cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disparities in adolescent sleep health by sex and ethnoracial group.

Abstract Improving adolescent sleep health is a national priority for ameliorating health and wellbeing (Healthy People 2020), as the majority of adolescents do not get the minimum recommended amount of 8 h of sleep per night. Prior research has identified sex and ethnoracial disparities in adolescent sleep but has been limited by data availability. National studies have collected reported sleep data, while objective sleep data has been available in community samples only. Using new data from adolescents in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a population-based birth cohort study of children born 1998–2000, we are able to characterize sex and ethnoracial disparities in sleep health in the first national sample of actigraphy-assessed sleep health among adolescents. In cross-sectional analyses, we used linear and logistic regression models to assess sex and ethnoracial disparities in weekday sleep duration, timing, and quality measured using actigraphy collected from 738 adolescents at approximately age 15. We identified sex and ethnoracial group differences in weekday and weekend adolescent sleep duration, with larger disparities on weekends than weekdays. Male adolescents had 27-min shorter nightly sleep durations than females on weeknights. Non-Hispanic black adolescents had 32-min shorter nightly sleep durations than non-Hispanic whites on weekdays and 41-min shorter nightly sleep durations on weekends. While sex disparities persisted after accounting for naps, black-white differences were attenuated by napping such that there was no statistically significant black-white disparity in 24-h sleep on either weekdays or weekends. We did not identify disparities in sleep timing or quality. Future research should investigate the pathways through which these disparities arise, including behavioral and contextual mechanisms.
Sexual Health and Sexual Health Education: Contemporary Perceptions and Concerns of Young Adults Within the Millennial Population Cohort

The millennial population currently occupies the point of adulthood in which sexual health behaviors are developed. Understanding the perceptions that contribute to these behaviors is crucial to th...
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Vaccines.

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 has become pandemic and the duration of protective immunity to the virus is unknown. Cases of persons reinfected with the virus are being reported with increasing frequency. At present it is unclear how common reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is and how long serum antibodies and virus-specific T cells persist after infection. For many other respiratory virus infections, including influenza and the seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds, serum antibodies persist for only months to a few years and reinfections are very common. Here we review what is known about the duration of immunity and reinfection with coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and well as the duration of immunity to other viruses and virus vaccines. These findings have implications for the need of continued protective measures and for vaccines for persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Vision-Based Self-Assembly for Modular Multirotor Structures

Modular aerial robots can adapt their shape to suit a wide range of tasks, but developing efficient self-reconfiguration algorithms is still a challenge. Self-reconfiguration algorithms in the literature rely on high-accuracy global positioning systems which are not realistic for real-world applications. In this letter, we study self-reconfiguration algorithms using a combination of low-accuracy global positioning systems (e.g., GPS) and on-board relative positioning (e.g. visual sensing) for precise docking actions. We present three algorithms: 1) parallelized self-assembly sequencing that minimizes the number of serial “docking steps”; 2) parallelized self-assembly sequencing that minimizes total distance traveled by modules; and 3) parallelized self-reconfiguration that breaks an initial structure down as little as possible before assembling a new structure. The algorithms take into account the constraints of the local sensors and use heuristics to provide a computationally efficient solution for the combinatorial problem. Our evaluation in 2-D and 3-D simulations show that the algorithms scale with the number of modules and structure shape.
Second-order finite difference approximation for a nonlinear size-structured population model with an indefinite growth rate coupled with the environment

In this article we develop a second-order high resolution finite difference method for a general size-structured population model coupled with environmental dynamics where the individual growth rate may change sign. The model consists of a first order hyperbolic partial differential equation describing the population density of individuals coupled with a system of ordinary differential equations describing the environment. This model notably features nonlocal nonlinearities in the vital rates of individuals which are allowed to depend on the environmental dynamics. We develop rigorous estimates to establish stability of the high-resolution finite-difference numerical scheme, as well as its convergence to the unique weak solution of the nonlinear model. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the order of convergence of the scheme and to compare its performance against first-order finite difference methods. The scheme is then applied to a biologically relevant example developed to investigate the steady state dynamics of a population where the vital rates of individuals exhibit size specific effects and nonlocal dependence on environmental resource levels. In particular, the example investigates the role of newborn growth rates, nonlocal weight factors, resource thresholds, and minimum reproductive size on steady state population distributions and limits on the maximum size of individuals.
Emergency remote teaching with technology during the COVID-19 pandemic: using the whole teacher lens to examine educator’s experiences and insights

The COVID-19 pandemic challenged educators to shift their practices and utilize technology to reach and teach learners at a distance. This study presents data collected in situ from 265 K-12 educat...
Treatment of a Giant Thrombotic M1 Segment Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm With Radial Artery Bypass and Distal Occlusion to Create a “Blind Sac” Following Endovascular Failure: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

