cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peptide YY Levels Are Elevated After Gastric Bypass Surgery

Objective: Mechanisms that promote effective and sustained weight loss in persons who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery are incompletely understood but may be mediated, in part, by changes in appetite. Peptide YY (PYY) is a gut-derived hormone with anorectic properties. We sought to determine whether gastric bypass surgery alters PYY levels or response to glucose. Research Methods and Procedures: PYY and ghrelin levels after a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test were measured in 6 morbidly obese patients 1.5 ± 0.7 (SE) years after gastric bypass compared with 5 lean and 12 obese controls. Results: After substantial body weight loss (36.8 ± 3.6%) induced by gastric bypass, the PYY response to an oral glucose tolerance test was significantly higher than in controls (p = 0.01). PYY increased ∼10-fold after a 75-gram glucose load to a peak of 303.0 ± 37.0 pg/mL at 30 minutes (p = 0.03) and remained significantly higher than fasting levels for all subsequent time-points. In contrast, PYY levels in obese and lean controls increased to a peak of ∼2-fold, which was only borderline significant. Ghrelin levels decreased in a symmetric but opposite fashion to that of PYY. Discussion: Gastric bypass results in a more robust PYY response to caloric intake, which, in conjunction with decreased ghrelin levels, may contribute to the sustained efficacy of this procedure. The findings provide further evidence for a role of gut-derived hormones in mediating appetite changes after gastric bypass and support further efforts to determine whether PYY3–36 replacement could represent an effective therapy for obesity.
Paper 14. Ship Manoeuvring with Application to Shipborne Predictors and Real-Time Simulators:

The main object of this paper is to define the role of shipbornc manoeuvring predictors and pre-launch simulators in ship operation and new design, as well as to discuss a few selected details of s...
The Compton-Getting effect for cosmic-ray particles and photons and the Lorentz- invariance of distribution functions

Abstract The anisotropy introduced by the motion of an observer with velocity V through a particle or photon flux is derived from the Lorentz-invariance of distribution functions in phase space. The invariance of the black-body distribution function leads to a ≅1 + (V/c) cos θ dependence of the temperature of the 3°K thermal background radiation. For massive particles whose speed, ν, is much greater than V, the Compton-Getting anisotropy — ( d( ln ƒ)/ d( ln p)) V /ν is added to the angular part of the distribution function, and the isotropic part is unchanged, to order V/ν. The cosmic-ray proton spectrum at solar minimum is observed to have a region where the Compton-Getting anisotropy is zero. The Lorentz-invariance of the volume element in phase space, and the consequent invariance of distribution functions, is demonstrated in the Appendix.
Should Athletes Return to Activity After Cryotherapy

Reference/Citation: Bleakley CM, Costello JT, Glasgow PD. Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance. Sports Med. 2012; 42(1):69–87. Clinical Question: Does local tissue cooling affect immediate functional performance outcomes in a sport situation? Data Sources: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE, each from the earliest available record through April 2011. Combinations of 18 medical subheadings or key words were used to complete the search. Study Selection: This systematic review included only randomized controlled trials and crossover studies published in English that examined human participants who were treated with a local cooling intervention. At least 1 functional performance outcome that was measured before and after a cooling intervention had to be reported. Excluded were studies using whole-body cryotherapy or cold-water immersion above the...
Temperature dependent UV-Vis spectral changes in hydrogen-and deuterium-bonded photosynthetic reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The UV-Vis absorption spectra of detergent-isolated hydrogen-and deuterium-bonded reaction centers (RCs) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides PUC 705Ba were examined as a function of temperature between 20 and 55 °C. The enthalpy and entropy of denaturation for the specimens was determined, revealing that their process of thermal denaturation is significantly different. Deuterium-bonded RCs are most stable at 37 °C, rather than at room temperature, and undergo a “cold denaturation” as the temperature is lowered to room temperature. At room temperature the addition of 1,3,5-heptanetriol brought the deuterium-bonded RC back to its more stable configuration. Hence the hydrogen bonding interactions in the RC do influence its conformation and this is reflected in the microenvironment of its associated pigments.
Research and clinical training in psychiatry: inputs and outputs.

