cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent bis-cyclen tweezer receptors for inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate

Abstract Herein, we report the development of two fluorescent sensors for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), containing either two free cyclen or zinc(II)/cyclen groups preorganized into a binding cleft. Preorganization was achieved using a rigid acridine backbone, which was also exploited for fluorescence signal transduction. In addition, click chemistry was used to facilitate receptor synthesis and produce triazole moieties that add to structural rigidity and recognition. In binding studies, both receptors were found to bind InsP3 with high affinity (Ka=0.5–1.0×106 M−1) in competitive media (1:1 methanol/water).
Exophiala jeanselmei, a pathogen of earthworm species

Exophiala jeanselmei, an opportunistic human pathogen causing phaeohyphomycosis, was isolated from a naturally infected late embryonic stage of the earthworm Octolasian tyrtaeum, and from the cocoon albumen of Eisenia foetida. Application of E. jeanselmei to cocoons of six earthworm species resulted in infection of albumen and re-isolation of the fungus. This is the first report of this dematiaceous hyphomycete as a pathogen of Annelida, which are widespread in distribution.
Chad Berry, Southern Migrants, Northern Exiles. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000. xxiii + 343 pp. $39.95 cloth.

Between World War One and 1970, millions of whites left the southern United States to move north. Those who relocated to the five states of the Old Northwest Territory are the subjects of Chad Berry's book. At the time of publication Berry was an Assistant Professor of History at Maryville College in Tennessee. He tells us that his own family participated in one such journey northward.
Development of Potent Truncated Glucagon Antagonists

In pursuit of truncated glucagon analogues that can interact with the glucagon receptor with substantial binding affinity, 23 truncated glucagon analogues have been designed and synthesized. These truncated analogues consist of several fragments of glucagon with 11 or 12 amino acid residues (1-4), conformationally constrained analogues containing the sequence of the middle region of glucagon (5-15), and truncated analogues containing the sequence of the C-terminal region (16-23). Biological assays of these analogues showed that the truncated glucagon analogues with the sequence of the C-terminal region possess significantly better binding affinity compared to the truncated analogues with the sequence of the middle region, and these analogues (17-23) demonstrated potent antagonistic activity (pA(2) values between 6.5 and 7.5). On the basis of these results, it can be suggested that glucagon interacts with its receptor with two hydrophobic patches located in the middle and the C-terminal regions of glucagon, and both hydrophobic patches are necessary for significant receptor recognition. These two hydrophobic binding motifs, located in two different regions of glucagon, appear to be the reason why the earlier attempts to obtain truncated analogues with good binding affinity did not result in any success. Long peptide hormones such as glucagon seem to require more than one binding pocket on the receptors for maximal interaction.
SU‐FF‐T‐293: Inter‐Linac and Intra‐Linac Variability of X‐Ray and Electron Dose Distributions

Purpose: To determine the maximum expected variation in fluence, differential in energy and position, with an accuracy of 1% for a single linac model, and eventually, combining with Monte Carlo beam models, to develop gold standard beam model benchmarks. Method and Materials: The 6 and 18 MV beams of the Siemens Primus linear accelerator(linac) were tuned through the manufacturer acceptance range in field flatness by adjusting beam energy. Dose profiles were measured at the low, high and average energy in this range for small, medium and large field sizes to quantify the intra‐linac variations caused by energy adjustment. The 6 and 18 MV x‐ray beams, and 6–21 MeV electron beams on three Primus machines, with the same treatment head, were tuned to give the same central axis depth dose curves to better than 0.5% for the largest fields available: 40×40 cm for photons, and 25×25 cm for electrons. Profiles were measured on these linacs to investigate the inter‐linac variations. Results: For the intra‐linac variations, the energy tuning has the largest effect of 7% at 10 cm on beam penetration for small fields. Scattering in the field reduces this effect for larger fields. Wedged‐field profiles are affected more than the open field, due to the dependence of transmission on energy. For inter‐linac variation, profiles measured from three different machines vary more than 2% due to beam tuning differences, lateral displacement of flatteners or scattering foils, and differences in position of components relative to the source. Conclusion: The range of inter‐linac and intra‐linac variability has been measured on a Primus linac and is clinically significant. This data will be used with Monte Carlo treatment head simulation to calculate gold standard beam model benchmarks for the development of tunable beam models of high accuracy and detail in the dose‐critical components of fluence.
Epidemiology and Control of Fungal Infections

The increase in the frequency of fungal infections over the past decade is significant. This increase has particularly occurred among patients in hospitals, where the rate of candidal bloodstream infection has increased by as much as 487% throughout the decade of the 1980s. This increased frequency of infection has been accompanied by significant excess mortality. The documentation of nosocomial transmission of fungal pathogens and the recognition of resistance to antifungal agents pose a significant problem. The fact that the lack of hand washing by patient care providers in intensive care units has been linked to hand carriage of strains of Candida that were isolated from the bloodstream of patients in intensive care units suggests that cross-infection is an important and preventable feature of candidal bloodstream infection. New and more-effective strategies must be developed for prophylaxis of endogenous infections and prevention of transmission within the hospital setting.
Neuron-glia interactions and glial enzyme expression in mouse cerebellum.

