cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Frontier in Books

U 'nique among contemporary Western nations, the American national identity was created from present and living memory, unlike the English m o d e m national identity, which was created out of distant memories from an era m a n y centuries past. The English visions, wh ich hea rkened back to Anglo-Saxon England and the mythical Arthurian realms, were mediated by a small group of scholars who alone could unders tand the ancient languages. The books those scholars wrote were then read by a narrow circle of educated people who reinterpreted the ancient histories and myths for the general public, and in time the sense of what medieval England had been and how it related to the present began to work its way into the popular conception of English history. By the eighteenth century, the average Englishman was fully conscious of his Anglo-Saxon heritage that dist inguished him from all other peoples and endowed him with an innate strength of character and democratic spirit. These modern Anglo-Saxons looked to the past wi th pride and to the future with a certainty in their own moral superiority and thus the righteousness of British imperial dominion. In America, which also shared in this Anglo-Saxon heritage, there was no need for scholarly mediation or a hearkening to the distant past, as the general reader could read about the frontier even as he or she experienced it firsthand. The first at tempt to make sense of the new land was made by the Puritans, who for the most part rejected the wilderness and its inhabitants. William Bradford, in Of Plymouth Plantation, explained the Puritans' v iew of the new land:
The effects of borderline pathology on short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression

Abstract This study examines the impact of borderline pathology (BP) on the effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression in a naturalistic setting. Two groups were examined: 18 depressed patients with no Axis II diagnoses and 15 depressed patients with comorbid BP. Both groups demonstrated significant changes in depressive symptomatology. Likewise, many patients exhibited clinically significant reductions in depressive symptoms. Secondary analyses demonstrated significant changes for interpersonal functioning; no significant differences for therapeutic alliance were found between the two groups; and five therapist interventions were found to be more prevalent in the psychotherapy of the depressed patients with comorbid BP. The clinical utility and implications of these findings are discussed.
The pharmacological profile of L-glutamate transport in human NT2 neurones is consistent with excitatory amino acid transporter 2.

Abstract The human teratocarcinoma cell line NTera2/D1 can be differentiated to produce post-mitotic neurones (NT2-N cells) by prolonged (>3 week) exposure to retinoic acid. In this study, we describe the characterisation of high-affinity Na+-dependent l -glutamate transport activity in post-mitotic differentiated NT2-N cells. NT2-N cells, but not the undifferentiated precursor cells, transported l -glutamate in a Na+-dependent manner, as determined by equimolar replacement of Na+ with choline. l -glutamate uptake was saturable and Eadie–Hofstee transformation of the saturation data revealed a Km of 10.6±0.8 μM, and a maximum transport capacity (Vmax) of 100.3±12.3 pmol min−1 mg−1 protein. Pharmacological characterisation of the transport activity in NT2-N cells produced a rank order of inhibitory activity which was identical to that determined for the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 which we have analysed in a stable mammalian cell line (Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells). Of particular note, l -glutamate transport by NT2-N cells was sensitive to both dihydrokainate and kainate. The expression of human excitatory amino acid transporter mRNAs was studied using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. NT2-N cells expressed transcripts for excitatory amino acid transporters 2 and 3, but not for the subtypes 1, 4 and 5. We conclude that although the mRNA expression studies suggest the presence of transcripts for both excitatory amino acid transporter 2 and 3 in NT2-N cells, the sensitivity to dihydrokainate and kainate determined in the pharmacological analysis indicates that, of the known transporter subtypes, excitatory amino acid transporter 2 contributes to the bulk of the l -glutamate transport activity present in these cells.
Simultaneous multiple sample light scattering detection of LCST during copolymer synthesis

Abstract This work has two objectives in the investigation of polymer solution lower critical solution temperature (LCST): First, to develop a new instrument to monitor LCST onset during copolymer synthesis by coupling several thermostatted light scattering flow cells to the output stream of an ACOMP system (Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization reactions). Second, to use this to investigate effects on LCST when N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) is copolymerized with a charged comonomer, styrene sulfonate (SS). This comonomer pair has widely separated reactivity ratios. SS is rapidly consumed, yielding composition drift toward NIPAM rich polymer. High content SS chains inhibited LCST, and SS was dramatically effective at suppressing LCST down to copolymers of 5% molar SS in 10 mM NaCl aqueous solvent. LCST for higher content SS chains was elevated and required significant additional ionic strength to occur. It was determined that the suppression of the LCST by SS is chiefly an intramolecular effect.
Aer( )sculpture: the enigmatic beauty of aerogel's non-entity in a pilot art & science project

