cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-energy-loss studies of physisorbed O 2 and N 2 on Ag and Cu surfaces

High-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy is used to study the adsorption of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ on Ag and Cu surfaces at about 20 K. We utilize resonance-electron scattering to observe vibrational overtones and low-lying electronically excited states of these adsorbed species. From the overtones we can determine the anharmonicity and dissociation energy for adsorbed ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. Values of -1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 meV and 5.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 eV, respectively, are found which are close to the free-molecule values of -1.49 meV and 6.44 eV. A similar analysis for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ is less certain due to possible multiple scattering. However, in both cases the data indicate weakly perturbed, i.e., physisorbed species. In the case of physisorbed ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, we observe a more rapid decay of the overtone intensity with increasing vibrational quantum number than in the gas-phase molecule and associate this with a reduced lifetime of the temporary negative-ion state formed during the resonant-electron scattering process. The $^{1}\ensuremath{\Delta}_{g}$ and ${^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}}^{+}$ electronically excited states of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and their vibrational progressions are also observed. The origins (O-O bands) of these excited states are red-shifted by only \ensuremath{\sim} 10 and \ensuremath{\sim} 30 meV, respectively, from their gas-phase energies.
Fungal growth in aphakic soft contact lenses.

Fungal growth was detected in two aphakic hydrophilic contact lenses. Aspergillus species was cultured from the extended-wear contact lens and Dermatophilus cogolensis was identified by specific antibody staining of the daily-wear contact lens. As in the 16 previously described cases of fungal contact lens growth, our patients had no evidence of ocular infection but did experience irritation which cleared up when contact lens wear was discontinued. Although only a small percentage of contact lenses are prescribed because of aphakia, these thicker contact lenses may be more susceptible to fungal growth and should be monitored carefully.
Semiconducting YBaCuO microbolometers for uncooled broadband IR sensing

This paper describes the modeling, design, fabrication and testing of advanced uncooled thermal detectors, based on semiconducting YBaCuO. The aim is to provide NASA with advanced broad-band infrared (IR) detectors to replace the current CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) hardware that utilizes three channels, each housing a 1.5 mm X 1.5 mm thermister bolometer with 1 X 4 array of detectors in each of the three channels, thus yielding a total of 12 channels. A double mirror structure is used to obtain uniform spectral response from 0.3-100 μm wavelength. Double absorbers are utilized to further flatten the spectral response and to enhance the absorption of infrared radiation. The devices were fabricated using a polyimide sacrificial layer to achieve thermal isolation of the detector. A low thermal conductivity to the substrate enables the detector to integrate the energy from the incident radiation. An air gap was created by ashing the polyimide sacrificial layer from underneath the thermometer. A passivation layer was used to protect YBaCuO during ashing process and maintain a relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance of around 2.8%. These devices have successfully demonstrated voltage responsivities over 103 V/W, detectivities above 108 cm Hz1/2/W, NEP per root Hertz bandwidth less than 4 X 10-10 W/Hz1/2 and thermal time constant less than 15 ms. Several specific designs were fabricated and tested. Relatively uniform response in the wavelength range of 0.6 to 15 μm was measured.
Actions of rat growth hormone-releasing factor and norepinephrine on cytosolic free calcium and inositol trisphosphate in rat C-cells

Rat growth hormone-releasing factor (rGRF) and norepinephrine (NE) stimulate secretion of calcitonin (CT) and neurotensin (NT) from cultured C-cells. The mechanism by which these agents cause secretion has not been well studied. We have examined the actions of the CT and NT secretagogues rGRF and NE on cytosolic free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in the rat C-cell line rMTC 44-2. Because inositol trisphosphate (IP3) has been shown to cause release of intracellular calcium stores in several cell types, we have also examined the effects of rat GRF, NE, and increases in extracellular calcium on IP3 accumulation in rMTC 44-2 cells. Stimulation by 10(-6) M rGRF caused a biphasic response in [Ca2+]i consisting of a rapid spike to 136 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE) of basal [Ca2+]i. This increase in [Ca2+]i decayed to base line and then gradually increased to 173 +/- 13% of basal [Ca2+]i. Stimulation by 10(-6) M NE gave a similar biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i. The increases in [Ca2+]i induced by both rGRF and NE were inhibited by pretreatment with EGTA or verapamil. rGRF, NE, and increasing concentrations of extracellular calcium, which all caused rapid increases in [Ca2+]i, failed to increase IP3 accumulation in rMTC 44-2 cells. These results suggest that rGRF- and NE-induced secretion in C-cells are mediated by changes in [Ca2+]i. These increases in [Ca2+]i appear to be generated by extracellular calcium influx rather than by release of intracellular calcium stores.
Utilization of accelerated strength testing methods

