cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid Ether Analogs for the Detection of Colorectal Tumors

The treatment of localized colorectal cancer (CRC) depends on resection of the primary tumor with adequate margins and sufficient lymph node sampling. A novel imaging agent that accumulates in CRCs and the associated lymph nodes is needed. Cellectar Biosciences has developed a phospholipid ether analog platform that is both diagnostic and therapeutic. CLR1502 is a near-infrared fluorescent molecule, whereas 124/131 I-CLR1404 is under clinical investigation as a PET tracer/ therapeutic agent imaged by SPECT. We investigated the use of CLR1502 for the detection of intestinal cancers in a murine model and 131 I-CLR1404 in a patient with metastatic CRC. Mice that develop multiple intestinal tumors ranging from adenomas to locally advanced adenocarcinomas were utilized. After 96 hours post CLR1502 injection, the intestinal tumors were analyzed using a Spectrum IVIS (Perkin Elmer) and a Fluobeam (Fluoptics). The intensity of the fluorescent signal was correlated with the histological characteristics for each tumor. Colon adenocarcinomas demonstrated increased accumulation of CLR1502 compared to non-invasive lesions (total radiant efficiency: 1.76610 10 vs 3.27610 9 respectively, p=0.006). Metastatic mesenteric tumors and uninvolved lymph nodes were detected with CLR1502. In addition, SPECT imaging with 131 I-CLR1404 was performed as part of a clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors. 131 I-CLR1404 was shown to accumulate in metastatic tumors in a patient with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Together, these compounds might enhance our ability to properly resect CRCs through better localization of the primary tumor and improved lymph node identification as well as detect distant disease.
Probing the mechanism of inactivation of human pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation of three sites.

Activity of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of three serine residues (designated site 1, Ser-264; site 2, Ser-271; site 3, Ser-203) in the α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component. Substitutions of the phosphorylation sites were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Glutamate (S1E) and aspartate (S1D) substitutions at site 1 resulted in the complete loss of PDC activity; however, these mutants were variably active in the decarboxylation and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol assays. S1Q had only 3% of wild-type PDC activity. The apparentK m values for pyruvate increased for the mutants of site 1 when determined in the 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol assay. The substitutions at sites 2 and 3 caused only moderate reductions in activity in the three assays. S3E had a 27-fold increase in the apparent K m for thiamine pyrophosphate and 8-fold increase in the K i for pyrophosphate. Site 3 was almost completely protected from phosphorylation by thiamine pyrophosphate. The results show that the size rather than negative charge of the substituted amino acid residue affects the active site of E1 and that modification of each of the three serine residues affect the active site in a site-specific manner for its ability to bind the cofactor and substrates.
CXCR4 and CCR5 shRNA transgenic CD34+ cell derived macrophages are functionally normal and resist HIV-1 infection.

Stable simultaneous knock down of the HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 is a promising strategy to protect cells from both R5 macrophage tropic and X4 T cell tropic as well as dual tropic viral infections. The potency of shRNAs in targeted gene silencing qualifies them as powerful tools for long term HIV gene therapy. Our previous work with a bispecific lentiviral vector containing CXCR4 and CCR5 shRNAs showed efficacy in down regulating both coreceptors and conferring viral resistance to both X4 and R5-tropic strains of HIV-1 in cultured cell lines. To extend these results to a stem cell gene therapy setting, here we show transduction of primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells to derive normal end stage cells that are resistant to HIV-1 infection. The bispecific XHR lentiviral vector harboring CXCR4 and CCR5 shRNA expression cassettes was efficient in transducing CD34+ cells. The transduced cells gave rise to morphologically normal transgenic macrophages when cultured in cytokine media. There was a marked down regulation of both coreceptors in the stably transduced macrophages which showed resistance to both R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains upon in vitro challenge. Since off target effects by some shRNAs may have adverse effects on transgenic cells, the stably transduced macrophages were further analyzed to determine if they are phenotypically and functionally normal. FACS evaluation showed normal levels of the characteristic surface markers CD14, CD4, MHC class II, and B7.1. Phagocytic functions were also normal. The transgenic macrophages demonstrated normal abilities in up-regulating the costimulatory molecule B7.1 upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, IL-1 and TNFα cytokine secretion in response to LPS stimulation was also normal. Thus, the transgenic macrophages appear to be phenotypically and functionally normal. These studies have demonstrated for the first time that a bispecific lentiviral vector could be used to stably deliver shRNAs targeted to both CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and derive transgenic macrophages. Transgenic macrophages with down regulated coreceptors were resistant to both R5 and X4 tropic HIV-1 infections. The differentiated cells were also phenotypically and functionally normal indicating no adverse effects of shRNAs on lineage specific differentiation of stem cells. It is now possible to construct gene therapeutic lentiviral vectors incorporating multiple shRNAs targeted to cellular molecules that aid in HIV-1 infection. Use of these vectors in a stem cell setting shows great promise for sustained HIV/AIDS gene therapy.
Vegetation controls on surface heat flux partitioning, and land‐atmosphere coupling

