cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptual-motor and scholastic achievement relationships in emotionally disturbed elementary school children.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between the mental and motor domains of development in a group of academically low-achieving, emotionally disturbed elementary school children. A secondary purpose was to replicate previous studies on normal and culturally deprived pupils using the same motor items. The subjects were 61 male and female children, ages 6 to 13, who attended two residential Re-Ed schools. The tests administered were the Wide Range Achievement Test, five physical fitness items, and four arm and leg coordination measures. The results revealed that the academic achievement, fitness, and coordination measures were unrelated in this group of subjects when either univariate or multivariate data processing techniques were used.
Novel Discovery of LYVE-1 Expression in the Hyaloid Vascular System

Purpose. The hyaloid vascular system (HVS) is a transient network nourishing developing eyes and has been widely used as a natural model to study blood vessel regression. Failure of its regression in humans leads to several blinding diseases. Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor (LYVE-1) is a recently defined lymphatic marker that is also expressed by a subpopulation of macrophages. To date, there is no report on its expression in the HVS. This study was conducted to investigate whether LYVE-1 is expressed in the HVS and how it is associated with the vascular structure and macrophage phenotype.
Dynamic modeling of drainage through three-dimensional porous materials

The interplay of viscous, gravity and capillary forces determines the flow behavior of two or more phases through porous materials. In this study, a rule-based dynamic network model is developed to simulate two-phase flow in three-dimensional porous media. A cubic network analog of porous medium is used with cubic bodies and square cross-section throats. The rules for phase movement and redistribution are devised to honor the imbibition and drainage physics at pore scale. These rules are based on the pressure field within the porous medium that is solved for by applying mass conservation at each node. The pressure field governs the movement and flow rates of the fluids within the porous medium. Film flow has been incorporated in a novel way. A pseudo-percolation model is proposed for low but non-zero capillary number (ratio of viscous to capillary forces). The model is used to study primary drainage with constant inlet flow rate and constant inlet pressure boundary conditions. Non-wetting phase front dynamics, apparent wetting residuals (Swr), and relative permeability are computed as a function of capillary number (Nca), viscosity ratio (M), and pore-throat size distribution. The simulation results are compared with experimental results from the literature. Depending upon the flow rate and viscosity ratio, the displacement front shows three distinct flow patterns—stable, viscous fingering and capillary fingering. Capillary desaturation curves (Swr vs. Nca) depend on the viscosity ratio. It is shown that at high flow rates (or high Nca), relative permeability assumes a linear dependence upon saturation. Pseudo-static capillary pressure curve is also estimated (by using an invasion percolation model) and is compared with the dynamic capillary pressure obtained from the model.
Lyt 1 cells respond to la‐bearing macrophages in the murine syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction

An autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction has been described in mice and humans in which T cells proliferate following stimulation with syngeneic non-T cells. This report demonstrates that in the murine syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, the responder cell is an Ly1+, Ly23-, Qa-1-T cell. The stimulator is an Ia-bearing macrophage-like cell.
Trafficking of dietary fat and resistance to obesity

The task of maintaining energy balance involves not only making sure that the number of calories ingested equals the number of calories burned but also involves ensuring nutrient balance. This means that over time, the quantity of carbohydrate, fat and protein consumed equals the amount of each oxidized. While the body has the ability to convert protein to carbohydrate and carbohydrate to fat, over long periods of time the body establishes nutrient balance with a high degree of accuracy storing excess nutrients as fat. To make decisions about food intake, the brain must assimilate information about the quantity of nutrients ingested and their disposition through the body over time. This is a very complex time ordered process as different tissues may be in different states of energy balance at different intervals following food ingestion. The fundamental task for the brain is to assess the influx of nutrients relative to stored pools of those nutrients and the rate at which they are being oxidized. It has been suggested that this task is particularly difficult for dietary fat because the stored pool of lipid is quite large compared to either the stored pools of carbohydrate and protein or the quantity of fat ingested per day. It is clear that some organisms resist weight gain even in the face of highly palatable diets. In fact most individuals eat less on any given day than they could given their maximal capacity for consumption. A central question then is: what restrains food intake in the setting of widely available highly palatable food? In this paper we will discuss the evidence that the movement of dietary fat between tissues may play an important role in the fidelity of nutrient sensing and as a result, resistance or susceptibility to obesity. In particular, the relative metabolism of dietary fat favoring oxidation over storage may be associated with more robust signaling of positive energy balance and resistance to dietary induced obesity in both humans and rats.
Using lay volunteers to represent children in child protection court proceedings.

