cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro inhibition of microsomal calcium atpase from eggshell gland of mallard duck.

Abstract : The results of this study have demonstrated the inhibition of Ca ATPase by DDT in an in vitro microsomal test system. Furthermore, this inhibition has been established to be competitive in nature. The results are similar to those of other investigators who showed Ca ATPase inhibition by DDE in shell gland homogenate. Previous studies have shown DDT-induced eggshell thinning to be due to decreased calcium content of eggshells. Since calcium ATPase has been shown to be associated with calcium transport in eggshell gland, the inhibition of this enzyme in vitro offers a possible explanation for DDT-induced eggshell thinning.
Köppen bioclimatic evaluation of CMIP historical climate simulations

Koppen bioclimatic classification relates generic vegetation types to characteristics of the interactive annual-cycles of continental temperature (T) and precipitation (P). In addition to predicting possible bioclimatic consequences of past or prospective climate change, a Koppen scheme can be used to pinpoint biases in model simulations of historical T and P. In this study a Koppen evaluation of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) simulations of historical climate is conducted for the period 1980–1999. Evaluation of an example CMIP5 model illustrates how errors in simulating Koppen vegetation types (relative to those derived from observational reference data) can be deconstructed and related to model-specific temperature and precipitation biases. Measures of CMIP model skill in simulating the reference Koppen vegetation types are also developed, allowing the bioclimatic performance of a CMIP5 simulation of T and P to be compared quantitatively with its CMIP3 antecedent. Although certain bioclimatic discrepancies persist across model generations, the CMIP5 models collectively display an improved rendering of historical T and P relative to their CMIP3 counterparts. In addition, the Koppen-based performance metrics are found to be quite insensitive to alternative choices of observational reference data or to differences in model horizontal resolution.
Implicit Delegation of Responsibility Joint Self-Control in Close Relationships

In everyday life, people often exert self-control not only for their own sake but also for the sake of close others. Here, the authors examine the specific case of joint self-control—when multiple people must simultaneously exert self-control for mutual success—in the context of close relationships. The authors test the hypothesis that people use situational cues to determine if one member of the relationship bears more responsibility for exerting self-control than the other. In this article, the authors test the specific cue of past behavior and find in two studies that participants who exert self-control on behalf of the relationship on a preliminary task continue to exert self-control on behalf of the relationship on a secondary task compared to those who exerted less self-control on the preliminary task. The authors explain these results by focusing on the role that expectations about behaviors play in contributing effort to a difficult or unpleasant task.
Risk factors for West Nile virus Infection and Disease in Populations and Individuals

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that emerged in North America in 1999 in New York City. Over the past 15 years, WNV has become established throughout the USA and has spread into Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean. CDC reports indicate >41,000 clinical cases, including more than 1700 fatalities. An estimated 3 million people in the USA may have been infected to date. Infection with WNV is dependent on many factors including climate, mosquito habitats and immunologically naive bird populations. In addition, variations within individuals contribute to the risk of severe disease, in particular, advanced age, hypertension, immunosuppression and critical elements of the immune response. Recent advances in technology now allow detailed analysis of complex immune interactions relevant to disease susceptibility.
CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Lytic Proteins of Human Herpes Virus 8 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1—Infected and —Uninfected Individuals

T cell immunity to lytic proteins of herpesviruses is important in host control of infection. We have characterized the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to 5 human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) homologues of lytic proteins in HHV-8-seropositive individuals. HLA class I-restricted, CD8(+) CTL responses to >/=1 HHV-8 lytic protein were detected in all 14 HHV-8-seropositive study subjects tested, with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but not in any of 5 HHV-8-seronegative individuals. Seven of these study subjects with both HHV-8 and HIV-1 infection had greater anti-CTL reactivity to glycoprotein H (open-reading frame 22) than did the 7 study subjects infected only with HHV-8. Moreover, there was a strong, inverse correlation between HIV-1 load and glycoprotein H-specific CTL lysis in the study subjects infected with both viruses. CTL reactivity to HHV-8 lytic proteins may be involved in host control of HHV-8-related diseases, such as Kaposi's sarcoma.
Autophagic-lysosomal dysregulation downstream of cathepsin B inactivation in human skin fibroblasts exposed to UVA

