cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed emission of electrons from C60 following energetic impact against graphite

The yield of C60+ ions reflected from the surface of graphite is found to be a bimodal function of the energy of impact. Below 140 eV (6 km/s), the yield decreases with energy and the scattering time-of-flight peak is sharp. Above 170 eV, the yield increases, but the peak is broad and asymmetric, corresponding to delayed electron emission from an impact-heated, neutralized cluster. There is also evidence for fragmentation to C58 and C56. The emission process may be analogous to that reported for scattered C60−. Application of statistical rate theory to either observation (C60±) gives an estimated 25–30 percent transfer of impact energy into cluster internal modes. The decreasing yield at highest energies (>400 eV) may result from adhesion processes (C60-surface bonding) that could also account for the absence of delayed electron emission in C60-silicon collisions.
Incidence of aspiration pneumonia in ALS in Olmsted County, MN

Aspiration pneumonia is believed to be an uncommon complication of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia and its contribution to morbidity and mortality are unknown in ALS. All cases of ALS from Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1990 to 2005 were reviewed. Baseline demographics were noted for all cases. Dates of diagnosis, PEG tube placement, death and survival status were also noted. All cases of aspiration pneumonia were identified.Forty cases of ALS were identified over the 15‐year period. The incidence rate was 1.7 cases per 100,000 person years. There was an overall mean survival of 26 months from diagnosis. Aspiration pneumonia occurred in five (13%) cases. There was a mean survival of two months following aspiration pneumonia. The strongest risk factor for aspiration pneumonia was nursing home residence with a relative risk of 7.1 (p = 0.02)We conclude that the incidence rates and demographics of our ALS population have remained stable over time. Aspiratio...
Adhesion behavior of nylon tire cord/adhesive/rubber systems

In static and dynamic adhesion tests, the behavior of nylon tire cord/resorcinol-formaldehyde–latex (RFL) adhesive/rubber systems was shown to be strongly influenced by the dipping and curing conditions, cord size, and the thickness of rubber layer adjacent to cords. The nature and extent of these effects were different in three types of adhesion tests which differed in stress concentrations they induced at the cord–rubber interface. The influence of stress concentration due to increased cord size was clearly seen in dynamic adhesion tests where the peel strengths of two-ply cord/rubber samples were measured after flexing them under tension over a pulley for predetermined periods at 230°F. In these tests, the adhesion of samples with large cords weakened more rapidly than that of small cords. The static adhesion level attained with nylons 6 and 66 and other polyamide fibers was strongly dependent on the conditions (time, temperature) under which the RFL adhesive was applied and cured. At any given exposure, adhesion initially increased rapidly with the RFL curing temperature and attained a maximum above a temperature which is characteristic of the polyamide. For nylon 66, optimum adhesion was attained with different combinations of RFL curing temperatures (390–460°F) and times (20–120 sec). Finally the adhesion of nylons 6 and 66 is discussed from thermodynamic considerations based on entropy change.
Regulation of the Synthesis and the Stability of Ribosomal RNA during Contact Inhibition of Growth

The synthesis of rRNA precursors, and by implication RNA accumulation and cellular growth, may be regulated through a mechanism which controls the time taken for transcription of these molecules.
Stress patterns of early child language

ABSTRACT A study was undertaken to determine whether children in early periods of language development use stress with any regular patterns, and if so, on what the patterns are based. The subjects were five children aged 21-29 months, HLU between 1.3 and 2.4. Tape recordings were made during play sessions with each child. Two-word utterances that could be clearly interpreted were extracted and grouped and their stress was determined. Analysis indicates that children have strong stress patterns and that semantic relations are more important to the child's stress than syntax. In use of locative phrases with verb-locative, the locative was stressed in every case. In modifier-noun use, the modifier was almost always stressed, in contrast to transformation generative theory. Other stress priorities are noted and arranged in a scale. It is proposed that children distinguish whether information in utterances is new or contrastive and apply stress accordingly, following a semantic hierarchy. The evidence showing that children early produce regular and significant patterns of stress is important for the syntax vs. semantics controversy in adult stress assignment. (CHK)
The 1992 APON Delphi Study to Establish Research Priorities for Pediatric Oncology Nursing

The Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses (APON) recently sponsored a two-wave Delphi study to identify the most important research priorities for pediatric oncology nursing. Seventy-five research priorities were rated for importance by 227 APON members. The majority of these members were inpatient or ambulatory care nurses who had been in pediatric oncology more than 25 months. The top 10 research priorities were primarily about nursing procedures and psychosocial care needs of patients and families. The top priority was to "measure the quality of life and late effects of treatment in long-term survivors of childhood cancer." Study findings will be used to encourage researchers to conduct research on these priorities and to encourage funding organizations to support research related to these priorities.
Adjustment costs and the theory of optimal investment and financing of the firm

