cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jiu-Jitsuing Uncle Sam: The Unmanly Art of Jiu-Jitsu and the Yellow Peril Threat in the Progressive Era United States

The emergence of Japan as a major world power in the early twentieth century generated anxiety over America’s place in the world. Fears of race suicide combined with a fear of the feminizing effects of over-civilization further exacerbated these tensions. Japanese jiu-jitsu came to symbolize these debates. As a physical example of the yellow peril, Japanese martial arts posed a threat to western martial arts of boxing and wrestling. The efficiency and effectiveness of Japanese jiu-jitsu, as introduced to Americans in the early twentieth century, challenged preconceived notions of the superiority of western martial arts and therefore American constructions of race and masculinity. As Theodore Roosevelt and the U.S. nation wrestled with the Japanese and jiu-jitsu, they responded in various ways to this new menace. The jiu-jitsu threat was ultimately subjugated by simultaneously exoticizing, feminizing, and appropriating aspects of it in order to reassert the dominance of western martial arts, the white race and American masculinity.
Commercial Building Energy Saver: An energy retrofit analysis toolkit

Abstract Small commercial buildings in the United States consume 47% of the total primary energy of the buildings sector. Retrofitting small and medium commercial buildings poses a huge challenge for owners because they usually lack the expertise and resources to identify and evaluate cost-effective energy retrofit strategies. This paper presents the Commercial Building Energy Saver (CBES), an energy retrofit analysis toolkit, which calculates the energy use of a building, identifies and evaluates retrofit measures in terms of energy savings, energy cost savings and payback. The CBES Toolkit includes a web app (APP) for end users and the CBES Application Programming Interface (API) for integrating CBES with other energy software tools. The toolkit provides a rich set of features including: (1) Energy Benchmarking providing an Energy Star score, (2) Load Shape Analysis to identify potential building operation improvements, (3) Preliminary Retrofit Analysis which uses a custom developed pre-simulated database and, (4) Detailed Retrofit Analysis which utilizes real-time EnergyPlus simulations. CBES includes 100 configurable energy conservation measures (ECMs) that encompass IAQ, technical performance and cost data, for assessing 7 different prototype buildings in 16 climate zones in California and 6 vintages. A case study of a small office building demonstrates the use of the toolkit for retrofit analysis. The development of CBES provides a new contribution to the field by providing a straightforward and uncomplicated decision making process for small and medium business owners, leveraging different levels of assessment dependent upon user background, preference and data availability.
Clinical Measurement Dialogue

To the Editor: The article “Clinical Uses of Isokinetic Measurements: Critical Issues,” by Rothstein, Lamb, and Mayhew (December 1987), deals with many thought-provoking concepts. We believe it is imperative that clinicians use isokinetic information in an appropriate fashion. Many of the problems in this area arise from the “blind acceptance” of statements or numeric values. Isokinetic data are useful only in conjunction with a clinical correlation. We emphasized this in our article on knee rehabilitation in the December 1980 issue of Physical Therapy . That article was based on our experience with several thousand patients suffering from knee pathologies, and presented “empirical data, rather than … controlled laboratory study.” Our recommendations for the use of isokinetic results have been taken out of context by the authors of the present article. [ ARTICLE][1] [ ARTICLE][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/67/1840?iss=12 [2]: /lookup/volpage/60/1602?iss=12
Status and identity in marital interaction

I draw on the concepts of status and identity to study marital interaction, arguing that people behave in ways that not only reflect their position in the social structure but also reaffirm who they are in marriage. To test this argument, I examine the effects not only of gender as status in newly formed marriages but also the status characteristics of age, education, and occupation. If being female influences negative behavior in conversations, the question is whether one's low position in other social groups, such as being young, less highly educated, and having a low-status occupation, also produces negative behavior or whether the effect is confined to gender. I also examine whether these self-meanings continue to influence behavior when membership in other status groups is considered. I find that those with low status on these other dimensions in fact use negative behavior in marriage more than high-status individuals; the influence ofa more masculine, more dominant control identity on negative behavior remains. These results identify a more general status pattern, which I discuss in terms of how one's structural position and self-meanings combine to produce actions that maintain both the status hierarchy and the self.
Petrogenetic implications of magmatic garnet in granitic pegmatites from Southern Norway

