cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professions - health-related

The term allied health defines a large number of nonphysician health professions with some of these health professions achieving public recognition as separate identities. This article provides a brief analysis of the genesis and evolution of the term allied health but then focuses discussions of regulation and practice domains, and core educational issues and trends on three health professions (occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech–language pathology) that are prototypical in emerging as professions. As emerging professions, these fields are characterized by graduate-level education in a tightly integrated curriculum balancing theory and skills acquisition primarily through laboratory learning.
Placentitis and Dystocia Attributed to Streptobacillus moniliformis in a Domestic Dumbo Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Abstract A 12-week-old sexually intact female domestic Dumbo rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) was presented for dystocia. The animal had maloccluded incisors, mucohemorrhagic vulvar discharge, and no evidence of obstruction of the pelvic canal. The animal was treated parenterally with calcium and oxytocin and provided supportive care. Controlled vaginal delivery under general anesthesia was unsuccessful. The animal was humanely euthanized and was diagnosed with bacterial placentitis on necropsy. Histopathologic examination revealed abundant filamentous, Gram-negative, Giemsa-positive bacteria associated with the placenta, endometrial surface, and uterine vessels of the dam, and alveolar spaces of multiple fetuses. Aerobic bacterial culture of placental tissues revealed small pure gray colonies of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and filamentous bacteria. Polymerase chain reaction targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene followed by sequencing identified the etiologic agent as Streptobacillus moniliformis , the causative agent of rat bite fever and a zoonotic disease that historically has been considered a nonpathogenic commensal organism of the rat. The current report documents placentitis attributed to S. moniliformis infection in a rat and is consistent with reports in mice and humans that this organism may be an opportunistic pathogen of the female reproductive tract; it also suggests that S. moniliformis can cause primary disease in a rat.
NF-κB-Chromatin Interactions Drive Diverse Phenotypes by Modulating Transcriptional Noise.

Summary Noisy gene expression generates diverse phenotypes, but little is known about mechanisms that modulate noise. Combining experiments and modeling, we studied how tumor necrosis factor (TNF) initiates noisy expression of latent HIV via the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and how the HIV genomic integration site modulates noise to generate divergent (low-versus-high) phenotypes of viral activation. We show that TNF-induced transcriptional noise varies more than mean transcript number and that amplification of this noise explains low-versus-high viral activation. For a given integration site, live-cell imaging shows that NF-κB activation correlates with viral activation, but across integration sites, NF-κB activation cannot account for differences in transcriptional noise and phenotypes. Instead, differences in transcriptional noise are associated with differences in chromatin state and RNA polymerase II regulation. We conclude that, whereas NF-κB regulates transcript abundance in each cell, the chromatin environment modulates noise in the population to support diverse HIV activation in response to TNF.
Thrombin and Thrombin Peptides in Wound Healing and Tissue Repair

Thrombin and thrombin peptides play a key role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. Early events initiated by thrombin contribute to inflammatory cell recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Certain nonproteolytic effects of thrombin, or thrombin peptides presumably released from fibrin clots, also appear to affect revascularization and progression of the repair process. Thus, the role of thrombin in wound healing goes far beyond hemostasis. Recent animal studies and human clinical trials with TP508, a specific 23 amino acid peptide representing a receptor-binding domain of thrombin, show significant improvement in healing and revascularization of dermal wounds and bone fractures. These studies highlight a role of thrombin peptides in wound healing that is just beginning to be recognized.
The One Voice Project: A Case of Complexity in Community-Driven Education Reform:

This case represents an effort to connect academic learning with educational reform in real time. It describes a district initiative to meaningfully engage a skeptical community and the subsequent ...
Integrated Concentrators for Scalable High-Power Generation from CQD Solar Cells

We present an economical and scalable method to fabricate concentrators using 3D-printed molds and PDMS. The integrated system can deliver Jsc up to 20 times and powers up to 13 times that of a bare solar cell. We have also observed significant increases in Voc, and use our devices to elucidate complicated carrier dynamics and limiting factors in CQD solar cells under high irradiance.
ECMO for Severe ARDS.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, affects as many as 10% of patients in the intensive care unit and is a common reason ...
Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in older patients: A network meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction More than half of patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are age 65 or older. However, older patients are often unable to meet eligibility criteria for clinical trial enrollment due to multiple factors, such as comorbidities and polypharmacy, which leads to under-representation of this population in clinical trials. Given this, efficacy data from the registration trials may not apply to older patients. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of first-line and salvage-line treatment in older patients, and compare efficacy between older and younger patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Methods Pivotal phase three clinical trials for first-line and salvage-line treatments were included if they reported overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) results stratified by age ( Results In the first-line setting, data suggests that Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab is the most efficacious treatment for older patients (PFS hazard ratio (HR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23–1.45, probability best 39.7%). In the salvage-line setting, Cabozantinib is likely the most efficacious therapy for older patients (PFS HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.08–0.28, probability best 77.2%). Evidence suggests that the majority of first-line treatments have worse efficacy in older patients compared to younger patients. Conclusion For older patients, first-line Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab and salvage-line Cabozantinib may offer the best survival outcomes. Most first-line drugs for mRCC have inferior performance in older patients compared to their younger counterparts.
Increased sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in human ovarian carcinoma cells in response to treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.

