cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape Optimization of an Axisymmetric Diffuser and a 3D Hydro-Turbine Draft Tube Using a Genetic Algorithm

In order to reduce fluid energy losses through a diffuser, it is important to maximize the recovery of fluid static pressure through the diffuser. The shape optimization of an axially symmetric diffuser to achieve maximum pressure recovery is considered in this paper by using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). A genetic algorithm developed in Java is employed with the CFD software Fluent to perform the optimization of the diffuser shape. The fitness function for the optimization is the pressure recovery factor (Cp) of the diffuser, for prescribed inlet velocity and outlet pressure. Results from GA optimization are compared to the optimization results for the same diffuser given by Ghosh et al. [1] employing an evolutionary optimization algorithm. After the validation of the GA optimization approach for the axisymmetric diffuser, GA is applied to optimize the shape of a 3D hydro-turbine draft tube of a hydroelectric power plant in Keokuk, Iowa. The fitness function for the optimization of the draft tube was the pressure at the inlet, which was minimized to increase the performance and efficiency of the hydro-turbine power plant. Results from the optimization show a marked increase in performance. These results demonstrate that the GA based shape optimization method is effective and can be successfully employed to optimize complicated real world configurations used in industrial applications for increasing performance, reducing cost, and saving energy.
Synthesis and Processing of Solution Spun Cellulose Acetate Fibers Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes

We report the fabrication of Cellulose Acetate (CA) based fibers reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) using a solution spinning process. The motivation of this work is to produce high performance fibers based on sustainable natural materials as an alternative to synthetic fibers for structural applications. A 30 wt% solution of CA in a binary solvent system of N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and Acetone (3:7 v/v) was used for the solution spinning of CA fibers. Both neat and CNT-loaded CA fibers were produced. The CNT loading with respect to the polymer was at 0.5 wt%. For CA-MWCNT spinning solutions, the MWCNTs were initially dispersed in the solvent and then CA is added and mixed together. The mixing temperature kept 40–45°C. The viscosity of the CA solution was 8,000 cP. Addition of MWCNT increased the viscosity of the CA solution to 32,000 cP. A lab-scale solution spinning line consisting of a constant torque high temperature gear pump and heated extrusion channels was used to produce both neat and CA-MWCNT fibers. The solution was pumped through a spinneret at the end of the extrusion channel with an orifice as a viscous gel-like filament which was passed through a spool placed in a coagulation bath and then it formed as fiber. The fibers are collected to a takeup roll at a draw ratio of 8.0. Characterization studies of both neat and MWCNT loaded fibers were performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC analysis of fibers showed reduction in crystallinity of CA upon inclusion of 0.5 wt% MWCNT. TGA analysis showed improvement of thermal stability in CA-MWCNT fibers compared to neat CA. Cross-sections of neat CA fibers showed smooth surfaces with no significant defects, while CA-MWCNT showed formation of micro-voids and irregular features. Longitudinal views of outer surface of both neat CA and CA-MWCNT fibers showed no indication of surface defects or protrusions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Longitudinal Impact Force on a Special Drill for Planetary Exploration

Special percussive mechanisms, e.g. Auto Gopher and Ultra Sonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) have been developed by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corporation to explore the Lunar, Martian, and other planetary subsurface and extract soil (regolith)/rock samples for further study. The percussive mechanism consists of an ultrasonic horn, a free mass (hammer) and the drill rod. This paper presents an analytical methodology to analyze the dynamic and contact analysis of the longitudinal impact of the free mass and the drill rod including the effects of structural vibration. The contact force due to impact is obtained using Hertz force-indentation relation coupled with the structural vibration obtained using mode superposition method. Numerical solution, with equilibrium iterations, of the equations of motion is implemented. The contact force was observed to follow a sinusoidal like shape, consistent with results available in literature for similar problems.
Content Coding of Psychotherapy Transcripts Using Labeled Topic Models

Psychotherapy represents a broad class of medical interventions received by millions of patients each year. Unlike most medical treatments, its primary mechanisms are linguistic; i.e., the treatment relies directly on a conversation between a patient and provider. However, the evaluation of patient–provider conversation suffers from critical shortcomings, including intensive labor requirements, coder error, nonstandardized coding systems, and inability to scale up to larger data sets. To overcome these shortcomings, psychotherapy analysis needs a reliable and scalable method for summarizing the content of treatment encounters. We used a publicly available psychotherapy corpus from Alexander Street press comprising a large collection of transcripts of patient–provider conversations to compare coding performance for two machine learning methods. We used the labeled latent Dirichlet allocation (L-LDA) model to learn associations between text and codes, to predict codes in psychotherapy sessions, and to localize specific passages of within-session text representative of a session code. We compared the L-LDA model to a baseline lasso regression model using predictive accuracy and model generalizability (measured by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) from the receiver operating characteristic curve). The L-LDA model outperforms the lasso logistic regression model at predicting session-level codes with average AUC scores of 0.79, and 0.70, respectively. For fine-grained level coding, L-LDA and logistic regression are able to identify specific talk-turns representative of symptom codes. However, model performance for talk-turn identification is not yet as reliable as human coders. We conclude that the L-LDA model has the potential to be an objective, scalable method for accurate automated coding of psychotherapy sessions that perform better than comparable discriminative methods at session-level coding and can also predict fine-grained codes.
Tennis: Epidemiology and Injury Mechanism

