cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Valence and conduction band offsets in sputtered HfO2/InGaZnO4 heterostructures

Abstract Amorphous InGaZnO 4 (a-IGZO) thin film transistors have been demonstrated on a variety of substrates, including flexible template like paper, tape and polyethylene terephthalate. Charge trapping at the a-IGZO/dielectric interface has been identified as a primary source of instability in these transistors. The valence and conduction band offsets are important parameters of these interfaces and should be sufficiently large to inhibit the injection of electrons and holes into the dielectric where they can cause threshold shifts and gate leakage. In this paper we report on the determination of band offsets in the HfO 2 /InGaZnO 4 heterostructure using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The valence band offset was determined to be ∼0.38 eV ± 0.03 eV, while the conduction band offset was determined to be 2.26 eV. The HfO 2 /InGaZnO 4 system has a nested or straddling gap (type I) alignment. We compare these bad offsets to previously reported values for HfO 2 and other dielectrics on a-IGZO.
The Politics of Ecumenical Disunity: The Troubled Marriage of Church World Service and the National Council of Churches

In 2000, after fifty years together, Church World Service and the National Council of Churches separated their organizations. These two ecumenical bodies, devoted to Christian unity, decided to do so after more than thirty years of intra-organizational tension had evolved into irreconcilable differences. This essay explores the long history of their troubled relationship and illustrates how profoundly political culture affects religious life and work. It asserts that the causes of their divorce were rooted in constituent and structural differences that became especially problematic during politically polarized eras. In spite of a mutual devotion to Christian unity based upon the expectation that ecumenism requires transcendence of worldly self interests, the NCC and CWS could not easily transcend the political culture of their times nor the self interests of their constituents if they wished to survive as organizations. Awareness of this reality is now a factor in the reshaping of national ecumenical organizations in the United States, which are moving more toward a multi-centered satellite model of ecumenism. The NCC/CWS split is also part of a global trend, for councils of churches and their service wings in several nations have been divorcing in recent years. Due to the influence of American ecumenical organizations internationally, the outcome of the NCC/CWS efforts to redefine themselves and their relationship will affect the future of ecumenism both within and beyond America9s borders.
Johnsongrass, Yellow Foxtail, and Broadleaf Signalgrass as New Hosts for Six Species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, and Exserohilum Pathogenic to Bermudagrass.

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla (L.) Beauv.), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca L.) are common volunteer grasses in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) pastures in the southeastern United States. Johnsongrass and broadleaf signalgrass are potential forages whereas yellow foxtail is a noxious weed. In 1999 and subsequent years, necrosis and dieback of leaves, stems, and roots, stunting, and plant death were observed on all three species in bermudagrass pastures in north Mississippi (3). Symptoms on johnsongrass and yellow foxtail were most severe where bermudagrass exhibited severe symptoms of infection caused by dematiaceous hyphomycetes (2,3); symptoms on broadleaf signalgrass often occurred independently. Symptomatic leaf tissues from 15 to 33 plants of each species and stem and root tissues from 4 to 14 plants of johnsongrass and yellow foxtail were surface disinfested, plated on water agar, and examined for sporulation after 5 to 10 da...
Critical issues of III–V compound semiconductor processing

Abstract We review some of the key processing needs for fabrication of next-generation electronic and photonic devices from III–V semiconducctors. These include high rate plasma etching capable of smooth controlled pattern transfer, selective wet etching solutions for the InGaAlP and InGaAlN materials systems and improved ohmic and rectifying contacts. The achievement of high reliability and acceptable yields requires low thermal budgets and an absence of residual damage from deposition, etch or implant processes.
Minimally invasive surgical staging is superior to endoscopic ultrasound in detecting lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer.

Abstract Objective: Endoscopic ultrasonography is frequently used to locally stage esophageal cancer, but few studies exist to validate its accuracy for lymph node metastases. Our objective was to compare endoscopic ultrasonography with video-assisted thoracoscopic and laparoscopic staging in evaluating lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer. Methods: Twenty-six patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer were identified by conventional imaging. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed followed by laparoscopic and thoracoscopic staging, and locoregional staging was compared. Results: In eight patients endoscopic ultrasonography indicated N0 disease, but laparoscopy and thoracoscopy documented N1 disease in six. In five of 26 (19%) obstruction prevented endoscopic ultrasonography; three had N1 by laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. Thirteen patients had N1 disease according to endoscopic ultrasonography, and 12 of 13 (92%) had N1 disease by laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. The sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic ultrasonography for nodal evaluation were 65% and 66%, respectively. Sensitivity decreased to 44% for lymph node metastases less than 1 cm. No instances of T4 disease were found by surgical staging when endoscopic ultrasonography indicated T3 disease. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed no distant metastases in any patient, but in four of 26 (15%) laparoscopy identified liver metastases. Conclusions: The accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer was 65% and only 44% for lymph node metastases less than 1 cm diameter. Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy improved the accuracy of staging lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer and had the advantage of evaluating the thoracic and abdominal cavities for metastases. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:817-23)
Preparation and properties of immobilized lipoprotein lipase.

