cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control and coordination of heterogeneous transaction processing systems

Abstract Transaction processing systems (TPS) applications are a large component of most business organizations' investment in computer technology. Heterogeneous and distributed computing environments have become essential and beneficial to most corporations. Thus, there is a need for tools to support the development of new distributed TPSs and the migration of existing TPSs to distributed environments. This paper presents the design and construction of a software tool that provides the functionalities necessary for the construction, operation and management of heterogenous distributed TPS applications. The tool design is based on object-orientation and real-time control and is implemented using Prolog and C. We anticipate that the tool will provide practical and significant benefits to the operators and maintainers of large-scale TPSs.
Asplenia syndrome in conjoined twins: A case report

Incomplete fission of the primordial cell mass is generally believed to be the cause of conjoined twinning. It may also explain the tendency towards increased symmetry in these twins. We report a case of the rostral duplication type of conjoined twins with an absence of symmetry; one twin had the asplenia syndrome, whereas the other twin was normal. Local environmental factors acting upon the organ anlage may explain the asymmetric development in these conjoined twins.
Four- and five-coordinate nickel(II) complexes of the flexible triphosphine bis(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine

Abstract The preparation of the ligand and the nickel complexes of the formulation Ni(DPP)X 2 , where DPP is the new flexible triphosphorous ligand bis(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine, [C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH 2 CH 2 ] 2 PC 6 H 5 , and X is Cl − , Br − , I − , NCS − , or CN − , is described. Except for the Ni(DPP)(CN) 2 complex, which is a non-conductor in acetonitrile, the above complexes behave as uni-univalent electrolytes in acetonitrile. The implied existence of the cation, [Ni(DPP)X] + , is confirmed by the isolation of the complexes [Ni(DPP)X]B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , when equimolar amounts of the above nickel complexes and sodium tetraphenylborate are mixed in hot ethanol. The visible electronic absorption spectra of the two series of complexes [Ni(DPP)X]B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 and Ni(DPP)X 2 in acetonitrile solution are quite similar, and are indicative of Ni II in a planar, four-coordinate environment. Electronic spectra of the solid complexes Ni(DPP)X 2 , taken at both 300°K and 77°K, show two ligand field bands in the visible region. These spectra are discussed in terms of five-coordinate structures in the solid state. The cyanide complex, Ni(DPP)(CN) 2 , appears to be five-coordinate both in the solid state and in solution.
COLORIMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EGG YOLK AND EGG YOLK PRODUCTS

Procedures are suggested for COLOR-EYE® evaluation of various yolk forms and products. Chromaticity coordinates derived from COLOR-EYE determinations and the calculated dominant wavelength (λd), excitation purity (Pe) and luminous reflectance (YCIE) values were also determined for each yolk form and product analyzed. Characteristics of aged yolks included reduced λd and Pe and an increase in YCIE values; the greatest effects were at the highest levels of pigmentation concentration. Luminous reflectance values were substantially lowered by the addition of sugar and subsequent frozen storage; all other calorimetric criteria were relatively unchanged. Yolk age effects were negligible for the calorimetric characterization of yolks incorporated into product forms. Mayonnaise products provided the most consistent COLOR-EYE readings. These data suggest the feasibility of utilizing the COLOR-EYE, or similar instrumentation, as an objective method for the color characterization of various yolk products. Numerous options are available for converting data into other desired instrumentation values and terminology.
Persistence of donor collagen in corneal transplants

[14C]Glycine administered to young rabbits was incorporated into the corneal stroma. Two to three months later these corneas served as donors for transplantation to unlabeled hosts. The labeled corneal constituents persisted, in clear but not in opaque grafts, without appreciable diminution for at least 17 months. It was shown that the 14C was almost entirely (97%) in “collagen”. It is concluded that the stromal collagen of a corneal graft is largely the original donor material and does not “turn over” at a rate appreciably greater than the very slow one characteristic of normal unoperated corneas.
Negative ion production from peptides and proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Negative ion production from peptides and proteins was investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Although most research on peptide and protein identification with ionization by MALDI has involved the detection of positive ions, for some acidic peptides protonated molecules are not easily formed because the side chains of acidic residues are more likely to lose a proton and form a deprotonated species. After investigating more than 30 peptides and proteins in both positive and negative ion modes, [M–H]− ions were detected in the negative ion mode for all peptides and proteins although the matrix used was 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), which is a good proton donor and favors the positive ion mode production of [M+H]+ ions. Even for highly basic peptides without an acidic site, such as myosin kinase inhibiting peptide and substance P, good negative ion signals were observed. Conversely, gastrin I (1-14), a peptide without a highly basic site, will form positive ions. In addition, spectra obtained in the negative ion mode are usually cleaner due to absence of alkali metal adducts. This can be useful during precursor ion isolation for MS/MS studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fission products: sites for the elimination of cesium-137 in the nephrons of dogs.

