cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Learned Patterns Allow Artist-Level Improvisers to Focus on Planning and Interaction During Improvisation

In this paper, I argue that stored auditory and motor patterns are inserted into ongoing musical improvisations. This position aligns with the theoretical framework suggested by [11]. In support of this theory, I cite research in which artist-level improvisers describe their own thinking and mention learned patterns as one of the central mechanism underlying improvisation. I further outline how known solos by tonal jazz artists contain a large number of repeated patterns and that a computer algorithm using patterns is capable of producing new solos in similar style. Finally, an experimental study shows that improvisers use more patterns when their attention is diverted during improvisation. According to interviews with advanced improvisers in solo settings, their attention is focused on larger architectural structures during improvisation. Other research with advanced improvisers in group settings point out that interaction with other ensemble members also may be at the front of the improvisers mind in that setting [1, 5]. Therefore, I conclude that it may be the partially automatic process of inserting learned patterns into ongoing improvisations that allows the artist-level improviser to focus on planning and interaction.
A PRELIMINARY MULTIOBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF HAIRPIN-LINKED POLYAMIDES

In this study we review a mathematical model for estimating the free energies of binding for γ-aminobutyric-acid-linked polyamides containing N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole to five-and six-base-pair DNA sequences. We use the model to evaluate numerically several different conflicting design criteria, each characterizing the suitability of a polyamide as a chemotherapeutic agent, and we analyze the trade-offs existing between these criteria. This preliminary analysis presents several methodological and modeling problems in the area of multiobjective optimization. We introduce some concepts from multiobjective optimization and conclude by discussing the application of these concepts to solving these problems.
The relationship between adjusted hospital mortality and the results of peer review

This study assessed the relationship between the Health Care Financing Administration adjusted mortality rate for a hospital and the errors in care found by the peer review process. The three data sets used were: (1) the 1987-1988 completed reviews from 38 peer review organizations (PROs) of 4,132 hospitals and 2,035,128 patients; (2) all 1987 hospital mortality rates for Medicare patients as adjusted by HCFA for patient mix; and (3) the 1986 American Hospital Association Survey. The PRO data were used to compute the percentage of cases reviewed from each hospital confirmed by a reviewing physician to have a quality problem. The average percentage of confirmed problems was 3.73 percent with state rates ranging from 0.03 percent to 38.5 percent. The average within-state correlation between the problem rate and the adjusted mortality rate for all PROs was .19 (p < .0001), but the correlations were much higher for relatively homogeneous groups of hospitals, .42 for public hospitals and .36 for hospitals in large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). These results suggest that the HCFA adjusted hospital mortality rate and the PRO-confirmed problem rate are related methods to compare hospitals on the basis of quality of care. Both methods may compare quality better if used within a group of homogenous hospitals.
The Great Recession worsened blood pressure and blood glucose levels in American adults.

Longitudinal, individual-specific data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) provide support for the hypothesis that the 2008 to 2010 Great Recession (GR) negatively impacted the health of US adults. Results further advance understanding of the relationship by (i) illuminating hypothesized greater negative impacts in population subgroups exposed to more severe impacts of the GR and (ii) explicitly controlling for confounding by individual differences in age-related changes in health over time. Analyses overcome limitations of prior work by (i) employing individual-level data that avoid concerns about ecological fallacy associated with prior reliance on group-level data, (ii) using four waves of data before the GR to estimate and control for underlying individual-level age-related trends, (iii) focusing on objective, temporally appropriate health outcomes rather than mortality, and (iv) leveraging a diverse cohort to investigate subgroup differences in the GR’s impact. Innovative individual fixed-effects modeling controlling for individual-level age-related trajectories yielded substantively important insights: (i) significant elevations post-GR for blood pressure and fasting glucose, especially among those on medication pre-GR, and (ii) reductions in prevalence and intensity of medication use post-GR. Important differences in the effects of the GR are seen across subgroups, with larger effects among younger adults (who are likely still in the labor force) and older homeowners (whose declining home wealth likely reduced financial security, with less scope for recouping losses during their lifetime); least affected were older adults without a college degree (whose greater reliance on Medicare and Social Security likely provided more protection from the recession).
Updated statistics of lung and bronchus cancer in United States (2018).

