cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barbiturate action is dependent on the conformational state of the acetylcholine receptor.

BACKGROUND Barbiturates act on many neuronal ion channels by poorly understood mechanisms. The authors investigated the hypothesis that barbiturates inhibit the transient open-channel conformation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) by binding to a discrete site. METHODS Inhibition curves of the agonist-stimulated efflux of 8bRb+ from nAchR-rich membrane vesicles prepared from the electric tissue of Torpedo nobiliana were obtained for 14 barbiturates using a filter assay. RESULTS When added simultaneously with agonist, all agents inhibited the ion efflux with half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50), varying from 23 microM for pentobarbital to 880 microM for barbital, and with Hill coefficients of one. The effect of several barbiturates on the agonist concentration-response curve for carbachol-stimulated efflux indicated that this inhibitory action was not competitive. CONCLUSIONS The IC50s of these agents did not correlate with their octanol/water partition coefficients, nor with general anesthetic potency, although a degree of channel inhibition occurred with many agents at general anesthetic concentrations. The existence of a barbiturate-inhibitory site of action was indicated by the structural specificity. This conclusion was supported by the Hill coefficient of one, and by the high inhibitory potencies, which ruled out membrane perturbations as a mechanism. This site on the transient open-channel conformation exhibits different structure-activity relationships than an allosteric site established by equilibrium barbiturate binding on the resting conformation of the AchR. Thus, barbiturate action depends on the nAchR's conformational state.
ON PARADOXES, RULES, AND RESEARCH IN SECOND‐LANGUAGE LEARNING1

After a detailed consideration of Saporta's (1966) “paradox of second-language learning” as a point of departure, the nature of paradoxes in general is discussed, particularly the conclusions they force upon a researcher. The nature of Saporta's paradox is then dealt with in terms of the linguistic aspects of second-language learning. This leads to the proposal of a research strategy involving profiles of idealized learners with specific types of individual differences. Detailed suggestions are provided for experiments relevant to the way individuals actually learn second languages.
The relationship between spouse abuse and the maltreatment of dementia sufferers by their caregivers

Historically, various forms of family violence have been conceptualized as distinct phenomenon. However, recent research indicates that such a division is artificial and that the various forms of f...
Abstract 5352: Ultraviolet radiation induces carcinogenesis in a novel transgenic mouse model of melanoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Melanomagenesis is caused by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as genetic factors. The Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway repairs photoproducts induced by UV radiation. In humans, NER pathway disruption leads to the development of skin cancers, including melanoma. Upon UV exposure, mice deficient in Xpc, an important protein in the NER pathway, develop skin cancer; but not melanoma. The Endothelin 3 (Edn3) signaling pathway is essential for melanocyte precursor cell development. In humans, this pathway has also been associated with melanoma progression and its metastatic potential. The purpose of this study is the development of a UV-dependent melanoma mouse model that combines Xpc deficiency with the over-activation of the Edn3 pathway. Transgenic mice over-expressing Edn3 under the control of the keratin 5 promoter (K5-Edn3) and carrying a targeted mutation in Xpc were exposed to a single suberythemal neonatal dose of UV radiation. Immunostaining and histomorphology were used to confirm the melanocytic origin of primary skin tumors. Melanomas were only found in animals with the K5-Edn3 transgene. High penetrance was observed in Xpc null (67%, n=3) and Xpc heterozygous (67%, n=3) mice in comparison to Xpc wild type (33%, n=3) mice. RNA extracted from melanomas of Xpc null (n=2), Xpc heterozygous (n=1) and Xpc wild type (n=1) mice were screened for UV signature mutations in Hras, Kras and Nras. No mutations were found in any of these genes. These results indicate that UV radiation exposure, in conjunction with over-activation of the Edn3 pathway is sufficient to lead to melanomagenesis in mice independently of mutations in Hras, Kras or Nras. Citation Format: Ana Paula Benaduce, Deannys Batista, Gabriel Grilo, Karen Jorge, Diana Cardero, Clara Milikowski, Lidia Kos. Ultraviolet radiation induces carcinogenesis in a novel transgenic mouse model of melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5352. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5352
344: Efficacy of Contnuous-Flow Ventricular Assist Devices in Heart Failure Patients with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

angina, dyspnea, hypotension, or arrhythmias. Results: (Table 1) During 10 minutes of exercise there was a significant increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate that was accompanied by a significant increase in device power consumption ( 12 7%) and device flow estimate ( 27 14%). Average peak exercise oxygen consumption was 14.7 2.4 ml/kg/min. Average pulsatility index did not significantly change. Conclusions: These data demonstrate the ability of a continuous flow, rotary pump, while operating at fixed pump speed settings to augment device flow in response to changes in left ventricular preload during exercise.
Curvature characterizations of twistor spaces over four-dimensional Riemannian manifolds

