cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inversion of the anomalous diffraction approximation for variable complex index of refraction near unity

The Fymat analytic inversion method for retrieving a particle-area distribution function from anomalous diffraction multispectral extinction data tau and total area A is generalized to the case of a variable complex refractive index m(lambda) near unity depending on spectral wavelength lambda. Inversion tests are presented for a water-haze aerosol model. An upperphase shift limit of 5pi/2 retrieved an accurate peak area distribution profile. Analytical corrections using both the total number N and area A improved the inversion.
Scalar interfaces in digital images of turbulent flows

A scalar interface is defined as the surface separating the scalar-marked regions of a turbulent flow from the rest. The problem of determining the two-dimensional intersections of scalar interfaces is examined, taking as a specific example digital images of an axisymmetric jet visualized by laser-induced fluorescence. The usefulness of gradient and Laplacian techniques for this purpose is assessed, and it is shown that setting a proper threshold on the pixel intensity works well if the signal/noise ratio is high. Two methods of determining the proper threshold are presented, and the results are discussed. As one application of the technique, the fractal dimension of the scalar interface is calculated.
Erosion of a fascial sling into the urethra

When synthetic materials are used for the construction of pubovaginal slings, urethral erosions may occur. This complication has not been reported with fascial slings. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman who underwent a pubovaginal sling procedure using rectus fascia. After 10 weeks of urinary retention, urethroscopy identified an erosion of the sling at the midurethra. Surgical revision restored normal voiding without recurrent stress incontinence. Although urethral erosions have been reported with synthetic suburethral slings, this case suggests that erosions can also occur with fascial slings. Careful positioning and minimal tension on the sling arms may minimize this risk.
Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space–time access to food

Abstract A majority of literature about food deserts is focused on geographic access to food retailers by a buffered distance differentiating high and low access. An overlooked facet in this representation is that food acquisition is not only geographically dictated, but it is also temporally constrained. Food retailers invariably have limited opening hours that create a temporal restriction for shoppers. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) construct was proposed to delineate the limited food access to a retailer location across space and over its time of operation. Food retailer data in Columbus, OH, USA were collected for examining the variation of food access on both spatial and temporal scales. This study also employed the technique of interactive 3D modeling in a geographic information system (GIS) to visualize the food environment to delimit where and when food is accessible on a daily basis. The interactive 3D geovisualization (visualization of geographic information) of space–time access contributed to improving the representation of food environment and exploring the inequity of food access across space and over time. The development of this geovisualization context for food science studies could assist public health professionals and government stakeholders in understanding the effect of temporal access and improving food access for regions with limited operation hours in policy formulation.
Excess enthalpies for (butane + acetonitrile) at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, and 348.15) K and at the pressures (5, 10, and 15) MPa

Excess molar enthalpies HEm have been determined for (butane + acetonitrile) at the temperatures T = (298.15, 323.15, and 348.15) K and at the pressures p = (5, 10, and 15) MPa. The linear regions of HEm as a function of x at T = 298.15 K and 323.15 K at all three pressures are caused by (liquid + liquid) phase separation.
Efficient scalable schemes for monitoring a large number of data streams

The sequential changepoint detection problem is studied in the context of global online monitoring of a large number of independent data streams. We are interested in detecting an occurring event as soon as possible, but we do not know when the event will occur, nor do we know which subset of data streams will be affected by the event. A family of scalable schemes is proposed based on the sum of the local cumulative sum, CUSUM, statistics from each individual data stream, and is shown to asymptotically minimize the detection delays for each and every possible combination of affected data streams, subject to the global false alarm constraint. The usefulness and limitations of our asymptotic optimality results are illustrated by numerical simulations and heuristic arguments. The Appendices contain a probabilistic result on the first epoch to simultaneous record values for multiple independent random walks.
Radiogenic Strontium-87 as an Index of Geologic Processes

The abundance of radiogenic Sr87relative to Sr86at the time of crystallization has been determined for 45 rocks. The total range in the ratio Sr87/Sr86is less than 2 percent. Ratios for recent lavas range from 0.702 to 0.711. Oceanic basalts are closely grouped at 0.703, whereas ratios for continental volcanic rocks spread from 0.702 to 0.711. Among the volcanic rocks, ranging from basalt to rhyolite, no correlation was found between original ratio and rock type. Older mafic and felsic rocks that include both plutonic and extrusive types also cover this same range in original Sr87/Sr86ratios; however, there is a definite trend with geologic time. Precambrian rocks give values as low as 0.700. The data indicate that Sr87/Sr86of the weathering crust has changed 1.1 percent in 3000 million years, while the ratio in the mantle has changed no more than 0.5 percent.
Treatment of Giant Intradural (Perimedullary) Arteriovenous Fistulas

ABSTRACTTEN PATIENTS WITH giant intradural spinal arteriovenous fistulas (perimedullary Types II and III) were treated with embolization alone (three patients) or in combination with surgery (seven patients). Their ages at the time of treatment ranged from 2 to 40 years, with a mean of 19.5 years. T
Cognitive risk factors and suicide attempts among formerly hospitalized adolescents: a prospective naturalistic study

