cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of Class Conflict in Scandinavia

The effects of class and nationality on perception of class conflict in Finland. Sweden, Norway and Denmark are analysed Both class and nationality are found to have significant effects, but nationality is the more powerful pre dictor of this aspect of class consciousness. Fmns and Danes appear to be the most aware of class conflict. Norwegians and Swedes the least In general. skilled workers are the most conscious of class conflict, and the upper class the least. The data are from the Scandinavian Welfare Study (Helsinki 1972) and cross-tabulations are analysed using a logistic regression model.
Functional analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) on virus-specific CD8+ T cells following coronavirus infection of the central nervous system

Intracranial infection of C57BL/6 mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by a demyelinating disease similar in pathology to the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). T cells participate in both defense and disease progression following MHV infection. Expression of chemokine receptors on activated T cells is important in allowing these cells to traffic into and accumulate within the central nervous system (CNS) of MHV-infected mice. The present study evaluated the contributions of CCR5 to the activation and trafficking of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells into the MHV-infected CNS mice. Comparable numbers of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells derived from immunized CCR5(+/+) or CCR5(-/-) mice were present within the CNS of MHV-infected RAG1(-/-) mice following adoptive transfer, indicating that CCR5 is not required for trafficking of these cells into the CNS. RAG1(-/-) recipients of CCR5(-/-)-derived CD8(+) T cells exhibited a modest, yet significant (P </= 0.05), reduction in viral burden within the brain which correlated with increased CTL activity and IFN-gamma expression. Histological analysis of RAG1(-/-) recipients of either CCR5(+/+)or CCR5(-/-)-derived CD8(+) T cells revealed only focal areas of demyelination with no significant differences in white matter destruction. These data indicate that CCR5 signaling on CD8(+) T cells modulates antiviral activities but is not essential for entry into the CNS.
Multiparticle superstring tree amplitudes

Abstract Covariant functional integral methods are used to derive formulas for (type I, type II, and heterotic) superstring tree amplitudes having arbitrary numbers of external ground-state bosons, thereby obtaining superstring generalizations of the Koba-Nielsen formula. The disk and projective plane diagrams of the type I superstring are calculated, and the divergences are shown to cancel in the case of gauge group SO(32); the dilaton tadpole is shown to vanish for SO(32) when the contributions from the disk and projective plane are added. The gauge fixing of the odd elements of the invariance groups of the amplitudes is shown to play an essential role.
The origin of Ambrosia chamissonis in Chile

Abstract Several populations of Ambrosia chamissonis collected along several hundred miles of the coast of Chile were examined for their sesquiterpene lactones and leaf morphology. Costunolide (I), chamissellin (II) and chamissonin (III) were isolated and fully characterized. All specimens from Chile were relatively uniform in their chemistry and morphology and correspond closely in these respects to plants from north of San Francisco.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Self-Diffusion Rate in Single Crystals of Gold.

The rate of self-diffusion in gold was measured by the radioactive-tracer-lathe-sectioning technique at 860, 910, and 960\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and at hydrostatic pressures from 2.00 to 9.08 kbar. The diffusion rate was observed to decrease with increased pressure, and the activation volume for self-diffusion was determined to be 7.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole. This value is in good agreement with the sum of the experimental values of the activation volumes of formation and motion in gold, the experimental values of the activation volumes in other fcc metals, and many of the theoretical values calculated for copper. The present value also is in fair-to-excellent agreement with the various expressions relating the activation volume to other experimentally derived quantities. The limiting source of error in pressure-diffusion experiments of the present type was found to be in controlling the measurement, reproducibility, and uniformity of the temperature.
Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: A different approach

