cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inherited resistance to activated protein C in a boy with multiple thromboses in early infancy.

Resistance to activated protein C is a recently discovered genetic defect with a high prevalence in adult patients with thromboembolic disease. It is an autosomal dominant disorder and is ten times more common in these patients than antithrombin III-, protein C- and protein S deficiency together. In spite of this high prevalence among adults with thromboembolic disease no clinical manifestation in infancy so far has been reported. We describe a 4-year-old boy with a complex cardiac malformation and inherited resistance to activated protein C, who developed multiple thromboses after cardiac catheterization in early infancy.
Binary sequences with two-level autocorrelation

We derive the values of the Fourier spectrum, a decomposition, and an achievable upper bound on the linear span, for binary sequences with two-level autocorrelation.
Television shows and education about sexually transmitted infections: no laughing matter

Should we be concerned about medical misinformation on the HBO cable television network? Human papillomavirus (HPV) is tough to figure out. Is it a disease or just an infection? We can’t really treat it, only its sequelae. With more than half of sexually active people infected with it at one time or another, it is common, but 90% of those who get it then clear the infection without treatment.1 Yet for some people the consequences of HPV are serious: genital warts and (for women) cervical cancer. Should we screen for HPV, and if so what do we do when we find it? Most importantly, how do we explain all of this concisely to patients? One way not to do it is through a television comedy. Case in point: Girls , the new hit show on the US Home Box Office (HBO) cable television network, soon to appear worldwide. It is the story of four young women just after university, as they try to make their way in New York. Billed as a “comic look at the assorted humiliations and rare triumphs of a group of girls …
Double-Cropped Soybean and Wheat with Subsurface Drip Irrigation Supplemented by Treated Swine Wastewater

The wastewater from swine production facilities has been typically managed by treatment in anaerobic lagoons followed by land application. However, there have been considerable advances in superior treatment technologies. Wastewater from one of these technologies was effective for subsurface drip irrigation of bermudagrass. The objectives of this experiment were to assess accumulation of soil nitrogen and carbon along with grain yield, dry-matter accumulation, and plant nitrogen accumulation of soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr., cv.] and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L), cv.] when supplementally irrigated with treated swine effluent via subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). The soil series was Autryville loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults). Its low unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of 0.0017 ± 0.0023 mm h−1 caused problems with water movement to either the soil surface or laterally to adjoining soybean and wheat roots. This condition contributed to complete crop failure in soybean in...
Use of CD34 in assessing the relationship between stroma and tumor in desmoplastic keratinocytic neoplasms

It has been hypothesized that the ability for neoplastic growth of epithelial-derived neoplasms depends upon the stroma. There are currently some studies which show that the stroma surrounding basal cell carcinomas (BCC) is derived from the tumor. In contrast, other studies provide evidence that the stroma is a host-derived response to the tumor. In order to further examine the nature of stroma enveloping cutaneous epithelial neoplasms, we examined a series of tumors which contain abundant stroma, including morpheic type BCC (MBCC), desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas (DTE), and microcystic adnexal carcinomas (MAC). The spindle-shaped cells surrounding the epithelial islands of the two malignant tumors, MBCCs and MACs, were negative in 70% and 100% of cases, respectively, for CD34. In contrast, the spindle-shaped cells surrounding the islands of the benign DTEs were positive for CD34 in 80% of cases. The results suggest that whereas stromal cells surrounding DTEs resemble the CD34-positive perifollicular cells, the spindle-shaped stromal cells surrounding MBCC and MAC are CD34 negative, and may be derived from sources other than the normal mesenchymal tissue surrounding cutaneous appendages.
Band lineup and electric fields in (α-Sn ) m /(CdTe ) n [001] and [110] superlattices

Results of a systematic study of the electronic properties of (\ensuremath{\alpha}-Sn${)}_{\mathit{m}}$/(CdTe${)}_{\mathit{n}}$ [001] and [110] superlattices (m,n=2,3) using the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method are presented. For several different structures we found that \ensuremath{\alpha}-Sn is not able to screen the charge piled up at the polar interface and so gives rise to high electric fields. The heat of formation of the unreconstructed [100] interface drops as the period n is increased, but is still considerably higher than other polar unreconstructed and reconstructed interfaces. We find that the band offset is affected by orientation effects only by \ensuremath{\sim}0.2 eV and that the lineup for the nonpolar [110] is the average of the two possible unreconstructed [100] interfaces.
Radicals of semigroup rings

by JULIAN WEISSGLASSJ(Received 20 March, 1968; revise 9 Decemberd , 1968)1. Introduction Le.t RD denote the contracted semigroup rin ofg the completely 0-simplesemigroup D over the ring R. Th Reees structure theor ofy completely 0-simple semigroupsis used to obtain necessar any d sufficient conditions tha RDt have zero radical (Theore 3.8)m.By using Amitsur's constructio of thne upper 7c-radical w [1]e ar,e able to treat the Jacobson,Baer (prime), Levitzki (locall any nilpotentd possibl thy )e ni radicall s simultaneously Our.results generaliz ae theorem of Munn [6] on semigroup algebra osf finite 0-simple semigroups.2. Preliminaries.(A) RADICALS Le. t n b properte a y of rings If. th rine g R has property n we say Ris a 7r-ring W. calel an idea al n-ideal if as a rin igt is a Tt-ring W. e say th rineg R is n-semisimple if it has no nonzero 7t-ideals.Following Amitsu [1]r , w define e a sequenc oef ideals o f R, U
Interpolating sequences for the derivatives of Bloch functions

