cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of enhanced natural killer cell activity under anesthesia.

Abstract An increase in natural killer (NK) cell activity can be conditioned with a one trial learning paradigm to demonstrate the interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. In order to demonstrate learning possibilities during ‘non-conscious’ state, mice were anesthetized with a ketamin/rompun mixture and underwent one trial learning with odor cue as the conditioned stimulus (CS) preceding the unconditioned stimulus (US). The results indicated that mice that were exposed to camphor odor cue under the influence of anesthesia can associate the signal with the poly I:C unconditioned stimulus and were able to recall the conditioned response upon reexposure to the CS. Secondly, the conditioned association made in a conscious state can be recalled by exposure to the same olfactory odor cue in a ‘non-conscious’ state. The increase in the conditioned change in NK cell activity of both situations was significantly higher than the control group. The results demonstrate that learning can take place and the learned response can be recalled under the reduced awareness caused by anesthesia. The findings we report are unusual and novel in that they demonstrate that the CNS can learn new associations under conditions where the host is apparently unaware of the signals being linked. Anesthesia combined with the long interstimulus interval indicates that certain neuronal pathways in the CNS are receptive to second signals (elicited by the US) even when the second signal is separated by one day. This means the conditioned learning of a physiological response can take place unconsciously at a separate level and under situations where the host is totally unaware of the events which the brain is processing and linking as incoming information.
Effects of memory on the coherent scattering function for the rouse–zimm model of dilute polymer solutions

We study the effect of the memory function on the coherent scattering function of a dilute polymer solution, taking into account hydrodynamic interactions among the polymer segments. The line shape, given by a sum of two exponentials, is very accurate numerically for ka ≳ 3 (with a the length of a polymer segment) and for times such that ω0(k)t ≲ 1.5 [with ω0(k) the initial slope]. However, this approximation to the scattering function is not nearly so accurate at the smaller values of ka encountered in light scattering experiments. The amplitudes and relaxation times associated with the two exponentials are found to be markedly dependent on the strength of the hydrodynamic interactions.
Calculations of the spatial coherence and array noise gain of wind-generated noise

A model of wind-generated ambient acoustic noise in the ocean will be described, and some of its applications will be illustrated. Using a normal mode representation of the noise field, the relative noise intensity as a function of depth and the spatial coherence between any two points in the medium can be calculated. In this form, the model is particularly applicable to shallow water. Examples will be given of calculated intensity vs. depth and vertical and horizontal coherence for several sets of environmental conditions. The model can be used to calculate array noise gain and, combined with a signal field model, array gain. Examples of signal to noise level and array noise gain calculations will be presented.
Enkephalins increase dopamine levels in the CNS of a marine mollusc

Abstract Intracardiac administration of methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin increased dopamine but not serotonin levels in the CNS of the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis . Naloxone blocked the effects of the enkephalins. These responses displayed a time dependent desensitization to methionine enkephalin. The study suggests the presence of an opiate receptor mechanism in this invertebrate species.
Analysis of the regulatory region of the protease III (ptr) gene of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract The ptr gene of Escherichia coli encodes protease III ( M r 110000) and a 50-kDa polypeptide, both of which are found in the periplasmic space. The gene is physically located between the recC and recB loci on the E. coli chromosome. The nucleotide sequence of a 1167-bp EcoRV-ClaI fragment of chromosomal DNA containing the promoter region and 885 bp of the ptr coding sequence has been determined. S1 nuclease mapping analysis showed that the major 5′ end of the ptr mRNA was localized 127 bp upstream from the ATG start codon. The open reading frame (ORF), preceded by a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, extends to the end of the sequenced DNA. Downstream from the −35 and −10 regions is a sequence that strongly fits the consensus sequence of known nitrogen-regulated promoters. A signal peptide of 23 amino acids residues is present at the N terminus of the derived amino acid sequence. The cleavage site as well as the ORF were confirmed by sequencing the N terminus of mature protease III.
Impaired upper limb coordination in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration.

Background: Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration (ACD) is a disorder resulting from severe chronic alcoholism and malnutrition and is characterized by cognitive disturbances, ataxia of gait, and truncal instability, with generally preserved coordination of the upper extremities. Objectives: To determine whether cognitive deficits in patients with ACD are the same as those seen in patients with severe chronic alcoholism without ACD and to determine whether upper limb motor coordination is different in the 2 groups. Design: We examined cognitive function and upper limb coordination in 56 patients with severe chronic alcoholism, 13 with ACD and 43 without ACD, who had comparable levels of total alcohol intake. Neuropsychological and motor function was measured using an expanded Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, including the Tactual Performance Test and Grooved Pegboard Test. Results: Neither group had impaired coordination of upper limb function on clinical neurological examination. Both groups had impaired performance on neuropsychological tests involving executive function, but the patients with ACD had greater impairment of upper limb coordination than the patients without ACD as measured by the Tactual Performance Test and Grooved Pegboard Test. Conclusions: The findings suggest that these 2 groups have similar cognitive deficits but that upper extremity motor functions are more significantly impaired in the ACD group and that quantitative tasks of motor function reveal these impairments.
Multiple, brief maternal separations in the squirrel monkey: Changes in hormonal and behavioral responsiveness

