cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of a spawning reflex in hypophysectomized killifish.

THE observations reported below were made during the course of a preliminary series of experiments with purified fractions of pollack pituitary glands, a study which I am undertaking in collaboration with Dr. A. E. Wilhelmi, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, with the support of a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Observability, Eigenvalues, and Kalman Filtering

In higher order Kalman filtering applications the analyst often has very little insight into the nature of the observability of the system. For example, there are situations where the filter may be estimating certain linear combinations of state variables quite well, but this is not apparent from a glance at the error covariance matrix. It is shown here that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the error covariance matrix, when properly normalized, can provide useful information about the observability of the system.
Alterations in behavior, steroid hormones and natural killer cell activity in male transgenic TGFα mice

Abstract The expression of transforming growth factor α (TGFα) is widely distributed throughout many normal and neoplastic tissues, but its physiological significance remains unclear. We have utilized male transgenic mice overexpressing the gene encoding human TGFα in multiple tissues to further identify those functions which are influenced by this protein. Male TGFα mice develop hepatocellular carcinoma at the age of 10–15 months. At the age of 2–3 months these mice, compared to age matched CD-1 controls, spent significantly longer times immobile in Porsolt's swim test, a model of stress and depressive behavior, and exhibiting aggressive behavior in the resident-intruder test. In contrast, the transgenic TGFα mice did not differ from the controls in either the plusmaze test of anxiety, or in their voluntary alcohol intake. Significantly, the TGFα mice exhibited a 25% lower Natural Killer (NK) cell activity and a four-fold increase in the plasma levels of 17-β-estradiol(E2) than the controls. No significant changes in plasma testosterone or corticosterone levels were noted. The results indicate that transgenic male mice overexpressing TGFα exhibit behaviors characteristic of both an impaired ability to cope with stress and an increased aggressivity. The TGFα mice also show reduced NK cell activity and increased plasma estradiol concentrations. The present data suggest that TGFα may be important in influencing behavioral, immunological and hormonal systems prior to the onset of tumors. It remains to be determined whether hepatocarcinoma is associated with the direct proliferative and transforming effects of TGFα and/or indirect effects mediated through immune, hormonal and behavioral mechanisms.
Direct Activation of Xenopus Iodotyrosine Deiodinase by Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Remodeling Intestine during Amphibian Metamorphosis

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays critical roles during vertebrate postembryonic development. TH production in the thyroid involves incorporating inorganic iodide into thyroglobulin. The expression of iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD; also known as iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1) in the thyroid gland ensures efficient recycling of iodine from the byproducts of TH biosynthesis: 3′-monoiodotyrosine and 3′, 5′-diiodotyrosine. Interestingly, IYD is known to be expressed in other organs in adult mammals, suggesting iodine recycling outside the thyroid. On the other hand, the developmental role of iodine recycling has yet to be investigated. Here, using intestinal metamorphosis as a model, we discovered that the Xenopus tropicalis IYD gene is strongly up-regulated by TH during metamorphosis in the intestine but not the tail. We further demonstrated that this induction was one of the earliest events during intestinal metamorphosis, with IYD being activated directly through the binding of liganded TH receptors to a TH response element in the IYD promoter region. Because iodide is mainly taken up from the diet in the intestine and the tadpole stops feeding during metamorphosis when the intestine is being remodeled, our findings suggest that IYD transcription is activated by liganded TH receptors early during intestinal remodeling to ensure efficient iodine recycling at the climax of metamorphosis when highest levels of TH are needed for the proper transformations of different organs.
Complex N-linked glycans on Asn-89 of Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus-encoded interleukin-6 mediate optimal function by affecting cytokine protein conformation.

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6 (vIL-6) and its human cellular homologue (huIL-6) share similar biological functions. Our previous work showed that N-linked glycosylation was required for optimal function of vIL6 but not huIL-6 (1). Here we describe heterogeneity in the composition of the glycans of the two N-linked sites of vIL-6. The Asn-89 site of vIL-6, found to be required for optimal cytokine function, is composed of complex glycans. The Asn-78 site is composed of high mannose glycans, which are dispensable for cytokine function. N-Linked glycosylation at the Asn-89 site was required for intracellular production of functional vIL-6, but endoglycosidase-mediated removal of N-linked glycans from secreted vIL-6 did not impair protein function. With the use of a conformation-specific antibody and tryptic digestion assays, we showed that glycosylation at the Asn-89 site of vIL-6 affected protein conformation. Human IL-6, but not vIL-6, requires IL-6Rα for binding to gp130. We tested the hypothesis that the Asn-89 complex glycan of vIL-6 alone was sufficient to confer binding to gp130 independently of IL-6Rα. Two mutants of huIL-6, made to contain additional complex N-linked glycans in the region that interacts with IL-6Rα, did not confer binding to gp130 independently of IL-6Rα. Our findings support the conclusion that complex glycans on Asn-89 of vIL-6 specifically promote a protein conformation that allows the viral cytokine to bind gp130 independently of IL-6Rα.
Enzymatically triggered actuation of miniaturized tools

