cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postmodernism in marriage and family therapy training: Doctoral students' understanding and experiences

The purpose of this study is to advance our understanding of how doctoral students perceive postmodernism's influence in the field of Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT). According to the literature, postmodernism has had a profound impact on many fields, including MFT. However, tracking of how postmodernism is actually being rendered in theory, research, practice, and training warrants investigation. This study utilized focus group interviews to investigate the perceptions of MFT doctoral students. Findings suggest that while participants are attracted to postmodern tenets, they also report feeling a mixture of liberation and excitement with confusion and fear regarding how postmodernism is influencing MFT models of therapy.
A topology-independent fair queueing model in ad hoc wireless networks

Fair queueing of rate and delay-sensitive packet flows in a shared-medium, multihop wireless network remains largely unaddressed because of the unique design issues such as location-dependent contention, spatial channel reuse, conflicts between ensuring fairness and maximizing channel utilization, and distributed fair scheduling. In this paper we propose a new topology-independent fair queueing model for a shared-medium ad hoc network. Our model ensures coordinated fair channel access among spatially contending flows while seeking to maximize spatial channel reuse. We describe packetized algorithms that realize the fluid fairness model with analytically provable performance bounds. We further design distributed implementations that approximate the ideal centralized algorithm. We evaluate our design through both simulations and analysis.
Electrospray ionization detection of inherently nonresponsive epoxides by peptide binding

A small organic molecule that is inherently nonresponsive to electrospray analysis, 1,3-butadiene diepoxide, was analyzed via electrospray ionization (ESI) by binding it to various peptides and observing the product at the characteristic mass shift. The epoxide reacted only with peptides with arginines in their sequence, most likely through a base-catalyzed ring opening to form a covalently bound product. A calibration curve linear over 3 orders of magnitude was generated for the butadiene diepoxide/peptide adduct. Several other epoxides were also reacted with the peptide of choice (angiotensin II), and adducts of these epoxides with the peptide were observed as well, demonstrating the versatility of this method for the analysis of small epoxides. This study demonstrates the possibility of assaying epoxides bound to peptides or proteins in biological samples. Furthermore, it demonstrates an important concept that could be applied to other analytical problems in electrospray: the ability to react an analyte that is nonresponsive to electrospray analysis with an analyte well suited for the technique, and accomplish quantitation based on the adduct formed between the two.
Kids in America: Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

Within the last year, all 50 states in the United States have adopted newborn screening (NBS) protocols for cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common fatal autosomal recessive disease among Caucasian populations. In this overview, we discuss the rationale for implementing NBS for CF and discuss the different testing algorithms states have adopted. Based on studies in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, these measures will likely lead to less severe disease, prolonged life, and more cost-effective management of CF in the long run.
Discourses of Female Violence and Societal Gender Stereotypes

The way that society talks about women and their use of violence and force has grave implications for social policy and women's experiences in the criminal justice system. Society's cultural stereotypes about women and gender color the way professionals in law enforcement, the legal system, the courts, and social policy agencies treat women who commit violent acts of aggression. This article will attempt to shed some light on how gender stereotypes that continue to permeate our society create the very cultural discourses that people in positions of power and in the population at large use to talk about women and violence.
Powder synthesis from metal-organic precursors.

Abstract Thermal conversion of organic polymers such as polymethylsilane [(CH3)2Si]n, polymethylphenylsilane, and polysilazane or inorganic polymer such as silicimide [Si(NH)2]n, and thermal and hydralylic decomposition of metal alkoxides, M(OR)n, have been employed to obtain submicron size 30–500 A powders, continuous fibers and thin films of refractory carbides, nitrides and oxides. The high surface activity associated with these powders make possible relatively low temperature processing of the powders compact to near theoretical density and uniform fine grain size bodies. Transmission electron microscopy is used to show nucleation, growth crystallite morphology of the powders synthesized, and microstructural features observed.
The scientific foundation for tobacco harm reduction, 2006-2011

