cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the Editor: Signs of the Times

Some of the questions often heard when students as well as other mental health professionals are introduced to a systems perspective, with its focus on context and relationships, is ‘‘What about the individual person?’’ and ‘‘Where does he or she fit?’’ Given a society in which individualism is one of its most cherished values, such questions, and the fears from which they likely are derived, make perfect sense. However, these fears are unfounded given the fact that families and relationships are comprised of individuals, understanding of whom is essential if the work of the family therapist is to be as effective as possible. Nevertheless, despite such reassurances, the early literature in the marriage and family therapy (MFT) field was characterized primarily by articles focusing on relationship dynamics. This certainly was appropriate given the paradigm shift of a cybernetic epistemology and the excitement it generated as the focus moved away from the internal dynamics of the individual mind to a consideration of systems in general and families in particular. But, ‘‘the times they are a changin’.’’ In light of the fact that the pendulum always tends to swing back, as well as the reality that MFT has aged a bit as a profession, we now see more of a balance throughout the literature. And this certainly is the case here, as illustrated by the topics, as well as the number of articles in each of the categories into which the articles in this issue seemed to fall. These categories include (1) a focus on individuals; (2) a focus on the parental and spouse subsystems; (3) a focus on family dynamics relative to obesity; and (4) a focus on training, albeit with a relatively new twist. In the individual category, Kristen Williams and Sarah Francis studied and have written about ‘‘Parentification and Psychological Adjustment: Locus of Control as a Moderating Variable.’’ A second article, also with more of an individual focus, provided by Z. Seda Sahin, David Nalbone, Joseph Wetchler, and Jerry Bercik, is titled ‘‘The Relationship of Differentiation, Family Coping Skills, and Family Functioning with Optimism in CollegeAge Students.’’ Then, moving from the undergraduate to the graduate level, Raquel Delevi amd Ash Bugay had as their goal ‘‘Understanding Change in Romantic Relationship
In vitro analysis of the anticancer potential of tumor necrosis factor in combination with cisplatin.

Abstract We have recently shown that cisplatin increases the natural cytotoxic (NC) cell-mediated lysis of a variety of human adenocarcinoma cell lines that are resistant to cisplatin or NC activity alone. Because NC lysis is mediated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) bound to the surface of NC effector cells, we analyzed the ability of TNF in combination wih cisplatin to increase the lysis of tumor cells. The in vitro anticancer potential of the combination of TNF and cisplatin was determined for both dividing and nondividing populations of two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines, SK-OV-3 and OVCAR-3. Nondividing SK-OV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells are resistant to cisplatin and TNF when used as single agents. Dividing OVCAR-3 cells are approximately two times more sensitive to TNF than dividing SK-OV-3 cells, whereas dividing SKOV-3 cells are approximately ten times more sensitive to cisplatin than dividing OVCAR-3 cells. TNF at 1000 units/ml in the presence of clinically low concentrations of cisplatin (0.6-0.25 μg/ml) increased the lysis of dividing OVCAR-3 cells above the value expected for the sum lysis mediated by cisplatin alone and lysis mediated by TNF alone. Similar results were obtained with dividing populations of the SK-OV-3 cell line. The combination of cisplatin and TNF did not increase the lysis of the nondividing populations of either cell line. The increased lysis of tumor cells combined with the maintenance of specificity for only dividing cells indicates that the combination of cisplatin and TNF may be useful for the treatment of tumors that are resistant to either cisplatin or TNF.
Magnetic phase diagram of amorphous Dy-Cu; A random anisotropy axis system

Abstract Magnetic and heat capacity measurements of the system Dy x Cu 1- x suggest that a) its properties are dominated by random crystalline anisotropy and b) the material is not magnetically ordered for 0.40 ⩾ x ⩾ 0.55. Long range (asperomagnetic) order cannot be ruled out for intermediate values of x .
Postnatal development of brainstem auditory-evoked potentials, electroretinograms, and visual-evoked potentials in the calf.

Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP), electroretinograms (ERG), and visual-evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded for eight calves from birth to 56 days and the values compared with previously determined adult responses. The BAEPs, ERGs, and VEPs recorded within the first 24 hours after birth contained all of the peaks seen in adult recordings. Varying degrees of maturation of the responses were documented as changes in latency and amplitude with age. The BAEPs were adult-like at birth, with latencies falling within the mean, plus or minus one standard deviation, for adult cows. A small but significant decrease in latency with age was seen for the first, second, and fourth peaks of the response. The ERG amplitudes were also within the adult range for the entire period of the study. Latencies to the a- and b-waves declined during the first 14 days and then stabilized at adult values. The VEP latencies decreased with age, with late peaks changing more than early peaks. Latencies of all but the first peak decreased to values less than the adult range. Two VEP amplitudes increased significantly with age. Developmental patterns in the calf and other precocious species are compared to those in altricious (nonprecocious) species. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:231–237)
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) in the Rat Intestine: An Immunohistochemical Study of Ontogeny in an Animal Model of Sepsis † 205