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the relationship between cognitive variables and time until suicide attempts among 180 adolescents who were monitored for as much as 6.9 years after discharge from an inpatient psychiatry unit. Method In a prospective naturalistic study, adolescents were assessed at the time of their psychiatric hospitalization and semiannually thereafter. Suicidal behavior at index hospitalization and over the follow-up period was assessed with semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interviews. At hospitalization, cognitive risk factors were assessed with a problem-solving task and with questionnaires assessing hopelessness, expectations for posthospitalization suicidal behavior, reasons for living, and dysfunctional attitudes. Results Expectations about future suicidal behavior were related to posthospitalization suicide attempts. Among youths with previous suicide attempts, higher levels of hopelessness were associated with increased risk, and greater survival and coping beliefs were associated with decreased risk for posthospitalization suicide attempts. Hopelessness and survival and coping beliefs were not related to posthospitalization attempts among adolescents without prior suicidal behavior, and hopelessness was not predictive after controlling for overall severity of depression. Conclusions Expectations for suicidal behavior, hopelessness, and survival and coping beliefs provide important prognostic information about later suicidal behavior and should be targeted in interventions with suicidal youths.
Full transient response of Taylor cones to a step change in electric field

We studied experimentally the complete transient response of Taylor cones subject to a step change in external electric field with the goal of finding optimal conditions to reduce the overall response time and achieve the highest possible switching bandwidth. The transient behavior of electrified menisci is of interest for many applications that would benefit from active control of on/off switching of the electrospray, such as femtoliter droplet-on-demand or novel fuel injectors in next generation internal combustion engines. We first investigated the transient behavior of ethanol, a typical solvent for droplet-on-demand. We then expanded the study to fuels such as JP-8 and E-30 biogas, a biofuel with 30% ethanol (vol.). The system response is a multi-stage process that can last from ~100 μs to ~100 ms. Potential bottleneck stages include liquid accumulation, meniscus oscillation, and cone relaxation, depending on the experimental conditions. A typical full response time is ~1 ms, and the shortest transient process observed is ~400 μs. For a given liquid, nozzle outer diameter (OD) and applied voltage are the two most important parameters to influence the full response time. Onset or near-onset voltage for the establishment of the cone jet often leads to a large number of oscillation cycles and should be avoided. Changes in conductivity and viscosity by less than a factor of 10 have negligible effects on the transient process. Using JP-8 or E-30 biogas, 90 μm OD nozzle with extractor, and flow rate of 0.4 mL/h, we can routinely achieve bandwidth of 1 kHz, corresponding to a full response time of 1 ms, after which quasi-monodispersed droplets of ~10 μm are generated. Adaptation of an inviscid model of a charged oscillating droplet to the oscillating meniscus satisfactorily explains several key phenomena observed in our experiments, such as the full response time and the overshoot of the meniscus height.
The impact of technology on evolving roles of salespeople

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to bridge the glaring gap in the sales literature due to the deficiency of historical research on the adoption of technology in personal selling and the resultant impacts on sales roles.Design/methodology/approach – This paper traces the early adoption of technology by the sales force through information obtained from an extensive review of published works covering a nearly 130‐year timeframe. Where possible, efforts are made to chronicle the early use of these technologies by citing examples from historical publications of applications in selling situations.Findings – In the exciting internet era, it is often unrecognized that adopting the latest technology in selling is a long, ongoing process which can be traced back at least to the beginning of professional personal selling in the mid‐1800s when the industrial revolution enabled dramatic increases in manufactured products. A review of the literature suggests that sales forces were often early adopters of new tech...
Characterization and localization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed globulins

Abstract Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the globulin fraction of rice endosperm reveals two abundant proteins with apparent molecular weights of 16 kDa and 25 kDa. These globulins were purified from preparative SDS-PAGE gels, and polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits. Poly(A) + RNA isolated from developing rice grains, translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, directed the synthesis of five major translation products of 53 kDa, 27 kDa, 18 kDa, 16 kDa and 12 kDa. Incubation of the total translation products with the 16 kDa globulin antiserum immunoprecipitated an 18 kDa protein, while the 25-kDa globulin antibodies specifically immunoprecipitated the 27-kDa polypeptide. Western blot analyses indicated that 16-kDa globulin antiserum cross-reacted with similarly sized proteins from several cereals, while the 25-kDa globulin antiserum detected no proteins from other cereals. Electron microscopic observation of thin sections of rice endosperm tissue stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate revealed a complex internal organization of the glutelin protein bodies. Rice endosperm contains two morphologically distinct, spherical and irregularly shaped protein bodies. Double-label immunogold electron-microscopic localization indicated that both the 25-kDa and 16-kDa rice globulins are localized in discrete zones within the irregularly shaped protein bodies.
Transcriptional regulation of Mn-superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) of Escherichia coli is stimulated by DNA gyrase inhibitors.

