cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation and characterization of oxide particles by capillary electrophoresis

Separation of oxide particles by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a relatively unexplored area. In environmental studies the ability to separate chemically different oxides by CE would permit characterization of the composition of mixtures of such particulate species and potentially could afford concentration enhancement or isolation of particular oxides from complex particulate matrices. Knowledge of the influence of different components of particle-suspending solutions on the surface characteristics of oxides assists in optimizing separations of particulate species. The effects of phosphate, carbonate, and borate anions and the sodium ion concentration on the electrophoretic mobility of titania, hematite, and alumina are investigated. All three anion types have significant effects on the electrophoretic mobility of each of the oxides, with borate anions yielding the highest degree of selectivity between titania and alumina. An Na+ concentration of 3 mM provides the best quality oxide separations for each of the buffer systems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of Echocardiography in Patients Undergoing Elective Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation

Echocardiography has emerged as a fundamental tool in the evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Transthoracic echocardiography remains a primary tool for the evaluation and management of many patients presenting with their first episode of AF, but it is not adequate for exclusion of atrial thrombi. TEE offers excellent visualization of the atria and accurate identification or exclusion of thrombi. In concert with therapeutic anticoagulation, a TEE-guided approach to early cardioversion appears to have a safety profile similar to that of conventional therapy (1 month of precardioversion warfarin). The TEE-guided approach offers the advantages of simplified anticoagulation management and shorter duration of sustained AF, thereby allowing for a more rapid recovery of atrial mechanical function. Warfarin should be continued for 1 month after cardioversion to allow for more complete recovery of atrial function and for prophylaxis should the patient revert to AF. Cost-effectiveness models demonstrate that TEE-guided cardioversion represents a cost-effective strategy, but only if the transthoracic echocardiogram is omitted. For patients with a thrombus on the initial TEE, follow-up TEE (to document thrombus resolution) is recommended before cardioversion.
CONSET: a cross-layer power aware protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, we present a novel scheme for power control in mobile ad hoc networks called the CONSET (connectivity set) protocol. CONSET is a cross-layer solution in which the MAC layer indirectly influences the selection of the next hop along the end-to-end path by manipulating the transmission power of the route request (RREQ) messages. These messages are commonly used in on-demand (reactive) routing protocols, such as DSR and AODV. In CONSET, network topology is dynamically constructed from channel-gain and directional information obtained from overheard RTS and CTS packets. RREQ messages are broadcast at the minimum power required to maintain network connectivity, leading to longer end-to-end paths at the network layer but with less distance per hop. This results in a significant reduction in the overall end-to-end energy consumption per delivered packet. Extensive simulations are used to compare the CONSET protocol with a DSR-based power-aware routing protocol that uses the transmission energy as its routing metric. The results indicate that CONSET achieves significant improvements in network throughput, energy consumption, and packet delay.
Differential regulation of the InsP3 receptor type‐1 and ‐2 single channel properties by InsP3, Ca2+ and ATP

An elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels as a result of InsP3 receptor (InsP3R) activity represents a ubiquitous signalling pathway controlling a wide variety of cellular events. InsP3R activity is tightly controlled by the levels of the primary ligands, InsP3, Ca2+ and ATP. Importantly, InsP3Rs are regulated by Ca2+ i in a biphasic manner. Ca2+ release through all InsP3R family members is also modulated dramatically by ATP, albeit with sub-type-specific properties. To ascertain if a common mechanism can account for ATP and Ca2+ regulation of these InsP3R family members, we examined the effects of [ATP] on the Ca2+ dependency of rat InsP3R-1 (rInsP3R-1) and mouse InsP3R-2 (mInsP3R-2) activity expressed in DT40-3KO cells. We used the on-nucleus patch clamp recording technique with various [ATP], [InsP3] and [Ca2+] in the patch pipette and measured single InsP3R channel activity in stably transfected DT40 cells. Under identical conditions, at saturating [InsP3] and [ATP], the activity of rInsP3R-1 and mInsP3R-2 was essentially identical in terms of single channel conductance, maximal achievable open probability (Po) and the [Ca2+] required for activation and inhibition of activity. However, in contrast to rInsP3R-1 at saturating [InsP3], the activity of mInsP3R-2 was unaffected by [ATP]. At lower [InsP3], ATP had dramatic effects on mInsP3R-2 Po, but unlike the rInsP3R-1, this did not occur by altering the relative Ca2+ dependency, but by simply increasing the maximally achievable Po at a particular [InsP3] and [Ca2+]. [InsP3] did not alter the biphasic regulation of activity by Ca2+ in either rInsP3R-1 or mInsP3R-2. Analysis of the single channel kinetics indicated that Ca2+ and ATP modulate the Po predominately by facilitating extended bursting activity of the channel but the underlying biophysical mechanism appears to be distinct for each receptor. Subtype-specific regulation of InsP3R channel activity probably contributes to the fidelity of Ca2+ signalling in cells expressing these receptor subtypes.
The strong law of large numbers for sequential decisions under uncertainty

