cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF DIATOMS IN STROMATOLITE GROWTH: TWO EXAMPLES FROM MODERN FRESHWATER SETTINGS1

Some modern laminated find calcified stromatolitic structures are partially or completely formed by eukaryotes. Diatom populations in freshwater environments with elevated ionic concentrations contribute to calcite precipitation, and the formation of distinctive mineral-rich stromatolitic laminae. Two types of stromatolite-forming diatom populations were observed. In the first example, in stromatolites growing on a quarry ledge near Laegerdorf, North Germany, calcite crystals with biogenic imprints form around polysaccharide stalks of the diatom Gomphonema olivaceum var. calcarea (Cleve) Cleve-Euler. These individually precipitated crystals eventually become cemented together in layers, forming rigid, laminated stromatolitic deposits which drape over the quarry ledge. In the second example, in stromatolites forming in a shallow stream near Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, Mexico, diatomaceous laminae also form by the accumulation of carbonate particles in a matrix of diatoms and their extracellular polysaccharide products. These laminae become thick enough to drape over individual stromatolite heads. The diatoms responsible for these deposits are Amphora aff. A. katii Selva, Nitzschia denticula Grun., and six other species. At Cuatro Cienegas, in addition to the diatomaceous laminae, carbonate-rich cyanobacterial layers, dominated by two cyanobacterial species with different fabrics and porosities, are also present and contribute substantially to the growth of the stromatolites. In both the Laegerdorf and Cuatro Cienegas examples, entire stromatolites or thick laminations on stromatolites are built by a small number of diatom species which produce copious amounts of extracellular stalk, gel, and sheath material, a propertuy they share with cyanobacterial stromatolite builders.
Emotion, true self, true other, core state: toward a clinical theory of affective change process.

“Which end is nearer to God, if I may use religious metaphor, beauty and hope, or the fundamental laws? I think that the right way of course, is to say that what we have to look at is the whole structural interconnection of the thing; and that all the sciences, and not just the sciences but all the efforts of intellectual kinds, are an endeavor to see the connections of the hierarchies, to connect beauty to history, to connect man’s history to man’s psychology, man’s psychology to the working of the brain, the brain to the neural impulse, the neural impulse to the chemistry, and so forth, up and down, both ways. And today we cannot, and it is no use believing that we can, draw carefully a line all the way from one end of this thing to the other, because we have only just begun to see that there is this relative hierarchy. And I do not think either end is nearer to
Block of Herg by Trapped Drugs Shows a Different Dependency on Extracellular Potassium Compared to Block of Herg by Drugs That are Not Trapped

Block of the cardiac potassium channel HERG by a number of drugs has been shown to decrease with an increase in the extracellular potassium concentration. This dependency on extracellular potassium can be explained by at least two mechanisms: 1) destabilization of the drug by the permeant ion 2) differential binding to the inactivated state. We have previously shown that block of HERG by quinidine, a drug that is not trapped after channel deactivation, correlates better with the permeant ion than with inactivation, indicating that quinidine block is destabilized by the permeant ion.1 We show here that block of HERG by terfenadine and bepridil, drugs shown to be trapped in the channel after channel deactivation2, is not altered with an increase in the extracellular potassium concentration. Furthermore block by both terfenadine and bepridil of the HERG mutant D540K, which opens with both depolarization and hyperpolarization, is decreased with increased extracellular potassium, similar to the effect of extracellular potassium on block of WT HERG by quinidine. In addition, the decrease in block of D540K by bepridil is less with an increase in extracellular cesium compared to an increase in extracellular potassium (PCs/PK = 0.33). Finally, preliminary data indicate that block by bepridil of a number of HERG inactivation deficient mutants does not depend on extracellular potassium. Together these results suggest that the permeant ion is not able to destabilize a trapped drug but is able to destabilize a drug that is not trapped and suggest a possible role for the activation gate in determining the extracellular potassium dependency of block of HERG.1Barrows et al. (2009) Channels: 3(4) :239-248.2 Stork et al. (2007) BJP151:1368-1376.
The effect of stasis on a microvascular anastomosis

An experiment was done in rats to determine the effect of stopping the flow of blood across a fresh anastomosis. It was found that brief periods of stasis, up to 30 minutes, caused a minimal increase in the rate of thrombosis, but 60 minutes of stasis caused a significant risk of thrombosis in both arteries and veins. The thrombosis associated with stasis could be prevented by the systemic administration of heparin.
Democratization and world petroleum trade in the year 2000

