cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of NAD+-linked substrates on energy conservation at sites 2 and 3 in mitochondria treated with inorganic arsenate.

Abstract Exposure of rat liver mitochondria to inorganic arsenate followed by reisolation and washing to remove the added arsenate results in uncoupled respiration with succinate and ascorbate ( ADP 0 =0 ), but ADP 0 and ATP 0 values of 1.3 to 1.6 with 3-hydroxybutyrate or glutamate. ADP 0 and ATP 0 values greater than 1.0 with NAD+-linked substrates arise as a result of partial reactivation of coupling at sites 2 and 3 by these substrates. In the presence of rotenone, NAD+-linked substrates can still reactivate coupling with succinate or ascorbate at these sites. The extent of reactivation in the presence of rotenone by 3-hydroxybutyrate is decreased by simultaneous addition of acetoacetate. The results suggest that the coupling at sites 2 and 3 is amenable to control through changes in the reduction state of some specific components of the respiratory chain located remotely from these sites.
Alcohol consumption does not affect fathers but does affect their offspring in the forced swimming test.

: Male rats that had consumed alcohol for seven months did not differ significantly from controls in their immobility response in the forced swimming test. In contrast to this observation, the offspring of these males exhibited a significant dose-related decrease in immobility. These results suggest that while alcohol's effects may not be observable in males consuming it, this does not necessarily mean that it has no important biological effects on these males. However, these effects may not be appreciated until their offspring are examined.
Design and Performance of a New Infrared Reflection Accessory for Spectroelectrochemical Studies

A novel spectroelectrochemical cell based on a hemispherical window which fits in the sample compartment of a center-focus FT-IR spectrometer is described. The ZnSe hemisphere serves to collimate the beam, provide near-critical angle reflection, lower first-surface reflection losses, and reestablish the instrument focal point. The optics of the spectroelectrochemical accessory include only two folding mirrors, the IR polarizer, the ZnSe window, and the electrode. The optimum angle of incidence for the reflection experiment is determined from calculated mean-squared electric field strengths. Typical potential difference spectra are presented for varying degrees of signal optimization, and the gains in signal-to-noise ratios are reported.
On achieving fairness in the joint allocation of buffer and bandwidth resources: principles and algorithms

Fairness in network traffic management can improve the isolation between traffic streams, offer a more predictable performance, eliminate certain kinds of transient bottlenecks and may serve as a critical component of a strategy to achieve certain guaranteed services such as delay bounds and minimum bandwidths. While fairness in bandwidth allocation over a shared link has been studied extensively, the desired eventual goal is overall fairness in the use of all the resources in the network. This paper is concerned with achieving fairness in the joint allocation of buffer and bandwidth resources. Although a large variety of buffer management strategies have been proposed in the research literature, a provably fair and practical algorithm based on a rigorously defined theoretical framework does not exist. In this paper, we describe such a framework and a new, provably fair, and practical strategy for the joint allocation of buffer and bandwidth resources using the max-rain notion of fairness. Through simulation experiments using real gateway traffic and video traffic traces, we demonstrate the improved fairness of our strategy in comparison to several popular buffer management algorithms. Joint management of buffer and bandwidth resources involves both an entry policy into the buffer and an exit policy through the output link. Our study reveals that, even though algorithms such as WFQ and DRR that can serve as fair exit policies have received significantly more attention, a fair entry policy is more critical than a fair exit policy to the over-all fairness goal when buffer resources are constrained.
Nanomechanical Peeling of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanocoils Studied Using the Atomic Force Microscope

The physics of adhesion of one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanotubes, nanocoils, and nanowires is of great interest to the functioning and reliability of nanoelectronic devices and the development of high-strength, lightweight nanocomposites. Here, we extend previous work using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to investigate quantitatively the physics of nanomechanical peeling of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanocoils on different substrates. We summarize previous modeling results which predict that an initially straight nanotube peeled from a surface may transition suddenly between different geometric configurations with vastly different interfacial energies. In contrast, nanocoils display a sawtooth peeling force curve indicating the sequential release of discrete pinning points. We resolve differences in nanotube peeling energies at attoJoule levels on different materials, thus opening up the possibility of sensitive screening of fiber coatings or material surfaces for improved adhesion in nanocomposites.© 2008 ASME
NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION: HOW LOW CAN YOU GO AND STILL BE IMPORTANT?

