cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New product introductions below aspirations, slack and R&D alliances: A behavioral perspective

We develop hypotheses based on behavioral theory that explain how high technology firms' new product introduction (NPI) performance below aspiration levels impact the number of R&D alliances, and how slack moderates this relationship. Using panel data of U.S. biopharmaceutical firms, we find that as firms' NPI performance below historical aspiration levels increases the number of R&D alliances they form increases and slack intensifies this relationship. We contribute to alliance research by providing theory and empirical evidence that increases in the distance of NPI below aspirations serve as a motivation for increases in R&D alliances, and empirically to behavioral theory by revealing that NPI goals act similarly to financial performance goals in their impact on firms' actions and slack intensifies this relationship.
The Communication Analysis System.

Abstract The Communication Analysis System (CAS) was developed to facilitate efficient, effective treatment of conversational performance for persons with aphasia. The CAS provides frequent, objective, accurate, ratio-quality measures of ten classes of communicative behaviors for the patient and 11 for the clinician. The clinician using the CAS records the time of occurrence of communicative behaviors by a single keystroke on a keypad attached to an inexpensive microcomputer. The CAS software permits the analysis of data before the next clinical session and includes a method for assessing accuracy and reliability. Sample between-session data show the progress of one patient over several months, whereas within-session data illustrate a use of the CAS to measure a patient's performance under different communicative conditions. Simultaneously, measures of the clinician's communicative performance provide an accurate record of the treatment. This, in turn, allows observation of changes in the patient's behavior as a function of changes in the clinician's behavior. Clinical treatment can thereby be tailored precisely to the individual, optimizing the patient's rehabilitation.
The BLS Response to the Boskin Commission Report

The author provides a BLS response to the Boskin Commission from the perspective of ten years following the release of the report. He documents the research on price indexes done at the BLS in the first half of the 1990s that pointed to upward CPI bias, and discusses how these results eventually lead to the appointment of the Boskin Commission in 1995. He also provides a detailed discussion of the methodological changes to the CPI made by the BLS between 1996 and 2002 in three areas corresponding to the categories of bias identified by the Commission: upper and lower level substitution bias, quality change and new products,and outlet bias. These changes included the introduction of a chained CPI (CCPI-U), the introduction of more hedonic models and the recognition of the need to use a product and outlet sample that was as representative as possible of current consumer spending patterns. He concludes that the Boskin Commission, by forcing the BLS to scrutinize the strengths and limitations of its CPI procedures and by highlighting and publicizing the budgetary impacts of the CPI, paved the way for various CPI improvements.
Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications

Preface: more than winning 1. Introduction and overview 2. Electoral manipulation: what it is and how to measure it 3. The puzzle of excessive and blatant manipulation 4. More than winning: the consequences of excessive and blatant electoral manipulation 5. The strategic logic of electoral manipulation 6. The theory at work: evidence from case studies 7. Indirect effects of electoral manipulation: quantitative evidence 8. Conclusion.
Fokker–Planck equations for stochastic dynamical systems with symmetric Lévy motions

Abstract The Fokker–Planck equations for stochastic dynamical systems, with non-Gaussian α-stable symmetric Levy motions, have a nonlocal or fractional Laplacian term. This nonlocality is the manifestation of the effect of non-Gaussian fluctuations. Taking advantage of the Toeplitz matrix structure of the time-space discretization, a fast and accurate numerical algorithm is proposed to simulate the nonlocal Fokker–Planck equations on either a bounded or infinite domain. Under a specified condition, the scheme is shown to satisfy a discrete maximum principle and to be convergent. It is validated against a known exact solution and the numerical solutions obtained by using other methods. The numerical results for two prototypical stochastic systems, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck system and the double-well system are shown.
Bid–Ask Spreads

Bid-ask spreads, which measure trade execution costs, and reflect the price concessions necessary to complete transactions quickly, are important as indicators of market quality and in determining traders' actual investment results. Execution costs arise because it is costly to provide liquidity, and can be estimated on the basis of comparisons of trade prices with proxies for underlying security value, with the most common proxy being the quote midpoint. Comparisons can be of trade prices to midpoints at or before the time of the trade, as in effective spread measures, or to midpoints after the trade, as in realized spread measures. Recent research indicates that trade execution costs have declined in US markets in recent years, and documents substantial variation in average trading costs across international equity markets. Keywords: bid-ask spread; trading cost; quoted spread; effective spread; price impact of trade; realized spread; benchmark price; stock exchange; liquidity cost
A Global Picture of CMEs in the Inner Heliosphere

