cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doubt in Defense of Faith

_lsound, believing Christian."' Hume may or may not have had tongue in cheek wh n he penned these lines; but there are reasons for taking his claim seriously. There have been Christian thinkers both before and after Hume who would have accepted this assertion as a most evangelical truth. The recurrence of a pattern of religious apologetic based on philosophical skepticism is one of the most fascinating phenomena in the history of Western religious thought. This article deals with some Christian manifestations of this pattern, attempting to uncover their theological rationale.
HETEROATOM INCORPORATED CAGES AND CLUSTERS

The significant recent findings in our laboratory are as following: (1) The synthesis and crystal structure of the first “carbons apart” C4B8-carborane provided an indirect evidence for the existence of a carborane cuboctahcdron, a geometry that was proposed by Lipscomb in 1960 as an intermediate in his classic DSD mechanism for the thermal rearrangement of ortho-carborane to meta-carborane. (2) The first examples of fully sandwiched anionic lithia- and magnesacarboranes and half-sandwich cesia- and magnesacarboranes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. (3) A number of half- and full-sandwich galla- and indacarboranes were synthesized and their reactivities at the metal center for further complexation were explored. (4) The lanthanide metal reagents exhibited a different reactivity pattern with the “carbons apart” carborane ligands than with the corresponding “carbons adjacent” counterparts and further exemplify the role of solvents in determining the course of reactions in these systems.
Platelet inhibitory effect of nitric oxide in the human coronary circulation: impact of endothelial dysfunction.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether coronary vascular nitric oxide (NO) release in vivo modulates platelet activation. BACKGROUND Nitric oxide modulates vasodilator tone and platelet activity via the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, but whether coronary endothelial dysfunction influences platelet activation in humans is unknown. METHODS In 26 patients, we measured coronary blood flow, epicardial diameter and coronary sinus platelet cGMP content during intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine (ACH), L-NGmonomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) and sodium nitroprusside. RESULTS Acetylcholine increased platelet cGMP content (p = 0.013), but its magnitude was lower in patients with endothelial dysfunction; thus, patients with epicardial constriction with ACH had a 7 ± 6%, p = ns change compared with a 32 ± 13%, p = 0.05 increase in platelet cGMP in those with epicardial dilation. Similarly, patients with atherosclerosis or its risk factors had a smaller increase (9 ± 6%) compared with those having normal coronary arteries without risk factors (51 ± 22%, p = 0.019). L-NGmonomethyl arginine decreased platelet cGMP content to a greater extent in patients with epicardial dilation with ACH (−15 ± 7%, p = 0.06) compared to those with constriction (+5 ± 6% change, p = 0.5). Sodium nitroprusside produced a similar increase in platelet cGMP content in patients with and without endothelial dysfunction (p = 0.56). The effects of sodium nitroprusside, but not ACH or L-NMMA, were reproduced in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Platelet cGMP levels can be modulated by basal and stimulated release of NO. The platelet inhibitory effect of NO is reduced in patients with endothelial dysfunction, which may explain their increased risk from thrombotic events and the improved survival associated with strategies designed to improve vascular function.
Design Considerations for Traveling-Wave Modulator-Based CMOS Photonic Transmitters

Systematic design and simulation methodology for hybrid optical transmitters that combine CMOS circuits in a 130-nm process and a traveling-wave Mach–Zehnder modulator (TWMZM) in a 130-nm silicon-on-insulator CMOS process is presented. A compact Verilog-A model for the TWMZM is adopted for the electrooptical simulation. A bond wire model using a high-frequency solver is included for accurate package simulation. The transmitter post-layout simulation result exhibits 5.48-dB extinction ratio, 9.6-ps peak-to-peak jitter, and the best power efficiency of 5.81 pJ/bit when operating up to 12.5-Gb/s non-return-to-zero data. A pulse-amplitude modulation four-level transmitter with a detailed linearity design procedure is presented, which has horizontal and vertical eye openings of 49 ps and 203 $\mu$ W when operating at 25 Gb/s, and has power efficiency is 5.09 pJ/bit.
Effects of Aerosol Introduction on the Analytical Utility of dc Plasma Jets

Large aerosol introduction tubes are shown to affect adversely analytical calibration curves and apparent ion-to-atom intensity ratios in two-electrode de plasma jets. With large chimneys, the aerosol that skirts the plasma results in substantial ground state atom concentrations along the optical axis between the source and detector. The use of excited ion emission lines for analysis circumvents most of the adverse effects.
A measure of short‐term visual memory based on the WISC‐R coding subtest

