cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding relationships among abundance, extirpation, and climate at ecoregional scales.

Recent research on mountain-dwelling species has illustrated changes in species' distributional patterns in response to climate change. Abundance of a species will likely provide an earlier warning indicator of change than will occupancy, yet relationships between abundance and climatic factors have received less attention. We tested whether predictors of counts of American pikas (Ochotona princeps) during surveys from the Great Basin region in 1994-1999 and 2003-2008 differed between the two periods. Additionally, we tested whether various modeled aspects of ecohydrology better predicted relative density than did average annual precipitation, and whether risk of site-wide extirpation predicted subsequent population counts of pikas. We observed several patterns of change in pika abundance at range edges that likely constitute early warnings of distributional shifts. Predictors of pika abundance differed strongly between the survey periods, as did pika extirpation patterns previously reported from this region. Additionally, maximum snowpack and growing-season precipitation resulted in better-supported models than those using average annual precipitation, and constituted two of the top three predictors of pika density in the 2000s surveys (affecting pikas perhaps via vegetation). Unexpectedly, we found that extirpation risk positively predicted subsequent population size. Our results emphasize the need to clarify mechanisms underlying biotic responses to recent climate change at organism-relevant scales, to inform management and conservation strategies for species of concern.
Genre Matters: A Comparative Study on the Entertainment Effects of 3D in Cinematic Contexts

Built upon prior comparative studies of 3D and 2D films, the current project investigates the effects of 2D and 3D on viewers' perception of enjoyment, narrative engagement, presence, involvement, and flow across three movie genres (Action/fantasy vs. Drama vs. Documentary). Through a 2 by 3 mixed factorial design, participants (n = 102) were separated into two viewing conditions (2D and 3D) and watched three 15-min film segments. Result suggested both visual production methods are equally efficient in terms of eliciting people's enjoyment, narrative engagement, involvement, flow and presence, no effects of visual production method was found. In addition, through examining the genre effects in both 3D and 2D conditions, we found that 3D works better for action movies than documentaries in terms of eliciting viewers' perception of enjoyment and presence, similarly, it improves views' narrative engagement for documentaries than dramas substantially. Implications and limitations are discussed in detail.
VANET capacity scaling under the Physical Model

In this paper we introduce capacity scaling laws for VANETs considering the more realistic Physical Model. Moreover, we consider a single road scenario and derive an achievable lower bound and an upper bound for its asymptotic capacity when the number of nodes increases arbitrarily. The two bounds tend to be off the same order as opposed to the bounds previously derived for general wireless ad hoc networks, where the the achievable capacity seems to be of a lower order than its upper bound.
Twenty-five years later—what do we know about religion/spirituality and psychological well-being among breast cancer survivors? A systematic review

A diagnosis of cancer is a life-changing event for most people. The trauma and uncertainties of a breast cancer diagnosis can affect survivors’ psychological well-being. Religion and/or spirituality can provide a means of support for many women as they live with the realities of a diagnosis of cancer. The purpose of this focused review is to critically analyze and synthesize relationships among psychological well-being, religion, and spirituality among women with breast cancer. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PsycINFO databases were searched: January 1985–March 2010. The search terms religi*(religious/religion), spiritu*(spiritual/spirituality), breast cancer, psychological adjustment, psychological outcomes, psychological distress, psychological well-being, and outcomes were searched for separately and in combination. Eighteen quantitative studies were analyzed in order to examine associations among religion, spirituality, and psychological well-being for women diagnosed with breast cancer. These three variables were operationally defined as follows: (a) religious practice, religious coping, and perception of God; (b) spiritual distress, spiritual reframing, spiritual well-being, and spiritual integration; and (c) combined measure of both the religion and spirituality constructs. Results of this review suggest that within this population, limited relationships exist among religion, spirituality, and psychological well-being. Given the various definitions used for the three variables, the strength and clarity of relationships are not clear. In addition, the time of assessment along the course of the disease varies greatly and in some instances is not reported. Diagnosis and/or prognosis, factors that could influence psychological well-being, are frequently not factored into results. There does, however, appear to be sufficient evidence to include a brief, clinically focused assessment of women diagnosed with breast cancer regarding the importance of a given belief system as they face the diagnosis and treatment of their disease. The implications for cancer survivors are as follows: (a) Psychological well-being of women diagnosed with breast cancer may depend to some extent on their belief system. (b) Coping through “turning to God” for women without a significant prior relationship with God, or minimal spiritual behaviors, may experience diminished well-being. (c) Longitudinal studies suggest that struggling with, or questioning, one’s belief system in early survivorship may also be associated with lower levels of well-being. This diminished well-being often resolves over time.
Bi-velocity hydrodynamics

