cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Perspective on Green Body Fabrication and Design for Sustainable Manufacturing

Abstract: Traditional ceramic manufacturing is an energy-intensive process. It also affects the natural environment because of emissions. Sustainable design and manufacturing of ceramic bodies can be facilitated by judicious use of multifunctional organic additives, low-binder and binderless processing, green machining, novel forming techniques such as solid free-form fabrication and/or near net shape, and colloidal processing, among others. Optimizing concentrations of environmentally friendly additives that permit rapid heating during ceramic drying and firing cycles could reduce emissions, rejection rates, and energy consumption. This chapter provides a brief overview of ceramic manufacturing technologies with an emphasis on green ceramic body fabrication. It identifies promising areas for research in fabricating green bodies to minimize adverse impacts on the environment.
Online Women’s Magazines: Differences in Perceptions between Print and Online Magazines among Female Readers

Popular women’s magazines have gone online and are gaining increased readership because of their interactive content, videos, and discussion forums. This study examines women’s perceptions and behaviors toward online women’s magazines based on an online survey of 257 female magazine readers. We found that, compared with their print counterparts, online magazines were perceived to be easier to read, skip ads, order products, search for, save and share information and comment on articles. Moreover, most female readers are positive toward the technological merits of online women’s magazines. Younger, less-educated, and less affluent readers showed a more positive attitude toward online women’s magazines than older, more educated, and more affluent readers did. However, female readers’ involvement with and engagement in the interactive features of online magazines were found to be low. Implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH NONLINEAR AERODYNAMIC PHENOMENA

An experimental investigation of nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena, such as wing rock and wing drop, was conducted. It is shown that a simple wing geometry can present different dynamic regimes, or aerodynamic phenomena, when it is free to oscillate in a flow field at low to moderate angles of attack (0° to 25°). Wing drop, wing rock and autorotation have all been observed to occur. Fine resolution force and moment data were used to detect critical states. Near the stall angle of attack, a large standard deviation was found to be a sign of a critical state.
EVOLUTIONARY TREES FROM GENE FREQUENCIES AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS: FINDING MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATES.

A small but complex literature on the estimation of evolutionary trees from quantitative characters (including gene frequencies) has existed for over 15 years (Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza, 1964; Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards, 1967, 1970; Edwards, 1970; Kidd and Sgaramella-Zonta, 1971; Thompson, 1973; Felsenstein, 1973a; Thompson, 1975; Cavalli-Sforza and Piazza, 1975; Astolfi et al., 1978). In general its methods are little-known and even less used by those in possession of relevant gene frequencies or quantitative character data. Though this results in part from the complexity of the mathematics in these papers and in part from their concentration in human genetics journals, a major block to the use of these statistical methods has been the difficulty of the computations. Thompson (1975) has produced an iterative computer program which is probably the most efficient method of finding maximum likelihood evolutionary trees. Thompson's method is the strict application of maximum likelihood estimation in a situation in which each character added to the data brings with it one new parameter to be estimated. It is easily demonstrated that in this case, these "nuisance parameters" cause the estimation procedure to fail to be consistent: that is, the estimate will not converge to the true tree as more and more characters are added. My own procedure (Felsenstein, 1973a) makes a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimate, but eliminates the presence of the nuisance parameters and thereby makes a consistent estimate of the evolutionary tree. Some of the differences between these approaches will be briefly dealt with later in this paper. This paper introduces an iterative REML method which makes rapid computation of the REML estimate of the evolutionary tree feasible. It may also serve as a review of the basic logic of these estimates and tests for those readers unfamiliar with the existing human geneticsoriented literature.
The line-drawing in the early-period Buddhist art at Mogao Grottoes

Study of the line-drawing of all of the times existing in Dunhuang Art started as early as the 1930s with the former scholars. Following up and enriched by many years experiences in studying and copying in Dunhuang Grottoes Art,this article attempts to describing the wall-painting of early-period's presentations,their art features,effective power and trace of their development. Through the efforts,our conception of techniques of line-drawing and the style with rhythm full of spirit has been accurately expressed in our replica works.
Outcomes after implementation of a revised electronic clinical decision support tool for community-onset pneumonia

