cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescence to adulthood in STEM education and career development: The experience of students at the intersection of underrepresented minority status and disability

Several systemic barriers exist to the successful recruitment and retention of students for Science, Technology, Engineer- ing and Mathematics (STEM) education programs and careers when students are both members of an underrepresented minority group and an individual with a disability. The authors have designed intervention programs in higher education settings and in this article they identify and discuss well-entrenched impediment that are programmatic, economic, psychological, architectural, and attitudinal in nature. Unless and until these obstacles are addressed (particularly in early adolescence), marginal gains in recruitment and retention is the most that may be expected for STEM education among underrepresented minority students with disabilities.
Prevalence of and Attitudes About School Corporal Punishment in the U.S.

Although there is very little information on the prevalence of school corporal punishment in the published research literature, the federal government has been collecting information about school corporal punishment for several decades.
Human-Database Interaction: A Holistic Approach

There has been an increasing interest into blurring the line between human-interaction and database systems. Several research papers tackled the Human-Database Interaction (HDI) challenge, yet none of them provides a holistic HDI approach. In this talk, we briefly describe dbTinder, a database engine that bridges the gap between the conversation approach humans use to interact and the Query→Answer approach used in classic database systems. To achieve that, dbTinder turns HDI into an intent discovery process where the system pro-actively converses with the user to guide her towards potentially interesting tuples in the database.
Acute ischemic stroke in a trauma cohort: Incidence and diagnostic challenges.

Abstract Introduction Diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke is critical for acute intervention. Its diagnosis may be obscured in trauma patients due to confounding injuries. We report its incidence in trauma patients following their presentation at our institution. Methods Electronic charts of all acute trauma patients presenting to a designated level 1 trauma center emergency department between September 2012–November 2015 were screened and included in the study if they had a discharge diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. Patient data were reviewed to identify the presence of neurologic deficit on initial triage, imaging type obtained (intracranial or extracranial) and time to diagnosis of stroke. Results Of 192 trauma patients screened, 11 were found to have acute ischemic stroke (5.7%). Patients were generally young (median age, 49 years) and predominantly males (n = 8). Presentation after vehicular crash was most frequent (n = 8 or 73%). Patients had predominantly skeletal injuries (n = 8 or 73%). Initial workup involved vascular imaging below the neck (n = 9), while only one had intracranial vascular imaging. When patients underwent cervicocranial vascular imaging, 64% (n = 7) had findings explaining the etiology of their stroke. None of the patients was diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke on admission. Its diagnosis was delayed by an average 1.8 days following presentation. Conclusions Acute ischemic stroke in trauma patients was a frequent diagnosis albeit with delay. Routine craniocervical vascular imaging at the time of presentation could potentially facilitate early diagnosis. A prospective study with routine craniocervical vascular imaging in trauma patients will be needed to further explore this hypothesis.
Heating Rate Dependence of the Mechanisms of Copper Pumping in Through-Silicon Vias

In three-dimensional stacked-die packages, through-silicon vias (TSVs) are used to connect multiple adjacent dies through solder micro-bumps. During thermal cycling, the thermal expansion mismatch between the copper TSVs and the silicon dies creates large internal stresses in the hetero-structure, resulting in intrusion or protrusion of the TSV relative to the Si die. This phenomenon is commonly known as copper pumping and is a potential reliability concern as it impacts the stability of back-end-of-line structures. In this study, the copper-pumping phenomenon was investigated by thermally loading TSV structures via ex situ and in situ thermal cycling with various heating rates. The resulting TSV protrusion was characterized and it was revealed that copper pumping manifests itself via three distinct mechanisms: plasticity, grain boundary sliding, and interfacial sliding. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis revealed that grain boundary sliding occurs preferentially at incoherent sigma-3 boundaries, while coherent sigma-3 boundaries remain immobile. The operating conditions, including ambient temperature, heating rate and the microstructural features that influence these phenomena are discussed.
Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO)

Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO) grow luxuriantly within several microhabitats of sea ice, indicating that the microorganisms comprising these communities are well adapted to the physicochemical gradients which characterize sea ice. We used SIMCO obtained from the bottom of congelation ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to test the hypothesis that low temperature limits microbial productivity in polar oceans and also to investigate the effect of salinity on rates of autotrophic and heterotrophic metablism. Substantial rates of carbon fixation, incorporation of thymidine, and uptake of glutamate occurred at the in situ temperatures of-1.9°C, with maximum rates at temperatures considerably warmer but below 15°C. Microalgae and bacteria of SIMCO are thus indicated to be psychrophiles. The relative rates of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial growth (based on rates of fixation of 14CO2 by microalgae and incorporation of 3H-thymidine by bacteria, respectively) were similar and overlapped from 4° and 7°C. These data suggest that a recent hypothesis proposing the uncoupling of primary production and bacterial production in cold water, due to differential growth of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton at low temperatures, is refuted with respect to SIMCO. Maximum rates of carbon fixation by autotrophs of SIMCO occurred at salinities which characterized the ice from which the SIMCO were collected. In contrast, heterotrophs of SIMCO exhibited a more stenohaline response to variable salinity, with maximum incorporation of thymidine and uridine from 20‰ to 30‰. Adaptations by autotrophs and heterotrophs of SIMCO that permit substantial metabolism and growth at very low temperatures and variable salinities are significant when considering production and trophodynamics in polar oceans. Actively growing microorganisms in these unique communities contribute to overall production in polar oceans, provide carbon for food webs associated with sea ice, and upon release from melting ice may contribute to microbial blooms in marginal ice edge zones, which in turn support cryopelagic food webs.
Estimation methods in the presence of corner solutions

