cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P4-02-09: Estrogen-Related Receptor a Mediates Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Dependent Migration in Breast Cancer Cells.

The orphan nuclear estrogen-related receptors (ERR) have homology to steroid hormone receptors. Unlike classical steroid hormone receptors, ERRs do not have known ligands but are transcriptionally activated upon binding to nuclear receptor coregulators such as PGC1α, PGC1β, and PPRC1. ERRs regulate energy metabolism and are accordingly expressed in tissues that require high energy production. ERRs recognize their own ERRE (estrogen-related receptor response element) gene promoters, but can also activate transcription via ERE (estrogen receptor response element) promoters, representing the ability of ERRs to cross participate in ERα regulatory pathways in the absence of estrogen. Of the three family members (α,β,γ), ERRα is the most highly expressed in breast tissue. ERRα expression was found to be increased in ERα negative breast cancers and associated with poor prognoses. ERRα and its coactivators can increase the expression of a critical mediator of breast tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, VEGFA. We have previously shown that VEGFA is regulated by insulin and IGF receptor activation and hypothesized that ERRα may be a mediator of this finding. We therefore explored whether ERRα and its coactivators are necessary for IGF-I/insulin dependent regulation of VEGFA and cell migration. ERRα was expressed in breast cancer cell lines, but no correlation was observed with breast cancer subtypes. Reducing endogenous ERRα levels by shRNA reduced IGF-I dependent migration in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results were confirmed using an ERRα specific inverse agonist (XCT-790), which also inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Modulating ERRα mRNA levels via shRNA resulted in decreased VEGFA mRNA levels in MCF7L cells and increased VEGFA mRNA levels in MDA-MB-231 cells, while the inverse agonist XCT-790 caused an increase in VEGFA mRNA levels in both cell lines. Reducing ERRa levels did not affect the expression of the IGF1R, InsR, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI-3K-Akt-mTOR dependent signaling pathway. Neither ERRα protein nor mRNA levels were modulated by IGF-I or insulin. We conclude that ERRα is important for mediating IGF-I dependent migration, but have shown that ERRα is not directly regulated by the IGF signaling. We will next explore the role of ERRα9s coregulators (PGC1α, PGC1β, and PPRC1) in the regulation of VEGFA by the IGF/insulin pathway given their central role in regulating ERRα9s function. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-09.
Omega-3 fatty acids and prevention of arrhythmias.

Purpose of review There is now a considerable factual basis from laboratory and clinical trials that omega-3 fatty acids of fish oil will prevent fatal arrhythmias in animals and humans and this is the focus of the review. Recent findings Several recent trials in humans have strengthened the evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may prevent arrhythmias although this has not been a uniform finding. Summary Since there are at present some 400 000 deaths annually in the US alone and millions more worldwide, what has been learned about the antiarrhythmic actions of omega-3 fatty acids has considerable potential public-health benefit.
A temporally dynamic context effect that disrupts voice onset time discrimination of rapidly successive stimuli

Across three experiments, voice onset time discrimination along a /ba/-/pa/ continuum was found to be influenced by the order of presentation of rapidly successive stimuli. Specifically, discrimination was disrupted when a relatively unambiguous /pa/ syllable was presented before, rather than after, a more ambiguous /pa/ or /ba/ syllable. In Experiments 1 and 2, for between-category discrimination, this order effect was significant at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) below 250 msec, but not at 250 or 1,000 msec. In Experiments 2 and 3, the order effect was also significant for within-category discrimination at ISIs below 250 msec. In addition, in Experiment 3 this order effect was not diminished by provision of performance feedback across eight testing sessions. These findings reveal a particular vulnerability of phonological processing in response to rapidly successive stimuli and may have implications for mathematical and neural models of speech processing of normal and impaired populations.
Speculations on the nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity

Hotspots and hotspot tracks are on, or start on, preexisting lithospheric features such as fracture zones, transform faults, continental sutures, ridges and former plate boundaries. Volcanism is often associated with these features and with regions of lithospheric extension, thinning, and preexisting thin spots. The lithosphere clearly controls the location of volcanism. The nature of the volcanism and the presence of ‘melting anomalies’ or ‘hotspots’, however, reflect the intrinsic chemical and lithologic heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Melting anomalies—shallow regions of ridges, volcanic chains, flood basalts, radial dike swarms—and continental breakup are frequently attributed to the impingement of deep mantle thermal plumes on the base of the lithosphere. The heat required for volcanism in the plume hypothesis is from the core. Alternatively, mantle fertility and melting point, ponding and focusing, and edge effects, i.e., plate tectonic and near-surface phenomena, may control the volumes and rates of magmatism. The heat required is from the mantle, mainly from internal heating and conduction into recycled fragments. The magnitude of magmatism appears to reflect the fertility, not the absolute temperature, of the asthenosphere. I attribute the chemical heterogeneity of the upper mantle to subduction of young plates, aseismic ridges and seamount chains, and to delamination of the lower continental crust. These heterogeneities eventually warm up past the melting point of eclogite and become buoyant low-velocity diapirs that undergo further adiabatic decompression melting as they encounter thin or spreading regions of the lithosphere. The heat required for the melting of cold subducted and delaminated material is extracted from the essentially infinite heat reservoir of the mantle, not the core. Melting in the upper mantle does not requires the instability of a deep thermal boundary layer or high absolute temperatures. Melts from recycled oceanic crust, and seamounts—and possibly even plateaus—pond beneath the lithosphere, particularly beneath basins and suture zones, with locally thin, weak or young lithosphere. The characteristic scale lengths—150 to 600 km—of variations in bathymetry and magma chemistry, and the variable productivity of volcanic chains, may reflect compositional heterogeneity of the asthenosphere, not the scales of mantle convection or the spacing of hot plumes. High-frequency seismic waves, scattering, coda studies and deep reflection profiles are needed to detect the kind of chemical heterogeneity and small-scale layering predicted from the recycling hypothesis.
Noxious heat-evoked fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat lumbar dorsal horn is inhibited by glutamate microinjections in the upper cervical spinal cord.

Microinjections of glutamate into the upper cervical spinal cord significantly reduced (to 57% of control) the total number of neurons demonstrating noxious heat-evoked fos-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord. Neurons in the upper cervical spinal cord, with descending propriospinal projections to the lumbar spinal cord, therefore, produce inhibitory effects on dorsal horn neurons in the lumbar spinal cord that receive nociceptive input from cutaneous thermal nociceptors.
Cognitive Processes and the Decisions of Some Parents to Forego Pertussis Vaccination for Their Children

Abstract Public health analyses suggest that, in spite of the possibility that pertussis vaccine may cause rare cases of neurological injury, catastrophic risks to individual children are lower if they are vaccinated. A number of parents, however, choose not to vaccinate their children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the decision processes of some parents who choose to vaccinate and some parents who choose not to do so. Surveys were mailed to 500 randomly selected subscribers of Mothering magazine. Two hundred and ninety-four completed questionnaires were returned (59%). In addition to well-recognized factors in vaccination decisions, perceived dangers of the vaccine, and of the disease and susceptibility to the disease, several cognitive processes not previously considered in vaccination decision studies were found to be important predictors in this population of parents: perceived ability to control children's susceptibility to the disease and the outcome of the disease; ambiguity or doubts about the reliability of vaccine information; a preference for errors of omission over errors of commission; and recognition that if many other children are vaccinated, the risk to unvaccinated children may be lowered. Although perhaps most cases of undervaccination for pertussis reflect more general problems of health care access, some parents choose to forego vaccination for their children for other reasons. Traditional risk-benefit arguments alone will be unlikely to persuade these parents to reassess their decisions. Efforts to increase childhood vaccination must incorporate an understanding of the cognitive processes that help drive these decisions.
Is There a Hispanic Epidemiologic Paradox in Later Life? A Closer Look at Chronic Morbidity:

This study examined the morbidity patterns of foreign-born Hispanics, U.S.-born Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites aged 53 years and older using seven self-reported physician-diagnosed chronic diseases as well as six biomarkers. Drawing on the 2006 Health and Retirement Study and its biomarker data, the authors found that foreign-born Hispanics had comparable or lower rates of high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, arthritis, chronic lung disease, and stroke, controlling for age and gender. The health advantages were robust when socioeconomic conditions and health behaviors were controlled. Foreign-born Hispanics were not significantly different from U.S.-born Hispanics except for a lower risk for arthritis. In terms of biomarkers, foreign-born Hispanics were not statistically different from Whites except for having higher risks of high systolic blood pressure and blood glucose. Future research should explore multiple factors contributing to the lower rates of major chronic diseases among older Hispanics ...
Microscopic modes in a Fermi superfluid. II. Dispersion relations

This is the second of two papers in which microscopic expressions for the amplitudes and dispersion relations for hydrodynamic modes in an isotropic Fermi superfluid are derived. In this paper we obtain approximate solutions to the linearized kinetic equations for the bogolon spin density and total density for the case of long-wavelength disturbances after long times when a fluctuating superfluid velocity is present. In so doing, we obtain microscopic expressions for the amplitude and dispersion relations for the spin diffusion mode, the two shear modes, and the four longitudinal modes (two first-sound modes and two second-sound modes).
Therapeutic Insights from Genomic Studies of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Large and comprehensive genomic surveys of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are now greatly increasing our understanding of the diversity of this disease and the key genomic changes that drive these tumors. The results from these studies are beginning to inform the introduction of novel therapies for patients with HNSCCs. Here, we review some of the key findings from recent genomic studies of head and neck cancers, including the most comprehensive study to date from The Cancer Genome Atlas Network.
Effects of somatostatin immunoneutralization on growth and endocrine parameters in chickens