Abstract Aer( )sculpture is an innovative – worldwide pioneering – Art & Science project and its aim is the creation of weightless, ethereal works of art using silica aerogel as the sculptural medium. The pieces discussed in this paper demonstrate the way this exotic material becomes immediately interesting for the visual arts. I. It has a blue and orange natural color for the same reasons that sky has those colors. II. Paradoxically lightweight but strong, this matter matches with our immaterial communication era. III. This foam of glass has no definite geometrical form – it is like a 3-D X-ray. These three properties of silica aerogels will be discussed in this paper. Close collaborations with scientists will facilitate the creation of original weightless sculptures that hover in the air.
Evaporation residue studies for 58,64Ni ON 58Ni near the Coulomb barrier

Abstract Evaporation residue excitation functions are presented for 64,58 Ni projectiles on 58 Ni targets. The results support the large subbarrier cross sections found by another group with a different setup. Above the Coulomb barrier, the evaporation residue cross section is significantly lower than that obtained by barrier penetration calculations.
Metropolitan Gavriil (Banulesko-Bodoni) and Greek-Russian Conflict over Dedicated Monastic Estates, 1787–1812

One of the more frequently cited but less well understood issues involving Eastern Orthodox interests and modern nationalism in the Balkans has been that of the so-called dedicated monasteries. Dedicated monasteries ( prek Ionennye or, in Moldavian, inchinat monasteries) were those landed estates, mainly in the Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were entrusted to the administration of one or another of the Greek patriarchates, holy places, or monasteries of the Near East so that the profits from the land might be used to sustain Greek Orthodox institutions under Ottoman, Islamic rule. These estates, dating to the first such bequests by Danubian boyars in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, became the loci for monastic institutions which yielded a constant source of revenue to their Orthodox trustees in the Near East up to the middle of the nineteenth century.
Introduction to special issue on personal assistance.

(2007). Introduction to Special Issue on Personal Assistance. Journal of Aging & Social Policy: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 1-7.
Effects of Lightpipe Dimensions on Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Sensitivity

An empirical approach to the selection of lightpipes to achieve the best sensitivity for a particular GC column is presented. It is found that for a particular volume lightpipe the ratio of the length to the diameter determines the efficiency of the lightpipe. An empirical relationship that allows calculation of the most efficient lightpipe dimension is proposed.
GROWTH-RETARDING EFFECT OF CORN IN NICOTINIC ACID-LOW RATIONS AND ITS COUNTERACTION BY TRYPTOPHANE

Either 50 mg 1(-)tryptophane or 1.0 mg nicotinic acid per 100 gms of ration completely counteracts the growth retardation caused by the inclusion of 40 per cent. corn grits in a low protein ration. A possible explanation of this observation is discussed.
Flexible Cd-free Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells with non-vacuum process

Abstract Non-vacuum processing combining with roll-to-roll manufacturing technology is available to fabricate large-area and low-cost flexible thin film solar cell. In this work, Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells were fabricated on flexible stainless steel substrates with the CIGS absorber layer prepared using ink-printing technique and selenization process. A Cr diffusion barrier layer was sputtered onto the substrate before the deposition of Mo back contact to prevent the diffusion of detrimental elements like Fe from the substrate. The Cd-free buffer layer of In 2 S 3, instead of the traditional CdS, was deposited on the surface of CIGS absorber layer for non-toxic and environmentally friendly consideration. The CIGS absorber layer exhibits a bilayer structure with the upper layer with large CuInSe 2 grains and the bottom layer with small Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 grains. The best performance of flexible CIGS solar cell achieves to an efficiency of 11.1%, a Voc of 0.45 V, a Jsc of 37.7 mA/cm 2 and a fill factor of 0.66 with an active area of 0.14 cm 2 .
Finding minimum-cost flows by double scaling

Several researchers have recently developed new techniques that give fast algorithms for the minimum-cost flow problem. In this paper we combine several of these techniques to yield an algorithm running in O(nm log log Ulog(nC)) time on networks with n vertices, m edges, maximum arc capacity U, and maximum arc cost magnitude C. The major techniques used are the capacity-scaling approach of Edmonds and Karp, the excess-scaling approach of Ahuja and Orlin, the cost-scaling approach Goldberg and Tarjan, and the dynamic tree data structure of Sleator and Tarjan. For nonsparse graphs with large maximum arc capacity, we obtain a similar but slightly better bound. We also obtain a slightly better bound for the (noncapacitated) transportation problem. In addition, we discuss a capacity-bounding approach to the minimum-cost flow problem.
Evolution of Crystal Shape