In this article, I introduce a new command, nehurdle, that collects maximum likelihood estimators for linear, exponential, homoskedastic, and heteroskedastic tobit; truncated hurdle; and type II tobit models that involve explained variables with corner solutions. I review what a corner solution is as well as the assumptions of the mentioned models.
Cause for Optimism

Miller et al. have rightly identified serious and long-standing issues in social psychological research and have suggested means by which the availability of modern technology can go far toward res...
Design of an SFQ Full Adder as a Single-Stage Gate

This paper presents the design of a one-bit full adder with sum and carry outputs as two single-stage gates, which could save the JJ count and the area compared with the conventional design of a full-adder. The schematics of both the Sum and Carry cells are shown in this paper along with their input and output waveforms of JSIM simulations in the time domain. The circuit cost is compared between the conventional full adder and the new single-stage adder design in terms of the area and the time. Integer dividers of several sizes are synthesized with conventional full-adder and the proposed single-stage adder to illustrate the advantages of the new design.
XPS and thermal studies of silver doped SiO2 matrices for plasmonic applications

Abstract Silver nanocrystals doped SiO2 matrices were synthesized through sol–gel route using acid catalyst. The prepared silica matrices with different concentrations of silver were annealed at different temperatures and characterized using, XRD, FTIR, Absorption spectroscopy, XPS, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The XRD data confirm the amorphous nature of silica and crystalline nature of silver nanocrystals. Using the Fourier-transform infrared red spectrum the formation of silica glass was confirmed. The characteristic Surface Plasmon Resonance of silver nanoparticles obtained around 400 nm from the absorption spectrum. The observed blue shift and skewness in SPR with increasing silver concentrations were studied. The 3d doublet state of silver at a binding energy of 368.4 eV with the splitting of 6 eV obtained in XPS confirm the state Ag0 along with the presence of a minor quantity of silver (II) oxide. The thermal stability and nature were analyzed using TGA-DTG and DTA and showed good thermal stability from 400 °C to higher temperatures.
Physical rehabilitation in the awake patient receiving extracorporeal circulatory or gas exchange support

Intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired weakness is a common and serious sequela of critical illness. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the use of early mobilization in the ICU to mitigate this adverse effect. Recent data suggest that such a strategy may be feasible in patients with the most severe forms of cardiopulmonary failure-those requiring temporary mechanical circulatory support (TCS) or extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Both the modality of mechanical support and patient-specific characteristics must be taken into consideration when determining the appropriateness of an early mobilization strategy. The purpose of this review is to explore the current understanding of and evidence for mobilization and rehabilitation of patients receiving TCS or ECLS, including the identification of factors that may predict greater success for early mobilization and potential risks and contraindications to active physical therapy. While it is not yet known which of these patients are most likely to benefit from physical rehabilitation, a common theme is the importance of an interprofessional team approach to ensure patient safety and maximize the likelihood of successful mobilization.
Feasibility, acceptability and affective consequences of at-home sleep extension in young women with depressive symptoms: A pilot study.

Insufficient sleep is common in young adults and has meaningful consequences for daytime functioning, including increased sleepiness, affective disruption and depressive symptoms. This study provides a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility, acceptability and affective consequences of extended sleep opportunity in young women with insufficient sleep and depressive symptoms. Participants were 32 women, 18-22 years of age, who regularly obtained less than 8-hr sleep/night and had daytime sleepiness and depressive symptoms at or above population averages. Participants were asked to maintain a sleep schedule of their typical duration for 7 days and were then randomly assigned to either extend sleep opportunity (ESO) by 90 min per night or maintain typical sleep opportunity (TSO), for the next 7 days. Sleep characteristics and daytime sleepiness were measured using continuous actigraphy and daily sleep diary, and affect, stress and depressive symptoms were assessed with daily and weekly questionnaires. Extended sleep opportunity increased sleep duration by over 1 hr, improved morning sleepiness and positive affect, and diminished anhedonia and depressive symptoms in study completers (n = 11 ESO, 11 TSO). However, 31.3% of participants (n = 10) were withdrawn from the study due to difficulty maintaining the sleep schedule. These results provide initial evidence that sleep extension is beneficial for young women who usually have inadequate sleep and mood disruption and can maintain a consistent sleep schedule. If extending sleep opportunity improves sleep, daytime sleepiness and affect in young adults who typically have insufficient sleep, it could broaden the range of interventions for sleep and mental wellness.
Electrical Characterization and Modeling of a Renewable Energy System Combining Photovoltaic Panels and Bacterial Fuel Cell

