cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Oblivious Transfer Protocol and Its Application for the Exchange of Secrets

The oblivious transfer protocol is a powerful tool in the design of cryptographic applications, such as coin flipping by the telephone, exchanging secrets and sending certified mail. In this paper, for our purpose of extending the oblivious transfer to the exchange of secrets, we redefine a verifiable oblivious transfer protocol which has the three properties of fairness, verifiability and security. The structure of the protocols is similar to the original protocols proposed by Rabin and Blum. The major difference is that our protocols are based on the difficulty of the discrete logarithm.
Women on professional society and journal editorial boards.

PURPOSE: Membership on a professional medical society or journal editorial board is a marker of influence and prestige for those in academic medicine. This study presents the first comprehensive quantification of women on these boards and the implications for women in medicine. METHODS: The numbers of women and men on professional society and journal editorial boards across 28 specialties (March 2004) were counted. The number of women holding multiple roles on these boards and the number of women holding top leadership positions on these boards were counted, and these proportions were compared. RESULTS: Three-thousand-four-hundred-seventy-three individuals on 39 professional medical society boards and 54 journal editorial boards were included. Eighty-three percent (2,884) of board members were male. Men occupied > 80% of top leadership positions on these boards. Thirty-five of the 589 women in the study held multiple roles. Anesthesiology (p < 0.0025), pediatrics (p < 0.0001), dermatology (p = 0.0001), obstetrics/ gynecology (p = 0.05), medical genetics (p < 0.015) and rehabilitation medicine (p < 0.03) had significantly lower proportions of women on boards in comparison to the total women in the specialty. Internal medicine, plastic surgery, cardiology and general surgery had nearly equivalent proportions; in otolaryngology and family medicine, female board members slightly exceeded the proportion of women in the field. CONCLUSION: Women's representation on society and editorial boards does not always reflect their presence in medical specialties, and it is critically lacking in certain specialties. Efforts should be made to attain parity of women leaders on these boards. Further efforts should be made to eliminate barriers to women's leadership in medicine.
Cardiac performance during pregnancy: Serial evaluation using external systolic time intervals

Indirect systolic time indices were used to evaluate serial changes in left ventricular function during pregnancy in 13 normal patients and five patients with compensated cardiac conditions. Changes in both groups tended to parallel each other. In both groups, serial LVET index decreased, PEP index increased, and PEP/LVET ratio increased. Q-S2 index decreased in the normal group in midpregnancy and was inconsistent in the cardiac group. In the immediate postpartum period, LVET index returned to baseline values but PEP and PEP/LVET remained increased in both groups. Results of multiple comparison tests demonstrated that the largest (or smallest) value of each systolic time interval during pregnancy was observed in either the periods of the weeks 28 to 34 or 34 to 38. No significant differences were noted in intergroup comparison between the normal and cardiac groups. These data suggest that consistent changes in cardiac function may be determined during pregnancy by the noninvasive technique of indirect systolic time interval evaluation. These changes may reflect a change in left ventricular contractility, preload or afterload. The differences may persist even in the immediate postpartum period when cardiac output and heart rate have decreased to normal, suggesting residual changes in intrinsic left ventricular function. In patients with compensated heart disease, indirect tests of left ventricular function generally reflect the changes in normal pregnant women.
Small‐amplitude grain boundaries of arbitrary angle in the Swift‐Hohenberg equation

We study grain boundaries in the Swift-Hohenberg equation. Grain boundaries arise as stationary interfaces between roll solutions of different orientations. Our analysis shows that such stationary interfaces exist near onset of instability for arbitrary angles between the roll solutions. This extends prior work in [6] where the analysis was restricted to large angles, that is, weak bending near the grain boundary. The main new difficulty stems from possible interactions of the primary modes with other resonant modes. We generalize the normal form analysis in [6] and develop a singular perturbation approach to treat resonances.
Differential Distribution of DNA Methylation within the RASSF1A CpG Island in Breast Cancer

Aberrant DNA methylation of promoter CpG islands is associated with transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin in neoplasia. The dynamics of this epigenetic process in mediating the transition from an active to an inactive state of transcription remains to be elucidated, however. Here, we used the methylation-specific oligonucleotide microarray to map the methylation patterns of a CpG island, located within the promoter and the first exon regions of RASSF1A, in normal breast tissue controls, primary tumors, and breast cancer cell lines. Oligonucleotide pairs, spaced along the CpG island region, were designed to discriminate between methylated and unmethylated alleles of selected sites. The methylation-specific oligonucleotide data indicate that the majority of test samples show widespread methylation in the first exon of RASSF1A. In contrast, the promoter area was usually undermethylated in normal controls and in 32% of the primary tumors tested, whereas the rest of the primary tumors and breast cancer cell lines showed various degrees of methylation in the region. Methylation profiling of individual tumors further suggest that DNA methylation progressively spreads from the first exon into the promoter area of this gene. Functional analysis indicates that increased density of RASSF1A promoter methylation is associated with altered chromatin, marked by a depletion of acetylated histones and methylated histone 3-lysine 4 and an enrichment of methylated histone 3-lysine 9 in the studied area. The combination of these epigenetic modifications may engender a stable silencing of the gene in breast cancer cells. Thus, this study underscores the importance of detailed mapping of methylation patterns within a CpG island locus that may provide insights into the progressive nature of aberrant DNA methylation and its relationship with transcriptional silencing during the neoplastic process.
Soft tissue infection associated with Haemophilus aphrophilus