There has been considerable controversy regarding a possible sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders (PDs). However, prior research has at times confused a bias within clinicians who fail to adhere to the diagnostic criteria with a bias within the diagnostic criteria. Rather than assess whether females are more likely than males to be diagnosed with a respective disorder, the current study assesses whether the thresholds for the diagnosis of female-typed PDs are lower than the thresholds for male-typed PDs. Subjects completed two self-report inventories for the DSM-III-R personality disorders, and three inventories that assessed 30 aspects of personality dysfunction organized with respect to social dysfunction, occupational dysfunction, and personal distress. There was no indication that the diagnostic thresholds for personality disorders that occur more often in females is lower than the thresholds for the personality disorders that occur more often in males. The implications of these findings for the issue of sex biased diagnoses are discussed.
Simultaneous Use of Antidepressant and Antihypertensive Medications Increases Likelihood of Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Background Essential hypertension and symptoms of depression such as unexplained fatigue and tiredness are frequently encountered in primary medical care clinics. Although, exhaustive evaluation rarely detects unsuspected underlying disorders, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is commonly associated with each of these conditions. We tested the hypothesis that therapy with antihypertensive and antidepressant medications predicts the increased likelihood of OSA. Methods We analyzed the computer archive of 212,972 patients for prescriptions for antihypertensive medications, antidepressant medications, and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for OSA. Prevalence, prevalence odds ratio (POR), and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated correcting for gender and age group. Results The prevalence rates of OSA were 0.8%, 2.8%, and 3.2% for men and 0.4%, 1.4%, and 1.8% for women aged 20 to 39 years, 40 to 59 years, and ≥ 60 years, respectively. Compared to groups of corresponding age and gender who had not received prescriptions for either hypertension or depression, the highest PORs were found in patients receiving medications from both categories: 18.30 (95% CI, 10.69 to 25.66), 5.72 (95% CI, 4.10 to 6.70), and 4.47 (95% CI, 2.45 to 7.01) for men, and 17.43 (95% CI, 9.54 to 28.67), 7.29 (95% CI, 5.20 to 9.29), and 2.72 (95% CI, 1.48 to 4.73) for women. Conclusions We found that the likelihood of having a diagnosis of OSA increases when either antihypertensive or antidepressant medications have been prescribed. The probability is highest in the young and middle-age groups receiving prescriptions for both medications. The possibility of OSA should be considered in any patient with hypertension and depression or unexplained fatigue who is receiving antihypertensive and antidepressant medications.
Simple chromatographic method for determination of 14C-labeled lysine, hydroxylysine, and hydroxylysine glycosides

Abstract In recent years, a number of chemical and chromatographic techniques have been developed for the detection and quantitative estimation of hydroxylysine glycosides derived from alkaline hydrolyzates of collagen and basement membranes (1–3). The ratio of galactosyl-hydroxylysine to glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine, as well as the ratio of glycosidically bound to unsubstituted hydroxylysine, varies among collagens from different tissues (2,5,6). Knowledge of the relative proportions of lysine, hydroxylysine, and the hydroxylysine glycosides during the course of collagen biosynthesis could be helpful in the understanding of the steps that control completion and extrusion of the collagen molecule into the extracellular space. The published methods for measuring 14 C-labeled hydroxylysine and its glycosides have been primarily chromatographic or chemical (8,9). However, there are certain limitations associated with the published techniques. The chromatographic technique (9) requires two columns and both acid and alkaline hydrolysis, and the chemical technique (8) cannot distinguish between the disaccharide unit, glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine, and the monosaccharide unit, galactosyl-hydroxylysine. We would like to report a rapid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantitative estimation of 14 C-labeled lysine, hydroxylysine, and hydroxylysine glycosides from alkaline hydrolyzates of biological tissues.
Crop Residue and Residue Management Effects on Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda: Armadillidiidae) Populations and Soybean Stand Densities

In general, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) are considered nonpests of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], but changes in soil conservation practices have shifted the pest status of this organism from an opportunistic to a perennial, early-season pest in parts of central Kansas. As a result, soybean producers that rotate with corn (Zea mays L.) under conservation tillage practices have resorted to removing excess corn residue by using controlled burns. In a 2-yr field study (2009–2010), we demonstrated that residue removal in burned compared with unburned plots (measured as previous crop residue weights) had minimal impact on numbers of live and dead A. vulgare, soybean seedling emergence, and isopod feeding damage over time. Specifically, removal of residue by burning did not result in higher emergence rates for soybean stands or less feeding damage by A. vulgare. In a separate study, we found that number of live A. vulgare and residue weights had no consistent relationship with seedling emergence or feeding damage. Furthermore, seedling emergence was not impacted by higher numbers of A. vulgare in unburned plots, indicating that emergence in this study may have been influenced by factors other than A. vulgare densities. These studies demonstrate that removing residue through controlled burning did not impact seedling emergence in presence of A. vulgare and that residue and feeding damage to seedlings did not consistently relate to A. vulgare densities. Other factors that may have influenced a relationship between residue and live isopod numbers, such as variable moisture levels, are discussed.
Strain measurement with particular reference to cast iron

The general planning procedure for development testing at the author's firm is outlined. Strains in static tests of cast iron components under loads simulating service conditions are surveyed by brittle coatings and measured by strain gauges with incremental and shake-down load application. The fatigue life is then estimated in a novel manner by reference to the S/N curves established by Deere in push-pull tests on various cast irons. For nonzero mean strains, reference is also made to the static stress-strain curves for the tested material and to its Goodman diagram so that an equivalent strain reversal can be deduced and the Deere curve applied. For varying loads Miner's rule is invoked.
The pinkeyed-dilution protein and the eumelanin/pheomelanin switch: in support of a unifying hypothesis.