Renewable energy is expected to be a promising alternative to current energy sources. In our PV photovoltaic system, the photovoltaic panel is the master part. Its electrical model with corresponding equations are elaborated. We determined the intrinsic descriptive parameters of the PV panel, in order to carry out our simulation, in order to better understand and predict its behavior towards external factors. We superimposed the characteristics we obtained, after our characterization, with those provided by the manufacturer. The results coincide. The RMSE calculation yielded conclusive results. A microbial fuel cell is also adopted using leachate from sheep manure. This bio-fuel replaces the platinum-based mineral catalyst for the traditional fuel cell with a bacteria that forms a biological film on the electrode surface. In this paper, we describe the protocol for developing a graphite carbon based bio-anode. This bio-anode has been characterized with the two electrochemical techniques adopted which are chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. Another party is interested in characterizing and modelling the electrical behavior of the battery. The results obtained are advanced. After an analysis of the energy context, a state of the art of electrochemical components coupling hydrogen and electricity is presented, particularly on electrolysers and regenerative or unitized reversible fuel cells. Finally, this model is used to study the modularity of components, including electrical and thermal imbalances in series or parallel associations of fuel cells or electrolysers. An architecture combining these elements with a photovoltaic generator to power an electric load or an electrical grid is finally submitted.
Early life metal exposure dysregulates cellular bioenergetics in children with regressive autism spectrum disorder

Neurodevelopmental regression (NDR) is a subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that manifests as loss of previously acquired developmental milestones. Early life dysregulation of nutritional metals and/or exposure to toxic metals have been associated with ASD, but the underlying biological mechanisms by which metals influence neurodevelopment remain unclear. We hypothesize that metals influences neurodevelopment through dysregulation of bioenergetics. Prenatal and early postnatal metal exposures were measured using validated tooth-matrix biomarkers in 27 ASD cases (13 with NDR) and 7 typically-developing (TD) controls. Mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using the Seahorse XF96. Children with ASD demonstrated lower prenatal and postnatal Copper (Cu) and prenatal Nickel concentrations and Copper-to-Zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio as compared with TD children. Children with ASD and NDR showed greater metal-related disruption of cellular bioenergetics than children with ASD without NDR. For children with ASD and NDR mitochondrial respiration decreased as prenatal Manganese concentration increased and increased as prenatal Zinc concentration increased; glycolysis decreased with increased exposure to prenatal Manganese and Lead and postnatal Manganese. For children with ASD without a history of NDR, glycolysis increased with increased postnatal exposure to Tin. Language and communication scores in children with ASD were positively related to prenatal Cu exposure and Cu/Zn ratio. This study suggests that prenatal nutritional metals may be important for neurodevelopment in children with ASD, and that exposure to toxic metals and differences in nutritional metal exposures is associated with dysregulation of cellular bioenergetics, particularly in the NDR subtype of ASD.
Portugalʼs Response to COVID-19

This essay for the Regulatory Review's special series on Comparing Nations’ Responses to COVID-19 examines the early response to the pandemic in Portugal. The essay focuses on measures adopted in connection with the declarations of state of emergency and state of calamity, as well as the treatment of migrant populations throughout the pandemic.
Patients' Experience With Opioid Pain Medication After Discharge From Surgery: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Abstract Background Decreasing the number of prescription opioids has been a leading strategy in combating the opioid epidemic. In Vermont, statewide and institutional policies have affected prescribing practices, resulting in a 40% decrease in postoperative opioid prescribing. The optimal approach to postoperative opioid prescribing remains unknown. In this study, we describe patients' experience with pain control 1 wk after discharge from surgery. Materials and methods We assessed patients' experience using a telephone questionnaire, 1-wk after discharge after undergoing common surgical procedures between 2017 and 2019 at an academic medical center (n = 1027). Scaled responses regarding pain control, opioids prescribed, and opioids used (response rate 96%) were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach; open-ended patient responses to questions regarding whether the number of opioids prescribed was “correct” were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results One week after discharge, 96% of patients reported that their pain was well controlled. When asked whether they received the correct number of opioid pills postoperatively, qualitative analysis of patient responses yielded the following six themes: (1) I had more than I needed, but not more than I wanted; (2) Rationed medication; (3) Medication was not effective; (4) Caution regarding risks of opioids; (5) Awareness of the public health concerns; and (6) Used opioids from a prior prescription. Conclusions Patient-reported pain control after common surgical procedures was excellent. However, patients are supportive of receiving more pain medications than they actually use, and they fear that further restrictions may prevent them or others from managing pain adequately. Understanding the patients' perspective is important for surgical education and improving discharge protocols.
Custom fermionic codes for quantum simulation

