cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrinoma before zollinger and ellison

Abstract Background The 1955 landmark publication by Zollinger and Ellison characterized the gastrinoma syndrome and presented a hypothesis for the pancreatic endocrine origin of the gastric hypersecretion and dramatic ulcer diathesis. Methods A detailed review of the literature was conducted to ascertain the clinical and pathologic spectrum of gastrinoma reported prior to the definition of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Results In addition to the 2 patients presented by Zollinger and Ellison, 6 published reports of gastrinoma patients were referenced in their manuscript. An additional 6 patients were described by the 5 discussants of the presented paper. Thorough review of the literature has yielded 4, and possibly 6, additional cases of gastrinoma published between 1908 and 1952. Conclusion Despite experience with a sizeable number of gastrinoma patients, it was left to Zollinger and Ellison to define the association between the islet cell tumor, its peptide hormone, and the clinical manifestations of severe gastric hypersecretion. Their seminal contribution served as the defining moment for the field of gastrointestinal endocrinology.
Response of thin-film scintillator detectors to high-energy argon and krypton ions

Abstract The luminescence response of a thin-film detector (TFD) to the passage of accelerated argon and krypton ions is recorded for an energy range (up to 7.2 MeV/nucleon) not previously studied. With increasing heavy-ion energy the TFD response increases quickly to a maximum near 3 MeV/nucleon and then slowly decreases. The general trends observed are consistent with those calculated on the basis of a previously reported model of heavy-ion luminescence production. Concurrent energy-loss measurements of argon ions differ somewhat from calculated values. The expected diminished TFD response as specific energy loss increases is confirmed for the higher-energy range of incident ions. Improved resolution of thicker scintillator films indicates the possibility of establishing the identity of medium-heavy ions ( Z = 18 to Z = 36) to within two charge units using a film thickness of ∼0.4 mg/cm 2 . Comments on the applicability of the TFD to various experimental areas are made.
An enhanced multitap text entry method with predictive next-letter highlighting

Full keyboards are difficult to implement on small mobile devices, and are sometimes replaced by keypads, with multiple characters assigned to each key. The Multitap method is often used for text entry on devices with keypads. While conceptually simple, Multitap requires one or more key presses to enter each desired letter, and is relatively inefficient from the standpoint of the number of keystrokes required to enter each word. It also requires a significant amount of visual searching to find a needed letter on a key. Fortunately, newer methods based on Multitap (such as LetterWise) have been shown to increase users' text entry efficiency. This paper presents an enhanced Multitap method that uses predictive next-letter highlighting to aid visual searching. Testing shows that this method, when compared to LetterWise, offers increased text entry speeds, fewer errors, and greater novice user satisfaction.
De novo construction of cell-to-cell channels.

Nexus (gap junctions), which are considered to contain cell-to-cell channels, are newly formed in uterine smooth muscle during parturition or in response to estrogen treatment of virginal animals. A mRNA preparation was isolated from estrogen-dominated rat myometria and was encapsulated into liposomes. Subsequently the liposomes were fused with cultured cells of a mouse cell line CL-1D. It is established that these tumor cells normally are neither electrically coupled nor do they contain nexus. The cells, however, become electrically coupled a few hours after being loaded with the mRNA preparation. This de novo expression of cell coupling persisted for a little more than 24 hr after a single loading procedure. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy revealed small nexus-like particle aggregates at the time coupling was present. In control experiments the cells remained noncoupling when the RNA preparation was pretreated with ribonuclease, when cycloheximide was applied to the cells, or when liposomes filled with buffer solution only were used. These data suggest that the de novo expression of cell-to-cell coupling is accomplished by mRNA-induced protein biosynthesis resulting in the formation of cell-to-cell channels.
Fire, storms, and erosional events in the Idaho batholith