The interactive relationship between scientific advance and clinical training is increasingly important and complex in the field of psychiatry. Advances in the biological and behavioral sciences offer an unprecedented wealth of research opportunities in an atmosphere of increasing public and political support for psychiatric research. The continuing diminution of resources for clinical training in psychiatry adds to the complexity of this relationship. By discussing the diverse research opportunities and their impact on clinical training, reviewing science policy issues and support for research over the past several decades, and suggesting strategies for recruitment of psychiatric researchers, this paper high-lights psychiatry's need to define new methods for training clinicians who can understand and utilize research findings, as well as create a conduit for recruitment of a new generation of psychiatric investigators.
ESTROGEN EFFECTS IN NEURAL CELLS IN VITRO : MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR (ER)-TRANSFECTED PC12 CELLS

Estradiol (E2) induces neurite outgrowth, neuritic spine development and synaptogenesis in ER containing areas of the rat brain. Such changes may modulate E2 and gender effects on cognition, behavior, and reproductive physiology. Unfortunately, most studies to date have been performed in vivo, and hence elucidation of the cellular effects of E2 on neurons has been difficult. For this reason, we have developed an in vitro model using PC12 rat pheochromocyloma cells, which become postmitotic and and extend neurites in response to Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). Wild-type PC12 (CTL1) cells were stably transfected with the vector pCMV-ERα-neo (JNCI 84:580, 1992) in an attempt to overexpress ER (SER8); or with the control vector pCMV-neo (NE09). Exposure of NEO9 cells to 1-100 ng/ml NGF caused them to extend neurites in a dose-dependent fashion similar to CTL1 cells, but without neuritic spines or intercellular connections. Coadministration of 10−10–10−9 M E2 to NEO9 cells yielded no additional effects on neurite frequency, nor induction of neuritic spines nor intercellular connectivity. Exposure of CTL1 cells to NGF led to similar increases in neurite frequency, but coadministration of E2 led to additive increases in neurite frequency, and also to dose-dependent increases in neuritic spine frequency and intercellular connections. SER8 cells demonstrated similar but augmented effects and at lower doses of E2. Preliminary EM studies of intercellular connections in CTL1 and SER8 cells demonstrate synaptic clefts, posl-synaptic densities, synaptic vesicles, and polyribosomal clusters suggestive of synaptogenesis. These results support the in vivo observations of estrogen effects on neurite outgrowth, spine development, and synaptogenesis, and extend them in vitro. Thus, estrogen appears to activate an inherent neural morphologic program which affects cellular differentiation. Moreover, these cell lines form the basis of an in vitro model for elucidating the mechanisms by which estrogen induces its effects on neuronal differentiation, and will be utilized in future studies of sex hormones and neura organization and activation.
Regular source of ambulatory care and access to health services.

BACKGROUND: To examine why people lack a regular source of ambulatory care (RSAC) and explore whether this commonly used access measure accurately identifies population subgroups at risk for barriers to continuity care. METHODS: Using data from a 1986 national telephone survey, we performed a content analysis of subjects' verbatim reports as to why they lacked an RSAC (n = 5,748). RESULTS: The 16.4 percent of respondents who lacked an RSAC gave the following reasons: 1) financial problems, 8 percent; 2) local resource inaccessibility, 5 percent; 3) not wanting a regular source of ambulatory care, 61 percent; and 4) transitory loss of their regular source of ambulatory care, 18 percent. However, some sociodemographic subgroups reported substantially more problems with access barriers, and these disparities were often not detected by the global measure, RSAC. The poor were not more likely than the non-poor to lack an RSAC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.8; 95% confidence interval, [0.6, 1.1]), but were much more likel...
Chronic pulmonary sporotrichosis.

We report a case of chronic human pulmonary sporotrichosis which was not associated with superficial manifestations involving the skin or lymph nodes. As it is difficult to verify an etiology, it is possible that some undiagnosed pulmonary granulomas could represent pulmonary sporotrichosis of the chronic type. These may have been treated for other diseases, such as a mycobacterial infection as in this case. Since the immunodiffusion test is a simple procedure and is almost always positive in chronic disease, its greater utilization should help in defining this disease more frequently. The skin test, agglutination test and culture are variably useful as documented in the literature. Sporotrichosis is a common mycotic infection which is usually confined to the skin and superficial lymph nodes. In disseminated disease, the lung is very rarely involved. Pulmonary sporotrichosis then represents a second form of primary infection though less common than the lymphocutaneous disease. Scott et al. (18) reported two cases of pulmonary sporotrichosis. Ridgeway et al. (15) at about the same time reviewed the previously reported cases up to 1962 and concluded that 12 of the cases could be accepted as sporotrichosis and added two cases of their own. Subsequently, Siegrist & Ferrington (20) and Trevathan & Phillips (23) each reported a case. Presently, approximately 50 cases have been reported in the United States (1–10, 12, 13, 16). Chronic and acute involvement have been delineated by Ridgeway et al. (15) It is believed that the following case represents one of primary pulmonary sporotrichosis of the chronic type without manifest involvement of other organs.
Developing and applying an index of environmental integrity for the US Mid-Atlantic region.

