cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The toxicity of 2-mercaptoethylamine to Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and its reversal

Abstract 2-Mercaptoethylamine (cysteamine, 2-aminoethanethiol) inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (A.T.C.C. 4228); the toxicity was found to be alleviated by a variety of compounds, such as β-alanine and its related compounds, dl -penicillamine, the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and their related compounds, malonic acid, dl -thioctic acid, kojic acid, soybean phospholipides, orthophosphoric acid, organic phosphates, and inorganic salts. The degree of growth inhibition by 2-mercaptoethylamine also decreased as the pH of the assay medium changed from 5.5 to 3.0. The results have been interpreted to mean: (a) 2-Mercaptoethylamine forms a complex with a metallic ion (especially a bivalent one) which is essential for the growth of S. carlsbergensis, thus causing growth inhibition. (b) As the pH of the medium decreases, the fraction of a metal ion bound with 2-mercaptoethylamine also diminishes, thus causing poor growth inhibition, (c) A type of reversing agent competes with 2-mercaptoethyl-amine for a metal, and the complex thus formed with the former is able to donate the metal for the growth of the organism. Results showed that such competition can take place solely in vitro. (d) Another type of reversing agent saturates the active sites in 2-mercaptoethylamine and thus the mercapto compound can no longer function as an inhibitor.
AI-Complete CAPTCHAs as Zero Knowledge Proofs of Access to an Artificially Intelligent System

Experts predict that in the next 10 to 100 years scientists will succeed in creating human-level artificial general intelligence. While it is most likely that this task will be accomplished by a government agency or a large corporation, the possibility remains that it will be done by a single inventor or a small team of researchers. In this paper, we address the question of safeguarding a discovery which could without hesitation be said to be worth trillions of dollars. Specifically, we propose a method based on the combination of zero knowledge proofs and provably AI-complete CAPTCHA problems to show that a superintelligent system has been constructed without having to reveal the system itself.
Cytokines induce catabolic effects in cultured adipocytes by multiple mechanisms

Previous studies have demonstrated that some cytokines induce a coordinate catabolic response in adipose cells which leads to decreased fat storage. The mechanisms by which cytokines cause these effects are unknown. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of TNF, IL-1, IFN-alpha and IFN-alpha on the mRNA levels of the key enzymes involved in fat metabolism in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. TNF, IL-1, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma decreased lipoprotein lipase activity and increased lipolysis in adipocytes. TNF, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma decreased fatty acid synthesis while IL-1 increased fatty acid synthesis. However, the cytokine effects on mRNA levels were not always consistent with the observed changes in activity and were unique for each cytokine. Specifically, while all cytokines decreased LPL activity, only TNF and IFN-gamma decreased LPL mRNA levels. In addition, while TNF, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma decreased fatty acid synthesis, only TNF significantly decreased the mRNA levels of both acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, the key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis. IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma decreased fatty acid synthase mRNA levels without significantly altering acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA. IL-1 caused a slight increase in fatty acid synthesis and increased acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA levels. Finally, while all cytokines increased lipolysis, hormone sensitive lipase mRNA levels were decreased by TNF, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma treatment. These results indicate that the regulation of adipocyte lipid metabolism by cytokines is complex and that coordinate changes in mRNA levels cannot account for the observed metabolic changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Angiopoietin-1 mediated effects on re-epithelialization: in vitro and in vivo analysis

Introduction: Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of Angiopoietin-1 (AdAng-1), surprisingly results in accelerated re-epithelialization. Because keratinocytes do not express Tie2, the Ang-1 receptor, we hypothesize that Ang-1 induces downstream growth factors. We employed an in vitro co-culture system and an excisional wound healing model in TGFα knock out (KO) and normal mice to examine Ang-1 wound healing effects. Methods: Fibroblasts transduced with AdAng-1, AdLacZ (MOI 20) or PBS are placed into co-culture with keratinocytes. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to Ang-1, KGF, EGF, PDGF-B, PDGF-A, IGF-1, TGFα and TGFβ1 were added. Ki67 immunostaining of the keratinocytes was used to determine a proliferation index (PI). 6 mm crown wounds treated with 1 x 108 PFU of AdAng-1 AdLacZ, or 20μl PBS were made in TGFα KO (n = 15) and control mice (n = 15). Wounds harvested at 5 days were analyzed for epithelial gap, granulation tissue formation, capillary density and KGF expression. Results: In co-culture, AdAng-1 results in increased keratinocyte PI compared to controls (Ang1 38.5% vs. LacZ 19% or PBS 16.3%). This response was completely inhibited by NAbs to Ang1 (17.1%) or TGFα (16%) and partially inhibited by NAbs to KGF (29.5%) or PDGF-B (25.6%). NAbs to PDGF-A, IGF-1, TGFβ or EGF had no effect. AdAng-1 treated wounds in TGFα KO mice showed significantly larger epithelial gaps compared to Ad-Ang-1 treated control mice (3.3 mm ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 mm ± 0.2, p < 0.01). However, in TGFα KO mice AdAng-1 treated wounds show significantly reduced epithelial gaps (Ang-1 3.3 mm ±.1, LacZ 4.4±.2, PBS 4.4±.3, p<.001) and increased vessel density compared to controls (Ang1 11.1 Caps/HPF, LacZ 4.1 ± 0.3, PBS 4.4 ± 0.3, p < 0.0001). KGF immunostaining localized to the advancing epithelial margin, was markedly enhanced in AdAng-1 treated wounds in both TGFα KO and control mice. Conclusions: The effects of Ang-1 on keratinocyte proliferation are mediated indirectly by TGFα, and KGF. In vivo, TGFα is an important mediator of Ang-1 effect on reepithelialization, but Ang-1 also enhances KGF expression. These results suggest that wound healing effects of Ang-1 over expression are to due to dermal epidermal signaling mediated by TGFα and KGF.
Structure of the phase in pure two-mode Gaussian states