Combines optimization and ergodic theory to characterize the optimum long-run average performance that can be asymptotically attained by nonanticipating sequential decisions. Let {X/sub t/} be a stationary ergodic process, and suppose an action b/sub t/ must be selected in a space /spl Bscr/ with knowledge of the t-past (X/sub 0/, /spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, X/sub t-1/) at the beginning of every period t/spl ges/0. Action b/sub t/ will incur a loss l(b/sub t/, X/sub t/) at the end of period t when the random variable X/sub t/ is revealed. The author proves under mild integrability conditions that the optimum strategy is to select actions that minimize the conditional expected loss given the currently available information at each step. The minimum long-run average loss per decision can be approached arbitrarily closely by strategies that are finite-order Markov, and under certain continuity conditions, it is equal to the minimum expected loss given the infinite past. If the loss l(b, x) is bounded and continuous and if the space /spl Bscr/ is compact, then the minimum can be asymptotically attained, even if the distribution of the process {X/sub t/} is unknown a priori and must be learned from experience. >
A Solid Film Lubricant Composition for Use at High Sliding Velocities in Liquid Nitrogen

Solid-lubricant-containing compositions can be of value as films and solid bodies for bearing and seal surfaces in low-temperature liquefied gases. An experimental composition including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), an epoxy resin, and lithium-alumina-silicate was studied in friction, wear, and endurance experiments in liquid nitrogen (−320 F). This composition was formulated to approximate the thermal expansion of metals used in cryogenic systems. Hemisphere (−1 3/6; -in. radius) rider specimens were used and in most experiments the load was 1000 g. Films (0.005-in. thick) on disk specimens gave good endurance life, low rider wear, and desirable friction (f = 0.02 to 0.07). They functioned at a higher sliding velocity (no failure at 16, 000 ft/min) with copper rider specimens than with stainless steel riders (failure at 9000 ft/min). Solid rider material of the experimental composition had good friction and wear properties at sliding velocities above 4000 ft/min. It is important to use the experimental...
Brain and heart membrane fatty acid composition in miniature swine fed diets containing corn and menhaden oils

Abstract Thirty-six female minipigs, from 4.7–10.6 years old, were fed corn oil (CO) and/or menhaden oil (MO) in diets containing 0, 0.75, or 15% MO and sufficient CO to provide 15% total oil for 6 months. Half the animals were made hypercholesterolemic by feeding them a 13% lard, 2% cholesterol diet for 2 months prior to the experimental feeding period. Samples were taken from the same location in each animal from forebrain, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, and heart to isolate brain synaptosomes and heart plasma membranes. Pretreatment of the minipigs with cholesterol had no effect on the fatty acid composition of the fractions isolated and their membrane fluidity. Despite MO feeding, the long chain n-3 fatty acids were low in the heart plasma membranes compared to heart tissue homogenates from the same animals. Minipigs fed 15% MO showed significant increases in synaptosomal eicosapentaenoate (EPA) and docosapentaenoate (DPA). Docosahexaenoate (DHA) was incorporated into synaptosomes in animals fed 0.75% MO, at concentrations significantly higher than in the CO-fed pigs. Pigs fed 15% MO showed significantly lower brain DHA than those fed CO. The synaptosomal data for the pigs fed the various diets suggest that metabolic synthesis from linolenate, 18:3(n-3), may be a more important source of brain DHA than diet, but that dietary n-6n-3 ratios and levels of 18:3(n-3), EPA, DPA and DHA may require careful attention. The fatty acid changes did not affect fluidity determined by fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene or its polar derivatives.
"You Crossed the Fog Line!"--Kansas, Pretext, and the Fourth Amendment

