cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Injuries Associated with All-Terrain Vehicle Accidents

Accidents, injuries, and deaths sustained via all-terrain vehicle (ATV) use are on the rise. In addition to safe and proper ATV operation, accident-related risk factors include operator controllable behaviors such as helmet use, alcohol use, and deciding whether or not to carry a passenger. What the operator has little or no control over, however, is the inherently unstable ATV design with its narrow wheelbase, short turning radius, and high center of gravity, in addition to common use of low tire pressure to maximize maneuverability. These factors lead to musculoskeletal injuries that consist predominantly of extremity fractures, primarily through rollover events. There is a need for improved ATV operator safety education and more stringent regulations. The purpose of this review is to identify the accident and injury risk factors associated with ATV operation and to compare them with bicycle and motorcycle accident and injury risk factors to enable emergency medical professionals to develop better patient management and injury prevention strategies.
Control of interfacial instabilities in thin polymer films with the addition of a miscible component

We show that while polystyrene (PS) thin films are structurally unstable on oxidized silicon wafers, the addition of as little as a few weight percent tetramethylbisphenol A polycarbonate (TMPC) has a stabilizing effect on the topographical structure of the films. The stabilization is evident from the existence of a threshold TMPC concentration, φt, and a threshold thickness, ht, beyond which films do not dewet. The concentration threshold occurs for φTMPC ≤ 0.10. An examination of the effective interface potential, which accounts for short- and long-range intermolecular interactions, indicates that this dewetting inhibition is metastable.
Segregation curves, Lorenz curves, and inequality in the distribution of people across occupations☆

Abstract This paper takes the analytic framework developed to measure inequality in the distribution of income and extends it to the problem of measuring inequality in the distribution of people across population groups (e.g. inequality in the distribution of women across occupations). The paper discusses ‘segregation curves’ and shows that, like Lorenz curves, they are related to value judgments about the nature of inequality. It also derives several new numerical measures of inequality in people across groups. The paper closes with an application: an analysis of U.S. occupational segregation by race and gender between 1958 and 1978.
Using Brain Computer Interfaces for Geometry Selection in CAD Systems: P300 Detection Approach

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of brain-computer interfaces as user interfaces for CAD systems. The paper describes experiments and algorithms that use the BCI for selecting different surface of geometrical objects in the CAD systems using the P300 wave. The P300 (P3) wave is an event related potential (ERP) elicited by infrequent, stimuli (target faces flashing). Users wear an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset and try to select a target face of an object. Different faces of the object randomly flash which make the flashing of target face, an infrequent event. The EEG headset collects brain activity from 14 locations on the scalp. The data is analyzed with independent component analysis (ICA) and the discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) to detect the P300 component in the signal. The flashing face which causes the P300 component in the EEG signal is classified as the target face. Using a linear discriminant analysis, the target face is classified correctly with an average accuracy of 73.9%.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Digging deeper into obesity

The growing problem of obesity is associated with multiple morbidities, including increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, sleep apnea, and cancer. Obesity promotes disability, decreases productivity, and shortens life span. Although much attention has been focused on diet and exercise, these strategies alone are not effective in preventing obesity and maintaining weight loss. Moreover, the development of pharmacological approaches for obesity treatment has been dogged by poor efficacy and serious side effects. The biology of obesity is very complex, and mechanisms linking obesity to various diseases are poorly understood. This issue of the JCI highlights important concepts in our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity and its complications.
Oxygen roughening of Ge(001) surfaces

Abstract The interaction of molecular oxygen with the Ge(001) surface is studied in terms of the immediate disordering effects which occur as oxygen impinges on the germanium surface. Using reflection high energy electron diffraction, the surface morphology of initially clean, smooth Ge(001) surfaces is monitored in situ, in real time, during exposure to molecular oxygen. Changes in the (001) surface dimer reconstruction, surface disordering, and ultimately, multi-level roughening of the surface are observed. The pressure and temperature dependence of the oxygen-induced surface disordering rate is presented. Details of the initial oxygen-germanium surface interaction are discussed in the context of changes to surface morphology and compared to previously proposed roughening and oxidation mechanisms which are based upon both mass-sensitive and chemically-sensitive surface analysis techniques.
Report on the U.S.-Japan joint seminar on Transport in Non-Stoichiometric Compounds

