cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction cost and shotgun profiling

We observe that the challenges software optimizers and microarchitects face every day boil down to a single problem: bottleneck analysis. A bottleneck is any event or resource that contributes to execution time, such as a critical cache miss or window stall. Tasks such as tuning processors for energy efficiency and finding the right loads to prefetch all require measuring the performance costs of bottlenecks.In the past, simple event counts were enough to find the important bottlenecks. Today, the parallelism of modern processors makes such analysis much more difficult, rendering traditional performance counters less useful. If two microarchitectural events (such as a fetch stall and a cache miss) occur in the same cycle, which event should we blame for the cycle? What cost should we assign to each event? In this paper, we introduce a new model for understanding event costs to facilitate processor design and optimization.First, we observe that all instructions, hardware structures, and events in a machine can interact in only one of two ways (in parallel or serially). We quantify these interactions by defining interaction cost, which can be zero (independent, no interaction), positive (parallel), or negative (serial).Second, we illustrate the value of using interaction costs in processor design and optimization. In a processor with a long pipeline, we show how to mitigate the negative performance effect of long latency "critical" loops, such as the level-one cache access and issue-wakeup, by optimizing seemingly unrelated resources that interact with them.Finally, we propose shotgun profiling, a class of hardware profiling infrastructures that are parallelism-aware, in contrast to traditional event counters. Our recommended design requires only modest extensions to current hardware counters, while enabling the construction of full-featured dependence graphs of the microexecution. With these dependence graphs, many types of analyses can be performed, including identifying critical instructions, finding slack, as well as computing costs and interaction costs.
Isotopic and geochemical evidence for a recent transition in mantle chemistry beneath the western Canadian Cordillera

[1] New petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic data are reported from a suite of mafic dike and lava flow samples collected from sites within the western Canadian Cordillera. Samples range in age from Eocene to Quaternary and document a significant transition in mantle chemistry that occurred sometime after 10 Ma. Eocene to late Miocene basalts emplaced as dikes within the Coast Mountains Batholith contain abundant hornblende, are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (Ba, Rb, K), have negative high field strength element (HFSE) (Nb, Ta) anomalies, and were likely derived from lithospheric mantle (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70353–0.70486; ɛNd = +2.5 to +5.7) that was stabilized after the cessation of arc magmatism in the area. By contrast, Quaternary lava flows have lower LILE concentrations, positive Nb-Ta anomalies, and were likely generated by upwelling asthenosphere (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70266–0.70386; ɛNd = +7.4 to +8.8) or at least a mantle source with different chemical and isotopic characteristics. A regional comparison of mafic rocks from western Canada that are also Eocene to Quaternary in age indicates that the transition in mantle chemistry after 10 Ma was pervasive and widespread and was not limited to the present study area. This transition occurred ∼40 Ma after the cessation of Cordilleran arc magmatism in central British Columbia, suggesting that large-scale transitions in mantle chemistry beneath magmatic arcs may occur on the order of tens of millions of years after the final subduction of oceanic lithosphere, in this case as a result of lithospheric thinning by continental extension.
Metastases from transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

In 107 patients who died of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma, the most common sites for metastases at necropsy were the lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, and adrenal gland. Metastases first were documented clinically in multiple-organ sites in one third of the patients; solitary metastases were present in only 9 patients at necropsy. The mean duration of survival for patients was thirteen months from the diagnosis of the primary tumor. The metastatic lesion(s) generally were evident clinically within eleven months of the primary diagnosis; death ensued usually within three months. Our finding that the majority of patients presented initially with high-grade tumors suggests that a high-grade lesion, regardless of its clinical stage, warrants early aggressive therapy.
Exploring resonant di-Higgs boson production in the Higgs singlet model

We study the enhancement of the di-Higgs production cross section resulting from the resonant decay of a heavy Higgs boson at hadron colliders in a model with a Higgs singlet. This enhancement of the double Higgs production rate is crucial in understanding the structure of the scalar potential and we determine the maximum allowed enhancement such that the electroweak minimum is a global minimum. The di-Higgs production enhancement can be as large as a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}18(13)$ for the mass of the heavy Higgs around 270(420) GeV relative to the Standard Model rate at 14 TeV for parameters corresponding to a global electroweak minimum.
Mechanisms Underlying Spontaneous and Induced Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background —To define the electrophysiological mechanism(s) of inducible and spontaneously occurring ventricular arrhythmias associated with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, 3-dimensional intraoperative mapping from 156 intramural sites was performed in 6 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac transplantation. Methods and Results —Electrode density was sufficient to determine the mechanism for 52 of 74 beats of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed stimulation and 9 of 11 beats of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. The first, second, and third extrastimuli (S2 through S4) conducted with progressively greater degrees of conduction delay (total activation times [TAs] of 144±5, 166±5, and 194±5 ms, respectively) owing to slow conduction and on occasion intramural block. The first beats of induced VT arose from subendocardial or subepicardial sites distant from areas of marked conduction delay by a focal mechanism on the basis of the absence of intervening electrical activity between the termination of the last extrastimulus and the initiation of VT (123±31 ms). Subsequent beats arose by a focal mechanism and conducted with a TA of 127±6 ms ( P =NS versus initiating beats of VT [118±9 ms]). Spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias initiated in the subendocardium by a focal mechanism and conducted with a TA of 138±5 ms. Tissue analysis demonstrated a variable degree of interstitial fibrosis at sites of focal activation. Sites of conduction delay or block typically exhibited marked interstitial and/or replacement fibrosis but were spatially distant from sites initiating VT. Conclusions —Spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with end-stage idiopathic cardiomyopathy can arise in the subendocardium or subepicardium by a focal mechanism.
Some characteristics of the in vivo antitumor immunity exhibited by mice cured of a large MOPC-315 tumor by a low dose of melphalan

