cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccination allocation in large dynamic networks

Network infections that are already in progress cause challenges to those officers trying to preserve those nodes not yet infected. Static solutions can take advantage of global knowledge of the network to produce quick and approximate answers for those members who should be vaccinated. In dynamic situations however, small changes can severely alter those static solutions making them irrelevant. Yet in dynamic situations it can not be known with certainty which small changes will affect the solution and those that will not. Computational resources are wasted recalculating a global solution for the entire network, when a local recalculation may be enough. This paper presents a dynamic node vaccination solution that seeks to take advantage of these local recalculations.
Complex Clinical Intersection: Palliative Care in Patients with Dementia

Because of the rapidly growing older population and increases in longevity, rates of dementia have been rising. Clinical challenges of treating dementia include limited resources and lack of curative therapies. Palliative care approaches improve quality of life and alleviate suffering for dementia patients at the end of life, although implementation may be limited by societal acceptance and feasibility. This review examines the published literature on pain assessments, pain and behavior interventions, tools for advanced care planning, and clinical concerns in dementia patients. Ultimately, modification of the traditional palliative care model may improve outcomes and functioning for dementia patients at all stages of their illness.
THE EXTRINSIC NERVES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

One of the reasons for the peculiar action of the autonomic nerves on the digestive tract is probably that many of the effects are produced by chemical mediators that form at the ends of the nerves. At present, there is histologic evidence that smooth muscle fibers, at least in some parts of the body, are surrounded by innumerable nerve fibrils. Strong stimuli reaching the brain from an obstructed and overly active jejunum do serious injury to an animal. When obstructed segments are denervated, the animal may live for a period of time longer than if the nerves were intact. In health the muscular activity of the bowel seems often to be soothing to the brain. There are many afferent fibers in the splanchnic nerves that transmit sensations of pain and several types of stimuli that cause reflexes. Such reflex-producing stimuli usually have a choice of pathways to the brain over either the splanchnic or the vagus nerves.
Some New Supercuspidal Representations

This is an expository account of recent new constructions of supercuspidal representations of reductive p-adic groups, and their role in the local Langlands correspondence.
Technical Considerations, Available Platforms, and Ergonomics

There are specific technical and ergonomic challenges associated with single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), as well as a learning curve distinct from multiport laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Several platforms are available, each with their benefits and drawbacks, so the surgeon can make an educated choice. Further, solutions to overcome challenges with this platform have been developed from experience to help ascend the learning curve and implement SILS into clinical practice.
Phenotypic Variation Between Transgenic Plants: What is Making Gene Expression Unpredictable?

From the very beginnings of genetic engineering, researchers have questioned whether the genes that were being transformed into plants would be expressed as predictably as those that had evolved there. In one of the most extensive of the early studies on the inheritance of newly introduced traits, Muller et al. (1987) reported that the rate of transgene inactivation was comparable to rates of spontaneous mutation for a naturally evolved gene. To measure this, they introduced the coding region for neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt) driven by the nopaline synthase promoter (nos pr) into tobacco. When homozygous transformants with a single copy of the nos pr-npt gene were back-crossed to untransformed plants, the frequencies of nos pr-npt gene inactivation in the progenies of two transgenic lines were 6/45 000 and 25/45 000. Unfortunately, none of those plants that appeared to have lost resistance to kanamycin could be rescued before they died. As a result, it was not possible to determine whether the loss of the trait was due to mutational inactivation of the gene or to epigenetic suppression of the phenotype. In a more recent study, Dehio and Schell (1993) produced morphologically altered Arabidopsis plants by introducing a single copy of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolA gene. They then screened the progeny of homozygous plants for individuals that reverted to normal. None was found within a sampling of 10 000 progeny. In fact, reversion to a wild-type appearance was only seen among the M2 progeny of plants treated with the chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS).
Geriatric Incontinence: The Long-Term Care Challenge

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common but challenging problem in the long-term care environment plagued by rising costs, limited resources, and high rates of staff turnover. Successful management of incontinence in the nursing home is possible but it requires a comprehensive evaluation of the resident and a formalized plan of care that is individualized to the resident's unique needs.
Strategic planning in diagnostic imaging: meeting the challenge.