Adapted the Coding subtest of the WISC-R to provide a measure of visual memory. Three hundred and five children, aged 8 through 12, were administered the Coding test using standard directions. A few seconds after completion the key was taken away, and each was given a paper with only the digits and asked to write the appropriate matching symbol below each. This was termed "Coding Recall." To provide validity data, a subgroup of 50 Ss also was administered the Attention Span for Letters subtest from the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude (as a test of visual memory for sequences of letters) and a Bender Gestalt recall test (as a measure of visual memory for geometric forms). Coding Recall means and standard deviations are reported separately by sex and age level. Implications for clinicans are discussed. Reservations about clinical use of the data are given in view of the possible lack of representativeness of the sample used and the limited reliability and validity of Coding Recall.
Simple Explanation of the No-Free-Lunch Theorem and Its Implications

The no-free-lunch theorem of optimization (NFLT) is an impossibility theorem telling us that a general-purpose, universal optimization strategy is impossible. The only way one strategy can outperform another is if it is specialized to the structure of the specific problem under consideration. Since optimization is a central human activity, an appreciation of the NFLT and its consequences is essential. In this paper, we present a framework for conceptualizing optimization that leads to a simple but rigorous explanation of the NFLT and its implications.
The Bootstrapped Switch [A Circuit for All Seasons]

Field-effect transistors (FETs) have been used as switches, particularly for analog signals, since the 1950s. In the early days of analog sampling, it was discovered that such devices exhibit an input-dependent on-resistance, thereby introducing distortion. This issue can be resolved by ?bootstrapping,? a circuit technique that minimizes the switch on-resistance variation in the presence of large input and output voltage swings. In this article, we study the bootstrapped switch topology and appreciate its role in nanometer designs.
Analysis of Non‐Exponential Multi‐Component Emission of Aryl Ketones: The Cases for the Phosphorescence Spectra of Beta‐Naphthil and Benzophenone

The dual emission spectra of β-naphthil in two different glasses at 77° K have been resolved to their individual components by a computerized kinetic phosphorescence spectrometry system. Both the time-resolved spectrum which reveals the kinetic behavior of the excited states and the wavelength-resolved spectrum which tells the nature of the emitting species are obtained. Several possible emission mechanisms are discussed based on the informations gathered through the resolution processes. Triplet-triplet annihilation is shown to exist in solutions of benzophenone as well as in solutions of β-naphthil. As concluded from the results of time-resolved study, such kind of interaction is responsible for the non-exponential distorsion of the decays. And according to the wavelength-resolved studies, transoid and cisoid conformational isomers seem to accout for the sources of the dual emission of β-naphthil.
TECHNIQUES FOR COATING MOLYBDENUM

ABSTRACT This review covers processes used to deposit adherent coatings on Mo. Coatings applied by electroplating, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and plasma spraying are covered. Processing techniques for preparing the substrates for deposition are emphasized and supported with data on adherence of the coatings.
Selective ETA Receptor Antagonism Reduces Neointimal Hyperplasia in a Porcine Coronary Stent Model

Background—As endothelin binds to ETA receptors, it stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and may thus be pivotally involved in the pathogenesis of restenosis. This study assessed the ability of a potent and selective ETA antagonist to reduce neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine coronary artery stented injury model. Methods and Results—Fifty-five pigs were randomized to receive placebo or the oral ETA-selective antagonist ABT147627 twice daily for 28 days in one of three doses: 0.75 mg/kg (low), 3.75 mg/kg (mid), and 10.0 mg/kg (high). Each underwent oversized stent deployment in two randomly assigned major epicardial coronary arteries. Three animals (5.5%) died as a consequence of stent thrombosis within 24 hours of the procedure. The remaining 52 animals (13 pigs per group) survived without complication until predetermined euthanasia at 28 days. In the placebo group, mean injury score was 1.73±0.80, with a mean neointimal response of 0.45±0.24 mm. By comparison, the low-dose group had a si...
Intracellular Localization of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Major Transcriptional Regulatory Protein, ICP4, Is Affected by ICP27

