cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community College Students: Perceptions and Paradoxes

This article explores perceptions of community college students and their characteristics, focusing on issues of responsibility, perceptions of self and others, personal experiences, and academic preparedness relative to community college status. A brief survey was developed to measure these perceptions in both community college and 4-year/senior college education students within the same university system. Results indicate that community college students were more likely to agree with statements related to social responsibility in becoming teachers and liking children, while senior college students were more likely to disagree that they would have preferred attending a different college. Both community college and 4-year students perceived a community college education as less valued by society in general.
Final flight grating mount design for the far ultraviolet spectroscopic explorer

ABSTRACT The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer grating mount design, analysis, fabrication, and test results arediscussed. The redesign of the original concept is presented as well as the fabrication and test results which necessitated thefinal design changes. Results of interferometric tests indicating optical surface sensitivity to adhesive bonding and mountattachment are reviewed. Vibration test data are presented, as well as coarse alignment and remote vacuum alignmentresults. Final test results are included, which show the mount assembly meets the FUSE distortion and stabilityrequirements.Keywords: flex pivot, FUSE, glass/metal bond, grating, holographic, spectrograph 1. INTRODUCTION The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) is a NASA sponsored low earth orbiting astrophysicalobservatory designed to provide high spectral resolution observations across the 905A to 1 195A bandpass. FUSE iscurrently in production and is scheduled to launch in late 1998.1.1. The Far Ultraviolet Spectrograph
Enzyme-catalyzed direct electron transfer: Fundamentals and analytical applications

This article overviews the fundamentals of the phenomenon of direct electron transfer in enzyme-catalyzed electrode reactions and the development of electroanalytical applications of the bioelectrocatalytic systems. A brief description of the enzymes capable of catalyzing electrochemical reactions by means of direct electron transfer is given. The physico-chemical background of bioelectrocatalysis is discussed in terms of the different concepts underlying the mechanism of electron transfer. The concept of a “molecular transducer” is introduced to designate a complex, formed by the electrocatalytically active enzyme on the electrode-electrolyte interface, which is directly responsible for the transduction of the chemical signal to an electric one. The role of this “molecular transducer” in enzyme electrodes and immunoelectrodes is discussed. The analytical applications of bioelectrocatalysis are categorized as systems employing either amperometric or potentiometric detection. Discussion focuses on the advantages of systems based on enzyme-catalyzed direct electron transfer as opposed to other enzyme-catalyzed electroanalytical devices. In conclusion, the trends towards upcoming practical applications are suggested as well as some directions in fundamental studies of bioelectrocatalysis as a phenomenon.
Human nuclear pregnane X receptor cross-talk with CREB to repress cAMP activation of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene.

The nuclear PXR (pregnane X receptor) was originally characterized as a key transcription factor that activated hepatic genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes. We have now demonstrated that PXR also represses glucagon-activated transcription of the G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase) gene by directly binding to CREB [CRE (cAMP-response element)-binding protein]. Adenoviral-mediated expression of human PXR (hPXR) and its activation by rifampicin strongly repressed cAMP-dependent induction of the endogenous G6Pase gene in Huh7 cells. Using the −259 bp G6Pase promoter construct in cell-based transcription assays, repression by hPXR of PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)-mediated promoter activation was delineated to CRE sites. GST (glutathione transferase) pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays were employed to show that PXR binds directly to CREB, while gel-shift assays were used to demonstrate that this binding prevents CREB interaction with the CRE. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PXR represses the transcription of the G6Pase gene by inhibiting the DNA-binding ability of CREB. In support of this hypothesis, treatment with the mouse PXR activator PCN (pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile) repressed cAMP-dependent induction of the G6Pase gene in primary hepatocytes prepared from wild-type, but not from PXR-knockout, mice, and also in the liver of fasting wild-type, but not PXR-knockout, mice. Moreover, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays were performed to show a decreased CREB binding to the G6Pase promoter in fasting wild-type mice after PCN treatment. Thus drug activation of PXR can repress the transcriptional activity of CREB, down-regulating gluconeogenesis.
The starting point rules and stability of nomenclature

Changes in the rules are contraproductive and in contradiction to the Preamble of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Voss & al. 1983), especially if the consequences are insufficiently researched before binding, basic, retroactive alterations are introduced. The most confusing and upsetting alterations concern those accepted at Sydney with regard to the starting point rule, Art. 13.1 (d). It is recommended that Proposal 42 (Taxon 1984) be accepted at Berlin.
A Quantum State Discrimination Martingale

