cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation in neonates

Abstract Background: Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are major components of routine intensive care for very low birth weight newborns and sick full-term newborns. These procedures are associated with physiologic, biochemical, and clinical responses indicating pain and stress in the newborn. Most neonates receive some form of analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation, although there are marked variations in clinical practice. Clinical guidelines for pharmacologic analgesia and sedation in newborns based on robust scientific data are lacking, as are measures of clinical efficacy. Objective: This article represents a preliminary attempt to develop a scientific rationale for analgesia sedation in mechanically ventilated newborns based on a systematic analysis of published clinical trials. Methods: The current literature was reviewed with regard to the use of opioids (fentanyl, morphine, diamorphine), sedative-hypnotics (midazolam), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, indomethacin), and acetaminophen in ventilated neonates. Original meta-analyses were conducted that collated the data from randomized clinical comparisons of morphine or fentanyl with placebo, or morphine with fentanyl. Results: The results of randomized trials comparing fentanyl, morphine, or midazolam with placebo, and fentanyl with morphine were inconclusive because of small sample sizes. Meta-analyses of the randomized controlled trials indicated that morphine and fentanyl can reduce behavioral and physiologic measures of pain and stress in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates but may prolong the duration of ventilation or produce other adverse effects. Randomized trials of midazolam compared with placebo reported significant adverse effects ( P Conclusions: Despite ongoing research in this area, huge gaps in our knowledge remain. Well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials are needed to establish the safety, efficacy, and short- and long-term outcomes of analgesia and sedation in the mechanically ventilated newborn.
The Forces on a Cylinder Oscillating Sinusoidally in Water

This investigation deals with the experimental modeling of wave forces on offshore structures. The model chosen is a sinusoidally oscillating cylinder in a body of water otherwise at rest. This model represents a sinusoidal progressive wave moving past a single, fixed leg of a platform. The dynamic force generated by the water-cylinder interaction was measured by means of strain gages. Oscillations of amplitudes ranging from 0.67 to 9.6 cylinder diameters and frequencies from 10 to 60 cpm were covered in the investigation. Results are presented in the form of diagrams of force versus velocity with acceleration as a parameter and of maximum force versus the amplitude parameter, A/d.
Broad emission lines of QSOs are consistent with rotating supermassive stars

The basic properties of broad emission-line profiles from quasars and Seyfert galaxies are suggested to indicate emissions originating from the surface of a rotating supermassive star. The areal extent of the ionizing luminosity and its energy are calculated, showing that the broad-line region has a mass of about 10 solar masses and a volume filling factor of 1/1,000,000. It is shown that if the broad-line region consists of a layer of ionized gas on the surface of a rotating supermassive star with an equatorial speed of 5,000 km/sec and a relatively cool surface, a layer of photoionized gas will result and emit a line emission per unit area that is proportional to the incident flux of ionizing radiation. The emitting layer will be heated to about 100 million K by an X ray component of a nonthermal continuum over a 10,000 K surface.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Co, Rh, and Ir with CO: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of the Metal Carbonyl Molecules, Cations and Anions in Solid Neon

Laser ablation produces metal atoms, cations, and electrons for reaction with CO during condensation in excess neon at 4 K. Infrared spectra are observed for the metal carbonyls, cations, and anions, which are identified from isotopic shifts (13CO, C18O) and splittings using mixed isotopic precursors. Density functional calculations with pseudopotentials for Rh and Ir predict the observed carbonyl stretching frequencies within 1−2%. This characterization of the simple RhCO+, RhCO, and RhCO- (and Ir) species over a 350 cm-1 range provides a scale for comparison of larger catalytically active Rh and Ir carbonyl complexes in solution and on surfaces to estimate charge on the metal center. This work provides the first spectroscopic characterization of Rh and Ir carbonyl cations and anions except for the stable tetracarbonyl anions in solution.
Quantum phase evolution of a bose-einstein condensate

We demonstrate a spatially resolved autocorrelating interferometer and use it to map the spatially dependent quantum mechanical phase of a released Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).
Tissue-selective mast cell reconstitution and differential lung gene expression in mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/KitW-sh sash mice

