cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework for reducing the cost of instrumented code

Instrumenting code to collect profiling information can cause substantial execution overhead. This overhead makes instrumentation difficult to perform at runtime, often preventing many known offline feedback-directed optimizations from being used in online systems. This paper presents a general framework for performing instrumentation sampling to reduce the overhead of previously expensive instrumentation. The framework is simple and effective, using code-duplication and counter-based sampling to allow switching between instrumented and non-instrumented code.Our framework does not rely on any hardware or operating system support, yet provides a high frequency sample rate that is tunable, allowing the tradeoff between overhead and accuracy to be adjusted easily at runtime. Experimental results are presented to validate that our technique can collect accurate profiles (93-98% overlap with a perfect profile) with low overhead (averaging 6% total overhead with a naive implementation). A Jalape~ no-specific optimization is also presented that reduces overhead further, resulting in an average total overhead of 3%.
Genetic association of low density lipoprotein receptor and Alzheimer's disease

The low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is an attractive candidate gene for genetic association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because: (i) the LDLR is an apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor, alleles of which have been associated with AD, (ii) LDLR resides at chromosome 19p13.3 within a region linked to AD, and (iii) LDLR modulates the homeostasis of cholesterol, which itself appears associated with AD. Therefore, we evaluated whether LDLR haplotypes alter the odds of AD by performing an association study examining three LDLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 118 AD patients and 133 non-AD subjects. LDLR genotypes were obtained by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. Although individual LDLR SNPs were not associated with AD, analyses of unambiguous haplotypes suggested the hypothesis that the 211 LDLR haplotype was associated with reduced odds of AD. We then evaluated this hypothesis in a second study cohort, i.e., the Religious Orders Study. These results supported the hypothesis that the 211 LDLR haplotype is associated with reduced odds of AD. Moreover, these data suggested further associations between LDLR variants and AD. Thus, LDLR variants appear significantly associated with AD and merit additional study.
Renormalization of potential scattering in a weakly interacting one-dimensional electron gas

Abstract The conductance of a weakly interacting electron gas in the presence of a single scatterer is found at arbitrary strength of the scattering potential. At weak interaction one can use a simple renormalization group approach instead of the standard bosonization technique. For a model with spinless electrons this approach allows us to show explicitly the crossover from the Fermi-gas to the low-temperature Luttinger liquid behavior. Deviations from the Luttinger liquid theory are studied for a realistic model of spin- 1 2 electrons.
The effect of temperature on the formation of mutagens in heated beef stock and cooked ground beef

Abstract The microsome-activatable mutagens (chromatographically distinguishable from benzo[ a ]pyrene and from the mutagens produced from pyrolysed amino acids and proteins) previously found in beef extract and in bacterial nutrients which contain beef extract are produced when beef stock is heated. Reflux boiling of beef stock at 100°C results in a linear increase in mutagenic activity toward Salmonella strain TA1538. The rate of production of mutagenic activity at temperatures between 68°C and 98°C conforms closely to the Arrhenius equation, yielding an activation energy of 23 738 calories per mole. Extrapolation from these data predicts a sharp rise in the rate of mutagen formation between 140 and 180°C. This expectation is confirmed when ground beef patties (hamburgers) are prepared in various conventional electrically-heated appliances which operate at different cooking temperatures within this range. The mutagenic activity of hamburger cooked at high temperatures is limited to the surface layers; the temperature of the inside of the hamburger does not exceed 100°C during cooking. No mutagenic activity is found in comparable samples of uncooked meat. The results indicated that the mutagens may be formed as a result of the temperatures encountered in certain conventional cooking procedures.
The hand in the Pierre Robin syndrome

In reviewing eight cases of children with the Pierre Robin syndrome, we found three cases to have abnormalities of the extremities such as syndactyly, hypoplastic digits, and a Poland syndrome. These hand abnormalities have not been previously emphasized in patients with the Pierre Robin syndrome.
Order−Disorder Transition Induced by the Hydroxylation of Homogeneous Polystyrene-block-polyisoprene Copolymer

Three homogeneous polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (SI diblock) copolymers with varying block length ratios (SI-10/6, SI-5/6, and SI-14/3) were synthesized via anionic polymerization in tetrahydrofuran as solvent, giving rise to the microstructures of polyisoprene (PI) block of 34% 1,2-addition, 59% 3,4-addition, and 7% 1,4-addition. Subsequently, the SI diblock copolymers were subjected to hydroboration/oxidation reactions to yield hydroxylated SI diblock (SI-OH) copolymers (SI-10/6-OH, SI-5/6-OH, and SI-14/3-OH). After the hydroxylation, the molecular weight of SI-OH is increased by 3−9%, depending on the block length ratio of the corresponding SI diblock copolymer. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has shown that the SI-OH diblock copolymers form hydrogen bonding at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy has revealed that at room temperature SI-10/6-OH and SI-5/6-OH have lamellar microdomains while SI-14/3-OH has hexagonally packed cylindrical microdomains. Oscillatory shear rheometry has indicated ...
Factors related to the between-person variation in the transcortin activity of normal adults.