Infant squirrel monkeys had their mother removed from the home cage for 2 hr on 80 occasions between 12 and 31 weeks of age. The initial separation elicited high levels of infant vocalizations. By the second observation session (Separation 14), no vocal response to separation was observed. Plasma cortisol levels were markedly elevated at the beginning of the separation series, and there was a significant decline in this response by Separation 28, which was the next separation during which cortisol was monitored. However, there was no further decline, so that significant cortisol elevations were observed throughout the remainder of the separation series. At 35 weeks, the infants were separated one additional time and their responses were compared to those of a previously nonseparated control group. The control group vocalized more, but the two groups exhibited equivalent cortisol elevations. Observations of time spent riding on the mother during undisturbed conditions indicated that both groups developed independence from the mother at about the normal rate. Overall, the data show that brief separation from the mother can activate the infants' pituitary-adrenal system even when the infant has been separated 80 times previously, no longer appears behaviorally responsive to separation, is almost 9 months of age, and exhibits normal signs of independence from the mother.
Computer-aided synthesis of two-closed-loop RSSR-SS spatial motion generator with branching and sequence constraints

Abstract For a two-closed-loop RSSR-SS spatial mechanism which generates four partially exact and partially approximate positions, computer-aided synthesis procedures are demonstrated step by step: the design variables are determined by arbitrarily choosing the free choices when this mechanism is synthesized with exact positions. An objective function based on motion error is then established. For both avoidance of branching and sequence constraints, algorithms are developed to check the constraints are met or not, and to formulate the penalty functions if constraints are not satisfied. Finally, a numerical example illustrates the usefulness of this computer-aided synthesis.
Elementary Teachers' Progressive Understanding of Inquiry through the Process of Reflection

What is inquiry? Although many teachers are using inquiry based curricula, often they have not engaged in answering or personalizing this question. This study examined teachers' changing definitions of inquiry over a semester using the process of guided reflection. Through inquiry experiences and reflection, these teachers developed and communicated a more sophisticated understanding of inquiry. The findings suggest that conscious consideration of what inquiry means assisted teachers in broadening their perceptions of inquiry in four distinct aspects: 1) inquiry is a coherent process consisting of particular actions, 2) inquiry exists on a continuum, 3) the goal of inquiry is science conceptual development, and 4) inquiry provides a context for building connections between those engaged in inquiry, science and other content areas, and science and life.
Improving the quality of marine geophysical track line data: Along‐track analysis

[1] We have examined 4918 track line geophysics cruises archived at the U.S. National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) using comprehensive error checking methods. Each cruise was checked for observation outliers, excessive gradients, metadata consistency, and general agreement with satellite altimetry-derived gravity and predicted bathymetry grids. Thresholds for error checking were determined empirically through inspection of histograms for all geophysical values, gradients, and differences with gridded data sampled along ship tracks. Robust regression was used to detect systematic scale and offset errors found by comparing ship bathymetry and free-air anomalies to the corresponding values from global grids. We found many recurring error types in the NGDC archive, including poor navigation, inappropriately scaled or offset data, excessive gradients, and extended offsets in depth and gravity when compared to global grids. While ∼5–10% of bathymetry and free-air gravity records fail our conservative tests, residual magnetic errors may exceed twice this proportion. These errors hinder the effective use of the data and may lead to mistakes in interpretation. To enable the removal of gross errors without over-writing original cruise data, we developed an errata system that concisely reports all errors encountered in a cruise. With such errata files, scientists may share cruise corrections, thereby preventing redundant processing. We have implemented these quality control methods in the modified MGD77 supplement to the Generic Mapping Tools software suite.
Sedimentation rates in Western Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior using the 210Pb method

Abstract 210 Pb, 226 Ra and 137 Cs profiles have been measured for sediment cores from three locations in western Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior, Canada. Compaction of the sediment with depth of burial was taken into account in calculating recent sedimentation rates and age profiles at these locations from the excess 210 Pb profiles. The rates at two of the locations were 0.85±0.03 mmy −1 (16.7 mg cm −2 y −1 ) and 1.39±0.12 mmy −1 (29.5 mg cm −2 y −1 ). The third core had an anomaly in the 210 Pb profile below a depth of 3.5 cm corresponding to the time that the outfall of a nearby pulp mill was relocated. The 137 Cs profiles of the two undisturbed cores were in accord with the corresponding age/depth curves derived from the 210 Pb measurements.
High-altitude medical and operations problems and solutions for the Millimeter Array

