cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of one-dimensional traveling waves in inverse and normal fluidized beds

Abstract The state of uniform fluidization is usually unstable to small disturbances, and this can lead to the formation of vertically traveling voidage waves. In inverse fluidization, when particle density is less than fluid density ( ρ s ρ f ), particles fluidize in the direction of gravity when the drag force exerted by the fluid overcomes buoyancy. Inverse fluidization thus provides a unique parameter space, which augments the study of instability behavior in normal fluidization when ρ f ρ s . Using continuum equations of continuity and motion, we compared the linear stability of normal and inverse bed modes to examine the effect of the Froude number (Fr) and fluid to solid density ratio ( δ = ρ f / ρ s ). Making use of numerical bifurcation analysis and continuation, periodic solutions in the form of one-dimensional traveling waves (1D-TWs) were computed. Based on wave growth rates and bifurcation structure, we identified the Fr as an important parameter for predicting instability strength. However, δ affects instability onset, or the point at which the base state is rendered unstable. In the case studies we examined, traveling waves were shown to propagate in the direction of fluidization, and asymmetrical, high amplitude 1D-TW profiles suggest fully developed bubble-like structures are oriented in the direction of fluidization.
Trout Use of Woody Debris and Habitat in Appalachian Wilderness Streams of North Carolina

Abstract Wilderness areas in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina are set aside to preserve characteristics of both old-growth and second-growth forests and associated streams. Woody debris loadings, trout habitat, and trout were inventoried in three southern Appalachian wilderness streams in North Carolina by the basin-wide visual estimation technique. Two streams in old-growth wilderness areas contained more large woody debris (LWD, diameter >10 cm) and more and smaller pools and riffles than did a stream in a second-growth area managed as wilderness. Furthermore, the size distribution of woody debris in the second-growth stream was skewed to smaller size-classes than that in the old-growth streams. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout Salmo trutta in the three streams were always found in habitat units that had large amounts of LWD but were present in only 70–90% of the large number of units with little or no LWD. In the absence of high fishing pr...
Recurrent seizures induced by potassium in the penicillin treated hippocampus.

Abstract The effects of elevated levels of topically applied K+ on the penicillin treated cat hippocampi were evaluated. During moderately long exposures (20 min to 3 h) to K+ = 12 meq/1 recurrent seizures followed by postictal depressions occured which were stable in incidence over the period of application. When the K+ concentration was increased the frequency of occurence of the seizures increased and the duration of the postictal depression decreased becoming less than 0.1 min at K+ = 16 meq/1 in most animals. At 20 meq/1 it was often difficult to distinguish clear ictal episodes as high frequency spikes persisted throughout the period of exposure. Exposure of the hippocampi to ouabain 1 × 10−5M resulted in effects similar to those seen with increasing K+ concentrations. The effects of sudden increases and decreases in K+ concentration were abrupt; even when the exposure time to elevated K+ was brief there was elimination of the postictal depression as well as more rapid occurrence of the subsequent seizure. D.C. potential shifts of the hippocampal surface occurred during each ictal episode resulting in cyclic changes during recurrent ictal episodes. These results are of interest particularly as they might relate to K+ interaction with an electrogenic pump, both at the time of seizure onset and termination.
ADVECTIVE HEAT TRANSPORT BY LOW-TEMPERATURE DISCHARGE IN THE OREGON CASCADES

In the central Oregon Cascades there is a large region of near-zero near-surface heat flux due to downward and lateral flow of groundwater. Within this region, there are numerous large cold springs. Despite the low temperatures of the springs, about 3.5 °C, the heat discharged at the springs is equivalent to a mean heat flux of 56 mW/m 2 and represents approximately half the background heat flux. The rest of the background geothermal heat is advected laterally and discharged at lower elevations.
Expansion of the Linear Boltzmann Operator

The Boltzmann linear operator is expanded such that the successive terms in the expansion may be readily interpreted as corresponding to successive kinetic-theoretical corrections. Applications to noise spectra are given. (L.N.N.)
Steam reforming of ethanol/gasoline mixtures: Deactivation, regeneration and stable performance

Abstract The steam reforming of 85% pure ethanol, 15% gasoline (E85) with and without sulfur was studied over a bimetallic precious metal (Rh/Pt) catalyst deposited on a ceramic monolith. Tests performed at low space velocities (22,000 h−1) confirmed that the catalyst could achieve 100% ethanol and gasoline conversion to equilibrium concentrations of H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 with no signs of deactivation for at least 110 h reforming a sulfur-free E85 fuel. In the presence of 5 ppm sulfur the catalyst maintained 100% ethanol and 100% gasoline conversion for approximately 22 h before rapid deactivation resulted in ethanol conversion values below 21%. TPO analysis established large carbon deposits had formed on the catalyst surface demonstrating that sulfur promoted carbon formation. Following such extensive deactivation full activity was recovered after treating the catalyst with air; however subsequent deactivation occurred more rapidly indicating that some amount of permanent damage had occurred. A process with preemptive regeneration via air treatment was studied and it was found to extend the period of stable activity.
A lack-of-fit test for parametric zero-inflated Poisson models

