cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling one-dimensional Langevin dynamics on the lattice

Stochastic evolutions of classical field theories have recently become popular in the study of problems such as the determination of the rates of topological transitions and the statistical mechanics of nonlinear coherent structures. To obtain high precision results from numerical calculations, a careful accounting of spacetime discreteness effects is essential, as well as the development of schemes to systematically improve convergence to the continuum. With a kink-bearing {phi}{sup 4} field theory as the application arena, we present such an analysis for a (1+1)-dimensional Langevin system. Analytical predictions and results from high resolution numerical solutions are found to be in excellent agreement. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Single-parameter scaling in thin crystals

Abstract Davies, Pepper, and Kaveh in a recent article have reworked some of their previously published g ( T ) data on Si inversion layers. They show that β versus g curves are not universal, monotonic, smooth; like predicted by Abrahams, Anderson, Licciardello, and Ramakrishnan. We have reworked our previously published data on single crystal films of Bi 2 (Te 1− x S x ) 3 , x = 0.476; and we find our data to be in good agreement with AALR.
POLARIZATION PARAMETERS OF COTTON LEAVES FROM A REFRACTION MODEL

The Clausius-Mossotti refractive-index equation, derived as solution to Maxwell’s equation for wave propagation through dense media, is shown to explain the equality of transmittance and reflectance for cotton leaves in 1–1.6-µm-wavelength light. A procedure suggested by Feynman is used to derive the polarizability of water and of chlorophyll during light capture by leaves. Application of Clausius-Mossotti’s equation suggest that the presence of water and chlorophyll in chloroplasts could explain light refraction by leaves.
Non-Markovian dynamics of a qubit coupled to an Ising spin bath

We study the analytically solvable Ising model of a single qubit system coupled to a spin bath. The purpose of this study is to analyze and elucidate the performance of Markovian and non-Markovian master equations describing the dynamics of the system qubit, in comparison to the exact solution. We find that the time-convolutionless master equation performs particularly well up to fourth order in the system-bath coupling constant, in comparison to the Nakajima-Zwanzig master equation. Markovian approaches fare poorly due to the infinite bath correlation time in this model. A recently proposed post-Markovian master equation performs comparably to the time-convolutionless master equation for a properly chosen memory kernel, and outperforms all the approximation methods considered here at long times. Our findings shed light on the applicability of master equations to the description of reduced system dynamics in the presence of spin baths.
The Frustrated Gene: Origins of Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Eukarytotic gene expression is frustrated by a series of steps that are generally not observed in prokaryotes and are therefore not essential for the basic chemistry of transcription and translation. Their evolution may have been driven by the need to defend against parasitic nucleic acids.
Lateral canthal approach to repair of trimalar fractures of the zygoma.

AbstractTrimalar fractures of the zygoma create a fracture dislocation of the lateral and inferior orbital walls. These are frequently associated with orbital and ophthalmic injury. A surgical approach to trimalar fracture repair should provide adequate exposure to the orbit and flexibility in deali
Characterization of the inflammatory cell populations in normal colon and colonic carcinomas

Little is known about the nature of the mucosa-associated immune system within the normal colon, or about the immune response to colon carcinoma. In this study inflammatory cells (ICs) in 14 normal colons and 14 carcinomas were characterized. Overall inflammation, lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils were graded in routine H & E sections. Frozen sections were stained by an immunoperoxidase technique using antibodies to the T cell associated antigens CD2, CD7, CD4, CD8, and T cell receptors αβ and γδ. B cells were identified with CD20, macrophages with CD68, and Class II antigen with anti-HLA DR. Each cell type was semiquantitatively graded in 10 high power fields (HPFs) in the lumenal half (LH) or basal half (BH) of the normal mucosae, and in epithelium or stroma of the carcinomas. In normal colons, ICs were more frequent in LH than in BH. Plasma cells, lymphocytes and monocytes predominated. Subtyping of lymphocytes showed that CD4+ TCR αβ+ T lymphocytes were most numerous in the lamina propria. Lymphocytes within the epithelium were CD8+ T cells. Around carcinomas the overall grade of ICs was 1+ in the majority of cases. Plasma cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells with the TCR αβ receptor, and macrophages were most frequent. Lymphoid aggregates of both T and B cells were frequent. Conclusions: 1. Normal colon contains a diffuse lumenally oriented population of TCR αβ+ CD4+ T cells, plasma cells, macrophages and class II antigen-expressing cells in the lamina propria. Intraepithelial lymphocytes are of the T suppressor phenotype. CD4+ T cells, macrophages and HLG-DR+ cells predominate in the response to colon carcinomas.
Negotiating Cultural Contexts: An Exploratory Investigation of Black Gay Male Strategy Employment