We demonstrate a methodology that utilizes the specificity of enzyme-substrate biomolecular interactions to trigger miniaturized tools under biocompatible conditions. Miniaturized grippers were constructed using multilayer hinges that employed intrinsic strain energy and biopolymer triggers, as well as ferromagnetic elements. This composition obviated the need for external energy sources and allowed for remote manipulation of the tools. Selective enzymatic degradation of biopolymer hinge components triggered closing of the grippers; subsequent reopening was achieved with an orthogonal enzyme. We highlight the utility of these enzymatically triggered tools by demonstrating the biopsy of liver tissue from a model organ system and gripping and releasing an alginate bead. This strategy suggests an approach for the development of smart materials and devices that autonomously reconfigure in response to extremely specific biological environments.
Maze running in kangaroo rats with sensory deprivations

Kangaroo rats trained to a complex maze were run in it with and without sensory deprivations; data were collected for time, errors, collisions, and percent of trials completed. Only blinding had a significant effect on performance by itself; cutting the vibrissae in combination with blinding had a secondarily strong effect. Deafening (but not olfactory bulbectomy) combined with blinding and cutting the vibrissae also had a strong effect. Bulbectomy had no effect except when combined with blinding, deafening, and cutting the vibrissae. Maze running may be related to activity within the burrow and to surface activity at night, and these activities are discussed in light of these results.
TJNAF free electron laser damage studies

Laser material damage experiments were conducted at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) free electron laser (FEL) user laboratory with an average power of 100 W and a power density of 10 4 W/cm 2 . The FEL beam bombards the target with a steady stream of tens of millions of pulses per second each containing 50 MW of power in a short burst of B1 ps. No conventional laser combines these characteristics, and no experiments have previously been done to explore the effects of the FEL pulse. The goal is to develop scaling laws to accurately describe large-scale damage from a MW FEL using small-scale experiments. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 41.60.Cr
X-ray observations of AM Herculis from OSO 8

The white dwarf binary system AM Herculis (2A1815+500) was observed in X-rays at both low energies (E less 10 keV) and higher energies. The exact shape of the spectrum, particularly at the higher energies, has yet to be determined. Results from the high energy scintillation spectrometer on OSO-8 are presented. These are combined with results published elsewhere obtained concurrently with the proportional counter on the same satellite, thereby giving for the first time coincident observations of AM Her over the range 2 to 250 keV.
A spoonful of sugar: understanding the over-the-counter medication needs and practices of older adults

Understanding the needs of various stakeholders throughout the design process is key for creating consumer health applications that are usable, effective, and useful for the people that use them. This paper discusses the findings of an exploratory study aimed at understanding the current practices, information needs, and challenges of older adults (65 years and older) when selecting over-the-counter (OTC) medication. The context of this study lies in understanding older adults with the purpose of identifying opportunities for a consumer health application to assist them with selecting an appropriate OTC medication based on their health history. This research contributes to the understanding of the current practices of older adults as related to OTC medication selection. In addition, this paper provides a discussion of opportunities for future applications to help facilitate this task for older adults.
Confounding: propensity score adjustment.

In earlier columns [1–3], I highlighted how the determiation of the association between an exposure (e.g., vitamin supplementation) and a disease (e.g., coronary heart disase [CHD]) is not quite so straightforward as it might first ppear. In particular, confounding variables very often obcure the association of real scientific interest. For instance, n apparent association between the use of vitamin E suplements and the occurrence of CHD may be confounded, r distorted, by the effects of a third variable (e.g., age or moking history) that is associated with the exposure and he disease. When it is not possible to control for confounding via the esign of a study (e.g., by means of randomization or by atching on known confounders), it is imperative to make n appropriate adjustment for confounding in the analysis. n earlier columns [2,3], I discussed two widely used methds of adjustment: stratification and regression adjustment. ith stratification, confounding is controlled by assessing he association of interest within distinct groups of individals who are more or less homogeneous with respect to the onfounding variable (or variables). The principle underlyng stratification is simple and intuitive: stratification reoves the variability of the confounding variables (within ny strata), thereby ensuring that these variables cannot nfluence the association between exposure and disease. owever, stratification becomes problematic when there are any potential confounding variables, resulting in a very arge number of strata with too few individuals to make eaningful comparisons with any reasonable degree of preision. An alternative approach for adjusting for confoundng is to estimate the exposure effect of interest within a egression model for the dependence of the disease outcome n the exposure and any potential confounders. For examle, an adjusted estimate of the association between vitamin supplements and the risk of CHD might be obtained from
Concept analysis of functional status

