cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choice under incomplete information on incumbents: Why consumers with stronger preferences are more likely to abandon their prior choices

Abstract Consumers often encounter information about new brands that is not available for their preliminary or prior choices. For example, continued browsing might expose consumers to information that is unknown for an option they already placed in their shopping cart. How might preference strength affect their reactions to such missing information on their prior choices? Much research suggests that consumers with strong prior preferences are likely to employ motivated reasoning to bolster and retain the preliminary choice. However, we document a heretofore unexamined condition under which those with relatively stronger prior preferences for an incumbent are more likely to abandon it than those with weaker prior preferences. We argue that this occurs because those with relatively stronger (vs. weaker) prior preferences experience more cognitive dissonance when information on new attributes is missing on just the incumbent but not on its competitors.
Psychosocial and Clinical Factors Associated with Family Communication of Cancer Genetic Test Results among Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer at a Young Age

Genetic test results have medical implications beyond the patient that extend to biological family members. We examined psychosocial and clinical factors associated with communication of genetic test results within families. Women (N = 1080) diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger completed an online survey; 920 women that reported prior cancer genetic testing were included in analysis. We examined the proportion of immediate family members to whom they communicated genetic test results, and built multivariable regression models to examine clinical and psychosocial variables associated with the proportion score. Participants were most likely to communicate test results to their mother (83 %) and least likely to their son (45 %). Participants who carried a BRCA mutation (OR = 1.34; 95 % CI = 1.06, 1.70), had higher interest in genomic information (OR = 1.55; 95 % CI = 1.26, 1.91) and lower genetic worry (OR = 0.91; 95 % CI = 0.86, 0.96) communicated genetic test results to a greater proportion of their immediate family members. Participants with a BRCA1/2 mutation shared their genetic test results with more male family members (OR = 1.72; 95 % CI = 1.02, 2.89). Our findings suggest that patients with high worry about genetic risks, low interest in genomic information, or receive a negative genetic test result will likely need additional support to encourage family communication.
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Prostatic Lesions: A Comparison of Three Modalities: Multiparametric MRI, Fusion MRI/Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS), and Traditional TRUS.

Purpose: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has been the gold standard of imaging for diagnosing prostate cancer for decades but is plagued by user error and undersampling. We aim to explore imaging modalities that are now being used in combination or alone for screening, diagnosis, and/or active surveillance of prostate cancer. Methods: A PubMed literature search was performed to include articles published up to April 2016. Data were extracted and analyzed. Results: Several large-scale studies have found an increased cancer detection rate in MRI-targeted lesions with an improved ability to target anterior lesions as well as an increased cancer detection in high-risk cancers using fusion platforms vs TRUS alone. Conclusions: To date, there have been few head-to-head trials to directly compare the use of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), transrectal ultrasound, and MRI-ultrasound fusion modalities for accurate and reliable detection, active surveillance, or biopsy procedure success rates. Further investigation utilizing these modalities are needed before they can be relied upon in active surveillance management, although mpMRI appears to be currently the most reliable in monitoring and diagnosing prostate lesions.
Bayesian MODIS NDVI back-prediction by intersensor calibration with AVHRR

Abstract This article describes a Bayesian approach for ensuring the continuity of remote sensing records (1982–2014) by back-prediction of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) using historical Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. First, a historical 8 km snow data was generated using MODIS snow Quality Assurance field and North American Regional Reanalysis snow depth and air temperature outputs. Second, the relationships between coarsened 8 km MODIS and AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were modeled pixel by pixel using spatial autocorrelation. Then the NDVI was back-predicted to 1982 from historical AVHRR observations and snow data. The back-predicted NDVI was validated against those data held-out from MODIS in 2001 and 2002 from four distinct biogeographic state regions (California, Kansas, Minnesota and Mississippi) in the continental United States. The results show consistency of the derived NDVI from two sensors, with a Root Mean Square Error within 0.05 over most land cover classes. This validation results suggest potential application of this approach for generating consistent long term multi-sensor NDVI data records for ecology and global climate change studies.
The Work Lives of Women Physicians: Results from the Physician Work Life Study