Abstract Theoretical evidence derived from linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT) jointly with Burnett’s solution of Boltzmann’s gas-kinetic equation is used to show that fluid mechanics and transport processes in both gaseous and liquid continua require the use of two independent velocities rather than one in order to correctly quantify the physics of fluid motion. This finding, reflecting the coalescence of macroscopic and molecular perspectives, undermines the current foundations of continuum fluid mechanics. Of the two required context-specific velocities, one is the mass velocity v m appearing in the continuity equation. The other is the volume velocity v v entering into the constitutive equation P ⋅ v v for the mechanical rate-of-working term appearing in the energy equation, where it serves as the multiplier of the pressure tensor P . While the analysis involves only linear constitutive principles, the fundamental need for two independent velocities is noted to apply even in non-linear circumstances. A major consequence of these findings is that the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations governing continuum fluid physics are incomplete for both single- and multi-component fluids. Our results are independently supported by the work of others based upon the use of conventional single-velocity arguments accompanied by ad hoc extensions of LIT. Our bi-velocity findings point to the existence of novel mechanodiffusive phenomena in fluid continua, entailing coupling between viscous flow and diffusion, whether referring to the diffusion of thermal energy in single-component non-isothermal fluids or of chemical species in inhomogeneous multicomponent mixtures.
Effect of Cyclone Dimensions on Gas Flow Pattern and Collection Efficiency

According to the static-particle theory for particle collection in a cyclone, a partical of critical size remains suspended at the edge of an “inner core,” where tangential velocity is at a maximum, and inertial and drag forces on the particle balance. This article reports an investigation of the tangential velocity profile of the gas within a pilot-scale cyclone with adjustable inlet, outlet, length, and airflow. Equations to predict the maximum tangential velocity and the length of the inner core from cyclone dimensions can be used with the static-particle theory to predict cyclone collection efficiency. This approach has a better least-squares performance index than the theories of Lapple (1950), Barth (1956), Leith-Licht (1972), and Dietz (1981) for cyclone efficiency data taken from the literature.
The role of the nervous system in hypertension

The central nervous system plays an important role in the minute-to-minute regulation of arterial pressure, but its contribution to chronic regulation of arterial pressure is less clear. A nervous system role in essential hypertension in humans has been postulated for decades, but conclusive data on the relationship has been lacking. However, several lines of evidence in animal models and in humans suggest that the sympathetic nervous system is a primary contributor to the development and maintenance of some forms of essential hypertension. The primary final common pathway for the nervous system’s contribution to hypertension is the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity may result from either inappropriately elevated sympathetic drive from brain centers, an increase in synaptically released neurotransmitters in the periphery, or amplification of the neurotransmitter signal at the target tissue. This review examines recent evidence for the central and peripheral nervous systems’ roles in hypertension, and considers recent findings in this area that suggest that sex steroids and circadian rhythms are important considerations in the nervous system’s regulation of arterial pressure.
Effects of Digoxin on Morbidity and Mortality in Diastolic Heart Failure The Ancillary Digitalis Investigation Group Trial

Background— About half of the 5 million heart failure patients in the United States have diastolic heart failure (clinical heart failure with normal or near-normal ejection fraction). Except for candesartan, no drugs have been tested in randomized clinical trials in these patients. Although digoxin was tested in an appreciable number of diastolic heart failure patients in the Digitalis Investigation Group ancillary trial, detailed findings from this important study have not previously been published. Methods and Results— Ambulatory chronic heart failure patients (n=988) with normal sinus rhythm and ejection fraction >45% (median, 53%) from the United States and Canada (1991 to 1993) were randomly assigned to digoxin (n=492) or placebo (n=496). During follow-up with a mean length of 37 months, 102 patients (21%) in the digoxin group and 119 patients (24%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 1.07; P=0.136) experienced the primary combined outcome of heart fai...
EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND PREDICTION OF STUDENT SUCCESS IN A SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL SECTION OF AN EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT COURSE

Instructional materials were developed which enabled students to take an educational measurement course by self-instruction. Students in the self-instructional section achieved as well as did students in lecture-discus sion sections on the unit examinations. Most of the students reported completing most or all of the self-instruc tional exercises. Most of the students reportedly were very satisfied with the self-instructional experience and with the self-instructional materials. Factors found to be most predictive of performance in the self-instructional section included verbal aptitude, grade point average, proportion of homework exercises completed, major, and grades in prior statistics and measurement courses.
NH3 as a Probe Molecule for NMR and IR Study of Zeolite Catalyst Acidity

