cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Having Ever Considered a Cancer Research Career

Increasing cancer workforce diversity is a priority for the National Cancer Institute. Cancer research encompasses a wide range of disciplines including basic, clinical, behavioral, and social sciences, but many research development programs are narrowly focused. Our aim was two-fold: to describe undergraduate students’ knowledge of and interest in cancer research careers and to identify factors associated with having ever considered a cancer research career. Undergraduate students (n = 857) completed a paper questionnaire. Most students associated cancer careers with bench science and healthcare or public health, but less so for applied fields. Most respondents (69%) received career counseling in high school but only 4% had cancer-specific career counseling. Nearly half the respondents (49%) indicated they or an immediate family member had been diagnosed with cancer, and 17% had attended a cancer appointment. Only 10% of respondents indicated that they had ever considered a career in cancer research. Associated factors included cancer-specific career counseling (odds ratio [OR] 8.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.60, 18.03), attended a cancer appointment (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.34, 4.20), being slightly (vs. very) worried about developing cancer (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.15, 0.68), and Other (vs. White) race (OR 2.83; 95% CI 1.34, 5.97). Personal experience with cancer and knowledge of cancer careers appear to be driving factors in career choice for cancer research. Increasing student exposure to cancer careers, possibly in junior high or high school, may be one mechanism for recruiting more underrepresented undergraduate students into cancer-related fields of study.
Development of a Flexible Injection and Impregnation Chamber for Pultrusion of High Reactive Resins

Abstract Pultrusion is an established and efficient process for the production of continuous fiber-reinforced composites using resin systems such as unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters. Highly reactive resins like polyurethane and amine epoxy have been in use for a few years. These resin classes stand out due to an extended spectrum of properties. This opens up new fields of application for the pultrusion technology, but poses challenges for the processing technology. Pot lives in the range of a few minutes require a continuous process: closed injection pultrusion (CIP). Various approaches to the design and layout of the internal geometry of the injection and impregnation chambers (ii-chamber) are the subject of ongoing research. Numerous factors influence the impregnation process in the ii-chamber as well as the quality of the resulting composite. Within the scope of this study, the influencing variables of the impregnation process in the ii-chamber have been analyzed and evaluated. The main influencing variables and their impact were determined. Based on the selection of the influencing variables, a concept for an ii-chamber has been developed using product development methods. This approach allows fast and flexible adjustment of the main influencing variables in the process. The chosen strategy enables the derivation of suitable die and process parameters for the processing of novel materials for pultrusion. The ii-chamber concept has been implemented and validated by experimental processing of a novel PU resin system in the pultrusion process.
bdGas carburizing of steel with furnace atmospheres formedin situ from methane and air and from butane and air

Carburizing experiments were conducted at 927°C (1700°F) and 843°C (1550°F) using furnace atmospheres formed from methane and air and from butane and air introduced directly into the carburizing furnace. Gas flow rates were low to promote equilibration of the reaction products within the furnace. The air flow rate was held constant while the methane or butane flow was automatically regulated to maintain a constant oxygen potential, as measured by a zirconia oxygen sensor, within the furnace. In comparing the results of these experiments with earlier results obtained using propane and air, several differences were noted: (a) The methane content of the furnace atmosphere, measured by infrared analysis, was about twice as great when methane was the feed gas rather than propane or butane. This was true despite the fact that the mean residence time of the gas within the furnace was greater in the methane experiments. Methane appears to be less effective than propane or butane in reducing the CO2 and H2O contents to the levels required for carburizing. (b) There was a greater tendency for the CO content of the furnace atmosphere to decrease at high carbon potentials when methane is used instead of propane or butane. The decrease in CO content is due to hydrogen dilution caused by sooting in the furnace vestibule. These differences in behavior make propane or butane better suited than methane forin situ generation of carburizing atmospheres. However, there is no difference in the amount of carburizing occurring at a specified carbon potential when methane, propane, or butane are used as the feed gas in this process.
Breast Cancer Screening in Older Women: The Importance of Shared Decision Making

Incidence of breast cancer increases with age up until age 80. Screening mammography has demonstrated efficacy in decreasing mortality from breast cancer among women between 50 and 74 years of age. However, most major organizations do not include women over 74 in their recommendations due to the lack of evidence in this age-group. This article will review current recommendations for breast cancer screening in women over the age of 74. It will also present clear guidelines for primary care clinicians to follow that incorporate shared decision-making techniques, tools for estimating the risks and benefits of screening mammography, and strategies for integrating a patient's life expectancy and comorbidities into the decision-making process. We also emphasize the importance of using thoughtful communication strategies to fully engage older women in the breast cancer screening discussion.
Protein folding and assembly in confined environments: Implications for protein aggregation in hydrogels and tissues

