cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiparametric Filtering of Spatial Autocorrelation: The Eigenvector Approach

In the context of spatial regression analysis, several methods can be used to control for the statistical effects of spatial dependencies among observations. Maximum likelihood or Bayesian approaches account for spatial dependencies in a parametric framework, whereas recent spatial filtering approaches focus on nonparametrically removing spatial autocorrelation. In this paper we propose a semiparametric spatial filtering approach that allows researchers to deal explicitly with (a) spatially lagged autoregressive models and (b) simultaneous autoregressive spatial models. As in one non-parametric spatial filtering approach, a specific subset of eigenvectors from a transformed spatial link matrix is used to capture dependencies among the disturbances of a spatial regression model. However, the optimal subset in the proposed filtering model is identified more intuitively by an objective function that minimizes spatial autocorrelation rather than maximizes a model fit. The proposed objective function has the a...
Geodetic estimate of coseismic slip during the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake

Offsets in the relative positions of geodetic stations resulting from the Loma Prieta earthquake can be explained with a dislocation model that includes buried oblique slip on a rupture surface extending 37 km along the strike of the San Andreas fault, dipping 70{degree} to the SW, and extending from a depth of about 5 to 17.5 km. Assuming uniform slip on a rectangular surface, the mean values for a range of reasonable fault geometries are 1.6{plus minus}0.3 m right-lateral strike slip and 1.2{plus minus}0.3 m reverse slip. Slip on an adjacent extension of the rupture to the southeast, recorded in the aftershock sequence, is not well constrained by the geodetic data. The geodetic data clearly preclude rupture extending near the surface.
Effect of Coliform Challenge at Milking Time on New Udder Infections

Abstract This project was designed to study rates of infection in udders of cows exposed to an Escherichia coli broth culture at milking time. Forty Holstein cows of varied stages of lactation were divided randomly into three treatment and one control group of ten cows each. The treatment groups were exposed for 3 wk to an Escherichia coli broth of 10 9 colony forming units per ml at milking time by either 1) dipping teat ends in broth before milking, 2) spraying the udder and leaving it dripping wet during milking, or 3) dipping teat ends in broth after milking. Eleven of 30 treated cows became infected in one or more quarters; all control cows remained uninfected. The infection rate of the three Escherichia coli -treated groups was higher than the controls. However, there was no difference among treated groups. Exposure to the broth culture of Escherichia coli increased the infection rate, but the time at which the udder was exposed to the organisms was unimportant. All infections were of the same type with the same O and H group antigens as the Escherichia coli broth.
Repair of DNA damaged by mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in human cells

Abstract The repair of human DNA after damage by known and potential metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene has been examined utilizing the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis assay. Repair was characterized as either ultraviolet (“long”) or ionizing radiation type (“short”) repair utilizing normal cells and cells deficient in ultraviolet-type repair endonuclease from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We have found that only (±)-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9β,-10β-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP diol epoxide 1) and its disastereomer, (±)-7β,8α,-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BP diol epoxide 2) elicit damage to DNA which is recognizable by the ultraviolet excision repair system in normal human cells. Benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-, 9,10-, 11,12-oxides do not elicit damage which is repairable by this repair system. The 1,2-diol-3,4-epoxides from naphthalene have no measurable activity in our assay. These results indicate that both the benzo(a)pyrene ring structure and the diol epoxide groups are important in causing the damage to DNA which is repairable by the ultraviolet excision repair system. These results parallel the reported high mutagenic activity of these compounds and support the concept that benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides may be the ultimate, metabolically activated forms of benzo(a)pyrene.
How Products and Advertising Offend Consumers

ABSTRACT A growing research literature suggests when and why audiences will be offended by advertisements. The content analysis reported in this article tests hypotheses derived from the literature using actual consumer complaints about advertisements delivered via the mass media. Findings supported four of the study9s five hypotheses, supporting conclusions that (1) audience members are more likely to be offended by offensive themes than the products, services, or ideas advertised; (2) some themes are predictably more offensive than others; and (3) advertisements delivered via more intrusive media are offensive more often than those delivered via other media. Implications of the study9s findings regarding widespread audience offense are discussed.
Pay-for-performance model of medication therapy management in pharmacy practice.

