cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CORRELATION ENERGY OF AN ELECTRON GAS: A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

Correlation effects of an electron gas in an external potential are derived using an Effective Action functional method. Corrections beyond the random phase approximation (RPA) are naturally incorporated by this method. The Effective Action functional is made to depend explicitly on two-point correlation functions. The calculation is carried out at imaginary time. For a homogeneous electron gas, we calculate the effect of exchange on the ring diagrams at zero temperature and show how to include some of the ladder diagrams. Our results agree well with known numerical calculations. We conclude by showing that this method is in fact a variant of the time dependent density functional method and suggest that it is suitable to be applied to the study of correlation effects in the non-homogeneous case.
Lefschetz fibrations on compact Stein surfaces

Let M be a compact Stein surface with boundary. We show that M admits infinitely many pairwise nonequivalent positive allowable Lefschetz fibrations over D2 with bounded fibers.
Anatomy of the US income distribution: two decades of change

Forty years ago, Simon Kuznets, in his presidential address to the American Economics Association, outlined his hypothesis that the process of economic development would first be accompanied by rising disparities in economic well-being, followed by a period when the distribution wouls be stable or eventually move toward greater equality. The distributional changes over the last two decades have been accompanied by a number of key demographic and economic developments.
Pigmentary Retinopathy in Long Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Purpose To define the ophthalmologic findings in long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, an inborn error of mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Method Case report. Results A 5-year-old girl with long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency had a bilateral acquired disturbance of the retinal pigment epithelium consisting of a central macular spot and regularly spaced peripheral spots. Central and peripheral vision and dark adaptation appeared to be mildly compromised. Electroretinography showed abnormalities of the cone system. Conclusions An excess of long chain and very long chain fatty acid intermediates has been postulated as the cause of the retinopathy in long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and the biochemically related peroxisomal disorders. Dietary management may slow or halt progression. Ophthalmoscopic detection of regularly spaced pigment spots could help identify long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in future cases.
Partial expansion of a Lipschitz domain and some applications

We show that a Lipschitz domain can be expanded solely near a part of its boundary, assuming that the part is enclosed by a piecewise C1 curve. The expanded domain as well as the extended part are both Lipschitz. We apply this result to prove a regular decomposition of standard vector Sobolev spaces with vanishing traces only on part of the boundary. Another application in the construction of low-regularity projectors into finite element spaces with partial boundary conditions is also indicated.
Novel high pressure hexagonal OsB2 by mechanochemistry

Abstract Hexagonal OsB2, a theoretically predicted high-pressure phase, has been synthesized for the first time by a mechanochemical method, i.e., high energy ball milling. X-ray diffraction indicated that formation of hexagonal OsB2 begins after 2.5 h of milling, and the reaction reaches equilibrium after 18 h of milling. Rietveld refinement of the powder data indicated that hexagonal OsB2 crystallizes in the P63/mmc space group (No. 194) with lattice parameters of a=2.916 A and c=7.376 A. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the appearance of the hexagonal OsB2 phase after high energy ball milling. in situ X-ray diffraction experiments showed that the phase is stable from −225 °C to 1050 °C. The hexagonal OsB2 powder was annealed at 1050 °C for 6 days in vacuo to improve crystallinity and remove strain induced during the mechanochemical synthesis. The structure partially converted to the orthorhombic phase (20 wt%) after fast current assisted sintering of hexagonal OsB2 at 1500 °C for 5 min. Mechanochemical approaches to the synthesis of hard boride materials allow new phases to be produced that cannot be prepared using conventional methods.
Environmental Policy with Collective Waste Disposal

Abstract Centralized collection and disposal is an integral component of waste management strategies for many solid and liquid wastes, and carbon capture and storage is currently being considered for gaseous waste. In this paper we show how collective waste disposal systems introduce essential changes in the design of optimal environmental policy. Absent collective disposal, an optimal environmental policy imposes relatively stringent regulations on polluters in regions where local environmental damage functions are “high”; however, under collective waste disposal, the optimal environmental policy level increases monotonically over distance from the disposal site, and this is true irrespective of the degree of spatial heterogeneity in local environmental damage functions. We characterize the optimal spatial pattern of environmental policy levels under collective waste disposal and identify optimal membership size for waste disposal networks comprised of homogeneous producers.
Measuring Supermassive Black Holes in Distant Galaxies with Central Lensed Images

The supermassive black hole at the center of a distant galaxy can be weighed, in rare but realistic cases, when the galaxy acts as a strong gravitational lens. The central image that should be produced by the lens is either destroyed or accompanied by a second central image, depending on the mass of the black hole. We demonstrate that when a central image pair is detected, the mass of the black hole can be determined with an accuracy of 0.1 dex, if the form of the smooth mass distribution near the galaxy core is known. Uncertainty in the central mass distribution introduces a systematic error in the black hole mass measurement. However, even with nearly complete ignorance of the inner mass distribution, the black hole mass can still be determined to within a factor of 10. Central image pairs should be readily observable with future radio interferometers, allowing this technique to be used for a census of supermassive black holes in inactive galaxies at significant redshift (0.2 z 1.0).
The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery

The chief aim of this paper is to examine the economic theory of natural resource utilization as it pertains to the fishing industry. It will appear, I hope, that most of the problems associated with the words “conservation” or “depletion” or “overexploitation” in the fishery are, in reality, manifestations of the fact that the natural resources of the sea yield no economic rent. Fishery resources are unusual in the fact of their common-property nature; but they are not unique, and similar problems are encountered in other cases of common-property resource industries, such as petroleum production, hunting and trapping, etc. Although the theory presented in the following pages is worked out in terms of the fishing industry, it is, I believe, applicable generally to all cases where natural resources are owned in common and exploited under conditions of individualistic competition.
On the Dispersion of a Solute by Diffusion, Convection and Exchange between Phases

The method used in an earlier paper (Aris 1956) to discuss the dispersion of a solute in a fluid flowing through a tube is applied here to the case in which the solute can also pass into another fluid phase flowing in an annular region around the first. The apparent diffusion coefficient is the sum of the molecular and Taylor diffusion coefficients in the two phases and a term due to the finite rate of partition between them. It is shown how the Taylor diffusion coefficients depend on the ratio of amounts of solute held in the two phases and how this gives a connexion between the coefficient a 2 U 2 /48 D found by Taylor (1953) for viscous flow in a circular tube and the 11 a 2 U 2 /48 D found by Westhaver (1942) in his analysis of the distillation column. The use of these apparent diffusion coefficients in distillation and partition chromatography is illustrated.
Divisia Index, Inflation, and Welfare

This work addresses a usual criticism in the literature of the welfare costs of inflation, related to the tact that some items in the relevant definition of money pay interest, while others do not. We show that the problem can be solved by using a Divisia index of monetary services as the welfare measure.
N‐Benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐pyrrolidin‐2‐one by Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of N‐Benzyl‐3‐phenylseleno‐2‐pyrrolidinone

Abstract Using the known peroxide oxidation of N‐benzyl‐3‐phenylseleno‐2‐pyrrolidinone with 30% hydrogen peroxide at −5°C after 3.5 h, we prepared the expected N‐benzyl‐3‐pyrrolin‐2‐one. However, reaction with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 12 h (−5°C→ambient) gave the unexpected product N‐benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐pyrrolidin‐2‐one in 84% isolated yield. This procedure is a new synthetic route to N‐benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐pyrrolidin‐2‐one.
Optimization of fuel cell system operating conditions for fuel cell vehicles

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology for use in fuel cell vehicles and other applications has been intensively developed in recent decades. Besides the fuel cell stack, air and fuel control and thermal and water management are major challenges in the development of the fuel cell for vehicle applications. The air supply system can have a major impact on overall system efficiency. In this paper a fuel cell system model for optimizing system operating conditions was developed which includes the transient dynamics of the air system with varying back pressure. Compared to the conventional fixed back pressure operation, the optimal operation discussed in this paper can achieve higher system efficiency over the full load range. Finally, the model is applied as part of a dynamic forward-looking vehicle model of a load-following direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to explore the energy economy optimization potential of fuel cell vehicles.
Merle A. Tuve: 1901–1982

Merle Anthony Tuve died May 20, 1982, in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 80. His entire scientific life of more than 50 years was spent with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, except for his leave of absence to work with the Office of Scientific Research and Development during WWII. His personal research—and research was intensely personal with Merle Tuve—was in subjects as diverse as the ionosphere, the atomic nucleus, cosmic rays, the atmosphere, the earth's crust and mantle, and the Milky Way. As director of Carnegie's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism he initiated programs in explosion seismic studies of the crust, radiometric dating of rock, and biophysical research into the structure of genetic material. His range of interests and depth of knowledge was astounding. His physical insight was so profound that the questions he studied often were at the heart of complicated matters and disclosed his deep interests in science and in the work of his colleagues. They were characteristics that showed little evidence of diminishing with age.
Action and Emission Spectra of the Luminescence of Green Plant Materials

The action and emission spectra of the delayed light emission from Chlorella, Nostoc, and spinach chloroplasts have been measured. The action spectra for Chlorella and for spinach chloroplasts are quite similar to the absorption spectra of these materials. The action spectrum for Nostoc, on the other hand, shows a relatively low activity for chlorophyll and carotenoids and a high activity for phycocyanin. The emission spectra of these materials demonstrates that the luminescence is the result of a transition between the first excited singlet state and the ground state of chlorophyll. Low-temperature studies suggest that the triplet state of chlorophyll is not involved at all in the luminescence of spinach chloroplasts. There is some indication that part of the light emitted from Nostoc is due to a phycocyanin transition.
Regioselective Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Couplings of Enones and Allenes

