cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upper-extremity congenital anomalies.

•Embryogenesis of the upper extremity occurs between the fourth and eighth week of gestation and is guided by signaling centers within the developing limb bud. •Certain upper-limb anomalies are associated with concomitant systemic disorders, whereas others occur in isolation or in combination with other musculoskeletal problems. •Radial deficiency is associated with Holt-Oram syndrome, thrombocytopenia-absent-radius syndrome, VACTERL association (vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, cardiac abnormalities, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal defects, radial dysplasia, lower-limb abnormalities), and Fanconi anemia. •A chromosomal challenge test is currently available to detect Fanconi anemia prior to the onset of aplastic anemia, which allows additional time to search for a suitable bone-marrow donor. •Postaxial polydactyly is frequently inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern but has a variable penetrance pattern. A small nubbin or rudimentary postaxial element can be safely removed by tying its base in the nursery. Congenital anomalies affect 1% to 2% of newborns, and approximately 10% of those children have upper-extremity abnormalities 1,2. The anomalies require an accurate diagnosis and communication of relevant information to the family. The era of managed care has changed the patterns of referral of children with limb anomalies. Frequently, the child is referred directly to the orthopaedic surgeon by the pediatrician. This referral pattern has placed an added burden on the orthopaedic surgeon, who may have to deal with an anomaly for which there has not been a sufficient workup and counsel parents who are desperate for information. The clinician must possess a basic understanding of embryogenesis, limb formation, and inheritance patterns to relay relevant knowledge to the family. Certain upper-extremity anomalies occur in isolation, whereas others are associated with systemic conditions. These associated disorders often take precedence over the limb anomaly and must be assessed with appropriate diagnostic testing. The purpose of this review is to provide …
Implementing Small Theme High Schools in New York City: Great Intentions and Great Tensions

In this article, Jacqueline Ancess and David Allen use New York City as a case study to examine the promises and the perils of the small high school reform movement that is sweeping the nation. They analyze the varying extent to which New York City's small high schools have implemented curricular themes in order to promote academic quality and equity. After identifying a wide range in the level of theme implementation in the city's small schools, Ancess and Allen suggest that small theme high schools have the potential to boost student engagement and achievement. However, the authors also express concern about the manner in which curricular themes may serve as socioeconomic, academic, or racial codes that threaten to merely repackage old patterns of school stratification and segregation.
On linear systems and noncommutative rings

This paper studies some problems appearing in the extension of the theory of linear dynamical systems to the case in which parameters are taken from noncommutative rings. Purely algebraic statements of some of the problems are also obtained.
Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in the potentiation of allyl alcohol-induced liver injury by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) augments the hepatotoxicity of a number of xenobiotics including allyl alcohol. The mechanism for this effect is known to involve the inflammatory response elicited by LPS. Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of eicosanoids are important aspects of inflammation, therefore studies were undertaken to investigate the role of COX-2 in LPS-induced enhancement of liver injury from allyl alcohol. Rats were pretreated (iv) with a noninjurious dose of LPS or sterile saline vehicle and 2 h later were treated (ip) with a noninjurious dose of allyl alcohol or saline vehicle. COX-2 mRNA was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), and liver injury was assessed from activities in serum of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST, respectively) and from histology. Liver injury was observed only in rats cotreated with LPS and allyl alcohol. Serum ALT activity was increased by 4 h after administration of LPS and continued to increase through 8 h. COX-2 mRNA was detectable at low levels in livers from rats receiving only the vehicles at any time up to 8 h. Expression of COX-2 mRNA was increased by 30 min after administration of LPS and remained elevated through 6 h. Allyl alcohol treatment alone caused an increase in COX-2 mRNA at 4 h (2 h after allyl alcohol) that lasted less than 2 h. In livers from rats cotreated with LPS and allyl alcohol, levels of COX-2 mRNA were greater than levels seen with either LPS or allyl alcohol alone. The increased expression of COX-2 mRNA was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of prostaglandin (PG) D 2 in plasma. Plasma PGD 2 concentration was increased to a greater extent in rats treated with LPS plus allyl alcohol compared to allyl alcohol or LPS alone. Pretreatment with the COX-2 selective inhibitor, NS-398, abolished the increase in plasma PGD 2 and reduced the increase in ALT and AST activities observed in rats cotreated with LPS and allyl alcohol. NS-398 did not affect liver injury from allyl alcohol alone administered at a larger, hepatotoxic dose. In addition, ibuprofen, a nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenases, did not protect against liver injury from LPS plus allyl alcohol. In isolated hepatocytes PGD 2 , but not PGE 2 , reduced the concentration of allyl alcohol required to cause half-maximal cytotoxicity. These results suggest that products of COX-2 play a role in the augmentation of allyl alcohol-induced liver injury by LPS.
Eclipsing Binary Model of Cygnus XR-1

