cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A master curve for the size and strain rate dependent large deformation behavior of PS nanofibers at room temperature

Abstract Unlike the nominally brittle behavior of bulk polystyrene (PS), PS nanofibers with particular combinations of molecular weight (MW) and submicron scale diameters exhibit stable necking followed by pronounced strain-hardening, resulting in simultaneous increase in strength and ductility. The ratio, D norm , of the fiber diameter, D, to the intrinsic macromolecular length scale described by the root-mean-square end-to-end chain distance, R ee ∼ MW, has been shown to be an effective scaling parameter to determine the initiation and evolution of necking and strain hardening in submicron scale unoriented PS fibers. In this study, the room temperature large deformation response of individual PS nanofibers is quantified for the first time over a broad range of strain rates between 10 −4 –10 2 s −1 . It is shown that for all combinations of MW in the range 123,000–2,000,0000 g/mol and D in the range 200–750 nm that satisfy D norm norm
Competitive Analysis of Constrained Queueing Systems

We consider the classical problem of constrained queueing (or switched networks): There is a set of N queues to which unit sized packets arrive. The queues are interdependent, so that at any time step, only a subset of the queues can be activated. One packet from each activated queue can be transmitted, and leaves the system. The set of feasible subsets that can be activated, denoted S, is downward closed and is known in advance. The goal is to find a scheduling policy that minimizes average delay (or flow time) of the packets. The constrained queueing problem models several practical settings including packet transmission in wireless networks and scheduling cross-bar switches. In this paper, we study this problem using the the competitive analysis: The packet arrivals can be adversarial and the scheduling policy only uses information about packets currently queued in the system. We present an online algorithm, that for any epsilon > 0, has average flow time at most O(R^2/epsilon^3*OPT+NR) when given (1+epsilon) speed, i.e., the ability to schedule (1+epsilon) packets on average per time step. Here, R is the maximum number of queues that can be simultaneously scheduled, and OPT is the average flow time of the optimal policy. This asymptotic competitive ratio O(R^3/epsilon^3) improves upon the previous O(N/epsilon^2) which was obtained in the context of multi-dimensional scheduling [Im/Kulkarni/Munagala, FOCS 2015]. In the full general model where N can be exponentially larger than R, this is an exponential improvement. The algorithm presented in this paper is based on Makespan estimates which is very different from that in [Im/Kulkarni/Munagala, FOCS 2015], a variation of the Max-Weight algorithm. Further, our policy is myopic, meaning that scheduling decisions at any step are based only on the current composition of the queues. We finally show that speed augmentation is necessary to achieve any bounded competitive ratio.
3D Integration Technologies: An Overview

Three-dimensional (3D) integration, which can stack different materials, technologies, and functional components vertically, is a promising technology to overcome some physical, technological, and economic limits encountered in planar integrated circuits, extending Moore’s Law and enabling “More than Moore” applications. This chapter provides an overview of 3D integration technology, including review on its enabling technologies and the associated materials. The focus in this chapter is on the current development status and recent advances in materials, processes, and applications of the 3D integration technology.
Low-rank factorization of electron integral tensors and its application in electronic structure theory

Abstract In this letter, we apply reverse Cuthill-McKee (RCM) algorithm to transform two-electron integral tensors to their block diagonal forms. By further applying Cholesky decomposition (CD) on each of the diagonal blocks, we are able to represent the high-dimensional two-electron integral tensors in terms of permutation matrices and low-rank Cholesky vectors. This representation facilitates low-rank factorizations of high-dimensional tensor contractions in post-Hartree-Fock calculations. Here, we discuss the second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) method and the linear coupled-cluster model with doubles (L-CCD) as examples to demonstrate the efficiency of this technique in representing the two-electron integrals in a compact form.
Movement of Hypophthalmichthys DNA in the Illinois River Watershed by the Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Abstract. Paired throat and cloacal swabs, along with feather samples, from nesting Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at two sites in Illinois, USA, were tested for presence of invasive bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) DNA. We also used DNA from the feather calamus to determine cormorant sex. Throat and cloacal swabs from cormorants at both locations tested positive for DNA from silver carp (H. molitrix), but none tested positive for bighead carp (H. nobilis). Hypophthalmichthys DNA was not detected on feathers. There were no significant differences among positive Hypophthalmichthys DNA detection frequencies between cormorant sexes. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of silver carp as part of the Double-crested Cormorant diet in North America. Hypophthalmichthys are major invasive species of concern in this region, the detection of water-borne environmental DNA of Hypophthalmichthys is an important monitoring tool, and the potential movement of DNA via piscivorous bi...
ANALYSIS OF HYBRIDOMA GROWTH, METABOLISM, AND PRODUCT FORMATION IN CONTINUOUS SUSPENSION CULTURE