Abstract The effects of somatostatin immunoneutralization on growth rate, growth hormone (GH) secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations were investigated in chickens through the use of passive and active immunization techniques. Intravenous bolus injection of goat-antisomatostatin stimulated a significant (P
Micron and submicron debris-lunar ejecta concentrations between L values of 1.7 and 3.0 in the earth's magnetosphere

Abstract Recent investigations have discovered evidence of micron and submicron impacts on returned spacecraft surfaces which have been exposed in near earth space. These craters are generally assumed to be due to particles of near earth origin. The theoretical possibility that some of them could be due to impacts caused by lunar ejecta, as well as the possibility that lunar ejecta may exist in enhanced spatial density regions of the earth's magnetosphere between L values of 1.7 and 3.0, is discussed. A comparison of trapping dynamics is made between micron and submicron debris injected into the earth's magnetosphere during solid rocket propellent burns and ejecta in the earth's magnetosphere originating on the lunar surface. The possible effects of particle charging on trapping and quasi-trapping in this size range are discussed.
Use of the cytocentrifuge in the diagnosis of meningeal leukemia

The cytocentrifuge provides a rapid and effective means of preparing cytologic preparations of diagnostic quality in patients with meningeal leukemia. Serial studies during intrathecal therapy are useful in determining the adequacy of therapy. The technique is most useful in detecting early CNS relapse as the CSF is monitored during CNS remission.
Psychophysical scaling of olfactory response to the aliphatic alcohols in human neonates

Abstract A power function described the relation between successive concentrations of five aliphatic alcohols and response magnitude as measured by integrated stabilimeter activity. Total response level and average threshold concentration are inverse functions of chain length. Infant slopes are higher than those of adults for similar alcohols. These findings are consistent with non-primate electrophysiological recordings and with human adult scalling of olfactory response.
Dietary Sodium Modulates Neonatal but Not Adult Cardiac Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Rats

ABSTRACT: After an initial postnatal diuresis, neonates are in positive sodium balance. Because atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) contributes to sodium homeostasis, this study was designed to evaluate the maturational effects of increased dietary sodium intake on cardiac ANP production. Preweaned Sprague-Dawley rat pups were artificially reared by feeding them either a normal-sodium or high-sodium diet for 7 d and were compared with maternally reared rat pups. Adult rats were divided into three groups: the first group was given ad libitum rat food and 1% sodium chloride to drink, the second group was pair-fed with this group but given tap water to drink, and the third group was fed ad libitum rat food and water for 10 d. Atrial and ventricular pro-ANP and ANP contents and plasma ANP concentrations were measured by RIA. Steady state atrial and ventricular ANP mRNA expression was determined by Northern and dot-blot analysis. There was a 2-fold increase in atrial pro-ANP and ANP content and a 50% decrease in plasma ANP concentration in preweaned rat pups fed a high-salt diet. In contrast, atrial pro-ANP and ANP content and plasma ANP concentration were not affected by increased sodium intake in adult rats. Atrial and ventricular ANP mRNA levels and ventricular pro-ANP and ANP contents were not altered by dietary sodium at either age. We conclude that chronic increase in sodium intake in the preweaning period results in increased storage of atrial pro-ANP. The decrease in plasma ANP concentration in these preweaned rats may be due to reduced basal secretion or enhanced degradation of the peptide.
Fasting induces the expression of PGC-1α and ERR isoforms in the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) of the mouse kidney.

Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) is a member of the transcriptional coactivator family that plays a central role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism under various physiological stimuli. During fasting, PGC-1α is induced in the liver and together with estrogen-related receptor a and γ (ERRαand ERRγ, orphan nuclear receptors with no known endogenous ligand, regulate sets of genes that participate in the energy balance program. We found that PGC-1α, ERRα and ERRγ was highly expressed in human kidney HK2 cells and that PGC-1α induced dynamic protein interactions on the ERRα chromatin. However, the effect of fasting on the expression of endogenous PGC-1α, ERRα and ERRγ in the kidney is not known. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we demonstrated by qPCR that the expression of PGC-1α, ERRα and ERRγ was increased in the mouse kidney after fasting. By using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we showed these three proteins are co-localized in the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) of the mouse kidney. We were able to collect this region from the kidney using the Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) technique. The qPCR data showed significant increase of PGC-1α, ERRα and ERRγ mRNA in the LCM samples after fasting for 24 hours. Furthermore, the known ERRα target genes, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation gene COX8H and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle gene IDH3A also showed an increase. Taken together, our data suggest that fasting activates the energy balance program in the OSOM of the kidney.
Cell surface streptavidin