Tennis injuries have been reported throughout all regions of the body with more common areas being the spine, the ankle and the shoulder. Tennis injuries can occur as a consequence of a trauma (acute injuries, more common in the lower extremity), but most of the injuries in tennis can be defined as overuse injuries (chronic injuries, more common in the upper extremity and trunk) coming from the repetitive microtrauma inherent in the sport. Upper extremity injuries were most frequently located in the elbow and the shoulder regions, with tendon injuries of the shoulder and tennis elbow (humeral epicondylitis) as most frequent injuries. Lower extremity injuries were most frequently located in the ankle and the knee regions, with ankle sprain and patellar tendinosis as most frequent injuries. Usually upper extremity injuries are associated with kinetic chain dysfunction, scapular dyskinesis and GIRD. The repetitive stressors and loading sequences in tennis create muscular imbalances specific to the sport that requires preventative interventions believed to lower injury risk. This chapter will show an overview of the epidemiology and the mechanism of the most common injuries in tennis players.
Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ischemic in origin and occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for the treatment of this devastating disease is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA has a small therapeutic window for administration (3 - 6 hr), and is only effective in 4% of the patients who actually receive it. Current research focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of stroke in order to find potential therapeutic targets. Thus, reliable models are crucial, and the MCA occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) is deemed to be the most clinically relevant surgical model of ischemic stroke, and is fairly non-invasive and easily reproducible. Typically the MCAo model is used with rodents, especially with mice due to all the genetic variations available for this species. Here we describe (and present in the video) how to successfully perform the MCAo model (with reperfusion) in mice to generate reliable and reproducible data.
Extramedullary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Systematic Analysis of Cases Reported Between 1975 and 2010

Abstract 4607 Background: Extramedullary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (EM-CLL) is reported in the literature as case reports and series. The prognosis, patient characteristics, and treatment approaches to EM-CLL have not been fully analyzed in a comprehensive fashion. We therefore conducted a systematic review to better understand EM-CLL and how it might affect patients9 clinical course and overall survival. Methods: A comprehensive PubMed search for English-language articles published between 1975 and 2010 in peer-reviewed journals was performed. EM-CLL was defined as CLL identified pathologically in these reports outside the bone marrow. Search terms included “EM-CLL, CLL outside the bone marrow, and CLL with each system [central nervous system (CNS), genitourinary (GU/GYN), gastrointestinal (GI), cardiac, pulmonary, head and neck (H+N), skin, and vascular]. Data regarding location, sex, age at diagnosis, systemic CLL disease setting (relapsed vs. initial diagnosis), laboratory studies/prognostic factors (when available), treatment for CLL (yes or no), use of chemotherapy (yes or no), use of radiation (yes or no), use of rituximab (R), use of purine analogues, outcome (alive or deceased), and follow-up were collected. A z-test was used for assessing proportion differences for gender, stage (Rai 0, 1, 2 vs. Rai 3, 4), and chemotherapy (yes or no). Univariate analyses were performed via the Chi-square test. A backward stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify whether disease location, disease setting, age, and sex influence overall survival (OS). No other multivariate analyses were performed due to large percent of missing data for different variables of interest. A two-tailed P level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses; which were performed using SPSS for windows, version 19.0 (SPSS Inc.) and StarStat (DataStar, Inc.). Results: A total of 192 cases were identified [63 (33%) skin, 51 (27%) CNS, 26 (14%) GI, 20 (10%) GU/GYN, 10 (5%) lung, 10 (5%) ocular, 6 (3%) heart, 5 (3%) H+N, and 1(0.5%) vascular]. Median age at detection of EM-CLL was 62 (range, 25–89); significantly more men were diagnosed with EM-CLL versus women (61% vs. 35%; z = 3.51, P Conclusions: To our knowledge, this analysis represents the largest collection of EM-CLL series examined comprehensively. EM-CLL is not an uncommon presentation in the spectrum of CLL/SLL with skin and CNS being the most commonly affected organs (33% and 27% respectively). Patients who develop EM-CLL in the relapsed setting have significantly worse OS compared to those who manifest EM-CLL at the time of initial diagnosis. We propose that this subset of CLL needs a prospective and robust accumulation of prognostic and clinical data as it will be critical in defining how extramedullary presentation affects the biology and natural course of CLL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Identifying the meaning and end of scholarship: what’s at stake in Muslim Identities*

AbstractThis article situates Aaron Hughes’s recent work on the study of Islam, and specifically his critique of how much work in the field proceeds, in light of a current set of scholarly papers on normativity in Islamic Studies, in an effort to substantiate his critique of the field. By providing such examples (including the selective and thus self-beneficial way in which so-called engaged scholarship is carried out) the article argues that an approach to the study of religion that aims merely to repeat certain participant claims threatens the model of scholarship others of us have worked so hard to establish as the academic study of religion.
Divergence in style length and pollen size leads to a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier among populations of Silene latifolia.

