cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to comments of Wu et al.

The comments of Wu, Kalend, Zwicker, and Sternick on the electron beam energy using the TG‐21 protocol are answered. The authors are in general agreement with Wu et al.They also discuss other protocols and present experimental data. (AIP)
Searching in an unknown environment: an optimal randomized algorithm for the cow-path problem

Searching for a goal is a central and extensively studied problem in computer science. In classical searching problems, the cost of a search function is simply the number of queries made to an oracle that knows the position of the goal. In many robotics problems, as well as in problems from other areas, we want to charge a cost proportional to the distance between queries (e.g., the time required to travel between two query points). With this cost function in mind, the abstract problem known as the $w$-lane cow-path problem was designed. There are known optimal deterministic algorithms for the cow-path problem, and we give the first randomized algorithms in this paper. We show that our algorithm is optimal for two paths ($w=2$), and give evidence that it is indeed optimal for larger values of $w$. The randomized algorithms give expected performance that is almost twice as good as is possible with a deterministic algorithm.
Chinese Odyssey: Innovative Chinese Courseware. Vol. 5 Chinese Odyssey: Innovative Chinese Courseware. Vol. 6 by WANG, XUEYING, LI–CHUANG CHI, & LIPING FENG

The article reviews the book "Chinese Odyssey: Innovative Chinese Courseware," Volumes 5 and 6, by Liping Feng, Li-Chuang Chi, and Xueying Wang.
Preferred Retirement Timing and Retirement Satisfaction in Women

Previous research on retirement relied heavily on samples of male retirees; it also emphasized objective predictors of retirement adjustment, such as occupational position, income, or age. Some recent studies, however, indicate that retirement signifies a major life event for women. Furthermore, as the literature on role transitions suggests, it is a combination of objective and subjective retirement circumstances that impinge on adaptation to this life event. This study explores retirement conditions affecting women's preferred retirement timing and retirement satisfaction. It is based on the assumption that sex differences in the retirement experience render retirement adjustment processes different for men and women, and it aims at identifying retirement conditions that are of primary importance to women.
On the importance of direct resistance heating in thermo-mechanical fatigue

A computationally efficient method of determining the temperature distribution and stress intensity factor induced by the resistance heating method of cycling temperature in thermo-mechanical fatigue is presented. It is further used to evaluate the importance of the singularity of the heat source caused by the electric current. Results indicate the thermally induced stress intensity factor of cracked components cycled by the direct resistance method of heating increases with the frequency of the thermal loading and may become quite large at higher frequencies.
Optical coating considerations for cryogenic mirrors used in AEDC's 7V and 10V space sensor test chambers*

The ground testing of a sensor system under flight conditions is fundamental to characterizing its performance. It should be accomplished early and often in order to manage operational uncertainty and reduce system life-cycle cost. As a DoD Major Range Test Facility Base (MRTFB), the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) provides a comprehensive capability that strives to ensure system performance evaluations that are not limited by test infrastructure. For over 30 years, the space chambers at AEDC have performed space-sensor characterization, calibration, and mission simulation testing on space-based, interceptor, and airborne sensors. In partnership with Missile Defense Agency (MDA), capability upgrades are continuously pursued to keep pace with evolving sensor technologies. A critical aspect of these chambers is the quality of the mirror coatings used to project simulated target scenes to the unit under test in low-background cryogenic conditions. This paper discusses the recent effort at AEDC to refurbish and/or replace the mirror collimating systems in their 7V and 10V Aerospace Chambers and the coating choices that have been considered.
Approach to Formation of Multifunctional Polyester Particles in Controlled Nanoscopic Dimensions

We present the synthesis of discrete functionalized polyester nanoparticles in selected nanoscale size dimensions via a controlled intermolecular chain cross-linking process. The novel technique involves the controlled coupling of epoxide functionalized polyesters with 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) to give well-defined nanoparticles with narrow size distribution and selected nanoscopic size dimensions. Diverse functionalized polyesters, synthesized with pendant functionalities via ring-opening copolymerization of delta-valerolactone with alpha-allyl-delta-valerolactone, alpha-propargyl-delta-valerolactone and 2-oxepane-1,5-dione, were prepared as linear precursors which facilitated 3-D nanoparticles with functionalities such as amines, keto groups, and alkynes for post modification reactions. We found that the nanoparticle formation and the control over the nanoscopic dimension is primarily influenced by the degree of the epoxide entity implemented in the precursor polymers and the amount of 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) as cross-linking reagent. The other functionalities in the linear polyester do not participate in the nanoparticle formation and particles with defined functionalities can be prepared from batches of identical linear polymers containing various functionalities or by mixing different polyester materials to achieve controlled amounts of specific functional groups. The utilization of integrated functionalities was demonstrated in one post-modification reaction with N-Boc-ethylenediamine via reductive amination. This work describes the development of a novel methodology to prepare functionalized well-defined 3-D nanoparticle polyester materials in targeted nanoscopic ranges with amorphous morphologies or tailored crystallinities that offer a multitude of utilizations as a result of their unique properties and control in preparation.
Relationship of Metabolic Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome represent significant risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to see how frequently metabolic syndrome occurred in patients with OSA and whether the presence of metabolic syndrome was correlated with age, sex, or severity of OSA.
A wide-band slot antenna design employing a fictitious short circuit concept