The two major types of mammalian melanin are pheomelanin (yellow or red pigment) and eumelanin (black or brown). The agouti (A) and extension (E) loci determine whether follicular melanocytes will deposit pheomelanin or eumelanin within their melanosomes. Mutations at the murine pinkeyed-dilution (P) locus cause a striking reduction in deposition of eumelanic, but not pheomelanic, pigment. The mRNA encoded at the P locus is not expressed in skin that exclusively produces pheomelanic pigment as a result of mutation at the agouti locus. We have suggested, based upon both genetic and biochemical evidence, that three key melanogenic proteins—tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related-protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2, encoded at the albino (C), brown (B), and slaty (Slt) loci, respectively—form a high-molecular-weight “melanogenic complex” within the melanosome. High-molecular-weight forms of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2, are absent from eumelanic ocular tissues of pun/pun mice that fail to produce normal P-locus transcript, even though these mice are genetically normal at the loci that regulate production of the three melanogenic proteins. We have hypothesized that the presence of the p-locus protein is important for the integrity of the melanogenic complex and for the levels of members of the TRP family. We show here that the yellow skins of mice mutant at the agouti or extension loci, as well as the nonyellow skins of pinkeyed-unstable (pun/pun) mice, demonstrate greatly diminished levels of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2, and an absence or markedly decreased proportion of high-molecular-weight forms of melanogenic proteins. We conclude that normal levels of wild-type P-locus protein are necessary for eumelanogenesis and that the absence of this protein may be necessary, but is not sufficient to cause the melanosome to switch to the production of pheomelanin. We discuss the implications of our results in relation to the interacting genetic controls regulating melanogenesis.
Overture: object-oriented tools for overset grid applications

The Overture framework is an object-oriented environment for solving partial differential equations in two and three space dimensions. It is a collection of C++ libraries that enables the use of finite difference and finite volume methods at a level that hides the details of the associated data structures. Overture can be used to solve problems in complicated, moving geometries using the method of overlapping grids. It has support for grid generation, difference operators, boundary conditions, data-base access and graphics. Short sample code segments are presented to show the power of this approach.
¿Súbditos o ciudadanos? De la crítica libertina al programa ilustrado

En este trabajo se intenta trazar la genesis de algunas posiciones ilustradas vinculandolas con ciertas ideas nucleares del libertinismo erudito de la primera mitad del siglo XVII, subrayando a la vez que dicha continuidad puede establecerse aun cuando el libertinismo es esencialmente refractario a toda practica civico-politica del tipo de las que seran desarrolladas por los ilustrados del XVIII. Ensayamos una solucion a esta aparente paradoja senalando como los conceptos de plebe, soberania y absolutismo, entre otros, sufren modificaciones sustanciales de un siglo a otro
Isotopic studies of processes in mafic magma chambers: II. The Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland

Isotopic ratios of Nd and Sr have been measured in a suite of samples spanning most of the exposed stratigraphy of the Skaergaard intrusion in order to detect and quantify input (such as assimilated wallrock and fresh magma) into the magma chamber during crystallization. Unlike δ18O and δD, Nd and Sr isotope ratios do not appear to have been significantly affected by circulation of meteoric waters in the upper part of the intrusion. Variations in initial 87Sr/86Sr and eNd suggest that the Skaergaard magma chamber was affected during its crystallization by a small amount (2%–4%) of assimilation of Precambrian gneiss wallrock (high 87Sr/86Sr, low eNd) and possibly recharge of uncontaminated magma. Decreases in eNd and increases in 87Sr/86Sr during the early stages (0%–30%) of crystallization give way to approximately unchanging isotopic ratios through crystallization of the latest-deposited cumulates. Modelling of assimilation-fractional crystallization-recharge processes using these data as constraints shows that the assimilation rate must have been decreasing throughout crystallization. In addition, the isotope data allow replenishment by an amount of uncontaminated magma equal to 20%–30% of the total intrusion mass, occurring either continuously or in pulses over the first 75% of crystallization. Comparison of the recharge models with published Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) data from Skaergaard cumulates shows that the modelled replenishment rates are not inconsistent with available major element data, although significant recharge during the final ∼25% of crystallization can be ruled out. The isotope data show that the Skaergaard magma could have incorporated only a small amount of the gneiss that it displaced from the floor of the chamber; assimilation appears to have taken place primarily across a partially molten zone that formed at the roof from the wallrock that was dislodged during emplacement. In the latest stages of crystallization (>75% crystallized), the Skaergaard magma may have become stratified into two separately-convecting layers, effectively insulating Layered Series cumulates from further contamination.
Peri‐implant complications for posterior endosteal implants

