cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a nonintellectual assessment procedure for the early screening of exceptionality

Abstract Using a battery of nonintellectual measures with demonstrated validity for the screening of learning disabled and emotionally handicapped pupils, this study evaluated the feasibility of screening for potential educable mentally retarded (EMR) and gifted candidates. The criterion measure used to establish evidence of potential EMR and gifted eligibility was an individually-administered intelligence test. Teacher nominations of pupils they would refer for learning disabled (LD), EMR and gifted evaluation were obtained prior to administration of the screening instruments in a subsample of the participating districts in order to compare IQ criterion groups and screening results with teacher referrals. Results showed that the group of pupils screened by the nonintellectual measures contained 91% of those in the low IQ group (potential EMR) and 86% of those in the high IQ group (potential gifted). By contrast, teacher referrals failed to screen any of those deemed potentially eligible based on IQ criterion scores. The evidence suggests that reliance on conventional methods of teacher referral is inadequate for screening of EMR and gifted pupils, but that screening with the nonintellectual measures demonstrates a promise worthy of wider consideration.
Archival correspondence regarding the origin of the Harvey Cushing Society: the American Association of Neurological Surgeons

Behind the scenes in the origin of the Harvey Cushing Society, now known as the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, there were many interesting political factors occurring, which appeared in correspondence and were preserved and later forwarded by William P. Van Wagenen to the Harvey Cushing Section of the Yale Medical Library. This correspondence, circa 1931, provides an interesting account of the aspirations of young neurosurgeons who wished to gain societal status, without offending the giants of the Society of Neurological Surgeons.
Carrier-mediated release of GABA from retinal horizontal cells.

Abstract H1 horizontal cells in goldfish retina are probably GABAergic and receive excitatory synaptic input from red cones. This input should affect the synaptic release of GABA from H1 cells. We studied the uptake and release of [3H]GABA from the isolated goldfish retina by use of autoradiography. When retinas were incubated in the light for 15 min in 0.72 μM [3H]GABA, heavy label was found over the somata (HS) and axon terminals (HAT) of H1 horizontal cells, and over pyriform amacrine cell bodies and their processes in sublamina b of the IPL. Postincubation of retinas, preloaded with [3H]GABA, in 0.5–10 mM l -glutamate or 0.1–10 mM l -aspartate, resulted in a dose-dependent and selective loss of [3H]GABA from HS and vert little loss from HAT. This loss was not due to an efflux of metabolites of [3H]GABA or to any calcium-dependent vesicular release of [3H]GABA from HS. The glutamate-evoked release of [3H]GABA by H1 cells was sodium dependent, sensitive to substitution of lithium for sodium, and inhibited by nipecotic acid. In addition, [3H]GABA was released from HS by 0.1 mM ouabain but not by 50 mM potassium chloride. Our results suggest that the chemically evoked release of [3H]GABA from HS is mediated by a sodium-dependent transport carrier which may be responsible for the high affinity uptake of [3H]GABA by H1 cells as well. Since synaptic vesicles are not found at presumed synaptic release sites in H1 cells, we suggest that the GABA which is released synaptically from H1 cells may derive from a cytoplasmic pool of GABA and is released by means of a transport carrier. This carrier appears to depend primarily on the sodium concentration gradient across the H1 cell membrane rather than on the membrane potential of the H1 cell for its action. The relevance of the carrier-mediated release of GABA from HS in regard to the synaptic function of H1 cells is discussed.
Relationship between visits to emergency departments for asthma and ozone exposure in greater Seattle, Washington.

Background Air pollution is known to affect asthma symptoms in controlled and epidemiologic studies. Objective To determine whether ozone exposure in Seattle is associated with increased use of hospital emergency departments. Methods Hospital data on daily asthma cases for all ages were obtained for 1998 through 2002. Ozone and fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm in diameter) (PM 2.5 ) data were obtained from local air agencies. Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between asthma visits to emergency departments and air pollutants. Maximum daily 1- and 8-hour average ozone concentrations and the daily PM 2.5 concentration were used. Results We observed associations between both ozone metrics and emergency department visits in children. For the maximum daily 1- and 8-hour average ozone concentrations, the relative risks (RRs) were 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.18) and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.02-1.21), respectively, at 3 days’ lag. Weaker but significant associations were also observed for adults. For the maximum daily 1-hour average ozone concentration, the RR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.11) at 4 days’ lag, and for the maximum daily 8-hour average ozone concentration, the RR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.12) at 2 days’ lag and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02-1.14) at 4 days’ lag. Conclusion Ozone exposure exacerbates asthma in people in the Seattle area, especially in children.
A multi-level analysis of community coordinating councils.

