cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Accuracy on Bayesian Inference Problems Using a Brief Tutorial

Research suggests that most people struggle when asked to interpret the outcomes of diagnostic tests such as those presented as Bayesian inference problems. To help people interpret these difficult problems, we created a brief tutorial, requiring less than 10 minutes, that guided participants through the creation of an aid (either graph or table) based on an example inference problem and then showed the correct way to calculate the positive predictive value of the problem (i.e., likelihood that positive tests correctly indicate presence of condition). Approximately 70% of those in each training condition found the correct response on at least one problem in the format for which they were trained. Just under 55% of those in the control condition (i.e., no training) were able to find the correct response on at least one table or graph problem. We demonstrated a relationship between numeracy and performance on both problem formats, although we did not find evidence for a relationship between graph literacy and performance for either problem format. Potential improvements to and applications of the tutorial are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prayer reveals belief: images of God from hospital prayers.

Observes that prayers are the words of God's people spoken to God. They are also words which people speak about God. Examines a sample of prayers written by patients or family members in an open format book in a hospital chapel for what is revealed about the writers' beliefs about God.
Lack of dissociation between insulin and antibody from guinea pig.

SummaryStudies assessed the extent to which insulin-131I and unlabeled insulin exchanged in antiserum from immunized guinea pigs. Comparisons of patterns of radioactivity obtained after agar gel electrophoresis of antiserum containing labeled and stable insulin, added in reversed sequences, revealed almost no exchange between insulin-131I and crystalline insulin.
Surface Initiation from Adsorbed Polymer Clusters: A Rapid Route to Superhydrophobic Coatings

We introduce the use of a hydroborated polyisoprene (PIP) macroinitiator for the rapid surface-initiated growth of superhydrophobic polymethylene (PM) films. Rinsing of a dip-coated PIP film on a methyl-terminated surface atop silicon or gold substrates results in robustly bound, isolated PIP clusters. After hydroboration of the internal olefins, these clusters result in extremely rapid growth of polymethylene coatings upon exposure to a diazomethane solution in diethyl ether at -17 °C. The resulting PM films achieve 6 μm thicknesses within 20 min of polymerization and become superhydrophobic with advancing and receding water contact angles of 166° and 156°, respectively, within 1 min. The PM films grown from these PIP clusters exhibit 3× greater propagation velocities, 30% lower termination rates, and more highly textured morphologies than PM films grown from hydroborated monolayers.
Comparison of Neighbor Recognition in Two Species of Deer Mice (Peromyscus)

Conspecific pairs of neighbors and strangers of Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis and P. maniculatus ozarkiarum were removed from wild populations and tested in 12 min encounters in a laboratory arena. There were marked differences between neighbor and stranger interactions of the two species. P. leucopus neighbors appeared to recognize each other quickly. They often exhibited submission, indicating a prior dominance relationship had been established in the field. Neighbors were less aggressive, avoided less and investigated each other more than did strangers. P. maniculatus neighbors and strangers differed only in rate of approaching. P. leucopus neighbors approached more often, investigated earlier and more often, and avoided less than P. maniculatus neighbors. Strangers of the two species did not differ in behavior. Our study population of P. leucopus apparently had a social organization based on mutual recognition of neighbors, with some type of dominance relationship between them, and on aggressiveness toward strangers. The P. maniculatus did not exhibit neighbor recognition. A different subspecies of P. maniculatus has been reported to behave as the P. leucopus we studied. The subspecific differences may be due to differences between social organization of the maniculatus subspecies or to factors peculiar to our study population.
Effect of testis extract on growth of a transplanted lymphosarcoma in AKm mice.

SummaryA factor has been demonstrated in testis extract which inhibits the growth of a transplanted lymphosarcoma in AKm mice.This factor is of unknown nature, but appears to be different from the Duran-Reynals spreading factor.
Characteristics of 91 strains of Salmonella paratyphoid A in Yunnan Province,2005-2012

The aim of this study is to identify the epidemic characterization of Salmonella paratyphoid A in Yunnan Province.We performed the etiology analysis for the strains isolated from different years and areas in Yunnan Province.Susceptibility test for all the strains were performed by using the K-B diffusion method,and the molecular typing were analyzed by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE).Most of these isolates were sensitive to many antibiotics,but some showed multi-drug resistant characters.Ninety-one strains were separated into two clusters according to PFGE-XbaI analysis,and all the strains had highly homology relationship based on PFGE-XbaI,Spe I results.There were two types of Salmonella paratyphoid A dominant strains in Yunnan Province,showing the highly relationships between them,which suggested the similar transmission route in these areas.The susceptibility test could also provide the evidence for clinical treatment.
Glutamatergic Retinal Waves