A martingale appears in conclusive Bayesian discrimination of two quantum states subjected to a sequence of optimal weak measurements. This martingale is solely a function of the two system states and their respective probabilities at the time of each measurement, and it directly determines the evolving probability of discrimination error. Also, it is constant if and only if the states are pure. For strictly mixed quantum states the martingle is constant just on average, with the consequence that, with some probability, the realized discrimination error probability conditioned on prior measurements may be less (better) than the optimal Helstrom error probability. So for mixed states conditionally superoptimal discrimination is possible. This phenomenon is demonstrated numerically in an example.
Size, convexity, and curvature magnitude estimations of curvilinear forms

Groups of Os made magnitude estimates of size, convexity, and curvature of patterns along a shape continuum. College Os repeated the procedure for a given physical measure in three successive sessions, but high school Os made only one set of estimates. The apparent size for the patterns was found to grow with an exponent between .700 and .755 for high school and college Os. The magnitude estimates for convexity and curvature were less reliable than the size estimates both between college and high school Os and within college Os over successive sessions. The magnitude estimates from the high school and college Os showed a faster apparent growth of curvature than of convexity.
Degradation of low frequency alternating currents in non-ideal type II superconductors

Abstract Non ideal type II superconductors exhibit considerable critical current degradation for currents of very low frequency but of varying polarity in static longitudinal magnetic fields. We argue that the threshold amplitude required for the abrupt onset of degradation measures the longitudinal current carrying capacity of a surface sheath existing throughout the mixed state.
Twenty-five years of thermal blooming: an overview

A development history is presented for the last 25 years of research into the phenomenon of thermal blooming associated with high energy laser (HEL) beam atmospheric propagation. Attention is given to the problem of convection-dominated thermal blooming, which is the most important blooming-associated problem encountered by CW and repetitively pulsed HELs. Important results and scaling parameters are presented for the characterization of steady-state, convection-dominated whole-beam thermal-blooming effects in the cases of (1) a collimated beam in a homogeneous atmosphere, (2) focused-beam propagation, encompassing the effects of wind and beam slewing and finite attenuation, and (3) ground-to-space propagation, with and without phase-compensation.
The Infusion of Trauma-Informed Care in Organizations: Experience of Agency Staff

The implementation of trauma-informed care is a transformational organizational change, incorporating all levels of staff and fundamentally changing the hierarchical structure of the organization (Bloom, 2006). Using the principles of Fallot and Harris (2006), this study explored the impacts of trauma-informed care implementation on staff and how staff experience the principles of trauma informed care: safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. Findings suggest that different levels of staff experience trauma-informed care implementation differently. Findings also suggest that more exploration is needed on the factoral structure of trauma-informed care.
Yard Crane Scheduling at Container Terminals: A Comparative Study of Centralized and Decentralized Approaches

This article presents a comparative study of two contrasting approaches for modeling the yard crane scheduling problem: centralized and decentralized. It seeks to assess their relative performances and factors that affect their performances. Our analysis shows that the centralized approach outperforms the decentralized approach by 16.5 per cent on average, due to having complete and accurate information about future truck arrivals. While it underperforms the centralized, the decentralized approach can dynamically adapt to real-time truck arrivals, making it better suited for real-life operations. Overall, our analysis suggests that the two approaches offer complementary features that could be integrated into a hybrid approach.
Phytohormone signaling pathway analysis method for comparing hormone responses in plant-pest interactions

Phytohormones mediate plant defense responses to pests and pathogens. In particular, the hormones jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid have been shown to dictate and fine-tune defense responses, and identification of the phytohormone components of a particular defense response is commonly used to characterize it. Identification of phytohormone regulation is particularly important in transcriptome analyses. Currently there is no computational tool to determine the relative activity of these hormones that can be applied to transcriptome analyses in soybean. We developed a pathway analysis method that provides a broad measure of the activation or suppression of individual phytohormone pathways based on changes in transcript expression of pathway-related genes. The magnitude and significance of these changes are used to determine a pathway score for a phytohormone for a given comparison in a microarray experiment. Scores for individual hormones can then be compared to determine the dominant phytohormone in a given defense response. To validate this method, it was applied to publicly available data from previous microarray experiments that studied the response of soybean plants to Asian soybean rust and soybean cyst nematode. The results of the analyses for these experiments agreed with our current understanding of the role of phytohormones in these defense responses. This method is useful in providing a broad measure of the relative induction and suppression of soybean phytohormones during a defense response. This method could be used as part of microarray studies that include individual transcript analysis, gene set analysis, and other methods for a comprehensive defense response characterization.
A vision-guided autonomous vehicle: an alternative micromouse competition