One of the major goals that developmental neurobiologists share with those studying other developing systems is understanding the role of cell interactions during morphogenesis and cell differentiation. A variety of significant interactions between neighboring cells occur during the formation of a normal adult nervous system. In vertebrate embryos these interactions begin with the induction of the neural epithelium by the underlying notochord. Similar interactions are involved in the morphogenesis and differentiation of auditory, lens and olfactory placodes. Slightly later during brain development different types of cell interactions come into play. For example, radial glia serve as guides physically directing the migration of neurons, and appropriate interactions (i.e. synapse formation) among certain developing neuron populations are believed vital to the ultimate survival of those neurons. Although these and other examples of cellular interactions are widely accepted as important forces during embryonic development, the mechanisms through which they operate have proven to be elusive.
Role of the amino terminus in ligand binding for the angiotensin II type 2 receptor

Abstract Key amino terminal residues in type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II (AngII) receptors are not conserved within type 2 (AT2) receptors. We therefore characterized amino terminal mutants that are transiently expressed in COS-3 membranes. AT2 amino terminal deletion drastically reduced affinity for AngII, suggesting its importance for this subtype. AT1–AT2 amino terminal exchanges retained wild type AngII affinities (Kd ranging from 3–5 nM), indicating compensation despite substantial sequence dissimilarities. Finally, binding of AT2 selective ligands (CGP42112A and PD123319) was not dependent on the amino terminus.
The influence of partial-match cues on event-based prospective memory.

In event‐based prospective memory tasks people form an intention to respond when an environmental cue signals that conditions are appropriate to fulfil an intended activity. In the ongoing activity the authors embedded partial‐match cues that only partially, but not completely, satisfied the conditions required to make a prospective response. The consequence of encountering these partial‐match cues was to increase responses to appropriate prospective memory cues encountered later. This outcome occurred both with semantic and orthographic cues, but only the former led to longer processing latencies of the partial‐match cues. This asymmetry suggests that partial‐match cues may not need to be processed consciously in order to benefit event‐based prospective memory. A parametric manipulation of the number of partial‐match cues resulted in numerically but not statistically better prospective memory. Consequently, partial‐match cues may function as overt reminders of the intention to respond or they may serve t...
Motion Planning for an Articulated Body in a Perfect Planar Fluid

Understanding fish-like locomotion as a result of internal shape changes may result in improved un- derwater propulsion mechanisms. We use a geometric framework to consider the simplified problem of an articulated two-dimensional body in a potential flow. This paper builds upon the current geometric theory by showing that although the group of Euclidean transformations is non-Abelian, certain tools available for Abelian groups may still be exploited, making use of the semidirect-product structure of this group. In particular, the holonomy in the rotation component may be explicitly computed as a function of the area enclosed by a path in shape space. We use this tool to develop open-loop gaits for an articulated body with two shape variables, using plots of the curvature of the mechanical connection, which relates motion in the shape space to motion of the overall body. Results from numerical computations of the mechanical connection are compared to theoretical re- sults assuming the joints are hydrodynamically decoupled. Finally, we consider a simple method for trajectory tracking in the plane, using a one-parameter family of gaits.
Landmark Representation of Shapes and Fisher-Rao Geometry

We develop computational strategies to calculate geodesics and geodesic distances between plane shapes represented by mixture of Gaussians centered at landmark points with a fixed variance with respect to the information-theoretic Fisher-Rao metric. This representation and metric have been investigated recently by Peter and Rangarajan, but a feasible computational approach was not provided. The algorithms developed are applied to shape clustering and the results are compared to those obtained with other methods.
Smart Skin optical strain sensor using single wall carbon nanotubes

Strain measurements are essential in structural health monitoring. Traditional strain gages require physical contact between the sensor and read-out device, perturb the surface being monitored, and allow measurement only at the specific location and orientation axis of the sensor. We demonstrate a novel non-contact, multi- point, multi-directional strain sensing approach that overcomes these limitations. In our method, the surface is coated with a thin film of "smart skin" containing individualized single-walled carbon nanotubes in a polymeric host. After curing, substrate strains are transmitted through the polymer film to embedded nanotubes. This induces axial strains in the nanotubes, systematically shifting the wavelengths of their characteristic near-infrared fluorescence peaks. To measure strain, a visible laser excites nanotubes at points of interest on the surface, and the near-infrared emission is collected and spectrally analyzed. Observed spectral shifts reveal quantitative strain values. Laboratory tests show sensitivity down to ~400µm, limited by mechanical properties of the polymeric host film. We also vary excitation beam polarization to find the axis of substrate strain. Our method provides spatial resolution down to its gage length of ~100µm. Because the entire substrate is coated with nanoscale strain sensors, measurements can be made at arbitrary locations to construct a full strain map. We will describe recent smart skin refinements involving selection of polymer host, nanotube surfactant, nanotube dispersion method, and preparation protocol. Finally, we characterize the orientational distribution of nanotubes using a probabilistic model.
“The Love of Antiochus with Faire Stratonica” in Art

