cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fayol: from experience to theory

Draws extensively on the unpublished papers of Henri Fayol to show how his experiences as an engineer, director and CEO for Commentry Fourchambault provided the basis for the ideas presented in his classic Administration Industrielle et Generale (1916). Emphasizes Fayol′s experiences managing coal miners; his direction of a firm facing crisis owing to depletion of its primary assets (coal and ore deposits); and his struggle to assert the primacy of the CEO in dealings with the company board of directors.
Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes

The success of vertebrates was due in part to the acquisition and modification of jaws. Jaws are principally derived from the branchial arches, embryonic structures that exhibit proximodistal polarity. To investigate the mechanisms that specify the identity of skeletal elements within the arches, we examined mice lacking expression of Dlx5 and Dlx6, linked homeobox genes expressed distally but not proximally within the arches. Dlx5/6-/- mutants exhibit a homeotic transformation of lower jaws to upper jaws. We suggest that nested Dlx expression in the arches patterns their proximodistal axes. Evolutionary acquisition and subsequent refinement of jaws may have been dependent on modification of Dlx expression.
Two-Dimensional Analysis of Recombinant E. coli Proteins Using Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

On-line combination of capillary isoelectric focusing with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is applied for a two-dimensional analysis of Escherichia coli proteins. The proteins are focused and cathodically mobilized in a polyacrylamide coated capillary. At the end of the capillary, various protein zones are analyzed by mass spectrometry coupled through an electrospray interface. Comparisons with silver-stained two-dimensional gel electrophoresis are made with regard to mass determination, resolution, speed, and sensitivity. Direct identification of a recombinant fusion protein of glutathione S-transferase and striped bass growth hormone is achieved without any prior protein isolation procedures.
CP violation and Fritzsch mass matrices

Abstract We discuss a form for the quark mass matrices which produces maximal weak but no string CP violation. The quark mass matrices are of the Fritzsch type, with all phases equal to multiples of 1 2 π . We show that these matrices can be produced in an SO(10) model with CP violated spontaneously at the GUT scale. The model successfully predicts the entire K-M matrix. Radiative corrections to θ , however, are several orders of magnitude too large in the model, and θ is naturally of O(10 −5 ).
Information As a Strategic Contingency: Applying the Strategic Contingencies Theory of Intraorganizational Power to Academic Libraries

This research examines the changes that electronic information technologies have caused on power within organizations. Based on the strategic contingencies theory of intraorganizational power, a model of organizational power is developed and tested. Major features of the model include a technology index, subunit power variables, environmental variables, and bases of power variables (structure, coping with uncertainty, centrality, and substitutability). According to canonical correlation analyses, changes in library automation and changes in the environment are related to changes in both the bases of power variables and power itself. The bases of power, in turn, are related to changes in the power of the library as measured by the percent of the institutional budget allocated to the library, the number of library positions, and the perception of power.
A Logical Function Method for Dynamic and Design Sensitivity Analysis of Mechanical Systems With Intermittent Motion

Dynamic and design sensitivity analysis of mechanisms and machines with intermittent motion are accomplished through introduction of “logical functions” to approximate discontinuities and special features of system motion. The Heaviside step function and the delta and unit doublet distributions are introduced to represent discontinuities and to determine the values of certain functions of isolated times. These functions and distributions are approximated by smooth functions, and validity of the approximation is argued both mathematically and physically. A numerical method is then presented for analysis of the approximate problem. An elementary and a complex, realistic example are presented to illustrate applications of the method.
Should architectural principles be enforced

There is an emerging consensus that an explicit architectural model would be invaluable for large evolving software systems, providing them with a framework within which such a system can be reasoned about and maintained. But the great promise of architectural models has not been fulfilled so far, due to a gap between the model and the system it purports to describe. It is our contention that this gap is best bridged if the model is not just stated, but is enforced. This gives rise to a concept enforced architectural model-or, a law-which is explored in this paper. We argue that this model has two major beneficial consequences: first, by bridging the above mentioned gap between an architectural model and the actual system, an enforced architectural model provides a truly reliable framework within which a system can be reasoned about and maintained. Second, our model provides software developers with a carefully circumscribed flexibility in molding the law of a project, during its evolutionary lifetime-while maintaining certain architectural principles as invariant of evolution.
Assessing the impacts of microgrids on composite power system reliability

With the advent of microgrids and their integration in power systems, the analysis of their impacts on power system planning, operation, and control becomes an important issue to be addressed. In this paper, we focus on assessing the benefits of microgrids on composite power system reliability. The realization of these benefits call for the optimal coordination among the three energy sources within microgrids, namely renewable energy conversion, energy storage and micro-turbine generation. This coordination is modeled when applying sequential Monte Carlo simulations whose objective is to assess the risk of cascading failure due to relay overtripping, short-circuits induced by overgrown vegetation, voltage sags, line and transformer overloading, transient instabilities, voltage collapse, among others. Comparison of the reliability index values is carried out on the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) with and without microgrids. It is shown that microgrids significantly improve the reliability of the system.
Clusterin (SGP-2) in epididymal luminal fluid and its association with epididymal spermatozoa in androgen-deprived rats

