cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A facile approach to achieve subambient radiative cooling through aluminum foils and polyethylene bubble wrap

Abstract Subambient radiative cooling is an emerging passive cooling strategy that simultaneously reflects the incident solar irradiance to depress the heat gain and radiates heat from objects to enhance the heat loss without any electricity consumption from compressor-based air-conditioning. Although numerous efforts have been dedicated to developing materials, such as complicated photonic crystals and metamaterials or expensive polymer composites with both high solar reflectance and infrared emittance, the gap still exists between efficient radiative cooling performance and an affordable radiative cooling device. Here, a facile, low-cost, and home-built approach to achieve efficient subambient radiative cooling, which employs commercially available materials of the polyethylene (PE) bubble wrap and aluminum foils, is reported for scalable industrial and domestic applications. The aluminum foils are infrared-reflective and sunlight-opaque, acting as a solar shield and infrared waveguide, which can both block the solar irradiation and guide infrared thermal radiation to the cold outer space. PE thin film is infrared-transparent with a high mid-infrared transmittance that allows mid-infrared thermal radiation to pass through. It is thermally insulating with a low thermal conductivity of 0.038 W/m ⋅ K after being fabricated into air-filled bubbles to minimize parasitic non-radiative heat transfer. An average subambient temperature reduction of 4.0°C has been achieved during the noontime in summer. These commercially available materials make this design a practical technique for people to realize an affordable and comfortable interior environment during the summer in a cost-effective manner without any professional constructions. The nature of low-cost, home-built, and easily integrated into buildings renders it attractive for everyone, especially for those in developing regions.
Water and Globalization

The chapter on water and globalization overlaps earlier chapters, particularly water and equity and water and security. With a robust global market, water, like so many other resources, has been commodified; even to the point where it is traded on the Australian Stock Market. Yet objections from scholars and activists contend that water has intrinsic value and should be categorized as a market good, a commodity. But booming sales in bottled water and the trade of water in countries, such as Peru, to support agribusiness, facilitate water’s identity as a market good. The global economy, however, has also raised awareness of what is termed “virtual water.” Now when a country determines its water use and subsequent water independence, virtual water is part of the measurement.
Periodic Focal Epileptiform Discharges during Awake Craniotomy (S9.005)

Objective: To describe the clinical features of PFEDs in a consecutive series of waking adults undergoing craniotomy during real-time intraoperative high-density electrocorticography (HD-ECoG). Background: Thus far, the spatial-temporal resolution of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) has been largely defined by scalp EEG with subtypes that are known to exist. Design/Methods: ECoG and electrocortical stimulation (ECS) were prospectively performed in consecutive patients undergoing awake craniotomy for a symptomatic structural brain lesion. High-density ECoG via subdural recording was used with ECS for functional brain mapping to assist neuro-navigation facilitated lesionectomy. Patients with PFEDs were identified and demographics, clinical characteristics, etiology, and outcome were analyzed. Results: We prospectively performed ECoG in 42 consecutive patients (18 F) prior to lesional brain surgery during awake craniotomy. Brain tumor was present in 33/42 (78.6%). Seizures were present in 13/42 (31.0%). HD-ECoG using 8 × 8 grids with 0.5 mm inter-electrodes distances (0.3 mm surface area) with ECS in 36/42 (85.7%) patients identified eloquent cortex. Epileptic spikes were present using a 1 × 6 strip electrodes (n= 1/12), 1 × 8 contact depths (n= 4/11), and 28/42 (66.7%) patients with 64-channel HD-grids. PFEDs were encountered in only 1/23 non-HD-ECoG grid studies (4.3%) and in 7/28 (25.0%) with HD-ECoG. The most common PFEDs pattern was a continuous run of 1-Hz periodic spikes with a field of 1.5–6.0 cm without appreciable evolution. Scalp EEG was negative or falsely correlated to PFEDs in all. Patients with PFEDs clinically had focal seizures in 6/7 cases and 2 patients demonstrated immediate improvement post-operatively. Conclusions: PFEDs are a new pattern identified using HD-ECoG correlating with seizures. PFEDs occurred in 1/4th of patients not identified by scalp EEG. HD-ECoG improves detection of the spatial field for IEDs/after-discharges compared with single strip/depth ECoG that is commercially available. Disclosure: Dr. Tatum has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Elsevier. Dr. Tatum has received royalty, license fees, or contractual rights payments from Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. Dr. Feyissa has nothing to disclose. Dr. ReFaey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vivas-Buitrago has nothing to disclose. Dr. Quinones-Hinojosa has nothing to disclose.
Implications of the Problem Solving Method for Physical Educators

(1966). Implications of the Problem Solving Method for Physical Educators. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 28-72.
Theoretical modeling of rhenium isotope fractionation, natural variations across a black shale weathering profile, and potential as a paleoredox proxy