We have developed a mathematical model to track facets appearing and disappearing during the evolution of crystal shape. The model also gives the crystal shape at steady state that is consistent with the predictions from the Wulff-Chernov approach (Chernov, A. A. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 1963, 7, 728). We show that under constant growth rate conditions, the steady state shape of a crystal is unique, stable, and independent of the seed crystal shape. The predicted shape of solution grown succinic acid is shown to be in excellent agreement with experimentally grown shapes. This model explains the experimentally observed uniqueness of the steady-state shape of crystals with respect to the random seed shapes.
Student leadership in small group science inquiry

Background: Science educators have sought to structure collaborative inquiry learning through the assignment of static group roles. This structural approach to student grouping oversimplifies the complexities of peer collaboration and overlooks the highly dynamic nature of group activity.Purpose: This study addresses this issue of oversimplification of group dynamics by examining the social leadership structures that emerge in small student groups during science inquiry.Sample: Two small student groups investigating the burning of a candle under a jar participated in this study.Design and method: We used a mixed-method research approach that combined computational discourse analysis (computational quantification of social aspects of small group discussions) with microethnography (qualitative, in-depth examination of group discussions).Results: While in one group social leadership was decentralized (i.e., students shared control over topics and tasks), the second group was dominated by a male student (cent...
Carbohydrate absorption in cestodes from elasmobranch fishes.

Abstract Eight species of cestodes from elasmobranch fishes absorbed glucose and galactose. Lacistorhynchus tenuis and Phyllobothrium foliatum absorbed maltose readily, and the latter took up this disaccharide much more rapidly than glucose. Several glycosides and otherphenolic derivatives exerted a predominantly inhibitory effect on the carbohydrate consumption by the worms. However, naringenin, phlorizin, and rutin accelerated the rate of glucose uptake by Onchobothrium pseudo-uncinatum, and a similar result was obtained by exposing Calliobothrium verticillatum to a medium containing p-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)benzene sulfonic acid. Quercetin, diethylstilbesterol, p,p′-biphenol, and bis(p-hydroxyphenyl) methane did not block glucose consumption by C. verticillatum and L. tenuis. The worms contained at least three carbohydrate fractions, two of which were stable to alkaline digestion. One of the alkali-stable fractions precipitated in 50 per cent aqueous ethanol, whereas the other did not do so. Inermiphyllidium pulvinatum, L. tenuis, and O. pseudo-unicinatum synthesized a net increase in polysaccharide during four hours' incubation in the presence of glucose. A substance that was presumably lactic acid was excreted by all eight species of cestodes.
Fast-Beam Laser Spectroscopy of Helium-like Silicon

Doppler-tuned laser spectroscopy has been applied to a foil-stripped 1 MeV/u silicon ion beam to measure the 1s2s 1 S 0-1S2P 3 P 1 intercombination interval in 28Si12+. To obtain sufficient transition probability the Si12+ beam was merged co-linearly with over 2 kW of continuous-wave laser light at 1319 nm inside an ultra-high finesse build-up cavity. The measurement differentiates between current theories for the n = 2 levels of helium-like ions.
Progress in mass spectrometry of nucleic acid constituents: analysis of xenobiotic modifications and measurements at high mass

Abstract Significant recent progress in the applications of mass spectrometry in nucleic acid chemistry has been realized in two diverse areas. These are the characterization and quantification of xenobiotically modified nucleic acid constituents, and the mass spectrometry of large oligonucleotides, primarily by electrospray and laser desorption methods. Selected examples of the literature in these two fields are reviewed for the period 1988 through mid-1991.
A New Optical Nano-Construct Composed of a Genome-Depleted Plant Virus Doped with a Near Infrared Organic Chromophore

We have engineered an optical construct composed of the brome mosaic virus doped with indocyanine green, an FDA-approved chromophore. These constructs may offer a non-toxic platform for site-specific and deep tissue optical imaging, and phototherapy.
Hospital Resource Allocation and Insurance Coverage

To the Editor. —Braveman et al1very elegantly provide documentation that babies who are not covered by "adequate" health insurance have fewer resources applied to their medical problems. But is their inference that these infants are getting suboptimal care valid? They state that, "It seems reasonable that medical procedures not necessarily associated with lowering the risk of adverse health outcomes, and even medically indicated elective procedures, would be kept to a minimum for newborns, especially sick ones." There is a different way to look at the same data—that of the behaviorist. Neonatologists, like all of us, are rewarded for their behaviors, which include procedures that they perform. If their compensation is enhanced (that is they get paid) for a particular behavior procedure in a particular group of patients, they are more likely to repeat that behavior. If, on the other hand, no reward results from a particular behavior, it
Effects of Drugs on Conditioning in the Rat II. Synthesis of a Centrally Active Drug and the Effects of Nine Drugs on Operant Conditioning and Extinction