We provide observational evidence that land-atmosphere coupling is underestimated by a conventional metric defined by the correlation between soil moisture and surface evaporative fraction (latent heat flux normalized by the sum of sensible and latent heat flux). Land-atmosphere coupling is 3 times stronger when using leaf area index as a correlate of evaporative fraction instead of soil moisture, in the Southern Great Plains. The role of vegetation was confirmed using adjacent flux measurement sites having identical atmospheric forcing but different vegetation phenology. Transpiration makes the relationship between evaporative fraction and soil moisture nonlinear and gives the appearance of weak coupling when using linear soil moisture metrics. Regions of substantial coupling extend to semiarid and humid continental climates across the United States, in terms of correlations between vegetation metrics and evaporative fraction. The hydrological cycle is more tightly constrained by the land surface than previously inferred from soil moisture.
Hybrid Research Models: Natural Opportunities for Examining Mental Health in Context

The articles in this series promote hybrid research models to bridge the gap between efficacy and effectiveness. We suggest that efforts such as those described in these articles are long overdue. Given the enormous public health consequences of the lack of available and effective mental health services, we no longer can afford research that neglects the natural state of affairs or that leaves others to translate research into practice. It is time to acknowledge that the process of testing interventions in the university for transfer to the community is neither efficient nor empirically justified. Guided by the articles in this series, we focus on the ways in which hybrid models can provide natural opportunities to advance the field and lead to a new generation of research that is both contextually relevant and methodologically rigorous. An iterative process of research and practice is proposed that can lead to stronger theories and methods and enhanced understanding of mental health in context.
Conceptual aspects of a statistical-dynamical approach to represent landscape subgrid-scale heterogeneities in atmospheric models

A parameterization of land surfaces based on a statistical-dynamical approach is presented. With this approach, the most important characteristics of the soil-plant-atmosphere system that affect the partition of energy (e.g., plant stomatal conductance, soil humidity, and surface roughness) are represented by a pdf rather than by a single 'representative' value. A primary simplified version of this parameterization is used to estimate the land-surface energy fluxes that are produced at the grid scale by various distributions of stomatal conductance under a broad range of environmental conditions. To demonstrate the approach's potential, results are compared with the same fluxes calculated with a big leaf model using the mean stomatal conductance that corresponds to the distributions. Large absolute and relative differences are obtained between the two schemes for many combinations of stomatal conductance pdfs and environmental conditions.
Frame-shifts of digit identity in bird evolution and Cyclopamine-treated wings.

This research was supported by NSF grant IOB-0445971 to G. P. W. and a Pew Latin American Fellowship to A. V.
Prepartum stocking density: effects on metabolic, health, reproductive, and productive responses.

Abstract The objectives of the current experiment were to determine the effects of 2 prepartum stocking densities on milk yield, concentration of metabolites during the peripartum period, and health and reproductive parameters of dairy cows. Jersey cows enrolled in the experiment at 254±3 d of gestation were balanced for parity (nulliparous vs. parous) and previous lactation projected 305-d mature equivalent milk yield (parous) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 80% headlock stocking density (80SD; 38 animals/48 headlocks) and 100% headlock stocking density (100SD; 48 animals/48 headlocks). The number of experimental units was 8 (4 replicates and 2 pens/treatment per replicate). In total, 154 nulliparous and 184 parous animals were enrolled in the 80SD treatment and 186 nulliparous and 232 parous animals were enrolled in the 100SD treatment. At the start of each replicate, treatments were switched within pen. Cows were milked thrice daily and monthly milk yield, fat and protein content, and somatic cell count data were recorded up to 155 d postpartum. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was measured weekly, from −18±3 to 17±3 d relative to calving, and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was measured weekly, from 1±2 to 17±3 d relative to calving. Cows were examined 1, 4±1, 7±1, 10±1, and 13±1 d relative to calving for diagnosis of uterine diseases. Blood was sampled for determination of progesterone concentration and resumption of ovarian cycles 35±3 and 45±3 d relative to calving. Average headlock (74.1±0.4 vs. 94.5±0.3%) and stall (80.8±0.4 vs. 103.1±0.4%) stocking density was lower for the 80SD treatment compared with the 100SD treatment. Treatment did not affect incidence of retained fetal membranes (80SD=5.1, 100SD=7.8%), metritis (80SD=21.2, 100SD=16.7%), acute metritis (80SD=9.9, 100SD=9.4%), and vaginal purulent discharge (80SD=5.8, 100SD=7.9%). Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (80SD=251.5±6.1, 100SD=245.9±5.6μmol/L) and β-hydroxybutyrate (80SD=508.2±14.3, 100SD=490.9±13.6μmol/L) were not different between treatments. Treatment had no effect on percentage of cows removed from the herd on the first 60 d postpartum (80SD=6.1, 100SD=5.1%) and on rate of removal from the herd up to 305 d postpartum 80SD=referent, 100SD [adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)]=1.02 (0.75, 1.38). Percentages of cows pregnant to first (80SD=41.9, 100SD=48.4%) and second (80SD=49.3, 100SD=42.0%) postpartum AI were not different between treatments. Finally, treatment did not affect energy-corrected milk yield up to 155 d postpartum (80SD=33.8±0.5, 100SD=33.4±0.5kg/d). In herds with weekly or twice weekly movement of new cows to the prepartum pen and separate housing of nulliparous and parous animals, a target stocking density of 100% of headlocks on the day of movement is not expected to affect health, metabolic, reproductive, and productive parameters.
Deposition of SiO2 Thin Films by Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (Remote PECVD)

