cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Na+ Current and Ca2+ Currents in Smooth Muscles

Most smooth muscle (SM) cells normally do not possess fast Na+ channels, and inward current for the action potential (AP) is carried primarily through slow (L-type) Ca2+ channels. The slow Ca2+ channel activity is regulated by several mechanisms, as is well known for myocardial cells. In myocardial cells, cyclic AMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cA-PK) stimulate slow Ca2+ channel activity, whereas cyclic GMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cG-PK) inhibit channel activity (reviewed in Sperelakis et al., 1992). Phosphorylation by PK-C also stimulates activity of the myocardial slow Ca2+ channels (Domenici & Rogers, 1988). Intracellular ATP also modulates slow Ca2+ channel activity in myocardial cells, ATP being obligatory for channel activity (Sperelakis & Schneider, 1976; O’Rourke et al., 1992). Acidosis rapidly, reversibly, and rather selectively inhibits the slow Ca2+ channels in cardiac muscle (Vogel & Sperelakis, 1977; Belardinelli et al., 1979; Irisawa and Sato, 1987). Gating of myocardial Ca2+ slow channels by Gs-protein (GTP-activated alpha subunit) has also been demonstrated (Yatani et al., 1988). Intracellular ATP also modulates activity of slow Ca2+ channels in SM cells (Ohya and Sperelakis, 1989a, b), and phosphorylation by either cAMP or cGMP-mediated pathways inhibit slow Ca2+ channel activity (Bkaily et al., 1988a).
Reactions to the Stigmata of Inner City Living

This paper discusses the problem of living in a stigmatized inner city community. The reactions of residents are categorized into "Four Moral Careers", and implications for the community of each career are discussed. Major attention is focused upon the "activist" career which aims to overcome the stigma of the community. The activists are discussed and described through the use df materials from intensive interviews of local community leaders who have tried to cope with the stigma of the area. Some suggested implications are made for the application of the ideas presented herein to urban research in general and the provision of social services in the context of stigmatized inner city communities. There are many problems that residents of inner cities in America must face, and hopefully overcome. The usual litany of personal and collective difficulties reads; poverty, crime, discrimination, housing deterioration, etc.. These are all "obvious" problems. One might say that they are part of the "c mmon sense definitions" of our central city neighborhoods.? There are many other problems. One that I feel is equally important to those noted above, but not quite so obvious, is the social "stigma" of living in an inner city community itself. A major difficulty of those who wish to provide services for inner city residents, and to motivate them to try to solve their problems, is to convince them that improving their own personal, or group, local situations is worth their effort. People who live in many city neighborhoods are likely to express the belief that improvement in their position in life must come with a respective geographic movement. This is not only a common perception of those who live in the poorest neighborhoods, but also of those who reside in what are considered "non-
Tail-Length Evolution in Fascicularis-Group Macaques (Cercopithecidae: Macaca)

In the four species of macaques that constitute the fascicularis-group, relative tail length generally decreases with increasing latitude, in accord with Allen's Rule. Although this generalization applies to Macaca mulatta in the northern part of its range—north of ca. 26°N, it does not apply south of ca. 26°N, where the tail is anomalously short in Macaca mulatta. This suggests that the anomalously short-tailed population of Macaca mulatta did not originate within its present latitudinal range, but instead dispersed there from farther north. The anomalously short-tailed population apparently replaced a now-extinct longer-tailed population, from which founders of insular Macaca cyclopis previously had been derived. Southward dispersal of the anomalously short-tailed population of Macaca mulatta, and correlated extinction of the longer-tailed population that it apparently replaced, may have been induced by a major glacial advance.
Current status of imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common diffuse liver disease, with a worldwide prevalence of 20% to 46%. NAFLD can be subdivided into simple steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Most cases of simple steatosis are non-progressive, whereas nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may result in chronic liver injury and progressive fibrosis in a significant minority. Effective risk stratification and management of NAFLD requires evaluation of hepatic parenchymal fat, fibrosis, and inflammation. Liver biopsy remains the current gold standard; however, non-invasive imaging methods are rapidly evolving and may replace biopsy in some circumstances. These methods include well-established techniques, such as conventional ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging and newer imaging technologies, such as ultrasound elastography, quantitative ultrasound techniques, magnetic resonance elastography, and magnetic resonance-based fat quantitation techniques. The aim of this article is to review the current status of imaging methods for NAFLD risk stratification and management, including their diagnostic accuracy, limitations, and practical applicability.
Autophagy accounts for approximately one-third of mitochondrial protein turnover and is protein selective.