Background Mast cell-deficient Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice are an important resource for studying mast cell functions in vivo. However, because they are compound heterozygotes in a mixed genetic background and are infertile, they cannot be crossed easily with other mice. Objective To overcome this limitation, we explored the use of Kit(W-sh)/Kit(W-sh) mice for studying mast cell biology in vivo. Results These mice are in a C57BL/6 background, are fertile and can be bred directly with other genetically modified mice. Ten-week-old Kit(W-sh)/Kit(W-sh) are profoundly mast cell-deficient. No mast cells are detected in any major organ, including the lung. Gene microarrays detect differential expression of just seven of 16,463 genes in lungs of Kit(W-sh)/Kit(W-sh) mice compared with wild-type mice, indicating that resting mast cells regulate expression of a small set of genes in the normal lung. Injecting 10(7) bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) into tail veins of Kit(W-sh)/Kit(W-sh) mice reconstitutes mast cell populations in lung, stomach, liver, inguinal lymph nodes, and spleen, but not in the tongue, trachea or skin. Injection of BMMC into ear dermis or peritoneum reconstitutes mast cells locally in these tissues. When splenectomized Kit(W-sh)/Kit(W-sh) mice are intravenously injected with BMMC, mast cells circulate longer and are found more often in the liver and inguinal lymph nodes, indicating that the spleen acts as a reservoir for mast cells following injection and limits migration to some tissues. Conclusion In summary, these findings show that mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh)/Kit(W-sh) mice possess unique attributes that favour their use for studying mast cell functions in vivo.
Multiphoton detachment of H- near the one-photon threshold: Exterior complex-scaling–generalized pseudospectral method for complex quasienergy resonances

We perform a nonperturbative study of the multiphoton above-threshold detachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the presence of $1.640\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and $1.908\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ laser fields by means of the non-Hermitian Floquet formalism. The laser parameters used are related to the recent experiments [L. Pr\ae{}stegaard, T. Andersen, and P. Balling (unpublished)] on the two-photon detachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ near the one-photon threshold. The total and partial (above-threshold) detachment rates as well as the electron angular distributions are calculated for the laser intensities from ${10}^{9}{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ to ${10}^{12} {\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}.$ It is found that at the weaker intensities (below ${10}^{11} {\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}),$ the perturbation theory provides a reasonable description of the two-photon detachment process and the detached electrons are largely in the d state. For higher intensity, however, the process becomes highly nonperturbative in nature. To perform the calculations, we have introduced an exterior complex-scaling--generalized pseudospectral (ECS-GPS) technique for the discretization and solution of the non-Hermitian Floquet Hamiltonian. The ECS-GPS procedure is accurate, simple to implement, and computationally more efficient than the basis-set expansion--variational methods for resonance-state calculations. It also provides a simpler procedure than the uniform complex-scaling method for the calculations of partial rates and electron angular distributions.
A Precise and Automatic Gridding Approach to Noise-Affected and Distorted Microarray Images

In this paper, a precise and fully-automatic approach to the determination of the grid alignment (Gridding) on microarray images is presented. The proposed approach is compared to state-of-the-art software programs and techniques. The conducted experiments demonstrate that it is very effective even when it is applied to noisy or distorted images as well as to images containing spots with various intensities.
High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine high-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on the duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Study Design This was a retrospective chart review of 68 neonates and their mothers who received methadone therapy during pregnancy. The last dosage of maternal methadone just before delivery and the length of treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome were examined with an analysis of variance model. Results When the data were analyzed for methadone dosages as a continuous variable, each 1-mg increase in the last maternal methadone dosage before delivery was associated with an additional 0.18 days of infant treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome ( P Conclusion Higher doses of maternal methadone were associated with an increase in diagnosis and longer duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome.
Women's daily physical health symptoms and stressful experiences across adulthood

This study investigated the extent to which the experience of daily stressors was related to women's age and daily health symptomology, such as flu and cold symptoms. Respondents were 562 women (aged 25–74) who were a part of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE), a telephone diary study examining daily stressful events. The respondents were interviewed by telephone on eight consecutive nights, which resulted in a total of 3978 days of information analysed. Overall, women had at least one physical symptom on 59% of the study days and at least one daily stressor on 40% of the study days. Results from a series of ANOVAs showed that young and middle-aged women reported more frequent physical symptoms than did the older women. This age pattern was similar to the incidence of daily stressful experiences. Furthermore, daily stressors, specifically interpersonal tensions, were shown to significantly mediate the age–symptom relationship. These findings suggest that women who are exposed to events that th...
Fantasies of Extremes: Sports, War and the Science of Sleep

In this article, I address the enduring American interest in the manipulation and eradication of the need for human sleep through the powers of science. In particular, I focus on military research regarding the possible reduction of necessary sleep times as well as historical attempts to modify and maximize the scheduling of warfare; these military efforts are juxtaposed to the efforts of sports professionals who have attempted to test the limits of human sleep, either for scientific concerns or for that of victory. These various scientific pursuits are compared to science fictional representations of the eradication of human sleep, or its significant modification. I argue that it is not solely the actual realization of sleep's modification that impacts dominant understandings of sleep, but rather that the fantasies of science's powers reconfigure conceptions of the human and its limitations.
The Role of PITX2 in Tooth Development