Abstract This paper presents methods to predict the later age strength of concrete and discusses how these methods can be adapted for quality control and quality assurance of concrete for small as well as large projects. These methods were found to be more suitable than other A.S.T.M. methods. In order to predict the future strength, a basic correlation curve must be established for a given set of conditions. The A.S.T.M. boiling water method schedule requires the strength test to be performed at 28 1/2-hour age. In order to provide the greatest flexibility in scheduling, modified boiling water methods were developed in which the strength test is performed at either 24-hour, 28-hour, 48-hour, or 72-hour age. An accelerated strength testing program, along with the reliability of results obtained, is also discussed.
Multiple diffuse scattering and tweed contrast in YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract The diffuse electron scattering accompanying the tweed contrast in oxygen deficient and Fe, Co and Al doped YBa2Cu3O7-δ has been qualitatively corrected for double scattering effects. The kinematical diffuse scattering which results from this work suggests that shear or twinning displacement causes the tweed contrast, and may provide a useful basis for a better insight into the detail microstructure of these phases which are tetragonal on a macroscopic scale.
The Cognitive Effects of Hiding One's Homosexuality in the Workplace

King and Cortina (2010) argue that the degree to which lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) individuals fear disclosing their sexual identities is related to negative consequences that include workrelated attitudes and mental and physical health. I argue that the fear of disclosure as well as concealing one’s sexuality might also impair the cognition of LGBT employees. Ample research has demonstrated the positive influence of cognitive ability on job performance (Schmidt & Hunter, 1998), and therefore, it is important to examine if cognitive resources are affected by the fear of disclosure and the effort to hide sexual orientation. This commentary builds on the research examining the effects of self-regulation or control over the self (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000), and the effect of self-regulation on cognition, such as logic, reasoning, attention, and subsequent regulation (Richeson & Shelton, 2003; Schmeichel, Vohs, & Baumeister, 2003), and offers directions for future research.
Tumors of the liver.

This update on childhood liver tumors has been devoted to recent developments in the biology and treatment of the more frequent and clinically important varieties. The controversial aspects of clinicopathologic correlations and treatment of hepatoblastomas have been addressed.
Physico-chemical properties of the antitumor agent, 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis (thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II)

Abstract The copper complex, 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II), has an extremely large apparent formation constant of 10 18.8±0.1 at pH 7.4. It is relatively unreactive in ligand substitution reactions. Both findings indicate that CuKTS will be inert in the presence of a variety of cellular ligands. The one-electron reduction potential of CuKTS of −120 mV at pH 6.6 makes possible reactions between CuKTS and redox active groups in the cell. However, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide does not reduce CuKTS. Organic/aqueous partition coefficients of the copper chelate show that it is lipophilic, although it has the significant water solubility needed for efficient movement between and within cells. The behavior of CuKTS in acid titrations in water and ethanol is consistent with step-wise protonation to produce H 2 CuKTS 2+ . The results in N,N -dimethylformamide are complex but do not support the formation of an unusual dimeric species, which has been proposed previously.
Agile interferometry: a non-traditional approach

A new approach called agile interferometry is introduced to attain interferometric information with high sensitivity and scenario-based intelligence. Compared to traditional interferometric techniques, the proposed method thrives on dynamic control of the reference signal strength and detector integration time for efficient interferometric detection with high signal-to-noise ratio and significantly improved detected signal dynamic range capabilities. Theoretical analysis is presented with the operational methodology of the new approach. A high-speed optical attenuator is required in the interferometer reference arm to implement the proposed agile interferometer.
Supplementary information in schematic concept formation

Five conditions of supplementary information, including exemplars and knowledge of results, were used in a four category sorting task requiring acquisition of a schematic concept. While most Ss showed some amount of concept acquisition, different amounts of supplementary information did not differentially affect their performance. The results were consistent with the construct of schematic concept formation.
Geography and Public Policy at the National Scale

Geography has already had a substantial impact on national policymaking, but the unrealized potential is even greater. Since World War II, geographers have played important roles in a great many federal agencies, and other geographers outside the federal service have been leaders in such arenas as environmental and urban policy. Besides some personal characteristics that make many geographers useful, the main reason is that public policymaking in the United States is exquisitely geographic at the national level. As it is presently structured, however, our policymaking system has a limited capacity to find out the geographic import of the policy options it considers; this complicates interactions between the executive and legislative branches of the government. At a time when society expects policy to be arrived at pluralistically and when a great many of our policy debates involve relationships between one's location and one's legitimate vested interest, geographers have a remarkable opportunity to build roles for their perspectives and skills into new policymaking structures that are evolving.
IV. The Louisiana Epidemic