Count data often contain many zeros. In parametric regression analysis of zero-inflated count data, the effect of a covariate of interest is typically modelled via a linear predictor. This approach imposes a restrictive, and potentially questionable, functional form on the relation between the independent and dependent variables. To address the noted restrictions, a flexible parametric procedure is employed to model the covariate effect as a linear combination of fixed-knot cubic basis splines or B-splines. The semiparametric zero-inflated Poisson regression model is fitted by maximizing the likelihood function through an expectation–maximization algorithm. The smooth estimate of the functional form of the covariate effect can enhance modelling flexibility. Within this modelling framework, a log-likelihood ratio test is used to assess the adequacy of the covariate function. Simulation results show that the proposed test has excellent power in detecting the lack of fit of a linear predictor. A real-life da...
Rechargeable thin-film lithium batteries

Rechargeable thin-film batteries consisting of lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have been fabricated and characterized. These include LiTiS2, LiV2O5, and LiLixMn 2O4 cells with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5 V, 3.7 V, and 4.2 V, respectively. The realization of these robust cells, which can be cycled thousands of times, was possible because of the stability of the amorphous lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride. This material has a typical composition of Li3.3PO3.8N0.22 and a conductivity at 25°C of 2 microS/cm. The thin-film cells have been cycled at 100% depth of discharge using current densities of 5 to 100 microA/cm2. Over most of the charge-discharge range, the internal resistance appears to be dominated by the cathode, and the major source of the resistance is the diffusion of Li+ ions from the electrolyte into the cathode. Chemical diffusion coefficients were determined from ac impedance measurements.
Thermoset resin microstructure by gel-permeation chromatography: an anhydride-cured epoxy

Abstract Gel-permeation chromatography was used to characterize at the molecular level the extract fraction leached from cured, thermoset epoxy resin matrixes within filament wound E-glass composites. Monomer concentrations defined the extent of reaction. Oligomeric population density distributions, coupled with step-growth, kinetic reaction theory, defined cross-link average molecular weight. Cross-link architecture was confirmed via measurements by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy of the complex moduli. The average size of macromolecules within the network structure was also estimated. Our research demonstrates that gel-permeation chromatography is an effective technique for the characterization of network structures within thermoset resins.
Carbon nanotube synthesis on catalytic metal alloys in methane/air counterflow diffusion flames

Abstract Various morphologies of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are grown catalytically on metal-alloy probes in counterflow diffusion flames using methane as fuel. Carbon nanotube (CNT) properties and morphologies are investigated as functions of local gas-phase temperatures, C-related species concentrations (e.g. C2H2, CO), sampling positions, C2H2 adding to the fuel, and metal-alloy compositions (i.e., Fe, Fe/Cr, Ni/Cu, Ni/Ti, Ni/Cr, Ni/Cr/Fe). MWNTs grow optimally in non-sooty regions of the flames. C2H2 addition is found to promote direct synthesis of vertically well-aligned MWNTs with uniform diameters from Ni/Cr/Fe and Ni/Ti alloys.
Color, reference, and expertise in language acquisition.

Abstract In learning the meaning of a new term, children need to fix its reference, learn its conventional meaning, and discover the meanings with which it contrasts. To do this, children must attend to adult speakers—the experts—and to their patterns of use. In the domain of color, children need to identify color terms as such, fix the reference of each one, and learn how each is used in the language. But color is a property, and terms for properties appear to be more difficult to grasp than do those for objects, actions, and relations. Although children find some domains easier to learn than others, they depend in each case on the expertise of adult speakers.
Effect of heparin modification on its circular dichroism spectrum.

Summary The effect of modification of the carboxyl groups of high affinity heparin was investigated. The binding affinity toward antithrombin III decreases in the following order: Heparin > heparin methyl ester > heparinylglycine > heparinylglycine methyl ester. This result agrees qualitatively with the previous studies using unfractionated heparin. Esterification of the carboxyl groups (i.e., HME) does not affect the CD profile of heparin at 210 nm but introduction of a bulkier glycine methyl ester (i.e., HGME) leads to formation of a very intense band at 235 nm. Based on reported CD analyses of uronic acid derivatives and our model building studies, it is concluded that the large difference in CD spectra of HGME as compared to unmodified heparin and HME is due to a change in ring conformation of the uronic acid moiety (i.e., 4 C 1 to 1 C 4 or vice versa).
Mechanism Of Interaction Between The Volatile Anesthetic Halothane And A Model Ion Channel Protein: Fluorescence And Infrared Spectroscopy Employing A Cyano-phenylalanine Probe And Molecular Dynamics Simulation