Haemophilus aphrophilus is an uncommon cause of human infection. Brain abscess, 1-5 endocarditis, 2,5-8 abdominal wound infections, 5-9 and infections associated with the oropharynx2,5 are the most commonly reported presentations in children (Table). The presentation and management of a child who developed a soft tissue infection of the leg associated with H aphrophilus are presented. CASE REPORT A 12-year-old boy struck an opponent9s mouth with his right knee while playing soccer. No obvious wound was noted. Four days later, the soft tissue about his knee became red, swollen, and tender. The bursa and joint were not involved. Incision and drainage of the subcutaneous abscess near the right knee was accomplished.
Facing Your Opponents: Social Identification and Information Feedback in Contests

We experimentally investigate the effect of social identification and information feedback on individual behavior in contests. In all treatments we find significant over-expenditure of effort relative to the standard theoretical predictions. Identifying subjects through photo display decreases wasteful effort. Providing information feedback about others’ effort does not affect the aggregate effort, but it decreases the heterogeneity of effort and significantly affects the dynamics of individual behavior. A behavioral model which incorporates a non-monetary utility of winning and relative payoff maximization explains significant over-expenditure of effort. It also suggests that decrease in ‘social distance’ between group members through social identification promotes pro-social behavior and decreases over-expenditure of effort, while improved information feedback decreases the heterogeneity of effort.
D2 receptor occupancy following lurasidone treatment in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Objective/Introduction Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of schizophrenia over a dose range of 40-160 mg/day. This study examined D2 receptor occupancy and its association with clinical improvement and side effects in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder following repeated doses of 80, 120, or 160 mg/day of lurasidone. Methods Twenty-five patients with The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were washed out of their antipsychotic medications (5 half-lives) and randomly assigned to 80, 120, or 160 mg/day of lurasidone. Subjects were imaged with 18F-fallypride at baseline and at steady-state lurasidone treatment to determine D2 receptor occupancy. Results Blood lurasidone concentration (plus major metabolite), but not dose, significantly correlated with D2 receptor occupancy. D2 receptor occupancy in several subcortical structures is associated with positive but not negative symptom improvement or the presence of movement symptoms. Discussion Blood concentrations greater than 70 ng/mL may be required to achieve a 65% occupancy level in subcortical areas. Intersubject blood concentrations at fixed dose were highly variable and may account for the lack of dose correlations. Conclusions Positron emission tomography (PET) occupancy data suggest that greater than 65% occupancy can be achieved across the dose range of 80-160 mg/day and that some patients require higher doses to achieve antipsychotic efficacy; this finding supports prior randomized clinical trial results. © Cambridge University Press 2013.
Preoperative embolization of hypervascular spinal metastases using percutaneous direct injection with n-butyl cyanoacrylate: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative blood loss constitutes a major cause of perioperative morbidity in surgical decompression and reconstruction of highly vascular spinal metastatic tumors. We propose a technique for embolization of highly vascular vertebral metastases using percutaneous direct injection using N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) instead of polymethylmethacrylate to complement preoperative transarterial embolization and to minimize operative blood loss. METHODS: Five patients with renal cell carcinoma metastases to the spine (one cervical, one thoracic, and three lumbar) underwent embolization by percutaneous direct injection of the affected vertebrae with a mixture of NBCA and iodized oil to supplement transarterial embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles and fibered platinum coils. This was achieved via a transpedicular approach in four cases and by direct vertebral body puncture in one case. RESULTS: The percutaneous NBCA direct injection procedure was technically successful in all cases and was not associated with neurological or medical complications. All patients underwent subsequent vertebrectomy and spinal instrumentation. Surgical resection was performed with lower than expected blood loss and with a subjective improvement in tumor tissue handling and dissection. CONCLUSION: The extent of tumor devascularization can be improved by supplementing transarterial embolization with NBCA direct injection to decrease operative blood loss and increase the safety of surgical resection and stabilization of highly vascular spinal metastases.
Predicting territory density of Dusky Orange-crowned Warblers Oreothlypis celata sordida breeding on Santa Catalina Island, California