The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) enhanced sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DPP) in human ovarina carcinoma 2008 cells by a factor of 2.53 +/- 0.74 fold (S.D.). Sensitization was maximum 3 h after a 1-h exposure to TPA and had disappeared completely by 7 h after treatment. An equivalent degree of sensitization was produced in a 2008 variant selected for 10-fold resistance to DDP. TPA neither increased nor decreased cellular accumulation of DDP. Phorbol, a TPA analog which does not activate protein kinase C, did not cause sensitization. This synergistic interaction between TPA and DDP was completely inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Cellular cAMP was not altered by TPA stimulation. Furthermore, cycloheximide, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, did not block the TPA-induced enhancement of drug sensitivity. These results strongly suggest that DDP sensitivity can be modulated by protein kinase C and regulated by phosphorylation of a protein kinase C substrate in both intrinsically sensitive and DDP-resistant cells.
The Courage to be Creative

For thirty years the “theory movement” in educational administration pursued a logical positivistic paradigm and a goal of developing a “science” of administration. Since Kuhn (1962), that model ha...
Steroid Hormones and the Aging Skeleton

Modern medical advances in many fields are responsible for reduced rates of death and disabling disease and for improved conditions of health, each of which increases life expectancy at all ages (1). One of the most important problems is the rapidly expanding group of aging people. It has been predicted that by 1980, approximately 40 per cent of the population of the United States (that is, 120 million people) will be over the age of 45 years (2). The corresponding number for Europe would be more than 240 million!
Structure Weight Algorithms

The weight of offshore wind farm components provides key information on the lift requirements of marine vessels for decommissioning, the scrap value of the material disposal, and disposal cost. We present first-order approximations to estimate the weight of offshore wind components and compare the weight algorithms with project data to calibrate the level of uncertainty involved in the estimation.
The Expansion of Ping An

In June 2010, Mingzhe Ma, chairman and chief executive officer of Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China ("Ping An" or "the Company"), sat down with Sun Jianyi, vice chief executive officer and executive vice president at Ping An, to discuss the future direction of the Company. They would have to answer questions at the upcoming shareholder meeting about Ping An's financial strategy for diversification within China and globally. Ping An had been founded by Ma in 1988 and had since grown into China's second largest life insurer. While Ping An had achieved past success in insurance, it looked to expand its business going forward. Ping An's ambition was to transform itself into a global financial conglomerate, with banking and investment, as well as insurance operations. Ping An's recent efforts at globalization and diversification had been challenging. In a highly publicized transaction, Ping An made an untimely investment in Fortis, a large European bank which failed in the global financial crisis in 2008. Ping An spent close to 24 billion Chinese Yuan (RMB) or 3.4 billion U.S. dollars ($) on Fortis. In the aftermath of the Fortis acquisition, Ping An had halted overseas expansion and focused on opportunities at home in mainland China.Learning Objective: To educate students about challenges of product and geographical diversification of a large Chinese financial institution.
Degree Correlations Amplify the Growth of Cascades in Networks

Networks facilitate the spread of cascades, allowing a local perturbation to percolate via interactions between nodes and their neighbors. We investigate how network structure affects the dynamics of a spreading cascade. By accounting for the joint degree distribution of a network within a generating function framework, we can quantify how degree correlations affect both the onset of global cascades and the propensity of nodes of specific degree class to trigger large cascades. However, not all degree correlations are equally important in a spreading process. We introduce a new measure of degree assortativity that accounts for correlations among nodes relevant to a spreading cascade. We show that the critical point defining the onset of global cascades has a monotone relationship to this new assortativity measure. In addition, we show that the choice of nodes to seed the largest cascades is strongly affected by degree correlations. Contrary to traditional wisdom, when degree assortativity is positive, low degree nodes are more likely to generate largest cascades. Our work suggests that it may be possible to tailor spreading processes by manipulating the higher-order structure of networks.
Comparative Perspective on Modernisation and Institutionalism