ABSTRACTThe destruction of mitochondria through macroautophagy (autophagy) has been recognised as a major route of mitochondrial protein degradation since its discovery more than 50 years ago, but ...
Atomic Layer Deposition of Bismuth Vanadate Core–Shell Nanowire Photoanodes

Bismuth vanadate (BVO) is a promising metal oxide semiconductor for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. In this study, BVO was deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alternating films o...
Hurricane Sandy and engineered response created habitat for a threatened shorebird

The intensity of Atlantic Ocean hurricanes is predicted to increase, and although disturbance is recognized as a fundamental driver of ecological processes, the benefits of hurricanes to ecological systems are seldom acknowledged. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy overwashed Fire Island and Westhampton Island, New York. The storm flattened dunes, buried vegetation, and breached the barrier islands in several places. To reduce future overwashing, engineers attempted to stabilize the islands. We studied nest‐site selection, suitable habitat, and abundance of a threatened shorebird, the piping plover (Charadrius melodus), before and after Hurricane Sandy. Prior to the hurricane, piping plovers selected nest sites (n = 62) farther from the ocean (x¯ least‐cost distance = 82.8 m) and bay (x¯ Euclidean distance = 697.7 m; x¯ least‐cost distance = 24,160.6 m) than would be expected if they were selecting nest sites at random. Following the hurricane, piping plovers selected nest sites (n = 45) predominantly in or near storm overwash habitat, which was close to, and had unobstructed walking access to, the ocean (x¯ least‐cost distance = 123.4 m) and newly created bayside foraging habitats (x¯ Euclidean distance = 468.0 m; x¯ least‐cost distance = 728.9 m). Areas overwashed by the hurricane contained the most suitable piping plover habitat across all new habitat types. Piping plover abundance increased 93% by 2018 from pre‐Hurricane Sandy abundances, with most pairs nesting in new habitats. However, only 58% of suitable piping plover habitat was protected from recreational use and few piping plovers used unprotected habitats for nesting. Our results suggest that the ecological benefits of increased storminess may be maximized by coupling coastal stabilization with targeted conservation of storm‐created habitats.
Unifying Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Genomic Differentiation.

Differentiation is often heterogeneous across the genomes of diverging populations. Despite substantial recent progress, much work remains to improve our abilities to connect genomic patterns to underlying evolutionary processes. Crosstalk between theoretical and empirical research has shaped the field of evolutionary genetics since its foundation and needs to be greatly enhanced for modern datasets. We leverage recent insights from theoretical and empirical studies to identify existing gaps and suggest pathways across them. We stress the importance of reporting empirical data in standardized ways to enable meta-analyses and to facilitate parameterization of analyses and models. Additionally, a more comprehensive view of potential mechanisms – especially considering variable recombination rates and ubiquitous background selection – and their interactions should replace common, oversimplified assumptions.
Long-Term Results of Patellar Bone-Grafting for Severe Patellar Bone Loss During Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND There is no consensus on managing severe patellar bone loss after total knee arthroplasty. We previously described an initial series involving a novel technique of patellar bone-grafting with a short follow-up. The purpose of this study was to determine long-term survivorship and the radiographic and clinical results of patellar bone-grafting during revision total knee arthroplasty in a larger series with an extended follow-up. METHODS We identified 90 patients from a single institution who underwent 93 patellar bone-grafting procedures for severe patellar bone loss from 1997 to 2014. The mean age of the patients was 70 years, and 46% of patients were female. Forty-five knees (48%) underwent first-time revisions, and 19 knees (20%) had undergone a failed attempt at patellar resurfacings. Intraoperative patellar caliper thickness increased from a mean of 7 to 25 mm after patellar bone-grafting (p < 0.01). Radiographic review determined changes in patellar height, tracking, and remodeling. Knee Society scores (KSSs) were calculated. The mean follow-up was 8 years (range, 2 to 18 years). Kaplan-Meier methods determined survivorship free of any revision and any reoperation. Cox proportional hazards analysis determined predictive factors for failure. RESULTS Survivorship free of patellar revision was 96% at 10 years. Survivorship free of any revision was 84% at 10 years. Survivorship free of any reoperation was 78% at 10 years. Increasing patient age was the only protective factor against further patellar revision (hazard ratio, 0.95; p < 0.01). When comparing initial radiographs with final radiographs, patellar height decreased from 22 to 19 mm (p < 0.01), 80% compared with 59% of patellae articulated centrally in the trochlea (p = 0.01), and 32% compared with 77% had remodeling over the lateral femoral condyle (p < 0.01). Anterior knee pain decreased from 51% to 27% postoperatively (p = 0.01). The mean knee flexion improved from 101° to 108° (p = 0.03). The mean KSS improved from 50 to 85 points (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Reliable long-term clinical results can be expected with patellar bone-grafting for severe patellar bone loss during revision total knee arthroplasty. Pain, range of motion, and other reported outcomes improve despite radiographic changes to patellar height, tracking, and remodeling. This technique is a durable and reliable option when standard patellar resurfacing is not possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Evaluation of quality, phenolic and carotenoid composition of fresh-cut purple Polignano carrots stored in modified atmosphere

