cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical characterization and macrophage cell uptake of mannan-coated nanoparticles.

AbstractPreviously, we reported on a cationic nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine delivery system engineered from warm oil-in-water microemulsion precursors. In these present studies, the feasibility of lyophilizing the nanoparticles and their thermal properties were investigated. Also, the binding and uptake of the nanoparticles by a macrophage cell line were studied. The nanoparticles (prior to pDNA coating) were freeze-dried with lactose or sucrose as cryoprotectants. The stability of lyophilized nanoparticles at room temperature was monitored and compared to that of the aqueous nanoparticle suspension. The thermal properties of the nanoparticles were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nanoparticles, coated or uncoated with mannan as a ligand, were incubated with a mannose receptor positive (MR+) mouse macrophage cell line (J774E), at either 4°C or 37°C to study the binding and uptake of the nanoparticles by the cells. It was found that lactose or sucrose (1–5%, w/v) was require...
The Current Treatment of Scleroderma

The treatment of scleroderma is determined by the stage of the disease, associated organ involvement or the presence of features overlapping those of other connective tissue disease. Raynaud’s phenomenon is responsive to vasoactive medication, but recently heat and plasma exchange have been shown to be more effective, reducing the need for systemic medication. In stages II and III of the disease, administration of non-toxic penicillamine in low doses for 2 to 4 years is the preferred treatment. Plasma exchange may offer some hope in the early stages. The treatment of the renal crisis of scleroderma with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors has reduced mortality from this complication. These drugs are currently the preferred treatment for the hypertension of renal scleroderma. The symptomatic treatment of the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and soft tissue complications of scleroderma is also discussed.
Histocompatibility Studies and Multiple Sclerosis

At the present time, investigation of the histocompatibility (HL-A) background in human diseases is being extensively pursued. The popularity of this approach is exemplified by the four articles dealing with studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) and HL-A antigens in this issue of theArchives. Zeal for investigation of this type comes from the view that studies of histocompatibility may provide insight into the genetic predisposition and pathogenesis of human disease. The concept of histocompatibility was initially derived from transplantation studies. Tissue or skin from one individual grafted on to another individual is rejected through an immune response. The antigens on the transplanted tissue evoking graft rejection are called histocompatibility antigens. Breeding studies in animals, particularly mice, have established that histocompatibility is genetically controlled; thus, specific proteins on the cell surface are specified by the genetic composition of the individual. Further exploration of this phenomenon has revealed that specific regions of
Silicon based double-layer 1×12 multimode interference coupler for three-dimensional photonic integration

We present a scheme for fabricating on-chip vertically integrated three-dimensional (3D) photonic integrated circuit (PIC). Double-layer 1×12 multimode interference (MMI) couplers with low excess loss and uniform outputs are fabricated on double-bonded silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer.
NUCLEAR SHAPES AT HIGH ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Multiplicities as a function of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy have been measured for continuum $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra produced in argon- and calcium-induced reactions. A peak sometimes occurs in the multiplicity spectrum, indicating a correlation between $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy and multiplicity (spin). This correlation can be explained by rotational motion of the nucleus, suggesting basically prolate nuclear shapes. Absence of structure in the multiplicity spectrum is interpreted to indicate noncollective motion, and hence spherical or oblate shapes.
Neuropathic changes associated with insulin treatment of diabetic rats: Electron microscopic and morphometric analysis

Tibial nerves from control, untreated alloxan diabetic, and 4-week insulin treated alloxan diabetic rats were examined with light microscopy and computerized morphometric analysis of axons. Teased fiber preparations and electron microscopy were utilized to evaluate nerve degeneration. The insulin treatment regimens included daily injections of protamine zinc insulin (PZI), daily injections of ultralente insulin, and continuously delivered insulin through osmotic minipumps. Evaluation of axon:myelin ratios, teased fiber profiles, and electron microscopic cross sections of nerves demonstrated different degrees of neuropathic changes within the treated groups. The control group and untreated diabetic group showed little or no degeneration, while all insulin-treated groups showed evidence of Wallerian degeneration. Among these insulin treated groups, the PZI-treated group showed the greatest number of degenerating profiles while the minipump group showed the least. These data suggest that insulin treatment of alloxan diabetes results in axonal degeneration which closely resembles findings in human diabetic neuropathies. The substantially diminished number of degenerating axons seen in the osmotic minipump insulin-treated rats suggests that continuous delivery of insulin may decrease the neuropathic changes seen with single injection insulin therapy. Since virtually all insulin-dependent diabetic patients receive daily administration of insulin, the possibility that peripheral neuropathies may in part result from the insulin treatment requires more extensive investigation in a variety of animal models to separate the neuropathic effects of diabetes from the neuropathic effects of insulin therapy.
Toxic properties of chlorine trifluoride.