Abstract The Middle East (ME) will continue to be the dominant supplier in the world oil market in the year 2000, according to supply-demand forecasts published by U.S. DOE. Our analysis suggests that interesting trade patterns will emerge as a result of the democratization in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe (EE). EE will import approximately 50% of its crude oil from the ME and its refined product exports will come to the U.S. and Latin America (LA) besides Western Europe (WE). A reduction in the net imports of WE and a better match between the crude quality and refinery configuration will cause some portion of FSU petroleum exports to come to North America. Much uncertainty remains about the level of future FSU crude oil production. Major FSU crude oil production loss will be compensated by higher production in the ME, LA, Africa, and the Far East. A big worldwide market exists for the FSU petroleum; however, many non-geological factors will determine whether the FSU will play a major role as an oil exporter in the future. Meanwhile, ME supply dominance will prevail.
Hyperacetylated Chromatin Domains: Lessons from Heterochromatin

A small but growing number of loci that exhibit covalent histone modifications, such as hyperacetylation, over broad regions of 10 kb or more have been characterized. These hyperacetylated domains occur exclusively at loci containing highly expressed, tissue-specific genes, and the available evidence suggests that they are involved in the activation of these genes. Although to date little is known concerning the formation or function of these domains, rather more is known concerning repressive, heterochromatic domains, and the example provided by heterochromatin may be instructive in considering mechanisms of active domain formation.
Whither " Terroir" in the Twenty-first Century: Burgundy's " Climats"?

Three-quarters of a century since implementing the AOC (Appelation d'origine controlee) system, Burgundy's wine industry is presently redefining itself. While—and perhaps because—a great many peopl...
A trove of hidden secrets: Music in the plis cachetés at the French scientific academy

Abstract A responsibility assumed by the French Scientific Academy in 1699 was the authority to issue patents for new inventions. In 1735, it instituted a process of plis cachetes whereby individuals could establish primacy for their inventions by having submissions sealed and dated until retrieved at a later time. After the Revolution, although a new process for patent approval was established in France, inventors continued to submit proposals as plis cachetes to the Academy. Few, in fact, were ever retrieved, leaving the Academy with thousands of unclaimed documents in its files, which the modern Academy undertook to open and examine beginning in 1976. The current study surveys the proposals in music and acoustics found among these submissions, which were made not so much by musicians and builders, as by scientists, engineers, and physicians, who applied their novel ideas and technological innovations to musical purposes.
The metabolism of lysolecithin in rat-liver particulate systems.

Abstract The following reactions occur in the rat-liver preparations studied, lysolecithin → glycerophosphorylcholine + fatty acid (1) lysolecithin + acyl-CoA → lecithin (2) 2 lysolecithin → lecithin + glycerophosphorylcholine (3) In enzyme systems containing microsomes, lecithin synthesis from lysolecithin occurs primarily by Reaction 2 which is ATP and CoA dependent. In the particlefree cytoplasmic fluid Reaction 1 is predominant. This reaction is not influenced by added ATP or CoA. Triglyceride, diglyceride, phosphatidylethanolamine, inositol phosphatide and cholesterol esters do not act as acyl donors for the esterification of lysolecithin in ratliver homogenates. The formation of lecithin in the microsomal system by Reaction 2 is approx. 6 times greater than the synthesis of lecithin in the cytoplasmic fluid by Reaction 3.
Increasing service levels in conference and educational scheduling: a heuristic approach

This paper explores a technique for developing a conference or class schedule that maximizes the servicing of participant requests for sessions. Data regarding participant interests are collected before the time the schedule is generated. The problem contains two principal parts: 1 to feasibly assign session offerings to time periods and rooms, and 2 to assign participants to sections of multiple-offering sessions. A heuristic procedure that simultaneously solves both parts is described and tested. The procedure considers not only the participants' requests for sessions, but also the relative importance of the various requests. Benefits of request prioritization are described. Results show that this approach can result in significantly improved participant satisfaction and equity when compared with traditional conference-and class-scheduling approaches.
ZEROS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION FOR TCHEBYCHEFF APPROXIMATION IN A SMALL REGION

Abstract : It is shown that for a given analytic funtion and a suitably restricted point set in a neighborhood of a given point there are at least n + 1 zeros of the error function near the point set. (Author)
Decision making for depression treatment during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Background To explore women's perspectives about the treatment decision making process for depression during pregnancy and after birth.
Evaluation of syncope in adult congenital heart disease

Approximately one million adults in the United States have congenital heart disease. The practitioner who sees one of these patients presenting with syncope must have a thorough understanding of: the underlying disease process; the associated congenital heart abnormalities; the type of surgery performed; the potential surgical residua; and the natural and unnatural history of this type of heart disease. Several types of congenital heart disease including: atrial septal defects; ventricular septal defects; left-sided obstructive lesions; Ebstein Anomaly; tetralogy of Fallot; and transposition of the great arteries are reviewed.
INTERLEUKIN-2 : ITS BIOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATION IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER

(1993). Interleukin-2: Its Biology and Clinical Application in Patients with Cancer. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 460-472.
Green's functions for heterogeneous media potential problems

Abstract Procedures are discussed for obtaining Green's functions for potential problems in heterogeneous materials. Such fundamental solutions are required in the boundary element method. An exact funddamental solution for a linearly varying, layered two dimensional potential problem is given that does not appear to be available elsewhere.
Human mammary tumor virus in inflammatory breast cancer.

