cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHICK CEPHALOGENESIS. THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEPHALIC REGION OF STAGES 3 THROUGH 11 CHICK EMBRYOS.

The cephalogenesis of chick embryos was studied at stages 3 through 11 inclusive. Ten embryos were examined at each stage. Particular attention was paid to the time of appearance of the prechordal plate mesoderm and cephalic notochord. It was found that the presumptive neural ectoderm begins to differentiate to form medullary plate as soon as it becomes associated with the chordamesoderm. Histological studies revealed the similarity of the notochord underlying the presumptive forebrain and midbrain regions, and the differences between this notochord and that associated with the hindbrain. These differences included the notochord histology and time of separation of the notochord from entoderm and neural ectoderm.
Developer selection for T-shaped gate FET's using PMMA/P(MMA-co-MAA)/PMMA

A T-shaped gate fabrication process has been developed based on a triple-layer resist system with gate cross section control by resist developer formulation. The new procedure allows a conventional e-beam exposure and single develop step to accomplish what requires position dependent e-beam doses or multiple exposures and multiple develop steps in other processes. General considerations in developer selection are discussed. For the process conditions used in this study, gate lengths from 80 to 280 nm were obtained from doses from 250 to 350 mu C/cm/sup 2/ with 20-keV electrons. Initial results on RF performance for a 1.2-mm periphery power FET are given. >
Temperature and stress induced changes of the vibrational response of cubic and rhombohedral 10 mol%Sc2O3–1 mol%CeO2–ZrO2 ceramics

Abstract The vibration response of cubic and rhombohedral (β) 10 mol%Sc 2 O 3 –1 mol%CeO 2 –ZrO 2 (Sc 0.1 Ce 0.01 ZrO 2 ) both at room and high-temperatures is reported. The in situ heating experiments and ex situ indentation experiments were performed to characterize the vibrational behavior of these important materials. A temperature and stress-assisted phase transition from cubic to rhombohedral phase was detected during in situ Raman spectroscopy experiments. While heating and indentation experiments performed separately did not cause the transition of the cubic phase into the rhombohedral structure under the performed experimental conditions and only broadened or strained peaks of the cubic phase could be detected, the heating of the indented (strained) surface leaded to the formation of the rhombohedral Sc 0.1 Ce 0.01 ZrO 2 . Both temperature range and strained zone were estimated by in situ heating and 2D mapping, where a formation of rhombohedral or retention of cubic phase has been promoted.
The spatial receptive field of thalamic inputs to single cortical simple cells revealed by the interaction of visual and electrical stimulation

Electrical stimulation of the thalamus has been widely used to test for the existence of monosynaptic input to cortical neurons, typically with stimulation currents that evoke cortical spikes with high probability. We stimulated the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus and recorded monosynaptically evoked spikes from layer 4 neurons in visual cortex. We found that with moderate currents, cortical spikes were evoked with low to moderate probability and their occurrence was modulated by ongoing sensory (visual) input. Furthermore, when repeated at 8–12 Hz, electrical stimulation of the thalamic afferents caused such profound inhibition that cortical spiking activity was suppressed, aside from electrically evoked monosynaptic spikes. Visual input to layer 4 cortical cells between electrical stimuli must therefore have derived exclusively from LGN afferents. We used white-noise visual stimuli to make a 2D map of the receptive field of each cortical simple cell during repetitive electrical stimulation in the LGN. The receptive field of electrically evoked monosynaptic spikes (and thus of the thalamic input alone) was significantly elongated. Its primary subfield was comparable to that of the control receptive field, but secondary (flanking) subfields were weaker. These findings extend previous results from intracellular recordings, but also demonstrate the effectiveness of an extracellular method of measuring subthreshold afferent input to cortex.
Invertebrate predation on the water lily beetle, Galerucella nymphaeae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and its implications for potential biological control of water chestnut, Trapa natans

Abstract Classical biological weed control attempts to reduce abundance of invasive plants through introduction of specialized herbivores. Biocontrol programs emphasize introduction of organisms free of parasitoids and diseases from their native range. Unfortunately, a significant number of programs fail due to interference by resident natural enemies. Ecologically similar native herbivores in release areas offer an opportunity to assess presence and magnitude of biotic interference. We evaluated whether water strider Gerris insperatus , ladybird beetle Coleomegilla maculata , and backswimmer Notonecta spp., are important predators of a native leaf beetle, Galerucella nymphaeae which feeds on both the native water lily Nuphar lutea and introduced water chestnut, Trapa natans . Galerucella numphaeae is morphologically and ecologically similar to Galerucella birmanica , an Asian leaf beetle being investigated as potential biocontrol agent of T. natans . Notonecta always rejected G. nymphaeae larvae while G. insperatus and C. maculata predation significantly reduced larval and pupal survival. Identity of G. nymphaeae larval host plant ( T. natans or native N. lutea ) did not affect experimental outcomes, demonstrating that predation by G. insperatus and C. maculata could interfere with establishment and population build-up of G. birmanica . Various release methods, including cages, mass releases, habitat variables, timing of releases, and releases of different developmental stages should be evaluated for their ability to overcome potential biotic resistance from resident predators. Monitoring of associated plant, herbivore, and predator populations, including the development of food web models using stable isotopes may represent useful approaches to assess the overall ecological impact (including potential non-target effects) of a potential biocontrol agent release targeting T. natans .
Pokot Intersexuality: An East African Example of the Resolution of Sexual Incongruity1

