cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion-ion kink instability in the magnetotail: 2. Three-dimensional full particle and hybrid simulations and comparison with observations

[1] The magnetotail current layer is thought to be subject to a variety of instabilities. One instability arising from the presence of two ion populations, the cold lobe ions and the current-carrying hot plasma sheet ions, is the ion-ion kink mode. Detailed linear properties of this mode in the magnetotail were investigated by Karimabadi et al. [2003], where it was shown that the mode differs from the standard Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. In this paper the nonlinear properties of the ion-ion kink mode are investigated using three-dimensional (3-D) full particle and hybrid (fluid electron, kinetic ions) simulations. It is shown that this mode is primarily driven by a velocity shear arising from the presence of multiple ion populations. The instability saturates as a result of broadening of the current layer and reduction of the velocity shear. The instability, however, differs in important aspects from the standard Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI). Its linear mode properties exhibit dependencies on the kinetic details of the secondary ion population and its nonlinear evolution is found to be significantly different from previous MHD and Hall MHD treatments of the instability as well as from the KHI. In particular, the usual formation of vortices and coalescence that occur for the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability are absent for the ion-ion kink mode. Although the lobe ions can form vortices, such vortices are localized and do not affect current-carrying hot plasma sheet ions. Recent Cluster observations of modulated and bifurcated current sheets [Runov et al., 2003] are discussed within the context of the ion-ion kink mode. Hybrid simulations with open boundary conditions and using the parameters for this event demonstrate a very good agreement between the wavelength, period, and amplitude of the ion-ion kink mode and the observed wave-like disturbance. It is shown that the “bifurcated” current sheet can be explained in terms of a traveling kink displacement in which the current has a single continuous displacement into both hemispheres.
“Bounces”: An analysis of short-term return visits to a public hospital emergency department

From July through September 1987, our emergency department registered 17,214 patients of whom 569 (3%) returned within two days of initial registration. Cases were reviewed to identify factors associated with return visits. Patient-related factors were responsible for a majority of repeat visits (267 cases, 53%). Illness-related factors, particularly evolution of disease under close outpatient observation, prompted return in 68 cases (13%). An additional 60 patients (12%) returned with new problems unrelated to their initial presentation. Physician-related factors were the primary reason for return in 92 cases (18%). Problems with our public health-care system prompted return in 18 cases (4%). Eighty-seven returning patients (19%) required emergency hospitalization, including 28 discharged due to physician errors. Regular case review of short-term returns to the ED should be included in a comprehensive ED-based program of quality assurance.
Cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: the results of NABTC 03-02, a phase II trial with measures of treatment delivery

Cilengitide is a cyclic pentapeptide that is a specific inhibitor of the αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins. Preclinical studies demonstrate antiangiogenic activity and anti-invasive activity in a number of glioma models. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tumor delivery of cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Patients with recurrent glioblastoma who require a surgical resection for optimal clinical care received 3 intravenous doses of cilengitide at either 500 or 2000 mg (day -8, -4, -1) prior to undergoing tumor resection with corresponding blood samples for plasma to tumor comparisons. After recovery from surgery, patients were treated with cilengitide (2000 mg i.v. twice weekly, maximum of 2 years of treatment). The study accrued 30 patients with recurrent glioblastoma, 26 were evaluable for efficacy. The 6-month progression free survival rate was 12%. Cilengitide was detected in all tumor specimens with higher levels in the group receiving 2000 mg dosing while corresponding plasma concentrations were low, often below the lower limit of detection. These results confirm drug delivery and possibly retention in tumor. This study provides evidence that with established dosing, cilengitide is adequately delivered to the tumor, although as a single agent, efficacy in recurrent glioblastoma is modest. However, these results demonstrating drug delivery to tumor do support continued investigation of this agent as preliminary results from recent studies combining cilengitide with cytotoxic therapies are promising.
THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF PENAEID SHRIMP AT VARIOUS LIFE‐CYCLE STAGES IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

Investigations into the nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimp in controlled environment systems using extruded diets compounded from practical ingredients have shown that the protein requirement of the early postlarval animal exceeds 40% crude protein, but decreases to less than 30% crude protein in the later life-cycle stages. Studies of the importance of protein quality, i.e., source and amino acid balance, indicate that when marine protein sources, e.g., fish meal and shrimp meal, exceed 40% of the finished ration performance of the animal suffers. The improbability of lysine and methionine being limiting amino acids in practical rations is discussed. In addition, the protein requirements of the Gulf of California brown shrimp, (Penaeus californiensis) is compared to non-grooved shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei.
Refined numerical modeling of a laterally-loaded drilled shaft in an MSE wall

