cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance near-field thermophotovoltaics for waste heat recovery

Abstract The US industries reject nearly 20–50% of the consumed energy into the environment as waste heat. Harvesting this huge amount of heat can substantially improve the energy usage efficiency. For waste heat in the medium temperature range (~ 500–900 K), traditional solid-state waste heat recovery techniques like thermoelectric generators and thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) are still suffering from relatively low efficiency or power density. In this work, we analyze a near-field TPV system consisting of a plasmonic emitter (indium tin oxide) and a narrow-bandgap photovoltaic cell (InAs) that are brought to deep sub-wavelength distances for high-efficiency and high-power-density waste heat recovery. We show that despite the inclusion of realistic nonradiative recombination rates and sub-bandgap heat transfer, such a near-field TPV system can convert heat to electricity with up to nearly 40% efficiency and 11 W/cm2 power density at a 900 K emitter temperature, because of the spectral reshaping and enhancement by the thermally excited surface plasmons and waveguide modes. Thus, we show that for waste heat recovery, near-field TPV systems can have performances that significantly exceed typical thermoelectric systems. We propose a modified system to further enhance the power density by using a thin metal film on the cell, achieving a counterintuitively “blocking-assisted” heat transfer and power generation in the near-field regime.
Curators of Culture: Redefining the Role of Editors

With the trade publishing industry constantly in a state of flux, the role of the editor has continued adapting in order to keep up with these new demands. The below research is an examination of textual critics and theories across the spectrum in an attempt to outline broad goals for the ever-changing role of editors. In light of examining the editor’s relationship to the trade publishing industry, these goals strive to increase editorial awareness and promote a new editorial approach and mindset that transcends the current overly technical state of editing. Ultimately, this research supports a deeper, more nuanced understanding of editing that increases the sociocultural value of both the editorial field and the book.
Tests, Test Scores, and Constructs

In the service of educational accountability, student achievement tests are being used to measure constructs quite unlike those envisioned by test developers. Scores are compared to cut points to create classifications like “proficient”; scores are combined over time to measure growth; student scores are aggregated to measure the effectiveness of teachers, schools, and school districts; indices are created to measure college and career readiness. These and other new uses rely on derived scores created to measure new constructs. The field of educational and psychological measurement has largely ignored these significant, consequential measurement applications. The conceptual frameworks and analytical tools of educational and psychological measurement should be used to study such derived scores and the validity of their uses and interpretations.
Microinjection of neostigmine into the pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J mouse enhances rapid eye movement sleep and depresses breathing.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The cholinergic model of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has contributed significantly to understanding sleep neurobiology and sleep-dependent respiratory depression. The model has been used extensively in cat and rat, but no previous studies have demonstrated cholinergic REM sleep enhancement in mouse. The present study used microinjection of neostigmine into pontine reticular formation of mouse to test the hypothesis that enhancing pontine cholinergic neurotransmission would cause increased REM sleep and sleep disordered breathing. DESIGN Mice (n=8) were anesthetized and implanted with electrodes for measuring cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Stainless steel cannulae were stereotaxically implanted to permit subsequent microinjections of 50 nl neostigmine (0.133 microg; 8.8 mM) or saline into the pontine reticular formation. Following recovery, an intensive within-subjects design was used to obtain measures of sleep/wake states, breathing, and locomotor activity. Inferential statistics were provided by t-tests. A probability value of < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. SETTING NA. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS NA. INTERVENTIONS NA. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Behavioral observations and manual scoring of polygraphic recordings showed that neostigmine produced a REM sleep-like state. EEG power analysis using Fast Fourier Transformation confirmed that pontine neostigmine caused EEG activation. Plethysmography demonstrated significantly disordered breathing. Compared to waking, pontine microinjection of neostigmine decreased respiratory rate (-64%) and minute ventilation (-75%). Pontine neostigmine significantly increased duration of inspiration (138%) and expiration (140%) above waking levels and decreased inspiratory flow (-69%). Additional studies showed that pontine neostigmine significantly depressed locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate cholinergic REM sleep enhancement in unanesthetized, intact mouse. The results encourage future studies to characterize similarities and differences in cholinergic REM sleep enhancement in additional inbred strains and in transgenic mice. Such comparisons will help characterize sleep and breathing as intermediate phenotypes that are determined, in part, by the lower level phenotype of pontine cholinergic neurotransmission.
6.29 Flank Margin Caves in Carbonate Islands and the Effects of Sea Level

Flank margin caves form in the diffuse flow field of the distal margin of the freshwater lens on carbonate islands and coasts. Dissolution is governed by superposition of mixing zones at the top and bottom of the lens. Flow velocities in the lens margins and organic decay at the lens boundaries enhance dissolution. These caves grow from isolated initiation points in the lens into chambers that amalgamate to form complex, vertically restricted, globular-chamber complexes. The caves and their deposits accurately represent sea-level position and paleoclimate but must be successfully differentiated from sea caves and other pseudokarst features.
Person-directed care planning in nursing homes: A scoping review.