In the biological milieu of a cell, soluble crowding molecules and rigid confined environments strongly influence whether the protein is properly folded, intrinsically disordered proteins assemble into distinct phases, or a denatured or aggregated protein species is favored. Such crowding and confinement factors act to exclude solvent volume from the protein molecules, resulting in an increased local protein concentration and decreased protein entropy. A protein's structure is inherently tied to its function. Examples of processes where crowding and confinement may strongly influence protein function include transmembrane protein dimerization, enzymatic activity, assembly of supramolecular structures (e.g., microtubules), nuclear condensates containing transcriptional machinery, protein aggregation in the contexts of disease and protein therapeutics. Historically, most protein structures have been determined from pure, dilute protein solutions or pure crystals. However, these are not the environments in which these proteins function. Thus, there has been an increased emphasis on analyzing protein structure and dynamics in more "in vivo-like" environments. Complex in vitro models using hydrogel scaffolds to study proteins may better mimic features of the in vivo environment. Therefore, analytical techniques need to be optimized for real-time analysis of proteins within hydrogel scaffolds.
Defining the Roles of the Public and Private Sector in Risk Communication, Risk Reduction, and Risk Transfer

Insurance is an essential component of household and community resilience: it protects insureds financially against disaster losses, can encourage investments in cost-effective mitigation measures through premium reductions, and facilitates rebuilding of property and long-term recovery following a disaster via claim payments. Private insurers face challenges in providing protection against low-probability, high-consequence events, however, and the perceived market failures have led governments around the world to create various (quasi to fully) public insurance entities, often designed as public–private partnerships. This paper synthesizes findings from six papers and the resulting discussion at a November 2016 workshop, “Improving Disaster Financing: Evaluating Policy Interventions in Disaster Insurance Markets.” Participants evaluated disaster insurance programs for flood, earthquake, and terrorism losses, as well as comprehensive homeowners policies. This paper discusses the difficulties in providing protection against these types of disasters and suggests ways to improve public-private partnerships for disaster financing in three interrelated areas: (1) risk communication, (2) risk reduction, and (3) risk transfer. The paper concludes with a proposal for a comprehensive insurance program that could harness the benefits of both the public and private sectors.
The Impact of Mass Spectrometry on Patients' Medical and Nonmedical Lives.

Objective The various forms of mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation have had a major impact on testing for analytes performed with clinical and forensic laboratories over the past decade. Improvements in MS instrumentation have led to the use of MS in many areas. Methods To highlight the value of MS testing, short reports are presented that are relevant to the following fields: pain management, transplant medicine, clinical toxicology, designer drug testing, genetic metabolic disorders, nutrition, dietary exposure to heavy metals, herbals and supplements, forensic pathology, pharmacogenomics, homeland security, performance enhancing drugs and peptides, clinical microbiology, physician licensing, and environmental exposures. These reports are based on real patients. The "stories" have been altered to comply with privacy regulations. Results Analysis of MS provides objective results that have an impact on many areas of medicine and society as a whole. Accurate analysis has an impact on guidance for medical practices. Conclusion The value of MS testing will continue to grow in the years to come.
A Case of a Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Periampullary Adenocarcinoma

Herein, we report on a patient with known Lynch Syndrome and periampullary adenocarcinoma that exhibited a pathological complete response to neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Two MSH2 mutations, high microsatellite instability (MSI-high), high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and elevated PD-L1 expression were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Following FOLFIRINOX (Fluorouracil/Leucovorin/Irinotecan/Oxaliplatin) administration and disease progression, nivolumab (1 mg/kg) and ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) were administered every 3 weeks for 4 total cycles. The patient responded well with minimal adverse effects and significant improvement in epigastric pain, appetite and body weight. She then underwent resection consisting of pancreaticoduodenectomy, which demonstrated pathological complete response. Complete genomic profiling of periampullary carcinomas is crucial for optimal treatment selection as true ampullary masses and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have different genetic profiles. This case provides an example of a patient who may have further benefited from first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab to avoid the reduced efficacy and significant side effects associated with chemotherapy. KEY POINTS: A patient with known Lynch Syndrome and ampullary adenocarcinoma harboring two MSH2 mutations, high microsatellite instability (MSI-high), high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and elevated PD-L1 expression achieved pathological complete response with neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab The combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab may be a better first-line option for patients with ampullary adenocarcinomas harboring deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), MSI-high and high TMB Complete genomic profiling of periampullary adenocarcinomas is crucial for optimal treatment selection as true ampullary masses and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have different genetic profiles The presence of either MSI-high or high TMB could be an appropriate predictive biomarker for response to nivolumab plus ipilimumab in the context of Lynch Syndrome IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This case provides an example of a patient with MSI-high and dMMR ampullary adenocarcinoma who may have benefited from first-line checkpoint inhibitor therapy, specifically with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Comprehensive genomic profiling is beneficial in periampullary adenocarcinomas as it can identify tumors with specific genetic characteristics, like MSI-high, dMMR or high TMB that respond well to immune checkpoint inhibitors. When these characteristics are present and the goal of treatment is to facilitate downstage and prolong progression free survival, nivolumab plus ipilimumab should be considered, but trials in periampullary adenocarcinomas are required to confirm usage.
Amniotic Fluid Cell Culture