Abstract The toxicity of chlorine trifluoride (ClF 3 ) is based primarily on its corrosive effects on surfaces of contact. The damage caused by CIF 3 is in part a function of its diverse hydrolysis products, which may form in varying proportions in the atmosphere, in pulmonary gases or during decontamination procedures. In the vapor phase, CIF 3 may decompose to ClF, Cl 2 , ClOF, ClO 2 F, ClO 3 F, ClO 2 and HF, depending on the availability of water. Of these, Cl 2 , HF and ClO 2 are probably of greatest significance. Inhalation exposure of rats to 800 ppm ClF 3 for 15 min was always lethal and 13 min of contact was usually survived. Four-hundred ppm was usually lethal after 35 min of exposure. ClF 3 , given ip in doses up to 400 μmol/kg, was not lethal although this high dose is considerably greater than the calculated maximum inhaled dose. ClF 3 exposures resulted in severe mucosal inflammation and burning of the skin, followed by corneal ulceration. Pulmonary release of 14 CO 2 from injected [ 14 C]bicarbonate was decreased after ClF 3 inhalation, as was blood pH, indicating pulmonary impairment. Of the principal hydrolysis products considered, ClO 2 F decomposes too rapidly in the presence of water vapor for study, ClO 3 F was always lethal at exposures of 5000 ppm × 15 min and 2000 ppm × 40 min with extensive methemoglobin formation, and essentially nonlethal at 2000 ppm × 25 min and 1000 ppm × 60 min. ClO 2 lethality is comparable to that of ClF 3 on a chlorine equivalent basis. ClF 3 lethality is similarly comparable to that of HF, on a fluorine equivalent basis. Predictions are made of the behavior of ClF 3 atmospheres, and of the expected dominant products in such atmospheres under various conditions.
New Packing Fractions and the Packing Fraction Curve

Descriptions and data are given of a number of mass comparisons (Ti-O, Cu-O, Cu-Ti, Cr-Ag, Mn-Ag, Fe-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cu-Mo, Cu-Pt-Ir, Cu-Au, Zn-Au, Pt-Au). These, together with other recent data, are critically analyzed in order to obtain values for the packing fraction curve. A curve is shown in which packing fractions are plotted against atomic number (instead of mass number), and the rule is suggested that the packing fraction of an element with odd atomic number is algebraically larger than the average of the two adjacent elements with even atomic number. This implies that elements with even atomic number are more stable than odd-numbered elements and, also, supports the theory that protons in the nucleus are associated together in groups of two.
Operating Characteristics of Brief Screens for Dementia in a Multicultural Population

Operating characteristics of seven screens for dementia were compared across various groups for 795 persons who had received a criterion diagnostic evaluation. Area under the curve (AUC), based on receiver operating characteristics, was compared between and within scales as an indication of their efficiency. Differences in AUC were only 5% across all the scales for the entire sample, but increased to 11% across sociocultural groups and scales and to 20% across education groups and scales. Two scales (the Mini-Mental State Exam and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire) misclassified most nondementias for the entire sample, and all scales misclassified most nondementias among persons with less than 5 years of education. Findings could support a recommendation that certain shorter scales be used because they perform as well as longer ones, are more consistent across cultural and educational groups, and can be more easily modified to improve performance in culturally diverse populations.
Resting state BOLD fluctuations reflect impaired functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis

Introduction It has been shown there are correlations in low-frequency temporal BOLD fluctuations between functionally related brain regions in normal humans( 1,2). MS is a common demyelinating neurologic disorder. Progressive forms of MS often result in extensive destruction of the white matter within the spinal cord and brain. MS lesions can impair neuronal transmission through the affected white matter. Our hypothesis is that, if the observed correlations in low-frequency BOLD fluctuations are a reflection of functional connectivity, then MS patients with a large lesion volume should show abnormally low correlations between anatomic regions which are highly correlated in normal subjects.
Limited expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells in the aged environment.