This article examines orders recently decided in the District of Kansas to show, circumstantially, that Kansas police are using "fog-line" traffic infractions as an excuse to stop out-of-state cars driven by people of Hispanic ethnicity and to investigate for drug trafficking. If a stop uncovers contraband, the defendant is charged with a crime, sometimes in federal court. At a subsequent hearing to evaluate a defendant’s motion to suppress the contraband, the officer testifies to his reason for the stop – “You crossed the fog line,” “drifted from your lane of travel,” or “failed to maintain a single lane.” The officer typically makes no mention of the reasons for selecting this particular car for careful scrutiny. Given the limited data, there is no way to know whether Kansas police are engaging in lawful, but controversial, pretextual stops or, conversely, dishonestly claiming to witness lane drifts that never occurred. In either event, Kansas officers appear to be acting on unreliable stereotypes, such as skin color and out-of-state status, in choosing which cars to stop. In Whren, the United States Supreme Court sanctioned pretextual traffic stops. In permitting pretextual stops, the Court ignored the risk that such practices will encourage police to distort the truth; it overlooked the cost of under-enforcement of the laws; and it ignored the consequences to the criminal justice system of race and ethnicity based discrimination. Kansas law exacerbates these risks by making fog-line stops a model for protecting ulterior motives from a sifting judicial inquiry. In Kansas, it makes no difference that every driver occasionally crosses the fog line or that an individual driver left his lane without presenting any danger to another person, object, or animal. As long as a Kansas officer can credibly testify that the weather and road conditions made it practicable to stay within a single lane but that the defendant/driver did not, the officer has grounds for a stop, which gives the officer a chance to ask to search.
Age and Obesity Promote Methylation and Suppression of 5α-Reductase 2: Implications for Personalized Therapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Purpose: In men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia 5α-reductase inhibitors are a main modality of treatment. More than 30% of men do not respond to the therapeutic effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors. We have found that a third of adult prostate samples do not express 5α-reductase type 2 secondary to epigenetic modifications. We evaluated whether 5α-reductase type 2 expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens from symptomatic men was linked to methylation of the 5α-reductase type 2 gene promoter. We also identified associations with age, obesity, cardiac risk factors and prostate specific antigen.Materials and Methods: Prostate samples from men undergoing transurethral prostate resection were used. We determined 5α-reductase type 2 protein expression and gene promoter methylation status by common assays. Clinical variables included age, body mass index, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses...
Redistribution of neural phase coherence reflects establishment of feedforward map in speech motor adaptation

Despite recent progress in our understanding of sensorimotor integration in speech learning, a comprehensive framework to investigate its neural basis is lacking at behaviorally relevant timescales...
THE ERRANT IMAGE: ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN'S DEPOSITION FROM THE CROSS AND ITS COPIES

This article is an account of the copies made during the fifteenth and sixteenth century of Rogier van der Weyden's Deposition from the Cross (c. 1430–35), as that altarpiece migrated from the chapel of Our Lady Outside the Walls in Louvain to the monastery of El Escorial in Spain. My primary concern in describing the journey of the Deposition from the Netherlands to Spain and the copies that it left in its wake is to show how these events and images bear on the concept of originality, and on the art-historical practice of reconstructing what is commonly designated as original context – a practice that, I use this material to argue, is more problematic than it is sometimes taken to be. Amy Powell is a Mellon postdoctoral fellow and lecturer in art history at Columbia University. She is working on a book about northern European images of Christ's deposition from the cross, made on the eve of the Protestant Reformation, and the ways in which those images picture their own disappearance.
A two-sample test with interval censored data via multiple imputation.

Interval censored data arise naturally in large scale panel studies where subjects can only be followed periodically and the event of interest can only be recorded as having occurred between two examination times. In this paper we consider the problem of comparing two interval-censored samples. We propose to impute exact failure times from interval-censored observations to obtain right censored data, then apply existing techniques, such as Harrington and Fleming's G(rho) tests to imputed right censored data. To appropriately account for variability, a multiple imputation algorithm based on the approximate Bayesian bootstrap (ABB) is discussed. Through simulation studies we find that it performs well. The advantage of our proposal is its simplicity to implement and adaptability to incorporate many existing two-sample comparison techniques for right censored data. The method is illustrated by reanalysing the Breast Cosmesis Study data set.
The cell and molecular biology of hepatic fibrogenesis. Clinical and therapeutic implications.

The term hepatic fibrogenesis is used to describe the progression of an incipient fibrotic lesion to full-blown cirrhosis. The most remarkable feature of hepatic fibrogenesis is that it is a multifaceted process in which the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, tissue contraction, and even blood-flow derangement are prominent. Discoveries during the past 2 decades have begun to clarify mechanisms of fibrogenesis and have thereby indicated areas of potential therapeutic intervention. New therapies for hepatic fibrogenesis will be based on a fundamental understanding of the basic mechanisms involved rather than on empiric observations and trials. This article provides a pathophysiologic framework for understanding important clinical and therapeutic issues in hepatic fibrogenesis. It also highlights existing and emerging therapies in the context of the current understanding of hepatic fibrogenesis.
Tight steric closure at the intracellular activation gate of a voltage-gated K+ channel

Abstract In voltage-gated K + channels (Kv), an intracellular gate regulates access from the cytoplasm to the pore by organic channel blockers and by chemical modifiers. But is ion flow itself controlled instead by constriction of the narrow selectivity filter near the extracellular surface? We find that the intracellular gate of Kv channels is capable of regulating access even by the small cations Cd 2+ and Ag + . It can also exclude small neutral or negatively charged molecules, indicating that the gate operates by steric exclusion rather than electrostatically. Just intracellular to the gated region, channel closure does not restrict access even to very large reagents. Either these Kv channels have a broader inner entrance than seen in the KcsA crystal, even in the closed state, or the region is highly flexible (but nevertheless remains very securely closed nearby).
The Search for Symptoms Predictive of Schizophrenia.