AGRAWAL et al.1 present an interesting observation of the variable X-ray source Cygnus XR–1 at energies above 20 keV. This communication points out that their observations may be consistently interpreted in terms of the eclipsing binary model for the source that was originally outlined in an article by myself2 (article 1).
Climatic Variability of Near-Surface Turbulent Kinetic Energy over the United States: Implications for Fire-Weather Predictions

AbstractRecent research suggests that high levels of ambient near-surface atmospheric turbulence are often associated with rapid and sometimes erratic wildland fire spread that may eventually lead to large burn areas. Previous research has also examined the feasibility of using near-surface atmospheric turbulent kinetic energy (TKEs) alone or in combination with the Haines index (HI) as an additional indicator of anomalous atmospheric conditions conducive to erratic or extreme fire behavior. However, the application of TKEs-based indices for operational fire-weather predictions in the United States on a regional or national basis first requires a climatic assessment of the spatial and temporal patterns of the indices that can then be used for testing their operational effectiveness. This study provides an initial examination of some of the spatial and temporal variability patterns across the United States of TKEs and the product of HI and TKEs (HITKEs) using data from the North American Regional Reanalysi...
Combination of intracranial temozolomide with intracranial carmustine improves survival when compared with either treatment alone in a rodent glioma model

Background Local delivery of temozolomide (TMZ) through polymers is superior to oral administration in a rodent glioma model. Objective We hypothesized that the observed clinical synergy of orally administered TMZ and carmustine (BCNU) wafers would translate into even greater effectiveness with the local delivery of BCNU and TMZ and the addition of radiotherapy in animal models of malignant glioma. Methods TMZ and BCNU were incorporated into biodegradable polymers that were implanted in F344 rats bearing established intracranial tumors. We used 2 different rodent glioma models: the 9L gliosarcoma and the F98 glioma. Results In the 9L rodent glioma model, groups treated with the combination of local TMZ, local BCNU, and radiation therapy (XRT) had 75% long-term survivors (defined as animals alive 120 days after tumor implantation), which was superior to the combination of local TMZ and local BCNU (median survival, 95 days; long-term survival, 25%) and the combination of oral TMZ, local BCNU, and XRT (median survival, 62 days; long-term survival, 12.5%). To simulate the effect of this treatment in chemoresistant gliomas, a second rodent model was used with the F98 glioma, a cell line relatively resistant to alkylating agents. F98 glioma cells express high levels of alkyltransferase, an enzyme that deactivates alkylating agents and is the major mechanism of resistance of gliomas. The triple therapy showed a significant improvement in survival when compared with controls (P = .0004), BCNU (P = .0043), oral TMZ (P = .0026), local TMZ (P = .0105), and the combinations of either BCNU and XRT (P = .0378) or oral TMZ and BCNU (P = .0154). Conclusion The survival of tumor-bearing animals in the 9L and F98 glioma models was improved with the local delivery of BCNU and TMZ combined with XRT when compared with either treatment alone or oral TMZ, local BCNU, and XRT.
A note on computing environments and network reliability

Abstract Interest has increased during recent years in using microcomputers for implementation of network reliability algorithms. There are indications that some implementations suffer severe restrictions imposed by such a computing environment, whereas some other results indicate otherwise. This brief note attempts to clarify the apparently contradictory conclusions that would be naturally drawn from recent papers that treat this subject.
Sequence-covering and countably bi-quotient mappings

Abstract Sequence-covering and countably bi-quotient mappings are studied and used to characterize sequential, Frechet, strong accessibility, strongly Frechet, and strongly k ′-spaces. A sequence-covering mapping has a definition analogous to that of a compact-covering mapping, while a countably bi-quotient mapping is a weakening of a bi-quotient mapping. Strong accessibility, strongly Frechet, and strongly k ′-spaces, each generalizations of first countability, are also studied.
Effects of n-Sodium Butyrate on Cell Division in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberoses L.) Tuber Explants Cultured in vitro

Summary The effects of n-sodium butyrate on cell division, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis in synchronously dividing explant cultures of Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberoses L.) tuber tissue were investigated. While 0.1 mM butyrate had no effect on auxin-induced cell division in the explants during the 7 day culture period, 1.0 and 5.0 mM butyrate caused a complete inhibition of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis occurred regardless of when during the lag period butyrate was added to the cultures. Addition of butyrate after the initiation of S phase resulted in a rapid decline in the rates of DNA synthesis to background levels. This effect was completely reversed upon removal of butyrate. The response to butyrate was apparently a reflection of the effect on DNA synthesis rather than on the uptake of 3 H-thymidine. The effects of butyrate on RNA and protein synthesis were more ambiguous. Although butyrate substantially inhibited the incorporation of 3 H-uridine and 3 H-leucine into RNA and proteins respectively, it also caused reductions in the uptake of these precursors. No significant effect of butyrate on the acetylation of histones was seen in this tissue.
Nanoscale resistive switching devices: mechanisms and modeling