A central tenet of speciation research is the need to identify reproductive isolating barriers. One approach to this line of research is to identify the phenotypes that lead to reproductive isolation. Several studies on flowering plants have shown that differences in style length contribute to reproductive isolation between species, leading us to consider whether style length could act as a reproductive barrier among populations of a single species. This could occur if style length varied sufficiently and pollen size covaried with style length. Populations of Silene latifolia exhibit variation in flower size, including style length, that is negatively correlated with annual precipitation. We show that this divergence in style length has a genetic basis and acts as a reproductive barrier: males from small-flowered populations produced relatively small pollen grains that were poor at fertilizing ovules when crossed to females from large-flowered populations, leading to a significant reduction in seed production. Manipulating the distance pollen tubes had to travel revealed that this failure was purely mechanical and not the result of other incompatibilities. These results show that style length acts as a postmating-prezygotic reproductive barrier and indicate a potential link between ecotypic differentiation and reproductive isolation within a species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Survival Data Mining

Survival analysis (SA) consists of a variety of methods for analyzing the timing of events and/or the times of transition among several states or conditions. The event of interest can only happen at most once to any individual or subject. Alternate terms to identify this process include Failure Analysis (FA), Reliability Analysis (RA), Lifetime Data Analysis (LDA), Time to Event Analysis (TEA), Event History Analysis (EHA), and Time Failure Analysis (TFA) depending on the type of application the method is used for (Elashoff, 1997). Survival Data Mining (SDM) is a new term being coined recently (SAS, 2004). There are many models and variations on the different models for SA or failure analysis. This chapter discusses some of the more common methods of SA with real life applications. The calculations for the various models of SA are very complex. Currently, there are multiple software packages to assist in performing the necessary analyses much more quickly.
Assessment of adjuvant therapy in resected head and neck cancer with high-risk features

Abstract Objectives Subgroup analysis from two randomized trials showed a survival benefit for adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) over radiation alone (RT) in patients with extracapsular spread (ECS) of involved lymph nodes and/or positive margins (PM) in resected head and neck cancer (HNSCC). However, results were not analyzed separately for patients with ECS or PM and were not stratified by tumor subsite/HPV status. We therefore sought to determine whether adjuvant CRT is associated with a survival benefit, separately among patients with ECS or PM and stratified by subsite/HPV status. Methods Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we identified 6948 patients diagnosed with HNSCC between 2010 and 13 who underwent surgical resection and had either ECS or PM. The impact of adjuvant therapy on OS from surgery was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusting for clinical and demographic factors. Results Adjuvant CRT was associated with a significant survival benefit over RT alone among patients with ECS (aHR 0.83, 95%CI 0.71–0.97) but not among those with PM (aHR 0.89, 95%CI 0.77–1.04). In patients with HPV-negative tumors, CRT was associated with a benefit over RT alone in the setting of ECS (aHR 0.83, 95%CI 0.70–0.98) but not PM (aHR 0.91, 95%CI 0.78–1.06). However, in patients with HPV-positive oropharynx tumors, CRT was not associated with a benefit over RT in ECS (aHR 0.94, 95%CI 0.47–1.88) but appeared beneficial in PM (aHR 0.54, 95%CI 0.32–0.90). Conclusions CRT appears beneficial over RT in ECS among patients with HPV-negative tumors, and beneficial in PM among patients with HPV-positive tumors.
Patient-reported fatigue and stress prior to chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia predict 2.5-year survival

Fatigue is a common symptom in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. We observed that fatigue is at its peak before onset of remission-induction chemotherapy (IC) and highly correlated with stress. Fatigue before bone-marrow transplant (after IC) in hematological cancer patients has been related to poor survival. However, we propose that pre-IC fatigue might be a better predictor of survival. In the current study, fatigue was assessed at baseline (prior to IC) and in week 2 and 3 of IC in 105 patients. Fatigue severity, scored on a 0–10 scale, was categorized into low to moderate fatigue (0–5) and high fatigue (>5) for baseline and average fatigue score during IC. Survival information was obtained from medical records 2.5 years after chemotherapy onset. Six patients were lost from follow-up during the first year. Of the remaining 99 patients, 55 patients died within the 2.5-year interval (median survival time: 34 weeks). Multivariate survival analyses controlling for demographic and medical covariates showed that high fatigue at baseline, but not during IC, was associated with poorer survival (Bbaseline_fatigue = 0.76, p = 0.030; BIC_fatigue = 0.04, p = 0.91). In a subsequent model including baseline stress, high fatigue and low stress were independently associated with poor survival (Bfatigue = 1.043, p = 0.004; Bstress = −1.099, p = 0.003). Possibly, stress-associated activation of physiological fight/flight systems might be beneficial for dealing with AML treatment and its complications while disease-related fatigue might reflect impaired defense mechanisms.
Matchbox: Large Scale Bayesian Recommendations

