cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation with magnesium sulfate after coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Ninety-nine consecutive consenting patients were prospectively entered into a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy of postoperative magnesium therapy on the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias after elective coronary artery bypass grafting. No patient had documented or suspected arrhythmias preoperatively. Forty-nine patients received 178 mEq of magnesium given over the first 4 postoperative days, and 50 patients received only placebo. The clinical characteristics of both groups were similar. The preoperative mean serum magnesium concentration was similar in both study (1.90 mEq/L) and placebo (1.90 mEq/L) groups. The mean postoperative serum magnesium concentration in study patients was significantly elevated over postoperative days 1 through 4 when compared with preoperative levels ( p p p p
APHIDS LIMIT FECUNDITY OF A WEEDY ANNUAL (RAPHANUS SATIVUS)

Few previous studies document effects of herbivores on the reproduction of wild plants in situ. We examined the impact of aphids on seed production in wild radish (Raphanus sativus L.), an annual herb. Aphid infestation increased during the three-month flowering period. Flower and fruit production declined during the season, in part due to aphids. Inflorescences of lateblooming plants more than doubled their fruit production when aphids were removed. Thus, aphids curtailed the blooming period of wild radish, perhaps conferring a selective advantage on early-flowering plants. A few individuals were not susceptible to aphid colonization. HERBIVORES cause dramatic reductions in the yield of agricultural species, yet few previous studies concern their effects on the fecundity of wild plants. Plant reproductive success is
A meta‐analysis model of manufacturing capabilities

Abstract Recent research in operations strategy has focused on showing the extent to which manufacturing's competence in developing and executing one or more competitive capabilities affects the organization's overall business performance. Several of those efforts have produced models, such as the ‘sand cone’, that suggest an ideal sequence in which manufacturing capabilities should be developed. However, efforts to empirically validate such sequential models, except for one recent study, have been inconclusive. This paper takes a different approach to examining the relationships among competitive capabilities. The existing cross-sectional studies of manufacturing capabilities are integrated to synthesize a proposed model of: (1) the relationships among manufacturing capabilities, and (2) the relationships between those capabilities and business performance. The proposed model is synthesized using data from previous studies, other models and theoretical arguments. Meta-analysis is used to identify aspects of the model that appear better supported by empirical research and those that require further study. The implications of this proposed model with regard to research, practice and future research in operations strategy are discussed.
The impact of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in elucidating the role of apolipoprotein E ε4 in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Despite the strong genetic risk factor of the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) for late onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the underlying mechanism triggering the onset and its impact on illness progression is not fully understood (1). In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a wellestablished, noninvasive technique that can probe the human biochemistry (2), and it has played a key role in identifying early course biomarkers for AD. In this issue of Biological Psychiatry, Gomar et al. (3) show evidence of APOE allele status modulating in vivo proton ( 1 H) MRS measures with age as well as these in vivo measures mediating the association between APOE allele status and cognition in healthy older adults. Specifically, carriers of APOE e4 showed increasing ratios of metabolite levels, glycerophosphocholine (GPC) plus phosphocholine (PC) relative to phosphocreatine (PCr) plus creatine (Cr) (GPCPC/PCrCr), with age in the posterior cingulate and precuneus region, which were not present in carriers of the APOE e3 homozygotes, and a trend of increasing ratios, myo-inositol (myo-Ins) relative to PCrCr ratios, with age in the APOE e4 carriers. (Note: To avoid confusion with respect to the biochemical significance, the more common notation, Cho/Cr, is explicitly redefined as GPCPC/PCrCr.) Using structural equation modeling, together GPCPC/PCr and myo-Ins/PCrCr ratios mediated the relationship between the APOE status–age interaction and the global cognitive score (based on memory, learning, attention, executive functions, and processing speed). The N-acetylaspartate (NAA) ratio relative to PCrCr did not differ between the APOE e4 and APOE e3 carriers. These results show great promise of in vivo 1 H MRS biochemical measurements differentiating individuals who do not meet criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but who are at increased genetic risk of developing late-onset AD from individuals with the less susceptible APOE e3 genetic risk. The significance of these differences with respect to the biochemistry also provides greater insight into neural mechanisms of APOE and age effects, as discussed subsequently. However, the study by
Bacterial mutagenicity of soil extracts from a bioremediation facility treating wood-preserving waste

