cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weighted Kappa for Multiple Raters

Five procedures to calculate the probability of weighted kappa with multiple raters under the null hypothesis of independence are described and compared in terms of accuracy, ease of use, generality, and limitations. The five procedures are (1) exact variance, (2) resampling contingency, (3) intraclass correlation, (4) randomized block, and (5) resampling block. While each procedure possesses strengths and limitations, the resampling contingency procedure is shown to be the most versatile and accurate of the five procedures, provided the number of raters is not too large. The resampling contingency procedure permits any weighting scheme, accommodates both symmetrical and asymmetrical weights, is suitable for both weighted and unweighted kappa, and makes no assumptions about either the data distribution or the probability distribution.
A parameterization of cloud microphysics for long-term cloud-resolving modeling of tropical convection

This paper documents development of a simple cloud microphysical parameterization for use in long-term cloud-resolving simulations of maritime tropical convection. The parameterization is based on the bulk approach and considers two classes of liquid water (cloud water and rain) and two classes of ice (slowly falling ice A and fast-falling ice B). Ice A represents unrimed or lightly rimed ice particles whose spectral characteristics are assumed to follow aircraft observations in tropical upper-tropospheric anvil clouds. Ice B, on the other hand, represents heavily rimed ice particles (e.g., graupel) which occur in the vicinity of convective towers. Mixing ratios for these four classes of cloud condensate are used as model variables. Together with the mixing ratio for water vapor, five field variables are used to represent all forms of water in the tropical atmosphere. The parameterization is used in a prescribed flow model to illustrate development of tropical convective and stratiform precipitation. Application of the parameterization to the cloud-resolving simulations of cloud systems observed during the TOGA COARE field campaign is also presented.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN SEROTYPE 1 ASTROVIRUS-NEUTRALIZING EPITOPES

Astroviruses are important agents of pediatric gastroenteritis. To better understand astrovirus antigenic structure and the basis of protective immunity, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against serotype 1 human astrovirus. Four MAbs were generated. One MAb (8G4) was nonneutralizing but reacted to all seven serotypes of astrovirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) and immunoperoxidase staining of infected cells. Three MAbs were found to have potent neutralizing activity against astrovirus. The first (5B7) was serotype 1 specific, another (7C2) neutralized all seven human astrovirus serotypes, while the third (3B2) neutralized serotypes 1 and 7. Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled astrovirus proteins from supernatants of astrovirus-infected cells showed that all three neutralizing antibodies reacted with VP29. MAb 5B7 also reacted strongly with VP26. A competition ELISA showed that all three neutralizing antibodies competed with each other for binding to purified astrovirus virions, suggesting that their epitopes were topographically in close proximity. None of the neutralizing MAbs competed with nonneutralizing MAb 8G4. The neutralizing MAbs were used to select antigenic variant astroviruses, which were then studied in neutralization assays. These assays also suggested a close relationship between the respective epitopes. All three neutralizing MAbs were able to prevent attachment of radiolabeled astrovirus particles to human Caco 2 intestinal cell monolayers. Taken together, these data suggest that the astrovirus capsid protein VP29 may be important in viral neutralization, heterotypic immunity, and virus attachment to target cells.
Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Non-infectious lung injury following hematopoietic stem cell transplant may be driven by either immune or non-immune pathways of inflammation. Common alloimmune lung complications include idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), transfusion related lung injury, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and peri-engraftment respiratory distress syndrome, with both diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and peri-engraftment respiratory distress syndrome existing as subsets of IPS when infection is absent. This review will discuss the definitions, risk factors, and pathogeneses of IPS and highlight the diagnostic work-up and novel approaches to treatment.
Carrier multiplication in nanocrystal quantum dots and solar energy conversion

This paper discusses aspects of carrier multiplication (multiexciton generation by single photons) in semiconductor nanocrystals such as its mechanism, competing relaxation channels, ultimate efficiencies for photon-to-exciton conversion and implications of this process in photovoltaics.
Identification of a central phosphorylation site in p21-activated kinase regulating autoinhibition and kinase activity.

p21-activated kinases (Pak)/Ste20 kinases are regulated in vitro and in vivo by the small GTP-binding proteins Rac and Cdc42 and lipids, such as sphingosine, which stimulate autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. The mechanism of Pak activation by these agents remains unclear. We investigated Pak kinase activation in more detail to gain insight into the interplay between the GTPase/sphingosine binding, an intramolecular inhibitory interaction, and autophosphorylation. We present biochemical evidence that an autoinhibitory domain (ID) contained within amino acid residues 67–150 of Pak1 interacts with the carboxyl-terminal kinase domain and that this interaction is regulated in a GTPase-dependent fashion. Cdc42- and sphingosine-stimulated Pak1 activity can be inhibited intrans by recombinant ID peptide, indicating similarities in their mode of activation. However, Pak1, which was autophosphorylated in response to either GTPase or sphingosine, is highly active and is insensitive to inhibition by the ID peptide. We identified phospho-acceptor site threonine 423 in the kinase activation loop as a critical determinant for the sensitivity to autoinhibition and enzymatic activity. Phosphorylation studies suggested that the stimulatory effect of both GTPase and sphingosine results in exposure of the activation loop, making it accessible for intermolecular phosphorylation.
Experimental generation of non-Kolmogorov Turbulence using a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator

Several experiments showed that the classical Kolmogorov power spectral density of the refractive-index sometimes does not properly describe the statistics of the atmosphere. In this paper we show an experimental testbed able to generate non-classical Kolmogorov turbulence by using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The testbed is used at Naval Postgraduate School for laboratory investigation of laser beam propagation in maritime environment where a power law different from classical Kolmogorov, 11/ 3, could be present. Applications of this testbed are ship to-ship free space optical communication, imaging and high energy laser weapons
Effect of Posture on Deglutitive Biomechanics in Healthy Individuals

The purpose of this study was to assess displacement of oropharyngeal structures, particularly the hyoid bone and velum, and variations in timing of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing in the upright versus the supine position. Twelve Caucasian adult subjects between 19 and 27 years of age participated. Subjects were recorded swallowing 7 cc of liquid barium in the upright and supine positions. The hyoid bone had a significantly greater amount of anterior displacement while in the supine position compared to that of the upright position (p < 0.01). While in the upright position, the velum comes to a fully elevated position at nearly the same time as the initiation of the pharyngeal swallow (within an average of 27 ms of each other), whereas in the supine position the velum continues to elevate on average 115 ms after the initiation of the pharyngeal swallow. Results indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the amount of velar movement from rest to the fully elevated position between the upright and supine positions for female subjects. The results from the study demonstrate variations in hyoid displacement, velar movement, and bolus movement through the pharynx with respect to the two body positions and the subjects’ gender.
Model Predictive Control of a Nonlinear Large-Scale Process Network Used in the Production of Vinyl Acetate

In this work, we focus on the development and application of two Lyapunov-based model predictive control (LMPC) schemes to a large-scale nonlinear chemical process network used in the production of vinyl acetate. The nonlinear dynamic model of the process consists of 179 state variables and 13 control (manipulated) inputs and features a cooled plug-flow reactor, an eight-stage gas-liquid absorber, and both gas and liquid recycle streams. The two control schemes considered are an LMPC scheme which is formulated with a convectional quadratic cost function and a Lyapunov-based economic model predictive control (LEMPC) scheme which is formulated with an economic (non-quadratic) cost measure. The economic cost measure for the entire process network accounts for the reaction selectivity and the product separation quality. In the LMPC and LEMPC control schemes, five inputs, directly affecting the economic cost, are regulated with LMPC/LEMPC and the remaining eight inputs are computed by proportional-integral controllers. Simulations are carried out to study the economic performance of the closed-loop system under LMPC and under LEMPC formulated with the proposed economic measure. A thorough comparison of the two control schemes is provided.
Adapting communication styles and technology use to international environments

This essay is mainly based on our experience in team-teaching two interdisciplinary courses (Global Perspectives in Spring 2001 & Communication Across National Boundaries in Fall 2001) in addition to our regular classes, in which we have used a combination of new technologies, innovative methods, and diverse materials. Our interdisciplinary courses introduced students to global issues both from the perspective of power relationships and through understanding intercultural communication. The course assignments required students to do field research, use technology, and work as part of teams. Students learned to think critically about key global issues. The team project required students to do extensive research using technology, to conduct interviews, and to explore other types of field research in addition to more traditional library research. Moreover, with the extensive use of technology in our assignments, we made sure that our students gained the necessary skills for the modern work environment. Finally, collaboration with another discipline can help students see the broader implications of what they learn in international relations and technical communication courses.
Smoke-Column Observations from Two Forest Fires Using Doppler Lidar and Doppler Radar

Abstract To demonstrate the usefulness of active remote-sensing systems in observing forest fire plume behavior, we studied two fires, one using a 3.2-cm-wavelength Doppler radar, and one more extensively, using Doppler lidar. Both instruments observed the kinematics of the convection column, including the presence of two different types of rotation in the columns, and monitored the behavior of the smoke plume. The first fire, a forest fire that burned out of control, was observed by the Doppler radar during late-morning and afternoon hours. Strong horizontal ambient winds produced a bent-over convection column, which the radar observed to have strong horizontal flow at its edges and weaker flow along the centerline of the plume. This velocity pattern implies that the column consisted of a pair of counterrotating horizontal vortices (rolls), with rising motion along the centerline and sinking along the edges. The radar tracked the smoke plume for over 30 km. It also provided circular depolarization ratio ...
Evaluation of hematologic variables in newborn C57/BL6 mice up to day 35.

