cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation therapy in the management of patients with malignant carcinoid tumors.

Background. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of radiotherapy for symptomatic, metastatic, and/or unresectable carcinoid tumors. Methods. From 1975 to 1991, 18 patients with histologically proven carcinoid tumors, including 7 with symptomatic hepatic involvement, radiotherapy to a total of 31 anatomic sites of metastatic or unresectable carcinoid tumors. Symptomatic response to treatment, date of symptomatic or radiographic progression, and survival after diagnosis and completion of radiotherapy were determined. Clinical improvement was defined as symptomatic relief and/or objective reduction in size of tumor mass sustained for at least 4 weeks. Results. After radiotherapy of 31 sites in 18 patients, 3 patients died in less than 3 months. Of the remaining 15 patients, survival from initial radiotherapy ranged from 8 to 108 months (median, 23 months), and 8 (53%) died without symptomatic progression in the treated region. Clinical improvement occurred in 27/31 sites (87%). Acute side effects were mild, and no late side effects were recorded. Median survivals from diagnosis were: 39 months for patients with primary tumors of the lung, 33 months for patients with brain metastases, and 32 months for patients with hepatic involvement. Patients with the carcinoid syndrome responded in 19/22 sites (86%) compared with 8/9 sites (89%) for patients without the syndrome (P = not significant). Conclusions. Radiation therapy can achieve symptomatic palliation for patients with metastatic/unresectable malignant carcinoid tumors, and it is well tolerated. Clinical improvement occurs after irradiation in patients with or without the carcinoid syndrome. Cancer 1995;75:1386-90.
On characterizations of analyticity

(1986). On Characterizations of Analyticity. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 8, pp. 640-641.
Cocaine Users' View of Themselves: Implicit Behavior Theory in Context

Indigenous theories of behavior are an integral part of any cultural knowledge system. While researchers in the field of implicit personality theory emphasize investigation of interrelationships of traits elicited in experimental settings, this analysis addresses naturally occurring typological assessments as "micro-theories" of context specific inferential relations between behaviors, rather than traits.Thirty-seven typologies of cocaine users, obtained from consumers in Miami, are analyzed for common elements. Inferential relations between these elements reflect subcultural assumptions about the nature of cocaine use. These materials may be organized into a coherent schema which represents inferences used in making decisions about interactions with other users.Two prototypical patterns emerge, the "cocaine junkie" and the "social-recreational user." Implicit in these types are assumptions about functional and dysfunctional use.
Harnessing the power of patent information to accelerate innovation

Access to information drives innovation. Patents are a unique source of information containing not only legal but also technical, business, and potentially policy-related information. Mining patents for information is an acquired skill that requires training and practice, familiarity with both legal and technical nomenclature and jargon, facile knowledge of the database used, and an appreciation of strategic approaches to efficient searching and information management. Once mastered patent information can facilitate the transformation of a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy. Essential to this process in developing countries is the active participation of the country in legal and technical transfer of innovations including patent searching to identify technologies of interest, patent owners, and the extent of patent rights (geographical and claims). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Realtime: An Intergroup Problem-Solving Exercise

This article presents a practical exercise that demonstrates the complexity and richness of intra- and intergroup relations to students. In this exercise, students are divided into teams to solve a puzzle for which they lack full information. The teams are dependent on each other for information to complete their puzzles and are challenged with varying restrictions in interteam communications as they seek necessary information. Variations on the exercise and materials to run the exercise successfully are also presented.
A STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL APPROACH FOR CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME RISK EVALUATION

This article presents a statistical process control (SPC) approach to reduce the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and the cost of CTS which is estimated at about $3,500 per case. The proposed statistical problem-solving procedures are used to identi..
Special issue introduction: Charting an emerging field: the rhetorics of health and medicine and its importance in communication design

The introduction to this special issue on the rhetorics of health and medicine charts the formation of an emerging field and its importance to communication design.
On absolutely independent group axioms

In this paper we prove three theorems, each of which gives a set of absolutely independent group axioms. Theorem 2 is an extension of Morgado's theorem obtained by using a weaker associativity axiom. The axioms of Theorem 3 are the first absolutely independent group axioms we have encountered for ,,~ich there is no k such that the axioms are absolutely independent (rood k) [2, p. 758]. The systems of Jacobson-Yoco~n and Morgado and the systems which appear in Theorems 1 and 2 of this paper are absolutely independent (rood ,~0). We conclude the paper with two axioms which define a group and which are very [l] (and in this case absolutely) independent (rood n) for every integer n ~ 1. We will write "xy" instead of " x , y" in all proofs. The following lemma is quite useful.
Effects of Hillslope Thermokarst in Northern Alaska