OBJECTIVE: To describe gender differences in job satisfaction, work life issues, and burnout of U.S. physicians. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: The Physician Work life Study, a nationally representative random stratified sample of 5,704 physicians in primary and specialty nonsurgical care (N=2,326 respondents; 32% female, adjusted response rate=52%). Survey contained 150 items assessing career satisfaction and multiple aspects of work life. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Odds of being satisfied with facets of work life and odds of reporting burnout were modeled with survey-weighted logistic regression controlling for demographic variables and practice characteristics. Multiple linear regression was performed to model dependent variables of global, career, and specialty satisfaction with independent variables of income, time pressure, and items measuring control over medical and workplace issues. Compared with male physicians, female physicians were more likely to report satisfaction with their specialty and with patient and colleague relationships (P<.05), but less likely to be satisfied with autonomy, relationships with community, pay, and resources (P<.05). Female physicians reported more female patients and more patients with complex psychosocial problems, but the same numbers of complex medical patients, compared with their male colleagues. Time pressure in ambulatory settings was greater for women, who on average reported needing 36% more time than allotted to provide quality care for new patients or consultations, compared with 21% more time needed by men (P<.01). Female physicians reported significantly less work control than male physicians regarding day-to-day aspects of practice including volume of patient load, selecting physicians for referrals, and details of office scheduling (P<.01). When controlling for multiple factors, mean income for women was approximately $22,000 less than that of men. Women had 1.6 times the odds of reporting burnout compared with men (P<.05), with the odds of burnout by women increasing by 12% to 15% for each additional 5 hours worked per week over 40 hours (P<.05). Lack of workplace control predicted burnout in women but not in men. For those women with young children, odds of burnout were 40% less when support of colleagues, spouse, or significant other for balancing work and home issues was present. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences exist in both the experience of and satisfaction with medical practice. Addressing these gender differences will optimize the participation of female physicians within the medical workforce.
Invasive Species Impacts on Human Well-being Using the Life Satisfaction Index

Abstract Invasive alien species are known to be disruptive to the natural environment and can lead to sharp reductions in environmental quality, thereby affecting social welfare. However, little is known about how subjective well-being, in particular, is impacted by invasive species. This is troubling because it precludes credible empirical considerations of the full-range of social externalities when setting invasive species management policy. To address this knowledge gap, this paper provides the first estimates of invasive species impacts on subjective well-being using the life satisfaction (“happiness”) index. The approach is applied to the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB), a particularly virulent ash tree attacking pest in North America. Using a repeated cross-sectional fixed effects design, the impact of EAB detection on life satisfaction (LS) is estimated for individuals living in 189 counties in 15 US states over 2005–2011. Results suggest that after EAB detection, LS is reduced by 0.127 on a 4-point scale [95% CI: − 0.002, − 0.252]. The magnitude of impacts are greatest after a 5-year lag and are largest among young adults (18–24 years).
Process Simulation of Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion for Methane Production

A process simulation model was developed for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process used for biogas generation. Aspen Plus software was used for this purpose. The developed model predicts the product...
Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire (EDE–Q): Norms for Clinical Sample of Female Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa,

The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Cooper, 1993; Fairburn, Cooper, & O’Connor, 2008) is a well-established self-report instrument that measures eating disorder behaviors and attitudes, and is derived from the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview (Fairburn & Cooper, 1993; Fairburn et al., 2008). The EDE-Q is relatively brief and cost-efficient, and is used for research and clinical purposes. Normative data are needed for appropriate analysis and interpretation of EDE-Q scores. Additionally, normative data provides a baseline distribution in a representative sample of individuals with eating disorders and establishes a baseline for comparison to healthy controls and individuals who have recovered from an eating disorder. Currently, normative data exists in a myriad of adult populations such as undergraduate students (Darcy, Hardy, Lock, Hill, & Peebles, 2013; Keane, Clarke, McGrath, Farrelly, & MacHale, 2017; Kelly, Cotter, & Mazzeo, 2012; Lavender, De Young, & Anderson, 2010; Luce & Crowther, 1999; Luce, Crowther, & Pole, 2008; Nakai et al., 2014; Quick & Byrd-Bredbenner, 2013; Reas, Overas, & Ro, 2012; Ro, Reas, & Lask, 2010; Villarroel, Penelo, Portell, & Raich, 2011), community samples (Hilbert, de Zwaan, & Braehler, 2012; Machado et al., 2014; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, & Owen, 2006; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, Owen, & Beumont, 2004), eating disorder (ED) samples (Brewin, Baggott, Dugard, & Arcelus, 2014; Dahlgren, Stedal, & Ro, 2017; Jennings & Phillips, 2017; Smith et al., 2017), and both ED and community samples (Aardoom, Dingemans, Slof Op’t Landt, & Van Furth, 2012; Welch, Birgegard, Parling, & Ghaderi, 2011). Few studies have examined normative data in adolescent populations. Normative EDE-Q data are available for healthy adolescent girls in the United Kingdom (Carter, Stewart, & Fairburn, 2001) and Portugal (Machado et al., 2014), and healthy adolescent boys and girls in Australia (Mond et al., 2014), Malaysia (Musa et al., 2016), and Mexico (Penelo, Negrete, Portell, & Raich, 2013). One Swedish study (Mantilla & Birgegard, 2016) reported norms on clinical and healthy adolescents using a 14-day time frame version of the EDE-Q, which had been specifically modified for adolescents (Carter et al., 2001). To the knowledge of these researchers, despite increased research and clinical use of the EDE-Q in adolescent populations, normative data in a clinical sample in the United States (U.S.) has not been published. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to provide EDE-Q norms for a sample of adolescent females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN) admitted to inpatient treatment for an eating disorder.
Clinical and Familial Subtypes of Mood Disorders: Observation, Opinion, and Purpose

