cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification Accuracy of Electrocardiographic Criteria for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Normal Weight and Overweight Older Adults

Background: We evaluated classification accuracy of ECG criteria at varying levels of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) severity according to echocardiographically measured left ventricular mass (LVM) adjusted to body size. Methods: The test population was derived from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a population-based sample of 5201 men and women aged 65 and older, and consisted of 1844 women and 1119 men with adequate quality ECGs and echocardiograms for LVM determination. The criteria evaluated were Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell voltage, Cornell product, Framingham modification of the Cornell voltage, and the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) of the Novacode ECG program. Results: With LVH thresholds at upper 95% normal limit for weight adjusted LVM for the CHS population and ECG thresholds adjusted for 95% specificity in normal weight and overweight subgroups, the sensitivity of ECG criteria for LVH was relatively low. It was highest (40.8%) for the Novacode LVMI in normal weight men and for the Framingham criteria (30.9%) in normal weight women, but it deteriorated for both of these criteria in the presence of obesity. The overall performance of the Cornell product and Cornell voltage criteria was least influenced by obesity. The Framingham adjustment for the Cornell voltage criteria for obesity substantially reduced their sensitivity. Conclusion: The choice of echocardiographic standard, LVH severity level and overweight in the test groups have a strong influence on ECG evaluation results.
Infrared Technology For Imaging

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of thermal imaging, explain the operation of a typical thermal imaging system, and to present a brief overview of the cur-rent state-of-the-art in thermal imaging systems applicable to law enforcement and general security needs.
Microfinance, Mission Drift, and the Impact on the Base of the Pyramid: A Resource‐Based Approach

This article draws on resource-based theory and the literature on strategic intent to develop a theoretical model that explains the concept of mission drift in microfinance institutions (MFIs). We argue that the differential strategic intents of commercially oriented, for-profit, and socially oriented nonprofit organizations drive the acquisition of disparate resources and capabilities, which in turn drives distinct performance outcomes, including a focus on different markets within the overall base of the pyramid (BOP). The article suggests that it is the dynamic aspects of changing strategic intent and the consequent timing delays in the development of associated resources and capabilities that lead to various issues of mission drift. Finally, we suggest that cross-sector alliances between for-profit and nonprofit MFIs may benefit from the unique capabilities of both types of organizations and deliver the most and broadest impact on poverty alleviation in BOP markets.
Abnormal norepinephrine uptake and release in brain synaptosomes in chronic renal failure.

Abnormal norepinephrine uptake and release in brain synaptosomes in chronic renal failure. Abnormalities in the function of the central nervous system exist in chronic renal failure (CRF) and some of these derangements may be related to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) which causes a rise in brain calcium. The latter may affect metabolism of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) in brain synaptosomes. We measured NE content, uptake and release in brain synaptosomes of CRF rats and studied whether excess PTH affects these parameters. Synaptosomes from rats with 21 days of CRF compared to those from normal animals have higher calcium content (11.4 ± 0.92 vs. 7.1 ± 0.50 nmol/mg protein, P
Magnetic field activation of protein–DNA binding

The mechanisms involved in sensing, signaling, and coordinating changes resulting from magnetic field-induced stress show substantial similarities to those of heat shock, e.g., magnetic field-induced heat shock 70 gene (HSP70) expression involves heat shock factor (HSF) activation and heat shock element binding. However, an additional requirement for transactivation of HSP70 expression by magnetic fields is the binding of Myc protein, indicating that additional elements and/or pathways are involved in the induction of HSP70 expression by magnetic fields. To investigate the possible participation of additional genetic elements in magnetic field-induced HSP70 expression, we examined both magnetic field exposure and heat shock on protein-DNA binding of the transcription factors HSF, AP-1, AP-2, and SP-1 in four human cell lines. The binding sites for these transcription factors are present in the HSP70 promoter. AP-1 binding activity, normally not increased by heat shock, was increased by magnetic fields; heat shock induced an increase only in HSF binding. Although intersecting and converging signaling pathways could account for the multiplicity of elements involved in magnetic field-induced HSP70 transcription, direct interaction of magnetic fields with DNA is also a possible mechanism. Because magnetic fields penetrate the cell, they could well react with conducting electrons present in the stacked bases of the DNA.
Visual information processing of sequentially presented inputs: III. Further effects of list length and interstimulus interval values on sub-span storage and retrieval mechanisms

Two experiments were carried out, employing a computer-based cathode-ray tube display system, to study further the effects of sub-span Hst length, i.e., two, three, four, and five decimal digits, and relatively small interstimulus interval (ISI) values, i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 msec, on visual information processing, storage, and retrieval mechanisms. The results of the first experiment confirmed the compttcated intenctions found in two earlier studies between Hst length and ISI values, but with much smaller ISI values than employed preriousfy. The results of the second experiment, in which unequal ISI values were employed within the same length input string, showed little effect resulting from this parameter, but it was suggested that a wider distribution of different ISI values within the same length input string would produce very strong effects.
Cost per responder analysis in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism on dialysis treated with cinacalcet.

