cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the Great Outdoors Better:: the outdoor kitchen and the changing design of American luxury

The credit-rich late-twentieth and early-twenty first centuries allowed for the rise of a broad spectrum of new consumer habits. In suburban America, homeowners realized their individual dreams and newly enabled profligate tastes in lavish professional and do-it-yourself (DIY) remodelling projects. Chief among their architectural and interior design modifications is the so-called ‘outdoor kitchen,’ installed in over a million American households and projected to become a stock feature of all upscale housing by 2015. In definition, it is an amorphous, wall-less room with individually determined dimensions, appliances and functionalities sited in what one owner-designer identifies as the previously underutilised space of the backyard. Currently free of restricting code or traditions, the outdoor kitchen is determined by and gives form to diverse but intersecting discourses of Do-It-Yourself home projects, home spas and meditative spaces, the yearning for resorts left unvisited in the wake of 9/11, changing gender relations, televised food programs that fuse celebrity and the act of cooking, the ‘obesity epidemic’ and the elevation of food itself from mere nutrition to a source of novelty and entertainment. Thus the outdoor kitchen is a new arena of socio-domestic performance, the built environment of the contemporary ‘American Dream.’
Immunosuppression in Cardiac Transplantation

Immunosuppression has revolutionized transplantation and improved outcomes. The immunosuppression goal is to balance rejection prevention with side effects, toxicities, and infection. Immunosuppression is classified into induction and maintenance therapies. Not all patients are given induction and their maintenance regimen depends on infection risk, rejection risk, and side-effects and toxicities. There are two main classes of induction agents: monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies. Maintenance therapy is indefinite and helps prevent long-term rejection. Most programs use triple therapy, which includes a calcineurin inhibitor, an anti-proliferative agent and a glucocorticoid. This chapter provides an overview of the goal of immunosuppression, current regimes and agents as well as management of rejection.
GENDER AND MUSLIM WOMEN

God created the human male and female; to achieve the integration of the two pillars of the reconstruction of this universe. The concept of gender is that the differences between male and female are based primarily on social rather than biological criteria, meaning that societies determine the expected roles of Adam and Eve. To date, the concept of gender can be viewed favorably, as it may help to understand the forms of discrimination against women and help the struggle to give them their legitimate rights to employ, develop and enrich their capacities more effectively to serve themselves, their families and society, away from stereotypes and narrow roles. This issue was discussed at the international meeting in the seventies of the last century to the eighties to crystallize a public issue has become widespread and dealt with the development of the possibilities of communication. But we rarely receive writings on this subject in the eyes of the Islamic religion and how to address this issue.
Discrimination Against Employees without Covid-19 Antibodies

Policies favoring those with immunity to a contagious disease are a novel concept. It is therefore important to think about the legal and policy issues associated with banning employees without immunity to COVID-19 from the workplace and the appropriate balance between an individual's right to work and the public health of the nation.
Patient Characteristics, Patterns, and Repair of Aneurysms in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a multisystem disease and is associated with vascular complications including aneurysm formation. HIV-associated aneurysms are well documented and may present in unusual locations with concerning features. However, the literature regarding aneurysms in HIV-positive patients is limited to case series with limited data regarding aneurysm patterns. Furthermore, several small series have documented poor outcomes with surgical repair. Thus, our aim was to investigate the characteristics, patterns, and repair of aneurysms in HIV-positive patients in a multicenter study. Methods All patients with a diagnosis of aneurysms and HIV were retrospectively identified from 2013 to 2018 across 2 institutions. Comorbidities, HIV-related characteristics, aneurysm characteristics, and repair were reviewed. Results There were a total of 104 HIV-positive patients with 129 aneurysms. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 57.7 ± 10.3 years, 80.8% of patients were male, and 32.0% had a history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The average time from HIV diagnosis to aneurysm diagnosis was 14.1 ± 10.1 years. There were 53 (41.1%) ascending aortic, 25 (19.4%) abdominal aortic, 14 (10.9%) cerebral artery aneurysms, 13 (10.1%) descending thoracic, 9 (7.0%) iliac, 6 (4.7%) femoropopliteal, 4 (3.1%) visceral, 3 (2.9%) axillosubclavian, 1 (0.8%) carotid, and 1 (0.8%) coronary artery aneurysms. There were 23 (22.1%) patients with aneurysms in multiple vascular beds, 10 (9.6%) saccular aneurysms, and 1 (0.8%) inflammatory aneurysm. There were 7 ruptures (cerebral, descending thoracic, and iliac), 3 type A dissections (ascending aorta), and 1 thrombosis (popliteal). There were 26 (25.0%) patients who underwent surgical repair. This included 8 endovascular aneurysm repairs for abdominal aortic aneurysms, 6 endovascular coiling, clipping, and stent procedures for cerebral aneurysms, 4 open ascending aorta repairs, 2 bypasses for popliteal artery aneurysms, 2 endovascular stents for axillosubclavian artery aneurysms, 1 open descending aortic aneurysm repair, 1 endovascular aneurysm repair for an iliac aneurysm, 1 endovascular coiling for a renal artery aneurysm, and 1 open repair of a femoral artery aneurysm. Perioperative complications were common at 46.2%, although mortality was low at 3.8%. Conclusions Although aneurysms were widespread, most HIV-positive patients had large vessel aneurysms in this study. There was a high prevalence of saccular and multiple aneurysms, and repair was associated with low rates of mortality despite high rates of complications. Additional studies are necessary to characterize this rare entity.
Computational characterization of nonwoven fibrous media: I. Pore-network extraction and morphological analysis

