cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Tyrosine Kinase is Downstream of Protein Kinase C for Ischemic Preconditioning's Anti-infarct Effect in the Rabbit Heart

The present study tested the hypothesis that one or more tyrosine kinase(s) are downstream of protein kinase C (PKC) in the signal transduction pathway responsible for the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning (PC). Isolated rabbit hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Infarct size was measured by triphenyltetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk. Infarction in control hearts was 32.9+/-1.8%. Ischemic PC with 5-min ischemia/10-min reperfusion reduced infarct size to 11.5+/-1.5% (P<0.05). Infusion of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein (50 microM) or lavendustin A (0.5 microM), alone did not affect the level of infarction. When infused around the 5-min PC ischemia genistein failed to block protection (13.7+/-1.0%). However, when present at the onset of the 30-min ischemia both genistein and lavendustin A completely aborted protection (31.4+/-2.0 and 28.1+/-1.5%, respectively). Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0.05 nmol) was as protective is ischemic PC (14.9+/-3.0%; P<0. 05). Similar to PC, PMA-induced protection was completely prevented by both genistein and lavendustin A. Conversely, anisomycin (50 ng/ml), an activator of MAP kinase kinases (dual tyrosine and threonine kinases), was very protective (7.5+/-1.6%; P<0.05) and this protection was still present when PKC was inhibited by 5 microM chelerythrine (12.1+/-1.6%; P<0.05). In conclusion, activation of a tyrosine kinase during the long ischemia appears to be required for cardioprotection in the rabbit heart. Furthermore, the ability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to block PMA-induced protection in conjunction with the failure of PKC inhibition to prevent anisomycin-induced protection suggests that the tyrosine kinase is downstream of PKC and that the tyrosine kinase may be a MAP kinase kinase.
Modeling tropical cyclone intensity with quantile regression

Wind speeds from tropical cyclones (TCs) occurring near the USA are modeled with climate variables (covariates) using quantile regression. The influences of Atlantic sea-surface temperature (SST), the Pacific El Nino, and the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) on near-coastal TC intensity are in the direction anticipated from previous studies using Poisson regression on cyclone counts and are, in general, strongest for higher intensity quantiles. The influence of solar activity, a new covariate, peaks near the median intensity level, but the relationship switches sign for the highest quantiles. An advantage of the quantile regression approach over a traditional parametric extreme value model is that it allows easier interpretation of model coefficients (parameters) with respect to changes to the covariates since coefficients vary as a function of quantile. It is proven mathematically that parameters of the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) for extreme events can be used to estimate regression coefficients for the extreme quantiles. The mathematical relationship is demonstrated empirically using the subset of TC intensities exceeding 96 kt (49 m/s). Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Risk factors for erosive reflux esophagitis: a case-control study.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: It is presently not fully understood which risk factors contribute to the occurrence of reflux esophagitis and how such factors might influence the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to delineate the clinical epidemiology of erosive reflux esophagitis. METHODS: Outpatients from a medicine and gastroenterology clinic who underwent upper GI endoscopy were recruited into a case-control study. A total of 1533 patients with and 3428 patients without endoscopically diagnosed reflux esophagitis were categorized as case and control subjects, respectively. Using multivariate logistic regressions for statistical analysis, the presence of esophageal erosions, ulcers or strictures, served as three separate outcome variables. Demographic characteristics, intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, and the presence of hiatus hernia or peptic ulcer served as predictor variables. RESULTS: Erosive reflux esophagitis tended to occur more frequently in Caucasian male patients. Hiatus hernia was associated with a strong risk for developing esophageal erosions, ulcers, and strictures. Although statistical significance was demonstrated only for esophageal erosions, in all grades of reflux esophagitis alike, gastric and duodenal ulcer exerted a protective influence. Consumption of NSAIDs increased the risk for esophageal ulcers only. Smoking and alcohol were not associated with an increased risk of developing any type of erosive reflux esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: The results stress the critical role played by hiatus hernia in all grades of erosive reflux esophagitis. NSAIDs may act through a mechanism of topically induced esophageal injury. Our data also suggest that the presence of either gastric or duodenal ulcer exerts a protective influence against the development of reflux disease.
Circular Definitions, Circular Explanations, and Infinite Regresses

This paper discusses some of the ways in which circular definitions and circular explanations entail or fail to entail infinite regresses. And since not all infinite regresses are vicious, a few criteria of viciousness are examined in order to determine when the entailment of a regress refutes a circular definition or a circular explanation.
274 DEVELOPMENT OF ARGININE SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES IN MOUSE INTESTINE

