cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hierarchical Restricted Problem with Applications

The hierarchical system of restricted problems is described as the generalization of the classical restricted problem of three bodies. This is followed by a special example consisting of two interacting asteroids as influenced by the gravitational effects of the Sun and Jupiter. This binary asteroid problem is first represented in the synodic Sun-Jupiter system as a two-plus-two-body restricted problem and the existence of a generalized Jacobian integral is shown. After this a simplified and approximate system is introduced where closed surfaces of zero velocity limit the possible range of motion of the asteroids and under certain conditions allow the analytical proof of stability of the system. This stability is equivalent to establishing analytically the possibility of existence of binary asteroids and supports the presently questionable observational findings. In addition, the analytical stability investigations describe the possible behaviour of binary asteroids and assist the observers to locate them.
Freedom Of Religion And Dialogue

Religious freedom is a relatively new phenomenon in human history. It was a goal of Christian thinkers and writers before Constantine in the early fourth century a.d.— but not afterwards, when Christianity became the state religion. It was not a desideratum even in the main branches of sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. Despite a more benign attitude at times and places in the history of the other large monotheistic religion, Islam, the now largely Muslim world from Dakar to Mindinao did not become so without Muslim armies.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics and autism: a speculative hypothesis

Background Recently, it has been suspected that there is a relationship between therapy with some antibiotics and the onset of autism; but even more curious, some children benefited transiently from a subsequent treatment with a different antibiotic. Here, we speculate how aminoglycoside antibiotics might be associated with autism.
Genetic programming model of solid oxide fuel cell stack: first results

Models that predict performance are important tools in understanding and designing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Modelling of SOFC stack-based systems is a powerful approach that can provide useful insights into the nonlinear dynamics of the system without the need for formulating complicated systems of equations describing the electrochemical and thermal properties. Several algorithmic approaches have already been reported for the modelling of solid oxide fuel cell stack-based systems. This paper presents a new, genetic programming approach to SOFC modelling. Initial simulation results obtained with the proposed approach outperform the state-of-the-art radial basis function neural network method for this task.
Advances in remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition for low temperature in situ hydrogen plasma clean and Si and Si 1- x Ge x epitaxy

Remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPCVD) is a low temperature growth technique which has been successfully employed inin situ remote hydrogen plasma clean of Si(100) surfaces, silicon homoepitaxy and Si1- xGex heteroepitaxy in the temperature range of 150–450° C. The epitaxial process employs anex situ wet chemical clean, anin situ remote hydrogen plasma clean, followed by a remote argon plasma dissociation of silane and germane to generate the precursors for epitaxial growth. Boron doping concentrations as high as 1021 cm−3 have been achieved in the low temperature epitaxial films by introducing B2H6/He during the growth. The growth rate of epitaxial Si can be varied from 0.4A/min to 50A/min by controlling therf power. The wide range of controllable growth rates makes RPCVD an excellent tool for applications ranging from superlattice structures to more conventional Si epitaxy. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis has been employed to confirm the efficacy of this remote hydrogen plasma clean in terms of removing surface contaminants. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have been utilized to investigate the surface structure in terms of crystallinity and defect generation. Epitaxial Si and Si1-xGex films have been grown by RPCVD with defect densities below the detection limits of TEM (~105 cm-2 or less). The RPCVD process also exploits the hydrogen passivation effect at temperatures below 500° C to minimize the adsorption of C and 0 during growth. Epitaxial Si and Si1-xGex films with low oxygen content (~3 × 1018 cm-3) have been achieved by RPCVD. Silicon and Si/Si1-xGex mesa diodes with boron concentrations ranging from 1017 to 1019 cm-3 in the epitaxial films grown by RPCVD show reasonably good current-voltage characteristics with ideality factors of 1.2-1.3. A Si/Si1-xGex superlattice structure with sharp Ge transitions has been demonstrated by exploiting the low temperature capability of RPCVD.In situ plasma diagnostics using single and double Langmuir probes has been performed to reveal the nature of the RPCVD process.
Microscopic theory for dilute quadrupole glasses.

The microscopic free energy is derived for dilute, interacting, tunneling elastic quadrupoles (TQ's) randomly distributed in a nonpolar medium. For low TQ concentrations I obtain low-energy excitations very similar to those observed in glasses. The microscopic derivations give glasslike properties in the density of states, in the specific heat, in the thermal conductivity, in the sound absorption and propagation, and in the complex dielectric constant
The role of Wnts in bone metastases