This is an overview of Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the heliosphere with an observational bias towards remote sensing by coronagraphs. Particular emphasis will be placed on the results from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission which has produced high quality CME data uniform and continuos over the longest stretch ever. After summarizing the morphological, physical, and statistical properties of CMEs, a discussion on the phenomena associated with them is presented. These are the various manifestations of CMEs observed at different wavelengths and the accompanying phenomena such as shocks and solar energetic particles that provide information to build a complete picture of CMEs. Implications of CMEs for the evolution of the global solar magnetic field are presented. CMEs in the heliosphere are then discussed including out-of-the-ecliptic observations from Ulysses and the possibility of a 22-year cycle of cosmic ray modulation by CMEs. After outlining some of the outstanding questions, a summary of the chapter is provided.
Wireless scheduling with dominant interferers and applications to femtocellular interference cancellation

We consider a general class of wireless scheduling and resource allocation problems where the received rate in each link is determined by the actions of the transmitter in that link along with a single dominant interferer. Such scenarios arise in a range of scenarios, particularly in emerging femto- and picocellular networks with strong, localized interference. For these networks, a utility maximizing scheduler based on loopy belief propagation is presented that enables computationally-efficient local processing and low communication overhead. Our main theoretical result shows that the fixed points of the method are provably globally optimal for arbitrary (potentially non-convex) rate and utility functions. The methodology thus provides globally optimal solutions to a large class of inter-cellular interference coordination problems including subband scheduling, dynamic orthogonalization and beamforming whenever the dominant interferer assumption is valid. The paper focuses on applications for systems with interference cancellation (IC) and suggests a new scheme on optimal rate control, as opposed to traditional power control. Simulations are presented in industry standard femtocellular network models demonstrate significant improvements in rates over simple reuse 1 without IC, and near optimal performance of loopy belief propagation for rate selection in only one or two iterations.
Biological Underpinnings of Sex Differences in Eating Disorders

Abstract Sex differences in eating disorders and their associated disordered eating symptoms are pronounced, with females at increased risk compared with males. Relatively few studies have explored the etiologic underpinnings of sex-differentiated risk for eating pathology, but several promising mechanisms have emerged via animal and human research. Both sex differences and sex similarities have been found in the magnitude and types of genetic influences on disordered eating symptoms. Differential genetic and phenotypic risk for disordered eating in females may, at least in part, be related to puberty and ovarian hormone influences on the expression of disordered eating symptoms. In males, elevated exposure and responsiveness to testosterone during prenatal and pubertal development may serve to decrease genetic and phenotypic risk for disordered eating symptoms. Although data thus far support genetic and hormonal contributions to sex differences in risk for disordered eating, much more research is needed to fully elucidate the biological underpinnings.
Medium-induced parton splitting kernels from Soft Collinear Effective Theory with Glauber gluons

Abstract We derive the splitting kernels for partons produced in large Q 2 scattering processes that subsequently traverse a region of strongly-interacting matter using a recently-developed effective theory SCET G . We include all corrections beyond the small- x approximation, consistent with the power counting of SCET G . We demonstrate how medium recoil, geometry and expansion scenarios, and phase space cuts can be implemented numerically for phenomenological applications. For the simplified case of infinite transverse momentum kinematics and a uniform medium, we provide closed-form analytic results that can be used to validate the numerical simulations.
A history of the fischer-tropsch synthesis in Germany 1926–45

Germany had the first technologically successful synthetic fuel industry producing eighteen million metric tons from coal and tar hydrogenation and another three million metric tons from the F-T synthesis. The Allies maintained that Germany's Nazi government had created the industry for strategic reasons under its policy of autarchy and that in postwar Germany there were, economically, better uses for its coal than synthetic fuel production. Three of the F-T plants continued operation after the war. Schwarzheide in the Soviet Zone, which had a labor force of 3,600, produced gasoline for Soviet civilian and military consumption. Gewerkschaft Victor in Castrop-Rauxel and Krupp Treibstoffwerk in Wanne- Eickel in the British zone, were producing oils and waxes from fatty acids and using them to make soaps and margarine. The six other plants remained inoperative. Today none of the 21 synthetic fuel plants produces synthetic fuels. The German synthetic fuel industry succeeded technologically because in the 1920s, Pier at IG Farben developed suitable sulfur-resistant catalysts for the hydrogenation of coal and tar and divided the process into separate liquid and vapor phase hydrogenations, improving both economics and yield. A short time later Fischer and his co-workers at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research (KWI) prepared the cobalt catalysts and established the reaction conditions that made the F-T synthesis a success. Neither coal-to-oil conversion process could produce a synthetic liquid fuel at a cost competitive with natural petroleum. Coal hydrogenation and the F-T synthesis persevered and survived because they provided the only path Germany could follow in its search for petroleum independence. Despite the unforeseen and unfortunate social and political environment in which the German synthetic fuel industry arose, Germany remains the only nation that attempted and developed a synthetic fuel industry.
Ionospheric effects of ground motion: The roles of magnetic field and nonlinearity

Abstract Transformation of infrasound to magnetic sound upon propagation from ground level up to the ionosphere is considered. It is shown that upon entering the ionospheric layers at altitudes of order 150–170 km, the wave dynamics changes sharply. Nonlinear effects, including shock formation, are also considered. The shocks are typically formed in a relatively narrow range of altitudes, or not formed at all. Generalization of the model to a case of oblique propagation is briefly considered, and the effects of atmospheric profile variation and of finite plasma conductivity are estimated. Along with providing qualitative insight, the model gives some realistic estimates for waves generated by earthquakes.
Multifamily psychoeducation groups (MFPG) for families of children with bipolar disorder.

