cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John ‘Army’ Howard, Canada’s First Black Olympian: A Nation-Building Paradox

AbstractThe early 1910s marked a turning point in Canadian immigration policy history. With the introduction of the Immigration Act of 1911, the Canadian state effectively declared black people, Asians, and most other people of colour to be unfit and unsuitable immigrants. Nation-building efforts encouraged a white Canada; as such, the Canadian Amateur Athletic administration approached the 1912 Games as an opportunity to attract ‘suitable’ white European immigrants. Amidst sustained anti-black immigrant discourse in policies and the press, Canada’s 1912 Olympic team included, for the first time, a black athlete: John Armstrong ‘Army’ Howard, an emerging sprinting talent from Winnipeg (Manitoba) who had done well in national meets. Howard’s racial identity was not only the antithesis of a white Canada, he was also a recent American immigrant. Yet, his potential made him one of most prominent medal hopefuls for a nation looking to secure its position on the world stage. In this way, Howard’s tenure on the ...
Apostasy of a Prince: Hans Herzl and the Boundaries of Jewish Nationalism

When Hans Herzl, son of Theodor Herzl, converted to Christianity in 1924 and committed suicide in 1930, he challenged the boundaries of the Zionist movement. Zionist responses to Hans's conversion and suicide reveal underlying and conflicting assumptions regarding the religious, cultural, and ethnic boundaries of Jewish nationalism, both in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as in future Israeli state policy. This article traces responses in the press and among leadership of the World Zionist Organization to Hans's conversion, as well as subsequent reactions to his suicide. To some, Hans's anomalous life threatened Jewish unity and the Zionist movement; to others, Hans deserved not only a biography but a meaningful place in Zionist discourse. These conflicting definitions and priorities of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s resurface within the legal and bureaucratic institutions of Israeli statehood, particularly in the 1962 Supreme Court case Rufeisen v. Ministry of the Interior.
In Vitro Models of ACL Injury

The development of new ACL treatment strategies is often initiated with in vitro research. In vitro (Latin for “in glass”) describes techniques where cells are isolated and cultured outside the body to study their response to a variety of specific environmental cues involving scaffolds or growth factors. As such, in vitro studies allow researchers to observe and describe cellular behaviors very precisely under minutely controlled conditions without the necessity of sacrificing research animals. However, the in vitro findings must subsequently be translated into preclinical models to prove that it will also work in vivo before it is translated to clinical research. This chapter briefly describes the basic methodology and provide typical examples of such in vitro models for ACL research.
Keeping the Brain Well Fed: The Role of Capillaries and Arterioles in Orchestrating Functional Hyperemia

Cerebral blood flow increases in regions of increased brain activity. In this issue of Neuron, Rungta et al. (2018) characterize the contribution of different vascular compartments in generating this increase and outline the time course of arteriole and capillary dilation in generating functional hyperemia.
There and Back Again: The De-Licensing and Re-Licensing of Barbers in Alabama

The economic effects of occupational licensing remain an understudied topic, but even less is known about the effects of the removal of licensing legislation. In this article, we take advantage of a natural experiment that occurred in the state of Alabama. Alabama was the last state to begin licensing barbers in 1973 and also the only state to de‐license barbers (in 1983). Relying on data from 1974 to 1994, we find evidence that barber de‐licensing reduced the average annual earnings of barbers as well as the number of cosmetologist employees per million residents in Alabama, although not all our results are statistically significant. We also find evidence that de‐licensing resulted in small increases in the number of barber shops and decreases in the number of cosmetology shops in Alabama. In recent decades, a number of attempts have been made to re‐license the occupation — most recently with a barber licensing bill that became law in September 2013. The result is that barbering in Alabama is once again a licensed occupation. Our limited evidence suggests that the re‐licensing of barbers in Alabama may already have had an effect on pay and on the number of barber shops.
Multisets and Multiset Mappings

Multisets are collections of elements which may appear with multiplicity. We review the multiplicity function and cardinality, and we introduce the notion of filter to extract the distinct elements in a multiset. We define a notion of outer limit for sequences of multisets, and we define and develop “multiset mappings” that take multisets to multisets. We introduce a generalized continuity property for multiset mappings (called calmness) that relies on choices of pre-distance functions, and we investigate how this property generalizes a similar property for set-valued mappings. We define a generalized derivative for multiset mappings and use it to characterize calmness.
Chapter 14 – Family Astroviridae

Astroviruses are unsegmented, positive-sense RNA viruses with ~7–9 kb genomes. The family name derives from astron, meaning star, in Greek. These small unenveloped viruses have spikes that project about 41 nm from the surface of the capsid, giving them a star-like appearance. Human astroviruses cause gastroenteritis in children and adults. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise, and abdominal pain; for the most part disease is self-limiting.
Biomimetic solutions to finding passageways in foliage