Black gay men encounter environments that have a profound impact on their lived experience and psycho-socio-emotional development. There is a paucity of research on the strategies black gay men employ to negotiate their relationship with the black, gay, and male communities. This investigation seeks to understand the interpersonal experiences and the strategies employed by black gay males to negotiate these environments. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with two undergraduate black gay men. The findings suggest significant cultural conflicts among their different contexts, and that they employ strategies to exist among oppressive environments. These contextual experiences and navigational strategies are presented and discussed.
Electromigration of gold and silver in single crystal tin

Abstract Measurements of electromigration have been performed for gold and silver in single crystal tin. The electromigration measurements of Ag in single crystal Sn along the c-axis give for Z A g∗ a value of around −2.15±0.25. The temperature dependence of Z∗Ag is small, but there is a large Soret effect which may account for the considerable irreproducibility evinced by earlier measurements of Za∗ in this system. The electromigration studies of Au in Sn show that the orientation of Sn has little effect on the Za∗ values. The Za∗ parameters are around −9.5 ± 0.33. The temperature gradient across the sample has less influence than that in the electroinigration of Ag in Sn.
Lipase Mediated Production of Flavor and Fragrance Esters from Fusel Oil

Mixtures of C3, C4 and C5 chain length aliphatic alcohols found in fusel oil were converted to their acetic acid and butyric acid esters using a lipase (from Candida cylindracea) mediated process in a water immiscible fluid (hexane). Incubation temperature was 30°C with shaking (150 rpm). Maximum production of the mixed butyric acid ester product (0.62 mol/L; yield = 65.8%) and acetic acid ester product (0.052 mol/L; yield = 46.4%) were obtained in 48 hr. Enzyme could be reused three times before loss of activity for acetic acid ester synthesis but enzyme activity decreased after one use for butyric acid ester synthesis.
Homer W. Smith: The nephrologist

If there is any group of people who do not need me to tell them about Homer Smith's contributions to renal physiology, this must certainly be it. We who tried to build on the foundation that he laid for us can be pleased to meet to honor his memory and also be happy that he chose to do at least some of his work in such an attractive spot for a summer interlude. Since I know that it is unlikely that I will tell you anything you do not already know, I shall be mercifully brief. If, in my brevity, I should seem to fall short of justice to Smith's contributions, I can refer you to my somewhat more extended tribute in a current issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology [1]. For two decades it was clearance methods that provided the major tool for the progress that was achieved in understanding how the kidney works. I do not mean to underestimate the contribution of micropuncture of the laboratory of A.N. Richards, but, until its revival and widespread propagation in the late 1950's, it had provided only a few fixed points from which studies in intact animals could provide a broader and more detailed map of the field. It was Smith who recognized the full potential of clearances as a tool for the quantitative assessment of many aspects of kidney function. Of course it is well known that van Slyke, not Smith, invented the term clearance [2]. But van Slyke conceived it only as an overall index of renal function and not as a specific identifiable volume. Also, Rehberg [3] recognized that the clearance of an appropriate substance could provide the value of the rate of glomerular filtration. But, unfortunately, he chose the wrong substance to measure glomerular filtration in humans, and, after comparing the excretion of urea and chloride with the clearance of exogenous creatinine, did not press the technique further. It seems appropriate on this occasion to note that the idea of using non-metabolized sugars for measuring glomerular filtration had its origin here, or should I say down the road, in Saisbury Cove where E.K. Marshall, Smith's friend and early mentor, found that no sugars appeared in the urine of aglomerular fish. The fact that sugars were not secreted by the renal tubules of course did not prove that they were not reabsorbed. The latter, unfortunately, led to a number of studies in Smith's lab in which the clearance of xylose was assumed to be equal to glomerular filtration rate, until roughly simultaneously in Smith's lab and that of Richards, inulin was found to be the right one to use. From that time the use of inulin made it possible to measure precisely the rate of transport of various other substances and to
Transforming Individuals into Groups: Some Hallmarks of the SDS Approach to Small Group Research.

During the past 25 years, Davis's social decision scheme (SDS) model, designed to clarify how individual-level characteristics combine to create group-level products, has had a major impact on small group research. Using formal, mathematical models, Davis and his colleagues first construct predictions, or theoretical baselines, about group products based on assumptions about members' characteristics and interactions and then compare these predictions to the performances of real groups. The SDS approach has been valuable in clarifying how group performance is affected by such variables as task characteristics, group size, individual differences (e.g., member status), procedural factors (e.g., straw polling, agendas), and temporal changes in social parameters. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Application of anisomycin to the lateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus inhibits the activation of sexual behavior by estradiol and progesterone

Abstract The protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin blocked the activation of feminine sexual behavior in rats when applied directly to the lateral portion of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. This supports the idea that estradiol and progesterone activate sexual behavior by inducing the synthesis of specific proteins in target cells of the ventromedial nucleus.
Targeting the oncogenic protein kinase Cι signalling pathway for the treatment of cancer

