cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abortion, Autonomy, and Community

Within the circle of Christian theological ethicists who converse in “the academy, ” as I do, it is definitely not in vogue to voice opposition to the prochoice position. This position is often believed to be en-tailed in a serious commitment to sexual autonomy, to feminism, and to enlightened, humanistic causes in general. To some extent, my contribution to this project is a reaction against that assumption.
Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months postpartum in a sample of urban Hispanic mothers in Kentucky.

Background:Although Hispanic mothers in the United States have slightly higher rates of breastfeeding initiation than the national average, they are more likely to supplement with formula.Objectives:To describe infant feeding decisions in a sample of 72 urban Hispanic mothers and assess whether demographic and personal factors influence exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) status at 4 months postpartum.Methods:The study was longitudinal and included assessments during pregnancy, in the hospital following childbirth, and monthly up to 4 months following birth.Results:Nearly all of the 72 mothers were breastfeeding at discharge after the birth of their infant (94%); half of these were EBF. By 2 months postpartum, the rate of EBF had declined to 26%, dropping to 22% by 4 months. Significant predictors of EBF status at 4 months included the baseline indicator for mother’s partner as the most important person in life (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-28.66) and breastfeeding self-ef...
Measurement of acoustic reflection coefficients using the power cepstrum

A technique for measuring acoustic reflection coefficients using the power cepstrum is presented and discussed. The power cepstrum is used to obtain the impulse response of the reflector, which is Fourier transformed to yield the reflection coefficient. Constraints on the acoustic source, aliasing, and noise effects are examined, and procedures for reducing these effects are presented. An example computation of a reflection coefficient is included.
Flux coupling in a neuronal glutamate transporter

Synaptic transmission is commonly terminated by diffusion and reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. Glutamate reuptake prevents neurotoxicity and sets the lower limit for the concentration of extracellular glutamate, so it is important to understand the thermodynamics of this process. Here we use voltage clamping with a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye to monitor electrical currents and pH changes associated with flux of glutamate mediated by the human neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3. In contrast to a previous model, we find that three sodium ions and one proton are cotransported with each glutamate ion into the cell, while one potassium ion is transported out of the cell. This coupling can support a transmembrane glutamate concentration gradient ([Glu]in/[Glu]out) exceeding 10(6) under equilibrium conditions, and would allow the transporter to continue removing glutamate over a wide range of ionic conditions.
A model psychoeducation group for shy college students

Abstract Shyness is a personality trait characterized by interpersonal anxiety that can have a serious negative impact on the social and emotional well-being of the shy individual. Groups offer a uniquely advantageous treatment format for shy clients. A model psychoeducation group for shy college students is proposed based on a composite of shyness clinics conducted by the Counseling Center of Auburn University Montgomery. Considerations for planning, organizing, and conducting counseling groups for shy college students are described.
Nonadaptive, semi-adaptive and adaptive approaches to signal processing problems in nondestructive evaluation

In signal processing problems associated with estimation or pattern recognition in nondestructive evaluation (NDE), the degree of adaption can vary between wide limits, and is related to the availability or usability of a priori information. We will discuss several examples of NDE signal processing problems involving varying degrees of adaption, namely: (1) a completely nonadaptive approach to the extraction of low frequency properties of scatterers, (2) a semi-adaptive approach to the same problem, and (3) a completely adaptive approach to the classification of acoustical emission signals.
Algebraic research schools in Italy at the turn of the twentieth century: the cases of Rome, Palermo, and Pisa

Abstract The second half of the 19th century witnessed a sudden and sustained revival of Italian mathematical research, especially in the period following the political unification of the country. Up to the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th, Italian professors—in a variety of institutional settings and with a variety of research interests—trained a number of young scholars in algebraic areas, in particular. Giuseppe Battaglini (1826–1892), Francesco Gerbaldi (1858–1934), and Luigi Bianchi (1856–1928) defined three key venues for the promotion of algebraic research in Rome, Palermo, and Pisa, respectively. This paper will consider the notion of “research school” as an analytic tool and will explore the extent to which loci of algebraic studies in Italy from the second half of the 19th century through the opening decades of the 20th century can be considered as mathematical research schools.
Novel ECG criteria for right ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with right bundle branch block.