Introduction: In order to reduce unnecessary clinical variation in pneumonia care, we developed an electronic clinical decision support tool (ePneumonia) to guide diagnosis and management. ePneumonia was deployed in 4 U.S. emergency departments in 2011 (Dean, AnnalsEM 2015). We revised the tool in 2014, replacing HCAP with DRIP (Webb AAC 2016) for risk of antibiotic resistance and changed admission recommendations for equivocal parapneumonic effusion and altitude adjusted PaO2:FiO2. Aims: To evaluate the impact of revised ePneumonia on outcomes in adults with community-onset pneumonia. Methods: Three cohorts were identified by ICD-9 and radiographic review: before ePneumonia (2010), after initial deployment (2012) and post revision, 2015. Regression analyses were used to measure the effect of the initial and revised versions of ePneumonia on in-hospital mortality, length of stay and cost of care after adjusting for demographics, severity and secular trends. Results: 4029 patients were included. Tool usage rate was 62% in 2012 and 60.3% in 2015. ePneumonia was not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality either in 2012 (OR 0.55, p=0.065) or 2015 (OR 0.70, p=0.13). ePneumonia was associated with decreased length of stay in both 2012 (coeff 0.065; 95% CI 0.078 to 0.051; p p p p =0.034). Conclusion: Use of the ePneumonia tool was associated with significant reductions in length of stay and cost in patients with community-onset pneumonia.
Periodic coordinated attacks against cyber-physical systems: Detectability and performance bounds

Cyber-physical systems are vulnerable to attacks across different and, possibly, independent attack channels. In this paper we consider the situation where an attacker orchestrates periodic integrity and denial of service attacks against sensors and actuators. By switching between different attack modalities, the attacker is able to lower the probability of being detected while compromising the system to a greater extent. For single-input and single-output systems driven by noise, we frame the detection of periodic coordinated attacks as an hypothesis testing problem, and we characterize the detection time as a function of the system dynamics, noise statistics, and attack parameters. Our bounds allow us to design optimal attacks, and to highlight fundamental tradeoffs between the dynamics of the system and its resilience to attacks.
An aggressive form of transthyretin amyloidosis.

In 1990, Ueno et al. identified a new transthyretin (TTR) mutation in a 45-year-old Japanese man with peripheral neuropathy of six-years duration [1]. This mutation, Ser50Arg, was the result of a s...
'Crowds' of Amateurs & Professional Entrepreneurs in Marketplaces

Digital platform-based marketplaces often have a wide variety of amateurs working alongside professional enterprises and entrepreneurs. Can a platform owner alter the number and mix of market participants? I develop a theoretical framework to show that amateurs emerge as a distinct type of market participant, subject to different market selection conditions, and differing from professionals in quality, willingness to persist on the platform, and in mix of motivations. I clarify how targeted combinations of tweaks to platform design can lead the “bottom to fall out” of a market to large numbers of amateurs. In data on mobile app developers, I find that shifts in minimum development costs and non-pecuniary motivations are associated with discontinuous changes in numbers and types of developers, precisely as predicted by theory. The resulting flood of low-quality amateurs is in this context is associated with equally significant increases in numbers of high-quality products.
The value of homelessness: managing surplus life in the United States

Craig Willse’s The Value of Homelessness offers a critique of the accepted wisdoms and common understandings of homelessness and the individuals and institutions he sees as engaged in its causes an...
Vision of Effective Leadership

The purpose of the paper will be to develop a framework for the objective evaluation of leadership styles, including effective and dark side leadership. In the framework, various leadership approaches are identified, such as (1) Transformational Leadership, (2) Transactional Leadership, (3) Charismatic Leadership, (4) Situational Leadership, (5) Pseudo-Transformational Leadership. Using this framework, two historical leaders will be compared and contrasted according to their leadership style. In the final section, dark side leadership dimensions will be reviewed and evaluated. Based on the framework, a vision of leadership strategy plan will be completed for incorporating effective leadership, including recognizing darker characteristics and providing solutions to avoid the emergence of dark leadership.
The ABCs of BHD: An In-Depth Review of Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome

OBJECTIVE. Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome involving multiple organs. In young patients, renal neoplasms that are multiple, bilateral, or both, such as onc...
Comparative Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder

Interest in and concern about borderline personality disorder (BPD) have escalated rapidly since the introduction of the disorder into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the (APA). A quick perusal of psychological and psychiatric journals reveals the plethora of articles on this topic. At present, it is the most widely researched personality disorder. A recent literature review of journal articles on personality disorders has shown that over 40% were devoted exclusively to research on BPD (Widiger & Frances, 1989). The popularity of BPD has spurred numerous articles, book chapters, and books on the diagnosis, behavioral patterns, epidemiology, and etiology of this disorder. Unfortunately, research on treatment theory and outcome for BPD has been sparse and generally not subject to stringent empirical examination. The lack of quality treatment research on BPD can be attributed to a myriad of factors, including poorly defined constructs for the etiology and diagnosis of BPD, the difficult nature of treating borderline patients, and the numerous shortcomings that obfuscate clinical research. Consequently, much of what we know today about treatment of borderlines is based on particular theoretical guidelines, unsystematic observation, retrospective studies, and clinical lore. This chapter will attempt to consolidate much of the research literature on treatment theory and outcome for borderline personality disorder.
DNA as a digital information storage device: hope or hype?

