cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Zoysiagrasses to the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Growth and developmental parameters of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were evaluated on 41 new zoysiagrass taxa (Zoysia spp. Willd.), which belong to an increasingly popular group of warm-season turfgrasses, in comparison with 5 commercially available zoysiagrass taxa and 1 known susceptible Paspalum L. taxon. Results from two no-choice growth chamber trials indicated that the new Zoysia japonica Steud. taxa were unfavorable for the development of fall armyworm larvae in general compared with the susceptible Paspalum taxon. This was evidenced by significantly lower larval and pupal weights and survival and longer time to pupation and adult emergence, pointing to antibiosis in these zoysiagrass taxa. The new Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., Zoysia macrostachya Franch. & Sav., and Zoysia sinica Hance taxa seemed more favorable than Z. japonica taxa, as evidenced by numerically higher larval and pupal weights and survival and shorter duration to pupation and adult emergence. Taxa that consistently showed low larval survival were identified for further testing.
Contribution of travel participation to social integration and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury.

Abstract Background Research has found that participation in travel declines for people after spinal cord injury (SCI) because the traumatic injury usually results in impaired physical mobility and sensation, and barriers in the environment make travel more challenging. While travel participation can offer numerous physical, psychological, and emotional benefits, empirical evidence on positive outcomes of travel for people after SCI is scarce in the literature. Objective To empirically examine the effects of travel participation on social integration and life satisfaction for people with SCI, along with other personal characteristics including income, self-perceived health status, levels of physical independence, occupational activities, and travel barriers. Methods Cross sectional data are collected from 250 patients enrolled in a SCI Model System. Hierarchical regression analyses, followed by mediation analyses, are conducted to assess the effects of travel participation on social integration and life satisfaction. Results Travel participation along with occupational activities is shown to significantly impact social integration, with participation in occupational activities partially mediating the relation from travel participation to social integration. The significant effect of travel participation on life satisfaction is fully mediated by social integration. Income and self-perceived health status both significantly contribute to social integration and life satisfaction. Conclusions Travel participation should be considered as an independent domain that directly impacts the social integration of people with SCI, which in turn enhances their life satisfaction. Systematic interventions with standard protocols for travel-related skill training and assessments procedures are needed for people after SCI.
Exploiting differential effects of actomyosin contractility to control cell sorting among breast cancer cells.

Cells within tumors exhibit sorting in vivo and in vitro. It is shown that available adhesion proteins and cellular contractility determine cell position in heterotypic aggregates. Exploiting diffe...
Paper and Board, 9. Control Systems for Paper Machines

The article contains sections titled: 1. Objective of Paper Machines Control Systems 2. General Terms of Paper Machines Control Systems 3. Quality Control System (QCS) 3.1. Quality Measurements 3.2. Quality Control 3.2.1. Machine Direction Control 3.2.2. Cross Direction Control 3.2.2.1. CD Basis Weight Control 3.2.2.2. CD Moisture Control 3.2.2.3. CD Caliper Control 3.2.2.4. CD Gloss Control 4. Information Systems 4.1. Importance of Information Systems 4.2. Process Analysis using Information Systems
Cellular localization of Visudyne® as a function of time after local injection in an in vivo model of squamous cell carcinoma: an investigation into tumor cell death

Objective To evaluate the effects of time on cellular localization of Visudyne® after local injection. Animals Twenty athymic nude mice. Procedures A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell line (A-431) was injected into right and left dorsolumbar subcutaneous tissue of each mouse, representing treatment (T) and control (C) tumors. In experiment 1 (Exp 1; n = 10) and 2 (Exp 2; n = 10), the T tumors received a local injection of Visudyne® (0.1 mg/cm3), and C tumors received an equal dose of 5% dextrose in water (D5W). Mice were randomly subdivided into two groups (A and B; n = 5 per group). Mice in Exp 1A and B were sacrificed 1 and 30 min after local injection, respectively. Experiment 1A and B tumors were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy to determine drug localization. Experiment 2A and B tumors were exposed to LED illumination 1 and 30 min after injection, respectively, and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine ultrastructural tumor cell damage. Results Fluorescence was detected within the cytoplasm of T tumors in both Exp 1A and B. Significance was detected in fluorescence intensity between T1 min vs. T30 min (P = 0.03) and between T1 min and C1 min tumors (P = 0.01), respectively. Tumors in Exp 2A and B demonstrated evidence of apoptotic cell death. Conclusions Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated higher Visudyne® concentration within SCC cytoplasm of 1 min compared with 30-min tumors. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that tumors treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) within 30 min of local injection undergo cellular apoptosis.
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis after major remission to taxane-based front-line therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer.