The function of the urea biosynthetic pathway in mammalian liver is to convert excess ammonia to urea and to maintain the ammonia concentration at non-toxic levels. Activities of the hepatic enzymes adapt to increasing or decreasing dietary protein. The pathway contributes minor amounts of intermediates such as citrulline or arginine to the circulation. Adult intestine has the first two enzymes of the pathway and is capable of synthesizing citrulline. Unlike these two enzymes in liver, their activity is not affected by changes in dietary protein. It has been shown in the rat, that intestinally-produced citrulline is carried by the blood stream to the kidney where it is converted by the next two enzymes of the pathway to arginine (Windmueller). This mechanism serves as the source of circulating arginine in the adult. We have found that, at birth, the arginine synthesizing enzymes in mouse kidney are minimally developed, while in the intestine, the citrulline synthesizing enzymes are elevated. However, argininosuccinate synthetase and lyase, usually present only in trace quantities in the adult, are markedly developed in the newborn. Arginase which converts arginine to urea, does not appear in intestinal cells until the age of 15 days. This finding would suggest that newborn mouse intestine, with a complete and functioning arginine synthesizing pathway, is the primary endogenous source of arginine in the neonatal mouse.
Water quality implications from three decades of phosphorus loads and trophic dynamics in the Yahara chain of lakes

Trophic responses to phosphorus (P) loads spanning 29–33 years were assessed for the eutrophic Yahara chain of lakes: Mendota (area = 39.6 km 2 , mean depth = 12.7 m, flushing rate = 0.23 yr −1 ); Monona (13.7 km 2 , 8.3 m, 1.3 yr −1 ); Waubesa (8.5 km 2 , 4.7 m, 4.3 yr −1 ); and Kegonsa (13.0 km 2 , 5.1 m, 3.0 yr −1 ). During extended drought periods with low P loads, summer (Jul–Aug) total P (TP) concentrations declined substantially in all 4 lakes, with Mendota achieving mesotrophic conditions (<0.024 mg L −1 ). In years when P loads were high due to major runoff events, summer TP in the lakes was high (especially in shallower Waubesa and Kegonsa); in some summers dissolved inorganic P was elevated, indicating algae growth was not P limited. Summer TP returned to normal levels following both low and high load years, signifying the lakes were responsive to P load changes. The proportion of P input loads passed via a lake’s outlet to the next lake downstream increased as flushing rates increased. Because Monona, Waubesa, and Kegonsa received 60, 83, and 76% of their surface water P load from the respective upstream lake’s outlet, reducing P loads in Mendota’s large watershed was predicted to produce significant water quality benefits downstream. Modeling indicated a significant grazing effect of Daphnia on summer TP and Secchi transparency readings for Mendota and Monona. Finally, using drought loads as targets, our study established P loading reductions needed to improve water quality in all 4 Yahara lakes.
The use of extreme groups to test for the presence of a relationship

Experimenters in psychology frequently investigate the relationship between two variables by selecting extreme groups on the first measure and comparing their mean scores on the second. This paper considers the efficacy of this procedure from the criterion of the power of the statistical tests. Optimal cutting points for the extreme groups are defined, and the power of the difference approach is compared to that of significance tests for the productmoment correlation coefficient.
Neurobiology of early life stress: clinical studies.

A burgeoning number of clinical studies have evaluated the immediate and long-term neurobiological effects of early developmental stress, eg, child abuse and neglect or parental loss, in the past years. This review summarizes and discusses the available findings from neuroendocrine (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, other neuroendocrine axes), neurochemical (catecholamines, serotonin, other neurotransmitters), psychophysiological (autonomic function, startle reactivity, brain electrical activity) and neuroimaging studies (brain structure, function) conducted in children or adults with a history of early life stress, with or without psychiatric disorders. Early developmental stress in humans appears to be associated with neurobiological alterations that are similar to many findings in animal models of early life stress, and likely represent the biological basis of an enhanced risk for psychopathology. Clinical studies are now beginning to explore potentially differential neurobiological effects of different types of early life stress and the existence of critical developmental periods, which may be sensitive to the neurobiological effects of specific stressors. In addition, the role of a multitude of moderating and mediating factors in the determination of individual vulnerability or resilience to the neurobiological effects of early life stress should be addressed. Findings from such studies may ultimately help to prevent the deleterious neurobiological and psychopathological consequences in the unacceptably high number of children exposed to early life stress in modern society.
Biostratinomy of a holocene oxbow lake: A backswamp to mid-channel transect