AbstractBackground:Growing financial pressure on US dialysis providers requires economic efficiency considerations. The objective of this study was to examine short-term economic efficiencies of a cinacalcet-based treatment approach for secondary hyperparathyroidism.Methods:This study retrospectively assessed cost per biochemical response of the OPTIMA trial. OPTIMA was conducted in end-stage renal disease patients to compare biochemical control in patients receiving cinacalcet in addition to vitamin D sterols and phosphate binders vs patients receiving vitamin D sterol and phosphate binders alone. It explored three laboratory measurement response definitions from baseline to week 23: (1) decreases in parathyroid hormone (PTH) ≥30%; (2) PTH ≤ 300 pg/ml; and (3) PTH ≤ 300 pg/mL, calcium <9.5 mg/dL and phosphorus <5.5 mg/dL. Medication use and costs were measured to calculate average costs and incremental cost per responder. Stratification by lower and higher baseline PTH assessed cost per response by disea...
Electromyographic specificity during simple physical and attitudinal tasks: Location and topographical features of integrated EMG responses

Integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity was recorded using surface mini-electrodes placed over the corrugator supercilii, zygomatic major, levator labii superioris, masseter, obicularis oris and superficial forearm flexors muscle regions while subjects imagined or performed simple physical or attitudinal tasks. In the physical tasks, subjects either imagined they lifted or actually lifted a 16 gram or 35 gram weight. In the attitudinal tasks, subjects adopted either an agreeable or disagreeable attitudinal set as they silently read neutral text or imagined reading an editorial. Each task was performed for 12 sec on five separate occasions, and tasks were ordered randomly across the experimental trials. Following each trial, subjects provided self-reports regarding the extent to which the task was stressful, arousing and vivid. Multivariate analyses of the topographical features of each IEMG response were performed to determine the effects of the tasks on changes in IEMG response waveforms, and univariate analyses were conducted to assess the features of the waveform that were altered by tasks. Results support the efficacy of electromyographic studies of covert affective processing given that subjects are generally quiescent, unobtrusively observed, unaware that somatic activity is being recorded and involved in the task. The implications of these data for the somatic representation of affect are discussed.
Ion transport by the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule

Anatomy and cell morphology. The rabbit collecting tubule originates near the surface of the kidney, descends through the cortex within the medullary rays and traverses the outer medulla as an unbranched structure. The cortical collecting tubule (CCT) receives the contents of an average of 6 nephrons [1]. The fusion of these nephrons generally occurs proximal to the origins of the collecting tubule. Thus, the collecting tubule is unbranched from the superficial portion of the cortex until it reaches the inner medulla where the collecting tubules begin to fuse to form larger and larger ducts eventually exiting through the papillary tip. Figure 1 schematically represents the collecting tubule as it courses through the cortex and medulla. The fact that the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule (OMCT) in the rabbit are unbranched facilitates their examination using the technique of in vitro perfusion of isolated nephron segments.
Dual Energy Radiography Using A Single Exposure Technique

This study presents preliminary results of single exposure dual energy computed radiography using laser stimulable luminescent phosphor imaging plate detectors. The single exposure technique makes use of four of these plates in a single cassette, each plate acting as an X-ray filter to the next so that the energy separation required for the dual energy basis decomposition is achieved. An analysis to determine the best operating technique for the chest is performed using computer simulation, and was found to be 85 kVp and 14 mAs. This technique yields the same entrance exposure value as is used clinically, so that the information for the decomposition is obtained without additional dose to the patient. The Iso-transmission line technique was used as the decomposition algorithm. A humanoid chest phantom was used to test the quality of the resulting calibration material equivalent images. The quality of the images, although slightly inferior to that of dual exposure technqiues, seem acceptable for clinical application.
Vapor-liquid equilibria for methyl tert-butyl ether + methanol and tert-amyl methyl ether + methanol

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data are reported for the binary systems MTBE/methanol and TAME/methanol. These data were obtained using a modified Stage-Muller equilibrium still. For the MTBE/methanol system, isobaric data at 53.33 and 101.33 kPa are given as are isothermal data at 313.15 and 333.15 K. Results at 101.33 kPa are in excellent agreement with available literature data. For the TAME/methanol system, isothermal data at 333.15 and 343.15 K are reported. A search of the literature revealed no isothermal data available for the TAME/methanol binary pair. Pure component vapor pressures were measured in the same apparatus and correlated using the Antoine equation.
Gender differences in the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland.