Abstract The mechanisms of the renal excretion of 137 Cs were studied in the anesthetized dog using classical clearance techniques, stop-flow studies, and pharmacologic agents known to affect potassium transport in the nephron. The clearance of 137 Cs was less than that of creatinine. The bulk of the filtered 137 Cs was reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, and it was secreted into the lumen of the distal tubule. There was no linear relation between the plasma concentration of 137 Cs and the clearance ratio of 137 Cs and creatinine. Sodium chloride loading and hypertonic mannitol increased the excretion of 137 Cs. Complete inhibition of renal carbonic anhydrase by acetazolamide increased the excretion of 137 Cs. About 55% of this increase in 137 Cs excretion was blocked by meralluride, indicating that acetazolamide increased a part of 137 Cs excretion by increasing its secretion. There was a distinct peak in the stop-flow pattern for the secretion of 137 Cs in the distal segment of the nephron under mannitol diuresis. The ratio of 137 Cs clearance to glomerular filtration rate was about 2 at the peak, indicating net secretion in the distal segment. The clearance ratio of 137 Cs and creatinine was less than unity in the proximal segment, suggesting net reabsorption.
Serum IgG antibodies to C1q in hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome

Urticaria, angioedema, and arthritis are cardinal features of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome (HUVS). Considered to be an immune complex-mediated disorder, HUVS has been differentiated from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), based on its clinical manifestations and the C1q precipitin (C1q-p) reaction, which is manifested as gel precipitation of C1q by a small percentage of HUVS IgG molecules. This phenomenon has been attributed to an Fc region abnormality, and the responsible IgG molecules are said to possess C1q-p activity. We purified IgG from 4 HUVS patients and confirmed that HUVS IgG contains C1q binding activity. F(ab')2 fragments from these patients also bound to C1q, as measured by 2 different C1q binding methods at physiologic ionic strength; HUVS IgG Fc fragments did not bind to C1q. Preincubation of HUVS F(ab')2 fragments with antibody to human F(ab')2 prevented subsequent binding to C1q. We conclude that IgG antibodies to C1q are present in HUVS serum, and it is likely that these antibodies are C1q-p. Because the clinical manifestations of HUVS and the presence of anti-C1q antibodies have been described in patients with SLE, our findings support the concept that HUVS is an autoimmune syndrome related to SLE.
The translation imperative: moving research into policy

Injury and violence prevention research has led to numerous discoveries that effectively reduce the burden of injury. Although we are a relatively young field, advances have been accelerated by the work of early scholars like William Haddon and Susan Baker, who gave us the principles and data needed to develop and test interventions. Numerous examples of proven effective injury countermeasures exist, such as passenger restraint devices, smoke alarms, residential sprinklers, and helmets for motorcyclists and bicyclists, to name just a few.1 The challenge now is to accelerate the translation of this and new knowledge into action that can protect populations. Assuring that individuals working to prevent and control injuries have access to information about evidence-based interventions, and actually use that information to inform decision making, is often overlooked by researchers. Translating knowledge from research findings into practice includes targeted efforts to disseminate information about effective interventions; processes to promote implementation of policies and programmes; and strategies to facilitate adoption of the intervention(s) among target populations.2 As researchers, our familiarity with the scientific process, skills in critically appraising data, and affiliations outside political and administrative bureaucracies make us well positioned to embrace a role in the translation process. Increasingly, funding agencies are …
Economic efficiency among small scale poultry farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. "A stochastic frontier production model approach"

The economic efficiency, determinants of production efficiency and the sources of inefficiency in small scale poultry production in Imo State are investigated using a stochastic frontier production function, which incorporates a model for inefficiency effects. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from 180 small scale poultry farmers randomly selected from the three agricultural zones of Imo State, and analyzed using the stochastic frontier model. Results show that labour, capital, day-old chicks, feed, drugs and vaccine and utilities are the major factors that are associated with changes in the output of poultry. All the examined farmer-specific socio economic variables, which comprise gender, farming experience, education, credit, household size and extension, were found to be the significant factors that account for the observed variation in efficiency among the small scale poultry farmers. Keywords : economic efficiency, small scale poultry farmers, stochastic frontier production model International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 6 2005: 19-25
Histone Phosphorylation: Stimulation by Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate

Adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate at a concentration of 10-7M causes a four-to sixfold increase in the rate of histone phosphorylation catalyzed by a liver enzyme preparation. This observation suggests a mechanism for the induction of RNA synthesis by those hormones that cause increases in the concentration of cyclic AMP.
Free radical-induced site-specific peptide cleavage in the gas phase: Low-energy collision-induced dissociation in ESI- and MALDI mass spectrometry