The 5000m altitude of the potential site for the Millimeter Array (MMA) in Northern Chile is so high that high-altitude problems for both the staff and equipment must be considered and included in planing for the facility. The very good accessibility of the site, only one hour's drive from the nearest town at altitude 2440m, makes it possible for MMA workers to sleep and perform much of their work at low altitude. Workers on the site will have 11 percent less oxygen available than workers at Mauna Kea Observatory. It is expected that the mental abilities and ability to do hard physical labor of workers on the high site will be reduced by 10 percent to 30 percent compared to sea-level. In-doors working areas on the MMA site will have their atmospheres oxygen enriched to provide an effective working altitude of 3500m where loss of mental ability should be small. Tests of oxygen enrichment at high-altitude Chilean mines and at the University of California White Mountain Research Station show that it is feasible and economic. Problems of equipment operation at 5000m altitude are expected to be manageable.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence for production of surface formate upon direct reaction of CO with alumina and magnesia

Abstract The observation of adsorbed formate ion produced by the reaction of CO with MgO or γ-Al 2 O 3 surfaces at temperatures between 375 and 575 K is reported. Infrared bands observed near 1590, 1380, 1360, and 1050 are assigned to the fundamentals of adsorbed HCO 2 − ion on the basis of spectra that have been reported for formate ion in solution. The spectral bands and observed isotopic shifts for adsorbed formate produced by reaction of the oxide surface with CO agree with the spectra of formates produced by reaction of methanol or formic acid with the same surfaces. The intensity of IR bands due to formate produced by reaction of the oxide surfaces with CO depends upon the hydroxyl group concentration at the surface. A mechanism for conversion of CO to formate via a surface acylium ion is proposed.
Development and application of streakline visualization in hypervelocity flows

A method for visualizing streaklines in hypervelocity flows has been developed. The method uses the high temperatures produced in hypervelocity flows to ablate small amounts of sodium deposited onto a wire stretched across the flow and to broaden the lines in the sodium spectrum. By using a dye laser, tuned to a wavelength close to one of the sodium D-lines, as the light source in shadowgraph or Schlieren visualization, streaklines seeded with sodium become visible through absorption and/or enhanced refractivity. The technique has been used to investigate the stability of the shear layer produced by the curved bow shock on a cylindrically blunted wedge. The results suggest that the shear layer is unstable, exhibiting structures with a wavelength that is comparable to half the nose radius of the body.
The Influence of Hypoxia and Anoxia on Distribution of Adenine Nucleotides in Isolated Hepatocytes

Isolated hepatocytes incubated under conditions of "chemical hypoxia" (KCN + iodoacetic acid) exhibited a marked dephosphorylation of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial adenine nucleotides to AMP. Cytoplasmic adenine nucleotide levels (ATP + ADP + AMP) were decreased by 40%. There was no significant change in the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool size. For starved rats, but not for fed rats, addition of KCN to isolated hepatocytes resulted in a shift of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide species to AMP. This difference was correlated with the maintenance of a substantial level of cytoplasmic ATP in the fed vs starved condition. The addition of fructose (but not glucose) to hepatocytes isolated from a starved rat, prevented the KCN-induced dephosphorylation of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides to AMP. Fructose-treated cells had a significant level of ATP in the cytoplasm, whereas glucose-treated cells did not. Addition of A23187 to fructose-treated (but not glucose-treated) cells resulted in a net loss in the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content. The results suggest that the shift of matrix adenine nucleotides from ATP and ADP to AMP preserves the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool size during transient hypoxia by preventing net adenine nucleotide transport to the cytoplasm via the ATP-Mg/Pi carrier. This effectively protects those adenine nucleotides from the cytoplasmic purine degradation pathway, a strategy that has the potential to facilitate rapid recovery of bioenergetic status by oxidative phosphorylation upon reoxygenation.
A reduced complexity design pattern for distributed hierarchical command and control system

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) get a lot of attention due to the strong demand for the integration of physical devices and computing systems. There are many design aspects involved in CPS, such as efficiency, real-time, reliability and security. One of the major issues is system integration and verification. In many safety critical systems verification plays an essential role in system design. However, the high complexity for the composition of diverse systems is a major challenge for system verification. In this paper, we focus on command and control systems for search and rescue missions and propose a systematic design pattern called Interruptible RPC to compose complex systems while keeping the verification costs low. This has been made possible due to the reduced state space of the systems designed using our pattern. Therefore, the system models can be efficiently verified using available verification tools. In our experiments, the search and rescue system based on Interruptible RPC pattern had fewer states than the asynchronous one by several orders of magnitude.
Susceptibility of Progeny from Crosses among Three Stocks of Coho Salmon to Infection by Ceratomyxa shasta

