cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen point defect accumulation in single-phase U O 2 + x

$\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.07}$ was characterized using neutron total scattering in order to elucidate defect morphology in the low oxygen-to-metal regime $(xl0.125$ for $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+x})$. Data were collected at temperatures (600 and 1000 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) coinciding with the single-phase $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+x}$ region of the established phase diagram, and results were compared with data of stoichiometric $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ collected at near-identical temperatures. Experimental data were modeled and interpreted using a holistic approach employing a combination of analyses that characterized multiple spatial length scales. Preferential modeling of long-range atomic arrangements with Rietveld refinement suggests the existence of primarily monointerstitials in $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.07}$, whereas preferential modeling of short-range atomic structures with small-box pair distribution function (PDF) refinement indicates the presence of defect clusters in $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.07}$. Simultaneous modeling of multiple length scales using complementary reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods confirms that excess oxygen atoms in $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2.07}$ exist as small defects, such as monointerstitials and di-interstitials. RMC and MD results agree with diffraction analysis but differ significantly from small-box PDF refinements, which may be related to a lack of intermediate- and long-range structural information gained from the small-box PDF refinement procedure. Employing a combination of analysis methods with varying length-scale sensitivities enabled more accurate assessment of the $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+x}$ defect structure. Our findings provide experimental support for previously predicted di-interstitial defect morphologies in $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+x}$ that highly influence the accurate prediction of bulk physiochemical properties of $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+x}$, such as oxygen diffusivity.
Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Rheumatologic Diseases

As the field of autoimmune neurology develops, the role of the neurologist in the management of patients with systemic autoimmune disease is increasing. This chapter briefly reviews the neurologic manifestations, diagnostic approach, and treatment of neurosarcoidosis, IgG-4-related disease, Behcet syndrome, Sjogren syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The neurologic manifestations of these conditions include parenchymal brain and brainstem disease, myelopathy, radiculopathy, myopathy, and all forms of peripheral neuropathy. Recognizing when a neurologic concern is related to immune-mediated or alternative mechanisms is a critical role for the neurologist as treatment decisions may be based on this assessment. Familiarity with the neurologic manifestations of systemic rheumatologic disease is therefore critical. The approach to treatment depends on the underlying mechanisms of disease and decisions should be made in consultation with other experts assisting in the clinical care of an individual patient.
Autoantibodies in SjÖgren'S Syndrome: Comparison of Autoantibody Determination Methods Show that Antinuclear Antibody and Rheumatoid Factor Are Associated with Ro/SSA Precipitin Formation

Abstract Newly developed solid phase assays were compared to results of precipitin formation in counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the presence of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB in 84 sera from patients with Sjogren's syndrome. The solid phase assays were much more sensitive than precipitation. Solid phase assays for anti-La/SSB were in complete agreement with the precipitation assay results. In contrast, some sera had higher solid phase anti-Ro/SSA binding but did not form an anti-Ro/SSA precipitin, while other sera had lower solid phase binding and did precipitate. The major difference between these groups was the higher titer of anti-nuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor in those forming an anti-Ro/SSA precipitin.
Thermal conductivity and hardness of three single-phase high-entropy metal diborides fabricated by borocarbothermal reduction and spark plasma sintering

Abstract Four high-entropy metal diborides have been synthesized and densified by borocarbothermal reduction of metal oxides with boron carbide and graphite and subsequent spark plasma sintering. Three of them, (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)B2, (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2, and (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2)B2, possess single high-entropy phases and have been sintered to >99% of the theoretical densities. The fourth (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Mo0.2W0.2)B2 specimen contained a Ti–Mo–W rich secondary phase in addition to the primary metal diboride phase. The specimens made by borocarbothermal reduction exhibit improved hardnesses in comparison with those samples previously fabricated via high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. Interestingly, the single-phase (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2 and (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2)B2 (both of which have Vickers hardness values of ~25 GPa) are substantially harder than (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)B2 (20.5 GPa), despite MoB2 and CrB2 being typically considered as softer components. These single-phase high-entropy metal diborides were found to have low thermal conductivities of 12–25 W/mK, which are ~1/10 to ~1/5 of the reported values of HfB2 and ZrB2.
Fingertip Position and Force Control for Dexterous Manipulation through Model-Based Control of Hand-Exoskeleton-Environment

Despite mechanical advancements in assistive hand exoskeletons, the manipulation ability they provide has remained far inferior to that of a healthy human hand. State-of-the-art control strategies are mainly focused on robot joint-level position control, although accurate control of fingertip positions and forces is required for human-like dexterity. Due to nonlinear relationships between inputs and outputs, dexterous manipulation requires accurate models of interaction between the fingers, the exoskeleton, and the fingertip space. In this research, we utilize model-based control to achieve desired fingertip position and forces with a multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) exoskeleton for the first time. We compare it with conventional control methods and demonstrate the performance to be superior and within human accuracy levels.
Atypical ductal hyperplasia bordering on DCIS on core biopsy is associated with higher risk of upgrade than conventional atypical ductal hyperplasia.