PURPOSE The 21st century has raised new and significant challenges to the practice of diagnostic imaging. Radiologists will have to navigate a difficult path as they face threats from disruptive technologies, adverse demographic changes, pressures to limit reimbursement both from the public and from the private sectors, increased domestic and crossborder competition, and many others. Success in these trying times will require greater attention to strategic planning if we are to thrive and survive in radiology. METHODS Strategic planning and tactical implementation methodologies were reviewed, from Sun Tzu to the present day, for applicability to the needs of modern radiology groups. RESULTS A framework for developing and implementing strategic plans was constructed to assist radiology leaders and groups in considering the spectrum of tasks, from gathering intelligence, to developing scenarios, to implementing and evaluating tactical plans. CONCLUSIONS Strategy and tactics are too important to be ignored or left to others. They need to be core activities for all radiology leaders. Frameworks can be used to help in providing structure and rigour to strategic planning efforts at the department and group level.
Rebalancing Regulation of Speech: Hyper-Local Content on Global Web-Based Platforms

Public and private discourse online is mediated through global web-based platforms. The platforms hold, enable and carry local and hyper-local conversations between local actors with local consequences. Although online harmful speech has local dimensions, the usual local modes of intervention for harmful speech are no longer viable. Global intervention is difficult since context is often a significant factor in identifying harmful speech. The internet has disrupted regulation of harmful speech and regulators are pushing back. This has an unfortunate effect on freedom of expression while failing to address the problem of harmful speech adequately. This essay highlights the problems that arise from companies' knee jerk responses to the consequences of harmful speech. It offers a way forward.
The Morse Indices in Lagrangian Dynamics

In this chapter we introduce the Morse index and nullity for periodic orbits of Euler-Lagrange systems of Tonelli type, an orbit being regarded as an extremal point of the action functional. These indices were first introduced by Morse [Mor96] in the study of closed geodesics. As we will see in the forthcoming chapters, they play a crucial role in the proof of existence and multiplicity results of periodic orbits. In Section 2.1 we give the definition of Morse index and nullity of a periodic orbit, and we prove that they are always finite. In Section 2.2 we outline the beautiful iteration theory of Bott, which studies the behavior of the Morse indices as a periodic orbit is iterated. Finally, in Section 2.3 we describe the relation between the Morse index and the Maslov index from symplectic geometry, which is an index for periodic orbits of general Hamiltonian systems.
Qualitative Methods and Metrics for Assessing Wayfinding and Navigation in Engineering Design

Designing can be viewed as a body of behaviors. Fundamental to several design behaviors is Path Determination. Path Determination describes the moments when designers choose what they will take up for development as well as how they experience their perceptual horizon.
Preparation of Subunit Forms of the Light-Harvesting Complex of Rhodospirillum Rubrum

The structure of the light-harvesting (LH) complexes of the purple photosynthetic bacteria are unique in that small polypeptides (5 to 10 kd) are responsible for binding bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and carotenoid (Car) pigments in a very specific relationship to each other, to the membrane, and to the reaction center (RC). These polypeptides are so small that they only span the membrane once, and a high percentage (approximately 25%) of the total mass of the LH complexes are due to BChl and Car. Thus, before they were ever isolated, it was clear that these LH complexes must carry out much of their function through interaction with associated subunits. Our goal has been to isolate the core BChl LH complex (B873) from Rhodospirillum rubrum and reversibly dissociate it into its subunit forms so that we could systematically study its structure-function relationships by selective group modification. A further goal is to dissociate the complex into free polypeptides and BChl and then reassociate these to form the in vivo complex.
Local Computation Algorithms

Consider a setting in which inputs to and outputs from a computational problem are so large, that there is not time to read them in their entirety. However, if one is only interested in small parts of the output at any given time, is it really necessary to solve the entire computational problem? Is it even necessary to view the whole input? We survey recent work in the model of "local computation algorithms" which for a given input, supports queries by a user to values of specified bits of a legal output. The goal is to design local computation algorithms in such a way that very little of the input needs to be seen in order to determine the value of any single bit of the output. Though this model describes sequential computations, techniques from local distributed algorithms have been extremely important in designing efficient local computation algorithms.In this talk, we describe results on a variety of problems for which sublinear time and space local computation algorithms have been developed -- we will give special focus to finding maximal independent sets and sparse spanning graphs.
Does Conjoint Analysis Mitigate Social Desirability Bias

How can we elicit truthful responses in surveys? Political scientists are often concerned about systematic survey misreporting on sensitive topics, known as social desirability bias (SDB). Conjoint analysis has become a popular tool to address this concern, despite the lack of systematic evidence showing its suitability for this purpose. We employ a novel experimental design to identify a fully randomized conjoint design's ability to mitigate SDB. Specifically, we compare a standard conjoint design against a partially randomized design where only the sensitive attribute is varied between two profiles in each task. Our design also includes a placebo condition designed to remove confounding due to the increased attention to the varying attribute under the partially randomized design. We implemented this experiment in a survey to uncover respondents' attitudes toward environmental conservation. We find suggestive evidence that conjoint analysis does, indeed, mitigate SDB.
Efficient Path Routing Over Road Networks in the Presence of Ad-Hoc Obstacles

