cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term temporal trends and spatial patterns in the acid-base chemistry of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York in response to decreases in acidic deposition

We examined the response of lake water chemistry in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA to decreases in acid deposition. Striking declines in the concentrations and fluxes of sulfate and hydrogen ion in wet deposition have been observed since the late 1970s, while significant decreases in nitrate have been evident since the early 2000s. Decreases in estimated dry sulfur and nitrate deposition have also occurred in the Adirondacks, but with no change in dry to wet deposition ratios. These patterns follow long-term decreases in anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the U.S. over the same interval. All of the 48 lakes monitored through the Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring program since 1992 have exhibited significant declines in sulfate concentrations, consistent with reductions in atmospheric deposition of sulfur. Nitrate concentrations have also significantly diminished at variable rates in many (33 of 48) lakes. Decreases in concentrations of sulfate plus nitrate (48 of 48) in lakes have driven widespread increases in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC; 42 of 48) and lab pH (33 of 48), and decreases in the toxic fraction, inorganic monomeric Al (45 of 48). Coincident with decreases in acid deposition, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have also increased in some (29 of 48) lakes. While recovery from elevated acid deposition is evident across Adirondack lakes, highly sensitive and impacted mounded seepages lakes and thin till drainage lakes are recovering most rapidly. Future research might focus on how much additional recovery could be achieved given the current deposition relative to future deposition anticipated under the Clean Power Plan, ecosystem effects of increased mobilization of dissolved organic matter, and the influence of changing climate on recovery from acidification.
Study of a high power sine waveguide traveling wave tube amplifier centered at 8 GHz

Performance of a 20-stage X-band sine waveguide amplifier, driven by a 40 A, 100 kV, cylindrical electron beam, is studied using numerical simulation and interpreted using Pierce's classical traveling wave tube theory. For an input signal power level of 1.8 kW, particle-in-cell simulations predict gain and bandwidth values exceeding 14 dB and 13%, respectively. For an input signal power level of 7.2 kW, particle-in-cell simulations predict gain and bandwidth values exceeding 12 dB and 15%, respectively, with output power levels exceeding 110 kW at peak gain. Also given are: an assessment of the space charge factor (Pierce's QC parameter) for the complex circuit using simulation data, and an evaluation of the harmonic contents in the beam current.
A humanist's legacy: Burton Blatt and the origins of the disability rights movement.

Burton Blatt was one of the pioneering figures in the disability rights movement. Yet his legacy and its implications for the field of developmental disabilities at a time of reaction and rights retrenchment need to be more widely shared.
Embryonic ablation of neuronal VGF increases energy expenditure and reduces body weight

Germline ablation of VGF, a secreted neuronal, neuroendocrine, and endocrine peptide precursor, results in lean, hypermetabolic, and infertile adult mice that are resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically-induced obesity and diabetes (Hahm et al., 1999, 2002). To assess whether this phenotype is predominantly driven by reduced VGF expression in developing and/or adult neurons, or in peripheral endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues, we generated and analyzed conditional VGF knockout mice, obtained by mating loxP-flanked (floxed) Vgf mice with either pan-neuronal Synapsin-Cre- or forebrain alpha-CaMKII-Cre-recombinase-expressing transgenic mice. Adult male and female mice, with conditional ablation of the Vgf gene in embryonic neurons had significantly reduced body weight, increased energy expenditure, and were resistant to diet-induced obesity. Conditional forebrain postnatal ablation of VGF in male mice, primarily in adult excitatory neurons, had no measurable effect on body weight nor on energy expenditure, but led to a modest increase in adiposity, partially overlapping the effect of AAV-Cre-mediated targeted ablation of VGF in the adult ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus of floxed Vgf mice (Foglesong et al., 2016), and also consistent with results of icv delivery of the VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 to adult mice, which resulted in increased energy expenditure and reduced adiposity (Bartolomucci et al., 2006). Because the lean, hypermetabolic phenotype of germline VGF knockout mice is to a great extent recapitulated in Syn-Cre+/-,Vgfflpflox/flpflox mice, we conclude that the metabolic profile of germline VGF knockout mice is largely the result of VGF ablation in embryonic CNS neurons, rather than peripheral endocrine and/or neuroendocrine cells, and that in forebrain structures such as hypothalamus, VGF and/or VGF-derived peptides play uniquely different roles in the developing and adult nervous system.
Abstract B83: The association between patterns of regular mammography use and body weight and ethnicity: The multiethnic cohort

