cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of vision in regeneration of goldfish optic axons: Enhancement of axonal outgrowth by a conditioning lesion

Abstract Visual recovery in goldfish after lesions of the optic axons was determined by measuring the times required for reappearance of the startle reaction to sudden illumination, the dorsal light reflex, and food localization. The recovery time for the startle reaction (which showed a normal mean value of 14 to 21 days after optic nerve crush in various experiments) was less when the time required for axonal outgrowth was accelerated by means of a prior (“conditioning”) lesion. From the results of these experiments it was deduced that (a) the normal rate of outgrowth of the axons involved in the initial appearance of the startle reaction was 0.5 mm per day; (b) the acceleration of outgrowth resulting from the conditioning lesion was most pronounced when the interval between conditioning and testing lesions was 14 days; and (c) the conditioning lesion effect was already manifest by 2 days after the conditioning lesion. The time for recovery of the dorsal light reflex (with a normal mean value of 20 to 31 days after optic nerve crush) changed somewhat with axonal outgrowth time, but not as markedly as the recovery time for the startle reaction. The recovery time for food localization (with a normal mean of 34 to 42 days after optic nerve crush) showed no systematic change when the time for axonal outgrowth was varied. To explain these results, we postulate that the recovery time is limited by a fixed interval, the “recovery lag”, which is different for each of the three responses examined. It seems likely that the recovery lag in each case reflects a process occurring in the retinal ganglion cells, and that the differences in recovery lag for the three responses indicate that the three retinal ganglion cell populations involved have different recovery characteristics.
A Classical Approach to Real Exchange Rate Determination with an Application for the Case of Greece

Abstract This paper concerns the determinants of the long term behavior of exchange rates. As is well-known, the present theory of exchange rates is in a state of disarray because none of the current models work at an empirical level. Yet, the persistence of trade deficits, recent currency crises, and the introduction of the Euro render further investigation in the field of exchange rates of vital importance. What is, or what should be, the expected “appropriate” level of exchange rates? The answer is predicated on some postulated theory of the behavior of exchange rates.
SYNTHESIS OF 1,4-DIMETHOXYBENZ[a]ANTHRACENES AND OF 7,10-DIMETHOXYCHOLANTHRENES

(1990). SYNTHESIS OF 1,4-DIMETHOXYBENZ[a]ANTHRACENES AND OF 7,10-DIMETHOXYCHOLANTHRENES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 37-45.
Extrasolar planets and star formation: science opportunities for future ELTs

Future extremely large telescopes will be the engines of major progress in the fields of star and planet formation, brown dwarfs, and extrasolar planets. Their throughput will enable spectroscopic studies of the structure of brown dwarf atmospheres; reveal the composition and kinematics of protoplanetary disks; extend radial velocity searches for extrasolar planets to fainter stars and lower masses; and characterize the surfaces of the most distant Kuiper Belt objects. Their resolution will allow us to resolve and track the orbits of close binary young stars and brown dwarfs, establishing their dynamical masses and calibrating their evolutionary tracks; probe the inner region of young stellar object disks, resolving the jet collimation region in accreting systems and disk inner holes in more evolved ones; and move the horizon for stellar companion searches inward to 40 mas, enabling the direct detection of hot young planets orbiting 10 AU from young T Tauri stars. The high contrast imaging capability of future ELTs is uncertain, and depends on future developments in extreme adaptive optics. Wavefront control considerations suggest a fundamental atmospheric contrast limit of 10 $^{-8}$ for companion searches to nearby solar-type stars, below which detections are unlikely to be possible. To reach this performance level, continuing investments will be needed in extreme adaptive optics work, in addition to careful attention to the specialized requirements of ultra-high contrast imaging in ELT design. Above the 10 $^{-8}$ contrast limit, a 30m telescope has the potential to directly image about a dozen of the currently known radial velocity planets.
The Chebyshev fast Gauss and nonuniform fast Fourier transforms and their application to the evaluation of distributed heat potentials

We present a method for the fast and accurate computation of distributed heat potentials in two dimensions. The distributed source is assumed to be given in terms of piecewise space-time Chebyshev polynomials. We discretize uniformly in time, whereas in space the polynomials are defined on the leaf nodes of a quadtree. The quadtree can vary at each time step. We combine a product integration rule with fast algorithms (fast heat potentials, nonuniform FFT, fast Gauss transform) to obtain a high-order accurate method with optimal complexity. If N is the number of time steps, M is the maximum number of leaf nodes over all the time steps and the input contains a qth-order polynomial representation of f, then, our method requires O(q^3MNlogM) work to evaluate the heat potential at arbitrary MN space-time target locations. The overall convergence rate of the method is of order q. We present numerical experiments for q=4, 8, and 16, and we verify the theoretical convergence rate of the method. When the solution is sufficiently smooth, the 16th-order variant results in significant computational savings, even in the case in which we require only a few digits of accuracy.
Yield, variance and spatial distribution of electron-hole pairs in CsI