A newly emerged normative development idea of sustainability has been evolving, which was institutionalised by the UN in 2015, and which strongly reinforced, as an exogenous factor, all the responsible and accountable governments and other society actors within a country. In this context, understanding the importance of how this is institutionalised (endogenised) into society well deserves careful analysis. However, literature investigating such endogenising process within a country has received relatively less attention particularly in the context of normative force of sustainability. Therefore, this chapter is designed to explore why countries respond to external force (e.g., sustainability and technological innovation) differently and how the endogenous process affects such response. These two conceptual curiosities are addressed by in-depth theoretical analysis of competitive political economy and institutionalism in the process of development.
22 Colloid Cysts

Colloid cysts represent about 1% of intracranial tumors and about 15% of intraventricular tumors. The first surgical treatment of a colloid cyst was performed by Dandy in 1920, and since then, many studies have addressed the surgical treatment of this pathology. Open surgical approaches, discussed in 22.2, for intraventricular colloid cysts, are still regarded as the gold standard because they ensure complete resection and a low recurrence rate. The two most commonly used ventricular approaches used for excision include the transcortical and interhemispheric transcallosal approach. The transcortical approach is easy and straightforward, however, requires cortical division with a risk of seizure. The interhemispheric approach is recently favored because of its less invasive nature; however, it is complex with a risk of cortical venous infarction. Most of the lesions are amenable for complete excision through a dilated foramen of Monro. In difficult or large lesions, the third ventricle can be opened through a multitude of approaches that include the transforaminal, interfornicial, or subchoroidal routes. A complete excision ensures long-term cure, and the main goal of surgery is the avoidance of surgical complications. In recent years, the microsurgical approach has been considered the standard gold. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, many authors have reported the advantages of a transventricular endoscopic approach, discussed in 22.3, which include less invasiveness, less risk of seizures, as well as shorter operating time and hospitalization. In addition, with the advancement of endoscopic equipment and the learning curve of endoscopic techniques, high degree of complete resection with low recurrence rates is being reported.
Before the Thaw: The Transnational Routes of Cuban Popular Culture

Years before Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Castro announced a “thaw” in US-Cuba relations on December 17, 2014 (17D), Cubans were intensifying ties through the transnational circulation of popular culture. To understand Cuba and its diaspora in the twenty-first century, it is essential that we attend to the transnational networks in place before 17D that continue to shape quotidian life for people on and off the island. I begin in Miami, with the “afterlives” of a comic variety show called Sabadazo—popular on the island during the 1990s—to illustrate how what it means to be Cuban, politically and culturally, has shifted away from the exile generation that arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. I complement this analysis with attention to generational tensions within the diaspora and representations of race and sexuality. I then move to the island to examine el paquete (the package), a terabyte’s worth of mostly foreign media updated and distributed across the island weekly. I contend that the economic and cultural impact of el paquete cannot be fully understood without careful consideration of the role of the Cuban diaspora. Resumen Anos antes de que los presidentes Barack Obama y Raul Castro anunciaran un “deshielo” en la relacion entre Cuba y Estados Unidos el 17 de diciembre del 2014 (17D), los cubanos ya intensificaban los lazos por medio de la circulacion transnacional de la cultura popular. Para poder comprender a Cuba y su diaspora en el siglo XXI, es esencial que prestemos atencion a las redes transnacionales establecidos antes de 17D que continuan moldeando la vida cotidiana de las personas dentro y fuera de la isla. Yo comienzo en Miami con los “ultratumbas” de Sabadazo, un show de comedia y espectaculo muy popular en la isla en los anos 90, para ilustrar como lo que significa ser cubano politica y culturalmente, se ha desviado de la generacion de exiliados que llegaron en los anos sesenta y setentas. Yo complemento este analisis poniendo la atencion a las tensiones dentro de la diaspora y las representaciones de raza y sexualidad. Prosigo hacia la isla para estudiar “el paquete”, un terabit de medios de comunicacion extranjera actualizados y distribuidos semanalmente por toda la isla. Yo sostengo que el impacto economico y cultural del paquete no se puede comprender en su totalidad sin antes considerar cuidadosamente el papel que juega la diaspora cubana.
Latinos and American Catholicism: Examining Service Provision Amidst Demographic Change

The Catholic Church currently sits at the forefront of U.S. demographic change as a prominent institution that is working on how to positively respond to a growing Latino population. Understanding the factors that either complicate or facilitate that endeavor may help other institutions in their future efforts to likewise integrate and serve Latino communities. Further, there may be broader implications for the success of Catholic churches to serve as research has found that participation in church activities is positively related to increased rates of civic and political engagement. However, these positive effects cannot be felt if churches fail to present the opportunity to participate in the first place. To that end, this study examines the relationship between Latino population density, the presence of a Latino minister, and the likelihood a church would offer Spanish mass or any other service relevant to the Latino community. I find these factors are useful in predicting service provision to a limited degree, and that individual leaders’ initiative and decision making also play a role in determining institutional responsiveness.
From Me to You: Self-Compassion Predicts Acceptance of Own and Others’ Imperfections:

Self-compassion offers many personal benefits. However, whether and how the benefits of self-compassion may transmit to others remains unclear. Across three studies, we demonstrated that one way in which the benefits of being self-compassionate can spread from the self to others is by increasing acceptance of one's own imperfections, which may, in turn, enhance acceptance of others' imperfections. Specifically, Studies 1 and 2 found that self-compassionate people reported more acceptance of their own flaw, which, in turn, predicted greater acceptance of their romantic partner's and acquaintance's flaws. Study 3 used a dyadic design with romantic couples and found that self-compassion promoted felt acceptance of one's own flaw by both members in the relationship. This occurred by virtue of acceptance of one's own flaw, which, in turn, promoted greater acceptance of each other's flaws. We discuss the implications of these results for future research on self-compassion.
A study of lead uptake and distribution in horns from lead-dosed goats using synchrotron radiation-induced micro X-ray fluorescence elemental imaging.

Abstract Objective The principal goal of this study was to investigate the uptake and distribution of lead (Pb) in the horns of Pb-dosed goats, and to explore possible links to their historical Pb dosing records. Horn is a keratinized material that grows in discrete increments with the potential to preserve the historical record of past environmental exposures. While previous studies have leveraged this potential to examine environmental and biological phenomena in horns, Pb uptake has never been explored. Methods Horns were collected post-mortem from three goats that had been previously used to produce blood lead reference materials for the New York State proficiency testing program. The animals were periodically dosed with lead acetate, administered orally in a capsule, over a 5 to 8-year period. Horn cross sections were taken from each animal and analyzed using synchrotron radiation-induced micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SR-μXRF) at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Results Elemental distribution maps were obtained by SR-μXRF for Pb, Ca, S, Se, and three other elements (Br, Zn and Cu), with values reported quantitatively as a mass fraction (μg/g for trace elements and mg/g for Ca and S). Accumulations of Pb were clearly visible as a series of narrow “rings” in each of the horn samples analyzed. The elements Ca, S, Br, Zn, and Cu were also detected as discrete rings within each cross-section, with Br strongly correlated with S in the samples examined. A marginal increase in Se may coincide with Pb accumulation in horn cross-sections. Annual mineralization estimates based on the relative distribution of Ca and S were used to establish a tentative timeline for horn growth, with each timeline linked to the pattern of Pb accumulation in the corresponding horn cross-section sample. Conclusions Following ingestion, absorbed Pb is eventually deposited into caprine horns, resulting in discrete accumulations or “rings.” Elemental mapping by SR-μXRF clearly show Ca-rich layers that vary with annual periodicity, consistent with previous reports of horn mineralization. Localized enrichment of Cu, Zn, Br and S appear to coincide with the keratinized regions related to the annual growth ring pattern in horns. Spatial analysis of horns for Pb accumulation may be useful as a qualitative marker of time-resolved exposures that may reflect specific periods of acute Pb absorption.
Tunnel-mooring-train coupled dynamic analysis for submerged floating tunnel under wave excitations

Abstract A submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is considered as an effective alternative to conventional bridges and underground/immersed tunnels for passing through deep water. In this study, a time-domain coupled hydroelastic dynamics model has been developed to solve the tunnel-mooring-train interaction under wave excitations. The equations of motion for a tunnel and mooring lines are based on the FE (finite element) rod theory with the Galerkin formulations. The tunnel is coupled with mooring lines through a specially devised connection method with linear and rotational springs. Wave-induced hydrodynamic loads are estimated by the Morison equation for a moving object. The train is modeled by using the multi-rigid-body dynamic method, in which a train element is composed of seven constituent rigid sub-bodies. The interaction between the tunnel and the train is taken into consideration based on the correspondence assumption and the simplified Kalker linear creep theory. Accordingly, the train-tunnel coupled dynamics formulas are derived. In the simple case of moving mass inside SFT in calm water, SFT's dynamic responses and mooring tensions agree well with those by a commercial program, OrcaFlex. For more complex coupling of SFT dynamics with multi-car trains in random waves, the presently developed simulation program is applied. It is seen that the influences of moving trains on the dynamic responses of the SFT are small. Under the given moderately rough wave conditions and track irregularity, the moving train also meets the safety and passenger-comfort criteria at high (80 m/s) train speed.
Study on variations of microstructure and metallurgical properties in various heat-affected zones of SLM fabricated Nickel–Titanium alloy