Objectives (1) To assess whether there is evidence of an association between the number of peri-implant tissue complications and patient characteristics such as gender, diabetes status, smoking status, and bite force; (2) To assess whether there is evidence of an association between the number of peri-implant tissue complications and location of the implant, surgical technique used, bone graft status and sinus lift status. Materials and methods This randomized, controlled clinical trial included a total of 176 implants (OsseoSpeed, DENTSPLY) in 67 participants with 88 fixed dental prostheses. Information was obtained from health histories, a baseline exam, surgical notes, and post-operative exams. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact and Mann–Whitney tests and generalized estimating equations using logistic regression with a significance level set at 0.05. Results All 176 implants survived within a recall period of 3 years, but 11 implants demonstrated peri-implant tissue complications. Ten sites showed dehiscence and one case exhibited vertical bone loss. There was a statistically significant association between surgical technique used (1-stage or 2-stage) and the presence of soft tissue complications (P = 0.005), where 2-stage surgery was associated with a higher frequency of peri-implant soft tissue complications. A correlation, although not statistically significant (P = 0.077), was noted, between peri-implant tissue complications and bone grafting, suggesting a possible role for this factor as well. Conclusions Participants who did not require any second-stage surgery at the implant sites experienced fewer complications. Therefore, additional surgical procedures should be performed judiciously considering their possible effects on peri-implant tissue health. Clinical significance The clinical implication of this research study is that secondary surgery should be considered with caution during implant placement and it should be performed only when other options have been exhausted, as it has been shown to have a direct adverse effect on the long-term peri-implant tissue health.
Optical polarimetry applied to the development of a noninvasive in-vivo glucose monitor

The application of optical polarimetry, using the anterior chamber of the eye as the sensing site, is being investigated as a potential method to develop a noninvasive physiological glucose monitor. Common questions currently associated with the use of polarimetry for noninvasive glucose detection include: is polarimetry specific enough to elucidate glucose concentration in the presence of other optically active components?, if the eye is proposed as the sensing site, is the time delay between blood and aqueous humor glucose concentrations small enough to make the development of such a sensor feasible (i.e. useful to a diabetic)?, and lastly what are the issues currently hindering in vivo polarimetric glucose measurements?. In our investigation, we attempt to address these questions. First, we present results characterizing the optical rotatory dispersion of the main optically active analytes found within the aqueous humor of the eye including, glucose, albumin, and ascorbic acid. This information is used conjunction with multiple linear regression to demonstrate how multispectral polarimetry can be used to minimize glucose prediction error in samples containing varying physiological concentrations of glucose and albumin. For this multispectral study, a novel dual wavelength (532 nm and 635 nm) polarimeter was designed and constructed. This sensor is novel in that it provides simultaneous measurements using a 532 nm laser in an open-loop configuration and a 635 nm laser in a closed-loop configuration. In addition, we present in vivo results using New Zealand White rabbits that indicate the time delay between blood and aqueous humor glucose levels is below ten minutes. Lastly, we provide preliminary in vivo polarimetric results and discuss the main issues currently hindering the measurement of glucose.
Probing local structure in zeolite frameworks: ultrahigh-field NMR measurements and accurate first-principles calculations of zeolite 29Si magnetic shielding tensors.

The principal components of zeolite 29Si magnetic shielding tensors have been accurately measured and calculated for the first time. The experiments were performed at an ultrahigh magnetic field of 21.1 T in order to observe the small anisotropies of the 29Si shielding interactions that arise for Si atoms in near-tetrahedral geometries. A robust two-dimensional (2D) chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) recoupling pulse sequence was employed that enables quasi-static powder patterns to be resolved according to the isotropic chemical shifts. For the zeolites Sigma-2 and ZSM-12, it is demonstrated that the 29Si chemical shift (CS) tensor components measured by the recoupling experiment are in excellent agreement with those determined from spinning sidebands in slow magic-angle spinning (MAS) experiments. For the zeolite ZSM-5, the principal components of the 29Si CS tensors of 15 of the 24 Si sites were measured using the 2D CSA recoupling experiment, a feat that would not be possible with a slow MAS experiment d...
Medical technology and cost containment: two applications of operations research

The government proposes "common sense" regulations to help contain rising health costs due to the increasing use of high-technology procedures, such as computerized tomography scanning. Two illustrations are given showing that such ad hoc regulations may have the effect of increasing costs and are certainly far from the optimum obtained by known methods of operations research.
Multiview user interface coordination in browser-based geovisualization environments

