cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Driving Skill Based on Entropy Analysis of Steering Frequency Response

As a first step towards a dynamic control-oriented driver model that can describe various levels of driving skill in the driver’s primary vehicle control functions, this paper attempts to recognize the driving skill manifested in the low-level control characteristics. Vehicle tests on a DLC course were conducted with twenty subjects of different skill levels. A variance-based analysis was applied to the steering angle to generate both the frequency responses and the time sequences for frequency-domain and time-domain analysis. Two entropy measures are developed to evaluate the effectiveness of drivers’ steering control, and preview errors are used to provide an absolute measure for drivers’ preview performance. Simple rules using these three measures are developed, and data analysis verifies that the above three measures can effectively distinguish the driving skill levels of the twenty subjects participated in the DLC vehicle test.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Gas-Phase Reaction of SO3 with H2O and the Heterogeneous Reaction of SO3 with H2O/H2SO4 Surfaces

The gas-phase reaction of SO3 with H2O and the heterogeneous reaction of SO3 with H2O−H2SO4 surfaces have been studied in a fast flow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) for species detection. The gas-phase reaction was studied under turbulent flow conditions over the pressure range from 100 to 760 Torr N2 and the temperature range from 283 to 370 K. The loss rate of SO3 was measured under pseudo-first-order conditions; it exhibits a second-order dependence on water vapor concentration and has a strong negative temperature dependence. The first-order rate coefficient for the SO3 loss by gas-phase reaction shows no significant pressure dependence and can be expressed as kI(s-1) = 3.90 × 10-41 exp(6830.6/T)[H2O]2 where [H2O] is in units of molecule cm-3 and T is in Kelvin. The overall uncertainty of our experimentally determined rate coefficients is estimated to be ±20%. At sufficiently low SO3 concentrations (<1012 molecule cm-3) the rate coefficient is independent of the init...
Psychological distress among survivors of burn injury: the role of outcome expectations and perceptions of importance.

Abstract This study examined factors associated with psychologic distress among survivors of burn injury. The study tested hypotheses derived from Scheier and Carver's model of behavioral self-regulation and focused on two primary predictor variables: expectations concerning rehabilitative outcomes and the importance attached to those outcomes. The study used a cross-sectional research design. Two hundred sixteen people who had sustained major or moderate thermal burn injuries within 2 years of study entry served as subjects. Data were collected via mailed questionnaire and chart review. Consistent with study hypotheses, we found that participants who had low expectations for further improvement but who attached high importance to the need for improvement exhibited the most psychologic distress. Study findings lend support to Scheier and Carver's model and suggest that application of this model within the context of burn rehabilitation may increase our understanding of the rehabilitation process. Directions for future theory-based research are discussed.
The Expression of Espoused Humanizing Values in Organizational Practice: A Conceptual Framework and Case Study

We provide a conceptual framework and a case study of how an organization links its mission and espoused values with its operating practices. Conceptually, we locate this mission integration theme within Simons’ (1995, Levers of control. Harvard Business Review Press, Boston) management accounting and control framework, and then adapt Schatzki’s (2002, The site of the social. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park) site ontology of social practice to develop general research expectations for case studies of espoused values/practice linkages. Empirically, we apply the conceptual framework to a case study of linkages among an actual company’s espoused values, human resource practices, and financial management during its 40-plus year history. The concluding section summarizes the study and discusses its implications, limitations, and opportunities for future research.
Investigations of a complete pore-structure analysis. III. Analysis of carbon adsorbents

Abstract Complete pore-structure analyses were performed for five carbon blacks and for three activated carbon adsorbents by nitrogen adsorption, using the two methods developed by Brunauer et al.: the “MP method” for micropores and the “corrected modelless” method for the wider pores. Only one of the five carbon blacks, Spheron 6, had micropores. Three low-surface carbon blacks, Sterling MT, Sterling MTG, and Sterling FTG, appeared to be nonporous. Two of the blacks, Spheron 6 and Graphon, had hysteresis loops at high relative pressures. This was interpreted as capillary condensation in the interparticle spaces. If this interpretation is correct, the pore walls are the external surfaces of the carbon black particles. Analysis by the corrected modelless method gave cumulative pore-surface values for Spheron 6 and Graphon in very good agreement with the BET surface. The three activated carbons were industrial experimental products, containing predominantly micropores. Only 4–7% of the total surface, but about one-third of the total volume was in wide pores. The cumulative surface in the micropores plus wide pores agreed very well with the BET surface, and the cumulative volume in the micropores plus wide pores agreed very well with the nitrogen uptake at ps.
Efficient maximal poisson-disk sampling

