cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Executive and Attentional Information Transfer Hubs of the Human Causal Connectome

We introduce a data-driven causal discovery method (Greedy Adjacencies and Non-Gaussian Orientations; GANGO) for calculating a "causal connectome" of directed connectivity from resting-state fMRI data. Prominent directed information transfer hubs of the causal connectome were situated in attentional (dorsal attention) and executive (frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular) networks. These hub networks had distinctly different connectivity profiles. Attentional networks shared incoming connections with sensory regions and outgoing connections with higher cognitive networks, while executive networks primarily connected to other higher cognitive networks and had a high degree of bidirected connectivity. Virtual lesion analyses accentuated these findings, demonstrating that attentional and executive hubs are points of critical vulnerability in the human causal connectome. These data highlight the central role of attention and executive control networks in the human cortical connectome and set the stage for future applications of data-driven causal ("effective") connectivity analysis in psychiatry.
The Fecal Microbiome in Pediatric Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome

Background:Changes in the intestinal microbiome of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) are thought to significantly affect clinical outcome. These changes may not only delay enteral diet advancement but may also predispose patients to bacterial translocation, bacteremia, and liver disease. Patients with SBS are thought to be more susceptible to changes in gut microbial communities due to intestinal dysmotility and/or lack of anatomic safeguards such as the ileocecal valve. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the bacterial composition of 21 fecal specimens from 9 children with SBS and 8 healthy children ages 4 months to 8 years by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The sequences were quality filtered and analyzed using QIIME, the Ribosomal Database Project Classifier, and the randomForest supervised learning algorithm. Results: The fecal microbiome of patients with SBS is different from that of healthy controls. Stool from patients with SBS had a significantly greater abundance of the bacterial classes...
Evaluating the accuracy of alcohol expectancies relative to subjective response to alcohol.

Abstract Introduction Although limited in empirical support, Alcohol Expectancy (AE) theory posits that AEs may overestimate subjective response (SR) to the positive effects of alcohol, which, in turn, confers alcohol-related risk (e.g., Darkes & Goldman, 1993). The recent development of the Anticipated Effects of Alcohol Scale (AEAS; Morean, Corbin, & Treat, 2012) and the Subjective Effects of Alcohol Scale (SEAS; Morean, Corbin, & Treat, 2013) now permits direct AE–SR comparisons using psychometrically sound assessments designed for this purpose. Methods We ran secondary data analyses (Morean et al., 2012, 2013) evaluating measurement invariance of AEs and SR; AE–SR relationships; the accuracy of AEs; and relations between AE–SR discrepancies and binge drinking, driving after drinking, and alcohol-related problems in a sample of 102 young adults (mean age 22.81 [2.25]; 74.5% male; 76.5% Caucasian) who consumed alcohol in a simulated bar setting (target blood alcohol level = .08 g/dL). Results The AEAS and SEAS were scalar measurement invariant and that AEs generally overestimated SR (mean Cohen's d = .48). Relative to SR, inflated high arousal negative AEs (e.g., aggressive) were associated with frequent binge drinking and alcohol-related problems, whereas exaggerated low arousal negative AEs (e.g., woozy) served protective functions. As blood alcohol levels rose, inflated low arousal positive AEs (e.g., relaxed) and low arousal negative AEs (e.g., wobbly) were associated with less frequent driving after drinking. Conclusions Challenging AE–SR discrepancies for high arousal effects may have utility in treatment and prevention efforts, whereas maintaining overestimates of low arousal effects may serve protective functions.
Expression of neurotrophic factors and cytokines and their receptors on astrocytes in vivo

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that astrocytes produces neurotrophic factors and cytokines in the developing and the injured brain; expression in the normal adult brain is very low. Factors fall into one of the three patterns: many are not expressed at all in the normal adult brain, but can be induced in reactive astrocytes; some are expressed at low levels in normal astrocytes and upregulated in reactive astrocytes and some are expressed exclusively in neurons, but can be induced in reactive astrocytes in response to injury. Neurotrophic and immunological factors have other functions, such as stimulating the proliferation, differentiation and migration of astrocytes, and enhancing both angiogenesis and gliogenesis. Induction of many of the receptors on reactive astrocytes suggests a set of autocrine/paracrine functions. By comparing these factors in the normal versus the injured brain, versus the developing brain, it helps to understand which functions are important in which circumstances.
Optimizing Surface Triangulation Via Near Isometry with Reference Meshes

Optimization of the mesh quality of surface triangulation is critical for advanced numerical simulations and is challenging under the constraints of error minimization and density control. We derive a new method for optimizing surface triangulation by minimizing its discrepancy from a virtual reference mesh. Our method is as easy to implement as Laplacian smoothing, and owing to its variational formulation it delivers results as competitive as the optimization-based methods. In addition, our method minimizes geometric errors when redistributing the vertices using a principle component analysis without requiring a CAD model or an explicit high-order reconstruction of the surface. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Intramolecular catalysis—V : Long range effects in steroids. Acetylation rates of some Δ5-3β-hydroxy steroids