ABSTRACT Hybridoma growth, metabolism, and product formation was evaluated in continuous suspension culture experiments under controlled environmental conditions using HEPES-buffered medium. Steady-state values for viable and total cell counts as well as metabolite and product concentrations were determined for five different dilution rates. Specific growth and death rates were recorded as a function of dilution rate. The following parameters were estimated as function of specific growth rate μ: specific substrate consumption and byproduct production rates (metabolic quotients) and apparent molar yield coefficients. Results are briefly discussed with respect to changes in mammalian cell metabolism.
A 100-Year Review: Progress on the chemistry of milk and its components

Understanding the chemistry of milk and its components is critical to the production of consistent, high-quality dairy products as well as the development of new dairy ingredients. Over the past 100 yr we have gone from believing that milk has only 3 protein fractions to identifying all the major and minor types of milk proteins as well as discovering that they have genetic variants. The structure and physical properties of most of the milk proteins have been extensively studied. The structure of the casein micelle has been the subject of many studies, and the initial views on submicelles have given way to the current model of the micelle as being assembled as a result of the concerted action of several types of interactions (including hydrophobic and the formation of calcium phosphate nanoclusters). The benefits of this improved knowledge of the type and nature of casein interactions include better control of the cheesemaking process, more functional milk powders, development of new products such as cream liqueurs, and expanded food applications. Increasing knowledge of proteins and minerals was paralleled by developments in the analysis of milk fat and its synthesis together with greater knowledge of its packaging in the milk fat globule membrane. Advances in analytical techniques have been essential to the isolation and characterization of milk components. Milk testing has progressed from gross compositional analyses of the fat and total solids content to the rapid analysis of milk for a wide range of components for various purposes, such as diagnostic issues related to animal health. Up to the 1950s, research on dairy chemistry was mostly focused on topics such as protein fractionation, heat stability, acid-base buffering, freezing point, and the nature of the calcium phosphate present in milk. Between the 1950s and 1970s, there was a major focus on identifying all the main protein types, their sequences, variants, association behavior, and other physical properties. During the 1970s and 1980s, one of the major emphases in dairy research was on protein functionality and fractionation processes. The negative cloud over dairy fat has lifted recently due to multiple reviews and meta-analyses showing no association with chronic issues such as cardiovascular disease, but changing consumer misconceptions will take time. More recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the biological and nutritional components in milk and how these materials were uniquely designed by the cow to achieve this type of purpose.
Abstract 13507: Inappropriate Preoperative Stress Testing is Common Across Medical Specialties: A Single-Center Review

Introduction: According to appropriate use criteria, preoperative stress testing in asymptomatic patients is considered “rarely appropriate” in patients with: 1) moderate to good functional capacity (≥4 METs), 2) no clinical risk factors, or who are 3) asymptomatic following revascularization, normal stress test, or normal coronary angiography within one year. Stress testing is also not recommended in patients estimated to be low-risk ( Hypothesis: We hypothesized that cardiologists, when compared with other specialties, would be less likely to order preoperative testing in low-risk patients or for rarely appropriate indications. Methods: We reviewed preoperative stress tests for non-cardiac surgery performed at Hershey Medical Center from January 2012 through December 2014. Stress tests performed for solid organ transplant evaluation were excluded. Chi square analysis was used to compare frequencies of test appropriateness and patient risk. Risk for adverse cardiac events was estimated using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest (NSQIP MICA) risk calculator. Results: 505 preoperative stress tests meeting study criteria were analyzed. Out of 219 preoperative stress tests ordered by cardiologists, 121 (55%) were classified as “rarely appropriate”, compared with 217 of 286 stress tests (76%) ordered by other specialties (p Conclusions: Cardiologists were significantly less likely to order rarely appropriate stress tests compared with other specialties. The majority of stress tests ordered by cardiologists and by other specialties, however, were rarely appropriate and in patients at low-risk (
Mutual Risks of Cutaneous Melanoma and Specific Lymphoid Neoplasms: Second Cancer Occurrence and Survival