Background Hematologic variables are often analyzed in animal analogs during the investigation of complex disease etiologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis. However, reference intervals (RI) can vary depending on animal strain, age, and sampling site. Reference intervals have been published for adult C57BL/6J mice, but not newborn C57BL/6J mice. Objectives The purpose of the present study was to determine hematologic RI in newborn C57BL/6J mice up to day 35. Methods C57BL/6J mice founders from The Jackson Laboratory were bred at the University of Iowa. Blood samples were obtained via facial vein sampling at postnatal days 0 (p0), p7, p14, p21, p28, or young adulthood (p35). CBCs were determined with the Sysmex XT-2000iV analyzer within 30 minutes of blood collection at a 1:10 dilution. Statistics were determined using nonparametric methods following ASVCP guidelines. Results Hematologic RI were determined for each of the 6 groups (n = 247, n ≥ 39 per group). Significantly higher values for HGB, RBC, and PLT counts were observed with advancing developmental age. Total WBC counts remained relatively stable during the first 35 days of life. However, WBC differential counts were dominated by neutrophils and lymphocytes in the younger mice, with a trend toward a lymphocytic leukogram on day 35. Conclusions These results illustrate the dynamic changes in hematologic variables during murine development after birth. Utilization of age-specific RI is advised when evaluating data derived from experimental perinatal mouse models.
hCG, its free subunits and its metabolites. Roles in pregnancy and trophoblastic disease.

Objective To examine the structure and metabolism of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the effect of molecular heterogeneity on the immunodiagnosis and monitoring of gestational trophoblastic disease. Study design A review of the current medical literature concerning measurement of hCG and hCG-related molecules. Results hCG molecules in gestational trophoblastic disease are more heterogeneous or degraded in serum and urine samples than in normal pregnancy. Conclusion Appropriate measurement and monitoring of hCG levels in gestational trophoblastic disease require an understanding of hCG structure and metabolism.
Facile synthesis of mixed-ligand bis(dicarbollyl) complexes of nickel

Abstract Four mixed-ligand bis(dicarbollyl)nickel(IV) complexes 4b-e were prepared in good yields via a two-step procedure including (1) ligand exchange reactions between the nickelacarborane complex 3,3-(PPh3)2-closo-3,1,2-NiC2B9H11 (1) and the appropriate substituted dicarbollide-dianions generated from the TBA-salts of nido-carborane anions [7,8-C2B9H11(R)]− {R = 3-[(CH2)5C16H9] (2b); 5-[m-CF3C6H4] (2c); 5-[p-CH3OC6H4] (2d); and 1-[C≡CTIPS] (2e)} in THF and (2) subsequent oxidation of the prepared paramagnetic intermediate Ni(III) complexes 3b-e by FeCl3 in acetonitrile. Target compounds were characterized using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. The structure of 4e was determined using X-ray diffraction.
Lesions of the circulatory system of the placenta: A study of 234 placentas with special reference to the development of infarcts

Summary Lesions of the circula tory sys tems of the plac nta have been studied in a series of placentas delivered during the third trimester of pregnancy or at term. Fiv types of lesions were recognized in the 100 placentas used for sta tistical frequency: 1. Intervillous fibrin deposition was encountered in varying degrees in all of the placentas studied. The lesion is found in areas of the in tervillous space where the circulation wou ld tend to be slow. 2. Thirty-seven infarcts resuiting from obstruction of a maternal artery in the decidual plate were seen. There was usually only one in a placenta, but occasionally several such lesions were present. 3. Ninety-two intervillous thrombi were found. Sometimes multiple lesions of this type were present, but usually less than 3 were present in a placenta. The lesion is probably du to slowed eddying currents in the intervillous space as a result of obstruction of maternal veins in the decidual plate. 4. A lesion following partial premature separation of the placental site was found in two of the placentas. This lesion is due to separation of both maternal arterioles and veins in the decidual plate. 5. Fetal vessel thrombosis involving a major villous stalk was encountered in six of the placentas. A diffuse lesion of the same type is seen in the placenta fo lowing intrauterine death. The lesions demonstra ted and the points of obstruction of the circulation are consistent with current concepts of placental circulation.
Prolactin-Like Reaction Produced by Hypophyses of Various Vertebrates.

