cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Organizational Justice and Workplace Aggression

The proposed model posits that different forms and combinations of justice perceptions are likely to elicit different forms of aggression that also vary in terms of the target of aggression and the manner in which harm is delivered to the target. Eight possible combinations of justice perceptions are described and the forms of aggression each combination is most likely to elicit are proposed. Potential moderators of the proposed relationships are discussed. Implications of the model are described and future research directions are suggested.
Trichomonad Gastritis in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

In a retrospective study, 51 cases of gastritis (14%) were identified from among 341 necropsies performed on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at the New England Primate Research Center from 1993 to 2001. Protozoa were seen in the stomach of 13 monkeys (25%) with gastritis. Two histopathologic manifestations of gastritis were observed: seven cases of lymphoplasmacytic gastritis with trichomonad trophozoites within lumens of gastric glands and four cases of necrosuppurative gastritis containing intralesional periodic acid-Schiff-positive protozoa; two cases of gastritis had morphologic features of both types of gastritis. In instances of necrosuppurative and combined lymphoplasmacytic and necrosuppurative gastritis, protozoa were 4-35 microm in diameter and round to tear-shaped. Because of the unusual morphology of the protozoa in these latter cases, transmission electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to further identify these organisms. The protozoa were definitively identified as Tritrichomonas in all cases on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics (flagella and undulating membranes) and amplification of a 347-bp product of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene of Tritrichomonas foetus, Tritrichomonas suis and Tritrichomonas mobilensis by PCR using DNA extracted from stomach tissue. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that Tritrichomonas can be a significant cofactor in the development of necrosuppurative gastritis in SIV-infected rhesus macaques.
Intracerebral hemorrhage in complement C3-deficient mice

The complement cascade is activated and contributes to brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The present study investigated ICH-induced brain damage in complement C3-deficient mice.
Inhibition of In Vitro Friend Murine Leukemia Virus Infection of Lipopolysaccharide-Activated B-Cells With Concanavalin A

Stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of splenic B-lymphocytes infected in vitro with Friend virus complex increased the number of cells with replicating murine leukemia virus (MuLV) [i.e., infectious centers (IC)] up to 100-fold. Concanavalin A (Con A) did not have such an effect. However, the addition of Con A to the LPS-stimulated cultures decreased the number of IC. The inhibitory concentration of Con A (2.5 microgram/ml) was eightfold less than that capable of neutralizing the in vitro infectivity of MuLV (20 microgram/ml). The effect of Con A was not mediated by T-cells; the inhibition of infection was comparable with use of whole spleen cell suspensions from normal BALB/c mice, with T-cell-depleted cell suspensions, or with spleen cells with congenitally athymic nude mice. However, specific removal of Con A from the surface of B-cells with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside prior to the infection reversed the inhibitory effect entirely. It is suggested that the lectin interferes with MuLV on the membrane of B-cells.
Bilateral phase-type distributions

In this article we define a class of distributions called bilateral phase type (BPH), and study its closure and computational properties. The class of BPH distributions is closed under convolution, negative convolution, and mixtures. The one-sided version of BPH, called generalized phase type (GPH), is also defined. The class of GPH distributions is strictly larger than the class of phase-type distributions introduced by Neuts, and is closed under convolution, negative convolution with nonnegativity condition, mixtures, and formation of coherent systems. We give computational schemes to compute the resulting distributions from the above operations and extend them to analyze queueing processes. In particular, we present efficient algorithms to compute the steady-state and transient waiting times in GPH/GPH/1 queues and a simple algorithm to compute the steady-state waiting time in M/GPH/1 queues.
Hearing measurements from a stranded infant Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus.

An infant Risso's dolphin ( Grampus griseus) was rescued from the beach in Southern Portugal, and an audiogram was measured using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and envelope following response (EFR) techniques for frequencies from 4 to 150 kHz. The stimuli used were custom sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tone-bursts, and the AEP responses were collected, averaged and analyzed to quantify the animal's physiological response and, thereby, hearing thresholds. The infant animal showed a wide range of best sensitivity, with the lowest threshold of 49.5 dB re. 1 μPa at 90 kHz. The audiogram showed a typical mammalian ∪-shape with a gradual, low-frequency slope of 16.4 dB octave-1 and a sharp high-frequency increase of 95 dB octave-1. When compared with an audiogram of an older Risso's dolphin obtained using behavioral methods, the threshold values at upper frequencies were much lower for this infant animal, and this infant heard higher frequencies. These results redefine the hearing capabilities of Risso's dolphins by demonstrating very high-frequency sensitivity.
International Family-planning Training for Nurse Practitioners

