cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development Policy and the Possibility of a “Livable” Future for Latin America

The legacy of problems associated with Latin American development policy in the postwar era necessitates the asking of some fundamental questions about the future of development in that region. Economic growth rates have been insufficient, and the employment and distributional problems have been worsening. This situation is in large measure attributable to specific policies pursued by Latin American governments, especially the array of policies included under the rubric of “import-substituting industrialization.” Such policies are critically analyzed as a prelude to the discussion of a suggested reorientation of Latin American development policy. The goal of such a redirected, poverty-oriented development policy is the creation of “livable” (if not “developed”) societies. The effort to fashion development policies aiming at “livability” entails, at the most general level, distributional and short-run emphases. But it also involves the need for major innovations in such diverse areas as technological, agricultural, regional, and educational development. Reorientations of international development lending would also be required. The economic problems of the livability approach are formidable, but recent findings indicate that poverty-oriented development strategies may be economically viable. The political problems are equally if not more formidable, and it is likely that their confrontation will involve new ways of thinking about “political development” and about the relationship of political regime types to economic development.
Research Note: The Global Frontier: Comparative History and the Frontier-Borderlands Approach in American Foreign Relations

“This trip into the Amazon would help to understand the real potential of Fordlandia: if it were all just an enormous glass container, a cavity made of precious crystal, into which an eccentric millionaire had poured his eccentric dreams; or if, in fact, it really was a pioneering adventure whose goal was to raise the flag of progress in an unknown territory, as unknown as it was beautiful, never to leave.” ldquo;So, don't you think, then, that to tamper with Eden is to destroy it?”
A mesocosm study of the effects of wet–dry cycles on nutrient release from constructed wetlands in agricultural landscapes

Given the projection that wet–dry periods will be more frequent in the US Midwest, a study was conducted to understand the impact of these hydro-climatic alterations on nutrient dynamics in wetlands constructed on former croplands in the region. Soil cores were collected from two constructed wetlands and a wooded riparian area (surface: 0–20 cm; subsurface: 40–60 cm) downslope from an agricultural field. Cores were either kept moist or subjected to a 5-week drying treatment, after which all cores were flooded for 36 days. Initial nitrate flux was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the dry than in the moist treatment (44.5 vs. 1.9 mg N m−2 per day), likely due to mineralization of organic matter. The NO3− released was rapidly denitrified (N2O flux: 18.9 mg N m−2 per day), except in the subsurface soil cores in which processing of available N (N2O flux: 0.33 mg N m−2 per day) was limited by low microbial activity (4 times lower CO2 production rate). The dry treatment also resulted in significantly (p < 0.01) higher inorganic P (Pi) flux (3.1 versus 1 mg P m−2 per day in moist cores), with water-extractable soil P being the best predictor (r2: 0.93, p < 0.03) of that flux. Despite a decline in redox potential (as low as −36.4 mv) and progressive increase in pore-water dissolved Fe, no relationship between floodwater Pi and dissolved Fe was observed, suggesting either limited contribution of reductive dissolution to Pi dynamics or rapid adsorption of the Pi released within the cores. Compared to the moist cores, geochemical modeling showed a consistent shift toward greater solubility of the calcium-phosphate minerals controlling pore-water Pi concentration in the dry treatment cores. These results suggest that dissolution of Ca–phosphate minerals could be a key factor controlling Pi mobility in constructed wetlands subjected to wet–dry cycles.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a contributes to dendritic overgrowth in tuberous sclerosis

Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1a (HIF1a) is increased under several pathological conditions such as hyperactive mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Hyperactive mTORC1 and the resulting increased dendritic complexity of neurons are shared molecular and cellular alterations in several neurological disorders associated with cognitive disabilities. Despite some evidence that HIF1a contributes to dendritic overgrowth in vitro, it remains unknown whether increased HIF1a in TSC neurons could contribute to their increased dendritic complexity. To address this use in vivo, we generated TSC neurons by deleting Tsc1 in newborn olfactory bulb (OB) neurons of conditional Tsc1 transgenic mice using neonatal electroporation. In addition to their increased dendritic complexity, Tsc1(null) neurons have been reported to display increased Hif1a mRNA level and HIF1a transcriptional activity. We found that Tsc1(null)-dependent dendritic overgrowth was prevented by knocking down HIF1a or expressing a dominant negative HIF1a. In addition, overexpressing HIF1a in wild-type developing neurons resulted in increased dendritic complexity in vivo. These data highlight that an increase in HIF1a levels contributes to abnormal dendritic patterning in developing neurons under normal conditions and hyperactive mTORC1 conditions as in TSC.
Calcium-Dependent Protein Phosphorylation in Suspension-Cultured Soybean Cells

