cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-level inhibition of galK expression by Spot 42: Degradation of mRNA mK2 and enhanced transcription termination before the galK gene

The Escherichia coli gal operon has the structure Pgal-galE-galT-galK-galM. During early log growth, a gradient in gene expression, named type 2 polarity, is established, as follows: galE > galT > galK > galM. However, during late-log growth, type 1 polarity is established in which galK is greater than galT, as follows: galE > galK > galT > galM. We found that type 2 polarity occurs as a result of the down-regulation of galK, which is caused by two different molecular mechanisms: Spot 42-mediated degradation of the galK-specific mRNA, mK2, and Spot 42-mediated Rho-dependent transcription termination at the end of galT. Because the concentration of Spot 42 drops during the transition period of the polarity type switch, these results demonstrate that type 1 polarity is the result of alleviation of Spot 42-mediated galK down-regulation. Because the Spot 42-binding site overlaps with a putative Rho-binding site, a molecular mechanism is proposed to explain how Spot 42, possibly with Hfq, enhances Rho-mediated transcription termination at the end of galT.
The dynamics of partially extended single molecules of DNA.

The behaviour of an isolated polymer floating in a solvent forms the basis of our understanding of polymer dynamics1,2. Classical theories describe the motion of a polymer with linear equations of motion, which yield a set of ‘normal modes’, analogous to the fundamental frequency and the harmonics of a vibrating violin string. But hydrodynamic interactions make polymer dynamics inherently nonlinear, and the linearizing approximations required for the normal-mode picture have therefore been questioned1. Here we test the normal-mode theory by measuring the fluctuations of single molecules of DNA held in a partially extended state with optical tweezers. We find that the motion of the DNA can be described by linearly independent normal modes, and we have experimentally determined the eigenstates of the system. Furthermore, we show that the spectrum of relaxation times obeys a power law.
COMPUTER MAPPED HOLOGRAM IMAGES IN STRESS ANALYSIS

A new method of data display is presented. The central feature of the method is the production of contour maps in the form of theoretically computed virtual images of a doubly exposed hologram produced by interfermetric holography. Since the method yields a full field of data for the entire region of interest, it may be used to perform computer simulated experiments, before physical testing, to focus an experimenter's attention on critical regions of a test specimen. Finite elements results are presented in full field holographic form for isotropic linear elastic and plastic material behavior. Displacement fields are illustrated using the method of analytical holograms (computer generated hologram images) for a cantilever beam and for a rectangular inelastically loaded plate, with centrally located circular hole. A reference to similar results for anisotropic elasticity and viscoelasticity is cited.
The Costs of Courage: Combat Stress, Warriors, and Family Survival, by Josephine G. Pryce, David H. Pryce, and Kimberly K. Shackelford

Few books have addressed the need to understand the invisible wounds, in addition to the physical wounds, suffered by those who serve in the United States military—especially soldiers who engage in...
On the GCH At Measurable Cardinals

Publisher Summary This chapter focusses on the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH) at measurable cardinals. The chapter discusses a theorem, in which it is supposed that there is a measurable cardinal, κ , such that at least one of the following holds: (1) 2κ > κ+, (2) Every κ-complete filter over κ can be extended to a κ-complete ultra-filter, and (3) there is a uniform κ-complete ultrafilter over κ+. The statement of the theorem and the proof are formalized within Morse-Kelley set theory with the axiom of choice. It is also assumed that κ is a measurable cardinal satisfying the theorem.
PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

The present study examines concentrations and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), steranes, and hopanes in lake trout collected in Lake Michigan. A total of 74 fish were collected in 2 seasons at 3 offshore sites. The total PAH concentration (S9PAH) in whole fish ranged from 223pg/g to 1704pg/g wet weight, and PAH concentrations and profiles were similar across season, site, and sex. The total NPAH (S9NPAH) concentrations ranged from 0.2pg/g to 31pg/g wet weight, and carcinogenic compounds, including 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene, were detected. In the fall, NPAH concentrations were low at the Illinois site (0.2-0.5pg/g wet wt), and site profiles differed considerably; in the spring, concentrations and profiles were similar across sites, possibly reflecting changes in fish behavior. In the fall, the total sterane (S5Sterane) and total hopane (S2Hopane) levels reached 808pg/g and 141pg/g wet weight, respectively, but concentrations in the spring were 10 times lower. Concentrations in eggs (fall only) were on the same order of magnitude as those in whole fish. These results demonstrate the presence of target semivolatile organic compounds in a top predator fish, and are consistent with PAH biodilution observed previously. Using the available toxicity information for PAHs and NPAHs, the expected cancer risk from consumption of lake trout sampled are low. However, NPAHs contributed a significant portion of the toxic equivalencies in some samples. The present study provides the first measurements of NPAHs in freshwater fish, and results suggest that additional assessment is warranted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1792-1801. # 2014 SETAC
Quantifiers and approximation