Objectives: Multi-family psychoeducation groups (MFPG) have been developed and tested for adults, but not for children with bipolar disorder (BPD). We present data from a pilot study of our manual-driven MFPG treatment for families of children with mood disorders and address two questions: Do families of children with BPD and families of children with major depressive disorder/dysthymic disorder (MDD/DD): 1) differ at treatment entry?; 2) benefit equally from intervention? Method: A total of 35 children (n=16, BPD; n=19, MDD/DD) aged 8–11 years and their parents were randomized into immediate MFPG plus treatment as usual (TAU) or wait-list + TAU and assessed periodically. Results: At baseline, there was a trend toward parents in BPD families being more knowledgeable about mood symptoms than parents in MDD/DD families (p < 0.04). Additionally at baseline, children with BPD evidenced greater mood severity historically and a trend toward more hospitalizations, day treatment, outpatient treatment, medication trials, and placement in special education classrooms than children with MDD/DD. Immediately following and 4 months post-treatment, both BPD and MDD/DD families described having gained knowledge, skills, support, and positive attitudes during treatment. MDD/DD families increased their knowledge of symptoms to the same level as BPD families. Conclusions: While BPD families enter treatment with more impaired children and more extensive treatment histories, both BPD and MDD/DD families benefit from intervention. The clinical issues concerning combining families of children with bipolar and depressive spectrum illnesses in groups are discussed. Clinical impressions suggest that such combinations are clinically feasible and potentially beneficial.
Confined phonons in Si nanowires.

Raman microprobe studies of long crystalline Si nanowires reveal for the first time the evolution of phonon confinement with wire diameter. The Raman band at ∼520 cm-1 in bulk Si is found to downshift and asymmetrically broaden to lower frequency with decreasing wire diameter D, in good agreement with a phenomenological model first proposed by Richter et al. An adjustable parameter (α) is added to the theory that defines the width of the Gaussian phonon confinement function. We find that this parameter is not sensitive to diameter over the range 4−25 nm.
Salt spray as a microenvironmental factor in the distribution of beach plants at point reyes, California.

Measurements of salt spray were made weekly for 15 spring weeks with a grid of 50 traps in a 32 m longx24m wide plot of beach vegetation along the central California coast. The trap centers were 14 cm above the ground, the traps could swivel to continuously face the wind, and trap area (16 cm2) was small in order to minimally affect wind flow. Regressions or analyses of variance of wind speed and direction, rainfall, tide level, plot topography, and plant distribution were performed against salt spray. The period was lengthy enough to include a wide range of climatic conditions and the time of maximum plant growth and flowering. An ecologically and statistically significant salt spray gradient, which correlated with distance back from, and elevation above, mean tide line, was revealed. Overall, the front-most, lowest traps received 4–5 times the spray that the back-most, highest traps received. Weeks with moderate wind and spray (7–14 kph, in contrast to weeks with lower or higher wind speed) resulted in even steeper gradients, up to 20+-fold. The highest trap reading for any one week was 70 mg salt deposited dm-2 of trap surface day-1. Plant distribution correlated with salts spray and there is some evidence that it is a functional relationship. Attempts were made to extrapolate from the overall mean trap load of 13 mg dm-2 day-1 down to the leaf surface just below the traps, and to data from salt spray studies with larger traps on the Atlantic Coast. It appears that the salt spray load just above the beach plant canopy ranges from less than 1 to nearly 200 mg dm-2 vertical trap surface day-1, depending on trap height, distance back from tide line, and wind speed. The plant canopy and sand surface receive an order of magnitude less spray than that received by vertical traps.
Desensitization of Test-Anxious Urban Community College Students and Resulting Changes in Grade Point Average.