The two-mode relative phase associated with Gaussian states plays an important role in quantum information processes in optical, atomic, and electronic systems. In this work, the origin and structure of the two-mode relative phase in pure Gaussian states is studied in terms of its dependences on the quadratures of the modes. This is done by constructing local canonical transformations to an associated two-mode squeezed state. The results are illustrated by studying the time dependence of the phase under a nonlocal unitary model evolution containing correlations between the modes. In a more general context, this approach may allow the two-mode phase to be studied in situations sensitive to different physical parameters within experimental configurations relevant to quantum information processing tasks.
Immunocytochemical distribution of aromatase cytochrome P450 in the rat brain using peptide-generated polyclonal antibodies.

Estrogen formation is catalyzed by the aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450AROM) enzyme. Aromatase activity has been detected in several regions in the rat brain. In the present study, we used peptide-generated polyclonal antibodies raised against a 20-amino acid synthetic fragment of the rat P450AROM protein (as deduced from the nucleic acid sequence of the rat P450AROM complementary DNA), to determine the location of this enzyme in rat brain sections. Immunoreactive antisera were titered by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and purified by diethylaminoethyl-Affigel Blue chromatography. Specific immunoreactivity was confirmed by Western blot analysis using known aromatase-containing tissue (rat ovary homogenates and microsomal fractions). Evaluation of the distribution of P450AROM immunoreactivity in brain sections of male and female rats (30 and 60 days of age) was performed using the avidin biotin peroxidase immunocytochemical technique and light microscopy. P450AROM immunoreactivity appeared to...
A framework for CAD-based geometric reasoning for robot assembly language

For automatic robot programming, world modelling of the robot's environment is one of the most important phases of the task planning. World modelling requires that the robot know the environment in which it operates, including the spatial configuration of all objects in the task environment. In robotic assembly planning at the task level, representation of these objects requires symbolic feature and shape identification of the objects to be assembled by the robot. In this paper, we present a framework for reasoning about objects based on their shapes and features and the representation of such objects for robotic assembly planning when the modelling is done on a CAD system. We show the importance of AI languages in the communication of constructive solid geometry (CSG) based information from modellers. Finally, we present the schematic for a formalism, based on Prolog, for expressing object properties and assembly situations.
Synthesis of an Advanced Precursor of Demethoxyviridin

Abstract The synthesis of a potential precursor 3 to demethoxyviridin (1b) is described. The centerpiece of this strategy was the conversion of the previously described dibromoolefin 6 to the masked alkyne β-hydroxyaldehyde 5 in a single step. Further elaboration then produced the alkyne oxazole 4, which on thermolysis, followed by in situ tautomerization and silylation, led directly to 3. Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for full experimental and spectral details.
Duality Quantum Computers and Quantum Operations

We present a mathematical theory for a new type of quantum computer called a duality quantum computer that is similar to one that has recently been proposed. We discuss the nonunitarity of certain circuits of a duality quantum computer. We then discuss the relevance of this work to quantum operations and their convexity theory. This discussion is based upon isomorphism theorems for completely positive maps.
Perchloric acid extraction of adrenocorticosteroids from tissues

Abstract The recovery of corticosterone from rat adrenal homogenates using perchloric acid extraction was complete and interference from other fluorescent material was minimal. The steroid was stable in 10% perchloric acid for prolonged periods. Less polar steroids were poorly extracted by acid and the recovery of corticosterone from plasma was low. Where the concurrent measurement of acid-soluble compounds is desired the use of perchloric acid for the extraction of relatively polar steroids from tissues may be useful.
Flow cytometric study comparing paired bladder washing and voided urine for bladder cancer detection.

