cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral interactions in the thermal desorption of H2 from clean Cu/Ni(110) alloy surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of hydrogen on a clean Cu10%/Ni90% (110) alloy single crystal was studied using flash desorption spectroscopy (FDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and work function measurements. Surface compositions were varied from 100% Ni to 35% Ni. The hydrogen chemisorption on a-surface of 100% nickel revealed strong attractive interactions between the hydrogen atoms in accordance with previous work on Ni(100). Three desorption states ( β 1 , β 2 and α ) appeared in the desorption spectra. The highest temperature ( α ) state was occupied only after the initial population of the β 2 -state. As the amount of copper was increased in the nickel substrate, desorption from the higher energy binding α -state was reduced, indicating a decrease in the attractive interactions among hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen coverage at saturation was not affected by the addition of copper to the nickel substrate until the copper concentration was greater than 25% at which a sharp reduction in saturation coverage occurred. This phenomenon was apparently due to the adsorption of hydrogen on Ni atoms followed by occupation of NiNi and CuNi bridged adsorption sites, while occupation of CuCu sites was restricted due to an energy barrier to migration.
Delay discounting of food and remifentanil in rhesus monkeys

Drug abuse can be conceptualized as choice between drug and nondrug reinforcers in which drug choice is excessive; factors impacting drug taking can be examined using procedures in which subjects choose between drug and an alternative reinforcer. This experiment examined the effects of delayed reinforcement on choice between food and the mu-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil. Rhesus monkeys responded under a concurrent fixed-ratio 5, fixed-ratio 5 schedule in which responding on one lever delivered one food pellet and responding on another lever delivered an i.v. infusion. With no delay, monkeys responded predominantly for food rather than saline or small doses of remifentanil; as the dose of remifentanil increased (0.1–1.0 μg/kg/infusion), monkeys responded more for drug. Delaying delivery (30–240 s) of 0.32 and not 1.0 μg/kg/infusion of remifentanil (food delivered immediately) decreased responding for drug and increased responding for food, resulting in a rightward shift in the remifentanil dose–effect curve. Delaying delivery of food (60–240 s) when doses of remifentanil smaller than 0.32 μg/kg/infusion (but not saline) were available decreased responding for food and increased responding for drug, resulting in a leftward shift in the remifentanil dose–effect curve. These results provide evidence that delaying the delivery of a mu-opioid receptor agonist reduces its potency as a positive reinforcer; more importantly, delaying the delivery of an alternative nondrug reinforcer (e.g., food) enhances the reinforcing potency of the agonist. Thus, understanding the factors that control substance abuse requires examination of contingencies for both drug and nondrug reinforcers.
Promise of Factor Xa Inhibition in Atrial Fibrillation

Randomized clinical trials have conclusively demonstrated that warfarin prevents stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. This evidence led the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the European Society of Cardiology to designate warfarin as a Class I indication in patients at moderate to high risk for stroke. Despite the evidence from randomized clinical trials and clear practice guidelines, warfarin is underutilized in many eligible patients. This is, at least in part, due to the many challenges associated with warfarin use that have led to the development of many new anticoagulants including direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors. In this article, we review the complexities of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation, underscoring the challenges related to warfarin use, and present an overview of new anticoagulants particularly, factor Xa inhibitors, with special emphasis on emerging data from randomized clinical trials on their efficacy and safety in the management of atrial fibrillation.
Practical Relevance of an Alternative Criterion in Estimation

Abstract Some pedagogical and practical examples, both univariate and bivariate, are given in which Pitman's measure of closeness is more relevant than mean squared error. The examples also illustrate interesting characteristics of Pitman's measure of closeness and provide some practical insight into the Rao—Berkson controversy in estimation theory. These examples are given in the hope that some moderation might be practiced in the teaching of mean squared error in modern statistical education.
An Experimental Study of WSN Power Efficiency: MICAz Networks with XMesh

This is an investigation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) using Memsic’s XMesh routing protocol on MICAz wireless motes. It focuses on the study of the practical aspects of WSNs’ power efficiency and network characteristics, which play a critical role in real-word WSN deployments for environmental monitoring. Based on an experimental study and following a quantitative approach, this work examines XMesh’s high power and low power operation modes and the data transmission intervals, among other factors. Route utilization was identified as a major contributor of the mote’s battery use. A field study was conducted as a point of comparison and the results obtained were comparable to the laboratory tests with regards to the battery life and the mote’s route utilization. The network reliability was found to be considerably lower in the field study. In addition, it was found that the original WSN gateway, used during the study, presented severe practical limitations regarding the system’s robustness and reliability. To address these problems, we present a solution based on our integrated network and data management system, which successfully facilitates the deployment of a new WSN gateway and significantly improves the operational robustness and reliability of the WSN system.
On the Universality of the Kolmogorov Constant in Numerical Simulations of Turbulence