The discovery of the calcium-binding protein calmodulin in plants (Anderson and Cormier, 1978; Anderson et al., 1980) provided the basis for suggesting that Ca2+ serves a second messenger role in plants, and that Ca2+-dependent metabolic regulation in plant cells may be mediated by such Ca2+-binding proteins (Anderson et al., 1980). Support for these hypotheses has come from the demonstration that enzymes such as pea NAD kinase (Anderson and Cormier, 1978; Anderson et al., 1980) and Ca22+-transport ATPases of zucchini (Dieter and Marme, 1980) and corn (Dieter and Marme, 1981) are activated by calcium and calmodulin. Recently, several investigators have observed calcium-dependent and possibly calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in plant extracts (Hetherington and Trewavas, 1982; Salimath and Marme, 1983; Veluthambi and Poovaiah, 1984a; 1984b; Putnam-Evans and Cormier, 1984). Also, Ca22+-dependent protein kinases have been partially purified from wheat germ (Polya and Davies, 1982 Polya et al., 1983; Polya and Micucci, 1984) and soybean cells (Putnam-Evans and Cormier, 1984). The regulation of protein phosphorylation by calcium may be a mechanism of metabolic and physiological control in plants, as it is in animals.
A DNA2 Homolog Is Required for DNA Damage Repair, Cell Cycle Regulation, and Meristem Maintenance in Plants

Plant meristem cells divide and differentiate in a spatially and temporally regulated manner, ultimately giving rise to organs. In this study, we isolated the Arabidopsis jing he sheng 1 (jhs1) mutant, which exhibited retarded growth, an abnormal pattern of meristem cell division and differentiation, and morphological defects such as fasciation, an irregular arrangement of siliques, and short roots. We identified JHS1 as a homolog of human and yeast DNA Replication Helicase/Nuclease2, which is known to be involved in DNA replication and damage repair. JHS1 is strongly expressed in the meristem of Arabidopsis. The jhs1 mutant was sensitive to DNA damage stress and had an increased DNA damage response, including increased expression of genes involved in DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation, and a higher frequency of homologous recombination. In the meristem of the mutant plants, cell cycle progression was delayed at the G2 or late S phase and genes essential for meristem maintenance were misregulated. These results suggest that JHS1 plays an important role in DNA replication and damage repair, meristem maintenance, and development in plants.
Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks

Geographic variation in morphometry has been used todiscriminate local forms of fish for over a century. The historical development of stock identificationmethods has paralleled the advancement of morphometrictechniques. The earliest analyses of morphometricvariables for stock identification were univariatecomparisons, but were soon followed by bivariateanalyses of relative growth to detect ontogeneticchanges and geographic variation among fishstocks. As the field of multivariatemorphometrics flourished, a suite of multivariatemethods was applied to quantify variation in growthand form among stocks. More recent advances have beenfacilitated by image processing techniques, morecomprehensive and precise data collection, moreefficient quantification of shape, and new analyticaltools. Many benchmark case studies and critiquesoffer guidelines for sampling morphometrics andinterpreting multivariate analyses for exploratorystock identification, stock discrimination, and stockdelineation. As examples of morphometric stockidentification based on life history differences,allometric patterns of crustacean secondary sexcharacters have been used to detect geographicvariation in size at maturity, and morphometriccorrelates to smoltification have been used todiscriminate salmon from different rivers. Morphometric analysis provides a powerful complementto genetic and environmental stock identificationapproaches. The challenge for the future ofmorphometric stock identification is to develop aconsensus on biological interpretations of geometricanalyses, similar to the conventional interpretationsof size and shape from traditional multivariatemorphometrics.
Trajectory of Externalizing Child Behaviors in a KEEP Replication

Objective:The purpose of this study is to examine the correlates of child behavior change over time in a replication of the KEEP intervention.Method:The study sample was drawn from the treatment group of the Maryland replication of KEEP (n=65). Change over time was analyzed using multilevel linear mixed modeling.Results:Parents’ use of positive reinforcement relative to discipline was associated with the rate of child behavior change among program participants; parents with the lowest initial levels of reinforcement reported the greatest decrease in child problem behaviors. Other participant characteristics were not associated with child behavior change during the study period.Conclusions:The results indicate the efficacy of an evidence-based foster parent training program for reducing child problem behaviors and underscore the utility of teaching parents to use more positive responses relative to discipline as a robust path to improved child outcomes.
Observations on a Rare Old-Growth Montane Longleaf Pine Forest in Central North Carolina, USA

ABSTRACT: Montane longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests are rare and no detailed inventory exists documenting stands in North Carolina. We inventoried all longleaf pine trees (n = 403) growing in a 24-ha remnant montane longleaf pine forest in the Uwharrie Mountains of central North Carolina, USA, in autumn 2014 to (1) map their location, (2) document age/height/diameter characteristics, and (3) determine special ecological features of this rare montane population. All longleaf pine were geographically referenced via GPS, measured for height and diameter, and a subsample of trees was cored to determine age. All longleaf pine were mapped based on growth-stage categories—grass, juvenile, young adult, and mature—to determine spatial patterning of stand-age characteristics. The longleaf pine stand contains a variety of growth-stage categories, but is dominated (63%) by mature-stage trees growing on south- and southwestern-facing slopes, while nearly all regeneration-stage trees (i.e., grass and juvenile) ar...
CDK1/2 toolbox in need of an upgrade.