Catalytic reductive coupling processes have been developed in numerous contexts as a strategy for the regioand stereoselective installation of alkenes. The direct coupling of a polar p system with a relatively nonpolar p system is often a successful strategy for selectively accomplishing synthetically desirable heterocouplings while avoiding undesired homocoupling of either reagent. For example, reductive couplings of aldehydes, enones, enals, or imines paired with alkynes, alkenes, or allenes have been extensively developed in recent years. Processes of this type are often highly effective in controlling both the position and stereochemistry of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted alkenes within polyfunctional molecules. Among these methods, the preparation of g,dunsaturated carbonyl groups by nickeland cobalt-catalyzed processes has been the subject of considerable study. The catalytic strategies developed for synthesis of g,d-unsaturated carbonyl groups by the coupling of two p-containing components include enone–alkyne additions in work reported by our group and by Cheng and co-workers, and enone–alkene additions in work reported by Jamison and co-workers, and Ogoshi et al. (Scheme 1). Processes of this type provide an important counterpart to organocuprate technology and hydrometallative processes, while having the advantage of not requiring the stoichiometric preparation of an alkenyl metal species. Stereodefined trisubstituted alkenes 1, trans-disubstituted alkenes 2, and monosubstituted alkenes 3 may be readily prepared by the above-mentioned enone–alkyne and enone– alkene coupling processes. However, a general strategy for the preparation of 1,1-disubstituted alkenes 4 by these methods has not been developed. Since terminal alkyne reductive coupling strategies and hydrometallative processes typically favor formation of the conjugate addition product 2 with a 1,2-disubstituted alkene, the 1,1-disubstituted alkene 4 is considerably more difficult to prepare. As depicted below (Scheme 2), regiocontrolled reductive coupling of an
Comment: On Random Scan Gibbs Samplers

We congratulate the authors on a review of conver gence rates for Gibbs sampling routines. Their com bined work on studying convergence rates via or thogonal polynomials in the present paper under dis cussion (which we will denote as DKSC from here onward), via coupling in Diaconis, Khare and Saloff Coste (2006), and for multivariate samplers in Khare and Zhou (2008), enhances the toolbox of theoretical convergence analysis. This has the potential of opening new avenues of pursuit for gauging chain convergence in practice, and optimally implementing Gibbs sampler strategies. In this discussion, we focus on the latter, within the context of the random scan Gibbs sampler presented in DKSC. Although the analysis in DKSC does not seem to extend to the random scan implemen tation we consider, a study of convergence rate and estimator precision is possible, in theory, for special cases as well as in general practice. Our aim is to mo tivate further research within the context of DKSC to identify objective criteria for optimizing implementa tion of the random scan Gibbs sampler.
Mineralogies and source regions of near-Earth asteroids

Abstract Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) offer insight into a size range of objects that are not easily observed in the main asteroid belt. Previous studies on the diversity of the NEA population have relied primarily on modeling and statistical analysis to determine asteroid compositions. Olivine and pyroxene, the dominant minerals in most asteroids, have characteristic absorption features in the visible and near-infrared (VISNIR) wavelengths that can be used to determine their compositions and abundances. However, formulas previously used for deriving compositions do not work very well for ordinary chondrite assemblages. Because two-thirds of NEAs have ordinary chondrite-like spectral parameters, it is essential to determine accurate mineralogies. Here we determine the band area ratios and Band I centers of 72 NEAs with visible and near-infrared spectra and use new calibrations to derive the mineralogies 47 of these NEAs with ordinary chondrite-like spectral parameters. Our results indicate that the majority of NEAs have LL-chondrite mineralogies. This is consistent with results from previous studies but continues to be in conflict with the population of recovered ordinary chondrites, of which H chondrites are the most abundant. To look for potential correlations between asteroid size, composition, and source region, we use a dynamical model to determine the most probable source region of each NEA. Model results indicate that NEAs with LL chondrite mineralogies appear to be preferentially derived from the ν 6 secular resonance. This supports the hypothesis that the Flora family, which lies near the ν 6 resonance, is the source of the LL chondrites. With the exception of basaltic achondrites, NEAs with non-chondrite spectral parameters are slightly less likely to be derived from the ν 6 resonance than NEAs with chondrite-like mineralogies. The population of NEAs with H, L, and LL chondrite mineralogies does not appear to be influenced by size, which would suggest that ordinary chondrites are not preferentially sourced from meter-sized objects due to Yarkovsky effect.
Comparison of design techniques for pumps with skewed blades