Motivated by a recent survey of experimental data [K.R. Sreenivasan, Phys. Fluids, 2778 (1995)], we examine data on the Kolmogorov spectrum constant in numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence, using results both from previous studies and from new direct numerical simulations over a range of Reynolds numbers (up to 240 on the Taylor scale) at grid resolutions up to 5123. It is noted that in addition to k-5/3 scaling, identification of a true inertial range requires spectral isotropy in the same wavenumber range. We found that a plateau in the compensated three-dimensional energy spectrum at k eta ~ 0.1--0.2 , commonly used to infer the Kolmogorov constant from the compensated three-dimensional energy spectrum, actually does not represent proper inertial range behavior. Rather, a proper, if still approximate, inertial range emerges at k eta ~ 0.02-0.05 when R>sub /sub sub /sub sub /sub sub /sub< ~ 0.53 for C =1.62, in excellent agreement with experiments. However the one- and three-dimensional estimates are not fully consistent, because of departures (due to numerical and statistical limitations) from isotropy of the computed spectra at low wavenumbers. The inertial scaling of structure functions in physical space is briefly addressed. Since DNS is still restricted to moderate Reynolds numbers, an accurate evaluation of the Kolmogorov constant is very difficult. We focus on providing new insights on the interpretation of Kolmogorov 1941 similarity in the DNS literature and do not consider issues pertaining to the refined similarity hypotheses of Kolmogorov.
Mixed fluvial systems of the Messak Sandstone, a deposit of the Nubian lithofacies, southwestern Libya

Abstract The Messak Sandstone is a coarse-grained to pebbly, tabular-crossbedded deposit of the widespread nubian lithofacies. It was deposited during Late Jurassic and/or Early Cretaceous time at the northern edge of the Murzuq basin, in southwestern Libya. Although the sedimentary record is predominantly one of braided fluvial systems, a common subfacies within the formation is interpreted to record the passage of straight-crested sand waves across laterally migrating point bars in sinuous rivers, similar to parts of the modern Ganga and Yamuna rivers. Because the sand waves were larger on the lower parts of the point bar, lateral migration created diagnostic thinning-upward cosets of tabular crossbeds, as well as fining-upward grain-size trends. Common thick, interbedded claystones, deposited in associated paludal and lacustrine environments, and high variance in crossbed dispersion patterns, also suggest the local presence of sinuous fluvial systems within the overall braided regime. The Messak Sandstone contains some of the features that led to the proposal of an unconventional low-sinuosity fluvial environment for the Nubian lithofacies in Egypt, and the continuously high water levels of this model may explain channel-scale clay drapes and overturned crossbeds in the Messak. However, most of the Messak characteristics are incompatible with a low-sinuosity model, suggesting instead that the fluvial channels in the Murzuq basin alternated between braided and high-sinuosity channel patterns.
Dualities and the phase diagram of the p-clock model

Abstract A new “bond-algebraic” approach to duality transformations provides a very powerful technique to analyze elementary excitations in the classical two-dimensional XY and p-clock models. By combining duality and Peierls arguments, we establish the existence of non-Abelian symmetries, the phase structure, and transitions of these models, unveil the nature of their topological excitations, and explicitly show that a continuous U(1) symmetry emerges when p ⩾ 5 . This latter symmetry is associated with the appearance of discrete vortices and Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless-type transitions. We derive a correlation inequality to prove that the intermediate phase, appearing for p ⩾ 5 , is critical (massless) with decaying power-law correlations.
Biotransformations of (+/−)-geosmin by terpene-degrading bacteria

Two terpene-degrading bacteria able to transform (+/−)-geosmin have been identified. Pseudomonas sp. SBR3-tpnb, following growth on γ-terpinene, converts (+/−)-geosmin to several products; the major products are ketogeosmins. Rhodococcus wratislaviensis DLC-cam, isolated on d-camphor, also converts (+/−)-geosmin to several oxidation products, primarily ketogeosmins identical to those produced by strain SBR3-tpnb as well as hydroxygeosmins. This conversion appears to be inducible by (+/−)-geosmin and not by d-camphor.
Validity of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in children with pressure- or volume-loaded ventricles: comparison with echocardiographic left ventricular muscle mass.

