cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projected temperature increases may require shifts in the growing season of cool-season crops and the growing locations of warm-season crops

Abstract Predicting the effects of climate change on where and when crops can be grown under future conditions is critical for maintaining crop production, particularly in Mediterranean ecosystems. The diverse range of Mediterranean climatic conditions in California supports high crop diversity and production, yet California also faces future increased temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events indicative of a changing climate. Evaluating the effect of temperature increase is a crucial first step in estimating future impacts of warming. We compare the temperature constraints under climate projections for five annual crops. We determine maximum and minimum monthly temperatures of historical and future projections for the mid-21st century based on four climate projections (two climate models × two climate change scenarios). We estimate where temperatures were suitable for each crop historically and in the future at two spatial scales (4 km grid-cell; statewide) and two temporal scales (monthly; for each crop's growing season). We found differences between warm- and cool-season crops: temperature affects when cool-season crops (broccoli; lettuce) could be grown more than where, but temperature affects where warm-season crops (cantaloupe; tomato; carrots) could be grown more than when. More than 99% of land where lettuce and broccoli have been grown historically will have temperatures suitable for each crop by mid-century; the increased winter temperatures will enable spring and fall growing seasons to merge in more than 75% of land where each crop has been grown. Only 34–87% of land historically used for growing tomatoes will have temperatures appropriate for tomatoes due to the increase in summer temperatures. We do not predict cantaloupes and carrots to cross their upper temperature threshold. Integration of our results with other factors that affect crops – including management, water availability and helpful and harmful insects – provides guidance for adapting Mediterranean agriculture to climate change.
Virtual Reality as Distraction Analgesia for Office-Based Procedures: A Randomized Crossover-Controlled Trial:

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the use of immersive and interactive virtual reality (VR) for analgesia, anxiety reduction, and overall satisfaction in patients undergoing outpati...
Development and denial: Guatemalan post-genocide development narratives

Abstract This paper investigates how genocide denial in Guatemala is utilized by the elites and the government to undermine Indigenous pursuits of justice, not only for war-era violence but also for ongoing issues related to racism, violence, and economic marginalization. While national lawmakers and economic elites in Guatemala insist that genocide recognition hinders economic development and national reconciliation, I argue that denial perpetuates the multifaceted marginalization of Indigenous populations as it works to maintain the status quo. Drawing from postcolonial memory studies, critical development literature, and decolonial scholars, this paper examines the ‘no hubo genocidio’ narratives alongside contemporary development and ‘solidarity’ campaigns to highlight the discursive and material motivations and implications of these forms of memory/forgetting work. In particular, I interrogate how the actors who produce both the contemporary development campaigns and the genocide denial narratives do so in an attempt to fix a specific collective memory, identity, and vision of development to the national level, which in Guatemala has always been problematic, fraught with racism, violence, and institutional forgetting.
No love without conflict: rights to the city, cultural activism, and the ‘irony of affect’ in São Paulo, Brazil

This article discusses how love arose as a political ethos in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The meaning and feeling of love emerged as middle-class artists sought to do what they love as work; activists deman...
Biological, Behavioral, and Ethical Considerations of Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Primer for Behavior Analysts

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder typically characterized by hyperphagia, hypotonia, intellectual disabilities, insistence on routines, and obsession and compulsion related to food. Although current medical interventions primarily include growth hormones to address the biological symptoms of the individual, behavioral therapy is an alternative option for skill acquisition and decreasing problem behaviors. There is a growing need for applied behavior analysis (ABA) research on targeting problem behaviors and teaching requisite skills to individuals with this syndrome. This article reviews the current literature on PWS, highlights treatments and their limitations, suggests how ABA providers can provide ethical services, and proposes future research needs with this syndrome.
Can Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Nitrogen in Hair and Feces Be Used to Predict Dairy Cow Susceptibility to Periparturient Production-related Metabolic Diseases (PRMDs)?

The goal of this study was to provide a reliable predictive tool to detect subclinical cows at risk of PRMDs. Prepartum and parturient carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in feces can identify cows at high risk of PRMDs, and may provide an economical method for early intervention to increase profit margins.
F-18 FDG PET/CT evaluation of treatment response to ipilimumab therapy in advanced stage melanoma