BALB/c mice cured of a large MOPC-315 or MOPC-104E plasmacytoma following treatment with a low dose (2.5 mg/kg) of melphalan (L-PAM) were resistant to challenge with the other plasmacytoma but to a much lesser extent than to challenge with the autochthonous plasmacytoma. The resistance of the L-PAM-cured MOPC-315-tumor bearers to challenge with MOPC-104E tumor cells was increased when the MOPC-104E tumor cells were admixed with MOPC-315 tumor cells prior to their inoculation. This enhanced resistance to MOPC-104E cells was due to elimination of the MOPC-104E tumor cells through an innocent bystander killing effect since it did not render the mice more resistant to a subsequent challenge with MOPC-104E tumor cells alone. Administration of carrageenan to L-PAM-cured MOPC-315-tumor bearers 1 day after the challenge with the mixture of MOPC-104E and MOPC-315 tumor cells drastically reduced the ability of the mice to resist the tumor challenge. All of the tumors that developed in such mice were of MOPC-104E origin only (as judged by the binding specificity of the myeloma proteins secreted by the tumor cells as well as that present on their surface) even though (a) the tumor inoculum used consisted of up to 10-fold more MOPC-315 than MOPC-104E tumor cells and (b) the MOPC-315 tumor cells divide more rapidly. The same protocol of carrageenan treatment did not reduce the ability of normal BALB/c mice to develop in vivo a primary cell-mediated cytotoxic response nor a primary antibody response indicating that it has no effect on the initiation of an immune response. Therefore, it is conceivable that carrageenan treatment reduced the ability of L-PAM-cured MOPC-315-tumor bearers to reject a challenge with MOPC-315 and MOPC-104E tumor cells by interfering at the effector stage. The ability of the L-PAM-cured MOPC-315-tumor bearers to reject the MOPC-315 cells present in the challenge mixture was reduced when the mice were treated with anti-Thy 1.2 antibody but not with carrageenan, indicating that T-cells independent from carrageenansensitive effector cells are required for the rejection of the MOPC-315 tumor cells. Thus, at least two different effector mechanisms participate in the rejection of a challenge composed of MOPC-315 and MOPC-104E tumor cells by L-PAM-cured MOPC-315-tumor bearers. One of the mechanisms is dependent on the action of carrageenansensitive effector cells while the other does not require carrageenan-sensitive effector cells but is T-cell-dependent.
Fatal acute Chagas disease in a chimpanzee.

Background Chagas disease (CD) or American trypanosomiasis is caused by a hemoflagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi. This organism has been isolated from more than 100 mammalian species and several insect vectors demonstrating a wide host distribution and low host specificity. Methods A 23-year-old male chimpanzee died acutely and a complete necropsy was performed to evaluate gross and microscopic pathologic changes. After observation of trypanosomal amastigotes in the myocardium, PCR and immunohistochemistry was employed to confirm the diagnosis of T. cruzi. Results Gross findings were consistent with mild congestive heart failure. Microscopic findings included multifocal myocardial necrosis associated with severe lymphocytic to mixed inflammatory infiltrates, edema, and mild chronic interstitial fibrosis. Multifocal intracytoplasmic amastigotes morphologically consistent with T. cruzi were observed in cardiac myofibers. Trypanosoma cruzi was confirmed by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first fatal spontaneous case of T. cruzi infection in a chimpanzee.
On the value of an experimental paradigm in linguistics and its application to issues in Spanish phonology

An experimental methodology serves a dual purpose in linguistics both as a falsifying measure of existing theories and as an investigative tool for the formulation of new ones. There is great potential for submitting long-standing issues in Spanish phonology to experimentation, as exemplified by the three case studies presented here. As Spanish sound change phenomena are reevaluated within a framework of phonetic universal principles significant parallels emerge between historical change and patterns of synchronic variation. This type of orientation allows claims about geographically and temporally distant events to be tested by present-day modeling and observation.
Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities and stochastic Ising models

