cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Difficulties and ambiguities in the definition of a likelihood function

The likelihood function plays a very important role in the development of both the theory and practice of statistics. It is somewhat surprising to realize that no general rigorous definition of a likelihood function seem to ever have been given. Through a series of examples it is argued that no such definition is possible, illustrating the difficulties and ambiguities encountered specially in situations involving “random variables” and ”parameters” which are not of primary interest. The fundamental role of such auxiliary quantities (unfairly called “nuisance”) is highlighted and a very simple function is argued to convey all the information provided by the observations.
Cutting Campus Energy Costs with Hierarchical Control: The Economical and Reliable Operation of a Microgrid

in this article, we discuss microgrid objectives and present options for microgrid operations and their monitoring and control in the context of a functional system at the illinois institute of technology (iit) in Chicago. the microgrid represents a multitier hierarchical control of self-sustaining energy infrastructure with islanding and resynchronization, self-healing, and demand response capabilities. the intelligent high-reliability distribution system (HRDS) at iit is equipped with phasor measurement units (PMUs) for real-time monitoring, nondispatchable renewable energy production, as well as conventional and dispatchable energy resources.
Inspiratory muscles do not limit maximal incremental exercise performance in healthy subjects

We investigated whether the inspiratory muscles affect maximal incremental exercise performance using a placebo-controlled, crossover design. Six cyclists each performed six incremental exercise tests. For three trials, subjects exercised with proportional assist ventilation (PAV). For the remaining three trials, subjects underwent sham respiratory muscle unloading (placebo). Inspiratory muscle pressure (P(mus)) was reduced with PAV (-35.9+/-2.3% versus placebo; P 0.05). Diaphragm fatigue (bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation) did not occur in placebo. In conclusion, substantially unloading the inspiratory muscles did not affect maximal incremental exercise performance. Therefore, our data do not support a role for either inspiratory muscle work or fatigue per se in the limitation of maximal incremental exercise.
The association between wear facets, bruxism, and severity of facial pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Abstract Statement of problem It is unclear whether patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) who report high levels of bruxism have more severe signs and symptoms of TMD and more advanced tooth wear than patients with TMD who report lower levels of bruxism. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant association between tooth wear, the parafunctional oral habit of bruxism, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, and muscle pain severity in a TMD population. Material and methods A total of 84 subjects previously diagnosed with TMD, according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) and who met 10 specific inclusion/exclusion criteria underwent a thorough multiaxial examination and classification recommended by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Measurement of tooth wear facets by use of a 4-point scale were graded in 10 zones on mandibular casts. One calibrated examiner performed all scoring. Bruxism was assessed in a standardized pretreatment questionnaire and in the dental history and interview (RDC/TMD) to indicate how frequently (0 = never to 3=very often) subjects performed a list of oral habits, which included bruxism. The Kappa reliability coefficient (range from: −1.0 to 1.0) was used to correct for chance agreement, and was computed for each of the 10 study sites designated for rating. Subjects were also compared for muscle and joint pain. Muscle pain was a summed measure derived from the dental examination findings (range 0 to 20), calculated from the presence or absence of pain induced by palpation of 20 predetermined muscle sites. Similarly, joint pain was a summed measure of the presence or absence of pain in the TMJs induced by palpation of the joints on the outer surface and in the external auditory canal in 5 different positions of the mandible. A Pearson product-moment correlation was used to compute the summed severity of tooth wear and the subjects' age. Analysis of covariance was used to determine whether the number of wear facets was significantly higher in patients with TMD who reported a history of bruxism, compared with patients with TMD who reported no or minimal bruxism, after controlling for the effect of age. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether the number of painful muscles of mastication and joint sites on standardized examination were significantly higher in patients with TMD with a history of bruxism (α=.05). Results In the population tested, tooth wear was modestly correlated with age ( r = .40, P Conclusions In this TMD population, tooth wear factors did not differentiate patients with bruxism from those without. The amount of bruxism activity was not associated with more severe muscle pain and was associated with less pain in the TMJ on palpation.
Rabi frequency and nonlinearity of a two-level atom for an ultrashort optical pulse

We investigate the interaction of a two-level atom with a short femtosecond optical pulse without the rotating-wave approximation. We have derived the population inversion due to the counterrotating terms. It is shown that due to the counterrotating terms the population inversion oscillates with high frequency and there is the effective time-dependent addition to the Rabi frequency that varies inversely proportionally to the length of an optical pulse and this effect is actual for a short femtosecond optical pulse. It is shown that there is the transient cubic nonlinearity due to the counterrotating terms.
Estimation of parameters in plutonium solutions