In late December 1996, the South Fork Payette River basin in west-central Idaho experienced a prolonged storm that culminated on January 1, 1997, with intense rain on melting snow that triggered slide failures, producing debris flows and sediment-charged floods. Failures occurred in saturated, cohesionless, grussy colluvium derived from weathered Idaho batholith granitic rocks. Many failures along the South Fork Payette River originated in ponderosa pine forests burned in the 1989 stand-replacing Lowman fire. An example is the 0Ð49 km 2 ‘Jughead’ Creek basin, where a single large colluvial failure produced almost 40% of the total volume eroded from the basin and generated a massive and rapid debris flow. Failures also occurred in steep, unburned, and unforested drainages such as Hopkins Creek. In this south-facing 0Ð58 km 2 basin, 15 colluvial hollows failed, but no single failure produced more than 10% of the total eroded volume. Sediment transport in Hopkins Creek occurred by prolonged sediment-charged sheetflooding. Despite vegetation differences, sediment yields from the geomorphically similar Hopkins Creek (¾42 000 Mg km � 2 ) and Jughead Creek (¾44 000 Mg km � 2 ) basins were quite similar. These 1997 erosion events are equivalent to several thousand years of sediment yield at low rates (2Ð7–30 Mg km 2 year � 1 ) measured by short-term sediment trapping and gauging in Idaho batholith watersheds. If similar large events were solely responsible for sediment export, recurrence intervals (RIs) of several hundred years would account for higher sediment yields averaged over ¾10 4 year from Idaho batholith watersheds. Dating of small fire-induced sheetflooding events in an early Holocene tributary junction fan of Jughead Creek indicates that frequent small sedimentation events (RI ³ 33–80 year) occurred between 7400 and 6600 cal year BP, with an average yield not greatly exceeding 16 Mg km � 2 year � 1 . Compared with the Holocene average, erosion rates during that 800 year period were unusually low, suggesting that sediment yields have not been constant over time, and that climatic variations and related fire regime changes may exert a strong influence on the probability of major erosional events. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dendroidopsis and Frontodendroidopsis: Two New Asian Genera of Fire-Colored Beetles (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae), with Descriptions of Two New Species of Dendroidopsis, and Lectotype Designations for Dendroides assamensis Blair and Pseudopyrochroa binhana Pic

Abstract Dendroidopsis and Frontodendroidopsis, two new Asian genera of pyrochroine Pyrochroidae, are described. Males of both new genera exhibit striking similarities to Dendroides Latreille (compound eyes and antennae). However, the cranial apparatus and male genitalia suggest affinities with the Asian genus Pseudopyrochroa. Elongate parameres in conjunction with a shortened basal piece, enlarged compound eyes, and strongly pectinate antennae are putitive synapomorphies for males of Dendroidopsis; a unique cranial modification, enlarged compound eyes, and strongly pectinate antennae with an elongate antennal pedicel are putitive synapomorphies for Frontodendroidopsis. Dendroidopsis consists of the Indian D. assamensis (Blair), formerly assigned to Dendroides, the Vietnamese D. binhana (Pic), transferred from Pseudopyrochroa Pic, and two new species: D. robusticornis (Malaysia) and D. sumatrensis (Indonesia: Sumatra). Frontodendroidopsis is monotypic, consisting solely of the Japanese F. ocularis (Lewis)...
Standard cosmology and the BATSE number versus peak flux distribution

The observed 2B BATSE distribution is consistent with the faintest GRBs in our sample originating from a redshift of Zmax ~ 0.8-3.0 (90\%), with the most likely values in the range of 1.0-2.2, and is largely insensitive to Omega for models with no evolution. To constrain the model parameter Omega to the range 0.1-1.0 using only Log N -- Log P distributions, more than 4000 GRBs, with a most likely value of ~ 9,000 GRBs to BATSE sensitivity. This requires a live integration time of >6 years with BATSE. Detectors sensitive to much lower limits (~ 70-400 in sensitivity) require ~ 200 GRBs, with <0.03 year 4pi ster coverage. We place limits on the amount of frequency density and, separately, peak luminosity evolution in the sample of GRBs. We find that frequency density evolution models can place the faintest GRBs at Zmax ~ 10-200, without conflicting with the observations of relative time dilation of ~ 2.
Inference of object use from pantomimed actions by aphasics and patients with right hemisphere lesions

Twenty-four aphasic and fifteen right brain-damaged subjects were compared on their ability to identify the objects whose use was depicted in a series of twenty videotaped pantomimes. Aphasics were inferior to right brain-damaged patients in inferring object use. Success was correlated with Performance IQ, but not with language measures. Analysis of movement features contributing to subjects' choices reveal speed of movement and object weight to be the most robust and hand shape and size to be the most fragile.
Nanoparticle size and shape evaluation using the TSOM method

A novel through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) method that yields nanoscale information from optical images obtained at multiple focal planes will be used here for nanoparticle dimensional analysis. The TSOM method can distinguish not only size differences but also shape differences among nanoparticles. Size evaluation based on simulations will be presented along with experimental data for nanoparticles and nanodots with sizes below 100 nm. Size determination using an experimentally created library will also be presented.
Surface-enhanced Raman detection of RNA and DNA bases following flow-injection analysis or HPLC separation

