cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proto-Neutron Star Winds with Magnetic Fields and Rotation

We solve the one-dimensional neutrino-heated nonrelativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wind problem for conditions that range from slowly rotating (spin period P 10 ms) proto-neutron stars (PNSs) with field strengths typical of radio pulsars (B 1013 G) to "protomagnetars" with B ≈ 1014-1015 G in their hypothesized rapidly rotating initial states (P ≈ 1 ms). We use the relativistic axisymmetric simulations of Bucciantini and coworkers to map our split-monopole results onto a more physical dipole geometry and to estimate the spin-down of PNSs when their winds are relativistic. We then quantify the effects of rotation and magnetic fields on the mass loss, energy loss, and r-process nucleosynthesis in PNS winds. We describe the evolution of PNS winds through the Kelvin-Helmholtz cooling epoch, emphasizing the transition between (1) thermal neutrino-driven, (2) nonrelativistic magnetically dominated, and (3) relativistic magnetically dominated outflows. In the latter, spin-down is enhanced relative to the canonical force-free rate because of additional open magnetic flux caused by neutrino-driven mass loss. We find that protomagnetars with P ≈ 1 ms and B 1015 G drive winds with luminosities, energies, and Lorentz factors (magnetization σ ~ 0.1-1000) consistent with those required to produce long-duration gamma-ray bursts and hyperenergetic supernovae (SNe). A significant fraction of the rotational energy may be extracted in only a few seconds, sufficiently rapidly to alter the energy of the SN remnant, its morphology, and potentially its nucleosynthesis. We show that winds from protomagnetars with P ≈ 2-10 ms produce conditions more favorable for the r-process than winds from slowly rotating, nonmagnetized PNSs; in addition, energy and momentum deposition by convectively excited waves further increase the likelihood of a successful r-process.
A Mild Procedure for the Stereospecific Transformation of trans Cinnamic Acid Derivatives to cis β-Bromostyrenes

Abstract A new mild procedure has been developed for the synthesis of cis β-bromostyrene analogs with complete Z/E selectivity and good to excellent yields (58.4 - 90.9%). The process involves carboxyl-halo-elimination of cinnamic acid dibromides by using triethylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide at room temperature. A one-pot procedure has also been described for the direct transformation of cinnamic acids to β-bromostyrenes.
The origin of cellular life.

This essay presents a scenario of the origin of life that is based on analysis of biological architecture and mechanical design at the microstructural level. My thesis is that the same architectural and energetic constraints that shape cells today also guided the evolution of the first cells and that the molecular scaffolds that support solid-phase biochemistry in modern cells represent living microfossils of past life forms. This concept emerged from the discovery that cells mechanically stabilize themselves using tensegrity architecture and that these same building rules guide hierarchical self-assembly at all size scales (Sci. Amer 278:48-57;1998). When combined with other fundamental design principles (e.g., energy minimization, topological constraints, structural hierarchies, autocatalytic sets, solid-state biochemistry), tensegrity provides a physical basis to explain how atomic and molecular elements progressively self-assembled to create hierarchical structures with increasingly complex functions, including living cells that can self-reproduce.
Metric transformations under collapsing of Riemannian manifolds

Let (M,g) be a Riemannian manifold with an isometric action of the Lie group G. Let g_G be a left invariant metric on G. Consider the diagonal G action on the product $M \times G$ with the metric g+g_G. In this paper we calculate the formula for the metric h on the quotient space $(M \times G) / G$; the map from g to h is the metric transformation. In particular when g is the hyperbolic metric on H^2 and G=S^1, the transformed metric h is Hamilton's cigar soliton metric studied in the Ricci flow.
Quasiclassical coarse graining and thermodynamic entropy

Our everyday descriptions of the universe are highly coarse grained, following only a tiny fraction of the variables necessary for a perfectly fine-grained description. Coarse graining in classical physics is made natural by our limited powers of observation and computation. But in the modern quantum mechanics of closed systems, some measure of coarse graining is inescapable because there are no nontrivial, probabilistic, fine-grained descriptions. This essay explores the consequences of that fact. Quantum theory allows for various coarse-grained descriptions, some of which are mutually incompatible. For most purposes, however, we are interested in the small subset of “quasiclassical descriptions” defined by ranges of values of averages over small volumes of densities of conserved quantities such as energy and momentum and approximately conserved quantities such as baryon number. The near-conservation of these quasiclassical quantities results in approximate decoherence, predictability, and local equilibrium, leading to closed sets of equations of motion. In any description, information is sacrificed through the coarse graining that yields decoherence and gives rise to probabilities for histories. In quasiclassical descriptions, further information is sacrificed in exhibiting the emergent regularities summarized by classical equations of motion. An appropriate entropy measures the loss of information. For a “quasiclassical realm” this is connected with the usual thermodynamic entropy as obtained from statistical mechanics. It was low for the initial state of our universe and has been increasing since.
Effect of aspiration of milk on mechanisms of neural control in the airways of developing rabbits