Simulating a fermionic system on a quantum computer requires encoding the anti-commuting fermionic variables into the operators acting on the qubit Hilbert space. The most familiar of which, the Jordan-Wigner transformation, encodes fermionic operators into non-local qubit operators. As non-local operators lead to a slower quantum simulation, recent works have proposed ways of encoding fermionic systems locally. In this work, we show that locality may in fact be too strict of a condition and the size of operators can be reduced by encoding the system quasi-locally. We give examples relevant to lattice models of condensed matter and systems relevant to quantum gravity such as SYK models. Further, we provide a general construction for designing codes to suit the problem and resources at hand and show how one particular class of quasi-local encodings can be thought of as arising from truncating the state preparation circuit of a local encoding. We end with a discussion of designing codes in the presence of device connectivity constraints.
Modeling transit-assisted hurricane evacuation through socio-spatial networks

Increasing intensity and frequency of hurricane events underscores the need for efficient and inclusive evacuation plans, particularly for carless and disabled populations. Hurricane evacuation int...
Chapter 3 – Legendrian and Transversal Knots

Publisher Summary Contact structures on manifolds and Legendrian and transversal knots in them are very natural objects, born over a century ago, in the work of Huygens, Hamilton, and Jacobi on geometric optics and work of Lie on partial differential equations. This chapter discusses Legendrian and transversal knots in dimension three where their theory is most fully developed and where they are most intimately tied to topology. In this dimension a predominately topological and combinatorial approach may be used to their study. The chapter then examines higher dimensional Legendrian knots. The chapter also explains the concept of Lagrangian protection. Analogous to the definition of finite type invariants of topological knots, finite type invariants of Legendrian knots can be defined. It is then possible to get a global contact isotopy if there is a fixed over twisted disk in the complement of both Legendrian knot. A complete understanding of Legendrian unknots in over twisted contact structures must wait for future work.
Inclusive Design Guidance: External Autonomous Vehicle Interfaces

Autonomous vehicles are expected on roads in the near future and need to interact safely with external road users, such as manual motor drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. The particular needs of t...
Trend and Outcome of Patients with Body Mass Index ≥ 40 Kg/m2 Who Are listed for Heart Transplantation in the Contemporary Era

Purpose Post heart transplantion (HT) outcomes of patients with body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2 (morbidly obese) remain suboptimal. However, outcomes of morbidly obese patients listed for heart transplant (HT) is unknown. We sought to examine the characteristic and outcome of such patients who were listed for HT in the United States. Methods Adults listed for HT with BMI information on the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database between 2000 and 2018 were included. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with BMI≥ 40 kg/m2 or = 18.5-39.99 kg/m2 were compared. The patients were followed until death, transplant or end of data availability. Waitlist mortality and successful HT were compared between groups using a Fine and Gray competing risk hazard regression model adjusted for known risk factors. Results 55,717 patients identified: 656 (1.2%) had a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2; 13,058 (23.4%) were female. The median (25th, 75th percentile) age was 55 (45, 61) years, and the median waitlist time was 101 (27, 299) days. Severely obese patients were significantly younger (46 vs. 55 years; p Conclusion Listing of patients with BMI≥ 40 kg/m2 is declining. This cohort is at significantly higher risk for death and lower HT rates.
Comparing Positional Licensing Patterns in HG and OT

Positional licensing refers to the observation that elements (e.g. particular feature values or feature value combinations) can be limited to specific positions (e.g. syllable onsets, initial syllables, stressed syllables, etc.). Positional licensing patterns have been analyzed using either positional markedness or positional faithfulness constraints in OT and HG. In this paper we demonstrate that the predictions of OT and HG diverge in deep but structured ways once there are more than two licensing positions. We propose an account for this structured divergence based on 3-position systems, and confirm the validity of that account with an analysis of 4-position systems. We also describe how conjoined constraints impact positional licensing patterns, and in doing so provide a counter-example to a claim made in our previous work (Mai & Bakovic 2020).
Effect of surface cooling on second-mode dominated hypersonic boundary layer transition