The authors have found that retroviral sequences with 85% to 95% homology to the mouse mammary tumor virus were present in 40% of the sporadic breast cancers of American women. These sequences were not found in normal breasts or other tumors. A whole proviral structure was detected in 2 tumors. Breast cancer cells in culture were shown to contain and shed betaretroviral particles. This virus was designated human mammary tumor virus (HMTV). The authors have investigated the presence of HMTV sequences in a variety of breast conditions and geographic locations. Here they report that inflammatory breast cancer from American women shows a higher incidence of viral sequences (71%) than sporadic breast cancers. Similar incidence has been found in inflammatory breast cancers from Tunisia, and in gestational breast cancers. Because these conditions represent highly invasive malignancies, it is concluded that HMTV is sometimes associated with a particularly malignant phenotype. Cancer 2010;116(11 suppl):2741–4. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Phase error effects on gain and sidelobe level of a space-fed array

A space-fed array is two back-to-back arrays that are connected together by a transmission line. The feed, which is located at the focal point, illuminates one side of the array and the energy which is intercepted by each of the elements is, in turn, transmitted to a corresponding element of the other array via a transmission line. This arrangement acting as a lens focuses the energy radiated into space. The effects of errors on the main beam gain and the average sidelobe level are treated. Two types of errors are considered: 1) random errors which are usually associated with manufacturing tolerance of the array, and 2) axial errors which tend to be somewhat compensating between the two sides of the array. The axial errors are usually associated with the effects of thermal gradients and structural motion that could be encountered in a large antenna system.
Relations of Geomorphology to Stream Habitat and Trout Standing Stock in Small Rocky Mountain Streams

Abstract Evidence that drainage basin morphology and trout standing stock are related through a functional link between geomorphic features and stream habitat quality is presented. Numerous significant univariate correlations were found between geomorphic variables, stream habitat variables, and trout standing stock in both high-elevation forest and low-elevation rangeland streams. Canonical correlations between geomorphic variables and stream habitat variables provided insight into the form of the functional link. Multiple-regression equations predicting trout standing stock were dominated by geomorphic variables. When geomorphic variables alone were incorporated into regression models they predicted trout standing stock as accurately as did stream habitat variables.
Energy inputs in food crop production in developing and developed nations.

Detailed energy outputs and inputs were assessed for the following crops, cultured in the U.S. and developing countries: corn, wheat, rice, soy, potato, cassava, tomato, citrus and apple. In addition, the labor input for each crop was analyzed.
Bypass graft to the midpopliteal artery with a combined anterior and posterior approach.

Abstract Purpose: The medial supragenicular and infragenicular approaches to the popliteal artery were introduced almost 50 years ago and replaced the posterior approach to the popliteal artery for distal graft implantation. We review a contemporary series of bypass grafts to the midpopliteal artery by use of a combined anterior and posterior approach to evaluate its potential clinical benefits. Technique: After the proximal graft anastomosis is constructed, an incision is made in the popliteal fossa to access the midpopliteal artery, the graft is passed into that incision, and all but the popliteal incision is closed. The patient is turned, the midpopliteal artery dissection is completed, and the graft is anastomosed distally. Methods: Fifty-seven bypass grafts, implanted distally on the midpopliteal artery by this technique over a 13-year period, chosen in preference to an infragenicular bypass graft in selected patients when a supragenicular bypass was not feasible, were assessed in terms of indications for surgery, conduit type, complications, length of postoperative hospitalization, and graft patency. Results: Bypass grafting originated from the axillary artery in two cases, the common iliac artery in one case, and the femoral artery in 54 cases. The procedure was performed in five patients with a popliteal trifurcation anomaly, nine patients with a blind popliteal segment, 20 patients with limited length of autologous vein, and five patients with an above-knee graft infection requiring an alternate path for revascularization. Autologous vein was used in 35 and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in 19 bypass grafts. Three other patients had a composite sequential femoral-popliteal-tibial bypass graft, with PTFE and autologous vein. Postoperative (30 day) complications include one death (composite sequential), one stroke (PTFE), and one graft thrombosis (saphenous vein). The mean postoperative hospitalization for the last 31 patients was 4.2 ± 3.7 days. In the autologous vein group, the 1-year primary patency rate was 87%, and the primary assisted patency rate was 94%. In the PTFE group, the 1-year primary patency rate was 72%. Two composite sequential grafts remained patent at 1 year. Conclusions: Bypass grafting to the midpopliteal artery with a combined anterior and posterior approach offers a safe and effective option to below-knee bypass grafting when an above-knee bypass grafting is not feasible. Compared with the medial infragenicular incision, the posterior incision results in reduced morbidity rates, rapid mobilization, and early hospital discharge. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:888-94.)
Effect of complexing agents on the chromatographic separation of polyvalent cations