Nonwoven fibrous materials are a unique class of porous materials that are widely used for filtration and separation applications. The complex pore structure in fibrous media, with high connectivity and low tortuosity, enhances filtration efficiency while preventing filter fouling. The pore size distribution is a key to predicting and improving transport properties by tailoring the microstructure of fibrous media. However, the statistical properties of the pore space are not easily accessible in experiments, and often only effective geometric properties such as hydraulic radius and specific surface area are reported. In this study, we employ a computational framework and generate realistic nonwoven fibrous media with a wide range of porosities. We obtain the pore network by extracting a subnetwork of the watershed segmentation of pore space and analyze the statistical distribution of pore and throat sizes and their connectivity. We find that a random fiber orientation has a pronounced effect on the effective geometric properties and their dependence on porosity. We investigate the influence of processing parameters such as fiber size, orientation, and overlaps between fibers as a prerequisite to predicting transport properties of nonwoven fibrous media. The computational approach can be combined with experimental imaging techniques, which enables rapid characterization of porous microstructures in terms of the statistical pore space properties resulting from specific manufacturing processes.
Effects of Interaction between Nitrogen Fertilizer and Planting Density on Leaf Type,Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Mechanical-transplanting Super Hybrid Rice

The effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application amount and transplanting density on the leaf type,photosynthetic characteristic and yield of mechanical-transplanting super rice were studied with Quanliangyou 681 as material. The results showed that the interaction between the planting density and nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced the rate of effective leaf area,net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance,and did not significantly influenced the intercellular CO2 concentration. The lower planting density and nitrogen fertilizer application amount were beneficial for the increase of effective leaf area rate,lower planting density and higher fertilizer application amount were beneficial for the increase of net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. The interaction between the planting density and nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced the yield of super hybrid rice,the yield increased with the increase of the planting density and nitrogen fertilizer application amount,the treatment with high fertilizer application amount(250 kg/ha) and high density(2. 38 × 105 plants/ha) obtained the highest yiled of 9. 26 t/ha,which significantly higher than the other treatments. The interaction between the planting density and ni-trogen fertilizer mainly influenced the panicles number per plant and setting percentage,and panicles number per plant was crucial for high yield of mechanical-transplanting super hybrid rice,the proper increase of transplanting density was the approach to receive high yield under the suitable nitrogen fertilizer application amount in Jianghan Plain.
Maritime Route Risk Analysis for Hazardous Materials Transportation

This paper presents a novel methodology of analyzing, quantifying and assigning risk cost estimates as related to marine transportation of petroleum products. These risk costs constitute an essential input to any transportation network model that would solve for an optimal oil flow distribution. Based on the risk analysis, transportation models could then be used to identify shipping routes that minimize a function of transportation and risk cost while maintaining an equitable distribution of risk. The proposed methodology is implemented on a real world case study that captures the transportation of oil within the Gulf of Mexico for the 1990-1994 time period.
The Schizophrenia Spectrum: Perspectives from Neuroimaging

The growth of neuroimaging techniques over the past decade has provided psychiatrists with a set of tools which can be used to pursue some of the most fundamental questions in research in mental illness. The neuroimaging techniques have grown steadily and now include methods that permit us to study brain anatomy in increasingly fine detail, such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR), as well as the various functional techniques. The latter include echo planar MR, MR spectroscopy, single photon- emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron-emission tomography (PET); these functional techniques permit evaluation of brain physiology and chemistry. The goals of investigators who apply neuroimaging research techniques in psychiatry are to study basic brain-behavior relationships, and ultimately to identify the mechanisms that produce mental illnesses. In its current form, neuroimaging research aims to achieve these goals at multiple levels, i.e., to understand illnesses as diseases, as syndromes, or as symptom complexes.
The Party and the Government

We begin our study of the Soviet foreign trade hierarchy at the top, with those officials of the Communist party and the government who are responsible for setting broad policy and for settling disputes between ministries and state committees. Unfortunately, these are the officials who are the most important but about whose work the least is known. Political scientists who dedicate their lives to such matters tell us that “it is almost impossible to describe the work of the Central Committee” and that “nothing is known about the work of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers.”1 There is no reasonable Soviet counterpart to the Congressional Record or the Washington Post, and Western observers are seldom given the opportunity to interview high officials or to attend their deliberations. What we do know is something of the formal structure of the hierarchy, the positions, the career paths, and sometimes the views of selected officials, and the resulting policies as they are reflected in official pronouncements and in the pattern of foreign trade. For now, this will have to suffice.
The ethical orientation of U.S. small business decision makers: A preliminary study