We studied the effects of recurrent aspiration of milk on neural control of airways in young developing rabbits. Beginning at 1 week of age, rabbits received 0.5 ml/kg of whole milk or sterile physiologic saline intranasally while under light methoxyflourane anesthesia 5 days a week for a period of 3 weeks. At 4 and 8 weeks of age, in vitro studies of contractile and relaxant responses of tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) segments were evaluated. To assess the neurally mediated contractile responses, frequency response curves to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were performed with results expressed in terms of frequency of EFS causing 50% of the maximal contractile response (ES50) values. In addition, the contractile responsiveness of TSM to methacholine (MCh) as reflected by the concentration causing 50% of the maximal contractile response (EC50) values was also determined to evaluate the underlying cholinergic reactivity of this segment of airway. To assess nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory (NANCi) responses, experiments were performed on TSM contracted with neurokinin A in the presence of atropine, propranolol, and indomethacin. EFS was delivered to the contracted tissue at stimulation frequencies ranging from 5 to 30 Hz with results expressed as mean percent relaxation. Recurrent aspiration of milk but not saline increased EFS-induced contractile responses, as shown by significantly lower ES50 values compared with the control group: P = 0.02 and P = 0.001 at 4 and 8 weeks of age, respectively. TSM responsiveness to MCh was no different between the two groups, suggesting that alterations in prejunctional mechanisms of neural control were most likely responsible for the increased contractile response to EFS. The NANCi responses were significantly decreased by milk aspiration at both 4 and 8 weeks of age, with the abnormalities less pronounced at the later time point. These findings demonstrate that repeated aspiration of milk leads to abnormal mechanisms of neural control within airways of developing rabbits. While aspiration of milk altered both contractile and relaxant responses to EFS, the former abnormalities became more pronounced with time while the latter appeared to be resolving. These observations suggest that injury to an airway early in development does not necessarily resolve with time but may persist, with functional abnormalities becoming more pronounced even after the airway insult has ceased.
The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research

In recent years, we have witnessed a series of spectacular crises and disasters: 9/11, Madrid and London, the Asian tsunami, the Mumbai attacks, the implosion of the financial system—the world of crises and disasters seems to be changing. This special issue explores how these crises and disasters are changing and what governments can do to prepare. This opening article defines critical concepts, sketches a theoretical perspective, offers key research findings, and introduces the contributions to the special issue.
Numerical Solution of a Generalized Wahba Problem for a Spinning Spacecraft

A numerical solution algorithm has been developed to solve a generalization of Wahba's attitude determination problem to the case of unknown attitude and attitude rate. It provides a robust global solution to nonlinear batch attitude and rate estimation problems for spinning spacecraft. The original Wahba problem seeks the attitude that fits a set of unit-normalized direction vector measurements. The generalized problem seeks an initial attitude and rate that, when combined with a torque-free rigid-body attitude dynamics model, fit a time series of direction vector measurements. The new algorithm combines an inner analytic solution for the unknown initial attitude quaternion with an outer numerical solution for the unknown initial rate. The inner problem can be cast in a standard Wahba form, and it is solved in closed form using an adaptation of the q method. The outer problem relies in a trust-region implementation of Newton's method in order to ensure global convergence. The global solution is determined by re-solving starting from a random set of first guesses of the attitude rate that cover the space of non-aliasing rates. Tests on truth-model simulation data for minor-axis and major-axis spinning spacecraft confirm the new algorithm's ability to achieve global convergence and its estimation accuracy's consistency with its computed estimation error covariance matrix.
RISK-ADJUSTED GAMMA DISCOUNTING

Abstract It is widely recognized that the economics of distant-future events, like climate change, is critically dependent upon the choice of a discount rate. Unfortunately, it is unclear how to discount distant-future events when the future discount rate itself is unknown. In previous work, an analytically-tractable approach called “gamma discounting” was proposed, which gave a declining discount rate schedule as a simple closed-form function of time. This paper extends the previous gamma approach by using a Ramsey optimal growth model, combined with uncertainty about future productivity, in order to “risk adjust” all probabilities by marginal utility weights. Some basic numerical examples are given, which suggest that the overall effect of risk-adjusted gamma discounting on lowering distant-future discount rates may be significant. The driving force is a “fear factor” from risk aversion to permanent productivity shocks representing catastrophic future states of the world.
The social media paradox: an intersection with freedom of expression and the criminal law