Over the past five years there has been exponential expansion of interest in tobacco harm reduction (THR), with a concomitant increase in the number of published studies. The purpose of this manuscript is to review and analyze influential contributions to the scientific and medical literature relating to THR, and to discuss issues that continue to stimulate debate. Numerous epidemiologic studies and subsequent meta-analyses confirm that smokeless tobacco (ST) use is associated with minimal risks for cancer and for myocardial infarction; a small increased risk for stroke cannot be excluded. Studies from Sweden document that ST use is not associated with benign gastrointestinal disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases. Although any form of nicotine should be avoided during pregnancy, the highest risks for the developing baby are associated with smoking. It is documented that ST use has been a key factor in the declining rates of smoking and of smoking-related diseases in Sweden and Norway. For other countries, the potential population health benefits of ST are far greater than the potential risks. In follow-up studies, dual users of cigarettes and ST are less likely than exclusive smokers to achieve complete tobacco abstinence, but they are also less likely to be smoking. The health risks from dual use are probably lower than those from exclusive smoking. E-cigarette users are not exposed to the many toxicants, carcinogens and abundant free radicals formed when tobacco is burned. Although laboratory studies have detected trace concentrations of some contaminants, it is a small problem amenable to improvements in quality control and manufacturing that are likely with FDA regulation as tobacco products. There is limited evidence from clinical trials that e-cigarettes deliver only small doses of nicotine compared with conventional cigarettes. However, e-cigarette use emulates successfully the cigarette handling rituals and cues of cigarette smoking, which produces suppression of craving and withdrawal that is not entirely attributable to nicotine delivery. THR has been described as having "the potential to lead to one of the greatest public health breakthroughs in human history by fundamentally changing the forecast of a billion cigarette-caused deaths this century."
Coping with one-to-many multi-criteria negotiations in electronic markets

We are concerned with negotiators who negotiate on issues (products or services) characterized in terms of multiple criteria. In a typical round of the negotiation, the negotiator receives from various counter-parties responses or offers with specific values on the criteria that characterize the issue at stake. Clearly, the negotiator has certain preferences with respect to these offers. The analysis we present here allows us to reveal the dependencies among the various offers in light of the negotiator's preferences. In addition, we are able to expose the dependencies among the criteria, as they are implied by the counter-parties' offers. We make use of basic concepts from preference modeling and relational analysis to obtain a family of partial rank orders illustrating the dependencies among offers and criteria. We believe that, by using this information, the negotiator is better armed to identify the most suitable counter-party to negotiate with, or the criterion on which to focus in this negotiation.
The geographic pathology and topography of atherosclerosis and risk factors for atherosclerotic lesions.

Any theory of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis must fit with observed distributions of lesions within and among arterial systems and among populations of diverse economic, ethnic or social circumstance. It must also be consistent with the known effects of various factors (risk factors) on the extent of atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, a review of the topography and geographic pathology of atherosclerosis and of risk factors for atherosclerotic lesions would seem appropriate as a preliminary to discussions on the role or thrombosis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Submicrometer diameter micropillar cavities with high quality factor and ultrasmall mode volume

We theoretically demonstrate high quality factor (Q~3×106) micropillar cavities with a record low mode volume [V~0.1(λ/n)3] based on the TiO2/SiO2 material system. The proposed cavities have Q/V that is 3 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported ones. We show that our cavity embedded with a diamond nanocrystal provides a feasible platform for cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments in the strong coupling limit.
MMC-margin: Identification of maximum frequent subgraphs by metropolis Monte Carlo sampling

Frequent Subgraph Mining is important in many scientific fields including molecular biology, genomics, and chemistry. Graphs are used to represent specific structures, and by finding common subgraphs one can infer common properties. Identification of maximum frequent subgraphs, therefore, provides an approach to reveal hidden knowledge shared among graphs, and classify graphs into informative categories. Most existing algorithms explicitly explore the frequent subgraph space by depth-first or breadth-first search, and traverse the entire lattice of subgraphs. However, explicit search for subgraph isomorphism is NP-complete, and limited to small graphs. We propose MMC-Margin, a Metropolis Monte Carlo approach that extends the idea of the Margin search space to greatly reduce time and space complexity. We apply our method to three domain examples: RNA structure graphs from actual biological structures, artificially constructed RNA graphs with known common structures, and structures of chemical mutagens. Our experiments show that MMC-Margin effectively identifies maximum frequent patterns in subgraph spaces where exact algorithms encounter time and space issues. Specifically, we find that MMC-Margin can find the maximum common subgraph in these datasets in as little as 120 seconds, whereas, a complete search with Margin takes hundreds or even thousands of CPU hours. In addition to time efficiency, the MCMC approach requires little memory. The MMC-margin approach described here allows the identification of common subgraphs in biological and chemical datasets and the expansion of using subgraph isomorphism in extracting latent information.
Evaluation of an Algorithm to Predict Menstrual-Cycle Phase at the Time of Injury