The transcriptional mechanisms underlying tooth development are only beginning to be understood. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) patients provided the first link of PITX2 to tooth development. ARS patients present clinically with dental hypoplasia, which includes microdontia, hypodontia and misshapen teeth. Pitx2 is the earliest known transcription factor that is selectively expressed in the oral ectoderm. Since Pitx2, Msx2, Left and Dlx2 are expressed in the dental epithelium we are examining the transcriptional activity of PITX2 in concert with these factors. We demonstrate that Msx2 binds to a variety of DNA elements and may play a more central role in regulating genes in tissues expressing this transcriptional repressor. We have identified the Dlx2 promoter as a target of PITX2 during tooth development. Msx2 represses the Dlx2 promoter and coexpression of both PITX2 and Msx2 resulted in transcriptional antagonism of the Dlx2 promoter. Furthermore, a PITX2A mutation associated with ARS (PITX2A T68P) is unable to transactivate the Dlx2 promoter. ARS patients with this point mutation present clinically with missing teeth. In contrast, a patient that presents clinically with only iris hypoplasia and normal tooth development has a PITX2A mutation (PITX2A R84W) that transactivates the Dlx2 promoter. These data suggest a molecular mechanism for the dental anomalies associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. We will review the role of PITX2 in tooth development and speculate on potential downstream targets of PITX2.
Identification of Ata, a multifunctional trimeric autotransporter of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii has recently emerged as a highly troublesome nosocomial pathogen, especially in patients in intensive care units and in those undergoing mechanical ventilation. We have identified a surface protein adhesin of A. baumannii, designated the Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter (Ata), that contains all of the typical features of trimeric autotransporters (TA), including a long signal peptide followed by an N-terminal, surface-exposed passenger domain and a C-terminal domain encoding 4 β-strands. To demonstrate that Ata encoded a TA, we created a fusion protein in which we replaced the entire passenger domain of Ata with the epitope tag V5, which can be tracked with specific monoclonal antibodies, and demonstrated that the C-terminal 101 amino acids of Ata were capable of exporting the heterologous V5 tag to the surface of A. baumannii in a trimeric form. We found that Ata played a role in biofilm formation and bound to various extracellular matrix/basal membrane (ECM/BM) components, including collagen types I, III, IV, and V and laminin. Moreover, Ata mediated the adhesion of whole A. baumannii cells to immobilized collagen type IV and played a role in the survival of A. baumannii in a lethal model of systemic infection in immunocompetent mice. Taken together, these results reveal that Ata is a TA of A. baumannii involved in virulence, including biofilm formation, binding to ECM/BM proteins, mediating the adhesion of A. baumannii cells to collagen type IV, and contributing to the survival of A. baumannii in a mouse model of lethal infection.
Nuclear microscopy of sperm cell elemental structure

Theories suggest there is a link between protamine concentrations in individual sperm and male fertility. Previously, biochemical analyses have used pooled samples containing millions of sperm to determine protamine concentrations. These methods have not been able to determine what percentage of morphologically normal sperm are biochemically defective and potentially infertile. Nuclear microscopy has been utilized to measure elemental profiles at the single sperm level. By measuring the amount of phosphorus and sulfur, the total DNA and protamine content in individual sperm from fertile bull and mouse semen have been determined. These values agree with results obtained from other biochemical analyses. Nuclear microscopy shows promise for measuring elemental profiles in the chromatin of individual sperm. The technique may be able to resolve theories regarding the importance of protamines to male fertility and identify biochemical defects responsible for certain types of male infertility.
Widespread and Stable Pancreatic Gene Transfer by Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors via Different Routes

Diabetes is a disease of epidemic proportions and is on the rise worldwide. Gene therapy has been actively pursued but limited by technical hurdles and profound inefficiency of direct gene transfer to the pancreas in vivo. Here, we show that, for the first time, appropriate serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV), coupled with a double-stranded vector DNA cassette, enable extensive and long-term in vivo gene transfer in the adult mouse pancreas by three different delivery methods. Intraperitoneal and intravenous delivery of AAV8 effectively transduced exocrine acinar cells as well as endocrine beta-cells, while local pancreatic intraductal delivery of AAV6 showed the best efficiency in the beta-cells among all AAV serotypes tested in this study. Nearly the entire islet population showed gene transfer but with distinct gene transfer efficiency and patterns when different delivery methods and vectors were used. Importantly, localized gene delivery coupled with an insulin promoter allowed extensive yet specific gene expression in the beta-cells. These effective new methods should provide useful tools to study diabetes pathogenesis and gene therapy.
Interventional MR imaging: concepts, systems, and applications in neuroradiology.

Recent trends in minimally invasive methods for diagnosis and treatment have created a burgeoning interest in the use of MR imaging for guidance of radiologic and surgical procedures. This review discusses the hardware and software improvements that have made interventional and intraoperative MR
Minimizing Explanations for Missing Answers to Queries on Databases

In recent years, explaining missing answers in the query results achieved from the extracted data has become an attention topic. Several techniques have been developed to do the explanation, however, they posted lots of disadvantages, including incorrect explanations, unreasonable explanations, and non-minimized explanations. In this paper, we propose a novel explanation technique to avoid such unexpected explanations and we guarantee that the generalized explanation is minimum. We propose two algorithms by considering different kinds of modification object values for the attributes satisfying referential integrity constraint. Experimental results show that our approach can efficiently minimize explaining missing answers.
Reversal of morphine-induced apnea in the anesthetized rat by drugs that activate 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptors.