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for the diminished immune response seen with aging are unclear. In this study, we investigate the contributions of alterations in the lymphoid microenvironment to this decrease. Using adoptive transfer of virus-specific transgenic CD8 T cells, we demonstrate that the aged environment inhibits the clonal expansion of specific CD8 T cells from young mice during virus infection. Transferred specific CD8 T cells from young mice demonstrated a response reflecting the CD8 T cell response of the intact aged host: the CD8 T cells expand more slowly and have a decreased maximal expansion in an aged compared to a young environment. While isolated DCs (MHC II+ CD11c+) of aged mice maintain their ability to support CD8 T cell Ag-specific expansion in vitro, splenocytes demonstrated an age-associated decrease in this ability. Since the percentages of various populations of DCs in splenocytes demonstrate no significant alteration with age, this diminished APC activity of splenocytes of aged mice may reflect inhibitory activity of other cell populations. The results of this study demonstrate that elements of the aged environment play an important role in the alteration of T cell response to virus infection in the aged.
Efficacy of screens in removing long fibers from an aerosol stream – sample preparation technique for toxicology studies

AbstractFiber dimension (especially length) and biopersistence are thought to be important variables in determining the pathogenicity of asbestos and other elongate mineral particles. In order to prepare samples of fibers for toxicology studies, it is necessary to develop and evaluate methods for separating fibers by length in the micrometer size range. In this study, we have filtered an aerosol of fibers through nylon screens to investigate whether such screens can efficiently remove the long fibers (L >20 µm, a typical macrophage size) from the aerosol stream. Such a sample, deficient in long fibers, could then be used as the control in a toxicology study to investigate the role of length. A well-dispersed aerosol of glass fibers (a surrogate for asbestos) was generated by vortex shaking a Japan Fibrous Material Research Association (JFMRA) glass fiber powder. Fibers were collected on a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filter, imaged with phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and lengths were measured. Length dist...
Effects of Metal Binding on Protein Structure

A distinction has been made between ‘metalloproteins’ and ‘metal-protein complexes’. The former exhibit high metal-ligand stability constants (the metal is not removed during the isolation of the protein), while the latter bind metal ions only loosely (Vallee, 1955). Actually, all proteins can be considered as existing as metal-protein complexes. Selectivity, however, among proteins in their tendency to combine with inorganic ions (both with regard to the type of ion as well as number of ions) suggests that particular configurations produce specific reactive sites. In turn, binding of ions to these sites alters the electronic and consequently the steric conformation of the protein. Thus, effects on macromolecular conformation may not only be due to structural changes of the solvent induced by ions, which modifies solvent-macromole interaction, but also to specific ligation of the ions to the protien which alters local molecular arrangement.
Compositional and fluid pressure controls on the state of stress on the Nankai subduction thrust: A weak plate boundary

Abstract We show that both fault mineralogy and regional excess fluid pressure contribute to low resolved shear stresses on the Nankai subduction plate boundary off southwest Japan. Ring and direct shear tests indicate that saturated clay minerals in the fault possess intrinsically low residual friction coefficients (μr) at stress levels between 1.0 and 40 MPa. The direct shear μr values for purified smectite are ∼0.14±0.02, for illite ∼0.25±0.01, and for chlorite 0.26±0.02 (for point load velocities of 0.0001 mm/s). These clay minerals dominate the Nankai subduction decollement zone. Illite (plus quartz) is mechanically important in the altered incoming Muroto section and the predicted decollement μr should lie between 0.2 and 0.32. This low residual strength, together with elevated fluid pressure, limits shear stresses to below ∼4 MPa within the frontal ∼50 km of the subduction system, consistent with the low wedge taper in this region. A higher wedge taper off the Ashizuri peninsula indicates basal shear stresses rise slightly along strike towards this region. Our analysis indicates lower fluid pressures must predominantly be responsible because only small second order along strike variations in μr are predicted to occur as a result of variations in smectite and total clay content. These variations should be further reduced at depth under the wedge as smectite is diagenetically altered to illite. However, our data suggest the low μr values of the clay-rich decollement still limit shear stresses to between ∼17 and 29 MPa within the frontal ∼50 km of the wedge, consistent with other estimates of plate boundary weakness. Indeed, we propose that it should be expected that subduction plate boundaries like Nankai will be weak because of the intrinsic presence of clay-rich faults and moderate fluid overpressures. Our data do not support the hypothesis that the smectite-to-illite reaction directly controls the onset of seismogenic behavior deep in the Nankai system because there is already a mechanical dominance of illite (rather than smectite) in the shallow decollement zone, and we find all the clay phases tend to velocity strengthen. However, temperature-activated clay diagenesis and dehydration may cause secondary changes in the fault properties and state of stress across the up-dip limit of the seismogenic zone.
On the role of material and optical properties in complete photoelastic analysis