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases are key drivers of cell cycle progression.1,2 Specific phases of the cycle are controlled by altering the levels and availability of cyclins which function to bind ...
Pricing in International Markets

For most firms the potential rewards of doing business in international markets are overwhelming. The most compelling reasons for entering the global marketplace are the sheer size of the marketplace and the limitless opportunities present. One of these opportunities is the leveraging of R&D investment. The global marketplace provides opportunities to obtain a full return on investment that is not possible if technology serves only the home market. Expanding internationally also provides the opportunity to improve products and processes by drawing on the resources of many companies and organizations in different parts of the world. Finally, global expansion allows a firm to remain competitive.1
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM PHOSPHATE ON THE EXTRACTION OF CHLOROPHYLL-LIKE PIGMENTS AFTER THERMAL PROCESSING OF SPINACH PUREE

Because buffers are important in maintaining green color in vegetable purees, a study was undertaken to determine if sodium phosphate and/or magnesium carbonate would effect extraction of some or all of the chlorophyll-like pigments in spinach puree and thus interfere with their analysis. Samples were prepared with and without addition of the above additives and pigment analyses were carried out for chlorophylls, chlorophyllides, pheophytins, and pheophorbides. It was found that addition of sodium phosphate and/or magnesium carbonate prior to blanching and processing caused chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, and pheophorbide b to be bound to some extent. Pheophytin b was unaffected Chlorophyll a, chlorophyllide a, and chlorophyllide b were present in such small quantities that no conclusions could be drawn about their extractability. This phenomenon is an important consideration in the analysis of chlorophyll-like pigments in buffered systems and also might supply a suitable means for removal of...
Fertility preservation and survival among young women with early ovarian cancer living in US counties with gynecologic oncologist services.

Objective To examine the association between living in a county with gynecologic oncologist provision, the performance of fertility sparing surgery, and survival among young women with early epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods The present retrospective cohort study was based on the SEER 18 dataset of the US National Cancer Institute. Women younger than 45 years with early stage epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 were included. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to analyze all-cause survival. Adjustment was made for relevant clinical and demographic variables. Results In total, 1499 women were included. Women living in a county with gynecologic oncologist provision were less likely to undergo hysterectomy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.93) at the time of primary surgery. Women who underwent hysterectomy had a similar risk of mortality as women with uterine preservation (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.41–1.30). Living in a county with gynecologic oncologist provision was associated with reduced risk of mortality (adjusted HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31–0.92). Conclusion Living in a county with gynecologic oncologist provision was independently associated with the use of fertility sparing surgery among young women with early epithelial ovarian cancer.
Improving particle drag predictions in Euler–Lagrange simulations with two-way coupling

Euler–Lagrange methods are popular approaches for simulating particle-laden flows. While such approaches have been rigorously verified in the dilute limit (where particles do not noticeably alter their carrier flow), much less verification has been attempted for cases where the coupling between the two phases leads to non-negligible modifications in the local fluid velocity. We review one of these techniques for coupled fluid–particle flows, the volume-filtered Euler–Lagrange method, and show that it (like many similar methods) provides erroneous predictions for the interphase drag force due to the presence of the particles. We show that these errors are tied to inaccuracies in the numerical implementation of the drag model for systems with two-way coupling. We therefore introduce a simple approach to correct the implementation of this drag model, and show that this corrected implementation provides accurate and grid-independent predictions of particle settling in two-way coupled flows at low particle Reynolds numbers. Finally, we study the effect of the corrected implementation on a more complicated, cluster-induced turbulence flow.
Sudoku and Changes in Working Memory Performance for Older Adults and Younger Adults

ABSTRACTIn the study of activities and their influence in healthy aging, the role of mental exercise has long looked at broad battery approaches to study cognitive performance. This study continued the examination of domain-specific mental exercise. Younger and older adults’ working memory performance was assessed at the beginning and end of a four-month period. During that period both groups regularly played Sudoku puzzles provided by the experimenter. There were improvements in working memory, particularly in digit symbol and letter memory performance. The implications of this study for future, more elaborate longitudinal studies are discussed.
Locke on Knowledge of Existence

