cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lakes and Reservoirs of North America

Lakes and reservoirs are found throughout North America. The combination of extensive glaciations and widespread dam building has resulted in a continent that is rich in lakes of all sizes, from the smallest features tens of meters across to the Great Lakes. The number of lakes in the Canadian Shield is very large. The 5 Great Lakes are joined by several other very large lakes that account for ten of the 25 largest lakes in the world. The cordilleran system of North America includes many lakes, formed by glaciation and/or tectonics. In the more arid portions of the region many lakes have no outlets to the sea. The Arctic lowlands are home to tens and perhaps hundreds of thousands of shallow lakes. When Europeans occupied the continent in the 17th century they quickly began to build small dams that created ponds supplying power to mills for various purposes. In the early 20th century, the scale of reservoir construction increased markedly. In addition to the thousands of large reservoirs that have been built in North America, millions of small impoundments dot the landscape, especially in the United States. The cumulative impacts of the placement of millions of artificial water bodies on the landscape of North America are both profound and pervasive. There are no major watersheds in the United States without reservoirs.
Mechanistic Aspects of the Pyrolytic Transformation of Metal Alkoxides to Oxides

The pyrolysis of a series cerium(III), lithium(I) and titanium(IV) alkoxides was studied. Depending on the alkoxide, the pyrolysis was carried out in the solid state, in solution or in the gas phase. The thermolysis of Ce(OCtBu3)3, 1, in the solid state and in solution led to the formation of [Ce(OCHtBu2]2, 3, together with isobutylene and a small amount of tBu2CO. An analogous reaction was observed for [LiOCtBu3]n, 2. Mechanistic studies indicate that the decomposition was initiated by a homolytic cleavage of the MOC(tBu2)-CMe3 bond (M = Ce, Li) which was followed by H-abstraction to yield isobutylene and, principally, the MOCHtBu2 fragment. The structure of 3, as determined by X-ray diffraction, revealed that it was a dimer with a pseudotetrahedral geometry about each Ce atom. The titanium alkoxides, Ti(OR)4(R = CH2CH3, 4; CH(CH3)2, 5; C(CH3)3, 6; CH2C(CH3)3, 7; \( {\text{C}}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}} \) 8) were subjected to flash vacuum pyrolysis at 550°C and 700°C. The formation of substantial amounts of allylcarbinyl derivatives from 8 indicated at least the transient formation of radicals. However, free radicals do not appear to be involved as intermediates in the product formation since pyrolysis of 7 did not yield free radical derived products. The principal decomposition pathway appears to involve the nucleophilic attack by an incipient alkoxide ion on either the α-carbon of a neighboring alkyl group (to form an ether) or the corresponding β-hydrogen (to generate an alcohol and an olefin). The contribution from the former pathway decreases dramatically with increasing substitution at the α-carbon. In 7, the attack, however, occurs at the γ-hydrogen. Significant quantities of carbonyl compounds formed by a β-hydrogen abstraction step were also observed for 4 and 5.
Crystal Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells by Hot-Wire CVD: Preprint

Hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) is a promising technique for fabricating Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. In this paper we describe our efforts to increase the open circuit voltage (Voc) while improving the efficiency of these devices. On p-type c-Si float-zone wafers, we used a double heterojunction structure with an amorphous n/i contact to the top surface and an i/p contact to the back surface to obtain an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 679 mV in a 0.9 cm2 cell with an independently confirmed efficiency of 19.1%. This is the best reported performance for a cell of this configuration. We also made progress on p-type CZ wafers and achieved 18.7% independently confirmed efficiency with little degradation under prolong illumination. Our best Voc for a p-type SHJ cell is 0.688 V, which is close to the 691 mV we achieved for SHJ cells on n type c-Si wafers.
Machine learning for energy-water nexus: challenges and opportunities

Modeling the interactions of water and energy systems is important to the enforcement of infrastructure security and system sustainability. To this end, recent technological advancement has allowed...
Patient, Caregiver, and Clinician Perspectives on Expectations for Home Healthcare after Discharge: A Qualitative Case Study.

Background Patients discharged from the hospital with skilled home healthcare (HHC) services have multiple comorbidities, high readmission rates, and multiple care needs. In prior work, HHC nurses described that patients often express expectations for services beyond the scope of skilled HHC. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare expectations for HHC from the patient, caregiver, and HHC perspectives after hospital discharge. Design/participants This was a descriptive qualitative case study including HHC patients, caregivers, and clinicians. Patients were discharged from an academic medical center between July 2017 and February 2018. Results The sample (N = 27) included 11 HHC patients, eight caregivers, and eight HHC clinicians (five nurses and three physical therapists). Patient mean age was 66 years and the majority were female, white, and had Medicare. We observed main themes of clear and unclear expectations for HHC after discharge. Clear expectations occur when the patient and/or caregiver have expectations for HHC aligned with the services received. Unclear expectations occur when the patient and/or caregiver expectations are uncertain or misaligned with the services received. Patients and caregivers with clear expectations for HHC frequently described prior experiences with skilled HHC or work experience within the healthcare field. In most cases with unclear expectations, the patient and caregiver did not have prior experience with HHC. Conclusions To improve HHC transitions, we recommend actively engaging both patients and caregivers in the hospital and HHC settings to provide education about HHC services, and assess and address additional care needs.
Did the Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Provision Deter Accounting Fraud?