Coordinating councils are frequently formed to promote a coordinated response to complex social issues (e.g., community health, violence prevention). Little is known, to date, however, about council effectiveness. Prior research on council effectiveness and the correlates of effectiveness have typically relied on case studies. While case studies provide rich descriptive information about the functioning and quality of councils, studies of multiple settings are central to understanding what factors explain variability in perceived effectiveness across councils. Further, the relatively few studies that have examined multiple settings often ignore the multi-level nature of studying councils by failing to disaggregate individual and council level effects. To examine councils’ perceived effectiveness in attaining their goals and the correlates of council effectiveness across settings, data were gathered from members (N = 511) and leaders (N = 41) of 43 domestic violence coordinating councils regarding their perceived climate, membership, structure, and accomplishments. Study findings suggest that councils were not perceived as uniformly effective. Councils were more likely to be rated as effective by members and leaders when they were characterized by an inclusive climate and diverse active membership.
Medicare: what's right? What's wrong? What's next?

ABSTRACT: Although future Medicare costs are highly uncertain, reasonable projections of those costs suggest a major financing problem. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 will provide temporary relief, although it introduced some new problems, including its geographic adjustment of Medicare+Choice rates. For the future we propose a premium-support system and an expanded benefits package. Such a system would provide a more flexible means to adjust the division of the financing burden between the elderly and the nonelderly, potentially gain some efficiencies from greater price competition and less reliance on administered pricing, and partly address the issue of uninsured early retirees.
The American Liberty League, 1934–1940

IN March, 1934, the New Deal was a year old. The economic collapse which had provoked it and the confused but determined activities of the New Deal had become, by then, profoundly disturbing to men whose gods were Adam Smith and Herbert Spencer. For them both the depression and Franklin Roosevelt's solutions contained unwholesome quantities of uncertainty and change. Correspondence, reflecting despair and anger, flowed from one citadel of economic power to another, most of it destined to remain in the private files for which it was intended. Some of it, however, found its way into the chambers of Congress and eventually into the public press. There the anguish of what has come to be called the American Way was from time to time documented and recorded. Of such a character was the exchange of letters between the Du Pont Building in Wilmington and the Empire State Building in New York in March, 1934, between R. R. M. Carpenter, a retired Du Pont vice-president, and John J. Raskob, a retired chairman of the Democratic party but a still active vice-president of the Du Pont organization. "Five negroes on my place in South Carolina refused work this spring. . . saying they had easy jobs with the government," Carpenter wrote. "A cook on mry houseboat at Fort Myers quit because the government was paying him a dollar an hour as a painter." What Mr. Carpenter asked of Mr. Raskob was that he, who might have the ear of the President for the asking, inquire of Mr. Roosevelt whether he knew where the country was going; his own experiences, at his place in South Carolina and on his houseboat in Florida, had convinced him that the directions were altogether contrary to American promise. Mr. Raskob was inclined to agree, but, he said, he was now out of politics and, besides, he had a better idea. "You haven't much to do," he wrote Carpenter, "and I know of no one that could better take the lead in trying to induce the Du Pont and General Motors groups, followed by other big industries, to definitely organize to protect society from the sufferings which it is bound to endure if we allow communistic elements to lead the people to believe that all businessmen are crooks." Raskob went on to suggest that there was a need for "some very definite organization that would come out openly with some plan for educating the people to the value of encouraging people to work; encouraging people to get rich." He felt that
Interference Pattern and Propagation of the M2 Internal Tide South of the Hawaiian Ridge

Abstract Most of the M2 internal tide energy generated at the Hawaiian Ridge radiates away in modes 1 and 2, but direct observation of these propagating waves is complicated by the complexity of the bathymetry at the generation region and by the presence of interference patterns. Observations from satellite altimetry, a tomographic array, and the R/P FLIP taken during the Farfield Program of the Hawaiian Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) are found to be in good agreement with the output of a high-resolution primitive equation model, simulating the generation and propagation of internal tides. The model shows that different modes are generated with different amplitudes along complex topography. Multiple sources produce internal tides that sum constructively and destructively as they propagate. The major generation sites can be identified using a simplified 2D idealized knife-edge ridge model. Four line sources located on the Hawaiian Ridge reproduce the interference pattern of sea surface height and energy fl...
Long-Term Follow-Up After Constraint-Induced Therapy: A Case Report of a Chronic Stroke Survivor

OBJECTIVE. Upper-extremity functional improvements after constraint-induced movement therapy have not been documented beyond 2 years. This case report describes the long-term maintenance of the effects of change 4�5 years after an application of constraint-induced therapy. METHOD. A 36-year-old female poststroke patient participated in constraint-induced therapy for 2 weeks. She was evaluated before and after treatment and again 4 and 5 years later. Primary outcome measures included the Wolf Motor Function Test, Stroke Impact Scale, and Motor Activity Log. RESULTS. Improvements were maintained in reported use and ability of the arm and hand, time to complete functional tasks, and physical aspects of health-related quality of life. Fatigue may have had a moderating effect on the extent of these changes. CONCLUSION. Improved upper-extremity function continued over a 5-year period after constraint-induced therapy; however, poststroke fatigue remained an influential limiting factor.
Regulation of mitochondrial and cytosolic malic enzymes from cultured rat brain astrocytes