The airwaves are being permeated with heated discussions of family values. Values are being equated, in part, with ethics. Almost every discipline has examined ethics. Indeed, ethical considerations affect all forms of human activity, including business organizations. In 1978, Katz and Kahn determined that individual and organization values are important in determining behavior. Since then, a number of authors have expounded on the importance of ethical considerations in business decision making (Andrews, 1989; Berenbeim, 1987; Beversluis, 1987; Evans, 1991; Frederick, 1988; Goddard, 1988; Hector, 1989; Henderson, 1982; Longenecker, McKinney, & Moore, 1988; Payne & Duhon, 1990; Shostack, 1990; Stead, Worrell, & Stead 1990; Von der Embse & Wagley, 1988; and Werner, 1992). The Kellogg Foundation published a working paper series examining ethics and leadership (1996). Recently, proposed frameworks or models of ethical decision making in business have been introduced (Gatewood & Carol, 1991; Payne & Giacalone, 1990; and Jones, 1991). Likewise, unethical behavior has been studied in terms of the cost of employee dishonesty (Clark & Hollinger, 1983; Walls, 1988); in addition to its causes and solutions (Bauman, 1988; Bernstein, 1985; Buckley, 1986; and Carter, 1987). In 1992, Dees and Starr reviewed the existing articles on ethics and small business and concluded that there were few studies that explicitly examined this issue. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive examination of the ethical orientation of small business decision-makers and workplace climate. The importance of a supportive climate is well documented, beginning with Schneider (1973, 1975). Victor and Cullen (1988) called for such additional research concerning specific types of organizations. In particular, is there a difference between individual attitudes of small business decision-makers toward the use of power and individual ethics, and perceptions of ethical climate and behavior in the work place? This article reports the results of a preliminary national survey of small business decision-makers using three measures of ethical orientation. Implications for further research are discussed.
Initial Steps in Pyrimidine Synthesis in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Vitro II. THE SYNTHESIS OF CARBAMYL PHOSPHATE BY A SOLUBLE, GLUTAMINE-DEPENDENT CARBAMYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE

Abstract A glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase, the occurrence of which was suggested by previous studies with intact cells, has been found in extracts of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The activity is detectable by measuring the incorporation of 14C-bicarbonate of high specific activity into citrulline when purified Streptococcus faecalis ornithine transcarbamylase and ornithine are added to the extract. The 14C-bicarbonate incorporation into citrulline requires (in addition to the tumor extract, ornithine transcarbamylase, and ornithine) magnesium, adenosine triphosphate, and glutamine or ammonia. The Km for glutamine is close to 10-5 m, whereas the Km for ammonium chloride is about 5 x 10-3 m. The incorporation is inhibited by glutamine analogues when either glutamine or ammonia is the substrate. A standard assay and a procedure to stabilize the enzyme are described. Other properties of the extracted enzyme are described. The enzyme is similar to the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetases from mushroom, Escherichia coli and yeast. The role of this enzyme in mammalian and avian pyrimidine synthesis is discussed.
Native American Mobilization and the Power of Recognition: Theorizing the Effects of Political Acknowledgment

How recognition may empower or restrain Native American mobilization has not received sufficient scholarly attention and remains largely unexplored and under-theorized. This paper contributes a partial remedy to this oversight by explicitly theorizing how political recognition can mediate Native American collective action and lead to differential mobilizational outcomes. In this paper I build on and add nuances to the models of indigenous mobilization offered by Joane Nagel and Stephen Cornell and contribute to the broader literature on tribal acknowledgement by theorizing tribal status as a factor in Native American mobilization.
Spontaneous and ICR191-A-induced Frameshift Mutations in the A Gene of Escherichia coli Tryptophan Synthetase

Frameshift mutant trpA21 was isolated after ultraviolet treatment and frameshift mutant trpA540 after ICR191-A (an acridine derivative) treatment of wild-type Escherichia coli K-12. The A proteins of spontaneous and ICR191-A-induced partial revertants of these mutants contained altered amino acid sequences one residue shorter than the comparable sequence in the A protein of wild-type bacteria. The data support the conclusion that ICR191-A causes frameshift mutations. The findings further indicate that both base additions and deletions are elicited by ICR191-A treatment and that mutagenesis by this compound sometimes affects more than one base pair. ICR191-A also weakly reverts some missense mutants. Analyses of the relevant peptides of the purified A protein show single amino acid replacements compatible with single base-pair changes. In addition, we found that some spontaneously revertible ICR191-A- and ultraviolet light-induced frameshift mutants are not further stimulated to revert by exposure to ultraviolet light.
IP multicast over cable TV networks