Abstract Background Altered hemodynamics of a failing right ventricle (RV) may place stress on the right bundle branch and Purkinje network, which may be evident as conduction delay on surface electrocardiogram (ECG). We hypothesized that prolonged R′ duration in lead V1 would be an indicator of RV dysfunction in patients with RBBB. Methods The Mayo Clinic Arizona echocardiography database was reviewed from 2007 to 2009 to identify patients with RV dysfunction and coexistent right bundle branch block (RBBB). Specific ECG features of RBBB were compared between the RV dysfunction cohort and a randomly selected control population. Features found to be predictive of RV dysfunction were then tested on 100 consecutive patients with RBBB on ECG between January and June 2010. Results In lead V1, the QRS duration was longer in the RV dysfunction cohort (164±22ms) compared to controls (148±12ms), predominantly due to R′ prolongation (117±27ms vs. 87±13ms, p Conclusion Lead V1 R′ duration ≥100ms is predictive of RV systolic dysfunction in patients with RBBB.
On the local fault tolerance of a kinematically redundant manipulator

This work examines the local fault tolerance of a kinematically redundant manipulator to failures that result in the immobilization of one or more joints. Immobilizing a joint results in additional singularities, which are called locally fault intolerant configurations. These configurations are characterized by the null space of the manipulator Jacobian. The effect that joint failures have on manipulator dexterity is then investigated. It is shown that the reduction in the manipulator's dexterity is also related to the null space of the manipulator Jacobian.
A Contribution to Flame Theory

The equations of a reacting gas mixture and their application to flames are briefly reviewed; ordinary diffusion is fully taken into account in terms of binary diffusion coefficients, but the diffusion thermo-effect and radiation are neglected. A one-dimensional flame model is considered whose equations are written concisely by means of suitable dimensionless quantities and temperature is chosen as independent variable. It is assumed that the flame velocity is not given, so that a related unknown constant, determined by the boundary conditions, occurs in non-linear differential equations. These are to be solved simultaneously with the complicated diffusion equations, and a general method of solution is aimed at. With a view to later generalization, the equations of the simplest ideal flame of reaction MATHS FORMULA are discussed in detail. It is found that they are most conveniently solved in two stages: (i) by successive approximations to the solution of an integral equation, corresponding to the case of zero energy flux, and (ii) by a perturbation method, based on this ‘unperturbed’ case, which may be applied directly or, in general, in terms of parameter expansions. Results of some physical and mathematical interest are given of computations relating to special ideal flames which separately bear some of the features of real ones. For example, in the case of an ideal flame in which there are two simultaneous reactions, the problem is solved by first assuming one of these reactions to be in equilibrium and then attacking the complete problem by considering the reaction rate previously neglected as a perturbation. The treatment of the general one-dimensional flame problem, proposed in part I, is then continued, and it is shown that the methods used there for the solution of the simple MATHS FORMULA flame can be readily generalized as follows: (i) The complexity due to diffusion can be separated from that due to the eigenvalue character of the problem ; the equations should first be solved with a set of certain well-defined ‘ideal’ binary diffusion coefficients— corresponding to a vanishing energy flux — and it will then generally be possible to arrive at the solution of the complete problem, with the actually given set of diffusion coefficients, by a perturbation method involving only linear equations, based on the ‘ideal’ or ‘unperturbed’ case, (ii) This ‘ideal’ problem can be made to depend on the solution of a single non-linear ‘eigenvalue’ differential equation (which is treated as an integral equation) by successive approximations, all other equations serving as mere definitions for better approximations to terms occurring in this fundamental equation.
Acute aortic dissection in the ED: risk factors and predictors for missed diagnosis

Abstract Objective This study aims to explore the risk factors and predictors involved in the missed diagnosis of acute aortic dissection (AAD) among patients in the emergency medicine department (EMD). Methods This is a single-center retrospective chart review conducted over a 10-year period (January 1998 to December 2008). Records with a diagnosis of "dissection of aorta" ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 441.0) from the hospital discharge database and hospital death register were selected. Acute aortic dissection was defined as missed if diagnostic imaging to diagnose AAD or cardiothoracic surgeon consult was not elicited while in the EMD. We compared the history, clinical findings, and investigations between patients who had the diagnosis of AAD missed in the EMD and those who did not. Results A total of 68 patients were included in the analysis during the study period, of which 38.2% had a missed diagnosis. There was 63.2% of type A AAD by Stanford classification. Neither age, sex, nor a history of hypertension were significant risk factors for missed diagnosis of AAD. The likelihood of missed diagnosis was significantly higher in the absence of a pulse deficit (odds ratio, 35.76; 95% confidence interval, 3.70-345.34) and absence of widened mediastinum on chest radiography (odds ratio, 33.16; 95% confidence interval, 5.74-191.49). Conclusion Well-known risk factors for AAD such as age, male sex, and hypertension were not risk factors for missed diagnosis for AAD presenting in the EMD. The absence of pulse deficit or widened mediastinum does not exclude the diagnosis of AAD.
Effect of distribution of hopping rates on proton NMR in disordered systems

