cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appetitive and consummatory ingestive behaviors stimulated by PVH and perifornical area NPY injections

Food is acquired (obtained by foraging) and frequently stored (hoarded) across animal taxa, including humans, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors are virtually unknown. We found that peptides that stimulate food intake in rats stimulate food foraging and/or hoarding more than intake in Siberian hamsters. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide that increases food foraging and hoarding (appetitive behavior) and food intake (consummatory behavior). Given that NPY injections into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) or perifornical area (PFA) increase food intake by rats, it is possible that these injections may stimulate food foraging or hoarding by Siberian hamsters. We also tested whether antagonism of the NPY Y1 receptor (Y1-R), the agonism of which stimulates hoarding, would inhibit post-food-deprivation increases in foraging and hoarding. We injected one of three doses of NPY or vehicle into the PVH or PFA of animals housed in a simulated foraging-hoarding housing system and measured these behaviors at 1, 2, 4, and 24 h. A subset of animals was subsequently food deprived and then given PVH or PFA Y1-R antagonist microinjections before they were refed. NPY PVH microinjections decreased foraging but increased hoarding and food intake, whereas NPY PFA microinjections increased all three behaviors, but the greatest increase was in hoarding. Y1-R antagonist inhibited post-food-deprivation increases in hoarding when injected into the PVH and PFA and inhibited foraging when injected into the PFA. These results support the view that NPY is involved in appetitive and consummatory ingestive behaviors, but each may be controlled by different brain areas and/or NPY receptor subtypes.
A two-state stochastic model of REM sleep architecture in the rat.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a recurring state throughout the sleeping period. Based on the examination of 45 sleep records of 3-mo-old male rats during the middle of the light phase, a stocha...
A methodology to enable wind farm participation in automatic generation control using energy storage devices

Over the last decade, wind penetration has increased to the point where its variable nature is adding considerable stress and threatening the stability of the power systems in which it is included. In order to continue growth, wind farms will need to have the ability to participate in the same grid frequency regulation as normal generating sources. The goal of this research is to explore the use of energy storage devices to provide wind farms with a methodology to regulate their power output and grid frequency. With energy storage, this research aims to allow wind farms to participate in automatic generation control (AGC). Software simulations were performed to design an advanced energy storage controller that will allow the maximum dispatchability. A comprehensive in-lab grid was constructed to produce experimental results for this work and the equipment was used to evaluate the performance of the advanced energy storage controller. The first stage of this research aims to use super-capacitors to balance rapid excursions in frequency and wind power output while the second stage of this research will preliminarily explore the use of a zinc-bromine flow cell battery for medium-scale, sustained excursions in frequency and wind power output as well as reducing area control error (ACE). Results show that wind farms are capable of participation in AGC with the addition of an energy storage device, but the amount of participation is heavily reliant on the amount of energy storage available.
Multi-line two-dimensional guided mode resonant filters

A novel multi-line filter using two-dimensional guided mode resonant (2D-GMR) filter is proposed. The locations of resonances are specifically controlled by modifying only the periodicity of the grating and other physical dimensions of the structure.
Effects of dopant granularity on superhalo-channel MOSFETs according to two- and three-dimensional computer simulations

We have performed two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) computer simulations of random dopant fluctuations in 25-nm planar n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with superhalo channel doping. Our study shows that 2-D simulations that neglect lateral percolation of the carriers can overestimate the impact on threshold voltage (V/sub T/) fluctuations by as much as a factor of four. Fundamental differences in the way the 2-D and 3-D models describe subthreshold and near-threshold conduction are highlighted in our study. Our models reveal that surface percolation of carriers is an effective agent for reducing V/sub T/ fluctuations. In addition, the halo only enhances the V/sub T/ fluctuations by approximately 10%. Though the influence of the superhalo in the device may be overwhelmed by atomistic granularity according to the 2-D model, 3-D simulations show that the halo continues to function coherently for the MOSFET ensemble when charge percolation is accounted.
Adenosine A2A receptors mediate cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in fetal sheep

Nonselective adenosine (ADO) receptor antagonists block hypoxia-induced bradycardia and hypertension in fetal sheep. This study was designed to determine the ADO receptor subtype that is involved i...
Treatment of thermodynamic data for homogeneous binary systems

This paper describes general methods for the treatment of binary data which are both precise and convenient. In particular a new and accurate graphical method of determining partial molal quantities is presented.
Forecasting Yearling Prices: A Comparison Of Alternative Time Series Models