Fourteen self‐referred community college students were enrolled in a nine‐session behavior modification program to relieve test anxiety. Twenty self‐referred students served as a control group that received no treatment. Instruction in muscle relaxation techniques was followed by desensitization to a specially constructed hierarchy of 25 test‐related anxiety‐producing items. The experimental group showed a significant increase in grade point average from 1.73, term before, to 2.39 at the end of the treatment term. The control group showed no significant change for the same time period. This suggests that a test‐anxiety hierarchy can be effectively standardized for use with an urban community college population.
Web Recruitment and Internet Use and Preferences Reported by Women With Postpartum Depression After Pregnancy Complications

Nearly one million women each year have pregnancy complications that cause antepartum and postpartum anxiety and depression. This exploratory study determined 1) feasibility of using social media to recruit women with depressive symptoms following high risk pregnancy, 2) women's barriers to treatment, 3) use of online resources for assistance with PPD, and 4) preferences for internet treatment. Among a national sample of 53 women, nearly 70% had major depression. Common barriers were lack of time and stigma. Over 90% of women would use the internet to learn coping strategies for PPD. Women expressed interest in web-based PPD treatment and identified desired characteristics of an intervention.
Establishment of human adult tonsil cells in continuous culture and their virus susceptibilities.

Summary1) A line of epithelial-like cells derived from tonsil tissue surgically removed from a normal adult female has been established in serial culture in the absence of human serum and maintained for over 40 passages over the course of a year. 2) Cytopathogenic effects in this line of tonsil cells were produced by 7 types of adenoviruses, 2 Coxsackie virus strains, 3 poliomyelitis prototype viruses, 2 Newcastle Disease virus strains, herpes simplex virus, mumps virus, vaccinia virus, and after adaptation, an intranuclear inclusion-producing agent resembling measles virus. No clear cut effect was seen with 6 other Coxsackie strains, 3 influenza prototype viruses, or hemagglutinating virus of Japan. 3) Simultaneous titration of several adenovirus, poliomyelitis, and Coxsackie virus strains in tonsil and HeLa cells gave high and comparable titers.
Duodenal hemangioendothelioma: a case report

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is extremely rare. A patient with an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma presenting as an annular mass encircling the second portion of the duodenum is described. We believe this to be the first such lesion in this location reported.
Seasonal Eyestalk Inhibition on the Androgenic Glands of a Protandric Shrimp

BERKELEY1,2 has reported that the pandalid shrimps are protandric hermaphrodites. Until recently little work had been done to identify the intrinsic agents which are active in the sexual differentiation of these animals. During the male phase of Pandalus borealis3,4 an androgenic hormone is produced by a pair of epithelial organs on the distal end of the vasa deferentia. This hormone is responsible for the maintenance of the testis and the male secondary sex characteristics. These endocrine organs, the androgenic glands, disappear at a certain stage of the shrimp's life cycle and the animal is transformed into a functional female.
Mechanisms of Bond Endurance after Surface Treatment of Aluminum for Bonding (STAB) in Nonchromate, Alkaline Solution

Abstract A search for a simple, inexpensive, nonacid, nonchromate surface treatment for aluminum alloys that would produce strong, durable adhesive joints under hydrothermal-stress, evolved from a hot water soak (STAB(1)) to a commercial detergent soak (STAB(2)), to a highly concentrated NaOH room temperature soak (STAB(3)). The first two treatments proved successful on some occasions, but not consistently reproducible. STAB(3) proved to be reproducible and inexpensive; it consists of a room temperature dip in highly concentrated sodium hydroxide (caustic soda will do) followed by a rinse and dry. The mechanisms of endurance failure for some cases of STAB(1) and STAB(2) and the consistent high endurance of STAB(3) are revealed by investigation of surface properties.
DG2: THE INCREMENTAL COST OF DIABETES IN CHRONIC ILLNESS CO-OCCURRENCES

OBJECTIVES: The cost and management of patients with multiple chronic conditions present unique challenges to the health care system. Major chronic conditions such as diabetes often co-occur with other chronic illnesses. The objective of this study is to report the incremental cost of diabetes mellitus when it co-occurs with cardiovascular conditions, depression, hypertension, psychosis, respiratory/asthma, or acid peptic disease. METHODS: A one-year retrospective database analysis using an integrated Medicaid dataset from the State of Oklahoma. Disease states were identified by ICD-9-CM codes and a validated drug-based classification. Patients included in the study had the chronic condition identified by both drug and diagnosis information. The incremental costs of diabetes when co-occurring with other chronic conditions was determined by subtracting the cost of the non-diabetes single condition from the co-occurring disease group. RESULTS: Seven groups of patients consisted of; diabetes only (n = 1038), diabetes co-occurring with hypertension (n = 313), respiratory illness/asthma (n = 62), depression (n = 48), cardiovascular illness (n = 35), psychosis (n = 35), and acid peptic disease (n = 30). Diabetes as a single chronic illness had an annual cost of $818 over patients with no evidence of chronic illness. The incremental cost of diabetes when co-occurring with psychosis was $7,211, respiratory illness/asthma $3,161, hypertension $1,595, depression $1,319, acid peptic disease $977, and cardiovascular illness $−35. The incremental cost of diabetes co-occurring with psychosis was significantly higher than all other disease co-occurrences. Differences in the incremental cost of diabetes were not statistically significant between the other disease combinations. ANCOVA was performed with longevity in the program as a covariate to adjust for differential enrollment time. CONCLUSION: The cost and management of chronic conditions such as diabetes may be highly influenced by other chronic conditions the patient may have. Disease management programs may incorporate co-morbidity research and models when evaluating the cost and treatment of chronic conditions.
Multicomponent periodic nanoparticle superlattices