The case is of a 36-yr-old male with a previously coiled aneurysm arising from the proximal M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) just beyond the internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation who presented to our institution with subjective left hemiparesis, headache, and vomiting. Physical exam revealed a left facial droop, but neurological exam was otherwise normal, including full motor strength. Neuroimaging showed a large partially thrombosed aneurysm recurrence, measuring 5.2 cm, with obstructive hydrocephalus. Cerebral angiogram showed filling within a small portion of the aneurysm and marked stenosis of the MCA beyond the neck. A ventriculostomy was placed, and he underwent a pterional craniotomy for high-flow radial artery bypass from the common carotid artery to an M2 branch of the MCA and clip placement. This case demonstrates the creation of a blind sac by placing a clip on the MCA distal to the aneurysm and proximal to the lenticulostriate arteries for the treatment of a giant proximal M1 segment aneurysm. Postoperative digital subtraction angiography shows the MCA distribution, including the lenticulostriate arteries, filling through the radial artery bypass, and anterograde flow through the ICA, which perfuses up to and including the anterior choroidal artery. There is no residual filling of the aneurysm. The patient remained at his neurological baseline postoperatively and required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for hydrocephalus. At outpatient follow-up, computed tomography imaging showed decreased size of the thrombosed aneurysm, measuring 4.5 cm, and he had no neurological deficits. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and deidentified video recording of this case.
Expression of myosin VIIA in the developing chick inner ear neurons.

Abstract The auditory-vestibular ganglion (AVG) is formed by the division of otic placode-derived neuroblasts, which then differentiate into auditory and vestibular afferent neurons. The developmental mechanisms that regulate neuronal cell fate determination, axonal pathfinding and innervation of otic neurons are poorly understood. The present study characterized the expression of myosin VIIA, along with the neuronal markers, Islet1, NeuroD1 and TuJ1, in the developing avian ear, during Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) stages 16–40. At early stages, when neuroblasts are delaminating from the otic epithelium, myosin VIIA expression was not observed. Myosin VIIA was initially detected in a subset of neurons during the early phase of neuronal differentiation (HH stage 20). As the AVG segregates into the auditory and vestibular portions, myosin VIIA was restricted to a subset of vestibular neurons, but was not present in auditory neurons. Myosin VIIA expression in the vestibular ganglion was maintained through HH stage 33 and was downregulated by stage 36. Myosin VIIA was also observed in the migrating processes of vestibular afferents as they begin to innervate the otic epithelium HH stage 22/23. Notably, afferents targeting hair cells of the cristae were positive for myosin VIIA while afferents targeting the utricular and saccular maculae were negative (HH stage 26–28). Although previous studies have reported that myosin VIIA is restricted to sensory hair cells, our data shows that myosin VIIA is also expressed in neurons of the developing chick ear. Our study suggests a possible role for myosin VIIA in axonal migration/pathfinding and/or innervation of vestibular afferents. In addition, myosin VIIA could be used as an early marker for vestibular neurons during the development of the avian AVG.
Investigation of proton radiation resistance of CIGS solar cells

Thin-film copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) solar cells are commercially available with AM1.5 efficiencies greater than 9.0% and research cells with 18.8% efficiency have been reported. Earth orbit is being considered for a number of missions and it is timely to investigate the proton radiation resistance of commercially available CIGS solar cells. Analyses have been carried out in order to determine the energies and fluences for experimental radiation resistance investigations AP8MAX calculations and SRIM simulations suggest that proton energies in the 20 KeV to 1.0 MeV range should be investigated in order to understand the role of protons on the characteristics of the CIGS solar cells. While there are significant proton fluxes above 1.0 MeV, their effect on commercially available CIGS solar cells is relatively minor compared to protons with energies around 300 keV.
Using Computer-Based and Electronic Library Materials in the Classroom

SUMMARY From the perspective of a professor who wants to take full advantage of the new technology in the classroom, the frustrations of integrating disparate components are exacerbated because of the lack of coordination among those responsible for the various elements of the technology.
Structural and catalytic properties of copper in lysyl oxidase