The goal of this project was to express streptavidin on the outer surface of Escherichia coli so that we could target any biotinylated nucleic acid or peptide to a cell surface. We used BioBrick assembly to fuse together a lipoprotein signal peptide, outer membrane protein A transmembrane domains and streptavidin protein domains. Assembly of constructs was completed and confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Protein expression was confirmed by western blotting with anti-streptavidin and anti-His6 antibodies. Protein functionality was confirmed by binding biotinylated and fluorescently tagged oligonucleotides to whole cells, but binding was also observed with non-biotinylated oligonucleotides.
The finer structure of resolute, neutral, and anonymous social choice correspondences

Abstract When the number of alternatives exceeds the smallest prime dividing the number of individuals, all social choice functions satisfying resoluteness, neutrality, and anonymity (RNA rules) sometimes choose alternatives that everyone ranks near the bottom. When the number of individuals is divisible by two or more distinct primes, RNA rules only exist for a small (finite) number of values of the number of alternatives.
A pulsed TWT power supply and test console

The High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) for the Seasat A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) and its associated test console will be described. The HVPS provides the voltages and currents required by a high power, multi-staged depressed collector, grid modulated traveling wave tube (TWT). The systems requirements will be presented with a description of the selected design approach; performance characteristics; and prototype test data. The test console simulates the pulse loading effects of the Twr and measures the various aspects of resultant power supply performance. Jts unique requirements and the selected design approaches will also be presented.
Endogenous murine leukemia virus-encoded proteins in radiation leukemias of BALB/c mice

Abstract To explore the role of endogenous retroviruses in radiation-induced leukemogenesis in the mouse, we have examined virus-encoded proteins in nine BALB/c leukemias by pulse-chase labeling procedures and serological typing with monospecific and monoclonal antibodies. The major gag precursor protein, Pr65 gag , was observed in all cases, but only three leukemias expressed detectable amounts of the glycosylated gag species, gP95 gag , or its precursor, Pr75 gag . No evidence was found for synthesis of gag -host fusion proteins. None of the leukemias released infectious xenotropic or dualtropic virus, but all nine expressed at least one env protein with xenotropic properties. In two instances a monoclonal antibody, 35 56 , which is specific for the MuLV G IX antigen, displayed a distinctive reactivity with this class of env protein, although this antibody is unreactive with replicating xenotropic viruses. An ecotropic/xenotropic recombinant env protein with the same 35 56 phenotype was observed in a leukemia induced by a strongly leukemogenic virus isolated from a BALB/c radiation leukemia.
Anticipating or Precipitating Crisis? Health Agencies May Not be Heeding Best Practice Advice in Avian Flu Press Releases

Precrisis information disseminated by public health information officers (PIOs) will play a critical role in preparing and safeguarding publics amidst a possible avian flu pandemic. This article analyzes avian flu press releases issued by leading health agencies, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization, to reveal their purposes and the nature of organizational response constructed therein. Results of this analysis indicate important considerations for practitioners may not manifest in the press releases they issued: The threat was not localized; outlets for publics to contact for more information were not always present, and there was inconsistency in how avian flu was referenced. There was a steady increase in the volume of releases since 2004, and PIOs generally seemed to recognize the importance of partnerships and timeliness in pandemic preparedness. Examining the possible pandemic ...
Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: the case for (and against).

Should oral contraceptive use be prescribed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? In the last 5 years we have come a long way. The answer today is frequently yes whereas before the answer was almost always never. (excerpt)
A comparative study of crayfish blood volumes

Abstract 1. (1) In specimens of two species of crysfishes, Orconectes virilis and Procambarus clarki an increase in body weight was correlated with a decrease in weight-specific blood volume measured by inulin distribution. 2. (2) The percent of the body weight comprised by the blood was significantly larger in O. virilis than in P. clarki. 3. (3) No conclusive evidence could be seen concerning the suitability of inulin distribution as a true measure of blood volume.
Reprint of: Divalent metal diphenate dipyridylamine coordination polymers: Supramolecular polytypism and a rare 5-connected topology based on arc-like hexanuclear clusters

Abstract A series of divalent metal diphenate (dip, biphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate) coordination polymers incorporating the kinked 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) ligand has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. {[Zn(dip)(dpa)]·3H2O}n (1) and {[Cu3(dip)3(dpa)3(H2O)3.5]·2H2O}n (2) both display 2-D (4,4) grid topologies. {[Cu(dip)(dpa)]·H2O}n (3), a polytype of 2, possesses a non-interpenetrated 3-D 658 cds topology. {[Ni(dip)(dpa)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (4) has a 2-D grid topology similar to 1 and 2. In contrast, the cadmium congener {[Cd6(dip)6(H2O)4(dpa)4]·5H2O}n (5) features [Cd6(dip)6(H2O)4] arc-like hexanuclear clusters that link together into 1-D cadmium dicarboxylate rods, which are further pillared by dpa ligands to form a complicated 3-D coordination polymer lattice with a very rare 5-connected 4466 nov 3-D non-interpenetrated cluster node topology. Thermal properties for all phases are presented, along with luminescent properties for 1 and 5.
Differential growth and recovery rates following defoliation in related deciduous and evergreen trees

