cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and genetic effects of recessive haplotypes on yield, longevity, and fertility

Phenotypes from the August 2015 US national genetic evaluation were used to compute phenotypic effects of 18 recessive haplotypes in Ayrshire (n=1), Brown Swiss (n=5), Holstein (n=10), and Jersey (n=2) cattle on milk, fat, and protein yields, somatic cell score (SCS), single-trait productive life (PL), daughter pregnancy rate (DPR), heifer conception rate (HCR), and cow conception rate (CCR). The haplotypes evaluated were Ayrshire haplotype 1, Brown Swiss haplotypes 1 and 2, spinal dysmyelination, spinal muscular atrophy, Weaver Syndrome, brachyspina, Holstein cholesterol deficiency, Holstein haplotypes 1 to 5, bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, complex vertebral malformation, mulefoot (syndactyly), and Jersey haplotypes 1 and 2. When causal variants are unknown and tests are based only on single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes, it can sometimes be difficult to accurately determine carrier status. For example, 2 Holstein haplotypes for cholesterol deficiency have the same single nucleotide polymorphism genotype, but only one of them carries the causative mutation. Genotyped daughters of carrier bulls included in the analysis ranged from 8 for Weaver Syndrome to 17,869 for Holstein haplotype 3. Lactation records preadjusted for nongenetic factors and direct genomic values (DGV) were used to estimate phenotypic and genetic effects of recessive haplotypes, respectively. We found no phenotypic or genetic differences between carriers and noncarriers of Ayrshire or Brown Swiss defects. Several associations were noted for Holstein haplotypes, including fat and HCR for Holstein haplotype 0 carriers; milk, protein, SCS, PL, and fertility for Holstein haplotype 1; protein, PL, CCR, and HCR for Holstein haplotype 2; milk, protein, and fertility for Holstein haplotype 4; and protein yield and DPR for Holstein haplotype 5. There were no differences among bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency carriers, but complex vertebral malformation affected fat yield and mulefoot carriers had higher SCS and lower PL DGV. Jersey haplotype 1 was not associated with any phenotypic effects, but we noted significant differences among DGV for fat, protein, PL, DPR, CCR, and HCR. Jersey haplotype 2 was associated only with lower phenotypic CCR. Effects of the recessive haplotypes on other traits studied generally were small even when significant. Almost $11 million of economic losses per year due to reduced fertility and perinatal calf death in the US population can be avoided by selecting mate pairs that will not produce affected embryos. Carrier animals may continue to be selected if the merit of their favorable alleles exceeds the loss from their recessive alleles, but carrier bulls can be generally avoided without reducing the average genetic merit of the sires available for mating.
Contextual positive coping as a factor contributing to resilience after disasters

OBJECTIVE: Strategy-situation fit, or contextual coping, posits that the physical and psychological demands associated with stressors are determined in part by the characteristics of each stress situation and may therefore require the use of different coping strategies. In this review, we discuss strategy-situation fit in the context of both natural and manmade disasters as it pertains to positivity and, ultimately, resilience after disasters. METHOD: We reviewed the relevant literature on positivity and coping with disasters using a contextual approach. RESULTS: We identified several disaster-related characteristics (i.e., cause of disaster, temporal characteristics of disasters, and degree of resource loss) that might influence the efficacy of positive coping strategies. We then discussed strategies that could be useful for promoting resilience with regard to these different characteristics. CONCLUSION: This work represents an initial step in conceptualizing disaster resiliency within the framework of contextual positive coping. Recommendations for future avenues of research are discussed.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Quantitative characterization of in vitro bystander effect of antibody-drug conjugates