Abstract Purple Polignano carrot is a traditional Italian landrace cultivated in Apulia region rich in antioxidants and with a high nutritional value. On the other hand, these carrots showed a high perishability. The postharvest behaviour of fresh-cut purple Polignano carrots stored in open bags (AIR) or passive modified atmosphere (pMA) was studied, analysing the main qualitative parameters and the polyphenols and carotenoids profile. The storage in pMA allowed to preserve visual quality and respiration rate better than the storage in AIR. Polyphenols (hydroxycinnamic acids, their derivatives and anthocyanins) increased during storage of about 249 % in samples stored in pMA and of about 306 % in those stored in AIR at 4 °C during the first 4 days of storage, respect to fresh carrots. Instead, carotenoids mean content in carrots just after harvest (6.28 ± 0.48 mg kg-1 fw) did not change significantly during storage at 4 °C (both in AIR or pMA). According to our results, pMA resulted a valid solution to cold store fresh-cut purple Polignano carrots until two weeks, preserving quality and nutritional value.
The challenges of COVID-19 in nursing education: The time for faculty leadership training is now.

• Nursing faculty have an influential and critical role in both classroom, clinical, and university setting. • Faculty must engage in leadership training to be able to master the ever-evolving complex challenges of the faculty role. • Leadership training is critical for faculty, student, and university success.
Paralleling of LLC Resonant Converters

The LLC resonant converter is a popular, variable switching frequency dc--dc converter that may be controlled using two methods: charge and frequency control. In this article, the application of LLC resonant converters to input-parallel, output-parallel system is studied. In this respect, the models of output-port I-V characteristics and small-signal output impedance of the charge controlled LLC converter are proposed. In addition, a mathematical framework is developed for droop-based paralleled dc--dc systems. It distinctly identifies the output dc voltage and circulating current modes of stability, even in systems comprising of nonidentical converters. The developed model and the analytical framework are utilized to study the two modes of stability in droop-based parallel-connected LLC converters. It finds the circulating current mode instability for both the charge and frequency control methods, despite a stable output dc bus voltage. The instability inhibits fast response and high closed-loop bandwidth, eroding the reported advantages of the charge control method over frequency control. Further investigation into the output port I-V characteristics reveals the superiority of charge-controlled LLC converters in paralleled systems than the conventional frequency-controlled converters. A novel application of “common inner reference” based “automatic load sharing” strategy is developed and uniquely applied to the charge controlled system. In addition, the effects of component tolerance and communication delay on this strategy are also briefly explored. The theoretical output-port models and the stability analyses of parallel-connected LLC resonant converters are validated through experiments on a hardware prototype. Further, the supplementary video files illustrate the advantage of the charge control method over frequency control in such system. Finally, the proposed automatic load sharing strategy is validated in steady-state and through a step-change in load.
Why Some Rebel Organizations Attack Americans

Hating America – and attacking Americans – can seem like a mandatory activity for rebels; yet, only a minority of rebel groups actually harm Americans. Under what circumstances do rebel groups targ...
Content Analysis of 2012-2019 FDA Warning Letters and Notices of Violations using the Economic, Clinical, and Humanistic Outcomes (ECHO) Model.

Objective: The study purpose was to critically review FDA-issued warning letters (WLs) and notice of violation (NOV) letters against drug companies’ from 2012-2019 for economic, clinical, and humanistic (ECHO) claims made in pharmaceutical promotional materials. Specific objectives were to assess the, (1) number of WLs and NOV issued; (2) frequency of WLs and NOV by therapeutic areas; (3) type of communication media cited in WLs or NOV; (4) intended audience for the claims in promotional materials for which the WLs and NOV were issued; and (5) number of WLs and NOV for ECHO claims. Methods: The quantitative content analysis approach was employed to review WLs and NOVs, obtained from the FDA website, from January 2012-December 2019. A data abstraction form was created based on the published literature on this topic and assessment of the content of WLs and NOVs for 2010. This form was pilot tested on letters issued in 2011. The researchers discussed any unclear question or information presented in the letters. The letters were reviewed three researchers. If there was disagreement between the reviewers, either a fourth reviewer arbitrated on the disagreement or the letter(s) were discussed by the researchers to determine a final classification. ICD-10 codes were used for therapeutic categories in the data collected form. Descriptive statistics, Kappa statistics for interrater reliability, and Cochrane-Armitage test were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24.0 Results: A total of 102 letters were analyzed. Of these, 19 (19%) were WLs and 83 (81%) were NOVs. Majority of these letters were issued to manufacturers of therapeutic agents for diseases of the nervous system (n=15; 14.7%) and neoplasms (n=15; 14.7%). The most commonly cited media for violation was online website (n=29; 27.1%). Out of the 153 violations in 102 letters, 92 (60.1%) were clinical; 13 (8.5%) humanistic; 2 (1.3%) were economic; and 46 (30%) were categorized as ‘Others’. Conclusion: The study found misleading claims of the clinical effectiveness and risk information included in the promotional materials targeted to consumers as well as healthcare providers. Promoting reliable, evidence-based information is important for the health of the public as inadequate information could lead to irrational decision making both on consumer as well as on prescriber side.
Single-cell transcriptome profiling of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) eggs unveils apomictic parthenogenesis signatures