Aim Federal regulations require nursing homes in the United States to support residents in directing their own care rather than having their care plans developed for them without their engagement, but knowledge of person-directed approaches to care planning in nursing homes is limited. The purpose of this study was to advance understanding of person-directed care planning (PDCP). Methods A multidisciplinary research team conducted a scoping review on individual and family involvement in care planning, including literature from a variety of care contexts. Search results were systematically screened to identify literature that addressed individual or family involvement in care planning as a primary concern, and then analysed using thematic content analysis. Results Several themes were identified, including definitions of the concept of PDCP, essential elements of PDCP, barriers, facilitators and outcomes. The concept of PDCP is informed by multiple disciplines, including humanist philosophy, disability rights and end-of-life care. Essential elements of PDCP include knowing the person, integrating the person's goals in care planning and updating care plans as individuals' needs or preferences change. Limited time for care planning in nursing homes hinders PDCP. Facilitators include regulatory mandates and humanist social trends. Outcomes of PDCP were found to be positive (e.g., increased independence), but were inconsistently assessed across studies. Conclusion This study offers pragmatic information that can support PDCP within nursing homes and insights for policy reform that may more effectively support PDCP. Implications for practice These findings can be used to guide implementation of PDCP.
Stage migration with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (8th edition) for differentiated thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background Tumor, node, and metastasis staging in thyroid carcinoma is important for assessing prognosis. However, patients with stage III or IV disease have an overall survival rate of 90%. The change to 55 years of age as the cutoff will create stage migration and many patients will be downstaged. Methods We reviewed our database of 3,650 patients to analyze the impact of the new American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. There were 994 men (27%) and 2,656 women (73%). The median age was 46 years. Patients were staged using both 7th and 8th editions, with a cutoff of 55 years of age and new definitions of T3 and T4, and nodal staging. Results Of 3,650 patients, 1,057 (29%) were downstaged. There were 104 (10%) who went from stage IV to I, 109 (10%) who went from stage IV to stage II, and 68 (6%) who went to stage III. There were 218 (21%) who went from stage III to I, 347 (33%) who went from stage III to stage II, and 211 (20%) who went from stage II to I. The overall disease-specific and relapse-free survival was analyzed and showed better stratification with the new staging system. Conclusion The new staging system reflects more appropriately the biology of thyroid cancer and will have significant impact on the management of thyroid cancer.
Streamside management zone effectiveness for water temperature control in Western Montana

An important function of Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) retained during harvest operations is shading for temperature control. SMZ width and allowable timber removal varies by state. In Montana...
Award for Best Article in NAMES: A Journal of Onomastics 2012

The Award Committee members deserve special mention for their exceptional hard work and dedication in reviewing meticulously all of the articles that appeared in volume 60 (2012) before making their final decision. The Award Committee operates completely independently of the Editor. The award is given to only one article per year. The decision of the Award Committee is final. The criteria include: (1) the significance of the article, and (2) the significance of the article to the science of onomastics. The decision of the Award Committee is final. The award consists of a plaque that reads as follows:
First Clinical Experience of Jarvik 2015 in North America: The New Era of Pediatric-Specific VAD Support

Purpose There has been a dramatic increase in adult continuous-flow ventricular assist device (cf-VAD) support in children. Adult VADs in children inevitably cause size mismatch. The unmet need for a pediatric cf-VAD led to initiation of an NIH-funded Pediatric Circulatory Support/PumpKIN program in 2004. The Jarvik 2015 is the only survivor of the program, reflecting the challenges of this initiative. We describe the first clinical experience with the Jarvik 2015 in North America. Methods Results A 4-year-old female (12 kg, BSA 0.5 m2) with a small, non-apex forming left ventricle (LV) with non-compaction and multiple ventricular septal defects (VSDs) required escalation of inotropic support for severe biventricular dysfunction and worsening end-organ function. She previously underwent various procedures including aortic arch repair with pulmonary artery (PA) banding, epicardial pacemaker, and multiple VSD occlusion devices. There were multiple residual defects in the ventricular septum, which was oriented in an axial plane with superior/inferior orientation of the ventricles. Via a 6th sternotomy and LV ventriculotomy, the residual VSDs were closed with a bovine pericardial patch. The LV incision was primarily closed except the most apical portion, leaving an opening for cf-VAD insertion. The outflow graft was anastomosed to the ascending aorta and the PA band was removed (Fig 1). The Jarvik 2015 was set at 15,000 RPMs, and post-op filling pressures were Conclusion This case represents the first Jarvik 2015 implant in North America and first ever implant for a complex congenital heart malformation, heralding the long-awaited PumpKIN trial.
In vivo superresolution photoacoustic computed tomography by localization of single dyed droplets