Abstract Objective To use an existing pharmacist-run medication therapy management (MTM)/lifestyle medicine program to propose a new model of reimbursement for pharmacists that is based on pay for performance (P4P) rather than product-based dispensing or fee for service. Data sources Specific patient outcomes were collected during a 1-year period from an existing pharmacist-run MTM/lifestyle medicine program as the basis to propose this new model of reimbursement. Data synthesis The proposed model outlines a P4P model of reimbursement for pharmacists that includes both traditional MTM services and patient-centered lifestyle medicine programming. The model uses an all-or-none bundled approach for reimbursement in which the pharmacist is reimbursed at a higher rate if patients achieve all six proposed outcome criteria at 1 year. Pharmacists could earn as much a 43% more income with this model compared with traditional MTM services. This model is an incentive for payers because it is based on patient outcomes and preestablished return on investment models. Conclusion Pharmacist should begin to explore ways they can participate in a high-performance health care system by moving to a P4P model of reimbursement rather than fee-for-service or product-based dispensing reimbursement models. P4P models of reimbursement could be beneficial to the patient, the payer, and the pharmacist.
Large-Scale Data Challenges in Future Power Grids

This paper describes technical challenges in supporting large-scale real-time data analysis for future power grid systems and discusses various design options to address these challenges. Even though the existing U.S. power grid has served the nation remarkably well over the last 120 years, big changes are in the horizon. The widespread deployment of renewable generation, smart grid controls, energy storage, plug-in hybrids, and new conducting materials will require fundamental changes in the operational concepts and principal components. The whole system becomes highly dynamic and needs constant adjustments based on real time data. Even though millions of sensors such as phase measurement units (PMUs) and smart meters are being widely deployed, a data layer that can support this amount of data in real time is needed. Unlike the data fabric in cloud services, the data layer for smart grids must address some unique challenges. This layer must be scalable to support millions of sensors and a large number of diverse applications and still provide real time guarantees. Moreover, the system needs to be highly reliable and highly secure because the power grid is a critical piece of infrastructure. No existing systems can satisfy all the requirements at the same time. We examine various design options. In particular, we explore the special characteristics of power grid data to meet both scalability and quality of service requirements. Our initial prototype can improve performance by orders of magnitude over existing general-purpose systems. The prototype was demonstrated with several use cases from PNNL's FPGI and was shown to be able to integrate huge amount of data from a large number of sensors and a diverse set of applications.
A longitudinal assessment of executive function skills and their association with math performance.

The present study was designed to examine both concurrent and predictive associations between scores on a measure of executive function (EF) skills, the Contingency Naming Test (CNT), during the early school-age years. A secondary aim of the study was to examine the association between EF skills and mathematics performance. We administered tests of mathematics ability, and the CNT, to 178 children at ages 6 to 7, 8 to 9, and 10 to 11 years. From the CNT we obtained measures of response fluency/efficiency, working memory, and inhibition. The results demonstrate main effects of age on all CNT measures of EF, as anticipated, and inconsistent main effects of gender or mathematics learning disability status. Rates of improvement in EF varied as a function of the working memory demands present during a given task. There were differences in concurrent and predictive correlations for different CNT performance measures. EF scores obtained during the first assessment were as strongly associated with each other as t...
The absorption spectra of magnesium and manganese atoms in solid rare gas matrices

Abstract The absorption spectra of magnesium and of manganese in solid rare gas matrices have been investigated at liquid helium temperature. An absorption system of magnesium near 2850 A and two for manganese near 4000 A and 2800 A have been observed. These absorptions lie very close to the wavelengths of allowed atomic transitions and it is concluded on the basis of the evidence presented here that the absorbing species are atoms which are, in general, trapped at more than one type of site. The crystal field causes the removal of the orbital degeneracy of the excited atomic P states ; the splitting energy is observed to be of the order of 300 cm−1. It is proposed that the removal of the degeneracy is due to asymmetric environments of the trapping site. Possible sites are discussed.
Circulating cytokines and monocyte subpopulations as biomarkers of outcome and biological activity in sunitinib-treated patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours

Circulating cytokines and monocyte subpopulations as biomarkers of outcome and biological activity in sunitinib-treated patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours
The making of criminology revisited An oral history of Merton's anomie paradigm

We use a 1987 interview with Robert K. Merton to contribute a chapter to the evolving paradigm of ‘Social Structure and Anomie’ (SS&A). This oral history reveals how Merton's early life experiences...
Football, fascism and fandom: the UltraS of Italian football

The terrace culture of the 1970s and 1980s that spawned the acts of hooliganism chronicled in such groundbreaking football writing as Bill Buford’s Among the Thugs has given way to the rather more ...
A Standard Analytic Curve of Potential Temperature versus Salinity for the Western North Atlantic

Abstract An algorithm is described for computing salinity as a continuous function of potential temperature for the western North Atlantic. The algorithm uses historical data compiled by Worthington and Melcalf (1961) for the deep western North Atlantic, and Iselin (1936) for shallow and intermediate waters of the same region.
SIBLING THERAPY WITH MULTIPROBLEM FAMILIES