Since the mid-1970s, the Margaret Sanger Center of Planned Parenthood of New York City has prepared nurses and nurse midwives from less developed countries to be family-planning nurse practitioners. These nurse practitioners then provide services to patients, train other staff, and manage integrated family-planning clinics. More than 120 nurses and nurse midwives have arrived in groups of 10 at the Sanger Center, with 72 attending since 1981. Each course lasts 10 weeks. The core curriculum provides trainees with skills in women's health care including contraception, in training and advocacy, and in management of clinics. Whether, in the current period of scarce resources, cross-cultural training programs of this type remain a worthwhile investment, and if so, which of their components are most important to this success, is assessed.
The Clinicopathologic Spectrum of Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Abstract Context.—Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid proliferations occurring in the setting of solid organ or bone marrow transplantati...
Energy and angular correlations in tau. -->. pi. K. nu

A measurement of energy and angular correlations in the decay $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}K\ensuremath{\nu}$ can be a source of valuable information on the pion-kaon interaction. With the assumption of a $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}$ current of $V\ensuremath{-}A$ form and $T$-reversal invariance in the weak production of the pion and kaon, the correlations in the decay can reveal the relative phase for the $s$ and $p$ partial waves in pion-kaon scattering. The differential decay distribution for this decay is exhibited as a function of four kinematic variables and with hadronic form factors which are defined as proportional to the amplitudes for production into $s$ and $p$ partial waves. In experiments with limited statistics the phase difference can be determined by appropriate cuts in the data.
A new approach to Burgers' equation

Abstract A new approach to Burger's equation is proposed using the decomposition method, eliminating smallness assumptions or linearization.
Mitochondrial-DNA and allozyme divergence patterns are correlated among island deer mice

Relation entre la distance geographique et la phylogenese etudie chez des populations de la souris Peromyscus maniculatus des iles du detroit de Californie a l'aide de donnees morphologiques, biologiques et du RFLP de l'ADN mitochondrial
HOSPITAL AFFILIATION AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE: HOW WILL CAPITAL MARKETS GUIDE HEALTH CARE RESTRUCTURING?

In this paper we discuss the potential role capital markets will play in health care restructuring. According to theory, agency costs, asymmetric information and strategic interactions cause the cost of capital for nonprofit entities to slope upward. Freestanding nonprofits are particularly disadvantaged in this regard. We conclude that some organizational forms will be less viable due to problems of capital access. Empirical work examines the capital structure of nonprofit entities. Our results indicate that chain hospitals are able to access more debt, both taxable and tax-exempt, than freestanding hospitals. Capital markets also associate for profit market presence with capital risk. We conclude that freestanding hospitals are at a relative disadvantage is accessing capital markets.
A analysis on contact stress of rolling ball-socket nozzle

Selection basis and method on allowable contact stress of rolling ball-socket nozzle were described.Based on empirical formula and test data, several factors affecting allowable stress were analyzed.Contact stress of rolling ball-socket nozzle for a SRM was predicted by using finite element method, and finite element calculation method of contact stress was given. stress distribution of ball/socket, steel ball and displacement change were abtained and the calculation results were in accord with the measurement resuts. The paper provided a reference for design of rolling ball-socket nozzle and calculation of contact stress.
The screening of Getah virus IgM antibody to patients with fever from She county in Hebei province

Objective:In order to study Getah virus inflection to patients with fever from She county in summer.Methods: To detect Getah virus IgM antibody by capture ELISA.Results: The positive rate of IgM antibody is 0.63%(2/317) in the patients with fever from She county.Conclusion: There were Getah virus infection in the patients with fever from She county in summer.But the infection rate was lower.
Fluid Behavior in Zero Gravity

The handling of fluids in the absence of gravity presents many problems. In this paper consideration is given to the zero-gravity spatial configuration of a wall wetting (zero contact angle) fluid which has given surface interface energy relationships (YSY ≥ YLS + YLV). For this model, which probably is correct for cryogenic fluids and stainless steel tanks, equilibrium predictions are made as follows: 1) The fluid will wet the tank wall and distribute itself so as to forma vapor space in the central portion of the tank. 2) The vapor space will be a sphere if a spherical shape can accommodate the volume of vapor present. 3) If too much vapor is present to be accommodated by a sphere, then a configuration will result such that surfaces backed by bulk liquid are of uniform curvature and other surfaces will be filmwetted tank walls. 4) The thickness of the film, on the “film-wetted” walls, will be of the order of a few hundred mμ under isothermal conditions. 5) The curvature of the bulk liquid surfaces will be uniform and will be greater than or equal to the curvature of any exposed film wet surface. 6) Tubes of diameter smaller than the tank diameter will fill with fluid. 7) There are shapes of baffles, etc. , which will act as a “wick” and cause the fluid to collect in a desired volume.
Modeling delay at signalized intersections with channelized right‐turn lanes considering the impact of blockage