The magmatic garnet of seven granitic NYF (niobium–yttrium–fluorine-enriched) granitic pegmatites from the Froland and Evje–Iveland areas in southern Norway were studied with respect to their major- and trace-element composition and intracrystalline distribution of major and minor elements. The increasing average MnO/(FeO + MnO) values of the garnet grains investigated reflect the increasing fractionation of pegmatites from abyssal heavy REE to muscovite rare-element REE pegmatites. At a crystal scale, the MnO/(MnO + FeO) values show various trends controlled by coexisting Mn–Fe-consuming minerals. Back-scattered electron imaging revealed a great variety of structures, including large-scale (>100 μm) concentric growth-induced zoning, fine-scale oscillatory growth and replacement overgrowths. The structures predominantly correlate with the distribution of Y and HREE in the crystals. It is presumably the first time that such diversity has been reported from magmatic garnet originating from one area. The average Y and HREE concentrations are related to the bulk composition of the pegmatite-forming melt, whereas the intracrystalline zoning reflects the absence or presence of Y-bearing minerals or, in the case of the Slobrekka pegmatite, diffusion-controlled crystal growth. Sharp drops of the Y and HREE content record the abrupt change of “normal” peraluminous melt composition to a Na-rich aqueous silica-bearing fluid enriched in F, Rb, Cs, Ta, Mn in the case of the Solas and Hovasen pegmatites. These Na-rich aqueous silica-bearing fluids are responsible for the formation of “amazonite”–“cleavelandite” replacement units. The regional implications are, first, that the Froland pegmatites are characterized by a shorter range of pegmatite fractionation. The parent melts seem to be more primitive with respect to the differentiation of a granitic magma compared to the Evje–Iveland pegmatites, as reflected by the elevated Ca content and the smaller negative Eu anomaly of garnets at Froland. Rough estimates of the bulk composition of the pegmatites could not reveal such a difference. Second, garnet of the Evje–Iveland pegmatites shows a wider range of chemical variability and patterns of Y–HREE zoning compared to the Froland samples. Thus, the gradients of pegmatite fractionation are much stronger within the Evje–Iveland field. The Evje–Iveland melts were probably more enriched in volatiles, being partially responsible for the crystallization of common rare-metal and REE minerals.
Hyperglycemia During Craniotomy for Adult Traumatic Brain Injury

BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poor outcome, but previous studies have not addressed intraoperative hyperglycemia in adult TBI. In this study, we examined glucose value variability and risk factors for hyperglycemia during craniotomy in adults with TBI. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years who underwent urgent or emergent craniotomy for TBI at Harborview Medical Center (level 1 adult and pediatric trauma center) between October 2007 and May 2010 was performed. Preoperative (within 24 hours of anesthesia start) and intraoperative (during anesthesia) glucose values for each patient were retrieved. The prevalence of intraoperative hyperglycemia (glucose ≥200 mg/dL), hypoglycemia (glucose <60 mg/dL), and glycemic trends was determined. Generalized Estimating Equations was used to determine the independent predictors of intraoperative hyperglycemia. Data are presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% confidence interval [CI]), and P < 0.05 reflects significance. RESULTS Intraoperative hyperglycemia was common (26 [15%]) and intraoperative hypoglycemia was not observed. Independent risk factors of intraoperative hyperglycemia were age ≥65 years (AOR 3.9 [95% CI: 1.4-10.3]; P = 0.007), Glasgow Coma Scale score <9 (AOR 4.9 [95% CI: 1.6-15.1]; P = 0.006), preoperative hyperglycemia (AOR 4.4 [95% CI: 1.7-11.6]; P = 0.003), and subdural hematoma (AOR 5.6 [95% CI: 1.4-22.2]; P = 0.02). Mean intraoperative glucose was highest in severe TBI patients (P = 0.02). There was both between-patient (79.5% variance; P < 0.001) and within-patient (20.5% variance; P < 0.001) intraoperative glucose value variability. Patients with intraoperative hyperglycemia had higher in-hospital mortality (8 [31%] vs 20 [13%]; P < 0.02). CONCLUSION Intraoperative hyperglycemia was common in adults undergoing urgent/emergent craniotomy for TBI and was predicted by severe TBI, the presence of subdural hematoma, preoperative hyperglycemia, and age ≥65 years. However, there was significant variability in intraoperative glucose values.
Chemical Compounds of Veratrum calif ornicum Related to Congenital Ovine Cyclopian Malformations: Extraction of Active Material.

SummaryThe teratogenic material from Veratrum californicum has been extracted from dried plant material by an ethanol extraction of the plant residue remaining after an initial benzene extraction in presence of ammonia, A 250-fold purified preparation from this extract also produced the malformations. It is theorized that the teratogenic material may be an alkaloid of the Veratrum series, likely a glycoside or parent alkamine.
Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the microglial and astrocytic changes seen in various parkinsonian syndromes including Parkinson's disease (PD) per se as well as in the animal models of PD. It also discusses the question of the potentially protective and deleterious effects of glial cells in PD, and discusses how those factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of this common neurodegenerative disorder. PD is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The loss of these neurons is often associated with nonneuronal pathology, such as activated microglial cells and reactive astrocytes. Although microglial and astrocytic alterations are secondary to the neuronal loss, they may still participate in the degenerative process. Indeed, glial cells may be the source of trophic factors, and can protect against reactive oxygen species and glutamate. They can also mediate a variety of deleterious events related to the production of pro-oxidant reactive species, and proinflammatory prostaglandin and cytokines.
Assessing validity of observational intervention studies - the Benchmarking Controlled Trials.