Background: Weight gain and obesity are associated with increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Further, women who develop breast cancer and are obese have a poorer prognosis compared to women of normal weight. Regular mammography every 1–2 years has been recommended by many organizations as the gold standard for early breast cancer detection, but adherence to these recommendations may differ both by weight and race/ethnicity. In the Hawaii and Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study, only 53% of non-Hispanic White, 49% of Japanese American, 45% of Native Hawaiian, 42% of Hispanic and 44% of African American women reported having had a mammography regularly every 1–2 years over a 6-year period of follow-up. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the association between body mass index (BMI) and frequency of regular mammography over an approximate 6-year period within this study after controlling for the influence of demographic and behavioral factors, and medical history. This association was examined overall and by race/ethnicity in a multiethnic cohort of women aged 45–74 years including African American, Japanese American, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian, and non-Hispanic White women. Data Analysis: The data analysis included 81,722 women from the Hawaii and Los Angeles MEC. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between BMI and regular annual or biennial (every 1–2 years) mammography overall and by race/ethnicity. Findings: The findings of the study revealed approximately 71% of MEC African American women were overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2), followed by Native Hawaiian (65%); Hispanic (64%), non-Hispanic White (42%) and Japanese American (27%) women. Women who were overweight (OR=0.96; 95% CI 0.92–1.01) or obese (OR=0.88; 95% CI 0.84–0.93) were less likely to have regular annual mammography compared to women of normal weight. With the exception of Japanese Americans, the odds of having regular annual mammography was lower for women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 compared to normal BMI for each racial/ethnic group; this association was statistically significant for non-Hispanic White, Native Hawaiian and African American women (p Conclusions: BMI is negatively associated with regular annual and biennial mammography in multiethnic women warranting the need for culturally sensitive educational strategies that promote healthy behaviors toward regular mammography and maintenance of normal BMI.
“Men never cry”: Teaching Mormon Manhood in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

We examine the ways Mormon leaders establish “what it means to be a man” for their followers. Based on content analysis of over 40 years of archival material, we analyze how Mormon leaders represen...
Immune modulator-induced changes in the gastrointestinal tract - reply

We thank Bavi et al for their response to our article, which includes a series of 34 gastrointestinal biopsies from 21 patients taking a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor. It is not surprising that a sizable minority of their colon cases demonstrated increased intraepithelial lymphocytes; indeed, we considered it somewhat unusual that our cohort generally did not express this finding, given that CTLA-4 inhibitors commonly induce this pattern of injury in humans. Since publication of our series, we have learned of several additional cases of PD-1 inhibitor colitis, some from the literature1 and others from lecture presentations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
ANALISA EFEKTIFITAS METODE FORWARD CHAINING DAN BACKWARD CHAINING PADA SISTEM PAKAR

The use of forward-chaining and backward-chaining in expert system is something usual. Where forward-chaining is a data-driven algorithm, while backward-chaining is goal-driven. Both methods are usually used for reasoning. Here, the writer will analyze effective the both method in their using for expert system.
Analysis of RAS as a tumor suppressor

The RAS GTPases are among the best-understood oncogenes that promote human cancer. Many have argued that non-mutated, wild-type, RAS also functions as a tumor suppressor. The arguments for RAS tumor suppressor activity often involve data that are claimed to be inconsistent with known principles of RAS biology. RAS tumor suppressor activity is invoked to explain these observations. Here, we consider an alternative hypothesis: these data are actually consistent with RAS biology. We investigate by using our previously developed mathematical model of RAS regulation. We find that three of five arguments for RAS having tumor suppressor activity are based upon data that the model demonstrates are actually consistent with known RAS biology. We also find that the other two types of data interpreted to indicate a tumor suppressor effect can be explained by our model with the additional assumption that RAS protein expression does not vary proportionally with gene dosage. Measurements of RAS protein expression as a function of gene dosage could help resolve whether or not RAS has tumor suppressor activity. Overall, we conclude that the evidence for RAS having tumor suppressor activity is much less strong that it has appeared.
Nonlinear Control for Spacecraft Pursuit-Evasion Game Using the State-Dependent Riccati Equation Method

Spacecraft pursuit-evasion game is formulated as a two-player zero-sum differential game. The Hill reference frame is used to describe the dynamics of the game. The goal is to derive feedback control law which forms a saddle point solution to the game. Both spacecraft use continuous-thrust engines. The linear quadratic differential game theory is applied to derive a linear control law. This theory is extended to derive a nonlinear control law using the state-dependent Riccati equation method. A state-dependent coefficient matrix is developed for this purpose. Various scenarios are considered for comparing the performance of the linear and nonlinear laws. In all the scenarios, the efficacy of the nonlinear control law is found to be superior to that of the linear control law with computation cost similar to the linear law.
A computer vision for animal ecology.

