cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of FFA responses or multiplexing

Recent work using cluster analysis of brain activity during movies revealed distinct clusters that respond to faces and different non-face categories in the fusiform face area (FFA). Because of the limited heterogeneity observed, these results could mean that the FFA contains one population of cells capable of representing multiple categories.
Mononuclear Schiff base boron halides: synthesis, characterization, and dealkylation of trimethyl phosphate.

A series of mononuclear boron halides of the type LBX2 [LH ) N-phenyl-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine, X ) Cl (2), Br (3)] and LBX [LH 2 ) N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine, X ) Cl (7), Br (8); LH2 ) N-(2hydroxyethyl)-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine, X ) Cl (9), Br (10); and LH2) N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,5-di-tertbutylsalicylaldimine, X ) Cl (11), Br (12)] were synthesized from their borate precursors LB(OMe)2 (1) (LH ) N-phenyl-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine) and LB(OMe) [LH2 ) N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine (4), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine (5), N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldimine (6)]. The boron halide compounds were air and moisture sensitive, and upon hydrolysis, compound 7 resulted in the oxobridged compound 13 that contained two seven-membered boron heterocycles. The boron halide compounds dealkylated trimethyl phosphate in stoichiometric reactions to produce methyl halide and unidentified phosphate materials. Compounds 8 and 12 were found to be the most effective dealkylating agents. On reaction with tertbutyl diphenyl phosphinate, compound 8 produced a unique boron phosphinate compound LB(O)OPPh 2 (14) containing a terminal phosphinate group. Compounds 1-14 were characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 11 B, 31 P NMR, IR, MS, EA, and MP. Compounds 5, 6, and 11-14 also were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Fetal radiation monitoring and dose minimization during intensity modulated radiation therapy for glioblastoma in pregnancy

We examined the fetal dose from irradiation of glioblastoma during pregnancy using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and describe fetal dose minimization using mobile shielding devices. A case report is described of a pregnant woman with glioblastoma who was treated during the third trimester of gestation with 60 Gy of radiation delivered via a 6 MV photon IMRT plan. Fetal dose without shielding was estimated using an anthropomorphic phantom with ion chamber and diode measurements. Clinical fetal dose with shielding was determined with optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters and ion chamber. Clinical target volume (CTV) and planning target volume (PTV) coverage was 100 and 98 % receiving 95 % of the prescription dose, respectively. Normal tissue tolerances were kept below quantitative analysis of normal tissue effects in the clinic (QUANTEC) recommendations. Without shielding, anthropomorphic phantom measurements showed a cumulative fetal dose of 0.024 Gy. In vivo measurements with shielding in place demonstrated a cumulative fetal dose of 0.016 Gy. The fetal dose estimated without shielding was 0.04 % and with shielding was 0.026 % of the target dose. In vivo estimation of dose equivalent received by the fetus was 24.21 mSv. Using modern techniques, brain irradiation can be delivered to pregnant patients in the third trimester with very low measured doses to the fetus, without compromising target coverage or normal tissue dose constraints. Fetal dose can further be reduced with the use of shielding devices, in keeping with the principle of as low as reasonably achievable.
Low-level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators.

Copper contamination in surface waters is common in watersheds with mining activities or agricultural, industrial, commercial, and residential human land uses. This widespread pollutant is neurotoxic to the chemosensory systems of fish and other aquatic species. Among Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), copper-induced olfactory impairment has previously been shown to disrupt behaviors reliant on a functioning sense of smell. For juvenile coho salmon (O. kisutch), this includes predator avoidance behaviors triggered by a chemical alarm cue (conspecific skin extract). However, the survival consequences of this sublethal neurobehavioral toxicity have not been explored. In the present study juvenile coho were exposed to low levels of dissolved copper (5–20 μg/L for 3 h) and then presented with cues signaling the proximity of a predator. Unexposed coho showed a sharp reduction in swimming activity in response to both conspecific skin extract and the upstream presence of a cutthroat trout predator (O. clarki...
Functionality of Wrapping Defects in Soluble Proteins: What Cannot be Kept Dry Must be Conserved

