cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain knowledge and linguistic knowledge in the development of writing ability

Abstract This article presents a psycholinguistic analysis of the development of writing skill and reports a developmental study of knowledge effects in writing. A theoretical framework decomposes the requisite knowledge into three main components: (1) generalized, high-level problem-solving plans; (2) a Content component, and (3) a Discourse component. The Content component includes domain knowledge pertinent to the writer's topic, and the Discourse component includes knowledge about text and linguistic structures. The focus of the study is the interaction of the Content and Discourse components. Psycholinguistic analyses of 240 elementary school texts revealed differences related to the age of the writer, as well as to knowledge of topic. These differences are accounted for in terms of processing interactions between schema instantiation and linguistic skills from the Discourse component and the relevant knowledge base from the Content component.
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls establish the cascade of herpes simplex virus protein synthesis

Gene expression by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) results in the synthesis of three temporal classes of viral proteins. The three classes of viral proteins are expressed in a cascade manner of sequential dependency. The molecular mechanisms that account for the HSV-1 protein synthesis cascade are poorly understood. In order to provide a detailed description of the metabolic levels at which HSV-1 protein synthesis is regulated, we have measured transcription rates and mRNA accumulation levels for 11 HSV-1 genes. These measurements were made over a time-course of infection in the presence or absence of metabolic inhibitors of either viral protein synthesis or viral DNA synthesis. Our observations show that the protein synthesis cascade of HSV-1 is established as a consequence of mechanisms that regulate both the transcription and accumulation of viral messenger RNA.
COX-2 Inhibition and Inhibition of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Increase CD36 Expression and Foam Cell Formation in THP-1 Cells

Cardiovascular safety of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is of worldwide concern. COX-2 inhibitors and NSAIDs act by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism to prostaglandins. They confer a cardiovascular hazard manifested as an elevated risk of myocardial infarction. Mechanisms underlying these cardiovascular effects are uncertain. Here we determine whether interference with cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA-2) or COX-2 through pharmacologic blockade or silencing RNA impacts expression of scavenger receptor CD36 and scavenger receptor A, both involved in cholesterol uptake in monocytes and macrophages. THP-1 human monocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor currently in clinical use, and to arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), an arachidonic acid analog that selectively inhibits cPLA-2. Celecoxib and AACOCF3 each upregulated expression of CD36, but not scavenger receptor A, as determined by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Silencing of cPLA-2 or COX-2 had comparable effects to pharmacologic treatments. Oil red O staining revealed a profound increase in foam cell transformation of THP-1 macrophages exposed to either celecoxib or AACOCF3 (both 25 μM), supporting a role for the COX pathway in maintaining macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. Demonstration of disrupted cholesterol balance by AACOCF3 and celecoxib provides further evidence of the possible mechanism by which COX inhibition may promote lipid overload leading to atheromatous lesion formation and increased cardiovascular events.
Carbon‐carbon coupling in [3‐13C1]tryptophan

Carbon-carbon coupling constants have been observed in [90% 3-13C1]tryptophan and used to assign the 13C resonances of the indole ring. The results support a reassignment of C-5 and C-6 recently suggested on the basis of the reassigment of the corresponding resonances in indole. Coupling constants are compared with theoretical values obtained using a finite perturbation theory Blizzard-Santry program, and excellent agreement is obtained for the 1J(CC) values. The calculations predict that the Fermi contact contribution is dominant for all nJ(CC) couplings to C-3.
Linear Systems Metrics Of Image Quality For Flat-Panel Displays

This paper discusses an application of linear systems concepts to the image quality characterization of flat-panel display devices. A computational model of flat-panel pixel structure is discussed, along with several examples illustrating the use of the model in common flat-panel design issues. The results of this work indicate that linear systems analysis provides useful tools for the objective specification of flat-panel image quality.
Structural Studies of the Molybdenum Center of the Pathogenic R160Q Mutant of Human Sulfite Oxidase by Pulsed EPR Spectroscopy and 17O and 33S Labeling

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigation of the Mo(V) center of the pathogenic R160Q mutant of human sulfite oxidase (hSO) confirms the presence of three distinct species whose relative abundances depend upon pH. Species 1 is exclusively present at pH ≤ 6, and remains in significant amounts even at pH 8. Variable-frequency electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) studies of this species prepared with 33S-labeled sulfite clearly show the presence of coordinated sulfate, as has previously been found for the “blocked” form of Arabidopsis thaliana at low pH (Astashkin, A. V.; Johnson-Winters, K.; Klein, E. L.; Byrne, R. S.; Hille, R.; Raitsimring, A. M.; Enemark, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 14800). The ESEEM spectra of Species 1 prepared in 17O-enriched water show both strongly and weakly magnetically coupled 17O atoms that can be assigned to an equatorial sulfate ligand and the axial oxo ligand, respectively. The nuclear quadrupole interaction (nqi) of the axial oxo ligand is substant...
On the hypothesis of internal phase change