Abstract Due to space constraints, laterally-loaded drilled shafts have been increasingly constructed within the reinforced zones of MSE walls. Under such circumstances, the design of both MSE walls and drilled shafts differs significantly from the conditions under which the current design methodology is applicable. To develop a design method for such applications, an investigation of the interaction mechanisms between the drilled shafts and MSE walls is necessary. As a part of the investigation, a full-scale experimental study was conducted in 2007. Numerical models, calibrated by the experimental data, have been used to further investigate the mechanisms. This paper presents a numerical simulation of one of the test sections in the experimental study, which was refined from the previous numerical simulations completed before and immediately after the experimental study based on simplified numerical models. As compared with the simplified numerical models, this numerical simulation has been refined in four different ways: (1) the modulus of the backfill material was considered stress-dependent in a hyperbolic function of the confining stress; (2) the shear strain hardening/softening behavior of the backfill material was simulated by considering the mobilized friction angle (expressed as the percentage of the internal friction angle) as a function of the accumulative plastic shear strain; (3) the MSE wall facing blocks were considered discrete and their interactions were represented by vertical and horizontal interfaces of different properties; and (4) the construction compaction effort, though not considered as a dynamic force, was considered by modeling the permanent lateral earth pressure increase. The numerical results were compared with the data from the experimental study in terms of the load–deflection curves of the drilled shaft, the deflection profiles of the MSE wall facing and the drilled shaft, the lateral earth pressure increase on the MSE wall, and the strain increase in geogrid reinforcement. Good agreement between the numerical simulation and the experimental study was found. In addition, the numerical simulation allowed a thorough examination of the lateral deflection of the MSE wall, the lateral earth pressure on the MSE wall, and the maximum geogrid tension. Based on the numerical results, the mechanisms have been discussed, such as the shape of the lateral earth pressure distribution due to the lateral load, the maximum tension in different layers of geogird. This numerical simulation not only provides a well calibrated numerical model for future study but also yields results which revealed a few important mechanisms for such application.
Detecting Item Bias in the Rasch Rating Scale Model

This study employs simulated data to assess the appropriateness of using the separate calibration and between fit approaches to detecting item bias in the Rasch rating scale model. The development of these methods in the dichotomous Rasch model is discussed to delineate these methods from those often used in the true-score model or in multi-item parameter latent trait models. The results indicate that the Type I error rates for the null distribution hold even under circumstances in which there are different levels of ability of the reference and focal groups. The power and Type II error rates are estimated using differing levels of bias introduced by varying the numbers of persons in the focal group, varying the proportion of biased items, and varying the magnitude of the bias introduced. The results indicate that using the traditional 2 critical values for these methods will produce unacceptable Type II error rates and that some inspection of the item plots and the use of other information is needed to m...
l-NAME differentially alters ventilatory behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Brown Norway rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is a regulating factor in respiration. The question was whether NO synthase (NOS) blockade would affect posthypoxic ventilatory behavior similarly in two rat strains with known di...
Conduct and interpretation of gas permeability measurements in rock salt

Abstract A series of gas permeability measurements have been conducted surrounding excavations in a bedded rock salt formation. The resolution of the measurement system is on the order of 10−20 to 10−21 m2, depdending on the test zone pressure and to a lesser degree on the test duration. Two types of tests were conducted: constant pressure flow tests for permeabilities above 10−18 m2, and pressure decay tests for smaller permeabilities. The gas flow data are interpreted in terms of transient flow through a compressible, porous medium. A finite difference solution was used to develop estimates of permeability and porosity which match the measured data. The gas permeability of the undisturbed rock salt (1 to 5 m from an excavation) is very low, corresponding to a gas permeability of less than 10−21 m2. Between the undisturbed region and the excavation, the interpreted permeabilities range from 10−16 to 10−20 m2. Generally, immediately above and below excavations, relatively great permeabilities are measured in the interbed layers. These measurements substantiate the existance and nature of a limited disturbed rock zone sorrounding excavations in a bedded rock salt formation.
Investigation of Insulin Loaded Self-Assembled Microtubules for Drug Release

Self-assembled microtubules were used to entrap insulin for the preparation of new drug delivery devices. The interactions of insulin with the microtubules were probed by circular dichroism, zeta potential analysis, as well as FTIR spectroscopy. The morphologies of the insulin-loaded tubules were examined by AFM and TEM. We found that insulin loading was both pH- as well as concentration-dependent. The circular dichroism analysis indicated that, at pH range 6−7, the conformation change in the presence of the microtubules was minimal and hence would be the most appropriate conditions for insulin loading. The entrapment efficiency and release of insulin was found to be pH-dependent. Further, the controlled drug release studies indicated that, under acidic conditions, insulin release was extremely slow, and it is likely that the insulin is protected inside the microtubules. Thus, the microtubules may potentially protect the insulin from aggregation and release at lower pH (gastric pH) in vivo. However, at pH...
Surface Discontinuity Detection via Direct Strain Imaging