The story of Antiochus and Stratonice might well be called one of the outstanding moral tales of world literature. It appealed to ancient writers such as Valerius Maximus, Plutarch, Lucian, and Appian; to Petrarch and the novelists of the Renaissance; to French seventeenth-century dramatists such as Philippe Quinault and Thomas Corneille; and to a host of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century classicists including Winckelmann and Goethe. It was treated in a flood of opera libretti in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. And finally, it has left remarkable traces in paintings and drawings from the fifteenth down to the nineteenth century, when its pictorial treatment reached a belated climax in some of the most significant works of Jean-Dominique Ingres.
Exposure of rod outer segments to serum is not responsible for abnormal disk membrane morphogenesis in a model of retinal detachment.

Purpose. The sclerad surface of the retina is exposed to serum proteins in several retinal pathologies that result in degeneration of photoreceptor outer segments. Abnormal disk membrane morphogenesis is observed in rod photoreceptors of detached Xenopus retinas when they are cultured in serum-containing medium. Retinas that remain attached to the pigment epithelium layer produce normal disks. Experiments were conducted to determine whether abnormal disk morphogenesis in detached, cultured retinas is due to the presence of serum in the microenvironment of the rod outer segments.Methods. Detached retinas and retinas attached to the retinal pigment epithelium in eyecups were cultured in either serum-containing or serum-free medium, and the morphology of the disk lamellae formed in vitro retinas was evaluated. Using protein extraction and immunochemical methods, the presence of albumin in the microenvironment of the outer segments was confirmed for retinas incubated in serum-containing medium.Results. There ...
Gas transport properties of polymers based on spirobiindane bisphenol

Transport properties of pure gases in polycarbonates, polyesters, and polyetherimides based on 6,6′-dihydroxy-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spiro biindane (SBI) and bisphenol-A (BPA) are compared at 35°C. The SBI monomer contains two spiro-linked five-membered rings which are fused to the phenyl rings at the meta and para positions to the hydroxyl groups. This molecular structure gives SBI-based polymers with higher fractional free volume (FFV) and lower intramolecular motions as compared to the BPA-based analogs. The inhibition of chain packing due to the SBI moiety yields polymers with much higher permeabilities for all the gases studied, despite the hinderance of mobility associated with the SBI structure. Simultaneous increase in selectivity was also observed for some gas pairs. Oxygen permeabilities up to 5.9-fold higher with increases of up to 13% in O2/N2 selectivities were observed for a polyester based on SBI as compared to its analog based on BPA. Higher permeabilities of up to 4.3-fold for He and up to 4.8-fold for CO2 were observed due to the substitution of SBI for BPA. Not surprisingly, lower values of He/CH4 and CO2/CH4 selectivities were obtained for the more open SBI-containing polymers. The changes in fractional free volume and inhibition of small-scale mobility for some materials caused by the SBI moiety were measured and used in the interpretation of the gas transport properties. The individual contributions of diffusivity and solubility to the overall transport behavior of the polymers are discussed and correlated to the structural alterations caused by the SBI substitution for BPA monomer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Our healing is next to the wound: Endarkened feminisms, spirituality, and wisdom for teaching, learning, and research

This chapter explores how the spiritual and cultural contexts of wisdom and Black women's knowing and dialogues on race can facilitate cross-cultural and within-group understandings of race, gender, and identity in teaching and learning.
Flavor dependent azimuthal asymmetries in unpolarized semi-inclusive DIS at HERMES

The azimuthal cosϕh and cos2ϕh modulations of the distribution of hadrons produced in unpolarized semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons off hydrogen and deuterium targets have been measured in the hermes experiment. For the first time these modulations were determined in a 4-Dimensional kinematic space for positively and negatively charged pions and kaons separately, as well as for unidentified hadrons. These azimuthal dependences are sensitive to the transverse motion and polarization of the quarks within the nucleon via, e.g., the Cahn, Boer-Mulders and Collins effects.
An optical technique for measurement of material properties in the tension Kolsky bar

In this paper, a simple and effective technique is described for measurement of the viscoplastic tensile strains of specimens in the tension Kolsky bar experiment. The technique uses a Laser Occlusive Radius Detector (LORD) to directly measure the local diametral strain. To verify the accuracy of this technique, comparative tests of an A359 aluminum alloy were performed in which the strains in the specimens were simultaneously determined using the LORD approach and on-specimen strain gauges. Full numerical simulations of the tension Kolsky bar experiment were also performed for a variety of specimen geometries and material properties to evaluate the domains of accuracy of each measure of specimen strain. The experimental and numerical results show that (i) the strain measured using the LORD approach is in very good agreement with that measured using on-specimen strain gauges; (ii) the LORD approach continues to provide strain measurements after failure of the on-specimen strain gauges; (iii) the strain measured using conventional approaches is different from the strain measured using either the LORD or the on-specimen strain gauges.
Gravitational observables and local symmetries.