Upgrade rates of conventional ADH are reported at 10–30%; however, rates for ADH bordering on DCIS (ADH-BD) are largely unknown. We examined the upgrade rate of ADH-BD and core needle biopsy (CNB) features associated with upgrade. Surgical management in patients with concurrent ipsilateral breast cancer (BC) was also examined. From 2000 to 2018, women with CNB diagnosis of ADH-BD were prospectively identified. Women with pure ADH-BD and concurrent ipsilateral ADH-BD/BC were analyzed separately, and upgrade rates were calculated. CNB features associated with upgrade and type of surgery were examined in women with pure ADH-BD; CNB features and concurrent pathology associated with upgrade were examined in women with ipsilateral BC. 108/236 (46%) patients with pure ADH-BD on CNB had DCIS (40%) or invasive carcinoma (6%) on surgical excision. DCIS or invasive carcinoma was more frequently found on excision of a mass that yielded ADH-BD on biopsy than excision of calcifications (65% vs 38%; p < 0.001). The breast conservation success rate was high (80%) in patients who upgraded, despite a high re-excision rate of 46%. The upgrade rate of ADH-BD in women with concurrent ipsilateral BC was 41%. Most women (94%) with ADH-BD in the same quadrant as the BC were candidates for breast conserving surgery, with a success rate of 89%. The upgrade rate for pure ADH-BD is significantly higher than that reported for women with conventional ADH, especially in women with a mass on imaging. The upgrade rate of concurrent ipsilateral ADH-BD and BC is similarly high. Excision with a margin of normal tissue and specimen inking should be routine to minimize the need for re-excision.
Hydromechanical modeling of solid deformation and fluid flow in the transversely isotropic fissured rocks

Abstract Geomaterials containing fissures such as some sedimentary rocks often exhibit a bimodal pore size distribution, and they are also inherently anisotropic due to the distinct bedding planes. Hydromechanical modeling of solid deformation and fluid flow of such geomaterials remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we have developed a unique anisotropic double porosity elastoplastic framework to describe such processes. Furthermore, for the solid constitutive model, because of the loss of stress tensor coaxiality between the trial state and the final state, we have derived a new implicit return mapping algorithm to obtain the updated effective stress, history parameters and consistent tangent operator for any given strain increment efficiently, followed by a uniaxial strain point simulation to provide benchmark results. Subsequently, 3D stress point simulations are carried out to calibrate the projection and plasticity parameters using triaxial experimental data as well as to illustrate the strain-softening phenomenon. Initial boundary value problem simulations have been conducted to analyze the impacts of fluid flow and solid constitutive model on the resulting geomaterials’ responses. The overarching goal of this paper is to better understand the coupled solid deformation-fluid flow in the transversely isotropic fissured rocks.
A Broadband Linear Ultra-Compact mm-Wave Power Amplifier With Distributed-Balun Output Network: Analysis and Design

This article presents a broadband power amplifier (PA) with a distributed-balun output network that provides the PA optimum load impedance over a wide bandwidth. The proposed output network comprises two coupled-line sections and absorbs the device output capacitance. It employs a scalable coupled-line modeling approach that captures both the magnetic (inductive) and electric (capacitive) couplings between windings with fewer parameters and supports a rapid design process. Closed-form design solutions, design space limitations, bandwidth limits, and design tradeoffs are derived and analyzed comprehensively. Its extension to differential output and common-mode response is also discussed in detail. As a proof of concept, a prototype PA is implemented for multiband fifth-generation (5G) applications in 45-nm SOI CMOS. With no biasing retuning or network reconfiguration, the PA consistently achieves >19.1 dBm $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ , >37.3% peak power-added efficiency (PAE), 17.8–19.6 dBm $P_{\mathrm {1dB}}$ , and 36.6%–44.3% PAE $_{P\mathrm {1dB}}$ over 24–40 GHz, verifying the truly wideband large-signal matching. The PA demonstrates 5G new radio (NR) frequency range 2 (FR2) modulation signals over 24–42 GHz, covering n257/n258/n260 5G bands. For 5G NR FR2 800-MHz 2-CC 64-QAM signals (11.78-dB PAPR), the PA achieves 11.3-dBm/16.6% average $P_{\mathrm {out}}$ /PAE with −25.1-dB rms EVM at 28-GHz and 10.2-dBm/13.6% average $P_{\mathrm {out}}$ /PAE with −25.1-dB rms EVM at 37 GHz.
MFN2 Stabilization: A Bridge for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensitivity in Melanoma

In a new article in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Wang et al. (2021) report that mitochondrial quality control modulates responses to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in melanoma. They implicate a linear pathway of XBP1, MARCH5, and MFN2 that act together to regulate mitochondrial fission and mitophagy and ultimately mediate melanoma cell sensitivity to ER stress. This work informs therapeutic combinations and biomarker strategies for targeting melanoma organellar homeostasis as well as for life‒death decisions.
Therapeutics targeting the inflammasome after central nervous system injury.