We present a probabilistic model for generating personalised recommendations of items to users of a web service. The Matchbox system makes use of content information in the form of user and item meta data in combination with collaborative filtering information from previous user behavior in order to predict the value of an item for a user. Users and items are represented by feature vectors which are mapped into a low-dimensional ‘trait space’ in which similarity is measured in terms of inner products. The model can be trained from different types of feedback in order to learn user-item preferences. Here we present three alternatives: direct observation of an absolute rating each user gives to some items, observation of a binary preference (like/ don’t like) and observation of a set of ordinal ratings on a userspecific scale. Efficient inference is achieved by approximate message passing involving a combination of Expectation Propagation (EP) and Variational Message Passing. We also include a dynamics model which allows an item’s popularity, a user’s taste or a user’s personal rating scale to drift over time. By using Assumed-Density Filtering (ADF) for training, the model requires only a single pass through the training data. This is an on-line learning algorithm capable of incrementally taking account of new data so the system can immediately reflect the latest user preferences. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm on the MovieLens and Netflix data sets consisting of approximately 1,000,000 and 100,000,000 ratings respectively. This demonstrates that training the model using the on-line ADF approach yields state-of-the-art performance with the option of improving performance further if computational resources are available by performing multiple EP passes over the training data.
CEA as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for metastatic anal cancer.

684Background: While carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a tumor marker is frequently used in the management of colorectal adenocarcinoma, its clinical utility in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus ...
Neural Architecture and the Market Calculus

Detour over. Back to analysis. In this chapter I take up some simple applications of calculus used in price theory. Calculus is loved by some, scary to many. I may be going back on my promise to keep the math simple. So I don’t blame you if you choose to skip this chapter.
Antarctica — A potential international burial area for high-level radioactive wastes

A major problem facing modern society is the one of what do to with the non-recyclable portion of high-level radioactive wastes generated by modern nuclear reactors. Antarctica, because of its geographical isolation, deserves definite consideration as a potential international, permanent repository for the high-level radioactive wastes of the world’s nuclear countries. The continent is completely surrounded by the southern ocean — a large buffer zone. Another factor to be considered is the existence of the Antarctic Treaty, which designates the continent as international territory accessible to all nations; Treaty provisions provide for use for nuclear waste disposal, if desired.
The status of tense within inflection

One of the most frequently cited examples of a prototypical inflectional category is tense. Yet the motivation for classifying tense as inflectional varies according to the criteria proposed to delineate inflection from derivation. Inflection has often been taken as a cluster concept composed of characteristics such as those detailed in Bauer (1983), Scalise (1988) and Plank (1994). Categories may thus be inflectional to varying degrees, depending on the number of pertinent characteristics they exhibit. Sometimes a single characteristic has been seen as criterial, such as obligatoriness or relevance to the syntax. The definition of syntactic relevance depends in turn on the particular view of syntax assumed.
Interaction of Low-Energy Ions, Atoms and Molecules with Surfaces

The study of the interaction of swift particles with matter dates back to the first years of this century. The literature of those days is decorated with many Nobel prize winners, like Curie, Bohr, Stark, Rutherford. World War I ended the first era of particle-solid interaction for reasons nobody cared to think about so far. The early work was inspired by the detection of radioactivity, the α and s rays, and by the experiments made possible by the detection of the “Kanalstrahlen” by Goldstein [1]. Even though the Kanalstrahlen are based on a long history of gas discharge experiments, there was no connection made between the sputtering effect observed much earlier (Grove [2]) and the observation of the energy loss of swift particles in matter.
Missing Value Estimation

KNNimpute is a fast, robust, and accurate method of estimating missing values for microarray data. Both KNNimpute and SVDimpute methods far surpass the currently accepted solutions (filling missing values with zeros or row average) by taking advantage of the structure of microarray data to estimate missing expression values.
Employment Prospects for Minority Women

One of the most controversial issues facing all levels of government today concerns current policies that provide equal employment opportunities for women and minorities in the United States labor force. The legality of previously enacted affirmative action legislation has recently been questioned on constitutional grounds, whereas research continues to confirm that women and members of minority populations are underrepresented in higher paying jobs and overrepresented in jobs that offer low economic rewards and few opportunities for advancement. This situation is particularly crucial for female minority group members, who carry the double burden of gender and color into an already segregated labor market.
A DC-60 GHz I/Q Modulator in 45 nm SOI CMOS for Ultra-Wideband 5G Radios