ASPECTS of culture vary in the extent to which they are assumed to be "natural" and "invariant" properties of reality. Thus, members of any society will regard some of their own rules, practices, or customs as more or less arbitrary than others. Some will be seen as alternative, variable, or optional; others will be the "only," the "natural," and the "imperative" ways in which the world is constituted. This "taken-for-granted," "couldn't-be-otherwise" quality of some aspects of culture is reflected in the level of awareness people have of them. That people everywhere maintain relatively unconscious assumptions regarding time and space, customs, attitudes and values, meanings of all kinds, and language itself, is common anthropological knowledge.2 One such assumption, which is probably universal, is that the world consists of two biological sexes-men and women. That the world should be so constituted is taken for granted as the natural, normal and necessary way of things. Of course, it is commonly recognized that biological men and biological women may fail to behave in ways appropriate to their sex-may be too masculine, too feminine or even become transvestites-but such persons are nevertheless always known to be biological men or women, even though they may have "gone wrong." It is always understood that a person is born with a male or a female body, and despite a lifetime of acts that compromise or even reverse normal sex role expectations, this person will continue to live in the body of a
Radiation from aperture antennas with a coplanar waveguide feed

A more rigorous and generalized method for characterizing aperture antennas with a coplanar waveguide feed is developed. Two types of aperture antennas, the slot and loop, are investigated parametrically to illustrate this technique. The magnitude of S/sub 11/ parameters of these two types of antennas is shown. It is seen that the bandwidth of the loop antenna for a SWR (standing wave ratio) of >
Ca2+ Sparks Triggered by Patch Depolarization in Rat Heart Cells

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels and local [Ca2+]i transients (Ca2+ sparks) in single rat cardiac ventricular cells. L-type Ca2+ channels were activated by depolarization of cell-attached membrane patches, and [Ca2+]i was measured simultaneously as fluo 3 fluorescence using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Patch depolarization with Ca2+ as the charge carrier (10 or 110 mmol.L(-1)) significantly increased the probability of the occurrence of Ca2+ sparks (Ca2+ spark rate) only in the volume of cytoplasm located immediately beneath the membrane patch (basal Ca2+ spark rate, 119 Ca2+ sparks.cell(-1).s(-1); patch depolarization Ca2+ spark rate, 610 Ca2+ sparks.cell(-1).s(-1); P<.005). With Ba2+ in the pipette solution (10 mmol.L(-1)), patch depolarization was not associated with an increased Ca2+ spark rate at the position of the pipette or at any other sites distant from the pipette. Therefore, Ca2+ entry and not voltage per se was a necessary event for the occurrence of Ca2+ sparks. Under identical experimental conditions, patch depolarization experiments opened single L-type Ca2+ channels with a single-channel conductance of 19 pS with Ba2+ as the charge carrier. Although single-channel openings could not be resolved when Ca2+ was the charge carrier, ensemble averages yielded an inward current of up to 0.75 pA. The results suggest that voltage-activated Ca2+ entry through one or a small number of L type Ca2+ channels triggers the release of Ca2+ only from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in direct proximity to those L-type Ca2+ channels. The relatively low probability of triggering Ca2+ sparks may have resulted from some alteration of excitation-contraction coupling associated with the technique of the cell-attached patch clamp.
Selective Habitation of Bacteria on "Intermediate Soft" Keratin Surfaces of the Rat Tongue:

Scanning and light microscopy reveals a selective and restrictive pattern of indigenous bacterial colonization on the tongue of rats which is accounted for by the preferred attachment of bacteria to an "intermediate soft" keratin substrate. Total intravenous feeding of rats for 10 days did not alter this colonization pattern indicating that oral intake of food is not responsible for maintenance of this pattern.
Testing the Veracity of Self-Reported Religious Practice in the Muslim World