Using a recent classification of local symmetries of the vacuum Einstein equations, it is shown that there can be no observables for the vacuum gravitational field (in a closed universe) built as spatial integrals of local functions of Cauchy data and their derivatives.
Hemoglobin, nitric oxide and molecular mechanisms of hypoxic vasodilation

The protected transport of nitric oxide (NO) by hemoglobin (Hb) links the metabolic activity of working tissue to the regulation of its local blood supply through hypoxic vasodilation. This physiologic mechanism is allosterically coupled to the O2 saturation of Hb and involves the covalent binding of NO to a cysteine residue in the β-chain of Hb (Cys β93) to form S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb). Subsequent S-transnitrosation, the transfer of NO groups to thiols on the RBC membrane and then in the plasma, preserves NO vasodilator activity for delivery to the vascular endothelium. This SNO-Hb paradigm provides insight into the respiratory cycle and a new therapeutic focus for diseases involving abnormal microcirculatory perfusion. In addition, the formation of S-nitrosothiols in other proteins may regulate an array of physiological functions.
Using the Brink score to predict postpartum anal incontinence

Objective To evaluate whether antepartum pelvic floor muscle strength, as measured by the Brink scale, predicts postpartum anal incontinence. Study Design This prospective cohort study of primigravid women used validated questionnaires and standardized pelvic examinations to evaluate subjects during the third trimester and at 2 postpartum time points. Results Of the initial 129 subjects, 102 and 81 completed 2 week and 6 month postpartum visits. 35% had cesarean deliveries. The antepartum prevalence of fecal incontinence (14%) did not differ significantly from the postpartum (17% at 2 weeks, 11% at 6 months). However, the prevalence of flatal incontinence fell from antepartum (65%) to postpartum (47% at 2 weeks, P = .001; 49% at 6 months, P = .012). Mean Brink score decreased postpartum; no correlations were found between Brink score and questionnaire scores. Conclusion Anal incontinence symptoms are common in the third trimester of a first pregnancy and may regress or resolve after delivery. Brink score did not predict postpartum anal incontinence.
In situ Diffraction Study of the High-Temperature Decomposition of t'-Zirconia

The mechanisms of phase destabilization upon aging of the metastable t′ phase of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are poorly understood, despite its broad application in thermal barrier coatings. To provide insight, synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a quadrupole lamp furnace is used to examine the temperature response, including thermal expansion and phase evolution, of a 9 mol% (8 wt%) YO1.5 t′-8YSZ. The thermal expansion of equilibrated YSZ powders ranging from 0 to 18.4 mol% YO1.5 is also investigated to better understand the effect of composition on the thermal expansion anisotropy. The T0(c/t) temperature for t′-8YSZ is estimated to be 1640°C. Full decomposition of the t′ phase into a coherent mixture of a Y-lean tetragonal phase (t) and a Y-rich cubic phase (c) that coarsen over time is observed at elevated temperatures; however, upon quenching, the t′ phase reappears in the diffraction profile. This supports our evolving understanding that the t′ phase observed by XRD in aged samples is a microstructural artifact due to the coherency strain between the t and c phases.
Analysis of overlapped and noisy hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectra.

Noisy and overlapped mass spectrometry data hinder the sequence coverage that can be obtained from hydrogen deuterium exchange analysis, and places a limit on the complexity of the samples that can be studied by this technique. Advances in instrumentation have addressed these limits, but as the complexity of the biological samples under investigation increases, these problems are re-encountered. Here we describe the use of binomial distribution fitting with asymmetric linear squares regression for calculating the accurate deuterium content for mass envelopes of low signal or that contain significant overlap. The approach is demonstrated with a test data set of HIV Env gp140 wherein inclusion of the new analysis regime resulted in obtaining exchange data for 42 additional peptides, improving the sequence coverage by 11 %. At the same time, the precision of deuterium uptake measurements was improved for nearly every peptide examined. The improved processing algorithms also provide an efficient method for deconvolution of bimodal mass envelopes and EX1 kinetic signatures. All these functions and visualization tools have been implemented in the new version of the freely available software, HX-Express v2.
Qualitative and quantitative differences in learning associated with multiple‐choice testing

This study assesses some effects of the Computer-Assisted Self-Evaluation (CASE) system of frequent multiple-choice testing with immediate computer feedback; it is part of a larger project aiming to combine the principal strengths of individualized instruction with lecture teaching (Fisher, 1979). Learning and retention are examined in two equivalent groups of undergraduates enrolled in an upper division science course. One group (N =34) received 24 CASE quizzes with immediate feedback and the other (N=30) received two CASE-generated midterms with delayed feedback. Quiz students significantly outperformed Midterm students on the posttest; the Quiz section scored nine percentage points higher on rote items and fourteen points higher on meaningful items. Quiz students also had more positive attitudes toward and were more involved in the course. On a retention test given two years later, the Quiz Group scored eight percentage points higher than the Midterm Group on meaningful items. This study suggests that, contrary to popular opinion, multiple-choice questions promote meaningful learning at least as well as, and possibly better than, rote learning. The CASE system appears to be about as effective as other forms of frequent testing and immediate feedback in enhancing learning, and it provides a simple, cost-effective means of individualized testing in large lecture classes.
Restoration of leukemia virus-suppressed immunocytes in vitro by peritoneal exudate cells.