1464 Objectives Ipilimumab is a recently approved agent for treatment of melanoma, which is reported to improve the survival in advanced stage disease. F-18 FDG PET/CT has been widely used in staging, prognosis, and follow-up of melanoma. This study used the PERCIST criteria to investigate the predictive value of F-18 FDG PET/CT exam in advanced stage melanoma treated with ipilimumab. Methods This was a retrospective, IRB-approved study. 93 patients with Stages III and IV unresectable melanoma were treated with ipilimumab from 2011 to 2014. Data from 28 cases (mean age=66 ±13 years, female n=11) with complete follow-up and FDG PET/CT before and after 2-4 cycles of treatment were analyzed. Treatment responses were assessed according to PERCIST criteria by measuring the post-treatment changes of SUVmax compared with clinical outcome. Results Clinical disease progression (PD) was present in 21 out of 28 patients (pts). Post therapy PET/CT showed progressive metabolic disease (PMD) in 14 pts, partial metabolic response (PMR) in 7 pts, stable metabolic disease (SMD) in 5 pts, and complete metabolic response (CMR) in 2 pts. PMD was highly correlated with clinical PD (Positive Predictive Value [PPV]=93%, 13/14), and PMD pts showed worse long-term survival than the non-PMD pts (p=0.046 in log-rank test). One year survival rates for PMD and non-PMD were 58% and 100%, and two year survival rates were 31% and 73%, respectively. Patients of non-PMD after ipilimumab therapy demonstrated progression-free survival rates of 62% and 31% at one and two years respectively. Conclusions PET/CT evaluation using the PERCIST criteria at the end of ipilimumab therapy can be used to predict the survival for melanoma patients, with a high PPV when PMD was found. PMD after 2-4 cycles of ipilimumab predicts poor survival.
Mathematics and Measurement: Causation and the Mind

In this paper, I discuss two aspects of top-down causation in George Ellis’s compelling account of this complex concept. I first examine whether mathematical structures can enter into any causal relations, and argue that it is unclear that they can. I highlight instead the role played by the interpretation of mathematical theories in the context of applied mathematics. Second, I consider the role played by top-down causation in measurement, especially in quantum mechanics but also elsewhere, and identify the importance of the observer in this context. I am in large agreement with Ellis’s overall message, but we may understand certain details a bit differently. I articulate the message within a broadly empiricist setting.
Efficiently photo-charging lithium-ion battery by perovskite solar cell

Electric vehicles using lithium-ion battery pack(s) for propulsion have recently attracted a great deal of interest. The large-scale practical application of battery electric vehicles may not be realized unless lithium-ion batteries with self-charging suppliers will be developed. Solar cells offer an attractive option for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries. Here we demonstrate the use of perovskite solar cell packs with four single CH3NH3PbI3 based solar cells connected in series for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Our device shows a high overall photo-electric conversion and storage efficiency of 7.80% and excellent cycling stability, which outperforms other reported lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, flow batteries and super-capacitors integrated with a photo-charging component. The newly developed self-chargeable units based on integrated perovskite solar cells and lithium-ion batteries hold promise for various potential applications.
Excavations at the Indian Mountain Site, 5Bl876: a Multi-Component Stone Circle Site in Colorado's Northeastern Foothills

The Indian Mountain site appears to be a multicomponent Plains Woodland encampment consisting of a number of stone circles on the hogback that forms part of the eastern Rocky Mountain foothills of ...
Header and Unit Inference for Spreadsheets Through Spatial Analyses

This paper describes the design and implementation of a unit and header inference system for spreadsheets. The system is based on a formal model of units that we have described in previous work. Since the unit inference depends on information about headers in a spreadsheet, a realistic unit inference system requires a method for automatically determining headers. The present paper describes (1) several spatial-analysis algorithms for header inference, (2) a framework that facilitates the integration of different algorithms, and (3) the implementation of the system. The combined header and unit inference system is fully integrated into Microsoft Excel and can be used to automatically identify various kinds of errors in spreadsheets. Test results show that the system works accurately and reliably
Activity-dependent Functional and Developmental Plasticity of Drosophila Neurons

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the study of the in situ physiological and developmental effects of mutations at the neuronal and circuit levels that essentially underlie behavioral plasticity. It provides the recent developments about neural plasticity at the cellular level in Drosophila. The chapter essentially considers in vivo and in vitro preparations that provide insights into cellular processes of neural plasticity. Reflex circuits, plasticity in identified presynaptic arbors, and developmental and functional plasticity in neuronal cultures are presented in this chapter. As the neurogenetic study of neural plasticity unfolds, the results thus obtained indicate that the effects of mutations on neural plasticity are far from uniform at different locations in the nervous system. With complications of the timing of developmental events, such as critical periods of sensitivity to mutational perturbations and the different cell types involved in the assembly of the functioning nervous system, it becomes important to discern the specific components at the different levels of organization that are relevant to a particular form of neural plasticity, observed in neuronal networks and behavioural expression.
A prospective evaluation of the impact of second‐opinion histopathology on diagnostic testing, cost and treatment in dogs and cats with cancer

Second-opinion histopathology is a common practice in human medicine to avoid unnecessary procedures, costs and to optimize therapy. Histopathology review has been recommended in veterinary oncology as well. In this prospective evaluation of 52 tumours over a 1-year period, there was diagnostic agreement between first and second opinions in 52% of cases. Twenty-nine percent of cases had partial diagnostic disagreement, most often a change in grade, tumour subtype or margin status. Nineteen percent had complete diagnostic disagreement, including a change in cell of origin or a change from benign to malignant. Minor disagreements, which would not affect treatment or prognosis, were present in 21% of cases. Major disagreements, which would affect either treatment or prognosis, were present in 37% of cases. Costs of ideal staging and treatment recommendations were considerably different between first and second opinions.
A hybrid zone revisited: molecular and morphological analysis of the maintenance, movement, and evolution of a Great Plains avian (Cardinalidae: Pheucticus) hybrid zone