Abstract A study in a Holocene oxbow lake system of the Alabama River, southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain, has provided some insights into potentially preservable macrodetritus and its distribution. A backswamp to mid-channel transect evaluated abandoned channel geomorphology, standing vegetation, forest floor litter, and potential for preservation in the subsurface. Distribution of living taxa is controlled by soil moisture. Plants tolerant of infrequent water stress occur in the backswamp. Higher species diversity characterizes the subaerially exposed levee. Forest floor litter reflects the overall patterns of standing vegetation, yet there is a general trend towards transport of canopy parts towards the backswamp. Leaf litter degrades rapidly and little macrodetritus is recoverable from subaerial levees. Bedded leaf litter occurs in the channel forebank. Backswamp cores are dominated by woody branches, although roots occur in the uppermost sediments. Cores recovered from the oxbow lake preserve leaves as impressions in the muds, in addition to canopy woods, bark, and fructifications. To assess lateral diversity trends, recovered macrodetritus was indexed using the Shannon-Wiener index. Diversity of backswamp and channel cores is lower than that of the surficial forest floor litter. Comparison between indexed backswamp surface litter samples and recovered macrodetritus from backswamp subsurface cores indicates that subsurface diversity is lower. This difference is the result of a variety of factors. Where abandoned channel systems can be traced laterally in the stratigraphic record, the nuances of preserved biofacies may provide a means to distinguish various parts of the system and allow for a more refined interpretation of terrestrial alluvial plain sediments.
Joint source-channel coding for delay-constrained iterative resource allocation algorithms

Before achieving convergence, iterative resource allocation algorithms may result in degraded link quality that presents a challenge for the transmission of delay constrained multimedia traffic because of the impossibility for retransmission of frames received with errors. In this paper, a novel approach to solve this problem is presented by proposing the use of a source and channel coding scheme matched to the performance of the algorithm during iterations. The solution uses a JSCC scheme based on incremental redundancy and single feedback for transmission under strict delay constraints. The presented results, based on three widely representative iterative algorithms, show that the novel approach notably reduces the probability of transmissions with excessive distortion. The results show an increase of 12 % in relative values for the probability of links achieving target end-to-end distortion values, reduce the negative effects of degraded channels when performing iterations and also effectively absorb the effect of channel changes over time. These characteristics are specially useful for cognitive radio learning algorithms to mitigate the distortion increase during the exploratory phase.
Impact of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on Fingernail Clams (Sphaeriidae) in Extreme Southern Lake Michigan

The demography of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and its impacts on native fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae) in Lake Michigan near Michigan City, Indiana were studied from 1992 to 1997 at 5, 10, and 15 m depths. Zebra mussel densities ranged from 0 to 6,209/m2, and were greatest at deeper stations. Size-frequency distributions suggest that initial colonization of the Michigan City area occurred in 1991, with adults typically living for 2 to 3 years. Abundance of adult populations may be limited by the sandy habitat typical of the areas studied and the occasional high-energy wave action in the shallow (5 m) near-shore zone of this area. Densities of fingernail clam ranged from 0 to 1,312/m2 and were also greatest at deeper stations. Approximately half of the fingernail clams shells between 1 and 2 mm in size were used as substrate for attachment by juvenile and adult zebra mussels, while over 90% of the clams > 2 mm showed attachment by zebra mussels. Overall median densities of Sphaeriidae decreased from 832/m2 to 13/m2 at the 15 m depth and from 234/m2 to 0/m2 at the 10 m depth during the study. It appears that zebra mussel colonization caused a dramatic reduction of Sphaeriidae density by 1997 that may eventually result in their loss from the area.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ordered Mesoporous Anion-Exchange Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Resins for Radionuclide Separation

Ordered mesoporous anion-exchange hybrid resin materials were prepared by hydrolysis synthesis using the micellar template approach. The prepared samples were characterized via infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The uptakes of anionic thorium nitrate complexes by the new resins in 8 N nitric acid solutions were determined. The thorium loading capacity of the hybrid mesoporous silica functionalized with N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-tri-n-butylammonium is greater than that of the hybrid mesoporous silica functionalized with N-trimethoxylsilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium. The mesoporous hybrid anion-exchange resins were shown to be much more selective than a popular organic commercial anion-exchange resin.
Excretion of Drugs in Human Breast Milk

(1981). Excretion of Drugs in Human Breast Milk. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 261-277.
Variant anterior digastric muscle transfer for marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve palsy.

Summary: Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (MMBFN) palsy is a common consequence of head and neck surgeries. MMBFN palsy results in paralysis of muscles which depress the inferior lip. Current management of MMBFN palsy involves ruination of normal neuromuscular anatomy and physiology to restore symmetry to the mouth. The article outlines the possibility to transfer variant anterior digastric musculature to accomplish reanimation of the mouth without adversely affecting normal nonvariant anatomy. The procedure may have the additional cosmetic benefit of correcting asymmetrical muscular bulk in the submental region.
Infertility patients' knowledge of the effects of obesity on reproductive health outcomes