1.A central goal of animal ecology is to observe species in the natural world. The cost and challenge of data collection often limit the breadth and scope of ecological study. Ecologists often use image capture to bolster data collection in time and space. However, the ability to process these images remains a bottleneck. 2.Computer vision can greatly increase the efficiency, repeatability, and accuracy of image review. Computer vision uses image features, such as color, shape, and texture to infer image content. 3.I provide a brief primer on ecological computer vision to outline its goals, tools and applications to animal ecology. 4.I reviewed 187 existing applications of computer vision and divided articles into ecological description, counting, and identity tasks. 5.I discuss recommendations for enhancing the collaboration between ecologists and computer scientists and highlight areas for future growth of automated image analysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Preserving grammatical functions in LFG

Patejuk and Przepiorkowski (2016) have provided arguments and evidence to call into question the traditional role that named grammatical functions have played in the descriptions and representations of Lexical Functional Grammar. They propose reducing the number of distinguished function names to a much more limited set. In this brief paper I examine a few of their observations and find them not yet convincing enough to justify such a fundamental revision of LFG theory. I am also concerned that a less refined structure at the interface between syntax and semantics will only shift to the semantic interpretation component the descriptive and explanatory burden of interpreting idiosyncratic morphosyntactic properties. I conclude that most if not all grammatical function distinctions should be preserved in LFG functional structures.
Reciprocity, hierarchy, and obligation in world politics: From Kula to Potlatch

The observation that agents and structures are co-constituted is now commonplace, yet scholars continue to struggle to incorporate this insight. Rationalists tend to overemphasize actors’ agency in...
Relationship between race and community water and sewer service in North Carolina, USA

Previous evidence has identified potential racial disparities in access to community water and sewer service in peri-urban areas adjacent to North Carolina municipalities. We performed the first quantitative, multi-county analysis of these disparities. Using publicly available data, we identified areas bordering municipalities and lacking community water and/or sewer service in 75 North Carolina counties. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between race and access to service in peri-urban areas, controlling for population density, median home value, urban status, and percent white in the adjacent municipality. In the peri-urban areas analyzed, 67% of the population lacked community sewer service, and 33% lacked community water service. In areas other than those with no black residents, odds of having community water service (p<0.01) or at least one of the two services (p<0.05) were highest for census blocks with a small proportion of black residents and lowest in 100% black census blocks, though this trend did not hold for access to community sewer service alone. For example, odds of community water service were 85% higher in areas that were greater than 0% but less than 22% black than in 100% black areas (p<0.001). Peri-urban census blocks without black populations had the lowest odds of community water service, community sewer service, and at least one of the two services, but this difference was only statistically significant for sewer. Peri-urban areas lacking service with no black residents were wealthier than 100% black areas and areas with any percent black greater than 0%. Findings suggest two unserved groups of differing racial and socioeconomic status: (1) lower-income black populations potentially excluded from municipal services during the era of legal racial segregation and (2) higher-income non-black populations. Findings also suggest greater racial disparities in community water than community sewer services statewide.
Predictors of Postdeployment Prescription Opioid Receipt and Long-term Prescription Opioid Utilization Among Army Active Duty Soldiers

Introduction Little is known about long-term prescription opioid utilization in the Military Health System. The objectives of this study were to examine predictors of any prescription opioid receipt, and predictors of long-term opioid utilization among active duty soldiers in the year following deployment. Materials and Methods The analytic sample consisted of Army active duty soldiers returning from deployment to Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn in fiscal years 2008-2014 (N = 540,738). The Heckman probit procedure was used to jointly examine predictors of any opioid prescription receipt and long-term opioid utilization (i.e., an episode of 90 days or longer where days-supply covered at least two-thirds of days) in the postdeployment year. Predictors were based on diagnoses and characteristics of opioid prescriptions. Results More than one-third of soldiers (34.8%, n = 188,211) had opioid receipt, and among those soldiers, 3.3% had long-term opioid utilization (or 1.1% of the cohort, n = 6,188). The largest magnitude predictors of long-term opioid utilization were receiving a long-acting opioid within the first 30 days of the episode, diagnoses of chronic pain (no specified source), back/neck pain, or peripheral/central nervous system pain, and severe pain score in vital records. Conclusions Soldiers returning from deployment were more likely to receive an opioid prescription than the overall active duty population, and 1.1% initiated a long-term opioid episode. We report a declining rate of opioid receipt and long-term opioid utilization among Army members from fiscal years 2008-2014. This study demonstrates that the most important predictors of opioid receipt were not demographic factors, but generally clinical indicators of acute pain or physical trauma.
The mediating roles of guilt- and shame-proneness in predicting self-forgiveness

Abstract Few studies have sought to explain individual differences in dispositional self-forgiveness, and existing findings have not always matched expectations (e.g., unexpectedly small sex differences). We introduce a framework for predicting self-forgiveness that explains existing findings while predicting novel relationships. In our framework, guilt- and shame-proneness mediate relationships with self-forgiveness in two patterns. We suggest that when guilt and shame vary in the same direction (as in sex differences), their indirect effects offset one another, resulting in weak differences. When guilt and shame vary in opposite directions (as in age), larger differences should emerge. We provide a test of predictions with respect to sex and age in an MTurk sample (n = 400) and secondary analyses of two public datasets (n = 655). Consistent with our framework, guilt and shame offset one another in sex differences in all three samples and mediated 71%–72% of age variance in self-forgiveness. Our study clarifies sex and age findings, predicts and explains the roles of guilt and shame in relationships with self-forgiveness, and introduces a new framework for understanding individual differences in self-forgiveness.
Tellurorhodamine photocatalyzed aerobic oxidation of organo-silanes and phosphines by visible-light