Background It is unclear whether the established association between cutaneous melanoma (CM) and lymphoid neoplasms (LNs) differs across LN subtypes. This study quantifies risk for developing CM after specific LNs and, conversely, for developing specific LNs after CM, as well as assessing clinical impact. Methods We identified a cohort of Caucasian adults (age 20-83 years) initially diagnosed with CM or LN, as reported to 17 US population-based cancer registries, 2000-2014. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) quantified second cancer risk. We assessed impact of second cancer development on risk of all-cause mortality using Cox regression. Results Among 151 949 one-or-more-year survivors of first primary LN, second primary CM risk was statistically significantly elevated after chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SIR = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74 to 2.21), follicular lymphoma (SIR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.58), and plasma cell neoplasms (SIR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.63). Risks for these same subtypes were statistically significantly elevated among 148 336 survivors of first primary CM (SIR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.25 to 1.66; SIR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.21 to 1.77; SIR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.47; respectively). Risk for CM was statistically significantly elevated after diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (SIR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.45) and Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.33 to 2.26), but the reciprocal relationship was not observed. There were no statistically significant associations between marginal zone lymphoma and CM. Among survivors of most LN subtypes, CM statistically significantly increased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] range = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.25 to 1.85, to 2.46, 95% CI = 1.45 to 4.16). Among survivors of CM, LN statistically significantly increased risk of death (HR range = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.65, to 6.28, 95% CI = 5.00 to 7.88), with the highest risks observed for the most aggressive LN subtypes. Conclusions Heterogeneous associations between CM and specific LN subtypes provide novel insights into the etiology of these malignancies, with the mutual association between CM and certain LN suggesting shared etiology. Development of second primary CM or LN substantially reduces overall survival.
Three-year case study of national organizations participating in a Nutrition Cohort: a unique funder-initiated learning collaborative.

Improving food access is a complex challenge, and a broad range of U.S. nonprofit organizations are working to create positive change. In an attempt to amplify the impact of a single organization, foun­dations have begun funding collaboratives of mul­tiple, high-achieving organizations. This three-year case study documents the successes, challenges, and recommendations of the funder-initiated but grantee-driven Nutrition Cohort. The Cohort, initiated and funded by a foundation, includes six nutrition-focused member organiza­tions, and was evaluated by a university partner (Tufts University). Study data from three annual waves of collection were triangulated using (1) key informant inter­views with Cohort members and Foundation staff, (2) a survey of Cohort members, and (3) review of documents about or created by Cohort organiza­tions. Over the study period the primary reported success of the Cohort was its commitment to work together as a “learning collaborative.” Crucial changes over the study period included enhanced trust and relationship building and promising shifts in perceptions surrounding the necessity of meet­ing attendance. This study also highlights additional benefits of the Cohort’s formation and growth across the three-year period, including organiza­tional capacity building, improved fundraising strategies, and enhanced community impact. Study findings have implications for the practice of food systems development and may provide guidance for other foundations interested in starting similar collaboratives. See the press release for this article.
Biology of Anxiety

Our understanding of the biological basis of anxiety is far from complete, although our knowledge of both the neuropharmacologic and molecular basis of anxiety has increased. This article reviews our current knowledge of the possible biological basis of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
Sociological Knowledge and Profit: Urban Redevelopment and Policy Ethics of Application

A private commercial real estate firm achieved racial integration in producing private middle-income housing for private capital gains purposes in a publicly espoused urban redevelopment project in Chicago in the 1950s and the 1960s. The effort included critical use of (1) market research (demographic data analysis considered in relation to race-based dominant dwelling types) and (2) sociological principles of white–black ratio tolerance. This paper describes the use of the data analysis and the application of the sociological principles to achieve the results in the face of a public policy ethical question. The urban context within which these efforts, accomplishments, and quandary took place and the central policy and development problems faced by the development firm in relation to these are outlined.
Introduction Time Concepts and Adaptation: Developmental Approaches

As the succeeding sections of this book amply demonstrate, there are numerous ways to study the nature of temporal experience. Cutting across these diverse approaches, though, is a basic distinction between studies of fully developed abilities and studies of the developmental process itself. The contributions to this section take the latter approach, and it is the purpose of this introduction to discuss what is distinctive about developmental work on the psychology of time and how this work relates to the larger body of adult studies. This introduction includes a brief overview of the approaches developmental psychologists have taken in past research, an explanation of where the contributions in this section fit in, and a discussion of some of the underlying issues these chapters address.
Experiment on Character Recognition Using Fuzzy Filters

The theory of fuzzy set first introduced by Lofti Zadeh is employed in designing filters. The filters are used in the automatic recognition of printed alphanumeric character patterns by comparing a dictionary of 37 standard masks to the noisy data pattern and selecting the mask which fits best. The basic building blocks of our proposed fuzzy filters consists of Boolean and fuzzy logic operations, Boolean and fuzzy relational operations, and mixed functions of fuzzy variables. Extensive computer simulation was performed to evaluate the performance. The results are very encouraging for both versions of our design; (i) nearly perfect recognition rate was achieved with up to 22.86% of picture cells corrupted by noise, and (ii) better than 90% correct recognition rate was observed with up to 31.43% (Filter I) and 37.14% (Filter II) of picture cells contaminated by noise. We believe that fuzzy set theory will be a very powerful tool in filter design, providing simplicity in implementation of both hardware and software.
Protein Structure Determination from NMR Data