Abstract Purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase has been covalently attached to CH-Sepharose with water-soluble carbodiimide. The immobilized enzyme retained enzymic activity and was stimulated 7-fold by the addition of human apolipo-protein C-II. Both [ 3 H] heparin and 125 I-labeled apolipoprotein C-II bound to the immobilized enzyme; unlabeled heparin and apolipoprotein C-II competed for binding of their respective labeled compounds. Apolipoprotein C-II did not compete for binding of [ 3 H] heparin and vice versa. Human apolipoprotein C-III did not bind to the immobilized enzyme nor did it compete for apolipoprotein C-II binding. We conclude from these studies that both apolipoprotein C-II and heparin interact with immobilized lipoprotein lipase and that they have different binding sites.
Benzoylated ethyl 1-thioglycosides: direct preparation from per-O-benzoylated sugars

D-Glucose, lactose, maltose, and melibiose were benzoylated with Bz(2)O-Et(3)N reagent to give fully benzoylated β products. Under the same conditions, D-mannose produced a mixture where the β-benzoate predominated. Treatment of the foregoing compounds with EtSH at slightly elevated temperature (50-60°C) in the presence of BF(3)·Et(2)O as a promoter gave the corresponding ethyl 1-thio glycosides in high yields. The α-products predominated in all cases in the anomeric mixtures formed. Individual products of all reactions were isolated by chromatography, they were obtained in analytically pure state, and were fully characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR data and physical constants.
Movement of calmodulin between cells in the ovary and embryo of drosophila.

Summary: Calmodulin (CaM) is an essential component of calcium signaling in multicellular organisms. We used null mutations of the Drosophila CaM gene (Cam) in combination with clonal analysis and immunolocalization to examine the effects of loss of Cam function in the ovarian germline and developing embryo. These studies have uncovered unexpected and striking movements of CaM protein within these tissues. In the ovary, evidence for transfer of CaM from an external source, across plasma membranes, into the germline cells was obtained. In late embryogenesis, maternally derived CaM protein relocalizes dramatically within the nervous system of both wildtype and Cam null embryos-a process that may also involve movement across cell membranes. These findings indicate dynamic, unsuspected elements to the in vivo functions of CaM in the whole organism. genesis 38:93–103, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward a Greater Understanding of How Dissatisfaction Drives Employee Turnover

This study generalized a leading portrayal of how job dissatisfaction progresses into turnover (Horn & Griffeth, 1991) and more rigorously tested this model using structural equations modeling and ...
Synthesis of supported carbon nanotubes in mineralized silica–wood composites

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) form spontaneously upon graphitization of organic precursors bound to the internal surfaces of a high porosity mineralized sample of natural wood. Following HF etching, both mesostructured carbon and randomly distributed and intertwined MWNTs were seen throughout the wood cellular structure.
Sol-Gel Synthesis of Zirconia Supports: Important Properties for Generating n-Butane Isomerization Activity upon Sulfate Promotion

By studying zirconium oxide supports prepared by a variety of methods, we determined the characteristics required of a zirconia support for the generation of n-butane isomerization activity after sulfate impregnation. Using sol-gel chemistry and supercritical drying, we formed a zirconia aerogel and examined two different sulfate promotion points: (i) after drying the aerogel at 383 K and (ii) after calcination at 773 K. All sulfated aerogels, given the appropriate activation temperature, were active for n-butane isomerization, but had very different textural properties and activation behaviors depending on the sulfate introduction point. In addition, as the aerogel support after 773 K heat treatment was crystalline tetragonal, we demonstrated that crystalline zirconia can be impregnated with sulfate to give an active sample, in contrast to previous literature results. From a comparison of this calcined aerogel with other calcined supports prepared from preformed zirconia sols or commercially available zirconia, the hydroxyl content of the surface was shown to be the determining factor in whether a support could form an active sample from sulfate promotion. The sol-gel preparation of zirconia yielded materials with a high hydroxyl content, even after calcination, which allowed for successful sulfate impregnation.
Characterization of polycrystalline diamond thin films grown on various substrates

Abstract Polycrystalline diamond thin films have been selectively grown on various substrates such as silicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, alumina, molybdenum, and boron nitride. This has been achieved by selectively damaging the substrate by an ultrasonic agitation process using diamond particles (typical size approximately 90 μm) in methanol. Microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition is used to grow diamond thin films using a gas mixture of hydrogen and methane. The films were analyzed for morphology by scanning electron microscopy, chemical nature by Raman spectroscopy, and adhesion strength by z -axis pull stud testing. Films grown on boron nitride were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
Recombinant Semliki forest virus infects and kills human prostate cancer cell lines and prostatic duct epithelial cells ex vivo

Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) is a broad host range RNA virus capable of high-level recombinant protein expression and apoptosis induction in many cell types. We have successfully used a recombinant, replication deficient SFV vector to express the LacZ marker gene product in seven human prostate cell lines, as well as in human prostate tissue explants. Flow cytometry revealed that 40-60% of PPC-1 prostate cancer cells died 24-72 h after infection with SFV-LacZ virus. Most human prostate cancer cell lines expressed high levels of recombinant protein. Infection of human prostate tissue ex vivo led to similarly high expression levels but the recombinant beta-galactosidase was confined to duct epithelial cells. Infection of cell and tissue cultures resulted in detachment of adherent cells from the culture surface and detachment of epithelial cells from the basement membrane of tissue. Our results indicate that SFV may be useful in targeting recombinant protein expression and apoptosis to prostatic duct epithelial cells.
Trans-axillary approach for breast implant exchange in high risk cases of irradiated or attenuated skin.

Summary Background Breast reconstruction with implants after tissue expansion is one of the most common methods of reconstruction. Although this approach is generally reliable, exchange of breast tissue expander for implant through the standard anterior incision presents a challenge in cases with attenuated soft tissue envelope due to radiation, thin anatomy, prior surgery, or combination of the above. We propose that a trans-axillary approach is a safe and alternate approach for implant exchange in the high-risk patients. Technique and case examples A case series of 16 patients with multiple risk factors for compromised soft tissue that underwent a trans-axillary approach for implant exchange is reported. The trans-axillary implant exchange technique involves use of a standard 4 cm axillary incision, removal of the expander, judicious capsulotomy, placement of permanent implant, and closure in three separate tissue layers. Results All trans-axillary cases were successful and all incisions were well healed without dehiscence, infection, or seroma. The average patient age was 49.4 years, and 50% of patients had received or were scheduled to receive radiation therapy. Nine patients underwent unilateral trans-axillary expander exchange while 7 patients were bilateral. Median implant size was 360 cc (mean 369 cc, range 150–600 cc), and mean follow-up for all patients was over 24 months. There were no cases of implant extrusion, capsular contracture requiring re-operation, or lymphedema. Six patients underwent concurrent or subsequent nipple reconstruction. Conclusions This approach illustrates application of a technique commonly used in breast aesthetic augmentation to address a common reconstructive dilemma, which we believe to be a useful tool in prosthesis-based breast reconstruction, especially in patients with compromised soft tissue envelopes.
The last invasion of human privacy and its psychological consequences on survivors: A critique of the practice of embalming

In spite of the fact that it is required only occasionally for sanitary reasons and not legally mandatory, the practice of embalming is widespread in contemporary American society. This study explores the historical, cultural and psychological factors which gave rise to the practice of embalming and why the practice continues. Two case studies are presented in which delayed grief reactions were present; linkages with embalming are described. It is suggested that the frightening finitude of the self and a fear of death in modern society have led to practices in which the corpse is viewed as looking “natural,” thus denying the reality of death. Embalming is seen as the final assault on the self, which can also carry with it problematic psychological consequences for the survivors.
Structural analysis of heme proteins: Implication for design and prediction

Heme is an essential molecule and plays vital roles in many biological processes. The structural determination of a large number of heme proteins has made it possible to study the detailed chemical and structural properties of heme binding environment. Knowledge of these characteristics can provide valuable guidelines in the design of novel heme proteins and help us predict unknown heme binding proteins. In this paper, we constructed a non-redundant dataset of 125 heme-binding protein chains and found that these heme proteins encompass at least 31 different structural folds. Heme binding pockets are enriched in aromatics and non-polar amino acids with fewer charged residues. The differences between apo and holo forms of heme proteins in terms of the structure and the binding pockets have been investigated. In most cases the proteins undergo small conformational changes upon heme binding.
Conceiving modernity: discourses on reproduction in a community of Tibetan refugees.

This article examines the trope of reproduction in narratives of Tibetan refugees living in Dharamsala India. As they make sense of their personal histories Tibetan refugees invoke a collective story that mirrors human rights literature on Tibet. Women come into contact with this literature through its incorporation into a political discourse expressed by the exile government and health institutions. The article traces facets of this discourse that deal centrally with reproduction. Political discourse on reproduction articulates pronatalism as a solution to the refugee communitys concern with survival and the discourse frames modernity as a site of violence through Chinas reproductive regulations. And yet Tibetan refugees also employ the notion of modernity when discussing their own free reproductive decision-making positioning modern reproductive interventions in opposition to Indian society. The article demonstrates that Tibetan refugees navigate competing figurations of modernity by expressing political resistance and affiliation through the idiom of reproduction. (c) 2013 by the American Anthropological Association.
Rheumatic fever in children younger than 5 years: is the presentation different?