Summary form only given. An investigation is made of the relationship between logical expressibility of NP optimization problems and their approximation properties. It is shown that many important optimization problems do not belong to MAX NP and that in fact there are problems in P which are not in MAX NP. The problems considered fit naturally in a new complexity class called MAX II/sub 1/. It is proved that several natural optimization problems are complete for MAX II/sub 1/ under approximation preserving reductions. All these complete problems are nonapproximable unless P=NP. This motivates the definition of subclasses of MAX II/sub 1/ that only contain problems which are presumably easier with respect to approximation. In particular, the class called RMAX(2) contains approximable problems and problems like MAX CLIQUE that are not known to be nonapproximable. It is proven that MAX CLIQUE and several other optimization problems are complete for RMAX(2). All the complete problems in RMAX(2) share the interesting property that they either are nonapproximable or are approximable to any degree of accuracy. >
Optimal time slot assignment for mobile ad hoc networks

We present a new approach to find a collision-free transmission schedule for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in a TDM environment. A hexagonal cellular structure is overlaid on the MANET and then the actual demand for the number of slots in each cell is found out. We assume a 2-cell buffering in which the interference among different mobile nodes do not extend beyond cells more than distance 2 apart. Based on the instantaneous cell demands, we propose optimal slot assignment schemes for both homogeneous (all cells have the same demand) and non-homogeneous cell demands by a clever reuse of the time slots, without causing any interference. The proposed algorithms exploit the hexagonal symmetry of the cells requiring O(log logm+mD+n) time, where m is the number of mobile nodes in the ad hoc network, n and D being the number of cells and diameter of the cellular graph.
Awakening to Becoming

This column explores the question: How do you want to be known? Three awakening stories are presented to provide a framework for discussing the humanbecoming processes of creative imagining, affirming personal becoming, and glimpsing the paradoxical. These processes are important in changing living quality and developing personal pattern preferences by which to be known.
Perceptions of Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny among a Select Cohort of Gifted Adolescent Males.

This qualitative study explored the gender schemata of a select cohort of 13 gifted adolescent males. It revealed these adolescents as having an androgynous sex-role identity. However, the findings...
Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.

Conservation of angular momentum is a familiar tenet in science but has seldom been invoked to understand (or predict) chemical processes. We have developed a general formalism based on Wigner’s original ideas concerning angular momentum conservation to interpret the photo-induced reactivity of two molecular donor-acceptor assemblies with physical properties synthetically tailored to facilitate intramolecular energy transfer. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic data establishing excited-state energy transfer from a rhenium(I)-based charge-transfer state to a chromium(III) acceptor can be fully accounted for by Forster theory, whereas the corresponding cobalt(III) adduct does not undergo an analogous reaction despite having a larger cross-section for dipolar coupling. Because this pronounced difference in reactivity is easily explained within the context of the angular momentum conservation model, this relatively simple construct may provide a means for systematizing a broad range of chemical reactions.
CHOP Is Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Apoptosis by Enhancing DR5 Expression in Human Carcinoma Cells

It has been shown that excess stress to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers apoptosis, but the mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear. We and others have reported previously that DR5 expression is up-regulated in thapsigargin (THG)-treated human cancer cells. Here, we provide evidence that CHOP is involved in THG up-regulation of DR5, which is a critical step for ER stress-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. In human colon cancer HCT116 cells, knockdown of DR5 by siRNA blocked THG-induced Bax conformational change along with caspase-3 activation and cell death. Moreover, inhibition of CHOP expression attenuated DR5 up-regulation and apoptosis induced by THG, whereas ectopic expression of DR5 restored the sensitivity of CHOP siRNA-transfected cells to THG-induced apoptosis. In addition to HCT116 cells, inhibition of CHOP or DR5 induction also attenuated THG-induced cell death in other cancer cell lines including LNCaP, A2780S, and DU145, indicating that CHOP and DR5 are critical for ER stress-mediated apoptosis in human carcinoma cells. Furthermore, we identified a potential CHOP-binding site in the 5′-flanking region of the DR5 gene. Mutation of this site abrogated the enhanced reporter activity in response to THG treatment. Together, our findings suggest that CHOP regulates ER stress-induced apoptosis, at least in part, through enhancing DR5 expression in some types of human cancer cells.
Charged Higgs boson production in e−e− collisions☆

Abstract We consider the production of two single charged Higgs bosons at TeV e − e − colliders within the framework of the two-Higgs-doublet extension to the standard model. If the relations among the masses and couplings found in the SUSY version of this model hold, we find cross-sections which are very sensitive to tan β = ν 2 / ν 1 , and are highly suppressed by cancellations among the various contributions. In more general two-doublet models, the cancellations were found to be less important and generally larger cross-sections were obtained. Although the expected event rate for this process is small it provides a way to probe the details of the Higgs physics of the two-doublet model and the higher luminosities of e − e − machines may allow this reaction to be seen at statistically significant rates.
Effects of acute opiate-peptide administration on pro-opiomelanocortin cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary.