Protein identification is routinely accomplished by peptide sequencing using mass spectrometry (MS) after enzymatic digestion. Site-specific chemical modification may improve peptide ionization efficiency or sequence coverage in mass spectrometry. We report herein that amino group of lysine residue in peptides can be selectively modified by reaction with a peroxycarbonate and the resulting lysine peroxycarbamates undergo homolytic fragmentation under conditions of low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) in electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) MS. Selective modification of lysine residue in peptides by our strategy can induce specific peptide cleavage at or near the lysine site. Studies using deuterated analogues of modified lysine indicate that fragmentation of the modified peptides involves apparent free-radical processes that lead to peptide chain fragmentation and side-chain loss. The formation of a-, c-, or z-types of ions in MS is reminiscent of the proposed free-radical mechanisms in low-energy electron capture dissociation (ECD) processes that may have better sequence coverage than that of the conventional CID method. This site-specific cleavage of peptides by free radical- promoted processes is feasible and such strategies may aid the protein sequencing analysis and have potential applications in top-down proteomics.
Using force field analysis to promote use of personal protective equipment.

Force field analysis, a technique promulgated by Lewin 50 years ago, is an aid to infection control practice in situations where it is necessary for individuals to substitute new routines for previously accepted practice, as in the required used of personal protective equipment as part of Universal Precautions. By providing a way to link the multiple factors that may be determinants of an individual's behavior, force field analysis offers a way to uncover salient issues and to identify potentially fruitful avenues for intervention to promote the desired behavior change.Force field analysis directs attention to the goal(s) to be achieved through the behavior and to the forces that drive or restrain the individual in the performance of the behavior being examined. Viewed in relation to use of personal protective equipment as part of infection control procedures, using force field analysis involves becoming clear about the purpose(s) of using personal protective equipment, factors that motivate and make easy the use of personal protective equipment, and factors that act as barriers or deterrents to using personal protective equipment. Recent commentaries in this journal have addressed these issues separately: Jackson and Lynch described the differing purposes of systems of infection control commonly referred to as Universal Precautions and their consequently differing procedures, pointing out potentials for confusion owing to goal; Campbell, 3 reviewing theories of motivation and power, suggested that infection control practitioners attend to these in addition to the technical aspects of practice. Force field analysis brings together these and others of the myriad elements that influence behavior, allowing the practitioner to think creatively about why and why not particular behavior occurs and then to think about what might help make the behavior more likely to occur.
Using GIS to study palaeobiogeographic and macroevolutionary patterns in soft-bodied Cambrian arthropods

Abstract Soft-bodied Cambrian arthropods from Burgess Shale-type deposits are some of the most famous and extensively studied fossil invertebrates, but global species-level assessments of their biogeographic patterns have not previously been explored quantitatively. Here we use a newly developed occurrence database, in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis and PaleoGIS—which allows fossil locality positions to be viewed in the context of Cambrian palaeogeography—to quantitatively reconstruct geographic distribution patterns of primarily soft-bodied arthropod species. Further, we compare these patterns with those of co-occurring trilobite taxa. Soft-bodied Cambrian arthropods show both statistically larger geographic ranges and greater stratigraphic longevities than co-occurring trilobites. Many of the most widely distributed soft-bodied arthropods were likely capable of swimming, and this may in part explain their extensive distributions.
Working memory capacity and retrieval limitations from long-term memory: An examination of differences in accessibility:

In two experiments, the locus of individual differences in working memory capacity and long-term memory recall was examined. Participants performed categorical cued and free recall tasks, and individual differences in the dynamics of recall were interpreted in terms of a hierarchical-search framework. The results from this study are in accordance with recent theorizing suggesting a strong relation between working memory capacity and retrieval from long-term memory. Furthermore, the results also indicate that individual differences in categorical recall are partially due to differences in accessibility. In terms of accessibility of target information, two important factors drive the difference between high- and low-working-memory-capacity participants. Low-working-memory-capacity participants fail to utilize appropriate retrieval strategies to access cues, and they also have difficulty resolving cue overload. Thus, when low-working-memory-capacity participants were given specific cues that activated a smal...
The Retrospective Cohort of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam (RECEIPT) Study: A Multicenter Study