Most family therapy deals with the parent-child system. However, with chaotic multiproblem families, this often is not possible. When parents refuse to, or cannot, participate in the therapy, working with just the siblings (Sibling Therapy) offers one way to provide help to troubled children. When parents offer inconsistent or inadequate nuturing, seeing the children together is a way of developing or strengthening the bonds among them and teaching them how to be available to each other. This article proposes setting treatment goals that are consistent with the cultural and family styles of these children, describes methods for developing caring and cohesion, and presents techniques for working with these children.
A technology selection framework for supporting delivery of patient-oriented health interventions in developing countries

Health information technologies (HIT) have great potential to advance health care globally. In particular, HIT can provide innovative approaches and methodologies to overcome the range of access and resource barriers specific to developing countries. However, there is a paucity of models and empirical evidence informing the technology selection process in these settings. We propose a framework for selecting patient-oriented technologies in developing countries. The selection guidance process is structured by a set of filters that impose particular constraints and serve to narrow the space of possible decisions. The framework consists of three levels of factors: (1) situational factors, (2) the technology and its relationship with health interventions and with target patients, and (3) empirical evidence. We demonstrate the utility of the framework in the context of mobile phones for behavioral health interventions to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This framework can be applied to health interventions across health domains to explore how and whether available technologies can support delivery of the associated types of interventions and with the target populations.
USE OF AN INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITOR IN CEREBRAL EDEMA COMPLICATING DIABETIC KETOACICOSIS

USE OF AN INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITOR IN CEREBRAL EDEMA COMPLICATING DIABETIC KETOACICOSIS
Can fundraising be fun? An event management study of unique experiences, performance and quality

Purpose – The objective of this study was to examine the effects of performance and uniqueness as predictors of fundraising event quality. Design/methodology/approach – This study utilized intercept surveys collected from attendees at a non-profit fundraising event organized by the tourism and hospitality industry in a major tourism destination. Factor analysis was used to explore underlying event performance dimensions. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess predictability of event performance and unique experience design as predictors of event quality. Findings – Three salient dimensions were identified: Hedonic Event Performance, Event Design Performance and Informative Event Performance. Of the three dimensions, Hedonic Event Performance was found to significantly predict Event Quality. However, Unique Event Experience provided stronger predictability of Event Quality. Research limitations/implications – The results provide information which can be utilized by event organizers or managers to enhance the overall quality of fundraising events. The distinct attributes of event success identified in this study can be capitalized upon for improving future attendance. The use of event attendees from one particular event, which focused on a very specific cause, can be considered a limitation of the study. Originality/value – This study focused on identifying different dimensions of a fundraising event which impact quality. The study provides insight into uniqueness of event experiences and their effect on event quality.
Choosing Public Sector Employment: The Impact of Wages on the Representation of Women and Minorities in State Bureaucracies

In the past, researchers in the field of public administration have been hindered in their ability to study trends in the representation of women and minorities in state government due to limitations in data availability. This article develops an alternative approach to examining the representation of women and minorities in state government bureaucracies over the period from 1987 to 2002. Based on estimates constructed using the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey, our analysis shows that women are generally overrepresented in state government employment relative to their civilian labor force representation within a state, and African-Americans are overrepresented in many states. Latinos are typically underrepresented. We also examine the potential determinants of representation for women and minorities, and find, among other factors, private sector race and sex-based wage differentials, relative to those in the public sector, are positively associated with the representation of women, African-Americans, and Latinos in state government workforces.
Recent advances in olefin metathesis and its application in organic synthesis

Abstract Recent advances in olefin metathesis, focusing on the areas of ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) and cross metathesis, are reviewed. Among numerous complexes which show catalytic activities in olefin metathesis, recently developed well-defined [Mo] and [Ru] catalyst systems have proven to be very efficient and tolerant of many functional groups. Examples of RCM are organized into the areas of medium or macrocyclizations, peptide chemistry, tandem ring-opening/ring-closing reactions, and RCM mediated rearrangements. Variation of substrates such as in polymer bound forms has been discussed. Applications of acyclic metathesis and ring-opening cross metathesis are also included.
Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2000.

Background— Serum cholesterol concentrations have decreased in the US population. Whether the decline continued during the 1990s is unknown. Methods and Results— We used data from 4148 men and women aged ≥20 years who had a total cholesterol determination or reported using cholesterol-lowering medications and who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2000 (this is a cross-sectional health examination survey of the US population), and we compared the results with data from 15 719 participants in NHANES III (1988 to 1994). For all adults, the age-adjusted mean total cholesterol concentration decreased from 5.31 mmol/L (205 mg/dL) in NHANES III to 5.27 mmol/L (203 mg/dL) in NHANES 1999 to 2000 (P=0.159). The age-adjusted mean total cholesterol concentration decreased by 0.02 mmol/L (0.7 mg/dL) among men (P=0.605) and 0.06 mmol/L (2.3 mg/dL) among women (P=0.130). Significant decreases were observed among men aged ≥75 years, black men, and Mexican-American ...
Molecular Analysis of Diazotroph Diversity in the Rhizosphere of the Smooth Cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora

N(2) fixation by diazotrophic bacteria associated with the roots of the smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, is an important source of new nitrogen in many salt marsh ecosystems. However, the diversity and phylogenetic affiliations of these rhizosphere diazotrophs are unknown. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified nifH sequence segments was used in previous studies to examine the stability and dynamics of the Spartina rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages in the North Inlet salt marsh, near Georgetown, S.C. In this study, plugs were taken from gel bands from representative DGGE gels, the nifH amplimers were recovered and cloned, and their sequences were determined. A total of 59 sequences were recovered, and the amino acid sequences predicted from them were aligned with sequences from known and unknown diazotrophs in order to determine the types of organisms present in the Spartina rhizosphere. We recovered numerous sequences from diazotrophs in the gamma subdivision of the division Proteobacteria (gamma-Proteobacteria) and from various anaerobic diazotrophs. Diazotrophs in the alpha-Proteobacteria were poorly represented. None of the Spartina rhizosphere DGGE band sequences were identical to any known or previously recovered environmental nifH sequences. The Spartina rhizosphere diazotroph assemblage is very diverse and apparently consists mainly of unknown organisms.
CBQCA assay of primary amine losses during hemodialysis.

Abstract Nitrogen loss during hemodialysis is an important issue since all steps taken to improve clearance of urea will also increase loss of amino acids and other normally recyclable sources of nitrogen. Most dialyzers exclude albumin and other proteins, which react well with dyes commonly employed to measure protein, but do allow passage of mono- and oligopeptides that go undetected in protein assays. The CBQCA reagent provides a highly sensitive assay of primary amines that will detect amino acids, low molecular weight polypeptides, and high molecular weight proteins. We collected dialysate using a split stream technique from 28 chronic dialysis patients. With bovine albumin as the standard, the CBQCA assay reported 24.3±9.8 g albumin-equivalents (mean±S.D.) per dialysate whereas a Coomassie blue assay measured 1.19±0.78 g. The CBQCA assay values were substantially higher than previously reported amino acid losses. The CBQCA fluorescent assay for amines provides a simple assay for quantifying primary amine losses in dialysate fluid.
Lack of evidence for an association between neurofibromatosis and pulmonary fibrosis.

Study objectives To reassess the association between neurofibromatosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Design Retrospective single-center study with analysis of patients' chest radiographs, CT scans, and medical records. Setting Tertiary care, referral medical center. Patients One hundred fifty-six adult patients with neurofibromatosis seen over a 6-year period between 1997 and 2002. Results A review of chest radiographs revealed abnormal findings in 70 patients (44.9%). The most common radiographic abnormalities were extrapulmonary nodules or masses seen in 22 patients (14.1%), followed by skeletal abnormalities in 16 patients (10.3%). Bilateral interstitial infiltrates were noted in only three patients (1.9%), all of whom had potential causes other than neurofibromatosis for their lung infiltrates, including smoking-related interstitial lung disease, rheumatoid lung disease, recurrent pneumonias, and a history of ARDS. CT scans were available in two of these patients and revealed nonspecific patterns of abnormalities with no honeycombing. Six patients had bullae or cystic airspaces demonstrated on chest radiography or CT scan; all of these findings occurred in the context of smoking-related emphysema. Combined together, bilateral interstitial lung infiltrates or cystic airspaces were demonstrated in five patients (3.2%) by chest radiography, and in eight patients (5.1%) by chest radiography or CT scanning; one patient had both findings on the CT scan. Conclusions We found little evidence to support an association between neurofibromatosis and pulmonary fibrosis or any other form of parenchymal lung disease. Interstitial lung disease and bullae described in association with neurofibromatosis in previous reports may have, in part, represented smoking-induced manifestations.
Human schwann cells in vitro. I. Failure to differentiate and support neuronal health under co‐culture conditions that promote full function of rodent cells