The phenomenon of internal phase change has been discussed for many decades. However, there is no evidence to definitively confirm the phenomenon by experimental observations and data. The purpose of this note is to discuss the hypothesis. The present study theoretically confirms that no internal phase change can occur in any pure substance.
Increased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 on spinothalamic tract neurons following spinal cord injury in the rat

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an increase in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) immunoreactivity in the peri-lesion area. The increased expression of mGluR1 parallels the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and has been suggested to contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic central pain (CCP) syndromes resulting from SCI. However, expression of mGluR1 has not been directly shown to increase on cells in the pain pathway. Therefore, the expression of mGluR1 on spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was quantified using confocal imaging and densiometric analysis in normal, sham, and SCI rats. Contusion SCI produced an increase in mGluR1 expression on STT cells in both the cervical enlargement and the spinal section just rostral to contusion SCI. These results suggest that mGluR1 is expressed on neurons that modulate pain transmission and expression on these cells increases following injury, supporting the hypothesis that mGluR1 contributes to CCP following SCI.
Featuring clothing and textile collections online

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to analyse the display of digital images found on clothing and textile collection websites. Design/methodology/approach – Features noted included where on the website the images were found, such as in a display or as part of a database. Display features are documented, including enlargement abilities, the view of the artefact, the use of dress forms and mannequins, and the context in which the artefact was pictured. The text that describes the artefact is also documented. The instrument was a content analysis of clothing and textile collection websites. Data were collected in 2006 from 57 clothing and textile collection websites. Findings – All 57 costume and textile museums had images of collection artefacts online, with the majority sharing a featured artefact. Almost half of the websites used images in databases and displays. Enlargement abilities were not common; most of the visuals showed the front view of the artefact. Enlargements were more common in displays. Mannequins and dress forms were used infrequently. Detailed text to explain the artefacts was available in the databases. Research limitations/implications – The research was limited to observing 57 websites. Originality/value – Common features used by costume and textile museums when displaying collection pieces online were identified. Suggestions as to what content to include in a website for clothing and textile collections are discussed in light of the data collected.
Temperature dependence of the symmetry factor in electrode kinetics

Abstract Facts concerning the variation of β with temperature are reviewed. Former models do not explain them. Models examined concern (A) double layer changes with temperature; (B) electrode kinetic effects. As temperature increases, water molecule aggregates dissociate and expand the double layer. Hence, ιβ/ι T = 2 × 10 −4 K −1 . As the bias potential increases, the double layer constricts: the consequent effect on β is shown to be negligible. If a non-aqueous solution contains a trace of water, the water occupancy of the double layer will depend on temperature. Reasonable parameter assumptions show this effect to give ιβ/ι T ≅ −1 × 10 −3 . Examination of the frequency factor in equations, which relate electron transfer rate to the interfacial field show this factor to give ιβ/ι T ≅ −1 × 10 −4 . The electrokinetic potential varies with temperature and gives ιβ/ι T ≅ 2.5 × 10 −4 . Quantum mechanical barrier penetration by protons gives about −2 × 10 −4 for ιβ/ι T ; and non-adiabaticity ca. 1.7 × 10 −4 . Experimental values of ιβ/ι T are in the region of 1.5 × 10 −3 . If the solution is of one component, the present theory accounts for about one quarter of the effect. The two component concept allows an explanation of about 90% of the data. The model allows good interpretation of the variation of the pre-exponential factor with temperature for hydrogen solution and oxygen reduction and serves well to interpret the negligible effect of temperature of β for redox reactions.
Vagal denervation and reinnervation after ablation of ganglionated plexi

Objective Surgical ablation of ganglionated plexi has been proposed to increase efficacy of surgery for atrial fibrillation. This experimental canine study examined electrophysiologic attenuation and recovery of atrial vagal effects after ganglionated plexi ablation alone or with standard surgical lesion sets for atrial fibrillation. Methods Dogs were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n = 6) had focal ablation of the 4 major epicardial ganglionated plexi fat pads, group 2 (n = 6) had pulmonary vein isolation with ablation, and group 3 (n = 6) had posterior left atrial isolation with ablation. All fat pads were ablated. Sinus and atrioventricular interval changes during bilateral vagosympathetic trunk stimulation were examined before and both immediately and 4 weeks after ablation. Vagally induced effective refractory period changes and mean QRST area changes (index of local innervation) were examined in 5 atrial regions. Results Sinus and atrioventricular interval changes and heart rate variability decreased immediately after ablation, but only sinus interval changes were restored significantly after 4 weeks in all groups. Ablation-modified vagal effects on effective refractory period or QRST area changed heterogeneously in groups 1 and 2. In group 3, regional vagal effects were attenuated extensively postablation in both atria. Posterior left atrial isolation with ablation incrementally denervated the atria. In the long term, vagal stimulation increased QRST area changes relative to control values in all groups. Heart rate variability was also assessed. Conclusions Ganglionated plexi ablation significantly reduced atrial vagal innervation. Restoration of vagal effects at 4 weeks suggests early atrial reinnervation.
A method to quantify organic functional groups and inorganic compounds in ambient aerosols using attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate chemometric techniques

An attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic technique and a multivariate calibration method were developed to quantify ambient aerosol organic functional groups and inorganic compounds. These methods were applied to size-resolved particulate matter samples collected in winter and summer of 2004 at three sites: a downtown Phoenix, Arizona location, a rural site near Phoenix, and an urban fringe site between the urban and rural site. Ten organic compound classes, including four classes which contain a carbonyl functional group, and three inorganic species were identified in the ambient samples. A partial least squares calibration was developed and applied to the ambient spectra, and 13 functional groups related to organic compounds (aliphatic and aromatic CH, methylene, methyl, alkene, aldehydes/ketones, carboxylic acids, esters/lactones, acid anhydrides, carbohydrate hydroxyl and ethers, amino acids, and amines) as well as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate were quantified. Comparison of the sum of the mass measured by the ATR-FTIR technique and gravimetric mass indicates that this method can quantify nearly all of the aerosol mass on sub-micrometer size-segregated samples. Analysis of sample results shows that differences in organic functional group and inorganic compound concentrations at the three sampling sites can be measured with these methods. Future work will analyze the quantified data from these three sites in detail.
A study on the mode of administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in mice

Administration of purified porcine TRH to mice by intravenous subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular routes produced a significant release of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Subcutaneo
Functional brain mapping of conscious rats during reward anticipation.

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans and non-primates has been useful to clarify the brain regions involved in the psychological process such as the reward anticipation. However, there is still no report of the fMRI study on the reward prediction in rodents. This is mainly because of the problem of anesthesia in rodent fMRI. In this study, we first developed awake fMRI method to investigate the brain region involved in reward anticipation in rats. After fMRI adaptation training, rats received light stimulation 1 min before intraperitoneal infusion of ethanol solution (4 g/kg body weight) in the MRI bore. Five or six days after the start of the experiment, the caudate-putamen, anterior insular cortex, hippocampus, ventral pallidum, nucleus accumbens and medial preoptic area were activated during light presentation. In contrast, no activation was observed in the control group. These results indicate the availability of awake fMRI method to investigate neural plasticity in the psychological process, learning, and memory such as the reward anticipation.
The Perception of Different Methods of Suicide

(1988). The Perception of Different Methods of Suicide. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 115, No. 2, pp. 215-217.
Differences in isoelectric points and subunit compositions of δ-crystallins synthesized in lenses cultured with and without vitreous bodies

Abstract Previous experiments showed that the synthesis of the smaller molecular weight subunits of δ-crystallin, resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is differentially lowered in 15-day-old embryonic chick lenses cultured for 3 hr without their vitreous bodies. The present study examines the isoelectric points and subunit compositions of newly synthesized, native δ-crystallins in the lenses cultured with and without their vitreous bodies. Most of the newly synthesized δ-crystallins in lenses without vitreous bodies had higher isoelectric points and higher proportions of the larger subunits than those in lenses with vitreous bodies, although both co-eluted from an agarose column. In general, the newly synthesized δ-crystallins with higher isoelectric points had relatively more of the larger subunits than those with lower isoelectric points. Finally, in experiments with vitreous-free lenses, newly synthesized δ-crystallins underwent apparent decreases in isoelectric points during a 2-day chase conducted in the absence of protein synthesis (inhibited with cycloheximide). Taken together, these data indicate that the larger and smaller δ-crystallin subunits can aggregate in different combinations which may have different isoelectric points. The results also suggest that the apparent change in the isoelectric points of newly synthesized δ-crystallins is due to subunit exchanges, however one cannot exclude the possibility that it is due to biochemical or conformational changes within individual proteins.
Desorption-product FTIR spectroscopic characterization of surface reactions on metal-impregnated carbons

Abstract The mechanisms of gas-solid reactions occurring on various carbons or carbon-supported metal catalysts have been examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. In one series of experiments, reactant-air mixtures were passed through a temperature-ramped carbon bed. Desorption and/or combustion products were characterized and quantified downstream by real-time analysis of the effluent vapors in a rapid scanning FTIR spectrometer. Lower concentration components were collected via condensation on to a cryogenic IR-transmitting crystal and subsequently analyzed by FTIR methods. These techniques applied to combustion studies in flowing air streams have demonstrated the catalytic effects of various metal ions in carbon beds in (a) lowering the spontaneous ignition temperature and (b) altering the relevant surface chemistry. In other experiments, cryogenic methods have been used to investigate the hydrolytic reactions of methyl iodide (CH3I) and other organic adsorbents/impregnants on moist carbons in flowing air streams.
Salt Domes, Anoxic Brines, and Organic-Rich Sediments in Intraslope Basins: ABSTRACT