Spontaneous activity patterns propagate through many parts of the developing nervous system and shape the wiring of emerging circuits. Prior to vision, waves of activity originating in the retina propagate through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to primary visual cortex (V1). Retinal waves have been shown to instruct the wiring of ganglion cell axons in LGN and of thalamocortical axons in V1 via correlation-based plasticity rules. Across species, retinal waves mature in three stereotypic stages (I-III), in which distinct circuit mechanisms give rise to unique activity patterns that serve specific functions in visual system refinement. Here, I review insights into the patterns, mechanisms, and functions of stage III retinal waves, which rely on glutamatergic signaling. As glutamatergic waves spread across the retina, neighboring ganglion cells with opposite light responses (ON vs. OFF) are activated sequentially. Recent studies identified lateral excitatory networks in the inner retina that generate and propagate glutamatergic waves, and vertical inhibitory networks that desynchronize the activity of ON and OFF cells in the wavefront. Stage III wave activity patterns may help segregate axons of ON and OFF ganglion cells in the LGN, and could contribute to the emergence of orientation selectivity in V1.
SU-F-T-145: Modeling of a Proton Pencil Beam Partially Blocked by a Collimator.

Purpose: To develop a mathematical model of the fluence distribution of a proton pencil beam that is partially blocked by a collimator. Methods: In one dimension, an exact analytical solution of the proton distribution behind a collimator edge was derived, taking the beam's phase space, the edge position, and the scattering downstream of the collimator as input. Extension to two dimensions was achieved using a Clarkson-like Method: determine the radial distances from each calculation point to the collimator outline, calculate the beam's phase space in the direction of each radial line, apply the one-dimensional model along each radial line, and sum the contributions. A Matlab implementation of the full model produced high-resolution distributions with relatively short calculation times (of about 2 ms per calculation point). The model was validated by comparison to Monte Carlo simulations for select pencil beam phase space distributions and collimator shapes. Results: Agreement between model and simulation confirm the exact mathematical solution of the one-dimensional model. In two dimensions the agreement is reasonable, but not exact, due to the approximations introduced in the Clarkson-like method. Conclusion: A model has been developed and validated that gives the lateral fluence distribution of a pencil beam beyond a collimator. Notably, this model does not include free parameters and the final fluence is completely determined by the phase space parameters of the beam, already existing in the treatment planning system, as well as both axial and lateral position of the aperture edge. As such, it can be incorporated in a full pencil-beam dose calculation algorithm allowing for the modeling of field-specific collimators in proton pencil beam scanning and, potentially, the optimization of collimator shape and/or pencil phase space in addition to the customary spot weight optimization.
The Myth of Readily Convertible to Full Auto

There is a widespread belief that many “assault weapons” (semiautomatic guns that are cosmetically similar to automatic rifles) can be easily converted to full automatic. This is sometimes used as an argument for banning them. But current law already treats such readily convertible weapons or parts to do such conversions as machine guns, subject to the very strict licensing and transfer rules.
An empirical study of data warehouse implementation effectiveness

AbstractA data warehouse implementation involves a huge financial undertaking on the part of a business organization. Business organizations maintain an enterprise data warehouse to get access to the most accurate and up-to-date information concerning their business. That information needs to be available at the right time to enable organizations to make strategic business decisions. This article discusses the findings of an empirical study of data warehouse implementation effectiveness. The motivation behind conducting this study was to identify the variables that are influential. In this study eight variables were taken as predictive variables and four as response variables. The findings of the study show that certain variables have a significant influence on the response variables for data warehousing success. IT professionals, academicians and researchers might find these findings beneficial.
Universal partial words over non-binary alphabets

Abstract Chen, Kitaev, Mutze, and Sun recently introduced the notion of universal partial words, a generalization of universal words and de Bruijn sequences. Universal partial words allow for a wild-card character ⋄, which is a placeholder for any letter in the alphabet. We extend results from the original paper and develop additional proof techniques to study these objects. For non-binary alphabets, we show that universal partial words have periodic ⋄ structure and are cyclic, and we give number-theoretic conditions on the existence of universal partial words. In addition, we provide an explicit construction for an infinite family of universal partial words over non-binary alphabets.
Fr. Agustı́n de Vetancurt: The "Via crucis en mexicano"

The reputation of Fr. Agustin de Vetancurt, one of the better known Franciscans of colonial Mexico, derives largely from his fame as a historian. He is the author of the monumental Teatro mexicano (1698), a historical description of the most important events of colonial New Spain. Fr. Agustin was also an accomplished scholar of Nahuatl, and published several works in that language. This essay will take a preliminary look at his life and times by focusing on a small work written by him in Nahuatl. It is a guide for the ceremony of the Stations of the Cross, celebrated throughout the year but especially on Good Friday.
Towards Ethical Youth Consumerism in Alaska: The Transformation of Alaskan Education and a Viable Transition off Fossil Fuels and the Consumer Pipeline