Malate has a number of key roles in the brain, including its function as a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, and as a participant in the malate-aspartate shuttle. In addition, malate is converted to pyruvate and CO2 via malic enzyme and may participate in metabolic trafficking between astrocytes and neurons. We have previously demonstrated that malate is metabolized in at least two compartments of TCA cycle activity in astrocytes. Since malic enzyme contributes to the overall regulation of malate metabolism, we determined the activity and kinetics of the mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of this enzyme from cultured astrocytes. Malic enzyme activity measured at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0.5 mM malate was 4.15 +/- 0.47 and 11.61 +/- 0.98 nmol/min/mg protein, in mitochondria and cytosol, respectively (mean +/- SEM, n = 18-19). Malic enzyme activity was also measured in the presence of several endogenous compounds, which have been shown to alter intracellular malate metabolism in astrocytes, to determine if these compounds affected malic enzyme activity. Lactate inhibited cytosolic malic enzyme by a noncompetitive mechanism, but had no effect on the mitochondrial enzyme. alpha-Ketoglutarate inhibited both cytosolic and mitochondrial malic enzymes by a partial noncompetitive mechanism. Citrate inhibited cytosolic malic enzyme competitively and inhibited mitochondrial malic enzyme noncompetitively at low concentrations of malate, but competitively at high concentrations of malate. Both glutamate and aspartate decreased the activity of mitochondrial malic enzyme, but also increased the affinity of the enzyme for malate. The results demonstrate that mitochondrial and cytosolic malic enzymes have different kinetic parameters and are regulated differently by endogenous compounds previously shown to alter malate metabolism in astrocytes. We propose that malic enzyme in brain has an important role in the complete oxidation of anaplerotic compounds for energy.
Three-dimensional analysis of the relationship between synaptic pathology and neuropil threads in Alzheimer disease.

Recent studies have shown that the Alzheimer disease (AD) neocortex is characterized by a loss of large neurons, the presence of dilated terminal axons, widespread loss of synapses, and a disruption of the dendritic cytoskeleton which is manifested as Tau immunoreactivc threads. In the present study we have investigated the relationship between synaptic and dendritic abnormalities in the neocortex of Alzheimer patients and examined the extent to which these structural alterations correlate with the severity of cognitive impairment in AD. Quantitative neuroanatomical data were obtained from immunofluorescence-labeled specimens using a laser-scanning confocal microscope, computer-assisted image processing and serial section reconstruction techniques. We found that the AD cases showed a 34% loss in the number of presynaptic terminals per 100 square (sq) µm, many of which showed structural abnormalities. The AD neuropil had an average of 10 ± 7 dendritic threads per 1,000 sq µm, with the average thread measuring 2 sq µm. Severe AD cases had thicker threads compared with mild to moderate AD cases. Three-dimensional analysis showed clustering of synapses around threads, as well as presynaptic boutons apposed to dendritic neuropil threads. Statistical analysis showed that the strongest correlation was between synapse density and Blessed score of cognitive impairment. Thread counts did not correlate with either but were correlated with tangle counts. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that tangle counts, but not threads, strengthened the correlation between Blessed score and synapses. We conclude that synaptic damage may precede dendritic thread and tangle formation, and that threads do not necessarily induce synaptic pathology. Instead, dendrite sprouting in the denervated regions could be associated with increased accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins observed in the dendritic threads.
Fatigue crack initiation and fracture in 52100 steel

Abstract Replicas taken from fatigue specimen surfaces and fracture surfaces of 52100 steel quenched from 850 °C and tempered for 1 h at 173 °C were observed by scanning electron microscopy to determine the crack initiation sites. While microcracks were found on the surface around carbides and around and in inclusions, the fatal fatigue cracks were all initiated just below the surface. Three types of such subsurface fatal fatigue cracks were observed. Some initiated at inclusions under the specimen surface, some began as cleavage cracks in the tempered martensite, and some began as cleavage cracks in the tempered martensite which were in turn induced by an inclusion. The fatigue resistance of these three initiation modes were investigated quantitatively. The dislocation structures before and after fatigue were observed.
Isotope effects for deuterium transfer between substrate and coenzyme in adenosylcobalamin-dependent glutamate mutase.

A key step in the mechanism of all adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes is the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate by a 5‘-deoxyadenosyl radical generated by homolytic fission of the coenzyme cobalt−carbon bond. We have investigated the isotope effects associated with this process for glutamate mutase reacting with deuterated glutamate. The kinetics of deuterium incorporation into 5‘-deoxyadenosine (5‘-dA) during the reaction were followed by rapid chemical quench, using HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry to analyze the 5‘-dA formed. The kinetics of 5‘-dA formation are biphasic, comprising a rapid phase kapp = 37 ± 3 s-1 and a slower phase kapp = 0.9 ± 0.4 s-1. The mass spectral data clearly show that the faster phase is associated with the formation of monodeuterated 5‘-dA whereas the slower phase is associated with the incorporation of a second and then a third deuterium into 5‘-dA. This observation implies that a large inverse equilibrium secondary isotope effect is associated with th...
Painting your life: A study of aging visual artists in New York City

