cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The making of the myth in postcolonial development: material-conceptual landscape transformation in sixteenth-century Veracruz

European colonialism entailed material and conceptual landscape transformations that continue to define the parameters for postcolonial development. The major conceptual landscape transformation, termed the “pristine myth” for the Americas, remains a cultural foundation for the binary categorization of the world into a rationally progressive West versus an irrationally traditional non-West, thus driving the social and environmental contradictions of postcolonial development efforts. Despite much evidence that contradicts the pristine myth—the myth in postcolonial development—it retains a pernicious grip on the Western popular imagination because attempts to falsify it have not demonstrated its emergence through a colonial process that materially and conceptually transformed landscapes while simultaneously obscuring such transformation. Study of sixteenth-century landscape transformation in the environs of the port of Veracruz demonstrates the significance of a material-conceptual, positive-feedback proces...
Bumball: Highly Engaging, Highly Inclusive, and Highly Entertaining

Physical educators are always looking for new and exciting games and activities in which students can participate. This article describes Bumball, a high-intensity game that provides the opportunity for students to use many common game skills, such as hand-eye coordination, passing to a target, running, playing defense, and getting to an open space. The game was developed in Denmark and is regularly played in several European countries. It is an affordable, adaptable, and amusing game that is appropriate for physical education classes and recreational settings.
Further fossil finds from Flores

New fossil discoveries on Flores, Indonesia, bolster the evidence that Homo floresiensis was a dwarfed human species that lived at the end of the last ice age. But the species' evolutionary origins remain obscure. The discovery of a small-bodied hominin from the late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia, caused a great deal of interest. Its classification as a new species was controversial, but now there is more evidence for the endemic human species, Homo floresiensis. The remains excavated at Liang Bua on Flores include another tiny adult mandible, 15,000 years old, and the right arm bones of the original find, known as LB1. The new findings confirm the presence of a long-term dwarfed population from before 74,000 to 12,000 years ago and argue against the idea that LB1 was an individual with a growth disorder. There is also evidence for the use of fire, and butchery of the mammoth-like Stegodon.
Software Tools for Empowering Instructional Developers

In response to the perceived need of many organizations to increase the quantity, quality, and timeliness of training, their shortage of experienced instructional developers, and constrained training budgets, software systems are being created to assist both novice and expert instructional technologists. The underlying philosophies and goals of such “ID automation” tools and their potential effects upon the organizations who adopt them as well as upon the human performance technology profession must be examined so that they will help to empower rather than hinder their users.
Asymptotically singular boundary value problems

We study two point boundary value problems for second-order differential equations that have no solution if a boundary condtion is imposed at x = 0, but that do have a solution of boundary layer type if the boundary condition is given at x = @e, for small, positive values of @e. The study is motivated by various models for fluid flow past a small object.
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME (ECV) CHANGES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS DURING THE FIRST TWO POSTNATAL MONTHS

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME (ECV) CHANGES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS DURING THE FIRST TWO POSTNATAL MONTHS
Is Doppler an accurate predictor of catheterization gradients for postoperative branch pulmonary stenosis

Abstract Branch pulmonary stenosis may develop after repair of congenital heart disease. Echocardiography, used for the serial evaluation of these patients, yields Doppler gradients that are used in decisions regarding the need for intervention for branch pulmonary stenosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of Doppler echocardiography in quantifying the degree of branch pulmonary stenosis in patients who were postoperative. Patients after repair of transposition of the great arteries (n = 14), truncus arteriosus (n = 12), or tetralogy of Fallot (n = 14) who underwent echocardiography within 3 months of a postoperative catheterization were identified. Doppler peak instantaneous gradients were compared with catheter peak-to-peak gradients. Despite significant correlation between Doppler and catheterization peak gradients, Doppler gradients tended to overestimate the catheterization gradients, and the agreement between the 2 measurements was poor. These findings suggest that Doppler gradients should be interpreted cautiously in this setting. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1140-4.)
On certain homomorphisms of quotients of group algebras

LetA be the algebra of functions on the circle groupT={z: |z|=1} having absolutely convergent Fourier series. For a subsetE ofA, the algebra of restrictions toE of functions inA is denoted byA(E). It is shown that for sets that are “thick” in one of several senses, algebra homomorphisms of theA(E) having norm 1 must arise from point mappings having a certain amount of rigidity.
Mechanism and inhibition of the FabI enoyl-ACP reductase from Burkholderia pseudomallei