Many bats species live in densely vegetated habitats. Hence, they must have evolved the ability to detect passageways through the foliage. To identify echo features that bats have at their disposal to accomplish this sensing task, a biomimetic sonar head was used to ensonify artificial foliages in the laboratory. These foliages consisted of plastic vines that were arranged to create gaps of defined width and height. The conventional sonar approach to detecting gaps between scatterers is based on the drop in energy that occurs when the sonar beam is aimed at a gap. However, the performance of such an energy-detector decrease as the sonar-beam width increases relative to the angle subtended by the gap edges. Hence, reliable detection of a narrow gap with a wide beam and/or from a distance is not feasible with this approach. Here, a machine-learning approach based on convolutional neural networks was employed to identify features in energy-normalized spectrogram that could support passageway-detection independently of echo energy. The results indicate that features other than echo energy exist in the spectrogram that by themselves support much better passageway detection performance than the energy-based reference. Work to understand the features learned by the convolutional neural network is currently underway.Many bats species live in densely vegetated habitats. Hence, they must have evolved the ability to detect passageways through the foliage. To identify echo features that bats have at their disposal to accomplish this sensing task, a biomimetic sonar head was used to ensonify artificial foliages in the laboratory. These foliages consisted of plastic vines that were arranged to create gaps of defined width and height. The conventional sonar approach to detecting gaps between scatterers is based on the drop in energy that occurs when the sonar beam is aimed at a gap. However, the performance of such an energy-detector decrease as the sonar-beam width increases relative to the angle subtended by the gap edges. Hence, reliable detection of a narrow gap with a wide beam and/or from a distance is not feasible with this approach. Here, a machine-learning approach based on convolutional neural networks was employed to identify features in energy-normalized spectrogram that could support passageway-detection indepe...
SVM based target classification using RCS feature vectors

This paper investigates the application of SVM (Support Vector Machines) for the classification of stationary human targets and indoor clutter via spectral features. Applying Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) techniques allows us to examine the radar cross section (RCS) of humans and indoor clutter objects by utilizing different types of computer models. FDTD allows for the spectral characteristics to be acquired over a wide range of frequencies, polarizations, aspect angles, and materials. The acquired target and clutter RCS spectral characteristics are then investigated in terms of their potential for target classification using SVMs. Based upon variables such as frequency and polarization, a SVM classifier can be trained to classify unknown targets as a human or clutter. Furthermore, the application of feature selection is applied to the spectral characteristics to determine the SVM classification accuracy of a reduced dataset. Classification accuracies of nearly 90% are achieved using radial and polynomial kernels.
Partnership-Related Relatedness: Measuring Partners' Capital Interests and Profits Interests

Section 707(b)(1) provides that two partnerships are related if the same persons own more than 50% of the partnership’s capital interests or profits interests. Even though numerous sections of the Internal Revenue Code rely upon that definition of partnership relatedness, the law does not provide meaningful guidance for measuring capital and profits interests. Measuring such interests in partnerships with distribution-dependent equity structures is particularly challenging because rights to profits can vary from tier-to-tier in distribution waterfalls. Focusing on measuring profits interests in partnerships, this article presents five methods for measuring such interests: (1) the max-out approach, (2) the capital-only liquidation approach, (3) the capital-plus liquidation approach, (4) the current-profits approach, and (5) the projected-profits approach. With no guidance in this area favoring any approach, observers may conclude that any of the approaches could be used to measure profits interests. The article uses an example to test each approach and to demonstrate that the capital-plus liquidation approach, which considers how capital and profits would be distributed in a hypothetical liquidation at the time of measurement, is the soundest of the five approaches and returns reasonable values. The article suggests that the IRS should provide guidance in this area to create certainty for an important section of the Internal Revenue Code.
Best Practices for Journalistic Balance: Gatekeeping, Imbalance and the Fake News Era

The concepts of balance and fairness are considered pillars for ethical journalism. However, balance is not clearly defined within the working profession, and more importantly, the construction of ...
Exogenous Keratinocyte Growth Factor Is Not Required for Pigmentation of Skin Substitutes with Three Isogeneic Cell Types.

Engineered skin substitutes (ESS) containing human fibroblasts (hF) and human keratinocytes (hK) provide significant medical benefits for treatment of acute and chronic skin wounds, including, but ...
Clinical relationship between anemia and atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation without genetic background