Classification has the general purpose of promoting understanding. In science, the ordering of information seeks to make past observation more intelligible and future events more predictable. It also acts as an implicit guide to those who are conducting research into various phenomena. Principally, the strategies employed in classification are the clustering of like phenomena into various groups or distributing them upon a continuum or dimension of change. Observation of how relationships among the phenomena change over time adds a sophistication to either strategy. Charles Darwin devoted his life to one grand classification—to the development of a systematic arrangement by which all living and extinct organisms are united by complex, radiating, and circuitous lines of affinities into a few grand classes.2 He rested his theory of the origin of the species upon the meticulous clustering of the wide variety of phenomena that he observed during his voyage with the “Beagle.”
1704c Sustainability reporting: raising the bar for safety and health management

Sustainability reporting has emerged as a key driver for businesses to set ambitious goals, display leadership, innovate, and continuously improve their practices in ways that go beyond compliance with existing regulations. While a safety and health management program that prevents worker injuries and illnesses is a logical component of an organisation’s sustainability efforts, these programs have not been a focus of reporting practices to date. Where occupational safety and health has been included in sustainability reports, such reporting has emphasised quantitative indicators such as total and lost-time injury rate histories; little information has typically been provided on other important indicators of performance such as the nature of processes to identify and address safety and health risks, approaches to worker training, practices to encourage reporting of safety and health concerns by employees, and auditing procedures. Updates to the GRI’s occupational health and safety disclosures, which shift the focus to qualitative and descriptive approaches for evaluating whether systems are in place to effectively and proactively manage worker safety and health, help set the stage for improved worker protection. Although these disclosures provide a much improved framework for enterprises to provide information to stakeholders on efforts to mitigate workplace risks, they can also serve as a useful model for corporate managers and safety and health professionals to evaluate the strength of their safety and health management program even where enterprises do not engage in public sustainability reporting. Developing a safety and health program or enhancing an existing one based on such a framework can help all organisations better protect workers and improve business performance.
Solution growth of a deuterated trans-stilbene crystal for fast neutron detection

Abstract The paper reports results on growth and characterization of the first deuterated analog of the trans-stilbene crystal. The high optical quality stilbene-d12 single crystal was grown by application of the solution technique using specially synthesized raw material and an aromatic solvent (anisole). Optical, physical, and scintillation properties of the new material are compared to those of the regular trans-stilbene crystal. The new deuterated material is promising for use in fast neutron spectroscopy without the need for time-of-flight measurements.
Interatomic Potentials Transferability for Molecular Simulations: A Comparative Study for Platinum, Gold and Silver.

A perfectly transferable interatomic potential that works for different materials and systems of interest is lacking. This work considers the transferability of several existing interatomic potentials by evaluating their capability at various temperatures, to determine the range of accuracy of these potentials in atomistic simulations. A series of embedded-atom-method (EAM) based interatomic potentials has been examined for three precious and popular transition metals in nanoscale studies: platinum, gold and silver. The potentials have been obtained from various credible and trusted repositories and were evaluated in a wide temperature range to tackle the lack of a transferability comparison between multiple available force fields. The interatomic potentials designed for the single elements, binary, trinary and higher order compounds were tested for each species using molecular dynamics simulation. Validity of results arising from each potential was investigated against experimental values at different temperatures from 100 to 1000 K. The data covers accuracy of all studied potentials for prediction of the single crystals’ elastic stiffness constants as well as the bulk, shear and Young’s modulus of the polycrystalline specimens. Results of this paper increase users’ assurance and lead them to the right model by a way to easily look up data.
Professional Development in Physical Education: University and K–12 Partnerships

In this article the author explores the development of PD relationships through her own experience with a focus on school-university partnerships. Advocating for these professional relationships op...
Accidental intra-arterial injection: an under-reported preventable never event

