cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma cocaine and tetracaine levels following application of topical anesthesia in a swine laceration model.

Abstract Standard TAC (0.5% tetracaine, 0.05% epinephrine, and 11.8% cocaine) solution is finding increased use as a topical anesthetic for lacerations. The extent of systemic absorption of TAC components and their resultant physiologic effects are unclear. Absorption of cocaine or tetracaine may result in serious toxicity. The investigators hypothesized that there are no measurable plasma cocaine or tetracaine levels after application of TAC in a swine laceration model. After an overnight fast 10 domestic swine underwent tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, femoral venous, and arterial cannulation. Maintenance anesthesia with intermittent thiopental and pancuronium was provided to maintain stage III anesthesia. Heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (BP), plasma cocaine, and tetracaine levels were measured at intervals for 180 minutes. Five milliters of TAC was applied for 15 minutes to a standardized facial laceration in experimental swine (n = 5). Randomly labeled plasma samples were placed in vials containing 2% sodium fluoride and 1% potassium oxalate, immediately refrigerated, and analyzed for cocaine and tetracaine using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Significant changes in HR and mean BP, compared with baseline values, were analyzed using Dunnett's multiple range test. Plasma cocaine levels were measurable in all experimental swine after 10 minutes, while no tetracaine was detectable. No significant differences in HR or BP changes were observed between experimental and control subjects. Application of standard TAC solution results in measurable plasma cocaine levels, but not tetracaine. Further studies into anesthetic formulation, as well as timing and technique of application, are required before consensus on optimal emergency departmental use of topical anesthesia can be achieved.
Isolation of methyl 5c, 13c-docosadienoate fromLimnanthes alba benth. (Meadowfoam) seed oil methyl esters by silver resin chromatography

Multigram quantities of methyl 5c,13c-docosadienoate were isolated from Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) oil methyl esters by silver resin chromatography. The fractionation was accomplished on a 4.7 × 45 cm Michel-Miller column packed with silver ion-saturated XN1010 resin. Meadowfoam esters (ca. 14 g) were fractionated (acetone as eluent) to yield 2.3-2.6 g batches (98% pure) of the 5c,13c-22:2 isomer (>95% recovery).
The Degree of Urbanization Across the Globe is not Reflected in the δ15N of Seagrass Leaves

Abstract Many studies show that seagrass δ15N ratios increase with the amount of urbanization in coastal watersheds. However, there is little information on the relationship between urbanization and seagrass δ15N ratios on a global scale. We performed a meta-analysis on seagrass samples from 79 independent locations to test if seagrass δ15N ratios correlate with patterns of population density and fertilizer use within a radius of 10–200 km around the sample locations. Our results show that seagrass δ15N ratios are more influenced by intergeneric and latitudinal differences than the degree of urbanization or the amount of fertilizer used in nearby watersheds. The positive correlation between seagrass δ15N ratios and latitude hints at an underlying pattern in discrimination or a latitudinal gradient in the 15N isotopic signature of nitrogen assimilated by the plants. The actual mechanisms responsible for the correlation between δ15N and latitude remain unknown.
Unmet adolescent and young adult cancer survivors information and service needs: a population-based cancer registry study

We described unmet information and service needs of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors (15–39 years of age) and identified sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with these unmet needs. We studied 523 AYAs recruited from seven population-based cancer registries, diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, germ cell cancer, or sarcoma in 2007–2008. Participants completed surveys a median of 11 months from diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between unmet (information and service) needs and sociodemographic and health-related factors. More than half of AYAs had unmet information needs relating to their cancer returning and cancer treatments. AYAs needing services, but not receiving them, ranged from 29 % for in-home nursing to 75 % for a support group. The majority of AYAs who needed a pain management expert, physical/occupational therapist, mental health worker, or financial advice on paying for health care did not receive services. In multivariable analyses, older participants, men, participants of non-white race/ethnicity, and participants who reported less than excellent general health or fair/poor quality of care were more likely to report unmet information needs. Factors associated with both unmet service and information needs included physical health or emotional problems interfering with social activities or having ≥3 physical treatment-related symptoms. Recently diagnosed AYA cancer survivors have substantial unmet information needs varying by demographic and health-related factors. We identified subgroups of AYA cancer survivors with high unmet needs that can be targeted for interventions and referrals.
Visualization of Molten Pools and Invisible Laser Beam Profiles Using an Ultraviolet CCD Camera

A visualization technique using an ultraviolet CCD camera has been successfully applied to the non-contact monitoring of molten pools produced in material processing by high power CO_2 lasers. This technique is based on the principle that the temperature sensitivity of UV radiation emitted from molten pools is much higher than visible or infrared region. Additionally, the target area directly irradiated by a focused laser beam could be largely dominated by UV radiation because of its highly energetic condition. In this experiment, molten pools produced by a 100-W CO_2 laser were observed as 250-nm UV images by means of an UV-CCD imaging system. It has been attractively demonstrated that the developed technique could offer not only more realistic pictures of actual laser focused area without the secondary effects due to heat conduction around them, but also the intensity profiles of the incoming, invisible laser beam. The 3-D representation of laser beam intensity profile has been reconstructed through the contour maps of UV images captured at a laser irradiated target region, with showing a very small deviation of 5% from the ideal Gaussian distribution. The obtained results imply that this visualization method could be an alternative beam profiling technique to conventional acrylic burning method which has much larger deviations in beam profiling.
Digital holographic microscope for measuring three-dimensional particle distributions and motions