We solve the problem of generating a uniform Poisson-disk sampling that is both maximal and unbiased over bounded non-convex domains. To our knowledge this is the first provably correct algorithm with time and space dependent only on the number of points produced. Our method has two phases, both based on classical dart-throwing. The first phase uses a background grid of square cells to rapidly create an unbiased, near-maximal covering of the domain. The second phase completes the maximal covering by calculating the connected components of the remaining uncovered voids, and by using their geometry to efficiently place unbiased samples that cover them. The second phase converges quickly, overcoming a common difficulty in dart-throwing methods. The deterministic memory is O(n) and the expected running time is O(n log n), where n is the output size, the number of points in the final sample. Our serial implementation verifies that the log n dependence is minor, and nearly O(n) performance for both time and memory is achieved in practice. We also present a parallel implementation on GPUs to demonstrate the parallel-friendly nature of our method, which achieves 2.4x the performance of our serial version.
Complementarity of GC–MS and LC–MS analyses for determination of carbohydrate profiles of vegetative cells and spores of bacilli

Abstract Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance anion-exchange (HPAE) liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) provide complementary information when used to characterize whole-cell carbohydrate profiles. Neutral and aminosugars are profiled (when analyzed as alditol acetates) by GC–MS. Whilst neutral and acidic sugars are detected in native form by HPAE LC–MS. The power of these complementary approaches is particularly well illustrated in the analysis of B. subtilis and the genetically related organism B. atrophaeus. Vegetative cells grown under phosphate-rich conditions, vegetative cells grown under phosphate-limiting conditions and spores are quite distinct in their carbohydrate composition. The totality of these six (three GC–MS and three LC–MS) carbohydrate profiles for each organism provides a powerful tool for characterization of the physiological status of the cell and for species identification.
A comparison of low- with high-osmolality contrast agents in cardiac angiography. Identification of criteria for selective use.

BACKGROUNDControversy exists as to whether low-osmolality radiographic contrast agents, which have less detrimental pharmacological effects but are considerably more expensive than high-osmolality agents, should be used universally or only for selected high-risk patients.METHODS AND RESULTSA randomized, double-blind study was used to compare the frequency and severity of adverse events in 2245 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac angiography. Two thousand one hundred sixty-six patients were successfully randomized to either iohexol, a low-osmolality contrast agent, or diatrizoate (as Hypaque 76), a high-osmolality agent. The end point event included clinically important adverse events (which jeopardized the patient or required aggressive treatment), contrast agent-related procedure abbreviations, and conversion to open-label contrast agent. Clinically important end point events were associated with increased age, New York Heart Association functional class, left ventricular end-diastolic pre...
Correlations in a one-dimensional hysteresis model

We present exact results for the spin–spin correlations of a one-dimensional simple hysteresis model. The model properties are obtained from non-equilibrium states of an Ising lattice with random local fields. Long-range correlations 〈σ0σn〉 are of the form |n|exp(−λ|n|) rather than exp(−λ|n|).
Multiobjective optimization problems with equilibrium constraints

The paper is devoted to new applications of advanced tools of modern variational analysis and generalized differentiation to the study of broad classes of multiobjective optimization problems subject to equilibrium constraints in both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional settings. Performance criteria in multiobjective/vector optimization are defined by general preference relationships satisfying natural requirements, while equilibrium constraints are described by parameterized generalized equations/variational conditions in the sense of Robinson. Such problems are intrinsically nonsmooth and are handled in this paper via appropriate normal/coderivative/subdifferential constructions that exhibit full calculi. Most of the results obtained are new even in finite dimensions, while the case of infinite-dimensional spaces is significantly more involved requiring in addition certain “sequential normal compactness” properties of sets and mappings that are preserved under a broad spectrum of operations.
How can we improve the performance of supply chain contracts? An experimental Study

Abstract Although optimal forms of supply chain contracts have been widely studied in the literature, it has also been observed that decision makers fail to make optimal decisions in these contract setups. In this research, we propose different approaches to improve the performance of supply chain contracts in practice. We consider revenue sharing and buyback contracts between a rational supplier and a retailer who, unlike the supplier, is susceptible to decision errors. We propose five approaches to improve the retailer’s decisions which are in response to contract terms offered by the supplier. Through laboratory experiments, we examine the effectiveness of each approach. Among the proposed approaches, we observe that offering free items can bring the retailer’s effective order quantity close to the optimal level. We also observe that the retailer’s learning trend can be improved by providing him with collective feedbacks on the profits associated with his decisions.
Revealing biases inherent in recombination protocols.