The authors show that a distribution of site energies has a much bigger effect than an equivalent distribution of barrier heights or saddle-point energies on the temperature and frequency dependence of the NMR relaxation time T1. This explains why Crouch and co-workers, who studied only a distribution of barrier heights, concluded from simulations that a broad distribution would hardly be observable in T1 data. Simulations show that the usual approximation of fitting data to a distribution of BPP curves is quite reasonable, and a large effect should have been seen by Crouch and co-workers had they considered a distribution of site energies, as is expected to exist in amorphous metals. The fact that Crouch and co-workers could describe their NMR data without a distribution indicates that hydrogen in a-Ni35Ti65 indeed has an unexpectedly narrow distribution of site energies. The authors also compare the effects of distributions on proton NMR, which is sensitive to two-particle correlation functions, and on internal friction, which samples single-particle correlation functions.
CHANGES IN THE AMERICAN PROPENSITY TO MIGRATE

Published mobility data from recent U.S. censuses can be made comparable to measures of mobility and data developed by historians for communities in the nineteenth century and earlier. This makes possible an examination of long-term changes in the propensity to migrate, as measured by persistence rates. From about 1830 to 1930 a higher proportion of Americans were more likely to have been recent migrants than either before or since that time. Although the propensity to migrate has increased since the exceptionally low mobility recorded for the 1930s, people today are still less likely to have been migrants during the previous five years than were their ancestors in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Dating and sexual victimization: An analysis of risk factors among precollege women

This article explores several factors associated with sexual assault and date rape in a sample of 332 women before entering a medium-sized Southern university. Predictors reported in the literature to be associated with sexual assault and date rape were explored by utilizing a sexual experiences survey developed to determine the level of individual sexual victimization. Specifically, risk factors, attitudinal scales, and an assertiveness schedule were utilized for analysis with sexual victimization. The findings revealed that early childhood sexual assault, alcohol/drug use, adversarial sexual beliefs, and assertiveness were statistically related to increased levels of sexual victimization including date rape.
Stratigraphic sequence of the Gile Mountain and Waits River Formations near Royalton, Vermont

The stratigraphic sequence of the Gile Mountain and Waits River Formations, two major Silurian-Devonian lithostratigraphic units in eastern Vermont, has long been controversial. This uncertainty has given rise to numerous difficulties in interpreting the regional structure of eastern Vermont. Extensive sequences of compositionally graded beds at 19 localities across the Gile Mountain belt near Royalton, Vermont, show that the Gile Mountain Formation is younger than the Waits River Formation, indicating that the belt is a syncline.
Pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy foals and therapeutic drug monitoring in hospitalized equine neonates.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy neonates, to determine amikacin concentrations in hospitalized foals, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amikacin against gram-negative isolates from blood cultures in septic foals. Median half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of amikacin in healthy 2- to 3-day-old foals after administration of an intravenous bolus of amikacin (25 mg/kg) were 5.07 hours (4.86-5.45 hours), 1.82 mL/min/kg (1.35-1.97 mL/min/kg), and 0.785 L/kg (0.638-0.862 L/kg), respectively. Statistically significant (P or = 3 microg/mL between the 2 groups. An initial dose at 25 mg/kg is recommended for once-daily amikacin in equine neonates.
1817 HYPERINFLATION (AIRTRAPPING) AS A STIMULANT OF ADH RESPONSE IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC ASTHMA

Elevation of plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels during status asthmaticus is well documented. The physiologic mechanisms responsible for the hormone release include hypovolemia, diminished left atrial filling due to hypoxemia and vasoconstriction from bronchospasm, stress and the role of adrenergic agents. We postulated that hyperinflation (airtrapping) in a chronic asthmatic child could reduce left atrial filling by mechanical forces and so increase the ADH response. The study included 12 chronic asthmatic children (age range:10–15 years, Sex:m:f::8:4). All bronchodilators were discontinued at least 24 hours before the study which consisted of measurement of lung functions including airway resistance and total lung capacities by body plethysmography. In addition, blood was collected for plasma ADH levels, serum and urine osmolalities. 9/12 children had 6–8 fold increase in plasma ADH levels (N-up to 1.7 mU/ml) with normal airway resistance and >120% of predicted normals for total lung capacities. 4/12 had normal lung functions with normal levels of plasma ADH levels. 4/9 children with elevated ADH levels were given furosemide to induce diuresis and this had no effect on either the plasma ADH levels nor the lung functions. In conclusion, 1. hyperinflation in itself produces ADH response 2. whether the hormone causes a negative effect on the lungs by shift in the water balance remains to be studied and 3. diuresis appears to have no effect on either the hormonal response or improving the lung functions.
Insertion of membrane proteins into discoidal membranes using a cell-free protein expression approach.