Depending upon the medication administered, accidental administration of medication into the arterial line can cause devastating complications. This wrong-route injection is a never event in the UK but may be under-reported especially when occurring in the unconscious patient who may not notice associated pain temporally. Under-reporting may occur because resultant complications may be delayed a number of hours and the accountable healthcare worker may not recognise or choose not to report the error. In 2008 the UK National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) reported only 76 incidents related to poor sampling technique but few wrong route arterial injections. Of these 21% suffered moderate to severe harm [1]. The NPSA suggests that training and the use of clear labelling alongside red arterial tubing and standard red lock caps be used to prevent arterial sampling errors.
A Microprocessor Based DTA— Some Considerations and Comments

In 1960, two engineers working at the Perkin-Elmer Corporation were convinced that convential Differential Thermal Analyzers worked in the wrong way to give reliable quantitative results in that they required a lack of equilibrium in order to operate. In their minds, the right way to do DTA would be to hold the sample and reference temperature the same and measure the difference in power required to do this.
Management of Chemicals for Sustainable Development

This chapter traces the growth of global actions related to the management of chemicals and hazardous wastes since the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, through the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and projections into the future as far as 2020. It is important to understand this relationship, since the groundwork for essentially all of the recommendations found in the Article 23 of the Plan of Implementation from Johannesburg is found in Chapter 19 of Agenda 21.
On the useful life of tribo-pairs experiencing variable loading and sliding speed

Abstract Tribo-pairs experiencing fluctuating operating conditions are expected to have lower useful life compared to those that operate in a steady state condition. The objective of the present study is to gain insight into the wear characteristics of such tribo-pairs operating in dry conditions and to develop a general procedure to reliably predict their useful life. Results are presented based on a series of experiments performed using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The disk is made of brass coated with a black paint to clearly detect the onset of failure defined as the time when the steel ball contacts the brass disk and friction force rapidly fluctuates and becomes erratic. First, experiments are performed at various loads (1 N, 2 N and 3 N) at a constant sliding speed (0.1 m/s), and different sliding speeds (0.05 m/s, 0.1 m/s and 0.2 m/s) at a constant load of 2 N) for establishing the useful life. Following these experiments, fluctuating operating conditions are imposed by varying (i) loading sequence, (ii) sliding speed sequence and (iii) both load and sliding speed in an arbitrary manner. For all these experiments the remaining useful life for the last sequence are determined by considering Miner's constant C = 1 and cumulative power to failure of 103 W. The results revealed that the maximum error between the power generation method and experimental results vary from 2% to 10.3%, while using Miner's constant, the error was substantially higher. Further, the applicability of power generation method is validated for an extreme operating condition for an Al-steel tribo-pair. Finally, a detailed mathematical explanation is provided to illustrate the reason for the advantage of power generation method over Miner's rule.
A Novel Defect Passivation Method for Multicrystalline Si Wafer by H2S Reaction

The passivation of multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers by reaction in H2S is discussed where the effective minority carrier lifetime $(\tau_{\mathrm{eff}})$ was measured to evaluate the improvements of the bulk quality. $\mathrm{Mc}-\mathrm{Si}\tau_{\mathrm{eff}}$ improved to $> {200} {\mu\sec}$ due to bulk and surface passivation by H2S reaction, compared to ${ 40\sim 60\mu\sec}$ with only surface passivation by quinhydrone-methanol (QHY/ME) or hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H), two well-developed surface passivation methods for monocrystalline Si. Injection level dependent ${\tau_{\mathrm{eff}}}$ showed the reduction of both trap and recombination states for mc-Si passivation in H2S. $\tau_{\mathrm{eff}} > {250\mu\sec}$ was yielded through surface repassivation in QHY/ ME after removal of H2S reaction-formed surface layer by wet chemical etching. This indicates the passivated bulk quality by H2S reaction was not affected even after a series of wet chemistry treatments.
An Investigation of Paramedical Vocational Interest and Choice for Latinos and African American Men in Texas Community Colleges

ABSTRACTAlthough the recent annual growth rate in the U.S. paramedical field has been 4%, Latino and African American men have been significantly underrepresented in the field compared to their pro...
Gynecomastia as a sign of hepatoma. Report of a case.

The rare finding of hepatoma in the absence of cirrhosis in an adult was of particular interest as gynecomastia developed 6 months before the tumor was found and disappeared soon after surgical removal of the hepatoma. This and other evidence that gynecomastia may be a sign of hepatoma and the possibility that it results from the production of a substance with endocrine activity by hepatic tissue are discussed.
Ambient air pollution and in vitro fertilization treatment outcomes.

