cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Exercise Performance in Recreationally Active and Masters Athlete Women

Stone, MS, Glenn, JM, Vincenzo, JL, and Gray, M. Comparison of exercise performance in recreationally active and masters athlete women. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 565-571, 2018-Master athletes (MA) are an understudied, ever-growing cohort. As such, it is important to examine how age affects muscular power and fatigability. Of particular interest is muscular power maintenance and fatigue mitigation of MA compared with young, healthy adults. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the differences in peak power, average power, total work (WRK), and fatigue index (FI) between recreationally active (RA) younger adults and female MA during anaerobic cycling exercise. Two groups, RA (n = 15; 20.6 ± 0.8 years) and MA (n = 17; 50.5 ± 8.6 years), participated in this study. Peak power, APWR, WRK, and FI were measured during a 30-second Wingate maximum anaerobic cycling protocol at a predetermined resistance of 7.5% body mass. Peak power (p = 0.92; RA: 654.1 ± 114.5 W; MA: 658.6 ± 147.6 W), APWR (p = 0.09; RA: 429.8 ± 73.3 W; MA: 384 ± 73.8 W), WRK (p = 0.09; RA: 12,894.3 ± 2,198.3 J; MA: 18,044.3 ± 27,184.9 J), and FI (p = 0.30; RA: 11.8 ± 4.1 W·s; MA: 14 ± 5.2 W·s) were not significantly different between groups. Master athletes produce power and WRK comparable to rates of fatigue among RA. This suggests that MA can maintain physical ability similar to RA in multiple parameters of high-intensity exercise while mitigating fatigue comparably. These data allow for advancements in exercise training and performance outcomes in MA populations. Further research within the MA population is warranted regarding other aspects of exercise and sport performance.
Numerical simulation of runaway electrons: 3-D effects on synchrotron radiation and impurity-based runaway current dissipation

Numerical simulations of runaway electrons (REs) with a particular emphasis on orbit dependent effects in 3-D magnetic fields are presented. The simulations were performed using the recently developed Kinetic Orbit Runaway electron Code (KORC) that computes the full-orbit relativistic dynamics in prescribed electric and magnetic fields including radiation damping and collisions. The two main problems of interest are synchrotron radiation and impurity-based RE dissipation. Synchrotron radiation is studied in axisymmetric fields and in 3-D magnetic configurations exhibiting magnetic islands and stochasticity. For passing particles in axisymmetric fields, neglecting orbit effects might underestimate or overestimate the total radiation power depending on the direction of the radial shift of the drift orbits. For trapped particles, the spatial distribution of synchrotron radiation exhibits localized “hot” spots at the tips of the banana orbits. In general, the radiation power per particle for trapped particles is higher than the power emitted by passing particles. The spatial distribution of synchrotron radiation in stochastic magnetic fields, obtained using the MHD code NIMROD, is strongly influenced by the presence of magnetic islands. 3-D magnetic fields also introduce a toroidal dependence on the synchrotron spectra, and neglecting orbit effects underestimates the total radiation power. In the presence of magnetic islands, the radiation damping of trapped particles is larger than the radiation damping of passing particles. Results modeling synchrotron emission by RE in DIII-D quiescent plasmas are also presented. The computation uses EFIT reconstructed magnetic fields and RE energy distributions fitted to the experimental measurements. Qualitative agreement is observed between the numerical simulations and the experiments for simplified RE pitch angle distributions. However, it is noted that to achieve quantitative agreement, it is necessary to use pitch angle distributions that depart from simplified 2-D Fokker-Planck equilibria. Finally, using the guiding center orbit model (KORC-GC), a preliminary study of pellet mitigated discharges in DIII-D is presented. The dependence of RE energy decay and current dissipation on initial energy and ionization levels of neon impurities is studied. The computed decay rates are within the range of experimental observations.
Relationships of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress with Adherence to Self-Management Behaviors and Diabetes Measures in African American Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

This study examines the relationships of depression, anxiety, and stress with adherence to self-management behaviors and diabetes measures in 42 African American adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants were recruited from an outpatient clinic located in an urban area of a midsized city in the southeastern USA. The mean age of the sample was 54.9 years (SD = 9.9) and the majority of the participants were female (73.2%), high school graduates (55.3%), unemployed (70.7%), and publicly insured (77.8%). Each participant completed a demographic survey and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21. Adherence to self-management behaviors (physical activity, diet, and medication use) was assessed using surveys and self-reports. Glycated hemoglobin (A1c) and body mass index (BMI) were obtained from participants' medical records at the time of the participants' clinic visits. Depression, anxiety, and stress were not significantly correlated with self-management behaviors. Depression (r = 0.38, p = 0.03), anxiety (r = 0.56, p = 0.001), and stress (r = 0.36, p = 0.04) were positively correlated with A1c. The greater the dietary risk assessment score, the higher the A1c (r = 0.34, p = 0.05). Anxiety was the strongest correlate of A1c followed by depression, stress, and dietary risk assessment. Future studies to confirm this study's findings in a larger sample are warranted. Interventions to mitigate the effects of these correlates should be designed and tested to improve health outcomes in African American adults with T2D.
Multi-robot inverse reinforcement learning under occlusion with estimation of state transitions