Abstract Objectives Submandibular vasodilatory responses are impaired in male streptozotocin-diabetic rats. However, the effects of diabetes on submandibular vascular reactivity in female rats have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are gender differences in the effects of diabetes on parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland. Methods Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin, and vascular responses (calculated as the % increase in submandibular vascular conductance) to parasympathetic stimulation (1–10 Hz) were measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. To estimate the relative contributions of nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), vascular conductance was measured before and after inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and NO synthase (NOS). Results Frequency-dependent increases in blood flow were observed in both male and female rats, but the contribution of EDHF was greater in females than in males. Further, PGI2 appeared to play a role only in males. Vasodilatory responses were diminished in all diabetic animals, and when compared with their respective controls the degree of impairment was similar in males and females. However, in diabetic males inhibition of COX and NOS had little or no effect, whereas inhibition of NO, but not COX, resulted in a further significant decrease in vascular responses in diabetic females. Conclusions Parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland is diminished equally in diabetic males and females. However, in males diabetes predominantly impairs PGI2- and NO-dependent vasodilatation, whereas in females the contribution of EDHF-mediated pathways are affected and NO-dependent vasodilatation is preferentially maintained.
Stacked CMOS SRAM cell

A static random access memory (SRAM) cell with cross-coupled stacked CMOS inverters is demonstrated for the first time. In this approach, CMOS inverters are fabricated with a laser recrystallized p-channel device stacked on top of and sharing the gate with a bulk n-channel device using a modified two-polysilicon n-MOS process. The memory cell has been exercised through the write and read cycles with external signal generators while the output is buffered by an on-chip, stacked-CMOS-inverter-based amplifier.
Four-axis single-point diamond machining of arrays of miniature lenses

Four-axis single point diamond machining is a diamond machining technique recently introduced as a higher speed alternative to 3-axis micro-milling for the fabrication of arrays of spherical miniature lenses. For some applications of lens arrays, aspheric lenses are preferred over spherical lenses. In this study, an array of aspheric lens surfaces that were designed for an array microscope for digital pathology were fabricated, and the surface quality was found to have the same surface accuracy as previous experiments with 4-axis SPDM with an “open loop” tool path correction process. The open loop process demonstrated here will lead to additional time savings when fabricating an array microscope compared to the more common closed loop compensation processes. This study also shows that the 4-axis SPDM is capable of producing arbitrary surfaces with high surface quality, enabling technologies such as array microscopy.
Acute and chronic changes in intra- and extracellular potassium and responses to neuromuscular blocking agents

The effects of acutely induced metabolic and respiratory alkalosis with reduction of serum potassium concentration as well as chronic total body potassium depletion induced by furosemide treatment were evaluated and correlated with alteration of neuromuscular blockade induced by d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine in 12 mongrel dogs. Acute respiratory and metabolic alkalosis significantly reduced serum potassium by about 26%, while chronic furosemide treatment (1 mg/kg IV daily for 14 +/- 4 days) significantly reduced both serum potassium concentration (4.16 +/- 0.31 to 3.27 +/- 0.14 mEq/L) and skeletal muscle potassium content (80.9 +/- 5.6 to 58.7 +/- 4.1 mEq/kg). Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockages was essentially unchanged by acute respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or by chronic furosemide treatment, except for more rapid onset of blockade when 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine was administered during metabolic alkalosis. Acute respiratory alkalosis shortened the duration of neuromuscular blockade induced by d-tubocurarine and pancuronium while acute metabolic alkalosis shortened the duration of pancuronium only and had no effect on d-tubocurarine. Chronic furosemide treatment had no effect on either d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockage. Potassium concentration gradients between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments may be more important than cellular potassium depletion per se in affecting responses to neuromuscular blocking agents such as succinylcholine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Serum alkalemia and hypokalemia antagonize the duration of the neuromuscular blocking action of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium but not that of succinylcholine.
Interlaminar stress singularities at a straight free edge in composite laminates

A quasi three dimensional finite element analysis was used to analyze the edge stress problem in four-ply, composite laminates. Convergence studies were made to explore the existence of stress singularities near the free edge. The existence of stress singularities at the intersection of the interface and the free edge is confirmed.
Graphene metasurface makes the thinnest possible cloak in the terahertz spectrum

We propose metasurface cloak designs composed of subwavelength graphene nanopatches to realize wideband-tunable scattering cancellation in the terahertz (THz) spectrum. By adjusting the parameters and Fermi energy of graphene nanopatches, an inductive or capacitive surface reactance can be tailored at will, thereby enabling the scattering suppression of different dielectric and conductive micro-scale objects.
Nonaqueous Biocatalytic Degradation of a Nerve Gas Mimic

Organophosphorus hydrolase has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the continuous decontamination of a nerve agent in a continuous gas phase reactor. Very small quantities of the enzyme are sufficient to enable detoxification of low concentrations of the nerve agent for extended periods of time. In the case where the nerve agent is at high concentrations (a liquid), the enzyme has also been shown to be active in biphasic mixtures of a solvent with water. The activity and specificity of the enzyme in both environments (continuous gas phase and biphasic mixture) obey classical models of enzyme kinetics. The activity of the enzyme in such extreme environments enables optimization of systems capable of continuous gas or liquid phase biocatalytic degradation of highly toxic chemicals.
Induction of a previously non-inducible enzyme in Morris hepatoma 9618A.