In this article, we review the state-of-the-art in the preparation and characterization of multicomponent self-assembled superlattices of colloidal nanoparticles with core sizes in the range of 2–20 nm and interparticle spacing less than 2 nm down to intimate contact stemming from sintering. Several aspects of the field are discussed, including: structural organization, the role of particle size distribution, key interparticle forces at play, and methods of investigation of the structures. Contrary to the extensively studied colloidal crystals composed of microscale particles, the nanoparticles possess unique size-dependent properties, such as electronic, optical, or magnetic, which when combined into periodic structures can potentially lead to new collective states stemming from precise positioning of the nanocolloids. As such, we examine a number of emerging applications of this new class of metamaterials. Finally, we speculate on the potential impact of these materials, the new directions, and the challenges for the researchers.
Intraseptal infusion of the cholinergic agonist carbachol impairs delayed-non-match-to-sample radial arm maze performance in the rat.

The medial septal nucleus regulates the physiology and emergent functions (e.g., memory formation) of the hippocampal formation. This nucleus is particularly rich in cholinergic receptors and is a putative target for the development of cholinomimetic cognitive enhancing drugs. A large number of studies have demonstrated that direct intraseptal drug infusions can produce amnestic or promnestic effects. While a few studies have examined the effects of direct intraseptal infusion of cholinomimetics on spatial memory performance (with drug “on-board” at the time of testing), the effects of post-acquisition infusions have not been assessed. We hypothesized that post-acquisition intraseptal infusion of cholinomimetics, by promoting hippocampal theta and suppressing the occurrence of hippocampal sharp waves, may disrupt the long-term retention and consolidation of memory. The present study examined the effects of intraseptal infusion of the cholinergic agonist carbachol in a delayed-non-match-to-sample radial maze task. Treatments were administered immediately following (within 1 min) the sample session with a retention session 2 h later. Carbachol infusions (12.5–125 ng in 0.5 μl) produced a linear dose-dependent decrease in correct entries and increase in retroactive errors, without any change in proactive errors or latency-per-choice. These findings suggest that post-acquisition intraseptal cholinergic treatments can produce amnesia. These findings are discussed with regard to multi-stage models of hippocampal-dependent memory formation and the further development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment as well as age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's dementia. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hallucinogen Actions on 5-HT Receptors Reveal Distinct Mechanisms of Activation and Signaling by G Protein-Coupled Receptors

We review the effect of some key advances in the characterization of molecular mechanisms of signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on our current understanding of mechanisms of drugs of abuse. These advances are illustrated by results from our ongoing work on the actions of hallucinogens on serotonin (5-HT) receptors. We show how a combined computational and experimental approach can reveal specific modes of receptor activation underlying the difference in properties of hallucinogens compared with nonhallucinogenic congeners. These modes of activation—that can produce distinct ligand-dependent receptor states—are identified in terms of structural motifs (SM) in molecular models of the receptors, which were shown to constitute conserved functional microdomains (FM). The role of several SM/FMs in the activation mechanism of the GPCRs is presented in detail to illustrate how this mechanism can lead to ligand-dependent modes of signaling by the receptors. Novel bioinformatics tools are described that were designed to support the quantitative mathematical modeling of ligand-specific signaling pathways activated by the 5-HT receptors targeted by hallucinogens. The approaches for mathematical modeling of signaling pathways activated by 5-HT receptors are described briefly in the context of ongoing work on detailed biochemical models of 5-HT2A, and combined 5-HT2A/5-HT1A, receptor-mediated activation of the MAPK 1,2 pathway. The continuing need for increasingly more realistic representation of signaling in dynamic compartments within the cell, endowed with spatio-temporal characteristics obtained from experiment, is emphasized. Such developments are essential for attaining a quantitative understanding of how the multiple functions of a cell are coordinated and regulated, and to evaluate the specifics of the perturbations caused by the drugs of abuse that target GPCRs.
A Three-Dimensional Crack Tip Element for Energy Release Rate Determination in Layered Elastic Structures