The effects of acute injections of synthetic opiate peptides into the lateral cerebral ventricle of young adult male rats on cells of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary were studied. Met-enkephalin (100/μg) injected into anesthetized rats, or 20 μg beta-endorphin administered via a previously implanted cannula to unanesthetized animals, will lead to cell degranulation and often to expanded Golgi zones and prominent regions of rough endoplasmic reticulum in secretory cells when tissue is fixed 45–60 min after peptide administration. Treatment of animals with the opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride prior to enkephalin injection appeared to prevent the cellular changes elicited with peptide alone. Observations suggest that opiate peptides administered to the cerebrospinal fluid may stimulate release of pro-opiomelanocortin-peptide from pituitary cells.
Rate of pathologic complete response with increased interval between preoperative combined modality therapy and rectal cancer resection.

Recent data suggest a favorable prognosis for rectal cancer patients with a pathologic complete response to preoperative combined modality therapy. Prolongation of the interval between preoperative combined modality therapy and surgery (RT-surgery interval) as a means of increasing pathologic complete response rate has not been fully examined. One hundred and fifty-five rectal cancer patients undergoing preoperative pelvic external beam radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy followed by rectal resection were identified. All patients had endorectal ultrasound prior to combined modality therapy. Final pathology reports were reviewed for ypT and ypN stage and margin status. Medical records were reviewed for sphincter preservation, operative time, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, and morbidity (overall, anastomotic, and perineal). A pathologic complete response (ypT0N0) occurred in 24 patients (15 percent). Median RT-surgery interval was 44 (range, 15-206) days. A pathologic complete response occurred in 19 percent of patients with an interval >44 days, vs. 12 percent in those with an interval ≤44 days (P = 0.27). Downstaging by three stages occurred more frequently in the long-interval group (15 percent vs. 6 percent, P = 0.11). The rates of sphincter preservation, positive margins, estimated blood loss, and operative time were not significantly different. Overall morbidity was similar between groups. Our results demonstrate a trend toward increased pathologic complete response rate and downstaging with increased RT-surgery interval. However, sphincter preservation is not increased. Until prospective analyses are conducted assessing the impact of prolonged RT-surgery interval on long-term outcome, the benefit of a prolonged interval between the completion of preoperative combined modality therapy and surgery remains unclear.
Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in various host sites infected with Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda)

Abstract 1. 1. Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses were used to study the effects of trematode parasitism by Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae on sites occupied by this fluke. 2. 2. Oil Red O staining showed that the epithelium in infected sites, i.e., bursa of Fabricius of the domestic chicken, chorionic ectoderm of the chick embryo, and uterus of Campeloma decisum snails, was positive for neutral lipids. 3. 3. TLC showed that infection in the bursa caused an increase in free fatty acids and triglycerides in that organ; infection of the chick chorioallantois caused a decrease in free sterols and sterol esters in the membrane; the uterus of infected snails showed elevated free sterols.
Using the cell signaling literature to teach molecular biology to undergraduates

Molecular biology concepts can be quite abstract and difficult to grasp for even the most talented student. Reducing potential frustration in the learning process, allowing students to take ownership of the course material, and training students to think critically and analytically are common objectives for educators. In this article, pedagogical methods that incorporate the scientific literature to achieve these objectives are described.
Relation between magnetotail magnetic flux and changes in the solar wind during sawtooth events: Toward resolving the controversy of whether all substorm onsets are externally triggered

[1] It has been debated for many years whether all substorm onsets are triggered by a sudden change in the solar wind. Because there is not a generally accepted definition of external triggers, a solar wind change may be identified to be an external trigger by some investigators but not a trigger by others. In this paper, we study the substorm onset from the magnetospheric state during sawtooth events. We do not try to determine whether a solar wind change around the onset is a trigger. Instead, we examine whether an external trigger from the solar wind is always necessary for substorm onset and why large changes in the solar wind do not always trigger sawtooth (substorm) onset. We have analyzed 54 sawtooth onsets and corresponding changes in the solar wind. The mean value of the total magnetic flux in the magnetotail at the sawtooth onsets is 0.98 GWb. Sawtooth onset can occur when the changes in the solar wind are very small (0.5 nPa in the solar wind dynamic pressure and 1 nT in the IMF Bz). We have also identified a number of large changes in the solar wind without occurrence of sawtooth onset, and the mean value of the magnetotail magnetic flux is 0.74–0.79 GWb. However, the large changes in the solar wind do not cause sawtooth onset when the magnetotail magnetic flux is generally smaller than 0.8 GWb in these cases. The observations suggest that sawtooth onset will occur when the magnetotail magnetic flux is close to a critical value (∼1 GWb, depending on the solar wind and geomagnetic activity), no matter whether the corresponding change in the solar wind is large or small. The observations also suggest that no sawtooth (substorm) onset can be triggered by a solar wind change if the magnetotail magnetic flux is ∼25% lower than the critical value of the onset, no matter how large the change in the solar wind is. Sawtooth onset appears to be an internal magnetospheric instability process, and a large change in the solar wind is not necessary for the occurrence of sawtooth onset.
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease: Exclusion of the proteolipid protein locus and documentation of a new locus on Xq