Black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus) and rose-breasted grosbeaks (Pheucticus ludovicianus) are passerine bird species known to hybridize in the Great Plains of North America. Both extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic factors (pre- and postzygotic reproductive isolation) have been credited for the generation and maintenance of the grosbeak hybrid zone, but little is known about the genetic characteristics of this hybrid zone. To investigate the stability and extent of the grosbeak hybrid zone, we constructed clines from both molecular sequence data (mtDNA, three autosomal intron loci, and one Z-linked locus) and morphological data (morphometric analyses and hybrid index scores) to determined zone centre and width. Hybrid zone centre and width were also determined for samples collected across the zone 40 years ago from morphological data. The present and past clines were compared and provided support for stability in hybrid zone location and width, and the evolutionary implications of this are discussed. Three models of hybrid zone maintenance were investigated to consider the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on this zone. Our results suggest low hybrid frequencies, a stable zone location and narrow width, and reduced hybrid fitness over the past 40 years best categorize the grosbeak hybrid zone as a tension zone.
A note on the local coefficient problem

or one of its rotations. The conjecture was proved for n = 2, 3, and 4 by Bieberbach [1], Loewner [2] and Garabedian and Schiffer [3], respectively. In recent papers, it has been proved to be true if f is sufficiently close to K in one or more of the topologies defined by n (l) ~~~~~E I ak- k | k=2 (2) Re(2 - a2), (3) Re(3 - a3).
Control of development in Neurospora crassa: Nutrient requirements for conidial germ tube emergence, elongation, and metabolic activation

Spores incubated in media containing only the carbon source (sucrose) undergo a normal increase in polysomes although they do not undergo normal germ tube emergence. Spores incubated in sucrose-only medium for 3 h exhibit a decreased polysome content relative to spores incubated in minimal medium. Polysome levels return to normal if the sucrose-only spores are subsequently incubated in media which will support growth. Although germination can be initiated by the carbon source alone, other constituents are required for germ tube emergence and germ tube elongation. Magnesium deprivation leads to an inhibition and retardation in germ tube emergence, indicating that processes relating to formation of the germ tube require magnesium. Similarly, zinc deprivation leads to retardation in germ tube elongation, indicating that it is required for those processes involving germ tube elongation.
Why be cryptic? Choice of host urchin is not based on camouflage in the caridean shrimp Gnathophylloides mineri

The caridean shrimp Gnathophylloides mineri lives among the spines of various species of sea urchins. The shrimp has cryptic coloration that closely matches the coloration of the Caribbean urchin Tripneustes ventricosus. Despite this camouflage, in Jamaica, G. mineri is three times more abundant on the urchin Lytechinus variegatus than on T. ventricosus. L. variegatus exhibits more pronounced covering behavior than T. ventricosus. In laboratory choice experiments, the shrimp exhibited no preference between live, uncovered T. ventricosus or L. variegatus. Similarly, there was no preference between models (the tests, with spines attached, of hollowed out urchins) of T. ventricosus or L. variegatus without cover, or between models of T. ventricosus or L. variegatus with switched cover (i.e., each model was covered with the debris that had belonged to its partner when collected). There was, however, a significant preference for L. variegatus models with their natural covering over T. ventricosus with their natural covering. The shrimp may prefer L. variegatus with its extensive covering over T. ventricosus with extensive covering because the spines of the former are typically erect, as opposed to the spines of T. ventricosus, which usually lay flat across the test and would not give the shrimp much room to maneuver under the debris layer. Our study indicates that despite effective morphological and behavioral traits that render an organism highly cryptic, other, more effective, means of concealment may undermine the usefulness of this crypsis.
The widened mediastinum in trauma.

Abstract Twenty-four patients with widened mediastinum were studied, of whom 7 had ruptured thoracic aorta, 8 had mediastinal hematoma, 6 had paravertebral hematoma, and 3, due to faulty diagnostic technique, appeared to have widened mediastinum. Nine patients underwent operation with 5 surviving; 3 had acute aortic rupture, 2 had delayed aortic aneurysm, 1 had avulsion of retrosternal tissues, 2 had ruptured intercostal and mammary vessels, and 1 had an atheromatous plaque mimicking aortic rupture. Wide mediastinum is caused by aortic rupture or mediastinal hematoma, but poor radiographic technique can lead to a mistaken diagnosis. The plain chest film and the aortogram are essential for the proper diagnosis of widened mediastinum in trauma.
Non-Additive Gene Effects of Six Broiler Traits as Studied from a Series of Diallel Matings