Survey findings suggest that predominantly Muslim countries are among the most religious in the world and validate commonly held, but overly simplistic, perceptions of Muslims as extremely and uniformly religious. Existing research has demonstrated that survey estimates can give a distorted view of the reality of levels of religious practice; however, it has thus far focused exclusively on traditionally Christian, advanced Western democracies. To address this oversight, the veracity of self-reported religious practice in the Muslim world is tested using Pakistan, the Palestinian territories, and Turkey as cases for study. Comparing estimates of prayer from conventional surveys with those from time diaries, marginal rates of overreporting are estimated for each country by sex. The time-use measure of prayer is then imputed for the conventional survey data set to estimate overreporting at the respondent level and to predict overreporting using a measure of religious identity importance. Findings suggest that overreporting of prayer occurs in each country considered, although more consistently for women than for men. Moreover, religious identity importance is strongly correlated with overreporting of prayer, suggesting that a similar mechanism may promote the measurement error for overreported prayer in the Muslim world and overreported church attendance in the West.
Efficient point location in a convex spatial cell-complex

In this paper we propose a new approach to point location in a three-dimensional cell complex {\em P}, which may be viewed as a nontrivial generalization of a corresponding two-dimensional technique due to Sarnak and Tarjan. Specifically, in a space-sweep of {\em P}, the intersections of the sweep-plane with {\em P} occurring in a slab, i.e., between two consecutive vertices, are topologically conformal planar subdivisions. If we view the sweep direction as time, the descriptions of the various slabs are distinct ``versions'''' of a two-dimensional point location data structure, dynamically updated each time we sweep a vertex. Combining the persistence-addition techniques of Driscoll {\em et al.}. with our recently discovered dynamic structure for planar point location in monotone subdivisions, we obtain a method with query time $O( \log ^ 2 N)$ and space $O( N \log ^2 N)$ for point location in a convex cell complex with {\em N} facets.
Representing arbitrarily-shaped regions: a case study of overcomplete representations

Efficiently representing the interior of an arbitrarily-shaped region is an important problem in many applications, including object- or region-based image/video compression. This paper focuses on representing the interior as a linear combination of vectors defined on a superset basis. Two seemingly different, though highly related, problem formulations are given and a number of approaches that result are discussed and analyzed. A geometric interpretation of the problem is given to provide insight into the approaches and examine their properties. The incorporation of quantization is also briefly discussed. In addition, the chosen set of vectors corresponds to a special/structured class of overcomplete representations with O(N log/sub 2/ N)-type processing, low memory requirements, and other important properties.
Decadal Climate Variability, Atlantic Hurricanes, and Societal Impacts: An Overview

The level of societal risk to hurricane impact is a function of the frequency, strength, and duration of landfalling hurricanes, and of the degree of preparedness and types of mitigation strategies available to and employed by different segments of society. The goals of this book are twofold. First, we hope to bring together into one volume the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding hurricane variability on different time scales (from seasonal to decadal), the status of the current hurricane prediction capability (principally in the United States and Europe), and to consider some of the science-based implications of future climatic variability as it might influence the frequency and intensity of these great storms. A second objective is to explore a wide range of socioeconomic issues related to historical and recent impacts of hurricane activity in the Atlantic, to assess how these vulnerabilities may arise in different parts of the affected region (the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and U.S. East Coast), and to highlight the possible role of insurance in mitigation strategies. It is possible to increase societal vulnerability to a given event with and without changes in hurricane frequency. We hope to raise awareness of the potential impacts that global climate change may have on the climatology of tropical storm systems and to identify what those changes may mean in the context of socioeconomic trends and planning in the region.
Web-Based Assessment of Children's Social-Emotional Comprehension.

This article presents results from two studies that included ethnically and socioeconomically diverse samples totaling 4,462 children in kindergarten through third grade. Each study examined the psychometric properties of a web-based, self-administered battery of assessments of social-emotional comprehension called “SELweb.” Assessment modules measured children’s ability to read facial expressions, infer others’ perspectives, solve social problems, delay gratification, and tolerate frustration. Both studies provided evidence that (a) individual assessment modules exhibited moderate to high internal consistency and low to moderate test–retest reliability; (b) composite assessment scores exhibited high reliability; (c) together, assessment modules demonstrated a theoretically coherent factor structure; (d) factor scores demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity; and (e) controlling for IQ and demographic characteristics, performance on the assessment modules was positively related to peer acceptance...
Results of Open Surgical Repair in Patients With Marfan Syndrome and Distal Aortic Dissection

Background In patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS), distal aortic dissection can necessitate thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair in survivors of acute DeBakey type I dissection and those with DeBakey type III dissection. We examined outcomes of surgical repair of TAAA in patients with MFS with distal aortic dissection. Methods Data were analyzed for 127 consecutive TAAA repairs performed between January 2004 and June 2014 in patients with MFS and distal aortic dissection—DeBakey types I (n = 73) and III (n = 54). The median time from dissection onset to TAAA repair was 5.2 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.1 to 9.8 years) for the overall group and was longer in patients with DeBakey I (6.5 years, IQR: 3.5 to 13.9 years) than patients with DeBakey III (2.9 years, IQR: 0.6 to 6.0 years, p Results Eight patients had adverse events (6%), including 5 operative deaths (4%). There was no permanent stroke and 1 case each of permanent paraplegia and paraparesis. At discharge, 2 early survivors (2%) had renal failure. Extent II repairs did not have substantially different outcomes from other repairs. Conclusions In these patients with MFS with aortic dissection, open TAAA repair incurred reasonable operative risk, but improvements are needed to reduce rates of renal failure. Extent II TAAA repair does not appear to increase operative risk in patients with MFS.
Photoexcited quantum dots for killing multidrug-resistant bacteria