The total digital information today amounts to 3.52 × 1022 bits globally, and at its consistent exponential rate of growth is expected to reach 3 × 1024 bits by 2040. Data storage density of silicon chips is limited, and magnetic tapes used to maintain large-scale permanent archives begin to deteriorate within 20 years. Since silicon has limited data storage ability and serious limitations, such as human health hazards and environmental pollution, researchers across the world are intently searching for an appropriate alternative. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an appealing option for such a purpose due to its endurance, a higher degree of compaction, and similarity to the sequential code of 0’s and 1’s as found in a computer. This emerging field of DNA as means of data storage has the potential to transform science fiction into reality, wherein a device that can fit in our palms can accommodate the information of the entire world, as latest research has revealed that just four grams of DNA could store the annual global digital information. DNA has all the properties to supersede the conventional hard disk, as it is capable of retaining ten times more data, has a thousandfold storage density, and consumes 108 times less power to store a similar amount of data. Although DNA has an enormous potential as a data storage device of the future, multiple bottlenecks such as exorbitant costs, excruciatingly slow writing and reading mechanisms, and vulnerability to mutations or errors need to be resolved. In this review, we have critically analyzed the emergence of DNA as a molecular storage device for the future, its ability to address the future digital data crunch, potential challenges in achieving this objective, various current industrial initiatives, and major breakthroughs.
Functions of Sums and Related Functions

This chapter discusses functions of sums and related functions in application of the trigonometric functions. The function of sums has three sets of relations, namely, sines and cosines of sums and differences, functions of a negative angle, and cofunction relations. Because sin (90° − β) is equal to the cosine of the complementary angle β, cosine is the complementary function of the sine or the cofunction. Thus, the sine and cosine are called cofunctions. Similarly, the tangent and cotangent are cofunctions. The functions of sums relations are called reduction formulas because in each case the left member is a function of the sum of angles while the right member contains only functions of single angles. This chapter also discusses the sum to product formulas and product to sum formulas.
Modification of Time Urgency and Impatience

Before meaningful diminution in the intensity of time urgency (and impatience) can be accomplished, individuals possessing the type A component of time urgency and impatience must first become cognizant of harboring it. After such recognition, they then must identify the underlying causes responsible for their time urgency. They then will be able to attempt to alter those belief systems that have sustained or aggravated this type A component. After such alteration, they must involve themselves in various specific exercises, or drills, to diminish the intensity of their sense of time urgency.
Feedback, Control, and the Distribution of Prime Numbers

SummaryA differential-difference equation modeling the density of primes has been independently discovered several times by applied mathematicians with an interest in number theory, including Lord Cherwell. In this article, we use the framework of feedback and control to explain the natural connection between this equation and the distribution of prime numbers. Building on work of E. M. Wright, who learned of the equation from Cherwell and studied it for over a decade, we explain how the model predicts both the prime number theorem and a theorem of Littlewood. We close with known limitations of the model.
Optimizing medical care with the support and limitations of health care systems.

An introduction to the June, 2008 issue of Virtual Mentor on the topic of system constraints on optimal care. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Affinity and specificity of N-methyl- D-aspartate channel blockers affect their ability to disrupt prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats.

Abstract Rationale. Phencyclidine (PCP) binds with high affinity to a site located within the ionophore of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Previous studies have demonstrated that PCP and other high-affinity NMDA channel blockers reliably disrupt prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle, an animal model of sensorimotor gating used to study attentional deficits associated with schizophrenia. Recently, a number of low-affinity NMDA channel blockers that exhibit minimal PCP-like effects in humans at therapeutic doses have been developed. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on PPI of NMDA channel blockers with varying affinities for the channel site as well as different specificities for NMDA receptors. Methods. Sprague-Dawley rats were presented with multiple stimulus presentation trials, including pulse-alone and PPI trials. Results. As expected, the high-affinity ligands dizocilpine and dextrorphan disrupted PPI at doses that did not affect the response during pulse-alone trials. Low-affinity drugs produced a mixed pattern of results. Whereas dextromethorphan and memantine disrupted PPI, orphenadrine, amantadine, desipramine, and alaproclate did not affect this response. Ibogaine also disrupted PPI, but only within a dose range that severely decreased the startle response during pulse-alone trials. Conclusions. These results suggest that not all NMDA channel blockers share PCP's effect of PPI disruption. In addition, they suggest caution in the use of supratherapeutic doses of these compounds and in their use in vulnerable populations (e.g., schizophrenic patients).
Barriers to the adoption of ventilator-associated events surveillance and prevention