To determine the correlation between electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and anatomy utilizing echocardiography in children with pressure- or volume-loaded left ventricles, we analyzed the preoperative ECG tracings of 19 patients who underwent surgery for significant aortic stenosis and 12 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization or surgery for clinically significant ventricular septal defects. We then compared them with a group of 21 normal controls. The left ventricular muscle mass in these patients was calculated from echocardiograms using the simplified cubed formula. Posterior and septal wall thickness and cavity size were significantly greater in the aortic stenosis group than in the normal group. Only cavity size was significantly greater in the ventricular septal defect group than in the normal group. Eighteen aortic stenosis patients (95%) and ten ventricular septal defect patients (83%) had a left ventricular muscle mass greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean for the normal group. Significant differences were found in the voltages of SV1+RV6 and in the voltage of RV6 alone between normals, aortic stenosis patients, and ventricular septal defect patientsregardless of age. Using conventional ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, the highest sensitivity in aortic stenosis patients (67%) and ventricular septal defect patients (60%) was modest. The likelihood ratio for a positive test in either group was the best for SV1+RV6 >98th centile for age; RV6>98th centile for age was the best single measurement. No correlation was found between voltage and any measurable hemodynamic or anatomic data. Conventional pediatric ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy have only modest sensitivity regardless of whether the heart is under pressure or volume load. Because left ventricular muscle mass can be precisely determined by echocardiography, these ECG criteria should be applied cautiously.
Requirement of protein synthesis for the coupling of histone mRNA levels and DNA replication.

Abstract H1 and core histone mRNA levels have been examined in the presence of portein synthesis inhibitors with different mechanisms of action. Total HeLa cell RNAs were analyzed by Northern Blot hybridization using cloned human histone genes as probes. Inhibition of DNA replication resulted in a rapid decline in histone mRNA levels. However, in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin, H1 and core mRNAs did not decrease in parallel with DNA synthesis, but were stabilized and accumulated. Inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea after the inhibition of protein synthesis did not lead to a decline in histone mRNA levels. These results suggest that synthesis of a protein(s) - perhaps a histone protein(s) - is required for the coordination of DNA synthesis and histone mRNA levels.
Testing multivariate normality using several samples: applications techniques

Application of the conditional probablity integral transformations for multivariate normal distribtions derived in Rincon-Gallardo,Quesenberry and O'Reality (1979) are considered assuming multiple samples. a component-wise analysis with pooling over smples is introduced and illustrated with three examples
Rhetorical criticism: A Burkeian method

(1953). Rhetorical criticism: A Burkeian method. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 444-450.
Synthesis of bioabsorbable networks from methacrylate-endcapped polyesters

Abstract A low-molecular-weight poly(e-caprolactone) triol (Mn = 540) was reacted with an excess of methacryloyl chloride to give a 3-arm methacrylate-endcapped polyester. The loss of the hydroxyl endgroups, which are capable of hydrogen bonding, lowered the viscosity of the polymer, thus enabling the formation of networks without solvent processing. The prepolymer was free radically homopolymerized, and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate, styrene, and 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane to give a series of twelve biodegradable networks. Extraction studies indicated substantial network formation for all of the networks except those in which 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane was used as the reactive diluent. A series of three low-molecular-weight poly( d,l -lactide) triols (Mn d,l -lactide. Number-average molecular weights of the triols were estimated to be 2300, 5100, and 8700, by using gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.), calibrated with polystyrene standards. The triols were reacted with excess methacryloyl chloride to produce a series of low-molecular-weight 3-arm methacrylate-endcapped polyesters. These prepolymers were free radically homopolymerized, and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and styrene to give a series of twenty-seven biodegradable networks. Extraction studies indicated substantial network formation for all of these systems. The Tg values of each of the three homopolymer networks were higher than the corresponding Tg values of either of their respective copolymer networks, thus illustrating substantial network formation in the absence of reactive diluents. The ultimate strengths and tensile modulii of the homopolymer networks synthesized from the higher-molecular-weight prepolymers (Mn = 5100 and 8700) were higher than those measured for corresponding copolymer networks.
Implicity arguments, the binding theory, and control

I will explore here the possibility that the binding theory (plus control) applies not to NPs, but to the theta roles that are assigned to NPs. Part of the evidence for this will come from an examination of the behavior of implicit arguments, which we will take to be simply unassigned theta roles. Given this, binding theory is really a part of theta theory, in that it concerns itself with relations among theta roles. The picture of grammar that emerges is one in which there are two components, one concerned exclusively with relations between theta roles (theta role assignment, the theta criterion, and binding theory) and one concerned with positions (quantification and Wh-movement). This distinction is roughly that drawn in van Riemsdijk and Williams (1982), and the present work can be seen as a further rationalization of the model given there.
Hindered motion of particulate system in newtonian fluids. Acceleration and steady regimes

Abstract The hindered motion of particulates in Newtonian fluids is considered in a finite system of constant total volume. Equations of motion are derived using updated hindrance factors as a function of the particle concentration. Extended solutions in the Stokes, Intermediate and Turbulent flow regimes are derived for gravitational settling systems. It is shown that analytic solutions obtainable by use of the Dallavalle approximation are in good agreement with those calculated from the general correlation. In this context, concentrations of particles that yield maximum flux are evaluated for different size fractions.
Arterial hypertension in the elderly: a review.