ConclusionA prolactin-like reaction is produced by implantations of hypophyses of animals representative of the main classes of vertebrates, also with livers of all submammalian classes. That this reaction implies the presence of the lactogenic hormone may be doubted because of the absence of fat granules in the proliferations.
Quality Consideration During DFA Analysis

Design for assembly (DFA) tools have the potential to assist the product designers in designing better assemblies and for improving the designs of existing assemblies. This paper proposes an enhancement of existing design for assembly assessment tools. The enhancement considers part quality when determining assemblability. The system also provides a prioritized list of parts for quality improvement. The improved design for assembly tool could be utilized in simultaneous engineering environment, where designing better products is the joint responsibility of design and manufacturing engineers.
MO-AB-206-00: Nuclear Medicine Physics and Testing

This education session will cover the physics and operation principles of gamma cameras and PET scanners. The first talk will focus on PET imaging. An overview of the principles of PET imaging will be provided, including positron decay physics, and the transition from 2D to 3D imaging. More recent advances in hardware and software will be discussed, such as time-of-flight imaging, and improvements in reconstruction algorithms that provide for options such as depth-of-interaction corrections. Quantitative applications of PET will be discussed, as well as the requirements for doing accurate quantitation. Relevant performance tests will also be described. Learning Objectives: 1.Be able to describe basic physics principles of PET and operation of PET scanners. 2.Learn about recent advances in PET scanner hardware technology. 3.Be able to describe advances in reconstruction techniques and improvements 4.Be able to list relevant performance tests. The second talk will focus on gamma cameras. The Nuclear Medicine subcommittee has charged a task group (TG177) to develop a report on the current state of physics testing of gamma cameras, SPECT, and SPECT/CT systems. The report makes recommendations for performance tests to be done for routine quality assurance, annual physics testing, and acceptance tests, and identifies those needed satisfy the ACR accreditation program and The Joint Commission imaging standards. The report is also intended to be used as a manual with detailed instructions on how to perform tests under widely varying conditions. Learning Objectives: At the end of the presentation members of the audience will: 1.Be familiar with the tests recommended for routine quality assurance, annual physics testing, and acceptance tests of gamma cameras for planar imaging. 2.Be familiar with the tests recommended for routine quality assurance, annual physics testing, and acceptance tests of SPECT systems. 3.Be familiar with the tests of a SPECT/CT system that include the CT images for SPECT reconstructions. 4.Become knowledgeable of items to be included in annual acceptance testing reports including CT dosimetry and PACS monitor measurements. T. Turkington, GE Healthcare
Bactericidal Hydrogels via Surface Functionalization with Cecropin A.

The immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to surfaces, enabling their utilization in biosensor and antibacterial/antifouling coating applications, is typically performed using rigid, solid support materials such as glass or gold and may require lengthy, temperamental protocols. Here, we employ a hydrogel immobilization platform to afford facile fabrication and surface functionalization while offering improved biocompatibility for evaluating the influence of linker length, surface density, and AMP conjugation site on retained peptide activity. Rapid, interfacial photo-polymerization using the radical-mediated thiol–ene addition mechanism was used to generate cross-linked, polymeric coatings bearing residual thiol moieties on prefabricated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel supports. The photo-polymerized coatings were 60 μm thick and contained 0.55 nmol of unreacted free thiols, corresponding to a concentration of 410 μM, for use as cecropin A (CPA) immobilization handles via thiol-maleim...
Governmental Planning and Political Economy

(1967). Governmental Planning and Political Economy. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 244-246.
Motorized fusion guided prostate biopsy: phantom study

Purpose: Fusion of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with intraoperative real-time Ultrasound (US) during prostate biopsy has significantly improved the sensitivity of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided cancer detection. Currently, sweeping of the TRUS probe to build a 3D volume as part of the fusion process and the TRUS probe manipulation for needle guidance are both done manually. A motorized, joystick controlled, probe holder was custom fabricated that can potentially reduce inter-operator variability, provide standardization of needle placement, improve repeatability and uniformity of needle placement, which may have impacts upon the learning curve after clinical deployment of this emerging approach. Method: a 2DOF motorized probe holder was designed to provide translation and rotation of a triplane TRUS end firing probe for prostate biopsy. The probe holder was joystick controlled and can assist manipulation of the probe during needle insertion as well as in acquiring a smoother US 2D to 3D sweep in which the 3D US volume for fusion is built. A commercial MRI-US fusion platform was used. Three targets were specified on MR image of a commercial prostate phantom. After performing the registration, two operators performed targeting, once manually and once with the assistance of the motorized probe holder. They repeated these tasks 5 times resulting in a total of 30 targeting events. Time of completion and mechanical error i.e. distance of the target from the needle trajectory in the software user interface were measured. Repeatability in reaching a given target in a systematic and consistent way was measured using a scatter plot showing all targets in the US coordinate system. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) was used to demonstrate the probe steadiness during targeting. Results: the completion time was 25±17 sec, 25±24 sec, and 27±15 sec for free hand and 24±10 sec, 22.5±10 sec, and 37±10 sec for motorized insertion, for target 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mechanical error was 0.75±0.4 mm, 0.45±0.4 mm, and 0.55±0.4 mm, for free hand approach while it was 1.0±0.57 mm, 0.45±0.4 mm, and 0.35±0.25 mm, for motorized approach, for target 1, 2, and 3, respectively. PPMCC remained almost at 1.0 for the motorized approach while having a variation between 0.9 and 1.0 for the free hand approach. Conclusions: motorized fusion guided prostate biopsy in a phantom study was feasible and non-inferior or comparable to the free hand manual approach in terms of accuracy and speed of targeting, while being superior in terms of repeatability and steadiness.
Adolescent Brain Development and the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders

Adolescence is characterized by tumultuous changes in the body, brain, and behavior. Although most teens successfully navigate the transition from being dependent upon a caregiver to self-sufficiency, adolescence is a time of peak onset for the emergence of several classes of neuropsychiatric illnesses including anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, eating disorder, psychosis, and substance abuse. In this article, we summarize adolescent brain changes, discuss the possible relationship to the emergence of psychopathology, and outline possible directions for future research.
Family Influences on Children’s Well-Being: Potential Roles of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics

We address a number of questions related to the potential roles of ­molecular genetics and epigenetics in estimating family effects on children’s well-being. What is the nature of family effects? Where do we need genetics? What is our best evidence? What could we do at the moment and in the next 10 years? We review relevant advances in molecular genetics over the past few decades and discuss what these advances may contribute to social sciences. We focus on gene–environment interactions for delinquency. We define the concept and describe an empirical study. We also review an earlier animal gene–environment/experience study to understand the prospects of human gene–environment studies. Very soon, we may create a gigantic amount of genetic and epigenetic data, but appropriate ways of analyzing these data and proper interpretations of the findings remain enormously challenging.
Making and Retaining New Memories: The Role of the Hippocampus in Associative Learning and Memory

The groundbreaking description of the amnesic patient H.M. in the 1950s (Scoville and Milner 1957) demonstrated for the first time that the structures of the medial temporal lobe are critical for our ability to learn and retain new long-term memories for facts and events. This critical form of memory is referred to as declarative memory in humans (Squire et al. 2004) and relational memory in animals (Eichenbaum et al. 1999). The development of powerful animal models of human amnesia in monkeys (Zola-Morgan and Squire 1990; Mishkin 1978; Zola and Squire 2000; Suzuki et al. 1993) and in rodents (Bunsey and Eichenbaum 1993,1995, 1996; Fortin et al. 2002), together with detailed neuroanatomical studies (Suzuki and Amaral 1994a,b; Burwell and Amaral 1998a,b), demonstrated definitively that the key medial temporal lobe structures important for declarative/relational memory include the hippocampus together with the surrounding entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. While this convergence of studies in humans and animals has provided detailed information about the pattern of memory impairment following a wide range of lesions to the medial temporal lobe, less information is known about how individual cells in the intact medial temporal lobe participate in the acquisition, consolidation or retrieval of various forms of declarative/relational memory.
Assessment of palpitations

Abstract Palpitations usually describe a pounding sensation in the chest. They provoke anxiety in children and parents. Fortunately in the majority of cases they are benign. This article is aimed at paediatricians and primary care health professionals who are assessing a child or young adult with palpitations. The causes of palpitations are presented, together with situations in which they may be related to arrhythmia. A framework for the assessment of palpitations is suggested, with an algorithm for diagnosis in those cases where there is a high suspicion of arrhythmia. When such suspicion is confirmed or not refuted, referral to paediatric cardiology services is recommended.
Pushing the Limit: A Hybrid Parallel Implementation of the Multi-resolution Approximation for Massive Data

The multi-resolution approximation (MRA) of Gaussian processes was recently proposed to conduct likelihood-based inference for massive spatial data sets. An advantage of the methodology is that it can be parallelized. We implemented the MRA in C++ for both serial and parallel versions. In the parallel implementation, we use a hybrid parallelism that employs both distributed and shared memory computing for communications between and within nodes by using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and OpenMP, respectively. The performance of the serial code is compared between the C++ and MATLAB implementations over a small data set on a personal laptop. The C++ parallel program is further carefully studied under different configurations by applications to data sets from around a tenth of a million to 47 million observations. We show the practicality of this implementation by demonstrating that we can get quick inference for massive real-world data sets. The serial and parallel C++ code can be found at this https URL.
Early adversity, child neglect, and stress neurobiology: From observations of impact to empirical evaluations of mechanisms

