cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Heterogeneous Nucleation of Calcium Phosphates on Anatase and Rutile Surfaces

Abstract The heterogeneous nucleation of calcium phosphates including octacalcium phosphate (Ca4H(PO4)3·2.5H2O), hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH, HAP), and fluorapatite ((Ca5(PO4)3F, FAP) on anatase and rutile surfaces has been studied in solutions supersaturated with respect to each phase. Induction periods preceding the initial crystal growth of the calcium phosphate phases varied markedly with relative supersaturation. At the same relative supersaturation, the induction time for calcium phosphate nucleation on anatase surfaces was much shorter than that on rutile surfaces. The surface properties of these titanium oxides were characterized by ζ-potential measurements and by contact angle measurements involving a thin layer wicking technique. The major difference between the surfaces was in the Lewis base surface tension parameters, γ−S, 48 and 16 mJ m−2for anatase and for rutile, respectively.
The role of phrase structure in the recall of meaningful verbal material

Rote memorization of continuous prose passages was more rapid when the passages were presented in segments that conformed to the phrase structure of the sentences than when the segments violated that structure.
Further results on cooperative localization via semidefinite programming

As a powerful tool to convert nonconvex problems into convex ones, semidefinite programing (SDP) has been introduced to both cooperative and non-cooperative localization systems. In this paper, we derive the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for several scenarios to show the advantage of cooperative localization. We then consider cooperative localization via SDP using various semidefinite relaxations, including existing Standard SDP (SSDP), Edge-based SDP (ESDP), Node-based SDP (NSDP) and our proposed Component-wise SDP (CSDP). We analyze their performances and complexity and find that CSDP has advantages in both aspects. Simulations will also be carried out to corroborate our analyses.
Cycloaddition Reactions of a Nitrogen-Substituted Oxyallyl Cation with Cyclopentadiene and Substituted Furans. Reaction Conditions, Diastereoselectivity, Regioselectivity, and Transition State Modeling

An investigation of the cycloaddition reactions of a nitrogen-substituted oxyallyl cation is presented. The nitrogen-substituted oxyallyl cation, M+-1 (M+ = H+ or Li+), can be generated from the dibromide 2 using either CF3CH2OH/Et3N or LiClO4/CH3CN/Et3N. These oxyallyl cations were found to undergo [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with furan, cyclopentadiene, 2-methylfuran, and 2-methoxyfuran. The diastereo- and regioselectivities in these reactions were found to be positively influenced by the presence of Li+. Reaction of M+-1 with the 2-substituted furans led to primarily those adducts arising from endo addition (as was observed with the unsubstituted dienes) and which had the 2-substituent syn to the bromine. Consideration of the frontier molecular orbitals of the reacting species (Li+-1 and 2-substituted furans calculated at the PM3 semiempirical level of theory) led to the conclusion that FMO theory does not explain the regiochemistry observed in this process, although the relative electrophilicity o...
Reactions to Feedback in Goal Choice and Goal Change Processes1

Two laboratory studies were conducted to test the effects of reactions to feedback on propensity to change an initial self-selected performance goal. In Study 1, the performance of 228 subjects on a word search task was manipulated by varying puzzle difficulty. In Study 2, two-dimensional goals (i.e., time and quantity) were first assigned and then chosen by 75 subjects. In Study 1, satisfaction with performance and self-efficacy predicted goal change beyond the effects of past performance. Subjects lower in both satisfaction and self-efficacy tended to lower initial goals, whereas those higher in either or both variables tended to raise them. In a post-hoc analysis, goal-performance discrepancies and motivational force interacted to explain satisfaction with performance for subjects experiencing negative feedback. This result was replicated in Study 2 for self-selected quantity goals. In Study 2, satisfaction with performance explained goal choice beyond the effects of past performance for initial time goals and final quantity goals. Trade-offs in the selection of dual goals occurred, with subjects selecting a difficult goal on one dimension and an easy goal on the other. Suggestions for future research and practice on self-regulation of goals and performance are provided.
Association of Rhinovirus Infection with Poor Bacteriologic Outcome of Bacterial-Viral Otitis Media

Viruses--both alone and in combination with bacteria--have been shown to be a cause of acute otitis media (AOM). Moreover, the presence of virus in middle ear fluid (MEF) interferes with the bacteriologic response to antibiotic treatment in AOM. We studied various factors related to the eradication of bacteria from the MEF of infants and children who had AOM associated with a combination of bacteria and viruses. Of 622 cases of AOM diagnosed and treated between 1985 and 1991, 71 were due to such a combination. Bacteria were eradicated from MEF by 2-4 days of antibiotic treatment in 50 (70%) of these 71 cases; in the remaining 21 cases, the originally identified bacteria persisted or a new pathogenic bacterial species was detected after such treatment. These two groups of cases were compared with respect to the patients' age, sex, race, history of recurrent AOM, duration of respiratory symptoms, and compliance; the type of antibiotic treatment administered; the type of pathogenic bacteria and viruses identified in MEF; the presence of single or multiple pathogens; and the laterality of the disease. The only difference noted was in the type(s) of virus found in MEF. The presence of rhinovirus was associated with a higher rate of bacteriologic failure than was that of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, or other viruses. Our data suggest that the bacteriologic response to antibiotic treatment in bacterial-viral AOM may depend in part on the type(s) of virus present in MEF.
A potassic volcanic front in western Mexico: The lamprophyric and related lavas of San Sebastian