Experiments were performed in the low-enthalpy AFRL Mach 6 Ludwieg Tube to investigate the effects of surface temperature on hypersonic boundary layer transition. The test article for all experiments was a 7-degree half-angle cone with a sharp nose tip. The model was designed with a large internal cavity, capable of containing pressurized cryogenic fluids. A cooling system utilizing liquid nitrogen was designed and integrated with the test section of the Ludwieg Tube, allowing for significant surface cooling of the test article while maintaining all other conditions, such as tunnel noise spectra. The reduction of the surface temperature to values below 110 K led to a wall-to-boundary layer edge temperature ratio of 1.4, while this ratio was 4.3 for the uncooled case. Boundary layer transition behavior was observed between freestream unit Reynolds numbers ranging from 2.2 million per meter to 25.9 million per meter. Instability waves within the boundary layer were captured via time-resolved Schlieren visualization using a continuous light source. The images confirmed Mack's second mode was present for both uncooled and cooled model experiments. Turbulence intermittency statistics and frequency content of the instabilities were computed via several image processing techniques. Reducing the surface temperature of the test article decreased the boundary layer thickness and subsequently increased the frequency of the most unstable waves. Overall, the cooling delayed the boundary layer transition to turbulence for all cases observed.
In Memoriam: Paul Morris Weinberg, MD.

On 15 October, 2020, Dr. Paul M. Weinberg, a true giant in the field of paediatric cardiology, succumbed to a prolonged illness. Dr. Weinberg had a 43-year career and was described as a pillar of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the spirit of the Division of Cardiology, a cherished and beloved teacher, and an outstanding clinician. His impact on the field and on the careers of his students will be remembered for generations to come.In 2019, Dr. Weinberg wrote for Jefferson Medical School's 50th year reunion memory book: "In the true spirit of Hippocrates, I seek to mentor the next generation as I was mentored by the last, without expectation of reward. I am forever indebted to these educators for all the knowledge they imparted to me and for the wisdom that I acquired under their tutelage." These words are a true reflection of his unassuming dedication to teaching the next generation of paediatric cardiologists. His legacy will continue to live on through these trainees and impact the field for generations to come.
Ray Tracing and Beyond: Phase Space Methods in Plasma Wave Theory

1. Introduction 2. Some preliminaries 3. Eikonal approximation 4. Visualization and wave field construction 5. Phase space theory of caustics 6. Mode conversion and tunneling 7. Gyroresonant wave conversion Appendix A. Cold plasma models for the plasma dielectric tensor Appendix B. Review of variational principles Appendix C. Potpourri of other useful mathematical ideas Appendix D. Heisenberg-Weyl group and the theory of operator symbols Appendix E. Canonical transformations and metaplectic transforms Index.
MAMSolver: A Matrix Analytic Methods Tool

MAMsolver is a software tool for the solution of M/G/1- type, GI/M/1-type, and QBD processes. The collection of solution algorithms implemented by MAMsolver are known as matrix-analytic methods and are used to compute stationary measures of interest such as the probability vector, the queue length distribution, the waiting time, the system queue length, and any higher moments of the queue length. The tool also provides probabilistic measures that describe the stability of the queueing system such as the caudal characteristic.
A Constraint-Driven Approach to Automate the Organization andPlayout of Presentations in Multimedia Databases

We introduce a constraint-driven methodology for the automated assembly, organization and playout of presentations from multimedia databases. We use inclusion and exclusion constraints for extracting a semantically coherent set of multimedia segments. Presentation organization constraints are utilized for organizing the multimedia segments into a presentation, which in turn helps decide the playout order of the extracted multimedia segments. The playout order of the segments is represented in a presentation graph. If the specified set of organization constraints are not sufficient to construct a unique presentation graph, we propose two techniques so that a unique graph is constructible. We also propose two playout algorithms, one for the generation, start and termination of playout agents, the other for dynamic control of playout management on organized presentations. The characteristics of these algorithms are expressed in terms of presentation playout parameters.
Chirality dependence of Raman cross-section in carbon nanotubes

The chirality dependence for the cross-section of Raman scattering from the radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes observed in recent experiments is explained using the empirical tight-binding method.
Corn in Clay: Maize Paleoethnobotany in Pre-Columbian Art

Corn in Clay: Maize Paleoethnobotany in Pre-Columbian Art. Mary W. Eubanks. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. 249 pp.
PowerCube-a software package for solving load flow problems

PowerCube is a homotopy-based parallel program package for computing all the solutions of the load flow equations of power systems. This package adapts the most rigorous mathematical techniques for tracing homotopy curves, checks for the possibility of curve-merging, and selects a convenient dynamic time-step to execute its computation. It also uses a minimal number of homotopy curves, based on a deficient system, for the load flow of power systems. The package runs on a 64-node Ncube multicomputer, and can be easily ported to other message-passing multicomputers. It is user friendly and the authors believe that it will be valuable for solving load flow problems. >
KARMA: a system for storyboard animation