A wide-band slot antenna element is proposed as a building block for designing single- or multi-element wide-band or dual-band slot antennas. It is shown that a properly designed, off-centered, microstrip-fed, moderately wide slot antenna shows dual resonant behavior with similar radiation characteristics at both resonant frequencies and therefore can be used as a wide-band or dual-band element. This element shows bandwidth values up to 37%, if used in the wide-band mode. When used in the dual-band mode, frequency ratios up to 1.6 with bandwidths larger than 10% at both frequency bands can be achieved without putting any constraints on the impedance matching, cross polarization levels, or radiation patterns of the antenna. The proposed wide-band slot element can also be incorporated in a multi-element antenna topology resulting in a very wide-band antenna with a minimum number of elements. It is also shown that, by using only two of these elements in a parallel feed topology, an antenna with good radiation parameters over a 2.5:1 bandwidth ratio can be obtained.
Juvenile xanthogranulomas with inconspicuous or absent foam cells and giant cells

We report 17 cases of juvenile xanthogranuloma in which foam cells and Touton giant cells are absent or inconspicuous and mitoses may be numerous.
nanos is an evolutionarily conserved organizer of anterior-posterior polarity

In Drosophila melanogaster, nanos functions as a localized determinant of posterior pattern. Nanos RNA is localized to the posterior pole of the maturing egg cell and encodes a protein that emanates from this localized source. Nanos acts as a translational repressor and thereby establishes a gradient of the morphogen Hunchback. Here we show that the mechanism by which nanos acts in Drosophila is a common developmental strategy in Dipteran insects. We used cytoplasmic transplantation assays to demonstrate that nanos activity is found in posterior poleplasm of five diverse Dipteran species. Genes homologous to nanos were identified from Drosophila virilis, the housefly Musca domestica, and the midge Chironomus samoensis. These genes encode RNAs that are each localized, like nanos, to the embryonic posterior pole. Most importantly, we demonstrate that these homologues can functionally substitute for nanos in D. melanogaster. These results suggest that nanos acts in a similar pathway for axis determination in other insects. Comparison of the Nanos sequences reveals only 19% overall protein sequence similarity; high conservation of a novel zinc finger near the carboxy terminus of the protein defines a region critical for nanos gene function.
Atomistic Studies of Crack Branching at Bimaterial Interfaces: Preliminary Results

In this paper, we summarize recent progress in applying atomistic studies of cracking along interfaces of dissimilar materials under quasi-static crack growth conditions. We consider two linear-elastic material strips in which atoms interact with harmonic potentials, with a different spring constant in each layer leading to a soft and a stiff strip. The two strips are bound together with a tunable potential, which allows to independently control the interface and bulk fracture surface energy. An initial crack serves as initiation point for the failure. This provides a model system to investigate how elastic properties and interface strength interplay and determine the crack growth direction, leading to either interfacial cracking or branching into the film material. We observe a clear transition to interface failure when the interface fracture energy is less than 80of the bulk fracture energy. We further find that branching in the film material is controlled by the elastic properties of the film material, suggesting interfacial cracking for extremely soft films and branching for stiffer films. Analysis of the virial stress field around the crack suggests that the circumferential hoop stress controls the branching behavior.
Seeing fire ants smell: olfaction of Solenopsis invicta.

Abstract. Foraging workers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, were observed to respond to the presence of hot dog slices. The ants detected the odor of this food lure from an overhead distance of at least 3 cm and possibly as far as 5 cm. In addition, more foraging ants accumulated over time underneath the lures compared to the nontreated check (no hot dog slice). The technique used could help develop food lures detectable by ants at greater distances to improve detection and management programs.
Insulin and proglucagon-derived peptides from the horned frog, Ceratophrys ornata (Anura:Leptodactylidae).