Summary This paper presents a probabilistic delay model for signalized intersections with right-turn channelization lanes considering the possibility of blockage. Right-turn channelization is used to improve the capacity and to reduce delay at busy intersections with a lot of right-turns. However, under heavy traffic conditions the through vehicles will likely block the channelization entrance that accrues delay to right-turn vehicles. If the right-turn channelization gets blocked frequently, its advantage in reducing the intersection delay is neglected and as a result the channelization lane becomes inefficient and redundant. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) neglects the blockage effect, which may be a reason for low efficiency during peak hours. More importantly, using HCM or other standard traffic control methods without considering the blockage effects would lead to underestimation of the delay. To overcome this issue, the authors proposed delay models by taking into account both deterministic and random aspects of vehicles arrival patterns at signalized intersections. The proposed delay model was validated through VISSIM, a microscopic simulation model. The results showed that the proposed model is very precise and accurately estimates the delay. In addition, it was found that the length of short-lane section and proportion of right-turn and through traffic significantly influence the approach delay. For operational purposes, the authors provided a step-by-step delay calculation process and presented approach delay estimates for different sets of traffic volumes, signal settings, and short-lane section lengths. The delay estimates would be useful in evaluating adequacy of the current lengths, identifying the options of extending the short-lane section length, or changing signal timing to reduce the likelihood of blockage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Procedure for Cell Isolation and Applications

Bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have shown a great promise to promote ischemic tissue neovascularization and to attenuate ischemic injury in a variety of animal models, which led to EPC-based clinical trials that yielded modest but promising results. Some of the variables in the use of EPCs relate to their differential isolation and characterization protocols since the EPC literature does not identify a unique marker for these vascular progenitors. In this chapter, we present step-by-step protocols for the isolation of EPCs, their characterization and culture conditions, and their potential use in basic and clinical research.
One Body: Responses to Critics

I am grateful to all eleven authors who have taken the time to examine this book with such care and insight, and have helped me to see many points where the argument requires more work, as well as to Marcin Iwancki for conceiving and tirelessly directing this project. Regardless of sometimes differing conclusions, the fourteen of us are engaged in the same project to find and share the truth about these difficult and important moral questions, a project that is furthered at least as much by criticism as by defense. Each critical essay identifies a weakness in One Body—some identify several. I won’t be able to respond to all the important criticisms, sometimes due to reasons of space and sometimes simply because serious future research is needed. The book is a sketch for future research, research to which I invite my readers. Nonetheless, I believe that the central lines of argument survive critique and continue to be worth considering.
Effective Message Elements for Disclosures About Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke.

Introduction Cigarette smoke contains at least 93 chemicals or "constituents" that the Food and Drug Administration has identified as harmful and potentially harmful constituents to human health. Our study sought to identify which constituent disclosure message elements are most effective in discouraging people from smoking. Methods Three hundred eighty eight current smokers aged 18 and older completed an online survey in February 2015. We randomized participants to respond to one of two sets of 13 toxic products that contain cigarette constituents and 25 health effects associated with cigarette constituents. Results Products that elicited the most discouragement were those with lower chances of exposure (e.g., explosives), followed by products with possible exposure (e.g., rat poison), and products with a high likelihood of exposure (e.g., floor cleaner). Awareness of toxic products that constituents are found in (p < .001) and low exposure products (p < .001) were associated with higher discouragement. Health effects that people had heard are caused by cigarette smoke constituents elicited higher discouragement from smoking cigarettes (p < .001). Cancer was associated with higher discouragement relative to respiratory, cardiovascular, and reproductive health effects (all p < .001). Conclusions Cigarette smoke constituent messages may be more effective at discouraging smoking if they include information about carcinogenic health effects (e.g., mouth cancer and lung tumors) and low exposure toxic products (e.g., explosives and radioactive material) as message elements. Implications Our study identified health effects and toxic products, especially cancers and rarely encountered toxic products, that may discourage smoking when included in disclosure messages. By constructing messages that communicate the harms associated with tobacco use by contextualizing those harms in terms of specific constituents, tobacco education messaging efforts may be increasingly successful.
Two new species of unusual Ceresini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Smiliinae)

Cyphonia sakakibarai n. sp., from Brazil, and Poppea unispina n. sp., from Costa Rica are described. Both species differ in form and coloration from existing species.
Hirschi’s Redefined Self-Control: Assessing the Implications of the Merger Implications of the Merger Between Social- and Self-Control Theories