Tellurorhodamine, 9-mesityl-3,6-bis(dimethylamino)telluroxanthylium hexafluorophosphate (1), photocatalytically oxidizes aromatic and aliphatic silanes and triphenyl phosphine under mild aerobic conditions. Under irradiation with visible light, 1 can react with self-sensitized 1O2 to generate the active telluroxide oxidant (2). Silanes are oxidized to silanols and triphenyl phosphine is oxidized to triphenyl phoshine oxide either using 2, or 1 with aerobic irradiation. Kinetic experiments coupled with a computational study elucidate possible mechanisms of oxidation for both silane and phosphine substrates. First-order rates were observed in the oxidation of triphenyl phosphine and methyldiphenyl silane, indicating a substitution like mechanism for substrate binding to the oxidized tellurium(IV). Additionally, these reactions exhibited a rate-dependence on water. Oxidations were typically run in 50 : 50 water/methanol, however, the absence of water decreased the rates of silane oxidation to a greater degree than triphenyl phosphine oxidation. Parallel results were observed in solvent kinetic isotope experiments using D2O in the solvent mixture. The rates of oxidation were slowed to a greater degree in silane oxidation by 2 (kH/kD = 17.30) than for phosphine (kH/kD = 6.20). Various silanes and triphenyl phosphine were photocatalytically oxidized with 1 (5%) under irradiation with warm white LEDs using atmospheric oxygen as the terminal oxidant.
A Robust Control Architecture for Mitigating Sensor and Actuator Attacks on PV Converter

The cybersecurity of the modern control system is becoming a critical issue to the cyber-physical systems (CPS). Mitigating potential cyberattacks in the control system is an important concern in the controller design to enhance the resilience of the overall system. This paper presents a novel robust control architecture for the PV converter system to mitigate the sensor and actuator attack and reduce the influence of the system uncertainty. The sensor and actuator attack is a vicious attack scenario when the attack signals are injected into the sensor and actuator in a CPS simultaneously. A p-synthesis robust control architecture is proposed to mitigate the sensor and actuator attack and limit the system uncertainty perturbations in a DC-DC photovoltaic (PV) converter. A new system state matrix and control architecture is presented by integrating the original system state, injected attack signals and system uncertainty perturbations. In the case study, the proposed μ-synthesis robust controller exhibits a robust performance in the face of the sensor and actuator attack.
Fundamentals of Husserl’s Theory of Intentionality

We turn now to Husserl’s theory of intentionality. We see this theory as differing fundamentally from theories that take what we have called the “object-approach” to intentionality. To articulate this difference in a clear and convincing way is one of our most important tasks. Our interpretation of Husserl’s theory of intentionality, our understanding of Husserl’s phenomenology in general, and our own treatment of some of the problems of intentionality in later chapters are all predicated on a proper appreciation of this difference.
A compact Raman converter for UV-VIS spectrometers

A small form factor, easily constructed converter that adapts fiber coupled UV/VIS CCD detector-based spectrometers into a right angle scattering Raman spectrometer is described. Its design philosophy and design are discussed. An example measurement, the depolarization ratio of carbon tetrachloride, a classic Raman test compound, is presented. The unique instrument features a blue-violet (405 nm wavelength) diode laser that takes advantage of the inverse fourth power wavelength dependence of Raman scattering. The converter also features Glan-Thompson polarizing prisms that enable measurement of depolarization ratios. The spectrometer is also capable of measuring a standard Raman spectrum. A fiber optic link offers flexibility when adapting the converter to any spectrometer system that accepts a fiber optic input. The performance of the instrument is critically discussed in the context of an example measurement.
Soil Carbon Dynamics in Different Land-Use and Management Systems in Tropical Coastal Regions of India

Carbon dynamics in both East and West coasts of India under different land-use systems are discussed in this chapter. We primarily focused on East coast regions and rice-based cropping systems. However, horticulture, forestry, agroforestry, and horti-silvi-pastoral and mangrove ecosystem are covered with the light of different carbon pool stocks and sequestration rate and their dynamics. Rice-based production systems, particularly rice-rice, rice-fish, and rice-pulse are analyzed on the aspect of carbon pool dynamics both under organic and inorganic nutrient management practices in Eastern India. Forest and mangrove ecosystem showed a distinct carbon sequestration potential which acts as carbon sink. West coast behaved differently than that of East coast in respect of carbon stocks and carbon dynamics in forest and mangrove systems. Scientific manipulation of coastal land-use could provide a potential solution to climate change mitigation and GHG emission. Conversion from plow to no till, incorporation of cover crop and forage crops in rotation, judicious use of crop residues, mulching, and climate-resilient practices are some of these kinds. We know that soil erosion by water and air in the widespread degradation process in coastal region in India and adaptation of economic and conservation-effective measures could reduce erosion and greenhouse gas emission and retain soil organic carbon pools in those vulnerable regions.
Water desalination performance of h-BN and optimized charged graphene membranes