Abstract Crossbred coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were produced from all possible crosses among three stocks. The relative susceptibility of the progeny to infection by the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta was determined by exposure of juvenile fish to Willamette River water that contained the infective stage of the parasite. Susceptibility of coho salmon native to the Columbia River basin to the disease ceratomyxosis was relatively low whereas that of coho salmon from remote locations was relatively high. Susceptibility of crossbred progeny nearly always was intermediate between the susceptibilities of fish from the parental stocks.
Influence of body composition on survival in patients with head and neck cancer

Background Recent evidence has suggested links between obesity and outcomes for various types of cancer. This study investigates the impact that body composition has on survival in patients with head and neck cancer. Methods Data prospectively collected from 578 patients were analyzed using Cox regression models to determine independent associations that pretreatment body mass index (BMI) and 3-month weight change have on observed survival. Results Higher BMIs were associated with better survival (p < .001). Five-year rates ranged from 33.8% for underweight to 75.3% for overweight/obese patients. Patients with stable weight had the highest 5-year rate (72.6%; p = .019), whereas patients who gained ≥5% had worse survival (45.8%) than those who lost ≥5% (65.8%). BMI independently predicted survival, whereas weight change was not an independent predictor. Conclusion This demonstrated association between BMI and survival provides useful information when offering prognoses and investigating optimal treatments © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
Synthesis and Mesomorphic Behavior of Poly((2S, 3S)-(+)-2-Chloro-3- Methylpentyl 4'-(Omega-Vinyloxyalkyloxy)biphenyl-4-Carboxylate)s with Ethyl and Propyl Alkyl Groups

The synthesis and cationic polymerization of (2S, 3S)-(+)-2-chloro-3-methylpentyl 4′-(2-vinyloxyethyloxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate (15–2) and (2S, 3S)-(+)-2-chloro-3-methylpentyl 4′-(3-vinyloxypropyloxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate (15–3) are described. The mesomorphic behavior of the resulting polymers is discussed as a function of the molecular weight and spacer length. Based on the second and subsequent heating and cooling scans, poly(15–2)s exhibit an enantiotropic SX (unidentified smectic) phase. Poly(15–2) with DP=4 is only crystalline. Poly(15–3)s show an enantiotropic cholesteric phase and an inverse monotropic SX phase.
Synthesis and Structural and Computational Studies of a Conformationally Locked (η1-Perfluoroalkylidene)(η2-alkene) Transition Metal Complex: Ir(Cp*)(CFCF3)(C2H4)

Reaction of Cp*Ir(CO)(C2F5)I with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) afforded the iodide-bridged dimer complex [Cp*Ir(C2F5)I]2. The dimer reacted reversibly with ethylene to give Cp*Ir(CH2═CH2)(C2F5)I, which dissociated ethylene under reduced pressure. Treatment of Cp*Ir(CH2═CH2)(C2F5)I with AgOTf gave isolable Cp*Ir(CH2═CH2)(C2F5)(OTf). Reduction of this compound with potassium graphite gave the first example of an (ethylene)(perfluoroethylidene) complex, Cp*Ir(CH2═CH2)(CFCF3), which has been characterized crystallographically, spectroscopically, and computationally. Comparisons of a variety of hybrid and gradient-corrected density functionals in predicting geometric parameters, energies, barriers to ligand rotation, and possible alkene metathesis in Cp*Ir(CH2═CH2)(CFCF3) are presented.
Gray Code Generation for MPSK Signals

Presented here are techniques for generating desired gray codes with properties different from those of the standard binary reflected gray code. For communications using phase shift-keyed (PSK) signals with different significances for different phases, it is desirable to have such codes with different bit error probabilities. For some applications, it is important to have codes with arbitrary crossover Hamming distances. These techniques are suitable for generating codes with either or both of these properties. The codes generated may be far longer than those generated by current computer search techniques.
A Data-Driven Linear Approximation of HVAC Utilization for Predictive Control and Optimization

Home energy made up nearly 25% of all energy consumed in the United States in 2010, and 31% of this energy is estimated to come from home heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Yet, the inputs available to a homeowner for those systems are not easily correlated to the energy consequences, making it difficult (if not impossible) for a homeowner to choose set points to meet a budget each month. This brief presents a novel management framework targeted toward end users, which incorporates a light-weight data-driven prediction component to dynamically learn the data relationships of the underlying system and estimate its future behavior within a given time horizon. Traditional prediction methods to close the loop require a state update function, but such an approach would require installation of additional sensors, and frequent modification of the optimization functions as parameters to these state update functions change. Furthermore, disturbances in the system frequently have higher impact on performance than can be mitigated with more accurate estimates of the state update function. To mitigate these issues, this brief proposes an averaged sectional model built from sampled data, and employs linear regression to learn the data relationships that are used for prediction. In this way, it is possible to perform optimization without the need to develop more accurate state update models. The optimization component is integrated to determine how to best manage the underlying platform, based on end user defined constraints, as the underlying system or its environment changes. The results are applied to gathered data in a single-family Arizona home over several months, to demonstrate validity when applied to temperature variations introduced by daily life.
STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FORWARD AND BACKWARD HADRONS AT COLLIDER ENERGIES