Abstract GENERALLY, the discrepancy between the observed and the expected genetic changes under selection is sufficiently small to be attributed to errors in sampling. In those cases where the observed deviates excessively from the expected, theories for such a departure must be invoked to reconcile it to the general framework of population genetics. It has been the experience of breeders that response to selection in highly selected populations frequently falls short of that expected on theoretical grounds. Furthermore, several investigators observed a cessation of genetic changes in their long-term selection experiments (Mather and Harrison, 1949; Lerner and Dempster, 1951; Woodworth et al., 1952; Robertson and Reeve, 1952; Falconer and King, 1953; and Yamada et al., 1958). Various theories have been advanced to interpret such lack of response to selection, all of which can be classified into three categories: (1) The exhaustion of genetic variability as a result of selection and inbreeding.
Therapy and outcomes in massive pulmonary embolism from the Emergency Medicine Pulmonary Embolism in the Real World Registry.

Abstract Study Aim Clinical guidelines recommend fibrinolysis or embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE) (MPE). However, actual therapy and outcomes of emergency department (ED) patients with MPE have not previously been reported. We characterize the current management of ED patients with MPE in a US registry. Methods A prospective, observational, multicenter registry of ED patients with confirmed PE was conducted from 2006 to 2008. Massive PE was defined as PE with an initial systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg. We compared inpatient and 30-day mortality, bleeding complications, and recurrent venous thromboembolism. Results Of 1875 patients enrolled, 58 (3.1%) had MPE. There was no difference in frequency of parenteral anticoagulation (98.3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 90.5-101.6] vs 98.5% [95% CI, 97.9-99.1], P = .902) between patients with and without MPE. Fibrinolytic therapy and embolectomy were infrequently used but were used more in patients with MPE than in patients without MPE (12.1% [95% CI, 3.7-20.5] vs 2.4% [95% CI, 1.7-3.1], P P = .022, respectively). Comparison of outcomes revealed higher all-cause inpatient mortality (13.8% [95% CI, 4.9-22.7] vs 3.0% [95% CI, 2.2-3.8], P P = .007), and a higher 30-day mortality (14.0% [95% CI, 4.4-23.6] vs 1.8% [95% CI, 1.2-2.4], P Conclusions In a contemporary registry of ED patients, MPE mortality was 4-fold higher than patients without MPE, yet only 12% of the MPE cohort received fibrinolytic therapy. Variability exists between the treatment of MPE and current recommendations.
Second sound spectroscopy: A new method for studying optical absorption in solids

Abstract Second sound in liquid HeII is used to measure the heat evolved by a solid sample illuminated with chopped monochromatic light. Preliminary experiments are presented.
Weather, the estimation of residential energy demand relationships and the reporting of data☆

The need for adjusting energy related data, especially weather data, prior to estimating demand relationships is pointed out. A previous study by Rushdi in Energy Economics and other studies are used as examples. The lack of such adjustments could affect greatly the estimated results. The desirability of making data available along with an article is also pointed out.
Comparison Between Color Doppler Twinkling Artifact and Acoustic Shadowing for Renal Calculus Detection: An In Vitro Study

To assess the ability of the color Doppler twinkling artifact to detect renal stones relative to acoustic shadowing, we scanned seven uric acid calculi embedded in a tissue mimicking phantom and in sheep kidneys using a high frequency linear array and a standard curved linear array ultrasound scanheads (L12-5 and C5-2; Philips Ultrasound, Bothel, WA, USA). The stones were scanned in and out of focus. The scans were optimized for shadow formation in gray-scale imaging and for color twinkling in color Doppler imaging. The images were analyzed using Image J (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). We calculated the contrast to noise ratios (C/N) for the acoustic shadows and the color twinkling artifact compared with background. These measurements were then evaluated using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired two-tailed t tests. With these comparisons, the C/Ns for twinkling were significantly higher than for acoustic shadowing. On average, twinkling produced 19.2 dB greater C/Ns for stones in the phantom and 17.6 dB more for the stones in the kidneys. In addition, ANOVA showed that twinkling is resistant to focusing and scanning frequency differences. The results suggest that the twinkling artifact is a robust method for detecting the presence of renal calculi. The color signature is easier to detect than is acoustic shadowing. Twinkling may be relatively resistant to many of the problems that plague ultrasound examinations for renal stones, i.e., out-of-focus scans that might be caused by beam aberration effects due to patient body habitus.
Complementarity and chiral fermions in SU(2) gauge theories.