PKC (protein kinase C) isoenzymes are key signalling components involved in the regulation of normal cell proliferation, differentiation, polarity and survival. The aberrant regulation of PKC isoenzymes has been implicated in the development of many human diseases including cancer [Fields and Gustafson (2003) Methods Mol. Biol. 233, 519-537]. To date, however, only one PKC isoenzyme, the aPKC [atypical PKCiota (protein kinase Ciota)], has been identified as a human oncogene [Regala, Weems, Jamieson, Khoor, Edell, Lohse and Fields (2005) Cancer Res. 65, 8905-8911]. PKCiota has also proven to be a useful prognostic marker and legitimate target for the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of cancer. The PKCiota gene resides at chromosome 3q26 and is a frequent target of tumour-specific gene amplification in multiple forms of human cancer. PKCiota gene amplification in turn drives PKCiota overexpression in these cancers. Genetic disruption of PKCiota expression blocks multiple aspects of the transformed phenotype of human cancer cells including transformed growth in soft agar, invasion through Matrigel and growth of subcutaneous tumours in nude mice. Genetic dissection of oncogenic PKCiota signalling mechanisms demonstrates that PKCiota drives transformed growth by activating a PKCiota --> Rac1 --> PAK (p21-activated kinase) --> MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) 1,2/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] 1,2 signalling pathway [Regala, Weems, Jamieson, Copland, Thompson and Fields (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 31109-31115]. The transforming activity of PKCiota requires the N-terminal PB1 (Phox-Bem1) domain of PKCiota, which serves to couple PKCiota with downstream effector molecules. Hence, there exists a strong rationale for developing novel cancer therapeutics that target the PB1 domain of PKCiota and thereby disrupt its interactions with effector molecules. Using a novel high-throughput drug screen, we identified compounds that can disrupt PB1-PB1 domain interactions between PKCiota and the adaptor molecule Par6 [Stallings-Mann, Jamieson, Regala, Weems, Murray and Fields (2006) Cancer Res. 66, 1767-1774]. Our screen identified the gold compounds ATG (aurothioglucose) and ATM (aurothiomalate) as specific inhibitors of the PB1-PB1 domain interaction between PKCiota and Par6 that exhibit anti-tumour activity against NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) both in vitro and in vivo. Structural analysis, site-directed mutagenesis and modelling indicate that ATM specifically targets the PB1 domain of PKCiota to mediate its anti-tumour activity [Erdogan, Lamark, Stallings-Mann, Lee, Pellechia, Thompson, Johansen and Fields (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 28450-28459]. Taken together, our recent work demonstrates that PKCiota signalling is required for transformed growth of human tumours and is an attractive target for development of mechanism-based cancer therapies. ATM is currently in Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of NSCLC.
Second Amendment Penumbras: Some Preliminary Observations

With the Second Amendment now a working part of the Bill Of Rights in the wake of the Supreme Court's decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago, this brief Essay examines the likely extent of penumbral rights under the Second Amendment, as well as the possible effect on unenumerated rights of an enforceable right to arms.
Stability of the interhemispheric thermohaline circulation in a coupled box model

Abstract The coupled atmosphere–ocean box model of the interhemispheric thermohaline circulation (THC) formulated by Scott et al. [Scott, J.R., Marotzke, J., Stone, P.H., 1999. Interhemispheric THC in a coupled box model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 351–365.] is solved analytically, by introducing the approximation that the time variations of salinity in the ocean are much slower than the time variations in the temperature. The analytic solution shows that there is an unstable limit cycle near the bifurcation where the flow becomes unstable, as suggested by Scott et al.'s numerical solutions. The solution also leads to an analytic expression for the conditions under which the instability discovered by Scott et al. sets in, which is more general than that found by Scott et al. In particular, it includes the effect of coupling the THC to the atmospheric meridional transports of heat and moisture. It shows that the stability of THC is much more sensitive to the representation of the atmospheric heat transport, i.e., to how it depends on the meridional temperature gradient, than it is in hemispheric models. In particular, it shows that interhemispheric ocean models that use mixed boundary conditions, or couple the ocean to a diffusive representation of the atmospheric heat transport, are less susceptible to this kind of instability than when the ocean is coupled to a representation of the atmospheric meridional heat transport which is more sensitive to the meridional temperature gradient, as is implied by observations and theory.
Benfang Lei’s research on heme acquisition in Gram-positive pathogens and bacterial pathogenesis

