cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with ultraviolet multichannel detection of some pesticides and herbicides

The useful combination of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with ultraviolet multichannel detection is demonstrated by the analysis of selected pesticides and herbicides. In this application the advantages of compound identification by ultraviolet spectrometry are appended to the separating capability of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. A pseudo oncolumn detection approach is used. Compromises from the theoretically ideal conditions for both capillary SFC and the multichannel UV detector are made to achieve a practical interfacing of the chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. Detection limits are at the low nanogram levels.
Training in Illness Self-Management for People with Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System

Despite evidence supporting the utility of teaching people with severe mental illness how to manage their psychiatric disorders more effectively in collaboration with others, little is known about the use of such programs in criminal justice settings. This article provides an overview of the background, principles, and empirical basis for teaching illness self-management strategies to persons with severe mental illness, and summarizes several standardized, illness self-management programs developed for this population. Experiences with illness self-management programs in correctional settings are described, as well as consideration of challenges inherent to implementing such programs. Specific recommendations are provided for implementing illness self-management programs across institutional and community correctional environments.
Matrix approximations and subspace fitting

The problem of fitting a least-squares linear subspace to a higher dimensional set of points is solved by the use of matrix approximation results, both when the subspace is required to pass through a given point, and when it is not so restricted. In the latter case the subspace is shown to pass through the centroid of the point set. It is noted that the principal axes of the set of points enter into the problem in a natural manner.
On the langmuir phosphate adsorption maximum

Abstract The use of the Langmuir isotherm equation to calculate phosphate (P) adsorption maximum was investigated by studying P adsorption by boehmite (a soil mineral) at pH 3.25, 4.00, and 5.50. This well‐defined simple system was designed to eliminate other influencing reactions and factors in an attempt to study only the adsorption process. The Langmuir adsorption maximum was compared to three other methods (Kd, “concentration null”, and graphical) for determining the value of this constant. There was generally good agreement between methods at the different pH's, except the “concentration null” at pH 3.25 and the Langmuir at pH 4.00. It appears that at least three of the methods (Langmuir included) can be used independently to develop the adsorption envelope, which peaked at pH 4.00. At maximum adsorption, approximately 20% of the surface was covered by P, suggesting monolayer adsorption at specific sites on the surface. Apparently the simple Langmuir isotherm equation, if used correctly, may give val...
Prolactin levels and effects of neuroleptics

Neuroleptic therapy causes a rise in serum prolactin that reflects the bioavailability of the drug and possibly its central nervous system activity. A morning prolactin level, drawn 12 hours after the last dose of neuroleptic, appears to correlate well with serum neuroleptic levels. The connection observed between serum prolactin and clinical response warrants continued scrutiny, and the applicability of the neuroleptic-prolactin relationship for subtyping and managing schizophrenia deserves further exploration.
Notes of a protein crystallographer: on the high-resolution structure of the PDB growth rate.

This is a copy of an article published in Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography © 2012 International Union of Crystallography. Printed in Singapore – all rights reserved DOI: 10.1107/S0907444912004799
Fusiform dilation of the carotid artery following radical resection of pediatric craniopharyngiomas: natural history and management.

Object Fusiform dilation of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (FDCA) is a reported occurrence following surgery for suprasellar tumors, in particular craniopharyngiomas. We report our experience of the incidence and natural history of FDCA following aggressive surgical resection of craniopharyngiomas in children. Methods Between 1986 and 2006, 86 patients under the age of 21 underwent radical resection of craniopharyngiomas at our institution. Ten cases with < 1 year of follow-up imaging (6), perioperative death (3), or nonsuprasellar tumors (1) were excluded. Data were retrospectively collected on the remaining 76 patients (43 male, 33 female; mean age 9.5 years; mean tumor size 3.3 cm) to determine the risk factors for and the rate and clinical significance of FDCA. Results Fifty patients had primary tumors and 26 patients received treatment before referral to our center. Sixty-six children (87%) had gross-total resection. At a mean follow-up time of 9.9 years, FDCA had developed in 7 patients (9...
Effects of negative outcome on food consumption in college women with and without troubled eating patterns

Abstract This study looked at the effects that failure experiences have on food consumption and their effect on college women. Part I of the study ( N = 169) was used to screen subjects for Part II ( N = 55) based on scores on the Bulimia Test-Revised. In Part II, eating-disordered and control participants completed one of two types of tasks—a negative outcome and a neutral outcome control task. Following the task, a bogus cookie rating task provided the opportunity for participants to eat chocolate chip cookies. Mood was assessed throughout Part II. Results indicate that mood was more negative following the negative outcome task. Eatingdisordered participants ate more than did controls in this same condition; these participants also reported improved mood after eating.
Aromatase immunoreactivity in the bluehead wrasse brain, Thalassoma bifasciatum : Immunolocalization and co-regionalization with arginine vasotocin and tyrosine hydroxylase