Deciduous larches,Larix spp., and evergreen pines,Pinus spp., are sympatric Pinaceae conifers. Adjacent monocultures of 10-year-oldLarix decidua Mill, andPinus resinosa Ait. were subjected to single-season artificial defoliation by clipping from 0% to 99% of each needle. Survival, above-ground productivity, and architecture were measured for 36 months.P. resinosa andL. decidua exhibited differential relationships with defoliation intensity and recovery time. Two months after treatment, defoliation reduced larch height growth but had no effect on radial growth. By contrast,P. resinosa stem radial growth was reduced immediately, but height growth was not decreased until the following year. Pine leader growth and above-ground biomass following 66% defoliation never recovered to control values or 33% defoliated pines. Conversely, defoliated larch quickly recovered from an initial growth loss to eliminate all treatment effects on biomass. The plasticity in architectural response found in larch, but not pine, might partially account for defoliation tolerance. BothP. resinosa andL. decidua exhibited non-linear responses to defoliation. These patterns may be caused partially by the uneven distribution of nutrients within needles, rather than a simple function of leaf area lost to defoliators. Concentrations of 13 nutrients inP. resinosa were highest either in the mid-(Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Al and Na) or basal-(N, P, K, and Cu) section. The relatively low nutrient content in needle tips may contribute to similar biomass productivity between trees defoliated 33% and controls. Removal of needle mid-sections significantly reduced whole-plant productivity. In contrast,L. decidua nutrients are concentrated in the distal sections. Nutrient concentrations were generally highest in larch. Our results agree with an emergent prediction of the carbon/ nutrient balance theory that defoliation more severely reduces growth of evergreen than deciduous species. These results are discussed within the physiological, ecological and evolutionary context of allocation theory, with implications for natural resource management and plant-insect interaction theory.
The energy dependence of the 4d partial photoionization cross section in metallic Ag and in Ag atoms on Si at the cooper minimum and near the 4d threshold

Abstract We compare the 4 d partial photoionization cross section (σ) of metallic Ag with the 4 d cross section of Ag atoms deposited at submonolayer coverages and at room temperature onto a Si substrate in the photon energy range hv = 14−36 eV (around the 4 d threshold) and 65–200 eV (around the Cooper Minimum). At the threshold, both solid Ag and Ag atoms on Si show very similar behavior in their cross sections, whereas at the Cooper Minimum (CM), the σ from solid Ag is severely distorted with respect to the σ from Ag atoms on Si. This set of experimental data suggest that σ near the CM is more sensitive to the solid-state environment than near the threshold.
Design considerations in instrumenting and monitoring Web-based information retrieval systems

The Internet Web environment opens up extraordinary information are changing rapidly. Daily, hundreds of opportunities for user access to information. Techniques thousands of individuals use the Internet and Web for monitoring users and systems and for evaluating sys- browsers like Netscape to obtain a much broader range tem design and performance have not kept pace with of information than has previously been possible. This Web development. This article reviews concepts of Web information consists not only of bibliographic citations operations (including browsers, clients, information retrieval applications, servers, and data communications but of full text, data, images, sound, programs, and the systems) with specific attention given to how monitoring like. The manner of searching has changed as has the should take place and how privacy can be protected. It content of search results, but the design of transaction examines monitoring needs of users, systems designers, logging programs has not caught up with these changes. managers, and customer support staff and outlines mea- Despite the changing nature of the content of informasures of workload, capacity, and performance for hardware, software, and data communications systems. Fi- tion retrieval systems, the user interface, and the data nally, the article proposes a client-server design for communications interface, a basic research question remonitoring, which involves creation of a series of server mains: Is the system effective in helping users find inforand client systems to obtain and process transaction mation? It is growing more difficult to answer this quesand computer performance information. These systems tion because interface and communications systems are include: A Log Server, which captures all levels of transactions and packets on the network; a Monitor Server, more complex. However, there is much useful informawhich synthesizes the log and packet data; an Assis- tion ideally suited for logging ( such as user actions and tance Server, which processes requests for information system performance ) and these logs can be used to supand help from the Web Server in real time; and an Ac- plement qualitative evaluations or confirm user uncercounting Server, which authenticates user access to the tainty regarding actions taken. system. A special System Administrator Client is proposed to control the monitoring system, as is a System It is extremely expensive to conduct personal interInformation Client to receive real-time and on-demand views with users to find out if they are satisfied with reports of system activity. the information retrieved and / or the information system itself. So efficient evaluation must rely on computerized methods to capture this data as unobtrusively and effec
An unusual two-tailed mouse.