Resistive switching devices (also termed memristive devices or memristors) are two-terminal nonlinear dynamic electronic devices that can have broad applications in the fields of nonvolatile memory, reconfigurable logic, analog circuits, and neuromorphic computing. Current rapid advances in memristive devices in turn demand better understanding of the switching mechanism and the development of physics-based as well as simplified device models to guide future device designs and circuit-level applications. In this article, we review the physical processes behind resistive switching (memristive) phenomena and discuss the experimental and modeling efforts to explain these effects. In this article three categories of devices, in which the resistive switching effects are driven by cation migration, anion migration, and electronic effects, will be discussed. The fundamental driving forces and the stochastic nature of resistive switching will also be discussed.
On the feasibility of dynamic power steering

While high performance has always been the primary constraint behind large-scale system design, future systems will be built with increasing energy efficiency in mind. Mechanisms such as fine-grained power scaling and gating will provide tools to system-software and application developers to ensure the most efficient use of tightly constrained power budgets. Such approaches to-date have been focused on node-level optimizations to impact overall system energy efficiency. In this work we introduce Dynamic Power Steering, in which power can be dynamically routed across a system to resources where it will be of most benefit and away from other resources to maintain a near-constant overall power budget. This, a higher-level algorithmic approach to improving energy efficiency, considers the whole extent of a system being used by an application. It can be used for applications in which there is load-imbalance that varies over its execution. Using two classes of applications, namely those that contain a wavefront type processing, and a particle-in-cell, we quantify the benefit of Dynamic Power Steering for a variety of workload characteristics and derive some insight into the ways in which workload behavior affect Power Steering applicability.
The Marked Goby (Ctenobgobius stigmaticus): A Rare North Carolina Fish Enigma

Abstract The marked goby (Ctenogobius stigmaticus Poey, 1860) is a diminutive, uncommon, tropical-subtropical Atlantic fish. It is considered rare in North Carolina. It has been confused in the past with the similar darter goby (Ctenogobius boleosoma Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) and considered common in North Carolina. Recently, some of the confusion has been eliminated and characters to separate these two similar gobies identified. These characters were used to determine that six specimens were collected and cataloged from the state (one is missing, but a photograph has the marked goby coloration). Examining the remaining five, it became obvious that only one is C. stigmaticus. The four others are presumably the darter goby, as anal fin ray counts (which presumably was used to separate them) may overlap. Differences in head shape, maxillary length relative to eye, and the presence of tusks in C. stigmaticus compared to the darter goby could be considered in future keys. Color patterns are also strikingly di...
Reactive Collisions Of Laser Excited Atoms

Recent progress in the study of chemical reactions of laser pumped electronically excited atoms is presented. A brief discussion of the design of these types of experiments is given and is based largely on the constraints imposed by presently available laser systems. A new tunable laser source developed to increase the range of experiments accessible to workers in the field is also described. Several examples of recent experiments on the reactions of laser excited atoms are given. Emphasis is given to the interpretation of the experimental results with various surface model calculations. Finally, a quick consideration of the importance of laser photochemistry to near-term industrial applications is outlined.
A Super Contribution to Vocational Theory: Work Values

This article traces the influence of Donald E. Super in introducing the concept of work values into career development and vocational theory. It reviews the conceptualization, taxonomy, and assessment of work values. Research bearing on Super's “onion model,” representing his views on the relationship of work values to other variables in the affective domain, is also presented. Finally, an overview is given of the research evidence regarding any functional role that work values actually play in the career development of individuals.
TEST TIME REDUCTION THROUGH OPTIMAL DEGRADATION TESTING

In industry, bogey testing, also known as the zero-failure testing, is often used to demonstrate that a product achieves the required reliability at a high confidence level. This test method is simple to apply; however, it requires excessive test time and/or a large sample size, and thus is usually unaffordable. For some products whose failure is defined as a performance characteristic exceeding a threshold, it is possible to measure the performance characteristic during testing. The measurement data can be employed to predict whether or not a test unit will fail by the end of test. When there are sufficient data to make such a prediction with a high degree of confidence, the test of the unit can be terminated. As a result, the test time is reduced. Yang studies the test time reduction for Weibull and binomial distributions.1 This paper describes the test method for lognormal distribution. In particular, this paper describes the sample size, degradation models, and cost function for the lognormal distribution. Then the paper describes the optimum test plans, which choose the optimal sample size and the expected test time, by minimizing the total test cost and simultaneously satisfying the constraints on the type II error and the available sample size. An example is given to illustrate the test method.
Local Resistance to Community-Based Care Facilities