Background Anemia is a known adverse prognostic factor among patients with cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether the hemoglobin level was associated with the rhythm outcome after atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation (AFCA). Methods We included 2627 patients who underwent AFCA and a guidelines-based rhythm follow-up (age 58 ± 10.9 years, 73% men, 30.6% with persistent AF), and evaluated the association of pre-AFCA anemia (haemoglobin <13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women) and rhythm outcomes. We studied the mechanistic relationship between anemia and AF recurrence using a Mendelian randomization analysis (1775 subjects with genome-wide association study) after reviewing already proven 12 hemoglobin-associated genetic polymorphisms. Results The body mass index, paroxysmal AF, warfarin use, and baseline red cell distribution width were independently associated with anemia in patients with AF. During a 23-month follow-up (interval OR 9-48 months), the clinical AF recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with than without anemia (log-rank p = 0.001; propensity score-matched log-rank p = 0.004). This pattern was more significant in male patients (Log-rank p < 0.001) or patients with paroxysmal AF (Log-rank p < 0.001). Anemia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.45 [1.17-1.80], p = 0.001), left atrial diameter (HR 1.03 [1.01-1.04], p < 0.001), a female sex (HR 1.17 [1.00-1.36], p = 0.047), and persistent AF (HR 1.58 [1.36-1.84], p < 0.001) were independently associated with post-AFCA clinical recurrence. In the Mendelian randomization, we could not find a significant direct causal relationship between anemia and AF recurrence at the genetic level. Conclusions Pre-AFCA anemia is an independent predictor of post-AFCA clinical recurrence, especially in male patients, without a genetically direct causal relationship.
[AG436] Lost in the Weeds?: A Comprehensive Guide to Florida’s Many Non-Native Plant Lists

Because researchers and land managers in Florida have been dealing with invasive species for decades, there is an abundance of resources available to the public regarding invasive species. Sometimes, the volume of available information can be confusing. This 6-page document aims to inform the general public, land managers, researchers, local and state policy makers, and others who seek guidance in accessing regulatory and nonregulatory non-native plant lists in the state of Florida. This publication explains the origins of the lists, meaning of inclusion on a particular list, and ways to access each of the lists. Written by Deah Lieurance and Lyn A. Gettys, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, August 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag436 UF/IFAS News Release 10/22/2019: 'Lost in the Weeds?' Guide Sifts Through the Differences Among Non-Native Plant Lists
A Primer on COVID-19 Mathematical Models.

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2 or COVID‐19) disease has led to a wide‐spread global pandemic (1). COVID‐19 symptoms and mortality are disproportionately more severe in people with obesity and obesity related comorbidities (2, 3). This is of concern for the United States, where ~42% have obesity and of these, 85% have type 2 diabetes.
Favorable Outcomes of Repeat Electrofulguration Procedures in Women With Antibiotic-refractory Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of repeat endoscopic electrofulguration in women with antibiotic-refractory, recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) with persistent symptoms after 1 electrofulguration. Methods An institutional review board-approved, prospectively maintained database of non-neurogenic women with RUTIs, persistent symptoms and endoscopic findings of bladder wall inflammation after 1 electrofulguration, and minimum 6 months follow-up was reviewed. Endoscopic success was defined as complete resolution of previous lesions without new lesions seen during office cystoscopy 6 months after second electrofulguration. Clinical success was defined as no urinary tract infections at last follow-up; improvement as 1-2 treated infections/year; and failure as ≥3 treated infections/year, daily antibiotic suppression, or another electrofulguration (third or fourth). Results From 2006 to 2018, 58/70 (83%) women with median age 70 years and median follow-up 26 months were included, and 53/58 had endoscopic data 6 months postsecond electrofulguration. Endoscopic success was noted in 26 (49%), and 21/26 had 3 antibiotics (43%). Conclusion Women with persistent RUTIs following 1 electrofulguration may benefit from a second or even third procedure.
Risk and Protective Factors for Common Mental Disorders among Urban Somali Refugee Youth

The purpose of this study was to explore exposure to trauma as well as demographic and psychosocial factors as predictors of mental health symptoms among Somali refugees in Kenya. Participants were recruited via snowball sampling to complete a survey and included 86 Somali refugee youth, aged 15 to 34 years, who were living in Eastleigh. We measured trauma using a total traumas experienced variable as well as four trauma types categories (pre-migration/migration trauma, post-migration trauma, family trauma, and individual trauma). We measured anxiety and depression symptoms using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and PTSD using the PTSD Check List – Civilian Version (PCL-C). We ran descriptive statistics followed by multiple linear regression models with trauma exposure, education, gender, and willingness to share problems as predictors of mental health symptoms. Out of 12 possible traumatic events, most participants (83.7%) reported experiencing at least one trauma, and participants reported experiencing an average of 3.76 total traumas. The regression models predicted between 11.5% and 35.5% of the variance of the mental health symptoms. Willingness to share problems was a significant predictor of decreased mental health symptoms in most models. These findings highlight the role of trauma exposure and psychosocial factors in predicting Somali refugee mental health and indicate that implementing programs to encourage problem sharing may help address Somali refugee mental health needs. Further research is needed to explore the differential impact of trauma exposure and various psychosocial factors on Somali refugee mental health.
Agro-Economic Comparison of the Achievements of Fadama III Agricultural Enterprises in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria: Task-Target Performance Approaches