This chapter explores an educational philosophy that incorporates lessons on ethical youth consumerism and our connections to one another as human beings and to the land and animals where we live. This philosophy is a crucial component in finding the solutions we need so desperately in Alaska and around the world to ensure a healthy planet for future generations. It addresses Alaska’s over-reliance on fossil fuels, rapid changes due to anthropogenic climate change, and our unconscious hyper-consumerism that have created serious social, economic, and environmental issues. Here, I examine the history of damage caused by the assimilationist policies of the United States, the capitalist focus on the individual over the community, and how our own unrecognized oppression might help foster a “just transition” away from fossil fuels. By harnessing the unleashed potential of our youth, we could together find ways of being that are more in line with the traditional Alaska Native values of zero waste and total respect for our ecosystems.
Distortion and Noise

Audio has made it possible to record sounds and reproduce them with reasonable fidelity, to amplify and modify sounds beyond our unassisted human powers, and to broadcast sounds using electromagnetic radiation. Audio has greatly magnified our abilities to control and use sound. It has also led to the twin evils of noise and distortion.
Literature and the Limits of Pragmatism. Alfred Schutz’s Goethe Manuscripts

When Alfred Schutz discusses multiple realities beyond the world of working, these realities are not merely free of pragmatic motives, they do merely bracket such motives, and they do not merely exhibit a contemplative style of knowledge whose relevances differ from those governing the world of working. Rather, the literary sphere of reality, as described in Schutz’s two 1948 manuscripts on Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre and Lehrjahre, involves a positive opposition to the pragmatic motivations of everyday life. There is a “logic of the poetic event” that not only “runs against” (zuwiderlauft) the logic governing everyday life and theoretical endeavors, but that also explores dimensions frustrating the hegemony of everyday pragmatism and makes room for the transcendental-philosophical concerns typical of the Husserlian framework.
FX, FA, and FB Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Type I Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

Photosynthetic reaction centers are membrane-bound pigment–protein complexes that use light to catalyze a transmembrane electron transfer against a steep thermodynamic gradient. They are found in plants and photosynthetic bacteria, and have evolved into two types. Type II reaction centers employ a mobile quinone as the terminal electron acceptor. Type I reaction centers employ an interpolypeptide [4Fe–4S] cluster (F X ) as an intermediate electron acceptor and two [4Fe–4S] iron–sulfur clusters (F A and F B ) as the terminal electron acceptors. This article focuses on type I reaction centers with special attention paid to the spectroscopic properties of F X , F A , and F B , and to the biochemical properties of the polypeptides that bind these iron–sulfur clusters.
VulnerableMe: Measuring Systemic Weaknesses in Mobile Browser Security

Porting browsers to mobile platforms may lead to new vulnerabilities whose solutions require careful balancing between usability and security and might not always be equivalent to those in desktop browsers. In this paper, we perform the first large-scale security comparison between mobile and desktop browsers. We focus our efforts on display security given the inherent screen limitations of mobile phones. We evaluate display elements in ten mobile, three tablet and five desktop browsers. We identify two new classes of vulnerabilities specific to mobile browsers and demonstrate their risk by launching real-world attacks including display ballooning, login CSRF and clickjacking. Additionally, we implement a new phishing attack that exploits a default policy in mobile browsers. These previously unknown vulnerabilities have been confirmed by browser vendors. Our observations, inputs from browser vendors and the pervasive nature of the discovered vulnerabilities illustrate that new implementation errors leading to serious attacks are introduced when browser software is ported from the desktop to mobile environment. We conclude that usability considerations are crucial while designing mobile solutions and display security in mobile browsers is not comparable to that in desktop browsers.
Void where prohibited revisited: The trickle-down effect of OSHA's at-will bathroom-break regulation

Even before it appeared at the end of 1997, “Void Where Prohibited: Rest Breaks and the Right to Urinate on Company Time” had mobilized public opinion to pressure the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to abandon its preposterous position that its industrial sanitation standard, which requires employers to provide toilets, did not obligate them to let workers use those toilets. On April 6, 1998, OSHA finally issued a Memorandum declaring that the “standard requires employers to make toilet facilities available so that employees can use them when they need to do so.” Thus with a few keystrokes, OSHA had created a right for tens of millions of workers to stop work when they need to void.Or had it? Was this establishment of at-will bathroom breaks worth the cyberspace it was posted in? How do labor-protective regulations get enforced in a world of: powerful employers opposed to government interference with their control of employees’ time; workers — 90 percent of whom in the private-sector are nonunion — afraid to assert their rights or file a complaint; and an understaffed OSHA that fails to pursue complaints vigorously (or, in the unique case of California OSHA, refuses even to comply with its obligation to insure that its standard and interpretation are “‘at least as effective’ as the Federal standard”)?Five years on, Void Where Prohibited Revisited: The Trickle-Down Effect of OSHA’s At-Will Bathroom-Break Regulation answers these questions by analyzing all the citations that OSHA has issued to employers for violating their obligation to let workers go to the bathroom and by inter-viewing OSHA officials, labor union officers, workers, and employers.
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements and Performance Analysis of Rotors with Slotted Blades

Particle image velocimetry measurements were taken to document the initial formation of the tip vortices trailed from a rotor operating in ground effect with pumping rotor blades. The pumping blade...
The Effects of Diet Formulation and Thermal Processes Associated With Pelleting on 18-day Broiler Performance and Digestible Amino Acid Concentration