Study question Is air pollution associated with IVF treatment outcomes in the USA? Summary answer We did not find clear evidence of a meaningful association between reproductive outcomes and average daily concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). What is known already Maternal exposure to air pollution such as PM2.5, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide or O3 may increase risks for adverse perinatal outcomes. Findings from the few studies using data from IVF populations to investigate associations between specific pollutants and treatment outcomes are inconclusive. Study design, size and duration Retrospective cohort study of 253 528 non-cancelled fresh, autologous IVF cycles including 230 243 fresh, autologous IVF cycles with a transfer of ≥1 embryo was performed between 2010 and 2012. Participants/materials, setting, methods We linked 2010-2012 National ART Surveillance System data for fresh, autologous IVF cycles with the ambient air pollution data generated using a Bayesian fusion model available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Environmental Public Health Tracking Network. We calculated county-level average daily PM2.5 and O3 concentrations for three time periods: cycle start to oocyte retrieval (T1), oocyte retrieval to embryo transfer (T2) and embryo transfer +14 days (T3). Multivariable predicted marginal proportions from logistic and log-linear regression models were used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and 95% CI for the association between reproductive outcomes (implantation rate, pregnancy and live birth) and interquartile increases in PM2.5 and O3. The multipollutant models were also adjusted for patients and treatment characteristics and accounted for clustering by clinic and county of residence. Main results and the role of chance For all exposure periods, O3 was weakly positively associated with implantation (aRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.001-1.02 for T1; aRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.001-1.02 for T2 and aRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.001-1.02 for T3) and live birth (aRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.002-1.02 for T1; aRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.004-1.02 for T2 and aRR 1.02, 95% CI 1.004-1.03 for T3). PM2.5 was not associated with any of the reproductive outcomes assessed. Limitations, reasons for caution The main limitation of this study is the use of aggregated air pollution data as proxies for individual exposure. The weak positive associations found in this study might be related to confounding by factors that we were unable to assess and may not reflect clinically meaningful differences. Wider implications of the findings More research is needed to assess the impact of air pollution on reproductive function. Study funding/competing interest(s) None.
Comparing dopamine release, uptake, and D2 autoreceptor function across the ventromedial to dorsolateral striatum in adolescent and adult rats

Abstract Adolescents have increased vulnerability for the development of a range of psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse disorders (SUD) and mood disorders. Adolescents also have increased rates of sensation seeking and risk taking. The mesolimbic dopamine system plays a role in all these behaviors and disorders and reorganization of the dopamine system during adolescence may be important in mediating these developmental changes in behavior and vulnerability. Here, we used ex vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry to examine developmental differences in dopamine release and its local circuitry regulation across the striatum. We found that adolescents have significantly decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core across a range of stimulation frequencies that model tonic and phasic firing of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. We show this is not mediated by differences in rate of dopamine uptake, but may be driven by hypersensitive dopamine autoreceptors, indicated by increased inhibition in dopamine release following agonism of D2/D3 receptors, in the adolescent nucleus accumbens core. Additionally, we observed increases in dopamine uptake in the dorsomedial striatum. No other significant differences between release, uptake, or D2 autoreceptor function was observed between adolescent and adult rats in all brain areas tested (nucleus accumbens shell, nucleus accumbens core, dorsomedial striatum, and dorsolateral striatum). These developmental differences in dopamine release may be important in mediating some of the unique behavioral repertoire seen in adolescents, such as increases in sensation seeking, and its associated vulnerabilities.
Glutathione Directly Intercepts DNA Radicals To Inhibit Oxidative DNA-Protein Cross-Linking Induced by the One-Electron Oxidation of Guanine.

Oxidative DNA damage can lead to cancer, and as enzymatic DNA repair systems become compromised during the aging process, the role of exogenous antioxidants becomes more critical. Here, we examined whether such non-enzymatic DNA repair can be effected by the common cellular antioxidant glutathione, investigating both permanent DNA damage products and the guanine radical intermediates that form them, using the flash-quench technique to carry out the one-electron oxidation of guanine. In gel-shift assays, the presence of reduced glutathione at physiological (millimolar) concentrations strongly inhibits oxidative DNA–protein cross-linking. In contrast, the oxidized glutathione dimer affords only a minimal amount of protection, even at elevated pH where there is more of the strongly reducing thiolate form. In flash photolysis experiments, the formation and decay of the guanine neutral radical were monitored at 510 nm. Transient absorption measurements with a guanine-rich 22-mer DNA duplex on the millisecond t...
Rheological behaviour of injection moldable ceramic-ceramic composites