Aim: To determine the incidence of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC), as the first manifestation of systemic progression, in breast cancer patients after obtaining a major response (complete response, CR or >80% partial response, PR) to first-line taxane-based chemotherapy treated between 1996 and 2000 in our Medical Oncology Unit.
Challenging obesity: Patient, provider, and expert perspectives on the roles of available and emerging nonsurgical therapies

Objective Adult obesity is recognized as a chronic disease. According to principles of chronic disease management, healthcare professionals should work collaboratively with patients to determine appropriate therapeutic strategies that address overweight and obesity, specifically considering a patient's disease status in addition to their individual needs, preferences, and attitudes regarding treatment. A central role and responsibility of healthcare professionals in this process is to inform and educate patients about their treatment options. Although current recommendations for the management of adult obesity provide general guidance regarding safe and proper implementation of lifestyle, pharmacological, and surgical interventions, healthcare professionals need awareness of specific evidence-based information that supports individualized clinical application of these therapies. More specifically, healthcare professionals should be up-to-date on approaches that promote successful lifestyle management and be knowledgeable about newer weight loss pharmacotherapies, so they can offer patients with obesity a wide range of options to personalize their treatment. Accordingly, this educational activity has been developed to provide participants with the latest information on treatment recommendations and therapeutic advances in lifestyle intervention and pharmacotherapy for adult obesity management. Design and Methods This supplement is based on the content presented at a live CME symposium held in conjunction with ObesityWeek 2014. Results This supplement provides an expert summary of current treatment recommendations and recent advances in nonsurgical therapies for the management of adult obesity. Patient and provider perspectives on obesity management are highlighted in embedded video clips available via QR codes, and new evidence will be applied using clinically relevant case studies. Conclusions This supplement provides a topical update of obesity management, including clinical practice examples, for healthcare professionals who treat or provide care for adults with obesity.
Cross-Border Acquisitions and Board Globalization in The World's Largest TNCS, 1995–2005

Because of their size, power, and undemocratic nature, the cross-border activities of the world's transnational corporations (TNCs) are of particular interest to sociologists. Previous research sho...
Approximating the k-Set Packing Problem by Local Improvements

We study algorithms based on local improvements for the \(k\)-Set Packing problem. The well-known local improvement algorithm by Hurkens and Schrijver [14] has been improved by Sviridenko and Ward [15] from \(\frac{k}{2}+\epsilon \) to \(\frac{k+2}{3}\), and by Cygan [7] to \(\frac{k+1}{3}+\epsilon \) for any \(\epsilon >0\). In this paper, we achieve the approximation ratio \(\frac{k+1}{3}+\epsilon \) for the \(k\)-Set Packing problem using a simple polynomial-time algorithm based on the method by Sviridenko and Ward [15]. With the same approximation guarantee, our algorithm runs in time singly exponential in \(\frac{1}{\epsilon ^2}\), while the running time of Cygan’s algorithm [7] is doubly exponential in \(\frac{1}{\epsilon }\). On the other hand, we construct an instance with locality gap \(\frac{k+1}{3}\) for any algorithm using local improvements of size \(O(n^{1/5})\), where \(n\) is the total number of sets. Thus, our approximation guarantee is optimal with respect to results achievable by algorithms based on local improvements.
Religion and coping

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the religion and coping process. Research on the relationship between religion and adjustment has taken both macro- and microanalytic approaches. The chapter explains that religion can be helpful, harmful, or irrelevant, to adjustment, when one moves beyond a global view of religion and adopts a more microanalytic approach. It seems to depend on several factors and the factors are—the method of religious coping, the sample, the situation, and the time frame. Professionals need to be aware that some forms of religious coping may be problematic or, in fact, harmful to the coping process. Knowledge of these religious warning signs should be a standard part of the mental health professionals' education. At a minimum, the professionals should be aware of the “red flags” and their implications for the psychological well-being of the individual. These warning signs can also become issues for further discussion and possible change in helping relationships. Particular care must be taken to approach these issues with sensitivity and respect for the diversity of forms and functions religion serves in the lives of people. The chapter also considers the effectiveness of religion in the coping process.
Civility and Formality

Civility is a distinctive virtue in social and political relations, not an all-embracing one. In this paper, I suggest that civility is also a "chilly" virtue, associated more with formality than with niceness; that is, I argue that its importance is best accounted for on this basis. I pursue the theme of formality in a number of different areas: formality in market relations; formality in political inclusiveness; formality in the willingness to listen and "stay present" for the articulation of views to which is utterly opposed; and formality in democratic deliberations. So defined, civility is not everything and it may need to be balanced against other principles and requirements of politics. But the account I give of its relation to formality enables us to see it in the distinctive importance that it has, even though its importance may not be absolute.
The association of C-reactive protein and physical activity among a church-based population of African Americans.