The standard objection to Locke’s epistemology is that his conception of knowledge inevitably leads to skepticism about external objects. One reason for this complaint is that Locke defines knowledge as the perception of a relation between ideas, but perceiving relations between ideas does not seem like the kind of thing that can give us knowledge that tables and chairs exist. Thus Locke’s general definition of knowledge seems to be woefully inadequate for explaining knowledge of external objects. However, this interpretation and subsequent criticism ignore a special category of knowledge Locke calls ‘real knowledge’, which is Locke’s own account of how we can have knowledge of the real world. Rather than evaluating whether Locke’s definition of knowledge in general can get us knowledge of external objects, we should instead focus our attention on whether Locke’s account of real knowledge can explain how we have knowledge of external objects.
Recent radiation test results for trench power MOSFETs

Single-event effect (SEE) radiation test results are presented for various trench-gate power MOSFETs. The heavy-ion response of the first (and only) radiation-hardened trench-gate power MOSFET is evaluated: the manufacturer SEE response curve is verified and importantly, no localized dosing effects are measured, distinguishing it from other, non-hardened trench-gate power MOSFETs. Evaluations are made of n-type commercial and both n- and p-type automotive grade trench-gate device using ions comparable to of those on the low linear energy transfer (LET) side of the iron knee of the galactic cosmic ray spectrum, to explore suitability of these parts for missions with higher risk tolerance and shorter duration, such as CubeSats. Part-to-part variability of SEE threshold suggests testing with larger sample sizes and applying more aggressive derating to avoid on-orbit failures. The n-type devices yielded expected localized dosing effects including when irradiated in an unbiased (0-y) configuration, adding to the challenge of inserting these parts into space flight missions.
FERVENT FORTITUDES: EXPLORING EMOTIONS AND RACIAL LITERACY AS ANTIRACIST PEDAGOGY

The emotionality of race in education calls for continual pedagogical reconceptualizations that specifically address emotion. As such, the purpose of this paper is to inform and expand pedagogies related to educational equity in the context of emotionally­ charged race conversations in post­secondary education classrooms. We do this by first putting forth some theoretical claims about emotions within education and racial literacy. We then share our findings from our study of a job ­embedded professional-practice graduate course for full­-time practicing educators, a course on educational equity called “Culturally Responsive Classroom Management.” We discovered two types of experiential narratives: pity and emotional negativity toward racially-minoritized children. We also found evidence that educational leaders burdened their racially-minoritized colleagues by showing emotional negativity toward the Black/African American children they served. Thus, we asked: can someone who has pity and emotional negativity about race have the competence or “fervent fortitude” needed to address racial inequality and the emotions it promulgates? Such a question is crucial in our complicated world, but the implications lie in a two­fold approach that involves engaging both emotions and racial literacy curricularly.
A CASE OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Coronary embolization leading to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a rare complication of infective endocarditis (IE). 59 year-old male with history of intravenous drug use presented with acute onset of chest pain. ECG showed ST-segment elevation from V1 to V5. Troponin was 141ng/mL. He
Why Hierarchical Organizations? Why Not?

The human race throughout most of its civilized history had one large hierarchical organization — the government; under that were several small, and mainly family, economic units in each “state”. There was a powerful religious order as well, but usually it was closely integrated with the state. The situation in Europe during the Middle Ages in which the most powerful hierarchical organization was indeed the church, with the governments being a set of relatively smaller hierarchies, was unusual.
Do Markets Remember Accounting Changes? An Examination of Subsequent Years

This paper provides a direct test of investor valuation of accounting changes in the years subsequent to the change. We focus on changes in the estimate of the useful life of long-lived assets because these revisions have ongoing effects on reported income that do not reverse in the near term. Descriptive evidence comparing useful life increasers to useful life decreasers and to control firms indicates that useful life increases represent earnings management while decreases do not. We regress returns on earnings components to assess how investors value these changes in the year they occur and the subsequent two years. Results suggest that investors (i) discount the positive effect of useful life increases in the year of the revision, (ii) value the negative effects of useful life decreases in the year of the revision, and (iii) do not forget about the earnings effect of these accounting changes when valuing the firm in subsequent years. These results are consistent with the efficient market hypothesis.
Affinographs in Family Therapy

This chapter discusses when and how affinographs can improve assessment, tracking, diagnoses, and interventions in family therapy. One case illustrates how an affinograph helped shift the emotional focus from a four-year-old child to others in his family. In another case, affinographs facilitated didactic interventions. Through imaging a therapist clarified the family system themes that helped change the client’s perceptions. In therapy with a couple who shared a dynamic family structure, the cumulative affinographs were used to track multiple presenting problems.
Site-Selective, Catalyst-Controlled Alkene Aziridination