The goal of this study is to develop Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection methods for flow injection analysis (FIA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nucleic acid bases have been chosen for analysis because of their importance in life processes. The advantages to the use of SERS-based detection include its sensitivity, specificity and versatility. With the development of improved methodology, the detection limits should be comparable to UV spectroscopy. However, the specificity is considerably superior to that obtained with electronic spectroscopy in that the Raman spectrum provides a molecular fingerprint of the individual analytes. Raman spectroscopy is very versatile: aqueous samples, gases and solids can be analyzed with equal facility. The results presented here demonstrate that SERS can be used as a detection method for both FIA and HPLC detection. In the following experiments Ag sols have been used as the active substrate. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, pH, flow rate, and the nature of the interface between the HPLC system and the Raman spectrometer have been examined. One of the most significant findings is that the temperature of the Ag sol/HPLC effluent mixture has a dramatic effect on the SERS intensities. This effect is a result of increased colloid aggregation at higher temperatures. Aggregation is known to produce greater enhancement in SERS and proceeds much more rapidly at elevated temperatures. An increase in the temperature of the Ag sol enables SERS detection under flowing conditions and in real time. This is a substantial improvement over many of the previous attempts to interface SERS detection to FIA or HPLC. In most of the previous studies, it was necessary to stop the flow as the analyte eluted from the chromatogram and measure the SERS spectra under static conditions.
Business as Usual—or Not?

Tapping his own work on sustainable futures and predictions from a range of other researchers and thinkers, Randers sketches the world that he believes we will most likely find ourselves in 40 years on.
Kinetics of the Polymerization of 4-Acetoxybenzoic Acid and 6-Acetoxy-2-naphthoic Acid

Kinetics of the initial stages of the bulk polymerization of 4-acetoxybenzoic acid (ABA) and 6-acetoxy-2-naphthoic acid (ANA) were investigated. A method to analyze the kinetics by measuring the amount of evolved acetic acid trapped in a sodium hydroxide solution by titrimetry was developed. All polymerizations followed second-order reaction kinetics up to 70% conversion. Two kinetic regions were observed in the homopolymerization of ABA and copolymerization of ABA and ANA in the melt, visible by a break in the time−conversion curve. The average degree of polymerization at the change of mechanism point from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous system was 3.5. The time of the change in mechanism and the reaction rate were dependent on the temperature and the initial concentration ratio of ABA and ANA used in the polymerization. The higher the temperature and the concentration of ABA, the earlier the break takes place and the faster the reaction proceeds. The corresponding reaction rate constants and activation...
Metalforming with Pulsed Magnetic Fields

Strong, short-duration magnetic fields may be used for direct forming of metal parts. Since the energy for forming is imparted to the workpiece solely through the magnetic field, many unusual capabilities and applications exist for the process.
Past Success and Creativity over Time: A Study of Inventors in the Hard Disk Drive Industry

We integrate psychological theories of individual creativity with organizational theories of exploration versus exploitation to examine the relationship between past success and creativity over time. A key prediction derived from this theoretical integration is that successful people should be more likely to generate new ideas, but these ideas will tend to be less divergent as they favor the exploitation of familiar knowledge at the expense of the exploration of new domains. This prediction departs from the often-held view that people who generate more ideas will also generate ideas that are more divergent. Analyses of patenting in the hard disk drive industry support our prediction and indicate that collaboration with other inventors and organizational norms for exploration attenuate the tendency for successful individuals to generate increasingly incremental ideas.
Towards an Ethnography of African Great Apes

How can biological and social anthropologists today relate to each other's work? Using my research in biological anthropology as an example, I show that the African great apes sometimes engage in meaning-making as they act together. That is, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos communicate, especially through gesture, in contingent and creative ways, going beyond a mere exchange of signals to achieve co-construction of meaning. I argue that when biological anthropologists join social anthropologists in studying meaning-making, the two disciplines are inherently in relation.
In Vitro Characterization of the Antibacterial Spectrum of Novel Bacterial Type II Topoisomerase Inhibitors of the Aminobenzimidazole Class

Antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are becoming increasingly important in the battle against bacterial resistance to all currently used classes of antibiotics. Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (topoIV) are the familiar targets of fluoroquinolone and coumarin antibiotics. Here we present the characterization of two members of a new class of synthetic bacterial topoII ATPase inhibitors: VRT-125853 and VRT-752586. These aminobenzimidazole compounds were potent inhibitors of both DNA gyrase and topoIV and had excellent antibacterial activities against a wide spectrum of problematic pathogens responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, and mycobacteria. Consistent with the novelty of their structures and mechanisms of action, antibacterial potency was unaffected by commonly encountered resistance phenotypes, including fluoroquinolone resistance. In time-kill assays, VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 were bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, causing 3-log reductions in viable cells within 24 h. Finally, similar to the fluoroquinolones, relatively low frequencies of spontaneous resistance to VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 were found, a property consistent with their in vitro dual-targeting activities.
Dietary Laws among Pythagoreans, Jews, and Christians