Abstract Insulin and peptides derived from the processing of proglucagon have been isolated from an extract of the pancreas of the South American horned frog, Ceratophrys ornata (Leptodactylidae). Ceratophrys insulin is identical to the insulin previously isolated from the toad, Bufo marinus (Bufonidae). Ceratophrys glucagon was isolated in two molecular forms with 29- and 36-amino acid residues in approximately equal amounts. Glucagon-29 is identical to glucagon from B. marinus and from the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Ranidae) and contains only 1 amino acid substitution (Thr 29 → Ser) compared with glucagon from Xenopus laevis (Pipidae). Glucagon-36 comprises glucagon-29 extended from its C-terminus by Lys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Gly-Met-Ser. This extension is structurally dissimilar to the C-terminal octapeptide of mammalian oxyntomodulin and resembles more closely that found in C-terminally extended glucagons isolated from fish pancreata. Ceratophrys glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (His-Ala-Asp-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Gln-Asn-Asp-Val 10 -Gln-Gln-Phe-Leu-Glu- Glu-Lys-Ala-Ala-Lys 20 -Glu-Phe-Ile-Asp-Trp-Leu-Ile-Lys-Gly- Lys 30 -Pro-Lys-Lys-Gln-Arg-Leu-Ser) contains 3 amino acid substitutions compared with the corresponding peptide from B. marinus, 8 substitutions compared with GLP-1 from R. catesbeiana, and between 4 and 11 substitutions compared with the three GLP-1 peptides identified in X. laevis proglucagon. GLP-2 was not identified in the extract of Ceratophrys pancreas. The data indicate that, despite its importance in the regulation of glucose metabolism, the primary structure of GLP-1 has been very poorly conserved during evolution, even among a single order such as the Anura.
Is SiGe the future of GaAs for RF applications

With the advent of a manufacturable Silicon Germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology, does Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) have a future in today's high volume high frequency wireless communications marketplace? This paper describes the capabilities of IBM SiGe HBT technology as it compares to GaAs HBT and Field Effect Transistor (FET) technologies for radio frequency (RF) applications. Comparisons are made at the device, single function, and highly integrated RF integrated circuit (RFIC) level for performance and cost.
THE ISOLATED PERFUSED BOVINE LIVER

1. A procedure is described for surgically isolating and artificially perfusing the liver of the young bovine. Heparinized autogenous blood from the hepatectomized animal diluted with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution is employed as the perfusate. 2. This preparation has been satisfactorily reproducible in this laboratory in more than 90 separate sequential perfusions. Absence of a sensitive hepatic venous smooth musculature contributes to the ability to maintain satisfactory perfusion for as long as 24 hours. 3. The perfusate was usually maintained bacterially free for at least the first 12 hours of perfusion without the use of antibiotics. The perfusate was maintained at normal body temperature and, by varying the CO(2) content of the oxygenating gas, within a physiological pH range. The importance of these features when studying problems of intermediary biochemistry and ultrastructure is emphasized. 4. The liver of the bovine calf is sufficiently large to permit (a) simultaneous and independent perfusion through the hepatic artery and portal vein, and (b) repeated sampling of hepatic tissue without interruption of the circulation. 5. Excellent, viable condition of the isolated liver, throughout many hours of perfusion, was demonstrated by steady state of oxygen consumption, efficient clearance of bromsulphalein dye, continuous secretion of bile, constancy of blood flows and pressures, and very minimal alterations from normal in histologic and ultrastructural detail.
Experimental investigation of a probe-induced localized electron temperature elevation near electron-cyclotron resonance

A spatially localized electron temperature elevation is observed near the electron-cyclotron resonance region. The properties of this phenomenon are examined in detail. The dependence of the temperature elevation upon launched wave amplitude and frequency relative to the local electron-cyclotron frequency, plasma density, neutral pressure, microwave cavity plasma source tuning, and probe type is discussed. These results are combined with detailed wave electric and magnetic field, emissive probe and spectral measurements and the use of different Langmuir probe types and orientations to characterize the temperature elevation, background plasma, and wave properties. It is found that the magnetic field and wave absorption near the electron-cyclotron resonance, probe type, and probe tip input impedance as seen from the plasma have important influences on the temperature elevation process. Two-probe correlation measurements are used to show that the elevation process exists in the radial neighborhood ( >
Temperature increase in porcine cadaver iris during direct illumination by femtosecond laser pulses