Abstract Nowadays, the path routing over road networks has become increasingly important, yet challenging, in many real-world applications such as location-based services (LBS), logistics and supply chain management, transportation systems, map utilities, and so on. While many prior works aimed to find a path between a source and a destination with the smallest traveling distance/time, they do not take into account the quality constraints (e.g., obstacles) of the returned paths, such as uneven roads, roads under construction, and weather conditions on roads. Inspired by this, in this paper, we consider two types of ad-hoc obstacles, keyword-based and weather-based obstacles, on road networks, which can be used for modeling roads that the returned paths should not pass through. In the presence of such ad-hoc obstacles on roads, we formulate a path routing query over road networks with ad-hoc obstacles (PRAO), which retrieves paths from source to destination on road networks that do not pass ad-hoc keyword and weather obstacles and have the smallest traveling time. In order to efficiently answer PRAO queries, we design effective pruning methods and indexing mechanism to facilitate efficient PRAO query answering. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of our approaches over real/synthetic data sets.
Experimental investigation of acoustic backscattered field from a medium with random and aligned fibers

Some soft tissues, such as skeletal muscles, have fiber-like structures that make them anisotropic. Acoustic backscattering from such tissues or media has been of interest to many scientists in biomedical fields because it complicates interpretation of imaging data. Backscatter coefficient measurements show diagnostic promise for this purpose both in vitro and in vivo. Many parameters, e.g., effective scatterer diameter or average scattering strength, can be estimated with acoustic backscatter measurements. In the present work, we experimentally study the backscatter coefficient of a medium with aligned or random fibers and estimate the effect of fiber orientation upon the backscattered field and the estimated scatterer diameter. Using an experimental approach, we explore the relationship between the backscatter coefficient of a medium with multiple fibers and with a single fiber. In addition, we investigate the effect of the spatial Fourier transform of the fiber distribution in the medium with its frequency dependence of backscatter coefficients. The experimental results show that backscatter coefficients of a medium with random fibers can be modeled by the product of number density of fibers, backscatter coefficients of the same single fiber, and the spatial Fourier transform of the fiber distribution.Some soft tissues, such as skeletal muscles, have fiber-like structures that make them anisotropic. Acoustic backscattering from such tissues or media has been of interest to many scientists in biomedical fields because it complicates interpretation of imaging data. Backscatter coefficient measurements show diagnostic promise for this purpose both in vitro and in vivo. Many parameters, e.g., effective scatterer diameter or average scattering strength, can be estimated with acoustic backscatter measurements. In the present work, we experimentally study the backscatter coefficient of a medium with aligned or random fibers and estimate the effect of fiber orientation upon the backscattered field and the estimated scatterer diameter. Using an experimental approach, we explore the relationship between the backscatter coefficient of a medium with multiple fibers and with a single fiber. In addition, we investigate the effect of the spatial Fourier transform of the fiber distribution in the medium with its frequ...
Penalized models for analysis of multiple mediators.

Mediation analysis attempts to determine whether the relationship between an independent variable (e.g., exposure) and an outcome variable can be explained, at least partially, by an intermediate variable, called a mediator. Most methods for mediation analysis focus on one mediator at a time, although multiple mediators can be jointly analyzed by structural equation models (SEMs) that account for correlations among the mediators. We extend the use of SEMs for the analysis of multiple mediators by creating a sparse group lasso penalized model such that the penalty considers the natural groupings of parameters that determine mediation, as well as encourages sparseness of the model parameters. This provides a way to simultaneously evaluate many mediators and select those that have the most impact, a feature of modern penalized models. Simulations are used to illustrate the benefits and limitations of our approach, and application to a study of DNA methylation and reactive cortisol stress following childhood trauma discovered two novel methylation loci that mediate the association of childhood trauma scores with reactive cortisol stress levels. Our new methods are incorporated into R software called regmed.
Impact of droughts on industrial emissions into surface waters

In this paper, we examine the impact of droughts on industrial emissions into surface waters and transfers to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). We use industrial discharges into surface waters data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) database. We employ runoffs normalized using previous 61-year average runoffs as a proxy for drought. We match both the discharges into surface waters and the runoffs at the 8-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) level. Our analysis indicates that normalized runoffs of the current and previous years positively influence industrial emissions into surface waters. We also find that the impact of uneven availability of water on emissions is higher on larger facilities. Normalized runoffs of the current and previous years do not have a statistically significant influence on transfers to publicly owned treatment works. However, normalized runoffs of the previous year do affect transfers of larger facilities. Businesses are dependent on water not only for their operations but to discharge their pollutants as well. Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of droughts and floods. Therefore, every business that requires significant quantities of water must plan to cope with uneven availability of water.
Phase-field modeling of crack propagation in polycrystalline materials