Modern-day geovisualization environments are complex systems that support interactive, multi-faceted exploration of spatio-temporal data. Such systems are often composed from a number of visualization tools, each with a pre-determined function of its own, integrated together into a single user interface. Supporting real-time coordination of user interactions across multiple facets (perspectives, views, etc.) of the resulting interface is a fundamental challenge to design of effective geovisualization environments. Past research on coordinated views for geovisualization lead to the development of a number of solutions to this problem, implemented and tested in a range of software products. With the advent of browser-based geovisualization, the issue of user interface coordination became relevant once more due to the differences between semantics of JavaScript, the "lingua franca" of browser-based software, and "traditional" programming languages. This demo paper presents a novel software approach to multiview user interface coordination in browser-based geovisualization environments. This approach is inspired by the software meta-pattern called "introspective observer coordination", is implemented using pure JavaScript and JSON technologies, and is encapsulated in the form of a JavaScript library. As part of the demonstration, additional benefits of the browser-based environments are considered, including user interface coordination across multiple browser windows and multiple computers.
Polyisobutylene-block-polyoxyethylene-block-polyisobutylene as stabilizer in aqueous polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate†

Amphipathic triblock copolymers of polyisobutylene-block-polyoxyethylene-block-polyisobutylene were synthesized by a coupling technique. Seven triblock copolymers were prepared by varying their hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain lengths. The stabilizing effectiveness of these polymeric surfactants was studied as a function of structural variations of the block copolymers in aqueous polymerizations of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate
Coping with prescription drug cost sharing: knowledge, adherence, and financial burden.

In the face of rising prescription drug costs in the United States (Kaiser Family Foundation 2004), cost sharing has become more complex. For example, patients might face different copayment amounts for generic and brand name drugs (multitier benefits), and out-of-pocket costs for the same drug can vary at different points in time (such as with annual benefit caps). Despite the increasing complexity of cost sharing structures, few studies have examined how well patients know their actual drug costs, or have determined their specific responses to this mixture of incentives. Moreover, higher cost sharing can have unintended consequences, especially in the case of prescription drugs that have documented effectiveness (Adams et al. 2001; Huskamp et al. 2003; Mojtabai and Olfson 2003; Briesacher et al. 2004; Goldman et al. 2004; Rice and Matsuoka 2004; Hsu et al. 2006). Cost-related reductions in medication use without physician consultation could lead to poor health. Even in the absence of drug use changes, higher patient out-of-pocket drug costs could create financial burdens. Through telephone interviews with insured patients within a prepaid integrated delivery system, we assessed participants' knowledge of the structures and amounts of their drug cost sharing, and whether these costs had caused them to take less of their medications than prescribed. We also asked participants if their drug costs created a financial burden, and about other methods they used to help cope with these costs.
Masking of time-frequency patterns in applications of passive underwater target detection

Spectrogram analysis of acoustical sounds for underwater target classification is utilized when loud nonstationary interference sources overlap with a signal of interest in time but can be separated in time-frequency (TF) domain. We propose a signal masking method which in a TF plane combines local statistical and morphological features of the signal of interest. A dissimilarity measure D of adjacent TF cells is used for local estimation of entropy H&&, followed by estimation of ΔH&& = H&&tc&&- H&&fc&&entropy difference, where H&&fc&&is calculated along the time axis at a mean frequency fc&& and H&&tc&&is calculated along the frequency axis at a mean time tc&& of the TF window, respectively. Due to a limited number of points used in ΔH&& estimation, the number of possible ΔH&& values, which define a primary mask, is also limited. A secondary mask is defined using morphological operators applied to, for example, H&& and ΔH&&. We demonstrate how primary and secondary masks can be used for signal detection and discrimination, respectively. We also show that the proposed approach can be generalized within the framework of Genetic Programming.
Putting It on Paper The Content of Written Information Used in State Lawmaking

What kinds of information do state legislators consider in their legislative deliberations? This article examines four dimensions of the content of the written information state representatives in Indiana, Massachusetts, and Oregon used in 1989: whether it was policy or political information, one-sided or multisided, in agreement or disagreement with the position of the legislator using it, and whether it had any hard or soft scientific content. Legislators are found to use information heavily dosed with political preferences, and they tend to look only at one side of an issue - the one with which they agree. However, they also use a substantial amount of scientific information.
Phase Transformations and Microstructural Evolution of Mo-Bearing Stainless Steels

The good corrosion resistance of superaustenitic stainless steel (SASS) alloys has been shown to be a direct consequence of high concentrations of Mo, which can have a significant effect on the microstructural development of welds in these alloys. In this research, the microstructural development of welds in the Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo system was analyzed over a wide variety of Cr/Ni ratios and Mo contents. The system was first simulated by construction of multicomponent phase diagrams using the CALPHAD technique. Data from vertical sections of these diagrams are presented over a wide compositional range to produce diagrams that can be used as a guide to understand the influence of composition on microstructural development. A large number of experimental alloys were then prepared via arc-button melting for comparison with the diagrams. Each alloy was characterized using various microscopy techniques. The expected δ-ferrite and γ-austenite phases were accompanied by martensite at low Cr/Ni ratios and by σ phase at high Mo contents. A total of 20 possible phase transformation sequences are proposed, resulting in various amounts and morphologies of the γ, δ, σ, and martensite phases. The results were used to construct a map of expected phase transformation sequence and resultant microstructure as a function of composition. The results of this work provide a working guideline for future base metal and filler metal development of this class of materials.
748. Requirements for Microtubule-DNA Interactions during Cytoplasmic Trafficking of Plasmids