The spectral and catalytic properties of the copper cofactor in highly purified bovine aortic lysyl oxidase have been examined. As isolated, various preparations of purified lysyl oxidase are associated with 5-9 loosely bound copper atoms per molecule of enzyme which are removed by dialysis against EDTA. The enzyme also contains 0.99 +/- 0.10 g atom of tightly bound copper per 32-kDa monomer which is not removed by this treatment. The copper-free apoenzyme, prepared by dialysis of lysyl oxidase against alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl in 6 M urea, catalyzed neither the oxidative turnover of amine substrates nor the anaerobic production of aldehyde at levels stoichiometric with enzyme active site content, thus contrasting with the ping pong metalloenzyme. Moreover, the spectrum of the apoenzyme was not measurably perturbed upon anaerobic incubation with n-butylamine, while difference absorption bands were generated at 250 and 308 nm in the spectrum of the metalloenzyme incubated under the same conditions. A difference absorption band also developed at 300-310 nm upon anaerobic incubation of pyrroloquinoline quinone, the putative carbonyl cofactor of lysyl oxidase, with n-butylamine. Full restoration of catalytic activity occurred upon the reconstitution of the apoenzyme with 1 g atom of copper/32-kDa monomer, whereas identical treatment of the apoenzyme with divalent salts of zinc, cobalt, iron, mercury, magnesium, or cadmium failed to restore catalytic activity. The EPR spectrum of copper in lysyl oxidase is typical of the tetragonally distorted, octahedrally coordinated Cu(II) sites observed in other amine oxidases and indicates coordination by at least three nitrogen ligands. The single copper atom in the lysyl oxidase monomer is thus essential at least for the catalytic and possibly for the structural integrity of this protein.
Imperforate Tracheary Elements

Imperforate tracheary elements can be defined clearly for the most part, but they do intergrade with other cell types in some cases. Narrow vessel elements can be said to intergrade with vascular tracheids, vasicentric tracheids, or true tracheids, but the presence of a perforation plate can be used to draw a distinction (a few vessel elements definable on the basis of morphology retain pit membranes in perforations, however). Nucleated libriform fibers can intergrade with axial parenchyma where fiber dimorphism occurs, although little difficulty in definition is encountered in these cases. Axial parenchyma cells that are not subdivided have sometimes been termed “substitute fibers” (IAWA Committee on Nomenclature 1964).
Minimal quiver standard model

This paper discusses the minimal quiver gauge theory embedding of the standard model that could arise from brane world type string theory constructions. It is based on the low energy effective field theory of D branes in the perturbative regime. The model differs from the standard model by the addition of one extra massive gauge boson, and contains only one additional parameter to the standard model: the mass of this new particle. The coupling of this new particle to the standard model is uniquely determined by input from the standard model and consistency conditions of perturbative string theory. We also study some aspects of the phenomenology of this model and bounds on its possible observation at the Large Hadron Collider.
Modeling the Evolution of Customers' Service Portfolios

Understanding how customers' service portfolios evolve over the course of their relationship can provide multi-service firms, such as telecommunication and financial service providers, with useful guidance for managerial issues such as customer valuation and targeting. Complicating matters, however, is the fact that ownership of individual services may be related to each other. Additionally, customers may be heterogeneous in terms of the portfolios they choose and the sequence of adoption/retention decisions they make over time. In this research, we propose an integrated multivariate choice and duration model that nests extant single-product models to capture co-purchasing behavior and underlying choice dynamics. Using a hidden Markov model, we uncover latent relationship states through which customers may pass during their relationship with the firm, allowing us to understand how subscription patterns evolve over a customer's tenure. The proposed model provides a framework within which multi-service providers can assess the value of their customers. We also demonstrate how the proposed modeling framework leverages information from the full sequence of subscription decisions to identify those customers who are most at risk for terminating their relationship both in the next time period and at the time of their next portfolio change.
FS07.5 Sensitive skin: What is it? What strategies meet its challenge?

Sensitive skin is a neolgism used by consumers for a self-perceived intolerance to environmental factors including skin care products and cosmetics. Consumer complaints focused industry on this concept and dermatology has gradually recognized it also. Identified associations range from endogenous skin disorders to irritant (including sensory) and allergic reactions. Impaired barrier function has been implicated in some instances. The consumer with sensitive skin frequently experiences adverse reactions to cosmetics, but what information is available to help them choose products they can tolerate? To answer this question, a survey is being conducted among cosmetic manufacturers inquiring if they market products for consumers with sensitive skin. They are asked what steps they take in the design of these products to insure tolerance, and what testing is done on these products that may be unique. Does the post-marketing data show these products fulfilled their goal and these cosmetics are well tolerated by this group? The manufacturers are surveyed as to what precautions they regard as important for ‘sensitive skin’ individuals in choosing and using cosmetics. The results of the survey are incorporated into patient recommendations.
Limited phylogeographic structure in the flightless ground beetle, Calathus ruficollis, in southern California

The California Floristic Province is home to more than 8000 species of beetles, yet their geographical patterns of supra- and infraspecific diversity remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we investigate the phylogeography and population demo-graphics of a flightless ground beetle, Calathus ruficollis (Coleoptera: Carabidae), in southern California. We sampled 136 specimens from 25 localities divided into 10 populations using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. We tested several hypotheses, including the association of geography with particular clades and populations, the degree of differentiation among regions, and the expansion of populations. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses along with nested clade analysis and AMOVA indicate a deep split between the southern Sierra Nevada population and populations south and west. This split corresponds closely to the split between subspecies C. ruficollis ignicollis (southern Sierra Nevada) and C. ruficollis ruficollis. Populations otherwise exhibit limited geographical structure, though FST values indicate some local differentiation. Mismatch distributions and Fu's Fs indicate range expansion of several populations, suggesting that some structure may have been obscured by recent exchange. The population of C. ruficollis on Santa Cruz Island, which might have been expected to be isolated, shares several haplotypes with mainland populations, appearing to represent multiple colonizations.
Decline in Verbal Memory Associated with Duration of Epilepsy: An Intracarotid Amobarbital Study.