We present the first data documenting environmental variations in the isotope composition of Re, and the first theoretical models of equilibrium Re isotope fractionation factors. Variations of δ187Re at modern surface temperatures are predicted to be ‰ level for redox (ReVII ⇌ ReIV) and perrhenate thiolation reactions (ReVIIO4−⇌ReVIIOXS4−X−⇌ReVIIS4−). Nuclear volume fractionations are calculated to be smaller than mass dependent effects. Values of δ187Re from New Albany Shale samples presented in this work and in a previous study show a range of 0.8‰ over a stratigraphic interval of ∼20 m. The magnitude of variation is consistent with theoretical predictions and may provide evidence for changing δ187Re of seawater in the geologic past. A −0.3‰ change in δ187Re across a 14 m horizontal black shale weathering profile is accompanied by a hundred-fold decrease in Re concentration and a 75% decrease in organic carbon associated with the transition from reducing to oxic weathering environment. We attribute decreasing δ187Re to the loss of organically bound Re component (δ187Re = −0.28‰). The Re isotope composition of the complementary detrital silicate fraction varies from −0.59 to −1.5‰, depending on the choice of silicate Re concentration.
The heart in malignant melanoma: A study of 70 autopsy cases

Abstract Cardiac metastases were found in 45 of 70 patients (64 per cent) dying of metastatic melanoma. Of the 70 patients, 11 had significant cardiac dysfunction clinically. Tumor implants in the heart did not appear to cause dysfunction unless cardiac involvement by tumor was extensive. Many previously proposed criteria for clinically determining the presence of cardiac metastases were found to be unreliable.
A low-power differential CMOS bandgap reference

The performance of many mixed analog/digital systems is limited by inaccuracies and power supply noise coupling errors in integrated voltage references. Reference circuitry also typically contributes a large fraction of the analog power consumption. The CMOS bandgap circuit described here provides a 2.0 V differential voltage reference for a 10.24 MHz oversampled data converter, and maintains high PSR and accuracy while consuming 2.2 mW. >
Measurement and application of the O II 61.7 nm dayglow

[1] We present the first published measurement of an altitude profile of the O II 61.7 nm emission, a dayglow feature that can be used to monitor photoionization of O in the lower thermosphere. This photoionization process also results in the O II 83.4 nm emission that, unlike 61.7 nm, is resonantly scattered by ionospheric O+. Although ionospheric characteristics can be inferred from the shape and intensity of 83.4 nm altitude profiles, the interpretation can result in nonunique ion density profiles if the intensity of this source of photons that illuminates the ionosphere from below is unknown. The 61.7 nm emission provides a means to test the accuracy of current models used to calculate the intensity of that source. The data presented here were collected by the Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System from the International Space Station on 29 October 2009. The measured 61.7 nm profiles show a steeper drop in intensity below 260 km, where the emission peaks, compared to our model calculations. While the current analysis cannot resolve if the discrepancy is caused by inaccuracies in our model thermospheric composition, photoabsorption cross sections, or both, a 15%–20% increase in the effective O2 photoabsorption at 61.7 nm produces the best qualitative match to the measured profile. Ostensibly, 61.7 nm measurements could replace these model calculations as a more direct measure of the intensity of the 83.4 nm photon source region. In either case, accurate specification of local thermospheric neutral species remains an important component of daytime ionospheric remote sensing.
CpG DNA: security code for host defense.

The immunomodulatory character of bacterial CpG DNA is well known. A report in a recent issue of Nature pinpoints a Toll-like receptor as the cellular accomplice in this innate immune reaction.
Encyclopedias, Handbooks, and Dictionaries

This article reviews revolutionary changes, which have occurred since 2000 regarding the creation and publication of reference books and online sources. Factors that have altered the way that such books, especially those pertaining to the social sciences, include the increased speed of composition due to word-processing technology, the downsizing of libraries as they switch from printed to electronic reference sources, and the increased pressure upon academics to publish rapidly, especially in Britain. The article also offers a concise history of social science reference works in several disciplines, beginning in the eighteenth century and ending with the present.
DENSE MOLECULAR THERMODYNAMICS

We are examining the thermodynamics of dense molecular fluids from the theoretical view. Our interests range from modeling single-species, spherically symmetric, atomic systems, through adding the complication of nonspherical molecular potentials, to mixing various molecular species with the inclusion of chemistry. We discuss what has been accomplished and evaluate the directions to be taken in attacking the unsolved problems. The various theoretical approaches, both analytic and numerical, are presented. We finish with a discussion of the recent advance in treating nonspherical molecular potentials with effective spherical potentials in the calculation of thermodynamics.
Frequency of asthma education in primary care in the years 2007-2010.