The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A receptor agonists counteract morphine-induced respiratory depression. Studies were conducted in anesthetized rats, and respiratory activity was monitored with diaphragm electromyography. Morphine was administered i.v. in doses that produce apnea. Once apnea was established, i.v. administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist drug 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) at 10 or 100 μg/kg restored normal breathing in each animal ( n = 24). This antagonistic effect of 8-OH-DPAT on morphine-induced respiratory depression was observed in both spontaneously breathing and artificially ventilated animals. Results obtained with 8-OH-DPAT were mimicked by buspirone (50 μg/kg i.v.), another 5-HT1A receptor agonist drug. Pretreatment with 4-(2′-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2′[ N -(2′-pyridinyl]- p -iodo-benzamido]ethyl]piperazine, an antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors, prevented 8-OH-DPAT from counteracting morphine-induced apnea. These results indicate that activation of central nervous system 5-HT1A receptors is an effective way of reversing morphine-induced respiratory depression. Most important, this is the third model of disturbed respiratory function in which drugs that stimulate 5-HT1A receptors have been shown to restore breathing to near-normal levels.
Description of three novel Lagenidium (Oomycota) species causing infection in mammals.

Abstract Background Recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of Lagenidium strains recovered from subcutaneous lesions in cats, dogs, and a human with lagenidiosis resolved into four clades; one of them was Lagenidium giganteum, but three others were novel. Aims Due to the recent increase in L. giganteum infections from mammals, we studied 21 Lagenidium strains isolated from dogs and a human available in our collection. Methods Molecular phylogenetic studies and phenotypic characteristics were used to characterize the strains. Results We report the finding of three novel species, herein designated as Lagenidium ajelloi, sp. nov., Lagenidium albertoi sp. nov, and Lagenidium vilelae sp. nov. Their morphological and growth features are also presented. Conclusions Our study revealed the presence of three novel Lagenidium species infecting mammals.
SYMPATHOLYTIC RESPONSE TO STIMULATION OF SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE IN RATS

The central pathway mediating a sympatholytic response to stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was studied in halothane-anesthetized, paralyzed rats. Single-pulse stimulation of SLN inhibited lumbar sympathetic nerve discharge (LSND) with onset latency of 113 +/- 1.7 ms. LSND inhibition was markedly attenuated by bilateral microinjection of kynurenic acid (Kyn, glutamate receptor antagonist, 4.5 nmol/side) into the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL) or by bilateral administration of bicuculline methiodide (Bic; gamma-aminobutyric acid-receptor antagonist, 225 pmol/side) into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). In 13 of 14 cases, the baroreceptor reflex was also severely reduced. Injections of Bic or Kyn elsewhere in the medullary reticular formation were ineffective. Single-pulse stimulation of SLN inhibited 19 of 26 RVL reticulospinal barosensitive cells (onset latency 46 +/- 1.4 ms). This inhibition was attenuated (from 92 +/- 6 to 14 +/- 12%) by iontophoretic application of Bic (n = 7), which also reduced the cells' inhibitory response to aortic coarctation. The remaining seven barosensitive neurons were unaffected by SLN stimulation. In conclusion, the sympathetic baroreflex and the sympathoinhibitory response to SLN stimulation appear to be mediated by similar medullary pathways.
On Criterion for Light Localization in Random Amplifying Media

Conventional criteria for Anderson localization of light in random media are not directly applicable in presence of gain. We study a ratio of [transmission coefficient] / [energy stored in system] as a possible alternative criterion.
Luminosity in the initial breakdown stage of cloud‐to‐ground and intracloud lightning

We present simultaneously measured luminosity and electric field data from the initial breakdown (IB) stage in seven cloud-to-ground (CG) and eight intracloud (IC) lightning discharges along with, in three cases, radar and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) data. The data were taken in north-central Florida in 2013 and 2014. Seven CG discharges had an arithmetic mean (standard deviation, SD) IB stage luminosity pulse train duration of 3 ms (2 ms), and within the seven CG discharges, 30 luminosity pulses had the following means (SD): 10% to 90% risetime 25 µs (16 µs), full width at half maximum 68 µs (21 µs), and delay between onset of the electric field pulse and associated luminosity pulse 8 µs (8 µs). Eight IC discharges had a mean (SD) IB stage luminosity pulse train duration of 11 ms (4 ms), and within the 8 IC discharges, 37 luminosity pulses exhibited mean risetimes, widths, and delays of 59 µs (36 µs), 176 µs (70 µs), and 34 µs (20 µs), all significantly greater than in the CG case. The roughly 10 LMA sources associated with each of the three IB stages in 2014 are grouped horizontally within about 1 km2. The mean altitude (SD) of the LMA points during two CG IB stages is 5 km (600 m) and 4.3 km (250 m) and during one IC discharge is 6.2 km (550 m). We discuss the role of optical scattering in delaying and distorting the observed luminosity waveforms.
Analysis of Death Cause of Aged Population in Fujian, 2010

