cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duas Leituras de Sousândrade: de perto e de longe

"O primeiro numero de Eutomia inaugurou-se sob o signo errante de Sousândrade ao abrir espaco para distintas visoes de sua obra, abordada nos textos: “Cronicas do Inferno”, de Carlos Torres-Marchal, e “’O Inferno de Wall Street’ e a linguagem da loucura”, de Ana Carolina Cernicchiaro. O texto de Cernicchiaro le Sousândrade sob a otica do “delirio” “anarquico”, e analisa “O Inferno de Wall Street” como “literatura atormentada, desesperada, fragmentada e caotica” (p.178); ja Carlos Torres-Marchal percorre o caminho inverso: realca a sua extrema coerencia, a partir de uma analise que resgata as fontes usadas pelo autor e as referencias de epoca. Neste caso, diria que Torres-Marchal opera um esforco de leitura que recupera a legibilidade de Sousândrade; enquanto Cernicchiaro realca a sua ilegibilidade, positivando-a: aquilo que era visto como patologia desarrazoada passa a ser valor positivo que une literatura e loucura “como lugar de transgressao e questionamento” (p.179). [...]"
0318 Occupational epidemiology research in the new ”low-carbon” economy.

Occupational health risks posed by climate change have focused on heat-related illness and mortality, and a growing body of evidence shows substantial risks to health and economic productivity for many countries. Since the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, the shift away from fossil fuel-based economies has accelerated. Potential population health benefits from improved air quality, more physically active urban communitng and reduced future heating of the planet are substantial. However, unquantified is the extent that technologies in renewable energy sources pose risks to workers. A comparision between fossil fuel-related job risks and those stemming from renewable energy-related jobs will be presented. Gaps in knowledge will be identified to help guide the safest path for workers in our evolving low-carbon society. Note this abstract is part of the Mini-Symposium, Climate Change impacts on Occupational Health via workplace heat (Tord Kjellstrom, organiser). p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 16.0px ‘Courier New’; -webkit-text-stroke: #000000} span.s1 {font-kerning: none}
Chlamydomonas cryopreparation methods for the 3-D analysis of cellular organelles.

Abstract Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a popular model organism in modern cell biology. Historically, methods for preparing this cell for transmission electron microscopy have used conventional chemical fixation that can result in artifacts that affect the 3-D organization of the cell. We have developed improved methods of specimen preparation that involve high-pressure freezing followed by freeze-substitution that are particularly well suited for 3-D studies (O’Toole et al., 2003, 2007). In this chapter, we describe the details of our cryopreparation methods for the optimal preservation of whole cells for immunocytochemistry and electron tomography. Examples are presented that show the utility of this approach for studying the 3-D architecture of membrane systems and cytoskeletal arrays in intact cells.
A Proof of the No-Ghost Theorem Using the Kac Determinant

A new proof of the no-ghost theorem for dual resonance models using results of Kac on infinite dimensional Lie algebras is presented.
Counterexamples in detection and estimation

Some counterexamples to claims which seem to commonly arise in the literature of detection and estimation theory have been presented.
Comparative Pathology: Cardiovascular System

Spontaneous cardiovascular disease in veterinary species is an important cause of morbidity and a common reason for veterinary intervention. Comparative cardiovascular pathology is also a valuable component of translational research, providing considerable insight into basic disease mechanisms. This brief review focuses on spontaneous cardiovascular disease in veterinary species, with emphasis on cardiomyopathy, toxic myocardial injury, degenerative valvular disease, cardiac neoplasia, arteritis, atherosclerosis, and aneurysms. Their pathogenesis and morphological responses to injury are discussed, with interspecies comparison between analogous syndromes. Future research directed at translational cardiovascular disease has potential to directly impact both human and animal health.
A class of inextendible Weyl solutions

The Weyl solutions are those solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations which are static and axially symmetric Ill. That is, they possess two Killing vectors, one time-like with orbits ~ and the other space-like with orbits S I. The purpose of this paper is to study the possibility of obtaining extensions for a subclass of the Weyl solutions which contains as special members the Schwarzschild and Curzon solutions. It will be shown that only the Schwarzschild solution is extendible.
Spanish Language Education in the United States: Beginning, Present, and Future.