Capsule Territory density of the Dusky Orange-crowned Warbler Oreothlypis celata sordida, endemic to the California Channel Islands, USA, varied with vegetation greenness and oak coverage on Santa Catalina Island.Aims To model factors affecting territory density of warblers on Santa Catalina Island.Methods Breeding warblers were monitored in a dry and a more mesic habitat on the island in 2006–2008 and modelled using a GIS tool to predict territory density. Data of three-year territory boundaries with ecological covariates were used to develop a regression tree and project the distribution of territory density on an island-wide scale. The fitted model was indirectly evaluated using the island-wide point counts.Results The territory density of warblers differed between mesic and xeric habitats in response to oak coverage and food abundance in oaks. In the model, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and oak coverage were the best predictors. Individual density estimates from distance sampling were compara...
Estradiol’s effect on portal response to endothelin-1 after trauma-hemorrhage

Abstract Background The fine balance between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators maintains portal circulation. Studies have shown that portal response to endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, is enhanced following hemorrhagic-shock, which subsequently leads to the impaired hepatic circulation and hepatic damage. Although protective effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) against hepatic damage following trauma-hemorrhage have been observed, it remains unknown whether E2 directly improves hepatic circulation. We hypothesized that the salutary effects of E2 are mediated, at least in part, by the attenuation of portal response to ET-1 following trauma-hemorrhage. Materials and methods Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham operation or trauma-hemorrhage with or without in vivo E2 treatment. Trauma-hemorrhage included midline laparotomy and ∼90 min of hemorrhagic shock (35 mmHg), then resuscitation with four times the shed blood volume with Ringer’s lactate solution over 60 min. For the E2 treatment group, 1 mg/kg of E2 was added to the Ringer’s lactate solution. At 5 h after the end of resuscitation, the liver was isolated and perfused in vitro to measure portal pressure responses to exogenous ET-1 (60 pmol in 150 ml perfusate, bolus) with or without E2 (1,500 pg/ml). Results Peak portal pressure after the administration of ET-1 was significantly higher in vehicle-treated trauma-hemorrhage group compared with the sham group. This effect was significantly attenuated in the E2 treatment group. Furthermore, E2 treatment restored bile production and prevented hepatic damage following trauma-hemorrhage. Conclusions The beneficial effects of estradiol observed following trauma-hemorrhage, at least partly, are caused by the attenuation of portal pressure response to increased ET-1.
Flow Patterns in Liquid−Liquid Taylor−Couette−Poiseuille Flow

Experimental studies of liquid−liquid Taylor−Couette−Poiseuille flow were conducted using various fluids, and the effects of the physical properties (density, viscosity, and interfacial surface tension) and the operational parameters (feed composition and inner cylinder rotation rate) on the vortex structure were investigated. Depending on the operating conditions, one of three distinct flow patterns was observed: (1) a translating banded structure, (2) a spatially homogeneous structure, or (3) a pattern of alternating regions composed of the structures 1 and 2. Two empirical equations were developed to describe boundaries between these different flow patterns. The phase boundary between structures 2 and 3 is a function of the Weber number, whereas the boundary between regions 1 and 2 is a function of the Reynolds number.
Flexibility of saccade adaptation in the monkey: different gain states for saccades in the same direction.

Saccadic accuracy, measured as the ratio of the size of a saccade to the size of the target step that elicits it, i.e., saccade gain, can be altered by jumping the target surreptitiously during the targeting saccade. The gain change produced by this paradigm does not generalize or transfer to saccades of all sizes. Instead, the amount of transfer decreases the more the tested saccade differs in amplitude and direction from that adapted. Here, we tested the limits of this saccade-size specificity by attempting to impose quite different gain states on saccades in the same direction. We altered the saccadic gain by intrasaccadic target jumps of 30% of the initial target step, either forward to produce a gain increase or backward to produce a gain decrease. Three different conditions were studied: (1) saccades to target steps of 20° or 7° were adapted in individual sessions with backward and forward jumps, respectively; (2) saccades to target steps of 20° caused backward target jumps during the same session in which saccades to 7° target steps caused forward steps; (3) the target jumps accompanying 20 and 7° saccades were the same as in (2), but in addition, there were intermediate-sized saccades to 13.5° target steps with no intrasaccadic target jumps. Saccadic gain adaptation was quite flexible. In condition 2, we could simultaneously increase the gain of saccades to 7° target steps while decreasing the gain of saccades to 20°steps in the same direction. Intermediate horizontal saccades to 13.5° target steps experienced gain reductions (average: 6.9%), which were not the sum of gain changes expected from separate 20° gain decreases and 7° gain increases alone, as predicted from condition 1. If adaptation at 20° and 7° occurred while an animal also tracked a non-adapting 13.5° target step (paradigm 3), the gain reduction of saccades to the 13.5° step was reduced considerably (3.4%). Thus, the mechanism that adapts saccade size can support a robust gain increase for saccades of one size while simultaneously supporting a robust gain decrease for saccades only 13° larger. Furthermore, the presence during adaptation of a non-adapted target step with a size intermediate to the two adapting steps reestablishes a nearly normal gain within only 6.5° of a robust gain increase and decrease. These data indicate that saccadic gain adaptation can set very different gain states for saccades with rather similar vectors.
Carnosine Is Neuroprotective Against Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Background and Purpose— Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide with multiple neuroprotective properties. In addition, it is well tolerated in high doses with minimal side effects. The purposes of this study were to determine whether carnosine is neuroprotective in permanent focal cerebral ischemia and to determine potential mechanisms of neuroprotection. Methods— We investigated the efficacy of carnosine in a mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. The effects of carnosine were investigated with respect to neuronal damage and infarct formation, endogenous antioxidant status, and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Results— Carnosine significantly decreased infarct size and neuronal damage when administered at time points both before and after the induction of ischemia. Carnosine also decreased reactive oxygen species levels in the ischemic brain, preserved normal glutathione levels, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase protein levels and activity. Conclusions— Carnosine is neuroprotective...
Abstract 1125: Spliceosome-targeted antitumor drug discovery.