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the major issues related to the resistance to community based care facilities that occurs in urban areas. Information for the paper was gathered through interviews with representatives of four community based residential treatment facilities and interviews with local and state officials involved in community care controversies. The following critical variables were found to be significant in understanding community resistance and overcoming it: (1) overconcentration resulting in “group home ghettoes;” (2) client characteristics perceived by local residents as being threatening to the safety or aesthetics of the neighborhood; (3) type of neighborhood, e.g., socio-economic level, ethnic composition, and land use; (4) type of opposition and resistance used by local groups, including the circulation of petitions and flyers, law suits, the organization of residents' associations to oppose, refusal of local government to grant necessary permits, testimony before...
Abstract 782: Development of folate receptor positive drug-resistant cell lines and strategies to overcome drug resistance

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL In support of our clinical strategy to treat folate receptor (FR)-positive platinum resistant ovarian cancer patients with the folate desacetylvinblastine (DAVLBH) conjugate, EC145, we created two FR-expressing DAVLBH resistant cell lines (named KB-DR and NCI/ADR-FR). Results from a calcein efflux assay confirmed that the KB-DR and NCI/ADR-FR cell lines both express high levels of an efflux pump, and subsequent flow cytometry analysis using an anti-p-glycoprotein (pgp) antibody (MRK-16) confirmed pgp overexpression. As predicted, these DAVLBH-resistant cell lines were also less sensitive to single agent EC145. However, when tested in combination with known pgp inhibitors, such as lapatinib or verapamil, substantially enhanced cell killing activity was observed. Furthermore, folate conjugates of non-pgp substrates, such as folate-tubulysin and a folate-epothilone, were also found to be highly active against these drug-resistant cell lines. In subsequent studies, we created a cisplatin resistant cell line (named KB-CR) and found that it remained just as susceptible to EC145 as the parent KB cells, suggesting that cisplatin-resistance did not affect FR function or sensitivity to folate-targeted microtubule inhibitors. Since the development of drug resistance did not appear to alter the function or exploitability of the FR, these new models will be useful for testing novel folate-targeted strategies for the treatment of difficult-to-treat cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 782. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-782
The sequences of reovirus serotype 3 genome segments M1 and M3 encoding the minor protein μ2 and the major nonstructural protein μNS, respectively

Abstract The sequences of the M1 and M3 genome segments of reovirus serotype 3 strain Dearing, which encode protein μ2, a minor capsid component, and protein μNS, one of the two nonstructural proteins, are reported. They are 2304 and 2235 base pairs long, respectively, and proteins μ2 and μNS comprise 736 and 719 amino acids, respectively. This completes the sequencing of the reovirus serotype 3 genome: it comprises 23,549 basepairs. Neither protein μ2 nor protein μNS possesses any sequence similarity to any protein sequence in gene banks, nor any of the commonly recognized motifs indicative of specialized function. Protein μ2 has a higher α-helix content (36%) than other capsid proteins; for it, the ratio of amino acids in α- helix β- sheet configuration is 1.2, whereas that of typical reovirus capsid proteins ranges from 0.5 to 0.9. Thus it is not a typical capsid protein. Protein μNS has a very high α-helix content (about 50%; α- helix β- sheet ratio 2.5), which is very similar to that of the other nonstructural reovirus protein, protein σNS. The C-terminal regions of μNS and various myosins exhibit periodic sequence similarity elements indicative of helical structure. Protein μNS exists in two forms in infected cells: protein μNS and a protein, μNSC, which lacks a region of about 5 kDa at its N-terminus. Pulse-chase analysis in vivo suggests that protein μNSC is not a cleavage product of protein μNS; further, protein μNSC is formed along with protein μNS in in vitro protein synthesizing systems, whereas protein μ1C, the cleavage product of protein μ1, is not. It is likely, therefore, that protein μNSC, is a primary translation product, formed either by ribosomes reading through the first initiation codon of m1 messenger RNA at position 14 and initiating at codon 42, or by de novo internal initiation at this codon.
Interaction of hydrogen (H+) and manganese (Mn2+) concentrations on the shoot growth of sorghum cultivars

Abstract Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seedling (14‐day) shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight were determined in plants grown in ‘white quartz flintshot’ sand and watered with 0.01 M sodium acetate at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, or 4.0 to which Mn2+ (0, 1.4, 14.0, or 140.0 mg/Kg) was added. Cultivars evaluated were 38M, 58M, GP‐140, SC283, SC574, TAM428, and Funk G522DR. Numbers of plants visible above the ground line were influenced by excess H+ and Mn2+ but the influences on germination and emergence were small. Leaf length, fresh weight, and dry weight were markedly influenced by H+ and excess Mn2+; and these responses in shoots were explicable as interacting influences on gibberellic acid biosyntheses and translocation.
Interaction of Spatial Visualization and General Reasoning Abilities with Instructional Treatment in Quadratic Inequalities: A Further Investigation.