Abstract Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), analogously to RL, refers to both the problem and associated methods by which an agent passively observing another agent's actions over time, seeks to learn the latter's reward function. The learning agent is typically called the learner while the observed agent is often an expert in popular applications such as in learning from demonstrations. Some of the assumptions that underlie current IRL methods are impractical for many robotic applications. Specifically, they assume that the learner has full observability of the expert as it performs its task; that the learner has full knowledge of the expert's dynamics; and that there is always only one expert agent in the environment. For example, these assumptions are particularly restrictive in our application scenario where a subject robot is tasked with penetrating a perimeter patrol by two other robots after observing them from a vantage point. In our instance of this problem, the learner can observe at most 10% of the patrol. We relax these assumptions and systematically generalize a known IRL method, Maximum Entropy IRL, to enable the subject to learn the preferences of the patrolling robots, subsequently their behaviors, and predict their future positions well enough to plan a route to its goal state without being spotted. Challenged by occlusion, multiple interacting robots, and partially known dynamics we demonstrate empirically that the generalization improves significantly on several baselines in its ability to inversely learn in this application setting. Of note, it leads to significant improvement in the learner's overall success rate of penetrating the patrols. Our methods represent significant steps towards making IRL pragmatic and applicable to real-world contexts.
Tracking the Terrorists: Identification of Explosive Residues in Post-Explosion Debris by LC/MS Methods

In order to identify the type and origin of explosives in post-explosion debris, several groups of explosives, including TNT, RDX, nitroglycerin, PETN, EGDN, ammonium nitrate and some other inorganic oxidizers, were studied using LC/MS with electrospray and APCI ionization, and MS/MS for further confirmation of identified ions.
Identification of the product of dnaB gene in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract In order to detect the product of dnaB gene in B. subtilis , a gene which is involved in the initiation of DNA replication and the formation of the DNA-membrane complex, we synthesized an origopeptide of 15 amino acids which corresponds to a region near the carboxyl-terminal of the gene product, and raised antibody against the synthetic peptide. We have also employed a filter binding assay to measure the predicted DNA binding activity of the product of the dnaB gene, using the plasmid pUB110. The binding activity was detected after fractionation of cell lysates of B. subtilis on sucrose-density gradiehnts. When the active fraction was prepared from a mutant which was temperature-sensitive for the dnaB gene, the DNA binding activity in the fraction showed significant thermolability. Furthermore, the binding activity was inhibited by the purified antibody raised against the synthetic peptide. These results suggest that the product of the dnaB gene does indeed have DNA binding activity, and that the filter binding assay and the antibody can be used for the detection and characterization of the gene product.
Assorted Laboratory Techniques

In this chapter we describe some of the widely used, but ill-described techniques or bits of information which are helpful or necessary for successfully using the procedures discussed in the first six chapters. Much of this information is well known in laboratories that practice molecular biology or molecular genetics, but since much of this information is transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, it is presented here so that it can be available to groups first beginning these types of experiments.
Talk, Read, Sing: Early Language Exposure As an Overlooked Social Determinant of Health.

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics SES — : socioeconomic status I took note of my senior resident’s polished words and facial expressions as we stood in the newborn nursery. Anxious parents consumed every word of her discharge education. They laughed as she reassured them that spit-up is normal and solemnly absorbed all the ways they could minimize the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. “Everything make sense?” she asked me later in the work room. “As the third-year medical student, it will be your responsibility to do the discharge education on this rotation.” She carefully ran through the 10-point discharge list and neatly paired each education point with supporting evidence and significance. However, the final piece of advice, “Talk, read, and sing to your infant,” was not mentioned. I wondered if her omission came with an implicit prioritization. Not talking, reading, or singing to a newborn is, admittedly, less life-threatening than most recommendations on the newborn discharge list. But as I have since learned, the quantity and quality of parent–child interactions (how much and how often caregivers talk, read, and sing to their children) are key in shaping healthy brain development during the first few years of life.1–3 The first 1000 days of life are a critical time for brain development. Early experiences, transmitted via rich language … Address correspondence to Dana Suskind, MD, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC1035, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: dsuskind{at}surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu
Pseudo-bearing Measurements for Improved Localization of Radio Sources with Multirotor UAVs