Permafrost thawing is increasing in the Arctic and sub-Arctic [Osterkamp and Romanovsky, 1996; Osterkamp, 2007] in response to climate warming [Hassol, 2004]. One consequence of thawing permafrost is the development of thermokarst (physical depression of ground surface) because of reduced support of overlying soil [Jorgenson et al., 2006]. Thermokarst lakes, for example, result from changes to surface energy balance, which drive permafrost thaw locally, such that a topographic depression develops and captures water, forming a lake or pond. Climate warming of the past several decades is expected to increase the occurrence of thermokarst. For example, Agafonov et al. [2004] have noted that the rate of expansion of a single thermokarst depression in western Siberia has increased in the latter half of the twentieth century, coincident with increasing air temperature and precipitation during the thaw season.
Different biologic effectiveness of blacklight fluorescent lamps available for therapy with psoralens plus ultraviolet A

In 1976 we reported a change in spectral distribution of "blacklight" fluorescent lamps. It was not possible to determine the spectral composition of these lamps by any codes or packaging materials. Phototherapy booths utilizing standard BL-HO lamps will accept lamps of at least two spectral distributions; both types are commercially available. This study was conducted to determine the biologic efficacy of these two lamp types that we refer to as BL-O and BL-N. The BL-O spectrum had a peak emission at approximately 350 nm with 98% of the energy between 320 and 400 nm. The BL-N spectrum had its peak emission at 365 nm with a range from 340 to 400 nm. The BL-O spectrum was at least 2.5 to 4 times as effective as BL-N in causing minimally perceptible phototoxicity in albino hairless mice given oral doses of 8 mg/kg of 8-methoxypsoralen. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved specifications imply that the BL-O spectrum is to be used for psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) phototherapy. If lamps with the BL-N spectrum are replaced by lamps with the BL-O spectrum, the metered dose must be reduced to no more than one-fourth of the previous dose or the patient may suffer serious phototoxic reactions.
Coding strategies, perceptual grouping, and the "variability effect" in free recall.

Three e:,periments examined the effects of constant vs. varied input of letter strings on recall, and then examined the ef~ects of ~uch training in the learning of new lists of letter strings. Letter strings were c(;>nstructed from pairs of trigrams spatially grouped, and were presented either consistently or with dlfferen~ spatial groupings on successive presentations. In Experiments I and II, varied input produced substantially greater recall than constant input. When transferred to a new list of letter strings containing either the same general structure or a new scrambled structure, recall of the second list w~ dete~mi~ed.l?rimarily ~y ~onditions of ~irst-list input, and unaffected by second-list structure. Although the varlablht~ effect did not appear m the training phase of Experiment III, Varied input led subjects to regroup or integrate the letter sequences more frequently and produced similar transfer effects as in Experiments I and II. In a recent experiment, Ellis, Parente, and Walker (1974) reported that recall for letter sequences was enhanced when the sequences were variably grouped on successive presentations. The letter sequences were derived from trigram doublets (e.g., RUMWIG), and variability of nominal stimulus input was defined by different spatial/perceptual groupings of the letter sequences on successive visual presentations (e.g., R UMWI G, RU MW IG, R UMW IG, RU MWI G). Sequences presented in such a varied fashion were recalled at substantially higher levels than were the same letter sequences grouped consistently on successive presentations. These results established one restriction on any assumption that sheer repetition of nominal stimulus events maximizes recall. The general objective of this research is to explore the manner by which input variability, in the form of varied spatial groupings of letter sequences, facilitates recall as compared with conditions of input consistency or repetition. The "variability effect" described above was interpreted in terms of a perceptual regrouping hypothesis, whose principal assumption is that variation in the E-imposed grouping rule or structure for specific letter sequences will increase the probability that subj ec t s will discover the underlying structure (preexperimentally developed) of the particular sequence. In this instance, underlying structure refers simply to the pronounceable, highly integrated unit of the intact, unspaced letter sequence. Since the spatial grouping of the letter sequence, which is irrelevant to the subsequent recall task, changes on successive presentations, it is assumed that subjects are more likely to recognize the irrelevancy of the E-imposed grouping, and will therefore attempt to encode the letter sequence
Specificity fractionation of antibodies from individual animals against the 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetyl (NIP) determinant☆

Abstract Antibodies against the 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetyl (NIP) determinant were specifically purified by adsorption and elution from an immunoadsorbent column. Such antibodies from individual rabbits showed up to 70-fold differences in degree of cross-reactivity with the cross-reactive haptens picrate and diidotyrosine. Antibodies were fractionated by elution from the immunoadsorbent with picrate, diiodohydroxybenzoate and acid. Individual fractions from a single serum showed as much as a 700-fold difference in relative combining constant for a given cross-reactive hapten, while having the same binding constant for NIP-acid. Rabbits were found to vary significantly in the amount of the antibodies produces of each cross-reactivity. The fractions showed heterogeneous than the unfractioned antibodies. Antibody tended to become less cross-reactive at 6 months than at 1 month after immunization. Assays for binding activity were developed for microgram amounts of antibody.
Hume's Changing Views on the 'Durability' of Scepticism