Reasoning Test Denotes Analytic Group Denotes Graphical Group Fig. 1. Regression Planes Designating the Graphical and Analytical Treatment Groups Table 5 presents F statistics for testing the significance of the variance accounted for by regression within treatment groups. For the analytic treatment group, the regression is significant (p < .0001), but for the graphical treatment group, the regression does not reach significance at the .05 level. TABLE 5 REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR WEIGHTING PREDICTORS OF THE TRANSFER TEST SCORES Std. Regression Nec. Arith. Abstract Weights Opns. Reasoning Mult. R. F p Graphical Group .02 .35 .37 3.02 .06 (2,39) Analytical Group .62 .13 .70 16.65 .0001 (2,35) Combined Groups .29 .24 .46 10.37 .0001 (2,77)
Effects of radio-transmitter methods on pileated woodpeckers: An improved technique for large woodpeckers

Abstract We captured and radio-marked 64 Dryocopus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker) in bottomland hardwood forests from February 2007 to June 2010. At least 12 (35.3%) of the first 34 birds radio-tagged died within 43 d of capture ( = 8.2 d). Thus, we adjusted our radio-attachment techniques adaptively from a figure-eight harness to a tail-mount, and reduced handling times to minimize stress on woodpeckers. In 2009 and 2010, after the change in attachment type and modified handling protocol including a reduction of handling time (from ca. 1 h to 30 min), all 30 radio-marked birds (100%) survived the entire field season (≥3 mo). These data suggested that Pileated Woodpeckers, and perhaps other large woodpeckers, have an increased risk of death when tagged with figure eight harnesses, handled for longer periods and more obtrusively, and captured on days with relatively cold temperatures. We submit that future telemetry on this species or other large woodpeckers should not employ the figure-eight harnesses and...
Photometric and spectroscopic modeling of starspots on the RS Canum Venaticorum binary HD 26337

Results are presented on photometric and spectroscopic observations made in 1987-1988 on the rapidly rotating G5 subgiant in the single-lined RS CVn binary HD 26337. Results show the existence of a cool polar spot on HD 26337, which is rather long lived, persisting at least the nine years of the photometry observations. The polar spot contributes only insignificantly to the light curve amplitude, but is crucial for the overall brightness of the system. Evidence is also found for extremely rapid light curve shape variations on a time scale of only one or two rotation cycles. These changes could be modeled by rapidly decreasing a spot area.
Effects of isoxazolium cations on some isolated muscle preparations

1. The quaternary ammonium compound, N,t-butyl-5-methyl isoxazolium perchlorate (BIP), an anionic group reagent, initially causes contractions of the rat phrenic-nerve diaphragm, guinea-pig ileum and rabbit aortic strip preparations in vitro.2. In addition, the drug produces an irreversible block of indirectly elicited twitch responses in the diaphragm and of contractions induced by acetylcholine, methylfurmethide, dimethyl-phenylpiperazinium, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, angiotensin and pilocarpine in the ileum, while direct electrical stimulation of the diaphragm and contractions of the ileum to Ba and K ions are relatively unaffected.3. BIP is also an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase but not of butyrylcholinesterase.4. On rabbit aortic strip preparations, responses to histamine, noradrenaline and 5-HT were differentially sensitive to irreversible blockade by BIP.5. Diphenhydramine, used in conditions which gave complete protection of the histamine response to irreversible block by dibenamine, did not protect against the blocking action of BIP but increased the blockade.6. These results suggest that BIP reacts covalently with anionic groups which mediate receptor initiated stimuli. The isoxazolium group may be useful in conferring irreversible properties by its substitution in drug molecules for the pyrrole or pyrrolidine group.
Nonlinear Model for Acetazolamide

Intravenous bolus injections of 14C-labeled acetazolamide were made in rabbits. Plasma, urine, and washed red blood cell concentrations were measured, the latter indicating bound drug. AUTOAN and NONLIN were used to fit the plasma data to a linear two-compartment model. However, utilization of the urine and red blood cell data suggested that a nonlinear model was more appropriate. The developed nonlinear system uses a one-compartment model with two tissue-binding parameters. The system simultaneously fits three equations describing drug in the plasma, in the body, and bound to red blood cells. Six parameters were estimated. The initial plasma concentration and the maximum amount bound to tissue protein (minus red blood cell protein) correlated with dose. The dissociation constant from this protein fraction suggested that it is composed mainly of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. The dissociation constant for the red blood cell fraction suggested that the drug binds to other protein in addition to carbonic anhydrase. The elimination constants were quite similar, indicating little variation from one animal to another. Utilization of the concepts of site and mechanism of action in this model should be of considerable help in relating drug concentration to pharmacological response.
Closed-Form Kinetic Parameter Estimation Solution to the Truncated Data Problem