Although NMR was discovered in 1946, its application to biological systems only started in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The application was very limited due to the poor sensitivity and very low resolution offered by the one-dimensional techniques used at that time. Two major breakthroughs in the 1970s revolutionized the field: Fourier transformation (FT) NMR that allowed rapid recording of NMR signals and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy that dramatically increased the spectral resolution. These advances in combination with the development of stable magnets at higher fields led to explosive investigations using NMR spectroscopy in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which centered on exploring its potential in determining the 3D structures of macromolecules. Even though X-ray crystallography was already a method of choice for structure determination during that period, it was believed that NMR may provide complementary structural information in the more physiologically relevant solution environment. Moreover, since some biomolecules are difficult to crystallize, NMR could be used as an alternative method for obtaining 3D structures.
The Problem of Pediatric Pain

The management of pain in children has lagged far behind advances in other areas of medical achievement. In 1968, physicians Swafford and Allen stated, “Pediatric patients seldom need relief of pain after general surgery. They tolerate discomfort well” (p. 133) and reported that during a 4-month period, 96% of the postoperative pediatric patients in their intensive care unit did not receive any analgesics for pain. As recently as the 1980s and 1990s, many infants and children were not receiving any analgesia during and after major surgery (Anand, Brown, Bloom, & Aynsley-Green, 1985). Indeed, postoperative children and those with disease-related pain frequently received no analgesic medication at all (Gauntlet, 1987). When compared with adults undergoing similar surgeries, infants and children received fewer doses and smaller amounts of analgesic medication per kilogram of body weight (Beyer, Ashley, Russell, & DeGood, 1983; Eland & Anderson, 1977; Schechter, Allen, & Hansen, 1986). The undertreatment of children’s pain is still routine and is striking considering pervasive evidence of children’s experience of physiological, behavioral, and emotional effects of pain.
The speed-accuracy tradeoff reveals flexible access to accumulating sensory evidence during human decision making

Decisions made about identical perceptual stimuli can be radically different under changing task demands. For example, the need to make a fast decision undermines the accuracy of that decision, a well-documented effect termed the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). Models of the SAT are generally based on theories of decision making in which responses are triggered only after sensory evidence accumulation terminates at a set threshold. Within this accumulate-to-bound framework, speed pressure operates by lowering the response threshold, allowing for faster responses at the expense of accumulated sensory evidence. To empirically examine the mechanisms necessary for adaptively adjusting the speed and accuracy of decisions, we used an event-related potential that indexes sensory evidence accumulation in the human brain. Instead of lowering response thresholds, we found that speed pressure adaptively shifts responses to occur close to where the rate of evidence accumulation peaks. Moreover, responses are not triggered automatically by the termination of the accumulation process, as sensory evidence continues to build after speeded decisions. Together these results suggest that response processes adaptively access accumulating sensory evidence depending on task demands and support parallel over serial models of decision making.
Bat microbiomes are socially synchronized

Analysis of fruit bat colonies reveals that, for members of the same colony, fur microbial communities change in concert.
An Introduction to Set Theory

Through the centuries mathematicians and philosophers have wondered if size comparisons between infinite collections of objects can be made in a meaningful way. Does it make sense to ask if there are as many even numbers as odd numbers? What does it mean to say that one infinite collection has greater magnitude than another? Can one speak of different sizes of infinity?
Track Me Maybe: The Fourth Amendment and the Use of Cell Phone Tracking to Facilitate Arrest

Police use of technology to locate and track criminal suspects has drawn increasing attention from courts, commentators, and the public. In United States v. Jones, the Supreme Court held that police installation of a GPS tracking device on a suspect’s vehicle constituted a search under the Fourth Amendment. Less attention has been paid to police tracking of cell phones—a far more common practice. Police can now locate a cell phone within several feet, using either GPS or information taken from cell towers. In August 2011, the government asked a federal magistrate judge in Maryland to allow thirty days of cell phone GPS tracking to aid in the apprehension of the subject of an arrest warrant. The judge denied the application, ruling that precise tracking for any period would be a search, and that an arrest warrant did not make the search reasonable under Payton v. New York, which allows officers to arrest the subject of an arrest warrant in his home if the officers reasonably believe he is present. This Note examines the magistrate judge’s opinion, considers critical commentary, and analyzes a 2006 district court case holding that imprecise tracking to aid apprehension was constitutional. Cell phone tracking raises different issues than the vehicular GPS considered in Jones. Cell phone tracking does not involve a physical trespass, but it does follow individuals into private spaces. The Note concludes that precise cell phone tracking is a search and argues that such a search could be reasonable under Payton, but only if carefully limited. While cell phone tracking to aid arrest increases public safety by helping police arrest criminal suspects quickly and efficiently, it should not be used to find evidence of crime. Judges should only allow tracking for one or two days to ensure that police quickly apprehend subjects of arrest warrants, rather than exploit cell phones to conduct unauthorized investigations.
Brain Tissue Pressure Gradients are Dependent upon a Normal Spinal Subarachnoid Space