The creation of an animated film begins with a story-board consisting of a series of frames. Between each pair of storyboard frames, the artist must draw many intermediate frames to produce smooth animation. This paper describes an interactive computer graphics program which automatically produces the intermediate frames for review or filming. The program runs on an IBM 1130/2250 with a Sylvania tablet attached to the 1130. The user can draw the storyboard frames on the tablet and ask for animation on the 2250. The intermediate frames are calculated using linear interpolation.
Elasticity-Driven Nanoscale Electronic Structure in Superconductors

The effects of long-range anisotropic elastic deformations on electronic structure in superconductors are analyzed within the framework of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. Cases of twin boundaries and isolated defects are considered as illustrations. We find that the superconducting order parameter is depressed in the regions where pronounced lattice-deformation occurs. The calculated local density of states suggests that the electronic structure is strongly modulated in response to lattice deformations, and propagates to longer distances. In particular, this allows the trapping of low-lying quasiparticle states around defects. Some of our predictions can be directly tested by scanning tunneling microscopy experiments.
Studies with a tritium-labeled psychotomimetic agent.

The distribution of tritium-labeled JB 318 (N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate) was studied in rats. Over 95% of the drug was excreted by way of the kidneys within 2 hours after administration. About 0.1% of the total drug was found in the central nervous system with the largest cencentration in the caudate nucleus and hypothalamus. Over 60% was bound to the mitochondria of brain with the remainder equally distributed between the supernatant and nuclear-debris fraction. The drug appears to be tightly bound to mitochondria, since it is released with great difficulty.
A school context for teacher development

Marian Schwab The Athenaeum of Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Teaching is complex, demanding work that has remained essentially the same since Aristotle walked with his students through the Groves of Academe. Teaching is also a job, however, entailing a whole set of role expectations laid on by society. Upheld and reinforced by the way schooling is organized today, these job expectations increasingly intrude into the work of teaching, making that work more difficult and simultaneously less effective. With greater centralization of authority, growing bureaucratization, and the contemporary "hyperrationalization" of education1 have come numerous
The effect of cleft palate speech aid prostheses on the nasopharyngeal airway and breathing

Abstract This study determined the effect of a speech aid prosthesis on resting breathing. Nasal cross-sectional area was measured during inspiration and expiration in eight cleft palate patients. The measurements were made for the unobturated defect during both phases of respiration and then repeated while the defect was obturated by a speech aid prosthesis. The results of the study revealed that the presence of a speech aid prosthesis significantly decreased the cross-sectional region of the nasal airway. In 50% of the subjects, the cross-sectional region was less than 0.40cm 2 with concomitant impairment in nasal respiration when the speech aid prosthesis was present in the oral cavity. The data suggest that the design of these prostheses should account for breathing requirements as well as for speech.
Conversion of Lignocellulosics Pretreated with Liquid Hot Water to Ethanol

Lignocellulosic materials pretreated using liquid hot water (LHW) (220°C, 5 MPa, 120 s) were fermented to ethanol by batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of Trichoderma reesei cellulase. SSF of sugarcane bagasse (as received), aspen chips (smallest dimension 3 mm), and mixed hardwood flour (-60 +70 mesh) resulted in 90% conversion to ethanol in 2-5 d at enzyme loadings of 15-30 FPU/g. In most cases, 90% of the final conversion was achieved within 75 h of inoculation. Comminution of the pretreated substrates did not affect the conversion to ethanol. The hydrolysate produced from the LHW pretreatment showed slight inhibition of batch growth of S. cerevisiae. Solids pretreated at a concentration of 100 g/L were as reactive as those pretreated at a lower concentration, provided that the temperature was maintained at 220°C.
Management of nephrotic syndrome

Abstract Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) primarily present to their general practitioner or general paediatrician. Shared care with a paediatric nephrologist is recommended for all difficult cases of NS. This review discusses the approach to management of NS in childhood and it is hoped that it will provide primary care physicians with a useful reference when dealing with a child with NS. The focus will mainly be steroid-sensitive NS.
Detection of some formiminoesters and the measurement of their rates of formation using NMR

Formiminoesters have long been postulated as intermediates in the synthesis of formamidines and various heterocyclic compounds. The methyl, ethyl, and isopro-pyl homologs have been prepared by interaction of hydrogen cyanide with the appropriate alcohol in the presence of dry hydrogen chloride, and the progress of the formation was monitored by NMR at regulated probe temperatures from —25° to 0°. The rate of formation of formiminoesters depends principally on the concentration of hydrogen cyanide. The quartet in the NMR spectrum at a chemical shift near 8 p.p.m. arises from a single proton on a doubly bonded carbon, which is coupled to two nonequivalent protons. This is consistent with the structure: Download full-size image The lifetime of the nitrogen-proton bond is of the order of 3 sec.
Effect of primary tumor extirpation in breast cancer patients who present with stage IV disease and an intact primary tumor