Top of pageAbstract Relatively little is known about how naked DNA moves through the cytoplasm to the nucleus during transfections and other forms of gene delivery. It has been suggested that the dense latticework of the cytoskeleton impedes free diffusion of DNA, implying that plasmids would be unable to reach the nucleus. However, transfections do work, and thus there must be mechanisms by which DNA circumvents cytoplasmic obstacles. We have previously shown that in adherent cells after electroporation or microinjection, plasmid DNA requires intact microtubules to reach the nucleus. Further, we have demonstrated that inhibition of dynein impedes the ability of the plasmid to reach the nucleus. However, it remains unknown how plasmids interact with dynein and hence microtubules. In our past studies, all of the DNA used contained a promoter, a reporter gene and a downstream DNA Targeting Sequence (DTS). A DTS is a sequence in the DNA that is known to bind transcription factors. The transcription factors contain nuclear localization sequences (NLS) that facilitate nuclear import of the protein-DNA complex that is formed in the cytoplasm during transfection. One possible mechanism for cytoplasmic trafficking of transfected plasmids is that after microinjection or electoporation of adherent cells, the DTS on the plasmid is bound by transcription factors and it is via these transcription factors that the plasmid interacts with dynein and is transported to the nucleus via microtubules. Alternatively, a more general mechanism may occur, whereby factors that bind to any type of DNA (i.e. plasmids not containing a DTS) bind non-specifically to the plasmid, creating a different complex that mediates interaction between the plasmid and dynein. In order to test which of these possibilities is occurring, we used an in vitro microtubule spin-down assay. Plasmid, either with or without a DTS, was added to microtubules in the presence of cell extract and separated by centrifugation. Only plasmids that interact with microtubules should be found in the microtubule-containing pellet. As an alternative approach to the biochemical assays, fluorescently labeled PNA-DNA with and without a DTS was cytoplasmically microinjected and followed in real time to further determine if the DTS plays a role in trafficking to the nucleus. Our results suggest that the DTS facilitates an increased interaction between the microtubules and plasmid. These results are important in elucidating how naked DNA reaches the nucleus and an understanding of this process is imperative to improving the efficiency of gene transfer.
The Technologies of Electronic Imaging.

This article provides a brief overview of the technologies of electronic imaging as background for the other articles in this Perspectives, and focuses on technologies seen by the developer or user of electronic imaging applications. It includes a brief discussion of architectural and standards issues that arise in electronic imaging applications, and goes into more depth on issues of developing image‐oriented networked information resources. A short discussion of sources for further information on electronic imaging concludes the article. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Excess current in n+GaAsAlxGa1−xAsnGaAs heterojunctions☆

Abstract Current versus longitudinal stress characteristics with 〈100〉 stress direction for four n + GaAsAlx Ga1−xAsnGaAs heterojunc grown on (100) substrates are measured and compared with theory. Our samples have the AlGaAs barriers with aluminum concentrations x=0.30, 0.32, 0.50 and 0.80 and the thickness range from 300–400 A. The agreement between theory and experiment is good, if we assume an X-valley shear deformation potential of 9.6 eV. However, x=0.32 and 0.50 samples need about 5 kbar of stress offset to match our experimental results with theory, which may be due to the excess current through impurities whose energy level is coupled to the X-valleys.
Rapid, Experience-Induced Enhancement in Odorant Discrimination by Anterior Piriform Cortex Neurons

Current views of odorant discrimination by the mammalian olfactory system suggest that the piriform cortex serves as a site of odor object synthesis. Given the enormous number of odorant feature co...
Reversal of dyskinesis by increased end diastolic segment length in ischaemic-reperfused myocardium.

Persistent dyskinesis is universally observed after reperfusion of a severely ischaemic segment. Although inotropic stimulation shows a latent contractile reserve, it is not known whether this reserve can be recruited by increasing end diastolic segment length (local length-tension relation). To investigate this, six anaesthetised open chest dogs were placed on right heart bypass to increase end diastolic segment length independently of mean arterial pressure. Instantaneous left ventricular pressure-segment length relations and fractional systolic shortening were determined by sono-micrometry in the centre of the region perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery during sequential increases in end diastolic segment length. Measurements were made before occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, during 1 h of occlusion, and after 2 h of reperfusion. Before ischaemia, segmental shortening increased from 11.0(SEM 1.6)% to 23.5(1.5)% (p<0.05) as end diastolic segment length increased. Dyskinesis developed during occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery [12.1(2.6)% control v −7.2(1.6)% occlusion, p<0.05] and was present over the entire range of end diastolic segment lengths. Following reperfusion, segmental dyskinesis [−2.5(2.4)%] persisted at the lower end of the range of end diastolic segment length, but was progressively replaced by active shortening, averaging 7.3(3.2)% (p<0.05) as end diastolic segment length was sequentially increased. We conclude that segmental function following reperfusion is sensitive to changes in end diastolic segment length, and that active shortening is recruited from an apparently dyskinetic segment as end diastolic segment length progressively increases.
Changes in the rate of axoplasmic transport during postnatal development of the rabbit's optic nerve and tract.