Background The recombination of homologous genes is an effective protein engineering tool to evolve proteins. DNA shuffling by gene fragmentation and reassembly has dominated the literature since its first publication, but this fragmentation-based method is labor intensive. Recently, a fragmentation-free PCR based protocol has been published, termed recombination-dependent PCR, which is easy to perform. However, a detailed comparison of both methods is still missing.
Temporal Sequence of Swallow Events During the Oropharyngeal Swallow

Purpose To (a) identify and characterize the temporal relation of selected structural movements during the oropharyngeal swallow across participants, (b) determine whether patterns of movement coul...
Biosensors: Making nanopores from nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes can be used to detect single DNA molecules as they pass through the nanotubes under the influence of an applied electric field.
Security-Aware Service Composition with Fine-Grained Information Flow Control

Enforcing access control in composite services is essential in distributed multidomain environment. Many advanced access control models have been developed to secure web services at execution time. However, they do not consider access control validation at composition time, resulting in high execution-time failure rate of composite services due to access control violations. Performing composition-time access control validation is not straightforward. First, many candidate compositions need to be considered and validating them can be costly. Second, some service composers may not be trusted to access protected policies and validation has to be done remotely. Another major issue with existing models is that they do not consider information flow control in composite services, which may result in undesirable information leakage. To resolve all these problems, we develop a novel three-phase composition protocol integrating information flow control. To reduce the policy evaluation cost, we use historical information to efficiently evaluate and prune candidate compositions and perform local/remote policy evaluation only on top candidates. To achieve effective and efficient information flow control, we introduce the novel concept of transformation factor to model the computation effect of intermediate services. Experimental studies show significant performance benefit of the proposed mechanism.
Some properties of the direct cortical response.

Abstract The first negative wave of the direct cortical response, measured transcortically in the visual cortex of the cat, exhibits an exponential decay with a time constant of 7.08 ± 2.00 msec sd ; this is comparable to the membrane time constant of cat pyramidal tract cells. The exponential phase of the direct cortical response is generated in the upper layers of the cortex, and its potential field distribution is a linear function of depth over this region.
Acoustics and dynamics of coaxial interacting vortex rings

Using a contour dynamics method for inviscid axisymmetric flow we examine the effects of core deformation on the dynamics and acoustic signatures of coaxial interacting vortex rings. Both 'passage' and 'collision' (head-on) interactions are studied for initially identical vortices. Good correspondence with experiments is obtained. A simple model which retains only the elliptic degree of freedom in the core shape is used to explain some of the calculated features.
A new regulatory pathway for fragile X syndrome

One out of every 4,500 males suffers cognitive impairment due to alterations in the fragile X gene. The gene has a complicated biology, and it may have just gotten a bit more complex. The fragile X gene product in flies could play a role in regulation by small RNA molecules.
An analytical model for the prediction of a micro-dosimeter response function

A rapid analytical procedure for the prediction of a micro-dosimeter response function in low Earth orbit (LEO), correlated with the Space Transportation System (STS, shuttle) Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) measurements is presented. The analytical model takes into consideration the energy loss straggling and chord length distribution of the detector, and is capable of predicting energy deposition fluctuations in a cylindrical micro-volume of arbitrary aspect ratio (height/diameter) by incoming ions through both direct and indirect (ray) events. At any designated (ray traced) target point within the vehicle, the model accepts the differential flux spectrum of Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and/or trapped protons at LEO as input. On a desktop PC, the response function of TEPC for each ion in the GCR/trapped field is computed at the average rate of 30 seconds/ion. The ionizing radiation environment at LEO is represented by O'Neill fs GCR model (2004), covering charged particles in the 1 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28. O'Neill's free space GCR model is coupled with the Langley Research Center (LaRC) angular dependent geomagnetic cutoff model to compute the transmission coefficient in LEO. The trapped proton environment is represented by a LaRC developed time dependent procedure which couples the AP8MIN/AP8MAX, Deep River Neutron Monitor (DRNM) and F10.7 solar radio frequency measurements. The albedo neutron environment is represented by the extrapolation of the Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation (AIR) measurements. The charged particle transport calculations correlated with STS 51 and 114 flights are accomplished by using the most recent version (2005) of the LaRC deterministic High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport (HZETRN) code. We present the correlations between the TEPC model predictions (response function) and TEPC measured differential/integral spectra in the lineal energy (y) domain for both GCR and trapped protons, with the conclusion that the model correctly accounts for the increase in flux at low y values where energetic ions are the primary contributor. We further discuss that, even with the incorporation of angular dependency in the cutoffs, comparison of the GCR differential/integral flux between STS 51 and 114 TEPC measured data and current calculations indicates that there still exists an underestimation by the simulations at low to mid range y values. This underestimation is partly related the exclusion of the secondary pion particle production from the current version of HZETRN.
Shock propagation through a perfect gas entrained with a normal distribution of fine particles

