cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sphere of noble action: Gender, rhetoric, and influence at a nineteenth‐century Massachusetts State Normal School

Abstract This essay explores the rhetorical education of nineteenth‐century women attending the Westfield State Normal School, the second public and first co‐educational normal school in the United States. Archival research reveals that Westfield developed a program of rhetorical study that aimed to prepare both men and women to use oral and written persuasive discourse in their work as teachers. Westfield justified its progressive curriculum by arguing that advanced study in rhetoric would help future teachers to foster learning, win respect, and achieve meaningful moral influence among their pupils. While traditional gender ideologies at times complicated the efforts of female students to master oral and written persuasive discourse, Westfield's faculty and students remained committed throughout the century to the idea that study in rhetoric would aid the future teacher in cultivating a powerful public voice.
Reconstruction of scalp defects with free flaps in 30 cases

29 consecutive patients treated for reconstruction of various scalp defects with 30 free flaps were reviewed. The scalp defects resulted from accidents (13), electric burns (4), tumour excision (8), chronic osteomyelitis (1), and osteoradionecrosis (1). Secondary reconstructions for cosmetic improvement were performed in 2 patients. The defects involved scalp with bone exposure in 21 patients, and both scalp and calvarium in 8 patients. The average extent of the defects was 130 cm2 (23-420 cm2). Free flaps employed for reconstruction included radial forearm flaps (15), latissimus dorsi muscle flaps (10), medial arm flaps (2), juri flap (1), rectus abdominis muscle flap (1), and scapular flap (1). In 6 cases bone grafts were used for skull reconstruction. Three patients required dura repair. There were two flap failures. Donor-site morbidity was negligible. No local recurrence occurred in 7 tumour cases who are still alive. Secondary procedures (tissue expansion, debulking) were performed in 6 patients. The authors recommend selection of reconstructive options for scalp defects according to their aetiology, localisation, and duration of treatment, whereas the size of the defect dose not seem to be the most important determinant. They conclude that a free flap procedure is appropriate for scalp reconstruction in trauma, osteomylitis, and osteoradionecrosis cases, and following radical resection of malignant tumours.
An integer programming approach to visual compliance

Visual compliance has emerged as a new paradigm to ensure that employees comply with processes and policies in a business context [1]. In this paper, we focus on videos from retail stores and formulate a binary integer program for detecting checkout events, which enables enforcing visual compliance in such an environment. The proposed integer program maximizes the essential quantities that characterize true events of interest, subject to an array of constraints. In particular, the binary decision variables correspond to the presence of a set of hypothesized visual events. In the objective function, the binary variables are weighted by quality measures derived from infinite Gaussian mixture modeling of the video content, such that maximizing the overall quality measure is expected to uncover the meaningful visual events. Our framework is tested and validated on videos recorded at checkout lanes, and leads to better performance than previous methods.
Signal recovery from subband energy constraints

Prior knowledge of the subband energy partition of an image is useful for recovering an image from insufficient or noisy data. We consider how such knowledge can be associated with constraint sets and derive two algorithms for image recovery. One constraint assumes knowledge of a reference function, while the other assumes knowledge only of a reference energy. The former leads to an iterative convex projection algorithm, while the latter leads to a generalized projection algorithm. Reasonably good recovery is obtained when the irradiance data are not significantly smoothed and other prior knowledge is sufficiently precise.
Effect of emitter-base spacing on the current gain of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

An investigation of the effect of surface recombination and emitter-base-contact spacing on the DC current-gain of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) using thin AlGaAs emitter structures is discussed. The selectively-etched, thin-AlGaAs-emitter layer has been used to prevent an exposed extrinsic base region, which has previously limited current gain because of high surface recombination. It is found that a factor of approximately 50 improvement in the current gain can be achieved by proper surface passivation and emitter-base-contact spacing. >
Vibrational characterization of simple peptides using cryogenic infrared photodissociation of H2-tagged, mass-selected ions.

We present infrared photodissociation spectra of two protonated peptides that are cooled in a ∼10 K quadrupole ion trap and “tagged” with weakly bound H2 molecules. Spectra are recorded over the ra...
Site velocities before and after the Loma Prieta and Gulf of Alaska earthquakes determined from VLBI

We use geodetic data from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to determine the pre- and postseismic velocities of two sites. We then place limits on variations in interseismic strain buildup. The 1987 and 1988 Gulf of Alaska earthquakes (each Ms = 7.6) broke the Pacific plate interior. During the earthquakes the Cape Yakataga site moved 78 mm toward southwest. During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (Ms = 7.1) the Fort Ord site moved 48 mm toward north. Baselines (a) from Fairbanks to Cape Yakataga and (b) from Mojave to Fort Ord change at nearly the same rate before and after the earthquakes. Postseismic transients, which we determine from differences between post- and preseismic rates, are minor: at Cape Yakataga the transient is 3 +/- 4 mm in a postseismic interval of 23 months, and at Fort Ord the transient is 6 +/- 5 mm in 21 months. The slip beneath the Loma Prieta rupture needed to generate the Fort Ord transient is 0.22 +/- 0.19 m, one-tenth the coseismic slip (2 m). We analyze elastic lithosphere-viscous asthenosphere models to determine that the characteristic time describing exponential decay in deep fault slip is longer than 6 years. The VLBI measurements are consistent with uniform interseismic strain buildup. They disagree with fast postseismic rates caused by an asthenosphere with very low viscosity.
Rhythmic contractility in the hepatic portal "corkscrew" vein of the rat snake.

Abstract Terrestrial, but not aquatic, species of snakes have hepatic portal veins with a corkscrew morphology immediately posterior of the liver. Relatively large volumes of venous blood are associated with this region, and the corkscrew vein has been proposed to function as a bidirectional valve that impedes gravitational shifts of intravascular volume. To better understand the functional significance of the corkscrew anatomy, we investigated the histology and contractile mechanisms in isolated corkscrew segments of the hepatic portal vein of a yellow rat snake ( Pantherophis obsoletus ). Morphologically, the corkscrew portal vein is here shown to have two distinct layers of smooth muscle – an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer, separated by a layer of collagen, – whereas only a single circular layer of smooth muscle is present in the adjacent posterior caval vein. Low frequency (~ 0.3 cycles*min − 1 ) spontaneous and catecholamine-induced rhythms were observed in 11% and 89% of portal vein segments, respectively, but neither spontaneous nor agonist-induced cycling was observed in adjacent posterior (non-corkscrew) caval veins. Catecholamines, angiotensin II, or stretch increased the amplitude and/or frequency of contractile cycles. Ouabain, verapamil or indomethacin, but not tetrodotoxin, α-, or s-adrenergic receptor antagonists, inhibited cyclical contractions indicating a dependence of these cycles on Na + /K + ATPase, extracellular Ca 2+ and prostanoid(s). These data suggest that the rhythmic contractility of the corkscrew segment of the ophidian portal vein may act in conjunction with its morphological features to improve venous return and to prevent retrograde shifts of blood that might otherwise pool in posterior veins.
Computer program for comparison of nutrient media for biological cultures grown in vitro

A computer program in BASIC computer language for use in storing and comparing the components of various biological culture media is described. The program contains 11 operations that deal with manipulation of data related to components, component quantities, and comparison of media. The program is capable of filing up to 50 different media lists each containing up to 75 components.
Effects of Electricity on Some Benthic Stream Insects

Abstract Pulsed direct current, square-wave alternating current, alternating current, and direct current, at voltages similar to those currently in use for electrofishing, induced drift by Ameletus dissitus, Baetis spp., Cinygmula par, Hesperoperla pacifica, Psychoglypha subborealis, Hesperophylax occidentalis, and Epeorus longimanus under simulated stream conditions. Of nine species of insects shocked at these voltages, only Simulium jacumbae did not drift. There was an inverse relationship between the propensity of an individual to drift and the minimum level of voltage required to induce drift. Threshold body voltages varied among and within species at different body sizes and at different temperatures. Temporary reductions in productivity with potential loss of species will occur in areas that are electrofished so frequently that rates of insect displacement are greater than rates of insect recolonization.
The idiosyncratic aspects of the epilepsy of Fyodor Dostoevsky

The goal of this article is to review the idiosyncratic aspects of the epilepsy of Fyodor Dostoevsky, one of the greatest writers of all time. The onset of his seizures is controversial, with some evidence pointing to his childhood and other reports that would place the onset in his teens or his twenties. His life in prison in Siberia and then in the Russian army is reviewed. His lifestyle included many factors that exacerbated his epilepsy, especially stress and sleep deprivation. His compulsion for gambling played an important role in producing great stress in his life, as he tried to reverse his poverty in the casinos. The most idiosyncratic aspect of his epilepsy was his so-called ecstatic aura. The etiology of his seizures was probably inherited as revealed by the seizures of his father and the status epilepticus and death of his young son. This great writer died from lung hemorrhages in 1891. Discussed in this review is that he did not likely have an aura of ecstasy; only a few such possible cases can be found in the world literature. For those few cases, evidence from electrical self-stimulation studies in animals and humans, investigating "pleasure centers," can be found to involve the limbic system, especially the septal nucleus. Data from the human amygdala provide evidence why almost all auras are, in fact, unpleasant and not pleasant. A review of recent data on the risks to offspring of epileptic fathers confirms that the etiology of Dostoevsky's epilepsy was probably inherited and that he probably had an idiopathic generalized epilepsy with minor involvement of the temporal lobe. A relationship is seen between his severe obsession with gambling and his epilepsy. Finally, Fyodor Dostoevsky is an excellent example of the "temporal lobe personality."
Children Who Are Targets of Bullying A Victim Pattern

The hypothesis that there is a constellation of qualities that predisposes certain children to be chronically victimized is supported by three forms of evidence. First, children who are victims have qualities in common that differentiate them from other children. Some of these qualities exist before the child is victimized; others develop because of the victimization. Second, children who are victimized early in life remain victims for a long period of time, even though the bullies and situations may differ. Third, other children are able to identify potential victims with high reliability. To clarify why these victims are chronically harassed, this article examines qualities of victims, bullies, and the environment that support bully/victim problems.
The DNA-binding network of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the host environment is principally mediated through its transcription factors. Here, the authors report the DNA binding and transcriptional profile of ~80% of all predicted M. tuberculosis transcription factors, and find wide-spread dormant DNA binding.
Transcending the physical: Being social and identifying transcendental meaning in behavior

Abstract Behavior can be identified in terms of purpose/meaning (high-level behavior identities) or mechanics (low-level behavior identities) and the level at which behavior is identified can have far-reaching effects on specific high-order thinking processes. The present experiments link a social orientation to behavior-identification level and show that creating a social orientation engages high-level behavior identification. In three experiments, participants were shown behaviors and indicated whether a specified low-level or high-level identification of each behavior matched the way they interpret the behavior. Participants who completed this task while anticipating (vs. not anticipating) social interaction, in the presence (vs. absence) of eye images, or following exposure to social-interaction (vs. control) words indicated more high-level identifications. Participants who completed this task following exposure to privacy-denoting (vs. control) words, however, indicated fewer high-level identifications.
How Does Mindfulness Reduce Anxiety, Depression, and Stress? An Exploratory Examination of Change Processes in Wait-List Controlled Mindfulness Meditation Training

The evidence base supporting mindfulness meditation training (MMT) as a potential intervention for anxiety, depression, and stress has grown dramatically in the last few decades. As MMT has grown in popularity, considerable variation has arisen in the way that mindfulness is conceptualized and in the trainings and interventions that have been included under this umbrella term. Increasing popularity has also raised concerns about how MMTs seem to have their effects. While previous studies have examined a wide variety of potential mechanisms, few studies have simultaneously examined these processes, potentially limiting conclusions about how MMTs might best be characterized as having their effects. The present study aimed to compare aspects of mindfulness, self-compassion, and emotion regulation, ascertaining which was most predictive of changes in anxiety, depression, and stress among 58 participants, randomly assigned on a 2:1 basis to MMT training or wait-list in a pre-/post-assessment design. The results indicated that the facets of overidentification and self-judgment (components of self-compassion) were most robustly predictive of changes in outcome variables, though mindfulness and emotion regulation also contributed. The findings suggest that mindfulness, as a process, may be more complicated than some have given credit and that attention and emotional balance may be particularly important aspects related to its effects.
Selection of a contrast agent in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

Abstract The evolution of contrast material for intravascular use has been directed toward the development of better-tolerated agents. Currently, a variety of such “dyes” are available for coronary angiography and left ventriculography. Considerable animal and human investigation suggests that significant differences exist between the families of contrast agents that relate to patient tolerance. The newer low osmolality agents (especially the nonionic agents) produce less perturbation of the homeostatic state, which is clinically manifested by a lessened incidence of side effects, including those of a hemodynamic and electrophysiologic nature. While controversy continues over the cost/benefit ratio of the low osmolality contrast agents compared to traditional high osmolality agents, the former are rapidly becoming the community standard for diagnostic and especially therapeutic cardiologic procedures. Accepting the advantages of the low osmolality contrast agents, differences between the ionic dimers and the nonionic agents have been examined. Both experimental and clinical data suggest superiority of the nonionic agents. Although controversy still surrounds the issue of thromboembolism with the nonionic agents, accumulating evidence fails to support a clinically significant relation. The choice of contrast material is the responsibility of the invasive cardiologist. While the benefits of low osmolality agents are most obvious in high-risk patients, experience with large-scale intravenous studies suggests that the choice of contrast agent is a better discriminator of adverse reaction than is preprocedural risk stratification.
Negative electron affinity effects on H plasma exposed diamond (100) surfaces

Abstract The effects of annealing and a H plasma exposure on natural type IIb diamond (100) were investigated by means of ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). The diamond (100) surface was found to exhibit a negative electron affinity (NEA) following a 900 °C anneal in ultrahigh vacuum. After a H plasma exposure the NEA peak in the UPS spectra had doubled in height. An anneal to 1100 °C resulted in the removal of the sharp NEA feature. A second H plasma treatment resulted in the reappearance of the NEA peak like after the first H plasma exposure. A 2 × 1 reconstructed low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern was observed subsequent to the anneals as well as the H plasma treatments. The fact that a NEA can be induced or removed repeatedly by means of a H plasma exposure or a 1100 °C anneal respectively provides evidence to correlate the appearance of a NEA with the presence of a monohydride terminated surface.
Abrupt Cessation of Clonidine Administration: A Prospective Study

In 20 patients with mild to moderate hypertension, the effects of abrupt cessation of clonidine therapy on blood pressure, heart rate and catecholamine excretion were evaluated. In a double blind, crossover study, placebo was substituted for clonidine after 3 days of therapy and again after 30 days. The results demonstrated no instances of clinically significant symptoms or overshoot in blood pressure or heart rate. There was an overshoot in norepinephrine excretion that approached the upper limits of normal. Thus, a clinical withdrawal syndrome associated with abrupt cessation of clonidine was not seen in this study of patients without severe hypertension who were given the drug without a diuretic agent.
Acoustic emission from subsonic turbulent jets

A method is proposed for determining the noise intensity of subsonic jets. The results are given from a calculation of the far-field intensity level of a jet for various Mach numbers at the nozzle orifice. The results of the calculation are compared with the experimental data.
Isometric Operators, Isospectral Hamiltonians, and Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics

Isometric operators are used to provide a unified theory of the three established procedures for generating one-parameter families of isospectral Hamiltonians. All members of the same family of isospectral Hamiltonians are unitarily equivalent, and the unitary transformations between them form a group isomorphic with the additive group of real numbers. The theory is generalized by including the parameter identifying a member of an isospectral family as a new variable. The unitary transformations within a family correspond to translations in the parameter space. The generator of infinitesimal translations represents a conserved quantity in the extended theory. Isometric operators are then applied to the development of models of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. In addition to the standard models based on the Darboux procedure, I show how to construct models based on the Abraham-Moses and Pursey procedures. The formalism shows that the Nieto ambiguity present in all models of supersymmetric quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a renormalization of the ground state of the supersymmetric system. This allows a generalization of supersymmetric quantum mechanics analogous to that developed for systems of isospectral Hamiltonians.
Achieving Congruency of Phylogenetic Trees Generated by W-Curves of Genomic Sequences

: Comparative genomic analysis at its most fundamental level involves alignment and analysis of linear strings of DNA. Many useful and powerful tools, such as BlastN and ClustalW are able to respectively, search for, and align similar strings of DNA from a variety of species. However, interesting genomic patterns cannot be immediately visualized within the information contact embedded in long genomic strings without extensive a priori knowledge. More problematic is the question of whether we will be able to crystallize long genomic sequences and analyze their true secondary and tertiary structures. It is, of course, these putative motifs that are binding to the three-dimensional structures of proteins and inducing replication and transcription events. The W-curve is a numerical mapping algorithm that allows one to geometrically visualize the information content of genomic motifs. Patterns of ALU, LINES, SINEs, and duplication sequences may be easily visualized with the W-curve. It is our hope that this pattern recognition algorithm will lead to visualization tools to track the evolutionary history of motif patterns. The combinatorics of DNA motif crossover-recombination events will be more easily followed as we continue to sequence more and more genomes. In our laboratory we are currently collaborating with mathematicians and computer scientists to develop and test tools, such as the W-curve, for analyzing patterns of long genomic sequences. In this paper, we examine the limitations of using the W-curve to infer the phylogenetic history of species.
Real-time control and signal processing using specially designed hardware

This is a summary of the author's position statement for the IEEE panel on the Role of Control in Future Engineering. It represents the author's own views on how control methodologies and signal and system identification processing would benefit from direct implementation into specially designed circuitry/networks using standard foundry such as the MOSIS services in the USA.
Automatic synthesis of optimum heat exchanger network configurations

This paper addresses the problem of automatically generating heat exchanger network configurations that feature minimum investment cost subject to minimum utility cost and fewest number of units. Based on the linear programming and the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) transshipment models for heat integration, a superstructure that has embedded many alternative configurations is proposed. This superstructure, which has as units the matches predicted by the MILP transshipment model, includes options for series and parallel matching, as well as stream splitting, mixing, and bypassing. Many of the implied stream connections in the superstructure are reduced to zero flow with a nonlinear programming formulation that leads to realistic and practical designs. Theoretical properties as well as the implementation aspects of the proposed procedure for the automatic generation of networks are presented. The method is illustrated with three example problems.
Exposure-Response of 1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane–Specific N-Terminal Valine Adducts in Mice and Rats after Inhalation Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known rodent and human carcinogen that is metabolized mainly by P450 2E1 to three epoxides, 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 1,2-epoxy-3,4-butanediol. The individual epoxides vary up to 200-fold in their mutagenic potency, with DEB being the most mutagenic metabolite. It is important to understand the internal formation of the individual epoxides to assign the relative risk for each metabolite and to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for extensive species differences in carcinogenicity. This study presents a comprehensive exposure-response for the formation of the DEB-specific N,N-(2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butadiyl)valine (pyr-Val) in mice and rats. Using nano-ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry allowed analysis of pyr-Val in mice and rats exposed to BD as low as 0.1 and 0.5 ppm BD, respectively, and demonstrated significant differences in the amounts and exposure-response of pyr-Val formation. Mice formed 10- to 60-fold more pyr-Val compared to rats at similar exposures. The formation of pyr-Val increased with exposures, and the formation was most efficient with regard to formation per parts per million BD at low exposures. While formation at higher exposures appeared linear in mice, in rats formation saturated at exposures ≥ 200 ppm for 10 days. In rats, amounts of pyr-Val were lower after 20 days than after 10 days of exposure, suggesting that the lifespan of rat erythrocytes may be shortened following exposure to BD. This research supports the hypothesis that the lower susceptibility of rats to BD-induced carcinogenesis results from greatly reduced formation of DEB following exposure to BD.
Biosynthesis of UDP-xylose and UDP-arabinose in Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021: first characterization of a bacterial UDP-xylose synthase, and UDP-xylose 4-epimerase.

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium that fixes nitrogen after being established inside nodules that can form on the roots of several legumes, including Medicago truncatula. A mutation in an S. meliloti gene (lpsB) required for lipopolysaccharide synthesis has been reported to result in defective nodulation and an increase in the synthesis of a xylose-containing glycan. Glycans containing xylose as well as arabinose are also formed by other rhizobial species, but little is known about their structures and the biosynthetic pathways leading to their formation. To gain insight into the biosynthesis of these glycans and their biological roles, we report the identification of an operon in S. meliloti 1021 that contains two genes encoding activities not previously described in bacteria. One gene encodes a UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs) that converts UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose, and the second encodes a UDP-xylose 4-epimerase (Uxe) that interconverts UDP-xylose and UDP-arabinose. Similar genes were also identified in other rhizobial species, including Rhizobium leguminosarum, suggesting that they have important roles in the life cycle of this agronomically important class of bacteria. Functional studies established that recombinant SmUxs1 is likely to be active as a dimer and is inhibited by NADH and UDP-arabinose. SmUxe is inhibited by UDP-galactose, even though this nucleotide sugar is not a substrate for the 4-epimerase. Unambiguous evidence for the conversions of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-α-d-xylose and then to UDP-β-l-arabinose (UDP-arabinopyranose) was obtained using real-time 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Our results provide new information about the ability of rhizobia to form UDP-xylose and UDP-arabinose, which are then used for the synthesis of xylose- and arabinose-containing glycans.
Cross-domain knowledge transfer using structured representations

Previous work in knowledge transfer in machine learning has been restricted to tasks in a single domain. However, evidence from psychology and neuroscience suggests that humans are capable of transferring knowledge across domains. We present here a novel learning method, based on neuroevolution, for transferring knowledge across domains. We use many-layered, sparsely-connected neural networks in order to learn a structural representation of tasks. Then we mine frequent sub-graphs in order to discover sub-networks that are useful for multiple tasks. These sub-networks are then used as primitives for speeding up the learning of subsequent related tasks, which may be in different domains.
Thyroid Dysfunction from Antineoplastic Agents

Unlike cytotoxic agents that indiscriminately affect rapidly dividing cells, newer antineoplastic agents such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies are associated with thyroid dysfunction. These include tyrosine kinase inhibitors, bexarotene, radioiodine-based cancer therapies, denileukin diftitox, alemtuzumab, interferon-a, interleukin-2, ipilimumab, tremelimumab, thalidomide, and lenalidomide. Primary hypothyroidism is the most common side effect, although thyrotoxicosis and effects on thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion and thyroid hormone metabolism have also been described. Most agents cause thyroid dysfunction in 20%–50% of patients, although some have even higher rates. Despite this, physicians may overlook drug-induced thyroid dysfunction because of the complexity of the clinical picture in the cancer patient. Symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, weakness, depression, memory loss, cold intolerance, and cardiovascular effects, may be incorrectly attributed to the primary disease or to the antineoplastic agent. Underdiagnosis of thyroid dysfunction can have important consequences for cancer patient management. At a minimum, the symptoms will adversely affect the patient’s quality of life. Alternatively, such symptoms can lead to dose reductions of potentially life-saving therapies. Hypothyroidism can also alter the kinetics and clearance of medications, which may lead to undesirable side effects. Thyrotoxicosis can be mistaken for sepsis or a nonendocrinologic drug side effect. In some patients, thyroid disease may indicate a higher likelihood of tumor response to the agent. Both hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are easily diagnosed with inexpensive and specific tests. In many patients, particularly those with hypothyroidism, the treatment is straightforward. We therefore recommend routine testing for thyroid abnormalities in patients receiving these antineoplastic agents.
Self-Administered Blood Donor Medical History

An experiment in self-administered blood donor medical histories is described. This history, reviewed by a medical history nurse, was not associated with more rapid donor processing. Donors and medical history nurses reacted positively to self-administration. The quality of the medical history did not appear to be affected by the procedure. The findings suggest that there is value in the self-administration process, and that further trial is warranted.
Cs-exchange in birnessite: Reaction mechanisms inferred from time-resolved X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy

abstra C t We have explored the exchange of Cs for interlayer Na in birnessite using several techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). Our goal was to test which of two possible exchange mechanisms is operative during the reaction: (1) diffusion of cations in and out of the interlayer or (2) dissolution of Na-birnessite and reprecipitation of Cs-birnessite. The appearance of distinct XRD peaks for Na- and Cs-rich phases in partially exchanged samples offered support for a simple diffusion model, but it was inconsistent with the compositional and crystallographic homogeneity of (Na,Cs)-birnessite platelets from core to rim as ascertained by TEM. Time-resolved XRD revealed systematic changes in the structure of the emergent Cs-rich birnessite phase during exchange, in conflict with a dissolution and reprecipitation model. Instead, we propose that exchange occurred by sequential delamination of Mn oxide octahedral sheets. Exfoliation of a given interlayer region allowed for wholesale replacement of Na by Cs and was rapidly followed by reassembly. This model accounts for the rapidity of metal exchange in birnessite, the co-existence of distinct Na- and Cs-birnessite phases during the process of exchange, and the uniformly mixed Na- and Cs-compositions ascertained from point analyses by selected area
UPTAKE OF 99mTCMDP IN MUSCLE ASSOCIATED WITH A PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCK

A focal area of increased uptake of radioactivity was observed in muscle during bone imaging with 99mTcMDP. The area was previously the site of a peripheral nerve block with mepivacaine hydrochloride. Additional experiments were done to document the action of the local anesthetic. The effect on uptake decreased over several days.
Matrices with banded inverses: inversion algorithms and factorization of Gauss-Markov processes

The paper considers the inversion of full matrices whose inverses are L-banded. We derive a nested inversion algorithm for such matrices. Applied to a tridiagonal matrix, the algorithm provides its explicit inverse as an element-wise product (Hadamard product) of three matrices. When related to Gauss-Markov random processes (GMrp), this result provides a closed-form factored expression for the covariance matrix of a first-order GMrp. This factored form leads to the interpretation of a first-order GMrp as the product of three independent processes: a forward independent-increments process, a backward independent-increments process, and a variance-stationary process. We explore the nonuniqueness of the factorization and design it so that the forward and backward factor processes have minimum energy. We then consider the issue of approximating general nonstationary Gaussian processes by Gauss-Markov processes under two optimality criteria: the Kullback-Leibler distance and maximum entropy. The problem reduces to approximating general covariances by covariance matrices whose inverses are banded. Our inversion result is an efficient algorithmic solution to this problem. We evaluate the information loss between the original process and its Gauss-Markov approximation.
Physical interpretation of the correlation between multi‐angle spectral data and canopy height

Recent empirical studies have shown that multi-angle spectral data can be useful for predicting canopy height, but the physical reason for this correlation was not understood. We follow the concept of canopy spectral invariants, specifically escape probability, to gain insight into the observed correlation. Airborne Multi-Angle Imaging Spectrometer (AirMISR) and airborne Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) data acquired during a NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program aircraft campaign underlie our analysis. Two multivariate linear regression models were developed to estimate LVIS height measures from 28 AirMISR multi-angle spectral reflectances and from the spectrally invariant escape probability at 7 AirMISR view angles. Both models achieved nearly the same accuracy, suggesting that canopy spectral invariant theory can explain the observed correlation. We hypothesize that the escape probability is sensitive to the aspect ratio (crown diameter to crown height). The multi-angle spectral data alone therefore may not provide enough information to retrieve canopy height globally
Integrating 2,4-D and sheep grazing to rehabilitate spotted knapweed infestations

Effective integrated weed management requires understanding the impacts of management strategies applied alone and in combination. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of 2,4-D and repeated sheep (Ovis aries) grazing applied alone and in combination on spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) and perennial grasses. We hypothesized that integrating a single spring 2,4-D application would remove the adult plants, repeated sheep grazing would control rosettes, and spotted knapweed density, cover and biomass would decrease, allowing residual grasses to reoccupy the sites. A single spring 2,4-D application at 2.1 kg a.i. ha -1 , repeated annual sheep grazing of 95% spotted knapweed or 60% grass utilization, and repeated sheep grazing and 2,4-D combined were applied to small pastures at 2 sites in western Montana beginning in 1997 and continued through 2001. Spotted knapweed rosette and flowering plant density, and spotted knapweed and perennial grass cover and biomass were sampled from 1998 through 2001. Spotted knapweed rosette density was 61.7, 34.3, 44.3, and 0.3 m -2 in the control, sheep grazing, 2,4-D, and combined sheep grazing and 2,4-D treatments, respectively, at 1 site in 2001. Spotted knapweed flowering plant density increased from 3.7 in 1998 to 10.7 m -2 in 2002 in the 2,4-D treatment whereas there was no increase in the 2,4-D combined with sheep grazing treatment from 1998 to 2002. Perennial grass biomass was 6.9, 8.4, 25.7, and 19.7 in the control, sheep grazing, 2,4-D, and combined sheep grazing and 2,4-D treatments, respectively, averaged for both sites and 4 years of sampling. Herbicides released perennial grasses from weed competition and changed the weed population from mature, less palatable plants to juvenile plants that were preferred by sheep.
Archival Principles and Records of the New Technology

Basic archival principles apply to records created by computer technologies. The concepts of informational and evidential value as criteria for retention and the concepts of provenance and original order as keys to arrangement will continue to provide a framework for archival analysis. Description techniques will have to be augmented to accommodate more refined descriptors. Although these basic principles remain applicable, the computer technology forces archivists to address anew the problems of obsolescence and change, privacy and public use, mixed records systems, changing research demands, and the nature of the archival profession itself.
Myocardial perfusion using arterial spin labeling CMR: promise and challenges.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noncontrast technique that can quantify tissue blood flow. It is most commonly applied to the brain ([1][1]) and kidney ([2][2]); however, it also has potential application to other organs, including the heart ([3][3]). Used for the
Amoebic Cysticidal Properties of Halogens in Water

Amoebic cysts are evaluated for their comparative sensitivities to aqueous solutions of iodine, free chlorine, inorganic chlorine, and N-Chloroglycine of varying concentrations and pH values. A mixture of amoebic cysts, consisting predominately of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli, which are concentrated from the feces of naturally infected monkeys, are used in the study. These cysts are as resistant to the halogens as E. histolytica from a human carrier. That study reveals that the chemical species of free and combined halogens which prevail in the low pH waters are superior cysticides when compared to the forms which predominate in waters of high pH. The chemical species which predominate in waters of high pH are considerably less cysticidal. These forms are rated in the following order: Hypochlorite ion monochloramine hypoiodous acid. A new cyst bioassay system is developed which enables cyst survival to be expressed as a percentage of the total number of cysts in a sample.
Creating a database from scratch: Smarter Solutions, Inc. case study: nifty assignment

The Smarter Solutions case study was written for an advanced computer applications course for students majoring in computer information systems and business administration. It involves developing a database program "from scratch," including designing the tables, forms, queries, reports, and an interface. In addition, the students must create a data dictionary to document their programs should a "crash" occur. To make the project more realistic, there are missing data that the students must discover and request in order to complete and implement the database. As is commonly known, most users do not know exactly what they want so it is up to the developer to search out what data are needed to create a transparent, user-friending database that serves the end-user.
Educating for Justice: Creating a Mission-Driven Model of Bystander Intervention to Address Sexual Violence at U.S. Catholic Colleges and Universities.

This article presents bystander intervention education as a best-practice approach to sexual violence prevention in college settings. It draws out a connection between mission-specific resources that can be used to advance the prevention agenda, while examining how bystander intervention education can deepen community engagement in collegiate mission. The authors contend that Catholic colleges and universities have a unique opportunity to bring bystander intervention education and Catholic Social Teaching together so as to strengthen both pedagogical models and build a community free of sexual violence.
Creep of Concrete in Variable Environments

Creep and shrinkage measurements are reported on three steam-cured and one moist-cured control concrete. Half the specimens were stored in a constant environment of 70° F and 50% RH, and half were stored outdoors in central Illinois. The shrinkage of the outdoor specimens was much less than in the laboratory, as expected, but the creep strains were comparable in spite of the large difference between the average relative humidities of the two environments. This high creep in a relatively moist environment must be taken into account if the loss of prestress in prestressed concrete structure and the time-dependent deformations of all concrete structures exposed to variable environments are to be properly predicted. Annual cyclic expansions and contractions occurred in all outdoor specimens.
REMEMBERING GEORGE MICHAELY

This short essay is a memorial tribute about George P. Michaely, Jr. (1926 to 2014). After graduating from both the University of Notre Dame and its law school, he began his legal career, serving for approximately seven years as attorney in the Office of General Counsel. He was then appointed Chief Counsel of the Commission’s Division of Corporation Finance, where he served for approximately the next four years and was responsible for advising the Commission and the public concerning the interpretation of the statutory provisions and rules relating to the registration provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 and the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. George Michaely was a born educator. For five years he was a member of the adjunct faculty of The George Washington University. As a Professorial Lecturer on Law at the National Law Center, he taught a class on the federal securities laws. For ten years he was a member of the adjunct faculty of the Georgetown Law Center, where he taught (with Mickey Beach and Mauri Osheroff) a course focusing on the disclosure requirements of the federal securities laws relating to public and private offerings of securities, solicitations of proxies and tender offers. Again, as an educator, George served as a mentor and inspiration to many young securities attorneys. These are some reflections of him by a few of his many friends. He was a man of remarkable talent, keen intellect, good humor and his love for all people kept him in good stead with all he met.
A Least-Squares Finite Element Formulation for Inverse Detection of Unknown Boundary Conditions in Steady Heat Conduction

A Least Squares Finite Element Method (LSFEM) formulation for the detection of unknown boundary conditions in steady heat conduction is presented. The method is capable of determining temperatures and heat fluxes in locations where such quantities are unknown provided such quantities are sufficiently overspecified in other locations. In several finite element and boundary element inverse implementations, the resulting system of equations becomes become rectangular if the number of overspecified conditions exceeds the number of unknown conditions. In the case of the finite element method, these rectangular matrices are sparse and can be difficult to solve efficiently. Often we must resort to the use of direct factorizations that require large amounts of core memory for realistic geometries. This difficulty has prevented the solution of large-scale inverse problems that require fine meshes to resolve complex 3-D geometries and material interfaces. In addition, the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) does not provide the same level of accuracy for both temperature and heat flux. In this paper, an alternative finite element approach based on LSFEM will be shown. The LSFEM formulation always results in a symmetric positivedefinite matrix that can be readily treated with standard sparse matrix solvers. In this approach, the differential equation is cast in first-order form so equal order basis functions can be used for both temperature and heat flux. Enforcement of the overspecified boundary conditions is straightforward in the proposed formulation. The methods allows for direct treatment of complex geometries composed of heterogeneous materials.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Grasses of the tribe Hordeae as hosts of the hessian fly

The possibility that grasses other than the grains may serve as alternate hosts of the hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Say), has been the subject of speculation for many years. Early investigators found infestations of puparia believed to be those of the hessian fly on species of Agropyron, Elymus, Phleum (timothy), Agrostis and Bromus (Tyler 1797, Fletcher 1898, Webster 1915). Noble (1931) was the first to prove that the true hessian fly could complete its development on Agropyron repens and Elymus canadensis although not so readily as on wheat. It has been shown also that many species of Hordeum and Aegilops may serve as hosts of the hessian fly (Jones 1936, 1938).
Combined Force Display System of EMG Sensor for Interactive Performance

This is a report of research and some experimental applications of human-computer interaction in computer music and interactive media arts. In general, many sensors are used for the interactive communication as interfaces, and the performer receives the output of the system via graphics, sounds and physical reactions of interfaces like musical instruments. I have produced many types of interfaces, not only with mechanical/electrical sensors but also with biological/physiological sensors. This paper is intended as an investigation of some special approaches: (1) 16-channel electromyogram sensing system called "MiniBioMuse-III" and its applications, (2) 8-channel electric-feedback system and its applications, (3) combination of EMG sensor and biofeedback system sharing same electrode to construct the "force display" effect of live control with EMG sensors.
A Graphical Performance-Based Energy Storage Capacity Sizing Method for High Solar Penetration Residential Feeders

This paper presents a graphical, performance-based energy storage capacity sizing method for residential feeders with high solar penetration levels. The rated power and storage capacity of an energy storage device (ESD) are calculated to fulfill a specified operational requirement. Three locations for installing ESDs are investigated: 1) consumer-owned ESDs inside single-family households; 2) utility-owned distribution transformer-level ESDs; and 3) third-party owned ESDs in a community. First, historical solar radiation data, residential household load data, and residential load models are used for creating the net load (load minus solar generation) ensembles at the house level with resolution of 15 min. Then, a novel graphical capacity selection method using equal probability lines on compressed, composite cumulative distribution function curves is developed for sizing the energy storage needs at the house, distribution transformer, and community levels. Demand-side management methods are investigated for further reducing the need of energy storage. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method avoids over- or under-sizing ESDs and allows the users to compare the marginal benefit of increasing the capacity of the ESD.