Photoacoustic (PA) computed tomography (PACT) is a noninvasive hybrid imaging technique that combines optical excitation and acoustic detection to realize high contrast, high resolution, and deep penetration in biological tissues. However, the spatial resolution of PACT is limited by acoustic diffraction. Here, we report in vivo superresolution PACT, which breaks the acoustic diffraction limit by localizing the centers of single dyed droplets that are flowing in blood vessels. The droplets were prepared by dissolving hydrophobic absorbing dye in oil, followed by mixing with water. The dyed droplets generate much higher-amplitude PA signals than blood and can flow smoothly in vessels; thus, they are excellent tracers for localization-based superresolution imaging. The in vivo resolution enhancement was demonstrated by continuously imaging the cortical layer of a mouse brain during droplet injection. The droplets that were flowing in the vessels were localized, and their center positions were used to construct a superresolution image that exhibits sharper features and more finely resolved vascular details. An improvement in spatial resolution by a factor of 6 has been realized in vivo by the droplet localization technique.
An intergenerational farm transfer: when to start handing over the reins?

This case illustrates a challenging management decision faced by the family farm: when should they bring the younger generation to the farm full-time? Under consideration is a critical trade-off between the firm’s growth and transfer tax implications that drives the farm transfer decision. Industry practitioners and students are asked to use the results of the intergenerational farm transfer simulation model to evaluate this trade-off and provide an effective recommendation. The case can be used as part of succession/estate planning workshops attended by agricultural producers, farm managers, agricultural lenders, as well as in Master’s level courses in agricultural finance and farm management.
Cognitive approaches to summary measurement: Its application to the measurement of diversity in health-related quality of life assessments

This paper describes elements of a cognitive approach to summary measurement, as it is applied to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment. A summary measure, by its very nature, represents, but does not reproduce, some body of information. As a consequence, how a summary measure is formulated becomes a critical determinant of its usefulness. In most cases, formal (arithmetic or investigator-based) methods are used. However, it was also noted that a person ordinarily summarizes the information they receive. Qualitative analytic techniques (e.g., cognitive interviewing methods) can provide insight into the cognitive processes underlying such summary formation. These cognitive processes, formulated as algorithms, would also be expected to vary as a function of different groups of respondents and settings. Finding a common denominator, a common algorithm, would provide a consensus summary measure amongst diverse groups whose HRQOL is being assessed.
Research on identification and calculation method of harmonic active power responsibility

The key of harmonic pollution control in power grid lies in the identification of harmonic pollution responsibility. According to the traditional harmonic voltage responsibility index to implement economic accounting to the defects, puts forward a definition to the true value of the harmonic active power, as the responsibility of the harmonic measure, and the calculation methods were also discussed. In the discussion process according to the equivalent circuit principle and the superposition theorem theory, and with the relative phase angle difference double leading method based on wave impedance, finally sorted out the complete definition and calculation method of harmonic active power responsibility. Through the measured case calculation, harmonic active power responsibility index can not only rational attention responsibility side harmonic pollution of harmonic sources, but also has the advantages of simple calculation, is conducive to economic accounting.
A Memorable Telemetry Diagnosis of Transient “Tombstone” ST-Segment Elevations Instigating Ventricular Fibrillation

A 60-year-old man with a history of cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation (VF) necessitating secondary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation, nonocclusive coronary artery disease, and tobacco abuse was transferred to our facility for evaluation for ventricular
Antegrade in situ fenestrated endovascular repair of a ruptured thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.

Abstract We describe a technique for antegrade in situ laser fenestration that has several advantages in the setting of ruptured thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. This technique involves rapid aneurysm sealing by deployment of aortic stent graft, followed by sequential incorporation of branch vessels using a laser probe through steerable sheath. The advantages of this technique include (1) rapid seal of the ruptured aneurysm, (2) preservation of the visceral and renal branch perfusion, (3) use of an off-the-shelf device, and (4) the ability to be performed without general anesthesia.
How do we teach surgical residents in the COVID-19 era?

Objective In response to ongoing concerns regarding transmission of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), surgical practice has changed for the foreseeable future. Practice guidelines recommend only urgent or emergent surgical procedures be performed to minimize viral transmission. This effectively limits standard training and practice for surgical residents. The purpose of this article is to describe opportunities in surgical simulation, and highlights the challenges associated with training in the COVID-19 era. Design This is a perspective summarizing the potential role of surgical simulation to target training gaps caused by decreased surgical caseloads. Conclusions This manuscript concisely discusses simulation options available to training programs, including the novel concept of “surgical kits.” These kits include all instruments necessary to simulate a procedure at home, effectively pairing safety and utility.
Mentorship strategies to foster inclusivity in surgery during a virtual era.