Recently, using 2D-DIGE proteomics we have identified cathepsin B as a novel target of UVA in human Hs27 skin fibroblasts. In response to chronic exposure to noncytotoxic doses of UVA (9.9 J cm−2, twice a week, 3 weeks), photooxidative impairment of cathepsin B enzymatic activity occurred with accumulation of autofluorescent aggregates colocalizing with lysosomes, an effect mimicked by pharmacological antagonism of cathepsin B using the selective inhibitor CA074Me. Here, we have further explored the mechanistic involvement of cathepsin B inactivation in UVA-induced autophagic-lysosomal alterations using autophagy-directed PCR expression array analysis as a discovery tool. Consistent with lysosomal expansion, UVA upregulated cellular protein levels of the lysosomal marker glycoprotein Lamp-1, and increased levels of the lipidated autophagosomal membrane constituent LC3-II were detected. UVA did not alter expression of beclin 1 (BECN1), an essential factor for initiation of autophagy, but upregulation of p62 (sequestosome 1, SQSTM1), a selective autophagy substrate, and α-synuclein (SNCA), an autophagic protein substrate and aggresome component, was observed at the mRNA and protein level. Moreover, UVA downregulated transglutaminase-2 (TGM2), an essential enzyme involved in autophagolysosome maturation. Strikingly, UVA effects on Lamp-1, LC3-II, beclin 1, p62, α-synuclein, and transglutaminase-2 were mimicked by CA074Me treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that UVA-induced autophagic-lysosomal alterations occur as a consequence of impaired autophagic flux downstream of cathepsin B inactivation, a novel molecular mechanism potentially involved in UVA-induced skin photodamage.
The influence of subclinical cardiovascular disease and related risk factors on cognition in type 2 diabetes mellitus: The DHS-Mind study

We hypothesized that measures of coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC) collected at baseline from the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) would explain associations between cognition and diabetes collected at follow-up approximately 7 years later. The DHS is a sibling study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a cohort with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (~80%). Associations between baseline CAC and cognitive performance were tested using generalized estimating equations and mixed effects models to adjust for familial relationships. Diabetes status was associated (p<0.05) with poorer performance on tests of verbal memory, processing speed, and semantic fluency adjusting for age, sex, education, and hypertension status. As hypothesized, including CAC in the statistical model attenuated this association. Additionally, CAC and fasting glucose predicted performance in tasks not associated with diabetes status in this study (Stroop Task, Phonemic Fluency). These results confirm work attributing the heterogeneity of cognitive outcomes in type 2 diabetes to subclinical risk factors that combine to affect different aspects of brain function. Importantly, these results imply that risk factor intervention should begin before comorbidities, particularly CVD, become clinically apparent.
Modulation of Responses of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 to pH and Temperature Stresses by Growth at Different Salt Concentrations

Vibrio parahaemolyticus inhabits marine, brackish, and estuarine waters worldwide, where fluctuations in salinity pose a constant challenge to the osmotic stress response of the organism. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a moderate halophile, having an absolute requirement for salt for survival, and is capable of growth at 1 to 9% NaCl. It is the leading cause of seafood-related bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and much of Asia. We determined whether growth in differing NaCl concentrations alters the susceptibility of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 to other environmental stresses. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was grown at a 1% or 3% NaCl concentration, and the growth and survival of the organism were examined under acid or temperature stress conditions. Growth of V. parahaemolyticus in 3% NaCl versus that in 1% NaCl increased survival under both inorganic (HCl) and organic (acetic acid) acid conditions. In addition, at 42 degrees C and -20 degrees C, 1% NaCl had a detrimental effect on growth. The expression of lysine decarboxylase (encoded by cadA), the organism's main acid stress response system, was induced by both NaCl and acid conditions. To begin to address the mechanism of regulation of the stress response, we constructed a knockout mutation in rpoS, which encodes the alternative stress sigma factor, and in toxRS, a two-component regulator common to many Vibrio species. Both mutant strains had significantly reduced survival under acid stress conditions. The effect of V. parahaemolyticus growth in 1% or 3% NaCl was examined using a cytotoxicity assay, and we found that V. parahaemolyticus grown in 1% NaCl was significantly more toxic than that grown in 3% NaCl.
Abnormal interaction between the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 and hyperphosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease neurons: implications for mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal damage

We recently reported increased mitochondrial fission and decreased fusion, increased amyloid beta (Aβ) interaction with the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, increased mitochondrial fragmentation, impaired axonal transport of mitochondria and synaptic degeneration in neurons affected by AD. In the present study, we extended our previous investigations to determine whether phosphorylated tau interacts with Drp1 and to elucidate mitochondrial damage in the progression of AD. We also investigated GTPase activity, which is critical for mitochondrial fragmentation, in postmortem brain tissues from patients with AD and brain tissues from APP, APP/PS1 and 3XTg.AD mice. Using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses, for the first time, we demonstrated the physical interaction between phosphorylated tau and Drp1. Mitochondrial fission-linked GTPase activity was significantly elevated in the postmortem frontal cortex tissues from AD patients and cortical tissues from APP, APP/PS1 and 3XTg.AD mice. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that Drp1 interacts with Aβ and phosphorylated tau, likely leading to excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, and mitochondrial and synaptic deficiencies, ultimately possibly leading to neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Treatment designed to reduce the expression of Drp1, Aβ and/or phosphorylated tau may decrease the interaction between Drp1 and phosphorylated tau and the interaction between Drp1 and Aβ, conferring protection to neurons from toxic insults of excessive Drp1, Aβ and/or phosphorylated tau.
Resistance and Venous Oxygen Dynamics during Sinusoidal Exercise of Dog Skeletal Muscle