Consideration of the laws of elasticity and optics allows the classification of photoelastic materials into several categories. Two types of photoelastic materials are studied experimentally in compressible and incompressible forms to decide in which category they belong. Two epoxies and three polyurethane rubbers are reported. Both epoxies were calibrated for their response to frozen stress, and one under live load. The rubbers were all calibrated under live load at ambient temperature. The results support an earlier hypothesis that the photoelastic response of incompressible materials is strain sensitive and cannot be used directly in the general three-dimensional case to determine normal stress without additional data.
Carvedilol versus Cardioselective β‐Blockers for the Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment with beta-blockers is recommended to achieve and maintain adequate blood pressure control in patients with hypertension, and these agents have been shown to decrease cardiovascular risk factors in patients with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, beta-blocker therapy also may worsen glycemic and lipidemic control and may lead to microalbuminuria. A recent study showed a better metabolic profile with carvedilol than with metoprolol in patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the presence of renin-angiotensin system blockade. This beneficial effect on metabolic components has been proposed as attributable to carvedilol's alpha-blocking effects or antioxidant properties. In this article, the pathophysiology of hypertension and type 2 diabetes and the association between them are reviewed, the pharmacologic properties of carvedilol are discussed, and clinical studies in the literature comparing carvedilol with selective beta-blockers in patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension are identified and evaluated. This information should be useful to practitioners when selecting the optimum beta-blocker for treating hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Design Studies for a VUV–Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser Array

Several recent reports have identified the scientific requirements for a future soft X-ray light source [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], and a high-repetition-rate free-electron laser (FEL) facility responsive to them is being studied at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) [6]. The facility is based on a continuous-wave (CW) superconducting linear accelerator with beam supplied by a high-brightness, high-repetition-rate photocathode electron gun operating in CW mode, and on an array of FELs to which the accelerated beam is distributed, each operating at high repetition rate and with even pulse spacing. Dependent on the experimental requirements, the individual FELs may be configured for either self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), seeded high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG), echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG), or oscillator mode of operation, and will produce high peak and average brightness X-rays with a flexible pulse format ranging from sub-femtoseconds to hundreds of femtoseconds. This new light s...
Assessment of Insulin and Glucose Dynamics by Using an Oral Sugar Test in Horses

Abstract Straightforward testing procedures are needed to facilitate the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses because hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are associated with laminitis. Results of an oral sugar test (OST) were compared with those of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). We hypothesized that OST and IVGTT area under the curve values for glucose (AUCg) and insulin (AUCi) would be closely correlated, as defined by a correlation coefficient value ≥0.90. Both tests were performed in 10 horses meeting the criteria for equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and 8 Quarter horse crossbred mares from a university teaching herd (control group). The OST was also performed in 21 Quarter horse crossbred mares from the same herd, and test repeatability was evaluated in 8 of these horses. All testing was performed under fasting conditions. Median AUCg and AUCi values were 1.3- and 9.0-fold higher, respectively, for the IVGTT and 1.3- and 6.8-fold higher, respectively, for the OST in the EMS group than those in the control group. AUCg (Spearman correlation coefficient [ r s ] = 0.58; P = .012) and AUCi ( r s = 0.90; P
The Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor‐γ Pioglitazone Improves Vascular Function and Decreases Disease Activity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with heightened mortality due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inflammatory pathways in RA negatively affect vascular physiology and promote metabolic disturbances that contribute to CVD. We hypothesized that the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) pioglitazone could promote potent vasculoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in RA. Methods and Results One hundred forty-three non-diabetic adult RA patients (76.2% female, age 55.2±12.1 [mean±SD]) on stable RA standard of care treatment were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial of 45 mg daily pioglitazone versus placebo, with a 3-month duration/arm and a 2-month washout period. Pulse wave velocity of the aorta (PWV), brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD), nitroglycerin mediated dilatation (NMD), microvascular endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index [RHI]), and circulating biomarkers of inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis risk all were quantified. RA disease activity was assessed with the 28-Joint Count Disease Activity Score (DAS-28) C-reactive protein (CRP) and the Short Form (36) Health Survey quality of life questionnaire. When added to standard of care RA treatment, pioglitazone significantly decreased pulse wave velocity (ie, aortic stiffness) ( P =0.01), while FMD and RHI remained unchanged when compared to treatment with placebo. Further, pioglitazone significantly reduced RA disease activity ( P =0.02) and CRP levels ( P =0.001), while improving lipid profiles. The drug was well tolerated. Conclusions Addition of pioglitazone to RA standard of care significantly improves aortic elasticity and decreases inflammation and disease activity with minimal safety issues. The clinical implications of these findings remain to be established. Clinical Trial Registration URL: ClinicalTrials.gov Unique Identifier: [NCT00554853][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00554853&atom=%2Fahaoa%2F2%2F6%2Fe000441.atom
Small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN), a common underlying diagnosis in syndromes involving unexplained chronic pain and multi-system symptoms