• Underrepresented and first-generation students are more at risk of social isolation during the pandemic which limits academic progress. • Intentional outreach from surgical leadership is necessary to promote inclusivity in surgery during a virtual age. • The establishment of structured virtual communities in each subspecialty will foster equitable access to mentors for those who need it most.
Meta-azotomics of engineered wastewater treatment processes reveals differential contributions of established and novel models of N-cycling

The application of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to field-scale engineered biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes revealed a complex N-cycle network (the meta-azotome) therein in terms of microbial structure, potential and extant function. Autotrophic nitrification bore the imprint of well-documented Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira in most systems. However, in select BNR processes, complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria, comammox Nitrospira, unexpectedly contributed more substantially to ammonia oxidation than canonical ammonia oxidizing bacteria, based on metatranscriptomic profiling. Methylotrophic denitrification was distinctly active in methanol-fed reactors but not in glycerol-fed reactors. Interestingly, glycerol metabolism and N-reduction transcript signatures were uncoupled, possibly suggesting the role of other carbon sources in denitrification emanating from glycerol itself or from upstream process reactors. In sum, the meta-azotome of engineered BNR processes revealed both traditional and novel mechanisms of N-cycling. Similar interrogation approaches could potentially inform better design and optimization of wastewater treatment and engineered bioprocesses in general.
Carbon Isotope Discrimination (δ13 C) of Grape Musts Is a Reliable Tool for Zoning and the Physiological Ground-Truthing of Sensor Maps in Precision Viticulture

Carbon stable isotope composition of berry must at harvest (δ13C) is an integrated assessment of plant water status during grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening. Measurement of δ13C of grape juice is proposed as an alternative to traditional measurements of water status to capture the spatial variability of physiological response at the vineyard scale, i.e. zoning. We performed samplings at four different locations in California, USA, with three different cultivars of table and wine grapes (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Crimson-Seedless). Leaf physiology (photosynthesis, AN, stomatal conductance, gs) and stem water potentials (Ψstem) were routinely measured. The δ13C was measured at harvest and strong relationships were found between Ψstem (R2 = 0.71), stomatal conductance (R2 = 0.71), net carbon assimilation (R2 = 0.59) and WUEi (R2 = 0.53). The role of leaf nitrogen on the signal was assessed by evaluating relationships between leaf nitrogen and WUEi (R2 = 0.54), Ci/Ca (R2 = 0.51), δ13C (R2 = 0.44), and Ψstem (R2 = 0.37). Although nitrogen can be among the environmental factors able to affect the δ13C signal, this difference is only observable when variability in N is very large, by pooling different vineyards/varieties, but not at the within-vineyard scale. The utility of δ13C was further tested and measured on grape berries sampled on an equidistant grid in a 3.5 ha vineyard where Ψstem was also measured throughout the field season and used to delineate management zones. Physiological measurements and grape composition were correlated to soil electrical resistivity and satellite-derived vegetation index. The two management zones obtained by δ13C or Ψstem were spatially similar at 67% and allowed to separate the harvest in two pools having statistically different grape composition (soluble solids, organic acids, and anthocyanin profiles). Zoning by δ13C performed as well as zoning by Ψstem to separate grape phenolic composition, e.g. for selective harvest. Our results provided evidence that δ13C of grape must is a reliable and repeatable assessor of plant water status and gas exchange in vineyard systems that are crucial for zoning vineyards, even when irrigated, and for ground-truthing sensor maps in precision viticulture.
Entanglement Distribution using a Number State and a Beam Splitter

We show that a photon number state incident on a beam splitter will create a phase-entangled state that violates Bell's inequality. This approach may have practical applications in quantum communications and quantum key distribution.
Prognostic value of the “surprise question” among UPMC Hillman Cancer Center patients with select stage IV cancer diagnoses.

25Background: The “Surprise Question” — Would I be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months? — was developed to help clinicians predict when patients are nearing the end of life. Limite...
Electron Transfer Dissociation Parameter Optimization Using Design of Experiments Increases Sequence Coverage of Monoclonal Antibodies.

Middle-down analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) can provide detailed insight into their primary structure with minimal sample preparation. The middle-down app...
Permanent reduction plate and intramedullary nailing of open tibia fractures: Do we need to take them out?