Wnts are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that mediate bone development in the embryo and promote bone production in the adult. Autocrine Wnt signaling within tumor cells has been shown to promote tumorigenesis by enhancing tumor cell proliferation and survival. We recently demonstrated that prostate cancer cells (CaP) produce Wnts which act in a paracrine fashion to induce osteoblastic activity in CaP bone metastases. The ability of tumor-derived Wnts to influence bone development is regulated by multiple families of secreted antagonists including soluble frizzled related receptors (sFrp) and dickkopfs (DKK). CaP cells appear to produce DKK-1 early in the development of skeletal metastases, which masks osteogenic Wnts and thus favors an osteolytic environment at the metastatic site. As the metastases progresses, DKK-1 expression is lost allowing for a Wnt mediated osteoblastic response which predominates CaP boney lesions. Interestingly, blocking DKK-1 expression early in CaP metastasis prevents tumor establishment within the bone suggesting that osteolysis is a required first step in the development of CaP bone metastases. In this review, we discuss our data on the Wnt inhibitor DKK-1 in CaP bone metastasis in the context of current literature evidence that demonstrate that Wnt inhibitors can function as both tumor suppressors and tumor promoters. We provide a model that the affect of Wnt inhibitors on tumor development is dependent on the tumor micro-environment and suggest that DKK-1 is a switch which transitions CaP bone metastases from osteolytic to osteoblastic.
Acid-base balance affects dietary choice in cats.

Abstract The effect of acid–base status on self-selection of dietary protein was examined in three groups of adult male cats fed 20% soybean-protein and lactalbumin diets formulated to produce acidic, neutral or alkaline status. In two experiments, cats were offered a choice between the 20% protein diets or (1) the same diet with additional protein as casein (49% total crude protein) or (2) the same diet with added soybean-protein and lactalbumin (43% crude protein). Casein contained 0·63 mmol H + /g and caused all three groups to avoid the high casein diets by day 4. The high soybean-protein–lactalbumin diets did not contain added acid but would produce some extra acid upon catabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acids. Again, all three groups avoided the high protein diets by day 4. In a third choice trial, cats adapted to three low protein diets containing appropriate electrolytes to cause neutrality, acidemia or alkalemia, were offered a choice between: neutral vs. acidic; acidic vs. neutral or basic vs. acidic. The cats chose the neutral, neutral and basic diet respectively, restoring or maintaining acid–base homeostasis for each situation. The diets producing acidosis lowered serum sodium and potassium concentrations. We conclude that cats select appropriate diets in an attempt to maintain acid–base homeostasis.
Computer Use by Ohio Commercial Farmers

Although computer technologies have evolved rapidly, farmers have been slow to adopt these technologies. This research identifies factors influencing farmers' adoption of computers and the number and type of applications for which the computer is used. Ohio commercial farmers were randomly sampled and analyzed using multinomial logit techniques. Results suggest that older farmers are less likely to adopt computers, less likely to find them useful, and make fewer applications of the computer in their business. Education level is positively associated with computer adoption and with increased numbers of applications made of the computer.
Morphogenesis of λ with genomes containing excess DNA: Functional particles containing 12 and 15% excess DNA

Abstract In order to probe the mechanism of λ head morphogenesis, we have synthesized prophages whose genomes contain extra DNA and are investigating the processes of morphogenesis when they are induced. With genomes containing 12% or more excess DNA, the majority of particles produced are apparently nonfunctional or unstable. We report here the properties of the rare, stable, functional particles which are produced. Genomes of size 112% produce three types of functional particles: (1) particles containing a shorter genome due to a deletion mutation (burst size = 10 −3 ), (2) particles containing the complete genome in an abnormal capsid (burst = 10 −2 ) and (3) particles containing the complete genome in a normal capsid (burst = 10 −2 ). Genomes of size 115% produce only the former two types, each at about ten-fold lower frequency. The particles with abnormal capsids have low, heterogeneous density in CsCl gradients but normal sedimentation rate. They appear similar to the phenotypically abnormal particles of λ wild type which are resistant to inactivation by chelating agents (one class of λ∗ particles, Parkinson and Huskey, 1971 ). Their resistance to inactivation and ability to encapsulate extralong genomes suggests they may have a role in nonlaboratory, real-life situations.
Glyme−Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and Glyme−Lithium Bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide Phase Behavior and Solvate Structures

Crystal structures of glyme solvates with LiTFSI and LiBETI (TFSI- = bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, BETI- = bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide) have been determined including (monoglyme)1:LiBETI, (diglyme)2:LiTFSI, (diglyme)1/2:LiTFSI, and low-temperature (triglyme)1:LiBETI. These solvates, combined with the phase behavior of the salts with various glymes from DSC analysis, provide insight into the molecular interactions of lithium salts in ethoxy solvents commonly used for solid polymer and liquid electrolytes. Many of the solvates appear to undergo order−disorder solid phase transitions. These are the first reported crystal structures containing the BETI- anion.
Sexual responses to living with HIV/AIDS in Lomé, Togo.