Schwann cells (SCs) play critical roles in regeneration after injury to the peripheral nervous system and can also induce axonal regeneration in the central nervous system. Transplantation of purified SCs into sites of neural injury in rodents has confirmed the remarkable ability of these cells to promote axonal regrowth, suggesting that human application of SC transplantation could be valuable. In this report, we have compared the functional capacities of SCs derived from adult human and rodent nerves by of SCs derived from adult human and rodent nerves by maintaining SCs from these two sources in culture with sensory neurons. We noted that techniques commonly in use for maintaining pure rat SC populations are not sufficient to sustain populations of human SCs free of fibroblasts. In these co-cultures, human SCs express a limited profile of characteristic behaviors and they proliferate more slowly than rat SCs in response to axonal contact. Slow SC proliferation, relative to that of contaminating fibroblasts, leads to a high proportion of fibroblasts in the cultures. After 3 to 4 weeks of co-culture with neurons, human SCs express extracellular matrix molecules, but only partially ensheathe axons, whereas rat SCs differentiate, form basal lamina, and ensheathe or myelinate axons. Co-culture of sensory neurons with human (but not rat) SC preparations (or conditioned medium therefrom) leads to a progressive neuronal atrophy characterized by shrinking neuronal cell bodies and a decrease in the density of the neurite network in the culture dish. As the divergent effects of human and rat SCs on neuronal health were also observed in co-cultures with human sensory neurons, these effects reflect differences between the rat and human-derived SC populations, rather than a species mismatch between SCs and neurons. The marked differences in behavior observed between rat and human SCs derived by the same methods requires further exploration if human-derived SCs are to be considered in the treatment of disease. In a companion article we report experiments that define culture conditions more effective in promoting human SC function in vitro.
Purification, metal composition and properties of molybdo-ferredoxin and azoferredoxin, two of the components of the nitrogen-fixing system of Clostridium pasteurianum☆

Abstract A procedure for the separation and purification of two components of Clostridium pasteurianum involved in N2 fixation are presented. One of the components, molybdo-ferrodoxin, was about 78% pure based on a molybdenum content of 1 atom per molecule and a mol. wt. of 100 000. At this stage of purity it contained per Mo atom 1 atom Mg, 12 atoms of Fe and 3 atoms of sulfide. The second component, azoferredoxin was purified 30–50-fold and contained Fe and sulfide. Both components were inactivated by O2. Molybdoferredoxin could be frozen anaerobically with little loss in activity whereas in contrast azoferredoxin lost partial activity under all conditions of storage examined. Neither molybdoferredoxin nor azoferredoxin was present in extracts of cells grown on NH3.
Automatic, object-based indexing for assisted analysis of video data

Video data offers users of multimedia systems a wealth of information; however, it is not as readily manipulated as other data such as text. Raw video data has no immediate “handles” by which the multimedia system user may analyze its contents. To assist human analysis of digital video data, a system has been developed to perform automatic, contentbased video indexing from object motion. The AVI (Automatic Video Indexing) System allows users to specify queries on video sequences and “jump” to points of interest to avoid tedious serial playback. For example, the user may select a person in a video sequence and specify the query “show me all objects that this person removed from the scene”. In response, the AVI system assembles a set of video “clips” highlighting the query results. The user may select a clip of interest and proceed with further video analysis using playback or additional queries.
A microsequencer architecture with firmware support for modular microprogramming

The aim of this paper is to propose a microsequencer architecture and supporting firmware that are suitable for implementing modular microprogramming. The structure consists of a PLA sequencer store, a microcode store (memory) and an address processor. The latter, operating under sequencing commands issued by the PLA, generates the effective address for both stores. The supporting firmware primitives or transactions, stored in PLA, are suitable for structured microprogramming constructs, e.g., while-do, if-then-else, etc. This capability is extended to complex sequencing structures which are then implemented by context-free transaction blocks. Such sequencing is required to achieve migration of complicated. software functions, such as operating systems, in firmware. It is expected that the proposed method is compatible with LSI/VLSI array technology.
Manure composition affects net transformation of nitrogen from dairy manures

The plant available nitrogen (PAN) content of dairy manure is commonly calculated using concentration and availability coefficients for organic nitrogen (N) and ammonium N (NH4), but the carbon (C) fraction of the manure also influences the availability of N over time. We evaluated the interactive effect of manure C and N from nine dairy manures during a 176 days aerobic incubation. All of the manures had appreciable NH4 content, and varied widely in fibrous C. The incubation was conducted using sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Haplorthod) and silt loam (fine, illitic, non-acid, frigid, Aeric Epiaquepts) soils at 25 °C and 60% water-filled pore space. There were clear differences in nitrate (NO3) accumulation over time, including manures that resulted in net nitrification and net immobilization. For both soils, the rate of nitrification at 7 and 56 days after application, and the amount of NO3 accumulated at the end of the incubation (176 days) were strongly correlated (r = −0.88) with C: NH4 and also to the ratio of neutral detergent fiber (NDF):NH4 (r = −0.90). The addition of manure C also resulted in significant net immobilization, compared to addition of mineral N fertilizer alone. These studies demonstrate that increased understanding of manure C and N interactions may lead to improved prediction of manure PAN.
High expression of CD244 and SAP regulated CD8 T cell responses of patients with HTLV-I associated neurologic disease.