Abstract The expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase ( sodA ) in Escherichia coli using sodA::lacZ gene fusion was found to be stimulated by DNA gyrase inhibitors, nalidixic acid, or coumermycin A 1 . Aerobically, the gyrase inhibitors increased the expression of sodA::lacZ in the presence or absence of either paraquat or the iron chelator 2,2′-dipyridyl. The concentrations of the inhibitors used were found to reduce DNA supercoiling. Treatment of wild-type cells ( sodA + ) with nalidixic acid increased the transcription of MnSOD mRNA. Anaerobically, the expression of sodA::lacZ in wild-type cells was not affected by nalidixic acid. However, nalidixic acid had a stimulatory effect on the anaerobic expression of sodA::lacZ in cells preinduced by the iron chelator as well as in mutants derepressed in sodA expression by virtue of their lacking the trans -acting represser proteins or the cis -acting regulatory elements needed for sodA regulation. The results indicate that the effect of DNA gyrase inhibitors is secondary to the cis -and trans -regulatory elements of sodA and suggest that changes in DNA topology may affect transcriptional regulation of sodA .
Fallen women, problem girls : unmarried mothers and the professionalization of social work, 1890-1945

During the first half of the twentieth century, out-of-wedlock pregnancy came to be seen as one of the most urgent and compelling problems of the day. The effort to define its meaning fueled a struggle among three groups of women: evangelical reformers who regarded unmarried mothers as fallen sisters to be saved, a new generation of social workers who viewed them as problem girls to be treated, and unmarried mothers themselves. Drawing on previously unexamined case records from maternity homes, Regina Kunzel explores how women negotiated the crisis of single pregnancy and analyzes the different ways they understood and represented unmarried motherhood. Fallen Women, Problem Girls is a social and cultural history of out-of-wedlock pregnancy in the United States from 1890 to 1945. Kunzel analyzes how evangelical women drew on a long tradition of female benevolence to create maternity homes that would redeem and reclaim unmarried mothers. She shows how, by the 1910s, social workers struggling to achieve professional legitimacy tried to dissociate their own work from that earlier tradition, replacing the reform rhetoric of sisterhood with the scientific language of professionalism. By analyzing the important and unexplored transition from the conventions of nineteenth-century reform to the professional imperatives of twentieth-century social welfare, Kunzel offers a new interpretation of gender and professionalization. Kunzel places shifting constructions of out-of-wedlock pregnancy within a broad history of gender, sexuality, class, and race, and argues that the contests among evangelical women, social workers, and unmarried mothers distilled larger generational and cross-class conflicts among women in the first half of the twentieth century.
Outcomes of vasectomy reversal performed for men with the same female partners.

Abstract Objectives To review the fertility outcomes of patients who underwent vasectomy reversal and attempted conception with the same female partners. Methods A retrospective review of two surgeons’ experience was performed. Patency was defined as the presence of motile sperm. Patients with less than 6 months of follow-up were excluded from the patency rate analysis unless they had sperm in the semen sample. Similarly, patients with less than 6 months of follow-up or no ongoing interest in establishing conception were excluded from the pregnancy rate analysis unless they had established a pregnancy. Results Of 200 consecutive men, 34 (17%) underwent microsurgical vasectomy reversal with the same female partner. All but two of the couples had previous proven fertility. The procedures performed for those who pursued fertility were bilateral vasovasostomy (n = 27), vasovasostomy/vasoepididymostomy (n = 4), and bilateral vasoepididymostomy (n = 1). The mean obstructive interval was 5 years (range 4 months to 10 years). The mean female partner age was 31.9 years (range 26 to 38). The median follow-up was 8 months (range 1 to 48). Patency was achieved in 27 (93%) of 29, and pregnancy occurred in 15 (60%) of 25 cases with sufficient follow-up. The ongoing or delivered rate was 56% (14 of 25). Female factor problems were present in three couples, and two miscarriages occurred for couples with known female factor problems. Conclusions Microsurgical vasectomy reversal may have higher success rates when performed for couples with the same female partner. These results may be related to a shorter obstructive interval and a history of previous fertility as a couple.
Intragenic somatic recombination in the lozenge cistron of Drosophila.

In Drosophila melanogaster intragenic mitotic recombination between the two lozenge alleles, lz36 and lzy4, separated from each other by 0.14 meiotic recombination units, was observed. Among 48 725 females of the genotype w+lz36/w lzy4 which had been irradiated by a dose of 1000 r X-rays as larvae 41–47 hours after oviposition, a total of 11 faceted eye spots (not lz) were induced. All 11 spots were w+, none w. Possible reasons for the lack of the expected w, faceted spots were checked. Inversion of the X chromosome which would suppress recombination between the w and lz loci was not involved. Gene order of lz36-lzy4-kinetochore was confirmed by meiotic recombination test. Nonautonomy of lz gene action was not a factor, as tested by gynanders which showed that lzy4 and lzs were autonomous. Possibility of reverse mutation was not likely as shown by the large scale control experiments. Gene conversion is suggested as a likely mechanism for the lack of the expected w, faceted spots although the possibility of unequal crossing over induced by X-rays can not be excluded, nor can the preferential z-segregation hypothesis.
LipiTk: a generic toolkit for online handwriting recognition