Better understanding of particle-particle and particle-fluid interactions requires accurate 3D measurements of particle distributions and motions. We introduce the application of in-line digital holographic microscopy as a viable tool for measuring distributions of dense micrometer (3.2 microm) and submicrometer (0.75 microm) particles in a liquid solution with large depths of 1-10 mm. By recording a magnified hologram, we obtain a depth of field of approximately 1000 times the object diameter and a reduced depth of focus of approximately 10 particle diameters, both representing substantial improvements compared to a conventional microscope and in-line holography. Quantitative information on depth of field, depth of focus, and axial resolution is provided. We demonstrate that digital holographic microscopy can resolve the locations of several thousand particles and can measure their motions and trajectories using cinematographic holography. A sample trajectory and detailed morphological information of a free-swimming copepod nauplius are presented.
Dynamic gain excursion suppression in high-speed automatically gain controlled EDFAs using an optical delay line

We have studied the dynamic behavior of high-speed automatically gain controlled erbium-doped fiber amplifiers pumped at 980 nm. Employing an optical delay line in the amplifiers, the maximum dynamic gain excursions can be reduced.
Gravitational inflaton decay and the hierarchy problem

We study implications of the large-N species solution to the hierarchy problem, proposed by G. Dvali, for reheating of the Universe after inflation. Dvali's proposal contains additional N{approx}10{sup 32}Z{sub 2}-conserved quantum fields beyond the standard model particles with mass {approx}1 TeV, which weaken gravity by a factor of 1/N, and thus explain the hierarchy between the Plank scale and the electroweak scale. We show that, in this scenario, the decay rates of inflaton fields through gravitational decay channels are enhanced by a factor of N, and thus they decay into N species of the quantum fields very efficiently, in the limit that quantum gravity effects are unimportant for the gravitational decay rate. In order not to violate energy conservation or over-reheat the Universe, inflaton mass, vacuum expectation value of inflaton, or nonminimal gravitational coupling should be tightly fine-tuned. Our conclusion holds even when the gravitational decay is prohibited by some symmetry of the theory; the Universe may still be over-reheated via annihilation of inflatons, if the number density of inflaton quanta is greater than the critical value.
High Yield Assembly of Compliant MEMS Snap Fasteners

Heterogeneous assembly at the microscale has recently emerged as a viable pathway to constructing 3-dimensional microrobots and other miniaturized devices. In contrast to self-assembly, this method is directed and deterministic, and is based on serial or parallel microassembly. Whereas at the meso and macro scales, automation is often undertaken after, and often benchmarked against manual assembly, we demonstrate that deterministic automation at the MEMS scale can be completed with higher yields through the use of engineered compliance and precision robotic cells. Snap fasteners have long been used as a way to exploit the inherent stability of local minima of the deformation energy caused by interference during part mating. In this paper we assume that the building blocks are 2 1/2 -dimensional, as is the case with lithographically microfabricated MEMS parts. The assembly of the snap fasteners is done using μ3 , a multi-robot microassembly station with unique characteristics located at our ARRI’s Texas Microfactory lab. Experiments are performed to demonstrate that fast and reliable assemblies can be expected if the microparts and the robotic cell satisfy a so-called “High Yield Assembly Condition” (H.Y.A.C.). Important design trade-offs for assembly and performance of microsnap fasteners are discussed and experimentally evaluated.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Sequential sib-pair and association studies to detect genes in quantitative traits

We applied sib-pair and association methods to a GAW data set of nuclear families with quantitative traits. Our approaches included 1) preliminary statistical studies including correlations and linear regressions, 2) sib-pair methods, and 3) association studies. We used a single data set to screen for linkage and association and, subsequently, additional data sets to confirm the preliminary results. Using this sequential approach, sib-pair analysis provided evidence for the genes influencing Q1, Q2, and Q4. We correctly predicted MG1 for Q1, MG2 for Q2, and MG4 for Q4. We did not find any false positives using this approach. Association studies identified chromosomes 8 and 9 to be associated with Q4; however these are assumed to be false positives as no associations were modeled into the data.
Fatal pneumothorax associated with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

A patient developed fatal pneumothorax associated with bleomycin-induced interstitial fibrosis. Pneumothorax may be a complication of “bleomycin lung”.
Management of Hodgkin‐s disease in children and adolescents