The thoroughbred breeding industry in North America has fallen on hard times. The health of this industry is often gauged by prices obtained for yearlings at North American auctions, particularly the average prices of summer sales at Keeneland and Saratoga. We examine various exponential smoothing algorithms along with a market-based structural model, as well as an ARIMA model in generating one-step ahead forecasts. The market-based structural model outperforms the other approaches with respect to both in- and out-of-sample forecasting accuracy.
Information and Communication Technology Use in Organizations

Our review of recent studies on ICT use in organizations seeks to answer three interrelated questions about ICTs and organizations: (1) What are the influences on ICT adoption, use, and outcomes? (2) Through what contexts and processes do ICTs occasion change, at different levels of analysis? And (3) What outcomes are associated with ICT adoption and use? We further inquire, (4) How do the three social science disciplines of Communication, Information Systems, and Management compare in treatment of these three questions? First we summarize our method, and identify the major themes and general phases represented in the sampled articles. The next section synthesizes empirical findings and reviews from these disciplines to show what answers they have generated to the first three questions. The subsequent section answers the fourth questions, by describing differences and similarities among the three disciplines in themes, theories, and method. The final section considers the intersection of these three fields to ask what researchers in general, and communication scholars in particular, might begin to explore about ICT use in organizations.
Honey Bees: Development of Foraging Fidelity to Delicious Apple Flowers

The morphology of ‘Delicious’ apple blossoms enables Apis mellifera L. to gather nectar while standing on the petals. These “sideworkers” (vs. topworkers) are ineffective pollinators because they fail to contact the flowers’ sexual parts. The interactive effects of the 2 basic floral morphologies (with and without basal gaps) on honey bee foraging behavior was studied in a block of apple trees in which each planting hole held 3 trees of different cultivars. When bees were first introduced, nearby ‘Rome’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ blossoms led to more topworking than had been found in solid plantings of Delicious, resulting in improved pollination efficiency. However, over 3 days the proportion of topworkers on Delicious fell steeply. The transience of the intercultivar effect was partially due to specialization of some bees as sideworking nectar gatherers.
A Time for Giants: Politics of the American High Command in World War II. By D. Clayton Jamea. New York: Franklin Watts, 1987. 317 pp. Hardbound, $19.95.

(1988). A Time for Giants: Politics of the American High Command in World War II. The Oral History Review: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 165-166.
Acoustic and Associated Behavior of the Coneheaded Katydid, Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Males of the coneheaded katydid, Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Bruner), produce calling, male/male contact (aggressive), precopulatory, and disturbance sounds. Males may produce solo calling sounds but usually their calling sounds are synchronous with those of nearby males. During paired synchrony, the leader male produces a longer phrase and begins his phrase before and ends his phrase after the follower. As interkatydid distance is shortened, followers shorten their phrases. Males continue to synchronize when close, even when touching. Eventually the follower ceases calling and moves away. If males are not singing, antennal contact of another male may elicit the contact song from either male. Contact songs consist of shorter phrases and longer phrase intervals than solo or synchronized calling. Short bursts of male calling during the day, the first phrases of solo calling, and the precopulatory song are similar to contact songs except that the latter include short, clicklike sounds following some phrases. Such clicks are characteristic of male/male interactions in other katydid species. The disturbance sound is a single click produced during closing of a male's wings in response to tapping on a male's cage, movement of a male's perch, and before flight or hopping. Precopulatory songs are only elicited following antennation of a virgin female, contain no clicks, are produced by previously calling or silent males, and appear softer than other sounds. As in most strictly nocturnal singing orthopterans, physical fighting is rare. Fighting consists of raking with front legs, abdominal raking (performed in the parallel and opposite position characteristic of attempted copulations of females), and head butting, which may include biting without injury. Occasionally, males and females will tremulate (body shake) during male/male and male/female interactions.
Applying Intergroup Contact Theory to Social Distance Data from Ethnic Hungarians and Romanians in Romania

AbstractAllport’s intergroup contact theory has been used to explain how contact between members of different groups influences the level of acceptance that members of those groups hold towards members of other groups, and to guide the design of programs to increase tolerance. In this study, we examined intergroup contact and social distance data provided by ethnic Hungarians and ethnic Romanians in Romania with respect to each other and the Roma (Gypsy) minority. Hungarians and Romanians reported more contact with members of each other’s groups than with Roma. Hungarians and Romanians also reported greater social distance from Roma than from each other’s groups. These results are interpreted in terms of intergroup contact theory, with recommendations for increasing tolerance towards the Roma.
Mechanistic link between erectile dysfunction and systemic endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats.