Language instruction and learning was an innate part of early educational programs in the United States. Among the most common languages taught at schools and universities were Latin, Greek, German, and French; however, Spanish was not formally taught at an American institution until 1749. Since then, the works of important scholars such as Mariano Cubi y Soler have provided the foundation for the success of the Spanish language in the United States. Today the Spanish language is thriving in the U.S. as it is considered the foreign language most commonly taught. Furthermore, by the year 2050 the United States is expected to have more Spanish speakers than any other country in the world. This literature review offers a historical analysis of the Spanish language instruction in the United States since its beginnings in the XVIII century to present. In addition, it offers information about the trends, methodologies and approaches used to teach Spanish throughout the years and offers an insight to possibilities of future research.
Racial discrimination in tourism: the case of African-American travellers in South Carolina

African-American tourists are one of the fast-growing segments of the travel sector, but very little is known about this consumer group. What we do know from previous research is that African-Ameri...
MoA-Net: Self-supervised Motion Segmentation

Most recent approaches to motion segmentation use optical flow to segment an image into the static environment and independently moving objects. Neural network based approaches usually require large amounts of labeled training data to achieve state-of-the-art performance. In this work we propose a new approach to train a motion segmentation network in a self-supervised manner. Inspired by visual ecology, the human visual system, and by prior approaches to motion modeling, we break down the problem of motion segmentation into two smaller subproblems: (1) modifying the flow field to remove the observer’s rotation and (2) segmenting the rotation-compensated flow into static environment and independently moving objects. Compensating for rotation leads to essential simplifications that allow us to describe an independently moving object with just a few criteria which can be learned by our new motion segmentation network - the Motion Angle Network (MoA-Net). We compare our network with two other motion segmentation networks and show state-of-the-art performance on Sintel.
No Room at the Inn? Disability Access in the New Sharing Economy

The rise of Internet-based service platforms may perpetuate and possibly increase social exclusion of people with disabilities. The expansion of such services potentially creates a new realm of unr...
Estimation of crop latent heat flux from high resolution thermal imagery

We introduce a method to calculate evapotranspiration (ET) for individual plots in agricultural fields using the TSEB (Two-Source Energy Balance) model for high resolution thermal data from a UAS (unmanned aerial system). The model was developed for satellite remote sensing which has coarser spatial and temporal resolution. With the emergence of UAS remote sensing, this model needs to be adapted to be applied to the significantly higher resolution imagery. The average resolution of our thermal dataset is about 5 cm, which means we have multiple temperature measurements for a single plant, as opposed to satellite imagery which often views entire fields. The image resolution also means that soil contributes to overall temperature for certain pixels as well. A new algorithm is developed to classify pixels into 3 categories: soil, plant and mixture of soil and plant. Temperature distributions of plants are established and with other inputs like solar radiation, wind speed, plant height, we estimate ET distributions. Distributions of ET are acquired for the targeted plots in multiple images, and are evaluated versus stomatal conductance measurements from a steady state porometer.
Designing a Raspberry Pi sensor network for remote observation of wildlife

Scientists and the military need unobtrusive methods of observing wildlife. In this poster, we assess the feasibility of a Raspberry Pi sensor network for wildlife detection and monitoring. While technology for wildlife observation such as camera traps exist, they are expensive and/or require human intervention to collect the data. An inexpensive sensor network that can take pictures of wildlife with negligible human intervention will enable scientists and military personnel to discretely detect the presence of endangered wildlife. Each raspberry pi sensor node collects data for transmission to a remote user via an android app interface. In order to improve battery efficiency, the system features an adaptable network with four distinct sleep modes. We also explore increasing the range and durability of the network by integrating a mesh network.
Tailoring the Shape and Size of Artificial Cells

Living cells achieve precise control of shape and size through sophisticated biochemical machinery. However, such precision is extremely challenging to emulate in artificial cellular compartments. So far, various physicochemical and mechanical interventions have been employed to tailor the dimensions of model systems such as liposomes, emulsions, coacervates, and polymer capsules. In this Perspective, we discuss the state of the art in artificial cell research in controlling shape and size and the challenges that need to be addressed.
CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma: How Does Radiation Therapy Fit In?

Abstract Cell-based immunotherapies have the potential to redefine modern oncologic care, providing promising new treatments for patients with otherwise poor prognoses. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has produced remarkable remission rates in patients with even the most treatment-refractory hematologic malignancies. In 2018 the FDA approved two CAR-T cell therapies for relapsed/refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (r/rNHL). With the emergence of these novel therapies, there are many questions regarding treatment safety, tolerability, efficacy, and practicality with regards to radiotherapy. In this review we summarize the existing literature on CAR-T cell therapy in r/rNHL and propose a potential role for radiation therapy in the treatment of patients undergoing CAR-T cell therapy.
How should we approach parental refusals of opioids on behalf of children in the perioperative setting? A practical approach based on ethical theory

In the midst of the current opioid epidemic, we have encountered more parents who are concerned about the use of opioids in the perioperative setting. Some parents have completely refused the use of opioids on behalf of their children. How should we approach this treatment refusal? This article describes ethical theory related to the refusal of treatment by parents on behalf of their children, and when it is justified to override parental decisions. We propose a decision-making framework that focuses on improving communication and considering alternatives. Assessment of harm to the child from avoiding opioids, as well as potential harms from overriding parental autonomy must be undertaken prior to considering overriding parents.
Spectral attributes of sub-amorphous thermal conductivity in cross-linked organic-inorganic hybrids.