Abstract As the graying of America progresses and the baby boomers begin to enter their twilight years, government and other agencies are deep in discussion over issues of physical and mental health care, Social Security, retirement, and attitudes and policies toward aging. The Research Center for Arts and Culture's study of aging visual artists in New York's four boroughs, using a method called Respondent-Driven Sampling, employs an innovative method to explore a normally “hidden” population (i.e., one whose membership is not known to researchers). This allows, in turn, a rare portrait of aging visual artists and finds that 85% of professional visual artists aged 62+ years sell their artwork and make some money from their art, 93% have health insurance, 84.1% are not retired from their work as artists, and 77% communicate with each other daily or weekly.
Mechanism of action of camptothecin

Camptothecin (CPT) class of compounds has been demonstrated to be effective against a broad spectrum of tumors. Their molecular target has been firmly established to be human DNA topoisomerase I (topo I). CPT inhibits topo I by blocking the rejoining step of the cleavage/religation reaction of topo-I, resulting in accumulation of a covalent reaction intermediate, the cleavable complex. The primary mechanism of cell killing by CPT is S-phase-specific killing through potentially lethal collisions between advancing replication forks and topo-I cleavable complexes. Collisions with the transcription machinery have also been shown to trigger the formation of long-lived covalent topo-I DNA complexes, which contribute to CPT cytotoxicity. Two novel repair responses to topo-I-mediated DNA damage involving covalent modifications of topo-I have been discovered. The first involves activation of the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, leading to degradation of topo-I (CPT-induced topo-I downregulation). The second involves SUMO conjugation to topo-I. The potentials roles of these new mechanisms for repair of topo-I-mediated DNA damage in determining CPT sensitivity/resistance in tumor cells are discussed.
Impact of Turbulence and Compressibility Modeling on Three-Dimensional Cavitating Flow Computations

The large density ratio, up to 1000 in water, between liquid and vapor, turbulence with complicated interface dynamics and fast and multiple time scales make the computation of cavitating flows difficult. Utilizing a pressure-based algorithm extended for such flows, the present study focuses on the non-equilibrium and nonstationary aspects in the turbulence model, and the compressibility effects in the cavitation model. Assessment of several modeling concepts has been made in the context of the Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, along with a transport equation-based cavitation model and the e − k two-equation turbulence model. The three-dimensional turbulent cavitating flow in a hollow-jet valve is adopted as the physical focus. While the non-equilibrium and nonstationary modification to the turbulence closures do not seem to influence the qualitative characteristics of the simulation, the compressibility modeling can cause the result to vary substantially.
Potential energy of a deformed conducting sphere in an electric field

Abstract A general expression is derived for the change in electrostatic energy that occurs when an axially symmetric, deformed conducting sphere (i.e., a closed surface which can be represented in terms of a Legendre polynomial expansion) is inserted in an axial electric field. These results overcome the principal obstacle which heretofore has precluded analysis of the dynamic behavior of a conducting liquid drop in an electric field.
Inflammation and tumor promotion: Selective protein induction in mouse skin by tumor promoters

Abstract Low doses of the tumor promoter 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate evoke a selective increase of certain protein fractions in mouse skin cytosol. Phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and phorbol-12,13-dimyristate have comparable promoting activities and produce a similar protein enhancement at comparable doses, although the dibutyrate is 200 times more inflammatory than the dimyristate. This event is not produced by inflammatory doses of acetic acid, a poor promoter, nor by the tumor initiators 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene or N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene.
Oral therapy in children with cholera: A comparison of sucrose and glucose electrolyte solutions

We performed a double-blind trial comparing sucrose electrolyte oral solution with glucose electrolyte oral solution in children less than 5 years of age with severe cholera-like diarrhea. Of 111 patients studied (102 with bacteriologically confirmed cholera), 55 received sucrose solution and 56 received glucose solution. The success rates, as defined by the absence of the need to give unscheduled intravenous therapy, were similar in the two groups (73% and 77% in the sucrose and glucose groups, respectively). There was no difference in purging rates between the two groups. The primary determinant of success for oral fluid regardless of the sugar was the purging rate. Sucrose malabsorption was responsible for oral therapy failure in one child. This study demonstrates that sucrose is an effective alternative to glucose in the oral therapy solution, but either must be used in conjunction with intravenous solution when treating severe dehydrating diarrhea.
The Problem of the Amber Signal Light in Traffic Flow

A theoretical analysis and observations of the behavior of motorists confronted by an amber signal light are presented. A discussion is given of the following problem when confronted with an improperly timed amber light phase a motorist may find himself, at the moment the amber phase commences, in the predicament of being too close to the intersection to stop safely or comfortably and yet too far from it to pass completely through the intersection before the red signal commences. The influence on this problem of the speed of approach to the intersection is analyzed. Criteria are presented for the design of amber signal light phases through whose use such “dilemma zones” can be avoided, in the interest of over-all safety at intersections.
Attitudes, behaviors, and expectations of men seeking medical treatment for male pattern hair loss: results of a multinational survey.