Abstract The selectivity of ion chromatography for determining chosen metal ions in mixtures can be improved by adding a complexing reagent to the sample and by using a weakly complexing eluent, such as ethylenediammonium tartrate. At pH 3.0, nitrilotriacetic acid masks a large excess of several metal ions while permitting the separation and determination of manganese(II), magnesium(II) and the alkaline earths. At pH 4.5, sulfosalicyclic acid added to the sample permits the chromatographic determination of zinc(II) and several other metal ions. An ion chromatographic method is given for the selective determination of iron as iron(II) and for the speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) in mixtures.
Amphibian ornithine aminotransferase: some general biological and chemical characteristics☆

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) in the livers of adult Rana pipiens and pre- and postmetamorphic R. catesbeiana were measured. 2. 2. There were no significant differences between specific activities of liver OAT from any of the organisms examined. 3. 3. Cell fractionation studies indicated most of the OAT activity was present in the supernatant fraction of liver homogenates from R. catesbeiana and Bufo woodhousii , while liver homogenates from R. pipiens exhibited most of the OAT activity in the mitochondrial fraction.
Languages for Specific Purposes Curriculum in the Context of Chinese-Language Flagship Programs

This article offers an overview of how the Language Flagship Program integrates languages for specific purposes (LSP) components into its broader mission of having students graduate with Superior Level linguistic proficiency and cultural competence, thus being well equipped to function as global professionals in the major of their choice. Turning to Chinese Flagship programs, with particular emphasis on one specific Flagship Center, the article describes the LSP-focused curricular design, which involves content-based course instruction, domain-specific mentoring, and a range of extracurricular activities that enhance the learning environment. The final stage of the program involves a capstone year-long experience in China, comprised of direct enrollment in content courses, followed by an internship in the student's specific major area of study. Throughout this 2- to 4-year undergraduate program, LSP is integral to pedagogical design and implementation, and similarly to student success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
A comparison of the responses of tropical and temperate flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) to cold and heat stress

Two flesh fly species from the tropical lowlands (Peckia abnormis and Sarcodexia sternodontis) were more susceptible to both cold-shock and heatshock injury than temperate flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis and S. bullata) and a fly from a tropical high altitude (Blaesoxipha plinthopyga). A brief (2-h) exposure to 0°C elicits a protective response against subsequent cold injury at−10°C in the temperate flies and in B. plinthopyga but no such response was found in the flies from the tropical lowlands. However, both tropical and temperate flies could be protected against heat injury (45°C) by first exposing them to a mild heat shock (2 h at 40°C). The supercooling point is not a good indicator of cold tolerance: supercooling points of pupae were similar in all species, ranging from−18.9 to−23.0°C, and no differences were found between the tropical and temperate species. Among the temperate species, glycerol, the major cryoprotectant, can be elevated by short-term exposure to 0°C, but glycerol could not be detected in the tropical flies. Low-temperature (0°C) exposure also increased hemolymph osmolality of the temperate species, but no such increase was observed in the tropical lowland species. Adaptations to temperature stress thus differ in tropical and temperate flesh flies: while flies from both geographic areas share a mechanism for rapidly increasing heat tolerance, only the temperate flies appear capable of responding rapidly to cold stress. The presence of a heat shock response in species that lack the ability to rapidly respond to cold stress indicates that the biochemical and physiological bases for these two responses are likely to differ.
Linear compressibilities and the pressure dependence of the atomic positional parameter of As

Abstract Single crystal diffraction studies on As to 3 kbar at room temperature yield linear compressibilities perpendicular and parallel to the trigonal axis of 1.1 (±0.4)×10 −4 kbar −1 and 23.9(±0.9)×10 −4 kbar − , respectively and the result that the atomic positional parameter u increases from 0.22728 at normal volume to 0.22817 at 3.1 kbar. The positive compressibility in the basal plane is contrary to the results of elastic constant data of Pace, Saunders, and Sumengen.
Malvaceous miscellany, including new species from Mexico and Brazil

Preliminary studies toward a treatment of the Malvaceae of Mexico have led to the discovery of four new taxa ofAbutilon and two new combinations inAllowissadula. In addition, a new Brazilian species ofPavonia is described.
Two Families of Apodization Problems