Study Objective. To compare the effectiveness of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam with that of similar-spectrum, nonextended-infusion β-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of gram-negative infections. Design. Multicenter, retrospective medical record review. Setting. Fourteen hospitals throughout the United States. Patients. A total of 359 adults treated for gram-negative infections between January 1, 2007, and February 28, 2010, with either 4-hour extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam (186 patients) or nonextended-infusion comparator antibiotics (173 patients), which consisted of cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem, doripenem, or piperacillin-tazobactam. Measurements and Main Results. Deidentified data were collected on demographics, renal function, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, chronic health conditions, source of infection and type of organism, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, total length of stay, type and duration of antimicrobial therapy, and in-hospital mortality. The primary outcome was mortality rate of the patients receiving extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam versus those receiving nonextended-infusion comparator antibiotics. Secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, and total duration of antibiotic therapy. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, except a significantly lower proportion of patients in the extended-infusion group were treated with a concomitant intravenous aminoglycoside (5.9% vs 16.2%, p<0.01), were infected with Pseudomonas species (22.6% vs 39.9%, p<0.01), or had positive respiratory cultures (30.7% vs 43.4%, p=0.01). Antibiotic duration, hospital length of stay, and ICU length of stay were similar between groups. In-hospital mortality was significantly decreased in the extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam group versus those receiving comparator antibiotics (9.7% vs 17.9%, p=0.02). Multivariate analysis confirmed that extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam prolonged survival by 2.77 days (p<0.01) and reduced the risk of mortality (odds ratio 0.43, p=0.05). Conclusion. Pharmacodynamic dosing using extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam demonstrated favorable outcomes, including mortality, when compared with nonextended-infusion, similar-spectrum β-lactams in the treatment of patients with documented gram-negative infections. Prospective, randomized trials are needed to further corroborate these findings.
Inhomogeneities in the solar photosphere

A model of the solar photosphere incorporating a simple two-stream representation of granulation is found to give a small but significant improvement in the continuous radiation field over a homogeneous model. It is common to assume that the pressure does not vary with horizontal position; however, this assumption cannot be valid if the material is in hydrostatic equilibrium, so horizontal pressure differences between the hot and cold columns are allowed. This has a major effect on the structure, and one of the consequences is that temperature fluctuations at equal optical depths are greater than those at equal geometric depths.
Hyperspectral microscopy using an external cavity quantum cascade laser and its applications for explosives detection

Using infrared hyperspectral imaging, we demonstrate microscopy of small particles of the explosives compounds RDX, tetryl, and PETN with near diffraction-limited performance. The custom microscope apparatus includes an external cavity quantum cascade laser illuminator scanned over its tuning range of 9.13-10.53 μm in four seconds, coupled with a microbolometer focal plane array to record infrared transmission images. We use the hyperspectral microscopy technique to study the infrared absorption spectra of individual explosives particles, and demonstrate sub-nanogram detection limits.
Neighborhood mechanisms and the spatial dynamics of birth weight.

This study addresses two questions about why neighborhood contexts matter for individuals via a multilevel, spatial analysis of birth weight for 101,662 live births within 342 Chicago neighborhoods. First, what are the mechanisms through which neighborhood structural composition is related to health? The results show that mechanisms related to stress and adaptation (violent crime, reciprocal exchange and participation in local voluntary associations) are the most robust neighborhood‐level predictors of birth weight. Second, are contextual influences on health limited to the immediate neighborhood or do they extend to a wider geographic context? The results show that contextual effects on birth weight extend to the social environment beyond the immediate neighborhood, even after adjusting for potentially confounding covariates. These findings suggest that the theoretical understanding and empirical estimation of “neighborhood effects” on health are bolstered by collecting data on more causally proximate so...
Ionic Flux Across the Gastric Mucosa: Effects of Atropine on the Permeability of Fundus and Antrum

SummaryThe effects of atropine were evaluated on ionic movement across fundic and antral mucosa. 0.16 N HCl solutions were instilled into vagally denervated fundic and antral pouches. Atropine (0.05 mg/kg) increased the mean net loss of H+ ions in both pouches, but to a slightly greater extent in the fundus (86%) than in the antrum (66%). Although the mechanism of action is speculative, it is suggested that the diminished acid output in gastric secretion following atropine may be due to secretory inhibition, and to a lesser extent, a transmucosal loss of hydrogen ions.
Life Satisfaction and Peer Victimization Among USA Public High School Adolescents

This study explored associations between peer victimization experiences and adolescents’ perceptions of life satisfaction. Public high school students (n = 1,325) completed a self-report questionnaire measuring being bullied and life satisfaction. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between being bullied and perceived life satisfaction across four race and gender groups. Results indicated that significant associations (p ≤ .05) were established for reduced life satisfaction and being bullied over the past 12 months due to religion for whites and black males (OR = 3.18–4.84); victimization due to gender for black males and white females (OR = 3.07–4.52); victimization for race/ethnicity for whites and black females (OR = 2.46–3.88); victimization for sexual orientation for males (OR = 3.42–4.51) and victimization for a disability for all four race/gender groups (OR = 2.92–7.35). Results suggest that perceived life satisfaction is related to a variety of differentially motivated victimization experiences, but not uniformly across race and gender groups. Implications for the delivery of race- and gender- specific prevention interventions are discussed.
Diagnostic evaluation of detrimental phenomena in 13C-labeled composite cathodes for Li-ion batteries