While Hume is famous for his development and defence of various arguments for radical scepticism, Hume was bothered by the tension between his ‘abstruse’ philosophical reflections and ordinary life: If he often felt intensely sceptical in his study, he nonetheless felt genuinely unable to take these sceptical views seriously when he returned to the concerns and activities of everyday life. Hume's published work shows a deep and ongoing preoccupation with this tension, and I believe it also shows that Hume's view about the ‘durability’ of scepticism (that is, the extent to which sceptical insights can have an abiding impact on our cognitive lives) underwent an evolutionary development throughout the course of his publishing career. In this paper I propose to trace these textual developments in detail. In particular, I will argue that Hume's concern for intellectual stability is what drives the evolution, as he struggled to understand the ‘durable value’ in scepticism.
Parallel numerical algorithms based on tensor notation and Co-Array Fortran syntax

Co-Array Fortran represents a correspondence between tensor notation and an extended Fortran array syntax. It uses normal Fortran array indices to point to data in local memory and adds co-array indices to point to data in remote memory. By writing algorithms according to the rules of tensor algebra, the programmer can transcribe a parallel algorithm directly into co-array syntax and can experiment with alternative communication patterns with full confidence that the algorithm is correct. Data communication is transparent in the notation itself and the syntax allows compilers to exploit low-latency hardware so that application codes scale well to large numbers of processors. Co-array syntax, combined with the object-oriented features of Fortran 90, is a powerful tool for designing and writing parallel algorithms. It raises the level of abstraction with little or no loss of performance.
Education and Survival: Birth Cohort, Period, and Age Effects

Previous studies have found that educational differences in mortality are weaker among the elderly. In this study I examine whether either cohort or period effects may have influenced the interpretation of age effects. Six 10-year birth cohorts are followed over 30 years through decennial censuses. Differential survival is inferred from changes in the relative proportions of a cohort in each education category as the cohort ages. In cross-section, younger persons generally show stronger education effects on survival, although this pattern is clearer for women than for men. There is evidence of period effects. Within cohorts, relative survival tends to increase with age.
Normal subsystems of fusion systems

The notion of a fusion system was first defined and explored by Puig in the context of modular representation theory. Later, Broto, Levi, and Oliver significantly extended the theory of fusion systems as a tool in homotopy theory. In this paper we begin a program to establish a local theory of fusion systems similar to the local theory of finite groups. In particular, we define the notion of a normal subsystem of a saturated fusion system, and prove some basic results about normal subsystems and factor systems.
Separation of alkaline earth from alkali metal fission products in the solar on-line mass spectrometer

Abstract Fission product nuclides of Sr and Ba have been separated from their Rb and Cs isobars in an on-line mass spectrometer by the use of molecular fluoride ions of Ba and Sr formed on a hot Re surface.
Effects of expectancy and order of report on auditory asymmetries

Abstract This study examined the relation between selective attention, perception, and memory factors in the generation of auditory asymmetries. Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to one of three dichotic listening groups. One group was presented with paired linguistic stimuli, a second group with dichotic nonverbal material, while a third group heard randomly inteterspersed verbal and nonverbal pairs. Order of ear report was controlled in all three groups. Significant right ear advantages on first and second reports were found in the verbal group, and a similar pattern of left ear advantages was found in the nonverbal group. This ear by material dissociation was only found on second ear reports in the group which heard the randomly interspersed pairs. No first report ear advantages were evident in the latter group. These results are discussed in terms of the independence of perceptual and memory mechanisms in the production of auditory asymmetries.
Soliton stability in a nonlinear model of quark retention

A one-dimensional version of a “soliton pocket” scalar model is considered, illustrating the mechanism of quark retention. The region of parameter variation of the model is found such that a nodeless soliton solution is Lyapunov-stable and the corresponding quark-retention mechanism is effective.
Transistor Monostable Multivibrators for Pulse Generation

This paper deals with the analysis and design of transformerless pulse generators which utilize clamped transistors as active nonlinear elements and passive RCL components as linear timing networks. RC and RCL monostable multivibrators are considered and approximate design procedures are developed for each of the basic types. Line-driving applications are discussed and experimental results are described.
Novel Horn Designs for Ultrasonic/Sonic Cleaning Welding, Soldering, Cutting and Drilling