We demonstrate that cyano-phenylalanine (PheCN) can be utilized to probe the binding of the inhalational anesthetic halothane to a model ion channel protein hbAP-PheCN possessing a designed binding cavity. The Trp to PheCN mutation adjacent the cavity alters neither the α-helical conformation nor the 4-helix bundle structure. The halothane binding properties of hbAP-PheCN, based on fluorescence quenching, are consistent with those of the Trp-prototype, hbAP1. The dependence of fluorescence lifetime on halothane concentration implies a one-dimensional diffusion of halothane along the nonpolar core of the protein bundle. Consequently, the fluorescence quenching is dynamic at lower halothane concentrations, becoming static at higher concentrations. The 4-helix bundle structure present in aqueous detergent solution and at the air-water interface, is preserved in multilayer films of hbAP-PheCN, enabling vibrational spectroscopy of both the protein backbone and its nitrile label (-CN). The -CN stretching vibration exhibits a largely reversible blue-shift upon halothane binding.The complexity of this 4-helix bundle protein, where four PheCN probes are present adjacent to the designed binding site within each bundle, all contributing to the infrared absorption, requires molecular dynamics simulation to interpret the infrared results. Decomposition of the forces acting on the nitrile probes indicates that -CN's blue shift arises from the halothane induced changes in the probes' electrostatic protein environment averaged over the four probe oscillators. Although halothane remains localized within the binding cavity, it undergoes significant translational and rotational motion, modulated by the interaction of halothane's -CF3 group with backbone hydrogen atoms of residues forming the cavity. This halothane-backbone interaction strongly outweighs the halothane-probe interaction, making -CN a good “spectator” probe of the halothane-protein interaction.
On the Evolution of Marine Mammal Hunting on the West Coast of North America

Abstract The recovery of seal and sea lion remains from archaeological sites has, traditionally, resulted in inferences of seaworthy canoes and sophisticated technology. But seals and sea lions are amphibious and during their breeding season can often be preyed upon by terrestrially bound predators. Hildebrandt and Jones (1992) recently suggested that prehistoric exploitation of seals and sea lions along the coast of California and Oregon resulted in the destruction of all mainland rookeries for some species and a concomitant shift in subsistence pursuits to focus on other marine mammal taxa. Statistical analyses of available zooarchaeological data indicate those data do not completely support their contention. Some of the samples display the hypothesized pattern of changes in taxonomic abundances, but some do not. Two sites on the Oregon coast suggest some rookeries may have existed on or very near the mainland into the historic period.
A manual-based intervention to address clinical crises and retain patients in the Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS)

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a manual-based intervention to address clinical crises and retain participants in the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS). Method: The use of adjunct services for attrition prevention (ASAP) is described for adolescents (ages 12-17 years) during the 12-week acute treatment in TADS, from 2000 to 2003. Logistic regression, controlling for site, was used to predict use. Results: Of 439 enrolled participants, 17.8% ( n = 78) used ASAP primarily for suicidality or worsening of depression. Of these, 46.2% continued in their assigned treatment through week 12, 47.4% received out-of-protocol treatment but continued participating in assessments, and 10.3% withdrew consent, including 3 who terminated treatment and withdrew consent on the same date. ASAP use did not differ between treatments ( p =.97) and typically occurred early in treatment. At the end of the 12 weeks, 37.2% of participants using ASAP remained in their assigned treatment, although 80.8% continued participating in assessments. ASAP was associated with, at baseline, a higher severity of depression ( p p p Conclusions: ASAP may be useful to retain adolescent participants and as a safety intervention in placebo-controlled trials. In clinical practice ASAP-like procedures may be useful to encourage adherence in patients engaging in long-term treatment. Clinical trial registration information-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00006286.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Cutaneous Lymphadenoma

Cutaneous lymphadenoma clinically present as pink papules or plaques resembling a basal cell carcinoma on the head and neck of young adults. Surgical excision is the treatment for these benign tumors. Cutaneous lymphadenoma may occur in an anatomically sensitive area, where margin control and conservative excision are indicated. Although not previously described in the literature, Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a treatment option for cutaneous lymphadenoma. We present a series of three individuals with cutaneous lymphadenoma treated with MMS.
Solvent effect on the morphology of P3HT/PCBM films