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the infertility patient knowledge of reproductive outcomes affected by obesity. Study Design This was a prospective survey study of 150 female infertility patients in an academic medical center. Subjects were administered the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine–Short Form and a questionnaire on the health risks of obesity, and investigators obtained height and weight measurements. Results Subjects' age ranged from 21 to 45 years (mean 34.8 ± 4.94 SD) and body mass index ranged from 17.9 to 62.9 kg/m 2 (mean 26.5 ± 7.54 SD). The following percentages of women were aware that obesity increases the risk of infertility (82.7%), irregular periods (70.0%), miscarriage (60.7%), cesarean section (48.7%), breast cancer (38.7%), birth defects (29.3%), stillbirth (22.7%), and endometrial cancer (20.7%). Conclusion Among women with infertility, there is limited knowledge of reproductive outcomes affected by obesity. Public education is needed to increase awareness. Women undergoing fertility treatment are motivated for reproductive success and may be uniquely receptive to obesity education and weight loss intervention.
Causes of Low Vision and Blindness in Adult Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study

Objective To describe the causes of low vision and blindness in a population-based sample of adult Latinos. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Participants Six thousand three hundred fifty-seven Latinos 40 years and older from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California. Methods Participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination including measurement of best-corrected distance visual acuity using a standard Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol, a complete anterior and posterior segment evaluation by an ophthalmologist, Humphrey Visual field testing, and optic disc and fundus photography. Consensus diagnosis of independent investigators reviewing all patient data was used to determine the major causes of low vision and blindness in adult Latinos. Main Outcome Measures Primary causes of vision loss in persons with low vision and blindness. Results The leading causes of low vision were cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, together accounting for approximately 82% of all persons with low vision. The primary causes of blindness were age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and myopic degeneration, accounting for 63% of the cases of blindness. Conclusions Many of the leading causes of low vision and blindness in adult Latinos are potentially preventable and treatable diseases. Given the projected aging and growth in the Latino population, consideration needs to be given to the development of targeted early detection and treatment programs.
Kinetics of carbon gasification by CO2

Abstract Uncatalysed CO2 gasification has been interpreted using the following oxygen exchange mechanism: where Cf is an available active site and C(O) is an occupied site. Reaction (2) is the step which removes carbon (as CO) out of the carbon matrix. In the present work, TGA data for catalytic systems e.g. Ca-impregnated amorphous carbon and K2CO3 mixtures with amorphous carbon, have also been found to support such an oxygen exchange mechanism. The rate constants for the decomposition of the surface intermediate have been shown to have similar activation energies for uncatalysed, K-catalysed, and Ca-catalysed amorphous carbon systems. The activation energy is 58 ± 3 kcal mol−1. In this mechanism the catalyst affects the active site density of the material (i.e., the number of Cf) but does not strongly interact with the desorption process, k2.
Optimal intravenous bolus-infusion drug-dosage regimen based on two-compartment pharmacokinetic models

Abstract An orthogonal collocation on finite elements-based regression method was applied to help design optimal drug-dosage regimens. The approach, suitable for two-compartment models, would allow clinicians to design multiple boluses followed by a constant-rate infusion of a medicament to patients in order to assure a desired plasma concentration. The algorithm was tested on theophylline, a drug that has been described by both linear and Michaelis–Menten elimination pharmacokinetics. In the linear case, increasing the number of boluses, from 1 to 4, decreased the normalized square root of the integral square error from 1.80 to 0.58 when a target concentration of 10 μg/mL was selected in the central compartment. When applied to the nonlinear metabolism, the procedure, implemented in Mathematica® (Wolfram Research, Inc.), effectively computed optimal dose sizes, injection times and infusion rates. Estimations, based on linear interpolation, provided a good time-saving alternative to the full optimization methodology.
“We've Got Creative Differences”: The Effects of Task Conflict and Participative Safety on Team Creative Performance

Although both participative safety and team task conflict are widely thought to be related to team creative performance, the nature of this relationship is still not well understood, and prior studies have frequently yielded conflicting results. This study examines the ambiguity in the extant literature and proposes that both constructs must exist in tandem. Through a study of 55 design teams, we have identified a significant interaction between task conflict and participative safety. Results suggest that both participative safety and task conflict must exist in tandem to spur team creativity, and that team creative performance must be examined at the facet level, instead of simply as a single construct. In addition, supplemental analyses suggest that teams low on participative safety and task conflict are likely able to generate more original solutions for creative tasks due to the presence of an independent, disagreeable creative member. Implications for future research and practice are further discussed.
Eliminating Duplicates in Germplasm Collections: A White Clover Example

One area that is often given low priority in the management of many germplasm collections is the elimination of duplicate and genetically redundant accessions. The purpose of this communication is to (i) describe a simple and effective procedure used in the National Plant Germplasm System white clover (Trifolium repens L.) collection for identifying and eliminating duplicate cultivar accessions, and (ii) discuss the potential gain in management efficiency that results from eliminating duplicates. The Germplasm Resources Information Network and plant inventory books were reviewed to ensure accessions were properly identified and to detect suspected duplicates. Additional historical documentation (plant introduction station card catalogs, acquisition logs, correspondence, and reports) were reviewed to characterize suspect duplicate accessions. Morphological data was obtained to supplement historical information. The white clover collection had 42 cultivars that occurred more than once in the collection, involving 133 of 626 accessions. Based on our review, 35 accessions were retained with no change, 39 accessions were bulked into 16 new accessions, and 59 accessions were designated as inactive, resulting in a net reduction of 82 accessions (13% of total collection). This results in a savings of $41 000 ($500 cage -1 ) in regeneration costs alone. Eliminating duplicates is an effective method of reducing germplasm maintenance costs without losing valuable genetic resources.
The selective responsiveness of various crayfish oculomotor fibers to sensory stimuli.