A large X-linked kindred with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher like disease (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease [PMD] lacking a proteolipid protein [PLP] mutation) was studied for linkage to 34 X-chromosome short tandem repeat polymorphism markers. Recombinational events excluded linkage to PLP and supported linkage to a 9.4-cM critical region more than 10 cM away from PLP on the X chromosome. A maximum 2-point lod score of 3.91 was observed for DXS441 at theta = 0.0. Neuropathologic study of one affected male showed intact myelin. The data thus support a different etiology for a disease that clinically resembles PMD, distinguishable phenotypically only by degree of myelin involvement. Other patients with the clinical diagnosis of PMD but without PLP mutations could have mutations at this new locus.
Theoretical Lung Deposition of Hygroscopic NaCl Aerosols

Hygroscopic aerosols grow in size as they are inhaled into the humid airways. An empirical formula describing the growth rate is derived from the results of an exact calculation. The approximate particle growth relation is used to calculate total and regional depositions of dry NaCl aerosols in the human respiratory tract for initial particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 10 μm. Assuming a relative humidity of 99.5% in the airways, total deposition results are found to be in good agreement with recent experimental data, and show a minimum deposition near 0.08 μm. For particles with an initial diameter larger than 0.2 μm, it is found that total deposition is increased due to particle hygroscopicity, whereas an opposite trend is seen for particles initially smaller than 0.2 μm. In most cases, deposition patterns vary appreciably due to the growth of the particles.
ANSI‐1969 Standard Reference Threshold Sound‐Pressure Levels for Audiometers: Some Comments

New standard reference threshold sound‐pressure levels for four audiometric earphones are given in Appendix F of ANS “Specification for Audiometers” S3.6 (1969) effective 1 September 1970. The change in reference level from ASA (1951) to ANSI (1969) is shown to be different for each earphone type. The sources of data for these new reference levels and the relationship of these new levels to ISO standards is discussed.
Calculated and measured reflectivity of ZnGeP/sub 2/

Reflectivity spectra of the chalcopyrite ternary compound ZnGe${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ are studied experimentally and theoretically. The measurements of the reflectivity in both the complete parallel and perpendicular polarizations are made at 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A full zone energy-band structure, the reflectivity and imaginary part of the frequency-dependent dielectric function are calculated using the empirical pseudopotential method. Comparison is made with the measured reflectivity and modulated reflectivity and prominent features in the experimental spectra are identified and associated with interband transitions. In addition, spin-orbit interactions are included at a few points of the Brillouin zone.
Virtually Assisted Optical Colonoscopy

We present a set of tools used to enhance the optical colonoscopy procedure in a novel manner with the aim of improving both the accuracy and efficiency of this procedure. In order to better present the colon information to the gastroenterologist performing a conventional (optical) colonoscopy, we undistort the radial distortion of the fisheye view of the colonoscope. The radial distortion is modeled with a function that converts the fisheye view to the perspective view, where the shape and size of polyps can be more readily observed. The conversion, accelerated on the graphics processing unit and running in real-time, calculates the corresponding position in the fisheye view of each pixel on the perspective image. We also merge our previous work in computer-aided polyp detection for virtual colonoscopy into the optical colonoscopy environment. The physical colonoscope path in the optical colonoscopy is approximated with the hugging corner shortest path, which is correlated with the centerline in the virtual colonoscopy. With the estimated distance that the colonoscope has been inserted, we are able to provide the gastroenterologist with visual cues along the observation path as to the location of possible polyps found by the detection process. In order to present the information to the gastroenterologist in a non-intrusive manner, we have developed a friendly user interface to enhance the optical colonoscopy without being cumbersome, distracting, or resulting in a more lackadaisical inspection by the gastroenterologist.
Influence of environmental exposure on human epigenetic regulation