Abstract Given a multiplicity distribution belonging to the class of probability distributions which are superpositions of Poisson distributions whose two components are independently (binomially) distributed, we derive joint and conditional probabilities for the two components. Specializing to the negative binomial case, we can explain the linearity and magnitude of slope and intercept of the forward-backward correlation in a way compatible with the KNO plot for the multiplicity data provided that the final particles are produced in clusters. Generalization to allow for coherent emission allows one to put limits on the amount of coherence, a result not known from high precision fits to multiplicity.
Parametric feedback resonance in chaotic systems.

If one changes the control parameter of a chaotic system proportionally to the distance between an arbitrary point on the strange attractor and the actual trajectory, the lifetime τ of the most stable unstable periodic orbit in the vicinity of this point starts to diverge with a power law. The volume in parameter space where τ becomes infinite is finite and from its nonfractal boundaries one can determine directly the local Liapunov exponents. The experimental applicability of the method is demonstrated for two coupled diode resonators.
The Role of Expectations in the "Intention to Move" Among Single-Parent Families:

The purpose of this investigation was to extend previous research on residential mobility by examining the role of constraints in the "intention to move" among single-parent women. Two indices are introduced to examine claims that expectations-housing market expectations or anticipated discrimination and personal expectations for the future-impact on housing satisfaction and mobility decisions. In this study, race, children's ages, worry about expenses, tenure status, housing market expectations, and residential satisfaction are found to impact on the intention to move of single-parent respondents. However, several traditionally useful variables-respondent's age, education, employment status, and income-are not significant predictors. In addition, length of time at current address, travel time to work, structure type, number of bedrooms, and personal expectations for the future are also insignificant.
Depression symptomatology and diagnosis: discordance between patients and physicians in primary care settings

Background To examine the agreement between depression symptoms using an assessment tool (PHQ-9), and physician documentation of the same symptoms during a clinic visit, and then to examine how the presence of these symptoms affects depression diagnosis in primary care settings.
Relationship of mitral annular remodeling to severity of chronic mitral regurgitation.

Hypotheses (1) Mitral regurgitation (MR) severity is directly associated with mitral annular remodeling as evidenced by mitral annular enlargement. (2) Increasing severity of chronic MR will result in symmetric enlargement of the mitral annulus as measured by annular shape indices. Background Limited data exist on mitral annular remodeling for patients with MR. Identification of annular changes may be important in aiding surgical repair. Methods The mitral annulus was measured in several planes using transthoracic echocardiography in 173 patients: trace to no MR (34), mild MR (48), moderate MR (45), and severe MR (46). Patients were subgrouped by mechanism of MR and annular shape indices were determined. Results With increasing MR severity, there was a corresponding symmetric increase in all systolic and diastolic measurements, but no significant differences in annular shape indices between subgroups by MR severity or by MR mechanism. Conclusions Mitral annular remodeling is symmetric, regardless of degree or mechanism of MR.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION THE INCIDENCE AND SPREAD OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN THE NASAL PASSAGES AND THROATS OF HEALTHY PERSONS

1. Pneumococci were obtained at one time or another from the nasal passages or throats of 80 per cent of 105 adults and children studied. In adults, they were obtained more frequently from the throat; in children, as often from the nasal passages as from the throat. 2. Of 500 pneumococcus strains studied, 97 per cent proved to be serologically specific. They formed smooth colonies and were for the most part avirulent for mice. Types I and II were obtained from one and two individuals respectively on one occasion only. Type III was obtained from nine individuals; Type XIII from nine individuals; Type XVI and Type XVIII from three individuals, for varying periods in each case. Atypical pneumococci were secured from 13 persons on single and scattered occasions. They varied in colony morphology, did not kill mice, or agglutinate in saline, but flocculated in all types of antipneumococcus sera employed and over a wide pH range in acid buffers. Their occurrence was apparently not associated with any type-transformation or virulence-enhancement process in vivo. 3. Strains of pneumococcus obtained on successive cultures from a given carrier were, with rare exceptions, of the same serological type and were similar in colony morphology, virulence for mice, and other tested biological characteristics. 4. Pneumococci of Types I and II were obtained under conditions suggestive that they lacked a capacity to spread readily; pneumococci of Types III and XIII, on the other hand, were obtained under conditions suggestive that they were spreading from person to person. 5. The persons studied differed consistently with respect to the occurrence of pneumococci. Some were pneumococcus-free, some were transient carriers, some periodic, and some chronic carriers. Data are given which suggest that the differences were due to variations in host resistance. 6. The incidence of pneumococci in all individuals studied underwent a seasonal variation paralleling that of coryza and sore throats in the same persons.
The density of subsequences