Nursing as a discipline is striving toward evidence-based practice whose foundation is built upon clarity of concepts and theories and appropriate measures. The objectives of the paper are to clarify an overused and vague concept and to provide a precise operational definition of functional status. By following the Walker and Avant concept analysis guidelines, the concept, functional status, can best be defined as the level of activities performed by an individual to realize needs of daily living in many aspects of life including physical, psychological, social, spiritual, intellectual, and roles. Level of performance is expected to correspond to normal expectation in the individual's nature, structure, and conditions.
Between Chinese Nationalism and Soviet Colonisation: A Chinese Orientalist's Narration of Inner and Outer Mongolia (1926–1927)

This essay questions the nature of ‘Chinese orientalism’ vis-a-vis the Western model of ‘orientalism’. It examines the dialectics of the interconnection between Chinese civilisation/nationalism and Soviet communist colonisation/modernisation, and how these shape and limit the perceptions of a Chinese scholar politician, Ma Hetian, in his travel writing about Inner and Outer Mongolia in the mid 1920s. Unlike most travel writings which focus on cultural differences of the ‘inferior’ others as study object and aesthetic idol, Ma's was a political travel writing, which represents his Chinese Nationalist Party and the Chinese Republican government in relation to its internal frontier Inner Mongolia and the independent ‘Outer Mongolia’ (the MPR) at the time. This political travel writing challenges Kojin Karatani's coherent though essentialised reinterpretation of orientalism from its specific sociocultural contexts and geopolitical positions. Similarly to Western orientalists, Ma had an authority to speak of his ‘inferior’ Inner Mongol objects as their civiliser as well as to represent his ‘helpless’ Outer Mongol ‘brothers’ as their national guardian. However, unlike many orientalists (Western and non-Western), Ma's politically charged Sinocentric position and often chauvinistic attitude towards Mongols align him closer to his ‘enemy/friend’ – Soviet Russia.
Obituary – Chester J. Mackson

Chester J. Mackson, PhD., former Director of the School of Packaging, Michigan State University (MSU), died on May 21 at the age of 88. He was Director of the School from 1977 to 1986 during one of the School's most expansive, successful periods. Dr. Mackson's vision led to a much expanded school in terms of staffing and student numbers, and in programs and international prominence. During his time as Director, he hired many of the faculty currently on staff and laid the foundation for the broadened programmatic mission that we enjoy today. Chet was instrumental in the building expansion that added several world-class labs, a conference room and faculty offices. Prior to this, faculty had been housed in two buildings that he felt did not create a good work environment. Today the School is well known both on and off campus for its harmonious work environment and team attitude. Internationally, Chet was very proactive, perhaps a little surprising for a small town boy from Michigan's Upper Peninsula. He was one of the pioneers and long-time board members of the International Association of Packaging Research Institutes (IAPRI). IAPRI is now a thriving association made up of member organizations from all around the world; its recent 16th World Conference was held in Bangkok, Thailand. Chet was the organizer of the 4th World Conference in Lansing, Michigan. It was the first one held outside of Europe and remains one of the most successful. Together with Frank Paine he started the first packaging overseas study program for students, offered in London, England, which has now expanded to also include programs in Sweden, Spain and Japan. Chet worked with the World Bank, the US Agency for International Development and the United Nations to secure short term assignments for faculty in Mexico, Brazil, Morocco and Korea, among others. Due, in part, to Chet's early leadership, the current faculty is well traveled internationally and the School is respected globally. Chet Mackson was an educator, an innovator and an entrepreneur. He loved his family, MSU, Michigan's upper peninsula and a good golf match. He served MSU for over 34 years as a professor in Agriculture Economics and as Director of the School of Packaging. He served the USA as an officer in World War II in Patton's Third Army, was wounded in battle and received the Purple Heart. Chet is survived by Marilynn, his wife of 61 years, 6 children, 11 grandchildren and 3 great grandchildren. Chet was honored by the Packaging Education Foundation in 1992 when they elected him to the Packaging Hall of Fame, and again by the School's alumni in 2007 when they elected him to MSU Packaging Alumni Association Hall of Fame. One of the things he said most often, and which exemplifies his professional career was, ‘it is surprising how much you can accomplish, as long as you don't care who gets the credit’. Chet will be missed by the faculty, staff and alumni of the School of Packaging.
Time shipt evoked potentials (TSEPs): Method and basic results

Abstract A simple technique for generating averaged evoked potentials to auditory signals that appear to move in space is described. Shifts in the apparent location of the signal were created by digitally delaying the output of a white noise generator with a minicomputer. The two channels were reconverted to two analog signals and presented binaurally through headphones. Shifts in the apparent location of the signal produced a time shifted evoked potential (TSEP) that was not present during monaural control runs. TSEP amplitudes were largest near the vertex and varied as a function of the presentation format.
Bateson's concept of “metacommunication” in play