We examine the deterrence effect of the Dodd-Frank whistleblower provision on accounting fraud. To facilitate causal inference, we use state False Claims Acts (FCAs), under which whistleblowing about accounting fraud at a firm invested in by a state's pension fund can result in monetary rewards from that state’s government. We divide our sample into firms exposed and not exposed to whistleblowing risk from a state FCA during the 2008 – 2010 period that preceded the 2011 SEC implementation of the Dodd-Frank whistleblowing provision. We hypothesize that firms already exposed to a state FCA whistleblower law are less affected by the Dodd-Frank whistleblower provision. Using the companies exposed to a state FCA as control firms in our Dodd-Frank tests, the remaining firms constitute the treatment sample. We find that exposure to Dodd-Frank reduces the likelihood of accounting fraud of treatment firms by 12% to 22% relative to control firms, but do not find that it affects audit fees.
Dynamic Control of Probabilistic Simple Temporal Networks

The controllability of a temporal network is defined as an agent's ability to navigate around the uncertainty in its schedule and is well-studied for certain networks of temporal constraints. However, many interesting real-world problems can be better represented as Probabilistic Simple Temporal Networks (PSTNs) in which the uncertain durations are represented using potentially-unbounded probability density functions. This can make it inherently impossible to control for all eventualities. In this paper, we propose two new dynamic controllability algorithms that attempt to maximize the likelihood of successfully executing a schedule within a PSTN. The first approach, which we call Min-Loss DC, finds a dynamic scheduling strategy that minimizes loss of control by using a conflict-directed search to decide where to sacrifice the control in a way that optimizes overall success. The second approach, which we call Max-Gain DC, works in the other direction: it finds a dynamically controllable schedule and then attempts to progressively strengthen it by capturing additional uncertainty. Our approaches are the first known that work by finding maximally dynamically controllable schedules. We empirically compare our approaches against two existing PSTN offline dispatch approaches and one online approach and show that our Min-Loss DC algorithm outperforms the others in terms of maximizing execution success while maintaining competitive runtimes.
Tidal dissipation impact on the eccentric onset of common envelope phases in massive binary star systems

Tidal dissipation due to turbulent viscosity in the convective regions of giant stars plays an important role in shaping the orbits of pre-common envelope systems. Such systems are possible sources of transients and close compact binary systems that will eventually merge and produce detectable gravitational wave signals. Most previous studies of the onset of common envelope episodes have focused on circular orbits and synchronously rotating donor stars under the assumption that tidal dissipation can quickly spin up the primary and circularize the orbit before the binary reaches Roche-lobe overflow (RLO). We test this assumption by coupling numerical models of the post main sequence stellar evolution of massive-stars with the model for tidal dissipation in convective envelopes developed in Vick & Lai (2020) $-$ a tidal model that is accurate even for highly eccentric orbits with small pericentre distances. We find that, in many cases, tidal dissipation does not circularize the orbit before RLO. For a $10~M_\odot$ ($15~M_\odot$) primary star interacting with a $1.4~M_\odot$ companion, systems with pericentre distances within 3 AU (6 AU) when the primary leaves the main sequence will retain the initial orbital eccentricity when the primary grows to the Roche radius. Even in systems that tidally circularize before RLO, the donor star may be rotating subsynchronously at the onset of mass transfer. Our results demonstrate that some possible precursors to double neutron star systems are likely eccentric at the Roche radius. The effects of pre-common envelope eccentricity on the resulting compact binary merit further study.
An interaction model for the role of self-evaluations and antagonistic pursuits in subjective well-being

Popular theorizing about happiness pursuit emphasizes universal paths to happiness, but other theorizing acknowledges different people achieve happiness in different ways (i.e., subjective well-being, SWB). The present work extended this latter perspective by examining how antagonistic pursuit of a grandiose identity ('narcissistic antagonism') - generally thought to reduce narcissistic people's SWB - may relate to increased cognitive well-being (i.e., a component of SWB) for narcissistic people with lower self-esteem. In Study 1, participants (N = 417) reported their narcissism, self-esteem, narcissistic antagonism, and general life satisfaction (to index cognitive well-being). In Study 2 (pre-registered), participants (N = 450) reported their narcissism, self-esteem, narcissistic antagonism, general and domain-specific life satisfaction, and general affect (to index affective well-being, which is a different component of SWB). Both studies revealed narcissistic antagonism related to increased life satisfaction only for more (vs. less) narcissistic people with lower (vs. higher) self-esteem. Study 2 not only replicated this interactive pattern on satisfaction across various life domains but also revealed the interaction may be related to increased negative affect. Broadly, results highlight how different people may enhance features of SWB in different, even 'dark', ways.
Medication administration errors: A concept analysis.