Abstract Despite a widespread conviction that children ought to be independently represented in child protection court proceedings in the United States, there is little consensus as to what the role of that independent child advocate ought to be or, indeed, who should fulfill that role. This study accomplished three purposes: (1) articulated an aggressive, ambitious and continuous role for the child's representative which encompassed a broad range of the child's interests, both legal and nonlegal; (2) provided training in this role to demonstration groups of attorneys, law students and lay volunteers; and (3) compared the effectiveness of each of the three demonstration groups in representing children to one another and to a control group of attorneys who received no special training from the research team. The findings indicate that carefully selected and trained lay people representing children in child abuse and neglect legal proceedings under lawyer supervision performed similarly to trained lawyers and law students in the way they approached their duties and in case outcomes achieved and significantly different from attorneys who, consistent with the practice in nearly all the United States, received no special training in child advocacy.
Molecular insights into Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons leading to motor abnormalities and autonomic dysfunctions. Despite intensive research, the etiology of Parkinson’s disease remains poorly understood leaving us with no effective therapeutic options. However, the recent identification of genes linked to heritable forms of Parkinson’s disease has revolutionized research in the field and has begun to provide new clues to disease pathogenesis. Here we discuss these recent genetic advances and highlight their significance in our quest to better understand common underlying disease mechanisms that will help us identify innovative neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
Body composition in baboons: Evaluating a morphometric method.

The objective of this study was to determine whether noninvasive morphometric measurements of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) can reliably predict lean body mass and fat mass in this species. Crown-rump length, triceps circumference, and skinfold measures at the neck, subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps sites were obtained prior to necropsy from 21 clinically normal infant baboons at 18 weeks of age and from 22 clinically normal adolescent baboons at 5 years of age. At necropsy, the lean body mass and body fat mass were measured using gravimetric methods. Pearson's correlations and regression analysis were used to test the relationship between direct measures of lean and fat mass obtained at necropsy with calculated estimates based on morphometric measures obtained prior to death. Our null hypothesis was that the morphometric measures (individually or in combination) were not related to direct measures of fat mass or lean mass. Non-linear and multiple regression estimators, by age and gender, were derived and provided increased predictability. Our results indicate that (1) morphometric measures can accurately predict lean body mass in male and female baboons; (2) morphometric measures used to predict lean body mass change with age; (3) morphometric measures are strongly associated with body fat mass at 18 weeks of age but are not as strongly associated with body fat mass in 5-year-old baboons; (4) triceps circumference provides the best single indicator of lean body mass for both genders and age periods; (5) baboons are like humans in that adolescent females tend to accumulate body fat while males of the same age tend to develop lean mass; and (6) combinations of these morphometric measurements explain between 70% and 100% of the variability and can be used to estimate lean and fat mass in baboons.
Mean-square amplitudes of the longitudinal vibrational of helical polymers

A simple model for the longitudinal acoustical vibrations of helical polymers has been developed. This model consists of a linear string of masses, M, connected by springs. The mass must be taken as that of one helical turn of the true helix. It has been found that all of the previously observed or calculated frequencies for the longitudinal acoustical modes of helical polymers can be calculated from this model using only one adjustable parameter, the force constant f, between the turns, for each type of helix. Using this simplified model it has been possible to obtain the rms amplitudes of the changes in the overall end-to-end length of helical polymers as a function of their chain length and temperature. At room temperatures the rms end-to-end length is found to vary from a few tenths of an angstrom for hydrocarbon chains of the length found in phospholipid membrane bilayers to several angstroms in a rigid α-helix of 100 peptide residues. The damping of these α-helical modes is not considered but may be appreciable in solution.
Fatigue craze initiation in polycarbonate: study by small-angle X-ray scattering

The structural changes that occur during the incubation stage of tensile fatigue failure of glassy polycarbonate are investigated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering. The results are interpreted as the formation of voids, or 'proto-crazes', with initial dimensions of ~ 60nm and 150-200nm in directions parallel and perpendicular to the load axis, respectively. These values are in the range expected for a void in a static equilibrium, and practically coincide with the initial void dimensions measured in glassy polymers stretched under monotonic loading.
Differences in Escape Behavior between a Cryptic and an Aposematic Litter Frog

Abstract Clay models have been used to investigate the relative antipredator effectiveness of cryptic and of aposematic coloration in litter frogs, but such studies do not account for possible differences in prey escape behavior. We examined the escape behaviors of two litter frogs, the cryptic Craugastor bransfordii and the brightly colored and toxic Oophaga pumilio, in response to a human predator. For all individuals, we measured the distance between the frog and the observer at the instant of flight and the distance between frog's initial and final positions in the field. The cryptic C. bransfordii had a shorter flight initiation distance than did nonvocalizing individuals of the brightly colored O. pumilio. In addition, we noted that vocalizing O. pumilio males had a shorter flight initiation distance than did either nonvocalizing male or female O. pumilio. These findings demonstrate that a cryptic and an aposematic litter frog differ in their escape response to a predator. These results also suggest...
A Tough ‘Cell’: Implementing Lean Production at Toledo Jeep