This work reports the study of solvent effects on the morphology for P3HT/PCBM films using chlorobenzene, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene and 1, 3-dichlorobenzene. Although extensive research has been focused on investigating devices using chlorobenzene and 1, 2-dichlorobenzene and it was found that 1, 2-dichlorobenzene led to an improved device performance, little work has been conducted in the morphology by comparing films fabricated via chlorobenzene, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene and 1, 3-dichlorobenzene. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to study the film morphology using chlorobenzene, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene and 1, 3-dichlorobenzene as solvents. Initial studies showed that the size of nanocrystallites in 1, 2-dichlorobenzene based films is smaller than nanoclusters in the other two films. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) images, which were used to figure out the electron transport pathway, together with AFM images, showed the solvent effect on the morphology of these films. In addition, obvious red shifts were observed in the UV-Vis absorption spectra for the P3HT/PCBM blend from 1, 3-dichlorobenzene and 1, 2-dichlorobenzene compared to the one from chlorobenzene.
Upper limit on flux of cosmic-ray monopoles obtained with a three-loop superconductive detector

A three-loop superconductive monopole detector has been continuously operated for over 150 days. Its sensing area is 476 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ (71 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ loop area and 405 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ near-miss area) for double coincidence events. The data, which contain no candidate events, set an upper limit of 3.7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (90% C.L.) for monopoles of any mass and at any velocity passing through the Earth's surface.
PTTG1 overexpression in adrenocortical cancer is associated with poor survival and represents a potential therapeutic target

Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is associated with poor survival rates. The objective of the study was to analyze ACC gene expression profiling data for prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods We profiled 44 ACC and 4 normal adrenals on Affymetrix U133 Plus 2 expression microarrays. Pathway and transcriptional enrichment analysis was performed. Protein levels were determined by Western blot. Drug efficacy was assessed against ACC cell lines. Previously published expression datasets were analyzed for validation. Results Pathway enrichment analysis identified marked dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases and mitosis. Overexpression of PTTG1, which encodes securin, a negative regulator of p53, was identified as a marker of poor survival. Median survival for patients with tumors expressing high PTTG1 levels (log2 ratio of PTTG1 to average β-actin P Conclusion Overexpression of PTTG1 is correlated with poor survival in ACC. PTTG1/securin is a prognostic biomarker and warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.
Comparison of maximal myocardial blood flow during adenosine infusion with that of intravenous dipyridamole in normal men

Objective. This study compared quantitatively the efficacy of intravenous adenosine and dipyridamole for pharmacologic induction of myocardial hyperemia. Background. Pharmacologic vasodilation is used increasingly for induction of myocardial hyperemia in conjunction with radionuclide imaging of myocardial blood flow. Although both intravenous dipyridamole and adenosine have been used, the magnitude of hyperemia induced by these agents and the hyperemia to baseline blood flow ratios have not been quantified and compared. Methods. Twenty normal volunteers were studied with dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) and intravenous nitrogen-13 ammonia. Myocardial blood flow was quantified with a two-compartment tracer kinetic model. Results. Myocardial blood flow at rest averaged 1.1 ± 0.2 ml/min per g and increased significantly to 4.4 ± 0.9 ml/min per g during adenosine and 43 ± 1.3 ml/min per g after dipyridamole administration. Hyperemia to baseline flow ratios averaged 4.3 ± 1.6 for adenosine and 4.0 ± 1.3 for dipyridamole. The average flow ratios and the maximal flows achieved were similar for both agents, but there was considerable variation in the individual response to these agents, as indicated by the range of hyperemia to baseline flow ratios (from 2.0 to 8.4 for adenosine and from 1.5 to 5.8 for dipyridamole). in addition, the hyperemic responses to dipyridamole and to adenosine differed by > 1 ml/min per g in nine subjects. Conclusions. Despite these inter- and istraindividual differences, we conclude that both agents are equally effective in producing myocardial hyperemia.
Preparation and Properties of Low Density Replica Carbon Foams

Low density foams are, used for a variety of applications, including catalytic supports, battery anodes, microporous membranes, and laser fusion targets. The technique for making replica carbon foams described in this paper has been previously reported and involves a process in which an inorganic substrate (sodium chloride) is infused with a carbonizable polymer. After carbonization, the substrate is removed by a leaching process and the wet foam is dried; the resultant foam is referred to as replica carbon. This paper describes improvements in the processing which result in a smaller pore size and improved foam homogeneity. The original substrate is the single most important factor affecting the resultant structure. Techniques to improve the uniformity of the substrate and the translation of substrate anomalies into the final product are described. In addition, correlations observed between the original particle size distribution of a variety of different salts as compared to the final pore size of the resultant foam are discussed.
Epithelial exposure to hypoxia modulates neutrophil transepithelial migration.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are central to the pathogenesis of a number of intestinal diseases. PMN-induced damage to the protective epithelium occurs in hemorrhagic shock, necrotizing enterocolitis and conditions resulting in intestinal reperfusion injury. In such diseases, tissue hypoxia has been implicated as a pathophysiologic mediator. Thus, we hypothesized that exposure of intestinal epithelia to hypoxia may modulate PMN-epithelial interactions. In this study, T84 cell monolayers, a human intestinal crypt cell line, and isolated human PMN were used to examine the influence of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) on PMN transepithelial migration. Confluent T84 cell monolayers were exposed to hypoxia (range 2-21% O2 for 0-72 h) and reoxygenated with buffer containing PMN. Transmigration of PMN (basolateral to apical orientation) was driven by a transepithelial gradient of the chemotactic peptide tMLP. In response to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), transmigration into, and across epithelial monolayer was increased in a dose- (EC50 approximately 7% O2) and time-dependent fashion (3.5 +/- 0.3-fold increase at 2% O2 for 48 h, P 80% decreased in the presence of cycloheximide) and could be inhibited by addition of functionally inhibitory antibodies to the PMN beta 2 integrin CD11b/18 (> 80% attenuated) and to CD47 (> 90% decreased compared to control). Hypoxia induced epithelial production and basolateral release of the PMN activating chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8, nearly sixfold increase over normoxic control) which remained avidly associated with the epithelial matrix. Treatment of epithelial cells with IL-8 antisense oligonucleotides resulted in decreased monolayer-associated PMN but did not influence PMN transmigration, suggesting that epithelial IL-8 production may serve as a recruitment signal for PMN to the basal surface of polarized epithelia. The present observations indicate that H/R provides a relevant stimulus for novel biochemical crosstalk between epithelia and PMN.
CD40 Signaling in Macrophages Induces Activity against an Intracellular Pathogen Independently of Gamma Interferon and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates

Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is the major inducer of classical activation of macrophages. Classically activated mouse macrophages acquire antimicrobial activity that is largely dependent on the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. However, protection against important intracellular pathogens can take place in the absence of IFN-gamma and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). Using Toxoplasma gondii as a model, we investigated if CD40 signaling generates mouse macrophages with effector function against an intracellular pathogen despite the absence of priming with IFN-gamma and lack of production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. CD40-stimulated macrophages acquired anti-T. gondii activity that was not inhibited by a neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody but was ablated by the neutralization of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Moreover, while the induction of anti-T. gondii activity in response to CD40 stimulation was unimpaired in macrophages from IFN-gamma(-/-) mice, macrophages from TNF receptor 1/2(-/-) mice failed to respond to CD40 engagement. In contrast to IFN-gamma-lipopolysaccharide, CD40 stimulation did not induce NOS2 expression and did not trigger production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Neither N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine nor diphenyleneiodonium chloride affected the induction of anti-T. gondii activity in response to CD40. Finally, macrophages from NOS2(-/-) mice acquired anti-T. gondii activity in response to CD40 stimulation that was similar to that of macrophages from wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that CD40 induces the antimicrobial activity of macrophages against an intracellular pathogen despite the lack of two central features of classically activated macrophages: priming with IFN-gamma and production of reactive nitrogen intermediates.
Second ACM workshop on hot topics in software upgrades (HotSWUp 2009)

The goal of HotSWUp is to identify cutting-edge research ideas for implementing software upgrades. In the presence of modified user requirements, deployment environments, and bug fixes, actively-used software must be upgraded continuously to ensure its utility and safety. The upgrades incorporate changes to the structure, behavior, configuration, data, or topology of a computer system. Whether applied offline or directly to a live system, such upgrades may have a significant impact on the performance and reliability of the software. Indeed, recent studies and a large body of anecdotal evidence suggest that, in practice, upgrades are failure-prone and can lead to outages, data corruption or latent errors. These problems not only inconvenience end users - they create a significant burden for organizations due to the associated downtime and high administrative costs.
Changes in regulatory phosphorylation of Cdc25C Ser287 and Wee1 Ser549 during normal cell cycle progression and checkpoint arrests.

Entry into mitosis is catalyzed by cdc2 kinase. Previous work identified the cdc2-activating phosphatase cdc25C and the cdc2-inhibitory kinase wee1 as targets of the incomplete replication-induced ...
Frozen section of skin specimens.

Abstract Context.—Skin cancers are the most common malignancies in this country. Treatment of these tumors often involves assessment of margins, which may be performed by frozen section. Objective.—This article discusses indications for frozen section, various approaches to gross examination of specimens, Mohs micrographic surgery, diagnostic pitfalls, methods to improve diagnostic accuracy, and special techniques. Data Sources.—The authors' extensive experience and review of the published literature. Conclusions.—Frozen sections play a vital role in the evaluation of margins of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. The role of frozen sections in evaluation of soft tissue tumors is controversial. With rare exception, they have no role in the evaluation of melanocytic tumors.
Distant Melodies: Statistical Learning of Nonadjacent Dependencies in Tone Sequences.