Introduction Definition of Terms: A glossary of terms used in the present publication is included in a previous paper.1 In the previous papers of this series, the results of two controlled investigations were reported, one carried out in a hospital nursery in Cincinnati2and the other in Atlanta.3Both studies demonstrated that the phenomenon of bacterial interference could be employed on a practical scale to prevent newborn colonization with hospital strains of staphylococci. However, because of low disease rates encountered among control infants in the Cincinnati study and the occurrence of a high incidence of spontaneous cross-infection withStaphylococcus aureusstrain 502A in the Atlanta nursery, additional observations seemed desirable. Neither one of these factors affected the validity or the interpretation of the data; nevertheless, it was felt that another series of observations under different conditions would be of value. During March, April, and May of 1962,
Keynote talk by Dr. Jean-Luc Gaudiot: Fighting Amdahl's law in many-core and GPU parallel architectures with value prediction

Summary form only given. The next grail sought by HPC community is the exascale, 100 times the current scale. This target will not be reached easily as many challenges are uprising. The first challenge, the Energy consumption, has become a strict constraint now with a limit set to 20MW (twice as the current top supercomputers). Multiplying the computing elements will imply to drastically reduce the power consumption of each of them. The second challenge will be to keep it cool as: first the overall power envelope, 20MW, include the energy for cooling and second, because 20MW will be turned into heat by joule effect. And the operating temperature of electronic must be bounded otherwise, the leakage (and thus the power consumption) increases and the reliability decreases. This brings us to a third challenge regarding the reliability of the machine, the number of components will be tremendous, thus, the probability of having failing ones will increase. It has to be managed in such a way that applications will not be impacted by the failures. Finally, The last challenge is related to the software stack of these supercomputers, how will we manage billions of threads, how will we debug it, … New paradigms are currently being studied, for instance Bag of tasks, that try to tackle these aspects. These are the challenges we have to solve!! In this presentation, brightened up with insight into Bull roadmap, we present a possible future.
Bloom-Gilman duality in the resonance spin structure functions

We investigate the relations between the spin structure functions in the scaling and resonance regions. We examine the possible duality between the two, and draw inferences for the behavior of the asymmetry A{sub 1} at large x. Finally, we point out the importance of additional polarized structure function data in the resonance region for observing lingering effects of single quark interactions in a region where final state interactions are large. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Purification and Characterization of Versicolorin B Synthase from Aspergillus parasiticus. Catalysis of the Stereodifferentiating Cyclization in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Essential to DNA Interaction

The absolute configuration of the dihydrobisfuran ring system characteristic of aflatoxin B1 is essential to the covalent reaction of its metabolically activated form with double-stranded DNA. The biosynthesis of this potent mycotoxin proceeds through three configurationally labile intermediates to racemic versiconal hemiacetal. Subsequent enzymatic cyclization establishes the stereochemistry of this critical ring fusion in (−)-versicolorin B and is catalyzed by versicolorin B synthase (VBS). The isolation and purification of VBS from Aspergillus parasiticus (SU-1, ATCC 56775) and its kinetic characterization and attempted inactivation are described. Initial purification trials were plagued both by a chromophoric impurity which was difficult to remove and by low recoveries of active protein. The discovery of a remarkably broad pH range of enzyme stability and catalytic activity led to an efficient procedure involving preparative isoelectric focusing and ion exchange FPLC chromatography. The enzyme behaved...
Massive thymolipoma involving both chest cavities

Thymolipoma is a rare tumor composed of both adipose and mature thymic elements which may grow to very large sizes before becoming symptomatic. Since thymolipomas are benign tumors and do not invade adjacent structures, a plane of dissection can readily be developed during surgical resection. We report a large tumor involving both thoracic cavities which was successfully excised from a left thoracotomy incision with preservation of adjacent nerves and blood vessels.
A performance study of tetrahedral and hexahedral elements in 3-D finite element structural analysis

Abstract This study compares the performance of linear and quadratic tetrahedral elements and hexahedral elements in various structural problems. The problems selected demonstrate different types of behavior, namely, bending, shear, torsional and axial deformations. It was observed that the results obtained with quadratic tetrahedral elements and hexahedral elements were equivalent in terms of both accuracy and CPU time.
Some membrane characteristics of single isolated nodose ganglion cells studied under current and voltage clamp conditions.

The membrane characteristics of rabbit nodose ganglion neurons isolated by enzymatic digestion were investigated under current and voltage clamp conditions. The membrane of 5–10% of these cells appeared quite intact after enzymatic digestion and mechanical isolation, and this preparation can be successfully employed in biophysical studies. In fact, the membrane and action potential parameters of healthy cells were similar to those reported in whole ganglia or sliced preparations. Five distinct voltage-dependent membrane currents were recorded: fast inward, slow inward and slow outward currents elicited by depolarizing pulses; hyperpolarizing pulses elicited two currents, one associated with rectification and another occurring on the return of a hyperpolarizing pulse.
Reconstruction a convex set from subsets of its interior, exterior, and boundary

In this paper, we shall consider the problem of reconstructing as best as possible an unknown convex set A from three given sets Gi, Ge, and Gb that are known to be subsets of the interior, exterior, and boundary of A, respectively.
Effect of dietary casein levels on activation of promutagens in the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay. I. Studies with noninduced rat liver S9.