Abstract Bioremediation is gaining acceptance as a viable alternative for remediating contaminated soils at Superfund sites. However, it has the potential for resulting in the production of intermediate breakdown products which may be more toxic and soluble than the parent compound. This study was designed to monitor the mutagenic activity of contaminated soils from an abandoned wood preserving facility undergoing bioremediation in an intensively managed land treatment unit (LTU). Sample collection included two waste samples, twelve soil samples from the LTU, one on- site control soil sample, and one off-site control sample. Samples were sequentially extracted with methylene chloride and methanol, and the residues from these extractions were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide for testing with the Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test). Each extract was tested using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation, and the results were used to measure the bacterial mutagenicity which is an indicator of the carcinogenic potential. Although chemical analysis had suggested that biodegradation had reduced the concentration of toxic organics to below method detection limits, the results of bioassay testing detected mutagenic chemicals still present in both lifts of soil in the LTU. The weighted activity (revertants per gram of soil) of the soil from the upper lift which had been in the LTU for only five weeks exceeded two times the background, whereas the weighted activities of soil samples from the lower lift which had been in the LTU for three months were within background values for this site. These data indicate that three months of remediation in an intensively managed LTU is sufficient to reduce the weighted activity of contaminated soil from this facility to near background levels.
Pancreatic Cancer Clinical Trials and Accrual in the United States

Purpose Pancreatic cancer clinical trials open in the United States and their accrual were examined to identify opportunities to accelerate progress in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Methods Pancreatic cancer–specific clinical trials open in the United States in the years 2011 and 2012 were obtained from the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network database. Accrual information was obtained from trial sponsors. Results The portfolio of pancreatic cancer clinical trials identified by type (adenocarcinoma or neuroendocrine), phase, disease stage, and treatment approach is reported. More than half of trials for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma applied biologic insights to new therapeutic approaches, and 38% focused on optimization of radiation or chemotherapy delivery or regimens. In 2011, pancreatic cancer trials required total enrollment of 11,786 patients. Actual accrual to 93.2% of trials was 1,804 patients, an estimated 4.57% of the patients with pancreatic cancer alive in that year. The grea...
Noise figure of phase-sensitive parametric amplifier using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with lossy Kerr media and noisy pump

The noise figure (NF) of a phase-sensitive parametric amplifier using a nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer (NMZI) with Kerr media is analyzed for amplitude-modulation signals. In the analysis, the distributed loss of the Kerr media and the excess noise of the pump light are taken into account. As for the distributed loss of the Kerr media, the quantum Langevin equation for the NMZI is derived and solved. The results elucidate a simple degradation factor in the NF representation of the amplifier. This factor implies that the NF can be less than the standard quantum limit (SQL) of 3 dB, even if the total loss of the Kerr media exceeds 3 dB. As for the excess noise of the pump light, the semi-classical small signal analysis is utilized. The results clearly indicate that the signal-to-noise ratio of the pump light must be four times higher than that of the input signal in order to realize a low-noise optical amplifier under the SQL of 3 dB.
Cytoskeleton as a target for injury in damaged intestinal epithelium.

This report summarizes the findings of a series of studies undertaken to discern the role of the cytoskeleton in intestinal injury and defense. Two established cell lines were used for these studies. IEC-6 cells (a rat intestinal cell line) were incubated in Eagle's minimal essential medium with and without 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E(2) (dmPGE(2); 2.6 microM) for 15 minutes and subsequently incubated in medium containing 10% ethanol (EtOH). The effects on cell viability and the actin cytoskeleton were then determined. Using a similar protocol, Caco-2 cells (a human colonic cell line) were employed to assess the microtubule cytoskeleton under these conditions. In both cell lines, EtOH extensively disrupted the cytoskeletal component being evaluated coincident with adversely affecting cell viability. Pretreatment with dmPGE(2) increased cell viability and abolished the disruptive effects on both the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in cells exposed to EtOH. Prior incubation with cytochalasin D, an actin disruptive agent, prevented the protective capabilities of dmPGE(2) in IEC-6 cells challenged with EtOH. Phalloidin, an actin stabilizing agent, demonstrated similar effects to that of dmPGE(2) by stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton and preserving cellular viability in IEC-6 cells in response to EtOH. In Caco-2 cells, taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent, mimicked the effects of dmPGE(2) by increasing cell viability in cells exposed to EtOH and enhancing microtubular integrity. In contrast, pretreatment with colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubule integrity, prevented the protective effects of dmPGE(2). These findings support the hypothesis that the cytoskeleton may be a major target for injury in damaged intestinal epithelium, and that the protective action of dmPGE(2) is orchestrated through preservation of this target.
An overview of the history and culture of the Xianbei (‘Monguor’/‘Tu’)

The Tu History [Tu Zu Shi], by Jianfu Lu, Beijing, Chinese Social Sciences Press [Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she], 2002, 601 pp., ¥38 RMB, ISBN 750043994 This is an exceptional book that prese...
Aromaticity of Butalene and Its Homologues

