cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Luminous Color in Architecture: Exploring Methodologies for Design-Relevant Research

This paper describes our process in conducting research toward better understanding of the experience and perception of luminous colors in architectural contexts. Our intention is to contribute to a body of knowledge useful for designers by introducing a designerly way of working into an otherwise academic research approach. Luminous color influences our perception of form, space, and ambiance. The use of such color in architectural design has increased significantly over the past two decades, and with the advent of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), this trend is rapidly accelerating. However, LEDs produce luminous color in a different manner than traditional lighting systems. Identical-appearing colors can have different spectral compositions. Current work in health and perception sciences demonstrates that these different spectra can have distinct physiological and neurological effects. Current studies in different academic research fields into luminous color cannot be translated easily into a format relevant to architectural design. We therefore look to ways of studying the phenomenon using hybrid methods that would be consistent with design disciplines and goals. Efforts include structured experimental studies at a large scale to enable participants to experience different vantage points, peripheral perceptions, and free locomotion. The objective is to listen to the phenomenon and let it guide the research. We are following a process and developing research methods that are at a scale and in contexts appropriate to architectural applications. Although we borrow qualitative and quantitative methods from other disciplines for our individual studies, the overall goal is to remain fluid and open, to go beyond such established methods, structuring the endeavor as much as possible as a design process. Our approach is less structured than laboratory research, but targeted to be more ecologically and architecturally valid.
Water-driven micromotors.

We demonstrate the first example of a water-driven bubble-propelled micromotor that eliminates the requirement for the common hydrogen peroxide fuel. The new water-driven Janus micromotor is composed of a partially coated Al–Ga binary alloy microsphere prepared via microcontact mixing of aluminum microparticles and liquid gallium. The ejection of hydrogen bubbles from the exposed Al–Ga alloy hemisphere side, upon its contact with water, provides a powerful directional propulsion thrust. Such spontaneous generation of hydrogen bubbles reflects the rapid reaction between the aluminum alloy and water. The resulting water-driven spherical motors can move at remarkable speeds of 3 mm s–1 (i.e., 150 body length s–1), while exerting large forces exceeding 500 pN. Factors influencing the efficiency of the aluminum–water reaction and the resulting propulsion behavior and motor lifetime, including the ionic strength and environmental pH, are investigated. The resulting water-propelled Al–Ga/Ti motors move efficient...
Fit for Service: A Model of Self-Care for Parish Nurses

The caregiving role of parish nurses extends to multiple settings including family, church, community, and secular employment. A lack of personal boundaries combined with the wholistic nature of parish nursing can produce caregiver role strain. Examining the life of Jesus reveals a pattern of intentional self-care practices that are a model for parish nurses.
Spontaneous dissolution of isolated cell walls from Listeria monocytogenes strain A4413.

SummaryCell walls from Listeria monocytogenes Strain A4413 underwent spontaneous dissolution between pH 8 and 5.2; the optimum was between pH 7 and 8. Walls from early log phase cells were degraded more rapidly than walls from terminal log phase cells. Dissolution could be precluded by mild heat treatment, and appeared related to the destruction of multiple layers of wall structure.
Incidence of Antiretroviral Drug Interactions During Hospital Course: The Role of a Pharmacist-Led Antiretroviral Stewardship Program

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) providers are treating more comorbid conditions with additional pharmacologic agents, resulting in patients with HIV being disproportionately at risk ...
“We Need to Grab Power Where We Can”: Teacher Activists’ Responses to Policies of Privatization and the Assault on Teachers in Chicago

In the midst of neoliberal governing mentalities, policies of privatizing public education in the U.S., and corporate reform, to what extent do the voice, emotion, body and resistance of a teacher matter? This article considers the experiences of teachers as they develop a critical consciousness and attempt to resist the global and local forces that seek to (de)professionalize them in particular ways that omit their voice from educational matters. Instead of accepting that teacher bodies have become regulated through disciplinary acts such as policies of privatization, corporate reform models or mechanisms of standardization in education such as value-added analysis as part of teacher evaluations across the U.S., this article explores the ways in which teachers in the local context of Chicago “talk back” to policy reform. Utilizing Giroux’s (1988) conceptual frame of “critical consciousness” coupled with teacher as “radical organic intellectual” and additional frameworks around neoliberal governmentality in educational settings to situate the study (Foucault, 1994; Rose, 1996, 1999; Rose & Miller, 1992), the purpose of this article is to explore teacher activists’ responses to teacher assault, policies of privatization and school closings in Chicago during the 2012-2013 school year. Drawing on ethnographic field notes from participant observations as teachers protested, organized, and agitated local educational policies and interviews with three teachers, this article considers the purpose of public education from teacher perspectives as well as their reasons and motivation for speaking against policies of neoliberal governmentality and policies of privatization (Lipman, 2011). Locating teacher consciousness and reflexivity enables us to see the lived experiences of teachers in Chicago and to write against (othering of teachers, and) the normative discourses around teacher deficits and the profession of teaching’s positioning in policy as inferior. Using the narratives of three particular teachers, this study provides insight into the ways in which teachers make sense of policy, and the ways in which they disrupt the process of corporate, neoliberal ideology.
Application study on three alternative methods for acute oral toxicity testing