A persistent problem facing today's engineering educators is how to promote students' interest in science and engineering. One of the best approaches to this challenge is to sponsor a technological competition that combines publicity, technology, and student participation. A current leading competition called "micromouse", although earning high marks on publicity and technology, has had difficulty attracting large-scale student participation. In this paper a vision-guided autonomous vehicle project developed at California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) is proposed as an alternative. The idea is to fit an ordinary radio-controlled toy car with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a transmitter. Image processing and control of the car are accomplished by a personal computer (PC). The road image captured by the camera is transmitted to a PC via a transmitter-receiver pair at 900 MHz. A frame grabber board digitizes the image, and an image-processing program subsequently analyzes the road condition and generates adequate drive commands that are transmitted back to the vehicle via the built-in radio controller. Student teams write programs to compete in racing or maze solving. In this paper detailed hardware and software designs of the project are presented. The merit of the project with respect to the criteria of publicity, technology, and student participation is also addressed.
Long-wave cycles in the position of erupting human premolars

Summary Objective: Unusual long-wave cycles in the position of an erupting human premolar were first noted by Trentini et al. [Trentini CJ, Brown WH, Paterson RL, Proffit WR. The application of Moire magnification to high precision studies of human premolar eruption. Arch Oral Biol 1995;40:623–9]. This report characterises them in detail and evaluates their significance relative to human tooth eruption. Design: The magnitude and frequency of Trentini cycles were examined in high-resolution recordings of premolar eruption in patients without and with periapical infiltration of a vasoconstrictor or vasodilator, and the possibility of artifact due to the natural frequency of vibration of a tooth–PDL system or to building vibration was evaluated. Results: The cycles are characterised by a magnitude of 1.3 ± 0.5 μm and a frequency of 1.8 ± 0.5 cycles per minute, with greater variation between than among subjects. They cannot be explained as a natural frequency phenomenon, and vibration from microseism is highly unlikely. The cycles disappear when blood flow to the periapical area of the tooth is interrupted and reappear when blood flow resumes. Conclusions: The cycles appear to reflect a physiologic rhythm, probably related to blood flow in the periodontal ligament. Because they are similar whether or not a tooth is erupting at a particular time, however, it appears that they are not a direct reflection of a blood flow-related eruption mechanism.
Actions of β-apo-carotenoids in differentiating cells: differential effects in P19 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

β-Apo-carotenoids, including β-apo-13-carotenone and β-apo-14′-carotenal, are potent retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists in transactivation assays. We asked how these influence RAR-dependent processes in living cells. Initially, we explored the effects of β-apo-13-carotenone and β-apo-14′-carotenal on P19 cells, a mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line that differentiates into neurons when treated with all-trans-retinoic acid. Treatment of P19 cells with either compound failed to block all-trans-retinoic acid induced differentiation. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry studies, however, established that neither of these β-apo-carotenoids accumulates in P19 cells. All-trans-retinoic acid accumulated to high levels in P19 cells. This suggests that the uptake and metabolism of β-apo-carotenoids by some cells does not involve the same processes used for retinoids and that these may be cell type specific. We also investigated the effects of two β-apo-carotenoids on 3T3-L1 adipocyte marker gene expression during adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with either β-apo-13-carotenone or β-apo-10′-carotenoic acid, which lacks RAR antagonist activity, stimulated adipocyte marker gene expression. Neither blocked the inhibitory effects of a relatively large dose of exogenous all-trans-retinoic acid on adipocyte differentiation. Our data suggest that in addition to acting as transcriptional antagonists, some β-apo-carotenoids act through other mechanisms to influence 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.
The large-time behavior of the scalar genuinely nonlinear Lax-Friedrichs scheme

The Lax-Friedrichs scheme, approximating the scalar, genuinely nonlinear conservation law u sub t + f sub x (u) = 0 where f(u) is, say, strictly convex double dot f dot a sub asterisk 0 is studied. The divided differences of the numerical solution at time t do not exceed 2 (t dot a sub asterisk) to the -1. This one-sided Lipschitz boundedness is in complete agreement with the corresponding estimate one has in the differential case; in particular, it is independent of the initial amplitude in sharp contrast to liner problems. It guarantees the entropy compactness of the scheme in this case, as well as providing a quantitive insight into the large-time behavior of the numerical computation.
History, morphology, and fossil record of the extinct Puerto Rican Parakeet Psittacara maugei Souancé

ABSTRACT The extinct Puerto Rican Parakeet (Psittacara maugei) has been known with certainty only from Mona Island and is usually regarded as a poorly defined subspecies of P. chloroptera of Hispaniola. Examination of skin specimens and comparison of skeletons with fossil and archeological material from Puerto Rico, show that Psitticara maugei is a fully distinct species from P. chloroptera, differing in plumage and particularly in bill morphology, such that a probable difference in diet is suggested. The main range of P. maugei was Puerto Rico, with the Mona Island population being only an isolated outlier. Extinction took place on Puerto Rico by the mid-1800s and on Mona Island shortly after 1892 possibly because of a combination of habitat destruction, persecution for crop depredations, and disease.
Effects of reflector and crystal surface on the performance of a depth-encoding PET detector with dual-ended readout