Infected-cell protein 4 (ICP4) is the major transcriptional activator of herpes simplex virus (HSV) gene expression during productive infection. ICP0 has broad transactivating activity for all classes of HSV genes as well as cellular genes and genes of heterologous viruses. Together, the transactivating activities of ICP4 and ICP0 are synergistic. ICP27, which alone does not exhibit major transregulatory activity, is able to differentially activate and repress viral gene expression induced by ICP4 and ICP0. Thus, ICP27 plays a modulatory role in viral gene expression. In order to explore the functional relationships among ICP4, ICP0, and ICP27 in the regulation of viral gene expression, we have used indirect immunofluorescence to examine the intracellular localization of ICP4 in cells infected with wild-type virus or with mutant viruses that did not express functional forms of ICP0 or ICP27. Although ICP4 localized to both the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells infected with either the wild-type virus or an ICP0 null mutant virus, this protein was present exclusively in the nuclei of cells infected with an ICP27 null mutant virus, suggesting that ICP27 is able to inhibit the nuclear localization of ICP4 during virus infection. Transient expression assays with pairs of plasmids that express wild-type forms of ICP4 and ICP0 or of ICP4 and ICP27 demonstrated that ICP27 has a significant inhibitory effect on the nuclear localization of ICP4, confirming the observations made with the mutant-virus-infected cells. By using a plasmid expressing wild-type ICP4 and a series of ICP27 mutant plasmids in transient expression assays, the C-terminal half of ICP27 was shown to be required for its inhibitory effect on the nuclear localization of ICP4. In similar studies using a series of ICP4 mutant plasmids, the region of ICP4 responsive to wild-type ICP27 was mapped to the C-terminal portion of the molecule between amino acid residues 820 and 1029. The level of expression of ICP27 was shown to have a significant effect on the intracellular localization of ICP4 in transient assays. These findings are consistent with previous studies in which ICP27 was shown to have an inhibitory effect on the nuclear localization of ICP0 (Z. Zhu, W. Cai, and P. A. Schaffer J. Virol. 68:3027-3040, 1994). Thus, ICP27 has a significant inhibitory effect on the ability of the two major HSV type 1 (HSV-1) regulatory proteins to localize to the nucleus. Collectively, these findings indicate that cooperative regulation of HSV-1 gene expression may well involve intracellular compartmental constraints.
Neural lesioning with ribosome-inactivating proteins: suicide transport and immunolesioning

Abstract Toxic lectins, plant proteins that inactivate ribosomes, irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis with high efficiency. After intraneural (subepineurial) microinjection, these agents are taken up by axons and are retrogradely transported to the perikarya, where they result in cell death. These ‘suicide transport' toxins can produce pathway-specific lesions that are useful in several types of experiment, including cellular localization of neurotransmitter receptors. The toxins can be coupled to monoclonal antibodies to produce immunotoxins: reagents that can make highly selective lesions of specific types of neurons. Central or peripheral neurons that express the low-affinity NGF receptor are selectively destroyed by the immunotoxin 192 lgG—saporin. Development of other anti-neuronal immunotoxins should provide a variety of powerful selective lesioning tools.
Using Moral Foundations to Predict Voting Behavior: Regression Models from the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election

The current research examined the ability of moral foundations to predict candidate choice in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election across three studies. Results indicated that endorsement of moral foundations predicted voting outcomes beyond that predicted by important demographic variables that are traditionally included in election forecasts and research. When moral foundations were collapsed into two variables (individualizing and binding foundations), increased endorsement of the individualizing foundations consistently predicted support for Barack Obama, and increased endorsement of the binding foundations consistently predicted support for Mitt Romney. The most reliable unique predictor of candidate choice among the five separate foundations was purity, which strongly motivated support for Mitt Romney. Additionally, increased endorsement of the fairness foundation uniquely predicted support for Barack Obama. The effects observed across the three studies demonstrate a direct relationship between moral foundations endorsements and candidate choice. Implications for those using moral appeals in their political influence strategies are discussed.
All in the family: why non-democratic leaders have more children

Economists have come to learn that politics matters. But survival matters the most to those involved in politics. We provide a theory whereby non-benevolent, non-democratic leaders increase their expected family size to raise the likelihood that a child will be a match at continuing the regime’s survival. As a consequence, having a larger family size raises the non-democratic leader’s expected rents that they can exploit from the citizenry. In contrast, democratic leaders have a lower desire to appropriate rents from the citizenry, and therefore have a diminished desire to have additional children for these purposes. We construct a data set of the number of children of country leaders as of August 31, 2005. We find that in a sample of 221 country leaders, fully non-democratic leaders have approximately 1.5–2.5 more actual children as compared to if they are fully democratic. This empirical relationship is established controlling for a full array of country specific as well as individual specific variables. Our finding also continues to hold when using alternative measures of family size.
Protein synthesis by phagocytized yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum

Protein synthesis by phagocytized yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum was observed in autoradiograms prepared from tissue cultures of mouse histiocytes parasitized with the fungus and pulse labelled with 3H-leucine. Techniques employed to distinguish between host cell synthesizing activity and fungus synthesizing activity are described. The results show that H. capsulatum actively engages in protein synthesis during intracellular residence.
Hospitalization rates among dialysis patients during Hurricane Katrina.