From October 10-12, 1979, a U.S.-Japan joint seminar, "Transport in Non-Stoichiometric Compounds" was held at the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii under the sponsorship of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science and the U.S. National Science Foundation. This was a follow-up seminar to the earlier "Defects and Diffusion in Solids" seminar held in Tokyo, October 4-6, 1976. The purpose of this seminar, at which there were eight Japanese participants, eight U.S. participants, and one U.S. observer, was to bring together scientists from the two countries for discussions of transport in nonmetallic solids including oxidation and sulfidation reactions of metals, the role of defects in nonmetallic solids and transport in solid electrolytes. The research papers were not published as a symposium proceedings but each author was free to submit his paper to the journal of his choice. A brief summary of the highlights of the program is presented here to acquaint readers with recent developments and the discussions of papers. The sessions were divided into three areas. These were (1) Synthesis, Properties, and Application of Solid Electrolytes; (2) High-Temperature Corrosion; and (3) Defects and Transport Properties of High Temperature Materials. T. Takahashi reported on his extensive research on high oxide ion conduction in sintered oxides. Some perovskite-type oxides of general formula, ABO3 were found to be oxygen ion conductors when A or B was substituted with a cation of lower valency. Such materials were accompanied by p-type electronic conductivity under high partial pressure of oxygen and a small n-type electronic conduction under low oxygen partial pressures. The oxygen ion conduction is via anion vacancies. Examples of such oxides were CaTio.7Alo.303_~, CaTio.sAlo.503_~, CaTio.95Mgo.0503_~. These *Center for Solid State Science, and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281. 501
Chemoprevention in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Status

Chemoprevention, pharmacological intervention for disease prevention, aims to intervene in pathways that lead to clinical disease before the disease occurs. Cancer chemoprevention is a relatively new field, but for gastrointestinal cancers, clinical trials have highlighted the chemopreventive potential of several agents. For colorectal neoplasia, trials with aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and calcium have demonstrated the most significant reductions of risk. In observational studies, NSAIDs also consistently appear to protect against oesophageal and gastric cancer. Calcium, and perhaps vitamin D, are also promising and have the advantage of being inexpensive, safe interventions. For the prevention of oesophageal cancer, antitumour-B and retinamide have provided hopeful results, although it is not clear that these findings can be extrapolated from the study populations in Asia to western countries. Evidence from China suggests that a combination of p-carotene, α-tocopherol and selenium may protect against oesophageal cancer, but the relative importance of each agent is unclear, and, again, their effects in other populations has not yet been assessed. Mass immunization against hepatitis B seems to be the most effective means of reducing the incidence of hepatocellular cancer worldwide. In addition, treatment with interferon a in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus shows considerable promise, given the increasing prevalence of hepatitis C virus carriage in recent years. TJ-9, polyprenoic acid and anti-aflatoxin compounds are also possible avenues that deserve future research.
On the Meaning of Networks

Interorganizational networks are a key type of system that is emerging to meet requirements into the 21st century. This article analyzes the responses of 96 conference participants to determine what role a multiorganizational network may assume in community economic/social development. Participants identify embodying and maintaining vision, serving as a forum, promoting changes in attitudes and perceptions, and communication as key network functions. Results suggest several unique aspects of the network role in leading and supporting community economic and social development. Findings also demonstrate the capacity of relatively uninitiated participants to understand and describe crucial, yet subtle, aspects of networks. Such understanding is essential for building and managing networks hat can support broad-based development.
Production and utilization of butyryl-CoA by fatty acid synthetase from mammalian tissues☆

Abstract Butyrate constitutes 25 to 40% of the fatty acids formed by fatty acid synthetase purified from cow mammary gland, rat mammary gland, rat liver, and rat adipose tissue. In contrast, the extent of formation of this acid by the enzyme complex from chicken liver, pigeon liver, goose uropygial gland, and yeast is only 2 to 5%. Most of the butyrate produced is esterified to CoA, while most of the longer-chain acids formed are as free acids. The formation of butyrate appears to be a physiological process as judged from its formation in high amounts in rat liver slices. Butyrate formation is correlated with the ability of the enzyme from the different sources to utilize butyryl-CoA as primer. It is argued that butyryl-S-Enzyme formed as an intermediate during the course of fatty acid synthesis either undergoes chain elongation by condensation with malonyl-CoA or has the butyryl group transferred to CoA by a transacylation reaction. The concentration of malonyl-CoA or free CoA then determines which of the two competing processes is favored.
Modulation of scarring in a liquid environment in the Yorkshire pig

ABSTRACT Decreased inflammatory response seen in wet wound healing may be correlated with diminished scarring. This study seeks to test this hypothesis and to validate a model of scarring in the Yorkshire pig. Four Yorkshire pigs were used to create 36 dorsal wounds per pig (144 wounds total) in the following groups: full-thickness excisional, partial thickness, meshed split-thickness skin grafts, sheet split-thickness skin grafts, minced skin, and incisional wounds. Wounds were randomized into wet and dry groups. Wet wounds were enclosed in polyurethane chambers with 2 mL of normal saline. Dry wounds were covered with regular gauze. Terminal biopsies were performed at 72 hours and day 28. Histology demonstrated significantly less inflammatory infiltrate, thicker neoepidermis, more pronounced rete ridge formation, and decreased scar tissue thickness in wet wounds. The mean macroscopic scar surface area was significantly decreased in full-thickness excisional wet wounds compared with dry wounds (61.2 mm(2) vs. 150.8 mm(2), p<0.01). Hydroxyproline content was decreased in full-thickness wet compared with dry groups (44.81 vs. 62.21 mg/g, p<0.01). Tensile strength was 90% greater in full-thickness wet compared with dry groups (p<0.01). Healing in the liquid environment significantly reduced scar formation. This model will allow for future investigation of high-concentration topical scar-modulating agents in the liquid environment.
FDA Panel Report: January 1998