Background Syndromes involving unexplained chronic widespread pain (CWP) and multi-system symptoms are common, with 15% prevalence for fibromyalgia alone. They more often affect females and cause disability and high costs [1-3]. Other common syndromes include chronic fatigue, seronegative Lyme, and Gulf War Illness. Fragmentary syndromes include TMJD, POTS, CRPS, irritable bowel). These syndromes are particularly devastating in children and young adults, where they interfere with education and development and disrupt entire families [4-6]. SFPN is known to cause CWP and multi-system complaints in older adults. Unlike the syndromes above, SFPN can be objectively diagnosed by measuring innervation in lowerleg skin biopsies, and autonomic functions testing (AFT) of heart rate, blood pressure and sweating [7]. SFPN has several established causes including diabetes, infections, cancer, and toxins. Many causes are diagnosable, treatable, and sometimes curable [8]. Our work suggests that unrecognized SFPN contributes to several syndromes involving CWP and multi-organ symptoms.
Combined modulation and error correction codes for storage channels

Multitrack codes that have recently been proposed for the magnetic storage channel promise larger capacities than conventional run-length limited (RLL) single-track codes. This paper proposes an approach that combines modulation and error-correcting capabilities with resilience to intertrack interference (ITI) in the magnetic storage channel with constraints on the minimum run-length for each track, in conjunction with the minimum run-length constraint between tracks and the maximum run-length constraint satisfied by at least one track. Comparison is made with previously proposed approaches.
Resonant Triple-Cyclers in the Jovian System

Cyclers are space trajectories that can repeatedly encounter the same set of bodies indefinitely. Typically, cyclers are designed to encounter two bodies periodically, with only an occasional encounter with a third body. Because of the dynamics of the Laplace resonance in the Jupiter system, cycler trajectories that periodically return to three bodies are possible for Jupiter missions. Several cycler trajectories are proposed for purposes such as reducing mission length and increasing the number of flybys in a Jupiter system tour.
Challenges Facing Chinese Planners in Transitional China

The Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) joined planning organizations in Asia (APSA), Europe (AESOP), and Australia and New Zealand (ANZAPS) to organize the Global Planning School Congress (WPSC 2001) in China in 2001. While there have been a number of reports about transitions in China, the host country, rarely can we find information about Chinese urban planners, the hosts. Rapid economic and social changes left Chinese planners unprepared to confront new issues from day-to-day work to more fundamental problems such as the value of planning in a market economy. This article analyzes challenges facing Chinese planners in the transitional period and provides up-dated information about the planning profession in China. It also adds new materials in a comprehensive sense to the much broader topic, “What do planners do?”
Do exons code for structural or functional units in proteins

Abstract In considering the origin and evolution of proteins, the possibility that proteins evolved from exons coding for specific structure-function modules is attractive for its economy and simplicity but is not systematically supported by the available data. However, the number of correspondences between exons and units of protein structure-function that have so far been identified appears to be greater than expected by chance alone. The available data also show (i) that exons are fairly limited in size but are large enough to specify structure-function modules in proteins; (ii) that the position of introns for homologous domains in the same gene is reasonably stable, but there is also evidence for mechanisms that alter the position or existence of introns; and (iii) that it is possible that the observed relationship of exons to protein structure represents a degenerate state of an ancestral correspondence between exons and structure-function modules in proteins.
The search for external strategic information: An examination of Nigerian executives

This study examines how executives of manufacturing firms in Nigeria obtain information needed for the operation of their firms. The results of this study show that Nigerian executives collect information from economic and political/legal sources in contrast to U.S. managers who rely on customer/market information. The results also indicate that Nigerian executives use internal sources, both personal and impersonal, more frequently than external sources. Their U.S. counterparts, however, have a preference for external and personal sources of information. The correlation between scanning frequency and performance was not significant for the Nigerian sample. The findings indicate that international executives preparing to operate in Nigeria, or possibly other developing countries, should anticipate difficulties in obtaining information necessary for their business and should seek creative means to obtain such information. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
To Risk or Not to Risk

Certainly there must be some peculiar Calvinistic streak in modern psychology that accounts for our preoccupation with negative emotions, particularly the unholy trinity of fear, anger, and depression. This most persistent FAD (i.e. fear, anger, and depression) may represent the influence of clinical psychology and psychiatry. With the exception of the hypomanic, clinical subjects are not noted for their joyfulness or high spirits. But, is FAD, or its absence, all there is to emotions? The heavily-tranquilized patient may not be anxious, but he is not usually euphoric either. How many trait and state tests of FAD do we have compared to tests of positive affects such as surgency, elation, affection, or interest? How many studies are entitled “The Effect of Anxiety upon …”? I do not recall ever seeing a study entitled “The Effects of Interest …” or “The Effects of Elation …” on anything.
Multi-modality Image Registration Using Mutual Information Based on Gradient Vector Flow