Nitric oxide production is increased in the intestine in sepsis and may be a key component of sepsis-induced intestinal damage. Evidence suggests that iNOS activity increases along the crypt-villus axis of differentiating intestinal epithelium. We have performed an immunohistochemical analysis of iNOS expression in the rat ileum using indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) injection was examined in rats at three developmental ages: newborn (4 days postnatal), adolescent (3 wks, 140 gm) and adult (6 wks, 325 gm). Rats were injected with LPS, 5 mg per kg body weight, i.p. Ileum was removed after 3 hr, embedded, sectioned and fixed with acetone. Sections were stained with mouse anti-human iNOS and secondary antibody conjugated to florescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Following endotoxin exposure, positive and specific (i.e., primary antibody-dependent) immunostaining for iNOS was found in the mucosal layer of the ileum from adolescent and adult rats. Staining was most intense in epithelial cells at the villous tips. Little or no staining was seen in other cells. Expression was absent in non-LPS treated animals. In contrast, LPS-injected 4 day old rats showed a minimal level of iNOS immunoreactivity. No crypt to villus iNOS gradient was apparent. As was the case for older rats, non-injected 4 day old rats showed no iNOS staining. These data indicate that, in older rats: (1) Ileal iNOS expression is undetectable in the basal state and is markedly induced within 3 hr after LPS injection; (2) Ileal iNOS, once induced, is confined to epithelial cells; (3) Expression shows an increasing gradient from crypt to villus. Similar LPS-mediated induction of iNOS was not observed in newborn rat pups. This may be important for studies on the ontogeny of the pathophysiology of sepsis.
Performance and Validation Tests on the NIST Hybrid Humidity Generator

A new humidity generator has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Once fully operational, the NIST hybrid humidity generator (HHG) will generate frost/dew points from −70°C to +85°C using calibration gas-flow rates up to 150 standard liters per minute and is expected to outperform the present humidity generator at NIST in terms of accuracy. The HHG combines the two-pressure and divided-flow humidity-generation techniques (hence, the name “hybrid”). The centerpiece of the HHG is a heat exchanger/saturator that is immersed in a temperature-controlled bath stable to within 1 mK. For dew/frost-point temperatures above −15°C, the two-pressure principle is employed. For frost points at or below −15°C, the water-vapor/air mixture is produced by mixing metered streams of moist air produced by the two-pressure method with purified, dry air. A series of performance and validation tests on the HHG in the two-pressure mode, including measurements of temperature gradients and pressure stability in the generator under various operating conditions, and comparison of the humidity generated by the HHG to that generated by the other NIST humidity-generation standards, are reported.
The Distribution of Property Values in England and Wales in 1798

The recorded yearly values of property available from the British land tax of 1798 and the accompanying Redemption Act provide the raw data necessary for a realistic measure of English wealth inequality in all counties at the end of the eighteenth century. Admittedly, there are exasperating weaknesses in the appraised rental values which stem from the varying regional procedures employed by various parish officials. Of more concern are the inequitable quotas assigned to the counties or even to the parishes which were based on economic relationships existing a century earlier. Yet these problems should not detract from the force of general quantitative statements about inequality 75 years prior to the new domesday survey of I 873.1 Thus, a finding that the number of owneroccupied properties accounted for only i O per cent of the number of families probably signifies that the top i o per cent held at least go per cent of the wealth; a sample study of multiple-property ownership signifies an even greater concentration. This article is an initial report of the distribution of property values in 1798, with an emphasis on property use. Some implications of ownership will be derived in making statements about wealth distribution in general. Statistical tests can be applied to establish bounds on inaccuracies of data and estimates of distribution parameters. The records of land ownership for the i 87os, and earlier for the inheritance tax, definitely establish the fact that there was very large inequality of wealthholding in Britain by the second half of the nineteenth century, but there is a degree of silence about the extent of this inequality in the earlier stages of the industrial revolution a century earlier. More is known about income distribution than about the use and ownership of tangible and intangible assets.2 At least one
Generalizing the definition of the bi-directional reflectance distribution function

The fundamental quantity that characterizes the reflectance property of a surface is the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), defined as the ratio of the radiance scattered by a surface into a specified direction to the unidirectional irradiance incident on a surface. Its standard definition was derived under very restrictive conditions and it has only the angles of illumination and measurement as dependent variables. Several recent papers have attempted to generalize the BRDF to include the spatial attributes of illumination and measurement in order to make it applicable to heterogeneous media. The various BRDF definitions proposed by these papers are shown to be special cases of a generalized form of the BRDF derived herein. The spatial attributes of illumination and measurement are included as part of the nomenclature of the generalized BRDF. It is also shown that the generalized BRDF obeys reciprocity when properly weighted by the areas of illumination and measurement.
Tumor Promoter-Stimulated Protein Phosphorylation in Mouse Epidermis Is Inhibited by Bromophenacyl Bromide

Phosphorylation of mouse epidermal proteins by endogenous protein kinases and production of arachidonic acid are processes stimulated by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. In mouse epidermal homogenates, each process, as well as production of diacylglycerol (the physiologic activator of protein kinase C), was inhibited by bromophenacyl bromide at concentrations equivalent to those that inhibit tumor promotion. These results lend support to the hypothesis that tumor promotion in mouse skin may be mediated by activation of protein kinase C.
On the dynamics of acute EBV infection and the pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis.