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to target antigen expressing (Ag+) cells in a tumor. Once processed by the Ag+ cells, ADCs can release cytotoxic drug molecules that can diffuse out of Ag+ cells into the neighboring antigen-negative (Ag−) cells to induce their cytotoxicity. This additional efficacy of ADCs on Ag− cells in the presence of Ag+ cells is known as the ‘bystander effect’. Although the importance of this phenomena is widely acknowledged for effective killing of a heterogeneous tumor, the rate and extent of the bystander killing in a heterogeneous system is not quantitatively understood yet. Thus, the objectives of this manuscript were to: (1) synthesize and characterize a tool ADC Trastuzumab-vc-MMAE that is capable of exhibiting bystander effect, (2) quantify the time course of the bystander effect for the tool ADC using in vitro co-culture systems created using mixture of various HER2-expressing cell lines, and (3) develop a pharmacodynamic (PD) model that is capable of characterizing the bystander effect of ADCs. Co-culture studies conducted using GFP labelled MCF7 cells as Ag− cells and N87, BT474, and SKBR3 as Ag+ cells revealed that the bystander effect of ADC increases with increasing fraction of Ag+ cells in a co-culture system, and with increased expression level of target on Ag+ cells. A notable lag time after ADC incubation was also observed prior to significant bystander killing of Ag− cells. Based on our results we hypothesize that there may be other determinants apart from the antigen expression level that can also influence the ability of Ag+ cells to demonstrate the bystander effect in a co-culture system. The co-culture analysis also suggested that the bystander effect of the ADC can dissipate over the period of time as the population of Ag+ cells declines. A novel PD model was developed to mathematically characterize the bystander effect of ADCs by combining two different cell distribution models to represent the population of Ag+ and Ag− cells in a co-culture system. This PD model can be integrated with the systems PK model for ADCs in the future to generate a quantitative framework that is capable of supporting the discovery and development of novel ADCs with optimal bystander killing capabilities.
Effects of acute carbohydrate ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during endurance exercises has been shown to increase performance, but there is limited research with CHO supplementation during strength and conditioning exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various levels of CHO ingestion during acute testing sessions requiring participants to complete a strength and conditioning program designed for collegiate athletes. Participants (n = 7) performed a series of exercises while ingesting an amino-acid electrolyte control (CON) or CON plus varying levels of CHO. The CHO beverages delivered a 2:1 (glucose: fructose) ratio at rates of 15 g/h, 30 g/h, and 60 g/h. The exercise protocol consisted of a series of short sprints, full body resistance training exercises, jumping, and shuttle running. Performance measurements were taken for sprint times, repetitions until failure [bench press, bent over row, biceps curl, overhead triceps extension], summation of total repetitions for all repetitions until failure, repetitions in a set time for two-foot line jumps, and 137-m shuttle times. A significant main effect (p < 0.05) was found in relation to CHO dose during the bench press final set repetitions to failure. Pairwise comparison with Bonferroni’s correction identified that there was significant difference (p = 0.0024) between the dosage of 15 g/h and CON during bench press. Inferential statistics identified overall RT performance with a dosage of 15 g/h compared to 60 g/h and CON was 99.2 % (very likely) and 96.7 % (very likely) to have a beneficial effect. The results from this study suggest acute ingestion of CHO does not result in decrements in performance and may provide a beneficial effect to strength and conditioning performance. Strength and conditioning coaches may recommend their athletes ingest CHO during training sessions in order to maximize muscular adaptations.
Leading Change in Libraries: A case study

Libraries are experiencing unprecedented change. Some of our more traditional services are used less and others must be rearranged so that the library remains a vital component of the campus. Reorganization of personnel often takes place to accommodate these changes. Therefore, excellent skills in change management are imperative for our current leadership in libraries. A process pulled from established literature on change management was used in a reorganization of IT personnel at a university library.
Enhance hands on experience of system and control using low cost LEGO kits

System Dynamics is a required coursed offered to junior Mechanical Engineering students at Pennsylvania State University Erie, the Behrend College. It addresses the intercoupling dynamics of a wide range of dynamic systems: mechanical, electrical, fluid, hydraulic, electromechanical, biomedical, etc. It is a challenging course due to the abstract nature and increased mathematics needed to understand the topic. While hands-on experience can be a useful tool in learning the material, the ready to use units in the market are costly. This paper explores the applications of using low cost LEGO® MINDSTORMS® NXT kits to add hands-on experience for an undergraduate Systems Dynamics course. The labs include (1) time response of a first order system and transfer function identification and verification, (2) time response of a second order system, and (3) PD controller design. These lab activities use MATLAB®/Simulink® to study the response of LEGO MINDSTORMS units. Technical surveys before and after each lab have been analyzed and show that there is an improvement in students' confidence in topics from system dynamics with the labs. These three lab activities will evolve into two 2-hour labs of a one-credit lab course, Dynamics and Vibration, to be offered in Fall 2016. This lab course will complement the current courses in dynamics and vibration, attracting mechanical engineering students to pursue future careers in the field of dynamics and controls.
Una riflessione su Vico e il materialismo marxista nel Capitale

“Materialism,” which is central for Marxism, is apparently less important for Marx, who, after the “Theses on Feuerbach,” only rarely mentions it. In Capital, Marx mentions “materialism” only two times: in a passage on Giambattista Vico, an important eighteenth Italian philosopher, and in the Afterword to the second German edition in the famous comment on Hegelian dialectic. This paper concerns the reference to Vico. This reference is important in two ways: in calling attention to a basic similarity between Marx’s position and Vico’s constructivist approach to knowledge, and in suggesting Marx’s position is not science but rather a particular kind of philosophy. Keywords: Marx; Vico; Materialism; Hegel; Capital.
Conclusions: The Legitimation Crisis and the Future of Neoliberalism

This Chapter reviews the conditions that determine the legitimation crisis of global neoliberalism. It argues that the achievement of legitimation has always been linked to the management of the contradiction between the bourgeois claims of democracy and equality and the concentration of capital and power engendered by the development of capitalism. Under laissez-faire capitalism, this contradiction was resolved through the adoption of the nature-like functioning of the market as the organizing principle of society. Fordism was based on the organizing principle of state-regulated capitalism. As this form of legitimation was undermined by the crisis of the state, the impartiality of the free market proposed by neoliberals became the new organizing principle of society. However, as market mechanisms cannot address the contradictions of capitalism and state intervention is necessary, the legitimation crisis of neoliberalism developed. While solutions to the legitimation crisis are not available and substantive opposition remains weak, the chapter concludes, change is directed by corporate forces that will continue to pursue their interests and only marginally will grant some of the claims of subordinate groups.
Vengeance, sexual compulsivity and self-efficacy among men who have sex with men living with HIV.