Objective To analyze the cause of death among the aged population in Fujian province. Methods The death cause data from disease surveillance system in Fujian province were classified and coded according to ICD-10, and analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Results In 2010, the mortality of population aged≥65 years in Fujian was 4.351%, accounting for 68.5% of total deaths;the mortality due to chronic non-communicable diseases was 3 704.12/100 000,accounting for 85.1% of total deaths;the first ten death causes were cerebrovascular diseases, malignancies, heart diseases, respiratory system diseases, injuries poisonings, endocrine system diseases, digestive system diseases, mental disorders, urogenital diseases and communicable diseases, accounting for 94.7% of total deaths; Except metal disorders in urban aged population and communicable diseases in rural aged population, two populations shared the same first nine death causes, but the orders were different. Lung cancers, stomach cancer, liver cancers, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer occupied the first five malignancies with a proportion of 78.3% in both urban and rural. Acute myocardial infarction, ranked first in heart diseases, accounted for 44.7% of heart diseases. Accidental fallings, suicides, and traffic accidents occupied 56.8% of injuries poisonings. Conclusion Cerebrovascular diseases, malignancies, heart diseases, respiratory system diseases, and injuries poisonings are major causes of deaths for aged population in Fujian province.
Effects of Processing Parameters for Novel Point Grinding Wheels on Surface Quality

A vitrified bond CBN point grinding wheel with coarse grinding area slope angle θ was proposed,w hich ow ned higher removing rate and machining accuracy compared w ith the conventional w heels. The design and manufacture principle of the novel grinding w heel w as studied. Stepped shafts of QT700 w ere ground using the w heels w ith different coarse grinding area slope angle θ under the conditions of a series of grinding parameters. The surface qualities of the w orkpieces w ere observed by means of VHX-1000E microscopic system and Micromeasure system,w ith the surface roughness measured. The effect of the grinding parameters on surface roughness w as investigated,and the surface roughness of w orkpieces,w hich w ere ground using the w heels w ith different slope angle θ under identical conditions of the grinding parameters,w as compared.
Decline in the nationwide trends in in-hospital mortality of patients undergoing multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background. Advances in the safety of percutaneous coronary interventions have been significant in recent years. The goal of this study was to evaluate any decline in the age-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate in patients undergoing multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (MVPCI) using a very large database from 1988 to 2004 in the United States. Method. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was utilized to calculate the age-adjusted mortality rate for MVPCI from 1988 to 2004 in patients over the age of 40 years retrospectively. Specific ICD-9-CM codes for MVPCI were used for this study. Patient demographic data were also analyzed and adjusted for age from the database. Results. The mean age was 71.56 ± 10.59 years (53.55% male). From 1988 the age-adjusted mortality rate was stable until 1999, with a steady decline to the lowest level in 2004. In 1988, the rate was 67.42 (95% CI = 181-316.14), in 1999 51.02 (95% CI = 27-129.32), and in 2004, 40.06 (95% CI 5.6-85.83) per 100,000. Total death also declined from 1.77% to 1.25%. This trend was similar across gender and ethnicities. Conclusion. The age-adjusted mortality from MVPCI was steady until 1999, but declined to the lowest level in 2004. This trend most likely reflects advancements in the care of patients undergoing high-risk coronary interventions.
Continuous Tear Capsulotomy and Phacoemulsification Cataract Extraction Combined With Penetrating Keratoplasty

Continuous tear capsulotomy, or capsulorhexis, permits secure and precise placement of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. This technique can be used open sky during triple procedures combining penetrating keratoplasty with cataract extraction and intraocular lens insertion. Expression of the nucleus through a continuous tear capsulotomy can be difficult. Incisions in the anterior capsule facilitate nucleus expression but can extend, obviating the advantages of continuous tear capsulotomy. With phacoemulsification using low irrigation and adequate ultrasound power, the nucleus can be completely emulsified or fragmented into easily removable pieces. This permits continuous tear capsulotomy to be part of triple procedure surgery.
Experimental ocular onchocerciasis in cynomolgus monkeys. III. Roles of IgG and IgE antibody and autoantibody and cell-mediated immunity in the chorioretinitis elicited by intravitreal Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae.