The measurement of the numbers of Broensted and Lewis acid sites has been performed quantitatively using NH{sub 3} as an infrared molecular probe. The assignment of the deformation NH{sub 4}/{sup +} and NH{sub 3} bands has been carried out by comparing the proton MAS NMR spectra with the corresponding infrared spectra in dealuminated acid ZSM-5 (DHZ). It has been shown that the total number of Broensted sites is equal to the number of OH bridging a silicon to an aluminum in a {sup 4}Q(1Al) cluster. This represents a variable fraction of the content in framework aluminum (FAl), depending on the zeolite composition. The bridging OH in {sup 4}Q(nAl), n > 1, clusters are not Broensted sites, in agreement with the results of a recent REDOR study. The number of Lewis sites (L:NH{sub 3}) is a fraction of the nonframework aluminum content (NFAl). The Lewis sites dispersion ratio L:NH{sub 3}/NFAl is between 75 and 40%, depending upon the temperature (115 or 175{degree}C) used for outgassing the sample after NH{sub 3} adsorption. The quantitative results obtained with NH{sub 3} IR are compared to the qualitative results obtained earlier by low-temperature CO IR. This comparison shows that, in DHZ as well as inmore » USY, two types of Broensted sites exist. The strongest Broensted sites are related to FAl{sub 1}, a computable number representing a bridging OH in a {sup 4}Q(1Al) environment with no next-nearest-neighbor aluminum. 34 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Effects of Surface Coordination on the Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Oxalate from Goethite

The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of weakly-bound, hydrogen-bonded and metal-bonded oxalate complexes at the goethite surface was investigated in the 300-900 K range with concerted Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements (TPD-FTIR). These reactions took place with the concomitant dehydroxylation reaction of goethite to hematite and decarbonation of bulk-occluded carbonate. The measurements revealed three important stages of desorption. Stage I (300-440 K) corresponds to the desorption of weakly-and/or un-bound oxalate molecules in the goethite powder with a thermal decomposition reaction pathway characteristic of oxalic acid. Stage II (440-520 K) corresponds to a thermally-driven dehydration of hydrogen-bonded surface complexes, leading to a partial desorption via oxalic acid thermal decomposition pathways and to a partial conversion to metal-bonded surface complexes. This latter mechanism led to the increase in FTIR bands characteristic of these complexes. Finally, Stage III (520-660 K) corresponds to the thermal decomposition of the metal-bonded oxalate complex, proceeding through a 2 electron reduction pathway.
Lateral Left Ventricular Wall Rupture Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Pathophysiological Interpretation by Multimodality Imaging Approach

Lateral left ventricular wall rupture (LVWR) is a rare complication following acute myocardial infarction(AMI) less than 1%. After cardiogenic shock, LVWR constitutes the most common cause of in-hospitaldeath in AMI patients. Around 40% of all LVWR occurred during the ﬁrst 24 hours and 85% within theﬁrst week. In the present case, 76 hours following the intervention, LVWR was observed likely due to asmall infarction at the lateral left ventricular wall possibly due to the marginal lesion. Our patient refusedsurgery and was followed clinically. Eighteen months later, real time three-dimensional echocardiogra-phy showed a pseudoaneurysm. (Echocardiography 2014;00:1–4)Key words: ventricular wall rupture, acute myocardial infarction, echocardiogram, multimodality imag-ingLateral left ventricular wall rupture (LVWR) is arare complication following acute myocardialinfarction (AMI) less than 1%, reaching 10–25%in autopsy of AMI patients. After cardiogenicshock, LVWR constitutes the most common causeof in-hospital death in AMI patients. Around 40%of all LVWR occurred during the ﬁrst 24 hoursand 85% within the ﬁrst week. It is frequentlyassociated with advanced age, female gender,systemic arterial hypertension, absence of prein-farction angina, and no visible collaterals duringcatheterization. Diagnosis is suspected in patientswith severe hypotension, extreme bradycardia,or cardiac arrest with electrical mechanicaldissociation. Rupture is conﬁrmed with echocar-diographic evidence of a large pericardialeffusion, with echoes suggestive of hemopericar-dium. As in the present case, patients with priorhistory of cardiac surgery may experienceself-limited myocardial rupture with promptsealing due to pericardial adhesions, resultinginto a pseudoaneurysm. The development of apseudoaneurysm after an AMI is exceedingly lowand its natural evolution is unknown.
A Taxonomy of Specialized Ad Hoc Networks and Systems for Emergency Applications

Specialized ad hoc networks and systems (SAHNS) can facilitate design and implementation of applications supported by them. We propose a SAHNS taxonomy for emergency preparation and response (EPR) applications. It is constructed by a simple method based on extracting critical requirements for an arbitrary application area. Once the taxonomy is constructed, each path in the taxonomy tree identifies either an existing or a new potential SAHNS design for EPR applications. In the latter case, a new SAHNS design is discovered. In the future, existing and potential SAHNS designs will be evaluated using the parameters from the taxonomy tree. The ultimate goal of this work is development of a method and tools for systematic development of specialized ad hoc networks or systems for an arbitrary application area.
Dialogisme et droits de l'Homme au Chiapas