Multidimensional Fourier transforms, Parseval’s theorem, and Schwarz’s inequality, used in concert, show how to apodize a lens to minimize the nth moment of the irradiance in the diffraction pattern for a given central irradiance. Replacing Schwarz’s inequality with the calculus of variations, we can find the pupils that minimize quotients of certain different moments. In particular, the mean-square miss distance of a photon gun is minimized if the waves it launches have amplitudes that decrease as the Jo Bessel function moves from the center of the projecting lens and reach zero at the rim.
Doppler-Radar Analysis of a Tropical Cyclone over Land: Hurricane Alicia (1983) in Oklahoma

Abstract The center of the circulation of the remains of Hurricane Alicia passed to the west of the National Severe Storms Laboratory's Doppler radar in Norman, Oklahoma on 19 August 1983. Three types of mesoscale precipitation were noted: the central area, principal rainband, and outer band. The central area and principal rainband were relatively stratiform, and the outer band was cellular. The maximum radial wind speed in the storm of 25–30 m s−1 was found in the principal band, and was probably in part a consequence of latent-heat release. The principal rainband, located to the cast and southeast of the storm's center, was responsible for much of the heavy rainfall over central Oklahoma, especially during the evening and nighttime hours, in response to low-level warm advection south of the cyclone late in the afternoon. We obtained a mesoscale, dual-Doppler analysis of the wind field at low levels from two single-Doppler radar volume scans recorded two hours apart. The basis of the analysis technique i...
Models of Decisionmaking Processes for Multiple-Choice Test Items: An Analysis of Spatial Ability.

Latent class models of decisionmaking processes related to multiple-choice test items are extremely important and useful in mental test theory. However, building realistic models or studying the robustness of existing models is very difficult. One problem is that there are a limited number of empirical studies that address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to describe and illustrate how latent class models, in conjunction with the answer-until-correct format, can be used to examine the strategies used by examinees for a specific type of task. In particular, suppose an examinee responds to a multiple-choice test item designed to measure spatial ability, and the examinee gets the item wrong. This paper empirically investigates various latent class models of the strategies that might be used to arrive at an incorrect response. The simplest model is a random guessing model, but the results reported here strongly suggest that this model is unsatisfactory. Models for the second attempt of an item, under an answer-until-correct scoring procedure, are proposed and found to give a good fit to data in most situations. Some results on strategies used to arrive at the first choice are also discussed
The Dependence of the Yersinia pestis Capsule on Pathogenesis Is Influenced by the Mouse Background

Yersinia pestis is a highly pathogenic Gram-negative organism and the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague. Y. pestis is capable of causing major epidemics; thus, there is a need for vaccine targets and a greater understanding of the role of these targets in pathogenesis. Two prime Y. pestis vaccine candidates are the usher-chaperone fimbriae Psa and Caf. Herein we report that Y. pestis requires, in a nonredundant manner, both PsaA and Caf1 to achieve its full pathogenic ability in both pneumonic and bubonic plague in C57BL/6J mice. Deletion of psaA leads to a decrease in the organ bacterial burden and to a significant increase in the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) after subcutaneous infection. Deletion of caf1 also leads to a significant decrease in the organ bacterial burden but more importantly leads to a significantly greater increase in the LD₅₀ than was observed for the ΔpsaA mutant strain after subcutaneous infection of C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, the degree of attenuation of the Δcaf1 mutant strain is mouse background dependent, as the Δcaf1 mutant strain was attenuated to a lesser degree in BALB/cJ mice by the subcutaneous route than in C57BL/6J mice. This observation that the degree of requirement for Caf1 is dependent on the mouse background indicates that the virulence of Y. pestis is dependent on the genetic makeup of its host and provides further support for the hypothesis that PsaA and Caf1 have different targets.
The Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science, Idea Festival Advisory Committee: Good ideas that need to go further

The Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science, Idea Festival Advisory Committee: Good ideas that need to go further Antonia M. Villarruel, PhD, RN, FAAN*, Julie A. Fairman, PhD, RN, FAAN Office of the Dean, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA
Variable-period magnetostatic undulator designs based on iron-free current configurations

The design of a magnetostatic undulator based on iron-free current configuration is described. Equations describing its performance are derived. Based on this exercise, it is shown that other types of variable-period magnetostatic structures with significantly stronger fields could be implemented. A specific design for a variable-period dipole configuration with the potential for generating moderate fields on medium-energy (2-4 GeV) storage rings is proposed. >
Innovations in the modification of phobic behaviors in two clinical cases

Davison's (1968) technique of orgasmic reorientation was successfullyadapted to the modification of two cases of vaginismus and urination disfunction after systematic desensitization had proved to be ineffective. The therapy is described and discussed as an example of the problem-solving behavior of the behavior modifier in the clinical situation.
Intact Associative Learning in Patients with Schizophrenia: Evidence from a Go/NoGo Paradigm