Summary Men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and erectile dysfunction (ED) have greater risk of cardiovascular events than T2DM men without ED, suggesting ED as a predictor of cardiovascular events in diabetic men. However, molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in the diabetic penis explaining these clinical observations are not known. We evaluated whether the temporal relationship between ED and endothelial dysfunction in the systemic vasculature in T2DM involves earlier redox imbalance and endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS) dysfunction in the penis than in the systemic vasculature, such as the carotid artery. Rats were rendered T2DM by high-fat diet for 2 weeks, followed by an injection with low-dose streptozotocin. After 3 weeks, erectile function (intracavernosal pressure) was measured and penes and carotid arteries were collected for molecular analyses of eNOS uncoupling, protein S-glutathionylation, oxidative stress (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 4-HNE), protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox, endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the carotid artery, and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)-mediated cavernosal relaxation. Erectile response to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve and NANC-mediated cavernosal relaxation was decreased (p < 0.05), while relaxation of the carotid artery to acetylcholine was not impaired in T2DM rats. eNOS monomerization, protein expressions of 4-HNE and gp91phox, and protein S-glutathionylation, were increased (p < 0.05) in the penis, but not in the carotid artery, of T2DM compared to non-diabetic rats. In conclusion, redox imbalance, increased oxidative stress by NADPH oxidase, and eNOS uncoupling, occur early in T2DM in the penis, but not in the carotid artery. These molecular changes contribute to T2DM ED, while vascular function in the systemic vasculature remains preserved.
Research on Assistant Decision Support System for Distribution Network Optimization Based on PMS

In the distribution network construction and business expanding process,due to the lack of appropriate technical means,designed solution is easy to be unreasonable in systematic and scientific sides,such as long power supply radius,unbalanced load,low voltage and other issues. To solve these problems,this paper presents an assistant decision support system for distribution network optimization based on PMS(production management system). The system is based on PMS data,through the accesses of power dispatching SCADA system,distribution line loss management system,power consumption collection system,distribution transformer monitoring system to obtain related data and analyze distribution network operation,calculate line loss and voltage quality,find the weak points in the distribution network. Then aiming at the problems,the system provides the distribution network optimal solution and loss reduction solution,to enhance the level of economic operation of distribution network.
Intravenous sub-anesthetic ketamine for perioperative analgesia

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, blunts central pain sensitization at sub-anesthetic doses (0.3 mg/kg or less) and has been studied extensively as an adjunct for perioperative analgesia. At sub-anesthetic doses, ketamine has a minimal physiologic impact though it is associated with a low incidence of mild psychomimetic symptoms as well as nystagmus and double vision. Contraindications to its use do exist and due to ketamine's metabolism, caution should be exercised in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction. Sub-anesthetic ketamine improves pain scores and reduces perioperative opioid consumption in a broad range of surgical procedures. In addition, there is evidence that ketamine may be useful in patients with opioid tolerance and for preventing chronic postsurgical pain.
Simultaneous Determination of 11 Cholesterol Oxidation Products in Salted Duck Egg Yolk by Enzymolysis-Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method for simultaneous quantification of 11 cholesterol oxidation products( COPs) in yolk of salted duck egg was developed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry( UPLCMS / MS) with enzymatic treatment. Firstly,the yolk of salted duck egg was digested by lipase at 37℃,and COPs were extracted by n-hexane and diethyl ether mixture( 8∶ 2,V / V). The supernatant was enriched and purified by solid phase extraction of silica. Eleven COPs were separated by UPLC HSS T3 column( 100 mm× 2. 1 mm,0. 3 μm) with water and methanol / acetonitrile( 1∶ 1,V / V) both containing 0. 1% formic acid.All COPs were simultaneously determined by UPLC-MS / MS with multiple reaction monitoring mode( MRM).The d7-7α-OH cholesterol was used as internal standard. The results showed that the linear ranges were20- 1200 ng / m L and 200- 3500 ng / m L with correlation coefficient( r ≥0. 996). The recoveries of three spiking levels were between 79. 3% and 104. 1%,and relative standard deviations( RSD) were 2. 0% and12. 9%. The limit of quantification( LOQ) was 0. 08- 0. 40 μg / g. The established method with good repeatability and robust recovery can be applied to quantify the levels of 11 COPs in yolk of salted duck eggs.
Cytosolic calcium and insulin resistance in elderly patients with essential hypertension.

