cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of peer separation in young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Ten chimpanzees (Pan troglogytes), aged 18-24 months, housed without mothers as two dyads and two triads, were subjected to social separation. Two issues were addressed: the effects of peer separation in chimpanzees; and differential responses by subjects living in dyads compared with those living in triads. Chimpanzees that were alone during separation reacted with high levels of "protest" alternating with "despair" throughout the separation period. The continued presence of one cagemate, during separation from a third, was a strong mitigating factor. Even when the primary attachment was formed with the absent cagemate, the remaining chimpanzees clung to each other and the levels of protest and despair, when present, were low. Upon reunion, neither "detachment" nor heightened levels of clinging were conspicuous, but there was increased social interaction. The data on separation of chimpanzees are intermediate between those of humans and monkeys separated from mothers or peers. The increased social interactions during reunion, including looking, are comparable to the visual vigilance reported for humans.
The use of the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast (singulair®) in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents☆

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have shown an increase in leukotrienes in the uterine tissue as well as in the menstrual flow of adult women with dysmenorrhea. An increase in leukotriene-E4, the major urinary leukotriene, was also reported in adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea, further suggesting a possible involvement of these potent vasoconstrictors and inflammatory mediators in generating dysmenorrhea symptoms. In the present study we examined whether blocking leukotrienes might alleviate symptoms of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Methods Twenty-five adolescents (age 16 ± 1 years, 4 ± 1 years post menarche, body mass index 23 ± 1) with dysmenorrhea participated in a randomized, double blind, crossover study. Thirteen girls received one tablet of montelukast (Singulair ® , Merck, West Point, PA) 10 mg daily starting on day 21 of the cycle until the last day of the menstrual period for two menstrual cycles, followed by one tablet of placebo (Merck, West Point, PA) daily starting on day 21 of the cycle until the last day of the menstrual period for two additional menstrual cycles. The other 12 girls had a reverse schedule starting with placebo. Participants were instructed to use one or two 200-mg tablets of ibuprofen every 6 h in the event of continuing menstrual symptoms. The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale was used to assess response to treatment. An intent-to-treat approach was used for data analysis. Results Twenty-two girls completed the study. Two girls were noncompliant with the study protocol, and one was withdrawn because of Helicobacter pylori infection. Compared with Cox menstrual score (mean ± SE) before study (46 ± 6), there was no significant change in menstrual symptoms during treatment with placebo (Cox score 42 ± 7) or during treatment with montelukast (Cox score 39 ± 7), and there was no significant difference between montelukast and placebo treatments as well. Likewise, there was no significant difference between the amount of ibuprofen tablets consumed during the menstrual periods before study (4 ± 1), while on placebo (3 ± 1), and while on montelukast (4 ± 1). Conclusions This study does not support the use of montelukast, in the current FDA-approved dose (for asthma) and commencing immediately before the menstrual period, for treatment of dysmenorrhea. It remains to be determined in further studies whether a higher dose or a prolonged daily use of montelukast may alleviate symptoms of dysmenorrhea in adolescents.
The life history and morphology of free-living Pilayella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. (Ectocarpaceae, Ectocarpales) in Nahant Bay, Massachusetts

Abstract A previously unreported free-living form of Pilayella is described. During all months of the year, drifting clouds of this plant may carpet up to half of the sandy bottom and beaches of Nahant Bay, a 15 km2 rectangular embayment on the north coast of Massachusetts. Four features distinguish the atypical free-living form from the typical attached form of this species: (1) a ball shape and a concomitant general lack of polarity in the development of the central axes; (2) a polystichous condition present throughout much of the central axes; (3) a dearth of reproductive organs; and (4) a peak summer-time abundance of hundreds of tonnes (live weight). Plant reproduction and growth appear to result from ball fragmentation and subsequent regeneration solely by vegetative cell division. Fragmentation results from seasonal senescence of the filamentous axes and from infection by the marine fungus Eurychasma dicksonii. The Pilayella drift community is characterized by its virtual monospecificity by weight,...
Overcoming Nazism: Big Business, Public Relations, and the Politics of Memory, 1945–50

In 1973 Yad Vashem, the international organization commemorating Holocaust martyrs and heroes, extended its highest honors to one of Germany's most influential business leaders. Berthold Beitz, head of the Krupp Foundation in Essen, was declared one of “the righteous among the nations” and was inducted into a very small group of individuals who had risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Third Reich. As a young manager in German-occupied Galicia, Beitz had been considered a rising star in the firm of Karpaten Ol. A trustee acting on behalf of the board of directors, Beitz was in a key position to witness the brutality of the SS in occupied Poland. In 1943, as he began to suspect his government's murderous intentions, Beits grew determined to risk his career, and possibly his life, to protect Jews from a tragic fate. Through various means of trickery and bargaining with the SS, Beitz took under his wing both young and old, skilled and unskilled, and employed them in scattered oil installations in eastern Galicia, ultimately protecting many of them from deportation and probable death in Belzec.
Inhomogeneities of Minimum Stress Concentration