Abstract 1. 1. Impulses caused by natural stimuli in optomotor fibers of Procambarus clarki are triggered by changes in body positions, visual stimuli and the state of excitation of the CNS. 2. 2. Three sets are especially studied. One responds only to horizontal rotations of the animal or surround; the two members reacting antagonistically. 3. 3. Influence of stripe pattern, rotation speed and light intensity are described. 4. 4. The other sets respond mainly to body positions, as perceived by the statocysts. They are also, but less, sensitive to stripe rotation and to illumination. 5. 5. These systems offer good opportunities for quantitative studies of input-output systems with diverse input channels.
The Preparation of α-Fluorosulfoxides and Vinyl Fluorides

Abstract Treatment of thioacetals with HgF2 in anhydrous acetonitrile, followed by oxidation with MCPBA results in the formation of α-fluorosulfoxides, which can be pyrolyzed to give vinyl fluorides.
Schleiermacher and Spirit Christology: Unexplored Horizons of The Christian Faith

One of the more recent efforts at christological construction has focused on Spirit christology, issuing in sometimes opposing constructions. At first sight, considering Schleiermacher's synthetic approach to the doctrine of the Trinity, one would suspect the irrelevance of his christology for these present efforts. However, an analysis of the convergence between christology and pneumatology in the Glaubenslehre could contribute significantly to this debate. By interpreting the God-consciousness of Jesus as the presence of the Spirit in him and correlating this with the communication of this consciousness as the work of Christ in regeneration and sanctification we achieve an identity between Christ as Spirit-bearer and Spirit-sender (viz. the Redeemer understood according to his ‘peculiar activity’ and ‘exclusive dignity’). By lending a stronger pneumatological bearing to Schleiermacher's theological discourse (picking up the suggestion of Karl Barth) Schleiermacher helps illuminate some of the issues that have arisen in debate over Spirit christology.
Determination of h/me in rotating superconducting rings

Abstract We describe a new experiment to determine h/me (Planck's constant divided by the free electron mass) using a rotating superconducting ring. The experiment is designed for a resolution of several parts per million. This resolution will allow for the first time investigation of recently predicted relativistic corrections at a level of 100 to 200 ppm.
Treatment of Intrabony Defects Using Guided Tissue Regeneration or Enamel Matrix Derivative: A 3-Year Prospective Randomized Clinical Study

Background: The aim of this randomized, controlled, prospective clinical study was to compare guided tissue regeneration (GTR) to enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for the treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic advanced periodontitis.Methods: Forty (39 evaluable) 3-wall intrabony defects, each with a depth ≥4 mm measured from the crest of the bony defect, were treated in 40 subjects with advanced chronic periodontitis. Regeneration of angular bone defects was induced using non-resorbable membranes (GTR group; n = 20) or EMD (EMD group; evaluable n = 19). Clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession, radiographic measurement of the defect depth, plaque index, and bleeding on probing, were measured at baseline and at 12 and 36 months following surgery.Results: Twelve months after surgery, sites treated with GTR demonstrated a mean CAL gain of 2.5 ± 1.2 mm and a mean reduction in PD of 3.5 ± 1.2 mm compared to baseline. The corresponding...
Illustrating the Neyman–Pearson Lemma With a Stopping Rule of Order k

We present an example based upon a curved exponential family which provides insight into the Neyman–Pearson (N-P) lemma as we presented it in a master's level probability theory and mathematical statistics course sequence for graduate students in statistics. Consider generalized inverse binomial sampling where each independent string of iid Bernoulli trials is constructed by sampling until k, k ≥ 2, successes in a row are observed. Path counts to the points in the sampling plan form Pascal triangles of order (k, s). The N-P MP test is constructed from the two-dimensional statistic which is minimally sufficient for the one-dimensional parameter space, and it partitions a two-dimensional sample space. Power curve comparisons with two competing tests clearly show that the N-P test is MP but not UMP. Student feedback and teaching points are highlighted.
Pediatric Disaster Readiness: How Far Have We Come?

umerous events in the United States and abroad have demonstrated the vulnerabilities of children during and Nafter disasters in the past decade. In 2002, an issue of Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine (CPEM) focused on pediatric disaster management and explored the consequences to children of a terrorist attack and natural disasters. Unfortunately, experiences continue to remind us that the inclusion of children in the preparation for disasters remains incomplete and results in tragic consequences. Due to the severe force of the storm, the large area of damage, and vast numbers of persons requiring assistance, more than 5000 children were separated from their families during Hurricanes Rita and Katrina in 2005. In 2008, during the earthquake in Sichuan, China, the shoddy construction of schools caused more than 7000 schoolrooms to collapse leading to significant pediatric morbidity and mortality. The spread of novel H1N1 influenza in the United States during the Spring 2009 primarily impacted children. Although the overall clinical presentations of illness were mild, this outbreak resulted in a pediatric surge in clinics and hospitals. This sudden surge added considerable strain to an overloaded health care system and reinforced the need for preparedness across the pediatric continuum of home, schools, and the medical system. Because children are unable to lobby for themselves, the optimal preparedness for disasters to include children depends heavily on child advocates. There has been ongoing recognition
Three-Dimensional Vortex Simulation of Time Dependent Incompressible Internal Viscous Flows

A hybrid random vortex-boundary element method is developed for the solution of time-dependent incompressible three-dimensional internal flow problems. The numerical scheme is grid-free within the flow domain and is based on a combination of the Lagrangian vortex method to capture the convection and stretch of the vortical field, the random walk method to describe the diffusion process, and the boundary element method to superimpose a potential flow on the vortical field such that the normal flux boundary condition is satisfied. The no-slip boundary condition is satisfied by generating vorticity tiles on solid boundaries, which are subsequently diffused and convected into the flow interior. Additionally, a boundary condition is devised for the application of fully developed flow properties at the exit plane. In this paper, the formulation and the numerical scheme are presented, followed by a parametric study of the accuracy of the method using the model problem of the flow in a duct with square cross section at Re= 100. We show that the method converges to the analytical solution of the problem as the resolution of the time integration and the discretization are improved, and we discuss the impact of each resolution parameter on the accuracy. In addition, selected results from the simulation of an impulsively started flow over a cube at Re= 100 are presented. We use the results of this test case to demonstrate that the method captures the effect of sharp edges, parallel and normal to the streamwise flow direction, on the flow dynamics.
Scientists urged to push harder for funding

“Earth scientists have not been eloquent, or even coherent, and certainly have not been effective” in presenting their case for federal funding of vitally important research, according to Don L. Anderson, director of the Seismological Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and future President-Elect of AGU. Anderson was one of seven speakers from the research and government communities who addressed the topic “Geophysical Research Funding: Hard Choices, Soft Money,” at a Union session held at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Re‐framing Schön's call for a phenomenology of practice: a post‐intentional approach

In this article, I critique and re‐frame Schon's call for a phenomenology of practice and then articulate what I term a ‘post‐intentional phenomenological research approach’ – an approach which brings post‐structural thinking to a foundational philosophical notion in phenomenology, intentionality. The article closes by introducing a five‐component research process that researchers can use to contribute to this re‐framed phenomenology of practice.
An overview of research on the “magnetic saw effect”

Summary form only given. The term “magnetic saw effect” was introduced in 1957 by Firth et. al. in [1] to describe an instability observed in high-field pulsed magnets. The instability produces fine, saw-like cuts in solid conductors, often followed by larger openings, which have since been termed “blow holes.” The magnetic saw effect is also been observed in high-current pulsed buswork and more recently in railguns. As instabilities go, magnetic sawing has not been the subject of much research, in part because for most applications it is possible to engineer ones way out of the problem by using larger conductors. It is only within the last 10 years that researchers have sought to better understand the causes of magnetic sawing and the conditions for which magnetic sawing occurs. This paper surveys the literature on magnetic sawing and discusses some of the outstanding research questions, such as the relative importance of melting versus fracture as a driver for magnetic sawing.
Solar coronal and magnetic field observations near the time of the 1988 March 18 solar eclipse

Observations made during the interval March 1-31, 1988, are presented which were designed to provide a synoptic context in which data from the March 18, 1988, total solar eclipse can be interpreted. Daily observations made with the Mark III K-coronameter and the H-alpha prominence monitor at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, along with photographic records of the Sun in H-alpha from the flare patrol at Mees Solar Observatory on Haleakala, Maui, are included. Observations of the longitudinal component of the photospheric magnetic field made at Mees Solar Observatory were also gathered around the period of the eclipse. Together with the white-light image of the corona at the eclipse, these coronal and magnetic field observations assembled into synoptic maps for this epoch, are presented. On the basis of these observations, an interpretation of the global density distribution of the corona at the time of the eclipse is constructed.
A Coupled Structural-Acoustic Finite Element Model for Vehicle Interior Noise Analysis