AIM To provide an analysis of the concept of medication errors that occur during the nursing task of medication administration. BACKGROUND Medication errors occurring during medication administration have an increased risk for an adverse patient outcome. Many terms are associated with medication errors, with limited clarification for a medication administration error at the point of care delivery. DATA SOURCES Twenty-seven sources were chosen from database searches of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Scopus. Key search terms used to narrow the search consist of the following terminology: ("bedside" OR "point-of-care" OR "nursing care*") AND "medication administration errors" AND ("acute care"). REVIEW METHODS Rodger's evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to clarify the concept of medication administration error. RESULTS The concept analysis identified three attributes of a medication administration error: nurse-provided care, administration, and point of care. Antecedents identified in the analysis are organizational factors and nurse factors. Consequences identified in the analysis are patient, nurse and organizational themes. CONCLUSION The continued occurrence of medication administration errors warrants the need for an investigation into existing safety measures. Using this concept analysis may help guide the study of the healthcare environment and determine empirical measures to assess the impact that a medication administration error has.
Deterministic Chaos Constraints for Control of Massive Swarms

Problems such as the control of massive swarms or MANET radios in a Battlespace on the order of tens of thousands of entities is challenging with conventional approaches. Entities that enter or leave this space need to have either some means of coordination or known constraints. Moreover, each entity should have some limited awareness of the relative positioning of all the others, without the massive computational expense incurred by a combinatorial explosion. This may rule out the quantum state space type of approach where each entity is a computationally-unique unit vector. To control such behaviors, and allow self-organizing MANET relay nodes as well as collective swarm control, the author uses a topological structure based upon deterministic chaos—the fractal. Constraining the entities to “believe” that they exist only within the boundaries of an adaptive fractal forces their topological layout to map to topological clusters. The invariant features of a fractal topology allow each node to compute the IFS (Iterative Function System) to effectively “know” the relative positions of all the other entities, and form adaptive, self-healing MANET or swarm clusters. One of many possible equations for the adaptive fractal is given, which computationally is of O(n). Since it uses one floating point number, the computations for each entity/node to determine the relative positions of all Battlespace entities is trivial, therefore each entity can achieve situational awareness in near-realtime. A simulation of the dynamics for different adaptive fractal topologies written in Mathematica, can be demonstrated during the paper presentation.
Patient satisfaction and savings, and clinical outcomes of televisits in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery at an urban academic center

Aim To evaluate patient satisfaction and savings, and compare visit outcomes based on chief complaint (CC) of women presenting for a televisit to a female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) clinic at an urban academic center. Methods A cross-sectional study of women completing a televisit with an FPMRS specialist at our institution from June 19, 2020 to July 17, 2020 was conducted. A telephone questionnaire was administered to patients to assess satisfaction and savings (travel costs/time avoided). Electronic medical records were reviewed to collect patient demographics and comorbidities, CC, and televisit outcomes (e.g., face-to-face (F2F) exam scheduled, orders placed). Logistic regression was used to analyze predictors of satisfaction and need for F2F follow-up. Results One hundred eighty-seven of 290 (64.5%) women called completed the survey, of whom 168 (89.8%) were satisfied with their televisit. Eighty-eight (48.1%) saved at least an hour and 54 (28.9%) saved more than $25 on transportation. There were no significant associations between patient characteristics, CC, or televisit outcomes and satisfaction. Ninety-nine (52.9%) televisits resulted in F2F follow-up, with CC of prolapse (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2 (1.7-10.3); p = 0.002), new patient (OR = 2.2 (1.2-4.2); p = 0.01), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 3.9 (1.2-13.6); p=.03) as significant predictors. Conclusion Most patients were satisfied with FPMRS televisits at our urban academic center. Televisits resulted in patient travel time and cost savings. Women presenting with prolapse and for new patient visits would likely benefit from initial F2F visits instead of televisits. Televisits are an important mode of health care and in some cases can replace F2F visits.
Korean Perception(s) of Equality and Equal Protection

Korea has been a constitutional democracy for just twenty years after decades of authoritarian rule. Thus, “equality” is a relatively new concept to average Koreans. Perceptions of equality and equal protection are often shaped by societal culture. Two competing forces affect the Korean situation. First, Korea has deeply embedded Confucian norms that guide contemporary attitudes and practices. Second, Korea has recently undergone a radical social transformation, resulting in changing norms. Toward a more informed understanding of how Koreans perceive equality and equality rights, this Article reports the results of a survey of Korean reactions to a hypothetical suggesting disparate treatment by a commercial airline. The survey assesses whether participants view the airline’s action as (i) discriminatory and/or (ii) unlawful, and (iii) what actions they would take. The vast majority saw the action as discriminatory; a significantly smaller majority viewed it as illegal. Respondents offered many actions they would take in response. In explaining the results, this Article takes account of cultural norms attributed to Korea, the society in transformation, and changes in Korea’s legal institutions during democratization.
Simulation-based 'STRESS' testing case study: a multicast routing protocol