Context: Women are 2 to 8 times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than men, and previous studies indicated an increased risk for injury during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle (MC). However, investigations of risk rely on retrospective classification of MC phase, and no tools for this have been validated. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of an algorithm for retrospectively classifying MC phase at the time of a mock injury based on MC history and salivary progesterone (P4) concentration. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: Thirty-one healthy female collegiate athletes (age range, 18−24 years) provided serum or saliva (or both) samples at 8 visits over 1 complete MC. Main Outcome Measure(s): Self-reported MC information was obtained on a randomized date (1−45 days) after mock injury, which is the typical timeframe in which researchers have access to ACL-injured study participants. The MC phase was classified ...
Beyond Market Share Liability: A Theory of Proportional Share Liability for Nonfungible Products

Twenty-five years have passed since courts first adopted market share liability, a theory under which a plaintiff unable to identify the manufacturer of the product that caused his injury can recover on a proportional basis from each manufacturer that might have made the product. Courts have severely restricted the reach of this potentially powerful theory by insisting that it can apply only to products that are perfectly fungible. Most products vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, posing different levels of risk, and therefore do not satisfy the fungibility requirement. As a result, courts have applied market share liability to a very small number of products. This Article argues that courts should eliminate the fungibility requirement by recognizing that market share liability is just one variant of a broader concept that the author calls proportional share liability. Rather than deny recovery in cases involving products that pose varying degrees of danger, courts should consider whether proportional share liability can be imposed by using information other than market share data to make a reasonable and fair allocation of liability among the defendants. This Article examines the potential application of proportional share liability in a wide variety of contexts, including vaccines or lead paint causing brain damage, violence fueled by negligent distribution and sales of firearms, disease resulting from exposure to asbestos or tobacco, and damage to spacecraft from collisions with orbital debris.
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Foster Care Research

This chapter provides a developmental psychopathology perspective on foster care research. Empirical studies of foster children have existed for over 100 years, documenting risks faced by this population and instances in which foster children display remarkable resilience. Knowledge emanating from the published studies on foster children, especially where it intersects with research on other populations that have experienced early life adversity, has potential to shed light on how healthy development can be negatively affected, but also how it may be preserved, when adverse rearing conditions exist. Investigations in this area have been conducted across numerous disciplines. Following a brief history of foster care in the United States and elsewhere, we review what is known about nine topics that are germane to the study of foster children from a developmental psychopathology perspective and conclude with a discussion of the translational implications of prior research and directions for future research. Keywords: foster care; risk; resilience; review; development
Employment and health among older bereaved men in the normative aging study: one year and three years following a bereavement event.

ABSTRACT Research has indicated that the negative effects of bereavement on health among elderly men occur within the first six to twelve months following a bereavement event while other studies indicate that the death of a loved one can have long-term effects on social functioning and mental health (Arbuckle & DeVries, 1995; Vinick, 1983a). However, employment has been found to buffer the strain produced by stressful life events. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential effects of employment on physical and mental health between elderly men bereaved for one year and elderly men bereaved for two to three years. We selected two groups of men from the Normative Aging Study: those bereaved within the past year (N = 248) and those bereaved from two to three years (N = 262). Ordinary least squares multiple regression analyses examined the direct effect of employment, controlling for age, education, income, marital status, and stress, on physical and mental health among the two groups of men. A...
Single-shot diffuser-encoded light field imaging

We capture 4D light field data in a single 2D sensor image by encoding spatio-angular information into a speckle field (causticpattern) through a phase diffuser. Using wave-optics theory and a coherent phase retrieval method, we calibrate the system by measuring the diffuser surface height from through-focus images. Wave-optics theory further informs the design of system geometry such that a purely additive ray-optics model is valid. Light field reconstruction is done using nonlinear matrix inversion methods, including l1 minimization. We demonstrate a prototype system and present empirical results of 4D light field reconstruction and computational refocusing from a single diffuser-encoded 2D image.
Resource Object Data Manager: Structured Approach to Systems and Network Management

Operational management of business computer systems and computer networks was not long ago performed by an operator or a team of operators who interacted with consoles displaying status messages. in such a set-up each system component independently resolved its own set of notices, identifying conditions needing attention.
Relationship to Other Work

In this chapter we will compare the techniques used in CYCLOPS to those of other systems. Readers who wish to get a broader sense of the techniques used in Design Automation (DA) systems may refer to the following papers [Mostow 85, Sriram 86, Tong 86, Navinchandra 90].
Deep sequencing of transcriptomes from the nervous systems of two decapod crustaceans to characterize genes important for neural circuit function and modulation