Soluble proteins preserve their structure only if a sufficient number of non-polar groups are clustered around the backbone hydrogen bonds, protecting them from water attack. When these bonds are not properly wrapped or dehydrated intramolecularly, structural integrity can be preserved through binding partnerships. This is because insufficiently wrapped hydrogen bonds are inherently adhesive and become better shielded upon protein-ligand association. Thus, we postulate that deficiently wrapped hydrogen bonds are functionally relevant. Two findings that support this conjecture are: (a) there is a statistically relevant linear correlation between the number of defects in a folding domain and its proteomic connectivity, obtained from large-scale two-hybrid experiments; (b) the residues paired by under-wrapped hydrogen bonds are highly conserved. The high mutational sensitivity of under-wrapped regions can be rationalized, since their structural integrity relies on their propensity to behave as binding sites, in turn, a consequence of their adhesiveness. Thus, the regions in soluble protein structure that cannot be kept dry in water tend to be conserved.
Tetrabenazine: the first approved drug for the treatment of chorea in US patients with Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited progressive neurological disease characterized by chorea, an involuntary brief movement that tends to flow between body regions. HD is typically diagnosed based on clinical findings in the setting of a family history and may be confirmed with genetic testing. Predictive testing is available to those at risk, but only experienced clinicians should perform the counseling and testing. Multiple areas of the brain degenerate mainly involving the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid. Although pharmacotherapies theoretically target these neurotransmitters, few well-conducted trials for symptomatic or neuroprotective interventions yielded positive results. Tetrabenazine (TBZ) is a dopamine-depleting agent that may be one of the more effective agents for reducing chorea, although it has a risk of potentially serious adverse effects. Some newer antipsychotic agents, such as olanzapine and aripiprazole, may have adequate efficacy with a more favorable adverse-effect profile than older antipsychotic agents for treating chorea and psychosis. This review will address the epidemiology and diagnosis of HD as background for understanding potential pharmacological treatment options. Because TBZ is the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved medication in the United States for HD, the focus of this review will be on its pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and practical uses. There are no current treatments to change the course of HD, but education and symptomatic therapies can be effective tools for clinicians to use with patients and families affected by HD.
A Social Cognitive perspective on Positive Psychology

This article addresses positive psychology from the agentic perspective of social cognitive theory. There is a difference between pursuing happiness and achieving it through meaningful pursuits. Perceived well-being and satisfaction are derived from how one lives one's life not just from episodic good feelings or transient pleasures. Social cognitive theory addresses well-being and satisfaction in terms of commitment to a valued future and enablement to take the steps to realise it. The state of one's satisfaction and well-being is determined, in large part, relationally rather than solely by objective life conditions. Self-satisfaction and subjective well-being are rooted in temporal comparison on whether one's life is better or worse than in the past; social comparison on whether the quality of one's life compares favourably or unfavourably with the quality of life others enjoy; and aspirational comparison on how one's life status measures against the life ambition one set for oneself.
The Blackboard or Virtual Reality

Abstract Instructional technology used effectively can enhance significantly what we do in the classroom. Used thoughtlessly, it can confuse and annoy the student. This article presents a series of specific examples and caveats while exploring the creation and use of electronic resources in a variety of classes. The electronic resources covered in this article include Web pages, virtual reality (specifically, a MOO), and interactive exercises. While examples are drawn primarily from the author's experience teaching Classics, the lessons learned apply to all fields. The article concludes with a case study of how to develop materials for a class on the story of Baucis and Philemon from Ovid's Metamorphoses.
Warkitting: The Drive-by Subversion of Wireless Home Routers

ABSTRACT In this article we introduce the notion of warkitting as the drive-by subversion of wireless home routers through unauthorized access by mobile WiFi clients. We describe how such attacks can be performed, evaluate the vulnerability of currently deployed wireless routers based on experimental data, and examine the impact of these attacks on Internet fraud. Our analysis shows that it is possible in practice to carry out warkitting attacks with low-cost equipment widely available today and that the volume of credential theft possible through warkitting exceeds current estimates of credential theft due to phishing. We discuss how to detect a warkitting attack in progress and show how to analyze warkitted routers for evidence linking it to the attackers.
A biometrical study of the relationship between sodium-lithium countertransport and triglycerides

We addressed the question: Is there evidence that allelic variation in a single unmeasured gene that has a large effect on maximal activity of erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport (Na-Li CNT) also has pleiotropic effects on variation in plasma triglyceride levels? Complex segregation analysis models that included plasma triglyceride levels as a covariate were considered as explanations for interindividual variation in Na-Li CNT. A sample of 711 healthy adults from 254 pedigrees enrolled in the Rochester Family Heart Study was selected for this study. The majority of the pedigrees supported the hypothesis that variations in a single unmeasured non-transmitted environmental factor have large effects on the Na-Li CNT distribution. Only gender-specific first-order covariate parameters were necessary in the complex segregation models suggesting that the form of the relationship between Na-Li CNT and plasma triglyceride level was not influenced by variation in the inferred environmental factor with large effects. Stratification of the sample by this inferred environmental factor resulted in three classes of individuals with significant differences in the distributions of coronary heart disease risk factor traits, as well as interindividual variation in both Na-Li CNT and plasma triglyceride levels. These results, along with other observations from the Rochester Family Heart Study sample, emphasize the complex and multifactorial nature of the causes of interindividual variation in Na-Li CNT. Our study further suggests that new research strategies are needed for studying the relationships between genetic and environmental variation and variation in quantitative traits such as Na-Li CNT that have been identified as risk factors for hypertension.
A novel application of parallel betweenness centrality to power grid contingency analysis