Between 1970 and 1980, 66 children or adolescents with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Since 1977, prepubertal patients and postpubertal patients with Stage IIA massive mediastinal disease or Stage IIB-IVB disease were clinically staged and treated with six courses of chemotherapy and 2000 rad involved-field irradiation. Postpubertal patients with Stage IA or IIA disease were staged pathologically and treated with 3600-4400 rad extended-field irradiation. At four years, actuarial survival in 27 patients with Stage IA or IIA disease is 100%; relapse-free survival is 86% in 16 patients treated with combined modality and 70% in 11 patients treated with irradiation. Among 39 patients with Stage IIB-IVB disease, 34 received combined modality; at five years, survival is 86% and relapse-free survival is 60%. In the majority of cases relapses in patients treated with combined modality could be better explained by chemotherapy failure rather than by insufficient radiation. Clinical staging and combined modality therapy may offer advantages for prepubertal patients and those postpubertal patients at high risk of relapse when treated with irradiation alone. The complications of laparotomy and splenectomy are avoided; however, with 2000 rad and limited-field irradiation, hypothyroidism does occur and growth disturbances may appear.
Non-linear response of the human corneoretinal potential to sinusoidal changes in light intensity.

A step change in light intensity evokes a damped oscillation in the human corneoretinal potential. A mathematical model has been developed to describe this damped oscillation. The present study was conducted in order to explore the linearity of the servomechanism hypothesized in this model.
Robotic resection of retrorectal tumor: an alternative to the Kraske procedure

The Kraske procedure is a surgical technique in which the presacral space is accessed by removal of the coccyx andportions of the sacrum. This is an accepted procedure for mid-rectal lesions. An alternative to the Kraske procedure isRobotic-assisted Laparoscopy (RAL), a minimally invasive alternative approach that offers numerous benefits. Wepresent the case of a patient with a retrorectal duplication cyst resected using a robotic-assisted laparoscopic procedure.
Influence of Distributed Particle Size on the Determination of the Parabolic Rate Constant for Oxidation by the Powder Method

The established analysis for the study of oxidation using powder specimens is based on the assumption of monosized particles. The experiments, however, are conducted on powders with a distributed particle size. Here we present a statistical approach for the calculation of the rate constant for oxidation. The results of the analysis are applied to new data on oxidation studies of dense powders of silicon carbonitride amorphous ceramics. The monosized model requires a wide range of values for the rate constant to fit the short term and the long-term data, leading to considerable ambiguity in the estimate of the parabolic rate constant, kp, for oxidation. In contrast the statistical model fits over the entire range of data, yielding a much more reliable value for kp. For example, the monosized approach gave a value in the range 19.7 × 10−18 < kp < 2.7 × 10−18 m2/s. In contrast, the statistical model yields a specific value of 4.5 × 10−18 m2/s.
A typology of New Urbanism neighborhoods

This paper describes a framework for understanding the diversity of New Urbanism (NU) in practice in the United States. The framework is based on a nationally representative survey of NU developers that inventories characteristics of NU projects’ built environments across categories of urban design, land use, street configuration, and size. Using cluster analysis, the paper resolves the diversity of NU in practice into three types: Mainstream Urbanism, Dense Urbanism, and Hybrid Urbanism. The paper elaborates on each type, including geographic and temporal aspects of constituent projects. It also considers the ways in which the framework contributes to scholarly understanding of NU and advances the discussion of NU in practice.
Helix-loop-helix peptides as scaffolds for the construction of bridged metal assemblies in proteins: the spectroscopic A-cluster structure in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.

Four helix−loop−helix 63mer peptides were designed and synthesized in order to assess the utility of peptides as scaffolds for the stabilization of complex metal sites in proteins. Bridged assembly [NiII−(μ2-S·Cys)−Fe4S4], consistent with spectroscopic information on the A-cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, was chosen as the target assembly. The peptides consist of two helices with ∼20 residues connected by a flexible loop containing the ferredoxin consensus sequence Cys-Ile-Ala-Cys-Gly-Ala-Cys to bind the Fe4S4 cluster. A fourth cysteine was positioned to serve as the bridging ligand between the cluster and Ni(II). Three other binding residues were incorporated in appropriate positions to constitute a binding site for Ni(II). One of the peptides was designed with an N3S (His3Cys) site, and each of the other three with N2S2 (His2Cys2) sites. A detailed account of the synthesis and characterization of the peptides and their metalloderivatives is presented. The four peptides were synthesized using an...
Concentrated Forces on Shallow Cylindrical Shells

Solutions for normal and tangential displacements and concentrated forces on shallow cylindrical shells
Mental Patients' Attitudes toward Tranquilizing Drugs: Test Development

Many investigators agree that physicians' attitudes toward tranquilizing medication may influence their patients' drug response. Some empirical studies have supported this belief and shown that, in general, a physician holding a positive, enthusiastic, and favorable attitude toward drugs will obtain a relatively better response from his patients than one who is not so favorably disposed to medication (1, 3). It seems only logical then to extend these findings by investigating the relationship between the attitudes a patient holds toward medication and his response to a drug. This paper presents the preliminary attempts to investigate this problem by describing (a) the construction and development of a projective sentencecompletion test to measure a patient's attitudes toward medication, (b) the initial data on scoring and reliability, and (c) the potential theoretical and practical implications of such a measuring device.
Hemoglobin Evaluation and Donor Acceptance: The Error