Crustaceans have been studied extensively as model systems for nervous system function from single neuron properties to behavior. However, lack of molecular sequence information and tools have slowed the adoption of these physiological systems as molecular model systems. In this study, we sequenced and performed de novo assembly for the nervous system transcriptomes of two decapod crustaceans: the Jonah crab (Cancer borealis) and the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Forty-two thousand, seven hundred sixty-six and sixty thousand, two hundred seventy-three contigs were assembled from C. borealis and H. americanus respectively, representing 9,489 and 11,061 unique coding sequences. From these transcripts, genes associated with neural function were identified and manually curated to produce a characterization of multiple gene families important for nervous system function. This included genes for 34 distinct ion channel types, 17 biogenic amine and 5 GABA receptors, 28 major transmitter receptor subtypes including glutamate and acetylcholine receptors, and 6 gap junction proteins – the Innexins. With this resource, crustacean model systems are better poised for incorporation of modern genomic and molecular biology technologies to further enhance the interrogation of fundamentals of nervous system function.
Minimal Nucleation State of α-Synuclein Is Stabilized by Dynamic Threonine–Water Networks

The first structures of α-synuclein (αSyn) fibrils have recently been solved. Here, we use a unique combination of molecular dynamics simulation strategies to address the minimal nucleation size of the 11-amino acid NAC protofibril solved by X-ray and to interrogate the dynamic behavior of unexpected crystal waters in the steric zipper. We found that protofibrils of >8 chains are thermodynamically stabilized due to protection of the fibril core from solvent influx and ordering of the end strands by the fibril core. In these stable oligomers, water molecules resolved in the crystal structure freely exchange with bulk solvent but are, on average, stably coordinated along the β-sheet by inward-facing Thr72 and Thr75. We confirm the persistence of this water coordination via simulations of the full-length Greek-key structure solved by NMR and speculate that these Thr–water networks are important in the context of enhanced fibril nucleation in the familial A53T mutation.
Multiple dimensions of intraspecific diversity affect biomass of eelgrass and its associated community.

Genetic diversity within key species can play an important role in the functioning of entire communities. However, the extent to which different dimensions of diversity (e.g., the number of genotypes vs. the extent of genetic differentiation among those genotypes) best predicts functioning is unknown and may yield clues into the different mechanisms underlying diversity effects. We explicitly test the relative influence of genotypic richness and genetic relatedness on eelgrass productivity, biomass, and the diversity of associated invertebrate grazers in a factorial field experiment using the seagrass species, Zostera marina (eelgrass). Genotypic richness had the strongest effect on eelgrass biomass accumulation, such that plots with more genotypes at the end of the experiment attained a higher biomass. Genotypic diversity (richness + evenness) was a stronger predictor of biomass than richness alone, and both genotype richness and diversity were positively correlated with trait diversity. The relatedness of genotypes in a plot reduced eelgrass biomass independently of richness. Plots containing eelgrass with greater trait diversity also had a higher abundance of invertebrate grazers, while the diversity and relatedness of eelgrass genotypes had little effect on invertebrate abundance or richness. Our work extends previous findings by explicitly relating genotypic diversity to trait diversity, thus mechanistically connecting genotypic diversity to plot-level yields. We also show that other dimensions of diversity, namely relatedness, influence eelgrass performance independent of trait differentiation. Ultimately, richness and relatedness captured fundamentally different components of intraspecific variation and should be treated as complementary rather than competing dimensions of biodiversity affecting ecosystem functioning.
VEGETATION AND ACIDIFICATION

David R. DeWalle, James N. Kochenderfer, Mary Beth Adams, Gary W. Miller, Frank S. Gilliam, Frederica Wood, Stephanie S. OdenwaldClemens, and William E. Sharpe The Pennsylvania State University, School of Forest Resources and Institutes of the Environment, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Timber and Watershed Lab, Parsons, West Virginia 26287; USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505; Marshall University, Department of Biological Sciences, Huntington, West Virginia 25755.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Neurobiology

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be characterized as the persistence of heightened fear despite the cessation of a threatening stimulus, resulting in persistent, vivid recall of traumatic events, autonomic hyperarousal, avoidance of nontraumatic stimuli, and emotional numbing. This article explores the neural pathways involved in the fear response, the neurotransmitters that modulate this response, and the most recent evidence for the physiologic processes that are disordered both before and after the onset of PTSD.
A Hierarchy of Models and Electron Microscopy

This paper examines a hierarchical system of models connecting data and theory that was proposed by Patrick Suppes, and later developed by Deborah Mayo. After it summarizes examples found in Suppes and Mayo it takes a closer look at the experimental model and concludes that the experimental model has an evaluative role in the hierarchy, as well as a representational role. The last section of the paper illustrates with the example of electron microscopy and presents some problems that require further study.
The Sample and Its Properties