The problem of finding the shape of an elastic inhomogeneity that minimizes stress concentration is investigated. A class of ellipsoidal inhomogeneities is identified that serve as minimizers for i...
Complete Transection of the Intrathoracic Trachea Due to Blunt Trauma

A 24-year-old man was transferred to Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center from a local hospital 24 hours after a car crash. Bronchoscopy at the local hospital revealed transection with discontinuity of the trachea just above the carina. At Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, following cautious intubation without positive airway pressure, a right posterolateral thoracotomy was performed, and the bronchi were intubated with sterile endotracheal tubes for initial airway control. A 6-cm tracheal disruption was repaired. Early care was complicated by chest wall instability and pulmonary contusions, but the patient was discharged breathing comfortably on the tenth postoperative day. Subsequent to discharge, flow-volume loops revealed the development of a tracheal stricture. Three months after the initial procedure, tracheal resection for stenosis was completed. To date, the patient is asymptomatic.
Studies of immunization with three types of combined viral vaccines

Combined lyophilized Moraten measles, Jeryl Lynn mumps, and HPV 77 duck rubella vaccines were administered by a single injection to 715 children ages 7 months to 7 years, and susceptible to these viruses. The geometric mean antibody responses to the triple vaccine were comparable to those obtained with monovalent vaccines. The antibody seroconversion rate was 96% to measles by hemagglutination-inhibition tests, 95% to mumps neutralization tests and 94% to rubella hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Clinical reactions to the triple vaccine were no greater than those following measles vaccine given alone. Arthralgia and arthritis were not reported during the 28 day recording period. In children combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine provides a sofe, simple and economical means of immunizing against these three diseases. Similar findings were obtained in tests in 375 seronegative children given combined measles-rubella vaccine and in 415 seronegative children given combined mumps-rubella vaccine.
Post-transcriptional regulation of groα, β, γ, and IL-8 mRNAs by IL-1β

Expression of the cytokine gene gro, also known as melanoma growth stimulatory activity, is induced by inflammatory stimuli, including IL-1. To determine whether gro expression is regulated at a post-transcriptional level, the effect of IL-1 on gro mRNA stability was examined. Treatment of fibroblasts with IL-1 beta caused a dose-dependent induction of gro mRNA. When IL-1 was withdrawn, gro mRNA decayed rapidly with a half life of 1 hour. This decay occurred whether or not actinomycin D was added to block new transcription. In contrast, when IL-1 was present in the medium, the level of gro mRNA was stable over 8 hours following addition of actinomycin D. In addition, the stability of a related mRNA, IL-8, was found to be regulated by IL-1. To examine whether Northern results reflected expression of gro alpha, or of the closely related genes, gro beta and gro gamma, RNA samples were analyzed by PCR. All three genes were found to be induced by IL-1 and all mRNAs were stabilized in the presence of IL-1. Northern analysis revealed a minor species of gro mRNA which lacked poly(A). The pattern of expression of this RNA suggested that it was a decay intermediate of one or more of the gro mRNAs. The findings indicate that mRNA stabilization is an important component of IL-1 induced gene expression.
Formation and Equilibration of Submonolayer Island Distributions in Ag/Ag(100) Homoepitaxy

We present an analysis both of the nucleation and growth of two-dimensional (2D) islands or clusters during deposition of Ag on Ag(100) at 295 K and of the subsequent postdeposition equilibration of such island distributions at coverages below about 0.25 monolayer. Island formation during deposition is shown to be effectively irreversible, and the island density and size and separation distributions are characterized using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction. Postdeposition coarsening of the adlayer is monitored via STM and is shown to be dominated typically by diffusion and subsequent coalescence of large 2D clusters rather than by Ostwald ripening. Tailored studies of such coarsening elucidate both the kinetics and the underlying cluster diffusion process.
Calorimetric study: Surface energetics and the magnetic transition in nanocrystalline CoO

CoO nanoparticles ranging in size from 7 to 21 nm were prepared via precipitation and thermal decomposition methods. The particles had water contents ranging from 2.18 to 0.19 wt %; water content decreased with increasing particle size. All particles also contained a small amount of Co3O4 impurity. The surface enthalpy was determined to be 2.82 ± 0.20 J·m-2 by acid solution calorimetry at 298 K. Corrections were made for the water and cobalt spinel impurity. Heat capacity measurements using adiabatic (10−320 K) and semi-adiabatic (0.6−40 K) calorimeters were performed on the sample with particle size 7.0 ± 1.0 nm. The nanoparticle heat capacity had a broad anomaly with a rounded maximum at 265 K, a reduction of 23 K from the Neel temperature TN observed as a sharply peaked maximum in the heat capacity of single-crystal CoO. When corrected for water and Co3O4, the heat capacity of nanophase CoO is greater than that of single-crystal CoO below about 250 K. Above 250 K, the much larger magnetic peak in the h...
CCL20 Is Associated with Neurodegeneration Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury and Promotes Cellular Toxicity In Vitro