Environmental toxicants can alter epigenetic regulatory features such as DNA methylation and microRNA expression. As the sensitivity of epigenomic regulatory features may be greatest during the in utero period, when critical windows are narrow, and when epigenomic profiles are being set, this review will highlight research focused on that period. I will focus on work in human populations, where the impact of environmental toxicants in utero, including cigarette smoke and toxic trace metals such as arsenic, mercury and manganese, on genome-wide, gene-specific DNA methylation has been assessed. In particular, arsenic is highlighted, as this metalloid has been the focus of a number of studies and its detoxification mechanisms are well understood. Importantly, the tissues and cells being examined must be considered in context in order to interpret the findings of these studies. For example, by studying the placenta, it is possible to identify potential epigenetic adaptations of key genes and pathways that may alter the developmental course in line with the developmental origins of health and disease paradigm. Alternatively, studies of newborn cord blood can be used to examine how environmental exposure in utero can impact the composition of cells within the peripheral blood, leading to immunological effects of exposure. The results suggest that in humans, like other vertebrates, there is a susceptibility for epigenomic alteration by the environment during intrauterine development, and this may represent a mechanism of plasticity of the organism in response to its environment as well as a mechanism through which long-term health consequences can be shaped.
Dislocation nucleation in bcc Ta single crystals studied by nanoindentation

The study of dislocation nucleation in closed-packed metals by nanoindentation has recently attracted much interest. Here, we address the peculiarities of the incipient plasticity in body centered cubic (bcc) metals using low index Ta single-crystals as a model system. The combination of nanoindentation with high-resolution atomic force microscopy provides us with experimental atomic-scale information on the process of dislocation nucleation and multiplication. Our results reveal a unique deformation behavior of bcc Ta at the onset of plasticity which is distinctly different from that of closed-packed metals. Most noticeable, we observe only one rather than a sequence of discontinuities in the load-displacement curves. This and other differences are discussed in context of the characteristic plastic deformation behavior of bcc metals.
Exploring uncharted terrain in nature's structure space using capillary NMR spectroscopy: 13 steroids from 50 fireflies.

Capillary NMR spectroscopy (CapNMR) was used to characterize 13 new cardenolides and related steroids from a severely mass-limited natural products sample derived from a rare firefly, Lucidota atra. These analyses were carried out on only partially purified samples, each containing 20−100 μg of up to three steroids. Compared to other NMR spectroscopic techniques, CapNMR provided an up to 3-fold gain in sensitivity while maintaining very high spectral quality, which was essential for the identification of the L. atra steroids. We show that CapNMR allows for routine 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic characterization of small molecule samples containing as little as 40 nmol of material.
Elastase Production by Oral Staphylococci

Cultures of staphylococci isolated from the mouth and nose were assayed for their ability to degrade various proteins including elastin. Almost two thirds of the oral cultures and over a half of the nasal cultures produced elastase. Results indicated this to be an extracellular, constitutive enzyme. A role for oral staphylococci in periodontal disease is postulated.
Fabrication of yttria-stabilized zirconia nanofibers by electrospinning

Abstract The technique of electrospinning was employed to fabricate uniform 1-D inorganic–organic composite nanofibers from alcoholic solutions containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and suitable aqueous precursors of yttrium and zirconium ions. Upon firing and sintering under carefully pre-selected time-temperature profiles, yttria-stabilized zirconia nanofibers retaining the original morphological features observed in the as-spun composition were obtained. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline fate of the final product. Analytical tools such as Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elucidate the pathway of ceramic phase formation and the systematic evolution of morphological features in the spun and the processed fibers. Several millimeters long, uniform YSZ nanofibers of high phase purity could be fabricated.
Building an infrastructure to support experimentation with software testing techniques

Experimentation is necessary to provide advances in research on software testing, but without infrastructure to support that experimentation, progress cannot occur. To help with this problem, we have been designing and constructing infrastructure to support controlled experimentation with software testing techniques. This position paper describes our efforts, and the challenges faced in creating infrastructure and making it available.
Intraoperative I-125 vicryl mesh brachytherapy after sublobar resection for high-risk stage I non-small cell lung cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and outcomes of 125 I Vicryl mesh brachytherapy after sublobar resection in stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with poor pulmonary function. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 1997 and July 2004, patients with poor cardiopulmonary reserve who had stage IA and IB (T1-2 N0 M0) NSCLC and a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 )o f>0.6 L were considered for limited surgical resection either by an open or video-assisted thoracoscopic procedure and for a subsequent 125 I Vicryl mesh brachytherapy implant. Mediastinal and hilar lymph node staging was performed routinely in all patients. After clear margins were obtained grossly and on frozen section, a single-plane 125 I implant was designed to encompass a plane consisting of the staple line and a 2-cm margin of surrounding visceral pleura. The implant was introduced through the surgical incision and sutured to the visceral pleura. A prescribed dose of 100-120 Gy was delivered to a volume within 0.5 cm from the plane of the implant. Follow-up orthogonal films or CTs were obtained for dosimetric analysis. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate the local control, locoregional control, and overall survival rates. RESULTS: Of the 110 patients, 65 had stage IA and 45 had stage IB NSCLC. The mean preoperative FEV1 was 47% of the predicted volume. With a median follow-up of 11 months (range 1-68 months), there were four recurrences within the radiation volume. The estimated 5-year local (in-field) control, locoregional control, and overall survival rates were 90%, 61%, and 18%, respectively.
Timing Behavior after Lesions of Zona Incerta and Mammillary Body