This paper presents a DC-60 GHz I/Q modulator/transmitter chip in 45 nm SOI CMOS, that can serve as a critical building block for next generation multi-standard and high-capacity wireless backhaul links. The modulator consists of a wideband quadrature signal generator, wideband buffers and two current-combined DC-100 GHz low-noise double-balanced mixers driven in quadrature. The 1.4mm2modulator chip achieves 60 dB of dynamic range in a 1 GHz bandwidth, with an OP1dB of −10 to −12 dBm, thus enabling spectrally-efficient high-order modulation schemes such as 256-QAM. The I/Q modulator achieves 200 Gbps in 16-QAM (50 Gbaud/s), while consuming 200 mW, resulting in record 1 pJ/bit modulation efficiency. In addition to backhaul links, the modulator is an attractive and cost-effective alternative to short-range optical links for data center interconnects (DCI) applications.
Balance Testing Following Concussion: Postural Sway versus Complexity Index.

BACKGROUND Although postural control deficits are common following a concussion, the current clinical assessments for postural control tend to resolve within 3 to 10 days after injury. There is a lack of sensitive tools to examine subtle changes in postural control during the recovery phase following sports-related concussion. Only a limited number of studies have examined nonlinear dynamics of postural control; no study has examined this metric longitudinally during the recovery phase following a sports-related concussion. OBJECTIVE To examine sway and complexity index of postural control in collegiate athletes during day 3, day 21, and day 90 following a concussion and compare them with noninjured controls. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal case-control study. SETTING University cerebrovascular research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one male and female collegiate athletes on day 3 following a concussion. Twenty-eight athletes returned on day 21, and 21 completed assessments on day 90. Twenty-nine sports-matched noninjured controls. METHODS Center of pressure (COP) measurements obtained during 60-second quiet standing on a force plate system with either eyes opened or closed. Postural sway was estimated as range and variability of COP in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral planes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Complexity index of AP COP utilizing multiscale entropy analysis. RESULTS Postural sway measured as AP range (P = .03) and variability (P = .04) during quiet standing with eyes closed were higher on day 3 compared to the controls. Postural sway in the concussed group was comparable to the noninjured controls by day 21 postinjury. However, postural control dynamics utilizing complexity index was lower on day 3 (P < .001) and persisted on day 21 (P < .006) and day 90 (P < .02), despite resolution of abnormal postural sway 21 days postinjury. CONCLUSION Complexity index utilizing nonlinear dynamics might be a more sensitive objective biomarker for examining postural control following a concussion, with implications for return-to-play and interventions. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to validate this finding. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT02754206. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Infection control : 2000 review and update for electroneurodiagnostic technologists

ABSTRACT.In 1995, guidelines for infection control in electroneurodiagnostic laboratories were published in this journal (ASET 1995). This article is an update of those guidelines, reviewing books, journal articles, and information appearing on the Internet from 1995 through 1999. A major change in Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommendations has been to now replace previous isolation categories with Standard Precautions and Transmission Based Precautions. Since 1995, there has been increased awareness of infection control measures necessary for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and especially the new variant first described in the United Kingdom in 1996.
Penile squamous cell carcinoma is genomically similar to other HPV-driven tumors.

505Background: PSCC is rare with limited treatment options for advanced disease. There have been no published genome-wide studies on the genetic alterations of PSCCs or on the differences between H...
Ionization of gold (γ-methoxy)vinyl complexes generates reactive gold vinyl carbene complexes.

Cationic gold vinyl carbene/allylic cation complexes of the form (E)-[(L)AuC(H)C(H)CAr2]+ OTf− {L = IPr, Ar = Ph [(E)-5a], L = IPr, Ar = 4-C6H4OMe [(E)-5b], L = P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl, Ar = 4-C6H4OMe [(E)-5c]} were generated in solution via Lewis acid-mediated ionization of the corresponding gold (γ-methoxy)vinyl complexes (E)-(L)AuC(H)C(H)C(OMe)Ar2 at or below −95 °C. Complexes (E)-5b and (E)-5c were fully characterized in solution employing multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, which established the predominant contribution of the aurated allylic cation resonance structure and the significant distribution of positive charge into the γ-anisyl rings. Complex (E)-5b reacted rapidly at −95 °C with neutral two-electron, hydride, and oxygen atom donors exclusively at the C1 position of the vinyl carbene moiety and with p-methoxystyrene to form the corresponding vinylcyclopropane. In the absence of nucleophile (E)-5a decomposed predominantly via intermolecular carbene dimerization whereas formation of 1-aryl-5-methoxy indene upon ionization of (Z)-(IPr)AuC(H)C(H)C(OMe)(4-C6H4OMe)2 [(Z)-6b] implicated an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts or electrocyclic Nazarov pathway for the decomposition of the unobserved vinyl carbene complex (Z)-[(IPr)AuC(H)C(H)C(4-C6H4OMe)2]+ OTf− [(Z)-5b].
Superantigens, Alloreactivity, Immunologic Tolerance, and AIDS: A Unified Hypothesis