This paper examines two assumptions that have formed the basis for much of the past and present work on hybrid zones. These assumptions derive from the observation that crosses between genetically divergent individuals (e.g., from different subspecies, species, etc.) often give rise to genotypes that are less fertile or less viable than those produced from crosses between genetically similar individuals. The first assumption is that natural hybridization will not affect the evolutionary history of the hybridizing forms because there is a low probability of producing novel genotypes with higher relative fitness. The second viewpoint is more extreme in that it assumes that all hybrid genotypes will be less fit. Even if rare gene flow does occur it will thus not contribute to patterns of diver- sification or adaptation because the hybrids will always be selected against. Examples from both plant and animal hybridization are discussed that are not consistent with these as- sumptions. Numerous instances of natural hybridization are used to demonstrate that ex- tremely low fertility or viability of early-generation hybrids (e.g., F1, F2, B1) does not necessarily prevent extensive gene flow and the establishment of new evolutionary lineages. In addition, it is demonstrated that various hybrid genotypes have equivalent or higher fitness than their parents in certain habitats.
Residential Location and Proximity to Children Among Impaired Elderly Parents1

The availability of adult children as potential caregivers is particularly critical to the rural elderly because of the dearth of health and human services in rural areas. This paper analyzes proximity to adult children among a large sample of older persons with some degree of functional impairment, employing four residence categories and two indicators of proximity: coresidence with a child, and residence within a half-hour's travel time. Results show that older residents of large cities are most likely to live with children and that large-city and farm residents are more likely than small-city or rural nonfarm residents to live near children. Implications regarding the potential for family caregiving for the impaired elderly are discussed.
Study of interval belief combination

In this paper, a new mathematical procedure is presented for combining different pieces of evidence which are represented in the interval form to reflect our knowledge about the truth of a hypothesis. Evidence may be correlated to each other (dependent evidence) or conflicting in support (conflicting evidence). First, assuming independent evidence, we propose a methodology to construct combination rules which obey a set of essential properties. The method is based on a geometric model. We compare results obtained from the Dempster—Shafer rule, interval Bayes rule, and the proposed combination rules with both conflicting and nonconflicting data and show that the values generated by the proposed combining rules are in tune with our intuition in both cases. Secondly, in the case that evidence is known to be dependent, we consider extensions of the rules derived for handling conflicting evidence. The performance of proposed rules are shown by different examples. The results show that the proposed rules reasonably make decisions under dependent evidence.
Use of Electrical and Electromagnetic Techniques to Map Seawater Intrusion Near the Cross-Florida Barge Canal

A sea-level canal, originally dredged to form the westernmost portion of the proposed Cross-Florida Barge Canal, extends approximately 13 km inland from the Gulf coast of Florida. Previous regional geophysical studies and water quality data showed high ground conductivities associated with seawater intrusion (increased chloride concentrations) and other processes near the canal. New electromagnetic and resistivity surveys demonstrate the shallow high-conductivity zone associated with seawater mixing extends 150–200 m perpendicular to the canal along the westernmost 7 km of the canal. Ground conductivities show no significant deviations from background values along the eastern 6 km of the canal. Values measured within 100 m of the canal show a general decrease from >100 mS/m near the Gulf coast to a background value of ~10 mS/m 7 km inland. Superimposed on this general trend are considerable local variations which probably reflect spatial variability in the fracturing of carbonate rocks and the impact of gravel mining operations. Comparison of vertical electrical soundings made in 1994 and in 1986 (Hagemeyer and Stewart, 1991) suggests that the saline water zone around the canal was stable during this period. Numerical models simulating resistivity surveys near such a high-conductivity zone indicate that one-dimensional interpretation of resistivity soundings yields only slight overestimates of the width of the high-conductivity zone.
Critically reviewing the ophthalmic literature.

ABSTRACT: In the current era, where optometry's scope and very definition are evolving, the practitioner's ability to evaluate critically the profession's clinical and basic science literature is crucial. This paper reviews the components of a scientific paper both in theory and by specific example. Emphasis is placed on reading the literature without accepting it at face value, including the description of the study designs frequently encountered in clinical research, the features of a study design that make it appropriate or inappropriate to answer the central hypothesis, and a brief introduction to the common pitfalls of routinely used statistical analysis.
Constipation in persons receiving hospice care.

Abstract Context Symptom burden at the end of life is incompletely understood. Objectives To estimate the natural history of constipation and the relation of clinical and demographic characteristics to moderate or severe constipation among persons who received hospice care in the United States starting in 2005. Methods Data were obtained from a national provider of hospice pharmacy services and included information about the hospice organization, patient demographics and clinical characteristics, constipation intensity, and drugs prescribed. Hospice nurses assessed patients' constipation during the previous 24 hours periodically, using a 0–10 numeric rating scale (NRS; 0=no intensity and 10=worst imaginable; none [NRS 0], mild [NRS 1–3], moderate [NRS 4–6], or severe [NRS 7–10]). Regression models were constructed to identify factors associated with last reported constipation severity scores. Results Fifty thousand six hundred forty-one persons received hospice services, had at least two constipation assessments, and had complete clinical and demographic information; 55.3% of these individuals were female, 87.1% were Caucasian, and mean age was 75.9 years. Constipation was assessed a mean of four times per person; 12% of persons had moderate or severe constipation at their first or last assessment, and 19% of persons who reported moderate or severe constipation at the first assessment also had moderate or severe constipation at the last assessment. First constipation and last pain scores, having cancer, and prescription of a laxative were associated with increased likelihood of moderate or severe constipation at the last assessment. Conclusions These data provide insight into a common and potentially distressing symptom and also may be useful as process indicators of the quality of hospice care.
The Disparity Between the Level of Economic Development and Human Welfare