Purpose To measure the temperature rise in porcine cadaver iris during direct illumination by the femtosecond laser as a model for laser exposure of the iris during femtosecond laser corneal surgery. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods The temperature increase induced by a 60 kHz commercial femtosecond laser in porcine cadaver iris was measured in situ using an infrared thermal imaging camera at pulse energy levels ranging from 1 to 2 μJ (corresponding approximately to surgical energies of 2 to 4 μJ per laser pulse). Results Temperature increases up to 2.3°C (corresponding to 2 μJ and 24-second illumination) were observed in the porcine cadaver iris with little variation in temperature profiles between specimens for the same laser energy illumination. Conclusions The 60 kHz commercial femtosecond laser operating with pulse energies at approximately the lower limit of the range evaluated in this study would be expected to result in a 1.2°C temperature increase and therefore does not present a safety hazard to the iris. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Digital power controller with sensorless DCM operation

This paper presents a sensorless digital controller method that is able to detect the switching power converter's inductor current zero-crossing point and operate in discontinuous conduction mode without the need for sensing the inductor current. The presented controller is based on minimizing the duty cycle of the upper side switch of the DC-DC buck power converter while perturbing the lower side switch turn off time. Since the inductor current sensing and its zero-crossing point detection are eliminated, the associated noise and ringing issues are eliminated and there is no need for high speed sensing and sampling of the inductor current, which is of advantage especially at high switching frequencies and when digital controller is used. An algorithm to realize this concept is discussed and experimental results are presented.
Dynamic reordering of high latency transactions using a modified micropipeline

An asynchronous architecture for dynamically reordering sequences of instructions issued to a processing element is presented. The optimizations supported are the exchange of two instructions and the cancellation of an instruction using its predecessor. The design is a modification of I. Sutherland's (1989) micropipeline, and is called the asynchronous reordering micropipeline (ARM). The optimizations to be effected by the ARM are captured using rewrite rules that transform instruction subsequences into more optimal (and semantically equivalent) subsequences. One application of the ARM is in optimizing transactions issued to a system called the rollback chip (RBC), which is used to accelerate the state-saving and rollback activities performed by a processing node when it runs distributed discrete-event simulation using time warp. >
The cervical cutaneous and subcutaneous structures in songbirds and their possible roles in vocalization (918.10)

Avian vocalizations are the product of the sound-generating syrinx and the sound-resonating suprasyringeal structures and organs of the neck. Whereas the sound-resonating role of the oro-pharyngo-e...
The hydrophobic effect

The thermodynamics of the hydrophobic effect, as measured primarily through the temperature dependence of solubility, is reviewed, and then a class of models that incorporate the basic mechanism of hydrophobicity is described. These models predict a quantitative relation between the free energy of hydrophobic hydration and the strength of the solvent-mediated attraction between pairs of solute molecules. It is remarked that the free energy of attraction being just of the order of the thermal energy kT may be important for the effective operation of the hydrophobic effect in proteins. Deviations from pairwise additivity of hydrophobic forces are also briefly discussed.
Structural basis for substrate specificity in the Escherichia coli maltose transport system

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are molecular pumps that harness the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate solutes across the membrane. The substrates transported by different ABC transporters are diverse, ranging from small ions to large proteins. Although crystal structures of several ABC transporters are available, a structural basis for substrate recognition is still lacking. For the Escherichia coli maltose transport system, the selectivity of sugar binding to maltose-binding protein (MBP), the periplasmic binding protein, does not fully account for the selectivity of sugar transport. To obtain a molecular understanding of this observation, we determined the crystal structures of the transporter complex MBP-MalFGK2 bound with large malto-oligosaccharide in two different conformational states. In the pretranslocation structure, we found that the transmembrane subunit MalG forms two hydrogen bonds with malto-oligosaccharide at the reducing end. In the outward-facing conformation, the transmembrane subunit MalF binds three glucosyl units from the nonreducing end of the sugar. These structural features explain why modified malto-oligosaccharides are not transported by MalFGK2 despite their high binding affinity to MBP. They also show that in the transport cycle, substrate is channeled from MBP into the transmembrane pathway with a polarity such that both MBP and MalFGK2 contribute to the overall substrate selectivity of the system.
A conserved lysine in the estrogen receptor DNA binding domain regulates ligand activation profiles at AP-1 sites, possibly by controlling interactions with a modulating repressor

Estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) differentially activate genes with AP-1 elements. ERα activates AP-1 targets via activation functions with estrogens (the AF-dependent pathway), whereas ERβ, and a short version of ERα (ERα DBD-LBD) activate only with anti-estrogens (AF-independent pathway). The DNA binding domain (DBD) plays an important role in both pathways, even though neither pathway requires ERE recognition. Mutations of a highly conserved DBD lysine (ERα.K206A/G), lead to super-activation of AP-1 through activation function dependent pathways, up to 200 fold. This super-activity can be elicited either through ER AFs 1 or 2, or that of a heterologous activation function (VP16). The homologous substitution in ERβ, K170A, or in ERα DBD-LBD leads to estrogen-dependent AP-1 activation and loss of the usually potent anti-estrogen effects. Each of numerous K206 substitutions in ERα, except K206R, eliminates anti-estrogen activation and this loss correlates perfectly with a loss of ability to titrate a repressive function from the RU486 bound progesterone receptor. We conclude that ER DBDs contain a complex regulatory function that influences ligand activation profiles at AP-1. This function, which requires the integrity of the conserved lysine, both allows for activation at AP-1 with anti-estrogens (with ERβ and ERα DBD-LBD), and prevents ERα from becoming superactive at AP-1 with estrogens. We discuss the possibility that a repressor interaction with the DBD both mediates the AF-independent pathway and dampens the AF dependent pathway. Mutations in the conserved lysine might, by this model, disrupt the binding or function of the repressor.
A PDF-Based Model for Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Method and Model Description

A new cloudy boundary layer single-column model is presented. It is designed to be flexible enough to represent a variety of cloudiness regimes—such as cumulus, stratocumulus, and clear regimes—without the need for case-specific adjustments. The methodology behind the model is the so-called assumed probability density function (PDF) method. The parameterization differs from higher-order closure or mass-flux schemes in that it achieves closure by the use of a relatively sophisticated joint PDF of vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture. A family of PDFs is chosen that is flexible enough to represent various cloudiness regimes. A double Gaussian family proposed by previous works is used. Predictive equations for grid box means and a number of higherorder turbulent moments are advanced in time. These moments are in turn used to select a particular member from the family of PDFs, for each time step and grid box. Once a PDF member has been selected, the scheme integrates over the PDF to close higher-order moments, buoyancy terms, and diagnose cloud fraction and liquid water. Since all the diagnosed moments for a given grid box and time step are derived from the same unique joint PDF, they are guaranteed to be consistent with one another. A companion paper presents simulations produced by the single-column model.
Investigation of Synchronous Fluorescence Method in Multicomponent Analysis in Tissue

We investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous fluorescence (SF) scan method as compared with the fixed-excitation or fixed-emission fluorescence methods in analyzing biological tissue samples or tissue-like synthetic phantoms by quantitatively comparing the accuracy of multicomponent analysis in nonscattering phantoms and qualitatively comparing the spectral profiles of fluorescence spectra measured from tissue-like phantoms and ex vivo rat brains. The results of experiments in nonscattering phantoms indicate that the synchronous scan method with an appropriate wavelength interval (Δλ, i.e., the difference between the excitation wavelength and emission wavelength) always yields the highest overall quantification accuracy in a single scan. The results of experiments in tissue-like phantoms and ex vivo rat brains suggest that the synchronous scan effectively examines the fluorescence peaks of multiple fluorophores in one single scan, reduce the overlap between fluorescence peaks of different endogenous fluorophores, and express/suppress the effect of specific absorption peaks on the shapes of fluorescence spectra. These features greatly facilitate the qualitative interpretation of fluorescence spectra from tissue samples or tissue-like phantoms. Finally, it is worth pointing out that background signals could exert a greater impact on the spectral shape for small wavelength intervals (Δλ <; 40 nm) compared to excitation or emission scans.
AUSCULTATORY PERCUSSION OF THE CHEST

In a controlled blind study 28 patients with prominent chest disease by chest X-ray each had normal or equivocal findings by conventional methods of percussion. In each case the lung abnormality was readily detected by auscultatory percussion. Lesions less than 2 cm in diameter were detected.
Diversity in the weapons of sexual selection: horn evolution in the beetle genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Both ornaments and weapons of sexual selection frequently exhibit prolific interspecific diversity of form. Yet, most studies of this diversity have focused on ornaments involved with female mate choice, rather than on the weapons of male competition. With few exceptions, the mechanisms of divergence in weapon morphology remain largely unexplored. Here, we characterize the evolutionary radiation of one type of weapon: beetle horns. We use partial sequences from four nuclear and three mitochondrial genes to develop a phylogenetic hypothesis for a worldwide sample of 48 species from the dung beetle genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). We then use these data to test for multiple evolutionary origins of horns and to characterize the evolutionary radiation of horns. Although our limited sampling of one of the world's most species-rich genera almost certainly underestimates the number of evolutionary events, our phylogeny reveals prolific evolutionary lability of these exaggerated sexually selected weapons (more than 25 separate gains and losses of five different horn types). We discuss these results in the context of the natural history of these beetles and explore ways that sexual selection and ecology may have interacted to generate this extraordinary diversity of weapon morphology.
Why pishing works: Titmouse (Paridae) scolds elicit a generalized response in bird communities