Sex steroid hormones regulate various neural functions that control vertebrate sociosexual behavior. A number of sex steroids can be synthesized de novo in the brain, including estrogens by the enzyme aromatase. Aromatase, the neuropeptides arginine vasotocin/vasopressin, and the monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine have all been implicated in the control of male sexual and aggressive behavior in a variety of vertebrates. This study examined the expression of brain aromatase in the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), a teleost fish that exhibits socially controlled behavioral and gonadal sex change. We used immunocytochemistry (ICC) to characterize distributions of aromatase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, and to examine their relationship with AVT-ir neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase-ir (TH-ir) neurons in key sensory and integrative areas of the brain of this species. Aromatase-ir appeared to be in glial cell populations, and was found in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon, the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, and the lateral recess of the third ventricle, among other brain areas. Aromatase-ir fibers are closely associated with AVT-ir neurons throughout the preoptic area, indicating the potential for functional interactions. Aromatase-ir cell bodies and fibers were also co-regionalized with TH-ir neurons, suggesting possible interaction between the dopaminergic system and neural estrogen production. The presence of aromatase in brain regions important in the regulation of sexual and aggressive behavior suggests that local estrogen synthesis could regulate sex change through effects on signaling systems that subserve reproductive behavior and function.
Alcohol Intake is Significantly Associated with Atrial Flutter in Patients under 60 Years of Age and a Shorter Right Atrial Effective Refractory Period

Background: Although evidence suggests that alcohol is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), the association between alcohol and atrial flutter (AFL) has not been examined. The mechanism connecting alcohol and atrial arrhythmias is unknown. Methods: Alcohol intake was determined in 195 consecutive patients with AF and AFL. Control subjects included patients with other supraventricular arrhythmias (n = 132) and healthy subjects (n = 54). Because of important competing risk factors for atrial arrhythmias in the elderly, stratification by age was performed. In a subset, atrial effective refractory periods (AERPs) were obtained from the high right atrium and proximal and distal coronary sinus. Results: AF and AFL patients were significantly more likely to be daily alcohol drinkers (27% vs 14% of controls, P = 0.001). In multivariable analysis, AFL patients ≤ 60 years of age were significantly more likely to be daily drinkers than to drink no alcohol compared to controls (odds ratio 17, 95% confidence interval 1.6–192.0, P = 0.019). Progressively more frequent alcohol intake was significantly associated with a progressively greater odds of AFL in patients ≤ 60 years of age (P = 0.045). Neither AF subjects of any age nor AFL subjects > 60 years of age exhibited significant associations with alcohol after multivariable adjustment. Right AERPs shortened significantly with increasing amounts of alcohol intake (P = 0.025), whereas left AERPs were not associated with alcohol intake. Conclusions: Alcohol intake is positively associated with AFL in younger patients. The mechanism may be related to a shortening of the right AERP.
Diluted ZnMnTe oxide: A multi-band semiconductor for high efficiency solar cells

Using oxygen ion implantation and pulsed laser melting, we have synthesized thin films of highly mismatched ternary (y = 0) and quaternary (y = 0.12) Zn 1-y Mn y O x Te 1-x alloys with oxygen content in excess of x ∼ 0.01. We show that incorporation of a small amount of isoelectronic oxygen leads to the formation of a narrow, oxygen-derived band of extended states located well below the conduction band edge of the Zn 1-y Mn y Te matrix. The structure of the conduction band is well described by the anticrossing interaction between O localized states and the extended states of the host semiconductor matrix. As a result the conduction band splits into two subbands with distinctly non-parabolic dispersion relations. The three absorption edges of this material (-0.73, 1.83 and 2.56 eV) cover the entire solar spectrum providing a material envisioned for the multi-band, single junction, high efficiency photovoltaic devices.
Rethinking trends in minority participation in the sciences

Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Native Americans have long been underrepresented in schools and the workplace in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Although the monitoring of representation has become a larger and more important enterprise, existing databases make it difficult to discern trends in participation at different stages of science education as well as the magnitude of the differences in representation across racial/ethnic groups. We reanalyze four nationally representative databases to call attention to the difficulties, and we offer a solution—a ratio of representation. Our investigation of the representation of students in the biological sciences indicates that gains in the percentages of non-Asian minorities in the biological sciences over almost two decades do not exceed their growth in the U.S. population and, furthermore, that their underrepresentation appears to increase as they move through higher education. We call for the development of multiple measures of representation in the sciences, given the complexities of representing representation and the issue's importance for science, public health, and the American polity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93:961–977, 2009
New Failure Mechanisms in Sputtered Aluminum-Silicon Films