In this paper, we study the complex contact structure of a twistor space over a selfdual, Einstein 4-manifold with nonzero scalar curvature. Although the existence of such a structure has been known and well utilized by researchers for several decades now, the Hermitian geometry resulting from the complex contact structure is still in the process of being fully developed. Here we give a characterization of such twistor spaces as those satisfying a curvature (and hence purely geometric) identity. Later, we describe how this result fits in with other areas of research in complex contact geometry.
Protection from the Nephrotoxicity of Contrast Dye

Previous studies have reported a 4%-50% incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) following the use of radiocontrast media in patients with preexisting chronic renal insufficiency. In these studies, ARF was defined as a rise of the serum creatinine of at least 1 mg/dl above baseline. Using the same criteria, we studied 214 patients undergoing various intravascular radiocontrast media procedures. Patients were infused with a specially prepared cocktail solution (NSMF) containing 1000 ml half-normal saline, 12.5 g of mannitol (M), I ampule NaHCO3, and 200 mg of furosemide (F) at 100 ml/h from one hour prior to two hours after the procedure. Urinary output was replaced with normal saline for at least 6 h after the procedure. Seven percent of the patients developed acute renal insufficiency. Only 3% of the patients had a rise in serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dl. No patient required dialysis therapy after the procedure. There was one unrelated death caused by acute myocardial infarction postangioplasty. Risk factors for development of ARF despite cocktail administration included the presence of diabetes mellitus and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy. We concluded that the properly administered NSMF solution protects against radiocontrast dye induced renal failure. In select patients with chronic renal insufficiency, consideration should be given to withholding ACE inhibitor therapy for 24-48 h prior to administration of intravenous radiocontrast dye. A large controlled trial will be required to establish whether the NSMF solution offers benefit beyond that of saline hydration alone.
Stimulation of a Ca2+-Calmodulin-activated Histone 3 Arginine Kinase in Quiescent Rat Heart Endothelial Cells Compared to Actively Dividing Cells

A Ca(2+)-calmodulin-activated histone 3 kinase was partially purified from nuclear extracts of dividing and quiescent rat heart endothelial cells. The histone 3 phosphorylating activity was 20-100-fold higher in quiescent than in dividing cells. Base hydrolysis followed by amino acid analysis revealed that histone 3 was phosphorylated on arginine. Further investigations were conducted to determine whether phosphorylation of histone 3 also occurred in vivo. Cells were incubated for 3 h in a phosphate-free medium supplemented with [32P]phosphoric acid. It was observed that the nuclear content of arginine-phosphorylated histone 3 was considerably higher in quiescent than in dividing rat heart endothelial cells. The histone 3 arginine kinase is a component of a complex containing a Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin-binding protein of apparent molecular mass of 85 kDa. Using polyclonal antibodies to an 85-kDa protein, also the major Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin-binding component of the histone 3 arginine kinase from calf thymus, an immunoreactive protein of identical apparent molecular mass was found to be present in equal amounts both in dividing and quiescent cells. We propose that the 85-kDa protein is either the histone 3 arginine kinase or one of its subunits and that phosphorylation of histone 3 is involved with cell cycle exit in eukaryotes.
Physiochemical Properties of Alkylaminium Sulfates: Hygroscopicity, Thermostability, and Density

Although heterogeneous interaction of amines has been recently shown to play an important role in the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols, little information is available on the physicochemical properties of aminium sulfates. In this study, the hygroscopicity, thermostability, and density of alkylaminium sulfates (AASs) have been measured by an integrated aerosol analytical system including a tandem differential mobility analyzer and an aerosol particle mass analyzer. AAS aerosols exhibit monotonic size growth at increasing RH without a well-defined deliquescence point. Mixing of ammonium sulfate (AS) with AASs lowers the deliquescence point corresponding to AS. Particles with AASs show comparable or higher thermostability than that of AS. The density of AASs is determined to be 1.2–1.5 g cm–3, and an empirical model is developed to predict the density of AASs on the basis of the mole ratio of alkyl carbons to total sulfate. Our results reveal that the heterogeneous uptake of amines on sulfate pa...
MO‐E‐230A‐02: Intellectual Property ‐ Medical Physics

Every medically‐oriented scientific journal is confronted with a fundamental conflict. The journal exists for the purpose of disseminating information produced by authors to others who may be able to use the information to enhance their own research, education programs or clinical practices. Journals and the information they disseminate contribute in a substantial way to progress in science, education and the clinical practice of medicine. Articles published in a legitimate scientific journal have high credibility because they are from identified authors, are peer‐reviewed, and are integrated within the literature related to the topics of the articles. The conflict in this process arises because articles contain information that belongs to the authors and the authors' institutions, and may represent intellectual property that will ultimately be marketed commercially. The journal has an obligation to protect this property and its potential value to the authors and institutions. This protection is provided by the journal's copyright over the information. When this protection is compromised by plagiarism of the article's information by another author, the journal must be prepared to act through enactment of a plagiarism policy approved, in the case of Medical Physics, by the journal's Board of Editors and by the sponsoring society (American Association of Physicists in Medicine). It is possible for authors to plagiarize their own work, through duplicate publication in more than one journal. For this purpose, Medical Physics requires submission of a Conflict of Interest statement that includes disclosure of an article's publication elsewhere before submission to Medical Physics.
Double gate MOSFET based efficient wide band tunable power amplifiers