We use logarithmic Sobolev inequalities to study the ergodic properties of stochastic Ising models both in terms of large deviations and in terms of convergence in distribution.
The Use of Dimensional Analysis in Present Day Design Environment

The ability of dimensional analysis to contribute to the design of devices and systems has been greatly enhanced by the development of the SI system of units which is consistent across all disciplines. This paper shows how dimensional analysis can be used to facilitate data acquisition, to develop equations relating system variables, and to interpret data from scaled or distorted models of a given system. The claim is made that every product now in existence can be used as a model of products yet to be designed.
Makhavinekh Lake pluton, Labrador, Canada: geological setting, subdivisions, mode of emplacement, and a comparison with Finnish rapakivi granites

Abstract Makhavinekh Lake pluton is an oval Elsonian (∼1322 Ma) granitic intrusion within the Nain Plutonic Suite of central coastal Labrador. The pluton comprises at least five textural/mineralogical subdivisions dominated by quartz monzonite and granite and it is surrounded by a well-defined pyroxene hornfels thermal aureole. Fayalite and clinopyroxene are common constituents of the eastern half of the Makhavinckh Lake pluton; hornblende is present throughout the whole pluton and is the dominant mafic mineral in the western half of the intrusion. The hornblende-rich parts of the intrusion appear to be a consequence of late- to post-emplacement hydration of originally olivine-bearing rocks. Textural, mineralogical and geochemical features are similar to the rapakivi granites of Finland. The Makhavinekh Lake pluton has the morphology of a sheath, separating an external gneissic country-rock complex from an internal basic plutonic suite. It is proposed that the Makhavinekh Lake pluton developed through cumulate processes and was emplaced as a hot, dry, crystal-charged mush via a mechanism of cauldron subsidence. Block faulting that allowed ascent of the pluton, may have been related to crustal bulging from an underlying mafic magma pond.
The calibration of experimental self-developing Gafchromic HXR film for the measurement of radiation dose in computed tomography.

A prototype, self-developing Gafchromic®HXRfilm has sensitivity an order of magnitude larger than that of the commercially available Gafchromic XR film used in interventional radiological applications. The higher sensitivity of the HXRfilm allows the possibility of acquisition of high-resolution calibrated dose profiles within the diagnostic range of exposure levels, below 10 R ( 87.7 mGy ) . We employed a commercially available, optical flatbed scanner for digitization of the film and image analysis software to determine the response of the HXRfilms to ionizing radiation. Spatial uniformity and temporal repeatability of the flatbed scanner were determined and used in optimization of the digitization protocol. The HXRfilm postexposure density growth and sensitivity to ambient light were determined using multiple scans of two simultaneously exposed sheets, one stored in light-tight conditions and the other continuously illuminated with white light. A calibrated step wedge of the HXRfilm was obtained by simultaneous irradiation of a portion of a film strip and a calibrated ionization chamber using a radiographic x-ray tube with beam characteristics matched to a typical CTscanner ( 8 mm Al HVL, 120 kVp ). Repeated digitization of the calibrationfilm was used to determine the precision of the film response measurements. The precision, as measured by the standard deviation of multiple measurements, was better than 1% over the full dynamic range of film response. This precision was measured using exposures ranging from 0.5 to 12 R ( 4.4 to 105.3 mGy ) . This exposure range is highly relevant to x-ray computed tomography. Preliminary radiationdose profiles demonstrate the utility of this technique.
Aging, cognition, and work

There are well documented declines in cognitive function with age, and there are also reliable relations between cognitive function and performance in the work environment. Despite these relations, there is not a reliable correlation between age and work performance. This article examines hypotheses that might explain this paradox. Hypotheses discussed include (a) older adults have jobs characterized by maintenance functions and rarely must learn new information, (b) experience protects older adults from decline in highly practiced cognitive tasks, (c) complex knowledge structures increase with age and compensate for decline in component processes of cognition, and (d) older adults have enhanced opportunities for environmental supports in the workplace which can compensate for cognitive decline. Implications of age‐related cognitive declines for training and human‐factors issues in the work environment are discussed.
Reaction of magnetically state selected NO with O3: Effect of fs states and rotational states on reactivity

The visible chemiluminescent channel of the NO+O3→NO2+O2 reaction is studied to determine the effect of the NO fs states (2Π1/2 and 2Π3/2) on reactivity. Chemiluminescence is observed from an ozone‐filled scattering cell through which a NO beam passes. Molecules in both the upper and lower fs states are present in the beam, and the intensity of molecules in the upper state can be enhanced by magnetic focusing. Although the beam intensity is observed to increase upon focusing, the increase in chemiluminescence is much smaller showing that the upper state is not solely responsible for chemiluminescence. However, the magnetically selected molecules are rotationally cooler than the unselected molecules, and a reasonable interpretation of the small increase in chemiluminescence is that for the chemiluminescent channel both fs states are equally reactive, but that the reactive cross section increases rapidly with rotational state.
DIFFUSION LATÉRALE DANS LES MEMBRANES