Direct strain imaging is a recently developed full-field strain measurement method that accomplishes full field measurement of the strain tensor on the surface of a deforming body, by using arbitrarily oriented engineering strain measurements. This new approach doesn’t make any assumption on the compatibility of the strain field and thus it allows for consistent representation of media that may be or may not be discontinuous. In this paper, we present a novel method for detecting whether a discontinuity exists on a deformed body by evaluating the validity of the compatibility conditions over the imaging field. This approach can also be used for quantifying the shape and length of the discontinuity or crack. Synthetic numerical experiments based on the exact solution of a slant crack under biaxial loading were conducted to establish the detectability performance and the associated uncertainty of detection. Very encouraging results were derived indicating that for realistic levels of noise the method was found to be able to detect discontinuities as small as 0.3 mm long with very high confidence.© 2013 ASME
Germination patterns and implications for invasiveness in three Taraxacum (Asteraceae) species

Luo J & Cardina J (2012). Germination patterns and implications for invasiveness in three Taraxacum (Asteraceae) species. Weed Research 52, 112–121. Summary The ability to germinate across different environments has been considered an important trait of invasive plant species that allows for establishment success in new habitats. Using two alien congener species of Asteraceae –Taraxacum officinale (invasive) and Taraxacum laevigatum laevigatum (non-invasive) – we tested the hypothesis that invasive species germinate better than non-invasives under various conditions. The germination patterns of Taraxacum brevicorniculatum, a contaminant found in seeds of the crop Taraxacum kok-saghyz, were also investigated to evaluate its invasive potential. In four experiments, we germinated seeds along gradients of alternating temperature, constant temperature (with or without light), water potential and following accelerated ageing. Neither higher nor lower germination per se explained invasion success for the Taraxacum species tested here. At alternating temperature, the invasive T. officinale had higher germination than or similar to the non-invasive T. laevigatum. Contrary to predictions, T. laevigatum exhibited higher germination than T. officinale in environments of darkness, low water potential or after the seeds were exposed to an ageing process. These results suggested a complicated role of germination in the success of T. officinale. Taraxacum brevicorniculatum showed the highest germination among the three species in all environments. The invasive potential of this species is thus unclear and will probably depend on its performance at other life stages along environmental gradients.
Removing the Target Protecting Military Service Members and Veterans from Financial Predators

The new legislation attempting to prevent predatory lending to military service members went into effect in October 2007. While the new rules are a step in the right direction, regulations adopted by the Pentagon do not apply the new usury limit to either banks in general or credit cards in particular. It is unclear whether the thousands of payday lender locations doing business near the gates of military bases will close up shop, offer loans within the legal limit, or search for loopholes in the new regulations that would allow business as usual. For those who hope for civilized limits on commerce with service members and veterans, it remains to be seen whether Congress has succeeded in removing the target from the backs of our nation's military community.
Effect of diet on adhesion and invasion of microflora in the intestinal mucosa of chicks.

SummaryCompared to chicks fed a diet containing corn, those fed a diet containing rye showed significantly lower growth that was ameliorated by antibiotic supplement to the diet. Adhesion of aerobes (excluding coliforms) and anaerobes to the intestinal wall was indicated in the chicks fed the diet containing rye which was reduced by penicillin supplementation. There was no mortality in chicks fed diets containing corn or rye, whereas the poorest growth and a very high mortality resulted in chicks fed diets containing raw beans. Such adverse effects were alleviated by dietary antibiotic supplement. High numbers of aerobes, mainly coliforms, were found adhered to the mucosal wall of the chicks fed diets containing raw beans, and E. coli and S. fecalis organisms were isolated from their kidneys. Autoclaving the beans greatly improved growth, reduced mortality, and caused no adhesion of intestinal aerobes to the mucosal wall. A penicillin supplement to the diet resulted in further improvement of growth and re...
Motion rivalry impairs motion repulsion

In their classic study on motion repulsion, Marshak and Sekuler (Science 205 (1979) 1399) reported a repulsion of up to 10° when two different directions of motion were presented dichoptically. However, subjects in that study did not experience binocular rivalry, presumably because of the brief presentation time. In the present study, we measured repulsion during binocular rivalry by requiring subjects to dichoptically view the stimuli until one direction of motion appeared to exclusively dominate the other (Blake, Yu, Lokey, & Norman (1998). J. Cogn. Neurosci., 10, 46–60). We found that motion repulsion was significantly reduced during exclusive dominance. Indeed, after controlling for reference repulsion—the misjudgment of a single direction of motion (Rauber & Treue (1998). Perception, 27, 393–402)—we found no significant motion repulsion during exclusive dominance. These data suggest that motion repulsion may require the perception, rather than merely the physical presence, of multiple directions. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Business of Railroads