The first hydrolysis constant of tetravalent plutonium can be estimated by two methods that also estimate other solution parameters. The estimates of the hydrolysis constant compare favorably to the traditional values when the ancillary estimates compare favorably to the measurements.
Joint Stochastic Inversion of Geophysical Data For Reservoir Parameter Estimation

A stochastic model is developed to estimate porosity ( ) and water saturation (Sw) using multiple sources of information, including borehole and Sw measurements, seismic Pand Swave travel time, and inverted electrical conductivity ( ). Within the stochastic framework, both reservoir parameters and geophysical attributes at unsampled locations in the interwell volumes are considered as random variables and are estimated simultaneously by conditioning to available data. The focus of the inversion process is not on finding a bestfitting solution of the unknown parameters as with conventional methods, but rather on sampling from the joint probability density function of the unknowns. From the samples, various statistics of each variable can be inferred, such as mean, variance, confidence intervals, and even probability density functions. A synthetic case study based on well log data is presented. Results show that the stochastic inverse provides not only overall better estimates of and Sw but also information about uncertainty in the estimation that cannot be obtained using conventional methods.
Toward shielding improvements in MRI gradients and other systems

Abstract A new method is described for reducing the shielding-error function in the ‘supershielding’ approach to designing MRI systems. The method is thus shown to lead to significantly better shielding and better control of eddy current effects associated with gradient coils. To illustrate this technique, a set of results for a z-gradient coil is presented. A generalization to non-standard geometries can be made in a straightforward manner with the new method. The usefulness of the relationship of all fringe-field quantities to the shielding-error function is emphasized. The formal limit of perfect shielding in a ‘least-squares’ sense is shown for a simple strip-shield model along with a numerical eigenvalue study for comparison with the theoretical limit.
Isotope ratio measurements with elemental-mode electrospray mass spectrometry.

The isotope ratio capabilities of an electrospray ionization source interfaced to a quadrupole mass spectrometer are described. With the instrument operated in the metal ion mode, isotope measurements of Ag, Tl, and Pb are conducted using elemental ions produced from 1 × 10-4 M solutions of metal nitrates or acetates in methanol. For Ag and Tl, spray conditions are identified that produce spectra free of MH+ ions. Unbiased Ag and Tl ratio measurements with precisions of ∼0.2% RSD are readily attained. Further improvement in relative precision appears to be limited by temporal drift in the degree of mass discrimination imparted to the measurements by the mass spectrometer. Isotopic analysis of Pb is greatly complicated by significant yields of PbH+ polyatomic ions.
Simple potential model for the 12 C+ 16 O resonances

Abstract The real part of the optical potential for 12C+16O scattering is calculated in a microscopic double-folded model. The positions and spins of the known resonances are well reproduced by the calculation. A moderate, energy-dependent absorption gives good agreement with the angular distribution data.
Fusion of ladar and SAR for terminal guidance

A concept for integrating the airborne sensing capabilities of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with laser detection and ranging (LADAR) for terminal guidance is presented. The advantages of each technology in the reconnaissance and terminal guidance roles for target acquisition are exploited. The concept is directed at terminal guidance against fixed and quasi-fixed targets (i.e., targets expected to be in approximately the same location and orientation from the time of reconnaissance to the time of targeting). The advantages of airborne SAR are high resolution, all-weather, standoff reconnaissance capabilities. The advantages of LADAR are high resolution in the real aperture mode using moderately sized and priced optics, and good performance over modest ranges (on the order of a kilometer or less). Within the concept, LADAR would provide terminal guidance using two SAR provided data sets: (1) target estimated coordinates, and (2) the SAR imagery of target/surround. Technical risks are: lack of a demonstrated capability for SAR-to-LADAR image correlation; lack of analysis of low- cost, light weight LADAR and real-time correlators; and lack of analysis of adequate signal- to-noise in a range of atmospheric environments. This paper is directed at the use of SAR image by the LADAR for aim point refinement. It addresses geometric differences in the SAR and LADAR images, the effect of different reflectances on scene segmentation, and the basis for an approach for developing common geometric projections for the SAR and LADAR image correlations.
An efficient dynamic model for batch distillation

Abstract A novel, rigorous and efficient solution technique for multicomponent batch distillation modelling equations is proposed. Model predictions using the technique are shown to be in close agreement with experimental batch distillation data for a ten sieve tray, 15 cm diameter column separating ethanol and water. The results also show improved accuracy over commercially available programs for batch distillation. The method incorporates rigorous dynamic energy blances as well as accurate representation of both tray hydraulics and non-ideal mass transfer. The technique is based on a functional approximation for liquid enthalpy and makes a difficult-to-calculate temperature derivative implicit in other terms in the equations, eliminating the need for iterative solution techniques. The numerical efficiency of the method permits its utilization in model-based optimization and control calculations. The modelling approach is applicable to both batch and continuous dynamic distillation models.
A comparison of created and natural wetlands in Pennsylvania, USA