We present a hypothesis of T cell activation and clonal dynamics which unifies thymic selection, the pathogenesis of AIDS, the effects of superantigens, and the response to alloantigens. These apparently disparate phenomena are integrated under the concept that T cell activation involves synergy between signals at the α-β T cell receptor (TCR) (“signal-1”) and costimulatory signals at CD4/CD8 (“signal-2”) which together exceed a threshold intensity. Combinations of signals with appropriate intensity and duration lead to clonal expansion while continuous or abnormally intense signals lead to clonal deletion by shifting the population dynamics toward excess programmed cell death. Clonal deletion occurs in the thymus when self-reactive cells are trapped in the presence of “above-threshold” signal combinations. Superantigens and alloantigens deliver the bequivalent of signal-1 but have polyclonal effects because they interact with multiple TCR’s. In our view, HIV can effects all helper T cells because it delivers an abnormally intense costimulatory signal-2 through CD4 leading eventually to wide spread clonal deletion. The effects of HIV are gradual because peripheral T cells are difficult to tolerize, and because the effects of HIV require the concomitant delivery of signal-1 by antigen.
I’ll Be Disclosed By Christmas: What ‘Pop-Up PACs’ Can Teach Us About Disclosure and Dark Money.

Since the Citizens United decision of 2010, the amount of “dark money”–or independent expenditures from groups that don’t disclose their donors–has grown to encompass a significant slice of total spending in American elections. How does the absence of disclosure affect the behavior of both donors and electioneering organizations? While the secretive design of dark money makes data on them extremely limited, the 2018 election provided a useful stand-in to examine the role of disclosure in elections. ‘Pop-Up PACs’ are super PACs that form just after the last disclosure federal deadline before an election–allowing them to postpone revealing their donors until after voters have gone to the polls. In total, 63 super PACs employed this tactic during the 2018 midterms, spending a combined $21.6 million. Examining these late-disclosing super PACs, I find that donors who gave to Pop-Up PACs supported a far less ideologically extreme set of candidate when giving directly and transparently to other candidates. These late-disclosing super PACs also supported more ideologically extreme candidates than did super PACs who disclosed their donors prior to an election. In sum, these results add credence to theories that donors alter their behavior in response to social pressures and that being able to hide the sources of one’s money correlates with an electoral organization eschewing moderates in favor of extremists.
ScMile: A Script to Investigate Kinetics with Short Time Molecular Dynamics Trajectories and the Milestoning Theory.

Studies of complex and rare events in condensed phase systems continue to attract considerable attention. Milestoning is a useful theory and algorithm to investigate the long-time dynamics of activated molecular events. It is based on launching a large number of short trajectories and statistical analysis of the outcome. The implementation of the theory in a computer script is described that enables more efficient Milestoning calculation, reducing user time and errors, and automating a significant fraction of the algorithm. The script exploits a molecular dynamics engine, which at present is NAMD, to run the short trajectories. However, since the script is external to the engine, the script can be easily adapted to different molecular dynamics codes. The outcomes of the short trajectories are analyzed to obtain a kinetic and thermodynamic description of the entire process. While many examples of Milestoning were published in the past, we provide two simple examples (a conformational transition of alanine ...
Fraction genome altered (FGA) to regulate both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous functions in prostate cancer and its effect on prostate cancer aggressiveness.

347Background: Our ability to distinguish lethal from non-lethal forms of prostate cancer (PC) is limited. Given prostate tumors’ genetic heterogeneity, is it unlikely that a single somatic variant...
Advising Medical Students during COVID-19: The Case for a Single Emergency Medicine Rotation for All

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the usual approach to exploring and applying into emergency medicine (EM) for medical students. On March 17th, 2020, the American Association of Medical Colleges issued guidance strongly suggesting that medical students be removed from direct patient care. Many medical schools removed medical students from clerkships and postponed hosting visiting medical students indefinitely. An informal query of EM clerkship directors on the Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine (CDEM) list-serve confirmed this trend in EM, with a clear majority of respondents pulling their students from clinical rotations and halting visiting student rotations.
Does vitamin D supplementation reduce asthma exacerbations

Jaspreet Jaura, MD; Gary Kelsberg, MD (Valley Family Medicine Residency, University of Washington at Valley Medical Center, Renton); Sarah Safranek, MLIS (University of Washington Health Sciences Library, Seattle)
MicroRNA Expression Profiling of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas Arising in Different Sites.