Of several scales developed in our laboratory for identifying psychosis-prone young adults, the most promising appears to be the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation Scale. High-scoring subjects (2 SD greater than the mean) report many psychotic-like and isolated psychotic symptoms. Subjects were seen for a followup interview 25 months after the initial identification and interview. Three of 162 high-scoring perceptual aberration-magical ideation subjects reported having received their first clinical attention for psychosis during the followup period. Additional measures are being used in attempts to eliminate the false positives as well as to distinguish persons prone to schizophrenia from those prone to affective disorder with psychosis.
Gastric leiomyoblastoma (epithelioid leiomyoma) occurring in a child: a case report.

Leiomyoblastomas are rare smooth muscle tumors occurring most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract of adults. We report the unusual occurrence of a gastric leiomyoblastoma in a child who presented with refractory iron deficiency anemia. The tumor had a superficial erosion which was apparently the source of intermittent hemorrhage resulting in anemia. Epithelioid cells, spindled cells, and cells arranged in a perithelial pattern were seen by microscopy, characteristic of a leiomyoblstoma. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated muscle actin, vimentin, desmin, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, and electron microscopy showed focal densities alternating with thin filaments. All of these features help to differentiate the tumor from an inflammatory pseudotumor. Leiomyoblastomas are associated with paragangliomas and pulmonary chondromas in children, but these were not present in this child. The prognosis of leiomyoblastomas may be related to tumor size, mitotic rate, and cellular characteristics.
Is prevention better than cure

A growing body of research indicates that prevention offers the promise of better ways to maintain health and extend life. In this timely volume, Louise B. Russell shows that preventive measures are not as simple as often depictedwhile many do improve health, they are not without risk or cost, and in fact rarely reduce medical expenditures. Each measure, she argues, must be evaluated individually and in all its dimensions: health benefits, health risks, and resource costs.To demonstrate the many factors involved in evaluating preventive measures, Russell examines the policy debates about smallpox and measles vaccination, screening and drug therapy for hypertension, and exercise. She uses these case studies to explain the methods of cost-effectivness analysis, showing how the choice among health investments can be made a more rational exercise. The volume concludes with a suggested framework for the design of future cost-effectiveness evaluations.Policymakers in and out of the health field will benefit from this lucid examination of the potential of prevention for improving health and changing the allocation of limited resources."
Synaptic Communication among Hippocampal Interneurons: Properties of Spontaneous IPSCs in Morphologically Identified Cells

The properties of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) recorded with whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were investigated in various anatomically identified hippocampal CA1 interneurons and were compared with those recorded in pyramidal cells. Neurons labeled with biocytin or neurobiotin were classified on the basis of their dendritic and axonal arborizations, leading to the identification of previously unknown interneuron types projecting to the dendritic region of pyramidal cells. In most interneurons, the average sIPSCs decayed slower than did those observed in pyramidal cells. The properties of sIPSCs were homogeneous within a given morphologically identified neuron type. Many interneurons had comparable somatic size, location, and dendritic arbor but displayed extremely different axonal projections paralleled by distinct sIPSC properties. Thus, physiological comparisons are only meaningful after the complete morphological identification of the recorded cells. The decay of sIPSCs matched for amplitudes and rise times could vary over 10-fold in a given interneuron, consistent with electrotonic filtering and possibly with different GABAA receptor subunit assemblies present at distinct synapses. Our findings demonstrate an extensive connectivity among hippocampal interneurons through GABAA synapses of various properties that may underlie complex network oscillations at different frequencies.
Ada: experience it again for the first time

Many companies are beginning the transition to the DOD's new standard software language, Ada. Developing software with Ada requires new training for software engineers and changes to company software standards and procedures. Transitioning to Ada is not easy. Difficulties in using Ada stem from the language's complexity, changes in software methodology, and immaturity of first-generation compilers and software tools. Furthermore, developing Ada on a large project places its own special demands on the Ada programming support environment. Some of these Ada issues are not well known. In many cases, tools to support these demands are not commercially available.This paper provides insight into experiences with the Ada programming support environment on the first major Ada simulator project at Link. The paper discusses difficulties, lessons learned, and solutions. Our approach at Link was the result of a strong customer demand for improved software maintainability. This perspective strongly influenced all of our software-related decisions. Included in this paper are discussions of issues relating to managing Ada libraries on a large project, testing Ada software on a large project, and the need for a real-time architecture model to guide software engineers.
Generating example contexts to help children learn word meaning

This article addresses the problem of generating good example contexts to help children learn vocabulary. We describe VEGEMATIC, a system that constructs such contexts by concatenating overlapping five-grams from Google's N-gram corpus. We propose and operationalize a set of constraints to identify good contexts. VEGEMATIC uses these constraints to filter, cluster, score, and select example contexts. An evaluation experiment compared the resulting contexts against human-authored example contexts (e.g., from children's dictionaries and children's stories). Based on rating by an expert blind to source, their average quality was comparable to story sentences, though not as good as dictionary examples. A second experiment measured the percentage of generated contexts rated by lay judges as acceptable, and how long it took to rate them. They accepted only 28% of the examples, but averaged only 27 seconds to find the first acceptable example for each target word. This result suggests that hand-vetting VEGEMATIC's output may supply example contexts faster than creating them manually.
The emerging role of data scientists on software development teams