Abstract Paired bladder washings and voided urines from bladder cancer patients were compared as sources of exfoliated cells for detection of bladder carcinoma by flow cytometry (FCM). Bladder specimens fixed in 25 % ethanol within sixty minutes of collection were found to be superior to unfixed bladder specimens. The percentage of specimens with good DNA resolution was greater for bladder washings (67 % unfixed, 90 % fixed) than voided urines (41 % unfixed, 66 % fixed). There was no difference in DNA resolution between specimens that remained unfixed less than one day, one day, or two days suggesting that the cells undergo the majority of degradation within a critical period soon after collection. Once fixed, there was no difference in DNA resolution for up to nineteen days, which suggests the feasibility of specimen transport to central FCM laboratories. Eighteen percent of unfixed bladder washings and 33 percent of unfixed voided urine specimens contained an insufficient number of cells (
Long-lasting sensitization of reward-directed behavior by amphetamine

Abstract Exposure to psychostimulant drugs of abuse such as amphetamine can result in long-lasting “sensitization” of reward-directed behavior, such that subjects display enhancements in behavior directed by and toward rewards and reward-predictive cues (i.e. “incentive sensitization”). The purpose of these experiments was to determine the degree to which such sensitization resulting from chronic amphetamine exposure influences both appetitive and consummatory food-motivated behavior. Adult male Long-Evans rats received daily i.p. injections of d -amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) or saline vehicle for five consecutive days. This amphetamine exposure regimen produced lasting sensitization to the acute locomotor stimulant effect of the drug. One month after drug exposure rats were tested for instrumental responding (lever pressing) for food reward under various response schedules. Two months after drug exposure, rats were tested for food consumption in a discriminative Pavlovian context-potentiated eating task, involving pairings of one context with food and another context with no food. Amphetamine exposed rats showed significantly greater instrumental responding for food reward than saline controls, particularly under conditions of high response ratios. In the potentiated eating task, testing under conditions of food satiation revealed that amphetamine exposed rats ate significantly more than saline controls in the food-paired context. These experiments demonstrate that amphetamine exposure can cause enduring increases in both appetitive and consummatory aspects of natural reward-directed behavior. Such long-lasting incentive sensitization could account in part for the propensity for relapse in drug addiction, as well as for reported enhancements in non-drug reward-related behavior.
Synthesis and electrochemistry of Li- and Na-fulleride doped mesoporous Ta oxides

A mesoporous tantalum oxide lithium fulleride composite was synthesized by solution intercalation of C60 into a prefabricated Li-TaTMS material and characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffra...
Phylogenetic investigation of the aliphatic, non-hydrolyzable biopolymer algaenan, with a focus on green algae

Algaenan, an aliphatic biopolymer found in various microalgae, has been implicated as the source of a sizable proportion of the aliphatic refractory organic matter in sedimentary rocks. Because of its recalcitrant nature, algaenan is thought to be preserved selectively in the formation of kerogen and microfossils. Its taxonomic distribution in organisms has not been studied in detail or in a phylogenetic context. Here, we evaluate the distribution and phylogenetic relationships of algaenan-producing organisms from a broad, eukaryote-wide perspective down to the level of genus and species. We focus on the kingdom Plantae, as most described algaenan producers belong to this superkingdom. The phylogenetic distribution of algaenan producers within the Plantae is actually quite limited and a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the two classes that include all green algal algaenan producers suggests that there is no finer-grained pattern of phylogenetic distribution to the production of this biopolymer. Our results suggest that the biopolymer is not widespread ecologically or phylogenetically, is not found abundantly in marine organisms and likely represents a functional description of molecular class, rather than a biomarker for green algae. This adds to a growing body of literature that questions the selective preservation hypothesis for insoluble organic matter and calls for a more detailed chemical and structural analysis of algaenan.
Imaging dose management using multi-resolution in CT-guided radiation therapy.

In image-guided radiation therapy, megavoltage computerized tomography (MVCT) delivers higher dose to the patient for lower image quality than diagnostic kilovoltage CT (kVCT). One way to reduce the mean imaging dose is to reduce the imaging volume, which is often sufficient for registration and dosimetry purposes. The filtered back projection using truncated data causes artefacts that degrade the image quality. Those artefacts can be effectively reduced by wavelet-based multi-resolution analysis (WMRA), in which the detail and approximate information are reconstructed separately to bypass the non-locality of filtered back projection. In this study, WMRA was used to reconstruct local images from both very low-dose kVCT scans from a bench-top tomotherapy unit and MVCT scans from helical tomotherapy. Results show that mean imaging dose can be significantly reduced by imaging a small region of interest. In simulation, the root-mean-square error brought by the truncation is smaller than 1–2% and depends on the level of dose reduction. On the other hand, the same mean dose that would have been delivered by a low-quality global CT can be conformed to a smaller volume to improve the visibility of low-contrast organs and fine structures using WMRA. Organs at risk can be avoided during repeated daily CT imaging when irregular-shaped reconstruction areas are used. WMRA does not involve computationally expensive iterations and is suitable for image-guided radiation therapy where imaging speed is essential. Compared with extrapolation methods, errors are further reduced to improve the detection of low contrast and fine structures.
Deformation and Failure of a Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Yarn Composite