Localizing radio frequency (RF) sources is an important application for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Localization is often carried out by estimating bearing to an RF source, which can be achieved by rotating a directional antenna in place. Multirotor UAVs are well-suited for this sensing modality because they can efficiently rotate in place. However, a full rotation from a single location is needed to account for scale factors affecting the directional antenna's measurements. Although easy to perform, these rotations tend to be slow and delay localization. In this paper, we equip a multirotor UAV with a directional antenna and an omnidirectional antenna. The omnidirectional antenna serves to normalize measurements made by the directional antenna, yielding “pseudo-bearing” measurements. These bearing-like measurements are less informative than bearing measurements but do not require a full rotation, leading to more measurements and faster localization. We validate the normalization with antenna theory and ground tests. Claims of improved localization are validated with simulations and flight tests on a multirotor UAV. Our setup significantly reduces localization time compared to a multirotor UAV equipped with only a directional antenna.
The confluence of intelligent agents and materials to enable protection of humans in extreme and dangerous environments

Abstracts The mode by which humans have protected themselves from prevailing threats such as low velocity and ballistic projectiles is to strike a near balance between the ability of the threat to cause injury and the available materials and mechanisms capable of mitigating the threat. Such a balance is needed in part due to the limited amount of additional weight a human can tolerate—especially in environments that challenge human endurance. The balance ensures the human is burdened with the minimum amount of protective materials to enable reasonable levels of protection. Invariably, such material-based protection schemes involve intimate connectivity with humans, such as ballistic helmets and torso armor. However, the penalty of such an approach not only includes the parasitic weight burden, but impeded mobility, flexibility, and comfort. In addition, the transmission of adverse stress waves as a result of this intimate physical coupling between the protective materials and the soft (and vulnerable) human organs and tissues can lead to both life altering or lethal outcomes, even if the projectile is successfully prevented from penetrating the protective materials. Deploying material-based defeat mechanisms from nimble, self-positioning robotic platforms that can interfere with the threat could disrupt the ancient approach of solely relying on body-worn armor. Such an approach decouples the human and the threat, and instead relies on an intelligent and continuously organized means of sensing, positioning, deploying, and mitigating the threat. The notion of robotic augmented protection of humans is explored in this chapter, and offered as a rich area of exploration at the intersection of material, robotics, human behavior, and the physics associated with ballistic projectiles.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2–3% of all adult malignant neoplasms. The incidence of RCC is increasing globally, with rates varying by country, age, race, and sex. Risk factors the development of RCC include cigarette smoking, obesity, hypertension, and industrial chemical exposure. In contrast, the consumption of fruit, vegtables and alcohol is associated with a decreased risk of RCC. In a minority of cases, the development of RCC is tied to hereditary syndromes. This chapter will discuss established and proposed risk factors for RCC. In addition, the available evidence and mechanisms associated with each risk factor will be reviewed.
De novo compartment deconvolution and weight estimation of tumor samples (DECODER)

Abstract Tumors are mixtures of different compartments. While global gene expression analysis profiles the average expression of all compartments in a sample, identifying the specific contribution of each compartment remains a challenge. With the increasing recognition of the importance of non-neoplastic components, the ability to breakdown the gene expression contribution of each is critical. To this end, we developed DECODER, an integrated framework which performs de novo deconvolution, and compartment weight estimation for a single sample. We use DECODER to deconvolve 33 TCGA tumor RNA-seq datasets and show that it may be applied to other data types including ATAC-seq. We demonstrate that it can be utilized to reproducibly estimate cellular compartment weights in pancreatic cancer that are clinically meaningful. Application of DECODER across cancer types advances the capability of identifying cellular compartments in an unknown sample and may have implications for identifying the tumor of origin for cancers of unknown primary.
Police organizational failure and decoupling: Identifying precursors to failure through the rampart commission:

In criminal justice organizations, organizational failure can have catastrophic, often tragic, repercussions. Through the theoretical framework of coupling, this work studies a past organizational ...
Ontogenesis and Modulation of Intestinal Unesterified Cholesterol Sequestration in a Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick C1 Disease.