Human listeners can keep track of statistical regularities among temporally adjacent elements in both speech and musical streams. However, for speech streams, when statistical regularities occur among nonadjacent elements, only certain types of patterns are acquired. Here, using musical tone sequences, the authors investigate nonadjacent learning. When the elements were all similar in pitch range and timbre, learners acquired moderate regularities among adjacent tones but did not acquire highly consistent regularities among nonadjacent tones. However, when elements differed in pitch range or timbre, learners acquired statistical regularities among the similar, but temporally nonadjacent, elements. Finally, with a moderate grouping cue, both adjacent and nonadjacent statistics were learned, indicating that statistical learning is governed not only by temporal adjacency but also by Gestalt principles of similarity.
Application of image processing technology to 2-D signal processing (Abstract Only)

The analytical and processing developments in the field of Image Understanding over the last 15 years have led to the creation of a set of processing tools for the detection, characterization (feature extraction), and classification of 2 dimensional signals. This set of tools is applicable to 2 dimensional signals other than the traditional "image" type signals. In particular, for passive sonar detection processing several 2 dimensional signal transforms are generated from the 1 dimensional sensor time series data. These transforms are selected in order to concentrate signal energy locally within the 2 dimensional transform. A classic example is the Lofargram which is a grequency versus time transform of the time series data. If the acoutic source is emitting tones (for example from machinery) then the Lofargram will contain line like structures.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Functional analysis of embolism induced by air injection in Acer rubrum and Salix nigra

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of induced embolism with air injection treatments on the function of xylem in Acer rubrum L. and Salix nigra Marsh. Measurements made on mature trees of A. rubrum showed that pneumatic pressurization treatments that created a pressure gradient of 5.5 MPa across pit membranes (DPpit) had no effect on stomatal conductance or on branch-level sap flow. The same air injection treatments made on three year old potted A. rubrum plants also had no effect on whole plant transpiration. A separate study made on mature A. rubrum trees showed that 3.0 and 5.5 MPa of DPpit values resulted in an immediate 100% loss in hydraulic conductance (PLC) in petioles. However, the observed change in PLC was short lived and significant hydraulic recovery occurred within 5-10 minutes post air pressurization treatments. Similar experiments conducted on S. nigra plants exposed to DPpit of 3 MPa resulted in a rapid decline in whole plant transpiration followed by leaf wilting and eventual plant death, showing that this species lacks the ability to recover from induced embolism. A survey that measured the effect of air-pressurization treatments on seven other species showed that some species are very sensitive to induction of embolism resulting in leaf wilting and branch death while others show minimal to no effect despite that in each case, the applied DPpit of 5.5 MPa significantly exceeded any native stress that these plants would experience naturally.
The self as other: Creating the role of Joni the ethnographer for broken circles

Contemporary discussions of ethnographic research often draw attention to psychological and ethical problems centering on the observing ethnographer. Performance can be a valuable method for working through these problems. This essay describes the ways one performance helped me as an ethnographer work through such problems as objectivity, the marginalizing of the self, and the appropriation of another culture. In particular, it emphasizes how performance led to a more sophisticated understanding of myself as an African American, an academic, and a woman.
Trans-generational epistasis between Dnd1Ter and other modifier genes controls susceptibility to testicular germ cell tumors

The genetic basis for susceptibility to testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) has been remarkably elusive. Although TGCTs are the most common cancer in young men and have an unusually strong familial risk, only one low-frequency susceptibility gene has been identified for this highly multigenic trait. In tests to determine whether pairs of genetic variants act epistatically to modulate susceptibility in the 129/Sv mouse model of spontaneous TGCTs, we discovered an unusual mode of inheritance that involved interactions between different genes in different generations. Any of six genetic variants, in either the female or male parent interacted with the Dnd1 Ter mutation in male offspring to significantly increase both the frequency of affected Ter/+ males and the proportion of bilateral cases. Trans-generational epistasis is a novel mode of epigenetic inheritance that could account for the difficulty of finding TGCT susceptibility genes in humans and might represent a mechanism for transmitting information about genetic and environmental conditions from parents to offspring through the germline.
Incorporating student peer-review into an introduction to engineering design course

We report on a project to improve the teaching of engineering design at the junior level. Peer review of student work is an integral part of collaborative learning and reform-driven engineering education. Yet successfully implementing this pedagogical technique requires significant amounts of instructor and class time. Furthermore, if adequate formative assessment does not emerge from peer review, the experience may devolve into "busy work" in the eyes of the student. Here, we give early results from an NSF-funded study using Calibrated Peer Review (a Web-delivered, collaborative learning environment) to enhance learning in engineering design
Tspan-1 interacts with the thiamine transporter-1 in human intestinal epithelial cells and modulates its stability