Performance, tunability and efficiency of double gate MOSFET (DG-MOSFET) based power amplifiers (PA) are investigated. Specifically, we propose two different wide-band PA topologies with 45 nm long DG-MOSFET and study their performance via computer simulations. The first one involves a modified Darlington cascode configuration with a peak gain of ∼26 dB for a 3-dB bandwidth ≥ 30 GHz. The gain flatness is less than 20% in this range. The second topology reported is a three-stage common-source wide band PA that gives a peak gain of 8 dB in 60–90 GHz band. In both designs, one can utilize the back-gate bias for gain control of 10 dB and 6 dB, respectively, a unique capability not found in comparable amplifiers built with single gate MOSFET architectures. We also provide a comparison of the simulated performance figures of merit for the DG-MOSFET amplifiers with those reported for the conventional CMOS based PAs reported recently, which shows that proposed designs are either comparable or better than the standard CMOS counterparts in all figures of merits considered.
Circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-like monkey malaria parasite.

The circumsporozoite (CS) protein, a species-specific sporozoite surface protein and a vaccine candidate antigen, has been characterized from malaria parasites that naturally cause infections in humans, monkeys and chimpanzees [1-7]. Because of the related structural features of repetitive and nonrepetitive sequences the CS protein genes have also been used as markers for studies of evolutionary relatedness of malaria parasites [8]. The CS protein genes of the nonhuman primate malaria parasites Plasmodium brazilianurn and Plasmodium reichenowi, which are considered to be evolutionarily related to the human malaria parasites Plasrnodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum, respectively, have been characterized and shown to bear structural and antigenic similarity [4,7]. Plasmodium simium is a nonhuman malaria parasite both morphologically and biologically similar to the human malaria parasite Plasmo-
Photothermal studies of CO photodissociation from mixed valence Escherichia coli cytochrome bo3.

Abstract Here, we report the volume and enthalpy changes accompanying CO photodissociation from the mixed valence form of cytochrome bo 3 oxidase from Escherichia coli . The results of photoacoustic calorimetry indicate two kinetic phases with distinct volume and enthalpy changes accompanying CO photodissociation from heme o 3 and its transfer to Cu B . The first phase occurring on a timescale of −1 and enthalpy change of 32 ± 1.6 kcal mol −1 . Subsequently, a volume increase of 2.9 mL mol −1 with an enthalpy change of −5.3 ± 2.5 kcal mol −1 is observed with the lifetime of ∼250 ns (this phase has not been detected in previous optical studies). These volume and enthalpy changes differ from the volume and enthalpy changes observed for CO dissociation from fully reduced cytochrome bo 3 oxidase indicating that the heme o 3 /Cu B active site dynamics are affected by the redox state of heme b .
Strategic Acquisition Management: A Multi-Objective Synergistic Approach

Of all the strategic planning and decision-making a corporation undertakes, a merger or acquisition of another company is one of the most important and complex. The complexity is due not only to the volume of accounting, finance, marketing and management factors that need to be considered, but also to synergistic factors that are not adequately incorporated in current acquisition planning models. This paper presents a goal-programming modelling approach to deal with the problem of strategic acquisition planning for mergers, acquisitions or joint ventures. A goal-programming model is developed and applied to illustrate its use in acquisition decision-making. The results of the paper demonstrate the model's informational efficiency of application and unique ability to include synergistic decision-making factors.
Pathogenicity of Two Strains of Herpetic Virus for Mice.

In dealing with diseases due to the filtrable viruses we are confronted with difficulties which do not accompany the study of bacterial diseases, for the invading virus cannot be observed under the microscope nor cultured on ordinary mediums. Hence, the only means now available for the determination of the presence of the infective agent is the outcome following the inoculation of a susceptible animal. This limitation becomes a decided handicap in the study of some virus diseases when the usual laboratory animals either are not susceptible or fail to exhibit outstanding symptoms. Such difficulties, however, are . not
Outdoor Air Pollution: Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide Health Effects

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide are important ambient air pollutants. High-intensity, confined space exposure to NO2 has caused catastrophic injury to humans, including death. Ambient NO2 exposure may increase the risk of respiratory tract infections through the pollutant's interaction with the immune system. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) contributes to respiratory symptoms in both healthy patients and those with underlying pulmonary disease. Controlled human exposure studies have demonstrated that experimental SO2 exposure causes changes in airway physiology, including increased airways resistance. Both acute and chronic exposure to carbon monoxide are associated with increased risk for adverse cardiopulmonary events, including death. However, studies have not demonstrated a clear dose-dependent health risk response to increasing amounts of these pollutants except at high concentrations. In addition, a number of studies examining the effects of ambient level exposure to NO2, SO2, and CO have failed to find associations with adverse health outcomes.
The implementation of a data communications laboratory in small to medium sized universities