Abstract Environmental conditions in the Mid-Atlantic region of United States are presently being documented in a series of reports that use ‘environmental report cards’ to summarize the condition of individual natural resources (e.g. estuaries, streams, forests, and landscapes) over the entire region and within major subregions. An ‘index of environmental integrity’ (IEI) approach has been developed and is illustrated using the information content of these report cards to evaluate the overall condition throughout the region. The IEI approach is a four-step process: (1) select individual components for the index, (2) calculate subindex values for each of the individual components, (3) aggregate the subindex values into the overall index, and (4) interpretation of index values. The IEI approach was illustrated by applying to the Mid-Atlantic estuaries and wadable streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands. Because the IEI approach is new, application should not be made without considering issues such as evaluation of the selection of the indicators, weighting scheme, uncertainties, and appropriate way to interpret the values.
Gold(III) assisted C-H activation of 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane: synthesis and spontaneous resolution of a bicyclic chiral sulfonium salt.

Reaction of [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane) with KAuCl4 in nitromethane yields the complex [Au([9]aneS3)Cl2][AuCl4]. Heating of this salt yields the bicyclic sulfonium [9]aneS3+ (4,7-dithia-1-thioniabicyclo[4,3,0]nonane) as a racemic [AuCl4]− salt. Further reaction produces [[9]aneS3+][AuCl2], which undergoes spontaneous resolution upon crystallization. Each enantiomer of [[9]aneS3+][AuCl2] was crystallographically characterized as well as the racemic [AuCl4]− salt.
Grammatical abilities in Parkinson's disease: evidence from written sentences

This study examined the grammatical content of written sentences elicited from 96 Parkinson's patients, 30 Parkinson's with dementia patients and 167 control subjects. Parkinson's patients without dementia or with mild dementia presented no impairments in sentence length, syntactic complexity or amount of information content. Moderately demented Parkinson's patients showed reduced sentence length and information content but normal syntactic complexity. This pattern of results provides evidence that lexical-semantic content is more susceptible to decline than syntactic structure with the progression of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
Language Policy and Latina Immigrants: An Analysis of Personal Experience and Identity in Interview Talk

This article examines how Spanish-speaking Latina (im)migrants position themselves relative to US language policies. Drawing from interviews with 15 Latin American women in the USA, we illustrate how understandings of language policy are constructed through individuals’ reports of everyday experiences and framed within the constraints of contemporary language politics and ideological debates. Building on recent shifts in language policy research towards the study of how individuals engage with language policy issues, we argue for a close analysis of interview talk as a way of gaining important insights into this issue. Data from the study not only illustrate the existence of multiple frames for individual understandings of language policy, but also suggest how these discussions become terrains for the personal negotiation of identities within a broader socio-political context that is overwhelmingly anti-immigrant.
Aramid papers with improved dimensional stability

Meta-aramid (Nomex Type 410) papers are used as insulation in a wide variety of applications in motors, generators and transformers. These papers are prone to moisture absorption under high humidity conditions, which causes these papers to expand by about 1.0% (from bone dry to 90% RH; 23C) in the machine direction. This expansion can pose issues with their use in large generators despite their acknowledged toughness in the application. A new version of aramid papers, based on para-aramid fibers has been developed that has less than 1/7th the change in length of meta-aramid papers. The properties of this new product are discussed and compared with those of meta-aramid papers.
Kinetic Energy Method for Predicting Initiation of Backward Erosion in Earthen Dams and Levees

Current methods to evaluate the potential risk of earthen dam and levee failures by internal erosion fail to consider appropriate failure criteria for the initiation, continuation, and progression phases and are often based on subjective assessment. Six different internal erosion failure modes may occur within a dam or levee, its abutments, or the foundation that are triggered or facilitated by different mechanisms and therefore have different failure criteria. In non-cohesive soils, suffusion, backward erosion, heave, or concentrated leak erosion (scour) are possible, although the physical mechanisms driving the failure criterion for each of these are very different. Currently, no credible failure criteria exist for evaluation of the initiation of backward erosion. This article presents derivation of a specific failure criterion for initiation of backward erosion in non-cohesive soils using the critical kinetic energy ( Ekcrit ) of initiation. Laboratory experiments conducted with different soils showed that Ekcrit is affected by the physical characteristics of the soil, effective stress conditions, and angle of the seepage path. In internally stable, non-cohesive soils (e.g., uniform medium sands) with up to 6 percent non-plastic fines, backward erosion initiated when the Ekcrit of seepage exceeded 0.075 Joules. In non-cohesive soils with 10 percent non-plastic fines, which are also prone to suffusion, the Ekcrit for backward erosion is reduced by a factor of as much as 100. Moreover, in soil with 20 percent plastic fines, initiation of backward erosion did not occur. Concentrated leak erosion along hydraulic-induced fractures was the dominant process of internal erosion in soils with plastic fines. A new backward erosion assessment methodology based on the factor of safety is proposed for initiation of backward erosion that relates the laboratory-derived Ekcrit and the anticipated maximum actual kinetic energy, as measured in the field or estimated during design. The advantage of this method is that laboratory-derived Ekcrit can take into account the natural factors that affect initiation of backward erosion. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the factor of safety methodology under typical field conditions.
MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF THE 38- AND 39-KILODALTON STRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF BORNA DISEASE VIRUS