Abstract In the previous study (Mutation Res., this issue), we showed that increased levels of dietary casein as the sole protein source for male F344 rats decreased the ability of the uninduced liver S9s to activate 2-aminoanthracene (2AN) to a mutagen in strain TA98 using the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay. No effects of dietary casein levels were noted for the ability of uninduced liver S9s to activate the promutagens aflatoxin B 1 (AFB) and benzo[ a ]pyrene (BAP). In the present study, we have extended this study to include liver S9s induced with either Aroclor 1254, phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC). S9s were derived from individual male F344 rats fed for 6 weeks on semisynthetic diets containing 8%, 12% or 22% methionine-supplemented casein as the sole source of protein (diets were made isocaloric by adjusting the corn starch content). Rats were housed in large, raised-bed cages by groups of three/diet/inducing agent. S9 activation mixtures were prepared at 5 mg of S9 protein/ml of S9 mix. Slopes from the linear portions of the mutagenicity dose-response curves were analyzed by ANOVA comparisons. Assays used to elucidate the phase I activities of microsomal preparations were cytochrome P-450 content, cytochrome- c reductase activity, flavin-containing monooxygenase activity, 7-thoxyresorufin O -deethylation (EROD) activity, N -demethylation of benzphetamine, and para -nitrophenol O -deethylation. Phase II activities were assayed by estimating glutathione (GSH) content and measuring the metabolism of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) by glutathione S -transferase in cytosolic preparations. None of the phase I or phase II endpoints were significantly affected by dietary casein levels. In general, increasing levels of dietary casein resulted in increased body and liver wet weight and amount of S9 protein. Aroclor-induced S9s from rats led the 22% or 12% casein diet were most effective at activating AFB, depending on the lot of Aroclor used for induction: these divergent results were replicated with two groups of rats for each lot of Aroclor. The observed differences between Aroclor lots are assumed to arise from variation in the mix of PCB isomers. The Aroclor-induced S9s did not exhibit any casein-related effects for the activation of BAP or 2AN. For 3MC-induced S9s, the 12% casein diets produced S9s with the highest ability to activate AFB and BAP when standardized for protein content. Phenobarbital-induced S9s did not demonstrate any dietary casein-related effects on the activation of the three model promutagens. These results illustrate the complex interaction between dietary levels of casein, enzyme inducing agent and promutagen.
Tracing the Impact of Media Relations and Television Coverage on U.S. Charitable Relief Fundraising: An Application of Agenda-Setting Theory across Three Natural Disasters

Fundraising practitioners have often expressed the desire to gain media coverage of their nonprofit organization because it will result in increased donations. Although this folklore is commonly believed by many fundraisers, there is little evidence to support this claim. This study uses the agenda-setting theory as the framework to test whether television news coverage of 3 natural disasters and the nonprofit organizations working to provide charitable relief in wake of the events results in increased donations to the nonprofit organizations. Using the 2004 Asian tsunami, 2005's Hurricane Katrina, and the 2010 Haitian earthquake to test the public's response to relief efforts, the study found little support for increased donations to the 5 leading organizations providing relief in relation to generic news coverage of the disasters. However, when the organizations were specifically mentioned by reporters in the newscasts, noticeable same-day spikes were seen in donations to the organizations’ fundraising ...
Time-course of alterations in morphine-induced analgesia and nociceptive threshold following medullary raphe lesions

Abstract Electrolytic lesions which included major portions of the nucleus raphe magnus produced alterations in nociceptive threshold and morphine-induced analgesia. These effects were highly dependent on the time at which measurements were made following the lesioning procedure. Seven days or less after placement of the lesions there was a pronounced decrease in nociceptive threshold, but no effect on the capacity of morphine to induce antinociception. However, the nociceptive threshold exhibited recovery by 21–28 days, during which time there was a gradual, but profound, decrease in the capacity of morphine to induce analgesia. At longer times after the placement of lesions (28–35 days), the nociceptive threshold, assessed using the tail-flick test, became elevated concomitant with a recovery of morphine's analgesic potency. The differential time course of the lesion-induced attenuation of morphine analgesia and decrease in nociceptive threshold suggests that these effects result from the destruction of separate neuronal systems. Thus, the lesion-induced decrease in nociceptive threshold probably results from destruction of raphespinal serotonergic neurons while the attenuation of morphine analgesia is most likely an indirect result of damage to non-serotoninergic raphe-spinal neurons. Finally, the failure of acute raphe lesions to alter morphine analgesia indicates that the neurons found in the raphe magnus are not directly involved in mediating the antinociceptive actions of opiates.
An analytical framework for making long -term projections of undernourishment: A case study for agriculture in Mali