A dynamic optimal-control based model that explicitly includes the effects of adjustment costs of investment and financing is presented to analyse the investment and financing decisions of a present value-maximizing firm. The model is constrained by an equity-capital formation and a linear homogeneous earnings-investment possibility function composed of two components: an adjustment-cost function and an ordinary production function. Pontryagin's maximum principle is used to solve the model. The main results derived from the model include an optimal investment decision rule, an optimal investment-financing plan, the long-run equity demand for the firm, and the long-run behaviour of investment and financing as they are affected by the existence of adjustment costs.
Role of ethanol metabolism in the alcohol-induced increase in urinary folate excretion in rats

Chronic ethanol use can lead to folic acid deficiency in humans. In rats, acute doses of ethanol produce a marked increase in the urinary excretion of folate which is followed by a decrease in plasma folate levels. To assess the respective roles of ethanol and its metabolism in these effects, five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally as follows: (1) ethanol in four doses of 1 g/kg each at 0, 1, 2 and 3 hr; (2) ethanol as above plus the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) at 50 mg/kg, i.p., 15 min prior to 0 hr; (3) glucose in four isocaloric doses; (4) glucose plus 4-MP as above; and (5) methanol in four doses of 1 g/kg. Total folate levels in the urine peaked in both ethanol- and methanol-treated rats at the same time as the urine alcohol levels (after 6-8 hr) and then declined over the same time course as the alcohol levels. Concurrent administration of 4-MP inhibited the metabolism of ethanol and maintained the increase in urinary folate excretion throughout 24 hr. Ethanol administration produced minor changes in the relative distribution of folate derivatives in the urine, and these changes were not prevented by 4-MP treatment. The urinary levels of formic acid, which is metabolized by folate-dependent processes, were increased by ethanol administration; this increase was prevented by 4-MP. These results suggest that ethanol is not unique among alcohols in increasing urinary folate excretion and that ethanol metabolism plays no role in the increased urinary folate excretion. However, ethanol metabolism contributes to a second effect of ethanol on the folate system, which leads to increased urinary levels of formic acid.
Specific History of Heterologous Virus Infections Determines Anti-Viral Immunity and Immunopathology in the Lung

Having previously shown that previous immunity to one virus can influence the host response to a subsequent unrelated virus, we questioned whether the outcome to a given virus infection would be altered in similar or different ways by previous immunity to different viruses, and whether immunity to a given virus would have similar effects on all subsequent infections. In mouse models of respiratory viral infections, immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), or influenza A virus enhanced both Th1-type cytokine responses and viral clearance in the lung on vaccinia virus infection. A common pathological feature was the presence of chronic mononuclear infiltrates instead of the acute polymorphonuclear response seen in the infected nonimmune mice, but some pathologies such as enhanced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and bronchiolitis obliterans were unique for the immunizing virus, LCMV. Immunity to influenza virus influenced subsequent infections diversely, inhibiting vaccinia virus but enhancing LCMV and MCMV titers and completely altering cytokine profiles. Influenza virus immunity enhanced the mild mononuclear responses usually observed during acute infections with MCMV or LCMV in nonimmune mice, but unique features such as enhanced bronchiolization and mononuclear consolidation occurred during MCMV infection of influenza virus-immune mice. Heterologous immunity induced two patterns of disease outcome dependent on the specific virus infection sequence: improved, if the acute response switched from a neutrophilic to a lymphocytic response or worsened, if it switched from a mild to a severe lymphocytic response. Heterologous immunity thus occurs between many viruses, resulting in altered protective immunity and lung immunopathology, and this is influenced by the specific virus infection sequence.
Antibody-mediated cell labeling of peripheral T cells with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) allows single cell detection by MRI†

Labeling cells with iron oxide is a useful tool for MRI based cellular imaging. Here it is demonstrated that peripheral rat T cells can be labeled in whole blood, in vitro, with streptavidin-coated micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs), achieving iron concentrations as high as 60 pg iron per cell. This is 30 times the amount of labeling reported with ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIOs). Labeling was mediated by use of a biotinylated anti-CD5 antibody, which is specific for peripheral T cells. Such labeling allowed the in vitro detection of single lymphocytes by MRI, using conditions well suited for in vivo animal work. Electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that MPIOs remained largely extracellular after labeling, with some evidence of intracellular uptake. Cell viability and early and late cytokine release studies showed no significant differences between labeled and unlabeled cells. Therefore, the use of MPIOs for achieving high iron concentrations for cellular MRI is potentially an effective new modality for non-invasive imaging of lymphocytes.
Identification of the MxiH Needle Protein Residues Responsible for Anchoring Invasion Plasmid Antigen D to the Type III Secretion Needle Tip