Apomixis, a type of asexual reproduction in angiosperms, results in progenies that are genetically identical to the mother plant. It is a highly desirable trait in agriculture due to its potential to preserve heterosis of F1 hybrids through subsequent generations. However, no major crops are apomictic. Deciphering mechanisms underlying apomixis becomes one of the alternatives to engineer self-reproducing capability into major crops. Parthenogenesis, a major component of apomixis, commonly described as the ability to initiate embryo formation from the egg cell without fertilization, also can be valuable in plant breeding for doubled haploid production. A deeper understanding of transcriptional differences between parthenogenetic and sexual or non-parthenogenetic eggs can assist with pathway engineering. By conducting laser capture microdissection-based RNA-seq on sexual and parthenogenetic egg cells on the day of anthesis, a de novo transcriptome for the Cenchrus ciliaris egg cells was created, transcriptional profiles that distinguish the parthenogenetic egg from its sexual counterpart were identified, and functional roles for a few transcription factors in promoting natural parthenogenesis were suggested. These transcriptome data expand upon previous gene expression studies and will be a resource for future research on the transcriptome of egg cells in parthenogenetic and sexual genotypes.
Establishing and Facilitating Large-Scale Manuscript Collaborations via Social Media: Novel Method and Tools for Replication.

Background: Authorship teams in the health professions are typically composed of scholars who are acquainted with one another before a manuscript is written. Even if a scholar has identified a diverse group of collaborators outside their usual network, writing an article with a large number of co-authors poses significant logistical challenges. Objective: This paper describes a novel method for establishing and facilitating large-scale manuscript collaborations via social media. Methods: On September 11, 2020, I used the social media platform Twitter to invite people to collaborate on an article I had drafted. Anyone who wanted to collaborate was welcome, regardless of discipline, specialty, title, country of residence, or degree completion. During the 25 days that followed, I used Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Forms to manage all aspects of the collaboration. Results: The collaboration resulted in the completion of 2 manuscripts in a 25-day period. The International Council of Medical Journal Editors authorship criteria were met by 40 collaborators for the first article (“Documenting Social Media Engagement as Scholarship: A New Model for Assessing Academic Accomplishment for the Health Professions”) and 35 collaborators for the second article (“The Benefits of Using Social Media as a Health Professional in Academia”). The authorship teams for both articles were notably diverse, with 17%-18% (7/40 and 6/35, respectively) of authors identifying as a person of color and/or underrepresented minority, 37%-38% (15/40 and 13/35, respectively) identifying as LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender non-conforming, queer and/or questioning), 73%-74% (29/40 and 26/35, respectively) using she/her pronouns, and 20%-23% (9/40 and 7/35, respectively) identifying as a person with a disability. Conclusions: Scholars in the health professions can use this paper in conjunction with the tools provided to replicate this process in carrying out their own large-scale manuscript collaborations.
The dynamic face of lipid membranes

Cell membranes - primarily composed of lipids, sterols, and proteins - form a dynamic interface between living cells and their environment. They act as a mechanical barrier around the cell while selectively facilitating material transport, signal transduction, and various other functions necessary for the cell viability. The complex functionality of cell membranes and the hierarchical motions and responses they exhibit demand a thorough understanding of the origin of different membrane dynamics and how they are influenced by molecular additives and environmental cues. These dynamic modes include single-molecule diffusion, thermal fluctuations, and large-scale membrane deformations, to name a few. This review highlights advances in investigating structure-driven dynamics associated with model cell membranes, with a particular focus on insights gained from neutron scattering and spectroscopy experiments. We discuss the uniqueness of neutron contrast variation and its remarkable potential in probing selective membrane structure and dynamics on spatial and temporal scales over which key biological functions occur. We also present a summary of current and future opportunities in synergistic combinations of neutron scattering with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to gain further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex membrane functions.
Got Beer? A Systematic Review of Beer and Exercise.

Beer is used to socialize postexercise, celebrate sport victory, and commiserate postdefeat. Rich in polyphenols, beer has antioxidant effects when consumed in moderation, but its alcohol content may confer some negative effects. Despite beer's popularity, no review has explored its effects on exercise performance, recovery, and adaptation. Thus, a systematic literature search of three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) was conducted by two reviewers. The search resulted in 16 studies that were appraised and reviewed. The mean PEDro score was 5.1. When individuals are looking to rehydrate postexercise, a low-alcohol beer ( 4%), it is advised to pair this with a nonalcoholic option to limit diuresis, particularly when relatively large volumes of fluid (>700 ml) are consumed. Adding Na+ to alcoholic beer may improve rehydration by decreasing fluid losses, but palatability may decrease. These conclusions are largely based on studies that standardized beverage volume, and the results may not apply equally to situations where people ingest fluids and food ad libitum. Ingesting nonalcoholic, polyphenol-rich beer could be an effective strategy for preventing respiratory infections during heavy training. If consumed in moderation, body composition and strength qualities seem largely unaffected by beer. Mixed results that limit sweeping conclusions are owed to variations in study design (i.e., hydration and exercise protocols). Future research should incorporate exercise protocols with higher ecological validity, recruit more women, prioritize chronic study designs, and use ad libitum fluid replacement protocols for more robust conclusions.
Addressing RDS(on) Challenges in PQFN for Enhanced DrMOS Device Performance