We prove that sufficiently separated sequences are interpolating sequences for f′(z)(1−|z|2) where f is a Bloch function. If the sequence {zn} is an η net then the boundedness f′(z)(1−|z|2) on {zn} is a sufficient condition for f to be a Bloch function. The essential norm of a Hankel operator with a conjugate analytic symbol acting on the Bergman space is shown to be equivalent to .
A relationship between photoemission-determined valence band gaps in semiconductors and insulators and ionicity parameters

Abstract The energy gap between the lowest two valence bands for several binary compounds has been determined from photoemission distributions and is found to be a good measure of the ionicity parameter C of the Philips-Van Vechten theory.
VARIABILITY OF COTTON YIELD AND QUALITY

Precision agriculture technologies offer an opportunity to vary production inputs within a field. Variable rate application offers the potential to increase production efficiency and minimize potential adverse environmental effects of agricultural chemicals. As an initial step in the development of precision agriculture technologies for cotton, studies are needed to document variability of cotton. The primary objective of this study was to document variability of yield and quality of irrigated cotton within and across three growing seasons. This study was conducted on a 5.3 ha irrigated field located at the Erskine Research Farm at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. The crop was grown under a conventional tillage system with a 1.0 m row spacing. With the exception of sample collection, the field was managed traditionally with respect to production inputs. A grid system (57 points) was established on 30.5 m (approximately 0.1 ha) intervals. Production of fruiting sites, fruit retention, lint yield, fiber ...
High-pressure liquid chromatography of amino acids and dipeptides on a tripeptide bonded stationary phase.

Abstract A bonded tripeptide ( l -valyl- l -phenylalanyl- l -valine) phase has been used as a stationary phase in liquid chromatography. Unique retention orders and retention variations are shown for phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives of amino acids and isomeric dipeptides using acidic and basic mobile phases. It is shown that the 25 PTH-amino acids studied here have different capacity ratios when 1% citric acid in water (ca. pH 2.5) is used as the mobile phase. The analysis time for these amino acid derivatives could be shortened without a loss in the resolution by adding 5% methanol to the above mobile phase. Of particular importance is the fact that the basic amino acids are eluted first. Isomeric dipeptides have been resolved by using deionized water (pH 5.5), and 1% sodium citrate in water (pH 7.9), as mobile phases. The data show that the nature of the mobile phases, the pH, and the ionic strength are the important factors affecting the selectivity and efficiency of the separations of amino acids and dipeptides.
The Influence of Excipients on the Stability of the Moisture Sensitive Drugs Aspirin and Niacinamide: Comparison of Tablets Containing Lactose Monohydrate with Tablets Containing Anhydrous Lactose

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that in tablet formulations, moisture-sensitive drugs formulated with lactose monohydrate have the same stability as formulations containing anhydrous lactose, and to characterize the kinetics of niacinamide degradation in the solid state. Aspirin and niacinamide decomposition were used as indicators of stability. Aspirin and niacinamide tablets containing either lactose monohydrate or anhydrous lactose were separately investigated at different temperatures and relative humidities; the stability tests were done at 25 degrees C--60% RH, 40 degrees C--80% RH, 60 degrees C--60% RH, 60 degrees C--80% RH, and 80 degrees C--80% RH. Official U.S. Pharmacopeia methods were used for the aspirin and niacinamide assays. Statistical analysis showed that tablets containing lactose monohydrate have the same stability as tablets containing anhydrous lactose, which means that even though water is present in the crystal structure, the bound water does not influence the reaction rate. In addition, niacinamide degradation in the solid-state can be described by a third order rate equation.
The RWP-RK Factor GROUNDED Promotes Embryonic Polarity by Facilitating YODA MAP Kinase Signaling