Abstract Objective Regular physical activity can reduce systemic inflammation and, thereby, the burden of chronic inflammatory-related conditions. This study examined whether regular physical activity, measured subjectively (Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity [RAPA]) and objectively (Bodymedia's SenseWear® activity monitor [SWA]), is associated with inflammatory or glycemic control markers. Methods Subjects were 345 participants of the Healthy Eating and Active Living in the Spirit (HEALS) lifestyle intervention among African American (AA) churches in South Carolina from 2009 to 2012. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between both subjectively and objectively measured physical activity and inflammatory markers including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results Those who participated in regular physical activity (from RAPA) had lower CRP values compared to those who were sedentary (2.3 vs. 3.8 mg/L, p Conclusion Physical activity may improve chronic inflammation, which is a primary pathophysiological mechanism for numerous chronic disorders, especially among minority populations.
Effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine on DNA synthesis. II. In rabbit kidney cells infected with herpes viruses.

1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) inhibits the synthesis of DNA in noninfected rabbit kidney cells to a greater degree than in cells infected with viruses of the herpes group (herpes simplex and pseudorabies viruses). Virus multiplication is inhibited by the drug to the same extent as DNA synthesis, demonstrating that Ara-C interferes with the infective process by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA only. The relative resistance of infected cells to the action of the drug is probably due to the lower ability of these cells as compared to noninfected cells to phosphorylate Ara-C. The low level of phosphorylation of the drug in the infected cells is correlated with a decrease in the activity of deoxycytidine kinase in vivo. Furthermore, the drug does not induce in the infected cells an increase in the level of activity of deoxycytidine kinase, an effect it does produce in noninfected cells. It is concluded that Ara-C is not a specific antiviral agent.
High Intensity Ultrasound as an Abiotic Elicitor—Effects on Antioxidant Capacity and Overall Quality of Romaine Lettuce

The effect of ultrasound treatment at low acoustic power density (APD) on antioxidant capacity and overall quality of Romaine lettuce was evaluated. Whole leaf lettuce was treated with ultrasound (25 kHz) at APD of 26 W/L for 1–3 min and stored at room temperature for up to 150 h. Quality indices examined included color, texture, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and sensory properties. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity of lettuce from different treatments was monitored during storage. There were no differences in sample quality attributes between ultrasound treatment and control immediately after treatment. Lettuce treated with ultrasound exhibited an increase in PAL activity after storage for 60 h, resulting in production of phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites and enhancement of antioxidant capacity. Ultrasound-treated samples did not exhibit deterioration during storage, and under certain conditions, it delayed enzymatic browning and maintained better overall quality. A hypothetical model for the effect of low APD ultrasound as an abiotic elicitor on fresh produce was proposed based on the finding of present study and evidence from previous reports on response of cell cultures to ultrasond treatment.
An A-kinase anchoring protein is required for Protein kinase A regulatory subunit localization and morphology of actin structures during oogenesis in Drosophila

Protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzyme is anchored to specific subcellular regions by interactions between regulatory subunits (Pka-R) and A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). We examine the functional importance of PKA anchoring during Drosophila oogenesis by analyzing membrane integrity and actin structures in mutants with disruptions in Akap200, an AKAP. In wild-type ovaries, Pka-RII and Akap200 localized to membranes and to the outer rim of ring canals, actin-rich structures that connect germline cells. In Akap200 mutant ovaries, Pka-RII membrane localization decreased, leading to a destabilization of membrane structures and the formation of binucleate nurse cells. Defects in membrane integrity could be mimicked by expressing a constitutively active PKA catalytic subunit (Pka-C) throughout germline cells. Unexpectedly, nurse cells in Akap200 mutant ovaries also had enlarged, thin ring canals. In contrast, overexpressing Akap200 in the germline resulted in thicker, smaller ring canals. To investigate the role of Akap200 in regulating ring canal growth, we examined genetic interactions with other genes that are known to regulate ring canal morphology. Akap200 mutations suppressed the small ring canal phenotype produced by Src64B mutants, linking Akap200 with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. Together, these results provide the first evidence that PKA localization is required for morphogenesis of actin structures in an intact organism.
Inexpensive student-assembled FPGA / microcontroller board

Digital design courses need evaluation boards to mount FPGAs or microcontrollers and the appropriate support circuitry. These boards can be costly to purchase and maintain. Harvey Mudd College has developed a series of inexpensive evaluation boards for an embedded systems laboratory class that are assembled and maintained by the students in the class.
Targeting pancreatitis blocks tumor-initiating stem cells and pancreatic cancer progression