Let A = {a1, a2, …} be an increasing sequence of positive integers whose upper density, θ, is less than 1, Then the counting function of the subsequence does not exceed .
The kinetics of parental deoxyribonucleic acid replication, deoxyguanylate kinase formation and 32P-inactivation of the parental virus in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4.

The kinetics of deoxyguanylate kinase formation and DNA replication were followed in E. coli grown in a medium containing 5-bromouracil and after infection of the cells with P32-labeled T4 phage. Transfer of radioactivity to DNA of high mol wt, estimated by ultracentrifugation in CsCl density-gradient solution, was taken as an indication of replication. Three min after infection when no replication was evident, significant enzyme synthesis had occurred, and by 6 min when only a small fraction of the P32 had shifted to high mol wt DNA, 80% of the enzyme had been formed. Enzyme formation was unaffected but DNA synthesis did not occur when the bacteria were infected with ultraviolet-inactivated phage. These results are consistent with the concept that DNA replication is not a prerequisite to enzyme synthesis in phage-infected cells. If T4 phage heavily labeled with P32 was used under the same conditions for infection, the stabilization of the parental DNA to P32 decay occurred before DNA replication. This confirms that stabilization is not dependent on the prior replication of DNA. content of 3.0 x 10 5, if a value of 3.4 A per base pair and 357 as the average mol wt of a base are assumed.
New insights into ubiquitin E3 ligase mechanism

E3 ligases carry out the final step in the ubiquitination cascade, catalyzing transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 enzyme to form a covalent bond with a substrate lysine. Three distinct classes of E3 ligases have been identified that stimulate transfer of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins through either a direct or an indirect mechanism. Only recently have the catalytic mechanisms of E3 ligases begun to be elucidated.
Molecular controls in the resistance of potato to late blight

Abstract Resistance of potatoes to the pathogen Phytophthora infestans can be explained as an alteration of the host wound healing response by a fungal cell wall component. Susceptibility results from the active suppression of the resistant response by a soluble glucan produced by the fungus.
Natural History of “Silent” Lupus Nephritis

Twenty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus but without evident renal involvement previously underwent percutaneous renal biopsy. Findings revealed almost universal pathologic evidence of nephritis. Included were three patients who had diffuse proliferative changes and five who had subendothelial electron dense deposits. Only four patients developed clinical renal disease during the follow-up period while no patient died or required dialysis. Using the Life Table Method, the cumulative percentage of patients free from any clinical renal disease was over 60% at 10 yr from the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus, and at 8 yr from the time of the original biopsy. It is concluded that silent lupus nephritis, regardless of histologic subtype, has a favorable prognosis. These data may not be applicable to patients with similar biopsies who have evidence of clinical lupus nephritis.
Cardio‐faciocutaneous (CFC) Syndrome: Neurological Features in Two Children

Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome consists of heart defects, a characteristic facial appearance, ectodermal abnormalities, growth retardation and developmental delay. The authors report two children with this condition, drawing particular attention to the neurological manifestations. The neurological features are neuro-opthalmological findings such as strabismus, ptosis and nystagmus, cortical atrophy, ventriculomegaly, mental retardation, seizures and hypotonia. These manifestations may allow differentiation of CFC from Noonan syndrome, which shares many of the physical features, but not these neurological features.
The Mpl receptor expressed on endothelial cells does not contribute significantly to the regulation of circulating thrombopoietin levels.

Objective Blood levels of thrombopoietin (TPO) are regulated in part by cellular degradation following its binding to the cell surface receptor c-mpl . Previous reports have demonstrated that in addition to hematopoietic cells, c-mpl is expressed on and functions in several types of endothelial cells (ECs). We hypothesized that the c-mpl expressed on ECs would contribute to the regulation of circulating TPO levels. Methods To test this hypothesis we transplanted c-mpl -null and wild-type (WT) control mice with WT marrow stem cells, resulting in two groups of posttransplant chimeric animals, one expressing c-mpl on megakaryocytes and platelets only and one in which the receptor is expressed on both hematopoietic and ECs. Should EC c-mpl take up TPO and degrade it, we predicted that c-mpl -null mice reconstituted with WT cells would display increased TPO levels and an increased steady state platelet count compared to the WT recipients. Results Contrary to our prediction, for up to 6 months posttransplantation both platelet counts and TPO levels in both groups of transplanted mice were virtually identical. Conclusions Our results indicate that the EC c-mpl receptor does not contribute significantly to the regulation of TPO levels or to steady-state platelet counts. These results also imply that patients with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, lacking the c-mpl receptor, who have successfully been engrafted with normal hematopoietic stem cells should have normal (not elevated) TPO levels and that gene replacement strategies designed to restore c-mpl in these patients do not need to target ECs to establish the normal regulation of TPO.
Phosphorylation changes induced by cAMP derivatives in the CHO cell and selected mutants