Benfang Lei’s laboratory conducts research on pathogenesis of human pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and horse pathogen Streptococcus equi (S. equi). His current research focuses on heme acquisition in Gram-positive pathogens and molecular mechanism of GAS and S. equi pathogenesis. Heme is an important source of essential iron for bacterial pathogens. Benfang Lei and colleagues identified the first cell surface heme-binding protein in Gram-positive pathogens and the heme acquisition system in GAS, demonstrated direct heme transfer from one protein to another, demonstrated an experimental pathway of heme acquisition by the Staphylococcus aureus Isd system, elucidated the activated heme transfer mechanism, and obtained evidence for a chemical mechanism of direct axial ligand displacement during the Shp-to-HtsA heme transfer reaction. These findings have considerably contributed to the progress that has been made over recent years in understanding the heme acquisition process in Gram-positive pathogens. Pathogenesis of GAS is mediated by an abundance of extracellular proteins, and pathogenic role and functional mechanism are not known for many of these virulence factors. Lei laboratory identified a secreted protein of GAS as a CovRS-regulated virulence factor that is a protective antigen and is critical for GAS spreading in the skin and systemic dissemination. These studies may lead to development of novel strategies to prevent and treat GAS infections.
Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins

Covalent modification of histones has an important role in regulating chromatin dynamics and transcription. Whereas most covalent histone modifications are reversible, until recently it was unknown whether methyl groups could be actively removed from histones. Using a biochemical assay coupled with chromatography, we have purified a novel JmjC domain-containing protein, JHDM1 (JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1), that specifically demethylates histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3-K36). In the presence of Fe(ii) and alpha-ketoglutarate, JHDM1 demethylates H3-methyl-K36 and generates formaldehyde and succinate. Overexpression of JHDM1 reduced the level of dimethyl-H3-K36 (H3K36me2) in vivo. The demethylase activity of the JmjC domain-containing proteins is conserved, as a JHDM1 homologue in Saccharomyces cerevisiae also has H3-K36 demethylase activity. Thus, we identify the JmjC domain as a novel demethylase signature motif and uncover a protein demethylation mechanism that is conserved from yeast to human.
Transient anomalous diffusion in Poiseuille flow

We revisit the classical problem of dispersion of a point discharge of tracer in laminar pipe Poiseuille flow. For a discharge at the centre of the pipe we show that in the limit of small non-dimensional diffusion, D , tracer dispersion can be divided into three regimes. For small times ( t [Lt ] D −1/3 ), diffusion dominates advection yielding a spherically symmetric Gaussian dispersion cloud. At large times ( t [Gt ] D −1 ), the flow is in the classical Taylor regime, for which the tracer is homogenized transversely across the pipe and diffuses with a Gaussian distribution longitudinally. However, in an intermediate regime (D −1/3 [Gt ] t [Gt ] D −1 ), the longitudinal diffusion is anomalous with a width proportional to t [Lt ] Dt 2 and a distinctly asymmetric longitudinal distribution. We present a new solution valid in this regime and verify our results numerically. Analogous results are presented for an off-centre release; here the distribution width scales as D 1/2 t 3/2 in the anomalous regime. These results suggest that anomalous diffusion is a hallmark of the shear dispersion of point discharges at times earlier than the Taylor regime.
Effect of the Piezoelectric Properties of a Crystal on Diffuse X-Ray Reflections

A study of the diffuse x-ray reflections from piezoelectrically oscillating quartz and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals showed no increase in intensity during oscillation. Quantitative measurements of the intensity increase of the Laue and Bragg reflections during oscillation showed an increase of about 160 percent for the quartz, 7.7 percent for a 0.015 inch thick ADP crystal and 4 percent for a rochelle salt crystal. The intensity increase of Laue reflections for the ADP crystal was shown to be dependent upon its orientation. Since there was no decrease in intensity of the diffuse reflections, it eliminates the possibility that they are the source of the increased energy in the Laue and Bragg reflections.
THE EX-MENTAL PATIENT AS AN EMPLOYEE: An On-the-Job Evaluation

In light of studies showing negative employer attitudes toward ex-mental patients, a comparative study was made of ex-patient employees and non-disabled employees. Results showed ex-patients indistinguishable from randomly selected employees in job performance, human relations, and overall rating. These findings are discussed in terms of the general employability of the mentally restored. The work project studied is offered as a model.
Improvement in conduction velocity after optic neuritis measured with the multifocal VEP.

PURPOSE. To test the efficacy of the multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) technique after long-term latency changes in optic neuritis (ON)/multiple sclerosis (MS), mfVEPs were recorded in 12 patients with ON/MS. METHODS. Sixty local VEP responses were recorded simultaneously. mfVEP was recorded from both eyes of 12 patients with ON/MS. Patients were tested twice after recovery from acute ON episodes, which occurred in 14 of the 24 eyes. After recovery, all eyes had 20/20 or better visual acuity and normal visual fields as measured with static automated perimetry (SAP). The time between the two postrecovery tests varied from 6 to 56 months. Between test days, the visual fields obtained with SAP remained normal. RESULTS. Ten of the 14 affected eyes showed improvement in median latency on the mfVEP. Six of these eyes fell at or below (improved latency) the 96% confidence interval for the control eyes. None of the 10 initially unaffected eyes fell below the 96% lower limit. Although the improvement was widespread across the field, it did not include all regions. For the six eyes showing clear improvement, on average, 78% of the points had latencies that were shorter on test 2 than on test 1. CONCLUSIONS. A substantial percentage of ON/MS patients show a long-term improvement in conduction velocity. Because this improvement can be local, the mfVEP should allow these improvements to be monitored in patients with ON/MS.
Technical Note-There are No Undiscovered Priority Index Sequencing Rules for Minimizing Total Delay Costs