Recent research suggests that created wetlands do not look, or function, like the natural systems they are intended to replace. Proper planning, construction, and the introduction of appropriate biotic material should initiate natural processes which continue indefinitely in a successful wetland creation project, with minimal human input. To determine if differences existed between created and natural wetlands, we compared soil matrix chroma, organic matter content, rock fragment content, bulk density, particle size distribution, vegetation species richness, total plant cover, and average wetland indicator status in created (n = 12) and natural (n = 14) wetlands in Pennsylvania (USA). Created wetlands ranged in age from two to 18 years. Soils in created wetlands had less organic matter content, greater bulk densities, higher matrix chroma, and more rock fragments than reference wetlands. Soils in reference wetlands had clay loam textures with high silt content, while sandy clay loam textures predominated in the created sites. Vegetation species richness and total cover were both greater in natural reference wetlands. Vegetation in created wetlands included a greater proportion of upland species than found in the reference wetlands. There were significant differences in soils and vegetation characteristics between younger and older created wetlands, though we could not say older created sites were trending towards the reference wetland condition. Updated site selection practices, more careful consideration of monitoring period lengths, and, especially, a stronger effort to recreate wetland types native to the region should result in increased similarity between created and natural wetlands.
THE PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF RETINAL

— –Quantum efficiencies have been measured for the photoisomerization of four stereoisomers of retinal (all-trans, 13-cis, 11 cis, and 9-cis) in two solvents at different wavelengths of irradiation and at various temperatures. In heane at 25°C the quantum efficiencies for isomerization at 365 nm are: 9-cis to trans, 0.5; 13-cis to trans, 0.4; 11-cis to trans, 0.2; all-trans to monocis isomers, 0.2-0.06, depending upon assumptions made regarding the stereo-isomeric composition of the product. These values vary somewhat with the wavelength of the irradiating light. The quantum efficiency for the photoisomerization of all-trans retinal in hexane decreases by a factor of 30 when the temperature is lowered from 25° to – 65°C; the activation energy for this photoisomerization is about 5 kcal/mole. The quantum efficiencies for the isomerization of the monocis isomers to all-trans retinal in hexane are virtually independent of temperature. In ethanol the rates of photoisomerization from trans to cis or cis to trans depend only slightly on the temperature between 25° and – 65°C. The photosensitivities of the stereoisomers of retinal are of the same order of magnitude as those of the retinylidene chromophores of rhodopsin (11 -cis), metarhodopsin I (all-trans), and isorhodopsin (9-cis); but it is not yet possible to derive the photochemistry of rhodopsin uniquely and quantitatively from that of retinal.
Symposium overview: alterations in cytokine receptors by xenobiotics.

A symposium entitled Alterations in Cytokine Receptors by Xenobiotics was held at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT) in Seattle, Washington. The symposium was sponsored by the Immunotoxicology Specialty Section of SOT and was designed to present information on the effect of several different classes of xenobiotics on various aspects of receptor function (i.e., post-receptor signal transduction of receptor expression), or the involvement of cytokine receptors in the action of the toxicant under consideration. This symposium brought together scientists in the area of receptor immunobiology whose expertise in receptor modulation encompassed those major signaling agents involved in the normal immune response, i.e., proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, and interferons. The following is a summary of each of the individual presentations.
Exploiting Parallelism in Hardware Implementations of the DES

The Data Encryption Standard algorithm has features which may be used to advantage in parallelizing an implementation. The kernel of the algorithm, a single round, may be decomposed into several parallel computations resulting in a structure with minimal delay. These rounds may also be computed in a pipelined parallel structure for operations modes which do not require cryptext feedback. Finally, system I/O may be performed in parallel with the encryption computation for further gain. Although several of these ideas have been discussed before separately, the composite presentation is novel.
Route Constrained Fleet Scheduling

This paper attempts to provide some insight into the structure of a large class of fleet scheduling problems. Scheduling under fixed due date constraints is shown to be easily solved using a new formulation of the problem. Scheduling under flexible due date constraints is shown to be inherently complex, and strong evidence is given for asserting that no efficient polynomial bounded algorithm exists for solving this problem exactly. A fast heuristic approach is described which has worked well in some school bus scheduling applications.
Pulse oximeter performance during desaturation and resaturation: A comparison of seven models