The superposition of two tectonic regimes (rifting and subduction) in western Mexico has led to the development of a lamprophyric volcanic front ∼70 km closer to the Middle America trench than is the main axis of andesitic volcanism. The San Sebastian cindercone field represents the northernmost extent of lamprophyric activity in western Mexico and lies 40 km trenchward of Volcan Ceboruco, a historically active, andesitic stratovolcano. The predominant country rocks are Cretaceous silicic ash flows, although marine sedimentary rocks (emplaced between 45 and 115 Ma) also occur. Minette, absarokite, and kersantite lavas were erupted between 0.48 and 0.26 Ma in the San Sebastian field in close association with flows of basaltic andesite and hornblende andesite. There is a gradual transition observed between the two intermediate lava types, basaltic andesite and kersantite, as plagioclase is suppressed and hornblende and phlogopite are stabilized in melts of intermediate composition. This transition reflects the increasing influence of water during crystallization and documents a wide range of hydrous conditions. Examination of the primary lamprophyric lava types, absarokite and minette, reveals a remarkable range in their oxidation states. If these lavas reflect their mantle source conditions, then the redox state of western Mexico9s sub-arc mantle spans the interval between the Ni-NiO and magnetite-hematite buffers, a variation in fO 2 of five log units. The oxidation and hydrous enrichment of Mexico9s sub-arc mantle probably formed in response to subduction. The eruption of lamprophyric lavas in front of the andesitic suite of the main axis, however, may have depended upon rifting (1) to trigger melting of the modified mantle and (2) to provide an easy passage to the surface through crustal thinning and block faulting.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF FRP-ENCASED CONCRETE USING ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY

Since concrete members with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement are not as ductile as conventional structures, and since concrete in retrofitted members is often covered and not readily available for visual inspection, development of nonintrusive and nondestructive damage assessment tools is essential. Ultra- sonic pulse velocity (UPV) can provide such an assessment tool, and help quantify the extent and progression of damage in concrete. Continuous UPV monitoring of a number of concrete cylinders and concrete-filled FRP tubes showed the concrete-filled tubes to have higher sensitivity at lower stress ratios as compared to plain concrete. When compared with the axial strain energy, the UPV damage index has a much better resolution for stress ratios up to about 50% of ultimate strength. This ratio depends on the thickness of the jacket. It was also shown that the UPV has a strong correlation with volumetric strains after confinement is activated. Therefore, at high levels of axial loads when the confining pressure of the jacket results in volumetric compaction, the UPV increases by about 6% of the initial pulse velocity. Repeated loading generally induces the same rate of change of UPV damage index as that of the initial loading on the virgin specimen. This phenomenon occurs irrespective of the stress ratio at which the specimen is unloaded or reloaded. A comparison of the UPV damage index with the normalized acoustic emission counts reveals that the two methods have different sensitivities at different stages of loading and could potentially complement each other as a hybrid damage assessment tool.
Stochastic simulation and graphic visualization of mitotic processes

Computational modeling can be extremely useful in interpreting experimental results. Here we describe how a relatively sophisticated stochastic model for microtubule dynamic instability in the mitotic spindle can be developed starting with straightforward rules and simple programming code. Once this model is developed, the method for comparing simulation results to experimental data must be carefully considered. The ultimate utility of any computational model relies on its predictive power and the ability to assist in designing new experiments. We describe how “deconstructing” the model through the use of quantitative animations contributes to a better qualitative understanding of model behavior. By extracting key qualitative elements of the model in this fashion, model predictions and new experiments can be more easily extracted from model results.
A risk-sensitive approach to total productive maintenance

While risk-sensitive (RS) approaches for designing plans of total productive maintenance are critical in manufacturing systems, there is little in the literature by way of theoretical modeling. Developing such plans often requires the solution of a discrete-time stochastic control-optimization problem. Renewal theory and Markov decision processes (MDPs) are commonly employed tools for solving the underlying problem. The literature on preventive maintenance, for the most part, focuses on minimizing the expected net cost, and disregards issues related to minimizing risks. RS maintenance managers employ safety factors to modify the risk-neutral solution in an attempt to heuristically accommodate elements of risk in their decision making. In this paper, our efforts are directed toward developing a formal theory for developing RS preventive-maintenance plans. We employ the Markowitz paradigm in which one seeks to optimize a function of the expected cost and its variance. In particular, we present (i) a result for an RS approach in the setting of renewal processes and (ii) a result for solving an RS MDP. We also provide computational results to demonstrate the efficacy of these results. Finally, the theory developed here is of sufficiently general nature that can be applied to problems in other relevant domains.
Linear polarization uniformity measurements taken with an imaging polarimeter