Summary Background The division of plant zygotes is typically asymmetric, generating daughter cells with different developmental fates. In Arabidopsis , the apical daughter cell produces the proembryo, whereas the basal daughter cell forms the mostly extraembryonic suspensor. Establishment of apical and basal fates is known to depend on the YODA ( YDA ) mitogen-associated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and WUSCHEL-LIKE HOMEOBOX ( WOX ) homeodomain transcription factors. Results Mutations in GROUNDED ( GRD ) cause anatomical defects implying a partial loss of developmental asymmetry in the first division. Subsequently, suspensor-specific WOX8 expression disappears while proembryo-specific ZLL expression expands in the mutants, revealing that basal fates are confounded. GRD encodes a small nuclear protein of the RWP-RK family and is broadly transcribed in the early embryo. Loss of GRD eliminates the dominant effects of hyperactive YDA variants, indicating that GRD is required for YDA-dependent signaling in the embryo. However, GRD function is not regulated via direct phosphorylation by MAP kinases, and forced expression of GRD does not suppress the effect of yda mutations. In a strong synthetic interaction, grd;wox8;wox9 triple mutants arrest as zygotes or one-cell embryos lacking apparent polarity. Conclusions The predicted transcription factor GRD acts cooperatively with WOX homeodomain proteins to establish embryonic polarity in the first division. Like YDA , GRD promotes zygote elongation and basal cell fates. GRD function is required for YDA-dependent signaling but apparently not regulated by the YDA MAP kinase cascade. Similarity of GRD to Chlamydomonas MID suggests a conserved role for small RWP-RK proteins in regulating the transcriptional programs of generative cells and the zygote.
THE EFFECTS OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL TRAINING ON TENURE AND MOBILITY IN MANUFACTURING FIRMS

This article analyzes the effects of employer investment in employees through formal and informal on-the-job training on job tenure and mobility for male and female workers, male supervisors, and m...
Stochastic stability of coupled linear systems: a survey of methods and results

The analysis of dynamic systems subject to stochastic parametric excitation is important in a variety of branches of engineering and physics. For example, models of this type frequently occur in the analysis of linear continuous systems using modal decomposition. The random coupling or parametric excitation can, for example, model the influence of externally applied loads on the system parameters. In this paper we investigate the almost–sure stability properties of the sample trajectories of linear stochastic systems with parametric excitation.
Potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV envelope protein gp120

Evaluation of: Pejchal R, Doores KJ, Walker LM et al. A potent and broad neutralizing antibody recognizes and penetrates the HIV glycan shield. Science 334(6059), 1097–1103 (2011). A dense glycan shield of HIV Env protein gp120 protects gp120 from antibody recognition. A team of researchers at the Scripps Research Institute performed a detailed analysis of the molecular basis for the binding and neutralization activities of PGTs 127 and 128, both of which are broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV gp120. Analyses indicated that PGTs 127 and 128 are able to penetrate through a gap in the glycan shield, binding to two relatively well-conserved glycans, as well as a β-strand segment of the gp120 V3 loop. Such triple binding may cross-link Env trimer spikes on the surface of HIV, resulting in enhanced neutralization potency. This paper provides great insight into the structural understanding of monoclonal antibodies that may neutralize a substantial proportion of circulating HIV strains at plausible se...
Shikimate accumulation in nine weedy species following glyphosate application

Summary Glyphosate is commonly used in a variety of weed control scenarios and plants respond biochemically by continuing to attempt to push carbon through the shikimate pathway. The result is an accumulation of shikimate in sensitive plants in the days immediately after application. This research determined shikimate accumulation dynamics in nine problematic plant species from 0 to 6 days after treatment (DAT). Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Trifolium repens and Conyza canadensis showed rising concentrations through 6 DAT to >4000 mg L−1. Chenopodium album, Xanthium strumarium and Urochloa platyphylla showed concentrations levelling off to a constant of about 2000 mg L−1. Ambrosia trifida, Amaranthus palmeri and Polygonum pensylvanicum generally showed lower levels of shikimate accumulation and concentrations were decreasing after 3 DAT. No apparent relationships were evident between shikimate accumulation pattern and plant growth rate or speed of glyphosate activity. There also appeared to be no pattern in the shikimate accumulation trends that would allow for an informed decision as to which of these species would be most likely to develop glyphosate resistance. Shikimate concentrations were in agreement between field and glasshouse conditions for C. canadensis, but did not agree with those from A. palmeri.
A complete system generation algorithm for List structures

Previous axiomatic studies of the list structures of LISP by Moore and by Butrick have pointed out that the full system for list structures with recursion and an induction schema is incomplete(able). This paper develops a decision procedure for elementary list structures without recursion (List-S) which is complete. Every sentence of List-S is shown to be such that either it or its negation is a member (theorem) of List-S by the decision procedure.
Trends in US Pediatric Drowning Hospitalizations, 1993–2008

BACKGROUND: In the United States, drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in children aged 1 to 19 years, accounting for nearly 1100 deaths per year. Although a decline in overall fatal drowning deaths among children has been noted, national trends and disparities in pediatric drowning hospitalizations have not been reported. METHODS: To describe trends in pediatric drowning in the United States and provide national benchmarks for state and regional comparisons, we analyzed existing data (1993–2008) from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest, longitudinal, all-payer inpatient care database in the United States. Children aged 0 to 19 years were included. Annual rates of drowning-related hospitalizations were determined, stratified by age, gender, and outcome. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2008, the estimated annual incidence rate of pediatric hospitalizations associated with drowning declined 49% from 4.7 to 2.4 per 100 000 ( P P CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric hospitalization rates for drowning have decreased over the past 16 years. Our study provides national estimates of pediatric drowning hospitalization that can be used as benchmarks to target and assess prevention strategies.
Nitrate transport and transformation processes in unsaturated porous media