A partir d’une analyse issue de la theorie du discours de Mikhail Bakhtine, on reconnait une problematique a caractere dialogique dans le contexte du soulevement declenche par le mouvement zapatiste au Mexique. Bakhtine a en effet developpe une conception du dialogisme ou sont definies les notions de plurilinguisme, d’hybridation et de comprehension de la multiplicite des « voix » habitant chaque discours. Le discours zapatiste, dans la maniere dont il prend la forme et dans sa composition meme, ainsi que dans son opposition au discours officiel du pouvoir dans la societe mexicaine, represente une telle position dialogique en mettant en scene une diversite de voix qui reclament leur reconnaissance politique dans la perspective des droits de l’Homme et du droit des peuples a l’autodetermination.
Moist convection: A mechanism for producing the vertical structure of the Jovian Equatorial Plumes

Abstract This paper examines cumulus cloud formation and vertical motion on Jupiter as a potential mechanism for producing the Equatorial Plumes. A one-dimensional diagnostic model of a Jovian cumulus cloud is developed to calculate profiles of cloud temperature and vertical velocity. Model results depend on the temperature and relative humidity structure of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the cloud and the rate that surrounding air mixes with cloud air. Since these parameters are highly uncertain on Jupiter, model cases are examined for a range of assumed values. The cloud model results are used to demonstrate that, for appropriate choices of model parameters, moist convection can produce the Equatorial Plumes and account for the vertical distribution of aerosols associated with them. The model results are consistent with the following scenario for plume formation. The plumes form in the ammonia cloud deck when ammonia sublimes in rising air parcels. Condensation of ammonia alone cannot provide the vigorous rising motion observed in the Plume cores. Rather, clouds which originate at the water cloud level can lift air to the ammonia cloud level and higher. Water clouds with entrainment rates similar to terrestrial cumulonimbus clouds rise and form the plume anvil clouds when they reach the stable layer above 700 mbar. The high altitude haze which uniformly blankets the equatorial region can also be formed by overshooting water cumulus if some of the rising cloud parcels are relatively undiluted by entrainment.
Facilitating the Specification of Semantic Web Services Using Model-Driven Development

The Semantic Web promises automated invocation, discovery, and composition of Web services by enhancing services with semantic descriptions. An upper ontology for Web services called OWL-S has been created to provide a mechanism for describing service semantics in a standard, well-defined manner. Unfortunately, the learning curve for semantic-rich description languages such as OWL-S can be steep, especially given the current state of tool support for the language. This paper describes a suite of automated software tools that we have developed to facilitate the construction of OWL-S specifications. The tools operate in two stages. In the first stage, a model-driven architecture technique is used to generate an OWL-S description of a Web service from a Unified Modeling Language (UML) model. This allows the developer to focus on creating a model of the Web service in a standard UML tool, leveraging existing knowledge. In the second stage, an interactive approach for generating groundings is used. This paper describes both tools and demonstrates how the use of lightweight interactive tools facilitates creation of OWL-S specifications.
Classifying protein sequences using regularized multi-task learning

Classification problems in which several learning tasks are organized hierarchically pose a special challenge because the hierarchical structure of the problems needs to be considered. Multi-task learning (MTL) provides a framework for dealing with such interrelated learning tasks. When two different hierarchical sources organize similar information, in principle, this combined knowledge can be exploited to further improve classification performance. We have studied this problem in the context of protein structure classification by integrating the learning process for two hierarchical protein structure classification database, SCOP and CATH. Our goal is to accurately predict whether a given protein belongs to a particular class in these hierarchies using only the amino acid sequences. We have utilized the recent developments in multi-task learning to solve the interrelated classification problems. We have also evaluated how the various relationships between tasks affect the classification performance. Our evaluations show that learning schemes in which both the classification databases are used outperform the schemes which utilize only one of them.
Imaging features of intramural hematoma of the aorta

Intramural Hematoma (IMH) is defined as localized hemorrhage within the aortic wall and is included in the acute aortic syndrome spectrum with aortic dissection and penetrating aortic ulcer. The mortality from IMH is similar to classic aortic dissection (21%). 16% of patients with IMH will evolve to classic aortic dissection over time. Despite this confusion exists regarding the precise definitions and radiologic features of IMH versus penetrating ulcers with mural thrombus and overt aortic dissection.
The costs and benefits of transferring technology infrastructures underlying complex standards: the case of IPv6

Industry stakeholders and Internet experts generally agree that networks using Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), an Internet communications standard which is being promoted strongly by many parties, would be technically superior to today’s networks, which are largely based on IPv4. The improvements designed for IPv6 could provide numerous benefits to Internet users, network administrators, and applications developers; among these potential benefits are cost reductions due to improved security and increased efficiency, improvements to existing products and services, and innovations leading to new products and services. However, there is wide disagreement about the characteristics and timing of benefits associated with IPv6, and the costs associated with the transition could be substantial. In this paper, we will discuss the likely costs of a transition to IPv6 for the major stakeholders and the potential benefits. Subsequently, we will introduce the cost impact of an accelerated adoption case and discuss potential ways in which the government could become involved in the process.
Budd-Chiari syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature.