Background. Many patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) observe that their memory has declined over time, but objective evidence for this is scant. Method. Verbal memory scores were obtained during amobarbital injection of the right carotid artery in 30 right-handed patients with right mesial temporal sclerosis and unilateral right temporal lobe seizures. These were compared with duration of epilepsy and seizure frequency. An estimate of the total number of lifetime seizures was formed by multiplying epilepsy duration by seizure frequency. Results. Verbal memory function in the left temporal lobe was negatively associated with longer duration of epilepsy (P < 0.05). There was a strong negative correlation between verbal memory and increased lifetime number of seizures (P < 0.01). Conclusion. This study provides evidence that seizures arising in the right temporal lobe lead to progressive dysfunction of memory functions in the contralateral side.
A static architecture for compressive target tracking

Traditional approaches to persistent surveillance generate prodigious amounts of data, stressing storage, communication, and analysis systems. As such, they are well suited for compressed sensing (CS) concepts. Existing demonstrations of compressive target tracking have utilized time-sequences of random patterns, an approach that is sub-optimal for real world dynamic scenes. We have been investigating an alternative architecture that we term SCOUT-the Static Computational Optical Undersampled Tracker-which uses a pair of static masks and a defocused detector to acquire a small number of measurements in parallel. We will report on our working prototypes that have demonstrated successful target tracking at 16x compression.
Acoustical and vibrometry analysis of a large Balinese gamelan gong

The Balinese gamelan gong ageng wadon produces distinct acoustic beating (called ombak) when struck. This phenomenon is explored using both acoustical and vibrometry measurements. The measurements have revealed the beating has two sources. First, there are four closely spaced modes that, given their asymmetric vibration patterns, might have been deliberately hammered into the response of the gong. Second, and more importantly, a nonlinear structural response of the gong causes the fundamental axisymmetric mode to produce harmonics. The second harmonic of the fundamental mode interacts with the second axisymmetric mode with relative amplitudes such that strong beating is produced.
Comparison of measured and predicted environmental PCB concentrations using simple compartmental models.

The use of models to represent biological, chemical, and physical processes that govern the fate and transport of environmental contaminants is an enduring feature of risk assessments. Data collection is costly and time-consuming. Measuring future conditions is impossible regardless of the resources available. For these reasons, rarely do analysts have sufficient empirical data for estimating risks in a population of interest across the desired dimensions of space and time. The appropriate level of complexity, detail, and resource investment in a modeling exercise should be established by the intended use of the results generated and by the expected performance of the available modeling options. At one end of the spectrum, the concentration of a contaminant in an environmental medium may be estimated quickly and inexpensively using an intermedia partition coefficient or simple steady state compartmental model. In contrast, a complex dynamic model requiring vast stores of input data, computer power, and ru...
Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes by benzidine-congener-derived azo dyes in the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro assays☆

Abstract The genotoxicity of the benzidine-congener-derived azo dyes, Direct Blue 1 (DB1), Direct Blue 14 (DB14), Direct Brown 95 (DB95), and Direct Red 46 (DR46) was studied in the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays in primary rat hepatocytes to determine if in vivo metabolism of these compounds was required for induction of UDS. Hepatocytes were isolated, cultured, and treated with the azo dyes and [ 3 H]thymidine (in vitro assay); alternatively, in the in vivo/in vitro assay, rats were intubated with the azo dyes, the hepatocytes isolated at 17 h after dosing and incubated in a medium containing [ 3 H]thymidine. UDS was quantified by an autoradiographic method. None of the azo dyes induced UDS in the in vitro assay. However, DR46 did induce marginal, but significant UDS in 1 experiment (1.2 net grains at 500 μg/ml media). No significant UDS was observed when DR46 was tested in a subsequent in vitro assay. In the in vivo/in vitro assay, DB95 (100 mg/kg), DB14 (125 mg/kg), and DR46 (100 mg/kg) induced significant UDS (12, 2.1, and 3.5 net grains, respectively). None of the azo dyes tested was mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay in the presence and absence of rat liver enzymes. Therefore, in vivo reduction of azo dyes, presumably by the gut microflora, is a requirement for the genotoxicity of these azo dyes in the primary rat hepatocyte UDS assay.
VARIATIONS IN THE COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY AND FIXABILITY OF GUINEA PIG SERUM