Abstract This study presents a mathematical model that describes the particle—gas interactions that occur when a normal shock wave progresses through a particle-laden gas. The analysis focuses on the dynamic and thermodynamic events taking place within the domain of the relaxation zone. In this work, the powdered material is composed of a distribution of particle sizes. The governing equations presented here predict the temperature, velocity, density, pressure, and particle concentration distributions for the gas phase and for each interval in the discretized particle size distribution. In addition, the analysis predicts the distance relative to the shock front at which the particles contained in the various size intervals come into temperature and velocity equilibrium with the gas phase. In general, these lengths are different for each particle size interval. The results presented here show the influence of particle size distribution on shock wave behavior.
Photoreversal of ultraviolet light induced mutation, lethality and damage to nucleic acid formation in bacteria

Abstract 1. 1. With low UV doses, dark repairable blockage of DNA synthesis is eliminated by photoreversal in Escherichia coli strain WP2. At the higher “critical” dose just below that which results in non-dark repairable inactivation of DNA synthesis, little photoreversal of dark repairable blockage is observed. Damage which is not dark repairable induced above this dose is photoreversible. The non-photoreversible, dark repairable damage which occurs with doses below the critical level appears to be responsible for the requirement for RNA and protein formation in repair of the UV-damaged DNA synthetic system, as indicated by the blockage of DNA synthesis after photoreversal treatment by the antibiotic, chloramphenicol. Neither dark repairable damage nor non-dark repairable damage is photoreversed in a non-photoreversible strain of E. coli . 2. 2. Induction of lethality is correlated with induction of photoreversible, non-dark repairable damage to DNA synthesis. Lethality is photoreversible in strain WP2 but not with the non-photoreversible strain. 3. 3. The chloramphenicol-sensitive mutation process appears to require the induction both of photoreversible, dark repairable damage and of non-photoreversible, dark repairable damage. Induced mutation (tryptophan requirement reversion) in strain WP2 is photoreversible over the dose range investigated. The induction of non-photoreversible damage to DNA synthesis can be correlated with the non-linearity of the UV-induced mutation curve obtained with lower UV doses.
The pathology of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune cholangitis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis is the prototype of the small-duct biliary diseases which are characterized by damage or destruction of interlobular and proximal septal bile ducts. Autoimmune cholangitis differs serologically from primary biliary cirrhosis but, by current consensus, has the same pathological features. The histological findings in primary biliary cirrhosis and the staging criteria of that disease are well described and at this point can be applied to autoimmune cholangitis also. Diagnostic difficulties arise either because other small-duct biliary diseases are not considered or because tell-tale histological signs, particularly ductopenia, are not recognized. Review of all small-duct biliary diseases suggests that interlobular and adjacent septal bile ducts (1st and 2nd generation ducts) represent an immunosensitive portion of the biliary tree. Comparative studies of these unique segments may have important implications for our understanding of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune cholangitis and possibly for future treatment options for these conditions.
Scanning electron microscopy of merogonous stages of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis in Mus musculus.

Asexual stages ofEimeria falciformis var.pragensis in Swiss-Webster mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Sporozoites were present in the cecum and colon 2 h post-inoculation (PI) and measured 11.3×2.1 μm (9–13.9×2–2.2 μm). Sporozoites penetrated epithelial cells with an extended anterior end and were constricted at the site of entry. Asexual generations were found in the cecum and colon epithelial cells. In meronts found at days 3–6 PI, merozoites matured synchronously, were oriented in the same direction, and were arranged in a helical pattern. Such meronts measured 11.3×6.4 μm (8–13.7×5–7.4 μm) and contained 8–12 meroxoites, which measured 11.9×1.5 μm (7.4–15.7×1.3–1.8 μm). Meronts which were present at day 7 PI measured 9.5×8.2 μm (9–10.5×7–9.5 μm) and contained 20–50 small merozoites which budded asynchronously from a central residuum. At days 3–7 PI, parasitized epithelial cells had shorter and fewer or no microvilli. The lumenal plasmalemma of the host cell was often disrupted or absent in cells containing mature meronts and escaping merozoites. At day 6 PI, phagocytic cells appeared on the epithelial surface, some of which were in contact with merozoites. Small foci of exposed basal lamina were present at day 7 PI in areas where cells had sloughed from the epithelium.
Strategy and Tactic in the Analysis of Archaeological Hunter-Gatherer Systems:

Archaeologists studying past cultural systems commonly employ the concept of strategy to characterize both general and specific aspects of those systems. It is herein argued that a “strategy” is a plan; a general concept or blueprint conceived to achieve a goal. The fulfillment of a strategy requires that specific, lower-order, actions be taken. These actions are tactics—small-scale activities that generate a material record. It is the patterned remains of tactical behavior that form, and are recovered from, the archaeological record, with higher-order strategies being inferred from some understanding of tactics. In practice, however, many researchers interchange the concepts of strategy and tactic, equating plans with actions and vice versa. This tends to homogenize the reconstruction of strategies and masks the diversity, variability, and adaptive nature of the tactical inventory within the larger cultural system. Thus, the degree and scale of initial archaeological analysis should be at the level of ta...
Linking Nonlinear System Identification with Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation under OpenSees: Some Justifications and Implementations