Abstract The between-person variation in transcortin activity is related to early diabetes in men. This prompted a study of the biochemical factors related to this between person variation. Complete correlation matrices were calculated between the cortisolbinding index (CBI), a parameter of transcortin activity, and 15 anthropometrie or biochemical factors. The major part of the between-person variation in transcortin activity remained unaccounted for. In men, small positive correlation coefficients were found between CBI and serum alcaline phosphatase activity, serum uric acid, serum cholesterol or serum calcium levels, while small negative correlations were found between CBI and body weight or age. The women under study were much younger; the only important correlation found in this younger group was between CBI and total serum protein levels. The CBI also correlated with the serum sialic acid level both in men and women.
THE VALUE OF PHONETICS IN TEACHING1 A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

A GOOD pronunciation of any language is similar to being well dressed; it is the outward semblance of culture and refinement in matters of speech, and it should be a thing of pride to any one because it is one's principal badge of honor and recommendation to the natives of that speech. Without a good pronunciation one can never be accepted by foreign people; he is always an outsider and can never really know the people whose language he is butchering. All of us are cautious and a bit suspicious of one who cannot pronounce English well, but we tend to accept with open arms one who probably knows little English, provided he can pronounce that little in a creditable manner. If we.bore people they tend to dispense with our society, and I, personally, soon separate myself from one who antagonizes me with unaccustomed and foreign English sounds. It is possible to acquire a pronunciation sufficiently accurate not to grate on native ears, as is proven by many who learn our own language in such a manner. We are tolerant up to a certain point, never expecting the impossible, but exacting certain definite standards of perfection, No one wants to talk to a person who does not understand his most delicate shades of meaning; we rightly infer that if the pronunciation is atrocious the language itself is as poorly mastered. Foreigners react to us in about the same manner that we react to them, and if they hold us at a distance we can never hope to really know them. A poor pronunciation is a just cause for self belittlement and works havoc in all directions.
Factorwise rigidity of products of pseudo-arcs

Abstract It is proven that every homeomorphism of a product of pseudo-arcs is a composition of a product homeomorphism with a homeomorphism which only permutes the factors
Utility of frozen section analysis of resection margins during partial nephrectomy.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the utility of routine intraoperative frozen-section histologic analysis during partial nephrectomy to ensure negative surgical margins. Partial nephrectomy has gained acceptance for surgical treatment of small renal cancers. Many surgeons send specimens for intraoperative frozen section histologic analysis to ensure negative margins. Methods We reviewed the records of 78 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for presumed malignancy. Patient demographics, intraoperative findings, and pathologic and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results Seventy-nine partial nephrectomies were performed in 78 patients. Frozen sections were obtained intraoperatively in 76 cases. In 1 case (1.3%), a single margin was interpreted as positive for carcinoma, prompting deeper resection. The final histopathologic finding was interpreted as angiomyolipoma rather than carcinoma. The final pathologic examination revealed renal cell carcinoma in 52 (66%) of 79 cases. The mean oncologic follow-up was 16.2 months. One local recurrence was noted (1.9%). It arose in the resection bed 19 months after removal of a 4.5-cm tumor (pathologic Stage T3a). Both intraoperative frozen section margins and final pathologic margins were negative in this case. One patient developed pulmonary metastases and represented the only metastatic recurrence, as well as the only cancer-related death in our cohort (1.9%). Conclusions Our data suggest that when partial nephrectomy is performed with attention to excising a perimeter of grossly normal-appearing parenchyma, sending specimens for intraoperative frozen section analyses may provide an unnecessary expense without providing meaningful, reliable information. Additional studies, including larger cohorts and extended follow-up, are needed to support these results.
Select Nutrients in the Ovine Uterine Lumen. III. Cationic Amino Acid Transporters in the Ovine Uterus and Peri-Implantation Conceptuses