Transition-metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer is a convenient method to introduce nitrogen into simple substrates through either alkene aziridination or C–H bond amination. Silver complexes have an unusual capability to accommodate a broad range of N-donor ligands and coordination geometries in catalysts competent for nitrene transfer. This behavior has resulted in the ability to achieve tunable chemoselectivity between aziridination and C–H bond amidation, as well as tunable site-selective functionalization between two different C–H bonds. In this paper, efforts to engage the diversity of silver and rhodium catalysts to accomplish selective and tunable aziridination of mixtures of alkenes are discussed. It was found that the selectivity of dinuclear Rh catalysts is dictated largely by steric effects, while the identity of the ligand on silver can be tuned to influence whether the steric or electronic features in the competing alkenes is the primary factor controlling which precursor is preferentially aziridinated.
A Comparative Study of the High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Lead Free Solders

Lead free solders are renowned as interconnects in electronic packaging due to their relatively high melting point, attractive mechanical properties, thermal cycling reliability, and environment friendly chemical property. The mechanical behavior of lead free solders is highly dependent on the operating temperature. Previous investigations on mechanical characterization of lead free solders have mainly emphasized stress-strain and creep testing at temperatures up to 125 °C. However, electronic devices, sometimes, experience harsh environment applications including well drilling, geothermal energy, and aerospace engines where solders are exposed to very high temperatures from 125-200 °C. Mechanical properties of lead free solders at elevated temperatures are limited. In this work, we have compared the mechanical properties of two popular Solder alloys, such as SAC305, and SAC_Q at extremely high temperatures up to 200 °C. For each elevated temperature, stress-strain tests were performed at three strain rates (0.001, 0.0001, and 0.00001 1/sec). The experimental results have been compared with the prediction of Anand constitutive model. In addition, high temperature tensile properties of the solders as mentioned above have been compared. Our results show a significant degradation of mechanical properties of lead-free solders at higher temperatures. Comparison of the results between SAC305 and SAC_Q solders has shown that the addition of dopants (e.g. Bi) in SAC_Q solder improves the properties significantly. Good correlations were obtained between the Anand model predicted results and the experimental data over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates.
Great Lakes Bioinformatics Conference GLBIO 2015 Special Section Editorial

The papers in this special section were presented at the 2015 Great Lakes Bioinformatics Conference (GLBIO) that was held May 18-20, 2015 at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN.
Comparing Interface Affordances for Controlling a Push Broom in VR

This study explores how VR controller interfaces affect how participants hold a virtual push broom in VR. We aim to understand how the affordances available with current VR controllers and a custom broom VR controller impact user hand placement in a visual VR broom task. We compare hand placement in two VR conditions against hand placement holding a real push broom. Our goal is to understand the roles that controllers have on recreating physically accurate actions in VR training scenarios. The results from this initial pilot show an effect of the broom controller condition but also that the order in which some of the conditions were presented to subjects affected the way subjects held the VR and real push brooms in subsequent actions. Future work will continue to explore how controller affordance may impact the role of training in VR.
Hybrid Feature Extraction for Detection of Degree of Motor Fluctuation Severity in Parkinson's Disease Patients

The success of medication adjustment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with motor fluctuation relies on the knowledge about their fluctuation severity. However, because of the temporal and spatial variability in motor fluctuations, a single clinical examination often fails to capture the spectrum of motor impairment experienced in routine daily life. In this study, we developed an algorithm to estimate the degree of motor fluctuation severity from two wearable sensors’ data during subjects’ free body movements. Specifically, we developed a new hybrid feature extraction method to represent the longitudinal changes of motor function from the sensor data. Next, we developed a classification model based on random forest to learn the changes in the patterns of the sensor data as the severity of the motor function changes. We evaluated our algorithm using data from 24 subjects with idiopathic PD as they performed a variety of daily routine activities. A leave-one-subject-out assessment of the algorithm resulted in 83.33% accuracy, indicating that our approach holds a great promise to passively detect degree of motor fluctuation severity from continuous monitoring of an individual’s free body movements. Such a sensor-based assessment system and algorithm combination could provide the objective and comprehensive information about the fluctuation severity that can be used by the treating physician to effectively adjust therapy for PD patients with troublesome motor fluctuation.
Florpyrauxifen-benzyl activity on perennial grass weeds found in Louisiana rice production