In a dedicated cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system, the detectors are focused on the heart and the background is truncated in the projections. Reconstruction using truncated data results in biased images, leading to inaccurate kinetic parameter estimates. This paper has developed a closed-form kinetic parameter estimation solution to the dynamic emission imaging problem. This solution is insensitive to the bias in the reconstructed images that is caused by the projection data truncation. This paper introduces two new ideas: (1) it includes background bias as an additional parameter to estimate, and (2) it presents a closed-form solution for compartment models. The method is based on the following two assumptions: (i) the amount of the bias is directly proportional to the truncated activities in the projection data, and (ii) the background concentration is directly proportional to the concentration in the myocardium. In other words, the method assumes that the image slice contains only the heart and the background, without other organs, that the heart is not truncated, and that the background radioactivity is directly proportional to the radioactivity in the blood pool. As long as the background activity can be modeled, the proposed method is applicable regardless of the number of compartments in the model. For simplicity, the proposed method is presented and verified using a single compartment model with computer simulations using both noiseless and noisy projections.
COSUPPRESSION COMES TO THE ANIMALS

Discovery that a process might be ancient and phylogenetically widely distributed usually leads to dramatic increases in insight as diverse, idiosyncratic sources of experimental power are simultaneously brought to bear. Addition of the Drosophila genetic system to the power of plant and fungal genetics can be expected to produce substantive new understanding of cosuppression in the next several years. Moreover, it will be of considerable interest and potential technical value to establish whether cosuppression occurs in other animal lineages, including vertebrates, as the newly expanded body of evidence clearly predicts. In this context it will be of great interest to see further analysis of the recently reported transgene silencing of a normally imprinted mammalian gene to determine if this represents cosuppression or a more specialized mechanism associated with imprinting (Hatada et al. 1997xHatada, I., Nabetani, A., Arai, Y., Ohishi, S., Suzuki, M., Miyabara, S., Nishimune, Y., and Mukai, T. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9120–9122Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (25)See all ReferencesHatada et al. 1997).
POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN THE BEETLE TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM. I. GENETIC ARCHITECTURE

We used joint-scaling analyses in conjunction with rearing temperature variation to investigate the contributions of additive, non-additive, and environmental effects to genetic divergence and incipient speciation among 12 populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, with small levels of pairwise nuclear genetic divergence (0.033 < Nei's D < 0.125). For 15 population pairs we created a full spectrum of line crosses (two parental, two reciprocal F1's, four F2's, and eight backcrosses), reared them at multiple temperatures, and analyzed the numbers and developmental defects of offspring. We assayed a total of 219,388 offspring from 5147 families. Failed crosses occurred predominately in F2's, giving evidence of F2 breakdown within this species. In all cases where a significant model could be fit to the data on offspring number, we observed at least one type of digenic epistasis. We also found maternal and cytoplasmic effects to be common components of divergence among T. castaneum populations. In some cases, the most complex model tested (additive, dominance, epistatic, maternal, and cytoplasmic effects) did not provide a significant fit to the data, suggesting that linkage or higher order epistasis is involved in differentiation between some populations. For the limb deformity data, we observed significant genotype-by-environment interaction in most crosses and pure parent crosses tended to have fewer deformities than hybrid crosses. Complexity of genetic architecture was not correlated with either geographic distance or genetic distance. Our results support the view that genetic incompatibilities responsible for postzygotic isolation, an important component of speciation, may be a natural but serendipitous consequence of nonadditive genetic effects and structured populations.
Voltage, Fluence, and Polarity Dependence of Trap Generation inside of Thin Silicon Oxide Films

The tunnelling front model has been used to obtain the spatial distribution of high-voltage, stress generated traps inside of MOS capacitors. It was found that the number of traps created by high voltage stress was proportional to the cube root of the fluence through the oxide during the stress. Measurement of the trap generation rate indicated that fewer traps were being created as higher amounts of charge were passed through the oxide. Further tests indicated that there was a voltage dependence to the trap generation which was independent of stress polarity.
Lidar determinations of extinction in stratus clouds

A field test has been carried out to compare calculations made from lidar data to direct sensor measurements as tools for determining extinction as a function of altitude in the first kilometer of the earth’s atmosphere during the presence of haze layers and stratus clouds; 1.06-μm wavelength lidar returns were reduced using methods based on the stable solution to the lidar equation proposed by Klett. Direct sensor data were obtained from particulate spectrometers and a point visibility meter carried aloft by a tethered hydrogen balloon. The extinction profiles obtained from reduced lidar data are qualitatively in excellent agreement with those from the airborne payload. At moderate to high extinction values encountered in stratus clouds quantitative agreement is reasonably good; in haze conditions the agreement is less satisfactory, not only between the lidar results and those from the direct sensors, but between the results from the particle size distribution data and visibility meter data as well. Nevertheless, considering that extinction can vary over 4 orders of magnitude in such profiles, it is concluded that lidar is a quantitatively useful tool for studying stratus layers and is a particularly good means for determining ceiling altitude.
An Overview of Occupational Alcoholism Issues for the 80's

