cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overweight and Obesity in Women: Health Risks and Consequences

The evidence for the adverse effects of obesity on women's health is overwhelming and indisputable. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is central to the metabolic syndrome and is strongly related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. Obese women are particularly susceptible to diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, puts women at dramatically increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity substantially increases the risk of several major cancers in women, especially postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Overweight and obesity are associated with elevated mortality from all causes in both men and women, and the risk of death rises with increasing weight. Curbing the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes calls for not only changes in diet and lifestyle at individual levels but also changes in policy, physical and social environment, and cultural norms.
On the Relation Between the Informational and Intentional Perspectives on Discourse

In the paper “Interpretation as Abduction” (hereafter IA) Hobbs et al. (1993) presented and elaborated the view that to interpret an utterance is to find the best explanation of why it would be true. We may call this the “Informational Perspective” on discourse interpretation. The only thing to be explained is the information explicitly conveyed by the utterance, and the explanation does not necessarily involve any knowledge of the specific goals of the speaker.
Co-integration of resonant-tunneling and single-barrier hot-electron transistors operating at 300 K

We have co-integrated a tunneling hot-electron transfer amplifier (THETA) and a novel resonant-tunneling hot-electron transfer amplifier (RTHETA) within a single epitaxial growth. At room temperature, the THETA exhibits a peak common-emitter current gain of greater than 6. The RTHETA exhibits similar common-emitter current gain along with negative transconductance characteristics associated with the resonant-tunneling effect. In contrast to the resonant-tunneling hot-electron transistor (RHET), the RTHETA exhibits current gain both before and after the resonant peak voltage. From on-wafer S-parameter measurements, the current-gain cut-off frequency (f/sub T/) and the maximum frequency of oscillation (f/sub max/) for both transistors are approximately 20 GHz and 9 GHz, respectively. >
Role of Frontal Eye Fields in Countermanding Saccades: Visual, Movement, and Fixation Activity

Hanes, Doug P., Warren F. Patterson II, and Jeffrey D. Schall. Role of frontal eye fields in countermanding saccades: visual, movement, and fixation activity. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 817–834, 1998. A ...
Teen in the Bathroom

32. Kokki H, Lintula H, Vanamo K, HeiskanenM, EskelinenM. Oxycodone vs placebo in children with undifferentiated abdominal pain: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of the effect of analgesia on diagnostic accuracy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(4):320-325. 33. Furyk J, Sumner M. Pain score documentation and analgesia: a comparison of children and adults with appendicitis. Emerg Med Australas. 2008;20 (6):482-487.
On the queen domination problem

Abstract A configuration of queens on an m × m chessboard is said to dominate the board if every square either contains a queen or is attacked by a queen. The configuration is said to be non-attacking if no queen attacks another queen. Let f(m) and g(m) equal the minimum number of queens and the minimum number of non-attacking queens, respectively, needed to dominate an m × m chessboard. We prove that: 1. (1) f(m) ⩽ 14 23 m + O(1) , and 2. (2) g(m) ⩽ 2 3 m + O(1) . These are the best upper bounds known at the present time for these functions.
On the Isolated Vertices and Connectivity in Random Intersection Graphs

We study isolated vertices and connectivity in the random intersection graph 𝐺(𝑛,𝑚,𝑝). A Poisson convergence for the number of isolated vertices is determined at the threshold for absence of isolated vertices, which is equivalent to the threshold for connectivity. When 𝑚=⌊𝑛𝛼⌋ and 𝛼>6, we give the asymptotic probability of connectivity at the threshold for connectivity. Analogous results are well known in Erdős-Renyi random graphs.
A new class of shift-varying operators, their shift-invariant equivalents, and multirate digital systems

A class of linear, shift-varying operators that generalize the notion of N-periodicity is defined. It is shown that shift-invariant equivalents for these operators exist, and that the equivalence is in a strong sense, preserving both algebraic and analytic system properties. It is shown that multirate sampled-data systems, although not generally periodic, fall into this class. Kranc vector switch decomposition and block filter implementations for single-input, single-output multirate systems are connected under the unifying framework of shift-invariant equivalents, and this framework provides a way to extend them both to multi-input, multi-output systems. >
Handling noisy training and testing data

In the field of empirical natural language processing, researchers constantly deal with large amounts of marked-up data; whether the markup is done by the researcher or someone else, human nature dictates that it will have errors in it. This paper will more fully characterise the problem and discuss whether and when (and how) to correct the errors. The discussion is illustrated with specific examples involving function tagging in the Penn treebank.
Rhubarb Juice as a Natural Antibrowning Agent