This poster describes techniques for establishing a Data Communications Laboratory in the small to mid-sized university. The experience for the poster was gained in the building of a lab funded by a NSF-ILI grant.. We provide a tactical approach to the lab and a discussion of the physical environment and basic equipment requirements. Special interest is devoted to sources of assistance for equipment procurement, as well as how to lower both hardware and software costs. Included are the capabilities of the suggested lab for teaching the major network operating systems. The security aspects required by the laboratory are also covered.The type of Data Communications Laboratory described in the poster can be established with a minimum of funds and using excess or donated equipment. It will provide students some hands-on experience with data communications and establish the lab as a reality from which to expand to ever changing technologies. One secret of success in this effort is to make the establishment of a lab, a rallying point between the Faculty, students and university's Instructional Technology Department. Students should be involved in all steps of the planning and installation. The students involved with the project will be happy to be taking part in an effort that will add an effective hands-on approach to their data communications courses.
Plasma cortisol levels and reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus in response to examination stress

In this study, we explored the possibility that glucocorticoid hormones, known to increase under stress, might be one component of the mechanism involved in induction of latent Epstein Barr virus (EBV). We obtained blood samples from 45 male medical students during examinations and approximately 3-4 weeks before the examinations (baseline) and measured antibody titers to EBV and plasma cortisol levels. We found reproducible changes in EBV, virus capsid antigen (VCA) antibody titers, with higher antibody titers observed in the examination blood samples consistent with the reactivation of latent virus. However, we found no evidence that day and night plasma cortisol values across the sampling points changed significantly from baseline to examinations. Therefore, academic stress did not elevate cortisol levels, but increases in EBV VCA antibody titers were still observed. The data suggest in these subjects that other neuropeptides or hormones were involved in the induction of latent EBV.
Tamoxifen-induced hypercalcemia in breast cancer

Among 470 patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with tamoxifen, ten patients (2.3%) developed hypercalcemia. All patients with hypercalcemia had osteolytic or mixed lytic and blastic bone metastases. Hypercalcemia developed after a median period of seven days (range 4-11 days) of tamoxifen administration. Hypercalcemia was treated with conventional measures and serum calcium levels normalized in nine patients, either with a brief interruption of tamoxifen therapy or in spite of continued treatment. Four patients experienced partial remissions with continued tamoxifen therapy. These results indicate that hypercalcemia is a potentially serious complication of tamoxifen therapy but is generally short-lived, and can be controlled with supportive measures, thus allowing continued tamoxifen administration.
Simultaneous gas diffusion and chemical reaction in foods stored in modified atmospheres

Abstract A mathematical model based on simultaneous gas diffusion and chemical reaction was developed to represent the gas exchange in foods stored in modified atmospheres. The respiration process was modeled as a first order chemical reaction and the gas transfer process was modeled as ordinary diffusion. The resistance of the skin to gas transfer was modeled as a convective type boundary condition. A steady state solution of the model was obtained. Respiration rate, average internal gas concentration, and gas concentration under the skin were measured using Golden Delicious apples. The experimental methods were analyzed based on the model to determine the properties of apples. The experimentally determined values of the properties were diffusivity of the flesh to oxygen 2·67 × 10−9 m2/s and to carbon dioxide 3·28 × 10−9 m2/s, conductance of the skin to oxygen 290 × 10−9 m/s and to carbon dioxide 220 × 10−9 m/s, and first-order reaction rate constant 7·71 × 10−6 s−1. These parameters were used in the model to simulate the internal gas concentration profiles.
Chronic opiate treatment does not modify α2-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex, kidney and in the neurotumor cell line NCB20

Abstract We examined the effect of chronic opiate treatment on the α2-adrenergic receptor binding of both the agonist [3H]clonidine and the antagonist [3H]yohimbine in the cerebral cortex and kidney of rats. In addition, we demonstrated the presence of an adrenergic receptor of the α2 type on the neurotumor cells line NCB20 and used this cell line as a model for studying the interaction between the opiate and α2-adrenergic systems. In all the three above systems, chronic opiate treatment did not modify the number or the affinity of α2-adrenergic receptors.
A Comparison of the Costs and Effects of Range and Confinement Rearing of Egg Production Type Pullets Fed All-Mash and Mash and Oats

