cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuelnitrogen transformations in one-dimensional coal-dust flames

Abstract Experiments on the distribution of fuel nitrogen in pulverized-coal/O 2 /Ar flames stabilized on a flat-flame burner are reported. The gas-phase concentration of HCN, NO, NH 3 , and N 2 , and the solid-phase nitrogen content were measured as a function of reaction time. A complete inventory of the major nitrogen-containing species is attained for two fuel-rich stoichiometries. Coal-nitrogen release is found to be more complete in the leaner flame. HCN and NO account for most of the gas-phase nitrogen early in the flames, while N 2 predominates later. Particle and gas temperature profiles were obtained with an infrared pyrometer. Early in the flame the particle and gas temperatures do not differ much, but the gas may eventually be as much as several hundred Kelvin hotter than the particles. The experimental results are used to determine overall rate constants for coal-nitrogen devolatilization and for N 2 formation.
Fairness, Efficiency, and Flexibility in Organ Allocation for Kidney Transplantation

We propose a scalable, data-driven method for designing national policies for the allocation of deceased donor kidneys to patients on a waiting list in a fair and efficient way. We focus on policies that have the same form as the one currently used in the United States. In particular, we consider policies that are based on a point system that ranks patients according to some priority criteria, e.g., waiting time, medical urgency, etc., or a combination thereof. Rather than making specific assumptions about fairness principles or priority criteria, our method offers the designer the flexibility to select his desired criteria and fairness constraints from a broad class of allowable constraints. The method then designs a point system that is based on the selected priority criteria and approximately maximizes medical efficiency---i.e., life-year gains from transplant---while simultaneously enforcing selected fairness constraints. Among the several case studies we present employing our method, one case study designs a point system that has the same form, uses the same criteria, and satisfies the same fairness constraints as the point system that was recently proposed by U.S. policy makers. In addition, the point system we design delivers an 8% increase in extra life-year gains. We evaluate the performance of all policies under consideration using the same statistical and simulation tools and data as the U.S. policy makers use. Other case studies perform a sensitivity analysis for instance, demonstrating that the increase in extra life-year gains by relaxing certain fairness constraints can be as high as 30% and also pursue the design of policies targeted specifically at remedying criticisms leveled at the recent point system proposed by U.S. policy makers.
Numerical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Residual Stress in Autogenous Laser Welding of High-Strength Steel

A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was developed to numerically calculate the temperature field and residual-stress field in the autogenous laser welding process. The grid independence of the FE model was verified to eliminate the variation of the heat flux between adjacent elements. A cut-off temperature method with combination of the tensile testing was used to consider the effect of high-temperature material properties on the numerical simulation. The effect of the latent heat of fusion and evaporation was also taken into consideration. High compressive initial stress was presented in the selected high-strength steel plates. A subroutine was written to consider the initial stress in the FE mode. Predicted residual stress agreed well with experimental data obtained by an X-ray diffraction technique. Results showed that the transverse and longitudinal residual stresses prevailed in the autogenous laser welding process, and the thermal stress concentration occurred in the molten pool and its adjacent regions. The effect of the welding speed on the distribution of residual stress was also studied. The values of residual stress decreased with an increase in the welding speed.
Disease progression and outcomes in chronic kidney disease and renal transplantation

Disease progression and outcomes in chronic kidney disease and renal transplantation. Background It is unknown whether renal transplant recipients (RTR) have better outcomes and disease progression rates compared to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) when matched for the level of kidney function. Methods We analyzed data on 1762 patients with CKD ( N = 872) and RTR ( N = 890) over 16years, applying the new Kidney/Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) staging system for CKD in a single center retrospective study. Patients were further divided based their native kidney disease. We determined disease progression by the slope of creatinine clearance decline and patient and kidney survival rates adjusted for age, gender and stage of kidney function, using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The overall rate of creatinine clearance decline in patients with CKD was -6.6 ± 8.7mL/min/year compared to -1.9 ± 4.7mL/min/year in RTR ( P P P = 0.25). Conclusion RTR had similar mortality rates compared to patients with CKD despite enjoying slower rates of disease progression and better kidney survival rates. These data suggest that RTR are a unique subset of patients with CKD whose comorbid conditions likely offset the potential benefits of slower rates of progression.
Modeling evaluation of carbaryl degradation in a continuously stirred tank reactor by anodic fenton treatment.