Clusterin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by rat Sertoli cells and epididymal epithelium. The goal of this study was to determine the presence of clusterin in the luminal fluid of the cauda epididymides and its association with the membranes of developing spermatozoa in the presence and absence of androgen. We have previously demonstrated by two-dimensional (2-D) Western blot probing for clusterin that in epididymal fluid the amounts of clusterin were: caput < corpus < cauda. Luminal fluid from cauda epididymides was collected from control and orchiectomized rats (6 and 12 days) and orchiectomized animals that received testosterone implants. Equal volumes of fluid were analyzed by 2-D Western blot probing for clusterin. Following orchiectomy, there was an increase in clusterin in the luminal fluid after 6 days and maximal amount after 12 days compared with control cauda fluid. Orchiectomized animals which received testosterone treatment showed levels of clusterin comparable to that of controls. Serum clusterin was detected in fluid of orchiectomized animals with and without testosterone. Western blots of cauda sperm membrane extracts of control animals and orchiectomized animals treated with testosterone had a very low level of epididymal clusterin, whereas extracts collected from orchiectomized animals revealed high levels of clusterin. We suggest that, in the normal animal, clusterin is secreted into the lumen of the proximal epididymis where it binds to the sperm membrane. In the distal epididymis, clusterin dissociates from sperm and is processed (proteolysis/endocytosis). We hypothesize that, in the absence of androgen, the processing and regulation of clusterin is disrupted. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mutations in the WRN Gene in Mice Accelerate Mortality in a p53-Null Background

Werner's Syndrome (WS) is a recessive genetic disease which shows premature onset of many pathologies normally associated with old age (18). Patients with WS appear normal during the first decade of life. The first manifestation of this disease is typically growth failure during adolescence. Subsequently, these patients suffer prematurely from a variety of age-related disorders: skin changes, osteoporosis, diabetes, accelerated atherosclerosis, and cancer, particularly sarcomas. Fibroblasts derived from individuals with WS divide many fewer times prior to senescence than do fibroblasts from age-matched control individuals (13). Genomic instability has been observed in WS cells, as chromosomal rearrangements (5, 19, 21) and as mutations within the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (HPRT); in vivo, an increased frequency of HPRT mutant cells has been observed in patients with WS (2, 3, 14). The gene defective in WS, WRN, encodes a protein of 1,432 amino acids with similarity to the RecQ subfamily of DNA helicases (26). Although mutations throughout the WRN gene have been observed in the homozygous state, homozygosity for a mutation very near the 3′ end of the WRN open reading frame is sufficient to lead to the disease (15). A mouse knockout (KO) of the WRN gene has been described (10). Lebel and Leder deleted exons III and IV in the catalytic helicase domain of the WRN locus, a mutation predicted to eliminate catalytic function. Cells containing this mutation express an internally deleted, nearly full-length WRN protein. Homozygous mutant mice are viable, indicating that this particular mutation is not lethal. However Lebel and Leder showed a decreased embryonic survival of their mutant: on a C57BL/6-129/SvEv outbred background and on a 129/SvEv inbred background, the ratios of +/+:+/−:−/− mice born are 1:2.0:0.8 and 1:1.9:0.6, respectively. Mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells have an approximately sixfold increased mutation rate at the HPRT locus. They are also 10-fold more sensitive to camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and are two- to threefold more sensitive to etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. Late-passage mutant embryonic fibroblasts also show decreased saturation density in culture, although this was not evident in early-passage cells. The mice themselves, however, are healthy and fertile, showing no signs of premature organismic aging or increased rates of tumor formation. Thus, this KO does not recapitulate many of the phenotypes of human WS. Here, the generation and characterization of a WRN-null mouse mutant is described. Most phenotypes in the mutant are remarkably similar to the wild type. Cells from these animals are not hypersensitive to camptothecin, unlike those of Lebel and Leder. Most interestingly, the WRN−/− homozygous animal displays a shorter life span in the p53−/− background. We discuss this shortening with respect to a possible aging phenotype.
Reperfusion Protocol and Results in 738 Patients with Evolving Myocardial Infarction