Objective. To review our experience with children who presented with rheumatic fever (RF) before 5 years of age and to compare their presentation with that of older children. Methods. The cardiology database was reviewed to identify patients who were younger than 5 years and had a diagnosis RF using the Jones criteria from January 1985 through March 2000. Patient age, sex, date and age at presentation, and the major Jones criteria fulfilled were noted. When carditis was present, its severity was judged to be moderate to severe when there was radiographic cardiomegaly and/or clinical congestive heart failure. The clinical presentation of patients who presented in the first 5 years of life were compared with the presentation of those whose RF was diagnosed after 5 years of age. Clinical findings at follow-up evaluation and echocardiographic findings both at presentation and at follow-up were noted for the children who were younger than 5 years at presentation. Results. Of 541 cases of RF seen from January 1985 through March 20000, 27 (5%) were in children who were younger than 5 years (median: 4.0 years; range: 1.9–4.9 years). Major Jones criteria at presentation were arthritis in 17, carditis in 14, chorea in 3, and erythema marginatum in 3. The carditis was mild in 4 and moderate to severe in 10 patients. Compared with older children, younger children were more likely to present with moderate to severe carditis, arthritis without carditis or chorea, or the rash of erythema marginatum and were less likely to have chorea. The incidence of carditis was similar in the 2 groups as was the ratio of boys to girls. At follow-up (9.6 ± 5.6 years), 69% of younger children who presented with carditis have clinical rheumatic heart disease. Subclinical, echocardiographically detected valvular abnormalities were detected both at presentation (33% of all children with RF before 5 years of age) and at follow-up (55% of those who initially had carditis). Conclusions. Approximately 5% of children with RF were younger than 5 years at diagnosis. Compared with older patients, children who presented before 5 years of age were more likely to have moderate to severe carditis and to present with arthritis or the rash of erythema marginatum and were less likely to have chorea. Chronic rheumatic heart disease was common in young children who presented with carditis. Long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the outcome for young children with subclinical echocardiographic evidence of valvular disease.
Polymerization and Gelation of Whey Protein Isolates at Low pH Using Transglutaminase Enzyme

Dynamic and steady shear rheology is used to examine the synthesis of low-pH (approximately 4) whey protein gels obtained through a two-step process. The first step involves cross-linking of whey proteins at pH 8 and 50 degrees C using transglutaminase enzyme, while the second step entails cold-set acidification of the resulting solution using glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) acid. During the first step, the sample undergoes enzyme-catalyzed epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bond formation with a substantial increase in viscosity. Acidification in the second step using GDL acid leads to a rapid decrease in pH with a concomitant increase in the elastic (G') and viscous (G' ') moduli and formation of a gelled network. We examine the large strain behavior of the gel samples using a relatively new approach that entails plotting the product of elastic modulus and strain (G'gamma) as a function of increasing dynamic strain and looking for a maximum, which corresponds to the yield or fracture point. We find the enzyme-catalyzed gels to have significantly higher yield/fracture stress and strain compared to cold-set gels prepared without enzyme or conventional heat-set gels. In addition, the elastic modulus of the enzyme-catalyzed gel is also higher than its non-enzyme-treated counterpart. These results are discussed in terms of the gel microstructure and the role played by the enzyme-induced cross-links.
Cellular kinetics of the bone remodeling sequence in the rat

The kinetics of the bone remodeling sequence in the rat has been studied using a system in which well-synchronized remodeling units were induced along the periosteum of rat mandibles. Remodeling of the periosteal surface of the mandibles was induced according to Tran Van (1979) by extraction of the opposing row of teeth; namely, the right maxillary molars were extracted under light ether anesthesia, therefore allowing the right mandibular molars to egress; this, in turn, induced a wave of remodeling activity on the buccal side of the periosteal surface of the alveolar bone. The quantification of the different cellular activities involved in bone remodeling has been performed up to 16 days after induction. This allowed us to demonstrate the sequential activity of the different cell types involved in bone remodeling, to study the cellular kinetics of this sequence of events, and to directly measure the duration of each phase of the bone remodeling sequence. A single wave of osteoclasts appeared 3 days after induction, reached a peak at 4–5 days, and then decreased sharply. This was followed by a single wave of mononuclear cells (Baron et al., 1980) within remodeling sites during the reversal phase; they appeared 4 days after induction, reached a peak by day 7, and then decreased sharply. This reversal activity was then followed by osteoblasts forming new bone on top of a reversal cement line in the remodeling sites, starting 6 days after induction and increasing until the end of the experiment. In addition, the synchronization of the system used in this study allowed direct measurement of the duration of the successive steps of the remodeling sequence. The directly measured values have then been compared to previous data calculated from other systems.
Description of the larva, diagnosis of the nymph and female based on scanning electron microscopy, hosts, and distribution of Ixodes (Ixodes) venezuelensis

The larva, nymph, and female of Ixodes (Ixodes) venezuelensis are diagnosed using scanning electron microscopy, and the larva is described for the first time. This ixodid tick is recorded from the northern neotropics as a parasite of five species of didelphid marsupials and eighteen species of rodents (one sciurid, two heteromyids, eleven murids, two dasyproctids, and two echimyids). Collection records of I. venezuelensis are presented for Costa Rica, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela, with the Costa Rican records being new and extending the known range of this tick by at least 300 km. Altitudinally, I. venezuelensis has been collected between elevations of 24 and 2410 m with most collections between 100 and 800 m. The possibility that I. venezuelensis may be parthenogenetic is discussed.
Urinary transforming growth factor-β1 levels correlate with bladder outlet obstruction