Abstract A variety of solvolysis, addition, dissociation, reduction, oxidation, condensation, and enolization reactions are subject to long-range effects either in terms of reaction rate or product geometry. The effects, some of which operate over the entire steroid molecule, have been classified as inductive, electrostatic field, conformational transmission, and direct interaction. Significant long-range effects were found to be absent in the acetylation of a series of Δ 5 -3β-ols whose rates were measured by following the change in optical rotation.
Cultural Diversity and Universal Human Rights

Although the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity declares that the defense of cultural diversity is an "ethical imperative," it also states that "no one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upon human rights guaranteed by international law, nor to limit their scope." The Declaration's fulsome praise for "good" cultural diversity is therefore hedged by a prior commitment to upholding universal human rights. What is diverse is precious, it seems to be saying, but what is universal is even more precious.This essay attempts to unpack the meaning and significance of the distinction between these points of view for the discourse and practice of international human rights. It aspires to move the discussion of cultural diversity in the sphere of human rights to a level that is deeper than that which is allowed for by the usual (and ultimately sterile) verbal opposition between "universalism" and "cultural relativity." The goal is to clarify as much as possible the relevant points of agreement and disagreement about the nature of the inherently limited ethical imperative to tolerate and protect cultural diversity. The essay does this by reflecting on the dialectically linked concepts of unity and diversity and by investigating what it really means to say that different groups of people have different "beliefs" about what is morally and legally permissible or mandatory. The international law norms that protect human rights are, like all normative systems, expressed in general (i.e. abstract) terms. The essay contends that if one wants to discover whether differently situated people agree or disagree about the significance of these norms the right place to look is not at the words expressing the norms themselves, but at how those words are actually applied to real, concrete cases, each one of which retains the inherent potential to disrupt if not explode the unity of the normative field.
Congo, Democratic Republic of - The Democratic Republic of Congo's infrastructure : a continental perspective

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faces possibly the most daunting infrastructure challenge on the African continent. Conflict has seriously damaged most infrastructure networks. Vast geography, low population density, extensive forestlands, and criss-crossing rivers complicate the development of new networks. Progress has been made since the return of peace in 2003. A privately funded GSM network now provides mobile telephone signals to two-thirds of the population. External funding has been secured to rebuild the country's road network, and domestic air traffic has grown. Modest investments could harness inland waterways for low-cost transport. Much more substantial investments in hydropower would enable the DRC to meet its own energy demands cheaply while exporting vast quantities of power. One of the country's most immediate infrastructure challenges is to reform the national power utility and increase power generation and delivery. Capacity must increase by 35 percent over the period 2006-15 to meet domestic demand. The dilapidated condition of both road and rail infrastructure presents another challenge. To meet the target defined in the report, investment in the country's infrastructure must increase from $700 million to $5.3 billion per year over the next decade, a staggering 75 percent of 2006 GDP. New infrastructure technologies, the elimination of inefficiencies, and cross-border finance (for hydropower development) could cut the annual funding gap in half. Recently, the country secured $4 billion in external finance commitments for infrastructure, enabling increases in budget allocations for public investment.
Continuous motion planning in unknown environment for a 3D cartesian robot arm

The approach (called Continuous Path Planning, or CPP) developed in [1,10] for non-heuristic path planning for a point automaton or various planar robot arms moving in an environment with unknown obstacles, is extended here on a three-dimensional (3D) cartesian arm. The task is to move the arm endpoint from the starting to a target position. The arm body is assumed to be capable of "feeling" a contact (physical or at a distance) with an obstacle. With such local information, the convergence to a global goal can be assured. No constraints are imposed on the shape of the obstacles.
νee(elastic) from LSND

A measurement of the cross section for the elastic scattering of electron neutrinos on electrons was performed using the data collected with the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) at LANL. This cross section was calculated to be (10.0±1.1±1.1)×Eν×10-45cm2 and is used to determine the destructive interference term between the neutral-current and charged-current interactions for this reaction.
Steroid Hormone Receptor Families