A variety of Industrial applications exist where power ultrasonic elements such as the ultrasonic horn are used. These included the Automotive, Instruments, Foods, Medical, Textiles and Material Joining and Fabrication Industries. In many of these devices the ultrasonic horn is the key component. The standard transducer used in these devices consists of three main parts, the backing, the piezoelectric elements and the horn. Standard horn designs have changed very little since their inception. There are four common types of standard horns. They are; constant, linear, exponential and stepped, which refer to the degree to which the area changes from the base to the tip. A magnification in the strain occurs in the horn that in general is a function of the ratio of diameters. In addition the device is generally driven at resonance to further amplify the strain. The resonance amplification is in general determined by the mechanical Q (attenuation) of the horn material and radiation damping. The horn length primarily determines the resonance frequency. For a 22 kHz resonance frequency a stepped horn of titanium has a length of approximately 8 cm. Although these standard horns are found in many current industrial designs they suffer from some key limitations. In many applications it would be useful to reduce the resonance frequency however this would require device lengths of the order of fractions of meters which may be impractical. In addition, manufacturing a horn requires the turning down of the stock material (eg. Titanium) from the larger outer diameter to the horn tip diameter, which is both time consuming and wasteful. In this paper we will present a variety of novel horn designs, which overcome some of the limitations discussed above. One particular design that has been found to overcome these limitations is the folded horn. In this design the horn elements are folded which reduce the overall length of the resonator (physical length) but maintain or increase the acoustic length. In addition initial experiments indicate that the tip displacement can be further adjusted by phasing the bending displacements and the extensional displacements. The experimental results for a variety of these and other novel horn designs will be presented and compared to the results predicted by theory.
Isolated fracture of the hyoid bone: report of a case.

Abstract A case of fracture of the hyoid bone is described and the diagnosis and treatment of the condition are discussed.
Impact of technology and physical capital on export quality

This paper examines why different countries export different qualities of products. While previous studies have attributed quality differences to differences in physical capital endowments, there is a dearth of empirical work focusing on the effect of technology on the quality of exports. Using data on U.S. imports from 58 countries, we analyze the impact of technology and physical capital on quality. Our findings suggest that the export of high quality differentiated goods is associated with research and development (R&D) activities and foreign direct investment (FDI). However, physical capital has no effect on quality in the technology-intensive machinery industry. These results imply that if countries are interested in increasing the quality of the goods they export, they might consider implementing policies that promote R&D activities or attract FDI.
Host preferences of Deinocerites pseudes Dyar & Knab.

Identification of blood meals was determined for 408 Deinocerites mosquitoes by the microplate precipitin method. Over 99% of the blood meals were assumed to be from Deinocerites pseudes Dyar & Knab on the basis of species identification of males in the collection; 82.5% of the feedings identified were mammalian, 10.9% avian, and 6.6% either reptilian or amphibian. Comparison of blood meals from 3 closely related areas within one collecting site supported the hypothesis that D. pseudes has opportunistic host preferences.
Homeland citizenship policies and the status of third country nationals in the European Union

Abstract Discussion of the status of third country nationals in the European Union tends to focus on member state and/or European Community law and policy. These debates need to take into account the policies and interests of the sending states as well. They are central to the decisions of third country nationals to naturalise and integrate into host countries. We examine the citizenship and naturalisation policies of the three most important EU receiving states: Germany, the UK, and France. We explore the policies of their leading source countries regarding dual nationality, naturalisation abroad, renunciation of home country citizenship, mandatory military service, postal ballots and other policies plausibly linked to migrant naturalisation decisions. We find that the naturalisation policies of the host countries are converging, though not in an obviously liberal or restrictive direction. On the other hand, there is a strong pattern among the sending states. They have eliminated most of the disincentive...
Dipole polarizability of isovalent carbon and boron cages and fullerenes

Recent works have shown that the nonmetallic $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-boron cages and fullerenes have valence electronic structures that are identical to those of the corresponding carbon cages and fullerenes to which they are structurally related. By studying the first-order response of these systems (${\text{C}}_{60}$, ${\text{B}}_{80}$, ${\text{C}}_{240}$, and ${\text{B}}_{320}$ fullerenes and ${\text{C}}_{24}$ and ${\text{B}}_{32}$ cages) to an applied static electric field, we show that this similarity in valence electron structures results in an interesting relation between their dipole polarizabilities. The dipole polarizabilities of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-boron cages and fullerenes obtained by density functional calculations are simply proportional to the dipole polarizabilities of the related carbon cages and fullerenes.
Visualization of antigen-specific T cell activation in vivo in response to intracerebral administration of a xenopeptide.