The famous American statistician John Tukey once said, “Exploratory data analysis can never be the whole story, but nothing else can serve as the foundation stone – as the first step.” The term exploratory data analysis is selfdefining. Its simplest branch, descriptive statistics, is the methodology behind approaching and summarizing experimental data. No formal statistical training is needed for its use.
Life Prediction Methodology for Adhesively Bonded Joints

A comprehensive integrated-methodology for adhesive bonded joint life predictions is outlined. The guiding assumption is that the useful life of bonded joints is determined by failure in the adhesive interlayer, and this is the basis for a systematic analysis of information and the techniques required to provide valid predictions. Emphasis is placed on time-dependent fracture mechanics, procedures, including detailed through the-adhesive thickness viscoelastic finite element calculations of the stress-strain distributions, and on analytical methods involving the constitutive relations of the adhesive interlayer. Use is made of instrumented bonded joint data obtained from structural overtest methods under a number of U.S. Air force-sponsored programs. A logical program rationale is outlined which has sufficient generality to apply to any adhesive bonded joint structure including metal and composite adherends, various loading/environmental conditions, which apply to high-performance aircraft. The five main modules of the integrated methodology are: (Definition of) Loads/Environments; (Adhesive) Material Properties; Stress Analysis; Fatigue Mechanisms and Failure Criteria; and Structural Failure Analysis (Life Predictions).
PopBots: Designing an Artificial Intelligence Curriculum for Early Childhood Education

PopBots is a hands-on toolkit and curriculum designed to help young children learn about artificial intelligence (AI) by building, programming, training, and interacting with a social robot. Today’s children encounter AI in the forms of smart toys and computationally curated educational and entertainment content. However, children have not yet been empowered to understand or create with this technology. Existing computational thinking platforms have made ideas like sequencing and conditionals accessible to young learners. Going beyond this, we seek to make AI concepts accessible. We designed PopBots to address the specific learning needs of children ages four to seven by adapting constructionist ideas into an AI curriculum. This paper describes how we designed the curriculum and evaluated its effectiveness with 80 Pre-K and Kindergarten children. We found that the use of a social robot as a learning companion and programmable artifact was effective in helping young children grasp AI concepts. We also identified teaching approaches that had the greatest impact on student’s learning. Based on these, we make recommendations for future modules and iterations for the PopBots platform.
Caught in the Web - U.S. Immigration and Compound Disadvantage.

Caught in the Web Faced with gastroesophageal reflux disease, a behavioral health disorder, and difficulty navigating the U.S. health care system, a Honduran immigrant stops working and takes up a ...
Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural and Non-Structural Ultra Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

This study is focused on studying the effect of synthetic short fibers on the mechanical properties of ultra lightweight aggregate concrete (ULWAC). Both non-structural and structural fiber-reinforced ULWAC were considered. The data were collected from different studies, including 15 design papers submitted by universities in the USA and Canada to ASCE National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC) with 23 different ULWAC mixes. The data were analyzed, and new modified equations to determine the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were proposed that could improve the accuracy of the current ACI equations. The statistical parameters of fiber reinforced structural ULWAC were determined, and high cost was associated with this type of concrete. Ductility indices for plates and beams, that have the capability to exhibit strain-hardening prior to failure, were calculated using energy-based method, and they were above the minimum required value of 3. Finally, a new model was proposed to predict the complete stress-strain behavior of fiber reinforced ULWAC under axial compression.
Organizational Determinants of Political Involvement in Trade and Professional Membership Associations

Trade and business associations and professional membership societies like many other political interest groups in the United States advocate and lobby their interests in the policy arena. Yet, we lack the understanding of how organizational capabilities shape different forms of political engagement in trade and professional associations. Research on the political involvement of tax-exempt organizations has been focused on charitable nonprofits. Studying the elements that underlie political action strategies and tactics of trade and professional associations would expand our understanding of political engagement in the nonprofit sector. In our sample of occupational mutual benefit associations, both resource dependence and institutional factors such as board size, affiliated foundation, tax-exempt status, business classification, and membership type explained the likelihood of political strategies including advocacy, lobbying, grassroots activity, and having a political action committee (PAC). Organizational size characteristics such as budget, staff, and membership size mattered as well.
Creando posesión vía desposesión. Visitas a la tierra y conformación de resguardos indígenas en la Vega de Supía, 1559-1759