Cellular pleomorphism is a characteristic feature of amniotic fluid examined microscopically immediately following amniocentesis. Multiple cell types (with differing sites of origin) adhere to glass or culture vessels within 12-24 hr of plating (see Chapter 9 for more details). In amniotic fluid obtained in the late third trimester, many authors have noticed the presence of cells that stain orange with Nile blue sulfate (Brosens and Gordon, 1965; Anderson and Griffiths, 1968; Brosens et al., 1969). The four types of amniotic fluid cells observed after Nile blue sulfate cell staining are the parabasal, the blue intermediate, the anucleated blue squamous, and the anucleated orange staining (Husain and Sinclair, 1971). The appearance of these stained cells seems to correlate with the earliest keratinization of the stratum corneum, starting at about 17 weeks’ gestation (Serri and Montagna, 1961; Parmley and Miller, 1969). It is just possible that this evidence of keratinization prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy may ultimately lead to the prenatal detection of hereditary disorders of keratin, such as the ichthyoses (Goodman, 1970).
Murchison Project Organization and Control

This paper describes the project management organization and the management control systems used for Conoco's Murchison field development in the North Sea. These systems created for Murchison proved largely successful and have been enhanced for use during the Hutton field development. Management concepts are described in the context of the cost control system.
Transactions costs, the size of firms and industrial policy

Abstract A comparative case study of the footwear industry documents the greater extent of subdivision of large orders, the greater reliance on subcontracting, and the greater roles of small manufacturers and export traders in Taiwan relative to Korea. These differences are hypothesized to reflect rational, organizationally efficient private and public decisions in the face of divergent economic conditions at the outset of export-led growth, and associated higher costs of market transactions in Korea than Taiwan. The transactions costs hypothesis is shown to have superior explanatory power to the hypotheses that differences in product mix and in policy account for firm size differences.
Constructing Homeland Security: An Anemic Policy Regime

This research addresses the strength of the homeland security policy regime that was constructed after the terrorist attacks of September 2001. We argue that homeland security provides a preeminent example of the challenges of developing policy regimes that focus policymaking on a common goal across diverse subsystems. All the ingredients for fashioning a powerful regime were in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001—a common purpose, engaged stakeholders, and institutional redesign. But for a variety of reasons that we discuss, the results are far from cohesive. The lessons we draw are more general ones regarding factors that influence the strength of boundary-spanning policy regimes.
Random-forest-based automated cell detection in Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope rat Nissl data

Rapid advances in high-resolution, high-throughput 3D microscopy techniques in the past decade have opened up new avenues for brain research. One such technique developed in our lab is called the Knife-Edge Scanning Microscopy (KESM). The basic principle of KESM is to line-scan image while simultaneously sectioning thin tissue blocks using a diamond microtome. We have successfully sectioned and imaged whole mouse brains and portions of a rat brain processed with different stains to investigate the microstructures within. In this paper, we will present a fully automated soma (cell body) detection method based on random forests, working on Nissl-stained rat brain specimen. The method enables fast and accurate cell counting and density measurement in different brain regions.
Frugivory and seed dispersal by the lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris in the Peruvian Amazon.

The lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris is the largest herbivore in the Neotropics and feeds on a large quantity of fruits, often ingesting the seeds and defecating them intact. Seed dispersal by the lowland tapir in the southwestern Amazon was studied by examining seeds from 135 dung samples collected between 2005 and 2007. Seeds of a total of 122 plant species were identified, representing 68 genera and 33 families. The species accumulation curve showed that more species can be expected with further sampling. Many species (45%) were only encountered once, and only 10 percent of all species were found in >10 samples, indicating that the lowland tapir is an opportunistic forager. Seed diversity showed a clear seasonal pattern and was highly correlated with fruit availability. Seed diameter ranged from <1 to 25 mm with 81 percent <10 mm diam. The size distribution of seeds found in lowland tapir dung generally followed that of seeds found in the forest, but had a lower proportion of seeds in the smallest size class (<2.5 mm) and a larger proportion found in the largest size class (20–25 mm). The diversity of seeds encountered in dung of the lowland tapir in this study was much higher than in previous studies. We conclude that the lowland tapir is a potential disperser for a large number of plant species, including many that previously have been thought to be dispersed only by large primates. RESUMEN El tapir (Tapirus terrestris) es el herbivoro mas grande en los Neotropicos y se alimenta de una gran cantidad de frutas, muchas veces ingiriendo las semillas y defecandolas intactas. La dispersion de semillas por el tapir en el Sureste del Amazonas Peruano se estudio mediante el analisis de semillas provenientes de 135 excretas colectadas entre 2005 y 2007. Se identificaron un total de 122 diferentes especies de semillas de diferentes plantas, representando 68 generos y 33 familias. La curva de acumulacion de especies mostro que se puede esperar un numero mayor de semillas con un muestreo mayor. Muchas especies (45%) se encontraron solo una vez y solo el 10% de todas las semillas se encontro en mas de 10 muestras, indicando que el tapir es un forrajero oportunista. El diametro de las semillas vario de < 1 mm a 25 mm. El 81% fue < 10 mm de diametro. La distribucion del tamano de las semillas encontrado en las excretas generalmente siguio al de las semillas encontradas en el bosque, pero tuvo una baja proporcion de semillas dentro de la clase mas pequena (< 2.5mm) y una mayor proporcion entrada en la clase mas grande (20–25mm). La diversidad de semillas encontrada en este estudio mostro tambien un claro patron estacional que se correlaciono grandemente con la diversidad de frutos y la variedad fue mucho mas diversa que la encontrada en otros estudios de este tipo. Concluimos que el tapir es un dispersador potencial para un gran numero de especies de plantas incluyendo muchas que se penso serian dispersadas solamente por primates.
Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography to Improve the Safety of Transvenous Lead Extraction