We evaluated insulin sensitivity in normotensive (blood pressure, BP, less than 135/85 mm Hg) and hypertensive (BP greater than 160/90 mm Hg) elderly subjects over 65 years old who were stratified as normal weight (body mass index, BMI, less than 27) and obese (BMI greater than 27). Obese hypertensive individuals demonstrated marked hyperinsulinemia (P less than .01) and significantly reduced (P less than .05) submaximally stimulated adipocyte 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) uptake (abdominal wall fat biopsy). Normal weight hypertensive subjects also demonstrated higher levels of insulinemia and lower insulin-stimulated 2-DOG uptake than nonobese controls. Adipocyte [Ca2+]i levels were elevated in all elderly subjects compared to young individuals (P less than .01). Basal and maximally stimulated 2-DOG uptake were similar in all groups. One month of therapy with a calcium channel blocker, 10 mg nitrendipine twice daily, reduced blood pressure in the hypertensive subjects, reduced plasma insulin to control values during an oral glucose tolerance test in obese hypertensive individuals (P less than .01), and restored adipocyte 2-DOG uptake at submaximally effective insulin concentration to control values in normal weight and obese hypertensive subjects. In summary, older hypertensive, and particularly older obese hypertensive, patients manifest significant insulin resistance accompanied by elevated levels of [Ca2+]i in their adipocytes.
A Retrospective Analysis of the Influence of Ventricular Morphology on the Perioperative Outcomes After Fontan Surgery.

Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of ventricular morphology on perioperative outcomes during Fontan surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Single standing, not-for-profit pediatric hospital. Participants A total of 72 patients who underwent Fontan surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass without aortic cross-clamp between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The patients were divided into 3 categories depending on their single-ventricle lesions: (1) LV group (n = 20): left dominant and hypoplastic right ventricle; (2) RV group (n = 37): right dominant and hypoplastic left ventricle; and (3) BV group (n = 15): biventricular or indeterminate dominance. Perioperative major adverse events were collected based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. The need for perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions also was determined. The mean age was 3.3±1.7 years and the mean weight was 13.6±4.0 kg. All patients had extracardiac lateral tunnel or conduit Fontan procedures. Sixty-nine of the patients (96%) underwent tracheal extubation in the operating room. Anesthesia, surgery, and CPB times were 326±68, 239±73, and 70±41 minutes, respectively. Eleven patients (15%) required allogeneic blood products intraoperatively, while 30 patients (42%) required allogeneic blood products during the perioperative period. Length of cardiac intensive care unit stay and hospital stay (median [IQR]) were 1 [1,2] and 12 [9,18] days, respectively. There was no mortality and no significant differences between groups in major postoperative complications, anesthetic or surgical variables. Conclusions No difference in the immediate perioperative outcomes was noted based on ventricular morphology.
Does Ligamentous Laxity Protect Against Chondral Injury in Patients with Patellofemoral Instability

Objectives:Hypermobility may be a risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries during sports participation. However, we have seen a low incidence of chondral injuries requiring treatment in patients un...
Provocations from the Field) Epistemology of Ignorance and Human Privilege

The article below introduces epistemology of ignorance to animal studies, unearthing various ideologies that legitimate practices of animal exploitation. Factory farming, the slaughterhouse, circuses and zoos, as well as scientific animal research are all investigated for the operation of ideological narratives and images. It is seen that the tropes of Old MacDonald’s farm, Noah’s ark, and the temple of science play pseudo-justifying roles in regards to these institutions. The article concludes that such ideologies of human privilege must be exposed and analyzed for progress to be made in overcoming animal oppression.
Mayak and the Typology of Labial Harmony

Mayak (Western Nilotic) exhibits a pattern of regressive labial harmony that is typologically unique in that non-high vowels undergo cross-height harmony while high vowels do not. This pattern is exceptional under contemporary analyses of labial harmony. This paper demonstrates that harmony in Mayak is not exceptional, but rather necessitates a redefinition of contrast in terms of auditory similarity rather than abstract features. Moreover, it is argued herein that harmony is preferentially triggered by perceptually similar contrasts and also preferentially targets perceptually similar contrasts. A formal analysis using phonetically-enriched representations is able to account for the Mayak pattern. Under this analysis, syntagmatic identity is predicted to predominate the typology of labial harmony. A statistical analysis of harmony from a survey of over sixty languages corroborates this prediction. Thus, the analysis presented herein can account for the seemingly exceptional pattern in Mayak while maintaining key generalizations present in other contemporary analyses of labial harmony.
Fracture and Crack Propagation Behavior of 560 MPa Microalloyed Pipeline Steel under Different Cooling Schedules

Three kinds of pipeline steel with different microstructures were fabricated by varying cooling schedules during thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP). Charpy impact property of the pipeline steels were obtained, and the fracture and crack-arrest mechanisms were further studied. The results indicated that the steels were classified into two kinds according to their microstructures, the mixture of acicular ferrite (AF), quasi-polygonal ferrite (QF), granular bainite (GB) and small fraction of degenerate pearlite (DP), and the mixed microstructure of AF and GB, respectively. The processed steel with microstructure of AF and GB exhibited more excellent low-temperature toughness and crack-arrest properties with upper shelf energy of ~281 J and energy transition temperature of ~-76°C. The mixed microstructure (AF + GB) possessing smaller effective grain size hindered the propagating of crack and consumed large amount of energy during fracture. The effective grain size of microstructure was the dominant factor controlling low-temperature toughness and crack-arrest properties of pipeline steel, which increased the high-angle boundary length per unit area and further increased the crack propagation energy during fracture.
Development and Validation of a Geriatrics Knowledge Test to Evaluate Geriatrics Fellowship Programs.