SummaryDepressed antibody responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes in mice infected with Friend leukemia virus continued in vitro when spleen cell cultures from infected animals were cultured in the presence of antigen. Addition of PE cells from normal donor mice to the immunologically depressed splenocyte cultures resulted in a marked restoration of antibody responsiveness. Restoration of the immune response was PE cell dose-dependent; a ratio of 1 PE cell per 10 splenocytes resulted in the largest numbers of PFC's. These results suggest that impaired antibody responsiveness by spleen cell cultures from FLV-infected mice may be due, in part, to effects on antigen-processing macrophages, since restoration of immune responsiveness occurs by PE cell supplements.
Internal dosimetry: A review

The field history and current status of internal dosimetry is reviewed in this article. Elements of the field that are reviewed include standards and models, derivation of dose coefficients and intake retention fractions, bioassay measurements, and intake and dose calculations. In addition, guidance is developed and provided as to the necessity of internal dosimetry for a particular facility or operation and methodology for implementing a program. A discussion of the purposes of internal dosimetry is included as well as recommendations for future development and direction.
Ultracytochemical demonstration of ATP-dependent calcium pump in ameloblasts of rat incisor enamel organ.

The enamel organ of the growing rat incisor was fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde and processed for ultracytochemical demonstration of Ca- and Mg-activated membrane ATPase by a one-step lead technique at alkaline pH. To inhibit nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, 5 mM levamisole was added to the incubation media. Intense Ca- and Mg-ATPase activity was demonstrated in the cell surfaces of the secretory ameloblasts, except at the proximal and distal junctional complexes and the gap junctions in the lateral and basal cell surfaces. Deep plasma membrane invaginations at the proximal and distal parts of Tomes processes facing interrod- and rod-enamel growth regions exhibited the strongest enzymatic reaction. Mg-ATPase activity was also shown to be present in the plasma membranes of secretory ameloblasts but it was less intense than Ca-ATPase. Except for a slight reaction in the Golgi membranes, all other cell organelles of the secretory ameloblasts and the adjacent enamel matrix were free of enzymatic reaction. However, when the tissues were incubated in media lacking levamisole, a prominent enzymatic reaction was observed in the newly secreted enamel matrix of the rod and interrod growth regions as well as on the plasma membranes of the cells. In maturation ameloblasts of both ruffleended and smooth-ended types, a weak reaction for Ca- and Mg-ATPase was restricted to basal cell surfaces facing the papillary cell layer. In tissues incubated in media lacking levamisole, a variable deposition of reaction products was observed in the Golgi membranes, mitochondrial membranes, tubular elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the ruffled border zone, and along the plasma membranes of the ruffled border. Throughout the secretory and maturation stages, a moderate and/or weak enzymatic reaction for both Ca- and Mg-ATPase was seen in the plasma membranes of the cells of the stratum intermedium and the papillary layer when incubated in media with levamisole. Omission of substrate ATP and/or the enzyme activator CaCl2 from the incubation media for Ca-ATPase produced a negative reaction in the tissues examined. When the calmodulin blocker trifluoperazine was administered to the rats intravenously, Ca-ATPase activity was almost completely abolished from the plasma membranes of secretory ameloblasts, but not of other cell types.
A fast method for solving certain integral equations of the first kind with application to conforma mapping

Abstract We describe a fast iterative method for solving Fredholm integral equations of the first kind whose kernels have a logarithmic principal part. The method is a Fourier—Galerkin method, and due to the singularity of the kernel, the linear system of simultaneous equations is block diagonally dominant and can be solved rapidly by an iterative method. We present examples of the computation of conformal mappings of simply and multiply connected domains.
Secondary flow structures under stent-induced perturbations for cardiovascular flow in a curved artery model

Abstract Secondary flows within curved arteries with unsteady forcing result from amplified centrifugal instabilities and are expected to be driven by the rapid accelerations and decelerations inherent in physiological waveforms. These secondary flows may also affect the function of curved arteries through pro-atherogenic wall shear stresses, platelet residence time and other vascular response mechanisms. Planar PIV measurements were performed under multi-harmonic non-zero-mean and physiological carotid artery waveforms at various locations in a rigid bent-pipe curved artery model. Results revealed symmetric counter-rotating vortex pairs that developed during the acceleration phases of both multi-harmonic and physiological waveforms. An idealized stent model was placed upstream of the bend, which initiated flow perturbations under physiological inflow conditions. Changes in the secondary flow structures were observed during the systolic deceleration phase ( t / T ≈ 0.20–0.50). Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis of the flow morphologies under unsteady conditions indicated similarities in the coherent secondary-flow structures and correlation with phase-averaged velocity fields. A regime map was created that characterizes the kaleidoscope of vortical secondary flows with multiple vortex pairs and interesting secondary flow morphologies. This regime map in the curved artery model was created by plotting the secondary Reynolds number against another dimensionless acceleration-based parameter marking numbered regions of vortex pairs.
Molecular analysis of fungal communities and laccase genes in decomposing litter reveals differences among forest types but no impact of nitrogen deposition