This paper discusses the growth of thin films of silicon dioxide (SiO2) by the process of remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD). For comparison, we also discuss the deposition of silicon nitride and oxynitride films by the same RPECVD technique. We describe; (1) the deposition process chamber and reaction pathways; (2) the characterization of the local atomic structure in the deposited thin films: and (3) the applications of dielectric thin films in metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) structures.
Nonequilibrium Pattern Formation in Langmuir-Phase Assisted Assembly of Alkylsiloxane Monolayers

Prepolymerized n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayers were deposited onto oxidized silicon substrates from precursor Langmuir monolayers (at an air−water interface) in two-dimensional liquid expanded (LE), liquid condensed (LC), or mixed (LE/LC coexistence phase) states at four different pulling rates. Morphologies of the transferred monolayers have been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The OTS monolayers formed from the LE phase precursor reveal an incipient condensation transition exhibiting a novel ring-in-a-ring morphology, wherein uniformly distributed circular domains consisting of two concentric walls of ordered OTS molecules in a high density phase both sandwich and encapsulate disordered OTS molecules in a reduced density phase. On the other hand, the monolayers formed from the LC/LE phase precursor implicate a complete condensation transition, evidenced in the AFM images showing a uniform tiling of near-circular domains composed of ordered OTS molecules in a dense monolayer...
Ligand-Regulated Peptides: A General Approach for Modulating Protein-Peptide Interactions with Small Molecules

We engineered a novel ligand-regulated peptide (LiRP) system where the binding activity of intracellular peptides is controlled by a cell-permeable small molecule. In the absence of ligand, peptides expressed as fusions in an FKBP-peptide-FRB-GST LiRP scaffold protein are free to interact with target proteins. In the presence of the ligand rapamycin, or the nonimmunosuppressive rapamycin derivative AP23102, the scaffold protein undergoes a conformational change that prevents the interaction of the peptide with the target protein. The modular design of the scaffold enables the creation of LiRPs through rational design or selection from combinatorial peptide libraries. Using these methods, we identified LiRPs that interact with three independent targets: retinoblastoma protein, c-Src, and the AMP-activated protein kinase. The LiRP system should provide a general method to temporally and spatially regulate protein function in cells and organisms.
Socioeconomic status and child development.

▪ Abstract Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children's own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems.
Solution Conformations of a Biantennary Glycopeptide and a Series of Its Exoglycosidase Products from Sequential Trimming of Sugar Residues

Linkages between sugar residues in branched oligosaccharides exhibit various degrees of flexibility. This flexibility, together with other forces, determines the overall solution conformation of oligosaccharides. We used the method of time-resolved resonance energy transfer to study the solution conformations of a biantennary glycopeptide and its partially trimmed products by exoglycosidases. The N-terminal of the glycopeptide was labeled with 2-naphthyl acetic acid as a fluorescent donor. Either terminal sugar residue, Gal6′, on the branch bearing 6-linked Man (antenna 6′), or Neu5Ac on the branch bearing 3-linked Man (antenna 6) was labeled with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl as an acceptor. The distance and distance distributions between the terminals were measured. In the intact biantennary glycopeptide, the donor-acceptor distance distribution of antenna 6′ is bimodal with a majority of the population in the extended conformation and that of antenna 6 in one very broad population. The Neu5Ac on antenna 6 is oriented toward the N-terminal at low temperature and adopts a more extended form at high temperature. The removal of individual sugar residues along one of the two antenna in the biantennary oligosaccharide has a small effect on the distance distribution of the remaining antenna for both antennae 6 and 6′. Together with previous studies of the triantennary glycopeptides (Rice, K. G., Wu, P. G., Brand, L., and Lee, Y. C.(1993) Biochemistry 32, 7264-7270), our results suggest that both steric hindrance and inter-residue hydrogen bonding are very important in the folding pattern in oligosaccharide structures.
Diurnal Variation of Onshore Wind Speed Near a Coastline