Abstract Background: Urinary transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels have been shown to correlate with elevated intrapelvic pressure associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Other studies have evaluated urinary TGF-β1 levels in prostate cancer. This study tests the hypothesis that urinary TGF-β1 levels might correlate with objective measures of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Methods: Twenty-three men (age: 46–85 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms underwent urodynamic studies consisting of non-invasive uroflowmetry, cystometrogram and voiding pressure flow studies. Patients were classified as obstructed (n = 17) or not obstructed (n = 6) based on Abrams-Griffith nomograms. Urinary TGF-β1 was extracted from an aliquot of urine obtained at the time of bladder catheterization for urodynamic studies. Urinary TGF-β1 levels were then determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There was a strong correlation between urinary TGF-β1 levels and the presence of obstruction by Abrams-Griffith nomogram criteria (P = 0.025). Urinary TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in men with obstruction (0.039 ± 0.011 pg/mL) than in men without obstruction (0.029 ± 0.009 pg/mL; P = 0.036). Conclusion: Urinary TGF-β1 levels correlate with objective measures of BOO. Further study is needed to test the utility of urinary TGF-β1 as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for BOO.
Microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA reveal regional population structure in bobcats (Lynx rufus) of North America

Genetic analyses can facilitate large-scale conservation planning for wide-ranging species capable of long-distance dispersal. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are the most broadly distributed native felid in North America, and are managed on a “state-by-state” basis. Little is known about the distribution of genetic diversity across bobcats’ range. We examined genetic differentiation among bobcats from throughout their distributional range in North America using 10 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial control region sequence to elucidate patterns of genetic diversity. Both markers revealed significant regional genetic differentiation. Additionally, genetic diversity estimates, population expansion statistics, and the haplotype network elucidated from mitochondrial DNA analyses, suggest that populations in the West and East/Midwest experienced historical population expansions, with the East/Midwest likely undergoing periodic range contractions and extirpations during bobcat colonization. Microsatellite data revealed significant regional genetic differentiation between the Midwest and East, as well as the West, suggesting that recent barriers to gene flow may be affecting dispersal of bobcats. These analyses indicate that conservation of forested areas will be crucial for maintaining gene flow throughout bobcats’ range as human populations increase and that multi-state consortia may be a more appropriate way to manage bobcats as this scenario will conserve both historical and current levels of genetic diversity.
INFLUENCE OF MG2+ ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RAB5

Abstract Mg inhibits GDP release from Rab5 but not from Rab5, a mutant lacking Ser critical for Mg coordination in the nucleotide binding pocket. Thus, inhibition of GDP release is apparently exerted via coordination of Mg between Rab5 and GDP. Mg also induces conformational changes in Rab5, demonstrated by increased tryptophan fluorescence intensity and a red shift in for the GDP-bound protein. Mg-induced fluorescence changes are not observed for Rab5. The correlation between Mg effects on nucleotide exchange and the fluorescence properties of Rab5 suggests that a conformation promoted through Mg coordination with Ser also contributes to inhibition of GDP release. The role of structural changes in GDP release was investigated using C- and N-terminal truncation mutants. Similar to Rab5, Mg inhibits GDP release and alters the fluorescence of Rab5 but only partially inhibits release from Rab5 and fails to induce changes in the latter's fluorescence properties. Since Rab5 maintains Ser necessary for Mg coordination, the lack of Mg-induced fluorescence changes suggests a requirement for the N-terminal domain to promote a conformation blocking GDP release. A model for mechanisms of interaction between Ras-like proteins and their exchange factors is proposed.
The use of polarized infrared radiation in magneto-optical studies of semiconductors

Infrared magneto-optical studies of semiconductors often necessitate the use and measurement of various types of polarized radiation. Several magneto-optical experiments such as cyclotron resonance, Faraday effect, Voigt effect, and magneto-plasma effects are briefly described with emphasis on the types of polarized radiation involved. The design and use of several polarizing devices which have been made to facilitate these studies are discussed.
Map location literacy—How well does Johnny Geologist read?