Quad Flat No lead (QFN) is a common package, which widely uses in the semiconductor industry. It has high advantage of low cost, flexible size and footprint, good heat dissipation with ability to have die attach paddle (DAP) expose and lower electrical parasitic resistance. Power devices in QFN can provide a low electrical resistance (RDS(on)) solution compare with tradition Transistor Outline (TO) Package or small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) package. To continue to minimum the driver's electrical parasitic resistance is the key characteristic for current power MOSFET technology developments. Recently copper clip package plays a critical role in meeting the increasing requirement for lower resistance (RDS(on)) devices, higher power density and high frequency switching applications. However, copper clip package poses multiple packaging manufacturability and reliability challenges. Solder attach for MOSFET and copper clip is a complex process that will affect the package resistance performance. This paper manages all the knowledge of RDS(on) failure which related to packaging. The learning of this study can be established database and guideline for copper clip package from design to manufacturing readiness and will help to have correct design for manufacturability (DFM), identify high risk before fabrication and troubleshooting during production.
A Population Health Assessment in a Community Cancer Center Catchment Area: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Alcohol Use, and Obesity in New Castle County, Delaware.

Background: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) requires designated cancer centers to conduct catchment area assessments to guide cancer control and prevention efforts designed to reduce the local cancer burden. We extended and adapted this approach to a community cancer center catchment area with elevated rates of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: Cancer registry data for 462 TNBC and 2,987 Not-TNBC cases diagnosed between 2012 and 2020 at the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute (HFGCCRI), located in New Castle County, Delaware, were geocoded to detect areas of elevated risk (9hot spots9) and decreased risk (9cold spots9). Next, electronic health record (EHR) data on obesity and alcohol use disorder (AUD) and catchment-area measures of fast-food and alcohol retailers were used to assess for spatial relationships between TNBC hot spots and potentially modifiable risk factors. Results: Two hot and two cold spots were identified for TNBC within the catchment area. The hot spots accounted for 11% of the catchment area but nearly a third of all TNBC cases. Higher rates of unhealthy alcohol use and obesity were observed within the hot spots. Conclusions: The use of spatial methods to analyze cancer registry and other secondary data sources can inform cancer control and prevention efforts within community cancer center catchment areas, where limited resources can preclude the collection of new primary data. Impact: Targeting community outreach and engagement activities to TNBC hot spots offers the potential to reduce the population-level burden of cancer efficiently and equitably.
Immobility reactions: a modified classification.

This theoretical paper sets the stage for subsequent experimental reports on mobility and immobility in the Arkansas Line of Nervous Pointer dogs as contrasted with kennel mates of the normal line. Exactly opposite to the normal animals, the nervous dogs show marked inhibition of heart rate and musculoskeletal responses to man, including reduced ambulation and durable immobility following inversion and brief manual restraint in an open sling. The sling immobility of the nervous dogs (which may not differ basically from their freezing in upright position) might be designated as “tonic immobility” (TI). We hypothesize that such immobility, common in laboratory and natural conditions in many species, should be divided into two classes: hypotonic (cataleptic) and hypertonic (catatonic). We provide examples of such behaviors, particularly in man and dog, and cursorily review TI studies of other species. Neurophysiologic and neurochemical studies which bear on possible immobility mechanisms are briefly noted. We suggest that inconsistencies in reported concommitants of TI might result from failure to discriminate between types of behavioral responses.
Machine Learning for Recognizing Driving Patterns of Drivers of Large Commercial Trucks

Commercial large truck crashes are more likely to involve fatalities and significant costs than passenger vehicle crashes are. To reduce fatigue-related crashes of large trucks caused by drivers’ irregular work schedules, FMCSA has enforced hours-of-service rules to regulate the activities of drivers of commercial large trucks. The complex influence of drivers’ multiday driving activity patterns on crash risk was examined with data collected from two national truckload carriers. A machine learning approach, k-means clustering, was used to classify large truck drivers into 10 clusters according to their 15-min driving activities over multiple days. Then, the crash risk and driving activity pattern were identified for each cluster. Discrete-time logistic regression models were used to quantify the relationships between driving activity patterns and crash risk. Results indicated that the driving pattern with the lowest crash risk could be daytime driving between 4:00 a.m. and noon, with rest breaks in the la...
Solute Effects on Grain Boundary Electromigration and Diffusion