Anodic Fenton treatment (AFT) has been shown to be effective in removing pesticides from aqueous solution in batch reactors with the formation of less toxic and more biodegradable products. To faci...
Heptacarpus Pictus (Stimpson) Synonymized With Heptacarpus Sitchensis (Brandt) (Decapoda, Hippolytidae)

Heptacarpus pictus (Stimpson, 1871) has been thought to be distinct from H. sitchensis (Brandt, 1851) based on the epipods: the former having epipods on the third maxillipcds and first and second pereopods, the latter having epipods on the third maxillipeds and first pereopods but not the second pereopods. The relative lengths of the antennular and antennal peduncles and the third maxillipeds to each other have been mentioned to be different in the two species. However, the description by Stimpson states that epipods of H. pictus were present on the first pereopods, not the second; the existing syntype of the species does not have epipods on the second pereopods. Study of over 280 specimens from British Columbia, Canada; California, U.S.A. and Baja California, Mexico, shows that individuals with epipods on the third maxillipeds and first pereopods occur throughout the range and that specimens also with epipods on the second pereopods occur in Monterey Bay and south of Point Conception, California. One individual was found with epipods on the third maxillipeds and first pereopods on both sides and an epipod on the second pereopod on the right side only. No other consistent differences in habitat, color or morphology were found between the specimens. We conclude that H. pictus is a junior synonym of H. sitchensis, and that shrimp with epipods on the second pereopods as well as the third maxillipeds and first pereopods constitute a morph of H. sitchensis.
Death of Micrococcus luteus in Soil

Micrococcus luteus cells died relatively quickly when they were added to natural soil. The results were similar for soil in nature and as soil samples in the laboratory. The cells died more quickly when nutrients were added to the soil. Those cells that survived soil residence exhibited a temporary lengthening of the time required for colonial growth and pigment formation on laboratory media. They had not gained increased survival capability, however. This was evident when they were retested in soil. Good survival of the M. luteus cells was noted when the soil was incubated at lowered temperatures. Some protection to the cells was provided by slow drying of the soil during incubation or by addition of NaCl. Microscopic examination of the soil revealed that the M. luteus cells were being physically destroyed and that two different bacteria were growing in the areas where the cells had lysed. It was suggested that bacterial predators in the soil might be associated with the death of the M. luteus cells.
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF PERCHLORATE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN THE GUINEA PIG

THIS report documents (1) production of fetal goiter when perchlorate is administered to pregnant guinea pigs, (2) failure of large doses of triiodothyronine to protect the fetus against perchlorate induced goiter, and (3) studies on the placental transfer of I131 labeled triiodothyronine. The findings bear upon the use of these agents in the treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy. In addition, they may be relevant to broader aspects of fetal-maternal interrelations.
Cementless total hip arthroplasty in patients fifty years of age or younger: a minimum ten-year follow-up.

Background: The durability of total hip arthroplasty in younger patients has been reported to be less than that in older patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of cementless total hip arthroplasty performed in a consecutive series of patients fifty years of age or younger who were followed for a minimum of ten years. Methods: We prospectively followed 100 consecutive patients (115 hips) who were fifty years of age or younger when they were treated with primary cementless total hip arthroplasty with use of a second-generation, extensively porous-coated femoral stem and a cementless acetabular component. The patients were followed for a minimum of ten years, and the results were compared with our patients in the same age group who had total hip arthroplasty with cement. Evaluation included the need for revision, activity questionnaires, six-minute walks, activity level monitoring with an accelerometer, and radiographic evaluation for evidence of loosening, wear, and osteolysis. Results: Seventy-three patients (eighty-two hips) were available for follow-up at ten years (mean, twelve years). Seventeen patients (twenty-three hips) had died, and ten patients (ten hips) were lost to follow-up. The average age at the time of surgery was 40.1 years. Three femoral stems were revised for periprosthetic fracture. No acetabular shell or femoral stem was revised for loosening, and none were loose on radiographs made at the time of a minimum ten-year follow-up. This compares favorably with the cemented cohort, which had poorer survivorship of the implant with regard to revision for aseptic loosening and radiographic loosening. Reoperation for any reason was similar between the two cohorts at ten years, primarily because of the relatively large numbers of revisions for polyethylene wear in the cementless group. Conclusions: Cementless total hip arthroplasty with use of a second-generation, extensively porous-coated stem demonstrated durable fixation in an active, younger population at a minimum follow-up of ten years and had better survivorship with respect to fixation compared with our previously reported cemented cohort. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Integration of UWB and Wireless Pressure Mapping in Surgical Navigation

Wireless technologies are becoming more prevalent in hospital environments. An ultra-wideband (UWB) indoor tracking system is outlined, which has dynamic 3-D real-time root-mean-square error in the range of 5.24-6.37 mm using line-of-sight signals in different experiments. This high 3-D accuracy opens up many new applications to UWB indoor wireless positioning, which includes its use for tracking smart surgical tools and its ability to register relevant objects in the scene such as a spacer block for real-time pressure mapping of the femoral condyles. Experimental results quantifying the operating room (OR) environment for UWB transmission fit to the IEEE 802.15.4a channel model are included. A simulation of our UWB positioning system with interference from an IEEE 802.11a source shows the need for a front-end bandpass filter at our UWB receiver. Both microcantilever and microelectromechanical systems-based wireless pressure sensors are presented including quantitative performance metrics (e.g., hysteresis, sensitivity). The data for these sensors is transmitted over the 315- and 433.92-MHz telemetry bands. These bands are examined for their performance in the OR.
Group communication support for distributed collaboration systems