The geographic information published in the geologic literature of the United Stales is inadequate to locate many, perhaps most, described localities. Precise location information can most easily and accurately be determined and conveyed by use of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. This grid can be read to 10 m × 10 m from standard modern maps. Geographic coordinates are an adequate and acceptable substitute of slightly lower precision when read to 1″ × 1″ of latitude and longitude. This paper evaluates and describes the use of both location systems to these precisions and includes suggestions for their use. Other systems are imprecise or inadequate (or both) for modern scientific work and should be avoided.
Building Detection and Description from a Single Intensity Image

We describe a method to detect buildings and construct 3-D shape descriptions of buildings from a monocular aerial image with a general viewpoint. A grouping process is used to generate 2-D roof hypotheses from fragmented linear features extracted from the input image. Good hypotheses are selected based on 2-D evidence and some local 3-D evidence. These are thenverifiedby searching for 3-D evidence, consisting of shadows cast by the roof and the walls associated with it. This process also helps construct 3-D models of the verified buildings. Overlap and containment relations between 3-D structures are analyzed to resolve conflicts. This method also allows for the integration of results obtained from multiple images. This system has been tested on a large number of real examples with good results, some of which, along with their evaluation, are included in this paper.
Cuba y Estados Unidos, 1933–1959: del compromiso nacionalista al conflicto

Vanni Pettina, Madrid, Catarata, 2011, 279 pp In this dense and enlightening study of United States policy toward pre-revolutionary Cuba, Vanni Pettina seeks to contextualize and recast our underst...
Practising what we preach: justice and ethical instruction in management education

Building on organizational justice research, we extended the study of classroom justice to management education. In the first study, we identified the criteria that business students use to define distributive, procedural, and interactional fairness. In a second study, we found that management students’ perceptions of both procedural and interactional fairness were significant and unique predictors of their evaluations of instructional effectiveness. However, procedural justice was the only significant predictor of overall evaluations of the course. Results of this study will aid management educators in implementing procedures and treatment that students perceive as fair and also to serve as ethical role models for managers of the future.
The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano

Abstract The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano and adjacent areas has been studied since the turn of this century. However, most studies to date have focused on the relatively shallow, low-salinity parts of the ground-water system, and the deeper hydrothermal system remains poorly understood. The rift zones of adjacent Mauna Loa volcano bound the regional ground-water flow system that includes Kilauea, and the area bounded by the rift zones of Kilauea and the ocean may comprise a partly isolated subsystem. Rates of ground-water recharge vary greatly over the area and discharge is difficult to measure, because streams are ephemeral and most ground-water discharges diffusely at or below sea level. Hydrothermal systems exist at depth in Kilauea's cast and southwest rift zone, as evidenced by thermal springs at the coast and wells in the lower east-rift zone. Available data suggest that dike-impounded, heated ground water occurs at relatively high elevations in the upper east-and southwest-rift zones of Kilauea, and that permeability at depth in the rift zones (probably 10 −15 m 2 ) is much lower than that of unaltered basalt flows closer to the surface ( > 10 10 m 2 ). Substantial variations in permeability and the presence of magmatic heat sources influence the structure of the fresh water-salt water interface, so the Ghyben-Herzberg model will often fail to predict its position. Numerical modeling studies have considered only subsets of the hydrothermal system, because no existing computer code solves the coupled fluid-flow, heat- and solute-transport problem over the temperature and salinity range encountered at Kilauea.
Resonance Raman Spectrum of the Phenanthroline Anion: Implications on Electron Delocalization in the MLCT Excited State of Ru(phen)(3)(2+).

Time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy has been utilized to demonstrate that electronic excitation in the lowest metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states of many transition metal trisor bis(diimine) complexes in solution is localized on just one of the ligands.1-6 Therefore the MLCT state of Ru(bpy)3 (bpy ) 2,2′-bipyridine) is often represented as (bpy)2Ru(III)(bpy). As evidence for this localization, the correspondence of the TR3 spectrum of the excited complex to the ground state resonance Raman (rR) spectrum of 2,2′bipyridine radical anion (bpy•-) in solution is particularly persuasive.1b,6 This picture is supported by several other types of spectroscopic studies, most notably photoselection7 and timeresolved absorption polarization,8 and further evidence is available from the normal coordinate analysis of the ground and MLCT excited states of Ru(bpy)3 and of the bpy radical anion.9 Despite the strong similarities between the spectroscopic10 and electrochemical10,11 characteristics of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) complexes with Ru and those of their bpy analogs, definitive TR3 spectra of the MLCT states of Ru(phen)3 and other trisand bis(phen) complexes have been difficult to obtain.12 The TR3 spectrum of Ru(bpy)3 is markedly different from ground state scattering and is easily obtained by irradiating ∼10-4 M aqueous solutions with 354.7 nm pulses having a fluence of ∼6 × 106 W/cm2 (∼2 mJ, 10 ns/pulse, beam waist of ∼1 mm).1 Hopkins and co-workers recently reported13 that only the ground state spectrum of Ru(phen)3 can be observed under comparably low fluence conditions, in agreement with our own work.14 However they could observe a TR3 spectrum of excited Ru(phen)3 under the uncommonly large light fluence of 2 × 109 W/cm2 (100 μJ/pulse, 30 ps/pulse, beam waist 250 μm, 354.7 nm); it appears to be rather similar to the ground state spectrum.14 Kumar et al. earlier reported a very weak TR3 spectrum of Ru(phen)3 obtained with very large fluences (2 × 108 W/cm2 of highly focused 15 mJ, 10 ns pulses, assuming 0.5 mm beam waist); this spectrum also was similar to the ground state spectrum.15 For some time there has existed an obvious question: why should complexes with two such similar ligands produce TR3 spectra of such different intensities and appearance? In the absence of any spectroscopic measurements on phenanthroline radical anion, it was not possible to dismiss the possibility, however unlikely, that its rR spectrum coincidentally may be nearly identical to that of ground state phen. We report in this paper the electronic and resonance Raman spectra of phen•in THF solutions. Neither the electronic absorption spectrum of phen•nor the positions of its Raman bands match those of the ground state or of the lowest MLCT excited electronic state of Ru(phen)3. Implications of these results on the electron localization in the MLCT state of the complex will be discussed in a future publication.
Accuracy of Computed Eigenvectors Via Optimizing a Rayleigh Quotient