Dietary laws, as well as problems in regard to their observance, are prevalent in religious groups even today and were fairly common in antiquity. Outsiders and insiders as well often wondered what the point of the laws was, and in three significant communities—Pythagoreans, Jews, and Christians—the regulations were interpreted, or interpreted away, with the help of philosophical or even historical analysis.
Independence and Cooperativity in Rearrangements of a Potassium Channel Voltage Sensor Revealed by Single Subunit Fluorescence

Voltage-gated potassium channels are composed of four subunits. Voltage-dependent activation of these channels consists of a depolarization-triggered series of charge-carrying steps that occur in each subunit. These major charge-carrying steps are followed by cooperative step(s) that lead to channel opening. Unlike the late cooperative steps, the major charge-carrying steps have been proposed to occur independently in each of the channel subunits. In this paper, we examine this further. We showed earlier that the two major charge-carrying steps are associated with two sequential outward transmembrane movements of the charged S4 segment. We now use voltage clamp fluorometry to monitor these S4 movements in individual subunits of heterotetrameric channels. In this way, we estimate the influence of one subunit's S4 movement on another's when the energetics of their transmembrane movements differ. Our results show that the first S4 movement occurs independently in each subunit, while the second occurs cooperatively. At least part of the cooperativity appears to be intrinsic to the second S4 charge-carrying rearrangement. Such cooperativity in gating of voltage-dependent channels has great physiological relevance since it can affect both action potential threshold and rate of propagation.
GMRF Variance Approximation using Splicedwavelet Bases

We consider the problem of computing variances in large-scale Gauss-Markov random field (GMRF) models. In our prior work we considered the short-range correlation case, and we proposed a simple low-rank method which computes approximate variances with linear complexity in the number of nodes. In addition to its low complexity, the method has good guarantees on the quality of the approximation. In this paper we extend our method and analysis using a wavelet-based multi-scale approach which is applicable to models with much longer correlation lengths.
What Have We Learned from SWAS

The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite ( SWAS ) has recently completed 5.5 years of successful operation. Among the legacies of the mission has been a greater understanding of the abundance and spatial distribution of H 2 O and O 2 within molecular clouds. We summarize SWAS results and discuss how the measured low abundance of water vapor and non-detections of molecular oxygen are suggestive of a general lack of atomic oxygen in the dense centers of molecular clouds. We also present a new more comprehensive model for the oxygen chemistry in the interstellar medium.
Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances: Emerging Insights Into Health Risks

Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.
Will succession planning increase shareholder wealth? evidence from investor reactions to relay CEO successions

Our study examines investor reactions to a specific form of succession planning—relay succession. Theory predicts that both the initiation and the outcome of a relay CEO succession process will influence shareholder wealth. Our results show that investors generally do not react to the initiation of the process as indicated by heir apparent appointment; but react negatively when the process ends in heir apparent exit from the firm and react positively when the process ends in heir apparent promotion to the CEO position. We also found a strong positive investor reaction to outside CEO promotion and a negative investor reaction to nonheir inside CEO promotion. Further, firm performance exerts an important influence on the wealth effect of heir apparent promotion and exit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximate matrix equations for plate finite elements

The approximate solution procedures for plates given in Chapter 7 can be applied to plate finite elements. The procedure is to construct approximate stiffness, flexibility, and mixed matrices for the elements and then assemble the element matrices for the entire structure. This procedure was used in Chapters 3 and 4 of Volume 1 for simple bar and beam structures. This chapter will be concerned with using the matrix forms of the virtual principles given in Chapter 7 to derive the general matrix equations for plate finite elements. Examples for a simple right triangular element with constant stresses will be used to demonstrate the forms of the various matrices. The details for specific types of finite elements will be given in Chapter 9.
How Customer Satisfaction Improvement Works To Fuel Business Recovery at IBM

Back in 1995, IBM was in bad shape, economically and competitively. Its subsequent business turnaround was based on the simple-sounding principle of thoroughly satisfying customers. Avoiding the trap of bureaucracy, it developed a disciplined and direct method of dealing with customers, worldwide, applying its own best practices for measurable behaviors of every customer-touching employee. The strength of the system is the firm foundation set by top management and continually reinforced by other executives—and by a reward structure in which achieving customer satisfaction is a critical factor. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ecological substrate in midwater: Doliolula equus , a new mesopelagic tunicate