The lack of correspondence between traditional economic development measures, such as GNP per capita, and human welfare measures, such as the PQLI, has been well documented in the literature. We devised and analyzed an economic development-welfare disparity measure, and found considerable geographic variability, with actual levels of human welfare much less than expected in many Middle Eastern and African countries, given the level of economic development. Exploratory correlation and regression analysis revealed that inequalities in the distribution of economic power and governmental expenditures contributed to the geographic variability. More importantly, each region improved its standing on the development-welfare disparity measure when relevant factors were controlled via multivariate regression.
Intratumor Administration of the Photosensitizer Pc 4 Affords Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy and Selectivity at Short Drug-Light Intervals

We evaluated intratumor (IT) versus intravenous (IV) administration of the photosensitizer Pc 4 with respect to tumor photosensitizer concentration, specificity, and responses to irradiation. BALB/c mice bearing intradermal EMT6 tumors were given 0.3 mg/kg Pc 4 injected IT or IV through the tail vein. Photosensitizer concentration was evaluated by chloroform extraction and localization assessed by fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy in vivo. Tumors were irradiated at 667 nm, 50 mW/cm(2), and 100 J/cm(2). Cures were defined as no palpable tumor 90 days after irradiation. Tumor Pc 4 concentrations 1 hour after IT administration were 35,000-fold higher than measured 24 hours after IV administration (0.112 vs 0.317 x 10(-5)microg Pc 4/mg tumor). Exquisite tumor selectivity was observed 1 hour after IT injection. Fluorescence imaging of freshly sectioned tumors revealed no regions devoid of sensitizer at this time point, with pixel intensities in a midline section within a factor of 3 of the peak intensity. For identical photosensitizer doses, IT administration significantly improved tumor responses to irradiation, with more than 70% of tumors cured with IT-Pc 4-PDT. In this model, IT-Pc 4 administration provides improved tumor control, greater selectivity, and opportunity for a short drug-light interval.
Is breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping valuable for patients in their seventies and beyond

Abstract Background Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is performed less commonly for the axillary staging of elderly patients because it is felt to uncommonly alter therapy. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection can accomplish axillary staging with less morbidity, but it is unclear if it alters subsequent therapy. Methods Review of a prospectively collected breast cancer SLN mapping database. Medical records were reviewed to supplement the database. Results Among 730 breast cancer SLN mapping patients, 261 (35.8%) were ≥70 years of age (range 70 to 95). The overall SLN identification rate was 98.8% among those P = .11) and 100% and 99.4%, respectively ( P = .25), among the most recent 500 patients. SLN metastases were detected by hematoxalin and eosin staining (H&E) in 24.2% of those P P P P 2 cm. Mean follow-up was 15.4 months. No patient experienced local or regional recurrence. Distant metastases occurred in 8.2% of patients with SLN metastases and in no patients with negative SLNs ( P Conclusions The results of SLN mapping and biopsy in elderly patients significantly influences subsequent therapy decisions, including ALND, hormonal therapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. SLN biopsy should be recommended to elderly breast cancer patients.
A comparison of predictions and measurements of kinematic mixing of two fluids in a 2D enclosure

Abstract Buoyancy driven mixing of two fluids in a 2D closed cavity is simulated with a two-fluid model. The predictions are compared with a set of experimental data. The experiment involves flow visualization of the mixing process and application of the image processing technique to determine the mixing characteristics. The measurements and predictions include the interface evolution, interface elongation, and mixing width. Two Grashof numbers based on the initial density gradient, Gr=3.7×10 5 , 3.7×10 3 and two valve speeds, 0 and 5 cm/s are considered. The predictions are generally in good agreement with the experimental data.
Effective Permeability of a Layered Porous Cavity

The feasibility of using a lumped system approach in the heat transfer analysis of a layered porous cavity is numerically investigated. Two layered cavities are considered; in one case the sublayers are perpendicular to the imposed temperature gradient while in the other case they are parallel to the imposed temperature gradient. Numerical calculations have covered a wide range of parameters (i.e., 10≤Ra 1 ≤1000, 0.01≤K 1 /K 2 ≤100, and L 1 /L(H 1 /H)=0.25, 0.5 and 0.75). The results are presented in term of the effective Rayleigh number which is defined based on the effective permeability. Two averaging techniques are used for the evaluation of the effective permeability; one is arithmetic average and the other is harmonic average
Tolerance and Compensatory Response of Rice to Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Injury