Abstract A framework is developed for projecting the effects of policy, technological and environmental change on the prevalence of undernourishment in a country. This is done by integrating the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) methodology for estimating the proportion of undernourished population in a country into a stochastic economic agricultural sector modeling framework. The resultant framework considers the implications of climatic fluctuations, resource limitations and degradation, demographic pressure, market dynamics, adoption of improved cultivars, and cropland expansion. Such a unified framework provides a rich accounting of the factors surrounding macro level food supply and undernourishment as well as results on the regional distribution of undernourishment in face of climatic risk and regional characteristics. The framework is applied to Mali evaluating a number of alternative options for reducing undernourishment. We find that the Malian agriculture does have a significant potential for reducing undernourishment by 2015.
Flower choice by naïve young crab spiders and the effect of subsequent experience.

Abstract Initial responses of naive individuals to critical environmental stimuli provide important information about the innate contribution to behaviour, and subsequent responses to the same stimuli may show the role of experience in mediating those initial responses. To test the role of these factors, I measured initial patch choices and giving-up responses of just-emerged, naive, second-instar crab spiders, Misumena vatia, on several hunting sites they encountered after leaving their natal nests. In follow-up tests I measured the effects of these experiences on subsequent patch choice decisions. The choice of hunting sites is a vital decision at all stages of the life cycle for sit-and-wait predators such as Misumena. In their initial tests these spiderlings remained more frequently on goldenrod (Solidago spp.) flowers than on green or yellow goldenrod buds, a preference they retained through tests run on 5 consecutive days. Individuals on green and yellow buds shifted sites more quickly and frequently than those from flowers, and made most of these moves to flowers, which attracted many more prey than did buds. These differences were not affected by age, energetic condition, or loss of information over the period of the experiment. Once spiderlings moved from buds, they showed a high, increasing tendency to move from buds in subsequent runs, those from flowers showed a consistently low tendency. These results suggest that spiderlings retain their innate behavioural patterns through the second instar, but that experience also plays a modest role in patch choice at this stage.
A model for variable phytoplankton stoichiometry based on cell protein regulation

The elemental ratios of marine phytoplankton emerge from complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic components of the ocean, and reflect the plastic response of individuals to changes in their environment. The stoichiometry of phytoplankton is, thus, dynamic and dependent on the physiological state of the cell. We present a theoretical model for the dynamics of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of a phytoplankton population. By representing the regulatory processes controlling nutrient uptake, and focusing on the relation between nutrient content and protein synthesis, our model qualitatively replicates existing experimental observations for nutrient content and ratios. The population described by our model takes up nutrients in proportions that match the input ratios for a broad range of growth conditions. In addition, there are two zones of single-nutrient limitation separated by a wide zone of co-limitation. Within the co-limitation zone, a single point can be identified where nutrients are supplied in an optimal ratio. When different species compete, the existence of a wide co-limitation zone implies a more complex pattern of coexistence and exclusion compared to previous model predictions. However, additional comprehensive laboratory experiments are needed to test our predictions. Our model contributes to the understanding of the global cycles of oceanic nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the elemental ratios of these nutrients in phytoplankton populations.
Preventing transmission of HIV: a biological and medical perspective.

427 IN MY COMMENTS I will summarize our understanding of the transmission of HIV, and describe how this knowledge has been used to develop prevention strategies—many of which have already been used successfully. The probability of transmission of HIV depends on the route. HIV-contaminated blood used for a transfusion is still a problem in some resource poor countries, and causes infection more than 90% of the time. In contrast, someone stuck with a contaminated needle has only a 1/300 chance of acquiring HIV. The chance of HIV transmission during childbirth is about 30%. The chances of acquiring HIV from sexual exposure is highly variable, but is often very inefficient, so that dozens or even hundreds of episodes of intercourse appear to be required for transmission to occur. This ought to be surprising since HIV is first and foremost an STD! More than 70% of HIV is sexually transmitted. Given the relative inefficiency of the sexual transmission of HIV, how can we explain the magnitude of the HIV epidemic? Other factors must define the epidemic. These include the duration of time a person remains contagious, and the number of people exposed. Indeed, we can multiply these factors together to predict the spread of HIV. Thus, the ferocity of the AIDS epidemic is not because the virus is so easily transmitted. Rather, it is because of the many years that infected people remain sexually active, and because of the large number of different sexual encounters that might occur, particularly where commercial sex work is common. Now let’s look more closely at sexual transmission of HIV by both the infectiousness of the HIV carrier, and the susceptibility of the person exposed. Infectiousness of HIV is determined by the amount of virus in the blood or genital secretions, and special features of the viral swarm which can render the virus either more or less contagious. Higher concentrations of HIV in blood and genital secretions greatly increase the chance for HIV transmission. Many experts believe that the type of virus found in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is different than the virus found in the United States, is more contagious. The HIV virus in China, as you will hear from Dr. Shao Yiming, is unfortunately caused by a virus similar to that found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Not everyone is equally susceptible to HIV. Indeed, here are three kinds of resistance to HIV: hereditary, innate, and acquired. Hereditary resistance is observed in about 1/100 Caucasians who have cells that cannot be readily infected with the virus because of a genetic
Sutureless vasovasostomy: New technique using experimental microclip in rat model