ABSTRACTVengeance is defined as a continuum of thoughts and/or actions ranging from harmless thoughts to destruction or death, due to feelings of hurt or anger, as a result of a perceived personal attack. Studies assessing the association between vengeance and HIV risk behavior are extremely lacking. The primary aims of this study were to examine the associations between vengeance and sexual compulsivity (SC), and self-efficacies (SEs) for condom use, HIV disclosure, and negotiation of safer sex practices. Data were obtained from 266 men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. Simple and multiple linear regression were used to explore the associations between vengeance, SC and SE. After adjusting for sociodemographic and HIV-related factors, there was a negative association between vengeance and SE for HIV disclosure: (most vengeful: β = −1.49; 95% CI: −2.40, −0.58; more vengeful: β = −1.17; 95% CI: −2.12, −0.22; vengeance (continuous: β = −0.03; 95% CI: −0.05, −0.01). Intervention programs geared to...
Comparative study of PES Net and SyCCo bus: Communication protocols for modular multilevel converter

Due to its modularity and scalability, modular multilevel converter is a promising topology for medium voltage applications, such as energy storage or motor drives. Because of the large number of modules, the wiring can become complex if the conventional star topology communication network is used. To solve this issue, a communication link that uses a ring topology to connect the central controller and the modules provides an efficient solution. The information exchanged on this link includes real time data, such as duty cycle, measurements and fault feedback. Thus, a dedicated high-speed communication protocol is needed. This paper reviews two possible protocols for modular multilevel converter communication, PES Net and SyCCo bus. After introducing the operating principles, their performance is compared and discussed. SyCCo bus is implemented using Altera Cyclone IV FPGA. Tests are conducted to analyze the communication delay of SyCCo bus. The implementation is made open source.
Manikutty’s Poevian Hypothesis: A Hypothesis on the Frequency of Poe’s Law in Action

Commenters on the Internet have frequently claimed to have observed Poe’s law in action. This paper attempts to develop a framework to think about Poe’s Law and develops a hypothesis. This is the first paper that attempts to develop a Poevian Hypothesis in the field of Internet sociology and proposes a bound for the same.
Fourier Representation of Sequences

The Fourier representation of analog signals was discussed in the previous chapter. This representation is now extended to data sequences, and digital signals. To this end, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is defined and several of its properties are developed. Specifically, the convolution and correlation theorems are described and the spectral properties such as amplitude, phase, and power spectra are developed. By illustrating the 2-dimensional DFT, it is shown that the DFT can be extended to multiple dimensions. Finally, the concepts of time-varying Fourier power and phase spectra are introduced.
Limb Length Discrepancy

A limb length discrepancy is a difference between the lengths of the arms or legs. Often, this difference is negligible and does not affect function. However, significant discrepancies notably in the lower extremities often cause difficulty with day-to-day activity and in cases where the discrepancy is large, may lead to low back and hip problems. Nonoperative treatment may include a shoe lift or a prosthesis. Operative treatment is based on the magnitude of the discrepancy, the amount of growth remaining, and any associated angular or rotational deformity.
An Enhanced Normalization Method for Dynamic Fracture Toughness Testing

Fracture toughness testing of ductile materials can be difficult in situations where it is not possible to measure crack extension during the test, such as under high rate loading or in aggressive environments. In these situations, an alternative method of inferring crack extension must be used to generate the tearing resistance curve, and thereby determine ductile crack initiation. ASTM test method E1820-01 uses the Normalization method to generate the plasticity function for the specimen, which can then be used to calculate crack extension. This method relies heavily on accurate measurement of the load, displacement and crack length at the end of test. These measurements are used to generate a point on the normalized load-displacement plot, known as the “anchor point”. If a test ends with unstable crack extension, the anchor point cannot be determined and the method cannot be applied. If there is a large amount of crack extension in a test, the uncertainty in the derived plasticity function increases, which can lead to non-conservative J-R curves. An alternative approach that can be used to reduce the dependency on the anchor point is the Compliance Ratio (CR) method. This method uses a quasi-static test with unloading compliance to generate a load-displacement record with no crack extension, or “key curve”. Once this key curve is obtained, it can be scaled to account for the effect of loading rate. The specimen compliance at any point in a dynamic test record is determined by comparing the key curve with the actual load at the same displacement, and from this the crack extension can be determined. There are problems with this approach when the quasi-static key curve does not match the dynamic test record early in the test where blunting transitions to ductile tearing.
Data and Evidence