Abstract A Monte Carlo (MC) method previously developed has been applied to simulate the interaction of photons, with energies ranging from 50 eV to ∼1 MeV, with CsI and the subsequent electron cascades. The MC model has been employed to compute nano-scale spatial distributions of electron–hole pairs and important intrinsic properties, including W , the mean energy per electron–hole pair, and the Fano factor, F. W exhibits discontinuities at the shell edges that follow the photoionization cross-sections and decreases with increase in photon energy (from ∼19 to 15 eV), with an asymptotic value of 15.2 eV at high energy. This decrease may contribute to the initial rise in relative light yield with incident energy observed experimentally for CsI, thus suggesting that nonlinearity may be associated with intrinsic properties of the material at low energies. F is calculated to increase with increase in energy and has an asymptotic value of 0.28. A significant number of electron–hole pairs is produced through the different ionization channels of core shells and the corresponding relaxation processes, which may explain why F is larger for CsI than for Si or Ge. Finally, the calculated spatial distributions show that the electron–hole pairs are primarily distributed along fast electron tracks. These spatial distributions constitute important input for large-scale simulations of electron–hole pair transport.
Minimum bases for permutation groups: the greedy approximation

Abstract Given generators for a permutation group G on n letters, the question was posed as to whether a polynomial time greedy algorithm always finds a minimum base for G. We answer this in the negative. In fact, we show that the minimum base problem is NP-hard. We go on to exhibit a tight bound for the size of a base produced by the greedy algorithm; let M(G) denote the size of a minimum base for G, then the greedy algorithm produces a base of size O(M(G)log log n), and this bound is sharp with respect to worst case performance.
Contribution of the amygdala to the development of spontaneous hypertension.

Abstract The role of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the development and maintenance of high blood pressure was investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Bilateral lesions in the central nucleus in prehypertensive rats inhibited the development of the high blood pressure, whereas larger amygdaloid lesions that included the central nucleus had no effect on blood pressure when placed in adult rats. No behavioral effects of the lesion were observed in tests of spontaneous activity, passive avoidance or response to hot plate. The central amygdaloid nucleus appears to contribute to the development of hypertension in SHR.
Bring back orphanages—An alternative to foster care?

Abstract The current foster care system in America has not been successful in transitioning youth who are in the system to become productive, independent adults in today's society. Study after study cites the poor adjustment of foster care youth in school settings because of constant change in foster care placements and the corresponding poor achievement of these students. We find many of the youth needing public aide, working at low-paying jobs (if working at all), often caught up in the criminal corrections system, and homeless. Having had no permanent home and very often lacking positive role models, these children have little opportunity to build a solid foundation that might give them the chance to succeed. In addition, the current foster care system has in place short-term home placements, and this system is failing. What is needed are long-term placements for these children–placements that last until adulthood. What we are suggesting is that we as a society consider bringing back orphanages–wellrun facilities that provide a stable environment over time, good educational opportunities, and the chance for the children to develop emotionally in a secure, nurturing environment such as those found at Boys Town, the Hershey School, Kinderhaus and The SEED Foundation.
Multinational corporations, the politics of the world economy, and their effects on women's health in the developing world: a review

Presently, globalization and the world economy maintain power relations that hamper the economic integrity and the political autonomy of the developing world. My paper addresses specific economic conditions that perpetuate poverty and poor health. I examine multinational corporations and their effects on women's health, particularly in Mexico and parts of Asia. The advent of multinational corporate business in Mexico, Malaysia, Philippines, India, and Indonesia has led to increased poverty and human rights abuses. Women bear the brunt of this because of specific international economic arrangements and their low social status, both locally and globally. As a result, their physical, mental, and emotional health is suffering. Solutions to these health problems have been proposed on multiple levels: international top-down approaches (i.e., employing international protectionist regulatory standards, exposing multinationals who infringe on their workers' human rights), as well as local grassroots organizational campaigns (i.e., conducting informational human rights workshops for factory workers). Ultimately, the answers lie in holding corporations accountable to their laborers while developing countries maintain their comparative advantage; this is the only way women's health will improve and the developing world can entice corporate investment.
2-D and 3-D modeling of detachment folds with hinterland inflation : A natural example from the Monterrey Salient, northeastern Mexico