We observed the response of vascular resistance and venous oxygen (O 2 ) saturation to sinusoidally modulated continuous exercise of the isolated dog calf. Stimulus frequency was varied sinusoidally between 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz with modulation frequencies ranging from 0.005 Hz to 0.05 Hz. Venous O 2 responses were corrected for dispersion due to vascular and catheter transit. As modulation frequency was increased, the amplitude of the response of both resistance and venous O 2 to changing stimulation frequency decreased. The dynamics of the resistance response depended on flow rate. At high constant flow (56 ±8 ml/100 g min -1 ) the resistance response followed higher modulation frequencies without loss of amplitude (Bode corner frequency = 0.016 ± 0.003 Hz) than it did at low constant flow (25 ± 7 ml/100 g min -1 ) (Bode corner frequency = 0.0049 ± 0.0006 Hz). The dynamics of the venous Osaturation response were not significantly altered by flow. In the low constant-flow range, vascular resistance and venous O 2 saturation had similar dynamics in response to sinusoidal modulation of exercise rate. This finding indicates that oxidative metabolism may be linked to the resistance changes at low flow. At high constant flow, however, the vascular resistance response followed higher modulation frequencies without loss of amplitude than did venous O 2 saturation in three of four dogs. Given certain assumptions, it is doubtful that changes in oxidative metabolism are linked to changes in vascular resistance at high constant flow. Vascular resistance, under the conditions of this experiment, appeared to be controlled by at least two mechanisms, the slower of which may be related to oxidative metabolism.
Lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans by complete removal of food.

Summary A partial reduction in food intake has been found to increase lifespan in many different organisms. We report here a new dietary restriction regimen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , based on the standard agar plate lifespan assay, in which adult worms are maintained in the absence of a bacterial food source. These findings represent the first report in any organism of lifespan extension in response to prolonged starvation. Removal of bacterial food increases lifespan to a greater extent than partial reduction of food through a mechanism that is distinct from insulin/IGF-like signaling and the Sir2family deacetylase, SIR-2.1. Removal of bacterial food also increases lifespan when initiated in postreproductive adults, suggesting that dietary restriction started during middle age can result in a substantial longevity benefit
Approaches to Craniofacial-Specific Quality of Life Assessment in Adolescents:

Abstract Objective: To ascertain the domains that adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with congenital and acquired craniofacial differences (CFDs) consider important to their quality of life (QoL) to create a craniofacial-specific module. Design: Interviews and inductive qualitative methods were used to guide the development of a conceptual and measurement model of QoL among adolescents with CFDs. Setting: The Craniofacial Center at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. Patients, Participants: Thirty-three in-depth interviews with adolescents (aged 11 to 18 years), one young adult interview (age 19 years), 14 in-depth interviews with parents, one young adult focus group, one parent focus group, and one panel of researchers and clinical professionals working in the field. Results: Using the qualitative methodology, grounded theory, seven domains that adolescents with CFDs perceive are important to having a good QoL were found. Six of the domains (coping, stigma and isolation, ...
Oscillator control of cell division in Euglena: cyclic AMP oscillations mediate the phasing of the cell division cycle by the circadian clock

The achlorophyllous ZC strain of Euglena gracilis exhibits a circadian rhythm of cell division in constant darkness (DD). Mitosis occurs during a restricted part of the circadian cycle, corresponding to the dark intervals in a light-dark cycle comprising 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. We have demonstrated that division-phased cultures also exhibit bimodal, circadian changes of cyclic AMP level. Maximum cyclic AMP levels occurred at the beginning of the light period (CT (circadian time) 00–02), and at the beginning of darkness (CT 12–14). These variations persisted in cultures that had been transferred into DD and appeared to be under the control of the circadian oscillator rather than to be cell division cycle (CDC)-dependent, since they continued in cultures that had reached the stationary phase of growth. In the experiments reported in this paper, we tested for the possible role of this periodic cyclic AMP signal in the generation of cell division rhythmicity by examining the effects of exogenous cyclic AMP signals and of forskolin, which permanently increased the cyclic AMP level, on the cell division rhythm. Perturbations of the cyclic AMP oscillation by exogenous cyclic AMP resulted in the temporary uncoupling of the CDC from the circadian timer. The addition of cyclic AMP during the subjective day resulted in delays (up to 9 h) of the next synchronous division step. In contrast, mitosis was stimulated when cyclic AMP was administered in the middle of the subjective night. Measurement of the DNA content of cells by flow cytometry indicated that cyclic AMP injected at CT 06–08 delayed progression through S phase, and perhaps also through mitosis. When added at CT 18–20, cyclic AMP accelerated the G2/M transition. The circadian oscillator was not perturbed by the addition of exogenous cyclic AMP: the division rhythm soon returned to its original phase. On the other hand, the permanent elevation of cyclic AMP levels in the presence of forskolin induced a rapid loss of cell division rhythmicity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cyclic AMP acts downstream from the oscillator and that the cyclic AMP oscillation is an essential component of the signaling pathway for the control of the CDC by the circadian oscillator. The receptors for cyclic AMP in Euglena have been shown to be two cyclic AMP-dependent kinases (cPKA and cPKB). Pharmacological studies using cyclic AMP analogs suggested that cPKA mediates cyclic AMP effects during the subjective day, and cPKB during the subjective night.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection.