We propose a method for using simulation to analyze the robustness of multiparty (multicast-based) protocols in a systematic fashion. We call our method Systematic Testing of Robustness by Examination of Selected Scenarios (STRESS). STRESS aims to cut the time and effort needed to explore pathological cases of a protocol during its design. This paper has two goals: (1) to describe the method, and (2) to serve as a case study of robustness analysis of multicast routing protocols. We aim to offer design tools similar to those used in CAD and VLSI design, and demonstrate how effective systematic simulation can be in studying protocol robustness.
Survival Surgery: Removal of the Spleen or Thymus

Although for most experiments lymphoid tissue is removed from the freshly sacrificed animal, there are several circumstances which require the surgical removal, under anesthesia, of either the thymus or spleen, and the recovery of the animal for further investigation. This unit describes survival surgery for removal of the adult spleen as well as the adult and neonatal thymus of the mouse.
The interaction between erythrocyte organic phosphates, magnesium ion, and hemoglobin

Abstract Oxygen equilibria have been used to study the interaction between red cell organic phosphates, magnesium ion, and hemoglobin. We measured the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin solutions containing either 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) or ATP and varying concentrations of magnesium ion at 10°, 20°, and 30°. Deoxyhemoglobin and Mg2+ were competitors, binding reciprocally with the organic phosphates. Stability constants derived from these data were in the order: HbDPG g HbATP g MgATP g MgDPG. The binding of deoxyhemoglobin to 2,3-DPG was more temperature dependent than its binding to ATP (ΔH = -11 kcal per mole and -6.1 kcal per mole respectively). Unlike MgATP, the binding of magnesium ion to 2,3-DPG was independent of temperature. From these equilibria and a knowledge of the total red cell concentration of magnesium, ATP, 2,3-DPG, and hemoglobin, we have estimated the distribution of bound and unbound molecules within oxygenated and deoxygenated erythrocytes under physiological conditions. The bulk of red cell ATP is bound to magnesium and therefore is ineffective in mediating hemoglobin function. Upon deoxygenation there is a considerable increase in the concentration of free magnesium ion.
Clustering-based minimum energy wireless m-connected k-covered sensor networks

Duty-cycling is an appealing solution for energy savings in densely deployed, energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Indeed, several applications, such as intruder detection and tracking, require the design of k-covered WSNs, which are densely in nature and where each location in a monitored field is covered (or sensed) by at least k active sensors. With duty-cycling, sensors can be turned on or off according to a scheduling protocol, thus reducing the number of active sensors required to k-cover a field and helping all sensors deplete their energy slowly and uniformly. In this paper, we propose a duty-cycling framework, called clustered randomized m-connected k-coverage (CRACCmk), for k-coverage of a sensor field. We present two protocols using CRACCmk, namely T-CRACCmk and D-CRACCmk, which differ by their degree of granularity of network clustering. We prove that the CRACCmk protocols are minimum energy m-connected k-coverage protocols in that each deploys a minimum number of active sensors to k-cover a sensor field and that k-coverage implies m-connectivity between all active sensors, with m being larger than k. We enhance the practicality of the CRACCmk protocols by relaxing some widely used assumptions for k-coverage. Simulation results show that the CRACCmk protocols outperform existing k-coverage protocols for WSNs.
Adaptive hierarchical algorithm for accurate image segmentation

A conceptually new algorithm is presented for segmenting textured images into regions in each of which data is modelled as one of C 2-D Markov Random Field (MRF). The algorithm is designed to operate in real time when implemented on new parallel architecture. Gaussian MRF is used to model textures in visible light images of outdoor and indoor scenes. Image segmentation is realized as a maximum likelihood estimation. To simplify the segmentation algorithm, the image is partitioned into disjoint square windows in each of which there will be one or atmost two different texture regions. In any given window the segmentation algorithm is hierarchical and uses a pyramid-like structure. This paper is an extension to material introduced in [1,2] and concentrates on exploring the segmentation accuracy of the algorithm and addressing more fully the question of how the algorithm can operate in adaptive modes when the parameters of the texture field are partially or totally unknown.
Human Factors and Ergonomics