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted on two contrasting agricultural soils to observe the influence of soil texture, preferential flow, and plants on nitrate transport and denitrification under unsaturated conditions. Calcium nitrate fertilizer was applied to the surface of four large undisturbed soil cores (30 cm diameter by 40 cm height). Two of the cores were a structured clay obtained from central Missouri and two were an unstructured fine sand obtained from central Florida. The cores were irrigated daily and maintained at a matric potential of -20 kPa, representative of soil tension in the rooting zone of irrigated agricultural fields. Volumetric water content (θ), concentration of nitrate-N in the soil solution, and nitrous oxide flux at the surface, 10, 20, and 30 cm were monitored daily. Leaching loss of surface-applied N0 3 − -N was significant in both the sand and the clay. In unplanted sand cores, almost all of the applied nitrate was leached below 30 cm within 10 days. Gaseous N loss owing to denitrification was no greater than 2% of the nitrate-N applied to the unplanted sand cores and, in general, was less than 1 %. Although leaching was somewhat retarded in the clay cores, about 60% of the applied nitrate-N was leached from the unplanted clay soil in 5–6 weeks. Under unsaturated conditions, the clay had little to no tendency to denitrify despite the greater moisture content of the clay and retarded leaching of nitrate in the clay. The planted sand cores had surprisingly large gaseous N loss owing to denitrification, as much as 17% of the nitrate-N. Results from both the clay and sand experiments show that the dynamics of nitrate transport and transformation in unsaturated soils are affected by small, localized variations in the soil moisture content profile, the gaseous diffusion coefficient of the soil, the rate at which the nitrate pulse passes through the soil, the solubility of N 2 O and N 2 and the diffusion of the gasses through the soil solution, and development of a water content profile in the soil. Limited dentrification in the clay soil was due to a limited volume of soil available for infiltration after internal catchment and the development of denitrifying conditions resulting from the presence of an extensive macropore system.
Security in Climate Change Discourse: Analyzing the Divergence between US and EU Approaches to Policy

Why has Europe implemented a quite-proactive climate policy while the US has adopted a far less ambitious climate strategy? Does variation in security concerns or other factors better explain this difference in policy? Using a multimethod case study approach, the authors find that in the US, constructions of climate change as a security threat play an important role in developing public support. In Europe, leadership and opportunity discourses predominate. Other factors including centralization of governance, trust in the technocratic elite, and cultural norms contribute to the variation in policy construction.
Interview: Pathways to discovery: reflections on an ongoing journey.

Dr Robert Yezierski received his PhD in Physiology from West Virginia University (WV, USA). He completed postdoctoral training at the Marine Biomedical Institute in Galveston (TX, USA). Dr Yezierski joined the faculty in the Department of Anatomy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson (MS, USA) in 1981 where he carried out studies related to the anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of spinal neurons projecting to different targets of the mesencephalon (spinomesencephalic tract). In 1987, he assumed the position of Associate Professor in the Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis at the University of Miami (FL, USA) where he initiated studies related to the condition of pain and abnormal sensation associated with spinal cord injury. Dr Yezierski created a program in pain research at The Miami Project and was co-chair of an international task force related to the condition of spinal cord injury pain along with organizing numerous symposia and workshops...
Monoclonal antibodies against osteonectin show conservation of epitopes across species

Several monoclonal antibodies were produced to bovine osteonectin, a major noncollagenous protein in the extracellular matrix of bone, and four were characterized. These antibodies showed different reactivities in Western immunoblots, immunoprecipitation, and indirect immunofluorescence, indicating that they recognize different epitopes on the protein. The data indicate that an epitope recognized by one of the antibodies is masked in interactions of osteonectin within cells and in the extracellular matrix. The high degree of cross-species immunoreactivity observed against bone osteonectin with these monoclonal antibodies indicates that these common epitopes have been conserved during evolution.
Automation of the SHIELD methodology for system hazard analysis and resilient design

The System Hazard Indication and Extraction Learning Diagnosis (SHIELD) methodology was developed as a novel method to perform system hazard analysis and resilient design. In an earlier paper we described SHIELD conceptually and outlined the details necessary to conduct the analysis manually. This approach integrates state space examination into the analysis process in order to facilitate efficient and comprehensive identification of undiscovered risks and hazard scenarios. SHIELD requires that three phases be performed serially to achieve a system hazard evaluation: decomposition, evaluation and prescription. The first phase of SHIELD, decomposition, breaks the system down hierarchically and recursively into smaller components so that the state space associated with each component is more manageable for the user. In the evaluation phase experts analyze the associated state space and transitions for each component, recursively, bottom-up. The prescription phase applies a set of heuristics to the results from the preceding phase to reduce system hazard. The main contribution of this paper is the automation of the methodology to reduce the effort used for analysis without sacrificing accuracy or overlooking hazardous state combinations. We describe in detail our automation concept and preliminary tests with the prototype.
Establishment of pluripotent cell lines from porcine preimplantation embryos.