Memory B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (mBLats) in the blood disappear rapidly on presentation with acute symptomatic primary infection (acute infectious mononucleosis [AIM]). They undergo a simple exponential decay (average half-life: 7.5 ± 3.7 days) similar to that of normal memory B cells. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to immediate early (IE) lytic antigens (CTLIEs) also decays over this time period, but no such correlation was observed for the CTL response to lytic or latent antigens or to the levels of virions shed into saliva. We have estimated the average half-life of CTLIEs to be 73 (± 23) days. We propose that cycles of infection and reactivation occur in the initial stages of infection that produce high levels of mBLats in the circulation. Eventually the immune response arises and minimizes these cycles leaving the high levels of mBLats in the blood to decay through simple memory B-cell homeostasis mechanisms. This triggers the cells to reactivate the virus whereupon most are killed by CTLIEs before they can release virus and infect new cells. The release of antigens caused by this large-scale destruction of infected cells may trigger the symptoms of AIM and be a cofactor in other AIM-associated diseases.
Fetal acoustic stimulation test: stimulus features of three artificial larynges recorded in sheep.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the characteristics of vibroacoustic devices used for fetal stimulation. STUDY DESIGN: Intrauterine sound pressure levels over a frequency range of 40 to 5000 Hz were measured with hydrophones in anesthetized sheep. Stimulators included the AT&T (Martinsburg, W.V.) and Servox (Hearing Instruments, Piscataway, N.J.) artificial larynges, the Corometrics fetal acoustic stimulator (Wallingford, Conn.) and an electric toothbrush. RESULTS: Intrauterine spectral patterns resulting from stimulation with the AT&T, Servox, and Corometrics devices were characterized by numerous high-level overtones above a fundamental frequency between 97 and 163 Hz. Fundamental frequencies recorded during toothbrush stimulation were 22 to 24 Hz with reduced but identifiable overtones up to 250 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal vibroacoustic stimulators that operate on the principle of the electronic artificial larynx produce very similar intrauterine sound pressure levels.
The development of C-10 phthalocyanine for composite matrix applications

Thermomechanical analysis was carried out for various phthalocyanine resins. The polymer based on the C-10 diamide resin was then chosen for evaluation as a potential composite matrix material. Prepregs with Thornel 300 graphite reinforcements were successfully prepared using a hot-melt technique. The processability of this material was studied by employing instrumental techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and dynamic dielectric analysis. A cure cycle was developed for the fabrication of angle-ply laminate using the conventional vacuum-bag technique in a hydraulic press. Laminate mechanical properties both in tension and in flexure were determined. The results for the C-10/T-300 samples were shown to be similar to those of an epoxy/graphite and a polyimide/graphite composite system.
Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of trisomy 4 mosaicism.

A liveborn girl with 46,XX/47,XX + 4 mosaicism is reported for the first time. The diagnosis of true mosaicism was established initially in the assay of cultured amniotic fluid cells, although fetal blood obtained by percutaneous umbilical blood sampling showed a 46,XX chromosome constitution. The liveborn infant had manifestations previously reported in dup(4p) and dup(4q) syndromes. Cells in cord and arterial blood samples also were 46,XX, but cultures of placenta and bilateral forearm skin biopsies showed 46,XX/47,XX, +4 mosaicism. This case illustrates the disadvantage of chromosome analysis from blood alone when tissue-specific mosaicism is present.
Bacillus cereus iron uptake protein fishes out an unstable ferric citrate trimer

Citrate is a common biomolecule that chelates Fe(III). Many bacteria and plants use ferric citrate to fulfill their nutritional requirement for iron. Only the Escherichia coli ferric citrate outer-membrane transport protein FecA has been characterized; little is known about other ferric citrate-binding proteins. Here we report a unique siderophore-binding protein from the Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium Bacillus cereus that binds multinuclear ferric citrate complexes. We have demonstrated that B. cereus ATCC 14579 takes up 55Fe radiolabeled ferric citrate and that a protein, BC_3466 [renamed FctC (ferric citrate-binding protein C)], binds ferric citrate. The dissociation constant (Kd) of FctC at pH 7.4 with ferric citrate (molar ratio 1:50) is 2.6 nM. This is the tightest binding observed of any B. cereus siderophore-binding protein. Nano electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (nano ESI-MS) analysis of FctC and ferric citrate complexes or citrate alone show that FctC binds diferric di-citrate, and triferric tricitrate, but does not bind ferric di-citrate, ferric monocitrate, or citrate alone. Significantly, the protein selectively binds triferric tricitrate even though this species is naturally present at very low equilibrium concentrations.
Daily event causation: An approach to elderly life quality