Abstract Gregory Bateson's concept of “metacommunication,” defined as communication which refers to communication, is examined in relation to play. Bateson believed that animals in play recognize that their activities simulate, and therefore refer to, other activities, and in this way metacommunicate. A similar conception of play by H. Paul Grice is described, and the development and demise of metacommunication in the play literature is presented. Two forms of metacommunication are present in some nonhuman play: The first occurs when an organism recognizes that another is simulating, and the second occurs when an organism recognizes that it is itself simulating. Some nonhuman organisms-rhesus monkey—also appear to intend to metacommunicate in play. Metacommunication in animal behavior tells us something about how these organisms interpret themselves and one another, and informs us that animals understand that an activity can have more than one reference. The existence of metacommunication in nonhumans suggests that nonhuman primates already have capacities for depiction and denotation necessary for the evolution of human language.
Deep freezing of mouse one-cell embryos and oocytes using different cryoprotectants

The objective of this study was to compare iso-osmolar concentrations (1.5 M) of 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, dimethylsulphoxide and a combination of 1 M propanediol + 0.5M glycerol (PDGLY) as cryoprotectants for murine ovulated oocytes and one-cell embryos. A higher (P < 0.01) percentage of one-cell embryos developed to the two-cell stage when frozen-thawed with 1,2-propanediol (83%) as compared with glycerol (43%), dimethylsulfoxide (51%) or PDGLY (7%). Data recalculated on the basis of two-cell embryos/number of normal one-cell embryos after thawing indicated no differences among single cryoprotectant groups. More (P < 0.01) frozen-thawed, in-vitro fertilized oocytes developed to the two-cell stage when 1,2-propanediol (35%) was used as cryoprotectant as compared with glycerol (15%). Freezing-thawing resulted in a reduced number of two-cell embryos after oocytes were fertilized in-vitro as compared with fresh oocytes. 1,2-propanediol was a better cryoprotectant than glycerol, dimethylsulphoxide or PDGLY for deep freezing of murine oocytes or one-cell embryos.
Structure of ZrV2O7from −263 to 470°C

Abstract High-resolution neutron powder diffraction data were used to analyze the structure of ZrV2O7at seven temperatures from −263 to 470°C. The structure of ZrV2O7at 236°C was also refined using X-ray powder diffraction data. The thermal expansion is positive below about 100°C but becomes strongly negative above this temperature. Data from 88 to 470°C were refined using a 8.8 A cubicZ=4 cell in space groupPa 3 . All V–O–V angles are 180° on average in this structure. Data from −263 to 66°C were refined with a 26.3 A,Z=108 cell still in space groupPa 3 . 89% of the V–O–V linkages are bent to about 160° but 11% remain on three-fold axes and are therefore constrained by symmetry to be 180° on average. The strong negative thermal expansion of ZrV2O7above 100°C is attributed to the transverse thermal motion of oxygen atoms in the metal–oxygen–metal linkages. These thermal motions can occur only by changing the shape of the polyhedra; thus, the occurrence of negative thermal expansion for cubicAM2O7compounds is strongly correlated with the rigidity of theAO6octahedra andMO4tetrahedra.
Metastressors as barriers to self-sufficiency among TANF-reliant African American and Latina women

The mixed-method study examined welfare-reliant, female heads of households and the multilayered and persistent barriers they face in their attempts to obtain employment to sustain their families. ...
Formation of junctions in regenerating hydra: septate junctions

The formation of septate junctions at early stages in regeneration of hydra was studied from thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. The observations show that septate junctions are lost after cellular dissociation, but they are reassembled rapidly after reaggregation. Reassembly accompanies the recovery of osmoregulatory ability in the regenerates. Assembly of septate junctions progresses through a stage that in thin sections resembles the appearance of continuous (smooth septate) junctions in arthropods. It is suggested from this observation that there may be a general developmental relationship between continuous and septate junctions. Interseptal material in hydra septate junctions binds heavy metals delineating septa by negative staining. This is interpreted as evidence that interseptal material binds cations and serves an important role in establishing the intercellular permeability barrier in Hydra. It is proposed that other invertebrate septate junctions have a fundamentally similar organization and function.
Solvent activities in solutions of star and linear poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene

Solvent activities were measured using a gravimetric method in the range 48–70°C. The polymers were: 15-arm, 20-arm star and linear poly(ethylene oxide), and 8-arm star and linear polystyrene. The solvents were acetone, chloroform and cyclohexane. In the concentrated regime, to 0.5 solvent weight fraction, there is no significant effect of polymer structure on solvent activities.
The Emergence of Surgeon-Controlled Robotic Surgery in Urologic Oncology

The rise of robotic surgery is transforming medicine. In many ways, urology has taken charge in pioneering a new era of minimally invasive surgery with the emergence of the robot. The unprecedented dissecting precision and the dynamic three-dimensional, high definition view of the surgical field are undoubtedly revolutionizing the field of urology. These unique attributes of robotic surgery confer enormous advantages in dealing with uro-oncological surgery. The robotic revolution began nearly a decade ago with surgeon-controlled robotic radical prostatectomy and has since expanded to include radical cystectomies and partial nephrectomies. There have been numerous landmark studies published showing that robotic surgery provides comparable oncological and functional outcomes against traditional open or laparoscopic surgery. As a result, it becomes exceedingly imperative that urologists and the oncological community remain up-to-date regarding these developments and appreciate the oncological outcomes of surgeon-controlled robotic surgery. This review will assess the impact surgeon-controlled robotic surgery has had in the field of urologic oncology.
Multiple factors associated with HA-coated implants had more marginal bone loss but greater survival rates at 12 years than pure titanium implants.