Forests of multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be twisted and manipulated into continuous fibers or yarns that exhibit many of the characteristics of traditional textiles. Macro-scale analysis and test may provide strength and stiffness predictions for a composite composed of a polymer matrix and low-volume fraction yarns. However, due to the nano-scale of the carbon nanotubes, it is desirable to use atomistic calculations to consider tube-tube interactions and the influence of simulated twist on the effective friction coefficient. This paper reports laboratory test data on the mechanical response of a multi-walled, carbon nanotube yarn/polymer composite from both dynamic and quasi-static tensile tests. Macroscale and nano-scale analysis methods are explored and used to define some of the key structure-property relationships. The measured influence of hot-wet aging on the tensile properties is also reported.
New germacrolide- and heliangolide-type sesquiterpene lactones from Melampodium linearilobum

Abstract Chemical analysis of Melampodium linearilobum yielded, besides coumarin, seven germacrolide-type sesquiterpene lactones, linearilobin A to G and two heliangolides, linearilobin H and I. All new sesquiterpene lactones are oxygenated at C-14 and C-15 and differ by the number and types of ester moieties at C-8, C-14 and C-15. M. linearilobum represents the first species within the genus known to produce germacrolides and heliangolides instead of the more common melampolides.
Shamanic origins of religion and medicine.

(1979). Shamanic Origins of Religion and Medicine. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 11, Innovative Approached to Drug Abuse Treatment, pp. 7-11.
Substitution of alanine for serine 250 in the murine fatty acid transport protein inhibits long chain fatty acid transport.

The murine fatty acid transport protein (FATP) was identified on the basis of its ability to facilitate uptake of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) when expressed in mammalian cells. To delineate FATP domains important for transport function, we cloned the human heart FATP ortholog. Comparison of the human, murine, and yeast amino acid sequences identified a highly conserved motif, IYTSGTTGXPK, also found in a number of proteins that form adenylated intermediates. We demonstrate that depletion of intracellular ATP dramatically reduces FATP-mediated LCFA uptake. Furthermore, wild-type FATP specifically binds [α-32P]azido-ATP. Introduction of a serine to alanine substitution (S250A) in the IYTSGTTGXPK motif produces an appropriately expressed and metabolized mutant FATP that demonstrates diminished LCFA transport function and decreased [α-32P]azido-ATP binding. These results are consistent with a mechanism of action for FATP involving ATP binding that is dependent on serine 250 of the IYTSGTTGXPK motif.
Induction of a unique fluorescence in the photoreceptor of the retina.

ALTHOUGH the details of the biochemistry of the outer part of the photoreceptor cells of the retina have been studied exhaustively1,2, relatively little attention has been paid to the inner cell body itself which is essentially nuclear. The present observations suggest that this nuclear portion of the photoreeeptor cell plays an unsuspected part in the biology of vision. In essence, we have found that, when retinas treated with o-phthalaldehyde (OPT) are exposed to ultraviolet light, the nuclear part of the rods and cones show a specific fluorescence.
Differentiated Effects of Levels of Questioning on Student Achievement

An N of 104 fifth and sixth grade Ss from one suburban school was randomly assigned to one of three groups: High Questioning (HQ), Low Questioning (LQ), and Control (C) . The two questioning groups (HQ, LQ) were exposed to the same geographical content and set of materials for nine instructional days. However, the majority of questions posed to HQ Ss was high level (i.e., above recall), whereas the majority of questions posed to LQ Ss was low level. The C group studied a social studies unit that was topically different from HQ and LQ. Posttest and retention results indicated a superiority of HQ and LQ over C on low level understandings (p<.05) and a superiority of HQ over C on high level understandings (p<.05) . Discussion centered on the possibility of differentiated response modes for HQ and LQ students.
Dissociation of Infectivity from Seeding Ability in Prions with Alternate Docking Mechanism

Previous studies identified two mammalian prion protein (PrP) polybasic domains that bind the disease-associated conformer PrP(Sc), suggesting that these domains of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) serve as docking sites for PrP(Sc) during prion propagation. To examine the role of polybasic domains in the context of full-length PrP(C), we used prion proteins lacking one or both polybasic domains expressed from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as substrates in serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) reactions. After ∼5 rounds of sPMCA, PrP(Sc) molecules lacking the central polybasic domain (ΔC) were formed. Surprisingly, in contrast to wild-type prions, ΔC-PrP(Sc) prions could bind to and induce quantitative conversion of all the polybasic domain mutant substrates into PrP(Sc) molecules. Remarkably, ΔC-PrP(Sc) and other polybasic domain PrP(Sc) molecules displayed diminished or absent biological infectivity relative to wild-type PrP(Sc), despite their ability to seed sPMCA reactions of normal mouse brain homogenate. Thus, ΔC-PrP(Sc) prions interact with PrP(C) molecules through a novel interaction mechanism, yielding an expanded substrate range and highly efficient PrP(Sc) propagation. Furthermore, polybasic domain deficient PrP(Sc) molecules provide the first example of dissociation between normal brain homogenate sPMCA seeding ability from biological prion infectivity. These results suggest that the propagation of PrP(Sc) molecules may not depend on a single stereotypic mechanism, but that normal PrP(C)/PrP(Sc) interaction through polybasic domains may be required to generate prion infectivity.
POSSIBILITY OF PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD)