Lung and bronchus cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with 1.2 million global deaths a year (1). The disease is not just a threat to human’s health, but also a reflection of socioeconomic disparities, such as sex, race, and geographical area. Therefore, surveillance and estimate of its epidemiological data is crucial for disease control and social development.
The Use of Amicus Briefs

Judicial decisions play an important role in shaping public policy. Recognizing this, interest groups and other entities lobby judges in an attempt to translate their policy preferences into law. O...
IN VITRO INDUCTION AND ASSAY OF HELPER T-CELLS USING UNPRIMED PURIFIED MOUSE CELL POPULATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes in vitro induction and assay of helper T cells using unprimed purified mouse cell populations. 15 × 106 nylon-wool-purified, cortisone-resistant thymocytes and 5 × 105 peritoneal exudate macrophages purified by glass adherence, scraping, and dead-cell removal are cocultured with carrier protein in Marbrook–Diener culture chambers. After 4 days, 5–10 × 105 viable cells (or supernatant in graded doses) are added with haptencarrier conjugate to cultures containing 15 × 106 spleen cells from mice primed with DNP–ficoll 3–4 months earlier. After an additional 4 days, triplicate cultures are assayed for high affinity DNP-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) using a hapten inhibitable hemolytic plaque assay technique. The capacity of cells (or supernatant) from the helper cell culture to enhance the anti-DNP PFC response of the recipient spleen cell culture to DNP-carrier conjugates is the assay for helper cell induction. The induction of helper cells requires that the T-cells, but not macrophages, proliferate prior to the manifestation of helper cell function. Once generated, however, the active cell is functionally resistant to the anti-mitotic effect of mitomycin C.
How to Be an Alethically Rational Naturalist

Alvin Plantinga has famously argued that naturalism is self-defeating. Plantinga's argument is, at its heart, an argument from analogy. Plantinga presents various epistemic situations and claims of each that (i) a person in such a situation has an undefeated defeater for each of his beliefs, and (ii) a reflective naturalist is in a relevantly similar situation. I present various epistemic situations and claim of each that a person in such a situation does not have an undefeated defeater for each of his beliefs. I further claim that at least some of these situations are more relevantly like the situation faced by the reflective naturalist than any of the situations Plantinga describes. Therefore, Plantinga's argument fails to establish that the reflective naturalist has an undefeated defeater for each of his beliefs and hence fails to establish that naturalism is self-defeating.
The Wolfgang Legacy on the Intersection of Race and the Death Penalty

A persistent concern of Marvin Wolfgang’s professional criminological journey was the impact of racial disparities in the criminal justice process. In his first major work Wolfgang (1958) analyzed data from police records on 588 criminal homicide cases in Philadelphia between 1948–1952. He found 73% of these 588 victims were black and 75% of the 621 offenders were black. The question then became one of why such a disproportionate number of blacks were represented in these homicide statistics, given their overall 18% representation in the general population. Detailed analysis revealed that blacks were more likely than whites to be charged with first degree homicide (blacks 20%, whites 15%) and were more likely to be convicted in all homicide cases (blacks 81%, whites 62%). This study neither focussed on nor reported on racial differentials in capital sentencing.
A Method for the Experimental Characterization of Phased Array Beam Steering Properties

A vital prerequisite for applying phased arrays to nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is to develop an understanding of how certain key transducer parameters influence the radiated sound field in the medium. In this manner, one can establish the capabilities and limitations of phased arrays and apply these findings to develop an optimum design to solve a specific inspection problem.
Effects of Cannabidiol and a Novel Cannabidiol Analog against Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Cisplatin-Induced Neuropathy: Enhanced Effects of Sub-Analgesic Doses of Morphine.

Objective: This research examined whether a cannabidiol (CBD)-opioid pharmacotherapy could attenuate cisplatin-induced tactile allodynia. Methods: Mice (C57BL/6) were given 6 doses of 2.3 mg/kg cisplatin intraperitoneally (IP) on alternating days to induce tactile allodynia as quantified using an electric von Frey (eVF). Test groups in Experiment 1 received either vehicle, 0.1 or 2.5 mg/kg morphine, 1.0 or 2.0 CBD, or the 2 drugs in combination. Test groups in Experiment 2 received either vehicle, 0.1 or 2.5 mg/kg morphine, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 mg/kg NB2111 (a long-acting CBD analogue), or the 2 drugs in combination. Drugs were administered IP 45 min before eVF assessment. Results: Cisplatin produced tactile allodynia that was attenuated by 2.5 mg/kg morphine. Both CBD and NB2111 produced dose-dependent attenuation of tactile allodynia. CBD and NB2111, given in combination with sub-analgesic doses of morphine, produced attenuation of tactile allodynia equivalent to 2.5 mg/kg morphine. Conclusions: While both CBD and NB2111, either alone or in combination with sub-analgesic doses of opioids, exhibited analgesic effects, NB2111 could be capable of superior analgesia over time by virtue of enhanced pharmacokinetics.
The Unification of Italy

The decision of France to remain in Rome after the expedition of the thousand redshirts was inevitable, but it was reluctantly admitted. The emperor would halt the French withdrawal, Thouvenel told Cowley, “at this critical moment,” because he “would be exposed... to great attacks and perhaps unjust suspicions.”1
CHAPTER 2 – An Introduction to Tetrapod Feeding

This chapter highlights the diversity of the tetrapod feeding apparatus that is remarkable for its exploitation of a common set of parts. Perhaps the most important underlying theme to tetrapod feeding is the evolution of the tongue and its integration with the hyobranchial apparatus in feeding function. Modification and adaptation of the hyolingual apparatus are prominent features of tetrapod feeding evolution. It should be expected that the kind of phenotypic remodeling necessary to create a novel feeding system is to be a relatively rare evolutionary event associated phylogenetically with the origin of new clades and adaptive radiations. From this, it can be predicted that local adaptation to transient ecological conditions is not a general feature of tetrapod feeding evolution. Rather, feeding systems seem to reflect more fundamental aspects of phenotypic organization and adaptation. It is a challenge, therefore, to discern commonalities among the related but divergent types of feeding systems among tetrapods. Individual taxon-specific chapters address the issues of feeding system form, function, and evolution on a finer and more tractable scale.
Follow-up on Follow Through.