The origin of organic-rich sediments and their potential relationship to petroleum source beds remains problematic despite the development of models relying primarily on oceanographic mechanisms. We outline instead a model that involves salt dome development under a prograding shelf-slope and has a modern analog in the hypersaline anoxic Orca basin on the Texas-Louisiana continental slope. We believe the model may explain the occurrence of some ancient black shale sequences by a mechanism which is not dependent on either intensification of the mid-water oxygen minimum, enhanced marine productivity, or circulation-induced bottom water anoxia. In our working model, salt diapir movement structurally produces sedimentary basins in the intraslope region. Dissolution of the sal inhibits oxygen replenishment in the deep parts of the basin. As oxygen levels and bioturbation in the basin are diminished, finely laminated sediments with high organic carbon contents result. Gradual evolution of the basin to complete anoxic conditions leads to the accumulation of fine-grained, fluid-rich, black muds which, upon burial and dewatering through compaction, resemble black anoxic shales. Infilling and burial of the basin with clastic and hemipelagic sediments from glacioeustatic-driven climatic episodes subsequently provide source beds and reservoir rocks for potential exploration plays. Lerche and O'Brien have recently shown that the high thermal heat capacity of salt domes (^approx 5 times > sediment) produce predictable thermal anomalies in the surrounding sediments. Thermal maturation rates of the organic-rich source beds are enhanced near the top of the salt dome and suppressed on the lower flanks. The negative thermal anomaly on the lower flanks of the salt dome inhibits overmaturation and thus enlarges the hydrocarbon window. As overburden increases, the density contrast between the salt (^approx 2.2 gm/cm3) and surrounding compacted sediments (2.6-2.7 gm/cm3) eventually becomes such that upward diapirism resumes. The present model, although preliminary, may have wide applicability in sedimentary basins other than the Gulf of Mexico. Further work on the Orca basin and other sedimentary sections near salt displacement should prove beneficial in future modeling of organic-rich sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 539------------
Relation between Low Temperature and Available Food to Survival of Small Rodents

During cold weather small rodents of natural populations may succumb to what may be designated "cold weather starvation," the combined effect of low temperature and insufficient food to maintain body temperature. When individuals or groups of prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi) living in a field in Michigan were without food during a late spring cold wave, some died of cold weather starvation (Howard, 1949: 32). Likewise, these and other small rodents confined in live traps during cold weather frequently die when without adequate food. A small rodent requires more food in proportion to its body weight to maintain body temperature than does a larger animal, since it has a greater proportion of body surface to weight. Small rodents can survive exposure to temperatures far below that of their bodies. They have little or no means of resistance to heat much above their normal body temperature except by remaining in seclusion below ground. It seems unlikely that they voluntarily enter situations where they might die because of exposure to low temperatures. They do venture out in cool weather, however, and then it is necessary to eat several times as much food as in a warmer environment. Under the latter circumstances they may thus exhaust the local food supply and die due to "cold weather starvation." This study was initiated at the Laboratory of Vertebrate Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and continued at the San Joaquin Experimental Range, O'Neals, California, and in the Division of Zoology at Davis. Drinking water was supplied to all the caged animals in the survival experiments which follow. Acknowledgments are due Lee R. Dice, Oliver P. Pearson, and Tracy I. Storer for critically reading the manuscript. No food or nesting material.-Laboratory and field experiments have shown that many small native rodents cannot survive overnight when exposed to freezing temperatures without food or nesting material. They are unable to break down and utilize fat deposits rapidly enough to maintain body temperatures, and consequently die with little loss in weight (Table 1, Exp. 9; Table 2, Exp. 18). At laboratory temperatures, however, small rodents may survive several days without food or nesting material by utilizing their body fat (Table 1, Exp. 8). When three female Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi were caged together outdoors without food or nesting material, one died during the first day. The minimum temperature had been -1? C. If they had not huddled together all three probably would have died. A female Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis was confined in a "presdwood" live trap approximately 3 x 3 x 8 inches without food. The trap was placed on the concrete floor adjacent to an outer wall of the laboratory at 4:15 P.M. on February 6, 1947. Another female was similarly housed, but provided with food. The outdoor temperature dropped to 13? C that night. At 8:00 A.M. the next day the mouse that had been confined without food was nearly dead and unable 300 Vol. 32, No. S
Life events, social network, life-style, and health: An analysis of the 1979 National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences.