Four types of polarizers are experimentally evaluated and compared for the uniformity of their transmission axis orientations and the contrast ratio and their spatial variation. Representative samples of calcite Glan-Thompson polarizers, polarizing beamsplitters, silver glass polarizers, and stretched polymer polarizers are characterized at 850 nm using a rotating polarizer imaging polarimeter. The sample Glan-Thompson polarizers show the highest contrast ratios and greatest uniformity of transmission axis. Silver glass polarizers and stretched polymer polarizers show intermediate contrast ratios, but all samples of both show a systematic variation of the transmission axis orientation with a magnitude of several tenths of a degree. The polarizing beamsplitter cube samples have very good uniformity of transmission axis but the smallest contrast ratios with noticeable spatial variations of contrast.
Integrating cold weather impacts on human performance into army M&S applications

Exposure to cold weather has deleterious effects on the performance of soldiers. Gross and fine motor skills as well as cognitive ability are all diminished by exposure to low ambient temperatures. Clothing and equipment that protect the solider from cold also encumber the soldier's movement and dexterity. Therefore, while the soldier is protected from the cold, his or her performance is reduced in terms of both time to perform a given task and accuracy. Food and water consumption are also greatly increased by exposure to the cold. For Army simulations to accurately represent missions that occur in cold weather, these impacts must be accounted for, yet they seldom have been. This paper will briefly review the physiological mechanisms for degraded performance in the cold. A sample of the data available in the literature on cold weather impacts on humans will also be presented. Finally we suggest how these impacts might be incorporated in military models and simulations.
PARTICLES AND MICROTUBULES IN VASCULAR CELLS OF PINUS STROBUS L. DURING CELL WALL FORMATION

Summary Particles in the plasmalemma-cell wall area are reported in fixed and sectioned material of differentiating vascular cells of Pinus strobus L. The particles, from 13 nm to 16 nm in diameter, arise from the superficial layer of cytoplasm and reach the plasmalemma-cell wall area apparently by a‘membrane flow.’Frequently the particles are in close spatial association with microtubules at the plasmalemma-cell wall area. The particles observed here are thought identical with those observed on the outer surface of plasmalemma by the freeze-etching method.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF EXTENDED PILE-SHAFTS. II: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Results of an experimental program investigating the lateral strength and ductility capacity of reinforced concrete piles are presented. Four full-scale reinforced concrete piles with details representative of the current California design were tested under combined axial compression and reversed cyclic lateral displacement. Test parameters include confining steel ratio, aboveground height, and soil density. Of particular interests are the lateral strength and stiffness of the soil-pile system, depth-to-maximum-moment, and magnitude of local deformation upon formation of a plastic hinge in the pile. Equivalent plastic hinge lengths were determined using curvatures measured along the length of the pile. Test results indicated that the equivalent plastic hinge length of piles is generally longer than that of an equivalent base-restrained column. The equivalent plastic hinge length of the pile depends primarily on the aboveground height of the pile, but is not overly sensitive to the soil density. Test results also provided the basis for an analytical model presented in a companion paper for assessing the local ductility demand of a yielding pile-shaft.
Calculating in Two Ways: Fubini’s Principle

So far, most of the problems that we have presented, regardless of the level of difficulty or complexity, could have been solved with direct calculation, that is, each problem could be solved by counting the number of objects (maybe via bijections or recursions). In this Chapter, in order to find x, the number of objects of type A, we will find y, the number of objects of type B, in order to set up equations involving x, after which we will solve for x. In other words, the problems that we analyzed in the earlier chapters are Arithmetic problems, but now we will be doing Algebraic problems by setting up equations and solving them.
Effects of Heat Treatments on Steels for Bearing Applications

AISI 52 100, 440C, REX20, and Crucible CRU80 steel samples were exposed to 16 different heat treatments to vary the levels of retained austenite. Rockwell C hardness measurements, optical microscopy, and compression testing were used to compare the properties of the different steels.
High-Peak-Power Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with amorphous hydrated ruthenium dioxide (RuO 2 . xH 2 O) supercapacitative sublayers inserted between the electrocatalyst layers and the Nafion membrane was fabricated to enhance the cell's pulse power output. RuO 2 . xH 2 O material showed a high capacitance (ca. 230 F/g) and allowed a much higher pulse power output, which was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and millisecond-width pulse voltammetry in a nitrogen atmosphere on both anode and cathode at 50°C. When the gases were changed to hydrogen and air, the sublayer slightly decreased the steady-state power output of the cell by decreasing both proton conductivity and the rate of oxygen reduction. In spite of this, the presence of the sublayer gave a much higher pulse power output, which is of value for, e.g., communications applications. This modified fuel cell performs the same functions as those of a more complex fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid system without significant increase in weight, volume, and cost. Moreover, the blocking effect of the thin RuO 2 on methanol crossover is advantageous for direct methanol fuel cell applications.
A frequency modeling method of rubbertuators for control application in an IMA framework