Organic–inorganic hybrids have found increasing applications for thermal management across various disciplines. Such materials can achieve thermal conductivities below the so-called “amorphous limit” of their constituents’ thermal conductivity. Despite their technological significance, a complete understanding of the origins of this thermal conductivity reduction remains elusive in these materials. In this paper, we develop a prototypical cross-linked organic–inorganic layered system, to investigate the spectral origins of its sub-amorphous thermal conductivity. Initially, we study the atomic structure of the model and find that besides polymer chain length, the relative drift of the layers governs the reduction in computed basal spacing, in agreement with experimental measurements. We, subsequently, find that organic cross-linking results in up to 40% reduction in thermal conductivity compared to inorganic samples. An in-depth investigation of vibrational modes reveals that this reduction is the result of reduced mode diffusivities, which in turn is a consequence of a vibrational mismatch between the organic and inorganic constituents. We also show that the contribution of propagating modes to the total thermal conductivity is not affected by organic cross-linking. Our approach paves the path toward a physics-informed analysis and design of a wide range of multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials for thermal management applications among others.
Discoveries in Mathematics - Pythagorean Triples.

What is so interesting about 3, 4, and 5? For one thing they are three consecu tive integers. Suppose we choose three consecutive integers other than 3, 4, 5; say 9, 10, 11. Will this triple of integers satisfy equation (1) ? 92 + 2 112. We next raise the question, "Are there any other triples of consecutive integers that satisfy equation (1)?" If there is another triple, we can write it as , + 1, + 2. To satisfy equation (1) we must have 2 + ( + l)2 = (n + 2)2. On expanding and simplifying we obtain n2 ? 2n ? 3 = 0. This equation has the roots ?1 and 3. The root 3 leads to the triple 3, 4, 5. The root ?1 leads to the triple ?1, 0, 1. Surely (-1)2 + 2 = l2. And so the only other triple of consecutive integers that satisfies equation (1) is the triple ?1,0,1. We return to the triple 3, 4, 5. What else is interesting about 3, 4, and 5? We note that 32 ? 4 + 5. Returning to ? 1, 0, 1, we note that again ( ?l)2 = 0 + 1. If we think of 3, 4, 5 and ?1, 0, 1 as ordered triples, (3, 4, 5) and ( ? 1, 0, 1), we see that the square of the first coordi nate of each triple is the sum of two con secutive integers. Is it possible that if we start with an integer, a, square it to get a2 and then write the square as the sum of two consecutive integers we have a triple that satisfies equation (1)? This could be true only if the first integer is odd since the sum of two consecutive integers must always be odd. Let's test our guess to see. Suppose we take 5: 52 = 25 = 12 + 13. Does 5, 12, 13 satisfy equation (1)? Yes! How about 7? 72 = 49. We can find two consecutive integers whose sum is 49 by taking the next integers below and above 49/2. These are 24 and 25. Calculations show that 72 = 24 + 25 and 7, 24, 25 satisfies equation (1). Doing the same for 9 and 11 we obtain the respective triples 9, 40, 41 and 11, 60, 61; each of these satisfies equation (1). So we are led to the following conjecture:
Upper Urinary Tract Pathology

The upper urinary tract includes the renal pelvis, its branches (renal calyces), and the ureter. One of the misconceptions about the upper urinary tract pathology is that there is no difference in pathologic conditions between the upper urinary tract and lower urinary tract, including bladder and urethra. It is true that most lesions in the lower tract can be seen in the upper tract. However, some pathological conditions in the upper tract may be biologically and biochemically different from the ones in the lower tract. Furthermore, the clinical management for these pathological conditions in the upper tract can be significantly different from those of the lower tract. Therefore, these important issues of the upper tract need to be addressed.
ERK-dependent suicide gene therapy for selective targeting of RTK/RAS-driven cancers

Suicide gene therapies provide a unique ability to target cancer cells selectively, often based on modification of viral tropism or transcriptional regulation of therapeutic gene expression. We designed a novel suicide gene therapy approach wherein the gene product (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase or yeast cytosine deaminase) is phosphorylated and stabilized in expression by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is overactive in numerous cancers with elevated expression or mutation of receptor tyrosine kinases or the GTPase RAS. In contrast to transcriptional strategies for selectivity, regulation of protein stability by ERK allows for high copy expression via constitutive viral promoters, while maintaining tumor selectivity in contexts of elevated ERK activity. Thus, our approach turns a signaling pathway often coopted by cancer cells for survival into a lethal disadvantage in the presence of a chimeric protein and prodrug, as highlighted by a series of in vitro and in vivo examples explored here.
The variable climate response of Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Engelm.)