Discussed errors in the collection of blood are based on the assumption that hemoglobin criteria must be satisfied. Caution is advised in the use of subsequent microhematocrit testing in the group of prospective donors rejected by the initial copper sulfate test.
Improved specific activity of reactor produced 117mSn with the Szilard-Chalmers process

Abstract We report an investigation of the application of the Szilard-Chalmers process to improve the specific activity of reactor produced 117m Sn. The radiopharmaceutical 117m Sn 4+ DTPA is a promising agent for relieving bone pain in breast and prostate cancer patients. Preliminary studies in these patients have given very encouraging results. For this application high specific activity 117m Sn is required to minimize the quantity of administered DTPA. Using a tetraphenyltin target we have investigated solvent extraction and ion exchange techniques to enrich the radioactive atom concentration. Other variables studied include the effect of neutron flux, total neutron fluence and sample mass. The enrichment factor was comparable for both solvent extraction and ion exchange techniques, but solvent extraction was more convenient. For 1 h irradiations the enrichment factor averaged ∼ 70 but declined to ∼ 2 after 24 h irradiation due to accumulated radiation damage. The enrichment factor also declined with increasing neutron energy. An isotope effect on the Szilard-Chalmers process was observed as the enrichment factor for 113 Sn was consistently higher than for 117m Sn.
A real-time wildfire model for Los Alamos, New Mexico

Ecologists and fire behaviour specialists at Los Alamos National Laboratory developed a real-time wildfire simulation modelling application to assist in fighting wildland fires as they occur. The forested areas of northern New Mexico are prone to catastrophic wildfire, particularly in recent years as a regional drought continues. The 43,000-acre Cerro Grande Fire of 2000 burned a significant fraction of Laboratory lands as well as the adjacent town site. Damage and loss to structures and lost work time approached $1 billion. To assist in preventing catastrophic losses from future fires, Laboratory scientists adapted topographic, vegetation, and weather data layers to work with the FARSITE fire model to be able to predict fire behaviour on a real-time basis during a wildfire emergency and to plan for fighting real fires. This modelling system has been installed and is maintained at the Laboratory Emergency Operations Center at Los Alamos. In this capacity the model is an integral component in the emergency response capability for the Los Alamos region.
The role of clinical nurse specialists in the implementation and sustainability of a practice change.

Aim This project's purpose was to promote and sustain a practice change focusing on delirium utilising the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) in a leadership role. Background Delirium is an altered state of consciousness accompanied by an acute change in cognition that tends to have a fluctuating course. Delirium is strongly associated with negative outcomes and is often unrecognised. Method A policy was implemented stating that the RNs will screen patients for delirium with the confusion assessment method (CAM). Interdisciplinary delirium education was offered prior to the practice change and repeated at 3, 6 and 12 months after implementation. The documentation, completion and CAM accuracy screening were determined by the CNS. Results The CAM documentation and completion audit goal was met and sustained by week 21, and screenings were accurate 83% of the time. Conclusions The CNS has an opportunity to take a leadership role when instituting an innovative practice change. Successful implementation of a new practice requires that patient care units are divided into cohorts with systematic roll-out of the initiative. Implications for nursing management In addition to leadership, CNS availability on the patient care units is imperative to staff acceptance and sustainability of a practice change.
Activated H-Ras regulates hematopoietic cell survival by modulating Survivin.

Survivin expression and Ras activation are regulated by hematopoietic growth factors. We investigated whether activated Ras could circumvent growth factor-regulated Survivin expression and if a Ras/Survivin axis mediates growth factor independent survival and proliferation in hematopoietic cells. Survivin expression is up-regulated by IL-3 in Ba/F3 and CD34 + cells and inhibited by the Ras inhibitor, farnesylthiosalicylic acid. Over-expression of constitutively activated H-Ras (CA-Ras) in Ba/F3 cells blocked down-modulation of Survivin expression, G 0 /G 1 arrest, and apoptosis induced by IL-3 withdrawal, while dominant-negative (DN) H-Ras down-regulated Survivin. Survivin disruption by DN T34A Survivin blocked CA-Ras-induced IL-3-independent cell survival and proliferation; however, it did not affect CA-Ras-mediated enhancement of S-phase, indicating that the anti-apoptotic activity of CA-Ras is Survivin dependent while its S-phase enhancing effect is not. These results indicate that CA-Ras modulates Survivin expression independent of hematopoietic growth factors and that a CA-Ras/Survivin axis regulates survival and proliferation of transformed hematopoietic cells.
Antitumor Alkaloids from Cephalotaxus harringtonia: Structure and Activity