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a nonsegmented negative-strand (NNS) RNA virus that is unusual because it replicates in the nucleus. The most abundant viral protein in infected cells is a 38/39-kDa doublet that is presumed to represent the nucleocapsid. Infectious particles also contain high levels of this protein, accounting for at least 50% of the viral proteins. The two forms of the protein differ by an additional 13 amino acids that are present at the amino terminus of the 39-kDa form and missing from the 38-kDa form. To examine whether this difference in amino acid content affects the localization of this protein in cells, the 39- and 38-kDa proteins were expressed in transfected cells. The 39-kDa form was concentrated in the nucleus, whereas the 38-kDa form was found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Inspection of the extra 13 amino acids present in the 39-kDa form revealed a sequence (Pro-Lys-Arg-Arg) that is very similar to the nuclear localization signals (in both sequence homology and amino-terminal location) of the VP1 proteins of simian virus 40 and polyomavirus. Primer extension analysis of total RNA from infected cells suggests that there are two mRNA species encoding the two forms of the nucleocapsid protein. In infected cells, the 39-kDa form is expressed at about twofold-higher levels than the 38-kDa form at both the RNA and protein levels. The novel nuclear localization of the 39-kDa nucleocapsid-like protein suggests that this form of the protein is targeted to the nucleus, the site for viral RNA replication, and that it may associate with genomic RNA.
PD-1 Blockade in Chronically HIV-1-Infected Humanized Mice Suppresses Viral Loads

An estimated 34 million people are living with HIV worldwide (UNAIDS, 2012), with the number of infected persons rising every year. Increases in HIV prevalence have resulted not only from new infections, but also from increases in the survival of HIV-infected persons produced by effective anti-retroviral therapies. Augmentation of anti-viral immune responses may be able to further increase the survival of HIV-infected persons. One strategy to augment these responses is to reinvigorate exhausted anti-HIV immune cells present in chronically infected persons. The PD-1-PD-L1 pathway has been implicated in the exhaustion of virus-specific T cells during chronic HIV infection. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling using blocking anti-PD-1 antibodies has been shown to reduce simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) loads in monkeys. We now show that PD-1 blockade can improve control of HIV replication in vivo in an animal model. BLT (Bone marrow-Liver-Thymus) humanized mice chronically infected with HIV-1 were treated with an anti-PD-1 antibody over a 10-day period. The PD-1 blockade resulted in a very significant 45-fold reduction in HIV viral loads in humanized mice with high CD8 + T cell expression of PD-1, compared to controls at 4 weeks post-treatment. The anti-PD-1 antibody treatment also resulted in a significant increase in CD8 + T cells. PD-1 blockade did not affect T cell expression of other inhibitory receptors co-expressed with PD-1, including CD244, CD160 and LAG-3, and did not appear to affect virus-specific humoral immune responses. These data demonstrate that inhibiting PD-1 signaling can reduce HIV viral loads in vivo in the humanized BLT mouse model, suggesting that blockade of the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of patients already infected with the AIDS virus.
Radiobrightness signatures of energy balance processes: melt/freeze cycles in snow and prairie grass covered ground

The authors are developing physically based, one-dimensional heat flow models for snow and soil which, when linked to simple microwave emission models, will predict the temporal radiobrightness response to insolation and atmospheric thermal forcing. The authors use a soil temperature model to analyze the thermal infrared and spectral radiobrightness signatures of snow and grass covered ground undergoing melt/freeze cycles. The data were taken in January and February of 1993 during the first Radiobrightness Energy Balance Experiment (REBEX-1) near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, with horizontally polarized radiometers at 19.35, 37, and 85.5 GHz (SSM/I frequencies). The soil portion of the heat flow model is described and example soil diurnal temperature cycles are compared to those from REBEX-1. It is shown that the diurnal amplitude of the radiobrightness cycle exceeds that of the surface temperature cycle when freeze/thaw transitions occur. >
Differential cross section of a dielectric ellipsoid by the T-matrix extended boundary condition method

The extended boundary condition method is applied to ellipsoidal dielectric scatterers that in general have no rotational symmetry. This represents a more general study of single-object scattering in the resonant range with the goal of extending the practical applications to a wider class of targets, including irregular shapes that can be described in terms of a best-fit ellipsoid. Expressions are presented and calculated results provided for an ellipsoid in the resonant range and comparison is made with an oblate spheroid of approximately the same volume as the ellipsoid. The importance of differences in the surface and internal propagation paths provided by the two scatterers is noted. >
A Framework for Regional Association Rule Mining in Spatial Datasets