La diffusion laterale de phospholipides marques avec des radicaux nitroxydes a ete etudiee dans des bicouches lipidiques et dans des vesicules du reticulum sarcoplasmique des muscles du lapin. Deux techniques independantes utilisees dans les bicouches modeles formees avec de la lecithine d'œuf, ont donne des constantes de diffusion de l'ordre de 10-8 cm2/s a la temperature ambiante. La diffusion laterale est diminuee par la presence de cholesterol. Dans les vesicules du reticulum sarcoplasmique, nous avons incorpore des molecules de phosphatidylcholine et de phosphatidyl-ethanolamine marquees. Les constantes de diffusion laterale obtenues pour ces deux phospho-lipides sont tres voisines de ce qui a ete obtenu dans le systeme modele lecithine/cholesterol.
Outcome After Repair of Cor Triatriatum

Cor triatriatum represents 10%, including patients diagnosed before and after cor triatriatum repair) is noteworthy. Abnormalities of the mitral valve and a supravalvar mitral ring were also seen more often than the existing research would suggest, which may be another important consideration in evaluating and following these patients.
Anatomical and physiological properties of the projection from the sensory cortex to the motor cortex in normal cats: the difference between corticocortical and thalamocortical projections

Abstract Details of the distribution of terminal sites of the projection fibers from area 2 of the sensory cortex to the motor cortex were studied and compared with the distribution of terminals from the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus to the motor cortex. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in area 2 produced measurable short-latency EPSPs only in neurons located in layers II and III of the motor cortex, whereas VL stimulation produced short-latency EPSPs in neurons throughout the depths of the motor cortex. (2) The time from the beginning to the peak of the EPSPs was not significantly different for area 2- and VL-elicited EPSPs suggesting that there was no systematic difference between effective terminal sites for both inputs. However, there was a difference when a given neuron received both inputs suggesting that there was a segregation between the two inputs within a given cell. (3) The majority of area 2-elicited EPSPs were smooth and monophasic, but some (40%) of them showed double peaks indicating that some neurons received mono- and disynaptic inputs from area 2. (4) Intracellular injections of HRP suggested that neurons receiving input from area 2 were predominantly multipolar non-pyramidal neurons in layers II and III whereas neurons receiving thalamic input were pyramidal as well as non-pyramidal cells. (5) Field potentials in the motor cortex evoked by area 2 stimulation did not change polarity in the depths of the cortex and therefore, differed from the VL-evoked potentials suggesting differences in the mechanisms of generating the electrical fields. (6) It is concluded that association fibers effective for producing EPSPs terminate primarily on non-pyramidal cells in layer II and III whereas VL fibers terminate not only on pyramidal but also on non-pyramidal cells in layers III and V. This study provided a basis for examining the modifiability of association fibers after elimination of VL input to the motor cortex which is reported in the following paper.
Engineered nanoporous and nanostructured films

Nanoporous and nanostructured films have become increasingly important to the microelectronics and photonics industries. They provide a route to low dielectric constant materials that will enable future generations of powerful microprocessors. They are the only route to achieving materials with refractive indices less than 1.2, a key feature for the future development of photonic crystal devices, enhanced omni-directional reflectors, enhanced anti-reflection coatings and black-body absorbers. In addition, these films exhibit tremendous potential for separations, catalytic, biomedical and heat transfer applications. This article will review two primary techniques for manufacturing these films, evaporation induced self-assembly and oblique or glancing angle deposition, and will discuss some of the film properties critical to their use in the microelectronics and photonics industries.
Framing terror: an experimental framing effects study of the perceived threat of terrorism

An exploratory framing effects experiment was conducted to test whether three controversial news portrayals (or frames) of the terrorist threat increase subjects' perceptions of the danger. A total of 176 subjects were exposed to one of eight different article treatments. The subjects reported higher levels of perceived threat when the danger was associated with ‘radical Islamic groups’ (as compared to homegrown terrorists) and ‘nuclear’ technology (as compared to conventional weapons). Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, this study also showed that the term ‘terrorism’ itself did not affect the perceived threat. These results provide support for a theory of framing that explains the precise ways in which a particular set of communicating texts (terrorism news frames) influence human consciousness. Further theoretical details, as well as the social and political implications of this study, are discussed.
New enzyme cycling method for determination of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide

A highly sensitive enzyme cycling method for the measurement of NAD+(H) concentration in tissue extracts has been described. The assay measured propanediol formed during the coupled oxidation-reduction reactions between ethanol and lactaldehyde as catalyzed by liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of catalytic concentrations of NAD+(H). The assay can be used to determine NAD+(H) concentrations in the range of 0.4 to 4 pmoles of coenzyme in a 0.1 ml reaction volume.
Aerospace Design: A Comparative Study of Optimizers