Objective To evaluate the application value of 3 alternative methods,fixed dose procedure(FDP),acute toxic class method(ATC) and up and down procedure(UDP),for acute oral toxicity testing.Methods 3 alternative methods from OECD were applied to assess 13 chemicals(7 disinfector raw materials and 6 pesticide technical materials) respectively.The toxicity rating was according to globally harmonized system(GHS).Then the results was compared with the LD_(50) test and the consistency and correlation between alternative methods and traditional test was found.Results All 3 alternative methods had high consistency and significantly correlation results with the traditional test,and all alternative methods needed fewer test animals but the test period lasted longer.Conclusion 3 alternative methods may have potential to replace the traditional acute oral toxicity tests.
Butterfly Resources and Protection of Rare Species in Hengduan Mountains

There were 561 species of butterflies belonging to 208 genera and 12 families in Hengduan Mountains.148 species belonged to Nymphalidae,117 species to Satyridae,65 species to Lycaenidae,63 species to Papilionidae,60 species to Pieridae,60 species to Hesperiidae,18 species to Riodinidae,12 species to Parnassiidae,9 species to Danaidae,6 species to Amathusiidae,2 species to Libytheidae,and 1 species to Acraeidae.The numbers of the rare butterflies were about 44 species,and in which there were one species of the first-grade and 3 species of the second-grade national protected animals.
The effect of intramyocardial pH on functional recovery in neonatal hearts receiving St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution during global ischemia

The experiments in the present study were designed to address two issues: Is it possible to manipulate intramyocardial pH in neonatal hearts with different buffers in cardioplegic solution and, if so, do differences in intramyocardial pH during ischemia influence functional recovery? Isolated working hearts from 7- to 10-day-old rabbits underwent 60 minutes of cardioplegic arrest at 37° C with cardioplegic washouts at the onset of ischemia and at 30 minutes. Hearts were reperfused with oxygenated physiologic saline solution (pH = 7.4), returned to the working mode for 30 minutes, and hemodynamic measurements were obtained to compare with baseline values. Intramyocardial pH was held constant during the ischemic interval by infusing cardioplegic solution containing different buffers: histidine (pK 6.0 at 37° C), bicarbonate (pK 6.4), or tromethamine (pK 8.1). The intramyocardial pH was measured continuously with a Khuri glass electrode system (Vascular Technology, Inc., North Chelmsford, Mass.). Cardioplegic solutions buffered to pH values of 6.0 (histidine), 7.4 (bicarbonate), and 8.0 (tromethamine) were associated with ischemic intramyocardial pH values of 6.3 ± 0.03, 7.02 ± 0.05, and 7.88 ± 0.06, respectively. Functional recovery was best in the acidic (histidine) and worst in the basic (tromethamine) groups. Recoveries of developed pressure, the rate of rise of pressure over time, and aortic flow were significantly better for each parameter in the bicarbonate-treated compared with the tromethamine-treated hearts (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104: 333-43)
Thyroid Function in the Preterm Infant

This article reviews the abnormalities in thyroid function in the preterm infant and makes recommendations for follow-up testing and treatment.
Management of asthma at private pharmacies in India.

SETTING Chennai, India. OBJECTIVE To examine the medications and advice that retail pharmacy attendants recommend to customers presenting with typical symptoms of asthma in an urban area of India. DESIGN Four simulated clients described symptoms of mild persistent asthma to a quota sample of pharmacies in ten areas of the city. Clients recorded consultations with attendants and purchased a sample of the recommended medications. RESULTS A total of 52 shops were visited on 56 occasions. Shopkeepers offered 140 medications during the consultations, and clients purchased a sample of 100 medications (71%). Four shops (7%) refused to sell any medications. Attendants recommended oral bronchodilators during 26 (50%) consultations, antibiotics during 23 (44%), methylxanthines during 22 (42%) and oral corticosteroids during 20 (38%). No inhaled medications were ever recommended. The majority of the medications purchased were missing information about dosage (concentration), date of expiry and active ingredients. Thirteen (24%) of 54 attendants advised the clients to seek medical attention. CONCLUSION The majority of individuals presenting with asthma symptoms did not receive appropriate advice or medications from pharmacy attendants. Efforts to raise the quality of asthma management in developing countries should include interventions to improve pharmacy-guided self-medication.
The Five Dimensions of the American Garrison State