The sections in this article are: 1 Molecular Composition of Receptor Proteins: Primary Structural Homologies and Functional Domains 1.1 The A/B Region of Steroid Receptors Contains a Hormone-Independent Activation Function 1.2 The C Region Encodes a Specific DNA-Binding Function 1.3 The D Region (the Hinge Domain) Contains a Nuclear Localization Signal 2 The E/F Region Contains the Hormone-Binding Domain, a Dimerization Motif, Steroid Receptor Repressor Activity, and a Receptor Agonist-Dependent Transcriptional Activation Function 3 Receptor-Associated Proteins and the Oligomeric Structure of Steroid Receptors 3.1 Major Heat Shock Proteins 4 Cross-Talk with Other Signal-Transduction Pathways 4.1 Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Activation of Steroid Receptors 4.2 Transcriptional Interference 4.3 Pathways That Converge on the Estrogen Receptor 5 Role of Phosphorylation in Steroid Receptor Structure and Function 5.1 Sites of Phosphorylation, Functional Significance, and Regulatory Kinases 5.2 Estrogen Receptor Phosphorylation 5.3 Progesterone Receptor Phosphorylation 5.4 Glucocorticoid Receptor Phosphorylation 5.5 Vitamin D Receptor Phosphorylation 6 Transactivation by Steroid Receptors 7 Antihormones and Their Modes of Action 7.1 RU486, an Agonist/Antagonist of Progesterone Receptor 7.2 ZK98299, a Full Antagonist of Progesterone Receptor 7.3 Antiestrogens and Estrogen Receptor Function 8 Steroid Receptors and Clinical Management of Cancer 8.1 Cancer: Molecular Aspects 8.2 Breast Cancer, Tumor Suppressors, and Estrogen 8.3 Paradoxical Effects of Estrogen: Molecular Aspects 9 Future Directions
Force and Moment Approach for Achievable Dynamics Using Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion

This paper describes a general form of nonlinear dynamic inversion control for use in a generic nonlinear simulation to evaluate candidate augmented aircraft dynamics. The implementation is specifically tailored to the task of quickly assessing an aircraft's control power requirements and defining the achievable dynamic set. The achievable set is evaluated while undergoing complex mission maneuvers, and perfect tracking will be accomplished when the desired dynamics are achievable. Variables are extracted directly from the simulation model each iteration, so robustness is not an issue. Included in this paper is a description of the implementation of the forces and moments from simulation variables, the calculation of control effectiveness coefficients, methods for implementing different types of aerodynamic and thrust vectoring controls, adjustments for control effector failures, and the allocation approach used. A few examples illustrate the perfect tracking results obtained.
New calibration technique for a novel stereo camera

A novel stereo camera architecture has been proposed by some researchers recently. It consists of a single digital camera and a mirror adaptor attached in front of the camera lens. The adaptor functions like a pair of periscopes which split the incoming light to form two stereo images on the left and right half of the image sensor. This novel architecture has many advantages in terms of cost, compactness, and accuracy, relative to a conventional stereo camera system with two separate cameras. However, straightforward extension of the traditional calibration techniques were found to be inaccurate and ineffective. Therefore we present a new technique which fully exploits the physical constraint that the stereo image pair have the same intrinsic camera parameters such as focal length, principle point and pixel size. Our method involves taking one image of a calibration object and estimating one set of intrinsic parameters and two sets of extrinsic parameters corresponding to the mirror adaptor simultaneously. The method also includes lens distortion correction to improve the calibration accuracy. Experimental results on a real camera system are presented to demonstrate that the new calibration technique is accurate and robust.
Dorsal root ganglia may be reservoirs of viral infection in multiple sclerosis

There are presently two competitive theories that attempt to explain the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Briefly summarized, they are: 1. An infection, probably of viral type, may attack the oligodendroglia of the central nervous system; or, 2. An autoimmune process may begin with an infection of the peripheral lymphatic immune system, producing antibodies that cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to myelinoclasia. Since 1935, research has been directed toward myelin of the central nervous system and the myelin sheaths of peripheral nerve; however, dorsal root and cranial sensory ganglia (DRG) have apparently not been studied. The present hypothesis states that an infectious agent (probably viral) finds privileged sanctuary in the dorsal root and cranial sensory ganglia (DRG): thereafter periodically invading the spinal cord, brain, or peripheral nerve. Previously reported erratic spinal fluid viral titers and cultures can be explained by differences in the anatomy of the DRG in which there is a variable and limited contact of spinal fluid with sensory ganglia. Clues to this hypothesis were noted by the author during routine neurological examinations of patients with MS, in which sensory signs and symptoms were frequently encountered. This clinical observation has also been reported by others who found such symptoms in 75% of MS patients, ranking second only to incoordination.
Increase organizational effectiveness: Support self-managed IS development teams

This paper focuses on the choices in organizational design — specifically, on the choices in structure, reward systems, and people to support the information and decision processes employed in accomplishing organizational tasks. Forces in the changing IS development environment plus characteristics of IS personnel greatly influence organizational design requirements. The self-managed IS development team emerges as an appealing organizational design to meet these requirements. Changes which must accompany the creation of self-managed IS development teams are offered, plus some of the benefits of these teams, and some of their problems.
He diffraction study of the structural phase transition on the Ge(111) surface at 550 K