Abstract Geologists now recognize the presence and abundance of detachment folds in various contractional settings. Several two-dimensional geometric and kinematic models exist to describe the development of such structures. These models typically are area-balanced, are interpreted to develop by hinge migration, limb rotation, or a combination of the two processes, and possess a constant regional level outside the fold itself. We present two new two-dimensional geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds that incorporate hinge migration and limb rotation as their deformation mechanisms. These area-balanced models differ from previous models, however, in that they allow ‘hinterland inflation’ to occur, thereby creating a higher local regional level in the hinterland relative to the foreland. This local regional difference across the detachment fold may reflect hinterland uplift due to thickening of the incompetent unit, foreland deflation of the incompetent unit as material migrates into the fold core during fold growth, and/or migration of material out of the fold core as the fold tightens. We illustrate the utility of these models by constructing pseudo-three-dimensional representations of the western termination of the Nuncios Fold Complex in the Monterrey Salient, northeastern Mexico. Our results suggest that the limb rotation model more accurately portrays the overall three-dimensional fold geometry for the Nuncios Fold Complex, matches the observed hinterland inflation, and predicts more reasonable detachment depths for the structure along its length. These results agree with interpreted kinematics based on field observations and illustrate how this modeling approach may help constrain interpretations of detachment folds with hinterland inflation in areas lacking sufficient data.
Effect of energetic electrons on breakdown graphs determined by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) mass spectrometry using steradiancy analyzers

In TPEPICO mass spectrometry, a threshold photoelectron detector is employed to transmit zero kinetic energy electrons. The steradiancy analyzer normally employed allows a small but significant number of non-zero kinetic energy electrons to be transmitted as well. A method has been developed to estimate the contribution to measured breakdown graphs of energetic electrons transmitted through the detector. This technique consists of convoluting the known instrument function and the HeI photoelectron spectrum (PES) with various postulated breakdown curves until the experimental and calculated breakdown curves match. This method has been successfully applied to propane and the C4H8 isomers, but it cannot be applied when the HeI PES does not represent the internal energy distribution in the energy range being examined. This is the case for CF3I; for such cases it is possible to construct a variable-energy PES if the HeI PES, the real breakdown graph and the instrument function are known.
Neighborhood socioeconomic status and perceptions of self-efficacy.

Following Bandura's (1982) social-cognitive theory of self-efficacy, Wilson (1996) hypothesizes a relationship between neighborhood-level socioeconomic status and individual-level perceptions of efficacy. This article evaluates this hypothesis and pursues the following research questions: (1) Are the socioeconomic characteristics of individual's neighborhoods related to their level of self-efficacy? and (2) if so, is this relationship simply due to lower individual-level socioeconomic status (SES), or is neighborhood SES associated with self-efficacy over and above individual-level SES? This project links individual-level data from a national sample of adults in the United States (Americans Changing Lives Survey [1986]) with contextual information from the 1980 census on the poverty and unemployment characteristics of respondents' neighborhoods. Results indicate that high proportions of neighborhood unemployment and public assistance are associated with low levels of self-efficacy above and beyond individ...
Compressive data fusion for multi-sensor image analysis

Multiple views of a scene — obtained via different sensing modalities — have the potential to significantly enhance image analysis for remote sensing and other applications. This benefit is expected to be significant if the multiple views are providing independent, yet useful, information about the underlying classes in a scene. To exploit such multi-sensor information, a compressive-projection approach to the fusion of multi-sensor imagery is proposed. It is argued that that random projections yield subspaces that preserve the discriminative nature of multi-sensor datasets with profound implications in a practical scenario wherein compressive measurements can directly facilitate data fusion without the need for complicated subspace-learning approaches. A case study fusing experimental hyperspectral and LiDAR data demonstrates that statistical learning in the compressive-measurement domain is not only feasible, but also provides a natural framework for sensor fusion without the need for explicit reconstruction from compressive measurements.
A Simple Method for the Display of Chromosomes from Cultures of White Blood Cells with Special Reference to the Ox

THE intensive examination of human chromosomes during the past two years has led to important discoveries in the understanding of certain disorders. Similar studies on domestic animals have barely begun. Before this can be carried out on a large scale, however, it is necessary to develop techniques which can be readily applied in the field since the standard methods used for the display of human chromosomes from cultures of the white blood cells are not necessarily directly applicable to the domestic animals. In this communication we describe the technique we have developed as a result of our interest in the chromosomes of the domestic ox.
Diabetes mellitus and cancer in Werner syndrome

Onishi et al. recently reported here an association of diabetes mellitus (DM) with neoplasm type in newly identified patients with Werner syndrome (WS), an autosomal recessive cancer predisposition syndrome with features of premature aging that include a high risk of DM (Onishi et al. in Acta Diabetol 49(Suppl 1):259-260, 2012; Epstein et al. in Medicine 45:177-121, 1966). In contrast, we did not detect an association between DM and neoplasm type in an independent WS cohort we assembled to determine the histopathologic spectrum and type-specific risk of neoplasia in WS.
Concept Analysis of Good Death in Terminally Ill Patients