Reperfusion is an accepted therapy for evolving myocardial infarction (MI), as successful reperfusion reduces morbidity and mortality. A team approach between the cardiologists and cardiac surgeons must be applied to achieve reperfusion within a finite time from the onset of coronary thrombosis. Analysis of 738 patients grouped them by successful reperfusion in the catheterization laboratory versus the operating room. Factors that predict wall motion recovery related to the onset of clinical symptoms, time to reperfusion, coronary anatomy, and collateral network were reviewed. Comparisons were made between patients with stable versus unstable hemodynamics and successful or unsuccessful reperfusion. Of the 738 patients, the initial attempt at reperfusion was made in the catheterization laboratory with success in 331. These patients all had primarily single-vessel disease. With multiple-vessel disease identified at catheterization, 189 patients were immediately treated by surgical reperfusion. This method also was used for an additional 72 patients in whom reperfusion could not be achieved in the catheterization laboratory. Of the entire group of 738 patients, 146 (20%) could not be reperfused. Overall mortality for the 592 patients reperfused was 4.9% compared with 17% for those who could not be reperfused. Time was critical for wall motion recovery if no collaterals were demonstrated on angiography. If collaterals were present, time to reperfusion was not critical. Wall motion recovered in 90% of the patients if the endocardial anatomy on the initial angiogram was smooth. However, if the endocardial anatomy looked mottled and irregular, less than 10% of patients had recovery of wall motion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Superoxide dismutase restores endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation during acute infusion of nicotine

We previously showed [Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 41): H2337–H2342, 1997] that nicotine impairs endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation. However, mechanisms that accounted for the...
Matrix Computations on Heterogeneous Reconfigurable Systems

Reconfigurable computing systems have been built that combine FPGAs and general-purpose processors to achieve high performance. The nodes in these systems can have different compute capacities based on the processors and FPGAs within them. In this paper, we study the algorithm design on heterogeneous reconfigurable systems for two key linear algebra kernels: matrix multiplication and LU decomposition. Our designs exploit the heterogeneous nodes and utilize up to 80% of the compute capacity of the system.
Oscillating water column at a coastal corner for wave power extraction

Abstract We extend the analytical theories by Martin-Rivas and Mei 1 to examine a large circular oscillating water column (OWC) installed at the tip of a coastal corner. Under the assumption of irrotational flow, a linear theory is employed. The sea depth is assumed to be constant everywhere. The diffraction and radiation problems are solved by eigenfunction expansions for an arbitrary apex angle. After calculating certain hydrodynamic coefficients, the power-absorption efficiency is obtained for two special geometries: a convex and a concave corner of right angle. For an OWC of given dimensions, the optimum efficiency is first examined by assuming that the extraction parameter can be controlled for all wave frequencies. The effects of column radius and height, the size of the submerged opening and the angle of incidence are studied. Comparisons are made between the two cornered coasts and with a thin breakwater and a straight coast studied before. Finally a simpler scheme of letting the extraction parameter be piecewise constant is shown to be a practical alternative.
Enhanced knitting technique to Petri net synthesis

The authors' knitting technique (1994) has been applied to Petri net (PN) modeling and analysis of manufacturing systems. The advantages of the knitting technique include the possibility of implementation as a CAD tool, the preservation of liveness, boundedness, and reversibility (well-behaved properties), and the close control of concurrency and nondeterminism. Therefore, using the knitting technique, designers can build up a PN model for a complicated system without much difficulty. However, there are some limitations in the knitting technique; we enhance it in this work. >
What is the Right Computational Model for Continuous Scientific Problems

We address the view about using the Turing Machine model and the real number model for solving continuous scientific problems. Furthermore we will argue that the Turing Machine is the wrong model of computation for the continuous problems of science.
Parallelization of AdaBoost algorithm on multi-core processors

This paper examines and extracts the parallelism in the AdaBoost person detection algorithm on multi-core processors. As multi-core processors become pervasive, effectively executing many threads simultaneously is crucial in harnessing the computation power. Although the application exposes many levels of parallelism, none of them delivers a satisfactory scaling performance on newest multi-core processors due to load imbalance and parallel overhead. This paper demonstrates how to analyze the thread-level parallelism, and how to choose appropriate one to utilize current 4-core and 8-core processors. With careful optimization and parallelization, the AdaBoost person detection algorithm can efficiently utilize the power of multi-core processors, and now it is 7 times faster than the serial version.
Use of PEG to acquire highly soluble DNA-packaging enzyme gp16 of bacterial virus phi29 for stoichiometry quantification.

Abstract All linear dsDNA viruses package their genome into a preformed procapsid via a ATP-driving motor involving two nonstructural enzymes or ATPase. This essential viral replication step has been investigated in the quest for new antiviral drugs. These DNA-packaging motors could be potential parts in nanotechnology. But both the low solubility and self-aggregation of all nonstructural enzymes have seriously hampered studies on these motors. Bacterial virus phi29 DNA-packaging motor has been well characterized. But the role of the nonstructural ATPase gp16 has not been well defined due to its hydrophobicity, low solubility, and self-aggregation. Here we report a novel approach to obtain affinity-purified, soluble, and highly active native gp16 with the aid of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or acetone. With several thousand-fold increase in specific activity in comparison to the traditional method, this unique approach has made the quantification of gp16 feasible. The basic functional unit of gp16 in solution was found to be a monomer, as determined by sedimentation and size exclusion chromatography. This result leads to a subsequent finding that the stoichiometry of gp16 for phi29 DNA-packaging was about 11±2. These findings will facilitate the study on this novel motor that involves three pRNA dimers and a 12-subunit connector.
The WKB solution for transmission through inhomogeneous plane layers