Recent development of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMs) for pancreatic cancer (PC) that recapitulates human disease progression has helped to identify new strategies to delay/inhibit PC development. We first found that expression of the pancreatic tumor-initiating/cancer stem cells (CSC) marker DclK1 occurs in early stage PC and in both early and late pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and that it increases as disease progresses in GEM and also in human PC. Genome-wide next generation sequencing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from GEM mice revealed significantly increased DclK1 along with inflammatory genes. Genetic ablation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) decreased DclK1 in GEM. Induction of inflammation/pancreatitis with cerulein in GEM mice increased DclK1, and the novel dual COX/5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor licofelone reduced it. Dietary licofelone significantly inhibited the incidence of PDAC and carcinoma in situ with significant inhibition of pancreatic CSCs. Licofelone suppressed pancreatic tumor COX-2 and 5-LOX activities and modulated miRNAs characteristic of CSC and inflammation in correlation with PDAC inhibition. These results offer a preclinical proof of concept to target the inflammation initiation to inhibit cancer stem cells early for improving the treatment of pancreatic cancers, with immediate clinical implications for repositioning dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors in human trials for high risk patients.
Comparison of two short overcorrection procedures on the stereotypic behavior of autistic children.

Stereotypic behavior represents a problem exhibited by many developmentally disabled children. Broadly defined, stereotypy consists of repetitive motor responses that have no functional utility for the individual. The reduction of stereotypic behavior is important for acquiring adaptive skills (Koegel, Firestone, Kramme, & Dunlap, 1974) since high rates of stereotypy have been shown to interfere with learning and responsiveness to the environment. The most effective techniques in reducing stereotypic responding in
Bile acid-induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis is inhibited by antioxidants and blockers of the mitochondrial permeability transition

The accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids plays a role in the induction of apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes during cholestasis. The aim of this study was to determine in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes the roles of oxidant stress and the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in bile acid-induced apoptosis. Hepatocytes isolated from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated for 4 hours in buffer containing the hydrophobic bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC, 0-500 micromol/L) or the hydrophilic bile acid, glycocholic acid (GCA), and either the antioxidants, alpha tocopherol, ebselen, or idebenone (a coenzyme Q analogue); or the MPT blockers, cyclosporin A, or bongkrekic acid, or a caspase-8 inhibitor. Apoptosis was assessed hourly by nuclear morphologic changes of fixed cells by DAPI fluorescence microscopy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence of hepatocytes. The percent of cells undergoing apoptosis increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in cells exposed to GCDC, and to a much lesser extent to GCA. ROS generation preceded the onset of apoptosis. MPT blockers, caspase-8 inhibition, and antioxidants prevented apoptosis and reduced ROS generation by hepatocytes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that MPT occurred within 1 hour of exposure of cells to 100 micromol/L GCDC, prior to onset of significant apoptosis. In conclusion, ROS generation, MPT induction, and cytochrome c release are critical steps in the induction of apoptosis by bile acids. Antioxidants may reduce liver injury caused by low levels of bile acids by preventing the generation of oxidant stress and subsequent stimulation of the MPT and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
Sensitivity analysis of two-spectrum separation of surface and bulk components of minority carrier lifetimes

Abstract Performing quasi-steady-state lifetime measurements using two different illuminating spectra provides quantitative information about bulk lifetime (τb) and surface recombination velocity (S). This paper motivates the investigation of this relatively new method by demonstrating that the conventional method of iodine/methanol passivation for the extraction of τb, which is then used to calculate S for a dielectric, may fail for solar-grade materials such as string ribbon silicon. To facilitate the use of the two-spectrum method, first we introduce a novel empirical procedure for the determination of the constant of proportionality between the short-circuit current of the reference cell and the average generation rate (Gav) in the test wafer. Then a sensitivity analysis is performed to show that the method of using a white light spectrum and an infrared spectrum to obtain information about τb and S also has serious limitations in certain cases: only a lower bound can be placed on τb for τb greater than about 10 μs, and only an upper bound can be placed on S for S less than about 1000 cm/s. Our analysis demonstrates that in order to use the two-spectrum method to specify τb and S within a factor of about 2–20 when experimental uncertainty is ±10%, the quality of both the bulk of the material and the surface passivation must be somewhat poor. Precision may be improved by reducing experimental uncertainty. To illustrate the requirement that bulk and surface recombination must be high in order to use the two-spectrum method with the greatest precision, the method was applied to nitride-passivated float zone and cast multicrystalline silicon wafers of different resistivity. Only an upper limit to S (165 cm/s) was inferred for the easily passivated float zone wafer, whereas both upper and lower limits to S were extracted for the less effectively passivated heat-exchanger method (HEM) multicrystalline wafers. The analysis yielded 1200 Ω cm HEM wafer and 3000 Ω cm wafer after the nitride was annealed at 850 °C. The 0.2 Ω cm HEM wafer was also measured before the nitride was annealed. The two-spectrum method provided a τb range that remained nearly unchanged, while the S range was much higher for the as-grown SiNx. This indicates that the 850 °C anneal improves surface passivation without passivating the bulk of the HEM material.
Soy isoflavones protect the intestine from lipid hydroperoxide mediated oxidative damage.

