cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context-driven, Prescription-Based Personal Activity Classification: Methodology, Architecture, and End-to-End Implementation

Enabling large-scale monitoring and classification of a range of motion activities is of primary importance due to the need by healthcare and fitness professionals to monitor exercises for quality and compliance. Past work has not fully addressed the unique challenges that arise from scaling. This paper presents a novel end-to-end system solution to some of these challenges. The system is built on the prescription-based context-driven activity classification methodology. First, we show that by refining the definition of context, and introducing the concept of scenarios, a prescription model can provide personalized activity monitoring. Second, through a flexible architecture constructed from interface models, we demonstrate the concept of a context-driven classifier. Context classification is achieved through a classification committee approach, and activity classification follows by means of context specific activity models. Then, the architecture is implemented in an end-to-end system featuring an Android application running on a mobile device, and a number of classifiers as core classification components. Finally, we use a series of experimental field evaluations to confirm the expected benefits of the proposed system in terms of classification accuracy, rate, and sensor operating life.
Autoradiographic labeling of spinal cord neurons with high affinity choline uptake in cell culture.

Abstract Embryonic chick spinal cord neurons grown in dissociated cell culture have a high affinity uptake mechanism for choline. We find that, in addition to acetylcholine synthesis, the accumulated choline is used for the synthesis of metabolites such as lipids that are retained in part by conventional fixation techniques. As a result autoradiographic methods can be used to identify the cells that have the uptake mechanism in spinal cord cultures. About 60% of the neurons are labeled by [ 3 H]choline uptake in cultures prepared with spinal cord cells from 4-day-old embryos, and about 40% are labeled in cultures prepared with cord cells from 7-day-old embryos. Neurons that innervate skeletal myotubes in spinal cord-myotube cultures are consistently labeled by [ 3 H]choline uptake. Neurons unlabeled by the procedure are viable: they exclude the dye trypan blue and accumulate 14 C-amino acids for protein synthesis. Most of the neurons unlabeled by [ 3 H]choline uptake can instead be labeled by uptake of γ-[ 3 H]aminobutyric acid, and vice versa. These results suggest that high affinity choline uptake can be used to label cholinergic neurons in cell culture, and that at least some populations of noncholinergic neurons are not labeled by the procedure. It cannot yet be concluded, however, that all labeled neurons are cholinergic since more labeled neurons are obtained per cord than would be expected from the number of neurons making up identified cholinergic populations in vivo . A three- to fourfold increase in the amount of high affinity choline uptake is observed between Days 3 and 15 in culture for spinal cord cells obtained from 4-day-old embryos. The number of [ 3 H]choline-labeled neurons in such cultures decreases slightly during the same period, suggesting that the increase in uptake reflects neuronal growth or development rather than an increase in population size. Both the magnitude of the uptake and the number of [ 3 H]choline-labeled neurons are the same for spinal cord cells grown with and without skeletal myotubes.
Tuning photoinduced charge transfer in quantum dot-based hybrids via self-assembly

Hybrid nanomaterials combine organic, inorganic, metal or biological components onto a given nanostructure to achieve specific properties, combination of specific properties or new properties that may not exist in separated components. Hybrid nanomaterials have seen widespread utilization in various fields, including optoelectronic, batteries, biosensing and nanomedicine. The ability to tune the interaction between the components in a hybrid allows one to enhance relevant properties of a hybrid towards its utilization in a particular desired application. Our group uses self-assembly methods to develop quantum dot-based hybrids with tunable photovoltaic relevant properties such as charge and energy transfer and studies these hybrids with time-resolved single molecule spectroscopy. I will discuss two examples on how self-assembly can be used to control charge transfer between quantum dots and acceptor materials like conductive polymers [1] and fullerenes [2] to achieve improved properties for photovoltaic applications.
Microcomputer implementation of risk assessment for hazardous waste technologies

Abstract Two user-interactive microcomputer codes have been developed to automate a relative risk assessment of alternative hazardous waste management technologies. RISK 1 conducts a deterministic assessment based on the Decision Alternative Ratio Evaluation (DARE) procedure. RISK2 implements a probabilistic analysis designed to accommodate user uncertainty and imprecise information. Both codes offer extensive user support including default analyses and “expert systems” to help select management technologies and maintain assessment consistency. Both approaches are capable of generating cardinal scale risk penalty functions necessary for quantitative optimization planning.
Pineal regeneration in the frog, Rana pipiens, following embryonic extirpation.