Creating and running software produces large amounts of raw data about the development process and the customer usage, which can be turned into actionable insight with the help of skilled data scientists. Unfortunately, data scientists with the analytical and software engineering skills to analyze these large data sets have been hard to come by; only recently have software companies started to develop competencies in software-oriented data analytics. To understand this emerging role, we interviewed data scientists across several product groups at Microsoft. In this paper, we describe their education and training background, their missions in software engineering contexts, and the type of problems on which they work. We identify five distinct working styles of data scientists: (1) Insight Providers, who work with engineers to collect the data needed to inform decisions that managers make; (2) Modeling Specialists, who use their machine learning expertise to build predictive models; (3) Platform Builders, who create data platforms, balancing both engineering and data analysis concerns; (4) Polymaths, who do all data science activities themselves; and (5) Team Leaders, who run teams of data scientists and spread best practices. We further describe a set of strategies that they employ to increase the impact and actionability of their work.
Indices to Measure the Performance of the Sri Lankan Corporate Bond Market

This paper develops two indices to measure the overall performance of the Sri Lankan corporate bond market. Sri Lanka Master Corporate Bond Index (SLMCBI) measures the performance of all listed debentures while Sri Lanka Investible Corporate Bond Index (SLICBI) tracks the performance of traded debentures. These indices are value-weighted, assume monthly portfolio rebalancing, and take into account capital appreciation as well as income components of bond returns. In addition to tracking the movements of the corporate bond market, they can be used by investors and portfolio managers as benchmarks for performance comparison and attribution.
Barriers to dental services for older adults.

Objective To explore barriers to older adults' accessing dental care. Methods We performed oral exams on 184 community-dwelling older adults; those who needed dental care were contacted 6-12 weeks later to determine if they were able to access treatment. Those who could not access care were interviewed regarding barriers. Results Of those examined, 89% needed dental treatment. After 6 weeks, 52% had received treatment, 48% had not. Those unable to access treatment had fewer teeth, were more likely to be referred regarding dentures, and were less likely to have a dentist. Reasons cited for not accessing care among the 35 participants we interviewed included a lack of finances, transportation, or assistance in navigating dental service. Conclusions Older adults have a high burden of oral disease and access barriers remain.
Effectiveness of The 1st Round Global Fund TB Control Project in Meishan

Objective To evaluate the implementation effect of the 1st round Global Fund TB control program in Meishan city and so as to provide scientific evidences for other TB control projects.Methods The monthly,quarterly report forms and relative information about the TB control project in Meishan city were collected,summarized and analyzed.Results The project covered all the people in 6 districts/counties of Meishan.Over the last 5 years,the visiting rate of TB suspects was increased by 133.0% from 108.4/100000 to 252.6/100000,and the notification rate of new smear-positive TB was increased by 63.5% from 25.8/100000 to 42.2/100000.The cure rate reached 91.3% among smear-positive TB,and 84.5% among repeated smear-positive TB.Conclusions In the 5-years period of time,the case registration rate of tuberculosis rose,the project has achieved the required goals with the number of new smear-positive TB surpassing the number demanded in the program goals.
Cerebellar tDCS as a novel treatment for aphasia? Evidence from behavioral and resting-state functional connectivity data in healthy adults.

Background Aphasia is an acquired deficit in the ability to communicate through language. Noninvasive neuromodulation offers the potential to boost neural function and recovery, yet the optimal site of neuromodulation for aphasia has yet to be established. The right posterolateral cerebellum is involved in multiple language functions, interconnects with left-hemisphere language cortices, and is crucial for optimization of function and skill acquisition, suggesting that cerebellar neuromodulation could enhance aphasia rehabilitation. Objective To provide preliminary behavioral and functional connectivity evidence from healthy participants that cerebellar neuromodulation may be useful for rehabilitation of aphasia. Methods In Experiment 1, 76 healthy adults performed articulation and verbal fluency tasks before and after anodal, cathodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied over two cerebellar locations (anterior, right posterolateral). In Experiment 2, we examined whether anodal tDCS over the right posterolateral cerebellum modulated resting-state functional connectivity in language networks in 27 healthy adults. Results TDCS over the right posterolateral cerebellum significantly improved phonemic fluency. Cerebellar neuromodulation increased functional connectivity between the cerebellum and areas involved in the motor control of speech, and enhanced the correlations between left-hemisphere language and speech-motor regions. Conclusion We provide proof-of-principle evidence that cerebellar neuromodulation improves verbal fluency and impacts resting-state connectivity in language circuits. These findings suggest that the cerebellum is a viable candidate for neuromodulation in people with aphasia.
Presidential Address: Deep Crises and Reform — What Have We Learned?