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are an ever-growing threat because of the shrinking arsenal of efficacious antibiotics. Metal nanoparticles can induce cell death, yet the toxicity effect is typically nonspecific. Here, we show that photoexcited quantum dots (QDs) can kill a wide range of multidrug-resistant bacterial clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium. The killing effect is independent of material and controlled by the redox potentials of the photogenerated charge carriers, which selectively alter the cellular redox state. We also show that the QDs can be tailored to kill 92% of bacterial cells in a monoculture, and in a co-culture of E. coli and HEK 293T cells, while leaving the mammalian cells intact, or to increase bacterial proliferation. Photoexcited QDs could be used in the study of the effect of redox states on living systems, and lead to clinical phototherapy for the treatment of infections.
Existence of periodic traveling wave solutions for a class of generalized BBM equation

In this paper, a new kind of generalized BBM equation is introduced and discussed. Some existence theorems of periodic traveling wave solutions for this kind generalized BBM equation are given.
Shorebird Community Patterns in a Seasonally Dynamic Estuary

I examined the influence of environmental factors (exposed intertidal habitat, river volume and invertebrate abundance) on nonbreeding shorebird communities in the Mad River, California, an estuary in which intertidal habitats are affected by seasonal variation in river discharge. The shorebird community exhibited the following temporal (July-April) variation: (1) species composition exhibited a 50% turnover between October and November; (2) species richness peaked in summer, declined in winter and increased in spring; (3) shorebird abundance peaked in summer, when most birds foraged in cobble habitats; and (4) during winter a large percentage of birds roosted, and a small proportion fed in low numbers in aquatic habitats. Exposed intertidal habitat explained significant variation in both community patterns and the abundance of five species; these species were characterized by use of exposed intertidal habitats. Compared with other studies, the relatively weak associations between environmental variables and variation in the shorebird assemblage suggests that shorebirds occupying seasonally dynamic estuaries may exhibit space use and activity patterns different from those reported for birds occupying coastal estuaries where habitat availability and food resources are more predictable.
Mixed intermetallic potentials for Fe-Cu compounds

Metastable Fe-Cu alloys are of considerable scientific interest, and an efficient interatomic potential is crucial for reliable atomistic simulations. Interatomic potentials developed for pure Fe and pure Cu are difficult to mix for the Fe-Cu alloys since the analytic function form of pure Fe is not of the same type of pure Cu potential. Additionally, elemental potentials taken from alloy descriptions may not work well for the pure species. This is particularly true if the elements were fit for compounds instead of being optimised separately. In this article, we present compatible analytic function forms that work for pure species and are easily mixed with two adjustable parameters for their alloys. We tested the proposed potentials to make sure that the performance is adequate for pure species as well as their alloys. The predicted values were in good agreement with experimental results.
Control of Membrane Sealing in Injured Mammalian Spinal Cord Axons

The process of sealing of damaged axons was examined in isolated strips of white matter from guinea pig spinal cord by recording the “compound membrane potential,” using a sucrose-gap technique, an...
Studies on the chemistry of hemoglobin. 3. The interactions of the alpha-beta subunits of hemoglobin.

This paper presents the results of measurements of the osmotic pressure of solutions of mixed hemoglobins in solvents that promote a significant degree of dissociation of the α2β2 tetramers into αβ dimers. The observed number average molecular weights of these solutions are greater than those calculated for the sum of the separate components with the assumption that there is no interaction among the different hemoglobins. This result indicates that interactions among the different hemoglobin species in solution do, in fact, occur. The observed interactions are shown to result from the formation of hybrid molecules of the type, (αβ)j(αβ)k, in solutions of mixtures of the parent hemoglobins, (α2β2)j and (α2β2)k. Furthermore, this type of interaction (the formation of hybrid molecules) is stated in quantitative terms, which allow for the calculation of the constants for the dissociation of such hybrid molecules into dimers, provided that the number of pure species is not greater than 2. Values of the dissociation constants, calculated from the experimental data for mixtures of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin and for mixtures of cyanmethemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, are found to be intermediate between the values for deoxyhemoglobin and those for the liganded hemoglobins. The existence of hybrid molecules of the type (αβ)j(αβ)k is discussed with regard to recent proposals for the mechanism of reaction of hemoglobin with ligands and to the mechanism of the tetramer to dimer dissociation reaction.
The physiological basis and measurement of heart rate variability in humans