Abstract : HE WKB (Wentz l, Kramers, Brillouin) asymptotic solution is developed for t e field distribution and the transmission coefficient of inhomogeneous plane layer . Expr io s ar pr se te for lossy and lossless layers for parallel and perpen icular polarization. These WKB formulas are consi erably more co venie t for numerical calculatio s an the exact solution ( here available) or step-by-step numerical integr tio . They provide accurate results if the permittivity gradient is samll in comparison with the permittivity itself, and yield the e act solution for homog ous lay r. G RAP AR INCLUDED TO SHOW THE EXC LLE T AGREE ENT BE WEEN TH WKB SOLUTION N THE EXAC SOLUTION If large permittivity gradients are avoided, the WKB formulas show that the transmission coefficient of an inhomogeneous layer is determined by its initial, final and average values. Any number of different permittivity dis ributions y be used to realize a given set of initial, final an av r ge valu s, but he tra smi io coeffici nt is he same for e ch one. (Author)
Mineralocorticoid effects in the late gestation ovine fetal lung.

This study was designed to determine the effects of corticosteroids at MR in the late-gestation fetal lung. Since both the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are expressed at relatively high levels in the fetal lung, endogenous corticosteroids may act at MR as well as GR in the preterm fetal lung. The GR agonist, betamethasone, the MR agonist, aldosterone, or both were infused intravenously for 48 h in ovine fetuses of approximately 130 days gestation. Effects on airway pressures during stepwise inflation of the in situ lung, expression of ENaC alpha (SCNN1A), ENaC beta (SCNN1B), and Na,K ATPase (ATP1A1), and elastin and collagen content were determined after the infusions. We found that aldosterone significantly reduced the airway pressure measured during the initial step in inflation of the lung, although aldosterone had no overall effect on lung compliance, nor did aldosterone induce expression of ENaCa, ENaCb or Na,K ATPasea1. Betamethasone significantly increased expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunit mRNAs, and collagen and elastin content in the lungs, although this dose of betamethasone also had no effect on lung compliance. There was no synergy between effects of the MR and GR agonists. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that although aldosterone did not alter genes in pathways related to epithelial sodium transport, aldosterone did alter genes in pathways involved in cell proliferation in the lungs. The results are consistent with corticosteroid-induced fluid reabsorption at birth through GR rather than MR, but suggest that MR facilitates lung maturation, and may contribute to inflation with the first breaths via mechanisms distinct from known aldosterone effects in other epithelia.
The Root of the Matter: Scenes from an ANC Branch

The election of Jacob Zuma as ANC president at the organisation's fifty-second national conference in Polokwane in 2007 has been described, by sections of the media especially, as a triumph of ordinary members over a leadership that had grown distant, aloof and arrogant under Thabo Mbeki. It has been said that branch members, who made up ninety per cent of the delegates at the conference as per the dictates of the ANC constitution, reclaimed the ANC from a technocratic and self-serving elite and thus reconnected the organisation to its popular base. This article (based on research I undertook as one of the 2009 recipients of a Ruth First fellowship) uses a microscopic study of an ANC branch in Katlehong, a township twenty kilometres east of Johannesburg, to examine the way a branch operates. Using the ‘extended case study’ method plus ‘ethnographic thick description’ adopted by Andrea Cornwall in her work on Brazil's health councils, the study examines episodes in the life of the branch in question. It ca...
Difference structure‐factor normalization for heavy‐atom or anomalous‐scattering substructure determinations

Procedures are described for normalizing structure-factor difference magnitudes, |Δ|F||SIR = ||FDer| − |FNat|| ≤ |FHeavy| or |Δ|F||SAS = ||F+h| − |F−h|| ≤ 2|F′′|, to prepare data for probabilistic direct methods phasing to determine heavy-atom or anomalous-scattering substructures in SIR (single-derivative isomorphous replacement) or SAS (single-wavelength anomalous scattering) cases. Applications of the procedures in several recent determinations of multi-selenium substructures in selenomethionyl proteins via SnB direct-methods phasing are briefly summarized.
Renal iron overload in rats with diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains incurable and is the main cause of end‐stage renal disease. We approached the pathophysiology of DN with systems biology, and a comprehensive profile of renal transcripts was obtained with RNA‐Seq in ZS (F1 hybrids of Zucker and spontaneously hypertensive heart failure) rats, a model of diabetic nephropathy. We included sham‐operated lean control rats (LS), sham‐operated diabetic (DS), and diabetic rats with induced renal ischemia (DI). Diabetic nephropathy in DI was accelerated by the single episode of renal ischemia. This progressive renal decline was associated with renal iron accumulation, although serum and urinary iron levels were far lower in DI than in LS. Furthermore, obese/diabetic ZS rats have severe dyslipidemia, a condition that has been linked to hepatic iron overload. Hence, we tested and found that the fatty acids oleic acid and palmitate stimulated iron accumulation in renal tubular cells in vitro. Renal mRNAs encoding several key proteins that promote iron accumulation were increased in DI. Moreover, renal mRNAs encoding the antioxidant proteins superoxide dismutase, catalase, and most of the glutathione synthetic system were suppressed, which would magnify the prooxidant effects of renal iron loads. Substantial renal iron loads occur in obese/diabetic rats. We propose that in diabetes, specific renal gene activation is partly responsible for iron accumulation. This state might be further aggravated by lipid‐stimulated iron uptake. We suggest that progressive renal iron overload may further advance renal injury in obese/diabetic ZS rats.
Formation flight of multi-agent based on formation feedback control