The immense explosion of geographically referenced data calls for efficient discovery of spatial knowledge. One of the special challenges for spatial data mining is that information is usually not uniformly distributed in spatial datasets. Consequently, the discovery of regional knowledge is of fundamental importance for spatial data mining. This paper centers on discovering regional association rules in spatial datasets. In particular, we introduce a novel framework to mine regional association rules relying on a given class structure. A reward-based regional discovery methodology is introduced, and a divisive, grid-based supervised clustering algorithm is presented that identifies interesting subregions in spatial datasets. Then, an integrated approach is discussed to systematically mine regional rules. The proposed framework is evaluated in a real-world case study that identifies spatial risk patterns from arsenic in the Texas water supply.
Ordinary intersections: speculations on difference, justice, and utopia in Black queer life

This essay speculates on three scenes from Black queer life: the murder of J.R. Warren, a young Black gay man in rural West Virginia; a startlingly concrete encounter with online racism in a gay chat room; and the incipiently erotic relationship that forms between two girls in a play about racial haunting. These speculations draw on recent articulations of affective ordinariness and reorient Kimberele Crenshaw's notion of intersectionality toward the heady confluence of uneven and banal imaginings, forces, and longings that make so much of ordinary life significant, including, especially, an animating if also incoherent sense of hopefulness. I argue for more nuanced theoretical conceptions of intersectionality and of the ordinary as an initial, tentative, and partial effort toward doing justice to the complexity and the promise of the lives we as anthropologists attempt to document.
Preconception Maternal Iron Status Is a Risk Factor for Iron Deficiency in Infant Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency during pregnancy, and maternal anemia has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. However, it is still not clear how directly maternal iron status is linked to the infant's iron status postpartum. We investigated the impact of maternal iron deficiency on the hematological status of infant rhesus monkeys. Two groups of females, 8 iron deficient and 8 iron sufficient were assessed through pregnancy and for 6 mo postpartum. At conception, 4 females in each group were provided an iron-enriched diet. Iron status of the infant at birth reflected the preconception status of the mother, regardless of diet. Serum ferritin (Ft) concentrations were significantly higher in infants born to iron-sufficient mothers and were correlated with maternal transferrin saturation at entrance to the study (r = 0.52, P < 0.04). Infant iron status continued to reflect prenatal conditions through 6 mo of age. Our study confirmed the importance of iron sufficiency in gravid female monkeys for ensuring their infants' normal hematological development postpartum. A dietary intervention during pregnancy with only a moderate addition of iron was not sufficient to prevent the offspring from developing iron deficiency. These findings stress the importance of improving iron nutriture prior to conception.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overt and covert conduct problems: a longitudinal study.

Background: Empirical evidence demonstrates that conduct disorder (CD) symptoms tend to cluster into covert and overt domains. We hypothesized that overt and covert CD symptoms may be distinct constructs with distinct risk factors. An important risk factor for CD is maternal smoking during pregnancy. We further investigated this association, attending to overt and covert CD symptom subtypes. Also, we tested whether gender and socioeconomic status (SES) modified this association. Method: Participants were male and female adult offspring (n = 682) of a community sample of pregnant women followed longitudinally from prenatal life to age 22. Prospective assessments of maternal smoking during pregnancy were used to predict self-reported DSM-III CD symptoms. Results: Prenatal exposure to smoking was significantly associated with increased overt CD symptoms for participants of low SES, but not for participants of high SES, whereas covert CD symptoms were not associated with prenatal exposure. Gender did not significantly modify the relationship between maternal smoking and CD symptom subtypes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the previously documented association between maternal smoking and CD may be specific to overt CD symptoms, providing support for the heuristic value of differentiating overt and covert CD symptoms as distinct syndromes. These findings further support smoking prevention programs for pregnant women.
Validity of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) for epidemiologic studies of hepatitis C virus infection

SUMMARY Purpose Before using computerized databases to study hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology, the validity of the diagnosis must be assessed. We determined the accuracy of HCV diagnostic codes within The Health Improvement Network (THIN), an electronic database containing medical record data from general medical practices in the United Kingdom. Methods Patients with initial diagnostic codes for HCV infection and nonspecific viral hepatitis between 2000 and 2007 in the THIN database were identified. Questionnaires were mailed to general practitioners caring for a random sample of 150 of these patients (75 with an HCVcode;75withanonspecificviralhepatitiscode)tocollect informationonHCVand otherhepatitisdiagnoses.Wedeterminedthepositive predictive value of the database’s HCV diagnostic codes and its ability to identify the date of a new HCV diagnosis. Results Usable surveys were returned for 146 (97%) patients. Among 74 patients with an HCV code and questionnaire data, HCV was confirmed in 64(positivepredictivevalue, 86%;95%CI, 77‐93%). In 40(63%), thefirstrecorded diagnosis in THIN was within 30days of the date reported in the questionnaire (median difference, 11days; interquartile range, 0‐362days). Among 72 patients with a nonspecific viral hepatitis code, 16 (22%) had HCV, but manual review of the database’s electronic records correctly identified 12/16 (75%). Conclusions In THIN, the HCV-specific diagnostic codes are highly predictive of HCVinfection. After manual review, few patients with a nonspecific viral hepatitis code were misclassified as having HCV infection. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words—epidemiology; hepatitis C virus (HCV); validity; database Received 22 January 2009; Revised 7 May 2009; Accepted 8 May 2009
Oxytocin/neurophysin-I messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine granulosa cells increases after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and is stimulated by LH in vitro