A 3-yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance and compensatory response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to injury caused by sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), as affected by cultivar (Cocodrie, Francis, and Jefferson), stage of crop growth during which the injury occurred (third tiller stage, panicle differentiation stage, and heading stage), and sugarcane borer density. The proportion of rice tillers with sugarcane borer injury (leaf and leaf sheath injury and/or stem injury) was lower when injury occurred at the third tiller stage (0.05) than at panicle differentiation (0.19) and heading (0.18). When injury occurred at the two latter stages, both the proportion of tillers with injury and the proportion of tillers with stem injury were negatively correlated with rainfall. Rainfall resulted in dislodgement and mortality of sugarcane borer eggs and larvae before the larvae entered the stems. Rice plant density in this study (111.1 plants/m2) was higher than recorded for previous research on rice compensation using potted rice or conducted in low-density hill production systems (26.7-51.3 plants/m2). Two mechanisms of within-plant tolerance/compensation were observed. Stem injured plants produced approximately 0.69 more tillers than uninjured plants, whereas tillers with leaf and leaf sheath injury produced larger panicles, up to 39.5 and 21.0% heavier than uninjured tillers, when injury occurred at third tiller stage and at panicle differentiation, respectively. Rice yield was not reduced with up to 23% injured tiller and up to 10% injured stems at the third tiller stage, 42% injured tillers and 17% injured stems at panicle differentiation, and 28% injured tillers and 14% injured stems at heading. Significant between-plant compensation was not detected, suggesting competition between adjacent plants is not significantly reduced by injury. Our results suggest that rice can tolerate and/or compensate for a level of stem borer injury previously considered to be economically damaging.
Spectral coupling issues in a two-degree-of-freedom system with clearance non-linearities

Abstract In an earlier study [14], the frequency response characteristics of a multi-degree-of-freedom system with clearance non-linearities were presented. The current study is an extension of this prior work and deals specifically with the issue of dynamic interactions between resonances. The harmonic balance method, digital solutions and analog computer simulation are used to investigate a two-degree-of-freedom system under a mean load, when subjected to sinusoidal excitations. The existence of harmonic, periodic and chaotic solutions is demonstrated using digital simulation. The method of harmonic balance is employed to construct approximate solutions at the excitation frequency which are then used to classify weak, moderate and strong non-linear spectral interactions. The effects of parameters such as damping ratio, mean load, alternating load and frequency spacing between the resonances have been quantified. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated through the following practical examples: (i) neutral gear rattle in an automotive transmission system; and (ii) steady state characteristics of a spur gear pair with backlash. In the second case, measured dynamic transmission error data at the gear mesh frequency are used to investigate spectral interactions. Limitations associated with solution methods and interaction classification schemes are also discussed.
Spending on school infrastructure: does money matter?

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to further develop an emerging thread of quantitative research that grounds investment in school infrastructure in a unified theoretical framework of investment in human, social, and physical capital.Design/methodology/approach – To answer the research question, what is the impact of investment in human, social, and physical capital on student achievement, the author uses canonical analysis, a multivariate statistical approach that allows for multiple independent and dependent variables. The null hypothesis is selected given the limited body of research on this question, and the state is selected as the unit of analysis. Level of student poverty is added as a control variable given an extensive body of research that supports its negative impact on achievement. Descriptive statistics are generated as well as a Pearson product moment correlation matrix to diagnose and address potential issues of multicollinearity and simultaneity. Three national databases are used: Uni...
Whole genome sequencing and the transformation of C. elegans forward genetics

Abstract Forward genetics has been an undeniably powerful approach in Caenorhabditis elegans and other model organisms. However, the trek from mutant isolation to identification of the causative molecular lesion can be time-consuming and fraught with obstacles. This has changed with the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS). The widespread availability of high-throughput sequencing technology, coupled with the increasing affordability of WGS, has enabled the routine use of WGS in the analysis of forward genetic screens. The noteworthy development of one-step mapping/sequencing approaches has largely eliminated the bottleneck of conventional high-resolution mapping, greatly accelerating the journey from mutagenesis to gene discovery. By enabling the use of increasingly complex and diverse genetic backgrounds as substrates for mutagenesis, WGS is expanding the landscape of biological problems that can be interrogated using forward genetic approaches in C. elegans and other organisms.
On neuronal health