Objective: Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in executive control and associative learning. In the present study, we investigated the effect of associative learning during a Go/ NoGo task in healthy controls subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty patients with schizophrenia and 30 age-and-gender matched healthy control subjects performed 15 blocks of training and 3 blocks of test trials. The trials consisted of responding to words denoting either living or non-living objects. In the training condition, subjects were instructed to respond by pressing the space bar (Go-task) to one of the word types (living or non-living objects), but not the other. In the test phase, the Go/NoGo mapping was reversed. Subjects were instructed to respond as quickly and as accurately as possible. Reaction times (RT) and accuracy were recorded for each trial and all subjects were debriefed upon completion of the test trials. Results: Patients with schizophrenia had significantly longer Go RTs when compared to the control group, during both training and test trials. However, the two groups did not differ on any measure of associative learning. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that associative learning is intact in schizophrenia patients during the performance of a relational Go/NoGo paradigm.
Multitransformer welding presses

Users OF resistance welding equipment are finding ?presswelding? to be ideally suited to many of their high-production applications. In its general concept, presswelding may be likened to present-day stamping-press practice; however, instead of forming or trimming, the weld press produces from 16 to 160 spot welds practically simultaneously on a given assembly. The welding press also differs from the usual stamping press in that the ram or movable platen is generally located in the lower part of the machine. This arrangement facilitates the location of the welding units and usually favors loading of the parts to be welded. Figure 1 shows three typical press types. The 4-post machine is used for large assemblies while the 2-post or open press is used for smaller operations.
Micromechanics-Based Modeling of Biological Tissues Using the High-Fidelity Generalized Method of Cells

The fundamental problem of micromechanics is the prediction of overall response of a composite material given the properties or response of the individual constituents and their internal geometric arrangement. The recently developed High-Fidelity Generalized Method of Cells is a promising micromechanics model whose predictive capability has been demonstrated for infinitesimal deformations in the presence of inelastic constituent behavior. The extension of this micromechanics model to the finite-deformation regime and incorporation of the quasi-linear viscoelasticity theory for the constituent response extends the range of this model's applicability to the bio-engineering area. Herein, an application involving the response of mitral valve chordae tendineae is presented that demonstrates the model's capability to mimic experimentally-observed response of this class of biological tissues rooted in their characteristic microstructures.
Radar proximity fuzing and the Cold War paradigm

This paper covers an overview of the history of radar proximity fuze design, with an emphasis on previous design approaches of radar fuzing used for strategic and tactical nuclear missiles, and how the Cold War paradigm drove the requirements. Also covered is a discussion of the how the Cold War “chess game” drove the escalation of electronic countermeasures, electronic counter-countermeasures, etc. The paper focuses on design approaches used in the 1950s and early 1960s, which was before the invention of integrated circuits, processors, and solid-state transmitters.
Efficient hierarchic management for reconfiguration of networked information systems

The management of modern distributed systems is complicated by scale and dynamics. Scalable, decoupled communication establishes flexible, loosely coupled component relationships, and these relationships help meet the present demands on management. However, traditional decoupled addressing mechanisms tend to focus the addressing on only one of the parties involved in communication while, in general, a communication relationship involves a sender, communicated content, and receivers. The state of all three are simultaneously relevant to correctness of a management relationship and its communications. We introduce selective notification, a scalable, decoupled event dissemination architecture supporting simultaneous and combined addressing of senders, receivers, and events. We demonstrate its application to programming dynamic, scalable management relationships. We then discuss its implementation, and present measurements of its effective capabilities.
Factors That Impact Expectations Before Total Knee Arthroplasty

This study examined the effect of patient attributes on expectations before total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 1943 patients completed an Expectations Survey before TKA. Demographics, surgical history, baseline Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Lower Extremity Activity Scale score were obtained. On univariate analysis, expectations (mean score, 77.6) correlated with SF-36 General Health, age, SF-36 Vitality, KOOS Quality-of-Life, and Lower Extremity Activity Scale. Living alone and history of joint arthroplasty were associated with significantly lower expectations, whereas male sex and white race were associated with higher expectations. On multivariate regression analysis, age, living situation, history of joint arthroplasty, SF-36 General Health, and KOOS Quality-of-Life remained significant predictors of expectations. Our results suggest that high, possibly unrealistic, expectations of TKA are common and should be moderated to maintain patient satisfaction.
OBSERVATIONS OF FROND GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN PENTAGRAMMA TRIANGULARIS SUBSP. TRIANGULARIS (PTERIDACEAE) OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT Frond growth and development of Pentagramma triangularis subsp. triangularis was examined in canyon populations in Ventura County, California during the winter growing season of 2003. Fronds developed from emerging croziers to full size within 35 days and reached sexual maturity by 70 days. Frond growth occured in two stages with stipe elongation nearly complete when the crozier began to unfurl, about a week before full maturation of the entire frond. Discernable developmental stages are described as well as their respective ages. Fern growth occurred both prior to and after the study frond monitoring period, indicating multiple growth flushes throughout the growing season, possibly related to rain events. Based on these preliminary results, suggestions are offered for further study.
Complete structure and motion from two monocular sequences without stereo correspondence