A structural phase transition on the Ge(111) surface is investigated using thermal energy He scattering by observing the temperature dependence of several diffraction peaks. The presence of strong quarter‐order peaks confirms that the Ge(111) surface has three orientational domains of a c(2×8) reconstruction at room temperature. As the temperature rises, all the superlattice peaks decrease in intensity without broadening and disappear above 550 K. In addition there is one striking feature which has not been observed in earlier low energy electron diffraction and reflection high energy electron diffraction experiments. The half‐order peak shows continuous broadening and a shift of its maximum toward the specular peak as the temperature increases above 550 K. Consideration of several possible explanations for such a peak shift suggests that the transition, which may be driven by a charge density wave, is to an incommensurate phase.
High dispersion spectroscopic observations of Venus. VIII - The carbon dioxide band at 10,627 A

Observations of the 10 362-A band of carbon dioxide in the spectrum of Venus were made from January 1967 through December of the same year. The 15 best spectra were combined with spectra obtained several years earlier to derive rotational temperatures. Two methods were used. A linear least-squares fit to a square-root absorption law yielded an average temperature of Trot = 240° ± 19°K, while a curve-of-growth technique gave an average temperature of Trot = 237° ± 12°K. The rotational temperatures showed no significant variation with the phase angle i, of Venus, for 26° ⩽ i ⩽ 164°.
Humeral retroversion and its association with posterior capsule thickness in collegiate baseball players.

Hypothesis and background Baseball players commonly present with decreases in internal rotation (IR) and concurrent increases in external rotation (ER) motion. Several glenohumeral (GH) adaptations have been theorized to cause these changes in motion, including humeral retroversion (HR) and posterior capsule thickness (PCT). However, limited data exist examining the inter-relationship between HR and PCT. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure HR, GH IR and ER rotation, and PCT. Materials and methods HR and PCT were measured with an ultrasound system (Sonosite Titan; Sonosite, Bothell, WA, USA), and GH IR and ER were measured with a digital inclinometer. Results The dominant arm had significantly more HR (15.6°, P = .0001) than the nondominant arm. Pearson correlation coefficients showed a significant negative relationship between HR and GH IR (–0.472, P = .001) and a significant positive relationship between HR and GH ER (0.295, P = .042). A significant positive correlation was also found between HR and PCT (0.427, P = .003). Discussion This was the first study to identify a relationship between HR and PCT in addition to GH IR and ER. The identification of these multiple correlations appears to suggest that the loss of IR caused by HR may be placing additional stress on the posterior capsule during the deceleration phase of the throw, thereby causing a fibroblastic healing response. Conclusions HR has previously been identified as a positive adaptation because of the increase in ER without anterior capsule attenuation. However, this study suggests that HR may be contributing to the negative adaptation of PCT.
Characterization of electroconductive blends of poly(HEMA-co-PEGMA-co-HMMA-co-SPMA) and poly(Py-co-PyBA).

Electroconductive hydrogels (ECH) prepared as blends of UV-cross-linked poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) [p(HEMA)]-based hydrogels and electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) were synthesized as coatings on microlithographically fabricated interdigitated microsensor electrodes (IMEs) and microdisc electrode arrays (MDEAs). Hydrogels were synthesized from tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate (TEGDA), hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), polyethyleneglycol monomethacrylate (PEGMA), N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]-acrylamide (HMMA), and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMA) to produce p(HEMA-co-PEGMA-co-HMMA-co-SPMA) hydrogels. The conductive polymer was synthesized from pyrrole and 4-(3′-pyrrolyl)butyric acid by electropolymerization within the electrode-supported hydrogel. ECH films produced with different electropolymerization charge densities were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, electrical impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Polymer mo...
Comparing multiple treatments to both positive and negative controls

Abstract In the past, most comparison to control problems have dealt with comparing k test treatments to either positive or negative controls. Dasgupta et al. [2006. Using numerical methods to find the least favorable configuration when comparing k test treatments to both positive and negative controls. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 76, 251–265] enumerate situations where it is imperative to compare several test treatments to both a negative as well as a positive control simultaneously. Specifically, the aim is to see if the test treatments are worse than the negative control, or if they are better than the positive control when the two controls are sufficiently apart. To find critical regions for this problem, one needs to find the least favorable configuration (LFC) under the composite null. In their paper, Dasgupta et al. [2006. Using numerical methods to find the least favorable configuration when comparing k test treatments to both positive and negative controls. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 76, 251–265] came up with a numerical technique to find the LFC. In this paper we verify their result analytically. Via Monte Carlo simulation we compare the proposed method to the logical single step alternatives: Dunnett's [1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. Journal of the American Statistical Association 50, 1096–1121] or the Bonferroni correction. The proposed method is superior in terms of both the Type I error and the marginal power.
Global rigidity of higher rank abelian Anosov algebraic actions

We show that all $$C^\infty $$ Anosov $$\mathbb {Z}^r$$ -actions on tori and nilmanifolds without rank-one factor actions are, up to $$C^\infty $$ conjugacy, actions by automorphisms.
Regressive Tax Rates and the Unethical Taxation of Salaried Income