Allogeneic or xenogenic tissues exhibit prolonged survival when grafted into the brain parenchyma in comparison to grafting into peripheral sites. The brain, therefore, has long been considered an immunologically privileged site. However, the immunological privilege of the brain is not absolute, and it cannot shield neural xenografts from rejection. In our laboratory, we are interested in determining how to prevent neural xenograft rejection. To do so, we need to first understand how the immune system responds to CNS antigens leading to graft rejection. In order to monitor immune system responses to CNS antigens an adoptive transfer system was used to directly track CNS antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in vivo. This would then allow us to monitor changes in the number, activation state, and anatomic distribution of antigen-specific cells. We have found that, after intracerebral injection of xeno peptide antigens with adjuvant, antigen-specific cells accumulated in the cervical lymph node, proliferated there for several days, and then disappeared slowly from the nodes. Interestingly, peptide antigens given intracerebrally also stimulated a strong antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell response. Moreover, cells remaining in the lymph node 8 days after antigen stimulation produce IL-2 with secondary antigenic challenge. Previous studies have shown that the administration of antigens without adjuvant in a monomeric form via either the intraperitoneal or intravenous route has failed to induce cell-mediated immunity and resulted in antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness. Our findings demonstrate that antigen delivered intracerebrally can activate immune responses in a manner different than antigen delivered to peripheral sites outside of the CNS.
Healing Conceptual Blindness

This essay considers an essential act of seeing that is central to the composing process—a conceptual moment when the mind acquires a notional sense of what the accumulated evidence means. Yet this necessary conceptual thing cannot actually be seen in any ordinary sense of the word. Imaginal rather than pictorial, the conception is crucial to the effective teaching of writing. Without it there is no hint of idea, no basis for a coherent argument. Without it, student writers remain blinded by the evidence.
Stimulation of Pituitary-Testicular Function with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Fetal and Infant Monkeys*

To assess the integrity of the pituitary-gonadal axis in the perinatal period and infancy, fetal and infant male monkeys (n = 22) were challenged with synthetic hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) between 130 days of gestation and 1 yr after birth. LH and testosterone responses were measured. Intravenous administration of either 10 or 50 μg GnRH to catheterized fetuses in utero resulted in a mean LH increase of 857 ± 494% (SEM) and a mean testosterone increase of 69 ± 28% above basal levels. During the 4 days after delivery, 3–10 μg (10–20 μg/kg) GnRH stimulated similar rises in LH (592 ± 201%) and testosterone (93 ± 23%). From 18–89 days of age, a dose of 10–20 μg/kg resulted in a mean LH response of 862 ± 116% and the greatest testosterone response (371 ± 101%). After 3 months of age, LH and testosterone responses to the same dose of GnRH declined (174 ± 86% and 133 ± 37%, respectively, for ages 102–218 days; 16 ± 11% and 44 ± 30%, respectively, for ages 286–392 days). In other monkeys, s...
Effect of urea additive on the thermal decomposition kinetics of flame retardant greige cotton nonwoven fabric

Urea is well known to have a synergistic action with phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs) in enhancing the FR performance of cellulosic materials, but the effect of urea on the thermal decomposition kinetics has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the activation energy (Ea) for the thermal decomposition of greige cotton nonwoven fabrics treated with various amounts of urea at fixed contents of diammonium phosphate (DAP), was measured using the Kissinger, Friedman, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. The three methods produced consistent results revealing a dual function of urea additive in the kinetics depending on the concentration. Those functions were correlated with the synergistic FR action of urea. Up to a certain concentration, the addition of urea raised the overall Ea. The steeply increasing trend of Ea observed in the low conversions indicates that urea enhanced the multiple reactions of DAP, which were confirmed by 31P MAS NMR and ATR-FTIR. Higher concentrations of urea additive, however, significantly lowered the Ea values for both the DAP reactions and the decomposition of cellulose. As evidenced by a slight reduction in char yield, the decrease in Ea suggests that the excess of urea acted to facilitate the diffusion of volatiles and heat transfer in the cotton structure, resulting in catalyzing the decomposition of cellulose at low temperatures. The latter function was predominant when the greater synergistic FR action of urea was achieved.
Identifying "best bet" web search results by mining past user behavior

The top web search result is crucial for user satisfaction with the web search experience. We argue that the importance of the relevance at the top position necessitates special handling of the top web search result for some queries. We propose an effective approach of leveraging millions of past user interactions with a web search engine to automatically detect "best bet" top results preferred by majority of users. Interestingly, this problem can be more effectively addressed with classification than using state-of-the-art general ranking methods. Furthermore, we show that our general machine learning approach achieves precision comparable to a heavily tuned, domain-specific algorithm, with significantly higher coverage. Our experiments over millions of user interactions for thousands of queries demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our techniques.
Effects of head extension and tongue protrusion on voice perturbation measures.