The effects of 24 h supplementation of human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) with isoflavones, genistein, and daidzein and their activities against oleic acid hydroperoxide mediated oxidative stress were investigated. Genistein, at 25, 50, and 100 µM, and daidzein, at 25 and 50 µM, did not induce cell injury to Caco-2 cells. Both compounds reduced cell injury and DNA damage mediated by 5 µM oleic acid hydroperoxides in Caco-2 cells. The effects of genistein and daidzein on antioxidant enzymes were dependent upon the compound and its concentration.
In vitro non-enzymatic glycation and formation of browning products in the bovine lens α-crystallin☆

Calf lens LMW alpha-crystallin was glycated by incubating with various sugars (glucose, glucose-6-P and ribose) for 21 days. All sugars induced disulfide formation, but ribose also produced higher molecular weight cross-linked species. The ribocated protein turned yellow in color and had a strong blue fluorescence (Ex/Em = 370/450 nm) typical for a browning product. The chromophore of the browning product showed a new circular dichroism (CD) band at 320-330 nm. Conformational study indicated that the browning reaction destablized protein and may play a significant role in protein aggregation and insolubilization.
MECHANISTIC BASIS OF LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN ANURAN AMPHIBIANS : DIRECT DEVELOPMENT

Synopsis. The primitive, or ancestral reproductive mode for Recent am? phibians involves a complex, biphasic life history. Yet evolutionarily derived, alternate modes are seen in all three living orders and predominate in some clades. Analysis of the consequences and mechanistic bases of one such mode?direct development?can provide insights into the evolutionary opportunities and constraints conferred by the ancestral metamorphic ontog? eny. Direct development in the anuran genus Eleutherodactylus involves fundamental alterations to many features of embryonic and posthatching devel? opment. At hatching, young emerge as fully formed, albeit tiny versions of the adult; most larvai features are absent. Pervasive changes in ontogenetic timing, in particular the precocious (embryonic) formation of many adult structures, appear to be correlated with early development of the thyroid axis, although responsiveness to exogenous thyroid hormone is diminished or even lacking in at least some peripheral tissues. Changes in cranial patterning are likely mediated by the embryonic neural crest, although many gross features of crest biology are highly conserved. Laboratory-based analyses of direct de? velopment and other derived reproductive modes in amphibians, using contemporary methods developed for more standard, "model" organisms, may contribute important insights into life-history evolution that complement those derived from analyses of morphology, ecology and phylogeny.
Combinatorialism and primitive modality

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la modalite primitive, contrairement a la position d'Armstrong, est indispensable a la theorie combinatoire des universaux et des particuliers. Examinant le principe humeen de la recombinaison, l'A. developpe une theorie combinatoire du premier ordre en un sens non-reductionniste
Particle Distribution and Erosion During the Flow of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Slurries in Straight and Coiled Pipes

AbstractStraight and coiled tubing are frequently used in the petroleum industry in operations such as fracturing, cementing, drilling and perforation. Most of these operations involve flow of slurries during which erosion of tubing is a major problem and its prediction becomes important for the safe and economical execution of oilfield operations. Erosion due to slurry flow depends on a number of factors, several of which are interdependent which makes the process more complex. Various experimental and modeling techniques have been in use to evaluate the erosion resulting from the flow of particles. These experimental and modeling techniques, however, have their limitations due to the deficient experimental data and computational restrictions. This study presents the results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses conducted on straight and curved tubing sections under various flow conditions and different Newtonian and non-Newtonian base fluids commonly used in the petroleum industry. The particle...
Self-modelling regression for longitudinal data with time-invariant covariates

The authors propose the use of self-modelling regression to analyze longitudinal data with time invariant covariates. They model the population time curve with a penalized regression spline and use a linear mixed model for transformation of the time and response scales to fit the individual curves. Fitting is done by an iterative algorithm using off-the-shelf linear and nonlinear mixed model software. Their method is demonstrated in a simulation study and in the analysis of tree swallow nestling growth from an experiment that includes an experimentally controlled treatment, an observational covariate and multi-level sampling.
An effect of the model's horizontal resolution on stationary eddies simulated by the NCAR CCM1

Abstract The multiyear climate simulations performed by the Community Climate Model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research with three horizontal resolutions [a 1 5-wave rhomboidal truncation (R15) and 31- and 42-wave triangular truncations, (T31 and T42)] were used to examine the effect of the model's horizontal resolution on the simulated stationary long waves. It was found that through increasing the model's horizontal resolution, the major parts of changes in streamfunction and velocity potential of stationary long waves became spatially in quadrature with these two fields of the R15 resolution; the stationary long waves of the R15 resolution were closer to the observed than those of the other two higher resolutions, and amplitudes of stationary long waves generated by the T31 and T42 models were amplified. A systematic enhancement of the tropical diabatic heating is noted over the three tropical continents when the model's horizontal resolution is increased. Based upon a possible chain relati...
The stress analysis of circular plates sealing a compressible liquid.