The Collaborative Computing Transport Layer (CCTL) is a communication substrate consisting of a suite of multiparty protocols, providing varying service qualities among process groups. CCTL explicitly supports distributed collaborative and multimedia applications. CCTL is based on a two-level group hierarchy. Logical interconnections among entities, called channels, define an efficient and light-weight group mechanism. Channels support a variety of service qualities such as reliability and message ordering. Related channels can also be combined to form sessions, heavy-weight groups which provide a default atomic multicast service. CCTL supports membership protocols tailored to the quality of service offered by a channel, including a relaxed form of virtual synchrony. In this paper, we present three membership protocols and compare and relate our implementations to alternatives. Our two-level architecture allows simple and efficient implementation of the membership protocols.
Speech analysis and coding using a multi-resolution sinusoidal transform

The sinusoidal transform, as developed by Quatieri and McAulay (1986), provides a sparse representation for speech signals by taking advantage of psychoacoustic masking. The currently reported work takes the sinusoidal transform one step further by considering the frequency resolution abilities of the human auditory system in more detail. The new transform is based on the wavelet principle of variable resolution in time/frequency analysis. Specifically, a sinusoidal transform is developed which uses quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks to obtain better time resolution at high frequencies and better frequency resolution at low frequencies. This naturally provides a perceptually improved allocation of the sinusoids. The new transform matches the human auditory system better than its predecessor and it also matches speech signals well, both fricative sounds and voiced speech. The QMF based ST is then shown to be equivalent to a more efficient FFT based implementation.
Sustained proliferation accompanies distraction osteogenesis in the rat

These studies were conducted to compare the local cellular proliferation patterns in the rat tibia during distraction osteogenesis with those during nondistracted fracture healing. Bone specimens from distraction osteogenesis and nondistracted fracture groups were analyzed 2, 10, and 20 days after surgery. Proliferation was determined by metabolic labeling with [3H]thymidine and by immunocytochemistry with an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Videomicroscopy was used to count the cells staining positively within specified regions. The number of cells incorporating [3H]thymidine was positively correlated (r2 = 0.78) with the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells on alternating serial slides. At day 2, the latter cells were largely confined to the bone marrow and periosteum in both groups, and the cell numbers per mm2 were also equivalent. At days 10 and 20, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells predominated in both the proximal and distal primary matrix front zones in the distraction osteogenesis group. In contrast, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells in the nondistracted fracture group were scattered throughout the healing area. Significantly more of these cells were in the primary matrix front zones than in any location within the nondistracted fracture-healing area. The number of these cells in the bone marrow adjacent to the surgical area declined from day 2 to day 10 in both groups. The results suggest that (a) proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining is a reliable indicator of cycling cells; (b) by day 10, distraction osteogenesis is characterized by a zone-specific pattern of proliferating cells; and (c) distraction osteogenesis prolongs the stimulation of proliferation within the gap after fracture.
Daily Fluctuation in Negative Affect for Family Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia

Objective The study examined associations of intrinsic fluctuation in daily negative affect (i.e., depression and anger) with adult day service (ADS) use, daily experiences, and other caregiving characteristics. Methods This was an 8-day diary of 173 family caregivers of individuals with dementia. Multilevel models with common within-person variance were fit first to show average associations between daily stressors and mean level of daily affect. Then multilevel models with heterogeneous within-person variance were fit to test the hypotheses on associations between ADS use, daily experiences, and intrinsic fluctuation in daily affect. Results The study showed that, when the sum of ADS days was greater than average, there was a stabilizing effect of ADS use on caregivers' within-person fluctuation in negative affect. Moreover, fewer daily stressors and greater-than-average daily care-related stressors, more positive events, not being a spouse, greater-than-average duration of caregiving, and less-than-average dependency of individuals with dementia on activities of daily living were associated with less fluctuation. Better sleep quality was associated with less intrinsic fluctuation in anger; and younger age and more years of education were associated with less intrinsic fluctuation in daily depression. Conclusions Because emotional stability has been argued as an aspect of emotional well-being in the general populations, intrinsic fluctuation of emotional experience was suggested as an outcome of evidence-based interventions for family caregivers.
Uniform Si nanostructures grown by oblique angle deposition with substrate swing rotation