Over the last several years there has been a remarkable convergence of research related to oncogenic aberrations of the spliceosome, which has linked the identification of recurrent spliceosome mutations in tumors to medicinal chemistry. We designed synthetic natural product analogs (the sudemycins) that modulate the activity of the spliceosome and show potent and selective antitumor activity. We hypothesized that splicing gene mutations cause alterations in splice isoforms, which provide a selective advantage to tumor cells, and that perturbation of this environment with spliceosome modulators may cause a selective disadvantage for tumors. To test this hypothesis, we generated MSCV-based retroviruses encoding the wildtype or S34F mutant U2AF1 alleles. We infected c-kit+ primary C57BL/6J murine bone marrow cells with these recombinant retroviruses and cultured them in vitro with cytokine-supplemented media. Vehicle-treated cells expressing the mutant allele had reduced growth over 5 days, compared to cells expressing the wildtype allele or empty vector (P Citation Format: Timothy A. Graubert, Sharyn Baker, Philip M. Potter, Manorama Tripathi, Matthew Walter, Gustavo Palacios, Thomas R. Webb. Spliceosome-targeted antitumor drug discovery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1125. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1125
The mobility and diffusion of ions in gases

Experimental and theoretical aspects of the mobility and diffusion of ions in gases are studied in detail. Some of the subjects discussed include ion-ion interaction, boundary condition and ion and electron behavior. Also discussed in separate chapters are the problems of the diffusion coefficients and the afterglow techniques. Finally, a special chapter studies the kinetic theory of diffusion and mobility, stressing the low-, medium- and high-field theory.
Molecular characterization of post-thrombotic syndrome

The post-thrombotic syndrome represents a poorly understood and significant vascular health problem. This review focuses on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of post-thrombotic syndrome. We emphasize the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the critical components of post-thrombotic syndrome. These include the initiation of deep venous thrombosis, the pathogenesis of elevated venous pressure, and the factors responsible for nonhealing of venous stasis ulcers.
Validity of geographically modeled environmental exposure estimates

Geographic modeling is increasingly being used to estimate long-term environmental exposures in epidemiologic studies of chronic disease outcomes. However, without validation against measured environmental concentrations, personal exposure levels, or biologic doses, these models cannot be assumed a priori to be accurate. This article discusses three examples of epidemiologic associations involving exposures estimated using geographic modeling, and identifies important issues that affect geographically modeled exposure assessment in these areas. In air pollution epidemiology, geographic models of fine particulate matter levels have frequently been validated against measured environmental levels, but comparisons between ambient and personal exposure levels have shown only moderate correlations. Estimating exposure to magnetic fields by using geographically modeled distances is problematic because the error is larger at short distances, where field levels can vary substantially. Geographic models of environmental exposure to pesticides, including paraquat, have seldom been validated against environmental or personal levels, and validation studies have yielded inconsistent and typically modest results. In general, the exposure misclassification resulting from geographic models of environmental exposures can be differential and can result in bias away from the null even if non-differential. Therefore, geographic exposure models must be rigorously constructed and validated if they are to be relied upon to produce credible scientific results to inform epidemiologic research. To our knowledge, such models have not yet successfully predicted an association between an environmental exposure and a chronic disease outcome that has eventually been established as causal, and may not be capable of doing so in the absence of thorough validation.
Depression Outcomes in Psychiatric Clinical Practice: Using a Self-Rated Measure of Depression Severity