An evaluation technique is described which assessed all major parts of a local Follow Through project by the people involved with it. Subjective judgments were collected and systematically organize...
Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional neural networks are designed to work with grid-structured inputs, which have strong spatial dependencies in local regions of the grid. The most obvious example of grid-structured data is a 2-dimensional image. This type of data also exhibits spatial dependencies, because adjacent spatial locations in an image often have similar color values of the individual pixels. An additional dimension captures the different colors, which creates a 3-dimensional input volume. Therefore, the features in a convolutional neural network have dependencies among one another based on spatial distances.
Other Diaphragmatic Hernias: Late-Presenting Bochdalek Hernia, Morgagni Hernia, and Giant Hiatal Hernia of Infancy

A smaller number of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients may present later in life with typical postero-lateral defects. Morgagni hernias are centrally located anterior diaphragm defects. Rarely, an infant will be found to have an “intrathoracic stomach,” consistent with giant hiatal hernia. Correction is performed promptly. Late-presenting CDH may be repaired via laparotomy, thoracotomy, or thoracoscopy. For Morgagni hernias, laparoscopic repair is the method of choice. For giant hiatal hernias of infancy with an intrathoracic stomach, open or laparoscopic methods may be used. An antireflux procedure and a gastrostomy are also typically included.
Zwischenzellen des Hodens

Seit langem ist bekannt, das die Hoden die Entwicklung der sekundaren Geschlechtsmerkmale des Mannes bestimmen, und wir wissen heute, das dieser Einflus auf die Produktion des Steroidhormons Testosteron zuruckzufuhren ist. Das verfugbare Beweismaterial deutet darauf hin, das dieses Hormon von den sogenannten Zwischenzellen sezerniert wird, die uberall im Bindegewebe zwischen den Samenkanalchen verteilt liegen (siehe Tafel 14) und die vorzugsweise ihr Sekret in benachbarte Kapillaren abgeben. Diese Funktion der Zwischenzellen hat man aus der Beobachtung abgeleitet, das bei Menschen, die keine Spermien bilden, sowohl die Zwischenzellen als auch die sekundaren Geschlechtsmerkmale normal bleiben.
The Bacterial Ro60 Protein and Its Noncoding Y RNA Regulators

Ro60 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), composed of the ring-shaped Ro 60-kDa (Ro60) protein and noncoding RNAs called Y RNAs, are present in all three domains of life. Ro60 was first described as an autoa...
NGPINT: A Next-generation protein-protein interaction software

ABSTRACT Mapping protein-protein interactions at a proteome scale is critical to understanding how cellular signaling networks respond to stimuli. Since eukaryotic genomes encode thousands of proteins, testing their interactions one-by-one is a challenging prospect. High-throughput yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) assays that employ next-generation sequencing to interrogate cDNA libraries represent an alternative approach that optimizes scale, cost, and effort. We present NGPINT, a robust and scalable software to identify all putative interactors of a protein using Y2H in batch culture. NGPINT combines diverse tools to align sequence reads to target genomes, reconstruct prey fragments and compute gene enrichment under reporter selection. Central to this pipeline is the identification of fusion reads containing sequences derived from both the Y2H expression plasmid and the cDNA of interest. To reduce false positives, these fusion reads are evaluated as to whether the cDNA fragment forms an in-frame translational fusion with the Y2H transcription factor. NGPINT successfully recognized 95% of interactions in simulated test runs. As proof of concept, NGPINT was tested using published data sets and recognized all validated interactions. NGPINT can be used in any organism with an available reference, thus facilitating the discovery of protein-protein interactions in non-model organisms.
Universal screening in grades K-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis of early reading curriculum-based measures

Abstract In reading, several curriculum-based measures (CBM) are used for universal screening in Grades K-2. This study summarized the criterion-related validity of early reading CBM tools used in the context of universal screening. After the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 studies (53 documents across 34 articles, 16 dissertations, and 3 technical reports) were identified through a systematic review of the literature through December 2018. Forty-eight studies (47 documents across 31 articles, 15 dissertations, and 2 technical reports) were included in the meta-analysis, representing 47,168 students in the US who were enrolled in Grades K, 1, or 2 when they completed the screening measure. A random effects meta-analysis with robust variance estimation was conducted separately for concurrent and predictive correlations to estimate the average effect size between each early reading CBM and the reading outcome measures. Aggregated concurrent Pearson correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.343 (phoneme segmenting CBM predicting more complex reading skills) to 0.750 (nonsense words CBM predicting oral reading skills). Aggregated correlations were similar in magnitude for predictive validity. For some measures, correlations were moderated by administration lag. Findings have implications for research and practice regarding the use of universal reading screeners in the early elementary grades.
A walk through the progression of resuscitation medicine