This article begins by setting out the human rights provisions that apply to social media expression. It then provides insight into the part social media plays within our society by analysing the social media landscape and how it facilitates a ‘purer’ form of expression. The social media paradox is explored through the lens of current societal issues and concerns regarding the use of social media and how these have manifested into litigation. It concludes by analysing the tension that the application of an array of criminal legislation and jurisprudence has created with freedom of expression, and whether this can successfully mitigated by the Director of Public Prosecution's Interim Guidelines.
An improved general E -unification method

Abstract A generalization of Paramodulation is defined and shown to lead to a complete E-unification method for arbitrary equational theories E. The method is defined in terms of transformations on systems, building upon and refining results of Gallier and Snyder.
Multiscaling comparative analysis of time series and geophysical phenomena

Different methods are used to determine the scaling exponents associated with a time series describing a complex dynamical process, such as those observed in geophysical systems. Many of these methods are based on the numerical evaluation of the variance of a diffusion process whose step increments are generated by the data. An alternative method focuses on the direct evaluation of the scaling coefficient of the Shannon entropy of the same diffusion distribution. The combined use of these methods can efficiently distinguish between fractal Gaussian and Levy-walk time series and help to discern between alternative underling complex dynamics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 51–56, 2005
Oxo-bridged complexes of iron(III) derived from 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazole and 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole ligands

Abstract Iron(III) complexes containing substituted 2-(2′- oxyphenyl)benzothiazole (PBT) and 2-(2′-oxyphenyl)benzimidazole (PBI) ligands were prepared. These have mostly been characterized as oxo-bridged compounds by their magnetic susceptibility and EPR behavior with a general formula [Fe(L)2]2O. Most of the compounds have limited solubility, with the methoxy- and dimethylamino-substituted analogues being somewhat more soluble. Diffuse reflectance spectra and solution optical spectra indicate some effect of ligand basicity on the position of the phenolate to iron(III) charge-transfer band with electron-releasing substituents on the ligands shifting this band to lower energy. In the benzimidazole complex this band was shifted to higher energy relative to its benzothiazole counterpart. Electrochemical studies show irreversible electron transfer and indicate a stabilization of the iron(III) oxidation state relative to iron(II) by electron-releasing substituents on the ligand. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility reveals that most of the compounds are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled.
Room temperature synthesis of copper indium diselenide in non-aqueous solution using an organoindium reagent

A novel two-phase synthesis of CuInSe2 at 25 C from Cu2Se and Cp3In in 4-methylpyridine has been discovered. Characterization of the material produced shows it to be platelet-shaped crystallites with an average particle size of 10 microns, less than 2 percent C and H, with a small amount of unidentified crystalline impurity. The results demonstrate that it is possible to produce from solution a material that is ordinarily synthesized in bulk or films at much higher temperatures or using extraneous reagents and/or electrons. The use of a solid-state reagent as a starting material which is converted to another solid-state compound by an organometallic reagent has tremendous potential to produce precursors for a wide range of solid-state materials of interest to the electronics, defense, and aerospace communities.
Direct observation of the optical plasma resonance of Ag by photon-assisted tunneling

Photon-assisted tunneling is proposed for the investigation of optical plasma resonances; this is demonstrated by the direct observation of the Ag resonance in appropriate Ag-Al2O3-Al structures. A spectral scan of the ratio of the signals photoinduced by the p and s polarizations shows a large enhancement corresponding to the plasma resonance of Ag.
Real-time recording medium: photodichroic KF:LiF.

Laser recording and readout measurements using the photodichroic crystal KF:LiF indicate that the material has potential as an input transducer and an adaptive spatial filter in an optical spectrum analyzer. These crystals are among the most photosensitive recording materials without gain, can be produced in large sizes at relatively low cost, and can be operated close to room temperature using thermoelectric coolers. Experiments using a high precision laser scanner providing 96.6-MHz subnsec pulses at 514 nm show that adequate recording can be accomplished with exposures less than 10 mJ/cm2. An MTF of 40% at 72 l/mm was measured with uniform readout illumination of the recorded signal, but this is reduced if the signal is recovered by rescanning due to the convolution of the scanning beam profile with the recorded spot profile. The readout is destructive at the recording wavelength but can be read out with a much reduced decay rate by using 488 nm. The linear dynamic range in the Fourier plane was measured to be 40 dB.
Dynamical ordering in the c-axis in 3D driven vortex lattices

Abstract We present molecular dynamics simulations of driven vortices in layered superconductors in the presence of an external homogeneous force and point disorder. We use a model introduced by J.R.Clem for describing 3D vortex lines as stacks of 2D pancake vortices where only magnetic interactions are considered and the Josephson interlayer coupling is neglected. We numerically evaluate the long-range magnetic interaction between pancake vortices exactly. We analyze the vortex correlation along the field direction on (c-axis). We find that above the critical current, in the “plastic flow” regime, pancakes are completely uncorrelated in the c-direction. When increasing the current, there is an onset of correlation along the c-axis at the transition from plastic flow to a moving smectic phase. This transition coincides with the peak in the differential resistance.
Halo-to-halo Similarity and Scatter in the Velocity Distribution of Dark Matter