Humanfactors and ergonomics (HF/E) is rooted in two fundamental concepts: user-oriented design and the human-machine system model. The former embodies the principle that the utility and safety of artifacts that people create cannot be optimized unless human strengths, weaknesses, and tendencies are considered explicitly in their design. The latter regards the artifact and its human user as interactive components of a composite system that functions best when the components mesh. Thus the field is involved in research on all aspects of human performance and in the application of that knowledge to the design of all manner of systems. As technology has evolved and the role of the operator has changed, the scope of HF/E has shifted and expanded. From the era of manual tasks and a focus on information displays and manual controls, it has followed technology into the information age where the emphasis is on cognitive engineering, software design, and complex systems. Although it still draws heavily on psychological content and methods, its disciplinary composition has also expanded greatly. Once an applied extension of experimental psychology, its interests now extend into the domains of individual differences, I/O, and social psychology, along with anthropology, biomechanics, neuroscience, computer science, and a host of evolving disciplines. Institutional linkages with these specialties and disciplines have been hampered by longstanding traditions and internal HF/E controversies, but there are signs that the situation is improving. Keywords: applied experimental psychology; cognitive systems engineering; engineering psychology; human-centered design; human-machine systems; human performance
Probabilistic Knowledge of Third-Party Trademark Infringement

This essay views secondary trademark liability in light of tort law’s treatment of parties whose actions expose a plaintiff to third party-wrongdoing. Broadly speaking, tort law imposes liability on a party for contributing to the tortious activity of another in two different ways. In vicarious and accomplice liability cases, courts impose the same liability on the defendant as they would have on the direct tortfeasors, had they been defendants: if the third-party wrongdoer is a batterer, the defendant is liable for battery. Another line of cases imposes liability for unreasonably putting a defendant at risk of third-party wrongdoing, and these cases are often based on knowledge of probabilistic harm. But crucially, these are negligence cases: even if the third party wrongdoer is a batterer, the defendant’s liability in these cases is for negligence and not for battery. The Supreme Court's Inwood decision preserves this important distinction between secondary liability for third-party tortious conduct and direct liability for one's own negligent conduct by requiring knowledge that particular actors are likely to infringe as a condition of secondary liability. If, however, courts were inclined to take more seriously their claims that trademark secondary liability law derives from general principles of tort law, then cases involving probabilistic harm would be viewed as negligence cases rather than trademark infringement cases. Liability in these cases would turn on an evaluation of the reasonableness of the defendant’s conduct in preventing harm, taking into account the full cost of alternative precautions. It would also turn on the trademark owner’s ability to prove causation - both in-fact and proximate - concepts that generally are completely absent from trademark cases.
Optical Crossbar Networks

With advances in technology and the declining cost of computer hardware, it is now feasible to design computer architectures consisting of large numbers of processors executing programs concurrently. Most parallel computing architectures can be generally classified into SIMD and MIMD systems. SIMD processors simultaneously and synchronously execute the same instructions on different data streams, while MIMD processors are not necessarily synchronous and execute different instructions on different data streams. In image processing, for example, low level tasks generally have an image as input and image as output. SIMD systems well suit these tasks, and most existing parallel image processing systems are of this type. An important part of a parallel processing system is the interconnection needed for the transfer of information among processors, and between processors and memories. In such systems several processors may need data from memories or other processors simultaneously; therefore, the network should be capable of providing fast parallel access to data. The interconnections designed for use in multiprocessor systems range from a common bus to a crossbar network.
Twinning superlattice in VLS grown planar GaAs nanowires induced by impurity doping

In situ doping with Zn and C impurities induces periodic twin plane boundaries along the axis of planar &#60;110> GaAs nanowires grown via Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism in a MOCVD environment.
Integrated capture and spectroscopic detection of viruses in an aqueous environment

A new approach to virus detection in an aqueous environment has been developed using the electrophoretic deposition of protein and viruses on a charged surface for in situ infrared characterization and identification. In this study, a potential was applied across a germanium ATR crystal, which acted as the anode, and an indium tin oxide (ITO) plate, which acted as the cathode in the electrodeposition setup. Sample aqueous solutions were placed between the germanium and the ITO with different concentrations of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the virus MS2, in tap water. The pH of the tap water was above the isoelectric point of the virus and the protein, resulting in a net negative charge for both. The negatively charged protein and virus were then driven to the surface of the positively charged germanium ATR crystal, once a potential was applied to the system. FTIR/ATR was used before and throughout electrodeposition to enable the in situ observation of the deposition with time. In this study, we evaluate the capture efficiency, compared to control experiments with no applied voltage, and the feasibility of using this approach for the collection and quantification of proteins and viruses from water samples. This technique resulted in the successful deposition of BSA, and MS2 with an applied voltage of only 1.1V. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the ATR spectra, distinct spectral features were identified for the protein and virus showing the potential for identification and characterization of biological molecules in an aqueous environment.
Uranous ion oxidation and carbon dioxide fixation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The stoichiometric oxidation of uranous-to uranyl-uranium byThiobacllus ferrooxidans is demonstrated. Fixation of14CO2 and the effect of inhibitors demonstrate that energy is conserved during the oxidation and used for energy-dependent “reverse electron flow” and carbon dioxide fixation.
American adults' knowledge of HIV testing availability.