HTLV-I-specific CD8+ T cells have been characterized with high frequencies in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid and production of proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to central nervous system inflammation in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, little is known about the differences in CD8+ T cell activation status between asymptomatic carrier (ACs) and patients with HAM/TSP. The expression of CD244, a signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor, was significantly higher on CD8+ T cells in HTLV-I-infected patients, both ACs and patients with HAM/TSP, than those on healthy normal donors (NDs). Blockade of CD244 inhibited degranulation and IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP, suggesting that CD244 is associated with effector functions of CD8+ T cells in patients with HAM/TSP. Moreover, SLAM-associated protein (SAP) was overexpressed in patients with HAM/TSP compared to ACs and NDs. SAP expression in Tax-specific CTLs was correlated in the HTLV-I proviral DNA loads and the frequency of the cells in HTLV-I-infected patients. SAP knockdown by siRNA also inhibited IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP. Thus, the CD244/SAP pathway was involved in the active regulation of CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP, and may play roles in promoting inflammatory neurological disease.
Verifying dynamic properties of nonlinear mixed-signal circuits via efficient SMT-based techniques

The pressing need for the verification of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) designs is driven by increased design complexity and the integration of such circuits into SoCs. However, verification of AMS circuits remains as a significant challenge. We propose a methodology that leverages SMT-based Satisfiability techniques to tackle the challenges arising from the inherent analog and/or hybrid natures of AMS systems. We demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed methodology on conservative verification of dynamic properties of nonlinear AMS circuits.
Epileptiform burst afterhyperolarization: calcium-dependent potassium potential in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

Synaptic excitation of hippocampal cells during blockade of synaptic inhibition results in an epileptiform "burst" potential followed by a prolonged afterhyperpolarization. This afterhyperpolarization resembles the one that is seen after the epileptic interictal spike and that is considered of critical importance in preventing seizure development. The afterhyperpolarization produced in the presence of y-aminobutyric acid antagonists is associated with a conductance increase and is inhibitory. It can occur in an all-or-none fashion after a burst, is independent of chloride, and is depressed by barium. The afterhyperpolarization has a reversal potential of (-86) millivolts, and the reversal potential is strongly dependent on the extracellular concentration of potassium. The afterhyperpolarization appears to be an intrinsic, inhibitory potassium potential mediated by calcium. This finding has implications for understanding the cellular mechanisms of epilepsy.
Studies of wall shear and mass transfer in a large scale model of neonatal high-frequency jet ventilation

The problem of endotracheal erosion associated with neonatal high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) is investigated through measurement of air velocity profiles in a scaled up model of the system. Fluid mechanical scaling principles are applied in order to construct a model within which velocity profiles are measured by hot-wire anemometry. The effects of two different jet geometries are investigated. Velocity gradients measured near the tracheal wall are used to measure the shear stresses caused by the jet flow on the wall. The Chilton-Colburn analogy between the transport of momentum and mass is applied to investigate tracheal drying caused by the high shear flow. Shear forces are seen to be more than two times higher for jets located near the endotracheal tube wall than for those located axisymmetrically in the center of the tube. Since water vapor fluxes are dependent on these shears, they are also higher for the asymmetric case. Fluxes are shown to be greatly dependent on the temperature and relative humidity of the inspired gas. Water from the tracheal surface may be depleted within one second if inspired gases are inadequately heated and humidified. It is recommended that the design of neonatal HFJV devices include delivery of heated (near body temperature), humidified (as close to 100% humidity as possible) gases through body temperature), humidified (as close to 100% humidity as possible) gases through an axisymmetric jet to best avoid the problem of endotracheal erosion.
Remarks on Japanese subjects

Abstract It has been proposed that subjects are base-generated under VP (VP internal subjects hypothesis). In this paper, we argue that the VP internal subject hypothesis that allows the subject to be base-generated under VP and move above VP at S-structure is not warranted in Japanese. Four pieces of evidence are discussed: floating numeral quantifiers; pseudo-cleft constructions; temporal phrases; and secondary depictive predicates. These collectively indicate that the subjects of unergative and transitive verbs are base-generated above VP while the subjects of unaccusatives and direct passives are base-generated under VP (i.e., the object position) in Japanese. The unaccusatives and the direct passives are different in that the subjects of the direct passives must be above VP at S-structure while the subject of the unaccusative can be at the object position.
Bouton Ultrastructure and Synaptic Growth in a Frog Autonomic Ganglion

Postmetamorphic growth in the frog, Xenopus laevis, is accompanied by an increase both in the size of autonomic neurons in the heart and in the number of synaptic boutons that contact their surface. To determine whether the properties of individual boutons change as their number increases, serial-section electron microscopy was used to examine bouton ultrastructure at the end of metamorphosis and in the adult. The area of bouton contact, number of active zones per bouton, active zone size, percent of bouton area occupied by active zone, and vesicle density were examined. No differences were found between the two bouton populations for any of the parameters examined. These results support the hypothesis that boutons are structural units of synaptic growth, whereby the total area of synaptic contact increases through the addition of boutons without a change in their morphological properties.
Flux dynamics in high-Tc superconductors☆