A new failure mechanism resulting in open metal bit- lines was observed during reliability testing of vendor 64k dynamic random access memory (RAIM) products using sputtered Al-Si metallurgy. Life test data, physical failure analysis, and metal film characterization are presented, The observed phenomenan is not strictly electromigratiotn, but rather a temperature-dependent metal-deformation process, such as creep, resulting in intergranular fracture.
Water use, intercepted radiation, and soil temperature of skip-row and equidistant-row barley

Cropping systems are sought in the subarctic that improve the plant growing environment for sustained and diversified production of crops. This study assessed whether microclimate and water use of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) could be altered in the subarctic by crop row configuration and fertilizer placement. Treatments established at Fairbanks, AK, included equidistant-row planting (0-18-m equidistant rows) with N banded between alternate rows or broadcast, and skiprow planting (slipping every third row of equidistant rows) with N banded between the closely spaced rows or broadcast. Crop water use, net and reflected radiation, interception of photon flux density (PFD), and soil temperatures were monitored during 1987 through 1989 [...]
Formate ester formation in amide solutions.

Simple aliphatic alcohols, deoxynucleosides and nucleosides undergo reaction with formamide yielding formate esters. Formate ester formation was observed to occur slowly at 100°C and more rapidly at 130°C. As expected, formate esters were hydrolyzed to the alcohol and formic acid upon heating in aqueous solution. It was proposed to study the possibility that formate esters are formed initially in amide solvents, followed by displacement of formate by dihydrogen phosphate ion to form monophosphate esters. Experiments are described which demonstrate the formation and hydrolysis of formate esters, as well as their lack of reaction with hydrogen phosphate ion. Formate esters are not intermediates in the phosphorylation of nucleosides in formamide. Their formation has been observed and such an esterification is a side reaction during the phosphorylation of nucleosides in formamide.
Making sense of solly’s syllogistic symbolism

This paper is an attempt to understand the method by which Thomas Solly (1816–1875), in his Syllabus of Logic (1839), provided a mathematical formulation of the traditional syllogism. The symbolism, in which analogues of multiplication, addition and subtraction are applied to term variables, is very puzzling at first. This paper provides a clear interpretation for this symbolism and explains why it works. It also addresses other notable features of the symbolism. The paper concludes by comparing the results which Solly obtained by symbolic means with those which he obtained non‐symbolically
Structural Basis for Recognition of Phosphorylated High Mannose Oligosaccharides by the Cation-dependent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor

Mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) play an important role in the targeting of newly synthesized soluble acid hydrolases to the lysosome in higher eukaryotic cells. These acid hydrolases carry mannose 6-phosphate recognition markers on theirN-linked oligosaccharides that are recognized by two distinct MPRs: the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and the insulin-like growth factor II/cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Although much has been learned about the MPRs, it is unclear how these receptors interact with the highly diverse population of lysosomal enzymes. It is known that the terminal mannose 6-phosphate is essential for receptor binding. However, the results from several studies using synthetic oligosaccharides indicate that the binding site encompasses at least two sugars of the oligosaccharide. We now report the structure of the soluble extracytoplasmic domain of a glycosylation-deficient form of the bovine cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor complexed to pentamannosyl phosphate. This construct consists of the amino-terminal 154 amino acids (excluding the signal sequence) with glutamine substituted for asparagine at positions 31, 57, 68, and 87. The binding site of the receptor encompasses the phosphate group plus three of the five mannose rings of pentamannosyl phosphate. Receptor specificity for mannose arises from protein contacts with the 2-hydroxyl on the terminal mannose ring adjacent to the phosphate group. Glycosidic linkage preference originates from the minimization of unfavorable interactions between the ligand and receptor.
Overcoming imatinib resistance

The remarkable success of imatinib in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is perhaps the most convincing example of effectiveness of a molecularly targeted therapy in a human malignancy. However, resistance to imatinib can be a problem. Although infrequent in patients treated in
Superinduction of CYP1A1 Gene Expression REGULATION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN-INDUCED DEGRADATION OF Ah RECEPTOR BY CYCLOHEXIMIDE

Abstract Cycloheximide superinduces the transcription ofCYP1A1 in the presence of an agonist for the Ah receptor (AhR). To investigate the molecular target for “superinduction,” we analyzed the agonist-induced degradation of AhR. Whereas 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent agonist of AhR, induces a rapid reduction of the AhR protein, cycloheximide blocks the down-regulation of steady state AhR. Analyses of the turnover of AhR reveal that cycloheximide blocks the shortening of the half-life of AhR by TCDD. Blocking of the TCDD-induced AhR degradation requires inhibition of protein synthesis, because (a) cycloheximide inhibits protein synthesis at the concentration at which it causes superinduction and inhibition of AhR degradation; and (b) puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis by mimicking aminoacyl-tRNA, also blocks the TCDD-induced AhR degradation. The blocking of the TCDD-induced AhR degradation correlates with the superinduction of CYP1A1 gene expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, cycloheximide is shown to increase the accumulation of the TCDD-activated AhR and the functional AhR·Arnt complex in nucleus. Collectively, our results reveal a mechanism of superinduction by cycloheximide by enhancing the stability of agonist-activated AhR. The finding that inhibition of protein synthesis blocks the TCDD-induced AhR turnover implicates a cycloheximide-sensitive, labile factor (designated as AhR degradationpromoting factor, or ADPF) in controlling the removal of agonist-activated AhR in nucleus.
Lapidus bunionectomy: Early evaluation of crossed lag screws versus locking plate with plantar lag screw.