Many recent studies of the degeneration, neuroprotection and regeneration of CNS neurons have departed from previous dichotomous descriptions of neurons as either dead or alive. In this brief article aspects of neuronal health are examined by outlining ways to assess both neuronal resilience and vulnerability to common forms of structural brain insults. According to this theory of neuronal health, neurons exist in a dynamic equilibrium that spans a spectrum of cellular existence, constantly influenced by both extracellular physiological changes and intracellular mechanisms designed to react to external stimuli while maintaining structural integrity. The spectrum between particularly resilient and vulnerable neuronal states is illustrated by experiments in vivo that examine trophic and metabolic fluctuations influencing the likelihood of neuronal death after neuronal insults. Studies show that adult CNS neurons can be protected in vivo by trophic agents or other pharmacological interventions against structural and toxic damage. Conversely, low-level neuronal impairment due to genetic or physiological perturbations can predispose neurons to demise by insults that normally would not cause cell death. The experimental approaches described may help in the study of neuronal pathophysiology, and in investigations towards new treatments for the neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease.
Environmental studies on the survival of leptospires in a farm creek following a human leptospirosis outbreak in Iowa.

Environmental studies were conducted to determine survival potential of leptospires in a farm creek. The creek was the swimming site involved in two previous outbreaks of human leptospirosis. Finding infected mammals in the area and the isolation of pathogenic leptospires from the water supported the theory that an endemic foci existed. Precipitation was sufficient to cause numerous floodings of the creek and surface run-off was evident. The water temperature data indicates that for several months each year the temperature range was adequate for survival of pathogenic leptospires. Saprophytic water leptospires were found during the total year. Although the pH of the creek water ranged from 6.9 - 8.7 the majority of samples were slightly alkaline and considered adequate for maintenance of leptospires. Several nutrients were found in the water including NH3, B1, B12, considered essential for leptospiral growth. If infected mammals are shedding leptospires, it is likely that the creek environmental condition...
Agroecological alternatives: Capitalising on existing genetic potentials

Abstract Contemporary debates on whether or not transgenic innovations will be beneficial for the poor should consider also whether other methods could achieve the same objectives. This article discusses agroecological approaches, and specifically the system of rice intensification (SRI), which is showing that it can meet food production needs of the poor relatively quickly, simply, cost-effectively and in an environmentally-benign manner. SRI is raising yields 30–100 per cent without requiring new seeds, chemical fertilisers or agrochemicals, while using less water. Agroecological approaches are meant to obtain maximum performance from the genetic potential of agricultural plants; there is no contradiction in combining agro-ecological and biotechnological approaches to improve performance in the field. This article does not propose that agroecological approaches should substitute for transgenic methods, but does suggest that opportunities in the agroecological domain are probably being overlooked in the ...
Nano-Crystalline Powders and Suspensions Generated Using A Flow-Through Hydrothermal Process, Part I: Characterization

A wide range of ultra-fine, nano-crystalline powders and suspensions have been produced using the Rapid Thermal Decomposition of precursors in Solution (RTDS) technology. These materials include single and multi-component iron-, zirconium-, titanium-, nickel-, and chromium-oxide/oxyhydroxide powders. RTDS, which was developed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory, is a flow-through hydrothermal process capable of producing nano-crystalline particulate material at rates of up to 100 grams of solid per hour. We present the results of characterization efforts on RTDS iron oxyhydroxide and zirconium oxide systems. As-collected RTDS suspensions were characterized using optical light scattering. Separated RTDS powders were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, gas adsorption analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and chemical analysis.
Research on placebo analgesia is relevant to clinical practice

Over the decades, research into placebo responses has shed light onto several endogenous (i.e. produced from within) mechanisms underlying modulation of pain perception initiated after the administration of inert substances (i.e. placebos). Chiropractors and manual therapists should embrace analgesic-placebo-research in an attempt to maximize clinical benefit. Historical views that placebo responses are fake, passive, undesirable, and require deception and therefore should be minimized and avoided in clinical practice are outdated. Further, statements that contend the placebo response represents a single mechanism are overly simplistic. This commentary will discuss research that shows that there are several active biological processes underlying modulation of pain perception involved in placebo analgesia and its counterpart nocebo hyperalgesia. We contend that it is highly likely that, to some extent, all of these biological processes are engaged, in varying degrees, following all interventions and represent endogenous pain modulating processes. Failure, of chiropractors and manual therapists, to embrace a more contemporary view of analgesic-placebo-research serves as a barrier to transferring knowledge into clinical practice and represents a missed opportunity to improve the delivery of current treatments.
Semantics and Pragmatics of Argument Alternations

After setting out the challenges posed by argument alternations for linguistic theory, this article reviews the development of accounts of argument alternations over the past 50 years, documenting a shift from accounts that are primarily syntactic in nature to accounts with semantic and pragmatic components. The remainder of this review consists of case studies of the developing understanding of the semantics and pragmatics of the dative alternation and the causative alternation. Each case study stresses the interplay of semantic and contextual factors in characterizing the relation between the two variants that make up the alternation and in determining the choice of variant in a given context.
Shale facies and mine roof stability: A case study from the Illinois basin