This article attempts to expose the contradictions embedded in lean production by examining the early stages of transition from a Fordist to ‘lean’ model at the Toledo Jeep Assembly Plant in north-west Ohio. Initial research was conducted during 1999 and 2000 — prior to the opening of the new production facility — and is based on interviews with production workers, UAW representatives, and plant management, in addition to direct observations and content analyses of DaimlerChrysler documents. The effort is seen as part of a larger literature that deals with changing perceptions of, resistance to, and acceptance of new forms of work.
Different ARF Domains Are Required for the Activation of Cholera Toxin and Phospholipase D

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), initially described as activators of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, regulate intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking and stimulate a phospholipase D (PLD) isoform. ARF-like (ARL) proteins are structurally related to ARFs but do not activate cholera toxin and have relatively little effect on PLD. A new human ARL gene termed hARL1, which shares 57% amino acid identity with hARF1, was identified using a polymerase chain reaction-based cloning method. To determine whether different structural elements are responsible for the activation of the A subunit of cholera toxin and PLD, chimeric proteins were constructed by switching the amino-terminal 73 amino acids of ARF1 and ARL1. The recombinant rL73/F protein, in which the amino-terminal 73 amino acids of ARL1 replaced those of ARF1, activated the A subunit of cholera toxin, whereas the rF73/L protein, in which the NH2-terminal 73 amino acids of ARF1 replaced those of ARL1, was inactive. The two chimeric proteins had quite opposite effects on PLD activity. rF73/L activated PLD as effectively as rARF1, whereas rL73/F protein activated PLD only slightly. It appears that the amino-terminal region of ARF1 is not critical for its action as a GTP-dependent activator of cholera toxin, whereas it is necessary for activation of the putative effector enzyme, PLD.
Issues in multiple regression.

Controlling for variables implies conceptual distinctness between the control and zero-order variables. However, there are different levels of distinctness, some more subtle than others. These levels are determined by the theoretical context of the research. Failure to specify the theoretical context creates ambiguity as to the level of distinctness, and leads to the partialling fallacy, in which one controls for variables that are distinct in terms of appropriate theory. Although this can occur in using any control procedure, it is especially likely to occur in multiple regression, where high-order partial regression coefficients are routinely obtained in order to determine the relative importance of variables. Four major ways in which these regression coefficients can be seriously misleading are discussed. Although warnings concerning multicollinearity are to be found in statistics texts, they are insufficiently informative to prevent the mistakes described here. This is because the problem is essential...
CovR Alleviates Transcriptional Silencing by a Nucleoid-Associated Histone-Like Protein in Streptococcus mutans

In Streptococcus mutans, the global response regulator CovR plays an important role in biofilm formation, stress tolerance response, and caries production. We have previously demonstrated that CovR activates a large gene cluster, which is a part of a genomic island, TnSmu2. In this article, we have further characterized CovR at the molecular level to understand the gene activation mechanism. Toward this end, we mapped the transcription start site of the operon that lies upstream of the SMU.1348 gene (P(SMU.1348)), the first gene of the cluster. We constructed a transcriptional reporter fusion and showed that CovR induces expression from P(SMU.1348). We also demonstrated that purified CovR protects the sequence surrounding the -10 region of P(SMU.1348). In an in vitro transcription assay, we showed that histone-like protein (HLP), a homologue of Escherichia coli HU protein, represses transcription from P(SMU.1348). In vivo overexpression of HLP in trans also represses transcription from P(SMU.1348). Addition of CovR to the HLP-repressed P(SMU.1348) resulted in increased transcription from the promoter, suggesting a role for CovR in countering HLP silencing. Moreover, addition of SMU.1349, a transcriptional activator of the operon, to the in vitro assay further stimulated the transcription. Based on our in vivo and in vitro results, we propose a model for transcriptional activation of the operon.
A construction for group divisible t-designs with strength t⩾2 and index unity

Abstract The “block spreading” construction takes a group divisible design with large index and yields a group divisible design with larger group size and with index one. This construction is very useful in the construction of Steiner designs. Wilson's “block spreading” method is widely used in the construction of Steiner 2-designs. Blanchard generalizes this method for t⩾2. This paper generalizes Blanchard's “block spreading” construction for general index. This generalized “block spreading” construction has several applications such as constructing new Steiner 3-designs and new group divisible t-designs with index one.
080 Implantable Miniature Telescope – Implementing Guidelines When Evidence Is Uncertain

Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third leading cause of blindness in industrialised countries. The heavy burden of the disease, the expected increase in the number of cases, and a lack of effective treatment options highlight the need to examine new therapies. The implantable miniature telescope (IMT) is a potential new treatment for AMD. However, few high-quality studies are currently available to assess its effectiveness. Despite limited evidence, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Medicare granted regulatory approval, potentially increasing patient demand. Context In the context of limited available evidence, but potential patient demand driven by lack of alternatives, a large, US-based integrated healthcare system rapidly developed evidence-based guidance and implementation strategies for IMT. Description of Best Practice A systematic review was conducted to assess IMT effectiveness. A centralised, collaborative panel of experts was convened based upon clinical expertise, interest in providing IMT surgery, and potential operational volume. Evidence-based recommendations informed rapid development of an implementation strategy over six months. The strategy involved 1) centralised patient review and selection; 2) consent forms that describe benefit vs. harms; and 3) surgical training standards. Rapid development and distribution of the implementation strategy ensured that IMT would be provided in a timely and appropriate clinical context. The centralised process facilitated development of a patient database to track outcomes and inform future research. Lessons for Guideline Developers, Adaptors, Implementers, and/or Users Rapid, collaborative, and evidence-based development of clinical guidance and implementation strategies is an effective model for spreading best practices in an environment of uncertain or low-quality evidence.
Diagnosis of Cardiac Injuries by Surgeon-Performed Ultrasound: a Safe and Expeditious Alternative for Suspected Cardiac Injuries

Surgeon-performed ultrasound continues to evolve as a useful, safe, and efficient diagnostic alternative to document the presence of hemopericardium in patients sustaining penetrating injuries to the precordial region. With growing experience, its excellent sensitivity and specificity in the identification of cardiac injuries have become evident. As ultrasound for blunt abdominal trauma has been able to eliminate unnecessary diagnostic peritoneal lavages, its use in the evaluation of penetrating precordial injuries holds the promise to expedite the diagnosis of cardiac injuries and eliminate unnecessary pericardial windows and their associated morbidity. Ultrasound was performed by surgeons-in-training with supervision by a trauma surgeon at a Level-I trauma center in patients sustaining penetrating injuries to the precordial area. During the review period, 34 patients underwent precordial ultrasound (22 negative, 9 positive and 3 equivocal). There were no false-positives or false-negatives. All equivocal results were followed by a subxiphoid pericardial window that demonstrated no evidence of cardiac injury. Based o these data, we recommend that surgeon-performed ultrasound replace all other clinical, radiologic, and surgical diagnostic alternatives classically used to determine the presence of hemopericardium in stable patients with penetrating precordial injuries. Ultrasonography is fast, reliable, consistent, and easy to teach and learn. In those few patients with equivocal findings, other confirmatory diagnostics modalities should be entertained.
Instanton contributions to fermion Green's functions in massless quantum chromodynamics

The instanton contribution to certain Green's functions and S-matrix elements in gauge theories with massless fermions is examined, with special attention given to the symmetry properties and strengths of the interactions described by the Green's functions. The Green's functions in question are those which can be written in terms of the zero-mode eigenfunctions of the fermion operator. As an application of the results, the corrections to weak decays of quarks due to instanton effects are discussed.
Housing Allowances: Emerging Answers

Katharine L. Bradbury and Anthony Downs (editors), Do Housing Allowances Work? (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1981), 419 pp; ISBN 0-8157-1052-6, $26.95. Judith D. Feins and Terry Saunders Lane, How Much for Housing? (Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Books, 1981), 208 pp; ISBN 0-89011-558-3, $19.00. Raymond J. Struyk and Marc Bendick, Jr. (editors), Housing Vouchers for the Poor; Lessons from a National Experiment (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press, 1981), 424 pp; ISBN 87766-280-0, $25.00.
Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury with Medial and Lateral Bucket-Handle Meniscus Tears

We report the case of a healthy 31-year-old female professional billiard player presented with a 5-day history of severe left knee pain after a fall. A magnetic resonance imaging of the left knee showed that she had suffered an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture along with buckle-handle tears of both the medial and lateral meniscus. Both of these menisci had flipped anterior and centrally to the femoral condyles and were lodged in the notch. The patient had also suffered a mild injury to the medial collateral ligament. Repair of both menisci was performed using an inside-out technique. Following this, an ACL reconstruction was done using a quadrupled hamstring autograft. Endobutton fixation (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA) was used on the femur with a screw and sheath used for tibial fixation. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent home the same day. This case demonstrates the typical signs and symptoms of a displaced bucket-handle meniscus tear as well as imaging and arthroscopic pictures.
Distributed problem-based learning at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