The aromaticity of a series of fused cyclobutadiene systems is discussed in terms of their resonance energies. While there is considerable variation in their resonance energies per π electron, all members of the series are calculated to be antiaromatic, though to a lesser degree than the parent cyclobutadiene.
Synthesis and characterization of anti-[2.2](1,6)azulenophane

Abstract Two synthetic pathways affording anti -[2.2](1,6)azulenophane via fluoride induced 1,8 elimination from trimethylsilyl-tetraalkylammonium salts are described. Spectral data are reported that allow the structural assignment for the title compound.
Invasion vs Insurgency: US Navy/Marine Corps Forward Surgical Care During Operation Iraqi Freedom

Hypothesis The transition from maneuver warfare to insurgency warfare has changed the mechanism and severity of combat wounds treated by US Marine Corps forward surgical units in Iraq. Design Case series comparison. Setting Forward Resuscitative Surgical System units in Iraq. Patients Three hundred thirty-eight casualties treated during the invasion of Iraq in 2003 (Operation Iraqi Freedom I [OIF I]) and 895 casualties treated between March 2004 and February 2005 (OIF II). Interventions Definitive and damage control procedures for acute combat casualties. Main Outcome Measures Mechanism of injury, procedures performed, time to presentation, and killed in action (KIA) and died of wounds (DOW) rates. Results More major injuries occurred per patient (2.4 vs 1.6) during OIF II. There were more casualties with fragment wounds (61% vs 48%; P = .03) and a trend toward fewer gunshot wounds (33% vs 43%; P = .15) during OIF II. More damage control laparotomies ( P = .04) and more soft tissue debridements ( P Conclusions The transition from maneuver to insurgency warfare has changed the type and severity of casualties treated by US Marine Corps forward surgical units in Iraq. Improvised explosive devices, severity and number of injuries per casualty, longer transport times, and higher KIA and DOW rates represent major differences between periods. Further data collection is necessary to determine the association between transport times and mortality rates.
Machine solutions of light curves of eclipsing binary systems

Abstract This paper considers various approaches to the solution of light curves by general-purpose digital computers. Two classes of solutions are defined. The direct methods attempt to arrive at all pertinent eclipse parameters simultaneously. The indirect methods, on the other hand, strive to isolate a specific parameter in terms of which the remaining elements of the eclipse can be determined. Advantages and weaknesses of various methods within these classes are discussed. The major part of the paper is devoted to the discussion of an example of implementing an actual computation. For this purpose the solution of a complete occultation eclipse in terms of the second method of Kopal is chosen. A detailed discussion of the computer programs and operator procedures is included. Typical computations are presented for the YZ Cassiopeiae system. The computer language employed is basic Fortran . In conclusion it is argued that attempts to analyze complex binary systems by indirect methods hold little promise. The writer feels that such systems should be studied by direct methods implemented in terms of computer simulation techniques.
A Comparison of the Amounts of Metepa Required to Sterilize the Screw-Worm Fly and the Stable Fly

Tests were conducted to determine the differences in the amounts of metepa required to produce the same effect on fertility of the screw-worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). With topical treatments, the male screw-worm fly required 5.5 times as much metepa per gram of body weight as the male stable fly, and the female screw-worm fly required 18 times as much as the female stable fly. The values for feeding treatments of the screw-worm fly and stable fly were 3.9 and 6.2 times, respectively, for male and female.
Florida Migration in the Ahead Study, 1993-1995: A Note on the Flight of the Oldest Retirees

This is an exploratory study of the migration patterns of people older than age 70. If the life course perspective on retirement migration is correct, then this older category should be somewhat less inclined to enter the key national destination states and more likely to be moving toward the usual sending states, unlike younger retirees. The Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study is critical to this study goal because it contains an over sample of Florida residents older than age 70. Respondents were interviewed in 1993 and again in 1995. The older movers who were identified tend to move locally, or within the state, but those who migrate across state lines are more often leaving Florida than entering it, as suggested by the life course theory.
q -analogs of harmonic oscillators and related rings

A ringH q which is aq-analog of the universal enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg Lie algebraU(h) is constructed, and its ring theoretic properties are studied. It is shown thatH q has a factor ringA q which is a simple domain with properties that are compared to the Weyl algebra. A secondq-analogH q ofU(h) is constructed, andH q is shown to be a primitive ring.
String Complexity Increases Phonemic Interference