Two different approaches, developed over a period of approximately 12 years, of including blade skew effects in the design of a pump rotor are presented. Performance comparisons are included between the radial and skewed bladed rotor for each of the pump designs. The streamline curvature method which incorporated skew effects and secondary flow losses produced a skewed rotor that satisfactorily met the design performance goals, whereas a design procedure using a bound vorticity approach did not.
Depinning and dynamics of systems with competing interactions in quenched disorder

We examine the depinning and driven dynamics of a system in which there is a competition between long-range Coulomb repulsive and short-range attractive interactions. In the absence of disorder, the system forms Wigner crystal, stripe and clump phases as the attractive interaction is increased. With quenched disorder, these phases are fragmented and there is a finite depinning threshold. The stripe phase is the most strongly pinned and shows hysteretic transport properties. At higher drives beyond depinning, a dynamical reordering transition occurs in all the phases, which is associated with a characteristic transport signature.
A Parametric Approach to Flexible Nonlinear Inference

This paper proposes a new framework for determining whether a given relationship is nonlinear, what the nonlinearity looks like, and whether it is adequately described by a particular parametric model. The paper studies a regression or forecasting model of the form yt = µ(xt) + et where the functional form of µ(.) is unknown. We propose viewing µ(.) itself as the outcome of a random process. The paper introduces a new stationary random random field m(.) that generalizes finite-differenced Brownian motion to a vector field and whose realizations could represent a broad class of possible forms for µ(.). We view the parameters that characterize the relation between a given realization of m(.) and the particular value of µ(.) for a given sample as population parameters to be estimated by maximum likelihood or Bayesian methods. We show that the resulting inference about the functional relation also yields consistent estimates for a broad class of deterministic functions µ(.). The paper further develops a new test of the null hypothesis of linearity based on the Lagrange multiplier principle and small-sample confidence intervals based on numerical Bayesian methods. An empirical application suggests that properly accounting for the nonlinearity of the inflation-unemployment tradeoff may explain the previously reported uneven empirical success of the Phillips Curve.
Total biosynthesis: in vitro reconstitution of polyketide and nonribosomal peptide pathways

This review surveys efforts to reconstitute key steps in polyketide and nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic pathways with purified enzymes and substrates; 344 references are cited.
Recombinant protein-based polymers for advanced drug delivery.

Advances in recombinant techniques have led to the development of genetically engineered polymers with exquisite control over monomer sequence and polymer length. The ability to study how precise structures correlate with function has provided opportunities for the utility of these polymers in drug delivery. Chemically derived and developed methods of synthesis have yielded many useful polymers for drug delivery to-date, including those currently used in patients. However they have drawbacks, including limitations involved in statistical characterization of conventional polymer synthetic techniques. Encoding at the genetic level and production of such recombinant polymers in organisms allow for precise order and accuracy of amino acid residues and production of monodisperse polymers with specific function and physicochemical properties. Research into elastin-like, silk-like, and silk–elastinlike protein polymers for example has led to the development of delivery systems based on natural motifs of structural proteins to take advantage of their physicochemical properties. Additionally, protein based polymers on other natural motifs and de novo designs are starting to produce promising constructs for drug and gene delivery applications where precise control over structure promises correlation with function and guides the development of new and improved constructs. Clinical applications based on recombinant polymers for delivery of bioactive agents have not been realized at this point. However lessons learned from fundamental research with these polymers can be used to guide design of safe and effective systems for use in the clinic. This tutorial review summarizes progress made in the design and utility of recombinant polymers in drug and gene delivery and discusses challenges and future directions of such polymers for this purpose.
Do radioactive half-lives vary with the Earth-to-Sun distance?

Abstract Recently, Jenkins, Fischbach and collaborators have claimed evidence that radionuclide half-lives vary systematically over a ±0.1% range as a function of the oscillating distance between the Earth and the Sun, based on multi-year activity measurements. We have avoided the time-dependent instabilities to which such measurements are susceptible by directly measuring the half-life of 198Au (t1/2=2.695 d) on seven occasions spread out in time to cover the complete range of Earth–Sun distances. We observe no systematic oscillations in half-life and can set an upper limit on their amplitude of ±0.02%.
A Second-Order Solution of the Main Problem of Artificial Satellites Using Multiple Scales

A complete second-order solution of the main problem in the theory of artificial satellites has been developed using the method of multiple scales. The basic equations of motion are expressed in terms of eight nonsingular noncanonical elements with two simple redundancies and an inertial angle as the dependent variable. The obtained solution is expressed in the form of Fourier series whose trigonometric arguments are a linear combination of the unperturbed true anomaly and argument of perigee. The amplitudes of the Fourier series were found to be a nonlinear combination of the unperturbed inclination and eccentricity. The highest frequency of oscillation is found to occur in the eccentricity vector components along the radial and transverse directions of the osculating orbit and is produced by the seventh harmonic in the unperturbed true anomaly.
OUTFLOW-DRIVEN TURBULENCE IN MOLECULAR CLOUDS