Arterial hypertension in the elderly is an argument of growing interest and relevance in our society for many reasons, the main ones being: (i) Progressive aging of the population with a particularly high number of very old subjects. (ii) The high prevalence of arterial hypertension found mainly as an isolated systolic form or a prevalently systolic one in the elderly population. (iii) Acknowledgement of the significant impact of hypertensive disease on elderly people, e.g., on the cardiovascular risk factor and on the quality of life. (iv) Results of important clinical trials have demonstrated that, using an adequate therapy, it is possible to reduce both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even in elderly persons.
US decarbonization options

The quest to reduce reliance on energy generating technologies releasing global warming pollutants such as carbon dioxide and methane has been a target of concern across the world. An analysis of a map of actions leading to decarbonization in the US has recently been described. Carbon rich fossil fuels are 85% of the United States energy sources. This new analysis identifies concentrated solar thermal energy, nuclear energy, geothermal and hydrothermal energy, wind, solar cells, and biomass as candidate alternative energy sources. Over the last twenty years, concentrated solar thermal technology has been demonstrated in a 354 MW plant located in the Mojave Desert. Nuclear energy deserves to be aggressively reevaluated in the context of current energy needs but significant issues such as reprocessing and storage of waste loom as major detracting elements. Nuclear energy currently accounts for 40% of the US electricity requirements. The contribution of wind and geothermal/hydrothermal energy is expected to be limited. Solar cells are limited by storage capacity and the time of daily solar radiance useful to the technology. Biomass has promising prospects but will not be able to completely replace petrochemical fuel stock to meet transportation demands. Prospects of hydrogen production derived from biomass are significantly limited when considering the available conversion technology. This analysis makes a case that alternative energy sources could replace 70% of the US demand for fossil fuels at a cost of $200 billion per year. (Science 2006, 313: 1234–1244)
112) Acute neck trauma in rats produces diffuse and chronic changes in nociceptive responding

Acute musculoskeletal injuries sometimes lead to chronic regional or widespread pain, as well as diffuse hyperalgesia/allodynia. Animal models of post-traumatic pain would be useful to study the neurobiology of this phenomenon. In one such model, unilateral injections of acidic saline into the rodent hindlimb produce bilateral, mechanical hyperalgesia in the hindpaws that persists for approximately 30 days (Sluka et al., Muscle & Nerve, 2001). However, human studies suggest that proximal musculoskeletal trauma is more closely linked to chronic pain than distal trauma. Also, the contralateral limb to an initial injury could develop nociceptive changes because of segmental rather than central mechanisms. Therefore, we modified this model and injected acidic saline into the neck, and measured the subsequent nociceptive response in the hindpaws, as a measure of the “extra-segmental” response to this initial injury. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 200 l of sterile acidic saline (pH 4.0) on Days 0 and 5 into the deep muscles of the neck. Nociceptive responses were measured by evaluating withdrawal responses in both hindpaws to mechanical cutaneous stimulation. Preliminary results showed that neck injections of acidic saline produced mechanical hyper-responsiveness in both hindpaws. In contrast to the pain produced by acid injections into the hindlimb, the development of mechanical hyper-responsiveness following neck injections was delayed for 19-26 days after the first acid injection and it persisted for more than 60 days. Histological analysis of postmortem neck tissue revealed no persistent inflammatory response or muscle pathology in the area of acid injection. Control rats that underwent identical injections with physiologically neutral saline had no changes in nociceptive responding. These preliminary findings suggest that trauma to the neck can lead to chronic and diffuse changes in nociceptive processing, even after the acute injury has healed, as has been noted in conditions such as fibromyalgia.
Modelling the potential of thermal storage for cooling under time-of-use electricity rates: An economic-engineering simulation approach

An economic-engineering simulation model was developed to examine the economic feasibilities of using thermal energy storage systems to help cool commercial-scale buildings under time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates. The analysis results showed that the financial viability of thermal energy systems would be greatly enhanced under TOU rates. The simulation analysis also revealed that the results would be significantly affected by various parameters, such as the length of on-peak period, capital costs, building size and configuration, space availability, and weather conditions.
Standard error of immunological dating of evolutionary time.

The empirical variance of the immunological distance as measured by microcomplement fixation with albumin is determined. The variance obtained is at least two times larger than the mean when the mean is small and the ratio of the variance to the mean increases with increasing mean. Thus, the immunological dating of evolutionary time has a large standard error. It is shown that in bird lysozymes the relationship between immunological distance (y) and the number of amino acid substitutions per 100 sites (x) is given byy = 4.2x approximately.
High-bandwidth nanopositioner with magnetoresistance based position sensing

Abstract Nanopositioning is a key enabling technology for nanoscale metrology and manipulation. This paper details experimental studies aimed at achieving high-bandwidth nanopositioning through a combination of scanner design with excellent dynamical behavior, novel high-bandwidth position sensing, and modern control techniques. Through a combination of high stiffness/rigidity of the flexures, a low carried mass, and uncomplicated mechanical connections, an X/Y scanner is designed which has the first resonant frequencies beyond 4 kHz in both scan axes. For closed-loop operation of such fast scanners, there is a need for high-bandwidth, low-noise sensing schemes. A sensing concept based on magnetoresistance is presented that shows great potential towards providing low-noise position sensing over a very wide bandwidth. Atomic force microscopy imaging experiments of nanoscale structures are presented to illustrate the frame-per-second imaging capability of the nanopositioning system.
Direct selection for catalysis from combinatorial antibody libraries using a boronic acid probe : Primary amide bond hydrolysis