There are two known priority index rules for minimizing total delay costs in sequencing a finite group of independent tasks on a single processor. One of these rules applies when delay costs are linear and the other when they are restricted to a class of exponential functions. We prove that there are no other classes of delay cost function for which a simple priority index rule is optimal.
Chronic Fatigue, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia: Disability and Health-Care Use

OBJECTIVESDisabling chronic fatigue that does not meet criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or fibromyalgia (FM) is a condition thought to be associated with substantial disability and an apparently high use of health-care services. The authors compare patients who have chronic fatigue, CFS,
Exploration of parameters in cryo-EM leading to an improved density map of the E. coli ribosome.

Abstract A number of image processing parameters in the 3D reconstruction of a ribosome complex from a cryo-EM data set were varied to test their effects on the final resolution. The parameters examined were pixel size, window size, and mode of Fourier amplitude enhancement at high spatial frequencies. In addition, the strategy of switching from large to small pixel size during angular refinement was explored. The relationship between resolution (in Fourier space) and the number of particles was observed to follow a lin-log dependence, a relationship that appears to hold for other data, as well. By optimizing the above parameters, and using a lin-log extrapolation to the full data set in the estimation of resolution from half-sets, we obtained a 3D map from 131,599 ribosome particles at 6.7 A resolution (FSC = 0.5).
Percutaneous Biopsy of Renal Masses: Sensitivity and Negative Predictive Value Stratified by Clinical Setting and Size of Masses

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our retrospective study was to evaluate the sensitivity and negative predictive value of percutaneous biopsy of renal masses stratified by clinical setting and the size of the mass.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We categorized 115 consecutive percutaneous biopsies of renal masses in 113 patients into four clinical settings and three groups of mass sizes. The sensitivity and negative predictive value were computed (with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) for each clinical setting and for each size group.RESULTS. For all procedures (n = 115), the sensitivity and negative predictive value were 90% (95% CI, 81-95%) and 64% (95% CI, 44-81%), respectively. For patients with a known malignancy who presented with a renal mass (n = 55), the sensitivity and negative predictive value were 90% (95% CI, 78-96%) and 38% (95% CI, 10-74%), respectively. For patients with no known malignancy and suspected unresectable tumor (n = 36), the sensitivity and negative predictive value were 92% (95% CI, 76-98%) and...
Color doppler ultrasound in newborn testis torsion

Abstract Objectives To assess the usefulness of color Doppler ultrasound in evaluating the newborn with suspected antenatal testis torsion. Methods Nine newborns with 10 antenatally torsed testes were examined using color Doppler and gray-scale ultrasound. Results Each examination revealed lack of intratesticular blood flow on the affected side and normal flow within the contralateral testis. In addition, gray-scale sonographic architecture of the affected testes appeared to reflect the duration of in utero torsion. Conclusions Color Doppler sonography accurately assesses intratesticular blood flow in newborns with antenatal testis torsion and offers interesting details.
Flavonoid chemistry and angiosperm evolution

A consideration of the distribution of flavonoid compounds in angiosperms indicates that exceptions exist to current thought on the presence of particular structural types occurring in primitive versus advanced flowering plants. As additional thorough survey work is done, the exceptions become increasingly common and the generalizations are weakened. A methodological problem in flavonoid surveys concerns documenting the “absence” of particular compounds and the question of quantitative versus qualitative variation of certain constituents. Consideration of flavonoid biosynthesis suggests that simple genetic differences likely control the classes of compounds present and this in turn indicates that caution be used in placing phylogenetic significance on such differences. Features of floral morphology used in studying angiosperm phylogeny have a complex genetic-developmental basis as compared to the genetic factors governing the presence of various flavonoid classes. This ostensibly is an important factor in explaining why reversals in certain trends of floral morphology are rarely noted and why these features are usually constant at higher taxonomic levels. By contrast, variation of flavonoid classes (by virtue of the small genetic differences controlling the presence of different classes) occurs at lower taxonomic levels. Genetic and enzymological studies of flavonoid biosynthesis also indicate that a single compound may be synthesized via different pathways, and this has significant implications for the use of flavonoid distribution in a phylogenetic sense. Given similar selection pressures, the same compounds may arise independently in distantly related plants. Clearly, this has occurred with floral anthocyanidins, where the distribution of particular compounds is related to pollinators. Flavonoid compounds will continue to be useful systematically at the generic level or lower, and possibly at the familial level in some instances. However, studies of the genetics and enzymology of flavonoid compounds in different groups of plants are needed if flavonoids are to be employed in a phylogenetic or evolutionary sense at higher taxonomic levels in the angiosperms. Much additional work in the difficult area of flavonoid functions is to be desired. Many more investigations of comparative flavonoid chemistry of fossil and extant members of what are considered the same genus must be carried out if any appreciation of flavonoid change through evolutionary time is to be achieved.
The learning environment: First-year students, teaching assistants, and information literacy