In traditional leader-follower approach, there is no formation feedback from the followers to the leader. If the leader moves too fast, due to the control saturation, the followers will not be able to track the desired position to keep formation. In order to overcome the disadvantage of the leader-follower approach, based on the idea of formation feedback, a leader controller with formation feedback from the followers is designed to guarantee both formation maintenance and formation speed. In general flight, the angular acceleration of the leader can't be obtained by the follower. Based on the sliding mode control theory, the follower controller without the angular acceleration is designed to overcome the problem of information absence. Finally, a simulation of four agents flight in the three-dimension space is given to prove its effectiveness.
Direction of Flow of Nasal Mucus

Information concerning patterns of ciliary movement in the nose of man and monkey is already available, but in order to learn the significance of the direction of mucous flow in various regions of the nose and its possible relation to physiological and anatomical factors, experiments were performed on numerous mammals, selected to include a wide range in size, the mouse, rat, rabbit, opossum, cat, sheep and cow.† The animals were decapitated and the lateral nasal wall exposed by cutting near the median line. Two methods were employed which doubly insured accuracy; one, the application of carbon particles to the mucous surface, is well known; and the second, which leaves the mucous layer undisturbed and permits the moving cilia themselves to be observed in situ, has recently been described.1It was found, as a result of these experiments, that the mucous flow in the upper half to two-thirds of the lateral nasal wall including the middle meatus, is toward the anterior end of the nose in all the animals menti...
Primary Carcinoma in Situ of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis

Primary carcinoma in situ of the ureter or renal pelvis is rare. We describe 3 patients, each of whom had a different mode of presentation. When malignant cells in the urine from the upper urinary tract are associated with urographic evidence of an appropriate lesion, aggressive surgical therapy is indicated. In the absence of such a urographic abnormality patients with positive cytologic examinations should be followed closely because the exfoliated cells usually are from poorly differentiated neoplasms.
High Modulus Polymers

Professor R. S. Porter of the University of the Massachusetts, who is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Polymer Science at the University of Southern Mississippi, presented a report on the generation and analysis of Polymer Morphologies and High Chain Extension at the Phillips Symposium. Tensile properties of semicrystalline thermoplastics may be improved by control of crystallization temperature and by the ultradrawing of polymer to produce polyolefins with tensile moduli of 220 GPA or polyethylene and 33 GPa for polypropylene.
Antimicrobial agents in urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury.

SUMMARY Because of the rapid introduction and active marketing of newer antimicrobial agents for urinary tract infections, it is important to evaluate newer antibiotics critically. Critical evaluation should be based on published reports, spectrum of action, and, very importantly, cost. Newer agents should be compared with known effective agents on the basis of hospital antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Simple, uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by community-acquired multiple drug-sensitive uropathogens can be treated with almost any currently available antimicrobial agent. In these situations, a lowmorbidity, low-cost agent with limited dosage should be chosen. In general, a 3-day course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, a first-generation cephalosporin, a penicillin agent, or in some cases a fluoroquinolone will be both medically and cost effective. For complicated urinary tract infections, more selectivity must be exercised in choosing an appropriate antibacterial agent. In these situations, it is necessary to initiate appropriate diagnostic studies to identify causes and to treat those complications appropriately. The choice of antibiotics must be based on culture results. Initial empiric treatment should be carried out with a broad-spectrum agent of low morbidity. In these complicated infections, fluoroquinolones may be effective with low expected morbidity.
Ordered porosity for interconnect applications