Original Article Schwart-Arad D, Mardinger O, Levin L, Kozlovsky A, Hirshberg A. Marginal bone loss pattern around hydroxyapatite-coated versus commercially pure titanium implants after up to 12 years of follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:238-44. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose/Question The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal bone loss (MBL), complications, and 12-year survival rates of commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and hydroxyapatite (HA)–coated implants placed in the maxilla. Source of Funding None listed Type of Study/Design Systematic review
Who Participates in Labor-Intensive Public Works in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Rural Botswana and Kenya

Abstract Provision of low-wage menial employment through public works schemes promises to provide low cost targeting of the poor, especially in rural areas where instruments for income transfer are scarce. Findings from survey-based studies in rural Botswana and Kenya show that the working poor are more willing to participate in public works schemes, especially those with few assets and limited access to private income transfers. Access to short-term employment through these schemes appears to improve the net income of the very poor and decrease poverty among the rural poor. The significant number of nonpoor in the schemes, indicates however a need for improving poverty targeting through setting wage rates that closely reflect the labor supply characteristics of the poor in rural labor markets. In addition, these schemes have to be complemented with other income-transfer interventions to ensure that the poor who fail to meet work requirements are not excluded from public assistance.
Gestures in the manuscripts of Terence and late revivals of literary drama

Several manuscripts of Terence feature a cycle of miniatures depicting masked actors. The miniatures mark scene-headings and on this account have often been dismissed as merely decorative and irrelevant to the history of ancient theater. Nevertheless, the pictures project an illusion of theatricality so irresistible and lively, that it is hardly possible that the illustrated Terence does not reflect some sort of performance practice. This paper focuses on the code of gesture depicted in the miniatures and examines its relationship with late revivals of literary drama. I first discuss the iconographic and textual evidence pertaining to the date of the prototype of the miniatures; I then examine Quintilian’s remarks on dramatic gesture in order to outline the code he associated with the stage. This outline serves as a comparandum for the typology of gestures depicted in the Parisian codex of Terence (B.N. 7899), which is based on an analysis of the set of hand positions used to illustrate the Andria. (A glossary decoding the gestures of the Andria and comparing them with both hand positions from Quintilian’s catalogue and those known from earlier iconography is appended to the end of this paper.) The results of this comparison, along with some observations on the artist’s technique, suggest an answer to the question of which (if any) performance practice the miniatures could reflect.
Cholinergic denervation-like changes in rat hippocampus following developmental lead exposure

Abstract We investigated the effects of developmental lead exposure from embryonic day 16 (E16) through postnatal day 28 (PN28), on cholinergic and catecholaminergic markers in the septohippocampal pathway in rats through fourth month of age. Lead exposure resulted in a persistent 30–40% reduction of [ 3 H]hemicholinium-3 ([ 3 H]HC-3) binding in the hippocampus through PN120, and 20–30% reduction of septal and hippocampul choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity which persisted through PN84 but returned to control levels in both septum and hippocampus at PN112. The muscarinic ligand [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzylate ([ 3 H]QNB) binding was reduced in the septum at PN28 but did not differ significantly from controls at PN56–PN112. Neither short- nor long-term effects of Pb exposure on [ 3 H]QNB binding were seen in the hippocampus. Similar to the effects of fimbria-fornix transection, Pb exposure resulted in a long-term 50–90% increase of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) activity in the hippocampus, although neither treatment affected TH activity in the septum. The lead-induced increase in hippocampul TH was significantly attenuated by superior cervical ganglionectomy. It is concluded that the effects of perinatal lead exposure resemble in several respects those seen following surgical disruption of the septohippocampal pathway in adult animals. The denervation-like effects in the hippocampus may be an important factor in long-term learning and cognitive impairments following developmental exposure to low-levels of lead.
The diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis A or B by microparticle enzyme immunoassay.