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a sudden and devastating disease process resulting in more deaths in the United States than many cancers, metabolic diseases, and even car accidents. Despite such a heavy mortality burden, effective treatments have remained elusive. The past century has been productive in establishing the guidelines for resuscitation, known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as well as developing a scientific field whose aim is to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of CA and develop therapies to save lives. CPR has been successful in reinitiating the heart after arrest, enabling a survival rate of approximately 10% in out-of-hospital CA. Although current advanced resuscitation methods, including hypothermia and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, have improved survival in some patients, they are unlikely to significantly improve the national survival rate any further without a paradigm shift. Such a change is possible with sustained efforts in the basic and clinical sciences of resuscitation and their implementation. This review seeks to discuss the current landscape in resuscitation medicine-how we got here and where we are going.
Flash-DNA: Identifying NAND Flash Memory Origins Using Intrinsic Array Properties

Counterfeit electronics entering the globalized supply chain are a growing problem impacting manufacturers and consumers alike. This article introduces Flash-DNA, a new technique for identifying the original chip manufacturer of NAND flash memory, which will help preventing the proliferation of rebranded or cloned flash memory chips. Flash-DNA relies on extracting intrinsic variations in NAND arrays using a partial block erase operation. Our experimental evaluation, conducted on multiple memory chips from four major manufacturers, shows that Flash-DNA captures fundamental properties of the manufacturing process, providing a unique identifier for a family of NAND flash memory chips that can be used for tracing their origins.
Income inequality and student achievement: trends among US States (1992–2019)

Social scientists have found income inequality is associated with an array of health and social problems, however the implications of income inequality for educational outcomes have not been invest...
Stochastic proton heating by kinetic-Alfvén-wave turbulence in moderately high-β plasmas

Stochastic heating refers to an increase in the average magnetic moment of charged particles interacting with electromagnetic fluctuations whose frequencies are smaller than the particles’ cyclotron frequencies. This type of heating arises when the amplitude of the gyroscale fluctuations exceeds a certain threshold, causing particle orbits in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field to become stochastic rather than nearly periodic. We consider the stochastic heating of protons by Alfven-wave (AW) and kinetic-Alfven-wave (KAW) turbulence, which may make an important contribution to the heating of the solar wind. Using phenomenological arguments, we derive the stochastic-proton-heating rate in plasmas in which , particles are energized primarily by the solenoidal component of the electric field and thermal-proton gyro-orbits are stochasticized primarily by gyroscale fluctuations in the magnetic field.
Alternative Methods of Teaching and the Effectiveness of Distance Learning for Legal Education

These remarks, transcribed into a white paper, address developing learning outcomes and effective pedagogical practices with an emphasis upon distance learning. The remarks cover the following topics: Review of the Effectiveness of Distance Learning, Developing Learning Outcomes, Occupational Outcomes Framing Learning Outcomes, Information Acquisition, Information Delivery, Learning Communities, Learning Media, Learner Motivation, Knowledge Acquisition and Learning Tools.
The early performance of American depository receipts listed on the New York Stock Exchange: Does region of issue, level of issue or type of issue matter?

Purpose – This study examines the initial two‐week excess performance relative to the S&P 500 Index of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) listed on the New York Stock Exchange from January 1987 to September 2001 to determine whether short‐term wealth effects exist.Design/methodology/approach – Standard intial public offering methodology is used to test for significant excess performance.Findings – Results for the entire sample of 281 ADRs suggest the initial excess performance was not significant. However, after segmenting the sample, emerging market ADRs significantly outperformed the S&P 500 by over three per cent while developed market ADRs underperformed by 0.92 per cent. Also, Latin American ADRs outperformed the market index by nearly five per cent during the first two weeks after issue while European ADRs underperformed the market by nearly one per cent. Asia Pacific ADRs underperformed the S&P 500, but not significantly in the early trading.Research limitations/implications – The findings suggest...
Modeling of pedestrian gap acceptance for improving safety at uncontrolled mid-block crosswalks