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex and involves multiple processes that contribute to functional decline. Progressive neuropathies result from delayed cellular death following the initial impact. Although the precise mechanisms responsible for delayed injury are unknown, numerous data implicate a role for the peripheral immune system in perpetuating neuroinflammation after TBI. A previous report demonstrated that splenic CCL20 chemokine expression was upregulated 24 h after lateral fluid percussive impact (LFPI), prior to neuronal expression but consistent with neurodegeneration. Here, we expand on those data to report increased CCL20 protein expression in white matter 48 h after LFPI and demonstrate that CCL20 is directly toxic to primary neurons and oligodendrocytes subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation. The temporal expression profile of CCL20, coupled with in vitro toxicity to primary cells, suggests that this chemokine exerts deleterious effects on cell viability following TBI. These findings warrant further investigations into the use of CCL20 as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target.
Segmentation via fusion of edge and needle map

This paper presents an integrated image segmentation method using edge and needle map which compensates deficiencies of using either edge-based approach or region-based approach. Segmentation of an image is the first and most difficult step toward symbolic transformation of a raw image, which is essential in image understanding. In industrial applications, the task is further complicated by the ubiquitous presence of specularity in most industrial parts. Three images taken from three different illumination directions were used to separate specular and Lambertian components in the images. Needle map is generated from Lambertian component images using photometric stereo technique. In one channel, edges are extracted and linked from the averaged Lambertian images providing one source of segmentation. The other channel, Gaussian curvature and mean curvature values are estimated at each pixel from least square local surface fit of needle map. Labeled surface type image is then generated using the signs of Gaussian and mean curvatures, where one of ten surface types is assigned to each pixel. Connected regions of identical surface type pixels provide the first level grouping, a rough initial segmentation. Edge information and initial segmentation of surface type are fed to an integration module which interprets the edges and regions in a consistent way. During interpretation regions are merged or split, edges are discarded or generated depending upon global surface fit error and consistency with neighboring regions. The output of integrated segmentation is an explicit description of surface type and contours of each region which facilitates recognition, localization and attitude determination of objects in the image.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of delay and difficulty on discrimination learning and stimulus generalization

Following training on an easy size discrimination, pigeons were matched on the basis of stimulus control by the positive stimulus following generalization tests. Three Ss were immediately retrained on a more difficult discrimination along the same dimension, while the remaining three Ss were retrained after a 6-month delay. The 6-month-delay group took longer to learn the more difficult discrimination and displayed less stimulus control on a subsequent generalization test.
Reference Points, Loss Aversion, and Contingent Values for Auto Safety

This article is concerned with the possible role of reference points and loss aversion (as suggested by prospect theory) in subjects' judgments about the value of increments and decrements in automobile safety. The contingent valuation method is employed in two experiments, both of which consider subjects' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for increased safety and compensation demanded (CD) for decreased safety in hypothetical new vehicle purchases. The results establish that disparities exist in subjects' WTP and CD values for the same increment of auto safety, even for a close-to-market context such as hypothetical new vehicle purchases. The results also indicate that evaluations can be manipulated by changing the perception of the reference point: losses can be recast as forgone gains and forgone gains as losses, altering (or even eliminating) differences between WTP and CD values.
Isocein-a new fluorescent reagent for calcium

Abstract A metallofluorescent indicator, isocein, has-been synthesized from 7-hydroxy-2-methylisoflavone, iminodiacetic acid and formaldehyde. It is readily obtained in pure form and in alkaline solutions is excited by light of 339 nm. It is recommended for use as a spectrofluorimetric reagent for calcium.
Study Abroad: Teaching Christology in an Area of Conflict

Theological study abroad programs in countries like Israel can actually benefit from the political tensions in those countries when the tensions are treated with due caution and when the course is designed to account for them. Focusing on Israel as its test case, this article offers suggestions for ensuring safety in countries of conflict. At the same time, it lays the groundwork for assuring a balanced approach to studying the present conflict in Israel within the framework of a course in christology while addressing the demands of Seattle University's Catholic Jesuit philosophy.
CHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR OXIRENE INTERMEDIATES

Bei der Photolyse des Diazo-ketons (I) entsteht das Carbonyl-carben (II), das uber das Oxiren (III) mit dem Isomeren (IV) im Gleichgewicht steht.
J-GFT NMR for Precise Measurement of Mutually Correlated Nuclear Spin-Spin Couplings