I would like to start by paying tribute to three illustrious leaders of the International Economic Association who have passed away since the 1992 Congress in Moscow. They are Professor Austin Robinson, who was one of the main founding fathers of the Association and for many years its leader; Professor Luc Fauvel, who faithfully served as general secretary of the Association for many years; and Professor Don Patinkin, past member of the executive committee and vice-president of the Association. Assar Lindbeck gave a special lecture in memory of Austin Robinson at this Congress and Kenneth Arrow talked about Austin’s seminal contribution (these appear in Volume 4 of the Proceedings). This address is dedicated to the memory of my friend, colleague and esteemed teacher, Don Patinkin, who passed away on 7 August 1995.
Ribonucleic Acid Biosynthesis in Human Leukocytes Effects of Phagocytosis on RNA Metabolism

Phagocytosis has profound effects on several aspects of the RNA metabolism of human leukocytes. The major changes induced by particle ingestion appear to be (1) an increased uptake of pyrimidine precursors from the suspending medium, (2) a contraction in the size of the nucleotide pool, (3) an accelerated rate of destruction of preexisting RNA, and (4) an increased rate of RNA synthesis. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the newly synthesized RNA suggests that several classes of RNA are involved in this process. The increased turnover rate of the nucleotide pool and of the cellular RNA of the leukocyte is proportional, within limits, to the total load of ingested particles.
Monte Carlo analysis of matched-filter performance after narrowband interference suppression

One technique for suppressing narrowband interference in a pseudonoise (PN) spread-spectrum system prior to matched filtering with the PN sequence is threshold excision (THE), which sets the Fourier amplitudes equal to zero at all fast Fourier Transform (FFT) frequencies at which the spectrum exceeds a given threshold. The threshold dependence of the matched filter signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained after THE, without time-domain weighting of the data and with a raised-cosine window, is analyzed. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed for synthetic data sets consisting of a binary PN signal, white Gaussian background noise, and sinewave interference spread throughout the wide signal band. The results are compared to those obtained from vector space interference excision (VSIE). >
A survey of computational treatments of biomolecules by robotics-inspired methods modeling equilibrium structure and dynamics

More than fifty years of research in molecular biology have demonstrated that the ability of small and large molecules to interact with one another and propagate the cellular processes in the living cell lies in the ability of these molecules to assume and switch between specific structures under physiological conditions. Elucidating biomolecular structure and dynamics at equilibrium is therefore fundamental to furthering our understanding of biological function, molecular mechanisms in the cell, our own biology, disease, and disease treatments. By now, there is a wealth of methods designed to elucidate biomolecular structure and dynamics contributed from diverse scientific communities. In this survey, we focus on recent methods contributed from the Robotics community that promise to address outstanding challenges regarding the disparate length and time scales that characterize dynamic molecular processes in the cell. In particular, we survey robotics-inspired methods designed to obtain efficient representations of structure spaces of molecules in isolation or in assemblies for the purpose of characterizing equilibrium structure and dynamics. While an exhaustive review is an impossible endeavor, this survey balances the description of important algorithmic contributions with a critical discussion of outstanding computational challenges. The objective is to spur further research to address outstanding challenges in modeling equilibrium biomolecular structure and dynamics.
The Effects of Boredom on Helping and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Team Members

Individuals experience task-focused boredom in the case of understimulation where they perceive their ability to exceed task demands and find the task meaningless, and self-focused boredom in the c...
We Are Happier than We Realize: Underestimation and Conflation in Measuring Happiness

The study evaluates a very common question designed to measure happiness: “Taken all together, how would you say things are these days–would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy?” Through five representative survey experiments, we show that (1) this survey item underestimates the level of happiness with one’s life; (2) this is because the measure is more likely to reflect satisfaction with the state of the world rather than personal life; (3) this measures is more susceptible to priming; (4) the addition of three words “in your life” to the item greatly reduces priming and question order effects; and (5) the addition of these three words produces results that are very similar to life satisfaction measures that include “in your life” and are more positively associated with income. These results provide evidence that a simple correction better measures personal happiness. Furthermore, our findings reassess the foundation of a considerable volume of scholarship about how politics and income is associated happiness.
Law, Nature, Theology and Witchcraft in Ponzinibio’s De lamiis (1511)

This essay focuses on one noted – but little studied – protagonist of the debate on the reality of witchcraft, the Italian lawyer Gianfrancesco Ponzinibio, author of the first book wholly devoted to the confutation of the witch-hunters’ theories (Tractatus subtilis et elegans de lamiis et excellentia utriusque iuris, ‘A subtle and elegant treatise on witches and on the excellence of canon and civil law’, 1511). Ponzinibio argued for the superiority of jurisprudence over all other disciplines, and thus claimed that lawyers have the right to discuss the theological implications of the crime of witchcraft. He claimed that the alleged proofs of the reality of the witches’ deeds not only conflicted with the normal course of nature, but were also grounded in an erroneous interpretation of the Scriptures. This contribution seeks to show that Ponzinibio’s De lamiis was the most radical rejection of the reality of witchcraft available at the beginning of the 1500s, and that it gave voice for the first time to the Italian elites’ widespread aversion to witch-hunting.
Social stress in early puberty has long-term impacts on impulsive action.