This paper establishes converses to the well-known result: for any vector \({\tilde u}\) such that the sine of the angle sin θ(u,\({\tilde u}\))=O(∈), we have
Ga-67 tumor detection using penalized-EM with nonanatomical regularizers

Results from localization ROC (LROC) observer studies evaluating a penalized-likelihood SPECT reconstruction algorithm are presented. Both human and numerical observers were employed for the task of Ga-67 tumor detection in simulated chest images. Projection data from a mathematical phantom were generated with the SIMIND Monte Carlo program. Reconstructions using De Pierro's modified-EM algorithm with the 3D quadratic and Huber penalty functions were Performed. Iterative corrections for nonuniform attenuation, collimator response, and in-patient scatter were included. The LROC studies with these images provided an initial validation of a channelized nonprewhitening (CNPW) numerical observer that explicitly performs the tumor search task, and at the same time demonstrated the usefulness of frequency-selective channels for modeling human detection-task performance. Results drawn from the CNPW observer indicate that for the range of iterations tested, relatively low levels of noise regularization are desirable in the penalized-likelihood images.
Below the Bar: Profiles of Students who Fail State Reading Assessments:

State and school districts are looking for policies they believe will improve student performance. As a result, assessments have proliferated, stakes have increased, and specific curriculum and instructional approaches are being mandated. In this study, we probed beneath students' failing scores on a state reading assessment to investigate the needs of struggling students and implications for policy. We found that scores on state tests mask distinctive and multifaceted patterns of students' reading abilities that require dramatically different instructional emphases. We explore the implications of this complexity for state and local reform efforts that target improved teaching and learning.
La medicion de la pobreza en mexico

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es medir la incidencia de la pobreza en Mexico a partir de los datos de la Encuesta nacional de ingresos y gastos de los hogares de 1984. La contribucion es triple. Primero, la incidencia de la pobreza se calcula con tres indicadores: la proporcion de hogares pobres, la brecha de la pobreza normalizada y el indice llamado p? propuesto por Foster y otros.1 Segundo, el estudio compara las estimaciones resultantes con las de otros estudios disponibles que se basan en la misma encuesta. Esto nos permite comprobar como varian las estimaciones de la pobreza segun el tratamiento que se de a los datos. En particular, podremos verificar la sensibilidad de las medidas de la pobreza cuando los dalos se ajustan para hacerlos compatibles con las cuentas nacionales. Tercero, el trabajo proporciona un perfil de los hogares pobres en terminos de su posicion relativa, sus condiciones materiales y sus caracteristicas demograficas, educativas y de ocupacion.
Hepatic Lipidosis in Pregnant Captive American Bison (Bison Bison)

Hepatic lipidosis, a hallmark lesion of lipid mobilization disorders in ruminants, was noted in four 3-year-old, pregnant bison (Bison bison) after periods of anorexia that progressed to recumbency and death. The affected bison were part of a herd at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) that was used for brucellosis vaccine research. Microscopically, the liver contained swollen hepatocytes with numerous, variably sized, round, smoothly contoured vacuoles that displaced cytoplasmic structures. Hepatocytes in all zones of the lobule were affected equally. Hypoglycemia, decreased total carbon dioxide, elevated g-glutamyltransferase, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and increased nonesterified fatty acid levels were noted. As in the case of cattle, altered nutritional demands of late gestation combined with management factors such as obesity, nutrition, stress, and concomitant disease may be critical in the pathophysiology of lipid mobilization disorders in bison. Additionally, stressors unique to this research herd likely contributed to fatal hepatic lipidosis.
Human Prostate Tumor Antigen–Specific CD8+ Regulatory T Cells Are Inhibited by CTLA-4 or IL-35 Blockade