The Cardiovascular and Renal Advisory Panel of the FDA met January 27-28, 1998, to discuss (1) evaluation and use of intravenous inotropic agents in patients with heart failure; (2) liver function test abnormalities with a new AT1 receptor blocker, tasosartan; and (3) the use of the platelet IIb/IIIa receptor blocker eptifibatide in syndromes of acute cardiac ischemia. Intravenous drugs for the treatment of heart failure historically have been approved after demonstration of acute dose-dependent hemodynamic effects in patients with heart failure. Recently, however, there appears to have been a marked increase in the intermittent or continuous use of intravenous inotropic agents for longer periods than originally anticipated, often without monitoring of cardiac rhythm. This practice has become prevalent despite recent trials with oral inotropic agents that have shown adverse effects on mortality and morbidity during long-term treatment and preclinical data presented to the committee that raised the possibility that intermittent exposure to intravenously administered positive inotropic agents may accelerate myocardial cell death. The committee therefore voted unanimously that short-term use of intravenous inotropic agents for decompensated heart failure should be approved if an improvement in symptoms, renal function, and/or hemodynamics (including patients after bypass surgery) can be shown. However, for prolonged intermittent or continuous intravenous use, an improvement in survival and symptoms should be demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial. The committee unanimously recommended that labeling of intravenous positive inotropic agents be revised to reflect the following: (1) that these drugs are indicated for patients who are hospitalized with acutely decompensated heart failure, (2) that there is no experience in controlled trials with continuous infusions for periods >24 to 48 hours, (3) that there is no evidence that these drugs are effective or …
Steady Laminar Flows in Lower Half Heated Upper Half Cooled Rectangular and Cylindrical Enclosures: Comparison of the Transport Mechanism

Flows in enclosures have been studied for various applications. Transport in lower half heated upper half cooled enclosures becomes a focus of research recently due to its application on hydrothermal crystal growth. Natural convection flows in hydrothermal autoclaves are driven by the temperature differential on the enclosure walls; lower half hot and upper half cooled. Due to the difficulties associated with visualization of flow in cylindrical enclosures, flows were experimentally visualized in a rectangular model autoclave. In this study, flows and transport mechanisms in rectangular and cylindrical enclosures are studied numerically in the steady laminar flow regime. Flow structures and transport mechanisms are analyzed and compared. Parametric studies on aspect ratios are carried out for both enclosures. Results show that flows in rectangular and cylindrical enclosures have the same transports mechanism. Fluid in the wall layers in one half form streams that feed into the center of the other half. However, for two kinds of enclosures quantitative differences exist on the stream formation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Isolation and identification of basement membrane collagen purified from dissociated rabbit renal tubules

Abstract In the present study collagens were isolated and identified from morphologically pure basement membrane material. Preparations of rabbit renal tubules devoid of contaminating glomeruli were obtained by homogenization and sieving of kidney cortices. Cellular material was removed by sequential detergent solubilization and the purity of the resultant tubular basement membrane was verified by transmission electron microscopy. The collagenous component of this ultrastructurally pure starting material was isolated by limited pepsinization and salt precipitation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this collagen under nonreducing conditions resulted in four major bands: 300,000 (γ component), 100,000 (100K), 80,000 (80K), and 50,000 (50K). Individual collagen fractions of each of these molecular weights were then isolated from preparative polyacrylamide gels. Identification by their electrophoretic properties and cyanogen bromide peptide patterns leads us to believe that: (i) the 100K is composed of the C chain of type IV collagen; (ii) the 80K and 50K are derived from the genetically distinct D chain of type IV collagen; (iii) the γ component is structurally related to the 100K, 80K, and 50K; and (iv) A and B chains (type V collagen) are not major components of rabbit renal tubular basement membranes.
Oxidative degradation and kinetics of chlorinated ethylenes by potassium permanganate