The following conclusions may be drawn from the foregoing series of experiments. The complementary activity varies within a definite limit in different specimens of guinea pig serum. With sera which stood in contact with the clot for twenty hours, the strongest and weakest were in the ratio of 0.015 cubic centimeter to 0.04 cubic centimeter. The former was 2.66 times stronger than the latter. The variation observed with the same series of sera after forty-six hours was still more striking. The strongest was 0.013 cubic centimeter, and the weakest, 0.06 cubic centimeter, that is, the former was 4.6 times stronger than the latter. These findings agree with those made by Massol and Grysez. The variations were not so marked with the majority of sera. It is noteworthy that a large number of the sera gained in the complementary activity when remaining in contact with the clot for forty-six hours, while some sera became weakened during the same length of time. The amount of serum fixed by given constant quantities of syphilitic serum and antigen varies much more markedly than the variations in their complementary activity. One serum failed altogether to be fixed. On the other hand, one sample of serum was so easily fixable that 0.24 cubic centimeter (corresponding to 9.6 complement units of this specimen) disappeared, while the average quantity fixed was only 0.098 cubic centimeter (corresponding to 4.64 complement units). The normal standard of fixability was shown in about 50 per cent. of the specimens examined. If the zone of normal fixability is enlarged in both directions by one unit, the percentage of normal fixability would become 65.8. There is no definite relationship between the complementary activity and the fixability of a given specimen of guinea pig serum. The facts derived from our present experiments, especially in regard to the exceptions in the fixative quality of this serum, demand the utmost precaution from those intending to employ it for diagnostic purposes, as, for example, in the Wassermann reaction. No quantitative work is possible with the complement fixation reaction unless the experimenter is capable of determining the fixability of the serum in use. One of us (Noguchi) has long realized this source of error, and in order to reduce it he has advised the employment of a mixture of sera from more than two guinea pigs.
Monomorphisms in spaces with Lindelöf filters

SpFi is the category of spaces with filters: an object is a pair (X, ℱ), X a compact Hausdorff space and ℱ a filter of dense open subsets of X. A morphism f: (Y, Open image in new window ) → (X, ℱ) is a continuous function f: Y → X for which f−1(F) ∈ Open image in new window whenever F ∈ ℱ. This category arises naturally from considerations in ordered algebra, e.g., Boolean algebra, lattice-ordered groups and rings, and from considerations in general topology, e.g., the theory of the absolute and other covers, locales, and frames, though we shallspecifically address only one of these connections here in an appendix. Now we study the categorical monomorphisms in SpFi. Of course, these monomorphisms need not be one-to-one. For general SpFi we derive a criterion for monicity which is rather inconclusive, but still permits some applications. For the category LSpFi of spaces with Lindelof filters, meaning filters with a base of Lindelof, or cozero, sets, the criterion becomes a real characterization with several foci (C(X), Baire sets, etc.), and yielding a full description of the monofine coreflection and a classification of all the subobjects of a given (X, ℱ) ∈ LSpFi. Considerable attempt is made to keep the discussion “topological, ” i.e., within SpFi, and to not get involved with, e.g., frames. On the other hand, we do not try to avoid Stone duality. An appendix discusses epimorphisms in archimedean l-groups with unit, roughly dual to monics in LSpFi.
Development and validation of a preschool teachers' attitudes and beliefs toward science teaching questionnaire

Abstract Little is known about preschool teachers’ attitudes and beliefs toward science teaching, in part, because the field lacks valid and reliable measures of these teacher-related factors. To address this need, the current study developed and validated a rating scale (P-TABS) using a statewide sample of Head Start teachers ( N = 507). A series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Generalizability and invariance of the final factor solution was examined across important subgroups of the standardization sample (i.e., teacher ethnicity, education level, and years of teaching experience). Three distinct factors were identified (Teacher Comfort, Child Benefit, and Challenges), with strong evidence for validity found for the first two factors. The P-TABS expands the availability of reliable and valid assessment tools for measuring preschool teachers’ attitudes and beliefs toward science teaching and for examining how these teacher-related factors affect classroom practices and student outcomes.
Production potential of chia in northwestern Argentina

Abstract The agricultural economy of northwestern Argentina depends on sugar and tobacco. Recently, depressed prices for these crops have caused severe economic problems in the region. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a source of oil and food, is considered an alterative crop to help diversify and stabilize the local economy. A research project to demonstrate the potential production of chia was initiated in 1991. This paper presents results of intensive studies undertaken in 1995 at seven locations in three provinces in northwestern Argentina. Biomass production and total seed yields were greatly affected by seeding date. Seed production of the earliest seeded plot was significantly greater (882 kg/ha) than plots seeded 27 and 46 days later (450 and 437 kg/ha, respectively). Commercial fields averaged 541 kg/ha of seed yield. Oil content and fatty acid composition were affected by location and seeding date.
Quantification of ammonia oxidation rates and ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and bacteria at high resolution in the Gulf of California and eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean

Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms compete with phytoplankton for reduced nitrogen in the euphotic zone and provide oxidized nitrogen to other microbes present in the sea. We report 15NH z oxidation rate measurements made at 5–20-m resolution using an in situ array and quantification of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in corresponding samples from the upper water column and oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Gulf of California (GOC) and eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean (ETNP). 15NH z oxidation rates varied substantially with depth and between stations: they were greatest at the base of the euphotic zone, and maximum rates were up to 28-fold greater than rates measured within 5–10 m. Pyrosequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reactions (QPCR) indicated that AOA were present throughout the water column at all latitudes and always outnumbered AOB. AOB constituted only 39 of 432,240 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences produced via pyrosequencing but were more abundant at greater depths and higher latitudes. 15NH z oxidation rates were correlated with AOA abundance at some stations and were detectable in 96% of samples, including depths where oxygen concentrations were , 5 mmol kg21 and depths within the euphotic zone, where up to 42% of ammonia oxidation occurred. Ammonia is rapidly oxidized within discrete depth intervals in the GOC and ETNP; while pyrosequencing and QPCR demonstrate that AOB are confined to deeper portions of the water column, AOA appear to be active within the euphotic zone, where they may quickly respond to nitrogen inputs.
Experimental Verification of Two-Tone Amplification in Single Frequency Fiber Amplifiers

We present experimental verification of a novel technique to suppress SBS in narrow linewidth fiber amplifiers. This technique relies on seeding with a combination of broad- and narrow-linewidth laser beams allowing favorable laser gain competition.
AB initio studies on the thermodynamic stability of the icosahedral C60 molecule “buckminsterfullerene”

Large scale Hartree-Fock calculations were performed to estimate the thermodynamic stability of the recently proposed spheroidal C60 molecule (“Buckminsterfullerene”) relative to a sixty-atom single sheet of graphite. The molecular geometry as well as the ionization potential and electron affinity of the postulated compound were computed. The cohesive energy of the spheroidal C60molecule is computed to be higher than that of a sixty-atom single-layer graphite-like sheet.
Stereoselective S-nitrosocysteine recognition sites in rat brain

We examined the effects of intracisternal (i.c.) injections (10-250 nmol) of the L- and D-isomers of S-nitrosocysteine (L- and D-S-nitrosocysteine) on the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate of conscious rats, and the decomposition of L- and D-S-nitrosocysteine to nitric oxide (NO) upon addition to brain homogenates. The i.c. injection of L-S-nitrosocysteine produced initial falls in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate which were followed by increases in these parameters. The i.c. injection of D-S-nitrosocysteine did not produce initial falls in mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate but produced the subsequent increases in these parameters. L- and D-S-nitrosocysteine decomposed equally to NO. These results suggest that the initial effects of L-S-nitrosocysteine may be due to the activation of stereoselective recognition sites on brain neurons.
Effects of Social Environment on Play in Squirrel Monkeys: Resolving Harlequin's Dilemma

Yearling-male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were paired with play partners either matched or different from them in age and/or sex. The frequency of play was maintained at equally high levels with both matched and mismatched partners. However, play between mismatched partners was marked by an unusually high incidence of nondirectional wrestling, a less threatening form of playfighting, and an increase in role reversal, suggesting that youngsters had considerable flexibility in the use of alternate strategies to sustain play activity with partners who were atypical for them. These results also attest to the robustness of play and its importance in the behavioral repertoire. The technique of restricting youngsters to atypical play companions is suggested as an effective means of manipulating play, with minimal disruption of other social experiences, for long-term studies of the developmental impact of social play.
Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars

[1] The evolution of the Martian crustal dichotomy boundary, which separates the southern cratered highlands from the northern lowland plains by 1–3 km of elevation, remains among the fundamental outstanding issues in Mars research. For a study area at Aeolis Mensae we show that fretted terrain formed exclusively in a >2 km thick, late Noachian (∼3.7 Ga) sedimentary deposit that overlies the base of an older, cratered dichotomy boundary slope. In this equatorial study area, fretted terrain does not exhibit the debris aprons or lineated valley fills that are attributed to ground ice in otherwise similar, midlatitude fretted terrain in Arabia Terra. The massive deposit of fine sand or loess was probably transported from the north by wind and trapped against the precursor dichotomy slope, producing a similar initial form to the younger Medusae Fossae layered materials that occur east of Aeolis Mensae. Contemporary with the latest Noachian to early Hesperian decline in fluvial erosion, the fretting process likely initiated as the massive layer's indurated surface was compromised by fracture, cratering, or collapse into possible voids. In these depressions, grain impact or contact with water disaggregated the fine sedimentary materials, which were then largely deflated by wind. The fretting process largely ended when liquid water was no longer widely available for weathering during the early Hesperian period, although some degradation of the region by aeolian and slope processes has continued to the present.
Mathematical analysis of a novel bioartificial pancreas design for the control of type I diabetes