Abstract Experimental conditions have been devised which brought about induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in Morris hepatoma 9618A, an enzyme which was previously thought to be non-inducible in and possibly deleted from the genetic information in this tumor line. Serine dehydratase has not been induced in this tumor by any of the experimental conditions applied. It is emphasized that even though an enzyme is not induced in a tumor by means which induce the enzyme in the parent cell, it cannot be assumed to be deleted from the genetic information present in the tumor cell. Induction procedures which are well beyond the limits of in vivo physiological conditions may be necessary in order to demonstrate the desired induction. Should all attempts at induction fail, the results are not significant with respect to possible deletion of the enzyme information, and the status of that particular enzyme must remain in question.
Hot electron noise in n-channel JFETs between 150 and 300°K

Abstract The noise parameter α T = S I (ƒ) (4kTg m ) of n-channel JFETs was measured as a function of the voltage VGS−VP with the temperature T as a parameter between 150 and 300°K. It was found that αT could be approximated by the formula α T ⋍ ( 300 T )α 300 , indicating the presence of hot electron effects.
Thirring interactions, non-abelian bose-fermi equivalences and conformal invariance☆

Abstract A variety of issues interrelating non-abelian bosonization, generalized Thirring interactions, background Kaluza-Klein scalar fields and conformal invariance of two-dimensional field theories are discussed.
High-Frequency Components in the Electrocardiogram A Comparative Study of Normals and Patients with Myocardial Disease

Expanding the frequency response of the electrocardiogram and its derivative to 1,000 cps revealed notching in certain parts of the QRS complex which correlates with the presence of primary myocardial disease. Chi-square analysis of data from 169 patients with myocardial involvement indicated that notching on the downstroke of leads X, V4, and V6 separated abnormal from normal patients at the 1% level of significance, whereas fine and coarse slurring showed reverse correlation at the 1% level of significance. This suggests that notching and not slurring is the important evidence of disease. Neither notching nor slurring was significant at the peak of the R wave in any lead. Study of individual cases revealed that complete right and left bundle-branch blocks do not mask high-frequency components caused by myocardial disease nor do they produce high-frequency components. Conclusions regarding specific diagnostic nostic criteria, however, should serve only as guidelines.
Ventricular entry during resection of malignant gliomas: effect on intracranial cerebrospinal fluid tumor dissemination

The ventricular system is not infrequently entered during the course of maximum cytoreductive surgery for high-grade supratentorial gliomas. It is unclear if ventricular entry during surgery and/or proximity of the tumor to the ventricular system affects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tumor dissemination or the patients' overall survival rate. The authors retrospectively reviewed hospital records and neuroradiological studies of 51 patients operated on at the University of Washington between 1987 and 1991. Inclusion in this study necessitated a pathological diagnosis of malignant glioma and the availability of preoperative and postoperative computerized tomography scans or magnetic resonance images. Patients were excluded from the study if they had radiographic evidence of ventricular entry or CSF tumor dissemination prior to referral to the authors' institution. The index operation was defined as the first operation at the University of Washington or (in those patients with ventricular entry) the operation in which the ventricle was entered. Patients were followed until time of death or, in the case of survivors, until February, 1992. The effect of both ventricular entry and the proximity of the tumor to the ventricular system on CSF tumor dissemination and survival rate was assessed using statistical survival methodology. There was no significant difference in time from diagnosis to the index operation between groups compared (Mann-Whitney U-test, p > 0.40). Cerebrospinal fluid dissemination was radiographically documented in 18 patients (35%) following the index operation. This occurrence was not significantly influenced by either ventricular entry during surgery (Mantel-Cox test, p = 0.13), the proximity of the tumor to the ventricular system (p = 0.63), or these two variables combined (p = 0.28). Survival rate following the index operation was not significantly affected by ventricular entry (p = 0.66), proximity of the tumor to the ventricular system (p = 0.61), or these two variable considered in combination (p = 0.44). However, survival rate was significantly decreased once CSF tumor dissemination had occurred (Cox model, p = 0.03).
Children’s understanding of the relationship between addition and subtraction