Abstract Recent increases in temperature over the semi-arid western United States have been shown to exacerbate drought, reducing streamflow, and increasing stress on ecosystems. Our understanding of the role temperature played during drought in the more distant past is far from complete. While numerous tree-ring proxy records of moisture provide evidence for past extreme droughts in this region, few contemporaneous tree-ring proxy records of temperatures exist. This limits our ability to evaluate the variable influence of temperature on drought over past centuries and to contextualize the present interplay of moisture and temperature during more recent drought events. It is also important to understand the complexity of climatic interactions that produced drought under natural variability prior to evaluating the potential impacts of future climate change. In response to this knowledge gap, we undertook the first extensive evaluation of climate sensitivity in Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Engelm.), focusing on the potential for developing new multi-century proxy records of both temperature and precipitation. We isolated dominant patterns of growth variability among trees from ten ring-width datasets across the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico and assessed their response to climate. We utilized both an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and a modified form of hierarchical cluster analysis to produce time series representing growth patterns in P. aristata. The results indicate a widespread June drought stress signal with a high potential for multi-millennial reconstruction. We also found a positive minimum temperature response during late summer, evident only at lower frequency and co-occurring at locations with the June drought stress signal. The potential for temperature reconstruction will require further investigation into the physiological linkages between P. aristata and climate variability. The presence of multiple climate responses within P. aristata sampling sites highlights the need for particular care when including P. aristata in regional climate reconstructions.
Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for in vivo quantification of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG).

Abstract meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) is a radiopharmaceutical used for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine cancers. Previous quantification of mIBG in biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies mainly relied on the use of radiolabeled mIBG, which involves the handling of highly radioactive materials. The goal of this study was to develop a nonradioactive analytical method for quantifying mIBG in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Samples were prepared for analysis using a protein precipitation method. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed using 4-hydroxyphenformin as the internal standard, and the mass-to-charge transitions were 276.1 → 217.0 for mIBG and 222.1 → 121.0 for 4-hydroxyphenformin. The quantification limit of mIBG was 0.98 ng/mL, and the method was linear up to 500 ng/mL. The accuracy, inter-day and intra-day precision were 96–112%, 5.5–14.4%, and 3.7–14.1%, respectively, suggesting that the method was accurate and precise in quantifying mIBG at multiple concentrations in mouse plasma and liver homogenates. The extraction recovery was 96–106% and the matrix effect was 95–110%, indicating that the method was reproducible in quantifying mIBG with minimal impact from the biological matrices. In summary, we have developed and validated a fast, high-throughput quantification method of non-radiolabeled mIBG using LC-MS/MS. This method is reproducible, accurate, and precise, and can be used to quantify mIBG in plasma and tissue matrices to determine the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of mIBG in preclinical animal models.
Technological parameters for the production of cooked poultry and pork sausages enriched with non-traditional vegetable raw materials

The results of the development of the technological scheme and parameters of the production of cooked sausage products from poultry and pork, enriched with protein-containing vegetable raw materials, are presented. It is proposed to introduce chickpea flour and lentil flour in a total amount of 5% in equal proportions of 1:1 into the sausage product recipe as a protein-containing vegetable additive. Previously, chickpea and lentil flour are mixed with aquafaba in different containers. Part of the water or ice introduced in the production of cooked sausages is replaced with aquafaba, obtained in the production of chickpea flour. Aquafaba is administered in an amount of 5%. These mixtures are placed in the freezer 30 minutes before the start of cooking the minced meat and kept at a temperature of -22°C for freezing. At the third stage of cutting, a frozen mixture of aquafaba, lentil and chickpea flour is added. The processing time is 3-5 minutes. This mixture in the technological process acts as a structure-forming component and improves the organoleptic properties of the finished product. The introduced additives allow you to get a functional product with an increased content of animal and vegetable protein, as well as increased vitamin and mineral value.
Nonconforming time discretization based on Robin transmission conditions for the Stokes–Darcy system

Abstract We consider a space-time domain decomposition method based on Schwarz waveform relaxation (SWR) for the time-dependent Stokes–Darcy system. The coupled system is formulated as a time-dependent interface problem based on Robin–Robin transmission conditions, for which the decoupling SWR algorithm is proposed and proved for the convergence. In this approach, the Stokes and Darcy problems are solved independently and globally in time, thus allowing the use of different time steps for the local problems. Numerical tests are presented for both non-physical and physical problems with various mesh sizes and time step sizes to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Effects of ischemia on the oxygen diffusion coefficients in the brain cortex (studies on Macaca irus).