Bovine granulosa cells express the oxytocin/neurophysin-I (OT/NP-I) gene and secrete OT in vitro. We have shown previously that bovine granulosa cells isolated from the preovulatory follicle after the LH surge secrete 20 times more OT over 5 days in culture than granulosa cells obtained before the surge. LH or FSH stimulates OT secretion in vitro by granulosa cells isolated before the LH surge. We also observed that granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles isolated before the LH surge respond to OT with an increase in progesterone secretion, suggesting that OT may be involved in regulating the follicular/luteal phase shift, or ovulation, in an autocrine fashion. The objective of this study was to determine whether the increase in OT secretion from granulosa cells after the LH surge is regulated at the level of mRNA accumulation, peptide synthesis, and/or peptide secretion. Bovine preovulatory follicles were obtained during the early follicular phase (approximately 36 h before the LH surge), during the midfollicular phase (approximately 12 h before the LH surge), or during the late follicular phase (after the LH surge). Total RNA isolated from granulosa cells and theca interna at the time of cell isolation or after culture with or without LH was subjected to Northern analysis for OT/NP-I mRNA and quantified by densitometry. OT/NP-I mRNA was not detectable or was barely detectable in granulosa cells collected during the early or midfollicular phase (n = 6 and n = 4 follicles, respectively), but a strong hybridization signal was obtained from RNA isolated after the LH surge (n = 5 follicles; P < 0.01). In contrast, OT/NP-I mRNA was not detectable in theca interna before or after the LH surge. Although OT/NP-I mRNA was not detectable in granulosa cells isolated 24 h after prostaglandin F2 alpha injection, after 24 h in culture, a weak OT/NP-I mRNA hybridization signal was observed in RNA from granulosa cells in LH-containing cultures. After 72 h in culture, granulosa cells cultured in control, as well as in LH-containing medium, exhibited a strong signal for OT/NP-I mRNA, but granulosa cells treated with LH exhibited a stronger OT/NP-I hybridization signal than control cultures (P < 0.01). Theca interna did not yield any OT/NP-I hybridization signal initially, and none was induced in culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Nutrient Load Characterization From Integrated Source Data for the Lower Mississippi River

: Nutrient data from all available sources for the lower Mississippi River were examined for potential differences among sampling agencies and geographic locations for the period between 1960 and 1998. Monthly means grouped by parameter, sampling location and agency, were calculated and compared as paired sets, excluding those months where data were not available for both sets. Some significant differences were found between various agencies collecting nutrient data on the river, as well as between various stretches of river, especially in the case of phosphorus nutrient data. Results were used to synthesize data sets from which a history of nutrient loading in the Mississippi River was determined. General trends in nitrate+nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphorus and silica loads, as well as changes in nutrient proportions and the specific limiting nutrient (by month) are reported. This study provides a useful summary of contemporary and historical nutrient data that may assist in the evaluation of Mississippi River water quality and its potential effect on the Gulf of Mexico.
To Matrix, Network, or Hierarchy: That Is the Question.

Abstract The authors present a structural analysis of three spatial diagrams—matrices, networks, and hierarchies—that specifies 10 properties on which these diagrammatic representations are hypothesized to differ: global structure, building block, number of sets, item/link constraints, item distinguishability, link type, absence of a relation, linking relations, path, and traversal. Each property has a “value” for each diagram, and these property values constitute the applicability conditions for the representations. Twenty-three college students (computer science majors and math educators) selected the type of diagram they thought would be most efficient for organizing the information in each of 18 short scenarios and verbally justified the reasons for their selections. The verbal protocols were coded with respect to the structural analysis. Both the representation selection and verbal justification data provided strong support for the structural analysis. Additionally, a factor analysis of students' justifications indicated that the organization of their knowledge is consistent with the structural analysis. Students' use of the structural properties to select appropriate representations and to justify those selections indicates that the structural analysis has psychological force.
Covalent Bond in Crystals. II. Partially Ionic Binding