The purpose of this concept analysis of good death was to examine the attributes of a good death and explore the changes of the concept over time and its impact on terminally ill patients. The method used for this analysis was the Rodgers' evolutionary method. A literature search was completed using Medline Ovid and Journal Storage (JSTOR).The findings describe the evolution of the good death concept over time from the prehistoric era followed by premodern, modern, and postmodern times. In addition, information is presented about surrogate terms, attributes, antecedents, and consequences associated with good death followed by analysis and discussion of the findings. General attributes of a good death include pain and symptom management, awareness of death, patient's dignity, family presence, family support, and communication among patient, family, and health care providers.
Dietary interventions in prostate cancer

Our understanding of the relationship between diet and prostate cancer is still developing. Currently, randomized, controlled trials are under way that will yield evidence on which to base recommendations regarding dietary regimens, functional foods, and supplement use. For now, data mostly derive from epidemiologic investigations with limited ability to demonstrate cause and effect, or from benchtop research that may have limited application to in vivo systems, especially in humans. Insufficient evidence currently exists to support the use of specific dietary supplements or functional food. Clinicians striving for best clinical practice should therefore encourage weight management because data consistently show that overweight and obesity are associated with progressive disease and increased overall mortality from prostate cancer and other diseases, especially cardiovascular disease.
Self-Perceived Strengths in Leadership Abilities between Suburban and Rural Gifted Students Using the Leadership Strengths Indicator:

In a comparison made between 49 rural and 98 suburban gifted high school students no significant differences in self-perceived leadership potential were found; however, leadership training was recommended for both groups as their scores could probably be increased.
Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis.

During a 2-year period, 233 infants younger than 3 months were prospectively studied to determine whether physical examination, white blood cell and band count, and urinalysis could identify infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infections. Only previously healthy infants (born at term. no perinatal complications, no previous or underlying diseases, no previous antibiotic therapy) were studied. One hundred forty-four (62%) of the 233 infants were considered unlikely to have serious bacterial infections, because they did not have physical findings consistent with ear, soft tissue, or skeletal infection, had between 5000 and 15,000 white blood cells/mm 3 , had less than 1500 bands/mm 3 , and urinalysis yielded normal findings. Eighty-nine (38%) infants did not meet one or more of these criteria and were classified as being at high risk for serious bacterial infection. Only one (0.7%) of the 144 infants in the low-risk group had a serious infection, compared with 22 (25%) of the 89 infants in the high risk group (P
The Effects of Relative System Reliability and Prioritization on Alarm Reaction Patterns

Alarm system operators often manage multiple alarm systems concurrently. Because such situations often accompany cascading events, it is important to know how operators sequence responses. We examined how the relative reliability and priority of two concurrent alarms affected alarm gauge reset patterns. We hypothesized that operators would respond first to an alarm with higher reliability or higher priority when the other variable was held constant. We also expected participants to respond to alarms with higher priority first when they occurred at the same time as a high-reliability alarm. Sixty-one Old Dominion University undergraduates performed a tracking task and responded to gauge fluctuations (alarms). A between subjects ANOVA revealed that participants responded to alarms with higher priority first when reliability was constant, and to higher reliability alarms first when priority was constant. Our results suggest that relative priority and reliability may be useful parameters to control in complex...
Genetically Unstable CXG Repeats are Structurally Dynamic and Have a High Propensity for Folding. An NMR and UV Spectroscopic Study

Recent molecular genetics studies have revealed a correlation between spontaneous, progressive expansion of several DNA trinucleotide repeats and certain hereditary neurodegenerative diseases. Triplet repeat (TR) sequences may be present in structured forms that can mediate the processes interrupting normal cellular replication, transcription, or repair activities, eventually leading to gene mutation. Using high resolution NMR spectroscopy and other biophysical methods, we probed the solution structures and properties of single-stranded TR sequences. These studies have led to the discovery of a new duplex motif (e-motif), present in CCG repeats, and to the elucidation of the structure of the (CTG)3 duplex. In this paper we provide a global picture of the solution behavior of the human disease-related CXG (X = A, C, G, or T) and the comparison GXC (X = A, or T) TR sequences. All six triplet repeats form antiparallel duplexes. The mismatched bases in CAG and CGG repeat duplexes are rather flexible and they do not appear to form stable, paired conformations. By comparison, GAC repeat duplexes and their mismatched A residues are well-structured. Most interestingly, the structures of the disease-related CXG repeats exhibit a propensity for folding at chain lengths as short as 12 residues. Furthermore, the energy barrier for the formation of homo-duplexes from the corresponding complementary hetero-duplexes are much lower for the CXG TR sequences than for the GAC or GTC TR sequences. These results provide insights into the conformation and physiochemical properties of TR sequences. Thus, a basis is provided for further studies of the behavior of long TR sequences in an effort to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of in vivo expansion and function of TR sequences.
Examining the Impacts of Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings

Abstract Numerous studies have found that suburban residents drive more and walk less than residents in traditional neighbourhoods. What is less well understood is the extent to which the observed patterns of travel behaviour can be attributed to the residential built environment (BE) itself, as opposed to attitude‐induced residential self‐selection. To date, most studies addressing this self‐selection issue fall into nine methodological categories: direct questioning, statistical control, instrumental variables, sample selection, propensity score, joint discrete choice models, structural equations models, mutually dependent discrete choice models and longitudinal designs. This paper reviews 38 empirical studies using these approaches. Virtually all of the studies reviewed found a statistically significant influence of the BE remaining after self‐selection was accounted for. However, the practical importance of that influence was seldom assessed. Although time and resource limitations are recognized, we r...
Wide variations in energy delivery using an impedance-controlled algorithm in bipolar radiofrequency ablation: evidence against fixed time ablation.

ObjectiveBipolar radiofrequency ablation recently has been used to replace many of the incisions of the Cox-Maze procedure in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. The unique aspect of thi...
BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REPLUX

A retrospective review of 953 admissions to the newborn intensive care unit over 3 years reveals 67 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The diagnosis was made if the infant required oxygen at 21 days of age and had an x-ray compatible with BPD. 16 infants during this 3 years were diagnosed as having severe gastroesophageal reflux with life threatening symptoms including late severe apnea, aspiration pneumonia and refusal to eat causing failure to thrive. Only two of the 16 were well growing prematures. The other 14 infants with reflux also had BPD. The occurrence of reflux in our BPD patients was 21%. The overall mortality for infants with BPD was 31%. Mortality for infants with BPD and reflux was 21%. Screening for reflux was not done on infants without the life threatening events noted above and since small recurrent episodes of aspiration may be missed on an x-ray compatible with BPD, consideration may need to be given to reflux as a major contributor to the downhill course of BPD.
Postpartum paraparesis from spinal neurofibroma.

Abstract Background context One hallmark of neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is the presence of multiple neurofibromas, which are hormonally responsive and may undergo rapid growth during periods of hormonal surge. Although spinal neurofibromas occur in up to 40% of patients with NF1, they rarely cause neurologic sequelae, especially in the young. Purpose To document a unique case of acute postpartum paraparesis in a young woman because of an extradural neurofibroma compressing the conus medullaris and discuss the possible hormonal influences related to rapid growth of this otherwise “benign” nerve sheath tumor. This case demonstrates the importance of closely monitoring patients with known NF1 for neurologic symptoms, especially during pregnancy and the postpartum period. We also seek to describe the management of this patient, which resulted in an excellent outcome. Study design Case report and literature review. Methods Detailed history was obtained from the patient and her family members. All medical records, imaging studies, histopathological findings, and pertinent literature were reviewed. Results After evaluating a 26-year-old postpartum woman with NF1 for paraparesis, magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed a large heterogeneously enhancing mass at the conus medullaris. She subsequently underwent resection of the mass via laminectomy. Postoperatively, the patient exhibited marked improvement in weakness and was able to ambulate with assistance 2 days later. Histopathological examination of the mass revealed a neurofibroma with strong expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Conclusions This patient had a spinal neurofibroma, which likely grew in size within the peripartum period, causing a neurologic emergency. The rapid growth of the neurofibroma may have been the result of hormonal influence of estrogen or progesterone or both. To the best of our knowledge, rapid paraparesis caused by a spinal neurofibroma has never been reported in a peripartum setting. Laminectomy with complete tumor resection is the preferred treatment for spinal neurofibromas causing acute neurologic symptoms.
NLR's and left-atrial thrombus in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Response to: Balta S, Kurtoglu E, Kucuk U, Demirkol S, Ozturk C. Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio as an important assessment tool. Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 12(5), 537–538 (2014).We thank Balta and...
Carbon Monoxide: Association of Community Air Pollution with Mortality

Regression analysis of daily mortality in Los Angeles County shows that there is a significant association between community carbon monoxide concentrations and mortality. Cyclic variation and maximum temperature were the main contributors. No association was demonstrated between oxidant and mortality.
Refractory epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis: Vagus nerve stimulation with or without subsequent resective surgery