When a cable TV network that provides Internet access is connected to multiple ISPs, there are instances where multicast does not work or works inefficiently. This paper identifies causes of these problems, and proposes solutions, demonstrating that it is possible to provide efficient multicast with any of the architectures under consideration. In addition, the de facto industry standard for data transmission over cable networks, DOCSIS TM , guarantees that a cable company will have the ability to block certain multicast traffic (such as traffic generated by Internet television broadcasters which compete with the cable company’s core business.) This paper describes how an ISP can circumvent this. Under the assumption that there is a significant amount of multicast traffic, we show thatcable companies and ISPs would be motivated to provide multicast services in all cases, but there are cases where they are not motivated to choose an efficient approach. Finally, we consider the impact of possible regulation that prohibits cable companies from blocking. In cases where this regulation has any impact, it can increase or decrease the cost of multicast services.
How predictable is the position of third molars over time

Purpose The purpose of this study was to review contemporaneous longitudinal studies focused on changes in the position of third molars. Materials and Methods A systematic search of the National Library of Medicine (PubMed, http://www.pubmed.gov ) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane ) was conducted to identify eligible articles. The inclusion criteria were 1) longitudinal assessment (retrospective or prospective); 2) published in English; and 3) full text available online or at the University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library. Results Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The status of third molars with respect to eruption/angulation was operationalized in multiple ways, making any comparison of the frequency of changes in position difficult. The major findings of each study are reviewed. Conclusions Few longitudinal data exist on the changes over time of impacted third molars. Impacted teeth that remain static, with no changes in position or angulation over time, are rare.
Two- and three-point energy correlations in Hadronice+e− annihilation

Correlations between the energies incident on two or three detectors arounde+e− annihilation events are considered as a probe of the QCD structure of the events. Practical methods for deducing two-detector energy correlations (which give the mean product of energies incident on two detectors as a function of their angular separation) from measured events are devised. Analytical formulae for energy correlations from QCD perturbation theory are given, but it is found that large corrections from hadron formation obscure these symptotic predictions at available energies. Correlations between the final state and the incominge± beam direction are discussed, and observables are presented which measure the angular distributions of planes of final particles with respect to the beam axis (but do not require explicit determination of the planes). Finally, three-detector energy correlatons and their moments are treated, and methods for investigating planar structures ine+e− annihilation events are devised.
A Comparative Analysis of Ointment Base Efficiency Utilizing a Pain Threshold Method

Abstract The use of a modified Hardy‐Wolff‐Goodell pain threshold apparatus for the evaluation of six ointment bases is reported. The efficiency of butacaine sulfate and benzocaine in white ointment, hydrophilic ointment, hydrophilic petrolatum, and three bentonite bases was studied and the method found applicable.
Brillouin spectra of K/sub 1-x/Li/sub x/TaO/sub 3/ under poled and zero-field-cooled conditions

The Brillouin spectra of KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ single crystals containing 5.6 mol% lithium have been investigated as a function of temperature in the temperature range below 77 K. The results obtained for both poled and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) samples are in agreement with the presence of a tetragonal ferroelectric phase below a transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of approximately 60 K. A 50% step discontinuity was observed in the elastic constant ${c}_{33}$ below ${T}_{c}$. The value of the saturated polarization calculated from this change in ${c}_{33}$ with the use of electrostrictive data is 0.27 C/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. The sharp Brillouin components and the anisotropy of the elastic constants in both the ZFC and poled samples imply that the absolute magnitude and axis of the polarization are constant over dimensions on the order of the laser focal spot (i.e., 50 to 100 micrometers in diameter). The existence of antiphase domain boundaries between much smaller regions of reversed polarization, however, is suggested by the results of Raman scattering experiments.
Imprinting and expression of insulin-like growth factor-II and H19 in normal breast tissue and breast tumor

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is a mitogenic peptide that has been reported to play an important role in the formation and growth of a variety of tumors. In most tissues, the IGF-II gene (IGF2) is parentally imprinted, with only the paternal allele being expressed. IGF2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein are overexpressed in some benign and malignant tumors. H19, a tumor suppressor gene located directly downstream from IGF2, is also genomically imprinted, but the paternal allele is silenced. It has been suggested that alterations in the imprinting of these two genes, which are located at chromosome 11p15.5, may lead to a malignant diathesis. We examined 18 fresh-frozen (FF) breast tumors with their adjacent normal breast tissue and 14 sets of paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissues for IGF2 and H19 gene expression and imprinting. IGF2 mRNA and H19 RNA could be quantitated in 15 of the 18 FF tumors. Although three of these tumors showed a > or = 2-fold increase in IGF2 expression when compared with the normal control tissues, the average abundance of IGF2 mRNA in 8 of 15 FF samples was or = 2-fold in 5 tumors, but decreased by < or = 50% in 6 tumors when compared with normal adjacent tissue. By examining the ApaI and CA-repeat polymorphisms in the IGF2 gene, we found that the imprinting of IGF2 was maintained in all but 2 of the 17 informative subjects. H19 imprinting was maintained in all 18 informative fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed samples. Our data suggest that alterations in IGF2 and H19 gene expression and loss of imprinting do not occur reliably in breast cancer.
Evaluating a State-and-Transition Model Using a Long-Term Dataset