Background Currently, therapy for breast cancer patients with stage IV disease and an intact primary tumor is metastasis directed; the primary tumor is treated only when it causes symptoms. A recent review suggested that surgery may improve long-term survival in such patients. We evaluated the effect of surgery in such patients on long-term survival and disease progression.
Teaching-Centered Schooling Has Reached Its Upper Limit It Doesn't Get Any Better Than This

Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child (M. Cook, Trans.). New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1937) Zelazo, P.D., Carter, A., Reznick, J.S., & Frye, D. (1997). Early development of executive func tion: A problem-solving framework. Review of General Psychology, 1, 198-226. Zelazo, P.D., & Frye, D. (1997). Cognitive complex ity and control: A theory of the development of deliberate reasoning and intentional action. In M. Stamenov (Ed.), Language structure, dis course, and the access to consciousness (pp. 113 153). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Zelazo, P.D., Frye, D., & Rapus, T. (1996). An age related dissociation between knowing rules and using them. Cognitive Development, 11, 37 63.
Susceptibility of an instrumental locomotor response to punishment of its generalized consummatory components: Effect of punishment locus

Following the establishment of strong approach behavior in a double runway, the generalized consummatory components (approach and licking) of this behavior were punished in a similar context by either a single contingent paw shock or by a single tongue shock. When retested in the runway the next day, a nonshocked control group showed an increase, while both shocked groups showed a decrease in speed in all segments of the double runway. The suppression effect was greatest in the goal areas and least in the start areas. Paw shock had a greater suppressive effect than tongue shock An implication for the study of the energizing function of fear was suggested. Albino rats served as the experimental Ss.
Labeling of /s/ and /∫/ by Listeners With Normal and Impaired Hearing, Revisited

The two aims of this study were (a) to determine the perceptual weight given formant transition and relative amplitude information for labeling fricative place of articulation perception and (b) to...
Business Ethics: Tell the Truth

Business ethics, like other ethics, is usefully discussed by distinguishing prudential from legal from ethical actions. Prudential actions are those of simple self‐interest; legal actions are those not forbidden by the system for the use of force in society; ethical actions are those which you consider to be right. While ethics about physically not hurting people or not stealing from them are fundamental, most business ethics issues encountered revolve around truth telling. The ethic of not lying is insufficient: it still permits leaving false impressions, whether deliberate or not. A stronger, more satisfying ethic is “tell the truth”: fully inform the person with whom you are dealing. Truth telling is hard work for, often, we must learn the truth for ourselves before we can tell it to others. Truth telling may or may not lead to higher profits, but it will lead to a life without ethical remorse.
Reshedding of Toxoplasma oocysts by chronically infected cats

INFECTION with Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent in man and animals. It can be acquired congenially by the foetus from an infected mother1, but also throughout life by eating under-cooked meat2 or by contact with contaminated faeces of cats3. All forms of Toxoplasma lose their infectivity quickly when exposed to the environment, with the exception of oocysts shed in feline faeces. These are remarkably resistant to ordinary environmental influences and can survive in most soil for several months4. In the acute phase of infection cats may shed several million oocysts in 1–2 weeks. It has been assumed that after the acute phase, chronically infected cats are safe as pets5 since they have acquired immunity and oocysts seldom pass in the faeces6–8. I report here the reshedding of T. gondii oocysts by chronically infected cats in the absence of exogenous reinfection.
Misidentification of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia:Unionidae): contributing factors, management implications, and potential solutions

AbstractSurveys of freshwater mussel populations are used frequently to inform conservation decisions by providing information about the status and distribution of species. It is generally accepted that not all mussels or species are collected during surveys, and incomplete detection of individuals and species can bias data and can affect inferences. However, considerably less attention has been given to the potential effects of species misidentification. To evaluate the prevalence of and potential reasons for species misidentification, we conducted a laboratory-based identification exercise and quantified the relationships between mussel species characteristics, observer experience, and misidentification rate. We estimated that misidentification was fairly common, with rates averaging 27% across all species and ranging from 0 to 56%, and was related to mussel shell characteristics and observer experience. Most notably, species with shell texturing were 6.09× less likely than smooth-shelled species to be ...
Electronic spin state of iron in lower mantle perovskite

The electronic spin state of iron in lower mantle perovskite is one of the fundamental parameters that governs the physics and chemistry of the most voluminous and massive shell in the Earth. We present experimental evidence for spin-pairing transition in aluminum-bearing silicate perovskite (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O3 under the lower mantle pressures. Our results demonstrate that as pressure increases, iron in perovskite transforms gradually from the initial high-spin state toward the final low-spin state. At 100 GPa, both aluminum-free and aluminum-bearing samples exhibit a mixed spin state. The residual magnetic moment in the aluminum-bearing perovskite is significantly higher than that in its aluminum-free counterpart. The observed spin evolution with pressure can be explained by the presence of multiple iron species and the occurrence of partial spin-paring transitions in the perovskite. Pressure-induced spin-pairing transitions in the perovskite would have important bearing on the magnetic, thermoelastic, and transport properties of the lower mantle, and on the distribution of iron in the Earth's interior.
Disparagement by a Subordinate, Ingratiation, and the Use of Power