Abstract Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells isolated from in vitro culture of preimplantation embryos. Experiments were undertaken to identify preimplantation embryonic stages and culture conditions under which pluripotent, porcine embryo-derived cell lines could be isolated. Cell lines were established from in vitro culture of intact, porcine early hatched blastocysts and isolated inner cell masses (ICM) from intermediate and late hatched blastocysts on feeder layers prepared from permanent mouse embryonic fibroblasts (STO). The cells of these porcine embryo-derived cell lines had a morphology similar to that of murine ES cells, but colony morphology was more epitheliallike. The cell lines retained a normal diploid karyotype, consistently expressed alkaline phosphatase activity, and survived cryopreservation. When subjected to in vitro differentiation, either spontaneous or induced, the embryo-derived cell lines differentiated extensively into a wide range of cell types representing the 3 embryonic germ layers. In vivo pluripotency of the cells was demonstrated by birth of a chimeric piglet, documented by pigmentation and DNA markers, and the ability to direct the development of nuclear-transfer embryos to the blastocyst stage. Such pluripotent embryo-derived cells provide a potential route for porcine genetic manipulation,
Racial/ethnic variations in the relation between body mass index and cognitive function among older adults.

Objectives The present study examines racial/ethnic variations in the relation between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive function among older adults. Design Cross-sectional study of secondary data. Setting Data were obtained from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study. Participants Racial/ethnic groups analyzed were black (n = 546), Hispanic (n = 110), and non-Hispanic white (n = 4,104). Measurements BMI was calculated based on self-reported height and weight. Cognitive function was measured based on Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Health and Retirement Study version scores. Results Significant main effects were found for both BMI and race/ethnicity, indicating that cognitive function varies significantly by both. The BMI × race/ethnicity interaction was also found to be significant. The interaction revealed that among the white sample cognitive function scores tended to increase as BMI increased whereas the opposite relation was observed in the Hispanic sample. The black sample displayed a similar pattern as the white sample, although a decrease was observed in cognitive function scores once BMI reached obesity. Conclusion The results suggest that the relation between BMI and cognitive function does vary by race ethnicity. Therefore, it can be concluded that high or low BMI may vary as a risk or protective factor for cognitive dysfunction among older adults by race/ethnicity. Implications for research and clinical work are discussed.
Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Structural Reliability Analysis of Reeled Pipes

Structural integrity analyses are used to guarantee the reliability of critical engineering components under certain conditions of interest. In general, the involved parameters have statistical distributions. Choosing a single set of values for the parameters of interest does not show the real statistical distribution of the output parameters. In particular, offshore pipes installation by reeling is a matter of concern due to the severe conditions of the process. Since it is necessary to guarantee the integrity of the pipes, a probabilistic fracture mechanics reliability analysis seems to be the most adequate approach. In this work, a probabilistic fracture mechanics assessment approach to perform the structural reliability analysis of tubes subjected to a reeling process was developed. This procedure takes into account the statistical distributions of the material properties and pipe geometry, using a fracture mechanics approach and the Monte Carlo method. Two-parameter Weibull distributions were used to model the variability of the input parameters. The assessment procedure was implemented as a self-contained executable program. The program outputs are: the statistical distribution of critical crack size, amount of crack extension, final crack size and the cumulative probability of failure for a given crack size. A particular case of interest was studied; a seamless tube - OD 323.9 × wt 14.3 mm, was analyzed. Tolerable defect size limits (defect depth vs. defect length curves) for different probability of failure levels were obtained. A sensitivity analysis was performed; the effect of material fracture toughness and misalignment was studied.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
HIBERNATION AND THE ENDOCRINES1

IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM adverse environmental conditions are met by many interesting adaptations: certain protoz0a develop cysts; many insects pii′ pate; the Australian lungfish burrows into the mud and secretes a gelatinous capsule which enables it to survive the dry season; certain mammals in the temperate sone react by an interesting and complex state known as hiberna′ tion. These mammals depend upon insects and grasses for their chief source of food. Many of them live in frozen subterranean burrows during the long winter months. Characteristically they are able to tolerate cold (Horvath's Test),2 they have an unstable temperature regulating mechanism, they show a striking increase in their body weight during the summer months and are sexually inactive during the winter. This phenomenon of hibernation is a seasonal defense reaction in which homiothermic forms become poikilo′ thermic, thus enabling them to survive long periods of low temperature and diminished food supply at the expense of their extensive...
Global event location with full and sparse data sets using three-dimensional models of mantle P-wave velocity