This paper developed models to capture and predict pedestrian gap acceptance (PGA) behavior at uncontrolled mid-block crosswalks. The three models used were a critical gap model, probability based model, and binary logit model. Field studies were used to collect the data of different attributes using a set of video cameras at several typical unsignalizedmid-block crosswalks. The results demonstrated that PGA binary logit models perfofrm better that he other two models.
Targeted destabilization of HY5 during light-regulated development of Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis seedlings display contrasting developmental patterns depending on the ambient light. Seedlings grown in the light develop photomorphogenically, characterized by short hypocotyls and expanded green cotyledons. In contrast, seedlings grown in darkness become etiolated, with elongated hypocotyls and dosed cotyledons on an apical hook. Light signals, perceived by multiple photoreceptors and transduced to downstream regulators, dictate the extent of photomorphogenic development in a quantitative manner. Two key downstream components, COP1 and HY5, act antagonistically in regulating seedling development. HY5 is a bZIP transcription factor that binds directly to the promoters of light-inducible genes, promoting their expression and photomorphogenic development. COP1 is a RING-finger protein with WD-40 repeats whose nuclear abundance is negatively regulated by light. COP1 interacts directly with HY5 in the nucleus to regulate its activity negatively. Here we show that the abundance of HY5 is directly correlated with the extent of photomorphogenic development, and that the COP1-HY5 interaction may specifically target HY5 for proteasome-mediated degradation in the nucleus.
Developing a hypothesis: Native cellulose elementary fibrils are formed with metastable structure

Any spinning of high-polymeric solutions and any extruding of high-polymeric melts produce fibrillar textures built-up of folded molecules with a predominantly uniform period. Because data strongly suggest extended molecules within native cellulose elementary fibrils, spinning or extruding as potential fibrillar growth mechanisms must be considered unlikely. Among the crystallization conditions known to produce extended chain structures, crystallization with simultaneous polymerization appears the most plausible mechanism for forming elementary fibrils. The mechanism yields a structure distinguished by uniformity of lateral order along the fibrillar length axis with the lateral order being paracrystalline. Because thermodynamic equilibrium requires a fibrillar structure of alternating crystalline and amorphous regions, a newly grown elementaryfibril is hypothesized to be in a thermodynamically unfacorable state. Intermolecular forces “freezing-in” the unfavorable state provide metastability. Whenever the intermolecular cohesion is weakened, a structural transformation of the paracrystalline fibril is predicted, which consists of the creation of distinctly disordered and distinctly well-or-dered phases. Because disorder is created, a transforming fibril contracts longitudinally. The transformation must be expected to be gradual, which gives rise to a series of intermediate metastable structures of decreasing free energy levels. With lattice type I, a fibril, however, is believed unable to reach the stable state. The equilibrium structure characterized by coexistence of perfectly ordered crystallites with completely disordered regions is thought associated with lattice type II.
Bone mineral density among long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study.

Background The prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and the degree of recovery or decline, are not well elucidated.
Effect of recombinant activin-A on gonadotropin secretion in the female rat.

Repeated injections of recombinant human (rh) activin-A over a 2- to 3-day period are reportedly needed to stimulate the in vivo secretion of FSH. In this paper we present results showing that acute treatment with rh-activin-A caused marked and dose-dependent increases in plasma FSH, but not LH, levels in adult female rats. After one injection, maximum FSH release was observed 4 h after the administration of activin, while two injections of 100 ng activin/kg, 5 h apart, maintained elevated FSH levels for more than 10 h in intact diestrous day 1 females. Removal of the GnRH drive by pretreatment of ovariectomized animals with the GnRH antagonist ([Ac- D2Nal1,DCpa2,D3Pal3,Arg8,D-p-methoxyphenyl)5-oxo-2-aminopentanoic acid6,DAlaI0]GnRH; 100 /tg/kg;) or repeated injections of the GnRH agonist ([DTrp6,Pro9,NEt,NH2]GnRH; 1 Mg/h for 5 days) did not prevent the stimulatory action of activin. Concomitant treatment with rh-inhibin-A (30 jig/kg)), on the other hand, completely blocked FSH secretion induced by 100 ng...
Perinatal vascular development

See article by Boels et al. [3] (pages 140–150) in this issue. During transition to the extrauterine environment, the newborn infant must accomplish complex cardiorespiratory adjustments. Dramatic changes in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance must occur within minutes, followed by more gradual changes over the succeeding days. A host of mediators of vascular tone are involved in these processes and these have been the focus of extensive study. Differential responses from different vascular beds contribute to these circulatory changes; a variety of exogenous and endogenous factors affect the responsiveness of vascular beds to vasoactive mediators. When these critical circulatory changes are not accomplished successfully, the life-threatening disorder known as persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn may result [1]. In older subjects, pulmonary hypertension associated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome, congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt, and primary pulmonary hypertension remain baffling challenges for … *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-202-687-8569; fax: +1-202-784-4747
High-performance play: The making of machinima

AbstractIn his paper, Henry Lowood provides an in-depth historical overview of machinima — animated films created using FPS (first person shooter) videogames such as Quake. He traces the evolution of this work from the early ‘speedrunning’ movies created to document exceptional gameplay through to the first pioneering works of narrative machinima such as Diary of a Camper and others. In parallel with this, he traces the development of the tools to facilitate the making of these works.
Birdsongs keep pace with city life: changes in song over time in an urban songbird affects communication

