the beryllium surface. Oxygen was also found in the interface when the substrate ion current was below a threshold value. Ion cleaning below a threshold current density allowed oxygen to readsorb on the surface. To produce an oxygen-free interface on a machined beryllium surface, the bombardment cleaning time should be at least 10 min with a current density 1.3 mA cm−2 or more. The results for adhesion strengths showed that asmall amount of oxygen (about 2 at.%) left in the BeAg interface will reduce the adhesion strength of the coating. Silver films deposited in an air leak that was greater than a leak which is easily detectable by residual gas analysis contained only about 0.5 at.% O with no reduction in film adherence strengths.
Mineralization of sorbed and NAPL-phase hexadecane by catalyzed hydrogen peroxide

Abstract The oxidation and mineralization of hexadecane in silica sand slurries was investigated using aggressive Fenton-like reactions [high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and an iron (II) catalyst]. When spiked with 0.1 mmol kg −1 hexadecane, 56% of the hydrocarbon was sorbed to the silica sand and most of the remaining hexadecane was found as nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). Gas-purge methodology documented that hexadecane desorption from the silica sand slurries was negligible over 72 h. Three process variables [hydrogen peroxide concentration, slurry volume and soluble iron (II) amendment] were studied to determine their effects on hexadecane oxidation. A central composite rotatable experimental design was used to determine the most effective oxidation conditions as well as possible interactions between variables. In addition to investigating the oxidation of the parent compound, parallel experiments were conducted using 14 C-hexadecane to evaluate its mineralization. The recovery of 14 C-CO 2 confirmed that under the most effective conditions (high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and low slurry volumes), 83% of the sorbed and NAPL-phase hexadecane was mineralized to CO 2 and H 2 O. The iron (II) concentration had a negligible effect on parent compound degradation within the range investigated (5 to 25 mM) but was a significant variable in promoting the mineralization of hexadecane. The results show that under aggressive Fenton-like conditions, even a highly hydrophobic compound that is sorbed and in a NAPL-phase can be oxidized to its thermodynamic endpoints.