We compared outcomes of the Lapidus bunionectomy fixated with crossed lag screws versus a locking plate with a plantar lag screw. Forty patients who underwent Lapidus bunionectomy between August 2001 and May 2006 were evaluated in a combined retrospective and prospective fashion. Crossed lag screws were used in 19 of the patients, and a locking plate with a plantar lag screw was used in 21 of the patients. Other than fixation, the only interventional difference pertained to postoperative weight bearing, where those receiving the plate initiated full weight bearing on the operated foot at 4 weeks postoperative, as compared to 6 weeks for those receiving crossed screws. Overall, the mean preoperative AOFAS hallux score was 41.75 ± 2.52, and the postoperative score was 90.48 ± 8.41 ( P P
Protein G, Protein A and Protein-A-Derived Peptides Inhibit the Agitation Induced Aggregation of IgG

Controlling and preventing aggregation is critical to the development of safe and effective antibody drug products. The studies presented here test the hypothesis that protein A and protein G inhibit the agitation-induced aggregation of IgG. The hypothesis is motivated by the enhanced conformational stability of proteins upon ligand binding and the specific binding affinity of protein A and protein G to the Fc region of IgG. The aggregation of mixed human IgG from pooled human plasma was induced by agitation alone or in the presence of (i) protein A, (ii) protein G or (iii) a library of 24 peptides derived from the IgG-binding domain of protein A. Aggregation was assessed by UV spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Additional information on IgG-ligand interactions was obtained using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and competitive binding studies. The results demonstrate that protein A provides near-complete inhibition of agitation-induced aggregation, while protein G and two peptides from the peptide library show partial inhibition. The findings indicate that the IgG protein A-binding site is involved in the agitation-induced aggregation of IgG, and suggest a dominant role of colloidal interactions.
Modeling the film casting process using a continuum model for crystallization in polymers

Abstract In this paper, the film casting process has been simulated using a new model developed recently using the framework of multiple natural configurations to study crystallization in polymers (see Rao and Rajagopal Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 53 (2002) 265; Polym. Eng. Sci. 44(1) (2004) 123; Simulation of the film blowing process for semicrystalline polymers, in press, 2004). In the film casting process, the material starts out as a viscoelastic melt and undergoes deformation and cooling, resulting in a semi-crystalline solid. In order to model the complex changes taking place in the material and predict the behavior of the final solid it is important to use models that are capable of describing these changes. The model used here has been formulated within a general thermodynamic framework that is capable of describing dissipative processes. In addition it handles in a direct manner the change of symmetry in the material; it thus provides a good basis for studying the crystallization process in polymers. The polymer melt is modeled as a rate type viscoelastic fluid and the crystalline solid polymer is modeled as an anisotropic elastic solid. The initiation criterion, marking the onset of crystallization and equations governing the crystallization kinetics arise naturally in this setting in terms of the appropriate thermodynamic functions. The mixture region, wherein the material transitions from a melt to a semi-crystalline solid, is modeled as a mixture of a viscoelastic fluid and an elastic solid. This is in marked contrast to earlier approaches where in the simulation has been done assuming that the material was a viscous fluid and the transition to a solid like behavior is achieved by increasing the viscosity to a large value resulting in a highly viscous fluid and not an elastic solid. The results of our simulations compare well against experimental data available in literature. In addition to these quantitative comparisons have carried out parametric study to study the influence of the different parameters on the film casting process.
White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web

Over the previous decade, white supremacist organizations have tapped into the ever emerging possibilities offered by the World Wide Web. Drawing from prior sociological work that has examined this medium and its uses by white supremacist organizations, this article advances the understanding of recruitment, identity and action by providing a synthesis of interpretive and more systematic analyses of thematic content, structure and associations within white supremacist discourse. Analyses, which rely on TextAnalyst, highlight semantic networks of thematic content from principal white supremacist websites, and delineate patterns and thematic associations relative to the three requisites of social movement culture denoted in recent research - namely identity, interpretational framing of cause and effect, and political efficacy. Our results suggest that nationalism, religion and definitions of responsible citizenship are interwoven with race to create a sense of collective identity for these groups, their members and potential recruits. Moreover, interpretative frameworks that simultaneously identify threatening social issues and provide corresponding recommendations for social action are employed. Importantly, and relative to prior work, results show how the interpretation of problems, their alleged causes and the call to action are systematically linked. We conclude by discussing the framing of white supremacy issues, the organizations' potential for recruitment, and how a relatively new communication medium, the Internet, has been cheaply and efficiently integrated into the white supremacist repertoire. Broader implications for social movement theory are also explored.
Participation of large particles in coal dust explosions