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during transvenous lead extraction (TLE) involving both conventional and laser lead removal. Background TLE carries a small but measurable risk of serious adverse events. Few studies have examined the potential benefit of continuous monitoring with TEE during this procedure. Methods Continuous TEE monitoring was performed in 100 consecutive patients (67% male; average age, 57 ± 17 years) who underwent TLE in the past 5 years. Lead extraction was attempted for 193 leads. The average time since lead implant was 78 ± 55 months (range, 1.4 to 274.4 months). Indications for extraction were device endocarditis (n = 28), lead fracture (n = 28), recalled lead (n = 21), pocket infection (n = 17), and other (n = 6). Results Complete success occurred in 181 leads (94%), partial success in 4 leads (2%), and failure in 8 leads (4%). Eighty patients required laser lead extraction (80%). Major complications included 1 right ventricular and 2 right atrial/superior vena cava lacerations, which were detected and localized within 1 to 2 min with the use of TEE and resulted in prompt surgical repair. There was 1 upper gastrointestinal bleed caused by the TEE probe. TEE prevented premature termination and unnecessary surgery in 4 patients with hypotension but no intracardiac abnormalities seen on TEE. In-hospital mortality rate was 0%. In total, TEE provided immediately useful clinical information in 7 patients (7%). Conclusions Continuous monitoring with TEE facilitates prompt diagnosis and treatment of intracardiac damage and prevents premature termination of cases with hypotension but no abnormalities on TEE.
Understanding Multinationals from Emerging Markets: The evolution of EMNCs and EMNC thinking: a capabilities perspective

This chapter explores the parallel evolution of international business forms, the context for international business, and that ways that IB scholars frame these two. It employs a capabilities-based perspective, the RAT-CAT framework, to argue that Emerging Market Multinational Companies do have so-called “O-advantages”, built both on experience at home and learning abroad, and applies this framework both to traditional multinationals based on horizontal FDI and to Global Value Chain Enterprises based on vertical FDI.
A Battery Aware Scheme for Energy Efficient Coverage and Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks recently emerge as a flexible, low- cost and multi-functional networking platform with wired infrastructure connected to the Internet. A critical issue in mesh networks is to maintain long time network coverage. Recent study reveals that batteries tend to discharge more power than needed, and reimburse the over-discharged power later if they have sufficiently long recovery time. To take advantage of the battery recovery property, in this paper we propose a cross-layer client driven battery aware (CDBA) scheme to efficiently schedule mesh network coverage. The key idea of CDBA coverage algorithm is to let neighboring mesh routers collaboratively adjust their transceiver radii driven by mesh clients. In this way routers are able to recover their over-discharged battery power dynamically. This algorithm is a distributed algorithm with O(n) time complexity where n is the maximum number of neighbors of a router in the network. To further jointly improve system performance among layers, we design the CDBA MAC algorithm to provide a seamless and fast service for handoff among mesh routers. We conduct simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed CDBA scheme. The results show that network lifetime and data throughput can be improved by up to 27.27% and 30.54% in mesh networks, respectively.
Advancing Science and Research in Criminal Justice/Criminology: Complex Systems Theory and Non‐Linear Analyses

For over a century, criminological research has been able to explain a consistently small amount of the variation in crime. It is plausible that the problem with criminological theory is not in the theory but in the analysis. Complex systems science (CSS) attempts to examine data in a different way – often making the most of error data discarded by linear analyses. This paper addresses the viability of using CSS in criminological research. An example is drawn from social disorganization theory to demonstrate the ability of CSS to explain crime at the neighborhood level. The result is a new theory called Ecodynamics Theory, developed by combining the elements of neighborhood research with complex systems analyses. The implications of this theory to increase the efficacy of criminological research are discussed.
Two-way cluster analysis of geochemical data to constrain spring source waters