A three-dimensional crack tip element is presented and used to determine energy release rate and mode mix for different types of laminated plates containing delaminations. These results are then compared to predictions by three-dimensional finite element analyses. For all cases, total energy release rates as predicted by the two methods are in good agreement. For delaminations between plies at the same orientation, energy release rate components are determined by the crack tip element using both classical and non-classical definitions. The non-classical definition is one that has been derived in a previous work and, compared to the classical result, is shown to provide superior capability for predicting delamination growth in some graphite/epoxy composites. The classical energy release rate components predicted by the crack tip element are compared to results by three-dimensional finite element analyses and the virtual crack closure technique and good agreement is obtained. For delaminations between plies at different orientations, the crack tip element is used to predict non-classical energy release rate components as well as components based on a finite amount of crack closure. These latter quantities are compared to results by three dimensional finite element analyses and the virtual crack closure technique, and good correlation is obtained. These results indicate that the crack tip element may be used to accurately determine energy release rate components in practical problems of delamination where these components are defined classically, defined by commonly used approaches such as finite crack closure, or defined using a non-classical approach. As such, the element provides a powerful yet adaptable technique for predicting delamination growth in a wide variety of materials.
Modeling Planetary Magnetospheres

Recent advances in the development of models of the macroscopic properties of the terrestrial and planetary magnetospheres are reviewed. Particular attention is given to work on semiempirical models of magnetic and electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere, the modeling of magnetospheric storms and substorms in the inner magnetosphere, and the self-consistent modeling of processes in the magnetotail, including reconnection. Magnetohydrodynamic models of the dayside magnetosphere and the magnetotail which are based on calculations of the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere are also considered. Finally, work on the modeling of the magnetospheres of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus is presented.
Modeling the international gray market for public policy decisions

Abstract Composed of a heterogeneous group of resellers, the members of the international gray market surreptitiously, but legally, acquire genuinely branded goods from various sources and remarket them throughout the globe in competition with channels authorized by trademark owners. These owners charge that this practice of global arbitrage unfairly damages the value of their brands and channel relationships and seek government protection against these imports under national trademark laws. Because of the sensitivity of gray market activities, evidence of harm to authorized channel members is difficult to verify. This paper turns to a modeling approach to disentangle the web of relationships and identify the economic impact of international gray market trading. The model views the problem from the perspective of the international firm managing its independent channel members in two countries and confronted with a gray market that will engage in arbitrage given sufficient incentive. The results show that though the global gray markets can make channel management a painful exercise, the damage is insufficient to warrant prohibition by public agency.
Focusing monochromators for neutron diffraction

Abstract Recent advances in bent crystal monochromators for neutron powder diffraction are reviewed. As monochromators for high resolution instruments, bent perfect crystals may be superior to flat mosaic crystals. They can provide both real-space focusing on sample and scattering-space focusing in diffraction for a wide range of detector angles. Double crystal monochromators with anti-parallel (+,+) settings can condense large area neutron beams into millimeter-size spots. Their focusing range for diffraction is narrow, but the situation is of interest for microfocus stress profiling measurements. The design of single and double monochromators for stress measurements by neutron diffraction is discussed. To take full advantage of focusing, techniques for plastic bending of crystals will have to be developed.
In Response to “Evolution of Preprofessional Pharmacy Curricula”

To the Editor. The cross-sectional study performed by Gleason and colleagues, “Evolution of Preprofessional Pharmacy Curricula,” finds an increase in the prerequisite courses required by doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs.1 The implications of increasing prerequisites included a perceived increase in preprofessional applicant maturity and quality. As the role of pharmacists continues to evolve, pharmacy curriculum has also reflected a more clinically based approach in their teaching methods and focus. Unfortunately, this has pushed much of the bioscience didactics into required undergraduate classes, lengthening prepharmacy prerequisites. However, there is little evidence that the amount of undergraduate work completed prior to beginning the PharmD program correlates with success throughout and beyond pharmacy school. As a new graduate from pharmacy school, I’m skeptical that these changes truly produce a more competent and motivated pharmacist at commencement. Based on my own experience and observations, the amount of prerequisite coursework is a not a true indicator of a student’s success or leadership accomplishments in a PharmD program. Before pharmacy schools increase prerequisites, they should weigh all the evidence and actively seek feedback from their graduates.
Skeletal metastasis: Established and emerging roles of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)

Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) is a well characterized tumor derived product that also has integral functions in normal development and homeostasis. PTHrP is produced by virtually all tumor types that metastasize to bone and numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between PTHrP expression and skeletal localization of tumors. PTHrP has prominent effects in bone via its interaction with the PTH-1 receptor on osteoblastic cells. Through indirect means, PTHrP supports osteoclastogenesis by upregulating the receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts. PTHrP also regulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in manners that are temporal and dose dependent. Bone turnover has been implicated in the localization of tumors to bone and PTHrP increases bone turnover. Bone turnover results in the release of growth factors such as TGFβ and minerals such as calcium, both of which impact tumor cell growth and contribute to continued PTHrP production. PTHrP also has anabolic properties and could be in part responsible for osteoblastic type reactions in prostate cancer. Finally, emerging roles of PTH and PTHrP in the support of hematopoietic stem cell development in the bone marrow microenvironment suggest that an interaction between hematopoietic cells and tumor cells warrants further investigation.
Light-diffraction particle size measurements in small solid-propellant rockets

