cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility of radiomic features using network analysis and its application in Wasserstein k-means clustering.

Purpose: The goal of this study is to develop innovative methods for identifying radiomic features that are reproducible over varying image acquisition settings. Approach: We propose a regularized partial correlation network to identify reliable and reproducible radiomic features. This approach was tested on two radiomic feature sets generated using two different reconstruction methods on computed tomography (CT) scans from a cohort of 47 lung cancer patients. The largest common network component between the two networks was tested on phantom data consisting of five cancer samples. To further investigate whether radiomic features found can identify phenotypes, we propose a k-means clustering algorithm coupled with the optimal mass transport theory. This approach following the regularized partial correlation network analysis was tested on CT scans from 77 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients in the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and validated using an independent dataset. Results: A set of common radiomic features was found in relatively large network components between the resultant two partial correlation networks resulting from a cohort of lung cancer patients. The reliability and reproducibility of those radiomic features were further validated on phantom data using the Wasserstein distance. Further analysis using the network-based Wasserstein k-means algorithm on the TCIA HNSCC data showed that the resulting clusters separate tumor subsites as well as HPV status, and this was validated on an independent dataset. Conclusion: We showed that a network-based analysis enables identifying reproducible radiomic features and use of the selected set of features can enhance clustering results.
Sensitivity of two-fluid model calculations to two-group drift-flux correlations used in the prediction of interfacial drag

Void fraction prediction of the one-dimensional two-fluid model has been evaluated utilizing a computational tool developed in MATLAB. Various drift-flux correlations, specifically those of Ishii, Kataoka and Ishii, Chexal-Lellouche, Hibiki and Ishii, Shen et al., and Schlegel et al., have been used in the calculation of interfacial drag. The uncertainty in the void fraction prediction by the two-fluid model has been evaluated for each of the specified models under one-group conditions for the gas phase. In addition, several two-group drift-flux models have been implemented for the prediction of interfacial drag, and the accuracy has been compared to the accuracy of the one-group predictions. The results indicate that drift-flux correlations in the same “family” show minor improvements when using updated models. The models of Hibiki and Ishii and Schlegel et al. show the best results of the models included in this study. Some shortcomings were observed for the Chexal-Lellouche correlation. The two-group approach has shown significant error reduction over one-group models. The results highlight the need for properly formulated drift-flux correlations based on physical principles rather than curve fits, as those curve fits can hide compensating errors. Additional data in large diameter pipes, collected with steam-water systems at various pressures, would be extremely valuable for further analysis.
Risk factors for prolonged length of stay in patients undergoing surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

Abstract Primary spine tumors are rare neoplasms that affect about 0.62 per 100,000 individuals in the US. Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) are the rarest of all primary tumors involving the spine and can cause pain, imbalance, urinary dysfunction and neurological deficits. These types of tumors oftentimes necessitate surgical treatment, yet there is a lack of data on hospital length of stay and complication rates following treatment. Given that treatment candidacy, quality of life, and outcomes are tied so closely to potential for prolonged length of stay and postoperative complications, it is important to better understand the factors that increase the risk of these outcomes in patients with IMSCTs. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was queried for all patients undergoing surgery for treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors between 2005 and 2017. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to assess patient risk factors influencing prolonged length of stay and post-op complications. Results A total of 638 patients were included in the analysis. Pre-operative American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status classification of 3 and above (OR 1.89; p = 0.0005), dependent functional status (OR 2.76; p = 0.0035) and transfer from facilities other than home (OR 8.12; p 5 days). The most commonly reported complications were pneumonia (5.7%), urinary tract infection (9.4%), septic shock (3.8%), superficial incisional infection (5.7%), organ or space infection (5.7%), pulmonary embolism (11.3%), DVT requiring therapy (15.1%) and wound dehiscence (5.7%). Conclusion Our study demonstrated the significant influence of clinical variables on prolonged hospitalization of IMSCT patients. This should be factored into clinical and surgical decision making and when counseling patients of their expected outcomes.
Turning off the television

Children and adolescents in the United States spend more time watching television than learning in the classroom. A recent television ratings report, from A C Nielson, found that the average child watches about three hours of television a day (21 hours a week), not including the time spent watching videos. In contrast, he or she usually spends only 38 minutes a week having what the company calls “meaningful conversations” with parents. The company calculates that by the time a child is 18 years old, he or she will have seen 16 000 murders on the screen. Other surveys have concluded that the average child will also see 14 000 sexual references …
Superconducting properties of BeB2.75

We present the low-temperature electronic transport properties of the intermetallic commonly known as BeB 2 . In contrast to the much simpler AlB 2 -type structure of the 39-K superconductor MgB 2 , BeB 2 forms a complex structure-type that is nearly unique in nature. The structure has 110.5 atoms per unit cell and a stoichiometry BeB 2 . 7 5 . Polycrystalline Be( 1 0 . 8 B) 2 . 7 5 is superconducting below T c =0.72 K with a critical magnetic field H c 2 =0.175 T. Isotopically pure 1 0 . 0 B samples have an enhanced T c =0.79 K. Hall-effect measurements suggest that the material is intrinsically compensated.
Risk Factors and Outcomes for Failure to Thrive in Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants

Objective. To determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for low birth weight (LBW) infants with growth deficiency, or failure to thrive (FTT, the term commonly used by pediatric providers to describe growth deficiency or faltering in early childhood). Design. Three-year prospective cohort study with matched case-control study of outcomes. Setting. Eight large university hospital sites throughout the United States. Sample. 914 LBW infants inborn at the sites and meeting study criteria. Results. FTT was a common condition in this cohort, with 180 (19.7%) of 914 LBW infants meeting case criteria by 30 months. New cases of FTT peaked at 8 months gestation-corrected age. In addition to expected differences in growth between infants with and without FTT, infants with FTT had lower developmental indices and less stimulating home environments. At 36 months, FTT infants had lower IQ scores and were much smaller than infants without FTT. Conclusions. Growth deficiency, or FTT, is a common clinical condition for those involved in the follow-up care of LBW infants. Worse cognitive and growth outcomes were observed for those meeting the restrictive case criteria employed in this study. More than 80% of the cases in this LBW cohort did not involve any chronic medical disorders, but several biological and environmental differences were found between those who developed FTT and those who did not.
Luftsichel sign and juxtaphrenic peak sign.

A 56-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of cough, dyspnoea and left-sided chest pain. A chest radiograph revealed left mid lung infiltrates (figures 1 and 2). He was treated as an outpatient with an antibiotic for community-acquired pneumonia. His symptoms resolved and a chest X-ray 2 months later showed an elevated left hemidiaphragm with a characteristic Luftsichel sign (figures 3 and 4). A lateral view X-ray showed left upper lobe collapse with anterior displacement of the oblique fissure and elevation of the left hemidiaphragm (figure 5). A CT of the chest confirmed left …
Opportunities and Challenges in Signal Processing and Analysis

This paper provides an overview of the author's perspective on the numerous challenges and opportunities in signal and image processing. In particular we focus for the most part on problems and critical issues for problems of statistical processing of spatially-distributed data. In addition to pointing to several applications areas of some importance we also describe a view of the technical challenges and one perspective on how they can be met.
Integrated stylus-force gauge

Abstract Integrated stylus-force microgauges made of low residual-stress silicon nitride using surface micromachining technology have been designed, built and tested. These gauges employ polysilicon piezoresistors as sensing elements and are calibrated using standard weights made from probe tips. The predictions of beam theory taking account of both residual and applied stress in the beam support are in good agreement with experimental results. The gauges cover a stylus-force range from 0.1 to 50 mg with an accuracy of roughly ±0.1 mg.
Design of elephant collars to reduce crop foraging

T he damage caused by elephants can be catastrophic to local subsistence economies. Farmers suffer the brunt of damage, anxiety, and frustration caused by elephants. Costs to the local communities include property damage, human injury or death, competition over water resources, social disruptions
Characteristics of ventriculoatrial conduction in patients with enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction.

To study the characteristics of the ventriculoatrial conduction system in patients capable of rapid antegrade atrioventricular conduction, electrophysiologic studies were performed in 23 subjects capable of 1:1 atrioventricular conduction at atrial cycle lengths less than or equal to 300 ms (Group I), and in 23 subjects with normal 1:1 atrioventricular conduction (Group II). During ventricular pacing, ventriculoatrial block at all cycle lengths was seen in 5/23 (22%) in Group I and in 7/23 (30%) in Group II patients (p = NS). In the remainder, the minimum ventricular pacing cycle length maintaining 1:1 ventriculoatrial conduction was 359 +/- 85 ms in Group I, compared to 444 +/- 118 ms in Group II (p less than .02). Both flat and exponential VA conduction interval curves, drawn as a function of pacing cycle length, were observed in both groups. Discontinuous ventriculoatrial conduction curves were seen in 5/18 (28%) Group I and 1/16 (6%) Group II patients (p = NS). In conclusion, retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction, when present in patients capable of rapid 1:1 atrioventricular conduction, is maintained at shorter cycle lengths than in patients with normal atrioventricular conduction. Quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences distinguish the two groups.
The California State University Mobile Atmospheric Profiling System: A Facility for Research and Education in Boundary Layer Meteorology

The California State University Mobile Atmospheric Profiling System (CSU-MAPS) is a shared facility between San Francisco and San Jose State Universities providing researchers and students state-of-the-art atmospheric profiling measurements that require fast deployments and ease of use. CSU-MAPS is intended for boundary layer field research and comprises a suite of commercially available instruments including micrometeorological sensors mounted on a 32-m extendable tower trailer, a scanning Doppler wind lidar, a microwave temperature–humidity profiler, and upper-air sounding systems. The trailer is towed using a Ford F250 4 × 4 truck equipped with surface weather instrumentation and workstations for operating the lidar and microwave profiler. The flexible design of the measurement system allows for a large range of important research projects to be tackled. To date, the system has been used in four major field experiments. During 2011, CSU-MAPS was deployed to Salt Lake City, Utah, to investigate the beha...
Alzheimer's Disease and Some Speculations about the Evolution of Its Modifiers