Introduction Dialysis centers struggled to maintain continuity of care for dialysis patients during and immediately following Hurricane Katrina's landfall on the US Gulf Coast in August 2005. However, the impact on patient health and service use is unclear. Problem The impact of Hurricane Katrina on hospitalization rates among dialysis patients was estimated. Methods Data from the United States Renal Data System were used to identify patients receiving dialysis from January 1, 2001 through August 29, 2005 at clinics that experienced service disruptions during Hurricane Katrina. A repeated events duration model was used with a time-varying Hurricane Katrina indicator to estimate trends in hospitalization rates. Trends were estimated separately by cause: surgical hospitalizations, medical, non-renal-related hospitalizations, and renal-related hospitalizations. Results The rate ratio for all-cause hospitalization associated with the time-varying Hurricane Katrina indicator was 1.16 (95% CI, 1.05-1.29; P = .004). The ratios for cause-specific hospitalization were: surgery, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.68-1.04; P = .11); renal-related admissions, 2.53 (95% CI, 2.09-3.06); P < .001), and medical non-renal related, 1.04 (95% CI, 0.89-1.20; P = .63). The estimated number of excess renal-related hospital admissions attributable to Katrina was 140, representing approximately three percent of dialysis patients at the affected clinics. Conclusions Hospitalization rates among dialysis patients increased in the month following the Hurricane Katrina landfall, suggesting that providers and patients were not adequately prepared for large-scale disasters. Howard D, Zhang R, Huang Y, Kutner N. Hospitalization rates among dialysis patients during Hurricane Katrina. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-5.
Lossless laser beam shaping

The Fresnel approximation is used in the design of a lens that turns a beam with one intensity distribution into a beam with a different distribution at the focal plane of a Fourier transform lens. In general, this cannot be done exactly, so one must be satisfied with approximate solutions to this problem. It is shown that the difficulty of this problem depends on a parameter β that is a dimensionless measure of how well the geometrical optics approximation holds. An analytical method is given for determining the lens when β is large. The sensitivity of this solution to various imperfections in the system alignment is also analyzed.
Marriage and the Family

Heijermans’ first novella, A Jew’s Trick, his first play, Dora Kremer, and his first novel, Sin in a Furnished Room, were devoted to the problems of marriage. That his first effort in each of these three literary forms deals with the same subject is not a mere matter of chance, for the events that preceded and surrounded his life with Marie Peers had penetrated to the innermost recesses of his mind and heart. The birth of his first child intensified his interest in the relationship between man and wife and broadened it to include the ties between parents and children.
Activated Carbon as a Restoration Tool: Potential for Control of Invasive Plants in Abandoned Agricultural Fields

Exotic plants have been found to use allelochemicals, positive plant–soil feedbacks, and high concentrations of soil nutrients to exercise a competitive advantage over native plants. Under laboratory conditions, activated carbon (AC) has shown the potential to reduce these advantages by sequestering organic compounds. It is not known, however, if AC can effectively sequester organics or reduce exotic plant growth under fi eld conditions. On soils dominated by exotic plants, we found that AC additions (1% AC by mass in the top 10 cm of soil) reduced concentrations of extractable organic C and N and induced consistent changes in plant community composition. The cover of two dominant exotics, Bromus tectorum and Centaurea diffusa, decreased on AC plots compared to that on control plots (14–8% and 4– 0.1%, respectively), and the cover of native perennial grasses increased on AC plots compared to that on control plots (1.4–3% cover). Despite promising responses to AC by these species, some exotic species responded positively to AC and some native species responded negatively to AC. Consequently, AC addition did not result in native plant communities similar to uninvaded sites, but AC did demonstrate potential as a soil-based exotic plant control tool, especially for B. tectorum and C. diffusa.
Extraordinary Distance Limits of Landslides Triggered by the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake

The 23 August 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake ( M w 5.8) was the largest to strike the eastern U.S. since 1897 and was felt over an extraordinarily large area. Although no large landslides occurred, the shaking did trigger many rock and soil falls from steep river banks and natural cliffs in the epicentral area and from steep road cuts along, and northwest of, the Blue Ridge Parkway. We mapped the occurrence of rock falls to determine distance limits that could be compared with those from other documented earthquakes. Studies of previous earthquakes indicated a maximum epicentral distance limit for landsliding of ∼60 km for an M 5.8 earthquake; the maximum distance limit for the 2011 earthquake was 245 km, the largest exceedance of the historical limit ever recorded. Likewise, the previous maximum area affected by landslides for this magnitude was 1500 km2; the area affected by landslides in the 2011 earthquake was 33,400 km2. These observations provide physical evidence that attenuation of strong shaking for eastern U.S. earthquakes is significantly lower than for plate‐boundary earthquakes. Also, distance limits parallel to the regional structural trend are greater than those that transect the structure, which suggests anisotropic attenuation related to the regional geologic structure. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the landslide distance limits is estimated to have been about 0.02–0.04 g .
Estrogen replacement therapy

For decades, observers have noted that women lose their natural resistance to coronary disease following menopause. It is now known that this increase in coronary risk is due to the loss of the protective effect of estrogen. Although still somewhat controversial, estrogen replacement therapy appears to offer significant cardioprotective benefits to postmenopausal women. These benefits extend to women with a history of coronary artery disease as well as to those without. The exact mechanism by which estrogen confers protection is not known, although the primary focus has been on estrogen's effect on serum lipids. Estrogen reduces total cholesterol levels and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increases levels of high-density lipoproteins. Recent data suggest that estrogen may also have a beneficial effect on lipoprotein (a), a less studied lipid fraction, and may affect lipid metabolism in the blood-vessel wall. Numerous studies are under way to define better the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy. Until more is known, the decision to recommend estrogen replacement therapy must be made on an individual basis.
LBMD : a layer-based mesh data structure tailored for generic API infrastructures.