Abstract The traditional approach to the diagnosis of viral hepatitis has been to collect a serum sample and to test it for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), IgM to the core of HBV (anti-HBc IgM) and IgM to HAV (anti-HAV IgM) by solid phase radio- or enzyme immunoassays. Microparticle enzyme immunoassay technology (IMx®-Abbott Laboratories) has been introduced as an automated carousel system for the detection of these markers. A side-by-side, blinded comparison of IMx to current IA was performed for HBsAg on 659 specimens submitted from March to July 1990, of which 72 (10.8%) were positive by AUSRIA (Abbott RIA for HBsAg) and 2 of these were discordant in IMx. Both were near the cutoff and by confirmatory testing one was positive and the other negative. Forty three percent (25/58) of frozen stored sera tested for anti-HBc IgM, by IMx, were positive by EIA (Corzyme M). One specimen near the cutoff was negative by EIA but weakly positive by IMx. Anti-HAV IgM was found in 21.8% (46/211) of sera with 100% correlation by IMx. Thus IMx had the following percent sensitivities and specificities: HBsAg; 98.6, 99.9; anti-HBc IgM; 100, 99.9; anti-HAV IgM; 100, 100. The test set-up times for the 3 markers in the IMx were similar to the RIA and EIA. The turnover time was 45 min for a full IMx carousel compared to: AUSRIA-short incubation (4 h), or long incubation (14 h); Corzyme M-short (4.75 h) or long (20 h); anti-HAV IgM (23 h). With equal accuracy to existing tests, the benefit of IMx technology resides in simplicity and saving of technologist time.
Interlenticular opacification: Dual-optic versus piggyback intraocular lenses

Purpose To evaluate and compare the incidence of capsular bag opacification, particularly interlenticular opacification (ILO), in rabbit eyes implanted with a dual-optic silicone intraocular lens (IOL) or piggyback lenses. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods Ten dual-optic study IOLs (Synchrony), 10 control pairs of piggyback silicone-plate lenses, and 10 control pairs of piggyback single-piece hydrophobic acrylic lenses were implanted in the capsular bag of 30 rabbit eyes following phacoemulsification. After a 6-week follow-up, the rabbits were killed and their eyes enucleated. Anterior capsule opacification and posterior capsule opacification were graded on a 0 to 4 scale from a posterior or Miyake-Apple view. Interlenticular opacification was noted in relation to the center of the interlenticular space (periphery, paracentral, and central area) and to the number of quadrants involved. The eyes were then evaluated histopathologically. Results Postoperative inflammatory reaction was similar in all groups. Interlenticular opacification formation was statistically different among the 3 groups of lenses (ILO extension, P = .0013, and ILO extension × ILO quadrants, P = .0023; Kruskal-Wallis test). Pairwise post comparisons of ILO formation showed that the differences between the study IOL group and the silicone-plate lens group were not significant. Interlenticular opacification post comparisons between the hydrophobic acrylic lenses and the study lens or the silicone-plate lenses were significant ( P = .002 and P = .001, respectively). Histopathologic examination showed extension of the proliferating cortical material from the peripheral Soemmering's ring into the interlenticular space, causing ILO, especially with the pairs of hydrophobic acrylic lenses. Conclusions In this rabbit model, ILO was significantly associated with pairs of hydrophobic acrylic lenses implanted in the bag. This study appears to confirm clinical observations that implantation of 2 silicone-plate lenses in the bag is not associated with ILO. There was also a relative lack of ILO with the dual-optic silicone lens.
Ice shapes and the resulting drag increase for a NACA 0012 airfoil

Experimental measurements of the ice shapes and resulting drag increases were measured in the NASA-Lewis Icing Research Tunnel. The measurements were made over a large range of conditions (e.g., airspeed and temperature, drop size and liquid water content of the cloud, and the angle of attack of the airfoil). The measured drag increase did not agree with the existing correlation. Additional results were given which are helpful in understanding the ice structure and the way it forms, and in improving the ice accretion modeling theories. There are data on the ice surface roughness, on the effect of the ice shape on the local droplet catch, and on the relative importance of various parts of the ice shape on the drag increase. Experimental repeatability is also discussed.
Leveraging 3D Technology for Improved Reliability

Aggressive technology scaling over the years has helped improve processor performance but has caused a reduc- tion in processor reliability. Shrinking transistor sizes and lower supply voltages have increased the vulnerability of computer systems towards transient faults. An increase in within-die and die-to-die parameter variations has also led to a greater number of dynamic timing errors. A potential solution to mitigate the impact of such errors is redundancy via an in-order checker processor. Emerging 3D chip technology promises increased pro- cessor performance as well as reduced power consump- tion because of shorter on-chip wires. In this paper, we leverage the "snap-on" functionality provided by 3D inte- gration and propose implementing the redundant checker processor on a second die. This allows manufacturers to easily create a family of "reliable processors" without sig- nificantly impacting the cost or performance for customers that care less about reliability. We comprehensively eval- uate design choices for this second die, including the ef- fects of L2 cache organization, deep pipelining, and fre- quency. An interesting feature made possible by 3D inte- gration is the incorporation of heterogeneous process tech- nologies within a single chip. We evaluate the possibility of providing redundancy with an older process technology, an unexplored and especially compelling application of die heterogeneity. We show that with the most pessimistic as- sumptions, the overhead of the second die can be as high as either a 7 °C temperature increase or a 8% performance loss. However, with the use of an older process, this over- head can be reduced to a 3 °C temperature increase or a 4% performance loss, while also providing higher error re- silience. Keywords: reliability, redundant multi-threading, 3D die-stacking, parameter variation, soft errors, dynamic timing errors, power-efficient microarchitecture, on-chip temperature.
Precessional Cycles and Their Influence on the North Pacific and North Atlantic Summer Anticyclones