The general theory of covalent bonding developed previously is extended to heteropolar crystals. In diatomic crystals the theory depends on two parameters; an energy gap for each atom, or an energy gap for the medium and a polarizability parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}$. The latter can be determined by comparison with empirical pseudopotential form factors; the value obtained for GaAs and ZnSe which brings the form factors of the latter into agreement with the ion-core form factors of Animalu and Heine is $\ensuremath{\eta}=\ensuremath{-}0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. This polarizability parameter can be used to estimate the effective charge ${{e}_{c}}^{*}$ defined by Callen, which describes the splitting of longitudinal and transverse optic modes of vibration at $q=0$. The result in GaAs is $\frac{{{e}_{c}}^{*}}{e}=0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$, in rough agreement with the experimental value of 0.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03. The experimental values for ${{e}_{c}}^{*}$ may be used to estimate the gap parameters for each atom when complete data are available.
Practical predicate placement

Recent work in query optimization has addressed the issue of placing expensive predicates in a query plan. In this paper we explore the predicate placement options considered in the Montage DBMS, presenting a family of algorithms that form successively more complex and effective optimization solutions. Through analysis and performance measurements of Montage SQL queries, we classify queries and highlight the simplest solution that will optimize each class correctly. We demonstrate limitations of previously published algorithms, and discuss the challenges and feasibility of implementing the various algorithms in a commercial-grade system.
Do 'Firms Lean Against the Wind'? Earnings Management and Stock Market Returns

We investigate whether firms “lean against the wind,” i.e., manage earnings upward to offset aggregate (market wide) undervaluation, by examining how firm-specific measures of earnings management correlate with aggregate market conditions. Leaning against the wind has been proposed by prior research as a behavioral explanation for a negative contemporaneous relation and a positive predictive relation between aggregate accruals (both total and discretionary) and aggregate market returns. We find no empirical evidence to support the “lean against the wind” hypothesis. In particular, when the overall market return is negative, only firms whose own return is negative have positive discretionary accruals; if firms were to lean against the wind, all firms should have positive discretionary accruals in down markets. Moreover, the tendency of firms to manage earnings upward to beat benchmarks is positively related to market-wide conditions, implying that firms lean toward the wind. Importantly, since growth may explain the relation between aggregate accruals and returns but has been omitted from standard accruals models, we also adjust our discretionary accruals measures for growth and our results are robust to this specification. Since earnings management in response to aggregate market fluctuations does not appear to explain the relation between aggregate accruals and aggregate returns, our results suggest a fundamentals-based explanation.
Compiler Generation for Interactive Graphics Using Intermediate Code

This paper describes a compiler generator (cogen) designed for interactive graphics, and presents preliminary results of its application to pixel-level code. The cogen accepts and produces a reflective intermediate code in continuation-passing, closure-passing style. This allows low overhead run-time code generation as well as multi-stage compiler generation. We extend partial evaluation techniques by allowing partially static integers, conservative early equality, and unrestricted lifting. In addition to some standard examples, we examine graphics kernels such as one-dimensional finite filtering and packed pixel access.
Random Patrol Scheduling Under Operational Constraints

Random patrol scheduling is somewhat unique as an area of scheduling because it introduces uncertainty rather than avoid it or merely live with it. The purpose of the randomness is to make the patrols more unpredictable and hopefully more effective. However, certain practical constraints related to sensible use of patrol equipment and the ways in which police patrols operate need to be considered before random patrol scheduling can be considered for actual use. This paper describes the utilization of simulation to determine how well the random patrol of a network can be effected in the absence or modification of some of the theoretical requisites for random patrol.
Addressing Problems of Power and Supervision in Field Placements

Power dynamics play a role in all workplace relationships and are of particular significance in field placement programs where such dynamics can have an impact on the learning opportunities for law students. This article examines power issues in relation to supervision of law students. The article begins by exploring the parameters of the problem through examples, and then examines the potential consequences of failing to address such issues in field placement programs, including ethical ramifications. Faculty in field placement programs, who generally are not responsible for client work product, have a unique opportunity to address power and supervision issues with students and supervising attorneys. The goal of field placements is to equip students to fully exploit opportunities in the programs, and to prepare them for workplace issues they may face in the legal workplace. The article contains extensive suggestions for teaching about power in each phase of field placement programs, in hopes of enabling students, faculty and supervisors to identify and address problems of power and supervision and to maximize student learning.
Elasticity imaging of speckle-free tissue regions with moving acoustic radiation force and phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PhS-OCT) can be utilized for quantitative shear-wave elastography using speckle tracking. However, current approaches cannot directly reconstruct elastic properties in speckle-less or speckle-free regions, for example within the crystalline lens in ophthalmology. Investigating the elasticity of the crystalline lens could improve understanding and help manage presbyopia-related pathologies that change biomechanical properties. We propose to reconstruct the elastic properties in speckle-less regions by sequentially launching shear waves with moving acoustic radiation force (mARF), and then detecting the displacement at a specific speckle-generating position, or limited set of positions, with PhS-OCT. A linear ultrasound array (with a center frequency of 5 MHz) interfaced with a programmable imaging system was designed to launch shear waves by mARF. Acoustic sources were electronically translated to launch shear waves at laterally shifted positions, where displacements were detected by speckle tracking images produced by PhS-OCT operating in M-B mode with a 125-kHz A-line rate. Local displacements were calculated and stitched together sequentially based on the distance between the acoustic source and the detection beam. Shear wave speed, and the associated elasticity map, were then reconstructed based on a time-of-flight algorithm. In this study, moving-source shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) can highlight a stiff inclusion within an otherwise homogeneous phantom but with a CNR increased by 3.15 dB compared to a similar image reconstructed with moving-detector SWEI. Partial speckle-free phantoms were also investigated to demonstrate that the moving-source sequence could reconstruct the elastic properties of speckle-free regions. Results show that harder inclusions within the speckle-free region can be detected, suggesting that this imaging method may be able to detect the elastic properties of the crystalline lens.
Use of radial self-field geometry for intense pulsed ion beam generation above 6 MeV on Hermes III.