Slanted nano-columns and square nano-springs made of amorphous silicon (a-Si) were fabricated on bare Si and patterned substrates by oblique angle deposition with a back–forth substrate swing rotation mode. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the grown nanostructures. The tilt angle of slanted nano-rods is determined by the incident angle of deposition flux and the azimuthal swing rotation angle of a substrate. The controlled substrate rotation affects the uniformity and the shape of the nanostructures. On the patterned substrate, the broadening of the size of individual nano-columns is greatly reduced and the nano-columns are not connected as they grow. A simple model based on decomposing the deposition flux is used to describe the effect of substrate rotation on tilt angle, uniformity, and the top-end shape of nanostructures. The feasibility of fabricating separated and well aligned nanostructures by our swing rotation method provides an effective and controllable way to fabricate nano-devices.
Gulliver travels to the fragmented tropics: geographic variation in mechanisms of avian extinction

Irrespective of geography, forest destruction and fragmentation lead to lower avian species richness. The underlying mechanisms causing local extirpations have been studied most thoroughly in northern temperate landscapes, where higher levels of brood parasitism, nest predation, and possibly decreased food availability are responsible for the loss of some species. Tropical landscapes are being similarly altered, but studies of responses by tropical birds remain relatively scarce. Predicting how tropical birds respond to habitat loss and fragmentation should not be extended directly from the results of temperate investigations. Tropical birds possess different evolutionary and life histories, which make them vulnerable to a different suite of threats than those normally considered for birds from temperate regions. These same traits, including greater physiological and sensory specialization, reduced dispersal capabilities, and much lower local and regional population densities, indicate that strategies for...
Neisseria sicca/subflava: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

In this case report, we describe a rare continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-associated peritonitis involving the gram-negative bacterium Neisseria sicca/subflava, which was reported as a gram- positive coccus on Gram stain by 2 separate laboratories. Although this is not the first report of Neisseria sicca/subflava as the cause of peritonitis in a patient undergoing CAPD, it is an uncommon pathogen. Consideration must be given to uncommon pathogens and unexpected results, particularly when treatment based on laboratory results does not produce the expected outcome. Received 1.23.07 | Revisions Received 1.24.07 | Accepted 1.25.07
Infant-Caregiver Interaction in Kenya and the United States The Importance of Multiple Caregivers and Adequate Comparison Samples

This study explores infant-caregiver interaction in two cultures, replicating and expanding on previous cross-cultural comparisons. For this study, 132 Kenyan infants, 112 preterm U.S. infants, and 27 full-term U.S. infants were observed with their caregivers during multiple home observations. Results expand on previous work in Kenya, illustrating the importance of multiple caregivers in the lives of infants. When all care- givers are taken into account, as opposed to just mothers, similarities between Kenyan and U.S. cultures in styles of interacting with young infants become more apparent. In addition, when infant-caregiver interaction in Kenya is compared with infant-caregiver interaction with U.S. preterms, previously reported differences between Kenyan and U.S. caregiving behaviors also become less evident. These findings are particularly important in that they counter the concern that the development of children in environments such as rural Kenya is compromised by lower levels of stimulation from m...
4-Hydroxybutyric aciduria

Recent work has led to the discovery of six patients with 4-hydroxybutyric acid-uria, a severe hereditary human pathology characterized by the accumulation of a compound of known neuropharmacologic activity in body fluids. The enzymatic deficiency has been localized to succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, one of two enzymes involved in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter GABA. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and carrier detection has been accomplished by quantification of intermediate enzyme activities. The clinical, enzymatic and pharmacologic characteristics of this disease are reviewed here.
Whose Mind Matters More—The Agent or the Artist? An Investigation of Ethical and Aesthetic Evaluations

Theory of mind, the capacity for reasoning about mental states such as beliefs and intentions, represents a critical input to ethical and aesthetic evaluations. Did the agent cause harm on purpose? Were those brushstrokes intentional? The current study investigates theory of mind for moral and artistic judgments within the same paradigm. In particular, we target the role of intent for two kinds of judgments: “objective” judgments of quality and “subjective” judgments of preference or liking. First, we show that intent matters more for objective versus subjective judgments in the case of ethics and aesthetics. Second, we show that, overall, intent matters more for ethical versus aesthetic evaluations. These findings suggest that an “objective-subjective” dimension describes judgments across both domains, and that observers assign more weight to the mind of the moral agent than the mind of the artist when making the relevant evaluations.
Cerebral Organization of Motor Imagery: Contralateral Control of Grip Selection in Mentally Represented Prehension

The principle of contralateral organization of the visual and motor systems was exploited to investigate contributions of the cerebral hemispheres to the mental representation of prehension in healthy, right-handed human subjects. Graphically rendered dowels were presented to either the left or right visual field in a variety of different orientations, and times to determine whether an underhand or overhand grip would be preferred for engaging these stimuli were measured. Although no actual reaching movements were performed, a significant advantage in grip-selection time was found when information was presented to the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the designated response hand. Results are consistent with the position that motor imagery recruits neurocognitive mechanisms involved in movement planning. More precisely, these findings indicate that processes within each cerebral hemisphere participate in mentally representing object-oriented actions of the contralateral hand.
Tissue and cell specificity of immobilin biosynthesis.