Abstract The theory of collective creep describing flux motion in a vortex glass state, and the theory of pinning of a vortex liquid by weak disorder are discussed. The exact solution for flux creep in a single-vortex pinning regime, and the theory of quantum collective creep are presented.
Effects of antilymphocyte serum on thymic independent immunity: I. Lack of immunosuppressive action on the antibody response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide

Abstract Previous studies have shown that cellular and humoral antibody production to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) is not appreciably altered in neonatally thymectomized mice and is enhanced in animals which have been treated with ALS. In order to determine what effect ALS has on the response to another antigen which does appear to require helper T cells, immunity to E. coli 055:B5 has been investigated. BALB/c mice were injected i.p. with 0.25 ml of ALS on days −1, 0, and +1 relative to the day of immunization (d.0) with a killed E. coli bacterial vaccine. Splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) and serum hemolysin and hemagglutinin titers were determined 6 days later using sheep erythrocytes which had been coated with purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice treated with ALS or normal heterologous serum and immunized with an optimal immunogenic dose of bacteria (150 × 10 6 ) had similar numbers of splenic PFC and serum antibody titers. No significant immunosuppressive effect was noted over a wide range of antigen (0.015–1500 × 10 6 ) although dose related variations were seen. In contrast to its effect on the response to SSS-III, no enhancement was noted. ALS treated mice which had been simultaneously immunized with E. coli and sheep RBC had specific depression of the T helper dependent response to SRBC but not to LPS. The lack of immunosuppressive effect on antibody production to E. coli LPS provides strong evidence that ALS preferentially acts on T lymphocytes. It further indicates that enhancement occurs with some but not all T helper independent antigens.
The importance of subject control in reinforcing brain stimulation

Abstract A comparison between the reinforcement strength of self-administered and externally imposed brain stimulation was undertaken. Rats performed on a chain schedule in order to receive brain stimulation, either selfadministered or imposed, during the second component of the chain. Response rates during the first component of the chain schedule indicated that self-stimulation was more reinforcing than imposed stimulation. In addition, contrast, both positive and negative, seemed to be present. It was concluded that reinforcement strength may be enhanced when the subject controls the presentation of reinforcement.
Blood cadmium levels in women of childbearing age vary by race/ethnicity.

Abstract The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is long-lived in the body and low-level cumulative exposure, even among non-smokers, has been associated with changes in renal function and bone metabolism. Women are more susceptible to the adverse effects of Cd and have higher body burdens. Due to increased dietary absorption of Cd in menstruating women and the long half-life of the metal, reproductive age exposures are likely important contributors to overall body burden and disease risk. We examined blood Cd levels in women of reproductive age in the US and assessed variation by race/ethnicity. Blood Cd concentrations were compared among female NHANES participants aged 20–44, who were neither pregnant nor breastfeeding. Sample size varied primarily based on inclusion/exclusion of smokers ( n =1734–3121). Mean Cd concentrations, distributions and odds ratios were calculated using SUDAAN. For logistic regression Cd was modeled as high (the upper 10% of the distribution) vs. the remainder. Overall, Mexican Americans had lower Cd levels than other groups due to a lower smoking prevalence, smoking being an important source of exposure. Among never-smokers, Mexican Americans had 1.77 (95% CI: 1.06–2.96) times the odds of high Cd as compared to non-Hispanic Whites after controlling for age and low iron (ferritin). For non-Hispanic Blacks, the odds were 2.96 (CI: 1.96–4.47) times those of non-Hispanic Whites in adjusted models. Adjustment for relevant reproductive factors or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke had no effect. In this nationally representative sample, non-smoking Mexican American and non-Hispanic Black women were more likely to have high Cd than non-Hispanic White women. Additional research is required to determine the underlying causes of these differences.
Geologic Approach to the Long-Term History of Atmospheric Circulation

Eolian dust preserved in deep-sea pelagic sediments can be used as a proxy indicator of paleoclimate. Analyses of the particle size, composition, and mass accumulation rate of dust grains provide independent evidence of the intensity of atmospheric circulation and the availability of material in the eolian source region. These data provide information on atmospheric circulation and on the climate of the source area at time scales ranging from 103 to 108 years and have the potential to test computer-generated global circulation models.
Real character-friends: Aristotelian friendship, living together, and technology