Complementarity, the absence of a phase boundary separating the Higgs and confinement phases of a gauge theory, can be violated by the addition of chiral fermions. We utilize chiral-symmetry-violating fermion correlators such as $〈\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi}〉$ as order parameters to investigate this issue. Using inequalities similar to those of Vafa and Witten and Weingarten, we show that SU(2) gauge theories with Higgs and fermion fields in the fundamental representation exhibit chiral symmetry breaking in the confined phase and therefore do not lead to massless composite fermions. We discuss the implications for the Abbott-Farhi strongly interacting standard model.
Validating and Restoring Defense in Depth Using Attack Graphs

Defense in depth is a common strategy that uses layers of firewalls to protect Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) subnets and other critical resources on enterprise networks. A tool named NetSPA is presented that analyzes firewall rules and vulnerabilities to construct attack graphs. These show how inside and outside attackers can progress by successively compromising exposed vulnerable hosts with the goal of reaching critical internal targets. NetSPA generates attack graphs and automatically analyzes them to produce a small set of prioritized recommendations to restore defense in depth. Field trials on networks with up to 3,400 hosts demonstrate that firewalls often do not provide defense in depth due to misconfigurations and critical unpatched vulnerabilities on hosts. In all cases, a small number of recommendations was provided to restore defense in depth. Simulations on networks with up to 50,000 hosts demonstrate that this approach scales well to enterprise-size networks.
Gothic music and the inevitability of genre

(1999). Gothic music and the inevitability of genre. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 31-50.
Functional modulation of IFT kinesins extends the sensory repertoire of ciliated neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

The diversity of sensory cilia on Caenorhabditis elegans neurons allows the animal to detect a variety of sensory stimuli. Sensory cilia are assembled by intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesins, which transport ciliary precursors, bound to IFT particles, along the ciliary axoneme for incorporation into ciliary structures. Using fluorescence microscopy of living animals and serial section electron microscopy of high pressure–frozen, freeze-substituted IFT motor mutants, we found that two IFT kinesins, homodimeric OSM-3 kinesin and heterotrimeric kinesin II, function in a partially redundant manner to build full-length amphid channel cilia but are completely redundant for building full-length amphid wing (AWC) cilia. This difference reflects cilia-specific differences in OSM-3 activity, which serves to extend distal singlets in channel cilia but not in AWC cilia, which lack such singlets. Moreover, AWC-specific chemotaxis assays reveal novel sensory functions for kinesin II in these wing cilia. We propose that kinesin II is a “canonical” IFT motor, whereas OSM-3 is an “accessory” IFT motor, and that subtle changes in the deployment or actions of these IFT kinesins can contribute to differences in cilia morphology, cilia function, and sensory perception.
Parametrically excited surface waves in square geometry

Abstract A recent experiment on parametrically excited surface waves in square geometry can be understood in terms of a codiimension-three bifurcation in an appropriately formulated D 4 -equivariant map.
Optimizing off-highway truck characteristics for minimum haulage cost

Critical equipment characteristics are isolated and analysed by traditional operations research techniques, using off-highway trucks as an archetype. A computer search technique has been developed, employing various production and cost analyses. With this model, the optimum combination of horsepower, capacity, velocity, and total cost can be found, minimizing haulage cost per ton. Horsepower is treated as the most important characteristic. An example of the program's use and interpretation of its results conclude the paper. The optimization is useful as an aid to off-highway truck selection, evaluation, and design. Model limitations are offered and advantages to its use are given.
Description of Medwayella independencia (Siphonaptera, Stivaliidae), a new species of flea from Mindanao Island, the Philippines and their phoretic mites, and miscellaneous flea records from the Malay Archipelago

Medwayella independencia, a new species of flea, is described from the tupaiid host Urogale everetti (Thomas) from Mindanao Island, Philippines. Several other species of fleas are also recorded from the Philippines including a single male of Lentistivalius philippinensis Hastriter and Bush, 2013 (previously known only from two males), the bat fleas Thaumapsylla breviceps orientalis Smit and Thaumapsylla longiforceps Traub, a single unidentified female species of Macrostylophora Ewing collected from the murid Bullimus bagobos Mearns, and a pair of Medwayella robinsoni ssp. from Sundasciurus hoogstraali (Sanborn) from Busuanga Island, Philippines. Representatives of Medwayella Traub, 1972 and Macrostylophora have not previously been recorded from the Philippines. A key to the male sex of Medwayella is provided. Phoretic mites of the genus Psylloglyphus (family Winterschmidtiidae) were present under the abdominal sclerites of several male and female specimens of M. independencia. This is the second report of a phoretic mite on a species of Medwayella Traub. The co-evolutionary implications between phoretic mites and fleas are discussed.
Systemic Shifts: The Case of Abidjan's Urban Planning, 1945–60

In the span of one decade, Abidjan received two urban plans: the Badani plan (1952) and the SETAP plan (1959). Both times, a heterogeneous system was forged through the expertise of urban planning in an attempt to create a more efficient city. Both times, the urban plan succeeded only briefly while the associative forces holding it together staved off the dissociative forces ripping it apart. This article focuses on this broader movement of forces, that is, the systemic shifts, which manifested in both urban plans but had ramifications beyond them.
Adrenergic pathway activation enhances brown adipose tissue metabolism: A [18 F]FDG PET/CT study in mice