3 groups of monolingual adult native speakers of English attempted to pronounce a non-English phone embedded in 1-, 4-, and 7-syllable phonological strings. The number of phonemic errors made increased with syllable complexity, with 1-syllable Ss showing quick sound recognition, native phoneme inhibition, and phonetic approximations of the target sound. String complexity causes selective attention to shift away from the phonetic detail of the stimulus to a phrasal level of analysis.
Environmental Justice and Water Pollution Control The Clean Water Act Construction Grants Program

This study examines the third goal of the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water's Environmental Justice Strategy that focuses on providing equal access to environmental infrastructure for all citizens, including those located in disadvantaged communities. One way to ensure equal access is through the equitable distribution of funding pursuant to the Clean Water Act. This article examines whether disadvantaged communities received a disproportionately low share of the funding or had a lower probability of obtaining construction grants. The article also examines 9,854 grant awards in the 48 contiguous states at the county level during the period 1983 to 1992. The results indicate that counties with relatively small populations had more difficulty obtaining construction grants. The effect of income and minority composition was more pronounced in small communities. High-income communities did better than poor communities in terms of both the share of awards and the probability of receiving grants. The results also indicate that a county's minority composition was inversely related to the probability of obtaining a grant but positively related to the share of grant awards.
Use of stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer in the United States.

Purpose The indications for treatment of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) remain controversial. We studied patterns, predictors, and cost of SRS use in elderly patients with NSCLC. Methods and Materials Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare (SEER-Medicare) database, we identified patients with NSCLC who were diagnosed with brain metastases between 2000 and 2007. Our cohort included patients treated with radiation therapy and not surgical resection as initial treatment for brain metastases. Results We identified 7684 patients treated with radiation therapy within 2 months after brain metastases diagnosis, of whom 469 (6.1%) cases had billing codes for SRS. Annual SRS use increased from 3.0% in 2000 to 8.2% in 2005 and varied from 3.4% to 12.5% by specific SEER registry site. After controlling for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, we found SRS use was significantly associated with increasing year of diagnosis, specific SEER registry, higher socioeconomic status, admission to a teaching hospital, no history of participation in low-income state buy-in programs (a proxy for Medicaid eligibility), no extracranial metastases, and longer intervals from NSCLC diagnosis. The average cost per patient associated with radiation therapy was 2.19 times greater for those who received SRS than for those who did not. Conclusions The use of SRS in patients with metastatic NSCLC increased almost 3-fold from 2000 to 2005. In addition, we found significant variations in SRS use across SEER registries and socioeconomic quartiles. National practice patterns in this study suggested both a lack of consensus and an overall limited use of the approach among elderly patients before 2008.
Analysis of Theaflavins and Thearubigins from Black Tea Extract by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Black tea contains two major groups of pigments, theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigins (TRs). TFs contain a bis-flavan substituted 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-benzotropolone moiety. Unlike the TFs, TRs have not yet been characterized. The chemical structure of the TRs remains a mystery. The present paper reports our effort to study the structure of TFs and TRs using delayed pulsed ion extraction of ions generated via the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) technique, on line with a Linear time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Spectra of standard TFs show not only pseudomolecular ions but also ions resulting from fragmentation. The analysis of MALDI-TOF spectra of black tea fractions shows the structure of some TRs, which are similar to those of TFs because the same loss of mass is observed.
Pelleting a Concentrate Mixture With and Without Prior Steaming for Lactating Cows

Abstract Milk production, milk composition, fatty acid content of milk fat, rumen pH, and rumen metabolites were criteria for evaluation of pelleting the concentrate ration for 12 lactating Holstein cows. An incomplete block switchback design of 7-week periods (3-week changeover and 4-week comparison) was used. Animals went on trial approximately 10 weeks after parturition. Treatments were (1) meal concentrate, (2) meal concentrate pelleted, and (3) meal concentrate pelleted with prior steam treatment. Means from Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were: rumen metabolites (molar %) acetate, 49.4, 46.9, and 46.5; propionate, 29.0, 33.2, and 32.9; butyrate, 16.3, 14.4, and 14.9; acetate:propionate ratio, 1.77, 1.44, and 1.47; daily milk production, 17.8, 17.9, and 17.4kg; 4% fat-corrected milk, 15.0, 13.7, and 13.4kg; and milk fat, 2.98, 2.47, and 2.53%. Cows receiving the pelleted rations (Treatments 2 and 3) produced milk fat containing an average of 2.70% by weight less C 16 and 1.04% by weight more C = 18 2 than did the control animals.
Involvement of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in rabbit urethral relaxation