A new mesh data structure is introduced for the purpose of mesh processing in Application Programming Interface (API) infrastructures. This data structure utilizes a reduced mesh representation to increase its ability to handle significantly larger meshes compared to full mesh representation. In spite of the reduced representation, each mesh entity (vertex, edge, face, and region) is represented using a unique handle, with no extra storage cost, which is a crucial requirement in most API libraries. The concept of mesh layers makes the data structure more flexible for mesh generation and mesh modification operations. This flexibility can have a favorable impact in solver based queries of finite volume and multigrid methods. The capabilities of LBMD make it even more attractive for parallel implementations using Message Passing Interface (MPI) or Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The data structure is associated with a new classification method to relate mesh entities to their corresponding geometrical entities. The classification technique stores the related information at the node level without introducing any ambiguities. Several examples are presented to illustrate the strength of this new data structure.
Choosing Our Futures

Nearly all academic librarians agree that academic libraries have to change in order to respond successfully to the new realities of the higher education environment, rapidly developing information and telecommunications technologies, and the crisis in scholarly communications. But there is little agreement on what must change, how the changes will take place, how fast the changes must occur, and how much change is necessary.
Corticosterone Level Changes throughout Larval Development in the Amphibians Rana sylvatica and Ambystoma jeffersonianum Reared under Laboratory, Mesocosm, or Free-living Conditions

Studies of a few ‘‘model’’ amphibians continue to advance our mechanistic understanding of the endocrine control of larval amphibian development and metamorphosis, but there are few studies examining steroid profiles across species during larval amphibian development. We used censored regression analysis to address our primary objective, which was to examine baseline corticosterone level changes and responses to a standardized stressor throughout larval development in two amphibian species: one anuran (Wood Frogs, Rana sylvatica) and one caudate (Jefferson Salamanders, Ambystoma jeffersonianum). In addition, we looked at two additional factors that could influence the study of corticosterone during larval development, namely the rearing location of the animals (free-living, mesocosmheld, or laboratory-held) and for A. jeffersonianum, the method of induction of the stress response (ACTH injection or a confinement-agitation [CA] protocol). As has been documented for other anurans, baseline corticosterone content of R. sylvatica increased close to metamorphic climax in all rearing locations, although the absolute level varied with rearing location. Baseline corticosterone content of A. jeffersonianum increased gradually over development, and the increase in corticosterone content following CA mirrored the increase in baseline levels, although the absolute magnitude of the increase with CA varied based on rearing location. In larvae of A. jeffersonianum, both the CA method and ACTH injection significantly increased corticosterone content, with 30 min eliciting the maximum hormonal response level. Our results suggest that rearing location can influence corticosterone levels and the response to a standardized CA protocol, and that care should be taken in extrapolating results from laboratory studies to free-living amphibian populations.
An Experimental Study of Inertial Waves in a Closed Cone

An experimental study of inertial waves in a closed cone is presented in which the inertial waves are excited by a slight periodic oscillation superimposed on the cone's basic rotation rate. The dynamic pressure field is measured along the cone's rotation axis; no standing modal structure is observed, confirming Greenspan's (1969) argument that the closed cone appears open to inertial oscillations and the inertial wave spectrum is continuous. Similar pressure measurements made in the frustum of a right circular cone show that removal of the singular apex of the cone leads to standing wave modes.
Phorbol ester binding and phorol ester-induced arachidonic acid metabolism in a highly responsive murine fibrosarcoma cell line and in a less-responsive variant

Phorbol ester binding was examined in two lines of murine fibrosarcoma cells. The two cell lines were isolated from the same parent tumor but respond differentially to stimulation with phorbol esters. In one of the lines, these agents stimulate a rapid attachment and spreading response and induce directional migration. The other cell line does not migrate in response to stimulation with phorbol esters and the attachment and spreading response is slow. The cell line which responds actively to phorbol ester stimulation is highly malignant when injected into syngeneic animals while the other line is of low tumorigenicity and is virtually non-metastatic. In spite of these differences, both lines were found in the present study to bind [3H]4 beta-phorbol-12 beta, 13 alpha-dibutyrate in a receptor-mediated fashion. The characteristics of binding were virtually identical between the two cell lines. In additional studies, arachidonic acid metabolism was examined in the same two lines. In the highly responsive line, PMA stimulated a rapid release of [3H]arachidonic acid and its conversion into cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. In the less-responsive line, PMA stimulated a slower release of [3H]arachidonic acid from prelabeled cells. The quantity of arachidonic acid metabolites produced was also much less. These studies suggest that the disparity between the two cell lines in their response to phorbol ester stimulation is not the result of differences in the initial interaction between the cells and ligand but may result from alterations in their signal transductance mechanism. This may be the result of inherent differences in capacity for arachidonic acid metabolism.
macroeco: Reproducible ecological pattern analysis in Python