AbstractObjective: Recent research suggests that health disparities persist among asthmatic patients and receipt of asthma education, though recent guidelines have highlighted the importance of receiving asthma education. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the receipt of asthma education as well as to identify disparities in asthma education using the most recently available data in National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2007–2010. Methods: Weighted chi-square tests were conducted to identify associations between asthma education and variables of interest. A weighted multivariate logistic regression model was subsequently constructed to jointly assess the association of factors of interest on receipt of asthma education. Submission to the Campbell University Institutional Review Board resulted in expedited approval. Results: The percentage of patients who receive asthma education remains quite low. After adjusting for all variables of interest: no statistically significant difference in...
The tomato Rme1 locus is required for Mi-1-mediated resistance to root-knot nematodes and the potato aphid

The tomato Mi-1 gene confers resistance against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and a biotype of the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Four mutagenized Mi-1/Mi-1 tomato populations were generated and screened for altered root-knot nematode resistance. Four independent mutants belonging to two phenotypic classes were isolated. One mutant was chosen for further analyzes; rme1 (for resistance to Meloidogyne) exhibited levels of infection comparable with those found on susceptible controls. Molecular and genetic data confirmed that rme1 has a single recessive mutation in a locus different from Mi-1. Cross-sections through galls formed by feeding nematodes on rme1 roots were identical to sections from galls of susceptible tomato roots. In addition to nematode susceptibility, infestation of rme1 plants with the potato aphid showed that this mutation also abolished aphid resistance. To determine whether Rme1 functions in a general disease-resistance pathway, the response against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 2, mediated by the I-2 resistance gene, was studied. Both rme1 and the wild type plants were equally resistant to the fungal pathogen. These results indicate that Rme1 does not play a general role in disease resistance but may be specific for Mi-1-mediated resistance.
G-R noise and microscopic defects in irradiated junction field effect transistors

Abstract Measurements and analysis of noise in electron bombarded Junction Gate Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) in the temperature range of 300-90°K are presented. The noise frequency spectra in the range of 100–600 kHz have been predicted theoretically, using the reported values of defect energy levels and capture cross sections. Excellent matching has been observed between the theoretical and measured noise spectra. A numerical analysis reveals that, except at room temperature, the generation recombination (g-r) noise due to the Shockley-Reed-Hall (S-R-H) centers in the depletion region is negligible as compared to that in the channel. It is also shown that noise measurements and analysis can be used as a tool in the determination of microscopic parameters such as the defect energy levels, capture cross sections and the density of defects, in radiation effect studies on semiconductors.
Oxidative coupling of methane at 600 °C on CaNiK oxide catalysts

We are herewith reporting new data which modifies, explains and extends our earlier work on this subject. Previous observations of low CH4 conversion and high selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons were erroneous due to the formation of bulk CaCO3 in the catalyst. The carbonate was detected by powder X-ray diffraction and was shown to accumulate during the reaction and decompose during regeneration. Catalytic runs which incorporated an internal standard revealed a deficit in the C balance consistent with carbonate formation. Actual CH4 conversions were ≈ 20% with ≈ 15% selectivity to hydrocarbons. The effect of steam in promoting coupling over combustion was affirmed.
Relations and extent of the zone of intensified protein metabolism in the liver acinus

Abstract Radioautograms prepared from livers of rats injected with 3H leucine were analyzed in order to determine the extent of a previously described zone of increased protein metabolism in the simple liver acinus. The two-dimensional size of the zone was ascertained. Also the relationship of this zone to other liver areas is discussed and possibilities are considered to explain the observed phenomenon.
RED CELL STROMA AND HEMOGLOBIN METABOLISM IN ANEMIC DOGS REGENERATION OF RED CELL PROTEINS LABELED WITH C14 LYSINE

Red cell stroma protein and hemoglobin can be labeled by feeding C14 lysine during periods of active blood regeneration following anemia. Stroma proteins are produced and a maximum concentration of the C14 label appears 2 to 3 days earlier than with hemoglobin,—which is to say that stroma building precedes hemoglobin construction. The concentration of isotope in stroma protein may exceed its concentration in hemoglobin during regeneration following anemia due to blood loss. Diets favorable for hemoglobin regeneration may force the hemoglobin isotope concentration above that of the stroma protein. In hemolytic anemias great reserves of red cell building material are stored in the body. These stores may modify the curves of isotope concentration in red cells during the recovery periods. When finally formed, the mature red cells show little or no evidence of participation in general body protein metabolism during their life in the circulation.
The Big Freak Out: Educator Fear in Response to the Presence of Transgender Elementary School Students

Increased visibility of transgender children requires elementary school professionals to take on issues of gender diversity, sex and sexuality, which are considered taboo in elementary school spaces. School professionals who have worked with transgender children were interviewed about their experience with these students, perceptions of their school's success in supporting them, and recommendations for information and resources needed by schools to provide support. Findings indicate that fear and anxiety are common educator responses to the presence of a transgender child and the disruption of the gender binary, and these emotions are limiting the possibilities for schools to affirm transgender identity.
Parameter estimation algorithms for the hyper-gamma distribution class