Innate immunity is part of the early response of the body to deal with tissue damage and infections. Because of the early nature of the innate immune inflammatory response, this inflammatory reaction represents an attractive option as a therapeutic target. The inflammasome is a component of the innate immune response involved in the activation of caspase 1 and the processing of pro–interleukin 1β. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the inflammasome after central nervous system (CNS) injury and stroke, as well as the basic knowledge we have gained so far regarding inflammasome activation in the CNS. In addition, we discuss some of the therapies available or under investigation for the treatment of brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke.
Towards a cyber common operating picture

Commanders enjoy a refined common operating picture of the kinetic battlespace. While still imperfect, today's military command posts represent centuries of refinement and maturation enhanced by cutting-edge technology. Cyberspace's emergence as an operational domain, however, presents unresolved challenges to this status quo. Techniques for maintaining situational awareness and command and control of cyber operations, particularly joint cyber/kinetic operations, are ill-defined, and no current solutions provide military decision-makers with a comprehensive cyber common operating picture, or CCOP. This paper provides a framework for designing such systems. We focus on the problem of cyber-only operations as well as joint cyber-kinetic operations. Our analysis indicates that the CCOP problem is tractable, but non-trivial, requiring substantial effort realized through evolutionary and revolutionary research approaches.
A Doctor’s Testimony: Medical Neutrality and the Visibility of Palestinian Grievances in Jewish-Israeli Publics

This paper follows the testimony of Izzeldin Abuelaish, a Palestinian physician who bears witness to his experiences working, living, and suffering under Israeli rule. He presents his story as a doctor's story, drawing on his identity as a medical professional to gain credibility and visibility and to challenge the limited legitimacy of Palestinian grievances. In this paper, I explore his testimony as a medical voice that at once recounts the suffering and loss endured by the Palestinian people and also struggles to negotiate the values associated with being a "reliable" witness. Consequently, I ethnographically examine the social life and reception of his story in Jewish-Israeli publics. In comparison with most Palestinian narratives, Abuelaish's testimony achieved an extremely rare degree of visibility and sympathy, a phenomenon that calls out for analysis. I identify the boundaries that typically render Palestinian grievances invisible to Israeli publics and suggest how medicine's self-proclaimed ethos of neutrality served as a channel for crossing them. Finally, I reflect on the political possibilities and limitations of medical witnessing to render suffering visible and arouse compassion toward those construed as a dangerous/enemy Other.
Behavior and Soil–Structure Interaction of Pervious Concrete Ground-Improvement Piles under Lateral Loading

AbstractGranular column ground-improvement methods are widely used to improve bearing capacity and provide a drainage path. However, the behavior of granular columns depends on the confinement provided by the surrounding soil, which limits their use in poor soils. A new ground-improvement method is proposed using pervious concrete piles to provide high permeability while also providing higher stiffness and strength, which are independent of surrounding soil confinement. Building on prior research on the behavior of vertically loaded pervious concrete piles and granular columns, this paper investigates the behavior of laterally-loaded pervious concrete piles and the effects of installation on their response. Two fully-instrumented lateral load tests were conducted on a precast and cast-in-place pile using different installation methods. Advanced sensors measured the soil–structure interaction during installation and under lateral loading. Test results confirmed that laterally-loaded pervious concrete groun...
The mentally ill in prisons: A review.

Mentally ill persons who have been charged with crimes present difficult dilemmas for correctional authorities and mental health system administrators. The authors examine the scope of the problem, the legal issues and treatment needs of this population during incarceration, and the obstacles in caring for them after their eventual release from prison. They recommend that mentally ill offenders be afforded the same level of mental health care available to mentally ill residents in other institutions and in the community. The need for postrelease supervision and coordination between mental health and correctional authorities are central issues in reintegrating mentally ill offenders into the community.
Histochemical studies of rat ovarian follicular cells in vitro.