Abstract Nickel–Titanium (NiTi) is a material of great interest in modern industry as its shape memory and superelastic behaviors provide unique and useful properties that can be incorporated into complex designs and applications. However, due to its poor machinability, it is difficult to realize its full potential with conventional manufacturing techniques. With the advent of additive manufacturing, the potential for the use of NiTi in modern designs has been reignited and the analysis and optimization of its mechanical properties are a pivotal point of current material science research. Furthermore, insight into the variations of these material properties and how they vary throughout an additively manufactured part is key to improving the quality and repeatability of these parts. In this research paper, samples are printed using a single set of process parameters. These samples are then cut and analyzed for grain structure, chemical composition, microstructure, and hardness. Finally, results are reported and variations in these material properties are summarized.
Characterization of Soft Actuation Through Ultrasonic Atomization

Most biological systems fully take advantage of their soft tissues by quickly reacting and interacting with the environment. This exceptional performance is possible due to flexible muscles that can bend and contract in multiple degrees-of-freedom. Since traditional robots with rigid components cannot mimic these movements, soft robotic systems fabricated from flexible elastomers are starting to receive much attention. Similarly, developing actuation techniques that can control the movement of these soft materials in multiple degrees-of-freedom is also crucial. This study proposes a new soft actuation mechanism through the use of ultrasonic atomization and small piezoelectric transducers. Unlike conventional pneumatic-based systems, this soft structure is completely untethered, which can be actuated by simply placing it above an ultrasonic transducer. First, a hollow structure was fabricated by pouring uncured elastomer into a 3D-printed mold. Second, the structure was partially filled with a small amount of liquid and placed above a piezoelectric disc. Then, exciting the transducer generated ultrasonic waves that propagated through the wall of the structure. When the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave was high enough, the liquid inside the structure was atomized and ejected small droplets inside the closed, soft chamber. These droplets rapidly evaporated and deformed the soft structure. In this work, the experimental results were compared with finite element modeling to characterize the ultrasonic-atomization-induced soft structure actuation.
Obesity and diabetes are jointly associated with functional disability in stroke survivors.

Abstract Background Stroke is the most common cause of complex disability. Obesity and diabetes increase risk for functional disability in the general population, but their contribution to functional disability in stroke survivors is unknown. Objective To investigate the joint association of obesity and diabetes with functional disability in stroke survivors. Methods Cross-sectional data from 34,376 stroke survivors from the 2015 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys were examined. Weighted and age-adjusted prevalence estimates and adjusted odds ratios (AOR, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare prevalence and odds for self-reported functional disability, stratified by obesity-diabetes status (i.e., neither condition, obesity only, diabetes only, both conditions). Results Prevalence of functional disability increased across obesity-diabetes categories in the total sample: neither condition (45.4%, 95% CI: 43.4%–47.4%), obesity only (55.3%, 95% CI: 52.7%–58.0%), diabetes only (60.8%, 95% CI: 57.5%–64.1%), and both conditions (70.3%, 95% CI: 67.7%–72.9%). Compared to respondents with neither condition, those with both obesity and diabetes had 2.62 (95% CI: 2.23–3.08) higher odds for functional disability; odds were also increased for respondents with obesity only (1.52, 95% CI: 1.32–1.76) and diabetes only (1.71, CI: 1.45–2.01). Conclusions Our findings indicated a joint effect of obesity and diabetes on functional disability that exceeded either condition alone, placing stroke survivors with both health conditions at greatest risk for diminished functional capacity. Recognizing obesity and diabetes as modifiable risk factors may be useful for identifying stroke sub-populations that could benefit from lifestyle intervention.
Movie Buzz & Information Cascades

This chapter discusses the findings of an Emerson College study that evaluated the success of movies with the biggest opening weekends. This study found that many movies with the biggest opening weekends didn’t live up to expectations in light of their declining revenue in subsequent weeks. It is then demonstrated how these results are representative of information cascades. In addition, this study found an inverse relationship for critics and audience ratings among the movies with the biggest opening, second, third and fourth weekends. That is, as the weekends progressed, the average ratings of both the critics and the audience improved.
When to Integrate Palliative Care in the Trajectory of Cancer Care