Infection of cattle with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) occurs frequently. The outcome of BVDV infection is a wide range of clinical manifestations. The form of clinical disease observed depends on the agent, host, and environmental factors, as well as interaction of these factors. The clinical manifestations are reviewed in terms of BVDV infection in animals that are immuno-competent to BVDV, fetal infections, and cattle that are immuno-tolerant to BVDV.
Zeta potential distributions in particle treatment processes

Most experimental studies of particle destabilization prior to flocculation and granular media filtration characterize the surface charge of particles using the observed average zeta potential. A more complete accounting of particle–particle and particle–collector interactions can be deduced from analyzing the complete distribution of particle zeta potentials. Zeta potential distributions (ZPDs) of silica particles under chemical conditions reflective of destabilization by pH control, ionic strength adjustment, alum destabilization, and polymer destabilization were investigated. Most of the ZPDs of silica particles were broad and skewed (i.e. not normally distributed). When particle surface charge is controlled by pH control, ionic strength adjustment, and alum destabilization, the variances of the ZPDs are comparable. However, when a high-charge-density polymer is utilized as the coagulant, under-dosed and optimally dosed systems result in ZPDs that are broad and over-dosed systems result in narrow distributions.
Relational Teaching: A View of Relational Teaching in Social Work Education

This article proposes the application of Relational/Cultural theory to social work education, in response to the authors' concern that the process of social work education has become too individualistic. The article points to the need to move beyond theoretical constructs which emphasize the development of the self to theoretical frameworks that stress the development of the self-with-others. The authors suggest that Relational/Cultural theory, as developed by Jean Baker Miller, provides the conceptual framework needed in social work practice and teaching. The major components of Relational/Cultural theory, mutual engagement, mutual empathy, and mutual empowerment, are essential in the development of client-worker relationships. The authors contend that these components are equally important in the student-teacher relationship, and present a reconceptualization of social work education: Relational teaching.
Implantation of a gelatin-sponge as a model for effector recruitment. Tumor growth inhibition by T-lymphocytes recovered from a site of tumor rejection.

Nylon-wool-eluted lymphocytes, isolated from a site of tumor rejection in Balb/c mice expressing concomitant tumor immunity, were examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of the EMT6 tumor. Tumor growth inhibition was monitored after co-inoculation of lymphocytes and tumor cells into naive mice in a Winn-type adoptive-transfer assay. A pre-implanted gelatin sponge was employed to capture the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Mice harboring primary tumors were implanted 8 days later with gelatin sponges. The pre-implanted sponges were then inoculated with a secondary tumor challenge 2 days after implantation of the sponge (i.e. 10 days after primary tumor challenge). On day 17 (7 days after secondary tumor challenge), the immune sponges were retrieved, digested in collagenase and the T lymphocytes were isolated using a nylon-wool column. Blank sponges (lacking tumor cells), obtained from primary-tumor-bearing or non-tumor-bearing animals, were included for comparison. The data showed that T lymphocytes isolated from immune sponges inhibited tumor growth while T lymphocytes recovered from blank sponges did not. At an effector:target (E:T) ratio of 10:1 the lymphocytes from the immune sponges were able to prevent totally the growth of tumors in all cases (100% inhibition). This ability was reduced (60% inhibition) at an E:T ratio of 1:1. Comparison of the antitumor activites of the immune-sponge-derived cells with those from the spleen of the same animal revealed the superiority of the former. Depletion of immune-sponge-derived cells with anti-Thy1.2, anti-Lyt2.2 or anti-L3T4 and complement resulted in a marked decrease in tumor-inhibitory activity. These results indicate that T lymphocytes, expressing Thy1.2, Lyt2.2 or L3T4 antigens, are involved in conferring protection to Balb/c mice against the EMT6 tumor.
INVESTIGATION ON STATUS OF DISINFECTION AND ISOLATION OF ORAL MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN YINGKOU