The Hornsby area in south-central Illinois contains one of the largest deposits of low-sulfur coal in the Illinois basin coal field. Mining of the resource has not proceeded apace with the demand for low-sulfur coal, mainly because of fear of unstable roof conditions beneath the Energy Shale (Desmoinesian). Three different facies of the Energy Shale overlie the Herrin Coal in the Hornsby area. All three facies are fine-grained, argillaceous rock, but their response to mining is different. The laminated shale facies has a pervasive lamination and in many places is cut by small faults and joints which make the rock prone to slabbing and potting prior to bolting. The gray shale facies that is interbedded with the laminated shale facies lacks pervasive lamination, and fractures are not well developed in it. The gray shale facies generally provides good roof. The carbonaceous shale facies had not yet been encountered in mine workings in the Hornsby area when this study was completed. Lamination in the carbonaceous shale facies is better developed than that in the gray shale facies, but it is not as well developed as that in the laminated shale facies. When the carbonaceous shale facies is the roof rock, the extensive roof control measures that were implemented for mining beneath the laminated shale facies will probably not be required.
Adenosine-induced tachycardia acceleration: an unusual proarrhythmia

Adenosine is an effective agent for termination of most re-entrant supraventricular arrhythmias involving the atrioventricular node and often also used as a diagnostic agent for wide QRS tachycardias. Adenosine terminates 90–99% of re-entrant supraventricular tachycardias but it may rarely accelerate tachycardias. Adenosine-induced tachycardia acceleration is a rare phenomenon, as only a handful of cases have been described in the literature. We present a case of a 36-year-old man with a narrow complex, short RP tachycardia at a rate of 165 bpm and an initial blood pressure of 110/78 mm Hg. A bolus of 12 mg of adenosine resulted in slowing of the tachycardia to 150 bpm for 2–3 s, followed by acceleration of the tachycardia to 185 bpm that lasted for approximately 20 s and returned to baseline at 165 bpm. The main mechanism of adenosine-induced acceleration may be the secondary sympathetic stimulation, which may be preceded by transient bradycardia and/or hypotension.
On the use of species-area curves to detect the effects of sample size

Archaeologists have long been concerned about sample size. To monitor the relationship between sample size and the magnitude of a variable of interest, archaeologists have constructed three distinct kinds of what in ecology are known as species area curves (SACs). Sampling to redundancy SACs involve adding successive samples cumulatively to determine if the information provided by new samples is unique or redundant with information provided by earlier (smaller) samples. Rarefaction SACs involve pooling multiple samples and then rarifying the pooled sampledmaking it smaller probabilisticallydso that the originally large but rarified sample may be compared with originally small samples. Regression SACs determine if there is a significant statistical relationship between samples of different sizes and the magnitude of the variable of interest per sample. Each of the three SACs used by archaeologists has a distinct analytical purpose. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Generation of neutralizing activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in serum by antibody gene transfer

Although several human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine approaches have elicited meaningful antigen-specific T-cell responses in animal models, no single vaccine candidate has engendered antibodies that broadly neutralize primary isolates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1). Thus, there remains a significant gap in the design of HIV vaccines. To address this issue, we exploited the existence of rare human monoclonal antibodies that have been isolated from HIV-infected individuals. Such antibodies neutralize a wide array of HIV-1 field isolates and have been shown to be effective in vivo. However, practical considerations preclude the use of antibody preparations as a prophylactic passive immunization strategy in large populations. Our concept calls for an antibody gene of choice to be transferred to muscle where the antibody molecule is synthesized and distributed to the circulatory system. In these experiments, we used a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector to deliver the gene for the human antibody IgG1b12 to mouse muscle. Significant levels of HIV-neutralizing activity were found in the sera of mice for over 6 months after a single intramuscular administration of the rAAV vector. This approach allows for predetermination of antibody affinity and specificity prior to “immunization” and avoids the need for an active humoral immune response against the HIV envelope protein.
Chromatin-modifiying enzymes are essential when the Saccharomyces cerevisiae morphogenesis checkpoint is constitutively activated.