The study addressed the economic comparison of the achievements of Fadama III agricultural enterprises in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria using task-target performance approaches. It aimed at identifying the indicators, tasks and targets and achievement of Fadama III. Some materials used were secondary information collected from the various Fadama III project offices. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select three locations: Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa and Delta States. The results included: the mean achievement index across the study area as percentage increase in income (163%), crop based activities (132%), fisheries based activities (105%), number of staff trained (162%) and number of monitoring visits to sub projects (149%). However, some indicators did not achieve set tasks and targets as in livestock based activities (51%), agro-processing based activities (13%), marketing equipment (7%), irrigation/drainage equipment (3%) and storage facilities (10%). The three States met their target of 40% increase in farmers’ income by achieving far beyond the set target: Akwa Ibom (155%), Bayelsa (163%) and Delta (170%) Upon contribution into Fadama Users’ Equity Fund (FUEF), achievable were: Akwa Ibom reached 101%, Bayelsa reached 75% and Delta reached 232%. Only Bayelsa State did not achieve the set target of getting up to 100% in FUEF contribution. The study concluded that the economic achievements of Fadama III project activities was commendable. The study recommended that there should be critical followed up for enterprises with proven agro-economic performances with success story of tasks and targets achievement for project sustainability.
Location of the zeros of certain cuspforms

In this note, we prove a conjecture of Reitzes, Vulakh and Young on the location of the zeros of certain cuspforms of level one.
Birth Strike: The Hidden Fight over Women’s Work

In 2018, the total fertility rate in the United States hit an all-time low of 1.73 (or 1,728 births per 1,000 women).1 The US birthrate has been below what is necessary to replace the current popul...
Sorting through citizenship: A case study on using cognitive scaffolding to unpack adolescent civic identity formation

Abstract Civic engagement requires individuals to have both knowledge of democratic principles and the skills for enacting change. Acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for a productive civic life can be difficult for students if they are not provided conceptual scaffolds and opportunities to practice citizenship. We implemented and studied an activity using Westheimer and Kahne's (2004) citizenship typology during a summer civics institute to help students grapple with their understandings of “good” citizenship. We found (1) students appropriated the language of Westheimer and Kahne's citizenship typology by using it to describe their expanding understandings of citizenship; and (2) students used the citizenship typology to name and make sense of their civic identity. We discuss these findings and reflect on our use of Westheimer and Kahne's citizenship typology as a cognitive scaffold.
Financing Participation in Caribbean Basin Investments and Trade

* Berliner & Maloney, Washington, D.C.; Chairman, Committee on Caribbean Law, Section of International Law & Practice. American Bar Association; former lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of the West Indies, 1977-78. The author is grateful for the assistance of Joshua Grimes, second year law student, National Law Center, George Washington University; member, editorial staff, George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics; B.A., University of Pennsylvania.
COMPUTATIONAL ADVANCES IN DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

The practical use of dynamic programming algorithms has been limited by their computer storage and computational requirements. Over the years a number of ingenious approaches have been devised for mitigating this situation. The purpose of this paper is to present a guided tour of the literature on computational methods in dynamic programming. Realizing that this is an ambitious task, we chose to concentrate on discrete deterministic finite (stage or horizon) dynamic programs. The interested reader is referred to [43, 98, 120, 121, 159, 161, 177] for computational approaches to infinitestage and Markovian decision problems, to [66, 129, 130] for continuous (control) problems, and to [26, 67] for nonserial dynamic programs. Even with these limitations in scope, the topic is broad and the literature spans several disciplines so some approaches may have been (unintentionally) omitted. Readers are encouraged to bring such omissions to the author's attention. The paper is organized in the following manner. We begin with an elementary review of the computational requirements of finite dynamic programs in Section I. The various approaches to mitigating the ‘curse of dimensionality’ are briefly surveyed and classified into nine categories in Section II. Existing computer codes are also reviewed in this section. The paper concludes with a discussion in Section III
Stereotactic body radiation does not impair respiratory health in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer

Rationale: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been used in early stage non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) as an alternative to surgery in patients with poor lung function. With recent technological advances the target volume can be estimated based on the tumor distance from the spine without invasive and potentially risky placement of fiducials. While SBRT provides high cure rate for NSCLC, irradiation raises concerns about lung health and long-term outcomes. We evaluated the effect of SBRT with lung optimization treatment (LOT) on lung function and quality of life. Patients and methods: Between 2011 and 2013, we enrolled 13 patients (74.5±8.7 years, female 46%) with Stage I NSCLC who were not surgical candidates and were offered SBRT due to impaired lung function (predicted postoperative FEV1
What happens to the kidney in an SPK transplant when the pancreas fails due to a technical complication