Background/Objectives Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that geriatrics fellowship programs be evaluated, evaluation is challenging because of lack of appropriate instruments. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a geriatrics knowledge test appropriate for evaluation of geriatrics fellowship programs. Design Initial and replication cross-sectional validation studies. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Initial study: 11 postgraduate year (PGY)-2 and five PGY-3 internal medicine residents, eight incoming and eight graduating geriatrics fellows, and 11 geriatrics faculty (N = 43). Replication study: nine graduating fellows and three mid-year fellow cohorts (n = 11, 8, and 9) (N = 37). Measurements A geriatrics knowledge test was developed consisting of 31 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) selected from a 54-item pool of MCQs that the authors created. Selection criteria included content appropriateness, item correlation with total score, item discriminatory power, and item difficulty. Results The instrument demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.83) and known group validity. The mean percentage correct scores on the knowledge test were progressively higher with more geriatrics training (P < .001). The replication study continued to show patterns of progressive increases in score with additional training. There were no floor or ceiling effects. Conclusion A 31-item geriatrics knowledge test demonstrates sound reliability and validity. The findings support that it is appropriate as a tool for evaluation of geriatrics fellowship programs.
A small animal model of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome following antiretroviral therapy (CAM1P.159)

In HIV-infected patients with latent or subclinical tuberculosis (TB), the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following restoration of T cell populations by anti-retroviral therapy (ART) can produce a life threatening inflammatory reaction. The objective of this study was to use our humanized mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) and HIV co-infection to develop a small animal model of IRIS. Humanized BLT mice (HuMice) were infected i.n. with Mtb H37Rv, and following development of TB disease were given TB chemotherapy (rifampicin and isoniazid) by oral gavage. Bacteria were not detected in the lung following TB chemotherapy, but low numbers of Mtb were detected two months after stopping drug treatment, which mimics subclinical TB. When Mtb -infected and TB drug-treated HuMice were infected i.v. with HIV-1 Ada, the animals developed HIV-1 co-infection as determined by the presence of the HIV p24 capsid protein in peripheral blood by ELISA. ART was performed to reduce viral load in blood plasma and restore T lymphocyte function in animals with subclinical TB. In ongoing studies, the development of inflammatory responses, Th1 cell activation and lung pathology are being determined to understand how immune recovery, due to ART, drives inflammation in the setting of subclinical TB. This model will facilitate investigations to understand the mechanistic basis for IRIS and identify targets for host-directed therapies.
Cementless Posteriorly Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty: Seven-Year Minimum Follow-Up Report

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate (1) implant survivorship; (2) patient outcomes; (3) complications; and to (4) perform a radiographic analysis of cementless posteriorly stabilized total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients at a minimum of 7-year follow-up. Methods Our original cohort was composed of 114 consecutive cementless posteriorly stabilized total knee arthroplasties (110 patients) performed by a single surgeon between 2008 and 2010. Since our original report, 4 (1 bilateral) patients died and 2 were lost to follow-up. Therefore, there were 104 patients who had 107 knees available for final follow-up. The final cohort included 43 men and 61 women, who had a mean age of 69 years (range 47-87) and were followed from 7 to 9 years (mean 8 years). Patient outcomes and complications were obtained from electronic medical records. Radiographic assessment was done using the Knee Society Radiographic Evaluation System. Results The all-cause survivorship was 98% (95% confidence interval 1.01-0.96). Since the original report, there has been 1 post-traumatic loosening of the tibial baseplate, and 1 revision for instability. There were no femoral revisions or patella revisions. The mean Knee Society pain score was 93 points (range 80-100) and the function score was 78 points (range 68-95). Excluding revisions, there was no evidence of progressive loosening of any implant components. Conclusion Based on these 7-year minimum follow-ups, femoral, tibial, and patellar cementless hydroxylapatite-coated beaded implants perform well at up to 9 years postoperatively and offer surgeons and patients a cementless option that may provide long-lasting biological fixation.
Relation between red cell anion exchange and urea transport.