This report describes the capacity of larvae of the Leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to regenerate pineal tissue after embryonic pinealectomy, and presents experimental evidence for frontal organ dependence on the epiphysis. In addition, it was found that the “brow spot,” a pigment-free region located in the epidermis betweeen the eyes, is dependent on the frontal organ for its formation. This report also substantiates that the absence of the pineal organ in larval animals does not affect growth or development through metamorphosis.
Corticosteroid therapy of rheumatoid arthritis supplemented with methandrostenolone

Our clinical experiences using methandrostenolone (Dianabol) as a supplement to corticosteroid for rheumatoid arthritis have been presented. A group of steroid intoxicated patients tolerated a reduction in corticosteroid dose, showed less hypercorticism and yet maintained their functional capacity. Another group of stable, moderate dosage, clinic patients were followed with Lansbury's systemic index. These patients had a lower Lansbury index (less inflammation) and lower corticosteroid doses following the addition of methandrostenolone.
Regulated Cleavage of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins Requires Sequences on Both Sides of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane

Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2) are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope by a hairpin domain consisting of two transmembrane regions connected by a short lumenal loop of approximately 30 hydrophilic amino acids. In sterol-depleted cells, a protease cleaves the protein in the region of the first transmembrane domain, releasing an NH2-terminal fragment of approximately 500 amino acids that activates transcription of genes encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor and enzymes of cholesterol synthesis. In sterol-overloaded cells, proteolysis does not occur, and transcription is repressed. Through mutational analysis in transfected cells, we identify two segments of SREBPs that are required for proteolysis, one on either side of the ER membrane. An arginine in the lumenal loop is essential. A tetrapeptide sequence (DRSR) on the cytosolic face adjacent to the first transmembrane domain is also required for maximal cleavage. Both of these elements are conserved in the human and hamster versions of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2. Sterol-mediated suppression of cleavage of SREBP-1 was found to be dependent on the extreme COOH-terminal region (residue 1034 to the COOH terminus), which exists in two forms as a result of alternative splicing. The form encoded by the "a" class exons (exons 18a and 19a) undergoes sterol-regulated cleavage. The form encoded by the "c" class exons (18c and 19c) is cleaved less efficiently and is not suppressed by sterols. These studies were made possible through use of a vector that achieves low level expression of epitope-tagged SREBPs under control of the relatively weak thymidine kinase promoter from herpes simplex virus. In contrast to SREBPs overproduced by high level expression vectors, the SREBPs produced at low levels were subject to the same regulated cleavage pattern as the endogenous SREBPs. These results indicate that sterol-regulated proteolysis of SREBPs is a complex process, requiring sequences on both sides of the ER membrane.
Mindfulness: Significant Common Confusions

Mindfulness is critically analyzed in terms of its possible components, with an emphasis on practical implications of common confusions. Mindfulness as a construct is discussed relative to concentration, awareness, insight, attitude, and awakening. Other issues include the distinction between behaviors of the mind and contents of the mind and concerns about taking mindfulness out of its Buddhist context. The evolution of psychological mindfulness in North America and Asia is briefly discussed.
Abstract 3482: Validation of novel therapeutic targets for T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

T-cell malignancies account for 10-15% of all human non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). T-cell lymphomas are incurable, and the development of effective treatment strategies has been hindered by the relatively infrequency of these conditions. T-cell lymphomas occur spontaneously in dogs; they are morphologically similar to human T-cell lymphomas, resemble their biological behavior, and are relatively common (∼35% of all NHL), providing opportunities to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors as well as to develop more effective therapies. Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) influence tumor progression and response to therapy in many cancers, so eliminating these cells may be necessary to achieve durable remissions. However, the existence of TICs and their potential significance have not been conclusively established in T-cell NHL. The objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of progenitor-like lymphoma cells (PLCs) in naturally occurring canine T-cell NHL. We identified a reproducible population of tumor-related PLCs in spontaneous T-cell malignancies. The cells expressed the hematopoietic progenitor antigen CD34 and tumor-specific T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. Somewhat unexpectedly, these cells also express B-cell surface proteins (CD20 and CD22), but not the major T-cell surface antigens (CD3 and CD5) that were expressed by the bulk of the tumor cells (BTCs). We have adapted a xenotransplantation assay for primary canine T-cell NHL using NOD/SCID/IL-2Rgammanull mice and genetically modifying the tumor cells to express luciferase as a means monitor tumor growth and distribution by in vivo imaging. This model allows us to expand and serially transplant primary canine T-cell NHL for more detailed studies, including limiting dilution assays and therapeutic targeting using anti-B-cell reagents. In summary, we propose a novel concept in which a small population of tumor cells with “B-cell progenitor” phenotypes may paradoxically contribute to the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma, potentially representing a novel therapeutic target. We already use dogs with naturally occurring disease in the pathway for therapy development, allowing us to expand these studies into clinical trials that can then be rapidly translated to benefit human patients (for example, by using approved agents such as anti-CD20 antibodies or CD22-targeted immunotoxins). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3482. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3482
From new entries to retirement: The changing age composition of the U.S. male labor force by industry.