Intravitreal injection of small numbers (10-500) of microfilariae (Mf) of Onchocerca lienalis in eyes of cynomolgus monkeys induces posterior segment lesions which resemble those occurring in human onchocerciasis in some respects. In order to determine the potential roles of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in the formation of these lesions, anti-Onchocerca and anti-retinal IgG and IgE antibody and peripheral lymphocyte blastogenic responses were followed in eight monkeys, for one week to five months after intravitreal injection of Mf. Significant ocular inflammation occurred well before any antibody or peripheral lymphocyte blastogenic responses could be detected. It may be that direct effects of Mf, e.g., by activation of complement via the alternative pathway fulfill important roles in the pathogenesis of the posterior segment lesions.
Electroporation Gene Therapy

Electroporation can be used to enhance the delivery of therapeutic molecules to cells by applying external pulsed electric fields. Pulse delivery creates permeabilized areas in the cell membrane without affecting its viability, allowing impermeant molecules to enter. Originally, this technique was described for cells in culture, but it has advanced to preclinical in vivo applications and finally to clinical trials. In vivo electroporation for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents is an accepted cancer therapy in many countries in Europe. Recently, this technique has been used for the delivery of nucleic acids to specifically increase or reduce protein levels, for example, in protein replacement and in the modulation of biochemical and signaling pathways. Infectious agent vaccines and cancer therapies are the primary applications that have reached clinical trials. This chapter reviews the recent preclinical and clinical developments in the use of in vivo electroporation for cancer gene therapy.
Long-Term Use of The Ketogenic Diet

A retrospective chart review of 28 children (15 males, 14 females) treated with the ketogenic diet for epilepsy for more than 6 years was conducted at Johns Hospital Hospital.
Psychogenic movement disorders in children

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) are well characterized in adults, but childhood-onset PMDs have not been extensively studied. We reviewed the medical records of children who were diagnosed in our clinic with PMDs since 1988 and identified 54 patients with PMDs, representing 3.1% of our pediatric movement disorder population and 5.7% of all PMD cases. The mean age at symptom onset was 14.2 years (+/-2.11, range 7.6-17.7). Similar to published data in adults, two-thirds of children exhibited multiple PMD phenotypes, the most common being tremor followed by dystonia and myoclonus. Most PMDs were abrupt in onset, paroxysmal and triggered by identifiable physical or psychological trauma. As in adults, childhood PMDs were more likely to affect females, but there was no female predominance in children less than 13 years old. Although prior studies suggest that medically unexplained symptoms beginning in childhood often follow a benign course, this cohort of children experienced marked disability and morbidity related to PMDs, including prolonged school absences and unnecessary surgical procedures in more than one-fifth of patients.
A 10-GHz optical frequency comb from a SCOWA-based laser with an intra-cavity 10,000 finesse etalon

We present preliminary results from the first-ever demonstration of a SCOWA-based harmonically mode-locked laser with intra-cavity etalon with a finesse of 104, producing a 10 GHz optical frequency comb.
Workers’ rights in global value chains: possibilities for protection and for peril

I consider the effect of global supply chain production – in contrast to directly owned overseas production – for labour rights in low- and middle-income countries. I develop a set of hypotheses re...
Adaptive double data entry: a probabilistic tool for choosing which forms to reenter.

Abstract Several recent articles have supported differing opinions about the value and cost of double data entry in specific clinical trials. The cost of the reentry, combined with the low error rate typical in controlled clinical trials suggests to some that single data entry may be sufficient, with the cost of reentry allocated to more productive quality assurance tools. In this article, an alternative approach to limiting costs and maintaining the quality of entered data is offered. The technique is a formal, adaptive method for choosing a subset of forms to be reentered. The idea behind the approach is to decide whether a given form should be reentered on a form-by-form basis for each data entry person, using an estimated probability that the form contains an error as a guideline. The method automatically adapts to each data entry person and to temporal changes in accuracy within data entry person. The estimated probability is based on a lagged set of the most recently double-data-entered forms. A simple simulation shows that much of the reentry can be avoided while still detecting many of the errors. A real data example demonstrates that the procedure can be effective in practice as well. Control Clin Trials 2001;22:2–12
Visualizing correlated motion with HDBSCAN clustering

Correlated motion analysis provides a method for understanding communication between and dynamic similarities of biopolymer residues and domains. The typical equal-time correlation matrices-frequently visualized with pseudo-colorings or heat maps-quickly convey large regions of highly correlated motion but hide more subtle similarities of motion. Here we propose a complementary method for visualizing correlations within proteins (or general biopolymers) that quickly conveys intuition about which residues have a similar dynamic behavior. For grouping residues, we use the recently developed non-parametric clustering algorithm HDBSCAN. Although the method we propose here can be used to group residues using correlation as a similarity matrix-the most straightforward and intuitive method-it can also be used to more generally determine groups of residues which have similar dynamic properties. We term these latter groups "Dynamic Domains", as they are based not on spatial closeness but rather closeness in the column space of a correlation matrix. We provide examples of this method across three human proteins of varying size and function-the Nf-Kappa-Beta essential modulator, the clotting promoter Thrombin and the mismatch repair protein (dimer) complex MutS-alpha. Although the examples presented here are from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, this visualization technique can also be used on correlations matrices built from any ensembles of conformations from experiment or computation.
Sex chromosomes drive gene expression and regulatory dimorphisms in mouse embryonic stem cells