In Energy Management Systems, contingency analysis is commonly performed for identifying and mitigating potentially harmful power grid component failures. The exponentially increasing combinatorial number of failure modes imposes a significant computational burden for massive contingency analysis. It is critical to select a limited set of high-impact contingency cases within the constraint of computing power and time requirements to make it possible for real-time power system vulnerability assessment. In this paper, we present a novel application of parallel betweenness centrality to power grid contingency selection. We cross-validate the proposed method using the model and data of the western US power grid, and implement it on a Cray XMT system – a massively multithreaded architecture – leveraging its advantages for parallel execution of irregular algorithms, such as graph analysis. We achieve a speedup of 55 times (on 64 processors) compared against the single-processor version of the same code running on the Cray XMT. We also compare an OpenMP-based version of the same code running on an HP Superdome shared-memory machine. The performance of the Cray XMT code shows better scalability and resource utilization, and shorter execution time for large-scale power grids. This proposed approach has been evaluated in PNNL's Electricity Infrastructure Operations Center (EIOC). It is expected to provide a quick and efficient solution to massive contingency selection problems to help power grid operators to identify and mitigate potential widespread cascading power grid failures in real time.
Exceptional Protection the Way Ahead: A Developing Country Perspective

Although the Uruguay Round agreement has been signed and most of its provisions are now being implemented, there is not only a remaining agenda which the Round either did not address at all or addressed inadequately, but also a new agenda that has emerged in response to development in world trade since 1994. The issue of exceptional protection straddles both aspects of an area which was not dealt with satisfactorily during the Uruguay Round and in which loopholes have consequently been left open that permit protection levels to be maintained or even increased in some sectors in the aftermath of the Round.
Stabilities and Properties of Multilinked Hemoglobins

Crosslinking of both human and dog hemoglobin has been done with a variety of reagents to produce singly, doubly and multiply crosslinked hemoglobins. Succinate and glutarate diaspirins did not crosslink deoxy human hemoglobin in good yield, in contrast to the fumarate analog (DBSF). Deoxy dog Hb did not react well with DBSF, but oxy dog Hb did react, giving crosslinked tetramers as well as dimers on SDS electrophoresis. Crosslinking with a short, rigid reagent (difluorodinitrobenzene) resulted in a similar product for both oxy and deoxy hemoglobin that had high stability and oxygen affinity. The trilinker, trischloroethylamine, produced a more stable product than the corresponding crosslinker, bischloroethylamine. Double Crosslinking oxy Hb with DBSF and dimethylpimelimidate or with DBSF followed by deoxygenation and recrosslinking with DBSF gave products with higher denaturation temperatures. The diaspirin double crosslinked product had high oxygen affinity.
Mutations in the BH4-metabolizing genes GTP cyclohydrolase I, 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase, sepiapterin reductase, carbinolamine-4a-dehydratase, and dihydropteridine reductase

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) deficiencies are a highly heterogeneous group of disorders with several hundred patients, and so far a total of 193 different mutant alleles or molecular lesions identified in the GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), sepiapterin reductase (SR), carbinolamine-4a-dehydratase (PCD), or dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) genes. The spectrum of mutations causing a reduction in one of the three biosynthetic (GTPCH, PTPS, and SR) or the two regenerating enzymes (PCD and DHPR) is tabulated and reviewed. Furthermore, current genomic variations or SNPs are also compiled. Mutations in GCH1 are scattered over the entire gene, and only 5 out of 104 mutant alleles, present in a homozygous state, are reported to cause the autosomal recessive form of inheritable hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) associated with monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency. Almost all other 99 different mutant alleles in GCH1 are observed together with a wild-type allele and cause Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD, Segawa disease) in a dominant fashion with reduced penetrance. Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations are spread over the entire genes for PTS with 44 mutant alleles, for PCBD with nine mutant alleles, and for QDPR with 29 mutant alleles. These mutations cause an autosomal recessive inherited form of HPA, mostly accompanied by a deficiency of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Lack of sepiapterin reductase activity, an autosomal recessive variant of BH(4) deficiency presenting without HPA, was diagnosed in patients with seven different mutant alleles in the SPR gene in exons 2 or 3 or in intron 2. Details on all mutations presented here are constantly updated in the BIOMDB database (www.bh4.org).
A chemical mutagenesis screen to identify modifier genes that interact with growth hormone and TGF-β signaling pathways