Hsl7p plays a central role in the morphogenesis checkpoint triggered when yeast bud formation is impaired and is proposed to function as an arginine methyltransferase. HSL7 is also essential in the absence of the N-terminal tails of histones H3 or H4. The requirement for H3 and H4 tails may indicate a need for their post-translational modification to bypass the morphogenesis checkpoint. In support of this, the absence of the acetyltransferases Gcn5p or Esa1p, the deacetylase Rpd3p, or the lysine-methyltransferase Set1p resulted in death or extreme sickness in hslΔ mutants. These synthetic interactions involved both the activity of the chromatin-modifying enzymes and the complexes through which they act. Newly reported silencing phenotypes of hsl7Δ mirror those previously reported for gcn5Δ and rpd3Δ, thereby strengthening their functional links. In addition, synthetic interactions and silencing phenotypes were suppressed by inactivation of the morphogenesis checkpoint, either by SWE1 deletion or by preventing Cdc28p phosphorylation. A catalytically dead Hsl7p retained wild-type interactions, implying that modification of histone H3 or H4 N termini by Gcn5p, Esa1p, Rpd3p, and Set1p, but not by Hsl7p, was needed to bypass the morphogenesis checkpoint.
Education as Warfare?: Mapping Securitised Education Interventions as War on Terror Strategy

Across history, the US has strategically used education to buttress its war efforts. The current US global ‘war on terror’ is no different. The US's amplified emphasis on in/security and defence following the September 11 attacks folds education into the assemblage of technologies used to explain and advance military intervention. Through a critical geopolitics framework, this analysis unravels the ‘imaginative geographies’ that facilitate this absorption of education and feminism into imperial strategy of war by looking at three distinct education interventions. It considers how disparate sites of and engagements with education – materially and discursively – ineluctably work to humanise, justify, and advance US warfare.
Fast imaging techniques for sparse data fields

A fast 2D filtering technique is outlined and implemented for the qualitative analysis of sparse two-dimensional data fields. The resulting images contain most of the highlights and major long-wavelength activity seen in fields generated with more conventional and time-consuming direct interpolation techniques.
The Direct Effects of a Corporate Income Tax

Definition of direct tax effect, 638. — The theory of the firm, 639. — Diagrammatic presentation, 642. — The tax ratio, 644. — The tax ratio as a variable: a progressive tax, 646. — Comparison of tax effects and interest effects, 647. — The tax ratio as a constant: a proportional tax, 649. — Plans of more than two years' duration, 650. — Effects of the tax on other economic parameters, 652. — Implications for the theory of investment, 653. — Other implications, 654.
AN EXPLORATION OF MEMBER ROLES AS A MULTILEVEL LINKING MECHANISM FOR INDIVIDUAL TRAITS AND TEAM OUTCOMES

We use data from 220 individuals in 45 teams to examine team member roles as a cross-level linking mechanism between personality traits and team-level outcomes. At the individual level, peer ratings of task role behavior relate positively with Conscientiousness and negatively with Neuroticism and Extraversion. Peer ratings of social role behavior relate positively with Agreeableness and negatively with Openness to Experience. At the team level, a composition process of aggregation operates such that the mean for social roles corresponds with social cohesion. Compilation processes of aggregation also occur, as the variance of social roles corresponds negatively with task performance, and the variance of task roles corresponds negatively with cohesion. Skew of the distribution for social roles within each team—a measure of critical mass of members individually enacting the role—also correlates with social cohesion.
An Analytic Model for the Delay in IEEE 802.11 PCF MAC-Based Wireless Networks

In this paper, we present an analytic model for evaluating the queueing delays at nodes using the IEEE 802.11 point coordination function (PCF) MAC for real time, delay sensitive traffic. We develop a queueing model to obtain closed form expressions for the expected delay at each node which accounts for arbitrary (but fixed) packet sizes, polling rates, channel rates and the order in which the nodes are polled. The model is then further extended to account for the delays when the nodes use power management, and for cases when not all nodes are served in a frame. Our analytical results are verified through simulations. The model is also extended to evaluate the number of nodes that can be supported by a base station while satisfying an arbitrary delay requirement at all nodes and can be used as a mechanism for admission control by the base station
Probing the isothermal δ→α' martensitic transformation in Pu-Ga with in situ x-ray diffraction

The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve for the δ → α′ isothermal martensitic transformation in a Pu-1.9 at. % Ga alloy exhibits an anomalous double-C curve. Recent work suggests that an ambient temperature conditioning treatment enables the lower-C curve. However, the mechanisms responsible for the double-C are still not fully understood. When the δ → α′ transformation is induced by pressure, an intermediate γ′ phase is observed in some alloys. It has been suggested that transformation at upper-C temperatures may proceed via this intermediate phase, while lower-C transformation progresses directly from δ to α′. To investigate the possibility of thermally induced transformation via the intermediate γ′ phase, in situ x-ray diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source was performed. Using transmission x-ray diffraction, the δ → α′ transformation was observed as a function of time and temperature in samples as thin as 30 μm. The intermediate γ′ phase was not observed at -120°C (upper-C curve) or -155 °C (lower-C curve). Results indicate that the bulk of the α′ phase forms relatively rapidly at -120 and -155 °C.
Keeping the M in Medical Exemptions: Protecting Our Most Vulnerable Children