13 C-carbon black substituted composite LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 cathodes were tested in model electrochemical cells to monitor qualitatively and quantitatively carbon additive(s) distribution changes within tested cells and establish possible links with other detrimental phenomena. Raman qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of 13 C in the cell components was carried out to trace the possible carbon rearrangement/movement in the cell. Small amount of cathode carbon additives were found trapped in the separator, at the surface of Li-foil anode, and in the electrolyte. The structure of the carried away carbon particles was highly amorphous unlike the original 12 C-graphite and 13 C-carbon black additives. The role of the carbon additive, the mechanism of carbon retreat in composite cathodes and its correlation with the increase of the cathode interfacial charge-transfer impedance, which accounts for the observed cell power and capacity loss is investigated and discussed.
Photoacoustic measurements in brain tissue

In this work, we develop and evaluate the photoacoustic technique for recording spectra of white and gray mammalian brain tissues. In addition to the experimental work, we also discuss the geometric aspects of photoacoustic signal generation using collimated light. Spectral constructed from the peak-to-peak amplitude of the photoacoustic waveforms indicate differences in the two tissue types at wavelengths between 620 and 695 nm. The potential of the technique for non-invasive diagnosis is discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flow cytometry of the differentiation of Physarum polycephalum myxamoebae to cysts

Myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum, strain Cld, were grown on agar lawns on live bacteria. Myxamoebae were harvested, fixed and stained with propidium iodide. Flow cytometry showed that, as in the case of Physarum plasmodia, there is no G1 phase during rapid exponential growth. However, an apparent G1 phase was observed at the end of exponential growth when the culture arrested with the G1 DNA content for about a day between growth and differentiation. Most myxamoebae differentiated into cysts, but some formed microplasmodia and others appeared to lose DNA. The cysts possessed the G2 phase DNA content and there was an S phase connecting the G1-arrested state with the encysted state. Encystment was blocked by hydroxyurea (HU) suggesting that DNA synthesis is essential for encystment. The natural temporary synchronization in G1 phase may provide the basis of a method for selecting mutants with a conditional block in G2 or M phases.
Abundance of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like material in the alfalfa plant.

Immunoreactive TRH (IR-TRH) is found in high concentrations (157 ± 6 ng/g) in extracts of a plant, alfalfa. On high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), most alfalfa TRH showed an increased retention time compared to synthetic TRH. Since the plant extract eluted after synthetic TRH on both Sephadex G-10 and Biogel P-2 chromatography, it does not appear to be an aggregrate or a “big” TRH. Incubation with rat serum caused degradation of alfalfa TRH at a rate similar to synthetic TRH. Since the antibody against TRH is highly specific for the N and C terminal ends of the molecule, a point change at the His could explain the nature of alfalfa TRH. The biologic function of material resembling a mammalian hypothalamic releasing factor in this location is unknown, but its presence in the plant kingdom may have evolutionary significance.
A brief history of the gasoline service station

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical development of gasoline service stations through to 1956, their quantitative importance, the principal types of stations in existence in 1956, and the nature of competition in the business.Design/methodology/approach – A synthesis of historical work on the development of gasoline retailing to 1956 is combined with detailed analysis of US Census statistics covering the period from 1929 through the early 1950s. Beckman was in charge of the Census of Wholesale Distribution for the US Department of Commerce in 1930.Findings – There was rapid and significant growth in the number of gasoline service stations from the early twentieth century through 1939. This, combined with the effects of the Depression and Second World War, led to intense competition, an increase in the lines of merchandise carried by service stations, and ultimately to a decline in the number of stations.Originality/value – Beckman combined a fresh interpretation of earlier publis...
Localization of a T-cell receptor diversity-region element