Abstract Study Objective: To compare pulse oximeter performance during induced hypoxemia. Design: Prospective investigation in human volunteers. Setting: Laboratory facility at a university medical center. Patients: 8 unanesthetized, healthy ASA physical status I volunteers. Interventions: We evaluated the accuracy and response times of seven popular pulse oximeters during induced hypoxemia. Arterial blood fractional oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) measurements were performed simultaneously and considered a gold standard. Measurements and Main Results: All oximeters were accurate (± 2%) while subjects were breathing room air. During maximal hypoxemia (induced by breathing a F 1 O 2 = 10% in nitrogen), large differences were noted between oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) and SaO 2 values, with pulse oximeters consistently underreporting SpO 2 when actual SaO 2 values were 75% or less. The Ohmeda 3740 (Ohmeda, Boulder, CO) using an ear probe was the first to detect desaturation (change in SpO 2 > 3%) in 4 of 8 subjects ( p p p 2 = 98%). Conclusion: Most models of oximeters tested performed well when hemoglobin oxygen saturation was high, but all were inaccurate when SaO 2 was approximately 75%. During induced hypoxemia, there were significant differences in the response times of oximeters tested, with no model demonstrably superior to others in all measures of performance.
Sliding mode control in discrete state systems

The sliding mode control approach is used for a class of the discrete state systems in a metric space. A concept of trajectory continuity is introduced, which allows the use of sliding mode design techniques similar to that in continuous state systems. Examples of the control design for finite state automata are considered. >
The parathyroid hormone, its fragments and analogues--potent bone-builders for treating osteoporosis.

As populations age a rising number of men and women, but especially women during the first decade after menopause, become victims of a severe, accelerated loss of bone with crippling fractures known as osteoporosis. This often results in costly, prolonged hospitalisation and perhaps indirectly, death. Osteoporosis in women is caused by the menopausal oestrogen decline, which removes several key restraints on the generation, longevity and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Although there are many antiresorptive drugs on or coming onto the market (calcitonin, bisphosphonates, oestrogen and SERMS) that can slow or stop further bone loss, there are none that can restore lost bone mechanical strength by directly stimulating osteoblast activity and bone growth. However, there is a family of potent bone-building peptides, namely the 84 amino acid parathyroid hormone (PTH). Its 31 to 38 amino acid N-terminal fragments are currently in or about to enter clinical trials. We can predict that these peptides will...
Topography alters tree growth–climate relationships in a semi‐arid forested catchment

Topography and climate play an integral role in the spatial variability and annual dynamics of aboveground carbon sequestration. Despite knowledge of vegetation–climate–topography relationships on the landscape and hillslope scales, little is known about the influence of complex terrain coupled with hydrologic and topoclimatic variation on tree growth and physiology at the catchment scale. Climate change predictions for the semi-arid, western United States include increased temperatures, more frequent and extreme drought events, and decreases in snowpack, all of which put forests at risk of drought induced mortality and enhanced susceptibility to disturbance events. In this study, we determine how species-specific tree growth patterns and water use efficiency respond to interannual climate variability and how this response varies with topographic position. We found that Pinus contorta and Pinus ponderosa both show significant decreases in growth with water-limiting climate conditions, but complex terrain mediates this response by controlling moisture conditions in variable topoclimates. Foliar carbon isotope analyses show increased water use efficiency during drought for Pinus contorta, but indicate no significant difference in water use efficiency of Pinus ponderosa between a drought year and a non-drought year. The responses of the two pine species to climate indicate that semi-arid forests are especially susceptible to changes and risks posed by climate change and that topographic variability will likely play a significant role in determining the future vegetation patterns of semi-arid systems.
Dignity in the older critically ill adult: The family member's perspective

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the meaning and relative importance that family members of older patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) ascribed to dignity. Background Dignity is a core value of the nursing profession and of critical care nursing practice. Although there is a substantial body of research supporting the needs of family members of patients in the ICU, little is known about the needs of family members of older, critically ill patients, particularly as they relate to patient dignity. Methods A qualitative, descriptive approach using unstructured interviews was used. Data consisted of audio taped interviews of study participants. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results Three major themes were identified including: 1) the older patient's health status and ICU experiences; 2) family roles, relationships, and goals; and 3) staff interactions with family members. Conclusion Insight into the concerns of family members related to the dignity of the older critically ill patient may be useful in guiding nurses as they provide care in what are often fast-paced, highly technical environments. Meeting well established family needs as well as attending to the unique concerns identified in this study will assist nurses in supporting the older, critically ill patient's dignity.
Silver Creek caldera—The tectonically dismembered source of the Peach Spring Tuff

Sanidine 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology confirms that Silver Creek caldera, which straddles the eastern edge of the Colorado River extensional corridor near Oatman, Arizona (United States), is the source of the Peach Spring Tuff. Eight new dates (five from outflow, three from caldera fill) are analytically indistinguishable, and combined with the most precise previously published date give a weighted mean average age of 18.78 ± 0.02 Ma. A fragment of the caldera identified in the midst of the extensional corridor is structurally juxtaposed with mesozonal plutons of identical age. The implied extension direction (182°–225°) is compatible with abundant previously published structural data for the region.
Review of rate constants and exploration of correlations of the halogen transfer reaction of trisubstituted carbon-centered radicals with molecular halogens.