: In this paper we consider the evolution of Alzheimer's-like neuropathology in the aging primate brain. In particular, we examine the evolutionary pressures that have likely selected for the neuroprotective effects of estrogen and of the apolipoprotein E2 and E3 isoforms. We analyze this in the context of the altricial nature of newborn primates, their long period of dependency on competent maternal care, and the requirement of cognitive intactness for such competency.
Gut morphology and function in Atherinops affinis (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae), a stomachless omnivore feeding on macroalgae

The marine silverside Atherinops affinis has a short, simple gut and no obvious stomach or physical mechanisms for breaking down algal cells even though its diet in many estuarine habitats is primarily green macroalgae. Silverside from the Upper Newport Bay estuary in southern California had: (1) assimilation efficiencies from a green algal diet of 54% (total organic material), 74% (carbon), 84% (nitrogen), 89% (protein) and 81% (energy), values typical for marine herbivorous fishes; (2) an alkaline gut and no pepsin activity, thus confirming that the fish lacks a stomach; (3) relatively high amylase activity and low trypsin and lipase activities, a digestive enzyme profile expected in a fish consuming a high-carbohydrate, low-protein and low-lipid diet. The fish appears to be capable of functional herbivory and can be classified tentatively as a type III herbivore based on its possible use of pharyngeal jaws for lysis of algal cells.
Site of bicarbonate effect in Hill reaction. Evidence from the use of artificial electron acceptors and donors.

Abstract Using artificial electron donors and acceptors, it is shown here that the major HCO3− effect in the Hill reaction is after the “primary” electron acceptor (Q) of Photosystem II and before the site of action of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (at the plastoquinone pool). Chloroplasts in the presence of both 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, which blocks electron flow from the reduced primary acceptor Q− to the plastoquinone pool, and silicomolybdate, which accepts electrons from Q−, show no significant bicarbonate stimulation of electron flow. However, a 6–7-fold stimulation is clearly observed when oxidized diaminodurene, as an electron acceptor, and dibromothymoquinone, as an inhibitor of electron flow beyond the plastoquinone pool, are used. In the same chloroplast preparation no measurable effect of bicarbonate is observed in a Photosystem I reaction as monitored by electron flow from reduced diaminodurene to methyl viologen in the presence of 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. The insensitivity of the bicarbonate effect to uncouplers of photophosphorylation and the dependence of this effect on the presence of a weak acid anion and on external pH are also reported.
On tribological problems in magnetic disk recording technology

Abstract Critical tribology problems of the head-disk interface are reviewed. Surface topography of hard disks is discussed along with experimental results concerning the friction and stiction behavior of lubricated carbon coated disks. The effect of environmental conditions on the headdisk interface is analyzed together with current techniques to measure the flying height between slider and disk in the nanometer spacing range. The effect of air bearing design on the tribology of the head disk interface is discussed and a critical evaluation of recently proposed approaches towards contact recording is presented.
Mineralogy, geochemistry and alteration of the Cherry Hill, California hot-spring gold deposit

Abstract At Cherry Hill, California, gold-precipitating hot springs are associated with an economically significant body of gold mineralization. The deposit is about 0.56 Ma old and consequently unaffected by structural disruption, metamorphism, or excessive weathering and erosion. The mineralogy of the deposit is simple: gold-quartz-adularia-carbonate-iron sulfide microveinlets dominate the ore. The paragenetic sequence consists of twelve stages: early adularia (I), an alternating sequence of silica and carbonates (II–XI) and a late argillic event (XII). Gold deposition occurred during stages V–VI and IX. Early adularia-sericite alteration of the host mudstones was restricted to the central part of the deposit. Following this initial phase, fluids spread to the northwest and southeast creating anomalies of gold, silver, mercury, antimony, thallium and arsenic. Late in the history of the system, strong argillic alteration developed to the northwest of the central zone. Adularia-sericite alteration usually, but not always, correlates well with gold; argillic alteration does not correlate well with the strongest gold anomalies. Gold anomalies correlate broadly with those of silver, mercury, antimony, thallium and arsenic, though highest values do not always coincide. The lack of complete correspondence between the presence of gold and a given alteration or geochemical anomaly illustrates that the use of geochemical or mineralogical associations as guides to ore is greatly improved by understanding the paragenetic relations at a deposit.
High Quality Passive Devices Fabricated Inexpensively in Advanced RF-CMOS Technologies with Copper BEOL

High quality factor inductors and highly matched low capacitance density horizontal parallel plate metal-insulator-metal capacitors were fabricated in 130nm RF-CMOS technology with minimal or zero processing step addition. The high quality factor inductors were made using a novel triple damascene integration technique. Peak quality factor of 26 was demonstrated for a 0.3nH inductor. The low capacitance density MIM capacitors were fabricated using standard BEOL copper planes with zero addition of processing steps. Capacitance density value of 0.66 fF/mum 2 was achieved for a six level copper wiring BEOL. Impact of copper plane was characterized to ensure optimal manufacturing production
A toxic metabolite of Nigrospora oryzae (Berk and Br.) petch.