Ideology: based on its redeeming mission unto mankind, its racial superiority, and the unlimited nature of its righteous power. Strategy: Successful containment of the Soviet Union aided by the global network of military and intelligence bases proved less effective when dealing with the Islamic jihad, combined with the deep economic recession of 2007–11. Political economy: Post-9/11 national priority to defense and security combined with the outsourcing of many activities needed by the armed forces, plus modern weapons systems involved corporate America and its science infrastructure in support of the expanded armed forces. Institutional Infrastructure: Deeply entrenched and generously financed organizations within American society and government that support and help to sustain the American garrison state. Culture: A powerful strain ofAmerica’s political culture provides a firm foundation for the garrison state. Americans are highly patriotic, supportive of the armed forces, and convinced that extraordinary measures are required to protect the homeland and the nation’s overseas interests.
Early Childhood Special Education in the Context of School Psychology

School psychologists promote the academic, social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment of students through collaboration with educators and other professionals, families, and community stakeholders. Although school psychologists work to enhance important educational outcomes for students, their scope of practice is often limited to K-12 settings. Within the last decade, however, the role of school psychologists has been expanding to include early childhood contexts, including early childhood special education. This chapter outlines the key roles and functions of school psychologists within early childhood special education context. In particular, a tiered systems framework to the service delivery of school psychological services is described as well as a description of assessment, consultation, intervention, family support, and kindergarten transition activities school psychologists may play a central role within early childhood education contexts. School psychologists are uniquely suited to enhance student outcomes in early childhood special education contexts because of their ability to work across settings (home, early childhood, and elementary school settings) and across key stakeholders (educational professionals, related service providers, community members, and family members).
Extremum Seeking for Stabilization of Systems Not Affine in Control

Although most extremum seeking for stabilization results have been presented for systems affine in control, in most physical systems the control effort enters the system’s dynamics through a nonlinear function, such as an input with deadzone and saturation. In this chapter, we develop stabilizing controllers for systems of practical interest that are non-affine in control.
Recent Developments in Design and Fabrication of Graphene-Based Interdigital Micro-Supercapacitors for Miniaturized Energy Storage Devices

The rapid development of miniaturized electronic devices requires state-of-the-art small-form-factor energy storage units for power supply. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), as microscale supercapacitors, have great potential to replace microbatteries or electrolytic capacitors due to their high power density and long cycling stability. The planar design of interdigital microelectrodes not only shortens the ionic diffusion distance but also enables the direct integration of the device on-chip or on a flexible substrate for various applications. Graphene, with a unique 2-D nanostructure, has been extensively studied as a supercapacitor material with superior charge storage capability. Recently, the progress in thin-film fabrication technologies has facilitated the development of graphene-based MSCs, which results in device miniaturization and improved areal capacitance. This paper reviews the recent advances on the design of graphene-based MSCs and discusses the technical trend regarding large-scale fabrication and stretchable/wearable energy storage devices.
The Antioxidant Inflammation Modulator, CDDO-Me Promotes Myelopoiesis in Mice.

Abstract CDDO-me (methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-diene-28-oate)is a novel antioxidant inflammation modulator that has been shown to suppress tumor-induced inflammatory processes through suppression of NF-kB and STAT3 and induce apoptosis and differentiation of human leukemic and solid tumor cells.. It has also been shown to be more potent than the parent compound, CDDO against leukemia cells. We have previously shown that administration of CDDO, when given peri-transplant, can inhibit the development of acute murine GVHD and induces cell death in proliferating but not resting lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte culture. We therefore next sought to determine the effect of CDDO-me administration on normal hematopoiesis in naive and myelosuppressed mice. Administration of CDDO-me (120 ug/dose BID for 7 days) to C56BL/6 mice did not significantly affect the number of T and B cells in the spleen. Unexpectedly, CDDO-me administration resulted in a significant expansion of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and spleen, predominately CD11b+Ly6CintGR1hi neutrophils. To determine if CDDO-me acted primarily on terminal stages of differentiation or at early phases on development in hematopoiesis, we performed clonogeneic assays for myeloid (CFU-GM), erythroid (BFU-E) and primitive, high proliferative potential (CFU-HPP) precursors and compared treatment with CDDO-me with rhG-CSF administration, a cytokine known to promote expansion and mobilization of hematopoietic precursors from the bone marrow. Administration of CDDO-me resulted in significant expansion of myeloid and erythroid progenitors in the spleen and blood although not to the same extent as that observed in mice receiving 2.5 ug/dose BID rhG-CSF. Unlike the mobilization seen with rhG-CSF where hematopoietic precursors were decreased in the bone marrow, CDDO-me significantly increased the number of myeloid, erythroid and CFU-HPPs in the marrow. Administration of CDDO-me prior to myelosuppression with sublethal total body irradiation also resulted in significant increase of spleen cellularity after 8 days recovery due to significant expansion of myeloid cells as well as increases in B cells. However, CDDO-me did not significantly impact hematopoietic recovery compared to vehicle control treated animals when CDDO-me was given to mice following sublethal total body irradiation. These results suggest that CDDO-me can expand early hematopoietic precursors in mice, resulting in radioprotection. Stimulation of myelopoiesis in vivo by CDDO-me can be accounted for, in part, by a significant increase in circulating G-CSF levels in treated animals. However, the retention of hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow of mice that received CDDO-me but not rhG-CSF suggest additional mechanisms are involved. These results demonstrate that CDDO-me significantly affects normal hematopoietic cells including precursor populations in vivo and can promote granulopoiesis predominately in non-irradiated mice.
Chemo-selection as a strategy for organ preservation in patients with T4 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