Recently, complementary DNA clones encoding one chain of the T-cell receptor for antigen have been isolated from both murine and human cell lines. Sequence analysis of these clones indicates that they encode elements analogous to the variable (V), constant (C) and joining (J) regions of immunoglobins and that this corresponds to the beta-chain subunit of the T-cell receptor complex. These genes are rearranged in the genomes of specific T-cell lines and hybrids but not in other cell types. Analysis of the components of one such rearranged gene, 2B4, isolated from the pigeon cytochrome c-specific, H-2E-restricted T helper (TH) hybridoma, and its unrearranged (liver) counterpart, indicate that an 8-nucleotide sequence 3' to the rearranged variable region is not derived from either the germ-line V- or J-region gene segments. As this sequence lies at a similar position to the diversity (D) region in immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes, we postulated the existence of an array of germ-line D-region elements that would contribute significantly to the number of different beta-chain molecules which could be created. Here we describe the localization and sequence of one such D-region element, found approximately 650 nucleotides 5' to the first JT cluster. This element seems to be involved in both functional (V-D-J) and non-functional (D-J) rearrangements. Our observations, combined with previous results, indicate that variable-region formation (V-D-J joining) in the T-cell receptor beta-chain gene follows the 12/23-base pair (bp) rule of rearrangement established for the recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments, but that the organization of the heptamer and nonamer element found surrounding the D region is significantly different.
The Attribution of Friendliness.

Abstract A study was conducted to explore attributions of friendliness resulting from live interaction. Subjects had either one or two encounters with a confederate whose behavior in each encounter was either friendly or unfriendly and was either spontaneous or forced by role requirements. Single encounter subjects formed impressions of the confederate that reflected the friendliness or unfriendliness of the confederate's behavior but these impressions were not modified by their knowledge that the confederate's behavior was freely chosen or forced. The same was true for subjects who had two friendly or two unfriendly interactions with the confederate. Subjects who found the confederate to be friendly in one encounter and unfriendly in the other formed impressions that took into account the causes of the confederate's behaviors. In general, these subjects modified their impressions according to the cause of the confederate's behavior in the second encounter.
The microstructural properties of sputtered zinc oxide SAW transducers

The microstructural properties of sputtered zinc oxide, ZnO, were investigated and related to their effective surface acoustic wave, SAW, transducer capabilities. SAW transducer films were fabricated on glass using different deposition parameters to produce different levels of transducer efficiency. The ZnO film microstructure was analysed using X-ray diffraction, surface profilometer and scanning electron microscope equipment. Etch techniques were used to further delineate the microstructural properties. The low coupling factor films had a low crystalline content, rougher surface topography and high etch rates. High coupling factor films were highly ordered, structurally dense, smooth surfaced films with etch properties characteristic of single crystal zinc oxide. The differences relate to growth conditions which produce a low defect density film structure of uniform polarity with a minimum of fibre grain inversions and weak intergrain boundaries Les proprietes microstructurales de l'oxyde de zinc pulverise sont etudiees et reliees a leur aptitude a la transduction piezoelectrique pour ondes de surface. Les films transducteurs a onde de surface sont deposes sur des supports en verre en faisant varier les conditions du depot de facon a atteindre differents degres d'efficacite de transduction. La microstructure du film de ZnO est analysee par diffraction X, profilometrie de surface et microscopie electronique a balayage. Des techniques de gravure sont egalement employees pour preciser les proprietes microstructurales
Agreement between DSM‐III, DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 alcohol diagnoses in US community‐sample heavy drinkers

DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions of alcohol dependence were all developed from the concept of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome, and thus have a common theoretical link. This link is not shared by DSM-III, and no link exists between definitions of abuse in the different classification systems. The level of agreement on diagnoses produced by the different systems has practical as well as theoretical implications. We tested this agreement in 962 US household residents randomly sampled and screened for heavier than average drinking in the last 12 months. Agreement for most comparisons involving diagnoses of current dependence ranged from good to excellent, with no clear pattern of lower agreement for DSM-III. However, agreement on past dependence was sharply lower for comparisons involving DSM-III than those involving the other classification systems. This appeared to be due to the DSM-III requirement for physiological dependence and the apparently emerging nature of the disorder in this relatively young, non-treatment sample. Comparisons for abuse were generally poor for current as well as past diagnoses. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Laminar processing of stimulus orientation in cat visual cortex

One of the most salient features to emerge in visual cortex is sensitivity to stimulus orientation. Here we asked if orientation selectivity, once established, is altered by successive stages of cortical processing. We measured patterns of orientation selectivity at all depths of the cat's visual cortex by making whole-cell recordings with dye-filled electrodes. Our results show that the synaptic representation of orientation indeed changes with position in the microcircuit, as information passes from layer 4 to layer 2+3 to layer 5. At the earliest cortical stage, for simple cells in layer 4, orientation tuning curves for excitation (depolarization) and inhibition (hyperpolarization) had similar peaks (within 0-7 deg, n = 11) and bandwidths. Further, the sharpness of orientation selectivity covaried with receptive field geometry (r = 0.74) - the more elongated the strongest subregion, the shaper the tuning. Tuning curves for complex cells in layer 2+3 also had similar peaks (within 0-4 deg, n = 7) and bandwidths. By contrast, at a later station, layer 5, the preferred orientation for excitation and inhibition diverged such that the peaks of the tuning curves could be as far as 90 deg apart (average separation, 54 deg; n = 6). Our results support the growing consensus that orientation selectivity is generated at the earliest cortical level and structured similarly for excitation and inhibition. Moreover, our novel finding that the relative tuning of excitation and inhibition changes with laminar position helps resolve prior controversy about orientation selectivity at later phases of processing and gives a mechanistic view of how the cortical circuitry recodes orientation.
Joint ergodicity and mixing