OBJECTIVES. Understanding client needs, knowledge, and preferences about services is necessary to ensure that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing programs are accessible. This study addressed knowledge of HIV testing availability. METHODS. To study American adults' knowledge of HIV testing availability, we collected data during 1990 by random digit-dialing telephone surveys of adults residing in 44 states and the District of Columbia. RESULTS. Of the 81,557 persons who responded, almost two thirds identified medical doctors as a source of HIV testing. Fourteen percent identified public sites, and 12% said they didn't know where to go for HIV testing. Persons who were older, less educated, and had lower incomes were less likely to know where they could go for testing. Persons identifying public sites shared some characteristics with others who lacked adequate health care coverage. CONCLUSIONS. Physicians will be increasingly called upon to provide HIV counseling and testing to their p...
Response to letter of Sloth and Blaivas entitled "the future of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: what if a TEE probe could shock, sense and pace?" [Resuscitation 82 (2011) 1253].

Drs. Sloth and Blaivas state: “A small inexpensive TEE probe apable of sensing, pacing and defibrillating in an ideal location just ehind the heart could be used in multiple care settings, including re-hospital ones. . .this would result in significant improvement n the management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a varity of settings.” We agree with this suggestion and wish to point ut that such a TEE probe with the capability of delivering a carioverting or defibrillating shock has already been designed and nitial clinical experience with patients undergoing cardioversion f atrial fibrillation has been gained [1,2]. In addition, we have sugested that a sheath could be designed containing the necessary onnecting wires and electrodes into which any TEE probe could e inserted, thereby making a usable combined instrument without ermanently altering the probe. Sincerely,
Elucidation of the chemical structures of natural antioxidants isolated from rosemary

A natural antioxidant extract with activity greater than BHA and equal to BHT was isolated from rosemary leaves. The extract was separated into 7 primary fractions with liquid chromatography, using silicic acid as an adsorbent followed by gradient elution. Each fraction was rechromatographed to yield a total of 16 subfractions. Two compounds, carnosol and ursolic acid, were identified by infrared, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Carnosol was shown to be one of the active antioxidant components in rosemary. Ursolic acid was not an effective antioxidant. Further fractionation of the most active antioxidant subfractions by high performance liquid chromatography and the elucidation of the chemical structures of these fractions are now in progress.
Metriken zur Bewertung der Datenqualität - Konzeption und praktischer Nutzen

Seit einigen Jahren gewinnt das Thema Datenqualitat (DQ) sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch in der Praxis immer mehr an Bedeutung. Dies uberrascht nicht, da die Sicherstellung und Verbesserung der DQ – insbesondere im Zuge von stark wachsenden Datenbestanden, dem verstarkten Einsatz von Data-Warehouse-Systemen und der Relevanz, die dem ,,Customer Relationship Management“ (CRM) beigemessen wird – eine immer grosere Rolle spielt. Mit der steigenden Bedeutung der DQ wird auch die Notwendigkeit geeigneter Mess- und Bewertungsverfahren deutlich, die fur eine Planung, Steuerung und Kontrolle von DQ-Masnahmen unabdingbar sind. Um die DQ zu quantifizieren, werden im Beitrag neue Metriken fur die DQ-Merkmale Korrektheit und Aktualitat vorgestellt und diskutiert. Dabei wird im Vergleich zu bestehenden Ansatzen insbesondere Wert auf fachliche Interpretierbarkeit und Praxistauglichkeit gelegt. Die Anwendung der entwickelten Metriken und damit auch die Eignung im praktischen Einsatz werden im CRM-Kontext anhand des Kampagnenmanagements eines grosen deutschen Mobilfunkanbieters veranschaulicht.
Femoral Deformity Correction in Children and Young Adults Using Taylor Spatial Frame

The Taylor spatial frame (TSF) has been used commonly in children and young adults. Its use in the tibia is more extensively studied and applied than in the femur. We asked whether normal alignment can be achieved with accuracy during correction of femoral deformities while avoiding major complications in children and young adults. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiographic records of 20 patients (22 limbs), ages 5.9 to 24.6 years, who underwent a TSF for femoral deformity. Etiology included a number of diagnoses of the pediatric age. Minimum followup was 4.5 months (mean, 15.7 months; range, 4.5–35 months). The mean time in frame was 6.2 months (range, 2.6–19 months). Frontal and sagittal plane deformities were corrected to within normal values. A mean limb lengthening of 4.9 cm (range, 1.5–9 cm) was performed in eight femora in seven of which the limb length discrepancy was a secondary concern. External fixation index in the lengthening subgroup was 2.2 months/cm. The 15 complications in 13 limbs included pin tract infection, knee stiffness, delayed union, skin irritation, and posterior knee subluxation. No complications occurred in nine limbs. Computer-assisted femoral deformity correction with six-axis deformity analysis and the TSF is an accurate and safe technique in children and young adults.
Treatment of rabbit neutrophils with phorbol esters results in increased ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by pertussis toxin and inhibition of the GTPase stimulated by fMet-Leu-Phe.