Oxygenation of tissue is dependent both on rate and concentration of oxygen provided at the capillary level and the speed with which oxygen may diffuse from these capillaries through the tissue. Factors influencing the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in tissue include the chemical constitution of the medium, for example, protein concentration and the ratio of extracellular to intercellular volume and the density of cell membranes and other cell structures. These latter factors may be substantially modified by changes in tissue metabolism.
Modular Well-Definedness Analysis for Attribute Grammars

We present a modular well-definedness analysis for attribute grammars. The global properties of completeness and non-circularity are ensured with checks on grammar modules that require only additional information from their dependencies. Local checks to ensure global properties are crucial for specifying extensible languages. They allow independent developers of language extensions to verify that their extension, when combined with other independently developed and similarly verified extensions to a specified host language, will result in a composed grammar that is well-defined. Thus, the composition of the host language and user-selected extensions can safely be performed by someone with no expertise in language design and implementation. The analysis is necessarily conservative and imposes some restrictions on the grammar. We argue that the analysis is practical and the restrictions are natural and not burdensome by applying it to the Silver specifications of Silver, our boot-strapped extensible attribute grammar system.
Model-Based Fault-Tolerant Control of Particulate Processes: Handling Uncertainty, Constraints and Measurement Limitations

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for the integrated synthesis of a fault detection and isolation (FDI) and fault-tolerant control (FTC) system for particulate processes described by population balance models. The approach is based on a suitable low-order model of the process and accounts explicitly for model uncertainty, control constraints and measurement errors. The main idea is to shape the fault-free closed-loop dynamics via robust control in a way that enables the derivation of FDI and reconfiguration criteria that are less sensitive to the uncertainties and measurement errors. The results are illustrated through an application to a continuous crystallizer with a fines trap.
Influence of treatment temperature on the inactivation of Listeria innocua by pulsed electric fields

Abstract The effect of treatment temperature on the bactericidal effectiveness of pulsed electric fields (PEF) applied on Listeria innocua suspended in McIllvaine buffer was investigated. Electric field intensity and number of applied pulses were applied in the ranges of 31–40 kV/cm and 5–35 pulses, respectively. Studied treatment temperatures were sustained for 10 s, and ranged between 19°C and 59°C depending on the amount of energy delivered by the PEF treatment. The application of PEF at higher temperatures proved to be more effective than either PEF at low temperatures or the applied thermal treatments by themselves. A maximum bacterial inactivation of 6-log cycles was obtained by applying either: 20 pulses of 40 kV/cm at 65°C, 25 pulses of 36 kV/cm at 61°C, or 31 pulses of 31 kV/cm at 56°C. On the other hand, a thermal treatment of 66°C sustained for 30 s reduced the bacterial population on its own by only 5-log cycles, and the application of 60 pulses of 31 kV/cm at 30°C caused only 3-log cycles of bacterial inactivation. The findings in this study suggest that PEF technology may be effectively used as an enhanced mild thermal preservation method.
A Drosophila functional evaluation of candidates from human genome-wide association studies of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic traits identifies tissue-specific roles for dHHEX

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify regions of the genome that are associated with particular traits, but do not typically identify specific causative genetic elements. For example, while a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related traits have been identified by human GWAS, only a few genes have functional evidence to support or to rule out a role in cellular metabolism or dietary interactions. Here, we use a recently developed Drosophila model in which high-sucrose feeding induces phenotypes similar to T2D to assess orthologs of human GWAS-identified candidate genes for risk of T2D and related traits. Disrupting orthologs of certain T2D candidate genes (HHEX, THADA, PPARG, KCNJ11) led to sucrose-dependent toxicity. Tissue-specific knockdown of the HHEX ortholog dHHEX (CG7056) directed metabolic defects and enhanced lethality; for example, fat-body-specific loss of dHHEX led to increased hemolymph glucose and reduced insulin sensitivity. Candidate genes identified in human genetic studies of metabolic traits can be prioritized and functionally characterized using a simple Drosophila approach. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale effort to study the functional interaction between GWAS-identified candidate genes and an environmental risk factor such as diet in a model organism system.
Nucleotide sequence from the neurogenic locus Notch implies a gene product that shares homology with proteins containing EGF-like repeats