In a regressive tax system, lower-income taxpayers pay larger percentages of their incomes in taxes compared to higher-income taxpayers. Although most policymakers and citizens view regressive taxation as generally unfair and unethical, the U.S. tax system taxes wage, salary, and self-employment income in a manner that deliberately subjects lower-income taxpayers to marginal tax rates that are greater than those imposed on higher-income taxpayers. As a result, some lower-income taxpayers pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes than higher-income taxpayers. In this essay, we argue that this regressiveness in the taxation of salaried income is unfair and unethical. We then evaluate President Obama’s social security plan, which would retain most of the current tax system’s regressive structure. Finally, we offer two simple alternative proposals that are non-regressive, and thus more fair and ethical approaches to the taxation of salaried income.
Modal Decomposition of the Velocity Field near the Oregon Coast

Abstract The low-frequency [ω<0.5 cycle per day (cpd)] current fluctuations at four depths in 100 m of waterhave been investigated for two stations on the continental shelf off the coast of Oregon. One station, DB-7,was maintained during the summer of 1972 as part of the Coastal Upwelling Experiment-1 (CUE-I), and theother station, Carnation, was maintained during the summer of 1973 as part of CUE-II. A decomposition ofthe north-south (almost alongshore) v and the east-west (onshore-offshore) u components of the current hasbeen performed in terms of two types of modal structures in the vertical direction: (i) dynamic modes determined by the separable solutions of the appropriate equations of motion, and (ii) empirical orthogonal modeswhich are the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix and depend only on the statistics of the data. For thealongshore currents, the standard deviation of the dynamic barotropic mode is found to be twice as large asthat of the first baroclinic mode. The barotropic part is foun...
Styling the nation: fear and desire in the South Sudanese beauty trade

Feminist scholarship on emotion and the ‘global intimate’ offers innovative ways to rethink nationalism as embodied, affective and lived in the everyday. This approach also brings into focus the significance of the transnational: flows of commodities, bodies and ideas that cross state boundaries and are taken up, reworked, celebrated and worried over as part of nation-making. I approach nationalism here in this way, centring the beauty salon industry in the newly independent Republic of South Sudan. Beauty salons are owned, staffed and supplied by inherently transnational subjects: migrant workers and entrepreneurs as well as members of the returning diaspora. They are also stocked with transnational material objects: hair weaves, cosmetics and beauty technologies from across Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the USA. The fashioning of the nation through these salons is thus cosmopolitan in style: orientated outward, embracing the modern and privileging a sense of worldliness and affinity with distant people and places. However, this styling of nationalism is ambivalent and contested. Clients clamour for new fashions, the latest technologies in hair and beauty, and the know-how brought by migrant ‘saloonists’, as they are referred to in the region. Yet this desire interweaves with a growing panic around the foreign: foreign styles, migrants, capital and commodities. Through this case study I argue that nation-making in South Sudan is fundamentally transnational – constructed not in isolation from, but explicitly through, cosmopolitanism and the modern exterior. In connection I argue that nationalism is emotional – marked at once by contradictory feelings of fear and desire that require, and indeed depend on, a foreign other. In this way I demonstrate how quotidian spaces and subjects, transnational flows of bodies, commodities and styles, and analyses of emotion can all be richly explored to better understand and theorise the operations of nationalism.
What Is the Metabolic Role of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase

The enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP; EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK)2 has the unusual distinction of being very well studied but metabolically misunderstood. As we will document in this minireview, the enzyme has been almost exclusively linked to gluconeogenesis to the point that changes in the levels of PEPCK mRNA or its activity are associated with the control of hepatic glucose output and, more recently, with alterations in life span. That a tissue such as brown adipose tissue, which does not make glucose, has more PEPCK activity on a protein basis than is present in the liver is largely ignored. In addition, all eukaryotes have a gene for both a mitochondrial (PEPCK-M) and cytosolic (PEPCK-C) form of the enzyme. In the livers of most mammals studied to date (including humans), 50% of the total PEPCK activity is PEPCK-M. However, for reasons to be discussed, only PEPCK-C has been studied in any detail in mammals. Thus, the “strange case of PEPCK-M” deserves our attention. This minireview is an attempt to broaden our prospective on the metabolic role of this enzyme by reviewing the body of literature that has accumulated demonstrating that PEPCK plays a key role in a several metabolic processes associated with cataplerosis.
Magic numbers, reinforcing shell gaps and competing shapes in nuclei far from stability