Cardiovascular variabilities were recognized over 250 years ago, but only in the past 20 years has their apparent utility come to be appreciated. Technological advancement has allowed precise measurement and quantification of short-term cardiovascular fluctuations; however, our understanding of the integrated mechanisms which underlie these oscillations is inadequate for their widespread application. Both autonomic branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, are key determinants of the magnitude of these spontaneous cardiovascular fluctuations. Heart rate variability can be an indicator of an individual cardiovascular condition. In this review, we will discuss the two primary rhythmic oscillations that underlie the complexity of the heart rate waveform. The first oscillation occurs over several cardiac cycles, is respiratory related, and termed respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The second oscillation occurs at an approximate 10 s cycle. Due to the closed-loop nature of the control system of cardiovascular oscillations, it is difficult to define specific relations among cardiovascular variables. In this review, we will present the feedforward and feedback mechanism that underlie both oscillations and their implication as quantitative measures of autonomic circulatory control. We will also review the various methodologies to assess them.
System and site noise in the Regional Seismic Test Network from 0.1 to 20 Hz

The Regional Seismic Test Network (RSTN) consists of five broadband, three-component, telemetered seismic stations sited in North America in 100 m boreholes. Examination of both the system noise and the seismic site noise at these stations leads to the following conclusions 1. 1. The vertical short-period band data are not degraded by quantizing noise, even at very low levels (<0.1 nm2/Hz, @1 Hz). This is also the case for midperiod band signals. 2. 2. Aliasing in the short-period band causes significant distortion above 16 Hz. 3. 3. For five noise samples, the vertical earth noise at 1 Hz at the RSTN stations range from 0.07 nm2/Hz (RSNT) to 1.8 nm2/Hz (RSNY), and the average displacement roll-off is − 2 nm / Hz / Hz (proportional to f −2). Above 1 Hz RSCP is the noisiest and RSNT the quietest station. 4. 4. At RSNT during quiet times, some of the observed noise may be due to the vertical component S-750 seismometer. It is our conclusion that there is no significant system contamination of regional seismic data recorded by the RSTN and that it records these data with good fidelity.
BIOLOGIC REINFORCEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ROTATOR CUFF TEARS: CALVARY'S COMIN'

Rotator cuff tendon healing has proven to be a substantial clinical challenge. There is significant interest in finding biologic augmentation methods to improve this healing process. Two currently available products include platelet rich plasma/platelet rich fibrin matrix and several commercially available extra cellular matrix (ECM) patches. Platelet rich plasma is a sample of an autologous blood which has been centrifuged to a concentration of platelets three to four times that of normal. Platelets contain multiple growth factors, many of which have been shown to be involved in all phases in tendon healing. An alternative is platelet rich fibrin matrix. This forms a fibrin matrix with the platelets embedded within. Growth factors are subsequently released as the fibrin is reabsorbed. There are only a few studies which look at the effectiveness of platelet rich plasma and fibrin matrix. Overall, there is no strong evidence to support its routine use in the setting of rotator cuff repair. Extra cellular matrix patches are used to reinforce the strength of the repair and offload the tendon. They also provide the potential to form a scaffold for new growth and differentiation and may at some point be a delivery vehicle for cells and growth factors. There are currently two prospective randomised studies evaluating ECM patches – one showed that the patch studied was actually harmful to repair and the second suggested there was some benefit in larger tears. While there is not a lot of strong evidence to support routine use, further research and development is necessary to maximise this strategy.
Improving Proteome Coverage and Sample Recovery with Enhanced FASP (eFASP) for Quantitative Proteomic Experiments

Enhanced Filter Aided Sample Preparation (eFASP) incorporates plastics passivation and digestion-enhancing surfactants into the traditional FASP workflow to reduce sample loss and increase hydrophobic protein representation in qualitative and quantitative proteomics experiments. Resulting protein digests are free of contaminants and can be analyzed directly by LC-MS.
Association of sleep disturbance and sexual function in postmenopausal women.