Similarity measure plays a critical role in image registration. Mutual information (MI) has been proved to be a promising measure used widely in multi-modality image registration. However, mutual information only takes statistical information into consideration, while spatial information is not even considered. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to incorporate spatial information into MI through gradient vector flow (GVF). Mutual information now is calculated from the GVF-intensity (GVFI) map of the original images instead of their intensity values. Multi-modality brain image registration was performed to test the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. Experimental results showed that the success rate of our method is higher than that of traditional MI-based registration
Nonparametric Estimation of Conditional Distributions and Rank-Tracking Probabilities With Time-Varying Transformation Models in Longitudinal Studies

An objective of longitudinal analysis is to estimate the conditional distributions of an outcome variable through a regression model. The approaches based on modeling the conditional means are not appropriate for this task when the conditional distributions are skewed or cannot be approximated by a normal distribution through a known transformation. We study a class of time-varying transformation models and a two-step smoothing method for the estimation of the conditional distribution functions. Based on our models, we propose a rank-tracking probability and a rank-tracking probability ratio to measure the strength of tracking ability of an outcome variable at two different time points. Our models and estimation method can be applied to a wide range of scientific objectives that cannot be evaluated by the conditional mean-based models. We derive the asymptotic properties for the two-step local polynomial estimators of the conditional distribution functions. Finite sample properties of our procedures are i...
Destabilizing Interactions Among [PSI +] and [PIN +] Yeast Prion Variants

The yeast Sup35 and Rnq1 proteins can exist in either the noninfectious soluble forms, [psi-] or [pin-], respectively, or the multiple infectious amyloid-like forms called [PSI+] or [PIN+] prion variants (or prion strains). It was previously shown that [PSI+] and [PIN+] prions enhance one another's de novo appearance. Here we show that specific prion variants of [PSI+] and [PIN+] disrupt each other's stable inheritance. Acquiring [PSI+] often impedes the inheritance of particular [PIN+] variants. Conversely, the presence of some [PIN+] variants impairs the inheritance of weak [PSI+] but not strong [PSI+] variants. These same [PIN+] variants generate a single-dot fluorescence pattern when a fusion of Rnq1 and green fluorescent protein is expressed. Another [PIN+] variant, which forms a distinctly different multiple-dot fluorescence pattern, does not impair [PSI+] inheritance. Thus, destabilization of prions by heterologous prions depends upon the variants involved. These findings may have implications for understanding interactions among other amyloid-forming proteins, including those associated with certain human diseases.
Review of Therapeutic Modalities Acting Directly Via Central Pathways

The brain influences arterial pressure through central mediation of a variety of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, and translates this action into changes in peripheral autonomic tone. Two opposed adrenergic systems have been described in brain: a hypothalamic pathway in which adrenergic receptor stimulation raises arterial pressure and a brainstem pathway related to the baroreflex arc in which adrenergic receptor stimulation lowers arterial pressure. Antihypertensive drugs with primarily central effects, including clonidine and alpha methyldopa, act as alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists. The central receptor involved in their antihypertensive action is of the alpha2 type but is located postsynaptically. Activation of this receptor by either clonidine or alpha methylnorepinephrine, a metabolite of alpha methyldopa, engages the depressor pathway in the brainstem and leads to a decrease in norepinephrine release and a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone. Clonidine and alpha methyldopa share a simi...
English pidgins: form and function

ABSTRACT: This paper highlights similarities and variation in both the form and function of English pidgins the world over. Their ethnographic functions are shown to vary from that of the lingua franca in Africa and Asia to that of local vernaculars in the New World. Although these pidgins usually have an in-group, and sometimes politically integrative, function, very few of them have ever succeeded in being elevated to the high status of varieties used in, for example, the government, or higher courts of law, let alone higher education. Regarding form, it is noteworthy that, although English pidgins share a number of formal features (which may be attributed either to their common seventeenth- and eighteenth-century lexifier or to a universal, Bickertonian language bioprogram), they differ from one another in a number of other respects which may be attributed to substrate linguistic influence or chance selection of superstate features. Traditional invocations of ‘decreolization’ to account for intra- and intercommunal variation are argued against because they are based on the unproven assumption that the basilect as such has ever existed. The available information both on the social stratification of the slave population on the plantations of the New World and on differences in the British-African demographic ratios in the colonies is adduced to support the position that current speech continua date from the formative stages of the pidgins.
True-lumen collapse in aortic dissection: part II. Evaluation of treatment methods in phantoms with pulsatile flow.