Arginine is an essential amino acid for conceptus (embryo/fetus and trophoblast/placenta) growth and development; however, the mechanisms for arginine transport into the uterine lumen and uptake by conceptuses are largely unknown. In this study, expression of System y(+) (SLC7A1, SLC7A2, and SLC7A3) cationic amino acid transporters in uteri of cyclic and pregnant ewes and conceptuses was studied, and effects of pregnancy, progesterone (P4), and interferon tau (IFNT) on their expression were investigated. SLC7A1 mRNA was most abundant in endometrial luminal (LE) and superficial glandular (sGE) epithelia on Day 16 of the estrous cycle and on Days 16-20 of pregnancy, whereas SLC7A2 mRNA was most abundant in LE and mid to deep glandular (GE) epithelia on Days 14-20 of gestation. Expression of SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 was enhanced in pregnant ewes in a cell-specific manner, but abundance of SLC7A3 was not affected by day of the estrous cycle or by pregnancy status. SLC7A1, SLC7A2, and SLC7A3 mRNAs were expressed in trophectoderm and endoderm of conceptuses. In ovariectomized ewes, short-term treatment of ewes with P4 and IFNT did not affect endometrial SLC7A1 mRNA, while long-term treatment with P4 stimulated SLC7A1 in LE and GE, and IFNT tended to increase SLC7A1 abundance in LE. SLC7A2 mRNA abundance increased 4.1-fold in response to short-term P4 treatment and an additional 1.7-fold by IFNT primarily in endometrial LE/sGE, and these effects were ablated by a P4 receptor antagonist. These results indicate that coordinate changes in SLC7A1, SLC7A2, and SLC7A3 expression in uterine endometria and conceptuses are likely important in transport of arginine that is critical to conceptus growth, development, and survival.
New variables for classical and quantum gravity.

A Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity based on certain spinorial variables is introduced. These variables simplify the constraints of general relativity considerably and enable one to imbed the constraint surface in the phase space of Einstein's theory into that of Yang-Mills theory. The imbedding suggests new ways of attacking a number of problems in both classical and quantum gravity. Some illustrative applications are discussed.
Observational equivalence of the overlapping generations and the discounted dynamic programming frameworks for one-sector growth

Abstract Two alternative frameworks for one-sector growth are considered: an overlapping generations model with two-period lived, strictly selfish agents and a discounted dynamic programming model with infinitely lived agents. It is shown that under certain assumptions the two models are observationally equivalent, i.e., generate identical timepaths for all aggregate variables. One of the key assumptions is that the steady-state real interest rate in the overlapping generations model be strictly greater than the growth rate. The result is proved for the deterministic case and extension to a stochastic case is indicated.
Phosphatidylinositol phosphate-dependent regulation of Xenopus ENaC by MARCKS protein

Phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) are known to regulate epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). Lipid binding assays and coimmunoprecipitation showed that the amino-terminal domain of the β- and γ-...
Brock’s Cosmopolitanism: Sensible but Incomplete

Political philosophers of an egalitarian bent have been engaged in a debate between two views of global justice. One, simplistically stated, holds that egalitarian justice is fundamentally a domestic requirement. Societies need to promote an egalitarian-type1 distribution of the goods of life among fellow members of their society, but they do not have similar obligations to members of other societies. This view, often called liberal nationalism, is an ―associationist‖ account of distributive justice in that it limits the scope of egalitarian justice to fellow members of an association, one‘s own society. The other view demands an egalitarian distribution of goods among all human beings regardless of their location. On this view, cosmopolitanism, the scope of egalitarian justice is not limited to fellow citizens, but is universal. Many, but not all cosmopolitans, base their view on the common humanity of all human beings.2 In Global Justice Gillian Brock defends cosmopolitanism.3 Her book has many virtues, of which I will mention three. First, she not only considers the theoretical question of what global justice requires, but she develops thoughtful practical proposals about how to bring about change. This is a refreshing contribution to a debate that has largely been theoretical. Among other things, she discusses, in some detail, changes in tax policy, the importance of freedom of speech and the press for protecting rights to liberty, immigration, humanitarian intervention, and democratic possibilities for forms of international governance. Second, she covers a great many issues, providing interesting and succinct arguments both for the views she accepts and those she rejects. Third, she writes comprehensively and clearly; her work should interest ordinary readers as well as academic theorists. It makes an excellent text for undergraduate courses in global justice.
A Fiduciary Theory of Judging

For centuries, legal theorists and political philosophers have unsuccessfully sought a unified theory of judging able to account for the diverse, and oftentimes conflicting, responsibilities judges possess. How do we reconcile the call of judicial independence — a function of a judge’s obligation to uphold the rule of law — with that of judicial responsiveness — the obligation that, as a branch of government in a democratic polity, judges must ensure that the law not derogate too far from the will of the people? This paper reveals how the law governing fiduciary relationships sheds new light on this age-old quandary, and therefore, on the very nature of the judicial office itself. In so doing, the paper first explores the routinely overlooked, yet deeply embedded historical provenance of our judges-as-fiduciaries framework in American political thought and in the framing of the U.S. Constitution. It then explains why a fiduciary theory of judging offers important insight into what it means to be a judge in a democracy, while providing practical guidance in resolving a range of controversial and hotly contested legal issues surrounding judicial performance, such as judicial ethics at the Supreme Court, campaign contributions in state judicial elections, and the role of public opinion in constitutional interpretation.
Blockade of NMDA Receptors Prevents Analgesic Tolerance to Repeated Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Rats