We report a cell-free approach for expressing and inserting integral membrane proteins into water-soluble particles composed of discoidal apolipoprotein−lipid bilayers. Proteins are inserted into the particles, circumventing the need of extracting and reconstituting the product into membrane vesicles. Moreover, the planar nature of the membrane support makes the protein freely accessible from both sides of the lipid bilayer. Complexes are successfully purified by means of the apoplipoprotein component or by the carrier protein. The method significantly enhances the solubility of a variety of membrane proteins with different functional roles and topologies. Analytical assays for a subset of model membrane proteins indicate that proteins are correctly folded and active. The approach provides a platform amenable to high-throughput structural and functional characterization of a variety of traditionally intractable drug targets.
Executive Insights: Exploring the Practical Effects of Country of Origin, Animosity, and Price–Quality Issues: Two Case Studies of Taiwan and Acer in China

Abstract The authors review relevant literature and present two new case studies—one of Taiwan's country image campaign and the other of Acer's entry into global markets—to gain a further understanding of two related constructs, country of origin (from the field of international marketing) and animosity (from the field of consumer behavior). The authors formulate four research propositions and discuss them in reference to the two case studies. They show how the Taiwanese government has used various marketing and advertising strategies to create a positive country image and how Acer has mitigated negative country-of-origin effects and animosity in world markets, especially in China.
From dynamic super types to subjects: a natural way to specify and develop systems

When we understand, specify, and develop systems, we use certain concepts and constructs to deal with complexity. Object-oriented (OO) approaches provide good ways for doing so. However, many existing OO approaches (perhaps based on object models used in existing OO languages) cannot solve important problems encountered in large and complex systems. For example, we often have to deal with properties of “things” that cannot be represented in a neat hierarchy. Some of these properties may significantly change with time. Moreover, many of these properties refer to collections of objects without identifying a single object as “owner” of each property. The authors of this technical note have separately proposed approaches for solving these problems, but at very different stages of the development life cycle. However, the underlying concepts of these approaches are so close that they can be successfully combined to provide a common solution that encompasses all stages of the life cycle.
Effect of Heat Stress on the Potassium Requirement of the Hen

Abstract Four diets were formulated with potassium levels ranging from 0.4 to 1.0% and each diet was fed to laying hens at temperatures of 26.7, 32.2, and 37.8 degrees C. Analyses for potassium in the plasma, egg, and excreta and potassium retained were used to determine the effects of heat stress on the potassium balance of laying hens. Urine potassium data from a surgically-altered hen provided insight into urinary excretion of potassium under conditions of heat stress. Regression analyses of the data obtained indicated that temperature significantly influenced plasma potassium concentrations, while egg and excreta potassium concentrations and the amount of potassium retained were not significantly influenced by temperature. The data suggest that 0.4% potassium in the diet is adequate for meeting potassium requirements under conditions of heat stress. However, 0.6% dietary potassium may be a more suitable level for assurance against a potassium imbalance at elevated temperatures. One percent dietary potassium appears to be an excessive level.
Syntheses of 1,2-distributed adamantanes

Abstract Electrophilically-catalyzed reactions of 4-exo- and 4-endo-epoxymethyleneprotoadamantane (1) and of 4-protoadamantanone (2) provided a variety of 1,2-disubstituted adamantanes. Reactions of 1 with Lewis acids such as aluminum chloride, bromide and iodide at -78 °C afforded 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-l-(hydroxymethyl)adamantanes in excellent yields. An interesting fluoride ion transfer took place when 1 was reacted with boron trifluoride to form 2-fluoro-l-(hydroxymethyl)adamantane. The reaction of 1 with benzene in the presence of aluminum bromide produced l-(hydroxymethyl)-2- phenyladamantane in 70% yield. From the acid-catalyzed addition and rearrangement of 2 with hydrohalic acids there were obtained excellent yields of 2-halo-l-adamantanols and 1,2-dihaloadamantanes. 2-Halo-l-adamantanols served as starting materials for the synthesis of twelve additional 1,2- dihaloadamantanes. The boron trifluoride catalyzed reaction of 2 with acetic anhydride furnished 1,2-diacetoxyadamantane in 84% yield. Mechanisms for these various reactions are discussed.
Theory of in situ Measurement of Wave-Vector-Dependent Dynamic Susceptibility and ESR Spectroscopy Using the AC Josephson Effect

The elementary theory of in situ measurements of the wave-vector-dependent dynamic susceptibility chi(q,..omega..) in superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) and superconductor--normal-metal--superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions is presented in some detail. The theory for more complicated SISN and SINS junctions is also described. In addition, the theory of point-contact and superconducting quantum interference device geometries, relevant to the recent experiments of Baberschke, Bures, and Barnes is developed. Involved is a detailed application of the Maxwell and London equations along with the distributed Josephson effect. In a measurement of chi(q,..omega..), the frequency ..omega.. is determined by the relation 2eV/sub 0/ = h-dash-bar..omega.. where V/sub 0/ is the voltage applied across the junction, and the wave vector q is determined by the relation 2edB/sub 0/ = h-dash-barq where d is the effective width of the junction and B/sub 0/ is the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the direction of the current. The relative merits of the different types of junctions are discussed and the expected signal strengths are estimated. The limitations for the maximum measurable frequency and wave vector are also given. It seems probable that the proposed technique can be used to measure spin-wave branches from zero wave vector up to about 10% of the waymore » to the Brillouin zone edge.« less
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans as mediators of axon growth and pathfinding