This manuscript describes the development of an information literacy program that targets first-year students and their graduate student teaching assistants into a fully integrated learning environment. This learning environment not only imbeds information literacy into the curriculum of the required English Composition and Public Speaking courses but relies on the teaching assistants to provide the instruction within the framework of their classes. This is accomplished by a high degree of collaboration among teaching librarians, teaching assistants, and faculty coordinators to create a learning environment that is student centered. Ongoing assessment is described and supports the success of this model.
Pretty and powerless: nurses in advertisements, 1930-1950.

Images of nurses in pictorial advertisements from all issues of hospital administration journals published in 1930, 1940, and 1950 (N = 598) were examined. Content analysis of the data was based on Goffman's classic 1979 study on gender advertisements. Nurses also were compared with other figures in the advertisements and nursing activities were described. Nurses were predominantly portrayed as female, young, eager to please, and without the appearance of wisdom. In group scenes, nurses were placed as subordinate to physicians and hospital administrators. Nurses in 1940 performed more complex, autonomous activities than in 1930 and 1950. These findings support previous research focused on more recent portrayals of women and nurses in communication media. The overt and subtle subordinate representation of nurses in these advertisements, compared with physicians and administrators, reveals one facet of nursing's heritage as a woman's profession. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 23:229–236, 2000
A Numerical Analysis of Muzzle Blast-Precursor Flow.

Abstract A new computational technique, involving the formation of grids by conformal mappings, the use of the λ-scheme and of shock fittings is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations which describe the flow field behind the precursor shock consequent to the firing of a gun, until the bullet is entirely out of the barrel. The numerical analysis is presented in detail and reasons for the choice of the technique are discussed. Three examples are presented, discussed and compared with experimental results.
Induction of labor with pulsatile oxytocin.

Abstract In a prospective, randomized study, 106 patients underwent induction of labor with either pulsed (every 8 minutes) (n = 50) or continuous (n = 56) intravenous infusion of oxytocin. Maternal characteristics, gestational age at induction, induction-delivery interval, analgesia for labor, cesarean section rates, and newborn characteristics were similar in both groups. The mean ± SEM total oxytocin administered was significantly less in the pulsed group (3564 ± 487 mU) than in the continuous group (7684 ± 844 mU; p
A Comparison of Three Buckley-James Variance Estimators

Buckley and James's (1979)) procedure has been shown to be an effective method for estimating the regression coefficients in a censored data linear regression model without requiring distributional assumptions. However, relatively little attention has been given to studying the finite sample properties of proposed methods for estimating the covariance matrix of the Buckley-James estimator. The purpose of this paper is to compare the finite sample properties of the variance estimation methods proposed by Buckley and James (1979), Smith (1986), and Weissfeld and Schneider (1987) for a broad range of error and censoring distributions. We conclude that for moderate sample sizes Smith's estimator performs the best; primarily because of its instability, we rate the Buckley-James variance estimator as the least desirable of the three methods.
Controlling IP Spoofing through Interdomain Packet Filters

The distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a serious threat to the legitimate use of the Internet. Prevention mechanisms are thwarted by the ability of attackers to forge or spoof the source addresses in IP packets. By employing IP spoofing, attackers can evade detection and put a substantial burden on the destination network for policing attack packets. In this paper, we propose an interdomain packet filter (IDPF) architecture that can mitigate the level of IP spoofing on the Internet. A key feature of our scheme is that it does not require global routing information. IDPFs are constructed from the information implicit in border gateway protocol (BGP) route updates and are deployed in network border routers. We establish the conditions under which the IDPF framework correctly works in that it does not discard packets with valid source addresses. Based on extensive simulation studies, we show that, even with partial deployment on the Internet, IDPFs can proactively limit the spoofing capability of attackers. In addition, they can help localize the origin of an attack packet to a small number of candidate networks.
Race Differences in Changing Family Demographics in the 1980s

Traditional demarcators of family formation and dissolution have changed dramatically over the past few decades and Black-White differences have become pronounced. In this article, we explore the degree to which a relatively small set of variables can account for racial difference in timing of initiation of sexual activity, first marriage, first birth, and divorce. The independent variables included in the model are adolescent living arrangements (single-parent vs. two-parent), mother's educational level, religion, region of the country, area of residency (urban, suburban, rural), birth cohort, and year of the survey. Based on hazard models for the rate of occurrence of each event, we estimate how Blacks would differ if they had mean values on covariates equal to White observed means. Although the results differ for the four dependent variables, this particular set of independent variables does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the differences between Black and White family formation and dissoluti...
The preparation and characterization of some cellulose graft copolymers. V. ESR study of preirradiation grafting of styrene to cellulose acetate