Membrana granulosa cells were aspirated from large follicles of proestrous rat ovaries and were cultivated as monolayers. For histochemical identification of dehydrogenases, the monolayers were incubated in various steroid substrates, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium. The presence of Δp5-3β-, 3α-, 17β- and 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was demonstrated by the 4th day in vitro and was evident for as long as 20 days. Since none of these hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases is demonstrable in the membrana granulosa of intact follicles, it is concluded that the steroidogenic capacity of the cells, repressed in the preovulatory follicle in vivo, can be expressed upon mechanical removal from the follicle just as steroid synthesis occurs in these cells after normal ovulation.
Carvedilol: A Nonselective β Blocking Agent With Antioxidant Properties

Despite advances in therapy, congestive heart failure is a major public health problem with a high mortality and morbidity. The benefits of beta blockers in slowing disease progression and decreasing mortality have recently been shown in large clinical trials. Oxidative stress contributes to disease progression in both post-myocardial reperfusion injury and dilated cardiomyopathy. Several medications are known to have antioxidant effects, including some angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Carvedilol is a non-selective beta blocker with antioxidant properties approved for use in congestive heart failure.
Fixed Points of Conjugated Blaschke Products with Applications to Gravitational Lensing

A conjecture in astronomy was recently resolved as an accidental corollary to a theorem regarding zeros of certain planar harmonic maps. As a step towards extending the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, the theorem gave a bound of 5nt 5 for the number of zeros of a function of the form \(r(z) - \bar{z}\), where r(z) is rational of degree n. In this paper, we will investigate the case when r(z) is a Blaschke product. The resulting (sharp) bound is n + 3 and the proof is simple. We discuss an application to gravitational lenses consisting of collinear point masses.
Predicting older adults' perceptions about a computer system designed for seniors

Although computer technology may be particularly useful for older adults (e.g., for communication and information access), they have been slower adopters than their younger counterparts. Perceptions about computers, such as perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, can pose barriers to acceptance and universal access (Davis in MIS Q 13(3):319---340, 1989). Therefore, understanding the precursors to these perceptions for older adult non-computer users may provide insight into the reasons for their non-adoption. The authors examined the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of a computer interface designed for older users and demographic, technology experience, cognitive abilities, personality, and attitudinal variables in a sample of 300 non-computer-using adults between the ages 64 and 98, selected for being at high risk for social isolation. The strongest correlates of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were technology experience, personality dimensions of agreeableness and openness to experience, and attitudes. The emotional stability personality dimension was significantly correlated with perceived ease of use though not perceived usefulness. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that attitudes (i.e., self-efficacy, comfort, and interest) remained predictive of perceptions of usefulness and ease of use when technology experience and personality variables were accounted for. Given that attitudes are more malleable than other variables, such as demographic and cognitive abilities, these findings highlight the potential to increase technology acceptance through positive experiences, appropriate training, and educational campaigns about the benefits of computers and other technologies.
Bispecific Chimerid Sponges from the Antarctic

IT is not unusual to find two different sponge species growing together intimately. One sponge often uses another as substrate, either encrusting, growing up from it, or surrounding it laterally. Topsent1 and Kirkpatrick2 have each reported a case in which one sponge is completely surrounded by another, with only its osculae projecting to the exterior. There is, however, always a definite delineation between the two unless the substrate portion of the host is dead.
Heisenberg spin chain with many impurities

We consider the Heisenberg chain of spin 1/2 with a concentration [ital x] of impurity spins [ital S]. The thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations are stated for this model. The ground-state equations are analyzed as a function of [ital x] and magnetic field. In zero field the ground state is a singlet for finite [ital x], but non-Fermi-liquid-like for [ital x][r arrow]0. Two energy bands play a role at [ital T]=0. The Van Hove singularities of the empty bands define two critical fields, [ital H][sub [ital c]1]([ital x]) and [ital H][sub [ital c]2]([ital x]), at which the susceptibility diverges. The non-Fermi-liquid behavior as [ital x][r arrow]0 arises from nonanalyticities as [ital H][sub [ital c]2] vanishes.
Brief post-hypoxic-ischemic hypothermia markedly delays neonatal brain injury

The influence of post-insult temperature modulation on ischemic injury in immature brain was studied in 7-day-old rats that underwent a unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to hypoxia in 8% oxygen at an ambient temperature of 36.5 degrees C. After the hypoxic exposure, the animals were separated into three groups and placed for 3 h in temperature-controlled incubators set at 32 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 38 degrees C. In Study 1, the influence of post-insult temperature modulation was assessed after graded cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury. Brain damage was assessed 1 week after the insult by comparison of wet weights in the cerebral hemispheres ipsilateral and contralateral to the carotid artery ligation. Rectal temperatures of the animals significantly correlated with extent of brain injury after 60 min (Spearman correlation coefficient, p = 0.44, P = 0.005) and 90 min (p = 0.46, P = 0.004) but not 120 min of hypoxia (p = 0.18, P = 0.46). In Study 2, animals were exposed to 75 min hypoxia, and injury was assessed morphometrically and histologically at 1 and 4 weeks after the injury. Rectal temperatures significantly correlated with the extent of ischemic injury in the cerebral cortex (p = 0.3, P = 0.046) and striatum (p = 0.3, P = 0.048) at 1 week, but not 4 weeks, after the insult. The findings indicate that post-insult hypothermia delayed the expression of mild to moderate brain damage by more than a week, after which the damage was as severe as in normothermic animals. The results indicate that the events that determine the final expression of a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic insult can be extended over a long interval by post-insult hypothermia.
Specificity of Protective Immunity produced by X-irradiated Plasmodium berghei Sporozoites