This study seeks to bridge the gap between nonlinear system identification and nonlinear dynamic finite-element analysis. Motivated by the needs in earthquake simulation, it is first investigated under which conditions and to what degree the prediction of maximum lateral drift and base shear requires accurate nonlinear hysteretic moment-rotation joint models. A series of simulations is carried out using a simple but typical steel frame under two different earthquake ground motion time histories scaled up to various levels. As one of the two major classes of models in nonlinear system identification, nonparametric models are proposed to be implemented into OpenSees. A methodology with details is provided to effectively implement feedforward neural networks with one hidden layer as a new one-dimensional nonlinear smooth material model directly from a MATLAB environment to OpenSees. The same methodology can be applied to benefit the implementation of other parametric and nonparametric models with linear parameterization. Numerical examples are provided. Challenges are discussed and future work is identified.
Salt-dependent binding of Escherichia coli initiation factor 3 to nucleic acids determined by sedimentation partition chromatography.

Abstract The binding of 14 CH 3 - initiation factor 3 (IF3) to polynucleotides is strongly dependent upon the concentration of added salt. The observed association constant, K obs , increases by ca. a factor of 10 2 when the NaCl concentration is lowered from 200 to 100 m m for the binding of 14 CH 3 -IF3 to all nucleic acids examined. This salt-dependent binding suggests that at physiological salt concentrations the formation of an IF3-polynucleotide complex is primarily driven by the release of cations from the nucleic acid, although anion effects are involved also. For single-stranded nucleic acids, nonelectrostatic interactions may contribute a factor of 10 2 to the value of K obs , although accurate assessment of these interactions is complicated by anion effects. The binding of 14 CH 3 -IF3 to the double helix, poly(A) · poly(U), appears to be exclusively electrostatic. 14 CH 3 -IF3 forms a maximum of 8 ± 2 ion pairs with most single-stranded polynucleotides. The value of K obs increases from ca. 10 3 to 10 5 m −1 when the NaCl concentration is lowered from 200 to 100 m m for the binding of 14 CH 3 -IF3 to poly(A), poly(C), poly(U), and poly(A) · poly(U). At physiological salt concentrations, IF3 shows no preference for any of these bases or for single or double-stranded structures. However, 14 CH 3 -IF3 binds ca. 60 times greater to poly(A,G), at all NaCl concentrations examined, than to the other nucleic acids, indicating that IF3 has some preference for guanine-containing polynucleotides. The presence of 10 m m Mg 2+ tends to reduce the value of K obs at any given NaCl concentration, but to a smaller degree than predicted by simply a competition between Mg 2+ and IF3 for the nucleic acid lattice.
Coarsening of Unstable Surface Features during Fe(001) Homoepitaxy

The evolution of the surface potential during homoepitaxial growth of Fe(001) is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. The observed morphology exhibits a non-self-affine collection of moundlike features that maintain their shape but coarsen as growth proceeds. The characteristic feature separation $L$ is set in the submonolayer regime and increases with thickness $t$ as $L(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{0.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04}$. During the coarsening phase, the mounds are characterized by a magic slope and a lack of reflection symmetry. These observations are shown to be described by a continuum growth equation without capillarity.
Diagnostic efficiency of symptoms in the diagnosis of DSM-IV: generalized anxiety disorder in youth.

Background: Evaluated five probability indices, including odds ratios, to determine relative contribution of Uncontrollable Excessive Worry (DSM-IV criterion A and criterion B) and Physiological Symptoms associated with uncontrollable excessive worry (DSM-IV criterion C) for diagnosing DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in youth. Method: One hundred eleven youths (6 to 17 years old) and their parents who presented to a childhood anxiety disorders specialty clinic were administered a semi-structured diagnostic interview schedule. Separate evaluations were conducted for children and adolescents. Results: Results showed that symptoms comprising DSM-IV's generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis vary relative to one another in the degree to which they contribute to the diagnosis, with certain symptoms having relatively higher diagnostic value than other symptoms. The relative value of symptoms also appeared to vary with children's and adolescents' reports, and parents' reports about their children and adolescents. Conclusions: Despite variations in symptoms' values, with only a few exceptions, almost all symptoms were still quite useful for diagnosis, whether reported by children, adolescents, or their parents.
Rapid file system development using ptrace