The pathogenesis of Shigella flexneri requires a functional type III secretion apparatus to serve as a conduit for injecting host-altering effector proteins into the membrane and cytoplasm of the targeted cell. The type III secretion apparatus is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle that is an extended polymer of MxiH with a 2.0-nm inner channel. Invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) resides at the tip of the needle to control type III secretion. The atomic structures of MxiH and IpaD have been solved. MxiH (8.3 kDa) is a helix-turn-helix, whereas IpaD (36.6 kDa) has a dumbbell shape with two globular domains flanking a central coiled-coil that stabilizes the protein. These structures alone, however, have not been sufficient to produce a workable in silico model by which IpaD docks at the needle tip. Thus, the work presented here provides an initial step in understanding this important protein-protein interaction. We have identified key MxiH residues located in its PSNP loop and the contiguous surface that uniquely contribute to the formation of the IpaD-needle interface as determined by NMR chemical shift mapping. Mutation of Asn-43, Leu-47, and Tyr-50 residues severely affects the stable maintenance of IpaD at the Shigella surface and thus compromises the invasive phenotype of S. flexneri. Other residues could be mutated to give rise to intermediate phenotypes, suggesting they have a role in tip complex stabilization while not being essential for tip complex formation. Initial in vitro fluorescence polarization studies confirmed that specific amino acid changes adversely affect the MxiH-IpaD interaction. Meanwhile, none of the mutations appeared to have a negative effect on the MxiH-MxiH interactions required for efficient needle assembly.
From the King's deer to a capitalist commodity: A social historical analysis of the poaching law

Laws prohibiting the illegal taking of wildlife resources have a long history. This research provides a social historical analysis of the poaching law over time. Using a critical Marxist theoretica...
Prenatal cocaine and tobacco effects on children's language trajectories.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of prenatal cocaine and polydrug exposure on language development of preschool children using a prospective longitudinal model, controlling for confounders. METHODS. Children who were exposed to cocaine in utero (n = 209) and nonexposed children (n = 189) were followed prospectively at birth and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years of age and were compared on receptive, expressive, and total language scores across time using random coefficient models, controlling for confounders. RESULTS. A significant, stable effect of cocaine exposure on language development was observed over time for all language domains, with cocaine exposure related to poorer language performance. Cigarette exposure was related to lower receptive language scores. Environmental influences on language scores were also observed. Both the cocaine-exposed and nonexposed children declined in language performance over time. CONCLUSIONS. Prenatal cocaine exposure has a stable negative effect on language skills during the first 6 years of life. Both cocaine-exposed and nonexposed children showed decreased language growth over time; however, cocaine-exposed children demonstrated linguistic deficits compared with nonexposed peers and did not catch up. Cigarette and environmental influences were also noted.
Recent studies on the structure of the grc region in the rat.

PROBLEM: To explore the nature of the genes in the grc. METHOD: Chromosome walking of the grc and sequencing new genes. RESULTS: The RT1.O,N genes have been aligned, and two new types of genes, RT1.S1,2 and Rpr1,2,3, have been discovered and mapped. An extensive physical map of the grc region is presented. CONCLUSION: The disease associations in both the rat and the human appear to cluster in two regions that map in approximately the same place in both species, given the translocation that occurred in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat relative to the MHC of the human.
BMI-based radiation dose reduction in CT colonography.

Rationale and Objectives There is potential for x-ray dose reduction in computed tomography colonography (CTC) relative to body mass index (BMI). We evaluated the association between BMI and three-dimensional (3D) CTC image quality to assess the potential utility of BMI as the basis for radiation dose reduction in CTC. Materials and Methods Ninety-six consecutive patients underwent CTC and were randomized for scanning at 15 or 30 mAs. Extremely obese patients (BMI > 50) were excluded. Each patient was scanned supine and prone on a multidetector CT scanner. Postprocessing CTC visualization was performed on a dedicated workstation. Three independent observers assessed 3D image quality using a four-point scale. Image noise was measured in both the abdomen and pelvis. The association between BMI and image noise was examined using random-effects linear regression models. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between BMI, mAs, and conspicuity scores. Results Statistically significant differences in image noise were observed between 15 and 30 mAs in both the abdomen and pelvis, and the difference was greater with increasing BMI. A positive relationship was detected between BMI and noise in the abdomen ( P P P = .01) and pelvis ( P Conclusion The radiation dose for CTC can be reduced by 40% and 70% below commonly employed doses for overweight and normal BMI patients, respectively, by using a BMI-adjusted dose reduction approach. Conspicuity scores dropped in obese patients with reduced dose suggesting that standard accepted doses should be utilized in that group.
Waves and vibrations in periodic piezoelectric composite materials