Objective To know the status of disinfection and isolation of oral medical institutions in Yingkou,in order to provide scientific basis for standard the disinfection management and improve the disinfection quality.Methods Field investigation and sampling method were used in part of dental clinic of Yingkou.Results The qualified rate of the dental drill,sterilized instruments and disinfectant in using was 89.66%,77.27% and 50% respectively.The qualified rate of water used in dental drill was 27.5%,26.92% in water tank,38.71% for mouth-wash water.Conclusion There are obvious problems of disinfection and sterilization in oral medical institutions of Yingkou.It should strengthen the sterilized instruments and dental drill sterilization management,improve the sterilizing effect.
4 – Core and fuel technologies in integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs)

Abstract Nuclear design of a reactor system involves the successful demonstration and optimization of safety, economics, reliability, and operations. In order to achieve these objectives, iPWRs share many of the same nuclear design principles as any other reactor types, in particular those of the large PWRs. This chapter describes (i) the important safety design criteria and principles in nuclear design of reactors, and in particular, iPWRs, (ii) what design features are used to achieve a viable and economic nuclear design, and (iii) how the iPWR designers and vendors have addressed the design principles and features in their respective reactors.
The Spiral Road of Transformative Learning: Through the Lens of College Students with Learning Differences.

This chapter explores how college students with diagnosed learning differences develop identity within changing relationships with the family system. Implications highlight the crucial roles of context and relationship in transformative learning.
Narrowband Source Localization from a Moving Array of Sensors

We consider the problem of using a small number of mobile sensors as a sensor array which repositions itself to improve estimates for the range and bearing of a narrowband, stationary target. Mounting sensors to micro-unmanned aerial vehicles (MUAVs) pragmatically guarantees the sensor spacing will be much greater than the Nyquist sampling distance which can cause spatial aliasing. The MUSIC algorithm can be used to search for the spectral peak corresponding the direction of arrival (DOA), but further effort is needed to discern it from a multitude of ambiguous peaks that arise from the use of a very sparse array. As the array is moved to different positions, the received signal strength (RSS) can be used to provide rough estimates to reduce the MUSIC search space and help select the most likely intersection among the ambiguous spectral peaks from each position.
Changes in temporal variability of precipitation over land due to anthropogenic forcings

This study investigated the anthropogenic influence on the temporal variability of annual precipitation for the period 1950–2005 as simulated by the CMIP5 models. The temporal variability of both annual precipitation amount (PRCPTOT) and intensity (SDII) was first measured using a metric of statistical dispersion called the Gini coefficient. Comparing simulations driven by both anthropogenic and natural forcing (ALL) with simulations of natural forcing only (NAT), we quantified the anthropogenic contributions to the changes in temporal variability at global, continental and sub-continental scales as a relative difference of the respective Gini coefficients of ALL and NAT. Over the period of 1950–2005, our results indicate that anthropogenic forcing have resulted in decreased uniformity (i.e. increase in unevenness or disparity) in annual precipitation amount and intensity at global as well as continental scales. In addition, out of the 21 sub-continental regions considered, 14 (PRCPTOT) and 17 (SDII) regions showed significant anthropogenic influences. The human impacts are generally larger for SDII compared to PRCTOT, indicating that the temporal variability of precipitation intensity is generally more susceptible to anthropogenic influence than precipitation amount. The results highlight that anthropogenic activities have changed not only the trends but also the temporal variability of annual precipitation, which underscores the need to develop effective adaptation management practices to address the increased disparity.
Poor quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder.

This study explores the association of demographic and clinical features with quality of life and functioning in individuals with bipolar disorder. Adult participants (N = 482) with bipolar I or II disorder were enrolled in a comparative effectiveness study across eleven study sites and completed baseline measures of medical and psychiatric history, current mood, quality of life, and functioning. Participants with at least mildly depressive or manic/hypomanic symptomatic severity were randomized to receive lithium or quetiapine in addition to adjunctive personalized treatment for 6 months. Participants with more severe depressive and irritability symptoms had lower quality of life and higher functional impairment. All psychiatric comorbid conditions except substance use disorder were associated with worse quality of life. On average, females had lower quality of life than males. Patients who were married, living as married, divorced, or separated had worse functional impairment compared with patients who were single or never married. A composite score of social disadvantage was associated with worse functioning and marginally associated with worse quality of life. Symptom severity did not moderate the effect of social disadvantage on quality of life or functioning. Our findings highlight that depression, irritability, and psychiatric comorbid conditions negatively impact quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder. The study suggests that individuals with social disadvantage are at risk for functional impairment. Trial Registration This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Identification number: NCT01331304
Tonal feet and the adaptation of English borrowing into Hausa