VACCINATION against malarial infections remains a goal to be achieved. Even if it were feasible, it might be difficult to obtain necessary amounts of the parasitic antigen, and only homologous species or strains of the parasite may be immunologically effective. Protective immunity is often a highly strain specific phenomenon as has been shown in experiments using the blood stages of the parasite as the immunizing agent1,2. Strain specificity of the immune response also occurs in natural human malaria3. Our aim was to determine whether a strict strain and species specificity occurs in animals vaccinated with sporozoites, or if a much broader spectrum of protective immunity develops.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Individual and Interpersonal Conflict in an Experimental Group

The current study examines the spread of experimentally induced conflict and rigidity from an individual to a group through the perspective of self-organization theory. The dependent measure of rigidity was operationally defined as entropy in conversational turn-taking dynamics in the small group. Four female undergraduates participated in a series of four 30-min discussions. The frequency distribution of turn-taking patterns for each discussion was predicted to fit an inverse power-law (IPL) model, with drops in entropy in response to conflict within a single group member following baseline. Consistent with predictions, results indicated significant fits to the inverse power-law model in each discussion and a significant drop in entropy values following the conflict induction. These results suggest that small groups are self-organizing systems in which the spread of conflict between group and individual dynamics occurs by way of shifts toward systemic rigidity.
Ethical Challenges in the Care of Persons With Hepatitis C Infection: A Pilot Study to Enhance Informed Consent With Veterans

Psychiatric and addictive disorders are often considered contraindications to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. In this pilot study, the ability of 30 veterans to provide informed consent for combined antiviral HCV therapy was examined with a mental health assessment protocol specifically geared to evaluate capacity in this area. The results showed that subjects lacked essential knowledge regarding the course of the disease and the nature of antiviral treatment despite receiving prior counseling. Informed consent assessments of candidates for HCV treatment may identify deficits that are responsive to intervention, thereby allowing patients with comorbid psychiatric and addictive disorders to receive effective HCV treatment.
60 GHz multi-antenna design in Multi-Core system

This paper proposes the solution of 60 GHz multi-antenna system utilized in Multi-Chip Multi-Core (MCMC) computing architecture. The multi-antenna placed on top of the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure is designed to have the horizontal radiation direction that is demanded by the planar type chip to chip communications. The sectioned loop analysis is used to predict the radiation direction of the antenna in this paper. With this solution, the designed multi-antenna demonstrates around 2.5dB gain enhancements on the defined end-fire radiation direction.
Veterinary college accreditation: setting the record straight

For more than 60 years, the AVMA Council on Education (COE) has been accrediting colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada. Accreditation by the COE represents the highest standard for veterinary medical education in these countries and assures all interested parties that accredited colleges meet nationally accepted standards of quality. The COE currently accredits all veterinary colleges in the United States and Canada and provides for accreditation of colleges in other countries that voluntarily seek such classification and meet or exceed all of the standard requirements. For much of its history, the COE has operated with
Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on the Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblasts Cultured over Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Scaffolds

We report the use of DBD plasma to improve the osteoblast cells adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds. The effects of plasma treatment were characterized by surface energy, surface topography, and surface biocompatibility. The PCL film treated for 5 min showed the highest degree of total surface energy, mouse osteoblast cell proliferation and surface roughness. It is demonstrated that the oxygen plasma treatment not only enhances the hydrophilicity and increases solid surface energy, surface roughness of PCL but also improves the initial attachment and the proliferation of osteoblasts on the PCL substrate.
Lowi's Critique of Political Science: A Response