AbstractObjectives: The study's objectives were to characterize the concerns and self-treating efforts of men seeking medical treatment for male pattern hair loss (MPHL) and to describe their expectations and actual experiences of a physician consultation.Methods: The online survey in six countries (United States, France, Germany, Spain, Japan, and Korea) involved 604 men (25–49 years old) self-identifying with MPHL.Results: Approximately 75% of the study's treatment-seeking men were concerned, very concerned, or extremely concerned about their hair loss; 96% were at least somewhat concerned. This high level of concern translated into multiple information-seeking actions (53.9% reported two or three actions; 24.6% reported four or five actions) and multiple self-treatments prior to physician consultation. Only 16% of the sample had not tried any treatment. Many treatment-motivated men with MPHL were uncomfortable (21%) or only moderately comfortable (37%) consulting with a physician and delayed this consu...
Interception of High-Speed Target by Beam Rider Missile

1 Benthem, J. P., "On the analysis of swept wing structures/' National Aeroand Astronautical Research Inst. Rept. S-578, Amsterdam (June 1961). 2 Dill, E. H. and Ortega, M. A., "Derivation of a stiffness matrix for a rectangular plate element in bending," Boeing Co. SARM 13, Seattle (June 1960). 3 Grafton, P. E. and Strome, D. R., "Analysis of axisymmetric shells by the direct stiffness method," Boeing Co. SARM 36, Seattle (January 11,1962). 4 Levy, S., "Structural analysis and influence coefficients for delta wings," J. Aeronaut. Sci. 20, 449-454 (1953). 5 Lunder, C. A., "Stiffness matrix for a triangular, orthotropic disk," M. S. Thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle (1961). 6 Martin, H. C., "Plane elasticity problems and the direct stiffness method," Trend in Eng. 13, 5 (January 1961). 7 Melosh, R. J., "A stiffness matrix for the analysis of thin plates in bending," J. Aerospace Sci. 28, 3 -43 (1961). 8 Melosh, R. J. and Merritt, R. G., "Evaluation of spar matrices for stiffness analyses," J. Aerospace Sci. 25, 537-543 (1958). 9 Ortega, M. A., "Calculation of the deflection at the center of a square plate with clamped edges under a concentrated load at the center, by making use of different stiffness matrices," Boeing Co. SARM 14, Seattle (May 31, 1960). 10 Ortega, M. A., "Calculation of the deflection at the center of a square plate with simply-supported edges under a concentrated load at the center, by making use of different stiffness matrices," Boeing Co. SARM 15, Seattle (May 31, 1960). 11 Papenfuss, B. W., "Lateral plate deflection by stiffness matrix methods," M. S. Thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle (1959). 12 Prager, W., "The extremum principles of the mathematical theory of elasticity and their use in stress analysis," Univ. Washington Eng. Expt. Station Bull. 119, Seattle (1951). 13 Renton, J. D., "Stability of space frames by computer analysis," J. Struct. Div. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs. 88, 81-103 (August 1962). 14 Steffensen, J. F., Interpolation (Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., 1927), Chap. IV. 15 Synge, J. L., The Hyper circle in Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1957), pp. 98-117, 209-213. 16 Turner, M. J., "The direct stiffness method of structural analysis," AGARD Structures and Materials Panel Meeting, Aachen, Germany (September 17, 1959). 17 Turner, M. J., Clough, R. W., Martin, H. C., and Topp, L. J., "Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex structures," J. Aeronaut. Sci. 23, 805-823 (1956). 18 Turner, M. J., Dill, E. H., Martin, H. C., and Melosh, R. J., "Large deflections of structures subjected to heating and external loads," J. Aerospace Sci. 27, 97-107 (1960).
Effective Low Frequency Disturbance Feed Forward Compensation Scheme for Mobile HDD Application

The advantage of low cost and large capacity gives strong driving force for hard disk to enter the consumer electronic market. One of the most challenging servo control issue faced in mobile application is to perform normal read/write operation when significant vibration is excited in HDD jogging/walking condition. This paper presents a simple yet effective method to improvement hard disk throughput with an add-on low frequency disturbance feed forward compensator. With the proposed approach, the track following performance is significantly improved in jogging/walking, and the hard disk is capable to meet the read/write throughput requirement with minimum servo controller re-design effort.
A digital design automation course for logic designers

This paper describes a course which is being offered to graduate students at Stanford University as well as to practicing logic designers from industry. The main purpose of this course is to familiarize logic designers with the current state-of-the-art of digital design automation.
Purified complexes of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins with CD4 and CCR5(CXCR4): production, characterization and immunogenicity