A malformation that resulted in the formation of 2 complete tails is described in a mouse that was heterozygous for the sex-linked gene Bent-tail (Bn). One of the tails appeared normal and contained 29 vertebrae, whereas the other tail consisted of 27 vertebrae and bad several bends or kinks in it and also had malformed vertebrae similar to those described for the Bn gene. A comparison of the malformation with previously described bifurcated tail conditions in the mouse is presented. It is possible that this 2-tailed mouse represents a special case of X-chromosome inactivation.
In Vivo Imaging of Fatty Acid Incorporation into Brain to Examine Signal Transduction and Neuroplasticity Involving Phospholipids

An in vivo method is presented that allows quantification and imaging of fatty acid incorporation into different brain phospholipids in relation to membrane synthesis, neuroplasticity, and signal transduction. The method can be used with positron emission tomography, and may help to evaluate brain phospholipid metabolism in humans with brain tumors, neurodegenerative disease, cerebral ischemia or trauma, or neurotoxic effects of drugs or other agents.
Three dimensional multi-scale modelling and analysis of cell damage in cell-encapsulated alginate constructs.

Abstract One of the major challenges in scaffold guided regenerative therapies is identifying the essential cues such as mechanical forces that induce cellular responses to form functional tissue. Developing multi-scale modelling methods would facilitate in predicting responses of encapsulated cells for controlling and maintaining the cell phenotype in an engineered tissue construct, when mechanical loads are applied. The objective of this study is to develop a 3D multi-scale numerical model for analyzing the stresses and deformations of the cell when the tissue construct is subjected to macro-scale mechanical loads and to predict load-induced cell damage. Specifically, this methodology characterizes the macro-scale structural behavior of the scaffold, and quantifies 3D stresses and deformations of the cells at the micro-scale and at a cellular level, wherein individual cell components are incorporated. Assuming that cells have inherent ability to sustain a critical load without damage, a damage criterion is established and a stochastic simulation is employed to predict the percentage cell viability within the tissue constructs. Bio-printed cell-alginate tissue constructs were tested with 1%, 5% and 10% compression strain applied and the cell viability were characterized experimentally as 23.2±16.8%, 9.0±5.4% and 4.6±2.1%. Using the developed method, the corresponding micro-environments of the cells were analyzed, the mean critical compressive strain was determined as 0.5%, and the cell viability was predicted as 26.6±7.0, 13.3±4.5, and 10.1±2.8. The predicted results capture the trend of the damage observed from the experimental study.
Picosecond Laser Damage Mechanisms At Semiconductor Surfaces

We treat picosecond laser induced damage as a non-equilibrium phase transition and propose a new damage mechanism. This model which includes energy transfer by resonant surface plasmons on small electron density droplets is shown to be consistent with existing experimental data. New experimental data has been taken which demonstrates the nucleation and growth aspects of the laser damage process.
Real-time imaging using a 4.3-THz quantum cascade laser and a 320 /spl times/ 240 microbolometer focal-plane array

We report the use of a ~50-mW peak power 4.3-THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) as an illumination source for real-time imaging with a 320 times 240 element room-temperature microbolometer focal-plane array detector. The QCL is modulated synchronously with the focal-plane array for differential imaging. Signal-to-noise ratios of ~340 are achieved at a 20-frame/s acquisition rate, and the optical noise equivalent power of the detector array at 4.3 THz is estimated to be ~320 pW/radicHz. Both reflection and transmission mode imaging are demonstrated
Nephrosis of childhood: statistical evaluation of the effect of adrenocortical-active therapy.

Abstract In summary, the evidence now available supports the belief that prolonged and intensive use of adrenocortical-active hormone therapy in childhood nephrosis not only improves the clinical status but also extends life. Only time will tell whether it will prove curative. We have suggested the use of the sedimentation rate as an added simple criterion to help decide when to give or withdraw such treatment.
Retrograde transurethral balloon dilation of prostate: Innovative management of abacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia

Abstract Retrograde transurethral balloon dilatation (RTBD) of the prostate recently has beensuggested as alternative therapy for patients with benign prostatie hyperplasia (BPH). Seven patients with documented functional urinary outlet obstruction at the level of the bladder neck or prostatie urethra underwent RTBD of prostate. Each patient had a classic diagnosis of abacterial chronic prostatitis or prostatodynia based on history, physical examination, and localization cultures. Prior to RTBD of prostate, patients underwent cystoseopy, voiding eystourethrogram, urodynamic and uroflow studies. RTBD of prostate was done as an outpatient procedure requiring intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Dilation was performed with a 25-mm urethroplasty balloon catheter inflated at 3.5 atm of pressure for twenty minutes. Improvement in voiding symptomatology was noted in all patients and graded numerically (0–10 scale), with ten indicating normal voiding. Follow-up to date ranges from one to five months. This technique may have promise as a treatment option in patients with abacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia.
Design of an interactive debugger for FORTRAN: MANTIS