Enoyl-ACP reductases catalyze the final step in the elongation cycle of the bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway. At present, four distinct enoyl-ACP reductases have been identified, which are the products of the fabI, fabL, fabK, and fabV genes. The FabV enoyl-ACP reductase is the most recent member of this enzyme class and was originally identified in Vibrio cholerae by Cronan and co-workers [Massengo-Tiasse, R. P., and Cronan, J. E. (2008) Vibrio cholerae FabV defines a new class of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 1308−1316]. In this work, a detailed kinetic analysis of the mechanism of the FabV enzyme from Burkholderia mallei (bmFabV) has been undertaken, which reveals that bmFabV catalyzes a sequential bi-bi mechanism with NADH binding first and NAD+ dissociating last. The enzyme is a member of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily in which the catalytic tyrosine (Y235) and lysine (K244) residues are organized in the consensus Tyr-(Xaa)8-Lys motif...
Geodetic imaging: A new tool for Mesoamerican archaeology

On 15 May 2012, Honduran President Porfirio Lobo convened a press conference to announce that researchers mapping areas of the Mosquitia region of Honduras, using airborne light detection and ranging (lidar), had discovered what appeared to be an extensive complex of archaeological ruins hidden beneath the dense canopy of rain forest that shrouds the terrain [UTL Scientific, LLC, 2012]. President Lobo released preliminary images of the ruins derived from the airborne lidar observations (Figure 1a) but withheld information about their precise location so that measures could be taken to protect and preserve this newly discovered cultural heritage. The coordinates of the ruins, determined from the lidar observations with an accuracy of a few decimeters, will enable archaeological teams to use the Global Positioning System to navigate through the dense forest directly to features of interest.
Dynamics of charge density wave conductors: Broken coherence, chaos, and noisy precursors☆

Chaotic dynamics resulting from a macroscopic breaking of charge density wave coherence are investigated in NbSe3. The ac-dc electric field induced period doubling bifurcation is associated with a new noisy precursor effect, the virtual Hopf phenomenon.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Block Copolymer Consisting of Poly(propylene fumarate) and Poly(ethylene glycol)

Poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) has been synthesized in an effort to develop a cross-linkable biomaterial for use as a vascular implant. This copolymer has been fabricated in a block configuration with two to three homopolymer units in series through a transesterification reaction between the linear polyester and the terminal hydroxyl functionalities of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). A number of design parameters including the molecular weights of the two homopolymers, the copolymer reaction time, and the weight percent of PEG were varied in order to assess their effects on the properties of the resulting copolymer. This material has been characterized in terms of structure and composition as well as thermal properties and solubility behavior. All formulations of the copolymer exhibited a single glass transition temperature and a single melting temperature, with a degree of crystallinity which was dependent upon the relative amount of PEG. The copolymers were water soluble and demonstrated e...
On a New Family of Degenerate Parabolic Equations

which was first derived in (Ulusoy, Nonlinearity 20 (2007): 685–712). We prove results on the regularity of non-negative solutions. In Ulusoy, an entropy dissipation–entropy estimate was provided for the p = 3 and n = 2 case using the energy functional Kq := ∫ hx hq dx. Here, we extend our calculations to include various other p and n values. After establishing some results on the support properties of solutions, we finally complete the analysis of the long-time behavior of non-negative weak solutions.
Transcriptional Specificity of Human SWI/SNF BRG1 and BRM Chromatin Remodeling Complexes

Mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are involved in critical aspects of cellular growth and genomic stability. Each complex contains one of two highly homologous ATPases, BRG1 and BRM, yet little is known about their specialized functions. We show that BRG1and BRM associate with different promoters during cellular proliferation and differentiation, and in response to specific signaling pathways by preferential interaction with certain classes of transcription factors. BRG1 binds to zinc finger proteins through a unique N-terminal domain that is not present in BRM. BRM interacts with two ankyrin repeat proteins that are critical components of Notch signal transduction. Thus, BRG1 and BRM complexes may direct distinct cellular processes by recruitment to specific promoters through protein-protein interactions that are unique to each ATPase.
Two new species of Acanthobothrium Beneden, 1849 (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) from horn sharks in the Gulf of California, Mexico.