AbstractBackground: Benchmarking Controlled Trial (BCT) is a concept which covers all observational studies aiming to assess impact of interventions or health care system features to patients and populations.Aims: To create and pilot test a checklist for appraising methodological validity of a BCT.Methods: The checklist was created by extracting the most essential elements from the comprehensive set of criteria in the previous paper on BCTs. Also checklists and scientific papers on observational studies and respective systematic reviews were utilized. Ten BCTs published in the Lancet and in the New England Journal of Medicine were used to assess feasibility of the created checklist.Results: The appraised studies seem to have several methodological limitations, some of which could be avoided in planning, conducting and reporting phases of the studies.Conclusions: The checklist can be used for planning, conducting, reporting, reviewing, and critical reading of observational intervention studies. However, th...
Deliberate Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms in the Environment

When recombinant DNA technology was first developed, it was limited to basic research laboratories performing primarily biomedical research. As most biomedical research in the United States is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the 1976 NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules [1] adequately covered all Government funded research. Other research institutions and most industries performing recombinant DNA research voluntarily agreed to abide by the NIH Guidelines. This voluntary control continued to work well without established regulations until recombinant DNA research moved from the public to the private sector, where it was expanded to include other biotechnical advances such as hyubridoma research; the large-scale production of new drugs, hormones, chemicals, enzymes, diagnostic and detection devices; as well as novel process technology. Scientists were no longer experimenting with small 10-liter quantities; large scale fermentation processes were required. In agriculture and in industrial areas, research started to move from the laboratory into the open field. The NIH Guidelines could no longer cover this rapid growth. The intervention of the regulatory agencies became necessary as products moved from the laboratory to the market place.
Protein Deficiency and Infective Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses protein deficiency and infective disease. Severe protein deficiency interferes with many of the mechanisms by which the body normally resists a disease of infectious origin. Infections almost always have some adverse effect on protein nutritional status, although in a well-nourished individual, this effect is of no serious consequence if the infection is not unduly prolonged. When the host is not well nourished, the effects of either an infectious agent or a period of more severe protein deficiency can still be resisted; however, the two together are likely to lead to more serious illness. This type of relationship between infection and protein malnutrition can be identified as synergism and is commonly seen when a bacterial or rickettsial infection is superimposed on moderate to severe protein deficiency. A few systemic viruses and protozoa are so dependent for their multiplication on normal enzyme systems and nutrient levels within the host cell that the alterations associated with severe protein malnutrition are more inhibitory to the agent than they are damaging to the host. Such an interaction can be referred to as antagonism of nutrition and infection.
Superiority of Functional over Structural Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis of Primary Progressive Aphasia

For a 68-year-old man with the syndrome of primary progressive aphasia, functional brain imaging techniques (single-photon emission computed tomography and topographic electroencephalographic mapping) proved superior to anatomical imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) in delineating the left temporal lobe abnormality.
AZSecure Hacker Assets Portal: Cyber threat intelligence and malware analysis

Cyber threats pose grave national security dangers to the US. Many cyber-attacks today are executed with ever-growing collection of malicious tools. Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) and malware analysis portals aim to provide knowledge and tools to help prevent and mitigate attacks. However, current CTI and malware analysis portals and techniques have been criticized for being too reactive as they rely on data collected from past cyber-attacks. Online hacker forums provide a novel source of data that can inform a proactive CTI and malware portal. This research demonstrates the AZSecure Hacker Assets Portal. This portal collects and analyzes malicious assets directly from the largely untapped and rich data source of online hacker communities by utilizing state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. This paper explores the development and evolution of the AZSecure Hacker Assets Portal. We also present key portal functionalities such as asset searching, browsing, and downloading, source code visualizations and code comparison analytics, and an interactive CTI dashboard.
Phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation based modeling of time domain thermo-reflectance experiments

Abstract Time Domain Thermo-Reflectance (TDTR) experiments have been recently identified as a viable pathway toward extracting the phonon mean free path spectrum of semiconductor materials. However, this requires an intervening model. It is now widely believed that the frequency and polarization dependent phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) is the most suitable model for this purpose. In this article, TDTR experiments are simulated using large-scale parallel computations of the phonon BTE in a two-dimensional computational domain. Silicon is used as the candidate substrate material. Simulations are performed for multiple pulse and modulation cycles of the TDTR pump laser. This requires resolution of a picosecond laser pulse within a computational timeframe that spans several hundreds of nanoseconds. The metallic transducer layer on top of the substrate is modeled using the Fourier law and coupled to the BTE within the silicon substrate. Studies are conducted for four different laser spot sizes and two different modulation frequencies. The BTE results are fitted to the Fourier law, and effective thermal conductivities are extracted. It is demonstrated that the time delay of the probe laser could have a significant impact on the fitted (extracted) thermal conductivity value. The modulation frequency is found to have negligible effect on the thermal conductivity, while the spot size variation exhibits significant impact. Both trends are found to be in agreement with experimental observations. The thermal conductivity accumulation function is also computed, and the effect of the mean free path spectrum on the thermal conductivity suppression is delineated.
Structure-Based Virtual Screening

Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) is a computational approach used in the early-stage drug discovery campaign to search a chemical compound library for novel bioactive molecules against a certain drug target. It utilizes the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the biological target, obtained from X-ray, NMR, or computational modeling, to dock a collection of chemical compounds into the binding site and select a subset of these compounds based on the predicted binding scores for further biological evaluation. In the present work, we illustrate the basic process of conducting a SBVS with examples using freely accessible tools and resources.
Identification of fixations in noisy eye movement data via recursive subdivision

When solving problems, multi-person airline crews can choose whether to work together, or to address different aspects of a situation with a divide and conquer strategy. Knowing which of these strategies is most effective may help airlines develop better procedures and training. This paper concentrates on joint attention as a measure of crew coordination. We report results obtained by applying cross recurrence analysis to eye movement data from two-person crews, collected in a flight simulator experiment. The analysis shows that crews exhibit coordinated gaze roughly one sixth of the time, with a tendency for the captain to lead the first officers visual attention. The degree to which crews coordinate their gaze is not significantly correlated with performance ratings assigned by instructors; further research questions and approaches are discussed.
A Special Role for Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Neutrophils in the Prothombotic Nature of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

In response to infection and inflammation, neutrophils release NETs, histone-decorated nuclear DNA that ensnares bacteria, but also damages host tissues and promotes thrombosis. Platelet Factor 4 (PF4, CXCL4) is a CXC chemokine stored in high concentrations in platelet alpha-granules and released during platelet activation. Tetrameric PF4 has a very high affinity for heparans and other polyanionic molecules, including DNA. At the proper molar ratio, PF4 can form high molecular weight complexes with heparin and other heparans, and these complexes are antigenic targets for pathogenic HIT antibodies. In light of this information, we chose to investigate whether PF4 can interact with NETs and whether these complexes contribute to the prothrombotic nature of HIT. Using an ELISA assay, we confirm that PF4 binds to DNA to form HIT-like complexes just as it does with heparin following a similar bell-shaped curve of HIT antigenicity. Using immunofluorescence studies and confocal microscopy, we found that exogenous PF4 adheres readily to NET DNA. We then investigated PF4-NET interactions under intravascular flow conditions by using neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors to create NET-coated microfluidic channels through which we infused recombinant human PF4. We found that PF4 selectively adhered to extracellular NET fibers but did not bind to the surface of intact neutrophils. We next noted that PF4 infusion led to a change in NET morphology with compaction of the extracellular DNA to approximately 30% of the original area (p 2-fold (p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Histologic Appearance After Preoperative Radiation Therapy for Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Assessment of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Response Score

Purpose To critically assess the prognostic value of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (EORTC-STBSG) response score and define histologic appearance after preoperative radiation therapy (RT) for soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Methods and Materials For a cohort of 100 patients with STS of the extremity/trunk treated at our institution with preoperative RT followed by resection, 2 expert sarcoma pathologists evaluated the resected specimens for percent residual viable cells, necrosis, hyalinization/fibrosis, and infarction. The EORTC response score and other predictors of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed by Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazard models. Results Median tumor size was 7.5 cm; 92% were intermediate or high grade. Most common histologies were unclassified sarcoma (34%) and myxofibrosarcoma (25%). Median follow-up was 60 months. The 5-year local recurrence rate was 5%, 5-year RFS was 68%, and 5-year OS was 75%. Distribution of cases according to EORTC response score tiers was as follows: no residual viable tumor for 9 cases (9% pathologic complete response); P =.007) and OS (hazard ratio 0.36, P =.02). Conclusion Histologic evaluation after preoperative RT for STS showed a 9% pathologic complete response rate. The EORTC-STBSG response score and percent viable cells were not prognostic. Hyalinization/fibrosis was associated with favorable outcome, and if validated, may become a valid endpoint for neoadjuvant trials.
Non-metallic dopant modulation of conductivity in substoichiometric tantalum pentoxide: A first-principles study