Japanese artists and print makers during the early Meiji period created a breathtakingly wide variety of representations of their changing society. A great many of these images depicted elements of the new Western(izing) material culture. Hoop-skirted women and frock-coated men danced, played the piano, and ate bread. They could be seen walking in front of brick buildings or watching balloonists while carrying silken parasols. Steamships, modern factories and gas street lamps were all shown to represent the changing economic base of society. Among the many oddities, perhaps oddest of all were the assorted species of wheeled vehicles. Rickshaws, carriages, horse-drawn trolleys and, finally, railroad trains all appeared with strange omnipresence. In the depiction of railroads at least, Japanese artists demonstrated a fascination and enthusiasm not so very different from mid-century men and women in Western Europe and the Americas. For people everywhere, the railroad was among the most potent symbols of the new industrializing world. At the same time, railroads were widely regarded as both the result and the agent of profound changes taking place in Western and Japanese societies. Representative, perhaps, was the Canadian engineer T. C. Keefer who, in 1850, referred to the railroad locomotive as the 'iron civilizer' (Keefer 1972: 9). He believed that railroads would inevitably bring about profound changes in the spirit and well-being of a community of people. In the first place, he said, the spread of railroads altered people's sense of time and space. By speeding movement between distant points, railroads had the power to collapse distance. As a result, he believed they encouraged 'a more intimate union' of a nation's citizens. Thus, to Keefer and to many others, railroads fostered an awareness of national membership and facilitated the rituals of nationhood. At the same time, Keefer emphasized the
Dissociating the Roles of the Cerebellum and Motor Cortex during Adaptive Learning: The Motor Cortex Retains What the Cerebellum Learns

Adaptation to a novel visuomotor transformation has revealed important principles regarding learning and memory. Computational and behavioral studies have suggested that acquisition and retention of a new visuomotor transformation are distinct processes. However, this dissociation has never been clearly shown. Here, participants made fast reaching movements while unexpectedly a 30-degree visuomotor transformation was introduced. During visuomotor adaptation, subjects received cerebellar, primary motor cortex (M1) or sham anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive form of brain stimulation known to increase excitability. We found that cerebellar tDCS caused faster adaptation to the visuomotor transformation, as shown by a rapid reduction of movement errors. These findings were not present with similar modulation of visual cortex excitability. In contrast, tDCS over M1 did not affect adaptation, but resulted in a marked increase in retention of the newly learnt visuomotor transformation. These results show a clear dissociation in the processes of acquisition and retention during adaptive motor learning and demonstrate that the cerebellum and primary motor cortex have distinct functional roles. Furthermore, they show that is possible to enhance cerebellar function using tDCS.
Rotational spectroscopy of vibrationally excited states by infrared-Fourier transform microwave-microwave triple-resonance spectroscopy

A Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectroscopy-based technique for measuring the rotational spectrum of vibrational excited states is demonstrated. A pulsed infrared laser is used to prepare the excited state outside the FTMW cavity. Following laser excitation, the molecules drift into the FTMW cavity region. The FTMW spectrometer is used to monitor a single rotational transition in the excited state. The rotational spectrum of one of the states involved in the transition monitored by the FTMW spectrometer is obtained through the Autler–Townes splitting of the quantum state caused by the application of resonant microwave radiation to the cavity region.
Queries as a Source of Lexicalized Commonsense Knowledge

The role of Web search queries has been demonstrated in the extraction of attributes of instances and classes, or of sets of related instances and their class labels. This paper explores the acquisition of opendomain commonsense knowledge, usually available as factual knowledge, from Web search queries. Similarly to previous work in open-domain information extraction, knowledge extracted from text - in this case, from queries - takes the form of lexicalized assertions associated with open-domain classes. Experimental results indicate that facts extracted from queries complement, and have competitive accuracy levels relative to, facts extracted from Web documents by previous methods.
Examining the electrochemical properties of a nanofiltration membrane with atomic force microscopy

In this investigation, two methods for characterizing membrane surface potential are investigated. Results from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses are compared with streaming potential measurements. In calculating surface potential from AFM force measurements, assumptions of constant charge and constant potential were both considered for modeling electrostatic interactions. For a ceramic mica surface, the constant charge assumption was found to be most appropriate while for a polymeric membrane surface, the constant potential assumption provided results that agreed better with theoretical expectations. For both the mica and membrane surfaces, results from AFM agreed with the measured values determined from streaming potential analysis. The advantage of AFM is that in addition to determining the mean surface potential value for membrane surfaces, this technique provides a spatially resolved measure of charge distribution. One drawback of the technique is that it is sensitive to surface roughness, as the measured charge distribution increased with increasing surface roughness.
Quantifying tree and forest bark structure with a bark-fissure index