Rats with mammillary body lesions produced with an angled approach do not show a "scalloping" in their behavioral records during fixedinterval reinforcement. Control experiments suggest that this effect was due to the electrode piercing the zona incerta, implicating the participation of extrapyramidal structures in timing behavior.
A Safe Place for Predators: Online Treatment of Recovering Sex Offenders

ABSTRACT This study examines the process and effectiveness of a voluntary online support group for recovering sex offenders. The study used unobtrusive observation of the group for a period of 10 months. The support group was facilitated by two nonprofessional, recovering sex offenders. The group was found to be a positive therapeutic environment, with members providing positive support and confrontation through the process of change. Among those who were active participants, there was significant improvement in several indicators of change.
Radar Nowcasting of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning over Houston, Texas

AbstractTen years (1997–2006) of summer (June–August) daytime (1400–0000 UTC) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler data for Houston, Texas, were examined to determine the best radar-derived predictors of the first cloud-to-ground lightning flash from a convective cell. Convective cells were tracked using a modified version of the Storm Cell Identification and Tracking (SCIT) algorithm and then correlated to cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Combinations of three radar reflectivity values (30, 35, and 40 dBZ) at four isothermal levels (−10°, −15°, −20°, and updraft −10°C) and a new radar-derived product, vertically integrated ice (VII), were used to optimize a radar-based lightning forecast algorithm. Forecasts were also delineated by range and the number of times a cell was identified and tracked by the modified SCIT algorithm. This study objectively analyzed 67 384 unique cells and 1 028 510 lightning flashes to find the best lightning forecast criter...
Synthesis of ceramides and cerebrosides in rat brain: comparison with synthesis of lignoceroyl-coenzyme A.

Abstract The α-hydroxylation and conversion of lignoceric acid into ceramide, cerebroside, and water-soluble products in particulate fractions from rat brain was studied in the presence of sphingosine and UDP-galactose, with particular reference to the effects of CoA and the synthesis of lignoceroyl-CoA. The synthesis of lignoceroyl-CoA was found to be almost completely dependent on the addition of exogenous CoA, whereas the formation of water-soluble products, mostly glutamate, was stimulated by, but was not stringently dependent on the addition of CoA. In contrast to these two metabolic pathways, both the synthesis of ceramides and cerebrosides and α-hydroxylation were unaffected by the addition of CoA. While removal of sphingosine and UDP-galactose had drastic effects on the sphingolipid synthesis, COA did not have any effect on the removal. On the other hand, removal of sphingosine resulted in a significant increase of the synmthesis of lignoceroyl-CoA and moderate increase in the formation of water-soluble products. These observations further indicated that CoA ester formation may not be required for the synthesis of these sphingolipids, and suggest that there may be two pathways for oxidative degradation of lignoceric acid in brain—one CoA-dependent and the other CoA-independent.
Spinal cord infarction associated with use of phentermine

A 33-year-old African American woman was admitted with acute onset weakness involving all her extremities of 1-day duration. She experienced pain in her retrosternal and cervical regions, followed by acute onset of numbness and weakness of all her extremities with alteration in tone of her speech. Except for phentermine intake for obesity for the last 3 months, the rest of her medical history was unremarkable. Her vital signs were stable, but the forced vital capacity (FVC) was 0.6 l, negative inspiratory force (NIF) was -45 cmH20, body mass index (BMI) was 38.5 kg/m . Cranial nerve examination was normal except for hypo phonic voice. She had flaccid quadriplegia, diffuse areflexia and mute plantar response. Sensation was decreased to all modalities from C3 (cervical) down with loss of bladder and rectal sphincter control. She had elevation of her serum glucose (221 mg/dl), hemoglobin A1C (9.3 %). Her total cholesterol was 157 mg/dl with low-density lipoprotein levels 97 mg/dl. Basic lab works including CSF examination were normal. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine with and without contrast including diffusionweighted imaging demonstrated acute infarction extending from lower left medulla to T3 (thoracic) vertebral body level predominantly involving the anterior cord with corresponding T2-weighted hyper intense signal abnormality (Fig. 1). Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with contrast and conventional angiogram of the brain and spine failed to reveal abnormalities of the aorta, extra cranial and intracranial vasculature.
Short Term Improvement in Glycemic Control Utilizing Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion: The Effect on 24-Hour Integrated Concentrations of Counterregulatory Hormones and Plasma Lipids in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Eight patients with established insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied before and 2 weeks after the initiation of pumped continuous sc insulin infusion in order to investigate the effect of short term improvement of glycemic control on hormonal and lipid levels. Glycemic control was improved in all patients. Using a constant blood withdrawal pump, accurate 24-h average concentrations, denoted integrated concentrations, were obtained. The mean 24-h integrated concentrations of GH, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine did not change significantly. The mean fasting triglyceride concentration dropped from 119.1 to 83.4 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). The mean 24-h integrated concentration of plasma triglycerides fell from 132.1 to 101.5 mg/dl (P less than 0.02). Both mean fasting and mean 24-h integrated concentrations of plasma cholesterol were lower after improved control. Short term improvement in glycemic control was associated with a reduction in plasma lipid concentrations, but failed to alter mean 24-h integrated concentrations of the measured counterregulatory hormones.
Deformation mechanisms in granitic rocks at shallow crustal levels