Summary An industrial simulation experiment was conducted to determine how appointed student supervisors respond to ingratiation by a subordinate under circumstances of group stress: i.e., where a member of the work crew disparages the supervisor's competence and has a deteriorating impact on the morale of the remaining members of the group. Supervisors dispensed no more rewards to an ingratiator under conditions of group stress than in the absence of stress. Supervisors did exhibit a marginally significant tendency, however, to give greater pay increases to all compliant workers under group stress than in the control condition.
Calpain: a death protein that mediates progression of liver injury.

Calpain is a Ca 2+ -regulated cytosolic cysteine protease that exists mainly in two isoforms and mediates crucial cellular functions, including rearrangement of cytoskeletal proteins, transport of the glucose transporter GLUT4, and protein cleavage to activate various receptors and pro-enzymes. Unintentional activation or functional loss of intracellular calpain has been implicated in several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, cataracts and ischemia-associated injuries. Furthermore, polymorphism in the gene encoding calpain-10 has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have revealed a novel role for calpain in the progression of toxicant-induced liver damage. Evidence suggests that calpain leaking out of necrotic hepatocytes is highly activated in the extracellular milieu and hydrolyzes proteins in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells leading to progression of injury. Experimental intervention with calpain inhibitors substantially mitigates progression of liver injury initiated by toxicants, thereby preventing acute liver failure, and toxicant-induced animal death, pointing to a new potential therapeutic strategy against acute toxicities.
SIMULATING CATASTROPHIC AND INDIVIDUALISTIC LARGE WOODY DEBRIS RECRUITMENT FOR A SMALL RIPARIAN SYSTEM

Surprisingly little research has been done to partition the contribution of catastrophic disturbance from that of small-scale individualistic mortality events on riparian large woody debris (LWD) recruitment. This study compared the impact of both processes on recruitment through simulation of several catastrophic disturbances (a spruce beetle outbreak, a moderately intense fire, and a clearcut) and undisturbed (individualistic mortality only) old growth for a small headwater stream in the Intermountain West of the United States. All scenarios progressed through a two-stage process, with the Forest Vegetation Simulator growth and yield model controlling forest dynamics and a postprocessor (CWD, version 1.2) predicting riparian LWD recruitment. Projections indicate that individualistic-only conditions delivered 2.5 m3 LWD·100 m reach−1·10-yr cycle−1; while the spruce beetle-, fire-, and clearcut-affected stands averaged 2.9, 3.2, and 1.5 m3 LWD·100 m reach−1·cycle−1, respectively. Stands impacted by natural catastrophic disturbance significantly (P < 0.05) increased cumulative (300 yr) LWD recruitment over the individualistic-only scenario, whereas clear-cutting significantly decreased total delivery. In-stream LWD loads, relatively stable in undisturbed riparian zones, fluctuated sharply under catastrophic disturbance. Peak channel loads associated with natural perturbation occurred ∼30 yr after the event while debris volumes under clear-cutting immediately declined. The postevent recruitment and in-stream LWD stocks of all disturbance scenarios eventually fell below undisturbed conditions, requiring decades to recover historical volumes. Catastrophic disturbances induced such steep oscillations in riparian LWD load that the systems experiencing frequent large-scale perturbations never achieved a long-term steady state, as some have postulated. Because of the inflation in cumulative LWD delivery, it may prove advantageous to encourage (or imitate) some catastrophic disturbance in forests along streams noticeably depauperate of LWD.
Discrete Epidemic Models with Arbitrary Stage Distributions and Applications to Disease Control

W.O. Kermack and A.G. McKendrick introduced in their fundamental paper, A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics, published in 1927, a deterministic model that captured the qualitative dynamic behavior of single infectious disease outbreaks. A Kermack–McKendrick discrete-time general framework, motivated by the emergence of a multitude of models used to forecast the dynamics of epidemics, is introduced in this manuscript. Results that allow us to measure quantitatively the role of classical and general distributions on disease dynamics are presented. The case of the geometric distribution is used to evaluate the impact of waiting-time distributions on epidemiological processes or public health interventions. In short, the geometric distribution is used to set up the baseline or null epidemiological model used to test the relevance of realistic stage-period distribution on the dynamics of single epidemic outbreaks. A final size relationship involving the control reproduction number, a function of transmission parameters and the means of distributions used to model disease or intervention control measures, is computed. Model results and simulations highlight the inconsistencies in forecasting that emerge from the use of specific parametric distributions. Examples, using the geometric, Poisson and binomial distributions, are used to highlight the impact of the choices made in quantifying the risk posed by single outbreaks and the relative importance of various control measures.