We examine the velocity distribution function (VDF) in dark matter halos from Milky Way to cluster mass scales. We identify an empirical model for the VDF with a wider peak and a steeper tail than a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and discuss physical explanations. We quantify sources of scatter in the VDF of cosmological halos and their implication for direct detection of dark matter. Given modern simulations and observations, we find that the most significant uncertainty in the VDF of the Milky Way arises from the unknown radial position of the solar system relative to the dark matter halo scale radius.
Numerical experiments with the Osher upwind scheme for the Euler equations

The Osher algorithm for solving the Euler equations is an upwind finite difference procedure that is derived by combining the salient features of the theory of conservation laws and the mathematical theory of characteristi cs for hyperbolic systems of equations. A first-order accurate version of the numerical method was derived by Osher circa 1980 for the one-dimensional non-isentropic Euler equations in Cartesian coordinates. In this paper, the extension of the scheme to arbitrary two-dimensional geometries is explained. Results are then presented for several example problems in one and two dimensions. Future work will include extension of the method to second-order accuracy and the development of implicit time differencing for the Osher algorithm.
Material balance depletion models for two-phase and vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs

Abstract Material balance calculations, often referred to as “zero-dimensional” or “lumped element” reservoir evaluations, have been used extensively in petroleum and geothermal engineering. This paper presents a Havlena and Odeh-type ( J. Petrol. Technol. Aug. 1963) material balance depletion model for two-phase reservoirs incorporating adsorption phenomena. A straight line, formed between groups of thermodynamic and adsorption properties of water and the cumulative production history, provides the initial fluid-in-place and the size of the vapor-dominated “steam cap”. Adsorption phenomena were found by Economides and Miller (Paper SPE 12740, California regional meeting, Soc. Petrol. Engrs, 1984) to be the controlling mechanism in the depletion of vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs. A material balance for vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs, demonstrating the importance of adsorption phenomena, is also presented. A straight line provides the initial fluid-in-place.
Charge exchange produced emission of carbon in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region

We used a time-reolving high-resolution grating spectrometer to study extreme ultraviolet emission from plasmas in the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX). The NSTX spectral range from 150-250 A is typically dominated by emission from M-shell iron lines, L- shell transitions of oxygen, or K-shell lines of lithium. However, we also observed several intense emission lines, which we now attribute to transitions in C V and C VI. Collisional-radiative modeling shows that electron-impact excitation is far too weak to account for the features we observed. Instead, these lines appear to be produced by charge exchange with neutral hydrogen.
Tango: a framework and system for algorithm animation

The role of animation in understanding and evaluating programs and developing new programs is discussed. A framework for algorithm animation, called Tango, and a system based on that framework are introduced. Related work is reviewed, and the conceptual framework on which Tango is based is examined. The implementation of the Tango system is described. The first-fit bin-packing algorithm is animated to illustrate how the path-transition paradigm simplifies algorithm animation. >
Quantifying query ambiguity

We develop a measure of a query with respect to a collection of documents with the aim of quantifying the query's ambiguity with respect to those documents. This measure, the clarity score, is the relative entropy between a query language model and the corresponding collection language model. We substantiate that the clarity score measures the coherence and specificity of the language used in documents likely to satisfy the query. We also argue that it provides a suitable quantification of the (lack of) ambiguity of a query with respect to a collection of documents and has potential applications throughout the field of information retrieval. In particular, the clarity score is shown to correlate positively with average precision in evaluations using TREC test collections. Hence, as one example, the clarity score could serve as a predictor of query performance. Systems would then be able to identify vague information requests and respond differently than they would to clear and specific requests.
Submillimeter diagnostics of the response of the solar chromosphere to compressional waves

The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility has been used to observe local continuum brightness variations of the quiet sun in 350 and 800 micron radiation simultaneously. Variations of order 5 K are found at both wavelengths, with a strong correlation between the two. The 800 micron variations lag behind the 350 micron variations by 25-35 deg in phase. This is similar to unexpected phase shifts reported by Lites and Chipman in 1979 and Lites, Chipman, and White in 1982 between velocity and intensity for certain chromospheric lines. It is proposed that the phase lags observed are the result of nonadiabatic response of the chromosphere to compression, which could be an important mechanism for dissipation of mechanical energy.
On the Nature of Intrinsic Absorption in Reddened Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We discuss the origin of the "dusty lukewarm absorber," which we previously identified in the reddened Seyfert 1 galaxies NGC 3227 and Akn 564. This absorber is characterized by saturated UV absorption lines (C IV, N V) near the systemic velocity of the host galaxy and is likely responsible for reddening both the continuum and emission lines (including those from the narrow-line region) from these Seyfert galaxies. From a large sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies, we find that continuum reddening (as measured by UV color) tends to increase with inclination of the host galaxy. Furthermore, reddened inclined Seyfert galaxies observed at moderate to high spectral resolution all show evidence for dusty lukewarm absorbers. We suggest that these absorbers lie in the plane of the host galaxy at distances of 100 pc from the nucleus and are physically distinct from the majority of intrinsic absorbers that are outflowing from the nucleus.
Dynamic Screening and Thermonuclear Reaction Rates