AbstractObjective:Sleep disturbance and sexual dysfunction are common in menopause; however, the nature of their association is unclear. The present study aimed to determine whether sleep characteristics were associated with sexual activity and sexual satisfaction.Methods:Sexual function in the last
Current Perspectives on Interventions for Self-Injurious Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Our purpose in this systematic review was to identify, evaluate, and summarize the single-case research design studies examining behavioral interventions to address self-injurious behavior for young children with autism spectrum disorder. We identified 24 studies published between 2000 and 2016 that met the inclusion criteria. We reviewed and coded each study across five content areas using systematic procedures. These content areas consisted of the methodological quality of single-case research designs, children’s demographic information, conditions under which the intervention was implemented, characteristics of intervention, and outcomes. Our findings indicate that procedural integrity data were reported for only one study and social validity for two studies. The majority of studies were implemented by researchers or therapists in the school setting. For 24 of 30 children included in the studies reviewed, the authors taught a replacement behavior selected on the basis of an assessment conducted prior to intervention. All authors reported a decrease in the self-injurious behavior post-intervention. A limited number of authors examined generalization and maintenance of low rates of self-injurious behavior. Limitations of the present review and future directions and implications for research and practice are discussed.
A Performance Prediction for Fe–Ga Magnetostrictive Strain Sensor Using Simplified Model

This paper presents an engineering modeling methodology for magnetostrictive materials based on a simplified piezo-electric governing equation. For verifying the modeling performance, a proof-of-concept non-contact strain sensor utilizing a prototype magnetostrictive (Fe–Ga alloy, Galfenol) strip on a steel plate is used to evaluate sensor performance prediction. Typically, the performance of Galfenol is measured in a compressional load region because it has a higher response. However, in this paper, we are aiming to develop a sensor for tensile stress measurement. To achieve a compression effect from a tension load in the sensing element, a Galfenol strip is aligned perpendicular to a tension bar so that tension in the bar creates compression in the strip via the Poisson effect. The experimental setup in this paper consists of a polycrystalline Galfenol strip bonded in the horizontal direction of a steel dog-bone shaped tension specimen. Permanent magnets are attached at each end of the Galfenol strip to provide an even magnetic bias field through the strip. The magnetic flux through the Galfenol strip is measured with non-contact Hall sensors during the tensile load test. The simulation results agree well with the experiments for the value of $H$ studied.
Limits to the Optical Response of Graphene and Two-Dimensional Materials

Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide a platform for strong light–matter interactions, creating wide-ranging design opportunities via new-material discoveries and new methods for geometrical structuring. We derive general upper bounds to the strength of such light–matter interactions, given only the optical conductivity of the material, including spatial nonlocality, and otherwise independent of shape and configuration. Our material figure-of-merit shows that highly doped graphene is an optimal material at infrared frequencies, whereas single-atomic-layer silver is optimal in the visible. For quantities ranging from absorption and scattering to near-field spontaneous-emission enhancements and radiative heat transfer, we consider canonical geometrical structures and show that in certain cases the bounds can be approached, while in others there may be significant opportunity for design improvement. The bounds can encourage systematic improvements in the design of ultrathin broadband absorbers, 2D antennas,...
Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex Recruit Cholinergic and NMDA Receptors Separately to Generate Hippocampal Theta Oscillations.

Although much progress has been made in understanding type II theta rhythm generation under urethane anesthesia, less is known about the mechanisms underlying type I theta generation during active exploration. To better understand the contributions of cholinergic and NMDA receptor activation to type I theta generation, we recorded hippocampal theta oscillations from freely moving mice with local infusion of cholinergic or NMDA receptor antagonists to either the hippocampus or the entorhinal cortex (EC). We found that cholinergic receptors in the hippocampus, but not the EC, and NMDA receptors in the EC, but not the hippocampus, are critical for open-field theta generation and Y-maze performance. We further found that muscarinic M1 receptors located on pyramidal neurons, but not interneurons, are critical for cholinergic modulation of hippocampal synapses, theta generation, and Y-maze performance. These results suggest that hippocampus and EC neurons recruit cholinergic-dependent and NMDA-receptor-dependent mechanisms, respectively, to generate theta oscillations to support behavioral performance.
Improving Cell Production Techniques to Enhance Autologous Cell Therapy.

The popularity of cell therapy as a viable strategy for the research and development of regenerative medicine continues to rise.1 Completed clinical trials have transplanted patient or donor derived cell products as biological packages of potent proregenerative, antifibrotic, and tissue-rejuvenating factors and have fostered the development of new treatments for previously incurable diseases.1,2 However, as a biological agent, cell products are inherently variable because of donor differences, processing techniques, and artificial in vitro laboratory culturing with animal or human products.3 This variability alters the quality and regenerative potency of a cell product and ultimately the clinical outcome. In response, cell-processing protocols must be designed to optimize cell preparation, cell transplantation, and quality assurance for each cell product. Potency assay development and the identification of cell potency biomarkers has become a critical component of current standards for the analysis and enhancement of cell products. Article, see p 255 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a leading cell product candidate for the treatment of multiple inflammatory, degenerative, and chronic diseases. Commonly derived from the bone marrow, adipose, and cord tissue, MSCs are easily isolated and can be expanded in large numbers. In addition to direct tissue integration, transplanted MSCs have several paracrine and signaling effects on the tissue. MSCs secrete many beneficial cytokines and cellular compounds (microRNAs and micro vesicles exosomes) that produce immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, promigratory, and proproliferative effects. It is argued that the regenerative potential of MSCs cannot be replaced with a cocktail of …
Conclusion to the Special Issue on Parallel SAT Solving