Previous studies have shown a two-peak molecular weight distribution of the grafted polystyrene side chains from preirradiation-grafted cellulose acetate. ESR has been used to investigate this grafting system in further detail. It was found that the rate of decay of the trapped radicals on adding the monomer solution was quite slow and a substantial proportion remained after 3 days at 25°C. The G value for radicals lost was, however, in good agreement with the G (grafted side chains) produced during the same period. The ESR spectrum does not change on addition of the monomer solution. The explanation offered is that the side chains grow and terminate rapidly compared with the slow overall rate of decay. The grafting yield and the molecular weight of the grafted side chains continue to grow until the reaction is terminated, leading perhaps to the high molecular weight narrow distribution fraction.
Comparison of residual-vibration and energy-minimizing control methods for command generation

There are numerous methods for controlling unwanted vibration in machines. One possible approach is to design reference command profiles that move the system without inducing significant residual vibration. Many approaches have been proposed for designing such low-vibration commands. Some of these methods design the command profiles by minimizing the residual energy, while others minimize the residual vibration amplitude. Given that energy functions are naturally quadratic in nature, problem definitions using residual energy are generally easier to solve than those based on residual vibration. However, minimizing residual vibration, rather than residual energy, is the more direct approach to achieving the desired goal. So, the question naturally arises as to whether minimizing residual energy is a good approach to minimizing residual vibration. This paper explores this issue and demonstrates that minimizing residual energy is not necessarily a good approach to minimize residual vibration of multi-mode systems.
1-Aminomethylbenzocycloalkanes: conformationally restricted hallucinogenic phenethylamine analogues as functionally selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists.

A series of conformationally restricted analogues of the hallucinogenic phenethylamine 1 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, 2C-B) was synthesized to test several hypotheses concerning the bioactive conformation of phenethylamine ligands upon binding to the 5-HT2A receptor. These benzocycloalkane analogues were assayed for their receptor binding affinity and ability to activate downstream signaling pathways, and one exceptional compound was selected for testing in an in vivo drug discrimination model of hallucinogenesis. All compounds were examined in silico by virtual docking into a homology model of the 5-HT2A receptor. On the basis of these docking experiments, it was predicted that the R enantiomer of benzocyclobutene analogue 2 would be the most potent. Subsequent chemical resolution and X-ray crystallography confirmed this prediction, as (R)-2 proved to be equipotent to LSD in rats trained to discriminate LSD from saline. Thus, we propose that the conformation of 2 mimics the active binding confor...
Determining the optimal size of small molecule mixtures for high throughput NMR screening.

High-throughput screening (HTS) using NMR spectroscopy has become a common component of the drug discovery effort and is widely used throughout the pharmaceutical industry. NMR provides additional information about the nature of small molecule-protein interactions compared to traditional HTS methods. In order to achieve comparable efficiency, small molecules are often screened as mixtures in NMR-based assays. Nevertheless, an analysis of the efficiency of mixtures and a corresponding determination of the optimum mixture size (OMS) that minimizes the amount of material and instrumentation time required for an NMR screen has been lacking. A model for calculating OMS based on the application of the hypergeometric distribution function to determine the probability of a “hit” for various mixture sizes and hit rates is presented. An alternative method for the deconvolution of large screening mixtures is also discussed. These methods have been applied in a high-throughput NMR screening assay using a small, directed library.
Broadcasting in injured hypercubes using limited global information

We propose a fault-tolerant broadcasting algorithm in hypercubes with link faults. This algorithm is based on an extended spanning binomial tree structure which keeps the simplicity of conventional binomial tree-based broadcasting. Each node keeps limited information of nearby faulty links in terms of faulty adjacent subcubes. It is shown that under most circumstances, a broadcasting can be completed optimally in n steps except for a few cases with low probability which require n+1 steps. >
The Scramble for Art in Central Africa

The Scramble for Art in Central Africa. Enid Schildkrout and Curtis A. Keim (eds.). New York, NY, and London, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xiii. 257 pp. (Cloth US$59.95; Paper US$21.95)
Typed compilation of recursive datatypes

Standard ML employs an opaque (or generative) semantics of datatypes, in which every datatype declaration produces a new type that is different from any other type, including other identically defined datatypes. A natural way of accounting for this is to consider datatypes to be abstract. When this interpretation is applied to type-preserving compilation, however, it has the unfortunate consequence that datatype constructors cannot be inlined, substantially increasing the run-time cost of constructor invocation compared to a traditional compiler. In this paper we examine two approaches to eliminating function call overhead from datatype constructors. First, we consider a transparent interpretation of datatypes that does away with generativity, altering the semantics of SML; and second, we propose an interpretation of datatype constructors as coercions, which have no run-time effect or cost and faithfully implement SML semantics.
Antislavery in America: The Press, the Pulpit, and the Rise of Antislavery Societies