In this paper, we explore the relationship between protostellar outflows and turbulence in molecular clouds. Using three-dimensional numerical simulations we focus on the hydrodynamics of multiple outflows interacting within a parsec scale volume. We explore the extent to which transient outflows injecting directed energy and momentum into a subvolume of a molecular cloud can be converted into random turbulent motions. We show that turbulence can readily be sustained by these interactions and it is possible to broadly characterize an effective driving scale of the outflows. We compare the velocity spectrum obtained in our studies with that of isotropically forced hydrodynamic turbulence finding that in outflow-driven turbulence a power law of the form E(k) ∝ k –β is indeed achieved. However, we find that a steeper spectrum β ~ 2.74 is obtained in outflow-driven turbulence models than in isotropically forced simulations β ~ 2.45. We discuss possible physical mechanisms responsible for these results as well as their implications for turbulence in molecular clouds where outflows will act in concert with other processes such as gravitational collapse.
Fuglede-Kadison determinants for operators in the von Neumann algebra of an equivalence relation

We calculate the Fuglede-Kadison determinant for operators of the form ∑n i=1 MfiLgi where Lgi are unitaries or partial isometries coming from Borel (partial) isomorphisms gi on a probability space which generate an ergodic equivalence relation, and Mfi are multiplication operators. We obtain formulas for the cases when the relation is treeable or the fi’s and gi’s satisfy some restrictions.
CONVENIENT SYNTHETIC METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF N-FLUOROALKYLHYDROXAMIC ACIDS

ABSTRACT Polyhydroxamate chelators containing fluoro substituents are of interest as potential extractants for actinides in separations involving supercritical carbon dioxide. In this context, we have developed three new reagents 1, 2, and 3, that allow the efficient incorporation of an N-fluoroalkyl hydroxamate moiety onto a variety of substrates using acylation, alkylation, and Michael addition strategies.
The effect of the contact model on the impact-vibration response of continuous and discrete systems

Abstract Impact is a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in mechanical design; however, the modeling of impacts in complex systems is often a simplified, imprecise process. In many high fidelity finite element simulations, an impractically large number of elements are required to model the constitutive properties of an impact event accurately. As a result, rigid body dynamics with approximate representations of the impact dynamics are commonly used. These approximations can include a constant coefficient of restitution, an artificially large penalty stiffness, or a single degree of freedom constitutive model for the impact dynamics that is specific to the type of materials involved (elastic, plastic, viscoelastic, etc.). In this paper, the effect of the contact model on the prediction of a system's dynamics is analyzed. In order to understand the effect of the impact model on the system's dynamics, simulations are conducted to investigate a single degree of freedom system, a two degrees of freedom system, and a continuous system, each with rigid stops limiting the amplitude of vibration. Five different contact models are considered: a coefficient of restitution method, a penalty stiffness method, two similar elastic–plastic constitutive models, and a dissimilar elastic–plastic constitutive model. Frequency sweeps and parametric studies show that simplified contact models can lead to incorrect assessments of the system's dynamics. In the worst case, periodic behavior can be predicted in a chaotic regime. Additionally, the choice of contact model can significantly affect the prediction of wear and damage in the system, as is evidenced by the prominence of chatter and high amplitude responses.
Coping responses to psychosocial stressors among Mexican and Central American immigrants

This study examined the psychosocial stressors experienced by Mexican and Central American immigrants to the United States. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 62 respondents, half of whom were males, who were nearly equally divided between Mexicans and Central Americans. Major identified group stressors were obtaining employment and related financial difficulties, the language barrier of not speaking English, and problems in adapting to the life-style of the U.S. Use of a social support network was found effective as a coping response for seeking and obtaining employment, locating a place to live, and overcoming language difficulties. Married respondents with children expressed concern about the availability of drugs and about low moral standards, which they said characterized U.S. society. Men were found to score higher on a measure of depression than were women. This may be due to greater role strain experienced by men who have limited resources to use in the care of their families.
Diamagnetism and charge transfer in graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract From magnetic susceptibility data, the charge transfer parameters ƒ are found to be 0.3 and 0.09 for graphiteBr2 and ICl intercalation compounds, and the charge screening length is about 2 A. These results are consistent with other measurements.
THE SPECTRUM OF EXCITATIONS FOR REAL NUCLEI

The many-body problem for finite systems is discussed from a point of view which is largely that of the intermediate-coupling and configuration-mixing shell models. Emphasis is placed upon the determination of excitation spectra for two simple systems, the singlehole system and the single-particle system. It is shown how the spectra for these are obtained by passing from pure independent model to quasiparticle model and thence to representations of the real states. The configuration mixing of the description is generated by allowing for the existence of density correlations in the many-body system. Such correlations manifest themselves as the oscillations of the nuclear surface. Single-particle (hole) excitations are altered by the presence of these collective motions. Other, noncollective, configurations serving to modify the single-particle spectrum are also discussed.
Chronic disease self-management: A hybrid concept analysis