Water desalination using pressure-driven flow in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and charged nanoporous graphene membranes are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Nanoporous h-BN membranes with pore diameters of 10.1 A, 12.2 A, and 14.7 A were selected to compare with the desalination performance of uncharged nanoporous graphene membranes with similar pore diameters. Salt rejection efficiency of uncharged graphene membranes is superior to that of h-BN, and the pressure drop for both materials exhibits the same inverse-cubic dependence on the pore diameter, regardless of the hydrophobic versus hydrophilic nature of graphene and h-BN, respectively. Charged graphene membranes with pore diameters of 15.9 A, 18.9 A, and 20.2 A were also considered, and 15.9 A pore diameter with total fixed charge of 12e was found to be the optimum setting for single-layer graphene membrane, resulting in 100% and 98% rejection efficiencies for Na+ and Cl− ions, respectively. The corresponding pressure drop is 51.8% lower than that obtained with 9.9 A pore diameter uncharged graphene with 100% salt rejection. To maintain perfect salt removal, 15.9 A pore diameter charged bilayer graphene membranes with 12e total charge on the first layer, and − 1e on the second one was simulated at different separation distances between the two membranes. The associated pressure drop is 35.7% lower than that obtained in 9.9 A pore diameter uncharged base-line case. These findings confirm the potential application of using charged bilayer nanoporous graphene membranes in improving the performance of reverse osmosis desalination systems.
Predictors of individual variation in reversal learning performance in three-spined sticklebacks

Behavioral flexibility is a type of phenotypic plasticity that can influence how animals cope with environmental change and is often measured with a reversal learning paradigm. The goal of this study was to understand why individuals differ in behavioral flexibility, and whether individual differences in behavioral flexibility fit the predictions of coping styles theory. We tested whether individual variation in flexibility correlates with response to novelty (response to a novel object), boldness (emergence into a novel environment), and behavioral persistence (response to a barrier), and tested for trade-offs between how quickly individuals learn an initial discrimination and flexibility. We compare results when reversal learning performance is measured during an early step of reversal learning (e.g. the number of errors during the first reversal session) to when reversal learning performance is measured by time to criterion. Individuals that made fewer mistakes during an early step of reversal learning spent more time away from the novel object, were less bold, less persistent, and performed worse during initial discrimination learning. In contrast, time to criterion was not correlated with any of the behaviors measured. This result highlights the utility of dissecting the steps of reversal learning to better understand variation in behavioral flexibility. Altogether, this study suggests that individuals differ in flexibility because flexibility is a key ingredient to their overall integrated strategy for coping with environmental challenges.
Identifying Government Speech

The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the Speech Clause of the First Amendment to mean that when the government distributes money or other resources to private speakers, it generally may not discriminate among speakers based on viewpoint. The government is, however, allowed to express its own viewpoint, even if it enlists the aid of private parties to get the message out, as long as the communication does not violate some separate legal restriction, such as the Establishment Clause. Together, these understandings form the core of what has become known as the government speech doctrine. This doctrine signals that distinguishing between government speech and private speech will become crucial in many cases involving either the Speech Clause or the Establishment Clause. While the Court has announced the distinction in general terms and has decided cases based on it - including a notable case in 2009 involving Ten Commandments monuments - the Court has yet to announce a standard by which judges can reliably identify government speech across a range of cases. After examining several attempts by others to formulate such a standard, this Article suggests that the Court has now identified three basic types of government speech. Accordingly, the Article proposes a three-factor test for identifying government speech, demonstrating how the test could function as a unifying explanation of precedent and a uniform method of resolving future cases.
Utilization of Flexible-Wearable Sensors to Describe the Kinematics of Surgical Proficiency

Abstract Background Traditional assessment (e.g., checklists, videotaping) for surgical proficiency may lead to subjectivity and does not predict performance in the clinical setting. Hand motion analysis is evolving as an objective tool for grading technical dexterity; however, most devices accompany with technical limitations or discomfort. We purpose the use of flexible wearable sensors to evaluate the kinematics of surgical proficiency. Methods Surgeons were recruited and performed a vascular anastomosis task in a single institution. A modified objective structured assessment of technical skills (mOSATS) was used for technical qualification. Flexible wearable sensors (BioStamp RCTM, mc10 Inc., Lexington, MA) were placed on the dorsum of the dominant hand (DH) and nondominant hand (nDH) to measure kinematic parameters: path length (Tpath), mean (Vmean) and peak (Vpeak) velocity, number of hand movements (Nmove), ratio of DH to nDH movements (rMov), and time of task (tTask) and further compared with the mOSATS score. Results Participants were categorized as experts (n = 12) and novices (n = 8) based on a cutoff mean mOSATS score. Significant differences for tTask (P = 0.02), rMov (P = 0.07), DH Tpath (P = 0.04), Vmean (P = 0.07), Vpeak (P = 0.04), and nDH Nmove (P = 0.02) were in favor of the experts. Overall, mOSATS had significant correlation with tTask (r = −0.69, P = 0.001), Nmove of DH (r = −0.44, P = 0.047) and nDH (r = −0.66, P = 0.001), and rMov (r = 0.52, P = 0.017). Conclusions Hand motion analysis evaluated by flexible wearable sensors is feasible and informative. Experts utilize coordinated two-handed motion, whereas novices perform one-handed tasks in a hastily jerky manner. These tendencies create opportunity for improvement in surgical proficiency among trainees.
Development of a macroalgal biomass sensor for an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system