Summary The fungal community of the forest floor was exam- ined as the cause of previously reported increases in soil organic matter due to experimental N deposition in ecosystems producing predominantly high-lignin litter, and the opposite response in ecosystems pro- ducing low-lignin litter. The mechanism proposed to explain this phenomenon was that white-rot basidi- omycetes are more important in the degradation of high-lignin litter than of low-lignin litter, and that their activity is suppressed by N deposition. We found that forest floor mass in the low-lignin sugar-maple domi- nated system decreased in October due to experi- mental N deposition, whereas forest floor mass of high-lignin oak-dominated ecosystems was unaf- fected by N deposition. Increased relative abundance of basidiomycetes in high-lignin forest floor was con- firmed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing. Abundance of basidi- omycete laccase genes, encoding an enzyme used by white-rot basidiomycetes in the degradation of lignin, was 5-10 times greater in high-lignin forest floor than in low-lignin forest floor. While the differences between the fungal communities in different ecosys- tems were consistent with the proposed mechanism, no significant effects of N deposition were detected on DGGE profiles, laccase gene abundance, laccase length heterogeneity profiles, or phenol oxidase activity. Our observations indicate that the previously detected accumulation of soil organic matter in the high-lignin system may be driven by effects of N deposition on organisms in the mineral soil, rather than on organisms residing in the forest floor. However, studies of in situ gene expression and tem- poral and spatial variability within forest floor com- munities will be necessary to further relate the ecosystem dynamics of organic carbon to microbial communities and atmospheric N deposition.
The physiological relevance of functional selectivity in dopamine signalling

We sought to determine the role of functionally selective dopamine (DA) signalling pathways (G protein or β-arrestin) in DA-dependent behaviours. Mice that were globally deficient for β-arrestins or mice deficient in GSK3β in D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing neurons were used to investigate the role of functional selectivity in DA-dependent behaviours such as locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Wild-type or knockout mice were injected with drugs such as morphine and amphetamine, which are known to increase DA levels in the brain and to induce a hyper-locomotor response and CPP. Unlike β-arrestin1 (βarr1)-deficient mice, mice globally deficient for β-arrestin2 (βarr2) mount a reduced hyperlocomotor response to either morphine or amphetamine. However, mice deficient in GSK3β in D2R-expressing neurons show a significantly reduced locomotor response to only amphetamine but not morphine. Interestingly, all mice tested show a normal CPP response to either morphine or amphetamine. β-arrestin-mediated DA receptor signalling has an important role in the locomotor response, but not CPP, to drugs such as morphine and amphetamine, demonstrating a functional selectivity of DA-dependent behaviours in mice. It is likely that G-protein-dependent signalling through DA receptors mediates the CPP response.
Light-activation of Teleost Rod Photoreceptor Elongation

Rod photoreceptors in the retinas of teleost fish undergo changes in cell length in response to changing ambient light intensities. In the dark rods shorten and in the light rods elongate. These movements are mediated by actin-dependent processes which occur in the ellipsoid and myoid of the inner segment. As an approach to examining the underlying intracellular signaling pathways that link light absorption to actin-dependent motility in the inner segment, we have investigated the quantitative aspects of the light stimulus required to activate elongation in isolated rod inner/outer segments (RIS-ROS) of the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus). The intensity thresholds and strength-duration characteristics of the light stimulus required to activate teleost rod elongation were found to differ from those reported to activate vertebrate rod membrane hyperpolarization. In response to brief pulses of light, RIS-ROS elongated in a graded manner, both as a function of increasing light pulse intensity and light pulse duration. Half maximal activation of light-induced RIS-ROS elongation was produced by a stimulus of roughly 6 x 10(15) photons cm-2, which is calculated to bleach approximately 20% of the photopigment molecules in green sunfish rod outer segments. This degree of photopigment bleach is approximately 6-7 orders of magnitude greater than that required to elicit half maximal changes in membrane potential in other vertebrate rod preparations. Furthermore, the reciprocal relationship between light pulse intensity and duration in eliciting an equal elongation response held for relatively long light pulse durations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In the changing world of human resources: Matching measures to mission

Human resource professionals continuously search for methods to demonstrate the impact of their work to managers in their organizations. The authors of this article contend that the traditional measures of human resource productivity have been inappropriate and irrelevant because they have focused on tracking administrative activities and costs. Given the expanding role of many human resources organizations, the authors suggest that more appropriate measures must be closely aligned with the mission of the human resource organization. This article describes the expanding nature of human resource organizations, along with the corresponding implications for the appropriate metrics to evaluate effectiveness. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chiral monomeric and homochiral dimeric copper(II) complexes of a new chiral ligand, N-(1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide: an example of molecular self-recognition.