Mutations in the NPC1 gene result in sequestration of unesterified cholesterol (UC) and glycosphingolipids in most tissues leading to multi-organ disease, especially in the brain, liver, lungs, and spleen. Various data from NPC1-deficient mice suggest the small intestine (SI) is comparatively less affected, even in late stage disease. Using the Npc1nih mouse model, we measured SI weights and total cholesterol (TC) levels in Npc1−/− versus Npc1+/+ mice as a function of age, and then after prolonged ezetimibe-induced inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Next, we determined intestinal levels of UC and esterified cholesterol (EC), and cholesterol synthesis rates in Npc1−/− and Npc1+/+ mice, with and without the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme SOAT2, following a once-only subcutaneous injection with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD). By ~ 42 days of age, intestinal TC levels averaged ~ 2.1-fold more (mostly UC) in the Npc1−/− versus Npc1+/+ mice with no further increase thereafter. Chronic ezetimibe treatment lowered intestinal TC levels in the Npc1−/− mice by only ~ 16%. In Npc1−/− mice given 2HPβCD 24 h earlier, UC levels fell, EC levels increased (although less so in mice lacking SOAT2), and cholesterol synthesis was suppressed equally in the Npc1−/−:Soat2+/+ and Npc1−/−:Soat2−/− mice. The low and static levels of intestinal UC sequestration in Npc1−/− mice likely reflect the continual sloughing of cells from the mucosa. This sequestration is blunted by about the same extent following a single acute treatment with 2HPβCD as it is by a prolonged ezetimibe-induced block of cholesterol absorption.
Conditions for Symmetries in the Buckle Patterns of Laminated-Composite Plates

Conditions for the existence of certain symmetries to exist in the buckle patterns of symmetrically laminated composite plates are presented. The plates considered have a general planform with cutouts, variable thickness and stiffnesses, and general support and loading conditions. The symmetry analysis is based on enforcing invariance of the corresponding eigenvalue problem for a group of coordinate transformations associated with buckle patterns commonly exhibited by symmetrically laminated plates. The buckle-pattern symmetries examined include a central point of inversion symmetry, one plane of reflective symmetry, and two planes of reflective symmetry.
Lessons Learned from the Development and Deployment of a Hotel Concierge Robot to be Operated in a Real World Environment

This paper documents the many valuable lessons learned during the development and deployment process of a hotel concierge robot to be operated in a real world environment, which are otherwise difficult to gain in a lab environment or from typical academic research. Real world requirements were explicitly stated by the client before the start of the project, and a significant time constraint of delivering the robot in 1 month was given. Despite the constrained timeline, a functional platform that met all the requirements was created and successfully deployed, where it is run for 24 hours a day. This was possible by relying on rapid prototyping, modifying off the shelf components, and creating a custom codebase based on a scripted language with open-source libraries. As the robot was to be operated in a real world environment, we have encountered numerous problems that are not often encountered in academic research. These include problems such as the robot being repeatedly "exposed" to human interaction, how clothes gradually prevent motions over time, keeping the robot up-to-date after the initial delivery, training of non-roboticists such that they can conduct basic maintenance, and issues that arise as runtime lengthens.
Multi-Message Gradient Coding for Utilizing Non-Persistent Stragglers

Due to large variability in modern distributed systems, large scale machine learning suffers from slow workers, i.e. stragglers, that can significantly decrease the speed of computation. Redundancy based approaches have been proposed to solve this issue but many of these schemes under-utilize the work performed by stragglers due to allowing only one communication message per worker. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Message Gradient Coding scheme to exploit the work done by stragglers. Our approach provides a trade-off between time to completion and communication load without any data encoding. We analyze our construction by providing a characterization of expected time to completion and communication load. Additionally, we perform simulations to demonstrate the flexibility of our approach.Review Area: D.8 Distributed Computation and Storage
Controlled release of small molecules and proteins from DNA-surfactant stabilized metal organic frameworks