Reports from our laboratory have shown that regional brain tissue pressure (RBTP) gradients develop in response to supratentorial but not posterior fossa extradural masses. We undertook this experiment to discover the mechanism of this differing response. RBTP was measured in the right and left frontal lobes (RF, LF), temporal lobes (RT, LT), midbrain (MB), and cerebellum (CB) of ten pigs. Balloons were expanded in the epidural space at C2 to occlude the subarachnoid space. A temporal extradural mass was expanded incrementally. The C2 balloon was deflated after temporal mass expansion. Expansion of the cervical balloon resulted in a homogeneous rise in RBTP. Expansion of the temporal mass resulted in the development of small RBTP gradients with the following relationship: RT > LT = LF > RF = CB > MB. In comparison with a previous series of animals without cervical balloons, animals in this series demonstrated higher global ICP in response to equal size masses and smaller RBTP gradients. Cervical balloon deflation resulted in decreased global ICP and increased RBTP gradients. The development of RBTP gradients in response to expanding supratentorial masses therefore appears to be at least partially dependent upon the presence of a normal communication between the supratentorial space and the spinal subarachnoid space.
Improving the Perception of Outpatient Practice: A Second Continuity Experience for Internal Medicine Residents.

BACKGROUND The challenges trainees experience in the traditional medical clinic are felt to be one deterrent to choosing a primary care career. OBJECTIVE We examined whether participation in a second outpatient continuity experience (Second Site) affects trainee perception of primary care practice. METHODS 241 current and former graduates of the Brown Alpert Medical School Internal Medicine training programs were surveyed about their experiences with Second Site. RESULTS Of the 232 potential responders, 160 completed the survey. Although most did not feel that the experience altered their chosen career path, a positive perception of outpatient practice was noted by 97% of the primary care respondents and 92% of the subspecialty respondents. CONCLUSION Second Site improved the perception of outpatient practice. A large number of our residents enter primary care, thus, few residents' careers were influenced by Second Site. Despite this, Second Site might enhance interest in primary care careers at other institutions. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2017-04.asp].
Mechanisms of mammalian mitochondrial transcription

Numerous age-related human diseases have been associated with deficiencies in cellular energy production. Moreover, genetic alterations resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction are the cause of inheritable disorders commonly known as mitochondrial diseases. Many of these deficiencies have been directly or indirectly linked to deficits in mitochondrial gene expression. Transcription is an essential step in gene expression and elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in this process is critical for understanding defects in energy production. For the past five decades, substantial efforts have been invested in the field of mitochondrial transcription. These efforts have led to the discovery of the main protein factors responsible for transcription as well as to a basic mechanistic understanding of the transcription process. They have also revealed various mechanisms of transcriptional regulation as well as the links that exist between the transcription process and downstream processes of RNA maturation. Here, we review the knowledge gathered in early mitochondrial transcription studies and focus on recent findings that shape our current understanding of mitochondrial transcription, posttranscriptional processing, as well as transcriptional regulation in mammalian systems.
PARP1 Inhibition Radiosensitizes Models of Inflammatory Breast Cancer to Ionizing Radiation

Sustained locoregional control of disease is a significant issue in patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), with local control rates of 80% or less at 5 years. Given the unsatisfactory outcomes for these patients, there is a clear need for intensification of local therapy, including radiation. Inhibition of the DNA repair protein PARP1 has had little efficacy as a single agent in breast cancer outside of studies restricted to patients with BRCA mutations; however, PARP1 inhibition (PARPi) may lead to the radiosensitization of aggressive tumor types. Thus, this study investigates inhibition of PARP1 as a novel and promising radiosensitization strategy in IBC. In multiple existing IBC models (SUM-149, SUM-190, MDA-IBC-3), PARPi (AZD2281-olaparib and ABT-888-veliparib) had limited single-agent efficacy (IC50 > 10 μmol/L) in proliferation assays. Despite limited single-agent efficacy, submicromolar concentrations of AZD2281 in combination with RT led to significant radiosensitization (rER 1.12-1.76). This effect was partially dependent on BRCA1 mutational status. Radiosensitization was due, at least in part, to delayed resolution of double strand DNA breaks as measured by multiple assays. Using a SUM-190 xenograft model in vivo, the combination of PARPi and RT significantly delays tumor doubling and tripling times compared with PARPi or RT alone with limited toxicity. This study demonstrates that PARPi improves the effectiveness of radiotherapy in IBC models and provides the preclinical rationale for the opening phase II randomized trial of RT ± PARPi in women with IBC (SWOG 1706, NCT03598257).
Spin-dependent Seebeck and Nernst effects in an ideal skyrmion gas