finding is consistent with previous studies that found that the ease of obtaining nonmedical religious or philosophical exemptions was associated with higher rates of exemptions [2, 3]. Interestingly, states with more difficult procedures for nonmedical exemptions had higher rates of medical exemptions, suggesting that some parents may be opting for medical exemptions when it is difficult to obtain nonmedical exemptions. This observation is consistent with our unpublished observation that many of the reasons parents reported as medical exemptions for vaccines were not consistent with the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Nonmedical exemptions can compromise efforts to control or eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases, but they recognize the role of parental autonomy in making some medical decisions for their children [4]. Medical exemptions are intended to prevent adverse events in children who are at increased risk of adverse events because of underlying conditions. Many of these underlying conditions also place children at increased risk of complications from infectious diseases. Children with valid medical exemptions need to be protected from exposure to vaccine-preventable diseases by insuring high coverage rates among the rest of the population. Granting medical exemptions for invalid medical contraindications may promote unfounded vaccine safety concerns. Although states may wish to allow parents who make decisions based on poor science or perceptions to withhold vaccines from their children, these exemptions should be distinguished from valid medical exemptions. Stadlin et al also found that rates of medical exemptions were higher in states that allowed permanent rather than temporary exemptions. Because medical contraindications may change, children with medical exemptions should be reviewed periodically. For example, egg allergy was considered to be a contraindication to receipt of influenza vaccines for many years, but changes in vaccine production have resulted in lower amounts of egg protein in vaccines, and abundant evidence has been generated showing that most children with egg allergy can safely receive influenza vaccines [5]. During the 7-year study period exam
Understanding the Integrated Learning Course Model: "Academic Transition to Tertiary Education".

In 1972, the TRIO program leaders at the University of Minnesota (UMN) developed the Integrated Learning (IL) course to meet academic and cultural transition needs of their Upward Bound (UB) secondary school students. These courses were offered during the UB summer bridge program for students who were concurrently enrolled in academically-challenging tertiary courses following graduation from secondary school. Later, use of the IL course shifted from the UB program to the tertiary-level TRIO Student Support Services program. An academically-challenging course like introductory psychology is linked with an IL course. The IL course is customized to use content of its companion class as context for mastering learning strategies and orienting students to the rigor of the tertiary learning environment. The IL course approach has assisted TRIO students improve their academic success in the rigorous academic environment as well as acclimate to the social climate of UMN, one of the largest universities in the United States. The primary purpose of this article is providing an overview of the IL course approach with sufficient information so other institutions could replicate it. Two quasi-experimental studies examined the possible benefits of the IL course. One was in connection with an introductory psychology course. The IL course students earned statistically significantly higher final course grades than nonparticipants. Another study with an introductory biology course replicated results of higher final course grades for IL course students. The IL course fostered higher final course grades and expanded positive study behaviors and their meta cognitive skills necessary for academic success.
Differential Diagnosis of Echo-Free Renal Masses

The clinical value of the ultrasonic examination of renal masses is well established. Use of ultrasound scanning to distinguish renal cysts from solid tumors has been described by many authors 1–5 and is the most frequent use of renal sonography. Since most cystic lesions are benign and since solid masses large enough to be clinically apparent are often malignant, the usefulness of the technique has been to distinguish between these two general groups. The accuracy of differentiating between cystic and solid renal masses has been reported to range from 75–96% 3–7.
Continuous Stimulation and Threshold of Axons: The Other Legacy of Kenneth Cole

In this paper we will discuss an area which is both of high scientific interest and also one in which Kacy Cole has contributed greatly to our understanding. We all know pretty well Kacy Cole’s role in clarifying the roles of the membrane impedance and capacitance in excitability culminating in the invention of the voltage clamp (Cole, 1949; Cole and Curtis, 1938), which changed electrophysiology and biophysics drastically and irreversibly. And, as we look in the present-day literature, one is tempted to consider the voltage clamp as the legacy of Cole, the major landmark that he has left on the scientific landscape. Certainly the clamp has proven to be an indispensable tool for exploring the mechanisms underlying excitability, as is testified to by the army of workers who, armed with clamp, daily do battle with the mysteries of axons, cell bodies, a great array of muscle cells and syncytia, and recently even such things as neuroblastomas (Moolenar and Spector, 1978); but there are some of us, a relatively small fraction of those who clamp, who spend at least part of our time following a somewhat different path in trying to understand excitability, and we find that this path too has first been trod by Kacy Cole. We refer to the study of how ionic currents and the passive properties of nerve combine to produce such properties as thresholds, accommodation, repetitive firing, indeed the whole array of excitable membrane properties that determine how information is organized and integrated in neural membranes.