Abstract Repeated daily application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) results in tolerance, at spinal opioid receptors, to the antihyperalgesia produced by TENS. Since N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists prevent analgesic tolerance to opioid agonists, we hypothesized that blockade of NMDA receptors will prevent tolerance to TENS. In rats with knee joint inflammation, TENS was applied for 20 minutes daily at high-frequency (100 Hz), low-frequency (4 Hz), or sham TENS. Rats were treated with the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.01 mg/kg to 0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle daily before TENS. Paw withdrawal thresholds were tested before and after inflammation and before and after TENS treatment for 4 days. On day 1, TENS reversed the decreased mechanical withdrawal threshold induced by joint inflammation. On day 4, TENS had no effect on the decreased withdrawal threshold in the group treated with vehicle, demonstrating development of tolerance. However, in the group treated with 0.1 mg/kg MK-801, TENS significantly reversed the mechanical withdrawal thresholds on day 4, demonstrating that tolerance did not develop. Vehicle-treated animals developed cross-tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. Treatment with MK-801 reversed this cross-tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. In summary, blockade of NMDA receptors prevents analgesic tolerance to daily TENS by preventing tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. Perspective Observed tolerance to the clinical treatment of TENS could be prevented by administration of pharmaceutical agents with NMDA receptors activity such as ketamine or dextromethorphan.
SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: a connection with age-related neoplasms.

Aging is believed to be a primary risk factor for cancer. Interestingly, the sirtuin family of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been implicated in the regulation of longevity and may be a lost link between aging and cancer. SIRT1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent sirtuin, has been shown to promote cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis or cellular senescence in mammalian cells. Recent studies have provided a link between the cellular metabolic function of SIRT1 and the circadian rhythm (controlled by a clock machinery), which, if deregulated, may lead to an increased risk for some cancers. Interestingly, the loss of the pineal hormone melatonin, a known regulator of circadian rhythm, has been shown to cause deregulation in the circadian rhythm machinery and an increase in susceptibility to cancer. On the basis of scientific evidence, we propose a hypothesis that SIRT1 inhibition will impart an antiproliferative response in age-related cancers via resynchronization of deregulated core clock circuitry at the cellular level. If this hypothesis is found valid, it may ultimately lead to the development of novel approaches toward management of age-related malignancies and possibly other diseases.—Jung-Hynes, B., Ahmad, N. SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: a connection with age-related neoplasms.
Airway obstruction following palatoplasty: analysis of 247 consecutive operations.

Abstract Objective and Methods: Between February 1987 and September 1997, 247 patients underwent primary repair of a cleft of the secondary palate by one surgeon, using the double-opposing Z-plasty (Furlow) technique. This retrospective study reviews perioperative and postoperative airway compromise among these patients. The purposes of this study were to identify factors associated with airway obstruction following palatoplasty and to analyze the management of those patients. Although infants experiencing airway problems following Wardill-Kilner and Von Langenbeck palatoplasty have been described, airway complications in a group of Furlow repair patients has not been previously reported. Results: Fourteen patients (5.7%) had airway problems. The average age of these patients was 18 months, which was not significantly different from those without airway problems. Airway obstruction occurred as late as 48 hours after the completion of surgery. Twelve of the 14 patients had severe airway compromise requirin...
The Role of Flexible Tethers in Multiple Ligand-Receptor Bond Formation between Curved Surfaces

Ligands mounted to surfaces via extensible tethers are present in nature and represent a growing class of molecules used to engineer adhesion in drug targeting, biosensing, self-assembling nanostructures, and in other biophysical research. Using a continuum approach with geometric and thermodynamic arguments, we derive a number of analytical expressions that relate key properties of single-tethered ligand-receptor interactions to multiple bond formation between curved surfaces. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with measurements made with the surface forces apparatus. We establish that, when ligated, many tethers commonly used in biophysical research exhibit a discrete binding range that can be accurately measured with force spectroscopy. The distribution of bound ligated tethers is independent of the surfaces' interaction radius, R. The bridging force scales linearly with R, the tether's effective spring constant and grafting density, and with the ligand-receptor bond energy when the surfaces are in direct contact. These results are contrasted to bridging forces that evolve between plane-parallel geometries. Last, we show how our simple analytical reductions can be used to predict adhesive forces for STEALTH liposomes and other targeted and self-assembled nanoparticles.
Using respirators and goggles to control exposure to air pollutants in an anatomy laboratory