Rate constants for the reaction (R 3C + X2 R 3CX + X ; X = F, Cl, Br, and I) are reviewed. Because of curved Arrhenius plots and negative EX values, empirical structure-reactivity correlations are sought for log kX,298 rather than EX. The well-known poor correlation with measures of reaction enthalpy is demonstrated. The best quantitative predictor for R 3C is p, the sum of the Hammett p constants for the three substituents, R . Electronegative substituents with lone pairs, such as halogen or oxygen, thus appear to destabilize the formation of a polarized pre-reaction complex and/or TS ( +R---X---X -) by -inductive/field electron withdrawal while simultaneously stabilizing them by -resonance electron donation. The best quantitative predictor of the reactivity order of the halogens, I2 > Br2 >> Cl2 F2, is the polarizability of the halogen, (X-X). For the data set of 60 rate constants which span 6.5 orders of magnitude, a modestly successful correlation of log kX,298 is achieved with only two parameters, p and (X-X), with a mean unsigned deviation of 0.59 log units. How much of this residual variance is the result of inaccuracies in the data compared with over-simplification of the correlation approach remains tomore » be seen.« less
Shear induced morphology of semicrystalline block copolymers

A series of semicrystalline diblock copolymers of poly (ethylene) / poly (ethylenepropylene) (E/EP) were subjected to high levels of plane strain compression using a channel die. Deformations were imposed both below and above the melting point of the E block. The crystallographic and morphological textures were examined using wide-angle x-ray diffraction pole figure analysis and two dimensional small-angle x-ray scattering. The lattice unit cell orientation of the crystallized E chains with respect to the lamellar superstructure was determined, as well as the lamellar orientation relative to the specimen boundaries. When the diblocks are textured above the E block melting point at various compression ratios, the lamellae orient perpendicular to the plane of shear, while texturing below Tm causes the lamellae to orient parallel to the plane of shear. The orientation of the crystallized E chains was perpendicular to the lamellar normal, irrespective of the texturing temperature. The various shear-induced lamellar morphologies have potential applications in gas transport control to develop membranes for use in gas separations or as barrier materials.
Organizational Consultation and the Teaching of Family Therapy: Contrasting Case Histories*

This paper describes the process of attempting to teach the principles and effective utilization of family therapy to the indigenous staff of two mental health institutions. Both interventions are conceptualized as entrees into entrenched organizational systems requiring shifts in power alignments, clarification of self and group goals, articulation of needs, reallocation of resources, and attention to group process in order to succeed. One case, where such issues were overlooked and neglected, resulted in failure in which apparently little learning of family therapy occurred. The second, where these issues were anticipated, addressed and resolved, resulted in successful learning of family therapy, implementation of therapy programs and lasting change in the organizational climate to support those programs. The teacher of family therapy, by functioning as an organizational consultant, can help create the kind of working conditions which are best suited to effectively treating families.
Dynamic optical tests of a high-speed polygon

A dynamic optical deformation test for a high-speed polygon is described in which a laser beam is reflected off a rotating polygon and is focused on a pair of Ronchi rulings at 45° to each other. The astigmatism and defocus terms of the deformation are measured and mapped over any one of the polygon facets. The relatively simple and sensitive setup is also used for testing pyramidal error, facet-to-facet angle error, and axis-to-facet interval deviations.
Flow imaging of 3-dimensional coronary artery models using computational fluid dynamics-effect of coronary artery curvature

Although all portions of the coronary arteries are exposed to the same systemic risk factors, such as hypertension, lipid imbalance, etc., the distribution of atherosclerotic plaque within the coronary arteries is focal and eccentric. For many years it has been recognized that disturbed local hemodynamics, including low and reversed flow, primarily at branch points and at the inner surfaces of curved arterial segments, plays an important role in determining the distribution of atherosclerotic plaque. As part of an effort to create a new instrument for intracoronary flow imaging, the authors have used computational fluid dynamics to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for blood flow in realistically curved models of coronary arteries with various degrees of stenosis. The results demonstrate important effects of coronary artery curvature on intracoronary flow characteristics and demonstrate the feasibility of using these techniques for in vivo intracoronary flow imaging. >
Studies on the Growth of Bartonella henselae in the Cat Flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