SIU School of Medicine piloted a Distributed Problem-Based Learning (DPBL) project in Spring 1999 to support the authentic PBL method used in the curriculum. The pilot included face-to-face (FTF) tutor group sessions augmented by DPBL in which the group participated from distributed sites.The pilot provided a list of observations including: the changes in the role of the facilitator, the feeling by students that information presented during DPBL was more likely to be more well thought-out and articulated than in face-to-face sessions, the value of being able to review session transcripts and whiteboards from any time and place, and the feeling that all students could respond to queries.Technological issues include Internet Service Provider (ISP) responsibility, collaborative software functionality, presentation of the problem in a way that supports free inquiry, submission of resources to the web site, and data collection.Future plans include platform-independent software, a database for collection of data as information is entered on the whiteboard, a database that presents the problem in a more intuitive, responsive manner, and a web page that allows resource submission by group members.
Atomic-force microscopic study of dimensional changes in human dentine during drying

Six 1-mm thick sections of human dentine, three parallel to the occlusal surface and three perpendicular to the buccal surface, were prepared from non-carious third molars. The enamel was ground off, and the sections were polished with alumina powder to remove the smear layer. Each section was imaged by atomic-force microscopy with 20 nm horizontal and 0.1 nm vertical resolutions, initially while the samples were immersed in deionized water and then periodically during drying at room temperature. No dimensional changes over microscopic fields of view (scanned areas smaller than 50 × 50 μm) could be detected within the precision of the measurements (< 0.5%). Across the entire sample, however, vertical displacements of 10–20 μm were measured. Elasticity (Bernoulli beam) theory was used to calculate the engineering strain required to produce these displacements. The magnitude of the strain was 0.04% (SD = 0.01) in the buccal sections in the direction of the tubule axis and 0.09% (SD = 0.02) in the direction normal to the tubule axis. Also, the strain alternated between tension and compression across the samples. It was concluded that, as determined by using microscopic techniques, drying-induced strain is too small to require corrections for tubule size and tubule density.
Translocation of Sickle Cell Erythrocyte MicroRNAs into Plasmodium falciparum Inhibits Parasite Translation and Contributes to Malaria Resistance

Erythrocytes carrying a variant hemoglobin allele (HbS), which causes sickle cell disease and resists infection by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The molecular basis of this resistance, which has long been recognized as multifactorial, remains incompletely understood. Here we show that the dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) composition, of either heterozygous HbAS or homozygous HbSS erythrocytes, contributes to resistance against P. falciparum. During the intraerythrocytic life cycle of P. falciparum, a subset of erythrocyte miRNAs translocate into the parasite. Two miRNAs, miR-451 and let-7i, were highly enriched in HbAS and HbSS erythrocytes, and these miRNAs, along with miR-223, negatively regulated parasite growth. Surprisingly, we found that miR-451 and let-7i integrated into essential parasite messenger RNAs and, via impaired ribosomal loading, resulted in translational inhibition. Hence, sickle cell erythrocytes exhibit cell-intrinsic resistance to malaria in part through an atypical miRNA activity, which may represent a unique host defense strategy against complex eukaryotic pathogens.
Design of Microoptics-Based Imaging Spectrometers

Some key aspects of microoptic imaging systems will be explored, with an emphasis on imaging spectrometers. As a design example, a space-variant variable-dispersion imaging micro spectrometer is described. An array of MEMS mirrors is used to select different optical paths through the spectrometer, permitting dynamically adjustable grating dispersion on a pixel-by-pixel basis across the image. Design trade-offs and performance limitations are addressed.
Susceptibility genes for breast cancer.

In an era in which the importance of a scientific advance often appears to be measured by the amount of media coverage it generates, the level of reporting of the recent identification of BRCA1, a ...
Impacts of Urbanization on Surface Runoff of the Dardenne Creek Watershed, St. Charles County, Missouri

Accurately documenting urban growth and evaluating its hydrological impact are of great interest for urban planning and water/land resource management. St. Charles County, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri, has undergone significant urban expansion in recent decades. Rapid urban sprawl in the Dardenne Creek watershed within the county has had a profound influence on surface runoff. We examined the patterns of land use/land cover (LULC) change in this watershed using Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery in 1982, 1987, 1991, 1999, and 2003. Calibrated with the observed hydrological data in 2003, a Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model was used to evaluate the effect of LULC change on surface runoff. Results indicated a rapid increase of urban areas in the watershed, from 3.4% in 1982 to 27.3% in 2003, dominated by changes in the lower portion of the watershed close to the metropolitan area. Model simulations suggest >70% increase in average direct runoff in the watershed from 1982 to 2003, and the runoff i...
The Transiency of Oropharyngeal Colonization with Gram-Negative Bacilli in Residents of a Skilled Nursing Facility