Abstract A phase-field model based on a modified form of the regularized formulation of Griffith’s fracture theory is presented to investigate intergranular and transgranular crack propagations in polycrystalline brittle materials. Grains and grain boundaries are incorporated in the crack initiation and propagation model based on a phase-field model for grain growth, in which the elastic anisotropy varies based on the grain orientation angle, and the grain boundary energy is related to the misorientation angle of the adjacent grains. Correction parameters are utilized in the total free energy functional and mechanical equilibrium equations to consider the effect of material strength on crack nucleation and propagation independent of the regularization parameter. This allows controlling the strength and crack surface energy along the grain boundaries as a function of the misorientation angle in order to mediate intergranular and/or transgranular crack propagation. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed model, intergranular and transgranular crack propagation in ZrB2 bicrystal systems under tensile loading are studied in detail. The effects of grain boundary misorientation angle, grain boundary inclination with respect to initial crack direction, and grain boundary strength (and/or crack surface energy) on the crack propagation path are investigated. Intergranular crack propagation can be promoted by specific combinations of grain boundary strength and crack surface energy, which can contribute to the fracture toughness of polycrystalline materials.
Lethean Attack: An Online Data Poisoning Technique.

Data poisoning is an adversarial scenario where an attacker feeds a specially crafted sequence of samples to an online model in order to subvert learning. We introduce Lethean Attack, a novel data poisoning technique that induces catastrophic forgetting on an online model. We apply the attack in the context of Test-Time Training, a modern online learning framework aimed for generalization under distribution shifts. We present the theoretical rationale and empirically compare it against other sample sequences that naturally induce forgetting. Our results demonstrate that using lethean attacks, an adversary could revert a test-time training model back to coin-flip accuracy performance using a short sample sequence.
Distinct gene expression signatures characterize strong clinical responders vs non‐responders to Canakinumab in children with sJIA

OBJECTIVE Canakinumab is a human anti-interleukin-1β (anti-IL-1β) blocking agent that effectively neutralizes IL-1β-mediated signaling for treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). While many patients have dramatic clinical response to IL-1 blockade, approximately one-third fail to respond, but there are currently no validated clinical or immunologic predictors of response. We undertook this study to characterize distinct gene signatures for treatment response and nonresponse to canakinumab in systemic JIA patients. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of whole-blood gene expression microarrays using blood samples obtained from healthy controls and systemic JIA patients at baseline and on day 3 after canakinumab treatment (GEO accession no. GSE80060). Patients were considered strong clinical responders if they met the ACR90 response (exhibited ≥90% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology [ACR] JIA response criteria; nonresponders were those who met ACR30 [exhibiting ≤30% improvement in the ACR JIA response criteria]). A random-effects model with patient identity as the random variable was used for differential expression analysis. RESULTS We identified a distinct gene expression signature in patients with a strong clinical response to canakinumab treatment as compared to nonresponders, mediated by up-regulation of neutrophil- and IL-1-associated genes and characterized by increasing divergence from control transcriptomes with increasing clinical response. We also identified a signature including up-regulated CD163 expression that was associated with canakinumab nonresponse. Intriguingly, canakinumab treatment induced either up- or down-regulation of type I interferon (IFN) genes, independent of clinical response. CONCLUSION Here, we identify a gene signature in systemic JIA patients prior to receiving treatment that distinguishes strong responders to canakinumab from nonresponders. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the utility of these insights for treatment decisions in systemic JIA and to track the association of up-regulated type I IFN signatures with systemic JIA complications.
How peer influence shapes value computation in moral decision-making.

Abstract Moral behavior is susceptible to peer influence. How does information from peers influence moral preferences? We used drift-diffusion modeling to show that peer influence changes the value of moral behavior by prioritizing the choice attributes that align with peers' goals. Study 1 (N = 100; preregistered) showed that participants accurately inferred the goals of prosocial and antisocial peers when observing their moral decisions. In Study 2 (N = 68), participants made moral decisions before and after observing the decisions of a prosocial or antisocial peer. Peer observation caused participants' own preferences to resemble those of their peers. This peer influence effect on value computation manifested as an increased weight on choice attributes promoting the peers' goals that occurred independently from peer influence on initial choice bias. Participants' self-reported awareness of influence tracked more closely with computational measures of prosocial than antisocial influence. Our findings have implications for bolstering and blocking the effects of prosocial and antisocial influence on moral behavior.
Marginal Food Security Predicts Earlier Age at Menarche Among Girls From the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