This work highlights a multifunctional nanoscale material which can effectively compartmentalize small molecules and biomolecules into a single, micellar structure with programmable degradation properties resulting in highly controllable release properties. The nanomaterial consists of a ZIF-8 metal organic framework (MOF) encapsulated within a DNA surfactant micelle assembly, referred to as a nucleic acid nanocapsule (NAN). NANs have been demonstrated to enter cells through endocytosis and result in intracellular cargo release upon enzyme-triggered degradation. By combining the favorable properties of MOFs (large storage capacity) with those of NANs (triggerable release), we show diverse molecular cargo can be integrated into a single, highly programmable nanomaterial with controllable release profiles. The hybrid MOF–NANs exhibit double-gated regulation capabilities as evidenced by kinetic studies of encapsulated enzymes that indicate individual layers of the particle influence the overall enzymatic rate of turnover. The degradation of MOF–NANs can be controlled under multiple combined stimuli (i.e. varying pH, enzymes), enabling selective release profiles in solutions representative of more complex biological systems. Lastly, the enhanced control over the release of small molecules, proteins and plasmids, is evaluated through a combination of cell culture and in vitro fluorescence assays, indicating the potential of MOF–NANs for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
A Pilot Study of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in various solid organ malignancies. However, there are limited data regarding their safety and efficacy in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The aim of this study was to review our experience with ICIs in SOT recipients with advanced head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Methods A retrospective review of ICIs used in SOT recipients from April 2011 to September 2019 was undertaken. Patient clinical and demographic features, ICI regimen, immunosuppression, treatment efficacy, and adverse events were reviewed. Results The seven SOT recipients (four kidney, two liver, one lung) were diagnosed with metastatic head and neck cSCC. All had undergone prior locoregional surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy. At a median of 10.8 years (range, 6.6-18.1) post-transplant, six were treated with cemiplimab and one with pembrolizumab after minimizing calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) or conversion of CNI to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. During a median follow-up of 7.1 months, overall tumor response rate was 57.1% with one complete responder and three partial responders. Four patients died at a median of 135 days after starting ICI with two dying from tumor progression and two dying from other causes. Regarding adverse events, one lung transplant recipient developed severe pneumonitis that resolved with high-dose steroids, and one renal transplant patient developed progressive renal injury and died of unrelated causes. The three patients who received prophylactic prednisone all responded to cemiplimab with preserved allograft function and no adverse events. Conclusion Our data suggest that minimization of CNI and conversion of CNI to mTOR inhibitors along with judicious use of prophylactic steroids may allow for the safe use of ICIs in SOT recipients with advanced cSCC. Short-term efficacy appears promising, but prospective studies with further follow-up and a standardized protocol for prophylactic steroids are needed. Implications for practice Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of developing malignancy because of long-term post-transplant immunosuppression. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly shown to be successful in treating multiple types of cancer, SOT recipients have been excluded from clinical trials because of concerns regarding potential allograft rejection. This pilot study provides evidence that ICIs along with prophylactic steroids may be a safe and efficacious treatment option for selected SOT recipients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. However, further prospective studies using ICIs in this high-risk patient population are needed.
Circadian Pattern of Ion Channel Gene Expression in Failing Human Hearts.

Background: Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death show a circadian pattern of occurrence in patients with heart failure. In the rodent ventricle, a significant portion of genes, inc...
Evaluating the Early Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sports Surgery Fellowship Education

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic forced many hospitals to cancel elective surgeries to minimize the risk of viral transmission and ensure the availability of vital health resources. The unintended consequences of this action on the education and training of orthopaedic sports surgeons are unknown. The purpose of this study is to measure the impact of COVID-19 on orthopaedic sports surgery fellows, their education and training, and their readiness for practice. Methods A comprehensive survey was created and distributed to all U.S. fellows and fellowship directors registered with the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. Responses were collected between April 22, 2020, and May 5, 2020. Results Fifty-one sports fellows and twenty-nine sports fellowship directors completed the survey. Over 80.4% of fellows reported a greater than 50% decrease in the case volume since the cessation of elective cases. Average hours worked per week decreased by 58.2% during the pandemic. Fellows reported completing an average of 324.6 ± 97.4 cases prior to the COVID-19 crisis and 86.0% expected to complete at least 11% to 25% fewer cases by graduation compared to previous fellows. 87.5% of fellows were not concerned about their ability to complete their fellowship training but more than one-third of fellows voiced concerns to their fellowship directors regarding their readiness for independent practice. Fellowship directors were generally not concerned that COVID-19 would prevent their fellows from completing the fellowship. At least 54.2% are somewhat concerned about the impact of COVID-19 on their future job opportunities. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has universally affected work hours and case volume of sports fellows. Nevertheless, most sports fellows feel prepared to enter practice and are generally supported by the confidence of their fellowship directors. The results of this survey emphasize the importance of the fellowship year in sports training and highlight the future of online education and simulation as useful adjuncts.
Antibiotic tolerance, persistence, and resistance of the evolved minimal cell, Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-Syn3B