Arizona State UniversityA conceptual framework for analyzing the role of daily events in the qualityof life (QOL) of the elderly is presented. Concepts involving perceptions ofcontrol over the causation of daily events are shown to relate to positive andnegative aspects of adjustment. Prior research by the authors has shown theutility of assessing the following event sequence: causation of event, responseto event, outcome of event activity. The elements in this sequence can berelated independently to QOL, and each or all can be differentially impactedby the aging process. The literature on four aspects of aging {retirement,death of a significant other, relocation, and institutionalization) and activity,disengagement, and congruence models are reviewed from an event-activityapproach. A single case study demonstrating the potential utility of the ap-proach is presented.The quality of life (QOL) of the elderly depends upon numerous factors, both per-sonal and environmental, operating separately and interacting. In our research on QOL,we have found that the study of events and related concepts provide some useful analytictools for piecing together many of the diverse elements. Both theoretical and practicalissues are involved here. Theoretical progress has been made because the frameworkallows for the integration of a number of distinct areas of research, and practical issuesare involved because it appears to offer the promise of developing clearly focused ways inwhich community resources can be brought to bear on improving the lives of the elderly.It should be noted that as yet there is little or no gerontological research integratingthese concepts with data. Our plan here is to sketch the conceptual outlines of what mightbe a useful empirical approach to QOL of the elderly. We will first review our frameworkfor studying the impact of events and then review how the relevant gerontologicalliterature might be integrated with that framework.Events and Event CausationAn enduring tenet of community psychology is that the quality of a person's life Isrelated to the types of events he/she experiences (Bloom, 1971; Zautra & Goodhart,1978). The concept of event is multifaceted; in our own research we have found it par-ticularly useful to analyze the causal properties of events that people experience in every-day life.Stated in its most elementary form, this approach maps experience into two distinctcausal domains: (a) Events that we cause and (b) events that occur independent of ourown efforts. The general theoretical principle involved here is that of cognitive controlalong with intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for engaging in actions. People do thingsbecause they want to and that freedom of choice has an important impact on their inter-pretation of how their life is going. Oftentimes events arise independently of choice; theyare externally initiated and put pressure on the person to respond. That external sourceof causation also has an impact. We refer to these two types of events that relate to daily
Mepacrine‐induced inhibition of the inward current mediated by 5‐HT3 receptors in rat nodose ganglion neurones

1. With the whole-cell patch clamp technique, the effect of the antimalarial drug, mepacrine (quinacrine) on the inward current mediated by 5-HT3 receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced current) was investigated in isolated nodose ganglion neurones of the rat. 2. 5-HT and the selective 5-HT3 receptor agonists, 2-methyl-5-HT and m-chlorophenylbiguanide elicited an inward current which reversed at around 0 mV and quickly desensitized to a steady state level. 3. Mepacrine dose-dependently inhibited the peak current induced by 5-HT with an IC50 of 2.1 microM and an apparent Hill coefficient of 0.99. 4. Mepacrine increased the decay rate of the 5-HT-induced current. 5. The effect of mepacrine on the 5-HT-induced current was reversible and not dependent on membrane potential. The reversal potential of the 5-HT-induced current was not affected. 6. Intracellular mepacrine had no significant effect on the 5-HT-induced current and did not block the extracellular action of mepacrine. 7. Concentration-response curves in the presence and absence of mepacrine suggest a non-competitive inhibition of 5-HT-induced current by mepacrine.
Estimating Free-Flow Speeds for Rural Multilane Highways

The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 repealed the national maximum speed limit. As a result, many of the states have increased posted speed limits to 105 km/h (65 mph) for select multilane highways. This study evaluates the distribution of the speed and studies the influence of site characteristics, light conditions, and type of vehicle on the field-measured free-flow speed. The suitability of the Highway Capacity Manual multilane highway rules of thumb for freeflow speed to both an 89- and a 105-km/h (55- and 65-mph) posted speed limit condition is also discussed.
The HPV vaccine: a comparison of focus groups conducted in South Africa and Ohio Appalachia.