Este articulo explora el papel de las visitas a la tierra en la creacion de territorios indigenas en un area periferica de la Nueva Granada conocida como la Vega de Supia (hoy Riosucio y Supia, Caldas). Afirma que mientras las primeras visitas, como la de Tomas Lopez Medel (1559), se centraron en controlar el tributo y el trabajo indigena, la demarcacion de resguardos solo comenzo durante el segundo ciclo de visitas. La visita de Lesmes de Espinosa Saravia a la Vega de Supia (1627) muestra que estas operaron como un mecanismo de despojo a traves del reasentamiento de poblacion y el trazado de linderos. Asimismo, al definir y fijar por escrito estos linderos, las visitas establecieron, en terminos de legalidad colonial, los derechos de los indigenas sobre sus resguardos, proveyendo evidencia que en siglos posteriores seria utilizada para definir reclamos territoriales. Asi, de manera paradojica, estas visitas establecieron posesion via desposesion
Lymphocyte subset abnormalities in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis

Abnormalities in lymphocyte surface markers and functions have been described in systemic sclerosis (SSc), but conflicting results abound, and these studies often examined patients with heterogeneous disease duration, severity, clinical phenotype, and concurrent immunosuppressive agents. We studied a clinically homogeneous group of early diffuse cutaneous SSc patients not exposed to immunosuppressive drugs who were enrolled in a clinical trial and compared their immune parameters to healthy control subjects. Lymphocyte subsets were enumerated by multi-parameter flow cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells at baseline visit. Production of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-17 was measured by intracellular flow cytometry following T cell activation. SSc patients had increased percentages of CD4+ T cells but lower percentages of CD8+ T cells versus controls. The CD28-negative population was expanded in SSc, in the CD4 subset. Striking expansion of CD319+ T cells was noted among the CD4+ cells, in which they were barely detectable in healthy subjects. Frequencies of IL-4 producing cells did not differ between SSc and controls, but expansion of IL-17 producing cells was observed in SSc. A higher proportion of CD319+ cells produced cytokines, compared to other CD4+ cells. Numbers of activated T cells, regulatory T cells, and B cells were similar in SSc and control groups. Circulating follicular helper but not peripheral helper T cells were slightly expanded in SSc. In this carefully selected group of early diffuse cutaneous SSc patients, analysis of immune cell parameters has identified abnormalities that likely reflect disease pathogenesis and that are candidate biomarkers for sub-classification and targeted treatment. The CD4+CD319+ (SLAM-F7+) cells are cytotoxic and oligoclonal, were recently shown to be a dominant T cell population in perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates in SSc skin, actively secrete cytokines, and are emerging as a target for novel treatments of SSc.
A hybrid biphasic mixture formulation for modeling dynamics in porous deformable biological tissues

The primary aim of this study is to establish the theoretical foundations for a solid–fluid biphasic mixture domain that can accommodate inertial effects and a viscous interstitial fluid, which can interface with a dynamic viscous fluid domain. Most mixture formulations consist of constituents that are either all intrinsically incompressible or compressible, thereby introducing inherent limitations. In particular, mixtures with intrinsically incompressible constituents can only model wave propagation in the porous solid matrix, whereas those with compressible constituents require internal variables, and related evolution equations, to distinguish the compressibility of the solid and fluid under hydrostatic pressure. In this study, we propose a hybrid framework for a biphasic mixture where the skeleton of the porous solid is intrinsically incompressible but the interstitial fluid is compressible. We define a state variable as a measure of the fluid volumetric strain. Within an isothermal framework, the Clausius–Duhem inequality shows that a function of state arises for the fluid pressure as a function of this strain measure. We derive jump conditions across hybrid biphasic interfaces, which are suitable for modeling hydrated biological tissues. We then illustrate this framework using confined compression and dilatational wave propagation analyses. The governing equations for this hybrid biphasic framework reduce to those of the classical biphasic theory whenever the bulk modulus of the fluid is set to infinity and inertia terms and viscous fluid effects are neglected. The availability of this novel framework facilitates the implementation of finite element solvers for fluid-structure interactions at interfaces between viscous fluids and porous-deformable biphasic domains, which can include fluid exchanges across those interfaces.
Why journalism’s default neglect of temporality is a problem:

This article considers the role of temporality in institutional settings, with particular emphasis on the positioning and impact of temporal choices—or their absence—in journalism. It first discuss...
Who is listening? Profiles of policymaker engagement with scientific communication

The evolving science around COVID-19 made timely digital communication with policymakers increasingly important for all constituencies. This holds true particularly for the scientific community, where evidence-informed policymaking can influence the effectiveness of public responses. In this context, understanding how to reach policymakers effectively and which policymakers are likely to engage with scientific information delivered through digital mediums is critical. This study provides a novel observational approach to understanding reach with policymakers through science email campaigns. Using a sample of nearly 3000 state policymakers, we assessed data from five digital messaging campaigns. Results indicate four profiles of legislators: those who rarely open and open slowly (Never Openers), those who only opened a couple of emails (Rare Openers), those who open quickly, but do not always open (Intermittent Openers), and those that consistently open quickly (Always Openers). Female legislators and legislators who had served for fewer terms were more likely to be Always Openers or Intermittent Openers, relative to male legislators and legislators who had served more terms. This study reveals patterns of email engagement and indicates science communication efforts may need to adopt more targeted strategies that better reach policymakers who tend to engage less frequently with emailed research content.
The Unique Contributions of the Theological Librarian in Campus-Wide Programs of Faith Integration