A glasshouse study was conducted on the Louisiana State University campus in Baton Rouge, LA, to evaluate the control of brook crowngrass, rice cutgrass, southern watergrass, and water paspalum. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied at 30 g ai ha−1 to each grass species at the 3- to 4-leaf or 1- to 2-stolon stage of growth. Brook crowngrass treated with florpyrauxifen was controlled 71% at 21 d after treatment. Southern watergrass and water paspalum control did not exceed 56% and 36%, respectively, across all evaluations. Rice cutgrass treated with florpyrauxifen did not reach 15% control. Plants treated with florpyrauxifen, except rice cutgrass, displayed reduction in leaf number, stolon number, plant height, and plant fresh weight. These results indicate florpyrauxifen-benzyl can help manage a brook crowngrass infestation and suppress southern watergrass. However, florpyrauxifen-benzyl has little to no activity on water paspalum and rice cutgrass, and other management options should be employed if these weeds are present.
Management of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common disorder with high morbidity and mortality, accounting for one in every three deaths due to injury. Older adults are especially vulnerable. They have the highest rates of TBI-related hospitalization and death. There are about 2.5 to 6.5 million US citizens living with TBI-related disabilities. The cost of care is very high. Aside from prevention, little can be done for the initial primary injury of neurotrauma. The tissue damage incurred directly from the inciting event, for example, a blow to the head or bullet penetration, is largely complete by the time medical care can be instituted. However, this event will give rise to secondary injury, which consists of a cascade of changes on a cellular and molecular level, including cellular swelling, loss of membrane gradients, influx of immune and inflammatory mediators, excitotoxic transmitter release, and changes in calcium dynamics. Clinicians can intercede with interventions to improve outcome in the mitigating secondary injury. The fundamental concepts in critical care management of moderate and severe TBI focus on alleviating intracranial pressure and avoiding hypotension and hypoxia. In addition to these important considerations, mechanical ventilation, appropriate transfusion of blood products, management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity, using nutrition as a therapy, and, of course, venous thromboembolism and seizure prevention are all essential in the management of moderate to severe TBI patients. These concepts will be reviewed using the recent 2016 Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines to discuss best practices and identify future research priorities.
The effect of endometriosis on the antimüllerian hormone level in the infertile population.

To determine whether the presence of endometriosis in infertile women without prior ovarian surgery influences markers of ovarian reserve, AMH and FSH. A retrospective cohort study included three groups of women who presented for IVF treatment at our tertiary care center from 04/27/2015 to 05/31/2017: women with endometriosis and prior ovarian surgery (EnSx), women with endometriosis without prior ovarian surgery (En), and women with a primary diagnosis of male factor infertility (MF; reference group). There were 671 patients that met inclusion criteria (78 EnSx, 60 En, and 533 MF). Compared to the MF group (3.6 ± 3.0), a lower mean AMH level (ng/mL) was observed in the EnSx group (2.5 ± 2.5; aβ − 1.21; 95% CI [− 1.79, −0.62]) and in the En group (2.5 ± 2.2; aβ − 1.11; 95% CI [− 1.68, − 0.54]). Both endometriosis groups had a statistically significantly higher proportion of patients with an AMH < 1 (EnSx, 24.4%; OR, 2.39 [95% CI, 1.31, 4.36]; En, 28.3%; OR, 2.67 [95% CI, 1.41, 5.08]) compared to the MF group (13.9%). The mean baseline FSH level (lU/L) was statistically significantly higher in both endometriosis groups (EnSx, 8.6 ± 4.3; β, 1.37 [95% CI, 0.39, 2.34]; En, 8.4 ± 3.7; β, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.04, 1.87]) compared to the MF group (7.3 ± 2.2). Among infertility patients with endometriosis, with and without a history of ovarian surgery, ovarian reserve markers were worse (lower AMH and higher FSH) and a higher proportion had decreased ovarian reserve as measured by AMH compared to women with MF.
Discourse in Multimedia: A Case Study in Extracting Geometry Knowledge from Textbooks

To ensure readability, text is often written and presented with due formatting. These text formatting devices help the writer to effectively convey the narrative. At the same time, these help the r...
What Is the Wind Energy Progress in Greece? Prospects and Problems

The current chapter first presents a brief historical evolution of Greek power stations since the early 1980s, when the first wind park was created on Kithnos island in 1982. Accordingly, the gradual changes of the corresponding legislative framework concerning the development of wind parks in Greece are described, starting from the first law of 1985 up to the current feed in premium status. Subsequently, the wind potential in the mainland and in the Aegean Sea islands is examined, taking into consideration various long-term data from several official sources. Moreover, the existing wind parks are categorized on the basis of their location (geographical area of installation), wind turbine manufacturer and technology used, examining also the local manufacturing activity related to the wind energy sector. As far as the islands’ wind power exploitation is concerned, the major problems related with achieving high wind power penetration in remote or interconnected islands are also discussed. In this context the special case of Crete island, representing a relatively big island micro-grid, is also analysed. Next, the application of wind based hybrid-energy storage solutions in selected Greek islands is also investigated, with special focus on the Ikaria island wind powered-water pumping solution, as well as on the Tilos island EU funded wind/PV-based hybrid power station, including advanced battery storage. The current chapter concludes with the analysis of the current legislation framework for new wind parks, presenting also the wind energy prospects in view of the European-national electrical sector decarbonisation by 2050.
EMR Versus ESD: Pros and Cons