We show that there are no dynamic screening corrections to Salpeter's enhancement factor in the weak-screening limit.
Micromechanically-based effective thermal conductivity estimates for polymer nanocomposites

Abstract The Effective Continuum Micromechanics Analysis Code was modified to predict the effective thermal conductivities of composites containing multiple distinct nanoheterogeneities (fibers, spheres, platelets, voids, etc.) each with an arbitrary number of coating layers based upon either the modified Mori–Tanaka or modified self-consistent methods for steady state heat conduction. A parametric study was performed to investigate the effect of nanoreinforcement morphology, volume fraction, orientation, and nanoreinforcement–resin interphase properties on calculated effective thermal conductivities. Predicted thermal conductivities matched experimentally measured values for vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polypropylene, exfoliated graphite flake/epoxy, glass microsphere/polystyrene, cupric oxide sphere/epoxy, and aluminum sphere/epoxy composites.
Ir-Catalyzed Functionalization of 2-Substituted Indoles at the 7-Position: Nitrogen-Directed Aromatic Borylation

Ir-catalyzed borylation of 2-substituted indoles selectively yields 7-borylated products in good yields. N-Protection, required for previous functionalizations of 2-substituted indoles, is unnecessary.
Hierarchical approach to exact symbolic analysis of large analog circuits

This paper proposes a novel approach to the exact symbolic analysis of very large analog circuits. The new method is based on determinant decision diagrams (DDDs) representing symbolic product terms. But instead of constructing DDD graphs directly from a flat circuit matrix, the new method constructs DDD graphs in a hierarchical way based on hierarchically defined circuit structures. The resulting algorithm can analyze much larger analog circuits exactly than before. The authors show that exact symbolic expressions of a circuit are cancellation-free expressions when the circuit is analyzed hierarchically. With this, the authors propose a novel symbolic decancellation process, which essentially leads to the hierarchical DDD graph constructions. The new algorithm partially avoids the exponential DDD construction time by employing more efficient DDD graph operations during the hierarchical construction. The experimental results show that very large analog circuits, which cannot be analyzed exactly before like /spl mu/A725 and other unstructured circuits up to 100 nodes, can be analyzed by the new approach for the first time. The new approach significantly improves the exact symbolic capacity and promises huge potentials for the applications of exact symbolic analysis.
Firm failure and managerial labor markets evidence from Texas banking

Abstract We study the managerial labor market's ability to discriminate between good and bad managerial performance. Using a sample of failed and nonfailed Texas banks, we find that the context of job loss affects the manager's ability to regain comparable employment. Managers associated with banks that failed for reasons arguably beyond the managers' control were twice as likely to regain comparable banking posts as managers at other failed banks. We also detect a relation between the probability of post-failure reemployment and a manager's rank within the firm and to proxies for managerial self-dealing and competence.
Electrochemical oxidative addition of chloride to Rh2(μ-dppm)2(CO)2Cl2

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of trans-Rh2(μ-dppm)2(CO)2Cl2 (dppm = bis (diphenylphosphino)methane) in the presence of chloride has afforded the new dirhodium(II) unsymmetrical complex Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Cl)(CO)Cl3 which is readily converted to the complex [Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Co)(μ-Cl)Cl2]PF6. This species has been shown to undergo addition reactions with chloride to regenerate [Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Cl)Cl3(CO)], and with carbon monoxide and t-butylisocyanide to give the additional new dirhodium(II) complexes [Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Cl)Cl2(CO)2]PF6 and [Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Cl)(CNC(CH3)3)2Cl2]PF6, respectively. During prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide [Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Co)(μ-Cl)Cl2]PF6 undergoes reduction with the loss of chloride to give [Rh2(μ-dppm)2(μ-Cl)(CO)2]PF6.
Topical Mosquito Repellents XII: N-Substituted Ureas and Cyclic Ureas

Various N-substituted urea and cyclic urea derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as repellents for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with an in vitro blood-feeding test system. Several compounds were superior to diethyltoluamide.
Computer Generation of Optimized Subroutines