Between 1993 and 1996, 26 individuals of two species of horn sharks were collected from the upper Gulf of California and their spiral intestines examined for onchobothriid tapeworms. Heterodontus francisci was found to host Acanthobothrium puertecitense n. sp. Based on the criteria of Ghoshroy & Caira (2001), this is a Category 4 species (with >15mm total length, >50 proglottids, >80 testes and a symmetrical ovary). It differs from the four Category 4 species previously reported from either the western Atlantic or eastern Pacific Oceans, including A. bajaense (emend.) which was described from H. francisci, in hook-shape, total length, number of proglottids, number of testes and number of columns of vitelline follicles. H. mexicanus was found to host Acanthobothrium santarosaliense n. sp., which, based on the criteria of Ghoshroy & Caira (2001) is a Category 3 species (with >15mm total length, >50 proglottids, >80 testes and an asymmetrical ovary). A. santarosaliense differs from the five Category 3 species previously reported from either the western Atlantic or eastern Pacific Oceans in its size, euapolytic nature, lack of dark matrix from the bases of the hooks, hook-shape, and distribution and number of testes. In addition to the difference in ovarian symmetry, A. puertecitense possesses fewer testes, fewer proglottids, is a shorter worm, possesses a more anterior genital pore and vitelline follicles which extend further forward anteriorly than in A. santarosaliense. This represents the first report of onchobothriids from H. mexicanus and the first report of onchobothriids from H. francisci in the Gulf of California. The apparent host-specificity of both new species should be viewed with caution until a greater sample of host individuals of both species can be examined. The fact that both new tapeworm species are known only from the Gulf is also considered to be a preliminary result, given the small sample of host individuals examined from these regions to date. This brings the total number of species of Heterodontus known to host Acanthobothrium to four and the total number of Acanthobothrium species described from heterodontiform sharks to five.
The ontogeny of plasma osmolality and intravascular volume maintenance during short-term starvation in rats.

Body fluid deviations were examined in albino rats of both genders between 30 and 100 days of age during food deprivation. Plasma volume declined with age in free-feeding control groups. Hypovolemia induced by starvation (4 days) was more intense in 30- to 60-day-old animals than in 80- and 100-day groups. Plasma osmolality concentration of control groups indicated increases with age, leveling off after 60 days. The initiation of drinking during fasting was accompanied by physiologically significant elevations in plasma osmolality over ad libitum concentrations at each age tested. In a second experiment, repeated exposure to short periods of food deprivation (2 days) during development resulted in the maintenance of intravascular fluid at control volumes. Longer periods (4 days) of deprivation did not result in savings of intravascular volume loss evidenced during starvation. These results suggest that rats compensate for hypovolemia induced by short-term starvation when provided experience with food restriction during development.
Internal organization and managerial compensation in oligopoly

Abstract We demonstrate that the benefit that an oligopolistic firm derives from departmentalization (managerial specialization) depends upon the internal organization of the rival firm. As a result, even if both firms are assumed, a priori, identical, they need not select an identical form of internal organization. Since the benefit from departmentalization exhibits increasing returns to scale, a duopolist derives more restricted benefits from departmentalizing compared with a monopolist. The implications of increased competition or the form of internal organization upon the compensation of managers depends upon the degree of correlation between the uncertain demands that face competing firms.
Analysis of mixtures of stigmasterol, stigmastanol and sitosterol

Hydrogenation of stigmasterol yields mixtures of the three title sterols. Stigmasterol was clearly separated from the other two by gas liquid chromatography; a standard curve was constructed relating the height of its peak to its concentration in the mixture. The total unsaturation was measured by a dibromopyridine sulfate-thiosulfate procedure. The unsaturation contributed by previously determined stigmasterol was subtracted from the total to leave that contributed by sitosterol, whose concentration in the mixture was then calculated. The amount of stigmastanol, whose presence was qualitatively determined by thin layer chromatography after bromination of the mixture on the plate, was obtained by difference. When suitable corrections were made, based on analysis of known mixtures, the concentrations of three sterols in hydrogenation mixtures could be calculated.
Putting the learning curve in context

Abstract In implementation of change, people learn new ways of doing things, develop new skills, and adopt new organizational routines. This paper applies learning curve theory to implementation by developing a system dynamics model that includes two extensions to classic learning curve theory. First, the model includes a required output level for the individual. Second, the model includes a budget constraint on time that forces a choice between an old and a new way to achieve the output. Doing work the new way builds experience, increasing productivity and thus favoring continued use of the new skill, but model analysis demonstrates that this reinforcing process works to favor the new skill only at relatively high levels of productivity. Otherwise, the same process is a vicious cycle, driving out the new skill. The model exhibits a mode of behavior in which learning begins and then stalls and another mode in which the new skill becomes the preferred one. The paper identifies the tipping point between these two modes and characterizes the transition problem: Learning by doing is a dynamic process, a transition from use of an old way to a new way that requires accumulating experience beyond a threshold.
The constancy of object orientation: effects of target inclination.

The constancy of object orientation was investigated by tilting S backwards at angles of 0°, 25°, 50°, or 75° in the median plane in order to match a line target, previously presented with S upright. The orientation of the target was either 0° (vertical), 30° or 60° (top toward S). The task entailed the perception of target orientation relative to the direction of gravity, hence S's body tilt had to be taken into account. Ss showed nearly perfect constancy in all conditions, however line tilt was a significant factor. Errors in matching the target orientation did not vary with body tilt although errors in apparent body orientation yielded a negatively accelerated function of body tilt. Several paradigms representing orientation constancy were discussed.
Foreign bodies within a Meckel's diverticulum.