The past decade has been a period of learning and experimentation in occupational alcoholism and employee assistance programming (EAPs). Assumptions regarding the essential ingredients for such program's sponsorship and principal targets, changed during this period.The professionalization of the U.S. work force is thought to require further modification of EAP casefinding. Future EAPs are expected to place less emphasis on supervisory confrontation than on broader types of casefinding. Early identification, prior to a decline in job performance, is anticipated. Employee involvement, attention to poly-drug addiction, family disruption, employee education, and the need for drug-free lifestyles are essential for future programs to succeed and labor law needs to be considered when employee organizations attempt to operate EAPs.EAP consortia are seen as a method of reaching the bulk of the work force. Start-up capital and uniform insurance coverage are unsolved problems for consortia.
Comparative analysis of hydrologic signatures in two agricultural watersheds in east-central Illinois: legacies of the past to inform the future

Abstract. Historically, the central Midwestern US has undergone drastic anthropogenic land use change, having been transformed, in part through government policy, from a natural grassland system to an artificially drained agricultural system devoted to row cropping corn and soybeans. Current federal policies are again influencing land use in this region with increased corn acreage and new biomass crops proposed as part of an energy initiative emphasizing biofuels. To better address these present and future challenges it is helpful to understand whether and how the legacies of past changes have shaped the current response of the system. To this end, a comparative analysis of the hydrologic signatures in both spatial and time series data from two central Illinois watersheds was undertaken. The past history of these catchments is reflected in their current hydrologic responses, which are highly heterogeneous due to differences in geologic history, artificial drainage patterns, and reservoir operation, and manifest temporally, from annual to daily timescales, and spatially, both within and between the watersheds. These differences are also apparent from analysis of the summer low flows, where the more tile-drained watershed shows greater variability overall than does the more naturally drained one. In addition, precipitation in this region is also spatially heterogeneous even at small scales, and this, interacting with and filtering through the historical modifications to the system, increases the complexity of the problem of predicting the catchment response to future changes.
Black Shale Deposition in Central New York

The Devonian black shales of central New York are described. The current theories of black shale deposition are briefly reviewed, and their application to the black shales of central New York is discussed. The conclusion is reached that the type of decomposition rather than the type of organic material determines the bituminous content of these shales and that this particular type of decay existed only where the water was truly saline and toxic conditions were present. Comparatively shallow water seems to have been the environment of deposition.
Natural and Anthropogenic Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater in a Rural Community, California

Contamination of small basins impacts the quality of groundwater resources and the health of residents dependent on local, limited water supplies. Understanding contaminant sources is crucial not only to planning mitigation and cleanup but also to the rural community, who must participate in any scientific or regulatory effort. Groundwaters, rock, and soil samples representative of the Sierra Pelona Valley in an arid, “Mediterranean” climate region of southern California indicate significant anthropogenic nitrate contamination. Groundwater nitrate from diverse sources can be differentiated on the basis of chemical and isotopic compositions. Samples analyzed for dissolved or leachable ion concentrations as well as δ15N provide both chemical and isotopic signatures that distinguish between potential contaminant sources. Data indicate a predominance of anthropogenic, organic human and/or animal waste and decay of irrigation-enhanced vegetation. Natural nitrate sources are minor but include low concentration ...
Stability of linear equations algebraic approach

This article could be of interest to teachers of applied mathematics as well as to people who are interested in applications of linear algebra. We give a comprehensive study of linear systems from an application point of view. Specifically, we give an overview of linear systems and problems that can occur with the computed solution when the coefficient matrix is obtained via experimentation. By giving the initial tolerance for the solution, the estimate of the admissible tolerance for the error matrix, and the error of the solution relative to the norm of the computed solution can be determined. The approach we use is standard properties of the Banach algebra on matrices equipped with the spectral norm.
Cruise line logo recognition.