The study of jointly ergodic measure preserving transformations of probability spaces, begun in [1], is continued, and notions of joint weak and strong mixing are introduced. Various properties of ergodic and mixing transformations are shown to admit analogues for several transformations. The case of endomorphisms of compact abelian groups is particularly emphasized. The main result is that, given such commuting endomorphisms σ1σ2,...,σ, ofG, the sequence ((1/N)Σ n=0 N−1 σ 1 n f 1·σ 2 n f 2· ··· · σ s n f sconverges inL 2(G) for everyf 1,f 2,…,f s∈L ∞(G). If, moreover, the endomorphisms are jointly ergodic, i.e., if the limit of any sequence as above is Π i=1 s ∫ G f 1 d μ, where μ is the Haar measure, then the convergence holds also μ-a.e.
Destruction of cytochrome P-450 by 2-isopropyl-4-pentenamide and methyl 2-isopropyl-4-pentenoate: mass spectrometric characterization of prosthetic heme adducts and nonparticipation of epoxide metabolites.

Abstract Incubation of hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats with methyl 2-isopropyl-4-pentenoate results in rapid destruction of the microsomal cytochrome P-450. The destruction does not occur in the absence of NADPH or with methyl 2-isopropylpentanoate. Administration of methyl 2-isopropyl-4-pentenoate to phenobarbital-pretreated rats leads to hepatic accumulation of a “green” pigment which, after methylation and purification, yields an abnormal porphyrin chromatographically and spectroscopically indistinguishable from that similarly obtained with 2-isopropyl-4-pentenamide (allylisopropylacetamide). Field desorption mass spectrometry showed that both abnormal porphyrins exhibited molecular ions at m e 730. The mass spectrum of the zinc and copper complexes confirmed this value. Esterification in deuterated methanol of the amide-derived porphyrin showed that only two methyl esters were formed. Finally, methyl 4,5-epoxy-2-isopropylpentanoate and the known metabolites of 2-isopropyl-4-pentenamide were shown not to destroy cytochrome P-450. These results clearly establish that the carbonyl groups of the two destructive substrates are intimately involved in formation of the isolated porphyrin adducts, and exclude participation of the corresponding epoxide metabolites in the destruction of cytochrome P-450.
Inherent Interfacial Mechanical Gradients in 3D Hydrogels Influence Tumor Cell Behaviors

Cells sense and respond to the rigidity of their microenvironment by altering their morphology and migration behavior. To examine this response, hydrogels with a range of moduli or mechanical gradients have been developed. Here, we show that edge effects inherent in hydrogels supported on rigid substrates also influence cell behavior. A Matrigel hydrogel was supported on a rigid glass substrate, an interface which computational techniques revealed to yield relative stiffening close to the rigid substrate support. To explore the influence of these gradients in 3D, hydrogels of varying Matrigel content were synthesized and the morphology, spreading, actin organization, and migration of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor cells were examined at the lowest ( 500 µm) gel positions. GBMs adopted bipolar morphologies, displayed actin stress fiber formation, and evidenced fast, mesenchymal migration close to the substrate, whereas away from the interface, they adopted more rounded or ellipsoid morphologies, displayed poor actin architecture, and evidenced slow migration with some amoeboid characteristics. Mechanical gradients produced via edge effects could be observed with other hydrogels and substrates and permit observation of responses to multiple mechanical environments in a single hydrogel. Thus, hydrogel-support edge effects could be used to explore mechanosensitivity in a single 3D hydrogel system and should be considered in 3D hydrogel cell culture systems.
Internally cooled cable superconductor (ICCS) for TF and PF coils of FED