Tree bark provides habitat for many organisms in forest ecosystems, but forest bark structure is typically not considered when important forest structural attributes are discussed. We describe a new metric for quantifying bark structure: a bark-fissure index (BFI). We examined species-specific changes in the frequency and depth of bark fissures caused by both horizontal and vertical splitting of bark layers for trees of different sizes and found that BFI generally scaled exponentially with stem diameter, with distinctively different patterns for 15 different tree species. We found a strong correlation between BFI and tree species preferences of the white-breasted nuthatch, a bark-foraging bird species. We demonstrate how BFI can be scaled up to define forest-scale bark structure using simple stand structural data, such as stand tables. This research contributes a new, objective, and repeatable way of quantifying tree and forest bark structure using simple bark measurements.
The Component Balancer: optimization of component-based applications

The Component Balancer establishes and maintains response time goals for selected business logic contained in methods in component-based applications without the need to modify application code. The premise for this optimization is that meaningful business logic in component methods can be driven to response time goals by controlling the calling rate of other methods. For example, if two methods are accessing the same database, one method's response time can be improved if the other method is selected to withstand longer delays.
Sue daMones, the "911" Operator, and Boxer Shorts.

Interacting with residents, medical students, and other “learners” (the new politically correct, nonperjorative term) affords loads of opportunities. Sure, this responsibility forces providers to maintain a certain level of competency; it reminds us of the fragility of the young ego; it allows us to believe that we are somehow molding the future of medicine. Working with learners also ensures loads of fodder for our story-telling and future comedy routines. Of course, non–health care personnel find none of these tales funny. In fact, most of our nonpediatric hospitalist colleagues find these stories juvenile and immature. But I think it is time we just admit it: pediatric hospitalists appreciate humor, especially humor involving our learners. Sometimes it gets us into trouble. Sometimes the hospital has to change its policies. Sometimes we just shake our heads and think, “Who is going to believe this?” The anonymous features inherent in overhead paging systems and beepers have the ability to draw pediatric residents from the darkness of midwinter depression into the light of midwinter dysthymia. Imagine wandering the halls, not sure which button to push on the elevator to get to the sixth floor, because the numbers all look like Asian characters after hours of sleep deprivation. (You will have difficulty with this imagery if your trained after-duty hours were mandated.) Suddenly, you hear a very earnest hospital operator instruct, “Billy Rubin, please report immediately to the Newborn Nursery. Billy Rubin to the nursery.” And you giggle in an elevator full of internists and psychiatrists until coffee is coming out of your nose. By the time you get to the sixth floor, Dr Laracy, the second-year pediatric resident, is at it again. This time, he requests the operator to recite the following, “Sue daMonas to microbiology. Sue daMonas to micro.” Or “Sal Monella to the …
Low Complexity BICM-OFDM-based MIMO Receiver using Successive Interference Cancelation

This paper proposes a low complexity receiver for the next generation BICM-OFDM-based WLAN systems. It uses the multiple transmitting antennas in a spatial multiplexing (SM) mode. After successfully decoding one data stream, the proposed scheme regenerates the transmitted signal and removes its interference to other streams. Each stream independently employs bit interleaving in the frequency domain and uses convolutional codes to mitigate the effect of channel fading. The better stream is decoded first to reduce the error propagation problem. As packet error rate (PER) is used as a comparison metric, simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms a simple minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE) receiver without successive interference cancellation (SIC) by about 2 dB in a 2times2 system
Geophysical investigation of the structural framework of the Newark-Gettysburg Triassic basin, Pennsylvania

A residual gravity map of the Newark-Gettysburg Triassic basin has been constructed using approximately 5,000 gravity stations that are nominally 1 to 5 km apart. In a general way, the map shows gravity lows over Triassic sedimentary rocks and gravity highs over Triassic diabase bodies and pre-Triassic rocks that flank the basin. Steep gravity gradients within the basin, but near the margins, are interpreted to be due to vertical offset on faults within the basin. The presence of these presumed faults along parts of the southern margin indicates that the basin is not a simple half-graben, but is internally faulted, with irregular sediment thicknesses.
Efficient designs for multiple gene knockdown experiments

This paper develops theoretical bounds on the number of required experiments to infer which genes are active in a particular biological process. The standard approach is to perform many experiments, each with a single gene suppressed or knocked down. However, certain effects are not revealed by single-gene knockouts and are only observed when two or more genes are suppressed simultaneously. Here, we propose a framework for identifying such interactions without resorting to an exhaustive pairwise search. We exploit the inherent sparsity of the problem that stems from the fact that very few gene pairs are likely to be active. We model the biological process by a multilinear function with unknown coefficients and develop a compressed sensing framework for inferring the coefficients. Our main result is that if at most S gene or gene pairs are active out of N total then approximately S2 log N measurements suffice to identify the significant active components.
Risk factors in a community experience with carotid endarterectomy.