Purpose: Depth encoding detectors are required to improve the spatial resolution and spatial resolution uniformity of small animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, as well as dedicated breast and brain scanners. Depth of interaction (DOI) can be measured by using dual-ended readout of lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillator arrays with position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes. Inter-crystal reflectors and crystal surface treatments play important roles in determining the performance of dual-ended detectors. In this paper, the authors evaluated five LSO arrays made with three different intercrystal reflectors and with either polished or unpolished crystal surfaces. Methods: The crystal size in all arrays was 1.5 mm, which is typical of the detector size used in small animal and dedicated breast scanners. The LSO arrays were measured with dual-ended readout and were compared in terms of flood histogram, energy resolution, and DOI resolution performance. Results: The four arrays using enhanced specular reflector (ESR) and Toray reflector provided similar quality flood histograms and the array using Crystal Wrap reflector gave the worst flood histogram. The two arrays using ESR reflector provided the best energy resolution and the array using Crystal Wrap reflector yielded the worst energy resolution. All arrays except the polished ESR array provided good DOI resolution ranging from 1.9 mm to 2.9 mm. DOI resolution improved as the gradient in light collection efficiency with depth (GLCED) increased. The geometric mean energies were also calculated for these dual-ended readout detectors as an alternative to the conventional summed total energy. It was shown that the geometric mean energy is advantageous in that it provides more uniform photopeak amplitude at different depths for arrays with high GLCED, and is beneficial in event selection by allowing a fixed energy window independent of depth. A new method of DOI calculation that improved the linearity of DOI ratio vs depth and simplifies the DOI calibration procedure also was developed and tested. Conclusions: The results of these studies provide useful guidance in selecting the proper reflectors and crystal surface treatments when LSO arrays are used for high-resolution PET applications in small animal scanners or dedicated breast and brain scanners.
Parental Depressive Symptoms, Children's Representations of Family Relationships, and Child Adjustment

This study extends the investigation of family process models of parental dysphoria and child adjustment, by examining depressive symptoms in both fathers and mothers, and by examining children's representations of family relationships as possible explanatory mechanisms. Participants were 232 children (Time 1 mean age: 5.99; 105 boys, 127 girls) and their cohabiting parents, who participated for three consecutive years. Children's internal representations of multiple family relationships were assessed by means of a story stem completion task. Structural equation modeling indicated that children's inter-parental and attachment representations are part of the process whereby parental depressive symptoms influence child externalizing symptoms. Maternal depressive symptoms also predicted changes in children's representations of marital and attachment relationships over time. The implications for family process models of relations between parental depressive symptoms in community samples and child development are discussed.
Interference-driven resource management for GPU-based heterogeneous clusters

GPU-based clusters are increasingly being deployed in HPC environments to accelerate a variety of scientific applications. Despite their growing popularity, the GPU devices themselves are under-utilized even for many computationally-intensive jobs. This stems from the fact that the typical GPU usage model is one in which a host processor periodically offloads computationally intensive portions of an application to the coprocessor. Since some portions of code cannot be offloaded to the GPU (for example, code performing network communication in MPI applications), this usage model results in periods of time when the GPU is idle. GPUs could be time-shared across jobs to "fill" these idle periods, but unlike CPU resources such as the cache, the effects of sharing the GPU are not well understood. Specifically, two jobs that time-share a single GPU will experience resource contention and interfere with each other. The resulting slow-down could lead to missed job deadlines. Current cluster managers do not support GPU-sharing, but instead dedicate GPUs to a job for the job's lifetime.In this paper, we present a framework to predict and handle interference when two or more jobs time-share GPUs in HPC clusters. Our framework consists of an analysis model, and a dynamic interference detection and response mechanism to detect excessive interference and restart the interfering jobs on different nodes. We implement our framework in Torque, an open-source cluster manager, and using real workloads on an HPC cluster, show that interference-aware two-job colocation (although our method is applicable to colocating more than two jobs) improves GPU utilization by 25%, reduces a job's waiting time in the queue by 39% and improves job latencies by around 20%.
The common origin of luminous and dark matter

It is shown that the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard particle model provides the measured baryon asymmetry and dark matter abundance of the Universe simultaneously.
Recurrent cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck.