In learning mathematics, children must master fundamental logical relationships, including the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction. At the start of elementary school, children lack generalized understanding of this relationship in the context of exact arithmetic problems: they fail to judge, for example, that 12 + 9 − 9 yields 12. Here, we investigate whether preschool children’s approximate number knowledge nevertheless supports understanding of this relationship. Five-year-old children were more accurate on approximate large-number arithmetic problems that involved an inverse transformation than those that did not, when problems were presented in either non-symbolic or symbolic form. In contrast they showed no advantage for problems involving an inverse transformation when exact arithmetic was involved. Prior to formal schooling, children therefore show generalized understanding of at least one logical principle of arithmetic. The teaching of mathematics may be enhanced by building on this understanding.
Effects of Freezing, Thawing, and Shredding on Low Moisture, Part-Skim Mozzarella Cheese

Abstract Commercially manufactured low moisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheese (2.25-kg loaves) was either shredded or cut into 5- × 10- × 7-cm blocks. Shredded cheese and blocks were either frozen at –196°C and stored at –70°C or frozen and stored at –20°C. Cheese was then thawed at either 4.4, 12.8, or 25°C. Samples were analyzed for stretch by helical viscometry, for melt by the modified tube test, and for cook color by reflectance colorimetry just prior to freezing and at 7, 14, 21, and 42 d of storage. Mozzarella cheese stored at 4.4°C was used as the control. Shredding, freeze temperature, thaw temperature, and time of storage had no effect on cook color. Frozen cheese showed greater stretch than unfrozen cheese. Shredded cheese stretched more after frozen storage than unshredded cheese. Frozen shredded cheese melted less than frozen unshredded cheese. Cheese frozen at –20°C melted more after frozen storage than cheese frozen at –196°C. Cheese stored at 4.4°C melted more than frozen cheese. Thawing temperature by itself had no effect on either stretch or melt. Stretch was greatest in Mozzarella cheese frozen at –196°C, shredded, and held for at least 21 d. Melt was greatest in cheese in blocks, frozen at –20°C, and stored for only a short time.
Catheter Tip Cooling During Radiofrequency Ablation of Intra‐Atrial Reentry: Effects on Power, Temperature, and Impedance

Catheter Tip Cooling.Introduction: Cooling the catheter tip either passively with increased tip size or actively during radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has been shown in canine thigh preparations to create larger lesions than standard catheter tips, yielding a theoretical advantage for improving the outcome of RFCA for intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART). Methods and Results: The pediatric RFCA database at the Medical University of South Carolina was reviewed for RFCA of IART in patients with structural heart disease. From a total of 31 patients who underwent procedures during the study period, 8 patients in whom ablation with conventional ablation techniques failed and who went on to passive cooling with an 8-mm tip catheter or active cooling with an internally cooled-tip catheter were studied. Power delivery was greater but temperature and impedance were lower during cooled ablation than during conventional ablation. Passive cooling was associated with higher power than active cooling. These changes in RF biophysical characteristics were associated with successful elimination of 11 of 13 IART circuits in 7 of 8 patients. Conclusion: Cooling during RF ablation of atrial tachycardia clearly yielded greater power delivery in vivo and was associated with success.
Sorafenib resistance and JNK signaling in carcinoma during extracellular matrix stiffening

Tumor progression is coincident with mechanochemical changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). We hypothesized that tumor stroma stiffening, alongside a shift in the ECM composition from a basement membrane-like microenvironment toward a dense network of collagen-rich fibers during tumorigenesis, confers resistance to otherwise powerful chemotherapeutics. To test this hypothesis, we created a high-throughput drug screening platform based on our poly(ethylene glycol)-phosphorylcholine (PEG-PC) hydrogel system, and customized it to capture the stiffness and integrin-binding profile of in vivo tumors. We report that the efficacy of a Raf kinase inhibitor, sorafenib, is reduced on stiff, collagen-rich microenvironments, independent of ROCK activity. Instead, sustained activation of JNK mediated this resistance, and combining a JNK inhibitor with sorafenib eliminated stiffness-mediated resistance in triple negative breast cancer cells. Surprisingly, neither ERK nor p38 appears to mediate sorafenib resistance, and instead, either ERK or p38 inhibition rescued sorafenib resistance during JNK inhibition, suggesting negative crosstalk between these signaling pathways on stiff, collagen-rich environments. Overall, we discovered that β1 integrin and its downstream effector JNK mediate sorafenib resistance during tumor stiffening. These results also highlight the need for more advanced cell culture platforms, such as our high-throughput PEG-PC system, with which to screen chemotherapeutics.
Psychogenic encopresis: A family therapy approach

A review of the literature on encopresis reveals that many theorists propose various aspects of family dynamics as being significant etiological factors in encopresis. However, the predominant treatment modality discussed in the literature is the behavioral approach. In an effort to devise a treatment approach that takes into account the dynamics of the family of the encopretic child, the senior author has devised an approach based upon the strategic systems theory of Jay Haley (1976). Initial research efforts using this approach have shown encouraging results and suggest the importance of further practice and research from this framework.
Energy Oriented Vulnerability Analysis on Authentication Protocols for CPS