In order to improve on the accuracy of event locations at teleseismic distances it is necessary to adequately correct for lateral variations in structure along the ray paths, either through deterministic model-based corrections, empirical path/station corrections, or a combination of both approaches. In this paper we investigate the ability of current three-dimensional models of mantle P-wave velocity to accurately locate teleseismic events. We test four recently published models; two are parameterized in terms of relatively long-wavelength spherical harmonic functions up to degree 12, and two are parameterized in terms of blocks of constant velocity which have a dimension of a few hundreds of km. These models, together with detailed crustal corrections, are used to locate a set of 112 global test events, consisting of both earthquakes and explosions with P-wave travel-time data compiled by the International Seismological Centre (ISC). The results indicate that the supposedly higher resolution block models do not improve the accuracy of teleseismic event locations over the longer wavelength spherical harmonic models. For some source locations the block models do not predict the range of observed travel-time residuals as well as the longer wavelength models. The accuracy of the locations largely varies randomly with geographic position although events in central Asia are particularly well located. We also tested the effect of reduced data sets on the locations. Multiple location iterations using 30 P-wave travel times indicate that teleseismic events may be located within an area of 1000 km’ of the true location 66% of the time with only the model-based corrections, and increasing to 75% if calibration information is available. If as few as 8 phases are available then this is possible only 50% of the time. Further refinement in models and/or procedure, such as the addition ofP“phases, azimuth data, and consideration of P-wave anisotropy may provide further improvement in the teleseismic location of small events.
Telemetered electromyography of forelimb muscle chains in gibbons (Hylobates lar)

Electromyographic studies of brachiation in the gibbon controvert deductions, based on dissection, about the purported functions of muscle chains in the hylobatid forelimb. Neither force conduction distally along the components of the chains nor simultaneity of muscular contraction occurs in brachiation. Rather, the unique structure of the forelimb is probably the result of evolved changes in the short head of biceps brachii to enhance its role as a forearm flexor.
Role of the STAT1-SH2 Domain and STAT2 in the Activation and Nuclear Translocation of STAT1

Interferon (IFN) induction of immediate-early response genes is mediated through the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Activation of STAT1 by IFNalpha or IFNgamma through its tyrosine phosphorylation involves members of the Jak tyrosine kinases. In addition, STAT2 is activated by IFNalpha, and, together with STAT1 and p48/ISGF3gamma, forms the transcription factor complex ISGF3. Previous findings suggested that the STAT1-SH2 domain, which is required for the homo- or heterodimerization of STAT1, also participates in the recruitment of STAT1 to the IFN-receptors, because mutations in the SH2-domain abolished STAT1 activation by IFNgamma. Furthermore, STAT2 was reported to be required for the activation of STAT1 by IFNalpha. We were able to induce STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation by IFNalpha/beta in the absence of STAT2 or a functional STAT1-SH2 domain. In contrast, IFNgamma was unable to cause tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1-(SH2:Arg --> Gln). Interestingly, although STAT1 was found in the nucleus in STAT2-deficient cells, the nuclear accumulation of the tyrosine phosphorylated SH2-mutant STAT1 was impaired. In summary, our results indicate that the SH2 domain of STAT1 is not required for its ligand-dependent activation by IFNalpha/beta. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation is not sufficient to target STAT1 to the nucleus; rather, dimerization appears to play a critical role in the subcellular distribution of STAT1.
Supervised control of apple pests in southern England

Abstract Supervised control involving use of insecticides and acaricides only when assessments showed that these were necessary, was compared with normal spray programmes applied to apple tree plots of at least 0·4 ha on 23 sites for 1–5 years at each site, giving a total of 57 trials. Pest assessments and spray thresholds were adapted from those in use in the Netherlands in 1974. The growers' usual insecticides and acaricides were used in the supervised programmes when necessary and their normal fungicidal programmes were used. Pests reaching the spray threshold included aphids (rosy apple, apple-grass, green apple, rosy leaf-curling, and woolly), apple sucker, common green capsid, winter moth, apple sawfly, tortricids (fruitlet mining, fruit tree, and summer fruit), codling moth and fruit tree red spider mite. Minor pests included common earwig, apple leaf midge and green and brown leaf weevils. An average of 3·2 insecticides and acaricides was applied per annum to the supervised plots compared with 5·0 in the growers' programmes. The greatest savings were pre-blossom and at petal fall. Little pest damage to foliage was recorded with either programme. Approximately 4·1 % of fruit on the supervised plots showed pest damage (on a severe assessment) compared with 2·9% with the growers' programmes. Supervised control saved 10·78% of growers' normal pesticide costs; it can prevent serious pest damage while utilizing smaller amounts of insecticides and acaricides.
Shock-induced plasticity in tantalum single crystals: Interatomic potentials and large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations

We report on large-scale nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of shock wave compression in tantalum single crystals. Two new embedded atom method interatomic potentials of Ta have been developed and optimized by fitting to experimental and density functional theory data. The potentials reproduce the isothermal equation of state of Ta up to 300 GPa. We examined the nature of the plastic deformation and elastic limits as functions of crystal orientation. Shock waves along (100), (110), and (111) exhibit elastic-plastic two-wave structures. Plastic deformation in shock compression along (110) is due primarily to the formation of twins that nucleate at the shock front. The strain-rate dependence of the flow stress is found to be orientation dependent, with (110) shocks exhibiting the weaker dependence. Premelting at a temperature much below that of thermodynamic melting at the shock front is observed in all three directions for shock pressures above about 180 GPa.
Bilateral modulation of [3H]neurotensin binding by unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injections: evidence from a receptor autoradiographic study.