Palliative care provides an extra layer of support to patients and families facing a serious illness. To date, several studies support the use of early, integrated palliative care for patients with cancer, based upon documented improvements in quality of life, symptoms, mood, satisfaction, utilization, and even overall survival. Despite this, patients with cancer continue to have unmet palliative care needs, and palliative care services are often engaged late in their care, if at all. Amid this under-utilization, questions remain about the optimal timing and nature of palliative care integration. To answer this question, we briefly review the evidence based for palliative care in oncology, and discuss three approaches to optimizing the timing of palliative care integration: (1) prognosis-based, (2) needs-based, and (3) trigger-based models. Prognosis-based models most closely mirror the approach of randomized trials to date, but are overly dependent on prognostication, and may miss patients with unmet needs who do not meet standard definitions of poor-prognosis disease. Needs-based models may better capture patients in a personalized manner, based on actual needs, but require sophisticated screening systems to be integrated into routine care processes, along with clinician buy-in. This may lead to excessive referrals, which strain the already limited palliative care workforce. As such, a blended, trigger-based approach may be best, allowing one to utilize certain disease-based and prognosis-based triggers for referral, plus screening of unmet needs, to identify those patients most likely to benefit from integrated palliative care when they need it most.
The expression of affective temperaments in daily life

The present study is examined the expression of affective temperaments in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM). 138 participants completed the TEMPS-A and were then signaled eight times daily for one week to complete questionnaires that assessed affect, cognition, behavior, sense of self, and social interaction. As expected, cyclothymic/irritable temperament was positively associated with negative affect, risky behavior, and restlessness, and was negatively associated with positive affect and preference to be with others in daily life. In contrast, hyperthymic temperament was associated with positive affect, fullness of thought, doing many and exciting things, grandiosity, and preference to be with others in daily life. Cross-level interactions indicated that cyclothymic/irritable temperament was associated with elevated stress reactivity in daily life. This was the first study to examine affective temperaments in daily life. The findings offer further validation of the TEMPS-A, as well as the maladaptive nature of the cyclothymic/irritable temperament.
Power-Law Scaling in Granular Rheology across Flow Geometries

Based on discrete element method simulations, we propose a new form of the constitutive equation for granular flows independent of packing fraction. Rescaling the stress ratio μ by a power of dimensionless temperature Θ makes the data from a wide set of flow geometries collapse to a master curve depending only on the inertial number I. The basic power-law structure appears robust to varying particle properties (e.g., surface friction) in both 2D and 3D systems. We show how this rheology fits and extends frameworks such as kinetic theory and the nonlocal granular fluidity model.
Outcomes of inflatable penile prosthesis insertion using a neotunica allograft in neophalluses of patients on the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex spectrum.

Summary Background Men born on the bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex (BEEC) spectrum may undergo neophallus reconstruction with a variety of free flaps, most commonly radial forearm. In order to achieve erectile function, a penile prosthesis may be inserted following neophallus construction. Objective In this study, we sought to describe the perioperative and clinical outcomes of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) insertion into neophalluses of patients along the BEEC spectrum. Study design Using a prospectively maintained institutional BEEC database, patients who had undergone both neophallus creation and IPP placement were identified for this study. Surgery was performed by two surgeons with expertise in IPP implantation. Operative details and postoperative outcomes and complications were collected with review of the medical record. Results Overall, there were a total of 13 men who underwent neophallus reconstruction with subsequent IPP placement. Of these men, 76.9% (10/13) had experienced successful primary closure in childhood. One patient had corporal loss secondary to complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE) following a failed primary attempt. The average age at IPP placement was 23.2 years (SD ± 5.06). Mean OR time (n = 11) was 244.8 min (SD ± 46.2). 76.9% (10/13) of the cases used AlloDerm™ as a neotunica albuginea for support of the IPP. Three patients (23.1%) experienced complications all of which required revision surgery. Two of these complications were erosions in patients for whom AlloDerm™ was not used in the initial IPP placement. Discussion The results of this study suggest that IPP placement in neophalluses of males on the BEEC spectrum have low perioperative and postoperative morbidity with successful outcomes. While the rate of complications is notably higher in this group compared to the native penis IPP literature, the use of AlloDerm™ or other allograft materials may help to narrow this gap. Conclusions IPP placement in neophalluses of men on the BEEC spectrum is successful in the majority of cases. Complications may be reduced with the use of AlloDerm™ in initial placement.
Exercise training partially rescues impaired mucosal associated invariant t-cell mobilization in breast cancer survivors compared to healthy older women.