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of operating pressure and position within the motor and exhaust nozzle on the particle size distribution for a reduced smoke propellant. Light-diffraction measurements were made in a small solid-propellant rocket motor and high-speed motion pictures of strand burners were taken. Particle sizes were measured near the propellant surface of the end-burning grain, at the nozzle entrance, and at the nozzle exit. The results indicated that much of the ZrC reacts on or very near to the propellant surface to form ZrOz. Small particles (probably ZrC) were ejected from the propellant surface without agglomeration and were consumed, whereas the large agglomerates (probably ZrCh) remained almost constant in size along the length of the motor. The particulates broke up in the nozzle converging section to a monomodal distribution with a Dyi between 15 and 19 pun, independent of the particle size entering the nozzle. Aft of the nozzle in the expanding plume, the particles were significantly smaller and had multimodal distributions. It was also found that assuming a monomodal distribution of particles, when the distribution is actually multimodal, can lead to significant errors in measuring D-& from scattered light-intensity profiles.
On a Class of Partially Sequential Two-Sample Test Procedures

Abstract A class of test procedures is proposed for the two-sample setting when one of the samples has a fixed sample size, and the second is obtained by an inverse binomial sequential sampling scheme. These procedures allow either a classical approach or a completely nonparametric attack to a wide variety of two-sample problems, Properties of the tests are discussed, Including limiting distributions as the fixed sample size tends to infinity, and the capability of obtaining asymptotic power restrictions against specified alternatives of interest. Criteria for selecting a particular procedure are discussed.
Can carbon cycle geoengineering be a useful complement to ambitious climate mitigation

Any human intervention in environmental systems carries risk of adverse consequences. Planetary-scale intervention carries the potential for planetary-scale risk. Continued emissions of greenhouse gases represent an unintentional planetary-scale human intervention in the climate system, which is resulting in global consequences that will become increasingly harmful to both human and environmental systems. The most appropriate response to this problem is to decrease the level of overall human intervention in the climate system by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. However, owing to the slow progress of mitigation efforts, many scientists are starting to suggest alternate climate interventions as a strategy to decrease or avert some of the anticipated impacts of global warming. In this review, I will consider the role of some forms of climate intervention – those aimed at accelerating the slow natural removal of atmospheric CO2 – as possible complements to aggressive mitigation policy, for the purpose of ...
Affect recognition in adults with ADHD.

Objective: This study compared affect recognition abilities between adults with and without ADHD. Method: The sample consisted of 51 participants (34 men, 17 women) divided into 3 groups: ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C; n = 17), ADHD-predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I; n = 16), and controls (n = 18). The mean age was 34 years. Affect recognition abilities were assessed by the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA). Results: ANOVA showed that the ADHD-I group made more fearful emotion errors relative to the control group. Inattentive symptoms were positively correlated, whereas hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were negatively correlated with affect recognition errors. Conclusion: These results suggested that affect recognition abilities may be impaired in adults with ADHD and that affect recognition abilities are more adversely affected by inattentive than hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Bending of a cantilever brought gradually into contact with a cylindrical supporting surface

Abstract The bending of a cantilever brought gradually into contact with a cylindrical supporting surface is studied. The problem is a standard one if beam theory is used, and a comparison is made with a solution obtained by means of the theory of elasticity. Both solutions show good agreement when quantities such as load vs. relative approach are compared for d/l ⩽ 0·05 . The agreement is not especially good when the contact stress distribution is compared for the two solutions.
Effect of Phosphorus and Carbon Incorporation in Amorphous Cobalt Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Thin (∼25 to 65 nm) films of amorphous cobalt-phosphorus alloys are grown on SiO 2 by chemical vapor deposition from dicobaltoctacarbonyl and trimethylphosphine at 250, 300, and 350°C. Films incorporate C as an impurity, as both carbidic and graphitic C; Co and P, however, do not form phosphide compounds, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Both C and P influence film microstructure, and neither significantly negatively impacts resistivity. Reduced deposition temperatures minimize the amount of C incorporated but do not further lower resistivity. Regardless of the deposition temperature, films show good thermal stability, maintaining their amorphous microstructures after a 3 h anneal at 400°C. The anneal serves to reduce film resistivity due in part to the decomposition of cobalt carbides and a corresponding increase in the amount of metallic Co.
Permissive Hypertension during Awake Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy: A Physiologic Approach for Cerebral Protection