The relationships among social structure, stress, social support, life-style health behavior, and health status are explored in this multivariate analysis of data from the National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences. Path analyses showed social structural factors to influence life-style practices both directly and indirectly through social network and negative life events. For women, social network and life events had direct relationships to health related life-style practices, while age and income acted both directly and indirectly through social network and, for income, through life events. Education was also directly related to life-style. For men, social network and education had the only direct effects on health practices, and age and income had indirect effects through network. We then examined the relative contributions of the social network index elements, life events, and demographic variables to each of the life-style practices. These analyses confirmed the importance of gender, education, age, and income to predicting life-style behaviors. Negative life events were associated with smoking for both men and women, sleep for women only, and physical activity and alcohol use for men, which suggests sex-specific norms for coping with stress. For both sexes, church attendance and marriage were associated with favorable smoking and alcoholic use, implicating cognitive social support or social control as a mediator of health promotion. Finally, analyses for each gender using health status as the outcome variable indicated that age, income, education, and life events affected health directly, while the effects of church attendance and marriage were likely mediated through smoking and alcohol behaviors.
A method for incorporating usable security into computer security courses

Since human factor security exploits are on the rise, ensuring Usable Security has become extremely important for the overall security of computer systems. However, traditional undergraduate computer security curriculum focuses heavily on technical aspects of security and generally ignores Usable Security. To address this problem, we developed a new 3P Learning Method that encourages students to view security problems from three different perspectives (i.e. 3P), namely: Defense, Offense, and Use. The 3P Method lets us incorporate Usable Security into the existing curriculum and helps students to consider Usable Security as an integral part of secure system design rather than an optional add-on.
An expert system model for manufacturing planning

In this paper, a patchboard expert system model is presented. It is an effort to deal with some problems regarding the dynamics existing in certain manufacturing areas. The difference between the patchboard model and the blackboard model is discussed and the theoretical foundation of the patchboard model is detailed.
Spring 1996 and 1997 ozonesonde measurements over McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Ozone and temperature profiles were measured with balloon-borne instruments from McMurdo Station, Antarctica (77.85°S, 166.67°E) from late August to late October, on 38 occasions in 1996 and on 26 occasions in 1997. Minimum column ozone values of 147 DU and 141 DU were measured in 1996 and 1997, reduced from initial measurements in late August of 277 DU and 313 DU, respectively. These ozone minima are slightly higher than the lowest seasonal minimum detected in 1993, and are similar to observations of 1994, 1995. The observed recoveries during 1996, and especially 1997, as indicated by increasing temperatures and ozone above 20 km as the polar vortex became unstable, were among the weakest measured since 1986 with low ozone extending into late October. We continue to observe in both 1996 and 1997 almost complete ozone depletion over a layer more than 4 km thick and centered near 17 km, similar to the first such observation over McMurdo in 1995. The maximum observed thickness of this layer has remained relatively constant since 1995.
Mechanism of nasal absorption of drugs I: Physicochemical parameters influencing the rate of in situ nasal absorption of drugs in rats.

The effect of rate of perfusion, volume, pH of the perfusate, and partition coefficient of the drug on the rate of in situ nasal absorption in rats was examined. The studies showed that the rate constant for the nasal absorption of phenobarbital was independent of the rate of perfusion above a value of 2 mL/min. The nasal absorption of benzoic acid was found to depend on the pH of the perfusate with the benzoate anion being absorbed at a rate one-fourth of that of benzoic acid. The effect of lipid solubility on the extent of nasal absorption was studied using a series of barbiturates. The rate and extent of absorption was found to be dependent on the chloroform–water partition coefficient of the barbiturate. The effect of the volume of the perfusate on the absorption rate constant of phenobarbital, phenol red, tyrosine, and propranolol was studied. The data obtained showed that a linear relationship existed between the rate constants of absorption and the reciprocal of the volume of the perfusate. Using this in situ relationship it was possible to predict in vivo absorption rate constants for propranolol and L-tyrosine when volumes of 0.1 mL were administered. The calculated values for these compounds were found to be close to those determined in in vivo experiments. This indicates that the in situ technique can be used to predict in vivo absorption rate constants.
OPTIMAL MEDICAL THERAPY COMPARED TO REVASCULARIZATION FOR STABLE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: EVIDENCE FROM A COMPREHENSIVE MIXED TREATMENT COMPARISON

Current recommendations from scientific societies to support revascularization over optimal medical therapy (OMT) to prolong survival in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) originate from trials conducted in the 1970's. Our objective was therefore to compare OMT to revascularization strategies of
Mendelson's syndrome: Diagnosis, therapy, and prevention

Summary A frequently overlooked problem in postoperative patients is Mendelson's syndrome, caused by silent aspiration of gastric content with a pH of 2.5 or less. Four representative cases are presented with roent-genographic documentation to illustrate the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical course. The diagnosis is readily established by the rapid onset of acute pulmonary symptoms with tachycardia and agitation in the postoperative period which are accompanied by a fall in arterial oxygen tension with preservation of normal or low carbon dioxide. Roentgenograms show a classic patchy infiltrate on the involved areas which is easily confused with signs of pulmonary edema. If the syndrome is recognized and treated promptly with measures to neutralize and dilute the noxious agent, reduce the inflammatory reaction, and control hypoxia, recovery is prompt. Prevention is the most effective method of control.
Kinetic mechanism of the 3'-->5' proofreading exonuclease of DNA polymerase III. Analysis by steady state and pre-steady state methods.