Abstract The purpose of the study was to use geochemical characteristics and apparent ages of sampled groundwaters to determine which of the two regionally extensive bedrock aquifers, the lower bedrock aquifer or the upper bedrock aquifer, is a more likely source of water discharging to springs in the Nine Springs watershed. The use of summary statistics and our knowledge of the regional hydrostratigraphy resulted in the identification of three groups of monitoring points that are representative of groundwaters with distinct geochemical characteristics. Two-way cluster analysis of the geochemical data supports these groupings and further identifies subtle geochemical characteristics of the groups. One spring, which is representative of smaller springs and seeps found in the watershed, belongs to a group that is characterized by variable nitrate and chloride concentrations. Water discharging from this spring has a groundwater residence time of approximately 8 years based on the tritium/helium 3 dating method. The water discharging to this small spring is thought to have traveled primarily through the unlithified aquifer, as opposed to either of the major bedrock aquifers. Most of the springs in the watershed belong to a group that is characterized by elevated, but consistent, nitrate, sodium, and chloride concentrations. In addition, cluster analysis revealed that potassium and alkalinity concentrations are somewhat low. Apparent groundwater ages for this group range from 10 to 15 years. The water discharging from the majority of the springs in the watershed is thought to have traveled primarily through the unlithified aquifer and the upper bedrock aquifer before discharging into the former glacial lakebed wetland complex. Due to the relatively short groundwater residence times, spring water quality and flow in the Nine Springs watershed are likely to be vulnerable to the rapid urban expansion occurring within the watershed.
Husserl's Critique of Traditional Empiricism

(1974). Husserl's Critique of Traditional Empiricism. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 159-162.
Integrated Micromechanical Radio Front-Ends

An overview of MEMS technologies capable of realizing the RF front-end frequency gating function needed by true software-defined cognitive radios is presented. Among the technologies described are vibrating disk micromechanical resonators that exhibit record on-chip frequency-Q products; medium-scale integrated micromechanical circuits that implement on/off switchable filter banks; and a process technology that integrates nickel MEMS together with foundry CMOS transistors in a fully monolithic single-chip process.
Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy: comparing the arthrotomy knife to the Bovie blade

Abstract Background Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was performed at our institution using an arthrotomy knife until it became unavailable in 2010. Thus, we adapted the use of the blunt Bovie tip, which can be used with or without electrocautery to perform the myotomy. This study compared the outcomes between using the arthrotomy knife versus the Bovie blade in laparoscopic pyloromyotomies. Materials and methods Retrospective review was performed on all laparoscopic pyloromyotomy patients from October 2007 to September 2012. Arthrotomy knife pyloromyotomy patients were compared with those performed with the Bovie blade. Patient demographics, diagnostic measurements, electrolyte levels, length of stay, operative time, and complications were compared. Results A total of 381 patients were included, with 191 in the arthrotomy group and 190 in the Bovie blade group. No significant differences existed between groups in age, weight, gender, pyloric dimensions, electrolyte levels, or length of stay. Mean operative times were 15.8 ± 5.6 min with knife and 16.4 ± 5.3 min for Bovie blade (P = 0.24). In the arthrotomy knife group, there was one incomplete pyloromyotomy and one omental herniation. There was one wound infection in each group. Readmission rate was greater in the arthrotomy knife group (5.7%) versus the Bovie blade group (3.1%). Conclusions The Bovie blade appears to offer no objective disadvantages compared with the arthrotomy knife when performing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.
Three-body abrasive wear with small size diamond abrasives

Abstract Three-body abrasive wear rate was measured as a function of abrasive size and applied load using molybdenum alloy spheres of diameter 25.4 mm as test specimens. Diamond abrasives in the size range 1–60 μm normally used for metal lapping were tested. Tests were conducted at lap loads ranging from 9.8 to 107.9 N. For a given load it was found that there is a maximum abrasive size beyond which the wear rate will not increase and may even decrease. Several explanations of this critical size effect reported in the literature were evaluated on the basis of physical evidence. Wear rate generally increases linearly with increasing load. However, this did not occur with small abrasives. This deviation from linearity was found to be the result of an unusually effective abrasive wear condition. An explanation of this effect is given.
Urban spatial development with durable but replaceable capital