Abstract Objective Pharmacologic approaches to study brown adipocyte activation in vivo with a potential of being translational to humans are desired. The aim of this study was to examine pre- and postsynaptic targeting of adrenergic system for enhancing brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism quantifiable by [ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ([ 18 F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in mice. Methods A β 3 -adrenoreceptor selective agonist (CL 316243), an adenylyl cyclase enzyme activator (forskolin) and a potent blocker of presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (atomoxetine), were injected through the tail vein of Swiss Webster mice 30minutes before intravenous (iv) administration of [ 18 F]FDG. The mice were placed on the PET/CT bed for 30min PET acquisition followed by 10min CT acquisition for attenuation correction and anatomical delineation of PET images. Results Activated interscapular (IBAT), cervical, periaortic and intercostal BAT were observed in 3-dimentional analysis of [ 18 F]FDG PET images. CL 316243 increased the total [ 18 F]FDG standard uptake value (SUV) of IBAT 5-fold greater compared to that in placebo-treated mice. It also increased the [ 18 F]FDG SUV of white adipose tissue (2.4-fold), and muscle (2.7-fold), as compared to the control. There was no significant difference in heart, brain, spleen and liver uptakes between groups. Forskolin increased [ 18 F]FDG SUV of IBAT 1.9-fold greater than that in placebo-treated mice. It also increased the [ 18 F]FDG SUV of white adipose tissue (2.2-fold) and heart (5.4-fold) compared to control. There was no significant difference in muscle, brain, spleen, and liver uptakes between groups. Atomoxetine increased [ 18 F]FDG SUV of IBAT 1.7-fold greater than that in placebo-treated mice. There were no significant differences in all other organs compared to placebo-treated mice except liver (1.6 fold increase). A positive correlation between SUV levels of IBAT and CT Hounsfield unit (HU) (R 2 =0.55, p 2 =0.69, p Conclusions The three pharmacologic approaches reported here enhanced BAT metabolism by targeting different sites in adrenergic system as measured by [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT.
Map Interpretation Instruction in Introductory Textbooks: A Preliminary Investigation

ABSTRACT Maps are often understood as the primary tool in geography; however, recent research indicates that the number of students taking map interpretation courses has declined. As geography students are expected to master the uses of maps, this study investigates the materials available in introductory collegiate textbooks that promote the development of those skills. Seventeen widely used introductory geography texts are analyzed for the following: the presence of text material dedicated to map interpretation; content related to map interpretation concepts; and additional resources such as study boxes designed to enhance student map interpretation abilities. After taking an inventory of introductory geography textbooks, findings indicate broad inclusion of map interpretation concepts in physical, human, world regional, and general geography textbooks, although physical and general geography textbooks include more substantive map interpretation explanation and tools than their human and world regional ...
PGE2 sensitizes cultured pulmonary vagal sensory neurons to chemical and electrical stimuli

Mediators of inflammation, such as PGE2, are known to sensitize the airways to inhaled irritants and circulating autacoids. Evidence from in vivo studies has shown the involvement of vagal pulmonar...
The Impact of Method, Motivation, and Empathy on Diversity Training Effectiveness

The purpose of this paper is to examine method, motivation, and individual difference variables as they impact the effectiveness of a diversity training program in a field setting. We conducted a longitudinal field experiment in which participants (N = 118) were randomly assigned to participate in one of three diversity training methods (perspective taking vs. goal setting vs. stereotype discrediting). Eight months after training, dependent measures on diversity-related motivations, attitudes and behaviors were collected. Results suggest the effectiveness of diversity training can be enhanced by increasing motivation in carefully framed and designed programs. Specifically, self-reported behaviors toward LGB individuals were positively impacted by perspective taking. Training effects were mediated by internal motivation to respond without prejudice, and the model was moderated by trainee empathy. These findings serve to demonstrate that diversity training participants react differently to certain training methods. Additionally, this study indicates that taking the perspective of others may have a lasting positive effect on diversity-related outcomes by increasing individuals’ internal motivation to respond without prejudice. These effects may be particularly powerful for training participants who are low in dispositional empathy. This study is among the first to examine trainee reactions to diversity training exercises focused on different targets using different training methods. Additionally, we identify an important mediator (internal motivation to respond without prejudice) and boundary condition (trainee empathy) for examining diversity training effectiveness.
Separate controls for conditioned cephalic phases of acid secretion and drinking in the rat.