Animals in urban environments often must adjust their vocalizations to be heard over the din of anthropogenic ambient noise. Most studies of this process use current comparisons of environments that vary in ambient noise; here, we evaluate over time the effects of the urban environment on signal structure and salience. We show that white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys, song increased in minimum frequency between 1969 and 2005 in San Francisco, California, U.S.A., coincident with rising levels of traffic noise. A higher minimum frequency is less likely to be masked by low-frequency ambient noise and thus is more likely to be effective as a communication signal. To test whether this change in song affects receiver response, we presented territorial males current (2005) and historical (1969) local songs. Males responded more strongly to current than to historical songs, suggesting that current songs communicate more effectively in the current local environment. The results suggest that behavioural adjustment to anthropogenic ambient noise over time can affect cultural evolution and communication.
Longitudinal Predictors of Attitudes toward Aging among Women with Multiple Sclerosis

The purpose of the study was to explore the impact of change in functional limitation (FL), controlling for social support (SS), on attitudes toward aging using longitudinal survey data collected over a 7-year period. The 503 women with multiple sclerosis (MS; age, M=57 years, SD=10.25) were mostly Anglo (93%) and married (69%). First, the authors identified a quadratic growth model as the best for describing change in FL. Next, they considered SS as a time-varying covariate of FL to assess both within- and between-individual effects of SS on FL over time. Within individuals, higher FL levels were associated with lower SS levels. Between individuals, level of but not change in FL was associated with average SS level. Finally, average SS and response level and change in FL were studied as predictors of attitudes toward aging, accounting for 38% of the variance. Women with higher FL and lower SS scores had more negative views of aging. Negative views of aging among women with MS may have long-term consequences for their health outcomes as well as for the quality of their later years.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of linear poly(sucrose acrylate): Optimization of enzyme activity and polymerization conditions

We have achieved significant improvements in the synthesis of poly(sucrose acrylate). A screen of 15 commercial enzymes was carried out and Alcalase 2T was selected as the best enzyme because of its high activity and selectivity for acylation of sucrose at only one site. The rate of the enzyme catalyzed acylation of sucrose to form sucrose 1'-acrylate was increased by a factor of ca. 100 compared to previous reports. This rate was increased 10-fold by treating the as received enzyme by adjusting the pH to the optimum value for the enzyme. An additional 10-fold increase was achieved by adding a lyoprotectant such as sucrose or poly(ethylene glycol) prior to lyophilizing the enzyme. Significantly higher molecular weights were obtained in aqueous polymerization systems than when N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as the solvent. Similarly, higher molecular weights were observed for oxidation/reduction than for azo-type free radical initiators. We have demonstrated that copolymers of sucrose acrylate and acrylic acid are readily prepared. Finally, by optimization of the polymerization system, we have increased the number-average molecular weight of the poly(sucrose acrylate) from Mn = 54 000 to molecular weights Mn as high as 2 400 000.
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism before molecular biology: reminiscences of our early work

This article concerns personal reminiscences of research on proteoglycans accomplished by Jeremiah Silbert and his co-investigators over a 25-30 year period beginning in 1961. Radiolabeled substrates were prepared and incubated with subcellular particles from mast cells and cartilage to determine pathways and organization of heparin and chondroitin glycosaminoglycan formation together with sulfation. Microsomal/Golgi fractions were examined for localization and organization of synthesis. Cell surface heparan sulfate and chondroitin were examined for preliminary information regarding potential function, and techniques were developed to alter sulfation processes.
Demonstration of choleragen-dependent ADP-ribosylation in whole cells and correlation with the activation of adenylate cyclase

Abstract 3T3C 2 mouse fibroblasts rendered permeable to ( α −32 P)NAD + show cholera toxin-dependent labeling of a 45,000 m.w. protein and of a doublet of polypeptides around 52,000 m.w. These same bands are ADP-ribosylated in broken cells. Membranes prepared from pigeon erythrocytes pretreated with choleragen show a decrease in subsequent cholera toxin-specific ADP-ribosylation of a 43,000 m.w. polypeptide. Both whole cell and broken cell adenylate cyclase activation and toxin-specific ADP-ribosylation are reversed specifically by low pH and high concentrations of toxin and nicotinamide in all systems. Thus ADP-ribosylation appears to be relevant to the molecular action of choleragen in whole cells as well as in broken cells.
On Thermodynamics of Gas-Turbine Cycles: Part 1—Second Law Analysis of Combined Cycles