This report describes a joint hybridoma and combinatorial antibody library approach to elicit catalysts for primary amide bond hydrolysis. By immunization with a trigonal boronic acid hapten 3a and construction of a Fab (antigen-binding fragment) library, a diastereoselective catalyst for hydrolysis of the tripeptide primary amide substrate 1a was selected. In contrast, no antibody catalyst was isolated by standard hybridoma methods of monoclonal antibody production following immunizations with hapten 3a. The active Fab, BL25, obeys Michaelis−Menten kinetic behavior (kcat/kuncat ca. 4 × 104, Km = 150 μM) and is competitively inhibited by a boronic acid hapten analog 3b (Ki = 9 μM). Kinetic and binding studies both point to Fab selection of a hydrated tetrahedral anionic form of the boronic acid hapten 3a which serves to mimic the putative transition state 4 for catalysis of water addition to the primary amide bond. Fab-BL25 exhibits exquisite substrate selectivity, as a methyl ester analog of 1a is not ac...
High strength, epitaxial nanotwinned Ag films

Abstract Epitaxial silver films with (1 1 1) and (1 1 0) orientations were deposited by magnetron sputtering onto silicon (1 1 1) and (1 1 0) substrates, respectively. High density growth twins with an average spacing of a few nanometers are observed in the (1 1 1) oriented films, with twin boundaries oriented normal to the growth direction. Twins are observed in the (1 1 0) oriented films with a much lower twin density, and the twin boundaries are oriented 60° from the growth direction. The epitaxial nanotwinned Ag (1 1 1) and (1 1 0) films have respective indentation hardness values of ∼2 and 1 GPa. The influences of deposition parameters, stacking fault energy, and orientation of {1 1 1} planes on the formation of nanotwins are discussed.
Creating salient summaries of home activity lifelog data

Keeping track of the fluctuations in functional abilities that elders experience is important for early detection of cognitive decline and maintaining independence. In this proposal, I describe my research in understanding how to design ubiquitous home sensor systems that can monitor how well individuals carry out everyday activities important for independence. These systems collect an overwhelmingly large amount of data and thus only the most salient details need to be presented. I will identify the information needs of stakeholders to inform the design of salient summaries of the data for elders, their family caregivers, their doctors, and their therapists to become more aware of changes functional abilities. I also describe the technical, HCI, and clinical contributions of this work.
Enteric duplications presenting as antenatally detected abdominal cysts: is delayed resection appropriate?

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate delayed elective resection of antenatally detected enteric duplication cysts. Methods: A retrospective casenote study of intraabdominal cysts detected antenatally between January 1991 and January 2002 found 37 fetuses with cysts. Twelve were enteric duplications. Two were duodenal, 1 was an 85-cm tubular jejunoileal duplication, and 9 were ileocecal. Asymptomatic cysts were followed with serial ultrasound scars and resected electively over 14 months. Results: Three neonates had small bowel obstruction demanding laparotomy: 1 of the 2 infants with duodenal duplication cysts, 1 infant with an ileocecal duplication, and the infant with the tubular duplication. One with an ileocecal duplication became symptomatic at 2 months and underwent a laparotomy. Seven had their duplications resected electively between 6 weeks and 14 months, and the other is still being followed. Four of the 7 asymptomatic duplications electively resected contained gastric mucosa. Conclusions: Intraabdominal enteric duplication cysts are increasingly likely to be detected antenatally. The majority are likely to remain asymptomatic for several months at least, after which a resection can be planned. The prevalence of gastric mucosa suggests that they should not be left indefinitely. Laparoscopically assisted resection of ileocecal duplications is safe and effective.
Discriminative model fusion for semantic concept detection and annotation in video

In this paper we describe a general information fusion algorithm that can be used to incorporate multimodal cues in building user-defined semantic concept models. We compare this technique with a Bayesian Network-based approach on a semantic concept detection task. Results indicate that this technique yields superior performance. We demonstrate this approach further by building classifiers of arbitrary concepts in a score space defined by a pre-deployed set of multimodal concepts. Results show annotation for user-defined concepts both in and outside the pre-deployed set is competitive with our best video-only models on the TREC Video 2002 corpus.
Optical frequency combs using ultrafast diode lasers: Techniques and applications

This work reviews the authors' work in the generation of compact, electrically efficient sources of ultrastable optical frequency combs using semiconductor diode lasers and highlights several examples of their use in coherent optical signal processing applications.
The Peruvian Mining Industry: Growth, Stagnation, And Crisis