ObjectiveTo examine the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tumors from aggressive head and neck locations compared with nonaggressive anatomic sites and...
682-P: Carbohydrate Needs for Prolonged Fasted Exercise with and without Basal Rate Reductions in CSII

The amount of oral carbohydrate (CHO) needed to prevent hypoglycemia during prolonged fasted exercise in CSII is unclear. We assessed CHO intake needs during 3 different basal rate strategies during prolonged fasted exercise in active patients with T1D. Individuals with T1D on CSII (n=15) completed three 120-min treadmill exercise (∼45% of VO2peak) visits in a randomized crossover design. Strategies included: A) no basal rate reduction (BRR) and a dextrose intake of 0.3 g/kg/hr when BG was Glycemia was higher in C compared to A or B by 105 min of exercise (P A BRR, set 90 min prior to exercise is associated with good glycemic control and an increased rate of lipid oxidation compared to CHO feeding alone or combined BRR and CHO feeding approach at exercise onset. Disclosure S.M. McGaugh: None. R. Pooni: None. D. Zaharieva: Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Ascensia Diabetes Care, Insulet Corporation, Medtronic. N.C. D’Souza: None. T. Vienneau: Employee; Self; Insulet Corporation. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Insulet Corporation. T.T. Ly: Employee; Self; Insulet Corporation. M. Riddell: Advisory Panel; Self; Zucara Therapeutics Inc. Consultant; Self; Lilly Diabetes. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Medtronic, Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding Insulet Corporation
Effects of harmful algal blooms and associated water-quality on endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers

Anthropogenic eutrophication contributes to harmful blooms of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, massive blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and smaller blooms of other cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, hypoxia, high pH, high concentrations of ammonia, and potentially hypercapnia. Recovery of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake is obstructed by low survival in the juvenile life stage. Water quality associated with the harmful algal blooms and their decomposition (crashes) is often singled out as the primary cause of juvenile sucker mortality. We investigated this general hypothesis with a review of relevant literature and data from decades of monitoring in Upper Klamath Lake. Microcystins, hepatotoxins produced by some cyanobacteria, are unlikely to be directly lethal to suckers; potential effects of other cyanotoxins that are present in the lake warrant investigation. Dissolved-oxygen saturation declined following bloom crashes, but was infrequently low enough for long enough in Upper Klamath Lake to cause direct sucker mortality. Hypercapnia could potentially reach lethal concentrations in the fall and winter, but did not appear to be associated with the summer algal blooms. pH was highest during peaks in cyanobacteria growth, but infrequently reached directly lethal levels (> 10.3). However, pH frequently reached an observed sub-lethal effect level for juvenile suckers (10.0). Un-ionized ammonia rarely exceeded even the lowest effect level measured for suckers. Rather than act as a direct cause of large-scale mortality, the available evidence suggests that water quality associated with massive blooms of cyanobacteria in Upper Klamath Lake contributes to chronic stress for juvenile suckers and may increase mortality due to other factors.
When Child Neglect Is An Emergency

Abstract Neglect is the most prevalent form of child maltreatment. Neglect can lead to serious medical issues requiring emergency department care including injuries, ingestions, decompensation of chronic illnesses, and urgent behavioral health concerns. Knowledge of different types of neglect, and of how each type could result in an emergency department (ED) visit could help clinicians to recognize and respond to neglect. This review will outline supervisory, medical, dental, emotional, and physical neglect. Children could also present to the ED for evaluation after a substantiated report for neglect. Therefore, this review also covers important elements of medical evaluations for children who have experienced neglect. Neglect is the most common reason for foster care placement, and considerations for emergency medicine providers caring for children in foster care are outlined. Avenues for prevention of neglect in the ED setting are also discussed.
Released N-Glycan Analysis for Biotherapeutic Development Using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

In this chapter, we describe an LC-fluorescence (FLR)/MS-based method for released N-glycan analysis in the development of biotherapeutic proteins. The method includes enzymatic release and labeling of N-glycans with a signal-enhancing tag, LC-MS data collection, and data interpretation. Using the given protocol, up to 24 glycan samples can be prepared within 1 h, while the LC-FLR/MS data can be collected and analyzed using an established data processing method in a semi-automated manner.
CoVerifi: A COVID-19 News Verification System

Abstract There is an abundance of misinformation, disinformation, and “fake news” related to COVID-19, leading the director-general of the World Health Organization to term this an ‘infodemic’. Given the high volume of COVID-19 content on the Internet, many find it difficult to evaluate veracity. Vulnerable and marginalized groups are being misinformed and subject to high levels of stress. Riots and panic buying have also taken place due to “fake news”. However, individual research-led websites can make a major difference in terms of providing accurate information. For example, the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center website has over 81 million entries linked to it on Google. With the outbreak of COVID-19 and the knowledge that deceptive news has the potential to measurably affect the beliefs of the public, new strategies are needed to prevent the spread of misinformation. This study seeks to make a timely intervention to the information landscape through a COVID-19 “fake news”, misinformation, and disinformation website. In this article, we introduce CoVerifi, a web application which combines both the power of machine learning and the power of human feedback to assess the credibility of news. By allowing users the ability to “vote” on news content, the CoVerifi platform will allow us to release labelled data as open source, which will enable further research on preventing the spread of COVID-19-related misinformation. We discuss the development of CoVerifi and the potential utility of deploying the system at scale for combating the COVID-19 “infodemic”.
A STUDY ON APPROXIMATION OF A CONJUGATE FUNCTION USING CESÀRO-MATRIX PRODUCT OPERATOR