The two techniques for removal of large colonic polyps are endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). While EMR is easier to learn and perform, has a lower risk of adverse events, and carries a lower-cost burden, ESD is associated with lower risk of recurrence and may obviate the need for surgery in a subset of lesions with early invasive cancer. However, Western endoscopists have limited experience with ESD, and there is no reimbursement for this procedure in the USA. Therefore, there is limited incentive to learn and perform this more complex and higher-risk procedure by Western endoscopists. EMR therefore continues to be the more commonly performed endoscopic resection procedure. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the EMR vs. ESD and their role in the management of large colon polyps. Furthermore, we also discuss the pros and cons of ESD versus EMR in early squamous esophageal cancer, early Barrett’s-related esophageal cancer, and early gastric cancer.
Tumor Plasticity and Resistance to Immunotherapy.

Tumor cell plasticity exhibited as an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been identified as a major obstacle for the effective treatment of many cancers. This process, which involves the dedifferentiation of epithelial tumor cells towards a motile, metastatic, and mesenchymal tumor phenotype, mediates resistance to conventional therapies and small-molecule targeted therapies. In this review, we highlight current research correlating the role of tumor plasticity with resistance to current immunotherapy approaches and discuss future and ongoing combination immunotherapy strategies to reduce tumor cell plasticity-driven resistance in cancer.
The iminosugars celgosivir, castanospermine and UV-4 inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic poses an unprecedented challenge for healthcare and the global economy. Repurposing drugs that have shown promise in inhibiting other viral infections could allow for more rapid dispensation of urgently needed therapeutics. The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is extensively glycosylated with 22 occupied N glycan sites and is required for viral entry. In other glycosylated viral proteins, glycosylation is required for interaction with calnexin and chaperone-mediated folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and prevention of this interaction leads to unfolded viral proteins and thus inhibits viral replication. As such, we investigated two iminosugars, celgosivir, a pro-drug of castanospermine, and UV-4, or N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1-deoxynojirimycin, a deoxynojirimycin derivative. Iminosugars are known inhibitors of the α-glucosidase I and II enzymes and were effective at inhibiting authentic SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a cell culture system. Celgosivir prevented SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death and reduced viral replication and Spike protein levels in a dose-dependent manner in culture with Vero E6 cells. Castanospermine, the active form of celgosivir, was also able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, confirming the canonical castanospermine mechanism of action of celgosivir. The monocyclic UV-4 also prevented SARS-CoV-2-induced death and reduced viral replication after 24 hours of treatment, although the reduction in viral copies was lost after 48 hours. Our findings suggest that iminosugars should be urgently investigated as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
A Cavity Coupled Conical Shape Gold Nanohole Array Fiber-Tip Plasmonic Sensor

An array of conical shape gold nanoholes with coupled nanocavities is fabricated on an fiber tip. The device is used as an index-refraction sensor and exhibits a larger sensitivity with the new plasmon resonance nanostructure.
Enhancing Student Learning in Introductory Physics Through Funds of Knowledge

Researchers have reported the funds of knowledge (FK) pedagogical approach effective in engaging minority students in learning. However, there are a lack of studies connecting FK to introductory college physics or physical science classes. By using examples from regional Mexican-American lived experiences at an Hispanic-serving institution located along the recently politicized U.S.-Mexico border, this paper provides evidence to show how physics educators can use FK to engage students in learning introductory college physics concepts.
Benefits and Challenges of Overparenting within an Emerging Youth Sport: Parental Spending, Volunteering, and Competitive Longevity in Competition Climbing

Across contexts, an emerging concern for professionals charged with facilitating youth programs relates to the increased influence of overparenting on the activities and services they provide. However, few studies have examined the influence of overparenting in adolescent samples and out-of-school time contexts such as sports, nor have they examined potential benefits of overparenting. The present study examined the potential benefits and consequences associated with overparenting relating to developmental outcomes, parental volunteering, spending, and youth athlete years of participation within an emerging Olympic sport, competition climbing. Through a structural equation model, the influence of overparenting on sport spending, years of volunteering for climbing, observed socioemotional development, and child’s years of participation was examined in a sample of 329 parents of youth competition climbers. Counter to the proposed study hypotheses, overparenting had no effect on parental sport spending, years of child participation in competition climbing, observed socioemotional development, or years of parental volunteering. The findings were consistent with some previous research examining excessive and overinvolved parenting, albeit in a younger non-academically focused sample, where overparenting was not as influential as hypothesized. However, this study provides additional context for our understanding of overparenting during earlier phases of development than emerging adulthood.
Reality and Virtual: Hemodynamic Variables and Rating of Perceived Exertion Between Dance Sessions and Active Videogame Just Dance in Women