Internally Cooled Cable Superconductor (ICCS) concepts developed for TF and PF coils of FED are described. These concepts represent one of the options for FED, and other conductor concepts are still being explored, i.e., no decision has been made for the conductor concepts to be utilized for FED. The TF coil conductor design is based on an ICCS successfully used in a small test magnet at ORNL. The conductor consists of triplets of NbTi strands loosely packed in a stainless steel conduit similar to the Westinghouse LCP coil. The operating current for the conductor is 25.5 kA at 10 T and 3.1 K. The conductor is co-wound with a stainless steel C-shaped channel to provide a direct load path to the coil case for the accumulated magnetic loads in the winding. The strand diameter in the conducter is optimized to reduce the eddy current losses. The nuclear heating in the winding is the most dominant heat load. In order to remove these heat loads due to nuclear heating and ac losses in the winding, it is necessary to lower the inlet temperature of helium to 2.2 K. The conductor has a thermal capacity of ∼200 mJ/cc, which provides a comfortable stability margin under the operating conditions. The PF conductor is similar to the TF conductor, but it is modified to meet the requirements of the PF coils. For this conductor, the superconducting filament diameter has been reduced and cupro-nickel barrier is provided between adjacent filaments for reducing the hyteresis and coupling ac losses, respectively, under relatively higher pulsed fields. The conductor is designed to carry 21.3 kA at 8 T and 4.5 K.
Tris(dichloropropyl) phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent occurrence in human seminal plasma.

Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl7 ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at m/z 463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C9H15PCl6 has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl7ion at m/z463. The component producing ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-l-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbved into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compunds.
LIGHT SCATTERING STUDIES OF ORIENTATION CORRELATIONS IN CHOLESTERYL ESTHERS.

Abstract : Photographic and photometric light scattering patterns from the cholesteryl esters are analyzed in terms of theories previously developed for the scattering from crystalline polymers. The scattering is shown to primarily result from correlations in orientation of anisotropic elements. The solid state may exist in a negatively birefringent spherulitic form with a size dependent upon crystallization temperature, or may occur in the form of randomly correlated aggregates of crystals best characterized by a correlation function. Such random correlation persists through the smectic state. In the cholesteric state, there is a transition to disc-like non-random correlation with a correlation distance and non-randomness parameters dependent upon the ester, temperature, and thermal history. (Author)
The infra-red and Raman spectra of ice

Summary This paper has reviewed all of the available work on the infra-red and Raman spectroscopy of hexagonal and cubic ice. It has been shown by the studies of Maisch (1956) and Ockman (1957) that it is not possible to obtain a unique solution to the structure problem of ice by measuring its polarized vibration spectrum. However, Maisch's observation of the constancy of the depolarization ratio across each of the bands in the hydrogen stretching region is a strong argument for a disordered structure. Satisfactory assignments have only been made for the three bands originating in the fundamental modes of the water molecule and for the six strong bands which can be correlated with the overtone and combination modes of the liquid and vapour spectra. An explicit characterization of the low frequency bands in terms of lattice motions must await a solution to the lattice-dynamical problem as well as a careful study of the low frequency, polarized spectra of single crystals. The solution to the dynamical probl...
Interdisciplinary management of headache disorders

Abstract Chronic pain related to headache disorders causes significant burden of disease not only for the patients having these conditions, but also on society as a whole and often is associated with high utilization of health care systems. Despite advances in treatment, however, most patients with chronic headache continue to be undertreated or misdiagnosed. Appropriate evaluation using an in-depth history and physical examination, with imaging or laboratory studies as indicated by the findings of the examination, is paramount in selecting appropriate therapeutic options for treatment. Several studies on the effect of interdisciplinary care in patients with headache have shown improved outcomes for pain intensity, medication use, overall disability and work absence, and general mental health. Thus, it is recommended that care for patients with chronic headache disorders be interdisciplinary. Interdisciplinary care should include neurologic care and pharmacotherapy, physical therapies, complementary and alternative medicine, and psychological therapies. Consideration for interventional pain procedures or surgical procedures is recommended for patients with appropriate diagnoses or for those with pain refractory to conservative management.
Assessing impacts of locally designed environmental education projects on students’ environmental attitudes, awareness, and intention to act

This study investigates whether consistent effects on students’ environmental attitudes, awareness, and behavioral intentions could be discerned in an initiative that supports environmental education (EE) designed at the classroom level. Students of grades four, five, and seven participated in an assessment at the beginning and end of the school year. Quantitative assessment questions were adapted from the Children’s Environmental Perception Scale. Factor analysis identified three factors related to intentions for environmental learning and behavior, environmental appreciation, and awareness of the potential to impact nature. Qualitative items assessed students’ perception of their EE experience. Over one school year, fourth- and fifth-grade EE students gained awareness of the potential to impact nature, but EE students did not exhibit changes to environmental appreciation or intentions for environmental learning and behavior. With increasing years of EE experience, students demonstrated slight increases ...
Posttransurethral Prostatic Resection Hyponatremic Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Hyponatremia is a potentially life-threatening complication of transurethral prostatic (TURP) resection. The post-TURP syndrome, although well-recognized by urologists, is not discussed in recent clinical reviews on hyponatremia. We present a case report and review of the literature of this striking clinical syndrome.