Abstract Background Chronic diseases require chronic disease self-management (CDSM). Existing CDSM interventions, while improving outcomes, often do not lead to long-lasting effects. To render existing and new CDSM interventions more effective, an exploration of the concept of CDSM from both the literature and patient perspectives is needed. The purpose of this study was to describe the current conceptualization of CDSM in the literature, identify potential inadequacies in this conceptualization based on a comparison of literature- and patient-based CDSM descriptions, and to offer a more comprehensive definition of CDSM. Methods A hybrid concept analysis was completed. Discussion In the literature, CDSM is defined as behaviors influenced by individual characteristics. Patients in the fieldwork phase discussed aspects of CDSM not well represented in the literature. Conclusions CDSM is a complex process involving behaviors at multiple levels of a person's environment. Pilot work to develop and test CDSM interventions based on both individual and external characteristics is needed.
The X-Ray Spectrum of SAX J1808.4?3658

We report on the X-ray spectrum of the 401 Hz X-ray pulsar and type I burst source SAX J1808.4-3658 during its 1998 April/May hard outburst. The observations were made with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) over a period of 3 weeks. The spectrum is well described by a power law with a photon index of 1.86±0.01 that is exponentially cutoff at high energies. Excess soft emission above the power law is present as well as a weak Fe-K line. This is the first truly simultaneous broadband (2.5-250 keV) spectrum of a type I burst source in the hard state. The spectrum is consistent with other hard-state burster spectra that cover either only the soft (1-20 keV) or hard (20 keV) bands or cover both, but not simultaneously. The cutoff power-law spectrum resembles that of black hole candidates in their low states observed with RXTE. We compare theSAX J1808.4-3658 spectrum to three black hole candidates and find that the power law is somewhat softer. This suggests that the photon index may provide a way to distinguish between low-state emission from Galactic black holes and type I bursters.
α2-Adrenergic agonist effects on normocapnic and hypercapnic cerebral blood flow in the dog are anesthetic dependent

alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors are found on large and small cerebral vessels, but their role in control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral vascular reactivity is unclear. We assessed the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX), a highly selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, on the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia in dogs anesthetized with either pentobarbital (PENTO) or isoflurane (ISO), drugs which produce different levels of CBF at a similar level of cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2). Dogs were anesthetized with either PENTO, 30 mg/kg, n = 6, or ISO 1.4% end-tidal, n = 7. CBF (radiolabeled microspheres) was determined during normocapnia and hypercapnia at baseline (pre-DEX), after DEX (10 micrograms/kg, intravenous bolus, plus an additional 5 micrograms/kg during hypercapnia), and after administration of a selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (atipamezole, 500 micrograms/kg, intravenous bolus). In the PENTO group, CBF increased from 31 +/- 3 to 137 +/- 24 mL.min-1.100 g-1 in response to hypercapnia (PCO2 approximately 90 mmHg) at pre-DEX and there was no change in normocapnic CBF or hypercapnic blood flow after DEX or atipamezole. In the ISO group, at pre-DEX, CBF increased from 86 +/- 8 to 166 +/- 19 mL.min-1.100 g-1 in response to hypercapnia (PCO2 approximately 90 mmHg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TESTING FOR MARKET INTEGRATION AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE IN WORLD SHRIMP MARKETS

Using import price data from Japan, United States, and the European Union, shrimp price movements in these markets were evaluated to test if it denotes an integrated world market for shrimp. Cointegration techniques were utilized to investigate if prices in these markets share a common stochastic trend and if the law of one price holds. Results indicated a strong link amongst Japanese, American, and European markets. The results on the aggregated shrimp markets were checked against the results at a more disaggregated level. Data from wholesale markets in Tokyo, New York, and Europe for specific shrimp products confirm the integrated nature of shrimp markets. Evidence also supports the law of one price in shrimp markets.
Polyhedral combinatorics of UPGMA cones

Distance-based methods such as UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) continue to play a significant role in phylogenetic research. We use polyhedral combinatorics to analyze the natural subdivision of the positive orthant induced by classifying the input vectors according to tree topologies returned by the algorithm. The partition lattice informs the study of UPGMA trees. We give a closed form for the extreme rays of UPGMA cones on n taxa, and compute the spherical volumes of the UPGMA cones for small n.
Ferromagnetic semiconductors: Ruled by a magnetic-rich minority

Ferromagnetic clusters within magnetic semiconductors have long been regarded as the bane of semiconductor spintronics. However, they can actually be used to tailor desirable spintronic functionality.
The abundance of interstellar fluorine and its implications