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the major replicative enzyme in Escherichia coli. An important component of the high-fidelity DNA synthesis that is characteristic of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the 3'-->5' proofreading exonuclease activity resident in the epsilon subunit. Steady state and pre-steady state conditions have been used to determine equilibrium and Michaelis constants for substrate binding and the rate constant for cleavage by purified epsilon subunit. The steady state kinetic constants are K(m) = 16 +/- 6 microM and kcat = 210 +/- 23 s-1 for degradation of single-stranded DNA by epsilon. These steady state values are in agreement with the rate constants determined for excision of the 3' nucleotide of a dT10 oligomer under pre-steady state conditions. Using a simple two-step model, E + Dn reversible E.Dn-->E + Dn-1, we find K = 12 microM and kf = 280 s-1 for the dT10 substrate. In these experiments, epsilon subunit acts in a distributive manner and product release is not the rate-limiting step. Activity of the epsilon subunit on paired DNA oligonucleotides with zero to three mismatches at the 3' terminus indicates that an additional step is required in the mechanism. In the scheme Dn reversible Dn* + E reversible E.Dn*-->E + Dn-1, the 3' terminus undergoes a conformational change or "melts" before the DNA is a substrate for epsilon subunit. With this additional step, the values for binding of activated substrate and cleavage are the same as those for single-stranded DNA. The kinetics for exonucleolytic degradation of single-stranded, paired, and mispaired oligonucleotides support the model that the rate-limiting step in exonucleolytic proofreading of DNA by epsilon subunit is the DNA-melting step.
Evaluation of asymmetric overlap structure for photoconductors

Abstract The asymmetric overlap structure is an improved version of the overlap structure design which was introduced in order to overcome the limitations of photoconductors operating under the conditions of sweepout. A detailed mathematical treatment of the asymmetric overlap structure is presented. The resulting equations allow the determination of the amount of improvement that can be expected with the asymmetric design.
Holocene Evolution of a Portion of the North Carolina Coast: Reply

The presence of a soil zone under a portion of the large barrier chain, which makes up much of the North Carolina coast, and the absence of this zone under the remainder of the barrier has led to a re-evaluation of the mode of formation and the evolutionary development of this stretch of coastline during Holocene time. A primary barrier, formed during a rising sea, became detached by flooding of the area behind a mainland beach. This primary barrier apparently reoccupied the position of a barrier formed during a stillstand within the general Wisconsin regression. The present coastline has evolved from the primary barrier by retreat and migration of headlands as well as formation of secondary barriers, by spit elongation, over the adjacent continental shelf. Approximately 61 percent of the present barrier chain is secondary in nature; whereas the remaining 39 percent is modified primary. Continued retrogression of the barrier islands eventually will superimpose the secondary barriers over the primary. When this happens, evidence that a secondary barrier existed will be obliterated. The extreme case results when this compound barrier is driven landward until it eventually reaches the mainland, hence a mainland beach. At this time, no evidence remains that any barrier previously existed. The presence of a secondary barrier would suggest the landward presence of a primary barrier or a mainland beach.
Cytokine blockade attenuates sympathoexcitation in heart failure: cross-talk between nNOS, AT-1R and cytokines in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

Objective: To investigate evidence for the interplay between cytokines, angiotensin II and nNOS in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), for regulating sympathetic outflow in a rat model of CHF. Methods and results: Heart failure was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by coronary artery ligation. One group of rats was treated with pentoxifylline (PTX, 30 mg/kg IP), a cytokine blocker, or vehicle, for 5 weeks. Another group of rats was pre-treated with PTX before coronary ligation to study prior cytokine blocking effect on survival. Both groups were combined in the analysis. Echocardiography demonstrated an increase in LV end-diastolic pressure and Tei index after 5 weeks in CHF rats. ELISA revealed a significant increase in plasma TNF-α and IL-1β in CHF rats. Inducible NOS (iNOS) and angiotensin receptor-type 1 (AT-1R) mRNA expressions were increased, while neuronal NOS (nNOS) was decreased in the PVN of CHF rats; these changes were reversed by PTX. PTX treatment also decreased plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and improved baroreflex control of renal sympathoexcitation in CHF rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed elevated 3-nitrotyrosine formation in the heart and the PVN of CHF rats, but not in PTX treated rats. Conclusion: PTX decreased both peripheral and central cytokine expression, alleviated nitric oxide dysregulation, and inhibited the formation of peroxynitrite in the PVN resulting in decreased sympathoexcitation in CHF rats.
Testicular Degeneration Associated with Kidney Damage in the Bull