Phosphorylation analysis of CHO mutants selected for unresponsiveness to the Reverse Transformation reaction of cAMP derivatives has been carried out by 2D gel electrophoresis in hopes of finding mutants differing from the wild-type cell in a minimal number of such phosphorylations. Seven differences in protein phosphorylations in the parental CHO cell have been identified as a result of treatment with db-cAMP. db-cAMP-unresponsive mutants of two kinds have been found: One type has lost all seven of the phosphorylation changes induced by db-cAMP in the wild-type cell. The other type which is equally resistant to the Reverse Transformation response differs from the parental cell in only one (or possibly two) phosphorylation(s) involving a 55 000 D protein. This protein may, therefore, be directly related to the events of Reverse Transformation.
From cells to circuits: development of the zebrafish spinal cord

The ability of an animal to carry out its normal behavioral repertoire requires generation of an enormous diversity of neurons and glia. The relative simplicity of the spinal cord makes this an especially attractive part of the nervous system for addressing questions about the development of vertebrate neural specification and function. The last decade has witnessed an explosion in our understanding of spinal cord development and the functional interactions among spinal cord neurons and glia. Cellular, genetic, molecular, physiological and behavioral studies in zebrafish have all been important in providing insights into questions that remained unanswered by studies from other vertebrate model organisms. This is the case because many zebrafish spinal neurons can be individually identified and followed over time in living embryos and larvae. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the cellular, genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in specifying distinct cell types in the zebrafish spinal cord and how these cells establish the functional circuitry that mediates particular behaviors. We start by describing the early signals and morphogenetic movements that form the nervous system, and in particular, the spinal cord. We then provide an overview of the cell types within the spinal cord and describe how they are specified and patterned. We begin ventrally with floor plate and proceed dorsally, through motoneurons and oligodendrocytes, interneurons, astrocytes and radial glia, spinal sensory neurons and neural crest. We next describe axon pathfinding of spinal neurons. Finally, we discuss the roles of particular spinal cord neurons in specific behaviors.
Natural Resonances of Radar Targets Via Prony's Method and Target Discrimination

The dominant complex natural resonances of radar targets are obtained via Prony's method applied to calculated and measured back-scattered ramp response waveforms. Subject targets are spheres, simple wire models of straight and swept wing aircraft, and realistic models of modern fighter aircraft. It is demonstrated that when the backscattered ramp response waveforms are obtained via Fourier synthesis of limited spectral range harmonic scattering data, some resonance locations at variance with those obtained from reaction integral equation search procedures are obtained. It is also shown, however, that the Prony deduced resonances can be used successfully in predictor-correlator target discrimination.
Assessment of Pointshell Shrinking and Feature Size on Virtual Manual Assembly

This paper investigates the effect of pointshell shrinking and feature size on manual assembly operations in a virtual environment with haptic force feedback. Specific emphasis is on exploring methods to improve voxel-based modeling to support manual assembly of low clearance parts. CAD parts were created, voxelized and tested for assembly. The results showed that pointshell shrinking allows the engineer to assemble parts with a lower clearance than without pointshell shrinking. Further results showed that assemble-ability is dependent on feature size, particularly part diameter and clearance. In a pin and hole assembly, as the pin diameter increases, for a given percent clearance, assembling low clearance features becomes difficult. An empirical equation is developed to guide the designer in selecting an appropriate voxel size based on feature size. These results advance the effort to improve manual assembly operations via haptic feedback in the virtual environment.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Similarities and dissimilarities between calmodulin and a Chlamydomonas flagellar protein