Abstract We theoretically and numerically study spin-dependent Seebeck and Nernst effects in 2D ferromagnetic materials with the topological spin texture (skyrmion and vortex) ideal gas. From the numerical solution of the matrix Boltzmann equation for a nonequilibrium distribution function and the Lippmann–Schwinger equation for a T-matrix we find the strong nonlinear behaviors in the thermoelectric coefficients depending on skyrmion/vortex diameters and electron concentrations. In particular, the dramatic dependences in the Seebeck and Nernst coefficients take place at larger magnetic texture sizes where the abrupt sign flip in the vortex Seebeck and Nernst coefficients occurs in the narrow region of electron concentrations. In this case the normalized Nernst coefficient changes from + 5 to - 7 . The spin-dependent thermoelectric coefficients are proportional to T at low temperatures for all skyrmion/vortex sizes.
Gene birth and constraint avoidance both contribute to structural disorder in overlapping genes

The same nucleotide sequence can encode two protein products in different reading frames. Overlapping gene regions are known to encode higher levels of intrinsic structural disorder (ISD) than non-overlapping genes (39% vs. 25% in our viral dataset). Two explanations for elevated ISD have been proposed: that high ISD relieves the increased evolutionary constraint imposed by dual-coding, and that one member per pair was recently born de novo in a process that favors high ISD. Here we quantify the relative contributions of these two alternative hypotheses, as well as a third hypothesis that has not previously been explored: that high ISD might be an artifact of the genetic code. We find that the recency of de novo gene birth explains ~32% of the elevation in ISD in overlapping regions of viral genes, with the rest attributed, by a process of elimination, to relieving constraint. While the two reading frames within a same-strand overlapping gene pair have markedly different ISD tendencies, their effects cancel out such that the properties of the genetic code do not contribute overall to elevated ISD. Same-strand overlapping gene birth events can occur in two different frames, favoring high ISD either in the ancestral gene or in the novel gene; surprisingly, most de novo gene birth events contained completely within the body of an ancestral gene favor high ISD in the ancestral gene (23 phylogenetically independent events vs. 1). This can be explained by mutation bias favoring the frame with more start codons and fewer stop codons.
Demore v. Kim–A Dance of Power and Human Rights

In Demore v. Kim the United States Supreme Court interpreted the United States Constitution to allow detention of non-citizens while are in removal proceedings even if those individuals are not a flight risk and pose no danger to society and even if the detention was lengthy (months perhaps even years). The author discusses the Supreme Court cases dealing with detention of aliens and the cases dealing with civil detention and contends that permanent resident aliens should be treated as indistinguishable from citizens regarding their entitlement to a core fundamental human right like the right to physical liberty.
Numerical investigation of non-uniform flow in twin-silo combustors and impact on axial turbine stage performance:

A clear understanding of the flow characteristics in the older generation of industrial gas turbines operating with silo combustors is important for potential upgrades. Non-uniformities in the form...
Characterizing azobenzene disperse dyes in commercial mixtures and children's polyester clothing

Abstract Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing class of dyestuffs, yet little is known about dye occurrences, sources, and transformations; azo dyes are also underrepresented in chemical standard catalogs, molecular databases, and mass spectral libraries. Many azo dyes are known to have sensitization, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. To fill these knowledge gaps, azo dyes were purified from dyestuffs by Soxhlet extraction and flash chromatography and characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a high resolution Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionization mode, as well as by 1H and 13C NMR. Data were analyzed to identify likely chemical formulas and structures using a weight-of-evidence approach with multiple open-source, in silico computational mass spectrometry tools. Nineteen total azobenzene dyes were detected in dyestuffs via a non-targeted analysis approach; the azobenzene dyes Disperse Blue 79:1, Disperse Blue 183:1, Disperse Orange 44, Disperse Orange 73, Disperse Red 50, Disperse Red 73, and Disperse Red 354 were purified from raw dyestuffs. Samples of children's polyester clothing were then analyzed likewise. In clothing, 21 azobenzene disperse dyes were detected, 12 of which were confirmed and quantified via reference standards. Individual dyes in apparel were quantified at concentrations up to 9230 μg dye/g shirt, with geometric means ranging 7.91–300 μg dye/g shirt. Total dye load in apparel was quantified at up to 11,430 μg dye/g shirt. This research supported the development of reference standards and library mass spectra for azobenzene disperse dyes previously absent from standard and spectral libraries. By analyzing the scope and quantities of azo dyes in children's polyester apparel, this study will facilitate a more robust understanding of sources of these potentially allergenic and mutagenic compounds.
Program Access Under Disability Discrimination Law