6005 Background: We previously reported high rates of overall survival (OS) and laryngeal preservation in two sequential phase II trials with stage III/IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients (pts), who attained a >50% response after 1 cycle of induction chemotherapy, and who were treated with chemoradiation. Since then, all pts were re-staged to correspond with the most recent American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines. Here we report the outcomes of the T4 pts from both studies. Methods: Pts received 1 cycle of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 & 5-FU 1,000 mg/m2/day × 5 days (P+5FU). Pts with > 50% response received chemoradiation with 70 Gy & P 100 mg/m2, days 1, 22, & 43. Pts with ≤ 50% response underwent laryngectomy. Final planned tumor assessment by direct laryngoscopy with biopsy was performed 8 wks after chemoradiation. Pts who were histologic complete responders, received 2 cycles of P+5FU. Pts with residual disease had planned salvage surgery. Results: Thirty-two T4 eligible (cartilage inva...
Brief Announcement: A Consent Management Solution for Enterprises

Technologies such as cloud, mobile and the Internet of Things (IoT) are resulting in the collection of more and more personal data. While this sensitive data can be a gold mine for enterprises, it can also constitute a major risk for them. Legislation and privacy norms are becoming stricter when it comes to collecting and processing personal data, requiring the informed consent of individuals to process their data for specific purposes. However, IT solutions that can address these privacy issues are still lacking. We briefly outline our solution and its main component called “Consent Manager”, for the management, automatic enforcement and auditing of user consent. We then describe how the Consent Manager was adopted as part of the European FP7 project COSMOS.
Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease : Indications, Strategies, and Outcomes—Part II

In contrast to ventricular tachycardia (VT) that occurs in the setting of a structurally normal heart, VT that occurs in patients with structural heart disease carries an elevated risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD), and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are the mainstay of therapy. In these individuals, catheter ablation may be used as adjunctive therapy to treat or prevent repetitive ICD therapies when antiarrhythmic drugs are ineffective or not desired. However, certain patients with frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) or VT and tachycardiomyopathy should be considered for ablation before ICD implantation because left ventricular function may improve, consequently decreasing the risk of SCD and obviating the need for an ICD. The goal of this paper is to review the pathophysiology, mechanism, and management of VT in the setting of structural heart disease and discuss the evolving role of catheter ablation in decreasing ventricular arrhythmia recurrence.
Prostatic acid phosphatase and the cancer of human prostate gland

From the above described results we assume that in human prostate gland there are probable proenzyme forms of the studied enzyme which are not modified posttranslationally before release to the blood circulation. Thus, their presence in blood serum might be the primary cause of differences in the determination of prostatic acid phosphatase by enzymatic and immunological methods.
Hard Sync Without Aliasing

Hard sync”, a form of oscillator synchronization, is a technique which synthesizes a characteristic rich family of sounds. We describe how to perform it by integrating a bandlimited impulse pattern, avoiding the unpleasant aliasing heard in a naive digital rendering. The synthesis is refined by using a minimum-phase bandlimited step function, which eliminates lookahead and integration. This idea also gives simple bandlimited syntheses of other discontinuous waveforms. 1 What is hard sync? Oscillator synchronization involves two oscillators, a master and a slave, with frequencies f0 and f1. We will consider sawtooth oscillators. In hard sync, whenever the master cycles around, it resets the phase of the slave oscillator. The fundamental frequency of the slave’s output, is thus equal to f0. Figure 1 shows this for a master wavelength of 10 and a slave wavelength of 3. We treat the signal as unipolar, 0 to 1, for simplicity.
Private Foreign Investment and Economic Development