Developing kernel-level file systems is a difficult task that requires a significant time investment. For experimental file systems, it is desirable to develop a prototype before investing the time required to develop a kernel-level file system. We have built a ptrace monitoring infrastructure for file system development. Because our system runs entirely in user-space, debugging is made easier and it is possible to leverage existing tested user-level libraries. Because our monitor intercepts all OS entry points (system calls and signals) it is able to provide more functionality than other prototyping techniques, which are limited by the VFS interface (FUSE) or network protocols (user-level NFS servers). We have developed several example file systems using our framework, including a pass-through layered file system, a layered encryption file system, and a user-level ISO9660 file system. We analyzed the complexity of our code using cyclomatic complexity and other metrics. We show savings for a pass-through file system of 53% compared to existing user-level pass-through file systems and a factor of 4.7 reduction for an in-kernel pass-through file system. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that our infrastructure has an acceptable overhead of 18.4% for a pass-through file system.
The selection of optimal cache lines for microprocessor-based controllers

The paper presents a method of selecting optimal line sizes of cache memories for microprocessor-based controllers. It is well known that the use of cache memories in microprocessor systems can greatly improve their performance, especially in a heavy-traffic environment. The authors analyze cache performance using trace-driven simulation, a widely used method that is considered to be effective in exploring cache hit ratios. Three cache parameters, cache sizes, set associativity and line sizes, which can directly impact the hit ratios, are investigated. Among the three parameters, they mainly focus on exploring the effects of selecting line sizes on the entire microprocessor performance. A significant observation is that, although increasing line sizes can result in a higher hit ratio, it also considerably increases traffic to main memory, thereby degrading the performance. This indicates that a larger line size with a slightly higher hit ratio may perform worse than a smaller one with a lower hit ratio. They therefore present a simple method of determining an optimal line size that produces the best overall system performance. >
INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF ORANGE OIL OXIDATION

Fourteen weeks of thermal oxidation of orange oil at 38°C was monitored by gas chromatography and sensory evaluation. Linear regression was used to analyze experimental results. The sensory detection threshold and the recognition threshold showed good correlation with instrumental analysis. This technique can be readily adapted to quality control measures or for predicting the shelf life of oxygen sensitive products.
Ethanol alters endosomal recycling of human dopamine transporters.

Dynamic membrane trafficking of the monoamine dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates dopaminergic signaling. Various intrinsic and pharmacological modulators can alter this trafficking. Previously we have shown ethanol potentiates in vitro DAT function and increases surface expression. However, the mechanism underlying these changes is unclear. In the present study, we found ethanol directly regulates DAT function by altering endosomal recycling of the transporter. We defined ethanol action on transporter regulation by [3H]DA uptake functional analysis combined with biochemical and immunological assays in stably expressing DAT HEK-293 cells. Short-term ethanol exposure potentiated DAT function in a concentration-, but not time-dependent manner. This potentiation was accompanied by a parallel increase in DAT surface expression. Ethanol had no effect on function or surface localization of the ethanol-insensitive mutant (G130T DAT), suggesting a trafficking-dependent mechanism in mediating the ethanol sensitivity of the transporter. The ethanol-induced increase in DAT surface expression occurred without altering the overall size of DAT endosomal recycling pools. We found ethanol increased the DAT membrane insertion rate while having no effect on internalization of the transporter. Ethanol had no effect on the surface expression or trafficking of the endogenously expressing transferrin receptor, suggesting ethanol does not have a nonspecific effect on endosomal recycling. These results define a novel trafficking mechanism by which ethanol regulates DAT function.
Changes in Social Networks of Women and Men Following Divorce: A Review

A theoretical critique and review is presented concerning the character and consequences of changes in the social networks of spouses following separation and divorce. For men, cultural traditions that prescribe the duties and obligations of husbands are thought to encourage the development of personal friendships while simultaneously encouraging independence, thus insulating men from the possible benefits of social support following divorce. For women, the duties and obligations of wives as they are traditionally defined encourage women to accept responsibility for “kinkeeping” during and after marriage while simultaneously discouraging bonds with friends. These circumstances are thought to isolate women from the unique benefits of personal friendship and ensure networks that are dominated by kin, which typically are high in exchanges of both social support and interference. Important distinctions are drawn between the character of relationships with kin and friends, as well as between the concepts of so...
Recovery of thick shear bands in atactic polystyrene

The DSC thermograms of the shear band material cut out by a diamond saw to include some undeformed material revealed two Tg's clearly separated by about 10°C. The first Tg was at the same temperature as the Tg of the undeformed material. The second Tg, which was at a higher temperature than the first Tg, appeared shortly after the shear strain recovery during the heating of the shear band material in the DSC. When the shear strain in the shear band was partially reversed by mechanical means before taking the DSC thermogram, the ΔT between the two Tg's decreased and when the shear strain was mechanically reversed to almost zero, the second Tg disappeared. The stored energy of shear band material was found to be similar to that of the bulk compressed material for large strains. Dimensional recovery during heating of specimens with thick and fine bands was similar, both taking place above Tg.
Effects of types of input structure upon recall and different clustering scores