In the pelagic habitat, the bodies of resident animals provide much of the ecological substrate available for other organisms to attach, find shelter, and seek food. In Monterey Bay, California, the doliolid Doliolula equus provides substrate for multiple symbionts. These include a mutualist hydroid, commensal ciliates, and a parasitic amphipod. This new doliolid is described based on in situ observations from a remotely operated vehicle, and from the laboratory examinations of 43 colonies comprising hundreds of living, individual blastozooids. Doliolula equus differs from other members of the suborder Doliopsidina in the shape of its body, the length and configuration of its third muscle band, the size of its buccal siphon, and the position of the spiral gland. The new doliolid was found principally at depths between 300 and 400 m. This species is bioluminescent, hermaphroditic, and about one zooid in ten is peppered with orange pigment spots. A variety of other, obviously related, yet undescribed forms has been observed in the eastern Pacific.
Enterobacteriaceae and related organisms isolated from nest run cart shelves in commercial shell egg processing facilities

Abstract Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella, may be recovered from foods and processing facilities. High levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the processing plant environment can be an indication of inadequate sanitation. This experiment was designed to determine if nest run egg carts serve as reservoirs for Enterobacteriaceae. Eggs that are produced by hens not housed in buildings connected to the processing plant are referred to as nest run. Many of these eggs are transported to the plant on carts to be processed. Two plants in the southeastern United States were sampled. On each of 3 visits, 5 shelves on each of 5 carts were sampled (n = 25/visit). A 12 × 12 cm area on each shelf was swabbed with a sterile gauze pad moistened with PBS and transported on ice back to the laboratory. Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated using violet red bile glucose agar incubated at 37°C for 24 h. There was 100% prevalence for Enterobacteriaceae at plant A with an average 3.8 log10 cfu/mL swab diluent. Plant B had 90% prevalence for Enterobacteriaceae with an average 3.2 log10 cfu/mL swab diluent. Two randomly selected isolates from each positive sample were recultured 3 times to increase the likelihood of clonality and were then identified biochemically. Of the 124 isolates analyzed, genera identified were Citrobacter spp., Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Hafnia spp., Kluyvera spp., Leclercia spp., and Salmonella spp. Pseudomonas spp. was the only non-Enterobacteriaceae identified by our methods. This work demonstrates that nest run egg carts serve as reservoirs for Enterobacteriaceae in the shell egg processing environment.
Biofuel production improvement with genome‐scale models: The role of cell composition

Genome-scale models have developed into a vital tool for rational metabolic engineering. These models balance cofactors and energetic requirements and determine biosynthetic precursor availability in response to environmental and genetic perturbations. In particular, allocation of additional reducing power is an important strategy for engineering potential biofuel production from microbes. Many potential biofuel solvents induce biomolecular changes on the host organism that are not yet captured by genome-scale models. Here, methods of construction for several biomass constituting equations are reviewed along with potential changes to cellular composition with potential biofuels exposure. The biomass constituting equations of potential host organisms with existing genome-scale models are compared side-by-side to explore their evolution over the years and to explore differences that arise when these equations are compiled by different research groups. Genome-scale model simulation results attempt to address and provide guidance for further research into: (i) whether inconsistencies in the biomass constituting equations are relevant to predictions of solvent production, (ii) what level of detail is necessary to accurately describe cellular composition, and (iii) future developments that may enable more accurate characterizations of biomolecular composition.
Content and service replication strategies in multi-hop wireless mesh networks

Emerging multi-hop wireless mesh networks have much different characteristics than the Internet. They have low dimensionality and large diameters. Content and service replication can greatly improve their scalability. However, replication strategies in such networks have not been well studied. This paper studies the optimality of replication strategies and explores it in multi-hop wireless mesh networks for the first time. We start with the problem of determining the optimal numbers of replicas for a set of objects which have distinct probabilities of being requested in large 2-D mesh networks. We reveal the structure of the optimal replication strategy to minimize object access cost. To minimize average cost to access an object in 2-D mesh networks, the optimal strategy replicates an object such that the number of its replicas is proportional to p0.667, where p is the access probability of the object. This result indicates the inefficiency of demand-driven content and service replication in 2-D mesh networks, where an object is replicated such that the number of its replicas is proportional to p. We further study practical, online algorithms to approximate the optimal strategy. Interestingly, the optimal replication can be approximated well by a localized replacement algorithm. The algorithm utilizes only handy information and incurs no communication overhead. The paper demonstrates a significant performance gain by the optimal strategy, and the effectiveness of the online replacement algorithm.
Prospective evaluation of p53 as a prognostic marker in T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