Acid suppression medications have become A 62-yr-old woman with a long-standing history of presumed cryptogenic cirrhosis was referred for evaluation of an elevated bilirubin level. Workup showed an elevated α-fetoprotein level, and a mass in the liver was detected by imaging studies; this was confirmed as hepatocellular carcinoma by biopsy. Her past medical history was significant for a portocaval shunt procedure 30 yr prior; a wedge biopsy obtained at that time had been interpreted as postnecrotic cirrhosis, but upon current review, lesions of acute and chronic venous outflow obstruction consistent with Budd-Chiari syndrome were noted. This case is unusual in two aspects: the patient survived 30 yr after shunt surgery with undiagnosed Budd-Chiari syndrome; and the association of Budd-Chiari syndrome with subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma is uncommon.
Application of Adaptive Counseling and Therapy to Career Counseling

The relationship between client readiness to resolve career indecision and preference for counselors exhibiting varying levels of directiveness and supportiveness, as defined in Adaptive Counseling Therapy (ACT; Howard, Nance, & Myers, 1986), was examined. Questionnaires (the Adjective Checklist [ACL; Gough & Heilbrun, 1983], the Brief Symptom Inventory [BSI; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982], the Client Readiness Measure [CRM; Anderson, 1991], the Counselor Preference Measure [CPM; Anderson, 1991], and the Validity Scale [VS; Anderson, 1991]) were administered to 191 college undergraduates (137 females, 54 males; mean age = 19.4) enrolled in a career development course. As prescribed in ACT theory, a negative relationship between client readiness and preference for counselor directiveness, and a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U) between client readiness and Preference for Supportiveness were expected. Application of ACT theory to career counseling was partially supported by correlational analysis and an ...
Heat stress effects on sink activity of developing maize kernels grown in vitro

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of short-term (4 days) and long-term (8 days) heat stress (35°C) on sink activity of maize (Zea mays L.) kernels. Beginning at 3 days after pollination (DAP) kernels were grown in vitro at 25°C and 24 h later were transferred to 35°C for either 4 or 8 days. Each treatment had a control that was maintained continuously at 25°C. Two experiments were designed to examine the uptake and distribution of 14 C among hexoses, sucrose and starch in the pedicel placento-chalazal (pedicel/p-c), endosperm, and pericarp tissues of kernels exposed to heat stress for 4 or 8 days. Kernels cultured in vitro were placed in 14 C-sucrose medium either during the period of heat stress (experiment 1 ; 5 to 13 DAP) or immediately following heat-stress treatments (experiment 2 ; 10 to 22 DAP). In both experiments no significant effect of heat stress was observed on the total radioactivity accumulated in the kernels until about 17 DAP, after which heat-stressed kernels accumulated less 14 C than the control. During the linear fill period, the endosperm of kernels exposed to heat stress accumulated more radioactivity associated with hexoses and sucrose and less radioactivity incorporated into starch, as compared to the control. Kernels heat stressed for 4 days showed a partial recovery in starch synthesis by 21 DAP, but to levels of only 65% of that of the control. Kernels heat stressed for 8 days did not recover. When 14 C-sucrose was supplied during the heat stress period (5-13 DAP), kernels from all treatments accumulated more hexoses than sucrose in the pedicel/p-c. However, during the period following heat stress (10-22 DAP), pedicel/p-c accumulated sucrose, but only in kernels exposed to long-term heat stress. Soluble invertase activity was inhibited by both short-term and long-term heat stress, whereas the activity of insoluble invertase was affected only by long-term heat stress. These results support the hypothesis that the disruption of kernel growth and more particularly endosperm starch biosynthesis, in response to heat stress, is mainly associated with changes in carbon utilization and partitioning between the different nonstructural carbohydrates within the endosperm rather than with a limitation in carbon supply to the kernel. Therefore, the effect on sink activity does not seem to be attributable to a thermal disruption of kernel uptake of sugars, but rather it is a consequence of heat perturbation of other physiological processes such as endosperm sugar metabolism and starch biosynthesis.
Anomalous neural differentiation induced by 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine during organogenesis in the rat