The oxidative treatment of chlorinated ethylenes in ground water using permanganate was investigated in a series of batch kinetic tests. Five chlorinated ethylenes including tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and three isomers of dichloroethylenes (DCEs) were examined. The degradation process was rapid with pseudo-first-order rate constants ranging from 4.5×10−5 to 0.03 s−1 at MnO4−=1 mM. The rate increased with a decreasing number of chlorine substituents on the ethylene. The higher reactivity of trans-DCE (kobs=30×10−3 s−1 at MnO4−=1 mM) as compared to cis-DCE (kobs=0.9×10−3 s−1 at MnO4−=1 mM) is thought to be caused by a significant steric effect due to the formation of a large cyclic activated complex. TCE oxidation as a second-order reaction was confirmed and the rate constant, k=0.67±0.03 M−1 s−1, is independent of pH over the range of 4–8. The activity of both Cl− and hydrogen ions was monitored over time and suggests essentially complete dechlorination, making the degradation products less harmful than the parent compounds. Competition for MnO4− from other organic compounds in ground water or highly contaminated ground water was also evaluated in experiments. A simple and quick approach was demonstrated to estimate permanganate consumption by other organic compounds for field applications and to predict the TCE degradation rate in a system involving multiple contaminants. The modeling results suggest that the effect of autocatalysis by MnO2 on TCE degradation is significant when the system contains high concentration levels of MnO4− and TOC.
Teratogenic Effect of Trypan Blue on Rat Embryos cultivated in vitro

GILLMAN et al. first observed the teratogenic activity of trypan blue in 1948 (ref. 1), and the dye has since become widely used as a teratogenic agent for laboratory work. The recent development of a system for the cultivation of post-implantation rat embryos in vitro2 has made it possible to investigate the direct action of trypan blue on the isolated embryo.
A kinetic treatment of glass formation. VIII: Critical cooling rates for Na2OSiO2 and K2OSiO2 glasses

The critical cooling rates required to form glass have been measured for Na2OSiO2 compositions containing 15.4, 20.6, 29.9 and 34.0 wt% Na2O and for K2OSiO2 compositions containing 15.3, 21.7, 34.3, 41.8 and 43.9 wt% K2O. Pronounced minima in critical cooling rate are observed in the ranges about 25 wt% Na2O and 33 wt% K2O. The locations of these minima correlate with regions of low liquidus temperatures (near eutectics) in the phase diagrams. Calculations of critical cooling rates have been carried out using the analysis of crystallization statistics and the simplified model of glass formation. In both cases, the models predict well the measured critical cooling rates and their variation with composition.
Carvedilol increases blood pressure response to phenylephrine infusion in heart failure subjects with systolic dysfunction: Evidence of improved vascular α1-adrenoreceptor signal transduction

Introduction α 1 -Adrenergic receptor (α 1 -AR) stimulation produces smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and myocyte hypertrophy, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for α 1 -AR antagonists to reduce cardiac workload and myocardial hypertrophy. Preliminary reports suggest that vascular α 1 -ARs are desensitized in heart failure (HF) in a manner similar to myocardial β 1 -ARs. We examined α 1 -AR signal transduction by repeat phenylephrine (PE) infusions in patients with HF receiving chronic carvedilol therapy. Methods Twelve subjects with HF not currently receiving β-blockers were up-titrated to maximum tolerable doses of carvedilol. Subjects underwent α 1 -AR stimulation testing at study baseline, 2 weeks after each dose titration, and 6 months after maintenance of maximum carvedilol dose. Phenylephrine infusions began at 0.5 μg kg −1 min −1 , with dose titrations every 10 minutes, to a maximum of 5 μg kg −1 min −1 . Phenylephrine dose response was evaluated by the PE rate required to elicit a 20 mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure (BP), designated PS 20 . Results All doses of carvedilol significantly reduced preinfusion measures of heart rate, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure. However, carvedilol also produced a paradoxical trend toward PS 20 reduction (indicating increased PE response) that reached significance at the completion of carvedilol dose titration (PS 20 ratio vs baseline=0.78; P Conclusions Increasing BP response to PE infusion suggests improvement in vascular α 1 -AR signal transduction with chronic carvedilol therapy. This effect is evident despite no detectable tolerance to preinfusion BP reductions. The varying affinities of α 1 -AR subtypes for carvedilol and PE may have contributed to this finding.
Gelsolin Binding to Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Is Modulated by Calcium and pH

Abstract The actin cytoskeleton of nonmuscle cells undergoes extensive remodeling during agonist stimulation. Lamellipodial extension is initiated by uncapping of actin nuclei at the cortical cytoplasm to allow filament elongation. Many actin filament capping proteins are regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which is hydrolyzed by phospholipase C. It is hypothesized that PIP2 dissociates capping proteins from filament ends to promote actin assembly. However, since actin polymerization often occurs at a time when PIP2concentration is decreased rather than increased, capping protein interactions with PIP2 may not be regulated solely by the bulk PIP2 concentration. We present evidence that PIP2 binding to the gelsolin family of capping proteins is enhanced by Ca2+. Binding was examined by equilibrium and nonequilibrium gel filtration and by monitoring intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Gelsolin and CapG affinity for PIP2 were increased 8- and 4-fold, respectively, by μmCa2+, and the Ca2+ requirement was reduced by lowering the pH from 7.5 to 7.0. Studies with the NH2- and COOH-terminal halves of gelsolin showed that PIP2 binding occurred primarily at the NH2-terminal half, and Ca2+ exposed its PIP2 binding sites through a change in the COOH-terminal half. Mild acidification promotes PIP2 binding by directly affecting the NH2-terminal sites. Our findings can explain increased PIP2-induced uncapping even as the PIP2concentration drops during cell activation. The change in gelsolin family PIP2 binding affinity during cell activation can impact divergent PIP2-dependent processes by altering PIP2 availability. Cross-talk between these proteins provides a multilayered mechanism for positive and negative modulation of signal transduction from the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton.
High ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients: A population-based cohort study