macroeco is a Python package that supports the analysis of empirical macroecological patterns and the comparison of these patterns to theoretical predictions. Here we describe the use of macroeco and the various functions that it contains. We also highlight a unique high-level interface included with the package, MacroecoDesktop, that allows non-programmers to access the functionality of macroeco. MacroecoDesktop takes simple text-based metadata and parameter files as inputs and generates both tabular and graphical outputs, supporting users in creating reproducible workflows that follow the principles of simplicity, provenance, and automation. Both macroeco and MacroecoDesktop provide case studies for developers of analytically-focused scientific software packages who wish to better support the reproducible use of their tools.
The Monument and the Message: Pragmatism and Principle in Establishment Clause Ten Commandments Litigation

This article examines the standard approach taken by litigators defending public Decalogue displays and suggests that there is a theological problem raised by this approach. It is argued that the common approach taken by those who defend public Ten Commandments displays itself can devalue the Commandments and the principles that they embody. After identifying and exploring the problem, this article concludes by suggesting alternate legal approaches for the theologically self-conscious practitioner.
The Debate Over Single‐Sex Schooling

Supporters of single-sex schooling believe that separating boys and girls, by classrooms or schools, increases students' academic achievement. Critics of single-sex schooling believe that gender segregation increases students' gender stereotypes and has no effect on students' achievement. In this article, we present these rationales, focusing on developmental issues that may affect the effectiveness of single-sex schooling. We then review the research on the effectiveness of single-sex schooling. Overall, findings suggest that single-sex schooling is not more effective than coeducational schooling at improving students' academic achievement or attitudes. More work is needed to explore a broader range of outcomes, examine developmental factors that may influence the effectiveness of various types of schooling, and communicate results to parents, educators, and policymakers.
Opto-Electronic Properties of μc-Si Grown from SiF4 and H2 by PECVD

Microcrystalline Si was grown from SiF 4 and H 2 by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The films are almost completely crystalline with a crystallite size (determined from Raman spectra) of about 60 A. The optical absorption and the electrical conductivity of these films were studied. With increasing hydrogen content in the films, the dark conductivity decreases strongly and the activation of the conductivity increases. We explain the conductivity qualitatively in terms of a grain boundary model.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of a series of 2-indolinones and related analogues

Summary A novel series of 2-indolinones with in vitro anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) activity is described. Two structurally related compounds, 1, 3,3­ (4-N-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroPYlidylmethyl)-1- phe­ nyl-2-indolinone, and 2, its 4-N-methylpiperidinylme-· thyl analogue (Fig. 1), formed the basis of a structure­ activity study. The synthesis of approximately 50 analogues and their respective activities vs. HIV are presented. Both 1 and 2 were effective inhibitors of HIV(lIIb) in cell protection assays with ICgovalues of 4.4 and 14.9[1M (2.2 and 7.9[1g rnr"), respectively. In the same concentration range, 1 and 2also inhibitsyncytia formation. These compounds represent a novel class of anti-HIV agents which appear to act by inhibiting virus-dependent cell fusion.
Control Effects Evaluation and analysis of Occupational Hazards of 33 enterprises in Daxing District of Beijing City

[Objective]To carry out and develop evaluation of occupational diseases,to learn about characteristics and present status of occupational disease existing in different enterprises in Daxing District of Beijing City,and find out deficiency in occupational management in construction units.[Methods]On-site investigation,check list,measurement and test and occupational health inspection were adopted to perform evaluation and analysis on construction projects of 33 enterprises during October 2003-October 2009.[Results]The above mentioned 33 enterprises mainly focus on chemical engineering,house furnishings,printing ,manufacturing,architecture material industry,the qualification rate for occupational hazards was 88. 6% ,the occupational health examination rate was 40. 2% . 21 enterprises ( 63. 6% ) were private,with less production capacity and low degree of automation,and lack of protective measures,personal protection and occupational health management,the qualification rate of occupational hazards was 83. 5% ; occupational health examination rate of frontline staff was 30. 2% ,which were both comparatively low.[Conclusion]It is necessary to develop technology and capacity advantage of occupational health and technology service institutions and to conduct the occupational hazard assessment of construction projects well. Occupational health management of private enterprise is the key of occupational health in Daxing District in the future. The evaluation of occupational hazards on those enterprises with less production capacity,serious occupational hazards,low degree of automation,backward of production equipments and protection devices are the top priority.
The effects of past hurricane experiences on evacuation intentions through risk perception and efficacy beliefs: A mediation analysis