Abstract The new distilbene compound, DCMBT (4,4′-dichloromercuric-2,2,2′,2′-bistilbene tetrasulfonic acid) synthesized by Yoon et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 778 (1984) 385–389) was used to study the relation between urea transport and anion exchange in human red cells. DCMBT, which combines properties of both the specific stilbene anion exchange inhibitor, DIDS, and the water and urea transport inhibitor, pCMBS, had previously been shown to inhibit anion transport almost completely and water transport partially. We now report that DCMBT also inhibits urea transport almost completely and that covalent DIDS treatment reverses the inhibition. These observations provide support for the view that a single protein or protein complex modulates the transport of water and urea and the exchange of anions through a common channel.
“Go West, Young Woman?”: The Geography of the Gender Wage Gap through the Great Recession

AbstractDespite headline-grabbing accounts of the mancession and childless metropolitan-dwelling women who earn more than men, the gender wage gap remains persistent. However, the spatiality of the gender wage gap has received little attention. I ask whether, where, and how the gender wage gap changed with the Great Recession. Using American Community Survey pooled surveys for 2005–2007 and 2011–2013, I model counterfactual wage distributions for full-time male and female workers in the top one hundred metro areas of the United States, controlling for education, age, experience, and occupation. Gender inequality is polarizing spatially and across the wage distribution, and the recession exacerbates this pattern. Gender gaps decline most in the Rustbelt, but show relative increases in many Western metro areas. Further, declines are mostly among below-median earning workers, whereas increases are likely at the seventy-fifth or ninetieth percentiles. Disproportionate returns to men’s characteristics explain ...
Overweight or Obese Individuals at Eighteen Years of Age Develop Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma at a Significantly Earlier Age.

Background. Adolescent obesity is a national epidemic that recently has been shown to increase risk for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) and is associated with an earlier age of PC onset. We hypothesized that PC patients who are overweight or obese at age 18 would have an earlier age of PC onset. Methods. Retrospective review of 531 patients in our PC registry was completed. Self-reported weight at age 18 and maximum lifetime weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) at age 18 (BMI-18) and maximum lifetime BMI. Results. Complete BMI and baseline covariate data was available in 319 PC patients. Mean age (in years) of PC diagnosis for patients whose BMI-18 was overweight (64.0) or obese (59.9) was significantly different when compared to patients with a normal BMI-18 (66.7). No significant difference was observed in the mean age of PC diagnosis in those patients who maintained a normal BMI-18 when compared to those patients who subsequently became overweight or obese (67.0 versus 66.6; ). Conclusions. An elevated BMI at age 18 is associated with an earlier age of PC onset and should be factored into determining the optimal age of beginning screening for patients at high risk for PC.
Proteolysis of tropoelastin.

The presence of an enzyme associated with tropoelastin is described. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 7 and 9 and trypsin-like specificity. Upon incubation, tropoelastin (72,000 molecular weight) is cleaved into relatively high molecular weight fragments. In addition to the parent molecule, five discrete polypeptide bands are usually observed on SDS gels with molecular weights of approximately 57,000, 45,000, 36,000, 25,000 and 13–14,000.
The Golden Age of Greek Mathematics

The Academy opened its gates at Athens in the year 387 b.c. The marvelous list of accomplishments that we call the Greek Miracle was still growing. This was four centuries after Homer had recited his poems and two centuries after Thales had introduced deduction as a means of obtaining truth. The Golden Age of Pericles, which saw high achievement in art and literature, had recently passed, and ancient Greece would soon be threatened by Macedonia. The century-old Pythagorean idea that the earth was round (spherical) was an obvious fact, but there was much discussion about which heavenly bodies revolved about what. Theatetus was laying the foundation for the study of irrationals that would later appear in Book X of Euclid’s Elements. Theatetus was also the first to determine that there are exactly five regular solids, which are usually named after his student, colleague, friend, and founder of the Academy, Plato.
Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography: An Assessment of the Radiology Report

Rationale and Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the uncertainty in computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) radiology reports, manifested by descriptions of report limitations and image quality. Materials and methods CTPA reports between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed for patient demographic data (age, gender, pregnancy state), radiologist data (years of experience, subspecialty, final dictation by an attending radiologist vs a resident being present and dictating the report), the presence of pulmonary embolism (PE), and key words describing examination quality and limitations. Results There were 2151 CTPA reports. Patterns of reporting CTPA in the impression sections of radiology reports were as follows: (1) PE conclusively positive (10%), (2) PE conclusively negative (29%), (3) PE negative to segmental arteries (27%), (4) PE negative to central pulmonary arteries (21%), (5) PE negative but suboptimal examination (8%), and (6) nondiagnostic examination (5%). Among the last three categories, seven PEs were not initially diagnosed but were found on subsequent imaging examinations. Limitations in image quality, respiratory motion artifact, and contrast enhancement were most frequently mentioned as limitations in image quality (62% and 28% of all reports, respectively). Radiologists tended to report limitations in image quality if they were thoracic radiology subspecialists, had >10 years of experience, or worked independently ( P Conclusion Different patterns of reporting CTPA exist and vary on the basis of individual radiologists' subspecialties, experience, and whether they work independently or with residents. Certain wording regarding the presence of PE may falsely imply negativity of PE in a limited examination.
The Controversy with Volterra