Abstract Introduction Provisional reduction plating has been advocated as a reduction aid for tibial shaft fractures. Concerns regarding soft tissue stripping, infection, wound complications and nonunion have been postulated. Recent studies investigating reduction plating present patient cohorts where plates are removed or left to the discretion of the surgeon. This study aims to identify a cohort of open tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing aided by permanent reduction plating. Our hypothesis is that permanent reduction plating in conjunction with intramedullary nailing of open tibia fractures does not increase risk of nonunion, infection or time to fracture union compared to intramedullary nailing alone. Methods An IRB approved retrospective study was performed using trauma registry data from January 2014 to June 2018 at a Level 1 trauma center. Open AO/OTA 41A/42 A-C/43A tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nail alone (IM) or intramedullary nail and permanent reduction plates (PP) were included in patients over 18 years of age with at least six month follow up or until fracture union. Patient demographics, fracture characteristics, mechanism of injury, medical comorbidities, and length of follow up were recorded along with time to union, incidence of nonunion and treatment for documented or suspected infections. Results During the study period, 389 patients underwent tibial intramedullary nailing with 162 identified as open fractures. 91 patients met inclusion criteria with 39 in the PP group and 52 in IM group. Statistical analysis revealed no difference between the two groups except more AO/OTA 42A fractures were noted in the IM group. Average follow up was 8.0 and 10.2 months for PP and IM respectively. Nonunion occurred in 2 PP group patients and 7 in the IM group (p = 0.29). Time to union was 5.5 months for PP group and 6.1 months for IM group (p = 0.39) with 4 infections in the PP group and 10 infections in IM group (p = 0.38). Conclusion Despite the small sample size, this study suggests that permanent reduction plating, in the setting of open tibia fractures, does not delay time to fracture union or increase risk of nonunion or infection.
Pregnant Mothers' Medical Claims and Associated Risk of Their Children being Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

A retrospective analysis of administrative claims containing a diverse mixture of ages, ethnicities, and geographical regions across the United States was conducted in order to identify medical events that occur during pregnancy and are associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The dataset used in this study is comprised of 123,824 pregnancies of which 1265 resulted in the child being diagnosed with ASD during the first five years of life. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant relationships between several maternal medical claims, made during her pregnancy and segmented by trimester, and the child’s diagnosis of ASD. Having a biological sibling with ASD, maternal use of antidepressant medication and psychiatry services as well as non-pregnancy related claims such hospital visits, surgical procedures, and radiology exposure were related to an increased risk of ASD regardless of trimester. Urinary tract infections during the first trimester and preterm delivery during the second trimester were also related to an increased risk of ASD. Preventative and obstetrical care were associated with a decreased risk for ASD. A better understanding of the medical factors that increase the risk of having a child with ASD can lead to strategies to decrease risk or identify those children who require increased surveillance for the development of ASD to promote early diagnosis and intervention.
A Foldable Reflectarray on a Hexagonal Twist Origami Structure

In this paper, a novel deployable flat panel reflectarray antenna (RA) is designed on an origami folding pattern for Small Satellite applications. The RA aperture deploys into a hexagonal geometry that achieves an aperture efficiency of a least 60%, 10-20% higher than current rectangular apertures. The modified hexagonal twist folding structure can achieve high volume packing efficiency, which is 75%, and simple deployment with one degree of freedom. The mechanical and electromagnetic design considerations for two variations of our proposed structure, flat and offset panels, are presented. The aperture surface area of both structures is 58λ2. Both structures are designed to operate at 16 GHz and exhibit a realized gain that is greater than 26.4 dBi. Prototypes are fabricated for the two structures and measured. Measurements show good correlation with the simulations.
Using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to Study the Configuration Space of a PCA+LDA Human Face Recognition Algorithm

A generalized linear mixed model is used to estimate how rank 1 recognition of human faces with a PCA+LDA algorithm is affected by the choice of distance metric, image size, PCA space dimensionality, supplemental training, and the inclusion of test subjects in the training data. Random effects for replicated training sets and for repeated measures on people were included in the model. Results indicate that variation among subjects was a dominant source of variability, and that there was moderate correlation within people. Statistically significant effects and interactions were found for all configuration factors except image size. The most significant interaction is that dhanges to the PCA+LDA configuration only improved recognition for test subjects who were included in the training data. For subjects not included in training, no configuration changes were helpful.
Geopolitics & Prussian technical education in the late-eighteenth century

Technical instruction in eighteenth-century Prussia?both military and civilian? faltered for most of the century. In the military, promising technical achievements, such Leonhard Euler?s application of the calculus to Benjamin Robins? ballistics, were accompanied by weak institutional settings for training military engineers, with the result that much of the best military technical training continued to take place by apprenticeship. Civilian technical instruction fared better thanks to the expansion of Prussia. Obtaining control over Prussia?s territorial acquisitions in many respects demanded greater technical expertise than the wars that yielded them. This essay argues for the importance of Prussian territorial expansion from 1742, when Prussia acquired Silesia, to the three Polish partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, in shaping Prussian technical instruction in civil engineering. Specifically, the geography of the North European Plain?with its marshes and bogs, lakes and lagoons, and numerous waterways? presented formidable challenges, especially in hydraulic engineering. Field experiences in that region were decisive in shaping Prussian civil engineering practices that, at the end of the century, became the foundation of technical instruction at the Bauakademie, Prussia?s technical school for civil engineering and architecture, established in 1799. The Bauakademie was the earliest predecessor of the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (1879).
Properties of reticulum cell sarcomas in SJL/J mice. III. Promotion of tumor growth in irradiated mice by normal lymphoid cells.