This article surveys the major kinds of data used by linguists, focusing on properties that bear on their usefulness in linguistic analysis – what they can serve as evidence of, and what assumptions underlie their interpretation. Linguistic data is divided herein along two dimensions: (1) its origin, that is, the method or technique by which it was obtained (from a corpus, grammaticality judgments, fieldwork, or experiments); and (2) its kind, that is, the phenomenon from which it was drawn (language acquisition, creolization, second language, bilingualism, language disorders, performance errors, typology, or historical change). General remarks on variability in data and the relationship between data and theory are offered.
The Role That Mathematics Plays in College- and Career-Readiness: Evidence from PISA.

Many studies have found a strong relationship between the mathematics students study in school and their performance on an academic or school mathematics assessment but not on an assessment of math...
Predicting Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Using Administrative Claims.

BACKGROUND: Predictive models for earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) that rely on variables requiring assessment during an office visit, such as cognitive functio...
Immersed-finite-element method for deformable particle suspensions in viscous and viscoelastic media

Deformable elastic bodies in viscous and viscoelastic media constitute a large portion of synthetic and biological complex fluids. We present a parallelized three-dimensional simulation methodology which fully resolves the momentum balance in the solid and fluid domains. An immersed boundary algorithm is exploited known as the immersed-finite-element method (IFEM) which accurately determines the internal forces in the solid domain. The scheme utilized has the advantages of requiring no costly remeshing, handling finite Reynolds number, as well as incorporating nonlinear viscoelasticity in the fluid domain. Our algorithm is designed for computationally efficient simulation of multiparticle suspensions with mixed structure types. The internal force calculation in the solid domain in the IFEM is coupled with a finite volume based incompressible fluid solver, both of which are massively parallelized for distributed memory architectures. We performed extensive case studies to ensure the fidelity of our algorithm. Namely, a series of single particle simulations for capsules, red blood cells, and elastic solid deformable particles were conducted in viscous and viscoelastic media. All of our results are in excellent quantitative agreement with the corresponding reported data in the literature which are based on different simulation platforms. Furthermore, we assess the accuracy of multiparticle simulation of blood suspensions (red blood cells in plasma) with and without platelets. Finally, we present the results of a simulation of multiple solid deformable objects in a viscoelastic medium.
Antibacterial Activity of Organic Ligands and their Cu(II) Complexes

Cu(II) complexes with biologically relevant thiazole or imidazole ligand frames have been previously shown to exhibit nuclease activity. To further probe the biological activity of these species, a...
Peer-to-Peer Human Milk Sharing: Recipient Mothers' Motivations, Stress, and Postpartum Mental Health

Abstract Background: Some mothers who cannot breastfeed—partially or completely—choose to feed their infants human milk donated from a peer. Few studies have examined mothers' experiences with usin...
Phenotyping to facilitate Accrual for a Cardiovascular Intervention

Background: The conventional approach for clinical studies is to identify a cohort of potentially eligible patients and then screen for enrollment. In an effort to reduce the cost and manual effort involved in the screening process, several studies have leveraged electronic health records (EHR) to refine cohorts to better match the eligibility criteria, which is referred to as phenotyping. We extend this approach to dynamically identify a cohort by repeating phenotyping in alternation with manual screening. Methods: Our approach consists of multiple screen cycles. At the start of each cycle, the phenotyping algorithm is used to identify eligible patients from the EHR, creating an ordered list such that patients that are most likely eligible are listed first. This list is then manually screened, and the results are analyzed to improve the phenotyping for the next cycle. We describe the preliminary results and challenges in the implementation of this approach for an intervention study on heart failure. Results: A total of 1,022 patients were screened, with 223 (23%) of patients being found eligible for enrollment into the intervention study. The iterative approach improved the phenotyping in each screening cycle. Without an iterative approach, the positive screening rate (PSR) was expected to dip below the 20% measured in the first cycle; however, the cyclical approach increased the PSR to 23%. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that dynamic phenotyping can facilitate recruitment for prospective clinical study. Future directions include improved informatics infrastructure and governance policies to enable real-time updates to research repositories, tooling for EHR annotation, and methodologies to reduce human annotation. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(6):458-463 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3830
Conclusion: What About Us?

This chapter is based on an extensive ethnographic interview with a fan who exhibits extreme admiration for a couple that are Olympic ice dancing champions. The interview describes the role that the skaters play in her everyday life and the ways in which watching their videos functions as a means to reduce stress. Moreover, through a deep connection established on social media, the informant explores her mediated social connections with other fans and followers and the friendships she has formed though her travels to see the skaters perform. Through this analysis, we can extrapolate from her experience how culture has evolved from the parasocial to imaginary relationships to mediated social connections in the age of digital media.
Disposition of oral delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in children receiving cannabis extracts for epilepsy.