Abstract Float coal dust is produced during the coal mining process in underground mines. If it is entrained, the float coal dust presents a dangerous explosion hazard to miners when it reaches the minimum explosible concentration and is ignited. However, coal dust can be inerted if properly mixed with generous amounts of pulverized rock dust such as limestone to result in a homogeneous dust mixture with a total incombustible content (TIC) ≥80%. In the United States, it is mandatory for the rock dust to be 100% passing through a 20 mesh (841 μm) sieve and 70% or more passing through a 200 mesh (75 μm) sieve. Laboratory experiments have been conducted using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) 20-L and the Fike Corporation 1-m 3 explosion chambers. Coal and rock dust samples were prepared by sieving and were used to investigate the effect of particle size on explosibility and inerting effectiveness. The results from both chambers show that large coal particles >60 mesh (>250 μm) do not explode/ignite at dust concentrations up to 600 g/m 3 , and limestone rock dust particles >200 mesh (>75 μm) require a significantly higher TIC of 90% to inert Pittsburgh pulverized coal (PPC). This data illustrates the significance of particle size for preventing coal dust explosions and the importance of measuring particle size as well as TIC (which includes moisture as well as incombustibles) to determine the true explosibility of a dust sample.
Experimental and Theoretical Pressures in Step Journal Bearings

The pressure dam bearing is a type of fluid film bearing in widespread use for enhancing rotor stability. Analytical refinements have been made to existing theory for predicting its performance characteristics and optimizing designs. This paper describes experiments conducted for evaluating the theory. Four designs were tested, with the basic for comparison being the static pressure generated at the dam. Measured differences from the refined theoretical predictions were generally less than 16% and are attributed to manufacturing errors which caused deviations from the theoretical model. Presented at the 35th Annual Meeting in Anaheim, California, May 5–8, 1980
New clues in the allosteric activation of DNA cleavage by SgrAI: structures of SgrAI bound to cleaved primary-site DNA and uncleaved secondary-site DNA

SgrAI is a type II restriction endonuclease that cuts an unusually long recognition sequence and exhibits allosteric self-activation with expansion of DNA-sequence specificity. The three-dimensional crystal structures of SgrAI bound to cleaved primary-site DNA and Mg2+ and bound to secondary-site DNA with either Mg2+ or Ca2+ are presented. All three structures show a conformation of enzyme and DNA similar to the previously determined dimeric structure of SgrAI bound to uncleaved primary-site DNA and Ca2+ [Dunten et al. (2008), Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 5405–5416], with the exception of the cleaved bond and a slight shifting of the DNA in the SgrAI/cleaved primary-site DNA/Mg2+ structure. In addition, a new metal ion binding site is located in one of the two active sites in this structure, which is consistent with proposals for the existence of a metal-ion site near the 3′-O leaving group.
Synovial fluid lipids in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.

Joint fluid and serum from rheumatoid and osteoarthritic patients revealed essentially normal values for serum lipids, but phospholipid and cholesterol/phospholipid (dp) ratios for synovial fluid resembled lipoprotein fractions of density < 1.063. Data bore no relationship to the type of arthritis. The findings indicate a qualitative difference between serum and joint lipids and pose a question of the nature of handling of fats by inflamed synovial membrane.
Limiting Rotational Period of Neutron Stars

Pulsars have been identified with the theoretical objects called neutron stars. The identification is convincing—but not proved. The short rotational periods of millisecond pulsars inform us that the average density (and, therefore, the central density) must be very high—higher than the density of nuclei (5.8). The most obvious inference is that pulsars are the objects conceived of by Baade and Zwicky. However, there is another possibility that has such a fundamental implication that it should not be overlooked. We will find that the conventional interpretation of pulsars as neutron stars—or any any other type of star that is gravitationally bound—can be ruled out if any pulsar is found to rotate at a frequency above a certain limit.
Central and peripheral actions of anticholinergic drugs when administered with triflupromazine

Abstract Triflupromazine was found to potentiate the actions of six anticholinergic drugs in producing elevation of EEG arousal thresholds, and dissociation between EEG and behavioural arousal thresholds, in cat encephale isole preparations. The effects of triflupromazine on the anticholinergic activity of the six drugs were studied using as tests antagonism of oxotremorine-induced salivation and tremors and production of mydriasis in mice. It is concluded that the potentiating effect of triflupromazine on the EEG cannot be explained on the basis of an addition of anticholinergic activities and that other, as yet not understood, synergistic mechanisms are involved.
Sorbent behaviour in circulating fluidized bed combustors: Relevance of thermally induced fractures to particle size dependence

Abstract The particle size dependence of the performance of various limestones and dolostones in capturing SO 2 in fluidized bed combustors was determined and explained in terms of the occurrence of thermally induced fractures (TIFs). Data were obtained in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor, a pilot-scale down-fired combustor and a 30 MW(e) circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC). Finer particle size fractions (100 × 400 mesh, 38–150 μm) had lower Ca/S molar ratios than coarser size fractions (> 100 mesh, > 150 μ m) in the bed ash and recycle ash from the 30 MW(e) CFBC. Upon further sulfation of the ashes in a thermogravimetric analyser, the μ m) fraction captured the most additional sulfur, indicating that these particles did not have sufficient residence time in the CFBC to be fully sulfated. For larger particles, the slow rate of SO 2 diffusion through the product layer limited the extent of sulfation. Hot-stage scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis of the sulfur distribution in the particles indicated that some sorbents developed thermally induced fractures, while others with comparable CaCO 3 contents did not. The TIFs promoted SO 2 diffusion into the particle and, as a consequence, the sulfation behaviour of such sorbents was less dependent on particle size than was that for sorbents which did not develop TIFs.
Relationship between serum gastrin concentration and lower-esophageal sphincter pressure

Serum gastrin concentration [G] has been proposed as the major factor regulating resting lower-esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP). Available supporting evidence in man, however, is largely circumstantial. The present study directly compares measurements of LESP with concurrent levels of circulating serum gastrin in fasting human subjects. A direct correlation was not shown betwen [G] and resting LESP; rather, a trend existed toward an inverse relationship. The study results indicate that the concentration of serum immunoreactive gastrin is not a major determinant of lower-esophageal sphincter tone in humans.
Central Ray Deficiency: Subjective and Objective Outcome of Cleft Reconstruction

Purpose To assess the long-term subjective and objective outcome of cleft reconstruction in patients with central ray deficiency. Methods Twelve patients with 16 central ray deficiency hands were included. Each hand had been treated with cleft reconstruction using soft tissue and/or bony procedures. A surgeon and parent assessed the subjective outcome using a visual analog scale to compare preoperative and postoperative appearance. Objective outcome was assessed with a clinical examination for digital range of motion and with a radiographic examination for preoperative and postoperative divergence angles of the index finger and ring finger metacarpals and phalanges. Results The surgeon's visual analog scale score significantly increased from 4 to 7. Nine parents were very satisfied, 4 were satisfied, and 3 were somewhat satisfied with hand appearance. A ring finger proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contracture averaging 31° was the most notable clinical finding. The metacarpal divergence angle significantly improved from 33° to 12°, and the phalangeal divergence angle significantly improved from 38° to 12°. Conclusions Cleft reconstruction improves hand appearance in patients with central deficiency. A new technique of quantifying the radiographic divergence of the border rays of the cleft demonstrates improved alignment at long-term follow-up. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Measurement and simulation of regenerative chatter in diamond turning

In this work, the stability of outer diameter turning is explored to extend previous results from the orthogonal turning geometry. The work begins with a numerical approach to the determination of the stability limit using a nonlinear chip area model. A complete experimental verification follows for turning of 6061-T aluminum with single crystal, synthetic diamond tools. Although diamond-turning operations are not particularly susceptible to chatter, the cutting process is well understood, and experimental tests may be conveniently carried out. Recent work to define the specific cutting energy better at small depths of cut is incorporated. The results show qualitative differences from the orthogonal cutting geometry. The role of machine parameters and tool geometry is explored using the verified model.
Synthesis and characterization of tin and antimony based composites derived by mechanochemical in situ reduction of oxides

Abstract Composites consisting of tin and silicon dioxide or antimony and silicon dioxide were synthesized using high energy mechanical milling. The composites were made by the reactive milling of SnO or Sb2O3 with pure Si, resulting in the oxidation of silicon and the reduction of the metal oxides. The minimum time required to complete the reaction for the tin system was 170 min, while the minimum time for the antimony system was 230 min. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the phases present in the composites. In addition, scanning electron microscopy, along with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), was used to characterize the microstructure and composition of the resultant material.
Structure-function relationships in high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 1. Effects of temperature, surface coverage, and preparation procedure.

Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the effects of temperature, surface coverage, nature of the alkylsilane precursor (octadecyltrichlorosilane, methyloctadecyldichlorosilane, or dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane), and surface grafting method (surface or solution polymerized) on alkyl chain conformational order in a series of high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases ranging in surface coverage from 3.09 to 6.45 micromol/m2. Conformational order is assessed using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric and symmetric v(CH2) modes as well as the frequency at which these Raman bands are observed. Conformational order increases with surface coverage. Temperature-induced surface phase changes are observed between 258 and 343 K for this homologous series of stationary phases that are demonstrated to adhere to the Clapeyron equation for a simple first-order transition. Phase changes are discussed in terms of variation of the molar enthalpy, molar entropy, and molar volume of the stationary phase, all of which depend on surface coverage. For the limited range of systems investigated, a correlation between stationary-phase preparation (surface versus solution polymerized and nature of the silane precursor) and extent of alkyl chain order is not clearly observed.Instead, akyl chain order is largely dependent on bonding density. A molecular picture of temperature-induced disorder in octadecylsilane stationary phases is proposed, with disorder originating at the distal carbon and propagating toward the proximal carbon.
Analysis of bradykinin-induced relaxations in the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle

Abstract The present study investigates the mechanism(s) of action of relaxations induced by bradykinin and by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in isolated rat anococcygeus muscle, where contractile tone has been elevated with clonidine. Bradykinin, EFS, and the bradykinin B1 receptor agonist, des-Arg9-bradykinin, produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar relaxations. Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist, [des-Arg9, Leu8]-bradykinin (1 μM), attenuated the relaxation responses of bradykinin B1 receptor agonist and inhibited bradykinin and EFS-induced relaxation responses. Bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, [β-(2-thienyl)-Ala5,8, D-Phe]-bradykinin (1 μM), significantly inhibited the relaxation responses of bradykinin, EFS, and bradykinin B1 receptor agonist. Methylene blue (30 μM) and N-methylhydroxylamine (1 mM) significantly inhibited the bradykinin- and EFS-induced relaxation responses. The relaxation responses of bradykinin and EFS were not affected by captopril (5 μM), superoxide dismutase (100 U/ml), and catalase (100 U/ml). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NG-nitro-arginine (L-NOARG, 30 μM), significantly inhibited the EFS- and bradykinin-induced relaxation responses. L-arginine (100 μM) reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NOARG on the relaxation responses of EFS and bradykinin. In addition, L-arginine potentiated the relaxation responses of EFS and bradykinin. The data of the present study suggests that bradykinin, similar to EFS, generates an endogenous nitrate, probably nitric oxide, which subsequently activates guanylate cyclase and relaxes the rat anococcygeus muscle.
Effect of irradiation on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) nanofiber conductivity ☆

Abstract Conducting nanofibers of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/polyvinyl alcohol (PEDOT:PSS/PVA) were fabricated at room temperature and via electrospinning with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 nm. The nanofibers were irradiated with Gamma and X-rays for varying lengths of time and the change in conductivity was evaluated. Raman and Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy of X-ray irradiated nanofibers were obtained to determine the mechanism of conductivity degradation. A decrease in molecular ordering as well as chain scission via chain cross-linking and free radical formation are the two most likely mechanisms for change in conductivity. These nanofibers are promising candidates for use in highly sensitive, real-time electrically based sensor for radiation detection.
Using diverse theoretical approaches to study electron transport through organic molecules

We use different theoretical approaches to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative understanding of coherent electron tunneling transport through several organic molecules. Molecules that we consider are phenylenevinylene oligomer (OPV5), carotene, dithienylethene, and xyxyldithiol. The complex bandstructure technique is useful for molecules that have repeating units, and is used here to make estimates of the conductance and its dependence on molecular length for OPV5 and for carotene (in a charge state). For molecules of a general shape, such as that of the photoswitching dithienylethenes, we use Landauer theory to predict the I-V properties. The same analysis is used to study the conductance of xyxyldithiol molecules that are deformed by stretching as in AFM pulling experiments.
Wavefront Estimation for Adaptive Optics Systems on Ground-Based Telescopes

Here M(x, y) is the telescope’s pupil indicator function, i.e. is 1 inside the pupil and 0 otherwise, and the function φ(x, y) denotes the phase error, or simply the phase, and is determined by the deviation from planarity of the incoming wavefronts of light at the point (x, y). In Figure 1, we plot (2) in the diffraction limited case, i.e. when φ = 0, and with a nonzero φ generated by a physically realistic model. Note the negative effect of nonzero phase error on the right-hand side PSF. The job of the AO system is to remove the phase error from incoming wavefronts by introducing a counter wavefront φDM via, e.g., a deformable mirror (see Beckers [2]). Assuming the PSF has the form (2), the phase corrected PSF will have the form
ACTIVATION OF THE HUMAN THYMIDINE KINASE (TK) PROMOTER BY SIMIAN VIRUS 40 LARGE T ANTIGEN REQUIRES BOTH THE T ANTIGEN PRB FAMILY-BINDING DOMAIN AND TK PROMOTER SEQUENCES RESEMBLING E2F-BINDING SITES