AbstractIndividuals’ past experiences with a hazard can encompass many different aspects, which can influence how they judge and respond to a future hurricane risk. This study, which utilizes survey data from coastal residents who are at risk from hurricanes, adds to understanding of past hazard experience in two ways. First, it examines six different aspects of people’s past hurricane experiences and the relationships among them. Then, it draws on risk theories of behavioral responses to explore how these different experiences influence people’s evacuation intentions for a hypothetical hurricane as mediated through multiple dimensions of risk perception (cognitive, negative affective) and efficacy beliefs (self efficacy, response efficacy). The results suggest that people can experience emotional or otherwise severe impacts from a hurricane even if they do not have experiences with evacuation, property damage, or financial loss. The results also reveal that different past hurricane experiences operated t...
Neurocysticercosis of the Sellar Region

Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS).
Analysis of Results

This chapter discusses the complexity of the parallel KL-ONE operations. In sequential systems, two measures of complexity, space and time, are commonly used. With the introduction of parallelism, however, two additional measures are relevant. These are the number of processors in the system and the amount of inter-processor communication. The discussion of complexity for KL-ONE uses all four measures. For classifier systems, the four measures are interpreted as the number of time steps required to complete a computation, the number and length of conditions for each classifier, the number of classifiers used to represent a KL-ONE network, and the size of the message list that is used to send messages from one classifier to another. The following assumptions are made about the behavior of the classifier system: (1) all positions in a condition are matched against all bits in a message simultaneously, (2) one condition is matched against all messages on the message list simultaneously, (3) all conditions of one classifier are matched simultaneously, (4) all classifiers in a classifier system are matched simultaneously, and (5) all classifiers are allowed to post their output messages to the message list simultaneously.
Energy band engineering of flexible gallium arsenide through substrate cracking with pre‐tensioned films

Flexible electronics based on the otherwise rigid conventional crystalline semiconductors is emerging as a new class of technology. However, the existing layer-transfer approaches for implementing such technologies is mostly focused on maintaining the performance of the original device. Here we show that layer transfer through substrate cracking with a pre-tensioned nickel film readily enables the manipulation of the electronic band structure in flexible gallium arsenide (GaAs) devices. We empirically and theoretically quantify the effect of ‘engineered' residual strain on the electronic band structure in these flexible GaAs devices. Photoluminescence and quantum efficiency measurements indicate the widening of the GaAs energy bandgap due to the residual compressive strain. The experimental results are in good agreement with our theoretical calculations. This study introduces a new way for strain engineering in flexible compound semiconductors with important implications for electronic and optoelectronic applications. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unilateral Levator Resection for Jaw-Winking Ptosis

While some surgeons have reported good experience with bilateral levator release and frontalis sling surgery for unilateral jaw-winking ptosis, I feel unilateral levator resection provides good results and that is all I have ever done on these patients. It turns out that most parents (or patients) are unwilling to sacrifice the normal muscle. I typically wait until the child is 3 or 4 years old, but if you can do the surgery sooner, I suspect the results might be even better. In my experience, the younger kids tend to try harder to elevate a ptotic lid.
Looming sounds are perceived as faster than receding sounds

Each year thousands of people are killed by looming motor vehicles. Throughout our evolutionary history looming objects have posed a threat to survival and perceptual systems have evolved unique solutions to confront these environmental challenges. Vision provides an accurate representation of time-to-contact with a looming object and usually allows us to interact successfully with the object if required. However, audition functions as a warning system and yields an anticipatory representation of arrival time, indicating that the object has arrived when it is still some distance away. The bias provides a temporal margin of safety that allows more time to initiate defensive actions. In two studies this bias was shown to influence the perception of the speed of looming and receding sound sources. Listeners heard looming and receding sound sources and judged how fast they were moving. Listeners perceived the speed of looming sounds as faster than that of equivalent receding sounds. Listeners also showed better discrimination of the speed of looming sounds than receding sounds. Finally, close sounds were perceived as faster than distant sounds. The results suggest a prioritization of the perception of the speed of looming and receding sounds that mirrors the level of threat posed by moving objects in the environment.
Overlap among back vowels before /l/ in Kansas City

This research examines pre-/l/ allophones of vowels in five lexical sets—GOOSE, FOOT, GOAT, STRUT, and THOUGHT—in Kansas City. It builds an acoustic profile from 5507 tokens drawn from interviews with 67 Kansas Citians born between 1955 and 1999. Results reveal a variety of overlap patterns among all five vowels, with the most widespread being overlap between the pre-/l/ allophones of FOOT, STRUT, and GOAT. Acoustically, overlap patterns generally do not show a trend of change in apparent time. However, responses to minimal pairs reveal substantial apparent-time increases in judgments of “close” or “same.” Speakers appear to adjust their productions of vowels to match their minimal pair judgments. The interaction of these productions and judgments indicates a different profile for these five vowels than has been observed in other communities and suggests that some of these vowels have become phonemically ambiguous in Kansas City.
Dynamic Bayesian Network Models for Peer Tutoring Interactions