PURPOSE: To discover and evaluate the effective treatment methods to prevent or relieve true-lumen collapse in models of aortic dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two phantoms were built to simulate type B aortic dissection. After true-lumen collapse was induced, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of clinically relevant variables in relieving the collapse. Variables included entry-tear size, branch-vessel flow distribution, distal reentry communication between the true and false limbs, aortic fenestrations, and pump output. To test the effect of closing the entry tear, a stent-graft was deployed over the entry tear under physiologic conditions in a mock-flow loop. The difference in the effect of each variable on the prevention and relief of true-lumen collapse was also investigated. RESULTS: It was more difficult to relieve true-lumen collapse than it was to prevent it. Placement of a stent-graft over the entry tear was the most effective method of relieving true-lumen collapse. Less...
Reconstructive challenges in the extended endoscopic transclival approach.

OBJECTIVE We wanted to present our experience with the extended endoscopic approach to clival pathology, focusing on cerebrospinal fluid leak and reconstruction challenges. METHODS We examined a consecutive series of 37 patients undergoing the extended endoscopic approach for skull base tumours, 9 patients with clival pathology. Patients were examined for the incidence of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak in relation to tumour pathology, location, size, reconstruction and lumbar drain. RESULTS The overall incidence of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak was 10.8 per cent. Seventy-five per cent of patients who had a post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak underwent a transclival approach (p < 0.05). All patients with clival pathology who underwent an intradural dissection had a post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak rates after the extended endoscopic approach have improved significantly after advancements including the vascularised nasoseptal flap. Despite this, transclival approaches continue to pose much difficulty. Further investigation is necessary to develop technical improvements that can meet the unique challenges associated with this region.
Controls over soil microbial biomass responses to carbon amendments in agricultural systems: A meta-analysis

Soil microbial biomass (MB) facilitates key ecosystem functions such as soil aggregation and nutrient cycling and makes a substantial contribution to soil organic matter. While agricultural conversion drastically reduces MB, the use of organic amendments is an effective way to rebuild depleted MB. Yet, little is known about broad-scale, global controls over MB responses to organic inputs. We used a meta-analysis to identify the degree to which soil properties, agricultural management, and geographic location regulate MB response (carbon, Cmic; nitrogen, Nmic; and C:N ratio, C:Nmic) to animal manure-based inputs relative to inorganic fertilizers. We show that organic amendments increased Cmic by 36% and Nmic by 27% across all observations. The chemistry of amendments and their application rates were the strongest regulators of Cmic but edaphic properties were also important. C:Nmic averaged 8.6 and was not influenced by organic amendments under any conditions, providing evidence that the physiological requirements of microbes, rather than management or environmental factors, constrain their elemental stoichiometry. Our study indicates that even small quantities of organic amendments can be used to rapidly restore MB across a range of cropping systems but specific responses depend upon the type and rate of inputs as well soil characteristics.
Conjoining Interindustry Linkages and Ownership Data: An Empirical Application

Interest in the economic role of the large enterprise has led to numerous studies of economic dependency and regional economic health and performance. In this paper, an interindustry accounting framework is conjoined with Dun and Bradstreet corporate ownership data to provide a fresh perspective on the effects of external economic ownership. The aggregate level measurement method is applied to fifteen multicounty regions in the state of Illinois, and reveals considerable variation in the measures generated. High regional dependence measures are directly related to employment stability and inversely related to employment growth. Although interindustry accounts have been used most commonly in economic impacts assessment and forecasting, a broader range of potential applications lies in their use as descriptive and explanatory measurement tools. This paper addresses the external ownership issue at the macrolevel by testing the relationship between measures of input-output dependence and indices of regional employment growth and stability, and demonstrates, in the process, a non-conventional use of interindustry data. The conjoining of interindustry data and the Dun and Bradstreet data produces a unique set of measures of regional economic structure.
Pleiotropic Effects of Small Peptides Corresponding in Sequence to the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin on Influenza, Vesicular Stomatitis and Sindbis Viruses

Summary Studies on the antiviral effects of short peptides of six to 10 amino acids that correspond in sequence to the cyto­ plasmic domains of enveloped virus transmembrane glycoproteins have been extended to include additional kinds of assay in order to determine a site for inhibition of virus replication. Based on these experiments, the antiviral activity previously described for a decapeptide with the influenza virus haemagglutinin HA 2 C-terminal sequence was not specific for influenza virus and the integrity of newly released, extracellular vesicular stom­ atitis virus particles was affected by the peptide. A shortened, six amino acid form of this peptide inactivat­ ed cell-free preparations of influenza, vesicular stomati­ tis and Sindbis viruses and also bound effectively to virus-encoded structural proteins. For this virus-protein interaction, the peptide sequence was highly specific with respect to its hydrophobicity and net ionic charge.
Phenylpropanoids as Attractants for Adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Rate of capture of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), on phenylpropanoid-baited and unbaited sticky traps was determined in tests conducted in a corn field and in grasses adjacent to a dairy farm. Phenylpropanoid compounds significantly increased capture in 2 of 4 tests in corn. Captures were highest with 3-phenyl-1-propanol, followed closely by hydrocinnamaldehyde (3-phenyl-1-propanal), and more distantly by cinnamyl alcohol. Both sexes were trapped, although males predominated approximately 2:1. Compounds without apparent attractiveness were (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-propylphenol, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol. In the test adjacent to a dairy, 3-phenyl-1-propanol attracted approximately 16 times more stable flies than did 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol or controls. The latter 2 treatments did not differ from one another, but were significantly less effective than 3-phenyl-1-propanol, which captured 1.2 times more males than females. The results are discussed in relation to stable fly nectar- and host-seeking behaviors.
Dynamics of Mitral Valve Motion