Objective To estimate the 10-year absolute risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and the potential contribution of CV risk factors to absolute risk assessment. Methods A population-based incidence cohort of RA patients (defined according to the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria) was assembled and compared with an age- and sex-matched non-RA cohort. Data were collected on CV risk factors and CV events. Cox regression models were used to estimate the 10-year risk of a combined CV end point, adjusting for CV risk factors. Subjects were classified into 5 risk categories based on their 10-year absolute risk. Results The absolute CV risk in RA patients was similar to that in non-RA subjects who were 5–10 years older. The absolute risk varied substantially according to the presence of CV risk factors. The 10-year absolute CV risk among 60–69-year-old RA patients with no risk factors was 16.8%, but rose to 60.4% if risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity were present. Among RA patients with a low body mass index, in addition to the above risk factors, the 10-year absolute CV risk rose to 86.2%. Conclusion More than half of the newly diagnosed RA patients who were 50–59 years of age and all of those >60 years of age had a >10% risk of CV disease within 10 years of their RA incidence and should be targeted for specific CV risk reduction strategies tailored to their personal risk profiles.
Acute Atrophy of Bone (Osteoporosis) Simulating Hyperparathyroidism12

To DISTINGUISH between osteitis fibrosa generalisata resulting from hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis should, as a rule, be simple (1,2). Under one particular set of circumstances, however, the two conditions may closely simulate each other. It is the purpose of this paper to report one case in which an erroneous diagnosis was arrived at because the authors were not aware of certain points which this case illustrates. To avoid confusion as to terminology the following rather dogmatic classification of metabolic bone conditions associated with demineralizjation is here inserted. The structure of bone tissue is constantly undergoing change. There are surfaces where bone is being resorbed and where one sees osteoclasts; there are other surfaces where the organic matrix is being laid down by the osteoblasts and where calcium saltsare being deposited into it from the tissue fluids. A diminution in the bony mass may result from either an increase of bone resorptionor a decrease of bone formation. The former ...
Focusing light into biological tissue: how effective is it?

Focusing light into a turbid medium was studied with Monte Carlo simulations. Focusing was found to have a significant impact on the absorption distribution in turbid media when the depth of the focal point (the distance between the focal point and the surface of the turbid media) was less than or comparable with the transport mean free path. Focusing could significantly increase the peak absorption and narrow the absorption distribution. As the depth of the focal point increased, the peak absorption decreased, and the depth of peak absorption increased initially but quickly reached a plateau that was less than the transport mean free path. A refractive-index-mismatched boundary between the ambient medium and the turbid medium deteriorated the focusing effect, increased the absorption near the boundary, lowered the peak absorption, and broadened the absorption distribution.
Stress-modified electrochemical reactivity of metallic surfaces: atomic force microscopy imaging studies of nickel and alloyed aluminum

In this paper, we demonstrate that externally applied tensile and compressive stresses can systematically modify the electrochemical surface reactivity of pure and alloyed metals. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to statistically characterize the extent and nature of interface change for nickel and aluminum alloy 2024-T3 subjected to electrochemical conditions under various levels of stress. Statistical analysis of AFM images reveals that the extent of electrochemical reactivity is significantly enhanced when subjecting the sample to tensile as opposed to compressive stress; this enhancement increases monotonically as the level of applied stress is systematically increased. Surface morphologies differ on the pure nickel and alloyed aluminum samples, with the nickel interfaces exhibiting facetted features which are aligned 120° from one another while the surface features on aluminum alloy 2024-T3 are circular pores. These results unambiguously indicate that the kinetics for electrochemical metallic processes, which nucleate at surface defects and grain boundaries, can be significantly modified by the presence of external stress fields.
Thrombose de la veine poplitée après ablation par radiofréquence d’une veine grande saphène variqueuse

Les techniques endoveineuses percutanees, telles que l’ablation par radiofrequence (RFA), sont devenues la methode preferee pour le traitement des veines variqueuses liees a l’insuffisance de la veine grande saphene (GSV). Les publications ont montre la surete et l’efficacite de ces techniques avec relativement peu de complications. La thrombose veineuse profonde apres RFA est rare et implique habituellement la propagation du thrombus de la veine grande saphene a la veine femorale commune, ce qui impose une echographie postoperatoire. Nous rapportons un cas de thrombose symptomatique de la veine poplitee apres RFA de la GSV imposant l’anticoagulation.
Modeling and Simulation of Baroreflex Regulation of Heart Rate in Response to Respiratory Fluctuations in Arterial Pressure