MANTIS is a natural debugging facility for the FORTRAN language subsystem on the PDP-10. It was designed and implemented in an existing language subsystem in order to facilitate program preparation and debugging in the time sharing environment available on the PDP-10. Suitable debugging facilities should be included in the initial design of language subsystems. Language subsystems to run in time sharing operating systems should offer debugging facilities that exploit the interactive environment available to the user. This paper describes experience gained in designing and adding a useful interactive debugger to an existing FORTRAN subsystem. Objectives, implementation experience and system features are discussed and are related to the general problem of designing debuggers for language subsystems. © 1973 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TU-C-BRB-06: Modeling Tumor-Volume Variation During Fractionated Radiotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: To validate the four‐level population tumormodel using tumor volumetric changes obtained using on‐board imaging techniques during fractionated radiotherapy for non‐small‐cell lungcancer.Method and Materials: The four‐level population tumormodel is based on separation of tumor cell population into four subpopulations: 1) oxygenated viable cells, 2) oxygenated lethally damaged cells, 3) hypoxic viable cells, and 4) hypoxic lethally damaged cells. The oxygenated lethally damaged cells are removed from tumor using an exponential decay model. The hypoxic lethally damaged cells stay in tumor for unlimited time; therefore, their removal is governed by reoxygenation process. The model utilizes the following six radiobiological parameters: alpha, beta, potential doubling time Tpot, half‐life T1/2 of lethally damaged cells, initial hypoxic fraction R and reoxygenation rate A. To test the model, we use the clinical data on volumetric tumor changes during fractionated radiotherapy for non‐small‐cell lungcancer obtained using Tomotherapy and Cone‐Beam CT at different institutions. Results: Our preliminary data indicate that adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma demonstrate different rate of tumor volume variation after irradiation; therefore only cases have been selected where adenocarcinoma o squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis was available. Another problem of accurate tumor‐volume simulation for lungtumors is a significant hypoxic tumor fraction according to the experimental data obtained using fluoromisonidazole PET imaging. The hypoxic tumor fraction can be between 1.3% and 94.7.9% with a median value of 47.6%. Our model with average values of radiobiological parameters describes majority of lung squamous carcinoma cases. However, significant discrepancies have been observed between the model and clinical data for lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: The proposed radiobiological model with average values of parameters can be used for simulation of tumor‐volume for lung squamous cell carcinoma with acceptable accuracy. However, this approach does not describe the tumor volume variation for significant fraction of lung adenocarcinoma cases.
The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties in 52100 steel

An investigation was carried out to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of isothermally transformed AISI E 52100 steel. Heal treatments consisting of single and two cycle austenitization followed by isothermal holding resulted in duplex structures of martensite and bainite. In addition, high temperature austenitization led to large amounts of retained austenite at room temperature. Conventional oil quenching treatments were also performed for purposes of comparison. It was found that isothermal holding aboveM s after single cycle austenitization resulted in a microstructure which had strength and toughness properties equivalent to quenched and tempered 52100. The two cycle austenitization treatment followed by isothermal holding led to a doubling of the fracture toughness at equivalent hardness and ultimate tensile strength levels relative to the properties of conventional quenched and tempered 52100 steel. The mechanical stability of retained austenite, present after two cycle austenitization, was examined. Although it was found that the presence of unstable retained austenite was associated with the best combination of strength and toughness, it cannot be unequivocally stated that the retained austenite influenced the mechanical properties.
An assessment of the sex-role status of dental hygienists located in three states.

Summary.-This study assessed the psychological androgyny of female dental hygiene students. The Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to 38 dental hygiene students at the University of Oklahoma, 34 at Baylor University, and 23 at Louisiana State University. About 26% of the students at Baylor and LSU were classified as undifferentiated and 21% at Oklahoma Baylor students had the highest combined proportion (55.9%) classified as androgynous or undifferentiated. However, employing Bem's traditional subtractive method. the majority of subjects in all groups were dassified as either near-feminine or feminine. Similarity of classification among these groups was demonstrated by non-significant differences for androgynous, masdine, and feminine scores. This study demonstrates that place of geographic residence and training locations have little impact upon influencing the sex-role status for female dental hygienists. This study assessed the sex-role status (Bem, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1981a, 1981b) of females who had chosen to become dental hygienists. Hamby ( 1982) had previously reported that dental hygiene students pefformed similar tasks and assumed parallel roles to nurses and that they were classified as being stereotypically feminine. The Bern scores reported for the dental hygiene students were similar to those reported by Gaudteau (1975) describing that housewives were stereotypically feminine females and Vandever's (1978) description of nurses. Hamby, Shapiro, and Avery discussed the role of androgyny in career choices for females in hygiene and dentistry and suggested that those females selecting a career field in dental hygiene were more inclined toward being psychologically feminine. There is little literature on androgyny among dental hygienists, the primary reports having been conducted solely on studencs at one university in one setting. To validate these previous reports, the present study expanded the data base for subjects by assessing geographic and academic variations. To assess this issue, the Bern Sex-role Inventory was administered to female
Preparation of radiolabeled bioactive asbestos fibers