SUMMARY The objectives of the study were to assess performance and digestible amino acid concentration of diets fed to broilers that differed in formulation and degree of thermal processing. Basal diets were corn, soybean meal (SBM), and dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) based and formulations were balanced to be similar in calculated metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial that varied in diet formulation (basal, basal + meat and bone meal (MBM), and basal + bakery byproduct (BBP)) and degree of thermal processing (unprocessed mash, pellet, double pellet). All treatments were ground to similar particle size and fed to 10 replicate raised wire cages of 10 straight-run Hubbard x Cobb 500 broiler chicks for 18 d. Broilers provided a basal + MBM diet improved FCR (P = 0.0046). Pelleting and double pelleting improved FCR compared to unprocessed mash (P = 0.0003). Formulation and processing effects interacted to affect digestible lysine, methionine, threonine, and cysteine concentrations (P
A dual strategy to optimize hematopoietic progenitor cell collections: validation of a simple prediction algorithm and use of collect flow rates guided by mononuclear cell count.

Background Previous prediction algorithms to achieve target CD34+ goals have not been widely adopted, with many centers still using a set volume to process for hematopoietic progenitor cell collections. This may be because previous algorithms are challenging to implement. Additionally, no study has yet examined the utility of adjusting the collect flow rate (CFR) based on the donor's preprocedure total mononuclear cell (MNC) count, which correlates with CD34+ yield. Study design and methods In this retrospective analysis of mobilized allogeneic donors collected using MNC (COBE Spectra, Terumo BCT) or continuous mononuclear cell collection (CMNC) (Spectra Optia, Terumo BCT) procedures, we validated a one-step prediction algorithm to achieve the target CD34+ product dose (Appendix S1, available as supporting information in the online version of this paper). The COBE Spectra MNC Collect Flow Tool (Appendix S2, available as supporting information in the online version of this paper) was used to select the collect flow rate for both MNC and CMNC procedures. Procedural collection efficiency (CE) was compared to that of historical procedures utilizing fixed CFRs (1.0-1.5 mL/min). Results Ninety-three percent of collections achieved the target CD34+ goal using our algorithm-calculated process volumes. The remaining 7% of cases had CEs lower than the algorithm CE (0.40), and thus were below goal. Second, an MNC-based CFR improved MNC and CD34+ CEs in patients with higher MNC counts compared to our historical controls. Conclusion We validated that this simple, single-step prediction algorithm achieves the target CD34+ goal in most HPC collections. Secondly, we showed that an MNC-based CFR for hematopoietic progenitor cell collections improves CE at higher MNCs; this may be preferable to a WBC-based CFR because of variability of MNC counts at a given WBC count.
High Publication Rate of Abstracts Presented at Lumbar Spine Research Society Meetings.

ABSTRACT Background: Although publication rates from multiple orthopedic research conferences have been published in the literature, the publication rates of abstracts presented at the Lumbar Spine Research Society (LSRS) meetings have never been reported. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the publication rates from the LSRS annual meeting years 2008–2012 and then to compare those rates with that of other spine research society meetings. Methods: Podium presentations from 2008 to 2012 and poster presentations from 2010 to 2012 were reviewed. For each presentation, a PubMed search was performed to determine if a full-text publication existed. χ2 tests were used to compare LSRS publication rates to those of other spine meetings. In addition, impact of published articles was evaluated by average citation count and average journal impact factor. Results: From 2008 to 2012, a total of 332 podium and poster presentations were identified. The overall publication rate was 55.1% (183/332). For podium presentations, this was greatest in 2012 (66.0%) and lowest in 2008 (51.5%). For poster presentations, this was greatest in 2012 (53.6%) and lowest in 2010 (25.0%). The publication rate of presentations is statistically greater than the publication rates of Eurospine (37.8%, P Conclusions: While LSRS is a relatively young society, these findings point to the high quality of presentations at this scientific meeting. These findings speak to the scientific rigor of presentations at LSRS. Clinical Relevance: This study helps clinicians and scientists gauge the quality of a research meeting and make informed choices on which gatherings to attend.
Draft Genome Sequence of Serratia sp. 1D1416.

ABSTRACT This work reports the draft genome of Serratia sp. 1D1416. The assembled genome contains a 5,552,016-bp circular chromosome. The strain was discovered in a mixed culture from a gall isolated from Euonymus japonicas.
Mutual Aid Networks: Informal Shop Floor Organizing among Mexican Migrant Construction Workers in San Diego:

Labor scholarship overwhelmingly continues to frame the value of migrants’ social network ties by successful or unsuccessful incorporation into formal sectors of the host economy. Within this conte...
Removal of heavy metals by aged zero-valent iron from flue-gas-desulfurization brine under high salt and temperature conditions.