DMD is an X-linked recessive disease which we have not been able to diagnose prenatally. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity is markedly elevated in the plasma of affected infants postnatally and may be similarly elevated in early fetal life. We are testing this hypothesis by measuring plasma CPK at 18-20 weeks gestation. Plasma samples are obtained by placental venipuncture during fetoscopy or by placental aspiration from preabortion fetuses or fetuses at risk for hemoglobinopathies. When the sample contains amniotic fluid and maternal blood, we determine their contribution to the total CPK activity and calculate the fetal plasma CPK. Our results from 12 pregnancies give a range of 40-140 mU/ml (adult normal 5-85) and less than 8 for amniotic fluid. Plasma samples after prostaglandin abortion in 9 fetuses had CPK activities from 60-380. We have monitored one pregnancy of a possible DMD carrier; the fetal CPK was 52 and the pregnancy is continuing. Determination of CPK activities in the fetuses of obligate carriers will establish the validity of this diagnostic approach.
Inherent Triangle Similarity

This paper shows many relationships for a triangle by using its altitudes to form inner triangles that have a three 4-fold similarity. The altitudes partition the sides of the triangle $a={a_{1}}+{a_{2}}, b={b_{1}}+{b_{2}}, c={c_{1}}+{c_{2}}$ into partial side lengths of ${a_{1}},{a_{2}},{b_{1}},{b_{2}},{c_{1}},{c_{2}}$. We show that ${a_{1}b_{2}c_{1}}={a_{2}b_{1}c_{2}}$ and {\normalsize $c\left({c_{2}}-{c_{1}}\right)=b\left({b_{2}}-{b_{1}}\right)-a\left({a_{2}}-{a_{1}}\right)$. This latter equation can be written as {\normalsize ${c_{2}^{{2}}}-{c_{1}^{{2}}}=({b_{2}^{{2}}}-{b_{1}^{{2}}})-({a_{2}^{{2}}}-{a_{1}^{{2}}})$ or }{${a_{1}^{{2}}}+{b_{2}^{{2}}}+{c_{1}^{{2}}}={a_{2}^{{2}}}+{b_{1}^{{2}}}+{c_{2}^{{2}}}$}. We also note that ${h_{1}h_{2}}={h_{3}h_{4}}={h_{5}h_{6}}$, where ${h_{1}}+{h_{2}},{h_{3}}+{h_{4}},{h_{5}}+{h_{6}}$ are the altitudes of the triangle. These concise relationships for a triangle are based on its inherent similarity, and provide for simple equations, similar to the Pythagorean Theorem for right triangles.
Cost‐efficient military recruiting: An econometric approach

The near‐term likelihood of declining military manpower requirements, and of consequently reduced military budgets, will put pressure on recruitment agencies to become more cost‐efficient, or to cut back, or both. In this paper we illustrate the working of an econometric model designed to measure the cost‐efficiency of the US Army recruiting process, and to project cost‐efficient responses to expected future reductions in manpower requirements. The model assumes that the United States Army Recruiting Command attempts to minimize the cost of meeting recruiting targets, but it allows for failure, and it generates measures of the magnitude, the direction, and the cost of any such failure. The model is estimated on US Army recruiting data for CY1986‐CY1987, validated, then re‐estimated for CY1986‐CY1988, and used to project cost‐efficient responses to anticipated declines in recruiting targets.
How Maternal Characteristics Influence Differences between Mothers' and Teachers' Ratings of Type A Behavior in Black Preschool Children

Because of the increased use of reports of Type A behavior pattern (TABP) in preschool-age children, parents are sometimes asked to provide reports on their children in circumstances in which teachers' reports may be inappropriate or unavailable. This article contrasts mothers' and teachers' reports of TABP for 158 urban, black preschool children. Mothers provided self-reports of their own Type A behavior (FTAS). Mothers' scores were weakly correlated with teachers' scores and the FTAS reports. Mothers' reports of TABP for the children were significantly higher than those of the teachers. Reports of children's TABP by high-Type A mothers were significantly higher than reports by low-Type A mothers, whereas teachers' reports showed no difference between children of low- and high-TABP mothers. Results are discussed in terms of how some mothers may project personal characteristics onto their children and how the findings can be used in interpreting mothers' reports.
Propagation and spurious reflection in finite-element approximations of hyperbolic equations

