cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Specific Cytotoxicity by Invariant NKT Cells In Vivo Is CD95/CD178-Dependent and Is Correlated with Antigenic Potency

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that rapidly carry out effector functions following activation with glycolipid Ags, such as the model Ag alpha-galactosylceramide. Numerous studies have investigated the mechanisms leading to Th1 and Th2 cytokine production by iNKT cells, as well as the effects of the copious amounts of cytokines these cells produce. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms of iNKT cell cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ag availability and strength, as well as the molecules involved in iNKT cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that the iNKT cell cytotoxicity in vivo correlates directly with the amount of CD1d expressed by the targets as well as the TCR affinity for the target glycolipid Ag. iNKT cells from spleen, liver, and thymus were comparable in their cytotoxicity in vitro. Surprisingly, we show that the Ag-specific cytotoxicity of iNKT cells in vivo depended almost exclusively on the interaction of CD95 (Fas) with CD178 (FasL), and that this mechanism can be efficiently used for tumor protection. Therefore, unlike NK cells, which rely mostly on perforin/granzyme-mediated mechanisms, the Ag-specific cytotoxicity of iNKT cells in vivo is largely restricted to the CD95/CD178 pathway.
Lorentz detuning of superconducting cavities with unbalanced field profiles

Tests on the prototype SNS medium beta cryomodule showed a strong correlation between the flatness of the field profile and the Lorentz detuning coefficient (both static and dynamic). We present an analytical model for the enhancement of the Lorentz detuning as a function of the flatness of the field profile resulting from a spread of the frequencies of the individual cells of the cavity.
The Development of Small Molecule Angiotensin IV-Based Analogs to Treat Depression

Major depression is a common form of mental disorder affecting approximately 15% of the population at least once during lifetime. The etiology of depression is complex with potential contributions from central and peripheral systemic factors, and several CNS impacting diseases. Presently employed antidepressant medications are poorly responded to by upwards of 50% of patients and typically require weeks of treatment to be effective. Recent post-mortem brain scans indicate significant volume reductions in two limbic brain structures, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of depressed patients. These findings focus attention on hippocampal plasticity in the neuropathology of depression and the possible dysfunction of several important processes including neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and contributions by neurotrophic growth factors. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor system is a powerful mediator of synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, and if adequately activated may serve to counter the neuropathology of depression. The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) interacts with the HGF/c-Met system and plays a major role in responding to stress and the pathophysiology of depression. We have developed an angiotensin IV-based small molecule designed to activate the HGF/c-Met receptor system in order to provide neuroprotection, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This analog may be efficacious in treating the neuropathology of depression.
Binding of hematoporphyrin derivative to human serum albumin.

Dialysis of hematoporphyrin derivative fraction A (HpD-A) off human serum albumin at 38°C followed the Hill equation for cooperative binding with saturation at 5 to 8. 600 dalton porphyrin units. Approximately 15% of the HpD-A was free for concentrations typical of human serum in photoradiation therapy. Possible structures of the tumor-localizing and -photosensitizing component in HpD-A are considered. Of these, a folded-over, covalent dimer appears to be more consistent with the photophvsical properties.
The sigma-1 antagonist BMY-14802 inhibits L-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements by a WAY-100635-sensitive mechanism

Levodopa (L-DOPA), the gold standard treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD), eventually causes L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in up to 80% of patients. In the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD, L-DOPA induces a similar phenomenon, which has been termed abnormal involuntary movement (AIM). We previously demonstrated that BMY-14802 suppresses AIM expression in this model. Although BMY-14802 is widely used as a sigma-1 antagonist, it is also an agonist at serotonin (5-HT) 1A and adrenergic α-1 receptors. The current study was conducted to determine which of these mechanisms underlies BMY-14802’s AIM-suppressing effect. This characterization included testing the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and multiple sigma agents. When these studies implicated a 5-HT1A mechanism, we subsequently undertook a pharmacological reversal study, evaluating whether the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 counteracted BMY-14802’s AIM-suppressing effects. Buspirone dose-dependently suppressed AIM, supporting past findings. However, no AIM-suppressing effects were produced by drugs with effects at sigma receptors, including BD-1047, finasteride, SM-21, DTG, trans-dehydroandrosterone (DHEA), carbetapentane, and opipramol. Finally, we show for the first time that the AIM-suppressing effect of BMY-14802 was dose-dependently prevented by WAY-100635 but not by the α-1 antagonist prazosin. BMY-14802 exerts its AIM-suppressing effects via a 5-HT1A agonist mechanism, similar to buspirone. Other 5-HT1A agonists have failed clinical trials, possibly due to submicromolar affinity at other receptors, including D2, which may exacerbate PD symptoms. BMY-14802 is a promising candidate for clinical trials due to its extremely low affinity for the D2 receptor and lack of extrapyramidal effects during prior clinical trials for schizophrenia.
High-speed multicolor photometry of V834 Centaurus