A qualitative study of sexual behaviour among 88 people living with HIV was conducted in Lome, Togo. Data were collected by means of open‐ended interviews. Three separate sexual‐behaviour patterns were identified: people who reported not having sex at all; people who reported using condoms consistently; and people who reported not using condoms at all or using them inconsistently. Reasons given to explain these behaviours were analysed. Findings reveal the need for different programmes and policy approaches to dealing with problems of HIV and AIDS in Lome, Togo.
No Evidence for the JAK2 (V617F) or JAK2 Exon 12 Mutations in Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Dysregulated JAK2 signaling has been shown to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative disorders. Recently, our work comparing gene expression signatures of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphomas (PMLBCL) versus nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) revealed a relative increase in JAK2 transcripts in the former suggesting a role for increased JAK2 signaling in a subset of these tumors. Given the likelihood of increased JAK2 signaling in PMLBCL, we sought to determine whether JAK2 activating mutations were an alternative mechanism for increased JAK2 signaling in untreated PMLBCLs. We performed amplification refractory mutation analysis for the JAK2 (V617F) mutation and bi-directional sequencing for the recently described JAK2 exon 12 mutations on genomic DNA isolated from a well characterized cohort of PMLBCLs. No evidence of the mutant JAK2 (V617F) allele or JAK2 exon 12 mutations was detected in 31 PMLBCL cases tested. Analysis using cell lines derived from PMLBCLs (n=1) and from the molecularly similar classical Hodgkin lymphoma (n=4) also failed to reveal involvement of this mutant JAK2 allele. Taken together, these results suggest that JAK2 signaling in PMLBCLs occurs by mechanisms distinct from JAK2 (V617F) or JAK2 exon 12 activating mutations.
A stepwise screening system to select storm-sensitive stalagmites: Taking a targeted approach to speleothem sampling methodology

A stepwise stalagmite sample screening process was applied in order to select a stalagmite as a sensitive recorder of recent tropical cyclone rainfall events near Belize. Field and laboratory criteria were combined in series, to screen out candidate stalagmites whose characteristics indicated lower sensitivity to stormwater infiltration. The approach described here was designed to increase the likelihood that selected stalagmites would increase the signal:noise ratio of the target phenomenon in the resulting proxy records. This four-stage method for sample selection may be an important methodological consideration for researchers attempting to use speleothems for stable isotope paleotempestology. Hallmarks of this approach include: (1) establishing a priori scientific targets, (2) applying sample criteria in the form of contra-indicators, and (3) organizing the sample screening protocol into a series of practical stages. The overall approach to stalagmite selection presented here supports cave conservation, and can be adapted readily by others in support of different scientific goals. It is hoped that other investigators will also publish field and laboratory sample selection schemes, as increased transparency will provide new information invaluable to replication efforts and to advancing the field of speleothem paleo-environmental studies.
Discrimination tests of visually influenced syllables.

In the McGurk effect, perception of audiovisually discrepant syllables can depend on auditory, visual, or a combination of audiovisual information. Undersome conditions, Vi8Ual information can override auditory information to the extent that identification judgments of a-visually influenced syllable can be as consistent as for an analogous audiovisually compatible syllable. This might indicate that visually influenced and analogous audiuvisually-compatible syllables-are-phictnetically equivalent. Experiments were designed to test this issue using a compelling visually influenced syllable in an AXB matching paradigm. Subjects were asked tomatch an audio syllable /val either to an audiovisually consistent syllable (audio /val-video /fa/) or an audiovisually discrepant syllable (audio /bs/-video ifa!). It was hypothesized that if the two audiovisual syllables were phonetically equivalent, then subjects should choose them equally often in the matching task. Results show, however, that subjects are more likely to match the audio /va/ to the audiovisually consistent /va/, suggesting differences in phonetic convincingness. Additional experiments further suggest that this preference is not based on a phonetically extraneous dimension or on noticeable relative audiovisual discrepancies.
The singlet–triplet splittings of NCN

Abstract The photoelectron spectrum of the cyanonitrene anion, NCN − , has been measured at 416 and 266 nm. The 266 nm spectrum reveals the a 1 Δ g and the b 1 Σ + g states together with the X 3 Σ − g ground state for the first time. These low-lying singlet states are separated from the triplet ground state by 1.010±0.010 and 1.629±0.010 eV, respectively. We find a vibrational frequency of 1120±50 cm −1 for the υ 1 mode of the b 1 Σ + g state. The ions were produced in a new source particularly suitable for anion precursors with low vapor pressure.
Environmental contamination by eggs of Toxocara species

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the level of contamination with Taxocara spp. eggs in parks and playgrounds in several central Illinois communities. A total of 135 composite 50-g soil samples were collected from 23 parks and public places in three cities in central Illinois. Of these soil samples, 22 (16.3%) contained from one to thirteen Taxocara spp. eggs. A total of 40 fecal samples were collected from the same parks. Taxocara spp. eggs were found in two (5%) of the samples.
Anomalous electrical and magnetic behavior in (PO2)4(WO3)2m (m=4).