We have developed an efficient procedure to radiolabel asbestos fibers while retaining the bioactivity of the fibers. The fibers are labeled with 68Ge. The 68Ge decays into 68Ga, which then can be detected by its characteristic positron emission. Both chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, a serpentine and an amphibole, respectively, were radiolabeled successfully. Mild reaction conditions and short reaction times were found under which approximately 90% of the added 68Ge and 68Ga bound to the fibers. The radiolabel was retained even after washing the fibers extensively with physiologic buffers. The effects of the labeling on the bioactivity of the fibers were evaluated in an in vitro assay using guinea pig alveolar macrophages as a target cell. Labeled chrysotile fibers were found to retain greater than 95% of their ability to stimulate these cells. The labelling procedure described in this study should be useful in preparing labeled fibers to investigate both in vitro and in vivo phenomena.
Utilization of deoxynucleoside triphosphates by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of E. coli☆

Abstract The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli catalyzes the concomitant incorporation of ribonucleotides and deoxynucleotides into polymers yielding covalently linked ribo and deoxynucleotides. This reaction is dependent upon the addition of Mn ++ and is sensitive to rifampicin and streptolydigin.
Photo-patterned free-standing hydrogel microarrays for massively parallel protein analysis

Microfluidic technologies have largely been realized within enclosed microchannels. While powerful, a principle limitation of closed-channel microfluidics is the difficulty for sample extraction and downstream processing. To address this limitation and expand the utility of microfluidic analytical separation tools, we developed an openchannel hydrogel architecture for rapid protein analysis. Designed for compatibility with slab-gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) reagents and instruments, we detail the development of free-standing polyacrylamide gel ( fs PAG) microstructures supporting electrophoretic performance rivalling that of microfluidic platforms. Owing to its open architecture – the platform can be easily interfaced with automated robotic controllers and downstream processing (e.g., sample spotters, immunological probing, mass spectroscopy). The fs PAG devices are directly photopatterened atop of and covalently attached to planar polymer or glass surfaces. Due to the fast fs PAGE platform is uniquely well-suited for massively parallelized proteomics, a major unrealized goal from bioanalytical technology.
Influence of allogeneic blood transfusion on natural killer cell activity in burn-injured mice.

Allogeneic blood transfusion (Allo/BT) and burn injury modify the cellular immune response in patients under a variety of circumstances. We designed this study to investiga the influence of Allo/BT, burn injury, and the combination of the two on in vivo natural killer (NK) cell activity in a murine model. This study demonstrated significant enhancement of in vivo NK cell activity in noninjured BALB/c mice receiving Allo/BT from C 3 H mice when compared to both the control and syngeneic blood transfusion group at posttransfusion day 5. When burn-injured mice were compared to sham-stressed mice the burn-injured mice showed significant suppression of in vivo NK cell activity. Furthermore, in this strain combination model, Allo/BT modulated the suppressive effe of burn injury on in vivo NK cell activity at posttransfusion day 5 and postburn day 7.
Predicting Douglas‐fir Sapling Mortality Following Prescribed Fire in an Encroached Grassland

Tree encroachment in fire-maintained woodlands and grasslands is a major management concern, yet little information exists regarding the mechanisms of small tree mortality following prescribed burns. We sought to clarify the relative importance of tree size and fire-induced injury in the post-fire mortality of encroaching Douglas-fir trees and to compare results with an existing mortality model for larger Douglas-fir trees. Crown injury to small Douglas-fir trees was a significant explanatory variable in post-fire mortality models, with results suggesting a 20% threshold in crown scorch. Crown injury was strongly related to bole injury, and delayed mortality was important as we documented new mortality 20 months post-burn. Mortality models for large Douglas-fir tend to over-predict small tree mortality, underscoring the need to better understand the mechanisms of fire-caused mortality for small, encroaching trees.
The Self-Reported Strengths and Concerns of Treatment-seeking Obese Youth and Their Caregivers

Our purpose was to identify the self-reported strengths and concerns of 267 obese youths and their caregivers. Measures included a demographic questionnaire and an open-ended questionnaire whereby youth and caregivers were asked to list their top 3 strengths and concerns. Using qualitative methods, themes were deducted for both youth and caregiver strengths and concerns. Youth reported “physical activity” and “school” as a strength, and “weight” as a concern. Caregivers reported “health” and “weight” as their most prevalent concern, whereas “child behavior, character, or outlook” and “family” were strengths. Results were further compared by gender and race. Understanding the self-reported strengths and concerns of obese youth and caregivers can inform future family-based treatment.