Worldwide, cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women. Even though women in developing countries account for approximately 85 % of the cervical cancer cases and deaths, disparities in cervical cancer rates are also documented in developed countries like the United States (U.S.). Recently, formative research conducted in the U.S. and developing countries like South Africa have sought to gain a better understanding of the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about cervical cancer prevention, HPV, and the acceptance of the HPV vaccine. This study compares findings from two independent focus group studies. One study was conducted in a segregated township in Johannesburg, South Africa (n = 24) and the other study was conducted in Ohio Appalachia (n = 19). The following seven themes emerged during the discussions from both studies: HPV and cervical cancer; health decision making; parent–child communication; healthy children; HPV vaccine costs; sexual abuse; and HPV vaccine education. Findings from both studies indicate the importance of the role of mothers and grandmothers in the health care decision-making process for children and a lack of awareness of HPV and its association with cervical cancer. While there was interest in the HPV vaccine, participants voiced concern about the vaccine’s cost and side effects. Some participants expressed concern that receipt of the HPV vaccine may initiate adolescent sexual behavior. However, other participants suggested that the HPV vaccine may protect young women who may experience sexual abuse. The importance of developing culturally appropriate educational materials and programs about cervical cancer prevention and the HPV vaccine were expressed by participants in both countries.
Strong Quake Strikes Japan

[1] As Eos was about to go to press, a powerful earthquake with a preliminary estimated magnitude of 8.9 shook the northeast coast of Japan on 11 March at 05:46:23 UTC. It is the largest known earthquake along the Japan Trench subduction zone since 869 A.D. or earlier, Brian Atwater, geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), told Eos. The quake's magnitude would place it fifth in terms of any earthquake magnitude worldwide since at least 1900, according to information from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. The amount of energy released in the quake—which occurred 130 kilometers east of Sendai, Honshu, at a depth of 24.4 kilometers—was equivalent to the energy from 30 earthquakes the size of the 1906 quake in San Francisco, Calif., according to David Applegate, USGS senior science advisor for earthquake and geologic hazards. He said the economic losses from the shaking are estimated to be in the tens of billions of dollars.
Certification of drugs of abuse in a human serum standard reference material: SRM 1959

A new standard reference material (SRM) for drugs of abuse in human serum (SRM 1959) has been developed. This SRM is intended to be used as a control material for laboratories performing analysis of drugs of abuse in blood to evaluate the accuracy of their methods. SRM 1959 is a frozen human serum material fortified with seven compounds for which analyses are performed to determine evidence of illegal drug use: benzoylecgonine (BZE), methadone (METH), methamphetamine (MAMP), morphine (MOR), nordiazepam (NOR), phencyclidine (PCP), and 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-9-COOH). Two independent methods involving isotope dilution (ID)-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ID-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were used for the value assignment. For THC-9-COOH, an additional measurement using LC/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was also included. All methods used isotopically labeled compounds as internal standards and solid-phase extractions to isolate the analytes from the serum. The GC/MS methods used different clean-up procedures from those used for the LC/MS-based methods. Repeatability with within-set coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.5% to 4.3% for the GC/MS methods and from 0.2% to 1.2% for the LC/MS-based methods. Intermediate precision with between-set CVs for all the methods ranged from 0.1% to 1.1%. Agreement between the GC/MS and LC/MS methods ranged from 0.8% to 8.8%. The results from the methods were combined to obtain the certified concentrations and their expanded uncertainties.
Public relations functions: Perspective from a Japanese corporation

Abstract This paper examines public relations (PR) functions in a large Japanese corporation as well as the PR role in the management function. The corporation under study is Kao Corporation, which is one of the largest Japanese consumer and industrial goods manufacturers. Information was collected from interviewing a PR manager of Kao Corporation. Evidence suggests that Kao's PR department functions more or less like an advertising department. Press releases are placed in the media as paid advertisements. Kao's PR uses a third-party endorsement to establish a new product's credibility. The company has a participative corporate culture that allows the PR director to work closely with the top management. The idea of collaborative efforts between departments and the practice of being a socially responsible company suggest that Kao's PR department uses a combination of communication models and Japanese management styles to project a good corporate citizen image.
Loss of Highly Branched Arabinans and Debranching of Rhamnogalacturonan I Accompany Loss of Firm Texture and Cell Separation during Prolonged Storage of Apple

Growth and maturation of the edible cortical cells of apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are accompanied by a selective loss of pectin-associated (1-->4)-beta-D-galactan from the cell walls, whereas a selective loss of highly branched (1-->5)-alpha-L-arabinans occurs after ripening and in advance of the loss of firm texture. The selective loss of highly branched arabinans occurs during the overripening of apples of four cultivars (Gala, Red Delicious, Firm Gold, and Gold Rush) that varied markedly in storage life, but, in all instances, the loss prestages the loss of firm texture, measured by both breaking strength and compression resistance. The unbranched (1-->5)-linked arabinans remain associated with the major pectic polymer, rhamnogalacturonan I, and their content remains essentially unchanged during overripening. However, the degree of rhamnogalacturonan I branching at the rhamnosyl residues also decreases, but only after extensive loss of the highly branched arabinans. In contrast to the decrease in arabinan content, the loss of the rhamnogalacturonan I branching is tightly correlated with loss of firm texture in all cultivars, regardless of storage time. In vitro cell separation assays show that structural proteins, perhaps via their phenolic residues, and homogalacturonans also contribute to cell adhesion. Implications of these cell wall modifications in the mechanisms of apple cortex textural changes and cell separation are discussed.
Copying Lens for Microfilm Photography

A new lens design for precise copying exemplifies the success of the rms error function as a suitable criterion for the design of high resolution lenses. The design, a 145-mm f/4.0, gives 400-line/mm, high contrast, white-light visual resolution throughout a 30-mm flat image when used at 20:1 conjugates. On high resolution plates, a resolution of 320 lines/mm is obtained. The five-glass design has no vignetting of the marginal beams, presents no manufacturing problems, and gave full resolution when first assembled. The prescription was found by the LASL 1972 Lens Design Program.
Vitamin K2 in Electron Transport System: Are Enzymes Involved in Vitamin K2 Biosynthesis Promising Drug Targets?