Abstract There are a variety of spurious phenomena in the numerical simulation of wave propagation which manifest themselves by the appearance of short-wavelength oscillations near discontinuities and computational boundaries. The appropriate tool for the description of those phenomena is that given by Fourier analysis. In particular, introduction in the analysis of the concepts of energy propagation and group velocity (from mathematical physics) produces a set of particularly interesting results. The corresponding mathematics have been reasonably well described in the recent literature for usual finite-difference schemes. But several new aspects present themselves in the numerical schemes based on finite-element methods. We will, in this paper, examine wave propagation in the numerical approximation of hyperbolic equations obtained with the linear finite-element—Galerkin method, pointing out where the corresponding properties differ from those of finite differences. In particular, it will be shown that • The energy conserved in finite-element schemes is not the usual square of the l 2 norm (as it is with finite differences). • The expression of this energy is given by a modified form of Parseval's relation. • Group velocities of rightgoing and leftgoing solutions corresponding to the same frequency are not equal. Illustration of spurious reflection at downwind boundaries, upwind boundaries and at interfaces in mesh refinement are given together with their mathematics.
Merging of viral concentration waves in retrograde viral transport in axons

This paper develops an analytical solution describing propagation of two viral waves in an axon and applies the obtained analytical solution to investigating the dynamics of merging of these two waves as they move retrogradely toward the neuron body. The viral diffusivity and viral degradation are accounted for in the model. Computational results are presented for two situations: when all dynein motors move with the same velocity and when dynein motor velocity distribution is characterized by a probability density function (pdf). The effect of various model parameters on the time it takes for the waves to merge is discussed. It is proposed that observing the dynamics of wave merging can be used for determining parameters characterizing viral transport, such as the viral diffusivity. This may contribute toward better understanding of viral transport properties and potentially help in developing novel viral detection techniques.
Rift zone abandonment and reconfiguration in Hawaii: Mauna Loa's Ninole rift zone

A new onshore-offshore three-dimensional seismic velocity model for the Island of Hawaii reveals a massive buried rift zone within Mauna Loa9s southeast flank, introduced here as the Ninole rift zone. This feature extends more than 60 km south of Mauna Loa9s summit, spans a depth range of ∼2–14 km below sea level, and is the probable source of the 100–200 ka Ninole volcanics in several prominent erosional hills. The ancient rift zone may stabilize Mauna Loa9s southeast flank, focusing recent volcanic activity and deformation onto the unbuttressed west flank. The upper portion of the Ninole rift zone appears to have migrated westward over time, possibly triggered by landsliding, causing its eventual abandonment in preference to Mauna Loa9s present-day southwest rift zone. Subsequently, the lower southwest rift zone broke away, tracking rift intrusions along the trace of the Kahuku detachment fault. Similar rift zone migration is thought to be under way at Kilauea volcano, and may one day lead to the abandonment of the east rift zone. Such rift zone reconfiguration is a reflection of changing stress conditions within growing volcanoes; it is probably much more common than previously assumed, and may enable the growth of large volcanic edifices such as Mauna Loa.
Molecular cloning and developmental expression of the rat cardiac-specific isoform of troponin I.

Abstract Troponin I is the subunit of the troponin complex in striated muscle which inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity. We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone for rat cardiac troponin I and determined its nucleic acid sequence. The amino acid sequence deduced from this clone shows 88%–92% similarity with previously reported amino acid sequences for rabbit (Wilkinson and Grand, 1978) and bovine (Leszyk et al.) cardiac troponin I. Examination of cardiac troponin I mRNA abundance during development revealed a 15-fold induction in its expression in the adult heart compared to that in embryonic (14 day) heart muscle. Furthermore, expression of cardiac troponin I mRNA was restricted to heart muscle and was not detected in skeletal muscle at any developmental stage.
Bile salt-stimulated lipase in huma milk from 2 to 16 weeks postpartum

Our objectives were to determine the change in bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity in mature milk with time postpartum and to determine if BSSL activity was related to total lipid in the milk. Milk samples were collected from 12 mothers at 2,6,12 and 16 weeks postpartum. A significant (P<.05) decrease in BSSL activity with time was observed. The average values expressed as μmol free fatty acids released/min/ml milk were 5.3, 4.5, 4.1 and 3.6 at 2,6, 12 and 16 weeks postpartum. Total lipid in the milk increased significantly (P <.05) from 4.1 g/dl at 2 weeks to 5.4 g/dl at 16 weeks postpartum but was not significantly correlated with BSSL activity.
A Biomechanical Comparison of 2 Hybrid Techniques for Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction

Purpose To compare the valgus laxity and fixation strength of 2 hybrid techniques for elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstructions. Methods Reflective markers were placed near the ligament attachments of the ulnar collateral ligament on the humerus and ulna of 12 fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities for tracking displacement with 4 motion analysis cameras. Valgus laxity testing was performed on the intact, disrupted ligament, and reconstructed elbows by applying a 3.0 Nm moment across the joint at 15° intervals throughout elbow motion from 0° to 120°. Two hybrid techniques for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction were performed: a proximal docking method and a single-point distal fixation method. Failure testing was performed with the elbow at 90° by applying a cyclic valgus load 12 cm distal to the joint that we increased in 10-N intervals. Results Valgus laxity testing revealed no difference in ligament displacements between the 2 techniques over the entire range of elbow motion. Ligament displacement for the proximal docking hybrid technique was significantly higher than the intact at 0° and 15° of elbow flexion. Failure testing revealed no differences in ligament displacements or failure load between the 2 techniques. Conclusions Both the proximal docking and the single-point fixation hybrid reconstructions provided sufficient joint stability and strength compared to the intact elbows, with the exception of the proximal docking method at low flexion angles. The reconstructions were not significantly different with respect to valgus laxity or graft fixation displacement at failure. Clinical relevance The proximal docking and single-point fixation hybrids tested here are both viable surgical options with sufficient strength and valgus laxity mechanics, warranting clinical evaluation.
Density Function Optimization for the Homogenized Energy Model of Shape Memory Alloys