Objectives:This study determined rates of response and remission at 12 and 24 weeks among patients being treated by psychiatrists for depression on the basis of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores and identified factors associated with response and remission. Methods:Adult patients at 17 psychiatric practices participating in the National Depression Management Leadership Initiative completed the PHQ-9 at every office visit for one year irrespective of severity or chronicity of symptoms or adherence to treatment. Treating psychiatrists recorded the date when formal self-management goals were documented. Patients with a diagnosis of depression and a PHQ-9 score ≥10 were included in the response and remission analysis. Results are based on “last observation carried forward” analysis. Results:Of the 1,763 patients with a depressive disorder, 960 had PHQ-9 scores ≥10 (mean±SD of 16.4±4.6) on their first study visit, indicating moderate to severe depression. At 12 weeks, 41% of the 792 who returned fo...
Theory of small-scale density and electric field fluctuations in the nightside Venus ionosphere

Recently, it has been reported that small-scale (lambda about 0.1-2 km) density irregularities occur during 100-Hz electric field bursts in the nightside ionosphere of Venus. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the lower-hybrid-drift instability as a mechanism to generate the observed irregularities. A fully electromagnetic theory is developed that is relevant to the finite beta plasma in Venus's ionosphere and includes collisional effects (e.g., electron-ion, electron-neutral, and ion-neutral collisions). The key features of the analysis that favor this instability are the following: (1) it is a flute mode and propagates orthogonal to the ambient magnetic field; (2) it is a relatively short wavelength mode and the Doppler-shifted frequency can be greater than about 100 Hz; (3) it can produce both electric field and density fluctuations, as well as magnetic field fluctuations in a finite beta plasma; and (4) it is most unstable in low-beta plasmas so that it is likely to occur in the low-density, high-magnetic-field ionospheric holes. These features are consistent with observational results.
Paracrystalline structure of poly(paraphenylene vinylene)

The previous description1 of highly oriented films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) is augmented by close packing energy calculations and quantitative analysis of layer line intensity profiles observed via electron diffraction. The chain axial translational disorder is of the paracrystalline type: partial registration of chains occurs within the (100) layers while the layers themselves are randomly shifted from one another along the chain direction.
Anterior shoulder reconstruction: Prognostic variables *

Abstract To evaluate factors that have prognostic relevance to the outcome of anterior shoulder stabilization procedures, a retrospective review of 282 serial anterior repairs was carried out. All patients were contacted by questionnaire to provide updated outcome information. Twenty-nine patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 253 shoulders in the series. Surgical outcome was based on the Rowe scores derived from the responses to the follow-up survey. At a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 5 factors were found to have a negative influence on the result of surgery, on the basis of multivariate analysis. These were the presence of a workers' compensation issue, a voluntary instability pattern, a prior instability surgery, shorter periods of postoperative immobilization, and the age of the patient. Factors that were found to have no statistically significant relationship to the result were the sex of the patient, the presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion, the type of instability, the presence of a labral tear, and the experience of the surgeon. Knowledge of these factors can help guide surgical decision making. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001;10:508-13.)
Innominate artery steal syndrome after stage I palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Four neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) were found to have innominate artery steal syndrome (IASS) following stage I palliation with a modified Blalock–Taussig (B–T) shunt. All patients presented in the early postoperative period with a persistent supplemental oxygen requirement. Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler flow analysis and cardiac catheterization with angiography demonstrated obstruction at the origin of the innominate artery. This obstruction was associated with intermittent retrograde flow through the right vertebral and common carotid arteries into the distal innominate artery and modified B–T shunt. An ascending neoaorta to right pulmonary artery shunt, with takedown of the B–T shunt, was performed in two of the patients. The other two patients were treated with percutaneous balloon dilatation of the obstructed area. Both procedures improved arterial blood oxygen saturations and eliminated the need for supplemental oxygen. In three of four patients, the left common carotid artery was found to be larger than the right. All four patients developed microcephaly, and one patient had encephalomalacia in the distribution of the right anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The development of IASS following stage I palliation for HLHS and the association of neurologic sequelae from this complication are discussed.
Ethical Issues in the Teaching of Group Counseling

The practice of having professors or supervised doctoral students leading laboratory groups for students in masters-level group counseling courses is widespread. There are, however, a number of ethical considerations which render this practice problematic, as well as alternative solutions with fewer potential ethical conflicts.
A perspective on periodontal diagnosis

Abstract Periodontal diseases are best considered as the outcome of an imperfect host-parasite interaction. In most cases, diagnosis involves labelling certain clinical manifestations without a complete understanding of the causes of the disease. Therefore, treatment based on the “diagnosis” is not necessarily logical or effective. As the causes which underly the disease become more evident, the underlying mechanisms of disease can be used to refine our diagnostic methods. For example, deficiencies in host defenses, or the presence or increased proportions of certain bacterial pathogens may be indicative of imbalances in the normal host-parasite equilibrium. For a laboratory test to be reliably applied to the diagnosis of a clinical condition, it is essential that an absolute criterion of the clinical disease first be established. Then the sensitivity and the specificity of the test can be determined using appropriate experimental designs. The demonstration of a good correlation between a test outcome and a clinical condition is, of itself, insufficient grounds to use the test for diagnostic purposes.
Quenching of by Cl2CO: kinetics and yield