This paper describes Lipi Toolkit (LipiTk) - a generic toolkit whose aim is to facilitate development of online handwriting recognition engines for new scripts, and simplify integration of the resulting engines into real-world application contexts. The toolkit provides robust implementations of tools, algorithms, scripts and sample code necessary to support the activities of handwriting data collection and annotation, training and evaluation of recognizers, packaging of engines and their integration into pen-based applications. The toolkit is designed to be extended with new tools and algorithms to meet the requirements of specific scripts and applications. The toolkit attempts to satisfy the requirements of a diverse set of users, such as researchers, commercial technology providers, do-it-yourself enthusiasts and application developers. In this paper we describe the first version of the toolkit which focuses on isolated online handwritten shape and character recognition.
Constructions of harmonic polynomial maps between spheres

The complexity of λ q -eigenmaps, i.e. homogeneous degreeq harmonic polynomial mapsf:S m →S n, increases fast with the degreeq and the source dimensionm. Here we introduce a variety of methods of manufacturing new eigenmaps out of old ones. They include degree and source dimension raising operators. As a byproduct, we get estimates on the possible range dimensions of full eigenmaps and obtain a geometric insight of the harmonic product of λ2-eigenmaps.
Exploring an Alternative Method of Hazardous Location Identification: Using Accident Count and Accident Reduction Potential Jointly

As one of the initial steps to improve the overall safety within a road network, hot spots identification (HSID) has been the focus of many research efforts. Over the past 60 years a wide range of HSID methods have been proposed and applied. One dimension of diversity among these methods lies within the selection of one of two different criteria: the number of accidents or the accident reduction potential. Currently, there is a lack of conclusive evidence showing which criterion performs better. To avoid prematurely favoring one or the other, the authors explore the joint use of both criteria to conduct HSID. New evaluation indexes are proposed and employed. The empirical and full Bayesian estimates and the typical estimate are explored. The evaluation is conducted based on the accident data of two types of Arizona road sections. Additionally, four different sizes of hot spots are assessed. By using the proposed evaluation indexes, the results illustrate that when used in conjunction this new method signi...
Application of air-coupled acoustic thermography (ACAT) for inspection of honeycomb sandwich structures

The application of a noncontact air coupled acoustic heating technique is investigated for the inspection of advanced honeycomb composite structures. A weakness in the out of plane stiffness of the structure, caused by a delamination or core damage, allows for the coupling of acoustic energy and thus this area will have a higher temperature than the surrounding area. Air coupled acoustic thermography (ACAT) measurements were made on composite sandwich structures with damage and were compared to conventional flash thermography. A vibrating plate model is presented to predict the optimal acoustic source frequency. Improvements to the measurement technique are also discussed.
Interaction of the carboxamide of NADPH with Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase from Lactobacillus casei and its complexes with NADPH and methotrexate yield well-resolved Raman spectra. The 1685-cm−1 Raman band assigned to the carboxamide of NADPH persists in the NADPH-enzyme binary complex but is absent from the NADPH-methotrexate-enzyme ternary complex. This is ascribed to stabilization of the polarized form of the carboxamide by H bonding to the NH and CO groups of Ala 6 and Ile 13 of the peptide backbone.
GENDER INFLUENCES ON THE LANGUAGE PROCESSES OF COLLEGE BASIC WRITERS

Deming and Gowen (1989) conducted a study during the 1989 winter quarter at a suburban junior college to examine the association between gender, writing processes, and the written products of 33 male and female basic college freshmen writers. Students were administered the Daly and Miller Writing Anxiety Scale (1975), and wrote two drafts, one on a reflexive topic, and the other, on an extensive one (Perl, 1980). Topics were randomly assigned with one topic concerned with discipline of children and the other with the importance of friendship in school. Students were interviewed concerning their writing processes and topic preferences. Sixty‐six drafts were analyzed for length, time of production, pronoun usage, and examples of advice giving. The results of the study confirmed the work of earlier researchers and contributed new information. College basic female writers used more first person pronouns than males, and both genders used fewer pronouns when writing extensive essays. Males used “you” more often...
MEMS-based bubble pressure sensor for prosthetic socket interface pressure measurement

The ability to chronically monitor pressure at the prosthetic socket/residual limb interface could provide important data to the research and clinical communities. With this application in mind, we describe a novel type of sensor which consists of a MEMS pressure sensor and custom electronics packaged in a fluid-filled bubble. The sensor is characterized and compared to two commercially-available technologies. The bubble sensor has excellent drift performance and good sensing resolution. It exhibits hysteresis which may be due to the silicone that the sensor is molded in. To reduce hysteresis, it may be advisable to place the sensor between the liner and the socket rather molding directly into the liner.
Conservation coupling technique for dynamic inlet-engine analyses