G-matrix Fourier transform (GFT) NMR spectroscopy is presented for accurate and precise measurement of chemical shifts and nuclear spin-spin couplings correlated according to spin system. The new approach, named "J-GFT NMR", is based on a largely extended GFT NMR formalism and promises to have a broad impact on projection NMR spectroscopy. Specifically, constant-time J-GFT (6,2)D (HA-CA-CO)-N-HN was implemented for simultaneous measurement of five mutually correlated NMR parameters, that is, 15N backbone chemical shifts and the four one-bond spin-spin couplings 13Calpha-1Halpha, 13Calpha-13C', 15N-13C', and 15N-1HNu. The experiment was applied for measuring residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in an 8 kDa protein Z-domain aligned with Pf1 phages. Comparison with RDC values extracted from conventional NMR experiments reveals that RDCs are measured with high precision and accuracy, which is attributable to the facts that (i) the use of constant time evolution ensures that signals do not broaden whenever multiple RDCs are jointly measured in a single dimension and (ii) RDCs are multiply encoded in the multiplets arising from the joint sampling. This corresponds to measuring the couplings multiple times in a statistically independent manner. A key feature of J-GFT NMR, i.e., the correlation of couplings according to spin systems without reference to sequential resonance assignments, promises to be particularly valuable for rapid identification of backbone conformation and classification of protein fold families on the basis of statistical analysis of dipolar couplings.
Hughmillerites vancouverensis sp. nov. and the Cretaceous diversification of Cupressaceae

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Two ovulate conifer cones, one of which is attached terminally to a short leafy shoot, reveal the presence of a new species of Hughmillerites in the Early Cretaceous Apple Bay flora of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. This ancient conifer expands the diversity of Cupressaceae in the Mesozoic and reveals details about the evolution of Subfamily: Cunninghamioideae.• METHODS Specimens were studied from anatomical sections prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique.• KEY RESULTS Vegetative shoots have helically arranged leaves that are Cunninghamia-like. Seed cones have many helically arranged bract/scale complexes in which the bract is larger than the ovuliferous scale. Each ovuliferous scale has three free tips that separate from the bract immediately distal to an inverted seed. Several ovuliferous scales show interseminal ridges between seeds.• CONCLUSIONS This study documents a new extinct species of cunninghamioid conifers, Hughmillerites vancouverensis, expanding the record of the genus from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. This new extinct species emphasizes the important role that conifers from subfamily Cunninghamioideae played in the initial evolutionary radiation of Cupressaceae. In light of recent findings in conifer regulatory genetics, we use H. vancouverensis to hypothesize that variations of expression in certain gene homologues played an important role in the evolution of the cupressaceous ovuliferous scale.
So your student wants to be a crime scene technician

More criminal justice students are interested in a career in physical evidence collection. Oftentimes faculty have limited knowledge of the subject, which undermines their efforts to advise students on how to secure such a position. Additionally, because crime scene technicians have traditionally learned the position through “on-the-job” training, few academic programs exist designed to provide this education and training. This paper provides an overview of the development of a college-level degree program that will prepare individuals for careers as crime scene technicians and gives faculty a basis for advising students about this career option.
Diagnosis and management of behavioral issues in frontotemporal dementia.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is an umbrella term for several different disorders. In behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), patients show deterioration in cognition and social behavior. New diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Behavioral Variant FTD Consortium provide greater sensitivity in diagnosing bvFTD. Current pharmacological management of symptoms relies on medications borrowed from treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and psychiatric disorders. The evidence for using AD medications such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is questionable. Psychiatric medications can be helpful. Trazodone or SSRIs can have some efficacy in reducing disinhibition, repetitive behaviors, sexually inappropriate behaviors, and hyperorality. Small doses of atypical antipsychotics may be helpful in decreasing agitation and verbal outbursts. Nonpharmacological management includes caregiver education and support and behavioral interventions. While symptomatic treatments are likely to remain important behavior management tools, targeting the underlying pathology of bvFTD with disease-modifying agents will hopefully be the future of treatment.
Experimental and numerical determination of laminar flame speeds: Mixtures of C2-hydrocarbons with oxygen and nitrogen

Using the counterflow flame technique, laminar flame speeds of mixtures of ethane, ethylene, acetylene and propane with oxygen and nitrogen have been accurately determined over extensive lean-to-rich fuel concentration ranges and over the pressure range of 0.25 to 3 atm. These data are then compared with the numerically calculated values obtained by using the various kinetic schemes in the literature as well as one compiled in the present study. The present scheme yields close agrrement with all of the experimental flame speeds except for diluted, rich acetylene flames, for which the calculated values are higher. The relative importance and influence of the individual reactions on the flame speed and reaction mechanism are assessed and discussed with the aid of sensitivity analysis. The study also demonstrates that C2 schemes validated through comparisons based on methane flame speeds may not be accurate enough for flame speed predictions of the C2 fuels, and that the C2 schemes developed through comparisons with the flame speeds of the C2 fuels are rather insensitive to the details of the C3 sub-mechanism. The importance of having accurate values of the thermophysical properties of radicals for flame simulation is also emphasized.
The Court of Public Opinion: Lay Perceptions of Polygraph Testing