In this work we compute the energy generated by modular exponentiation, a widely used powerful tool in password authentication protocols for cyber physical systems. We observe modular exponentiation to be an expensive operation in terms of energy consumption in addition to be known to be computationally intensive. We then analyze the security and energy consumption an advanced smart card based password authentication protocol for cyber physical systems, that use modular exponentiation. We devise a generic cryptanalysis method on the protocol, in which the attacker exploits the energy and computational intensive nature of modular exponentiation to a perform denial of service (DoS) attack. We also show other similar protocols to be vulnerable to this attack. We then suggest methods to prevent this attack.
Measuring disease-specific quality of life in obstructive airway disease: validation of a modified version of the airways questionnaire 20.

Background The Airways Questionnaire 20 (AQ20) is a concise measure of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in obstructive airway disease; however, its original format may underestimate impairment due to the complete cessation of certain activities. Methods We revised seven items of the original AQ20 (revised AQ20 [AQ20-R]), adding response options for inability to perform certain activities. We assessed the performance of the AQ20-R among 352 adults with various airway conditions identified through a random telephone sample. Concurrent validity of the AQ20-R was assessed relative to the Short Form-12 (SF-12) physical component summary (PCS), FEV 1 , and medication use. Predictive validity was assessed relative to health-care utilization among 278 subjects studied longitudinally. Results Twenty-one of 352 subjects were unable to perform at least one activity. These subjects demonstrated higher AQ20-R scores (p r = − 0.55, p 1 ( r = − 0.43, p Conclusions The AQ20-R is a valid respiratory-specific HRQL measure that accounts for activity cessation among the most impaired and can be used across various airway conditions.
Layer rigidity and collective effects in pillared lamellar solids.

The $x$ dependence of the normalized basal spacing, ${d}_{n}(x)$ of pillared vermiculite (Vm) has been measured for the mixed-layer system ${[{(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}{\mathrm{N}}^{+}]}_{x}{[{(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{3}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}]}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Vm}$ and compared with that of ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{x}{\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Vm}$. Both systems exhibit a nonlinear ${d}_{n}(x)$ with approximate thresholds of $x\ensuremath{\cong}0.2 \mathrm{and} 0.5$, respectively. A model which related ${d}_{n}(x)$ to layer rigidity and the binding energies of gallery and defect sites yields excellent fits to the basal spacing data and to monolayer simulations if collective effects are included. This model should be applicable to other types of lamellar solids.
Assessment and optimization of schemes for tracking and routing to mobile users in packet-based networks

Although a lot of progress has been made in recent years, supporting mobility in the Internet is still a difficult challenge. The Internet today consists of multiple networks, interconnected by IP routers. In each network multiple subnetworks may coexist, also connected via routers. One subnetwork may connect multiple LAN segments by means of MAC switches. For scalability purposes, IP addresses are hierarchical, which allows routing decisions to be performed using address aggregates. Due to this addressing structure, the IP address of a mobile user needs to change dynamically as the user moves from one subnetwork to another (or one network to another) to match addressing at the new subnet (or the new network). Unlike IP addresses, MAC addresses are flat, as the scale of the problem is smaller. Switches inside a subnetwork track individual users and forward packets to them.If a source sends packets to a destination that is moving and changing IP addresses, the contents of the packet may refer to a destination address that is stale, and the packet may be discarded, or redirected by some special-purpose entity in the network known as an agent. The source may be informed of the change in the IP address of the destination as well, so that future packets can be sent directly to its new location. As users move inside a subnetwork, changes need to take place at one or more switches tracking that user, in an attempt to maintain connectivity to the user at all times.Tracking updates may take a long time to arrive at the agents, end-hosts and switches, which can result in a temporary loss of connectivity to the user. This becomes particularly noticeable when users are engaged in streaming multimedia applications, and may even result in the abortion of TCP sessions. Furthermore, current technologies significantly limit the number of individual addresses that can be tracked by a device built at a reasonable cost. Therefore, any solution to support mobility must deal with inherent delays caused by distances between the moving user and entities in the network that track and assist the user, as well as limitations of the current technology in terms of cost and performance.In this paper we assess, design and optimize schemes to support mobility in the Internet. These schemes exploit techniques called address-lookahead, packet n-casting, transparent learning and light-weight explicit registration. Via numerical simulation, we demonstrate considerable improvements in the user-perceived quality of applications, at no significant increase in cost. For example, 40% more voice calls can experience a high level of quality, at the cost of only a 3% increase in the bandwidth consumption in the Internet.
Buckling behavior of compression-loaded composite cylindrical shells with reinforced cutouts