Abstract WITH greater emphasis being placed today upon the evaluation of various pullet feeding and rearing programs and their effects upon the subsequent laying performance of these pullets, it is important to understand the relative effects and costs of these rearing programs prior to the beginning of egg production as well as their effects after production begins. There are many systems of feeding growing pullets varying from free choice feeding a complete diet to severe restriction of complete and even high fiber diets. A number of nutritionists consider the feeding of oats to growing pullets a form of restriction but economically unsound; yet some poultry producers in the field consider it an advantageous practice, even though, as with the question of range versus confinement rearing, there has been no conclusive evidence to prove that the results of one practice surpasses that of the other. Malik (1929) conducted a four year study …
Why State and Local Economic Development Programs Cause so Little Economic Development

Although evaluations show that state and local economic development programs have few effects on economic growth or redistribution of economic activity, explanations for the failures are incomplete...
Host Utilization of Native Cirsium Thistles (Asteraceae) by the Introduced Weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California

The flowerhead weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich) was introduced from Europe into California in the early 1970's for biological control of weedy thistles Carduus nutans L., Carduus pycnocephalus L., and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Cardueae). In this study, adult R. conicus was reared from flowerheads collected from natural populations of 12 species of native, nontarget Cirsium thistles in California: Cirsium andersonii (Gray) Petrak, C. brevistylum Cronq., C. californicum Gray, C. campylon H. Sharsm., C. callilepis (Greene) Jeps., C. ciliolatum (L. Henders.) J. T. Howell, C. cymosum (Greene) J. T. Howell, C. douglasii DC., C. hydrophilum (Greene) Jeps. var. vaseyi (Gray) J. T. Howell, C. pastoris J. T. Howell, C. proteanum J. T. Howell, and C. tioganum Congd. These are new host records for this weevil. This extension of its host range is not surprising because European Cirsium was known to be within the host range of R. conicus . The impact, if any, of these new host associations is not yet known. The weevil was also reared from the naturalized weedy thistles C. nutans , C. pycnocephalus , C. tenuiflorus W. Curt., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore, and S. marianum . Quantitative rearing data are reported for each thistle host.
Response of children to methopyrapone(Metopirone)

The response to methopyrapone of 12 normal children, 9 who had intracranial disease, and 15 who had had corticosteroid therapy is presented. By standards derived from study of the normal group, there were 2 abnormal and 1 borderline responses in the group with intracranial disease. In the group of children previously treated with steroids 5 had borderline and 2 had abnormal response. A relatively simple analytical procedure for measuring urinary metabolites following administration of methopyrapone is described.
Can the bispectral index monitor quantify altered level of consciousness in emergency department patients

Objectives: A daily part of emergency medicine practice includes assessing patients with altered levels of consciousness (ALOC). The authors hypothesized that a bispectral index monitor (BIS), a processed electroencephalographic monitor traditionally used to monitor patients under anesthesia, would represent an objective quantification of impairment of consciousness. They compared the BIS score with the Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) in emergency department (ED) patients with ALOC. Methods: The authors performed a convenience sampling of ED adults presenting with ALOC (GCS ≤ 14). Patients with abnormal baseline mental status were excluded, as were those who were unable to tolerate the forehead BIS leads. The blinded BIS value was recorded after the treating physician assigned a GCS to the patient. The BIS and GCS measurements were then correlated. Results: Data were obtained for 38 patients (20 male, 18 female). The median age was 42 years (range 14 to 93 years). Despite being statistically significant (p = 0.0165), the correlation between the GCS and the BIS score was only moderate (Spearman's rho = 0.387) and displayed wide variability. For example, when the GCS was between 3 and 5, the corresponding BIS scores ranged from 47 to 98. When the GCS was between 12 and 14, the corresponding BIS scores ranged from 56 to 98. Receiver operating characteristic curves for BIS at each GCS threshold demonstrated low discriminatory power (areas under the curve range 0.61 to 0.73). Conclusions: BIS monitoring does not reliably correlate with GCS in ED patients with ALOC, and does not appear to have potential to accurately quantify impairment of consciousness in this setting.
Constriction model of actomyosin ring for cytokinesis by fission yeast using a two-state sliding filament mechanism

We developed a model describing the structure and contractile mechanism of the actomyosin ring in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The proposed ring includes actin, myosin, and α-actinin, and is organized into a structure similar to that of muscle sarcomeres. This structure justifies the use of the sliding-filament mechanism developed by Huxley and Hill, but it is probably less organized relative to that of muscle sarcomeres. Ring contraction tension was generated via the same fundamental mechanism used to generate muscle tension, but some physicochemical parameters were adjusted to be consistent with the proposed ring structure. Simulations allowed an estimate of ring constriction tension that reproduced the observed ring constriction velocity using a physiologically possible, self-consistent set of parameters. Proposed molecular-level properties responsible for the thousand-fold slower constriction velocity of the ring relative to that of muscle sarcomeres include fewer myosin molecules involved, a less organized contractile configuration, a low α-actinin concentration, and a high resistance membrane tension. Ring constriction velocity is demonstrated as an exponential function of time despite a near linear appearance. We proposed a hypothesis to explain why excess myosin heads inhibit constriction velocity rather than enhance it. The model revealed how myosin concentration and elastic resistance tension are balanced during cytokinesis in S. pombe.
Left Atrial Volume and Its Changes in Heart Disease