We sampled a total of 411 participants and randomly assigned them one of three brief trial vignettes that contained either no-polygraph evidence, evidence of a passed polygraph test, or evidence of a failed polygraph test. Participants rendered guilt judgments and answered a series of questions concerning the trial in particular, and polygraph tests in general. Similar to previous studies on the impact of polygraph evidence on jurors' guilt judgments, this sample of jury-eligible adults indicated that they did not find polygraph test evidence to be persuasive. Moreover, it mattered little to participants whether the results indicated the defendant passed a polygraph test, or that he failed a polygraph test. However, when our findings are compared to those of previous surveys involving experts in the field of psychophysiology, they differ in a number of important respects. The implications for decisions regarding admissibility (e.g., U.S. v. Alexander, 1975 and U.S. v. Scheffer, 1998) are discussed.
Intimate insight: MDMA changes how people talk about significant others

Rationale:±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely believed to increase sociability. The drug alters speech production and fluency, and may influence speech content. Here, we investigated the effect of MDMA on speech content, which may reveal how this drug affects social interactions.Method:Thirty-five healthy volunteers with prior MDMA experience completed this two-session, within-subjects, double-blind study during which they received 1.5 mg/kg oral MDMA and placebo. Participants completed a five-minute standardized talking task during which they discussed a close personal relationship (e.g. a friend or family member) with a research assistant. The conversations were analyzed for selected content categories (e.g. words pertaining to affect, social interaction, and cognition), using both a standard dictionary method (Pennebaker’s Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC) and a machine learning method using random forest classifiers.Results:Both analytic methods revealed that MDMA altered speech...
Effects of cyclic nucleotide derivatives on acetylcholine-induced secretion from isolated, perfused rat submandibular salivary glands

Abstract The effects of dibutyryl cAMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine (MIX) and isoproterenol were examined. When administered simultaneously with acetylcholine (10 −6 M) in concentrations of 10 −5 M, both isoproterenol and cAMP reduced fluid secretion (16 and 31 per cent, respectively) and enhanced the decay in rate of flow with time, while cGMP and MIX increased salivary volumes (25 and 19 per cent, respectively). Isoproterenol-decreased Na and Cl and increased K and residual anion concentrations. These effects, except for increased K, were also observed with MIX. cAMP and cGMP did not significantly affect cation concentrations but reduced Cl and increased residual anion, although to a lesser extent than isoproterenol or MIX. The cyclic nucleotides did not affect the flow of saliva when added to the perfusate for 40 min after 40 min of acetylcholine stimulation. Prior exposure to cGMP increased the volume of saliva secreted after re-exposure to acetylcholine alone and both cGMP and cAMP increased the Na and reduced the K concentration of the stimulated secretion. These results suggest that cyclic nucleotides are involved in salivary fluid and electrolyte secretion and can modulate the effects of cholinergic stimuli. cGMP may be involved mainly in fluid secretion and, as salivary fluid originates almost exclusively in salivary acini, it may exert its action in acinar cells and activate specific components of the mechanism of primary secretion. cAMP may be primarily involved in transductal electrolyte transport, and may also inhibit certain parts of the fluid secretory mechanism, or reduce the effectiveness of cholinergic stimuli in activating them. This dissociation in the effects of cAMP and cGMP has physiological implications for saliva produced by reflex stimulation, as its amount and composition will depend on the extent to which each type of receptor is stimulated in acinar and duct cells, and on the extent to which the two nucleotides are formed at each site.
Optical coupling analysis and vibration characterization for packaging of 2x2 MEMS vertical torsion mirror switches

We report optical coupling loss and vibration characterization for packaging of 2 X 2 vertical torsion mirror switches. The coupling losses of fiber-to-fiber and fiber-lens-lens-fiber are examined in order to design 2 X 2 MEMS optical switches required for the performance specification. The results indicate that the fiber-lens- lens-fiber configuration provides a over 1 mm working distance of 2.5 dB loss between the lens centers. The fiber- to-fiber only allows 175 micrometers for the same loss. In addition, the mechanical frequency response of the vertical torsion mirror is experimentally examined by electrostatic excitation. The discrepancy between the calculated and the measured nature frequencies is investigated by the study of the effect of the in-house post processes.
A Preprocessor for the Via Minimization Problem

The objective of the via minimization is to assign wire segments into different layers to minimize the number of vias required. Several algorithms have been proposed for the Constrained Via Minimization (CVM) problem where the topology of the given layout is fixed. In a CVM problem, some vias may be "essential" to the given layout. That is, they have to be selected and cannot be replaced by other vias. In this paper we present a procedure to find most of the essential vias. This procedure can be used as a preprocessor for the algorithms for CVM problems. Experimental results show that the procedure is efficient and can identify most of essential vias.
Artificial Reefs as Restoration Tools: A Case Study on the West Florida Shelf