ABSTRACT: To search for natural antibrowning agents, rhubarb juice was tested on fresh-cut apple slices and foundto have a potent effect. Liberty apple slices were treated in various concentrations of rhubarb juice (5% – 100%), andthe rate of discoloration at room temperature was measured by a Hunter Colorimeter. Apple slices treated in the 5%– 10% solution showed browning activity with dL values of 2.3 – 2.5 at two hours. However, the concentrations ofrhubarb juice above 20% inhibited apple browning effectively with no change in the L value for several hours.Analysis of oxalic acid in rhubarb juice showed that the 20% solution contained about 67 mg/100g.Key words: natural antibrowning agents, fresh-cut apple, browning activity, oxalic acid, rhubarb juice Introduction S INCE THE U.S. GOVERNMENT ’ S 1986 BAN ON THE USE OF sulfites on fresh fruits and vegetables, the food industry hasbeen searching for effective antibrowning agents to control dis-coloration. Recently, various antibrowning substances have beenreported. Among them, cysteine, 4-hexylresorcinol, and kojicacid are well known. However, these chemicals have limited com-mercial use because of safety problems, cost, and governmentregulation. In addition, the demand for antibrowning agentsfrom natural products is strong. Considerable research has beenconducted on natural substances, including amino acids (Kahn1985), fig latex (McEvily 1991), honey (Oszmianski and Lee 1990),the Maillard reaction products (Nicoli and others 1991; Lee andLee 1997), pineapple juice (Lozano-de-Gonzales and others1993) and papain extract (Richard-Forget and others 1998). How-ever, none of these agents are commercially used for fresh-cutfruits and vegetables.In a comprehensive study of effective antibrowning agents,more than three dozen chemical compounds were tested on ap-ple slices and oxalic acid was found to be an excellent browninginhibitor that has an efficacy similar to kojic acid, cysteine and 4-hexylresorcinol (Son and others 1999). Oxalic acid is commonlyfound in many fruits and vegetables, including spinach, rhu-barb, and beet root at concentrations of 100 – 780 mg/100g freshweight (Hodgkinson 1977). Therefore, an attempt was made toutilize extracts from these vegetables as antibrowning agents onfresh-cut apple slices. We report an excellent natural antibrown-ing agent derived from rhubarb.
An intein with genetically selectable markers provides a new approach to internally label proteins with GFP

Inteins are proteins that catalyze their own removal from within larger precursor proteins. In the process they splice the flanking protein sequences, termed the N-and C-terminal exteins. Large inteins frequently have a homing endonuclease that is involved in maintaining the intein in the host. Splicing and nuclease activity are independent and distinct domains in the folded structure. We show here that other biochemical activities can be incorporated into an intein in place of the endonuclease without affecting splicing and that these activities can provide genetic selection for the intein. We have coupled such a genetically marked intein with GFP as the N-terminal extein to create a cassette to introduce GFP within the interior of a targeted protein. The Pch PRP8 mini-intein of Penicillium chrysogenum was modified to include: 1) aminoglycoside phosphotransferase; 2) imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase, His5 from S. pombe ; 3) hygromycin B phosphotransferase; and 4) the transcriptional activator LexA-VP16. The proteins were inserted at the site of the lost endonuclease. When expressed in E. coli, all of the modified inteins spliced at high efficiency. Splicing efficiency was also greater than 96% when expressed from a plasmid in S. cerevisiae. In addition the inteins conferred either G418 or hygromycin resistance, or histidine or leucine prototropy, depending on the inserted marker and the yeast genetic background. DNA encoding the marked inteins coupled to GFP as the N-terminal extein was PCR amplified with ends homologous to an internal site in the yeast calmodulin gene CMD1. The DNA was transformed into yeast and integrants obtained by direct selection for the intein's marker. The His5-marked intein yielded a fully functional calmodulin that was tagged with GFP within its central linker. Inteins continue to show their flexibility as tools in molecular biology. The Pch PRP8 intein can successfully tolerate a variety of genetic markers and still retain high splicing efficiency. We have shown that a genetically marked intein can be used to insert GFP in one-step within a target protein in vivo.
An Electromyographic Analysis of Elbow Flexors during Sub-maximal Concentric Contractions

Abstract The electrical activity of five muscles: pronator teres, extensor carpi radialis longus, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis was analyzed during concentric contractions at the elbow joint at varying positions, resistances, and velocities to determine which of these muscles was active during the prescribed actions. Normalized electromyography was statistically compared for each muscle during full range of motion flexions of 1 s and 4 s duration against resistances correlated to 5% and 20% of each subject's maximum isometric capability. Data analysis showed consistent patterns of electrical activity for all of the muscles. It was concluded that concentric elbow flexion involves the action of five muscles during 1 s or 4 s flexions even when resistance is slightly greater than that provided by the forearm segment itself.
Determinants of support for group decisions