Abstract The North American cruise industry is experiencing a period of globalization and contraction. This study, via a survey instrument, tests the hypothesis that cruise line logos are not well recognized. It identifies factors that could lead to higher recognition rates, and discusses the importance of brand marketing as an industry matures. An analysis and interpretation of the results support the hypothesis. Major findings of the analysis were that a combination of specific logo characteristics and a respondent's familiarity with a particular cruise line or the overall cruise industry contribute to higher recognition rates.
Prehistoric Seasonality Studies in Coastal Southern New England

The results of seasonality studies undertaken with prehistoric faunal materials from the Greenwich Cove site in coastal Rhode Island are presented. Growth patterns in shells of the hard clam or quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) are used to reconstruct the time(s) of year this species was collected. A controlled study of seasonal growth provides a comparative baseline for this analysis. Seasonality of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hunting is interpreted through the examination of growth structures in preserved teeth. The seasonal availability of migratory species is also considered. Relatively year-round coastal settlement is proposed for the final centuries of the prehistoric period.
Advanced refractory-metal and process technology for the fabrication of x-ray masks

This paper provides an in-depth report of the advanced materials and process technology being developed for x-ray mask manufacturing at IBM. Masks using diamond membranes as a replacement for silicon carbide are currently being fabricated. Alternate tantalum-based absorbers, such as tantalum boron, which offer improved etch resolution and critical dimension control, as well as higher x-ray absorption, are also being investigated. In addition to the absorber studies, the development of conductive chromium-based hard-mask films to replace the current silicon oxynitride layer is being explored. The progress of this advanced-materials work, which includes significant enhancements to x-ray mask image-placement performance, will be outlined.
Changes during development of mouse brain in the activities and subcellular distributions of creatine and adenylate kinases.

— The activities and electrophoretic patterns of creatine (CK) and adenylate (AK) phosphokinases were determined in the mitochondrial and high speed supernatant fractions of developing and adult mouse brain. The CK activity of the cytosol increases three-fold between 9 and 19 days of age and four-fold by 29 days. Mitochondrial CK activity increases from birth to reach a maximum four-fold that at birth by 19 days of age. The developmental changes in soluble AK activity parallels that of CK. Although the increase in CK activity of the mitochondria exceeds that of the mitochondrial proteins during the period of rapid brain development, mitochondrial AK specific activity changes little. No major changes were found during development in the electrophoretic patterns of proteins with CK or AK activity in the supernatant and mitochondrial fractions. The changes in mitochondrial CK and AK activity parallel the change from a predominantly glycolytic to an aerobic mode of brain metabolism and support the concept that these enzymes play an important role in mitochondrial energy metabolism. Soluble CK and AK activity increase concomitant with neuronal maturation and the associated greatly increased need for rapidly available high energy phosphate.
Profit Prediction in Cow/Calf Operations: Part 1, CowCost Software Program

Management and marketing are key components of success and profitability of any beef cow/calf operation. There are many factors involved in management of a cow/calf operation and in marketing its products. These factors interact in a complex manner making any attempt to separate their effects, when predicting profitability as a function of management and marketing decisions, difficult and impractical. Therefore, we developed a simple computer program (CowCost, runs under Windows95 or Windows98) to enable producers to evaluate various management practices and their potential impacts on profitability. The program links the management and marketing variables commonly found in a cow/calf operation in an interactive way. This results in an immediate response to any changes in the input data and, therefore, provides the users with the ability to test many what if scenarios and their subsequent effects on profitability. In turn, producers can check many different scenarios, prices, costs, and how they will affect the value of a cow. It is both a program to evaluate management ideas and profit potential of chosen scenarios. The program considers money borrowed to buy a cow, duration of the loan, cost of the cow, salvage value of the cow, yearly cow cost, calf weaning weight, calf price per pound and other variables to evaluate profit potential. Varying any one of these gives insight to management practices that could be emphasized to increase profit. The program allows investigation of the effects of costs relative to other inputs in decisions about purchasing cows.
Energy Portfolio Management with Entry Decisions over an Infinite Horizon

We study a firm that has a conventional plant and considers introducing a new plant as an alternative to generate electricity. The firm’s decision includes the optimal entry time for the new plant, and the optimal dispatch between the existing plant and the new plant after it has been constructed to maximize the expected profit over an infinite time horizon. Under geometric Brownian motion, we formulate the problems as non-regular mixed optimal stopping/control problem. Due to the intractability of the mixed problem, we decompose it into two auxiliary problems, and characterize the optimal strategies in closed-form by standard value-matching and smooth-pasting conditions. Our numerical example confirms our theoretical results.
Foresight in economic development policy: Shaping the institutional context for entrepreneurial innovation

Abstract In this paper we take issue with the standard economic prescription for a “one size fits all” approach to economic development policies. We first argue that the entrepreneur exists in a much broader institutional context than current economic models of entrepreneurship consider. We then develop a definition of entrepreneurship as a special case of foresight—we argue that entrepreneurs are individuals who enact a unique vision of the future, and show how this view of entrepreneurial action leads to a new view of the basis of competitive advantage for startup firms. We then use this definition of entrepreneurship and the expanded view of institutional context to develop a model of entrepreneurial policies that takes the state of economic development and the unique historical context of the country into account. We close by discussing the implications of the model for policy makers and scenario planners in the domain of economic and institutional development.