Autonomic derangement can be assessed by depressed baroreflex sensitivity in a restrictive left ventricular diastolic filling pattern. However, it is unclear how reflex or other compensations affect the inspiratory fall of systolic arterial pressure (IFSAP) during acute airway obstruction. In an in-vivo situation, it is particularly difficult to isolate individual effects of heart rate, vascular tone, pleural pressure variation, and ventricular interdependence. For this reason, a computer model study was undertaken. A previously validated computer model of the cardiopulmonary system was adapted for this study, relating mechanisms such as baroreflex regulation of heart rate to IFSAP. The model provided time-course simulations of hemodynamics by numerically integrating 28 nonlinear, time-varying differential equations. Two models for baroreflex gain were tested, including a simple 1st-order relationship between systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and R-R interval (RRI) and the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model reported in literature. The ARMA model predicted the next RRI based on SAP from several previous cardiac cycles and previous RRI predictions. Experimental data were obtained retrospectively from 22 patients with chronic airway obstruction before and during breathing through an external resistance. The computer model provided good fits to arterial pressure waveforms: correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.71 to 0.96 (mean±SD: 0.87±0.06) with a simple 1st-order SAP-RRI model. The ARMA model did not improve the goodness of fit.
Desire-satisfaction and Welfare as Temporal

Welfare is at least occasionally a temporal phenomenon: welfare benefits befall me at certain times. But this fact seems to present a problem for a desire-satisfaction view. Assume that I desire, at 10am, January 12th, 2010, to climb Mount Everest sometime during 2012. Also assume, however, that during 2011, my desires undergo a shift: I no longer desire to climb Mount Everest during 2012. In fact, I develop an aversion to so doing. Imagine, however, that despite my aversion, I am forced to climb Mount Everest. Does climbing Mount Everest benefit me? If so, when? A natural answer seems to be that if in fact it does benefit me, it benefits me at no particular time, and hence the desire-satisfaction view cannot accommodate the phenomenon of temporal welfare. In this paper, I argue, first, that a desire-satisfaction view can accommodate the phenomenon of temporal welfare only by accepting what I call the “time-of-desire” view: that p benefits x at t only if x desires p at t. Second, I argue that this view can be defended from important objections.
A modeling of the magnetospheric substorm

Abstract This paper reports some results of an attempt to simulate the large-scale changes of the internal structure of the magnetosphere during the magnetospheric substorm by assuming the growth of two current systems, one in the nightside and the other in the day-side.
Fall Protection Characteristics of Safety Belts and Human Impact Tolerance.

Abstract: Many fatal accidents due to falls from heights have occurred at construction sites not only in Japan but also in other countries. This study aims to determine the fall prevention performance of two types of safety belts: a body belt1), which has been used for more than 40 yr in the Japanese construction industry as a general type of safety equipment for fall accident prevention, and a full harness2, 3), which has been used in many other countries. To determine human tolerance for impact trauma, this study discusses features of safety belts with reference4,5,6,7,8,9) to relevant studies in the medical science, automobile crash safety, and aircrew safety. For this purpose, simple drop tests were carried out in a virtual workplace to measure impact load, head acceleration, and posture in the experiments, the Hybrid-III pedestrian model10) was used as a human dummy. Hybrid-III is typically employed in official automobile crash tests (New Car Assessment Program: NCAP) and is currently recognized as a model that faithfully reproduces dynamic responses. Experimental results shows that safety performance strongly depends on both the variety of safety belts used and the shock absorbers attached onto lanyards. These findings indicate that fall prevention equipment, such as safety belts, lanyards, and shock absorbers, must be improved to reduce impact injuries to the human head and body during falls.
Determination of Minimum Hemagglutinin Units in an Inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine for Clinical Protection of Chickens from Exotic Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge

Abstract The potency of inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines in the United States is currently determined using vaccination and challenge of experimental animals against a velogenic strain of NDV. Because velogenic strains of NDV are now classified as select agents in the United States, all vaccine potency testing must be performed in live animals under biosafety level 3 agriculture conditions. If the minimum amount of inactivated viral antigen required for clinical protection can be determined using other methods, vaccines meeting these criteria might be considered of adequate potency. The linearity of correlation between the hemagglutination (HA) assay measurement and the 50% embryo infectious dose titer of NDV Hitchner B1 vaccine virus was determined. Correlation between hemagglutinin units (HAU) per vaccine dose, clinical protection, and antibody response was then determined using a vaccinate-and-challenge model similar to Chapter 9 of the U.S. code of federal regulations approved method...
Reply to “Anomalous cold water detected along mid‐Atlantic coast”]

We are happy to see that our article [Sun et al., 2004] on the anomalous cold water observed along the mid-Atlantic coast generated interest among readers. We do agree with Schwing and Pickett [2004]] that the upwelling along the east coast of the United States is not as common or as strong as on the west coast. Schwing and Pickett have shown that the upwelling index (UI) found by Sun et al. is well above the 38-year monthly mean and had exceeded 2 standard deviations above normal.
EQUIVALENT STATIC WIND LOADS FOR BUFFETING RESPONSE OF BRIDGES