The theory of urban spatial development, until recently, has been primarily a static theory of economic equilibrium. The models of Alonso [l], Mills [6] and Muth [7] determine a complete spatial equilibrium between the supply and demand for urban land. The study of growth or change in such models, therefore, has been limited exclusively to comparative statics, Wheaton [8]. It should be clear that the central, and in many respects unrealistic assumption of such models, is that housing capital is neither physically nor economically durable. Without durability, there is no opportunity cost to old capital, no barrier to change, and no history to an urban area. Within such a framework, a common set of conclusions emerges, regarding urban spatial structure. Residential density, and the price per unit of land, decline monotonically from the location of employment. A greater population results in higher density at all locations, while increases in income or decreases in the cost of travel create a more steeply sloped density (and price) gradient. In the last few years, there has been a growing awareness that the equilibrium portrayed by such models does not correctly reflect the process of urban development. Theoretical papers by Anas [2, 31 and Brueckner [4], and an empirical model by Harrison and Kain [5] develop an alternative theory of urban spatial development-in which the process of growth is explicitly modeled and in which capital is completely durable. In their models, the spatial development of cities occurs incrementally over time in successive rings from the center of employment outwards. The development of each ring is done with myopic foresight and is therefore determined exclusively by market conditions at the time of development. Once built,
Activation of P2x-purinoceptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius elicits differential inhibition of lumbar and renal sympathetic nerve activity

Activation of P2x-purinoceptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) via microinjection of alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-MeATP) elicits large dose-dependent decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) and preferential dilation of the iliac vascular bed in comparison to renal and mesenteric vascular beds. We investigated whether sympathoinhibition contributes to the depressor responses and whether differential changes in regional sympathetic output occur. In 43 chloralose/urethane anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, MAP, HR, renal (RSNA) and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) were recorded. Data were analyzed as both the maximum decrease and the integral of the decrease over the duration of the depressor response. Microinjection of alpha,beta-MeATP (25 and 100 pmol in 50 nl volume) into the subpostremal NTS caused significant and dose-dependent decreases in MAP, HR, RSNA and LSNA. However, the changes in RSNA were significantly greater than those observed in LSNA for both doses and both methods of analysis of data (maximum responses in delta %: 84 +/- 3 vs 62 +/- 4, and 93 +/- 3 vs 74 +/- 4 for low and high dose of alpha,beta-MeATP, respectively; integral responses in delta % x min: 32 +/- 4 vs 18 +/- 3 and 179 +/- 7 vs 134 +/- 14 for low and high dose of alpha,beta-MeATP, respectively). Blockade of P2-purinoceptors in the NTS by the specific P2-receptor antagonist suramin abolished responses to 100 pmol alpha,beta-MeATP and microinjections of vehicle did not alter neural nor hemodynamic parameters. We conclude that activation of P2x-purinoceptors in the NTS inhibits sympathetic nerve activity and evokes differential regional sympathetic responses. However, differential sympathoinhibition does not explain differential vascular responses to the activation of P2x-purinoceptors in the NTS.
Not Letting the Left Leg Know What the Right Leg is Doing Limb-Specific Locomotor Adaptation to Sensory-Cue Conflict

We investigated the phenomenon of limb-specific locomotor adaptation in order to adjudicate between sensory-cue-conflict theory and motor-adaptation theory. The results were consistent with cue-conflict theory in demonstrating that two different leg-specific hopping aftereffects are modulated by the presence of conflicting estimates of self-motion from visual and nonvisual sources. Experiment 1 shows that leg-specific increases in forward drift during attempts to hop in place on one leg while blindfolded vary according to the relationship between visual information and motor activity during an adaptation to outdoor forward hopping. Experiment 2 shows that leg-specific changes in performance on a blindfolded hopping-to-target task are similarly modulated by the presence of cue conflict during adaptation to hopping on a treadmill. Experiment 3 shows that leg-specific aftereffects from hopping additionally produce inadvertent turning during running in place while blindfolded. The results of these experiments...
Does Human Papillomavirus Have a Role in Cancers of the Uterine Corpus

Abstract Objective. Thepurpose of this study was to determine the role of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in invasive uterine corpus cancer by characterizing the frequency of HPV DNA in malignant uterine tumors. Methods. Hysterectomy specimens from 66 women with uterine carcinoma were analyzed. Tumor specimens were frozen at −80°C at the time of surgical resection. DNA was later extracted and examined for HPV DNA using type-specific PCR primers for HPV 6, 16, and 18 and consensus primers MY09/MY11, which detect DNA from 33 other common HPV types. Isolation procedures were undertaken to prevent contamination. Results. The histologic diagnoses of the 66 uterine cancer cases included 58 endometrial adenocarcinomas, 4 adenosquamous carcinomas, 3 malignant mixed mesodermal tumors, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma. HPV was detected by both type-specific and consensus primers in only 2 of the uterine specimens. None of the typical endometrioid adenocarcinoma specimens contained HPV DNA. HPV 16 was detected in 1 of the adenosquamous carcinoma samples and HPV 18 was detected in the squamous carcinoma specimen. Conclusion. HPV DNA is not found in malignancies of the uterine corpus without malignant squamous elements when the risk of contamination is minimized. For these tumors, HPV appears to be unrelated to the neoplastic transformation process.
Controls on the nucleation and growth of porphyroblasts: Kinetics from natural textures and numerical models