Abstract Composite materials consisting of combinations of two or more different material phases are of rapidly increasing importance in modern technology. Such materials permit the tailoring of special properties, unavailable in homogeneous phases, to meet specific technical needs. This paper addresses the subject of periodic piezoelectric composites, in the form of one-, two- and three-dimensional arrays. Such composite materials, initially developed for sonar applications, are now being more and more widely used for ultrasonic transducers. After a brief account of the history of piezoelectric composites for transducer applications a general comparison is made between homogeneous and composite transducers. Attention will be focused on the lower acoustic impedance of these transducers and their parasitic edge-of-stop-band resonances. The design of a two-dimensional composite transducer will be discussed, and a brief review will be given of the matrix and Floquet methods for wave analysis in composites.
Optically controllable S-type negative resistance presented by a combinational connection of photocoupled FET's

A negative resistance circuit constructed with a combinational connection of photocoupled FET's is proposed, which indicates optically controlled S-type negative resistance characteristics. The circuit can be used as a reciprocal switching element with two external light inputs and an application to optoelectronic flip-flop operation is presented. Moreover, a bidirectional S-type negative resistance circuit is proposed, in which three external light inputs may change widely the bidirectional S characteristics. Applications of the circuit, phase control operation of an alternatively applied voltage, and bilateral relaxation oscillation are demonstrated.
“To Paint the Sorrows of Mankind”: Conscience and Catharsis in The Borderers

The Borderers, written in 1796 between Wordsworth's landmark works of Adventures on Salisbury Plain and Lyrical Ballads, is the poet's only venture into the genre of drama. If the play is examined with its unique choice of genre in mind, it reveals a key transition in Wordsworth's aesthetic philosophy. The Salisbury Plain poems (1793–1795) resound a last cry from the bitterly disappointed idealist who had once seen himself as a pure moral voice in support of the French Revolution. Lyrical Ballads, published in 1798, presents an altered voice of the poet who, in his own eyes, has perhaps fallen from grace yet not beyond rescue; who balances loss with hope; who seeks redemption in contact with nature and compassion for others. In between lies The Borderers, in which the careful reader might discover Wordsworth's focus shifting in emphasis from narcissistic self-concern to disinterested compassion for others. The corresponding dramatic action shifts from obsession with the tormented ethical arguments surroun...
Predictors of treatment satisfaction among older adults with anxiety in a primary care psychology program.

Abstract Increasing numbers of patients are treated in integrated primary care mental health programs. The current study examined predictors of satisfaction with treatment in patients from a randomized clinical trial of late-life generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in primary care. Higher treatment satisfaction was associated with receiving CBT rather than enhanced usual care. Treatment credibility, treatment expectancies, social support, and improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms predicted higher treatment satisfaction in the total sample. In the CBT group, only credibility and adherence with treatment predicted satisfaction. This suggests that older patients receiving CBT who believe more strongly in the treatment rationale and follow the therapist's recommendations more closely are likely to report satisfaction at the end of treatment. In addition, this study found that adherence mediated the relationship between treatment credibility and treatment satisfaction. In other words, patients’ perceptions that the treatment made sense for them led to greater treatment adherence which then increased their satisfaction with treatment.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND CARRIER GAS ON THE LOSS RATE OF TRITIUM FROM RADIOACTIVE FOILS.

Abstract By means of a simple ionization chamber the loss rate of tritium from tritium impregnated foils was determined. An average 50 mC source was investigated, the loss rate being determined with respect to carrier gas and temperature. The maximum temperature suggested for the use of these foils has been 225° due to health hazards involved. Our results confirm these figures as the maximum allowable concentration in air is not exceeded at this temperature even under the most adverse conditions. From a practical viewpoint, however, it may be desirable to operate somewhat below this temperature in order to obatain a reasonablbe lifetime of the source in certain carrier gases.
A new dimension to sediment magnetism: Charting the spatial variability of magnetic properties across lake basins

Abstract We have investigated the variability of the magnetic properties of surface sediments across eight Minnesota lake basins. The measured magnetic properties are controlled by the competing fluxes of allochthonous and autochthonous magnetic particles, and differ according to location in the basin. Shoreline sediments are dominated by detrital magnetic particles, whereas littoral and profundal sediments are characterized by a combination of bacterial magnetosomes and detrital particles. The position of the oxic–anoxic interface, which may occur in the water or within the sediment column, controls the depth at which living magnetotactic bacteria occur, and determines the degree of preservation of their magnetosome chains in the surface sediment. The preservation potential of undisturbed chains is higher for bacterial magnetite formed at the top of the sediment column in the littoral area than for magnetosomes originating in the water column in the profundal area. Bacterial magnetite in the profundal facies will contain a higher proportion of chains collapsed during settlement through the water column to the lake bottom. This process increases the fraction of interacting magnetosomes, which in turn artificially lowers the ARM ratio (χ ARM /IRM), which ceases to be a reliable grain size indicator in the profundal environment. Our results indicate that a holistic approach to interpreting limnologically-derived paleoecological data should be employed. Specifically, a thorough understanding of evolving and interrelated factors such as basin morphology and limnologic conditions is crucial for a more confident interpretation of the sedimentary record in terms of environmental conditions at the time of sediment deposition.
Children's Friendship Concepts and the Perceived Cohesiveness of Same-Sex Friendship Dyads:

A three-stage model of children's friendship concept development was delineated and tested. Derived from previous interview studies, the three stages were: (1) the Unilateral Physicalistic, (2) the Reciprocal Physicalistic, and (3) the Reciprocal Emotional. Cartoon simulations of stressful interactions between same-sex pairs of children described alternately as best friends or as acquaintances were presented to 149 girls and 129 boys in Grades 1 through 8. Three sets of cartoons were employed, each modeled on behaviors expected to pose threats of termination of friendship at one of the three stages. In two tasks, the children judged the relative cohesiveness or survival probability of the three simulated relationships. Since children at each of three age ranges judged the friendship whose “threats” were hypothesized to be germane to their own friendship concerns as least cohesive, the three-stage model was supported. Girls perceived greater cohesiveness in “best friendships” than did boys; all three age g...
Variations in Promoter Activity Reveal a Differential Expression and Physiology of Glutamate Transporters by Glia in the Developing and Mature CNS

Glutamate transporters regulate excitatory neurotransmission and prevent glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in the CNS. To better study the cellular and temporal dynamics of the expression of these transporters, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome promoter Discosoma red [glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST)] and green fluorescent protein [glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)] reporter transgenic mice. Analysis of these mice revealed a differential activation of the transporter promoters not previously appreciated. GLT-1 promoter activity in the adult CNS is almost completely restricted to astrocytes, often and unexpectedly in a nonoverlapping pattern with GLAST. Spinal cord GLT-1 promoter reporter, protein density, and physiology were 10-fold lower than in brain, suggesting a possible mechanism for regional sensitivity seen in disease. The GLAST promoter is active in both radial glia and many astrocytes in the developing CNS but is downregulated in most astrocytes as the mice mature. In the adult CNS, the highest GLAST promoter activity was observed in radial glia, such as those located in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus. The continued expression of GLAST by these neural progenitors raises the possibility that GLAST may have an unanticipated role in regulating their behavior. In addition, GLAST promoter activation was observed in oligodendrocytes in white matter throughout many (e.g., spinal cord and corpus callosum), but not all (e.g., cerebellum), CNS fiber tracts. Overall, these studies of GLT-1 and GLAST promoter activity, protein expression, and glutamate uptake revealed a close correlation between transgenic reporter signals and uptake capacity, indicating that these mice provide the means to monitor the expression and regulation of glutamate transporters in situ.
Analysis of tank-foundation-half-space interaction using an energy approach

Abstract An analytical formulation is developed to examine the flexural behavior of rectangular foundations resting on elastic half-space and supporting cylindrical tanks. The formulation is based on the principle of minimum potential energy and is applicable to problems having geometric and loading symmetry with respect to the x and y axes (see Figure 1 ). The deflected shape ofthe foundation is approximated by a polynominal in terms of the even powers of x and y, and the contact stress distribution is assumed to be a function of the foundation deflection. Wall-foundation interaction is included by modifying the wall deflection function and satisfying the compatibility conditions applicable to the junction between the foundation and the tank wall. Graphical results are presented in nondimensional form to identify the effects of most significant factors associated with material and geometric properties. It is demonstrated that the proposed formulation can be used effectively to analyze the flexural response of a wide range of tank-foundation systems of practical interest.
Intravenous torsemide as adjunctive therapy in patients with acute pulmonary edema.

The safety and efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) torsemide as adjunctive therapy for acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema was evaluated. Thirteen patients were treated with i.v. torsemide and six patients, with i.v. furosemide, as a positive control. Doses of torsemide, 20 mg or 40 mg, and furosemide, 40 mg or 80 mg, were administered initially. The dose was titrated as necessary over the next 24 hours. In patients who received i.v. torsemide, median fractional sodium excretion significantly increased from 2.88% (0.04-10.1%) at baseline to 6.76% (0.71-11.6%) at peak (P = 0.0342). Hourly urine volume increased from 134 mL (25-400 mL) to 375 mL (145-790 mL) (P = 0.0034). Torsemide administration resulted in a significant improvement in both pulmonary rales and orthopnea. None of the patients experienced serious adverse events or required withdrawal from the study. These results suggest that i.v. torsemide is an effective and well-tolerated diuretic in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Oxidation of oxymyoglobin by nitric oxide through dissociation from cobalt nitrosyls