This paper presents the results of rubbertuator modeling for purposes of control applications. A pair of rubbertuators is constructed as a revolute joint. The rubbertuator arm is highly nonlinear and exhibits hysteresis. The frequency modeling method was implemented using software agents within the intelligent machine architecture (IMA) framework. Several linear models were built, simulated, and employed to design a controller for the rubbertuators. The results show that all models match the experimental data in each frequency range. A fuzzy model-based controller was designed and implemented as an example using the IMA framework.
Progress and challenges for chemical probing of RNA structure inside living cells

Proper gene expression is essential for the survival of every cell. Once thought to be a passive transporter of genetic information, RNA has recently emerged as a key player in nearly every pathway in the cell. A full description of its structure is critical to understanding RNA function. Decades of research have focused on utilizing chemical tools to interrogate the structures of RNAs, with recent focus shifting to performing experiments inside living cells. This Review will detail the design and utility of chemical reagents used in RNA structure probing. We also outline how these reagents have been used to gain a deeper understanding of RNA structure in vivo. We review the recent merger of chemical probing with deep sequencing. Finally, we outline some of the hurdles that remain in fully characterizing the structure of RNA inside living cells, and how chemical biology can uniquely tackle such challenges.
Phosphatidylcholine increases the secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins by CaCo-2 cells.

The regulation of lipid synthesis and secretion by phosphatidylcholine was investigated in CaCo-2 cells grown on semipermeable filters. In cells incubated with 1 mM taurocholate and 100–500 μM phosphatidylcholine, cholesteryl ester synthesis was decreased, triacylglycerol synthesis was increased modestly, whereas phospholipid synthesis was unaffected. Acyl-CoA–cholesterol acyltransferase activity was decreased secondary to a decrease in the substrate (cholesterol) supply. The basolateral secretion of newly synthesized triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol mass was significantly increased by phosphatidylcholine, whereas cellular triacylglycerol mass decreased. This effect was not specific for phosphatidylcholine as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine also increased the secretion of newly synthesized triacylglycerols. Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine was as effective as egg phosphatidylcholine in increasing triacylglycerol transport. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, in contrast, was without effect. Phosphatidylcholine also increased the basolateral secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB) mass without altering apoB mRNA levels. Disruption of the Golgi apparatus by monensin or brefeldin A prevented the increase in apoB secretion by phosphatidylcholine. Compared with microsomes prepared from control cells, those from cells incubated with phosphatidylcholine contained more newly synthesized apoB. The percentage of new synthesized apoB isolated from the lumen of microsomes (as an estimate of apoB destined for secretion), however, was similar in the two preparations. Thus in CaCo-2 cells incubated with phosphatidylcholine, the transport of apoB and triacylglycerols is increased whereas cholesteryl ester synthesis and secretion are decreased. A normally functioning secretory pathway is required for phosphatidylcholine to increase triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein secretion.
Acute kidney injury in pediatric heart transplantation and extracorporeal cardiac support therapies

Abstract Acute kidney injury occurs frequently and is associated with poor outcome in children with heart failure. More than fifty percent of children with heart failure and two-thirds of children on mechanical circulatory support have acute kidney injury. Injury severity is directly related to duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and rate of mortality. The pathophysiology of AKI in the setting of cardiac disease in these patients is characterized by cardiorenal syndrome — a bidirectional constellation of symptoms describing the potential perturbations in cardiac–renal crosstalk. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology, epidemiology, management, and outcomes of acute kidney injury in pediatric patients with heart failure and requiring cardiac support therapies, specifically those with advanced heart failure, receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and using ventricular assist devices.
Nonparametric Tests of Commodity Futures Market Efficiency

Commodity futures markets carry out two important marketing functions with respect to agricultural products: (1) a price discovery role and (2) a price risk management role. The relative effectiveness with which futures markets fulfill these two roles is dependent on the efficiency of the futures market and its ability to provide unbiased forecasts of subsequent futures prices at contract maturity. Our results indicate that futures price returns for live cattle, hogs, corn, rice and soybean meal violate the standard OLS assumption of normality. However, nonparametric statistics results did not materially conflict with our OLS parametric results. Further modeling indicated live cattle, hogs and soybean meal futures returns are better specified using GARCH type models, which allow for a non-constant error variance over time.
The Parsonage Exclusion: New Developments