Aerobic and anaerobic respiratory systems allow cells to transport the electrons to terminal electron acceptors. The quinone (ubiquinone or menaquinone) pool is central to the electron transport chain. In the majority of Gram-positive bacteria, vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is the sole quinone in the electron transport chain, and thus, the bacterial enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of menaquinone are potential targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. This manuscript reviews the role of vitamin K in bacteria and humans, and especially emphasizes on recent aspects of menaquinones in bacterial electron transport chain and on discoveries of inhibitor molecules targeting bacterial electron transport systems for new antibacterial agents.
Molecular Aspects of Lens Cell Differentiation

I have presented a series of observations on macromolecular interactions which occur during the terminal stages of lens cell differentiation. These are summarized in Fig. 2. Other cell types that undergo similar changes are the erythrocyte and skin cells (epidermis) during the process of keratinization. These other cells are also involved in the synthesis of highly specific proteins, and there are indications that molecular alterations similar to those described for the lens may also occur in these cells (26). Thus, elucidation of a specific series of macromolecular initeractions such as those described may provide a basis for the biochemical definition of the terminal stages of cellular differentiation. Differentiation of the reticulocyte, for example, involves inactivation of the nucleus, stabilization of mRNA, and possibly a ribosomal breakdown such as I have described here (26). Furthermore, elucidation of the mechanisms of reactions involving the initiation of tissue-specific protein synthesis and suLbsequent nuclear inactivation, stabilization of mRNA, and breakdown of the ribosomes may provide a basis for defining the mechanisms of terminal cellular differentiation. The lens cell has reached its highest form of cellular differentiation when it has formed the fiber cell. With respect to the mechanism of lens fiber cell formation, we would like to know whether specific biochemical changes such as γ-crystallin synthesis are intiniately linked to fiber cell formation—that is, whether γ-crystallins are required to bring about the formation of a fiber cell. The potential for synthesizing γ-crystallins is inherent in the genome of the cell. This part of the genome is nonfunctional in the epithelial cell. Can these genes be activated without bringing about a simultaneous cellular elongation, nuclear inactivation and loss of cellular replication, stabilization of mRNA, and breakdown of the ribosomes? The degree of coupling or uncoupling of tissue-specific-protein synthesis to morphogenesis is an important part of the mechanism of cellular differentiation. We feel that we have now reached the stage where we can begin to answer these questions.
The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans

The von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons located in frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans, but not other primates. We performed stereological counts of the VENs in FI and LA (limbic anterior, a component of anterior cingulate cortex) in great apes and in humans. The VENs are more numerous in humans than in apes, although one gorilla approached the lower end of the human range. We also examined the ontological development of the VENs in FI and LA in humans. The VENs first appear in small numbers in the 36th week post-conception, are rare at birth, and increase in number during the first 8 months after birth. There are significantly more VENs in the right hemisphere than in the left in FI and LA in postnatal brains of apes and humans. This asymmetry in VEN numbers may be related to asymmetries in the autonomic nervous system. The activity of the inferior anterior insula, which contains FI, is related to physiological changes in the body, decision-making, error recognition, and awareness. The VENs appear to be projection neurons, although their targets are unknown. We made a preliminary study of the connections of FI cortex based on diffusion tensor imaging in the brain of a gorilla. The VEN-containing regions connect to the frontal pole as well as to other parts of frontal and insular cortex, the septum, and the amygdala. It is likely that the VENs in FI are projecting to some or all of these structures and relaying information related to autonomic control, decision-making, or awareness. The VENs selectively express the bombesin peptides neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) which are also expressed in another population of closely related neurons, the fork cells. NMB and GRP signal satiety. The genes for NMB and GRP are expressed selectively in small populations of neurons in the insular cortex in mice. These populations may be related to the VEN and fork cells and may be involved in the regulation of appetite. The loss of these cells may be related to the loss of satiety signaling in patients with frontotemporal dementia who have damage to FI. The VENs and fork cells may be morphological specializations of an ancient population of neurons involved in the control of appetite present in the insular cortex in all mammals. We found that the protein encoded by the gene DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia) is preferentially expressed by the VENs. DISC1 has undergone rapid evolutionary change in the line leading to humans, and since it suppresses dendritic branching it may be involved in the distinctive VEN morphology.
A classification of clinical fat grafting: different problems, different solutions.