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, but bacteria can evade antibiotic treatment via tolerance and persistence. Antibiotic persisters are a small subpopulation of bacteria that tolerate antibiotics due to a physiologically dormant state. Hence, persistence is considered a major contributor to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant and relapsing infections. Here, we used the synthetically developed minimal cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-Syn3B to examine essential mechanisms of antibiotic survival. The minimal cell contains only 473 genes, and most genes are essential. Its reduced complexity helps to reveal hidden phenomenon and fundamental biological principles can be explored because of less redundancy and feedback between systems compared to natural cells. We found that Syn3B evolves antibiotic resistance to different types of antibiotics expeditiously. The minimal cell also tolerates and persists against multiple antibiotics. It contains a few already identified persister-related genes, although lacking many systems previously linked to persistence (e.g. toxin-antitoxin systems, ribosome hibernation genes).
Hip Instability in Ballet Dancers: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND Dancers possess a large degree of hip range of motion that results from a combination of innate and acquired osseous morphology and permissive soft tissues. Generalized hypermobility in dancers may predispose them to a spectrum of hip instability. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the anatomical characteristics, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical signs and symptoms, management, and outcomes of hip instability treatments in dancers. Methods: A retrospective search was performed beginning November 1, 2017, for English language articles regarding hip stability in the dancer. Key words used included but were not limited to: dance(r), ballet, hip, hypermobility, range of motion, instability, microinstability, and laxity. PubMed, Scopus, and MEDLINE databases were used. Results: Forty-three studies were analyzed. Groin pain was found to be the most common presenting symptom of hip instability. A variety of impingement and instability signs may be elicited during physical examination. Hypermobility is frequently observed and is thought to be a necessity for participation in elite levels of ballet. Radiographs and advanced planar imaging (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) should be scrutinized to evaluate for dysplasia, cam, pincer, subspine, and rotational morphologies. Dysplasia (low volume acetabulum), cam morphology, femoral retroversion, and coxa valga are common findings in the ballet dancers' hip. Labral injuries and ligamentum teres tears are common and may potentiate instability in the hip. Management options include education, oral non-opioid medications, activity modification, exercise prescription, and surgery. Reported outcomes of these treatments in ballet are limited. Conclusion: Hip hypermobility is prevalent in the ballet population and is a clear advantage. However, it may increase the risk of instability. It is important to identify the multifactorial osseous and soft tissue etiology of hip or groin pain in dancers. Practitioners should have a high level of suspicion for hip instability in the dancer presenting with hip pain and treat accordingly. There is a significant need for increased quantity and quality of investigation into the outcomes of treatment for hip instability in the dancer.
The Limits of Shared Panethnic Status: Considering Culture, Age, and Language in Qualitative Research:

The increase of qualitative research in gerontology invites discussion of the effects of researcher positionality on data collection and analysis. Analyses of the interviewing experiences of three ...
Retinotectal Specificity in Adult Goldfish

The concept of neuronal specificity has evolved historically around the possible developmental mechanisms of the nervous system, in particular the formation of nerve circuits (Sperry, 1951, 1965; Gaze, 1970; Jacobson, 1970). The most widely held view of the mechanism of selective connexions between nerve fibres is Sperry1s hypothesis of neuronal chemoaffinity. This states that during development the cells of the retina and optic tectum acquire individual cytochemical properties, that those neurons with like or matching cytochemical specificities become linked together, and that synaptic connexions are thus formed in a topographical order. Sperry (1945, 1951) further suggested that the cytochemical labelling of individual neurons is achieved through a polarized field type of differentiation of the retina and the optic tectum separately along the two main embryonic axes. Evidence supporting the polarized field type of specification of retinal neurons came from behavioural study of animals whose eye cup had been rotated 180° at various stages of development (Stone, 1944, 1960; Szekely, 1954). These experiments on amphibians showed that the animal acquires the nasotemporal axis of its eye before it is specified along the dorsoventral axis and the results have been confirmed electrophysiologicaly (Jacobson, 1967, 1968).
Cognitive Models of Human–Information Interaction

Human–information interaction (HII) is an emerging branch of human–computer interaction (HCI) which is concerned with how people interact with and process outwardly accessible information such as the World Wide Web. However, HII adopts an information-centric approach rather than the computer-centric approach to the fi eld of human– computer interaction (Lucas 2000). Like HCI, HII is an application fi eld that provides a complex test bed for theories of cognitive architecture. In turn, such theories provide the basis for cognitive engineering models that can yield predictions about technology and information design. This chapter provides an overview of cognitive architectures and cognitive engineering models in the context of human–information interaction. The evolution of HCI toward the information-centric fi eld of HII has occurred because of the increasing pervasiveness of information services, the increasing transparency of user interfaces, the convergence of information delivery technologies, and the trend toward ubiquitous computing (Lucas 2000). Access to the Internet is pervasive through land lines, satellite, cable, mobile devices, and wireless services. The fi eld of HCI over the past two decades and more has led to the development of computers and computer applications that are increasingly transparent to users performing their tasks. In parallel, the business world around consumer media technologies shows excitement over the convergence of television, cell phones, PCs (personal computers), PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), cars, set-tops, digital music players, and other consumer electronic devices, as well as the convergence among the means for transporting information, such as the Internet, radio, satellite, cable, and so on. Research on ubiquitous computing looks forward to a world in which computational devices are basically everywhere in our homes, mobile devices, cars, and so on, and these devices can be marshaled to perform arbitrary tasks for users. The net effect of these trends is to make computers invisible, just as electricity
Double Bind: Governing the Economy in an ICT Era