The merger of Hirschi’s social bonding and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theories has resulted in a recent redefinition of self-control as the “tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act.” The present study clarifies the implications of Hirschi’s redefinition, advances a new measure of redefined self-control, and provides an empirical test of key hypotheses using data from a Midwestern sample of adolescents. Results indicate that the alternative measure of redefined self-control has predictive validity. Although redefined self-control and social bonds are not the same thing, they are moderately correlated. Net of controls, redefined self-control has a significant direct effect on marijuana use and partially mediates the effect of social bonds.
Basaltic Composition Xenoliths and the Formation, Modification and Preservation of Lower Crust

Basaltic intrusives add to the inventory of lower continental crust and modify existing lower crust in regions of tectonic divergence and convergence. Therefore, it is not surprising that basaltic composition xenolithic fragments of lower crust are common in volcanic rocks of rift zones and magmatic arcs. Due to “flake tectonics” (Oxburgh, 1972) (in which the crust splits at midcrustal levels under compression), the deepest levels of the crust are infrequently exposed and these exposures yield scanty information on lower crustal composition. Evidence based on xenoliths is direct, but is also circumstantial as the xenolith populations are non-representative. The xenoliths, and magmas derived from the lower crust, may be more instructive in indicating mechanisms for the evolution of the lower crust, than in directly revealing lower crustal composition. In particular, preservation of the basaltic lower crust of convergent margins (as sampled in active island arcs) is problematic, due to possible wholesale lower crustal delamination, aided by segregation and upward migration of less dense melts leaving more dense residues, at convergent zones with structurally thickened crust. Both xenoliths and lower crustally-derived silicic magmas are used as evidence to support formation of the dense garnet-bearing granulite and eclogite required for lower crustal delamination, a process that leaves andesitic composition upper crust. The removal of more mafic lower crust, leaving less mafic upper crust is a possible mechanism for creating an andesitic crust without deriving large amounts of andesite directly from the mantle. No analogous delamination mechanism exists for basaltic underplates in rifted continental margins or intraplate localities, and these underplates may have a higher preservation probability than the convergent margin lower crustal basalts.
Application of complex-valued convolutional neural network for next generation wireless networks

A novel Complex-Valued Convolutional Neural Network (CV-CNN) model is proposed for the detection process in Multiple Input Multiple Output next generation wireless networks. The proposed model is used a as an auto-encoder based CV-CNN which is based on using the absolute value as the activation function and the L1-Norm as the loss function instead of the Euclidean norm. The proposed model is used for the joint detection of the index of the transmitted symbols and the index of the spatial channel matrix of the active antennas that are used for the high spectrum efficient Multi-Symbol Generalized Spatial Modulation systems. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed CNN measured in terms of the Bit Error Rate (BER) is at most 0.5dB less than the performance of the Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector with the advantage of reducing the computational complexity at the receiver. The computational complexity is reduced by 14.71% which is achieved by the reduction of the search space at the output of the maximum pooling layer.
Trustworthiness Change and Relationship Continuity after Contract Breach in Financial Supply Chains

The management of financial flows in the supply chain is an integral part of effective supply chain management and is an emerging research area. A breach in the relationships between firms and financial providers may not only affect the financial health of the focal firms, but also disrupt the financial stability of their supply chains. Building on life‐cycle theory, this research examines the critical role of trustworthiness in the financial supply chain relationships in the event of a contract breach. Although literature has established that trustworthiness is vital to interfirm supply chain relationships, we further propose that changes in trustworthiness are particularly relevant when interfirm relationships are impacted by negative shocks such as contract breaches. Trustworthiness change (TC), therefore, is likely to serve as a key determinant in the nonbreaching party's decision to continue on in a relationship. Using archival data from multiple data sources, we find evidence that TC significantly influences the likelihood of relationship continuity in the aftermath of contract breaches, and that the effect is not linear. In addition, the effect is stronger for breaches that occur earlier in the duration an interfirm relationship, and when the breaches are less severe. These findings offer several important implications for both financial supply chain relationship theory and practice, which are discussed in the paper.
Primary health care in the Middle East.

Based upon a brief visit to the Eastern Mediterranean Region for the purpose of studying primary care programs with a particular imphasis on rural areas and the use of ancillary health personnel this discussion explores selected higlights of primary care program development in 2 of the countries visited -- Egypt and Sudan -- and makes recommendations for improved programming throughout the region. Visits to several primary health care (PHC) centers in Egypt demonstrated the strength of the system while confirming the need for the rural health project. That is facilities are widely distributed throughout Egypt but often seem to operate at a suboptimal level. In many settings utilization appears to be low in relation to resource availability. Ancillary health personnel are employed but infrequently in the role of physician extenders. A World Health Organization (WHO) official extremely conversant with Egypt stated that too many clinics have been established and these are too widely distributed and too many physicians have been trained as specialists when the need is for more primary care physicians. A recent evaluation of primary care services in Egypt indicates a pattern of underutilization of primary care facilities. Despite these critiques the excellent distribution of primary care facilities throughout Egypt is a substantial and justifiable source of pride to officials in the Ministry of Health. This network is built upon a physician oriented staffing system with progress being made toward retention of physician personnel in rural areas. The Sudan may constitute the best available model in the Eastern Mediterranean Region for the organized development and delivery of PHC. This is largely due to an extensive training program for high level ancillary health personnel. The Sudan has made itself more receptive to the organized planning process of WHO than many other countries and as a consequence is benefitting from this impact. 5 essential ingredients are needed for the successful implementation of primary care programs in this region: community involvement; consolidation of services; the use of ancillary personnel; system and institutional affiliation; and financial support for primary care programs.
The anatomy, physiology and imaging of lymphatic drainage in breast cancer