Abstract Introduction: Recurrent cutaneous melanoma is generally regarded as having an extremely poor prognosis, particularly when regional lymph nodes are involved. A few reports have documented long-term survival among those patients treated for regionally recurrent melanoma. Methods: This article reviews patients at our institution undergoing complete neck dissection for recurrent head and neck melanoma. Results: Twenty-six patients with locoregionally recurrent cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck underwent complete neck dissection with or without parotidectomy. Seventeen of these procedures were for clinically evident cervical lymphadenopathy, whereas 9 of the neck dissections were done electively. Fourteen of the 17 patients with clinical adenopathy were confirmed to have cervical lymph node metastases. Two of the 9 patients who underwent elective neck dissections had pathologic lymph nodes. At 5 years, 38% of the patients with isolated neck recurrences not also having concurrent primary site recurrence were alive without disease. Conclusions: These results provide further evidence suggesting a benefit in the form of long-term survival or cure for patients receiving aggressive surgical treatment for resectable recurrent head and neck melanoma involving cervical lymphatics in the absence of distant metastases. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:391-3.)
Bidding behavior in treasury bill auctions : evidence from Pakistan

Behavior in the first three years of auctions for Pakistani treasury bills is studied. Bidding strategies rapidly converged to a consistent pattern after the auctions started in 1991. Factors are identified that influenced the expected profitability of auction participation, which was on average low and did not differ between types of bidders. Prices bid are found to reflected both 'buy and sell' and 'buy and hold' strategies, and were affected by risk considerations and bidder-specific variables. The Pakistani experience suggests the robustness of auctions as a market-based allocation mechanism, and their value in public debt management.
Interrelationships between water and electrolyte metabolism in rats

Abstract I have discussed the regulation of water balance by normal adult rats in relation to electrolyte turnover. The evidence presented supports the view that endogenous ADH is normally maintained at a level sufficient to keep urine water close to the minimum, and that ADH may have an additional effect of inhibiting water intake. The normal antidiuresis of rats could be largely abolished by feeding a sodium-, potassium- and chloride-free diet. The significance of a dependence of ADH production on electrolyte intake, in relation to the idea that ADH may be one stimulus of ACTH production, has been discussed briefly. Preliminary work on spontaneous renal disease in old rats indicates an influence of acid-base balance of the diet on functional changes observed in these animals.
Influencing matings of European honey bee queens in areas with africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Manipulation of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) drone population near a mating apiary was investigated as a method for increasing the frequency of European drones that mate with European queens in an area of Africanized honey bees. Thirty percent of the matings were controlled with only four European drone source colonies, and 40% were controlled with seven colonies. If queen producers can tolerate low levels of mismating, they may not have to drastically alter their management practices.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Prevalence and Outcomes in an Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Practice

Purpose To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and surgical outcomes of patients with body dysmorphic disorder in an oculofacial surgery practice. Design Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of a consecutive case series. Methods Participants consisted of a consecutive series of 728 patients who completed the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire in an oculofacial surgery practice at The Cole Eye Institute between November 2013 and June 2014. A questionnaire score ≥9 was used as a positive screen for body dysmorphic disorder. Three control patients scoring ≤8 in the same month were randomly selected for each positive-screening patient. Main outcome measures included number of reoperations, surgical complications, and follow-up visits; preoperative and postoperative pain scores; and the technician word count. Categorical variables were analyzed with Pearson χ 2 tests or Fisher exact tests, while continuous variables were analyzed with Wilcoxon rank sum tests or t tests. Results A total of 728 patients completed the questionnaire and 50 (6.9%) scored 9 or more. Using a confidence interval of 95%, patients in the positive questionnaire screen group were younger ( P = .004), had more eyelid surgeries ( P = .007), experienced higher rates of complications after surgery ( P = .002), reported higher postoperative pain scores ( P = .034), required more reoperations ( P = .050), and had a higher technician word count compared to the control group ( P = .003). Conclusions The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in an oculofacial surgical setting matches reports from other surgical specialties, and is significantly higher than in the general population. Patients screening positively for body dysmorphic disorder tend to have higher postoperative pain scores and more postoperative complications.
A comparative study of the wettability of steel, carbon, and polyethylene fibers by water

Abstract The wettability of fibers by water was found to increase in this order: polyethylene fiber, steel fiber, and carbon fiber. The order applies whether the fibers were surface-treated or not. Treatment with ozone was effective for improving the wettability of carbon and steel fibers. Treatment with acetone was effective for steel and polyethylene fibers. Treatments with HCl and NaOH were more effective for polyethylene fiber than acetone treatment. A contact angle of 0° was achieved by treating carbon fiber with ozone.
A new distributed algorithm for side-chain positioning in the process of protein docking

Side-chain positioning (SCP) is an important component of computational protein docking methods. Existing SCP methods and available software have been designed for protein folding applications where side-chain positioning is also important. As a result they do not take into account significant special structure that SCP for docking exhibits. We propose a new algorithm which poses SCP as a Maximum Weighted Independent Set (MWIS) problem on an appropriately constructed graph. We develop an approximate algorithm which solves a relaxation of the MWIS and then rounds the solution to obtain a high-quality feasible solution to the problem. The algorithm is fully distributed and can be executed on a large network of processing nodes requiring only local information and message-passing between neighboring nodes. Motivated by the special structure in docking, we establish optimality guarantees for a certain class of graphs. Our results on a benchmark set of enzyme-inhibitor protein complexes show that our predictions are close to the native structure and are comparable to the ones obtained by a state-of-the-art method. The results are substantially improved if rotamers from unbound protein structures are included in the search. We also establish that the use of our SCP algorithm substantially improves docking results.
The effects of bulk electricity storage on the PJM market

Recent advancements in battery technologies may make bulk electricity storage economically feasible. We analyze the value of two electrochemical storage technologies and traditional pumped hydropower storage in the 2010 PJM day-ahead energy market, using a reduced-form unit commitment model. We find that large-scale storage would increase overall social welfare in PJM. However, the annualized capital costs of storage would exceed social welfare gains. Consumers would save up to $4 billion annually due to reduced peak prices and reduced reliance on expensive peaking generators. These savings are equivalent to $$\sim $$ 10% of sales in the PJM day-ahead energy market. Savings come largely at the expense of generator surplus. Existing market mechanisms are insufficient to encourage the socially optimal quantity of storage. Storage reduces the profitability of generators and the need for peaking generation capacity. Storage modestly increases emissions of CO $$_{2}$$ and other pollutants in a system with 2010 PJM characteristics.
Electrospray Ionization with Low-energy Collisionally Activated Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Glycerophospholipids: Mechanisms of Fragmentation and Structural Characterization

This review describes the use of low-energy collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) with both tandem quadrupole and ion-trap mass spectrometry toward structural characterization of glycerophospholipids (GPLs), including classes of glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoglycerol glycerophosphoinositol and glycerophosphatidic acid, as well as their lyso-, plasmanyl-, and plasmenylphospholipid subclasses. The mechanisms underlying the fragmentation processes leading to structural characterization of GPLs in various ion forms desorbed by electrospray ionization in the positive-ion and negative-ion modes are also discussed. The tandem mass spectrometric approaches afford the identification of the polar head group, the fatty acid substituents and the location of the radyl groups on the glycerol backbone of all the GPLs.
The Dream Pun: What Is a Play on Words without Words?

This paper reviews punning in dreams as described in a popular 1974 book by Ann Faraday, The Dream Game. The reasons for undertaking this analysis are threefold. The first reason is to show that dream puns are all based on either homonymy or polysemy and seem to have the purpose of representing abstract thought in concrete form. The second reason is to point out that dream puns are dependent upon a specifically linguistic relationship, a mapping between the concrete and abstract senses of some linguistic data; a direct word-image relation is impossible. The third reason is to suggest that our linguistic minds create dream puns while we sleep, continuing the mind chatter of the previous day.
Bearing Crosses: A Historiography Of Genetics And Embryology

As we construct the fusion of medical embryology and medical genetics, it is important to be aware of how the history of genetics has been written to exclude embryology. This article looks at the rhetoric of genetics and how that rhetoric fits a paradigm of supersessionism. Supersessionism is often seen in the history of religion when one sect claims superiority to the original sect from whence it emerged. Such supersessionism portrays embryology as a failed research program, one that genetics now has saved. In some instances, biblical references have alluded to the failed nature of embryology. Although this article does not criticize the data of genetics, it takes issue with the historiography used by geneticists and seeks to show that the mergers between genetics and embryology are those between two equal partners and not between an inferior and superior member.
Colour changes of Octopus rubescens during attacks on unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

Abstract Octopus rubescens exhibits a sequence of skin colour changes when it attacks and captures prey. These displays were observed during attacks on (1) free-swimming crabs, (2) crabs of different sizes impaled on thin rods, and (3) positive and negative discriminative stimuli. Animals were housed separately in light-blue aquaria which also served as experimental apparatuses. Animals in each condition showed the same typical sequence of colour displays. This sequence is (1) before detection of crab: various colours, (2) on detection and during a free-swimming attack: colours ranging from light orange to grey, (3) on landing: colourless and nearly transparent, (4) on seizing the crab: spotted or mottled, and (5) afterward: various colours. The colour changes may be tied to locomotor acts and postural adjustments.
Ghost orbit spectroscopy.