Background:Fat grafting has reemerged from a highly variable procedure to a technique with vast reconstructive and cosmetic potential. Largely because of a more disciplined and scientific approach to fat grafting as a transplantation event, early adopters of fat transplantation have begun to approac
Mood as a Determinant of Postconsumption Product Evaluations: Mood Effects and Their Dependency on the Affective Intensity of the Consumption Experience

Abstract Can preconsumption mood influence postconsumption evaluations? In this article, we attempt to answer this question; in doing so, we broaden our understanding of both the factors that can influence consumers' evaluations of the consumption experience as well as the role of mood in consumer behavior. The results of an experimental study show that not only can mood influence postconsumption brand attitudes, but that such effects are moderated by the affective intensity of the consumption experience. Mood effects were not observed when consumption evoked strong positive or negative responses. Rather, preconsumption mood influenced brand attitudes only when the consumption experience was relatively neutral in affective intensity.
755 nm alexandrite laser for the reduction of tumor burden in basal cell Nevus syndrome.

Background and Objective Basal Cell Nevus syndrome (BCNS) is characterized by numerous basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Multiple treatments with the pulsed dye laser (PDL) have been shown, in small studies, to be effective for the treatment of superficial and nodular BCCs. Like PDL, the alexandrite laser can be vessel-selective, but has the added advantage of deeper tissue penetration. We evaluated the utility of the alexandrite laser in reducing the tumor burden in BCNS with a single treatment. Study Design/Materials and Methods A case report and review of the literature are presented. A 45-year-old man with BCNS and a history of radiation therapy presented with an extraordinarily high tumor burden (>250 BCCs). As a compassionate measure to reduce the tumor burden, we investigated the utility of a single treatment of the long-pulsed 755 nm alexandrite laser to several BCC lesions. The treated lesions were evaluated at 2-month and 7-month clinical follow-up. Histopathologic analysis of a treated lesion was performed at 7-month clinical follow-up. Results At 2-month, and 7-month clinical follow-up, 15 of 18 treated lesions or about 83% of the alexandrite laser treated lesions showed a complete clinical response and appeared as hypopigmented areas with scarring. Histopathologic analysis of a treated lesion at 7-month clinical follow-up showed no evidence of residual tumor. Conclusions The long-pulsed alexandrite laser may be helpful in significantly reducing tumor burden in difficult to manage BCNS patients with a single treatment. This provides a facile and practical treatment alternative for the management of challenging cases of BCNS. The limitation of this study is that it is a single case observation. Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these observations. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:68–71, 2011 © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Global responses of Methanococcus maripaludis to specific nutrient limitations and growth rate.

isoleucine and valine showed significant increases, indicating a coordinate regulation of branched-chain amino acids at a post-mRNA level. Leucine limitation also resulted in increased mRNA abundance for ribosomal protein genes, increased rRNA abundance, and decreased mRNA abundance for genes of methanogenesis. In contrast, phosphate limitation induced a specific response, a marked increase in mRNA levels for a phosphate transporter. Some mRNA levels responded to more than one factor; for example, transcripts for flagellum synthesis genes decreased under conditions of leucine limitation and increased under H2 limitation. Increased growth rate resulted in increased mRNA levels for ribosomal protein genes, increased rRNA abundance, and increased mRNA for a gene encoding an S-layer protein.
A critical role for virus-specific CD8(+) CTLs in protection from Theiler's virus-induced demyelination in disease-susceptible SJL mice.

Abstract Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is a relevant mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Infection of susceptible SJL/J mice leads to life-long CNS virus persistence and development of a chronic T cell-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease triggered via epitope spreading to endogenous myelin epitopes. Potent CNS-infiltrating CD8 + T cell responses to TMEV epitopes have previously been shown to be induced in both disease-susceptible SJL/J and resistant C57BL/6 mice, in which the virus is rapidly cleared. Specific tolerization of SJL CD8 + T cells specific for the immunodominant TMEV VP3 159 – 166 epitope has no effect on viral load or development of clinical TMEV-IDD, but adoptive transfer of activated CD8 + VP3 159 – 166 -specific T cell blasts shortly after TMEV infection to boost the early anti-viral response leads to clearance of CNS virus and protection from subsequent TMEV-IDD. These studies have important implications for vaccine strategies and treatment of chronic infections in humans.
Elastic rebound between an indenter and a layered specimen: Part II. Using contact stiffness to help ensure reliability of nanoindentation measurements

Measurement of nanoindentation hardness and modulus relies on the determination of the projected area of the indent, A, usually done by one of two methods: (1) indirectly, based on depth of indentation and calibrated indenter shape; or (2) directly, using a microscope image. In this article we introduce a new analysis to improve the reliability and precision of nanoindentation data. The analysis examines the specimen properties from perspective of the parameter L 0 1/2 C = H1/2/Eeff + CmL0 where C is the measured unloading compliance, Cm is the machine compliance, L0 is the load, H is the hardness, and Eeff is the specimen-indenter contact modulus, which is a function of the size of the indent, and which can be calculated based on a theoretical model. We apply this analysis to the characterization of 1–2 μm thick molybdenum films deposited on silicon.
Redundancy as a facilitator in the learning of complex verbal forms