The energy-balance approach to cycle analysis has inherent limitations. These arise from the fact that the first law of thermodynamics contains no distinction between heat and work and no provision for quantifying the “quality” of heat. Thus, while producing the correct final result, energy-balance analysis is incapable on its own of locating sources of losses. Identifying and quantifying those sources can be a useful design tool, especially in developing new, more complex systems. The second law of thermodynamics, applied in the form of entropy and availability balances for components and processes, can locate and quantify the irreversibilities which cause loss of work and efficiency. Perhaps one reason that such analysis has not gained widespread engineering use may be the additional complication of having to deal with the combustion irreversibility, which introduces an added dimension to the analysis. A method of cycle analysis, believed to circumvent this added difficulty for combustion cycles, is proposed and applied to complex combined cycles with intercooling and reheat. The fuel is treated as a source of heat, which supplies potentially available work to the cycle depending on the peak temperature constraint on work extraction. The availability is then traced as it cascades through the cycle, portions of it being wasted by the various components and processes, and the balance emerging as shaft work. Linkage with the traditional first-law efficiency is thus preserved, while establishing the location, cause, and magnitude of losses. Analysis and results for combined cycles with component irreversibilities are presented. The air-standard approximation with constant properties is used for simplicity. The turbine is treated as adiabatic since the cooling losses depend on the type of technology applied, particularly at higher temperatures. A model for quantifying those losses is presented in Part 2 of this paper.
Additive anti-atherogenic effect of thromboxane receptor antagonism with 12/15lipoxygenase gene disruption in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Abstract Previous studies in mouse models showed that 12/15lipoxygenase (12/15LO) gene disruption diminishes atherosclerosis. Pharmacologic suppression of thromboxane (Tx) A 2 biosynthesis or blockade of its receptor also reduces the development of the disease in the same models. We tested the hypothesis that simultaneous genetic absence of 12/15LO with TxA 2 receptor blockade might result in an additive anti-atherogenic effect. Apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice and apoE-deficient mice lacking 12/15LO were maintained on normal chow diet, or chow supplemented with BM-573, a selective TxA 2 receptor antagonist, for 12 weeks. Urinary TxA 2 and prostacyclin metabolites, isoprostaneF 2α -III and atherosclerotic aortic lesions were assessed. 12/15LO gene disruption resulted in significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion areas and decreased urinary isoprostaneF 2α -III in apoE-deficient mice. TxA 2 receptor antagonism alone also afforded a significant reduction in atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. However, thromboxane receptor blockade resulted in an additive and more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effect when administered to apoE-deficient mice lacking 12/15LO. These results suggest that the 12/15LO- and TxA 2 receptor-mediated pro-atherogenic effects are two distinct pathways and represent two separate therapeutic targets for a better anti-atherogenic strategy.
Enabling location and environment awareness in cognitive radios

Location and environment awareness are two prominent features of cognitive radios and networks enabling them to interact with and learn the operating environment. A cognitive radio architecture with location and environment awareness engines is introduced in this paper. Architectural framework of both engines along with their components are presented. The proposed architecture is a promising model to support advanced and autonomous location and environment-aware applications (e.g. advanced location-based services (LBS)). Implementation options, design challenges, issues, and potential solutions for the realization of both engines are discussed. An underlying method for both engines, which is range accuracy adaptation, is presented. Finally, concluding remarks with future research directions are provided.
Effects of transverse shearing flexibility on postbuckling of plates in shear

Description du flambage et du post-flambage de plaques soumises a un cisaillement dans leur plan. Etude de l'effet de l'epaisseur et du rapport aspect sur des plaques aluminium. Comparaison avec la theorie classique du post-flambage dans le cas de plaques minces avec flexibilite de cisaillement transversale isotrope ou orthotrope. Les plaques sont longues, simplement supportees aux limites et soumises a un deplacement de cisaillement constant aux limites. On montre que le post-flambage depend des charges aux limites et du cisaillement transversal dans certains cas
Innovation in Public Finance Implications for the Nation’s Infrastructure

The Review section of Public Works Management & Policy(PWMP) intends to provide readers with an opportunity to examine the proceedings of professional meetings andthe results of research reports important to public works managers. Reviews capture the essence and insights of these documents and guide the reader to further pursuit of the topics. This review examines a roundtable discussion on innovation for public infrastructure finance conducted at the University of Southern California (USC), Sacramento Center, in December 2000. Coordinated by USC’s National Center for Innovations in Public Finance, the Roundtable focused on public/private partnerships andinnovative models andtools for developing and operating infrastructure systems.
On the existence of sporadically catching-up optimal solutions for infinite-horizon optimal control problems

In this paper, we extend the existence theory of Brock and Haurie concerning the existence of sporadically catching-up optimal solutions for autonomous, infinite-horizon optimal control problems. This notion of optimality is one of a hierarchy of types of optimality that have appeared in the literature to deal with optimal control problems whose cost functionals, described by an improper integral, either diverge or are unbounded below. Our results rely on the now classical convexity and seminormality hypotheses due to Cesari and are weaker than those assumed in the work of Brock and Haurie. An example is presented where our results are applicable, but those of the above-mentioned authors do not.
Optimization of the operational bandwidth in air-core photonic bandgap fibers for IR transmission