Many Christian colleges and universities have academic programs that emphasize “faith and learning” or “faith integration.” The religious or theological studies librarian can have a unique role in assisting faculty across the disciplines to develop a better awareness of theological writings and resources that might reflect spiritual themes within their discipline. This paper will suggest ways for theological librarians to collaborate with colleagues, highlighting integrative work at Azusa Pacific University—including one-on-one and classroom resource instruction, the development and use of faith integration and special collections, integrative coursework, reading groups—and concluding with a few suggested resources.
Image and Video Processing

Image and video processing can be considered as a generalization of the one dimensional (1D) signal processing to 2D and 3D, respectively. In image processing we add a second coordinate in the y direction and for video processing we would add a temporal a.k.a. spatial dimension. Many of the principals we have discussed so far like filtering or FFT can be directly extended to 2D and 3D processing and we will keep the discussion of these algorithms short.
Observing Outdoor Activity Using Global Positioning System-Enabled Cell Phones

Global positioning system (GPS) technology offers a methodological advance over existing methods of assessing exposure to social and built environments in health studies. The usefulness of GPS-enabled cell phones with open-source software to track users in real-life situations was assessed by carrying phones through three standardized loops in Portland, Oregon. Overall, the cell phones recorded position in 62.8% of tests. Position acquisition varied by the environment in which the cell phone was carried, highest in open areas (83.5%) and lowest under cover (37.5%). The ability of the cell phones to track varied by mode of transportation. Tracking performance was adequate when moving by car (46.6%) or on foot (29.9%), but low on public transportation (3.8%). The GPS-enabled cell phone system showed adequate reliability under typical study conditions to track outdoor activity. Systems built on consumer electronics offer inexpensive and reliable technology for clinical/epidemiological location-based studies.
Functional Representation and Causal Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a theory of representation of causal processes and uses the representational framework for problem solving of various sorts. It presents a framework for thinking about human reasoning about the physical world, and describes the role played by causal process packages in this framework. The chapter gives an informal overview of functional representation (FR) and mentions that FR for a device has three parts: a description of intended function, a description of the structure of the device, and a description of the way the device achieves the function. It lists the component names and their functions and indicates the way the components are put together to make the device. The basic idea in describing the way a device achieves its function is that of a causal process description (CPD). Various applications of FR are reviewed. The organization of a functional representation gives both forward and backward reasoning capability. The chapter describes an algorithm that demonstrates the forward simulation potential.
DYNAMIC PRICING: A STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE FOR ELECTRONIC RETAILERS

We develop an analytical framework to investigate the competitive implications of dynamic pricing technologies (DPT), which enable precise inferring of consumers’ valuations for firms’ products and personalized pricing. These technologies enable first-degree price discrimination: firms charge different prices to different consumers, based on their willingness to pay. We first show that, even though the monopolist makes a higher profit with DPT, its optimal quality is the same with or without DPT. Next we show that in a duopoly setting, dynamic pricing adds value only if it is associated with product differentiation. We then consider a model of vertical product differentiation, and show how dynamic pricing on the Internet affects firms’ choices of quality differentiation in a competitive scenario. We find that when the high quality firm adopts DPT both firms raise their quality. Conversely, when the low quality firm adopts DPT, both firms lower their quality. While it is optimal for the firm adopting DPT to increase product differentiation, the non-DPT firm seeks to reduce differentiation by moving closer in the quality space. Our model also points out firms’ optimal pricing strategies with DPT, which may be non-monotonic in consumer valuations. Finally, we show that consumer surplus is highest when both firms adopt DPT. Thus, despite the threat of first-degree price discrimination, dynamic pricing with competing firms can lead to an overall increase in consumer welfare.
Chapter 5.5 Stress hormones and anxiety disorders