The ability to readily elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 remains elusive. We and others have hypothesized that interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env, gp120-gp41) with its receptor molecules could enhance the exposure of conserved epitopes that may facilitate the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies. The Env-CD4-coreceptor complexes mediate HIV-1 entry into cells and serve as a major target for inhibitors of this process. To begin to evaluate their potential also as vaccine immunogens we produced relatively large amounts of complexes of purified recombinant soluble truncated Env, gp14089.6 or gp12089.6, with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. We found that gp140(gp120)-CD4-CCR5 complexes are stable and immunogenic in mice transgenic for human CD4 and CCR5. They elicited anti-gp120 and anti-gp140 antibodies that inhibited an heterologous primary HIV-1 isolate (JR-FL) with two- to threefold higher neutralizing activity than those elicited by gp120 and gp140. The antibodies elicited by the complexes competed better with the antibodies X5 and CG10 but not with b12 for binding to gp120 and gp120-CD4 complexes compared to those elicited with gp140(120) alone. These findings suggest that stable purified Env-CD4-CCR5(CXCR4) complexes can be produced in relatively large amount sufficient for their further characterization that may help in the development of novel vaccines candidates.
Income Distribution and the Composition of Imports

Are similar types of goods imported to countries that have similar characteristics? It is possible that the total volume of trade is similar and yet the types of goods are different. This article investigates the trading pattern of countries with similar characteristics. More specifically, we analyze the relationship between the import patterns and income distributions of importers. We develop an import similarity index to portray the composition of imports and utilize the idea of “market overlap” (Bohman & Nilsson 2007a) to represent the similarity of income distributions across different importing countries. We provide empirical evidence to support the notion that countries with similar income distributions display similar import patterns.
Viruses of parasitic protozoa

Recently, specific viruses have been identified among the parasitic protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia, Leishmania braziliensis, the Eimeria spp and the Babesia spp. These viruses share many features: they are all RNA viruses and most, if not all, doublestranded (ds) RNA viruses with nonsegmented genomes ranging between 5 and 7 kilobases (kb); they are spherical or icosahedral with an average diameter of 30-40 nm. The giardiavirus is one of the best characterized and can infect virus free G. lamblia trophozoites in its freed, pure form. The replicative intermediate of the giardiavirus genome has been isolated from infected cells, and can be introduced into G. lamblia by electroporation to produce giardiavirus, thus raising the possibility of its being used as a specific genetic transfection vector for the parasite.
'The Chronicle of the Succession': An Important Document For the Umarian State

The Arabic text which is translated here describes a ceremony in which al-ḥājj Umar Tal, founder of a jihād and state in the Western Sudan in the mid-nineteenth century, sought to transmit his temporal and spiritual authority to his oldest son, Ahmad al-Kabīr. The ceremony occurred in 1860, just as the Umarian armies were about to embark upon a campaign against the ‘pagan’ Bambara kingdom of Segu. While the transfer of power to Aḥmad is very clearly stated in the text, the ceremony did not resolve the issue nor the conflict among the sons of Umar, which continued until the French conquest at the end of the century. The explanation for the continuing conflict lies partly in the loose structure of the original Umarian jihād against ‘paganism’ and partly in divisions among the faithful over the jihād against alleged ‘apostasy’ which Umar undertook at the end of his life against the Muslim Fulbe of Masina. The text also shows the close links between the Umarian movement and the Tijaniyya order and the ways in which important political statements can be couched in Sufi language.
Counting teachers' mistakes: a mistake game

ABSTRACT I describe a simple game in which students are rewarded for catching a certain number of mistakes made by their teacher in a semester. In addition to the potential educational benefits of this arrangement, I discuss the larger underlying principles that are worth independent consideration.
Biliary bacterial factors determine the path of gallstone formation.

Abstract Background Bacteria cause pigment gallstones and can act as a nidus for cholesterol gallstone formation. Bacterial factors that facilitate gallstone formation include beta-glucuronidase (bG), phospholipase (PhL), and slime. The current study sought to determine whether bacterial factors influence the path of gallstone formation. Methods A total of 382 gallstones were cultured and/or examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacteria were tested for bG and slime production. Gallstone composition was determined using infrared spectrography. Ca-palmitate presence documented bacterial PhL production. Groups were identified based upon bacterial factors present: slime and bGPhL (slime/bGPhL), bGPhL only, and slime only. Influence of bacterial stone-forming factors on gallstone composition and morphology was analyzed. Results Bacteria were present in 75% of pigment, 76% of mixed, and 20% of cholesterol stones. Gallstones with bGPhL producing bacteria contained more pigment (71% vs. 26%, P Conclusions Bacterial properties determined the path of gallstone formation. Bacteria that produced all stone-forming factors promoted pigment stone formation, while those that produced only bGPhL promoted mixed stone formation. Bacteria that only produced slime lacked the ability to generate pigment solids, and consequently were more common in the centers of cholesterol stones. This shows how bacterial characteristics may govern the process of gallstone formation.
On the invariants in the turbulence in compressible viscous fluids