Abstract Change in the rates of the rapid and slow phases of axoplasmic transport have been studied in the optic nerve and tract of a large series of albino rabbits after the intravitreal injection of tritiated leucine (3H-leucine) at different ages. The rate of the rapidly transported proteins has been found to increase from about 120 mm/day on the sixth postnatal day to about 150 mm/day at the end of the third week. During the fourth week the rate increases rather rapidly to approximately 200 mm/day but it subsequently remains fairly constant at between 220 and 240 mm/day into adult life. The slow phase of protein transport, on the other hand, declines in rate from approximately 5 mm/day at the end of the first week to about 2 mm/day in animals over 4 weeks of age; again the change in rate of this component is not gradual but occurs rather suddenly during the fourth week. These observations indicate that the fourth postnatal week is a critical period in the development of the rabbit visual system, and evidence from the accumulation of radioactive material in the superior colliculi after the intravitreal injection of 3H-leucine suggests that it may coincide with the establishment of definitive synaptic connections by the retinal ganglion cell axons.
Demonstration of high-repetition-rate tabletop soft-x-ray lasers with saturated output at wavelengths down to 13.9 nm and gain down to 10.9 nm

Saturated tabletop lasers operating at 5 Hz repetition rate with average powers 1 W were demonstrated at wavelengths between 16.5 and 13.9 nm in the 4d 1 S 0 –4 p 1 P 1 transitions of Ni-like ions. The results were obtained using picosecond laser heating pulses with an energy of only 1 J by optimizing the angle of incidence for maximum energy deposition. Lasing was also observed for shorter wavelength transitions of the same isoelectronic sequence, with amplification in the 11.9 nm line of Ni-like Sn approaching gain saturation, and progressively reduced gain for wavelengths as low as 10.9 nm for Ni-like Te. These high repetition rate soft x-ray lasers will enable new applications in science and the development of unique metrology and processing tools for industry.
Genres, semantics, and classroom education

Examining both theoretical issues and an episode of classroom teaching, this article argues that competence in academic subjects depends on mastery of their specialized patterns of language use. These patterns are described in terms of: (1) the semantics underlying Halliday's functional linguistics, and (2) the structural analysis of written and spoken communication genres. The breakdown of communication during a classroom episode illustrates important relationships among semantic differences, social conflict, and academic success.
Characterization of a direct full-field flat-panel digital mammography detector

Our work is to investigate the imaging performance of a direct, full-field prototype digital mammography detector as a function of x-ray exposure and detector operational conditions for digital mammography and advanced applications such as tomosynthesis. Theoretical and experimental methods previously developed for the study of small-area prototype detectors have been applied to the investigation of spatial frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency [DQE(f)] of the full-field prototype detector, which has 2816 x 2048 pixels with 85 μm pixel size. The focus of our study is the impact of scaling up the detector design on imaging performance, e.g. electronic noise, readout rate and image artifacts. The results showed that DQE(f) of the full-field detectors is in the same range as that measured from the small-area prototype detector, both of which are superior to existing technologies based on indirect detection. However DQE(f) drops more rapidly than the small-area prototype as exposure decreases, which is to be expected from the higher electronic noise of the full-field detector. Lag and ghosting, both of which can introduce image artifacts, were studied at typical screening mammography image intervals. The effect of lag can be eliminated with frequent update of the offset images. Ghosting at x-ray dose equivalent to a single view mammogram is negligible.
Day of week effects on diurnal ozone/NOx cycles and transportation emissions in Southern California

Diurnal cycles of ground-level ozone and its precursor NOx concentrations stem from and reflect complex temporal patterning of many underlying factors, including transportation emissions. Investigating the complexity of diurnal ozone/NOx cycles at a finer temporal resolution allows a better understanding of ozone dynamics and helps in designing ozone control strategies. This study applied functional data analysis techniques to hourly resolved ozone and NOx measurement data from the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study. Functional analysis of variance on diurnal ozone/NOx cycles for urban and rural monitoring sites confirmed, in a new continuous functional form, the ozone weekend effect. Functional data analysis also allows for a direct examination of day-of-week effects on ozone formation/destruction rates. Comparisons of Sunday ozone rates to those on weekdays demonstrate earlier, faster, and longer duration of ozone accumulation on Sunday. The results are further interpreted from the transportation emissions perspective using hourly resolved weigh-in-motion traffic data.
Thermal stability of T2 DNA in situ.