Like many of the developing countries, India’s economic and industrial development heavily depends on the availability of foreign exchange and advanced technical and managerial knowhow. Foreign aid from the various industrially advanced countries has thus far remained the main source in meeting these needs and fortunately India has received a huge amount of such aid from foreign countries. However, it is clearly realized by now that foreign aid alone is not enough to satisfy India’s needs of foreign exchange and managerial and technical know-how. Particularly since the 1958 foreign exchange crisis, India’s balance of payment position has been rapidly deteriorating. At the present time, her foreign exchange reserves are at the lowest ebb, and they might have slipped through the floor several times if the government had not borrowed some $200 million from the International Monetary Fund. Indeed, as the Finance Minister, Mr. Sachin Chaudhuri, pointed out in his recent budgetary speech, the shortages of food grains and foreign exchange are the two most important factors hindering India’s economic and industrial development.1 It is therefore imperative that the government do solve these two chronic problems.
An Introduction to Photobiology

Thus far in this book we have discussed one- or two-component photochemical systems which because of their relative simplicity lend themselves quite well to laboratory study. Consequently the mechanisms of many of the photoreactions we have discussed have been elucidated in exquisite detail. As we turn our attention in this chapter to some photochemical aspects of living systems, we shall find much more complex situations in which mechanistic details are just now beginning to be obtained. In some systems, such as those which exhibit phototaxis or phototropism, so little is known that our treatment must as a consequence be limited to only a brief discussion of these phenomena. The topics we will consider here are photosynthesis, vision, phototaxis and phototropism, and damage and subsequent repair of damage by light. Due to space limitations, a discussion of the very fascinating area of bioluminescence must be omitted.
Abstract TP429: Predictors of Increased Blood Pressure Variability in Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Secondary Analysis of the ATACH-2

Introduction: Increased blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with worse neurologic outcome in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, studies have shown that accurate...
Who Does What To Whom and How: Toward a Comparative Analysis of Latin American Corporatism

In James M. Malloy, ed., Authoritarianisrn and Corporatism in Latin America. Pitsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977. DAVID COLIJER and RUTH BERINS COLLIER Who Does What, to Whom, and How: Toward a Comparative Analysis of Latin American Corporatism Recent research on Latin American politics has placed substantial emphasis on the authoritarian relationships between national states and interest groups characteristic of the region. Particular attention ‘has been paid to the limitation of pluralism and to “corporative” patterns of interest representation as distinctive features of the systems_ of state-group relations that have emerged. However, though many theo- retical statements and descriptive case studies have qexamined these themes; little cross-national research has systematically compared state- group relations across a number of cases. Yet systematic comparison can yield important beneﬁts, both as a means of sharpening conceptu- alizations and ultimately as an approach to testing propositions about the emergence of different types of state-group relations. This chapter explores opportunities for the comparative analysis of stategroup relations in Latin America. It first evaluates the contribu- tion that quantitative cross-national research on national political regimes has made to the analysis of interest representation. Building on available conceptual discussions of corporatism, it proposes an approach to comparing corporative structures cross-nationally. It then argues that though the examination of corporative structures is an important starting point, it is essential to consider astwell the differing relationships of economic and political power that are ratified or consolidated by means of these structures. The answers to the question, ‘fWho does what, to whom, and how?” may be used for identifying a series of dimensions in terms of which these relationships can be compared. An‘ examination of the answers“ to these questions with reference to one major aspect of state-group&#39;relations—the relationship between the state and organized labor in the, modern sector-—is pre- sented to illustrate the wide variety of uses to which corporative 489
Patient Reported Outcomes in Metastatic Breast Cancer Studies: Evaluating the Impact of the FDA Guidance for Industry

Introduction: Over the last two decades, a number of new therapies have demonstrated improved overall survival in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [10]. Despite these advances, MBC remains incurable with a median survival of less than three years [7, 10, 11, 15]. Prolonging survival and maintaining quality of life (QoL) continue to be the central goals of therapy. Unlike the early stages of breast cancer, the management of MBC is less clearly defined, with no specific treatment recognized as the standard of care [15]. Several studies have sought to determine an optimal regimen for the management of MBC with aims to prolong survival, however relatively few adequately powered studies have directly addressed QoL [8]. Patient reported outcomes (PROs) are instruments used to elicit the patient experience thereby gaining insight into a particular health state and aiding in the assessment of QoL [5]. As the prevalence of PROs grew, the FDA released in December 2009 an industry guidance on the implementation of PROs in clinical trials for the development of medical products and to support labeling claims [1]. This study was undertaken with aims to evaluate the impact of the FDA guidance on the use of PROs as standard endpoints in randomized phase two or three clinical trials assessing therapeutic options in MBC. Methods: Clinicaltrials.gov’s advanced search tool was used to capture registered interventional phase two or three clinical trials in adult patients with MBC conducted in the United States that began recruitment between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2017. Trials with QoL or PROs listed as primary or secondary endpoints on Clinicaltrials.gov were subsequently identified. Segmented regression analysis of the interrupted time series data [18] was used to estimate dynamic changes pre and post adoption of the FDA guidance. Results: A total of 677 studies were identified, 72 of which used PROs. Prior to adoption of the FDA guidance, there is a nonsignificant trend towards increasing PRO use at a rate of 0.4% per year (p > 0.05). At the time of adoption, there is a one-time nonsignificant increase of 0.6% in PRO use (p > 0.05). After adoption, there is a nonsignificant trend towards decreasing PRO use at a rate of 0.3% per year (p > 0.05). Discussion: Our study results demonstrated that despite the FDA guidance, there has been little change in the use of PROs as endpoints in MBC studies. This missed opportunity to elicit the patient experience inherently limits evidence often used to counsel patients and support their decision-making framework as they focus on their priorities in selecting treatment options.
Diet, physical activity, obesity and related cancer risk: strategies to reduce cancer burden in the Americas