This book examines patterns of growth, stagnation, and crisis in the Peruvian mining industry in twentieth century, presenting an assessment of the nature of some internal constraints which prevents mining companies in Peru from responding to price incentives and increased demand for their products.
Army Laser Measurement Assurance Program (ALMAP)

The US Army Laser Measurement Assurance Program (ALMAP) involves the on-site experimental evaluation and assessment of selected US Army, DOD, and Contractor laser measurement capabilities so that close measurement agreement can be achieved. In this paper we describe what a Measurement Assurance Program (MAP) involves, the specific goals of ALMAP, and our present status in achieving these goals. Finally, we analyze some ALMAP results which demonstrate the benefits of MAP's in general and ALMAP in particular.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design and synthesis of heterogeneous azeotropic distillations—III. Column sequences

Abstract The column sequencing problem for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation is investigated. It is shown that residue curve maps play an important role in interpreting the behavior of these systems. Classes of residue curve maps which give rise to feasible column sequences ae identified. Several kinds of sequences are presented and it is shown that the conventional sequence frequently requires much larger reflux ratios than other alternatives.
Geometric and electronic structure of sulfided Ni films on W(001) studied by low-energy alkali ion scattering and soft X-ray photoemission

Sulfidation of ultra-thin Ni films deposited on W(001) has been studied by a combination of low-energy Li+ ion scattering, S 2p soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, LEED and AES as a function of temperature and Ni coverage. Changes in S 2p binding energies are correlated with structurally distinguishable states, quantitatively characterized by ion scattering. Vapor-deposited Ni films were found to be stable to the introduction of sulfur by decomposition of H2S for coverages of up to 0.5 ML, even following anneals to high temperatures. No de-wetting or structural reconstruction is induced by S. S adatoms occupy four-fold sites on the pseudomorphic Ni layer for Ni coverages up to 2 ML, independently of whether Ni or S is deposited first. Ion scattering is used to obtain interlayer spacings and height of S above the Ni films, which are compared with previous results for Ni-covered and S-covered W(001). The structural parameters are explained by bond-length considerations. S 2p32 binding energies vary over a range of 1.5 eV, and as many as six states are identifiable associated with S adsorbing on clean W(001), on an Ni monolayer, on an Ni double layer, on mixed NiW layers and metastable states observed at 100 K. Binding energy trends are identified by comparison with those observed on other Ni surfaces.
A Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Clay Minerals in North Pacific Deep-Sea Sediments

The addition of a 10% talc internal standard to North Pacific sediments allows the relative abundances of clay minerals to be determined both accurately and precisely by X-ray powder diffractometry. Linear programming can be used to generate factors for converting talc-normalized peak areas to weight percentages; hence, absolute clay-mineral abundances can be estimated. This procedure minimizes residuals (nondiffracting or poorly crystalline components), but its accuracy is untested. Even this procedure results in an average residual of almost 30% for North Pacific sediments; other peak-area to weight conversion schemes generate even larger values. In general, there is no correlation between clay-mineral abundances estimated from talc-normalized peak areas and abundances derived from the assumption that the sum of smectite, illite, kaolinite, and chlorite is 100%. This accounts for the past difficulties in relating bulk-sediment chemistry to clay mineralogy.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled with post-column electrochemical oxidation for the detection of PSP toxins.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an important tool for the study of PSP toxins. It provides an alternative to bioassays and gives the concentration of individual toxin isomers. The current HPLC protocol uses a post-column chemical reaction system (PCRS) to oxidize the saxitoxin ring system to form a fluorescent chromophore. This oxidation is sensitive to changes in the flow rate, temperature, pH and age of the reagents. We have previously shown that this oxidation can be accomplished using electrochemical techniques. Termed the electrochemical oxidation system (ECOS), this approach provides a simpler alternative to the traditional PCRS-based HPLC system. A detailed description of the construction and maintenance of an HPLC–ECOS system for the analysis of PSP toxins is presented. Comparisons of the mouse bioassay, HPLC–PCRS and HPLC–ECOS system are presented for three different sample matrices: toxic dinoflagellates (Alexandrium tamarense), geoduck (Panopea generosa) and scallops (Placopectin magellanicus). In all three cases, the correlation of the HPLC–ECOS system to the mouse bioassay is similar to that obtained using the HPLC–PCRS system for the analysis of PSP toxins. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Decision Model for Continuous Sequence Production Processes of Variable Length: An Application to Hog Marketing

PROFIT maximization over time is the goal of economic production regardless of whether the production process is of fixed or variable length. The classical criteria for profit maximization are consistent with maximization over time when the production process is of fixed length. Variable length production processes, as encountered in livestock feeding, require somewhat different criteria from those given by the classical theory of the firm. The length of a process can affect both production costs and revenues (e.g., length of feeding of livestock). When there is a time lag between the end of one variable length process and the beginning of another, profit maximization is achieved by extending the process so long as the extension results in additions to revenue greater than or equal to additions to cost.
A Multi-bit Switched Capacitor DAC with Robust Analog Background Calibration