Abstract Absolute rate coefficients ( k 1 ) for the deactivation of electronically excited oxygen atoms, O ( 1 D 2 ) , by phosgene (Cl 2 CO) have been measured as a function of temperature over the range 194– 425 K. The results are well described by the Arrhenius expression k 1 (T)=2.04×10 −10 exp (+27/T) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The reported values for k 1 ( T ) are considerably lower than the values currently recommended for use in modeling stratospheric chemistry. The yield of ground state oxygen atoms, O ( 3 P J ) , is found to be 0.20±0.04.
Statistical F‐tests for abstract factor analysis and target testing

Fisher variance ratio tests are developed for determining (1) the number of statistically significant abstract factors responsible for a data matrix and (2) the significance of target vectors projected into the abstract factor space. F-tests, developed from the viewpoint of vector distributions, are applied to various data sets taken from the chemical literature.
A super-integrated 4-decade counter with buffer memory and D/A output converters

One approach to high-density integration is to use distributed circuits in common epitaxial regions. It is possible to use buried-layer paths and lateral PNP bases for data flow, greatly reducing the number of metal-to-silicon contacts. A complete 4-decade counter, each decade having a buffer memory and a D/A output converter, has been fabricated on a 60-mil die.
Relaxation Kinetics of Nonlinear Systems Coupled to a Nonequilibrium Bath

The nonexponential decay of a correlation function in physical, chemical, or biomolecular complex systems is often taken as explicit evidence for disorder. Here we show that even without disorder, nonexponential relaxation can arise through a coupling of the primary relaxations to the ``invisible`` relaxations of the rest of the system.
Crystallization during Polymerization

Simultaneous as well as successive polymerization and crystallization is possible. While crystallization after polymerization usually produces folded chain lamellar crystals, crystallzation during polymerization frequently produces fibrillar extended chain crystals.
Treatment of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver with surgery and chemotherapy

Primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver is a rare tumor with survival reliant on total excision of the tumor. The authors report such a tumor, initially nonresectable, in a 7-year-old girl whose tumor was successfully excised following treatment with cisplatin and Adriamycin (doxorubicin). The light and electron microscopic details of this patient's tumor are presented.
High resolution Ar-LMM and Kr-MNN Auger electron spectra produced in collisions with heavy ions at MeV energies☆

Abstract High resolution Ar-LMM and Kr-MNN Auger spectra produced by oxygen and chlorine ions incident on argon and krypton at several MeV are reported and compared to spectra from lighter ion impact. The increase of the probability from light to heavy ion impact for MNn multiple ionization in Kr is found to be comparable lower than for the MNn multiple ionization in Ar. The heavy ion induced spectra show in both cases a satellite line structure, which is assumed to result from initial states consisting of highly ionized outer shells and additional electrons being excited into high bound levels.
Iontophoresis in the neostriatum of awake, unrestrained rats: differential effects of dopamine, glutamate and ascorbate on motor- and nonmotor-related neurons.

Abstract The neostriatum and its major afferent transmitters, dopamine and glutamate, play a critical role in behavior, but relatively little information is available on their postsynaptic effects in behaving animals. As a first step in addressing this shortcoming, single-unit electrophysiology was combined with iontophoresis in the neostriatum of awake, unrestrained rats. Relative to periods of quiet rest, most neurons (58 of 77) changed discharge rate in close temporal association with movement, while the remainder showed no such relationship. When animals resumed a resting posture, iontophoretic current-response curves were established for dopamine and glutamate as well as for ascorbate, a modulator of neostriatal function released from glutamatergic terminals. Application of either glutamate or ascorbate produced current-dependent increases in activity in all neurons, although this effect was somewhat less pronounced for nonmotor cells. In both types of neurons, the excitatory effect of ascorbate either diminished or shifted to an inhibition at high ejection currents. Dopamine, on the other hand, routinely excited motor-related, but inhibited nonmotor-related neurons. Further assessment of motor-related neurons revealed that in most cases the excitatory effects of either glutamate or dopamine alone were supra-additive when these compounds were either administered together or co-administered with ascorbate. Our results suggest that the response of neostriatal neurons to glutamate or dopamine depends, at least in part, on the motor responsiveness of these cells. Motor-related neurons, moreover, respond to the co-administration of glutamate and dopamine with synergistic increases in firing rate. Ascorbate also influences neostriatal activity, but the postsynaptic action of this substance cannot be explained as a simple interaction with either glutamatergic or dopaminergic mechanisms.
Calcium regulates the differentiation of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) immortalized ectocervical epithelial cells, but not the expression of the papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes.