The process whereby the age composition of an industry is formed appears to be largely a function of past rates of growth in employment; the social (or institutional) framework sets limits and affects the ensuing age composition but relatively little. The following types will illustrate this process. At any given moment of time most industries will reflect variable past growth rates. For example, one industry may have a very large proportion of young workers because it grew very rapidly in employment only during the decade prior to the time of study (i.e., the time of a decennial census); another may have a large proportion in the middle ages reflecting very rapid growth two or three decades earlier, followed by very slow growth in the decade prior to the time of study; and so forth. In light of the foregoing analysis, it appears that technological change, as measured by average annual changes in output per worker, has little bearing on the age composition of an industry. Conversely, the latter probably does not affect changes in output per worker.
Electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction on platinum in trifluoromethanesulphonic acid

Abstract The kinetics of oxygen reduction at Pt in trifluoromethanesulphonic acid (TFMSA) (0.05–6.0 M) and in 1.0 M TFMSA with addition of small concentrations of phosphoric acid (0.003–0.1 M) was investigated using the rrde technique. In TFMSA, the oxygen reduction current on the oxide-covered Pt was found to be smaller than that on the oxide-free Pt surface. This result is consistent with the greater amonut of hydrogen peroxide produced on the oxide-covered Pt. A reaction order of one-half with respect to the oxygen concentration for the oxygen reduction reaction was obtained from the ring-disc data. Addition of increasing amounts of phosphoric acid to TFMSA resulted in a progressive decrease in the oxygen reduction current and in an increase of the reaction order with respect to oxygen. On the basis of these experimental results the reaction mechanism proposed for the oxygen reduction of Pt in TFMSA is the fast dissociative adsorption of oxygen, followed by the slow electron transfer step.
The role of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of oligodendroglioma

Abstract Purpose: Controversy regarding the role of adjuvant radiation therapy for the treatment of oligodendroglioma continues to exist. To better define the utility of postoperative irradiation for this tumor, the experience at the University of Washington was retrospectively examined. Methods and Materials: The histologic samples of 63 patients given the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma were reviewed by a panel of neuropathologists and 41 were classified as pure oligodendroglioma. The two treatment groups included 14 patients treated with surgery only and 27 who received surgery and postoperative radiation and were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis with respect to prognostic factors, freedom from relapse, and survival. Results: Univariate statistical analysis of 14 clinical variables showed that a poorer prognosis was associated in patients with high cell density ( p = .008), necrosis ( p = .017), hemiparesis ( p = .026), and papilledema ( p = .091), while patients presenting with seizures had a better prognosis ( p = .0096). Multivariate analysis showed necrosis ( p = .001) and hemiparesis ( p = .02) to be associated with decreased survival. Multivariate and univariate analysis of the treatment groups found them to be homogenous with respect to prognostic factors. Survival times were significantly longer in the group treated with postoperative irradiation (median survival time 84 vs. 47 months, p = .032). The 5 and 10 year survival rates were 83% and 46%, respectively, for the irradiated patients compared with 51% and 36% for those treated with surgery alone. Freedom from tumor recurrence times were also longer in irradiated patients (median relapse free time 79 vs. 42 months, p = .01). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we recommend continuing the practice of treating oligodendroglioma with postresection irradiation until a prospective multicenter clinical trial is conducted to thoroughly evaluate the role of postoperative irradiation in the treatment of this tumor.
Computer Technology Futures for the Improvement of Assessment.

With a focus on the interaction between computer technology and assessment, we first review the typical functions served by technology in the support of various assessment purposes. These include efficiencies in person and item sampling and in administration, analysis, and reporting. Our major interest is the extent to which technology can provide unique opportunities to understand performance. Two examples are described: a tool-based knowledge representation approach to assess content understanding and a team problem-solving task involving negotiation. The first example, using HyperCard as well as paper-and-pencil variations, has been tested in science and history fields. Its continuing challenge is to determine a strategy for creating and validating scoring criteria. The second example, involving a workforce readiness task for secondary school, has used expert-novice comparisons to infer performance standards. These examples serve as the context for the exploration of validity, equity, and utility.
No genetic linkage or association between a functional promoter polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase-A gene and panic disorder.

No genetic linkage or association between a functional promoter polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase-A gene and panic disorder
A utilização dos recursos EAD como apoio ao ensino presencial na educação básica

Este trabalho tem por finalidade discutir e apresentar as potencialidades que os ambientes virtuais proporcionam ao ensino presencial seja como ferramenta de apoio, seja como recurso de controle, interacao e gerenciamento das atividades avaliativas. Esses recursos se tornam, a cada dia, mais eficazes devido a exigencia de qualidade ditada pela ampliacao dos cursos de ensino a distância. No entanto, os beneficios podem ser explorados tambem no ensino presencial com excelentes resultados, conforme pode ser observado no caso de estudo realizado no ensino medio integrado. Os estudantes tem um novo espaco para tirar duvidas, participar de discussoes e construir, seu proprio conhecimento, com o professor acompanhando a construcao coletiva, norteando e envolvendo a turma.
First Recipients of Anthropological Doctorates in the United States, 1891‐1930

This article seeks to show the origins of the professionalization of anthropology by examining early doctoral dissertations in this field and their authors. The bibliography consists of citations with biographical details of the authors, when known, of doctoral dissertations in anthropology from United States educational institutions up to 1930. One hundred twenty-four citations are given all, representing 18 institutions. Forty-one of the dissertations were not written for degrees in anthropology. Besides documenting existence of anthropological work outside recognized graduate programs of anthropology, the bibliography provides a demographic profile of anthropology and shows the distribution of subdiscipline concentrations and regional foci, as well as patterns in the professional domination of anthropology by graduates of various programs and in the publication of doctoral research. [Keywords: dissertations, anthropology—history, anthropology—bibliography, scholarly communication, graduate education]
The population ecology of a natural population of the pierid butterfly Colias alexandra.