We analyze how communications networks and social institutions influenced the growth of the antislavery movement in the U.S. from 1790 to 1840. Communications networks fueled by print media transmitted news about the movement to the public and so helped mobilize a broad base of support. Among social institutions, churches were especially supportive because their emphasis on morality and community was conducive to antislavery activism. Our analysis focuses on the founding of antislavery societies, the formal organizations that underpinned this movement, and makes three contributions to our understanding of social movement organizations in general and antislavery societies in particular. First, we show that the impact of mass media was strong as far back as the early nineteenth century and that the growth of magazines spurred antislavery society formation. Second, we demonstrate that theology, specifically an orientation toward this world or heaven, determined whether religious resources were available to a...
Interannual variations of MLS carbon monoxide induced by solar cycle

More than eight years (2004-2012) of carbon monoxide (CO) measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are analyzed. The mesospheric CO, largely produced by the carbon dioxide (CO2) photolysis in the lower thermosphere, is sensitive to the solar irradiance variability. The long-term variation of observed mesospheric MLS CO concentrations at high latitudes is likely driven by the solar-cycle modulated UV forcing. Despite of different CO abundances in the southern and northern hemispheric winter, the solar-cycle dependence appears to be similar. This solar signal is further carried down to the lower altitudes by the dynamical descent in the winter polar vortex. Aura MLS CO is compared with the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) total solar irradiance (TSI) and also with the spectral irradiance in the far ultraviolet (FUV) region from the SORCE Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE). Significant positive correlation (up to 0.6) is found between CO and FUVTSI in a large part of the upper atmosphere. The distribution of this positive correlation in the mesosphere is consistent with the expectation of CO changes induced by the solar irradiance variations.
Perceptual gaze extent & level of detail in VR: looking outside the box

A common assumption exploited in perceptual Virtual Reality studies is that eye movements made while immersed in VR generally do not deviate more than 30° (visual angle) from the head-centric view direction (e.g., see Barnes [1979]). In this sketch we report eye tracking evidence which generally supports this observation in the context of peripheral Level Of Detail management during a visual search task in VR. We present results from experiments based on the work of Watson et al. [1997] and discuss an extension to the peripheral degradation paradigm to include a dynamic eye-slaved high-resolution inset.
Theism, Evil and the Onus of Proof – Reply to F. J. Fitzpatrick

The theism which I consider in this paper is one which affirms each of the three following propositions: ‘God exists’, ‘Omnipotence, omniscience and moral perfection are all defining traits of God’ and ‘Evil exists in the world’. I will not be concerned at all with any variety of theism which might deny the truth of any of the foregoing propositions. Broadly put, my concern, therefore, is with orthodox, traditional theism.
A Monte Carlo method for variance estimation for estimators based on induced smoothing

SUMMARY An important issue in statistical inference for semiparametric models is how to provide reliable and consistent variance estimation. Brown and Wang (2005. Standard errors and covariance matrices for smoothed rank estimators. Biometrika 92, 732–746) proposed a variance estimation procedure based on an induced smoothing for non-smooth estimating functions. Herein a Monte Carlo version is developed that does not require any explicit form for the estimating function itself, as long as numerical evaluation can be carried out. A general convergence theory is established, showing that any one-step iteration leads to a consistent variance estimator and continuation of the iterations converges at an exponential rate. The method is demonstrated through the Buckley–James estimator and the weighted log-rank estimators for censored linear regression, and rank estimation for multiple event times data.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Summary and Future Directions

OBJECTIVE The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study continues to address knowledge gaps in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and the effects of intensive therapy on its long-term complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS During the DCCT (1982-1993), a controlled clinical trial of 1,441 subjects with type 1 diabetes, and the EDIC (1994-present), an observational study of the DCCT cohort, core data collection has included medical history questionnaires, surveillance health exams, and frequent laboratory and other evaluations for microvascular and macrovascular disease. Numerous collaborations have expanded the outcome data with more detailed investigations of cardiovascular disease, cognitive function, neuropathy, genetics, and potential biological pathways involved in the development of complications. RESULTS The longitudinal follow-up of the DCCT/EDIC cohort provides the opportunity to continue monitoring the durability of intensive treatment as well as to address lingering questions in type 1 diabetes research. Future planned analyses will address the onset and progression of microvascular triopathy, evidence-based screening for retinopathy and nephropathy, effects of glycemic variability and nonglycemic risk factors on outcomes, long-term impact of intensive therapy on cognitive decline, and health economics. Three new proposed investigations include an examination of residual C-peptide secretion and its impact, prevalence of hearing impairment, and evaluation of gastrointestinal dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS With the comprehensive data collection and the remarkable participant retention over 30 years, the DCCT/EDIC continues as an irreplaceable resource for understanding type 1 diabetes and its long-term complications.