A multi-bit switched-capacitor DAC with robust analog background calibration intended to be used as feedback DAC for multi-bit pipeline ADCs or broadband sigma delta ADCs with how oversampling ratio is presented in this paper. The accuracy of calibration is not limited by mismatch of charge injections. A multi-bit switched-capacitor DAC whose linearity is only limited by opamp DC gain is realized. Assuming mismatch in capacitor values, switch transistor threshold voltages and opamp offsets, simulation results show linearity improves by about 40dB to 15-bit after about 900 sampling clock periods.
Carbohydrate and lipid levels in two Polytrichum moss species growing on the Alaskan tundra

Two tundra Polytrichum moss species were sampled in the field near Barrow, Alaska, three times during the growing season. Lipid, sugar, and starch concentrations of the green above ground shoots and below ground rhizomes were analyzed. Lipid and TNC (sugar + starch) concentrations were higher in Polytrichum commune growing on raised polygon rims than in Polytrichum alpinum. There were no significant differences between the two populations of P. alpinum. Green parts had significantly higher lipid concentrations than rhizomes in P. commune but not in P. alpinum. Both species had significantly higher sugar concentration in green shoots and higher starch concentrations in the rhizome and sugar concentration varied significantly in both species. Seasonal variation of TNC concentration levels were significant only in P. commune. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between lipid and TNC concentration while a stronger statistically significant negative relationship was found between sugar and starch concentration. The first is interpreted as an adaptation to drought in surface waxes and osmoticum while the second is interpreted as conversion indicator depending on tissue and use. Polytrichum mosses resemble evergreen vascular plants in their seasonal stability of these compound groups.
Beam Constraint Model: A Non-Linear Strain Energy Formulation for Generalized Two-Dimensional Beam Flexures

In the past, we have introduced the Beam Constraint Model (BCM), which captures pertinent non-linearities to predict the constraint characteristics of a generalized beam flexure in terms of its stiffness and error motions. In this paper, a non-linear strain energy formulation for the beam flexure, consistent with the transverse-direction load-displacement and axial-direction geometric constraint relations in the BCM, is presented. An explicit strain energy expression, in terms of beam end-displacements, that accommodates generalized loading conditions, boundary conditions, initial curvature, and beam shape is derived. Using the Principle of Virtual Work, this strain energy expression for a generalized beam is employed in determining the load-displacement relations, and therefore constraint characteristics, for flexure mechanisms comprising multiple beams. The benefit of this approach is evident in its mathematical efficiency and succinctness, which is to be expected with the use of energy methods. All analytical results are validated to a high degree of accuracy via non-linear Finite Element Analysis. Furthermore, the proposed energy formulation leads to new insights into the nature of the BCM.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Long-Term Evolution of Columbia River Tides

A 170 km tidal channel connects the lower Columbia River ports of Portland and Vancouver to the Pacific Ocean. An increasing incidence of low water levels during summer and fall sometimes limits the draft of ships using the channel and can delay transits. Reduced spring freshet water levels have also decreased shallow-water habitat for juvenile salmon. Records from Tongue Point (km-30, 1925-date), and Vancouver (km-175, 1902-date) were used to analyze historic changes. Mean water levels (MWL) at Vancouver have dropped ∼0.3–1.5 m since 1902, depending on flow. Lower low water (LLW) at the lowest river flows has decreased ∼0.4–0.5 m since 1940. Vancouver LLW has dropped more than MWL and higher high water (HHW), increasing tidal range. Tides in the Columbia and many other river ports are evolving because of a combination of changing ocean tides and local alterations, including both harbor development and river-flow modification. Assessments of climate change impacts on harbors need to consider both factors.
What predicts medical student career choice

The literature on medical student career choice has identified several influences that can be categorized as student demographics, medical school characteristics, students' perceptions of specialty characteristics, and student-held values. A logistic regression model that included demographics, medical school, and student-rated influences as a proxy for perceptions and values was used to determine their relative contribution to student career choice for three consecutive cohorts of senior medical students attending two schools (n = 649). This model identified a positive relation between choice of primary care career and both student-rated influences and one student demographic characteristic, but not between career choice and school attended. Variables positively correlated with primary care career choice were related to working with people and marital status. Negatively correlated variables were related to income and prestige.
A 1-matching blossom-type algorithm for edge covering problems

We discuss an efficient primal-dual algorithm for finding a minimum cost edge cover in an undirected network G with n nodes and m edges, which is based on the blossom algorithm for 1-matching problems. We establish that its worst case computational complexity is O(n3), the same as that for blossom or primal algorithms for 1-matching problems.
Health Care Reform Requires IT Solutions to Influence Consumer Perception at a Health Care Payer