Abstract New understandings of magic numbers, shell gaps and the competition between structures with different deformations are being opened up in studies of nuclei far from stability. Both deformed and spherical shell gaps give rise to “magic” stability for different shapes. The reinforcing of the shape driving forces for both protons and neutrons when both N and Z have shell gaps at the same deformation is seen to lead to new double magic nuclei and to new strongly deformed ( β ≈ 0.35) nuclei. Moreover, there can be a switch in importance from one magic number at one deformation to another nearby magic number at a different deformation as a result of reinforcement. The reinforcing and switching of shell gaps as illuminated in studies of nuclei far from stability significantly advance our understanding of the nuclear shell model. A new way to identify and study nuclei far off stability via the use of a recoil mass spectrometer in conjunction with a neutron multiplicity filter is described.
Studies of the Structure and Interfacial Chemistry of Co Layers on ZnO(0001)

The thermal and chemical stability of vapor-deposited cobalt films on single crystal ZnO(0001) surfaces were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to probe the structure and oxidation state of deposited Co layers as a function of coverage and annealing temperature. The Co was found to approximate layer by layer growth at 300 K but agglomerate into particles upon heating to temperatures up to 700 K. Between 700 and 800 K, the Co particles were found to redisperse over the ZnO(0001) surface. XPS analysis revealed that this spreading is accompanied by oxidation of Co to form CoO as a result of reaction with the ZnO support. Additionally, XPS showed that heating above 800 K resulted in the incorporation of Co into the ZnO support. The oxidation of Co via reaction with the ZnO is not expected based on bulk thermodynamics and this result therefore demonstrates that interactions at the interface play a dominate role in...
Nutritional management of obesity and diabetes

Abstract Diet therapy and especially weight loss are cornerstones in the management of obese NIDDM. Dietary treatment of diabetes remains a controversial area and the ideal diet remains to be defined. General recommendations include reductions in total and saturated fat and limited protein intake with replacement by complex carbohydrates and/or monounsaturated fatty acids. The need to individualize the diet must be recognized and should follow the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, as much as possible. These recommendations are primarily intended to improve metabolic control in diabetes and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic complications. Caloric restriction and weight loss need to be considered in all obese NIDDM and can have dramatic benefits on glucose, lipid and other metabolic abnormalities as well as hypertension. A multidisciplinary health care team is beneficial in initiating and re-enforcing weight loss and a combination of diet, exercise, and behavior modification are needed to ensure long-term compliance and weight maintenance. The specific diet and approach chosen will depend on the patient, the degree of obesity and the extent of metabolic decompensation and complications present.
Investor Attention: Overconfidence and Category Learning

Motivated by psychological evidence that attention is a scarce cognitive resource, we model investors' attention allocation in learning and study the effects of this on asset-price dynamics. We show that limited investor attention leads to ``category-learning" behavior, i.e., investors tend to process more market and sector-wide information than firm-specific information. This endogenous structure of information, when combined with investor overconfidence, generates important features observed in return comovement that are otherwise difficult to explain with standard rational expectations models. Our model also demonstrates new cross-sectional implications for return predictability.
Missouri longitudinal study of mathematical development and disability

Background. Of all the students, 7% will experience as evere learning deficit in mathematics before completing high school. These students with am athematical learning disability (MLD) are joined by another 5–10% of students with less sever e learning difficulties. Aims. The goal is to identify the core deficits that define MLD and mathematical difficulties; identify the cognitive systems that underlie these deficits; and, to develop measures to identify at-risk children. Method. The Missouri project is ap rospective kindergarten to 9th grade study of more than 200 students’ mathematical growth and learning. Students are administere d standardized achievement tests and mathematical cognition tasks once ay ear. Ac omprehensiv ew orking memor yb atter yw as administered in 1st and 5th grade, and classroom attention assessed in 2nd to 4th grade. Results. Initial result si ndicate that children with ML Dp erform abou t1 SD below average on workin gm emor ym easures, even when IQ is controlled, an dp erform below average on mathematical cognitio nt asks that involve number processin ga nd representation ,e xecutio no fa rithmeti cp rocedures, an dr ecall of arithmetic facts .C hildre n with learnin gd ifficulties have average IQ an dw orkin gm emor yt es tp erformance bu t ar eb elow average on number processing task sa nd recall of arithmetic facts .P erformance on 1s tg rade mathematical cognition tasks is predictive of ML Ds tatu si nl ate rg rades. Conclusions. Children with MLD have broad working memor yd eficits and specific deficits in their sense of number that delays their learning of formal mathematics. Children with learning difficulties do not have working memor yd eficits, but they do have ap oor number sense and difficulties recalling arithmetic facts. On the basis of several population-based, prospective studies and many smallerscale studies ,a bout 7% of children and adolescents will experience as ubstantive learning deficit –n ot attributable to low cognitive ability –i na tl east one area of mathematic sb efor eg raduatin gf ro mh ig hs choo l( Badian ,1 983; Barbaresi, Katusic ,C olligan, Weaver ,& Jacobsen, 2005; Lewis, Hitch, W
Relations Between Lake Acidification and Sulfate Deposition in Northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan

From a level of 1 kg ha-1yr-1 in north central Minnesota, emission-related wet SO4 deposition increases across northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan to about 18 kg ha-1yr-l in south central Michigan. Samples taken from 82 clearwater (low color) lakes across this region in the summer of 1984 showed a pattern of acidification in proportion to deposition. We found a linear increase in the difference between alkalinity and Ca+Mg and in lake SO4 concentration with increasing deposition. We developed a simple equation to predict the emission-related SO4 deposition levels that will cause the alkalinity of sensitive clearwater lakes to go to zero.
Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models

[1] To better represent the indirect effect of aerosols on climate, a size-resolved simulation of aerosol microphysics, size distributions, number and mass concentrations has been incorporated into the GISS general circulation model (GCM). The TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics model used here conserves aerosol number as well as mass. It has high size resolution, 30 bins between 0.01 and 10 μm diameter. As a first application, a size-resolved simulation of sulfate has been performed. The model reproduces important features of the atmospheric aerosol such as number concentrations that increase with altitude and land-sea contrasts in aerosol number concentrations and size distributions. Comparisons with observations show that simulated size distributions are realistic and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations agree with observations within about 25%. Predicted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are also in reasonable agreement with observations, although there are locations for which agreement would be improved by including other aerosol components such as sea salt and carbonaceous aerosols. Sensitivity scenarios show that uncertainties in nucleation and primary emissions from fossil fuels can have significant effects on predictions of CN and CCN concentrations.
Effects of processing tasks on the recognition of pictures

A levels-of-processing paradigm was used in assessing four different types of study strategy for their importance in picture recognition. Subjects were instructed to attend to colors, large forms, information from multiple sensory modalities, or specific details in studying the pictures. Subjects in a fifth group used any method they wished in order to remember the pictures. The results indicated that if subjects rely on only one strategy, attending to details is a superior strategy for remembering pictures. However, although subjects in the other processing conditions recognized fewer pictures, they were sufficiently accurate to suggest that information other than specific details can play a substantive role in picture memory.
McCartney receives 2002 Albatross Award

It's my very great privilege to act as citationist for the second of today's presentation: the award of what oceanography simply calls ‘the Bird’ or ‘the Albatross’ to Mike McCartney of Woods Hole. I'd like to do it in three parts: first a few words about the origins of the award itself, then a little from personal experience on the trials and tribulations of being awarded ‘the Bird,’ and finally a few words on the many sterling qualities that have made Mike the unsuspecting and next recipient.
The influence of the thymic environment on the CD4-versus-CD8 T lineage decision.

T cell receptor signaling is an essential factor regulating thymocyte selection, but the function of the thymic environment in this process is not clear. In mice transgenic for major histocompatibility complex class II–restricted T cell receptors, every thymocyte is potentially selectable for maturation in the CD4 lineage. To address whether selection frequency affects positive selection, we created hematopoietic chimeras with mixtures of selectable and nonselectable precursors. With increased proportions of nonselectable thymocytes, positive selection of MHC class II–specific precursors was enhanced, generating not only CD4 but also CD8 thymocytes. These results indicate that the CD4 versus CD8 fate of selectable precursors can be influenced by the selection potential of its neighbors.
A high-sucrose medium for the identification of Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract Mitis-salivarius agar with the sucrose concentration increased to 40 per cent (w/v), was found useful for the isolation and identification of Streptococcus mutans in human dental plaque. Though few other bacterial types from plaque grew on this medium, all tested strains of Strep. mutans produced easily recognizable colonies. Because of its inhibitory properties, the medium was less successful than mitis-salivarius agar for the enumeration of Strep. mutans in dental plaque or in a pure culture.
The face in patient evaluation and diagnosis.

Abstract Five conditions of pathosis have been discussed, with emphasis on facial expressions and appearance which aid in diagnosis. Some of the prosthodontic problems, complications, and treatment modifications were briefly reviewed.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Stimulates l-Arginine Transport and Metabolism in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Background—Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) contributes to arterial remodeling by stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and collagen synthesis at sites of vascular injury. Because l-arginine is metabolized to growth-stimulatory polyamines and to the essential collagen precursor l-proline, we examined whether TGF-β1 regulates the transcellular transport and metabolism of l-arginine by VSMCs. Methods and Results—TGF-β1 increased l-arginine uptake, and this was associated with a selective increase in cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1) mRNA. In addition, TGF-β1 stimulated l-arginine metabolism by inducing arginase I mRNA and arginase activity. TGF-β1 also stimulated l-ornithine catabolism by elevating ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activity. TGF-β1 markedly increased the capacity of VSMCs to generate the polyamine putrescine and l-proline from extracellular l-arginine. The TGF-β1–mediated increase in putrescine and l-proline production was rever...
SU-C-BRD-06: Results From a 5 Patient in Vivo Rectal Wall Dosimetry Study Using Plastic Scintillation Detectors