With increased globalization, Latin America is experiencing transitions from traditional lifestyle and dietary practices to those found in higher income countries. Healthy diets, physical activity and optimal body fat can prevent approximately 15% of cancers in low-income and 20% in high-income countries. We discuss links between diet, obesity, physical activity and cancer, emphasizing strategies targeting children to decrease risk of obesity, control obesity-related risk factors, and reduce sedentary lifestyles, as this will have high impact on adult cancer risk. We focus on individual behaviors, economic, cultural and societal changes that may guide future interventions in the Americas.
Outdoor exposure and perceived outdoor environments correlated to fear of outdoor falling among assisted living residents.

Fear of falling is a major health concern among older adults. Although several studies have addressed general fear of falling in relation to personal factors, little is known about the specific rel...
Breath-Holding Spells and Anemia

Two children, ages 32 months and 19 months, with breath-holding spells that resolved after treatment for concomitant anemia, are reported from the University of Washington School of Medicine and the Children’s Hospital, Seattle.
Disputes in Construction: Evaluation of Contractual Effects of ConsensusDOCS

AbstractThe construction industry is notorious for its litigious nature, where disputes among various stakeholders have long been considered the norm. Disputes adversely impact the cost and time of...
Using Vehicles’ Rendezvous for In Situ Calibration of Instruments in Fleet Vehicle-Based Air Pollution Mobile Monitoring

This study examines the feasibility of the in situ calibration of instruments for fleet vehicle-based mobile monitoring of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and black carbon (BC) by comparing rendezvous vehicle measurements. Two vehicles with identical makes and models of UFP and BC monitors as well as GPS receivers were sampled within 140 m of each other for 2 h in total during winter in Seattle, Washington. To identify an optimal intervehicle distance for rendezvous calibration, 6 different buffers within 0-140 m for UFP monitors and 5 different buffers within 0-90 m for BC monitors were chosen, and the results of calibration were compared against a reference scenario, which consisted of mobile colocation measurements with both sets of the UFP and BC monitors deployed in one of the vehicles. Results indicate that the optimal distances for rendezvous calibration are 10-80 m for UFP monitors and 0-30 m for BC monitors. In comparison with the mobile colocation calibration, the rendezvous calibration shows a normalized root mean squared deviation of 6-14% and a normalized mean absolute deviation of 4-8% for these monitors. Criteria for applying a rendezvous calibration approach are presented, and an extension of this approach to an instrumented fleet of mobile monitoring vehicles is discussed.
The trajectory of discrete gating charges in a voltage-gated potassium channel

Positively-charged amino acids respond to membrane potential changes to drive voltage sensor movement in voltage-gated ion channels, but determining the trajectory of voltage sensor gating charges has proven difficult. We optically tracked the movement of the two most extracellular charged residues (R1, R2) in the Shaker potassium channel voltage sensor using a fluorescent positively-charged bimane derivative (qBBr) that is strongly quenched by tryptophan. By individually mutating residues to tryptophan within the putative trajectory of gating charges, we observed that the charge pathway during activation is a rotation and a tilted translation that differs between R1 and R2 and is distinct from their deactivation pathway. Tryptophan-induced quenching of qBBr also indicates that a crucial residue of the hydrophobic plug is linked to the Cole-Moore shift through its interaction with R1. Finally, we show that this approach extends to additional voltage-sensing membrane proteins using the Ciona intestinalis voltage sensitive phosphatase (CiVSP).
Chaperonin: Protein Folding Machinery in Cells

As ribosomes initiate synthesis of a polypeptide chain, its precise folding into the functional three-dimensional protein structure is achieved either by spontaneous self-folding or by chaperonin-assisted folding requiring ATP. Spontaneous self-folding is achieved and dictated by its linear amino acid sequence and the existing intracellular environment (such as pH and temperature of the nano environment) to be thermodynamically favorable to assume a negative Gibbs free energy value. In contrast, chaperonin assists folding by preventing incorrect folding conformations and aggregation. Chaperonins are double ring structures stacked one over the other to form a protein-folding chamber in the center of the stack. In E. coli, the protein-folding chaperone machinery measures 18.4 nm in length and 14 nm wide and is comprised of two rings stacked one over the other, with each ring composed of seven subunits. Each subunit is composed of three domains, including an ATP-binding domain. The binding of ATP leads to the establishment of a hydrophilic cage for protein folding. Mutations in genes encoding chaperones, or changes in the expression levels of chaperones, have been identified to result in a wide range of disorders.
Electrolyte Abnormalities in Patients Presenting With Ventricular Arrhythmia (from the LYTE-VT Study).