Pre-implantation embryos exhibit sexual dimorphisms in both primates and rodents. To determine whether these differences reflected sex-biased expression patterns, we generated transcriptome profiles for six 40,XX, six 40,XY, and two 39,X mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by RNA sequencing. We found hundreds of coding and non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed between male and female cells. Surprisingly, the majority of these were autosomal and included RNA encoding transcription and epigenetic and chromatin remodeling factors. We showed differential Prdm14-responsive enhancer activity in male and female cells, correlating with the sex-specific levels of Prdm14 expression. This is the first time sex-specific enhancer activity in ES cells has been reported. Evaluation of X-linked gene expression patterns between our XX and XY lines revealed four distinct categories: (1) genes showing 2-fold greater expression in the female cells; (2) a set of genes with expression levels well above 2-fold in female cells; (3) genes with equivalent RNA levels in male and female cells; and strikingly, (4) a small number of genes with higher expression in the XY lines. Further evaluation of autosomal gene expression revealed differential expression of imprinted loci, despite appropriate parent-of-origin patterns. The 39,X lines aligned closely with the XY cells and provided insights into potential regulation of genes associated with Turner syndrome in humans. Moreover, inclusion of the 39,X lines permitted three-way comparisons, delineating X and Y chromosome-dependent patterns. Overall, our results support the role of the sex chromosomes in establishing sex-specific networks early in embryonic development and provide insights into effects of sex chromosome aneuploidies originating at those stages.
A Case of Human Bone Modification by Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Philippines

Members of several insect orders are known to modify osseous vertebrate remains postmortem, whether for nutritional or habitational purposes. Recognizing the appearance of these taphonomic traces is important in the evaluation of skeletal remains recovered from forensic and archaeological contexts. Thus far, ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have only been anecdotally noted in the literature to modify bone as a presumed food resource and have not yet been shown to modify human bone. This paper presents a contemporary case where a colony of ants was directly observed nesting inside human bone and describes the appearance of modified entrances into their repurposed medullary cavity dwellings. This case may prompt further considerations of ants as agents of bone modification, how and why such behaviors occur, and how to recognize these ichnological traces. KEYWORDS: forensic anthropology, forensic entomology, taphonomy, ichnology, insect damage, Nylanderia
Large-eddy simulation of ash deposition in a large-scale laboratory furnace

Abstract A computational fluid dynamics model is presented that allows for the investigation of the ash deposition and provides an economical approach for studying design changes in new boilers and retrofit options for existing units. This study proposes a detailed description of ash deposition integrating three separate particle-sticking criteria: melt fraction, viscosity, and energy conservation upon collision. Also, a detailed model for predicting the thermal properties of existing deposit layers (thermal conductivity and emissivity) is implemented into a one-dimensional wall heat-transfer model. The coupled ash-deposition and wall heat-transfer model is implemented into a large-eddy simulation (LES) framework to predict the heat-flux profile, deposition rates, slagging and fouling for industrial boilers. The results of this approach are validated with experimental data from the University of Utah’s 100 kW down-fired, oxy-fuel combustion (OFC) furnace. Two OFC cases with different geometries are studied for their coal combustion and dynamic ash-deposit growth in this large-scale laboratory furnace. Comparisons of the deposition rates and gas temperature agree within 4.82% and 17.58%, respectively, of the measured data.
Prognostic impact of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment intensity for ovarian cancer.

Objective We aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of duration of first-line chemotherapy administration in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Chemotherapy records were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Patients with on-time completion (105 days) were compared to patients finishing early ( 4 weeks. For 222 women with stage IIIC/IV, stage-stratified estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared. A delay sub-study was performed with outliers removed. Each week of delay was correlated with the change in PFS and OS to identify time points associated with change in outcome. Results Most women had on-time completion of chemotherapy (23.6%) or a treatment delay of ≤4 weeks (21.8%); 21.6% of women experienced a delay longer than 4 weeks. R0 resection at initial debulking (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.18–3.36, p = 0.010) and RECIST complete response (OR = 4.88, 95%CI: 2.47–10.63, p 1 month delay had decreased median survival of 18.1 months (14.7–24.9 months), while women with short intervals survived 35.0 months (95%CI: 21.8–49.8 months). Short-term delays lead to progressively decreasing OS. This was significantly different from the on-schedule survival estimate after 6 weeks of delay. Conclusions On-time completion of chemotherapy correlates with increased survival and higher complete response rates. Increasing delays in chemotherapy completion were associated with decreased survival.
Abstract 151: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Stimulates Smooth Muscle Senescence and Atherosclerosis Formation

Cell senescence, which is characterized by loss of replicative capacity and secretion of inflammatory mediators, was recently shown to play a causal role in atherosclerosis. Plasminogen activator i...
Chemotherapy and Radiation Versus Chemotherapy Alone for Elderly Patients With N3 Stage IIIB NSCLC.