The human thiamine transporter-1 (hTHTR-1) contributes to intestinal thiamine uptake, and its function is regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Nothing, however, is known about the protein(s) that may interact with hTHTR-1 and affects its cell biology and physiology. We addressed this issue in the present investigation using a bacterial two-hybrid system to screen a human intestinal cDNA library with the complete coding sequence of hTHTR-1 as a bait. Our results showed that a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins, Tspan-1, interacts with hTHTR-1. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pulldown assays confirmed the existence of such an interaction between hTspan-1 and hTHTR-1 in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, live cell confocal imaging demonstrated that hTspan-1 and hTHTR-1 colocalize in human intestinal epithelial HuTu-80 cells. The importance of the interaction between hTspan-1 and hTHTR-1 for cell biology of the thiamine transporter was examined in HuTu-80 cells stably expressing hTHTR-1. Coexpression of hTspan-1 in these cells led to a significant decrease in the rate of degradation of hTHTR-1 compared with cells expressing the hTHTR-1 alone; in fact the half-life of the hTHTR-1 protein was twice longer in the former cell type compared with the latter cell type (12 h vs. 6 h, respectively). This finding was also confirmed at the functional level when a significantly higher thiamine uptake was observed in cycloheximide-treated (6 h) cells expressing hTHTR-1 together with hTspan-1 compared with those expressing hTHTR-1 alone. These studies demonstrate for the first time that Tspan-1 is an interacting partner with hTHTR-1 and that this interaction affects hTHTR-1 stability.
Suppressing oriental fruit fly populations with phloxine B-protein bait sprays

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a tephritid fruit fly that is a serious pest of a wide range of tropical fruits. Populations of oriental and other fruit fly species are often suppressed by utilizing aerial or ground sprays of hydrolysed protein bait mixed with malathion. Although proven to be efficacious, spraying food bait mixed with malathion in urban areas is strongly opposed by the public because of perceived public health and environmental risks. To suppress the population level of oriental fruit fly in a guava orchard in Hawaii, we used the light-activated xanthene dye, phloxine B (2',4',5',7'-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachlorofluorescein, disodium salt), as an alternative to malathion in protein bait sprays. Because phloxine B must be ingested to be toxic, it is expected that phloxine B bait sprays will have less impact on non-target insects than the contact insecticide malathion. Evidence of suppression of oriental fruit fly population in the treatment orchard was provided by both protein bait trap catches and assessment of fruit infestation. This suppression was achieved even though there was an unsprayed guava orchard on two sides of the small (less than 2.0ha) sprayed orchard. These results, combined with results for other fruit fly species (presented elsewhere), indicate that phloxine B-protein bait sprays can be effective in suppressing populations of several different fruit fly species and that phloxine B is a potential replacement for malathion in bait sprays for tephritid fruit fly suppression/eradication programs.
Accelerated diabetic wound healing in a murine model with the application of multipotent human adipose derived stem cells

RESULTS: SSC expressed low level of MHC I, no CD80, CD86 or MHC II. SSC suppressed allogeneic T cell proliferation, IFNgamma production and inhibited stimulatory function of dendritic cells in MLR. In vivo, SSC and BM cells co-infused at 4 time-points (4xBM SSC) significantly delayed GVHD onset compared to 4xBM (p 0.0016) and enhanced donor hematopoietic cell engraftment. The 4xBM SSC group had significant prolongation in flap survival, compared to the 4xBM (p 0.0007) or to the CsA group (p 0.0006). Histopathologically, flap skin and muscle of 4xBM SSC recipients revealed less mononuclear cell infiltration and normal tissue architecture. Two animals (2xBM SSC and 1xBM SSC groups) recovered from GVHD and flaps were accepted. One rat (2xBM group) showed wound healing (POD 56) after initial rejection.
Mechanical performance of artificial pneumatic muscles to power an ankle–foot orthosis

We developed a powered ankle-foot orthosis that uses artificial pneumatic muscles to produce active plantar flexor torque. The purpose of this study was to quantify the mechanical performance of the orthosis during human walking. Three subjects walked at a range of speeds wearing ankle-foot orthoses with either one or two artificial muscles working in parallel. The orthosis produced similar total peak plantar flexor torque and network across speeds independent of the number of muscles used. The orthosis generated approximately 57% of the peak ankle plantar flexor torque during stance and performed approximately 70% of the positive plantar flexor work done during normal walking. Artificial muscle bandwidth and force-length properties were the two primary factors limiting torque production. The lack of peak force and work differences between single and double muscle conditions can be explained by force-length properties. Subjects altered their ankle kinematics between conditions resulting in changes in artificial muscle length. In the double muscle condition greater plantar flexion yielded shorter artificial muscles lengths and decreased muscle forces. This finding emphasizes the importance of human testing in the design and development of robotic exoskeleton devices for assisting human movement. The results of this study outline the mechanical performance limitations of an ankle-foot orthosis powered by artificial pneumatic muscles. This orthosis could be valuable for gait rehabilitation and for studies investigating neuromechanical control of human walking.
/sup 233/U levels populated in the. cap alpha. decay of /sup 237/Pu