The grain boundary transport of aluminum chromium, and copper resulting from electromigration at 175°C in aluminum-chromium and aluminum-copper thin film conductors has been measured. The forces acting on the various types of atoms are estimated from other experiments or from theoretical derivations. It is then possible to calculate the diffusion constants of the different atomic species. The values obtained for aluminum grain boundary diffusion in aluminum-chromium correspond well to values which have been found through different means in the grain boundary of pure silver. It is concluded that chromium does not reduce the rate of grain boundary diffusion of aluminum, but copper reduces this rate by a factor of about 80. The results of a series of electromigration experiments in aluminum-copper thin films are interpreted in terms of the information they yield on the diffusion of adsorbed copper atoms in aluminum-copper grain boundaries. The conclusions reached are compared to the previously reported results on the effect of alloy additions on grain boundary diffusion in a variety of different elements.
A Conversation with Donald Peterson: What will the coming revolution merging voice and data communications with business applications bring?

That light we see at the end of the tunnel is the convergence of voice and data communications with business applications. As chairman and chief executive officer of Avaya, Donald Peterson is in a position to help make that convergence happen sooner rather than later. Peterson has been with Avaya since it was spun off from Lucent in 2000. Prior to that he was chief financial officer of AT&T’s Communication Services Group and Lucent.
Orogenesis from Subducting Thick Crust and Evidence from Alaska

The high topography of southcentral Alaska was generated coevally with the subduction of anomalously thick Yakutat terrane crust. Evidence for deep subduction of thick crust comes from receiver function seismic images from the Broadband Experiment Across the Alaska Range, which shows 15- to 20-km-thick subducting crust to depths of 130 km. The subduction of thick crust reduces or eliminates the negative buoyancy (slab pull) of the downgoing plate, changing the balance of vertical forces on the subduction system. One consequence is a shallowing of slab dip and an increase in the elevation of the forearc where it rests on the downgoing plate. A quantitative evaluation of the force balance leads to predictions of changes in slab dip and topography change for both Coulomb and viscous wedge rheologies. The change in buoyancy expected for subduction of 15-to 20-km-thick crust can produce a 1.5- to 2.5-km elevation increase for viscous wedge rheologies and 1―3° decreases in slab dip. These predictions compare favorably to observations in southcentral Alaska. Thus, large decreases in the negative buoyancy of subducting plates can produce high mountain ranges.
THE PUBLIC'S KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS ABOUT OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Background Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition associated with significant personal and societal burdens. Despite the availability of efficacious treatments, in most cases, the disorder remains unrecognized and untreated. Lack of knowledge (i.e. poor mental health literacy, MHL) regarding OCD may be an impediment to seeking treatment. Therefore, the current study assessed public knowledge and beliefs about OCD and examined factors influencing MHL. Methods Five hundred seventy-seven US adults participated in a telephone survey. After hearing a vignette describing someone with OCD, participants’ MHL for OCD was assessed across three domains as follows: recognition of OCD, knowledge and beliefs about available help, and concerns about being negatively evaluated for reporting symptoms. Results The majority of participants (90.9%) reported that the symptoms were a cause for concern and that the person in the vignette should seek professional help (89.5%). However, only one-third of respondents correctly labeled the disorder as OCD. More respondents were optimistic about the likely success of psychotherapy than medication, but primary care physicians were the most frequently reported source of professional help. Finally, less education, lower income, and being in an older cohort were associated with poorer recognition of OCD. Conclusions When presented with brief vignettes describing a person with OCD, most community members can recognize the benefits of seeking professional help. However, recognition of the disorder and knowledge of treatment options can be improved.
Precision and Accuracy of Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry for Determining in Vivo Body Composition of Mice

NAGY, TIM R., AND ANNE-LAURE CLAIR. Precision and accuracy of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for determining in vivo body composition of mice. Obes Res. 2000;8:392‐398. Objective: To evaluate the precision and accuracy of dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the measurement of total-bone mineral density (TBMD), total-body bone mineral (TBBM), fat mass (FM), and bone-free lean tissue mass (LTM) in mice. Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty-five male C57BL/6J mice (6 to 11 weeks old; 19 to 29 g) were anesthetized and scanned three times (with repositioning between scans) using a peripheral densitometer (Lunar PIXImus). Gravimetric and chemical extraction techniques (Soxhlet) were used as the criterion method for the determination of body composition; ash content was determined by burning at 600°C for 8 hours. Results: The mean intraindividual coefficients of variation (CV) for the repeated DXA analyses were: TBMD, 0.84%; TBBM, 1.60%; FM, 2.20%; and LTM, 0.86%. Accuracy was determined by comparing the DXA-derived data from the first scan with the chemical carcass analysis data. DXA accurately measured bone ash content (p 5 0.942), underestimated LTM (0.59 6 0.05g, p , 0.001), and overestimated FM (2.19 6 0.06g, p , 0.001). Thus, DXA estimated 100% of bone ash content, 97% of carcass LTM, and 209% of carcass FM. DXA-derived values were then used to predict chemical values of FM and LTM. Chemically extracted FM was best predicted by DXA FM and DXA LTM [FM 52 0.50 1 1.09(DXA FM) 2 0.11(DXA LTM), model r 2 5 0.86, root mean square error (RMSE) 5 0.233 g] and chemically determined LTM by DXA LTM [LTM5 20.14 1 1.04(DXA LTM), r 2 5 0.99, RMSE 5 0.238 g]. Discussion: These data show that the precision of DXA for measuring TBMD, TBBM, FM, and LTM in mice ranges from a low of 0.84% to a high of 2.20% (CV). DXA accurately measured bone ash content but overestimated carcass FM and underestimated LTM. However, because of the close relationship between DXA-derived data and chemical carcass analysis for FM and LTM, prediction equations can be derived to more accurately predict body composition.
Healthcare utilization associated with obesity and physical disabilities.