AbstractIntroduction: Although over half of US states have legalized marijuana for medical indications, there is limited research in use in the pediatric population. The objective was to evaluate t...
Upwelling Bays: How Coastal Upwelling Controls Circulation, Habitat, and Productivity in Bays.

Bays in coastal upwelling regions are physically driven and biochemically fueled by their interaction with open coastal waters. Wind-driven flow over the shelf imposes a circulation in the bay, whi...
A distinct aspectual analysis of predicative possession in Brazilian Portuguese

We provide an aspectual analysis of Brazilian Portuguese predicative possessives, ter ('have') NP vs. estar com ('to be with') NP, which have been analyzed as denoting permanent versus temporary possession, respectively. Data include 20th century tokens of estar com NP (n=553) and ter NP (n=2976) from Davies' Corpus do Portugues. These data show that both possessive constructions can occur with the same temporal/aspectual reference and possessum, but that ter NP has a 0.55 type-token ratio while estar com NP shows significantly lower (p<0.01) productivity (0.41). An online experimental survey in which we manipulated the possessum and the duration of the possession was designed and responded to by over 200 native Brazilian participants. Results show that while both forms are possible in all contexts they are nevertheless sensitive to the duration of the possession, thus suggesting that the association with permanent versus temporary possession is pragmatic in nature. We propose that estar com NP’s possessive interval is co-extensive with the reference interval supplied by context, while ter NP’s possessive interval is a superinterval of the reference interval, like progressive and imperfective aspects, respectively (Deo 2009).
Regulation of endothelial VCAM-1 expression in murine cardiac grafts: Expression of allograft endothelial VCAM-1 can be manipulated with antagonist of IFN-α or IL-4 and is not required for allograft rejection

This report provides evidence to support the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-4 promote the expression of new endothelial surface molecules in rejecting murine heterotopic cardiac allografts. The microvascular endothelia of these cardiac allografts all develop strong reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) YN1.1/74 (anti-ICAM-1), M/K-2 (anti-VCAM-1) and MECA-32 (undefined molecule) within 3 to 5 days of graft implantation. Daily treatment of the allograft recipients with pentoxifylline (PTX), soluble TNF receptor (TNFR:Fc), anti-interleukin-4 (IL-4) mAb (11B11), or soluble IL-4 receptor, each abrogate the expression of endothelial VCAM-1 and reduce the endothelial reactivity with the mAbs YN1.1/74 and MECA-32 to levels found in cardiac isografts. This is accompanied by a reduction, but not an elimination, of interstitial leukocytic infiltration. Despite this, cardiac allograft recipients treated with PTX or the mAb 11B11 rejected allografts at the same rate as untreated allograft recipients, ie, within 10 to 12 days after graft implantation. These rejected grafts contained mRNAs for TNF-alpha and IL-4, as well as for all other cytokines that have been associated with rejecting allografts. This suggests that endothelial VCAM-1 expression, which is characteristic of rejection, is not an essential element of the rejection process. Interestingly, the grafts from the PTX-treated recipients continued to display rare, isolated VCAM-1 positive cells in the interstitium, which may be dendritic cells. In general, these studies demonstrate a role for IL-4 and TNF-alpha in the alterations of vascular endothelial phenotype observed in rejecting cardiac allografts. They also demonstrate that endothelial VCAM-1 expression is not essential for the allograft rejection process, and that the role of VCAM-1 in this process may be more subtle than was initially suspected.
Small Fiber Neuropathy.

Small fiber neuropathy has a broad array of presentations. Length-dependent symptoms and findings present little diagnostic difficulty, but non-length-dependent or multifocal symptoms can be challenging. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) testing in apparent fibromyalgia warrants further study, but skin biopsy testing of this patient population is reasonable. Avoidance of IENFD testing in situations where diagnosis of neuropathy is already clear or where neuropathy is not the cause of symptoms helps to prevent incorrect conclusions. Careful history and physical examination plus pretest probability are important factors to consider when assessing the results of an IENFD test report.
Mixed Methods Research – Nonverbal Observations of Cultural Convergence in Online and Offline Contexts: Testing Hall’s Low- Vs. High-Context Framework

Extending the existing low- and high-context culture theoretical framework, the current research examined the extent to which globalization has shaped low- and high-context cultures in relation to ...
Bidirectional Associations Between Preschool Classroom Behavior and Language and Literacy Skills

Potential bidirectional associations between preschool classroom overactive (or externalizing) and underactive (or internalizing) behaviors and language and literacy skills (i.e., vocabulary and li...
Intersectionality in quantitative health disparities research: A systematic review of challenges and limitations in empirical studies.