Artificial reefs are one of a number of tools that should be considered by scientists and managers when planning coastal zone restoration and/or mitigation projects. In this article, the details of one project from the West Florida Shelf are presented. Two types of artificial reefs were used to mitigate pipeline construction impacts on natural hardbottom ledges in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The project's primary objective was to avoid the paradigm of building artificial reefs as fish attraction devices, and to instead implement a design that would mimic, not augment, natural hardbottom conditions. Fish assemblage parameters (species richness and commercial fish abundances) were compared between the artificial habitats and natural hardbottom reference sites. Results indicate that species richness trends are similar among artificial and natural reefs, while certain commercial fish abundances are significantly higher on the artificial reefs. Recommendations for future restoration/mitigation projects using a...
Upper limits for the rate coefficients for reactions of BrO with formaldehyde and HBr

The reactions of the BrO radical with hydrogen bromide, BrO + HBr → HOBr + Br (R4) and with HCHO, BrO + HCHO → HOBr + HCO (R5) have been studied at 298 K, 1 atm. pressure in an environmental chamber. No conclusive evidence for the occurrence of either reaction was found and upper limits for both reaction rate coefficients are reported (k4, k5 <4 × 10−15 cm³ molecule−1 s−1). These upper limits are about 4–5 times lower than recent estimates [Hansen et al., 1999a,b].
PGF2α-induced contraction of cat esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter circular smooth muscle

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone depends on PGF2α and thromboxane A2acting on receptors linked to Gi3 and Gq to activate phospholipases and produce second messengers resulting in muscle contra...
Aggregation Behavior And Chromonic Liquid Crystal Properties Of An Anionic Monoazo Dye

X-ray scattering and various optical techniques are utilized to study the aggregation process and chromonic liquid crystal phase of the anionic monoazo dye Sunset Yellow FCF. The x-ray results demonstrate that aggregation involves - stacking of the molecules into columns, with the columns undergoing a phase transition to an orientationally ordered chromonic liquid crystal phase at high dye concentration. Optical absorption measurements on dilute solutions reveal that the aggregation takes place at all concentrations, with the average aggregation number increasing with concentration. A simple theory based on the law of mass action and an isodesmic aggregation process is in excellent agreement with the experimental data and yields a value for the “bond” energy between molecules in an aggregate. Measurements of the birefringence and order parameter are also performed as a function of temperature in the chromonic liquid crystal phase. The agreement between these results and a more complicated theory of aggregation is quite reasonable. Overall, these results both confirm that the aggregation process for some dyes is isodesmic and provide a second example of a well-characterized chromonic system.
A new handheld device for measuring resting metabolic rate and oxygen consumption

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to test a new handheld device, the BodyGem (HealtheTech Inc., Golden, CO), that measures resting metabolic rate (RMR). Subjects/design Sixty-three adults (43 women, 20 men) (mean±SD, age 41.3±11.2 years and body mass index, 26.5±6.6 kg/m 2 ) were tested during two separate sessions within a 2-week period, and, in each session, two BodyGem and two Douglas bag RMR measurements were made in a random and counterbalanced order. Main outcome measures Resting oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. Statistical analyses performed A 2 (methods) × 4 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson product-moment coefficients, Bland-Altman plots. Results Within session reliability for measurement of O 2 , consumption was high on both days for the BodyGem (r=0.97). During the 4 single tests, BodyGem and Douglas bag O 2 consumption values were significantly correlated (r=0.81-0.87), with SEEs ranging from 22 to 28 mL · min −1 . Mean O 2 consumption and RMR values for all 4 tests were 241±46 and 240±45 mL · min −1 (r=0.91, SEE 18.7 mL · min −1 ) and 1,657±324 and 1,650±307 kcals · day −1 (r=0.91, SEE 134 kcals · day −1 ) for the BodyGem and Douglas bag methods, respectively. Applications/conclusions These data indicate that the BodyGem is an accurate and reliable device for measuring oxygen consumption and calculating RMR during repeated tests within a day, single tests on separate days, or when measurements are averaged. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:588-593.
Learning and Remembering with Others: The Key Role of Retrieval in Shaping Group Recall and Collective Memory

People frequently collaborate to learn and remember information, and this may help groups create a shared representation of the world (i.e., collective memories). However, contrary to intuitions, collaboration also lowers group recall levels. Such impairment occurs regardless of whether people collaborate when first experiencing, or encoding, an event (the collaborative encoding deficit), or when retrieving, or remembering, the event (the collaborative inhibition effect). In understanding how collaboration impairs group recall and enhances collective or shared memories it remains unknown as to where collaboration exerts the greatest influence - at encoding or at retrieval - to shape these distinct phenomena. The current study simultaneously compared collaboration at these two stages and revealed the power of collaborative retrieval. Collaboration impaired the group recall product at both time points, but especially so at retrieval. Furthermore, only collaborative retrieval played a significant role in the formation of collective memories.
The Preoperative Neurological Evaluation