Liquid compressibility effects on circular plate seal deflections, bending moments and shear forces, noting liquid pressure and volume effect
The Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Human Proinsulin Using a Sensitive Microdot Assay Procedure

The development of a simple microscale solid phase screening RIA and improved methods for cell cloning has lead to the establishment of 2 prohormone- and species-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies against human proinsulin (HPI). These antibodies react to determinant(s) only expressed on the HPI molecule. In addition, 11 rat monoclonal antibodies were generated which react with both human C-peptide (HCP) and HPI. All 11 rat antibodies recognize a very similar antigenic determinant in the C-peptide that appears to be made up of residues 40–45 and 57–63, which are probably brought into close proximity by a β-turn near the center of the connecting segment. The identical behavior of both HPI-specific mouse antibodies in competition experiments indicates that the antigenic structure recognized in proinsulin might be the same for both antibodies. This structure could not be regenerated by mixing equimolar amounts of human insulin and C-peptide, including the chemically synthesized complete proinsulin connectin...
Bringing the models together: An empirical approach to combining variables used to explain health actions

Considerable confusion has existed among researchers with regard to the selection of a particular model of health behavior for study, and many investigators have long felt that the actual number of truly distinct concepts relevant to explaining health-related actions is considerably lower than the large number of variables currently employed. This paper explores selected approaches and models which have been advanced to explain health actions, in terms of structural similarities and differences identified by a panel of judges who are the relevant experts in this field. Judges were asked to partition a set of 109 variables, representing 14 different models, into 12-14 groups on the basis of similarity. The structural similarities among the variable groups were evaluated using Smallest Space Analysis. Six interpretable factors emerged from the analyses: (1) accessibility to health care, (2) evaluation of health care, (3) perception of symptoms and threat of disease, (4) social network characteristics, (5) knowledge about disease, and (6) demographic characteristics. The results of the study provide a first step in developing a unified framework for explaining health actions.
Higher order associative memories and their optical implementations

Abstract The properties of higher order memories are described. The non-redundant, up to Nth order polynomial expansion of N-dimensional binary vectors is shown to yield orthogonal feature vectors. The properties of expansions that contain only a single order are investigated in detail and the use of the sum of outer product algorithm for training higher order memories is analyzed. Optical implementations of quadratic associative memories are described using volume holograms for the general case and planar holograms for shift invariant memories.
The role of business in public diplomacy

– The purpose of this article is to introduce the case for, and value of, the role of business in public diplomacy., – This article offers a perspective on the importance of business in developing positive and productive global relationships as the underpinning of a sustainable business strategy., – Successful global businesses recognize and act on their role as a bridge between nations. The underlying premise is that business partners are far more likely to promote positive and productive global relationships that can in the long run lead to peaceful relationships on a larger social and political scale., – This paper offers a positive strategy for sustainable global business using public diplomacy to build international and intercultural relationships.
On a sequential Markovian decision procedure with incomplete information

Abstract Sequential Markov decision procedures, when only imperfect knowledge of states are available, are discussed for a replacement problem. The situations considered are, 1. (1) states can be known exactly at a cost, 2. (2) states can be known imperfectly, at a cost, by means of observing an associated relevant random variable and 3. (3) states unknown and observation impossible. Optimal procedure are obtained for the various cases. In case (2) the theory of Sequential Analysis is found helpful for obtaining approximations to the optimal procedure.
Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae‐DNA within Diseased Gingiva by in Situ Hybridization Using a Biotin‐Labeled Probe

Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was accomplished in gingival biopsies of four patients exhibiting chronic inflammatory periodontal disease using in situ hybridization with biotin-labeled DNA probes. The distribution of the M. pneumoniae organisms was mainly cytoplasmic and evenly spread around the nuclei of connective tissue cells. Controls of nondisease sites in the same patients showed no infection with M. pneumoniae. Since M. pneumoniae is the only Mycoplasma known to be pathogenic, their role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease needs further study.
Toxicogenomic Dissection of the Perfluorooctanoic Acid Transcript Profile in Mouse Liver: Evidence for the Involvement of Nuclear Receptors PPARα and CAR