Quantitative textural analysis of garnetiferous rocks from diverse metamorphic environments has demonstrated that diffusionally influenced nucleation and thermally accelerated diffusion-controlled growth are commonly among the dominant controls on porphyroblast crystallization. A new numerical model of diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth that incorporates time as an explicit variable is capable of replicating the essential features of many of these natural porphyroblastic textures using geologically reasonable values for the kinetic parameters governing crystallization. This model has been used to interpret quantitative textural data from four rocks in which garnet grew during prograde regional metamorphism, by assuming constant heating rates and by accepting a previously published estimate for the activation energy for intergranular diffusion. From fits of the model to natural textures, estimates have been extiacted for three previously undetermined kinetic quanities that control the nucleation and growth of garnet porphyroblasts, namely the activation energy for nucleation and the pre-exponential rate constants for nucleation and intergranular diffusion. The uncertainty in derived values for the pre-exponential rate constant for intergranular diffusion is probably not much larger than a factor of two because it is proportional to the uncertainty in prograde heating rates, given a defined temperature interval over which crystallization occurs. The uncertainty in estimates of the activation energy and pre-exponential rate constant for nucleation is larger, perhaps a factor of ten, because values for these quantities are derived from fits of the model to natural crystal size distributions; the precision of these estimates appears to be limited by the fact that the crystal size distributions are affected by factors not encompassed within the model (probably variable heating rates and inhomogeneity in the distribution of nutrients in the rock's precursor).
Influence of intra-pigment vibrations on dynamics of photosynthetic exciton

We have numerically investigated the effect of an underdamped intra-pigment vibrational mode on an exciton's quantum coherence and energy transfer efficiency. Our model describes a bacteriochlorophyll a pigment-protein dimer under the conditions at which photosynthetic energy transfer occurs. The dimer is modeled using a theoretical treatment of a vibronic exciton, and its dynamics are numerically analyzed using a non-Markovian and non-perturbative method. We examined the system's response to various values of the Huang-Rhys factor, site energy difference, reorganization energy, and reorganization energy difference. We found that the inclusion of the intra-pigment vibronic mode allows for long-lived oscillatory quantum coherences to occur. This excitonic coherence is robust against static site-energy disorder. The vibrational mode also promotes exciton transfer along the site-energy landscape thus improving the overall energy transfer efficiency.
Elasticities and rent control revisited

Elasticity has played an important role in 3A many economic analyses. In order to mine 3R the policy implications, especially in the industrial organization literature, many economists have proposed rules involving price elasticities. Among them are Ramsey [1927], Kuhn [1970], Baumol and Bradford [1970], and Blinder [1980]. In a recent issue of this journal, Denton Marks [1983], based on the elasticity formula, demonstrated that rent control beand comes more attractive as the price elasticity of demand rises. Unfortunately, it can be shown that his result is extremely questionR = able and in most cases would be incorrect. Given the continued interest in modeling such policy implications, this paper points out that the impact analysis based on elasticities must be done with a great deal of care. Following Marks' notation, the fact that rent control is preferable can be shown by following derivatives:
Long-term treatment with growth hormone of children with short stature and normal growth hormone secretion.

Children with short stature but normal growth rate and/or normal growth hormone response to sleep and secretagogues were treated with recombinant methionyl human growth hormone, 0.3 mg/kg per week. In each year of treatment, about 80% of the subjects maintained an increase in growth rate greater than the defined limit (>1 cm/yr above pretreatment growth rate) for continuation of human growth hormone treatment. Comparison of the group that continued to respond to human growth hormone with the group that did not maintain an accelerated growth rate did not reveal differences in bone age delay, sleep or secretagogue-stimulated human growth hormone secretion, degree of short stature either absolute or relative to target height, and somatomedin C concentration before or after initiation of therapy. The group that failed to respond to the human growth hormone treatment in the first year of treatment was younger and had a higher pretreatment growth rate. Review of the longitudinal growth curves revealed five patterns of response to human growth hormone treatment: (1) failure to increase growth rate in two subjects with height SD scores within 1 SD of target height, (2) failure to increase growth rate in five subjects with height SD scores >1 SD less than the target height, (3) acceleration in growth rate in three subjects that was not maintained until achievement of a height within 1 SD of the target height, (4) acceleration of growth rate in five subjects that was maintained until achievement of a height within 1 SD of the target height, and (5) acceleration in growth rate that was maintained during the 3 years of treatment in 15 subjects who had not attained a height within 1 SD of the target height. We conclude that human growth hormone treatment of some but not all short children with “normal” growth hormone secretion with result in sustained acceleration of growth rate and attainment of prepubertal heights that are closer to but do not exceed their genetic height potential. A clinical trial of human growth hormone may be necessary to determine which subjects will benefit from the treatment.
Calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 protein upregulation in dorsal spinal cord mediates spinal cord injury induced neuropathic pain states