The influence of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) on rat embryo development and neurogenesis was investigated using a rat conceptus culture system during organogenesis (pregnancy days 10–13). The embryos and visceral yolk sacs of conceptuses cultured with BrdU were examined for overall growth, morphological anomalies, incorporation of radiolabeled BrdU into DNA, and neurotransmitter enzyme activities in embryos. In addition, neural tubes from cultured whole embryos were isolated and mechanically dissociated into fragments and cultured again to assess neural cell differentiation into neuron-like cells. BrdU was found to incorporate differentially into embryonic and visceral yolk sac DNA with simultaneous stage-specific retardation and anomalous organogenesis in proportion to the increasing concentrations used. Neural tube differentiation of cultured embryos was markedly altered, and there were morphologically distinct neural anomalies. The neurite outgrowth from neuroblast cells (type 1) of explanted spinal neural tube fragments from BrdU-treated embryos was markedly reduced in length and number compared to those from similar areas of embryos grown without BrdU. In contrast, BrdU at the same doses did not affect differentiation of a number of neural tissue-related enzymes. These results indicate that BrdU incorporation into DNA of primordial embryonic cells significantly affects neurogenesis and differentiation of neurites from neuroblasts, which is a specific neural cytodifferentiation characteristic of neuronal cells.
Specific endogenous Na, K-ATPase inhibitor purified from bovine adrenal

The endogenous inhibitor of Na, K-ATPase has been implicated in the pathogenesis of salt-induced hypertension. In spite of an intensive search the inhibitor has long remained elusive. We have been able to purify such an inhibitor from methanol extract of bovine adrenal glands by multiple steps of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This compound with a molecular mass of 336 showed striking similarity to the cardiac glycoside ouabain in its dose dependency in the inhibition of Na, K-ATPase and Na-pump activity, competitive binding to the ouabain-binding site, and dependence of these effects on K+ concentration. These inhibitory activities were potentiated with reduced K+ concentration in parallel with ouabain. These results indicates that vertebrate animals possess a regulator of Na, K-ATPase and suggests the possibility that it may be the mediator of salt-induced high blood pressure.
A sorptive behavior of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle films containing alkanethiols and alkanedithiols.

Sorptive Behavior of Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films Containing Alkanethiols and Alkanedithiols
The Venus bow shock: Detached or attached?

Examination of the locations of the bow shock encounters of Mariner 5 and 10 and Venera 4, 6, and 9 suggests that the bow shock of Venus is on the average detached from the ionosphere. However, the standoff distance of the nose of the shock is closer to the planet than the distance that one would obtain by simply scaling the solar wind Venus interaction under the assumption that Venus completely deflects the solar wind. This fact implies that there is a significant influx of solar wind plasma into the Venus ionosphere. If the absorption of the solar wind by Venus is great enough, the shock may become attached to the ionosphere. The Mariner 10 bow shock encounter may have occurred during such a period. A rough estimate of the average fraction of the solar wind incident on the cross section of the planet that is absorbed is 29%.
Influence of Steroidal Structure on Glucuronoside Formation by Mouse Liver and Kidney.

SummaryKidneys and livers of male CBA mice were incubated in vitro with cortisol-4-C14, corticosterone-1,2-H3, pregnane-3α-ol-11,20-dione-4C14 (compound X) and pregnane-3α,l 7α-diol-l 1,20-dione-4C14 (compound XIII). It was found that the liver produced more glucuronosides from corticosterone and compound X than it did from cortisol and compound XIII in 3 hours. Cortisol and compound XIII have a 17α-hydroxy group while corticosterone and compound X do not. The kidney was also able to produce more compound X glucuronide than compound XIII glucuronide. However, this organ conjugated very little cortisol or corticosterone. It is shown that the presence of the 17α-hydroxy group in a steroid molecule delays the conjugation of that molecule with glucuronic acid in liver and kidney.
Application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to the identification of degradates of a novel insulin sensitizer in aqueous solutions

Abstract Degradation of a novel insulin sensitizer in aqueous solutions was studied using high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The insulin sensitizer, containing a thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD), was a new class of antidiabetic agent for the treatment of type II diabetes. Chemical stability of the insulin sensitizer was evaluated by stressing its aqueous solutions at 40 °C for 24 h. Oxygen was removed from one of the solutions by bubbling pure nitrogen through to identify non-oxidative pathways. LC/MS analyses of the stressed solutions revealed that hydrolysis and oxidation are the primary degradation pathways for the studied compound. A α-thiol acetic acid, acyl amide, and two dimeric diastereomers were the main degradates of the insulin sensitizer. The α-thiol acetic acid served as an intermediate-like species, and oxidized to two dimeric degradates upon exposing to air. All of them were identified as ring-opening products of the TZD. The entities of the acyl amide and dimeric degradates were respectively verified by a synthetic standard or NMR following isolation of a diastereomeric degradate. Characterization using MS in both positive and negative ion scans were discussed for an isolated diastereomeric degradate. Mechanisms of fragmentation and formation for those degradates are presented based on the MS result.
Synthesis of 1‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)‐2‐nitro‐1H‐imidazole‐2‐14C and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐(2‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐YL‐2‐14C) acetamide

We have prepared the 14C-labeled analogs of NSC 261036, 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-14C, and NSC 301467, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-y1-2-14C) acetamide, for pharmacological, drug distribution, and mechanisms of action studies. The latter is an analog designed for lower toxicity and improved properties. The former is a metabolite of, and appears to be less toxic than, misonidazole.
The relationship of the initial conditions of a scalar differential equation to those of its state variable representation