Microcomputer-based algorithms for the estimation of the parameters shift, scale, initial and terminal shape of the hyper–Gamma distribution class are presented. They are based on the moment equations and on the logarithmic likelihood function (LLF) associated with the hyper-Gamma density. The maximum–likelihood approach is implemented by means of the derivative equations resulting from the LLF and, independently, by means of direct optimization of the LLF. Program options include estimation of (i) four parameters, (ii) three parameters (shift known), and (iii) two parameters (shift known, initial shape zero). A program diskette with user's guide will be made available upon request.
A Proposed Model of Jazz Theory Knowledge Acquisition

The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesized model that proposes a causal relationship between motivation and academic achievement on the acquisition of jazz theory knowledge. A reliability analysis of the latent variables ranged from .92 to .94. Confirmatory factor analyses of the motivation (standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .067) and jazz theory (SRMR = .063) measures indicated a good fit of the predicted model to the observed data. Results of the latent path model indicated good fit (χ2 = 20.08, p = .692, df = 24, N = 102) and large, positive, and statistically significant direct effects of motivation (β = 0.65) and academic achievement (β = 0.56) on jazz theory knowledge acquisition. The successful identification of this proposed model lends enough support for continued investigation into the process surrounding the acquisition of jazz theory knowledge.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates vasodilation, fluid egress, increased glomerular filtration and salt and water excretion, and blocks the release and/or actions of several hormones, including angiotensin II, aldosterone and vasopressin. ANP levels are commonly elevated in situations of excessive fluid volume or hypertension, and the hormone may be important in combatting these states. ANP is derived from a precursor protein produced by the cardiac atrium and at lower levels by other tissues. Two classes of ANP receptors present in vascular, renal and other tissues are linked respectively, to either guanylate cyclase and possibly other second messengers, or to ANP clearance. ANP shows promise as an agent to treat heart failure, renal failure and fluid excess states.
Experimental Sociality and Gestational Surrogacy in the Indian ART Clinic

AbstractThis article marks experimental modes of sociality in a transnational Indian assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinic as a contact zone between elite doctors, gestational surrogates, and transnational commissioning parents. It examines efforts within one ART clinic to separate social relationships from reproductive bodies in its surrogacy arrangements as well as novel social formations occurring both because of and despite these efforts. Draft regulative legislation in India marks a shift in the distribution of risk among actors in the clinic that parallels a shift in medical practice away from a technique of caring for the body to producing bodies as instruments of contracted service. The clinic provides an opportunity to observe forms of sociality that emerge as experiments with modernities, with different relationships to the body and the social meaning of medicalized biological reproduction, and with understanding the role of the market and altruism in the practice of gestational surrogacy.
Infrared spectroscopy of laser-irradiated dental hard tissues using the Advanced Light Source

FTIR spectroscopy used in the specular reflectance mode is well suited for resolving thermally induced changes in dental hard tissue as a result of laser irradiation. High spatial resolution is achievable with a high brightness synchrotron radiation source such as the ALS at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. IR spectra of modified enamel were acquired after laser ablation using several laser wavelengths from the UV to the mid-IR. Specific areas of laser ablation craters were probed non-destructively with 10-micrometers spatial resolution. The chemical composition of the crater walls deviates markedly from that of hydroxyapatite after Er:YAG and CO2 laser irradiation without added water. New mineral phases were resolved that have not been previously observed using conventional IR spectroscopy.
Quasicrystal with one-dimensional translational symmetry and a tenfold rotation axis.

Studies of phase formation in rapidly solidified Al-Mn alloys (composition range 18-22 at.% Mn) show that an icosahedral phase is replaced by another noncrystallographic phase, a decagonal phase. The decagonal phase is another example of quasicrystal: It has a noncrystallographic point group ($\frac{10}{m}$ or $\frac{10}{\mathrm{mmm}}$) together with long-range orientational order and one-dimensional translational symmetry. The decagonal phase is an intermediate phase between an icosahedral phase and a crystal both from the symmetry and from the solidification condition points of view.
Factors of merit for radiation detectors.