Although the recently enacted Clergy Housing Allowance Clarification Act settles the statutory question of how large a rental allowance clergy may exclude from their income under section 107, the constitutionality of the exclusion remains at issue. In this report, Professor Rakowski replies to two articles by Professor Edward Zelinsky contending that the Ninth Circuit in Warren v. Commissioner, or any other lower court addressing that question, should rule that section 107 is constitutional. Professor Rakowski argues that lower courts are not free to depart from Supreme Court precedent, even though the Court may overrule its own prior holdings. Because the Supreme Court's opinion in Texas Monthly v. Bullock entails that section 107 offends the Establishment Clause by reserving a tax preference for clergy alone, rather than making the preference available to a broader class of taxpayers, lower courts have no choice consistent with Supreme Court precedents and America's judicial hierarchy but to strike down section 107. Professor Rakowski also suggests that courts should not defer too readily to legislative measures that allegedly aim at accommodating religious faith. Professor Rakowski further responds to Professor Boyd Kimball Dyer's proposal to read minister of the gospel broadly to encompass representatives from a wide spectrum of charitable organizations, to save section 107 from unconstitutionality under Texas Monthly. Professor Rakowski argues that Professor Dyer's reading of the statute stretches its meaning excessively, with insufficient legislative authority. Finally, Professor Rakowski weighs the pros and cons of Professor Erwin Chemerinsky's motion to intervene in Warren after serving as a court-appointed amicus. He concludes that Professor Chemerinsky's case for intervention is quite powerful.
REGRESSION MODELING OF CONSUMPTION OR EXPOSURE VARIABLES CLASSIFIED BY TYPE

Consumption or exposure variables, as potential risk factors, are commonly measured and related to health effects. The measurements may be continuous or discrete, may be grouped into categories and may, in addition, be classified by type. Data analyses utilizing regression methods for the assessment of these risk factors present many problems of modeling and interpretation. Various models are proposed and evaluated, and recommendations are made. Use of the models is illustrated with Cox regression analyses of coronary heart disease mortality after 24 years of follow-up of subjects in the Framingham Study, with the focus being on alcohol consumption among these subjects.
Brine-in-crude-oil emulsions at the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

Metastable water-in-crude-oil emulsion formation could occur in a Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) cavern if water were to flow into the crude-oil layer at a sufficient rate. Such a situation could arise during a drawdown from a cavern with a broken-hanging brine string. A high asphaltene content (> 1.5 wt %) of the crude oil provides the strongest predictor of whether a metastable water-in-crude-oil emulsion will form. However there are many crude oils with an asphaltene content > 1.5 wt % that don't form stable emulsions, but few with a low asphaltene content that do form stable emulsions. Most of the oils that form stable emulsions are %E2%80%9Csour%E2%80%9D by SPR standards indicating they contain total sulfur > 0.50 wt %.
Self-Assembled Monolayers Impact Cobalt Interfacial Structure in Nanoelectronic Junctions

Controlling and understanding the interface formation between organic molecular layers and ferromagnetic materials is a crucial aspect in the implementation of organic spintronics. Here, the formation of thiol-containing molecular monolayers on template-stripped cobalt and oxidized cobalt surfaces is achieved. The successful attachment and quality of the aliphatic molecular structure and cobalt surface was followed with X-ray spectroscopic measurements. The self-assembly of octadecanethiol (ODT) and mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) are contrasted, finding the self-assembly of the bifunctional molecule profoundly different than the thiol-alone species. In particular, the MHA-cobalt surface exhibits a very different interface following self-assembly of the MHA species. Two different models of the interface formation are proposed based on the results. The data suggest the MHA/ethanol removes the cobalt oxide during the self-assembly as the prevailing model. The impact of this Co/molecule interface on electron...
A Classification Leveraged Object Detector

Currently, the state-of-the-art image classification algorithms outperform the best available object detector by a big margin in terms of average precision. We, therefore, propose a simple yet principled approach that allows us to leverage object detection through image classification on supporting regions specified by a preliminary object detector. Using a simple bag-of- words model based image classification algorithm, we leveraged the performance of the deformable model objector from 35.9% to 39.5% in average precision over 20 categories on standard PASCAL VOC 2007 detection dataset.
Echocardiography of the Right Side of the Heart

Echocardiography has not only revealed the morphologic aspects of the right-sided cardiac structure but has, through the use of pulsed and color Doppler imaging, provided a whole new level of certainty in the diagnosis of cardiac disease. The structure and function of the right-sided chambers are now far better appreciated since this technique has become more widely used for early clinical diagnosis of right-sided cardiac disease.
Reducing complications of perinatal care.