Results are presented of high-speed photometric observations of the Am Her object, V834 Centaurus which, during its high state, revealed the 0.3-0.9 Hz quasi-period oscillations (QPOs) with rms amplitudes of 3.3 +/-1.1 percent and 2.5 +/-0.8 percent in the V and R bands, respectively, while the U-band amplitude was consistent with zero on one night but was 2.5 +/-1.2 percent on the following night. The QPOs in the B band were always consistent with zero. The data were obtained on the nights of June 16-21, 1990, when the average V magnitude of V834 Cen was about 15.3, confirming the high-luminosity state. The dominance of the QPOs by V-band emission is in contrast to earlier studies by Larsson which found that the QPOs were dominated by emission in the B and R band, depending upon the luminosity state of V834 Cen. In all cases, the QPOs of V834 have frequencies of 0.3-0.9 Hz. It is inferred that the color of the QPOs could be highly variable between luminosity states and may be variable in the U band within the high-luminosity state.
Fracture toughness of posterior composite resins fabricated by incremental layering

An incremental buildup technique is advocated for placing posterior composite resin restorations. This technique is preferred because it assures complete polymerization of large restorations and also reduces the problem of polymerization shrinkage, which can adversely affect the seal at the gingival margin of class II and large class III restorations. Measurements of tensile bond strengths between layers have been published with conflicting results. This study measured the fracture toughness of layered posterior composite resin within the interfacial layer and in a direction perpendicular to the layering. A compact test-specimen geometry conforming to the ASTM standard E399-83 was used. Three groups were tested: Group A specimens were bulk-cured in one complete increment; group B specimens were incrementally cured in 1.2 +/- 0.2 mm layers perpendicular to the plane of fracture; and group C specimens were incrementally cured with the interface between layers parallel to and in the plane of fracture. The microfilled composite resin showed no significant difference in the mean fracture toughness from the bulk-cured control regardless of layering technique. The hybrid composite resin showed a significant decrease in fracture toughness for fractures occurring in the interfacial layer, and fractures perpendicular to layering showed no significant difference in fracture toughness compared with the bulk-cured control.
Temperature-dependent elastic anisotropy and mesoscale deformation in a nanostructured ferritic alloy

Nanostructured ferritic alloys are a new class of ultrafine-grained oxide dispersion-strengthened steels that have promising properties for service in extreme environments in future nuclear reactors. This is due to the remarkable stability of their complex microstructures containing numerous Y-Ti-O nanoclusters within grains and along grain boundaries. Although nanoclusters account primarily for the exceptional resistance to irradiation damage and high-temperature creep, little is known about the mechanical roles of the polycrystalline grains that constitute the ferritic matrix. Here we report an in situ mesoscale characterization of anisotropic responses of ultrafine ferrite grains to stresses using state-of-the-art neutron diffraction. We show the experimental determination of single-crystal elastic constants for a 14YWT alloy, and reveal a strong temperature-dependent elastic anisotropy that leads to elastic softening and instability of the ferrite. We also demonstrate, from anisotropy-induced intergranular strains, that a deformation crossover exists from low-temperature lattice hardening to high-temperature lattice softening in response to extensive plastic deformation.
Phosphatidylglycerol, lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and respiratory distress syndrome in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies.

Abstract Samples of amniotic fluid from 514 non-diabetic and 69 diabetic patients were analyzed for phospholipid content. Results were correlated with incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the neonate. The incidence of RDS was 4.5% among diabetics and 5.3% among non-diabetics. In the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), no infant developed RDS while in the absence of PG the incidence of RDS was 16.7% and 14.4%, respectively. In the presence of a mature lecithin/sphingomyelin ( L S ) ratio the respective incidence of RDS was 1.6 and 1.8, while with an immature L S ratio the incidence of RDS was 28.6% and 29%. The incidence of RDS after 37 weeks gestation was 0% among diabetics and 0.6% among non-diabetics. We conclude that amniotic fluid phospholipids are equally predictive of risk for RDS in diabetics as among non-diabetic patients. We suggest that in patients with accurate gestational dating, amniotic fluid analysis for phospholipids might not be necessary to establish fetal lung maturity.
Mapping and Classification of Southwest Virginia Mine Soils

Mine soils on central Appalachian coal-mined lands are currently classified by the Soil Taxonomy as Typic Udorthents, which does not distinguish these unique anhropogenic soils from other weakly developed natural soils. Our overall objectives were (i) to critically evaluate currently available USDA-NRCS mine soil series for classifying a range of mine soil pedons in southwest Virginia, and (ii) to compare two different approaches for detailed Order 1 soil mapping of these highly altered landscapes. Using established series concepts, we mapped and classified 450 ha of mine soils in an area that had been recently reclaimed, and we used these same series concepts to reclassify mine soils in an older adjacent and overlapping 250-ha mine area that had been mapped using nontaxonomic mine soil classification criteria in 1980. Established mine soil series provided adequate information on particle-size and reaction class, but did not adequately describe drainage class, rock type, or parent materials. Classification differences occurred on well-drained soils primarily at the family level and below. There are no established series that describe mine soils with impeded drainage, densic layers, and shallow or moderately deep depth classes, all of which commonly occurred in this study area, and are important criteria for separating soil series. Cambic horizons were also described, and generate classification issues at the order level. Because reaction dass, drainage class, densic contacts, and soil depth directly affect soil management, we feel that it is important to recognize these features by establishing new mine soil series or phases of established series. Detailed Order 1 map scales (≤=1:12 000) are required to adequately resolve and delineate strongly contrasting mine soil landscapes, particularly on older (pre-1977) mined lands.
A Prospective Study of Marijuana Use Change and Cessation Among Adolescents