Regulatory T cells play important roles in cancer development and progression by limiting the generation of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity. We hypothesized that in addition to natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor Ag–specific Tregs interfere with the detection of anti-tumor immunity after immunotherapy. Using samples from prostate cancer patients immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and a trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (tvDTH) assay, we found that the detection of PAP-specific effector responses after immunization was prevented by the activity of PAP-specific regulatory cells. These regulatory cells were CD8+CTLA-4+, and their suppression was relieved by blockade of CTLA-4, but not IL-10 or TGF-β. Moreover, Ag-specific CD8+ Tregs were detected prior to immunization in the absence of PAP-specific effector responses. These PAP-specific CD8+CTLA-4+ suppressor T cells expressed IL-35, which was decreased after blockade of CTLA-4, and inhibition of either CTLA-4 or IL-35 reversed PAP-specific suppression of tvDTH response. PAP-specific CD8+CTLA-4+ T cells also suppressed T cell proliferation in an IL-35–dependent, contact-independent fashion. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel population of CD8+CTLA-4+ IL-35–secreting tumor Ag–specific Tregs arise spontaneously in some prostate cancer patients, persist during immunization, and can prevent the detection of Ag-specific effector responses by an IL-35–dependent mechanism.
Interrogation Policy and American Psychology in the Global Context

Rather than the ethics or efficacy of torture interrogation, this article explores the wider sociopolitical context in which torture takes place, with particular focus on the global role of American psychology. Psychological research, such as on displacement of aggression, suggests that torture might be undertaken for reasons other than information gathering. American psychologists enjoy relatively greater freedom to explore the wider psycho-political role of torture interrogation associated with group and intergroup dynamics. Because of their “first” world status as the sole superpower of psychology in the post-World War II era, American psychologists can, in important ways, influence psychologists in the “second” and “third” worlds of psychology through the position they adopt on torture interrogation.
Uniformity of Strawberry Yield and Incidence of Botrytis Fruit Rot in an Annual Production System

MacKenzie, S. J., Xiao, C. L., Mertely, J. C., Chandler, C. K., Martin, F. G., and Legard, D. E. 2003. Uniformity of strawberry yield and incidence of Botrytis fruit rot in an annual production system. Plant Dis. 87:991-998. A plant yield and disease incidence uniformity trial was conducted to provide information concerning the efficiency and precision of field trials used to evaluate Botrytis fruit rot control methods on strawberry. Fruit yield and Botrytis fruit rot incidence were recorded for individual strawberry plants of cultivars Sweet Charlie and Camarosa grown in an annual production system over two growing seasons. A nested analysis of variance model was used to measure plot edge effects and to obtain variance components to describe the relationship between plot size and plot variance. Mean seasonal yield for Sweet Charlie was 599 g/plant and for Camarosa 972 g/plant. Mean seasonal fruit rot incidence was 10.3% for Sweet Charlie and 3.0% for Camarosa. Plants growing on the edge of plots next to aisles had higher yields (637 versus 577 g/plant for Sweet Charlie and 1047 versus 923 g/plant for Camarosa), but there was no edge effect for disease incidence. Smith’s equation was used to determine the relationship between plot size and plot variance within mulched beds. Smith’s index was relatively high for yield (0.92 and 0.95) and Botrytis fruit rot incidence (0.91 and 0.69) for Sweet Charlie and Camarosa, respectively. This suggests a relatively uniform distribution of seasonal yield and disease incidence among plants within beds. Using plot variances estimated from Smith’s equation, the power of hypothesis tests to discriminate hypothetical treatment effects of different magnitudes was examined for each cultivar. Power analysis suggests that treatment effects ranging from 11.3 to 21.3% of the mean seasonal yield observed for Sweet Charlie and 8.6 to 16.5% of the mean seasonal yield observed for Camarosa can be detected with a power of 0.80 using four replicates of each treatment group and plot sizes ranging from 32 to eight plants/plot. For Botrytis fruit rot incidence, a power of 0.80 is achieved with treatment differences ranging from 24.9 to 44.1% of mean seasonal Botrytis fruit rot incidence for Sweet Charlie and from 44.1 to 64.9% of the mean observed for Camarosa using plot sizes ranging from 32 to 8 plants/plot. Before planting, the crown diameter and leaf number of transplants were recorded. There was no consistent significant correlation between any of these growth traits and seasonal yields or Botrytis fruit rot incidence. However, there was a consistent positive correlation for both cultivars between yield and crown diameter and also yield and leaf number during the months of December and January in the early part of the season (0.151 r 0.314 for crown diameter and 0.106 r 0.264 for leaf number).
Lithographically patterned thin activated carbon films as a new technology platform for on-chip devices.

Continuous, smooth, visibly defect-free, lithographically patterned activated carbon films (ACFs) are prepared on the surface of silicon wafers. Depending on the synthesis conditions, porous ACFs can either remain attached to the initial substrate or be separated and transferred to another dense or porous substrate of interest. Tuning the activation conditions allows one to change the surface area and porosity of the produced carbon films. Here we utilize the developed thin ACF technology to produce prototypes of functional electrical double-layer capacitor devices. The synthesized thin carbon film electrodes demonstrated very high capacitance in excess of 510 F g–1 (>390 F cm–3) at a slow cyclic voltammetry scan rate of 1 mV s–1 and in excess of 325 F g–1 (>250 F cm–3) in charge–discharge tests at an ultrahigh current density of 45 000 mA g–1. Good stability was demonstrated after 10 000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles. The high values of the specific and volumetric capacitances of the selected ACF...