Recent years have shown a major architectural shift in computer hardware. The traditional efficiency gains upcoming from the relentless raise of chips frequencies has been stopped by a thermal wall and performance improvements have to be found elsewhere. The new direction is to add more computing units (cores) to a chip in order to raise its computational power. The products resulting from this multicore strategy are now on every desktop and yet the horizon is wide open since the number of cores is expected to grow exponentially. This technological shift represents an important challenge for many computer sciences fields whose best algorithms have to be rethought for multicore-based parallelization. The goal of this special issue was to officially acknowledge this evolution, and to present recent advances in the parallel processing of SAT problems. Three works were finally selected. PaMiraXT: Parallel SAT Solving with Threads and Message Passing, by Tobias Schubert, Matthew Lewis, and Bernd Becker extends MiraXT to clusters of workstations. Incorporating Clause Learning in Grid-based Randomized SAT Solving, by Antti E. J. Hyvaerinen, Tommi Juntilla, and Ilkka Niemela presents an algorithmic framework for a learning-enhanced randomized SAT solving in Grid environments. ManySAT: a Parallel SAT Solver, by Youssef Hamadi, Said Jabbour, and Lakhdar Sais thoroughly describes the winner of the 2008 parallel SAT-Race. These articles demonstrate the recent progresses achieved in the parallel resolution of the SAT problem. Parallel SAT solvers performance is now significant, and thanks to the generalization of multicore platforms, their integration into existing applications can be done transparently, and without any adaptation. This special issue described three different approaches, two of them are mixing distributed and shared memory architectures, one of them is focusing on shared memory systems. The algorithms presented here were thoroughly described and evaluated. I hope that this level of presentation collected into a single special issue, will help clarify and demystify them, and allow the spread and development of new generations of parallel SAT solvers. I would like to thank all the anonymous reviewers for their work, the authors for their contribution, and Hans van Maaren for giving me this opportunity of publishing this special issue.
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update

PurposeIn 2016, ASCO published a guideline to assist in clinical decision making in metastatic pancreatic cancer for initial assessment after diagnosis, first- and second-line treatment options, palliative and supportive care, and follow-up. The purpose of this update is to incorporate new evidence related to second-line therapy for patients who have experienced disease progression or intolerable toxicity during first-line therapy.MethodsASCO convened an Expert Panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature on second-line therapy published between June 2015 and January 2018. Recommendations on other topics covered in the 2016 Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Guideline were endorsed by the Expert Panel.ResultsTwo new studies were found that met the inclusion criteria.RecommendationsFor second-line therapy, gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel should be offered to patients with first-line treatment with FOLFIRINOX (leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin), an Eastern Coop...
Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of β-branched esters from allylic amines

Allylic amines are converted to chiral, β-branched esters under rhodium catalysis in the presence of alcohol nucleophiles. Allylic amines with aliphatic and aromatic vinylic substituents are converted to ester products with excellent enantioselectivities in all cases. Several alcohol nucleophiles have been utilized in the reaction including 1° and 2° derivatives.
The Use of Leisure: A Qualitative Study of Tavern Patrons

This qualitative ethnographic study was conducted in a family owned and operated bar. This particular research project seeks to examine leisure activities that take place in a small bar that is family owned and operated. The research concentrates on how the family members and bartenders accommodate the leisure of the patrons that visit the bar. The main goal of the study was to describe the use of leisure by the patrons and how the bartenders and family members contribute to the leisure of the patrons. The regulars of this tavern have either traded other social ties for the social ties at this tavern or they have failed in other social arenas and sought social acceptance at the tavern. Interestingly, many of the tavern patrons come from varied socioeconomic backgrounds.
Statistics as Legal Evidence

The law is a premier instance of decision-making in the face of uncertainty and therefore a natural and obvious field for the application of statistics. Nevertheless, it is only in the last decades of the twentieth century that the use of statistical methods of proof has become commonplace in the courtroom. This entry surveys a number of the most interesting current applications, including sampling, employment discrimination, and forensic science. The bibliography at the end includes a number of textbooks that contain useful pointers to the literature.
Thermally Controlled Hydrogen Storage System Using Novel Carbon Materials

Successful development of sorption storage technologies for hydrogen assumes an active temperature control and special properties of the materials, capable to adsorb hydrogen in a reversible way.
On using Micron-Sized Silver Coated Particles to Control the Electromagnetic Response of a Metamaterial with Complementary Split Ring Resonators and Wires in a Host Dielectric

Micron-sized conducting particles that columnize along the magneto-static field lines are used to implement the wires in a traditional split ring resonator/wire metamaterial unit-cell configuration. It is shown that the impedance of the metamaterial can be effectively changed from 1GHz-20GHz by controlling the particle columns.
Three early modern genres: A microhistorical approach to “world literature”

This essay adopts a microhistorical approach to the formation of three interrelated genres of the first half of the sixteenth century in continental Europe (the travel collection, the naufragium, a...
Cost-effectiveness of Direct Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C Virus Infection and a Combined Intervention of Syringe Access and Medication-assisted Therapy for Opioid Use Disorders in an Injection Drug Use Population.