Background Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is often completed with general anesthesia and routine shunting; however, shunting is only required in a small group of at-risk patients to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion. Selective shunting during CEA is performed to normalize cerebral hemodynamics for patients determined to be at risk. Eversion CEA with selective shunting for neurologic dysfunction in patients that are awake/sedated is described, as well as routine use of permissive hypertension (PH), which uses standard cardiovascular medications to recruit the cerebral collateral network and reduce the need for shunting. Study Design A retrospective review of all CEA procedures performed from July 2006 to April 2013 was conducted. Procedures were divided into 3 groups: pre-PH phase (group A), PH-test phase (group B), and routine PH phase (group C). Operative reports and anesthesia documentation were reviewed for clamp time, need for shunting, and mean hemodynamics during each case. Results During the study period, 232 CEAs met inclusion criteria and were divided into 3 groups: group A (n = 75) was predominate reactionary shunting, group B (n = 41) was predominate reactionary blood pressure augmentation, and group C (n = 116) was pre-emptive PH. When combining groups A and B, the at-risk group consisted of 21 of 116 (18.1%) patients who had a neurologic compromise develop after clamping the internal carotid artery and required a shunt or altered blood pressure hemodynamics. In comparison with group C, routine use of PH pre-emptively before clamping as a standard intraoperative technique led to need for shunting in 1 of 116 (0.86%) (p ≤ 0.001) and significantly reduced operative time (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions Routine use of PH during clamp time can recruit the cerebral collateral network and substantially reduce the at-risk group and need for shunting in awake/sedated patients.
Enhancing the correntropy MACE filter with random projections

The minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filter is a well known correlation filter for object recognition. Recently, a nonlinear extension to the MACE filter using the correntropy function in feature space has been introduced. Correntropy is a positive definite function that generalizes the concept of correlation by utilizing higher order moment information of signal structure. Since the MACE is a spatial matched filter for an image class, the correntropy MACE (CMACE) can potentially improve its performance. Both the MACE and CMACE are basically memory-based algorithms and due to the high dimensionality of the image data, the computational cost of the CMACE filter is one of the critical issues in practical applications. We propose to use a dimensionality reduction method based on random projections (RP), which has emerged as a powerful method for dimensionality reduction in machine learning. We apply the CMACE filter with random projection (CMACE-RP) to face recognition and show that it indeed outperforms the traditional linear MACE in both generalization and rejection abilities with small degradation in performance, but great savings in storage and computational complexity.
Pre-production forecasting of movie revenues with a dynamic artificial neural network

We show DAN2 to be an effective tool for forecasting movie revenues.DAN2 improved upon benchmark ANN-based revenue forecasting models by 32.8%.We develop a new model to forecast movie revenues during the pre-production period.We offer new insights into the role of various movie attributes in revenue forecasts.DAN2 achieves an accuracy rate of 94.1% with this new model and variable-set. The production of a motion picture is an expensive, risky endeavor. During the five-year period from 2008 through 2012, approximately 90 films were released in the United States with production budgets in excess of $100 million. The majority of these films failed to recoup their production costs via gross domestic box office revenues. Existing decision support systems for pre-production analysis and green-lighting decisions lack sufficient accuracy to meaningfully assist decision makers in the film industry.Established models focus primarily upon post-release and post-production forecasts. These models often rely upon opening weekend data and are reasonably accurate but only if data up until the moment of release is included. A forecast made immediately prior to the debut of a film, however, is of limited value to stakeholders because it can only influence late-stage adjustments to advertising or distribution strategies and little else.In this paper we present the development of a model based upon a dynamic artificial neural network (DAN2) for the forecasting of movie revenues during the pre-production period. We first demonstrate the effectiveness of DAN2 and show that DAN2 improves box-office revenue forecasting accuracy by 32.8% over existing models. Subsequently, we offer an alternative modeling strategy by adding production budgets, pre-release advertising expenditures, runtime, and seasonality to the predictive variables. This alternative model produces excellent forecasting accuracy values of 94.1%.
Demographic characteristics and antisocial personality disorder of early and late onset alcoholics identified in a primary care clinic.

A total of 1,734 persons were prospectively screened in a primary care clinic to examine the demographic characteristics and presence or absence of antisocial personality disorder among early onset alcoholics (EOA) and late onset alcoholics (LOA). A total of 76 EOA (male = 58 and female = 18) and 80 LOA (male = 56 and female = 24), as determined by the Comprehensive Drinking Profile Scale, participated in the study. EOA tended to be single and were younger, in a lower socioeconomic class, raised by non-biological parents, more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, and more likely to commit certain convicted offenses compared to LOA (p ≤ .05). This study found that EOA identified in a primary care clinic have a different demographic profile and are more likely to have antisocial personality disorder compared to LOA. (Am J Addict 2006;15:478–482)