Abstract Calcium is an important regulator of normal human cervical cell differentiation; however, it is not known whether the calcium responsiveness of the cells would be altered by immortalization with human papillomavirus. In the present study we examine the effects of extracellular calcium on morphology, expression of biochemical markers of cervical cell differentiation, and HPV16 oncogene transcription in an HPV16-immortalized human cervical cell line, ECE16-1. ECE16-1 cells respond to increased calcium with increased levels of mRNA encoding cytokeratin K13, transglutaminase, and involucrin. Dose-response studies indicate that these markers are coordinately regulated and that maximal levels are present at calcium concentrations of ≥0.4 mM. RNA levels begin to increase within 24 h after cells are shifted to medium containing high calcium and are maximal by 3 days. Protein levels change directly with the change in mRNA, suggesting that mRNA level determines protein concentration; however, transcription runoff experiments indicate that the increased mRNA does not result from new synthesis. Parallel studies indicate that expression of the HPV16 oncogenes, E6 and E7, are not regulated by extracellular calcium. These results are consistent with in vivo experiments showing that in advanced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, where HPV16 DNA is integrated in host cell DNA, E6/E7 transcript production is not regulated in a differentiation-dependent manner.
Chemical changes during in vivo degradation of poly(anhydride-imide) matrices.

Abstract The in vivo degradation characteristics of a novel class of biodegradable polymers, poly(anhydride–imides), were investigated. The poly(anhydride–imides) examined were poly[trimellitylimidoglycine- co -1,6-bis( p -carboxyphenoxy)hexane] (TMA-gly : CPH) in 10 : 90, 30 : 70 and 50 : 50 molar ratios and poly[pyromellitylimidoalanine- co -1,6-bis( p -carboxyphenoxy)hexane] (PMA-ala : CPH) in 10 : 90 and 30 : 70 molar ratios. The polymer matrices were compression-molded into circular discs, then implanted in rat subcutaneous tissues for nearly two months. At defined time intervals, the animals were sacrificed and explants analyzed. Proton NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed a complete absence of imide monomer units in PMA-ala : CPH compositions after 28 d and complete removal of imide units at 56 d from TMA-gly matrices. Gross observation of the implants closely correlated to the imide content: with decreasing imide content, the explants darkened and fragmented at a faster rate. The chemical compositions of the poly(anhydride– imide) explants were also monitored using IR spectroscopy. The residual amount of anhydride bonds in the polymer backbone following implantation were calculated from peaks specific to the anhydride bonds relative to the total amount of carbonyl bonds present. Initially, the imide (TMA-gly or PMA-ala) anhydride bonds were rapidly hydrolyzed then solubilized, followed by the slower hydrolysis of the CPH monomer anhydride bonds.
Aerodynamic features of turbulent flames

The paper provides an interpretation for a variety of turbulent flame phenomena relating them to the aerodynamic properties of the flow field. This includes the classical notion of the breakdown of laminar flames propagation in ducts, the characteristic features of turbulent flame-fronts recorded by schlieren photography, as well as flame instabilities leading to flashback occurring in a combustion chamber behind a bluff-body flame holder. The rudimentary nature of turbulent flame propagation is shown to be associated with (1) vortex motion of a large-scale turbulent eddy, combined with (2) self-advancement of the flame at the appropriate normal burning speed and (3) the concomitant action of distributed sources of specific volume. The results furnish an insight into the macroscopic properties of the mechanism of turbulent flame propagation, rationalizing in particular its capability to sustain high flow velocities at relatively low normal burning speeds.
Night eating syndrome: A critical review of the literature

Clinical psychologists are increasingly called to participate in the treatment of obesity, a condition that affects about one-third of adults in the United States. A disorder gaining increased recognition for its role in the development and maintenance of obesity is Night Eating Syndrome (NES), a relatively novel disorder involving morning anorexia, evening hyperphagia and/or nocturnal ingestions, and insomnia. NES affects men and women from various racial groups and tends to run in families. NES tends to co-occur with mood, anxiety, eating, sleep, and substance use disorders and may have implications for weight and diabetes management. Relatively little is known about the successful treatment of NES. Limited evidence suggests that serotonergic-based pharmacological treatments may be beneficial. Psychological interventions, such as psychoeducation, eating modification, relaxation strategies, sleep hygiene, cognitive restructuring, physical activity, and social support facilitation may also yield beneficial results. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an introduction to NES, including diagnosis, clinical presentation, assessment, comorbidities, clinical implications, and pharmacological and psychological treatment approaches. Areas for further study and development are discussed. NES is an emerging area for clinical description, evaluation, and intervention.
Dissatisfaction and Nonuse of Assistive Devices Among Frail Elders