ABSTRACT Study Objective This study analyzed the relationship between household food security and variation in age at menarche, as well as the connections between food insecurity, nutritional status, and allostatic load, among girls aged 12-15 years from the 2009-2014 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods Data analysis included mean comparisons of age at menarche among household food security groups (high, marginal, low, and very low) as well as categorical variables known to associate with age at menarche (ethnicity, poverty status, body mass index [BMI], allostatic load, and milk consumption). χ2 Analyses were used to test the associations between household food security and additional categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to test the relationship between variation in age at menarche and household food security, ethnicity, BMI, and allostatic load categories while controlling for age. Results Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Mexican American girls had earlier mean ages at menarche, higher mean BMIs, and disproportionately experienced household food insecurity when compared to non-Hispanic White-identifying girls. In the univariate analyses, marginal household food security, Hispanic/Mexican American and Black ethnicities, overweight and obese BMI categories, and marginal-high allostatic load were each associated with lower age at menarche compared to reference categories. These associations were maintained in the multivariate analysis, although only Hispanic/Mexican American ethnicity predicted earlier menarche when compared to that of non-Hispanic White girls. Conclusions Marginal household food security, particularly for girls who identified as non-White, predicted earlier age at menarche independent of nutritional status and allostatic load. At the same time, having more energetic resources (ie, higher BMI) also significantly predicted earlier menarche.
Locating Everyday Objects using NFC Textiles

This paper builds a Near-field Communication (NFC) based localization system that allows ordinary surfaces to locate surrounding objects with high accuracy in the near-field. While there is rich prior work on device-free localization using far-field wireless technologies, the near-field is less explored. Prior work in this space operates at extremely small ranges (a few centimeters), leading to designs that sense close proximity rather than location. We propose TextileSense, a near-field beamforming system which can track everyday objects made of conductive materials (e.g., a human hand) even if they are a few tens of centimeters away. We use multiple flexible NFC coil antennas embedded in ordinary and irregularly shaped surfaces we interact with in smart environments - furniture, carpets, etc. We design and fabricate specialized textile coils woven into the fabric of the furniture and easily hidden by acrylic paint. We then develop a near-field blind beamforming algorithm to efficiently detect surrounding objects, and use a data-driven approach to further infer their location. A detailed experimental evaluation of TextileSense shows an average accuracy of 3.5 cm in tracking the location of objects of interest within a few tens of centimeters from the furniture.
Relationship Match: The Neural Underpinnings of Social Feedback in Romantic Couples.

Romantic love involves an evaluative process in which couples weigh similarities and differences that facilitates pair bonding. We investigated neural attentive processes (P3) during evaluative relationship feedback within existing romantic couples using the Relationship Match Game. This paradigm included participant driven expectations about relationship matching as well as relationship feedback from an expert panel of fictive peers and their romantic partner. In total, 49 couples participated who had dated less than one year. Participants showed significantly larger P3s in anticipation of feedback when they expected a mismatch, especially when supported by panel feedback. P3 amplitudes were also greater when participants received feedback from their partner congruent with their own assessment of compatibility. This was moderated by relational ambiguity, or one's preference to keep the relationship's status vague. We discuss how insecurity about the relationship is costly in terms of attentional resources contributing to an over-alertness to cues of relationship evaluation.
Diverse environmental perturbations reveal the evolution and context-dependency of genetic effects on gene expression levels

There is increasing appreciation that human complex traits are determined by poorly understood interactions between our genomes and daily environments. These "genotype x environment" (GxE) interactions remain difficult to map at the organismal level, but can be uncovered using molecular phenotypes. To do so at large-scale, we profiled transcriptomes across 12 cellular environments using 544 immortalized B cell lines from the 1000 Genomes Project. We mapped the genetic basis of gene expression across environments and revealed a context-dependent genetic architecture: the average heritability of gene expression levels increased in treatment relative to control conditions and, on average, each treatment revealed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) at 11% of genes. In total, 22% of all eQTL were context-dependent, and this group was enriched for trait- and disease-associated loci. Further, evolutionary analyses revealed that positive selection has shaped GxE loci involved in responding to immune challenges and hormones, but not man-made chemicals, suggesting there is reduced opportunity for selection to act on responses to molecules recently introduced into human environments. Together, our work highlights the importance of considering an exposure9s evolutionary history when studying and interpreting GxE interactions, and provides new insight into the evolutionary mechanisms that maintain GxE loci in human populations.
Religion and Spirituality as Defined by Older Adults

This exploratory qualitative study examined the intrinsic definitions of spirituality and religion across three different religious or ethnic groups of older adults – Jewish, African American Protestants and Caucasian Protestants. The study explores how older adults from these various backgrounds self-identify with the terms religion and spirituality. Because both African-Americans and Jewish older adults are underrepresented in the research on spirituality and religion, their inclusion lends insights to this topic and helps to anchor the findings in a cross-cultural context. Focus groups were employed to understand how these groups characterize their relationship to spirituality and religion. Social work professionals can utilize these findings to work more effectively with the diverse and complex issues of older adults.
Dark horse in osteocyte biology