A novel spiral wound membrane sandwich (SWMS) design for an implantable bioartificial pancreas is presented and is numerically evaluated using a comprehensive model of the glucose-insulin kinetics within the device. The spiral blood flow pattern in this design induces a convective flow of blood ultrafiltrate directly through the islet chamber. Use of ultrafiltration in addition to diffusion allows rapid transmission of blood glucose changes to the islet chamber and efficient transport of insulin from the islet chamber back to the blood stream. Simulation results suggest that the implantable bioartificial pancreas design presented in this paper may offer a means of improving the control of blood glucose levels in type I diabetics.
Raman scattering from tuneable hot phonons and polaritons

Abstract We report the observation of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering from angular tuneable hot phonons and polaritons which have been pumped in uniaxial RbClO3 crystals by a Q-switched CO2 laser and probed with a c.w. argon ion laser.
Aphid feeding deterrency of ellagitannins, their phenolic hydrolysis products and related phenolic derivatives

Feeding deterrent activities of ellagic acid, two ellagitannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, and several gallic acid derivatives towards three species of aphids were determined. The most sensitive species tested was Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), the least sensitive was Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was of intermediate sensitivity. Ellagic acid (ED50 = 15 ppm) and n-decyl gallate (ED50 = 16 ppm) were particularly potent against S. graminum, while n-octyl gallate was the most active compound tested against A. pisum (ED50 = 182 ppm) and M. persicae (ED50 = 56 ppm). The ellagitannins, geraniin and pedunculagin, were active against S. graminum and M. persicae, but not against A. pisum. Methylation of the free hydroxyl groups of gallic acid resulted in a large decrease in activity, while esterification of its carboxyl group with alkyl chains of increasing length resulted in increasing activity against S. graminum. Against A. pisum and M. persicae, ellagic acid, gallic acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid were inactive, whereas pyrogallol and the gallate esters were at least moderately active as feeding deterrents. Resume Action repulsive des ellagitanins, de leurs produits phenoliques d'hydrolyse et de derives phenoles voisins, sur les pucerons. L'examen a porte sur l'action repulsive, lors de l'alimentation de trois especes de pucerons, de l'acide ellagique, de deux ellagitanins, de l'acide gallique, du pyrogallol et de plusieurs derives de l'acide gallique. Schizaphis graminum Rondani a ete l'espece la plus sensible, tandis que Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris a ete la moins sensible; la sensibilite de Myzus persicae Sulzer etait intermediaire. L'acide ellagic (ED50 = 15 ppm) et le n-decyl gallate (ED50 = 16 ppm) ont ete particulierement actifs contre S. graminum, tandis que le n-octyl gallate a ete le produit le plus actif contre A. pisum (ED50 = 182 ppm) et M. persicae (ED50 = 56 ppm). Les ellagitanins, geraniine et pedunculagine ont ete actifs contre S. graminum et M. persicae, mais pas contre A. pisum. La methylation des groupes hydroxyl libres de l'acide gallique a reduit fortement l'activite, tandis qul'esterification de son groupe carboxyl avec des chaines alkyl de longuers croissantes a augmente l'activite contre S. graminum. Les acides ellagique, gallique et 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoique ont ete inactifs contre A. pisum et M. persicae, tandis que le pyrogallol et les esters de gallate on ete pour le moins des repulsifs moderement actifs au cours de l'alimentation.
A helicopter terrain following system for terminal area operations

This paper discusses the terminal area guidance and terrain following system developed for the USAF HH-60A Night Hawk Search and Rescue Helicopter. A Multi-Mode Radar and three-cue Flight Path Vector Director provide a terrain following capability at all airspeeds, allowing a decelerating approach to a hover over varying terrain to a designated point. Properties of the terrain following design are discussed. Simulation results using the NASA Ames piloted Vertical Motion Simulator are presented.
Predicting preschoolers’ attachment security from parenting behaviours, parents’ attachment relationships and their use of social support

Associations between preschoolers’ attachment security, parenting behaviours (i.e. parent–child involvement, parenting consistency and co‐parenting consistency) and parenting context (i.e. parents’ internal working models (IWMs) and use of social support) were examined in a sample of 235 culturally diverse families. The authors predicted that parenting behaviours would mediate associations between children’s attachment security and less proximal parenting context. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires regarding their parenting behaviours, IWMs of adult relationships, their use of social support and an attachment Q‐List to assess their children’s attachment security. Parenting behaviours mediated the relationship between parenting context and children’s attachment security. Findings support an ecological view of children’s attachment security within a multilayered system.
A novel 3D visualization tool for large-scale neural networks