This study is a comparison between contemporary design optimization algorithms for use in a propulsion design application. The engineering design problem for this study involves the development of a desired solid rocket motor grain. The methods are used independently to match a prescribed set of parameters defining the motor’s thrust versus time profile. For this development, four different design optimization techniques are considered: a real coded genetic algorithm (GA), a binary GA, a Repulsive Particle Swarm Optimizer (RPSO), and a direct geometric search algorithm VTDirect. The algorithms are compared based on their speed and effectiveness in solving the design problem with the figure of merit being a least squares fit to a desired burn profile. NOMENCLATURE
Patient-clinician communication: the roadmap for HCI

Effective communication between patients and their clinicians during clinical encounters has a positive impact on health outcomes. Technology has the potential to help transform this synchronous interaction, but re-searchers are still at early stages of developing interventions to assess and improve patient-clinician communication. In this workshop, we envision opening up a dialogue among researchers and clinicians who wish to discuss directions for future research in this domain. In particular, the workshop will focus on exploring how technologies available today, as well as projected for the future, can support the communication needs of clinicians and patients.
Selecting the best defect reduction methodology

Defect rates less than 10 parts per million, unimaginable a few years ago, have become the standard of world-class quality. To reduce defects, companies are aggressively implementing various quality methodologies, such as Statistical Quality Control Motorola`s Six Sigma, or Shingo`s poka-yok. Although each quality methodology reduces defects, selection has been based on an intuitive sense without understanding their relative effectiveness in each application. A missing link in developing superior defect reduction strategies has been a lack of a general defect model that clarifies the unique focus of each method. Toward the goal of efficient defect reduction, we have developed an event tree which addresses a broad spectrum of quality factors and two defect sources, namely, error and variation. The Quality Control Tree (QCT) predictions are more consistent with production experience than obtained by the other methodologies considered independently. The QCT demonstrates that world-class defect rates cannot be achieved through focusing on a single defect source or quality control factor, a common weakness of many methodologies. We have shown that the most efficient defect reduction strategy depend on the relative strengths and weaknesses of each organization. The QCT can help each organization identify the most promising defect reduction opportunities for achievingmore » its goals.« less
Explicating Relationship Management as a General Theory of Public Relations

Although the relationship management perspective of public relations is the focus of a substantial body of scholarship, a theory of that perspective has yet to be articulated and explicated. Herein, I review the emergence of the relational perspective, summarize the relevant literature, and construct a theoretical statement of that perspective. I then argue for relationship management as a general theory of public relations and offer suggestions for future research within a relational paradigm.
Effects of borate on isomerization and yeast fermentation of high xylulose solution and acid hydrolysate of hemicellulose

Abstract d -Xylose has been isomerized by immobilized d -glucose isomerase (EC nomenclature is now d -xylose isomerase, d -xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5; EC 5.3.1.18 is a deleted EC entry). Temperature has a profound influence on the equilibrium concentration of d -xylulose. When 1 m d -xylose was isomerized in the presence of various concentrations of borate, maximum conversion (80%) was observed at 0.2 m sodium tetraborate. Temperature (40–69°C) and pH (6.0–7.5) had an insignificant effect on the equilibrium when borate was present. d -Xylose (0.5 m ) was isomerized by d -glucose isomerase in the presence of various concentrations of sodium tetraborate (0.0125–0.25 m ). Based on the initial rate of ethanol production and the fraction of total sugar converted into ethanol after 24 h of yeast fermentation, an optimum tetraborate concentration of 0.05 m was determined for both isomerization and fermentation. At an acidic pH, the rate of fermentation was faster than at neutral pH when borate was included in the d -xylose— d -xylulose system. Acid hydrolysate of bagasse hemicellulose could not be fermented at a pH lower than 5. Therefore, a compromise condition, pH 6.0, was chosen for fermentation.
Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Calculations of Electronic Couplings in the LH2 Bacterial Light-Harvesting Complex of Rps. Acidophila

The results of ab initio molecular orbital calculations of excited states and electronic couplings (for energy transfer) between the B800 and B850 bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl) chromophores in the peripheral light-harvesting complex (LH2) of the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas acidophila are reported. Electronic couplings are estimated from supermolecule calculations of Bchl dimers using the Ci-singles methodology and 3-21G{sup *} or 6-31G{sup *} basis sets. A scheme for dissecting the coupling into contributions from the Coulombic coupling and the short-range coupling (i.e., dependent on interchromophore orbital overlap) is reported. B850 couplings are calculated to be [total (Coulombic + short)]: intrapolypeptide dimer 320 (265 + 55) cm{sup {minus}1} and interpolypeptide dimer 255 (195 + 60) cm{sup {minus}1} at the CIS/6-31G{sup *} level. These results differ significantly from those estimated using the point dipole approximation. The effect of including Mg ligands (His residues) and H-bonding residues (Trp and Tyr) is also investigated. The consequences for superradiance and energy transfer dynamics and mechanism are discussed.
Isolation and characterization of a soybean cDNA clone encoding the plastid form of aspartate aminotransferase.