Abstract Surface wind data taken from 19 km offshore to 14 km inland during several days of onshore wind occurrence were reduced and analysed. The mean kinetic enemy per unit mass and its changes normal to the coastline were computed directly from the wind data. Analysis of these data shows two well defined regimes of diurnal variation in wind speed. The marine air has a nighttime speed maximum and a daytime minimum. As the air moves inland, the speed distribution becomes bimodal with the primary maximum occurring in the daytime and the secondary maximum at night. As expected Intuitively and predicted by theory, the speed changes most abruptly near the change in surface roughness (the coastline). Also as predicted by theory, complete dynamic equilibrium with the new lower boundary is not achieved until the air is ∼5–12 km downwind from the coastline.
Hoophouse contributions to economic viability: Nine Michigan case studies

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. high tunnel, farm economics, vegetable production SUMMARY. Relatively low-cost season extension structures have the potential to contribute to farm economic viability in temperate climates by providing a means to continue sales beyond the limits of outdoor-onlyfield production.These structures, commonly called hoophouses, high tunnels, passive solar greenhouses, or unheated greenhouses, allow for the extension of heat-tolerant (warm season) crops on both ends of the production time frame and at winter harvesting of cold-tolerant (cool season)crops.Inthisstudy,resultsarepresentedfromamultiyearinvestigationinto the economic impacts of year-round production and harvesting, with a focus on profitability of the structure and crop production as a whole. The results of case studies from nine Michigan farms reveal a very broad range of outcomes across farms in construction time, labor allocation and returns, and gross and net revenue. The economic implications of farmer use, including projected investment payback time, are discussed.
Endothelial Robo4 suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis through regulation of tumor angiogenesis

Targeting tumor angiogenesis is a promising alternative strategy for improvement of breast cancer therapy. Robo4 (roundabout homolog 4) signaling has been shown to protect endothelial integrity during sepsis shock and arthritis, and inhibit Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling during pathological angiogenesis of retinopathy, which indicates that Robo4 might be a potential target for angiogenesis in breast cancer. In this study, we used immune competent Robo4 knockout mouse model to show that endothelial Robo4 is important for suppressing breast cancer growth and metastasis. And this effect does not involve the function of Robo4 on hematopoietic stem cells. Robo4 inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by regulating tumor angiogenesis, endothelial leakage and tight junction protein zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) downregulation. Treatment with SecinH3, a small molecule drug which deactivates ARF6 downstream of Robo4, can enhance Robo4 signaling and thus inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis. SecinH3 mediated its effect by reducing tumor angiogenesis rather than directly affecting cancer cell proliferation. In conclusion, endothelial Robo4 signaling is important for suppressing breast cancer growth and metastasis, and it can be targeted (enhanced) by administrating a small molecular drug.
Disorders of the Nasal Septum

■ Nasal septal pathologies may cause significant distress to patients secondary to deviation, perforation, obstruction, epistaxis, and/or cosmetic deformity.
Miers Suzanne. Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem . Walnut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press/Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003. 496 pp. Bibliography. Index. $35.95. Paper.

Suzanne Miers. Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Altamira Press / Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003. 496 pp. Bibliography. Index. $35.95. Paper. Emerita Suzanne Miers of Ohio University has capped her careerlong interest in slavery with a masterpiece of historical research. Slavery in the Twentieth Century is a record of attempts made during the previous century to end the various forms of exploitation regarded as slavery within an international framework. In the beginning, Miers provides historical background by retracing the emergence of the abolitionist movement in Britain and the eventual extermination of chattel slavery in its Caribbean colonies. She points out that slaves in these colonies were held by Europeans who understood the cultural context in which abolition was occurring, whether or not they agreed with it. Just as important, Miers examines the approach of British authorities toward slavery in India, where they often relied on treaties with indigenous rulers to maintain control of their large and diverse empire. In these areas, the British outlawed the status of slavery but did not actively force slave owners to release their slaves or even work vigorously to make slaves aware of the changes in their status. The outcome of this policy was that slavery ended in very slow manner in India, and that many vestiges of the old social order remained after slavery itself ceased to exist. The advantage to the British of such a system was that it allowed them to end slavery technically without having to increase investments in manpower for policing slaveowners who were enraged at the loss of their property. Of even greater importance, perhaps, such a gradual ending of slavery was calculated to insure that Great Britain would not have to compensate owners who suddenly lost valuable assets. As Miers makes abundantly clear, Britain and other colonial powers would find that their unwillingness to move decisively against slavery meant that institutions of bondage often survived in one form or another once Asian and African territories were completely under European control in the early twentieth century. This fact underlies one of the major shifts in the antislavery movement: While abolition started as a reaction to Westernowned slaves, in the twentieth century it became a movement largely aimed at ending cultural practices and institutions of the non-Western world. What remained unchanged, however, was the Western leadership (essentially British) of the antislavery movement. The other major change of the twentieth century was the emergence of the League of Nations as an international organization that could provide the framework for countries and nongovernmental organizations to study and develop policies to end slavery. …
Inhibition of BMI1 induces autophagy-mediated necroptosis