Abstract Background With marijuana use increasing among American adolescents, better understanding of the factors associated with decreasing use and quitting can help inform cessation efforts. This study evaluates a range of neighborhood, family, peer network, and individual factors as predictors of marijuana use, change, and non-use over one year, and cessation over six years. Methods Data come from adolescents in Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 458, one-year sample), or Waves I and III (N = 358, six-year sample), and reported using marijuana at least four times in the past month at Wave I. Results Eighteen percent of adolescents stopped using marijuana after six years. Results suggest neighborhood context affects overall use level, whereas neighborhood context and friends were critical to cessation vs. continuation of use. Decrease in use were more likely among adolescents in disadvantaged or less cohesive neighborhoods, or who moved between waves. Non-use after one year was more likely among adolescents who did not move, had fewer marijuana-using friends, and did not exclusively have outside-of-school friends. Cessation at six years was more likely among adolescents in less disadvantaged and more cohesive neighborhoods, and for those with within-school friends. Conclusions Results highlight the importance of both objective and subjective neighborhood characteristics, as well as peer networks, on adolescent marijuana use. Factors associated with decreases in use appear distinct from those that predict quitting, suggesting that continuation vs. cessation is linked to peers as well as neighborhood context. Relocated and isolated individuals may face challenges with cessation.
Properties of cholera EXO-enterotoxin (Choleragen) and its natural toxoid (Choleragenoid)

Abstract The cholera enterotoxin is a unique pharmacological agent which both causes the diarrhea of cholera and has potent vascular permeability activity. It is a simple protein of approximately 84,000 mol. wt. and consists of 6 sub-units. The antigenically identical spontaneously formed toxoid, choleragenoid, a protein of approximately 56,000 mol. wt., lacks the toxic activities of the parent toxin. Both proteins have been obtained in pure form and have recently been crystallized. Accumulating evidence indicates that the toxin stimulates adenyl cyclase activity leading to increased levels of the important metabolic mediator, cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate, but the precise mechanism for the causation of the choleraic diarrhea and an effective means of stopping it remain to be elucidated. Toxin-derived antigens: choleragenoid, formalinized toxoids, and procholeragenoid, the polymeric intermediate in the formation of choleragenoid, may prove useful in control of cholera by stimulating antitoxic immunity. Further study of the cholera problems should yield valuable information applicable to other diarrheal conditions, to an understanding of normal intestinal transport, and to greater comprehension of local immune mechanisms.
Transfer of Supervision for Improved Address Standardization

Address Cleansing is very challenging, particularly for geographies with variability in writing addresses. Supervised learners can be easily trained for different data sources. However, training requires labeling large corpora for each data source which is time consuming and labor intensive to create. We propose a method to automatically transfer supervision from a given labeled source to a target unlabeled source using a hierarchical dirichlet process. Each dirichlet process models data from one source. The shared component distribution across these dirichlet processes captures the semantic relation between data sources. A feature projection on the component distributions from multiple sources is used to transfer supervision.
Construction of the crystal field hamiltonian for f-electrons according to the angular overlap model for an arbitrary distribution of ligands

Abstract A simple FORTRAN routine is given for the calculation of the terms which occur in the crystal field Hamiltonian according to the angular overlap model.
In Search of the Best Peritoneal Adhesion Model: Comparison of Different Techniques in a Rat Model

Background Adhesion-related complications after abdominal surgery result in significant morbidity and costs. Results from animal studies investigating prevention or treatment of adhesions are limited due to lack of consistency in existing animal models. The aim of this study was to compare quality and quantity of adhesions in four different models and to find the best model. Materials and Methods This study was approved by the University of Missouri Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC). Forty female rats were randomly assigned to four different groups of 10 animals each. Adhesion created was performed utilizing the four techniques: Group 1 – parietal peritoneum excision (PPE), Group 2 – parietal peritoneum abrasion (PPA), Group 3 – peritoneal button creation (PBC), and Group 4 – cecal abrasion (CA). Rats were allowed to recover and necropsy was performed on postoperative d 14. Adhesions were scored by an established quantitative and qualitative scoring systems. The midline incision served as the control in each animal. Results The four groups were not equal with respect to both quantity score (P Conclusions The button technique (PBC) is most consistent and reproducible technique for an intra-abdominal adhesion model. This model can help in the study and development of substances to prevent adhesion formation in the future.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF CORPORATE SERVICES: A CASE STUDY OF THE NEW YORK URBAN REGION