Abstract Rationale Quantitative health disparities research has increasingly employed intersectionality as a theoretical tool to investigate how social characteristics intersect to generate health inequality. Yet, intersectionality was not designed to quantify, predict, or identify health disparities, and, as a result, multiple criticisms against its misapplication in health disparities research have been made. As such, there is an emerging need to evaluate the growing body of quantitative research that aims to investigate health disparities through an intersectional lens. Methods We conducted a systematic review from earliest records to January 2020 to (i) describe the scope of limitations when applying intersectionality to quantitative health disparities research, and (ii) identify recommendations to improve the future integration of intersectionality with this scholarship. We identified relevant publications with electronic searches in PubMed and CA Web of Science. Studies eligible for inclusion were English-language publications that used quantitative methodologies to investigate health disparities among adults in the U.S. while explicitly claiming to adopt an intersectional perspective. Out of 1279 articles reviewed, 65 were eligible for inclusion. Results Our review found that, while the value of intersectionality to the study of health disparities is evident, the existing research struggles with meeting intersectionality's fundamental assumptions. In particular, four limitations were found to be widespread: narrowing the measurements of intersectionality, intersectional groups, and health outcomes; placing primacy on the study of certain intersectional groups to the neglect of others; overlooking underlying explanatory mechanisms that contribute to the health disparities experienced by intersectional groups; and, lacking in the use of life-course perspectives to show how health disparities vary across different life stages. Conclusion If the goal of health equality is to be achieved among diverse intersectional groups, future research must be assisted by the collection and examination of data that overcomes these limitations.
Deciphering the Incipient Phases of Ice–Mineral Interactions as a Precursor of Physical Weathering

The formation of ice on particles in the atmosphere influences Earth’s global hydrological cycle and is widely studied given the impacts of ice nucleation on precipitation and climate. Yet, the int...
Asymmetry of the Vertical Translational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in Idiopathic Downbeat Nystagmus (P5.309)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the vertical translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (vTVOR) in a patient with idiopathic downbeat nystagmus (DBN). BACKGROUND: DBN may occur in the context of a broader cerebellar syndrome or as an isolated finding. Asymmetry of otolith-mediated vestibular reflexes has been proposed as a possible cause of DBN. Here we present a patient with idiopathic DBN who had a robust vTVOR during downward but not upward translation. A 70-year-old woman presented with progressive oscillopsia and DBN for several years. The ocular motility examination was otherwise normal other than impaired downward pursuit. There was no limb or gait ataxia. There was no family history of a similar disorder, and laboratory studies failed to identify an underlying cause. MRI showed mild atrophy of the cerebellar vermis. DESIGN/METHODS: We recorded the vTVOR on a motion platform, in response to 2 Hz oscillation, abrupt position steps, and a sum-of-sines stimulus. We also measured the vertical rotational VOR (vRVOR) and visual tracking at 1 and 2 Hz. RESULTS: For all translation stimuli, the vTVOR was asymmetric: only upward slow phases were evoked. In contrast, the vRVOR was symmetric. Tracking of 1 Hz visual stimuli was also asymmetric (upward slow phases only), but there was little response to either direction of visual motion at 2 Hz. Thus, the preserved upward slow phases during vertical translation cannot be attributed simply to visual tracking. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with DBN due to cerebellar degeneration lose the vTVOR for both directions of translation, but isolated DBN may be associated with an asymmetric vTVOR. The findings provide further evidence for a close relationship between the TVOR and visual tracking, and they support a vertical asymmetry in these systems as one possible cause of DBN. Study Supported by: Department of Veterans Affairs, Armington Fund Disclosure: Dr. Walker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Serra has nothing to disclose.
Covalent modification of proteins by mixed function oxidation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the covalent modification of proteins by mixed function oxidation. The work has revealed the powerful and intricate regulation mediated by covalent modification of enzymes. This chapter summarizes the most recently identified covalent modification of glutamine synthetase. Intracellular proteins undergo proteolytic degradation in a specific, regulated fashion; this is true for prokaryotic organisms and for complex mammals. Many proteins are susceptible to modification by one or more mixed function oxidation systems. The oxidative modification renders glutamine synthetase catalytically inactive; the physical changes in the protein are subtle. The oxidatively modified glutamine synthetase is more susceptible to attack by nonspecific proteases. If the modification is to serve as a marker for proteolytic degradation, then one must postulate the existence of proteases with notable specificity for oxidatively modified proteins. The specific activity of certain enzymes decreases with aging. The mechanisms that cause this change are unknown, but oxidative modification could be responsible. Oxidative changes in proteins result as a toxic side effect of oxygen therapy. Oxidative inactivation of enzymes serve to protect higher organisms from autolysis by lysosomal enzymes released from their own activated neutrophils.
Gyroresonanant acceleration of electrons, muons and protons

Gyroresonant acceleration of charged particles is explored in light of much that has been learned about the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and electron beams during decades of development of gyro-amplifiers and gyro-oscillators, examples are shown for high-gradient acceleration of electrons, muons and protons.
Video Analytics for Force Protection

For troop and military installation protection, modern computer vision methods must be harnessed to enable a comprehensive approach to contextual awareness. In this chapter we present a collection of intelligent video technologies currently under development at the General Electric Global Research Center, which can be applied to this challenging problem. These technologies include: aerial analysis for object detection and tracking, site-wide tracking from networks of fixed video cameras, person detection from moving platforms, biometrics at a distance and facial analysis for the purposes of inferring intent. We hypothesize that a robust approach to troop protection will require the synthesis of all of these technologies into a comprehensive system of systems.
Effects of composition on acceleration induced burning-rate augmentation.