This review focuses primarily on studies concerning the potential roles of two nervous-tissue-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, viz., neurocan and phosphacan, in cell interactions and neurite growth in the developing central nervous system. The multiple ligands of these proteoglycans and the modulatory effects of various types of glycosylation are also considered. Other chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, such as NG2, DSD-1, Cat-301, versican, and biglycan, are briefly discussed in relation to the functional properties that have been ascribed to them.
Urocortin 2 Lowers Blood Pressure and Reduces Plasma Catecholamine Levels in Mice with Hyperadrenergic Activity

Exaggerated adrenergic activity is associated with human hypertension. The peptide urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) inhibits catecholamine synthesis and secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells in vitro and administration to mammals lowers blood pressure (BP). The chromogranin A-null mouse (Chga-/-) manifests systemic hypertension because of excessive catecholamine secretion from the adrenal and decreased catecholamine storage. In the present study, we investigated whether systemic administration of Ucn 2 could reduce BP and adrenal and plasma levels of catecholamines in vivo. Ucn 2 peptide was administered to freely moving, conscious Chga-/- and wild-type control mice. Telemetry and HPLC measured changes in BP and catecholamine levels, respectively. In both groups of mice, Ucn 2 dose-dependently decreased BP, and this effect was mediated by corticotropin factor-receptor type 2. However, in Chga-/- mice, the maximal percentage decrease of systolic BP from basal systolic BP was 37% compared with only a 23% reduction in wild-type mice (P=0.04). In Chga-/- mice only, Ucn 2 decreased adrenal and plasma levels of catecholamines as well as adrenal levels of tyrosine hydroxylase protein and phosphorylation. In vitro mechanistic studies demonstrated that Ucn 2 reduces both catecholamine secretion and tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity, suggesting that the exaggerated action of Ucn 2 to reduce BP in the Chga-/- mouse is mediated through inhibition of both catecholamine synthesis and secretion. The data suggest that Ucn 2 may be therapeutically useful in regulating the exaggerated sympathoadrenal function of hyperadrenergic hypertension.
Spatial and temporal variations in species occurrence rate affect the accuracy of occurrence models

Aim Predictive models of species occurrence have potential for prioritizing areas for competing land uses. Before widespread application, however, it is necessary to evaluate performance using independent data and effective accuracy measures. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the effects of species occurrence rate on model accuracy, (2) assess the effects of spatial and temporal variation in occurrence rate on model accuracy, and (3) determine if the number of predictor variables affected model accuracy. Location We predicted the distributions of breeding birds in three adjacent mountain ranges in the Great Basin (Nevada, USA). Methods For each of 18 species, we developed separate models using five different data sets — one set for each of 2 years (to address the effects of temporal variation), and one set for each of three possible pairs of mountain ranges (to address the effects of spatial variation). We evaluated each model with an independent data set using four accuracy measures: discrimination ability [area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)], correct classification rate (CCR), proportion of presences correctly classified (sensitivity), and proportion of absences correctly classified (specificity). Results Discrimination ability was not affected by occurrence rate, whereas the other three accuracy measures were significantly affected. CCR, sensitivity and specificity were affected by species occurrence rate in the evaluation data sets to a greater extent than in the model-building data sets. Discrimination ability was the only accuracy measure affected by the number of variables in a model. Main conclusions Te mporal variation in species occurrence appeared to have a greater impact than did spatial variation. When temporal variation in species distributions is great, the relative costs of omission and commission errors should be assessed and long-term census data should be examined before using predictive models of occurrence in a management setting.
Conversion to Islam and the Promotion of ‘Modern’ Islamic Schools in Ghana

AbstractThis article analyzes the transformation of Islamic education from makaranta (schools for the study of the Qurʾān) to what are called English/Arabic schools, which combine Islamic studies with a British curriculum taught in the English language. These schools were initially founded in coastal Ghana during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, primarily by missionaries who had converted from Christianity and had had English-language education or by agents of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission based in London. The purposes of these schools were to provide instruction to allow young people to be competitive in the colonial, Christian-influenced social and economic structure, and to promote conversion to Islam among the coastal populations. New Islamic missionary organizations developed throughout the colonial and postcolonial eras to fulfill these purposes, and English/Arabic schools were integrated into the national educational system by the end of the twentieth century. Indigenous and transnational governmental organizations competed by establishing schools in order to promote Islamic ideas and practices and to integrate Ghanaian Muslims into the wider Muslim world.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation impacts translated to the watershed scale: Estuarine salinity patterns along the Texas Gulf Coast, 1982 to 2004