Ideally, subroutines used for function evaluation should be both flexible (suitable for use over arbitrary intervals as well as accurate to any desired order) and fast. Often these characteristics conflict, and, as an alternative, a number of subroutines for the same function may be kept in the Subroutine Library, with the programmer selecting the one closest to his needs. Among the fastest subroutines are those using fixed-degree polynomial approximations, where the fixed number of terms has been selected so that the error does not exceed a certain limit throughout the interval. This paper describes a subroutine generator program which, for a number of functions, produces a fixed-degree polynomial approximation subroutine which is adapted to the particular interval and accuracy needed by the programmer (within wide limits). The generation of the polynomial is based on the use of Chebyshev polynomials, and therefore the approximation is optimum in the sense of the Chebyshev polynomial approximations (for a given degree polynomial, very nearly minimum maximum error over the interval).
Social Desirability Response Bias, Gender, and Factors Influencing Organizational Commitment: An International Study

This research is an extension of Walker Information’s (Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, pp. 235–255, 1999) study on employees’ job attitudes that was conducted exclusively in the United States. Walker Information found that the reputation of the organization, fairness at work, care, and concern for employees, trust in employees, and resources available at work were important factors in an employee’s decision to remain with his or her company. Our sample includes 713 students from seven countries: Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, and the United States. When analyzing the entire sample, our data indicate that both social desirability response bias and gender were significant; however, this was not the case when the data are analyzed by country. On an individual country basis, our data suggest that the generally accepted premise that women are more ethically conscious than men was only true for the samples from the United States and Canada. The data also indicate that, while social desirability response bias was significant for the four factors suggesting ethical components for the sample from the United States, this finding was not universal.
Frequency-Domain Identification of Linear Time-Periodic Systems using LTI Techniques

A variety of systems can be faithfully modeled as linear with coefficients that vary periodically with time or Linear Time-Periodic (LTP). Examples include anisotropic rotor-bearing systems, wind turbines and nonlinear systems linearized about a periodic trajectory; all of these have been treated analytically in the literature. However, few methods exist for experimentally characterizing LTP systems. This paper presents a set of tools that can be used to experimentally characterize an LTP system, using a frequency domain approach and utilizing existing algorithms to perform parameter identification. One of the approaches is based on lifting the response to obtain an equivalent Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) form and the other based on Fourier series expansion. The development focuses on the pre-processing steps needed to apply LTI identification to the measurements, the post-processing needed to reconstruct the LTP model from the identification results and the interpretation of the measurements. This approach elucidates the similarities between LTP and LTI identification, allowing the experimentalist to transfer insight from time-invariant systems to the LTP identification problem. The approach determines the model order of the system, and post processing reveals the shapes of the time-periodic functions comprising the LTP model. Further post-processing is also presented that allows one to generate the full state transition matrix and the time-varying state matrix of the system from the parametric model if the measurement set is adequate. The experimental techniques are demonstrated on simulated measurements from a Jeffcott rotor mounted on an anisotropic, flexible shaft, supported by anisotropic bearings.
Designing enzymatic resolution of amines

A new strategy, utilizing IR and mass spectrometry, has been developed to design appropriate reagents and reaction conditions for enantioselective enzymatic protection of amines with readily removable protecting groups.
The V–EUV Delay for Dwarf Nova Outbursts: A Case Study for VW Hydri, U Geminorum, and SS Cygni

We present a parameter study using time-dependent calculations of the thermal limit cycle model for dwarf nova outbursts. Our goal is to delineate the dependence of the delay between the initial rapid rise of the visual and EUV fluxes during the start of an outburst on model parameters, concentrating on three bright nearby systems for which complete optical and EUV observations exist: VW Hydri, U Geminorum, and SS Cygni. For each system we compute 15 models spanning the early part of an outburst, taking the ratio of the instigation radius to the outer disk radius to be 0.5, 0.7, or 1.0 and adopting a value for the alpha viscosity parameter in the ionized disk of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, or 0.3. We confirm Smak's findings, which show a consistency of the standard model with observations. For these systems we infer that the outburst must be triggered at ~0.7-0.8 of the outer disk radius to produce delays that are in accord with observations. We show that the level of EUV flux in outburst is dictated by the amount of material carried within the inward-moving heating front spike as it reaches the inner edge of the disk, and we reaffirm earlier work by Meyer et al. that found the heating front speed to be given by the alpha parameter times the sound speed within the heating spike. We also see a stagnation, or period of slow warming (first noted by Mineshige), during the early stages of thermal instability but find that it does not influence the V-EUV delay since it precedes the rapid rise in V at the start of the outburst. In studying the sensitivity of our results to the initial mass distribution, we find that if one decreases the surface density in the inner disk, interior to the instigation radius, the V-EUV delay can be lengthened by as much as a factor of 2. In addition, we find there to be a weak relation between the V-EUV delay and the value of the alpha viscosity parameter in quiescence.
Relative economic incentives for hydrogen from nuclear, renewable, and fossil energy sources