In hamsters, individuals attacked by adults during puberty become aggressive adults. Perhaps, enhanced aggression observed as repeated attacks toward opponents is associated with a lack of impulse control. We examined impulsive action in male golden hamsters exposed daily to aggressive adults from postnatal Day 28 to 42. These animals were trained in conditioning chambers and tested during adulthood in a go-no-go task addressing action inhibition. Overall, previously stressed hamsters were less likely to inhibit a conditioned lever pressing response during no-go trials. Because this effect could be the result of an extinction impairment, additional animals were tested to evaluate their response to omission of reward associated with conditioned lever pressing. In this experiment, all animals were equally capable of inhibiting their conditioned response. The capacity to inhibit a conditioned response was further addressed by testing responses to a 60-s reward delay after lever pressing. In this case, previously stressed animals were faster to inhibit lever pressing and stopped showing a preference for the proximity of the lever. These studies show selective condition-dependent effects on lever pressing activity and support the possibility that stress in early puberty enhances impulsive action in adulthood. These experiments may be relevant to the study of mental disorders associated with early trauma in humans. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Productivity patterns in the Equatorial Pacific over the last 30,000 years

The equatorial Pacific traverses a number of productivity regimes, from the highly productive coastal upwelling along Peru to the near gyre-like productivity lows along the international dateline, making it an ideal target for investigating how biogeochemical systems respond to changing oceanographic conditions over time. However, conflicting reconstructions of productivity during periods of rapid climate change, like the last deglaciation, render the spatiotemporal response of equatorial Pacific productivity ambiguous. In this study, surface productivity since the last glacial period (30,000 years ago) is reconstructed from seven cores near the Line Islands, central equatorial Pacific, and integrated with productivity records from across the equatorial Pacific. Three coherent deglacial patterns in productivity are identified: (1) a monotonic glacial-Holocene increase in productivity, primarily along the Equator, associated with increasing nutrient concentrations over time; (2) a deglacial peak in productivity ~15,000 years ago due to transient entrainment of nutrient rich southern-sourced deep waters; and (3) possible precessional cycles in productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific that may be related to Intertropical Convergence Zone migration and potential interactions with El Nino–Southern Oscillation dynamics. These findings suggest that productivity was generally lower during the glacial period, a trend observed zonally across the equatorial Pacific, while deglacial peaks in productivity may be prominent only in the east.
Abstract 184: Relationship Between Hospital Mortality and Readmission for Patients Hospitalized With Ischemic Stroke

Background: CMS publically reports hospitals’ 30-day, all-cause, risk-standardized mortality (RSMR) and readmission (RSRR) rates for several conditions and plans to use similar metrics for ischemic...
Abstract WP352: Imaging Parameters Alone Predict Early Recurrent Cerebrovascular Endpoints in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke

Background: There remains lack of consensus on who among minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (MS-TIA) patients constitutes a high-risk group that may be targeted by clinical trials to improve early recurrence risk. We aimed to determine predictors of early recurrent cerebrovascular endpoints (RCVE) among patients with MS-TIA. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from consecutive patients who presented to the emergency room of Columbia University between Jan 1 st 2010 - Dec 31 st 2014, with MS-TIA (NIHSS 0-3) diagnosed by a neurologist and within 12 hours from onset. The outcome (adjudicated by 3 stroke neurologists) was RCVE (neurological deterioration defined as worsening deficits not attributed to fever or other medical condition or recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA within hospitalization). Our primary predictor was large vessel disease (LVD) stroke subtype. Covariates included demographics, stroke risk factors, symptoms, and imaging parameters. We confirmed our findings in an independent cohort of consecutive MS-TIA patients (NIHSS 0-3) evaluated at Tulane University during the same time period. Results: The cohort at Columbia University Medical Center included 505 patients; mean length of hospital stay (LOS) 3.2 days, 31 had RCVE (6.1%). The Tulane cohort consisted of 753 patients (mean LOS 4.5 days), 40 had RCVE (5.3%); RCVE predictors on univariate and multivariate analyses in both cohorts were LVD subtype and to a lesser extent positive neuroimaging (Tables 1 and 2). There was an increase in percentage of patients with RCVE with both predictors combined as compared to separate use. When neither predictor was present, the rate of RCVE was very low (Figure). RCVE was associated with poor discharge outcome (mRS≥2). Conclusion: In patients with MS-TIA, LVD stroke subtype and perhaps positive neuroimaging predict RCVE in two independent cohorts.RCVE was associated with poor functional outcome. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Cue Versus Consequence Functions of High-Probability Behaviors in the Modification of Self-Monitored Study Coverants and Study Time