Abstract The importance of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on regional-scale climate variability is well recognized, although the communication of this atmospheric signal onto the watershed and ultimately estuarine salinity structure at the bay system level is less understood. The Texas coast, situated in a climatic gradient, is an ideal location to study ENSO influences on estuaries. The seven major estuaries found on the coast share similar physical properties, yet each one is maintained by a hydrologically isolated watershed. Inflow differences maintain estuaries spanning the range from positive, to neutral, to negative. Three monthly measures of ENSO indices (Nino 3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly, atmospheric Southern Oscillation sea level pressure anomaly, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation sea surface temperature anomaly) were related to estuarine-wide average salinities during the period 1982–2004. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis revealed that most of the variation in salinity is related primarily to five fundamental frequencies (1.02, 1.94, 3.55, 5.33, and 10.67 years), and these periodicities closely correspond with frequencies related to the ENSO measures. Cross-correlation analysis showed the ENSO signals are communicated to the salinity structure of Texas estuaries within a 4- to 6-month timeframe. Despite having very different underlying salinity regimes, the seven estuaries of the Texas coast appear to be operating in near unison to the low frequency forcing signals of ENSO. Current water management in Texas focuses much attention on maintaining estuarine salinity conditions at a monthly, bi-monthly, or seasonal scale. At this temporal resolution, water resource management efforts may not adequately address the important ENSO-driven periodicities governing coastal estuarine salinity patterns.
Identification of minimal clinically important difference scores of the PedsQL in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To establish minimal clinically important difference (MCID) scores representing the smallest detectable change in quality of life (QOL), using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Generic Core and Diabetes Module among youth with diabetes and their parents, and to identify demographic and clinical correlates of QOL change over 1 year. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study aged >5 years and parents of youth aged RESULTS The sample comprised 5,004 youth (mean age, 12.5 ± 4.7 years; mean diabetes duration, 3.4 ± 3.7 years). Of 100 possible points, PedsQL total score MCIDs for youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, were Generic Core, 4.88, 6.27 (parent); 4.72, 5.41 (youth); Diabetes Module, 4.54, 6.06 (parent); 5.27, 5.96 (youth). Among 1,402 youth with a follow-up visit, lower baseline QOL, male sex, private insurance, having type 1 diabetes, longer diabetes duration, and better glycemic control predicted improvements in youth- and parent-reported PedsQL total scores over 1 year. Clinically meaningful (≥1 MCID) improvements in total score for at least one PedsQL module were predicted by private insurance, lower BMI, and lower A1C at baseline. CONCLUSIONS These diabetes-specific reference points to interpret clinically meaningful change in PedsQL scores can be used in clinical care and research for youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Expression of Stem and Germ Cell Markers Within Nonfollicle Structures in Adult Mouse Ovary

Recent studies have suggested that germline stem cells may generate new follicles in the adult murine ovary. In this study, the authors use a pou5f1-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mouse model to study the expression of stem and germ cell markers in adult murine ovaries. Immunohistochemical analyses and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression of mouse vasa homologue, stem cells factor receptor, stage-specific embryonic antigen 1, synaptonemal complex proteins, disrupted meiotic, and growth differentiation factor-9 in GFP+ ovarian tissues. GFP+ cell aggregates of nonfollicle structures were identified and isolated from adult B6.CBA-Tg(pou5f1-EGFP)2Mnn/J transgenic mouse ovaries. This study shows the presence of cell aggregates that are distinct from ovarian follicles and are coexpressing germline and stem cell surface markers in adult murine ovaries. These cell aggregates may represent a mixed population of germ cells and germline stem cells. Further research is necessary to evaluate the plasticity of the potential stem cell population in these cell aggregates.
The watershed manipulation project: Case study of an inter laboratory comparison program

A major quality assurance challenge for interdisciplinary, multi‐institutional, environmental research projects is assessing and achieving interlaboratory comparability. As part of the US EPAs Watershed Manipulation Project, eight laboratories routinely measure chemical constituents of various field and laboratory‐derived solution samples. A quarterly interlaboratory comparison study has been designed by EPA quality assurance personnel in Corvallis, OR (USA) to assess: (1) ?nfralaboratory precision and bias, (2) inferlaboratory precision, and (3) trends through time. Synthetic solution samples are prepared quarterly and sent via overnight express to participating laboratories. For each analyte, laboratories are requested to perform analyses in triplicate with each replicate measured under different calibrations; precision calculated from resulting data therefore includes a component of among‐batch variability. Relative bias is calculated as the percent difference between a laboratory's mean and the median...
Preparative purification of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin

Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) isolated from bovine Escherichia coli strains was purified to homogeneity by growing the bacterial strains in a chemically defined medium, desalting, and concentrating the culture filtrate by batch adsorption chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 resin, batch adsorption chromatography on reversed-phase silica, and preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This rapid preparative purification scheme gave high recovery yields of pure STa which exhibited biochemical homology to STa purified by more complicated procedures.
How the public successes of a poetic scientist—Humphry Davy (1778–1829)—changed English literature