741 Learning Objectives: The goals of this educational exhibit are: To review the lymphatic drainage of the breast, emphasizing anatomy and physiology. To illustrate, compare and contrast the imaging techniques which can evaluate nodal disease in breast cancer patients. To demonstrate the complementary value of both anatomical and functional imaging. Abstract Body: Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of death in women. Nodal spread of breast cancer doubles the patient’s risk of recurrence and distant metastasis. Determining the presence of nodal involvement provides crucial prognostic information and drives therapeutic decisions. Imaging, fine needle aspiration and sentinel lymph node biopsy have replaced surgical node dissection in many centers for staging breast cancer. Understanding the physiology and anatomy of the breast9s lymphatic drainage is crucial for interpreting physicians. Multiple imaging techniques can play an important role in the nodal staging of breast cancer patients. The detection of N2 and N3 nodal metastasis by imaging is an significant and adverse indicator for breast cancer patients.
Thermal Behavior and Operating Requirements of IFE Direct-Drive Target

During injection, inertial fusion energy (IFE) direct drive (DD) targets are subject to heating from energy exchange with the background gas and radiation from the wall. This heat deposition could lead to deuterium-tritium (DT) phase change and target deformation violating the target physics symmetry requirements. This paper assesses the thermal behavior of the target under such conditions and explores possible ways of extending the target lifetime.
Purkinje physiology and pathophysiology

There has always been an appreciation of the role of Purkinje fibers in the fast conduction of the normal cardiac impulse. Here, we briefly update our knowledge of this important set of cardiac cells. We discuss the anatomy of a Purkinje fiber strand, the importance of longitudinal conduction within a strand, circus movement within a strand, conduction, and excitability properties of Purkinjes. At the cell level, we discuss the important components of the ion channel makeup in the nonremodeled Purkinjes of healthy hearts. Finally, we discuss the role of the Purkinjes in forming the heritable arrhythmogenic substrates such as long QT, heritable conduction slowing, CPVT, sQT, and Brugada syndromes.
Exercise testing and spirometry as predictors of mortality in congenital heart disease: Contrasting Fontan physiology with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.

Objective Risk prediction using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in complex congenital heart disease tends to either focus on single diagnoses or complete cohorts. We aimed to evaluate patients with two distinct anatomies cared for at a single institution over the same time period to determine CPET variables associated with mortality. Design All Fontan and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) subjects with CPET between November 1, 2002 and December 31, 2014 and subsequently died were identified (cases). Cases were matched 1:3 to controls with similar age, underlying anatomy and timing of exercise test. Results Of the 42 cases, 27 had a Fontan circulation and 15 with TOF. All Fontan patients had a low peak VO2 but there was no significant difference between cases and controls (52.5 ± 14.7 v. 57.4% ± 13.5% predicted, P = .11). Spirometry values were significantly lower in Fontan cases than controls (eg, FVC 67.4 ± 19.1 v 77.6% ± 14.9% predicted, P = .007). Spirometry values were also lower in TOF cases than controls (% predicted FVC 62.8 ± 16.7 v 75 ± 14, P = .006). In contrast to the Fontan analysis, both %peak predicted VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope were worse in TOF cases than controls (50.1 ± 13.5 v. 68.5% ± 15.0% predicted VO2 , P = .0004; 33.9 ± 12.9 v 26.6 ± 4.4, P = .002). Multivariable analysis also identified different predictors of mortality among the anatomic subgroups. Spirometric data (FVC) correlated most strongly with mortality in Fontan patients while the VE/VCO2 slope was most associated with outcome in TOF patients. Conclusions Variables most predictive of mortality in Fontan and TOF patients diverge but spirometry was abnormal and associated with mortality in both groups. When compared with age-matched controls, reduced FEV1 and FVC correlated most strongly with mortality in Fontan patients while VE/VCO2 slope correlated with mortality for TOF patients. These findings further support the importance of lung health in patients with complex congenital heart disease.
A Tale of Two NGO Discourses: NGO Stories of Suffering Qur’anic School Children in Senegal