Research on the effects of early life adversity, and in particular on the absence of responsive caregiving, has shown long-term impacts on well-being and development. These investigations have been conducted both in human populations and in animal models. The work has demonstrated that neglect experienced in the early years can affect not only behavior but also neurobiological functioning. In particular, studies of children in the foster care system show convergence with research on children adopted following institutional rearing in terms of dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which produces the neuroendocrine hormone cortisol. The characteristic pattern that has been most commonly observed involves diminished diurnal cortisol production, particularly in terms of low levels of cortisol upon awakening. Notably, however, a number of evidence-based interventions for infant, toddler, and preschool-aged foster children have been shown to produce more typical patterns of cortisol production, in combination with improved behavioral, socioemotional, and foster care placement outcomes. In this paper, we review the literature on the effects of early disruptions in care on biobehavioral development, and summarize the results of the interventions for young foster children.
Inverse Methods in Physical Oceanography: Finite-dimensional inverse theory

Introduction This is an outline of some applications of finite-dimensional inverse theory to ocean modeling. The objective is ot to offer a comprehensive discussion of every application and its consequences; rather it is to introduce several concepts in a relatively simple setting: an incomplete ocean model, based on physical laws but possessing multiple solutions; measurements of quantities not included in the original model but related through additional physical laws; inequality constraints on the model fields or the data; prior estimates of errors in the physical laws and the data; and analysis of the level of information in the system of physical laws, measurements and inequalities. Much of this material is well covered in mathematical texts, geophysical monographs and scientific review articles. Thus the presentation is brief and directed towards subsequent application of these concepts in more complex settings. However actual oceanographic studies are discussed, and tutorial problems are posed. The β -spira A major objective of physical oceanography in the 1970's was the exploration of the dynamics of mesoscale eddies and their influence on large-scale ocean circulation (Robinson, 1983). It was therefore something of a surprise when, in 1977, Stommel & Schott showed that the vertical structure of large-scale horizontal velocity fields could be explained using simple equations expressing geostrophy and mass balance. A compelling aspect of their study was the use of data in order to complete and then test their calculations. The original paper (Stommel & Schott, 1977) is somewhat cryptic.
The Strengths-Based Inclusive Theory of Work:

This paper describes a new vocational theory—the strengths-based inclusive theory of work (S-BIT of Work). This theory addresses the ever-changing, dynamic nature of the world of work and integrate...
Employer Decision Making

The decisions employers make are of critical importance to sociological understandings of labor market stratification. While contemporary research documents employment outcomes with ever-growing pr...
Incidental exposure to political content in sports media: antecedents and effects on political discussion and participation

Incidental exposure, also called inadvertent exposure, has grown more important in recent years because it has the potential to engage news “dropouts” and expose partisans to the “other side” in po...
The US financial crisis and corporate dividend reactions: for better or for worse?

We examine how changes in dividend policy in 2008 as the financial crisis was unfolding influenced firm risk-adjusted returns in the following years. Our sample consists of NYSE- and NASDAQ-traded firms that paid dividends in 2007. We divide these firms into four groups based on their dividend policy in 2008. We find that firms that decreased or eliminated dividends in 2008 had higher risk-adjusted returns in 2009. The higher risk-adjusted return is consistent with the better corporate governance in 2007. This finding suggests that the firms that quickly reacted to the deteriorating economic conditions by cutting dividends and preserving cash were able to better weather the coming financial crisis.
Privacy Regularization: Joint Privacy-Utility Optimization in LanguageModels

Neural language models are known to have a high capacity for memorization of training samples. This may have serious privacy im- plications when training models on user content such as email correspondence. Differential privacy (DP), a popular choice to train models with privacy guarantees, comes with significant costs in terms of utility degradation and disparate impact on subgroups of users. In this work, we introduce two privacy-preserving regularization methods for training language models that enable joint optimization of utility and privacy through (1) the use of a discriminator and (2) the inclusion of a novel triplet-loss term. We compare our methods with DP through extensive evaluation. We show the advantages of our regularizers with favorable utility-privacy trade-off, faster training with the ability to tap into existing optimization approaches, and ensuring uniform treatment of under-represented subgroups.
Deep Q-Network-Aided Adaptive mmWave Multi-User NOMA Selection and Detection

Conventionally, the user selection for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission is employed by techniques such as clustering, where disparities in channel and effective received power are exploited. However, these methods necessitate having channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, which imposes significant overhead. Additionally, the successive interference cancellation (SIC) assisted detection at the receiver is sensitive to the CSI impairments which erodes the bit error ratio (BER) due to error propagation. In this paper, we propose a deep Q-network (DQN) based NOMA user selection by exploiting the users’ uplink received signal whilst also simultaneously circumventing the downlink CSI. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the NOMA detection of dynamic users in the cluster, we advocate a codebook design comprising of a plurality of deep neural network (DNN) weights for different numbers of users, where user performs the symbol detection without relying on the CSI. We demonstrate by simulations that our proposed DQN-assisted NOMA user selection despite its low search complexity on the order of $\mathcal{O}\left( 1 \right)$ performs similarly to that of the optimal user selection, where an exhaustive search of all possible user combinations with a complexity on the order of $\mathcal{O}\left( {{2^n}} \right)$ is performed. Additionally, we show by simulations that our DNN aided NOMA symbol detection performs close to that of the conventional SIC with perfect CSI and outperforms the conventional SIC with CSI impairments by more than 5 dB SNR at a BER of 10−4 and Doppler of 1 kHz.
Ecology and Health