Nigrospora oryzae was isolated from dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) collected in Auburn and from hay shipped under refrigeration to Florida. Some of these samples were eaten by cattle and horses that subsequently developed lameness. Metabolites of N. oryzae were separated by thin layer chromatography and tested for toxicity. Only one metabolite was toxic. Metabolite A showed toxicity to brine shrimp with an LD50=500 μg/ml in 8 h. It also had an antibiotic effect on Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 with a minimum inhibitory level of 10.1 μg/disc. As little as 435 μg of a crude methanolic extract of N. oryzae showed mild toxicity to chick embryos. The metabolite was not toxic to mice nor rats at the levels tested. Quantitative procedures developed for the determination of metabolite A showed that the maximum production occurred in yeast extract-sucrose liquid medium with an initial pH of 5–6, when incubated as a stationary culture for 28 days at 25 °C. It was concluded that metabolite A is a weak antibiotic rather than a mycotoxin, and was probably not associated with the symptoms of lameness observed in cattle and horses. The antibiotic is not one previously reported for N. oryzae.
Shielding for thermoacoustic tomography with RF excitation

Radiofrequency (RF) pulses used to generate thermoacoustic computerized tomography (TCT) signal couple directly into the pulser-receiver and oscilloscope, swamping true TCT signal. We use a standard RF enclosure housing both RF amplifier and object being imaged. This is similar to RF shielding of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suites and protects electronics outside from stray RF. Unlike MRI, TCT receivers are ultrasound transducers, which must also be shielded from RF. A transducer housing that simultaneously shields RF and permits acoustic transmission was developed specifically for TCT. We compare TCT signals measured with and without RF shielding.
Algebraic instability of hollow electron columns and cylindrical vortices

An axisymmetric, amgnetically confined electron column, in which the E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B rotation frequency is not a monotone function of radius, is linearly unstable to two-dimensional, electrostatic disturbances with azimuthal mode number l=1. The perturbation density is asymptotically proportional to \ensuremath{\surd}t and may be described as a shift of the core of the column. A particle-in-cell simulation indicates that harmonics grow rapidly and that there are secondary instabilities. An identical instability arises in hollow circular vortex columns in an inviscid, incompressible neutral fluid.
Non-stoichiometry, electrical properties, and cation diffusion in highly non-stoichiometric Co1−xO—II. Modelling the defect structure†☆

Abstract The defect structure of highly non-stoichometric Co1−xO is examined by fitting non-stoichiometry, electrical properties and cation diffusion data with various models. The ideal point defect model, the generalized cluster model and Debye-Huckel theory model for isolated vacancies are all shown to be inadequate in describing the properties dependence on oxygen partial pressure. A model is developed which considers non-interacting isolated vacancies, V′ and V″, and 4:1′″ clusters with Debye-Huckel interactions. All properties were accurately fit from 10−6 ⩽ P ⩽ 35 atm at 1200°C using this non-unique model.
Noise radiation patterns of counter-rotation and unsteadily loaded single-rotation propellers

In order to understand the effects of installation on propeller noise, numerous measurements are required to define the directivity of the noise as well as the level. An experimental study was designed to map the noise radiation pattern for various single-rotation propeller (SRP) installations and one counter-rotation propeller (CRP) installation covering an area ± 60 deg from the propeller disk plane and ± 60 deg laterally. The configurations considered included an SRP at angle of attack and in tractor and pusher operations and a CRP. A firstprinciples linear theory was validated for the SRP tractor operation over the angle range mentioned above. The increases in noise that arise from an unsteady loading operation such as an SRP pusher or a CRP exceed 15 dB and depend on the observer location. In particular, the majority of the additional noise from the unsteady loading appears to radiate in the axial directions.
Toxicity of Certain Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls on Reproductive Efficiency of Caged Chickens

Abstract The biphenyls tested with caged White Leghorn pullets were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Aroclors 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1016 and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) PBP-6 at the 5, 10 and 20 p.p.m. levels. These pollutants exerted no adverse effects on egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness, feed consumption, adult body weight changes, livability and fertility after 8 weeks of biphenyl feeding, irrespective of biphenyl level or compound. Hatchability of fertile eggs as a result of biphenyl feeding was significantly affected by 10 or 20 p.p.m. and by three PCB compounds (Aroclors 1232, 1242, 1248). The hatchability (%) of eggs laid by pullets fed 10 and 20 p.p.m. declined to 78 and 45, respectively, for Aroclor 1232, 48 and 5 for Aroclor 1242 and 40 and 5 for Aroclor 1248 after 6 weeks of biphenyl feeding, as compared with 90 for the control group. The most common embryonic abnormality was edema in the neck and rump areas. Biphenyl supplementation in the maternal diet also caused a shift in the peak pattern of embryonic death. Progeny growth as a result of biphenyl in the maternal diet was significantly depressed by 10 or 20 p.p.m. and by Arcola’s 1242 and 1248. The level of the three PCBs found to be toxic to chickens appears to lie somewhere between 5 and 10 p.p.m.
IB-03IDH MUTANT GLIOMAS ARE RESISTANT TO NATURAL KILLER CELL-MEDIATED CYTOLYSIS

Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are common in gliomas. 50-80% of WHO II/III gliomas possess IDH1/IDH2 mutation. Methylation-related transcriptional repression is a feature of IDH mutant (IDHmut) tumors. Epigenetic repression of natural killer (NK) cell ligands is a common occurrence in cancer, but it is unknown if this occurs in primary brain tumors. Here, we demonstrate transcriptional repression of NKG2D activating ligands (NKG2DLs) in IDHmut gliomas, and correlate this with decreased susceptibility of IDHmut cells to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytolysis in vitro. Our data suggest that NK cell-astrocyte contact is required for production of Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, and that production of these cytokines is limited in IDHmut astrocytes. We also show that NKG2DL-specific antibody blockade can result in significant reduction in NK-cell mediated cytolysis in vitro. Furthermore, we infect IDHmut cells with JDNI7 virus containing ULBP3 plasmid DNA to induce overexpression of this ligand. Upon ULBP3 overexpression, these cells are significantly more sensitive to NK-cell mediated lysis. Taken together, our data suggest a potential immune surveillance role for the NKG2DL, ULBP3, during IDHmut gliomagenesis.
INVESTIGATIONS ON NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM IN PLANTS. I. THE REACTION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS WITH NINHYDRIN ON PAPER: A QUANTITATIVE PROCEDURE

This is the first of a group of papers which will record investigations on nitrogen compounds and their metabolism in plants. The work was undertaken not only because of the intrinsic interest of nitrogen metabolism, but even more because it had become so apparent that other vital phenomena would only be fully comprehended when their relations to nitrogen metabolism were revealed (26, and refs. there cited; 27). Plant respiration?long considered in terms only of carbohydrate breakdown?has recently been shown to include a moiety which varies concomitantly with protein synthesis and the metabolism of amino acids. This was especially true of the cells of the potato tuber (24), under the conditions which promote accumulation of salts. In another series of papers (for references see 21), the ability to accumulate salts, now somewhat generally conceded to be a property of active cells and dependent upon their aerobic respiration, has also been associated in a variety of ways with cells able to grow and to synthesize protein and with factors able to foster this process (22, 23, 24). For the particular case of the potato tuber, it was recognized that aerobic respiration, protein synthesis from the stored reserves of soluble nitrogen and the accumulation of anions (Br) and cations (K) varied pari passu under the influence of a wide range of conditions. Observations such as these led to the view that the energy of respiration was made available simultaneously for both salt accumulation and the protein synthesis with which it appeared to be linked. The necessary point of contact between the energy derived from aerobic respiration with the metabolism of nitrogen compounds and salt accumulation, promised, therefore, to be fundamental to the understanding of all of these processes. Prior to the work now to be described, some progress had been made by analytical methods which could fractionate the soluble nitrogen of the cells only into the amino-N and amide-N fractions (22). The total amide-N was further separable into glutamine-amide-N and asparagine-amide-N (25), and it became apparent that these two substances stood in quite different relationships to protein synthesis (26, and refs. there cited). Further-
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Yellow Pigment from Human and Primate Tissue

A novel lipophilic yellow pigment has been isolated from human and primate tissue. Field-desorption mass spectrometry suggests a molecular ion of mass 645-700, and electron-impact mass spectrometry gives a major fragment ion at 603.5348, which is consistent with the elemental composition C37H69N3O3. The ultraviolet/visible spectrum has two major absorption peaks at 423.6 nm and 398.8 nm and a smaller peak at 377.8 nm. The adrenal gland contains the highest concentration of the pigment; it is also present in the colon, kidney, lung, spleen, and stomach tissue. It is not present in brain or liver. The pigment has not been detected in the rat, mouse, cow, pig, or dog.
What's all this hype about hypertext?: Teaching literature with George P. Landow's The Dickens Web

The essay describes the use of George P. Landow's hypertext, The Dickens Web, in an advanced undergraduate literature class and analyzes its practical and theoretical implications. Hypertext is shown to encourage active student engagement, especially with contextual material; to lead to more focused research topics; and to facilitate student collaboration. Some of Landow's claims about the ease with which this occurs, however, are questioned. The difficulty of teaching students how to follow and construct conceptual hypertextual links is examined, and the instructor's role in relation to student contributions to the Web is presented as much more problematic than Landow allows.
Finding the right fit: chiseling structures out of cryo-electron microscopy maps