Results from a numerical study of the response of thin-walled compression-loaded quasi-isotropic laminated composite cylindrical shells with unreinforced and reinforced square cutouts are presented. The effects of cutout reinforcement orthotropy, size, and thickness on the nonlinear response of the shells are described. A nonlinear analysis procedure has been used to predict the nonlinear response of the shells. The results indicate that a local buckling response occurs in the shell near the cutout when subjected to load and is caused by a nonlinear coupling between local shell-wall deformations and in-plane destabilizing compression stresses near the cutout. In general, reinforcement around a cutout in a compression-loaded shell is shown to retard or eliminate the local buckling response near the cutout and increase the buckling load of the shell. However, some results show that certain reinforcement configurations can cause an unexpected increase in the magnitude of local deformations and stresses in the shell and cause a reduction in the buckling load. Specific cases are presented that suggest that the orthotropy, thickness, and size of a cutout reinforcement in a shell can be tailored to achieve improved buckling response characteristics.
Two models of group behavior in the solution of Eureka-type problems

A study by Shaw (7) some twenty years ago is frequently cited by social scientists to support the generalization that groups are superior to individuals in problem-solving. Shaw suggests that personal interaction within the group is responsible for the superior performance of groups. This article re-examines her data in the light of two models which propose that the difference in quality of solution between group and individual performance is solely a matter of ability. It is shown that Shaw's data may be considered to have been an outcome of behavior postulated by the models. Since Shaw's observations relate to a special population and to special kinds of problems, the proposed models may not be appropriate under differing experimental conditions. In fact, Lorgeet al. (4) have indicated that experimental demonstration of the superiority of groups over individuals in problem-solving depends not only on the kind of group but also on the kind of problem to be solved. In addition, the diversity of transfer of training for groups and for individuals is considered.
Quantification of Changes in Serotonin Uptake with Spinal Cord Injury

The high-affinity uptake of [3H]serotonin was studied using spinal cord preparations obtained from normal dogs, dogs made paraplegic by midthoracic transection, and dogs made monoplegic by midthoracic hemisection. Measurements were made at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Lumbar spinal cord was removed at the above time periods and a myelin-free synaptosomal fraction was obtained by centrifugation and used for studying high-affinity serotonin uptake. At 1 week, there were no significant differences for Km values (nM) among any of the three groups (138 +/- 20, 128 +/- 22, and 118 +/- 20). The Vmax values (pmol/min/mg of protein) at 1 week for the control group (4.9 +/- 0.6) versus the hemisected group (4.3 +/- 0.7) were not significantly different. The Vmax values at 1 week for the completely transected group (2.3 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.01) were significantly reduced by 53 +/- 7%. At 4 weeks, the Vmax values for the hemisected (1.8 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.05) and transected groups (0.6 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.05) were significantly different as compared to the control group. The mean percent drop in Vmax after hemisection was 56 +/- 4%, close to the predicted value of 50%. The mean percent drop in Vmax after transection was 86 +/- 2%. At 8 weeks the mean Vmax values for the hemisected (1.9 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.05) and transected (0.4 +/- 0.4; P less than 0.05) groups were not significantly different compared to their respective 4-week values. It appears that serotonin uptake can be used to quantitate roughly the degree of spinal cord injury.
Past imperfect, future tense: Archaeology and development

Archaeological sites are valuable nonrenewable resources and they are being destroyed rapidly by modern development projects of all kinds, worldwide. The contextual information in these sites could tell surprising and valuable stories of human behavior over an enormous sweep of time and might contribute to a better future. Archaeologists’ experience of site destruction and their recent efforts to work with local communities toward alternatives to site destruction may offer examples for others concerned with the treatment of nonrenewable resources
Evidence supports metacognitive strategy instruction for particular executive functions in young to middle-aged adults with chronic traumatic brain injury

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Kennedy, M., Coelho, C., Turkstra, L., Ylvisaker, M., Sohlberg, M. M., Yorkston, K., Chiou, H.-H., & Kan, P.-F. (2008). Intervention for executive functions after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical recommendations. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 257–299. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by a grant from Academy of Neurologic Communication Disorders and Sciences (ANCDS), with additional support from American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA), ASHA's Division 2: Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, the Veterans Administration, and numerous universities. The original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Use of longitudinal strain in identifying driving and resisting elements of landslides

Observations of deformation at the surfaces of landslides in Utah and Hawaii indicate that the upslope parts of the land-slides have stretched and the downslope parts have shortened parallel with the direction of movement. The maximum displacement of each landslide occurs in a relatively undeformed zone between the zones of shortening and stretching. The pattern of deformation at the surface of these landslides may be useful in analyzing their mechanics by helping to constrain the longitudinal forces in limit-equilibrium stability analysis. We used earth-pressure calculations to determine the range of possible longitudinal forces (per unit width) for active failure in the zone of stretching and for passive failure in the zone of shortening of one of the Hawaiian landslides. Longitudinal forces computed by stability analysis, assuming homogeneous strength, exceeded the possible forces in much of the upslope half of the landslide. Consequently, we assumed inhomogeneous strength and adjusted shear-strength parameters at each segment of the slip surface until the longitudinal forces computed by stability analysis agreed with those computed by earth-pressure theory, and the factor of safety approached unity. The distribution of longitudinal forces computed for inhomogeneous strength indicated that the boundary between driving and resisting elements of the landslide is near the thickest part of the slide, in agreement with a simple formula for the location of the boundary.
Spectroscopy of Uranyl Salts in the Solid State