: We examined a group of SPK recipients that had early (<90 d post-transplant) pancreas graft failure caused by a technical complication, and looked at outcomes of the kidney graft in these recipients. Of 289 SPK transplants, 36 (12.5%) had early pancreas graft failure because of a technical complication: thrombosis (n = 16), leak (n = 5), infection (n = 14), and pancreatitis (n = 1). Once the pancreas was lost, there was a high incidence of subsequent kidney graft failure. Kidney graft survival in these 36 recipients was 71.4% at one yr and 59.5% at three yr, significantly inferior compared to recipients that did not have early failure of the pancreas (86% at one yr and 82% at three yr, p < 0.001). Of the 36 recipients with early pancreas loss, 18 have gone on to failure of the kidney graft. Causes included thrombosis (n = 3), infection (n = 1), death with function (n = 6), chronic rejection (n = 4), ischemia (n = 1), and other (n = 3). Of the 18 kidney graft failures, nine occurred within three months after loss of the pancreas graft, usually either because of graft thrombosis, or patient death (usually from systemic sepsis). Multivariate analysis showed technical failure of the pancreas to be the most significant risk factor for kidney graft loss (HR = 2.08, p = 0.006).
Learning and Generalization of Auditory Temporal–Interval Discrimination in Humans

The sensory encoding of the duration, interval, and order of different stimulus features provides vital information to the nervous system. The present study focuses on the influence of practice on auditory temporal-interval discrimination. The goals of the experiment were to determine (1) whether practice improved the ability to discriminate a standard interval of 100 msec bounded by brief 1 kHz tones from longer intervals, and, if so, (2) whether this improvement generalized to different tonal frequencies or temporal intervals. Learning was examined in 14 human subjects using an adaptive, two-alternative, forced-choice procedure. One hour of training per day for 10 d led to marked improvements in the ability to discriminate between the standard and longer intervals. The generalization of learning was evaluated by independently varying the spectral (tonal frequency) and temporal (interval) components of the stimuli in four conditions tested both before and after the training phase. Remarkably, there was complete generalization to the trained interval of 100 msec bounded by tones at the untrained frequency of 4 kHz, but no generalization to the untrained intervals of 50, 200, or 500 msec bounded by tones at the trained frequency of 1 kHz. Thus, these data show that (1) temporal-interval discrimination using a 100-msec standard undergoes perceptual learning, and (2) the neural mechanisms underlying this learning are temporally, but not spectrally, specific. These results are compared with those from previous investigations of learning in visual spatial tasks, and are discussed in relation to biologically plausible models of temporal processing.
Spectroscopic characterization of recombinant pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase: similarities and differences with cytochrome c peroxidase.

Recombinant pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) has been characterized by resonance Raman (RR) and electronic absorption spectroscopies. The ferric and ferrous forms together with the complexes with fluoride and imidazole have been studied and compared with the corresponding spectra of cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP). Ferric APX at neutral pH is a mixture of 6- and 5-coordinate high-spin and 6-c low-spin hemes, the latter two species being dominant. The results suggest that the low-spin form derives from a water/hydroxo ligand bound to the heme iron and not from a strong internal ligand as observed in CCP at alkaline pH. Two Fe−Im stretching modes are identified, as in CCP, but the RR frequencies confirm a weaker His163−Asp208 hydrogen bond than in CCP, as suggested on the basis of the X-ray structure [Patterson, W. R., and Poulos, T. L. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 4331−4341]. The data show that CCP and APX have markedly different orientations of the vinyl substituents on the heme chromophore resulting fro...
Liver transplantation for biliary atresia

Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed 15 months to 20 years ago in 126 recipients, all of whom were under 18 years of age. Eighty-six of these pediatric recipients were treated before 1980 with azathioprine (or eyclophosphamide) and prednisone, to which antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) usually was added. One-year patient survival was 40%. In the last 40 cases, the new drug cyclosporine has been given with low doses of steroids. The one-year patient survival increased to 65%. Both in the pre-cyclosporine era and more recently, the survival of patients with biliary atresia has been lower than in the next largest category of patients, namely, those with liver-based inborn metabolic errors. The difficulty of operation in patients with biliary atresia has been greater than in recipients with other diagnoses, partly because of previous operations such as portoenterostomy (Kasai procedure). Hepatic portoenterostomy, worthwhile as it is, has posed technical difficulties for eventual liver transplantation, particularly when complicated Roux limb techniques or venting procedures have been applied. In our total experience the longest survival after liver replacement in a child whose original diagnosis was biliary atresia is 132/3 years.
Solubility of simple and mixed triacylglycerols in supercritical CO2