A principle to account for mastering of complex linguistic forms was proposed. A total of 149 4- to 6-year-old children were tested to determine whether experience with redundant features (e.g., the word “first”) in the sentence facilitated later comprehension of equivalent nonredundant sentences expressing temporal order (“before,” “after”). The data showed that sentences were scalable as proposed, and that redundancy as a temporal marker facilitated later comprehension, but only for relatively low levels of complexity. Different findings by different experimenters highlight how apparently minor variations in experiments can result in different conclusions about “comprehension strategies” when one generalizes from studies that use subjects still acquiring language.
Thoughts on Thermomechanics

First, a short description is presented of the history of the interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a restriction on the kind of material properties that physical systems occurring in nature can have. I describe the desirability of developing a framework, using the concept of a state of a material element, for developing a general thermomechanical theory of simple materials. I also give a taste of the mathematical infrastructure needed for such a theory. An outline of the paper by Brian Seguin and myself [1] is presented that may be a model for the first few chapters of future textbooks on continuum thermomechanics.
Beyond Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: In Reply

In committing to write a report on the falsification of pediatric medical conditions (Munchausen syndrome by proxy [MSBP]), the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect knew that it was wading into a definitional swamp of confusing notions about this type of child abuse. The response from Feldman, Light, Lasher, and Sheridan, all of whom are respected and competent professionals, sheds light on the necessity for ongoing debate. The committee set out with 2 objectives. One was to clarify the sometimes bewildering terminology that is applied to these cases. We …
Effect of Solution Treatment and Artificial Aging on the Work Hardening Characteristics of D357 Alloy Castings

The effects of solution treatment time and artificial aging on the work hardening characteristics on Al-7%Si-0.6%Mg (D357) alloy castings were investigated. Four different solution treatment times at 540°C (1, 4, 16 and 64 hours) and six different artificial aging times at 160°C (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 hours) were used. Work hardening characteristics were investigated by Kocks-Mecking plots for each specimen. The effects of Si particle morphology (solution treatment) and matrix strength (aging) on Kocks-Mecking (Stage III) work hardening model parameters are discussed in the paper.
A measurement of the faint source correlation function in the GOODS and UDF surveys

We present a stable procedure for defining and measuring the two point angular autocorrelation function, w(θ) = [θ/θ 0 (V)] -Γ , of faint (25 < V < 29), barely resolved and unresolved sources in the Hubble Space Telescope Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey and Ultra Deep Field data sets. We construct catalogues that include close pairs and faint detections. We show, for the first time, that, on subarcsec scales, the correlation function exceeds unity. This correlation function is well fit by a power law with index Γ ≈ 2.5 and a θ 0 = 10 -1.0(v-25.8) arcsec. This is very different from the values of Γ ≈ 0.7 and θ 0 (r) = 10 -0.4(r-21.5) arcsec associated with the gravitational clustering of brighter galaxies. This observed clustering probably reflects the presence of giant star-forming regions within galactic-scale potential wells. Its measurement enables a new approach to measuring the redshift distribution of the faintest sources in the sky.
A Fermi Liquid Electronic Structure and the Nature of the Carriers in High-Tc Cuprates: A Photoemission Study

We have performed angle-integrated and angle-resolved photoemission measurements at 20 K on well-characterized single crystals of high Tc cuprates (both 1:2:3-type and 2:2:1:2-type) cleaved in situ, and find a relatively large, resolution limited Fermi edge which shows large amplitude variations with photon energy, indicative of band structure final state effects. The lineshape of the spectra of the 1:2:3 materials as a function of photon energy are well reproduced by band structure predictions, indicating a correct mix of 2p and 3d orbitals in the calculations, while the energy positions of the peaks agree with calculated bands to within ≈0.5 eV. This may yet prove to reflect the effects of Coulomb correlation. We nevertheless conclude that a Fermi liquid approach to conductivity is appropriate. Angle-resolved data, while still incomplete, suggest agreement with the Fermi surface predicted by the LDA calculations. A BCS-like energy gap is observed in the 2:2:1:2 materials, whose magnitude is twice the weak coupling BCS value (i.e., 2Δ ≈ 7kTc).
Gender and closeness among friends and siblings

Friendships and sibling bonds are often the most enduring relationships in a person's life. This study examined what makes each relationship close and how gender and type of relationship affect the ways in which closeness is manifested. Contrary to previous research on American students, respondents in the present study did not indicate that they were closer to their friends than their siblings. Rather, closeness emerged as a function of similarity in friendships and as a function of dependability in sibling dyads. Similarly, women and men reported that their relationships were equally close; however, closeness was manifested differently for each.