The primary structure of the major embryonic Notch transcript is presented, as determined by sequence analysis of overlapping cDNA clones. The 10,148 bp sequence corresponding to this transcript possesses an 8109 bp open reading frame that potentially codes for a 2703 amino acid protein. We show that this polypeptide contains a repeated structure composed of 36 tandemly arranged 40 amino acid long repeats, which show homology to the epidermal growth factor and other proteins containing EGF-like repeats. Hydropathy plots suggest that the putative Notch protein may span the membrane. We relate these findings to the developmental action of Notch and speculate that the locus may be involved in a cell-cell interaction mechanism that is essential for the differentiation of the ectoderm into neural and epidermal precursors.
Fertility (male and female) and Menopause

The impact of oncologic treatments on fertility and menopausal symptoms is often significant for patients with cancer. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can all damage the reproductive organs or the hypothalamic pituitary axis that controls them, impairing fertility and causing hormonally mediated symptoms such as hot flashes. Understanding these risks and strategies to mitigate them may substantially improve cancer survivorship care. For both female and male patients who desire a future biologic child, there are a variety of fertility preservation techniques that should be considered. For cancer survivors who experience menopausal symptoms, lifestyle changes may be beneficial, and hormonal and nonhormonal pharmacologic agents are well proven to reduce symptom burden.
Mesoscale patterns of chlorophyll a in the Central North Pacific

Abstract Within the Central North Pacific along latitude 24°15'N, a mesoscale spatial pattern of chlorophyll a , with a scale of 500 km, dominates basin-wide patterns. West of the Hawaiian Ridge, the dominant scale of near-surface dynamic topography, apparently baroclinic eddy activity, is also 500 km, and the mean variance functions of dynamic height and chlorophyll are coherent. East of the ridge, however, the dynamic topography is dominated by the eastward slope of the isobaric surfaces related to the slow southward transport of near-surface water. Mesoscale patterns of dynamic topography are not apparent, and the relationship between chlorophyll and dynamic topography is unclear. West of the Hawaiian Ridge, higher values of chlorophyll are associated with the centers of cyclonic eddies, lower values with anticyclonic eddies. The pattern of chlorophyll a cannot be explained by concentration and dispersion of cells in the regions of convergence and divergence, but it may involve a combination of growth and depth regulation in response to ambient conditions. There is a loss of nitrate associated with the upward displacement of isopycnal surfaces which accompanies the eddy activity. This doming of subsurface isopycnal surfaces may act as a nutrient pump bringing nitrate into the euphotic zone. Thus, temporal and spatial variations of eddy activity may account for some of the variations in production in the Central North Pacific.
Distinctiveness and Serial Position Effects in Recognition and Sentence Processing

Abstract Four experiments test the ability of Neath′s (1993a) dimensional distinctiveness model to account for serial position effects in recognition and sentence processing. Experiment 1 ruled out an account of primacy effects in recognition based on proactive interference. Experiment 2 determined that the model made accurate predictions for recognition of non-verbal stimuli in lists where the inter-item presentation interval varied: as the duration of the inter-item presentation interval was lengthened, the recency effect increased and the primacy effect decreased. Experiment 3 demonstrated the trade-off in primacy and recency effects using stimuli that could be verbally encoded, extending the range of stimuli covered by the model. Finally, Experiment 4 confirmed that the model predicted the switch in response-time advantage in verifying that either the first-mentioned or second-mentioned participant was in a sentence: with longer retention intervals, the advantage was for the first mentioned but with shorter intervals, the advantage was for the second mentioned. The model then successfully fit 17 out of 19 conditions reported by Gernsbacher and Hargreaves (1988). We argue that the same principles of distinctiveness, as described by the dimensional distinctiveness model, underlie all these diverse phenomena.
An analysis of factors influencing the primary production of the benthic microflora in a southern California Lagoon

Abstract From June 1977 through July 1978 duplicate monthly determinations of benthic microfloral production were made at different locations along 6 parallel transects located at different distances from the mouth of Mugu Lagoon, California, so that locational as well as sediment and tidal height relationships could be examined. Multiple regression analysis performed on the entire data set showed that the independent variables chlorophyll a, solar radiation, water temperature, community respiration, sediment composition, and initial dissolved oxygen accounted for remarkably little of the observed variation (38%). In separate analyses the data set was decomposed by month and by sediment history (a major storm completely changed the bottom characteristics of the lagoon about half way through the study) to elucidate the apparent failure of intuitively important factors in determining the level of production. For the individual categories, the variance explained was generally much higher (mean 60%), and, of particular significance, different independent variables were most important for different categories, thus accounting for the poor resolution of the multiple regression analysis on pooled data. In the monthly categorization, each of the 6 independent variables was most important during at least one month. Light or chlorophyll was most important only in 5 of 14 months. Comparisons between subsamples (centimetres), samples (decimetres), stations (metres to tens of metres) and within and between sediment types were used to investigate the spatial distribution of benthic microflora as measured by pigment concentrations. Significant variability never occurred in samples collected within 1 m of one another. Spatial heterogeneity was greater as the sediments became coarser. Chlorophyll concentrations were lower in coarser sediments; however, gross primary production did not vary according to sediment type. Community respiration was half as much in coarse as in fine sediment.
Surface, catalytic and magnetic properties of small iron particles: III. Nitrogen induced surface reconstruction