Ecology pertains broadly to the relationships between organisms and their environments. The field of ecology and health examines the influence of conditions in the physical and sociocultural environment on the physiological, social, and emotional well-being of individuals and groups. The present chapter traces the development of research on ecology and health, beginning with the emergence of the ecological paradigm in the biological sciences and its subsequent development in other disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and public health. Ecological analyses of health offer more integrative and comprehensive explanations for the joint influence of biogenetic, psychological, behavioral, sociocultural, and physical environmental factors on human well-being, than are afforded by more narrowly-gauged biomedical, behavioral, and environmental theories. A key challenge facing ecological research on health is to develop criteria for identifying the most influential determinants of wellness at each level of analysis (intrapersonal, social, organizational, institutional, community, global) and the interrelationships among these high-leverage variables. Recent and emergent directions of research on ecology and health are examined.
Two new genera and species of Tubuliferan thrips (Thysanoptera: Insecta) from India

The new genera and speciesAraeothrips longisetis andSalothrips indicus are discussed in this paper.
Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution

1. Introduction and overview 2. Film stress and substrate curvature 3. Stress in anisotropic and patterned films 4. Delamination and fracture 5. Film buckling, bulging and peeling 6. Dislocation formation in epitaxial systems 7. Dislocation interactions and strain relaxation 8. Equilibrium and stability of surfaces 9. The role of stress in mass transport.
Reid vapor pressure of hydrocarbon mixtures

An equation to predict the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of pure hydrocarbon blends was developed which includes activity coefficients. A comparison of calculated and analytical data shows a standard deviation of 0.15 1b. Applications to predict the RVP of gasoline blends are suggested.
An Experimental Study of the Production of Ice Crystals by a Twin-Turboprop Aircraft.

Abstract The University of Wyoming King Air (KA) research aircraft was used in controlled, in situ experiments to determine whether or not, and under what cloud and aircraft operating conditions, a twin-turboprop aircraft would itself produce ice crystals during passage through clouds containing supercooled liquid water. Such crystals are termed “Aircraft Produced Ice Particles” (APIPs). Computer-aided, air-relative navigation was used to pilot the KA back through the diffusion volumes of earlier flight segments. To protect against false-positive and false-negative conclusions, large concentrations of artificially nucleated ice crystals were used as tracers at one or two points along each flight segment. These tracers should have the same diffusion and sedimentation characteristics as the APIPs, and their detection should indicate that any APIPs, if present, would also be detected. The results of 15 experiments in which the cloud volume affected by the aircraft was subsequently sampled suggest that the KA...
Preparation and Structure of Two Ditungsten Compounds Synthesized with the 3,5-Dichlorophenylformamidinate Ligand.

The structure, preparation, and spectroscopy of a W(2)(II, II) paddlewheel complex with four formamidinate ligands is reported. Upon exposure to air and moisture in solution, the W(2)(II, II) core undergoes an oxidative addition reaction to form a W(2)(III, III) edge-sharing bioctahedral (ESBO) complex with two bridging hydroxides. The products, W(2)(m-DCPF)(4) (1) and W(2)(m-OH)(2)(m-DCPF)(2)(eta(2)-DCPF)(2) (2) where DCPF is [(3,5-Cl(2)C(6)H(3))NC(H)N(3,5-Cl(2)C(6)H(3))(-)], were characterized by UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Structural data are presented for W(2)(m-DCPF)(4) with four bridging formamidinate ligands and W(2)(m-OH)(2)(m-DCPF)(2)(eta(2)-DCPF)(2) with the formamidinate ligands in both chelating and bridging positions. Crystallographic data for W(2)(m-DCPF)(4) (1) and W(2)(m-OH)(2)(m-DCPF)(2)(eta(2)-DCPF)(2) (2) are as follows: (1), C(68)H(60)Cl(16)N(8)O(4)W(2), a = 12.6906(3) A, b = 12.7818(4) A, c = 13.0450(3) A, alpha = 109.173(1) degrees, beta = 93.865(1) degrees, gamma = 103.746(1) degrees, triclinic, Po (No. 2), and Z = 1 and (2), C(59)H(35)Cl(16)N(8)O(2)W(2), a = 17.1524(1) A, b = 20.6568(3) A, c = 19.3959(3) A, beta = 102.791(1) degrees, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), and Z = 4.
ASIS&T annual meeting pre-conference activities: SIG/SI 8th annual research symposium a success!