Abstract To achieve zero liquid discharge, the flue-gas-desulfurization (FGD) wastewater at coal-fired power plants can be concentrated into brine through thermal evaporation to maximize water reuse; however, the hot brine generated requires further treatment prior to disposal. To address this need, this study investigates the performance of aged, micron-sized zero-valent iron (ZVI) for heavy metal removal in simulated and real FGD hot brines, which was scarcely studied previously. The effects of temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, ZVI dosage, major cations, nitrate and sulfate on the reactivity of ZVI in the brines were evaluated. Among many factors, higher temperature and Mg2+ exert the dominant influence. At 80 °C, almost 100% of arsenate (1 mg/L) and chromate (1 mg/L) can be removed in
When are Firms Sued for Qualitative Disclosures? Implications of the Safe Harbor for Forward-Looking Statements

ABSTRACT Prior research finds that positive tone in firms' qualitative disclosures increases the risk of shareholder lawsuits. However, federal securities laws provide a safe harbor intended to shi...
Chlamydia trachomatis screening in preterm labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective Spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) is responsible for approximately half of all preterm births with intrauterine infection being an important risk factor for PTL. Chlamydia trachomatis infections have been associated with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) and preterm birth, but its impact on PTL has not previously been specified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in pregnant women with threatened PTL compared to those not in threatened PTL. Study design A literature search was performed in electronic databases using combinations of: “ Chlamydia ”, “vaginal cervical infection” and “preterm labor.” Cohort and case-controlled studies examining threatened PTL and Chlamydia trachomatis infection demonstrated by culture or NAAT methods at time of diagnosis of threatened labor. The Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines for reporting of observational studies for systematic reviews was used. Bias was assessed with the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) score. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. Results Four studies were identified. A total of 591 women were included, 309 in the threatened PTL, and 282 controls not in threatened PTL. Women presenting in PTL had an increased risk of screening positive for Chlamydia trachomatis compared to the control group (27/308 (9%) vs 3/282 (1%); OR 7.74, 95% CI 2.64- 22.71). Conclusions The incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with threatened PTL is approximately 9%, and significantly increased compared to asymptomatic controls. Women with threatened PTL should be considered for screening for Chlamydia trachomatis.
Solo vs. Co: Under What Conditions Can Solo-Founded Ventures Perform as well as Co-Founded Ventures?

While much has been written about the resource mobilization process of new ventures, surprisingly the literature does not distinguish between new ventures founded by a single founder and new ventur...
Mechanical Response Changes in Porcine Tricuspid Valve Anterior Leaflet Under Osmotic-Induced Swelling

Since many soft tissues function in an isotonic in-vivo environment, it is expected that physiological osmolarity will be maintained when conducting experiments on these tissues ex-vivo. In this study, we aimed to examine how not adhering to such a practice may alter the mechanical response of the tricuspid valve (TV) anterior leaflet. Tissue specimens were immersed in deionized (DI) water prior to quantification of the stress-strain responses using an in-plane biaxial mechanical testing device. Following a two-hour immersion in DI water, the tissue thickness increased an average of 107.3% in the DI water group compared to only 6.8% in the control group, in which the tissue samples were submerged in an isotonic phosphate buffered saline solution for the same period of time. Tissue strains evaluated at 85 kPa revealed a significant reduction in the radial direction, from 34.8% to 20%, following immersion in DI water. However, no significant change was observed in the control group. Our study demonstrated the impact of a hypo-osmotic environment on the mechanical response of TV anterior leaflet. The imbalance in ions leads to water absorption in the valvular tissue that can alter its mechanical response. As such, in ex-vivo experiments for which the native mechanical response of the valves is important, using an isotonic buffer solution is essential.
Characteristics of Unplanned Extubation Events in the Critical Care Setting

Background: Unplanned extubation (UE) is associated with heighten care activity, 1 and insufficient intravenous sedation. 2 We evaluated UE characteristics in our patients managed by daily sedation interruptions (DSI) targeted light sedation and spontaneous breathing trials (SBT). Methods: UE monitoring began in 2014 as a quality of care concern. Data collection included timing (Day: 07:00-15:00, Evening: 15:01-23:00, Night: 23:01-06:59), sedation and mechanism. Sedation was evaluated using Richmond Agitation and Sedation Score (RASS). Data is presented as median [IQR] and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-tests or Fisher Exact test. Alpha was set at 0.05. Results: From January 2014 to December 2017 there were 96 UEs (2.3% incidence) : 95% were subject-initiated, 80% were males, 77% had restraints in place and 49% occurred during care activities (43% during SBT/DSI, 6% bedside procedures). Intravenous sedation was used in 71% of subjects: 33% propofol (30 [20, 50] mg/kg per min), 27% Precedex (1.00 [0.60, 1.50] µg/kg/h), 10% dual agents; whereas 33% received Fentanyl of 50 [50, 138] µg/h. Pre-UE RASS was 0 [-1, 1]. UE9s occurred at 2 [1, 5] days of mechanical ventilation (MV); with 39% on day and night shifts, and 22% on evening shift. The 48 h re-intubation rate was 38%. At the time of UE most subjects met weaning readiness criteria; only PEEP distinguishing those requiring re-intubation (Table). Post-UE incidence of cardiovascular or respiratory instability was 8% and 19% respectively, yet these subjects accounted for only 44% of re-intubations. Hospital mortality was 8% and did not distinguish those requiring re-intubation from those who did not (11% vs.6.6%; RR: 1.69 (0.45-6.4) P = 0.46). Conclusions: In 63% of our subjects UE occurred during periods when sedative effects were minimal or absent, 87% met weaning readiness criteria and 62% did not require re-intubation and MV. More than half (56%) of those experiencing cardiorespiratory instability following UE also did not require such support. 1. Tindol GA, et al. Unplanned Extubations. Chest 1994;105:1804-1807. 2. Boulain T, et al. Unplanned extubations in the adult intensive care unit. AM J Respir Care Med 1998;157:1131-1137.
The activation and transformations of vinyl acetate at a dirhenium carbonyl center