Abstract Focusing upon the career of the English anesthetist/chemist Humphry Davy (1778–1829) and the poets William Wordsworth (1770–1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834), and Percy Shelley (1792–1822), this paper notes the similarities between the poets and scientists of the early Romantic period, and claims that their polymathic audience understood them as such. Coincidentally, poets and scientists began to professionalize during this period. Using Magali Larson's sociological model of professional development, I argue that Romantic poets and scientists were forced to differentiate themselves when it became clear that they were competing for the same professional jurisdictions, which included being the Wise Men and benefactors of society. This competition generated and naturalized the false assumption that poets and scientists are different kinds of people and led to the “Two Cultures” thesis which has become a basic—but not always felicitous—assumption in Western society. Why the poets' and scientists' march to professionalism resulted in Davy's triumph and science's evolution as the dominant discourse and epistemology in the West is explained. Noting that many of the important formal and linguistic innovations of the Romantic writers were based upon the poets' friendship and rivalry with Davy, this paper claims that Davy and the popularization of science in the early part of the 19th century helped to change English literature forever.
Development and Evaluation of a Stream Channel Classification for Estimating Fish Responses to Changing Streamflow

Abstract Current approaches to assessing the potential effects of river regulation and water use on stream fish communities are based on physical habitat simulation and are not feasible for estimating these effects over large spatial scales. We developed a channel classification for streams in the lower Flint River basin, Georgia, based on gross channel morphology and geology and evaluated its usefulness at 23 study sites representing the four channel types in the basin. Our channel classification separated stream channel types based on dominant geology (upland residuum versus Ocala limestone) and channel form (confined versus unconfined). Fish were sampled and habitat measured at the study sites in spring, summer, and winter from 2001 to 2004, a period that included some of the lowest and highest seasonal flows ever recorded. The channel types differed with respect to diurnal variability in temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration as well as habitat characteristics (substrate, large wood). Statisti...
Conceptual design of a permanent quadrupole magnet with adjustable strength

Abstract The conceptual design of a quadrupole magnet is described that uses both permanent magnet material and soft iron. The quadrupole gradient can be adjusted without affecting the field distribution, and the basic design principle can be used to build dipole and other multipole magnets.
Convection in a rotating spherical annulus with a uniform axial gravitational field

Abstract The steady combined convection of a Boussinesq fluid enclosed between two concentric rotating spheres is analytically investigated. The spheres rotate at constant rates and are maintained at uniform, but unequal temperatures. A uniform gravity field acts parallel to the rotation axis. The governing equations are solved using a partial spectral expansion method. This method provides solutions for Reynolds and Prandtl numbers significantly larger than currently available. The general nature of the flow field is shown to depend on the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, and the Grashof number (presented in the ratio Gr Re 2 ). Increasing any or all of these parameters causes enhanced convective heat transfer and an increase in the torque required to rotate the spheres. The secondary flow field is strongly dependent on the ratio Gr Re 2 , approaching the single-eddy pattern of natural convection as Gr Re 2 becomes large.
Knowledge of laws regulating issues related to HIV and AIDS: development of the HIV/AIDS and the law scale.

42 middle-aged and older adults, ranging in age from 51 to 85 years, completed 10 items dealing with the assessment of knowledge regarding laws regulating issues related to HIV and AIDS. Participan...
Comparison of polysomnographic data in age-, sex- and Axis I psychiatric diagnosis matched HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative insomnia patients.

Abstract Objective There is a high prevalence of insomnia in HIV-seropositive patients. Insomnia is associated with poorer disease outcomes, cognitive impairment and HIV-associated dementia. However there is limited data characterizing the type of sleep disturbances, and the cause. Previous studies report conflicting results, and observed changes in the distribution of REM and SWS were hypothesized to result from co-morbid mood disorders, although this is not established. We carried out this study to determine if there are differences in polysomnographic (PSG) sleep data in age-, sex- and Axis I diagnoses- matched HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative patients. Methods Eighteen HIV-seropositive insomniacs were matched to HIV-seronegative insomniacs based on age, sex and Axis I diagnoses. Participants spent 2 consecutive nights in a sleep lab recording of PSG data. Results Multivariate analysis revealed an overall significant match-by-variable interaction ( p =0.0126). Follow-up analysis show that compared to HIV-seronegative insomnia controls, HIV-seropositive insomniacs have significantly longer SOL, 8% decreased sleep efficiency, and 8–10% decreased time spent in REM sleep ( p 's Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence that even after accounting for differences in age, sex and psychiatric diagnoses, HIV-seropositive patients with insomnia have significantly worse sleep than HIV-seronegative patients with insomnia. Significance Unlike what previous authors have proposed, our results do not support the view that comorbid psychiatric disorders like depression are responsible for the observed differences in PSG findings and the greater incidence of insomnia, in HIV-seropositive patients when compared with other groups of insomnia patients. This suggests the presence of other etiologies including neuronal damage, psychosocial stressors, or comorbid medical conditions. Further studies are needed to determine the extent to which these play a role in insomnia in the HIV-seropositive population.
The modeling of gas-bubble driven circulations systems.