• Although complications of Meckel's diverticula are relatively common, there has not been a reported case, to our knowledge, of foreign bodies impacted within a Meckel's diverticulum. We report herein a case of a 2-year-old child who had two pennies trapped in a Meckel's diverticulum. This case demonstrates that foreign objects in the right lower quadrant that do not progress may be impacted in a Meckel's diverticulum. ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:864)
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of water with the polar region of phosphatidylcholine micelles in benzene

1. 1. Both the hydrocarbon chains and the trimethylammonium groups of phosphatidylcholine micelles in benzene have more motional freedom than can be explained by micellar rotation. 2. 2. Addition of water, which is solubilized within the micelles, slows the motion of the hydrocarbon chains but increases the motion of the trimethylammonium groups. 3. 3. The hydrocarbon and the trimethylammonium proton linewidths have a weak temperature dependence, suggesting that the motions of these groups is not an activated process, but may be described by a local viscosity. 4. 4. 2H2O is much less efficient than H2O in influencing the trimethylammonium proton linewidth, suggesting that the interaction between the water and the micelles is dominated by hydrogen bonding rather than by electrostatic interactions.
Forward Modeling of Through-Wall-Sensing with Ultra-Wideband Signals using Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

In this study, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to simulate the through-wall-sensing (TWS) with ultra-wideband signals. Perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions are used to absorb the outgoing wave. Scattering from two-dimensional (2D) metallic and dielectric cylinders for a 2D TE plane-incident wave are considered. In addition the scattering from targets behind walls are investigated
The roles of alcohol in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases

Alcohol, both alone and in concert with deficiencies or excesses of other substances, can produce cardiomyopathy. In addition, alcohol can directly affect the cardiac-conduction system and produce arrhythmias. A Icohol also affects kno wn risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). Alcohol increases blood pressure, which may lead to hypertension and thus increase the risk of stroke. HDL cholesterol, which is inversely related to CHD risk, increases with alcohol, and LDL cholesterol, which is positively related to CHD risk, may decrease with alcohol, a potentially dually protective effect. However, both case-control and population based studies indicate only moderate levels of consumption, defined as two drinks per day or less, may be of benefit. Preliminary data from the Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study suggest that the beneficial effect of moderate amounts of alcohol may be mediated in part by increased HDL cholesterol and in part by another factor, possibly reduced coagulation. Clinical and laboratory data, in addition to epidemiologic data, suggest alcohol intake above two drinks per day leads to excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), probably reflecting hypercoagulability as well as hypertension at higher levels of intake. Because alcohol can lead to excess morbidity and mortality from CVD as well as several other diseases and conditions, public health policy should continue to discourage the drinking of alcohol, especially non-moderate consumption.
Effects of streptomycin, cycloheximide, Fungizone, captan, carbofuran, cygon, and PCNB on soil microorganisms.

Eight biocides were chosen to determine whether they had any effects on nontarget organisms in soil and to what extent they would reduce their target populations under laboratory experimental conditions. A simplified microcosm system was utilized in which reduced species arrays that included field populations of either only bacteria and fungi, or bacteria, fungi, and protozoa (no nematodes, arthropods, or plants) were inoculated into sterilized soil. In a second set of experiments, plants were grown in sterilized soil. A bactericide-streptomycin-four fungicides-cycloheximide, Fungizone (amphotericin B), captan, and PCNB (quintozene)-an acaricide-cygon-an insecticide-nematicide-carbofuran-and an insecticide-diazinon-were used. Each biocide had effects on nontarget organisms although the increases or decreases, with respect to the control, were of only limited duration. Reductions in target groups were typically of longer duration. Streptomycin, applied at 1 mg·g−1 soil, did not decrease bacterial populations during the experimental incubation. At 3 mg·g−1 soil, streptomycin decreased the numbers of bacteria that grew on tryptone agar, but also reduced active hyphae. Fungizone was the most effective of the 4 fungicides tested in reducing active hyphae. Increased bacterial populations were usually observed following fungal reductions. Carbofuran had the fewest effects on the test organisms (bacteria, fungi, and protozoa). Only an initial stimulation of bacterial and fungal populations was observed with cygon although it also increased NH4+-N concentrations in soil during most of the incubation, as did streptomycin and cycloheximide. A transitory increase in fungal populations following a decrease in ciliate numbers was observed in the cygon with grazers treatments. Diazinon reduced all microbial populations and inorganic nitrogen concentrations measured. Cygon and PCNB decreased growth of blue grama plants, while streptomycin reduced shoot weights of blue grama. These results should be useful in assessing the effects of these biocides when applied to more complex systems.
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES OF TIME‐SERIES BASED STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL

Underlying standard control-chart methodology is the assumption of independent and identically distributed (IID) random variables. However, autocorrelation and other time-series effects frequently occur in manufacturing and service quality applications. As a result, it has been suggested that standard methods be extended by using time-series modeling. A little statistical analysis can go a long way, especially when time-series effects are strong enough to frustrate efforts directed toward discovery of special causes. But a practical limitation on the use of time-series modeling is that its implementation requires some sophisticated statistical skills, whereas standard control charts require only elementary statistical knowledge. The choice raises the questions of management philosophy, statistical techniques, and computation.
Variations of serum concentrations and half‐life of salicylate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Unlike most drugs the half-life of salicylates in the serum of human subjects increases as its concentration increases; this observation was confirmed in nine hospitalized patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received the same weight-adjusted dose of aspirin. They showed marked variations in the maximum salicylate concentrations attained. A relatively small increase in dose resulted in a large increase in serum level. Therefore, optimum intensive salicylate therapy can be achieved only by individualizing the dose of aspirin.
Thermodynamic parameters of the β-hydroxypropionate complexes of the lanthanides

Abstract The thermodynamic parameters for formation of the β-hydroxypropionate complexes of the lanthanide ions were measured in an aqueous medium of 2·00M (NaClO 4 ) ionic strength. The agreement with similar data for propionate complexing in contrast to the lack of agreement with data for α-hydroxy-propionate complexing indicates that the β-hydroxy group is not involved in a chelate ring.
Comparative and Functional Analysis of the AP2 Promoter Indicates That Conserved Octamer and Initiator Elements Are Critical for Activity

AP-2 is a developmentally-regulated transcription factor expressed in ectodermal cell lineages. The AP-2 protein is essential for neural tube, craniofacial and body wall morphogenesis and has been implicated in oncogenesis. Here we report the isolation of the AP-2 promoter from human, mouse and chicken. The initiation sites for the human gene have been mapped in a variety of cell lines, including several derived from breast tumours. Initiation occurs just upstream of an IR3-like repetitive element, present in the human and mouse genes, but absent in chicken. The cis-acting elements responsible for promoter activity in human HeLa cells have been mapped both in vivo and in vitro. The proximal promoter contains binding sites for transcription factors AP-2, NF-1 and octamer proteins, but lacks a TATA box motif. Functional analysis demonstrates that the octamer binding site is the critical component of basal promoter activity. In addition, the promoter relies on an initiator element for efficient start site utilization. There is an excellent correlation between the requirement for the initiator and octamer elements in transcription assays and the conservation of these cis-acting sequences between chicken, mouse and human.
Local convergence analysis of the goal coordination algorithm of hierarchical control

The goal coordination (interaction balance) method of hierarchical control is analyzed from a numerical analysis point of view. It is found that for fixed stepsize gradient algorithms the fastest possible asymptotic convergence rate is sublinear. It is shown that this difficulty is fundamental to the problem formulation and that acceleration techniques are not likely to be of much value.
Developmental regulation of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor controls postembryonic cell cycle progression in Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans cki-1 encodes a member of the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, and functions to link postembryonic developmental programs to cell cycle progression. The expression pattern of cki-1::GFP suggests that cki-1 is developmentally regulated in blast cells coincident with G1, and in differentiating cells. Ectopic expression of CKI-1 can prematurely arrest cells in G1, while reducing cki-1 activity by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) causes extra larval cell divisions, suggesting a role for cki-1 in the developmental control of G1/S. cki-1 activity is required for the suspension of cell cycling that occurs in dauer larvae and starved L1 larvae in response to environmental signals. In vulva precursor cells (VPCs), a pathway of heterochronic genes acts via cki-1 to maintain VPCs in G1 during the L2 stage.
Network Analysis-Based Psychoeducation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Psychoeducation, providing essential information for a client about psychological and physiological processes, is typically the first step in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) but its content and implementation is currently underdeveloped. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent mental disorder in the United States. Often, persons with GAD and their primary care providers and family do not recognize or understand the meaning of their symptoms because of the diffuse and imprecise nature of the diagnosis. This thesis aims to investigate a systems network analysis of generalized anxiety disorder to explore suggestions for enhancing psychoeducation intervention as an initial intervention for GAD clients. A network analysis based psychoeducation intervention could also work as a first-step intervention for GAD clients on a wait-lists for CBT. The thesis concludes with a proposal for a pilot study testing the effectiveness of a more developed psychoeducation intervention. NETWORK ANALYSIS BASED PSYCHOEDUCATION FOR GAD 3
Dead mice can grow — variation of standard external mammal measurements from live and three postmortem body states