This article presents the initial development of a biomass sensor to monitor the growth of macroalgae (seaweeds) in the Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University. The sensor utilizes a combined optical/acoustic means to quantify the seaweed biomass. Such configuration ensures the sensor providing robust coverage under different ambient conditions and biomass densities. After the biomass sensor’s performance has been validated in the lab environment, we deployed the sensor at the macroalgal seaweed cultivation raceway to quantify the seaweed density. The data processing procedures are documented, and the field test results are presented. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of this approach and future application of the sensor to drive a machine learning-based prediction biomass model are discussed.
Direct Transfer of Metabolites Via Enzyme-Enzyme Complexes: Evidence and Physiological Significance

This paper deals with the transfer of metabolites (M) from one enzyme site (E1), the site of synthesis, to another enzyme site (E2), the site of utilization. Some such metabolite transfers have already been demonstrated to proceed by the direct interaction of a pair of enzymes involved in sequential steps of a metabolic pathway (Weber and Bernhard, 1982; Srivastava and Bernhard, 1984, 1985, 1986a, b). In such transfers the common metabolite is not exposed to an intermediate “solvent” environment. This direct transfer process is in contrast to the usually implicit model of metabolite transfer via dissociation from E1 and subsequent arrival at E2 via random diffusion through the aqueous environment (Eq. 1).
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance-detectable Electron Acceptors in Beef Heart Mitochondria UBIHYDROQUINONE-CYTOCHROME c REDUCTASE SEGMENT OF THE ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM AND COMPLEX MITOCHONDRIAL FRAGMENTS

Abstract The electron acceptors in ubihydroquinone-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III) derived from beef heart mitochondria were investigated by low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at ≤20 K and optical reflectance spectroscopy at 100 K. Three resonances were resolved in the region where the low field lines of low spin ferric heme compounds are usually found. These lines were assigned to cytochromes c1 (gz = 3.33), bk (gz = 3.44), and bt (gz = 3.78) on the basis of correlation with optical spectra during reduction. A broad line typical of the center line (gy) of a low spin ferric heme is seen at g ∼ 2. Other EPR-detectable electron acceptors in Complex III are the iron-sulfur center previously detected by EPR at 77° (J. S. Rieske, D. H. MacLennan, and R. Coleman (1964) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 15, 338); a species whose signal appears at g = 1.93 on reduction, presumably an iron-sulfur protein, and possibly due to contamination with succinate-ubiquinone reductase (Complex II); two acceptors of unknown structure and function, one with a signal centered at g = 2.01 (oxidized form) and the other with lines at g = 2.04 and 1.99. The signal of the latter is absent in the oxidized state, appears on partial reduction and disappears on complete reduction, indicating that three discrete oxidation states may be involved. The behavior of all of these species was studied during reductive anaerobic titration of Complex III with dithionite and of more integrated preparations, such as DPNH-cytochrome c reductase and particles derived from beef heart mitochondria by sonication, with DPNH or dithionite as reductant. An attempt is made to compare the experimentally determined capacity for electron uptake with the amounts of known electron acceptors in samples of these preparations.
The Agrarian Dispute: The Expropriation of American-Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico

List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: The Interplay between Domestic Affairs and Foreign Relations 1 Part I. Domestic Origins of an International Conflict 1. The Roots of the Agrarian Dispute 17 2. El asalto a las tierras y la huelga de los sentados: How Local Agency Shaped Agrarian Reform in the Mexicali Valley 44 3. The Expropriation of American-Owned Land in Baja California: Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Factors 77 4. Domestic Politics and the Expropriation of American-Owned Land in the Yaqui Valley 103 5. The Sonoran Reparto: Where Domestic and International Forces Meet 138 Part II. Diplomatic Resolution of an International Conflict 6. The End of U.S. Intervention in Mexico: The Roosevelt Administration Accommodates Mexico City 159 7. Diplomatic Weapons of the Weak: Cardenas's Administration Outmaneuvers Washington 194 8. The 1941 Global Settlement: The End of the Agrarian Dispute and the Start of a New Era in U.S.-Mexican Relations 232 Conclusion: Moving away from Balkanized History 267 Notes 85 Bibliography 343 Index 371
I/O Granularity Transformations