Purpose: To evaluate the performance characteristics of plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs) in an in vivo environment for external beam radiation, and to establish the usefulness and ease of implementation of a PSD based in vivo dosimetry system for routine clinical use. Methods: A five patient IRB approved in vivo dosimetry study was performed. Five patients with prostate cancer were enrolled and PSDs were used to monitor rectal wall dose and verify the delivered dose for approximately two fractions each week over the course of their treatment (approximately fourteen fractions), resulting in a total of 142 in vivo measurements. A set of two PSDs was fabricated for each patient. At each monitored fraction the PSDs were attached to the anterior surface of an endorectal balloon used to immobilize the patient's prostate during treatment. A CT scan was acquired with a CTon- rails linear accelerator to localize the detectors and to calculate the dose expected to be delivered to the detectors. Each PSD acquired data in 10 second intervals for the duration of the treatment. The deviation between expected and measured cumulative dose was calculated for each detector for each fraction, and averaged over each patient and the patient population as amore » whole. Results: The average difference between expected dose and measured dose ranged from -3.3% to 3.3% for individual patients, with standard deviations between 5.6% and 7.1% for four of the patients. The average difference for the entire population was -0.4% with a standard deviation of 2.8%. The detectors were well tolerated by the patients and the system did not interrupt the clinical workflow. Conclusion: PSDs perform well as in vivo dosimeters, exhibiting good accuracy and precision. This, combined with the practicability of using such a system, positions the PSD as a strong candidate for clinical in vivo dosimetry in the future. This work supported in part by the National Cancer Institute through an R01 grant (CA120198-01A2) and by the American Legion Auxiliary through the American Auxiliary Fellowship in Cancer Research.« less
Updating XML views published over relational databases: towards the existence of a correct update mapping

XML data management using relational database systems has been intensively studied in the last few years. However, in order for such systems to be viable, they must support not only queries, but also updates over virtual XML views that wrap the relational data. While view updating is a long-standing difficult issue in the relational context, the flexible XML data model and nested XML query language both pose additional challenges for view updating.This paper addresses the question, if for a given update over an XML view, a correct relational update translation exists. First, we propose a clean extended-source theory as criteria for determining whether a given translation mapping is correct. To determine the existence of such a correct mapping, we classify a view update as either un-translatable, conditionally or unconditionally translatable under a given update translation policy. This classification depends on several features of the XML view and the update: (a) granularity of the update at the view side, (b) properties of the view construction, and (c) types of duplication appearing in the view. These features are represented in the Annotated Schema Graph. This is further utilized by our Schema-driven Translatability Reasoning algorithm (STAR) to classify a given update into one of the three above update categories. The correctness of the algorithm is proven using our clean extended-source theory. This technique represents a practical approach that can be applied by any existing view update system in industry and academia for analyzing the translatability of a given update statement before translation of it is attempted. To illustrate the working algorithm, we provide a concrete case study on the translatability of XML view updates.
Advances in predictive models for data mining

Abstract Expanding application demand for data mining of massive data warehouses has fueled advances in automated predictive methods. We examine a few successful application areas and their technical challenges. We review the key theoretical developments in PAC and statistical learning theory that have lead to the development of support vector machines and to the use of multiple models for increased predictive accuracy.
Intact Functional Fourteen-subunit Respiratory Membrane-bound [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Complex of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus*

The archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus grows optimally at 100 °C by converting carbohydrates to acetate, CO2, and H2, obtaining energy from a respiratory membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH). This conserves energy by coupling H2 production to oxidation of reduced ferredoxin with generation of a sodium ion gradient. MBH is encoded by a 14-gene operon with both hydrogenase and Na+/H+ antiporter modules. Herein a His-tagged MBH was expressed in P. furiosus and the detergent-solubilized complex purified under anaerobic conditions by affinity chromatography. Purified MBH contains all 14 subunits by electrophoretic analysis (13 subunits were also identified by mass spectrometry) and had a measured iron:nickel ratio of 15:1, resembling the predicted value of 13:1. The as-purified enzyme exhibited a rhombic EPR signal characteristic of the ready nickel-boron state. The purified and membrane-bound forms of MBH both preferentially evolved H2 with the physiological donor (reduced ferredoxin) as well as with standard dyes. The O2 sensitivities of the two forms were similar (half-lives of ∼15 h in air), but the purified enzyme was more thermolabile (half-lives at 90 °C of 1 and 25 h, respectively). Structural analysis of purified MBH by small angle x-ray scattering indicated a Z-shaped structure with a mass of 310 kDa, resembling the predicted value (298 kDa). The angle x-ray scattering analyses reinforce and extend the conserved sequence relationships of group 4 enzymes and complex I (NADH quinone oxidoreductase). This is the first report on the properties of a solubilized form of an intact respiratory MBH complex that is proposed to evolve H2 and pump Na+ ions.