Electrolyte abnormalities are a known trigger for ventricular arrhythmia, and patients with heart disease on diuretic therapy may be at higher risk for electrolyte depletion. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of electrolyte depletion in patients presenting to the hospital with sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) versus heart failure, and identify risk factors for electrolyte depletion. Consecutive admissions to a tertiary care hospital for VT/VF were identified between July 2016 and October 2018 using the electronic medical record and compared with an equal number of consecutive admissions for heart failure (CHF). The study included 280 patients (140 patients in each group; mean age 63, 60% male, 59% African American). Average EF in the VT/VF and CHF groups was 30% and 33%, respectively. Hypokalemia (K
Chronic Ischemic Monomelic Neuropathy after Arteriovenous Fistula Creation: A Unique Presentation of Vascular Steal

We discuss a case of a 58 year old male who presented for left upper extremity steal syndrome including ischemic monomelic neuropathy (IMN) 1.5 months after arteriovenous fistula creation. He presented after three surgical attempts to salvage his fistula with rest pain, complete loss of function with contracture of the 4th and 5th digits, and loss of sensation in the ulnar distribution for more than three weeks. At our institution, he underwent surgical ligation of the distal fistula and creation of a new fistula proximally, resulting in complete resolution of his vascular steal symptoms almost immediately despite the chronicity prior to surgical presentation. Our patient provides a unique perspective regarding dialysis access salvage versus patient quality of life. The patients’ functional status and pain levels should take precedence over salvage of an arteriovenous access site, and early ligation of the access should be completed prior to chronic IMN development. However, if a patient presents late along the IMN course, we recommend strong consideration of access ligation in order to attempt to regain the full neurovascular function of the extremity as we experienced in our patient.
Spatial modeling could not differentiate early SARS-CoV-2 cases from the distribution of humans on the basis of climate in the United States

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is wreaking havoc globally, yet, as a novel pathogen, knowledge of its biology is still emerging. Climate and seasonality influence the distributions of many diseases, and studies suggest at least some link between SARS-CoV-2 and weather. One such study, building species distribution models (SDMs), predicted SARS-CoV-2 risk may remain concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, shifting northward in summer months. Others have highlighted issues with SARS-CoV-2 SDMs, notably: the primary niche of the virus is the host it infects, climate may be a weak distributional predictor, global prevalence data have issues, and the virus is not in population equilibrium. While these issues should be considered, we believe climate's relationship with SARS-CoV-2 is still worth exploring, as it may have some impact on the distribution of cases. To further examine if there is a link to climate, we build model projections with raw SARS-CoV-2 case data and population-scaled case data in the USA. The case data were from across March 2020, before large travel restrictions and public health policies were impacting cases across the country. We show that SDMs built from population-scaled case data cannot be distinguished from control models (built from raw human population data), while SDMs built on raw case data fail to predict the known distribution of cases in the U.S. from March. The population-scaled analyses indicate that climate did not play a central role in early U.S. viral distribution and that human population density was likely the primary driver. We do find slightly more population-scaled viral cases in cooler areas. Ultimately, the temporal and geographic constraints on this study mean that we cannot rule out climate as a partial driver of the SARS-CoV-2 distribution. Climate's role on SARS-CoV-2 should continue to be cautiously examined, but at this time we should assume that SARS-CoV-2 will continue to spread anywhere in the U.S. where governmental policy does not prevent spread.
Disparities in Optimal Treatment of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer by Ethnicity and Smoking Status

Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer (OPC) is a deadly cancer with complex treatment plans and outcomes. In practice, surgery followed by radiation or chemotherapy is considered the “optimal treatment” associated with better OPC survival. However, not all OPC patients receive the optimal treatment. Prior research has documented that survival varies by smoking status and ethno-racial groups, but little is known about the relationship between a patient’s smoking status, ethnicity, and the choices they make about cancer treatment post diagnosis. To shed light on this under-studied issue, data from the Florida Cancer Data System were analyzed. A logit model was built with the response variable treatment pattern arranged into three levels: surgery only (reference), surgery followed by radiation or chemotherapy, and other treatment types. The predictors included smoking status, race-ethnicity, smoking by race-ethnicity interaction, health insurance, age at diagnosis, gender, and marital status. Overall, the odds of receiving optimal treatment for Non-Hispanic Whites and Non-Hispanic Blacks are 29%-34% (p<0.001) greater than the odds of optimal treatment for Hispanics. One significant smoking by race-ethnicity interaction was found between Non-Hispanic Blacks and current smoking status, making Non-Hispanic Blacks who currently smoke less likely to receive optimal treatment than those who do not smoke.
Male attention allocation depends on social context