Cephalotaxine and several of its esters were isolated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia K. Koch var. harringtonia. Although cephalotaxine is inactive, harringtonine, isoharringtonine, homoharringtonine, and deoxyharringtonine have shown significant activity against experimental P388 leukemia and against L-1210 leukemia in mice.
Locating closely spaced coherent emitters using TDOA techniques

This paper considers the problem of locating closely-spaced coherent emitters. Classical TDOA-based emitter location methods assume only a single emitter is being estimated. As a result, when multiple emitters that cannot be resolved during detection exist, the MSE performance is significantly degraded. These errors are due to the fact that the TDOA observation model does not account for multiple transmissions. We propose a new TDOA observation model that can resolve multiple emitted signals. We show a significant improvement in MSE when locating multiple emitters using our new model as compared with the classical one-emitter assumption TDOA model.
427 RECTAL TISSUE IMMUNOGLOBULIN PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH INFECTIOUS COLITIS

We have employed a single phase antibody radioimmunoassay to determine rectal tissue and secretion immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in children with documented infectious colitis. All children had positive stool culture and/or rectal swab for pathogen, abnormal proctosigmoidoscopy and pathologic diagnosis of acute colitis. Tissue was placed in rectal organ culture for 24 hours and explants were homogenized (H) and assayed for IgA, IgG and IgM. Secretions (S) were collected over center well of organ culture plate and assayed for Ig's. Results were expressed as μg Ig per mg tissue protein. Results were compared with a control population of children with Functional Abdominal Pain who had normal proctosigmoidoscopy and pathogen-negative stool cultures. There appears to be a marked symmetrical increase in rectal tissue Ig's whether comparing total Ig (p<0.005) or individual homogenates (p<0.001) or secretions (p<0.01). The presence of increased amounts of Iga, IgM & IgG in infectious colitis should influence further investigations into other inflammations of the colon (i.e., ulcerative colitis, cow's milk protein-induced colitis. etc.).
Adapted exercise interventions for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that results in a myriad of physical and mental symptoms. Current disease-modifying therapies do not prevent long-term disabi...
Predictors of electrocerebral inactivity with deep hypothermia

Objective Cooling to electrocerebral inactivity (ECI) by electroencephalography (EEG) remains the gold standard to maximize cerebral and systemic organ protection during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). We sought to determine predictors of ECI to help guide cooling protocols when EEG monitoring is unavailable. Methods Between July 2005 and July 2011, 396 patients underwent thoracic aortic operation with DHCA; EEG monitoring was used in 325 (82%) of these patients to guide the cooling strategy, and constituted the study cohort. Electroencephalographic monitoring was used for all elective cases and, when available, for nonelective cases. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess predictors of the nasopharyngeal temperature and cooling time required to achieve ECI. Results Cooling to a nasopharyngeal temperature of 12.7°C or for a duration of 97 minutes was required to achieve ECI in >95% of patients. Only 7% and 11% of patients achieved ECI by 18°C or 50 minutes of cooling, respectively. No independent predictors of nasopharyngeal temperature at ECI were identified. Independent predictors of cooling time included body surface area (18 minutes/m 2 ), white race (7 minutes), and starting nasopharyngeal temperature (3 minutes/°C). Low complication rates were observed (ischemic stroke, 1.5%; permanent paraparesis/paraplegia, 1.5%; new-onset dialysis, 2.2%; and 30-day/in-hospital mortality, 4.3%). Conclusions Cooling to a nasopharyngeal temperature of 12.7°C or for a duration of 97 minutes achieved ECI in >95% of patients in our study population. However, patient-specific factors were poorly predictive of the temperature or cooling time required to achieve ECI, necessitating EEG monitoring for precise ECI detection.
Factors affecting the clearance kinetics and tissue distribution of liposomes, microspheres and emulsions

Abstract Upon injection into the circulation, microparticulate drug carriers including liposomes, polymer microspheres and lipid emulsions tend to be rapidly cleared and to accumulate at tissue sites, especially liver and spleen. The cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) play an important role in the clearance and disposition of injected microparticles. These cells are actively endocytic and possess cell-surface receptors for a number of the plasma proteins which are likely to adsorb to injected microparticles. Some of the blood proteins known to interact with liposomes include immunoglobulin, complement components, clotting factors, fibronectin and lipoproteins; these proteins may also adsorb to other types of microparticles. The chemical composition of the microparticles plays an important role in determining their interaction with plasma proteins, subsequent interactions with MPS cells, and stability in the blood environment.
The heparitin sulfates (heparan sulfates).

Heparitin sulfate has been isolated from several sources, namely: a commercial lung polysaccharide preparation, beef lung, beef aorta, human amyloid liver, human intestine, and urine of a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis. The polysaccharides isolated were extensively purified, fractionated, and characterized. The data obtained show that heparitin sulfate is not a single compound but constitutes a family of related polymers which differ in sulfate content and in the arrangement of charged groups. These compounds are readily distinguished from most other glycosamino-glycuronans (mucopolysaccharides) by composition and optical rotation. They can be differentiated from heparin by their content of sulfate and N-acetyl groups, and D-glucuronic acid residues and by the ratio of the carbazole to orcinol uronic acid values. Due to the variations of charge distribution and molecular size, the heparitin sulfates are found to a considerable extent in admixture with other acidic polysaccharides during isolation and fractionation procedures. The particular type of heparitin sulfate obtained varies considerably with the tissue of origin. The lung-derived material was found to contain the largest range of subfractions. The heparitins isolated from aorta and amyloid liver were fairly homogenous in themselves, but differed from each other.
Noisy and regular features in Saffman-Taylor patterns.