For neuroscientists, understanding the physiological processes behind memory, learning, and cognition is paramount. By developing computational models of the brain, scientists can simulate how neurons interact with each other to give rise to mental faculties. However, these models often require technical expertise to simulate and are often hard to analyze due to the lack of comprehensive visualization tools. This open source, cross platform software package attempts to abstract the complex setup and analysis of neural simulations by providing a convenient, easy to use graphical interface for managing large-scale models. This tool couples with the Neocortical Simulator (NCS) [1] developed at the Brain Computation Laboratory to allow easy simulation and visualization of neurons and synapses in real time. Upon starting the application, a user can choose to launch a new simulation or connect to a running simulation given proper login credentials. If choosing to launch a new simulation, the user simply provides a file containing the model to be run and identifies which defined attributes (e.g. firing rates, synaptic strengths, membrane potentials) are to be visualized. Once the model has been specified, the user can manually select what available hardware (CPU & GPU) the simulation should be distributed across or choose to distribute among available hardware using a predefined template. Once the simulation is initiated, the user can render the current network state in 3D, visualizing the complete network hierarchy including synapses, neurons, and networks of neurons. Model defined attributes attached to components of the network hierarchy are represented visually by coloring the components they describe. The user interface provides full customization of all attribute coloration schemes allowing for powerful visualization of the full attribute domain. The application also contains a myriad of additional features (e.g. data logging, video capture, attribute graphing, and camera paths). This software is capable of powerfully visualizing neural simulations without requiring expensive computer hardware; it can render large scale simulations (over 100,000 neurons and 250,000 synapses) on some mid-range laptops, as shown in Figure ​Figure1.1. The only current hardware restriction imposed on users is that the host system must contain a modern GPU capable of running at least an OpenGL 3.3 context which is nearly ubiquitous among modern computers. Overall, this novel tool provides an easy way to analyze neural activities and manage large-scale models during real-time simulations. Figure 1 Visualization Example. The user interface widget shown in (A) dictates an example of the model-defined attributes being rendered for the connections (synapses) and neurons in addition to the current coloration for each attribute. An example of a 50,000 ...
Off-the-shelf inverted pendulum: Full implementation

Inertial positioning systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, from simple video games to high end consumer goods. This project capitalizes on the commoditization of these sophisticated electronics to offer a new approach to the inverted pendulum. Using readily available consumer grade equipment, the project implements several highly sophisticated features to ease the testing of theoretical control system techniques. The sensor data input handling has a sample rate of more than 2kHz, operating on an 8-core micro-controller. The system also transmits telemetry data wirelessly using a custom built networking protocol to monitoring and command software running on Mac OS X. All software in this project has been released as open source. Ultimately, this project will provide an ideal low-cost test bed for the development and testing of nonlinear control systems in mechatronics.
Activation of IL-1 signaling pathway in Schwann cells during diabetic neuropathy.

Abstract: Our results show activation of the IL-1 signaling pathway in Schwann cells (SC), prior to and during early stages of diabetic neuropathy, thus suggesting its role in the initiation of SC-axonal miscommunication.
Determination of specific gravity of green Pinus taeda samples by near infrared spectroscopy: comparison of pre-processing methods using multivariate figures of merit

Near infrared diffuse reflectance was used for the determination of specific gravity in green Pinus taeda L. wood samples representing simulated increment cores obtained at breast height and merchantable green logs. The effects of using three pre-processing methods (second derivative, multiplicative scatter correction, and orthogonal signal correction) to reduce the scatter observed in the original spectra were evaluated. The effectiveness of each method was assessed in terms of the average predictive ability of the models and in terms of multivariate figures of merit derived from net analyte signal theory. Specific gravity was successfully modeled using green wood samples. No differences in predictive ability among models were found, although more parsimonious regressions were obtained using transformed spectra. The incorporation of figures of merit for the characterization of calibration models proved to be a valuable tool for understanding the effects of the pre-processing alternatives on the final results.
A Global Heat Transfer Model for a New Silicon Crystal Growth System

To suppress turbulent flow in a large silicon melt, Drs. Ciszek and Wang at NREL have proposed and patented a new Czochralski (CZ) growth furnace that has a shallow melt. To supply silicon to a shallow melt for long ingot growth, a crucible with partitions has been designed which allows continuous growth of a crystal by feeding silicon pellets into a dedicated compartment of the crucible. In this paper, temperature distributions in the entire furnace are simulated for the new system in a simplified manner as the first step to compare with those more sophisticated simulation results on a conventional CZ growth system. The effects of power level of individual heaters on temperature distribution in the melt are discussed. The simulation results show that a favorable temperature distribution can be obtained in the new furnace through changing the power ratio of the side and bottom heaters.Copyright © 2002 by ASME