Abstract The reaction of Re2(CO)8(μ-C6H5)(μ-H), 1 with vinyl acetate in methylene chloride by heating at 40 °C yielded three new products: Re3(CO)13(μ-η2-C2H3), 3, (24% yield), Re2(CO)8(μ-η2-O2CCH3)(μ-H), 4, (9% yield) and Re2(CO)8(μ-η2-CHCHO2CCH3)(μ-H), 5, (13% yield). Compound 3 was also obtained in a similar yield from the reaction of Re2(CO)8(μ-H)[μ-η2-C(H) = C(H)Bun], 2 with vinyl acetate, but compounds 4 and 5 were not obtained. All of the products were characterized structurally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 3 consists of an open trirhenium cluster containing two rhenium – rhenium bonds. One of the rhenium – rhenium bonds contains a μ-η2-(σ+π)-coordinated C2H3 (vinyl) ligand. Compound 4 contains two rhenium atoms with a bridging η2-acetate ligand and a bridging hydrido ligand. Compound 5 contains two mutually bonded Re–Re atoms with a bridging (σ+π)-coordinated acetate-substituted vinyl group and a bridging hydrido ligand by the cleavage of one of the CH bonds on the β–carbon atom of the vinyl group of the vinyl acetate. The reaction of compound 3 with I2 resulted in cleavage of the Re(CO)5 group to yield the known complex Re(CO)5I and the new dirhenium complex Re2(CO)8I(μ-η2-C2H3), 6 containing a μ-η2-(σ+π)-coordinated vinyl group.
When the Patina of Empirical Respectability Wears off: Motivational Crowding and Kidney Sales

An increasingly common objection to kidney sales holds that the introduction of monetary incentives may undermine potential donors’ altruism, discourage donation, and possibly result in a net reduction in the supply of kidneys. To explain why incentives might be counterproductive in this way market opponents marshal evidence from behavioral economics. In particular, they claim that the context of kidney sales is ripe for motivational crowding. This reasoning, if sound, would have a profound influence on the debate over kidney sales. What’s perhaps the principal reason to favor a market – the increase in supply it would bring – would be called into doubt. However, on inspection it becomes apparent that the evidence touted by market opponents not only lends no credence to their claims, but also provides some positive reason to doubt them. The near-ubiquitous references to motivational crowding in the literature on kidney sales are fundamentally misplaced.
Cellular Basis and Neurotransmitter Control of Thalamic Oscillation and Sensory Transmission

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how thalamocortical networks generate rhythmic oscillations, how these are suppressed or changed by the release of brainstem and local transmitters, and how these can influence the occurrence of different types of activity in thalamocortical networks. It discusses that the thalamus should not be viewed only as the gateway to the cerebral cortex, but also as the entry point of sensory and motor information into ongoing thalamocortical loop, the state of which is controlled by ascending and descending modulatory transmitter systems in accordance with behavioral demands so as to allow the forebrain to perform the sensory processing, which is appropriate for the actual or perceived cognitive tasks. At present, much is known about the biophysical mechanisms of generation of synchronized oscillations in the thalamus than about their function. It is becoming increasingly clear that abnormalities in the different states of thalamocortical systems are central to a number of different disease states and, therefore, are of considerable importance.
Internal Audit Quality and Earnings Management

Internal auditors perform work that is relevant to their host entities' finan cial reporting processes; yet, little research attention has focused on the effects of internal auditing on companies' external financial reporting. Using a unique and pre viously unavailable data set, we investigate the relation between internal audit function (IAF) quality and earnings management. We measure IAF quality using a composite measure comprising six individual components of IAF quality based on SAS No. 65, which guides external auditors in assessing the quality of an IAF with respect to its role in financial reporting. Earnings management is measured using two separate prox ies: (1) abnormal accruals and (2) the propensity to meet or barely beat analysts' earn ings forecasts. We find evidence that IAF quality is associated with a moderation in the level of earnings management as measured by both proxies.
High Tech Monopolies: Cutting The Gordian Knot With No-Fault