State-and-transition models (STMs) are used in natural resource management to describe ecological site scale response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. STMs are primarily based for expert opinion and literature reviews, lacking analytical testing to support vegetation community dynamics, thresholds, and state changes. We developed a unique approach, combining ordination and permutation MANOVA (perMANOVA) with raw data interpretation, to examine vegetation data structure and identify thresholds for a STM. We used a long-term monitoring dataset for an ecological site on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona. Basal cover of perennial grasses and canopy cover of shrubs and cacti were measured on permanent transects beginning in 1957. Data were grouped by drivers identified by the STM including species invasion, grazing, drought, and mesquite treatment. Ordination by nonmetric multidimensional scaling described the structure of the data. PerMANOVA was used to test for differences between groups of sample units. Analyses of combined key species (Lehmann's lovegrass and mesquite [Prosopis velutina Woot.]) and nonkey species patterns demonstrated an irreversible transition and occurrence of a structural threshold due to Lehmann's lovegrass invasion, as well as a short-term reversible transition (restoration pathway) following mesquite treatment. Sensitivity analysis, in which key species were removed from the dataset, showed that the relative composition of nonkey species did not differ between states previously defined by the key species. This apparent disconnect between dynamics of key and nonkey species may be related to changes in the functional attributes that were not monitored during this time series. Our analyses suggest that, for this ecological site, transition to a Lehmann's lovegrass state occurs when basal cover of this species exceeds 1–2%, which often occurs within 6 yr of its arrival. Evaluation of the restoration pathway showed a recrossing of the threshold within 6 yr of treatment and when mesquite canopy cover exceeded 10%.
Primary Neural Degeneration in the Guinea Pig Cochlea After Reversible Noise-Induced Threshold Shift

Recent work in mouse showed that acoustic overexposure can produce a rapid and irreversible loss of cochlear nerve peripheral terminals on inner hair cells (IHCs) and a slow degeneration of spiral ganglion cells, despite full recovery of cochlear thresholds and no loss of inner or outer hair cells (Kujawa and Liberman, J Neurosci 29:14077–14085, 2009). This contrasts with earlier ultrastructural work in guinea pig suggesting that acute noise-induced neural degeneration is followed by full regeneration of cochlear nerve terminals in the IHC area (Puel et al., Neuroreport 9:2109–2114, 1998; Pujol and Puel, Ann N Y Acad Sci 884:249–254, 1999). Here, we show that the same patterns of primary neural degeneration reported for mouse are also seen in the noise-exposed guinea pig, when IHC synapses and cochlear nerve terminals are counted 1 week post-exposure in confocal images from immunostained whole mounts and that the same slow degeneration of spiral ganglion cells occurs despite no loss of IHCs and apparent recovery of cochlear thresholds. The data cast doubt on prior claims that there is significant neural regeneration and synaptogenesis in the adult cochlea and suggest that denervation of the inner hair cell is an important sequela of “reversible” noise-induced hearing loss, which likely applies to the human ear as well.
Two Bass Scale Factors and Response to Placebo and Anxiolytic Drugs

Two principal oblique factors are identified in the Bass Social Acquiescence Scale, a measure previously shown to correlate positively with placebo response and negatively with anxiolytic drug response. The two factors appeared very similar in separate analyses of data from samples of 941 psychiatric outpatients and 1,837 college students. Also, results are presented which indicate that one factor, tentatively labeled “traditionalism”, accounted for the empirically observed relationships to placebo and drug response in two clinical trials.
Influence of thioketo substitution on the properties of uracil and its noncovalent interactions with alkali metal ions: threshold collision-induced dissociation and theoretical studies.