Abstract Soluble and particulate fractions from rabbit urethra converted [14C]arginine to [14C]citrulline, indicating the presence of nitric oxide synthase activity in these fractions. Both soluble and particulate nitric oxide synthase activities were NADPH dependent, and the soluble activity was Ca2+ dependent. Three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors affected transmural nerve stimulation induced relaxation responses in the rabbit urethra and the activity of soluble nitric oxide synthase with the same rank order of potency, i.e., N G - nitro- l -arginine (NNA) > N G - methyl- l -arginine (NMA) > canavanine (CAN) . The rank order of potency with respect to particulate NOS activity was CAN > NMA = NNA. The relaxation responses to electrical stimulation were accompanied by increases in cyclic GMP. These results suggest that NOS activity found in the soluble fraction of urethral homogenates produces nitric oxide that in turn increases cyclic GMP levels which mediates the relaxation responses induced by transmural nerve stimulation in the rabbit urethra.
"Not for all the tea in China!" political ideology and the avoidance of dissonance-arousing situations.

People often avoid information and situations that have the potential to contradict previously held beliefs and attitudes (i.e., situations that arouse cognitive dissonance). According to the motivated social cognition model of political ideology, conservatives tend to have stronger epistemic needs to attain certainty and closure than liberals. This implies that there may be differences in how liberals and conservatives respond to dissonance-arousing situations. In two experiments, we investigated the possibility that conservatives would be more strongly motivated to avoid dissonance-arousing tasks than liberals. Indeed, U.S. residents who preferred more conservative presidents (George W. Bush and Ronald Reagan) complied less than Americans who preferred more liberal presidents (Barack Obama and Bill Clinton) with the request to write a counter-attitudinal essay about who made a “better president.” This difference was not observed under circumstances of low perceived choice or when the topic of the counter-attitudinal essay was non-political (i.e., when it pertained to computer or beverage preferences). The results of these experiments provide initial evidence of ideological differences in dissonance avoidance. Future work would do well to determine whether such differences are specific to political issues or topics that are personally important. Implications for political behavior are discussed.
Cosmology and Newtonian Mechanics

The general relativistic solution to the cosmological problem is often considered to be one of its most beautiful results. It is shown that Newtonian mechanics is quite sufficient to discuss the dynamics of the expanding universe. Furthermore, this is not a cleverly contrived classical model, or a crude nonrelativistic approximation, but a completely correct discussion of the dynamics of the expansion in a region where both general relativity and Newtonian mechanics are equally valid.
Probiotics: Finding the Right Regulatory Balance

Initial findings of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), raise important questions about the role and variation of microorganisms within individuals and across populations ( 1 ). One related area of growing research and commercial interest is the development and use of probiotics, substances containing live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect when taken in sufficient quantities ( 2 ) and “designed to intentionally manipulate microbiome and host properties” ( 3 ). We offer observations about the regulatory process for probiotics and potential areas for reform.
Flooding in Western Washington: The Connection to Atmospheric Rivers*

AbstractThis study utilizes multiple decades of daily streamflow data gathered in four major watersheds in western Washington to determine the meteorological conditions most likely to cause flooding in those watersheds. Two are located in the Olympic Mountains and the other two in the western Cascades; and each has uniquely different topographic characteristics. The flood analysis is based on the maximum daily flow observed during each water year (WY) at each site [i.e., the annual peak daily flow (APDF)], with an initial emphasis on the 12 most recent water years between WY1998 and 2009, and then focusing on a 30-year interval between WY1980 and 2009. The shorter time period coincides with relatively complete passive microwave satellite coverage of integrated water vapor (IWV) over the Pacific basin. The combination of IWV imagery and streamflow data highlights a close link between landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs) and APDFs (i.e., 46 of the 48 APDFs occurred with landfalling ARs). To complement this ...
3D Head Pose Estimation Based on Scene Flow and Generic Head Model

Head pose is an important indicator of a person's attention, gestures, and communicative behavior with applications in human computer interaction, multimedia and vision systems. In this paper, we present a novel head pose estimation system by performing head region detection using the Kinect [2], followed by face detection, feature tracking, and finally head pose estimation using an active camera. Ten feature points on the face are defined and tracked by an Active Appearance Model (AAM). We propose to use the scene flow approach to estimate the head pose from 2D video sequences. This estimation is based upon a generic 3D head model through the prior knowledge of the head shape and the geometric relationship between the 2D images and a 3D generic model. We have tested our head pose estimation algorithm with various cameras at various distances in real time. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of our system.
Causes of variation in reported in-hospital CPR survival: a critical review