The CDC expanded the purview of safety surveillance for ventilated patients from ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) to ventilator-associated events (VAE) in 2013. CDC created VAE definitions to simplify surveillance, increase objectivity, and broaden prevention efforts. Many U.S. hospitals are conducting VAE surveillance but uptake beyond the U.S. has been limited. Review of recent publications suggest three major barriers to the adoption of VAE surveillance and prevention: 1) ongoing uncertainty about VAE and concern about its limited overlap with clinically-defined VAP, 2) a paucity of studies defining risk factors for VAEs and how best to prevent VAEs, and 3) lack of emphasis on VAE surveillance and prevention by regulatory agencies. Emerging data partially address the first two points. Possible VAPs missed by VAE surveillance are associated with lower mortality rates than VAEs and have similar outcomes whether treated with ≤3 days of antibiotics or more conventional courses, suggesting VAE focuses surveillance on severe events. Potentially-modifiable VAE risk factors include deep sedation, positive fluid balance, blood transfusions, and mandatory modes of mechanical ventilation with high inspiratory pressures. Potential interventions to prevent VAEs include avoiding intubation, minimizing sedation, paired daily spontaneous awakening and breathing trials, conservative fluid management, conservative transfusion thresholds, low tidal volume ventilation, and early mobility. There are important limitations to all existing prevention studies, however, and no study has thus far has tested a VAE prevention bundle that includes all these interventions. Further work is needed to better define the clinical significance of VAPs missed by VAE surveillance, to rigorously evaluate the impact of an optimized VAE prevention bundle on VAEs and other outcomes, and to weigh whether these additional data provide adequate evidence to support mandating VAE surveillance and prevention.
Beat Rebels with a Cause, Hippies and Community

The Goodman Building housed mainly temporary workers before WWII, after it became home to Beat artists, especially veterans on the GI bill, then in the late 1960s a gathering place for young artists who were radicalized by seeing the brutalization of people in the Western Addition. But part of this history is found in the squats and hippie communes, cooperatives like the Food Conspiracy and Tenants’ Union. This turned the building into a center for organizing to preserve the community and heritage housing in both the Western Addition and the Tenderloin.
Transition Dipoles of Polyacetylene Oligomers

Quantum mechanical calculations of nonlinear optical susceptibilities often involve perturbation sums over transition dipoles. Unfortunately, there is little experimental data that can be used to evaluate the reliability of the calculated dipoles. To provide some reference data and answer questions about the dependence of these dipoles on polyene chain length we have measured 11Ag to 11Bu transition dipoles for the α,ω-diphenyl polyenes with 2 through 8 double bonds in the polyene chain. The α,ω-diphenyl polyenes were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide, methylene chloride and toulene. The in vacuo electronic transition dipole moment from the ground state (11Ag) to the second excited singlet state (11Bu) was determined to converge to an asymptotic value of 11.1±0.4 Debye.
Reverb: Speculative Debugging for Web Applications

Bugs are common in web pages. Unfortunately, traditional debugging primitives like breakpoints are crude tools for understanding the asynchronous, wide-area data flows that bind client-side JavaScript code and server-side application logic. In this paper, we describe Reverb, a powerful new debugger that makes data flows explicit and queryable. Reverb provides three novel features. First, Reverb tracks precise value provenance, allowing a developer to quickly identify the reads and writes to JavaScript state that affected a particular variable's value. Second, Reverb enables speculative bug fix analysis. A developer can replay a program to a certain point, change code or data in the program, and then resume the replay; Reverb uses the remaining log of nondeterministic events to influence the post-edit replay, allowing the developer to investigate whether the hypothesized bug fix would have helped the original execution run. Third, Reverb supports wide-area debugging for applications whose server-side components use event-driven architectures. By tracking the data flows between clients and servers, Reverb enables speculative replaying of the distributed application.
Neoliberalism in Ecuador after Correa: A surprise turn or according to economic elites' plan?