EXTENDED ABSTRACT The potential of ceramic-ceramic composites as engineering materials is outstanding. However, new, net shape processing methods must be developed to yield uniform, controlled microstructures. Injection molding and extrusion are two such processing routes; however, very high solids loadings of ceramic powder and whisker fillers must be incorporated into the molten polymer system, which results in an extremely high viscosity. Understanding and successfully modeling the flow behavior of these materials is necessary in order that filler content, ratio, and size can be manipulated to yield optimized flow as well as final ceramic-ceramic composite mechanical properties. This research will strongly contribute to that understanding. There is currently great interest in the potential for whisker reinforced ceramic-ceramic composites to revolutionize the structural ceramics area. These materials offer increased strength, toughness, and thermal shock resistance over monolithic ceramic materials. For this potential to be realized, however, new methods of processing complex shapes in an automated, reliable fashion are needed. One such approach is injection molding. There are several key issues which are to be addressed in this work, including: mixing, dispersion, and analysis and modeling of the rheological properties of the polymer melts with very high ceramic powder and whisker solids loading All compounds investigated were mixed in a torque rheometer. The mixer has a 215 cm3 capacity, with two counter rotating roller blades. The mixing conditions were fixed at 125°C and 100-60 rpm in order to achieve optimum mixing. Compounding time was 50 minutes at 100 rpm and another 50 minutes at 60 rpm. Instron Capillary Viscometry was used to characterize the rheological properties of the ceramic filled polymer systems simulating the injection molding process. Different capillary tubes were applied to study the end, slip and non-Newtonian fluid effects. Highly filled Si powder and SiC whiskers in the molten polyethylene and stearic acid were characterized by capillary viscometry
A comprehensive assessment of the Reynolds Analogy in predicting heat transfer in turbulent wall-bounded shear flows

Abstract Heat transfer modeling plays a major role in design and optimization of modern and efficient thermal-fluid systems. However, currently available models suffer from a fundamental shortcoming: their development is based on the general notion that accurate prediction of the flow field will guarantee an appropriate prediction of the thermal field, known as the Reynolds Analogy. This investigation presents a comprehensive assessment of the capability of the Reynolds Analogy in predicting turbulent heat transfer when applied to turbulent shear flows of fluids with different Prandtl numbers. It turns out that the Reynolds Analogy is able to provide acceptable results for first order statistics only when fluids with Prandtl number close to unity are considered. Further, it is shown that unsteady simulations could provide acceptable results on second order statistics concerning fluids with different Prandtl numbers, if appropriate grid design/resolution is provided that allows to resolve essential dynamics of the thermal field. However, accurate prediction of higher order statistics close to solid surface requires more advanced heat transfer models that can provide accurate information on thermal time scales, in case the grid is too coarse to support accurate resolving of the essential thermal dynamics in these regions.
National estimates of substance use, substance use disorders, and treatment among adolescent and young adult cancer survivors.

7042Background: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of cancer are at an elevated risk of early-life morbidity and mortality due to the disease trajectory and treatment. Engagement in risk be...
Designing to engage children in monitoring indoor air quality: a participatory approach

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is especially important for children because they are more susceptible to the deleterious impacts of poor air quality compared to adults. While devices to monitor IAQ are increasingly available, these are designed primarily for adults, and little attention has been paid to their potential use by children. This paper describes an effort to engage children directly in the design of an IAQ visualization interface for children. In engaging children in participatory workshops, we found that they rely heavily on visual, olfactory, and thermal cues to perceive and assess IAQ. Reflecting on these findings and based on design principles for technology for children, we created and tested child-friendly interface prototypes for IAQ visualization. Based on children's input, we designed a final set of visual interfaces that will be implemented in the IAQ monitor. The next study will test and deploy the monitor in the real world.
Investigating the Unique Predictors of Word-Problem Solving Using Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling

The purpose of the present study is to clarify the contributions of cognitive skills (nonverbal reasoning, language comprehension, working memory, attention, processing speed) and academic skills (mathematics facts retrieval, mathematics computation, mathematics vocabulary, reading comprehension) in performing mathematics word problems among elementary school students. With the two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach, I synthesized 112 correlation matrices from 98 empirical studies (N = 111,346) and fitted the hypothesized partial mediation model. Overall, path analysis indicated that language comprehension, working memory, attention, mathematics vocabulary, and mathematics computation were unique predictors of word-problem solving. Subgroup analysis demonstrated different unique predictors for younger and older students to perform word problems (K-2nd grades versus 3rd–5th grades). Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Spreading Addictions Care Across Oregon’s Rural and Community Hospitals: Mixed-Methods Evaluation of an Interprofessional Telementoring ECHO Program