Key factor analysis techniques were used to examine factors determining the abundance of a population of non-pest Colias. The number of individuals entering each successive life stage in the sample population are summarized in life tables for 1975 to 1979. Survivorship to the adult is a relatively consistent proportionality (-x=1.2%, S.D.=1.14; 1975–1979). Factors resulting in reduced natality and, less importantly, mortality during larval diapause determine the population trends for C. alexandra. Egg mortality, pre-diapause larval mortality and postdiapause mortality contribute little to these trends. Possible key sources contributing to reduced natality are examined. Mortality of adults (including removal by collectors), poor weather conditions during the oviposition period, unseasonal snow or drought which affect nectar sources or oviposition sites are among the factors which cause reduced natality and result in population depression.
Contouring for Power Systems Using Graphical Processing Units

To improve situational awareness in power systems, one useful tool used in control centers is bus (or substation) data contouring. Traditionally, the methods developed have used CPU processing, leading to long contour rendering times that reduce interactivity with the visualization. To improve interactivity and increase the data rate which can be handled, contouring methods utilizing graphical processing units (GPU's) show much promise. This paper proposes a GPU-based contouring algorithm which can easily outperform state-of-the-art CPU-based contouring algorithms. In addition, sample rendering times for a typical power system display, along with comments on the relative advantages and disadvantages of using the CPU and GPU to perform contouring, are provided.
Effect of histamine and histamine antagonists on human lower esophageal sphincter function

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of histamine phosphate and specific histamine antagonists on human lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. Continuous intravenous infusions of histamine at doses of 2.0 to 40.0 microgram/kg-hr gave graded increases in LES pressure with a peak response of 378 +/- 4.6 mm Hg at 20.0 microgram kr-hr. The LES response was not altered by an H1-antogonist, diphenhydramine (50 mg, intravenously), but was completely blocked by infusion of the H2-antagonist, cimetidine (4.0 mg/kg-hr). Also, oral cimetidine (300 mg) antagonized any increase in LES pressure during histamine infusion at a dose shown to give the maximal LES response. Despite this effect of cimetidine in antagonizing the maximal LES response to histamine, oral cimetidine at 200, 300, and 400 mg failed to alter basal LES pressure over a 3-hr period. Cimetidine also failed to alter the LES response to intravenous pentagastrin or oral beef hydrolysate. These studies suggest that: (1) human LES pressure increases in response to intravenous histamine phosphate through its action at an H2-receptor; (2) the H1-receptor has no apparent role in the human LES response to histamine; and (3) H2-antagonism with cimetidine has no effect on the human LES basal pressure or its response to gastrin stimulation.
Contribution of α‐ and β‐amylases to the production of sugars fermentable in panary fermentation

The contribution of α- and β-amylases to the production of sugars fermentable in bread fermentation has been followed by measuring the gassing power of pregelatinised wheat starch mixed with a buffered solution of yeast nutrients and a yeast suspension. After crystalline amylases were added, β-amylase contributed at least 10 times more fermentable sugars than equal amounts of bacterial, pancreatic or fungal amylases. Among the α-amylases, the enzyme of bacterial origin was the most potent; the fungal, the least; and the pancreatic, intermediate. Mixtures of α- and β-amylases gave fermentable sugars in amounts slightly smaller than calculated. Mixtures of crude preparations from cereals showed a response to β-amylase, provided the plant α-amylase was low in β-amylase.
Radionuclide Content of Simulated and Fully Radioactive SRL Waste Glasses: Comparison of Results from ICP-MS, Gamma Spectrometry, and Alpha Spectrometry

We have measured the transuranic content of two transuranic-doped, simulated waste glasses, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), γ-spectrometry, and α-spectrometry. Average concentrations measured by each technique were within ±10% of the as-doped concentrations. We also report the transuranic content of three fully radioactive SRL waste glasses that were determined using γ- and α-spectrometry measurements to deconvolute isobaric interferences present in the ICP-MS analyses.
Welfare Programs That Target Workforce Participation May Negatively Affect Mortality