Ahybridmethodispresentedforunsteadyanalysisofturbineenginepropulsionsystems.Themethodisacoupled analysis of the inlet ‐engine combination, incorporating multidimensional inviscid computational e uid dynamics in the inlet with a one-dimensional dynamic turbomachinery model. The domain coupling technique consists of conservation averaging, which reconciles the dimensional inconsistency and characteristic wave propagation to provide time accuracy. The method is applied to an axisymmetric mixed compression inlet integrated with an eight-stageaxial compressoratMach 2.5 operating conditions. Analysis includes methodology verie cation, steadystate performance, and dynamic results for two different events. The results indicate that the method is capable of simulating large-amplitude dynamic behavior of coupled supersonic inlet ‐engine systems.
Identification of a Murine Erythroblast Subpopulation Enriched in Enucleating Events by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not yet been fully elucidated. A common problem encountered when studying the localization of key proteins and structures within enucleating erythroblasts by microscopy is the difficulty to observe a sufficient number of cells undergoing enucleation. We have developed a novel analysis protocol using multiparameter high-speed cell imaging in flow (Multi-Spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry), a method that combines immunofluorescent microscopy with flow cytometry, in order to identify efficiently a significant number of enucleating events, that allows to obtain measurements and perform statistical analysis. We first describe here two in vitro erythropoiesis culture methods used in order to synchronize murine erythroblasts and increase the probability of capturing enucleation at the time of evaluation. Then, we describe in detail the staining of erythroblasts after fixation and permeabilization in order to study the localization of intracellular proteins or lipid rafts during enucleation by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry. Along with size and DNA/Ter119 staining which are used to identify the orthochromatic erythroblasts, we utilize the parameters “aspect ratio” of a cell in the bright-field channel that aids in the recognition of elongated cells and “delta centroid XY Ter119/Draq5” that allows the identification of cellular events in which the center of Ter119 staining (nascent reticulocyte) is far apart from the center of Draq5 staining (nucleus undergoing extrusion), thus indicating a cell about to enucleate. The subset of the orthochromatic erythroblast population with high delta centroid and low aspect ratio is highly enriched in enucleating cells.
DROUGHT AND RANGELAND GRASSHOPPER SPECIES DIVERSITY

Rangeland grasshopper species richness was monitored at 10 sites in Montana, U.S.A., during 1986 through 1992, which included an extreme drought year (1988). We observed significant post-1988 drought reductions in rangeland grasshopper species richness in the eastern and south-central region of Montana where drought intensity has been increasing during the past 20 years. In the north-central region, which also experienced the 1988 drought but showed no long-term drought trend, we did not observe a post-drought reduction in overall rangeland grasshopper species richness. Thus, in terms of rangeland grasshopper species richness, the potential impact of a severe drought in a given year may depend on the timing of such an event within longer-term climatic cycles. Our findings suggest that as regional drought intensity increases temporally, there may be an increased likelihood that a single extreme drought year will not only have a profound impact on abundance but may also result in significant long-term reduction of grasshopper species richness. Our results support the hypothesis that resource limitation is a very important factor in structuring rangeland grasshopper communities in space and time.
Dosimetry of rotational photon fields with gravity-oriented eye blocks

Abstract Evolving radiotherapeutic technique is aimed at routine use of an eye protection accessory with uniformity of dose to facial tumors. Rotational 4 MV photon fields with gravity-oriented eye blocks are described in applications to patients and a phantom. A machine-oriented compensator with a slit and beveled edges at eye levels has been applied to increase uniformity of dose over the entire target, including partly blocked regions. Treatment planning parameters are derived from simple geometric relationships. Dose distributions and average tissue-air ratios (TAR) are calculated with a conventional radiotherapeutic treatment planning system, and measured during initial treatments via tbermoluminescent dosaneters (TLD) in facial cavities. Machine monitor units of initial treatments (MUl) are calculated from prescribed dose D, TAR, percentage isodose tines, dose rates in air, and compensator traninnission; for subsequent treatments, MU1 are modified using averages of unblocked target doses D measured during initial treatment: MU2=(D/D)MU1. Doses measured on patients' eyelids have been 10 to 15% of prescribed dose. Three dimensional dose distributions were determined using TLD in an anthropomorphic phantom. With beam compensation, eye doses were 15% of unblocked target doses, doses to partly blocked target were 86 to 129% of unblocked target doses, and doses to unblocked target showed 5% mean standard deviations. In vivo and in phantom data were consistent with computer-calculated distributions. For uniformity of target dose, eye-sparing, and simplicity of irradiating tumors surrounding the eyes, the technique investigated compares favorably with conventional techniques.
A Descriptive Model for Predicting Spring Emergence of Heliothis zea Populations in North Carolina