Abstract Previous irradiation (660–730 R) or cyclophosphamide treatment (400 mg/kg) of SJL/J mice markedly inhibited their ability to support growth of syngeneic intravenously (iv) injected reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS). Normal syngeneic lymphoid cells (5 × 10 7 ) injected iv after irradiation and 1 day prior to RCS cells partially restored the tumor growth in spleen and lymph nodes of irradiated mice as determined 5 to 7 days after RCS injection, but normal SJL/J serum injections had no effect. The cell type crucial for this effect appeared to be a macrophage, but some of the observations suggested the need for cell cooperation between T cells and a macrophage-like, bone marrow derived cell in this phenomenon. Pretreatment of tumor recipients with macrophage inhibiting agents, such as silica, trypan blue and carrageenan, also tended to inhibit tumor growth, particularly when combined with a dose of irradiation (460 R) which by itself had only a limited effect. However, macrophage stimulating agents did not protect against the irradiation effect.
Evidence for Star Formation in Cooling Flows

There is good evidence that star formation occurs in cluster cooling flows. In no case, however, are the observed effects large enough to be consistent with the inflow rates predicted by X-ray data if the initial mass function resembles that in our Galaxy. It seems most likely that the bulk of the inflow in the clusters as well as in normal gE galaxies is deposited in the form of very low mass stars with 〈m〉 ≪ 0.7 M⊙. This efficient, low mass mode of star formation is a plausible candidate for the dark matter.
Kidney Transplants From Living Donors: How Donation Affects Family Dynamics

Living donors continue to provide the optimum outcome for kidney transplant recipients, yet information is limited on how donation can affect the donor and his or her family. Questionnaires returned by 524 donors whose donor nephrectomies took place between August 1, 1985 and December 31, 1996 at the University of Minnesota were analyzed to determine if perioperative complications influence their quality of life, among other emotional and lifestyle areas. Results showed that donors have a higher quality of life than the general population, confirming they have an increased self-worth and positive self-esteem. An overwhelming 96% would donate again. However, donation was self-reported as more stressful when complications were experienced (P = .003) and when donors were female (P = .041). Relatives other than immediate family members (extended relatives) were more likely to be among the 4% who said they would not donate again. Available support, financial impact, and relationship changes as a result of donation also were revealed. Relevant results from this larger study are discussed as they relate to how the renal donor and transplant family are affected.
Talotibial exostoses with entrapment of the deep peroneal nerve

An athlete with talotibial exostoses with entrapment of the deep peroneal nerve is presented. This diagnosis was made by history, physical and roentgenographic examinations, bone scan, and isokinetic exercising. Treatment of this condition involved surgical excision of the boney exostoses.
An Optimality Principle for Markovian Decision Processes

Abstract The following optimality principle is established for finite undiscounted or discounted Markov decision processes: If a policy is (gain, bias, or discounted) optimal in one state, it is also optimal for all states reachable from this state using this policy. The optimality principle is used constructively to demonstrate the existence of a policy that is optimal in every state, and then to derive the coupled functional equations satisfied by the optimal return vectors. This reverses the usual sequence, where one first establishes (via policy iteration or linear programming) the solvability of the coupled functional equations, and then shows that the solution is indeed the optimal return vector and that the maximizing policy for the functional equations is optimal for every state.
The Myth of Nothing in Classics and Asian Indigenous Films

In his article "The Myth of Nothing in Classics and Asian Indigenous Films" Sheng-mei Ma discusses how the desert and the permafrost region are terra incognita, except nomads and Indigenous peoples. Given the extreme conditions of these forbidding places, Western modernity sees its own shadow cast on such black holes on earth. Since the 1960s, classic Hollywood or art house films by David Lean, Akira Kurosawa, Hiroshi Teshigahara, Anthony Minghella, and Sergei Bodrov romanticize and/or mythologize what is perceived as modernity's mirror image. Indie films in recent decades, particularly by Asian Indigenous filmmakers Byambasuren Davaa, Zacharias Kunuk, and Khyentse Norbu trained in or collaborated with the West, seek to tell their own stories. Despite different perspectives and modes of representation, both mainstream and alternative film-making agree on the task of myth-making, self-forging out of nothing, and the barrenness and voidness of the land. Sheng-mei Ma, "The Myth of Nothing in Classics and Asian Indigenous Films" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 15.2 (2013): Thematic Issue Asian Culture(s) and Globalization. Ed. I-Chun Wang and Li Guo
RULE FOLLOWING AND THE BACKGROUND

In his work on language John Searle favors an Austinian approach that emphasizes the speech act as the basic unit of meaning and communication, and which sees speaking a language as engaging in a rule-governed form of behavior. He couples this with a strident opposition to cognitivist approaches that posit unconscious rule following as the causal basis of linguistic competence. In place of unconscious rule following Searle posits what he calls the Background, comprised of nonintentional (nonrepresentational) mental phenomena. I argue that these two aspects of his philosophy of language cannot be reconciled. In order to preserve his view of language as a rule-governed activity, he must embrace the cognitivist idea of unconscious rule following. Finally, I try to show how such an accommodation would be far less traumatic to Searle’s philosophical system than it might otherwise seem.
Knot security and synthetic suture materials.