The specific hydrogen market determines the value of hydrogen from different sources. Each hydrogen production technology has its own distinct characteristics. For example, steam reforming of natural gas produces only hydrogen. In contrast, nuclear and solar hydrogen production facilities produce hydrogen together with oxygen as a by-product or co-product. For a user who needs both oxygen and hydrogen, the value of hydrogen from nuclear and solar plants is higher than that from a fossil plant because 'free' oxygen is produced as a by-product. Six factors that impact the relative economics of fossil, nuclear, and solar hydrogen production to the customer are identified: oxygen by-product, avoidance of carbon dioxide emissions, hydrogen transport costs, storage costs, availability of low-cost heat, and institutional factors. These factors imply that different hydrogen production technologies will be competitive in different markets and that the first markets for nuclear and solar hydrogen will be those markets in which they have a unique competitive advantage. These secondary economic factors are described and quantified in terms of dollars per kilogram of hydrogen.
Braced for disaster.

Organized disaster or mass casualty incident planning is typically limited to prehospital, emergency department, operating room, and intensive care unit personnel. Such planning can be transferred to acute care situations as well.
Adapting publish/subscribe middleware to achieve Gnutella-like functionality

Gnutella represents a new wave of peer-to-peer applications providing distributed discovery and coordinated sharing of resources across the Internet. Gnutella is distinguished by its support for anonymity and by its decentralized architecture. The current Gnutella architecture and protocol have numerous flaws with respect to efficiency, anonymity, and vulnerability to malicious actions. An alternative design is described providing Gnutella-like functionality but removing or mitigating many of Gnutella's flaws. This design, referred to as Query/Advertise (Q/A) is based upon a scalable Publish/Subscribe middleware system called Siena. A prototype implementation of Q/A is described. The relative benefits of this approach are discussed, and a number of open research problems are identified with respect to Q/A systems.
Cyclization of Rouse chains at long- and short-time scales

We have investigated cyclization of a Rouse chain at long and short times by a Langevin dynamics simulation method. We measure S(t), the fraction of nonreacted chains, for polymerizations ranging from Z=5 to Z=800 and capture distances ranging from a=0.1b to a=8b where b is the bond length. Comparison is made with two theoretical approaches. The first is a decoupling approximation used by Wilemski and Fixman to close the relevant master equation [J. Chem. Phys. 58, 4009 (1973); 60, 866 (1974)]. The second approach is the renormalization group arguments of Friedman and O’Shaughnessy [Phys. Rev. Lett 60, 64 (1988); J. Phys. II 1, 471 (1991)]. We find that at long times S(t) decays as a single exponential with rate k∞. The scaled decay rate K=k∞τR appears to approach a constant value independent of the capture distance for very large chains consistent with the predictions of both the renormalization group (RG) and Wilemski–Fixman closure approximation. We extract K*, the long chain limit of K, from the fixed...
Measurements in a pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer during development and decay

Measurements of the turbulence structure in the outer layer of a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer were made in an open-circuit low-speed blower tunnel. The three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer on the floor of the tunnel was generated by a cross-stream pressure gradient using a 30-deg bend in the horizontal plane. Downstream of the bend, the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer gradually relaxed toward a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer as the crossflow decayed slowly after the cross-stream pressure gradient was removed. Mean velocities were measured with a three-hole pressure probe, and turbulence quantities, which included the Reynolds-stress tensor and the triple products, were measured with a cross-wire hot-wire anemometer
Screen printed capacitor dielectrics

Abstract Dielectrics yielding K′s of 400–800 and dissipation factors of less than 2 per cent are available as screen printing pastes. The dielectrics fit alumina substrates, are compatible with presently popular electrode compositions like Du Pont 7553 platinum-gold and may be fired in the range of 750–1050°C by the same time schedules presently used for thick-film conductor-resistor networks. Data on capacitance vs. voltage, temperature and frequency are presented as well as hysteresis loop and X-ray diffraction properties.
A General Strategy Toward Aromatic 1,2‐Ambiphilic Synthons: Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Halogenation of PyDipSi‐Arenes

Ambiphilic aromatic synthons—compounds possessing both electrophilic and nucleophilic centers in the same molecule—are important building blocks that are widely used for a modular construction of complex molecules in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.[1] Traditionally, they are accessed through multistep syntheses. One of the most efficient strategies toward 1,2-ambiphilic structures involves directed ortho-metalation (DOM) approach.[2] Our research group has recently developed the palladium-catalyzed directed ortho-acyloxylation of pyridyldiisopropylsilyl (PyDipSi) arenes B[3] [Eq. (1)] based on a C–H activation process.[4] Most importantly, we have shown that the PyDipSi directing group[5] could efficiently participate in a variety of reactions as a nucleophilic entity. Because the acyloxy group is known to serve as an electrophilic coupling partner,[6] the o-acyloxylated PyDipSi-arenes can be formally considered as 1,2-ambiphiles. Taking into account the immense synthetic potential of aryl halides as electrophilic reagents, we aimed at the development of a general strategy for the synthesis of ortho-halogenated aryl silanes C, which are much more powerful 1,2-ambiphiles. Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed ortho-halogenation reaction of easily accessible PyDipSi-arenes B into 1,2-ambiphiles C and their further transformations to a variety of valuable building blocks.
Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to leisure