Abstract Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, surgically equipped with a stainless steel gastric cannula, were tested in a paradigm known to support conditioning of cephalic phase gastric acid secretion. Rats were tested first under (a) baseline conditions—prepared to sham feed, but no food was offered and none should have been expected; then (b) 5 conditioning trials—prepared and allowed to sham feed sweetened milk; and finally (c) extinction trials—prepared to sham feed milk, but milk was not offered. Combined antagonism of H 1 and H 2 histamine receptors (using intraperitoneal dexbrompheniramine plus cimetidine) prevented the acquisition of conditioned cephalic phase of acid secretion, but had no effect on acquisition of conditioned water intake. Such histaminergic antagonism also blocked the expression of an established conditioned acid secretory response without effect on conditioned water intake; peripheral cholinergic blockade using atropine methyl nitrate had virtually the same effect as did histaminergic antagonism. The converse was observed following blockade of angiotensin II synthesis using subcutaneous captopril: Established conditioned secretion was unaffected, but conditioned water intake was inhibited. These results dissociate the physiological controls for conditioned responses which occur simultaneously in rats anticipating eating: Peripheral histamine mediates the acquisition and expression of the conditioned cephalic phase of acid secretion, whereas angiotensin II appears to mediate at least the expression of conditioned water intake.
Practitioner Envy and Constructing the Other in Public Administration

This article discusses the personal dimension of the identity crisis in public administration and its impact on academic research on public participation. Devoid of a socially recognizable secure academic identity, practitioner represents the closest to an authentic identity for public administration researcher. This identification with the practitioner comes at a price and leads to the creation and maintenance of the category of “public” which serves as the Other for public administration research. Drawing on insights from Said’s (1979) treatment of the concept of the Other, I discuss various dimensions of the discourses of power and knowledge in public administration which lead to categorization of the public as the Other. I elucidate this point by reviewing recent research on public participation from the perspective of strategic location. The analysis shows that this research constructs a particular image of the public which reinforces not only the legitimacy of the practitioner but also the ontological separation between the public and the practitioner.
The Pu'u ‘O’o‐Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea

Kilauea is nearing the 10th year of its most voluminous rift zone eruption in the last 2 centuries. Lava flows have covered 75 km2 to depths as great as 25 m and have added almost 1.2 km2 of new land to the island. These flows have devastated downslope communities and have provided a painful tutorial for local government in planning for and living with volcanic hazards [Heliker and Wright, 1991]. At the same time, the accessibility and longevity of this eruption have provided a unique opportunity for quantitative studies requiring long-term observations. This article briefly summarizes these studies, which are directed at a better understanding of eruption mechanics, lava-flow field emplacement, and the plumbing system of Kilauea.
Optimal sizes of silica microspheres for linear and nonlinear optical interactions

We investigate theoretically the mode volume (Veff) and quality factor (Q) of the fundamental whispering gallery mode of a silica microsphere. We determine the optimal sizes of microspheres for linear and nonlinear optical interactions. We find for the latter case that an optimal wavelength exists that corresponds to the low-loss range for silica. For linear optical interactions, the optimal size is found to be relatively insensitive to the choice of wavelength.
Upholding and Expanding the Normal Family: Future Fatherhood through the Eyes of Gay Male Emerging Adults

Life course theory and the concept of emerging adulthood were used to examine the visions of fatherhood among 14 gay men between the ages of 18- 25 years. Participants were asked to discuss their future fatherhood plans with probes for personal, family, and historical contexts. Grounded theory methods were used to analyze the data. The emergent core narrative was that these men’s plans for the future largely upheld and expanded, rather than challenged, the normative nuclear family ideal. Though barriers were anticipated, they describe their personal and historical contexts as enabling them to pursue family and children in ways that differ from past cohorts of gay men.
Application of a dielectric function to the exchange energy and specific heat of a two-dimensional electron gas

Abstract A new theory based on a dielectric function and its sum rule is presented for the exchange energy and specific heat of a two-dimensional electron gas. The results are exact towards absolute zero.
Effect of Electric Field Strength on Texture Evolution of IF Steel Sheet during Annealing

Specimens cut from a cold-rolled IF steel sheet of 1 mm thickness were respectively annealed at 750°C for 20min under a range of DC electric fields (1kV/cm~4kV/cm). The Effect of electric field strength on recrystallization texture of IF steel sheet was studied by mean of X-ray diffraction ODF analysis. It was found that γ-fiber textures were notably enhanced as electric field strength increased. The strength of γ-fiber textures got their peak values as the applied electric field reached to 4kV/cm. The possible reason for such phenomena was discussed in the viewpoint of interaction between the applied electric field and the orientation-dependent stored-energy in deformed metals which is known as the driving force for recrystallization during annealing.
Nahua Intellectuals, Franciscan Scholars, and the Devotio Moderna in Colonial Mexico