Left atrial volume and volume change during the heart cycle were determined and compared with left ventricular stroke volume and forward, or effective, stroke volume in 57 patients who were grouped as follows: normal, primary cardiomyopathy, aortic valve disease, predominant mitral insufficiency, predominant mitral stenosis, and combined aortic and mitral valve disease. In this study left atrial cyclic volume change averaged 41% of the left ventricular stroke volume and was in no case more than 72% of the left ventricular stroke volume, regardless of the type of heart disease. Some patients with aortic valve disease or primary cardiomyopathy have left atrial maximum volumes as large as those seen in many patients with mitral stenosis. Three features of left atrial volume and volume change per heart beat were observed in patients with mitral insufficiency: (1) a large left atrial volume (all patients with a left atrial volume greater than 365 ml had mitral insufficiency), (2) a large left atrial cyclic vol...
Surface area in ecological analysis: Quantification of benthic coral-reef algae

The surface area of organisms and substrata is shown to be a significant ecological parameter because of its functional importance in the system. Quantification of surface area can be of particular value in morphologically complex environments such as coral reefs. The amount of surface in a reef habitat can be estimated by direct measurements and theoretical approximations, using a surface index (SI) for the amount of surface increase over that of a similarly bounded plane. SI values for a section of the British Honduran barrier reef ranged up to 15 in the reef-crest area at scales significant to macro-organisms. By combining substrate-area measurements with estimates of percent coverage of the major benthic algal components, a reef transect with a horizontal area of 300 m2 was shown to have over 300 m2 covered by benthic macroalgae. The potential for the further development of surface estimation techniques is discussed.
Recurrence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after splenectomy

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) frequently leads to splenectomy. Accessory spleens maybe found in a variety of locations, and may not be readily apparent. Retained accessory splenic tissue can lead to recurrent ITP, which, this report (involving multiple relapses in a single patient) demonstrates.
Diffusional stability of ferritic–martensitic steel composite for service in advanced lead–bismuth cooled nuclear reactors

AbstractTo combat liquid metal corrosion from lead–bismuth eutectic coolant in the fuel cladding and coolant piping of generation IV fast fission reactors, a composite that employs a Fe–Cr–Si steel layer weld clad on a structural layer of alloy T91 (Fe–9Cr–1Mo) is being developed. Diffusion of Si away from the cladding during service can compromise corrosion resistance, whereas carbon redistribution will affect mechanical properties and phase stability. Diffusion of silicon and carbon in a manufactured sample of the composite has been investigated both experimentally and by modelling. The diffusion coefficient for silicon in the T91/Fe–12Cr–2Si system was found to be 1·36 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 at 650°C, implying that concentration in the clad layer should not drop below 1·25%Si at a distance of 51 μm from the interface after 50 years' service at 650°C. The rapid carbon diffusion observed should be helpful during processing and operation. The two layers will have similar properties once carbon diffuses into the ...
Building Bridges in Teacher Education: Creating Partnerships With Parents

This study investigated the learning experiences, outcomes, and perceptions of graduate students in a collaboration and consultation course focusing on parent-professional partnerships. The course was designed as a teacher preparation model that envisions teachers, school psychologists, and families learning together to build effective partnerships to better student outcomes. Nineteen graduate students seeking a degree in special education or school psychology were provided multiple opportunities to engage in experiences with parents of children with disabilities, including having parents embedded in the course for the entire semester. Data were collected utilizing multiple methods and included a family/professional partnership survey and focus group discussions conducted both pre- and post-course, as well as a Learning Objectives and Activities Survey. Analyses of qualitative and quantitative data indicate a change in students' knowledge, beliefs, dispositions, and experiences of parent-professional part...
Low-loss compact-size slotted waveguide polarization rotator and transformer

Two mode-evolution-based low-loss compact-size integrated polarization rotators and transformers are presented. They are designed to fulfill the tasks of rotating mode polarizations between Gaussian-like strip waveguide modes and non-Gaussian-like slotted waveguide modes, as well as the mode transforming between horizontal and vertical slotted waveguides. Consisting of several adiabatic tapers, the presented devices can achieve complete polarization rotations and transformations between different classes of waveguide modes with a device length of tens of micrometers and with a negligible insertion loss.
New hominid fossils from Member 1 "Hanging Remnant", Swartkrans Formation, South Africa

Abstract Scientific work at Swartkrans has been completed recently by C. K. Brain. The hominid fossils recovered by him include a number from the Member 1 "Hanging Remnant" breccia that remain undescribed. These specimens are described here. One is referred to early Homo ; the others are attributed to Paranthropus . Several of the latter possess morphological features not recorded hitherto for Paranthropus . It is now possible to describe the morphological and metrical ranges of variation exhibited by the entire Swartkrans Paranthropus and Homo samples.
Simple model of the interrelation between single- and multiwall carbon nanotube growth rates for the CVD process