Abstract Conceptually stress and anxiety are tightly linked and animal studies find activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in anxiogenic situations. However, disruption of the HPA axis in anxiety disorders is less robust than studies with major depression. In contrast, activation of the central noradrenergic system is a robust finding in anxiety disorders. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies suggest that activation of these two stress systems are linked in other species. This chapter reviews the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and their function in anxiety disorders particularly panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The picture of activation of the central noradrenergic systems without clear evidence of HPA axis pathology in anxiety disorders has led some to conclude that anxiety patients may be hypoactive in regards to the HPA axis. While this may be true, an alternative is that the prolonged activation of the HPA axis as observed in major depression is beyond what is expected under “chronic stress,” and thus the problem may be in our comparison group and expecting the HPA axis in anxiety disorders to look like that in depression. Studies of individuals under chronic stress do not by and large demonstrate an over-active HPA axis leading us to conclude that patients with anxiety disorders have a fundamentally normal HPA axis that is capable of responding and is regulated properly by inhibitory circuits of the brain.
Peptide bond cleavage through cyclization of asparagine (768.4)

Protein splicing is the post translational modification by which an internal peptide, or intein, separates itself from the surrounding residues, known as exteins. In the third step of the mechanism...
Issues in the linkage of alcohol and domestic violence services

It is well established that alcohol is a risk factor for male against female domestic violence. Some evidence also suggests that some women victims of domestic violence develop substance abuse problems in response to their victimization. Although interpretations vary regarding the exact nature of the relationship of substance abuse and domestic violence offending and victimization, there is evidence that linking substance abuse and domestic violence services could have a positive impact on batterer cessation and victim support services. Currently, however, service linkage for the two problems is rare. There are major barriers to linkage of substance abuse and domestic violence services, including philosophical differences of treatment perspective between program types and structural impediments that make linkage difficult. The chapter discusses the barriers to linkage, examines potentially useful linkage models, and suggests the next steps to examine the feasibility of linking services for the two problems .
A Paracrystalline Inclusion Formed During Sporulation of Enterotoxin-Producing Strains of Clostridium perfringens Type A

Abstract A large paracrystalline inclusion is formed by certain strains of Clostridium perfringens type A during spore morphogenesis. In most cell thin sections, the inclusion appeared rod-shaped when sectioned at an angle perpendicular to its longer axis, and circular or oval-shaped when sectioned at an angle parallel to its longer axis. Measurements performed on electron micrographs of inclusions sectioned to reveal the rod shape indicated a fairly consistent thickness (width) of 192 ± 23 nm. The length of the inclusions varied considerably with a maximum of approximately 2,120 nm being observed. Ultrastructurally, the inclusion was composed of closely packed, periodically spaced, parallel layers. Usually a single inclusion was randomly located in the cytoplasm of the cell. Two inclusions per cell were rarely observed. The inclusion was formed only by ent+ strains of C. perfringens. Mutants of the ent+ strain NCTC 8798 that were altered in their sporulating and enterotoxin-producing capacities and revertants of these mutants were tested for inclusion formation. The results indicate that, as with the ent+ trait, a direct relationship exists between inclusion formation and spore formation. The synthesis of enterotoxin, formation of a morphologically distinct inclusion, and the initial deposition of discontinuous coat fragments around the forespore appear to be events closely related in time during spore morphogenesis.
"Ya Me Fui" When English Learners Consider Leaving School.

This study examines narratives of English learners who have either dropped out or considered dropping out as a result of their experience in high school. This research seeks to determine at which p...
Carbon storage in seagrass soils: long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment

Abstract. The carbon sequestration potential in coastal soils is linked to aboveground and belowground plant productivity and biomass, which in turn, is directly and indirectly influenced by nutrient input. We evaluated the influence of long-term and near-term nutrient input on aboveground and belowground carbon accumulation in seagrass beds, using a nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus) experiment embedded within a naturally occurring, long-term gradient of phosphorus availability within Florida Bay (USA). We measured organic carbon stocks in soils and above- and belowground seagrass biomass after 17 months of experimental nutrient addition. At the nutrient-limited sites, phosphorus addition increased the carbon stock in aboveground seagrass biomass by more than 300 %; belowground seagrass carbon stock increased by 50–100 %. Soil carbon content slightly decreased ( ∼ 10 %) in response to phosphorus addition. There was a strong but non-linear relationship between soil carbon and Thalassia testudinum leaf nitrogen : phosphorus (N : P) or belowground seagrass carbon stock. When seagrass leaf N : P exceeded an approximate threshold of 75 : 1, or when belowground seagrass carbon stock was less than 100 g m−2, there was less than 3 % organic carbon in the sediment. Despite the marked difference in soil carbon between phosphorus-limited and phosphorus-replete areas of Florida Bay, all areas of the bay had relatively high soil carbon stocks near or above the global median of 1.8 % organic carbon. The relatively high carbon content in the soils indicates that seagrass beds have extremely high carbon storage potential, even in nutrient-limited areas with low biomass or productivity.