Transnational actors have identified thousands of Qur’anic students throughout Senegal, West Africa, called taalibes, as a particularly “vulnerable” population of children, and have taken up the challenge to promote their well-being and human rights. These adult actors surrounding the taalibes tell diverging stories of the children’s suffering related to their street begging. Some frame the begging as child trafficking, where children are brought from rural to urban centers by their alleged religious instructors in order to profit from their forced begging and labor. Others frame taalibe begging as a religious tradition and a spiritually conditioning act, but one that has dangerously increased in scale due to rural poverty leading to mass urban migration. These two discourses present conflicting explanations of the problems as well as their potential solutions, yet they are often used interchangeably by actors as they rally support for their activities among local and international observers. To gain financial and political support for their operations, NGOs commodify taalibe suffering by articulating it within one of these two conflicting discourses, which I claim leads to popular and professional division on the issue and prolongs government inaction to assure basic rights for the taalibes on a national scale.
Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution Of Oceanography during April 1940 To April 1941

Emphasis will again be placed on the activities within the fields of submarine geology and physical and chemical oceanography, although researches within the biological fields cover the greater part of the work at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The compilation and discussions of field-data and the studies in the laboratory have been greatly facilitated by assistance obtained from the Work Projects Administration Project No. 65-1-07-2317. Last year's report concluded by mentioning that six cruises off the coast of southern California were in progress in cooperation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The plans were carried out successfully in the period from March 5 to June 7, 1940. The cruises started out at an average interval of 16 days, each cruise lasting about ten days and 32 to 41 stations being occupied, depending upon conditions of weather. The results of the cruises clearly demonstrate the changes during spring and early summer when upwelling farther north becomes more and more intense and when the tongue of cold upwelled water at a distance of approximately 80 miles off the coast of southern California becomes more and more prominent. The earlier established relation between the distribution of diatoms and the character of the water was found to exist on most cruises, but some conspicuous discrepancies occurred indicating that the distribution of diatoms must also depend upon the existence of other organisms. The distribution of sardine-eggs which was examined in detail by members of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service showed a suggestive relationship to the character of the water-masses.
Combining Automatic Differentiation Methods for High-Dimensional Nonlinear Models

Earlier work has shown that the efficient subspace method can be employed to reduce the effective size of the input data stream for high-dimensional models when the effective rank of the first-order sensitivity matrix is orders of magnitude smaller than the size of the input data. Here, the method is extended to handle nonlinear models, where the evaluation of higher-order derivatives is important but also challenging because the number of derivatives increases exponentially with the size of the input data streams. A recently developed hybrid approach is employed to combine reverse-mode automatic differentiation to calculate first-order derivatives and perform the required reduction in the input data stream, followed by forward-mode automatic differentiation to calculate higher-order derivatives with respect only to the reduced input variables. Three test cases illustrate the viability of the approach.
Intradermal reactivity to two concentrations of pollen extracts in atopic dogs

BACKGROUND: Intradermal test (IDT) is used widely for determination of allergens to include in allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT). The optimal concentration of allergen solutions used for testing has not been established in atopic dogs. Inadequate concentrations could lead to falsely negative test results and lack of inclusion of important allergens in AIT. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To compare IDT reactivity to two concentrations of five pollen extracts and determine the effect on ASIT prescription. ANIMALS: Atopic dogs (n = 67) had IDT results including all of the allergens of interest. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Medical records from a veterinary teaching hospital were reviewed for all atopic dogs undergoing IDT over a three year period. In addition to the hospital's standard IDT concentration of 1,000 PNU/mL for pollen allergens, five pollen allergens of higher concentration (3,000–8,000 PNU/mL) had been added at the beginning of that period. The IDT scores for the standard test concentration of each of the five allergens were compared to the scores for the higher concentration. RESULTS: Positive reactions occurred much more commonly to the higher test concentration for each of the paired allergens (P < 0.05, chi‐square). The AIT formulation was different in 58% of the dogs from what it would have been without the higher concentration allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The current standard IDT concentration of 1,000 PNU/mL for pollen allergens is likely too low, possibly resulting in inaccurate AIT formulations. This might explain treatment failures and the incorrect diagnosis of atopic‐like dermatitis. Further work is needed to establish optimal allergen test concentrations.
Strengthening Antitrust Enforcement Within the Consumer Welfare Rubric