Summary Head extension with protruded tongue is the position for video-laryngoscopy and simultaneous glottographic recordings including photoglottographic signals. This study investigated the effect of head extension and tongue protrusion on the measures of fundamental frequency, frequency perturbation (jitter), and amplitude perturbation (shimmer). Acoustic signals recorded during sustained vowels were obtained from 49 women and 66 men with no speech or voice disorders in different head-tongue positions. Head extension was associated with increased fundamental frequency and decreased shimmer. In men, head extension did not appear to affect jitter. When the tongue was protruded, head extension tended to lower jitter. For both genders, tongue protrusion was associated with decreased fundamental frequency with head extension. In the men, tongue protrusion tended to increase shimmer when the head was in the neutral position. In the women, tongue protrusion was associated with increased jitter and increased shimmer and was most evident in the head-neutral position. These findings supported a physical linkage hypothesis of the relationship between vocal tract configuration and vocal fold vibration, suggesting that head-tongue position must be taken into account when comparing voice measures.
Temporal profile of nestin expression after focal cerebral ischemia in adult rat

Nestin is an intermediate filament protein, transiently and abundantly expressed early in embryogenesis, e.g., in neuroepithelial cells, radial glia, germinal matrix cells and vascular cells. In the adult rat brain, nestin is only present in endothelial and select subventricular cells. We tested the hypothesis that after an experimental stroke, nestin expression is induced in glial cells and neurons. We measured the temporal profile of nestin expression after induction of focal cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Brain from rats (n=24) subjected to 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days (n=3, per time point) of reperfusion, and control sham operated (n=3) rats were processed for Western blotting to quantify nestin. Another set of brains from rats (n=28), subjected to 2 h of MCAo and 6 h, 12 h, 2 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days (n=4, per time point, except n=8 at 2 days) of reperfusion, and control sham operated (n=3) and normal (n=2) rats were processed by single and double labeled immunohistochemistry for cellular identification of nestin expression. By Western blotting, nestin within ischemic tissue increased slightly as early as 6 h, peaked at 7 days, and expression persisted for at least 4 weeks after 2 h of MCAo. By immunohistochemistry, nestin was expressed in astrocytes in the ischemic core from 6 to 12 h after MCAo. Nestin immunoreactivity was present in large numbers of astrocytes, and in scattered oligodendroglia and monocytes/macrophages in both the inner and outer boundary zones to the ischemic core at 1–7 days after MCAo. Nestin expression in glial cells declined at longer durations of survival, although for least 4 weeks after MCAo the nestin immunoreactivity delineated the boundary zone adjacent to the ischemic core. Nestin expression was present in some neurons localized to the outer boundary zone of the ischemic lesion in the cortex and striatum, and in most ependymal cells in the ventricular and subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) from day 2 after MCAo and onward. The expression of nestin increased throughout the microvasculature in both the ischemic core and the boundary zone in all ischemic rats after 12 h of reperfusion. After stroke, nestin immunoreactivity in glial, neuronal and ependymal cells is suggestive of a protein expression pattern found in developing brain.
Polymer waveguides and device applications

We have developed highly robust polymers derived from liquid multifunctional acrylate monomers that produce waveguides that offer propagation losses equivalent to planar silica guides. This materials technology enables a variety of high performance thermo-optic devices.
The Effect of Hydrogen on the Structure of Amorphous and Microcrystalline Sic Prepared by the Polymer Route

Amorphous SiC:H thin films have been deposited on different substrates using metal-organic polymer solutions. The structure of the amorphous phase has been proposed as the rings of Si and C atoms with various sizes. Microcrystalline phase can be produced when fired at temperatures higher than 1000°C. 13C MAS-NMR shows the evidence of the C=C-double bonds. ESR results show the major defects in this material are C-dangling bonds. As predict, defects can be decreased by heat treatment in H2 atmosphere.
Geomechanics of hydraulic fracturing microseismicity: Part 1. Shear, hybrid, and tensile events

We investigate the geomechanical behavior of hydraulic-fracturing-induced microseismicity. Microseismic events are commonly used to discern stimulation patterns and hydraulic fracture evolution; however, techniques beyond fracture mapping are required to explain the mechanisms of microseismicity. In this series we present an approach to combine seismological and geomechanical techniques to investigate how microseismicity relates to propagating hydrofractures as well as existing natural fractures and faults. Part 1 describes the first analysis step, which is to characterize the microseismic events by their source parameters, focal mechanisms, and fault-plane orientations. These parameters are used to determine the mechanical conditions responsible for activation of discrete populations or subpopulations of microseismic events that then can be interpreted in their geological and operational context. First, we compare microseismic fault-plane populations from a Mississippian Barnett Shale, Texas data set that are determined using a traditional double-couple model (shear only) with a tensile source model (hybrid events), which may be more suitable for hydraulic fracturing conditions. Second, we employ a new method to distinguish fault planes from auxiliary planes using iterative stress inversion and critical stress (instability) selection criteria. The result is an enhanced microseismic characterization that includes geomechanical parameters such as slip tendency and local activation stress state during the operation. Using this approach on the Barnett Shale data, two microseismic fault sets are resolved: an inclined northeast–southwest set with dominant shear, and a vertical north–south set with more hybrid behavior. The results are used in part 2 to further investigate the heterogeneity of the stimulations and to compare models for microseismic activation.
Networked Press Freedom and Social Media: Tracing Historical and Contemporary Forces in Press-Public Relations