We apply density-functional theory calculations to predict dopant modulation of electrical conductivity (σo) for seven dopants (C, Si, Ge, H, F, N, and B) sampled at 18 quantum molecular dynamics configurations of five independent insertion sites into two (high/low) baseline references of σo in amorphous Ta2O5, where each reference contains a single, neutral O vacancy center (VO0). From this statistical population (n = 1260), we analyze defect levels, physical structure, and valence charge distributions to characterize nanoscale modification of the atomistic structure in local dopant neighborhoods. C is the most effective dopant at lowering Ta2Ox σo, while also exhibiting an amphoteric doping behavior by either donating or accepting charge depending on the host oxide matrix. Both B and F robustly increase Ta2Ox σo, although F does so through elimination of Ta high charge outliers, while B insertion conversely creates high charge O outliers through favorable BO3 group formation, especially in the low σo re...
Passive Vibration Mitigation for Highway Sign Trusses Susceptible to Wind-Induced Vibrations

AbstractStockbridge-type tuned-mass dampers are commonly used in highway sign and traffic signal support structures throughout the U.S. to reduce wind-induced and truck gust–induced vibrations. Eff...
97 Gunshot wounds to the head: the epidemiology of severe paediatric firearm-related traumatic brain injuries

Statement of Purpose Firearm-related (FR) injuries are the leading cause of death from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the US. Little is known about the characteristics of children treated in a hospital for a FR TBI. In 1999 the CDC published a Report to Congress on the magnitude of firearms in TBI’s Subsequent reports have not addressed firearms. We aim to characterise the epidemiology of severe FR paediatric TBI treated in the hospital. Methods/Approach We used data from the Approaches and Decisions in Acute Paediatric TBI (ADAPT) Trial, a 49-site comparative effectiveness study. Consecutive children (age Results A total of 1000 children were enrolled in ADAPT in 49 sites, 705 in the US, and 295 in India, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. 50 had a FR TBI ‘“ 48 in the US, two internationally. Twelve were self-inflicted, 20 were assaults and 18 were unintentional. The majority of children with a self-inflicted (75%) and unintentional (56%) FR TBI were white, and 40% of children with an assault were black. Average ages for the three groups were 10 years (self-inflicted), 7 years (unintentional), and 10 years (assaults). When compared to children with non-FR TBI’s, children with any type of FR TBI were more likely to be older (9 years vs. 7 years, p=0.03), male (82% vs. 64%, p=0.01), Black (32% vs. 21%, p=0.03), non-Hispanic (69% vs. 50%, p=0.007) and to arrive at the hospital sooner (1.3 vs 1.8 hours, p=0.02). Conclusions Few reports exist detailing the epidemiology of FR TBI’s among children. These data show that the epidemiology characteristics of FR TBI are different than non-FR TBI. Further research should address the clinical and long-term outcome of FR TBI’s.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits phosphorylation of AKT and synergizes with pharmacological PI3K/AKT inhibitors to suppress prostate cancer cell growth

4003 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) demonstrates strong antiproliferative effects in a variety of cancer cell types including prostate cells while the PI3K/AKT pathway presents a pro-survival pathway implicated in prostate cancer. The antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 almost universally involves upregulation of p21 and/or p27, while loss of PTEN and activation of PI3K/AKT can downregulate p21 and p27 levels by a number of mechanisms. We hypothesized that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 signaling is antagonized by PI3K/AKT signaling. To test this we isolated Pten WT mouse prostatic epithelial cells (MPECs) from Pten floxed, Cre-negative mouse prostates and Pten null MPECs from the Pten lox/lox prostates where Pten was deleted by probasin-driven Cre-recombinase. We found that while Pten WT MPECs were significantly growth-inhibited by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , Pten null MPECs were completely unresponsive to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . By shRNA knockdown and by in vitro knockout of Pten in WT MPECs we then showed that Pten loss itself is insufficient to antagonize 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated growth suppression. To evaluate the ability of PI3K/AKT to antagonize 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated growth inhibition we used an inhibitor of PI3K/AKT - LY294002 and an inhibitor of AKT - SH-5. Pre-treatment of insensitive Pten-/- MPECs with LY294002 or SH-5 partially restored the sensitivity to and synergized with the antiproliferative actions of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . We extended the study to the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP which is only moderately responsive to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . LY294002 and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment demonstrated statistically significant synergistic inhibition of LNCaP cell growth (CI=0.171 at 0.2μM LY294002 and 1nM 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ). Interestingly, LY294002 sensitized DU145 cells to 1,25(OH)2 D3, a cell line that is insensitive to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated growth inhibition, leading to a strong statistically significant synergism. While neither 2.5μM LY294002 nor 10nM 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 affected the growth of DU145 cells, the combination of the two led to a 40% reduction in the number of viable cells. Rapamycin did not synergize with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in the growth inhibition suggesting that the mTOR pathway is not involved in the mechanism. Immunoblot analysis showed that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 alone was able to decrease AKT phosphorylation in prostate cancer cells. In DU145 cells LY294002 and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 cooperatively inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT. Taken together we conclude that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway synergizes with the antiproliferative actions of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in prostate cancer cell lines possibly by additive reduction of AKT phosphorylation. The findings from the present study provide the rationale for the development of improved combinational therapeutic interventions utilizing 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 or its analogs combined with inhibition of PI3K/AKT for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Dental Visits Mediate the Impact of Smoking on Oral Health.