It is demonstrated that the motion and structure of rigidly moving objects can be completely determined from two monocular image sequences using only temporal matches. Three aspects of this scheme are useful: since stereo matching is not necessary, two cameras can view totally different parts of the rigid scene; as temporal disparity is usually significantly smaller than stereo disparity, matching needs only to deal with relatively small disparities; the recoverable scene structure is defined by the union of the fields of view of two cameras instead of the intersection, and so is much larger than that of a conventional stereo setup. Experiments with synthesized data and real world images are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this scheme. >
Balancing Statutory Privacy and the Public Interest: A Review of State Wiretap Laws as Applied to the Press

This article reviews important factors in United States’ court rulings on state wiretap laws as applied to the press. Specifically, this article examines the application of state wiretap laws to the press in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Bartnicki v. Vopper in which the Court found that the First Amendment’s guarantee of freedom of speech outweighed the privacy interests of those whose private conversation was intercepted without permission.
Standing on the Shoulders of Rio: Greening Mediations Under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act

On June 11, 2003, Bill C-9, An Act to Amend the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, received royal assent. In the midst of such change, this paper examines the role of mediation in the federal assessment process. Although CEAA contains many references to mediation, this form of alternative dispute resolution has never been used under the Act. Consequently, federal assessments have neither enjoyed the advantages nor suffered the disadvantages that mediation offers. This paper explores ways to limit these disadvantages. Indeed, environmental mediations have many dangers. Although they hope to create a private forum in which interested parties can reach an agreement, environmental disputes are public, not private. Consequently, many dangers arise, including power imbalances between the parties; the under-representation of environmental interests; private analyses of public risks; and the unaccountability of mediation settlements. This paper suggests the federal government, using the principles of public participation and precaution found in the Rio Declaration, must refine CEAA’s use of environmental mediation. Filtered through these principles, CEAA mediations could minimize their inherent disadvantages and become a framework for sustainable development.
Michigan School Finance Under Proposal A: State Control, Local Consequences

The authors look at the impact on Michigan's public school system of Proposal A, a 1994 ballot measure that shifted school funding from the property tax to the sales tax. Proposal A has led to a significant reduction in property taxes, while simultaneously reducing inequities in the resources provided for Michigan public schools; however, a growing number of school districts have experienced revenue losses, the authors say.
Outdoor Water Use as an Adaptation Problem: Insights from North American Cities

Recent efforts to influence the efficiency and timing of urban indoor water use through education, technology, conservation, reuse, economic incentives, and regulatory mechanisms have enabled many North American cities to accommodate population growth and buffer impacts of drought. It is unlikely that this approach will be equally successful into the future because the source of conservation will shift from indoor to outdoor use. Outdoor water is climate sensitive, difficult to measure, hard to predict, linked to other components of complex and dynamic urban resource systems, imbued with behavioral and cultural dimensions, and implicated in societal conflicts about climate risk, modern lifestyles, social justice, and future growth. Outdoor water conservation is not a traditional management problem focused on the water sector, assuming a stationary climate, and set aside from public debate. Instead, outdoor water is an adaptation problem, involving complex and uncertain system dynamics, the need for cross-sector coordination, strategies for dealing with climatic uncertainty, and mechanisms for engaging stakeholders with differing goals. This paper makes the case for treating outdoor water as an adaptation problem and offers a six-point strategy for how cities can better prepare their water systems for the uncertainties of climate and societal change.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Induce Angiogenesis via Microvesicle Transport of miRNA-31

Cell secretion is an important mechanism for stem cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis, along with cell differentiation to vascular endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. Cell-released microvesicles (MVs) have been recently implicated to play an essential role in intercellular communication. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential effects of stem cell-released MVs in proangiogenic therapy. We observed for the first time that MVs were released from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and were able to increase the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Endothelial differentiation medium (EDM) preconditioning of ASCs upregulated the release of MVs and enhanced the angiogenic effect of the released MVs in vitro. RNA analysis revealed that microRNA was enriched in ASC-released MVs and that the level of microRNA-31 (miR-31) in MVs was notably elevated upon EDM-preconditioning of MV-donor ASCs. Further studies exhibited that miR-31 in MVs contributed to the migration and tube formation of HUVECs, microvessel outgrowth of mouse aortic rings, and vascular formation of mouse Matrigel plugs. Moreover, factor-inhibiting HIF-1, an antiangiogenic gene, was identified as the target of miR-31 in HUVECs. Our findings provide the first evidence that MVs from ASCs, particularly from EDM-preconditioned ASCs, promote angiogenesis and the delivery of miR-31 may contribute the proangiogenic effect.
Unsolved problems in plasmasphere refilling