This paper analyzes how mainstream, online news organizations understand press autonomy in their relationships to audiences. I situate the press in terms of neo-institutional sociology, seeing its autonomy as a distributed, field-level phenomenon involving "boundary work" among distributed actors. I then trace press-audience relations through two historical examples letters to the editor and ombudsmen, showing how the press has historically both separated itself from and relied upon audiences. Examining eight news organizations' social media policies, I analyze the "inside-out" and "outside-in" forces through which the press distinguishes itself from audiences, concluding with a discussion of how such guidelines structure the types of control that news organizations have, or might have, as they use social network sites in their news work.
The Early Childhood HOME Inventory and HOME-Short Form in Differing Racial/Ethnic Groups: Are There Differences in Underlying Structure, Internal Consistency of Subscales, and Patterns of Prediction?

In this article, we examine differences across three racial/ethnic groups in (a) the psychometric properties of the Early Childhood HOME Inventory and the HOME-Short Form and (b) the prediction of the two versions of the HOME Inventory to cognitive and behavioral outcomes among preschool children. Data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS) and the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) sample. Findings suggest few racial/ethnic differences in the psychometric properties of either version of the HOME scale. Both show better prediction of cognitive child outcomes for all three racial/ethnic groups. Both show better prediction of child outcomes generally for European American than for Hispanic and African American families. Findings suggest that although certain aspects of parenting are common, these dimensions of parenting are not equally important in explaining child outcomes for different racial/ethnic subgroups.
An Island Approach to Industrial Ecology: Towards Sustainability in the Island Context

Many fields of study have employed geophysical islands in experimental design with a great deal of success. An island is a closed and bounded system in many respects and presents a manageable unit of study. The island microcosm has been the basis for significant advances in areas such as evolutionary biology, ecosystem ecology and physical anthropology. The same properties that make islands so useful to scientists present island populations with pressing sustainability challenges of limited resource availability and natural carrying capacity. This paper discusses the characteristics of the island context to show the severity and immediacy of these challenges. Based on this discussion, it is apparent that new approaches are needed to address sustainable development on islands. Island systems and the study of industrial ecology, which examines industry embedded within the finite natural environment, have much to gain from one another in this respect. Several industrial ecology case studies, primarily drawn ...
Effect of Endwall Motion on Blade Tip Heat Transfer

Local mass transfer measurements were conducted on the tip of a turbine blade in a five-blade linear cascade with a blade-centered configuration. The tip clearance levels ranged from 0.6 to 6.9% of blade chord. The effect of relative motion between the casing and the blade tip was simulated using a moving endwall made of neoprene mounted on the top of the wind tunnel. Data were obtained for a single Reynolds number of 2.7 ×10 5 based on cascade exit velocity and blade chord. Pressure measurements indicate that the effect of endwall motion on blade loading at a clearance of 0.6% of blade chord is to reduce the pressure gradients driving the tip leakage flow. With the introduction of endwall motion, there is a reduction of about 9% in mass transfer levels at a clearance of 0.6% of chord. This is presumably due to the tip leakage vortex coming closer to the suction side of the blade and 'blocking the flow,' leading to reduced tip gap velocities and hence lower mass transfer.
DiNuP: a systematic approach to identify regions of differential nucleosome positioning.

Motivation: With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, the genome-wide profiling of nucleosome positioning has become increasingly affordable. Many future studies will investigate the dynamic behaviour of nucleosome positioning in cells that have different states or that are exposed to different conditions. However, a robust method to effectively identify the regions of differential nucleosome positioning (RDNPs) has not been previously available. Results: We describe a novel computational approach, DiNuP, that compares nucleosome profiles generated by high-throughput sequencing under various conditions. DiNuP provides a statistical P-value for each identified RDNP based on the difference of read distributions. DiNuP also empirically estimates the false discovery rate as a cutoff when two samples have different sequencing depths and differentiate reliable RDNPs from the background noise. Evaluation of DiNuP showed it to be both sensitive and specific for the detection of changes in nucleosome location, occupancy and fuzziness. RDNPs that were identified using publicly available datasets revealed that nucleosome positioning dynamics are closely related to the epigenetic regulation of transcription. Availability and implementation: DiNuP is implemented in Python and is freely available at http://www.tongji.edu.cn/∼zhanglab/DiNuP.
Performance analysis of multiuser OFDM with optimum combining