This paper investigates how Hausa places a tonal interpretation on stress in English borrowings. A key intermediary in this process is the tonal foot, which is maximally disyllabic. Tonal feet are of two kinds, in complementary distribution in the data. One is interpreted as HL, or falling-toned, the other as High-toned. The analysis represents a significant advance over the less highly structured view that a simple substitution algorithm replaces stresses with tones, e.g., High tone for-stressed syllables and Low tone for unstressed. This provides a boost for the status of the tonal foot as a prosodic constituent. The analysis also has implications for Hausa non-loan word phonology in that it suggests a natural reinterpretation of claims made by Newman and Jaggar [1989].
Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis

Sepsis-associated organ dysfunction involves multiple responses to inflammation, including endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, immune and autonomic dysregulation, and cellular metabolic reprogramming. The effect of targeting these mechanistic pathways on short- and long-term outcomes depends highly on the timing of therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the adaptive or maladaptive character of these mechanisms, to discover phase-specific biomarkers to guide therapy, and to conceptualize these mechanisms in terms of resistance and tolerance.
Guilt after placement questionnaire: a new instrument to assess caregiver emotional functioning following nursing home placement.

Objective: Guilt is a core feature of dementia caregivers’ experiences following placement. This study describes and validates a new assessment tool for monitoring caregiver adjustment after placem...
Agostino Nifo (1470? –1538)

Nifo produced commentaries and translations for major Aristotelian treatises. His medical activities as a practising doctor and university professor of medicine bring to his commentary on De generatione animalium the perspective of the medical tradition at Padua in the late fifteenth century. The Expositio of de generatione animalium is largely a section-by-section paraphrase of the text, with occasional points of difference raised by later commentators. Nifo begins his commentary with a summary of the themes of each of the five books of De generatione. He touches on a number of questions which we have already met, including the role of spiritus and heat in generation, the sense in which the seed or conceptus is ensouled, the generation of the mens. Nifo argues that sexual and spontaneous generation, though the mechanism by which they operate is different, are parallel and equivalent processes. All he could say was that similar effects (i.e. generation) must have had similar causes (similar measures of heat). It may well be that these differences in the kinds of explanation which were acceptable to Renaissance doctors and natural philosophers had more profound effects in determining their approach than the simple division into ‘Aristotelians’ and ‘Galenists’.
Transforming Our Patients, Their Families, and Ourselves: Share the Experience

Abstract In this article, the authors highlight how the children's book The Dark can help transform our patients, their families, and ourselves to find divinity in illness and existence. By sharing this approach with others, we hope that readers will experience transformation.
The Swahili world

Coming some sixty years after the birth of the modern field, this encyclopaedic survey of the state of Swahili studies heralds the emergence of a third generation. The first generation was marked b...
Single Ventricle and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection: Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis.

Background:Single ventricle (SV) patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) are at high risk. Given the limited published data available, we examined outcomes and the implications of a prenatal diagnosis of SV/TAPVC.Methods:A single-center, retrospective review was performed in neonates with SV/TAPVC from 1998 to 2014, identified through institutional databases. Patient demographic, perioperative, and follow-up data were collected.Results:Thirty-four eligible infants with SV/TAPVC were identified (mean birth weight: 3.0 kg). The TAPVC types were supracardiac (59%), infracardiac (21%), mixed (12%), and cardiac (9%). Heterotaxy syndrome was present in 25 (74%) infants. A prenatal diagnosis of SV was made in 26 (76%) infants, with TAPVC identified in 12 (35%). Seventeen (50%) had obstructed TAPVC within the first 48 hours of life; 7 of these patients had obstructed TAPVC identified prenatally. There were two preoperative deaths. Overall survival for the cohort was 65% at 1 year and 50%...
KEEPING "EVERY CATHOLIC CHILD IN A CATHOLIC SCHOOL" DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1933-1939

The quest for state and federal aid for Catholic schools is not new. Concerns regarding excessive entanglement, mission dilution, and external control have been voiced for decades. A particularly instructive historical period on this issue is the era of the Great Depression. Because of widespread economic hardship across sectors, Catholic leaders were active and engaged in the politics of federal and state aid for schools and experienced both success and failure.
Digital Imaging: Enhancement and Authentication

This article presents the current techniques and latest developments in digital image enhancement and authentication, from both judicial and scientific points of view. Every digital image consists of a finite number of pixels arranged by a series of mathematical algorithms. It is necessary to apply signal processing techniques and computational methods to investigate, enhance, and authenticate this kind of evidence.
Aspirin: are patients actually taking it?-A quality assessment study.