Osteocytes are considered as the major mechanosensory cells of the bone tissue that control the bone remodeling process. Since osteocytes are buried inside mineralized matrix, they maintain a strong communication network with other cells. Long dendritic processes of the osteocytes act as communication cables, conveying mechanical signals to the neighboring osteocytes and the cells on the bone surface; like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Gap junctions and hemichannels formed by Connexin (Cx) 43 are observed to be involved in responding to the mechanical stimulus and in communicating the mechano-responsive biochemical signals. The contrast in the arrangement of the osteocyte cell body and the dendrites raises an important question of how these parts of the osteocyte respond to mechanical stimulation. We addressed this issue in our recent report through the stimulation of either osteocyte cell body or dendrites and our findings suggest that the osteocyte dendritic processes are sensitive to mechanical stimulat...
Der Prime Minister

Der in Grosbritannien heute geltende Regierungstyp der Kabinetts-Regierung bedeutet, das die Regierung — das Kabinett — nicht nur nach dem Vorbild der klassischen Gewaltentrennungslehre das Ausfuhrungsorgan — Exekutive — der vom Gesetzgebungsorgan getroffenen Entscheidungen ist, sondern das sie selbst tatsachlich die Regierung ausubt, also die politischen Entscheidungen trifft und diese vom Parlament in Gesetze umwandeln last. Das Kabinett fuhrt, das Parlament folgt ihm. Die Regierung als solche ist mehrgestaltig. Aufgrund der geschichtlichen Entwicklung seit bald drei Jahrhunderten besteht sie erstens aus dem Prime Minister, der von der Krone normalerweise nach Masgabe des bei den Generalwahlen sich manifestierenden Wahlerwillens bestellt wird und der solange im Amt bleibt, als er mit einer ihn unterstutzenden Parteimehrheit im Unterhaus rechnen kann; zweitens und drittens aus dem Kabinett und den Ministerien — beide zum Unterschied von den meisten anderen Staaten personell und sachlich verschiedene Gruppen —, die sich zur Durchfuhrung ihrer Regierungsaufgaben eines Stabes geschulter Berufsbeamten — Civil Service — bedienen. Schlieslich und viertens gehort zur Regierung aber auch die Krone.
Nuclear phosphoproteins of Physarum polycephalum: Characterization and phosphorus content of the phenol-soluble nuclear acidic proteins

Abstract The phenol-soluble nuclear phosphoproteins of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum have been characterized using 32P isotopic labeling followed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Plasmodia were labeled continuously with 3H-amino acids and 32Pi before extraction of the phenol-soluble nuclear phosphoproteins, which were then separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. After scintillation counting of gel slices, we were able to calculate the moles phosphate per mole polypeptide in individual gel slices. The results indicated minimum values of less than 2 phosphates per polypeptide for most resolvable 32P bands. The phenol-soluble nuclear acidic protein fraction contained less than 0.1% phosphorus by weight. Gel autoradiographs demonstrated that most of the phosphoprotein peaks did not correspond to major protein peaks, a situation that was also found in autoradiographic profiles of other nuclear protein fractions. Pronase digestion of samples before electrophoresis abolished the appearance on gels of bands with 32P activity. The results of this investigation suggest that in Physarum the phenol-soluble nuclear acidic proteins appear to be similar to other nuclear proteins in their phosphoprotein composition. The evidence presented suggests that phosphoproteins comprise a small part of the complement of nuclear acidic proteins.
Long Term Corrosion Potential Behavior of Alloy 22 in Yucca Mountain Relevant Environments

The approach of isolating high-level nuclear waste in the designated site of Yucca Mountain (Nevada) is to separate it from the environment using a series of engineering and natural barriers. The container for the waste will consist of two concentric metal cylinders. The outer cylinder is going to be fabricated of Alloy 22 (N06022). If water is present at the site, several corrosion processes may occur. These include passive or general corrosion, localized corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking. The occurrence of one (or more) mode of corrosion over another will be determined by the redox potential of the aqueous electrolyte that may enter in contact with the container. This redox potential will also control the corrosion potential (E{sub corr}) of the container. This paper summarizes the findings of an extensive laboratory testing aimed at measuring E{sub corr} of Alloy 22 in presence of a variety of electrolyte solutions. Some of these solutions are multi-ionic electrolytes that may simulate concentrated ground waters. Other environments are chemical solutions of pure salts, which are highly unlikely for an underground repository but that may establish an extreme bounding condition. Current results show that the highest measured potential for Alloy 22 was approximately +0.3 tomore » 0.4 V in the saturated silver chloride [SSC] scale. Most of the E{sub corr} values are in the order of 0 V [SSC] or below.« less
Phenotypic Characterization and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homologies of Pseudomonas solanacearum