Presentation d'un modele permettant le calcul du niveau de bruit acoustique produit a l'interieur de la carrosserie d'une automobile. Ce modele combine un modele tridimensionnel a elements finis, de la cavite interieure de la carrosserie a un modele, a elements finis, de la carrosserie. Les equations du systeme couple sont exprimees sous forme modale et ont ete resolues au moyen du logiciel NASTRAN. La reponse en pression sonore ainsi calculee dans un exemple numerique concorde avec l'experience aux basses frequences
Fracture-dislocations: Evaluation and Treatment

Fracture-dislocations of the knee are rare and difficult injuries to treat that demand understanding of the mechanics of the fracture and the dislocation, the treatment principles of the ligamentous and osseous injury, and the surgical timing and rationale. Different fracture patterns portend unique information about the injury and must be evaluated and treated differently. This chapter is divided into common fracture-dislocation patterns: avulsion and marginal plateau fractures, intra-articular and weight-bearing fractures, and fractures remote to the knee injury. In this chapter we use the published literature and our own clinical experience to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of knee fracture-dislocations.
Multiple Peak Formation of Avidin on an Iminobiotin Affinity Support

When pure avidin is chromatographed on a homemade iminobiotin column, two distinct peaks are observed using a gradient solvent system starting with a pH 9 buffer. Proteins in both peaks are shown to be identical by nondenatured polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic experiment. The weak interaction of the protein with the stationary phase at pH 9 could cause this unusual behavior.
Effects of deep-bedded finishing system on market pig performance, composition and pork quality

The purpose of this study was to compare effects of finishing environment on growth performance, pork quality and lipid composition of pork. Environments compared were standard confinement (CON) and deep-bedded semi-outdoor systems. The deep-bedded method employed in the current study was the use of hoop structures. Hoops are large, tent-like shelters with cornstalks or straw for bedding. Gilts ranging in weight from 59 to 71 kg were randomly assigned to treatments of Hoop (n = 50) and CON (n = 18) environments. Gilts were fed a two-phase dietary sequence, ad libitum for 45 days. Six gilts per treatment were selected for carcass composition and quality evaluation. The experiment was replicated a total of five times. Pigs raised in the Hoop environment gained significantly less and required significantly more feed for growth than pigs raised in the CON environment. Carcasses from CON-finished pigs were significantly fatter at the 10th rib, which lowered carcass percentage fat-free lean(FFL) and they also had greater loin marbling scores compared with carcasses from Hoop-finished pigs (P < 0.05). Significant replication effects were noted on beginning weight, live weight, carcass weight, percentage FFL, backfat, lipid content and adipose firmness. Carcasses from Hoop pigs had lower proportions of palmitic acid (P < 0.05), and higher proportions of oleic and linoleic acid (P < 0.05) in the inner layer of adipose tissue. The proportion of saturated fatty acid was lower, and that of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acid was higher in the inner layer of the adipose tissue of Hoop pigs. Variations in fatty acid composition and lipid deposition may have been caused by environmental temperature, since decreases in environmental temperature accompanied compositional variation of the adipose, leading to higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid and lower proportions of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid in adipose tissue, regardless of treatment. Volatile profile analysis revealed that adipose tissue of Hoop pigs had significantly higher amounts of 3-butanal and heptanal compared with CON pigs, which may be related to the amount of oleic and linoleic acids composing the adipose tissue. These data indicate finishing pigs in hoop structures allows for exposure to fluctuating temperatures, which may influence the growth of pigs, as well as fatty acid composition and firmness of pork products.
The discovery and development of onium salt cationic photoinitiators

The story of the discovery and development of onium salt photoinitiators for cationic polymerization is chronicled. The chemistry of the synthesis of these compounds is outlined, and the mechanisms of their initiation are discussed briefly. Among the most useful of these types of photoinitiators are diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts, which are used widely for photoinduced cationic crosslinking reactions. From the very beginning, onium salt photoinitiated cationic polymerizations have found use in a multitude of practical applications. Specifically discussed in this article are the use of onium salts in coatings, adhesives, printing inks, release coatings, stereolithography, holographic recording, photocurable composites, and microelectronic photoresists. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4241–4254, 1999
Cortical brain microdialysis and temperature monitoring during hypothermic circulatory arrest in humans