Single crystals of ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$${\mathrm{W}}_{8}$${\mathrm{O}}_{32}$ {(${\mathrm{PO}}_{2}$${)}_{4}$(${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$${)}_{2\mathit{m}}$, m=4} were prepared by chemical-vapor transport technique with KI as the transport agent. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity in the range \ensuremath{\sim}2--300 K shows metallic behavior with two anomalies at \ensuremath{\sim}60 and \ensuremath{\sim}85 K. The room-temperature resistivities along the long- and short-plate axis of a single crystal (a and b axes) are 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ and 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm while that perpendicular to the crystal plate (c axis) is 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm. The relatively higher conductivities in the crystallographic a-b plane confirm that the compound is a quasi-two-dimensional metal. Seebeck measurement indicates that at room temperature the primary charge carriers are electrons. The magnetic susceptibility is temperature independent down to \ensuremath{\sim}92 K. At \ensuremath{\sim}92 and \ensuremath{\sim}56 K sharp decreases in the susceptibility are observed. The anomalous behavior in the magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity of ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$${\mathrm{W}}_{8}$${\mathrm{O}}_{32}$ at low temperatures is indicative of the onset of charge-density-wave states and is consistent with the proposed band electronic structure.
Cost comparison of radical retropubic and radical perineal prostatectomy: single institution experience

Abstract Objectives To perform a detailed comparison of the in-house hospital costs of patients undergoing radical perineal prostatectomy (RPP) and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) performed with or without bilateral staging lymph node dissection (BPLND) for localized prostate cancer. Methods A retrospective cost review was done of a cohort of 402 consecutive radical prostatectomies performed at our institution during a 21-month period. The procedure was performed as RPP in 279 (69.4%) and RRP in 123 (30.6%) patients, of whom 10.4% and 61.8%, respectively, underwent BPLND under the same anesthesia. The hospital costs were evaluated for each patient using the categories of surgical, nursing, laboratory/transfusion, and pharmacy. Surgical costs were further subdivided into operating room, anesthesia, and recovery room costs. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to identify predictors of procedure-related costs. Results The median hospital costs of patients undergoing RPP ($7195, range $5052 to $36,237) were substantially lower than those of patients undergoing RRP ($9757, range $6935 to $27,771; P = 0.001). The median costs for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy without BPLND were significantly lower in the RPP ($7100, range $5052 to $28,604) versus RRP ($9169, range $6935 to $16,705) patients (P = 0.001). The costs for RPP with BPLND ($10,048, range $7529 to $36,237) versus RRP with BPLND ($9973, range $7658 to $27,771) were not significantly different (P = 0.900). Patient age and nerve-preservation status did not significantly influence the procedure-related hospital costs. Conclusions RPP may result in lower in-house costs per patient than RRP in those patients who do not require BPLND. Total hospital costs depend largely on the factors of operating room time, length of stay, and laboratory and transfusion requirements, which may vary among institutions.
Response to ouabain in acutely and chronically failed canine heart-lung preparations

Abstract The actions of ouabain were studied in canine heart-lung preparations (HLP) under four different sets of procedures and the therapeutic, irregularity and lethal doses of ouabain determined. Two different methods than those usually used for producing failure in HLP are presented. Acute heart failure was produced by either elevating Starling resistance or administering an excessive amount of the beta-adrenoceptive blocking agent, propranolol. Surgically induced heart-failure was produced by reducing the size of dogs aortae to 20–25% of its original diameter. Ouabain elicited a marked inotropic response in HLP in all three of these procedures, although the response was more rapid in onset in preparations failed acutely than in those which were normal or chronically failed. An increase of dp/dt was found to be a more sensitive criterion of ouabain's beneficial effect, than were criteria formerly used, i.e. an increase in cardiac output or a decrease in right atrial pressure. Our results are in agreement with the view that it is difficult to elicit a beneficial effect to ouabain in normal HLP, but that ouabain's effects may be easily demonstrated in failed preparations. This study demonstrated that the myocardium from chronically failed animals is more sensitive to ouabain in vitro than is the myocardium of normal animals.
Duration of intrapartum prophylaxis and concentration of penicillin G in fetal serum at delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Intrapartum penicillin G prophylaxis aims to prevent early-onset group B streptococci (GBS) sepsis by interrupting vertical transmission. We examined the relationship between duration of prophylaxis and fetal serum penicillin G levels among fetuses exposed to fewer than 4 hours of prophylaxis compared with longer durations. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 98 laboring GBS-positive women carrying singleton gestations at 37 weeks or greater were administered 5 million units of intravenous penicillin G followed by 2.5 million units every 4 hours until delivery. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected at delivery, and penicillin G levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 3%. RESULTS: Fetuses exposed to fewer than 4 hours of prophylaxis had higher penicillin G levels than those exposed to greater than 4 hours (P=.003). In multivariable linear regression analysis, fetal penicillin G levels were determined by duration of exposure, time since last dose, dosage, and number of doses, but not maternal body mass index. Penicillin G levels increased linearly until 1 hour (R 2 =.40) and then decreased rapidly according to a power-decay model (R 2 =.67). All subgroups analyzed were above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for GBS (0.1 micrograms/mL)(P<.002). Individual samples were 10-179-fold above the MIC. In patients receiving maintenance dosing, penicillin G did not accumulate in the cord blood and returned to baseline after each 4-hour interval. CONCLUSION: Short durations of prophylaxis achieved levels significantly above the MIC, suggesting a benefit even in precipitous labors. The designation of infants exposed to fewer than 4 hours of prophylaxis as particularly at risk for GBS sepsis may be pharmacokinetically inaccurate.
Competency Based Training Model

Abstract A competency based, learner focused training program entitled the Career-Track Training Program (C-TTP) has been adapted from a prominent foodservice systems model. The model describes training system's inputs, controls, transformation processes, feedback loops, outcomes, and interactions with the larger foodservice organization. This model was developed in response to a formal training needs assessment that delineated job competency standards, and assessed employee's abilities and attitudes towards the use of modern instructional technologies in workplace training. Qualitative analysis indicated a need to allay computer aversion, develop training competency standards and incorporate a system wide attitude that training is important. A Project Action Team (PAT) has completed job description analysis and determined applicable skill, knowledge and attitude competencies. Computer aversion is being addressed with the introduction of Computer Based Training. Visual mnemonics (buses, bus stops, transfer tickets, bus route concepts) aid in creating a workplace training culture. Developing an organizational training culture based on employees needs, as measured against competency criterion, is important to today's practitioner.
Determination of sulfite by reaction with mercury(I) chloride and spectrophotometric measurement of mercury(II) complexes

Abstract Sulfite ion was determined in the 0.4 to 12-ppm range by reaction with insoluble mercury(I) chloride to form the soluble Hg(SO3)2staggered2− ion and elemental mercury. The uv absorption of the sulfite complex or an anion species, HgX4staggered2−, formed on adding an excess of KBr, KCl, KI, or KSCN is measured. The mercury(II) in solution can also be determined by lowering the pH, adding KCl, and forming the crystal violet adduct of the HgCl3staggered− ion. This adduct is extracted into benzene and the absorbance measured at 605 nm.
One Step at a Time: Self-Management and Transitions Among Women With Ovarian Cancer

Women with ovarian cancer often experience late-stage diagnosis, immediate major surgery, and an arduous chemotherapy regimen (Jemal, Siegel, Xu, & Ward, 2010). Effective self-management of the cancer and its psychosocial ramifications is critical to women’s quality of life (Lowe, Ferrell, & Leong, 2007). Self-management includes the tasks that individuals undertake to deal with the medical, role, and emotional management of their health condition (McCorkle et al., 2011). Self-management is a daily, interactive, and dynamic process requiring skills such as problem solving, goal setting, decision making, resource use, forming patient-provider partnerships, action planning, and self-tailoring (Grey, Knafl, & McCorkle, 2006; Lorig & Holman, 2003). Development of self-management skills is particularly urgent for women with ovarian cancer as frequent recurrence, limited treatment options, and an often short prognosis abruptly propel these women into a period of intense transitions (Power, Brown, & Ritvo, 2008). Transitions, or passages between two relatively stable periods of time during which an individual moves from one life phase, situation, or status to another (Schumacher, Jones, & Meleis, 1999), are times of vulnerability to risks that may influence health and well-being (Davies, 2005). Experiences of self-management and transitioning may be more intensive in ovarian cancer than in some other cancers because of its shorter prognosis that condenses the duration of self-management. The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe self-management experiences among women with ovarian cancer, particularly during transitions between health and illness. Having a clearer picture of how women with ovarian cancer handle their health and well-being during such transitions will assist in the development of interventions that teach self-management skills for women with advanced cancer.
The Development of the Asymmetric Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral Brønsted Acids

This report describes the development of a chiral Bronsted acid-catalyzed asymmetric Morita–BaylisHillman (MBH) reaction of cyclohexenone with aldehydes. During the course of our studies on chiral Lewis acid-promoted MBH reactions, we discovered that chiral binaphthol-derived Bronsted acids serve as promoters of the asymmetric MBH reaction. We propose that the phosphonium enolate of cyclohexenone is stabilized via hydrogen-bonding with the binaphthol-derived Bronsted acid, creating a chiral nucleophile. A practical and efficient set of conditions was developed using stoichiometric PEt3 as the nucleophilic promoter and catalytic amounts of a binaphthol-derived Bronsted acid to effect the reaction of cyclohexenone with various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in good yields and enantiomeric excesses (up to 96% ee).
Coagulation problems in the newborn

In order to evaluate newborn infants with bleeding problems, it is necessary to be familiar with the physiology of neonatal hemostasis. Levels of many coagulation factors in healthy fullterm neonates are approximately 50% of the adult mean and are lower in preterm infants. Consideration of the clinical setting and appropriate laboratory tests can differentiate between vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver dysfunction and congenital coagulation factor deficiencies, thus allowing appropriate treatment to be selected. The use of oral vs intramuscular vitamin K for prevention of late hemorrhagic disease of the new born is discussed.
Cooperative dynamics in relaxation: A coupling model perspective

Abstract Relaxation of identical constituents in complex systems, such as molecules in glass-forming viscous liquids, ions in vitreous ionic conductors or polymer chains in fully entangled polymer melts, is determined by cooperative processes of motions coupled together by interactions. Both experimental data and computer simulations of model complex systems support the physical picture and quantitative predictions provided by the coupling model. In this paper, the coupling model is summarized and examples of its accomplishments are given. The cooperativity arises mainly through coupling of the individual constituents and cannot be represented by a static distribution of relaxation times. The effect of the interactions, when averaged over the heterogeneous motions of all the relaxing constituents, produces a time-dependent rate for relaxation in linear response. The situation of nonequilibrium structural relaxation, such as enthalpy and volume recovery, is also discussed where the required averaging is then more complicated due to the interplay between the changing structure and the heterogeneous nature of the relaxing constituents.
New Methods for Estimating the Impact of Health Communication Programs

This paper demonstrates four analytical methods for evaluating the impact of full-coverage communication programs with cross-sectional survey data: propensity score matching (PSM), sensitivity analysis, biprobit regression, and triprobit regression. PSM adjusts for measured covariates and assumes that unmeasured covariates can be ignored; sensitivity analysis helps to test the validity of the assumption that unmeasured covariates are ignorable. Biprobit tests and corrects for endogeneity between two outcomes, and triprobit does so for three outcomes. Estimates from these methods using the same data are different, although they all indicate that exposure significantly increases the probability of consistent condom use and having a high level of ideation for condom use. Compared to triprobit regression and PSM, biprobit regression appears to overstate the impact of exposure. The study underscores the importance of taking theoretical pathways of influence into account when evaluating the impact of communicat...
AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME USING RAT FETAL LUNG EXPLANTS. 1978

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a disease of the newborn characterized by pneumonitis and surfactant inhibition. We have previously demonstrated that isolated adult rat type II pneumocytes (T-2) in culture increased phosphatidylcholine secretion but decreased the secretion of extracellular matrix proteins without cellular toxicity as evaluated by vital dye exclusion in the presence of meconium. The interaction in vivo of T-2 cells with the basement membrane and adjacent cells may be important in the pathophysiology of meconium aspiration syndrome, however this cannot occur with isolated T-2 cells. To maintain the relationship of T-2 cells to the basement membrane and adjacent parenchymal cells, we developed a new model using fetal lung explants, examining the effect of meconium on fetal lung phospholipid and surfactant protein synthesis. Sixteen rat fetuses were removed from a healthy female rat at 21 days gestation. Under a dissecting microscope the trachea of each fetus was identified and cannulated. The lungs were injected intratracheally with 100ml of either 1% human meconium (1%=3mg dry wt./ml), or Waymouth media (control). The lungs were removed, cut on a tissue chopper into 1mm cubes, then incubated at 37° in 95% oxygen. Lung explants were sampled and the media changed at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Each sample was homogenized then solubilized in a 0.1% Triton solution. Immunoblot assays for surfactant proteins A and B (SP-A, SP-B) were performed and standardized to total protein. When compared to control explants, SP-B in meconium explants tended to decrease, while SP-A increased at each of the three days. Phospholipids in meconium explants were no different from controls. The data indicates that meconium may have a significant effect on fetal explant T-2 cell function. We suggest that this model more closely relates to T-2 cell function in vivo.
γM23K, γm232K, and γl77K single substitutions in the TF1-ATPase lower ATPase activity by disrupting a cluster of hydrophobic side chains

In crystal structures of the bovine F(1)-ATPase (MF(1)), the side chains of gammaMet(23), gammaMet(232), and gammaLeu(77) interact in a cluster. Substitution of the corresponding residues in the alpha(3)beta(3)gamma subcomplex of TF(1) with lysine lowers the ATPase activity to 2.3, 11, and 15%, respectively, of that displayed by wild-type. In contrast, TF(1) subcomplexes containing the gammaM(23)C, gammaM(232)C, and gammaL(77)C substitutions display 36, 36, and 130%, respectively, of the wild-type ATPase activity. The ATPase activity of the gammaM(23)C/gammaM(232)C double mutant subcomplex is 36% that of the wild-type subcomplex before and after cross-linking the introduced cysteines, whereas the ATPase activity of the gammaM(23)C/L(77)C double mutant increased from 50 to 85% that of wild-type after cross-linking the introduced cysteines. Only beta-beta cross-links formed when the alpha(3)(betaE(395)C)(3)gammaM(23)C double mutant was inactivated with CuCl(2). The overall results suggest that the attenuated ATPase of the mutant subcomplexes containing the gammaM(23)K, gammaL(77)K, and gammaM(232)K substitutions is caused by disruption of the cluster of hydrophobic amino acid side chains and that the midregion of the coiled-coil comprised of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal alpha helices of the gamma subunit does not undergo unwinding or major displacement from the side chain of gammaLeu(77) during ATP-driven rotation of the gamma subunit.
Slacks and congestion: response to a comment by R. Färe and S. Grosskopf☆

Abstract Two approaches are presently available for the treatment of congestion in the data envelopment analysis (DEA) literature. Conditions for equivalence of these two approaches as well as conditions under which invalid results would be secured from one of these two approaches are set forth in Cooper, Seiford and Zhu (CSZ) (Fare et al., The Measurement of Efficiency of Production, Kluwer-Nijihoff Publishing, Norwell, MA, 1985). Fare and Grosskopf (FG) (Fare and Grosskopf, Slacks and congestion; a comment. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 2000;34:27–33) supply a counterexample to the critically important Theorem 1 in CSZ as well as to its corollary. The counterexample to the corollary is correct but the counterexample to the theorem rests on a misunderstanding. To avoid such misunderstandings, the theorem and proof are here recast in a more direct and positive manner to (a) clarify the theorem and (b) prove its validity. The paper then goes on to examine other relations and properties of these two approaches that bear on the FG comments which include conditions under which one (but not the other) will yield invalid results as shown in the example provided by CSZ. It is thus to be noted that equivalence holds only when the FG approach is valid.
TheK-conversion coefficient near threshold of the 30 keV isomeric transition in108mAg decay

With calibrated Ge(Li) x-ray detectorsK x rays in the conversion of the 30 keV isomeric transition in the decay of108mAg were observed in coincidence with 79 keV γ-rays. Thus, the fraction of 30 keV transitions which take place byK conversion was measured to be (2.44±0.23) × 10−2. Making use of a theoretical total conversion coefficient (K conversion contributes only a minor part of the total conversion coefficient), an experimental value of theK-conversion coefficient was obtained, αK=(1.07 ± 0.10) × 104 (where the error represents twice the standard deviation to which the error in the detector efficiency has been added linearly). This value agrees with the theory of Hager and Seltzer forM4 conversion. The energy of the cascading γ-ray was remeasured to be 79.20 ± 0.05 keV.
In‐water field analytical technology: Underwater mass spectrometry, mobile robots, and remote intelligence for wide and local area chemical profiling

An automated field analysis strategy for aqueous environments is proposed with the use of a mobile robot equipped with an underwater mass spectrometer aided by linked remote numerical models or natural intelligence. Intelligent search strategies were made possible through the use of numerical models, and natural intelligence was in the form of a man in the loop. The field-analysis strategy is useful for local- and wide-area in situ chemical surveying for environmental and economical tasks. The operation of chemoreceptive field underwater robots is demonstrated during two field trials, one using numerical models to aid in characterization of chemical dispersion, and the other discriminating a chemical gradient in the field. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 121–130, 2001
Gas, water and solute transport in soils containing macropores: a review of methodology

Abstract The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil bodies, interacting with weather, management practices, and chemical and biological processes, influence the movement of gas, water, and solutes in cropland ecosystems. The activities of soil biota, especially through their effects on soil porosity, impact on these properties and processes. This paper reviews methods for measuring flow into and through the soil, with emphasis on the techniques being developed to assess the importance of biological activity on the flow characteristics of soils. The discussion of methods used to characterize gas, water, and solute transport in soils addresses conditions under which their use may or may not be appropriate and the need for further methodology development.
Critical Comparison of Preconcentration Methods for Trace Ion Determination by Energy and Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

Abstract In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the field of metal ion preconcentration from environmental water samples. The methods most widely used include ion-exchange, precipitation (and coprecipitation), adsorption and chelation with immobilized and non-immobilized reagents. As the mechanisms underlying the various methods are different. it is expected that these methods perform differently with respect to the enrichment factor. sensitivity and recovery of trace metal ions. In this investigation, the preconcentration of 10 cations. Ag, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn was studied. The methods of preconcentration include (1) cation-exchange resin-loaded filter paper. (2) precipitation with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, (3) precipitation with ammoniumpyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. (4) chelation with oxine with subsequent adsorption on activated carbon and (5) chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate immobilized on controlled pore glass. Among the factors compared are the detection lim...
Developing Interactive Instructional Software for Language Acquisition

As part of an ongoing effort to restructure the language curriculum and integrate multimedia technology at the College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, a project team was formed in September 1993 to develop interactive instructional software for use in the first four semesters of French instruction. The goals of this project were twofold: first, to provide software for a multimedia laboratory environment to enhance classroom instruction; second, to initiate a training program for the language faculty of the College of Staten Island that would encourage development of software in foreign languages. The pedagogical focus of the software developed by the project team is on the use of interactive exercises to strengthen listening and writing skills and to perfect oral proficiency. The following report provides information on the hardware and primary software chosen for the project, a step-by-step description of the creation of interactive lessons and student use of lessons, discussion of some of the technical problems encountered in the execution of the project, and a description of new developments in the project. The objective here is to share our experiences with faculty and staff who are interested in the development of interactive software for language classes.
Graded-reflectivity mirror based on a volume phase hologram in a photopolymer film.