The use of standard external measurements is pervasive in mammalogy, due in part to their applicability to both living and dead animals. Nevertheless, comparisons of measurements made between animals in different pre- and postmortem body states may be problematic. To investigate the impact of body state on standard measurements and their associated variances, we took 5 external measurements on 70 Mus musculus while living and in 3 postmortem body states (primary flaccidity, rigor mortis, and secondary flaccidity). Total length, tail length, and hind-foot length were significantly longer in states of primary and secondary flaccidity than when measured on live individuals or those in rigor mortis. Ear length increased from living to primary flaccidity, after which it decreased. Weight decreased between each postmortem body state, likely as an artifact of desiccation. Variance was always greater for measurements taken in the living state than during postmortem body states. Irrespective of body state, variance was particularly high for ear length and hind-foot length, which are prone to observer bias and should be used with caution. Additional tests using field-collected data from populations of Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus maniculatus confirmed our lab-based results from M. musculus. External measurements taken during a postmortem state should not be compared to measurements from live animals and could lead to incorrect species identification. Additionally, comparisons among individuals measured in different postmortem body states may confound efforts to assess changes in body size over space or time.
Confidentiality via Camouflage: The CVC Approach to Disclosure Limitation When Answering Queries to Databases

A practical method is presented for giving unlimited, deterministically correct, numerical responses to ad-hoc queries to an online database, while not compromising confidential numerical data. The method is appropriate for any size database, and no assumptions are needed about the statistical distribution of the confidential data. Responses are in the form of a number plus a guarantee, so the user can determine an interval that is sure to contain the exact answer. Virtually any imaginable query type can be answered, and in the absence of insider information, collusion among the users presents no problem. Experimental analysis supports the practical viability of the proposed method.
Natural Transmission of Streptococcus sobrinus in the rat: Sucrose is not an Ecological Determinant for Colonisation

In this study a natural transmission model was employed to determine the role of sucrose as an ecological determinant in the colonisation of Streptococcus sobrinus . This experimental model was designed to resemble more closely the acquisition of mutans streptococci by human infants than is possible with artificial oral inoculation/superinfection invariably employed in rodent models. Sixty donor rats were infected intraorally with S. sobrinus 67I5. Each infected donor was caged with an uninfected recipient rat. Five groups of 12 donor-recipient pairs were fed diets containing either 0, 0.1, 1, 5 or 56 per cent sucrose and their levels of colonisation with S. sobrinus were monitored daily. Transmission of S. sobrinus from donor to recipient rats occurred at all dietary sucrose concentrations including those recipients consuming no sucrose (56 per cent raw corn starch). With the single exception of recipient rats fed 56 per cent sucrose, colonisation and dental caries scores were independent of dietary sucrose. Keywords: Streptococcus sobrinus ; Natural transmission; Colonisation; Sucrose.
Temperature analysis of a gasket for an internal combustion engine

AbstractThis paper presents a heat transfer analysis of a head gasket for an internal combustion (IC) engine. A steady state temperature analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of engine material on gasket temperature. Transient temperature analysis was also conducted to investigate temperature variations of gasket materials and the required time to reach steady state temperature. The transfer of heat from the combustion chamber into the wall (a positive heat flux) which occurs after the ignition and the reverse of this process during the expansion stroke (a negative heat flux) were mathematically represented using the Fourier series.
Adult Burkitt's Lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma is a mature B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by a rapid proliferative rate and propensity for extranodal sites of involvement such as the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. This subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is associated with unique cytogenetic translocations involving the c-MYC oncogene on chromosome 8, which appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Although current literature is limited by a lack of randomized trials, Burkitt's lymphoma appears to be curable in a high proportion of cases if treated with aggressive multiagent chemotherapy regimens. The use of autologous stem cell transplantation appears to benefit patients who have had chemotherapy-sensitive relapses. The role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for this disease remains uncertain. Patients with HIV-associated Burkitt's lymphoma appear to have a better prognosis today, which is likely a result of more effective antiretroviral therapy and the ability to treat selected patients with more aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens than before. This article will review the epidemiologic, biologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of Burkitt's lymphoma in adults.
Inhibition of TLR Ligand- and Interferon Gamma-Induced Murine Microglial Activation by Panax Notoginseng