Abstract Exercise may attenuate immunosenescence with aging that appears to be accelerated following breast cancer treatment, although limited data on specific cell types exists and acute and chronic exercise have been investigated independently in older adults. Purpose To determine the mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cell response to acute exercise before (PRE) and after (POST) 16 weeks of exercise training in breast cancer survivors (BCS) and healthy older women (CON). Methods Age-matched BCS and CON performed 45 min of intermittent cycling at 60% peak power output wattage. Blood samples were obtained at rest, immediately (0 h) and 1 h after exercise to determine MAIT cell counts, frequency, and intracellular cytokine expression. Results At PRE, MAIT cell counts were greater in CON (137%) than BCS at 0 h (46%, p Conclusions MAIT mobilization in older BCS following acute exercise was attenuated; however, exercise training may partially rescue these initial deficits, including greater sensitivity to mitogenic stimulation. Using acute exercise before and after interventions provides a unique approach to identify age- and cancer-related immuno-dysfunction that is less apparent at rest.
A Novel Low-Power Single-step Subranging Open-loop Sigma-Delta ADC

This paper presents a novel subranging ADC using a relaxation Current-Controlled Oscillator (ICO). A simple low-power technique to reduce the quantization error at each sampling edge is proposed. The idea here is to increase the frequency of the oscillator just before the sampling edge to enhance the oversampling-ratio for a small fraction of the sampling period for subranging. This accomplishes a higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) performance without the need of running the ICO at a very high frequency all the time. This ADC is inspired by the strategy used by athletes running marathon where they speed-up close to the finish line to resolve clear victory. The complete system is designed in TSMC 180nm CMOS technology. The simulation results show an ENOB of 13.6-bits consuming just 1.9µW of power from a 1.2V supply. A Schreier FoM of 174.2dB and a Walden FoM of 76.5fJ/conversion cycle are accomplished.
Receptive-field properties in the tecto- and striate-recipient zones of the cat's lateral posterior nucleus.

Publisher Summary The chapter addresses two basic questions during neurophysiological studies of the LP nucleus: First, are the visual receptive field properties of LPm cells different from those of neurons in the LPI; and second, if there are such differences, can these be related to the main sources of visual input to these two areas? The pulvinar-lateral posterior (LP) complex of the cat has been known for many years to be involved in visual function. Almost 30 years ago it was reported that visual evoked potentials could be recorded from the cat's pulvinar-LP complex With hindsight, it is now apparent that these early efforts to elucidate the functional organization of the pulvinar-LP complex were premature because they were carried out without the benefit of pertinent anatomical knowledge. Studies from the laboratory indicate that the LP-pulvinar complex contains multiple visual areas. The results of the experiments that are summarized in the chapter mentions the receptive field properties of two of the main visual zones in the LP nucleus.
Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators

Background Studies have shown improved survival of newborn infants maintained in the thermoneutral range. The concept of an incubator with additional insulation, a double plexiglass wall, is appealing for very low birth weight infants as it may help to provide a thermoneutral environment. Objectives To assess the effects of double walled incubator versus a single wall incubator on insensible water loss, rate of oxygen consumption, episodes of hypothermia, time to regain birth weight, duration of hospitalization and infant mortality in premature infants. Search strategy The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. This included searches of electronic databases: Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 - 2006), EMBASE, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conference and symposia proceedings, expert informants in all published languages, and CINAHL (1982 - 2006). Selection criteria Only studies using random or quasi-random methods of allocation were considered for this review. Eligible studies assessed at least one of the outcome variables identified as important to this topic. Data collection and analysis Independent data extraction and quality assessment of included trials was conducted by the review authors. Data were analyzed using generic inverse variance methodology and weighted mean difference (WMD). Results are presented with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-analysis was undertaken using a fixed effect model. Main results Three studies met the criteria. Four other studies were excluded, as they did not compare double versus single wall incubators (details of the studies are given in the included and excluded studies section). Double wall incubators have the advantage of decreasing heat loss, decreasing heat production and decreasing radiant heat loss when compared to single wall incubators. There is also the advantage of reduced oxygen consumption. A minimal increase in conductive heat loss was noted when compared to single wall incubators. All of these effects are small and do not support the proposition that double wall incubators have a beneficial effect on long term outcomes including mortality or the duration of hospitalization. Authors' conclusions Although it appears that caring for extremely small infants in double wall incubators may theoretically result in shorter hospitalization and may have metabolic advantages, this review was unable to find any data in the literature to support or refute this hypothesis. The studies do not provide any evidence that the small decrease in heat loss improves clinical outcome. Therefore, the available data is insufficient to directly guide clinical practice.
Lessons from Smallpox Vaccination

What lessons can we learn from the history in regards to smallpox vaccination? Can public health authorities force the public into vaccination compliance, or is compliance a function of fear of the disease itself? To help answer these questions, this paper looks at three historical sites: Milwaukee in 1894, where attempts to force vaccination resulted in riots in the streets; Boston beginning in 1901, where individual resistance led to a pivotal court case; and New York City in 1946, where a relatively small outbreak led to voluntary mass vaccination of the citizenry.
Why open-loop LQG measurement scheduling is optimal