Abstract Background The purpose of the study was to assess patient adherence to an aspirin-based prophylactic deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) care management plan after total lower extremity arthroplasty. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design, patients who underwent total hip or knee replacement surgery by a single senior surgeon were surveyed at their routine 6-week follow-up appointment regarding adherence to aspirin DVT prophylaxis. Postoperatively, patients were advised to take 325 mg of aspirin twice daily for 6 weeks to prevent DVT. Results Of the 101 patients surveyed, 45 underwent total hip arthroplasty while 56 underwent total knee arthroplasty. There were 48 (48%) patients who were still taking aspirin at their routine 6-week postoperative follow-up appointment and 53 (52%) patients who were not taking aspirin (nonadherent group). Of the latter, 3 (6%) never took aspirin postoperatively, 14 (26%) discontinued within 2 weeks postoperatively, and 23 (43%) did not take it any longer for half the time prescribed. In the nonadherent group, 8 patients reported that they felt they did not need the aspirin prophylaxis, 5 experienced side effects, and 10 were unsure of how long they needed to take it. There was 1 patient with a calf DVT and no episodes of pulmonary embolism. Conclusions Over half of our study, patients did not finish their aspirin regimen. We suggest a consistent outline of medication duration throughout the pre/postop course and communication regarding aspirin cessation.
Heinrich Heine: An Enduring Inspiration of World Literature

This chapter situates Heine in an historical context by marking his role in the transition from the Kunstperiode (the age of art) to modernity. It also offers a comparison with Walter Benjamin, an unacknowledged heir to Heine in the subchapter, “The Signatures of Modernity Across Time: Heinrich Heine and Walter Benjamin.” A second subchapter “Atta Troll: The Modern Allegory in a Political Chord” illustrates Heine’s use of this poetic trope as a veiled socio-political commentary. A final subchapter, “Heine: Meditations of an Untimely Poet for an Age of Global Displacements” relates Heine’s work to that of modern writers of exile and offers a sketch of an Iranian novel written against and as spoof of censorship. The addendum, “Coda,” briefly summarizes Shahriar Mandanipour’s Censoring an Iranian Love Story as an analog to the Heinesque art of resistance against censors.
Transitive inference in Polistes paper wasps.

Transitive inference (TI) is a form of logical reasoning that involves using known relationships to infer unknown relationships (A > B; B > C; then A > C). TI has been found in a wide range of vert...
Who Donates to Party Switchers

What are the causal effects of legislative party switching on campaign fundraising? Using a selection-on-observables strategy (a first in the study of U.S. party switchers), we demonstrate that rel...
Intramolecular regulation of anillin during cytokinesis

ABSTRACT Cytokinesis occurs by the ingression of an actomyosin ring that cleaves a cell into two daughters. This process is tightly controlled to avoid aneuploidy, and we previously showed that active Ran coordinates ring positioning with chromatin. Active Ran is high around chromatin, and forms an inverse gradient to cargo-bound importins. We found that the ring component anillin contains an NLS that binds to importin and is required for its function. Anillin contains a RhoA-binding domain (RBD), which we revealed autoinhibits the adjacent NLS-containing C2 domain. Here, we show that active RhoA relieves inhibition of the C2 domain. Furthermore, FRAP experiments show that the NLS regulates anillin’s cortical properties, supporting feedback to the RBD. Indeed, mutations that disrupt the interface between the RBD and C2 domain disrupt anillin’s localization and function. Thus, active RhoA induces a conformational change that increases accessibility to the C2 domain, which is maintained by importin-binding for recruitment to the equatorial cortex.
Intrinsically Switchable Miniature Ferroelectric Stacked Crystal Filters

An intrinsically switchable ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (BST) stacked crystal filter (SCF) is presented for the first time. A single pole BST SCF is designed for a second overtone (mode 2) operating at 3.6 GHz. The fabricated device provides a high out-of-band rejection and off state isolation of more than 25 dB, which is a >10 dB improvement over a single stage BST ladder-type structure with similar specifications. The measured insertion loss and 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) are shown to be 3 dB and 4.3%, respectively. These metrics are obtained for a single pole SCF, which occupies a footprint of less than 400 (μm)2, significantly more compact than traditional acoustic filters.
Inflammation of the Skin and Its Therapeutic Targets

The skin is a formidable physical barrier that protects the body from infection and other foreign irritants. Immune cells in the skin play a critical role in host defense, and include a number of specialized cell types such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and various subsets of T cells, which aid the body in fighting pathogens. However, when immune function in the skin is compromised, either due to a hereditary defect in skin barrier function, or as a result of unwarranted immune sensitization, these same cells can drive the development of skin disease and induce chronic cutaneous inflammation. In this chapter, we will review the immunological functions of the skin and discuss the roles of various immune cells and cellular mediators in host defense. Next, we will examine in detail the immunological basis and pathophysiology of two widely prevalent skin diseases mediated by immune cells, namely atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The immunopathogenesis of these diseases will be discussed in light of current evidence from the literature and the roles of various subsets of helper T cells, including TH2, TH17, and TH22 cells will be highlighted. Lastly, we will examine the pharmacology of various immunotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of these diseases. These include glucocorticoids, anti-proliferative agents, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and various biologics such as inhibitors of IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-12 and IL-23. In the From Bench to Bedside section, we will review the discovery and development of Dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Antiviral Resistance Testing of HSV-1 Causing Recurrent Cutaneous Lesions in a Patient with DOCK8 Deficiency