Abstract Loitsianskij (2)2 derived the invariant disturbance moment in a homogeneous, isotropic turbulent flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid. In the present note the author derives some moments in a homogeneous, isotropic turbulent flow of a compressible viscous fluid.
Highly Stable and Porous Cross-Linked Polymers for Efficient Photocatalysis

Porous cross-linked polymers (PCPs) with phosphorescent [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)]+ building blocks were obtained via octacarbonyldicobalt (Co2(CO)8)-catalyzed alkyne trimerization reactions. The resultant Ru- and Ir-PCPs exhibited high porosity with specific surface areas of 1348 and 1547 m2/g, respectively. They are thermally stable at up to 350 °C in air and do not dissolve or decompose in all solvents tested, including concentrated hydrochloric acid. The photoactive PCPs were shown to be highly effective, recyclable, and reusable heterogeneous photocatalysts for aza-Henry reactions, α-arylation of bromomalonate, and oxyamination of an aldehyde, with catalytic activities comparable to those of the homogeneous [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)]+ photocatalysts. This work highlights the potential of developing photoactive PCPs as highly stable, molecularly tunable, and recyclable and reusable heterogeneous photocatalysts for a variety of important organic transformations.
Uptake of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium by the Surfaces of Bone Powder and Bone Mineral

The uptake of carrier-free 133Ba by bone powder and anorganic bone equals or exceeds the uptakes of 47Ca and 85Sr. Bone matrix discriminates in favor of tracer Ba more than bone mineral does, although about 1% of the mineral surface shows a preferential uptake of 133Ba compared with 47Ca.
African Americans' Television Activity: Is it Related to Perceptions of Outgroup Vitality?

In a continued attempt to uncover the connection between intergroup relations and mass media, the author explores African Americans' television activity. Using a uses and gratifications perspective, this investigation examines the reasons African Americans select and avoid television and whether those reasons predict their perceptions of Caucasians. Results indicate that selecting television for entertainment purposes was the most important gratification sought by participants. Selecting television out of habit or to relieve boredom predicted perceptions of Caucasian vitality and the relationship was moderated by involvement while viewing television.
Improved MALDI-TOF imaging yields increased protein signals at high molecular mass.

Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrum images are created from an array of mass spectra collected over a tissue surface. We have increased the mass range of proteins that can be detected in tissue sections from kidneys, heart, lung and brain of different rodent species by a modification of the sandwich technique, which involves co-crystallizing matrix with analyte. A tissue section is placed upon a drop of sinapinic acid matrix dissolved in 90% ethanol and 0.5% Triton X-100. Once the matrix has dried, a seed layer of sinapinic crystals is added as a dispersion in xylene. Additional layers of sinapinic acid are added as solutions in 90% ethanol followed by 50% acetonitrile. Numerous peaks with signal to noise ratio of four or greater are observed between 25 kDa to 50 kDa. This represents ∼10 times as many peaks as are detected using traditional matrix spotting and spraying.
Interleukin-10 overexpression promotes Fas-ligand-dependent chronic macrophage-mediated demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Background Demyelinating polyneuropathy is a debilitating, poorly understood disease that can exist in acute (Guillain-Barre syndrome) or chronic forms. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), although traditionally considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has also been implicated in promoting abnormal angiogenesis in the eye and in the pathobiology of autoimmune diseases such as lupus and encephalomyelitis.
Call for Papers for the 1975 Annual Meeting of The American Dairy Science Association

s of research accepted for publication by a scientific journal before the annual meeting are not acceptable. The Program Committee favors the general policy that a person present only one paper. If the total number of papers submitted by the membership is too great to include in the program, the Committee will assign some papers to be read by title only. Stimulating the highest quality ot research is the goal of the committee. Mathematical and statistical units should be checked to avoid costly corrections in final printing. Careful experimental design and interpretation of results are necessary prerequisites. Compliance with instructions for preparation of abstracts and careful editing of abstracts before submission will simplify tasks of the Program Committee and Editors. Mimeographed copies (300) of pertinent details and data are desirable for distribution at the time of presentation. Projected material, such as 2)<2 slides, should include large lettering for easy reading. Lettering should be in the ratio of 2:3 (height:width). To determine maximum distance from screen for good visibility: 1) Measure outside dimensions of material to be copied. 2) Measure size of smallest letter or figure to be copied. 3) Read down left column of Table 1 to nearest copy size. 4) Select letter size corresponding to smallest on original material. 5) Read across Table 1 to column representing size of screen being used. Note: Unless in a theater equipped with a large screen, most screens are 5' or 6' wide. 6) Number in body of Table 1 represents size of letter on screen (ff slide fills screen). 7) Distance from screen for good visibility; ~" letter can be seen at 24 feet, I p' letter can be seen at 32 feet, 2" letter can be seen at 64 feet, and 3" letter can be seen at 96 feet. Names and addresses of the chairman to whom abstracts should be sent are given below. If acknowledgment of the receipt of the abstract is not received by March 15, the appropriate chairman should be contacted. Industry and Business Section J. H. Martin, Department of Dairy Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings
Neuraxial blockade for external cephalic version: Cost analysis.