Abstract Background Standard treatment for stage III non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (chemo-RT). However, N3 stage IIIB disease portends a worse prognosis and the tolerability of chemo-RT in patients ≥70 years old is a concern. In this analysis, we evaluate the survival of patients with N3 stage IIIB NSCLC who were treated with chemo-RT or chemotherapy alone with a focus on elderly patients. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with N3 stage IIIB NSCLC between 2010 and 2013 using the National Cancer Database. We compared overall survival (OS) between patients who underwent chemo-RT versus chemotherapy alone. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for median OS with log rank tests. Multivariable Cox models were used for multivariable and subgroup analyses. Results We included 9769 patients in our analysis, 7770 of whom received chemo-RT and 1999 who received chemotherapy alone. The median OS for patients who received chemo-RT was 16.4 months versus 12.7 months with chemotherapy alone (P Conclusion Survival was improved in elderly patients who received chemo-RT versus chemotherapy alone for N3 stage IIIB NSCLC. Our findings suggest that age and comorbidities should not preclude clinicians from recommending chemo-RT to these patients.
Axion constraints in nonstandard thermal histories

It is usually assumed that dark matter is produced during the radiation-dominated era. There is, however, no direct evidence for radiation domination prior to big-bang nucleosynthesis. Two nonstandard thermal histories are considered. In one, the low-temperature-reheating scenario, radiation domination begins as late as ~1 MeV, and is preceded by significant entropy generation. Thermal axion relic abundances are then suppressed, and cosmological limits to axions are loosened. For reheating temperatures Trh<~35 MeV, the large-scale structure limit to the axion mass is lifted. The remaining constraint from the total density of matter is significantly relaxed. Constraints are also relaxed for higher reheating temperatures. In a kination scenario, a more modest change to cosmological axion constraints is obtained. Future possible constraints to axions and low-temperature reheating from the helium abundance and next-generation large-scale-structure surveys are discussed.
Realizing Suleĭmanova spectra via permutative matrices, II

Abstract In this work, the real nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem is solved for a particular class of permutative matrix. The necessary and sufficient condition there is also shown to be sufficient for the symmetric nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem. A result due to Johnson and Paparella (2016) [8] is extended to include normalized lists that satisfy the new sufficient condition.
Technology use to facilitate health care among young adult transgender women living with HIV.

Little is known about how young adult transgender women living with HIV use digital technologies to facilitate their health care. This study examined the use of digital technologies to search for h...
Time course of neuropathological events in hyperhomocysteinemic amyloid depositing mice reveals early neuroinflammatory changes that precede amyloid changes and cerebrovascular events

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are the second leading cause of dementia behind only Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, VCID is commonly found as a co-morbidity with sporadic AD. We have previously established a mouse model of VCID by inducing hyperhomocysteinemia in both wild-type and amyloid depositing mice. While we have shown the time course of neuropathological events in the wild-type mice with hyperhomocysteinemia, the effect of amyloid deposition on this time course remains unknown; therefore, in this study, we determined the time course of neuropathological changes in our mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced VCID in amyloid depositing mice. APP/PS1 mice were placed on either a diet deficient in folate and vitamins B6 and B12 and enriched in methionine to induce hyperhomocysteinemia or a control diet for 2, 6, 10, 14, or 18 weeks. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis were used to determine neuroinflammatory changes. Microhemorrhages and amyloid deposition were analyzed using histology and, finally, behavior was assessed using the 2-day radial arm water maze. Neuroinflammation, specifically a pro-inflammatory phenotype, was the first pathological change to occur. Specifically, we see a significant increase in gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and interleukin 12a by 6 weeks. This was followed by cognitive deficits starting at 10 weeks. Finally, there is a significant increase in the number of microhemorrhages at 14 weeks on diet as well as redistribution of amyloid from the parenchyma to the vasculature. The time course of these pathologies points to neuroinflammation as the initial, key player in homocysteine-induced VCID co-morbid with amyloid deposition and provides a possible therapeutic target and time points.
An algorithm that identifies coronary and heart failure events in the electronic health record.

Results Cohen’s Kappa for the initial algorithm was 0.47 (95%CI 0.410.54). Cohen’s Kappa was 0.61 (95%CI 0.55-0.68) for the second algorithm. Cohen’s Kappa for the third algorithm was 0.99 (95%CI 0.98-1.00). Conclusions We conclude that electronic medical record data are sufficient to categorize coronary heart disease and heart failure events without manual record review. However, only moderate agreement with medical record review can be achieved when the classification is based on 4-digit ICD9CM codes because ICD9CM 410.9 includes myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI) and myocardial infarction without ST elevation (nSTEMI). Nearly perfect agreement can be achieved using IMO statements, a more detailed coding system that tracks to ICD9, ICD10 and SnoMED-CT. IMO statements are available in many electronic medical record systems.
Proximity, contact and tolerance of homosexuals in Korea: evidence from an experimental survey

Compared to most developed democracies, South Korea lags behind in terms of LGBT tolerance. This analysis suggests that relational proximity and knowing a Korean LGBT person influence this toleranc...