The clonal self-renewal property conferred by BMI1 is instrumental in maintenance of not only normal stem cells but also cancer-initiating cells from several different malignancies that represent a major challenge to chemotherapy. Realizing the immense pathological significance, PTC-209, a small molecule inhibitor of BMI1 transcription has recently been described. While targeting BMI1 in various systems significantly decreases clonal growth, the mechanisms differ, are context-dependent, and somewhat unclear. We report here that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of BMI1 significantly impacts clonal growth without altering CDKN2A/INK4/ARF or CCNG2 and induces autophagy in ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells through ATP depletion. While autophagy can promote survival or induce cell death, targeting BMI1 engages the PINK1-PARK2-dependent mitochondrial pathway and induces a novel mode of nonapoptotic, necroptosis-mediated cell death. In OvCa, necroptosis is potentiated by activation of the RIPK1-RIPK3 complex that phosphorylates its downstream substrate, MLKL. Importantly, genetic or pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy or RIPK3 rescue clonal growth in BMI1 depleted cells. Thus, we have established a novel molecular link between BMI1, clonal growth, autophagy and necroptosis. In chemoresistant OvCa where apoptotic pathways are frequently impaired, necroptotic cell death modalities provide an important alternate strategy that leverage overexpression of BMI1.
The Principia and the Modern Age

(1937). The Principia and the Modern Age. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 433-444.
Epitaxial Growth OF (001)- and (111)-Oriented PTMNSB Films and Multilayers

In this paper we report the successful growth of single-phase epitaxial PtMnSb films and multilayers by dc magnetron cosputtering, both in the (001) orientation on MgO(001) and W(001), and in the (111) orientation on Al2O3 (0001). Single-layer films in the thickness range 50A≤t≤1000A were grown and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The in-plane orientation relationships, as determined by asymmetric XRD, were PtMnSb[100]∥MgO[110], PtMnSb[100]∥W[100], and PtMnSb[101∥Al2O3[2110]. The crystalline quality of the films was found to depend strongly upon the substrate, growth temperature, film thickness, and presence of a capping layer, but rocking curve widths of 1° or less were achieved on each substrate. Measurement of the in-plane strain showed that the films were almost entirely relaxed, with strains <1%. In-plane magnetization was observed in all cases, with moments and coercivities in the 400-500 emu/cm3 and 100-200 Oe ranges respectively. Polar Kerr spectra showed large rotations (0.75° - 1.03°), whose peak wavelengths appear to depend on both film structure and optical interference effects.
Hydrogen Cyanide Content in Workplace Air of Metal Plating Enterprises in Huiyang District of Huizhou City

[Objective] To understand the hydrogen cyanide pollution in workplace air of metal plating enterprises in Huiyang District of Huizhou City.[Methods]In accordance with the national standard testing methods" Methods for Determination of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds in Workplace Air"(GB/T 160.29-2004),isonicotinic acid-barbituric acid colorimetric assay was adopted for tests,and the annual results were analyzed..[Results]During 2007—2009,hydrogen cyanide samples of 98,105 and 106 in each year were detected in workplace air,and the qualified rate was 68.4%,71.4% and 75.5% respectively,the total qualified rate was 71.8%.[Conclusion]Hydrogen cyanide pollution is serious in workplace air of metal plating enterprises,the occupational hazards potentially exist.It is suggested that related department should strengthen the occupational health management on these enterprises to protect the health of workers.
Epidemiology of Measles in Gaoping District in Nanchong,1999-2008

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Gaoping district from 1999 to 2008.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of measles epidemic during this period.Results A total of 1186 measles cases were reported in Gaoping from 1999 to 2008 with the average annual incidence rate of 20.62/105,The cases mainly occurred among children aged 5-10 years,accounting for 66.78% of the total cases,the case number in 10 years age group was highest with the incidence rate of 39.06,2007 witnessed the highest incidence(331cases) with the average annual incidence rate of 56.43/100.000 and the lowest incidence(9 cases) was observed in 2008 when supplementary immunization activity(SIA) of measles had been implemented with the average annual incidence rate of 1.5/ 100.000.The incidence peaks was found during April-June and during December January,accounting for 58.35% and 14.84% of the total cases respectively.Conclusion The routine measles vaccination rate in Gaoping was high,but the incidence of measles was still high.Increasing routine vaccination quality,improving immunization strategy and conducting appropriate SIA are the important strategies to reduce the incidence of measles as well as the outbreak or epidemic of measles.
SU-G-IeP2-13: Toward Heavy Ion Computed Tomography with Carbon Ions: A Monte Carlo Study