Twenty-six strains and colony variants of Pseudomonas solanacearum belonging to four described biotypes were characterized, by using 169 phenotypic characters previously found useful in distinguishing among strains of other Pseudomonas species. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization (intra- and interspecific DNA-DNA hybridizations) was performed by using the in vitro “DNA competition” technique. P. solanacearum appears to be a moderately homogeneous species, which is, at most, only remotely related to all other species of the genus studied to date. The four biotypes are not clearly distinct from one another with respect to nutritional characters or DNA homologies. Discrepancies between acid production and growth with some carbohydrates were noted. Difficulties were encountered in certain DNA competition experiments and some problems of the methodology are discussed.
Uses and Abuses of JAK2 and MPL Mutation Tests in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Paper from the 2010 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology

JAK2V617F is sufficiently prevalent in BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) to be useful as a clonal marker. JAK2V617F mutation screening is indicated for the evaluation of erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, splanchnic vein thrombosis, and otherwise unexplained BCR-ABL1-negative granulocytosis. However, the mutation does not provide additional value in the presence of unequivocal morphologic diagnosis, and its presence does not necessarily distinguish one MPN from another or provide useful prognostic information. In general, quantitative cell-based JAK2V617F mutation assays are preferred because the additional information obtained on mutant allele burden enhances diagnostic certainty and facilitates monitoring of response to treatment. JAK2 exon 12 mutation screening is indicated only in the presence of JAK2V617F-negative erythrocytosis that is associated with a subnormal serum erythropoietin level. MPL mutations are neither frequent nor specific enough to warrant their routine use for MPN diagnosis, but they may be useful in resolving specific diagnostic problems. The practice of en bloc screening for JAK2V617F, JAK2 exon 12, and MPL mutations is scientifically irrational and economically irresponsible.
“Oxidatively Induced” Reductive Elimination of Dioxygen from an η2-Peroxopalladium(II) Complex Promoted by Electron-Deficient Alkenes

The first example of associative displacement of dioxygen from a peroxopalladium(II) complex is reported. Electron-deficient alkenes, p-X-trans-beta-nitrostyrene (X = OCH3, CH3, H, F, Br, CF3, NO2), react quantitatively with (bc)Pd(eta2-O2) (bc = bathocuproine) in dichloromethane at room temperature to form the corresponding palladium(0)-alkene complexes. Mechanistic studies indicate that ligand substitution proceeds through an associative mechanism, and the electronic characteristics of the reactions are consistent with an "oxidatively induced" reductive elimination pathway.
Serial angiographic follow-up of sirolimus-eluting stents for unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization.

Objectives This study was performed to evaluate the clinical and serial angiographic outcomes of patients undergoing sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation for unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis. Background The efficacy of SES has led to their expanded use for off-label indications, including LMCA disease. Methods Unprotected LMCA intervention with SES was attempted in 50 patients. Surveillance angiography was performed at three and nine months’ follow-up. Results The target lesion involved the distal LMCA in 47 patients (94%). In-lesion restenosis occurred in 21 patients (42%), was focal in 85% of cases, and in 82% involved the branch ostia, sparing the LMCA itself. Target lesion revascularization (TLR) occurred in 19 patients (38%) over a mean follow-up of 276 ± 57 days; TLR was ischemia-driven in 7 patients (14%). Late loss was significantly greater within the left circumflex (LCX) ostium compared to the parent vessel (PV) of the LMCA bifurcation (0.83 ± 0.89 mm vs. 0.49 ± 0.72 mm, p = 0.04). Late loss continued to increase between three- and nine-month follow-up. Final minimal luminal diameter and maximal balloon pressure were independent predictors of restenosis of the PV. Conclusions Restenosis is a frequent finding when serial angiographic follow-up is performed after SES implantation for unprotected distal LMCA lesions. Restenosis is usually focal, most often involves the LCX ostium, and often occurs without symptoms.
Atrial arrhythmias and lipomatous hypertrophy of the cardiac interatrial septum.