There is a chasm among the many who agree that antitrust law is underenforced. Some see the “consumer welfare” standard, which underpins contemporary antitrust, as so flawed that it should be abandoned. While I share their concerns about the market power problem, particularly in the digital platform markets, I believe that a complete shift in paradigm is neither necessary to reinvigorate antitrust enforcement, nor wise. A common critique of consumer welfare is that it supposedly focuses exclusively on consumers and on short-term price effects, ignoring non-consumers and nonprice effects. Other more “populist” critiques fault the standard for not addressing the social and political harms of market power. With respect to the first set of perceived limitations, I disagree that the standard is so limited and argue that it is capable of a broader reach if used to its full scope. Records of antitrust enforcement and court decisions show that it can take into account the harmful effects, caused by disruptions to competition, on non-consumer purchasers and even on sellers (including workers, who are sellers of labor). I argue that it is capable of reaching even harmful effects on competitors, despite the mantra that antitrust protects competition, not competitors. While antitrust enforcement has fallen short, I argue that it is due, not to legal deficiencies in the consumer welfare standard, but to other factors, including the inability of antitrust enforcers to fully keep up with the new markets, the difficulty of applying nonprice metrics in analysis, burdensome evidentiary standards, and the Court’s restrictive interpretation of a few important relevant antitrust doctrines. Finding practical solutions to these problems, which I believe is possible, should strengthen antitrust enforcement within the consumer welfare rubric, and would be less disruptive than abandoning a paradigm that is conceptually sound if not always applied well. The key to addressing the competitive challenges in today’s digital markets is not to change the consumer welfare paradigm but to make intelligent changes within it. With respect to the charge that consumer welfare does not address a panoply of social and political ills associated with concentration and the digital platforms, I agree that is true. However, I argue that antitrust law cannot be burdened with performing tasks for which it was not designed, and that doing so risks unintended and undesirable consequences. The more effective approach to tackling the serious but non-competition related problems of political power, economic inequality, privacy intrusions, data security breaches, “fake news,” and so forth is to do so directly, using other existing or new laws designed specifically for those purposes.
The Food Anti-Microbials β-Phenylethylamine (-HCl) and Ethyl Acetoacetate Do Not Change during the Heating Process

β-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA-HCl) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are anti-microbials with applications in food processing. As food anti-microbials, the compounds will have to withstand the cooking process without changing to toxic compounds. With this Communication, we address the question of whether PEA and EAA are altered when heated to 73.9 °C or 93.3 °C. A combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to analyze solutions of PEA(-HCl) or EAA in beef broth or water. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA was compared between heated and unheated samples at a range of concentrations. The gas chromatograms of PEA(-HCl) and EAA showed one peak at early retention times that did not differ between the heated and unheated samples. The mass spectra for PEA and EAA were near identical to those from a spectral database and did not show any differences between the heated and unheated samples. We conclude that PEA(-HCl) and EAA formed pure solutions and were not altered during the heating process. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA did not change after the heating of the compounds. Regardless of temperature, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for PEA-HCl were 20.75 mmol mL−1 for Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. For EAA, the MICs were 23.4 mmol mL−1 for E. coli and 15.6 mmol mL−1 for S. enterica.
Multidisciplinary Management of Alport Syndrome: Current Perspectives

Alport syndrome is a multisystem disorder that universally affects the kidney and frequently involves the inner ear and the eye. Over the course of a lifetime, addressing the health care needs of a person with Alport syndrome and their family entails the services of primary providers, nephrologists, genetic counselors, audiologists, ophthalmologists, transplant physicians, kidney dieticians, and social workers as well as other healthcare professionals. This article attempts to provide context and guidance regarding the multidisciplinary care of Alport syndrome based on the natural history of the condition.
Comments on “An ISS self-triggered implementation of linear controllers” [Automatica 46 (2010) 1310–1314]

Abstract First, through a scalar counterexample , it is pointed out that Lemma 4.1 of Mazo et al. (2010), which serves as a stepping stone to the central result (Theorem 4.2) of that paper, is incorrect as stated, and so is that theorem. Then, a corrected result is proposed and proved. Finally, the statement of Theorem 4.2 in Mazo et al. (2010) is corrected accordingly.
Fatal Women of Romanticism

Incarnations of fatal women, or femmes fatales, recur throughout the works of women writers in the Romantic period. Adriana Craciun demonstrates how portrayals of femmes fatales or fatal women played an important role in the development of Romantic women's poetic identities and informed their exploration of issues surrounding the body, sexuality and politics. Craciun covers a wide range of writers and genres from the 1790s through the 1830s. She discusses the work of well-known figures including Mary Wollstonecraft, as well as lesser-known writers like Anne Bannerman. By examining women writers' fatal women in historical, political and medical contexts, Craciun uncovers a far-ranging debate on sexual difference. She also engages with current research on the history of the body and sexuality, providing an important historical precedent for modern feminist theory's ongoing dilemma regarding the status of 'woman' as a sex.
THE MULTI-INDIVIDUAL CREMATION PHENOMENON OF THE SANTA CRUZ DRAINAGE