We describe a phenotype-driven mutagenesis screen in which mice carrying a targeted mutation are bred with ENU-treated males in order to provide a sensitized system for detecting dominant modifier mutations. The presence of initial mutation renders the screening system more responsive to subtle changes in modifier genes that would not be penetrant in an otherwise wild type background. We utilized two mutant mouse models: 1) mice carrying a mutation in growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (Ghrhr) (denoted ‘lit’ allele, Ghrhr lit ), which results in GH deficiency; and 2) mice lacking Smad2 gene, a signal transducer for TGF-β, an important bone growth factor. The Smad2 �/� mice are lethal and Ghrhr lit/lit mice are dwarf, but both Smad2 +/� and Ghrhr lit/+ mice exhibit normal growth. We injected 6–7 weeks old C57BL/6J male mice with ENU (100 mg/kg dose) and bred them with Ghrhr lit/+ and Smad2 +/� mice. The F1 mice with Ghrhr lit/+ or Smad2 +/� genotype were screened for growth and skeletal phenotypes. An outlier was identified as N3 SD units different from wild type control (n=20–30). We screened about 100 F1 mice with Ghrhr lit/+ and Smad2 +/� genotypes and identified nine outliers. A backcross established heritability of three mutant lines in multiple generations. Among the phenotypic deviants, we have identified a mutant mouse with 30–40% reduced bone size. The magnitude of the bone size phenotype was amplified by the presence of one copy of the disrupted Ghrhr gene as determined by the 2-way ANOVA (pb0.02 for interaction). Thus, a new mouse model has been established to identify a gene that interacts with GH signaling to regulate bone size. In addition, the sensitized screen also demonstrated higher recovery of skeletal phenotypes as compared to that obtained in the classical ENU screen in wild type mice. The discovery of mutants in a selected pathway will provide a valuable tool to not only to discover novel genes involved in a particular process but will also prove useful for the elucidation of the biology of that process.
Trials and tribulations on the road to implementing integrative medicine in a hospital setting

AbstractIn this paper, results are reported from a five year qualitative study involving a stakeholder analysis of a hospital-based centre for integrative medicine. The objective of the study was to identify the barriers and the facilitators for creating integrative medicine in this setting. The study documented the timeline of the Centre from its very hopeful beginning to its demise. The paper focuses on the administrative implementation process, examining the original expectations in light of the organisational culture, business model, impact of policies and regulations, and the trade-offs made between the original goals and those attained within this environment. One of the most troubling aspects arising from this case study was that no corrective mechanism was in place for program design flexibility once previously created policies were deemed harmful to the Centre. When the major assumptions on which the Centre was founded, turned out to be false, there was no turning back and the Centre collapsed.
The Profession of College Career Services Delivery: What College Counselors Should Know About Career Centers

College career centers provide a valuable resource to students faced with choosing a major, learning about different career fields, and securing internships and jobs. Career centers must provide an increasingly sophisticated array of one-on-one and virtual services in order to meet the needs of students and recruiters. Collaborations between the career services office and other departments, including the college counseling center, are necessary to address students' needs in a holistic manner. The author describes the organizational structure of college career centers and services typically offered, discusses psychological correlates of career development and the integration of personal and career counseling, and provides suggestions for how counseling center and other college professionals can collaborate with their career services office.
A decision theory framework for software fault correction

The use of decision theory concepts in detecting and correcting software faults is considered. The concepts of software faults and failure, symptoms and corrective actions are presented as a way of viewing the software design and test portion of a software development effort. It is shown how probabilistic estimates of software failure based on project histories can be used in a decision-making setting to reduce fault correction cost and time. An algorithm which computes the decision procedure is discussed as well as computational considerations. The impact of the decision-theory model on large-scale software development efforts is presented. >
Volumetric Correlates of Spatiotemporal Working and Recognition Memory Impairment in Aged Rhesus Monkeys

Spatiotemporal and recognition memory are affected by aging in humans and macaque monkeys. To investigate whether these deficits are coupled with atrophy of memory-related brain regions, T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired and volumes of the cerebrum, ventricles, prefrontal cortex (PFC), calcarine cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were quantified in young and aged rhesus monkeys. Subjects were tested on a spatiotemporal memory procedure (delayed response [DR]) that requires the integrity of the PFC and a medial temporal lobe-dependent recognition memory task (delayed nonmatching to sample [DNMS]). Region of interest analyses revealed that age inversely correlated with striatal, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex volumes. Hippocampal volume predicted acquisition of the DR task. Striatal volume correlated with DNMS acquisition, whereas total prefrontal gray matter, prefrontal white matter, and dlPFC volumes each predicted DNMS accuracy. A regional covariance analysis revealed that age-related volumetric changes could be captured in a distributed network that was coupled with declining performance across delays on the DNMS task. This volumetric analysis adds to growing evidence that cognitive aging in primates arises from region-specific morphometric alterations distributed across multiple memory-related brain systems, including subdivisions of the PFC.
Use of a course on self-control behavior techniques to increase adherence to prescribed frequency for self-monitoring blood glucose.