Abstract Standard microscopic suture vasovasostomy represents a challenge to many urologists. It is technically demanding, and requires two to five hours of operative time. In an attempt to decrease the technical demand and the time requirement, we report the use of a microvascular anastomotic clip and compare this microclip to a standard eight-suture nonstented technique and a six-suture stented technique using a hollow, absorbable 0.5-mm polyglycolic acid stent. The control group with suture required an average of 38.5 minutes per anastomotis for the nonstented group and twenty-two minutes for the stented group. The clip group required 7.6 minutes for the unstented vasovasostomy and 6.5 minutes for the stented vasovasostomy. We obtained a 91 percent patency rate for the stented clip group and 100 percent patency for the unstented clip group. In a rat vasovasostomy, the operative time as well as the inherent technical demand were significantly reduced.
Network architecture and test-bed demonstration of wavelength-striped packet multicasting

A new architecture for broadband multicasting of optical messages is proposed and demonstrated on a programmable optical packet switching test-bed. Optical packets with wavelength-striped 8×10 Gb/s payloads are successfully multicasted and routed error-free.
Excitation density, diffusion-drift, and proportionality in scintillators

Stopping of an energetic electron produces a track of high excitation density, especially near its end, and consequent high radial concentration gradient. The effect of high excitation density in promoting nonlinear quenching is generally understood to be a root cause of nonproportionality in scintillators. However, quantitative data on the kinetic rates of nonlinear quenching processes in scintillators are scarce. We report experimental measurements of second-order dipole–dipole rate constants governing the main nonlinear quenching channel in CsI, CsI:Tl, NaI, and NaI:Tl. We also show that the second of the extreme conditions in a track, i.e., radial concentration gradient, gives rise to fast (≤picoseconds) diffusion phenomena which act both as a competitor in reducing excitation density during the relevant time of nonlinear quenching, and as a determiner of branching between independent and paired carriers, where the branching ratio changes with dE/dx along the primary electron track. To investigate the interplay of these phenomena in determining nonproportionality of light yield, we use experimentally measured rate constants and mobilities in CsI and NaI to carry out quantitative modeling of diffusion, drift, and nonlinear quenching evaluated spatially and temporally within an electron track which is assumed cylindrical Gaussian in this version of the model.
Stability: an ICD detection criterion for discriminating atrial fibrillation from ventricular tachycardia.

Stability, An ICD Detection Criterion. introduction: The purpose of this study was to review a new implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) detection criterion, stability, to determine if it can effectively discriminate rapid rhythms of atrial fibrillation from ventricular tachycardia. Inappropriate shocks for rapid atrial fibrillation limit the acceptance of ICDs. The advent of an additional detection criterion, stability, has been postulated to be of value in discriminating rapid atrial fibrillation, which may not warrant treatment, from ventricular tachycardia, which obviously does warrant therapy delivery. Methods and Results: Twenty-six patients were studied during 32 episodes of rapid atrial fibrillation and 24 episodes of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia below 220 beats/min. Each rhythm was repeatedly evaluated by the device at each of the seven stability values available (8, 16, 23, 31, 39, 47, and 55 msec) and then classified as stable or unstable. Upon completion of this acute study, 32 ICD patients bad the stability feature activated and were followed for proper arrhythmia treatment by the device. Using stability windows from 8 to 47 msec, all atrial fibrillation rhythms were appropriately classified as unstable. Three of 6 were classified correctly for the 55-msec window. All ventricular tachycardia rhythms were appropriately classified as stable for all stability windows from 8 to 55 msec. Clinical follow-up confirmed appropriate therapy delivery when coupled with sustained rate duration (SRD). Thirty-two patients followed for 292 patient-months had no episodes of untreated ventricular tachycardia with 428 successfully classified as stable and treated. Only three episodes of suspected atrial fibrillation resulted in therapy delivery as the rhythm duration exceeded the SRD of 30 seconds. Conclusions: The CPI Ventak PRx ICD is highly reliable in appropriately classifying atrial fibrillation as unstable and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia as stable for most stability windows evaluating tachycardias below 220 beats/min. As a result, when testing of atrial fibrillation is not possible, we recommend the routine programming of this stability feature at the 31-msec window with an SRD of 30 seconds. The reliability of this device in discriminating atrial fibrillation from monomorphic ventricular tachycardia may have important clinical implications for other tiered therapy ICDs with this feature as well as for future ICDs in development.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of a Uranyl β-Diketiminate Complex