Abstract The present study was carried out in order to re-evaluate the issue of the localization of neurotensin receptors in the caudate-putamen and in the nucleus accumbens of rat. Intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine which cause almost complete destruction of the mesostriatal dopaminergic pathway also caused a marked loss of neurotensin receptors in the caudate-putamen (CPu), the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and in the olfactory tubercle (OT). These decreases corresponded to a mean loss of 98, 93 and 41% in the CPu, the NAc, and the OT, respectively. There were corresponding decreases in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (−94%) and pars reticulata (SNpr) (−97%), and in the ventral tegmental area (−78%). Moreover, there were also decreases in neurotensin receptors on the contralateral side of the intrastriatal injections which occurred in the CPu but not in the NAc nor in the OT. These results indicate that almost all NT receptors measured within the CPu and the NAc are located on the terminals of dopaminergic neurons within those structures. The bilaterality of the changes which occur in the CPu provide further support for the notion of the interdependence of the two nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections and the peptidergic systems with which they interact.
Low-energy proton-hydrogenlike-ion scattering in the Coulomb-Born approximation

Excitation probabilities for the 1s-2s transition of hydrogenlike ions by low-energy (4 --100) E/sub th/ protons are calculated in the Coulomb-Born approximation and compared to the corresponding calculations in the semiclassical approximation with hyperbolic trajectories. Through the use of a Fourier-Bessel transform, an effective energy is derived for the semiclassical approximation, which brings the total cross section into agreement with the Coulomb-Born results.
Critical point theorems and Whitney duality for polyhedral surfaces

Abstract In this paper geometric Whitney duality theorems are proved for the Stiefel-Whitney homology classes of a polyhedral surface immersed in R 3 or R 3 . Since these classes are represented by the singularities of projections to lower dimensional subspaces, the Whitney duality theorems are equivalent to polyhedral critical point theorems. The paper also includes a review of the smooth result due to T. Banchoff and C. McCrory.
Insights into Equilibrium Dynamics of Proteins from Comparison of NMR and X-Ray Data with Computational Predictions

For a representative set of 64 nonhomologous proteins, each containing a structure solved by NMR and X-ray crystallography, we analyzed the variations in atomic coordinates between NMR models, the temperature (B) factors measured by X-ray crystallography, and the fluctuation dynamics predicted by the Gaussian network model (GNM). The NMR and X-ray data exhibited a correlation of 0.49. The GNM results, on the other hand, yielded a correlation of 0.59 with X-ray data and a distinctively better correlation (0.75) with NMR data. The higher correlation between GNM and NMR data, compared to that between GNM and X-ray B factors, is shown to arise from the differences in the spectrum of modes accessible in solution and in the crystal environment. Mainly, large-amplitude motions sampled in solution are restricted, if not inaccessible, in the crystalline environment of X-rays. Combined GNM and NMR analysis emerges as a useful tool for assessing protein dynamics.
Design of power delivery networks using power transmission lines and pseudo-balanced signaling for multiple I/Os

Return path discontinuities (RPDs) cause the coupling between signal lines and the power delivery network, resulting in power supply noise and reduced timing and voltage margins at high speed. Prior work focused at reducing the RPD effect, usually through the use of power planes and decoupling capacitors. A new approach to address this issue replaces the plane structure with power transmission lines (PTLs), which removes the RPD effect. By eliminating the RPDs, the power supply noise is minimized. Therefore, voltage and timing margins can be improved to support higher data rates. In this paper, the application of the PTL is extended to the transmission of multiple parallel bits, and the resulting waveforms are compared to those using conventional power planes. Also, a new pseudo-balanced signaling scheme is used to further enhance signal integrity when using the PTL approach.
Pancreatico-portal dissociation: a canine model to evaluate the hepatic maintenance effects of partial portal flow diversion and pancreatic hormone deprivation.