A 12-week behavioral change program consisting of a course on Self-Control Behavior Techniques, which used a self- study format and included self- management techniques, was developed and implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the course and the behavioral change techniques in helping people with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus to increase adherence to the prescribed frequency for self- monitoring blood glucose (SMBG). A two-group pretest posttest experimental design was used (treatment n = 11, control n = 14). The treatment group achieved significantly higher posttest scores for the course. However, the control group achieved a significantly higher goal-adherence rate. The course was effective in teaching the knowledge and skills necessary for learning the techniques; the educational approach was an effective method for learning; and the application of the techniques resulted in an increase in frequency of SMBG but did not result in achievement of adherence to the goal for frequency of SMBG.
The Stress Gym: An Online Intervention to Improve Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Adults

Finding methods to facilitate efficient assimilation of relevant health care information is important for quality outcomes, including promoting maximal wellness and optimal patient outcomes in vulnerable populations. The Internet is a promising information resource that can be used to reach those suffering from depression, but evidence of its efficacy in this population is lacking. This study was designed to examine The Stress Gym intervention, a web-enhanced behavioral self-management program (WEB-SM) consisting of nine modules focused on the management of stress and depression. The effect of the Stress Gym intervention on depressive symptoms, stress, and attention was examined, from pre- to post-intervention, in participants with stress and in participants who were experiencing both stress and depressive symptoms. A statistically significant decrease in depressive symptoms and stress was observed and there was a statistically significant increase in attention after the Stress Gym intervention, on average, for all participants. This study supports the efficacy of Stress Gym as a tool to reduce depressive symptoms, stress, and attentional difficulties. There were significant improvements in participants overall and for participants when they were segregated into two groups, those with stress only and those with depressive symptoms and stress. With many patients choosing to explore health concerns online, it is important to have evidence-based programs available online that can help them manage their symptoms.
Perceived Autonomy-Support Instruction and Student Outcomes in Physical Education and Leisure-Time: A Meta-Analytic Review of Correlates

Physical inactivity is a global concern. Physical educators have direct access to children. Researchers have investigated the benefits of student perceived physical education (PE) autonomy-supportive instruction in PE and leisure-time (LT). Hence, a fixed-effect meta-analysis was conducted to gain an understanding of the direct effects of perceived PE autonomy-supportive instruction on a number of student outcomes. In total, 39 correlation based studies totaling 23,554 participants were analyzed with mean weighted correlation (rw) as the analyzed effect size. Nearly all effect sizes were statistically significant (p < .01). Effect sizes in PE ranged in meaningfulness from large to small across the PE categories of basic needs, emotions, motivational processes and behaviors, physical activity self-esteem, physical activity motivation, and general self-esteem/concept. For LT, effect sizes were mostly medium to small across the basics needs, motivation processes, and physical activity categories. Thus, though student perceived PE teacher autonomy-support instruction was meaningfully related to basics needs, higher level motivational processes (i.e. intrinsic motivation), and positive emotions in PE and LT, the relationships were small in meaningfulness with regards to physical activity. Future research must elucidate how perceived PE teacher autonomy-support instruction may directly improve children’s physical activity to combat the global inactivity epidemic.
Brief report: Explaining differences in depressive symptoms between African American and European American adolescents.

African American adolescents report more depressive symptoms than their European American peers, but the reasons for these differences are poorly understood. This study examines whether risk factors in individual, family, school, and community domains explain these differences. African American and European American adolescents participating in the Birmingham Youth Violence Study (N = 594; mean age 13.2 years) reported on their depressive symptoms, pubertal development, aggressive and delinquent behavior, connectedness to school, witnessing violence, and poor parenting. Primary caregivers provided information on family income and their education level, marital status, and depression, and the adolescents' academic performance. African American adolescents reported more depressive symptoms than European American participants. Family socioeconomic factors reduced this difference by 29%; all risk factors reduced it by 88%. Adolescents' exposure to violence, antisocial behavior, and low school connectedness, as well as lower parental education and parenting quality, emerged as significant mediators of the group differences in depressive symptoms.
Flexible, lightweight steel-foil substrates for a-Si:H thin-film transistors

For many flat panel display applications, traditional glass substrates for the TFT backplane are not sufficiently rugged. Therefore, we have begun to explore the use of steel foils as TFT substrates for emissive or reflective displays. We report the fabrication of high quality a-Si:H TFTs on lightweight, flexible 75 µm thick stainless steel foils. The electrical characteristics of the TFTs were good and were not significantly affected by either dropping over 15 meters to a concrete floor or being bent to a radius of curvature of 8.25 cm for a period of over 400 hours. Typical device characteristics were: ION/IOFF > 107, IOFF ≈ 10−12 A, VT ≈ 3.2 V, and µEFF ≈ 0.9 cm2/Vs. We also discuss our recent work on the successful integration of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with TFTs on steel substrates, resulting in a new form of emissive display.
Novel Three-phase SMR Converter