Background Engineering or administrative methods are often insufficient or impractical to control exposure to chemicals in anatomy laboratories. This study explored the feasibility of wearing one or a combination of respirators and goggles used as personal protective equipment (PPE) to control exposure in one such laboratory. Methods A group of 28 subjects were briefly trained in wearing PPE, fit-tested, and asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their subjective reaction after wearing the assigned PPE ensemble while working in the laboratory. The subjects' exposure to formaldehyde was also measured and generally exceeded the recommended limits. Results When a full-face respirator or the combination of a half-mask respirator and goggles was worn, a majority of subjects reported no odor problem and no irritation to eyes or upper respiratory system. Subjects accepted the PPE to certain degrees, but those using respirators encountered difficulties communicating with others. Conclusions The combination of a half-mask respirator and goggles was the most feasible ensemble to control exposure to air pollutants in an anatomy laboratory. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:326–331, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Totalsynthese von Chinoxapeptin A–C: Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration

Die relative und die absolute Konfiguration der naturlich vorkommenden, wirksamen Inhibitoren der Reversen Transkriptase (RT) von HIV, Chinoxapeptin A und B (1 bzw. 2), wurden durch Totalsynthese bestimmt. Die Synthesevorstufe 3 (Chinoxapeptin C) erwies sich als noch wirksamerer HIV-1-RT-Inhibitor, ohne die fur 1 und 2 charakteristische, hohe Cytotoxizitat.
Price and Income Elasticities of Demand for Modern Health Care: The Case of Infant Delivery in the Philippines

The economic determinants of the demand for infant delivery services in the Cebu region of the Philippines are examined in this article. ALthough user charges can be a significant source of revenues to pay for maternal and child health services, important policy questions are whether charging for such services will significantly deter use, and how service quality can be improved. Price and income elasticities of the demand for types of services are computed, and simulations are carried out on the effects of different delivery service characteristics on the type of delivery method chosen. The results suggest that increasing the availability of modern public practitioners and facilities in rural areas, increasing the hours that health care facilities are open, making drugs available, and providing trained midwives for delivery will increase the use of modern delivery services. Perhaps the most important finding, which suggests an area for further investigation, is the apparent relative insensitivity of the choice of delivery service to changes in prices and household income in our model.
Using Qualitative Data to Refine a Logic Model for the Cornell Family Development Credential Program

Human service practitioners face challenges in communicating how their programs lead to desired outcomes. One framework for representation that is now widely used in the field of program evaluation is the program logic model. This article presents an example of how qualitative data were used to refine a logic model for the Cornell Family Development Training and Credentialing (FDC) Program. This interagency training program teaches a strengths-based, family support, empowerment-oriented approach to the helping relationship. Analysis of the qualitative data gathered from interviews and focus groups with stakeholders led to revisions and further development of the program’s initial logic model. The logic model format was then used to organize the representation of
Initiation of Crystalline Explosives by Shock or Impact

The central issue determining initiation response of explosive crystals to shock or impact is the generation of the energy necessary to cause molecular dissociation. This controls the initial rate of release of chemical energy. Here, the energy dissipated in the crystals as they undergo plastic deformation due to shock or impact is taken to be the source of the energy required to achieve initiation. This determines initiation sensitivity to shock or impact. Several problems are discussed including initiation of detonation and the von Neumann pressure spike structure of a detonation wave.
Stability of wavefronts in a variable porosity model

Abstract We study the existence and linearized stability of traveling waves to a one-dimensional nonlinear parabolic equation that models the diffusion and convection of a chemical or biological species in a porous domain, where the fraction of volume (porosity) available to the species is a function of its concentration.
Therapeutic options for reducing sleep impairment in allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyposis

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients with inflammatory disorders of the upper airways, such as allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyposis, often have significant sleep disturbances. Poor sleep can lead to fatigue, daytime somnolence, impaired daytime functioning as reflected in lower levels of productivity at work or school, and a reduced quality of life. Although the exact mechanisms by which these inflammatory nasal conditions disturb sleep is not fully understood, congestion appears to be a key factor and is generally the most common and bothersome symptom for patients with these conditions. Successful therapy should improve patients’ sleep and well-being without introducing any negative effects on sleep.Scope of literature search: Literature searches of Medline, Embase, and abstracts from medical/scientific conferences were conducted for the period of 1995 through mid-2006 for primary and review articles and conference presentations about sleep disturbance related to allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusi...
Using computation to help relate neurobiology and behaviour

Studies of the neural basis of perceptual experience must relate the activity of sensory neurons to the behaviour of observers. Computational techniques can provide an important tool to help bridge the wide gap that exists between these two kinds of information.
Thymosins : chemistry and biological properties in health and disease

This paper will review the historical background that has generated our present interest in the actions of the thymosins in biological therapy. It will also discuss the multiple actions of the thymosins in the immune, endocrine and central nervous systems. The isolation from the thymus gland of the thymosins, a family of biologically active molecules with hormone-like properties, was first described in 1966 by AL Goldstein and A White. Since that time, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of the thymosins in immunity and the nature of the growth factors, cytokines and chemokines they modulate. The thymosins include a family of biochemically and functionally distinct polypeptides with clinically important physiological properties. In the early 1970s, preclinical studies establishing the immunorestorative effects of a partially purified thymosin preparation termed thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) provided the scientific foundation for the first clinical trials with TF5 in 1974. TF5 was effe...
Cation regulation in the smooth muscle of frog stomach.