Neurological diseases are prevalent in the general population, and the neurohospitalist has an important role to play in the preoperative planning for patients with and at risk for developing neurological disease. The neurohospitalist can provide patients and their families as well as anesthesiologists, surgeons, hospitalists, and other providers guidance in particular to the patient’s neurological disease and those he or she is at risk for. Here we present considerations and guidance for the neurohospitalist providing preoperative consultation for the neurological patient with or at risk of disturbances of consciousness, cerebrovascular and carotid disease, epilepsy, neuromuscular disease, and Parkinson disease.
Back to School for Counseling Psychology? A Response to Romano and Kachgal

Despite an early shared history with school counseling, counseling psychology has, over time, distanced itself from the schools. Current circumstances with regard to public education and questions about the relevance of counseling psychology’s graduate training programs within schools and colleges of education have resurrected consideration of a partnership between school counseling and counseling psychology. In this response, the authors question the motives and sincerity of counseling psychology’s embracing school counseling as a partner, as well as the feasibility of the proposed partnership.
A meta-analytical test of elevated CO2 effects on plant respiration

Contrasting results regarding elevated CO2 effects on leafdark respiration (Rd) have hampered efforts to incorporate this importantcomponent of the plant carbon budget into long-term predictions of ecologicalresponses to rising atmospheric CO2. To help resolve some of theseinconsistencies in the literature, we used meta-analysis to quantitativelysummarize 45 area-based leaf Rd (Rda) and 44 mass-based leaf Rd(Rdm) observations from independent studies on 33 species. Ouranalysis showed that across all studies, leaf Rdm was significantlyreduced (−18%, P 100 days was significantly greater than that for plants exposed toelevated CO2 for < 100 days. Our meta-analysis of publishedresults suggest that the amount of carbon loss through leaf Rd will likelyincrease in a higher CO2 environment because of higher leafRda and a proportionally greater leaf biomass increase than leafRdm reduction at elevated CO2. Our results alsodemonstrated the strong dependency of Rd responses to elevated CO2onexperimental conditions.
Supersymmetry breaking and the supersymmetric flavor problem: An analysis of decoupling the first two generation scalars

The supersymmetric contributions to the flavor changing neutral current processes may be suppressed by decoupling the scalars of the first and second generations. It is known, however, that the heavy scalars drive the top squark mass squareds negative through the two-loop renormalization group evolution. This tension is studied in detail. Two new items are included in this analysis: the effect of the top quark Yukawa coupling and the QCD corrections to the supersymmetric contributions to {Delta}m{sub K}. Even with Cabibbo-like degeneracy between the squarks of the first two generations, these squarks must be heavier than {approximately}40 TeV to suppress {Delta}m{sub K}. This implies, in the case of a high scale of supersymmetry breaking, that the boundary value of the top squark mass has to be greater than {approximately}7 TeV to keep the top squark mass squared positive at the weak scale. Low-energy supersymmetry breaking at a scale that is of the same order as the mass of the heavy scalars is also considered. In this case the finite parts of the two-loop diagrams are computed to estimate the contribution of the heavy scalar masses to the top squark mass squared. It is found that for Cabibbo-like mixing between the squarks,more » the top squark mass at the boundary needs to be larger than {approximately}2 TeV. Thus, for both cases, the large boundary value of the top squark masses leads to an unnatural amount of fine tuning to obtain the correct {ital Z} mass. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Similarities and Differences in the Structure of Segmentally Homologous Neurons that Control the Hearts in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

The neural circuit that controls the hearts in the leech comprises an ensemble of synaptically interconnected cardiac motor neurons (HE cells) and cardiac interneurons (HN cells). Both the HE cells and the HN cells constitute segmentally homologous sets. We have investigated the structure of these neurons by iontophoretic injection of Lucifer Yellow dye.
Using failure modes and effects simulation as a means of reliability analysis

Failure modes and effects simulation analysis (FMES) is introduced as an effective way to do both failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) and reliability analysis. Using FMES, a system is described as a connected set of components. A component is defined by its interconnects (inputs and outputs), its state (the component and its outputs can occupy different states), and its behavioral description. Behavioral descriptions characterize how changes occur in the component and its output states. The FMES technique has been evaluated in a tool called the Reliability Estimation Testbed (REST). A reliability modeling language (RML) was developed as part of REST to support FMES. REST and the RML have been used to analyze a system consisting of a quad computer connected to two reconfiguring mesh networks and several quad redundant devices, a system totaling 100 components. On more than one occasion the FMES approach has produced analyses which uncovered errors in hand-generated models. >
Atrazine exposure and breast cancer incidence: An ecologic study of Missouri counties