Five aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1; AAT) isozymes were identified in soybean seedling extracts and designated AAT1 to AAT5 based on their rate of migration on non-denaturing electrophoretic gels. AAT1 was detected only in extracts of cotyledons from dark-grown seedlings. AAT3 and AAT4 were detected in crude extracts of leaves and in cotyledons of seedlings grown in the light. AAT2 and AAT5 were detected in all tissues examined. A soybean leaf cDNA clone, pSAT17, was identified by hybridization to a carrot AAT cDNA clone at low stringency. pSAT17 had an open reading frame which could encode a 50 581 Da protein. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence from the pSAT17 open reading frame with mature AAT protein sequences from rat disclosed a 60 amino acid N-terminal extension in the pSAT17 protein. This extension had characteristics of a plastid transit peptide. A plasmid, pEXAT17, was constructed which encoded the mature protein lacking the putative chloroplast transit polypeptide. Transformed Escherichia coli expressed a functional soybean AAT isozyme, which comigrated with the soybean AAT5 isozyme during agarose gel electrophoresis. Differential sucrose gradient sedimentation of soybean extracts indicated that AAT5 specifically cofractionated with chloroplasts. Antibodies raised against the pEXAT17-encoded AAT protein specifically reacted with the AAT5 isozyme of soybean and not with any of the other isozymes, indicating that the soybean cDNA clone, pSAT17, encodes the chloroplast isozyme, AAT5.
The inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis by sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate

Abstract 1. 1. Sodium N -lauroyl sarcosinate is effective in reducing the over-all rate of glycolysis and seems to stop the uptake of inorganic phosphate from the medium. 2. 2. Hexokinase is strongly inhibited by this compound in concentrations as low as 1.0 millimolar. Aldolase is also inhibited, but the effect is not as marked. 3. 3. Even though SLS forms a relatively insoluble magnesium salt or complex, enolase is not inhibited by SLS concentrations as high as 5.0 millimolar.
Across Continents or Across the Street: Using Local Resources to Cultivate Intercultural Awareness.

This paper describes a project designed for college students unlikely to participate in international exchange programs but who, nonetheless, can learn much about intercultural communication through available resources in their own communities. The project involved a mentoring program between third and fourth year university students and first and second year ESL students at the same institution. The project was conducted over a 15‐week semester‐long course, and learning outcomes were documented through journal entries, written reflective statements, class discussions, oral presentations and instructor observations. A qualitative analysis of these data sources, framed through transformative learning theory, revealed outcomes leading to increased intercultural awareness. While engaging in face‐to‐face conversations, students transformed their prior knowledge about ‘others’ into a deeper understanding of themselves, their culture and their intercultural relationships.
Numerical light dosimetry in murine tissue: analysis of tumor curvature and angle of incidence effects upon fluence in the tissue

In order to better understand light dosimetry issues for photodynamic therapy (PDT), we have used various tumor and normal tissue geometries to develop a diffusion model of light transport in tissues. We hypothesize that tumor tissues with curved surfaces will have significantly different internal fluence distributions, as compared to tissues with flat surfaces. Using a mouse subcutaneous tumor and rear limb muscle model we compared the internal fluence values within the tissue. In addition, numerical simulations for these corresponding tissue geometries and laser light incidence angles were made. Assuming that the relative photon fluence in the tissue can be accurately modeled by the diffusion equation, we used a finite element approach to approximate the distribution inside the tissue. Meshes with different geometries (flat and curved with different curvatures) were used in this study to mimic the tumor and leg geometries of the murine tumors treated in the lab. Results suggest that tissues surface geometries and incidence angle of light can significantly alter the photon fluence inside the tissue. The photon fluence difference for an 8 mm diameter, curved surface mouse tumor vs. flat muscle tissue can be as high as 20%. In general, the greater the tissues curvature, the greater the potential loss in light fluence is. In summary, our data demonstrates the importance of tissue surface geometry and the incidence angle of light in determining optimal PDT light dosimetry, and indicates that comparisons between tissue geometries must be carried out with attention to differences in the internal optical distribution.
The Problem of Definitive Identification in the Indexing of Hymn Tunes

ABSTRACT The goal of the project is to compile an index of printed sources of hymn tunes with English-language texts from the Reformation to 1820. Each tune is identified in the index by an incipit of ten notes in numerical code. The tune itself is provided, as is the meter of its text, a list of its printed sources, and its composer or compiler. The article describes some of the difficulties encountered in cataloging the many tunes for the index.
A Reappraisal of Constitutional Age Requirements for Congress and the President