Abstract Testicular degeneration in 16 dairy and beef bulls was associated with, glomerular zone hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex. In some of the animals the kidneys were damaged, and the changes found in the adrenal suggested that kidney damage was also present in the other animals. High estrogen excretion (four bulls) and nodular interstitial tumors in the testes (three bulls) suggested that sex steroid hormone secretion was abnormal in many of them. The quality of the semen was improved in one animal following adrenalectomy but was not changed in two others.
The Sampling Position Within, Not the Undulating Geometry of, Fingertip Skin Microstructure May Amplify the Sensation of Edges

The skin plays a role in conditioning imposed indentation at its surface into distributions of stress/strain that underlying mechanoreceptors convert into neural signals. Solid mechanics techniques may help explain how skin microstructure, in particular the intermediate ridges, influence the SA-I mechanoreceptors’ sensitivity to edge and curvature stimuli. This investigation isolates two facets of intermediate ridge microstructure, the stress/strain sampling position relative to the epidermal-dermal a) material boundary and b) undulating interface geometry. The objective of this study is to determine the relative importance of each for amplifying sampled stress/strain. The following finite element analysis finds that undulating interface geometry provides no amplification advantage. Rather, the imperative factor for amplifying stress/strain is the positioning of the sampling points in the stiffer, epidermal material just above the material boundary. These results may help explain the SA-I receptors’ positioning and inform the future design of man-made, electro-mechanical tactile sensors.
A new scheduling algorithm and a compensation strategy for imprecise computation

The periodic multiframe task models and the imprecise computation techniques have been developed for scheduling real-time tasks. We introduce the imprecise computation concept into the periodic multiframe task model and derive a novel scheduling algorithm and an error compensation strategy. The paper also pays attention to the imprecise computation input error, which was often neglected in previous studies. The scheduling algorithm employs an error compensation strategy that based on the traditional largest-weight-first algorithm (LWF). The LWF algorithm guarantees that the largest weighted task executes first, thus minimizing the weighted total error in the task set. Our error compensation strategy enhances the error tolerance during the scheduling and takes maximum advantage of the processor idle time to improve the processor utilization. The experimental results show that the new task model and the new compensation strategy are practical in improving the schedulability and the processor utilization. The high error tolerance results in high schedulability and 100% processor utilization can be achieved in our algorithm. Moreover,, the scheduling algorithm is able to deal with tasks whose laxities are loose or light. Using both the error tolerance coefficient and the error compensation strategy leads to a good tradeoff between the result qualities (QoS) and the available processor time
Data-adaptive higher order ARMA model order estimation

A new method for estimating the order of a non-Gaussian autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process using higher order statistics is presented. The observed signal may be contaminated by additive, zero mean, Gaussian noise. The proposed algorithm uses third-order computations, and is based on the minimum eigenvalue of a family of covariance matrices derived from the observed data. One of the novel features of this approach is that the authors avoid nonstationary effects due to finite-length observations, thus they work with data matrices rather than calculated cumulants. This is a generalization of the approach of Liang et al. [1993] and Liang [1992], which eliminates the estimation of the a/sub i/ and b/sub i/ coefficients. Only the model orders are estimated. In theory, this approach should outperform the original work of Liang at low SNRs, since cumulants are blind to Gaussian noise. The new algorithm is applied to both ARMA and autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) models. Examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the technique.
The Efficiency of Assimilating Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals in a Land Data Assimilation System Using Different Rainfall Error Models

AbstractThe efficiency of assimilating near-surface soil moisture retrievals from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) observations in a Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS) is assessed using satellite rainfall forcing and two different satellite rainfall error models: a complex, multidimensional satellite rainfall error model (SREM2D) and the simpler (control) model (CTRL) used in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 LDAS. For the study domain of Oklahoma, LDAS soil moisture estimates improve over the satellite retrievals and the open-loop (no assimilation) land surface model estimates, exhibiting higher daily anomaly correlation coefficients (e.g., 0.36 in the open loop, 0.38 in the AMSR-E, and 0.50 in LDAS for surface soil moisture). The LDAS soil moisture estimates also match the performance of a benchmark model simulation forced with high-quality radar precipitation. Compared to using the CTRL rainfall error model in LDAS, using the more compl...
3-Methylindole is Mutagenic and a Possible Pulmonary Carcinogen