Reaction of Cu(CIO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O with a racemic mixture of the novel chiral ligand N-(1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (PEAH) affords only the homochiral dimeric copper(II) complexes [Cu 2 ( R PEA) 2 ](CIO 4 ) 2 and [Cu 2 ( S PEA) 2 ]-(CIO 4 ) 2 in a 1:1 ratio. The phenomenon of molecular self-recognition is also observed when a racemic mixture of the monomeric copper(II) complex [Cu( R ( S ) PEA)(CI)(H 2 O)] is converted into the homochiral dimeric species [Cu 2 ( R ( S ) PEA) 2 ](CIO 4 ) 2 via reaction with Ag + ion. This is the first report of direct conversion of a racemic mixture of a chiral monomeric copper(II) complex to a mixture of the homochiral dimers.
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AT EARLY STAGES OF B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

The phenotype of B lymphocytes at various stages of differentiation is, in part, controlled at the transcriptional level. Recently, a number of B-cell lineage and stage-specific transcription factors have been identified as candidate determinants for the developmental regulation of gene expression in B lymphocytes.
Mineral and trace elements in meconium: Comparison in dizygotic twin pairs

It has not been determined whether the concentration of essential elements in the meconium of dizygotic twins is indistinguishable or is related to birth weight or placental size differences. We hypothesized that dizygotic twins of discordant size would have a dissimilar concentration of essential elements in the meconium, whereas concordant twins would not exhibit such a difference. We also hypothesized that the smaller the infant/placental weight ratio, the greater the concentration of essential elements in meconium. This study was aimed at verifying these hypotheses. Twenty-six pairs of dizygotic twins, regardless of sex, were divided into two groups separated by the median value of weight discrepancy (13.1%) into concordant (CC) ≤13.1% and discordant (DC) >13.1%. The concentrations of seven essential elements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese) were measured in the meconium. Total placental weights for all twins were also correlated with infant weights and meconium element concentration. Heavy/light birth weight ratio of the DC, but not of CC twins, corresponded to a meconium concentration ratio >1 for calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese, but not for phosphorus and copper. There was a strong correlation between total twin weight and total placental weight for both the CC and DC groups. However, infant/placental weight ratio did not correlate with meconium element concentration. It may be inferred that in dizygotic twins, a higher essential element concentration in meconium may reflect the greater access of the heavier fetus to maternally supplied nutrients, or a different functional capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 13:205–213, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of mood changes and antidepressants on the cognitive capacity of elderly depressed patients.

Seventy-eight nondemented elderly depressed patients underwent an extensive battery of cognitive tess both before and after seven weeks of treatment with nortriptyline, phenelzine, or placebo. Clinical and cognitive evaluations of the patients were under double-blind conditions. Response to treatment did not appear to significantly affect cognitive capacity; neither did treatment with an active substance as compared to placebo. In addition, the baseline level of cognitive functioning did not appear related to whether a patient responded to treatment. The authors conclude that under optimal conditions neither antidepressant produces measurable changes in the cognitive capacity of nondemented elderly patients.
CHIRP: a new classifier based on composite hypercubes on iterated random projections

We introduce a classifier based on the L-infinity norm. This classifier, called CHIRP, is an iterative sequence of three stages (projecting, binning, and covering) that are designed to deal with the curse of dimensionality, computational complexity, and nonlinear separability. CHIRP is not a hybrid or modification of existing classifiers; it employs a new covering algorithm. The accuracy of CHIRP on widely-used benchmark datasets exceeds the accuracy of competitors. Its computational complexity is sub-linear in number of instances and number of variables and subquadratic in number of classes.
The south beach study: Bystanders' memories are more malleable

People's reports are affected by what others say. The current study compared memory conformity effects of people who interacted with a confederate, and of bystanders to that interaction. A second goal was to observe if memory conformity occurs in a naturalistic setting. A male confederate approached a group of people at the beach and had a brief interaction. About a minute later a research assistant approached the group and administered a target-absent lineup to each person in the group. Memory conformity was observed. Bystanders were twice as likely to conform as those who interacted with the confederate. Forensic investigators should take into consideration the role a person plays in an event when assessing eyewitness evidence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Developing the Green House Nursing Care Team: Variations on Development and Implementation