We already developed a conventional SMR (Switch Mode Rectifier) converter using bilateral switch. A conventional SMR converter has a weak point that is to be need of AC snubber circuit and the complicated circuit for regeneration of snubber energy.This paper discribes a novel three-phase SMR converter which was named DC-Clamped type SMR ( DCC-SMR ) using direct frequency changing technology for industrial use power supply. DCC-SMR consists of frequency changer, HF (High Frequency) transformer and HF rectifier. Frequency changer of DCC-SMR doesn't use bilateral switch. Then, we can use DC snubber for switch. Furthermore, DCC-SMR doesn't-need regenerative circuit and discharge resistance, because snubber circuit is only capaciter and snubber energy is regenerated to primary winding of HF transformer by main switch.We verified usefulness in experimentation. Moreover, we refer to efficiency of 100kw prototype system.
Drift-Diffusion Modeling of the Effects of Structural Disorder and Carrier Mobility on the Performance of Organic Photovoltaic Devices

We probe the effects of structural disorder on the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices via drift-diffusion modeling. We utilize ensembles of spatially disordered one-dimensional mobility profiles to approximate the three-dimensional structural disorder present in actual devices. Each replica in our ensemble approximates one high-conductivity pathway through the three-dimensional network(s) present in a polymer-based bulk heterojunction solar cell, so that the ensemble-averaged behavior provides a good approximation to a full three-dimensional structurally disordered device. Our calculations show that the short-circuit current, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency of simulated devices are all negatively impacted by the inclusion of structural disorder, but that the open-circuit voltage is nearly impervious to structural defects. This is in contrast to energetic disorder, where previous studies found that spatial variation in the energy in OPVactive layers causes a decrease in the open-circuit voltage. We also show that structural disorder causes the greatest detriment to device performance for feature sizes between 2 and 10 nm. Since this is on the same length scale as the fullerene crystallites in experimental devices, it suggests both that controlling structural disorder is critical to the performance of OPV devices and that the effects of structural disorder should be included in future drift-diffusion modeling studies of organic solar cells.
A Semi-Blind Multiuser Detection Based on Subspace Constrained RLS Algorithm

From the foundation of the investigation on the RLS-MOE blind muhiuser detection,a semi-hlind muhiuser detection based on the subspace constrained RLS algorithm is proposed for MC-CDMA uplink.A seim-blind muhiuser detection hased on the MOE principle is designed by exploiting the spreading sequences of all known users.We combine the RLS algorithm with the subspace ap- proach and propose a subspace constrained RLS algorithm to obtain the MOE weight vector adaptively.This proposed detector suppresses the interferers within the cell and mitigates the noise.As a result,the performance of the system is improved.A modified PASTd algo- titian is presented for adaptive subspace estimation,which reduces the computational complexity.Simulation results show that the pro- posed algorithm can offer better performance in SINR and BER than the RLS-MOE blind muhiuser detection.
Large-scale three-dimensional phase-field simulations for phase coarsening at ultrahigh volume fraction on high-performance architectures

A parallel algorithm for large-scale three-dimensional phase-field simulations of phase coarsening is developed and implemented on high-performance architectures. From the large-scale simulations, a new kinetics in phase coarsening in the region of ultrahigh volume fraction is found. The parallel implementation is capable of harnessing the greater computer power available from high-performance architectures. The parallelized code enables increase in three-dimensional simulation system size up to a 5123 grid cube. Through the parallelized code, practical runtime can be achieved for three-dimensional large-scale simulations, and the statistical significance of the results from these high resolution parallel simulations are greatly improved over those obtainable from serial simulations. A detailed performance analysis on speed-up and scalability is presented, showing good scalability which improves with increasing problem size. In addition, a model for prediction of runtime is developed, which shows a good agreement with actual run time from numerical tests.
The selectivity of the Na+/K+-pump is controlled by binding site protonation and self-correcting occlusion

The Na(+)/K(+)-pump maintains the physiological K(+) and Na(+) electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. It operates via an 'alternating-access' mechanism, making iterative transitions between inward-facing (E1) and outward-facing (E2) conformations. Although the general features of the transport cycle are known, the detailed physicochemical factors governing the binding site selectivity remain mysterious. Free energy molecular dynamics simulations show that the ion binding sites switch their binding specificity in E1 and E2. This is accompanied by small structural arrangements and changes in protonation states of the coordinating residues. Additional computations on structural models of the intermediate states along the conformational transition pathway reveal that the free energy barrier toward the occlusion step is considerably increased when the wrong type of ion is loaded into the binding pocket, prohibiting the pump cycle from proceeding forward. This self-correcting mechanism strengthens the overall transport selectivity and protects the stoichiometry of the pump cycle.
Race Cycles, Racial Hierarchy, and Inclusionary Discrimination: A Dynamic Approach