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the sources of the wide variation in reported in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) survival. English-language articles published between 1972 and 1994 pertaining to in-hospital CPR survival in adults were obtained from MEDLINE, Current Contents, and relevant reference lists. Studies were required to enroll consecutive patients, separate data for prehospital arrests from in-hospital arrests, and use survival to hospital discharge as an outcome measure. Study characteristics were noted and the strength of the research methods were judged using eight methodologic standards. Overall survival to discharge among the 68 studies that met the inclusion criteria ranged from 0 to 28.9%. Studies were performed in diverse settings using diverse research methods. Only the patient population studied was associated with reported overall survival ( P = 0.008). Studies performed in general medical wards, medical intensive care units, elderly populations, or cancer patients, reported lower survival rates than studies performed in hospital-wide populations. Mean survival rates for clinical subgroups also varied widely. The heterogeneity of the studies prohibited pooling subgroup data. Studies of in-hospital CPR are more notable for their differences than for their similarities. It is therefore only possible to provide rough estimates of overall survival and survival for patients with particular clinical characteristics. Differences in overall cohort disease severity, as reflected by the specific patient population studied, explain much of this variation. However, variation caused by differences in the use of DNR orders, case definition, subgroup definition and treatment cannot be underestimated. Future studies will need to address each of these sources of heterogeneity.
Towards a Comprehensive Stability Theory for Feynman's Operational Calculus: The Time Independent Setting

Via a general construction, we are able to establish a quite general and comprehensive stability theory for Feynman's operational calculus in the time independent setting. In particular, we are able to establish stability of the operational calculus with respect to general types of the time-ordering measures. While the domain of the operational calculus is somewhat restricted as compared to the "standard" version of the operational calculus (established by Jefferies and Johnson (Russ. J. Math. Phys. 8:153---171, 2001; Mat. Zametki 70:815---838, 2001; Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras 11:239---264, 2001; Infin. Dimens. Anal. Quantum Probab. Relat. Top. 5:171---199, 2002), the advantages of this relatively minor domain restriction are significant in that the stability theory (with respect to the time-ordering measures) as it stands to this time is contained, essentially in its entirety, in the principle result of this paper, Theorem 2. Moreover, Theorem 2 allows immediate, and rather far-reaching extensions of the stability theory that, until now, have not been possible.
Susceptibility of heterochromatin to aphidicolin-induced chromosomal breakage

The distribution of aphidicolin-induced chromosomal lesions was analyzed to determine the relative breakage susceptibility of euchromatin and heterochromatin in the cactus mouse, Peromyscus eremicus. The observed breakage was tested against expected distributions corresponding to the karyotypic proportions of autosomal euchromatin, autosomal heterochromatin, X-chromosomal euchromatin, and X-chromosomal heterochromatin. The distribution of induced breakage was independent of sex but dependent on the individual. In all individuals, there was a highly significant (P < < 0.0001) deficiency in the number of breaks observed as compared to expected in autosomal heterochromatin. Sparse observations in the X chromosome and the absence of breaks in the Y chromosome precluded valid statistical tests of the sex-chromosomal distribution of induced breakage. These data indicate that the autosomal heterochromatin of Peromyscus is resistant to aphidicolin-induced chromosomal breakage and argue against a simple relationship between late replication and a general mechanism for chromosomal fragility.
Ascorbic Acid in the Nutrition of Plant-Feeding Insects.

Bollworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and salt-marsh caterpillars, Estigmene acrea (Drury) gradually decreased in ascorbic acid content as they matured, even in its presence. Cotton leafworms, Alabama argillacea (Hubner), also lost ascorbic acid, although a dietary need for the vitamin was not proved. Pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), reared without the vitamin, increased in ascorbic acid content as they matured, an indication that the vitamin was synthesized by the insect.
MicroRNA biogenesis and regulation of bone remodeling

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. This review will highlight our current understanding of miRNA biogenesis and mechanisms of action, and will summarize recent work on the role of miRNAs, including the miR-29 family, in bone remodeling. These studies represent the first steps in demonstrating the importance of miRNAs in the control of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and function. An in-depth understanding of the roles of these regulatory RNAs in the skeleton will be critical for the development of new therapeutics aimed at treating bone loss and perhaps facilitating fracture repair.
Recovery from postischemic acute renal failure in the rat