A conceptual model is formulated which describes overwinter developmental rate for Heliothis zea (Boddie) pupae. An analytic function for prediction of spring emergence as a function of temperature is developed through the technique of matched asymptotic expansions. The resultant model is fit to observed post-diapause developmental rates measured at various constant temperature regimes. From these data, parameters were estimated for 10, 50, and 90 percentile emergence. A field spring emergence model is presented which includes the temporal variation in post-diapause morphogenetic development, the spatial distribution of overwintering pupae in the soil, and the spatial/temporal distribution of soil temperature. Model results are compared to an observed field emergence.
Use of Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags to Monitor Migration Timing of Snake River Chinook Salmon Smolts

Abstract Before 1989, there was little detailed knowledge of the migrational timing of wild smolts of Snake River spring and summer chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from individual streams. With the development of the passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag and methods for collecting and tagging parr, acquisition of information on migrational timing became feasible. We PIT-tagged wild chinook salmon parr in several streams in Idaho and Oregon each summer from 1988 through 1990. Each subsequent spring and summer, we detected surviving smolts on their migration through Lower Granite Dam. We also PIT-tagged hatchery-reared parr during fall or late winter and compared their migrations with those of wild fish. Migrational timing of wild smolts through Lower Granite Dam varied for fish from different streams and also differed from hatchery-reared fish. Generally, wild spring chinook salmon migrated later and over a more protracted period than their hatchery-reared counterparts. Wild summer chinook salmo...
Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

The normal, biologically productive ocean is characterized by a gradient of the 13C/12C ratio from surface to deep waters. Here we present stable isotope data from planktonic and benthic micro-fossils across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the North pacific, which reveal a rapid and complete breakdown in this biologically mediated gradient. The fluxes of barium (a proxy for organic carbon) and CaCO3 also decrease significantly at the time of the major marine plankton extinctions. The implied substantial reduction in oceanic primary productivity persisted for ∼0.5 Myr before the carbon isotope gradient was gradually re-established. In addition, the stable isotope and preservational data indicate that environmental change, including cooling, began at least 200 kyr before the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, and a peak warming of ∼3 °C occurred 600 kyr after the boundary event.
ASSESSING INFLUENCES OF HYDROLOGY, PHYSICOCHEMISTRY, AND HABITAT ON STREAM FISH ASSEMBLAGES ACROSS A CHANGING LANDSCAPE

We evaluated the impact of land cover on fish assemblages by examining relationships between stream hydrology, physicochemistry, and instream habitat and their association with fish responses in streams draining 18 watersheds of the Lower Piedmont of western Georgia. Several important relationships between land use and physicochemical, hydrological, and habitat parameters were observed, particularly higher frequency of spate flows, water temperatures, and lower dissolved oxygen (DO) with percentage impervious surface (IS) cover, higher habitat quality with percentage forest cover, and elevated suspended solid concentrations with percentage pasture cover. Fish assemblages were largely explained by physicochemical and hydrological rather than habitat variables. Specifically, fish species diversity, richness, and biotic integrity were lower in streams that received high frequency of spate flows. Also, overall fish assemblage structure as determined by nonmetric multidimensional scaling was best described by total dissolved solids (TDS) and DO, with high TDS and low DO streams containing sunfish-based assemblages and low TDS and high DO streams containing minnow-based assemblages. Our results suggest that altered hydrological and physicochemical conditions, induced largely by IS, may be a strong determinant of fish assemblage structure in these lowland streams and allow for a more mechanistic understanding of how land use ultimately affects these systems.
Detection of an abasic site in RNA with stem-loop DNA beacons: Application to an activity assay for Ricin Toxin A-Chain

The catalytic ability of Ricin Toxin A-Chain (RTA) to create an abasic site in a 14-mer stem-tetraloop RNA is exploited for its detection. RTA catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of a specific adenosine in the GAGA tetraloop of stem-loop RNA. Thus, a 14-mer stem-loop RNA substrate containing an intact "GAGA" sequence can be discriminated from the product containing an abasic "GabGA" sequence by hybridization with a 14-mer DNA stem-loop probe sequence and following the fluorescent response of the heteroduplexes. Three DNA beacon probe designs are described. Beacon 1 probe is a stem-loop structure and has a fluorophore and a quencher covalently linked to the 5'- and 3'-ends. In this format the probe-substrate heteroduplex gives a fluorescent signal while the probe-product one remains quenched. Beacon 2 is a modified version of 1 and incorporates a pyrene deoxynucleoside for recognition of the abasic site. In this format both the substrate and product heteroduplexes give a fluorescent response. Beacon 3 utilizes a design where the fluorophore is on the substrate RNA sequence at its 5'-end while the quencher is on the probe DNA sequence at its 3'-end. In this format the fluorescence of the substrate-probe heteroduplex is quenched while that of the product-probe one is enhanced. The lower limit of detection with beacons is 14 ng/mL of RTA.
Recent derivatives from smaller classes of fermentation-derived antibacterials