Addition of 1 equiv of Li(Ar2nacnac) (Ar2nacnac = (2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)) to an Et2O suspension of UO2Cl2(THF)3 generates the uranyl dimer [UO2(Ar2nacnac)Cl]2 (1) in good yield....
A histochemical and ultrastructural study of the ontogeny and differentiation of pollen inPodocarpus macrophyllus D. Don

Male cones ofPodocarpus macrophyllus D. Don enter a period of dormancy lasting almost a year after the differentiation of archesporial tissue. The cell walls of the sporogenous and tapetal cells are different in composition from those of the cells comprising the wall of the microsporangium. The walls of tapetal cells undergo complete dissolution but the naked protoplasts do not invade the cavity of the microsporangium, and eventually degeneratein situ. Sporopollenin-containing bodies are formed on the tapetal plasmalemma although no specific tapetal organelles can be singled out as sites of synthesis of sporopollenin precursors. The original walls of the microspore mother cells are broken down completely and replaced by a thin callose-like wall. No cytomictic channels are formed prior to or during early meiosis. The outer nuclear membrane of the sporogenous cells forms numerous vesicles which likely play an important role in preparing the cell for meiosis and in the breakdown of the original sporogenous cell wall and the formation of the new wall. Pronounced evaginations and invaginations of the nuclear envelope during the tetrad stage are seen which again indicate vital nucleo-cytoplasmic exchange at the time when species specific sexine layer is being laid down. The microspore protoplast synthesizes a portion of sporopollenin precursors. Sexine and part of nexine I are laid down during the tetrad stage on lamellae of unit membrane dimensions while nexines II and III are formed after the dissolution of the tetrads by the coalescence of small, electron dense particles. Cells of the male gametophyte are initially separated from each other by distinct cell walls often traversed by plasmodesmata. Mature pollen grains have appreciable reserves of protein, lipid and starch. Results of histochemical and scanning electron microscopical observations are also reported and discussed.
Reward Systems and the Distribution of Wages

Output-related payment systems, such as piece rates, production bonuses, and commissions, are common in many jobs and are typically thought to serve two primary purposes: first, to induce workers to expend more effort; second, to allocate some or all of the risks at the point of production to the workers. In the literature on agency problems, the first purpose is referred to as the incentive purpose (see, e.g., Stiglitz); whereas in the Marxist labor-process literature, it is referred to as the purpose of extracting labor power (e.g., Burawoy:chaps. 3-4; Lazonick:chaps. 1-2). In terms of wages, workers employed under an output-related payment system tend on the average to earn more than workers paid by the hour. This is so because incentive-rated workers in part are compensated for working harder and in part they are compensated for the risks they have to carry. One part of the expected pay differential between the two groups is due to effort compensation and another to compensation for risks. Against this background, the article has two goals. The first is to assess the extent to which, and the magnitude by which, incentive-rated workers on the average earn more than time-rated workers. This analysis provides an assessment of the role of output-related payment systems in generating wage in-
19 K 43 and the Radioactivity of Potassium

IT has recently been suggested by Newman and Walke1 and Klemperer2 that the natural-radioactivity of potassium is due to an isotope 19K40 present in very small abundance. Sitte3, however, has come to the conclusion that another relatively rare isotope of potassium exists which is the source of the particles, and this, he states, can only be 19K43.
Non-bottleneck machines in three-machine flow shops

The paper deals with the classical problem of minimizing the makespan in a three-machine flow shop. When any one of the three machines is a non-bottleneck machine, the problem is efficiently solvable by one of three algorithms from the literature. We show that even if one chooses the best solution, the worst-case performance ratio of these algorithms is 2, and the bound of 2 is tight. We also present a new sufficient condition for identifying the intermediate non-bottleneck machine which is weaker than all conditions proposed so far. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapists' Use of Boundaries in Sexual Abuse Groups: An Exploratory Study.

This study surveyed survivor and nonsurvivor therapists regarding their use of boundaries in groups with survivors of childhood sexual abuse. No differences were detected between the two groups when all types of boundaries were considered. Using boundary subscales, significant differences for therapist neutrality in their groups was observed, suggesting that nonsurvivor therapists are more neutral than survivor therapists when leading survivor groups. These results are discussed in terms of the need for future process and qualitative studies that provide information about what constitutes “normal” boundaries in the therapeutic setting, reasons for crossing boundaries, and how crossings impact the therapeutic alliance.
Orphans’ Land Rights in Post‐War Rwanda: The Problem of Guardianship