State and local governments and all federal grantees must operate their programs. services. and activities are readily accessible to persons with disabilities when the program, service, or activity is viewed in its entirety. This Article submits that courts should adopt an expansive reading of this program access requirement, imposing an obligation on governments and grantees to offer something of benefit to everyone, no matter the nature of that someone’s disability. The text of the federal regulations, relevant caselaw, and persuasive analogies require this reading. Moreover, this energetic interpretation of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 regulations resolves some of the thornier problems of current disability discrimination law: limits on reasonable accommodation and the distinction between access and content for legally required accommodations. Applied to the recent case of A.H. ex rel. Holzmueller v. Illinois High School Association, the proper reading of the program access regulations requires the creation of a para-ambulatory long distance road race in the state high school competition.
Predicting Human–pathogen Protein–protein Interactions Using Natural Language Processing Methods

Abstract In this paper, we predict the interaction of proteins between Humans and Yersinia pestis via amino acid sequences. We utilize multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods available in deep learning in a unique format and produce promising results. Our developed model gives a cross-validation AUC score of 0.92 and is comparable with other work that utilizes extensive biochemical properties i.e, network and sequence in conjunction. We achieve this by combining advanced tools in neural machine translation into an integrated end-to-end deep learning framework as well as methods of preprocessing that are novel to the field of bioinformatics. We show that our proposed approach is robust to different protein–protein interactions between host and pathogen data.
Religion and Americans’ Fear of Crime in the 21st Century

Fear of crime is not only a reflection of the prevalence of crime and victimization but also varies by individual and social characteristics such as gender and social integration. Religion is another attribute that influences worldviews and structures social interactions, and thus may affect fear of crime. Given the importance of religion in American life and the micro and macro costs associated with fear of crime, we examine the associations between various aspects of religion (i.e. religious tradition, service attendance, prayer, biblical literalism, born-again identity, and changes in religious affiliation) and Americans’ fear of crime. We use nationally representative survey data collected between 2004 and 2018 and binary logistic regression models with relevant controls. Partial models each with a single measure of religion and control variables show that service attendance, prayer, biblical literalism, born-again identity, and transitioning from no religious affiliation to having a religious affiliation are all positively associated with fear of crime while mainline Protestant affiliation is negatively associated with fear of crime. In full models that include all the religion variables, however, born-again identification is the only religion measure with a robust association with fear of crime, though this association appears to decline in magnitude over time. Changes in religious affiliation and prayer have more moderate, positive associations with fear of crime in the full models. Religion appears to influence fear of crime through worldviews and both static and dynamic identities, particularly the born-again Christian identity. With the born-again label becoming more prevalent, and the nation becoming more polarized, fear of crime may remain high, regardless of the level of crime and victimization; and heightened fear of crime can have negative consequences for individuals and communities, such as the potential negative repercussions for born-again Christians’ mental health.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) for Comparing Herbicides.

Various indicators of pesticide environmental risk have been proposed, and one of the most widely known and used is the environmental impact quotient (EIQ). The EIQ has been criticized by others in the past, but it continues to be used regularly in the weed science literature. The EIQ is typically considered an improvement over simply comparing the amount of herbicides applied by weight. Herbicides are treated differently compared to other pesticide groups when calculating the EIQ, and therefore, it is important to understand how different risk factors affect the EIQ for herbicides. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of the EIQ as an environmental indicator for herbicides. Simulation analysis was conducted to quantify relative sensitivity of the EIQ to changes in risk factors, and actual herbicide EIQ values were used to quantify the impact of herbicide application rate on the EIQ Field Use Rating. Herbicide use rate was highly correlated with the EIQ Field Use Rating (Spearman’s rho >0.96, P-value <0.001) for two herbicide datasets. Two important risk factors for herbicides, leaching and surface runoff potential, are included in the EIQ calculation but explain less than 1% of total variation in the EIQ. Plant surface half-life was the risk factor with the greatest relative influence on herbicide EIQ, explaining 26 to 28% of the total variation in EIQ for actual and simulated EIQ values, respectively. For herbicides, the plant surface half-life risk factor is assigned values without any supporting quantitative data, and can result in EIQ estimates that are contrary to quantitative risk estimates for some herbicides. In its current form, the EIQ is a poor measure of herbicide environmental impact.
Public Affairs Television and Third Party Roles: The Nightline Debates in South Africa (1985) and Israel (1988)

This paper examines the strategies, tactics and tasks of a media moderator during television debates regarding deep-rooted conflicts, as well as the overall intended and unintended roles and effects of these broadcasts. Two case studies—the Nightline (ABC-TV) broadcasts from South Africa (1985) and Israel (1988)—are examined by comparing the actions of a public affairs television moderator to conventional third party intervenors, as defined in conflict resolution literature. In the process the paper presents research regarding the manifest tactics and latent roles demonstrated by a television moderator and the manner in which these activities can be compared to the tasks of conventional third parties such as mediators. The paper finally also reflects on how television debates can become problem-solving dialogues that assist in transforming deep-
Walls— Design Considerations

The purpose of a retaining wall is to retain earth. In order to properly design the wall, it is necessary for the designer to determine, with reasonable accuracy, the magnitude of the lateral pressure to which the wall will be subjected. This requires an understanding of the physical properties and in-place characteristics of the earth which the wall is to support. The importance of this understanding cannot be overemphasized.
Get both the medicine and the informatics right.