In this paper, we establish a new theorem to study the error approximation of a function ζ conjugate of a function ζ (2π-periodic) in weighted Lipschitz class W(L^p,p ≥ 1, ξ(ω)), by Cesaro-Matrix (CδT) product means of its CFS, where CFS denotes conjugate Fourier series. In fact, the results obtained in the paper provide the best approximation of the conjugate function ζ in W(L^p,p ≥ 1, ξ(ω)) class by C^δT product means of its ate CFS for the cases p > 1 and p = 1. Our results generalize six previously known results. Thus, the results of [4], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] become the particular cases of our results. Our theorems provide some important corollaries.
Whole-Genome Sequencing and Annotation of 10 Endophytic and Epiphytic Bacteria Isolated from Lolium arundinaceum.

ABSTRACT We report the whole-genome sequence and annotation of 10 endophytic and epiphytic bacteria isolated from the grass Lolium arundinaceum as part of a laboratory exercise in a Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry and Pathology undergraduate course (BIOL403) at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York.
A microfluidic system for monitoring glucagon secretion from human pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide released from α-cells within pancreatic islets of Langerhans to help raise blood glucose levels. While a plethora of methodologies have been developed for quantitative measurement of insulin released from islets, such methods are not well developed for glucagon despite its importance in blood sugar regulation. In this work, a simple yet robust microfluidic device was developed for holding human pancreatic islets and perfuse them with glucose. The perfusate was collected into 2 min fractions and glucagon quantified using a homogeneous time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) sandwich immunoassay. Simulation of fluid flow within the microfluidic device indicated the device produced low amounts of shear stress on islets, and characterization of the flow with standard glucagon solutions revealed response times within 2 fractions (<4 min). Results with human islets from multiple donors demonstrated either a “burst” of glucagon or a “sustained” glucagon release across the entire period of stimulation. The simplicity, yet robustness, of the device and method is expected to appeal to a number of researchers examining pancreatic islet physiology.
Online tools for digital humanities

The websites reviewed in this column provide various tools and methods for computational text analysis, text mining, and information presentation and visualization. Some sites provide a text corpus...
Seeing Self: The CAMPOS Model

Building an inclusive community that diversifies the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a daunting task, all the more so given the low numbers of Latinas and other underrepresented minority groups (URM) who enter academic STEM disciplines. This chapter takes an in-depth look at one of the novel ADVANCE initiatives—the Center for the Advancement of Multicultural Perspectives on Science (CAMPOS). The center fosters sustainable institutional transformation by collaborating with traditional campus committees to recruit, retain, and promote excellent faculty committed to inclusion while also engaging the broader UC Davis STEM community. Its core mission is to support the discovery of knowledge though multicultural perspectives. CAMPOS creates an environment that is diversity-driven, mentorship-grounded, and career-success-focused. It recognizes the barriers that URM STEM scientists endure within academia and seeks to mitigate those barriers, highlighting the accomplishments of CAMPOS faculty scholars and making URM STEM scientists visible role models. The center is committed to transforming STEM by developing the leadership skills needed to sustain institutional transformation in laboratories, departments, and universities locally, nationally, and globally. The CAMPOS model can be replicated at other universities seeking to change the face of STEM.
Case 5 The Altered Face (Facial Disfigurement)

Esther was an attractive older woman, of “uncertain age.” She arrived at the therapist’s office with a large bandage covering half her face. The therapist had been informed by the referring physician, Dr. M, that the patient had had an advanced case of skin cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) that necessitated radical surgery. The resulting wound was very deep, going as far as the bone, and although not visible because of the bandage, half her nose and cheek had been removed. Dr. M wanted Esther to wait a year before beginning reconstructive surgery, to make sure there was no recurrence of disease. In the meantime, Esther would need to take care of the unsightly gaping wound during its healing process.
Motor Carrier Regulation and its Impact on Service: An Analysis of Texas Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Shippers

Recently there has been a trend toward economic deregulation of transportation by the federal government. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, and the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 have reduced the regulatory role of the federal government and, in general, place increased reliance on the market for resource allocation. Earlier, the Motor Carrier Act of 1935 exempted from economic regulation the haulage of agricultural commodities moving in interstate commerce. In spite of the historic deregulation of agricultural motor carriage and the recent move by the federal government toward deregulation, the motor carrier deregulation question remains very important in many states.