There have been several published reports that p53 is a useful prognostic marker for progression and survival in bladder cancer. Authors from the USA used p53 tissue typing by immunohistochemistry in a prospective cohort of patients with T1 bladder cancer, and did not find it to be a clinically useful prognostic marker. In a study from the same institution, investigators found that the concept that a minimal surgical margin in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumours should not be allowed in patients with a high malignant potential. OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate p53 overexpression as a predictor of survival in patients with a first diagnosis of T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, as several reports implicate p53 as an important prognostic marker for progression and survival, but all previous studies were retrospective, giving conflicting and irreproducible results, rendering inappropriate any attempt at integrating p53 into clinical decision-making. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with a first diagnosis of T1 TCC of the bladder were enrolled; p53 overexpression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using both monoclonal antibody 1801 and DO7. The pathological stage and IHC score were assigned by one pathologist, and the markers were scored categorically. RESULTS Of the 89 patients who were evaluable, 53 had p53-positive tumours. The median follow-up for the survivors was 52 months. Eighty-two patients had high-grade tumours, using the World Health Organisation/International Society of Urological Pathology 1998 grading system. Fifty-eight patients had unifocal tumours and 34 had associated carcinoma in situ. During the follow-up, 34 additional patients had a radical cystectomy and nine died from bladder cancer. The association of p53 overexpression with progression or survival was not significant. CONCLUSIONS p53 tissue typing by IHC in a prospective cohort of patients with T1 bladder cancer was not clinically useful as a prognostic marker in a contemporary series of T1 tumours.
Enchancement of Strength in Composites Reinforced with Previously Stressed Fibers

Failure of a fiber in an aligned composite causes a stress wave to propagate outwards placing a dynamic overstress on the neighboring fibers. This is generally greater than the static stress concentration factor which prevails after the system has settled, and increases the probability that adjacent fibers also fail, weakening the composite. This analysis shows how weak fibers may be pre-fractured to eliminate the dynamic overstress, thereby increasing the strength of the composite. This strength enhancement is discussed with reference to the level of pre-stress, fiber variability, stress concentration factors, and size of the composite.
THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF USER-DEFINED MODIFIERS IN TRANSPORTABLE NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSOR

The Layered Domain Class system (LDC) is an experimental natural language processor being developed at Duke University which reached the prototype stage in May of 1983. Its primary goals are (1) to provide English-language retrieval capabilities for structured but unnormalized data files created by the user; (2) to allow very complex semantics, in terms of the information directly available from the physical data file; and (3) to enable users to customize the system to operate with new types of data. In this paper we shall discuss (a) the types of modifiers LDC provides for; (b) how information about the syntax and semantics of modifiers is obtained from users; and (c) how this information is used to process English inputs.
Distributed architecture for real-time coordination of bus holding in transit networks

A distributed control approach based on multiagent negotiation is presented, wherein stops and buses act as agents that communicate in real-time to achieve dynamic coordination of bus dispatching at various stops. The negotiation between a Bus Agent and a Stop Agent is conducted based on marginal cost calculations. We present optimality conditions for the formulated problem, using a negotiation algorithm, which we derive, to coordinate bus holding at various stops. A comparison between the negotiation algorithm and other simple bus control strategies such as on-schedule and even-headway strategies made through simulations verifies the robustness and efficiency of our negotiation strategy to different transit environments, involving both stationary passenger arrivals as well as a variety of nonstationary passenger arrivals.
Test Sequence Generation For Integration Testing Of Component Software1

Ensuring high object interoperability is a goal of integration testing for object-oriented (OO) software. When messages are sent, objects that receive them should respond as intended. Ensuring this is especially difficult when software uses components that are developed by different vendors, in different languages, and the implementation sources are not all available. A finite state machines model of inter-operating OO classes was presented in a previous paper. The previous paper presented details of the method and empirical results from an automatic tool. This paper presents additional details about the tool itself, including how test sequences are generated, how several difficult problems were solved and the introduction of new capabilities to help automate the transformation of test specifications into executable test cases. Although the test method is not 100% automated, it represents a fresh approach to automated testing. It follows accepted theoretical procedures while operating directly on OO software specifications. This yields a data flow graph and executable test cases that adequately cover the graph according to classical graph coverage criteria. The tool supports specification-based testing and helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Top-down control in pelagic systems: a role for invertebrate predation