Background There are too many plausible permutations and scale-up scenarios of combination hepatitis C virus (HCV) interventions for exhaustive testing in experimental trials. Therefore, we used a computer simulation to project the health and economic impacts of alternative combination intervention scenarios for people who inject drugs (PWID), focusing on direct antiviral agents (DAA) and medication-assisted treatment combined with syringe access programs (MAT+). Methods We performed an allocative efficiency study, using a mathematical model to simulate the progression of HCV in PWID and its related consequences. We combined 2 previously validated simulations to estimate the cost-effectiveness of intervention strategies that included a range of coverage levels. Analyses were performed from a health-sector and societal perspective, with a 15-year time horizon and a discount rate of 3%. Results From a health-sector perspective (excluding criminal justice system-related costs), 4 potential strategies fell on the cost-efficiency frontier. At 20% coverage, DAAs had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $27 251/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Combinations of DAA at 20% with MAT+ at 20%, 40%, and 80% coverage had ICERs of $165 985/QALY, $325 860/QALY, and $399 189/QALY, respectively. When analyzed from a societal perspective (including criminal justice system-related costs), DAA at 20% with MAT+ at 80% was the most effective intervention and was cost saving. While DAA at 20% with MAT+ at 80% was more expensive (eg, less cost saving) than MAT+ at 80% alone without DAA, it offered a favorable value compared to MAT+ at 80% alone ($23 932/QALY). Conclusions When considering health-sector costs alone, DAA alone was the most cost-effective intervention. However, with criminal justice system-related costs, DAA and MAT+ implemented together became the most cost-effective intervention.
Framing Roberto Bolaño: Poetry, Fiction, Literary History, Politics

Poetry, fiction, literary history, and politics. These four cornerstone concerns of Roberto Bolano's work have established him as a representative, generational figure in not only Chile, Mexico, and Spain, the three principal locations of his life and work, but throughout Europe and the Americas, increasingly on a global scale. At the heart of Bolano's 'poemas-novela', his poet- and poetry-centered novels, is the history and legacy of the prose poem. Challenging the policing of boundaries between verse and prose, poetry and fiction, the literary and the non-literary, the aesthetic and the political, his prose poem novels offer a sustained literary history by other means, a pivotal intervention that restores poetry and literature to full capacity. Framing Roberto Bolano is one of the first books to trace the full arc and development of Bolano's work from the beginning to the end of his career.
A prospective community engagement initiative to improve clinical research participation in patients with peripheral artery disease

Objective:Patients diagnosed with peripheral artery disease are difficult to recruit into clinical trials. However, there is currently no high-quality, patient-centered information explaining why p...
From Tiger Mom to Panda Parent

This response to Yale Law Professor Amy Chua’s book, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, complements a much longer and related article that is also in part a response to Chua’s book: Tiger Cub Strikes Back: Memoirs of an Ex-Child Prodigy About Legal Education and Parenting, 1 British Journal of American Legal Studies 297 (2012). This brief essay discusses the cultural differences between Chinese and Western views about education, learning, and parenting. This editorial draws on research in social psychology to analyze the stereotype of Asians and Asian Americans as being competent yet unsociable. Finally, this reflection draws on economic and psychological research about identity priming to consider the possible impacts of Chua's book and popular cultural reactions to it on how Asians and Asian Americans identify themselves and are identified by others.
Selective cell encapsulation, lysis, pico-injection and size-controlled droplet generation using traveling surface acoustic waves in a microfluidic device

We generate droplets in a microfluidic device using a traveling surface acoustic wave (TSAW), and control droplet size by adjusting TSAW power and duration. We combine droplet production and fluorescence detection to selectively-encapsulate cells and beads; with this active method, the overwhelming majority of single particles or cells are encapsulated individually into droplets, contrasting the Poisson distribution of encapsulation number that governs traditional, passive microfluidic encapsulation. In addition, we lyse cells before selective encapsulation, and pico-inject new materials into existing droplets.
Tensile properties of 3D printed continuous fiberglass reinforced cellular composites

Recent advancements in 3D printing involve reinforcing the polymer matrix with high-strength fibers offer improved mechanical properties over unreinforced polymeric materials. The fiber-reinforceme...
The faces of power revisited

The phrase ‘faces of power’ grows out of the ‘community power debate’ several decades ago. This essay focuses on aspects of the debate that have been overlooked, misinterpreted, forgotten, and/or w...