Abstract Pancreatico-portal dissociation provides a viable canine experimental model for evaluating the effects of portal flow reduction and pancreatic hormone deprivation in liver mainenance. Initial studies indicate flow as a “vehicle” for substrate (and/or hormone) delivery and imply a possible contribution to hepatic maintenance of the gastrosplenic venous axis.
Effects of stress on mediated paired-associate learning*

A verbal paired-associate experiment with 60 fifth grade children replicated the Wismer & Lipsitt (1964) finding of both proactive facilitation and interference in the same Ss. In addition, it was hypothesized and found that stress, induced simply by the requirement that S exert pressure on a hand dynamometer, interacts with type of word pair, tending to enhance both the facilitation and the interference effects.
Interspecific Association and Substrate Specificity in Tardigrades from Florida, Southeastern United States

The distribution of terrestrial tardigrades in the Gulf Coast states of the United States is poorly known. Only one species has been reported in Florida. In this study moss, liverwort, lichen and fern samples (47 identified species) from trees and shrubs were collected from all 67 Florida counties. These samples contained 20 species of tardigrade. All possible pairs of tardigrade species and tardigrade and substrate were tested for interspecific association. Only three significant negative and one positive interspecific association between tardigrades were detected. Evidence for substrate specificity was weak. Although some tardigrade species were significantly associated with mosses or foliose lichens in general, no significant association between a tardigrade species and a substrate species was detected.
Can End-of-Day Reports Replace Momentary Assessment of Pain and Fatigue?

Abstract This study evaluated the ability of end-of-day (EOD) ratings to accurately reflect momentary (EMA) ratings on 10 widely used pain and fatigue items. Rheumatology patients (n = 105) completed ≥5 randomly scheduled EMA assessments of each item per day as well as EOD ratings. Correlations were high between EOD and EMA ratings of the 5 pain items ( r = .90 to .92) and somewhat lower for the 5 fatigue/energy items ( r = .71 to .86). To examine the ability of EOD ratings to represent 1 week of EMA ratings, 7 EOD ratings were averaged and correlated with EMA ( r ≥ .95 for pain items, r = .88 to .95 for fatigue/energy items). Further, averaging only 3 to 5 EOD ratings achieved very high correlations with 1 week of EMA ratings. Within-subject correlations of EOD with mean daily EMA across 7 days confirmed patients' ability to provide daily ratings that accurately reflect their day-to-day variation in symptom levels. These EOD results were compared to traditional recall ratings collected in the same protocol. It was concluded (1) that EOD ratings were a better representation of EMA than were recall ratings, and (2) that EOD ratings across a reporting period can replace EMA for studies targeting average levels of pain or fatigue. Perspective This study in chronic pain patients demonstrated that end-of-day ratings of pain are highly accurate representations of average levels of pain experience across a day; ratings of fatigue were somewhat less accurate, though still at a level that would be valid.
Bioinspired Hydrodynamic Force Feedforward for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Control

It is believed that the lateral line found in most fish and some other aquatic organisms plays an important role in many behaviors by providing hydrodynamic information about the surrounding fluid. This paper presents a lateral line inspired feedforward control design for the autonomous underwater vehicles. The goal of this paper is to improve maneuvering accuracy for underwater exploration and environmental monitoring. The proposed controller takes pressure measurements at multiple locations over the entire vehicle hull and forms a B-spline surface approximation of the pressure distribution. Hydrodynamic forces acting on the vehicle are then estimated and passed to the controller for the improved trajectory tracking performance. The algorithm is formulated in such a way that the force estimation is a linear, fixed weight combination of the pressure signals, which enables rapid online computation. The performance of the feedforward controller is simulated in conjunction with the “robust integral of the sign of the error” control design. Trajectory tracking is investigated for control accuracy in the presence of localization errors. Reduced tracking errors are observed with the feedforward design. Experimental tests with pressure sensors on a moving cylinder further vindicate the force estimation algorithm.
Functions of Microtubule-Based Motors

Microtubule-dependent transport is necessary for the intracellular functions of mitosis and axonal transport. In addition, a variety of microtubule-based vesicle movements occur in all cells. Recent studies indicate that the depolymerization of microtubules results in significant inhibition of the recycling of the ER membrane from the ER-Golgi transition compartment and inhibition of the maturation of endosomes. Other membrane traffic events are inhibited by microtubule depolymerization, but in most cases alternate pathways can accomplish the function in question. With a more in-depth understanding of these alternate pathways and improved tools for inhibiting motor function without affecting cytoplasmic viscosity, we should be able to determine more precisely the roles of motor-dependent vesicle transport.
Various Approaches to Clinically Related Research Can Yield Helpful Insight. A Personal Perspective

Attending two recent meetings (the joint American Physician Scientists Association, American Society of Clinical Investigation, and Association of American Physicians meeting and the American Thoracic Society meeting) and listening to state of the art presentations, viewing research posters, and interacting with young scientists about so much new and exciting human research rekindled my thoughts about how one could now begin research. For me this occurred, with excellent mentoring and supervision, as first a descriptive “looking” approach to identify host immunity components in a variety of animal models and then manipulating these models to mimic disease processes, focusing on the respiratory tract and innate immunity. Next, we moved to characterize these host immunity components in normal humans, before applying these to in vitro and clinical illness situations for patients. The intent of this research sequence was to better describe and manipulate immunopathology relevant to disease. A bench-to-patient...