This article examines economic elites’ reactions to early efforts by Ecuador’s left government to limit their clout. Elites developed an infrastructure of dissent to promote their interests. Some chambers of commerce and industry adapted their strategies to promote ideas and public figures that would gain increasing public and political prominence. Domestic conglomerates used different strategies to regain influence: ostentatious attempts to use economic power to capture the highest sphere of government offered promising results when accompanied by electoral wins, but active yet subtler strategies to improve their public image allowed some conglomerates to dispute the definition of development with the state and to cast themselves as representing collective well-being. By showing how economic elites used the global economic conjuncture and the trend of corporate social responsibility to advance their economic program, this article demonstrates that studying the agency of economic elites is essential for understanding how business interests shape political outcomes. Resumen: Neoliberalismo en Ecuador tras Correa: ?Giro inesperado o de acuerdo al plan de la elite economica? Este articulo examina las reacciones de las elites economicas ante los primeros esfuerzos del gobierno de izquierda de Ecuador para limitar su influencia. Las elites desarrollaron una infraestructura de disidencia para promover sus intereses. Algunas camaras de comercio e industria adaptaron sus estrategias para promover ideas y figuras publicas que ganarian cada vez mas protagonismo publico y politico. Los conglomerados nacionales utilizaron diferentes estrategias para recuperar su influencia: los ostentosos intentos de utilizar el poder economico para ocupar la esfera mas alta del gobierno ofrecieron resultados prometedores cuando iban acompanados de victorias electorales, pero las estrategias activas y mas sutiles para mejorar su imagen publica permitieron a algunos conglomerados cuestionar la definicion de desarrollo con el estado y asi presentarse como representantes del bienestar colectivo. Al mostrar como las elites economicas usaron la coyuntura economica global y la tendencia de la responsabilidad social corporativa para avanzar en su programa economico, este articulo demuestra que estudiar la agencia de las elites economicas es esencial para comprender como los intereses comerciales dan forma a los resultados politicos.
Migración infrecuente de tuberculosis extrapulmonar primaria: reporte de caso

A nivel global, la tuberculosis de localizacion extrapulmonar representa el 18% de los casos de la enfermedad, teniendo como lugares mas frecuentes de afectacion la pleura (54%), ganglios (11,1%), sistema nervioso central (9%) y sistema osteoarticular (3,6%), entre otros. La manifestacion clinica de la meningoencefalitis tuberculosa se presenta con fiebre, cefalea, vomitos, alteracion de la conciencia, fotofobia, afectacion de pares craneales, alteraciones audiovisuales, signos de irritacion meningea y focalizacion neurologica. La tuberculosis ostearticular es consecuencia de una diseminacion hematica, linfatica o, excepcionalmente, por inoculacion directa. La clinica es insidiosa, con dolor, inflamacion y disminucion del rango articular, pudiendo presentar abscesos y cavidades supurativas. Sin embargo, existen otros sintomas de baja frecuencia de aparicion, dificultando el diagnostico adecuado. Se describe el caso clinico infrecuente de tuberculosis extrapulmonar, destacando la diseminacion de Mycobacterium tuberculosis con foco en la articulacion coxofemoral izquierda hacia meninges y cerebro, y el uso inapropiado del tratamiento con corticoesteroides en un paciente seronegativo para VIH.
Economic Selection Indices: The Best Tool for Dairy Cattle Selection

An economic selection index combines multiple traits into a single value, facilitating the identification of the best animals. This new 3-page document discusses economic selection indices, their changes in the US, and a 2018 update. Written by Francisco Penagaricano, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, March 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an353
Correction: An acoustofluidic device for efficient mixing over a wide range of flow rates

Correction for ‘An acoustofluidic device for efficient mixing over a wide range of flow rates’ by Hunter Bachman et al., Lab Chip, 2020, 20, 1238–1248, DOI: 10.1039/C9LC01171D.
Near-Infrared Femtosecond Time Lens Diode Laser with kW Peak Powers for Two-Photon Microscopy

A diode-based time lens laser with nonlinear pulse compression at 976 nm produces 700 fs pulses with 17 kW peak power. Two-photon imaging of a mouse brain slice is demonstrated with the laser.
Volatility of other comprehensive income and audit fees: evidence from China

Managers make numerous subjective judgments about other comprehensive income (OCI) due to the fair-value measurement, which increases the auditing risks and challenges for auditors. This study investigates the relationship between audit fees and the volatility of OCI in China using a large sample of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2014 to 2018. Such relationship cannot be confirmed for these companies, including those audited by Big 4 firms and the top 10 accounting firms in China, but is significantly positive for those audited by experienced auditors. Results indicate that audit firms in China generally do not seriously consider risks concerning the volatility of OCI. However, auditors with long tenures are more aware of these risks and have correspondingly higher prices compared with their peers.
Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself: The National Security Policy of the United States

This chapter examines the evolution of American strategic culture, seeking to explain the national security policy choices Washington makes today. The chapter notes that Americans are often told by their leaders that the world is a dangerous place and that the country is constantly under threat. The first assertion is true only to those without historical context or memory, while the second is paradoxical given the United States’ material power. The chapter argues that this pathology is a product of the United States’ geographical insularity, political culture, and preeminent power position since the end of the Second World War. It shows that geographical insularity and the country’s political culture—which has tended to eschew concentration of political and military power—historically predisposed Washington to the pursuit of national security strategies of restraint. Since the Second World War, however, the bases of national security strategies of restraint have been altered by the rapid expansion of American power and interests which has, in turn, resulted in concomitant expansion in the country’s perceptions of possible security threats.
Kidney ischemia-reperfusion: Modulation of antioxidant defenses