Objectives We explored the mediational relationships among smoking, dental visits, and oral health in a longitudinal study. Methods We selected a sample of adult residents of rural communities of North Central Florida and followed them for 3 years (final N = 1170). We examined the impact of smoking on oral health across time and conducted mediation analysis to quantify the effect of dental visits on the relationship between smoking and poor oral health. Results Our results showed that oral health declined across time for smokers but not for nonsmokers. The mediation analysis found that 18.3% of the difference in followup oral health between smokers and non-smokers was explained by smokers not having any dental visits in the last year. Conclusions Our findings suggest that, given the low success rate of quitting smoking, promoting dental visits can help limit the negative effects of smoking on oral health. Future community prevention studies could encourage dental visits among smokers and provide educational materials that aim to increase knowledge of oral self-care.
Microjustice and Macrojustice

If every individual in a society has been fairly rewarded, does this guarantee that rewards have been fairly distributed in the society as a whole? Surprisingly, it does not. It is our contention that people use different criteria to assess microjustice (the fairness of rewards to individual recipients) and macrojustice (the aggregate fairness of reward in a society).
The Clinical Diagnosis of Androgen Deficiency

Androgen deficiency can present in a variety of ways. It is important for the clinician to be familiar with the many manifestations of hypogonadism. The clinical diagnosis can be challenging, even with a properly performed history and physical examination. Pathologic presentations can be effectively classified by the body system in which they originate. A patient’s age can also change the particular constellation of androgen deficiency symptoms. This chapter reviews common clinical presentations of androgen deficiency in both of these contexts.
A STUDY OF AMINO NITROGEN AND GLUCOSE IN LYMPH AND BLOOD BEFORE AND AFTER THE INJECTION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN THE INTESTINE

The question of the absorption of protein by way of the lymph has not been considered since the true significance of protein digestion has been known. The earlier investigators were limited to the determination of total nitrogen as a means of following the products of protein digestion through the body. Newer methods make it possible and desirable to follow resorption of the products of protein digestion by the determination of amino nitrogen in the tissues and fluids of the body.
Optical Non-invasive Characterization of Chronic Wounds

The health burden of chronic wounds is increasing at an alarming rate corresponding to the increase in the elderly and diabetic population. It is estimated that approximately 1% of the total health care costs in the western world are likely to be used for the management of chronic leg ulcers. This chapter reviews the optical methodologies that have been used mostly in a pre-clinical, research setting for the characterization of chronic wounds. Chronic wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers and pressure ulcers that do not heal within 4 weeks. The technologies covered include:
Tuned Circuits in Bandpass Amplifiers

Bandpass amplifiers can be operated both as small-signal circuits and as large-signal amplifiers, similar to the situation for lowpass amplifiers. For a small-signal amplifier, the desired overall gain (transfer) function should provide a magnitude versus frequency response such as that shown in Figure 7.1. The peak-magnitude response occurs at what is labeled the center frequency, f o . By definition, the frequencies where the magnitude is ‘down’ from the peak value by a given amount are called the passband edges, and the interval between these is the bandwidth of the passband. Commonly, the bandedges are defined in terms of the −3dB points and the bandwidth is then called the −3dB bandwidth. These aspects are developed in greater detail in the next section.
Lightweight Multi Car Dynamic Simulator for Reinforcement Learning

With improvements in reinforcement learning algorithms, and the demand to implement these algorithms on real systems, the use of a simulator as an intermediate stage is essential to save time, material and financial resources. The lack of particular features in a unified simulator for applications to autonomous cars and robotics, encouraged this research, which produced a simulator capable of simulating multiple car like objects, in either one or several arenas (environments). Being a lightweight application, multiple instances of the simulator can run at the same time, only constrained by the available computational resources.
Finite element analysis of the effect of interlayer on interfacial stress transfer in layered graphene nanocomposites

Abstract Understanding the roles of interlayers in reinforcement efficiencies by layered graphene is very important in order to produce strong and light graphene based nanocomposites. The present paper uses the finite element method to evaluate the interfacial strain transfers and reinforcement efficiencies in layered graphene-polymer composites. Results indicate that the presence of compliant interlayers in layered graphene plays significant roles in the transfers of strain/stress from matrix to graphene and subsequently the reinforcement effectiveness of layered graphene. In general, the magnitude of shear strain transferred onto the rigid graphene decreases as the thickness of the interlayer increases. This trend becomes insignificant as the graphene becomes sufficiently large (s>25,000). The shear strain at the interface of graphene-matrix is also greatly influenced by the interlayer modulus. A stiffer interlayer would result in a higher shear strain transferred on the graphene. The performance of the interlayers is further affected by the property of the composite and the architecture of the layered graphene stack. If a composite contains more graphene phase, the efficiency of reinforcement by a layered graphene becomes improved. If a graphene stack contains more interlayers, the effectiveness of reinforcement at the edges of the graphene becomes negatively affected.
Auxetic Structures and Advanced Daylight Control Systems