This paper revisits the problem of optimally controlling a linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) plant and its measurement subsystem. The standard treatment of this problem uses dynamic programming to establish that LQG regulation and open-loop measurement scheduling are optimal. Here it is shown that these results can be obtained more directly using a straightforward conditioning argument that highlights the dependence of the results on the data independence, for open-loop schedules, of the LQG cost.
Turning Civic Education into Engagement: Evaluating the Efficacy of the Democracy USA Project

The Democracy USA (DUSA) Project was an interdisciplinary experiential-learning project designed to engage students and faculty in the 2012 elections. It was launched in response to the U.S. Department of Education’s national call to action (A Crucible Moment) on civic engagement and democratic education. The project had five key components: affiliated coursework, a colloquium series, extracurricular activities, The American Dream Project, and collecting public opinion data. This article presents an analysis of pre- and posttest data collected from over 500 students at a midsize southern liberal arts college during the Fall 2012 semester. The findings underscore the importance of varied approaches and interdisciplinary collaborations to engage students in the democratic process. We find that students enrolled in DUSA classes demonstrated little change in their civic engagement. However, those who participated in cocurricular programming, extracurricular activities, or learned about the program during the ...
Total synthesis of acetate from CO 2 . V. Determination by mass analysis of the different types of acetate formed from 13 CO 2 by heterotrophic bacteria.

Mass analysis was used to determine the amount of acetate which is totally synthesized from 13CO2 during fermentations by Clostridium formicoaceticum, C. acidiurici, C. cylindrosporum, Butyribacterium rettgeri, and Diplococcus glycinophilus. In the fermentation of fructose by C. formicoaceticum, 27% of the acetate was found to be totally synthesized from CO2, and the remaining acetate was unlabeled, having been formed from fructose. Evidence is presented that the purine-fermenting organisms, C. acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum, totally synthesized about 9% of the acetate from CO2, and that the methyl group of an additional 9% was formed from CO2. The remaining acetate was formed from the carbons of the purine and not via CO2. It has been postulated that the fermentation of the purines and synthesis of acetate from CO2 both occur via derivatives of tetrahydrofolate. Evidence is presented that a compartmentalization of these folate intermediates is required if both the purine degradation and the CO2 utilization involve identical intermediates. Neither B. rettgeri nor D. glycinophilus incorporated sufficient 13CO2 into acetate to allow determination of the types of acetate by mass analysis, although they did incorporate labeled 14CO2 in both positions of acetate.
STATs: transcriptional control and biological impact

Extracellular proteins bound to cell-surface receptors can change nuclear gene expression patterns in minutes, with far-reaching consequences for development, cell growth and homeostasis. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are among the most well studied of the latent cytoplasmic signal-dependent transcription-factor pathways. In addition to several roles in normal cell decisions, dysregulation of STAT function contributes to human disease, making the study of these proteins an important topic of current research.
Geodynamic implications of xenolith geotherms

[1] Studies of xenolith suites yield depth-temperature arrays for the lithosphere at the time of eruption. These studies constrain the conductive heat flow through the lithosphere and limit the temperature range across the rheological boundary layer to <300 K. Numerical models of convection illustrate features that may be found within suites of samples. An individual dike may sample the geotherm along a finite length of its strike having variable geotherms, causing scatter in the depth-temperature array. In a suite from the Slave Province of Canada, local heating within a deep stockwork is a more likely cause of scatter. Plume material ponded beneath a craton may yield a linear array extrapolating to the shallow geotherm without any noticeable kink or curvature. This situation existed beneath Lesotho in South Africa at ∼90 Ma. Convection at the base of the lithosphere may produce stress concentrations that trigger dike formation. Dikes may stagnate and form stockworks in low-stress regions above the thermal boundary layer.
Committee on Credible Practice of Modeling and Simulation in Healthcare

Leading health institutions, government agencies, education and research institutions, as well as medical product developers around the world have recognized the substantial potential of computational modeling and simulation (M&S) to support clinical research and decision making in healthcare, e.g., [1]. Consequently, research activities in computational medicine are growing at a significant rate and notable discoveries are being made [2]. However, the mechanisms or processes necessary to appropriately translate these research activities and discoveries in computational methods to clinical practice are lacking. Moreover, there is substantial research diversity in the field such that subject matter experts within and across mathematical and biological disciplines tend to have their own interpretation of credible practice in M&S [3–5]. Additionally, tools and good practice guidelines established by individual disciplines or research areas do not readily transfer across other disciplines or are not adopted by different fields.Copyright © 2013 by ASME