The mechanisms for the initiation of sperm motility have been poorly understood until recently. Immobilin is a novel mucin glycoprotein of high molecular weight found in the cauda epididymis of the rat that, at concentrations equivalent to those found in native cauda epididymal fluid, reversibly inhibits sperm motility. In this study, immobilin was purified from rat cauda epididymal fluid to apparent homogeneity and used to generate polyclonal antibody in rabbits. The antibody was characterized by immuno blotting, and immunofluorescence was used to localize immobilin in paraffin sections of components of the reproductive system of adult male rats. Immobilin was not detectable in the efferent duct and was first detectable in the apical portion of some epithehal cells of the initial segment of the caput epididymis. Immobihin was detectable intracellularly only in cells of the caput epididymis. In the corpus and cauda epididymis immobilin was detectable only in the lumen of the tubules. Immunoprecipitation of immobihin radiolabeled in vitro confirmed that inzmobilin biosynthesis in the adult rat is restricted to the cap ut epididymis. Principal cells in the caput epididymis synthesize immobihin and secrete it into the lumen of the tubules to travel with the sperm into the cauda.
Optical and mechanical properties of single-crystal sapphire optical fibers

Single-crystal sapphire fibers are produced by the laser heated pedestal growth technique. The fibers have attenuation coefficients of less than 2 dB/m at the Er:YAG laser wavelength of 2.94 μm and are used to deliver over 600 mJ of Er:YAG laser energy. Mechanical testing of these fibers and the sapphire fibers produced by the edge-defined, film-fed growth technique results in a measured 0.4% strain to failure when testing is done under a 4-point load. Teflon-FEP (perfluorinated ethylene propylene) is applied to sapphire fibers as a cladding. The cladding is extremely effective in preventing leakage of energy from the fibers into absorbing environments that may surround the fiber.
Voice Recognition Algorithm for Portable Assistive Devices

We present here the implementation of a robust voice recognition algorithm for voice activated control of assistive devices. We implemented an effective method based on cross correlation of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC). The developed method yields high accuracy in low noise environment. Because our implementation is based on a set of training samples for each command, it can be easily adapted for any user. Once the training set is loaded, every command is compared to the MFCCs of all samples in the training set. We then use a "winner-takes-all" method to decide which group the command belongs to.
Innovation adoption in substance abuse treatment: Exposure, trialability, and the Clinical Trials Network

Researchers and policymakers are increasingly focusing on factors that facilitate or impede the diffusion of evidence-based treatment techniques into routine clinical practice. One potentially fruitful avenue of research is the influence of involvement in research networks as a predictor of organizational innovation. The Clinical Trials Network (CTN) is examining a number of behavioral and pharmacological treatment techniques in controlled multisite studies. Using data from participating CTN treatment programs and large samples of programs outside the CTN, these analyses examine the influence of exposure to clinical trials on the subsequent adoption of buprenorphine and voucher-based motivational incentives. The analyses show that, controlling for a variety of organizational characteristics, direct exposure to buprenorphine clinical trials in the CTN significantly increased the odds of subsequent adoption. By contrast, the adoption of motivational incentives was entirely explained by organizational characteristics. The findings suggest that adoption of treatment innovations is a function of exposure, organizational resources, nature of innovations, and stage of the diffusion process.
Iterative optimization and simulation of barge traffic on an inland waterway

We describe an iterative technique between optimization and simulation models used to determine solutions to optimization problems and ensure that the solutions are feasible for real world operations (in terms of a simulation model). The technique allows for the development of separate optimization and simulation models with varying levels of detail in each model. The results and parameters of the optimization model are used as input to the simulation model. The performance measures from the simulation output are compared to acceptable levels. These performance measures are then used to modify the optimization model if the simulation results are not acceptable. This iterative approach continues until an acceptable solution is reached. This iterative technique is applied to barge traffic on an inland waterway as an example. Linear programming is used as the optimization technique for the example while a simulation model is developed using Arena software.
Quartz precipitation and fluid inclusion characteristics in sub-seafloor hydrothermal systems associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits

Results of a numerical modeling study of quartz dissolution and precipitation in a sub-seafloor hydrothermal system have been used to predict where in the system quartz could be deposited and potentially trap fluid inclusions. The spatial distribution of zones of quartz dissolution and precipitation is complex, owing to the fact that quartz solubility depends on many inter-related factors, including temperature, fluid salinity and fluid immiscibility, and is further complicated by the fact that quartz exhibits both prograde and retrograde solubility behavior, depending on the fluid temperature and salinity. Using the PVTX properties of H2O-NaCl, the petrographic and microthermometric properties of fluid inclusions trapped at various locations within the hydrothermal system have been predicted. Vapor-rich inclusions are trapped as a result of the retrograde temperature-dependence of quartz solubility as the convecting fluid is heated in the vicinity of the magmatic heat source. Coexisting liquid-rich and vapor-rich inclusions are also trapped in this region when quartz precipitates as a result of fluid immiscibility that lowers the overall bulk quartz solubility in the system. Fluid inclusions trapped in the shallow subsurface near the seafloor vents and in the underlying stockwork are liquid-rich with homogenization temperatures of 200–400°C and salinities close to that of seawater. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits represent the uplifted and partially eroded remnants of fossil submarine hydrothermal systems, and the relationship between fluid-inclusion properties and location within the hydrothermal system described here can be used in exploration for VMS deposits to infer the direction towards potential massive sulfide ore.
Multiple-time-point dissolution specifications for a sampling acceptance plan

In dissolution testing, multiple dissolution measurements at specific time points are used to obtain the dissolution characteristics for most extended-release and some immediate-release drug products. This paper presents a general procedure for defining specifications by a multivariate confidence region or by simultaneous confidence limits on the dissolution values of individual time points. The confidence regions and simultaneous confidence limits were estimated using two approaches: the first approach assumed a multivariate normal distribution on the multiple dissolution values and the second approach used the bootstrap resampling method. The multivariate confidence region was constructed using the Hotelling's T2 statistic (equivalently, Mahalanobis distance D2), and the simultaneous confidence limits were based on the Mahalanobis statistic as well as on the Bonterroni adjustment. The Mahalanobis simultaneous confidence limits specification criteria have the overall false out-of-specification rate too low in both parametric and bootstrap approaches.
Quantitative definition of toxicity: a mathematical description of life and death with dose and time as variables

This manuscript raises some fundamental issues about the role of time as a variable in toxicology, with implications for all biological sciences and also for disciplines dealing with inanimate systems. The dose-response has taken center stage ever since its formulation by Paracelsus. Time-responses have been considered in the past in various contexts such as time to tumor development or half-life of a compound in an organism. However, there has been, to my knowledge, no successful attempt to tie together dose and time in a generalizable theory. This paper describes toxicity by the minimum number of variables (dose and time) from a macroscopic point of view. Interestingly, these fundamental considerations of the dose- and time-dependence of toxicity led to a simple mathematical formulation, which consists of parts previously recognized as valid under specific conditions of experimentation (Haber's Law of Inhalation Toxicology, Druckrey's Law of Cancer Development).
Overlapping Functions between SWR1 Deletion and H3K56 Acetylation in Candida albicans.

Nucleosome destabilization by histone variants and modifications has been implicated in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, with the histone variant H2A.Z and acetylation of H3K56 (H3K56ac) being two examples. Here wefind that deletion of SWR1, the major subunit of the SWR1 complex depositing H2A.Z into chromatin in exchange for H2A, promotes epigenetic white-opaque switching in Candida albicans. We demonstrate through nucleosome mapping that SWR1 is required for proper nucleosome positioning on the promoter of WOR1, the master regulator of switching, and that its effects differ in white and opaque cells. Furthermore, wefind that H2A.Z is enriched adjacent to nucleosome-free regions at the WOR1promoter in white cells, suggesting a role in the stabilization of a repressive chromatin state. Deletion of YNG2, a subunit of the NuA4 H4 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that targets SWR1 activity through histone acetylation, produces a switching phenotype similar to that ofswr1, and both may act downstream of the GlcNAc signaling pathway. We further uncovered a genetic interaction between swr1and elevated H3K56ac with the discovery that the swr1deletion mutant is highly sensitive to nicotinamide. Our results suggest that the interaction of H2A.Z and H3K56ac regulates epigenetic switching at the nucleosome level, as well as having global effects.
Beta-alanine synthesis in Escherichia coli.

The enzyme, aspartate 1-decarboxylase (L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase; EC 4.1.1.15), that catalyzes the reaction aspartate leads to beta-alanine + CO2 was found in extracts of Escherichia coli. panD mutants of E. coli are defective in beta-alanine biosynthesis and lack aspartate 1-decarboxylase. Therefore, the enzyme functions in the biosynthesis of the beta-alanine moiety of pantothenate. The genetic lesion in these mutants is closely linked to the other pantothenate (pan) loci of E. coli K-12. Images
Habitual control of goal selection in humans

Humans choose actions based on both habit and planning. Habitual control is computationally frugal but adapts slowly to novel circumstances, whereas planning is computationally expensive but can adapt swiftly. Current research emphasizes the competition between habits and plans for behavioral control, yet many complex tasks instead favor their integration. We consider a hierarchical architecture that exploits the computational efficiency of habitual control to select goals while preserving the flexibility of planning to achieve those goals. We formalize this mechanism in a reinforcement learning setting, illustrate its costs and benefits, and experimentally demonstrate its spontaneous application in a sequential decision-making task.
In vitro electrochemical characterization of polydopamine melanin as a tissue stimulating electrode material.