Abstract The effects of pretreatment of rabbit neutrophils with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on the ability of pertussis toxin to catalyze ADP-ribosylation and of fMet-Leu-Phe to activate a high-affinity GTPase in these cell homogenates were examined. The addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, to intact cells was found to stimulate by more than 100% the pertussis toxin-dependent ribosylation of a 41 kDa protein (either the α-subunit of the ‘inhibitory’ guanine nucleotide-binding protein N i or a closely analogous protein) and to inhibit by more than 60% the activation by fMet-Leu-Phe of the GTPase of the neutrophil homogenates. The addition of fMet-Leu-Phe to intact cells increases the ADPribosylation catalyzed by pertussis toxin of the 41 kDa protein. On the other hand, the exposure of neutrophil homogenates to fMet-Leu-Phe results in a decreased level of ADP-ribosylation. This decreased ribosylation reflects a dissociation of the GTP-binding protein oligomer that is not followed by association, possibly because of the release of the α-subunit into the suspending media. The implications of these results for the understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of cell responsiveness by phorbol esters and the heterologous desensitization phenomenon are discussed. Prominent among these are the possibilities that (i) the rate of dissociation of the N i oligomer is affected by the degree of its phosphorylation by protein kinase C, and/or (ii) the dissociated phosphorylated α-subunit (the 41 kDa protein) is functionally less active than its dephosphorylated couterpart.
Total reaction probabilities for translationally hot (3.7 eV)D atoms reacting with H2 and their astrophysical implications

Translationally hot (3.7 eV center-of-mass collision energy) D atoms can be produced by the dissociative recombinationsof DCO+ ions with electrons in interstellar clouds. The reactions of hot D atoms with H2 molecules is an important factor in determining the D to H abundance ratio in the universe from observations of deuterated species in dense interstellar clouds. A simulation of this reaction has been carried out using exact quasiclassical reaction cross sections, together with a series of approximate total collision cross sections. It was found that the total probability of reaction, PR, at 3.7 eV was approximately 0.4. A reaction probability of this magnitude suggeststhat the loss of D atoms by the title reaction be considered in astrochemical modeling of deuterated molecules.
Miscible Blends Formed from Intrapolymer Repulsive Interactions: 2. Phase Behavior of Blends of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate and Zinc-Sulfonated Polystyrene Ionomers

Abstract The phase behavior of mixtures of bisphenol A polycarbonate and the zinc salts of lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (Zn-SPS) was studied as a function of the sulfonation level and the molecular weight of the ionomer. This system exhibits upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase behavior and miscibility is attributed to intramolecular repulsion between the ionic and non-ionic groups of the ionomer. The cloud point temperature decreased with increasing sulfonation level of the ionomer over the range of 8.7–13.7 mol.%, and it inscreased with increasing molecular weight of Zn-SPS for a fixed sulfonation level. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that no specific interactions involving either the carbonate carbonyl group or the metal sulfonate group occurred in the blends. The composition dependence of the glass transition of the miscible Zn-SPS/PC blends also gave no indication that specific interactions occurred in this system.
Laser Capture Microdissection Assessment of Virus Compartmentalization in the Central Nervous Systems of Macaques Infected with Neurovirulent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Nonhuman primate-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) models are powerful tools for studying the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the brain. Our laboratory recently isolated a neuropathogenic viral swarm, SIVsmH804E, a derivative of SIVsmE543-3, which was the result of sequential intravenous passages of viruses isolated from the brains of rhesus macaques with SIV encephalitis. Animals infected with SIVsmH804E or its precursor (SIVsmH783Br) developed SIV meningitis and/or encephalitis at high frequencies. Since we observed macaques with a combination of meningitis and encephalitis, as well as animals in which meningitis or encephalitis was the dominant component, we hypothesized that distinct mechanisms could be driving the two pathological states. Therefore, we assessed viral populations in the meninges and the brain parenchyma by laser capture microdissection. Viral RNAs were isolated from representative areas of the meninges, brain parenchyma, terminal plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and from the inoculum, and the SIV envelope fragment was amplified by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of envelope sequences from the conventional progressors revealed compartmentalization of viral populations between the meninges and the parenchyma. In one of these animals, viral populations in meninges were closely related to those from CSF and shared signature truncations in the cytoplasmic domain of gp41, consistent with a common origin. Apart from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging, CSF is the most accessible assess to the central nervous system for HIV-1-infected patients. However, our results suggest that the virus in the CSF may not always be representative of viral populations in the brain and that caution should be applied in extrapolating between the properties of viruses in these two compartments.
Selecting Students and Services for Compensatory Education: Lessons From Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Research