Editor's Summary Social informatics' past, present and future were the focus of the 8th annual SIG/SI Research Symposium at the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, with presenters from Europe, Canada and the United States. Papers on the past of social informatics explored its roots in the early 1980s and its domain organization reflected through bibliometric analysis. Current research topics described the influence of information and communication technologies as a contextual element that shapes experience and social interaction, knowledge sharing across boundaries in online communities and studying subjectivity in Web 2.0 research collaborations through Q methodology. Presenters considered the future of social informatics in terms of the influence of information and communication technologies on the economic order, aspects of information practice that demand attention and topics and frameworks for further research. Best paper awards were given for studies on evolving digital rights and urban immigrants' information tactics. Through the symposium and interaction with other SIGs, researchers were encouraged to take a broad view of social informatics to better understand its lessons, influences and future directions.
The synthesis of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate by retinae and livers of normal and vitamin A-deficient rats.

Abstract 1. 1. A high-speed supernatant fraction from rat-retinal homogenates has been shown to catalyze the synthesis of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate from ATP and sulfate. 2. 2. The characteristics of this system have been studied and, except for an absolute requirement for Mg2+, were found to be similar to the requirements of this system in other tissues. 3. 3. p-Chloromercuribenzoate a appeared to inhibit comletely the enzyme ATP: adenylysulfate 3′-phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.25) while only partially inhibiting the enzyme ATP:suulfate adenylytransferase (EC 2.7.7.4). 4. 4. While vitamin A defeciency resulted in a decreased synthesis of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate in liver supernatants, no such effect could be shown in the retina.
doGooder: fostering volunteer communities to serve the homeless

We developed an online system, doGooder, to foster volunteer social networks. Through an extensive user-centered design process, including interviews and a literature review, we learned that people experiencing homelessness face a wide range of issues. Most organizations helping the homeless depend heavily on volunteers to enhance their service capacity. One agency we studied was able to extend its budget by 30% as a result of volunteer labor. Research shows that social relationships play a key role in galvanizing potential volunteers and motivating existing ones. doGooder connects volunteers with opportunities and service organizations, and builds a community of volunteers to encourage each other. Preliminary usability testing indicates that doGooder will successfully help organizations to recruit, retain, and organize volunteers to meet the diverse needs of various populations facing homelessness.
Evaluation of seedling cold tolerance in rice cultivars: a comparison of visual ratings and quantitative indicators of physiological changes

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is sensitive to prolonged exposure to low temperature, which at the seedling stage can result in significant chilling injury and mortality. The objective of this study was to quantify physiological and biochemical changes in rice seedlings undergoing chilling stress and compare those changes with visual evaluation of tolerance. Seedlings from the cultivars M-202 (tolerant) and IR50 (sensitive) were subjected to 9°C for 14 days in a controlled environment chamber. Leaf tissues were harvested at various time points for determination of electrolyte leakage, proline, malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione. Significant differences between M-202 and IR50 were detected in electrolyte leakage, proline, and ascorbic acid starting at 7 days with IR50 exhibiting higher levels of these indicators. Most IR50 seedlings were dead at 14 days. A set of fifty rice accessions including M-202 and IR50 was evaluated at 10 days of cold treatment to examine the correlation of visual ratings with the physiological indices. Visual ratings were most highly correlated with electrolyte leakage and least correlated with proline content. Based on visual ratings and the physiological indices, we identified several cultivars that outperformed M-202 in cold tolerance while IR50 had the lowest tolerance of the cultivars tested.
Explorations of crystallized intelligence: Completion tests, cloze tests, and knowledge

Abstract An attempt is made to reconcile two historically important tools for the assessment of intelligence and the prediction of academic achievement with extant theories of verbal–crystallized–knowledge aspects of adult abilities. A study of 167 adults ranging in age from 18 to 69 reasserts the importance of individual differences in completion test and cloze test performance in accounting for both measures of crystallized intelligence (Gc) and four scales of knowledge (biology, U.S. history, U.S. literature, and technology). The completion tests were found to account for all of the variance in Gc and knowledge that the cloze tests accounted for, and resulted in incremental predictive validity for both domains. In addition, completion and cloze tests were found to have a suppressor effect on the relationship between Gc and Age. We note that C. Spearman's [ The nature of “Intelligence” and the principles of cognition . New York: MacMillan (1927).] assertion, namely that the completion test had higher correlations with intelligence than any other measure. Our results suggest that abstract reasoning may be far less useful in predicting learning and performance than the completion test is.