Direct periodic-orbit expansions of individual spectral eigenvalues is a new direction in quantum mechanics. Using a unitary S-matrix theory, we present exact, convergent, integral-free ghost orbit expansions of spectral eigenvalues for a step potential in the tunneling regime. We suggest an experiment to extract ghost orbit information from measured spectra in the tunneling regime (ghost orbit spectroscopy). We contrast our unitary, convergent theory with a recently published nonunitary, divergent theory [Yu. Dabaghian and R. Jensen, Eur. J. Phys. 26, 423 (2005)].
Microvascular reconstruction of the lower extremity.

Microvascular reconstruction has revolutionized the care of the lower extremity oncology patient. Radical limb-sparing surgeries may now be performed with the reconstructive option of unlimited transfer of tissues from elsewhere in the body. In its infancy, free tissue transfer provided vascularized tissue for wound closure. Experience with microsurgery and creative thinking have now combined to address limb function and aesthetics. In oncologic surgery, limb salvage of a functional lower extremity is currently the rule, not the exception. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:272-281, 2000.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE FOOD OF THE PURPLE MARTIN PROGNE SUBIS IN KANSAS

Summary Stomach contents of 34 Purple Martins Progne subis and 90 netted samples of flying insects were analysed taxonomically and quantitatively and compared with one another. Insect food sources tend to become more abundant, taxonomically variable, and larger in size late in the season (August). Maximal availability of food thus coincides with maximal energy requirements of Purple. Martins, which then are at peak numbers, initiating moult, accumulating fat and beginning migration.
Hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activities from Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridus Miq.).

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Devil's Club ( Oplopanax horridus ) is one of the most important spiritual and medicinal plants to many indigenous peoples of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. It is widely used for external and internal infections as well as arthritis, respiratory ailments, digestive tract ailments, broken bones, fever, headaches, and cancer. Aim of the study To investigate hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activity from Devil's Club, Oplopanax horridus . Materials and methods The root bark extract of Oplopanax horridus was isolated by chromatographic techniques. Structures of isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods and comparison with published data. The anti-proliferation of isolated hydrophobic constituents in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, human colon cancer SW-480 and HCT-116 cells were tested. The potential mechanism of anti-proliferation was also investigated using cell cycle and apoptosis assays. Results and discussion Six compounds were isolated and structurally identified as 9,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diyne-1,11,16-triol, 1-acetate ( 1 ), oplopandiol acetate ( 2 ), falcarindiol ( 3 ), oplopandiol ( 4 ), trans -nerolidol ( 5 ) and t -cadinol ( 6 ). These compounds showed potential anticancer activities on human breast cancer and colon cancer cells, of which compound 3 possesses the strongest activity. Further cell cycle and apoptosis tests by flow cytometry showed the polyacetylenes 1 – 4 induced HCT-116 cell arresting in G2/M phase and inhibited proliferation by the induction of apoptosis at both earlier and later stages. Conclusion These results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of Oplopanax horridus , as well as some of the isolated compounds in the treatment of cancer.
Theoretical study of multi-component interferences in non-linear chromatography

Abstract The semi-ideal model of non-linear chromatography is used to calculate the elution band profiles of each component of various ternary mixtures. It is assumed that these compounds compete for interaction with the stationary phase following the competitive ternary Langmuir isotherm model. Calculated profiles are generated for a series of mixtures of variable relative compositions, using different sample sizes. The patterns obtained are discussed. The calculated results are easily predicted in most instance from the combination of the displacement effect, the compression of an early eluting band by a later eluting band, and the “tag-along” effect, i.e., the spreading of a band by the band which is eluted just before it. When the concentration of the second component of the ternary mixture is low, and those of the first and third components are high, the second component band is squeezed between the other two and its profile is most unusual.
Fast isocontouring for improved interactivity

We present an isocontouring algorithm which is near-optimal for real-time interaction and modification of isovalues in large datasets. A preprocessing step selects a subset S of the cells which are considered as seed cells. Given a particular isovalue, all cells in S which intersect the given isocontour are extracted using a high-performance range search. Each connected component is swept out using a fast isocontour propagation algorithm. The computational complexity for the repeated action of seed point selection and isocontour propagation is O(log n'+k), where n' is the size of S and k is the size of the output. In the worst case, n'=O(n), where n is the number of cells, while in practical cases, n' is smaller than n by one to two orders of magnitude. The general case of seed set construction for a convex complex of cells is described, in addition to a specialized algorithm suitable for meshes of regular topology, including rectilinear and curvilinear meshes.
Present concepts of the nature of direct and indirect bilirubin.