This paper analyzes the spatial organization of corporate (also known as producer) services within the greater New York urban region. It examines employment growth trends for individual business, financial, and professional services, the headquarters locations of the largest corporate service firms, and the market linkages of corporate service firms and their clients. Certain corporate service activities have suburbanized far more than others. Suburban- based corporate service firms tend to be associated with local or regional markets or, to a lesser extent, with data processing and other back office operations. Manhattan-based firms serve the region's largest corporations, cater to national and international markets, and are often linked with particular agglomeration economies.
Copy number control and compatibility of nuclear plasmids in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract Copy number of the endogenous nuclear plasmids of Dictyostelium discoideum is a plasmid-specific trait. Copy number is stable over time, is constant relative to ploidy level, is independent of host cell genetic background, and is independent of the presence of a second unrelated plasmid in the same nucleus. Unrelated plasmids are compatible with one another within a single nucleus. Pairwise combinations of Ddp1, Ddp2, and Ddp5 were stably maintained over many generations in the absence of selection. In contrast, one of the D. discoideum plasmids (Ddp2) was incompatible with a recombinant plasmid derived from it (p7d2). In the absence of selection for retention of p7d2, transformants contain either one or the other but not both plasmids. The plasmids are stably maintained in host cells with differing genetic backgrounds, although plasmid-free colonies were detected at a frequency of about 1–2% in populations of some strains after 50 generations growth following a previous cloning.
Transport of fluorescent dextrans across the rat ileum after cutaneous thermal injury.

Objective To determine the time course and spatial distribution of uptake of macromolecules in the small intestine of rats subjected to cutaneous thermal injury. Design Prospective, controlled animal study. Subjects Fifty-five female Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats subjected to scald burn injury covering 20% (small injury; n = 29) and 40% (large injury; n = 6) of the total body surface area between 3 and 72 hrs after injury. Animals subjected to sham injury (n = 20) were used as controls. Interventions The intestine was cannulated near the distal ileum and incised 7 cm upstream. After perfusion with physiologic buffer, this intestinal loop was filled with the same buffer containing fluorescent-labeled dextrans (3 and 70 kilodaltons molecular weight) and ligated 4 cm from the injection point. After a 2-hr incubation period, the tissues were fixed with paraformaldehyde and cryosections were examined by laser confocal microscopy. The mesentery was also observed by laser confocal microscopy during incubation with the permeability probes. The disappearance of fluorescence was studied after washing the dextran probes from the gut lumen. Measurements and main results In small injuries, there was a transient uptake of the 3-kilodalton dextran by the epithelium in focal regions of the ileum with the effects seen between 7 and 21 hrs after injury. In large injuries, epithelial staining was visible within 3 hrs, and the marker was seen to translocate both to the lymphatics and the blood vessels of the mesentery. In comparison, the 70-kilodalton dextran was visible within the intercellular spaces. Little or no epithelial staining was seen in sham-injured animals. Conclusions These results suggest that a transcellular pathway for the translocation of small macromolecules from the lumen to the mesentery can be activated after burn injury. The novel techniques described here will be useful to examine intestinal transport in various pathologic situations.
Purity of Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin components III and IV determined by isoelectric focusing.

1. 1. The Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin components III and IV display behavior upon high voltage isoelectric focusing which is similar, but not identical to the behavior demonstrated by monomer hemoglobin component II (Constantinidis and Satterlee (1987). Biochemistry 26, 7779–7786). 2. 2. Both components III and IV show multiple line behavior and formation of significant amounts of apoprotein when solutions of each holoprotein are focused on polyacrylamide gels. 3. 3. The apoprotein of each component focuses as a single line, indicating that this is the most unambiguous estimate of purity for these proteins. 4. 4. The purity of the component III and IV preparations can be estimated to be at least 95%.
The lipids of some lantern fishes (family myctophidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Of eight species examined four contained less than 4·3 per cent (fresh wt.) lipid and four at least 14·2 percent. 2. 2. C 30 C 38 wax esters with one and two double bonds were the major lipid in three species with high total lipid; C 36 and C 38 homologs with five and six double bonds were detected in two of these species. 3. 3. The alcohol moieties of the wax esters were largely (74–82%) 1-hexadecanol, and octadecenoic was the predominant (72–76%) fattcy acid. 4. 4. The high was ester content correlates with deeper living and a pattern of daily vertical migration.
Using detrital zircon ages and Hf isotopes to identify 1.48-1.45Ga sedimentary basins and fingerprint sources of exotic 1.6-1.5Ga grains in southwestern Laurentia