The cuing and consequation functions of Hommes (1965) coverant control procedure were evaluated as to their relative effectiveness in increasing study coverants and study behavior. Six undergraduate subjects self-monitored their study thoughts and study time for 8 weeks. During Weeks 3 and 4, Subjects 3 and 4 used high-probability behaviors to con-sequate study coverants, and Subjects 5 and 6 used high-probability behaviors to cue study coverants. During Weeks 7 and 8, Subjects 3 and 4 cued study coverants and Subjects 5 and 6 consequated study coverants. Subjects 1 and 2 self-monitored throughout the study in order to control for the effects of self-monitoring alone. The results of the study indicated that: (a) no significant differences were found whether high-probability behaviors were used to cue or to consequate study thoughts, (b) Hommes coverant control procedure was no more effective than self-monitoring alone in affecting study thoughts and study time, and (c) a moderate relationship (r=.48) was found between study thoughts and study time. The theoretical and therapeutic utility of Hommes coverant control procedure for increasing covert and overt behaviors was discussed.
14nm FinFET technology for analog and RF applications

This paper highlights a 14nm Analog and RF technology based on a logic FinFET platform for the first time. An optimized RF device layout shows excellent F t /F max of (314GHz/180GHz) and (285GHz/140GHz) for NFET and PFET respectively. A higher PFET RF performance compared to 28nm technology is due to a source/drain stressor mobility improvement. A benefit of better FinFET channel electrostatics can be seen in the self-gain (G m /G ds ), which shows a significant increase to 40 and 34 for NFET and PFET respectively. Superior 1/f noise of 17/35 f(V∗μm)2/Hz @ 1KHz for N/PFET respectively is also achieved. To extend further low voltage operation and power saving, ultra-low Vt devices are also developed. Furthermore, a deep N-well (triple well) process is introduced to improve the ultra-low signal immunity from substrate noise, while offering useful devices like VNPN and high breakdown voltage deep N-well diodes. A superior F t /F max , high self-gain, low 1/f noise and substrate isolation characteristics truly extend the capability of the 14nm FinFETs for analog and RF applications.
Successful reduced intensity hematopoietic cell transplant in a patient with deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2.

Successful reduced intensity hematopoietic cell transplant in a patient with deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2
IGF-I in Neuronal Differentiation and Neuroprotection

Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) are peptide growth factors structurally related to insulin [1, 2]. Both IGF-I and IGF-II exert mitogenic and metabolic effects and influence differentiation in many cell types [3-6]. IGF-I and IGF-II are polypeptides essential for normal fetal, neonatal and pubertal growth [1,2]. IGFs are present in a variety of tissues including muscle, lung, liver, kidney and brain during development and in the adult animal. Secreted IGFs may act as endocrine growth factors while locally synthesized peptides may serve autocrine/paracrine roles. Expression of IGFs is developmentally regulated in all species studied to date [7–15]. IGFs are abundant during fetal development [16–18], but there is a rapid decrease in IGF expression during the postnatal period [19, 20]. In the developing rat, IGFs are most abundant in neural crest derivatives, brain, choroid plexus, leptomeninges and spinal cord [16-18, 21]; similarly, in human embryogenesis, IGFs are present at high levels in fetal brain and spinal cord [21, 22]. IGFs share many important neurotrophic properties with nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypic trophic factor [23,24]. IGFs have neurotrophic actions in sensory [25], sympathetic [25, 26] and motor neurons [25], and are presently the only known neurotrophic factors in nerve and muscle capable of supporting both sensory and motor nerve regeneration in adult animals [27–32].
Network Analysis as an Alternative Approach to Conceptualizing Eating Disorders: Implications for Research and Treatment.

Network analysis (NA) is an emerging methodology that allows for the characterization of maintaining symptoms and pathways among symptoms of mental disorders. The current paper provides background on NA and discusses the relevance of the network approach for the conceptualization of eating disorders (ED). We review the burgeoning literature conceptualizing ED from a network approach. Overall, these papers find that fear of weight gain and overvaluation of weight and shape are core symptoms in networks of ED pathology. We integrate literature on new advances in network methodology (e.g., within-person NA) and the clinical relevance of these approaches for the ED field (e.g., personalized ED treatment). We also provide several considerations (e.g., replicability, sample size, and node (item) selection) for researchers who are interested in using network science and recommend several emerging “best practices” for NA. Finally, we highlight novel applications of NA, specifically the ability to identify within-person maintaining symptoms, and the potential treatment implications for ED that network methods may hold. Overall, NA is a new methodology that holds significant promise for new treatment development in the ED field.