Abstract There can be no easy formula for preventing complications in neonatal care. Everyone involved either directly or indirectly in the care of neonates has to be aware and concerned about known or potential complications. Likewise, we each need to commit to accumulating experience and disseminating information through supervision and communication, while assuming our share of responsibility in following our patients. Effort needs to be individual and collaborative with a primary goal such as that of the SGCPC: the prevention of complications of perinatal care. Recognition, communication, supervision, documentation, follow-up, and research are suggested areas for attention where we all can impact on the outcome of our patients.
Software implementation of IPv4 to IPv6 migration

Change is necessary to update for IPV6 and evolution in Internet is inevitable, ever since the Internet was born. Internet protocols kept on improving and changing dramatically. They expose new challenges and new features. It's high time that our Internet address have to be upgraded as heap of thing around us got upgraded. Internet protocol is currently version 4 and is being upgraded to 6. Internet was once very inaccessible and limited to very few mass, but today it's a primary quill and basic need. Every user has connectivity through various range of devices such as Laptop's, tablet's, desktop's and IOT (Internet of Things). A few decades ago one IP per user was sufficient but now a user with a range of devices needs more than 8 IP's on average. This resulted in exhausting IP at IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) and forcing it to update and upgrade to a better version of protocol. Although the new version looks promising, it has to overcome certain challenges of compatibility. IPV6 is similar to IPV4 but it has very significant features it's easy to adopt, but highly irritating for transition. Although for quite a few years many transition techniques are introduced but not all could actually bring a change due to the lack of flexibility and the amount of difficulty involved. This approach not only aid in retaining the present good practices but also supplies the goodies of modern version unless the transition is complete. Nonetheless, even after transition we will have to be able to have the previous generation utilities still being legitimate and not being void. Certain features such as Auto-configuration of IPV6 will build users to mislead ISP and access higher volumes of data at greater than usual speeds they're allotted. Specific blocked sites may be unblocked by connecting to any IP over the globe as a result resulting a deep flaw within the grounds of security. Security is a most important trouble over Internet, because of above flaws very less are ready to adopt this latest IP variant. This paper deals with IPV6 transition in much huge sense, permitting ISP's to keep the existing security principles still valid making internet a long way safer than ever before. This paper presents a software solution to help the transition, it re-addresses the basic needs and finally establishes a feasible solution which still maintains the applicability and maintainability of both systems until the last device upgrades to ipv6 with no compromise to any existing applications or new applications to come. The solution proposed is for ISP's and the backbone providers of internet and not for individual users.
A scalable systolic array architecture for the 2D discrete wavelet transform

Summary form only given, as follows. A systematic synthesis approach has been applied to the 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and a scalable systolic array architecture has been derived based on the data dependence analysis and linear index space transformation. The architecture has regular topology, local routing, simple controller and high throughput rate, and it can be easily extended to different parameters of various levels, macroblocks and filters. The architecture has been implemented on Cadence Edge Framework.
The Random Search Method

This chapter provides an overview of the random search method. It discusses the procedure presented by Bedel’baev, Dubov, and Shmul’yan, which assumes that some global scalarizing function has been chosen for reducing the original multi-objective programming problem to a single-objective problem. The crux of this interactive method is to alternatively use the decision maker's reactions to the previously generated non-inferior solution to readjust the parameters of a random search procedure, which in turn generates a new parameter vector. To determine how to change the direction of the random search so that the next set of parameter values α can be generated, the decision maker is asked either to indicate which of two candidate solutions is preferable, or to look at one or a pair of candidate solutions and identify the corresponding objective function values that must be improved, those that can be sacrificed for the sake of this improvement, and those whose values are irrelevant. The random search procedure is more complex in the case where the decision maker is asked to categorize a candidate solution's objective function values according to whether they need improvement, can be sacrificed, or are irrelevant.
Dose-dependent association between muscle-strengthening activities and all-cause mortality: Prospective cohort study among a national sample of adults in the USA

Summary Background We have a limited understanding of the association between behavioural participation in muscle-strengthening activities (MSA) and all-cause mortality. Aim To determine the effect of MSA on all-cause mortality, and examine a potential dose-response relationship between the frequency with which MSA are performed and the incidence of all-cause mortality. Methods Individuals (8772 adults aged ≥ 20 years) from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were evaluated for baseline characteristics, then followed for an average of 6.7 years. MSA were assessed at baseline as the number of self-reported sessions completed within the past 30 days. Analyses were performed in 2015. Results Only 18.6% of individuals met MSA guidelines (2–3 MSA sessions/week) at baseline, while those performing any form of MSA had a 23% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.77; 95% confidence interval: 0.60–0.98; P = 0.04). Additionally, we created a five-category variable to determine whether a dose-response relationship existed between MSA and premature mortality; only individuals performing 8–14 sessions over a 30-day period (current MSA guidelines) had a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.70; P = 0.02). Results were similar for CVD-specific mortality. Conclusion The national recommendations that 2–3 MSA sessions be performed per week appear to be most effective at reducing the risk of premature all-cause mortality; however, despite these recommendations, the majority of the adult population in the USA still fails to perform any MSA. Future studies should determine strategies for increasing adherence to these established guidelines.
Hierarchical grooming in multigranular networks