Introduction: New antibiotics, without cross-resistance to existing agents, are needed to treat infections caused by increasingly resistant pathogens and to improve the safety and efficacy of older agents. Renewed investigations of several older but smaller or underexploited classes of fermentation-derived antibiotics have generated active new derivatives and analogs that resulted from medicinal chemistry programs and/or manipulations of the biosynthetic pathways of producing microbes. Several of these programs have now produced clinical candidates undergoing preclinical studies or early clinical trials. Areas covered: This review surveys the recent patent and journal literature for relevant new antibacterial derivatives from about 2007 until the present. Expert opinion: Following the regulatory approvals of daptomycin and retapamulin for human use, these renewed investigations of underdeveloped fermentation-derived classes have demonstrated the further potential to discover new clinical candidates. Howev...
“Fast track” transition to an electronic journal collection: a case study

Describes the background and development of the migration to an electronic journal collection by the W.W. Hagerty Library of Drexel University, Philadelphia. Starting in 1998, this transition was a key component of the library’s strategic plan, and with a few exceptions, journals are purchased in electronic‐only format whenever possible. Drexel’s collection now consists of only 800 print subscriptions and 5,500 electronic journals. The transition has had a considerable impact on library staffing and workflow. Offsetting a decrease in the activity levels relating to the print format is a large increase in workload for serials’ acquisitions and management functions. A newly created position of electronic resources librarian acts as a focal point for the integrated development of all electronic resources.
Global Marketing: A New Manifest Destiny?

Recent years have witnessed a “global” evangelism that has permeated both the trade and the academic press. The global doctrine has emerged as a new manifest destingy heralding the inevitability of a one market world (Levitt; 92).
Quality of life assessment after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with malignant liver tumors

Purpose To investigate the effects on quality of life of RFA in patients with malignant liver tumors. Materials and Methods Single-center IRB-approved prospective health-related quality of life (HRQOL) study with analysis of the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) assessment tool before and after outpatient CT-guided percutaneous RFA procedure was performed. Scores were obtained at baseline prior to RFA and were compared with post-treatment scores. Paired t-test was used to compare the score of each domain before and after treatment. Unpaired t-test was used to compare post treatment HCC responses versus non-HCC tumor responses. Significance levels were set at .05 for all tests. The SAS statistical package v9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) was used for all data management and analyses. Results 48 patients (median age 65 years; range 40-92) with liver tumors (HCC 28, colorectal carcinoma mets 7, non-CRC mets 9, cholangiocarcinoma 4) were enrolled into the study. The median length of time from RFA to first follow-up survey was 53 days. Patients had decreased baseline scores within all eight domains of the SF-36 compared with healthy age-adjusted norms. There were positive trends in Vitality (VT) (41.93 vs 42.10, p=0.97), however these results were not statistically significant. There were no statistically significant changes in the Mental Health (MH) (70.5 vs 68.5, p=0.62), General Health (GH) (51.4 vs 49.3, p=0.58), Physical Functioning (PF) (59.1 vs 52.1, p=0.19), Role-Physical (RP) (43.5 vs 36.2, p=0.34), Role-Emotional (RE) (65.9 vs 60, p=0.4), Social Functioning (SF) (69.9 vs 62.8, p=0.2), and Bodily Pain (BP) (67.05 vs 63.04, p=0.483) domains. Statistically significant results favoring non-HCC versus HCC post treatment responses were present in the following domains (RP p=.02, SF p=.02, RE p=.002, VT p=0.02, GH p=.01, PF p=.03). Conclusion Patients with malignant liver tumors are not likely to perceive decreases throughout any of the SF-36 domains after treatment with outpatient RFA. Patients with non-HCC malignant liver tumors are more likely to perceive increases in vitality, social functioning, emotional problems, vitality, general health, and daily activities after outpatient RFA as compared to HCC liver tumors.
Study of the performance of 5 french and 7 french catheters in coronary angiography: A functional comparison

The functional efficacy of a conventional 7F (high flow) coronary catheter (hand injection) was compared with a 5F (high flow) catheter using hand and powered injection in 29 patients with ischemic heart disease. Patients were randomized to 5F or 7F catheters as the initial catheter. Consecutive comparative coronary angiograms were performed in the 15 degrees right anterior oblique (RAO) view using Judkin's technique. Visual diagnostic grade (Grade 1 = Diagnostic, Grade 2 = Equivocal, Grade 3 = Nondiagnostic), vessel filling, vessel density (using a densitometer and corrected for background), streaming, and dislodgement were all evaluated independently by two experienced angiographers with correlation of results. Mean diagnostic grade (1.31 +/- 0.48) was significantly better with the 7F compared to 5F (hand) 1.72 +/- 0.81 and 5F (power) 2.00 +/- 0.71 (P less than or equal to 0.05) for each. Streaming was seen in 55% of injections with 5F (hand) versus 88.5% with 5F (power) and 20.7% with 7F. Measured vessel density was not different for the two catheters. Coronary injection dislodgement occurred significantly more often with 5F power injections than with hand injection of either catheter. Finally, in 6 (30%) of 20 patients in which the 5F was randomly the second catheter used, the operator had to revert to the 7F catheter in order to obtain adequate images. In conclusion, angiographic quality is reduced with 5F catheters compared to 7F high flow in certain patients. Thus, to achieve optimal diagnostic angiograms, larger lumen catheters may be required during certain procedures initially begun with 5F catheters.
Balloon-augmented Onyx embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations using a dual-lumen balloon: a multicenter experience.