Experience with 1035 carotid endarterectomies in a single community over a 2-year period was analyzed. Twenty-two surgeons working in six hospitals were involved. All surgeons had full-time or part-time appointments at the University of Rochester, 18 had special interest in vascular surgery, and eight had obtained a certificate of qualification in vascular surgery. Mortality rate was 1.4% (14 deaths), with additional permanent, nonfatal, neurologic morbidity of 3.4%. Mortality and morbidity were independent of surgeon, caseload, or hospital. Age and prior history of myocardial infarction influenced the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction but not the incidence of death or neurologic morbidity. Factors that increased the risk of postoperative death or neurologic complication included hypertension; contralateral carotid disease as manifested by stroke, endarterectomy, or occlusion; whether the patient was a woman; and symptoms of crescendo ischemia. Lack of preoperative neurologic symptoms was correlated with decreased risk of myocardial infarction and neurologic complications. Overall mortality and neurologic morbidity associated with operation for “asymptomatic stenosis” was 3.1% (seven of 222 cases). However, the incidence of contralateral carotid disease was high in the patients in the asymptomatic group (60%), and all complications in this group occurred in patients with prior contralateral carotid endarterectomy or occlusion (p < 0.05). (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:178–86.)
Comparative Susceptibilities of Anaerobic Bacteria to Metronidazole, Ornidazole, and SC-28538

The susceptibilities of 284 anaerobic bacteria, including 55 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group, were determined by an agar dilution technique to metronidazole and two newer nitroimidazoles, ornidazole and SC-28538. All three agents showed marked in vitro activity against virtually all anaerobic bacteria tested. At concentrations 1 mug/ml, the activities of all three agents were comparable. Propionibacterium and Actinomyces showed significant resistance to all three agents. Anaerobic and microaerophilic members of the genus Streptococcus were also often resistant, in contrast to Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus strains. In addition, the bactericidal activities of ornidazole and SC-28538 were determined against 27 strains of the B. fragilis group by a broth dilution technique. The minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of each agent were very close. At concentrations of /=2 mug/ml, the activies of both agents were similar.
Ashen hearts and astral zones: Bashevis singer in Yiddish and English preparations

This article interprets the career of the Yiddish writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1978, in English translation. Involved is an understanding of the emotional and linguistic impact of the Haskala or “Jewish Enlightenment” on Polish Jewisk life as well as of the other ideologies confronting Jewry—Socialism, Zionism and Hassidic Return, for example. Involved also is a just evaluation of the linguistic achievements of Singer’s translators, especially Jacob Sloan, Cecil Hemley, Elaine Gottlieb, Saul Bellow and Isaac Rosenfeld, all of whom have a creative identity with a thematic and stylistic influence on translation quality. An attempt is likewise made to demonstrate Singer’s transcendence of his rabbinical past and of his refuge in the United States.
Giving peace a chance: Organizational leadership, empowerment, and peace y

Summary This paper provides an exploratory look at how the leadership practices of business organizations may foster more peaceful societies. I develop the logic for positive relationships between participative organizational leadership, employee empowerment, and peace. I offer several mechanisms to explain why these different manifestations of voice are likely to contribute to peaceful societies. I then draw on several cross-national databases to provide a preliminary examination of the hypotheses. I find support for the hypotheses regarding the positive effects of participative leadership and employee empowerment in work organizations on peace. The paper concludes by discussing contributions of this research to the organizational studies literature and offers directions for future research. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Social–Cognitive Basis of BPD: A Theory of Hypermentalizing

The aim of the current chapter is to review and discuss the literature on the social-cognitive basis of BPD with the ultimate goal of providing an integrated framework for theory and research. The chapter begins with a description of the behavioral phenotype of disrupted interpersonal relationships in BPD, especially in the context of adolescence, which justifies a social-cognitive approach to BPD. Next, the ever-expanding empirical support for the social-cognitive basis of interpersonal disruptions in BPD in adults and adolescents is discussed. Acknowledging the multi-component nature of the construct of social cognition, and reflecting the three major developmental theories of BPD (Linehan’s biosocial theory, Fonagy’s mentalization-based theory, and attachment theory), this literature is organized by reference to the three social-cognitive constructs most often studied in relation to BPD: emotion recognition, mentalizing (or theory of mind) and trust. After reviewing empirical evidence in support of the relation of these constructs to BPD features, a possible resolution is presented to understand and explain inconsistencies among findings by suggesting a recursive social-information processing model culminating in hypermentalizing in BPD. As such, a framework for future research in the social cognition of BPD is provided by integrating the biosocial, mentalizing and attachment approaches to BPD.
Sources, Stigmatization, And Alleviation Of Poverty In Albany/Dougherty, Georgia