The ability to automatically distinguish between effective and ineffective patterns in collaborative learning sessions opens doors to improved opportunity for learning in pairs or groups even when a teacher might not be available to facilitate. In this chapter, data from one-time computer-based peer tutoring sessions are modeled using hidden Markov models (HMMs) in two ways. The first model uses an input–output HMM to compare the assistance value of different tutor inputs in helping the tutee correct a mistaken step in solution. This model uses only automatically generated codes based on context and cognitive content of the tutor chat. The second model predicts tutee normalized gains from pre- to posttest in the experimental condition. Both cognitive and affective labels to tutor chats (human coded) were included as well as tutee (in)correctness, undos, and chats back to the tutor. Performance of the HMM is favorable compared to a “static” logistic regression model using aggregated totals of the same observables. Some of the hidden states are readily interpretable, though deeper comparison between high- and low-gain groups is part of ongoing work.
Deciphering workers’ safety attitudes by sensing gait patterns

Workers’ unsafe behaviors are a top cause of safety accidents in construction. In practice, the industry relies on training and education at the group level to correct or prevent unsafe behaviors of workers. However, evidence shows that some individuals were identified to be showing risky behavior repeatedly and have a high rate to be involved in accidents and current safety training approach at the group level may not be effective for those workers. A worker’s evaluation of a hazard (risk perception) and tendency to take/avoid risks (risk propensity) determines how they respond to a hazard and identifying those workers with biased risk perceptions and high risk propensity can thus provide an opportunity to prevent behavior-based injuries and fatalities in the workplace. However, as risk perception and propensity are influenced not only by inherited personal traits (e.g. locus of control) but also by specific situational factors (e.g. mood and stress level), existing approaches relying on surveys are not sufficient when measuring workers’ risk perception and propensity continuously in day-to-day operations. In this context, this study examines the potential of ambulatory and continuous gait monitoring in the workplace as a means of identifying workers’ risk perception and propensity. Two experiments simulating construction work environments were conducted and subjects’ gait patterns in hazard zones were assessed with inertial measurement unit (IMU) data. The experimental results demonstrate changes in gait patterns at pre-hazard zones for most of the subjects. However, the results fail to identify the relationship between gait pattern changes at pre-hazard zones and risk propensities assessed using the Accident Locus of Control Scale.
Coexisting depressive symptoms do not limit the benefits of chronic neuromodulation: A study of over 200 patients

Aims To examine the relationship between coexisting depressive symptoms and outcomes after staged neuromodulation procedures for refractory urological symptoms. Methods Adults who enrolled in a prospective database and completed a Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8) at baseline were reviewed. The PHQ-8 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) assessed depressive/anxiety symptoms pre and 6 months post device implant. Urological symptoms were assessed with The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index/Problem Index (ICSI-PI) and Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q) at baseline, 3 and 6 months, and Global Response Assessments (GRA) post implant. Subjects, grouped by PHQ <10 and PHQ ≥10, were compared with Pearson's Chi-square, Fisher's Exact or Wilcoxon rank test, and Spearman's correlations. Results In 117 PHQ <10 and 84 PHQ ≥10 patients, age differed (mean 59 vs 52 years; P = 0.001), and PHQ <10 had lower GAD-7, ICSI-PI, and OAB-q scores at baseline (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003, and P < 0.0008, respectively). Implantation rates were similar between groups. Reoperation and complication rates within the first 6 months did not differ, similar proportions (majority) were improved on the GRA at each time point, and ICSI-PI and OAB-q scores improved significantly. PHQ scores only improved significantly for those with baseline PHQ ≥10. Baseline PHQ strongly correlated with GAD-7 at baseline and 6 months, and baseline ICSI-PI. Change in PHQ positively correlated with the change in GAD-7, 6 month ICSI-PI, and change in ICSI-PI from baseline to 6 months. Conclusions Coexisting depressive symptoms do not limit the efficacy of neuromodulation and PHQ improvements correlate with improved anxiety and bladder symptoms.
The Problem of Abstractness

This chapter discusses some of the important issues that revolve around the fundamental problem of the nature and choice of underlying representations. The generative model distinguishes between systematic and idiosyncratic features of pronunciation in terms of an ordered set of rules that takes an underlying representation (UR), consisting of idiosyncratic, unpredictable aspects of pronunciation, and assigns to that representation all the systematic features of pronunciation. The result is a phonetic representation (PR), which includes all grammatically determined aspects of pronunciation. Within this approach, the question naturally arises as to whether there adhere in the nature of language any constraints on the degree to which the UR of a morpheme may deviate from its associated PRs. Given that the linguist is attempting to formulate a grammar that represents the internalized knowledge of the native speaker, it follows that the tasks of the language learner and of the linguist resemble one another in important respects. Both are presented with a set of phonetic representations from which the distinctions between systematic and idiosyncratic features are drawn.