To lower interconnect signal delay, the industry continues to work on the integration of low-k interlayer dielectrics (ILD). Porosity is often added to further reduce dielectric constant and significantly impact capacitance. These porous dielectric films are most commonly deposited via Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), delivering a random order to the pore structure. Disordered films suffer from a reduction in mechanical properties, which ultimately limits the maximum porosity obtained due to film collapse. Control of porosity, pore size distribution and pore geometry is needed to extend the porosity beyond conventional percolation thresholds. Here we present the case study of a periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) film. We optimize solution processing to obtain an ordered film and characterize the film porosity, pore size distribution, geometry and mechanical properties. The PMO film is tested in both a dual damascene and replacement back end integration flow.
Trust Issues for Big Data about High-Value Manufactured Parts

In the world of high-value manufacturing, an imperative forproductivity and quality are driving the manufacturingcommunity towards integration of all information capturedabout a product along the manufacturing value chain, from itsdesign and manufacture through usage, maintenance, anddecommissioning. Much of this information is alreadycaptured, but it is scattered across many organizations, withsignificant variation among levels of security consciousnessand information technology sophistication. Any weak link inthis chain of organizations constitutes a threat that can have amajor negative impact for organizations all along the chain. In this paper, we explain the reasons for the move towardsintegration of information about high-value manufacturedproducts. We introduce the concept of a digital thread, whichis the entre set of information about the life history of amanufactured object. We outline several key threats to digitalthreads that have not been fully addressed in previous work onsecuring provenance information, and propose digital-threadsas-a-service (DTaaS) as a potential way to mitigate several ofthe open issues.
Electron-blocking NiO/crystalline n-Si heterojunction formed by ALD at 175°C

Silicon heterojunction solar cells have been the subject of growing research interest. Such cells replace the typical p+nn+ or n+pp+ structure of standard devices with selective heterojunction contacts, which block one type of carrier while allowing the other to pass freely (Fig. 1) [1-3]. Previously [4], we demonstrated a PEDOT/n-Si/TiO 2 heterojunction cell fabricated below 100°C with no p-n junctions in the Si. However, the organic polymer PEDOT is known to be unstable over long periods of time; furthermore, recent data indicates that the PEDOT/n-Si interface might be a non-ideal minority carrier emitter, leading to a high J 0 and low upper limit to VOC. Therefore, we are currently investigating inorganic electron-blockers on crystalline silicon. Nickel oxide (NiO), because of its large conduction band offset and small valence band offset with silicon (Fig. 2) [5], is a potential candidate for electron-blocking on n-Si. Here, we report atomic layer deposited (ALD) metal/15nm-i-NiO/Si diodes. We find that the NiO film leads to a heterojunction which blocks electrons compared to diodes with the NiO omitted. The characteristics depend on the top metal, indicating that the NiO passivates the Si surface so that the Fermi level is depinned and diodes with a higher Schottky barrier height can be fabricated. Devices with Ag have electron-blocking and hole-transmitting behavior.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a bladder cancer biomarker: Assessing prognostic and predictive value in SWOG 8710

BACKGROUND Risk stratification is a major challenge in bladder cancer (BC), and a biomarker is needed. Multiple studies have reported the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a promising candidate; however, these analyses have methodological limitations. Therefore, the authors performed a category B biomarker study to test whether NLR is prognostic for overall survival (OS) after curative treatment or is predictive for the survival benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS This study is an unplanned secondary analysis of SWOG 8710, a randomized phase 3 trial that assessed cystectomy with or without NAC in 317 patients with muscle-invasive BC. NLR was calculated from prospectively collected complete blood counts. For the prognostic analysis, 230 patients were identified; for the predictive analysis, 263 were identified. NLR was evaluated with proportional hazards models including prespecified factors (age, sex, T-stage, lymphovascular invasion, and treatment arm). RESULTS With a median follow-up of 18.6 years, there were 172 and 205 deaths in the prognostic and predictive cohorts, respectively. In a multivariable analysis, NLR was not prognostic for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.11; P = .24). Furthermore, NLR did not predict for the OS benefit from NAC (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.90-1.14; P = .86). Factors associated with worse OS were older age (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.04-1.07; P < .001) and surgery without NAC (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.88; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS This is the first analysis of NLR in BC to use prospectively collected clinical trial data. In contrast to previous studies, it suggests that NLR is neither a prognostic nor predictive biomarker for OS in muscle-invasive BC. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The Social and Material Implications of Culture Contact on the Northern Plains

It is generally assumed in many studies of culture contact that the interaction process is primarily motivated by the goals of the more powerful intruders. Especially when considering the objects traded to native peoples, it is often assumed that an overwhelming desire existed for acquiring the exotic Euro-goods; after all, who would not want the products of European ingenuity? In recent years, however, a more realistic view of the role of objects in the interaction process, and trade in general, has emerged in studies that combine both eth-nohistorical and archaeological information in contact period research (e.g., Fitzhugh 1985; Rogers 1990:2–4; Thomas 1985). For instance, several researchers have noted that trade-good acceptance is selective and fluctuates on the basis of varied sociocultural and economic criteria (e.g., Fitzgerald 1986; Hamell 1983; Spicer 1952; Stanislawski 1978:202; Washburn 1967; Wolf 1982:4). This perspective recognizes that the simple availability of trade materials is not an adequate basis for understanding native acceptance or rejection of these items. As the trader Tabeau (Abel 1939:163) noted for the early contact period on the Northern Plains: None of these nations values our merchandise highly and, if we except some iron implements, they have more liking for their skins, white as alabaster, which they work upon and ornament in different ways and which are, throughout the Upper Missouri, the foremost fancy goods.
Fourier Accelerated Multistatic Imaging: A Fast Reconstruction Algorithm for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Radar Imaging