The response of the Northern Hemisphere summer anticyclones to a change in the timing of perihelion is investigated using the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1). The orbital forcing consists of changes in the seasonal cycle of the top-of-atmosphere insolation as the perihelion shifts from the Northern Hemisphere winter to the Northern Hemisphere summer solstice. The North Pacific summer anticyclone experiences a large strengthening as well as a northward and westward expansion. The North Atlantic subtropical high experiences a smaller change that consists of a slight westward expansion but little change in strength. Experiments with a primitive equation atmospheric model show that these changes represent the circulation responseto changes in the diabaticheating,bothlocal andremotely. Theremote diabaticforcingis associated with changes in the Southeast Asian and African summer monsoons, and the local forcing is dominated by a combined effect of a change in low clouds and local precipitation.
A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene

Abstract High-resolution analyses of the elemental composition of calcite and biogenic silica (BSi) content in piston cores from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability and lacustrine geochemistry over the past 5400 years. Correlation of these records from Lake Edward to other climatically-forced geochemical and lake level records from Lakes Naivasha, Tanganyika, and Turkana allows us to develop a chronology of drought events in equatorial East Africa during the late Holocene. Major drought events of at least century-scale duration are recorded in lacustrine records at about 850, 1500, ∼2000, and 4100 cal year BP. Of these, the most severe event occurred between about 2050 and 1850 cal year BP, during which time Lake Edward stood about 15 m below its present level. Numerous additional droughts of less intensity and/or duration are present in the Lake Edward record, some of which may be correlated to other lacustrine climate records from equatorial East Africa. These events are superimposed on a long-term trend of increasingly arid conditions from 5400 to about 2000 cal year BP, followed by a shift toward wetter climates that may have resulted from an intensification of the winter Indian monsoon. Although the causes of decade- to century-scale climate variability in the East African tropics remain obscure, time-series spectral analysis suggests no direct linkage between solar output and regional rainfall. Rather, significant periods of ∼725, ∼125, 63–72, 31–25, and 19–16 years suggest a tight linkage between the Indian Ocean and African rainfall, and could result from coupled ocean-atmosphere variability inherent to the tropical monsoon system.
Differential Thermal Calorimetric Determination of the Thermodynamic Properties of Kaolinite

Four samples of kaolinite were investigated to determine the exothermic reaction enthalpy by differential thermal calorimetry. The measured 9 kcal/mol for the 980°C exothermic reaction enthalpy corresponds to the calculated heat of crystallization of silica at this temperature. Literature evidence discounts the crystallization of the other participating phases, mullite and silicon spinel. An NaOH extraction technique was used to remove the amorphous silica from a kaolinite fired at 850°C; this extraction removed the 980°C exotherm. It is tentatively suggested, therefore, that most of the heat release at 980°C on firing kaolinite accompanies the reaction SiO2(amorphous) → SiO2(β-quartz).
Selection of Source and Use of Traffic Information in Emergency Situations

The access and the use of advanced traveler information systems (ATISs) by drivers during normal commuting have been extensively assessed and analyzed. Emergency managers and transportation officials have extended the results of studies of ATIS use under routine conditions to emergency scenarios under the assumption that drivers' responses to information under emergency conditions mimic those seen under normal driving conditions. A recent survey of potential hurricane evacuees suggests the need to revisit this assumption. Results indicate that although commercial radio reports and variable message signs continue to be the sources of traffic information cited the most frequently, other information sources (mobile phones, in-car systems such as Global Positioning System devices, and the Internet) have significantly increased in importance. Rapid growth in user rates and the relatively low cost of implementation suggest that a revision of plans for emergency transportation information communications may be w...
Characterization of exochelins of the Mycobacterium bovis type strain and BCG substrains.