Reactive oxygen species (ROS; O2-, H2O2, and OH), normal by-products of cellular metabolic processes, are kept in control by antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutases (SODs). To understand the role of antioxidant enzymatic defenses against ROS injury following ischemia-reperfusion, we examined the effect on kidney exposed to varying periods (30, 60 or 90 min) of ischemia followed by different periods of reperfusion. The enzymatic activities and protein levels of catalase, GPX, CuZnSOD and MnSOD were relatively unaffected at 30 min of ischemia followed by 0, 2 or 24 h reperfusion. However, 60 or 90 min of ischemia followed by 0, 2 or 24 h of reperfusion resulted in a decrease in activities and protein levels which paralleled the duration of ischemic injury. MnSOD activity tended to recover towards normal during reperfusion. Examination of the mRNA levels of these antioxidant enzymes demonstrated a severe decrease in mRNA levels of catalase and GPX at a time point of minimal ischemic injury (30 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion) suggesting that loss of mRNA of catalase and GPX may be the first markers of alterations in cellular redox in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Greater loss of mRNA for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD was observed following longer periods (60 or 90 min) of ischemia. The mRNA for MnSOD was upregulated at all time points of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Actually, the greater decrease in mRNAs for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD in the acute phase (within 24 h) subsequently showed a further decrease in these enzyme activities in the subacute phase (72 or 120 h after ischemia). These enzyme activities in the 30 min ischemia group, (but not in the 90 min group), already showed tendencies for normalization at 120 h after ischemia. To understand the molecular basis of the loss of mRNA of these antioxidant enzymes during ischemia-reperfusion injury, we examined the rate of transcription by nuclear run-on assays. The similar rates of transcription in control and kidney exposed to ischemia-reperfusion indicates that the loss of mRNA for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD is possibly due to the increased rate of turnover of their mRNAs. These studies suggest that expression of antioxidant genes during ischemia-reperfusion are not coordinately expressed and that the differential loss of antioxidant enzymes may be the contributing factor(s) towards the heterogeneous renal tissue damage as a result of ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress.
Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder is the second most common genitourinary malignancy. Each year, over 73,000 new cases are reported in Europe and over 56,000 new cases in the United States. A substantial percentage of these patients develop metastases despite initial management for presumed localized disease, whereas others have metastases at the time of presentation. Once metastasis occurs, the median survival for patients with TCC is approximately 1 year. To improve this poor survival rate, intense efforts over the past two decades have focused on the development of active chemotherapeutic regimens for use in this disease, both in the perioperative setting and in the setting of advanced disease. Chemotherapy for advanced disease is discussed here first because of its impact on the management of early-stage disease.
Fundamentals of Astrodynamics

One of the most important uses of vector analysis (cf. Appendix A) is in the concise formulation of physical laws and the derivation of other results from these laws. We will develop and use the differential equations of motion for a body moving under the influence of a gravitational force only. In Chap. 5, we will add other (perturbing) forces to our model.
Amino acid transport in human placental slices

Abstract Uptake, tissue accumulation, and release were studied in human placental slices with the use of 10 amino acids. The results showed considerable variation but certain patterns of response emerged. The uptake of acidic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) and serine was rapid (12 to 20 nM. per minute per 100 mg. of tissue) and continuous during 2 hour incubation with high gradients (intracellular concentration: extracellular concentration) being achieved. Efflux was evidently much less effective than uptake. In contrast the uptake of the basic amino acids (lysine and arginine) was less rapid (5 to 6 nM. per minute per 100 mg. of tissue) and tissue accumulation rapidly plateaued, indicating an efficient efflux system. The neutral amino acids (alanine, AIB, glycine) and proline displayed rates of uptake similar to the basics (4 to 8 nM. per minute per 100 mg. of tissue) but with continuous uptake up to 2 hours. Leucine showed rapid efflux so that the gradient commonly remained below one. The results with placental slices were compared to findings in the kidney.
Chapter 11 Methods and Mechanisms of Chromosome Banding

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods and mechanisms of chromosome banding. The chromosomes stained with quinacrine mustard and examined by fluorescent microscopy showed a distinct banding pattern and opened the field of chromosome banding. This Q-banding technique is a readily usable and reproducible technique to develop bands all along the chromosomes. Centromeric-type constitutive heterochromatin and a Giemsa banding procedure produce bands that mimic those seen with quinacrine. A modification of the G-banding procedure resulted in a pattern opposite to G-banding and this was termed R-banding. The chapter outlines some standardized methods for Q-banding, C-banding, R-banding, two techniques for G-banding, and describes the probable mechanism of these different techniques. None of the banding techniques work if the chromosome preparations are poor. The ideal chromosomes are those that are contracted just enough so that there is little problem with overlapping.
Forage‐Fish Management in the United States