Present evidence would indicate that two or possibly more types of bilirubin, known historically as direct and indirect bilirubin, exist. The differences reside in the chemical nature of each bilirubin and not in the nature of the protein linkage. Direct bilirubin is a water-soluble compound probably in the form of a conjugated bilirubin-glucuronide11; because of its solubility, direct bilirubin is excreted in the urine. Both types of bilirubin are associated with serum albumin which probably acts simply as a vehicle for carrying the pigment. The van den Bergh test measures two types of bilirubin; at the pH at which the reaction is conducted each type is dissociated from its protein molecule. The role of alcohol in the van den Bergh is unknown and is not that of separating bilirubin from protein.
Intracellular particle motions (cytoplasmic streaming) in staminal hairs of Setcreasea purpurea: Effect of azide and low temperature

Cytoplasmic streaming and its response to azide and low temperature were examined by using high-resolution video-enhanced light microscopy in Setcreasea purpurea staminal hair cells of immature flowers. Particles and organelles examined moved along well-defined pathways, in repeated and unequal saltatory steps, at different rates and sometimes against the main direction of flow (bidirectionally) in both transvacuolar strand and peripheral cytoplasm. Particle movements were reversibly inhibited with azide. Low temperatures caused transvacuolar strands to shift or break. This cytoplasm accumulated in areas outside of the vacuole where spherosomes continued to saltate, but not along well-defined pathways. In the peripheral cytoplasm, however, the spherosomes continued to move normally, amyloplasts became swollen, and they plus the other organelles (except spherosomes) were stationary. Normal particle movements were obtained when chilled cells were rewarmed to 27°C for ca 15 min.
Phosphorylation of 40‐S Ribosomal Subunits by cAMP‐Dependent, cGMP‐Dependent and Protease‐Activated Protein Kinases

The phosphorylation of 40-S ribosomal subunits by cyclic-nucleotide-dependent and protease-activated protein kinases from rabbit reticulocytes was studied in vitro. Under optimal conditions the cAMP-dependent protein kinases incorporated up to 2 mol phosphate/mol S6. The electrophoretic mobility of S6 following phosphorylation indicated that this value was not an average for a population of maximally phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated S6 but represented a uniform population of diphosphorylated 40-S ribosomal subunits. Tryptic digests of S6 were analyzed by two-dimensional fingerprinting following phosphorylation with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase; two phosphopeptides, A and B, were observed. When 40-S ribosomal subunits were examined with the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, 1 mol phosphate was incorporated/mol S6. Upon analysis of the phosphopeptides obtained with the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, only peptide A was observed. S6 was also modified by a cyclic-nucleotide-independent protein kinase, protease-activated kinase II, following activation of the enzyme by limited proteolytic digestion. These findings suggest that a multiple protein kinase system may regulate the phosphorylation state of S6. A second ribosomal protein, S10, was phosphorylated by a different cyclic-nucleotide-independent protein kinase, protease-activated kinase I, and up to 1 mol phosphate was incorporated.
The Kepler Mission: Zeroing in on habitable Earths

NASA's Kepler Mission was launched on March 6, 2009 with the goal of determining the frequency of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars using the transit photometry method. Kepler's driving design requirement was the ability to detect the 84-ppm change in brightness as an Earth-size planet transits its host star. As such, stability of the instrument and continuity of the data are keys for success. Kepler is beginning the third year of the planned 3.5 years of data collection and has already revolutionized the field of extrasolar planets, detecting over 2,300 planet candidates, the first Earth-size planets, the first circumbinary planets, and over 360 multiple-planet systems. The project has proposed an extension of the mission to NASA so that Kepler can continue collecting data and results for another four years.
Consciousness, the vegetative state, and the intrinsic value of life

Using the controversy surrounding the views of the Princeton University ethicist Peter Singer as a foil, the authors address the commonly held view that the appropriate time to terminate the life of a human being is when the individual has lost consciousness and there is no hope that he or she will regain it. They make an admittedly dubious case for the vegetative state, with which loss of consciousness is commonly equated, in order to clear the way for a more defensible basis for the termination of a human life, that of the person’s own personal, even if idiosyncratic view of when his or her life is no longer worth living.
Characterization of two early promoters of cyanophage N-1.

Abstract Restriction fragments of cyanophage N-1 DNA, containing genes transcribed early in infection of Anabaena , were identified by hybridization with RNA prepared from infected cells. Two of these fragments were isolated by binding to Anabaena RNA polymerase on filters and were subsequently cloned. The start sites for transcription by Anabaena RNA polymerase were determined by run-off assays. The sequences of the two promoter regions thus localized were similar to each other in the −35 and −10 regions and nearly identical to the consensus sequence for promoters in Escherichia coli .