Building envelopes in general and, in particular, fenestrations are the places in which most interactions between indoor and outdoor environment take place. As a result, an effective shading structure for windows, which can provide sufficient illuminance levels and at the same time ensure acceptable visual comfort by controlling the glare is highly desirable. Static daylight control systems are mostly designed to either completely shade the facade from sunlight or admit and re-direct it to the indoor spaces. Dynamic control systems adjust the amount of intake sunlight with assistance from users or mechanical devices. Studies to date have not thoroughly and comprehensively developed an alternative system in which a self-morphing structure that is responsive to outdoor environmental conditions can function as an “adaptive daylight control system”. This paper has investigated the effects of the adaptable auxetic shading structure with varying geometries to optimise illuminance levels and reduce probability of glare. The paper developed a model to be tested in various locations in the U.S., to evaluate the illuminance and glare performance. The results suggest that the auxetic shading structure can effectively block sunlight from entering the space by adjusting its geometry in response to varying outdoor and sky conditions. In addition, a strong correlation can be concluded among daylight availability, sun exposure, and glare probability. Additionally, the optimisation of daylighting parameters such as illuminance and glare show a clear correlation between the location of the case study and its corresponding sun angles, and the performance of the shading structure. Future studies may explore the effect of auxetic shading structures on energy consumption and thermal comfort parameters. In addition, the relation between auxetic shading devices and the health and well-being of building occupants may be another factor to be considered in the evaluation of effectiveness of this new generation of shading devices.
Lexicon for multiparameter texture assessment of snack and snack-like foods in English, Spanish, Chinese, and Hindi

Snack food is an important part of human life across the world, in part, due to its convenience, availability, and of course its sensory qualities. Because texture is such a critical aspect of snack foods, a lexicon applicable to various processed and unprocessed snack foods (e.g., crackers, chips, vegetables, yogurt, etc.) is needed. This study also investigated how textures are experienced by vision, hand tactile, lip feel, first bite, multiple bite, and in throat swallowing. This study developed a texture lexicon for various snack foods. Eighty‐five different food products from eight countries around the world were used to create an initial lexicon. The highly trained panel used descriptive analysis techniques to identify 76 texture attributes and develop definitions, techniques, and references for product evaluation. Fifty of the products then were selected and evaluated for intensities using references. Principal component analysis of the data shows that the developed terms differentiated the products. K‐means cluster analysis was done to find the existing clusters between attributes, and correlation analysis used to find the highest correlated and uncorrelated attributes. The article presents attributes, definitions and techniques in English, Hindi, Mandarin Chinese, and Spanish. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The texture lexicon developed in this study for various snack foods can be useful for researchers and food manufacturers to identify and describe similarities and differences present in textures of foods to help with product development and assessment of snack categories in various countries. The lexicon can serve as a tool for texture evaluation for correlating descriptive data, consumer preferences and conduct studies with same standards applicable to wide range of products.
Cancer cachexia and treatment toxicity.

Purpose of reviewCancer cachexia is a metabolic disturbance resulting in a loss of skeletal muscle mass that is generally not reversed through traditional nutritional interventions. We review on both the impact of nutritional status on cancer treatment side effects, as well as cancer- specific outco
Arthroscopic Suture Fixation of Comminuted Tibial Eminence Fractures: Hybrid All-Epiphyseal Bone Tunnel and Knotless Anchor Technique.

Abstract Tibial eminence fractures most commonly occur in young children and adolescents with open physes. Displaced fractures are typically treated with surgical reduction and fixation. Multiple arthroscopic techniques and fixation constructs have been described. However, many of these techniques violate the physis with a risk of growth disturbance and deformity from asymmetrical physeal growth. This technical note details a surgical technique of arthroscopically assisted suture fixation of a comminuted tibial spine fracture using all-epiphyseal bone tunnels and knotless anchors. In this construct, sutures passing through the substance of the anterior cruciate ligament help to eliminate residual laxity, all-epiphyseal bone tunnels avoid growth disturbance, and suture anchors reduce persistently displaced anterior comminution.
Analysis of the Performance of Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Nodes Under the AODV Protocol