A number of perfluorinated alkyl acids including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) elicit effects similar to peroxisome proliferator chemicals (PPC) in mouse and rat liver. There is strong evidence that PPC cause many of their effects linked to liver cancer through the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha). To determine the role of PPAR alpha in mediating PFOA transcriptional events, we compared the transcript profiles of the livers of wild-type or PPAR alpha-null mice exposed to PFOA or the PPAR alpha agonist WY-14,643 (WY). After 7 days of exposure, 85% or 99.7% of the genes altered by PFOA or WY exposure, respectively were dependent on PPAR alpha. The PPAR alpha-independent genes regulated by PFOA included those involved in lipid homeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism. Many of the lipid homeostasis genes including acyl-CoA oxidase (Acox1) were also regulated by WY in a PPAR alpha-dependent manner. The increased expression of these genes in PPAR alpha-null mice may be partly due to increases in PPAR gamma expression upon PFOA exposure. Many of the identified xenobiotic metabolism genes are known to be under control of the nuclear receptor CAR (constitutive activated/androstane receptor) and the transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). There was excellent correlation between the transcript profile of PPAR alpha-independent PFOA genes and those of activators of CAR including phenobarbital and 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) but not those regulated by the Nrf2 activator, dithiol-3-thione. These results indicate that PFOA alters most genes in wild-type mouse liver through PPAR alpha, but that a subset of genes are regulated by CAR and possibly PPAR gamma in the PPAR alpha-null mouse.
Resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea

Hypertension (HTN) is a modifiable, highly prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and renal dysfunction worldwide. In the United States, HTN affects one in three adults, contributes to one out of every seven deaths and to nearly half of all cardiovascular disease-related deaths. HTN is considered resistant when the blood pressure remains above goal despite lifestyle modification and administration of three antihypertensive agents of different classes including a diuretic. Large population-based studies have suggested that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for resistant HTN. The mechanism proposed is a pattern of intermittent hypoxia associated with hyperaldosteronism, increased sympathetic tone, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. In this review we discuss the association between OSA and resistant HTN, the physiologic mechanisms linking OSA with resistant HTN, and the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) on blood pressure in patients with resistant HTN. While the reduction in blood pressure with CPAP is usually modest in patients with OSA, a decrease of only a few mmHg in blood pressure can significantly reduce cardiovascular risk. Patients presenting to a center specializing in management of hypertension should be screened and treated for OSA as a potentially modifiable risk factor.
Replication of Sujan's Attributional Analysis of Salespeople's Motivation to Work Smarter versus Harder

Several theoretical models are available to explain salesperson performance. Of the alternatives, the model developed by Sujan (1986) on failed sales effort and the impact that motivation has on selling effort and strategy is examined in this paper. The research reported here attempted to replicate the Sujan conclusions by examining the failed sales effort construct from the sales manager’s perspective. In other words, if a salesperson is unsuccessful in obtaining an order, to what does the sales manager attribute the failure? The sales manager may believe the subordinate failed because of poor or ineffective selling strategies, or possibly because the salesperson did not put forth enough effort. This is the first known research to examine the failed salesperson effort from the sales manager’s perspective. A mail questionnaire was used for the survey research with a sample frame that consisted of 2000 sales managers employed by manufacturing organizations. Each sales manager was asked to consider the “average” salesperson and indicate the degree to which he/she thought the behavior described in the statements contributed to the salesperson’s failed sales effort. A factor analysis with SPSS was performed to confirm the factor loadings. The next step in the replication was to assess the scale reliability. The results of the present study indicate, in some cases, that sales managers perceive a different attributional style and motivation relationship to explain a failed sales effort than do salespeople.
Improvements in incompressible turbulent horseshoe vortex juncture flow calculations

Improvcmcnts to a ccntral-differencc, finite-volume, explicit Runge-Kutta timc-stcpping schcmc for the steadystate solution of the 3D incompressible, Rcynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations arc prcscnted. Comparisons with the experimental measurements in thc turbulcnt horscshoe vortcx flow about an airfoillflat-plate juncturc indicatc that both the accuracy and cfficiency of thc numerical scheme havc been improvcd. In particular, thc improvcd scheme is robust for the problem of high aspect ratio computational cclls arising from high Reynolds number flows. A multigrid tcchniquc has bcen implcmented to improvc the rate of convcrgence and grid sensitivity has bccn invcstigatcd.
Discrimination learning in the sooty agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa)

Using a modified WGTA, a male and a female agouti were exposed to five discrimination problems: three simple A-B discriminations (two white-black, one circle-square) and two A-B-B discriminations. The problems were readily solved, with the shift from the incorrect to the correct response being made rather abruptly, reminiscent of the hypothesis-testing behavior of Kreschevsky’s (1932) rats.
Nonlinear effects in high-power applications of metamaterials

Summary form only given. Metamaterials are artificial assemblies of multiple structures arranged in periodic patterns, designed to have electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature, such as negative refractive index, permittivity or permeability. Such properties enable a number of novel applications such as cloaking and can be utilized to reduce physical size or enhance operation of well-studied devices such as lenses, antennas and phase shifters.
Functional imaging by dynamic speckle in digital holographic optical coherence imaging