Among the many products which influence microglial activation and resulting neuroinflammation, herbal medicine has recently drawn much attention due to its immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of an extract of Panax notoginseng (NotoG™) on TLR ligand- and IFNγ-induced activation in N9 and EOC20 microglial cells lines. NotoG suppressed microglial activation as measured by reduced expression of accessory molecules (CD40 and CD86), decreased production of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNFα), and diminished release of antibacterial products (nitric oxide). Furthermore, this immunosuppressive activity was neither dependent on the glucocorticoid receptor, nor the result of a single ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, or Re), which are the major active constituents of the whole extract. NotoG and select ginsenosides may therefore be of therapeutic benefit in treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and parkinson’s disease.
Cases in Corporate Finance

This course uses intensive analysis of case studies to develop the student's ability to make financial decisions. The topics run the gamut of corporate financial decisions, including performance evaluation, working capital management, dividend policy, capital structure policy, use and valuation of derivatives, capital budgeting and mergers and acquisitions. Some new material will be covered, but much of the course involves applying and integrating ideas the student has learned in earlier courses, leading to a deeper understanding and appreciation of the value and limitations of the theory of finance.
Long-Term Asthma Trend Monitoring in New York City: A Mixed Model Approach

The application of syndromic surveillance systems has expanded beyond early event detection to include long-term disease trend monitoring. To address this wider set of priorities, we propose using a general linear mixed model (GLMM) for examining syndrome trends spatially and over time. With the GLMM, we found that New York City asthma rates varied by ZIP code and fluctuated seasonally, but that annual citywide rates did not change from 2007 to 2012. The GLMM estimated rates at multiple spatial and temporal levels, adjusted for clustering with random effects, and integrated covariate demographic data to reduce bias.
Potential energy functions for an intramolecular proton transfer reaction in the ground and excited state

We describe the development of empirical potential functions for the study of the excited state intramo- lecular proton transfer reaction in 1-(trifuloroacetylamino)- naphtaquinone (TFNQ). The potential is a combination of the standard CHARMM27 force field for the backbone structure of TFNQ and an empirical valence bond formalism for the proton transfer reaction. The latter is parameterized to repro- duce the potential energies both in the ground and the excited state, determined at the CASPT2 level of theory. Parameters describing intermolecular interactions are fitted to reproduce molecular dipole moments computed at the CASSCF level of theory and to reproduce ab initio hydrogen bonding ener- gies and geometries for TFNQ-water bimolecular complexes. The utility of this potential energy function was examined by computing the potentials of mean force for the proton trans- fer reactions in the gas phase and in water, in both electronic states. The ground state PMF exhibits little solvent effects, whereas computed potential of mean force shows a solvent stabilization of 2.5 kcal mol −1 in the product state region, suggesting proton transfer is more pronounced in polar sol- vents, consistent with experimental findings.
Memories of Peer Relations and Styles of Conflict Management

Memories of peer acceptance are investigated among young adults in relation to their imagined styles of conflict management. In an initial pilot study, college students provided accounts of their childhood and adolescent peer relations. They also wrote responses to a series of interpersonal conflict situations. Scales for estimating peer memories and conflict responses were developed from their responses. These instruments were used to test preliminary findings thhhhat assertive styles are associated with positive memories and acquiescent styles with negative ones. Evidence from a second pilot and follow-up study supported both propositions. The final peer relations memory scale and its subscales were shown to have respectable internal reliability and to predict self-consciousness as well as conflict response scores.
New routes to, and reactions of polyhedral transition metal carborane species

While in the past few years many complexes of transition metals and carborane ligands have been described, synthetic routes then available were completely dependent on nido- or arachno -carborane derivatives containing nine, and seven boron atoms. In this paper we summarize two new methods which lead to transition metal complexes of carborane ligands. The first of these methods (Polyhedral Expansion) was based upon the formal two or four electron reduction of closo- B n C 2 H n+2 carboranes to form effective ligands containing from six to ten boron atoms. In some cases bimetallic complexes were isolated and polyhedral isomerization reactions were observed in others. The second new method (Polyhedral Contraction) begins with a B 9 C 2 H 11 2- ligand complex and leads to complexes of the B 8 C 2 Y 10 2- and B 7 C 2 H 9 2- ligands by sequential removal of a formal BH 2+ vertex followed by two-electron oxidation to form the next lowest metal complex of the homologous polyhedral series.
Testing and interfacing intelligent power supplies for the Los Alamos National Laboratory Accelerator Complex

New high-current, high-precision microprocessor-controlled power supplies have been installed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Accelerator Complex. Each unit has sophisticated microprocessor control on-board and communicates via RS-422 (serial communications). The units use a high-level ASCII-based control protocol. Performance tests were conducted to verify adherence to specification and to ascertain ultimate long-term stability. The 'front-end' software used by the accelerator control system has been written to accommodate these new devices. The supplies are interfaced to the control system through a terminal server port connected to the site-wide Ethernet backbone. Test design and results as well as details of the software implementation for the analog and digital control of the supplies through the accelerator control system are presented. >
Endorsing Obama licenses favoring Whites