Cryo-electron microscopy is a central tool for studying the architecture of macromolecular complexes at subnanometer resolution. Interpretation of an electron microscopy map requires its computational integration with data about the structure's components from all available sources, notably atomic models. Selecting a protocol for EM density-guided integrative structural modeling depends on the resolution and quality of the EM map as well as the available complimentary datasets. Here, we review rigid, flexible, and de novo integrative fitting into EM maps and provide guidelines and considerations for the design of modeling experiments. Finally, we discuss efforts towards establishing unified criteria for map and model assessment and validation.
Establishing a Nutrition Position Shared Between Student Affairs and Academic Affairs at a Small State University

Abstract Like many smaller colleges and universities, this small state university (approximately 6,600 students) did not employ a registered dietitian to meet nutrition screening, assessment and education needs for students, faculty and staff. Two full time, tenure track faculty members provided these services when possible, but their time was limited due to responsibilities associated with both an ADA-approved AP4 program and an ADA-approved DPD program in addition to a nutrition emphasis in the Master's of Health Sciences degree program. Although sporadic part-time teaching funds were available to cover one to two academic courses per year, these courses were usually service courses for other majors. Thus, there was documented need for both a non-academic registered dietitian and more stable funding for at least a partial academic position. Because funding was not available for either position, a proposal was developed for a shared position between the two areas. The proposal was accepted, and a full-time, 12-month position was created (1/3 academic, 2/3 non-academic). This approach may be successful at other small universities to enhance nutrition services offered to faculty, staff and students while increasing the number, types and frequency of nutrition courses offered.
LIVESTOCK EXCLUSION AND BELOWGROUND ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES IN RIPARIAN MEADOWS OF EASTERN OREGON

Ecological restoration of riparian zones that have been degraded by decades of overgrazing by livestock is of paramount importance for the improvement of water quality and fish and wildlife habitats in the western United States. An increasingly common approach to the restoration of habitats of endangered salmon in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA) is to exclude livestock from streamside communities. Yet, few studies have examined how ending livestock grazing changes ecosystem properties and belowground processes in herbaceous-dominated riparian plant communities (meadows). Along the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon, we compared ecosystem properties of dry (grass and forb-dominated) and wet (sedge-dominated) meadow communities at three sites that had been managed for sustainable livestock production with three sites where livestock had been excluded for 9-18 years as a means of riparian and stream restoration. Profound differences in the belowground properties of grazed and exclosed communities were mea- sured. In dry meadows, total belowground biomass (TBGB consisting of roots and rhizomes) was ;50% greater in exclosures (1105 and 1652 g/m 2 in the grazed and exclosed sites, respectively). In exclosed wet meadows, the TBGB was 62% greater than in the grazed sites (1761 and 2857 g/m 2 , respectively). Soil bulk density was significantly lower, and soil pore space was higher in exclosed sites of both meadow types. The mean infiltration rate in exclosed dry meadows was ;13-fold greater than in grazed dry meadows (142 vs. 11 cm/h), and in wet meadows the mean infiltration rate in exclosures was 233% greater than in grazed sites (24 vs. 80 cm/h). In exclosed wet meadows, the rate of net potential nitri- fication was 149-fold greater (0.747 vs. 0.005 m gN O 3-N·(g soil) 21 ·d 21 ), and the rate of net potential mineralization was 32-fold greater (0.886 vs. 0.027 mg N·(g soil) 21 ·d 21 , respec- tively) when compared to grazed sites, though changes observed in dry meadows were not significant. Livestock removal was found to be an effective approach to ecological resto- ration, resulting in significant changes in soil, hydrological, and vegetation properties that, at landscape scales, would likely have great effects on stream channel structure, water quality, and the aquatic biota.
Linkage of bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 8q24: follow-up and parametric analysis

Our group first reported a linkage finding for bipolar (BP) disorder on chromosome 8q24 in a study of 50 multiplex pedigrees, with an HLOD score reaching 2.39. Recently, Cichon et al reported an LOD score of 3.62 in the same region using two-point parametric analysis. Subsequently, we published the results of a genome scan for linkage to BP disorder using a sample extended to 65 pedigrees in which chromosome 8q24 provided the best finding, an NPL score of 3.13, approaching the accepted score for suggestive linkage. We have now fine mapped this region of chromosome 8 in our 65 pedigrees by the addition of 19 microsatellite markers reaching a marker density of 0.8 cM and an information content of 0.84. After the addition of the new data, the original NPL score slightly increased to 3.25. Two-point parametric analysis using the model employed by Cichon et al obtained an LOD score of 3.32 for marker D8S256 at theta=0.14 exceeding the proposed threshold for genomewide significance. After adjusting the parameters in accordance with the 'common disease-common variant' hypothesis, multipoint parametric analysis resulted in an HLOD of 2.49 (alpha=0.78) between D8S529 and D8S256, and defined a 1-LOD interval corresponding to a 2.3 Mb region. No allelic association with the disease was observed for our set of microsatellite markers. Biologically, plausible candidate genes in this region include thyroglobulin, KCNQ3 coding for a voltage-gated potassium channel and the gene for brain adenyl-cyclase (ADCY8).
Effect of Dialyzer Reprocessing Methods on Complement Activation and Hemodialyzer‐Related Symptoms