The properties of redox active polydopamine melanin (PDM) films as a coating material for tissue stimulation electrodes were evaluated. PDM films with nanometer-scale thicknesses exhibit dc bias dependent charge injection capacities (CIC) with maximum values of 110 ± 23 μC cm−2 at 0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and reduce the interfacial impedance compared to inorganic conducting films. PDM films exhibit an asymmetric impedance response to positive and negative dc biases with minimum interfacial impedance at 0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). An explanation for the observed bias-dependent electrochemical behavior is presented.
A Term Infant Who Has Severe Respiratory Distress

A term infant with severe respiratory failure. ### Prenatal History: ### Birth History and Presentation: The infant was born by vaginal vertex delivery at 38 weeks gestational age. Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. He developed respiratory distress shortly after delivery and was placed under an oxygen hood with 35% O2. A chest radiograph revealed ground glass appearance, consistent with respiratory distress syndrome. ### Subsequent Course: The infant was intubated and received three doses of surfactant via endotracheal tube. He was treated for 10 days with both conventional ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory …
Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. I. Partial sequence of the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda and 186 DNA.

Abstract A general procedure has been developed for determining the deoxynucleotide sequence of the terminal region of a DNA molecule. When this terminal region is present as a single strand, as in bacteriophage lambda, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase can be used to repair the single-stranded region with the addition of radioactive nucleotides to the 3′-end copying the protruding 5′-terminated single strand. The partially labeled DNA can be degraded with nucleases, the radioactive oligonucleotides isolated, and their sequence determined. Using this procedure, partial sequences of deoxynucleotides in the protruding single strands of bacteriophage λ and 186 DNA have been determined. In the case of λ, the right cohesive end was analyzed. The first eight radioactive nucleotides added to the 3′-terminus are in the sequence dpGpGpGpCpGpGpCpG, reflecting a complementary sequence dpCpGpCpCpGpCpCpC for the inner eight nucleotides of the right-hand protruding strand which served as the template for the DNA polymerase repair synthesis. Since each of the two complementary cohesive ends of λ DNA is approximately 12 nucleotides in length, two-thirds of the sequence of nucleotide pairs in the cohesive region of λ has been determined by this analysis. These data refine and supersede the sequence reported previously for the ends of λ DNA (Wu & Kaiser, 1968). 186 DNA, which has cohesive ends of approximately 17 nucleotides in length, has been analyzed in the same way. The first four nucleotides added to the 3′-end of the right-hand cohesive end had a sequence dpGpGpCpG, differing from the sequence in λ.
Effects of Micrometeorological Conditions on Survival and Fecundity of the Mexican Bean Beetle in Soybean Fields

Contrasting soybean canopy microclimates were obtained in two experiments: (1) field cage modifications and watering schedules and (2) canopy modification through alteration of plant spacing and pruning. The first experiment produced small but significant differences in the mean daily maximum temperature (34.2 to 38.1°C) but not in the mean RH (70.3 to 72.2%). In the second experiment, differences in both factors were significant (29.3 to 32.5°C and 89 to 96%). In the first experiment, differences in temperature were associated with marked differences in survival of adults, larvae and eggs of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). This relationship was not evident in the second experiment where the field temperatures were more moderate. However, significant differences in fecundity were observed under contrasting microclimates of the second but not the first experiment.
Introduction: Studies in the Quaternary of the Rocky Mountains

The Quaternary Period encompasses the past 2.6 million years, the evolution of our species, and the emergence of the world as we know it today. Consequently, geologists have long been interested in this most recent period of time and its history of ice ages, species extinctions, volcanic eruptions, and other events. The Quaternary is not an ancient period locked away in Earth's rock record, but was the period that put the final touches on our modern landscapes. “Quaternary” implies fresh landslides, still hot volcanoes, and fossils not yet turned to minerals. Consequently, Quaternary geology reveals processes that could take place today, but that we have not witnessed simply because the historic record of scientific observation is too short. This issue of Rocky Mountain Geology draws attention to the valuable, ongoing work on Quaternary geology in the Rocky …
Target Organ Complications and Cardiovascular Events Associated With Masked Hypertension and White-Coat Hypertension: Analysis From the Dallas Heart Study.