Aim Neuraxial blockade (epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia) with external cephalic version increases the external cephalic version success rate. Hospitals and insurers may affect access to neuraxial blockade for external cephalic version, but the costs to these institutions remain largely unstudied. The objective of this study was to perform a cost analysis of neuraxial blockade use during external cephalic version from hospital and insurance payer perspectives. Secondarily, we estimated the effect of neuraxial blockade on cesarean delivery rates. Methods A decision–analysis model was developed using costs and probabilities occurring prenatally through the delivery hospital admission. Model inputs were derived from the literature, national databases, and local supply costs. Univariate and bivariate sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess model robustness. Results Neuraxial blockade was cost saving to both hospitals ($30 per delivery) and insurers ($539 per delivery) using baseline estimates. From both perspectives, however, the model was sensitive to multiple variables. Monte Carlo simulation indicated neuraxial blockade to be more costly in approximately 50% of scenarios. The model demonstrated that routine use of neuraxial blockade during external cephalic version, compared to no neuraxial blockade, prevented 17 cesarean deliveries for every 100 external cephalic versions attempted. Conclusions Neuraxial blockade is associated with minimal hospital and insurer cost changes in the setting of external cephalic version, while reducing the cesarean delivery rate.
Study of the Early Events Leading to Cassava Root Postharvest Deterioration

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots, the fourth most important food crop of the world, is the major carbohydrate source for more than 600 million people in Africa, parts of Latin America, Oceania, and Asia. Besides being a rich source of starch (∼80% of root), the root is also rich in vitamin C, some carotenoids, calcium, and potassium. Upon harvest, roots begin a process of physiological decay within 24–36 h called postharvest physiological deterioration or PPD. The early events leading to PPD are not known. Research to date concerning the study of PPD has mostly focused on the signaling events several hours after harvest. Upon examination of physiological and biochemical changes occurring 3 or 4 h after cassava root detachment, changes in the nature and type of volatile compounds emitted, secondary metabolites accumulated, and changes in the expression of key genes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) turnover were observed along with a correspondent increase in tissue cytoplasmic singlet oxygen presence using radical-specific fluorescent imaging of tissue samples. It is likely that these findings have significant implications to help us understand and assist in dissection of the early events leading to the postharvest deterioration of cassava root.
Experiments with coupled harmonic oscillators with local interaction

We explore and implement a distributed strategy for symmetric formation control using coupled harmonic oscillators. The purpose of this control strategy is for distributed groups of mobile robots to move in a synchronized manner. We present both simulation and experimental results. Based on the results of both simulation and experimentation this strategy is an effective method for synchronizing the motions of multiple mobile robots.
Symmetry breaking and polarization of the C. elegans zygote by the polarity protein PAR-2

Polarization of the C. elegans zygote is initiated by ECT-2-dependent cortical flows, which mobilize the anterior PAR proteins (PAR-3, PAR-6 and PKC-3) away from the future posterior end of the embryo marked by the sperm centrosome. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a second, parallel and redundant pathway that can polarize the zygote in the absence of ECT-2-dependent cortical flows. This second pathway depends on the polarity protein PAR-2. We show that PAR-2 localizes to the cortex nearest the sperm centrosome even in the absence of cortical flows. Once on the cortex, PAR-2 antagonizes PAR-3-dependent recruitment of myosin, creating myosin flows that transport the anterior PAR complex away from PAR-2 in a positive-feedback loop. We propose that polarity in the C. elegans zygote is initiated by redundant ECT-2- and PAR-2-dependent mechanisms that lower PAR-3 levels locally, triggering a positive-feedback loop that polarizes the entire cortex.
Insulin Reduces Plasma Arginase Activity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

OBJECTIVE —We sought to determine whether dysregulation of arginine metabolism is related to insulin resistance and underlies impaired nitric oxide (NO) generation in type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We measured plasma arginase activity, arginine metabolites, and skeletal muscle NO synthase (NOS) activity in 12 type 2 diabetic and 10 age-/BMI-matched nondiabetic subjects before and following a 4-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp with muscle biopsies. Arginine metabolites were determined by tandem mass spectroscopy. Arginase activity was determined by conversion of [ 14 C] guanidoinoarginine to [ 14 C] urea. RESULTS —Glucose disposal ( R d ) was reduced by 50% in diabetic versus control subjects. NOS activity was fourfold reduced in the diabetic group (107 ± 45 vs. 459 ± 100 pmol · min −1 · mg protein −1 ; P −1 · h −1 ; P −1 · h −1 vs. basal; P R = 0.46, P R = 0.51, P R d . CONCLUSIONS —Plasma arginase activity is increased in type 2 diabetic subjects with impaired NOS activity, correlates with the degree of hyperglycemia, and is reduced by physiologic hyperinsulinemia. Elevated arginase activity may contribute to impaired NO generation in type 2 diabetes, and insulin may ameliorate this defect via reducing arginase activity.