The purpose of this note is to examine the assumptions underlying the age requirements for Congress and the President as specified in the Constitution. The analysis suggests that the framers' grounds for these particular age requirements are invalid. A constitutional amendment is proposed to remedy this situation.
Disruption of the Operon Encoding Ehb Hydrogenase Limits Anabolic CO2 Assimilation in the Archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis

Methanococcus maripaludis is a mesophilic archaeon that reduces CO2 to methane with H2 or formate as an energy source. It contains two membrane-bound energy-conserving hydrogenases, Eha and Ehb. To determine the role of Ehb, a deletion in the ehb operon was constructed to yield the mutant, strain S40. Growth of S40 was severely impaired in minimal medium. Both acetate and yeast extract were necessary to restore growth to nearly wild-type levels, suggesting that Ehb was involved in multiple steps in carbon assimilation. However, no differences in the total hydrogenase specific activities were found between the wild type and mutant in either cell extracts or membrane-purified fractions. Methanogenesis by resting cells with pyruvate as the electron donor was also reduced by 30% in S40, suggesting a defect in pyruvate oxidation. CO dehydrogenase/acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthase and pyruvate oxidoreductase had higher specific activities in the mutant, and genes encoding these enzymes, as well as AMP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase, were expressed at increased levels. These observations support a role for Ehb in anabolic CO2 assimilation in methanococci. Methanogens are strictly anaerobic archaea that produce methane as the major product of their energy metabolism. They play an important role in the global carbon cycle, processing 1 to 2% of the carbon fixed per year and producing most of the earth’s atmospheric methane (10, 21). Methanococcus maripaludis is a mesophile that reduces carbon dioxide
Newton’s Method for Fractal Approximation

The problem of fitting a given function in the L q norm with a function generated by an iterated function system can be rapidly solved by applying Newton’s method on the parameter space of the iterated function system. The key to this is a method for calculating the derivatives of a potential function with respect to the parameters.
Data mining for recognizing patterns in foodborne disease outbreaks

This paper introduces a new methodology for discovering patterns in foodborne disease outbreaks using a data-driven approach. Specifically, our approach uses three data mining methods, namely attribute selection, decision tree learning, and association rule discovery, to extract previously unknown and meaningful patterns that connect specific types of foodborne diseases outbreaks with associated foods vehicles and consumption locations. We use this approach to study the four most common disease causing etiologies in the Center for Disease Control (CDC) database of foodborne disease outbreaks in the year 2006, namely Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Norovirus. The analysis reveals numerous patterns of how each of these outbreaks types relates to specific foods and locations. The discovery of such patterns in foodborne disease outbreak data can be very useful is determination and implementation of suitable intervention techniques. In particular, if the associations between different food types and consumption locations are known then custom intervention techniques including specific training methods can be designed to train individuals in hygienic food handling, preparation, and consumption practices.
Combination therapy with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis.

There is increasing interest in using combinations of two or more disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The use of such combinations is increasing in routine clinical practice. We have identified 18 well-conducted, randomised controlled trials of the use of combinations of disease modifying drugs, and a number of open studies that provide helpful supportive information. The 18 trials involved 2221 patients. Two trials reported strongly positive results, six reported moderately positive results and ten gave largely negative results. The combination of methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxy-chloroquine appears to be effective with an acceptable level of adverse effects. There is also evidence that the combination of methotrexate and cyclosporin is advantageous. With both combinations, there appears to be further advantages from using corticosteroids in addition to the combination, although the evidence for this is incomplete. The use of other combinations is of less value, and in particular combinations involving parenteral gold, penicillamine and azathioprine are best avoided. Finally, there is growing evidence from randomised trials that the combination of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy with methotrexate is effective and well tolerated. We have identified four randomised controlled trials of the use of combinations of anti-TNF with methotrexate that all reported results favouring this combination. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of other combinations involving immunotherapies at the present time.
Amino-terminal Domain Tetramer Organization and Structural Effects of Zinc Binding in the N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. An important feature of these receptors is their capacity for allosteric regulation by small molecules, such as zinc, which bind to their amino-terminal domain (ATD). Zinc inhibition through high affinity binding to the ATD has been examined through functional studies; however, there is no direct measurement of associated conformational changes. We used luminescence resonance energy transfer to show that the ATDs undergo a cleft closure-like conformational change upon binding zinc, but no changes are observed in intersubunit distances. Furthermore, we find that the ATDs are more closely packed than the related AMPA receptors. These results suggest that the stability of the upper lobe contacts between ATDs allow for the efficient propagation of the cleft closure conformational change toward the ligand-binding domain and transmembrane segments, ultimately inhibiting the channel.
Pulsing direct current‐induced repair of articular cartilage in rabbit osteochondral defects