A simple mixture of triacylglycerols (TAGs) was synthesized enzymatically from palmitic acid and oleic acid. The mixture contained tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP), trioleoylglycerol (OOO), and various isomers of palmitoyl-dioleoylglycerol (POO) and oleoyl-dipalmitoylglycerol (PPO). The behavior of this TAG mixture in equilibrium with supercritical carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) was studied at 40 and 60°C between 172 and 310 bar. Generally, the partition coefficients varied inversely with species molecular weight. The solubilities of PPP and OOO in SF-CO2 were determined at the same conditions. PPP was markedly more soluble in SF-CO2 when present in the TAG mixture than as a pure compound.
Thermal Modeling of High Rate Li ‐ SOCl2 Primary Cylindrical Cells

Four different heat transfer paths were separately investigated in a spirally-wound D-size cell. Thermal resistances of the relating components along each heat transfer path were calculated, and the total network of thermal resistances was constructed, resulting in the total thermal resistance of approximately 16.4 C/W at Tw = 40 C, and 12.2 C/W at Tw = 100 C. The amount of heat transferred along the radial direction, which is normal to the electrodes, was found to be about 91 percent of the total heat dissipation. Based on the present results obtained at the component level, the present D-size lithium cell may be operated at a C/2 discharge rate under normal discharge conditions below the cut-off voltage of 2.5 V.
Planetary science: Huygens rediscovers Titan.

The first analyses of data sent by the Huygens probe from Saturn's largest moon Titan are flooding in. They paint a picture of a ‘Peter Pan’ world — potentially like Earth, but with its development frozen at an early stage. The Huygens probe landed on Titan on 14 January this year, and seven papers published in this issue record the encounter. They describe a world that resembles a primitive Earth, complete with weather systems and geological activity. The ‘Huygens on Titan’ section opens with an overview of the descent and landing and a News and Views piece. Tomasko et al. describe the dry riverbed and drainage channels seen during Huygens' descent, evidence that liquid methane falls as rain or erupts from cryovolcanoes, periodically flooding the surface. This paper includes the images used on the cover to the Huygens section. Niemann et al. measured the abundances of isotopes of argon, nitrogen and carbon in the atmosphere, and conclude that there is no evidence that Titan's methane comes from biological activity. Fulchignoni et al. obtained precise measurements of temperature and pressure from the upper atmosphere right down to the surface. On the way down Huygens recorded evidence for lightning. Zarnecki et al. report that the probe landed on a relatively smooth surface of icy grains with the consistency of wet clay or sand. Isral et al. report that the aerosols in Titan's clouds have solid cores made from complex organic molecules containing carbon and nitrogen. And Bird et al. found that on average Titan's winds blow in the same direction as the moon rotates, and that close to the surface these winds are very weak, travelling at around walking speed.
Pedal evidence for the origin and diversification of cercopithecid clades

Abstract Cercopithecids share 12 characters which are derived relative to the catarrhine morphotype. These features are related to remodelling the foot for cursorial locomotion on the ground. The origin of cercopithecids is thus linked with the exploitation of a new niche by the cercopithecid ancestor. The two extant cercopithecid subfamilies can be distinguished from each other by additional derived modifications of the foot. Cercopithecines are characterized by three features related to foot stabilization during dorsiflexion and eversion and to reduced axial rotation of the hallux. These suggest a continued commitment to terrestrial life after the ancestral colobine re-invaded the rain-forest habitat. A complex of nine derived character-states are shared by colobines. This complex can be broken into three components: those that involve modifications which enhance inversion and supination at the lower ankle and transverse tarsal joints; those involved with shortening of the tarsus; and, those related to realigning the morphological, and probably functional, axis of the digit rays. It is hypothesized that these are related to the acquisition of a novel pedal position by the colobine ancestor. This may have allowed colobines to secondarily re-invade the rainforest. In this setting they could avoid competition with hominoids by occupying and leaping between the peripheries of tree crowns.
Influence of practice on response-selection and response-implementation processes involved in the response-interference effect

In a choice reaction-time task, the response-interference effect is an increase in reaction times when the two possible responses are from the same hand compared to when the two possible responses are from different hands [Psychonomic Science 2 (1965) 55-56; Human Motor Control, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1991]. Although the influence of practice on other reaction-time effects (i.e., the complexity effect and precuing) has been examined, research evaluating the influence of practice on the response-interference effect is limited. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of practice on the response-interference effect. In Experiment 1, a bilateral transfer task was used to assess the influence of practice on the response-selection processes associated with the response-interference effect. The practice results indicated decreased reaction times, but did not influence the response-interference effect. In Experiment 2, a priming task was used to assess the influence of practice on response-implementation processes associated with the response-interference effect. The reaction time results indicated a change in the response-interference effect. The results of these two experiments suggest that with only two fingers on response keys, practice alters the mechanical constraints affecting the response-implementation processes and thereby decreases the response-interference effect.
Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic techniques to determine the Drago constants of a cycloaliphatic epoxy