This book has two agendas: (1) to use the case of Cuba to examine why racial politics change and what limits the amount of improvement for subordinate racial groups and (2) to analyze racial politics in modern Cuba empirically in the context of theories that have been used to explain racial politics in Cuba specifically and in Latin America generally. It is tempting to believe that a single underlying narrative can be found to explain racial politics in post-revolutionary Cuba. The central argument of this book, however, is that at the level of both state and individual, there are often contradictory forces at work with regard to racial politics. Mechanisms of racial change have a strange duality, as they can simultaneously create greater racial equality and reinforce ideas that maintain racial hierarchy. One such mechanism is the myth of color-blindness, which has become a dominant discourse of modern nation states, including Brazil, Cuba, and later the United States (Guinier and Torres 2002). The contradictory forces at work in racial politics have been expressed in Cuba through its history, state policy, culture, and racial ideology, and in the everyday experiences of Cubans. There has been no linear improvement in racial politics, but an iterative process of opening and closure that has been limited by racial ideology. This book explores all of these elements and their individual, varied effects on racial politics in postrevolutionary Cuba. I look first at broad historical elements and then at the day-to-day situation on the island.
A staged repair of crossed fused renal ectopia with complex abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms

Crossed fused renal ectopia in the presence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is a rare challenge to therapy. A 68-year-old man had a 6.9-cm AAA, a 6.6-cm left common iliac aneurysm, and a 3.2-cm right internal iliac aneurysm. He had multiple comorbidities and a right-sided crossed fused kidney supplied by two small renal arteries arising from the AAA. Aortorenal bypass with staged endovascular aneurysm repair was used to treat the aneurysmal disease. Two-stage open aortorenal bypass followed by endovascular repair for complex aneurysms is feasible in the rare patient with such a congenital anomaly.
The three criteria for resistance by plant carrion‐provisioning: insect entrapment and predator enrichment on Mimulus bolanderi

1. Many sticky plants provision mutualistic scavenging arthropod predators with carrion, which in turn protect the plant from insect herbivores. While insect entrapment is a common trait across plants, which plants attract these predators and may derive protection is still largely unknown. 2. Three conditions were proposed that must be satisfied for observational data to suggest this defensive strategy: (i) the consistent presence of scavenging predators, (ii) positive correlation between predator numbers and carrion, and (iii) suitability of these predators for controlling known herbivores. 3. As a case study, we examined the fire-following annual, Mimulus [Diplacus] bolanderi (Phyrmaceae), which is part of a well-studied radiation of California monkeyflowers. Many monkeyflowers entrap insects, though attraction to predators has not been quantified in this genus. 4. A guild of scavenging arthropod predators on M. bolanderi (condition #1) was found, which correlated positively with carrion abundance (#2) and could consume the primary herbivore (#3), suggesting a carrion-mediated defensive strategy. Lastly, as M. bolanderi is variable in time and space, these interactions are facultative, and these predators are quick to adopt ephemeral carrion resources on novel host plants.
Experimental studies and model analysis of noble gas fractionation in low-permeability porous media

Abstract Gas flow through the vadose zone from sources at depth involves fractionation effects that can obscure the nature of transport and even the identity of the source. Transport processes are particularly complex in low permeability media but as shown in this study, can be elucidated by measuring the atmospheric noble gases. A series of laboratory column experiments was conducted to evaluate the movement of noble gas from the atmosphere into soil in the presence of a net efflux of CO2, a process that leads to fractionation of the noble gases from their atmospheric abundance ratios. The column packings were designed to simulate natural sedimentary deposition by interlayering low permeability ceramic plates and high permeability beach sand. Gas samples were collected at different depths at CO2 fluxes high enough to cause extreme fractionation of the noble gases (4He/36Ar > 20 times the air ratio). The experimental noble gas fractionation-depth profiles were in good agreement with those predicted by the dusty gas (DG) model, demonstrating the applicability of the DG model across a broad spectrum of environmental conditions. A governing equation based on the dusty gas model was developed to specifically describe noble gas fractionation at each depth that is controlled by the binary diffusion coefficient, Knudsen diffusion coefficient and the ratio of total advection flux to total flux. Finally, the governing equation was used to derive the noble gas fractionation pattern and illustrate how it is influenced by soil CO2 flux, sedimentary sequence, thickness of each sedimentary layer and each layer’s physical parameters. Three potential applications of noble gas fractionation are provided: evaluating soil attributes in the path of gas flow from a source at depth to the atmosphere, testing leakage through low permeability barriers used to isolate buried waste, and tracking biological methanogenesis and methane oxidation associated with hydrocarbon degradation.
Situational influences on ethical sensemaking: Performance pressure, interpersonal conflict, and the recipient of consequences