Limnologists have long recognized the importance of predation in freshwater communities. The majority of study of predator effects has involved vertebrate predators, with emphasis on planktivorous fish. Documented effects of planktivorous fish have been so dramatic that manipulations of their populations are seen by many as potential tools in lake management. However, the success of such manipulations is often less than desired due to the ubiquitous complexity of food webs and the pervasiveness of compensatory responses to food web manipulation. Recently, enormous effort has been applied to the Lake Kinneret pelagic food web in effort to reduced the abundance of the planktivorous Kinneret bleak Acanthobrama terraesanctae and thereby increase the biomass of herbivorous zooplankton in the hopes of increasing water clarity. We compared potential predation pressure on Lake Kinneret herbivorous zooplankton by bleak and the other major zooplankton predators in the lake, the cyclopoid copepods Mesocyclops ogunnus and Thermocyclops dybowskii. We found that, despite having much lower biomass, cyclopoid copepods accounted for a greater portion of the predation mortality on herbivorous zooplankton than bleak. Our results suggest that reductions in predation pressure by bleak will not yield subsequent increases in herbivorous zooplankton biomass. Rather, reductions in bleak predation pressure may allow for increases in cyclopoid copepod abundance and thereby a net increase in predation pressure on herbivorous zooplankton.
Social Media Use and the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) While Studying Abroad

AbstractFear of Missing Out (FoMO) is a social construct that examines whether students are concerned that they are missing out on experiences that others are having, and we examined this relation to their concerns over missing activities in their home culture. This mixed-methods pilot study sought to determine how social media affects the study abroad experience, and in particular, whether students studying abroad experience FoMO. Based on survey results and focus-group data collected from study abroad students, participants used social media primarily for purposeful communication among themselves, in addition to connecting back home. Although the construct of FoMO was present in the study, it took on a different role where participants tried to create FoMO in others as opposed to experiencing it themselves. This study provides valuable information for faculty and staff members interested in harnessing social media to enhance and expand study abroad programs, as well as adding value to the current resear...
Examining Less Lethal Force Policy and the Force Continuum: Results From a National Use-of-Force Study

The less lethal coercive power granted to police officers is not without its restrictions. Such limitations are delineated per the United States Supreme Court, via Graham v. Connor, applying the broad standard of objective reasonableness. A far more salient operational guide to assessing what is objectively reasonable rests within departmental use-of-force policy, which like other police policies can vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. To date, comprehensive empirical inquiries regarding this jurisdictional variation is unknown. At best, extant research has noted that many agencies tend to instruct officers via a force continuum, although the nature (i.e., various designs, levels, and ordering of force tactics, and appropriate force relative to citizen resistance) of such policies are relatively unknown. Based on a multiwave national survey of policing agencies, the following study examines not only the extent to which departments utilize a use-of-force continuum within their less lethal force ...
Nodular goiter and malignant lesions of the thyroid gland.

THE lack of agreement in recent reports concerning the incidence of carcinoma in cases of nodular goiter and the current tendency to minimize the incidence of malignant change in multiple nodular goiter led us to review the association of cancer and nodular goiter in cases observed at the Mayo Clinic. All cases of malignant lesions of the thyroid gland seen at the clinic from 1907 to 1937, inclusive, have been reviewed previously and reported by one of us (Pemberton (1)). The present study, consequently, was limited to cases of malignant lesions of the thyroid gland seen during the decade from 1938 to 1947, inclusive. The findings, in general, with the exception of an unexplained change in the incidence of the different types of carcinoma, were in keeping with those in the earlier series. The findings also supported the belief long held by us and by others, that clinically unrecognizable carcinoma occurs sufficiently often in nodular goiter to warrant thyroidectomy in the great majority of such cases.
Strengthening Connections Between University Classrooms and Clinical Settings

Abstract The continued evolution of evidence-based practice in dysphagia is enhanced when connections between university classrooms and clinical settings are strengthened. Suggestions for facilitat...
Novel method for stride length estimation with body area network accelerometers

Gait analysis using wireless accelerometers deployed as body area networks can provide valuable information for multiple health-related applications. Within this field, stride length estimation represents a difficult task. In this paper we present a novel method to estimate stride length through the application of the wavelet transform to the signal obtained from a wireless accelerometer on the waist. We also introduce a novel metric to determine the level of the wavelet transform detail coefficients from which the step frequency can be directly extracted. Additionally, we show the correlation between the energy of the wavelet transform approximation coefficients and the speed of the gait.
Diakoptic theory and the moment method