A categorized word list was presented in a blocked, a random, or a systematically alternating sequence for free recall. Amount recalled and category clustering with the alternating input sequence were equivalent to the results with the random arrangement, and both of these types of sequences were significantly inferior to the blocked input. These results are consistent with predictions based upon the simple proximity of related items and are contrary to expectations based upon the degree of general sequential structure as defined by methods previously used with preceptual stimuli. All of the six clustering measures examined here showed exactly the same pattern of results.
Isolation, Pure Culture, and Characterization of “Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus,” an Intracellular Secondary Endosymbiont from the Hippoboscid Louse Fly Pseudolynchia canariensis

Members of the genus Arsenophonus comprise a large group of bacterial endosymbionts that are widely distributed in arthropods of medical, veterinary, and agricultural importance. At present, little is known about the role of these bacteria in arthropods, because few representatives have been isolated and cultured in the laboratory. In the current study, we describe the isolation and pure culture of an Arsenophonus endosymbiont from the hippoboscid louse fly Pseudolynchia canariensis. We propose provisional nomenclature for this bacterium in the genus Arsenophonus as "Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus." Phylogenetic analyses indicate that "Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus" is closely related to the Arsenophonus endosymbionts found in psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs. The pure culture of this endosymbiont offers new opportunities to examine the role of Arsenophonus in insects. To this end, we describe methods for the culture of "Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus" in an insect cell line and the transformation of this bacterium with a broad-host-range plasmid.
Mentoring for Professional Geropsychology within a Doctoral Program.

Mentoring in doctoral programs in professional psychology has its roots in mentoring in science programs of all types. Professional psychology in general may suffer from conflating mentoring with clinical supervision. Using the Pikes Peak Model competencies as a framework, mentoring in attitudes, knowledge, and skills related to professional geropsychology training are described.
A spectrophotometric study of ruthenium‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole complexes

A spectrophotometric study has been carried out on the colored products formed in the interaction of 1,2,3-benzotriazole with ruthenium. Absorbance measurements by the mole ratio method gave definite evidence of two to one and four to one 1,2,3-benzotriazole to ruthenium interaction products. The spectrophotometric data indicated that mole ratio products lower than two to one and/or higher than 4 to 1 are not formed in the reaction. Durch spektrophotometrische Untersuchungen der farbigen Reaktionsprodukte aus 1,2,3-Benzotriazol und Rutheniumionen wird gezeigt, das nur Komplexe mit den Molvcrhaltnissen BT : Ru = 2 : 1 und 4 : 1 entstehen.
Coupling of Mine Grounds to Surface Grounds

The mining industry in the United States is unique in utilizing a separate mine ``safety ground'' for the working area of the mine which is kept isolated from other ground systems used to ground lightning arrestors, static lines, or equipment frames in surface substations. It is kept isolated from the other grounds to prevent potentials which appear on these grounds as the result of lightning activity or faults outside the mine from energizing the frames of mining equipment, thereby posing a shock hazard to workers using that equipment. Although this separation of grounds is desirable and is required by MSHA regulations for many types of mining operations, the goal of preventing the coupling of potentials from one ground to the other can be difficult or almost impossible to achieve in some rather typical mine environments. Several ways in which coupling has been observed to occur are documented, and the extent of such coupling is estimated. The difficulties inherent in reducing this coupling are reviewed, along with some specific new hazards which may arise in so doing. Finally, estimates are presented which indicate that the absolute potentials of large structures are not as hazardous as similar potentials on much smaller structures.
Age and Death: A Defence of Gradualism

According to standard comparativist views, death is bad insofar as it deprives someone of goods she would otherwise have had. In The Ethics of Killing, Jeff McMahan argues against such views and in favor of a gradualist account according to which how bad it is to die is a function of both the future goods of which the decedent is deprived and her cognitive development when she dies. Comparativists and gradualists therefore disagree about how bad it is to die at different ages. In this paper I examine two prominent criticisms of gradualism and show that both misconstrue McMahan. I develop a related criticism that seems to show that a gradualist cannot coherently relate morbidity and mortality. This criticism also fails, but has an instructive implication for how policy-makers setting priorities for health care investments should regard choices between life-saving interventions and interventions against non-fatal diseases in the very young.
Research in post-Communist Hungary

Between 1949 and 1989, Hungarian researchers belonged to a Soviet East European information enclave, but were largely excluded from world scholarly communication due to inadequate financial support, insufficient researcher foreign language skills, and political restrictions on information flow. Since Hungary's 1989 departure from the Soviet bloc, changes have occurred. As of 1991, the Hungarian research community is unstable as the government has cut financial support and planned systemic changes. But Hungary is no longer isolated; it is gaining better access to the West and to its Central European neighbours, while losing some access to the former Soviet Union, and linguistic isolation is ebbing.
A High Efficiency Electrodeposited Cu2ZnSnS4 Solar Cell