One of the most routinely philosophically and politically attacked sections of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is article 24: ‘Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.’ Defending against these attacks is important. For example, only the USA and Somalia, among UN member states, are not parties to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). One reason for the USA's status is political opposition to CRC article 31, which maintains ‘States parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure….’ Our article defends article 24 from well-known criticisms. We maintain rights are social constructs and, as evidence of social construction, we provide a genealogy of article 24. We also address the social psychology of rest/leisure and trends in actual state practice.
Synthesis and monoamine transporter affinity of 3β-(4-(2-pyrrolyl)phenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and 3β-(5-Indolyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes

3β-(5-Indolyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes display potent binding affinity for both the dopamine and serotonin transporters, while certain 3β-(4-(2-pyrrolyl)phenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes selectively bind to the serotonin transporter.
Homogeneous Chromium Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization

Chromium-based heterogeneous catalysts are used extensively for the polymerization of olefins. There are few homogeneous model systems that allow investigation of the reaction mechanisms and unique characteristics of chromium catalysts. Coordinatively unsaturated paramagnetic chromium alkyls containing a Cp*CrIIIR fragment (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins. Correlations between molecular structure and catalytic activity are reviewed.
Placement of endosseous implants in children and adolescents with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia

Objective. The purposes of this investigation were to study the feasibility of placing endosseous implants in children and adolescents with ectodermal dysplasia and to assess the position and stability of such implants during growth. This article reports on 6 subjects with long-term follow-up. Study design. A prospective study was commenced in 1991. Patients with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia who were over the age of 5 years and who presented to the University of California San Francisco Ectodermal Dysplasia Clinic for dental treatment were included and maintained in the study. In each case, clinical and radiographic records were obtained before treatment, immediately after implant placement, at delivery of the prosthesis, and subsequently at yearly intervals. Six subjects are reported, 4 as members of the prospective study group and 2 who had been treated before the study began. Results. A total of 41 implants (19 maxillary, 22 mandibular) were placed. The average follow-up after implant placement was 7.8 years (range, 6-11 years), and the average time since restoration was 6 years (range, 5-10 years). Forty implants successfully integrated and have been restored. There was no evidence that implant placement or prosthetic rehabilitation resulted in restriction of transverse or sagittal growth. One mandibular implant, placed in a partially dentate 5-year-old, became submerged because of adjacent alveolar development and required placement of a longer abutment. Four maxillary implants placed in a partially dentate 7-year-old also became submerged and required prosthetic revision and the placement of longer abutments. Conclusions. This preliminary report suggests that endosseous implants can be successfully placed and can provide support for prosthetic restoration in patients with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia. However, vertical dentoalveolar growth results in submergence of the implant relative to the adjacent natural dentition when implants are placed adjacent to erupting permanent teeth. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88: 5-10)
CAPILLARY PRIMING CHARACTERISTICS OF A HIGH CAPACITY DUAL PASSAGE HEAT PIPE

Abstract A parametric study of the forces governing the liquid-vapor interface was performed for the purpose of determining the capillary priming characteristics of Grumman's dual passage monogroove heat pipe when subjected to low-g or zero-g conditions. The static liquid-vapor interface configuration was determined through the use of a mathematical model which utilized the technique of minimization of the free surface energies. A computer program which describes the lime to prime was then developed. Modeling predictions confirmed expectations or proper priming action and established the criteria for sizing of the liquid and vapor channels.
Poverty alleviation in Mozambique: a multi-market analysis of the role of food aid

Abstract The use of food aid in poverty alleviation programs has been hampered by two problems: the inability to target to households in need, and the disincentive effects on agriculture. In this paper, we present econometric estimates of in Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) for households in Maputo, Mozambique, and develop a multi-market model to show that in Maputo, imported yellow maize is not only self-targeting, but that owing to a combination of the low cross-price elasticity with locally produced staples (particularly, white maize) and cross-border trade in food products, the disincentive effects on domestic agriculture have been negligible.
Catalytic asymmetric allylic and homoallylic diamination of terminal olefins via formal C-H activation.

This paper describes a catalytic asymmetric diamination process for terminal olefins at allylic and homoallylic carbons via formal C−H activation using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as nitrogen source with a catalyst generated from Pd2(dba)3 and chiral phosphorus amidite ligand. A wide variety of readily available terminal olefins can be effectively diaminated in good yields with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities.