cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer of dilute alumina, zinc oxide, and diamond nanofluids at atmospheric pressure

Abstract A nanofluid is a colloidal suspension of nano-scale particles in water, or other base fluids. Previous pool boiling studies have shown that nanofluids can improve the critical heat flux (CHF) by as much as 200%. In a previous paper, we reported on subcooled flow boiling CHF experiments with low concentrations of alumina, zinc oxide, and diamond nanoparticles in water (≤0.1% by volume) at atmospheric pressure, which revealed a substantial CHF enhancement (∼40–50%) at the highest mass flux ( G = 2500 kg/m 2 s) and concentration (0.1 vol.%) for all nanoparticle materials ( Kim et al., 2009 ). In this paper, we focus on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient data collected in the same tests. It was found that for comparable test conditions the values of the nanofluid and water heat transfer coefficient are similar (within ±20%). The heat transfer coefficient increased with mass flux and heat flux for water and nanofluids alike, as expected in flow boiling. A confocal microscopy-based examination of the test section revealed that nanoparticle deposition on the boiling surface occurred during nanofluid boiling. Such deposition changes the number of micro-cavities on the surface, but also changes the surface wettability. A simple model was used to estimate the ensuing nucleation site density changes, but no definitive correlation between the nucleation site density and the heat transfer coefficient data could be found.
Development of the spinocerebellar projection in the prenatal mouse

An abundance of information is available concerning the spinocerebellar projection in adult mammals. However, only a few studies have attempted a developmental analysis of this important projection system in early postnatal and/or prenatal animals. The present study provides an analysis of the development of the projection from the spinal cord to the cerebellum in fetal mice using anterograde tracing techniques in an in vitro preparation. After applications of biocytin to the caudal cervical spinal cord, anterogradely labelled fibers were present in the brainstem of embryonic day 12 (E12/13) mice, however, there was no indication of label in the cerebellum. At E13/14, labelled fibers were evident in the rostrolateral portions of the cerebellum/isthmus region. By E15/16, labelled spinocerebellar fibers had progressed farther into the cerebellum and were seen crossing the midline in a very superficial position. At older ages, the number of crossing fibers increased, and they became more ventrally positioned within the cerebellum. At E17/18 and E18/19, labelled spinocerebellar fibers were observed to branch and invade deeper portions of the cerebellum including the cerebellar nuclei. However, at E18/19, there was no indication of the parasagittal organization characteristic of this projection in the adult animal. The results of this study indicate that spinocerebellar fibers are present within the cerebellum significantly earlier than the development and differentiation of their primary targets, the granule cells. Furthermore, these data suggest that spinocerebellar fibers may form associations with cerebellar nuclear cells during fetal development. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mesolithic of Western Europe

Recent investigations of prefarming adaptations during the Mesolithic period in early Holocene Europe have led to significant revision of traditional views. A number of innovations and changes occur, particularly toward the end of the Mesolithic, that permit this time to be described as both dynamic and extraordinary. Permanent settlement and the use of domesticated animals, exchange, and, perhaps, cultivated plants and monumental tombs characterize a number of later Mesolithic adaptations. The transition to the Neolithic is now regarded as the result of in situ developments in most areas of Western Europe, as Mesolithic groups slowly adopted pottery, cultigens, and other characteristics of farming villagers. In this paper, questions regarding chronology, nomenclature, and the definition of terms are addressed initially. Changes in European environments at the close of the Pleistocene and during the early postglacial are considered in terms of major impacts on human adaptation. The central focus of this study is a survey of the Mesolithic in Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Recent research projects in these areas are discussed in terms of new approaches and results. An overview of developments in these countries is also presented, emphasizing the transitions from the Paleolithic and into the Neolithic. Concluding remarks address future directions in Mesolithic research.
Detection of chromosomal abnormalities in the dysmorphic fetus using fluorescence in situ hybridization: Evaluation for monosomy X genotype

Abstract The cytogenetic abnormalities of dysmorphic fetuses who died in utero cannot be analyzed reliably by karyotyping. To overcome this obstacle, the authors applied fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of two female infants and 13 female fetuses whose phenotypic features suggested possible Turner's syndrome. Previous cytogenetic evaluation of the amnionic fluid showed five were 45,XO karyotype; two were 46,XX karyotype; and eight were of unknown karyotype. Karyotyping had been attempted on four of the unknown cases without success. The copy number of X chromosomes were correctly identified by FISH in all previously karyotyped cases. Of the remaining eight cases with unknown karyotype, three appeared to be XX, and five cases were identified as monosomy XO, confirming the suspicion of Turner's syndrome genotype. FISH is useful for confirming suspected Turner's syndrome genotypes in infants and macerated fetuses in which a karyotype cannot be obtained otherwise.
TH‐C‐M100E‐09: Assessment of Skin Dose for Breast Chest Wall Radiotherapy as a Function of Bolus Material

Purpose:Skindose assessment to the chest wall is important to ensure sufficient dose to the near‐surface target volume without undue skin reaction. Bolus is often used for a portion of the treatment course, but removed if clinically necessary because of skin toxicity. This study quantifies changes to the surface dose as a function of bolus material for conventional and IMRT techniques using a thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) extrapolation technique. Methods and Materials: Three types of bolus materials (2mm solid, 2mm fine mesh, and 3.2mm large mesh aquaplasts) were compared with Superflab (Med‐Tec). Surface dosemeasurements were performed using the Attix (parallel‐plate) chamber in a flat solid water phantom with the bolus materials for 10×10 cm2 and 10×20 cm2 jaw fields at 00, 450 and 700 incident angles. The Attix chamber measurements were used to validate the TLD extrapolation technique (0.89, 0.38, 0.15 mm thicknesses). TLDs were used to measure the surface dose on an anthropomorphic phantom for conventional and IMRT tangential fields. Results: Surface dose increased with increasing angles and field sizes. Oblique incidence has a larger influence on the surface when no bolus is present (from 20% to 48% for 10×10 cm2). The skindose of solid 2mm aquaplast was larger than that of fine mesh aquaplast (22% for 10×10cm2−00 incidence, and 11% for 10×10cm2−700 incidence). Compared to conventional tangential fields, the skindose for IMRT decreased ∼5%. For the conventional tangential fields, skindoses of fine mesh, solid, and large mesh aquaplasts were 21%, 11% and 9% less than that of superflab, respectively. For IMRT fields, skindoses were 22%, 12% and 10% less than that of superflab, respectively. Conclusion: For chest wall radiotherapy, the bolus type can be selected to compromise near‐skin target dose vs skin tolerance dose for optimal clinical outcome.
Design and performance evaluation of an associative memory with distributed control

Abstract An associative memory for retrieving words in sorted order (value-ordered retrieval) and for extremum search is presented. The associative memory is based on a simple cellular architecture, with control distributed over each cell instead of centralized in the memory controller. Therefore, each operation has a short delay and the memory is very suitable for VLSI implementation. In addition to describing the algorithm and hardware design, we evaluate the speed of the memory by analytical and simulation methods with two performance measures: (1) the time required to retrieve all responders (value-ordered retrieval) and (2) the time required to retrieve only the largest responder (extremum search). We demonstrate that the speed is better in both cases than in the fastest methods described in the literature.
NBTI-aware DVFS: a new approach to saving energy and increasing processor lifetime

Scaling process technology necessitates the introduction of wide design-time guard bands that ensure lifetime reliability as circuits wear out over time. In this paper, we show how to utilize this knowledge of the guard band and a predictive model to absolutely improve processor power consumption and lifetime without impacting the processor performance against Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) degradation. For the first time, we evaluate the long-term potential and impact of NBTI-aware job-to-core mapping quantitatively and account for process variations in the system. Our approach saves up to 16% of the dynamic energy consumed and improve lifetime by two years.
Minorities and Endogenous Segregation

A theoretical analysis is proposed of segregation as an equilibrium phenomenon in a randommatching model of the marriage market. Otherwise identical partners possess a pay-off-irrelevant characteristic, colour. We derive the set of colour-blind equilibria and show that they are generically constrained inefficient. Equilibrium segregation strategies are strategies that condition actions on the type of match. It is shown that distributions of types exist such that segregation equilibrium pay-offs Pareto dominate colour-blind pay-offs. For other distributions, segregation also generates conflict, where the majority unambiguously gains, while the minority group may lose. Giving preferential treatment, that is, minority bias, can increase overall welfare.
A consistent valuation and pricing framework for non-commodity outputs : Progress and prospects

The non-commodity outputs of multifunctional agriculture are richly detailed in terms of type, quantity, quality, and accessibility to demanders. An ideal valuation and pricing framework must be sensitive to these details, while dealing consistently with programs varying widely in scale and scope. A consistent valuation and pricing framework is outlined, in which multifunctional agriculture programs generate values (not directly, but via effects that modify the quantity and quality of valued services), and these values (reflecting quantity, quality, and location of services produced) are implemented at the farm level as green prices. Economic valuation methods for non-commodity services are introduced, the empirical literature is summarized, methods of generalizing from that literature are discussed, and the current state of empirical knowledge is assessed. Some strategies are suggested for systematically assessing the economic value of non-commodity outputs of agriculture, and some principles for effectively implementing MFA policy at the farm level are offered.
Control of grain growth using intergranular silicate phases in cubic yttria stabilized zirconia

Abstract Grain growth kinetics for 8 mol% yttria stabilized cubic zirconia (8Y–CSZ) were investigated. Optimal process parameters required to achieve a small grain size and full density for cubic 8Y–CSZ included a rapid heating rate (100°C/min) and hot isostatic pressing. Grain growth rates could also be controlled by the deliberate addition of 1 wt% of intergranular phases of borosilicate, barium silicate, and lithium aluminum silicate glasses. Lithium aluminum silicate, the intergranular phase with the highest solubility for yttria and zirconia, enhanced grain growth compared to control samples without grain boundary phases. The borosilicate intergranular phase, with the lowest solubility for yttria and zirconia, was the most effective in suppressing grain growth. Activation energies for grain growth were in the range of 400 kJ/mol, and the grain growth exponent ranged from 2 for lithium aluminum silicate containing samples, to 3 for pure samples, to 4 for barium silicate and borosilicate containing samples.
Determining protein loop conformation using scaling‐relaxation techniques

We recently developed a rapid loop closure algorithm in which bond lengths are scaled to constrain the ends of a segment to match a known distance and then gradually relaxed to their standard values, with boundary constraints maintained. Although the algorithm predicted the Zif286 zinc-finger loop to within approximately 2 A, it had a serious limitation that made its more general use tentative: it omitted the atomic environment of the loop. Here we report an extension of the algorithm to take into account the protein environment surrounding a given loop from the outset of the conformational search and show that it predicts structure with an efficiency and accuracy that could not be achieved without continuous environmental inclusion. The algorithm should be widely applicable to structure determination when complete experimental information is unavailable.
The regulation of the synthesis of β-galactosidase in Proteus mirabilis F-lac

Abstract The transfer of the F- lac episome from Escherichia coli into Proteus mirabilis resulted in the anomalous regulation of β-galactosidase (β- d -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) synthesis: the relative efficiencies of various inducers differed from those in E. coli ; the level of enzyme in P. mirabilis F- lac o c was intermediate but could not be further increased by inducer; a high basal level of enzyme persisted in P. mirabilis F- lac i s . This anomalous regulation was shown to be a function of the cytoplasmic environment of the episomes. It is proposed that the repressor molecule in P. mirabilis F- lac + is conformationally different from that in E. coli .
The role of benzodiazepine receptors in the discriminative stimulus properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 3.0 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from its vehicle. Following acquisition of this discrimination animals were tested for generalization to 3.0 mg/kg diazepam. Thirteen animals showed a generalization from THC to diazepam, whereas the remaining seven animals did not. The generalization curve for diazepam was dose-dependent from 0.1 to 10.0 mg/kg in the first group; the latter group showed no generalization from THC at any dose of diazepam in this range. No differences were found between these groups in the generalization curve for THC. The benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 (2.0 mg/kg) antagonized the generalization to diazepam in the group that discriminated diazepam as THC. In contrast, Ro 15-1788 increased THC lever responding of 10 mg/kg diazepam in the group which did not generalize from THC. Ro 15-1788 did not alter the discriminability of THC in either group. THC also showed partial generalization to pentobarbital (1 to 10 mg/kg). The generalization was again complete in one subgroup and absent in another, but there was only a 43 percent overlap between the subgroups found with testing for generalization to diazepam. The percent THC lever responding with 3.0 mg/kg pentobarbital was increased by Ro 15-1788 in the group which generalized to diazepam, but not the other group. These data suggest that the discriminative stimulus properties of THC may have some commonality with the effects of diazepam in a subpopulation of rats trained to discriminate THC. These THC-like effects of diazepam are probably mediated by benzodiazepine receptors since they are antagonized by a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist.
Currents Limited by Space Charge between Concentric Spheres

Limiting current between concentric spheres; calculation of the function $\ensuremath{\alpha}=f(\frac{r}{{r}_{0}})$ in the space charge equation $i=(\frac{4\sqrt{2}}{9})\frac{\sqrt{(\frac{e}{m})}{V}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}}$.---The coefficients of the first six terms of a series for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ were determined, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ calculated from this series. The results were checked by an integration method which was also used to calculate values in the region where the series failed. For an emitter of radius ${r}_{0}$ inside a collector of radius $r$, values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ when $log(\frac{r}{{r}_{0}})g6.4$ are given by the equation $\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}=0.112 log (\frac{logr}{{r}_{0}})+\frac{1}{3}log (\frac{r}{{r}_{0}})+0.152.$ Where the collector is the inside sphere, values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ for $\frac{{r}_{0}}{r}g9$ are given by the equation ${(\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2})}^{\frac{2}{3}}=1.11 (\frac{{r}_{0}}{r})\ensuremath{-}1.64$. It is shown that when the collector is the inside sphere the potential distribution near the collector is unaltered if the emitter is replaced by a non-emitting sphere with a diameter.677 times the original diameter.Limiting current between coaxial cylinders and between concentric spheres.---Equations are derived for the current in terms of the radius of curvature of the emitter. It is shown that at a surface in space four-fifths of the distance from the emitter to the collector the current density is independent of the radius of curvature when $\frac{r}{{r}_{0}} or \frac{{r}_{0}}{r}l2$; and in the case of coaxial cylinders with the emitter inside this holds true even when $\frac{r}{{r}_{0}}=20$.
Seven polymorphic loci mapping to human chromosomal region 11q22-qter.

Abstract Seven polymorphic loci that map to human chromosomal region 11q22-qter are revealed by DNA probes isolated from a chromosome-specific phage library constructed from a human × mouse somatic cell hybrid that has retained an 11q;16q translocation as the only human DNA. Three probes, each of which reveals a two-allele polymorphism, and four probes, each of which detects two linked RFLPs, have been characterized. Using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel that divides 11q into four discrete sections, the seven clones have been localized to specific chromosomal regions. Localization of one of the clones has been confirmed and refined by in situ hybridization.
Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology of Mycoses

ummary Special emphasis is given in the geographic distribution and epidemiology of the mycoses to the major geographic areas, countries with the highest incidence, and to some problem areas of the diseases. Cutaneous diseases include: pityriasis versicolor, and dermatophytosis. The three subcutaneous mycoses are: chromomycosis, sporotrichosis and mycetomas. The systemic mycoses included are: histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, candidosis and aspergillosis. Data on epidemiology of the mycoses is based on location and activities of trained investigators while other regions go unreported due to lack of personnel. There is a need for systematic collection of global morbidity and mortality data to reveal the dimensions of fungal diseases. Resume Dans le cadre de la distribution geographique et de ľepidenuologie des mycoses, cet expose traitera, de leur repartition, de leur plus grande frequence dans certains pays, ainsi que de pro-blemes relatifs a des regions particulieres. Les mycoses cutanees comprennent pityriasis versicolor et dermatophytose. Les trois mycoses subcutanees sont: chromomycose, sporotrichose et mycetomes. Les mycoses responsables ?atteintes viscerales sont: histoplasmose, coccidioidomycose, blastomycose, paracoccidioidomycose, cryptococcose, candidose, asper-gillose. Les donnees epidemiologiques restent encore sporadiques. Elles reposent en effet sur les travaux de chercheurs, executes dans certaines regions seulement. Ailleurs ces recherches n'ont pu etre effectuees, vu la carence en personnel. Pourtant, si l'on veut avoir une idee aussi exacte que possible des affections mycosiques, il faut reunir toutes les donnees, concernant leur morbidite generale et leur mortalite. Zusammenfassung Bei der Besprechung der geographischen Verteilung und Epidemiologic der Mykosen wird den groseren Gebieten, den Landern mit haufigstem Vorkommen, und einigen problemati-schen Regionen besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Mykosen der Haut umfassen Pityriasis versicolor und Dermatophytosen. Die drei subkutanen Mykosearten sind Chromomykose, Sporotrichose und Mycetoma. Die systemischen Mykosen sind Histoplasmose, Coccidioido-mykose, Blastomykose, Paracoccidioidomykose, Cryptococcose, Candidose und Aspergillo-se. Angaben uber die Epidemiologic von Mykosen beruhen auf der Anwesenheit und Arbeit geschulter Forscher, wahrend Angaben aus anderen Regionen wegen Mangels an Personal fehlen. Um das Ausmas von Pilzkrankheiten festzustellen, mussen globale Mortalitats- und Morbiditatsdaten systematisch gesammelt werden.
EFFECT OF ONCOGENE TRANSFORMATION OF RAT EMBRYO CELLS ON CELLULAR OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND GLYCOLYSIS

Abstract We found an unique effect of oncogene transfections on rat embryo cell (REF) respiration, glycoysis and radiation response. Radioresistance, defined as an increase in Do, increases for REF cells transfected with v-myc or H-ras oncogenes. The combination of both oncogenes confers the maximal radioresistance. Our work shows inhibition of oxygen uptake when cells are transfected with v-myc or H-ras alone. However, oxygen uptake increases when cells are transfected simultaneously with v-myc + H-ras (3.7,2.1,2.8). A higher oxygen consumption results from increased utilization of pyruvate via the Kreb's cycle. Succinate stimulates cellular oxygen consumption. The maximum stimulation of oxygen consumption by succinate occurred with v-myc + H-ras transfected cells. The glycolysis of the transfected cells is also altered by the oncogenes. Our glycolytic measurements indicate the H-ras oncogene causes the largest stimulation of glycolysis. Our data shows that transfection with oncogenes has a major effect on cellular glycolysis, oxidative metabolism as well as the subsequent radiation response.
Synthesis of14C-labeled hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX)

14C-labeled hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (2, RDX) was prepared by nitrolysis of hexahydro-1,3,5-tripropionyl-1,3,5-triazine (1) for bioenvironmental studies. 1 was synthesized from paraformaldehyde and propionitrile by a modified method reported earlier.
Pubertal arrest associated with valproic acid therapy

Valproic acid has previously been demonstrated to decrease the secretion of multiple pituitary hormones; however, clinical symptoms associated with decreased hormone secretion have not been described. A girl is reported with complex partial seizures who was treated with valproic acid from age 10 years, 7 months to 12 years, 1 month and during this time had an arrest of both growth and secondary sexual development. Two months after discontinuing valproic acid she had resumption of both pubertal growth and maturation. A prospective controlled study is needed to determine more precisely the effects of valproic acid on growth and development.
Fracture mechanics analyses for skin-stiffener debonding

Abstract Fracture mechanics analyses on two debond configurations are presented. The debond configurations analyzed were flange-skin strip and skin-stiffener configurations. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses were performed using 20 noded isoparametric elements to model the debond configurations. Two methods that use the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) were used to evaluate the strain energy release rate distributions across the debond front. In the first method the strain energy release rates (G-values) are calculated at the center of each element that are on the crack plane and along the crack front. In the second method the strain energy release rates are calculated at all the corner nodes of the elements that are on the crack plane and along the crack front. Both methods gave nearly identical G-distributions for the debond configurations studied. The 3D G-distributions obtained by these methods were compared to plane strain and shell analyses results from the literature for the flange-skin strip configuration. Good agreement was obtained; the plane strain results are ca 7% higher while the shell analysis results are ca 3% higher than the present 3D results. Analyses of the skin-stiffener configuration showed the G-distributions converged rapidly as the number of layers used to model the stiffener is increased. These convergence studies showed that there is a boundary layer effect near the ends of the debond and there is an elevation in the G-values in the region of the blade (web) of the stiffener. The analysis also showed that mode-II is the dominant mode for this debond configuration.
Seasonal Frequency and Within-Plant Distribution of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs on Snap Bean

Whole-plant examinations of field-grown snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., in northwest Arkansas demonstrated that fall plantings held higher numbers of Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs than spring plantings. The mean number of eggs per plant for all sample dates was 0.077 and 0.374 for spring and fall plantings, respectively. In spring-planted beans, no oviposition was detected until plants began to flower. Eggs were detected, although in low numbers, on fall beans prior to flowering. Furthermore, snap bean flowering and H. zea oviposition were much longer in duration during the fall. Within-plant egg distribution indicated that most eggs were oviposited on large leaves.
Leptin receptor signaling and the regulation of mammalian physiology

The adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin, signals the status of body energy stores to the central nervous system to regulate appetite and energy expenditure. A specific long-form leptin receptor (LepRb), a type I cytokine receptor, mediates leptin action on LepRb-expressing neurons in the brain. Leptin binding to LepRb activates the associated Janus kinase-2 (Jak2) tyrosine kinase to promote the phosphorylation of Jak2 and three residues on LepRb; each of these sites mediates a distinct aspect of downstream LepRb signaling, with differing physiologic functions. Tyr(1138) --> STAT3 signaling suppresses feeding, but is not required for a number of other leptin actions. Tyr(985) binds SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and primarily mediates the attenuation of LepRb signaling in vivo. The role for Tyr(1077), the major regulator of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) during leptin signaling, in the physiologic response to leptin remains unclear, although the obese phenotype of animals deleted for STAT5 in the brain suggests the potential importance of this signaling pathway. Leptin also modulates a number of other signaling pathways in the brain, including PI 3-kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-dependent protein kinase; the pathways by which leptin controls these signals remain unclear, however, and may involve some indirect mechanisms. Important issues regarding leptin action and LepRb signaling in the future include not only the more thorough analysis of intracellular signaling pathways, but the neural substrate by which leptin acts, as most major populations of LepRb neurons remain poorly studied.
Three-dimensional conformal radiation may deliver considerable dose of incidental nodal irradiation in patients with early stage node-negative non-small cell lung cancer when the tumor is large and centrally located

Background and purpose: To determine the dose to regional nodal stations in patients with T1–3N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) without intentional elective nodal irradiation (ENI). Materials and methods: Twenty-three patients with medically inoperable T1–3N0M0 NSCLC were treated with 3DCRT without ENI. Hilar and mediastinal nodal regions were contoured on planning CT. The prescription dose was normalized to 70 Gy. Equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and other dosimetric parameters (e.g., V40) were calculated for each nodal station. Results: The median EUD for the whole group ranged from 0.4 to 4.4 Gy for all elective nodal regions. Gross tumor volume (GTV) and the relationship between GTV and hilum were significantly correlated with irradiation dose to ipsilateral hilar nodal regions (P < .05). For patients with GTV P 30.2 cm 3 (diameter � 4 cm) and or having any overlap with hilum, the median EUDs were 9.6, 22.6, and 62.9 Gy for ipsilateral lower paratracheal, subcarinal, and ipsilateral hilar regions, respectively. The corresponding median V40 were 32.5%, 39.3%, and 97.6%, respectively. Conclusions: Although incidental nodal irradiation dose is low in the whole group, the dose to high-risk nodal regions is considerable in patients with T1–3N0 NSCLC when the primary is large and/or centrally located. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Radiotherapy and Oncology 82 (2007) 153–159.
Further evidence for association between ErbB4 and schizophrenia and influence on cognitive intermediate phenotypes in healthy controls.

Further evidence for association between ErbB4 and schizophrenia and influence on cognitive intermediate phenotypes in healthy controls
Ethnic Classification in Southeastern Puerto Rico: The Cultural Model of “Color”

This article presents a systematic ethnographic study of emic ethnic classification in Puerto Rico, including a replication and extension of Marvin Harris's (1970) seminal study in Brazil. I address three questions: (1) what are the core emic categories of color? (2) what dimensions of semantic structure organize this cultural domain? and (3) is the assumption of a shared cultural model justified? Data are from two sets of ethnographic interviews in southeastern Puerto Rico, including 23 free listing interviews and 42 structured interviews using Harris's standardized facial portraits. Results indicate a small core of salient emic categories with well-defined semantic structure and high interinformant agreement, reflecting shared cultural understandings of color. I discuss how systematic ethnographic methods can contribute to comparative research on ethnic classification.
Functionalized cyclopentenes through a tandem NHC-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution and ambient temperature decarboxylation: mechanistic insight and synthetic application

An unusual room temperature β-lactone decarboxylation facilitated a five-step enantioselective formal synthesis of the cyclopentane core of an estrogen receptor β-agonist. A computational study probed the underlying factors facilitating unprecedented, rapid decarboxylation. Aryl substitution promotes faster reaction in the retro-[2+2] as a result of conjugative stabilization with the forming olefin. Additionally, the configuration of the α-ester in these fused β-lactones leads to differential decarboxylation rates.
Providing a bidirectional abstraction for unidirectional ad hoc networks

Several routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks work efficiently only in bidirectional networks. Unidirectional links may exist in a real network due to variations in transmission power of different nodes, noise or other signal propagation phenomena, and heterogeneity in the transmission hardware of nodes in the network. We introduce a sub-layer called sub routing layer, SRL, between the network and the MAC layer to provide a bidirectional abstraction of the unidirectional network to the routing protocols. We present a scalable and efficient way to provide this abstraction by finding and maintaining multi-hop reverse routes to each unidirectional link. We simulate SRL and a modified version of AODV (ad hoc on demand distance vector) that uses SRL to route packets in a unidirectional network. We observed that with SRL, the packet delivery of AODV in unidirectional networks increases substantially. Further our simulations indicate that reverse routes are often only a few hops long and hence the overhead of using SRL is very low.
Sex-Based Salary Disparity and the Uses of Multiple Regression for Definition and Remediation

Although sex differences in salaries are widely condemned, some organizations tolerate these disparities. When organizations are found to discriminate against women in salaries for the same jobs as men, a number of remedies can be pursued. This study illustrates how a state university responded to demonstrated sex-based salary disparities identified in a class-action lawsuit. In particular, a regression analysis was conducted for male and female faculty members that also included seven other predictors. Statistical differences between male and female faculty members were found. As part of the remediation, the salaries of 39 women faculty members were increased. Subsequent regression analysis indicated that the effect for faculty member sex no longer reached traditional levels of statistical significance. The court-order remediation was deemed to have removed the sex-based salary disparity. Yet, it is not clear that the post-remediation salaries of the women faculty were perceived as fair. This case demonstrates how concepts from regression can be (mis)used in legal cases of salary fairness and disparity.
"The Idealist Philosophers' God"

On tente de demontrer ici que les idees de Ralph Cudworth permettent de developper un concept philosophique de Dieu qui repond a plusieurs des perplexites de notre temps. L’association de l’amour et du reel ultime s’avere chez Cudworth une idee philosophique viable. Il y a lieu de se demander si la seule philosophie de la religion idealiste reussie ne serait pas celle qui accorde la primaute au bien, et si ce n’est sa manifestation concrete comme amour qui seule puisse rendre intelligible le concept de Dieu, comme on le voit aujourd’hui dans l’oeuvre de Jean-Luc Marion.
Neural Network Real Time Video Processor for early aircraft detection

Detecting an aircraft solely by its infrared (IR) signature in real time can be extremely challenging task depending on the image background clutter. Neural networks offer a reliable method of detecting targets (aircraft) against a multitude of background scenes and a variety of environmental conditions. Neural networks can rapidly “learn” to differentiate between background clutter and fast moving, small, “hot” (temperature) targets. A Neural Network Real Time Video Processor (NN-RTVP) presented in this paper was inspired by and a Kohonen Neural Network (KNN) approach to not only process “still” frames but also process video in real time. Experimental results demonstrated that it is possible to provide real time “point-outs” of thermally significant objects.
Effects of Concord grape juice on ambulatory blood pressure in prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension

Background: Consumption of flavonoid-containing foods may be useful for the management of hypertension. Objective: We investigated whether 100% Concord grape juice lowers blood pressure in patients with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension. Design: We conducted a double-blind crossover study to compare the effects of grape juice (7 mL · kg−1 · d−1) and matched placebo beverage on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, stress-induced changes in blood pressure, and biochemical profile. Participants consumed each beverage for 8 wk with a 4-wk rest period between beverages. They ceased consumption of grapes and other flavonoid-containing beverages throughout the study. Results: We enrolled 64 otherwise healthy patients taking no antihypertensive medications (31% women, 42% black, age 43 ± 12 y). Baseline mean (±SD) cuff blood pressure was 138 ± 7 (systolic)/82 ± 7 (diastolic) mm Hg. No effects on the primary endpoint of 24-h mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or stress-induced changes in blood pressure were observed. A secondary endpoint was nocturnal dip in systolic pressure. At baseline, nocturnal pressure was 8.3 ± 7.1% lower at night than during daytime. The mean nocturnal dip increased 1.4 percentage points after grape juice and decreased 2.3 percentage points after placebo (P = 0.005). Fasting blood glucose was 91 ± 10 mg/dL at baseline for the entire cohort. Glucose decreased 2 mg/dL after consumption of grape juice and increased 1 mg/dL after consuming the placebo (P = 0.03). Conclusions: We observed no effect of grape juice on ambulatory blood pressure in this cohort of relatively healthy individuals with modestly elevated blood pressure. Secondary analyses suggested favorable effects on nocturnal dip and glucose homeostasis that may merit further investigation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00302809.
A TCP Tuning Daemon

Many high performance distributed applications require high network throughput but are able to achieve only a small fraction of the available bandwidth. A common cause of this problem is improperly tuned network settings. Tuning techniques, such as setting the correct TCP buffers and using parallel streams, are well known in the networking community, but outside the networking community they are infrequently applied. In this paper, we describe a tuning daemon that uses TCP instrumentation data from the Unix kernel to transparently tune TCP parameters for specified individual flows over designated paths. No modifications are required to the application, and the user does not need to understand network or TCP characteristics.
Controlling Connectivity of Dynamic Graphs

The control of mobile networks of multiple agents raises fundamental and novel problems in controlling the structure of the resulting dynamic graphs. In this paper, we consider the problem of controlling a network of agents so that the resulting motion always preserves various connectivity properties. In particular, we consider preserving k-hop connectivity, where agents are allowed to move while maintaining connections to agents that are no more than k-hops away. The connectivity constraint is translated to constrains on individual agent motion by considering the dynamics of the adjacency matrix and related constructs from algebraic graph theory. As special cases, we obtain motion constraints that can preserve the exact structure of the initial dynamic graph, or may simply preserve the usual notion connectivity while the structure of the graph changes over time. We conclude by illustrating various interesting problems that can be achieved while preserving connectivity constraints.
Seismic Evidence of Quaternary Faulting in the Benton Hills Area, Southeast Missouri

Two reflection seismic profiles at English Hill, across the southern edge of the Benton Hills escarpment, southeast Missouri, establish that geologic structures at English Hill are of tectonic origin. The lowland area to the south of the escarpment is relatively undisturbed. The geology at English Hill is structurally complex, and reflection seismic and geologic data indicate extensive and episodic faulting of Paleozoic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary strata. The individual faults have near-vertical fault surfaces with maximum vertical separations on the order of 15 m. They appear to be clustered in north-northeast trending zones that essentially parallel one of the dominant Benton Hills structural trends. These observations suggest that previously mapped Quaternary faults at English Hill are deep-seated and tectonic in origin. This paper documents recent faulting at English Hill and is the first time late Quaternary, surface-rupture faulting has been recognized in the middle Mississippi River Valley region outside of the New Madrid seismic zone. This has important implications for earthquake assessment in the midcontinent.
Simulation of Mist Film Cooling at Gas Turbine Operating Conditions

Air film cooling has been successfully used to cool gas turbine hot sections for the last half century. A promising technology is proposed to enhance air film cooling with water mist injection. Numerical simulations have shown that injecting a small amount of water droplets into the cooling air improves film-cooling performance significantly. However, previous studies were conducted at conditions of low Reynolds number, temperature, and pressure to allow comparisons with experimental data. As a continuous effort to develop a realistic mist film cooling scheme, this paper focuses on simulating mist film cooling under typical gas turbine operating conditions of high temperature and pressure. The mainstream flow is at 15 atm with a temperature of 1561K. Both 2-D and 3-D cases are considered with different hole geometries on a flat surface, including a 2-D slot, a simple round hole, a compound-angle hole, and fan-shaped holes. The results show that 10%-20% mist (based on the coolant mass flow rate) achieves 5%-10% cooling enhancement and provides an additional 30-68K adiabatic wall temperature reduction. Uniform droplets of 5 to 20 µm are used. The droplet trajectories indicate the droplets tend to move away from the wall, which results in a lower cooling enhancement than under low pressure and temperature conditions. The commercial software Fluent (v. 6.2.16) is adopted in this study, and the standard k-e model with enhanced wall treatment is adopted as the turbulence model. Nomenclature
On effectively exploiting multiple wireless interfaces in mobile hosts

Most mobile devices today are equipped with multiple and heterogeneous wireless interfaces. In this paper we ask the following question: what is the best approach to leverage the multiple interfaces available at a mobile device in terms of the performance delivered to the user? In answering the question we argue that simple "bandwidth aggregation" approaches do not provide any meaningful benefits when the multiple interfaces used have highly disparate bandwidths as is true in many practical environments. We then present super-aggregation, a set of mechanisms that in tandem use the multiple interfaces intelligently and in the process is able to achieve a performance that is "better than the sum of throughputs" achievable through each of the interfaces individually. We prototype super-aggregation on both a laptop and the Google Android mobile phone and demonstrate the significant (up to 3x throughput) performance improvements it provides in real-world experiments.
Every smart phone is a backscatter reader: Modulated backscatter compatibility with Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy (BLE) devices

In this work, we show how modulated backscatter signals can be crafted to yield channelized band-pass signals akin to those transmitted by many conventional wireless devices. As a result, conventional wireless devices can receive these backscattered signals without any modification (neither hardware nor software) to the conventional wireless device. We present a proof of concept using the Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy, or BLE, standard widely available on smart phones and mobile devices. Our prototype backscatter tag produces three-channel bandpass frequency shift keying (FSK) packets at 1 Mbps that are indistinguishable from conventional BLE advertising packets. An unmodified Apple iPad is shown to correctly receive and display these packets at a range of over 9.4 m using its existing iOS Bluetooth stack with no changes whatsoever. We create all three BLE channels by backscattering a single incident CW carrier using a novel combination of fundamentalmode and harmonic-mode backscatter subcarrier modulation, with two of the band-pass channels generated by the fundamental mode and one of the band-pass channels generated by the second harmonic mode. The backscatter modulator consumes only 28.4 pJ/bit, compared with over 10 nJ/bit for conventional BLE transmitters. The backscatter approach yields over 100X lower energy per bit than a conventional BLE transmitter, while retaining compatibility with billions of existing Bluetooth enabled smartphones and mobile devices.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Dermatology

What are nanoparticles and why are they important in dermatology? These questions are addressed by highlighting recent developments in the nanotechnology field that have increased the potential for intentional and unintentional nanoparticle skin exposure. The role of environmental factors in the interaction of nanoparticles with skin and the potential mechanisms by which nanoparticles may influence skin response to environmental factors are discussed. Trends emerging from recent literature suggest that the positive benefit of engineered nanoparticles for use in cosmetics and as tools for understanding skin biology and curing skin disease outweigh potential toxicity concerns. Discoveries reported in this journal are highlighted. This review begins with a general introduction to the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. This is followed by a discussion of the current state of understanding of nanoparticle skin penetration and their use in three therapeutic applications. Challenges that must be overcome to derive clinical benefit from the application of nanotechnology to skin are discussed last, providing perspective on the significant opportunity that exists for future studies in investigative dermatology.
Assessing salt marsh health: A test of the utility of five potential indicators

We examined the utility of five measures of salt marsh function, focusing on angiosperms and microbes, as potential indicators of salt marsh health. We studied twelve salt marsh creeks around Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, USA, six of which were polluted with metals and/or organic compounds and six of which were relatively pristine. Physical variables (sediment clay-silt content, creek water salinity) did not differ between impacted and reference sites. Microtox toxicity measures (expressed as wet or dry units) did not differ between impacted and reference sites. Photosynthesis and transpiration rates of creekbank Spartina alterniflora did not differ between impacted and reference sites, nor did measures of peroxidase activity in S. alterniflora. The glutathione concentration of S. alterniflora was lower at impacted sites than at reference sites; however, glutathione concentration did not respond to pollution in an earlier study in Georgia, likely because glutathione responds differently to particular chemicals rather than being a generic indicator of plant stress. Overall, these measures showed little promise as rapid indicators of salt marsh health. Other methods, such as quantifying benthic invertebrate taxa, may be more reliable for assessing ecosystem health in salt marsh systems.
Memory: History, Initial-State Dependence, and Double-Excitations

In ground-state DFT, the fact that the xc potential is a functional of the density is a direct consequence of the one-to-one mapping between ground-state densities and potentials. In TDDFT, the one-to-one mapping is between densities and potentials for a given initial state. This means that the potentials, most generally, are functionals of the initial state of the system, as well as of the density; and, not just of the instantaneous density, but of its entire history.