Abstract The turnover number for ammonia synthesis was found to be smaller on very small iron particles than on larger ones, but it could be enhanced by a pretreatment which seemed to bring about a surface reconstruction induced by nitrogen. The same pretreatment decreases the uptake of carbon monoxide by the catalyst and also the anisotropy energy barrier for relaxation of the metallic iron magnetization, as determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. These new results can be explained by the creation upon pretreatment of the catalyst, of C7 surface atoms on the small particles, where a Ci atom is one with i nearest neighbors. As the concentration of C7 atoms is expected to be smaller on very small iron particles than on larger ones, but is enhanced by nitrogen induced surface reconstruction, it is concluded that C7 iron atoms are more active than others in ammonia synthesis.
Evidence for the decline of silver and lead and the increase of copper from 1977 to 1990 in the coastal marine waters of California

Abstract Data collected from 1977 to 1990 by the California State Mussel Watch programme was analysed for long-term trends in silver, copper and lead at 20 sites along the California coast. 75% of the sites showed a clear trend in at least one heavy metal. Changes were evident in contaminated harbours as well as remote sites. 55% of the sites showed significant decreases in silver, 25% increased in copper and 40% decreased in lead. Declines in silver and lead appear related to decreased mass emission rates by wastewater treatment facilities, more effective reclamation efforts, and decreases in the use of leaded gasoline. Increase in copper appear related to increased vessel traffic and use of new, copolymer anti-fouling paints. These results suggest that the coastal waters of California are becoming cleaner, at least with respect to silver and lead. However, trends in copper are disturbing. These and other sites should continue to be monitored to document the status of copper and other trace metals in the environment.
There is no meaningful difference in the respiratory event index calculated using the actigraph estimated sleep time versus total recording time

Introduction Out-of-center sleep tests (OCSTs) are increasingly being used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Several OCST devices include an embedded actigraph that helps to limit the analysis times to those most likely to represent sleep. The respiratory event index (REI) can thus be determined either by dividing the sum of apneas and hyponeas by the total recording time (REI-TRT) or by dividing by the actigraphic estimate of sleep time (REI-ACTI). This study examines how closely the REI-TRT compares to the REI-ACTI for the diagnosis of OSA. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis was conducted for 129 OCSTs performed at the Mayo Clinic from October 2009 to May 2012 using the portable Embletta™ system. The REI-TRT was compared to the REI-ACTI by a paired-t test and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The clinical endpoint of each study, namely the presence and severity of OSA, was determined using the actigraphic estimate of sleep and the total recording time to verify if there was a difference in the clinical outcome between the REI-TRT and REI-ACTI, respectively. Results There was a significant difference between the actigraphic sleep time and the total recording time (p value Conclusion These results suggest that the difference between the REI-TRT and REI-ACTI is clinically negligible and that the REI-TRT is a reasonable surrogate for the REI-ACTI. Rather than estimating the total sleep time, the actigraph seemed most useful at determining the beginning and end of the total recording time.
Daily Rhythm in the Noradrenaline Content of Rat Hypothalamus

Daily rhythm in noradrenaline content of rat hypothalamus studied for relation to light and dark periods
Regenerable Field Emission Cathode for Spacecraft Neutralization

This research investigates the discharge characteristics of a field emission cathode for use in electric propulsion that has the ability to be regenerated when the emitter tip becomes damaged. Emitter tip regeneration is achieved by taking advantage of Taylor cone formation from an operating liquid―metal ion source. Tip formation is accomplished by solidifying, or quenching, the ion-emitting cone to preserve the sharp protrusion so that it can then be used for electron emission. Electron emission I-V curves were taken after tips were formed by quenching the liquid―metal ion source at ion discharge currents ranging from 1 to 25 μA. Fowler―Nordheim modeling was then used to estimate the emitter tip radii of each quenched liquid―metal ion source. Results of the Fowler―Nordheim modeling were promising, showing the ability to regenerate tips and to control the features of the resulting tips by varying the ion current during the quench process. The set of experiments that are reported demonstrated the regeneration process of emitter tip radii ranging from approximately 30―45 nm from a tip quenched at 2 μA down to tip radii of 15―22 nm when quenched at 25 μA.
Molecular Identification and Characterization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors for Lysophosphatidic Acid and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate

: Lysophospholipid mediators, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), play important roles in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, cytoskeleton changes, migration, wound healing, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and embryonic development. The recent breakthrough in cloning and identification of several G-protein-coupled receptors for LPA and S1P has provided tools to dissect the complex mechanisms by which these lysophospholipids exert their (patho)physiological functions. Here, strategies and efforts in cloning and identifying the Edg family receptors for LPA and S1P are reviewed. Reporter gene assays used to take advantage of signaling properties of LPA and S1P, and to overcome intrinsic difficulties unique to this system, are described. From these experimental approaches, important lessons can be learned and applied to future studies of signal transduction of lysophospholipid receptors.
Analysis of the Role of the Transcription Factor ATF in the Assembly of a Functional Preinitiation Complex

In the accompanying paper (Horikoshi et al., 1988) the interaction between ATF and the general transcription initiation factors was analyzed by DNAase I footprinting experiments. Here, we use transcription assays to investigate the role of ATF in the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex. Addition of an oligonucleotide containing an ATF binding site inhibits E4 transcription by sequestering ATF. However, following preincubation of the E4 promoter in the nuclear extract, transcription is refractory to inhibition by the ATF oligonucleotide. Formation of this oligonucleotide-refractory complex occurs at an early stage in the overall transcription initiation reaction and is dependent upon ATF and the general transcription factors RNA polymerase II, TFIIB, and TFIID. This latter result suggests that the assembly and maintenance of a functional preinitiation complex involves cooperative interactions among the various transcription factors. The general transcription factor TFIIE, although required for transcriptional activity, is not involved in the assembly of an ATF oligonucleotide-refractory complex. Our results support the possibility that ATF may be required only transiently for assembly of a functional preinitiation complex.
The Importance of Responsivity Factors in Predicting Reductions in Antisocial Attitudes and Cognitive Distortions Among Adult Male Offenders

The research has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral treatment programs for offenders work to reduce recidivism. One reason these programs have been found to be effective is that they target one of the “number one” predictors of crime, antisocial attitudes and values. Unfortunately, these programs may not “work” for all offenders. The literature suggests that personal characteristics of offenders, although not directly related to recidivism, may in fact interfere or hinder the ability for the program to “work.” This is referred to in the literature as the “responsivity principle.” This study seeks to understand the role that personal or responsivity characteristics of offenders play in whether these attitudes and distortions were reduced. This study found that although individual responsivity characteristics alone were not related to whether the program was successful, individuals with a combination of the important responsivity characteristics (e.g., low intelligence, low self-esteem, and history of s...
Concentrations and Source Areas of Ice Nuclei in the Alaskan Atmosphere

Abstract Atmospheric ice nucleus concentrations were measured by the filter method daily for ten months at three ground sites in Alaska to determine the influence of long-range nucleus sources on the concentrations. The results indicate a seasonal variation in nucleus concentration with a winter minimum and a north-to-south trend in the increasing average concentration. Some episodes of high concentrations were correlated with 500 mb isobaric transport from Eurasia and 700 mb cyclogenesis over Alaska. These results suggest that local nucleus sources play a dominant role in the seasonal variation, while some individual episodes are caused by external or regional influences.
Differential susceptibilities of spinal cord neurons to retinoic acid-induced survival and differentiation

In a previous study, we demonstrated trophic effects of vitamin A and its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), on perinatal rat spinal cord neurons and astrocytes in vitro. We now report that RA increases the survival of cholinergic neurons without affecting that of GABAergic neurons. These results were supported by measured levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activities, key enzymes of acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, respectively, which showed RA-induced increases in AChE and ChAT levels but no elevations of GAD activity. In contrast to these phenotype-specific effects, most neurons showed RA-induced increases in neuritic outgrowth, density, and silver impregnation. Taken together, these results demonstrate neurotransmitter-specific and generalized effects of RA on developing CNS neurons.
Analysis of the phospholipid of the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells by high pressure liquid chromatography

A method is described for the separation and analysis of phospholipids from rat-liver nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. The procedure employs a liquid environment, to which antioxidants can be added, and results in separation of NL, PE, PI, PS, and PC in 99% purity in 12 min; analytical columns and a radial compression system may be employed. The procedure results in phospholipids with a large proportion of highly unsaturated fatty acids; some differences in fatty acid distributions were found when nuclear envelope phospholipid fractions were compared with the corresponding fractions from endoplasmic reticulum.