Osteochondral defects in the distal femoral condyles of rabbits exposed to a pulsing direct current exhibits an enhanced quality of repair. The signal, with a peak value of 2 μA repeating at 100 Hz, imposed an electric field in the tissue of 20–60 mV/cm2. Maximum efficacy was seen with a shorter period of exposure (40 vs. 160h) initiated 48 h after surgery for 4 h/day. Repair tissue originated primarily from metaplasia of subchondral elements although hyperplasia of pre-existing chondrocytes at the margins of the defect could be detected. Defects in treated joints contained Safranin O staining material that was histologically similar to a disorganized hyaline cartilage. Central areas of the defects in control animals contained Safranin O-negative material that generally extruded over the surface as a pannus. The edges of nontreated defects also had characteristics of cartilaginous healing, stressing the importance of using serial sectioning techniques in this model of cartilage repair.
Adequacy of 1-cm distal margin after restorative rectal cancer resection with sharp mesorectal excision and preoperative combined-modality therapy.

Background: Preoperative combined-modality therapy (CMT) for rectal cancer allows a sphincter-sparing procedure in some individuals who would otherwise require an abdominoperineal resection. To further define the subset of rectal cancer patients suitable for this approach, we determined the adequacy of a distal margin of ≤1 cm in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer requiring preoperative CMT. Methods: Ninety-four consecutive patients, status post curative low anterior resection for rectal cancer after preoperative CMT, were identified from the prospective Colorectal Service Database. Distal margin length, tumor grade, tumor-node-metastasis stage, presence of lymphovascular and perineural invasion, and tumor distance from the anal verge were examined for their effect on recurrence and survival. Median follow-up was 44 months. Results: Distal margin length ranged from .1 to 9.5 cm (median, 2.0 cm) and did not correlate with local recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.1; P = .34) or recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.1; P = .29) by univariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier estimates of recurrence-free survival and local recurrence at 3 years for the ≤1 cm versus >1 cm and the ≤2 cm versus >2 cm groups were not significantly different. Groups were well matched for other clinicopathologic variables. Conclusions: Our data suggest that for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing resection and preoperative CMT, distal margins ≤1 cm do not seem to compromise oncological outcome.
Ideal gaseous behavior of sodium alkyl sulfates at oil-water interfaces

Abstract The existence of an ideal region at the oil-water interface has been demonstrated. A linear relationship between interfacial pressure and low concentrations of sodium decyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate at water-n-alkane interfaces is reported.
Integrated Laboratories: Laying the Foundation for Undergraduate Research Experiences

Interest in undergraduate student research has grown in response to initiatives from various professional societies and educational organizations. Participation in research changes student attitudes towards courses as they realize the utility and relevance of what they are learning. At the U.S. Naval Academy, the chemistry majors’ curriculum was redesigned to require fourth-year projects of all the majors. The restructured laboratory curriculum is based on four semesters of integrated laboratory, a sequence organized around broad themes in chemistry such as separation and purification, synthesis, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and so forth rather than traditional subdisciplines within chemistry. The integrated laboratory curriculum has facilitated the inclusion of a research or capstone experience for all the chemistry majors. The two tracks for the fourth-year chemistry majors to participate in projects are described. The development of these options, challenges with implementation, outcomes, and advice to other institutions are discussed. These changes required significant effort in redesigning the curriculum and the acceptance of undergraduate research as a culminating experience worthy of faculty and administrative support. However, the effort was justified as the number of chemistry majors has increased, students seem more satisfied with the major, interactions between students and faculty have increased, and research productivity seems to have been enhanced.
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of trimedlure isomers

Trimedlure (tert-butyl 4- and 5-chloro-cis- andtrans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate), a mixture of eight isomers, is used as an attractant for detecting and monitoring the male Mediterranean fruit fly. This paper reports the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), via CHEMX, of the eight purified isomers (racemic mixtures) of trimedlure. The relationship between structure and attractiveness is demonstrated by utilizing male medfly field catch on day 0 of the individual isomers vs. several molecular descriptors: volume, surface area, a torsion angle, and an interatomic distance.
Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing

The use of positron emission tomography to measure regional changes in average blood flow during processing of individual auditory and visual words provides support for multiple, parallel routes between localized sensory-specific, phonological, articulatory and semantic-coding areas.
Separation of the radioelements210Pb−210Bi−210Po by spontaneous deposition onto noble metals and verification by Cherenkov and liquid scintillation counting

A method for the separation of210Pb,210Bi and210Po using spontaneous deposition has been developed. The210Bi and210Po are simultaneously removed by deposition onto nickel foil (copper and tin could also be used but less effectively) while the210Po is separated from210Bi, after dissolution of the nickel foil, by deposition onto silver foil. The effectiveness of each separation was evaluated by adding aliquot portions of each solution to a “cocktail” and counting with a liquid scintillation counter. Water was used as the medium to observe the Cherenkov count of the sample solution.