In Part I, the need for a suitably defined factor of merit for comparing the sensitivity of different radiation detectors is explained (Section 1). Both the advantages and the very important limitations of such a factor of merit are discussed.In Section 2, separate factors of merit for Type I and Type II detectors are defined. The factor of merit for Type I detectors is defined as the ratio of the noise equivalent power given by the fundamental limit defined in Paper I to the noise equivalent power actually measured in the reference condition. The factor of merit for Type II detectors is similarly defined in terms of the actual noise equivalent power in the reference condition and the empirically determined minimum value for the noise equivalent power proposed by R. J. Havens. Section 3 contains a brief discussion of the significance of the factor of merit for the special case of the bolometer.In Part II, the noise equivalent power in the reference condition, and the factor of merit is determined for about fifty thermocouples and bolometers. The results are presented in Tables I and II, and in Figs. 1 and 2. A description of each detector is given in Section 5, along with a statement of any special calculations which were necessary.All of the results presented are based on measurements made by other persons; no measurements were performed by the writer. The sources of information are described in Section 3.An Appendix is provided whose purpose is to call attention to the wide variety of possibilities in the specification of the relevant properties of radiation detectors, and thereby to encourage precision in the statement of these properties in the future periodical literature.
Fixed dose combinations of cardiovascular drugs

One of the most feasible ways to improve adherence Drug treatment for cardiovascular disease remains inadequate globally,1 and many adults with cardiovascular disease or a high risk of cardiovascular disease receive no drug treatment. In response, the World Health Organization and its member states have agreed on a target to treat 50% of eligible adults with a multidrug regimen by 2025 as part of its wider “25×25” goal: to reduce the burden of premature, non-communicable, chronic diseases by 25% by 2025.2 Fixed dose combinations, or polypills, combine multiple drugs into one tablet and often include an antiplatelet agent, a lipid lowering drug, and at least one blood pressure lowering drug. Fixed dose combinations improve adherence to treatment for people with hypertension and HIV by approximately 25%.3 They are also an attractive drug delivery mechanism for adults with cardiovascular disease, not just to achieve the 50% drug treatment and premature mortality targets of the 25×25 goal but more specifically to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease. In a linked paper, Selak and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.g3318) sought to evaluate the effect of two fixed dose combination treatments on self reported adherence, blood pressure, and lipid levels in primary care patients from New Zealand with cardiovascular disease or a high risk …
CONSTANCY OF ANDROGEN CONCENTRATION IN THE URINE

IN the course of androgen bioassays performed on a consecutive series of urine specimens from each of several cases, it was noted that the daily excretion of androgens varies considerably from time to time in any one individual. On the other hand, when the androgen excretion was tabulated on a per liter basis (i.e., as concentration) we observed a notable degree of constancy for any one case. This observation differs so greatly from what is generally accepted that we were led to study the relation between androgen excretion and urinary volume more closely. A review of the literature for the last five years revealed no thorough investigation of this problem. In the course of a study of the sex hormone excretion of children, Oesting and Webster (1938) reported that the quantity of androgenic substances excreted in the urine is independent of the urinary volume, a fact in keeping with the generally accepted belief.
Prenatal stress attenuates ulceration in the activity stress paradigm

In the present study, 28 pregnant rats were subjected to either light-restraint stress or no manipulation for days 14–21 of the gestational period. At approx. 50 days of age, both male (n = 16) and female (n = 16) prenatally stressed (PS) and control offspring were subjected to the activity stress (AS) paradigm. During this subsequent stress experience, PS rats developed less ulceration than control rats. PS rats also displayed about half the activity of the control animals during the habituation phase of the AS paradigm, prior to the induction of stress. Given this decrease in baseline activity in PS animals, implications of using activity as a measure of emotionality in PS animals are discussed. Several sex differences were also observed; females differed from males in that they 1) exhibited higher activity levels in both the habituation and experimental phases of the AS procedure, 2) developed heavier relative adrenal weights, and 3) reached criteria for sacrifice in fewer days.
Male breast cancer in the veterans affairs population: a comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND. The incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) continues to rise. The Veterans Affairs (VA) Central Cancer Registry (VACCR) provides a unique source for the study of MBC. The objective of this retrospective analysis was to compare the characteristics and outcome of patients with MBC and patients with female breast cancer (FBC) in the VA population. METHODS. VACCR data were used to analyze the database of VA patients who had breast cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 2005. It includes 120 VA medical centers. Primary site codes were identified for breast cancer (500–508). Data were entered and analyzed using biostatistical software. RESULTS. In total, 3025 patients' records were reviewed, and 612 patients who had MBC were compared with 2413 patients who had FBC. The mean age at diagnosis was 67 years for patients with MBC and 57 years for patients with FBC (P < .005). More patients with MBC were black, and patients with MBC presented with higher disease stage and more lymph node-positive disease. The dominant histology in MBC was ductal carcinoma. No difference in grade or laterality was observed. Estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive tumors were more common in MBC compared with FBC. Overall, patients with MBC received less chemotherapy, whereas no statistical difference was observed in the use of hormone treatment. The median overall survival for patients who had MBC was 7 years compared with 9.8 years for patients who had FBC (log-rank test; P < .005). There was no statistically significant difference in median survival for patients with stage III disease and stage IV disease. However, the median survival differed significantly for patients with stage I disease and stage II disease. In lymph node-negative patients, the median survival was 6.1 years for patients with MBC and 14.6 years for patients with FBC (P < .005), whereas the median survival did not differ significantly in lymph node-positive patients. Using Cox regression analysis age, sex, clinical stage, and lymph node status were independent prognostic factors for survival, whereas race, histology, and grade were not. CONCLUSIONS. To the authors' knowledge, this is the largest series of MBC and FBC to date in the veterans population. The results suggested the presence of differences in the biology, pathology, presentation, ethnicity, and survival between patients with MBC and patients with FBC in the VA population. It is noteworthy that the survival of patients with MBC was inferior for those with early-stage disease and lymph node-negative tumors, suggesting that there are differences between the sexes in the pathogenesis and biology of breast cancer. In patients with hormone receptor-positive MBC, survival was inferior despite similar hormone treatment practices between MBC and FBC. This observational study calls for a better understanding of this disease that would allow new opportunities for specific therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts: "The Rules"