Two out of three pools of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), that were fed Bartonella henselae-positive cat blood for 3 d and then bovine blood for 3 d, were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for B. henselae. In a second experiment, three cats were inoculated with a streptomycin-resistant strain of B. henselae. After the cats were inoculated, caged cat fleas were fed on the cats during three different periods, and then pooled and transferred to noninfected recipient cats. In the first trial, the bacteria in the flea feces were below level of detection when the fleas were transferred from the infected cats to the recipient cat. After the fleas had fed on the recipient cat for 6 d, a bacteria level of 4.00 x 10(3) CFU/ mg was detected in the flea feces. Subsequently, the bacteria level increased for 4 d and then declined. In another experiment, the bacteria level in the flea feces was 1.80 x 10(3) CFU/mg at 2 h after collection and 3.33 x 10(2) CFU/mg at 72 h after collection. These data indicated that this strain of B. henselae can persist in flea feces in the environment for at least 3 d, and that B. henselae can multiply in the cat flea.
Fifth Interlude Validating and Extending the Concepts

The last two papers in this volume are concerned not so much with Alphard as with the lessons to be learned from the abstract data type research of which Alphard was a part. One paper addresses the problem of discovering whether the ideas surrounding the notion “abstract data type” are in fact as much of a contribution to programming methodology as we believe they are. The other paper deals with some problems of definitional power in languages that became apparent during the abstract data type research; it brings together examples from several languages to define a problem that is, as yet, unsolved.
Flavor Identification and Intensity: Effects of Stimulus Context

Two experiments presented oral mixtures containing different proportions of the gustatory flavorant sucrose and an olfactory flavorant, either citral (Experiment 1) or lemon (Experiment 2). In 4 different sessions of each experiment, subjects identified each mixture as "mostly sugar" or "mostly citrus/lemon" or rated the perceived intensities of the sweet and citrus components. Different sessions also presented the mixtures in different contexts, with mixtures containing relatively high concentrations of sucrose or citral/lemon presented more often (skew sucrose or skew citral/lemon). As expected, in both experiments, varying stimulus context affected both identification and perceived intensity: Skewing to sucrose versus citral/lemon decreased the probability of identifying the stimuli as "mostly sugar" and reduced the ratings of sweet intensity relative to citrus intensity. Across both contextual conditions of both experiments, flavor identification associated closely with the ratio of the perceived sweet and citrus intensities. The results accord with a model, extrapolated from signal-detection theory, in which sensory events are represented as multisensory-multidimensional distributions in perceptual space. Changing stimulus context can shift the locations of the distributions relative to response criteria, Decision rules guide judgments based on both sensory events and criteria, these rules not necessarily being identical in tasks of identification and intensity rating.
PRIMO: A transferable coarse-grained force field for proteins

We describe here the PRIMO (protein intermediate model) force field, a physics-based fully transferable additive coarse-grained potential energy function that is compatible with an all-atom force field for multiscale simulations. The energy function consists of standard molecular dynamics energy terms plus a hydrogen-bonding potential term and is mainly parametrized based on the CHARMM22/CMAP force field in a bottom-up fashion. The solvent is treated implicitly via the generalized Born model. The bonded interactions are either harmonic or distance-based spline interpolated potentials. These potentials are defined on the basis of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of dipeptides with the CHARMM22/CMAP force field. The nonbonded parameters are tuned by matching conformational free energies of diverse set of conformations with that of CHARMM all-atom results. PRIMO is designed to provide a correct description of conformational distribution of the backbone (φ/ψ) and side chains (χ1) for all amino aci...
Improving noise

Two deficiencies in the original Noise algorithm are corrected: second order interpolation discontinuity and unoptimal gradient computation. With these defects corrected, Noise both looks better and runs faster. The latter change also makes it easier to define a uniform mathematical reference standard.
Acquaintance rape: The influence of alcohol, fraternity membership, and sports team membership.

The present study was conducted to determine the extent of sexual victimization among undergraduate women at a large midwestern university with specific attention to alcohol use, fraternity membership, and sports team membership. Data were collected via a mail survey from a randomly selected sample of undergraduate women (n = 925). In addition to several dichotomous questions, subjects were asked to describe the most sexually stressful event they had experienced since enrolling at the university. In reference to the described incident, the subjects were asked: a) whether or not alcohol use occurred; b) if the man was a member of a fraternity; and c) if the man was a member of a sports team or sports club. Results indicated that sexual violence still occurs on campuses at an alarming rate. Additionally, it was found that alcohol use was associated with sexual violence and that fraternity members and members of sports teams were overrepresented among the accused.
Emigration and The Stable Population Model: Migration Effects on the Demographic Structure of the Sending Country