In 1570, the Franciscan friar Jeronimo de Mendieta bestowed a rare gift on Juan de Ovando, then president of the Council of Indies. Mendieta placed in Ovando's hands a small manuscript volume in superb Gothic script with illuminated initials and color illustrations, one of several important manuscripts he had brought to Spain for various prominent recipients. Were it not for its contents, one could have thought it a meticulous version of a breviary or a book of hours, but its contents were unprecedented. This tome contained a scholarly Nahuatl translation of the most popular devotional work in Western Europe in the previous century. It was Thomas a Kempis's Imitation of Christ, which caught Iberian Christians under its spell between the 1460s and the early sixteenth century by means of multiple Latin editions and translations into Portuguese, Catalan, and Spanish, including a version in aljamiado (Spanish in Arabic characters). Indeed, a decisive turning point in the Iberian reception of this work had taken place three decades earlier, through the 1536 publication of Juan de Avila's influential Spanish-language adaptation.
Dynamics of Polymer Blends of a Strongly Interassociating Homopolymer with Poly(vinyl methyl ether) and Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

The dynamics of miscible blends of poly(p-(hexafluoro-2-hydroxyl-2-propyl)styrene) (PolyHFS) with poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VPy) were investigated via broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The HFS moiety forms strong intermolecular associations with proton-accepting polymers, while the steric shielding provided by the two CF3 groups minimizes the number of self-associations. The local, glassy state relaxations of PolyHFS and PVME (or P2VPy) are suppressed in the mixtures due to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. When the number of PolyHFS segments is approximately equal to the number of PVME segments, the local relaxation of PVME is undetectable by DRS. Reduced functional group accessability in P2VPy blends lessens the suppression of local relaxations. A single, broadened dynamic glass transition (α relaxation) is observed for each blend. At temperatures above the α process, an additional relaxation is observed, α*, which is assigned to the breakin...
A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Dihydrocarvone

Abstract Dihydrocarvone (3) has proven to be an extremely useful starting material for the synthesis of a number of natural products.1 Recently we required substantial quantities of 3 for studies directed toward the synthesis of several sesquiterpenes. Although a variety of procedures have been reported2 for the conversion of readily available3 carvone (1) into dihydrocarvone (3), we desired to utilize a procedure for the large scale preparation of 3 which would avoid the use of large amounts of liquid ammonia or expensive hydride reagents.
A framework for the formation and structure of consumer expectations: Review and propositions

Abstract Expectations have been found to have an important impact on decision-making in a wide variety of consumption settings. In this paper, the concept of expectations of product attribute levels and purchase-related outcomes is discussed as an important but largely neglected area in consumer behavior research. Relevant works on the formation of expectations from consumer psychology, economics, and behavioral decision theory are reviewed, a general framework for the formation process is formed, and propositions for a research agenda are suggested.
Generalized transport theory

Abstract The purpose of this discussion is the extension of some results derived by Lax on the small coupling limit of transport theory. Our results extend the perturbation treatment for small external electric fields to magnetic fields in classical and quantum cases. The quantum results for Ohm's current and the Hall current are derived and compared to the classical results and the conditions for classical limit to exist are examined. A quantum mechanical expression for the Hall coefficient is derived along with the usual expression for the conductivity tensor. This method could be extended to give similar results for magnetoresistance. The single particle approximation is used throughout both sections of the paper.
Surgical management of hepatic abscesses

Amebic and pyogenic hepatic abscesses are rare liver lesions that may require surgical intervention. Amebic liver abscesses are more common in subtropical and tropical climates and in areas with poor sanitation. The majority of pyogenic liver abscesses are caused by infections in the biliary or intestinal tracts. These lesions can be differentiated on clinical grounds and by amebic serology. Ultrasound and computed tomography are the imaging techniques of choice. The initial management of amebic hepatic abscesses is treatment with amebicidal agents. Most patients respond rapidly so that surgery is reserved for patients with complications including secondary bacterial infection, impending rupture, or rupture into the pericardium or peritoneum. Patients with pyogenic hepatic abscesses require a prolonged course of antibiotics and appropriate drainage. Selected solitary abscesses can be managed with percutaneous abscess drainage. Similarly, some abscesses of biliary origin will respond to percutaneous biliary drainage. Surgical drainage has several advantages including: the ability to explore the abdomen for a source, excellent exposure of the entire liver, accurate assessment, sometimes with ultrasound, of the best drainage site, and access to the biliary tree for cholangiography and drainage.
The informed neuron: Issues in the use of information theory in the behavioral sciences

The concept of “information” is virtually ubiquitous in contemporary cognitive science. It is claimed to be “processed” (in cognitivist theories of perception and comprehension), “stored” (in cognitivist theories of memory and recognition), and otherwise manipulated and transformed by the human central nervous system. Fred Dretske's extensive philosophical defense of a theory of informational content (“semantic” information) based upon the Shannon-Weaver formal theory of information is subjected to critical scrutiny. A major difficulty is identified in Dretske's equivocations in the use of the concept of a “signal” bearing informational content. Gibson's alternative conception of information (construed as analog by Dretske), while avoiding many of the problems located in the conventional use of “signal”, raises different but equally serious questions. It is proposed that, taken literally, the human CNS does not extract or process information at all; rather, whatever “information” is construed as locatable in the CNS is information only for an observer-theorist and only for certain purposes.