Numerous studies have implicated the triazine herbicide atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N ′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). An ecologic study of breast cancer incidence and atrazine exposure in Missouri counties was conducted for the years 1996–2002. The objective of this study was to determine if breast cancer incidence rates were associated with atrazine exposure in Missouri counties. Atrazine detections in public drinking water sources and a surrogate measure of combined acres of corn and sorghum planted were used to determine which of Missouri's 115 counties could be classified as having high versus low atrazine exposure. Overall, 19 counties were classified as high and 25 as low in exposure to atrazine. Linear regression analyses were conducted using covariates of median income, % black race, and incidence of high parity. Models were generated for all stages of breast cancer (localized and invasive) and for invasive cancer alone. Models refinement was...
A close look at task assignment in distributed systems

C. C. Shen and W. H. Tsai (IEEE Trans. Comput., vol.C-34, no.3, p.197-203 1985) proposed a graph matching algorithm for solving the static task assignment problem. It combines two important ideas: (1) graph homomorphism and (2) application of the A* algorithm. Task-dependent information is used as a heuristic to reduce the search effort in finding an optimal path to the goal node. An examination is made of Shen and Tsai's strategy and their complexity measure. The authors propose some simple alternatives to their algorithm that are effective in reducing the number of nodes generated (and expanded) without sacrificing the optimality criteria. >
A distributed host-based worm detection system

We present a method for detecting large-scale worm attacks using only end-host detectors. These detectors propagate and aggregate alerts to cooperating partners to detect large-scale distributed attacks in progress. The properties of the host-based detectors may in fact be relatively poor in isolation but when taken collectively result in a high-quality distributed worm detector. We implement a cooperative alert sharing protocol coupled with distributed sequential hypothesis testing to generate global alarms about distributed attacks. We evaluate the system's response in the presence of a variety of false alarm conditions and in the presence of an Internet worm attack. Our evaluation is conducted with agents on the Emulab and DETER emulated testbeds using real operating systems and computing platforms.
Phylogeny of Extant and Fossil Juglandaceae Inferred from the Integration of Molecular and Morphological Data Sets

It is widely acknowledged that integrating fossils into data sets of extant taxa is imperative for proper placement of fossils, resolution of relationships, and a better understanding of character evolution. The importance of this process has been further magnified because of the crucial role of fossils in dating divergence times. Outstanding issues remain, including appropriate methods to place fossils in phylogenetic trees, the importance of molecules versus morphology in these analyses, as well as the impact of potentially large amounts of missing data for fossil taxa. In this study we used the angiosperm clade Juglandaceae as a model for investigating methods of integrating fossils into a phylogenetic framework of extant taxa. The clade has a rich fossil record relative to low extant diversity, as well as a robust molecular phylogeny and morphological database for extant taxa. After combining fossil organ genera into composite and terminal taxa, our objectives were to (1) compare multiple methods for the integration of the fossils and extant taxa (including total evidence, molecular scaffolds, and molecular matrix representation with parsimony [MRP]); (2) explore the impact of missing data (incomplete taxa and characters) and the evidence for placing fossils on the topology; (3) simulate the phylogenetic effect of missing data by creating "artificial fossils"; and (4) place fossils and compare the impact of single and multiple fossil constraints in estimating the age of clades. Despite large and variable amounts of missing data, each of the methods provided reasonable placement of both fossils and simulated "artificial fossils" in the phylogeny previously inferred only from extant taxa. Our results clearly show that the amount of missing data in any given taxon is not by itself an operational guideline for excluding fossils from analysis. Three fossil taxa (Cruciptera simsonii, Paleoplatycarya wingii, and Platycarya americana) were placed within crown clades containing living taxa for which relationships previously had been suggested based on morphology, whereas Polyptera manningii, a mosaic taxon with equivocal affinities, was placed firmly as sister to two modern crown clades. The position of Paleooreomunnea stoneana was ambiguous with total evidence but conclusive with DNA scaffolds and MRP. There was less disturbance of relationships among extant taxa using a total evidence approach, and the DNA scaffold approach did not provide improved resolution or internal support for clades compared to total evidence, whereas weighted MRP retained comparable levels of support but lost crown clade resolution. Multiple internal minimum age constraints generally provided reasonable age estimates, but the use of single constraints provided by extinct genera tended to underestimate clade ages.
THE ROLE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN DEVELOPMENT

The presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in human milk but not in infant formula, coupled with lower plasma and brain lipid contents of DHA in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants and reports of higher IQ in individuals who were breast-fed versus formula-fed as infants, suggest that exogenous DHA (and ARA) may be essential for optimal development. Thus, since 1990, several studies have examined the impact of formulas containing DHA or DHA plus ARA on visual function and neurodevelopmental outcome. Some of these studies have shown benefits but others have not. These results leave largely unanswered the question of whether these fatty acids are beneficial for either the term or preterm infant. However, evidence that preterm infants might benefit is somewhat more convincing than that for term infants. Despite the limited evidence for efficacy, formulas supplemented with DHA and ARA are now available and appear to be safe.