In this paper, we present two methods for optimizing the density functions in the homogenized energy model (HEM) of shape memory alloys (SMA). The density functions incorporate the polycrystalline behavior of SMA by accounting for material inhomogeneities and localized interaction effects. One method represents the underlying densities for the relative stress and interaction stress as log-normal and normal probability density functions, respectively. The optimal parameters in the underlying densities are found using a genetic algorithm. A second method represents the densities as a linear parameterization of log-normal and normal probability density functions. The optimization algorithm determines the optimal weights of the underlying densities. For both cases, the macroscopic model is integrated over the localized constitutive behavior using these densities. In addition, the estimation of model parameters using experimental data is described. Both optimized models accurately and efficiently quantify the SMA’s hysteretic dependence on stress and temperature, making the model suitable for use in real-time control algorithms.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The phase behavior of lithium stearate in cetane and in decalin

Abstract Phase diagrams for the two systems lithium stearate-cetane and lithium stearate-decalin have been established by means of differential thermal analysis and visual observations. In both systems, five single phases are possible (two crystal forms of lithium stearate, one waxy phase, isotropic liquid, and nonaqueous middle soap), together with associated two- and three-phase equilibria. The similarities and differences between cetane and decalin as a solvent for lithium stearate are explicable in terms of existing theories of the structure of the various phases. Some of the phenomena associated with the manufacture of lithium greases can be interpreted in terms of their phase behavior, which appears to resemble that of lithium stearate in cetane.
The Effects of Perspective-Taking and Egocentrism on Problem Solving in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Groups

Summary The process of interaction among group members and the composition of a group to a large extent determine the effectiveness of group problem solving. Group interaction processes, such as perspective-taking (taking the role of the other) and egocentric-presentation (emphasizing one's own viewpoint), determine the degree to which the group uses the resources available in arriving at a solution; and heterogeneous (diverse viewpoints on the problem) or homogeneous (similar viewpoints on the problem) group composition determines the amount of resources available to apply to the solution of the problem. In this study of 90 male and female nursing students, groups that were either heterogeneous or homogeneous received either perspective-taking or egocentric-presentation instructions. The results demonstrated that perspective-taking groups produced significantly more creative solutions, were characterized as more cooperative and as facilitating effective communication, and were characterized by greater tr...
Mountain wetlands: Efficient uranium filters — potential impacts

Abstract Wetlands are common in montane and subalpine settings in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and other mountainous regions of the western U.S. Because they are efficient filters, many contain anomalous concentrations of uranium and other metals. Sorption by organic matter, complexing of the uranyl ion, (UO2) 2+, with humic and fulvic acids, and action by bacteria has produced geochemical enrichment factors greater than 10000 to 1 between peat and uranium-bearing waters. Sediments in 67 of 145 Colorado wetlands sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey contain moderate (20 ppm) or greater concentrations of uranium (some as high as 3 000 ppm) based on dry weight. The proposed maximum contaminant level (MCL) for uranium in drinking water is 20 μg/1 or 20 ppb. By comparison, sediments in many of these wetlands contain 3 to 5 orders of magnitude more uranium than the proposed MCL. Wetlands near the workings of old mines (widespread in Colorado and other areas) may be trapping any number of additional metals/elements including Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Ag. Anthropogenic disturbances and natural changes may release uranium and other loosely bound metals presently contained in wetland sediments. Draining of wetlands with resulting oxidation of organic-rich sediments, acidification, and other environmental and geochemical changes may free relatively high concentrations of metals that have accumulated for thousands of years in the organic-rich sediments. Destruction of wetlands eliminates the natural filtration function which serves to protect water quality.
The Relationship between Diversity Climate Perceptions and Workplace Attitudes

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between employees' diversity climate perceptions and various job attitudes. Data were collected from 1,126 employees across five different organizations; analyses revealed that perceptions of an affirming diversity climate were positively related to organizational commitment, individual empowerment, and job satisfaction. In addition, mediation analysis showed that racial differences in employees' attitudes of empowerment and organizational commitment could be explained, at least partially, by differences in perceptions of the organizational diversity climate.
Environmental Pressures, Management Imperatives, and Competing Paradigms in Educational Administration