Nascent Competitors and Antitrust Enforcement Regulation and Digital Platforms are excellent articles. Both raise timely and extremely important problems and analyze them rigorously. Sadly, neither offers practical solutions that courts often will utilize due to a Gordian knot of existing judicial precedent. The only way an effective solution could arise would be if courts undertake a textualist analysis of the Sherman Act and thereby adopt no-fault monopolization, holding that firms violate Section 2 regardless of whether they engaged in anticompetitive conduct. The no-fault approach is also not permitted under current case law. However, the no-fault approach to Section 2 would be based upon a textualist or “fair meaning” approach to statutory interpretation, and no court has ever analyzed this issue using a textualist framework. Textualism, long pioneered by Justice Scalia, has been firmly embraced by Justices Kavanaugh, Gorsuch, and Barrett. It also has sometimes been undertaken by other members of the Court. For the reasons provided in this piece, an optimist can hope that an increasingly textualist Court would reinterpret Section 2’s prohibition against firms that “monopolize, or attempt to monopolize” to constitute a no-fault approach to monopolization and attempted monopolization law.
The Institutional Pressure to Become a Professor-Entrepreneur

The pressure on faculty has continued to escalate to produce, that is to bring money into the university. The Bayh-Dole Act came with a requirement to submit any novel idea as a patent application. While not enforceable as a regulation, this guidance to professors, along with funding opportunities from companies, state seed funding for companies and small business categories of federal funding have pressured faculty to think like entrepreneurs. However, the culture of the university has not adapted. The administration is still reaping the benefits of tax-exempt status, near-immunity from lawsuits, while maintaining an illusory Ivory Tower status. To keep the best of both worlds, university administrators have insulated themselves from the problem of research ethics. They do what they are required to, but many cases are dismissed without an inquiry. Can the majority of cases really be frivolous allegations? There is no doubt that the pressures to seek funding are taking a toll on faculty and affecting the ethical climate. Universities have focused on productivity above all else and since the federal regulations have put them in charge of adjudication, there is a brewing crisis.
The State of the Science on Cancer Diagnosis as a "Teachable Moment" for Smoking Cessation: A Scoping Review.

Theoretically, cancer diagnosis has potential to spur health behavior changes in physical activity, diet, substance use, medication adherence and the like. The Teachable Moment heuristic is a parsimonious, transtheoretical framework for understanding the conditions under which behavior change might occur, with constructs that include affective, cognitive, and social factors. Application of the Teachable Moment to smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis might aid selection of predictors in observational studies and inform how to optimally design interventions to promote quit attempts and sustain abstinence, as many smoking cessation interventions for cancer survivors do not yield positive outcomes. This scoping review of 47 studies that span nearly 20 years of literature examines measurement of the Teachable Moment constructs and what empirical support they have in explaining cancer survivors' smoking behavior. From this review, it appears the construct of affective response is more widely explored than risk perceptions, social role, and self-concept. Strong, negative affective responses (e.g., anxiety, general distress) may be a powerful contributor to continued smoking after cancer diagnosis. Risk perceptions may also play a role in smoking behavior, such that never and former smokers espouse stronger perceptions of smoking-related risks than current smokers. Finally, due to a paucity of studies, the role of cancer survivors' self-concept (e.g., identity as a "cancer survivor") and changes in their social role (e.g., employee, athlete) are unclear contributors to their smoking behavior. In summary, the Teachable Moment holds promise in its application to smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis, though more direct research is needed.
Visualization and modeling of inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA transcription at the single-cell level

IL-1β and TNF-α are canonical immune response mediators that play key regulatory roles in a wide range of inflammatory responses to both chronic and acute conditions. Here we employ an automated microscopy platform for the analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β and TNF-α at the single-cell level. The amount of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expressed in a human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) is visualized and counted using single-molecule fluorescent in-situ hybridization (smFISH) following exposure of the cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria. We show that the small molecule inhibitors MG132 (a 26S proteasome inhibitor used to block NF-κB signaling) and U0126 (a MAPK Kinase inhibitor used to block CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins C/EBP) successfully block IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression. Based upon this single-cell mRNA expression data, we screened 36 different mathematical models of gene expression, and found two similar models that capture the effects by which the drugs U0126 and MG132 affect the rates at which the genes transition into highly activated states. When their parameters were informed by the action of each drug independently, both models were able to predict the effects of the combined drug treatment. From our data and models, we postulate that IL-1β is activated by both NF-κB and C/EBP, while TNF-α is predominantly activated by NF-κB. Our combined single-cell experimental and modeling efforts show the interconnection between these two genes and demonstrates how the single-cell responses, including the distribution shapes, mean expression, and kinetics of gene expression, change with inhibition.
Prostate cancer cells survive anti-androgen and mitochondrial metabolic inhibitors by modulating glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolic activities.