Abstract Efforts to enhance energy flow in lakes and reservoirs are directed at forage-fish management as the mechanism of mid-level energy transfer. Management techniques and strategies are not highly evolved. Conventional management has emphasized exotic introductions of predators or prey, often with more attention to perceived attributes than potential consequences. The ideal forage species, resident or introduced, should be (1) prolific, (2) stable in abundance, (3) trophically efficient, (4) vulnerable to predation, (5) non-emigrating, and (6) innocuous to other species. Standard procedures for evaluating forage species prior to introduction should be considered as well as the development of methods of control. Techniques for predicting fluctuations in forage abundance may be warranted if responsive predator-prey manipulations can be developed.
Experience, Expertise and Dedication are Requirements for Successful Outcome in Bladder Exstrophy Care.

experience regarding repair of classic bladder exstrophy totaled 31 operations (29 primary and 2 redo procedures) during a 17-year period. The authors are to be congratulated for the detail provided in their article. Overall the results as reported for complications, reoperation rate and urinary continence outcomes are similar to other contemporary series with this degree of detail. Reported rates of urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis and renal cortical defect or scarring on renal scintigraphy are also comparable. Ben-Chaim et al (page 150) raise an important question in the title of their article, and, I believe, through their reporting answer in the affirmative. Using different databases, the number of cases yearly at a given institution used to differentiate a
Transient Ischemic Attacks Presenting with Dizziness or Vertigo

Dizziness with or without associated neurologic symptoms is the most common symptom of posterior circulation transient ischemic attack (TIA) and can be more frequent before posterior circulation strokes. This entity carries a high risk of recurrent events and should be considered as a potential cause of spontaneous episodic vestibular syndrome. Diagnostic evaluation should include intracranial and extracranial imaging of the vertebral arteries and basilar artery. Aggressive medical management with antiplatelet therapy, statin use, and risk factor modification is the mainstay of treatment. This article highlights the importance of diagnosing, evaluating, and treating posterior circulation TIAs manifesting as dizziness or vertigo.
The Effect of Imposed Drying on Parameterized Deep Convection

Abstract This paper examines the influence of imposed drying, intended to represent horizontal advection of dry air, on parameterized deep convection interacting with large-scale dynamics in a single-column model framework. Two single-column models, one based on the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System general circulation model version 5 (GEOS5) and the other developed by Bony and Emanuel, are run in weak temperature gradient mode. Drying is imposed by relaxation of the specific humidity field toward zero within a specified vertical layer. The strength of the drying is controlled by specifying either the relaxation time scale or the vertically integrated drying tendency; results are insensitive to which specification is used. The two models reach very different solutions for the same boundary conditions and model configuration. Even when adjustments to the boundary conditions and model parameters are made to render the precipitation rates similar, large differences in the profiles of relative humidity and ...
Northern Annular Mode Effects on the Land Surface Phenologies of Northern Eurasia

Abstract Land surface phenology (LSP) is the spatiotemporal development of the vegetated land surface as revealed by synoptic sensors. Modeling LSP across northern Eurasia reveals the magnitude, significance, and spatial pattern of the influence of the northern annular mode. Here the authors fit simple LSP models to two normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets and calculate the Spearman rank correlations to link the start of the observed growing season (SOS) and the timing of the peak NDVI with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) indices. The relationships between the northern annular mode and weather station data, accumulated precipitation derived from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) dataset, accumulated growing degree-days (AGDDs) derived from the NCEP–Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) reanalysis, and the number of snow days from the National Snow and Ice Data Center are investig...
Hopelessness in the alcoholic patient

The inability of the alcoholic to establish a meaningful posture towards the future has been articulated in terms of hopelessness. This study examines the effects of inpatient treatment on measures of hopelessness and implies that the decrease in hopelessness reported results from the restoration of a meaningful present during the course of treatment.
Methodological challenges conducting epidemiological research on nutraceuticals in health and disease

Nutraceuticals are a large variety of products that include vitamin/mineral supplements, bioactive food substances, specific parts of plants, herbal supplements, specially formulated foods, and may even include genetically modified foods. Except for vitamins/minerals, a huge gap in knowledge exists regarding the role of nutraceuticals in human health and disease due to inadequate epidemiological research. Yet, the global nutraceutical market is huge and growing on the basis of health claims. In this paper, the methodological challenges to the conduct of epidemiological research on nutraceuticals in health and disease are discussed.
Introduction to clinical interventional radiology.