The objective of this work was to better define the effects of propellant composition variables on the acceleration induced burning-rate augmentation of solid propellants. The rate augmentation of an aluminized propellant at a given acceleration level was found to be a nonlinear inverse function of the reference or static burning rate and not controlled by binder or catalyst type at a given reference rate. A nonaluminized and a low rate double-base propellant exhibited strong transient rate augmentation due to surface pitting resulting from the retention of hot particles on the propellant surface.
Is athletic amenorrhea specific to runners

Abstract Athletic amenorrhea has been previously reported in distance runners. In this study, swimmers and cyclists were compared to runners in order to determine whether amenorrhea was a common characteristic of endurance training or was unique to runners. Amenorrhea was present in all the athletes, but the prevalence was much higher among the runners and was correlated with low body weight.
Individual Religious Freedoms in American Indian Tribal Constitutional Law

Written on the 40th Anniversary of the Indian Civil Rights Act, this article engages with a prominent critique of individual rights in tribal communities, namely that they effectuate the 'assimilation' of tribal people, values, and institutions. On the one hand, because American Indian religions emphasize collective values and experiences, this critique is particularly apt in the religion context, and the imposition of individual rights norms recalls the federal government's historic efforts to destroy tribes by eradicating tribal religious practices. Moreover, in many tribal communities, religion is conceptualized and practiced not in terms of 'rights' but rather 'duties' to other people, plants, animals, natural features, and the ceremonies themselves. On the other hand, some Indian tribes have historically recognized personal liberties in spiritual practices, and now consider it an obligation of self-government to protect individual interests in religion. This article explores these themes, particularly as they manifest in tribal constitutional law, which reveals a broad spectrum of rights and duties, individual and collective protections. The article also elaborates on several ways that tribes recognize individual rights in the context of tribal culture, namely using tribal custom as a basis for interpreting positive law on individual religious rights, maintaining separate institutions for the resolution of legal disputes about religion, and engaging in constitutional reform to change religious rights provisions that are inconsistent with tribal values. In the final analysis, the article observes that that while many challenges remain, tribal governments often try to facilitate individual and collective interests in religious freedom today.
Generation of a dual RT Env SHIV that is infectious in rhesus macaques

Background The best current animal model for HIV infection and evaluation of antiviral compounds is the Simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/macaque system. There are multiple recombinant SHIVs available, but these viruses have limitations in evaluating combination drug strategies for prevention. Drug combinations that target reverse transcriptase (RT, either nRTI or nnRTI) and envelope (entry or fusion inhibitors) have to be tested separately, which does not permit the assessment of additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of ARV combinations. We describe construction of a dual SHIV containing both HIV RT and a CCR5-specific HIV envelope gene in a simian immunodeficiency virus backbone. Methods The RT Env SHIV molecular clone was constructed using RT SHIV and SHIV162p3 sequences as templates to generate RT Env SHIV. RT Env SHIV was expanded in vitro in CD8-depleted macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Recombinant virus was used to infect a rhesus macaque (4.3 × 104 tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50], intravenously [IV]). A second passage in a macaque by IV transfer of 10 ml of blood obtained from the first infection was also done. The in vivo adapted virus stock from these macaques was used to produce high titer stocks in vitro and used to rectally infect an additional macaque. Results Peak viral load reached 6 × 105 vRNA copies/ml in plasma in both IV-exposed macaques and remained detectable in the one animal for 16 weeks after infection. A viral stock (1.68 × 104 TCID50) derived from the second macaque passage has been produced in CD8-depleted rhesus PBMC and was successfully used to demonstrate mucosal transmission. The resulting RT Env SHIV retained the sensitivity to HIV RT and entry inhibitors of its parental viruses. Conclusions The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a SHIV recombinant virus for evaluating the efficacy of ART and microbicide products that target both HIV RT and/or Env-mediated entry. RT Env SHIV can productively infect macaques by both the IV and mucosal route, making it a valuable tool for transmission studies.
Cylindroma of the cervix with procidentia