presidential address, reprinted in the American Political Science Review (Lowi 1992). While disagreeing at many points with Lowi's account of the development of political science and with his critiques of the currently "hegemonic" subfields of "public opinion, public policy, and public choice," I am led ultimately to clarify my own understanding of the relationship between politics, ideology, and science. This response to Lowi's address is intended to sketch a different view of the relation between science, especially social science, and government; to argue with Lowi's assessment of the value of reductionist paradigms such as those employed by the three hegemonic subfields; and to say that many of the rest of us are passionate about politics too. In particular, it is intended to indicate how "public choice," my own favored member of that holy trinity, is in fact well suited to address issues critical to the matters of social value with which Lowi is concerned. Professor Lowi identifies the three hegemonic approaches broadly as follows: "public opinion" is the behavioralist study of political opinion and behavior; "public policy," the analysis of policy decision making; and "public choice," the various uses of rational choice theory. Because these approaches serve the interests of the state, Lowi says, they have (through an entirely indirect sequence of events) come to dominate political science today. In his eyes, this is bad for political science and bad for a democratic society, because it results in a political science that fails to conceive of alternatives to the existing regime, and therefore fails to explicate fully the shortcomings of the regime and of its attendant policies and rhetoric. Lowi locates the three subfields' failure in their excessive reductionism, that is, their tendency to make the basic unit of analysis so smallthe act of participation, the policy decision, the rational agent's choice -that the great questions of politics cannot be directly addressed. Political scientists fall into this trap, Lowi says, in part because so many of us have so little "passion" about real politics, subsisting instead on a flavorless diet of "vocational commitment" (Lowi 1992, 5).
The interaction of antibody/dna immune complexes with complement

In 28 serum and plasma samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, we examined the importance of antibody class with respect to complement-mediated binding to human red blood cells (RBC) of antibody/DNA immune complexes (IC) prepared with anti-DNA antibodies. We used both 3H-double-stranded DNA and 3H-single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Generally, double-stranded DNA IC showed considerably higher binding than did ssDNA IC in the RBC binding assay. Further analysis indicated that although ssDNA IC fix complement, it is necessary that these IC contain IgM anti-DNA antibodies in order for them to bind to RBC. The results suggest that the mechanisms of clearance and pathogenic potential of these IC may depend upon both the DNA conformation and antibody class. In particular, complement-fixing IC which contain IgG anti-DNA antibodies and ssDNA may not be cleared via the erythrocyte clearance mechanism, and therefore, could be more likely to deposit in certain tissues and initiate inflammatory reactions.
Acoustic observations in young children's non-cry vocalizations

A corpus of 1200 non‐cry vocalization samples produced by 14 normal children between the ages of 11–25 months was examined retrospectively. Six percent of the samples yielded instances of either harmonic doubling (HD), fundamental frequency (F0) shift, or biphonation (Bp). These spectrographic features relate to short duration changes in F0, reflecting alterations in vocal fold state characteristics. The HD and Bp segments were perceptually judged to be harsh, while F0 shift closely reflected pitch breaks. The frequency of occurrence of the three acoustic features suggests that they are normally occurring phonatory events in normal children’s vocal patterns.
Induction of lordosis responsiveness by vaginal stimulation in rats is independent of anterior or posterior pituitary hormones

Abstract In a previous study, rats that initially did not show lordosis in response to palpation of the flanks and perineum started to show lordosis to this stimulus when tested 10 sec after brief vaginal stimulation and continued to show lordosis responsiveness for more than 3 hr. In the present study, we tested the possibility that this effect of vaginal stimulation is mediated by the release of pituitary hormones. Hypophysectomized rats showed the lordosis-activating effect of vaginal stimulation, and this effect persisted for more than 1 hr, similar to rats with intact pituitaries. Oxytocin (50 or 100 mU/rat) or vasopressin (100 mU/rat) injected systemically did not induce lordosis responding in ovariectomized rats that received either a single injection of estradiol benzoate (2 μg/Kg) or no hormonal treatment. However, these individuals subsequently showed the lordosis-activating effect of vaginal stimulation. The mechanism by which vaginal stimulation activates lordosis responsiveness thus appears to be due to some process other than release of pituitary hormones.
Leisure and Active Lifestyles: Research Reflections

Leisure researchers have been studying active living for many years. The research, however, has focused more on individual factors than social and environmental determinants that enable physical activity and health. The focus of the introduction to this special issue on “leisure and active lifestyles” is to highlight leisure literature that can be directly tied to active living. These dimensions include outdoor recreation, community recreation areas and facilities, time usage, barriers and constraints, and social interdependence. We provide an overview of the significance of the papers in this special issue and offer some reflections regarding future research related to active living, physical activity, health, and leisure. We underline the value of the holistic approach evident in leisure research and call for broader methods and more collaborative transdisciplinary research.
Design of an extended-range, three-wavelength distance-measuring instrument

The paper describes an extension of current multiwavelength electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) techniques which should allow the range of multiwavelength measurements to be extended to approximately 50 km. The basic modification needed is the replacement of the retroreflector commonly used by an active station containing lasers and a microwave source. Because the system will always be operated as a full three-wave-length instrument, accuracies of about 5 x 10 to the -8th at 50 km should be obtainable on a routine basis under reasonably clear weather conditions.
The clinical management of the drug-resistant patient.