Abstract Microstructural observations of naturally faulted granitic gneisses show that feldspar grains are weaker than quartz grains at temperatures below 325γC and at depths of less than 8–10 km. Feldspar grains sustained most of the deformation by grain-scale faulting, slip along cleavage-controlled fractures and cataclasis. Fracture of feldspar grains within fault zones promoted their alteration to kaolinite. Quartz grains also deformed by fracturing, and often healed to form quartz porphyroclasts and mosaics in a comminuted matrix of feldspar and kaolinite. Syntectonic alteration of the feldspar grains may have weakened the fault zones over time and resulted in foliated textures within the fault zones. This study of naturally deformed rocks confirms published experimental results on the behavior of granitic rocks at low temperatures and pressures and, taken together, these data show that the theology of the upper 10 km of the crust is greatly influenced by cataclastic processes in feldspar.
LAND OF SYMBOLS: CACTUS, POPPIES, ORANGE AND OLIVE TREES IN PALESTINE

This article examines the ways in which Palestinians experience belonging to a place and how these experiences and their related ideas and symbols inform social organization through their representation, performance, and manipulations over time. In particular, I explore the articulation of symbols and symbolic representations in relation to the Palestinian encounter with the Zionist project in Palestine starting from the early twentieth century to the present. I demonstrate how dominant symbols change according to changes in the political realities and shifts in the dominant agencies. The most prominent aspect of Palestinians' representations of nationhood and peoplehood through these different symbols across time has been the articulation of their rootedness in the land of Palestine. Hence, the Palestinian “narration” of nationness has been a narration of communities and peoplehood in relation to the land, a narration of formation and reformation in the Palestinian cultural imaginary in the face of its r...
AB initio cluster calculations of the equilibrium distance and geometry of oxygen on the Fe?001? surface

Abstract We present the results of Spin Unrestricted Hartree-Fock cluster calculation of oxygen at the four-fold, bridge and head-on surface sites. The four-fold site is the lowest energy configuration, in agreement with a LEED structure analysis, and the equilibrium distance above the surface, 0.38 A, is close to the LEED result, 0.48 A. These results indicate that cluster calculations may be used to corraborate the LEED analysis and in some cases to predict independently the correct adsorption geometry.
Managing the ASP process: a resource‐oriented taxonomy

Application service providers (ASPs) represent the new wave of business information technology delivery. However, there is little formal literature that helps us understand the distinctions among different ASP‐client relationships and how they need to be managed. This paper adopts a socio‐technical perspective to distinguish among ASP relationships. This distinction is based on the levels of organizational change that the ASP relationship will evoke. This paper then proposes levels of resource allocation that best “fit” each type of relationship. Three specific resources important to ASP‐client relationships are economic outlays, social networks, and knowledge. The model developed in this paper provides academics and practitioners with a tool with which to diagnose the capabilities of a prospective ASP and a model for making resource allocation decisions once the ASP is selected. It raises empirical questions for researchers with regard to resource allocations that best fit specific levels of organizational change following an ASP adoption.
A comparison of four methods of testing emergency medical technician triage skills.

Abstract Triage skills are requislte for all providers of prehospital care. Methods of assessing the acquisition of triage skills vary in complexity and expense. In this study, 61 prehospital care providers classified 20 cases, divided into four groups of five cases each: moulaged live trauma victims, nonmoulaged live trauma victims, nonmoulaged manikin trauma victims, and written scenarios. The providers were asked to classify the cases in each group by assigning triage tags to indicate injury severity and to rank the trauma victims in each group according to the urgency of care required. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences among the four methods in both mean tagging scores (F 3,235 = 8.63, P 3,232 = 6.09, P
Community College Psychology Faculty Uses and Attitudes toward Computer-Assisted Instruction.