The objective of this study is to highlight the impacts of and solutions to the major sources of poverty in the City of Albany and Dougherty County, Georgia. White, as well as Black middle class residents, are leaving the City of Albany and Dougherty County to the other Albany MSA counties that are experiencing increase in commercial activities and median family incomes. This movement seems to reflect increasing City vices and very low educational achievements from the public school system. These along with a low consideration of the county for professional careers, lead to depressed business opportunities that cause exit of businesses. Cautiously speaking, depressed employment and a low real average weekly wage earning, a proxy for poverty, explain the poverty. There is a need for specialized micro financial lending especially in the impoverished areas of the county. Poverty is being addressed by some temporary measures. In the long run, individuals’ understanding of how market economy works would resolve poverty.
Police, Race and Crime in 1950s Chicago: Monroe v. Pape as Legal Noir

This essay will appear in Civil Rights Stories (Risa Goluboff and Myriam Gilles eds.), forthcoming Fall 2007. In it, I've tried to provide an historical background against which to understand the watershed civil rights case of Monroe v. Pape, where the Supreme Court gave an expansive interpretation to 42 U.S.C. Section 1983's "under color of law" clause. The goal of this essay is to generate a better understanding of the Monroe case itself - how the case came about and why represents an important, watershed moment in the history of civil rights litigation.
Diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infections.

The prevalence of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections has increased dramatically and HSV is now the most common causal agent isolated from genital ulcerations in patients attending venereal disease clinics. The manifestations of genital herpes vary greatly from patient of patient and episode to episode. Genital herpes should be suspected in patients with a history of prior vesicular lesions; previous ulcerative lesions of similar size duration and character at or near the site of the observed attack; or if there is a sexual partner with genital herpes. The clinical distinction between HSV and other infectious and noninfectious causes of genital ulcer can be difficult. Thus laboratory confirmation of HSV infection should be used for all women who present with ulcerative or clinically atypical genital lesions. Isolation of HSV in tissue culture is the most sensitive method for the detection of mucocutaneous HSV infection. However cytologic immunologic and microscopic techniques are available for more rapid diagnosis. These procedures are unproven as reliable methods of obstetric management and appear most useful in specimens taken from genital lesions. Serologic methods are of use in detecting past HSV infection but are less sensitive and timely than viral isolation procedures.
Propagation distance-resolved characteristics of filament-induced copper plasma

Copper plasma generated at different filament-copper interaction points was characterized by spectroscopic, acoustic, and imaging measurements. The longitudinal variation of the filament intensity was qualitatively determined by acoustic measurements in air. The maximum plasma temperature was measured at the location of peak filament intensity, corresponding to the maximum mean electron energy during plasma formation. The highest copper plasma density was measured past the location of the maximum electron density in the filament, where spectral broadening of the filament leads to enhanced ionization. Acoustic measurements in air and on solid target were correlated to reconstructed plasma properties. Optimal line emission is measured near the geometric focus of the lens used to produce the filament.
Partial Purification of Cross-Protection Factor(s) from Pasteurella multocida

Membrane-associated cross-protection factor(s) (CPF) of in vivo-grown Pasteurella multocida were solubilized by detergent and partially purified by sequential chromatography on ion exchange, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite columns. The CPF activity was determined by challenge of turkeys vaccinated with different chromatography fractions and challenge of poults passively immunized with serum from the same vaccinated turkeys. Analyses of different chromatography fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblots suggested that proteins in the range of 59-65 kDa and a protein of 39-kDa molecular mass were associated with cross-protection. Although CPF activity was found to be associated with protein-containing material, treatment with periodate diminished cross-protection, indicating that carbohydrate determinants may also contribute to immune cross-protection.
Kinetics Of Hydrogen Evolution And Crystallization In Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Films Studied By Thermal Analysis And Raman Scattering

We observed the processes of hydrogen evolution and crystallization in hydrogenated Amorphous silicon 0.5–7 μm thick films (deposited by dc glow discharge on Molybdenum) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Raman scattering and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Investigation was made as a function of doping, deposition temperature and film thickness. For all the films, an endothermic DSC peak was observed at 694 °C (onset). That this peak was at least partly due to hydrogen evolution was shown by TGA, which showed weight loss beginning at 694 °C, and by evolved gas analysis, which showed hydrogen evolution at 694 °C. This temperature (658–704 °C) increased with increasing heating rate (5–30 °C/min). Doping reduced this temperature from 694 to 625 °C for boron doping and to 675 °C for phosphorous doping. Hydrogen evolution kinetics and FTIR results suggest that the silicon-hydrogen bonding in the intrinsic film was a mixture of SiH and S1H2, and was predominantly SiH in the phosphorous doped films and SiH 2 in the boron doped films. Crystallization was independent of silicon-hydrogen bonding in the as-deposited Amorphous silicon film. It was bulk (not interface) induced. No exothermic DSC peak accompanied the crystallization. The film deposition temperature had little effect on the DSC result, but crystallization was enhanced by a higher deposition temperature.
The MPO system for automatic workflow documentation