Pathogenic mycobacteria must acquire iron in the host in order to multiply and cause disease. To do so, they release abundant quantities of siderophores called exochelins, which have the capacity to scavenge iron from host iron-binding proteins and deliver it to the mycobacteria. In this study, we have characterized the exochelins of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine and occasionally of human tuberculosis, and the highly attenuated descendant of M. bovis, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), widely used as a vaccine against human tuberculosis. The M. bovis type strain, five substrains of M. bovis BCG (Copenhagen, Glaxo, Japanese, Pasteur, and Tice), and two strains of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis all produce the same set of exochelins, although the relative amounts of individual exochelins may differ. Among these mycobacteria, the total amount of exochelins produced is greatest in M. tuberculosis, intermediate in M. bovis, and smallest in M. bovis BCG.
Genotype-Environment Interactions in Broiler Stocks of Chickens I. The Importance of Stock by Location and Stock by Trial Interactions

Abstract THE importance of non-additive genotype-environment interactions in broiler stocks is of considerable interest to breeders, as such interactions will influence the breeder’s testing program. The regional approach, with a number of state agricultural experiment stations cooperating, is one logical way of investigating these interactions since environments in different states may be more diverse than those existing at locations within a state or station. Investigations at the regional level more nearly represent the actual distribution of commercial stocks as compared with research that is limited geographically. This study is one of a series conducted by participants in the Southern Regional Poultry Breeding Project (S-57) to determine the relative importance of genotype-environment interactions in broiler stocks. Only a limited number of studies with broiler stocks have been conducted to determine the importance of genotype by environment (location, diet, management, etc.) interactions; however, a large number of studies (see Hale, 1961) have been …
Development and Verification of a Fully Coupled Simulator for Offshore Wind Turbines

†‡ The vast deepwater wind resource represents a potential to use floating offshore wind turbines to power much of the world with renewable energy. Comprehensive simulation tools that account for the coupled excitation and response of the complete system, including the influences of wind-inflow, aerodynamics, structural dynamics, controls, and, for offshore systems, waves, currents, and hydrodynamics, are used to design and analyze wind turbines. Continuing our work presented previously, we outline the development of such an analysis tool for floating offshore wind turbines, including a recently added, quasi-static mooring system module. The fully coupled simulator was developed with enough sophistication to address the limitations of previous frequency and time domain studies and to have the features required to perform an integrated loads analysis. It is also universal enough to analyze a variety of wind turbine, support platform, and mooring system configurations. The simulation capability was tested by model-to-model comparisons to ensure its correctness. The results of all of the verification exercises are favorable and give us confidence to pursue more thorough investigations into the behavior of floating offshore wind turbines. Some of the potential challenges to their design are highlighted through sample response simulations.
Waveform Design for MIMO Radar Based on Mutual Information and Minimum Mean-Square Error Estimation

This paper addresses the problem of optimum radar waveform design for both radars employing a single transmit and receive antenna and the recently proposed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. A random target impulse response is used to model the scattering characteristics of the target, and both point and extended radar targets are considered. Assuming the constraint on waveform power, two radar waveform design problems have been investigated. The first one is to design waveforms that maximize the conditional mutual information (MI) between the random target impulse response and the reflected waveforms given the knowledge of the transmitted waveforms. The second one is to find transmitted waveforms that minimize the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) in estimating the target impulse response. Our analysis indicates that under the same total power constraint, these two criteria lead to the same solution for a matrix which specifies the essential part of the optimum waveform design. The solution employs water-filling to allocate the limited power appropriately. We also present an asymptotic formulation which requires less knowledge of the statistical model of the target.
Network Bandwidth Tuning During Application Runtime

Chapter 6 showed the effects that CPU frequency tuning had on application energy and performance. In this chapter, we will evaluate the impact that tuning the network bandwidth has on energy and performance of real scientific computing applications running at large scale. This analysis will evaluate the impact on total node energy, in contrast to the CPU frequency tuning experiments that focused on CPU energy. These experiments provide further evidence that tuning components on large-scale High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms can result in significant energy savings.
MR identification of white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: A comparison between 1.5 T and 4 T

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging of the brain have been successful at 4 T, conventional fast spin-echo imaging of the brain at 4 T has not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this study was to compare the detection of white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) at 1.5 T and 4 T. METHODS Fifteen patients with clinically definite MS were imaged at both 1.5 T and 4 T within a 1-week period. Comparison was made between fast spin-echo long-TR images at both field strengths. Pulse sequences were tailored to maximize resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in clinically relevant imaging times ( RESULTS Images obtained at 4 T showed a mean of 88 more lesions as compared with images obtained at 1.5 T. All the lesions measured less than 5 mm and were typically aligned along perivascular spaces. Twenty-five consensually identified lesions on 4-T images were not seen at all on 1.5-T images. Moreover, 4-T images showed 56 additional consensually identified lesions, which were indistinct and seen only in retrospect on 1.5-T images. These lesions were frequently (n = 48) identified in large confluent areas of white matter signal intensity abnormality at 1.5 T. All observers also agreed that 4-T images subjectively enhanced the perception of normal perivascular spaces and small perivascular lesions. CONCLUSION MR imaging at 4 T can depict white matter abnormalities in MS patients not detectable at 1.5 T through higher resolution with comparable signal-to-noise ratio and imaging times.