Abstract Globally rare 1.6–1.5 Ga zircons provide an underutilized correlation tool for Precambrian supercontinent reconstructions. Detrital 1.6–1.5 Ga zircons, long known from the Belt Supergroup, have recently been discovered in multiple metasedimentary successions in southwestern North America. Few igneous or metamorphic sources in this age range are known in Laurentia, implying non-Laurentian provenance. Combined U-Pb and Hf isotopic data offer a robust test of their provenance. New U-Pb detrital zircon ages from quartzite exposed in the Defiance uplift in northeastern Arizona indicate a maximum depositional age of ca. 1476 Ma and a predominance of locally derived ca. 1655 Ma and older detritus. The quartzite contains populations at 1570, 1554, and 1519 Ma that do not have known Laurentian sources and are similar to our new and recently published data from the ca. 1474–1436 Ma Blackjack Formation in south-central Arizona. Based on similarities between age spectra and depositional age constraints, we suggest a correlation between the two stratigraphic sections and postulate that a previously unrecognized, and now largely eroded, 1475–1450 Ma sedimentary basin or set of basins may have extended across much of southwestern Laurentia. We refer to this basin as the Yankee Joe-Defiance basin. Hf isotopic analysis of ca. 1.6–1.5 Ga detrital zircons from both localities yields positive epsilon-Hf (ɛHf) values of +0.2 to +12 indicating a near-juvenile Hf fingerprint with a mean of ∼ +7. This range overlaps with, but is more juvenile than, ɛHf values of +3 to +7.5 from the Belt basin. In terms of possible non-Laurentian source regions, Hf data from both the North and South Australia cratons overlap with, but are also generally less juvenile than, ɛHf values of Laurentian zircons. Only the North Australia craton contains the full range of ages and Hf isotope values recognized in the 1.6–1.5 Ga Yankee Joe-Defiance populations. This finding supports plate reconstructions involving Australia as a source for exotic detritus in western Laurentia ca. 1480–1450 Ma.
Aldose Reductase and Cardiovascular Diseases, Creating Human-Like Diabetic Complications in an Experimental Model

Hyperglycemia and reduced insulin actions affect many biological processes. One theory is that aberrant metabolism of glucose via several pathways including the polyol pathway causes cellular toxicity. Aldose reductase (AR) is a multifunctional enzyme that reduces aldehydes. Under diabetic conditions AR converts glucose into sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose. This article reviews the biology and pathobiology of AR actions. AR expression varies considerably among species. In humans and rats, the higher level of AR expression is associated with toxicity. Flux via AR is increased by ischemia and its inhibition during ischemia reperfusion reduces injury. However, similar pharmacological effects are not observed in mice unless they express a human AR transgene. This is because mice have much lower levels of AR expression, probably insufficient to generate toxic byproducts. Human AR expression in LDL receptor knockout mice exacerbates vascular disease, but only under diabetic conditions. In contrast, a recent report suggests that genetic ablation of AR increased atherosclerosis and increased hydroxynonenal in arteries. It was hypothesized that AR knockout prevented reduction of toxic aldehydes. Like many in vivo effects found in genetically manipulated animals, interpretation requires the reproduction of human-like physiology. For AR, this will require tissue specific expression of AR in sites and at levels that approximate those in humans.
Globemallow, Sphaeralcea spp., as Reproductive Hosts for the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Arizona

Use of Sphaeralcea spp. as reproductive hosts of overwintering boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. in Arizona was investigated. Female weevils that had attained reproductive status on cotton squares, Gossypium hirsutum L., consistently failed to oviposit into flower buds of two species of Sphaeralcea . Flower buds of Sphaeralcea treated with an aqueous cotton extract contained significantly more boll weevil feeding punctures than untreated buds. A small proportion of females deposited eggs into the extracttreated Sphaeralcea buds. Significantly lessfeeding and oviposition occurred in cotton squares treated with an aqueous Sphaeralcea extract, suggesting that Sphaeralcea buds may contain chemical deterrents. Female boll weevils attained reproductive maturity after feeding exclusively on buds of S. emoryi . Mean preoviposition periods for weevils on cotton squares were significantly shorter when females fed on S. emoryi before being placed on cotton; however, the total preoviposition period on Sphaeralcea and cotton combined was considerably longer than when females fed exclusively on cotton. Boll weevils provided S. emoryi buds in simulated Arizona winter and spring environments were capable of attaining sexual maturity during a 60-d test. The role of Sphaeralcea as a potential reproductive host of boll weevils during cotton-free periods is discussed.
Distribution functions of probabilistic automata

Each probabilistic automaton M over an alphabet $\cal A$ defines a probability measure $\prob_M$ on the set of all finite and infinite words over $\cal A$. We can identify a k letter alphabet $\cal A$ with the set {0,1,…,k-1}, and, hence, we can consider every finite or infinite word w over $\cal A$ as a radix k expansion of a real number X(w) in the interval [0,1]. This makes X(w) a random variable and the distribution function of M is defined as usual: F(x):=\prob_M{w : X(w)}. Utilizing the fixed--point semantics (denotational semantics), extended to probabilistic computations, we investigate the distribution functions of probabilistic automata in detail. Automata with continuous distribution functions are characterized. By a new, and much more easier method, it is shown that the distribution function F(x) is an analytic function if it is a polynomial. Finally, answering a question posed by D. Knuth and A. Yao, we show that a polynomial distribution function F(x) on [0,1] can be generated by a probabilistic automaton iff all the roots of F'(x)=0 in this interval, if any, are rational numbers. For this, we define two dynamical systems on the set of polynomial distributions and study attracting fixed points of random composition of these two systems.
The uptake of (3H)dopamine by homogenates of rat corpus striatum: effects of cations.

Abstract The uptake of [ 3 H]dopamine was studied with a synaptosomal preparation of the corpus striatum. The accumulation of dopamine was found to be temperature-dependent and very rapid, but linear over time for at least 5 min. at 37°C with characteristics of saturable kinetics. The optimum concentrations for Na + and K + were 150–160 m M and 2.5–4.8 m M , respectively, while uptake was progressively inhibited at concentrations of K + greater than 5 m M . Rubidium was capable of substituting for potassium whereas cesium was a much less effective replacement. The uptake of DA was blocked by the antibiotics, valinomycin and gramicidin-D which bind K + or both Na + and K + , respectively, and thereby might interfere with the transport of cations across neuronal membranes. Similarly, ouabain which blocks the active transport of Na + markedly antagonized the accumulation of DA into striatal homogenates. In contrast, tetrodotoxin which does not prevent the active transport of Na + , had no effect. Uptake appeared not to require Ca ++ and it was not inhibited by increasing total osmolarity to 400 mos M . In general, the cationic requirements for DA-uptake in striatal tissue and its responses to several inhibition of ionic transport, do not appear to be greatly different from those reported for NE with synaptosomes prepared from whole brain.
Breakdown of a coherent global mode

Abstract We study the process of breakdown of a coherent global mode of the Ginzburg-Landau equation with spatially varying linear growth rate coefficient. The spatially confined mode exhibits space-dependent dynamics.
Short distance scaling and the maximal degree of a field theory

Abstract It is rigorously proved, under certain assumptions, that a (euclidean) scalar quantum field theory in space-time dimension d > 2 cannot exist if the degree q exceeds the critical value qc = 2d/(d − 2). The degree q is defined intrinsically and nonperturbatively but corresponds (formally) to the degree of the (polynomial) hamiltonian.
Hektor: Nature and origin of a binary asteroid

It is argued that the elongated single body model (Dunlap and Gehrels, 1969) which reproduces the rotational light curve of 624 Hektor is unstable with respect to binary fission. It is shown that a contact binary model with ellipsoidal components of equilibrium shape matches the observed amplitude. Hektor's bulk density is inferred to be about 2.5 g/cu cm.
A sugar transporter regulates serum urate levels: implications for prevention and management of hyperuricemia in gout.

Introduction: Gout is increasing in prevalence in the United States. More patients with refractory tophaceous disease are being seen, including older patients and those with multiple comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and congestive heart failure. There is also growing but as yet unresolved evidence for the potential of hyperuricemia to directly impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. New treatments, such as febuxostat and pegloticase, are emerging for refractory hyperuricemia. However, in most gout patients hyperuricemia is caused by long-standing renal underexcretion of uric acid, an abnormality that is often precipitated or exacerbated by diuretic therapy, insulin resistance, hypertension, and development of even moderate degrees of renal insuffi ciency [1]. This scenario points to opportunities to intervene at the level of both prophylaxis and treatment of hyperuricemia by more advanced uricosuric therapies. This will be aided by recent clinical-translational advances in understanding renal uric acid disposition. The primary uricosuric drugs (probenecid, benzbromarone, sulfi npyrazone) and the weaker secondary uricosuric drug (losartan) work in large part by inhibiting the urate anion exchanger URAT1 (SLC22A12) at the apical (brush border) membrane of the renal proximal tubule epithelial cell [2]. Furthermore, several URAT1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were linked with prominent regulatory effects on serum urate and susceptibility to gout in Asian and European cohorts [2]. Although URAT1 appears to be the linchpin for urate reabsorption at the apical surface of the renal proximal tubule epithelial cell, URAT1 knockout mice showed an unexpectedly small loss in renal urate reabsorption [3]. Secondary changes in renal urate secretion were believed to be partly responsible. SLC2A9 (also known as GLUT9, URATv1) promotes transport of hexose sugars and is a potent electrogenic transporter of urate anion [4]. Recently, probenecid and benzbromarone (and also indomethacin) were discovered to inhibit the activity of SLC2A9 at the basolateral membrane of the proximal renal tubule epithelial cell [4], the interface where urate is reabsorbed into the peritubular interstitium and ultimately back into the venous circulation. Not only URAT1, but also SLC2A9 mutations, have now been implicated in the etiology of the uncommon disorder idiopathic renal hypouricemia. Furthermore, SLC2A9 mutations were linked to hyperuricemia and bladder uric acid calculi in dalmatian-breed dogs [5]. This was a stunning observation that indicates how robust the role for SLC2A9 can be in renal urate handling, as dogs, like other lower mammals, are generally protected from hyperuricemia via uricase expression. More recently, several SLC2A9 SNPs have been linked by genome-wide association (GWA) studies with hyperuricemia, altered renal uric handling, and susceptibility to gout [6–9].
Central Charged Residues in DIIIS4 Regulate Deactivation Gating in Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channels

1. Mutations in the S4 segment of domain III in the voltage gated skeletal muscle sodium channel hNaV1.4 were constructed to test the roles of each charged residue in deactivation gating. Mutations comprised charge reversals at K1-R6, charge neutralization, and substitution at R4 and R5.
Thermopower of M-TCNQ Doped TTF-TCNQ and TSeF-TCNQ

Abstract We have measured the thermoelectric power of TTF-TCNQ with 3% of the anion substituted with M-TCNQ and TSeF-TCNQ with M-TCNQ doping up to 12%. These studies show that the TCNQ chain is driving the metal insulator transitions observed in these salts. In addition they elucidate the deviations from a linear temperature dependence previously observed in the thermopower of the undoped compounds in terms of scattering effects on the TCNQ chain. At low temperatures the disorder produced by the doping results in a thermopower of less than -3μV/K in 12% M-TCNQ doped TSeF-TCNQ indicating a large number of states at the Fermi energy.
Errors in the use of nonuniform mesh systems

Two nonlinear coupled second order differential equations finite difference solution, using nonsquare and nonuniform grids for minimum error
Can an online osteoporosis lecture increase physician knowledge and improve patient care

Abstract Internet-based lectures are a popular means of disseminating medical knowledge, but the impact of osteoporosis lectures on physician knowledge and patient care is unknown. We designed an Internet-based lecture discussing the prevalence of, screening guidelines for, risk factors for, and physical signs of osteoporosis. Immediately before and after viewing the lecture, 6 physician participants completed questionnaires to gauge change in knowledge. From each participant's clinic, we randomly selected and reviewed 10 charts of new female patients at least 60yr old, half before and half after the lecture. Charts were blindly scored to determine physician attention to screening guidelines for, risk factors for, and signs of osteoporosis. Physician knowledge increased significantly after the lecture, with mean pretest and posttest scores of 63% and 99%, respectively ( p =0.03). However, physician attention to patient risk factors for and signs of osteoporosis did not change after lecture "attendance." Surprisingly, no patients who met age-specific screening guidelines (age≥65yr and no prior dual energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) were referred for DXA, either before or after study participation. We conclude that physician knowledge can increase after a single online osteoporosis lecture, but patient care is not altered. Further research is needed to discern optimal osteoporosis educational encounters that enhance patient care.
Return maps of folded nodes and folded saddle-nodes.

Folded nodes occur in generic slow-fast dynamical systems with two slow variables. Open regions of initial conditions flow into a folded node in an open set of such systems, so folded nodes are an important feature of generic slow-fast systems. Twisting and linking of trajectories in the vicinity of a folded node have been studied previously, but their consequences for global dynamical behavior have hardly been investigated. One manifestation of the twisting is as “mixed mode oscillations” observed in chemical and neural systems. This paper presents the first systematic numerical study of return maps for trajectories that flow through a region with a folded node. These return maps are approximated by rank-1 maps, and the local twisting of trajectories near a folded node gives rise to multiple turning points in the approximating one dimensional maps. A variant of the forced van der Pol system is used here to illustrate that folded nodes can be a “chaos-generating” mechanism. Folded saddle-nodes occur in generic one-parameter families of slow-fast dynamical systems with two slow variables. These bifurcations give birth to folded nodes. Numerical simulations demonstrate that return maps of systems that are close to a folded saddle-node can be even more complex than those of folded nodes that are far from folded saddles.
Consolidation Response of Brittle Particulate Materials to Shock Loading

Abstract A series of compaction experiments at low (quasi-static) and high strain rates were performed on three distinct morphology CeO2 powders. Characterization of the as-received powders revealed a wide range in particle size, shape, surface features, and particle configurations. Microstructural features are related to measureable variations in the compaction response for the powders under quasi- static loading. Specifically, factors affecting particle rearrangement during the initial stages of compaction were found to have the strongest influence on the low strain rate compaction response. Particle morphology was observed to have a reduced influence during dynamic impact loading, and all three distinct morphology powders were found to display similar compaction responses. For the CeO2 powders investigated, it is believed that total compact porosity and/or particle strength are the factor(s) dominating the dynamic consolidation response in the incomplete compaction region.
THE Fe(III) COMPLEX OF N,N′,N″-TRIS(3-HYDROXY-6 METHYL-2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-1,4,7-TRIAZACYCLONONANE Fe(C27H33N6O3 · C6H6 · 2H2O)

Abstract The crystal structure of FeC27H33N6O3 · C6H6 · 2H2O has been determined. This complex is orthorhombic and crystallizes in space group P212121 with cell parameters a = 13.226(4) A, b = 19.410(6) A, c = 12.779(4) A, V = 3281(2) A3, Z = 4 and Mr = 659.61. RF = 0.056 for 1626 observed reflections with τ > 3 σ(τ) and 199 variables. The structure consists of a neutral complex of FeC27H33N6O3 with Fe(III) in a slightly distorted octahedral environment coordinated to three tertiary amino nitrogen atoms and three phenolate-like oxygen atoms (FeN3O3). The average Fe-N distance = 2.22 A, Fe-O = 1.91 A. The twist angle of 54.0° is nearly the value expected for a purely octahedral complex (60°) and a correlation between the twist angle and the stability of the complex in solution is suggested.
Separation of processes associated with differentiation of two-celled Fucus embryos.

Abstract Various inhibitors were used to separate the overlapping processes of polar axis fixation, intracellular localizations forming a polar cell, and cell division, all of which are essential for cellular differentiation in two-celled embryos of Fucus distichus L. Powell. Cycloheximide and sucrose delayed the appearance of a polar cell (rhizoid formation) without inhibiting the fixation of a polar axis. Cytochalasin B, at 10 μg/ml, reversibly inhibited rhizoid formation without altering cell division. At higher concentrations (50–100 μg/ml) given in short pulses, cytochalasin affected the orientation and delayed the fixation of a light-induced polar axis with no qualitative effect on cell division. Disruption of the mitotic apparatus and prevention of cell division by colchicine had no influence on rhizoid formation or on the photopolarization of the developmental axis.
Women's Deathbed Pulpits: From Quiet Congregants to Iconic Ministers

This essay identifies memoirs (obituaries) as the primary space women initially occupy in Methodist Magazine, the church's first successful periodical. Based on a study of 154 memoirs published in Methodist Magazine from 1818–25, this essay explores how memoirs operated as rhetorical composition intended to motivate and instruct the living as much as to elegize the dead. By exposing rhetorical strategies used in depictions of persons “dying well,” specifically the roles assigned to women, this essay claims that women's memoirs transformed their deathbeds into pulpits, elevating them to ministers in death—positions they were precluded from holding in life.
Spontaneous recovery and partial reinforcement effects in the runway

Following four days of 100% or 50% reinforced acquisition training on a runway with secondary reinforcement minimized, rats were given two successive days of extinction training. The results revealed both superior resistance to extinction and greater spontaneous recovery by the 100% group. It was suggested that the reversal of the partial reinforcement effect might be attributed to the differential amount of spontaneous recovery, reduction in secondary reinforcement, or both.
Face It: 3D Facial Reconstruction from a Single 2D Image for Games and Simulations

An ongoing challenge with game and simulation design is immersion. Users want to feel as though the avatars that they see on screen are themselves and that the experiences of their avatars are their own. To that end, much work has been done in the area of 3D facial reconstruction for the purpose of inserting one's own likeness into a game or simulation. However, most existing methods require a minimum of two images and complex computations to produce the 3D head mesh. In this paper we propose a simple method for 3D facial reconstruction that renders the face mesh as a terrain using a single input image and minimal computation. This results in a fast and lightweight facial reconstruction that is highly portable and has a wide variety of applications.
Electrochemical flotation separation of chalcocite from molybdenite

Abstract The technique of electrochemical flotation has been used to separate chalcocite from molybdenite. Either chalcocite can be depressed and molybdenite floated or vice versa, through appropriate choice of the potential of flotation. Under the conditions investigated in this study molybdenite is found to be relatively inactive, electrochemically. The recovery of chalcocite is affected by the rate of oxidation, as controlled by the change in sweep rate to alter the potential of chalcocite from the conditioning potential to the potential of flotation.
Suppression of the sonic heat transfer limit in high-temperature heat pipes

The design of high-performance heat pipes requires optimization of heat transfer surfaces and liquid and vapor flow channels to suppress the heat transfer operating limits. In the paper an analytical model of the vapor flow in high-temperature heat pipes is presented, showing that the axial heat transport capacity limited by the sonic heat transfer limit depends on the working fluid, vapor flow area, manner of liquid evaporation into the vapor core of the evaporator, and lengths of the evaporator and adiabatic regions. Limited comparisons of the model predictions with data of the sonic heat transfer limits are shown to be very reasonable, giving credibility to the proposed analytical approach to determine the effect of various parameters on the axial heat transport capacity. Large axial heat transfer rates can be achieved with large vapor flow cross-sectional areas, small lengths of evaporator and adiabatic regions or a vapor flow area increase in these regions, and liquid evaporation in the evaporator normal to the main flow.
Dual coordinate step methods for linear network flow problems

We review a class of recently-proposed linear-cost network flow methods which are amenable to parallel implementation. All the methods in the class use the notion of c-complementary slackness, and most do not explicitly manipulate any "global" objects such as paths, trees, or cuts. Interestingly, these methods have also stimulated a large number of new serial computational complexity results. We develop the basic theory of these methods and present two specific methods, the E-relaxation algorithm for the minimum-cost flow problem, and the auction algorithm for assignment problem. We show how to implement these methods with serial complexities of O(N 3 log NC) and O(NA log NC), respectively. We also discuss practical implementation issues and computational experience to date. Finally, we show how to implement e-relaxation in a completely asynchronous, "chaotic" environment in which some processors compute faster than others, some processors communicate faster than others, and there can be arbitrarily large communication delays.