Abstract Attention, although limited, is a mechanism used to filter large amounts of information and determine what stimuli are most relevant at a particular moment. In dynamic social environments, multiple individuals may play a pivotal role in any given interaction where a male’s attention may be divided between a rival, a current mate, and/or future potential mates. Here, we investigated impacts of the social environment on attention allocation in male sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, which are a part of a sexual-unisexual mating system with the Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa. We asked: 1) Does the species of female influence the amount of attention a male allocates to her? And 2) Is a male’s attention towards his mate influenced by different social partners? Males direct more attention toward a stimulus female when she was a conspecific. We also show that males perceive a larger male as a more relevant stimulus to pay attention to than a smaller male, and a conspecific female as a more relevant stimulus compared to a heterospecific female. Our results show differential allocation of attention is dependent upon multiple components of the social environment in which an individual interacts. Significance This study investigates how attention is allocated in males when presented with social distractions. Assuming that attentional capacity is finite, males may face a tradeoff between different cognitive-demanding stimuli, such as rival males and potential future mates, when mating. Here, we show that male attention allocation in both intra- and intersexual interactions is multifaceted and context dependent. This suggests that individuals within the social environment vary in how meaningful (i.e., able to capture attention) they are to males during mating encounters. Understanding how social partners can cause a shift of attention away from a mating opportunity is essential to understanding the influence of the social context on sexual selection.
Corresponding about death: Analyzing letters from patients with cancer to medical students.

11021Background: Clinicians frequently discuss death and dying with patients who have cancer. However, the doctor-patient hierarchy and the unfamiliar clinical environment may prevent these patient...
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of N-Acetylcysteine in Pediatric Patients With Inherited Metabolic Disorders Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been utilized in patients with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy(cALD) as an antioxidant agent in association with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, an understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of intravenous NAC dosing in these patients is limited. If and how NAC pharmacokinetics changes following the transplant is unknown. Toward that end, a total of 260 blood samples obtained from 18 pediatric patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) who underwent HSCT were included in a population pharmacokinetic analysis using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. NAC clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) were explored at three occasions (OCC) -7, +7, +21 days relative to transplant. Additionally, the effect of transplant procedure on NAC disposition was explored by accounting for between occasion variability. The covariate OCC was modeled as a fixed effect parameter on CL and/or V1. A two-compartment model adequately described the pharmacokinetics of total NAC. Weight-based allometric scaling on pharmacokinetic parameters was assumed using standard coefficients. Estimates for clearance (CL), central (V1) and peripheral volume (V2) and intercompartment clearance (Q) were 14.7 L/h, 23.2 L, 17.1 L, 3.99 L/h, respectively for a 70kg person. The data only supported between subject variability in CL (12%) and V1 (41%). Residual variability was estimated to be 16%. HSCT did not change CL and V1 significantly and analysis across occasions did not reveal any trends. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were in general comparable to those reported previously in different populations. These results suggest that dosing of NAC does not need to be altered following HSCT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease

The clinical syndrome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is characterized by liver enlargement and pain, fluid retention, weight gain, and jaundice (1–3). Its onset is typically by d +30 after stem cell transplantation (SCT), although later onset has been described (4). As the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, the incidence reported and severity seen is variable, ranging from 10% to 60%, and may be influenced by differences in conditioning regimens and patient characteristics (5,6). Prognosis is also variable. Mild disease is defined by no apparent adverse effect from liver dysfunction with complete resolution of symptoms and signs. Moderate disease is characterized by adverse effects of liver dysfunction requiring therapy such as diuresis for fluid retention and analgesia for right upper-quadrant pain but with eventual complete resolution. The majority of patients fall into the mild to moderate category, but a significant fraction of VOD is severe, and although occasional patients may recover, most are essentially incurable, with a fatality rate approaching 100% (5,7). VOD is considered to be part of the spectrum of nonmyeloid organ injury syndromes that can occur after high-dose therapy and SCT, which include idiopathic pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, thrombotic microangiopathy, and capillary-leak syndrome. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that early injury to vascular endothelium either directly by the conditioning regimen or indirectly through the production of certain cytokines is a common denominator of these events (8–10). This may explain why VOD is more common in allogeneic SCT (a11oSCT), where there is a greater degree of cytokine dysregulation and immune dysfunction, as compared to autologous SCT (autoSCT) (5).