Abstract Objective The goal of the work described here was to assess the efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation in a cohort of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex with refractory epilepsy. Furthermore, we examined the impact of vagus nerve stimulation failure on the ultimate outcome following subsequent intracranial epilepsy surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 19 patients with refractory epilepsy and TSC who underwent vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation. There were 11 (58%) females and 8 (42%) males aged 2 to 44 years when the VNS was implanted (mean: 14.7 ± 12 years). Twelve patients underwent primary VNS implantation after having failed a mean of 7.1 antiepileptic drugs. Two patients (17%) had generalized epilepsy, one had a single seizure focus, three (25%) had multifocal epilepsy, and six (50%) had multifocal and generalized epilepsy. Seven patients were referred for device removal and evaluation for intracranial procedures. One patient in the primary implantation group was lost to follow-up and excluded from outcome analysis. Results All implantations and removals were performed without permanent complications. The duration of treatment for primary VNS implants varied from 8.5 months to 9.6 years (mean: 4.9 years). Mean seizure frequency significantly improved following VNS implantation (mean reduction: 72%, P Conclusions VNS is a safe and effective treatment option for medically refractory epilepsy in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Nine of 11 patients (82%) experienced at least a 67% reduction in seizure burden. Lack of response to vagus nerve stimulation does not preclude subsequent improvement in seizure burden with intracranial epilepsy surgery.
Super diffraction lithography (SDL): fine random line pattern formation by single-exposure with binary mask

A novel RET named Super Diffraction Lithography (SDL), which enables 90~80 nm random line by single exposure in KrF wavelength, has been developed. A pair of bright lines, which sandwiches binary or Atten-PSM line and is surrounded by attenuating non-phase-shifting (Atten-NPS) area, is formed on a mask. The Atten-NPS area of the mask is composed with a small pad array whose pitch is finer than the resolution limit of projection optics. Then, this mask can be fabricated with a single layer patterning. When this mask is illuminated by an obliquely incident light with a specific incident angle, very sharp dark line image is formed at center of the bright lines. Because the outside of the pair is Atten-NPS area, image intensity for this area can become much higher than a slice level of the central dark line image, resulting in no resist pattern at the outside of the pair. By application of a sub-resolution assist feature (SRAF) for semi-dense pattern, fine line can be imaged throughout pattern pitch. Then, utilizing SDL, very fine random line can be formed by SINGLE EXPOSURE of SIMPLE STRUCTURE MASK. In KrF exposure at NA=0.82, 90 nm line with pitch of down to 240 nm can be achieved by a binary mask. Using 6% transmission Atten-PSM, 80 nm becomes possible. Moreover, 50 nm isolated line becomes feasible in KrF exposure by application of high transmission Atten-PSM. We believe that SDL is the most cost-effective and easily applicable RET for gate pattern formation in advanced logic devices.
Dielectric behavior of ultrahigh-k carbon black composites for embedded capacitor applications

Polymer based nanocomposites have been of great interest as embedded capacitor dielectrics because of their low cost and excellent compatibility with the organic substrate manufacturing processes. One of the polymer nanocomposites that have been studied is the carbon black/polymer composite, which could give a high dielectric constant over 1,000. In this paper, the dielectric behavior of carbon black CBCA6/epoxy composite was systematically investigated and analyzed. It was found that this composite consistently showed a high dielectric constant of over 1,000 at the proper filler loading levels, however, the dissipation factor of this carbon black composite was high (tan/spl delta/>l). Moreover, frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were observed in the middle frequency range up to 10 MHz. Carbon black is a nano structured material which has a large surface area and a wide range of electrical properties based on its surface chemistry, particle size and aggregate structure, and the polymer-carbon black interfaces are believed to contribute significantly to the high loss and high frequency dependence. Therefore, fundamental studies of the interface and its modification with additives were conducted in this research in order to obtain low-loss ultrahigh-k carbon black composites. A high breakdown field inorganic filler, i.e. fumed silica, was included to the carbon black-polymer formulation in order to modify the carbon black-polymer interfaces and reduce the high conduction dielectric losses of carbon black composites. It was found that the dielectric loss of carbon black composites decreased with the fumed silica inclusion. The fumed silica was also found to significantly change the frequency dependence behavior of carbon black composites.
The Impact of Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on Bullying and Peer Rejection: A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial

OBJECTIVE: To build on prior research documenting the impact of School-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) on school climate and discipline problems to examine the extent to which it affects bullying and peer rejection during the transition into early adolescence. DESIGN: Three-level models were fit using hierarchical linear modeling to determine the effect of SWPBIS on children's involvement in bullying. SETTING: Thirty-seven Maryland public elementary schools. PARTICIPANTS: Data involved 12 344 children (52.9% male, 45.1% African American, 46.1% white) followed up longitudinally across 4 school years. Intervention A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of SWPBIS. OUTCOME MEASURES: Reports from teachers on bully-related behaviors were assessed through the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Checklist. RESULTS: Analyses indicated that children in schools that implemented SWPBIS displayed lower rates of teacher-reported bullying and peer rejection than those in schools without SWPBIS. A significant interaction also emerged between grade level of first exposure to SWPBIS and intervention status, suggesting that the effects of SWPBIS on rejection were strongest among children who were first exposed to SWPBIS at a younger age. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that SWPBIS has a significant effect on teachers' reports of children's involvement in bullying as victims and perpetrators. The findings were considered in light of other outcomes for students, staff, and the school environment, and they suggest that SWPBIS may help address the increasing national concerns related to school bullying by improving school climate. Language: en
A process-oriented model for the simulation of base pushout in integrated bipolar devices

A closed-form solution to Poisson's equation applied to the base-collector region of an integrated bipolar device is developed. The solution comprises an extension to simplified analyses published elsewhere, and it leads to a process-oriented definition of base pushout phenomena, Moreover, the analytical results evolve into practical suggestions for effecting a high-injection simulation of gain and gain-bandwidth product characteristics.
Thermal Phase Transformation and Residual Stress Estimation of Multi-Layer Materials for Cylindrical or Flat Shape

The estimation of the thermal, phase transformation, and residual stresses in multi-layer materials during arbitrary loading is a complex problem, which is important in many manufacturing processes. This paper describes an analytical method to predict these stresses using classic elasticity/plasticity theories under cylindrical coordinates. The method is based on the well-established analysis of an inclusion embedded into a matrix. The multi-layer problem is treated in increments of two layers at a time in a straightforward manner. The computational time required for two sample quenching problems and one sample surface grinding problem was less than half minute each on a PC. Both the thermal stress and residual stress estimation results agree well with the FEM results, especially in the limited depth of the surface. This program is not limited to quenching and grinding problems. It can be applied to many manufacturing processes for predicting in-process stress and residual stress of work-pieces in order to optimize the processes.
Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: translational evidence of the relationship and implications

Background Many clinicians and patients believe that endometriosis-associated pain is due to the lesions. Yet causality remains an enigma, because pain symptoms attributed to endometriosis occur in women without endometriosis and because pain symptoms and severity correlate poorly with lesion characteristics. Most research and reviews focus on the lesions, not the pain. This review starts with the recognition that the experience of pain is determined by the central nervous system (CNS) and focuses on the pain symptoms. Methods Comprehensive searches of Pubmed, Medline and Embase were conducted for current basic and clinical research on chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis. The information was mutually interpreted by a basic scientist and a clinical researcher, both in the field of endometriosis. The goal was to develop new ways to conceptualize how endometriosis contributes to pain symptoms in the context of current treatments and the reproductive tract. Results Endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply, thereby creating a direct and two-way interaction between lesions and the CNS. This engagement provides a mechanism by which the dynamic and hormonally responsive nervous system is brought directly into play to produce a variety of individual differences in pain that can, in some women, become independent of the disease itself. Conclusions Major advances in improving understanding and alleviating pain in endometriosis will likely occur if the focus changes from lesions to pain. In turn, how endometriosis affects the CNS would be best examined in the context of mechanisms underlying other chronic pain conditions.
Synthesizing Realistic Computational Grids

Realistic workloads are essential in evaluating middleware for computational grids. One important component is the raw grid itself: a network topology graph annotated with the hardware and software available on each node and link. This paper defines our requirements for grid generation and presents GridG, our extensible generator. We describe GridG in two steps: topology generation and annotation. For topology generation, we have both model and mechanism. We extend Tiers, an existing tool from the networking community, to produce graphs that obey recently discovered power laws of Internet topology. We also contribute to network topology theory by illustrating a contradiction between two laws and proposing a new version of one of them. For annotation, GridG captures intra- and inter-host correlations between attributes using conditional probability rules. We construct a set of rules, including one based on empirical evidence of OS concentration in subnets, that produce sensible host annotations.
New role for glycocalyx in lung

the report by Dull et al., the current article in focus (Ref. [1][1], see [p. L986][2] in this issue), evaluates the effect of different polymers of arginine and lysine as models of neutrophil-derived inflammatory proteins. Their size and concentration responses on bovine cultured lung microvascular
Seating Patterns and Corresponding Risk of Injury Among 0- to 3-Year-Old Children in Child Safety Seats