ABSTRACT Full-time and part-time psychology faculty at 100 publicly-supported community colleges in 4 midwestern states were surveyed to determine their use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Attitudes about CAI and faculty access and availability of computers for classroom and personal use were also determined. Of the respondents, 97% had computers either in their office or at home. Overall, 60% reported using CAI, which included 69% of full-time and 51% of part-time instructors. The dominant teaching methods utilized were lecture and discussion with computers as the 7th most prevalent teaching technique.
Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract The use of biofloc technology production systems continues to increase in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Recent research demonstrated that outdoor biofloc systems can be used to produce high yields of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, studies have not yet been performed to determine the development and composition of phytoplankton communities and related off-flavor problems in these biofloc production systems. In this study, water samples were collected biweekly from May to November and channel catfish samples were collected during harvest in November from nine 18.6 m2 biofloc culture tanks. Water and fillet samples were analyzed for levels of the common off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). The development and composition of phytoplankton communities in each culture tank was also monitored. In addition, water and biofloc samples were evaluated to assess the microbial sources of geosmin and MIB within the culture tanks. Phytoplankton (including algae and cyanobacteria attached to bioflocs) biomass, as determined by concentrations of chlorophyll a in the water, gradually increased in all tanks over time. Phytoplankton communities that developed in the culture tanks were dominated by fast-growing, unicellular and small colonial types of green algae (chlorophytes) and diatoms (bacillariophytes) and slower growing, small colonial types of cyanobacteria (cyanophytes). A positive correlation (p
Severe constipation with diffuse intestinal myenteric hyperganglionosis

The authors report a case of neuronal intestinal dysplasia in a 6-year-old girl. The disease is characterized by hyperplastic ganglia throughout the large and small intestine, associated with severe constipation. To better understand the pathophysiology of this disease the authors investigated the histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical characteristics of the intestinal tissue in this case. The hyperganglionosis was associated with immunohistochemical findings of intact expression of the neuropeptides controlling the peristaltic reflex, through lower expression of calcitonin-gene related peptide. With the recent progress in our understanding of the neural regulation of gastrointestinal function, it may now be possible to begin to understand the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal motility disorders.
The Concentrations of Ice Particles in Orographic Clouds and Cyclonic Storms over the Cascade Mountains

Abstract Airborne measurements of the concentrations of ice particles in orographic and frontal clouds over the Cascade Mountains of Washington State are described. Ice particles were either rare (>0.1 l−1) or they were present in concentrations at least as great as the ice nucleus measurements. The best-fit line to the concentration C (l−1) of ice particles present in concentrations above 0.1 l−1 iswhere Tc is the cloud top temperature (°C). The maximum concentrations CM of ice particles were often between 1 and 100l−1 in both convective and layered clouds. The best-fit line to conservative estimates of CM is The ice enhancement ratio (defined as the ratio of the concentrations of ice particles to measured ice nuclei) reached values as high as 105 in a cumulus cloud and 2×104 in an altostratus cloud. The best-fit line to maximum values (RM) of this ratio is Several possible explanations for high ice particle concentrations in clouds are reviewed. It is concluded that while it is premature to assume that ...
Needle-localized thoracoscopic resection of indeterminate pulmonary nodules: impact on management of patients with malignant disease.

Background: The efficacy and therapeutic impact of needle-localized thoracoscopic resection (NLTR) was examined in patients with cancer who present with small indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs). Methods: Between December 1991 and August 1992, 30 patients underwent needle localization of 33 IPNs under computed tomography (CT) guidance followed by thoracoscopic resection. All previous attempts to characterize these small pulmonary nodules (mean size 7.9 ± 4.9 mm) had failed. Twenty patients had an established diagnosis of cancer 1 month to 20 years before detection of the lung abnormality, whereas the remaining patients had no prior history of cancer. Results: Histology of NLTR specimens in patients with a previous diagnosis of malignancy included 13 malignant and seven benign lesions. In all patients with cancer, therapeutic decisions were influenced by NLTR results. Thoracoscopic related complications were noted in two patients. Average length of hospital stay for NLTR was 6.7 ± 3.9 days. Conclusion: NLTR in this series has proven to be a safe, well-tolerated, and accurate method for diagnosing and influencing the management of recently identified IPN. NLTR appears warranted for small pulmonary nodules not amenable to less invasive diagnostic modalities.
Total Synthesis of (±)-α-Isosparteine, (±)-β-Isosparteine, and (±)-Sparteine from a Common Tetraoxobispidine Intermediate†

The three title alkaloids were separately prepared in stereocontrolled fashion from a common tetraoxobispidine precursor, 3,7-diallyl-2,4,6,8-tetraoxo-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (16). Bisimide 16 was generated from malonate via acid promoted cyclization of the Knoevenagel condensation adduct 1,1,3,3-propanetetracarboxamide. (±)-α-Isosparteine (dl-2) was elaborated from 16 in 28% overall yield by a two-directional synthetic sequence composed of four reactions: double addition of allylmagnesium bromide, ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM), hydrogenation, and borane mediated reduction. (±)-β-Isosparteine (dl-3) was targeted along similar lines by a strategic reversal in allylation and reduction operations on the core synthon. Thus, 16 was advanced to dl-3 in five steps and 12% overall yield by a reaction sequence commencing with sodium borohydride mediated reduction and followed by double Sakurai-type allylation of the resulting bishemiaminal. The synthesis of dl-3 was concluded by RCM and then global re...