To determine the duration and persistence of gram-negative bacillary (GNB) oropharyngeal colonization over a specified period and the risk of subsequent GNB pneumonia developing in nursing home patients, we prospectively cultured for 31 weeks the oropharynges of patients in a skilled nursing facility. Over a 31-week period, an average of 13.8 percent of the patients showed colonization (weekly prevalence rates ranged from 0 to 29 percent). No patient had pneumonia during the study period. We concluded that the presence of GNB in the oropharynx of our patients is transient, continually changing over an extended period, and that GNB colonization as a transient occurrence is not directly associated with an increased risk of GNB pneumonia. Our data also emphasize the limitations of previously described single-culture survey studies in predicting the importance of GNB oropharyngeal colonization.
Response of two Adirondack watersheds to acidic deposition

Responses of two lake-watersheds to changes in atmospheric deposition were simulated using the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) Model. The simulated annual chemical outlet fluxes were continuous functions of both S and N deposition. No acidification threshold was observed. The slopes of the response curves quantified the contrasting sensitivities of the two systems to changes in deposition.
Arylsulphatases in human brain: separation, purification, and certain properties of the two soluble arylsulphatases.

— Arylsulphatases (aryl-sulphate sulphohydrolases; E.C. 3.1.6.1) in the soluble subcellular fraction (105000g, 2 h) of human brain were partially purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, and Sephadex gel filtration. Potassium-4-methylumbelliferone-sulphatase (MUS-sulphatase) adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose was purified approximately 700-fold over activity in the soluble fraction and the unadsorbed MUS-sulphatase was similarly purified approximately 600-fold. The arylsulphatase adsorbed to DEAE-cellulose exhibited a Km value for MUS of 12.5 mM and a pH optimum of 5.7, whereas the unadsorbed arylsulphatase exhibited a Km value for MUS of 8.3 mM and a pH optimum of 5.4. The molecular weights of the two enzymes were approximately 109,600 and 51,300, respectively. Sulphate (0.5 mM) showed pronounced mixed inhibition only of the unadsorbed arylsulphatase. Ag+ ions (0.25 mM) showed 96 per cent inhibition of the adsorbed arylsulphatase, whereas an activation of the unadsorbed arylsulphatase was observed.
Magnetic susceptibility of RbMnF3

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the Heisenberg antiferromagnet RbMnF 3 are reported between 55 and 300°. Comparison with the high-temperature series calculations of series calculations of Rushbrooke and Wood gives J = 3.37 ± 0.05 ° K .
On the thermodynamic requirement of elastic stiffness anisotropy in isotropic materials

Abstract In general, thermodynamic admissibility requires isotropic materials develop reversible deformation induced anisotropy (RDIA) in their elastic stiffnesses. Taking the elastic potential for an isotropic material to be a function of the strain invariants, isotropy of the elastic stiffness is possible under distortional loading if and only if the bulk modulus is independent of the strain deviator and the shear modulus is constant. Previous investigations of RDIA have been limited to applications in geomechanics where material non-linearity and large deformations are commonly observed. In the current paper, the degree of RDIA in other materials is investigated. It is found that the resultant anisotropy in materials whose strength does not vary appreciably with pressure, such as metals, is negligible, but in materials whose strength does vary with pressure, the degree of RDIA can be significant. Algorithms for incorporating RDIA in a classical elastic–plastic model are provided.
NMR J-coupling constants in cisplatin derivatives studied by molecular dynamics and relativistic DFT.

Solvent effects on J(Pt-195 - N-15) one-bond nuclear spin-spin coupling constants (J(PtN)) of cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] and three cisplatin derivatives are investigated using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) based ab initio molecular dynamics (aiMD) and all-electron relativistic DFT NMR calculations employing the two-component relativistic zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA). Good agreement with experiment is obtained when explicit solvent molecules are considered and when the computations are performed with a hybrid functional. Spin-orbit coupling causes only small effects on J(PtN). Key factors contributing to the magnitude of coupling constants are elucidated, with the most significant being the presence of solvent as well as the quality of the density functional and basis set combination. The solvent effects are of the same magnitude as J(PtN) calculated for gas-phase geometries. However, the trends of J(PtN) among the complexes are already present in the gas phase. Results obtained with a continuum solvent model agree quite well with the aiMD results, provided that the Pt solvent-accessible radius is carefully chosen. The aiMD results support the existence of a partial hydrogen-bond-like inverse-hydration-type interaction affording a weak (1)J(Pt center dot center dot center dot H-w) coupling between the complexes and the coordinating water molecule.
The aspirin metabolite sodium salicylate causes focal cerebral hemorrhage and cell death in rats with kainic acid-induced seizures