Purpose: In the present Monte Carlo study, we investigated the use of Carbon ions for computed tomography (CT) with a relatively low imaging dose. This will enable us to avoid any conversion of X-ray CT numbers to the relative stopping power (or relative electron density) values and the associated uncertainties in Carbon dose calculation. Methods: In the first stage, we studied the propagation of Carbon nuclei through a water phantom using the Geant4 specially to understand their lateral displacement inside the phantom. In the second stage, we used our GPU-based Monte Carlo code, which has been cross validated against Geant4, to create the 2D map of the water equivalent path length (WEPL) inside a human head size phantom by acquiring 240 projections each 1.5° apart. Subsequently the 3D relative electron density map of the phantom was reconstructed from the 2D WEPL map using the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) coupled with total variation (TV) minimization Results: A high quality image of the relative electron density inside the phantom was reconstructed by ARTTV. The mean relative error between the reconstructed image for low contrast object (PMMA) was about 1.74%. The delivered dose per scan at the center of the phantom was about 0.1 Gy. Conclusion: We have been able to obtain a 3D map of the electron density using a human head size phantom while keeping the delivered dose to relatively low value. Using the GPU capabilities of our simulation engine, we believe that a real time CT with Carbon ions could be a reality in future.
Learning to Act: Tony Sheldon’s Emotional Training in Australian Theatre

This case study of Tony Sheldon considers how an actor develops versatility in emotional delivery and the capacity to work in all theatre genres. Sheldon is one of Australia’s best known and most successful stage actors. He has appeared in Shakespearean drama, cabaret, musical theatre and contemporary plays written by Australian, British and American playwrights. He is one of a sizeable group of Australian actors of his generation to have learned to act ‘on the job’ with directors and other actors rather than undertaking formal qualifications in an institution or studio. This article examines Sheldon’s experience of learning to act, drawing on a life interview with the actor. It considers the opportunities and the difficulties Sheldon experienced in his early career in relation to boundary blurring and self-belief, trauma, directorial rehearsal styles, typecasting, comic acting in partnership and managing one’s character in long seasons. The article explores some of the problems that the actor has overcome, the importance of specific directors in his development, and the dynamics of informal training in the context of an overall ecology of theatre over half a century.
Online Data Privacy and the Justification of the Market

In this commentary I argue that the ethical issues surrounding online data privacy are not unique and instead involve timeless features of transactions in the market. I explain how we can turn to what justifies the market most generally in analysing such issues. The use of any truncated account of the justification of the market, I argue, will mislead us into coming to either the wrong conclusions or to no conclusions about the ethics of online data privacy.
Seeing HPV in the New Light Offers a Glimpse of Heparin.

In this issue of Structure, Guan et al. (2017) describe cryo-EM mapping of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) capsids that propose locations for L2 and heparin binding sites. The high resolution of the modern cryo-EM methods (in this case down to 4.3 A) opens great opportunities to probe conformational changes that take place during virus-receptor binding.
Repeatable growth of graphene from “no” precursor

Abstract We reported a novel low-cost CVD system for repeatable graphene deposition with “no” precursor. Isoprene, emission from natural rubber, was the continuous carbon source for newly designed CVD graphene system. Because of longer carbon chain and lower decomposing energy, higher efficient growth process for continuous graphene film was repeatedly achieved for more than 50 times. Characterizing tools such as SEM, AFM, and Raman spectra was conducted to confirm growth results. Besides, through transistor fabrication and electronic measurement, similar I-V curves with Dirac cone revealed high-quality graphene.
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Between African American and Non–African American Women