Purpose of the Study: A core component of the Green House nursing home model is an altered supervisory relationship between the nurse and direct care workers. Some have expressed concern that the Green House model might weaken professional nursing oversight, threatening the quality of clinical care. This qualitative research study explores the role of the nurse as implemented in the Green House model, focusing on how variations in the nursing team influence clinical care practices. Design and Methods: Dimensional analysis, a “second generation” grounded theory methodology, was used to conduct this study. Data were collected through observations and interviews with 37 nurses, 68 CNAs, and 11 Guides working at 11 Green House sites. Results: Implementation of the nursing role within the Green House model varied both within and across sites. Four nursing model types were identified: Traditional, Visitor, Parallel, and Integrated. Care processes, CNA/Shahbaz skill development, and worker stress varied with each nursing model. Implications: Government policies have been enacted to support culture change. However, there is currently little guidance for regulators, providers, or consumers regarding variability in how culture change practices are implemented and consequences of these variations. This article outlines the importance of understanding these practices at a level of detail that distinguishes and supports those that are most promising.
VMTP as the transport layer for high-performance distributed systems

The authors identify and discuss three major categories of deficiencies in current transport protocols: performance, naming, and functionality. They describe the design of the Versatile Message Transaction Protocol (VMTP) and some performance measurements of the protocol used in the V-Distributed System. They show that VMTP addresses all of the above issues within a single protocol without significant compromise. >
Two-Dimensional Paleoslope Modeling: A New Method for Estimating Water Depths of Benthic Foraminiferal Biofacies and Paleoshelf Margins

ABSTRACT A new method developed for estimating water depths of benthic foraminifers was implemented for Oligocene foraminiferal biofacies from the New Jersey Coastal Plain. We combined benthic foraminiferal biofacies and two-dimensional flexural backstripping to construct a two-dimensional paleoslope model. The original depositional geometry of New Jersey Oligocene strata was reconstructed by calculating the effects of sediment accumulation and flexural loading. Paleodepth estimates for benthic foraminiferal biofacies were calibrated to inner neritic facies along the resulting nonlinear profile (e.g., with clinoforms). Paleodepth estimates for ten foraminiferal biofacies ranged from 20 ± 10 m to 115 ± 30 m and were consistent with more qualitative estimates based on other methods (e.g., foraminiferal abundances and species diversity). Applying this method to the New Jersey coastal plain for the Oligocene showed clear distributional patterns of benthic foraminiferal biofacies. This enabled paleobathymetry to be determined for the reconstructed New Jersey margin as well as significant stratal surfaces within sequences (i.e., systems tracts and condensed sections). Paleodepth estimates ranged from nearshore (20 ± 10 m) up to 85 ± 25 m for deposits landward of the clinoform rollover of the underlying sequence boundary and from middle neritic to outer neritic (50 ± 20 m to over 100 ± 30 m) on the slopes of the clinoforms. During earliest transgressive systems tracts, paleodepths immediately seaward of the clinoform slope ranged from inner neritic ( 100 m) at downdip sites. During early highstands, paleobathymetry ranged from 45 ± 10 to 85 ± 25 m landward of the clinoform rollover to 85 ± 25 m to over 100 ± 30 m on the slope (seaward of the developing prograding sedimentary wedge), while during late HSTs, paleodepths shoaled to as shallow as 25 ± 10 m near the clinoform rollover. This method can be applied to other continental passive margins to reconstruct the stratal geometry of and estimate water depths on the shelf. Furthermore, by extending this process, relative sea level and eustatic timings and amplitudes could be evaluated.
Structural studies of oxygen-bridged iron compounds.

Compound (I): cis-dichloro[mu-[bis[mu-[[2,6-diacetylpyridine dioximato](2-)-O:O']]dihydroxodiphenyl-diborato](3-)]- mu- mithoxydiiron, [Fe2(C30H29B2N6-O6)Cl2(CH3O)], M(r) = 804.9, monoclinic, Cc, a = 21.228 (6), b = 8.020 (2), c = 20.865 (5) A, beta = 105.2 (1) degrees, V = 3428 (2) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.56 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.7107 A, mu = 10.6 cm-1, F(000) = 1648, T = 275 K, R = 0.055 for 3018 unique reflections. Compound (I) contains a pseudo-twofold axis relating the two pyridine dioxime groups bound to the Fe atoms. In addition, two O atoms from the phenylborate moieties bridge the iron atoms, as does a methoxide. The two Cl atoms are bound to the seven coordinate metals axial to the methoxide. Compound (II): cis-dichloro[mu-[bis[mu-[[2,6-diacetylpyridine dioximato](2-)-O:O']]dihydroxodiphenyldiborato](3-)]-mu- hydroxodiiron, [Fe2(C30H29B2N6-O6)Cl2(OH)].H2O.2C2H3N, M(r) = 891.0, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 11.860 (2), b = 20.911 (5), c = 16.175 (3) A, beta = 92.88 (1) degrees, V = 4006 (3) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.48 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.7107 A, mu = 9.1 cm-1, F(000) = 1832, T = 275 K, R = 0.051 for 7034 unique reflections. Compound (II) contains a hydroxide group replacing the methoxide in compound (I). The crystals also contain two acetonitriles of solvation. The bond lengths in the complex and the hydrogen-bonding pattern in the crystals are consistent with one of the bridging borate O atoms being protonated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)