Digital holographic optical coherence imaging (DHOCI) is a full-frame coherence-gated imaging approach that uses a CCD camera to record and reconstruct a digital hologram from inside tissue. Our recording of digital holograms at the optical Fourier plane has advantages for diffuse targets compared with Fresnel off-axis digital holography. DHOCI is capable of performing functional imaging by using dynamic image speckle as a contrast agent to locate regions of high metabolic activity characterized by high cellular motility. We show strong dynamic speckle difference between three metabolic states of a tumor, and demonstrate that functional imaging in DHOCI can capture motility information with high contrast. We apply functional imaging to track the effect on cell motility by temperature changes or cytoskeletal drugs.
Magnitude Effects in Delay and Probability Discounting When Monetary and Medical Treatment Outcomes Are Discounted

Delay and probability discounting occur when the subjective value of an outcome decreases because it is delayed or uncertain, respectively. Research using monetary outcomes has shown that both types of discounting are influenced by the magnitude of the outcome, but in the opposite direction. In Experiment 1, university participants completed a delay-discounting task involving hypothetical monetary ($100 or $100,000) or medical treatment (acne or brain cancer) outcomes. In Experiment 2, university participants completed a probability-discounting task involving those same outcomes. Results from Experiment 1 replicated previous research in that participants discounted the “smaller” outcomes ($100 & acne treatment) more than the “larger” ones ($100,000 & brain-cancer treatment). Results from Experiment 2 demonstrated that this magnitude effect reversed for probability discounting of the monetary outcomes, with $100,000 discounted more than $100. However, acne treatment was discounted more than brain-cancer treatment. This study represents the novel finding that the magnitude effect for medical outcomes may not reverse between delay and probability discounting as it does for monetary outcomes. The results suggest that delay and probability discounting are at least partially independent.
Oncogenes and cell proliferation

Abstract The control of cell proliferation has an impact on both basic and practical problems in biology. Many of these problems intersect in the study of cancer biology, which is one organizing focus of this issue of Current Opinion in Genetics & Development.
Factors influencing treatment patterns of breast cancer patients age 75 and older.

Abstract Purposes : To retrospectively determine the factors influencing treatment decisions in older breast cancer patients at a single center. Experimental design : 216 patients age ⩾75 seen in post-treatment follow-up between January, 1997 and June, 2000 were identified in the Memorial Sloan–Kettering breast cancer database. Eligible patients were ⩾75 years old at diagnosis, had a diagnosis of stage I, II, or III breast cancer, and received their follow-up care at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. A retrospective chart review was performed. Patients were stratified by: (1) prognostic factors (age (75–79 or ⩾80), Charlson comorbidity score, tumor size, nodal status, stage, ER, PR, creatinine, albumin, hemoglobin, and liver function tests), (2) local treatment (lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection (AxLND), radiation (XRT), modified radical mastectomy (MRM)) and (3) systemic treatment (tamoxifen, chemotherapy). Combined local treatment was defined as (a) lumpectomy, AxLND, XRT or (b) MRM, AxLND, XRT (if tumor ⩾5 cm or ⩾4+ lymph nodes). Results : 96 patients were eligible for this study: 46 patients (75–79 years); 50 patients (⩾80 years). The majority of patients (74%) were treated with lumpectomy but those ⩾80 were less likely to receive XRT (94% age 75–80; 45% age >80; P P P P =0.01). Increased age did not correlate with increased comorbidity ( P =0.48). 5.2% of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (all age 80). Conclusion : We hypothesize that both comorbidity and age play a significant role in influencing treatment decisions in the older breast cancer patient but these two variables are not necessarily correlated. Prospective studies are needed to determine the relative impact of these variables.
Inverted papilloma : evaluation with MR imaging

The authors examined the magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of inverted papillomas to determine if this histologically benign lesion could be distinguished from malignancies of the sinonasal cavity. MR images in 10 patients with histologically proved inverted papilloma were retrospectively reviewed. The signal intensity of inverted papillomas on short repetition time (TR) images was iso- to slightly hypertintense to muscle in all 10 patients. Inverted papillomas had intermediate signal intensity on the long TR/echo time (TE) images. The tumors were iso- or slightly hypointense to fat on long TR/short TE images. In the seven patients who received gadopentetate dimeglumine, all inverted papillomas showed solid inhomogeneous enhancement. A review of eight sinonasal malignancies showed no distinctive signal intensity or enhancement characteristics to help differentiate inverted papillomas from various malignant tumors. The authors conclude that there is no signature MR appearance for the benign inverted papilloma. The main utility of MR imaging is in defining the extent of the lesion.