Aristotle’s account of friendship has largely withstood the test of time. Yet there are overlooked elements of his account that, when challenged by apparent threats of current and emerging communication technologies, reveal his account to be remarkably prescient. I evaluate the danger that technological advances in communication pose to the future of friendship by examining and defending Aristotle’s claim that perfect or character-friends must live together. I concede that technologically-mediated communication can aid existing character-friendships, but I argue that character-friendships cannot be created and sustained entirely through technological meditation. I examine text-based technologies, such as Facebook and email, and engage a non-text based technology that poses the greatest threat to my thesis—Skype. I then address philosophical literature on friendship and technology that has emerged in the last decade in Ethics and Information Technology to elucidate and defend my account by contrast. I engage Cocking and Matthews (2000), who argue that friendship cannot be created and sustained entirely through text-based contact, Briggle (2008), who argues that friendship can be created and sustained entirely through text-based contact, and Munn (2012), who argues that friendship cannot be created and entirely sustained through text-based contact but can be created and sustained entirely in immersive virtual worlds. My account discusses a certain kind of friendship, character-friendship, and a certain kind of technology, Skype, that these accounts do not. Examination of these essays helps to demonstrate that character friendship cannot be sustained entirely by technologically-aided communication and that character-friends must live together.
Pave Spike Video Film Recorder

In recent months the Air Force has initiated a request to photograph video displays in their Pave Spike system. Certain constraints were included in this request which dictated the following basic objectives in development of a video film recorder: 1. An optical design which would allow direct film recording of the video display without impairing the observer's view. 2. A mechanical design which would (a) not interfere with the pilot's ejection envelope, (b) provide reasonably easy installation and (c) allow loading and unloading of the magazine without removal of the camera. 3. An electronic design which would provide synchronization of camera operation to the 60 Hz field sync signal available from the video display equipment and automatic recording during laser firing. To satisfy the above objectives, Perkin-Elmer agreed to provide an engineeting evaluation and test unit for initial ground and flight testing. This unit included certain features which are not incorporated in the final production design. The results of the evaluation tests provided specific guidelines for a final design and it is this design which is described in the following text.© (1973) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alteration of brain cell membrane function following cocaine exposure in the fetal guinea pig

Abstract The effect of cocaine on brain cell membrane structure and function was studied in the fetal guinea pig. We tested the hypothesis that cocaine, a potent vasoconstrictor, would result in brain cell membrane dysfunction as determined by altered activity of Na+,K+-ATPase and the appearance of products of membrane lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes (CD) and fluorescent compounds (FC)). A total of 14 pregnant guinea pigs were studied at term (60 days). One hour prior to delivery, the pregnant guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups as follows: cocaine, 30 mg/kg i.p., saline placebo i.p., or 7% FiO2 for 1 h. Following cocaine, brain Na+,K+-ATPase activity decreased (mean±S.D., 25.6 ± 9.2vs.54.6 ± 3.4 μmolPi/mg protein/h, cocaine vs. control, respectively, (P
Three‐dimensional unsteady flow simulations: Alternative strategies for a volume‐averaged calculation

SUMMARY This work builds on a SIMPLE-type code to produce two numerical codes of greatly improved speed and accuracy for solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Both implicit and explicit codes employ an improved QUICK (quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinematics) scheme to finite difference convective terms for non-uniform grids. The PRIME (update pressure implicit, momentum explicit) algorithm is used as the computational procedure for the implicit code. Use of both the ICCG (incomplete Cholesky decomposition, conjugate gradient) method and the MG (multigrid) technique to enhance solution execution speed is illustrated. While the implicit code is first-order in time, the explicit is second-order accurate. Two- and threedimensional forced convection and sidewall-heated natural convection flows in a cavity are chosen as test cases. Predictions with the new schemes show substantial computational savings and very good agreement when compared to previous simulations and experimental data.
A Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier-interacting Motif Functions as the Transcriptional Activation Domain of Krüppel-like Factor 4

The zinc finger transcription factor, Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), regulates numerous biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Although the DNA sequence to which KLF4 binds is established, the mechanism by which KLF4 controls transcription is not well defined. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is an important regulator of transcription. Here we show that KLF4 is both SUMOylated at a single lysine residue and physically interacts with SUMO-1 in a region that matches an acidic and hydrophobic residue-rich SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) consensus. The SIM in KLF4 is required for transactivation of target promoters in a SUMO-1-dependent manner. Mutation of either the acidic or hydrophobic residues in the SIM significantly impairs the ability of KLF4 to interact with SUMO-1, activate transcription, and inhibit cell proliferation. Our study provides direct evidence that SIM in KLF4 functions as a transcriptional activation domain. A survey of transcription factor sequences reveals that established transactivation domains of many transcription factors contain sequences highly related to SIM. These results, therefore, illustrate a novel mechanism by which SUMO interaction modulates the activity of transcription factors.