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and its main metabolite sodium salicylate, have been shown to protect neurons from excitotoxic cell death in vitro. The objective of our study was to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of sodium salicylate in vivo in rats with kainic acid-induced seizures, a model for temporal lobe epilepsy in human patients. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid either alone, or with sodium salicylate given before and for 40h after kainic acid injections. The control group received either phosphate-buffered saline or sodium salicylate without co-administration of kainic acid. Animals developed status epilepticus, which was aborted 1.5-2h later with diazepam. On day 3 following kainic acid-induced seizures, animals received bromodeoxyuridine to measure cellular proliferation, and were killed under anesthesia 24h later. Brains were removed, sectioned, and analysed for gross histological changes, evidence of hemorrhage, DNA fragmentation, cellular proliferation, and microglial immunohistochemistry. We report that sodium salicylate did not protect neurons from seizure-induced cell death, and to the contrary, it caused focal hemorrhage and cell death in the hippocampal formation and the entorhinal/piriform cortex of rats with kainic acid-induced seizures. Hemorrhage was never observed in animals that received vehicle, kainic acid or sodium salicylate only, which indicated that sodium salicylate exerted its effect only in animals with seizures, and was confined to select regions of the brain that undergo seizure activity. Large numbers of cells displaying DNA fragmentation were detected in the hippocampal formation, entorhinal/piriform cortex and the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus of rats that received kainic acid or kainic acid in combination with sodium salicylate. Bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry revealed large numbers of proliferating cells in and around the areas with most severe neural injury induced by kainic acid or kainic acid co-administered with sodium salicylate. These same brain regions displayed intense staining with a microglia-specific marker, an indication of microglial activation in response to brain damage. In all cases, the degree of cell death, cell proliferation and microglia staining was more severe in animals that received the combination of kainic acid and sodium salicylate when compared to animals that received kainic acid alone. We hypothesize that our findings are attributable to sodium salicylate-induced blockade of cellular mechanisms that protect cells from calcium-mediated injury. These initial observations may have important clinical implications for patients with epilepsy who take aspirin while affected by these conditions, and should promote further investigation of this relationship.
Segmental aplasia in the uterus of a European wild pig (Sus scrofa)

This paper reports an instance of aplasia in the uterine horn of the European wild pig (Sus scrofa).
Use of gleams to predict insecticide losses from pine seed orchards

Intensive pine forest management practiced in the southern United States relies heavily on seed orchards to produce genetically improved seedlings to achieve high productivity. One of the most critical problems is the control of seed and cone insects requiring heavy and frequent applications of insecticides. Hydrologic modeling of insecticide fate in surface water and ground water is a useful technique for evaluating the environmental fate of the applied insecticides. The GLEAMS (groundwater loading effects of agricultural management systems) model was used to evaluate the differences between fate of insecticides at four pine seed orchard sites in different physiographic regions of the southern United States. A 50-year simulation period was used. Insecticides selected for simulation were carbofuran, azinphosmethyl, fenvalerate, and permethrin. The simulations of insecticide losses in storm flow and percolate at each of the seed orchards demonstrated the importance of the time of application relative to precipitation occurrence, effective rooting depth, and soil-water conditions. Although the absolute insecticide losses may not be accurately simulated by GLEAMS, the model can predict the seasonal patterns of loss and relative loss among different insecticides likely to occur under actual seed orchard conditions.
5-hydroxytryptamine, the probable mediator of excitation in the heart of Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria

Abstract 1. 1. Stimulation of the cardio-regulator nerves of Mercenaria mercenaria normally causes inhibition of the heart. Stimulation of the nerves following treatment of the heart with benzoquinonium, an antagonist of acetylcholine, causes excitation. 2. 2. This excitation is prevented by 1-methyl- d -lysergic acid butanolamide, a drug which also decreases or blocks the excitatory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the heart. 3. 3. Stimulation of the cardio-regulator nerves of benzoquinonium-treated preparations which were made tachyphylactic to 5-hydroxytryptamine fails to elicit an excitatory response. 4. 4. Excitation does not occur in preparations which were pre-treated with reserpine. This alkaloid was found to decrease endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in the ganglia of Mercenaria. 5. 5. The experimental evidence indicates that 5-hydroxytryptamine is a normal mediator of excitation in the heart of Mercenaria.
A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes

BRAF35, a structural DNA-binding protein, initially was identified as a component of a large BRCA2-containing complex. Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of a smaller core–BRAF35 complex devoid of BRCA2. Here we report the isolation of a six-subunit core–BRAF35 complex with the capacity to deacetylate histones, termed the BRAF–histone deacetylase complex (BHC), from human cells. BHC contains polypeptides reminiscent of the chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF and NuRD (nucleosome remodeling and deacetylating). Similar to NuRD, BHC contains an Mi2-like subunit, BHC80, and a PHD zinc-finger subunit as well as histone deacetylases 1/2 and an MTA-like subunit, the transcriptional corepressor CoREST. We show that BHC mediates repression of neuron-specific genes through the cis-regulatory element known as the repressor element 1 or neural restrictive silencer (RE1/NRS). Chromatin-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate the recruitment of BHC by the neuronal repressor REST. Expression of BRAF35 containing a single point mutation in the HMG domain of the protein abrogated REST-mediated transcriptional repression. These results demonstrate a role for core–BRAF35-containing complex in the regulation of neuron-specific genes through modulation of the chromatin structure.
Back to the future: The organizational–activational hypothesis adapted to puberty and adolescence

Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, and Young first proposed in 1959 the organizational-activational hypothesis of hormone-driven sex differences in brain and behavior. The original hypothesis posited that exposure to steroid hormones early in development masculinizes and defeminizes neural circuits, programming behavioral responses to hormones in adulthood. This hypothesis has inspired a multitude of experiments demonstrating that the perinatal period is a time of maximal sensitivity to gonadal steroid hormones. However, recent work from our laboratory and others demonstrates that steroid-dependent organization of behavior also occurs during adolescence, prompting a reassessment of the developmental time-frame within which organizational effects are possible. In addition, we present evidence that adolescence is part of a single protracted postnatal sensitive period for steroid-dependent organization of male mating behavior that begins perinatally and ends in late adolescence. These findings are consistent with the original formulation of the organizational/activational hypothesis, but extend our notions of what constitutes "early" development considerably. Finally, we present evidence that female behaviors also undergo steroid-dependent organization during adolescence, and that social experience modulates steroid-dependent adolescent brain and behavioral development. The implications for human adolescent development are also discussed, especially with respect to how animal models can help to elucidate the factors underlying the association between pubertal timing and adult psychopathology in humans.
Reward processing in autism: a thematic series

This thematic series presents theoretical and empirical papers focused on understanding autism from the perspective of reward processing deficits. Although the core symptoms of autism have not traditionally been conceptualized with respect to altered reward-based processes, it is clear that brain reward circuitry plays a critical role in guiding social and nonsocial learning and behavior throughout development. Additionally, brain reward circuitry may respond to social sources of information in ways that are similar to responses to primary rewards, and recent clinical data consistently suggest abnormal behavioral and neurobiologic responses to rewards in autism. This thematic series presents empirical data and review papers that highlight the utility of considering autism from the perspective of reward processing deficits. Our hope is that this novel framework may further elucidate autism pathophysiology, with the ultimate goal of yielding novel insights with potential therapeutic implications.
An experimental study of a turbulent vortex ring

A turbulent vortex ring having a relatively thin core is formed in water by a momentary jet discharge from an orifice in a submerged plate. The necessary impulse is provided by a pressurized reservoir and is controlled by a fast programmable solenoid valve. The main aim of the research is to verify the similarity properties of the mean flow, as defined by ensemble averaging, and to find the distribution of mean vorticity, turbulent energy, and other quantities in the appropriate non-steady similarity coordinates. The velocity field of the vortex is measured for numerous realizations with the aid of a two-channel tracking laser-Doppler velocimeter. The problem of dispersion in the trajectories of the individual rings is overcome by development of a signature-recognition technique in two variables. It is found that the turbulence intensity is largest near the vortex core and that at least the radial component is not negligible in the near wake. The slow growth of the ring structure is controlled by a slight excess of entrainment over de-entrainment. An important inference is that the growth process and the process of turbulence production probably involve secondary vortices wrapped around the core in azimuthal planes.
The Design of Trials for Prevention of IDDM

Several large clinical trials for the prevention of IDDM in islet cell antibody positive first-degree relatives are planned or underway. The design of these trials rests in part on assumptions about the natural history of autoimmunity during the prediabetic period and on the likely effectiveness of the intervention being tested. At this time, most of the factors that influence the required sample size can only be roughly estimated.
Modification of Newcastle disease virus release and cytopathogenicity in cells treated with plant lectins

Summary Binding of the plant lectins, concanavalin A (con A), wheat germ agglutinin, soybean agglutinin and Lens culinaris agglutinin to the surface of cells infected with different Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains inhibited virus release. Binding of succinyl-con A with a lower valency than native tetrameric con A to the surface of infected cells did not inhibit virus release. It was proposed that binding of multivalent lectin molecules to the surface of infected cells impairs assembly of the virus envelope and the budding of new virus particles by the formation of cross-linkages and lattice formation between protein molecules on the cell surface. Binding of the same lectins to NDV-infected cells also caused significant inhibition of virus-induced cell fusion. In contrast, treatment of cells with a phytohaemagglutinin preparation from Phaseolus vulgaris enhanced NDV-induced cell fusion. A new form of NDV-induced c.p.e. was observed in lectin-treated cells involving extensive damage and fragmentation of cell nuclei. This c.p.e. was also found in lectin-treated cells infected with the avirulent NDV strains F and Queensland which normally induce only limited cell damage. The possible mechanisms underlying the varied effects of different lectins on NDV release and cytopathogenicity were discussed.