Recent time-resolved measurements of carbon nanotube (CNT) growth on Fe and $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Mo}$ catalysts have identified a maximum growth rate and temperature corresponding to the onset of small-diameter, single-wall CNT (SWNT) formation. A simple model described here emphasizes the essential role of the SWNTs in the growth process of CNTs. Remarkably, it shows that the growth rate (i.e., the time derivative of the length) of a multiwalled CNT is the same as that of a SWNT at the carbon flux and diffusion coefficient corresponding to a given temperature. Moreover, below $\ensuremath{\sim}700\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, the temperature above which SWNT growth is observed for a $6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{sccm}$ (cubic centimeter per minute at STP) ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ flow rate, the number of walls as a function of temperature is uniquely determined by the interplay of the incident flux of atomic C and diffusion rates consistent with bulk diffusion. Even partial melting of the catalytic particle is unnecessary to explain the experimental results on growth rate and number of walls. Above $700\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, where severe catalyst poisoning ordinarily begins, the growth rate without poisoning is consistent with recent results of Hata and co-workers [Science 306, 1362 (2004); Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 056104 (2005)] for ``supergrowth.''
Convenient new chemical actinometer based on aqueous acetone, 2-propanol, and carbon tetrachloride

A convenient new chemical actinometer was developed to measure the spectral output of laboratory ultraviolet (UV) light sources over the wavelength range of 260-330 nm. It can also be used to measure solar UV irradiance (< or =325 nm). The actinometer is based on the photoreduction of aqueous carbon tetrachloride (CT) to chloroform (CF) in the presence of acetone (the chromophore) and 2-propanol (the reductant). In all cases, CT disappearance (and CF formation) followed zero-order kinetics over 95% of the reaction. The slope of the linear decay curve forms the basis of the new actinometer, which was calibrated using ferrioxalate actinometry. Quantum yields were measured at 10 nm intervals and were found to be uniform throughout the range of 260-300 nm. As expected, quantum yields gradually decreased to zero asthe wavelength was increased from 300 to 340 nm. The high quantum yields (approximately 150), low sensitivityto room light, and the straightforward determination of [CT] and [CF] by gas chromatography offer significant advantages over some other chemical actinometers, which might require the preparation and purification of light-sensitive compounds in a darkened environment and long exposure times.
Hibernating little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) show variable immunological responses to white-nose syndrome.

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging infectious disease devastating hibernating North American bat populations that is caused by the psychrophilic fungus Geomyces destructans. Previous histopathological analysis demonstrated little evidence of inflammatory responses in infected bats, however few studies have compared other aspects of immune function between WNS-affected and unaffected bats. We collected bats from confirmed WNS-affected and unaffected sites during the winter of 2008–2009 and compared estimates of their circulating levels of total leukocytes, total immunoglobulins, cytokines and total antioxidants. Bats from affected and unaffected sites did not differ in their total circulating immunoglobulin levels, but significantly higher leukocyte counts were observed in bats from affected sites and particularly in affected bats with elevated body temperatures (above 20°C). Bats from WNS-affected sites exhibited significantly lower antioxidant activity and levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a cytokine that induces T cell differentiation. Within affected sites only, bats exhibiting visible fungal infections had significantly lower antioxidant activity and levels of IL-4 compared to bats without visible fungal infections. Overall, bats hibernating in WNS-affected sites showed immunological changes that may be evident of attempted defense against G. destructans. Observed changes, specifically elevated circulating leukocytes, may also be related to the documented changes in thermoregulatory behaviors of affected bats (i.e. increased frequencies in arousal from torpor). Alterations in immune function may reflect expensive energetic costs associated with these processes and intrinsic qualities of the immunocapability of hibernating bats to clear fungal infections. Additionally, lowered antioxidant activity indicates a possible imbalance in the pro- versus antioxidant system, may reflect oxidative tissue damage, and should be investigated as a contributor to WNS-associated morbidity and mortality.
Analysis of response data for several organic scintillators

Abstract Data on the scintillation response (light output) of anthracene, stilbene, NE-213, NE-102 and Pilot-B to electrons and protons and of Ne-230 to electrons and deuterons reported recently by Smith et al.1) have been fitted by the method of least squares to the L(E) = S ∫ 0 E d e[1+kB( d E d x +C d E d x ) 2 ] −1 where E is the initial particle energy, dE/dx is the specific energy loss, and S, kB and C are the adjustable parameters. Required values of dE/dx were computed from available data16,17). Scintillation efficiencies S were deduced from the electron data for which dE/dx≈0. One-parameter (kB variable, C = 0) and two-parameter (kB and C variable) fits for the heavy-particle data were obtained and compared with other results reported in the literature.
Forming Europa’s folds: Strain requirements for the production of large-amplitude deformation