The recent financial debacle was preceded by a long complex evolution in the way firms created value and organized. The fragmentation of production, intense global competition, and the information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled transformation of services are all part of a story that was framed by, and in turn further framed, ideologies of deregulation and self-regulation. In the aftermath of the crisis political leaders worldwide find themselves in a heightened double bind. On one side, the demands for rules allowing experimentation and innovation are sharpened as growth and job creation are needed; on the other side, the demands are heightened for the state to act and regulate markets to prevent future crisis. The article focuses on the development of ICT, the main general-purpose technology of our time, and how the the ways it allows value to be created interacted with the politics regulating uses and defining the winners and losers.
A set of neural lattices that use the central limit for Fourier and Gabor transforms, multiple-scale Gaussian smoothing, and edge detection

A set of neural lattices based on the central limit theorem is described. Each of the described lattices generates in parallel a set of multiscale Gaussian smoothings of their input arrays. The recursive smoothing principle of the lattices can be extended to any dimension. In addition, the lattices can generate a variety of multiple-scale operators such as the edge detectors of J. Canny (1986), Laplacians of Gaussians, and multidimensional Fourier and Gabor transforms. >
Synovial fibroblast‐like cells synthesize seven proteins of the complement system

Fibroblast-like cells from synovial tissue obtained during arthroscopy in 4 young adults with recent knee trauma were biosynthetically labeled with 35S-methionine, and protein production was quantitated by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Synovial fibroblast-like cells synthesized C1r, C1s, C1 inhibitor, C2, C3, factor B, and factor H, all with the same sizes and subunit structures as the proteins synthesized in skin fibroblasts. The capacity to synthesize these proteins was not lost with passages or freeze-thawing. Gamma-interferon stimulation increased synthesis of all 7 proteins. Lipopolysaccharide increased synthesis of only C3 and factor B. Unlike in whole rheumatoid tissue, C4 and C5 were not detected. Synovial lining cells may be an important source of local complement for participation in local defense or development of pathologic states.
The role of phospholipase C in platelet responses

Degradation of inositides induced by phospholipase C in activated platelets leads to the formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DG) and its phosphorylated product, phosphatidic acid (PA). We have studied the relationship between activation of phospholipase C and the appearance of specific platelet responses, such as phosphorylation of proteins, shape change, release reaction and aggregation induced by different stimuli such as thrombin, platelet-activating factor, collagen, arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomogamma linolenic acid. A low degree of platelet activation induces only shape change which is associated with partial activation of phospholipase C (formation of phosphatidic acid), and phosphorylation of both a 40K molecular weight protein (protein kinase C activation) and a 20K molecular weight protein (myosin light chain). A higher degree of platelet activation induces aggregation, release of serotonin and a higher level of phospholipase C and protein kinase C activities. Metabolism of AA occurs concomitantly to aggregation and serotonin release, but AA metabolites are not related to the shape change of human platelets. Platelet shape change and the initial activation of phospholipase C induced by thrombin or platelet-activating factor is independent of the metabolites derived from cyclo-oxygenase activity. Further activation of phospholipase C which occurs during platelet aggregation and release reaction is, however, partly dependent on cyclo-oxygenase metabolites.
Ising metamagnets in thin film geometry: Equilibrium properties

Artificial antiferromagnets and synthetic metamagnets have attracted much attention recently due to their potential for many different applications. Under some simplifying assumptions, these systems can be modeled by thin Ising metamagnetic films. In this paper we study, using both the Wang-Landau scheme and importance sampling Monte Carlo simulations, the equilibrium properties of these films. On the one hand, we discuss the microcanonical density of states and its prominent features. On the other hand, we analyze canonically various global and layer quantities. We obtain the phase diagram of thin Ising metamagnets as a function of temperature and external magnetic field. Whereas the phase diagram of the bulk system exhibits only one phase transition between the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases, the phase diagram of thin Ising metamagnets includes an additional intermediate phase where one of the surface layers has aligned itself with the direction of the applied magnetic field. This additional phase transition is discontinuous and ends in a critical end point. Consequently, it is possible to gradually go from the antiferromagnetic phase to the intermediate phase without passing through a phase transition.
A deletion/substitution/addition algorithm for classification neural networks, with applications to biomedical data

Abstract Neural networks are a popular machine learning tool, particularly in applications such as protein structure prediction; however, overfitting can pose an obstacle to their effective use. Due to the large number of parameters in a typical neural network, one may obtain a network fit that perfectly predicts the learning data, yet fails to generalize to other data sets. One way of reducing the size of the parmeter space is to alter the network topology so that some edges are removed; however it is often not immediately apparent which edges should be eliminated. We propose a data-adaptive method of selecting an optimal network architecture using a deletion/substitution/addition algorithm. Results of this approach to classification are presented on simulated data and the breast cancer data of Wolberg and Mangasarian [1990. Multisurface method of pattern separation for medical diagnosis applied to breast cytology. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87, 9193–9196].
Learning process mapping heuristics under stochastic sampling overheads