During the 1990s reforms to the US welfare system introduced new time limits on people’s eligibility to receive public assistance. These limits were developed to encourage welfare recipients to seek employment. Little is known about how such social policy programs may have affected participants’ health. We explored whether the Florida Family Transition Program randomized trial, a welfare reform experiment, led to long-term changes in mortality among participants. The Florida program included a 24–36-month time limit for welfare participation, intensive job training, and placement assistance. We linked 3,224 participants from the experiment to 17–18 years of prospective mortality follow-up data and found that participants in the program experienced a 16 percent higher mortality rate than recipients of traditional welfare. If our results are generalizable to national welfare reform efforts, they raise questions about whether the cost savings associated with welfare reform justify the additional loss of life.
Introductory Archaeology: The Inexpensive Laboratory

I describe a number of student-focused laboratory exercises that are inexpensive, yet show the scientific character of archaeology. In one set of exercises, students learn how professional archaeologists reconstruct paleoenvironments by: identifying and quantifying pollen, analyzing earth cores, identifying prey species in owl pellets, and doing simple microwear analyses. In another exercise, students learn how to reconstruct broken pots. ARCHAEOLOGY, LABORATORY, TEACHING, HANDS-ON If archaeology is a science, then the introductory archaeology course should be taught as science and should have a laboratory component that focuses on scientific techniques specific to the discipline. Since the advent of the "New Archaeology" in the early 1960s, with its emphasis on the scientific method, its optimistic philosophy that everything in prehistory is knowable, and its new laboratory techniques, the amount of time spent doing archaeology in the field has been matched and even surpassed by the amount of time spent doing archaeology in the laboratory. Archaeology's time to be a laboratory science is overdue. Many of us who already teach archaeology as science (which is different from teaching archaeology as a humanity or as history) take time in class to discuss the laboratory techniques archaeologists use in the pursuit of knowledge about the past, for example, 14C, pollen analysis, microfaunal analysis, etc. The problem is that most of us do not have the requisite equipment nor funds to purchase expensive equipment to turn our introductory archaeology course into a full-blown laboratory science course. Yet, there is timely "need" for archaeology to be taught as a laboratory science. As more and more colleges and universities enhance their science requirements, many are requiring all students to take at least one laboratory science. Many high school graduates cannot "handle" either chemistry or physics at the university level, do not do well in biology courses because they must compete with pre-med students and end up flocking to geology for their laboratory science. It is not that geology is inherently any easier a subject to master at the introductory level than physics or chemistry; rather it is the pragmatic empirical aspects of geology that make it attractive to students. For the same reason, students are attracted to archaeology, and in addition,
A dual-band antenna for cellular applications

The author presents a dual-band antenna design for GSM (900 MHz) and DCS (1800 MHz) cellular radio bands. Simulation results show that the input impedances at the center of both bands are about 50 ohms. Therefore, an additional matching network is not necessary. This means there is no efficiency loss due to adding matching networks. The radiation patterns are basically omnidirectional. Although the GSM and DCS bands are used here, similar results can be obtained for the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands. Furthermore, the design ideas presented can be used for tri-band applications.
Liposome bupivacaine in peripheral nerve blocks and epidural injections to manage postoperative pain

Introduction: The duration of postsurgical pain greatly outlasts the duration of analgesia (typically < 12 h) following single administration of traditional formulations of local anesthetics. Bupivacaine, one of the most widely studied and extensively used local anesthetics, is now available in a liposomal formulation that has shown promise of providing postsurgical analgesia for a duration of up to 72 h when administered as part of a peripheral (e.g., femoral) or neuraxial (e.g., epidural) nerve block. However, it is currently approved for administration in the surgical site. Areas covered: This publication provides an overview of liposome bupivacaine and its potential utility in peripheral nerve blocks and epidural administration. Expert opinion: The potential to provide postoperative analgesia lasting 3 days with a single administration at the time of surgery holds considerable promise. This modality could have distinct advantages over currently available techniques, such as continuous perineural local...
Discussion of delegated trade and the pricing of public and private information

Abstract Taylor and Verrecchia (2015) show that idiosyncratic risk can be priced in efficient but imperfectly competitive equity markets. We discuss how the model is structured, how it might apply to the pricing of financial reporting quality, and how empiricists might test its predictions.
Large-scale anisotropy within the crust in the Basin and Range province

Seismic reflection records of the 1986 Nevada PASSCAL seismic experiment in the roughly east-west direction (dip line) show a highly reflective crust with a broad (diffuse) Moho which is characterized at normal incidence by strong, subparallel, laterally discontinuous, multicyclic events lacking observable diffractions. Recordings in the roughly north-south direction (strike line) show a transparent crust with short scattered events and a strong continuous Moho. Elastic finite-difference modeling indicates that (1) effects due to the topography of the reflecting interfaces and/or the existence of heterogeneities increase the travel times, thus lowering the velocity estimates, and (2) the seismic response of a layered structure can be disrupted from a strong, laterally continuous event to a series of short multicyclic events by increasing the dimensions of the overlying heterogeneities. Finite-difference modeling demonstrates that large-scale anisotropy, achieved by roughly east-west alignment of strongly elongated lenses (boudins) located at mid- and lower-crustal depths, can explain the observed differences in the seismic response along the perpendicular lines.
On Built-In Self-Test for Adders