ABSTRACTMultiple situational influences are often present in organizational ethical dilemmas. This article explores the influences of recipient of the consequence, performance pressure, and interpersonal conflict on sensemaking processes, metacognitive reasoning strategies, and decision ethicality. Results suggest that decision ethicality is greater when individuals are the recipients of consequences. In addition, individuals analyzed causes of the dilemma to a greater extent when faced with low interpersonal conflict and when consequences occurred at an individual level. Individuals in the low interpersonal conflict condition anticipated consequences, looked within, and considered others more than those in the high interpersonal conflict condition. Additional research on performance pressure is needed given that the manipulation used in this study was not effective. Implications for theory and practice of ethics in organizational settings are discussed.
Pain Energy Model of Mobility Limitation in the Older Adult.

Background Chronic pain is prevalent, costly, and disabling among older adults. Although mobility decline is inevitable with aging, it is clear, from current evidence, that older adults with chronic pain experience a greater rate of functional mobility decline than their pain-free peers. Past studies suggest that pain expedites the age-related decline in functional mobility; however, the pathways through which pain affects mobility remain unclear. Gerontological experts hypothesize that the age-related decline in mobility may be driven by alterations in energy expenditure; these concepts are outlined in a model known as the Energetic Pathway of Mobility Loss. Pain may play a critical role in this process through a pathway of energetic inefficiency, physical inactivity, and decreased capacity. Purpose The purposes of this article are to 1) summarize the current literature that supports the Energetic Pathway of Mobility Loss model and 2) propose a new framework, known as the Pain Energy Model, to clarify how the disablement process may be amplified among older adults with painful conditions. Conclusion This new framework is designed to generate new clinical research and to suggest new clinical implications for older adults with painful conditions by identifying key steps and potential treatment targets in the pathway to functional mobility decline.
Speciation in the exposed intertidal zone: the case of Saccharina angustissima comb. nov. & stat. nov. (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

Abstract Saccharina latissima is a perennial kelp with a circumboreal distribution from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic coasts. Our study clarified the taxonomy of the morphologically distinct Saccharina latissima forma angustissima (Collins) A.Mathieson from the low intertidal zone on exposed islands and ledges of Casco Bay, Maine, USA. To identify genetic divergence between the two morphotypes, S. latissima and S. latissima f. angustissima, we used a multilocus phylogenetic approach including nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer, mitochondrial cox1 and cox3, and plastid-encoded rbcL gene sequences. Genetic analysis of the individual markers and combined data set using SVDquartets resulted in p-distance values for all markers of < 1%, suggesting low divergence between the two forms. However, there was as much or more genetic divergence between S. latissima and S. latissima f. angustissima as there were between other taxonomically accepted species of Saccharina. To investigate sexual compat...
Observations of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation at the Labrador Sea surface layer

We present an analysis of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates in the upper ocean using in situ measurements collected by a coherent Doppler sonar in the Labrador Sea during summer 2004. The ...
Some Aquarectic Agents other than Vasopressin Analogs

The ability to excrete dilute urine may be impaired in at least three different ways that are of clinical importance. In some patients with heart or liver failure and avid sodium retention, the isotonic reabsorption of filtrate in proximal portions of the nephron may be so great that the limited delivery of fluid to diluting sites in distal nephron segments may be inadequate to permit the excretion of an amount of water sufficient to balance intake. Over relatively long periods of time, the continued intake of water would lead to hyponatremia. Aquaresis in this situation would be achievable by reducing isotonic reabsorption in proximal portions of the nephron so long as the distal diluting functions were not impaired.
Origin of the infra-red emission peak in freezing water

When droplets of purified water (1–5 μl) were cooled from the bottom, they slowly and continuously supercooled before releasing latent heat as a transient burst of infra-red (IR) radiation. In order to determine the role of this IR emission, a thin rectangular water layer was cooled unilaterally while imaged from above by an infrared (FLIR) camera. The first noticeable event was an IR burst that rapidly (< 0.1 s) moved through a 5-mm-long path of water. Final solidification of the water layer was recognized by an increase in volume, as the meniscus at the air interface changed from concave to convex. The propagation of the IR burst through the water layer preceded the first visible onset of volume increase and solidification by more than one second. The transient and early appearance of the IR burst belongs to what is called the first stage of freezing. This stage has been linked to the formation of so-called spongy ice. Both IR burst and pinnately shaped spongy ice appear at the same time and share a short transient existence. It is only this early type of ice that is associated with the IR burst. By contrast, the later-occurring solid ice formation parallels a diminishing IR emission.