Abstract The effects of three factors on the reactions of group members toward a group decision and the support they subsequently accorded such decisions were examined. These factors were: (a) the decision process used by the group (majority rule with formal voting, discussion to unanimity, discussion to majority agreement, or choice by an experimenter appointed executor); (b) the level of prediscussion agreement among group members (concordance); and (c) the relative extent to which an individual's preferences were congruent with his group's decision (relative individual goal attainment, RIGA). Individual ratings of satisfaction with decisions, anticipated commitment to decisions, and the support accorded to decisions were highest in groups with initially high concordance and among individuals higher on RIGA. Members of groups required to reach unanimity and those run by executive choice exhibited comparable support for their groups' decisions across all levels of concordance. In groups required to discuss to majority agreement, support of the group decisions dropped markedly under low levels of concordance. Individual ratings of the difficulty experienced in reaching a decision were highest in groups required to reach unanimous agreement. However, members of these groups showed the greatest degree of postdecision change in the direction of their groups' decisions.
Driving Entrepreneurial Innovation Through the Learning Factory: The Power of Interdisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Founded in 1995, the mission of the Learning Factory at the Pennsylvania State University has been to integrate real-world, hands-on design/build experience into the engineering classroom through industry-sponsored capstone design projects. While the Learning Factory began like many other capstone design programs, a new college-wide capstone model emerged over the past five years to enable interdisciplinary design teams across multiple departments. First 3, then 4, 5, 8, and now 12 engineering majors regularly collaborate in what has become the largest industry-supported and college-wide capstone design program in the nation. Now more than 70% of the capstone design teams involve students from two or more disciplines, with some teams consisting of 4–5 different engineering majors. At the same time that we improved our ability to work across disciplinary boundaries, many entrepreneurs and start-up firms became aware of our capstone design program, and we found ourselves working with more and more of them on projects involving concept development and prototyping. In fact, the more interdisciplinary the program became, the better we could meet their needs, which often required input from 3 or more engineering disciplines as well as non-engineering disciplines. As a result, the number of capstone design projects sponsored by “real” entrepreneurs and start-ups has increased eight-fold over the past five years: from 5 projects in 2007/08 to over 40 projects in 2011/12. We discuss the factors that contributed to this growth, including industry-friendly intellectual property and non-disclosure agreements, a low-cost sponsorship model, a multidisciplinary capstone design section that satisfied the ABET requirements among all participating departments, and student interest in making a significant and immediate impact on their industry-sponsored project. The risks and challenges of working with start-ups and entrepreneurs is also discussed, namely, managing sponsor’s expectations, working with non-technical sponsors, clarifying project scope, avoiding project creep, and emphasizing the educational experience over project outcomes. Recent start-up successes are discussed along with a student entrepreneurial team’s capstone project prototype that lead to a successful fund-raising campaign on Kickstarter.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Melting and crystallization behavior of miscible copolyester–polycarbonate blends

The melting and crystallization behavior of Kodar, a copolyester formed from 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and a mixture of terephthalic and isophthalic acids, and its miscible blends with polycarbonate was examined. The results of the melting behavior are discussed in terms of crystallization-induced chemical rearrangements and the copolymeric character of Kodar and interchange reactions between components when polycarbonate is present in the blend. For various reasons, the melting behavior cannot be extrapolated to infinite crystal size using the Hoffman–Weeks approach. Crystallization kinetics follows the Avrami equation, with rates being higher when the crystallization temperatuare is approached from the glass rather than from the melt. The kinetic data are discussed in terms of modern theories. An approximate melting point depression analysis is used to estimate the interaction parameter for the blend, and the result obtained is compared to a value from another technique.
Sensitivity in the World Dynamics Model.

A computer analysis of Forrester's World Dynamics Model shows that the model is very sensitive to the input assumptions with respect to capital investment and pollution. An algebraic description of the model and six considerations basic to such a simulation are also presented.
A Hatchability Study Among Ohio Hatcheries

Abstract IT HAS been a common observation by the writer for several years in his work of visiting hatcheries in the course of inspection that early in the season the hatcheries located in southern Ohio received much better hatches than those located in northern Ohio. Just how much this difference was had not been determined, and to what extent it existed was not known. So in order to get some definite idea as to what this difference might be and to secure any other information that the records might show the hatchability records by weeks was secured from a total of 37 hatcheries scattered over Ohio for the spring of 1935. Table 1 gives the average hatchability of all reporting by weeks together with the location of the hatcheries in the various sections of the State which had the highest and lowest hatches each week. The averages were by hatcheries and . . .
Stress-Independent Activation of XBP1s and/or ATF6 Reveals Three Functionally Diverse ER Proteostasis Environments

The unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis through the activation of transcription factors such as XBP1s and ATF6. The functional consequences of these transcription factors for ER proteostasis remain poorly defined. Here, we describe methodology that enables orthogonal, small-molecule-mediated activation of the UPR-associated transcription factors XBP1s and/or ATF6 in the same cell independent of stress. We employ transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics to evaluate ER proteostasis network remodeling owing to the XBP1s and/or ATF6 transcriptional programs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the three ER proteostasis environments accessible by activating XBP1s and/or ATF6 differentially influence the folding, trafficking, and degradation of destabilized ER client proteins without globally affecting the endogenous proteome. Our data reveal how the ER proteostasis network is remodeled by the XBP1s and/or ATF6 transcriptional programs at the molecular level and demonstrate the potential for selective restoration of aberrant ER proteostasis of pathologic, destabilized proteins through arm-selective UPR activation.
Soybean root nodule acid phosphatase

Acid phosphatases are ubiquitous enzymes that exhibit activity against a variety of substrates in vitro, although little is known about their intracellular function. In this study, we report the isolation, characterization, and partial sequence of the major acid phosphatase from soybean (Glycine max L.) root nodules. The phosphatase was purified predominantly as a heterodimer with subunits of 28 and 31 kD; homodimers of both subunits were also observed and exhibited phosphatase activity. In addition to the general phosphatase substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, the heterodimeric form of the enzyme readily hydrolyzed 5'-nucleotides, flavin mononucleotide, and O-phospho-L-Tyr. Low or negligible activity was observed with ATP or polyphosphate. Purified nodule acid phosphatase was stimulated by magnesium, inhibited by calcium and EDTA, and competitively inhibited by cGMP and cAMP with apparent Ki values of 7 and 12 microM, respectively. Partial N-terminal and internal sequencing of the nodule acid phosphatase revealed homology to the soybean vegetative storage proteins. There was a 17-fold increase in enzyme activity and a noticeable increase in protein levels detected by immunoblotting methods during nodule development. Both of these parameters were low in young nodules and reached a peak in mature, functional nodules, suggesting that this enzyme is important for efficient nodule metabolism.
Cytochrome P-450 heme and the regulation of hepatic heme oxygenase activity

Abstract The degradation of cytochrome P-450 heme in the liver has been studied by a new approach. In rats, hepatic heme was labeled by administration of a tracer pulse of [5- 14 C]δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and its degradation was analyzed in terms of labeled carbon monoxide ( 14 CO) excretion, which is a specific degradation product of the labeled heme. Within minutes after administration of [5- 14 C]ALA, 14 CO was detectable and increased after 2 h to an “early peak,” reflecting the elimination of labeled heme from a rapidly turning over pool in the liver. Beyond the early peak, the rate of 14 CO production decreased in a log-linear manner, consistent with the degradation of heme in stable hepatic hemoproteins. From the rate at which 14 CO production declined during this phase, from the predominant labeling of cytochrome P-450 heme by the administered [5- 14 C]ALA and from the known turnover characteristics of this hemoprotein in the liver, it could be inferred that production of 14 CO—between 16 and 30 h after administration of labeled ALA—largely reflected degradation of cytochrome P-450 heme. This approach, which permits serial measurements in a single animal, was used to study the effect on cytochrome P-450 heme of administered heme or endotoxin, both of which are potent stimulators of hepatic heme oxygenase activity. Both of these substances caused marked acceleration of the degradation of cytochrome P-450 heme, the effect occurring over the same dose range as that for stimulation of hepatic heme oxygenase. The findings suggest that stimulation of this enzyme activity in the liver is closely related to the rate of degradation of cytochrome P-450 heme.
Effect of estrogens on dmba induced breast tumors

Abstract Evidence is presented for the anti-carcinogenic activity of estriol when this hormone is administered to 50–55 day old SD rats prior to treatment with DMBA. In control and estradiol treated animals, 85–100% of animals developed breast tumors regardless of dose of steroid. Low doses of estriol (1 μg/day) offered some protection against tumorigenesis but at levels exceeding 10μg/day only 20–35% of animals developed tumors even when observed for 180 days following DMBA ingestion. Furthermore, the mean time for tumor production is greatly increased in the presence of E 3 . Short term (2 weeks) administration offered no protection against tumor formation, suggesting that the effect of estriol probably relates to the promotion stage of tumorigenesis.
An event-driven, user-centric, QoS-aware middleware framework for ubiquitous multimedia applications

In this paper, we present a novel QoS-aware middleware framework, that seamlessly enables ubiquitous delivery of QoS-aware multimedia applications. The QoS management functions are triggered by not only resource fluctuations but also the user's behavior, movement or even light and time. Those activation events are described using asynchronous messages encoded in XML format. Moreover, the QoS-aware middleware services are no longer targeted to applications or devices but users. The QoS management functions are individualized according to the user's preferences and life routines. We have implemented a prototype of our middleware framework as part of the Gaia OS [4], an active space enabling infrastructure. Our experiments with the ubiquitous multimedia streaming application show the soundness of our framework.
Post Flood Syndrome and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

In the past few years large areas of the Midwest and Great Plains have been inundated with water and plant P deficiency is often a problem after such events. Soil and plant samples were collected in 1994 in Missouri and Iowa from sites flooded and fallowed in 1993. Plants were P deficient during early vegetative growth in spite of soil tests indicating adequate P availability and typical levels of starter fertilizer. The flood and fallow problem was associated with the loss of root colonizing vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi that benefit the plant by increasing uptake of P. The VAM fungi are dependent upon the plant for growth and reproduction and loss of host significantly reduces VAM fungal populations in soil. The VAM fungal populations increased with the presence of a crop in the year following the flood. A greenhouse study on the effect of flooding on VAM fungi indicates the number of VAM hyphae or spores producing colonization were not affected by an extended flooding period and therefore are related to the lack of host for an extended period of time in the same manner as long fallow disorder in Australia. The research conducted indicates that the Post Flood Syndrome was associated with the loss of VAM fungi. Use of starter fertilizer was beneficial in correcting Post Flood Syndrome but broadcast fertilizer application appeared to have an insignificant effect on reducing the P deficiency. The application of 80 lb P/acre as starter fertilizer produced plants that were not P deficient.
Baló's concentric sclerosis presenting as a stroke-like syndrome

Background A 37-year-old woman without important previous medical history presented to an emergency room with acute onset of left-sided weakness and numbness. Examination revealed left-sided hemiparesis (in the arm greater than in the leg) and hypoesthesia. Investigations Routine laboratory testing, lumbar puncture, dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion study, longitudinal brain MRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed. Diagnosis Balos concentric sclerosis. Management Intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral steroid taper.
POSTHARVEST QUALITY AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF ?BYRONGOLD? AND ?RUBYSWEET? PLUMS

Fruit from two new cultivars of plums, ‘Byrongold’ and ‘Rubysweet’ were harvested at three maturities. Maturity one and two were ripened for three and six days at 20C and 85% relative humidity to determine fruit quality characteristics during storage. Plums were separated into three maturity categories by delayed light emission. Fruit size, weight, hue angle, flesh firmness, soluble solids and concentration of sugars, organic acids and sensory attributes were determined to evaluate stroage quality of the fruit. Significant differences were found between cultivars for sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol. Sugar concentrations varied within the same cultivar by maturity and storage times. In general, acid levels decreased as plums ripened. Panelists preferred “Byrongold” ripened for three days for tartness and juiciness and “Byrongold” ripened for six days for sweetness. “Rubysweet” ripened for three days was preferred for sweetness, tartness and juiciness. Significant differences were found in peel bitterness between cultivars and days ripened. Unripened maturity 2 ‘Byrongold’ and unripenedd maturity 3 ‘Rubysweet’ had the highest peel bitterness. Hedonic scores showed ‘Rubysweet’.
Functional analysis of neurovascular adaptations to exercise in the dentate gyrus of young adult mice associated with cognitive gain

The discovery that aerobic exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis and can enhance cognitive performance holds promise as a model for regenerative medicine. This study adds two new pieces of information to the rapidly growing field. First, we tested whether exercise increases vascular density in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, whole hippocampus, and striatum in C57BL/6J mice known to display procognitive effects of exercise. Second, we determined the extent to which new neurons from exercise participate in the acute neuronal response to high levels of running in B6D2F1/J (F1 hybrid of C57BL/6J female by DBA/2J male). Mice were housed with or without a running wheel for 50 days (runner vs. sedentary). The first 10 days, they received daily injections of BrdU to label dividing cells. The last 10 days, mice were tested for performance on the Morris water maze and rotarod and then euthanized to measure neurogenesis, c-Fos induction from running and vascular density. In C57BL/6J, exercise increased neurogenesis, density of blood vessels in the dentate gyrus and striatum (but not whole hippocampus), and enhanced performance on the water maze and rotarod. In B6D2F1/J, exercise also increased hippocampal neurogenesis but not vascular density in the granular layer. Improvement on the water maze from exercise was marginal, and no gain was seen for rotarod, possibly because of a ceiling effect. Running increased the number of c-Fos positive neurons in the granular layer by fivefold, and level of running was strongly correlated with c-Fos within 90 min before euthanasia. In runners, approximately 3.3% (+/-0.008 S.E.) of BrdU-positive neurons in the middle of the granule layer displayed c-Fos when compared with 0.8% (+/-0.001) of BrdU-negative neurons. Results suggest that procognitive effects of exercise are associated with increased vascular density in the dentate gyrus and striatum in C57BL/6J mice, and that new neurons from exercise preferentially function in the neuronal response to running in B6D2F1/J.
Potentials of mean force for adatoms on surfaces

Abstract Differences between the adatom-adatom potential of mean force and the pair potential in the limit of low adatom density are illustrated through the Kirkwood equation for a two-component solid. The major difference which remains at all adatom densities arises from the adatom-substrate contribution to the potential of mean force. A method designed to extract an estimate of the adatom-adatom pair potential from field ion microscopy data is suggested.
Techniques for code and data management in the local stores of the cell processor

The Cell Broadband Engine (CBE) contains one conventional PowerPC core with a standard cache hierarchy and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs), each of which contains a fast but small Local Store. These Local Stores are similar to ScratchPad memories, in that they are small, fast and directly addressed, but an additional constraint on programming the SPEs is that all Load/Store and instruction fetch accesses from the processor reference only the local stores. Access to the rest of the memory on a CBE system must be explicitly programmed using DMA commands. Techniques for fitting programs with large text and data footprints into the Local Stores, both manual and automatic will be described.
Evaluation of the transmission line model for couplant layer corrections in pulse-echo measurements

An acoustic couplant layer plays an integral role in many ultrasonic nondestructive testing and material characterization applications. It is important to account for this layer for accurate time-delay measurements. In pulse-echo measurements, the couplant layer can be accounted for by modeling the frequency dependence of phase delay. In this paper, two such models are evaluated for robustness in determining an accurate phase velocity: a simple linear relationship and the acoustic transmission line with its associated nonlinear expression. For this evaluation, measurements of acoustic phase delay in an aluminum sample were made by the pulse-echo method using tone bursts of 1800 different carrier frequencies between 35 and 125 MHz. The transmission line model was fit to the measured data using an unconstrained nonlinear least squares fitting routine with two free parameters: the acoustic phase velocity in the sample and the couplant thickness. It was found that this nonlinear model was extremely sensitive to the initial parameter guesses and could not unambiguously determine both the couplant layer thickness and acoustic phase velocity. In contrast, the faster and simpler linear least squares fit to the delay data determines a unique phase velocity in agreement with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, an independent measurement technique.
Evaluation of novel thermally enhanced spectral indices for mapping fire perimeters and comparisons with fire atlas data

We evaluated the potential of two novel thermally enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)-derived spectral indices for discriminating burned areas and for producing fire perimeter data (as a potential surrogate to digital fire atlas data) within two wildland fires (1985 and 1993) in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico, USA. Image-derived perimeters (manually produced and classified from an index image) were compared to fire perimeters recorded within a digitized fire atlas. For each fire, the highest spectral separability was achieved using the newly proposed Normalized Burn RatioThermal (NBRT1) index (M51.18, 1.76, for the two fires respectively). Correspondence between fire atlas and manually digitized fire perimeters was high. Landsat imagery may be a useful supplement to existing historical fire perimeters mapping methods, but the timing of the post-fire image will strongly influence the separability of burned and unburned areas.
Evidence for induction of germinal aplasia in male rats by environmental exposure to boron.

Abstract In view of recent reports of adverse effects of environmental boron on testicular function, we have studied some biochemical, morphological, and physiologic aspects of gonadal function in adult male rats exposed to increased levels of dietary boron. The experimental animals were fed 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm of boron added as borax to standard laboratory chow for 30 to 60 days. Fertility, testicular, and epididymal histology; specific activities of testicular and prostatic enzymes; plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, and testosterone, and boron content of plasma and testes were evaluated. Some of the rats treated with the highest dose were followed for up to 1 year following cessation of boron exposure. In both 30- and 60-day feeding studies, male rats receiving 500 ppm suffered no significant adverse effects. In contrast, male rats receiving 1000 and 2000 ppm of boron displayed a significant loss of germinal elements, decrease in seminiferous tubular diameter, and accumulation of testicular boron. The testicular atrophy was greatest at the highest dose, and depletion of germ cells was complete after 60 days of exposure. These morphological changes were associated with reduction of specific activities of hyaluronidase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-X, markers of postmeiotic germ cells. In contrast, specific enzyme activities of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and malate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated above control values, an effect probably of the relative enrichment of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The germinal depletion was associated with a significant increase in plasma FSH concentration, a variable increase in plasma LH levels (not significant), and normal concentrations of plasma testosterone. The increased plasma FSH and germinal cell depletion were time- and dose-dependent. Serial mating studies demonstrated reduced fertility without change in copulatory behavior. The duration of reduced fertility was greater at the higher dose and the longer duration of exposure. Germinal aplasia, elevated FSH, and infertility persisted for at least 8 months following cessation of boron exposure at the highest dose. These data suggest that boron accumulation in testes is associated with progressive germ cell depletion and that the testicular lesion can persist long after toxic exposure to boron has occurred. Further long-term studies are necessary to determine whether testicular dysfunctions can occur after prolonged exposure to levels of boron which prevail in some areas of the environment.
A typology of families with children in self-care: Implications for school-age child care programming

An increasing number of schools and youth service organizations are developing school-age child care programs to serve children who wound otherwise be left in self-care. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences between families using a self-care arrangement and the implications of these differences for school-age child care program development. A sample of 164 families with school-age children in self-care (or the care of another school-age sibling), was drawn from a Southern metropolitan school system. Parents were surveyed about their self-care arrangement, the types of school-age child care services they needed, and barriers to having those needs met. Using discriminant analysis, the 164 families were reclassified into three groups. The resulting family profiles are examined in relation to school-age child care program development.
A gastric lavage assembly for rapid evacuation of the stomach.

A gastric lavage assembly has been developed for rapid evacuation of blood clots or pills from the stomach. The design specifications allow irrigation of the stomach to be accomplished with maximal evacuation efficiency. Using the gastric lavage assembly, particulate matter has been evacuated rapidly from the stomachs of 50 patients.
Toilet training, cueing, praise, and self-cleaning in the treatment of classroom encopresis: A case study

Abstract This study was designed to ameliorate encopresis in a 6-year-old male child in the school setting. The procedure consisted of toilet training, cueing, praise, and self-cleaning. Prior to intervention, encopresis was a daily event at home and school. The intervention was successful in reducing the soiling to near zero at school, with no reported changes at home. Implications discussed for school psychologists were: (a) handling the intervention through a consultation model, (b) using the simplest approach before attempting more powerful procedures, and (c) attempting treatment in spite of the fact that other treatment attempts at home had been unsuccessful.
Ra1 and Rab3a are major GTP-binding proteins of axonal rapid transport and synaptic vesicles and do not redistribute following depolarization stimulated synaptosomal exocytosis

Abstract We have employed high-resolution SDS polyacrylamide gels to demonstrate that there are two major low-molecular-weight GTP-binding proteins associated with axonal membranes including synaptic vesicles, rapid transported membranes and clathrin-coated vesicles. We demonstrate that one of the major proteins is Ra1 and that the other is Rab3A. Following the depolarization of synaptosomes resulting in increased neurotransmitter release, we see no significant dissociation of either Ra1 or Rab3a from synaptic vesicle derived membranes in contrast to results reported previously.
The effect of iron stores on gastric acid secretion by rats.

Tissue iron deficiency as measured by liver non-haem iron levels was produced in rats by iron-poor diets and bleeding. Studies on gastric secretion with the Shay technique revealed significant changes in pH, total acid and acid concentration in the iron deficient rats when compared with control normals and control anaemic animals.
More than words: Frequency effects for multi-word phrases

Abstract There is mounting evidence that language users are sensitive to distributional information at many grain-sizes. Much of this research has focused on the distributional properties of words, the units they consist of (morphemes, phonemes), and the syntactic structures they appear in (verb-categorization frames, syntactic constructions). In a series of studies we show that comprehenders are also sensitive to the frequencies of compositional four-word phrases (e.g. don’t have to worry): more frequent phrases are processed faster. The effect is not reducible to the frequency of the individual words or substrings and is observed across the entire frequency range (for low, mid and high frequency phrases). Comprehenders seem to learn and store frequency information about multi-word phrases. These findings call for processing models that can capture and predict phrase-frequency effects and support accounts where linguistic knowledge consists of patterns of varying sizes and levels of abstraction.
Common Musculoskeletal Disorders in Women

Women are prone to certain orthopedic conditions and may present to their primary care physician for treatment. An appreciation of the physiological and anatomical differences between women and men and the musculoskeletal conditions that commonly affect active women can aid the physician in diagnosis and treatment. We discuss common musculoskeletal conditions of active women including those affecting the low back, knee, shoulder, and foot. We also discuss common stress fractures seen in women. Various treatment and prevention strategies are reviewed and include physical therapy, bracing, medications, and surgery.
Gender roles in marriage : what do they mean for girls' and boys' school achievement ?

This study explored the implications of parents' traditional vs. egalitarian marital roles for girls' and boys' patterns of math and science achievement in 67 families with young adolescents. Marital roles were measured in terms of parents' relative involvement in child-oriented activities (e.g., in egalitarian families mothers and fathers participated equally in child-oriented activities). Findings revealed that girls from egalitarian families maintained a high level of achievement across the transition to the seventh grade, whereas girls from traditional families declined in math and science performance. For boys, no significant patterns emerged. Additional analyses revealed that egalitarian and traditional families differed in terms of absolute levels of paternal involvement, parents' sex-role attitudes, and indices of marital power. Our findings were consistent with a person-process-context model of development: Egalitarian and traditional contexts were characterized by different family processes and had different implications for boys and girls.
Incorporating targeted treatments into standard regimens: whither the role of established doses?

Phase I trials are the building blocks of cancer therapeutics. Designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a novel compound or regimen, it is through such trials that later investigat...
The Holmes heart--a variant of cor triloculare biatriatum. Report of case in a child.