A statistical method was developed previously for improving process mapping heuristics. The method systematically explores the space of possible heuristics under a specified time constraint. Its goal is to get the best possible heuristics while trading between the solution quality of the process mapping heuristics and their execution time. The statistical selection method is extended to take into consideration the variations in the amount of time used to evaluate heuristics on a problem instance. The improvement in performance is presented using the more realistic assumption along with some methods that alleviate the additional complexity.
Numerical simulation of transonic flows in diffusers

Numerical simulations were made of two-dimensional transonic flows in diffusers, including flow separation induced by a shock or adverse pressure gradient. The mass-averaged, time-dependent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations, simplified by the thin-layer approximation, were solved using MacCormack's hybrid method. The eddy-viscosity formulation was described by the Wilcox-Rubesin's two-equation, k-omega model. Detailed comparison of the computed results with measurements showed good agreement in all cases, including one with massive separation induced by a strong shock. The computation correctly predicted the details of a distinct lambda shock pattern, closely duplicating the configuration observed experimentally in spark-schlieren photographs.
DEEP LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH OXYGEN PRECIPITATION IN CZ SILICON AND CORRELATION WITH MINORITY CARRIER LIFETIMES.

A dominant electron trap in boron-doped CZ silicon at Ec −0.41 ± 0.02 eV with a electron capture cross section >10−14 cm2 has been observed with DLTS in 2-step annealed (16 hrs at 800°C + 16 hrs at 1050°C) seed end wafers where oxygen precipitation is pronounced. A strong correlation between the generation lifetime τg (as calculated from junction reverse generation currents) and the density of this trap is also observed. Electron microscopy showed the dominant precipitates to be {100} plate type containing only Si and 0, with dislocations and punched-out loops in close proximity. Wafers from the center- or tang-sections of the ingot or those given a 1-step anneal (conditions which result in much less oxygen precipitation) contain a low density (<1.2 × 1012 cm−3) of a hole trap at Ev +0.25 eV not correlated with Tg. These wafers contain precipitates with a different morphology with much rower or minimal dislocation densities. Possible origins of the lifetime controlling electron trap is discussed.
Pharmacokinetic model of transcorneal drug delivery

Abstract The dynamic characteristics of a transcorneal drug delivery after dose instillation is simulated by a pharmacokinetic model, which takes into consideration the corneal diffusion, metabolism, binding, aqueous-humor elimination, tear flow dynamics, and tissue distributions. Analyses are made of the effects of the tear-fluid elimination rate, of the diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient in the epithelium and stroma, of corneal metabolism, and of binding on the concentration profile in the aqueous humor and on tissue concentrations. The present pharmacokinetic model can be used for gaining a quantitative understanding of the effect of various parameters on the ocular bioavailability after dose instillation.
Thermal properties of organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract Thermal management is important for the efficient operation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED, or PHOLED) at high brightness, with the device operating temperature influencing both lifetime and performance. We apply a transmission-matrix approach to analytically model the effects of thermal conduction, convection and radiation on OLED temperature. The model predictions match experiment without requiring the use of fitting parameters. This allows for the simulation of the thermal response of various device architectures, materials combinations and environmental factors under a variety of operating conditions. Using these simulations, we find that 87% of the heat is dissipated through the air space adjacent to the glass package cap. Furthermore, an air gap between the device cathode and cap provides a significant thermal impedance. Minimizing the thickness of the internal air gap can lead to nearly room temperature operation, even at very high brightness.
Targeting ryanodine receptors for anti-arrhythmic therapy

Antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of pharmaceuticals that suppress or prevent abnormal heart rhythms, which are often associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Current antiarrhythmic drugs that typically target plasma membrane ion channels have limited clinical success and in some cases have been described as being pro-arrhythmic. However, recent studies suggest that pathological release of calcium (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2) could represent a promising target for antiarrhythmic therapy. Diastolic SR Ca2+ release has been linked to arrhythmogenesis in both the inherited arrhythmia syndrome 'catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia' and acquired forms of heart disease (eg, atrial fibrillation, heart failure). Several classes of pharmaceuticals have been shown to reduce abnormal RyR2 activity and may confer protection against triggered arrhythmias through reduction of SR Ca2+ leak. In this review, we will evaluate the current pharmacological methods for stabilizing RyR2 and suggest treatment modalities based on current evidence of molecular mechanisms.