In compiling I/O intensive operations, it is important to pay attention to the operating system features available for enhancing I/O performance. One such useful feature implemented by several current operating system is the write-back facility, in which the output data is cached in main memory buffers and then slowly written to disks. Since the buffers are of limited size, this feature can be made much more effective if the compiler can transform very large output operations into a sequence of smaller operations. In this paper, we present a static analysis technique through which the compiler can perform such transformations automatically.
Variability in Nanoscale FinFET Technologies

Stochastic process variability is a major obstacle to scaling field-effect transistor (FET) dimensions toward the nanometer regime. The impacts of line edge roughness (LER), random dopant fluctuation (RDF), oxide thickness fluctuation (OTF), and work function variation (WFV) can significantly affect the performance of individual transistors through random variations in device metrics such as threshold voltage (V T), on-state drive current (I on), off-state leakage current (I off), subthreshold swing (SS), and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). In this chapter, we provide an introductory overview to process variability in modern fabrication and investigate in detail how LER and RDF affect inversion-mode (IM) and junctionless (JL) FinFET performance variability for sub-32nm technology nodes. The insights gained in this study will enable us to understand how different variability mechanisms affect the fundamental operation of IM- and JL-FinFETs, and also allow us to evaluate the viability of JL versus IM technology to meet future design challenges in the nanoscale era.
Robust stability of delta-operator discrete-time systems using frequency-domain graphical approach

Concerns a Delta-operator approach to approximation of an analog system. It has several advantages over the q-operator approximation, including convergence of digital results and models to their continuous counterparts as the sampling rate is increased, so that a uniform set of techniques for the stability and control can be obtained for both analog and discrete-time systems. The Delta-operator formulated systems, which in the limit approach their analog counterparts, seem to be suitable for a straight forward robust stability analysis of digital systems, for the available analog stability techniques may be easily extended to a Delta-operator formulated digital model. In this paper, a review of the Delta-operator formulation of an analog system, and its stability and robust stability analysis techniques are presented. Moreover, some of the existing analog robust stability techniques are evaluated for extension to Delta-operator formulated digital systems.
Understanding Biological Mechanisms: Using Illustrations from Circadian Rhythm Research

In many fields of biology, researchers explain a phenomenon by characterizing the responsible mechanism. This requires identifying the candidate mechanism, decomposing it into its parts and operations, recomposing it so as to understand how it is organized and its operations orchestrated to generate the phenomenon, and situating it in its environment. Mechanistic researchers have developed sophisticated tools for decomposing mechanisms but new approaches, including modeling, are increasingly being invoked to recompose mechanisms when they involve nonsequential organization of nonlinear operations. The results often are dynamical mechanistic explanations. The steps in mechanistic research are illustrated using research on circadian rhythms.
Morphology and development of the femoral chordotonal organs of melanoplus differentialis (orthoptera, acrididae)

Chordotonal organs are present in the prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic femora of Melanoplus differentialis. These have been described and their development traced from ectodermal invaginations located at the proximal and distal ends of the prothoracic and mesothoracic and at the distal end of the metathoracic femora of the embryo.
Bridging Environmental Science with Environmental Policy: Plasticity of Population, Affluence, and Technology

Objective. Sound environmental policy is fully dependent upon sound science. However, we have little scientific knowledge of the driving forces behind environmental change. We use the well-known I = PAT formulation (environmental impacts are the multiplicative product of population, affluence, and technology) as a framework to assess the relative impacts of driving forces. Methods. We introduce the concept of plasticity-the potential for each factor to vary, particularly because of purposive human action (e.g., policy)-to fine tune our understanding of how each factor can influence different impacts. We illustrate plasticity by assessing each driving force for a variety of environmental impacts. Results. We demonstrate that population, affluence, and technology have different potentials for mitigating different types of impacts and that no one factor is of greater importance than the others. Conclusions. We conclude that plasticity measures can guide policymakers toward identifying and prioritizing those environmental problems most responsive to policy solution
The Client Role in Staff Burn-Out

The intense involvement with clients required of professional staff in various human service institutions includes a great deal of emotional stress, and failure to cope successfully with such stress can result in the emotional exhaustion syndrome of burn-out, in which staff lose all feeling and concern for their clients and treat them in detached or even dehumanized ways. This paper focuses on the role that clients themselves play in staff burn-out. Important client factors include the type and severity of the clients' problems, the prognosis of change or cure, the degree of personal relevance for the staff member of the clients' problems, the rules governing staff-client interaction, and the clients' reactions to the staff themselves. Changes in the structure of the staff-client interaction and changes in client expectations about staff can alleviate staff burn-out. It should be recognized that clients can dehumanize staff just as staff can dehumanize them, and that steps to humanize the staff-client relationship must focus on both participants in this interaction.
Synthesis of 3,5-bis(phosphonomethyl)benzoic acid and its application as a metal oxide surface bivalent anchor