Abstract The surface of Jupiter’s iconic icy satellite Europa is dominated by tectonic features that have formed in extension. In contrast, features that have formed in contraction appear to be rare. Thus there exists an apparent imbalance between the observed surface expression and relative magnitudes of extensional and contractional strain. In this paper we reexamine the amount of strain that can be accommodated during fold formation on Europa using a two-dimensional finite element model that allows the examination of fold formation at large strains and under a broad range of initial conditions. We find that, in contrast to previous assessments, relatively large strains can be accommodated by the development of relatively low-amplitude folds. Under our nominal conditions, creating peak-to-trough fold amplitudes of ∼200 m—consistent with Europa’s Astypalaea folds—requires ∼7% contraction of the lithosphere. Decreasing either the strain rate or the ice grain size allows the formation of larger-amplitude folds at smaller strains, but we find no cases where 200-m-amplitude folds form at less than ∼3% strain. Only if both of these conditions are met simultaneously do large amplitude folds form at contractional strains ⩽3%. The requirement of larger strains relative to previous analytical models results from the combined effects of an initial period of fold nucleation (generally 1–2% contractional strain) in which limited amplification occurs, and smaller amplitude growth rates overall. The requirement of several percent strain to produce even moderate-amplitude folds is consistent with previous numerical models of single-layer and lithospheric-scale viscoelastic folding under terrestrial conditions. Because the formation of large-amplitude folds requires relatively large strain, small but significant amounts of contraction can be accommodated predominantly through uniform thickening of the lithosphere during the nucleation phase of fold growth without the formation of obvious surface deformation. The accommodation of contractional strains via such pre-folding lithospheric thickening provides at least a partial solution to Europa’s apparent strain imbalance.
The Bioartificial Renal Tubule Assist Device to Enhance CRRT in Acute Renal Failure

Current therapy for acute tubular necrosis (ATN) continues to have an exceedingly high mortality rate, exceeding 50% even with dialytic or hemofiltrative support. Current renal replacement therapy in ATN only substitutes for filtration function of the kidney but not its cellular metabolic functions. Replacing these metabolic functions may optimize current therapy for this devastating disease process. In this regard, a renal tubule assist device (RAD) has been developed to be placed in an extracorporeal continuous hemoperfusion circuit in series with a hemofilter. The RAD consists of porcine renal proximal tubule cells grown as confluent monolayers of a multifiber bioreactor with a membrane surface area from 0.4 to 1.6 m2. The cells along the inner surface of the hollow fibers are immunoprotected from the patient's blood by the hollow fiber membrane. In preliminary experiments in uremic dogs, this device has been shown to tolerate a uremic environment while providing reabsorptive, metabolic, and endocrinologic activity. Pilot human trials of the RAD are anticipated within the next year to improve current renal replacement therapy in ATN.
Aspergillus Lung Disease in Patients with Sarcoidosis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) has been associated with advanced lung diseases. Pulmonary sarcoidosis, a granulomatous inflammatory disorder, is associated with CCPA. We identified CCPA in 2% of cases in a large cohort of sarcoidosis patients. We found a lack of response to medical treatment and poor outcome in this subgroup.
Low-dose IL-2 as a therapeutic agent for tolerance induction.

IL-2 is produced primarily by recently activated naive and memory T cells after antigen stimulation of the T-cell receptor. The duration of IL-2 secretion is short lived as production of this cytokine is under stringent transcriptional and posttranscription regulation. IL-2 mediates its biological activity by binding to a high affinity receptor consisting of three subunits, IL-2RD (CD25), IL-2RE (CD122) and Jc (CD132). Expression of the high affinity IL-2R is also under stringent transcriptional regulation that is positively linked to T-cell receptor and IL-2 stimulation, leading to IL-2R expression mainly on recently activated T effector (Teff) cells and Tregs. Under physiological levels of IL-2, T-cell immunity is enhanced by increasing expansion and effector activity of antigen-specific T cells and by promoting memory cell development. IL-2 also promotes T-cell tolerance by providing essential signals for thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of Tregs. More detailed information concerning the immunobiology of IL-2 and its receptor has recently been reviewed [1].
Professionals' Perceptions of the Role of Literacy in Early Intervention Services.

The purpose of the current study was to examine therapists' perceptions about literacy in early intervention services. Little effort has been devoted to the incorporation of literacy into therapy services for very young children with special needs. In an attempt to understand how therapy providers view the role of literacy in their services, 168 providers were surveyed. Responses were compared and in general, speech therapists and developmental therapists reported similar rates of use of books and rhymes and similar attitudes about the role of literacy in services. In contrast, occupational and physical therapists were often similar in their responses, yet, in most analyses, their responses were significantly different than the speech and developmental therapists'. This trend mirrors the existing literature that more attention has been devoted to encouraging the incorporation of literacy into speech services than other therapy services. Implications for these different practices and attitudes across disciplines are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.