Graded-reflectivity mirrors for 1064-nm wavelength have been fabricated by use of volume phase holograms recorded in photopolymer films. A method for producing such holograms for the 1064-nm radiation by use of a 532-nm light source with a short (0.1-mm) coherence length was developed. The measured peak reflectivity of the mirror reached 95%, and its super-Gaussian profile well matched that calculated based on coupled-mode theory. The mirror can withstand a peak power density greater than 108 W/cm2. This method can also be used for fabricating deflectors that direct an incident beam to any specified angle other than the angle of reflection.
Transbilayer mapping of membrane proteins using membranes isolated on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads

Abstract Erythrocyte and HeLa cell plasma membranes were isolated on polylysinecoated polyacrylamide beads and the transbilayer disposition of their proteins was investigated. When membranes of intact erythrocytes were isolated on beads and then labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination, their labelling pattern was similar to that of inside-out vesicles in solution. When the membranes of intact HeLa cells were isolated on beads and then labelled by galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride treatment, no glycoprotein or glycolipid sugars were accessible. On the other hand, when the HeLa cell membranes were isolated on beads and then labelled by the lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination, all of the major membrane proteins were iodinated. These experiments confirmed for HeLa cell membranes what had previously been shown for erythrocyte membranes: when the membranes of intact cells are isolated on beads, the accessibility of their surfaces to enzymatic probes is the same as would be expected of inside-out vesicles in suspension. Double-label experiments, in which the HeLa cell membranes were labelled first on the intact HeLa cells and again after isolation on beads, identified several
Effects of dust and contaminants in animal buildings on human health and control strategies

This paper reviews and discusses the effects of pollutants in animal buildings on human health and the feasible control methods. Due to numbers of components in and on the dust particles, and different particulate, it is difficult to predict the symptom for individual case. Respirable particles are most harmful to human health, and should be considered first. The goal of dust particle control is to protect the human respiratory system from the pollutants, especially the small particles. Measurement of particles should use different methods. It is more reliable to use particle counter to measuring small particles due to the unidentified and unpredictable condition in animal buildings. Source control including secondary dust control is a reasonable way for the pollution abatement. Biofiltration can succeed in multipurpose control and may become more attractive. The principle of small particle removal differs from that of large particles.
SU‐E‐T‐397: Interplay Effect of Gated Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy with RapidArc Delivery

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric effect of intrafraction tumor motion during gated RapidArc Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy(SBRT) delivery. Method: The realtime tumor motion data were retrieved from 6 lung patients. Each of them received 3 fractions of stereotactic radiotherapy treatments with Cyberknife Synchrony. Phase gating through an external surrogate was simulated with a gating window of 5 mm. The resulting residual tumor motion curves during gating (beam‐on) were retrieved. RapidArc SBRT was planned on the platform of Varian Truebeam at 6 MV with 1400 MU/min. Planning target volume (PTV) was defined as physician‐contoured clinical target volume (CTV) surrounded by an isotropic 5 mm margin. Each patient was prescribed with 60Gy/3 fractions. The RA plan typically consists of 2 arcs; each contains 90–120 control points. An algorithm was developed to reconstruct the delivered dose with tumor motion. The MLC segment is assumed to move relatively to a static tumor. Each MLC control point, mainly the leaf position were modified according to the probability density function of tumor motion. The newly created MLC control points were written back to the treatment file in the dicom format which was subsequently imported to treatment planning system (Varian Eclipse) for dose recalculation. Results: The magnitude of dose deviation with motion is consistent with the excursion of the residual tumor movement. Overall CTV coverage of the study group is barely affected owing to the 5 mm margin. The fractional PTV dose coverage dropped by 4% at most and that from all fractions by 3%. An examination in the point dose shows an increase of 4% in the maximum dose and decrease of 10% for the minimum dose.Conclusion: With effective gating, interplay effect does not change the target coverage much during gated RapidArc SBRT. However it increases the dose nonuniformity inside target.
Postoperative pseudophakic bacterial endophthalmitis

Five patients who had postoperative pseudophakic bacterial endophthalmitis were treated with topical, periocular, and systemic antibiotics. Four patients also received intravitreal antibiotics and oral corticosteroids. The causative organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Proteus mirabilis. Final visual acuities ranged from 6/7.5 (20/25) to no light perception. Response to treatment and final visual acuity did not appear to be related to retention or removal of the intraocular lens.