The effects of different dialyzer processing methods and of reuse on complement activation and dialyzer-related symptoms were studied in 96 maintenance hemodialysis patients. New dialyzers were either unprocessed (Group 1) or machine-washed with bleach and stored in formaldehyde (Group 2). Reused dialyzers were manually cleansed using the combination of bleach and formaldehyde (Group 3), or machine-washed in formaldehyde (Group 4) or peracetic acid (Group 5). Prewashed new dialyzers (Group 2) were associated with greater complement activation during dialysis when compared with unprocessed, new dialyzers (Group 1) (p less than 0.05). Reused, unbleached but formaldehyde-treated or peracetic acid-treated dialyzers (Groups 4 and 5) were associated with reduced complement activation (p less than 0.05). Complement activation was not reduced when bleach was used for reprocessing (Group 3). The percentage of patients without symptoms during dialysis was significantly greater with reused dialyzers than with new dialyzers (Groups 3 through 5 versus Groups 1 and 2; 39 versus 25%; p = 0.035). The severity of total symptoms correlated significantly (p = 0.0004) with complement activation. Our results suggest that total symptoms during dialysis are correlated with the degree of complement activation. However, trends in the data pertaining to chest pain suggest that factors other than complement activation may be important in the pathogenesis of some dialyzer-related symptoms.
Barley stripe mosaic virus replicative form RNA: Preparation and characterization

Abstract The replicative form (RF) of barley stripe mosaic virus RNA was isolated after in vivo 32 P-labeling followed by LiCl separation of the phenol-extracted nucleic acids and density gradient centrifugation. The RF was resistant to 0.1μg ribonuclease/ml in SSC (0.15 M sodium chloride, 0.015 M sodium citrate) susceptible to the enzyme at 1 μg/ml in 0.01 × SSC, resistant to deoxyribonuclease, and susceptible to alkaline degradation. The RF sedimented at 12.7 S, prior to and after formaldehyde treatment, and had an estimated molecular weight of 1.73–1.88 × 10 6 daltons. Single-stranded viral RNA (21.3 S) had an estimated molecular weight of 8.85 × 10 5 daltons, based on sedimentation after formaldehyde treatment. In addition to the major 21.3 S zone, a slower sedimenting RNA (19.5 S) was detected. A shoulder RF species, apparently corresponding to the 19.5 S single-stranded RNA, sedimented at 11.2 S. The buoyant density of the RF in Cs 2 SO 4 was 1.595 g/cc, and that of single-stranded RNA was 1.630 g/cc. Maximum 32 P incorporation into RF occurred prior to the period of maximum concentration of single-stranded viral RNA, but 32 P-labeled single-stranded viral RNA was detected before RF could be isolated.
Aspen patch and migratory bird relationships in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem

We evaluated the effects of aspen patch area and orientation (relative to North and an elevational gradient) on the early breeding season abundance and species richness of migratory and resident birds in the northern ungulate winter range of the Yellowstone ecosystem, USA. Using an information-theoretic model selection approach, we found patch area and basal area of aspen to be the most important covariates for long distance migrants, and patch orientation relative to elevational gradient the most important covariate for residents/short-distance migrants. Basal area of live aspen and aspen snags was marginally important for both migratory strategies, likely because aspen snags are an important habitat for most cavity-nesting species. Landscape ecological theory postulates passive interception of dispersing or migrating organisms by patches of suitable habitat. Our results suggest that residents/short-distance migrants are intercepted by patches that are oriented perpendicular to the elevational gradient of our study region resulting in greater abundances and species richness in those patches. However, long-distance migrants appear to use aspen patches without regard to orientation, but rather to patch area.
Reactions of Prisoners to Stress as a Function of Personality and Demographic Variables

The present study explored the effects of the demographic variables of age, race (ethnicity), gender, marital status, and education on stress, anger, curiosity, perception of institutional stressors, and reactions to institutional variables manifested by inmates incarcerated in Florida prisons. A total of 783 inmates were selectedfrom eight different institutions housing adult, youthful offender, and female inmates. The sample included some of the least violent and most violent inmates in the system. The measures used consisted of standardized paper and pencil tests designed to assess anxiety, anger, and curiosity. In addition, several nonstandardized measures of institutional stressors and of inmates' reactions to institutional stressors were also employed. The data revealed that inmates enter the institution with a set of personal characteristics that could have substantial impact on their relationships with other inmates and correctional staff. The results were interpreted in terms of both institutiona...
Analysis of gases containing inorganic and organic compounds using a combination of a thick-film capillary column and a packed adsorption column

A gas chromatographic system consisting of one multiport valve, two (hot-wire and flame-ionization) detectors and two analytical columns (one thick-film capillary and one packed adsorption column) is used for the analysis of gas samples containing a number of inorganic compounds (hydrogen, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) and organic compounds. Examples include samples containing hydrocarbons up to n-nonane and benzene and toluene. The system also permits the analysis of more complicated samples containing, for example, alcohols, in addition to hydrocarbons.
Magnetic calculation of rotating machinery using the moment method