Objective: To analyze the hemodynamic variables and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between an active videogame (AVG) session and a dance session. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted...
An introduction to new robust linear and monotonic correlation coefficients

The most common measure of association between two continuous variables is the Pearson correlation (Maronna et al. in Safari an OMC. Robust statistics, 2019. https://login.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/login?url=https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/-/9781119214687/?aro whereas TWR measures a monotonic association. The robustness of these proposed measures in comparison with Pearson (P), Spearman (S), Quadrant (Q), Median (M), and Minimum Covariance Determinant (MCD) are examined through simulation. Taba distance is used to analyze genes, and statistical tests were used to identify those genes most significantly associated with Williams Syndrome (WS). Based on the root mean square error (RMSE) and bias, the three proposed correlation measures are highly competitive when compared to classical measures such as P and S as well as robust measures such as Q, M, and MCD. Our findings indicate TBL2 was the most significant gene among patients diagnosed with WS and had the most significant reduction in gene expression level when compared with control (P value = 6.37E-05). Overall, when the distribution is bivariate Log-Normal or bivariate Weibull, TWR performs best in terms of bias and T performs best with respect to RMSE. Under the Normal distribution, MCD performs well with respect to bias and RMSE; but TW, TWR, T, S, and P correlations were in close proximity. The identification of TBL2 may serve as a diagnostic tool for WS patients. A Taba R package has been developed and is available for use to perform all necessary computations for the proposed methods.
Measuring interdisciplinarity of biomedical research, medical specialty performance, and implications for radiology: A retrospective review of 2.6 million citations.

Abstract Purpose To assess and determine the overall interdisciplinarity and impact of radiology and imaging sciences research. Methods Utilizing the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, the top 15 journals rank-ordered by impact factor in each of 10 major medical subspecialties were identified. The 2012 impact factors for these journals were noted. All articles published in these journals between 2012 and 2014 were then used to produce an index list of publications. We next generated a list of all published articles in the ensuing 5-year period that cited any publication present on our index list. These data were then used to calculate an interdisciplinarity score (DIV*) for 146 unique scientific journals. The correlation between the impact factor and the DIV* score was calculated with Kendall's τ. Results The quantitative measure of research interdisciplinarity, DIV*, is significantly correlated with journal impact factor (τ = 0.201, p Conclusion The interdisciplinarity score DIV* is positively correlated with journal impact factor, demonstrating the greater impact and reach of interdisciplinary research. Further, we found radiology, nuclear medicine, and medical imaging research to have one of the lowest measures of DIV* among the 10 major clinical subspecialties. Our findings suggest and point to new opportunities and directions that can expand the breadth and impact of radiology research as well as new ways to increase our reach and audience in the clinical scientific literature.
Can learning be enhanced with active seating

Overweightness continues to increase at an exponential rate in children. This coupled with the demand to increase academic time in elementary schools has contributed to efforts to discover solutions that meet both challenges. Potential solutions are movement curricula and active seating options. However, little has been published relative to best practices of their implementation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the lessons learned while utilizing pedal desks in first and second grade classrooms as stations and whole class seating. Additionally, two different types of heart rate monitors (Polar Oh1 and IHT Spirit) were employed, in an attempt to increase pedaling consistency. It was discovered that elementary students can engage adequately in academic lessons while seated at pedal desks and that limitations do exist relative to the usefulness of the pedal desks. Teachers were also able to develop protocol that adequately maintained classroom management and student learning.
Neuronale Repräsentation selektiver Aufmerksamkeit beim Menschen

Unsere naturliche visuelle Umgebung beinhaltet viele verschiedene Objekte, die nicht alle zeitgleich im Gehirn reprasentiert werden konnen. Das visuelle System hat eine begrenzte Kapazitat in der neuronalen Verarbeitung zahlreicher Objekte. Infolgedessen benotigen wir Aufmerksamkeitsmechanismen, die helfen aus unserer komplexen visuellen Umgebung zum einen relevante Informationen zu selektieren und zum anderen irrelevante Informationen auszufiltern. In ► Kap. 28 wurde dargelegt, auf welche Weise Aufmerksamkeit diese Funktion erfullt, welche unterschiedlichen Verhaltensphanomene damit verbunden sind und welche Modelle zum Verstandnis selektiver Aufmerksamkeit entwickelt wurden. In diesem Kapitel werden nun die neuronalen Grundlagen selektiver Aufmerksamkeit erortert, wie sie im menschlichen visuellen System anhand funktionell bildgebender Untersuchungen des Gehirns erforscht wurden. Verwandte Ergebnisse aus neurophysiologischen Untersuchungen von Affen finden sich in ► Kap. 29