Abstract A protected form of 3,5-bis(phosphonomethyl)benzoic acid (Bpb-OH), a metal oxide surface bivalent anchor, has been synthesized, coupled to an amine functionality, deprotected, and shown to bind to metal oxide surfaces. The protected anchor, 3,5-bis(dimethoxyphosphinylmethyl)benzoic acid (Me4Bpb-OH) was synthesized in 23% yield over four steps, coupled to a proline-chromophore, deprotected with a solution of iodotrimethylsilane (TMSI) in acetonitrile and adsorbed to Tin(IV)-doped indium oxide and nanocrystalline TiO2 electodes at surface coverages of 1.5 × 10−10 mol cm−2 and 4.9 × 10−11 mol cm−2, respectively. Finally, Me4Bpb-OH was converted to an amino derivative by attaching a diamino butane linker.
Reactions of 4β,5-epoxy-5β-androstan-3-ones with hydrogen fluoride in pyridine

4β,5-Epoxy-5β-androstane-3,17-dione (1a), 17β-hydroxy-4β,5-epoxy-5β-androstan-3-one (1b) and 17β-acetoxy-4β,5-epoxy-5β-androstan-3-one (1c) were treated with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in pyridine (70% solution) at 55° and yielded the corresponding 4-en-4-ols e.g. 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dione (2a). As the reaction temperature was lowered each epoxide formed a second product which, at −75°, was the major component of the reaction mixture and was identified as the 5α-fluoro-4α-ol derivative of the parent enone, e.g. 4α-hydroxy-5-fluoro-5α-androstane-3,17-dione (3a). These fluorohydrins are thermally unstable, losing hydrogen fluoride. The acetates of the fluorohydrins were also prepared, characterized, and shown to be more stable than the parent alcohols.
PHOTOREACTIVATION OF CLOVER YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS

— Clover yellow mosaic virus, in common with other plant viruses with flexuous, rod-like particles, can be photoreactivated. At lower U.V. doses, photoreactivation is masked by an inhibitory effect on virus infection of visible light alone.
Construction Time-Cost Trade-Off Analysis Using LP/IP Hybrid Method

Construction planners must select appropriate resources, including crew size, equipment, methods, and technologies, to perform the tasks of a construction project. In general, there is a trade-off ...
Synthesis of (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol.

We describe the synthesis of (25R)-cholest-5-en-3β,26-diol ((25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol) from diosgenin in four steps in 58% overall, yield via a modified Clemmensen reduction followed by a Barton deoxygenation reaction.
Sex difference in maximal oxygen uptake. Effect of equating haemoglobin concentration.

Ten men and 11 women were studied to determine the effect of experimentally equating haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) on the sex difference in maximal oxygen uptake (\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \)).\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \) was measured on a cycle ergometer using a continuous, load-incremented protocol. The men were studied under two conditions: 1) with normal [Hb] (153 g · L−1) and 2) two days following withdrawal of blood, which reduced their mean [Hb] to exactly equal the mean of the women (134 g· L−1). Prior to blood withdrawal,\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \) expressed in L · min−1 and relative to body weight and ride time on the cycle ergometer test were greater (p<.01) in men by 1.11 L · min−1 (47%), 4.8 ml · kg−1 min−1 (11.5%) and 5.9 min (67%), respectively, whereas\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \) expressed relative to fat-free weight (FFW) was not significantly different. Equalizing [Hb] reduced (p<.01) the mean\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \) of the men by 0.26 L · min−1 (7.5%), 3.2 ml · kg−1 min−1 (6.9%) or 4.1 ml · kg FFW−1 min−1 (7.7%), and ride time by 0.7 min (4.8%). Equalizing [Hb] reduced the sex difference for\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \) less than predicted from proportional changes in the oxygen content of the arterial blood and arteriovenous oxygen content difference during maximal exercise. It was concluded that the sex difference in [Hb] accounts for a significant, but relatively small portion of the sex difference in\(\dot V_{O_{2_{\max } } } \) (L · min−1). Other factors such as the dimensions of the oxygen transport system and musculature are of greater importance.
Atomic scale investigations of ferroelectricity in perovskite thin films

Superlattices of suitable perovskite oxides can be used to create novel materials for device applications. Calculations have shown that superlattices with atomically flat, compositionally abrupt interfaces will result in enhanced ferroelectric properties due to strain, changes in bonding and charge compensation at the interfaces. But can these abrupt interfaces be actually grown and monitored at an atomic level? We have shown that it is possible to produce structures hundreds of layers thick using two and three perovskite building blocks.[1?2] Our CaTiO3/SrTiO3/BaTiO3 superlattices exhibited a 50% enhancement in ferroelectric polarization compared with BaTiO3. These films were grown using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using stoichiometric perovskite targets. The deposition of each unit cell of the films was monitored using the intensity oscillations of the reflection high-energy electron diffraction specular spot.