Concise general formulae are developed relating the initial conditions of a scalar linear time-invariant differential equation to those of its state variable representation. It is shown that observability is required for the use of one of the two formulae presented.
The Impact of Institutional Change in the Financial Services Industry on Capital Markets in Rural Virginia

In 1969, James D. Shaffer presented a challenge to our profession to consider "the institutions which organize our political economy and the possible role of our profession in the process of institutional change" (p. 245). Shaffer's paper stimulated discussion about the role of social scientists in the process of institutional change. According to Shaffer, members of our profession should take an active part in determining the outcome of public policy decisions, since effective public policy "depends upon organizing our institutions to direct the system to achieve desired goals rather than accept whatever pattern of organization evolves. An essential input to the system is organized intellectual effort directed at institutional innovation" (p. 246). Schmid further refined these ideas in 1972
The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and its clinical correlates in a VA primary care behavioral health clinic

We examined the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in a Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care behavioral health clinic. Of 100 Veterans, 11% (95% CI = 6.3-18.6%) had current BDD and 12% (95% CI = 7.0-19.8%) had lifetime BDD. However, only 8.3% of these Veterans had been diagnosed with BDD. BDD was significantly associated with a substantially elevated rate of suicide attempts, major depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This severe disorder appears to be underdiagnosed in VA settings.
CUTABILITY AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF WHITETAIL DEER1

The role of game meats as a food source has been largely ignored today, but may provide the principle meat source for many individuals. Fifteen whitetail deer were completely boned to obtain lean meat. A typical skinned and dressed cold carcass yielded 72% boneless lean tissue. The average moisture, protein and fat content were 73.5, 23.6 and 1.4%, respectively. Energy value and cholesterol content was 149 kcal/100g and 116 mg/100g, respectively. Venison contained high levels of essential amino acids and was comparable to lean beef in amino acid content. Selected minerals in the longissimus muscle from 13 animals revealed large amounts (mg/g) of K, Na and P and smaller amounts (μg/g) of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn.
A spatial rehomogenization method in nodal calculations

Abstract Infinite medium flux weighted cross-sections used in nodal calculations enable equivalence with the corresponding fine configuration if the following condition is satisfied: the flux shape inside the assembly in the core is close to the infinite medium flux shape (computed in lattice calculations). In presence of big flux gradients this condition is not satisfied and the absence of information about cross-sections distributions inside a node does not permit to predict the reaction rates with the same accuracy attained in ordinary situations. This tendency is amplified in case of high heterogeneous regions where tilting the flux causes big changes in reaction rates. The method presented here uses information coming from the lattice calculations that produced the homogenized cross-sections, in order to predict the right reaction rate even in presence of high tilted flux shapes. This is done in evaluating a variation of the cross-sections equivalent to the variation in reaction rate, but no variation is applied to the discontinuity factors. The accuracy of the method and its limitations are shown in several significant configurations. Its implementation in the Areva NP reactor core simulation system SCIENCE has shown better evaluation of control rod worth in comparisons with experimental results.
Age-related changes in slow wave activity rise time and NREM sleep EEG with and without zolpidem in healthy young and older adults

Objective Whether there are age-related changes in slow wave activity (SWA) rise time, a marker of homeostatic sleep drive, is unknown. Additionally, although sleep medication use is highest among older adults, the quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) profile of the most commonly prescribed sleep medication, zolpidem, in older adults is also unknown. We therefore quantified age-related and regional brain differences in sleep EEG with and without zolpidem.
Adaptive Dual High-Gain Output Feedback Global in Unknown Parameters for a Class of Nonlinear Systems

In a recent result, we proposed a dynamic dual high-gain observer/controller architecture for nonlinear systems of the generalized output-feedback canonical form. The designed output-feedback controller was shown to be robust to functional and parametric uncertainties coupled with all states. However, a magnitude bound on the unknown parameters was required. In this paper, we propose two output-feedback controllers, one time-varying and the other time-invariant, that can handle time-varying nonlinear parametric uncertainty coupled with all states without requiring any a priori magnitude bounds on the unknown parameters. The proposed dynamic controller designs provide globally asymptotically stabilizing output-feedback solutions for the benchmark open problem proposed in our earlier work with no magnitude bounds or sign information on the unknown parameter being necessary.
Reconstruction algorithm for point source neutron imaging through finite thickness scintillator

Abstract A new inversion algorithm based on the maximum entropy method (MEM) is proposed to remove unwanted effects in fast neutron imaging which result from an uncollimated source interacting with a finitely thick scintillator. The algorithm takes as an input the image from the thick scintillator (TS) and the radiography setup geometry. The algorithm then outputs a restored image which appears as if taken with an infinitesimally thin scintillator (ITS). The inversion is accomplished by numerically generating a probabilistic model relating the ITS image to the TS image and then inverting this model on the TS image through MEM. Algorithm details as well as numerical results using MCNP simulated images are presented. This reconstruction technique can reduce the exposure time or the required source intensity without undesirable object blurring on the image by allowing the use of both thicker scintillators with higher efficiencies and closer source-to-detector distances to maximize incident radiation flux. The technique should also be applicable to high energy gamma or x-ray radiography using thick scintillators.
On the applicability of sexing human skeletal material by discriminant function analysis