In current design practice, the dynamic wind loads are described in terms of the equivalent static wind loads based on the gust response factor. This approach results in a distribution of the equivalent static loading similar to the mean static wind load distribution, which may not always be a physically meaningful and realistic load description. In this paper, the equivalent static load representation for multimode buffeting response of bridges is formulated in terms of either a weighted combination of modal inertial load components, or the background and resonant load components. The focus of the present study is on the determination of weighting factors of equivalent static load components in which the correlation among modal response components due to structural and aerodynamic coupling effects is taken into consideration. It is noteworthy that the equivalent static load distributions vary for each response component. The proposed approach particularly helps in extracting design loads from full aeroelastic model test results by expressing the dynamic loads in terms of the equivalent static loads. This facilitates in drawing useful design input from full aeroelastic tests, which have been employed mostly for monitoring the response of bridge models at selected locations. A simplified formulation is also presented in a closed form when wind loading information is available and coupling in modal response components is negligible, which can be very attractive for the preliminary design application. Examples are presented to illustrate modeling of the equivalent static loading and to demonstrate its effectiveness in bridge design.
Coupled dressed-states formalism for multiphoton excitation and population inversion by coherent pulses

Abstract We show how the single-mode Floquet theory, valid only for sinusoidal field problems, may be generalized to a coupled quasienergy (or dressed-) states formalism, allowing non-perturbative treatment of multiphoton excitation of multilevel quantum systems driven by non-sinusoidal coherent pulse fields. The method is illustrated by a case study of the adiabatic population inversion in a CO Morse oscillator.
Effect of strain on hole tunneling dynamics in double barrier heterostructures

Abstract A study of the effects of strain due to external stress and lattice mismatch on hole tunneling times in double barrier heterostructures is presented. The band structure of holes is calculated based on a k·p method within the envelope function approximation, including band mixing effects. The phase delay time is obtained from the energy derivative of the total phase shift of the wave function upon tunneling and is used to estimate the hole tunneling time. The results demonstrate that strain can be utilized to tailor hole tunneling times by changing the energy separation and, consequently, the mixing between heavy hole and light hole states in the quantum well.
A path analysis of cognitive, affective, and behavioral predictors of treatment response in a methadone maintenance program.

Abstract Purpose: Continued illicit drug use by opioid-dependent patients maintained on methadone is a serious problem, undermining the goal of methadone maintenance treatment and increasing the risk for HIV. The current study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine cognitive, affective, and behavioral predictors of treatment response during the first 12 weeks of methadone maintenance treatment. Methods: 302 opioid-dependent individuals (72% male; 28% female) entering a methadone maintenance program (MMP) were provided with a comprehensive intake assessment. Heroin and cocaine use were assessed using twice weekly urine toxicology screens. The model accounted for 37 percent of the variance in abstinence from illicit opiates and 38 percent of the variance in abstinence from cocaine. Results: Continued heroin use while maintained on methadone was predicted by pre-treatment severity of addiction and by strength of self-identity as an “addict.” Cocaine use was predicted by pre-treatment severity of addiction, low self-efficacy, lack of negative affect, and strength of self-schema. The strongest predictor of abstinence from both heroin and cocaine was attendance at the adjunctive manual-guided psychosocial group interventions. Implications: Implications for treatment are discussed.
Local effect of suspended particles in flows of a viscoelastic fluid past convexly curved boundaries

Abstract The effect of the presence of particles in flow of a viscoelastic fluid past convexly curves boundaries is studied by focussing attention on the limiting cases for which the principal curvatures of a wall segment are approximately equal and vastly different, respectively. The corresponding sections are thus approximated by a spherical cap and a hyperbolic cylinder, respectively. The fluid is modelled as a second order fluid which requires a rheologically slow flow and/or a slightly elastic fluid. The analysis thus considers to some extent non-linear fluid properties and to some extent the complexities of possibly highly irregular walls (e.g. pores in a porous medium). According to our calculations a locally non-uniform distribution of matter is predicted, a non-uniformity which, depending upon the details of the system can get enhanced or diminished in the non-neutrally bouyant case.
Collagen Contents of Chicken Gizzard and Breast Meat Tissues as Affected by Cooking Methods

The changes in collagen contents of chicken gizzard and breast meat during boiling water and pressure cooking were investigated. The loss of collagen in both tissues increased as the cooking time or temperature increased. The percent of collagen in acid- and salt-soluble forms in gizzard was lower than that of the breast meat. The acid- and salt-soluble collagen from water cooked gizzard were lower than those of the pressure cooked gizzard. Cooking gizzard in boiling water containing 0.5% acetic acid or papain significantly (p<0.05) reduced the collagen content of the tissue.
Time-invariant reference frames for parietal reach activity.