In this keynote review, we draw from recent theory and research on individual differences, learning, and instruction to answer questions about the selection of students and the provision of services in compensatory education. In addressing the question regarding provision of services to Chapter 1 students, we focus on five issues: (a) fragmentation versus integration of what is to be learned, (b) time as a variable, (c) the provision of direct instruction and possible alternatives to direct instruction, (d) compensatory education for aptitude processes, and (e) instructional grouping decisions. Current Chapter 1 services may promote fragmentation rather than integration of the academic content for the student. Moreover, Chapter 1 services focus more on teaching basic skills than on promoting higher-order thinking in reading and mathematics. We discuss problems associated with current selection procedures such as misclassification and "labeling" of Chapter 1 students. We conclude with recommendations for e...
Adsorption and Separation of Noble Gases by IRMOF-1 : Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulations

The gas storage capacity of metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) is well-known and has been investigated using both experimental and computational methods. Previous Monte Carlo computer simulations of gas adsorption by MOFs have made several questionable approximations regarding framework−framework and framework−adsorbate interactions: potential parameters from general force fields have been used, and framework atoms were fixed at their crystallographic coordinates (rigid framework). We assess the validity of these approximations with grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for a well-known Zn-based MOF (IRMOF-1), using potential parameters specifically derived for IRMOF-1. Our approach is validated by comparison with experimental results for hydrogen and xenon adsorption at room temperature. The effects of framework flexibility on the adsorption of noble gases and hydrogen are described, as well as the selectivity of IRMOF-1 for xenon versus other noble gases. At both low temperature (78 K) and room temperatu...
Systems-based framework for continuing medical education and improvements in translating new knowledge into physicians' practices.

Concerns about health care costs and quality are focusing increasing attention on physicians and their continuing medical education (CME). These concerns have produced several calls for “a new dqfinition, ” “a new vision, ” “repositioning, ” “reinventing, ” and “transforming ” CME. Howeve6 differences in conceptualizations and vocabularies have introduced appreciable confusion in recommending changes. This article uses a systems-based approach to describe and analyze the processes involved in translating new information into physicians ’ practices. The article (1) introduces a conceptual framework that links physician learning and performance to systems for information, education, implementation, and regulation in the context of the larger health care system; (2) uses the flamework to identifjl concerns and opportunities for the major types of systems immediately relevant to CME; and (3) uses the framework to suggest broader implications for CME, including the nature of process for changing physicians ’ practices, needed improvements, prioritim in performing research, and implications for CME professionals.
Theoretical and experimental determination of optical and magneto-optical properties of LuFe2 single crystal

Abstract We have studied the diagonal and off-diagonal optical conductivity of a LuFe2 single crystal grown by the flux method. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry we have measured the dielectric function from 1.5 to 5.5 eV. The magneto-optical parameters (Kerr rotation and ellipticity) from 1.4 to 4.0 eV were obtained using a magneto-optical polar Kerr spectrometer at temperatures between 7 and 295 K and applied magnetic fields up to 1.2 T which fully saturates the magnetic moment of LuFe2. We describe the apparatus and evaluate the off-diagonal conductivity components from the data. Theoretical calculations of optical conductivities and magneto-optical parameters were performed using the tight binding-linear muffin tin orbitals method within the local spin density approximation. When lifetime broadening is included, the calculations agree well with the experimental data.
Effect of Removal of Flower Buds, Open Flowers, Young Pods and Shoot Apex on Growth and Pod Set in Soybean

The complete removal of the reproductive structures once and shoot apices of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) during early anthesis but before the rapid seed development stage significantly increased flowering and pod set in greenhouse and field grown plants. The treated plants had darker green leaves, shorter stems and petioles and retained their chlorophyll content longer than control plants. Pod maturation was also delayed. Although decapitation and the removal of reproductive structures increased the number of 3or more-seeded pods in all varieties tested, seed weight per plant was not consistently increased. The possible involvement of endogenous hormones in pod set and multi-locule pod production in soybeans is discussed.
METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH CALICEAL DIVERTICULAR CALCULI

AbstractPurpose: We determined the incidence and spectrum of metabolic abnormalities in patients with caliceal diverticular calculi.Materials and Methods: Five men and 9 women with caliceal diverticular calculi underwent metabolic evaluation, including determination of serum electrolytes, calcium, phosphate and uric acid, and 24-hour urinary volume, creatinine, calcium, oxalate, uric acid and citrate.Results: Of the 14 patients 7 (50%) had urinary excretion abnormalities promoting stone formation, including hypercalciuria in 3, hyperoxaluria in 1, hypercalciuria combined with hyperuricosuria in 1 and hyperoxaluria combined with hyperuricosuria in 2. Two patients had a history of gout while another had radiographic evidence of medullary sponge kidney. Of the patients 9 (64.3%) had a history of synchronous or metachronous calculi distant from the involved caliceal diverticular stone and 5 (55.6%) of these 9 had definable metabolic disorders. However, there was no statistically significant difference in urin...