OBJECTIVE. Current guidelines for optimal restraint of children in motor vehicles recommend the center rear seating location for installing a child-restraint system. However, recent research on child occupants in child-restraint system has brought this into question. The objective of this study was to describe seating position patterns among appropriately restrained child occupants aged 0 to 3 years in the rear row of vehicles. In addition, we determined the association between rear row seating location and risk of injury. METHODS. We studied data collected on child occupants from December 1, 1998, to December 31, 2006, via insurance claim records and a validated telephone survey. The study sample included child occupants aged 0 to 3 years seated in a child-restraint system in the rear row of the vehicle, model year 1990 or newer, involved in a crash in 16 states. Children were classified as injured if a parent or driver reported an injury corresponding with Abbreviated Injury Scale scores of ≥2. RESULTS. Seating position distribution for child occupants was as follows: left outboard (31%), center (28%), and right outboard (41%). There was an inverse relationship between the center position and increasing child age (39% for occupants CONCLUSIONS. The most common seating position for appropriately restrained child occupants in a child-restraint system is the right rear outboard. The center rear seating position is used less often by children restrained by a child-restraint system as they get older. Children seated in the center rear have a 43% lower risk of injury compared with children in a rear outboard position.
Hydroxycut-induced Liver Toxicity

In the recent era, use of various nutritional supplements is highly encouraged amongst the people of United States. Weight loss supplements are major part of the nutritional supplements and their usage is unregulated in the US. Obesity is a major health concern in the US and Americans spend around $30 billion a year for weight loss supplements. At times, these supplements can be responsible for documented or undocumented adverse drug effects. The health consequences related to these supplements are often overlooked by the general public, even though FDA issues advisories regarding them. One common supplement used for weight loss was Hydroxycut (Iovate Health Sciences Research, Oakville, Ontario, Canada). Hydroxycut was recalled from the market after a FDA warning in May 2009 because of 23 reports of serious health problems ranging from jaundice and elevated liver enzymes to liver damage. 1 This case report adds evidence for Hydroxycut - induced hepatotoxicity. A 27 year old man with right upper quadrant pain and jaundice was found to have elevated liver enzymes and was taking Hydroxycut along with other supplements. Liver biopsy showed drug induced hepatotoxicity. Discontinuation of Hydroxycut dramatically improved liver functions and related symptoms.
Implementation of buried detector arrays for waveguide sensors

A compact dielectric waveguide sensor with buried detector arrays, which demonstrates high optical sensitivity to thin biological adlayers, is designed and implemented. Real-time, reagent-less, multi-analyte sensing is possible with this device.
A 4.5-MJ pulsed power supply for railgun experiments

A 4.5-MJ capacitor-based pulsed power supply (PPS) has been installed at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, for railgun operations. The system consists of 18 independent modules, each with an energy capacity of 250 kJ. Half of the modules were modified from their original condition to a pulse-forming inductance of approximately 24 /spl mu/H, while the remainder maintained their original 60-/spl mu/H inductance. Another modification included a pneumatic-operated shorting system added to enhance the safety of the system. Simulations were conducted for a variety of load conditions using a Spice-based code. Predicted currents and velocities are in reasonable agreement with measured quantities. The complete system allows the electromagnetic launch of hypervelocity launch packages to a downrange distance of 4 km.
Suicide risk among soldiers: early findings from Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).

Modeled after the FraminghamHeart Study, the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) is designed to identify salient risk and protective factors regarding suicide, adverse mental health outcomes,andfunctionalimpairment. This groundbreaking initiative is investigating a wide range of domains, from large administrative data sets to behavioral, neurobiological, and genetic markers. It will certainly have a great impact on the field of psychiatry. The 3 articles1-3 published in this issue of JAMA Psychiatry are only the beginning. Schoenbaum et al1 report results from theHistorical AdministrativeData Study (HADS),which used the USArmy andDepartment of Defense administrative data systems to study deaths by suicides or accidents among approximately amillion Regular Army troopswho served between 2004 and 2009. Notably,members of themore vulnerableNationalGuardandArmyReservewerenot included.1Kessler et al2 and Nock et al3 report findings from the All Army Study (AAS), a cross-sectional survey of 5428 active duty soldiers who also provided consent for administrative data linkage. TheHADS suffers from the limitations of any administrative data set that can offer provocative findings and suggest intriguinghypothesis but cannot explore them ingreat depth. The AAS data were weighted because the data did not include informationondeployed soldiers or those inbasic training, andanother23.5%of soldiers couldnotcomplete thequestionnaire owing to conflictingduty assignments. For themost part, the weighted data compared very well with the target population of all US Army personnel. Rather than discuss each study separately, I will synthesize the information fromall 3 studies.1-3 Tome, themost striking findingsconcernsuicidesamongnondeployedsoldiers and the effect of a pre-enlistment psychiatric disorder on suicidal behavior, psychiatric morbidity, and functional impairment. These findings havemajor implications for screening, assessment, recruitment, and retention of volunteers seeking military enlistment.