Importance Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) disproportionately affects women of African ancestry, but well-powered studies to explore differences in severity of disease and clinical outcomes are lacking. Objective To compare the clinical characteristics, presentation, and outcomes of PPCM between African American and non–African American women. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study using data from January 1, 1986, through December 31, 2016, performed at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, a tertiary referral center serving a population with a high proportion of African American individuals, included 220 women with PPCM. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic and clinical characteristics and echocardiographic findings at presentation, as well as clinical outcomes including cardiac recovery, time to recovery, cardiac transplant, persistent dysfunction, and death, were compared between African American and non–African American women with PPCM. Results A total of 220 women were studied (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 29.5 [6.6] years). African American women were diagnosed with PPCM at a younger age (27.6 vs 31.7 years, P P = .03). African American women were also more likely to worsen after initial diagnosis (30 [35.3%] vs 14 [18.4%], P = .02), were twice as likely to fail to recover (52 [43.0%] vs 24 [24.2%], P = .004), and, when they did recover, recovery took at least twice as long (median, 265 vs 125.5 days; P = .02) despite apparent adequate treatment. Conclusions and Relevance In a large cohort of women with well-phenotyped PPCM, this study demonstrates a different profile of disease in African American vs non–African American women. Further work is needed to understand to what extent these differences stem from genetic or socioeconomic differences and how treatment of African American patients might be tailored to improve health outcomes.
Comparison of ambiguity function of eigenwaveform to wideband and pulsed radar waveforms: a comprehensive tutorial

The authors present a comprehensive research tutorial on the ambiguity function (AF) of eigenwaveform for extended targets compared to AFs of common radar waveforms (e.g. wideband and pulsed waveforms). They present new findings of AF properties that contradict classical AF results for the point target assumption. It is shown that the AF properties (peak and volume) for an extended target are not constant thereby contradicting AF properties of waveforms for a point target. They investigate corresponding AFs and note many advantages (or few disadvantages) of using eigenwaveform compared to classical wideband and rectangular-pulsed waveforms. They investigate unambiguous range, range resolution, Doppler resolution, and detection probability of various waveforms for insightful engineering trade-offs. For illustration, they utilise two extended target models to show that these parameters are not only functions of the transmit waveform but also of the nature of the target. They use both single-pulse and pulse-train waveforms to produce AFs to illustrate the effect on Doppler and range ambiguities and resolutions. Finally, they investigate range-Doppler map (RDM) applications of the traditional waveforms and compared them with eigenwaveform RDM. They conclude that the eigenwaveform is superior in probability of detection and Doppler considerations compared to wideband and rectangular waveforms.
13 – ORGANIZED STRUCTURES

Even simple reaction–diffusion systems with unequal diffusions, flows, or autocatalytic systems may lead to multiple solutions and organized structures at stable and metastable states. Turing instabilities, which lead to pattern formations, demonstrate that transport processes such as diffusion, which ordinarily leads to uniform concentration in time, may cause unexpected differentiation and organization of species. Some examples of self-organization of diverse phenomena in biology are: spontaneous folding of proteins and other biomacromolecules, formation of lipid bilayer membranes, homeostasis (the self-maintaining nature of systems from the cell to the whole organism), morphogenesis, or how the living organism develops and grows, and flocking behavior (the formation of flocks by birds, schools of fish, etc.). The chapter briefly discusses some of the structured states in physical, chemical, and biological systems. When a system is sufficiently far from equilibrium, it may arrive at a bifurcation of states and move to ordered structures. Synergetics is concerned with the cooperation of individual parts of the system that produce macroscopic spatial and temporal structures, which are mainly dissipative. Bifurcation, instability, multiple solutions, and symmetry-breaking states are all related to each other.
Who Pays the Price? The Necessity of Taxpayer Participation in Chapter 9

Even though taxpayers are not creditors and have no right to vote on a municipal plan of adjustment, bankruptcy courts should afford a presumption that they are parties in interest on the issue of feasibility of a plan. Without a party adverse to a plan settled by a city and its creditors, a bankruptcy court runs the risk confirming one that will ultimately fail because the ultimate stakeholders--a city's taxpayers--will not pay. In other words, while increased taxes and decreased municipal services are standard fare in recent Chapter 9 cases, with recognition as parties in interest, those who must pay more and receive less deserve a direct voice in the process.In addition, an official committee of taxpayers whose professional expenses will be borne by the municipality should be appointed in sizable Chapter 9 cases. The cost of effective representation of collective taxpayer interests exceeds the benefit to any individual taxpayer. Such representation is a public good whose costs should be borne from the public fisc.
Using impact modulation to quantify nonlinearities associated with bolt loosening with applications to satellite structures

Abstract Recent advancements in satellite technology have resulted in the development of quickly-built, modular satellites that can be designed, built, tested, and launched within days of when their need is established. One consequence of the short time frame during which these satellites are prepared for launch is the increased possibility of having loose bolts within the assembly. Loose bolts are undesirable because they increase the risk of damage during launch and, therefore, a method for identifying the presence of loose bolts within the satellite structure is required. In this paper, the effectiveness of using impact modulation (IM) testing to detect loose bolts within a structure is investigated. Four structures with increasing geometric complexity are tested: a three-beam, two-bolt assembly; a four-beam, three-bolt assembly; a satellite panel; and a full satellite structure. IM results are quantified using an integration-based metric. The value of the metric is shown to increase as the torque on one or more of the bolts within each structure decreases. Results from all four test cases showed that torque loss of 50% or more with respect to the fully tightened, baseline torque level resulted in a change in the metric value of at least 20% from its baseline value.
An Efficient Hardware-Oriented Runtime Approach for Stack-based Software Buffer Overflow Attacks