ABSTRACTMulti-individual cremation deposits found in the upper Santa Cruz River drainage were previously interpreted as the result of hypothesized cultural contact in the area. A review of 50 cremation deposits for which detailed analyses are available indicates that multi-individual cremation deposits are the result of incomplete gleaning practices and have doubtful cultural significance. Hypotheses are generated from the present data which account for the apparent variation in cremation practices within the study area.
ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN HIV POSITIVE CASES

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) converts adenosine and deoxyadenosine to toxic metabolites inosine and 2’deoxyinosine. ADA is responsible for the maturation and proper function of cell mediated immunity. Depletion of CD4 T-lymphocytes in HIV infection which is a hallmark makes a pavement for a variety of diseases and malignancies. To ascertain the ADA activity in before ART and after ART treated HIV-positive patients and its variation in comparison to controls within this locality. Total 50 HIV positive subjects and 27 HIV Seronegative healthy individuals were recruited into the study. CD4 counts were estimated to the HIV positive subjects and ADA activity was assessed to both the group individuals. In general the study ‘p’ value of ADA activity demonstrated highly significant when controls vs before treatment (ART) HIV positive subjects and controls vs after treatment (ART) HIV positive subjects were compared. Among untreated HIV positive subjects had significantly higher ADA activity [males (27.7±5.5 U/L vs females (14.6±4.2 U/L), P < 0.0001] than ART treated [males (14.3±3.4 U/L vs females (10.4±2.5 U/L), P < 0.0001]. In HIV infected individuals low ADA activity with low CD4 count is dangerous. HIV Seropositive subjects should be constantly assessed the ADA activity to know the prognosis of the disease and also the status of their immune status more prominently males. Nevertheless ADA activity also guides when to start the ART treatment regimen. Hence helpful in extending the life span of HIV infected individuals to some extent.
Studies on lipase. Isolation and purification of a high molecular weight pancreatic lipase.

Lipase from different tissues was extracted in potassium phosphate buffer containing sodium deoxycholate and purified by column chromatography on Sephadex and Sepharose gels. A 500-fold purification was achieved by this procedure. This purified enzyme has an estimated molecular weight greater than 3×106, and it runs as a single protein band in polyacrylamide preparative disc gel electrophoresis. After acetone–ether treatment of the crude rat pancreactic lipase extract, the resulting enzyme has an estimated molecular weight less than 3×104, similar to those reported in the literature. The purified enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of long and short chain fatty acid glycerol esters. Phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine were found to inhibit the hydrolysis of the long chain fatty acid glycerol esters by the high molecular weight lipase, while that by the low molecular weight lipase was not inhibited. When administered to rats in vivo, phenoxybenzaamine and phentolamine inhibited the hydrolysis of tripalmitin by the epididymal fat lipase; but the pancreatic or intestinal lipase activity was not affected.
Adenosine and sleep deprivation promote NF-κB nuclear translocation in cholinergic basal forebrain

In our investigations related to the homeostatic sleep factor adenosine (AD), we previously demonstrated that the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in rat cholinergic basal forebrain increased following 3 h of sleep deprivation (SD). However, the neurotransmitter nature of the cells and the SD-induced stimuli responsible for NF-kappaB activation were not defined. In this report, we demonstrate, using double labeling immunohistochemistry, that nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB occurs almost exclusively in the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain following 3 h of SD. Furthermore, cholinergic basal forebrain microinjection of AD (25 nmol/L) or the A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclo-hexyladenosine (100 nmol/L) induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, thus suggesting that SD-induced increased extracellular concentrations of AD, acting via the A(1) AD receptor, may be responsible for the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in cholinergic neurons. Moreover, blocking the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB by injection of inhibitor peptide, SN50, immediately prior to 6 h SD significantly reduced delta activity (1-4 Hz) during the first two hours of recovery sleep. Together, these data suggest a role in sleep homeostasis for the SD-induced activation of NF-kappaB in cholinergic basal forebrain, and that transcription factor NF-kappaB may code for factor(s) that play a role in sleep homeostasis.
IMPLICATIONS TO POSTSECONDARY FACULTY OF ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION METHODS OF GENDER-BASED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS

The present study explored two distinct methods of calculating a precise measure of gender-based wage differentials among male and female faculty. The first estimation considered wage differences using a formula based on human capital, while the second method included a compensation for past discriminatory practices. Each of the two formulas was used to derive a precise indication of wage differences for each female respondent in a nationally represented database. Both measures of wage differentials were used in multiple regression equations to predict three specific aspects of affective outcomes. Findings suggested that only differences in human capital should be considered in predicting job satisfaction and intent to remain in academe. However, a formula that included a compensation for past discriminations was more appropriate in predicting job-related stress. Differences in explained variance magnified the importance of choosing an appropriate calculation method.