Cation composition of frog smooth muscle cells was investigated. Fresh stomach muscle rings resembled skeletal muscle, but marked Na gain and K loss followed immersion. Mean Na (49.8–79.7 mM/kg tissue) and K (61.8–80.1 mM/kg tissue) varied between batches, but were stable for long periods in vitro. Exchange of 6–30 mM Na/kg tissue with 22Na was extremely slow and distinct. Extracellular water was estimated from sucrose-14C uptake. Calculated exchangeable intracellular Na was 9 mM/kg cell water, and varied little. Thus steady-state transmembrane cation gradients appeared to be steep. K-free solution had only slight effects. Ouabain (10-4 M) caused marked Na gain and reciprocal K loss; at 30°C, Na and K varied linearly with time over a wide range of contents, indicating constant net fluxes. Net fluxes decreased with temperature decrease. 22Na exchange in ouabain-treated tissue at 20–30°C was rapid and difficult to analyze. The best minimum estimates of unidirectional Na fluxes at 30°C were 10–12 times the constant net flux; constant pump efflux may explain these findings. The rapidity of Na exchange may not reflect very high permeability, but it does require a high rate of transport work.
Cardiovascular effects of doxepin in cardiac patients with ventricular arrhythmias

The effect of doxepin on ventricular arrhythmias, the ECG, and left ventricular function was evaluated in 10 cardiac patients with symptoms with frequent ventricular premature depolarizations in a dose-ranging protocol. Four patients (40%) had greater than or equal to 80% ventricular premature depolarization suppression; four of eight with pairs and four of six with ventricular tachycardia had greater than or equal to 90% suppression. The mean maximal doxepin dose was 115 +/- 41 mg/day; mean nadir total doxepin concentration was 61 +/- 48 ng/ml and mean nadir total desmethyldoxepin concentration was 51 +/- 42 ng/ml. Doxepin increased the heart rate and the PR, QRS, and QTc intervals of the surface ECG (P not significant). There was no significant change in resting mean left ventricular ejection fraction with doxepin: 41% +/- 15% vs. 43% +/- 19% (P not significant). Complaints of sedation (eight patients) limited dose ranging and tolerance to the drug. Although doxepin suppressed ventricular premature depolarizations in four patients, marked sedation limits its usefulness for primary treatment of arrhythmias in this population.
Mass Spectrometry of Aerosols: Methodology and Applications

This article presents an overview of mass spectrometry (MS) approaches applied to study aerosol chemistry and physics. It describes major types of the online and offline MS platforms for aerosol detection and analysis along with selected research highlights of their applications.
Maxwell's Equations

(1974). Maxwell's Equations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 343-349.
Structures, energetics, and aromaticities of the tetrasilacyclobutadiene dianion and related compounds: (Si4H4)(2-), (Si4H4)(2-)·2Li+, [Si4(SiH3)4](2-)·2Li+, [Si4(SiH3)4](2-)·2Na+, and [Si4(SiH3)4](2-)·2K+.

In light of the important recent synthesis of a stable tetrasilacyclobutadiene dianion compound by Sekiguchi and co-workers and the absence of theoretical studies, ab initio methods have been used to investigate this dianion and a number of related species. These theoretical methods predict multiple minima for each compound, and most minima contain folded and bicyclic silicon rings. For (Si4H4)2–, (Si4H4)2–·2Li+, [Si4(SiH3)4]2–·2Li+, [Si4(SiH3)4]2–·2Na+, and [Si4(SiH3)4]2–·2K+, respectively, the energetically lowest-lying structures are designated A-3 (C2v symmetry), B-8 (C1 symmetry), C-1 (C2 symmetry), D-1 (C2 symmetry), and E-1 (C2h symmetry). None of these structures satisfies both the ring planarity and the cyclic bond equalization criteria of aromaticity. However, all of the representative NICS values of these lowest-lying structures are negative, indicating some aromatic character. Especially, structures C-1 and D-1 of C2 symmetry effectively satisfy the criteria of aromaticity due to the slightly ...
Study of the conformationally flexible, wide bite-angle diphosphine 4,6-bis(3-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)dibenzofuran in rhodium(I) and palladium(II) coordination complexes.