Abstract Kinetic evaluation of the oxidation of oxymyoglobin (MbO 2 ) to metmyoglobin (Mb + ) by bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt nitrosyl [Co(NO)(DMGH) 2 ] has established that the mechanism of this transformation involves initial dissociation of nitric oxide from Co(NO)(DMGH) 2 , followed by direct oxidation of MbO 2 by nitric oxide. Nitrate formation accompanies the production of Mb + and is proposed to arise from isomerization of the initially formed peroxynitrite ion. By comparative kinetic determinations with nitrosyl transfer from the cobalt nitrosyl reagent to deoxyhemoglobin, the rate constant for oxidation of MbO 2 by nitric oxide is calculated to be 31 X 10 6 M −1 sec −1 at 10.0°C in phosphate-buffered media at pH 7.0. Bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(II), the cobalt complex formed by nitric oxide dissociation from Co(NO)(DMGH) 2 , is an effective trap for dioxygen liberated from MbO 2 . The resulting μ-peroxo- or μ-superoxo-dicobaloxime(III) oxidizes deoxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin at a rate that is competitive with oxidation induced by Co(NO)(DMGH) 2 .
Reply to ''Comment on 'Fe magnon dispersion curve calculated with the frozen spin-wave method' ''

In the preceding Comment, 1 Nicholson and Brown stressed the usefulness of the frozen potential approximation ~FPA! by general theoretical arguments and by presenting their new results on the magnon dispersion of Fe, which are in agreement with our results 2 and with experiment. In their earlier calculations of magnon dispersions, there was about a factor of 2 error for Fe ~compare Fig. 1 of the preceding Comment with Fig. 1 of Ref. 3! and a smaller but still significant error apparent in their Co dispersion curve. We suspected that the FPA might be the cause of such big errors, and presented our analysis on an inherent problem with FPA. 2 We now learn that such errors were actually due to computational mistakes. 4 It remains to be understood why FPA can produce reasonable results despite an inherent second-order error in this approximation. The commonly given reason for FPA is the force theorem, which states that to first order in a small perturbation, the change in the energy of a system is given by the change in the sum of occupied level energies. However, there are second-order terms in the perturbation that cannot be accounted for by the change of level energies. This is true for both the total energy and the internal energy. When one considers a second-order effect such as in the evaluation of the magnon energy, a second-order mistake in the system energy can lead to a zero order error relative to the quantity of interest. The preceding Comment now makes it clear that FPA can be justified by applying the force theorem with respect to a different quantity of small perturbation: not the constraining potentials but rather the deviation from the true Kohn-Sham potential in the FPA. There are still second-order corrections, but these are second-order terms of a quantity smaller than the constraining potentials. In particular, these second-order corrections vanish in the long wavelength limit, and can start to contribute only to fourth order in the wave vector. Their ~corrected! numerical results for Fe still seem to be good beyond the immediate neighborhood of small wave vectors. Further work needs to be done to establish more precisely the domain of validity of FPA in the general case. We observe, based on earlier work on spiral spin-density waves, 5 that the magnetization direction in transition metals tends to have most of its variation in the outer part of the unit cell where the spin density is small. Thus the rigid rotation of the spin within the Wigner-Seitz sphere used in FPA is a better approximation than one might have expected.
Effects of excess dietary phenylalanine on composition of cerebral lipids.

Abstract— Concentrations in whole rat brains of lipids (total lipids, phospholipids, galactolipids, cholesterol, plasmalogens) and of proteolipid protein were not altered after feeding for 2 and 6 weeks of diets containing 5 per cent excess l-phenylalanine. After 2 weeks of diet with 7 per cent excess l-phenylalanine there was a slight reduction (5–10 per cent) in the concentrations in whole brain of cholesterol and galactolipids. No significant effects were noted in cerebral hemispheres after 3 weeks of diets with 7 per cent excess l-phenylalanine. In the 5 and 7 per cent supplemented groups of animals, the total amounts of the various lipids were initially reduced to levels which were within 10 per cent of those in diet-matched controls. The results for rats indicate that after 3 weeks of age only very moderate effects on accumulation of cerebral lipids can be produced by excess dietary l-phenylalanine fed at the most toxic levels of supplementation, while lower levels of dietary supplementation are without effect. The results suggest further that the more mature brain is resistant to alteration of deposition of myelin lipids by high levels of phenylalanine.
Sequence of immunoglobulin isotype exposure modulates inflammatory response to bacteria and lipopolysaccharide in vitro.