Fourteen realizations of Saffman-Taylor flow at small-viscosity contrast have been measured under nearly identical flow conditions. With control-parameter fluctuations \ensuremath{\lesssim}0.15%, we observe fluctuations of 20% in the crudest measures of the patterns and much larger fluctuations in the strengths of individual wave numbers of a modal analysis of the patterns for this broadband instability. The initial disturbance can be observed as it propagates toward the center of the cell from the side walls. As the patterns go over from the linear to the nonlinear regime, several quantitative measures show abrupt change. In the nonlinear regime the patterns not only fail to show progress toward a single-finger steady state but the individual fingers actually show a tendency to evolve toward a narrower distribution of lengths.
Comparisons of oxygen ― transfer rates and water-circulating capabilities of emergency aerators for fish ponds

Abstract Oxygen-transfer rates (tap water, 0 mg/l dissolved oxygen, 20°C) for four tractorpowered emergency aerators tested in a 820-m 3 pond were: blower-fan aerator, 12.2 kg O 2 /h; Crisafulli ® pump and sprayer, 12.3 kg O 2 /h; Airmaster ® aerator (centrifugal pump and sprayer), 21.3 kg O 2 /h; paddlewheel aerator, 26.3 kg O 2 /h. Times required for aerators to homogeneously mix salt in a 6000-m 3 pond were: blower-fan aerator, 96 min; Crisafulli pump and sprayer, 94 min; paddlewheel aerator, 53 min; and Airmaster aerator, 38 min. The Airmaster aerator and the paddlewheel aerator did not differ in their abilities to transfer oxygen and circulate pond water ( P > 0.05); they were both superior to the blower-fan aerator and the Crisafulli pump and sprayer ( P
Synthesis of Branched Polyethylene by Tandem Catalysis

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) can be prepared by addition of ethylene to a mixture of two catalysts. In this “tandem catalysis” scheme one catalyst dimerizes or oligomerizes ethylene to α-olefins while the second site incorporates these α-olefins into a growing polyethylene chain. A variety of classical catalyst combinations are available for this purpose. Better control over the polymerization process, and therefore product properties, is attained by the use of homogenous “single site” catalysts. The best-behaved tandem processes take advantage of well-defined catalysts that require stoichiometric quantities of activators. One such system employs [(C6H5)2PC6H4C(OB(C6F5)3)O-κ2P,O]Ni(η3-CH2CMeCH2) and {[(η5-C5Me4)SiMe2(η1-NCMe3)]TiMe}{MeB(C6F5)3}. The nickel sites are responsible for converting ethylene to 1-butene or mixtures of 1-butene with 1-hexene. These olefins are copolymerized with ethylene at the titanium sites. It is possible to obtain a linear correlation between the branching content in the polymer product and the Ni/Ti ratio. The effect of ligand substitution at nickel has also been investigated. When the benzyl derivative [(C6H5)2PC6H4C(O-B(C6F5)3)O-κ2P,O]Ni(η3-CH2C6H5) is used instead of the methallyl counterpart [(C6H5)2PC6H4C(OB(C6F5)3)O-κ2P,O]Ni(η3-CH2CMeCH2), one obtains, at a constant Ni/Ti ratio, considerably more branching in the final polymer structure. These results are rationalized in terms of a more efficient initiation when the more labile benzyl ligand is used.
Cyberbullying in adolescents: the next transition frontier

Cyberbullying, particularly among adolescents, is an emerging issue within our society. Cyberbullying shares similar characteristics with traditional bullying such as repetition, power imbalance and intention. However, it differs in the fact that it is anonymous and rapid, with its victims unable to escape. The effects of cyberbullying on young people may have serious negative affects on their confidence, self-esteem, and emotional and mental wellbeing.
Susceptibility of Mice Deficient in the MHC Class II Transactivator to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presentation and subsequent CD4+ T-cell activation are critical for acquired immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MHC class II gene expression is primarily controlled by the master transactivator CIITA protein. Without functional CIITA protein, MHC class II expression is lost, impairing immune responses and increasing susceptibility to infection. In this study, we compared protective immune responses of CIITA-deficient mice and wild-type C57BL/6 controls with low dose aerosol M. tuberculosis infection. After aerogenic challenge, CIITA-/- mice failed to limit mycobacterial growth (2.5 and 2.0 log10 > WT lung and spleen CFUs, respectively, at day 58). Lung histopathology involved extensive necrosis, severe pneumonitis and overwhelming inflammation in the gene knockout mice. Mean survival time for CIITA-/- mice was significantly reduced (57 versus >300 days for WT). This extreme sensitivity to tuberculous infection was largely attributed to the absence of CD4+ cells. Flow cytometric studies detected virtually no CD4+ cells in CIITA-/- mouse spleens after infection versus elevated numbers in WT spleens. Failed CD4+ T-cell expansion markedly reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma production in CIITA-/- mice versus WT controls. These results suggest the necessity of a functional CIITA pathway for controlling tuberculous infections and that interventions targeting CIITA expression may be useful antimycobacterial therapeutics.
Felony Case Disposition Patterns in Middletown, 1932-1975:

Sentencing patterns in a middle-sized, Midwestern town are examined over the period 1932 to 1975. Data were gathered from the criminal court dockets and included only cases originally filed as a felony and resulting in a conviction. The analyses indicate that: (a) prosecution offelonies and subsequent convictions did not keep pace with the increase in reported crime; (b) plea bargaining became an extremely common practice in lateryears; (c) the role of court appointed defense counsel changed dramatically; (d) time delays between filing of information and sentencing increased greatly after the mid-i 960s; and (e) sentences to state penal institutions declined over the period of study. Explanations for these changes and related developments are offered.
Ensemble Modeling of Successive Halo CMEs: A Case Study

The Wang–Sheeley–Arge (WSA)–Enlil cone modeling system is used for making routine arrival-time forecasts of Earth-directed halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs), since they typically produce the most geoeffective events. A major objective of this work is to better understand the sensitivity of the WSA–Enlil modeling results to input model parameters and how these parameters contribute to the overall model uncertainty and performance. In this study, ensemble-modeling results for a succession of three halo CME events that occurred on 2 – 4 August 2011 are presented. We investigate the sensitivity of the modeled CME arrival times to small variations in the input-cone properties by creating ensemble sets of numerical simulations for each CME event, based on multiple sets of cone parameters. We find that the accuracy of the modeled CME arrival times not only depends on the small variations to the initial input geometry, but also on the reliable specification of the background solar wind, which is driven by the input maps of the photospheric magnetic field. The accuracy in the arrival-time predictions also depends on whether the cone parameters for all three CMEs are specified in a single WSA–Enlil simulation. The inclusion or exclusion of one or two of the preceding CMEs affects the solar-wind conditions through which the succeeding CME propagates. Although the accuracy of the modeled arrival times is sensitive to the input maps that are used to drive the background solar wind, the spread in the modeling ensemble remains mostly unchanged when different input maps are used.
InGaAs and GaAs/InGaAs Channel Enhancement Mode n-MOSFETs With HfO 2 Gate Oxide and a-Si Interface Passivation Layer

We demonstrate for the first time self-aligned, gate-first, enhancement mode n-MOSFETs with InGaAs and GaAs/InGaAs channels, Atomic Layer Deposition HfO2 gate oxide and TaN gate. Good control of the drain current was achieved due to effective passivation of the III-V-high-k interface with ultra-thin MBE in-situ grown a-Si layer. High transconductance and electron channel mobility along with negligible shift of the threshold voltage and small gate bias hysteresis of the drain current are demonstrated.
Noninvasive monitoring of stem cell transfer for muscle disorders.

In this study the ability of magnetodendrimers to efficiently label cultured muscle stem cells and allow for subsequent in vivo cell detection was determined. Magnetodendrimer-labeled cells exhibited normal growth rates in culture, and retained their capacity to undergo proliferation and form normal myotubes. Labeled stem cells possessed high in vivo proton relaxivities that enhanced MRI contrast properties and enabled us to noninvasively monitor the stem cells' incorporation into dystrophic muscle. Well defined regions of decreased signal intensity were observed in both T2- and T1-weighted image sequences. MRI was used to longitudinally follow stem cell dynamics in dystrophic muscle with in-plane resolutions on the order of a single muscle fiber (22 × 43 μm2). Regions of decreased signal intensity were well correlated with iron accumulation and other histochemical markers of stem cell incorporation. We concluded that this technique may be useful for continuous noninvasive readouts of stem cell transfer, replacing sequential muscle biopsies and tissue harvesting. Magn Reson Med 51:273–277, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Formation of Micro and Nanostructured Nickel/Silica and Nickel/Metal Composites by Electrodeposition of Mesoporous Silica onto Nickel Foam

Extremely high surface area porous electrodes are of interest as current collectors for advanced batteries and as the basis for supercapacitors. For moderate to large scale storage applications a three-dimensional material is needed with porosity at multiple length scales. We are developing a combined bottom up/top down approach to creating such materials by using electrodeposition of mesoporous silica on nickel foam, a commercially available porous conductor widely used as the current collector in various batteries. Electrodeposition produces a conformal coating on the nickel foam. By controlling the electrodeposition time the morphology of the mesoporous silica can be varied from a thin film up to 500 nm thick to a loosely bound agglomeration of mesoporous silica particles capable of completely filling the 0.3-0.5 mm voids of the nickel foam. The internal diameter of the mesopores in the silica can be controlled in the range 2.5-4.8 nm by changing the chain length of the templating surfactant used. Gas adsorption shows surface areas of 400-1600 m2/g of silica deposited, consistent with the assumed structure of the material.
Identical Twin Parents; Research Reviews: Twin Pregnancy Risk Factors, a New Twin Type and a School Legislation Update; Twin Parents and Twin Researchers in the News