Abstract Data from large-scale experiments and extreme-scale computing is expensive to produce and may be used for critical applications. However, it is not the mere existence of data that is important, but our ability to make use of it. Experience has shown that when metadata is better organized and more complete, the underlying data becomes more useful. Traditionally, capturing the steps of scientific workflows and metadata was the role of the lab notebook, but the digital era has resulted instead in the fragmentation of data, processing, and annotation. This paper presents the Metadata, Provenance, and Ontology (MPO) System, the software that can automate the documentation of scientific workflows and associated information. Based on recorded metadata, it provides explicit information about the relationships among the elements of workflows in notebook form augmented with directed acyclic graphs. A set of web-based graphical navigation tools and Application Programming Interface (API) have been created for searching and browsing, as well as programmatically accessing the workflows and data. We describe the MPO concepts and its software architecture. We also report the current status of the software as well as the initial deployment experience.
Chromosomal mapping of the αMHC-MerCreMer transgene in mice reveals a large genomic deletion

Transgenic mice expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase specifically in cardiomyocytes were generated in 2001 and are in widespread use, having been employed in >150 published studies. However, several groups recently have reported that tamoxifen administration to these mice can have off-target effects that include cardiac dysfunction, fibrosis, and death. For this reason, among others, we considered it important to better characterize the transgene (termed herein, CM-MCM) and its chromosomal location(s). Cytogenetic analysis positioned the CM-MCM transgene within the C band of chromosome 19, and more precise mapping, using genome walking and DNA sequencing, showed that transgene insertion is in the C1 region. Using the genome walking data, we have developed PCR assays that not only identify mice that carry the transgene, but also distinguish homozygous animals (CM-MCMTg/Tg) from hemizygous (CM-MCMTg/0), permitting the rapid assessment of transgene zygosity and, thereby, helping to minimize off-target tamoxifen-induced effects. Substantial rearrangement/duplication of transgene elements is present, and transgene integration was accompanied by the deletion of a 19,500 bp fragment of genomic DNA that contains the promoter, exon 1 and part of intron 1 of the APOBEC1 complementation factor (A1cf) gene, as well as several elements that are predicted to regulate chromosomal architecture. A1cf protein expression is ablated by the deletion and, therefore, homozygous mice are functionally A1cf knockout. The implications of this unexpected finding are discussed.
A Distributed Optical Fiber Pre-warning System for Safety Monitoring of Oil Pipelines

A real-time monitoring technology for safety and leakage of oil pipeline based on theories of Optical Time Domain Reflec-tometer (ODTR) and the distributed optical fiber sensor is introduced. As the pipeline leaks, the temperature field around the optical fiber sensor changes. Using the temperature effect of the backscattered Anti -stokes the temperature is measured and the pipeline leakage is estimated. When there is an accident of factitious destruction (Oil-stealing) on the pipeline, the destruction will create vi-bration and pressure and thus the optical signal attenuation of the backscattered Rayleigh through the optical fiber happens. And by measuring the intensity of the Rayleigh, the disturbance and breakage of pipeline is detected. At last, the measuring position is locat-ed by ODTR. The experiment results show the performance of the system as follows: length of single mode fiber: 5km(expandable), range of temperature measurement: 0 ~90oC (expandable), temperature error: +5oC, location error: 15m.Therefore the monitoring quality of oil pipelines and anti-stealing oil level may be improved effectively.
Science, Technology, and Education

From its founding, the Soviet regime has manifested an ambivalent attitude toward science and scientists. On the one hand, science has been accorded a prominent role in Soviet ideology. Marx noted that the progression to socialist society depended on the general condition of science and technology and their application to production.1 Lenin echoed this stress on science and technology by urging Bolsheviks “to take all science, technology, knowledge” because communism could not be built without them.2 Lenin frequently referred to a “technical revolution,” which would change the nature of the society. Throughout the Bolshevik period, science and technology were seen as the great transformers of society. The Bolsheviks expected the development of a “new,” revolutionary science, free of ties to bourgeois society, to unleash the creative powers of science on behalf of all social classes. A clear illustration of Lenin’s views on the revolutionizing effect of technology was the GOELRO (electrification) plan. For Lenin, electrification was not simply a technical problem, but a socioeconomic one with profound political and social implications.