A fourth case of Holmes heart is described in a 12-year-old boy, and developmental and corrective considerations are compared and discussed. The first catheterization data in this condition are presented.
5HT1A receptor antagonists enhance the functional activity of fluoxetine in a mouse model of feeding

Fluoxetine has been reported to suppress food intake in animal models of feeding. Fluoxetine increases extracellular serotonin in the brain. 5HT1A autoreceptors regulate synaptic levels of serotonin. A combination of a 5HT1A receptor antagonist and fluoxetine has been previously reported to enhance extracellular levels of serotonin over what is obtained with fluoxetine alone. Thus, a combination of fluoxetine and a 5HT1A antagonist could enhance the ability of fluoxetine to suppress appetite. Fluoxetine was tested in a model of feeding, in which CD-1 mice were trained to drink sweetened condensed milk. Fluoxetine was found to attenuate milk drinking, in a dose-dependent manner, at doses greater than 10 mg/kg, i.p. A 10 mg/kg dose of fluoxetine, which was ineffective by itself, was then combined either with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), a serotonin precursor, or with S(-) pindolol, a 5HT1A/beta adrenergic receptor antagonist or with LY206130, a more selective 5HT1A receptor antagonist. These treatment paradigms resulted in significant attenuation of the consumption of sweetened condensed milk. Since fluoxetine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of eating disorders and to promote weight loss in obese humans, although at doses greater than those required for the treatment of depression, a combination of fluoxetine with a 5HT1A receptor antagonist could be of clinical utility in the treatment of eating disorders and obesity.
Phenylalanine fluorescence and phosphorescence used as a probe of conformation for cod parvalbumin

The fluorescence emission and triplet absorption properties of phenylalanine in cod fish parvalbumin type II, a protein that contains no Trp or Tyr, was examined in the time scale ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds at 25°C in aqueous buffer (pH 7.0). In the presence of Ca(II), the decay of fluorescence gave two lifetimes (5.9 and 53 ns) and the triplet lifetime was 425 μs. Upon removal of Ca, the fluorescence intensity decreased to values approaching that for free Phe, while the longest fluorescence decay component was 17 ns. At the same time, the decay of triplet showed complex nonexponential kinetics with decay rates faster than in the presence of Ca. Quenching and denaturation analyses suggest that the Phe's are present in a hydrophobic environment in the Ca-bound protein but that the Ca-free protein is relatively unstructured. It is concluded that Phe luminescence in proteins is sensitive to conformation and that the long lifetime of Phe excited states needs to be considered when studying its photochemistry in proteins.
347 COLONIZATION OF NEONATES IN INTENSIVE CARE WITH GENITAL MYCOPLASMAS

Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) have been recently found to be potentially pathogenic for neonates. The purpose of our study was to determine the colonization of the respiratory tract of neonates with Uu and Mh, the nosocomial transmission, and the correlation of colonization with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We studied 139 neonates whose birth weight were: (37≤1000gr, 48-1001-1500g, 39 1501-2500 and 15>2500g). Out of these babies 48% were intubated. Ureaplasma was isolated from nasopharynx in 39% and from tracheal aspirates in 33% of babies and these were not significantly different in all birth weight subgroups. The Nosocomial transmission was 24%. Colonization with Mh was found in 3.5% of the neonates. The correlation between colonization and BPD showed that 40% of the colonized babies developed BPD and only 12% of those who were no colonized (p=0.03).
Application of an Imaging System to Study Machining Mist Formation via an Atomization Mechanism

Airborne inhalable particulate in the workplace represents a significant health hazard. One of the primary sources of this particulate is mist produced through the application of cutting fluids in machining operations. One of the important mechanisms for the production of cutting fluid mist is the atomization mechanism. In this paper, atomization is studied by applying cutting fluid to a rotating workpiece such as found in turning. An imaging system is presented for the study of the atomization mechanism. The imaging system extends the size measurement range typically achievable with aerosol sampling devices to consider larger particles. Experimental observations from the imaging system reveal that workpiece rotation speed and cutting fluid flow rate have significant effects on the size of the droplets produced by the atomization mechanism. With respect to atomization, the technical literature describes models for fluid interaction with the rotating workpiece and droplet formation via drop and ligament formation modes. Experimental measurements are compared with model predictions. For a range of rotation speeds and fluid application flow rates, the experimental data is seen to compare favorably with the model predictions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Recovery of Nesting Bald Eagles in Texas

Abstract One of the most successful conservation stories in United States' history resulted in Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Bald Eagle) being removed recently from the federal endangered species list. Few studies, however, have documented regional long-term recovery trends for Bald Eagles. We quantified Bald Eagle nesting density, distribution, and productivity trends by using aerial surveys of nests located in 69 counties in eastern Texas from 1971–2005. The total number of occupied nests, productive nests, and offspring produced increased exponentially during that time, with the most dramatic increases occurring from 1995–2005. Since 1971, the total number of occupied nests increased 13% per year, from 5 in 1971 to 157 in 2005, and the total number of young produced also increased 13% per year, from 6 in 1971 to 195 in 2005. Apparent nest success estimates (50–100%) and mean brood size (1–2 young/nest), however, remained relatively consistent from 1971 to 2005. By 1989, Bald Eagles in Texas exceeded recove...