ABSTRACT Pishing is a term used for the “psshh” noise made by bird watchers to elicit close approaches by small birds. Pishing usually attracts multiple species when used in Holarctic habitats, but it produces limited responses in other regions. We propose that responses to pishing occur most often because the sound mimics predator scold calls of species in family Paridae, whose members are resident primarily in the Holarctic. Using both field playback of recorded alarm calls and pishing and bioacoustic analysis of calls, we tested three hypotheses: (1) a generalized mobbing response to parid scold calls has evolved among forest birds in the Holarctic region; (2) pishing generates overt predator mobbing behaviour in diverse avian taxa; (3) pishing generates mobbing behaviour because of its acoustic similarity to parid scold calls. In playback trials in northern California, scolds of local and exotic parids and pishing elicited more vigorous mobbing responses than did the alarm calls of local non-parid spe...
Brain natriuretic peptide inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a pulmonary vasodilator that is elevated in the right heart and plasma of hypoxia-adapted rats. To test the hypothesis that BNP protects against hypoxic pulmonary...
Heat-Shock Protein-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Despite the registration of over 1,000 clinical trials assessing the activity of therapeutic cancer vaccines in human patients with multiple cancer types, only a single vaccine has received FDA approval for clinical use. Nonetheless, the therapeutic potential of immune modulation for treating cancer has continued to be validated with both preclinical and clinical studies, most recently in studies investigating so-called checkpoint inhibitory antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1. One important class of therapeutic cancer vaccines seeks to generate therapeutic immunity based on the combined adjuvant and antigen delivery characteristics of heat-shock proteins. Heat-shock protein-based vaccines are unique among other approaches due to the unique ability of certain heat-shock proteins to dually activate antigen-presenting cells and specifically deliver tumor antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells via the antigen cross-presentation pathway. The enclosed chapter provides a comprehensive overview of heat-shock protein-based cancer vaccines assessed in human clinical trials within the context of parallel progress in understanding the interactions between a developing tumor and the human immune system.
Internationalization of Australian Higher Education: A Critical Review of Literature and Research

This chapter critically reviews scholarly and professional literature produced since 1990 on the internationalization of Australian higher education. It considers not only journal articles and monographs but also research theses and publications produced by government departments and agencies, non-government higher education organizations and specialized companies providing higher education support services. The chapter discusses briefly the concept of internationalization, traces Australian developments in the internationalization of higher education since 1990 and then reviews a wide variety of literature under the broad headings of: the processes of internationalization of higher education; national policy and evaluation; export of higher education services; international students; and various other aspects of the internationalization of Australian higher education. A final section attempts an overall assessment, pointing to both strengths and gaps in the literature and the unfortunate lack of effective interaction between scholars with distinctively different theoretical orientations and interests. Since about 1990, a large amount of material has been produced by Australian and visiting scholars on various aspects of the internationalization of higher education, particularly relating to developments in and with regard to Australia. By far the main topics of concentration reflect the major commitment of Australian higher education institutions and governments to the export of higher education services and to the rapid expansion in international student enrolments. In many respects it is reassuring that the dramatic expansion in Australian international higher education student enrolments has been supported by such an impressive amount of research effort, particularly related to the social and educational characteristics of overseas students, their learning and study experiences, English language competence and development, and student support
Marketing Mix Factors as Moderators of the Corporate Entrepreneurship - Business Performance Relationship - A Multistage, Multivariate Analysis

This study establishes a strong link between firms’ corporate entrepreneurship (CE) behavior and business performance. It also examines whether the implementation of the marketing mix factors of promotion, product quality, and pricing moderate this relationship. Using moderated multiple regression techniques, these factors are not general moderators of the CE - performance relationship. Using robust regression and other advanced statistical techniques, however, the research finds that for certain groups, such as large industrial or consumer marketers, individual marketing mix factors do moderate this relationship. In addition, the research shows that the CE - business performance correlation is strong with medium size firms and even stronger with large firms.
Transition and turbulence modeling of low pressure turbine flows