Neurophysiological studies suggest that the transformation of visual signals into arm movement commands does not involve a sequential recruitment of the various reach-related regions of the cerebral cortex but a largely simultaneous activation of these areas, which form a distributed and recurrent visuomotor network. However, little is known about how the reference frames used to encode reach-related variables in a given “node” of this network vary with the time taken to generate a behavioral response. Here we show that in an instructed delay reaching task, the reference frames used to encode target location in the parietal reach region (PRR) and area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) do not evolve dynamically in time; rather the same spatial representation exists within each area from the time target-related information is first instantiated in the network until the moment of movement execution. As previously reported, target location was encoded predominantly in eye coordinates in PRR and in both eye and hand coordinates in area 5. Thus, the different computational stages of the visuomotor transformation for reaching appear to coexist simultaneously in the parietal cortex, which may facilitate the rapid adjustment of trajectories that are a hallmark of skilled reaching behavior.
IL-17 and TNF Synergistically Modulate Cytokine Expression while Suppressing Melanogenesis: Potential Relevance to Psoriasis

Inflammation-associated pigmentation changes are extremely common, but the etiology underlying this clinical observation remains elusive. Particularly, it is unclear how the myriad of cytokines known to be involved in inflammatory skin processes affect epidermal melanocytes. We sought to determine how IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) influence normal human melanocytes, as these two cytokines have been implicated in various skin diseases. IL-17 and TNF jointly stimulated broad inductions of cytokines, including melanoma mitogens CXCL1 and IL-8. Moreover, IL-17 and TNF synergistically inhibited pigmentation-related signaling and melanin production, and induced keratinocyte production of β-defensin 3, an antagonist for melanocortin 1 receptor. When analyzing psoriasis lesions that are known to overexpress IL-17 and TNF, we observed an increase in melanocyte number and a simultaneous decrease in pigmentation signaling. Furthermore, therapeutic neutralization of TNF and IL-17 with mAbs resulted in a rapid recovery of pigment gene expression in psoriasis lesions. These results demonstrate that IL-17 and TNF can affect both the growth and pigment production of melanocytes, which may contribute to the pigmentation changes associated with psoriasis. These findings may allow the development of novel therapeutics for pigmentary disorders and bring new insights into the immune milieu surrounding melanocytes and related neoplasms.
Polystyrene nanoparticles with tunable interfaces and softness

Abstract Polystyrene nanoparticles, cross-linked with divinylbenzene (PS-(DVB) x ) and having radii, R p ≤ 10 nm, have been synthesized using batch and semi-batch radical microemulsion polymerizations. The nanoparticles were characterized thoroughly using 1 H NMR, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and various small-angle scattering techniques (light, X -rays, and neutrons). Control over network and interface morphologies of the PS-(DVB) x nanoparticles is readily achieved by varying the concentration of divinylbenzene and the polymerization technique (batch vs. semi-batch). Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) allowed us to identify three distinct nanoparticle morphologies: (i) fuzzy soft gels with flexible chain-segments tethered/looped at the interface of a homogeneous core, (ii) smooth soft gels without a fuzzy interfacial layer, and (iii) dendritic glassy gels exhibiting an inhomogeneous core with an ill-defined interface. Atomic force microscopy imaging supports the morphologies and the softness of the nanoparticles as indicated by SANS.
Leaky blood-brain barriers and memory loss

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects neurons from harmful proteins produced by blood. Breakdown of the BBB has been thought to play a role in Alzheimer’s disease. This theory is largely based on post-mortem studies of Alzheimer’s patients, which demonstrated BBB damage and accumulation of
Steady motions of an axisymmetric satellite: an atlas of their bifurcations

Abstract The steady motions of an axially symmetric rigid satellite orbiting a fixed spherically symmetric rigid body are considered in this paper. Based on a model for the dynamics of the satellite which incorporates the classical approximation for the gravitational potential and includes the attitude–orbit coupling, the bifurcations and non-linear stability of the steady motions of the satellite are discussed. These results extend earlier works on this problem by Likins, Pringle, Rumyantsev, Stepanov, and Thomson, by showing how the motions found by these authors are interrelated, and how several of them are physically unrealistic because their orbital radii are too small.
Theoretical study of the fraction of a long-chain DNA that can be incorporated in a recombinant DNA partial-digest library

Experimental evidence indicates that the cleavage sites for site-specific DNA cleavage enzymes are randomly distributed throughout the DNA polymer [Botchan et al. (1973) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantum Biol.38, 383–395; Hamer and Thomas (1973) Chromosoma49, 243–267]. Using this information we derive equations for the probability that a DNA base pair chosen at random can be found within the population of enzymatically generated partial cleavage products whose lengths fall between L + 1 and L + r base pairs. The results describe the fraction of a long-chain DNA that can be incorporated in a recombinant DNA partial digest library. The weight-fraction distribution of Kuhn (1930) is a special case of the distribution derived here.