Abstract Background Multiple epidemiological studies from Europe and Asia have demonstrated increased cardiovascular risks associated with isolated elevation of home blood pressure (BP) or masked hypertension (MH). Previous studies have not addressed cardiovascular outcomes associated with MH and white-coat hypertension (WCH) in the general population in the United States. Objectives The goal of this study was to determine hypertensive target organ damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with WCH (high clinic BP, ≥140/90 mm Hg; normal home BP, Methods Associations among WCH, MH, sustained hypertension, and aortic pulsed wave velocity by magnetic resonance imaging; urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; and cystatin C were evaluated at study baseline. Then, associations between WCH and MH with incident cardiovascular outcomes (coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and cardiovascular death) over a median follow-up period of 9 years were assessed. Results The study cohort comprised 3,027 subjects (50% African Americans). The sample-weighted prevalence rates of WCH and MH were 3.3% and 17.8%, respectively. Both WCH and MH were independently associated with increased aortic pulsed wave velocity, cystatin C, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Both WCH (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.09; 95% confidence interval: 1.05 to 4.15) and MH (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.36 to 3.03) were independently associated with higher cardiovascular events compared with the normotensive group, even after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions In a multiethnic U.S. population, both WCH and MH were independently associated with increased aortic stiffness, renal injury, and incident cardiovascular events. Because MH is common and associated with an adverse cardiovascular profile, home BP monitoring should be routinely performed among U.S. adults.
Assessment on uncertainty of dental chair unit retraction detector

[Objective]To evaluate the feasibility of assessing the uncertainty in retraction by dental chair unit retraction detector.[Methods]The sources of measurement uncertainty in retraction of dental chair unit were analyzed. A dental chair unit in Hongqiao Stomatology Hospital of Tianjin was selected as the repeat measurement experiment equipment, the measure by retraction detector was conducted for 10 times, and the Bessel method was applied. [Results]The sources of uncertainty included measuring scale volume calibration and repeated measurement. After calculating, the uncertainty component of repeated measurement and measuring scale volume calibration was 0.068 7 μl and 0.064 1μl respectively, while the expanded uncertainty was 0.212 4 μl. [Conclusion]The dental chair unit retraction detector is simple and rapid in measuring the retraction. The measuring scale volume calibration and repeated measurement should be calculated in the uncertainty evaluation.
Practice and Reflection Reform to Assess Learing on History Pedagogy

The approach in assessing student's learning in the history pedagogy is in the form of both writing teaching plans and practice teaching.The adoption of this new approach of assessment has led to the shift of the function,focus and subjects of the traditional one,as well as changes in student learning style and teachers'role,resulting in positive effects.This paves substantive way for the progressing of the comprehensive reform of teaching pedagogy in all subjects.
The conformal bootstrap

The conformal bootstrap was proposed in the 1970s as a strategy for calculating the properties of second-order phase transitions. After spectacular success elucidating two-dimensional systems, little progress was made on systems in higher dimensions until a recent renaissance beginning in 2008. We report on some of the main results and ideas from this renaissance, focusing on new determinations of critical exponents and correlation functions in the three-dimensional Ising and O(N) models.
Do morphemes matter when reading compound words with transposed letters? Evidence from eye-tracking and event-related potentials

The current study investigates the online processing consequences of encountering compound words with transposed letters (TLs), to determine if TLs that cross morpheme boundaries are more disruptive to reading than those within a single morpheme, as would be predicted by accounts of obligatory morpho-orthopgrahic decomposition. Two measures of online processing, eye movements and event-related potentials (ERPs), were collected in separate experiments. Participants read sentences containing correctly spelled compound words (cupcake), or compounds with TLs occurring either across morpheme boundaries (cucpake) or within one morpheme (cupacke). Results showed that between- and within-morpheme transpositions produced equal processing costs in both measures, in the form of longer reading times (Experiment 1) and a late posterior positivity (Experiment 2) that did not differ between conditions. Findings converge to suggest that within- and between-morpheme TLs are equally disruptive to recognition, providing evidence against obligatory morpho-orthographic processing and in favor of whole-word access of English compound words during sentence reading.
Synthesis, structure and solid state properties of benzannulated phenalenyl based neutral radical conductor

We report the preparation, crystallization, and solid state characterization of a new benzannulated phenalenyl radical; a distinctive feature of this molecular solid is the absence of any well defined conducting pathway(s). In the solid state, the radicals exist as π-dimer and the requisite C···C contacts between dimers are all larger than the sum of the van der Waals distances. The magnetic susceptibility measurement indicates that, in the solid state, the radical remains paramagnetic and the fraction of Curie spins is 0.55 per molecule. Pressed pellet conductivity measurements indicate a value of σRT = 0.5 × 10−6 S/cm. The conductivity value is comparable with those of similarly packed phenalenyl based neutral radicals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.