The task of understanding adhesion is not complete without considering acid–base interactions. Such site-specific interactions play a major role in promoting adhesion. However, these interactions are often difficult to characterize or quantify. In this work, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin is studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to identify and quantify possible molecular interactions. As controls, simple molecules such as acetone and ethyl acetate were also studied. Moreover, interactions of molecules with structural similarities to the epoxy resin were studied to provide additional insight. Two infrared spectroscopic techniques, carbonyl peak shifts and hydroxyl peak shifts, were employed to quantify the acid–base interactions of these organic molecules. The Drago constants from carbonyl peak shifts were determined from predicted heats of complexation and also directly from hydroxyl peak shifts. The constants obtained for the control molecules were compared with published data. The Dr...
Complexity metatheorems for context-free grammar problems

Metatheorems are presented which can be used to (i) establish undecidability results about context-free grammar problems, and (ii) establish lower bounds on certain decidable grammar problems. The main undecidability result is obtained through the simulation of a Turing machine which always halts. This technique promises to be applicable in many situations where conventional techniques for proving undecidability do not succeed.
XUV Photometer System (XPS): Solar Variations During the SORCE Mission

The solar soft X-ray (XUV) radiation is important for upper atmosphere studies as it is one of the primary energy inputs and is highly variable. The XUV Photometer System (XPS) aboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) has been measuring the solar XUV irradiance since March 2003 with a time cadence of 10 s and with about 70% duty cycle. The XPS measurements are between 0.1 and 34 nm and additionally the bright hydrogen emission at 121.6 nm. The XUV radiation varies by a factor of ∼2 with a period of ∼27 days that is due to the modulation of the active regions on the rotating Sun. The SORCE mission has observed over 20 solar rotations during the declining phase of solar cycle 23. The solar XUV irradiance also varies by more than a factor of 10 during the large X-class flares observed during the May–June 2003, October–November 2003, and July 2004 solar storm periods. There were 7 large X-class flares during the May–June 2003 storm period, 11 X-class flares during the October–November 2003 storm period, and 6 X-class flares during the July 2004 storm period. The X28 flare on 4 November 2003 is the largest flare since GOES began its solar X-ray measurements in 1976. The XUV variations during the X-class flares are as large as the expected solar cycle variations.
Nash equilibria in multineuron games

An isomorphism is constructed between a neural network and a simple game. The equilibrium results of Nash can then be applied to the neural network. In particular, if the connecting matrix of the network is symmetric, the equilibrium can be found as the solution to an optimization problem.
Service learning in introductory computer science

Academic service-learning (ASL) focuses on clearly aligning course learning objectives with community needs and has evolved into a highly effective pedagogical approach across the spectrum of disciplines and institutional types. Unfortunately, there are not many examples of its use in computer science. If service learning is incorporated into computer science, it is generally in the upper level courses where students have a larger skill set. This paper presents an academic service-learning approach in an introductory computer science course. This is important on multiple fronts. With the declining enrollments, especially among females, coupled with students' desire to make a difference in their world, we need to insert this pedagogical approach as early into the curriculum as possible. We will show an example of what can be done in an introductory course and discuss the positive effects on female enrollments.
Optimization of neural networks : A comparative analysis of the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing

The escalation of Neural Network research in Business has been brought about by the ability of neural networks, as a tool, to closely approximate unknown functions to any degree of desired accuracy. Although, gradient based search techniques such as back-propagation are currently the most widely used optimization techniques for training neural networks, it has been shown that these gradient techniques are severely limited in their ability to find global solutions. Global search techniques have been identified as a potential solution to this problem. In this paper we examine two well known global search techniques, Simulated Annealing and the Genetic Algorithm, and compare their performance. A Monte Carlo study was conducted in order to test the appropriateness of these global search techniques for optimizing neural networks.
RAPID FORMATION AND DEGRADATION OF BARRIER SPITS IN AREAS WITH LOW RATES OF LITTORAL DRIFT

Abstract A small barrier beach exposed to low-energy waves and a small tidal range (0.7 m) along Nantucket Sound, Mass., has experienced a remarkable growth phase followed by rapid attrition during the past century. In a region of low longshore-transport rates, the barrier spit elongated approximately 1.5 km from 1844 to 1954, developing beyond the baymouth, parallel to the adjacent Nantucket Sound coast. Degradation of the barrier spit was initiated by a succession of hurricanes in 1954 (Carol, Edna and Hazel). A breach opened and stabilized near the bay end of the one kilometer long inlet channel, providing direct access for exchange of baywater with Nantucket Sound, and separating the barrier beach into two nearly equal limbs. The disconnected northeast limb migrated shorewards, beginning near the 1954 inlet and progressing northeastward, filling the relict inlet channel behind it. At present, about ten percent of the northeast limb is subaerial: the rest of the limb has completely filled the former channel and disappeared. The southwest limb of the barrier beach has migrated shoreward, but otherwise has not changed significantly since the breach. A new mechanism is proposed for spit elongation when the inlet thalweg parallels the beach axis, in which material scoured from the lengthening inlet is the dominant source for spit accretion (perhaps initially deposited as a linear channel-margin bar which later becomes subaerial). The lengthening spit causes the parallel inlet to elongate, which in turn further lengthens the spit, in a self-generating fashion. This mechanism provides both a source of sediment for elongating the barrier spit, and a sink for material scoured from the lengthening inlet. The proposed mechanism for spit growth may be applicable to other locations with low wave energy, small tidal prisms and low longshore sand transport rates, suggesting that estimates of directions and rates of longshore sand transport based on spit geomorphology and development be scrutinized on a case-by-case basis.
Advising Students about Required Grade-Point Averages