This paper presented a laminar-turbulent interaction approach to model transitional flows over a modern turbine blade. The approach is mainly to address the issues of Reynolds number and free stream turbulence effects of the flows. The main feature of the approach is to incorporate the concept of intermittency of the transitional flows into current computational procedure using advance turbulence models. The proposed approach has been successfully validated against a range of Reynolds numbers and two free stream turbulence intensities. Comprehensive comparisons were made between numerical predictions and experimental data, including surface pressure distributions, boundary layer development through separation and transition zones and detailed velocity and turbulence profiles. Finally, results obtained from this study help to explain the complex interplay between the transition phenomena and the flow separation under the combined effects of the Reynolds number and the free stream turbulence intensity in the turbine flows. Nomenclature Ptotai Re total pressure Reynolds number, LssUexit/v
Overview from the international conference on long-term tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer

The development of tamoxifen therapy to treat selected patients, with all stages of breast cancer, has provided the clinical community with an efficacious and safe drug for long-term therapy. Issues of safety are under constant review, but justified concerns about high doses of tamoxifen acting as a promoter of liver cancer in rats or as a promoter of endometrial cancer in women have not, as yet, proved to be of clinical relevance. The situation will continue to be reviewed during the development of the prevention studies in Europe and the United States because an improvement in women's health is the ultimate goal of these programs. The hallmark for the successful development of tamoxifen has been the close cooperation between the laboratory and the clinic. The clinical strategy of long-term tamoxifen therapy is a direct application of a laboratory concept. Furthermore, potential problems in the clinic have been identified in the laboratory, and the clinical community has responded quickly to evaluate the real risks to the patient population. This close cooperation will continue. Issues of drug resistance, new antiestrogen development, and the application of the knowledge about steroid receptors to develop targeted gene therapies are being addressed so that additional treatment approaches for breast cancer will be in place by the turn of the century.
Benign mesothelial cells in mediastinal lymph nodes.

Inclusions of benign tissues in lymph nodes are most often aberrant glandular tissue, including endosalpingiosis, the thyroid, parotid, breast, and pancreas. Nonglandular inclusions are rare and include nevus cells and decidua. Mesothelial cells in lymph nodes are exceedingly rare; only eight cases
Theoretical Study of the Structural Evolution of a Na2FeMn(CN)6 Cathode upon Na Intercalation

The Prussian Blue analog, NaxFeMn(CN)6, is a potential new cathode material for Na-ion batteries. During Na intercalation, the dehydrated material exhibits a monoclinic to rhombohedral phase transition, while the hydrated material remains in the monoclinic phase. With density functional theory calculations, the phase transition is explained in terms of a competition between Coulomb attraction, Pauli repulsion, and d–π covalent bonding. The interstitial Na cations have a strong Coulomb attraction to the N anions in the host material, which tend to bend the Mn–N bonds and reduce the volume of the structure. The presence of lattice H2O enhances the Pauli repulsion so that the volume reduction is suppressed. The calculated volume change, as it depends upon the presence of lattice H2O, is consistent with experimental measurements. Additionally, a new LiFeMn(CN)6 phase is predicted where MnN6 octahedra decompose into LiN4 and MnN4 edge-sharing tetrahedra.
To investigate the inflection of rehabilitation mode of parent participating in treatment inpatients with cerebral palsy on anxiety of mothers whose children with cerebral palsy

Objective: To study anxiety of mothers whose children with cerebral palsy and to explore the effect of the rehabilitation mode of parent participating in treatment in hospital to them.Methods: 316 children with cerebral palsy(range 2～54 months) were randomly divided into parent participating in treatment group(n=158) and control group(n=158) in single blind,sequence,paired method,and 316 mothers of children with cerebral palsy were investigated the emotion disorder by Anxiety Rating Scale before and after rehabilitation treatment.Results: Before treatment the rate of mothers' emotion disorder of two groups has no difference(P0.05),and in the group the emotion disorder of mothers in each type of cerebral palsy is significantly different each other(P0.05).After treatment between parent participating in treatment group and control group,and each type of cerebral palsy between two groups,changes of mothers' emotion disorder are significantly different each other(P0.05).Conclusion: The mothers with cerebral palsy children were in anxiety emotion.The more serious of the children' disorder,the heavier of their mothers' anxiety disorder.It can decline the anxiety disorder of these mothers to treat with the rehabilitation mode of parent participating in treatment inpatients with cerebral palsy in children.
Burma as a “Special Case”: Testimony about Burma at the Royal Commission on Opium of 1893–1895