We investigate the generation and propagation of intense pulsed ion beams at the 6 MeV level and above using the Hermes III facility at Sandia National Laboratories. While high-power ion beams have previously been produced using Hermes III, we have conducted systematic studies of several ion diode geometries for the purpose of maximizing focused ion energy for a number of applications. A self-field axial-gap diode of the pinch reflex type and operated in positive polarity yielded beam power below predicted levels. This is ascribed both to power flow losses of unknown origin upstream of the diode load in Hermes positive polarity operation, and to anomalies in beam focusing in this configuration. A change to a radial self-field geometry and negative polarity operation resulted in greatly increased beam voltage (> 6 MeV) and estimated ion current. A comprehensive diagnostic set was developed to characterize beam performance, including both time-dependent and time-integrated measurements of local and total beam power. A substantial high-energy ion population was identified propagating in reverse direction, i.e. from the back side of the anode in the electron beam dump. While significant progress was made in increasing beam power, further improvements in assessing the beam focusing envelope will bemore » required before ultimate ion generation efficiency with this geometry can be completely determined.« less
Regio- and Chemoselective Diboration of Allenes with Unsymmetrical Diboron: Formation of Vinyl and Allyl Boronic Acid Derivatives

A platinum-catalyzed terminal diboration of 1,1-disubstituted allenes using a differentially protected diboron is described. Diboration occurs in a regio- and chemoselective fashion to furnish vinyl and allyl boronates in good to excellent yield and selectivity. Transformation of the bis-boronyl products to other functional groups as well as in chemoselective cross-coupling is demonstrated.
Abstract 1847: AR-V7 regulation during epithelial plasticity

Background: The androgen receptor (AR) is a key gene involved in prostate cancer (PC) biology, including disease development, response to initial hormonal therapies, and subsequent resistance to hormonal therapies. AR variants lacking the ligand-binding domain, such as AR-V7, have been observed and enriched in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. These variants contribute to resistance mechanisms against agents that target hormonal regulation of the AR, including anti-androgens, such as enzalutamide. In addition to AR variants, epithelial plasticity, including an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been implicated in PC metastatic dissemination during castration-resistance. In response to androgen deprivation therapy, PC xenografts have been found to display an acute and reversible up-regulation of both EMT phenotypic markers and AR variants. Methods: To explore the mechanism by which an EMT program may regulate AR variant expression and metastatic disease, we used pre- and post- EMT cells to compare AR expression, migration, invasion and enzalutamide resistance. To induce EMT, we stably transfected LNCaP95 PC cells with a plasmid encoding inducible Snail, a master regulator of EMT. In addition, LNCAP95 cells were serially passaged under increasing enzalutamide conditions and we assessed biomarkers of EMT and invasion/growth in resistant cells. Results: We found that Snail activation was sufficient to induce an EMT and increased expression of both AR-FL and AR-V7 as compared to pre-EMT cells. Nuclear localization of AR, migration and invasion were also increased in post-EMT cells. Importantly, cells were more resistant to enzalutamide treatment. Likewise, in a second model of acquired enzalutamide resistance, we found that Snail, AR-FL and AR-V7 were upregulated in enzalutamide resistant vs. sensitive cell lines. Conclusion: Our study suggests that Snail activation promotes both an aggressive and therapy resistant tumor cell through the induction of EP and both AR-FL and AR-V7 isoforms. Citation Format: Kathryn E. Ware, Daneen Schaeffer, Tian Zhang, Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco, Andrew J. Armstrong. AR-V7 regulation during epithelial plasticity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1847. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1847
Corn Gluten Feed Supplementation of Grass Hay Diets for Beef Cows and Yearling Heifers

ForwoodC. S. Cordes, K. E. Turner, J. A. Paterson, J.G.P. Bowman and J. R.Cows and Yearling HeifersCorn Gluten Feed Supplementation of Grass Hay Diets for BeefJ ANIM SCI€1988, 66:522-531.http://jas.fass.org/content/66/2/522services, is located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and