The best medical informatics research is grounded in an understanding of both the medical content area and the informatics techniques. For example, it is not attention to the medical literature alone that makes medical informatics different from information science. The difference comes from the integration of medical knowledge and the strategies or structures needed to formalize or represent it. The paper by Piniewski-Bond et al.1 provides an example of the need for collaboration of informatics experts with application domain experts. It compares two methods for identifying the set of ideas contained in a test set of papers from the published literature. The researchers …
Are We Losing the Art of Actively Listening to Our Patients? Connecting the Art of Active Listening with Emotionally Competent Behaviors

Active listening is an essential communication technique that requires the listener to focus and provide feedback on what is heard. The ability to listen actively demonstrates sincerity, and assumes that nothing is being shrugged or taken for granted. As a result, active listeners strive to improve professional and personal relationships, decrease misinterpretation of information, strengthen compliance, and foster understanding. Likewise, active listening can foster trust, mutual respect, and patient compliance. This paper will explore vital connections between active listening and displaying emotionally competent behaviors. Additionally, analysis of a case study as a means of strengthening these connections while improving patient outcomes will be assessed.
Event-Driven Programming with Logical Execution Times

We present a new high-level programming language, called xGiotto, for programming applications with hard real-time constraints. Like its predecessor, xGiotto is based on the LET (logical execution time) assumption: the programmer specifies when the outputs of a task become available, and the compiler checks if the specification can be implemented on a given platform. However, while the predecessor language xGiotto was purely time-triggered, xGiotto accommodates also asynchronous events. Indeed, through a mechanism called event scoping, events are the main structuring principle of the new language. The xGiotto compiler and run-time system implement event scoping through a tree-based event filter. The compiler also checks programs for determinism (absence of race conditions).
In Over Our Heads: The Mental Demands of Modern Life

Prologue I. The Mental Demand of Adolescence 1. The Hidden Curriculum of Youth: "Whaddaya Want from Me?" 2. Coaching the Curriculum: A Bridge Must Be Well Anchored on Either Side II. The Mental Demand of Private Life: Parenting and Partnering 3. Parenting: Minding Our Children 4. Partnering: Love and Consciousness III. The Mental Demand of Public Life: Work and Self-Expansion 5. Working: On Seeking to Hire the Self-Employed 6. Dealing with Difference: Communication between the Sexes/Communication between the Theories 7. Healing: The Undiscussed Demands of Psychotherapy 8. Learning: "The Teacher Wants Us to Be Self-Directing" IV. The Mental Demand of Postmodern Life 9. Conflict, Leadership, and Knowledge Creation 10. On Being Good Company for the Wrong Journey Epilogue Notes Index
Learning language from its perceptual context

Current systems that learn to process natural language require laboriously constructed human-annotated training data. Ideally, a computer would be able to acquire language like a child by being exposed to linguistic input in the context of a relevant but ambiguous perceptual environment. As a step in this direction, we present a system that learns to sportscast simulated robot soccer games by example. The training data consists of textual human commentaries on Robocup simulation games. A set of possible alternative meanings for each comment is automatically constructed from game event traces. Our previously developed systems for learning to parse and generate natural language (KRISP and WASP) were augmented to learn from this data and then commentate novel games. Using this approach, the system has learned to sportscast in both English and Korean. The system has been evaluated based on its ability to properly match sentences to the events being described, parse sentences into correct meanings, and generate accurate linguistic descriptions of events. Human evaluation was also conducted on the overall quality of the generated sportscasts and compared to human-generated commentaries, demonstrating that its sportscasts are on par with those generated by humans.
Altered gentamicin distribution in ascitic patients

Gentamicin pharmacokinetics were studied in eight patients with ascites. Gentamicin serum levels were measured by radioimmunoassay immediately before, 15 minutes after, and at one and two estimated half-lives after intermittent i.v. infusions of gentamicin. Volumes of distributions (Vd) calculated for the eight patients were significantly larger than mean values reported for the drug in normal patients (p less than 0.025). Vd ranged from 20.2 to 53 liters and correlated poorly with lean and total body weights. In patients with ascites or abnormal extracellular fluid volumes, gentamicin dosage should be based on frequent measurements of serum gentamicin levels and on clinical response.