We present a hierarchical algorithm for grooming lightpaths into wavebands, and routing wavebands over a network of multigranular switching nodes. Our approach is conceptually simple, scalable, and consistent with the way networks are operated and controlled in practice.
Institutional fragility and firm characteristics:the internationalization of Chinese SMEs

We use the concept of regulative institutional fragility to investigate the internationalization of Chinese SMEs. Compared to their sizable counterparts, Chinese SMEs are facing a more stringent re...
PD-L1 as a biomarker in NSCLC: challenges and future directions.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically changed treatment paradigms for patients with advanced-stage or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite significant improvements in survival, the majority of NSCLC patients fail to respond to checkpoint inhibitors, notably antibodies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and uncertainties remain regarding how best to use these therapies in clinical practice. Given the risk of immune-related and other adverse effects associated with treatment, there is a need to identify biomarkers to predict which patients will and will not benefit.
Going for it on Fourth Down: Rivalry Increases Risk Taking, Physiological Arousal, and Promotion Focus

Risk taking is fundamental to organizational decision making. Extending prior work that has identified individual and situational antecedents of risk taking, we explore a significant relational ant...
Chlorine-containing salts as water ice nucleating particles on Mars

Abstract Water ice cloud formation on Mars largely is expected to occur on the most efficient ice nucleating particle available. Salts have been observed on the Martian surface and have been known to facilitate water cloud formation on Earth. We examined heterogeneous ice nucleation onto sodium chloride and sodium perchlorate substrates under Martian atmospheric conditions, in the range of 150 to 180 K and 10 − 7 to 10 − 5 Torr water partial pressure. Sub-155 K data for the critical saturation ratio (Scrit) suggests an exponential model best describes the temperature-dependence of nucleation onset of water ice for all substrates tested. While sodium chloride does not facilitate water ice nucleation more easily than bare silicon, sodium perchlorate does support depositional nucleation at lower saturation levels than other substrates shown and is comparable to smectite-rich clay in its ability to support cloud initiation. Perchlorates could nucleate water ice at partial pressures up to 40% lower than other substrates examined to date under Martian atmospheric conditions. These findings suggest air masses on Mars containing uplifted salts such as perchlorates could form water ice clouds at lower saturation ratios than in air masses absent similar particles.
Autoimmune CRMP5 neuropathy phenotype and outcome defined from 105 cases.

Objective To establish the phenotype and clinical outcomes of collapsin response-mediator protein-5 (CRMP5) autoimmune neuropathy in comparison with anti-neuronal nuclear antibody type 1 (ANNA1)–immunoglobulin G (IgG) neuropathy. Methods Patients with CRMP5-IgG and/or ANNA1-IgGs were identified in our service-line testing, and medical records were reviewed. Results One hundred five patients with CRMP5-IgG neuropathy (88% smokers; 69% having cancer, most commonly small cell lung cancer [75%]) were identified and compared to 51 patients with ANNA1-IgG neuropathy, 27 with coexisting CRMP5-IgG. Patients with CRMP5 had painful axonal polyradiculoneuropathy (65%), mostly asymmetric onset (84%), with neuropathy predating cancer diagnosis by 185 days (range 60–540 days). Most cases (79%) had moderate to severe neuropathic pain, all on neuropathic medications (median 2, range 1–4), opioids in 39%. Nerve biopsies (n = 2) showed microvascular inflammation with axonal degeneration. Compared to ANNA1 alone, CRMP5 neuropathy has a higher prevalence of pain (79% vs 46%, p = 0.008), asymmetric polyradiculoneuropathy (54% vs 12%, p p = 0.022). Cerebellar ataxia (21%), myelopathy (19%), and optic neuritis and/or retinitis (11%) were common neurologic accompaniments. CRMP5 cases had significant pain reduction by immunotherapy ( p p = 0.012) (Class IV). Patients with CRMP5 had better 5-year survival than patients with ANNA1 (67% vs 32%, p = 0.012). Conclusion Painful axonal asymmetric polyradiculoneuropathy is established as the major CRMP5 autoimmune neuropathy presentation and is distinguishable from other paraneoplastic neuropathies, including by ANNA1 autoimmunity. Patients with this phenotype should be prompted for CRMP5-IgG testing to assist in early cancer diagnosis.
Characteristics and long term outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes due to culprit left main coronary artery disease treated with percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Background Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) due to unprotected culprit left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are rare, high-risk, and not represented in trials. Data regarding long term outcome after PCI are limited. Methods Between January 2000 and December 2014, there were 8,794 patients hospitalized with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with PCI at our institution; of these, 83 (0.94%) patients were identified as having culprit LMCAD ACS. Results Of the 83 patients with unprotected LMCAD ACS, 40 patients presented with STEMI and 43 patients presented with UA/NSTEMI. As compared to LM UA/NSTEMI, LM STEMI patients were younger and had less hypertension, with a trend towards greater frequency of cardiogenic shock. Distal LM involvement was common in both groups and did not differ by ACS type. In-hospital mortality was 33% in LM STEMI and 9% in LM UA/NSTEMI (P = .009). Over median follow up of 6.3 years, long term survival rates in both groups were similar (46% for STEMI vs 51% for UA/NSTEMI; P = .50 by log-rank). Conclusions Unprotected culprit LMCAD ACS necessitating PCI is uncommon, occurring in
Cytidine Diphosphoramidate Kinase: An Enzyme Required for the Biosynthesis of the O-Methyl Phosphoramidate Modification in the Capsular Polysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni.

Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis, produces a capsular polysaccharide that is derivatized with a unique O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) modification. This modification contributes to serum resistance and invasion of epithelial cells. Previously, the first three biosynthetic steps for the formation of MeOPN were elucidated. The first step is catalyzed by a novel glutamine kinase (Cj1418), which catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent phosphorylation of the amide nitrogen of l-glutamine. l-Glutamine phosphate is used by cytidine triphosphate (CTP):phosphoglutamine cytidylyltransferase (Cj1416) to displace pyrophosphate from CTP to generate cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-l-glutamine, which is then hydrolyzed by γ-glutamyl-CDP-amidate hydrolase (Cj1417) to form cytidine diphosphoramidate (CDP-NH2). Here, we show that Cj1415 catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of CDP-NH2 to form 3′-phospho-cytidine-5′-diphosphoramidate. Cj1415 will also catalyze the phosphorylation of a...
A Tale of Two Codes: The Influence of Albuquerque and Washington on Green Building

Green building has become an increasingly important piece of the American economy. Two cases from the past five years addressed this burgeoning field: Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute v. City of Albuquerque and Building Industry Association of Washington v. Washington State Building Code Council. As a result of these decisions, legislators would be wise to explicitly evidence their desires when updating or enacting local buildings codes to guard against the potential for severability in the event that the federal Energy Policy and Conservation Act preempts part of the code. So long as they do so, legislators should be able to include both performanceand prescriptive-based paths for compliance. If the state or municipality must choose a single path to compliance, however, it would be most beneficial to emphasize performance-based paths because a credit-based system provides a builder with more flexibility, which will benefit both the project and the environment.
Structural Analysis of the Clathrin Triskelion

Much has been learned about the biochemistry of coat proteins surrounding membrane vesicles involved in intracellular protein traffic, but very little is known about how their structure mediates their function. To address this issue we characterized the molecular features of clathrin that are responsible for its unique shape and self-assembly into a vesicle coat (reviewed in Brodsky, 1988).
A 60 GHz 8×8 Planar Array Antenna with Corporate Feed Network using Meandered Probe Fed Patch in LTCC Technology

We present a 60 GHz wideband rectangular patch antenna array (8×8) with corporate feed network using meandered probe fed patch in low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. Each radiating element is composed of a rectangular patch excited by a meandered probe. This array is being fabricated at Kyocera and will be tested for both impedance matching and radiation patterns in the millimeter wave (mmWave) mini-compact range (MCR) of the Antenna and Microwave Lab (AML) at San Diego State University.
Feasibility of Bundled Payments in Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cranial Fossa Skull Base Meningioma Surgery: MarketScan Analysis of Health Care Utilization and Outcomes.

Background The aim of our study was to compare the health care utilization and outcomes after surgery for anterior cranial fossa skull base meningioma (AFM), middle cranial fossa skull base meningioma (MFM), and posterior cranial fossa skull base meningioma (PFM) across the United States. Methods We queried the MarketScan database using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology 4, from 2000 to 2016. We included adult patients who had at least 24 months of enrollment after the surgical procedure. The outcome of interest was length of hospital stay, disposition, complications, and reoperation after the procedure. Results A cohort of 1191 patients was identified from the database. Less than half of patients (43.66%) were in the AFM cohort, 32.24% were in the MFM cohort, and only 24.1% were in the PFM cohort. Patients who underwent surgery for PFM had longer hospital stay (P = 0.0009), high complication rate (P = 0.0011), and less likely to be discharged home (P = 0.0013) during index hospitalization. There were no differences in overall payments at 12 months and 24 months among the cohorts. There was no significant difference in 90-day median payments among the groups ($66,212 [AFM] vs. $65,602 [MFM] and $71,837 [PFM]; P = 0.198). Male gender, commercial insurance (compared with Medicare), and higher comorbidity scores (score 3 compared with score 0) were associated with higher 90-day payments in the PFM cohort. Conclusions Overall payments (at 12 months and 24 months) and 90-day payments were not different among the cohorts. Patients with PFM had longer hospital stay and higher complication rate and were less likely to be discharged home with higher utilization of outpatient services at 12 months and 24 months.