The 45.3-day nuclide $^{237}\mathrm{Pu}$ decays primarily via electron capture. The only information available up to now concerning the nuclide's $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay properties has been the observation of two $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ groups with energies of 5.65 and 5.36 MeV. In the present study, the photon spectrum of $^{237}\mathrm{Pu}$ was investigated with x- and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray Ge(Li) detectors. A total of 21 transitions was found to belong to $^{237}\mathrm{Pu}$ decay; of these, 16 were assigned to its $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay branch. An $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay scheme was constructed on the bases of transition energy fits and known $^{233}\mathrm{U}$ levels (including some observed only in reaction studies). The amounts of direct $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay feedings were then calculated from intensity balances, and a total $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-branching of (4.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$% was deduced. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay hindrance factors identify the band heads of the $(\frac{5}{2})[752]$ and $(\frac{7}{2})[743]$ orbitals in $^{233}\mathrm{U}$ at 298.9 and 503.5 keV, respectively. Contrastingly, the $^{233}\mathrm{Pa}$ and $^{233}\mathrm{Np}$ decay studies had assigned the $(\frac{7}{2})[743]$ state to the level at 298.9 keV.RADIOACTIVITY $^{237}\mathrm{Pu}$, measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$; deduced $\ensuremath{\alpha}/\mathrm{electron}$-capture ratio. $^{233}\mathrm{U}$, deduced levels, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$.
What Do Dental Students Learn in an Ethics Course? An Analysis of Student-Reported Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this article is to report first-year dental students’ perceptions of their primary learning outcomes from a course in ethics and professionalism. Students were asked to identify one topic or theme from the course that might influence their professional practice. Responses from 232 students were analyzed according to the explicit topics taught in the course. The most commonly identified topics were confidentiality (21 percent), informed consent (21 percent), and obtaining assent from children and adolescents (19 percent). An ad hoc analysis of students’ narratives provides preliminary evidence that students perceive an increased awareness of their role and obligations as a professional immediately after a course in ethics and professionalism. The long-term influence of coursework in ethics and professionalism remains unknown.
Microaggressions Toward Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Genderqueer People: A Review of the Literature

Microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination, often unconscious or unintentional, that communicate hostile or derogatory messages, particularly to and about members of historically marginali...
Design, Build, and Testing of a Swept Back Free-Wing Aircraft

This paper describes the concept of a radio-controlled free-wing aircraft involving a wing sweep to retain sufficient control without sacrificing airfoil aerodynamic characteristics. The topics include the design process, fabrication, and wind tunnel testing. The free-wing concept allows the wings to freely rotate about a spanwise axis, independent of the fuselage. Previous attempts at free-wing design involved full-span control surfaces which negated the desired lift and moment properties of the wing airfoil shape required for aircraft stability. By incorporating a sweep back angle, thus effectively increasing the control moment arm, the control surface area is reduced to some outboard portion of the wings and the desired airfoil characteristics for inboard portion are preserved. Airfoil and wing geometries were determined using numerical aerodynamic software to investigate the lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) and moment coefficients. Wind tunnel testing is used to validate the numerical analysis data and equilibrium angle of attack for a range of control surface deflection angles as well as the propulsion system, fuselage, and tail configurations. Upon completion of wind tunnel testing, the complete free-wing aircraft is built and flight testing is conducted to determine the angle of attack of the fuselage as well as the incidence angle of the wing. Evaluation of flight test data will further confirm or refute the proposed design solutions.
Interlopers of empire: the Lebanese diaspora in colonial French West Africa

The arbitrary nature of colonial-era racial classification schemes is sometimes best revealed through an exploration of intermediary populations. In Interlopers of Empire, Arsan offers such an anal...
Influences of Stress Amplitude on Fatigue Behavior of As-annealed Mg-3Al-2Sc Alloy

The stress-controlled fatigue tests for the Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy after anneal treatment were carried out under different stress amplitudes.The effect of stress amplitude on the behavior of fatigue crack propagation and fracture mechanism was investigated.The results showed that,in the stress range of 12-75MPa and at the stress ratio of 0.2,fatigue fracture life of the Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy decreases and the fatigue crack growth rate increases with the increasing stress amplitude.The cleavage fracture is the main mechanism in the crack initiation stage of the alloy.In the crack propagation stage,the predominant fracture mode is the quasi-cleavage fracture.However,for the final fracture stage,the main fracture mode is quasi-cleavage fracture at lower stress amplitude,but the fracture mode is mainly micro-voids aggregation fracture at higher stress amplitude.
Reflections on Audit Supervision Function into Increasing the Decision-making Abilities of the Party Committee

Audit supervision plays an irreplaceable role in scientific and democratic decision-making system,and its special advantages-supervision and service,evaluation and verification functions,have important effects during the construction of fire forces.This paper explains the promotion,services,constraints and guarantee of audit supervision in the military units,aiming to help the staff improve the level of ability to perform their duties,and the audited entity establish a new system,standardized management level.