Introduction Obesity incurs a substantial economic burden to healthcare systems. Little is known about the combined medical costs attributable to obesity among individuals with physical disabilities (PDs). Purpose To estimate the annual healthcare utilization and expenditure associated with overweight and obesity among adults with and without PDs. Methods Weighted multivariate generalized linear models were used to estimate healthcare costs and utilization among adults with and without PDs, across standard BMI categories, using the 2002–2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The analyses, performed in 2013–2014, included a population representative sample of 215,107 individuals, aged ≥18 years. Overall, 36,349 adults reported moderate or significant PDs. The primary outcomes were total healthcare costs, physician office visits, and hospitalization. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, self-rated mental and physical health, physical activity, and year, adults with PDs incurred more than 1.96 times the adjusted total healthcare costs ($4,298, 95% CI=$3,980, $4,617) than adults without PDs. Obese individuals spent significantly more than those at normal weight ($726, p p 2.2 times more than normal-weight individuals without PDs ($5,197, p Conclusions Across BMI categories, there was significantly greater healthcare utilization and cost among adults with PDs, independent of age, race, education, and SES. Health policies need to identify behavioral interventions that address both healthy weight achievement/maintenance and functional independence among all adults.
Off-Shell Continuation of the Two-Nucleon Transition Matrix with a Bound State

A method of continuing the two-nucleon transition matrix off the energy shell for bound-state, partial-wave eigenchannels is presented. The arbitrary parmeters of this method are a symmetric function of momentum ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{W}(k,{k}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ and the bound-state wave function ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{B}(r)$. The phase-shifts are essentially contained in ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{W}(k,k)$. While a potential is presumed to be present, it never explicitly appears in determining the $T$ matrix.
Imprinting to Chemical Cues: The Basis for Home Stream Selection in Salmon

Juvenile coho salmon were exposed to morpholine or phenethyl alcohol (p-alcohol) for 1 1/2 months and then released in Lake Michigan. During the spawning migration 18 months later, morpholine and p-alcohol were metered into separate streams, and the number of morpholine- and p-alcohol-exposed fish returning to each stream was determined. Seventeen other locations were also monitored. The majority of the fish exposed to morpholine were captured in the stream scented with morpholine and most fish exposed to p-alcohol were captured at the p-alcohol-treated stream. This field study demonstrates that coho salmon imprint to and utilize chemical cues for homing.
Ion-implanted and screen-printed large area 20% efficient N-type front junction Si solar cells

Abstract This paper reports on the fabrication of high efficiency (~20%) front junction n-type Si solar cells on 239 cm 2 Cz using ion implanted boron emitter and phosphorus back surface field (BSF) in combination with screen printed metallization. Cell efficiencies of 19.8% and 20.0% were achieved with SiO 2 /SiN x and Al 2 O 3 /SiN x passivation of boron implanted emitter, respectively, supporting the superiority of Al 2 O 3 passivation. This is consistent with low boron emitter saturation current densities of 76 and 45 fA/cm 2 achieved for boron emitter passivated with SiO 2 /SiN x and Al 2 O 3 /SiN x stacks, respectively. Saturation current density in metal contact area of boron emitter and phosphorus BSF was measured directly by varying the metal contact coverage. Detailed analysis of saturation current density showed that the performance of our 20% is largely limited by saturation current density associated with recombination on metal contact area of boron emitter and bulk of phosphorus BSF, which accounted for almost ~50% of the total saturation current density.
The mangled foot and ankle: soft tissue salvage techniques.

Abstract The mangled foot and ankle can be defined as a severe injury to multiple organ systems of this appendage that can include bone, muscle, tendon, and neurovascular structures. The magnitude and often rate-limiting parameter most likely to affect the decision to attempt foot salvage is the degree of soft tissue destruction. If irreplaceable or if function cannot be restored, amputation should be considered. If reconstruction is attempted, all nonviable tissues regardless of intrinsic function must first be removed by meticulous debridement.
Characterization of known protein complexes using k-connectivity and other topological measures.