Despite evidence of effectiveness, most US hospitals do not deliver hospital-based addictions care. ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) is a telementoring model for providers across diverse geographic areas. We developed and implemented a substance use disorder (SUD) in hospital care ECHO to support statewide dissemination of best practices in hospital-based addictions care. Assess the feasibility, acceptability, and effects of ECHO and explore lessons learned and implications for the spread of hospital-based addictions care. Mixed-methods study with a pre-/post-intervention design. Interprofessional hospital providers and administrators across Oregon. A 10–12-week ECHO that included participant case presentations and brief didactics delivered by an interprofessional faculty, including peers with lived experience in recovery. To assess feasibility and acceptability, we collected enrollment, attendance, and participant feedback data. To evaluate ECHO effects, we used pre-/post-ECHO assessments and performed a thematic analysis of open-ended survey responses and participant focus groups. We recruited 143 registrants to three cohorts between January and September 2019, drawing from 32 of Oregon’s 62 hospitals and one southwest Washington hospital. Ninety-six (67.1%) attended at least half of ECHO sessions. Participants were highly satisfied with ECHO. After ECHO, participants were more prepared to treat SUD; however, prescribing did not change. Participants identified substantial gains in knowledge and skills, particularly regarding the use of medications for opioid use disorder; patient-centered communication with people who use drugs; and understanding harm reduction as a valid treatment approach. ECHO built a community of practice and reduced provider isolation. Participants recognized the need for supportive hospital leadership, policies, and SUD resources to fully implement and adopt hospital-based SUD care. A statewide, interprofessional SUD hospital care ECHO was feasible and acceptable. Findings may be useful to health systems, states, and regions looking to expand hospital-based addictions care.
Changing Urban–Rural Disparities in the Utilization of Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C in U.S. Medicare Patients, 2014–2017

Introduction The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents for treating hepatitis C virus infection has made hepatitis C virus elimination possible. Rural patients with hepatitis C virus infection may be less likely to access direct-acting antiviral agents, but the real-world evidence is scarce on urban–rural disparities in direct-acting antiviral agent utilization. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2019–2020 using Medicare data to examine urban–rural disparities in direct-acting antiviral agent utilization among newly diagnosed patients with hepatitis C virus infection in 2014–2016. Direct-acting antiviral agent use was defined as filling ≥1 prescription for direct-acting antiviral agents during 2014–2017, and patient's urban–rural status was classified on the basis of their ZIP code of residence. This study evaluated the associations between multilevel factors and direct-acting antiviral agent use with a focus on urban–rural disparities. It also assessed changes over time in urban–rural disparities in direct-acting antiviral agent utilization using multivariable cause-specific Cox regression analyses with time-varying hazard ratios. Results Among 204,018 new patients with hepatitis C virus infection, about 30% received direct-acting antiviral agents during 2014–2017. Cumulative direct-acting antiviral agent use gradually increased over time in both urban and rural patients. However, the increase was greater in urban patients than in rural patients. In the first year of follow-up, rural patients had a similar rate of receiving direct-acting antiviral agents (adjusted hazard ratio=1.03, 95% CI=1.00, 1.07), but they were less likely to use direct-acting antiviral agents in later years than urban patients (adjusted hazard ratio=0.85, 95% CI=0.81, 0.90 in the second year, adjusted hazard ratio=0.82, 95% CI=0.76, 0.89 in the third year, and adjusted hazard ratio=0.76, 95% CI=0.64, 0.90 in the fourth year of follow-up). Conclusions This study reveals important gaps in hepatitis C virus treatment and suggests increasing urban–rural disparities in direct-acting antiviral agent utilization. Enhancing direct-acting antiviral agent uptake in rural populations with hepatitis C virus infection will help reduce hepatitis C virus‒related health disparities and reach the national goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus infection.
A Review of the State-of-the-Art Emission Control Strategies in Modern Diesel Engines

Accurate prediction and control of diesel engine-out emissions are vital areas of interest for automotive manufacturers and researchers. This article presents an investigative review of performance and emission control improvements in diesel engines over the past few decades. A brief background of environmental organizations like the Environmental Protection Agency has been included because they initiated stringent emission norms. These requirements caused diesel engine development to be a more tedious task and also triggered various technologies employed by engine manufacturers to meet the new norms. This review focuses on various diesel engine modeling methods that have evolved during the last few decades and have contributed to the technological advancement in modern diesel engines. Three types of modeling methods and their applications are discussed in detail along with a few controlling methods using different control theories. A detailed emphasis on recent engine control strategies reviews controlling gridlocks and viable solutions in diesel engines. Significant challenges such as model fitness, accuracy, robustness, and precise predictions that provide extensive scope for researchers working in diesel engine out emission control are addressed. Various advancements in optimized engine model development for further performance enhancement are also reported.
Sedentary Conditions Promote Subregionally Specific Changes in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla.