Introduction Conventional Onyx embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) requires lengthy procedure and fluoroscopy times to form an adequate ‘proximal plug’ which allows forward nidal penetration while preventing reflux and non-targeted embolization. We review our experience with balloon-augmented Onyx embolization of cerebral AVMs using a dual-lumen balloon catheter technique designed to minimize these challenges. Methods Retrospectively acquired data for all balloon-augmented cerebral AVM embolizations performed between 2011 and 2014 were obtained from four tertiary care centers. For each procedure, at least one Scepter C balloon catheter was advanced into the AVM arterial pedicle of interest and Onyx embolization was performed through the inner lumen after balloon inflation via the outer lumen. Results Twenty patients underwent embolization with the balloon-augmented technique over 24 discreet treatment episodes. There were 37 total arterial pedicles embolized with the balloon-augmented technique, a mean of 1.9 per patient (range 1–5). The treated AVMs were heterogeneous in their location and size (mean 3.3±1.6 cm). Mean fluoroscopy time for each procedure was 48±26 min (28 min per embolized pedicle). Two Scepter C balloon catheter-related complications (8.3% of embolization sessions, 5.4% of pedicles embolized) were observed: an intraprocedural rupture of a feeding pedicle and fracture and retention of a catheter fragment. Conclusions This multicenter experience represents the largest reported series of balloon-augmented Onyx embolization of cerebral AVMs. The technique appears safe and effective in the treatment of AVMs, allowing more efficient and controlled injection of Onyx with a decreased risk of reflux and decreased fluoroscopy times.
Venous malformations of the limbs: the Birmingham experience, comparisons and classification in children.

Summary The management of vascular anomalies in upper and lower limbs is complex. The current practice at Birmingham Children's Hospital is based on a multidisciplinary approach, involving plastic surgeons, interventional radiologists, vascular surgeons, dermatologists and laser specialists. This study reviews the management strategies for peripheral venous malformations (VMs) and proposes a simple classification system to aid treatment. A retrospective review was undertaken involving all paediatric patients presenting with (VMs) of the upper and lower limbs, managed by the same multidisciplinary team over a period of 3 years. A total of 33 patients were identified, of whom 19 had lesions located in the upper limb. Treatment modalities included surgery, sclerotherapy, a combination of the two and conservative management. The indications for treatment included: (1) worsening pain, (2) increased swelling, (3) reduced function, (4) bleeding or ulceration and finally, (5) cosmetic deformity. Following treatment, outcome measures with regards to the symptoms were graded into (1) improved, (2) worsened and (3) unchanged. Based on magnetic resonance imaging, we were able to apply our classification to separate the lesions into Type 1a (superficial localised): nine, Type 1b (superficial diffused): five, Type 2 (Fascia/muscle infiltration): nine, Type 3 (Bone/joint infiltration): seven and Type 4 (Extensive whole-limb infiltration): three. In patients with upper limb VMs ( n =19), eight lesions (42%) were superficial and localised (Type 1a) while the rest were diffused lesions. In contrast, in the lower limb ( n =14), only one lesion (7%) was superficial while the rest were diffused lesions. Lower success rate for treatment was noted in lower limb malformations ( p An outline of the management strategies for VMs in peripheral limbs is discussed in this article. An anatomical classification is described which aids in management and communication.
Cochlear implantation with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome.

Objectives In this investigation, we report the outcomes of 14 adults (age >18 y) and 9 children (age <18 y) with radiographically proven large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) who received cochlear implants at Indiana University School of Medicine. Study Design This is a retrospective case-control study detailing the outcomes of 23 patients with LVAS and 46 control patients implanted with Nucleus (Cochlear Corp., Englewood, CO), Clarion (Advanced Bionics Corp., Sylmar, CA), or Med-El (MED-EL Corp., Innsbruck, Austria) cochlear implants. Methods Performance data on pure-tone averages, speech detection thresholds, and a variety of auditory and speech recognition tasks from these patients with LVAS were compared with performance data obtained from a matched group of 46 cochlear implant users who did not have LVAS. Specific patient characteristics used in matching included the age of the patient, the age at implant of the patient, and whether the patient was pre- or postlingually deafened. Data for the adult group was analyzed using the Student t test, and data for the pediatric patient group was compared using a χ2 test. Results The results indicated positive outcomes for both pediatric and adult groups. With both adult and pediatric groups, auditory and speech recognition performance did not differ significantly between those patients with LVAS and control subjects. Conclusions This study adds further support for the use of cochlear implantation in patients with LVAS. Cochlear implantation is beneficial and can be offered as an eventual treatment of LVAS if hearing loss progresses to profound levels in these patients.