Some legal and social complications that arise when identical twins have children are examined. The specific case presented concerns assignment of paternity. This section is followed by a review of recent studies of multiple birth pregnancy risk factors, namely mother to infant HIV transmission and congenital hypothyroidism. Honors given to recently recognized twin researchers are noted, as is the birth of twins to an older mother in the United States.
Modeling droplet deformation in melt spinning of polymer blends

We report the results of a study of droplet deformation in uniaxial elongational flow under nonisothermal conditions. A mathematical model is developed that simulates deformation conditions in fiber spinning. To test our model, a blend of polypropylene and polystyrene was spun into fibers. The blend morphology of the fibers is accurately predicted by the proposed model. Morphological studies have shown that immiscible additives remain dispersed in the matrix as suspended droplets and that the droplets are elongated into fibrils under the action of shear or extensional forces during processing.
Child Care in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Implications for the Future Organization of Child Care in the United States

In every society care of children is primarily a female responsibility, yet there is still tremendous cross-cultural variation in the organization of child care. Three characteristics of child care in small-scale traditional agrarian societies are discussed: role integration, use of auxiliary caregivers, and the effects of certain ecological patterns on childrearing. Data concerning each of these points is presented, along with implications for the future organization of child care in our own society. These implications are based on, first, the assumption of adaptive-ness in forms of child care organization that have evolved over periods of time in these relatively stable societies, and, secondly, on the notion that concepts of child care that work in other societies can, in many cases, be adapted to current conditions in the United States.
Parents’ knowledge about the donors and their attitudes toward disclosure in oocyte donation

BACKGROUND: Oocyte donation is a popular treatment option among women with ovarian dysfunction. Little is known about the amount of information recipients have about their donors and if the amount of information the couple has relates to their plans to disclose. The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of information recipients had about their donors and their disclosure plans. METHODS: Sixty-two sets of oocyte donation parents from five programmes completed a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: Ninety percent of both men and women knew their donor’s age, ethnicity, hair colour, eye colour, height, weight, education and medical history. Significantly more women than men told others about using a donor to conceive, but two-thirds of women and men would not tell others if they had to do it over again. Fifty-nine percent of women and 52% of men planned to or had told their child; 34% of women and 41% of men do not plan to tell. The amount of information known about the donor was related to plans to tell the child for men only. CONCLUSION: Approximately half of couples plan to tell their child of their oocyte donor origin and a majority have told others but many regret having done so. Knowledge about the donor is related to disclosure for men only.
Peak-Seeking Control of a DC Motor Driving a Variable Pitch Propeller

A peak-seeking method is applied to a DC motor driving a variable pitch propeller to minimize the motor power consumption for a given thrust command. The peak-seeking method allows the system to converge to a minimum power consumption despite modeling inaccuracies and environmental disturbances. A linear time-varying Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate the gradient and Hessian of the power consumption. The gradient and Hessian are then used to drive the system to its minimum. Simulation results show the successful development of the peak-seeking control architecture and its fast convergence to a minimum power consumption condition.
Analysis of polynomial weighted median filters

Summary form only given. This paper extends weighted median (WM) filters to the class of polynomial weighted median (PWM) filters. Traditional polynomial filtering theory, based on linear combinations of polynomial terms, is able to approximate important classes of nonlinear systems. The linear combination of polynomial terms, however, yields poor performance in environments characterized by heavy tailed distributions. Weighted median filters, in contrast, are well-known for their outlier suppression and detail preservation properties. The weighted median sample selection methodology is naturally extended to the polynomial sample case, yielding a filter structure that exploits the higher order statistics of the observed samples while simultaneously being robust to outliers. A presented probability density function analysis shows that cross and square terms have heavier tails than the observed samples, indicating that robust combination methods should be utilized to avoid undue influence of outliers. Weighted median processing of polynomial terms is justified from a maximum likelihood perspective. The established PWM filter class is statistically analyzed through the determination of the breakdown probability. Filter parameter optimization procedures are also presented. Finally, the effectiveness of PWM filters is demonstrated through simulations that include temporal and spectrum analysis.
Flow reversal and flow recycle air-segmented flow injection for simultaneous determination of a binary mixture

Abstract Flow reversal and flow recycle configurations in an air-segmented flow injection system are presented for simultaneous determinations based on differential kinetics with a slow enzymatic reaction. The sensitivity of determination by the proposed system is improved over that by flow-reversal flow injection systems because of lower dispersion. The new methodology is applied to the simultaneous kinetic determination of a binary mixture of amino acids.