The plasmasphere is a cold (~1 eV) plasma at middle to low magnetic latitudes surrounding the Earth. Its shape is dominated by Earth's magnetic field and its cross-field motion is dominated by electric fields. It is a highly coupled part of the inner magnetosphere. Storm time conditions erode the outer plasmasphere, transporting that plasma into the dayside magnetosheath region, leaving behind a region of greatly reduced plasma density that will refill from ionospheric outflow. The processes involved in refilling remain incompletely understood. In this commentary, outstanding questions about plasmaspheric refilling are summarized in the context of recent publications.
Nationwide water availability data for energy-water modeling.

The purpose of this effort is to explore where the availability of water could be a limiting factor in the siting of new electric power generation. To support this analysis, water availability is mapped at the county level for the conterminous United States (3109 counties). Five water sources are individually considered, including unappropriated surface water, unappropriated groundwater, appropriated water (western U.S. only), municipal wastewater and brackish groundwater. Also mapped is projected growth in non-thermoelectric consumptive water demand to 2035. Finally, the water availability metrics are accompanied by estimated costs associated with utilizing that particular supply of water. Ultimately these data sets are being developed for use in the National Renewable Energy Laboratories' (NREL) Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model, designed to investigate the likely deployment of new energy installations in the U.S., subject to a number of constraints, particularly water.
Value-Added Chemicals from Microalgae: Greener, More Economical, or Both?

This paper addresses the sustainable design and synthesis of manufacturing processes for making algal bioproducts. We propose by far the most comprehensive superstructure capable of producing biodiesel, hydrogen, propylene glycol, glycerol-tert-butyl ether, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from microalgae. The major processing sections include cultivation, harvesting, lipid extraction, remnant treatment, biogas utilization, biofuel proneduction, and bioproduct manufacturing. On the basis of the superstructure, we integrate a cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis and techno-economic analysis with multiobjective optimization to simultaneously optimize the environmental and economic performance. We also apply a tailored global optimization algorithm to efficiently solve the problem in reasonable computation times. Results show that the most environmentally sustainable processes reduce life cycle greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram of the algal bioproducts by 5% to 63%, compared with petrochemical counterparts. In a...
Field Curvature Aberration: What is New?

This presentation provides an overview of field curvature aberration. Historical aspects and current correction techniques are discussed.
Alternative Explanation for the Apparent "Two-Step" Binding Kinetics of High-Affinity Racemic Antagonist Radioligands

Recent studies of agonist and antagonist binding to the beta -adrenergic receptor and to other receptors have established the notion of agonist specific binding properties unshared by antagonists and reflecting the activation of the effector. However, previous reports on the dissociation kinetics of the widely used high-affinity beta -adrenergic antagonist (±)-[ 125 I]hydroxybenzylpindolol (HYP) have indicated complex binding kinetics which led to the proposal of a receptor isomerization model involving antagonist promoted transitions. We report here that the binding properties of two high-affinity beta -adrenergic antagonists can be fully explained by their racemic nature. (a) Binding data for the association and the dissociation kinetics of (±)-[ 125 I]HYP to frog erythrocyte membranes can be adequately fitted by computer modeling assuming different rate constants for each enantiomer. (b) In contrast, purified (+)-[ 125 I]HYP shows only uniphasic fast-dissociation kinetics. (c) Similarly, the antagonists (-)-[ 3 H]carazolol and (±)-[ 3 H]carazolol show uniphasic slow-dissociation kinetics and biphasic dissociation kinetics, respectively. These results demonstrate that the complex binding kinetics of these high-affinity racemic radioligands are not due to receptor state transitions but rather to simultaneous binding of both isomers.
The War Memoirs of Rachel Maccabi

In her article "The War Memoirs of Rachel Maccabi" Ilana Rosen analyzes the memoirs of Rachel Maccabi (1915-2003) about her sacrifices to fulfill the Zionist creed. Raised in a well-off Zionist family, Maccabi moved to Israel/Palestine in the mid-1930s, served in the Haganah pre-State military organization, and later became an army officer. Her first husband fell in the 1948 War of Independence and her son in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Between 1964 and 1992 Maccabi published five memoirs. Rosen focuses on Maccabi's last three memoirs, in which she responds to the deaths of her husband and son in Israel's wars with varying degrees of restraint versus disclosure while also criticizing the decline of ideologist, collectivist Zionist values in Israel of the late twentieth century.