Infection of quiescent cells with the DNA tumor virus simian virus 40 induces expression of the cellular thymidine kinase (TK) gene a minimum of 10- to 20-fold, and this induction depends upon the viral protein large T antigen (T-Ag). To define both human TK promoter elements and T-Ag functional domains required for transcriptional induction, we have established a system in which stable Rat-1 transfectants harboring TK promoter-luciferase hybrid genes are infected with recombinant adenoviruses expressing either wild-type or mutant forms of T-Ag and luciferase expression is measured as an indicator of promoter activity. The results show that (i) a 135-bp TK promoter fragment is activated 10- to 15-fold by viral infection; (ii) this activation is the result of both T-Ag-dependent and -independent mechanisms; (iii) the T-Ag pRb family-binding domain, but not the p53-binding, helicase, or ATPase domain, is required for activation; and (iv) activation is severely diminished with a TK promoter fragment in which E2F-like-binding sites have been removed. These data demonstrate a requirement for both an E2F-related factor and a pRb family member in activation of the TK promoter by T-Ag. This contrasts with the promiscuous activation of many cellular and viral genes by T-Ag, which is independent of its ability to bind pRb.
Transition from Student to Teacher–Student Teaching The Capstone Experience

Student teaching is the capstone experience of undergraduate music teacher preparation, and in-service and preservice music teachers consider it the most valuable part of preservice teacher education. Researchers have examined student teachers’ skills, pedagogical content knowledge, and reflective practice. Other topics have included the student teaching triad members (cooperating teacher, university supervisor, student teacher), teacher identity, and preparedness for teaching. A current review of the research literature on music student teaching not only provides a summary of extant research but also reveals existing gaps in the scholarship and therefore direction for further inquiry. With those aims in mind, this article examines selected music education scholarship in the area of student teaching with particular emphasis on two areas of contemporary research literature: student teachers’ knowledge and development and the people and placements in student teaching.
Enclosures, Enclaves, and Entrapment*

The article takes a position against recent theories of globalization and mobility by arguing that there are important trends toward increased immobility. Whereas goods travel relatively freely in a global market, the same cannot be said for people. Various forms of immobility are explored through the key notion of enclaves. While ghettoes and wall building have been traditional aspects of the enclosure of people, the article argues that new biological technologies offer enhanced methods of tracking and containing people. The principal cause behind these developments is a greater emphasis on securitization by the state and hence globalization theories are criticized insofar as they propose that state borders have become more porous.
High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for children with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

In contrast to adults, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as part of the salvage strategy after high-dose chemo/radiotherapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is not yet established for children. We report on a 13-year patient with congenital HIV infection and refractory Burkitt lymphoma, who was successfully treated by high-dose therapy (HDT) including rituximab followed by ASCT. After 26 months follow-up the patient remains in complete remission and his HIV parameters have normalized with continued highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV infection may no longer exclude children from ASCT as part of salvage therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Localized power-aware routing for wireless ad hoc networks

Power use is a crucial issue in wireless ad hoc networks since mobile hosts are typically battery-constrained. This paper presents a localized power-efficient routing protocol, which aims at improving the power-use efficiency of traditional ad hoc routing protocols. Our protocol works by introducing recursive localized power-use optimization at intermediate nodes on routes that a traditional routing protocol returns either proactively or reactively. For this purpose, each network node maintains the state information of its one-hop neighborhood. Simulation results demonstrate that the designed protocol can significantly improve the power use efficiency of traditional protocols. The simplicity, low overhead, and high efficiency in power utilization make the designed protocol suitable for providing scalable power-efficient routing support in wireless ad hoc networks.
Christianity and Empire

Despite many connections and tensions between Christian traditions and empire, scholars of religion and theology have rarely reflected on them. What was lost in the process was not only a clearer understanding of how the forces of empire impact Christianity, consciously or unconsciously, but also a sense for how Christianity can never quite be absorbed by empire altogether and which of its resources push beyond empire.
Refinement of the 7 Fe ferredoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii at 1.9 Å resolution

Abstract The recently redetermined structure of the 7 Fe ferredoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii has been refined against a new 1.9 A data set. The crystallographic R -factor is 0.215 for all 9586 observed reflections 8.0 to 1.9 A. The model contains 106 amino acid residues, two FeS clusters and 21 water molecules. The root-mean-square deviations from ideality of bonds and angles are 0.014 A and 3.3 °, respectively. The refinement confirms the presence of two free cysteines: the thiol of C11 is in association with the side-chain of K100; the thiol of C24 is 3.35 A from inorganic sulfur of the [4 Fe4 S] cluster. The refinement confirms a [3 Fe4 S] model for the 3 Fe cluster. The two FeS clusters have similar bond distances and angles. The structure of the protein for residues 1 to 57 superposes within 0.85 A on residues 1 to 53 of the 8 Fe ferredoxin structure for main-chain N, CA and C atoms, if residues 9, 10, 29 and 30 of 7 Fe ferredoxin are omitted. These residues are part of two loops in contact with residues of the extended C-terminal chain of 7 Fe ferredoxin.