The dynamics of mitral valve motion, particularly diastolic and final closure, is controversial. Cardiac mechanisms are held to be ventriculo- and/or atrio-genic; fluid mechanisms include theories based on vortices, decelerating flow, and papillary musclechordal restraint. We studied the problem in dogs with simultaneous measurement of mitral flow and echo and other hemodynamic parameters. Mathematical modelling provided new approaches and interesting insights.
Treatment of Depression in Late Life

Depression is a common problem in older patients and a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in this population. The identification and treatment of depression is more complex in older patients because of difficulty in diagnosis, coexisting illnesses, and concurrent drug therapy. In addition, a variety of medical conditions and drugs can cause depression. Treatment often has to be modified in consideration of other illnesses, medications, and the reduced ability of the elderly to metabolize drugs. Duration of treatment may be longer than with young patients because older adults may respond more slowly to antidepressants.
Prolonged Intraoperative Cardiac Resuscitation Complicated by Intracardiac Thrombus in a Patient Undergoing Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.

We report the case of successful resuscitation after prolonged cardiac arrest during orthotopic liver transplantation. After reperfusion, the patient developed ventricular tachycardia, complicated by intracardiac clot formation and massive hemorrhage. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated stunned and nonfunctioning right and left ventricles, with developing intracardiac clots. Treatment with heparin, massive transfusion and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation ensued for 51 minutes. Serial arterial blood gases demonstrated adequate oxygenation and ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiothoracic surgery was consulted for potential use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, however, the myocardial function improved and the surgery was completed without further intervention. On postoperative day 6, the patient was extubated without neurologic or cardiac impairment. The patient continues to do well 2 years posttransplant, able to perform independent daily activities of living and ...
Morphology of Collagen and Elastin Fibers in Atherosclerotic Lesions

Although there has been no systematic study of the morphology of collagen and elastin fibers in atherosclerotic plaques, most of the detailed descriptions and many of the published photographs of both human and experimental lesions include information concerning the structure, distribution and relative proportions of these elements. A general qualitative overview and some semi-quantitative statements can therefore be formulated. Precise spatial reconstructions of elastin and collagen distribution in plaques from published data are hampered by two serious limitations. First, the sections have usually been taken from the most complex portions of plaques. The disrupted central portion of an advanced or complicated atheroma may not be the best site for observation of the architectural details which might help to unravel plaque morphogenesis. A second limitation is the usual failure to reproduce the in vivo configuration of arteries and plaques during fixation. Statements concerning the orientation of plaque and artery wall fibers can not be made readily from undistended material.
Burnham, John C. Health Care in America: A History Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 596 pp., $34.95, ISBN 978-1-4214-1608-3 Publication Date: April 2015

Over the course of his career as a distinguished historian of medicine at Ohio State University, John C. Burnham has written a number of important books in which he has explored the intersections o...
Disaster Risk Management In Business Education: Setting The Tone

Looking for windows of opportunity to mainstream disaster risk management within business education, in 2015, the United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction’s (UNISDR) Private Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies (arise), partnered with Florida International University’s Extreme Events Institute (FIU-EEI) and 12 international leading business schools. This partnership began with a call for White Papers to propose innovative approaches to integrate cutting edge disaster management content into business education programs and other academic offerings, based on seven themes or niches identified: (1) Strategic Investment and Financial Decisions; (2) Generating Business Value; (3) Sustainable Management; (4) Business Ethics and Social Responsibility; (5) Business Continuity Planning; (6) Disaster Risk Metrics; and (7) Risk Transfer. In March 2016, an international workshop was held in Toronto, Canada to present the White Papers prepared by the business schools, and discuss the most appropriate approaches for addressing the areas of: teaching and curriculum; professional development and extension programs; internships and placement; research opportunities; and partnerships and collaboration. Finally, the group proposed goals for advancing the implementation phase of the business education initiatives, and to propose mechanisms for monitoring and follow-up.