On 29 October, 1894, Etienne Jules Marey, a distinguished physiologist and pioneer in motion photography, presented to the Academy of Sciences of Paris a sequence of 32 photographs he had made of the fall of a cat dropped with feet upward. They showed that the cat completed exactly a half turn. This seemed to be in contradiction to the principle in mechanics of the conservation of angular momentum, and gave rise to a discussion in which several members of the Academy and, later, even the daily newspapers took part, several explanations being given of how the cat was able to turn over. In the January 1895 issue of the Rivista di Matematica, Peano gave another explanation in ‘The principle of the conservation of angular momentum and the story of a cat’ [77]. After mentioning several other possible explanations, he wrote: But the explanation of the cat’s motion appears to me quite simple. When the animal is left to itself, it describes with its tail a circle in the plane perpendicular to the axis of its body. Consequently, by the principle of the conservation of angular momentum, the rest of its body must rotate in the sense opposite to the tail. When it has rotated as much as it wishes, it halts its tail and with this simultaneously stops its rotary motion, saving in this way itself and the principle of angular momentum.
Long-term Outcomes of Globe-Preserving Surgery With Proton Beam Radiation for Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland

Purpose To describe outcomes of globe-preserving surgery combined with high-dose proton beam radiation (PBR) in treating primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lacrimal gland. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Twenty-nine patients with primary ACC of the lacrimal gland were identified in the records of a single institution between 1990 and 2017. Patients with nonorbital primary tumor origins or with inadequate follow-ups were excluded. Eighteen patients met inclusion criteria. Clinical data, imaging studies, histopathology, treatment modality, local recurrences, visual outcomes, metastases, and survivals were assessed. Disease-free survivals for the current patients were measured and compared to those of other studies. Results The eighteen patients (14 female, 4 male) were followed for a median of 12.9 years (range 0.6–22.3 years) after treatment completion. Their median age was 40 years. Four were children (median age 12 years). All were treated with globe-preserving tumor resection and radiation (median dose of 72 cobalt gray equivalents). Three adult patients died of metastatic disease (median of 4.2 years after treatment). Four had local recurrences. Useful vision (20/40 or better) was retained for a median 3 years (range 1–12.9 years). Radiation morbidity included brain injury, retinopathy, optic neuropathy, keratopathy, and cataract. Overall and disease-free survivals were significantly better compared to historical treatments, but did not differ statistically from other modern approaches. Conclusions Globe-preserving surgery with PBR, although imperfect, has a favorable long-term survival compared to other modern modalities, and offers a variable period of useful vision.
Temperature-Independent Rescaling of the Local Activation Barrier Drives Free Surface Nanoconfinement Effects on Segmental-Scale Translational Dynamics near Tg

Near-interface alterations in dynamics and glass formation behavior have been the subject of extensive study for the past two decades, both because of their practical importance and in the hope of revealing underlying correlation lengths underpinning glass transition more generally. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations of thick films to demonstrate that these effects emerge, for segmental-scale translational dynamics at low temperature, from a temperature-independent rescaling of the local activation barrier. This rescaling manifests as a fractional power law decoupling relationship of local dynamics relative to the bulk, with a transition from a regime of weak decoupling at high temperatures to a regime of strong decoupling at low temperatures. The range of this effect saturates at low temperatures, with 90% of the surface perturbation in the barrier lost over a range of 12 segmental diameters. These findings reduce the phenomenology of Tg nanoconfinement effects to two properties—a position-dep...
The epidemiology and role of surgery in the treatment of urethral clear cell carcinoma.

To perform a retrospective analysis of the epidemiology and role of surgery on survival in patients with urethral clear cell carcinoma (UCCC) using the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. UCCC cases diagnosed from January 1, 1973, to December 31, 2014, were extracted from SEER. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Univariate analysis to assess for differences in survival with respect to covariates was performed using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed with Cox proportional hazards regression models to determine the predictive performance of covariates with respect to overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS), reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CIs. Comparisons were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Sixty-one cases were extracted for analysis. Mean age ± SD was 63.0 ± 13.9 years. Fifty (82%), 18 (29.5%), and 14 (23.0%) patients underwent surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, respectively. On univariate analysis, the following covariates were associated with both OS and DSS: age, stage, and surgery (all P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, surgery was a predictor for improved OS and DSS (HR, 0.178; 95% CI [0.068; 0.464]) and HR, 0.166; 95% CI [0.057; 0.484], respectively). Neither radiation nor chemotherapy was significantly associated with OS or DSS. Surgery was associated with improved OS and DSS in patients with UCCC. While neither radiation nor chemotherapy was significantly associated with survival, additional studies are necessary to determine how these therapeutic interventions may impact prognosis.
Teaching for Globalization: Implications for Knowledge Management in Organizations