In 1994 the Rwandan civil war and genocide produced thousands of orphans. Alongside the war the growing HIV/AIDS crisis in Rwanda has produced a current population of about 300000 orphans—many of whom are compelled to head households. These orphans urgently require land use rights but many find that their rights to their deceased parents’ customary land holdings are denied or restricted by their guardians and others. Despite the legal protections for children that are guaranteed within Rwanda’s laws the reality is that many guardians do not respect orphans’ land rights and few orphans have sufficient access to administrative and legal forums to assert and defend these rights. In contrast to most accounts in the literature that discuss more generally the issue of African orphans’ land rights in the context of adults’ land rights this article focuses on specific cases in which Rwandan orphans independently pursued their land rights. Ultimately the article concludes that in Rwanda — and elsewhere in Africa — government officials should re-examine their ideas about guardianship and grant orphans urgent attention as individuals and as a special interest group. (authors)
Simulation of X-ray absorption spectra with orthogonality constrained density functional theory

Orthogonality constrained density functional theory (OCDFT) [F. A. Evangelista, P. Shushkov and J. C. Tully, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2013, 117, 7378] is a variational time-independent approach for the computation of electronic excited states. In this work we extend OCDFT to compute core-excited states and generalize the original formalism to determine multiple excited states. Benchmark computations on a set of 13 small molecules and 40 excited states show that unshifted OCDFT/B3LYP excitation energies have a mean absolute error of 1.0 eV. Contrary to time-dependent DFT, OCDFT excitation energies for first- and second-row elements are computed with near-uniform accuracy. OCDFT core excitation energies are insensitive to the choice of the functional and the amount of Hartree–Fock exchange. We show that OCDFT is a powerful tool for the assignment of X-ray absorption spectra of large molecules by simulating the gas-phase near-edge spectrum of adenine and thymine.
Endowed Book Funds: The Book-A-Year Fund at Rollins College

ABSTRACT The Olin Library at Rollins College has maintained a Book-A-Year Endowment Fund for nearly fifty years. The Endowment, which is a major fund-raising vehicle for the Library, allows a donor to purchase a book every year in his or her own name or in the name of a friend or relative. The fund is maintained cooperatively by the Library and the Development Office. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the Book-A-Year Fund as a development tool, explains how the fund is maintained, and explores the desirability of establishing such funds in other libraries.
Strange Condensate Realignment in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Abstract We show that a new phase of matter may form in heavy ion collisions at baryon densities above three to four times nuclear density. This phase is characterized by a Bose-Einstein condensate of kaons or etas; or equivalently, a realignment of the q q condensate in flavor space. Possible signals from this transition include an excess of hyperons, coherent kaon production, and long-lived states of strange hadronic matter.
The relationship of integration and automation under an uncertain environment: a SEM model

Under a uncertain environment (i.e., growing global competition, changing customer demand, shorter product life cycles, and increasing market diversity), two manufacturing strategies often emerge: manufacturing technology automation and manufacturing system integration. Existing case studies indicate that firms should adapt manufacturing integration first and then automate the manufacturing system to improve manufacturing performance. Using 288 responses from manufacturing managers, the findings of this study empirically supports this proposition. Analytical results also show that the combination strategies of manufacturing system integration followed by manufacturing technology automation have more than twice the effect on manufacturing performance than using manufacturing automation strategy alone.
Subtalar Arthroereisis: A New Exploration of an Old Concept

Subtalar arthroereisis as an adjunct procedure may hold promise for patients who have mild and more severe variants of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). The biomechanics of the implant function have not been fully elucidated, and questions remain about the best clinical indications for the device. This article reviews the limited existing literature and describes the author's personal experience testing subtalar arthroereisis in the laboratory and using the implant clinically for correction of adult flexible flatfoot.
Commercial Growth and Environmental Change in Early Modern Japan: Hachinohe's Wild Boar Famine of 1749

The only aspect of this bizarre famine that historians really know for sure is that the Hachinohe chroniclers of the day remembered it as the “wild boar famine” (inoshishi kegachi) of 1749. From what can be pieced together from the few available sources, thousands of peasants from Hachinohe died when an intensification of slash-and-burn farming, fueled by economic growth during the Tokugawa period (1600–1868), combined with terrestrial and climatological environmental changes and converged on this small northeastern domain. This convergence disrupted local agricultural cycles, caused food shortages, and, ultimately, pitted the human population against wild boar in a life-or-death struggle for survival. Like other domains, Hachinohe had faced worsening economic conditions throughout the eighteenth century, and so it took advantage of the commercialization of the economy by sponsoring cash-crop farming in the form of soybean cultivation to meet the growing financial demands of doling out retainer stipends and paying the other high costs of life in the Tokugawa polity. As peasants cleared new swaths of land for soybean cultivation, however, they in turn sparked changes in the land that led to an explosion of the wild boar population. Wild boar thrived in the newly deforested terrain—a terrain that, with its ample brush and many tuberous plants, supplied them with shelter and food.