Within 10 years of Dr. Sven Seldinger's introduction of needle replacement of a catheter in 1953, Dr. Charles Dotter, at the University of Oregon Health Sciences, began to use catheters as surgical instruments. Dr. Dotter said, “The angiographer who enters into the treatment of arterial obstructive disease can now play a key role, if he is prepared and willing to serve as a true clinician, not just as a skilled catheter mechanic. He must accept the responsibility for the direct care of patients before and after the procedure; now see them as patients, not just as blocked arteries.” On this prediction time has shown Dr. Dotter to be exactly right. We are on the verge of tremendous growth in peripheral vascular interventions, particularly in the arterial arena. There are several forces within and outside radiology that presaged this transition that will be explored in this issue. But it is clear that all of radiology, not just interventionalists, have finally heeded Dotter's message. In 2004, the American College of Radiology published a “white paper” on interventional radiology clinical practice. The white paper outlined the features and resource needs of interventional radiologists for providing patient care. In this issue we will explore the reasons why in 2004 there is no other way to practice interventional radiology than to practice as a clinical doctor.
A critical review of the conventional SOC to SOM conversion factor

Use of a single factor for converting soil organic carbon to soil organic matter is challenged. The basis for this challenge arises from four sources: the original papers published in the nineteenth century, empirical studies published throughout the twentieth century, theoretical considerations of organic matter composition, and a consideration of what led to the popularity and general acceptance of the conventional factor. The conventional factor of 1.724, based on the assumption that soil organic matter contains 58% carbon, applies only to some soils or only to particular components of soil organic matter. Studies published since the end of the nineteenth century have consistently shown that the factor of 1.724 is too low for most soils. In a review of previously published data, the median value for the conversion factor was found to be 1.9 from empirical studies and 2 from more theoretical considerations. A factor of 2, based on the assumption that organic matter is 50% carbon, would in almost all cases be more accurate than the conventional factor of 1.724. A consideration of the possible variation in organic matter composition predicts a range of factor values between 1.4 and 2.5, a range that is narrower than empirical results at least in part because of the interaction between the methods used to estimate organic matter and soil composition. Convenience, authority, and tradition rather than strength of evidence are in large part responsible for the widespread acceptance of the conventional factor.
Key differences between Venlafaxine XR and Desvenlafaxine: An analysis of pharmacokinetic and clinical data

Venlafaxine XR and its major active metabolite, desvenlafaxine, are serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Both are FDA-approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder and have essentially the same pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profiles; however, the recommended dosing is notably different. The FDA approved recommended starting and maintenance dose for desvenlafaxine is 50 mg daily, while venlafaxine XR requires titration from 37.5 mg daily to the maintenance dose of 150 - 225 mg daily. The dose recommendation for desvenlafaxine is based on results from 8-week acute-phase clinical trials, but complete therapeutic response is not always achieved in this short time period. Venlafaxine XR relies on CYP2D6 for conversion to desvenlafaxine while desvenlafaxine has no significant metabolism by CYP2D6 at recommended doses. Both venlafaxine XR and desvenlafaxine have limited clinically significant drug interactions. The most striking difference between the two products is cost.
A multi-GPU real-time dose simulation software framework for lung radiotherapy.

Purpose Medical simulation frameworks facilitate both the preoperative and postoperative analysis of the patient’s pathophysical condition. Of particular importance is the simulation of radiation dose delivery for real-time radiotherapy monitoring and retrospective analyses of the patient’s treatment.
Limited corticospinal tract involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis subjects with the A4V mutation in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene

We examined 11 subjects with inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, FALS) associated with the most common copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutation, an alanine for valine substitution in codon 4 (A4V). Autopsies were performed on 5 subjects. The clinical and pathological findings are described and compared with those of 9 sporadic ALS (SALS) subjects. There was no clinical evidence of upper motor neuron (UMN) involvement in 10 FALS A4V subjects. All subjects had lower motor neuron (LMN) signs and electrophysiological evidence of denervation in at least three limbs. All SALS subjects had signs of both UMN and LMN involvement. Pathological studies found severe abnormalities of LMNs in all FALS and SALS subjects. UMN involvement was either absent or mild in the A4V SOD1 FALS subjects and severe in the SALS subjects. Pathological abnormalities in systems other than the motor neurons were more frequent in the FALS A4V subjects. This information suggests that current diagnostic criteria for ALS, requiring dinical evidence for both upper and lower motor neuron involvement, should be modified; ie, the diagnosis should be deemed established when there is evidence of denervation in three or more limbs and a mutation in the gene for SOD1, even without dinical signs of UMN involvement.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Implications for School Psychologists:

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a framework for describing behaviors by viewing them from three broad and different perspectives: (1) physiologic, physical, and psychological functions; (2) a person's engagement in functional life activities; and (3) their participation in social settings. The ICF Framework aligns well with current efforts in school psychology to adopt population-based models of service delivery, reflect public health models of service delivery, promote mental health, and prevent disorders or problem behaviors. Essential features of the ICF together with implications important to service delivery in general and psychoeducational assessment in particular are described. Language: en