Three studies tested whether the opportunity to endorse Barack Obama made individuals subsequently more likely to favor Whites over Blacks. In Study 1, participants were more willing to describe a job as better suited for Whites than for Blacks after expressing support for Obama. Study 2 replicated this effect and ruled out alternative explanations: participants favored Whites for the job after endorsing Obama, but not after endorsing a White Democrat, nor after seeing Obama’s photo without having an opportunity to endorse him. Study 3 demonstrated that racial attitudes moderated this effect: endorsing Obama increased the amount of money allocated to an organization serving Whites at the expense of an organization serving Blacks only for participants high in a measure of racial prejudice. These three studies suggest that expressing support for Obama grants people moral credentials [Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 33–43], thus reducing their concern with appearing prejudiced.
Secondary Teachers’ Concerns in Adopting Learning Management Systems: A U.S. Perspective

This study examined the concerns of U.S. secondary teachers regarding the adoption of learning management systems (LMSs) utilizing the concerns-based adoption model (CBAM). The stages of concern questionnaire used enabled the strength of teacher concerns to be measured for seven distinct stages of concerns: awareness, informational, personal, management, consequence, collaboration and refocusing. The results reflected a general lack of awareness about the LMSs and strong faculty concerns for managing the innovation, for their personal adequacy to adopt the LMS and for more information on implications for their practices. Based on the research findings, appropriate support and intervention methods are proposed to address these concerns, including the provision of more information and positive examples related to integration of LMSs, professional development targeted at addressing individual concerns, and incentives for incorporating the innovation into curriculum to improve teaching and student outcomes.
Planar Graphs with Many Perfect Matchings and Forests

We determine the number of perfect matchings and forests in a family Tr;3 of triangulated prism graphs. These results show that the extremal number of perfect matchings in a planar graph with n vertices is bounded below by 6 p 7 + p 37 n = (1:535 n ) and the extremal number of forests contained in a planar graph with n vertices is bounded below by 3 p 138:74876 n = (5:1769 n ). The current best
Interactions among spruce beetle disturbance, climate change and forest dynamics captured by a forest landscape model

The risk of bark beetle outbreaks is widely predicted to increase because of a warming climate that accelerates temperature-driven beetle population growth and drought stress that impairs host tree defenses. However, few if any studies have explicitly evaluated climatically enhanced beetle population dynamics in relation to climate-driven changes in forest composition and structure that may alter forest suitability for beetle infestation. We synthesized current understanding of the interactions among climate, spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis) and forest dynamics to parameterize and further advance the bark beetle module of a dynamic forest landscape model (LandClim) that also integrates fire and wind disturbance and climate-driven forest succession. We applied the model to a subalpine watershed in northwestern Colorado to examine the mechanisms and feedbacks that may lead to shifts in forest composition and spruce beetle disturbance under three climate change scenarios. Simulation results suggest increased drought- and beetle-induced reduction of large Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees while Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) increased in dominance throughout the study area under all climate change scenarios. This shift in forest composition and structure counterbalances the enhancing effects of accelerated beetle population development and increased drought-induced susceptibility of spruce to beetles. As a result, we projected a long-term decrease in beetle-induced spruce mortality to below historical values under all climate scenarios at low elevations (<2800 m asl). Beetle-induced spruce mortality above 2800 m asl and under moderate climate change was slightly higher and more variable than under historical conditions but decreased to 36% and 6% of historical values under intermediate and extreme climate change, respectively. Because mechanisms driving beetle disturbance dynamics are similar across different bark beetle species, we argue that the depletion of host trees due to drought and beetle disturbance may also be important in other climate-sensitive beetle-host systems. We advocate for the consideration of climate-driven shifts in forest and disturbance dynamics in devising adaptive management strategies.
Lactoferrin: A Modulator for Immunity against Tuberculosis Related Granulomatous Pathology

There is great need for a therapeutic that would limit tuberculosis related pathology and thus curtail spread of disease between individuals by establishing a "firebreak" to slow transmission. A promising avenue to increase current therapeutic efficacy may be through incorporation of adjunct components that slow or stop development of aggressive destructive pulmonary pathology. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils, is just such a potential adjunct therapeutic agent. The focus of this review is to explore the utility of lactoferrin to serve as a therapeutic tool to investigate "disruption" of the mycobacterial granuloma. Proposed concepts for mechanisms underlying lactoferrin efficacy to control immunopathology are supported by data generated based on in vivo models using nonpathogenic trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM, cord factor).