We report results from a survey of neutral fluorine (F I) in the interstellar medium. Data from FUSE were used to analyze 26 lines of sight lying in both the galactic disk and halo, including lines to Wolf-Rayet stars and through known supernova remnants. The equivalent widths of the fluorine resonance lines at 951.871 and 954.827 A were measured or assigned upper limits and combined with a nitrogen curve of growth to obtain F I column densities. These column densities were then used to calculate fluorine depletions. Comparisons are made to the previous study of F I by Federman and coworkers and implications for F I formation and depletion are discussed.
Three-agent peer evaluation

Abstract I present a rule that divides a dollar among three agents impartially (so that each agent's share depends only on her evaluation by her associates) while remaining as respectful as possible of consistent evaluation profiles.
The probability that planar loop-erased random walk uses a given edge

We give a new proof of a result of Rick Kenyon that the probability that an edge in the middle of an $n \times n$ square is used in a loop-erased walk connecting opposite sides is of order $n^{-3/4}$. We, in fact, improve the result by showing that this estimate is correct up to multiplicative constants.
Combinatorial expression for universal Vassiliev link invariant

A general model similar to R-matrix-type models for link invariants is constructed. It contains all R-matrix invariants and is a generating function for “universal” Vassiliev link invariants. This expression is simpler than Kontsevich's expression for the same quantity, because it is defined combinatorially and does not contain any integrals, except for an expression for “the universal Drinfeld's associator”.
Flag-symmetry of the poset of shuffles and a local action of the symmetric group

Abstract We show that the posets of shuffles introduced by Greene in 1988 are flag symmetric, and we describe a permutation action of the symmetric group on the maximal chains which is local and yields a representation of the symmetric group whose character has Frobenius characteristic closely related to the flag symmetric function. A key tool is provided by a new labeling of the maximal chains of a poset of shuffles. This labeling and the structure of the orbits of maximal chains under the local action lead to combinatorial derivations of enumerative properties obtained originally by Greene. As a further consequence, a natural notion of type of shuffles emerges and the monoid of multiplicative functions on the poset of shuffles is described in terms of operations on power series. The main results concerning the flag symmetric function and the local action on the maximal chains of a poset of shuffles are obtained from new general results regarding chain labelings of posets.
FAST and IMAGE-FUV observations of a substorm onset

[1] On 6 February 2002 the NASA FAST satellite transited a substorm break up arc approximately 1 min after substorm onset as identified by the NASA IMAGE satellite far ultraviolet (FUV) instrument complement. These IMAGE data show that both the intense electron and proton precipitation features seen by FAST were not present prior to substorm onset. The most intense onset poleward surge was produced by superthermal electrons, and their energy spectrum and field-aligned angular distribution were consistent with wave accelerated electrons. The low energy ion fluxes in the E × B direction and magnetometer measurements confirmed the presence of waves in this feature. Thus the leading edge of the auroral surge was not produced by quasi-static field-aligned currents and related “inverted V” electric fields. The onset arc was also the poleward boundary of intense energetic protons. The FUV proton auroral images indicate that substantial part of the ion energy was carried by protons of energy >25 keV. Equatorward of the surge, there was a broader region of electron precipitation with embedded quasi-static “inverted V” electric fields. The FAST particle and magnetometer measurements are consistent with a field-aligned current structure in which the bulk of the upward current was carried by the “inverted V” precipitation region. The region of the superthermal electrons carried very little net current. The high-density upward field-aligned current carried by the superthermal electrons was presumably balanced by oppositely directed downward currents carried by cold electrons. The ground onset location was separated from the closed/open field line boundary by an extended region of closed field lines. In this region there was some weak plasma sheet electron and proton precipitation, but there was no clear signature of any distant, prebreakup substorm onset activity.
Saliniquinones A-F, New Members of the Highly Cytotoxic Anthraquinone-γ-Pyrones from the Marine Actinomycete Salinispora arenicola

Six new anthraquinone-γ-pyrones, saliniquinones A-F (1-6), which are related to metabolites of the pluramycin/altromycin class, were isolated from a fermentation broth of the marine actinomycete Salinispora arenicola (strain CNS-325). Their structures were determined by analysis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic and high-resolution mass spectrometric data. The relative and absolute configurations of compounds 1-6 were determined by analysis of NOESY NMR spectroscopic data and by comparison of circular dichroism and optical rotation data with model compounds found in the literature. Saliniquinone A (1) exhibited potent inhibition of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-116) with an IC50 of 9.9 × 10-9 M. In the context of the biosynthetic diversity of S. arenicola, compounds 1-6 represent secondary metabolites that appear to be strain specific and thus occur outside of the core group of compounds commonly observed from this species.
Toric geometry and enhanced gauge symmetry of F-theory/heterotic vacua