Abstract Excessive accumulation of fat in the interatrial septum, termed lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum, was found at postmortem examination in ten elderly patients. All patients had atrial arrhythmias. Seven patients had unusual arrhythmias including multifocal atrial tachycardia, wandering atrial pacemaker, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and sinus arrest, all of which proved refractory to therapy. In five patients an unusual "dome and dip" P-wave configuration was noted in Leads II, III, and aV F of the electrocardiogram. It is suggested that these arrhythmias may be related to the excessive accumulation of fat in the interatrial septum and that the described P-wave morphology may be an indicator of interatrial block due to such accumulation.
R(+)-8-OH-DPAT, a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, attenuated amphetamine-induced dopamine synthesis in rat striatum, but not nucleus accumbens or medial prefrontal cortex

Abstract R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.05, but not 0.025, 0.1, 1 mg/kg), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, decreased l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation in rat striatum following NSD-1015, an l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor. Amphetamine (1 mg/kg) increased striatal DOPA accumulation, an effect attenuated by R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.05 mg/kg). However, both amphetamine (1 mg/kg) and R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.05 mg/kg) decreased cortical DOPA accumulation; there were no additional decreases from their combination. Neither amphetamine (1 mg/kg), R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.05 mg/kg), or the combination, significantly affected DOPA accumulation in the nucleus accumbens. The significance of and possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.
DNA microarray technology in nutraceutical and food safety

The quality and quantity of diet is a key determinant of health and disease. Molecular diagnostics may play a key role in food safety related to genetically modified foods, food-borne pathogens and novel nutraceuticals. Functional outcomes in biology are determined, for the most part, by net balance between sets of genes related to the specific outcome in question. The DNA microarray technology offers a new dimension of strength in molecular diagnostics by permitting the simultaneous analysis of large sets of genes. Automation of assay and novel bioinformatics tools make DNA microarrays a robust technology for diagnostics. Since its development a few years ago, this technology has been used for the applications of toxicogenomics, pharmacogenomics, cell biology, and clinical investigations addressing the prevention and intervention of diseases. Optimization of this technology to specifically address food safety is a vast resource that remains to be mined. Efforts to develop diagnostic custom arrays and simplified bioinformatics tools for field use are warranted.
Loss of material from GaIn liquid surface during bombardment by hyperthermal Ta, Pt and Au atoms

Abstract We have investigated the loss of incident atoms and of substrate atoms from the surface of the liquid GaIn eutectic alloy during bombardment of the surface with hyperthermal Ta, Pt and Au atoms. Hyperthermal atoms were produced by sputtering solid metallic targets positioned directly above the liquid GaIn surface. By analyzing material deposited on graphite collector surfaces which surrounded the liquid alloy during bombardment, angular distributions were determined for atoms leaving the liquid surface as a result of the bombardment. For all three species of incident atoms, we detected Ga and In as well as the primary sputtered species on the collectors. The angular distributions for the primary sputtered species were strongly peaked in a near-normal direction consistent with direct reflection from the liquid surface. In all cases, we observed angular distributions for the Ga which included a broad peak, centered near the surface normal, although not at the same angle as the maximum for the incident species. Such a broad distribution is consistent with secondary sputtering of the liquid surface by the incoming atoms. The distribution of indium atoms is also suggestive of sputtering. However, we observed significant asymmetry in the In distributions which may be correlated with the angular distributions for the incident species. Our results support previous data indicating that surface sputtering (or re-sputtering) and direct reflection of primary sputtered atoms are significant mechanisms for the loss of material from surfaces during hyperthermal processes such as sputter deposition.
Ampholytic Starch Wet‐End Additives

A series of starch polyampholytes, containing oppositely charged groups, was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as wet-end additives for strengthening unbleached kraft paper. In preparation of the polyampholytes, native corn starch was substituted first with quaternary ammonium groups and then with either phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, sulfonate or carboxylate groups, by conventional etherification and esterification procedures. In no instance was the wet and dry strength of the paper appreciably greater than that of paper treated with the parent cationic starch. Although present work does not discount the possibility that polyionic crosslinked starch additives can develop wet strength, the work suggests that XSA polyampholytes undergo side reactions, which are believed to result in starch-to-starch and/or starch-to-cellulose covalent bonding. Ampholytische Starke als Naspartiezusatz. Eine Reihe von Starkeampholyten, die entgegengesetzt geladene Gruppen enthielten, wurden synthetisiert, charakterisiert und als Naspartiezusatze fur die Verstarkung von ungebleichten Kraft-Papier eingesetzt. Zur Darstellung der Polyampholyte wurde native Maisstarke zuerst mil quaternaren Ammoniumgruppen und dann durch ubliche Veratherungs- und Veresterungsverfahren mil Phosphat-, Phosphonat-, Sulfat-, Sulfonat- oder Carboxylatgruppen substituiert. In keinem Falle war die Nas- und Trockenfestigkeit merklich groser als bei dem mit der kationischen Ausgangsstarke behandelten Papiere. Obgleich die vorliegende Arbeit nicht die Moglichkeit ausschliest, das polyionische, vernetzte Starkezusatze Nasfestigkeit hervorrufen, lassen die Ergebnisse vermuten, das Nebenreaktionen der Xanthatpolyampholyte zu Starke-Starke- und/oder zu Starke-Cellulosebindungen fuhren.