Many protein complexes are densely packed, so proteins within complexes often interact with several other proteins in the complex. Steric constraints prevent most proteins from simultaneously binding more than a handful of other proteins, regardless of the number of proteins in the complex. Because of this, as complex size increases, several measures of the complex decrease within protein-protein interaction networks. However, k-connectivity, the number of vertices or edges that need to be removed in order to disconnect a graph, may be consistently high for protein complexes. The property of k-connectivity has been little used previously in the investigation of protein-protein interactions. To understand the discriminative power of k-connectivity and other topological measures for identifying unknown protein complexes, we characterized these properties in known Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein complexes in networks generated both from highly accurate X-ray crystallography experiments which give an accurate model of each complex, and also as the complexes appear in high-throughput yeast 2-hybrid studies in which new complexes may be discovered. We also computed these properties for appropriate random subgraphs.We found that clustering coefficient, mutual clustering coefficient, and k-connectivity are better indicators of known protein complexes than edge density, degree, or betweenness. This suggests new directions for future protein complex-finding algorithms.
Electrokinetic and adsorption studies on quartz

Abstract The adsorption densities of Na+, Cl− and dodecylammonium chloride (DAC) at the quartz-solution interface have been determined as a function of pH and electrolyte concentration. This adsorption study is supplemented by streaming potential measurements. A close relation between changes in adsorption density and ζ-potential is revealed. The experimental results in the absence of DAC are shown to be consistent with the Grahame-Stern model of the double layer when specific adsorption is negligible. Under these conditions the electrokinetic data are seen to be in good agreement with the Lyklema-Overbeek concept of a slipping layer of variable thickness and the implied dependence of ζ on electrolyte concentration. In acid and neutral solutions the organic cation (DDA+) behaves in a manner analogous to that of Na+. The observed difference in the adsorption and electrokinetic behavior of quartz in alkaline solutions of NaCl only and in alkaline solutions containing DAC is ascribed to the strong adsorption of the free organic base which has no equivalent in inorganic solutions. The charge reversal in DAC solutions, especially at basic pH, is explained by the enhanced adsorption of DDA+ because of the strong adsorption of the uncharged molecules through the added Van der Waals interaction between charged and uncharged organic species. At high pH (~ 12) this charge reversal is absent because of the low limiting concentration of DDA+ (~ 10−6 M) and the competition of Na+ for the negatively charged surface.
Bacillus licheniformis 749-C plasma membrane penicillinase, a hydrophobic polar protein.

Abstract Plasma membrane penicillinase from Bacillus licheniformis 749/C is hydrophobic in nature, although it is virtually identical to its riydrophilic exoenzyme counterpart in amino acid composition and sequence. Unlike the exoenzyme, however, the purified membrane enzyme retains [ 33 P]phosphate and [ 3 H]glycerol. By isoelectricfocusing the membrane enzyme is more acidic than the exoenzyme; it has a lower mobility in SDS gel electrophoresis, consistent with the presence of a very hydrophobic moiety. Unlike the exoenzyme, which binds no taurodeoxycholate, the membrane enzyme binds 10 molecules tightly and approximately 37 molecules in the presence of excess taurodeoxycholate (0.1% solution). The membrane enzyme is identical to the exoenzyme in its reaction with antibodies to exopenicillinase as determined by a radioimmune inhibition assay and immunodiffusion in agar. Heat stability studies indicate a slightly less stable conformation for the membrane enzyme, but this difference largely disappears in the presence of antibody to the exoenzyme. Conversion of membrane enzyme to exoenzyme has been achieved by brief treatment with trypsin, or by incubation of impure preparations at pH 9.0 in 25% potassium phosphate. Since the two forms of penicillinase are very similar in conformation, the hydrophobicity of the membrane form of the enzyme would seem to derive from combination with a hydrophobic moiety, probably phospholipid.
Bank conditions and erosion along selected reservoirs

This analysis was done as the preliminary step in an ongoing study of reservoir bank erosion processes that are active in the northern U.S. The objectives of this analysis were to observe and document bank characteristics, conditions, and changes along reservoirs with eroding banks, to estimate the amounts of historical bank recession and to discuss its possible causes. Aerial photographs were used to observe the historical bank changes and estimate bank recession. Site reconnaissance, discussions with on-site personnel, and published reports were used to evaluate possible relationships between the local erosion and bank conditions. As part of this analysis linear regressions were done to determine if the estimated recession rates correlate with selected bank and climatic conditions and with physical characteristics of the reservoirs. The regression results, however, were generally not useful because they suggested relationships that are contrary to field observations and published results. Dominant bank erosion processes were wind-wave erosion, capillary wave erosion during high-water periods, groundwater-induced sliding, freeze-thaw processes, rain splash and rainwash, and boat waves. However, because of the complexity of the interrelationships of these and many other bank erosion processes and the variability of the processes at and between sites, it would be necessary to make site-specific measurements and observations year-round to evaluate the processes that are active along a particular bank.