The diphosphine 4,6-bis(3-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)dibenzofuran (abbreviated as iPrDPDBFphos) was prepared and studied for its potential as a trans-chelating ligand in transition-metal coordinati...
Effect of Penetrating Keratoplasty and Keratoprosthesis Implantation on the Posterior Segment of the Eye

Purpose To compare the effects of post-penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and post-keratoprosthesis (KPro) surgery-related inflammation on the posterior segment of the eye and to assess inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) on these effects.
DX Centers in GaAs and AlxGal-xAs: Properties and Influence on Material and Device Characteristics

The DX center, the lowest energy state of the donor in AlGaAs with x>0.22, is responsible for the reduced conductivity as well as the persistent photoconductivity observed in this material at low temperature. Extensive studies of the properties of this level and of its effects on the characteristics of some heterojunction devices are reviewed here. Recent measurements are presented showing that the characteristics of the DX center remain essentially unchanged when it is resonant with the conduction band (x<0.22) and that, independent of other compensation mechanisms, the DX center therefore limits the free carrier concentration in GaAs to a maximum of about 2x1019 cm-3.
Management of Traumatic Auricular Injuries in Children

Management of traumatic auricular injuries in children does not differ qualitatively from that in adults. The more common, simple injuries in children can be as readily treated by their pediatricians as those in adults are by their primary care physicians. However, children are more likely to need general anesthesia for significant repairs. A comprehensive initial assessment of the injury site remains the foundation for treatment planning. An appreciation for the variety of treatment options available for the injured ear should facilitate an interaction between the pediatrician and the surgeon when injury is complex and should lead to the best outcome for each child.
Advance to the Retreat

The strength of the institution is the faculty, not the stunning facility, the highly regarded university parent, or the geographic location. The care and feeding of the faculty -- meaning the maintenance of faculty morale -- should be every dean's priority. The annual faculty retreat is one of the keys to good faculty morale.
Survey of AIDS-related knowledge and infection rates of HIV,HBsAg and Syphilis among female sex workers in entertainment places in Lucheng district of Wenzhou city

Objective: To understand the AIDS-related knowledge and infection situation of HIV,HBsAg and Syphilis among female sex workers in entertainment places,providing evidence for developing effective preventive measures for targeted population.Methods:Informed consent obtained 403 female sex workers were interviewed with the anonymous questionnaire,and blood samples were collected for detection of HIV,HBsAg and Syphilis antibody.Results:The young unmarried constituted the majority of 403 female sex workers,70.47% was aged 20 to 30 years.The percent of education level below junior high school is 63.03%.Of the 403 respondents had certain knowledge of AIDS,The total awareness rate was 76.83%,but they had deviation in knowledge to some questions and some even had erroneous knowledge.59.31% of them used condom each time having sex in the past month.1 HIV antibody positive case was detected from 403 samples;HIV-positive rate was 0.25%.Syphilis-positive rate 1.49%,HBsAg-positive rate 6.45%.Conclusion:The awareness of AIDS among female sex workers suggests insufficient knowledge of AIDS,There is high risk behaviors of HIV infection in entertainment places.Enhancing targeted health education and behavioral intervention,promoting condom use and voluntary counseling and testing were urgently needed to strengthen in sex workers.
First-Principles Study of Electronic Structure of Type I Hybrid Carbon–Silicon Clathrates

A new class of type I hybrid carbon–silicon clathrates has been designed using computational methods by substituting some of the Si atoms in the silicon clathrate framework with carbon atoms. In this work, the electronic structure of hybrid carbon–silicon clathrates with and without alkaline or alkaline-earth metal guest atoms has been computed within the density functional theory framework. The theoretical calculations indicate that a small number of carbon substitutions in the Si46 framework slightly reduces the density of states (DOS) near the band edge and narrows the bandgap of carbon–silicon clathrates. Weak hybridization of the conduction band occurs when alkaline metal (Li, Na, K) atoms are inserted into the structure, while strong hybridization of the conduction band occurs when alkaline-earth metal (Mg, Ca, Ba) atoms are inserted into the hybrid structure. Empty CySi46−y clathrates within the composition range of 2 ≤ y ≤ 15 can be tuned to exhibit indirect bandgaps of 1.5 eV or less, and may be considered as potential electronic materials.
Pitching pictures: the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog at the Library of Congress1

This article is a sales pitch for pictures, even though art librarians already value visual materials highly. A decade’s advances in online access at a major documentary picture provider, the Library of Congress’ Prints and Photographs Division, should encourage librarians to visit the online United States national library often, and also to offer more of their own collections through the World Wide Web. Despite the beneficial digital image navigation features introduced into the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC), many improvements are still needed and there is a long list of desirable future developments. Reference librarians, catalogers, curators, digital conversion specialists and web designers are all invited to contribute to online reference aids as well as online catalogs, to help people succeed more often in finding pictures.
The Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale: A tripartite approach to measuring meaning in life