At a workshop in March 2010, an interdisciplinary group of philosophers, computer scientists, practitioners, and lawyers started to develop a short statement about the ethics of developing computer systems. The statement has grown into an evolving document about moral responsibility. It's not a Wiki, but 50 people, including academics and IT professionals, have already helped write it. An early working title was "Principles Governing Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts," but most of the time, it's just called "The Rules."
DNA-protein crosslink formation in rat nasal epithelial cells by hexamethylphosphoramide and its correlation with formaldehyde production

Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) is an aprotic polar solvent and nasal carcinogen in rats. The metabolism of HMPA to formaldehyde, another nasal carcinogen in rats, was found to be approximately 6 times greater in microsomes from olfactory tissues than from respiratory tissues (isolated from both male and female rats). HMPA was shown to induce formation of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPXLS) in isolated rat nasal epithelial cells. Using a filter binding assay, we demonstrated that microsomal activation is necessary for HMPA-induced crosslink formation between plasmid DNA and calf thymus histones, presumably through metabolic N-demethylation of HMPA and the formation of formaldehyde. Both formaldehyde production and DPXL formation were inhibited by pre-incubation of nasal mucosal extracts with metyrapone, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450. Significant dose-dependent increases in DPXL formation were observed in respiratory and olfactory epithelial cells exposed to > or = 0.5 and 1 mM HMPA, respectively, for 3 h at 37 degrees C. This resulted in DPXL accumulation at 18-20% higher levels than untreated cells. Increases in DPXL formation in rat nasal epithelial cells cultured with 1 mM HMPA were inhibited by over 70% by co-administration of metyrapone. These data suggest that metabolic liberation of formaldehyde from HMPA is involved in the mechanism of HMPA-induced nasal carcinogenesis. Comparative studies showed formaldehyde to be more potent than HMPA in the induction of DPXL in nasal epithelium. However, induction of tumor formation after two years at 50 ppb HMPA and 6 ppm formaldehyde show the former to be active at several-fold lower concentrations. Therefore, other mechanisms are likely to be involved in HMPA nasal carcinogenesis.
How Many Regressions

Summary In this article the authors provide an analysis of exactly how many regression models exist for a given number of variables.
In Situ Infrared Spectroelectrochemical Studies of Cyanide Adsorbed on Platinum and Palladium

Abstract In situ FTIR difference spectra of adsorbed cyanide on polished platinum and palladium electrodes in perchlorate media are presented. A linear CN - ads moiety is observed on Pt, while on Pd four surface cyanide species are seen: linear and bridge-bound CN - ads , as well as two surface Pd-CN films.
Life-Span Adjustment of Children to Their Parents' Divorce

Children who experience parental divorce, compared with children in intact two-parent families, exhibit more conduct problems, more symptoms of psychological maladjustment, lower academic achievement, more social difficulties, and poorer self-concepts. Similarly, adults who experienced parental divorce as children, compared with adults raised in continuously intact two-parent families, score lower on a variety of indicators of psychological, interpersonal, and socioeconomic well-being. However, the overall group differences between offspring from divorced and intact families are small, with considerable diversity existing in children's reactions to divorce. Children's adjustment to divorce depends on several factors, including the amount and quality of contact with noncustodial parents, the custodial parents' psychological adjustment and parenting skills, the level of interparental conflict that precedes and follows divorce, the degree of economic hardship to which children are exposed, and the number of stressful life events that accompany and follow divorce. These factors can be used as guides to assess the probable impact of various legal and therapeutic interventions to improve the well-being of children of divorce.
Interpolation to boundary data in triangles