OBJECTIVES—Critical vascular surgery of the brain or the heart occasionally requires total cessation of the circulatory system. Profound hypothermia is used to protect the brain from ischaemic injury. This study explores the use of microdialysis to measure metabolic indices of ischaemia: glutamate, lactate, and pH, and cerebral temperature during profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. METHODS—Effluent from a microdialysis catheter placed in the cerebral cortex of three patients undergoing complete circulatory arrest was continuously sampled. Samples were pooled over 10 minute periods and glutamate and lactate concentrations were measured postoperatively. Brain temperature and pH were measured on line intraoperatively. Electroencephalography and monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were simultaneously carried out. RESULTS—Patient 1 had normal glutamate and lactate. PH was 6.75 to 6.85 and increased to 6.9 after warming ensued. Patient 2 had raised glutamate and lactate during most measurements. The glutamate concentrations peaked at 305 µM/l at the start of the measurements and fell below 20 µM/l after warming. The lactate concentrations peaked at 680 µM/l before cooling, rose to 1040 µM/l during the cooling process, decreased to 212 µM/l during circulatory arrest, and rose again to 620 µM/l after warming. The pH started at 7.06and continued a downward course until stabilising at a pH of 6.5after circulatory arrest. Patient 3 had a transient, mild increase in glutamate and lactate during the cooling and warming period. pH was stable throughout. CONCLUSION—Microdialysis combined with temperature and pH measurements of the cerebral cortex promises to be an important tool in detecting cerebral ischaemia. Further studies are needed to validate our findings and test the feasibility of modifying ischaemic changes.
Greening the Campus through Integrated Teaching and Research

The Construction Management program at California State University, Fresno has been striving to integrate community projects with instruction to enrich students’ learning experience and help improve the local community. The same “learning by doing” strategy is also applied to its education on sustainable design and construction. Campus is one of the closest communities to students in their daily life. Engaging students in decision-making regarding the “sustainability move” on campus not only allows the campus management to get valuable input from its end users but also has a profound impact on students learning and personal growth. This paper presents the learning and findings from several green material research projects developed through partnership between the Construction Management program and the campus facilities planning department.
L-arginine and cationic amino acid transporter 2B regulate growth and survival of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes in macrophages.

Leishmania spp. are obligate intracellular parasites, requiring a suitable microenvironment for their growth within host cells. We previously reported that the growth of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes in murine macrophages (Ms) was enhanced in the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-), a Th1 cytokine normally associated with classical M activation and killing of intracellular pathogens. In this study, we provided several lines of evidence suggesting that IFN--mediated parasite growth enhancement was associated with L-arginine transport via mouse cationic amino acid transporter 2B (mCAT-2B). (i) mRNA expression of Slc7A2, the gene encoding for mCAT-2B, as well as L-arginine transport was increased in IFN--treated Ms. (ii) Supplementation of L-arginine in M cultures increased parasite growth. (iii) Parasite growth enhancement in wild-type Ms was inhibited in the presence of nonmetabolized L-arginine analogues. (iv) IFNmediated parasite growth was absent in Ms derived from mCAT-2B-deficient mice. Although we detected a clear upregulation of mCAT-2B and L-arginine transport, no measurable iNOS or arginase activities were observed in IFN--treated, infected Ms. Together, these data suggest an involvement of a novel L-arginine usage independent of iNOS and arginase activities during IFN--mediated parasite growth enhancement. A possible role of mCAT-2B in supplying L-arginine directly to the parasites for their proliferation is discussed. Protozoan parasites in the genus Leishmania are obligate intracellular pathogens that can cause a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from benign cutaneous lesions to life-threatening visceral infections. Leishmania spp. exhibit a dimorphic life cycle, in which parasites are transmitted by a sand fly vector as flagellated promastigotes and reside within mammalian macrophages (Ms) as amastigotes. The fate of intracellular amastigotes depends largely on the activation status of Ms, which is greatly influenced by various cytokines and chemokines (19,
Partition testing does not inspire confidence

The authors improve the negative results published about partition testing and try to reconcile them with its intuitively perceived value. Partition testing is shown to be more valuable than random testing only when the partitions are narrowly based on expected faults and there is a good chance of failure. For gaining confidence for successful tests, partition testing as usually practiced has little value. >
Language and early reading among children with orofacial clefts

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that children with orofacial clefts score lower than controls on measures of language and reading and to examine predictors of these outcomes. Design: Longitudinal study tracking the development of children with and without orofacial clefts from infancy through age 7 years. Subjects: Children with isolated cleft lip and palate (n = 29) and cleft palate only (n = 28) were recruited from the craniofacial program in an urban medical center. Seventy-seven demographically similar, unaffected controls were recruited via advertisements placed in area pediatric clinics and community centers. Measures: Infant measures assessed child development and mother-child interactions during feeding and teaching tasks. At ages 5 and 7 years, measures of language functioning and academic achievement were completed along with an interview to collect school placement data and information on speech services received. Results: There were no significant group differences in language a...
Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Performance in Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Analyses of fracturing and thermal performance of fractured reservoirs in engineered geothermal system (EGS) are extended from a depth of 5 km to 10 km, and models for flow and heat transfer in EGS are improved. Effects of the geofluid flow direction choice, distance between fractures, fracture width, permeability, radius, and number of fractures, on reservoir heat drawdown time are computed. The number of fractures and fracture radius for desired reservoir thermal drawdown rates are recommended. A simplified model for reservoir hydraulic fracturing energy consumption is developed, indicating it to be 51.8–99.6 MJ per m fracture for depths of 5–10 km. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4030111]