This chapter aims to extend the stable population model by analyzing emigration from a below replacement fertility population. After presenting the mathematical model of a stable population with constant age-specific rates of emigration, I apply this model to a population with below replacement fertility, Romania and its emigration to Spain. The dependency ratios as well as the number in the staying and emigrant population are calculated at two future points in time (100 and 150 years). The analysis finds two rather unexpected results: (1) constant age-specific emigration rates slightly improve the dependency ratio of the aging sending population, and (2) the difference in size between the population with and without emigration is rather small.
American Modernists in Modern London

The major modernists, as is well known, were frequently exiles and emigres who formed communities of shared artistic practice in nonnative metropolitan centres (Williams, 1992: 92). American artists and writers played an important part in this, but often — in what for many years has counted as the modernist mainstream — in the settings of European rather than American cities. New York, the city of twentieth century modernization, was a place Henry James, Whistler and following them, Pound and Eliot, were keen to leave. We see early in the century, therefore, a disjunction between an emerging modernist aesthetic and urban modernity (Brooker and Perril 2001). Over a generation or more, American artists were motivated by a sense of the antagonism between artistic culture and advancing modernization to shift to Europe, to London and in the 1920s especially to Paris, because here, as they saw it, was the home of a redeeming civilization.
Identity Judgments, Situations, and Semantic Web Representations

We present our framework for the identity of agents based on situation theory as developed by Barwise, Devlin, and others. Semantic Web standards are used to capture the information present in a constellation of situations (“id-case”) that relate to identity attributions. We present examples of id-cases and discuss how they are encoded using RDF and other semantic-web standards. The examples include straightforward cases of identification using fingerprints and mugshots. They also include developing a profile from a set of documents. And they include a case with learning, specifically, learning a writing style so as to be able to identify the author. Using semantic-web standards, we can make SQL-like queries and execute rules to classify id-situations and entire id-cases. Our encodings also facilitate and account of how evidence accrues to identity judgments.
Scaling renewable energy based microgrids in underserved communities: Latin America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa

With 1.3 billion people lacking access to electricity, the demand for power is increasing drastically. Electricity can no longer be considered a luxury, and is necessary for maintaining a modern life expectancy. This paper explores the feasibility of energy production and storage across South America, South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with National Renewable Energy Lab's Geospatial Toolkit and the integrated HOMER interface. Multiple scenarios are constructed based on different community sizes with relative demand and load profiles. Optimization techniques are used to value both traditional generation options (diesel generation), their renewable counterparts (wind and solar), as well as energy storage methods (batteries). Each analysis is based on location-specific irradiance, wind speeds, and fuel prices. Economics remain at the forefront, as a community's ability to purchase the generated power is the centerpiece of this entire investigation. With all three regions in a similar state of development, parallels can be drawn among them. By scrutinizing data from all three continents, similarities can be observed between population density and distribution, their demand and usage of electricity, and purchasing power parity. These similarities can be used to fill gaps in our understanding of how a community may use generated electricity, or how that demand will change over time. This is instrumental in scaling renewable energy based microgrids globally.
Flight performance assessment of land surveying trajectories for multiple UAV platforms

Crop monitoring of large areas using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is a process that involves multiple trade-offs. For a particular location a multicopter may be more suitable than a fixed-wing due to landscape, altitude, or weather conditions. In other cases the opposite may also be true and the best solution considering additional factors such as available energy and the time it takes to sample the area of interest. In this paper we evaluate the energy consumption, the total distance traveled, and the total time it takes for two unmanned aerial platforms, a fixed-wing and a multicopter to traverse different trajectories. We evaluate the performance of these two platforms using two trajectories: lawnmower and spiral. These trajectories guarantee a 60% both in overlap and sidelap. We analyze the trade-offs between traversing a given trajectory with both platforms and the impact of using a lawnmower instead of a spiral pattern in the context of precision agriculture applications.
A decade of decoding reward-related fMRI signals and where we go from here

Information about potential rewards in the environment is essential for guiding adaptive behavior, and understanding neural reward processes may provide insights into neuropsychiatric dysfunctions. Over the past 10 years, multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) techniques have been used to study brain areas encoding information about expected and experienced outcomes. These studies have identified reward signals throughout the brain, including the striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex. This review article discusses some of the assumptions and models that are used to interpret results from these studies, and how they relate to findings from animal electrophysiology. The article reviews and summarizes some of the key findings from MVPA studies on reward. In particular, it first focuses on studies that, in addition to mapping out the brain areas that process rewards, have provided novel insights into the coding mechanisms of value and reward. Then, it discusses examples of how multivariate imaging approaches are being used more recently to decode features of expected rewards that go beyond value, such as the identity of an expected outcome or the action required to obtain it. The study of such complex and multifaceted reward representations highlights the key advantage of using representational methods, which are uniquely able to reveal these signals and may narrow the gap between animal and human research. Applied in a clinical context, MVPA may advance our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders and the development of novel treatment strategies.
Give a Clue (A Linguistic Whodunit)