Experimental and theoretical studies are carried out to determine the influence of thioketo substitution on the properties of uracil and its noncovalent interactions with alkali metal ions. Bond dissociation energies of alkali metal ion-thiouracil complexes, M + (SU), are determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques in a guided ion beam mass spectrometer, where M + = Li + , Na + , and K + and SU = 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 2,4-dithiouracil, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil. Ab initio electronic structure calculations are performed to determine the structures and theoretical bond dissociation energies of these complexes and provide molecular constants necessary for thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical calculations are also performed to examine the influence of thioketo substitution on the acidities, proton affinities, and A::SU Watson-Crick base pairing energies. In general, thioketo substitution leads to an increase in both the proton affinity and the acidity of uracil. 2-Thio substitution generally results in an increase in the alkali metal ion binding affinities but has almost no affect on the stability of the A::SU base pair. In contrast, 4-thio substitution results in a decrease in the alkali metal ion binding affinities and a significant decrease in the stability of the A::SU base pair. In addition, alkali metal ion binding is expected to lead to an increase in the stability of both single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids by reducing the charge on the nucleic acid in a zwitterion effect as well as through additional noncovalent interactions between the alkali metal ion and the nucleobases.
Radiative penguin decays of B mesons

We present recent studies of radiative B decays at the Belle and BaBar experiments. These include semi-inclusive measurements of B → X s l + l − branching fraction and the CP asymmetry in B → X s γ , a fully inclusive b → s γ analysis and a search for exclusive b → d γ decays.
Low-pressure conversion studies for YBCO precursors derived by PVD and MOD methods

The rate at which thin film YBCO precursor converts to high J/sub c/ superconductor depends on many factors including the method by which the precursor is prepared, the precursor film thickness, and the conditions during precursor deposition and conversion. Using in-situ X-ray diffraction and reduced pressures, we have examined and compared conversion rates for precursors prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and metal-organic deposition (MOD). For conversion conditions found to be optimal for obtaining high J/sub c/ and high precursor conversion rate (G/sub p/) for PVD precursors, the G/sub p/ is nearly identical (/spl sim/0.2 nm/sec) for the both PVD and MOD precursors. The development of crystalline BaF/sub 2/ is, however, distinctly different for the two precursors. This may suggest that conversions of these PVD and MOD precursors follow different chemical pathways. For both precursors, higher G/sub p/ is realized using higher water pressure and ramp rate. Although G/sub p/ is higher, YBCO is randomly oriented and J/sub c/ is zero for the PVD precursor. The MOD precursor seems to be generally more tolerant of higher reaction rates than the PVD precursor. The reaction rate versus P/sub H2O/ determined for both precursor types shows a square root of P/sub H2O/ dependence of G/sub p/. This behavior is consistent with a reaction rate limited by gas-phase HF removal.
Scheduling flexible manufacturing systems using Petri nets and heuristic search

Petri net modeling combined with heuristic search provides a new scheduling method for flexible manufacturing systems. The method formulates a scheduling problem with a Petri net model. Then, it generates and searches a partial reachability graph to find an optimal or near optimal feasible schedule in terms of the firing sequence of the transitions of the Petri net model. The method can handle features such as routing flexibility, shared resources, lot sizes and concurrency. By following the generated schedule, potential deadlocks in the Petri net model and the system can be avoided. Hence the analytical overhead to guarantee the liveness of the model and the system is eliminated. Some heuristic functions for efficient search are explored and the experimental results are presented. >
Effect of a community cholesterol screening program on serum total cholesterol level

Abstract The National Cholesterol Education Program advocates the importance of "knowing your cholesterol." 1 However, the value of cholesterol awareness has not been tested. This report compares serum total cholesterol levels at baseline and 6 months later of apparently healthy volunteers participating in a cholesterol screening program with levels in control subjects who did not participate in the program.
Low temperature deodorizations of fish oils with volatile acidic and basic steam sources

Menhaden, cod liver and siscowet lake trout oils were vacuum steam deodorized at 100°C to 210°C using volatile acid (acetic and hydrochloric) and base (ammonium hydroxide) solutions (0.005N–0.25N) as steam sources. Volatiles in oils were analyzed by Tenax GC headspace analysis, and flavor and odor quality was evaluated. Deodorization of oils at 100°C with acidic solutions yielded oils that lacked the burnt/fishy flavors compared to similar oils that were deodorized with either water or alkaline solutions. Acid catalyzed hydrations of fishy aldehydes by deodorizing acids and flavor masking byt,c-2,6-nonadienal appeared to cause the suppression of fishy flavors in fish oils deodorized by acid solutions. Oils deodorized at 210°C exhibited less intense fishy flavors, and lower concentrations of fishy aldehydes,t,t,c-2,4,7-decatrienal,t,c,c,-2,4,7-decatrienal, andc-4-heptenal.
Development, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the simple SALUS crop model in DSSAT

Abstract Simplified approaches to modeling crop growth and development have recently received more attention due to increased interest in applying crop models at large scales for various agricultural assessments. In this study, we integrated the simple version of SALUS (System Approach to Land Use Sustainability) crop model in the widely-used Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) to enhance the capability of DSSAT to simulate additional crops without requiring detailed parameterization. An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was conducted using the integrated DSSAT-simple SALUS model to assess the variability in model outputs and crop parameter ranking in response to uncertainties associated with crop parameters required by the model. The influence of year, production level, and location on the effect of crop parameter uncertainty was also investigated. Parameter uncertainty resulted in a high variability in modeled outputs. Simulated potential aboveground biomass ranged from 1.2 t ha−1 to 38 t ha−1 for maize and 4 t ha−1 to 26.5 t ha−1 for peanut and cotton, all locations and years considered. The degree of variability was dependent upon the production level, the location, the year, and the crop. Ranking of crop parameters was not significantly affected by the year of study but was strongly related to the production level, location, and crop. The model was not sensitive to parameters related to prediction of the timing of germination and emergence. The most influential parameters were related to leaf area index growth, crop duration, and thermal time accumulation. Findings from this study contributed to understanding the effects of crop parameter uncertainty on the model's outputs under different environmental conditions.
Predicting purchase intention of a controversial luxury apparel product