We evaluate some of the previously proposed test approaches for various types of adders in an attempt to find an architecture-independent algorithm for testing adders in embedded Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). We find that a minor modification to a previously proposed Built-In Self-Test (BIST) approach provides the highest fault coverage for most types of adders and, equally important, it is simple to implement.
NANOTUBES AS POLYMERS

Abstract In this review, we show that the structure and behavior of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) are essentially polymeric; in fact, many have referred to SWNTs as “the ultimate polymer”. The classification of SWNTS as polymers is explored by comparing the structure, properties, phase behavior, rheology, processing, and applications of SWNTs with those of rigid-rod polymers. Special attention is given to research efforts focusing on the use of SWNTs as molecular composites (also termed nanocomposites) with SWNTs as the filler and flexible polymer chains as the host. This perspective of “SWNTs as polymers” allows the methods, applications, and theoretical framework of polymer science to be appropriated and applied to nanotubes.
Coarse-to-Fine Semantic Video Segmentation Using Supervoxel Trees

We propose an exact, general and efficient coarse-to-fine energy minimization strategy for semantic video segmentation. Our strategy is based on a hierarchical abstraction of the supervoxel graph that allows us to minimize an energy defined at the finest level of the hierarchy by minimizing a series of simpler energies defined over coarser graphs. The strategy is exact, i.e., it produces the same solution as minimizing over the finest graph. It is general, i.e., it can be used to minimize any energy function (e.g., unary, pair wise, and higher-order terms) with any existing energy minimization algorithm (e.g., graph cuts and belief propagation). It also gives significant speedups in inference for several datasets with varying degrees of spatio-temporal continuity. We also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our strategy relative to existing hierarchical approaches, and the kinds of image and video data that provide the best speedups.
Stratum corneum adhesive tape stripping: influence of anatomical site, application pressure, duration and removal

Summary Background Tape stripping is a common method for investigating stratum corneum (SC) physiology as well as bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical drugs. Objectives To investigate the influence of procedures (anatomical site, pressure, pressure duration, tape removal rate) inherent in each stripping protocol on changes in skin physiology. Methods Tape stripping was performed using tapes on the forearm, forehead and back. On the forearm different pressures (165 and 330 g cm−2), durations of pressure (2 and 10 s), and removal rate (slow and rapid removal) were used. Changes in skin physiology were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration. Results A significant influence of all parameters on the TEWL increase as a function of tape strip number was observed. The fastest increase was demonstrated on the forehead, followed by the back and, lastly, the forearm. Rapid removal produced a protracted increase in comparison with slow removal. Pressure for 10 s induced a faster increase in TEWL than 2 s pressure. Likewise, pressure at 330 g cm−2 induced an earlier increase than pressure at 165 g cm−2. Skin hydration was not influenced by the variables tested. Conclusions Tape stripping results are influenced dramatically by all investigated parameters. A dynamic SC stress test to investigate SC cohesion more closely is proposed based on the present observations.
Precursor peptide progastrin1-80 reduces apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and upregulates cytochrome c oxidase Vb levels and synthesis of ATP

We recently reported that downregulation of gastrin gene expression in colon cancer cells significantly suppresses relative levels of mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c) oxidase Vb (Cox Vb) RNA and protein. These unexpected findings suggested the possibility that gastrin gene products [mainly progastrin (PG)] may be directly or indirectly mediating the observed effects in colon cancer cells. Because colon cancer cells do not respond to exogenous PG, we examined the possibility of whether PG regulates Cox Vb expression in gastrin-responsive intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. Levels of Cox Vb RNA and protein were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to PG. Mitochondrial synthesis of ATP was also increased by approximately three- to fivefold in response to optimal concentrations (0.1-1.0 nm) of PG. Possible antiapoptotic effects of PG were additionally examined, because activation of caspases 9 and 3 had been noted in colon cancer cells downregulated for gastrin gene expression. We measured a significant loss in the levels of cyt c in the cytosol of PG-treated vs. control IEC cells, which correlated with a significant loss in the activation of caspases 9 and 3, resulting in a significant loss in DNA fragmentation on PG treatment of the cells. Our results thus suggest the novel possibility that the precursor PG peptide exerts direct antiapoptotic effects on IECs, which may contribute to the observed growth effects of PG on these cells. Additionally, Cox Vb gene appears to be an important intracellular target of PG, resulting in an increase in ATP levels, which may also contribute to the observed increase in the growth of target cells in response to PG.
Evidence for functional redundancy between C. elegans ADAM proteins SUP-17/Kuzbanian and ADM-4/TACE