The general applicability of multivariate discriminatory analysis as a technique for sexing skeletal material is evaluated. Mandibular discriminant functions, each differentiating sex with an accuracy of over 90%, were computed for American whites and blacks (as separate and combined samples), and for American Indians. Tests designed to provide an indication of the applicability of the functions reveal that size variation between populations plays a dominant role in determining the universality of discriminant function analysis. This is directly evidenced by the disproportionate number of males and females properly classified by a function based upon a different population. An attempt to increase the applicability of the technique, by removing the size factor and formulating new discriminant functions using the transformed data, was unsuccessful. Altering sectioning points is not deemed a practical solution to the problem, even though it is commonly employed in the literature. Consequently, though the mandibular discriminant functions are highly accurate within a given sample, the population specificity of the technique restricts their use.
Spectral inequalities and equalities involving products of matrices

Abstract Let A 1 ,…,A k be n×n matrices. We studied inequalities and equalities involving eigenvalues, diagonal entries, and singular values of A 0 =A 1 ⋯A k and those of A 1 ,…,A k . It is shown that the matrices attaining equalities often have special reducible structure. The results are then applied to study normality and reducibility of matrices, extending some results and answering some questions of Miranda, Wang and Zhang.
Effect of Carbachol and Norepinephrine on Phosphatidyl Inositol Hydrolysis and Cyclic Amp Levels in Guinea Pig Urinary Tract

AbstractMuscarinic cholinergic and adrenergic agonist-induced changes in [sup 3 H]-phosphatidyl inositol (PI) hydrolysis and cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were measured in guinea pig ureter, urethra and bladder dome. In the ureter, carbachol, norepinephrine and phenylephrine rapidly increased PI hydrolysis and basal cAMP levels, but did not decrease forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels. In the bladder dome, norepinephrine and phenylephrine produced a rapid but transitory increased in PI hydrolysis, but did not affect forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels. Carbachol produced a rapid and sustained increase in PI hydrolysis and also, at high concentrations, decreased forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels. In the urethra, norepinephrine and carbachol rapidly decreased forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels and later increased PI hydrolysis. Our data suggest that the predominant second messenger system in the ureter, dome, or urethra is more dependent on the tissue than on the agonist. These tissue-specific, agonist-induced rapid chan...
An ILP formulation to Unify Power Efficiency and Fault Detection at Register-Transfer Level

As the integration level and clock speed of VLSI devices keep rising, power consumption of those devices increases dramatically. At the same time, shrinking size of transistors that enables denser and smaller chips running at faster clock speeds makes devices more susceptible to environment-induced faults. Both power reduction and concurrent error detection are becoming enabling technologies in Very Deep Sub Micron and nanometer technology domains. However, existing techniques either minimize power of “fault-free” devices, or improve fault tolerance without concerning power. Little work has been proposed to optimize the two objectives simultaneously. In this paper we attack this problem by unifying power efficiency and fault tolerance in a comprehensive Integer Linear Programming formulation. The proposed approach is tested using known benchmarks.
Description of electrical networks using wiring operators

A scheme is presented for describing the interconnection of elements and subnetworks into networks by means of "wiring operators." This scheme is algebraic and is intended for conversing with computers. It is especially suitable for two-parts such as amplifiers, filters, microwave networks, and in general, transmission-type networks with an input and an output. The algebra is direct, convenient, and versatile. Each of the wiring operators corresponds to a specific set of calculations on the parameters of the networks involved.
Probing the transition state with negative ion photodetachment: experiment and theory

Experimental and theoretical results are presented on the spectroscopy of transition states and pre-reactive van der Waals wells using negative ion photodetachment. Several benchmark reactions are discussed, including the F + H2, OH + H2, and F + OH reactions, as well as the isomerization of cyclo-octatetraene. Photoelectron spectra of clustered transtion state precursor anions are presented, which examine the effects of solvation on anion structure and transition state dynamics. Finally, new experiments on the photodetachment of ClH2− are discussed in which the Cl·H2 van der Waals well is probed.
Production of TL antibody by mice immunized with TL- cell populations. A possible assay for thymic hormone.

TL- mice make TL antibody when immunized with spleen or bone marrow cells from TL+ donors, despite the fact that these cells do not express TL antigen. This has been shown to depend on maturation of TL- precursors, contained in the inoculum, into TL+ cells under influence of the recipient's thymus; the differentiated TL+ cells then evoke production of TL antibody.