From Introduction: "The interpretation of the fluorescence and absorption spectrum of the uranyl ion, indicated in this introduction, is based on the spectroscopic work of Nichols, Howes and co-workers (1914-1919), Dieke and van Heel (1925), Moerman and Kraak (1939), and Freymann and co-workers (1946-1948); on infrared studies (cf., Section 3 below) and Raman spectra; but most of all, on the work of Dieke, Duncan, and co-workers, carried out in 1943-1944 under the Manhattan District program. In the present chapter we will review briefly the earlier investigations in the field of uranyl salt and spectroscopy and give a somewhat more detailed summary of the results of Nichols and Howes and, particularly, of Dieke and co-workers."
Document image analysis for digital libraries

Digital Libraries have many forms -- institutional libraries for information dissemination, document repositories for record-keeping, and personal digital libraries for organizing personal thoughts, knowledge, and course of action. Digital image content (scanned or otherwise) is a substantial component of all of these libraries. Processing and analyzing these images include tasks such as document layout understanding, character recognition, functional role labeling, image enhancement, indexing, organizing, restructuring, summarizing, cross linking, redaction, privacy management, and distribution.At the Palo Alto Research Center, we conduct research on several aspects of document analysis for Digital Libraries ranging from raw image transformations to linguistic analysis to interactive sensemaking tools. I shall describe a few recent research activities in the realm of document image analysis or their use in digital libraries.
Strongly extreme points in Banach spaces

In this paper some properties of a special type of boundary point of convex sets in Banach spaces are studied. Specifically, a strongly extreme point x of a convex set S is a point of S such that for each real number r>0, segments of length 2r and centered x are not uniformly closer to S than some positive number d(x,r). Results are obtained comparing the notion of strongly extreme point to other known types of special boundary points of convex sets. Using the notion of strongly extreme point, a convexity condition is defined on the norm of the space under consideration, and this convexity condition makes possible a unified treatment of some previously studied convexity conditions. In addition, a sufficient condition is given on the norm of a separable conjugate space for every extreme point of the unit ball to be strongly extreme.
Microsurgical anatomy of the dorsal cervical nerve roots and the cervical dorsal root ganglion/ventral root complexes

Abstract BACKGROUND It is known that a “dissociated motor loss” of the deltoid muscle can occur with disconcerting frequency after cervical spine surgery. The etiology of this entity is in question. We conducted an anatomic study to identify anatomic factors that might predispose C5 to injury. METHODS We studied 128 dorsal cervical nerves and root ganglion/ventral root complexes in 10 adult cadavers. At each cervical level the following data were recorded: number of rootlets, range of width of rootlets, length of DREZ, cranial angles of the superior and inferior rootlets with the spinal cord, length of the superior and inferior rootlets, dimensions of the foramina, dimensions of the dorsal root, dimensions of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)/ventral root (VR) complex, and the blood supply to the DRG. The histology at the site of compression was also examined. Statistical analysis was conducted using the single factor-repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS We found that, 1) the C5 superior dorsal rootlets angle less inferiorly from the cervical cord than the other dorsal cervical roots ( p = 0.001), 2) the majority of the DRG/VR complexes from C3 to C6 were compressed by the vertebral artery (73%), 3) the C5 DRG/VR complex was compressed to the greatest extent (77.6%, p = 0.3519), and 4) the ganglionic artery was more frequent at C4, C5, and C6. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the second finding has not been reported previously. The first and third findings may help explain why C5 is more vulnerable to injury.
Photodynamic enhancement of doxorubicin cytotoxicity.

Argon ion laser irradiation at 514.1 nm and 488 nm dramatically increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity in an L929 cell clonogenic survival assay. The cytotoxicity was dependent on both the drug concentration and the total light energy delivered such that at 5 μg doxorubicin/ml and 800 J/cm2, cytotoxicity was enhanced by a factor of>104 relative to that achieved with drug alone. Irradiation times in excess of 2 min and power densities in excess of 100 J/cm2 were required to produce the effect. Beyond this 2-min limit, cytotoxicity was not related to the duration of exposure if the total energy delivered was held constant. The ability of catalase and superoxide dismutase to abolish completely the increase in cytotoxicity produced by laser irradiation suggests that the cytotoxic mechanism may depend on the generation of active oxygen species by the photodynamically excited drug.