Abstract Background: Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) are the principal immunoglobulins in the respiratory tract. Under normal circumstances, the upper respiratory tract...
Arimoto channel coding converse and Rényi divergence

Arimoto [1] proved a non-asymptotic upper bound on the probability of successful decoding achievable by any code on a given discrete memoryless channel. In this paper we present a simple derivation of the Arimoto converse based on the data-processing inequality for Renyi divergence. The method has two benefits. First, it generalizes to codes with feedback and gives the simplest proof of the strong converse for the DMC with feedback. Second, it demonstrates that the sphere-packing bound is strictly tighter than Arimoto converse for all channels, blocklengths and rates, since in fact we derive the latter from the former. Finally, we prove similar results for other (non-Renyi) divergence measures.
OA clinical trials: current targets and trials for OA. Choosing molecular targets: what have we learned and where we are headed?

Summary Objective The purpose of this article is to review the current status of drug development as it relates to both molecular targets and clinical trials for osteoarthritis (OA). Methods A review of the literature in the context of currently what is known of the pathophysiology of OA and the learnings from past clinical trials is provided. Also discussed is the challenge of demonstrating efficacy and clinical benefit for pharmacologic interventions for OA in the context of current regulatory guidance documents for therapies for the treatment of OA. Results There is a large unmet medical need for pharmacologic therapeutic interventions that modify the progression of OA and treat the symptoms associated with OA. The development of Disease Modifying OA Drugs (DMOADs) should take into account the current status of therapeutic interventions, as well as the various tissues that constitute the joint and contribute to joint mechanics, and the symptoms associated with structural changes. There is much to be learned about the pathophysiology of the joint that is currently poorly understood particularly as it relates to tissues other than hyaline articular cartilage. Improving our understanding that these tissues play in OA pathophysiology will likely yield treatment breakthroughs. Recently, tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of pain pathways with an emerging diversity of pain mechanisms and biology suggesting heterogeneity in pain etiology in OA. A multitude of new targets have been identified at the level of neuronal transduction/excitability, conduction, sensitization and transmission with multiple emerging compounds in development. Conclusions The development of symptom modifying OA drug is exploding with a plethora of pain pathways being pursued and multiple candidates in advanced stages of clinical development. Structure modification in OA remains complex with significant development challenges.
Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy With Older Adults

Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy is readily adaptable to use with older adults. This review integrates discussion of cognitive and behavioral intervention techniques with recent research and clinical observations in the field of gerontology. Cognitive changes with aging, personality and emotional development, cohort effects, and the social environment of older adults are discussed in relation to psychotherapy. Applications of cognitive behaivor therapy to specific late life problems such as chronic illness and disability, depression, alcoholism and insomnia are presented. The effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral techniques in treating these disorders in older adults is discussed.
A reagent controller for electrolysis at essentially constant current

Abstract Controlled-potential electrolysis in which the current is held essentially constant can be carried out with a device that progressively adds the electroactive reagent to the cell. The current setting and the quantity of reagent per addition can be varied over wide limits. A signal appears when all reagent has been introduced.
Growth of single-crystal columns of CoSi2 embedded in epitaxial Si on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

The codeposition of Si and Co on a heated Si(111) substrate is found to result in epitaxial columns of CoSi2 if the Si:Co ratio is greater than approximately 3:1. These columns are surrounded by a Si matrix which shows bulk‐like crystalline quality based on transmission electron microscopy and ion channeling. This phenomenon has been studied as functions of substrate temperature and Si:Co ratio. Samples with columns ranging in average diameter from approximately 25 to 130 nm have been produced.
Effect of morphine on cerebral glycolytic intermediates and enzymes of rats in vitro.

Abstract Morphine caused a stimulation of glucose utilization in rat cerebral homogenates after a 30-min lag period. The fructose diphosphate concentration of the incubation medium in the presence of morphine in vitro was higher after 60 min of incubation, while the concentration of pyruvate was lower at both 30 and 60 min than those in the absence of morphine. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentration was lower and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level was higher in the presence than in the absence of morphine after 30 and 60 min of incubation. The concentration of glyceraldehyde-3-P was decreased while the level of 3-P-glycerate was increased by morphine, indicating a facilitation of the glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase step of glycolysis. AMP inhibited the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase appreciably in rat cerebral homogenates. The initial facilitation by morphine is thought to be at the glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase step due to the low AMP concentration and a secondary facilitation at the P-fructokinase step due to the accumulated concentrations of ATP and fructose diphosphate. Additionally, the time required to alter adenine nucleotide concentrations may explain the lag period that occurs before the stimulation of glucose utilization by morphine is manifested.
Diversifying search results with popular subtopics