Abstract 1. 1. Mersilene and Polydek give knot security equal to that of silicone-treated silk. 2. 2. Ethiflex, Ti-cron, and Tevdek afford equal knot security but significantly less than do Mersilene, Polydek, and silk. 3. 3. Four throws, all squared, give the most secure knot with the materials tested, and comparable knot security can generally be achieved by a knot with five throws, two slip and three squared. 4. 4. The study suggests Prolene is equal to Mersilene, Polydek, and silk with regard to knot security but stretches three times the other synthetics before reaching breaking strength. 5. 5. The results give the experienced surgeon an idea of how best to obtain knot security with a variety of suture materials and have stimulated us to use the testing apparatus as a learning tool for the inexperienced.
LUNG FUNCTION AT SCHOOL-AGE IN CHILDREN PARTICIPATING IN A RANDOMIZED SURFACTANT TRIAL (ALVEOFACT®) FOR TREATMENT OF RDS. 1938

LUNG FUNCTION AT SCHOOL-AGE IN CHILDREN PARTICIPATING IN A RANDOMIZED SURFACTANT TRIAL (ALVEOFACT®) FOR TREATMENT OF RDS. 1938
Luminosity distance in "Swiss cheese" cosmology with randomized voids: I. Single void size

Recently, there have been suggestions that the Type Ia supernova data can be explained using only general relativity and cold dark matter with no dark energy. In 'Swiss cheese' models of the Universe, the standard Friedmann-Robertson-Walker picture is modified by the introduction of mass-compensating spherical inhomogeneities, typically described by the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi metric. If these inhomogeneities correspond to underdense cores surrounded by mass-compensating overdense shells, then they can modify the luminosity distance-redshift relation in a way that can mimic accelerated expansion. It has been argued that this effect could be large enough to explain the supernova data without introducing dark energy or modified gravity. We show that the large apparent acceleration seen in some models can be explained in terms of standard weak field gravitational lensing together with insufficient randomization of void locations. The underdense regions focus the light less than the homogeneous background, thus dimming supernovae in a way that can mimic the effects of acceleration. With insufficient randomization of the spatial location of the voids and of the lines of sight, coherent defocusing can lead to anomalously large demagnification effects. We show that a proper randomization of the voids and lines of sight reduces the effect to the point more » that it can no longer explain the supernova data. « less
On the Periods of Abelian Integrals and a Formula of Chowla and Selberg.

Given an imaginary quadratic field k of discriminant d , let E be an elliptic curve defined over Q, the algebraic closure of Q in C, which admits complex multiplication by some order in k. Let ~ be a non-zero differential of the first kind on E, defined over Q. We may consider ~o E as a holomorphic 1-form whose rational period lattice has dimension 1 over k; it is therefore reasonable to ask for the "transcendental factor" of this lattice. Since all curves with non-trivial multipliers in k are isogenous over Q, this factor will depend, up to an algebraic number, only on the field of multiplication. This problem was solved by Chowla and Selberg in 1949 [C-S]. Let
Ewing's sarcoma.

This patient had Ewing's sarcoma of the femur, which was originally misinterpreted by radiograph and by biopsy as osteomyelitis. For approximately 1 year the patient was treated for osteomyelitis. The lesion was slowly progressive and near the end of the first year became more active, and pulmonary metastases appeared. The natural behavior of this one case of Ewing's sarcoma demonstrates that it is not necessarily an overwhelmingly aggressive tumor. In addition, the point is made that pathologists should pay careful attention to necrotic material so that the suggestion of necrotic tumor can be made rather than dismissing the biopsy as nondiagnostic.
Galanin-induced hyperpolarization of mudpuppy neurons is calcium dependent.