Abstract We study F-theory compactified on elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds that are realized as hypersurfaces in toric varieties. The enhanced gauge group as well as the number of massless tensor multiplets has a very simple description in terms of toric geometry. We find a large number of examples where the gauge group is not a subgroup of E 8 × E 8 , but rather, is much bigger (with rank as high as 296). The largest of these groups is the group recently found by Aspinwall and Gross. Our algorithm can also be applied to elliptic fourfolds, for which the groups can become very large indeed (with rank as high as 121328). We present the gauge content for two of the fourfolds recently studied by Klemm et al.
A rotational approach to triple point obstructions

Subfactors where the initial branching point of the principal graph is 3-valent are subject to strong constraints called triple point obstructions. Since more complicated initial branches increase the index of the subfactor, triple point obstructions play a key role in the classification of small index subfactors. There are two strong triple point obstructions called the triple-single obstruction and the quadratic tangles obstruction. Although these obstructions are very closely related, neither is strictly stronger. In this paper we give a more general triple-point obstruction which subsumes both. The techniques are a mix of planar algebraic and connection-theoretic techniques with the key role played by the rotation operator.
Desorption ionization mass spectrometry and laser photodissociation of porphyrins and related compounds

Abstract An overview of three desorption ionization (DI) mass spectrometric techniques—desorption chemical ionization (DCI), desorption electron ionization (DEI), and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) is presented. A comparative study of the three mass spectrometric techniques, which contrasts the DI mass spectra of a series of peripherally-substituted synthetic porphyrins, is reviewed. The application of FABMS to a related but intractable class of compounds, the phthalocyanines, is also reviewed. The primary theme of this review is on the strengths, limitations, and precautions of applying the powerful fast-atom bombardment technique to structural problems. Finally, the application of desorption ionization mass spectrometry of porphyrins together with a laser spectroscopic probe of ion structure and the analysis of complex mixtures is reviewed.
Forced obliquity and moments of inertia of Titan

Abstract The obliquity of Titan is small, but certainly non-zero, and may be used to place constraints on Titan's internal structure. The measured gravity coefficients of Titan imply that it is non-hydrostatic and thus the normal Darwin–Radau approach to determining internal structure cannot be applied. However, if the obliquity is assumed to be tidally damped (that is, in a Cassini state) then combining the obliquity with the measured gravity coefficients allows Titan's moment of inertia to be determined without invoking hydrostatic equilibrium. For polar moment values in the range ( 0.3 C / M R 2 0.4 ), tidally-damped obliquity values of ( 0.115 ° | e | 0.177 ° ) result. If the inferred moment value exceeds 0.4, this strongly suggests the presence of a near-surface ice shell decoupled from the interior, probably by a subsurface ocean.
Some Observations of Highway Traffic in Long Queues

The arrival times of vehicles traveling southbound along a two-lane, bidirectional highway were recorded at eight neighboring locations upstream of a bottleneck caused by an oversaturated traffic signal. Cumulative curves constructed from these observations describe completely and in great detail the evolution of the resulting long queues. These queues formed directly upstream of the signal when the signal's service rate fell below the southbound arrival rates, and never formed away from the bottleneck. The predictability of bottlenecks like the one studied here can be exploited to manage traffic more effectively. The behavior of vehicles within the queue, however, was rather interesting. Although the flow oscillations generated by the traffic signal were damped out within 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of the bottleneck, it was found that other oscillations arose within the queue farther upstream, at varied locations, and then grew in amplitude as they propagated in the upstream direction. Thus, the queue appeared to b...
DEMINERALIZATION OF PETROLEUM COKES AND FLY ASH SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM THE UPGRADING OF ATHABASCA OIL SANDS BITUMEN

ABSTRACT Ash reduction of the cokes and fly ash samples derived from the Athabasca oil sands bitumen was attempted by dissolving the mineral matter in acids. The samples used for this investigation included Syncrude fluid coking coke, Suncor delayed coking coke and the two fly ash samples obtained from the combustion of these cokes. All samples were analyzed for C,H,N,0 and S before and after acid demineralization and the analyses results compared. Further, the ash from the samples before and after acid demineralization was analyzed for silica, alumina, iron, titanium, nickel and vanadium to assess the acid leaching of these elements. CP/ MAS, 13C NMR spectroscopic study of the demineralized coke and fly ash samples was also attempted
A Linear Relaxation Heuristic for the Generalized Assignment Problem

We examine the basis structure of the linear relaxation of the generalized assignment problem. The basis gives a surprising amount of information. This leads to a very simple heuristic that uses only generalized network optimization codes. Lower bounds can be generated by cut generation, where the violated inequalities are found directly from the relaxation basis. An improvement heuristic with the same flavor is also presented.