In solving boundary value problems as well as in geometrical design problems, it is often helpful to have a simple computation scheme for interpolating a smooth function to prescribed compatible boundary data. Two related families of such schemes have recently been devised, one for rectangles [3] and the other for triangles [2]. A third, very different scheme of “pseudoharmonic” interpolation in general convex regions has also been recently proposed by Gordon and Wixom [6]; this report also contains some interesting comments on the two families of schemes defined in [2] and [3]. The purpose of the present note is to study in greater depth the aforementioned family of schemes for interpolating to boundary data in triangles, of which the two simplest are trilinear and tricubic interpolation. In another paper, its results will be applied to the construction and analysis of potentially useful 15parameter and 12-parameter families of trianguZar$nite elements. Given a plane region R with boundary %R, the most familiar boundary data concern the values on %R of a function u E C’“(a), R = R v aR, together with those of its first k (interior) normal derivatives au/an, Pu/z since they are
Recovery of olfactory behavior. I. Recovery after a complete olfactory bulb lesion correlates with patterns of olfactory nerve penetration

Abstract The olfactory system is an excellent system in which to study issues related to potential functional recovery after a debilitating brain injury. The olfactory system is well-characterized, easily accessible and there are a vast number of studies available from a variety of perspectives. The experimental aim of this research is to examine the anatomical correlates associated with potential behavioral recovery in rats that receive complete olfactory bulb lesions as neonates or as adults. The results show that behavioral recovery occurs only when olfactory nerve penetration of the central nervous system is observed. Further, both olfactory nerve penetration and behavioral recovery are age-dependent phenomena. The olfactory nerve penetration only occurs when the olfactory bulb lesion is performed in neonates. Behavioral recovery of olfactory ability follows a linear trend and reaches near normal levels during the six week behavioral testing period. Histological analysis using an antibody for olfactory marker protein (an olfactory nerve-specific marker) reveals two potential candidates for the anatomical pathway responsible for behavioral recovery: olfactory nerve to orbital frontal cortex and olfactory nerve to olfactory peduncle. This report presents evidence that recovery of olfactory ability can occur in the absence of the olfactory bulb if the lesion is performed when the rat is still a neonate.
Parallel high-resolution climate data analysis using swift

Advances in software parallelism and high-performance systems have resulted in an order of magnitude increase in the volume of output data produced by the Community Earth System Model (CESM). As the volume of data produced by CESM increases, the single-threaded script-based software packages traditionally used to post-process model output data have become a bottleneck in the analysis process. This paper presents a parallel version of the CESM atmosphere model data analysis workflow implemented using the Swift scripting language.Using the Swift implementation of the workflow, the time to analyze a 10-year atmosphere simulation on a typical cluster is reduced from 95 to 32 minutes on a single 8-core node and to 20 minutes on two nodes. The parallelized workflow is then used to evaluate several new data-intensive computational systems that feature RAM-based and flash-based storage. Even when constraining parallelism to limit the amount of file system space used by intermediate temporary data, our results show that the Swift-based implementation significantly reduces data analysis time.
Side Population Cells Derived from Adult Human Liver Generate Hepatocyte-like Cells In Vitro

We sought to determine whether hepatic side population (SP) cells derived from adult human liver possess the potential of a novel candidate hepatic stem cell. Human cadaveric donor liver was subjected to collagenase perfusion and hepatocytes were separated from nonparenchymal cells by differential centrifugation. SP cells were isolated from the nonparenchymal portion after Hoechst 33342 staining. Since CD45 is a panleukocyte antigen, CD45-negative SP cells were separated from the vast majority of CD45-positive SP cells (90%), and hepatic growth medium was used to culture both groups. Both CD45-negative and CD45-positive hepatic SP cells generated colonies in the hepatic growth medium in 2–3 weeks. The colonies yielded large cells morphologically consistent with human hepatocytes, demonstrating granule-rich cytoplasm, dense, often double nuclei, and intracellular lipofuscin pigment. The cultured cells from both sources were positive for markers of human hepatocytes: HepPar, cytokeratin 8 (CK8), and human albumin. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed on both groups demonstrated positivity for additional liver markers including human albumin, CK18, α-1 anti-trypsin, and the human cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2B6. Double immunostaining (CD45 and HepPar) and RT-PCR confirmed that the hepatocyte-like cells derived from the CD45-negative SP cells acquired HepPar positivity but had no detectable CD45 antigen expression. In contrast, the cultured cells derived from the CD45-positive SP cells also acquired HepPar positivity, but only a minimal fraction expressed the CD45 antigen. We conclude that hepatic SP cells derived from the nonparenchymal portion of human liver are a potential source of human hepatocytes irrespective of their CD45 status, and further animal studies will be required to assess their regenerative potential.
Generalizations of boundedness, compactness and the tychonoff theorem

A restrictedness on a topological space X is a collection K of subsets of X, the elements of which are said to be restricted. X is locally restricted if every point has a restricted neighborhood. A type of restrictedness is a collection T of restrictednesses (not necessarily all on the same space); T(X) will denote the collection of members of T which are restrictednesses on the space X. X is called T-compact if for every R ϵ T(X), X is restricted if it is locally restricted. The Tychonoff Theorem is generalized in a form which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a product of spaces to be T-compact for any given type T. Some applications are given, and several noteworthy types of restrictedness are introduced, including ones which display compactness, connectedness and H-closedness as special cases of a more general concept.
Changes in lipoxygenase isoforms during germination and early seedling growth of Pisum sativum L.