High-performance Cu2ZnSnS4 photovoltaic devices are demonstrated using electrodeposition of metal stacks and annealing of a CuZnSn precursor in a sulfur atmosphere. A champion electroplated Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 7.3%, which is a record efficiency for electrodeposited Cu2ZnSnS4 solar devices. The device performance points to electrodeposition and annealing as a low-cost and viable approach to earth-abundant solar cell fabrication.
The RNA polymerase dictates ORF1 requirement and timing of LINE and SINE retrotransposition.

Mobile elements comprise close to one half of the mass of the human genome. Only LINE-1 (L1), an autonomous non-Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposon, and its non-autonomous partners—such as the retropseudogenes, SVA, and the SINE, Alu—are currently active human retroelements. Experimental evidence shows that Alu retrotransposition depends on L1 ORF2 protein, which has led to the presumption that LINEs and SINEs share the same basic insertional mechanism. Our data demonstrate clear differences in the time required to generate insertions between marked Alu and L1 elements. In our tissue culture system, the process of L1 insertion requires close to 48 hours. In contrast to the RNA pol II-driven L1, we find that pol III transcribed elements (Alu, the rodent SINE B2, and the 7SL, U6 and hY sequences) can generate inserts within 24 hours or less. Our analyses demonstrate that the observed retrotransposition timing does not dictate insertion rate and is independent of the type of reporter cassette utilized. The additional time requirement by L1 cannot be directly attributed to differences in transcription, transcript length, splicing processes, ORF2 protein production, or the ability of functional ORF2p to reach the nucleus. However, the insertion rate of a marked Alu transcript drastically drops when driven by an RNA pol II promoter (CMV) and the retrotransposition timing parallels that of L1. Furthermore, the “pol II Alu transcript” behaves like the processed pseudogenes in our retrotransposition assay, requiring supplementation with L1 ORF1p in addition to ORF2p. We postulate that the observed differences in retrotransposition kinetics of these elements are dictated by the type of RNA polymerase generating the transcript. We present a model that highlights the critical differences of LINE and SINE transcripts that likely define their retrotransposition timing.
ORIGIN AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE AMNIOTE OCCIPUT

Abstract Reinterpretation of cranial materials of the diadectomorphs Limnoscelis and Diadectes has prompted a reconsideration of the origin and early evolution of the amniote occiput. The basic approach is a phylogenetic study of major groups of Paleozoic tetrapods based on the occiput and closely associated elements of the skull roof. A lack of adequate anatomical data has forced the elimination of only a few relevant higher-level taxa from consideration, and, using Acanthostega as the reference outgroup, a cladistic analysis of the interrelationships of the Lepospondyli, Temnospondyli, Seymouriamorpha, Baphetidae (=Loxommatidae), Anthracosauria, Diadectomorpha, Synapsida, and Reptilia has produced the following results: 1) the ingroup taxa exhibit a basal dichotomy in which one division consists of the unresolved relationships of Lepospondyli, Temnospondyli, and Seymouriamorpha; 2) the pattern of relationships of the second division of the ingroup taxa is a series of nested clades, terminating with the ...
Counting and generating integer partitions in parallel

The author presents parallel shared memory algorithms for counting the number of partitions of a given integer N, where the partitions may be subject to restrictions, such as being composed of distinct parts, of a given number of parts, and/or of parts belonging to a specified set. The author shows that this can be done in polylogarithmic parallel time, although the algorithm requires an excessive number of processors. She also presents more practical algorithms that run in time O( square root N(log N)/sup 2/) but use much fewer processors. The technique used in these algorithms can be used to obtain adaptive, optimal algorithms for the case when a limited number of processors is available. Parallel logarithmic time algorithms that generate partitions uniformly at random, using the quantities computed by the counting algorithms, are also presented. >
Concentrated supply chain membership and financial performance: Chain- and firm-level perspectives

Abstract This study reports evidence that concentrated 3-firm supply chains achieve superior financial performance, and that supply chains’ financial performance varies systematically with measures of chain concentration and chain duration. Results from firm-level analyses suggest that the profitability benefits of supply chain relationships are captured predominantly by downstream chain members, whereas cash cycle benefits are realized throughout the supply chain. Firm-level tests also reveal that chain members’ financial performance varies systematically with measures of downstream bargaining power, downstream relationship duration, and degree of supply consolidation. The study's chain- and firm-level analyses employ data extracted from sample firms’ publicly available financial reports, including their major customer disclosures under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Nos. 131 (1997) and 14 (1976).