Abstract A protein that resembles vertebrate calmodulins and troponin C has been isolated from Chlamydomonas flagella by using a calmodulin purification protocol that included calcium-dependent affinity-based adsorption chromatography on phenothiazine-Sepharose conjugates. The flagellar protein resembled calmodulin in elution from reverse-phase columns, had a peptide map similar to that of calmodulin, and competed with vertebrate calmodulin in a radioimmunoassay using antisera against vertebrate calmodulin. However, this flagellar protein did not activate phosphodiesterase, lacked N epsilon-trimethyllysine, and had an isoelectric point approximately 0.3 pH unit higher than that of vertebrate calmodulin. When analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under various conditions, the Chlamydomonas protein migrated between vertebrate calmodulins and rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C and did not manifest a large calcium-dependent mobility shift. This calmodulin-like protein was identified as one of the approximately 200 35S-labeled components in Chlamydomonas flagella resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These studies indicate that calmodulin and a structurally and functionally homologous protein are present in the same cell. These studies also demonstrate that caution is necessary: (i) in identifying a protein as a calmodulin, (ii) in using phenothiazines or antisera directed against vertebrate calmodulins as specific probes for calmodulin, and (iii) in the interpretation of experiments on biological systems in which calmodulin is substituted for the homologous calmodulin-like protein.
Understanding the cellular mechanism for inhaled hyperosmotic saline therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis. Focus on "Effect of apical hyperosmotic sodium challenge and amiloride on sodium transport in human bronchial epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis donors".

since the first clinical trials on inhaled hyperosmotic saline therapy (HS) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients ([3][1], [9][2]), HS has proven to substantially improve a number of critical measures of lung function and, thus, is now considered a first-line therapy for these patients ([2][3]). One
Somalia after state collapse: Chaos or improvement?

Abstract Many people believe that Somalia's economy has been in chaos since the collapse of its national government in 1991. We take a comparative institutional approach to examine Somalia's performance relative to other African countries both when Somalia had a government and during its extended period of anarchy. We find that although Somalia is poor, its relative economic performance has improved during its period of statelessness. We describe how Somalia has provided basic law and order and a currency, enabling the country to achieve the coordination that has led to improvements in its standard of living.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS INFECTION OF AKR MICE

Quantitative studies were made of the organ distribution of murine leukemia virus in AKR mice of various ages. Infectious virus first appeared shortly before or after birth and was continuously present in all mice thereafter. Highest infectivity titers were found in uterus and bone, with spleen slightly lower. Virus titers in normal thymus were relatively low, but increased significantly with the development of thymic lymphoma. The level of viremia decreased after the 1st month of life, but increased sharply in lymphomatous mice.
Carbon intensity and economic development 1962–1991: A brief exploration of the environmental Kuznets curve

The relationship between national carbon dioxide emissions intensity (CO2 emitted per unit of Gross Domestic Product) and level of economic development has changed from essentially linear in 1962 to strongly curvilinear in 1991. The inverted-U curve reached statistical significance briefly in the early 1970s and increasingly since 1982. This is the result not of groups of countries passing through stages of development, but of efficiency improvements in a small number of wealthy countries combined with worse performance in poor and middle-income countries. The curvilinear relation is deepening and is likely to persist due to constraints on poorer countries in the world economy.
On computational approaches for size-and-shape distributions from sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation

Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation has become a very popular technique to study size distributions and interactions of macromolecules. Recently, a method termed two-dimensional spectrum analysis (2DSA) for the determination of size-and-shape distributions was described by Demeler and colleagues (Eur Biophys J 2009). It is based on novel ideas conceived for fitting the integral equations of the size-and-shape distribution to experimental data, illustrated with an example but provided without proof of the principle of the algorithm. In the present work, we examine the 2DSA algorithm by comparison with the mathematical reference frame and simple well-known numerical concepts for solving Fredholm integral equations, and test the key assumptions underlying the 2DSA method in an example application. While the 2DSA appears computationally excessively wasteful, key elements also appear to be in conflict with mathematical results. This raises doubts about the correctness of the results from 2DSA analysis.
Preservice Classroom Teachers’ Preconceived Attitudes, Confidence, Beliefs, and Self-Efficacy Toward Integrating Music in the Elementary Curriculum

Preservice elementary education majors are required at many colleges and universities to take a course in music methods to become certified in their field. These courses are offered because they are a valuable component of a well-rounded liberal arts education and helps preservice educators to teach students in a well-rounded fashion. They are considered useful and necessary for all beginning general education teachers. However, not all preservice teachers recognize the importance or value of a methods class because of their less than favorable experiences in their elementary music classes and low self-efficacy to teach music effectively. Helping elementary education majors to see the value of integrating music in their curriculum—and that they are more than capable of doing so if they focus on their attributes and maintain a positive attitude with regard to their ability—may contribute to their success in the methods class and in their future classrooms.
The Influence of Governors on Veto Override Attempts: A Test of Pivotal Politics

Using the “switcher” analysis developed by Krehbiel (1998), we examine the ability of Missouri governors to sway legislators on veto override attempts. Our initial results closely mirror Krehbiel's finding that the chief executive successfully achieves influence at and around the veto pivot, but these results change once we take into account the political party of the legislators. Governors are far more likely to influence legislators from their own party, regardless of legislator ideology. Our study provides a rare systematic analysis of gubernatorial influence in the legislative arena, while also contributing to the current debate over preference-based versus partisan-based theories of legislatures.