Across much of the westernized world, environmental pressures have transformed the context of public education and educational administration. The changing world economy, declining confidence in the welfare state, and adverse social trends have generated strong pressures for change in education systems, and for nothing less than a paradigm shift in educational management. Together, these social forces have produced three interconnected imperatives for educational administrators: a productivity imperative, an accountability imperative, and a community imperative. Efforts to respond to these imperatives generate tensions between competing paradigms in educational management. This article discusses the environmental pressures, the resulting three imperatives, and the tensions flowing from these developments.
Alcohol problems in young adults transitioning from adolescence to adulthood: The association with race and gender

Race and gender may be important considerations for recognizing alcohol related problems in Black and White young adults. This study examined the prevalence and age of onset of individual alcohol problems and alcohol problem severity across race and gender subgroups from a longitudinal study of a community sample of adolescents followed into young adulthood (N = 166; 23–29 yrs. old who were drinkers). All alcohol problems examined first occurred when subjects were in their late teens and early 20s. Drinking in hazardous situations, blackouts, and tolerance were the most common reported alcohol problems. In race and gender comparisons, more males than females experienced alcohol problems. Blacks generally had a later age of onset of alcohol problems. Multivariate regressions showed greater alcohol problem severity in males compared to females, but no significant differences between Blacks and Whites. Education, family environment and earlier alcohol use behaviors and expectancies were reliable predictors of alcohol problem severity in young adulthood. White males were at particular risk for experiencing more severe alcohol problems. Findings may inform the design of more targeted interventions for alcohol problems in different populations.
Experimental study of quantum size effects in thin metal films by electron tunneling

Periodic structure in the electron tunneling spectra of Pb, Mg, Au, and Ag has been observed. Such spectra represent in fact a direct observation of size-dependent electronic states in thin metal films. Films with thicknesses from 100 to 1000 \AA{} were studied and the effect on the electronic standing-wave energies was measured. The physical model for these effects and their observability involve the existence of so-called commensurate states. The spacing of the quantized energy levels provides a direct measurement of the electron group velocity while their location in energy determines the position of band edges and other critical energy states in the band structure of the metals. In some cases, the effective mass can also be determined. A qualitative theoretical picture is sufficient to understand all of the sailient features of the observations. A number of experiments including alloying, strain, and electric field modulation are also described.
SNPs in Multi-Species Conserved Sequences (MCS) as useful markers in association studies: a practical approach

Although genes play a key role in many complex diseases, the specific genes involved in most complex diseases remain largely unidentified. Their discovery will hinge on the identification of key sequence variants that are conclusively associated with disease. While much attention has been focused on variants in protein-coding DNA, variants in noncoding regions may also play many important roles in complex disease by altering gene regulation. Since the vast majority of noncoding genomic sequence is of unknown function, this increases the challenge of identifying "functional" variants that cause disease. However, evolutionary conservation can be used as a guide to indicate regions of noncoding or coding DNA that are likely to have biological function, and thus may be more likely to harbor SNP variants with functional consequences. To help bias marker selection in favor of such variants, we devised a process that prioritizes annotated SNPs for genotyping studies based on their location within Multi-species Conserved Sequences (MCSs) and used this process to select SNPs in a region of linkage to a complex disease. This allowed us to evaluate the utility of the chosen SNPs for further association studies. Previously, a region of chromosome 1q43 was linked to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in a genome-wide screen. We chose annotated SNPs in the region based on location within MCSs (termed MCS-SNPs). We then obtained genotypes for 478 MCS-SNPs in 989 individuals from MS families. Analysis of our MCS-SNP genotypes from the 1q43 region and comparison to HapMap data confirmed that annotated SNPs in MCS regions are frequently polymorphic and show subtle signatures of selective pressure, consistent with previous reports of genome-wide variation in conserved regions. We also present an online tool that allows MCS data to be directly exported to the UCSC genome browser so that MCS-SNPs can be easily identified within genomic regions of interest. Our results showed that MCS can easily be used to prioritize markers for follow-up and candidate gene association studies. We believe that this novel approach demonstrates a paradigm for expediting the search for genes contributing to complex diseases.
Epidemiologic trends in pediatric tinea capitis: A population-based study from Kaiser Permanente Northern California

Background Epidemic levels of tinea capitis (TC) have previously been reported in children. Objective We sought to determine new epidemiologic trends for TC among northern California children from 1998 through 2007. Methods Annual incidence of TC was based on diagnosis code or first-time antifungal prescriptions in all children up to age 15 years at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Results An average of 672,373 children/y met the inclusion criteria. Trend analyses showed decreases in TC by diagnosis code and by prescriptions (73.7% and 23.7%, respectively). Girls had lower incidence rates than boys by diagnosis (111.9 vs 146.4, P P Trichophyton tonsurans was the predominant organism (89.4% of all positive fungal cultures in 1998 and 91.8% in 2007). Prescriptions for griseofulvin declined, whereas the prescriptions for other antifungals increased. Limitations This was a retrospective study. Conclusions In this cohort, there was a significant decrease in incidence of TC over the study period. Trichophyton tonsurans continued to be the predominant organism. These trends may be a result of improved education, recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of TC and increased use of new oral antifungals.