Abstract Antiviral resistance frequently complicates treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in immunocompromised patients. Here we review the case of an adolescent boy with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency, who experienced recurrent infections with resistant HSV-1. We used both phenotypic and genotypic methodologies to characterize the resistance profile of HSV-1 in the patient and conclude that genotypic testing outperformed phenotypic testing. We also present the first analysis of intrahost HSV-1 evolution in an immunocompromised patient. While HSV-1 can remain static in an immunocompetent individual for decades, the virus from this patient rapidly acquired genetic changes throughout its genome.
A Study of Script Language Effects in Deep Neural-Network-Based Scene Text Detection

This study is different from most of the recent text detection work which focuses on creating a robust text detector system. In this work we studied how script languages affect a text detector's performance by using a multi-language synthetic dataset—namely, the Synthetic Octa-Language (SOL) dataset. The effect of script languages continues to be largely unexplored. Previously, this kind of experiment was infeasible because too many factors influence the performance of a text detector. We really cannot tell what role the factor X plays, neither positive nor negative. To overcome these difficulties, we used controlled synthesized data, which allows us to explicitly control factors such as base image, script language, text content, text color, font face, and font size. With the SOL dataset, we were able to investigate the effect that script languages have on on deep neural-network (DNN)-based methods under different scenarios. Moreover, this dataset can be used in other script-language-related text detection research as well.
Effect of Stress on Neuroimmune Processes.

Abstract Purpose Psychological stress worsens many diseases, especially those with inflammatory components, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), conditions that are significantly correlated in large epidemiologic studies. However, how stress contributes to these conditions is still poorly understood. This narrative review of the relevant literature advances the premise that stress affects inflammatory processes in AD and ASD via stimulation of mast cells (MCs). Methods MEDLINE was searched between 1980 and 2019 using the terms allergies, atopic dermatitis, autism spectrum disorder, brain, corticotropin-releasing hormone, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, mast cells, neuropeptides, stress, neurotensin, and substance P. Findings Exposure to psychological stress is associated with onset and/or exacerbation of AD and ASD. This association could be attributable to activation of MCs, which are ubiquitous in the body, including the brain, and could contribute to inflammation. Implications Understanding and addressing the connection between stress and MCs is important in clarifying the pathogenesis and developing effective treatments for diseases that worsen with stress and involve inflammation, such as AD and ASD.
Fatigue trajectories in long-term non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors.

e20053Background: Fatigue is a common and distressing effect of cancer and its treatment. Prior research suggests fatigue persists long after diagnosis and treatment in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) s...
Introduction: Listening and Learning from Experiential Learning Educators

The introduction outlines key lessons described by experiential learning (EL) educators in the various case studies, reflections, and strategies contained in the collection. These lessons offer important insights about the meaning and impact of EL for students, faculty, staff, and community partners. Methods for designing, facilitating, expanding, and assessing different EL activities and programs, including community-engaged learning, internships, education abroad, and more, are also highlighted in the context of the broader field of EL and the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio.
Holy rhetoric: Anselm’s prayers and the phenomenology of divine compassion

In this essay, I examine Anselm’s ‘Prayers and Meditations’ as rhetorical prayers. I consider the basic structure of prayer as address to the Divine. For Anselm, this address is rhetorically struct...
Compressibility Effects on Large Structures and Entrainment Length Scales in Mixing Layers

In this work, three-component planar velocity measurements are analyzed to identify the effects of compressibility on mixing layer turbulence, with a focus on the evolution of large-scale structure...
Nanoscale control of exchange bias with BiFeO3 thin films.

We demonstrate a direct correlation between the domain structure of multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films and exchange bias of Co0.9Fe0.1/BiFeO3 heterostructures. Two distinct types of interactions − an enhancement of the coercive field (exchange enhancement) and an enhancement of the coercive field combined with large shifts of the hysteresis loop (exchange bias) − have been observed in these heterostructures, which depend directly on the type and crystallography of the nanoscale (2 nm) domain walls in the BiFeO3 film. We show that the magnitude of the exchange bias interaction scales with the length of 109° ferroelectric domain walls in the BiFeO3 thin films which have been probed via piezoresponse force microscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism.
Characteristic vascular finding in TIF1-γ dermatomyositis.

A 72-year-old man presented to the connective tissue disease clinic with a several month history of intense scalp itching and redness. Allergic contact dermatitis had initially been suspected and patch testing was performed, however, topical steroids and allergen avoidance had not provided relief.