To define the pattern of recovery from postischemic acute renal failure (ARF), we performed clearance and micropuncture studies at intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks following 60 min of complete unilateral renal artery occlusion in the rat. At 1 week, the inulin clearance (CIn) of the postischemic kidney was less than 2% of normal. The presence of marked preglomerular vasoconstriction was indicated by the reductions in renal blood flow (RBF), and stop-flow (SFP) and estimated glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressures (GCPe). In additon, there was evidence of tubular obstruction. Proximal intratubular pressures (PITP) were elevated, and intratubular casts could be seen in vivo and on histologic sections. At 2 weeks CIn had increased more than tenfold. This change occurred in the absence of any significant elevation in RBF, SFP, or GCPe. PITP had fallen, however, to normal values, and histologic sections revealed a marked reduction in the extent of intratubular casts. Ipsilateral urinary recovery of 3H-inulin microinjected into proximal convolutions was complete. At 4 and 8 weeks, there were further but more gradual rises in CIn, which were associated with progressive increases in RBF, SFP, and GCPe. These observations indicate that recovery from postischemic ARF occurred in a biphasic pattern. The initial rise in CIn was associated with the relief of intratubular obstruction, whereas subsequent rises in CIn occurred in association with progressive renal vasodilation.
Integrating High School and the Community College: Previous Efforts and Current Possibilities

This article explores three incarnations of the idea to integrate high school and the community college—Leonard Koos’s 6-4-4 plan of public school organization, Middle College High School, and the early college high school initiative. The author discusses rationales for integrating high school and the first 2 years of college, as well as possible reasons why the 6-4-4 plan and middle college high schools were not as widely implemented as their founders may have envisioned. The article concludes with a look to the future and identifies policy changes that must occur if early colleges are to become a significant and successful pathway from high school both to and through college
Simple approximations for bridged cracks in fibrous composites

Abstract Analytical functions approximating the ration of the net and the applied stress intensity factors are presented for bridged cracks in fibrous composites. The approximations summarize extensive, accurate numerical calculations for mode I matrix cracks growing in specimens of several common shapes under uniform remote loading. The bridging tractions are assumed to be related to the crack opening displacement by laws appropriate to unidirectional fibers coupled to the matrix by friction. The same approximating functions also represent the ratio of the applied and net stress intensity factor ranges in cyclic loading. The application of the functions to the analysis of monotonic and fatigue crack growth data is illustrated. Considerations of the “dridging length scale” concept reveals the kinds of data required for accurately determining relevant material constants and for testing the val idity of the modelling assumptions.
Considerations in the development of deep-UV photoresist materials and processes

Over the past several years the literature has accumulated a number of publications in the discussion of materials and process problems associated with DUV photoresist materials. Many authors have discussed a number of issues including contaminants that can adversely effect performance, the addition of `suicide' bases to enhance stability and issues related to manufacturing implementation. The requirement to overcome the obstacles that can reduce this technology's viability to become the workhorse of future semiconductor programs is similar. Unfortunately, there are a number of additional concerns that are unique to photoresist development and manufacturing implementation. Developments in negative resists have demonstrated a significant role in the production of semiconductors and their ease of use over their predecessors has created a higher level of acceptance in the semiconductor fab. Additional developments in positive tone deep ultraviolet resist systems over recent predecessor's has eliminated some of the problems associated with image stability and substrate compatibility. Additionally, stepper and track manufacturers have researched further safeguards in the filtration and neutralization of contaminants that adversely effect chemically amplified systems. In this paper the author discusses issues related to materials concerns for positive and negative DUV photoresists. Issues such as reflectivity control, etch concerns, process control for positive and negative photoresist, fab space considerations, and quality control for DUV photoresists for 0.25 micrometers manufacturing are discussed.
How Fair Is Safe Enough? The Cultural Approach to Societal Technology Choice1

This paper consists of an argument and a pilot study. First is a general, perhaps philosophical, argument against the National Academy's viewpoint(1) that dealing with risk is a two-stage process consisting of (a) assessment of facts, and (b) evaluation of facts in sociopolitical context. We argue that societal risk intrinsically revolves around social relations as much as around evaluations of probability. Second, we outline one particular approach to analyzing societal risk management styles. We call this the fairness hypothesis. Rather than focusing on probabilities and magnitudes of undesired events, this approach emphasizes societal preferences for principles of achieving consent to a technology, distributing liabilities, and investing trust in institutions. Conflict rather than probability is the chief focus of this approach to societal risk management. This view is illustrated by a recent empirical pilot study that explored the fairness hypothesis in the context of new nuclear technologies.
Recall via transient neuronal firing

Abstract A neural network with random afferent and collateral connections is examined during the first few waves of firing in response to a stimulus. (Cells fire when linear combinations of EPSPs exceed thresholds.) Such response is compared with response to a noise-altered version of the given stimulus (mediated by altered synaptic weights), and concordances are averaged over possible stimuli. Formulae are calculated for system performance characteristics by use of normal approximations. With reasonable parameter sets, there is indication that the network is capable of associative recall for a significant fraction of stimuli.
Critical dimension control of 0.18-μm logic with dual polysilicon gate