Purpose – The aim of this study is to determine, using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), affluent female consumers' purchase intention of a controversial luxury product, apparel made with American alligator leather.Design/methodology/approach – Influence variables evaluated in the model included: attitude toward performing the behavior (purchasing alligator leather apparel); subjective norm, involvement (fashion involvement); controversy perception (social acceptance and endangerment status of the American alligator); price perception (price‐quality schema and prestige sensitivity); personality traits (self‐confidence and self‐consciousness); and demographics. A mail survey of 1,200 affluent female consumers residing in eight US metropolitan statistical areas defined as fashion centers was conducted.Findings – A total of 430 usable surveys were returned for a 36 percent response rate. The general linear model regression analysis revealed that attitude toward performing the behavior, subjective norm, co...
Developing sociopolitical consciousness at Freedom Schools: implications for culturally responsive teacher preparation

This article describes the programmatic ways in which the Children’s Defense Fund Freedom Schools® program develops culturally responsive teaching practices amongst its summer interns, particularly in the area of developing sociopolitical consciousness. This paper places specific focus on the role that historical knowledge, the acknowledgement of a ‘we’ discourse and instilling a lifelong commitment to service plays in cultivating teacher sociopolitical consciousness. The research reported here aims to serve as a case for lessons to be learned by traditional, university-based teacher education programs committed to preparing teachers to teach in culturally responsive ways.
Eculizumab in atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome with severe cardiac and neurological involvement.

Background Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disorder usually caused by dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Uncontrolled complement activation results in systemic complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and subsequent multi-organ damage. The two most common extrarenal complications comprise neurological and cardiovascular involvement. Eculizumab, a humanised anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, has recently been introduced as a therapy for this condition.
Uses for recombinant human TSH in patients with thyroid cancer and nodular goiter.

Summary Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) has revolutionized the care of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Since its approval for clinical use in 2001 in Europe (1998 in the USA), rhTSH has greatly enhanced the surveillance of these patients by allowing the avoidance of hypothyroidism for TSH stimulation. Previously, a hypothyroid state was required for TSH stimulated diagnostic whole-body radio-iodine scans (DxWBS) and thyroglobulin (Tg) levels. Patients generally prefer rhTSH as a mechanism for TSH stimulation because symptoms of hypothyroidism can be completely avoided. Currently, rhTSH is only approved for diagnostic monitoring of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. There are many other potential uses for rhTSH, including facilitation of treatment of patients with thyroid cancer and nodular goiter. The diagnostic and therapeutic role of rhTSH in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and nodular goiter will be discussed in this review.
Regulation of the β2 subunit chain of laminin in developing rabbit fetal lung tissue

Laminins are a family of basement membrane-associated heterotrimeric proteins that are important in mediating the growth, migration, and differentiation of a variety of cell types. The β2 subunit chain is a component of several laminin isoforms, e.g., laminin-3, laminin-4, laminin-7, and possibly other, as yet uncharacterized laminin isoforms. Utilizing monoclonal antibodies directed against the β2 subunit chain of laminin, we detected this protein in fetal, neonatal, and adult lung tissues. The relative amount of laminin β2 subunit chain in fetal lung tissue increased as gestation proceeded, reaching its peak around the time of alveolar type II cell differentiation in the rabbit. The laminin β2 subunit chain was localized in early gestational age rabbit fetal lung tissue primarily in basement membranes of prealveolar ducts, airways, and smooth muscle cells of airways and arterial blood vessels. A rabbit laminin β2 cDNA was generated using RT-PCR and utilized as a probe in northern blot analysis to characterize the levels of laminin β2 mRNA in developing rabbit lung tissue. Similar to the pattern of laminin β2 protein induction observed in fetal lung tissue, laminin β2 mRNA levels were maximal late in gestation. Utilizing a laminin β2 chain cRNA probe and in situ hybridization, we detected laminin β2 mRNA in the epithelial cells of prealveolar ducts, the alveolar wall, and airways, as well as in connective tissue cells, and the smooth muscle cells of airways and blood vessels in fetal and adult lung tissues. In addition, using an in vitro explant model, we determined that alveolar type II cells are capable of synthesizing laminin β2 subunit mRNA and depositing this laminin subunit chain in the basement membrane beneath type II cells. The results of this study are suggestive that the laminin β2 chain may be involved in alveolar epithelial cell differentiation.
Conceiving Musical Transdialection