Sophomores interested in professional colleges with grade-point average (GPA) standards for admission to upper division courses will need specific and realistic information concerning the requireme...
Normal mitochondrial structure and genome maintenance in yeast requires the dynamin-like product of the MGM1 gene

The isolation and characterization of MGM1, an yeast gene with homology to members of the dynamin gene family, is described. The MGM1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XV between STE4 and PTP2. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 902 residues capable of encoding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 101 kDa. Loss of MGM1 resulted in slow growth on rich medium, failure to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, and loss of mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria also appeared abnormal when visualized with an antibody to a mitochondrial-matrix marker. MGM1 encodes a dynamin-like protein involved in the propagation of functional mitochondria in yeast.
LUT-based FPGA technology mapping for reliability

As device size shrinks to the nanometer range, FPGAs are increasingly prone to manufacturing defects. We anticipate that the ability to tolerate multiple defects will be very important at 45nm and beyond. One common defect point is in the lookup table (LUT) configuration bits, which are crucial to the correct operation of FPGAs. In this work we will present an error analysis technique that is able to efficiently calculate the number of critical bits needed to implement each LUT. We will perform this analysis using a scalable overlapping window-based method called DCOW (Don't-care Computation with Overlapping Windows), which allows for accurate and efficient don't-care lower bound calculations. This new windowing technique can approximate the complete don't cares within 2.34%, and can be used for many logic synthesis operations. In particular, we apply DCOW to our FPGA mapping algorithm to reduce the number of possible faults. This will allow the design to have a much higher success of functioning correctly when implemented on a faulty FPGA. By using our algorithm, we are able to reduce the number of possible faults by more than 12% with no area increase.
Vesicle in a basket

Coated Vesicles. Edited by C. D. Ockleford and A. Whyte. Pp.344. (Cambridge University Press: 1980.) £40, $90.
Transcriptome profile of macrophages from atherosclerosis-sensitive and atherosclerosis-resistant mice.

We performed a strain intercross between two apoE-deficient mouse strains with a large difference in lesion susceptibility and measured aortic root lesion area in 98 female F2 progeny. Total RNA was prepared from bone marrow-derived macrophages, and RNA from the five mice with the smallest and largest lesions were used for microarray gene expression profiling. Remarkably, approximately 5% of the 12,288 expressed transcripts were differentially expressed in the atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant bone marrow-derived macrophages (unadjusted p < 0.05), thus defining the transcriptome of macrophages associated with atherosclerosis susceptibility. Using more stringent criteria of twofold or greater change and p < 0.01, 116 and 70 transcripts were overexpressed in lesion-prone and lesion-resistant bone marrow-derived macrophages, respectively. Transcription factor binding site analysis identified two promoter elements that were found more often in the genes overexpressed in the large-lesion group, and one promoter element that was found more often in the small-lesion group. The combination of this expression profiling data with the genetic method of quantitative trait locus mapping should give powerful insights into the genes that affect atherosclerosis susceptibility in mice.
Extension of kinetic theory to cohesive particle flow

Abstract Particle flow is significantly affected by the agglomeration of particles due to the inter-particle force when fine particles, such as Geldart's Group C particles, are used. In order to quantify cohesive particle flow behavior, governing equations based on the kinetic theory for cohesive particle flow were developed. In the derivation of the governing equations for cohesive particle flow, we defined a new distribution function of the instantaneous velocity of the particle relative to the average velocity based on the volume fraction of the particulate phase that is conserved upon agglomeration. Furthermore, to account for the effect of diameter growth on agglomeration, we considered the change in number of particles due to agglomeration in the derivation of a new conservation of the number of particles equation. Based on our distribution function, governing equations were derived; namely, mass and momentum plus energy and conservation of number of particles equations for cohesive particle flow. This set of equations is capable of describing cohesive particle flow behavior as well as particle diameter variation due to agglomeration. Finally, to show the validity of our model, we analyzed the homogeneous simple shear flow of particles under the agglomeration condition. The predicted flow properties, such as shear viscosity, normal viscosity, and particle growth, agreed well with the expected trends.