Abstract The calcium dependence of the hyperpolarization produced by galanin has been studied in parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus . The galanin-induced hyperpolarization, but not the bethanechol-induced hyperpolarization, was reduced when manganese or magnesium were substituted for external calcium. Also, the galanin-induced, but not the bethanechol-induced hyperpolarization, was decreased in the presence of cadmium or nitrendipine. Because the inhibition of the galanin-induced hyperpolarization developed gradually and reversed slowly in the absence of extracellular calcium or presence of the voltage-gated calcium channel blockers, it is suggested that an intracellular pool rather than an extracellular pool of calcium is involved in the generation of the galanin-induced hyperpolarization.
Determination of total boron in sea water by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

A method is described for the determination of boron in sea water. Concentration by boiling followed by chelation and extraction with 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in methyliso-butyl ketone facilitates the accurate measurement of boron content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a boron hollow cathode tube. The values obtained are in excellent agreement with the standard colorimetric method using Carmine.
Hormone replacement therapy for prevention of coronary heart disease: Current evidence

Postmenopausal estrogen replacement, with or without progestin therapy, has a generally favorable impact on lipids, improves endothelial function, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These properties should favorably impact coronary risk; indeed, epidemiologic studies have consistently associated hormone replacement therapy with reduced coronary risk. Nonetheless, the Heart & Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS), a randomized, placebo-controlled, secondary prevention trial of conjugated estrogen with progestin, found no overall reduction in coronary events among women assigned to active hormone treatment. This review explores the role of estrogen replacement among interventions intended to prevent coronary heart disease in the post-HERS era.
Coherent Structures and the Dissimilarity of Turbulent Transport of Momentum and Scalars in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer

Atmospheric stability effects on the dissimilarity between the turbulent transport of momentum and scalars (water vapour and temperature) are investigated in the neutral and unstable atmospheric surface layers over a lake and a vineyard. A decorrelation of the momentum and scalar fluxes is observed with increasing instability. Moreover, different measures of transport efficiency (correlation coefficients, efficiencies based on quadrant analysis and bulk transfer coefficients) indicate that, under close to neutral conditions, momentum and scalars are transported similarly whereas, as the instability of the atmosphere increases, scalars are transported increasingly more efficiently than momentum. This dissimilarity between the turbulent transport of momentum and scalars under unstable conditions concurs with, and is likely caused by, a change in the topology of turbulent coherent structures. Previous laboratory and field studies report that under neutral conditions hairpin vortices and hairpin packets are present and dominate the vertical fluxes, while under free-convection conditions thermal plumes are expected. Our results (cross-stream vorticity variation, quadrant analysis and time series analysis) are in very good agreement with this picture and confirm a change in the structure of the coherent turbulent motions under increasing instability, although the exact structure of these motions and how they are modified by stability requires further investigation based on three-dimensional flow data.
Quantum Statistics of Nonideal Systems

A new cluster development for the logarithm of the grand partition function of a system of interacting particles is derived. The leading term in this expansion is the pressure exerted by an ideal Bose or Fermi gas at the same temperature and absolute activity $Z$ as the actual system. Succeeding terms involve quantum cluster integrals which themselves depend upon $Z$, unlike their classical analogs. The definition of these cluster integrals follows in a natural fashion using techniques illustrated by construction (in closed form) of the successive $Z$ derivatives of the Bose and Fermi ideal gas grand partition functions. It is not possible (except in the classical limit) to eliminate $Z$ explicitly between the pressure and density series, so that the equation of state must remain in parametric form.
Distant family treatment: a case of school phobia.

White, M. (1979). Aust. Paediatr. J., 15, 187–189. Distant family treatment: A case of school phobia. This paper presents a specific approach to the problem of chronic school phobia when geographical distance precludes regular ongoing psychotherapy. The approach includes a brief inpatient phase to enable certain groundwork to be undertaken and from thereon irregular outpatient contact. After reviewing and relabelling the problem a series of family tasks are established which are reinforced on a local level by the general practitioner. A case study is utilised to describe the method.
An oblique effect of spatial summation

Abstract Contrast thresholds for sinewave gratings were measured as a function of the number of cycles in the grating for two different orientations and three spatial frequencies. At high spatial frequencies, where an oblique effect of contrast sensitivity was demonstrated, there was a greater increase in contrast sensitivity as a function of the number of cycles for the vertical gratings than for oblique gratings. At a lower spatial frequency, where the contrast sensitivity anisotropy was greatly diminished, both orientations displayed a similar increase in contrast sensitivity when the number of cycles in the grating was increased.
Ischemic stroke : Effects of etiology and patient age on the time course of the core apparent diffusion coefficient

PURPOSE: To determine whether the evolution of the core apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water in ischemic stroke varies with patient age or infarct etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-seven patients with stroke underwent 236 diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Etiologies of lesions were classified according to predefined criteria; in 224 images, the diagnosis of lacune could be firmly established or excluded. ADC was measured in the center of each lesion and in contralateral normal-appearing brain. A model was used to describe the time course of relative ADC (rADC), which is calculated by dividing the lesion ADC by the contralateral ADC, and to test for age- or etiology-related differences in this time course. RESULTS: Transition from decreasing to increasing rADC was estimated at 18.5 hours after stroke onset. In subgroup analysis, transition was earlier in nonlacunes than in lacunes (P = .02). There was a trend toward earlier transition in patients older th...