This paper summarizes a very useful numerical technique that can be used to solve magnetic-field problems in rotating machinery. Positive features of the technique include the fact that it can handle arbitrary boundaries and that only boundary points with appropriate boundary conditions need be specified. This technique is well suited for the interactive, terminal-oriented computer usage that employs APL language, which can handle both vector and matrix data. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this technique and the simplicity of data input to the computer.
The possible induction and/or acquisition of cellular hypersensitivity associated with ingestion of colostrum

1. Avery, M. E.: The lung and its disorders in the newborn infant, ed. 2, Philadelphia, 1968, W. B. Saunders Company, p. 144. 2. Gregory, G. A., Kitterman, J. A., Phibbs, R. H., et al.: Treatment of the idiopathic respiratory-distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure, N. Engl. J. Med. 284: 1333, 1971. 3. Agostino, R., Orzalesi, M., Nodari, S., et aI.: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by nasal cannula in the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn, Pediatr. Res. 7: 50, 1973. (Abst.)
Using research synthesis in medical technology assessment.

This article describes the use of research synthesis procedures (e.g., meta-analysis) in evaluating medical technologies. The synthesis process involves retrieval, extraction, and analysis of pertinent information from a set of research studies. There are several advantages of research synthesis: determining overall effectiveness, explaining seemingly contradictory findings, providing a standard measure of effect, and increasing statistical power. In addition, such syntheses provide timely results that can assist various policy decisions such as initiating clinical trials at NIH, reimbursement at HCFA, and answering NIH consensus conference questions. The authors' synthesis of the research literature on coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABGS) illustrates how this method can address the various elements of a technology assessment such as safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. The paper concludes by noting how research synthesis can be particularly advantageous in assessing technologies that are rapidly evolving (e.g., lytic agents for acute myocardial infarction).
The Medical Malpractice Myth. By Tom Baker

The Medical Malpractice Myth. By Tom Baker. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. 222. $22.50 cloth; $14.00 paper. Reviewed by Sarah Jain, Stanford University With The Medical Malpractice Myth, Tom Baker has contributed a lucid and detailed account of the dual problems of medical error and medical malpractice law in the United States. Drawing on, and carefully outlining and explaining, dozens of studies related to medical malpractice, Baker argues against what he calls the "medical malpractice myth." This myth, ubiquitous in the media and as common knowledge, according to Baker, claims that medical malpractice costs are skyrocketing and driving doctors out of the profession, that plaintiffs sue frivolously, and that undeserving claimants win millions of dollars. Baker's "mission" is to reframe "the public discussion about medical malpractice lawsuits" (p. 19). In fact, Baker argues that the real social problem is too much medical malpractice, not too much litigation. Indeed, as many studies corroborate, the vast majority of those who suffer medical malpractice do not sue. Furthermore, medical malpractice insurance premiums are cyclical; it is not litigation that drives these cycles, but rather financial trends and competitive behavior among insurance companies. While undeserving people do sometimes bring claims of medical malpractice, the vast majority of these are settled before trial-and often initiating a suit offers the only way that patients can get information about their medical treatment since "only 30% of patients harmed by medical error [are] told of the problem by the professional responsible for the mistake"(p. 5). According to Baker, the medical malpractice myth serves one purpose: to allow people to "keep ignoring the real, public health problem" of medical error (p. 3). He, on the other hand, wants to defend the law as something that can improve the quality of health care. This book offers a valuable shift away from malpractice lawsuits to the issue of medical error in the United States. For readers who want the general contours of the argument but do not have time to wade through the detailed evidence offered in each chapter, Baker offers handy summaries to conclude each section. Nevertheless, the chapters are well worth reading for their analysis of the various studies that propel the argument. Baker is a master at unwrapping the methods and conclusions of various studies and demonstrating what they can and cannot do. This attention to detail results in a finely reasoned argument for malpractice law, which, after all, was not a system designed by plaintiffs' lawyers. …
Exercise among breast and prostate cancer survivors--what are their barriers?

Introduction Despite proven benefits of regular physical activity, estimates indicate that few cancer survivors meet physical activity guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare exercise barriers among cancer survivors, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally as they undergo home-based behavioral interventions.
On the anatomy and relationships of Efraasia diagnostica (HuENE) n. gen., a prosauropod dinosaur (Reptilia: Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic of Germany

Palaeosaurus (?) diagnosticus Huene from the Stubensandstone (Upper Triassic, Norian) of Nordwurttemberg, Germany is made the type species of a new genus of prosauropod dinosaurEfraasia, which is referred to the family Anchisauridae. The anatomy ofEfraasia diagnostica is conservative and it was an ideal ancestor for the later and more specializedAnchisaurus polyzelus of North America. The slenderness of the manus and pes ofEfraasia andAnchisaurus is matched amongst prosauropods only by the feet ofGyposaurus capensis andThecodontosaurus antiquus. Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert from the Upper Triassic of Brazil is probably a very primitive theropod dinosaur.