Abstract Prolapse of the uterus complicated by carcinoma of the cervix is a rare condition. In the case of this type reported, vaginal hysterectomy and repair of vaginal relaxation were employed. The tumor proved to be an adenocarcinoma of cylindroma type. No other cases of cylindroma of the cervix were found in the literature. Vaginal hysterectomy is probably the treatment of choice in cases of prolapse of the uterus and carcinoma of the cervix if the cervical tumor is definitely a carcinoma in situ or of Stage I. Radium therapy should be used first if the carcinoma has extended beyond the cervix.
Purification of human placental estradiol 17β-dehydrogenase and study of the steroid-binding site☆☆☆

Abstract Human placental estradiol 17β-dehydrogenase has been purified by affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme is homogenous by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. To study topography of the steroid-binding site, 16α-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether was synthesized with estriol 3-methyl ether, bromoacetic acid, or [2-3H] bromoacetic acid and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The steroid alkylates cysteine, histidine, methionine, and tryptophan under physiologic conditions. Being a substrate of the enzyme, it must bind at the steroid-binding site. The steroid inactivates the enzyme in a time-dependent, irreversible manner. Inactivation of the enzyme by excess 16α-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with t 1 / 2 = 1.5 hours. Amino acid analysis reveals that a histidyl residue is carboxymethylated. Estradiol-17β slows inactivation; 2-mercaptoethanol stops it. Previous studies have shown a histidyl residue also present at the catalytic region of the active site of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Streptomyces hydrogenans. It is tempting to consider that these histidyl residues may be an essential component for the dehydrogenation of the steroid substrates.
Hazard studies with hydrogen and oxygen in the liquid and solid phases.

There are many undetermined hazards associated with the use of the cryogenic hydrogen-oxygen propellant system at low pressures equivalent to high altitudes. Among these hazards are those which may be associated with rupture of tanks or feed lines, leakage, or venting. The conditioning and chilldown of systems during the preignition stages of engine operation provide other potentially dangerous situations.
Temperate mountain grasslands: a climate-herbivore hypothesis for origins and persistence

Temperate montane grasslands and their unique biotas are declining worldwide as they are increasingly being invaded by forests. The origin and persistence of these landscapes have been the focus of such controversy that in many areas their conservation is in doubt. In the USA some biologists have largely dismissed the grass balds of the Southern Appalachians as human artifacts or anomalous and transitory elements of regional geography, worthy of only limited preservation efforts. On the basis of information from biogeography, community ecology, regional history and palaeontology and from consideration of two other montane grassland ecosystems—East Carpathian poloninas and Oregon Coast Range grass balds—we hypothesize that these landscapes are more widespread than was formerly recognized; they are, in many cases, natural and ancient and largely owe their origin and persistence to past climatic extremes and the activities of large mammalian herbivores.
Author-centered bibliometrics through CAMEOs: Characterizations automatically made and edited online

This article describes ways of automatically generating 15 kinds of personal profiles of authors from bibliographic data on their publications in databases. Nicknamed CAMEOs, the profiles can be used for retrieval of documents by human searchers or computerized agents. They can also be used for mapping an author's subject matter (in terms of descriptors, identifiers, and natural language) and studying his or her publishing career. Finally, they can be used to map the intellectual and social networks evident in citations to and from authors and in co-authorships.
Bioactive Lysophospholipids: Role in Regulation of Aqueous Humor Outflow and Intraocular Pressure in the Context of Pathobiology and Therapy of Glaucoma

Homeostasis of aqueous humor (AH) outflow and intraocular pressure (IOP) is essential for normal vision. Impaired AH outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM) and a resultant elevation in IOP are common changes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), which is the most prevalent form of glaucoma. Although elevated IOP has been recognized as a definitive risk factor for POAG and lowering elevated IOP remains a mainstay for glaucoma treatment, little is known about the molecular mechanisms, especially external cues and intracellular pathways, involved in the regulation of AH outflow in both normal and glaucomatous eyes. In addition, despite the recognition that increased resistance to AH outflow via the conventional pathway consisting of TM and Schlemm's canal is the main cause for elevated IOP, there are no clinically approved drugs that target the conventional pathway to lower IOP in glaucoma patients. The aim of this article is to briefly review published work on the importance of bioactive lysophospholipids (eg, lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate), their receptors, metabolism, signaling, and role in the regulation of AH outflow via the TM and IOP, and to discuss pharmacological targeting of key proteins in the lysophospholipid signaling pathways to lower IOP in glaucoma patients.
A BOLD move for fMRI.

Correlating BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging with metabolic changes during neuronal activation should benefit the study of cognitive processing (pages 159–167).
Strange and hot matter

Abstract I consider the strangeness degree of freedom in hot nuclear matter and its significance for the observation and identification of a quark-gluon plasma. Particular attention is given to the interpretation of new and intriguing results on strange antibaryon production.
CULTURAL PLURALISM AND THE SEARCH FOR EDUCATIONAL EQUALITY

(1975). CULTURAL PLURALISM AND THE SEARCH FOR EDUCATIONAL EQUALITY. The Review of Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 29-33.