Investigations of physiological functions of seed lipoxygenase during germination and early seedling growth are complicated by the presence of multiple isoforms with different product specificity. The combination of isoelectric focusing, lipoxygenase in-gel activity staining and mass spectrometry showed that only two seed lipoxygenases, LOX-2 and LOX-3, were active at neutral pH in protein extracts from dry and germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.), with LOX-3 more abundant than LOX-2. Each active seed LOX appeared at multiple pIs, probably resulting from post-translational modifications. The abundance of pea seed lipoxygenases was lower in embryonic shoots than in other parts of the axis. After radicle emergence, seed LOXs were degraded, as revealed by Western blotting using antibodies specific to pea seed LOXs. Two new vegetative isoforms, LOX-N3 and LOX-g, appeared in the shoot and gradually replaced the pea seed lipoxygenases as the principal contributors to LOX enzyme activity during early seedling growth. Activities of LOX-N3 and LOX-g were abundant in shoot tips, but not root tips, in pea seedlings. Thus, during germination, there is a shift of LOX activity from radicles to shoots that accompanies the transition from seed LOXs to vegetative LOXs. These results confirmed that identification of pea LOXs based solely on pI may be misleading; however, mass spectrometry enabled more accurate identification of these highly homologous proteins to be made.
Network design and dynamic routing under queueing demand

Given a nonhierarchical network and time-varying flow requirements, the problem of determining optimal capacities is termed design; that of determining optimal flows as dynamic routing. We formulate a linear program to solve both simultaneously in the case of deterministic flow requirements. A probability distribution termed the Erlang Difference Distribution is derived from a queueing model to describe random flow requirements, and this case leads to a separable convex program that has a linear programming equivalent. Both linear programs are amenable to Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition, which reveals subproblems that yield to special techniques of solution.
Pervasive views: area exploration and guidance using extended image media

This work achieves full registration of scenes in a large area and creates visual indexes for visualization in a digital city. We explore effective mapping, indexing, and display of scenes so that an area becomes "visible". Users can virtual navigate city on the Internet and achieve real guidance with a PDA. Extended images such as route panoramas, scene tunnels, panoramic views and spherical views are acquired in an urban area and associated with geospatial locations. A 3D LIDAR elevation map is used to generate a scanning plan based on visibility, image properties, and importance of scenes. Scanning scenes along streets and at spots of interest allows for compact and complete visual data collection. To access city information, visual indexes from scenes to spaces are created pervasively for flexible space exploration and transition. To visualize a space seamlessly in a large view frame and synchronize scenes with the virtual movement in the map, we stream image data on the Internet. An engine is developed for continuous space traversing, accessing spatial information, and transiting between spaces through visual links. A real urban area has been modeled to verify the effectiveness of such a system.
Suppression of aliasing artifacts in digitally addressed shadow-mask CRTs

— Relationships between spot size, pixel spacing, and shadow-mask pitch are presented that ensure suppression of aliasing artifacts in digitally addressed CRTs. The suppression is effective not only at low spatial frequencies (moire), but at all spatial frequencies up to the useful limit of the display (the Nyquist frequency).
Direct Legislation: An Appraisal and a Suggestion.

The United States has now had a half-century's experience with the process customarily denominated direct legislation. The phrase usually means, and is so used here, the power of the electorate to participate in the law-making function by voting for or against particular proposals submitted at regular or special elections. The proposals may have originated in the legislative assembly or they may have been submitted through the action of the electorate. There are other procedural details in which the processes in particular states may vary, but here the concern is with the general operation of the system. Perhaps more attention has been devoted to that situation in which the legislature has the option of submitting a proposal or not as it sees fit. It is not thought, however, that this detail would cause any serious difference in the conclusions that are drawn here or the suggestions that are made.Direct legislation has been associated with the Progressive movement which was active at the turn into the present century. The movement was a protest against a number of activities which were prevalent among the states at that time. One of the protests alleged that the legislatures had become wholly “corrupt” and that consequently it was necessary to “clean” them up. This line of analysis also postulated that the people were “incorrupt” and that if given the opportunity they would “purify” the political activity of their states and even the nation. Direct legislation was looked upon as one of the most significant means by which these goals were to be accomplished.