Abstract We determine the optimal inner glass ring thickness in infrared air-core photonic bandgap fibers (PBGFs) with 19-cell and 7-cell cores. For PBGFs with a 19-cell core, we find that an inner ring thickness of 0.04 Λ , where Λ is pitch, yields the widest operational bandwidth, which is nearly 6 % . The operational bandwidth increases as the refractive index decreases from 2.8 to 2.0. For PBGFs with a 7-cell core, one needs to draw fiber with a ring thickness of less than 0.03 Λ to achieve a comparable operational bandwidth.
Hydrogen bonding in transient bifunctional hypervalent radicals by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry

Neutralization—reionization mass spectrometry is used to generate hypervalent 9-N-4 (ammonium) and 9-O-3 (oxonium) radicals derived from protonated α,ω-bis-(dimethylamino)alkanes and α,ω-dimethoxyalkanes, which exist as cyclic hydrogen-bonded structures in the gas phase. Collisional neutralization with dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, and xenon of the hydrogen-bonded onium cations followed by reionization with oxygen results in complete dissociation. Bond cleavages at the hypervalent nitrogen atoms are found to follow the order CH2-N>CH3-N>N-H, which differs from that in the monofunctional hydrogen-n-heptyldimethylammonium radical, which gives CH2-N>N-H>CH3-N. No overall stabilization through hydrogen bonding of the bifunctional hypervalent ammonium and oxonium radicals is observed. Subtle effects of ring size are found that tend to stabilize large ring structures and are attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling benign prostatic growth

This review will present a new concept on the etiology of the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Conventionally, two known etiological factors for the development of BPH have been aging and the presence of functional testes. Assignment of these two factors, although reasonable, has not been conducive to aid the research community to identify and isolate the patho-physiological agents that are directly responsible for the development of this disease. In the present review, we proposed a broadened concept of intrinsic and extrinsic factors for BPH. This concept offers identifiable research opportunities that will facilitate our quest in search for etiological agents for BPH. A brief description of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and justifications for their selection will be discussed.
Application of pulse code modulation technology to aircraft dynamicsdata acquisition

This paper discusses the application of pulse code modulation (PCM) digital techniques to record dynamics data (20 kHz bandwidth) during flight tests. This approach is compared with current frequency modulation (FM) analog data recording technology and is found to provide a significant increase in both the dynamic range and number of data channels recorded simultaneously. The design of a PCM airborne recording system is presented which will be capable of recording simultaneously 144 channels of 20 kHz data with 66 dB dynamic range during an 8-h flight. The objective is to reduce the costs associated with flight testing required to solve vibration/acoustic problems and to define/verify design specifications.
SA- Rough Sets K-means resource dynamic allocation strategy Based on Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud computing has received increasingly attention from network computing model research, which can realize several kinds of resource sharing and dynamic resource allocation. However, how to effectively route storage resource in cloud, reduce dynamic load and cross data center data transmission, take into account global load balancing are important problems to be solved. This paper proposes a kind of SA-RS-K means resource dynamic allocation strategy based on cloud computing, which can reduce the time overhead, get the optimal computing resources and improve efficiency of algorithm. Simulation experiments in the end of paper verify the efficiency of this algorithm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v10i6.1400 Full Text: PDF
Effects of Seawater and Low Temperatures on Polymeric Foam Core Material

Polymeric composite sandwich structures, often manufactured using a thick foam core material and thin composite facings, are of significant interest in naval applications. This paper summarizes the coupled effect of sea water and low temperature on the mechanical properties of closed cell polymeric H100 foam core material. The study considers the effects of harsh sea environmental conditions on the fracture and deformation behavior of such a foam material under complex loading conditions that include tension, torsion, compression, and true-triaxial stress paths. Mechanical testing techniques are developed using coupon samples of suitable geometry that minimize grip effects on these low density complex foam materials, along with information associated with the observed cross-anisotropic behavior. Interfacial delamination fracture response for the sandwich structures due to the combined effects of sea water and low temperature are evaluated and the associated degradation in critical energy release rate for delamination is found to be substantial. Experimental data for H100 foam cores associated with moisture induced expansional strains are also included.
What is Kinesiology? Historical and Philosophical Insights

Twenty years ago Karl Newell suggested in Quest that the proper name for the field was “kinesiology” and that its proper subject was “physical activity.” Yet, despite his success, for many the purpose of the field remains enigmatic. This has led to a lack of clarity in programs, as well as tensions between scientists and humanists in the field. This tension was conveniently summarized by C. P. Snow's famous “two cultures” thesis. Dissonance within the field is born of faulty and unexamined philosophic commitments. This article reviews the historical and contemporary state of kinesiology in an attempt to introduce readers to two of these unexamined philosophic commitments. The first misunderstanding is metaphysical and regards the questions, “What is the nature of kinesis?” The second misunderstanding is epistemological and regards the question, “What counts as knowledge?” Answers to both questions—sometimes implicit, sometimes explicit—have had a great impact on the field. This history deserves further at...