Optimum combining is a diversity combining scheme that has appeared exclusively within the context of systems employing spatial diversity. In this paper the optimum combining principle is extended to a multiuser OFDM system to yield optimum performance with respect to the maximization of the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of each user. Theoretical and simulated results are presented for user performance in the presence of multiple interferers, Rayleigh fading among each subcarrier and thermal background noise. In conjunction with the conventional assumption of uncorrelated fading, analytical and simulation results are presented for the realistic scenario of correlated fading among subcarriers.
Inflammatory responses to amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 and -2 genes (PS-1, -2) cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mice carrying both mutant genes (PS/APP) develop AD-like deposits composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) at an early age. In this study, we have examined how Aβ deposition is associated with immune responses. Both fibrillar and nonfibrillar Aβ (diffuse) deposits were visible in the frontal cortex by 3 months, and the amyloid load increased dramatically with age. The number of fibrillar Aβ deposits increased up to the oldest age studied (2.5 years old), whereas there were less marked changes in the number of diffuse deposits in mice over 1 year old. Activated microglia and astrocytes increased synchronously with amyloid burden and were, in general, closely associated with deposits. Cyclooxygenase-2, an inflammatory response molecule involved in the prostaglandin pathway, was up-regulated in astrocytes associated with some fibrillar deposits. Complement component 1q, an immune response component, strongly colocalized with fibrillar Aβ, but was also up-regulated in some plaque-associated microglia. These results show: i) an increasing proportion of amyloid is composed of fibrillar Aβ in the aging PS/APP mouse brain; ii) microglia and astrocytes are activated by both fibrillar and diffuse Aβ; and iii) cyclooxygenase-2 and complement component 1q levels increase in response to the formation of fibrillar Aβ in PS/APP mice.
Novel microRNA families expanded in the human genome

Most studies on the origin and evolution of microRNA in the human genome have been focused on its relationship with repetitive elements and segmental duplications. However, duplication events at a smaller scale (<1 kb) could also contribute to microRNA expansion, as demonstrated in this study. Using comparative genome analysis and bioinformatics methods, we found nine novel expanded microRNA families enriched in short duplicated sequences in the human genome. Furthermore, novel genomic regions were found to contain microRNA paralogs for microRNA families previously analyzed to be related to segmental duplications. We found that for microRNA families expanded in the human genome, 14 families are specific to the primate lineage, and nine are non-specific, respectively. Two microRNA families (hsa-mir-1233 and hsa-mir-622) appear to be further expanded in the human genome, and were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These novel microRNA families expanded in the human genome were mostly embedded in or close to proteins with conserved functions. Furthermore, besides the Alu element, L1 elements could also contribute to the origination of microRNA paralog families. Together, we found that small duplication events could also contribute to microRNA expansion, which could provide us novel insights on the evolution of human genome structure and function.
A novel ROM-less direct digital frequency synthesizer based on Chebyshev polynomial interpolation

In this paper a novel ROM-less direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) is introduced. The phase-to-sine mapping section of this new scheme is designed based on approximation of the first half cycle of a cosine signal by a fourth order Chebyshev polynomial. The spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the proposed method is 64.2 dBc while the maximum achievable SFDR is theoretically obtained equal to 66.2 dBc. The proposed method is also implemented using the Xilinx Vertex-II FPGA and the experimental results exhibit the maximum clock frequency around 25 MHz.
Improving Driving Performance of Senior Drivers Through Self-Monitoring with a Driving Diary

This study investigated whether self-monitoring of driving by use of driving diaries would improve driving performance in senior drivers. Forty-seven drivers (20 male, 27 females) aged 59 to 87 (me...
Black spaces, black places: Strategic assimilation and identity construction in middle-class suburbia

While white ethnics and immigrants of colour have been studied in terms of their attempts to assimilate into the American mainstream, sociologists assume that ongoing racial discrimination obviates the need for an extensive examination of the actual assimilation trajectories of middle-class blacks. Many middle-class blacks travel from the black to the white world rather than existing exclusively in one racially distinct environment. Yet, we do not fully understand how middle-class blacks conceptualize their own integration into American society. Drawing on data collected through in-depth interviews with middle-class blacks and ethnographic research in a white and a black suburb, I establish the link between an affinity for black spaces and the alternative assimilation trajectories of middle-class blacks. I find that middle-class blacks engage in a variant of segmented assimilation, privileging the black world as a site for socializing even if they live in a white suburb. This selective pattern of assimila...