AbstractTo address conceptual difficulties and advance research on meaning in life (MIL), it may be useful to adopt a tripartite view of meaning as consisting of comprehension, purpose, and mattering. This paper discusses the development of the Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale (MEMS), which explicitly assesses these three subconstructs. Results from three samples of undergraduates showed the MEMS to have favorable psychometric properties (e.g. good factor structure and reliability) and demonstrated that it can effectively differentiate the three subconstructs of meaning. Regression and relative importance analyses showed that each MEMS subscale carried predictive power for relevant variables and other meaning measures. Additionally, the MEMS subscales demonstrated theoretically consistent, differential associations with other variables (e.g. dogmatism, behavioral activation, and spirituality). Overall, results suggest that the MEMS may offer more conceptual precision than existing measures, and ...
An analysis of pre-service teacher preparation and instructional supervisory practices in Agricultural Education

63 Introduction 63 Purpose and Objectives 68 Methods and Procedures 68 Results 71 Conclusions/Implications/Recommendations 79 References 83 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 87 General Discussion/Implications/Recommendations 87 APPENDIX A. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD STUDY APPROVALS 91 APPENDIX B. COOPERATING TEACHER SURVEY 95 APPENDIX C. STUDENT TEACHER SUPERVISION SURVEY 103
Face recognition in multi-camera surveillance videos using Dynamic Bayesian Network

Face recognition in surveillance videos is inherently difficult due to the limitation of the camera hardware as well as the image acquisition process in which non-cooperative subjects are recorded in arbitrary poses and resolutions in different lighting conditions with noise and blurriness. Furthermore, as multiple cameras are usually distributed in a camera network and the subjects are moving, different cameras often capture the subject in different views. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic approach for face recognition suitable for a multi-camera video surveillance network. A Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) is used to incorporate the information from different cameras as well as the temporal clues from consecutive frames. The proposed method is tested on a public surveillance video dataset. We compare our method to different well-known classifiers with various feature descriptors. The results demonstrate that by modeling the face in a dynamic manner the recognition performance in a multi-camera network can be improved.
LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: The effects of NKT cells on the different degrees of severity bronchial asthma in mice

Objective: To investigate the roles of Natural killer T cells on bronchial asthma. Methods: The female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups. The mice in 1% OVA , 1% OVA +α-Galcer ,5%OVA and 5%OVA+α-Galcer were sensitized by OVA at day 0 and 14 ,while NS group by NS . α-Galcer was given at 1 hour before the first challenged. the mice were challenged on days 25-27,the behaviors were observed, the AHR was measured, The BALF were harvested for cell count and cytokines. the lung were observed by HE staining. Results: The behaviors: Only symtoms of irritability and scratching occurred in NS, while the heavier irritability, breathing deeply and fast and so on appeared in 1% OVA and 5% OVA after 8min and 5min, The above symptoms appeared later and lessened by given α-Galcer. HE staining: NS showed little inflammatory cells , 5%OVA showed heavier than NS and 1%OVA (P The eosinophils in BALF: The percentage of eosinophil of 5%OVA increased than NS and 1%OVA (P The cytokines in BALF:The secrection of IL-4 and IL-5 of BALF in 5%OVA increased than NS group and 1%OVA (P The influences on AHR: The airway resistance of 1% OVA and 5% OVA were significantly higher than the NS group.α-Galcer decreased The airway resistance in 1%OVA at the concentration of 4mg/ml, 8mg/ml of histamine(P Conclusion: NKT cells can inhibit the changes of behavior, airway inflammations and AHR in mild bronchia asthma in mice.
Identifying “super responders” in pulmonary arterial hypertension:

Pharmacotherapeutic options for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have increased dramatically in the last two decades and along with this have been substantial improvements in survival. Despite these advances, however, PAH remains a progressive and ultimately fatal disease for most patients and only epoprostenol has been shown to improve survival in a randomized control trial. Clinical observations of the heterogeneity of treatment response to different classes of medications across the phenotypically diverse PAH population has led to the identification of patients who derive significantly more benefit from certain medications than the population mean, the so-called "super responders." This was first recognized among PAH patients with acute vasodilator response during invasive hemodynamic testing, a subset of whom have dramatically improved survival when treated with calcium channel blocker (CCB) therapy. Retrospective studies have now suggested a sex discrepancy in response to endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and more recently a few studies have found genomic associations with response to CCBs and ERAs. With increasing availability of "omics" technologies, recognition of these "super responders," combined with careful clinical and molecular phenotyping, will lead to advances in pharmacogenomics, precision medicine, and continued improvements in survival among PAH patients.
Street children's use of social support against everyday abuse in Bangladesh

This qualitative study explores how the estimated 1–3 million street children of Bangladesh cope with the verbal, physical, and sexual violence inflicted on them on an almost daily basis. Drawing o...