Global workforce mobility and the technologies that support collaborative work across the globe lead to the need of knowledge management systems that take into account how adults with various national and ethnic backgrounds learn and share knowledge, and that incorporate both the professional and technical knowledge in organizations, and the diversity of thought and worldviews of their employees. It is incumbent on learning facilitators, instructional designers, and developers of knowledge management systems to enable and empower employees to think at a global level and use and share their knowledge and skills in their organizations to address the global challenges they face. Thus, teaching for globalization is considered both an antecedent and an outcome of knowledge management systems in organizations. This chapter discusses the (a) global context of education and work (the “whys” for teaching for globalization), (b) importance of knowledge management in today’s organizations (the “whys” for knowledge management designed for the global environment), (c) global systems thinking and global mindset (the “whats” of teaching for globalization), and (d) cultivating global systems thinking and global mindset (the “hows” of teaching for globalization). The chapter concludes with implications for the design of knowledge management systems to support continuous learning in organizations, and nurture engaged, creative, and responsible global professionals.
Variational Data Assimilation in the Tropics Using Precipitation Data. Part II: 3D Model

A global primitive equation model is used to examine the performance of four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-VAR) with moist processes and to assess the impact of assimilating precipitation data in the Tropics. Several types of discontinuity in the parameterization schemes of moist processes are removed. In the assimilation experiments, truth and observations are provided by the full-physics model, while the assimilation model and the corresponding adjoint model include moist processes, horizontal diffusion, and simplified surface friction only. An idealized observation network that is sparse in the Tropics and the Southern Hemisphere is used. It is demonstrated that the addition of a penalty term for suppressing gravity wave noise increases the efficiency of 4D-VAR with moist processes by avoiding locally large gradients in the cost function during the minimization process. It is found that 4D-VAR with moist processes included yields a much better analysis in the Tropics despite a slower convergence rate than 4D-VAR without the moist processes. 4D-VAR assimilates the simulated precipitation data quite well. Inclusion of the moist processes and assimilation of precipitation data improve the analyses of divergence, moisture, and lower-tropospheric vorticity. In particular, the wind field in the tropical planetary boundary layer is better analyzed, and the structure of a tropical cyclone is well retrieved. A 72-h forecast experiment shows that assimilation of precipitation data improves the precipitation forecast.
La Terre natale : aux sources de l’écriture chez Sidonie Gabrielle Colette.

Throughout her works, Colette sought to recreate the “earthly paradise” of her native land, Burgundy, and the complex dream it represented. This dream unfolds and metamorphoses into an inner landsc...
Sustainable recycling of cathode scraps via Cyrene-based separation

Abstract Separation of cathode materials from the current collector remains a challenging task for the recycling of both spent lithium-ion batteries and cathode scraps. Dissolving the organic binder polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) with an organic solvent to recover both cathode materials and Al foils is an efficient and promising method. However, the use of toxic solvents limits their practical application in recycling large amounts of cathode scraps generated during the manufacturing process. Cyrene, a bioderived green solvent, is proposed here for a solvent-based separation process. This study investigated a closed-loop recovery process to reclaim cathode materials, Al foils, and PVDF binder from cathode scraps. Additionally, the reuse of the Cyrene solvent led to a circular recycling process. The Cyrene-based separation process embraces a sustainable electrode recovery and reuse platform and paves the way for battery recycling.
Summer study abroad in Japan: maximizing intercultural competency development through self-guided cultural exploration and reflection tasks

This study analyzes how self-guided cultural exploration and reflection (SCER) tasks affect the development of intercultural competency (ICC) of students participating in a study abroad program. The Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) was used to measure students' ICC development before and after a 6-week faculty-led study abroad program in Japan. The SCER tasks encouraged students to examine Japanese history, cuisine, politics, architecture, economy, communication style, and behaviors, and gain a sophisticated understanding of the Japanese culture through the lens of unique Japanese perspectives. The results reveal significant gains in overall IES scales, in particular, student's continuous learning and interpersonal engagement saw the most change. Analysis of student reflections further demonstrates the positive impact of culturally bridging experiences on self-awareness and cultural exploration. We argue that the impact of perspective-shifting practices, combined with students' first-hand intercultural experience improves student's level of hardiness. Finally, student reflections reveal the important role that the SCER tasks have on initiating a meaningful dialogue with their host families.