A mathematical model is presented of the turbulent recirculating two-phase flow in gas-stirred systems. Conservation equations are solved for each phase variables and these are connected through interaction parameters. Allowance is made both for the direct influence of bubble transport on the turbulence field and the additional generation of turbulence energy at the liquid/gas interphase. In addition, the plume shape is a direct result of the computation rather than being prescribed a priori. Computed flowfields are presented for both air-water and nitrogen-steel systems. The air-water results compare well with established measurements of gas fraction and mean velocities. The steel system results seem to suggest that gas plumes in metals may be narrower than in water.
T-cell subsets and T-cell receptor Vβ utilization by Igh-1-congenic mice in herpetic retinal necrosis

• Background: After unilateral anterior chamber (AC) inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), C.B-17 and BALB/c congenic mice, which differ only in a limited region around the Igh-1 locus on chromosome 12, show a striking difference in susceptibility to development of encephalitis and contralateral necrotizing chorioretinitis. • Methods: After AC inoculation with HSV-1 (KOS), C.B-17 and BALB/c mice were followed up for the clinical signs of encephalitis and chorioretinitis. At different time points following inoculation, lymphocytes isolated from the spleen were triple-stained with antibodies directed against CD4 or CD8, IL-2R, and various V β T-cell receptor (TCR) subsets, and were analyzed by flow cytometry. • Results: These Igh-l-disparate congenic mice showed differences in the time course of splenic V β T-cell receptor (TCR) usage in both CD4+, IL-2R+ and CD8+, IL-2R+ T cells. By day 1 post infection (p.i.), C.B-17 mice showed an increase of V β 8 and V β 9 TCR by both CD4+, IL-2R+ and CD8+, IL-2R+ splenic T cells. Susceptible BALB/c mice delayed the increase of splenic V β 8 and V β 9 TCR by CD4+, IL-2R+ T cells, which was noted by day 4 p.i. Furthermore, in BALB/c mice the usage of V β 9 by CD8+ cells was increased by day 6 p.i. • Conclusions: Our findings indicate that early preferential splenic usage of a restricted repertoire of TCR occurs after ocular inoculation with HSV-1 in resistant C.B-17 mice. Such preferential TCR usage by activated T cells may prevent viral replication in the brain and contralateral eye and may be linked to protection from development of encephalitis and destructive herpes-mediated ocular inflammation.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : XII. A COMPARISON OF THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY PENICILLIUM AND BY A SOLUTION OF DEXTROSE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.

A neutral solution of dextrose and hydrogen peroxide acts like Penicillium chrysogenum in producing an increased amount of CO 2 upon the addition of acid, but not upon the addition of alkali.
Health benefits of adapting cleaner brick manufacturing technologies in Dhaka, Bangladesh

A total of 1,000 kilns producing 3.5 billion bricks and consuming 0.85 million tons of coal per year resulted in an estimated 2,200 to 4,000 premature deaths and 0.2 to 0.5 million asthma attacks per year in the Greater Dhaka region. In this paper, the emission reductions and health cost savings are presented for moving to cleaner brick manufacturing technologies for the districts of Gazipur, Savar, Dhamrai, Rupganj, Manikganj, Kaliganj, and Narayanganj. A summary of various technologies and feasibility of these technologies based on lessons learnt from the pilots is discussed. We explored three “what-if” scenarios through 2020 for better energy efficiency, lower coal consumption, and lower emission rates, under which the total health cost savings are estimated to range between USD12 million annually for short-term implementation and up to 55 million annually for long-term implementation. Between 2015 and 2020, the cumulative health cost savings could range between USD126 and 234 million, which clearly outweigh any cost of capital investment necessary for the technology change. An improvement in energy efficiency will result in USD1.8 to 3.0 million per year in coal savings, which will accrue to the kiln owners collectively, and these savings will pay back the capital investment within 3–4 years, in addition to the health cost savings for the city inhabitants. Hence, the entrepreneurs have all the social, environmental, and economic incentives to adopt cleaner technologies. A major gap at the regulatory level is in building awareness for the entrepreneurs and setting up an incentive structure to implement this transition, which is being addressed by an advisory committee by the Government of Bangladesh responsible for the revision of the Brick Burning Act of 1989 and related legislations.
Strong positivity of solutions to parabolic and elliptic equations on nonsmooth domains

Nonnegativity of weak solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations on nonsmooth domains is established. Strong positivity of weak solutions to elliptic equations is proved via a boundary weak Harnack inequality.