: The specific management of drug-resistant patients is only possible where facilities exist for both mycobacterial culture and for drug-susceptibility testing. Treatment guidelines in the United Kingdom and elsewhere are predicated on the drug-resistance data prevailing in the circumstances of their use. In developed countries, the inclusion of the fourth drug (ethambutol but occasionally streptomycin) depends on the level of isoniazid resistance expected or known in a given patient group. Most parts of the world do not have the capabilities to perform mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing. In these countries, therefore, the “standard” advised regimen has to cover the possibility of the commoner drug resistances. The view taken in the United Kingdom is that where drug-susceptibility tests are available, they should be followed, and treatment modified. The drug treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB), defined as combined resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, plus or minus other antituberculosis drugs, is complex, time consuming, and demanding on both patient and physician. In the United Kingdom the advice is that treatment should only be carried out by physicians with substantial experience in managing complex resistant cases, only in hospitals with appropriate isolation facilities, and in very close liaison with Mycobacteriology Reference Centres. Treatment should start with five or more drugs to which the organism is, or is likely to be, susceptible and continued until sputum cultures become negative. Treatment with three drugs should continue for at least an additional nine months.
Use of the finite-difference time-domain method for calculating EM absorption in man models

The finite-difference time-domain method is used to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) within the human body. SAR distributions are calculated using incident frequencies of 100 MHz and 350 MHz for three different cases: (1) a homogeneous man model in free space; (2) an inhomogeneous man model in free space; and (3) an inhomogeneous man model standing on a ground plane. These various cases are used to evaluate the advantage of inhomogeneous models over homogeneous models, and grounded models versus free space models. Comparison is made between the results obtained here and those obtained using the method of moments. >
Martensitic transformation of laser processed Fe5%Ni alloy

Gilbert and Owen's (i) massive transformation research in rapidly quenched binary alloys of iron with chromium, nickel and silicon stimulated phase transformation studies in these systems with respect to morphology, transformation modes, and transformation thermodynamics (2-5). However, the factors which control the structures obtained by rapid quenching have not been completely elucidated and results have been inconsistent. Several investigations on Fe-Ni alloy system transformations have been reported (2-5). These results disagree in many important aspects, particularly on the transformation of austenite to martensite in alloys containing between 0 and 15% Ni. In addition to austenite decomposition reaction kinetics, the morphology of transformation substructures has received limited attention and few thin foil electron microscope observations have been reported.
Development of the anterior olfactory nucleus in normal and unilaterally odor deprived rats.

The development of a second order structure in the olfactory pathway, the anterior olfactory nucleus, was examined in both normal rat pups and in subjects which underwent unilateral naris closure on postnatal day 1 (P1)Naris occlusion in neonatal rats produces a constellation of changes within the first relay in the pathway, the olfactory bulb, including a 25% reduction in total volume. Such large changes suggest that higher order structures might also be affected. Anterior olfactory nucleus development was quantified in several ways. Laminar volumes were computed by using serial section planimetry. In control animals differential development was observed, with regions extending most rostrally (e.g., pars externa and pars lateralis)exhibiting the least growth. The anterior olfactory nucleus on the “deprived” side of subjects with a single naris occluded was identical in size to that observed in controls, suggesting that the procedure has little effect on the growth of the structure. Dendritic development within the pars lateralis was examined in control animals at P10, P20, P30, and adults. Developmental increases in numbers of both branches per cell and spines were noted, but mean branch length remained relatively constant. Finally, the effects of naris occlusion on histological patterns of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining and 2-deoxyglucose uptake within pars lateralis were examined at P20 to test for more subtle effects of naris occlusion. SDH staining was quite similar in deprived and control rats at P20. However, 3H-2-DG uptake was decreased in rostral areas of the anterior olfactory nucleus ipsilateral to the deprived olfactory bulb, suggesting that naris closure does affect the structure.
Using septum‐capped vials with continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of atmospheric CO2 for Keeling plot applications