Abstract The ectodomain of LIN-12/Notch proteins is cleaved and shed upon ligand binding. In Caenorhabditis elegans, genetic evidence has implicated SUP-17, the ortholog of Drosophila Kuzbanian and mammalian ADAM10, as the protease that mediates this event. In mammals, however, biochemical evidence has implicated TACE, a different ADAM protein. We have investigated potential functional redundancy of sup-17 and the C. elegans ortholog of TACE, adm-4, by exploring their roles in cell fate decisions mediated by lin-12/Notch genes. We found that reduced adm-4 activity, like reduced sup-17 activity, suppresses an allele of glp-1 that encodes a constitutively active receptor. Furthermore, concomitant reduction of adm-4 and sup-17 activity causes the production of two anchor cells in the hermaphrodite gonad, instead of one—a phenotype associated with loss of lin-12 activity. Concomitant reduction of both sup-17 and adm-4 activity in hermaphrodites results in highly penetrant synthetic sterility, which appears to reflect a defect in the spermatheca. Expression of a truncated form of LIN-12 that mimics the product of ectodomain shedding rescues this fertility defect, suggesting that sup-17 and adm-4 may mediate ectodomain shedding of LIN-12 and/or GLP-1. Our results are consistent with the possibility that sup-17 and adm-4 are functionally redundant for at least a subset of LIN-12/Notch-mediated decisions in C. elegans.
Methods to focalize noninvasive electrical brain stimulation: principles and future clinical development for the treatment of pain.

There has been increased interest in noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a technique to investigate and treat neuropsychiatric disorders [1,2]. Usually, NIBS is targeted to specific dysfunction...
Investigation of Linear Type Evaluation for Collegiate Judging Contests

Abstract Various time constraints and cow numbers were used to identify the minimum time per cow and the minimum number of cows needed to permit ranking of students for their skills in linear type evaluation. Three separate trials were conducted involving 23, 15, and 12 students from three universities who evaluated 15 traits on 30, 20, and 27 cows, respectively, using a 50-point scale. Time constraints included 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 min per cow as well as unlimited time per cow. The mean of the absolute difference between official and student scores was used to rank students. Lower means indicated greater student accuracy. Mean differences and (standard errors) across trials were 7.28 (0.24), 7.41 (0.11), 7.18 (0.11), and 7.41 (0.18) for 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 min of evaluation, respectively. The overall effect of time was not significant, and no pairs were significantly different. Rank correlations between student means suggested that 2 min of evaluation were adequate, and no advantage was found for evaluations of >3 min per cow. Rank correlations for student evaluation means based on 5 versus 10 cows were 0.85 to 0.90. Evaluation of 5 cows did not improve correlations greatly. Results suggested that use of 4 or 5 cows, evaluated at 2 to 3 min per cow, permitted accurate ranking of students for their ability to evaluate linear type traits.
Enhanced Feature Selection and Generation for 802.11 User Identification

To provide user privacy, several anonymization techniques (e.g., pseudonyms applied to MAC addresses) have been proposed in 802.11 networks. However, recent research done by Pang et al. (1) has demonstrated that pseudonyms are not adequate to protect user privacy. The key idea of Pang et al.'s method is to locate implicit identifiers (e.g., IP addresses and port numbers a user frequently visits), build user profiles based on these implicit identifiers in the training data sets, and then apply classification techniques to identify unlabeled (testing) users. Our method proposed in this paper partly focuses on building user profiles. Compared with the method proposed by Pang et al. in (1), we propose a novel approach to selecting and generating features, which is critical to build user profiles. The feature selection and generation procedure can be dynamically controlled through setting a few important parameters. We did a series of simulations using 9.27GB SIGCOMM 2004 wireless data sets, and our simulation results demonstrate better classification rates compared with Pang et al.'s method.
Chinese Comma Disambiguation for Discourse Analysis

The Chinese comma signals the boundary of discourse units and also anchors discourse relations between adjacent text spans. In this work, we propose a discourse structure-oriented classification of the comma that can be automatically extracted from the Chinese Treebank based on syntactic patterns. We then experimented with two supervised learning methods that automatically disambiguate the Chinese comma based on this classification. The first method integrates comma classification into parsing, and the second method adopts a "post-processing" approach that extracts features from automatic parses to train a classifier. The experimental results show that the second approach compares favorably against the first approach.
Stress Transmission During the Compaction of a Spray‐Dried Alumina Powder in a Steel Die

Stress transmission through the compact, die wall friction, and the radial/axial stress ratio were investigated using a spray-dried alumina powder containing 2.3% polyvinyl alcohol binder, stored at 15, 55, or 92% rh, and an unlubricated/lubricated steel die for pressing. Stress transmission was enhanced by lubricating the die and decreasing the thickness/ diameter of the compact. Increasing the punch velocity in the range 0.006 to 0.6 cm/min improved the stress transmission for powder stored at the highest humidity, but only in the intermediate range of pressures. Radial stress at the highest pressures (>107 Pa) was essentially independent of the properties of the binder phase and the radial/axial stress ratio was ∼0.4. At high pressures, the product of (die wall friction) (radial/axial stress ratio) decreased with lubrication of the die and storage of the granulated powder at a higher percent relative humidity (softer granules).
So You're Telling Me There's a Chance: How the Articles on State Responsibility Could Empower Corporate Responses to State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks

This article begins with a brief summary of the international legal framework that regulates state interactions. The legal authority for government sanctioned corporate countermeasures, as well as the limitation on these actions, becomes apparent through this framework. The reasons that targeted states need to invoke this authority and how they should limit the countermeasures will follow. The article concludes with a recommendation that host states, despite the associated risks with such a decision, empower victimized corporations with the authority to use countermeasures in response to hostile state cyber activity.
Beef cow prepartum supplement level and age at weaning: II. Effects of developmental programming on performance and carcass composition of steer progeny

Objectives were to determine the interaction of prepartum dam supplement level and age at weaning on growth performance, glucose and insulin concentrations, and carcass characteristics of steers (134 steers in yr 1; 147 steers in yr 2). Mature, multiparous Angus × Simmental cows were used in a split-plot design that included 3 supplement levels (no supplement [NS], 2.16 kg·cow·d [LS], and 8.61 kg·cow·d [HS]) and 2 ages at weaning (78 ± 11 d of age [early weaned; EW] or 186 ± 11 d of age [normal weaned; NW]). Cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue/red clover pastures and were bunk fed supplement (70% dried distiller's grains plus solubles and 30% soybean hulls) 103 ± 11 d prepartum to 2 ± 11 d postpartum. Dam prepartum supplement level did not affect ( ≥ 0.29) finishing phase growth performance or morbidity. The percentage of steers grading Average Choice or greater was increased ( = 0.04) for steers from cows fed HS compared to the percentage of steers from cows fed NS. Early weaning increased ( < 0.01) finishing phase initial BW and final BW and reduced ( < 0.01) G:F compared to normal weaning. A year × wean interaction ( = 0.04) occurred for ADG; EW resulted in reduced ( < 0.01) ADG compared to NW in yr 2. At slaughter, EW steers had greater ( < 0.01) HCW, yield grade, and back fat than NW steers. A year × wean interaction ( ≤ 0.05) occurred for quality grade distribution; in yr 2, EW steers had a greater ( < 0.01) proportion of carcasses that graded Low Choice or greater and Average Choice or greater than carcasses from NW steers. The EW steers had greater ( ≤ 0.05) occurrence of single antibiotic treatments in yr 2 and mortality due to respiratory disease than NW steers. A trend for a year × wean interaction ( ≤ 0.07) occurred for plasma insulin concentration and insulin:glucose; EW steers had numerically greater plasma insulin concentrations and insulin:glucose than NW steers in yr 1. In conclusion, these data suggest that there is no interaction between maternal level of supplement during late gestation and age at weaning on steer finishing phase performance, glucose and insulin concentrations, and carcass yield and quality characteristics. Overfeeding supplement to the dam did not affect finishing phase growth performance but did improve quality grades of steers. Early weaning increased HCW and improved carcass quality. Both dam supplement level and age at weaning are effective strategies in increasing beef quality and are independent of each other.
Ionic resistance and permselectivity tradeoffs in anion exchange membranes.

Salinity gradient energy technologies, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) and capacitive mixing based on Donnan potential (Capmix CDP), could help address the global need for noncarbon-based energy. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are a key component in these systems, and improved AEMs are needed in order to optimize and extend salinity gradient energy technologies. We measured ionic resistance and permselectivity properties of quaternary ammonium-functionalized AEMs based on poly(sulfone) and poly(phenylene oxide) polymer backbones and developed structure–property relationships between the transport properties and the water content and fixed charge concentration of the membranes. Ion transport and ion exclusion properties depend on the volume fraction of water in the polymer membrane, and the chemical nature of the polymer itself can influence fine-tuning of the transport properties to obtain membranes with other useful properties, such as chemical and dimensional stability. The ionic resistance of th...
A CASE OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH WITH GASTROCOLIC FISTULA

症例は84歳,男性.体重減少および下痢を主訴に来院した.入院時検査において貧血・栄養不良を認めた.上部消化管内視鏡検査にて胃体中部大彎側に2型の腫瘤を認め,生検にて低分化型腺癌あるいは扁平上皮癌と診断を得た.注腸では横行結腸と胃体中部大彎側に瘻孔を認めた.横行結腸に穿通した胃癌と診断し,幽門側胃切除術・横行結腸部分切除術および2群のリンパ節郭清を施行した.術後の病理検査では,標本を全割し検索したが,腺癌成分は認めず,扁平上皮癌と診断した. 胃扁平上皮癌は稀な癌であり,その頻度は約0.09%といわれている.われわれの検索した限り,本邦では26例の報告を認めるのみである.また,胃結腸瘻も比較的珍しく,胃扁平上皮癌との合併は今までに報告されておらず極めて稀な症例と思われ,若干の考察を加え報告する.