The modified diakoptic theory is described, and its relationship to the method of moments is explained. Utilization of the theory is illustrated by an example application of the simple curved-wire antenna. A numerically efficient iteration method for computing open-port currents on a structure is outlined, as is the use of these currents to obtain open-port impedance elements characteristic of the diakopted structure. It is pointed out that the rank of the diakoptic matrix is far smaller than that of the moment-method matrix. For those antennas and circuits to which the modified diakoptic theory is applicable, the lower rank of the matrix admits greater numerical efficiency in complex and/or large structures. >
Preparing Future Faculty For Graduate Students

One political science faculty member from each college or university serves on the cluster steering committee along with the UIC PFF director, the UIC director of graduate studies, and one UIC graduate student. Faculty from each of our partner schools have played a crucial role in the success of our PFF program. In addition to serving on the steering committee and attending regular meetings, most of our partner faculty have been actively engaged in the direct training of our graduate students. For example, Professor Sharon Alter from Harper College regularly gives presentations to the students enrolled in the teaching course and Dr. James McHugh from Roosevelt University hosts site visits at his university for PFF students. While doctoral students are typically supervised and mentored through coursework and dissertation, the focus is usually on research. Few doctoral students receive similar support and preparation for the other responsibilities they will undertake as new faculty members. Partner faculty within the UIC program help to fill this gap by providing expertise related to their
The Role of the Inner Product in Stopping Criteria for Conjugate Gradient Iterations

Two natural and efficient stopping criteria are derived for conjugate gradient (CG) methods, based on iteration parameters. The derivation makes use of the inner product matrix B-defining the CG method. In particular, the relationship between the eigenvalues and B-norm of a matrix is investigated, and it is shown that the ratio of largest to smallest eigenvalues defines the B-condition number of the matrix. Upper and lower bounds on various measures of the error are also given. The compound stopping criterion presented here is an obvious “default” in software packages because it does not require any additional norm computations.
Diet and Nutrition

The incidence of breast cancer varies dramatically across different populations (Parkin et al. 1999), and migrants from low-incidence geographic areas take on the incidence rates of the new area to which they migrate (Ziegler et al. 1993). Lifestyle appears to be a strong determinant of breast cancer risk and diet composition and nutritional status are important candidates. Understanding the role of diet in breast cancer is important because dietary factors are potentially modifiable risk factors on which preventive efforts may focus. New insights Into breast cancer etiology have revealed additional complexities of the potential relevance of diet.
High-Pressure Transvenous Perfusion of the Upper Extremity in Human Muscular Dystrophy: A Safety Study with 0.9% Saline.

We evaluated safety and feasibility of high-pressure transvenous limb perfusion in an upper extremity of adult patients with muscular dystrophy, after completing a similar study in a lower extremity. A dose escalation study of single-limb perfusion with 0.9% saline was carried out in nine adults with muscular dystrophies under intravenous analgesia. Our study demonstrates that it is feasible and definitely safe to perform high-pressure transvenous perfusion with 0.9% saline up to 35% of limb volume in the upper extremities of young adults with muscular dystrophy. Perfusion at 40% limb volume is associated with short-lived physiological changes in peripheral nerves without clinical correlates in one subject. This study provides the basis for a phase 1/2 clinical trial using pressurized transvenous delivery into upper limbs of nonambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, our results are applicable to other conditions such as limb girdle muscular dystrophy as a method for delivering ...
MONITORING THE SUCCESS OF METROPOLITAN WETLAND RESTORATIONS: CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION

In an interdisciplinary project to develop protocols for long-term cultural and ecological moni- toring of wetland restorations in Minnesota, we compared restored and reference wetlands on several eco- logical and cultural measures including land-use context, cultural perceptions, and management practices. Cultural measures were drawn from our surveys of visitors, neighbors, planners, and managers of the wet- lands. This paper discusses their perceptions of six metropolitan wetlands (four recent restorations and two reference sites), how cultural measures of their perceptions compared with selected site characteristics and biodiversity measures, and what results suggest for wetland design and management. Overall, sites that were perceived as more well-cared-for and as a good place to enjoy nature were perceived as more attractive. In addition, objective site characteristics, like cultural cues and natural landscape context, were related to perceived attractiveness. While plant species richness was not significantly related to perceived wetland attractiveness for our sites, bird species richness was related to attractiveness.
A Contextual Look at Safe Routes to School Implementation in Texas

In an effort to understand factors influencing the implementation and outcomes of the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program in Texas, interviews were conducted in 2014 with 34 community- and state-l...