Abstract Thermal denaturation experiments were carried out on solutions of formaldehydefixed T2 bacteriophage and purified T2 DNA at low salt concentrations. Measurements of the flow birefringence, ultraviolet absorbance, and sedimentation velocity indicated that the tertiary structure of the internal DNA remains intact even at temperatures up to 20 ° higher than the melting temperature of free DNA under comparable conditions.
Regulation of leukocyte and platelet lipoxygenases by hydroxyeicosanoids

During allergic and inflammatory reactions, arachidonic acid is oxidized by lipoxygenases to a variety of biologically active products, including leukotrienes. The mechanisms for regulation of the different lipoxygenase activities are not well defined. We report here that [14C]arachidonic acid metabolism by the 5- and 15-lipoxygenase activities in rabbit leukocytes and the 12-lipoxygenase in rabbit platelets is inhibited by various hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). 15-HETE was the most effective inhibitor of the 5- and 12-lipoxygenases, whereas similar inhibitory potencies were observed for 5-HETE and 12-HETE acting on the 15-lipoxygenase. These three enzyme pathways were all least sensitive to their own products HETEs. To determine which structural characteristics of 15-HETE are essential for inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase, various derivatives were prepared and purified by high pressure liquid chromatography, and their structures were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The inhibitory potencies of 15-HETE analogs with different degrees of unsaturation were in the order of three double bonds greater than 4 greater than 2 greater than 0. 15-Hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) was four times more potent than 15-HETE. The 15-acetoxy, 15-keto and methyl ester derivatives were of comparable activity to 15-HETE, and the 15-acetoxy methyl ester derivative was less potent. Based upon the observed patterns of inhibition, we postulate that complex interregulatory relationships exist between the various lipoxygenases, and that cells containing these lipoxygenases may interact with each other via their lipoxygenase metabolites.
Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Is Independent of Diet Quality

Background Poor diet increases the risk of both colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the role of diet in the association between diabetes and colorectal cancer. Methods We analyzed data from 484,020 individuals, aged 50–71 years who participated in the prospective National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study and were cancer free at baseline (1995–1996). History of diabetes was self-reported. Diet quality was measured with the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005), using a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Cox regression models were constructed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of first primary incident colorectal cancer, overall and by anatomical location. Results During an average follow-up of 9.2 years, we identified 7,598 new cases of colorectal cancer. After controlling for non-dietary confounders, diabetes was associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (HR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.36). Further adjustment for diet quality did not attenuate this association. Diabetes was associated with a HR of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.40) in individuals with good diet (quartile 4 of HEI-2005) and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.34, 1.86) in those with poor diet (quartile 1 of HEI-2005), compared to those with no diabetes and good diet. Moreover, diabetes was associated with a stronger risk of proximal than distal colon cancer (HR: 1.33 vs. HR: 1.20), while poor diet was associated with a weaker risk of proximal colon cancer (HR: 1.18 vs. HR: 1.46). Conclusion Diabetes and poor diet, independently and additively are associated with the increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Infection, rejection, and hospitalizations in transplant recipients using telehealth.

Co ntext —Telehealth technology serves individuals who live in geographical areas that prohibit easy access to specialized health care and can provide transplant recip ients with access to transplant center personnel for adjunctive follow-up care. Objective —To compare infection, rejection, and hospitalization events in subjects randomized to telehealth or to standard posttransplant care. Study Design, Study Participants, Setting and Research Procedure —This lon gitudinal prospective study compared transplant outcomes (infections, rejections, and hospitalizations) of 106 subjects who were randomized to either the telehealth (n = 53) or standard care (n = 53) group and met the 6-month study end point. Sex, race, and transplant type were evenly distributed within the 2 groups. Subjects received primary follow-up care from nurse practitioners. The telehealth visits were conducted via live interactive sessions with digitized equipment used to perform physical examinations. Main Outcomes —Infections, rejections, and hospitalizations were summarized for each of the groups. Subgroup analyses were performed by sex, transplant type, and time since transplant. Result s—No differences were found between the telehealth and standard care groups for infections, rejections, or hospitalizations at the 6-month data end point. Overall, females had twice as many infections as males ( P = .01). In this analysis, group assignment did not affect study outcomes. Conclusions —The rates of infection, rejection, and hospitalization in a sample of primarily long-term transplant patients did not differ between patients who received telehealth follow-up and patients who received standard care, indicating that this delivery system can be used to provide follow-up care after transplant. ( Progress in Transplantation . 2008;18:97-102)