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar image processing presents problems difficult to address by modifying conventional monostatic radar methods as Fourier range migration. When the distance between the transmitter and receiver is comparable to the target size, the single phase center approximation is not accurate. Furthermore, if the antenna radiation pattern significantly deviates from a spherical wave, the symmetries assumed in most range migration techniques are violated. We present a rapid Fourier-based MIMO reconstruction called Fourier accelerated multistatic imaging (FAMI) suitable for massively parallel computation that accounts for frequency-dependent radiation patterns, does not require the single phase center approximation, and is able to dynamically adapt to different target support volume shapes. FAMI is especially suitable for frequency-diversity antenna systems that use spectrally modulated coded spatial radiation patterns.
Tolerance to Disturbance Regulated by Attractiveness of Resources: A Case Study of Desert Bighorn Sheep Within the River Mountains, Nevada

Abstract. Human activity may mimic predation risks for wildlife by causing abandonment of foraging sites and increasing expenditure of energy. Animals that can tolerate nonlethal disturbance may minimize these fitness costs. We examine this aspect of the risk—disturbance hypothesis by first analyzing recent habitat use of desert bighorn sheep relative to areas of attraction and disturbance. We then compare and contrast sheep responses to differing levels of anthropogenic disturbance between 2 time periods, 30 years apart. Desert bighorn sheep were tolerant of suburban activity when a consistent forage resource (municipal grass) was provided. Males were more tolerant than females, and females returned to natural, steep areas during the birthing season. Increased recreation activity, specifically mountain bike use, may have resulted in avoidance by sheep of otherwise suitable habitat that had been occupied decades earlier, thereby reducing availability of limited habitat. Tolerance increased only when attra...
WITHDRAWN: An Evaluation of the Models Used to Evaluate Television Series

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Inferences from differing temporal incidence patterns of skin cancer induced by ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation and arsenite or chromate.

2498 Ionizing radiation (IR), carcinogenic metals (arsenite and chromate) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are known to elevate the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and yet substantial differences are apparent in their carcinogenic actions in rat or mouse skin. For example, (1) IR is carcinogenic after single, acute exposures (a rarity among carcinogens), while UVR is carcinogenic via chronic exposure and (2) metals given chronically in drinking water are not carcinogenic but exhibit strong co-carcinogenic activity when combined with chronic UVR, whereas IR is additive with chronic UVR. Animal protocols were performed with the following carcinogens in paired combinations (and singly) in mouse skin: UVR & sodium arsenite, UVR & potassium chromate and in rat skin: IR & UVR, IR & 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Analysis of the temporal patterns of cancer onset reveals differences related to the type of carcinogen and the mode of administration. For example, the temporal incidence of human skin cancers closely conforms to a power function with an exponent on the order of 6, which means cancers are rare in the young but rise rapidly with age. A similar exponent is applicable to skin cancer induction in rats and mice exposed topically and chronically to UVR or polycyclic hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene or DMBA, except the time frame is contracted approximately by the ratio of comparative life-spans. By contrast the exponent for acute IR-induced skin cancer in rats is lower (generally about 2 or less) in comparison to chronically administered carcinogens, meaning that cancer onset is slower with time. Combining acute IR with chronic UVR or chronic polycyclic carcinogens produced separate, additive cancer incidence patterns with exponents typical of each agent. However when rats were exposed chronically to IR, the exponent increased from 2 to about 6, implying that the exponent is probably more a reflection of the exposure pattern than of the carcinogen. To the extent that the exponent reflects progression of carcinogenic stages, the increase can be interpreted as IR acting to increase progression-type events in early neoplastic cells. Chronic arsenite in drinking water coupled to topical UVR caused little change in the UVR-induced exponent (average about 6.5), whereas chromate caused the UVR exponent to increase from about 6.5 to about 10. One implication of these findings is that early neoplastic cells are being altered in separate and individual ways typical of each type of carcinogen and/or its exposure pattern. This work was supported by NIEHS grant ES09252 and is part of Center programs supported by Grants ES00260 from NIEHS and CA16087 from NCI and NASA Grant NAG9-1528.
Replication in Criminology and the Social Sciences