Due to recent technological advances, the manufacture of tiny and low-cost sensors has become technically and economically feasible. The censor electronics measure the environmental conditions related to the environment surrounding the sensor and transforms them into an electrical signal. The processing of such a signal reveals some properties on localized objects and/or events that occur in the vicinity of the sensor. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) contain hundreds or thousands of these network-connected sensor nodes that can communicate with each other or directly to an external base station. Currently there are countless areas where WSNs find application, with telemedicine, industrial process control and precision agriculture being some of the most relevant. In this work the fundamental theoretical aspects of this technology are studied, paying special attention to routing protocols. In addition, modeling and simulation of two network scenarios is performed using Y comparing two softwares, in a network simulator (NS-3) and Omnet++ together with the Castalia module to analyze their respective performances with and without mobility in the nodes, taking into account it counts the energy efficiency, the error rate of reception of the packets and the network load due to the AODV protocol.
The Neurodevelopmental Pathogenesis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a model disorder for understanding brain development because the genes that cause TSC are known, many downstream molecular pathways have been identified, and the resulting perturbations of cellular events are established. TSC, therefore, provides an intellectual framework to understand the molecular and biochemical pathways that orchestrate normal brain development. The TSC1 and TSC2 genes encode Hamartin and Tuberin which form a GTPase activating protein (GAP) complex. Inactivating mutations in TSC genes (TSC1/TSC2) cause sustained Ras homologue enriched in brain (RHEB) activation of the mammalian isoform of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). TOR is a protein kinase that regulates cell size in many organisms throughout nature. mTORC1 inhibits catabolic processes including autophagy and activates anabolic processes including mRNA translation. mTORC1 regulation is achieved through two main upstream mechanisms. The first mechanism is regulation by growth factor signaling. The second mechanism is regulation by amino acids. Gene mutations that cause too much or too little mTORC1 activity lead to a spectrum of neuroanatomical changes ranging from altered brain size (micro and macrocephaly) to cortical malformations to Type I neoplasias. Because somatic mutations often underlie these changes, the timing, and location of mutation results in focal brain malformations. These mutations, therefore, provide gain-of-function and loss-of-function changes that are a powerful tool to assess the events that have gone awry during development and to determine their functional physiological consequences. Knowledge about the TSC-mTORC1 pathway has allowed scientists to predict which upstream and downstream mutations should cause commensurate neuroanatomical changes. Indeed, many of these predictions have now been clinically validated. A description of clinical imaging and histochemical findings is provided in relation to laboratory models of TSC that will allow the reader to appreciate how human pathology can provide an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of development.
Regional Peak Mucosal Cooling Predicts Radiofrequency Treatment Outcomes of Nasal Valve Obstruction.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Low energy radiofrequency may offer effective treatment for narrow or obstructed nasal valve, yet its precise mechanism is not fully understood. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, nonrandomized, case series. METHODS Twenty prospective patients with internal nasal valve obstruction underwent office-based Vivaer treatment (Aerin Medical, Inc) under local anesthesia. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were constructed based on the pre- and 90 days post-procedure computed tomography (CT) scans to identify salient changes in nasal airflow parameters. RESULTS Patients' Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation score (NOSE: pre-treatment 78.89 ± 11.57; post-treatment 31.39 ± 18.30, P = 5e-7) and Visual Analog Scale of nasal obstruction (VAS: pre-treatment 6.01 ± 1.83; post-treatment 3.44 ± 2.11, P = 1e-4) improved significantly at 90 days after the minimally invasive approach. Nasal airway volume in the treatment area increased ~7% 90 days post-treatment (pre-treatment 5.97 ± 1.20, post-treatment 6.38 ± 1.50 cm3 , P = .018), yet there were no statistically significant changes in the measured peak nasal inspiratory flowrate (PNIF, pre-treatment: 60.16 ± 34.49; post-treatment: 72.38 ± 43.66 ml/s; P = .13) and CFD computed nasal resistance (pre-treatment: 0.096 ± 0.065; post-treatment: 0.075 ± 0.026 Pa/(ml/s); P = .063). As validation, PNIF correlated significantly with nasal resistance (r = 0.47, P = .004). Among all the variables, only the peak mucosal cooling posterior to the nasal vestibule significantly correlated with the NOSE at baseline (r = -0.531, P = .023) and with post-treatment improvement (r = 0.659, P = .003). CONCLUSION Minimal remodeling of the nasal valve (7% in this study) may have a profound effect on perceived nasal obstruction, despite little effect on nasal resistance, or PNIF. The results corroborated our previous findings that subjective relief of nasal obstruction correlates with regional mucosal cooling rather than nasal resistance or peak flow rate, a potential target for future effective, personalized therapeutic approaches. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1760-E1769, 2021.
Weakly-Supervised Modeling of Contextualized Event Embedding for Discourse Relations

Representing, and reasoning over, long narratives requires models that can deal with complex event structures connected through multiple relationship types. This paper suggests to represent this type of information as a narrative graph and learn contextualized event representations over it using a relational graph neural network model. We train our model to capture event relations, derived from the Penn Discourse Tree Bank, on a huge corpus, and show that our multi-relational contextualized event representation can improve performance when learning script knowledge without direct supervision and provide a better representation for the implicit discourse sense classification task.