A sedentary lifestyle is the top preventable cause of death and accounts for substantial socioeconomic costs to society. The rostral ventrolateral medulla regulates blood pressure under normal and pathophysiological states, and demonstrates inactivity-related structural and functional neuroplasticity, which is subregionally-specific. The purpose of this study was to examine pro- and mature forms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and their respective receptors in the male rat RVLM and its rostral extension following sedentary versus active (running wheels) conditions (10-12 weeks). We used subregionally-specific Western blotting to determine that the mature form of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its ratio to its pro-form were lower in more caudal subregions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla of sedentary rats but higher in the rostral extension when both were compared to active rats. The full-length form of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor and the non-glycosylated form of the 75 kilodalton neurotrophin receptor were lower in sedentary compared to active rats. The rostrocaudal patterns of expression of the mature form of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the full-length form of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor were remarkably similar to the subregionally-specific patterns of enhanced dendritic branching, neuronal activity and glutamate-mediated increases in sympathetic nerve activity observed in previous studies performed in sedentary rats. Our studies suggest signaling pathways related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor within subregions of both the rostral ventrolateral medulla and its rostral extension contribute to cardiovascular disease and premature death related to a sedentary lifestyle.
Appraisal of Results

One of the problems which arises from our research is the concept of continuity and discontinuity of cognitive development. Piaget makes clear that we observe a functional continuity and a structural discontinuity in cognitive development by functional continuity we mean for example, that one can find in sensorimotor intelligence, the practical equivalence of classes and of relations which later are going to be constructed on an abstract level.
Russian Jewish Immigration and its Effect on the State of Israel

Since the nineteenth century, the State of Israel has sought to gather together people of Jewish ancestry.1 Israel's immigration policy is contained in its Declaration of Independence, passed on May 14,1948, and reads, "[t]he State of Israel is open to Jewish immigration and the Ingathering of Exiles."2 The Law of Return, enacted July 5, 1950 following the establishment of statehood, gives every Jew in the world the right to immigrate to Israel.3 As recently as 1996, the Israeli government voiced its continuing commitment to increase immigration and to strengthen the bond of Jewish heritage and Zionism.4 A recent immigration wave from Russia, however, has forced Israelis and the Israeli government to question the strength of this commitment. As Russian Jews have immigrated to Israel in the hundreds of thousands, Israel has experienced significant social, cultural, and political changes. The changes caused by this immigration have in turn raised issues with legal implications; specifically the question of "who is a Jew?" This paper examines the changes to Israeli society resulting from the recent wave of Russian immigration and the potential legal questions that have surfaced as a result of these changes. First, this paper briefly outlines the relevance of Jewish Law to Israeli Law, thus explaining the significance of religious status within the legal regime. Second, it discusses the major social, cultural, and political changes in Israeli society resulting from the recent wave of Russian immigration. Finally, this paper examines the effect that these changes have had on Israeli society and posits that these changes have forced
Group projects across the curriculum

Many professors in computing science feel that group projects are not worth the hassle and complications [1]. Several reasons have been cited: different student schedules make it difficult to get together, centralizing information is tedious and usually hard to secure, and it is hard to monitor group participation. The problem with not creating group projects means students are missing a vital component of their educations. Our panel will discuss how four different professors have incorporated group projects into different classes.
Receded chin; its correction with preserved cartilage.

Abstract A case of microgenia and a method of correction are presented. Tantalum has been mentioned as a possible satisfactory graft material for use in the correction of facial defects. Portions of rib removed during sympathectomy or in the course of other thoracic surgery are an excellent source of cartilage, for correcting any facial deficiency, including microgenia. Refrigated cartilage is recommended as the most successful material used to date.
The Fate of Chlorine in Soils

The degradation products of natural organic matter play a key role both in the fertility of soils and in the transport of pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Little is known about the properties of these important but complex and ill-defined molecules. In his Perspective, Casey highlights the report by Myneni, who shows that chlorine is transformed from its inorganic form to organochlorines during natural degradation. The results indicate that chlorination of organic compounds during degradation is widespread.
Coupled thermoplastic analysis of non-steady state bar drawing with fem

In bar drawing, the diameter of a round bar is reduced by pulling the bar through a conical die. During the process, the bar and the die are heated due to the deformation and friction. The non-steady state deformation of the bar drawing process is analyzed by the FEM program ALPIDT. Based on the rigid-plastic theory, program ALPIDT also takes into account the heat generation and heat counduction during the process. One of the difficulties encountered in the simulation is to limit the control volume in the analysis. This problem is solved by introducing an automated remeshing scheme suitable to the steady-state deformation. The deformation mechanics were discussed in terms of solution. The predicted temperature distributions at steady state are compared with the experimental measurement. The comparison shows excellent agreement with the measured and predicted values.