While it may not surprise you to learn that the first bit of music above is the opening of a chorale prelude by Baroque master Johann Sebastian Bach, who would guess that the second bit is a transcription of it? But it is—it is a transcription by the contemporary British composer Michael Finnissy.1 The two passages look very different from one another, even to those of us who do not read music. And hearing the pieces will do little to dispel the shock, for here we have bits of music that seem worlds apart in their melodic makeup, harmonic content, and rhythmic complexity. It is a far cry from Bach’s steady tonality to Finnissy’s floating, tangled lines—a sonic texture in which, as one critic put it, real music is “mostly thrown into a seething undigested, unimagined heap of dyslexic clusters of multiple keyand time-proportions, as intricately enmeshed in the fetishism of the written notation as those with notes derived from numbermagic.”2 We are more sympathetic to Finnissy’s music. But still, how can one maintain that his music transcribes Bach’s? What conceptual undertaking and what art-historical trajectory can produce such a relationship without straining the term ‘transcription’ past its useful limits? In this article, we illuminate the wandering notion of musical transcription by reflecting on the various ways ‘transcription’ and its cognates have
Studies on cryptococcus nigricans, II. The effects of physical, chemical and nutritional factors

1. A chemically defined, minimal medium was developed for the cultivation ofCryptococcus nigricans (glucose, nitrate, thiamin, biotin, and inorganic salts).
Biosteres longicaudatus: Developmental dependence on host (Anastrepha suspensa) physiology

Abstract Larvae of Anastrepha suspensa that were in the first day of the third instar were parasitized by females of the solitary endoparasitoid, Biosteres longicaudatus. At the end of the 6-hr oviposition period, larvae were ligated posterior to the ring gland so that some larvae had parasitoids anterior to the ligature while in others, the parasitoids were in the abdomen, posterior to the ligature. Ninety-two percent of the parasitoids anterior to the ligature hatched to the first through third instars. Parasitoids posterior to the ligature had a 75% egg hatch to the first instar only. No larval molts to the second or subsequent instars occurred in these parasitoids. Upon parabiosis to 3-day-old, unparasitized host pupae, the ligated larvae pupated and 97% of the first-instar parasitoids in these parabiosed larval abdomens molted to the second instar. Newly laid parasitoid eggs transplanted to 3-day-old pupal hosts had less than one-third of the egg hatch of those transplanted to first-day third-instar hosts. The data implicate the physiological state of the host (vis-a-vis pupation and associated events) as being an important factor in the development of the endoparasitoid.
Going around transparent and grid-like barriers: detour ability as a perception–action skill

Early detour ability may not generalize immediately across similar problems in different perception–action systems, but instead may reveal a pattern of developmental onset that is more domain-specific. To investigate this possibility, we examined how 10-month-old (n = 24) and 12-month-old (n = 24) infants performed detours via different action modes and around barriers that differed in transparency. Infants made reaching and locomotor detours to retrieve an object located behind either an upright transparent barrier or an upright transparent barrier overlaid with a grid pattern. The results indicated that infants were more likely to make reaching than locomotor detours and explored the transparent and grid barriers differently. Additionally, younger infants more often attempted to contact the object through the entirely transparent barrier than did older infants, especially when making a reaching detour. The results suggest that during detour development, infants learn to coordinate relevant perceptual information with emerging actions.
Effect of calcium, insulin and growth hormone on membrane fluidity. A spin label study of rat adipocyte and human erythrocyte ghosts.

Abstract ESR spectra were recorded from rat epididymal adipocyte ghosts labeled with the 5-nitroxide stearic acid spin probe, I(12,3). Polarity-corrected and approximate order parameters, that are sensitive to the flexibility of the incorporated label, were used to evaluate the membrane lipid fluidity. Addition of CaCl2 at 37°C decreased the fluidity, as indicated by positive increases in the order parameters. The ordering effect of Ca2+ was concentration-dependent, reached saturation at approx. 3–4 mM, and was completely reversed by excess EGTA. Previous studies indicated that low- and high-affinity sites on adipocyte plasma membranes are able to bind 45Ca2+, and our results suggest that Ca2+-induced alterations in the lipid fluidity involve cation binding to low-affinity sites. The cellular movements of Ca2+ and, in particular, the binding of Ca2+ to the plasma membrane may play important roles in insulin's action on fat cell function. The possibility that insulin directly alters the membrane fluidity was tested by adding hormone to freshly-prepared I(12,3)-labeled adipocyte ghosts. Insulin, at concentrations (10−6 M) that enhance glucose uptake into intact adipocytes, did not affect the fluidity of ghosts suspended in buffers with or without Ca2+. The fluidities of I(12,3)-labeled rat adipocyte ghosts or human erythrocyte ghosts were also unaffected by various forms of human growth hormone.