BACKGROUND Most cancer cells are more glycolytic even under aerobic conditions compared with their normal counterparts. Recent evidence of tumor cell metabolism, however, shows that some tumors also increase mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (ox-phos) at some disease states during progression and/or development of drug resistance. Our data show that anti-androgen enzalutamide (ENZA) resistant prostate cancer (PCa) cells use more mitochondrial metabolism leading to higher ox-phos as compared to the ENZA-sensitive cells and can become vulnerable to mitochondrial metabolism targeted therapies. METHODS Seahorse assay, mass spectrometry and high resolution fluorescence confocal microscopy coupled with image analysis has been used to compare mitochondrial metabolism in ENZA-treated and -untreated anti-androgen-sensitive LNCaP and -resistant C4-2, CWR22ν1, and PCa2b cells. Ex vivo fluorescence microscopy and image analysis has been standardized to monitor mitochondrial electron transport (ETS) activity that likely increases ox-phos in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolated fom patients undergoing AR-targeted therapies. RESULTS Our data show that PCa cells that are resistant to anti-androgen ENZA switch from glycolysis to ox-phos leading to an increased ETS activity. ENZA pretreated cells are more vulnerable to ETS component complex I inhibitor IACS-010759 (IACS) and mitochondrial glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 that reduces glutamate supply to tricarboxylic acid cycle. CTCs isolated from 6 of 20 patient blood samples showed relatively higher ETS activity than the rest of the patients. All six patients have developed ENZA resistance within less than 6 months of the sample collection. CONCLUSION The enhanced growth inhibitory effects of mitochondrial metabolic inhibitors IACS and CB-839 in ENZA pretreated PCa cells provides a rationale for designing a drug combination trial. Patients can be selected for such trials by monitoring the mitochondrial ETS activities in their CTCs to maximize success.
Postcolonial Collages: Distributions of Power and Constitutional Models

The Wave of post-Cold War state reconstruction was marked in its reliance on the adoption of new constitutions as the marker of a state's transition to a new order. Whether at the beginning or end of the process, or as the central theme, as was the case in South Africa, post-Cold War constitutions came to reflect a common core of principles and institutions, despite the often nationalist tone surrounding their creation. This article argues that these constitutions both reflect a dominant post-Cold War international political culture and yet rely on their own histories and reconstruction processes to create hybrid forms to address local conditions. This process involves a specific politics, in which models -- such as the US Constitution -- are either used as models or anti-models, and results in the creation of a postcolonial collage of constitutional mechanisms and institutions that might offer an opportunity to achieve the democratic outcomes which have so often eluded postcolonial countries.
The rhetoric of Africa : historical turns in constructing a continent, 1780-1890.

This dissertation examines historical rhetoric about Africa in British and American writings between the beginnings of the Abolition period and the 1884 Berlin Conference at which the continent was divided by colonial powers. Tracing rhetorical trends of travel writers and their constituents through the explorations of the continent, it demarcates two turns in the way Africans and Africa were constructed rhetorically. In the process it reveals a 19th-century evolution from depicting Africa largely in terms of its viability for commerce and reception of European culture, to an Africa fallen into darkness, to Africa as the Dark Continent, permanently fixed in a savage darkness. These rhetorical turns are examined through the theoretical frameworks of rhetorical imperialism and rhetorical sovereignty. Chapter I explores the creation of Sierra Leone for resettling freed British blacks and the varied, at times contradicting, rhetoric lacking in uniform vision of the continent or its people other than a general trend of focusing on the viability of Africa as a site for British post-slavery endeavor and an ambivalent view of African cultural inferiority. Chapter II explores the American creation of Liberia, revealing a specific rhetoric of Africa as benighted, fallen, and degraded. This chapter demonstrates the rhetorical turn that occurred between the establishment of Sierra Leone and subsequent founding of Liberia, when the importance of Christian faith came to trump all other concerns for evaluating and characterizing Africa. Chapter III contains two case studies of the extent to which such rhetorical imperialism can be contested, one of Samuel Crowther, a Nigerian recaptive settled in Sierra Leone who then returned to Nigeria years later as an explorer, and another of Martin Delany, a free African American who traveled to Nigeria to seek an emigration site for African Americans fleeing slavery. Chapter IV juxtaposes the rhetorical work of Henry Stanley and his reports on explorations in Central Africa with the simultaneous rhetoric of the Great Zimbabwe debates. In so doing, the arc of rhetorical development since the Sierra Leone era is traced, complicating contemporary definitions of the Dark Continent and suggesting its continued limitation on African rhetorical sovereignty today.
Results from ORNL Characterization of Nominal 350 ?m LEUCO Kernels (LEU03) from the BWXT G73V-20-69303 Composite

This document is a compilation of characterization data obtained on the nominal 350 {micro}m low enrichment uranium oxide/uranium carbide kernels (LEUCO) produced by BWXT for the Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program. A 4502 g composite of LEUCO kernels was produced at BWXT by combining kernels from 8 forming runs sintered in 6 separate lots. 2150 grams were shipped to ORNL. ORNL has performed size, shape, density, and microstructural analysis on riffled samples from the kernel composite.