Any discussion of the development of opium policy in colonial Burma would be incomplete without considering the implications of the Royal Commission on Opium. The Commission, which began its investigations in 1893 and published its final report in 1895, was a pivotal moment in the history of British colonial opium policy, in Burma and elsewhere. The sheer volume of material collected by the Commission demands attention.1 This chapter and the following chapter will explore the Commission’s procedures and findings in detail. This chapter will summarise the testimony presented at the Commission that was relevant to Burma. The following chapter will analyse the significance of this testimony, with regard to the connection between opium regulation and imperial rule. This work’s premise is that control of opium and imperial rule were bound together in complex ways, with opium and its regulation influencing and influenced by the imperial power’s desire to regulate labour, the construction of racial discourses, and the networked context of imperial power. Each of these connections became apparent in the course of the Commission’s concerted investigation into the workings of the opium industry in India, though as the following chapter will argue, ultimately the testimony and the final report of the Commission made it clear that above all else, by the end of the nineteenth century colonial opium policy was designed to ensure the continuance of imperial rule.
Reciprocal Control of Drinking Behavior by Median Preoptic Neurons in Mice.

Stimulation of glutamatergic neurons in the subfornical organ drives drinking behavior, but the brain targets that mediate this response are not known. The densest target of subfornical axons is the anterior tip of the third ventricle, containing the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), a region that has also been implicated in fluid and electrolyte management. The neurochemical composition of this region is complex, containing both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, but the possible roles of these neurons in drinking responses have not been addressed. In mice, we show that optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons in MnPO/OVLT drives voracious water consumption, and that optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic neurons in the same region selectively reduces water consumption. Both populations of neurons have extensive projections to overlapping regions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and hindbrain that are much more extensive than those from the subfornical organ, suggesting that the MnPO/OVLT serves as a key link in regulating drinking responses. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) are known to regulate fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, but few studies have examined this issue with an appreciation for the neurochemical heterogeneity of these nuclei. Using Cre-Lox genetic targeting of Channelrhodospin-2 in transgenic mice, we demonstrate that glutamate and GABA neurons in the MnPO/OVLT reciprocally regulate water consumption. Stimulating glutamatergic MnPO/OVLT neurons induced water consumption, whereas stimulating GABAergic MnPO neurons caused a sustained and specific reduction in water consumption in dehydrated mice, the latter highlighting a heretofore unappreciated role of GABAergic MnPO neurons in thirst regulation. These observations represent an important advance in our understanding of the neural circuits involved in the regulation of fluid/electrolyte homeostasis.
Introduction: 1919–35

The term appeasement, a good honest word which made its way into modern English from the Old French, means the act of soothing or satisfying, but in the political history of the twentieth century it will always have a more specific definition. That is, of course, the policy of the so-called National Government in Great Britain in the 1930s to reach a peaceful accommodation with the German dictator, Adolf Hitler. From that time, it has come to mean conciliation through concession — the policy of giving in to the threat of force. As a result, as Keith Robbins has recently noted, it ‘has had a bad press for a long time.’1
A Bayesian model for xylem vessel length accommodates subsampling and reveals skewed distributions in species that dominate seasonal habitats.

Vessel length is an important but understudied dimension of variation in angiosperm vascular anatomy. Among other traits, vessel length mediates an important tradeoff between hydraulic efficiency and safety that could influence how plants respond to extreme weather with climate change. However, the functional significance of vessel length variation within individual stems is poorly known, in part because existing data analysis methods handle uncertainty in a way that makes vessel length distributions difficult to compare. We provide a solution to this problem through a hierarchical Bayesian framework for estimating vessel lengths and we demonstrate the flexibility of this method by applying it to data from serial cross sections of dye injected stems. Our approach can accelerate data collection and accommodate associated uncertainties by statistically correcting for bias and error that result from subsampling images. We illustrate our analytical framework by estimating and comparing vessel length distributions for 21 woody species characteristic of a North American forest. The best-fit model corrected for both bias due to secondary growth and sampling error within and among species. Vessel length estimates from this model varied by almost an order of magnitude and parameters of these distributions correlated with point estimates derived from a different, commonly used method. Furthermore, we show how key contrasts can be estimated with the Bayesian framework, and in doing so, we show that the shape of the vessel length distribution differed between ring- and diffuse-porous species, suggesting that within-stem vessel length variation corresponds to water stress seasonality and contributes to landscape-level habitat segregation. Our analysis method revealed the importance of within-stem variation in vessel length, and our results complement work on between-species variation in average vessel length, further illuminating how vascular anatomy can influence woody plants’ responses to water stress.
Rynkatorpa felderi , new species, from a bathyal hydrocarbon seep in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Rynkatorpa felderi new species was collected at a cold hydrocarbon seep at bathyal depths in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This is the first record of a synaptid holothurian from a chemosynthetic site, and the first record of the genus Rynkatorpa in the Atlantic; all other congeners are known from the Indo-Pacific.