A dual polysilicon gate structure is required to increase the circuit speed and the packing density, as well as the low-power operation as the design rule of CMOS scales down to sub- 0.25micrometers . In order to get the superior device performance of 0.18micrometers logic device, we need to do the gate implantation prior to polysilicon etch. The critical dimensions (CD) different between NMOS and PMOS during polysilicon gate etching needs to be reduced for matching the design drive current of NMOS and PMOS. In this work, the pressure, the bias power, the total flow of CF4 and Cl2 and the N2 flow are used for the investigation of 0.18micrometers device during the dual gate etch. After optimizing all etch parameters, the CD offset is small between NMOS and PMOS. The vertical profile, the small bias, and CD micro-loading are obtained using in-situ BARC and polysilicon etching. The result of pitting free, stringers free and notching free after dual polysilicon etching is achieved, and the remaining thickness of deep UV photoresist at shoulder is about 800-880A. From this study, both good performance device and the process controllability are obtained with in-situ bottom anti- reflective coating and dual polysilicon gate etching.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
β-ENDORPHIN: HYPERTHERMIA IN MICE BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

Effects of intravenous beta-endorphin on body temperature and body weight loss were studied in naive and morphine-dependent mice. beta-Endorphin at doses 2.6-25.5 mg/kg injected intravenously caused hyperthermia in naive mice as well as in morphine-dependent mice. In addition, beta-endorphin and morphine reduced body-weight loss during the morphine withdrawal.
Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies

The memory wave in the humanities has contributed to the impressive revival of cultural history, but the success of memory studies has not been accompanied by significant conceptual and methodological advances in the research of collective memory processes. Most studies on memory focus on the representation of specific events within particular chronological, geographical, and media settings without reflecting on the audiences of the representations in question. As a result, the wealth of new insights into past and present historical cultures cannot be linked conclusively to specific social collectives and their historical consciousness. This methodological problem is even enhanced by the metaphorical use of psychological and neurological terminology, which misrepresents the social dynamics of collective memory as an effect and extension of individual, autobiographical memory. Some of these shortcomings can be addressed through the extensive contextualization of specific strategies of representation, which links facts of representation with facts of reception. As a result, the history of collective memory would be recast as a complex process of cultural production and consumption that acknowledges the persistence of cultural traditions as well as the ingenuity of memory makers and the subversive interests of memory consumers. The negotiations among these three different historical agents create the rules of engagement in the competitive arena of memory politics, and the reconstruction of these negotiations helps us distinguish among the abundance of failed collective memory initiatives on the one hand and the few cases of successful collective memory construction on the other. For this purpose, collective memory studies should adopt the methods of communication and media studies, especially with regard to media reception, and continue to use a wide range of interpretive tools from traditional historiography to poststructural approaches. From the perspective of collective memory studies, these two traditions are closely related and mutually beneficial, rather than mutually exclusive, ways of analyzing historical cultures.
Enhanced oil recovery: Environmental issues and state regulatory programs

During 1977–1978, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) prepared environmental impact assessments for nine U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored enhanced oil recovery (EOR) field demonstration projects located in six states and reviewed the oil regulations for all oil-producing states. These evaluations revealed some potentially important environmental impacts associated with EOR including (1) pollution of land and surface waters from spills or leaks of oil and brine or other chemicals, (2) loss of biota, (3) excessive erosion and sedimentation (mostly in hilly terrain) and subsequent deterioration of surface-water quality, (4) contamination of groundwater, and (5) excessive air emissions from thermal operations. Potential groundwater impacts include (1) production of toxic and carcinogenic substances from synergistic interactions among chemicals used primarily in the micellar-polymer flooding technique, (2) formation of acid waters with small amounts of oil and metal residues and oxides from in situ combustion, and (3) corrosion of well casings and potential leaks of hydrogen sulfide primarily from injection of miscible carbon dioxide. For use of EOR techniques to expand in an environmentally acceptable manner, environmental planning (including monitoring, protection measures, and reclamation strategies) must be an integral part of the initial project development. Acceptable monitoring, prevention, mitigation, and reclamation procedures are available for most of the identified environmental problems, but the best techniques may not be known by operators or required by law. Most states have stringent controls for plugging abandoned wells and disposal of waste material, but these may not be enforced because of limited staff and funds. However, other environmental considerations, e.g., reclamation plans, water quality and other monitoring programs, and abandonment plans, are often lacking. The need for additional environmental planning and monitoring requirements specific to the oil-production industry is emphasized. States are encouraged to continue strengthening and upgrading their oil-regulatory programs to safeguard the environment. More studies are needed on (1) toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals used in injection processes, (2) evaluation of groundwater monitoring methods, and (3) reclamation procedures for soils contaminated by oil and brine.