This article is based on the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Aging Consumer Assessments Study. The sample included 1,056 subjects who reported use or nonuse of assistive devices. Of these subjects, 873 identified reasons for not using or being dissatisfied with certain assistive devices. Study participants owned a mean of 14.2 assistive devices, used 84.8% of the devices they owned, and were satisfied with 84.2% of the devices they owned. Devices were grouped into categories based on the type of impairment they addressed (hearing, vision, cognitive, and musculoskeletal/neuromotor). Study participants owned the largest number of devices in the musculoskeletal/neuromotor category (mean of 10.6 devices). Devices in the hearing impairment category were rated lowest by participants in terms of satisfaction. Almost half of all reasons listed for not using certain assistive devices related to perceived lack of need.
A Prospective Study of Personality Characteristics, Occupational Stressors, and Burnout Among School Psychology Practitioners

Abstract This longitudinal study investigated the prevalence and antecedents of burnout in a large sample of school psychologists from a Southeastern state. Approximately 40% of the school psychologists reported high levels of emotional exhaustion, 10% reported depersonalization reactions, and 19% reported a reduced sense of personal accomplishment at Time 1. Cross-sectional regression analyses suggested that personality variables (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness) related to burnout reports over and above stressful occupational events and demographic variables. Furthermore, a multidimensional model of burnout was supported in that there were differential correlates of the burnout dimensions. For example, Emotional Exhaustion scores and Depersonalization scores were more strongly associated with stressful occupational experiences than Reduced Personal Accomplishment scores. The longitudinal data demonstrated the transactional nature of the relationship between burnout and stressful occupational experiences suggesting that not only may stressful occupational experiences predispose individuals to experience burnout, but also that high burnout levels may predispose individuals to experience additional occupational stress. Finally, moderate to high levels of stability were demonstrated for burnout reports over the 7-month time interval, indicating that many school psychologists are chronically stressed on the job.
Grain rotation and translation contribute substantially to creep of a zirconium diboride silicon carbide composite

Abstract Electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques as well as a novel microstructure mapping technique for the direct measurement of local grain-to-grain movements, provided the tools necessary for the assessment of creep deformation mechanisms of a ZrB 2 –20% SiC composite. Flexure creep behavior determined here draws upon our previous research conducted at 1800 °C and 16 through 97 MPa for the same composite and within the context of existing creep theory. We found ZrB 2 grain deformation scaled with the macroscopic creep strains. To this end, our novel indentation mapping method clearly defined the local ZrB 2 grain boundary sliding event, with deformation components of 80% grain translations and rotations, with the remainder attributed to cavitation and other deformations. EBSD kernel average misorientation methods indicated dislocation flow as the local deformation mechanism confined within the ZrB 2 near-grain boundary zones, serving solely to accommodate the grain rotation and translation events. Based upon this, we propose a modified grain boundary sliding model accounting for near-grain boundary deformation by dislocation glide and climb, operating in sequence with cavitation. Texture analysis from acquired EBSD pole figures confirmed minimal contribution from SiC grain deformation to the tensile bending component, in contrast with a more significant contribution along the compression zone. We find evidence of 2 grain boundary sliding.
A mathematical theory of gravitational collapse

We study the asymptotic behaviour, as the retarded timeu tends to infinity, of the solutions of Einstein's equations in the spherically symmetric case with a massless scalar field as the material model. We prove that when the final Bondi massM1 is different from zero, asu → ∞, a black hole forms of massM1 surrounded by vacuum. We find the rate of decay of the metric functions and the behaviour of the scalar field on the horizon.
Comparison of the effectiveness of a telephone 24-hour dietary recall method vs an in-person method among urban African-American women.

Abstract Objective To examine the comparative accuracy of telephone and in-person 24-hour dietary recall methods. Subjects One hundred eighty-five African-American females, aged 40 years and older, recruited from Sunday church services in Baltimore City, Md. Methods Participants were trained to estimate portion size with plastic food models and a 2-dimensional food recall booklet. Dietary intake was then assessed with 2 in-person 24-hour dietary recalls and 1 telephone 24-hour dietary recall, all using a computer-assisted, multiple pass approach. Results from the 2 in-person recalls were averaged and compared with the results from the telephone recall. Statistical analyses Cross-tabulation, paired t test, Pearson's correlation, chance-corrected agreement, and stepwise linear regression analyses were performed. Results There were no significant differences between the telephone and in-person methods for any nutrient. Agreement between methods was moderate for all major dietary components, with corrected correlations between methods ranging from 0.26 to 0.97 ( P P Conclusions The telephone 24-hour dietary recall method appears to be comparable to the standard in-person method among older African-American women. Portion-size training in person may make subsequent telephone dietary recalls acceptable in this population. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000:100; 1172-1177 .