Replication is a hallmark of science. In recent years, some medical sciences and behavioral sciences struggled with what came to be known as replication crises. As a field, criminology has yet to address formally the threats to our evidence base that might be posed by large-scale and systematic replication attempts, although it is likely we would face challenges similar to those experienced by other disciplines. In this review, we outline the basics of replication, summarize reproducibility problems found in other fields, undertake an original analysis of the amount and nature of replication studies appearing in criminology journals, and consider how criminology can begin to assess more formally the robustness of our knowledge through encouraging a culture of replication.
Pituitary Tumors: Pituitary Adenomas and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Associated Diabetes Insipidus

Pituitary adenomas are rare in children, with corticotropinomas being the most common pituitary adenoma in pre-pubescent children and prolactinomas being the most common pituitary adenoma in adolescents. In children, the primary management of these tumors is surgical or medical, with radiation reserved for cases of uncontrolled functioning tumors or patients with unresectable residual disease. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a common manifestation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). There is limited data to support early radiation therapy in patients with LCH to the hypothalamic pituitary axis to increase the probability of resolution of DI.
The Sumatran rhinoceros was extirpated from mainland East Asia by hunting and habitat loss

The sequencing and analysis of the Sumatran rhinoceros genome provides vital data for understanding the history of the subspecies in Sumatra [1], but not for reconstructing the history of the population on the mainland after the two were separated by rising seas in the early Holocene. Evidence from zooarchaeology, texts and artifacts makes clear that the Holocene range of the Sumatran rhinoceros extended all the way from the tropics to the temperate Yellow River Valley of North China (35° North), and that humans have extirpated the species from most of its range. While the name 'Sumatran' suggests that these are tropical animals, in fact they are the only extant hairy rhinoceros, which presumably protected them from cold, and are the most closely related of all living rhinoceroses to the extinct cold-adapted woolly rhinoceros [2].
Distinguishing RNA modifications from noise in epitranscriptome maps

Messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) can be subjected to a variety of post-transcriptional modifications that markedly influence their fate and function. This concept of 'epitranscriptomic' modifications and the understanding of their function has been driven by new technologies for transcriptome-wide mapping of modified nucleotides using next-generation sequencing. Mapping technologies have successfully documented the location and prevalence of several modified nucleotides in the transcriptome. However, some mapping methods have led to proposals of pervasive novel RNA modifications that have subsequently been shown to be exceptionally rare. These controversies have resulted in confusion about the identity of the modified nucleotides comprising the epitranscriptome in mRNA and lncRNA. Here we discuss the different transcriptome-wide technologies for mapping modified nucleotides. We describe why these methods can have poor accuracy and specificity. Finally, we describe emerging strategies that minimize false positives and other pitfalls associated with mapping and measuring epitranscriptomic modifications.
Regional coronary endothelial dysfunction is related to the degree of local epicardial fat in people with HIV.

Abstract Background and aims Coronary artery disease (CAD) is now an important cause of premature death in people with HIV but the causes of accelerated CAD are poorly understood. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is metabolically-active and thought to contribute to CAD development. We tested the hypothesis that abnormal coronary endothelial function (CEF), an early marker and mediator of atherosclerosis, is related to the amount of local pericoronary EAT in HIV. Methods We studied 36 participants with HIV and no CAD (HIV+ CAD-), 15 participants with HIV and known CAD (HIV+ CAD+), and 14 age-matched, healthy participants without HIV (HIV-CAD-). To measure CEF, coronary MRI was performed before and during isometric handgrip exercise (IHE), an endothelial-dependent stressor. EAT was measured with MRI at the same imaging plane as CEF. Results CEF was significantly depressed, as measured by IHE-induced % coronary cross sectional area (CSA) change, in HIV+ CAD- and HIV+ CAD+ as compared to HIV-CAD-participants (p Conclusions There is a significant relationship between increased metabolically-active EAT and depressed local CEF in people with HIV, consistent with the hypothesis that increased epicardial fat contributes to accelerated CAD in persons with HIV.
Homogenizing biodiversity in restoration: the "perennialization" of California prairies

Restoration frequently aims to improve native species biodiversity at a site, but practitioners have limited resources. In diverse ecosystems, the selective use of certain guilds or species can come at the cost of species that are more challenging to incorporate, resulting in the overall homogenization of the ecosystem and a relative loss of biodiversity. We surveyed practitioners who restore California prairies to understand their use of native annual forbs, an important component of the biodiversity in this ecosystem. We found that practitioners preferentially planted native perennial species, mainly grasses. Despite practitioners' recognition of the high conservation value of native annual forbs, they were hesitant to include this guild in their planting palettes because of high costs, low and unpredictable establishment, and lack of seed. We recommend that California annual prairie forbs be seeded in multiple years to enhance establishment, and that monitoring targets be designed to better reflect the high variability in interannual abundance of native annual forbs. These issues are not unique to California prairie, and more broadly, restoration objectives and research across a range of ecosystems should prioritize guilds that are more challenging to establish but are of high conservation concern.