Recent advances in continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry have made possible automated analysis of δ13C and δ18O in CO2 in air from 10-mL septum-capped vials. With the potential to collect, transport, and analyze a large number of air samples using these small inexpensive vials, the opportunity exists for routine and statistically robust sampling of CO2 for Keeling plot applications. With the above-mentioned objectives in mind, we measured the precision of carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios in the CO2 of air within septum-capped vials using a Finnigan MAT Deltaplus XL continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS) interfaced to a GasBench II. The standard deviation of 45 δ13CPDB and δ18OVSMOW measurements from five vials filled with identical tank air was 0.08‰ and 0.14‰, respectively. This translated into a measurement precision (standard error; SE) of 0.01‰ δ13CPDB and 0.02‰ δ18OVSMOW. This precision was similar to that obtained with the tank air introduced directly into the GasBench II by bypassing the vials/autosampler (also with a SE = 0.01‰ for both δ13CPDB and δ18OVSMOW), suggesting minimal vial-related effects with no storage time at ambient pressure and CO2 concentration. Further, puncturing the butyl rubber septa during filling just prior to analysis did not affect the precision (SE = 0.01‰ for both δ13CPDB and δ18OVSMOW, n = 45). After nine days of storage in vials with unpunctured septa, neither δ13CPDB nor δ18OVSMOW changed significantly, although the precision decreased to ∼0.04‰ for both δ13CPDB and δ18OVSMOW. A greater decrease in precision was observed for vials with punctured septa (from 0.01‰ to 0.10‰ SE for both δ13CPDB and δ18OVSMOW). Further, whereas vials with punctured septa showed no change in δ18OVSMOW, δ13CPDB decreased by 0.07‰/day (r2 = 0.96). In practice, such storage-related effects could be accounted for based on concurrent changes in reference standards. These results suggest that air may be collected and stored in 10-mL septum-capped vials and analyzed in an automated fashion with the Gas Bench II/Deltaplus with sufficient precision for Keeling plot applications. Further, a relatively high sample throughput of about 4 vials per hour or about 100 vials or 2000 injections per day offers the potential for high precision with large sample sizes. Higher throughput should permit experimental advances that were not possible before. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid, Specific Determination of Iodine and Iodide by Combined Solid-Phase Extraction/Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

A new, rapid methodology for trace analysis using solid-phase extraction is described. The two-step methodology is based on the concentration of an analyte onto a membrane disk and on the determination by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of the amount of analyte extracted on the disk surface. This method, which is adaptable to a wide range of analytes, has been used for monitoring ppm levels of iodine and iodide in spacecraft water. Iodine is used as a biocide in spacecraft water. For these determinations, a water sample is passed through a membrane disk by means of a 10-mL syringe that is attached to a disk holder assembly. The disk, which is a polystyrene-divinylbenzene composite, is impregnated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), which exhaustively concentrates iodine as a yellow iodine-PVP complex. The amount of concentrated iodine is then determined in only 2 s by using a hand-held diffuse reflectance spectrometer by comparing the result with a calibration curve based on the Kubelka-Munk function. The same general procedure can be used to determine iodide levels after its facile and exhaustive oxidation to iodine by peroxymonosulfate (i.e., Oxone reagent). For samples containing both analytes, a two-step procedure can be used in which the iodide concentration is calculated from the difference in iodine levels before and after treatment of the sample with peroxymonosulfate. With this methodology, iodine and iodide levels in the 0.1-5.0 ppm range can be determined with a total workup time of approximately 60 s with a RSD of approximately 6%.
High Energy Laser Platforms for High Pressure Equation of State Measurements

Summary form only given. High energy laser facilities such as OMEGA, and the future NIF and LMJ provide an unprecedented capability to generate steady, planar, ultra-high pressure shock waves (>2 TPa) in solid samples. Building on successful laser shock EOS experiments performed on a variety of laser facilities, we are designing experiments to perform impedance match experiments on Cu at 2.3 TPa. The experiments will use a line-imaging VISAR as the primary diagnostic to measure the shock velocity in an Al reference standard and in a stepped Cu sample. Current designs are based on driving a steady shock for 1-2 ns with smooth planar breakout patterns over a 400 mum diameter spot. We expect to attain measurement accuracies approaching 1% for all velocity measurements, leading to ~5% accuracy in the compression for a single shot datum. Accuracies can be improved with statistical averaging over several shots, and should produce data with less than 3% density uncertainty. The accuracy of impedance match data also depends on systematic uncertainties in the Al standard; propagation of systematic errors is being analyzed and will be discussed
Endocrine disrupting properties of perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have attracted attention in recent years for their environmental ubiquity, as well as their toxicity. Several PFAAs are found in human tissues globally, as humans are exposed on a daily basis through intake of contaminated food, water, and air, irrespective of proximity to industry. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a PFAA shown to be developmentally toxic in mice, with broad and varied health consequences that may include long-lasting effects in reproductive tissues and metabolic reprogramming. To date, the only demonstrated mode of action by which the health effects of PFOA are mediated is via the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The endogenous roles for this receptor, as well as the adverse outcomes of activation by exogenous agents during development, are currently under investigation. Recent studies suggest that PFOA may alter steroid hormone production or act indirectly, via ovarian effects, as a novel means of endocrine disruption. Here we review the existing literature on the known health effects of PFOA in animal models, focusing on sensitive developmental periods. To complement this, we also present epidemiologic health data, with the caveat that these studies largely address only associations between adult exposures and outcomes, rarely focusing on endocrine-specific endpoints, susceptible subpopulations, or windows of sensitivity. Further research in these areas is needed.