This paper describes the method we use in the diversity task of web track in TREC 2009. The problem we aim to solve is the diversification of search results for ambiguous web queries. We present a model based on knowledge of the diversity of query subtopics to generate a diversified ranking for retrieved documents. We expand the original query into several related queries, assuming that query expansions expose subtopics of the original query. Moreover, each query expansion is given a weight which reflects the likelihood of the interpretation (the fraction of users who issued this query given the general query topic). We issue all those expanded queries including the original query to a standard BM25 search engine, then re-rank the retrieved documents to generate the final ranking. Our method can detect possible subtopics of a given query and provide a reasonable ranking that satisfies both relevancy and diversity metrics. The TREC evaluations show our method is effective on the diversity task.
Response spectrum of incompatible acceleration, velocity and displacement histories by Praveen K. Malhotra, Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2001; 30(2):279–286

The Discussers would like to congratulate the Author for his contribution to the analysis of response spectra. As mentioned in the Original Paper, engineers often pay little attention to incompatibilities in the histories of ground acceleration, displacement, and velocity. As a result, computed response spectra may exhibit erroneous trends at short and long periods. Different techniques have been proposed to treat the problem, focusing primarily on the initial conditions of the oscillator [5,6,8,9,10,11]. The Author proposes an alternative technique: determining response spectra by combining the incompatible time histories using a 'mixing rule' (Equations (6)-(8) in the Original Paper, which allows for the proper asymptotic behaviour to be obtained at extreme periods. The scope of this discussion is three-fold: (i) to present a simplified version of the method, by applying the Author's idea only to initial conditions; (ii) to discuss a more general mixing rule; (iii) to propose alternative ways for estimating the effective frequency of ground motion. These items are presented to further validate the results provided by the Author and offer additional insight into the derivations presented in the Original Paper.
Research on Sex in Prison During the Late 1980s and Early 1990s

Research on sex in prison during the late 1980s and early 1990s was relatively rare in the published literature, despite important policy and practice considerations that provided a clear need for better understandings of such issues. The research that did appear during the period focused on one or two dominant themes and almost always focused on male inmates: consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and efforts to document the incidence of sex among inmates. The marginality of such research is also seen in the fact that most prison sex research in the period was produced by young scholars and individuals at small or nonacademic institutions. The need for more and broader scope research on prison sex is discussed.
Seizing Interdisciplinary Opportunities in the Changing Landscape of Health and Aging: A Social Work Perspective

Purpose of the study This paper is a revision of the Kent Award Lecture given at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America held in New Orleans, Louisiana, in November, 2010. Design and methods This paper looks at the evolution in geriatric social work assessment and outcomes research and concludes with observations of the changing landscape in health and aging. Results Since the 1960s, the policies and the context of health care delivery have changed many times as have geriatric health screening and assessment of patients in need of social health care services. Research on social-behavioral and environmental factors critical in measurement of outcomes of health care has progressed significantly as theories of care and the research technologies that allow us to study these factors have become more sophisticated. Implications Researchers from multiple disciplines need to study the questions which can build the evidence necessary for empirically supported social policy direction. Opportunities in interdisciplinary geriatric assessment and measurement of outcomes, which are presented to researchers today, are highlighted.
A Volume-Imaging Radar Wind Profiler for Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence Studies

Abstract This paper describes the turbulent eddy profiler (TEP), a volume-imaging, UHF radar wind profiler designed for clear-air measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer on scales comparable to grid cell sizes of large eddy simulation models. TEP employs a large array of antennas—each feeding an independent receiver—to simultaneously generate multiple beams within a 28° conical volume illuminated by the transmitter. Range gating provides 30-m spatial resolution in the vertical dimension. Each volume image is updated every 2–10 s, and long datasets can be gathered to study the evolution of turbulent structure over several hours. A summary of the principles of operation and the design of TEP is provided, including examples of clear-air reflectivity and velocity images.
Density functional calculations of the enthalpies of formation of rare-earth orthophosphates

Electronic structure calculations are carried out to estimate the enthalpies of formation of rareearth orthophosphates from their oxides. The calculated enthalpies of formation are systematically less exothermic than the measured values. The discrepancy is almost entirely in the electronic total energy calculated from density functional theory, and appears to be intrinsic to the generalized-gradient exchange-correlation functional used. However, comparison with electronic structure calculation of the enthalpies of formation of alkaline earth oxyacid carbonates, silicates, and sulfates suggests that near chemical accuracy can be obtained for the enthalpies of formation of most of the compounds in the phosphate system by applying a scaling factor obtained from the simpler alkaline earth oxyacids. The increasingly exothermic ∆H f ox with increasing ionic radius (i.e., LaPO4 is more exothermic than ScPO4) results from the higher charge localization on the oxide anion (O 2– ) relative to the phosphate anion (PO4 3– ), making it more favorable, in a relative sense, to pair the smaller cation with the oxide anion than with the phosphate anion. This effect is also manifested in ∆H f ox of the other oxyacids, such