Software countermeasures to mitigate buffer overflow attacks suffer from excessive memory and/or performance overhead. With such overhead, the defender can use software-only approaches only to the debugging context. In this paper, we present a novel hardware approach to detect stack based buffer overflow attack during runtime. The base and bound information of the static variable in a program are automatically extracted, stored, and compared with the object code in real time without any support from the compiler. Such an approach is transparent to the programmer. Given a traditional five-stage pipeline (fetch, decode, execute, memory, and write back), we introduce an adaptive pipeline architecture to modify the decode and execute stage of Sim-Outorder simulator in the SimpleScalar toolset. Compared to our previous work, which requires compiler support and incurs 7.3% instruction overhead, the proposed technique can demonstrate buffer overflow detection with 0% additional instruction. We validate the technique with NIST benchmark suite (5 C programs) and MIT Static Corpus (270 C programs) and our approach can detect 92.78% of test cases in MIT static Corpus. In addition, the average execution time per test case is five or more orders of magnitude less.
Lecture Video Analytics as an Instructional Resource

This Innovative Practice Full Paper explores how classroom lecture video analytics can be employed as an instructional resource. Lecture videos supplementing or replacing traditional classroom instruction are common in academic settings, and have been shown to contribute positively to student satisfaction and student academic performance. Lecture video usage patterns also contain information that can be employed by instructors to improve course offerings. This paper presents a video lecture analytics framework that transforms extensive usage data into easily understood visual formats. This analytics suite is part of the Indexed Captioned Searchable (ICS) lecture video system that is widely used at the University of Houston. The paper reports on a case study that contrasts the nature of usage of lecture video in a traditional face-to-face undergraduate course on Human Physiology and a graduate course taught in the flipped classroom format on Introduction to Psychological Statistics. The data provided by the analytics suite is analyzed for usage patterns across students, across lectures, and across the dates that the course is active, in order to develop insights into the course content and student behavior. The paper illustrates how lecture video analytics can be employed by an instructor to understand student behavior and improve coursework.
Occupancy and abundance of free-roaming cats in a fragmented agricultural ecosystem.

Context Free-roaming domestic cats are a widespread invasive species, occurring throughout the globe in urban and rural environments alike. However, robust estimates of cat occupancy and abundance, especially in rural, agricultural landscapes, are largely unknown. Aims To estimate cat occupancy and abundance within forested habitat in a fragmented agricultural region of Indiana, USA. Methods Free-roaming cats in 55 forest patches were captured from 2004 to 2010 to assess the effects of landscape attributes on cat occupancy probabilities. During 2009–10 abundance of cats in each habitat patch was estimated based on natural markings of captured individuals. Key results Across the entire study (2004–10) cats in 50 of the 55 patches were detected, but detections varied temporally and spatially. Average occupancy probability was estimated at Ψ = 0.773 (s.e. = 0.109), and detection probability was estimated as P = 0.204 (s.e. = 0.012). Distance to human structures and forest patch isolation both were found to negatively influence cat occupancy. In total, 57 individual cats were captured in 2009 and 55 in 2010, when unique individuals were distinguished. Across all forest patches, average cat abundance was n = 1.08 in 2009 and n = 0.91 in 2010, ranging from 0 to 7 among sampled patches. Conclusions Overall, the distribution of free-roaming cats across a rural agricultural landscape varied temporally and was associated with proximity to human structures and the proximity of other forest habitat. Similarly, abundance was found to vary spatially and temporally. Implications The findings suggest free-roaming cats are widespread throughout agricultural ecosystems, but their distribution is dynamic and non-random. Additionally, the potential for cats to impact native fauna inhabiting remnant forest patches is high in fragmented agricultural ecosystems due to the concentration of native species utilising these patches. Further research is needed to determine the effects free-roaming cats are having on native species in human-dominated, rural ecosystems, and what conservation measures might be implemented to best mitigate any impacts.
Surgical Margins in Breast-Conserving Surgery

The understanding of margins has changed with awareness that factors in addition to tumor burden such as tumor biology and the effectiveness of systemic therapy impact local control in invasive cancer. This chapter reviews pathologic techniques of margin assessment and what is known about the relationship between margin width and local control for invasive carcinoma and intraductal carcinoma.
Childhood Trauma and Neuroticism: Implications for Mental Health in Mexican Americans

Childhood trauma represents a major problem for Mexican Americans in the United States and is associated with the development of both depressive and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Neuroticism...