Spinal cord injury (SCI) commonly results in the development of neuropathic pain, which can dramatically impair the quality of life for SCI patients. SCI-induced neuropathic pain can be manifested as both tactile allodynia (a painful sensation to a non-noxious stimulus) and hyperalgesia (an enhanced sensation to a painful stimulus). The mechanisms underlying these pain states are poorly understood. Clinical studies have shown that gabapentin, a drug that binds to the voltage-gated calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 subunit (Ca(v)α2δ-1) proteins is effective in the management of SCI-induced neuropathic pain. Accordingly, we hypothesized that tactile allodynia post SCI is mediated by an upregulation of Ca(v)α2δ-1 in dorsal spinal cord. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether SCI-induced dysregulation of spinal Ca(v)α2δ-1 plays a contributory role in below-level allodynia development in a rat spinal T9 contusion injury model. We found that Ca(v)α2δ-1 expression levels were significantly increased in L4-6 dorsal, but not ventral, spinal cord of SCI rats that correlated with tactile allodynia development in the hind paw plantar surface. Furthermore, both intrathecal gabapentin treatment and blocking SCI-induced Ca(v)α2δ-1 protein upregulation by intrathecal Ca(v)α2δ-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides could reverse tactile allodynia in SCI rats. These findings support that SCI-induced Ca(v)α2δ-1 upregulation in spinal dorsal horn is a key component in mediating below-level neuropathic pain states, and selectively targeting this pathway may provide effective pain relief for SCI patients. Spinal cord contusion injury caused increased calcium channel Ca(v)α2δ-1 subunit expression in dorsal spinal cord that contributes to neuropathic pain states.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lessons from mouse and human genetics

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, uniformly fatal, adult-onset degenerative disorder of motor neurons. It is now clear that some cases arise as dominant traits because of mutations in a gene encoding the cytosolic, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Several lines of evidence favor the view that the mutations confer one or more neurotoxic properties on the mutant protein. The mechanisms whereby mSOD1 is cytotoxic are unknown. However, several observations are relevant. (1) The mutant SOD1 proteins are conformationally less stable than the wild-type protein, with reduced affinity for zinc and a more readily reducible copper ion. This may lead directly (via metal toxicity) or indirectly (via altered binding properties of the mutant SOD1 protein or protein aggregation) to neurotoxicity. (2) Many of the mutants have an enhanced capacity to promote nitrotyrosine formation or act as oxidases. (3) In most cases of human and murine ALS, there is increased oxidative pathology. (4) In ALS mice, axonal transport and mitochondrial function are impaired. (5) The importance of axonal transport, and the neuronal cytoskeleton more generally is emphasized by the observation that rare cases of ALS are associated with mutations in the neurofilament heavy subunit gene. (6) Both in mSOD1-mediated and sporadic ALS, data implicate glutamate excitotoxicity as a disease-accelerating factor. Taken together, these considerations suggest a model in which multiple events act in concert to trigger death in motor neurons. A downstream consequence is late-stage activation of cell death genes. This model has significant implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for ALS and related disorders.
Transient energy transfer by conduction and radiation in nongray gases

A general formulation is presented to investigate the transient radiative interaction in nongray absorbing-emitting species between two parallel plates. Depending on the desired sophistication and accuracy, any nongray absorption model from the line-by-line models to the wide-band model correlations can be employed in the formulation to investigate the radiative interaction. Special attention is directed to investigate the radiative interaction in a system initially at a uniform reference temperature when the temperature of the bottom plate is reduced suddenly to a lower but constant temperature. The interaction is considered for the case of radiative equilibrium as well as for combined radiation and conduction. General as weU as limiting forms of the governing equations are presented, and solutions are obtained numerically by employing the method of variation of parameters. Specific results are obtained for CO, CO2, H2O, and OH. The information on species H2O and OH is of special interest for the proposed scramjet engine application. The results demonstrate the relative ability of different species for radiative interactions.
Prediction of buried helices in multispan alpha helical membrane proteins

Analysis of a database of structures of membrane proteins shows that membrane proteins composed of 10 or more transmembrane (TM) helices often contain buried helices that are inaccessible to phospholipids. We introduce a method for identifying TM helices that are least phospholipid accessible and for prediction of fully buried TM helices in membrane proteins from sequence information alone. Our method is based on the calculation of residue lipophilicity and evolutionary conservation. Given that the number of buried helices in a membrane protein is known, our method achieves an accuracy of 78% and a Matthew's correlation coefficient of 0.68. A server for this tool (RANTS) is available online at http://gila.bioengr.uic.edu/lab/.