Previous work has shown that bioactivation of the cigarette smoke pneumotoxicant 3-methylindole (3MI) by pulmonary cytochrome P450 enzymes is directly associated with formation of DNA adducts. Here, we present evidence that normal human lung epithelial cells, exposed to low micromolar concentrations of 3MI, showed extensive DNA damage, as measured by the comet assay, with similar potency to the prototypical genotoxic agents, doxorubicin and irinotecan. The DNA damage caused by 3MI was predominantly caused by single-strand breaks. Furthermore, we show that this damage decreased with time, given a subtoxic concentration, with detectable DNA fragmentation peaking 4 h after exposure and diminishing to untreated levels within 24 h. Pretreatment with an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), NU1025, nearly doubled the DNA damage produced by 5μM 3MI, implying that PARP1, which among other activities, functions to repair single-strand breaks in DNA, repaired at least some of the 3MI-induced DNA fragmentation. A key cellular response to DNA damage, phosphorylation, and nuclear localization of p53 was seen at subtoxic levels of 3MI exposure. 3MI was highly mutagenic, with essentially the same potency as the prototype carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, only when a lung-expressed CYP2F3 enzyme was used to dehydrogenate 3MI to its putative DNA-alkylating intermediate. Conversely, a rat liver S9 metabolic system did not bioactivate 3MI to its mutagenic intermediate(s). Concentrations higher than 25μM caused apoptosis, which became extensive at 100μM, similar to the response seen with 10μM doxorubicin. Our findings indicate that there is a low concentration window in which 3MI can cause extensive DNA damage and mutation, without triggering apoptotic defenses, reinforcing the hypothesis that inhaled 3MI from cigarette smoke may be a potent lung-selective carcinogen.
Crystal growth of low-dimensional oxides related to the 2-H perovskite structure in K2CO3 fluxes

Single crystals of the general formula [A] x [(A@,B)O 3 ] were grown from K 2 CO 3 #ux. Sr 3 NiPtO 6 ,S r 3 CuPtO 6 , [Sr] 1.10 [(Cu 0.38 Rh 0.62 )O 3 ], [Ba] 1.16 [(Ni 0.23 Rh 0.77 )O 3 ], [Ba] 1.06 [RhO 3 ], [Ba] 1.18 [(Cu 0.29 Rh 0.71 )O 3 ], [Ba] 1.06 [(Ni 0.44 Ir 0.56 )O 3 ], and [Sr] 1.25 [RhO 3 ] have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray di!raction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. Crystal morphology and composition have been shown to be highly dependent on several synthetic parameters including temperature and the concentration of alkaline earths in the #ux. ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
From nurse to nurse anesthetist: the relationship of culture, race, and ethnicity to professional socialization and career commitment of advanced practice nurses.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of culture, race, and ethnicity on professional socialization and career commitment of student registered nurse anesthetists. A 78-item, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to the United States population of student nurse anesthetists (N = 2,008) yielding a 56% response. Demographic data and the dimensions of socialization were analyzed with chi-square and weighted least-squares linear analysis of variance. Four scales assessed the relationship of age, gender, culture/race/ethnicity, and views of culturally congruent care on the socialization process. In all dimensions of socialization, culture and race/ethnicity both correlated significantly (p < .05) for all nondominant groups compared to the dominant European American White group. Responses from Asian-Pacific Islanders were most positively correlated to all dimensions of socialization. Hispanics responded least positively to a life-time commitment to the career in nurse anesthesia by culture (p = .003) and ethnicity (p = .009).
Net energy performance measurements on electrochromic skylights

Tests of skylights made from prototype electrochromic glazings were performed in a room-sized calorimetric test facility under ambient outdoor summer conditions in Reno, NV. The test methodology and the resultant measurements of skylight heat flows and temperatures with their diurnal variations are presented. Special test issues relating to the dynamic switchable nature of the glazings are discussed.
Other Diseases with Organized Deposits

Other abnormal substances may infiltrate the glomeruli and cause signifi - cant dysfunction. Perhaps among the more important of these is the lesion known as fibrillary glomerulonephritis (Fig. 19.1) (1–3). The light microscopy of glomeruli indicates variable increase in mesangial cellularity and irregularly thickened capillary walls. Crescents may be present (1,4). Immunofluorescence is positive, with coarse linear/confl uent granular immunoglobulin G (IgG), C3, and one or both light chains. This disorder is ultrastructurally defined and is characterized by the accumulation of fibrils that are roughly 10 to 20 nm in diameter and are throughout the mesangial matrix and basement membranes in a manner very similar to amyloid (1). Indeed, the fi brils bear striking similarity to amyloid. In contrast, however, the infiltrate is Congo red negative, unlike amyloid (5).
Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials

Organic electro-optic (EO) materials are of considerable interest owing to their attractive characteristics for applications in high-speed information processing and sensing. The purpose of this review is to highlight the areas of special significance in recent organic EO materials development. Particular attention is paid to recent advances in achieving exceptional material properties (such as large optical nonlinearity and excellent stability) through rational molecular design of dipolar chromophores, supramolecular assembly of dendrimers, and click chemistry enabled control of lattice hardening of nonlinear optical polymers. Important issues relating to applications and prospects of these advanced EO materials are also briefly mentioned.