This column cites and quotes a number of cases in which ambiguity caused by passive-voice phrasing determined the outcome or hindered a court's interpretation of a statute or pleading. The column presents this material within the context of a mock British murder mystery, complete with thinly veiled references to characters from the popular board game Clue. It's a short humor piece with a serious message to lawyers: passive voice is a substantive issue in the law, not merely a matter of style.
Current and Future Role of Natural-Killer Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy

Natural-killer (NK) cells are a class of lymphocytes distinct in their ability to identify and kill transformed self-cells without priming. Recognition is via receptors that bind unique but common surface molecules induced on these cells. These properties characterize NK cells as unique effectors for use in immunotherapy. Discussed here are past and current experiments and clinical trials geared toward enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in three general ways: 1. Modification of the NK cell to activate or enhance cytolytic activity. 2. Modification of the tumor to make it more readily identified and more immunogenic. 3. Modification of other immune cells to affect indirectly NK cell activity or to elicit a cooperative effect with both an innate and adaptive immune response.
In Communion with God’s Sparrow: Incorporating Animal Agency into the Environmental Vision of Laudato Sí

Although a conventional environmentalism focuses on the health of ecological systems, Pope Francis’s 2015 environmental encyclical Laudato Si invokes St. Francis of Assisi to emphasize God’s love for the individual organism, no matter how small. Decrying the tendency to regard other creatures as mere objects to be controlled and used, Pope Francis urges our enactment of a ‘universal communion’ governed by love. I suggest, however, that Laudato Si’s animal ethic, as focused on ordering human and animal need, is inadequate to its overarching vision of cross-species communion. This vision requires the sort of cross-species relational bridge implicit in Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s view of agency as an irreducibly ‘animate’ expression of choice and afforded further definition in Kenneth J. Shapiro’s conception of a ‘kinesthetic empathy.’ As the phenomenological epistemology underlying both discourses makes possible a rough correspondence, I put these in conversation to demonstrate that a Merleau-Pontyan and reciprocal agency is a constitutive aspect of the fullest sort of cross-species relation, such that recognition of this agency can both deepen our understanding of ‘universal communion’ and foster engagement in its practice.
Mesalamine Associated Bradycardia

A 38-year-old female presented with an acute flare of ulcerative colitis. She was started on prednisone and mesalamine. Within 24 hours of initiating mesalamine, she developed sinus bradycardia. After holding mesalamine, the heart rate returned to normal within five days. Our case illustrates the third described case, to our knowledge, of severe sinus bradycardia secondary to mesalamine.
Assessment of fuzzy min-max neural networks for classification tasks

Statistical methods have been used in order to classify data from random samples. Generally, if we know the statistical distribution of the data, we can utilize specific classifiers designed for that distribution and anticipate good results. This work assesses the accuracy of Fuzzy Min-Max Neural Network (FMM) and Enhanced Fuzzy Min-Max Neural Network (EFMM) classifiers in classification tasks using data from five different statistical distributions: Negative Binomial, Logistic, Log-Normal, Gamma, and Weibull. Results of the assessment are provided and show different accuracies based on the statistical distribution of the data. This study presents a novel approach to the classification of statistical distributions by presenting two classifiers, namely FMM and EFMM Neural Networks, capable of classifying the above statistical distributions.
Introduction to the Scientific and Technical Assessments of Spatial Metadata Standards

Publisher Summary This chapter assesses each of the National and International spatial metadata standards in the world with the scientific and technical Questionnaire developed by the Commission during the years 1995 to 1999. Hence, each National and International Spatial Metadata standard can be assessed with a consistent Questionnaire of items developed, and agreed to, by the International Community as represented by members of the ICA Spatial Data Standards Commission that has developed these spatial metadata standards.
Six questions concerning Scheler's ethics

Examinant l'ethique teleologique et non-consequentialiste de Scheler fondee sur une approche phenomenologique des valeurs et sur la distinction entre valeur morale et valeur non-morale, l'A. souleve six questions fondamentales concernant la position morale et ontologique de l'auteur du «Formalisme en ethique»: 1) la question de l'existence, reelle et empirique, des valeurs; 2) celle de leur realisation en termes d'actualisation, d'intention et de volonte; 3) la question du pharisaisme au regard du contenu axiologique du bien moral; 4) celle de l'ontologie du bien et du mal dans le contexte de la critique de Kant; 5) l'equation socratique de la vertu et de la connaissance; 6) la question du conflit moral des inclinations contraires