The recent health care reform is one of the biggest changes that the health care industry has ever faced. This reform represents the paradigm changing opportunities and challenges for the company providing health insurance in a managed care environment. The CIO of a premier managed care health insurance provider "ABC Company" wants to take advantage of the new environment using Information Technology. He and his management teams have determined, using primary research, that the customer perception of the health care company's cost and accessibility to the quality health care are the most important factors to their customers in the new market. They are aware that even though they have been able to use information technology to predict customer reaction to the changes in cost, and perception of quality, it will be very difficult to deliver new systems and processes that support ABC Company's to the new realities it is facing the market.
pH-dependent spectral behavior of substituted quinolones: potential fluorophore for metallofluorescent indicators.

Abstract The 7-methoxy and 7-hydroxy derivatives of 2,3-dimethyl-4-quinolone have been characterized with respect to absorbance, steady-state fluorescence excitation and emission, and acid-base behavior in perchloric acid ( H 0 −5.68—pH 2.0) and aqueous buffers (pH 2.2–14.2); susceptibility to alkaline hydrolysis has been examined absorptiometrically. 7-Hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-4-quinolone is resistant to attack by hydroxide ion. Aqueous solutions of it exhibit moderate to high fluorescence emission, which is dependent on solution acidity. It is recommended for incorporation into metallofluorescent indicators of the Calcein Blue type.
Cardiovascular Imaging in the Pediatric Population

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is present in nearly 1 in 110 live births in the United States and is the most common birth defect. Whereas coronary artery disease is the more common manifestation of heart disease in adults, CHD has wide variability across a diverse population, ranging from fetuses
Effects of osmolar changes on isolated mitochondria of brain and liver.

Abstract— The effects of altered osmolarity on respiration and fine structure were compared in isolated rat cerebral versus liver mitochondria. Polarographic study of cerebral mitochondria in hypo-osmolar media showed inhibition of State 3 (ADP-dependent) respiration which was not reversed by dinitrophenol. In hyperosmolar media, State 3 respiration was transiently inhibited and State 4 (ADP-independent) respiration increased with the NAD-linked substrate pair, glutamate and malate. With succinate as substrate, respiration was not affected by moderate hyperosmolarity. In the most hyperosmolar medium, State 3 respiration was inhibited with both substrates. In contrast to the results with cerebral mitochondria, State 4 respiration was increased in hypo-osmolar media and State 3 respiration was persistently inhibited in hyperosmolar media in liver mitochondria with both substrates. In both cerebral and liver mitochondria, cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1.) activity was mildly inhibited in hypo-osmolar media and increased in hyperosmolar media. Electron microscopy showed that liver mitochondria were swollen in hypo-osmolar media and condensed in hyperosmolar media. Cerebral mitochondria showed mild rarefaction in hypo-osmolar media and, in hyperosmolar media, more than half the mitochondria showed either no or minimal changes in fine structure. Our results suggest that there are differences in metabolic control and structure between mitochondria from different cell types, which may be important in the cellular metabolic response to pathologic changes in water or osmolarity.
Effect of KK‐42 on growth, development, molting, and metamorphosis of the european corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)

KK-42 (1-benzyl-5-[(E)-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadienyl]imidazole), administered by feeding, delayed the growth and development of nondiapause-bound and diapause-bound Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and increased the length of the instar. At doses of 80–240 ppm, 62–100% of nondiapause-bound fourth instars precociously pupated or remained as fourth instars, while 52–100% of diapause-bound fourth instars did not molt to the fifth instar. Injection of these nondiapause- and diapause-bound KK-42-fed fourth instars with ecdysone elicited a molt and resulted in the production of larval-pupal intermediates. When mature fourth instar controls were similarly injected, they molted into normal fifth instars. These results support the view that KK-42 delays/inhibits ecdysteroid production. Both eupyrene and apyrene spermiogenesis were prematurely initiated in nondiapause-bound fourth instars that were fed on medium containing 160 ppm KK-42. Fenoxycarb, a potent juvenile hormone mimic, rescued nondiapause-bound fourth instars from precocious pupation. All fenoxycarbtreated larvae either molted to the fifth instar or remained as fourth instars and eventually died. These results support the view that treatment with KK-42 inhibits JH production. When KK-42 treatment was begun in the third instar, a considerable number of nondiapause-bound and some diapause-bound third instars precociously molted to the fifth instar. There was a correlation between weight and the incidence of precocious molting in that third instars destined to skip the fourth instar attained a weight, as pharate fifth instars, of two to three times more than pharate fourth instar controls. Similarly, fourth instars that were destined to undergo precocious pupation attained a weight, as pharate pupae, that was approximately two times more than pharate fifth instar controls. More potent analogues of KK-42 may prove useful in controlling populations of 0. nubilalis by interfering with their growth, development, and metamorphosis. © 1995 Witey-Liss, Inc.1