In this study, an operant conditioning and extinction technique is used to compare the effects of various so-called tranquilizing agents. In addition, a method is presented for the preparation of 2-ethyl-2-(3-methyl)-butylmalondiamide. The statistical analysis of the data obtained is supported by observations which indicate that some of the effects of these drugs can be ascribed to secondary or side-effects.
FIELD STUDIES OF PEDESTRIAN WALKING SPEED AND START-UP TIME

Today's traffic environment is not well adapted to the needs of the older pedestrian. Unfortunately, except in the case of children, little is known about the characteristics and behavior of pedestrians. Although the simple fact that older pedestrians walk more slowly than younger ones is easily supported by field data, existing data on walking speeds and start-up time (i.e., the time from the onset of a Walk signal until the pedestrian steps off the curb) have many shortcomings. A series of field studies was conducted to quantify the walking speed and start-up time of pedestrians of various ages under different conditions. Sixteen crosswalks in four urban areas were studied. Data were collected on walking speeds and start-up times relative to site and environmental factors, including street width, posted speed, curb height, grade, number of vehicle travel lanes, signal cycle length, pedestrian-signal type, street functional classification, crosswalk type, and channelization. Data on a subject group of pe...
Common–interest community agreements on private lands provide opportunity and scale for wildlife management

Acuerdos comunitarios de interes comun sobre los terrenos privados proporcionan oportunidades y extension para la gestion de la naturaleza salvaje En todo el mundo, los terrenos privados son criticos para la planificacion de la conservacion de la naturaleza salvaje. Los subsidios agricolas, los incentivos fiscales y las servidumbres para la conservacion han sido utilizados con exito como herramientas para convertir las tierras de cultivo en vegetacion nativa. Sin embargo, las incertidumbres economicas amenazan la sostenibilidad de dichos incentivos. La gestion profesional de la naturaleza salvaje precisa de la innovacion de los modelos que dan soporte efectivo a la gestion de las poblaciones. Opino que los biologos deberian considerar la opcion de facilitar el desarrollo de reservas privadas, con el fin de reducir la dependencia de la conservacion basada en las inversiones publicas. Puede estimularse la creacion de reservas privadas creando comunidades de interes comun, que reduzcan el problema impuesto por el tamano limitado de las propiedades individuales. Los acuerdos entre propietarios sobre sus terrenos pueden proporcionar incentivos economicos en forma de ecoturismo, produccion de energia y/o una mejor produccion agricola. Comparto los estudios de dos casos que demuestran como los acuerdos entre propiedades pueden beneficiar tanto a las finanzas de los propietarios de las tierras como a la conservacion de diversas comunidades silvestres, asi como proporcionar una estructura eficaz para ONGs y agencias de gestion en el compromiso de dar soporte a los propietarios.
Find Your Partner and Do-Si-Do: The Formation of Personal Relationships between Social Beings

Personal relationships have generally been studied from the perspective that the persons involved are psychological beings who are drawn together as they come to know, value, and share their respective inner qualities and experiences. However, it is also possible to examine relationships from the perspective that the persons involved are social beings who are drawn together as they each come to find the other's ways of participating in communal life to be attractive and compatible. From the latter perspective, an established, committed relationship between two social beings would consist of an effective partnership in a variety of arenas of communal life because their respective ways of participating are mutually facilitative. Comparison of the two perspectives on empirical grounds indicates that they are surprisingly congruent, and that integrating them is more productive than trying to promote one over the other. This comparison also indicates that communication plays multiple roles in the process of en...
Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide

The response of plant species to future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO(2)] has been determined for hundreds of crop and tree species. However, no data are currently available regarding the response of invasive weedy species to past or future atmospheric [CO(2)]. In the current study, the growth of six species which are widely recognized as among the most invasive weeds in the continental United States, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.), and yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) were grown from seed at either 284, 380 or 719 micromol mol(-1) [CO(2)] until the onset of sexual reproduction (i.e. the vegetative period). The CO(2) concentrations corresponded roughly to the CO(2) concentrations which existed at the beginning of the 20th century, the current [CO(2)], and the future [CO(2)] projected for the end of the 21st century, respectively. The average stimulation of plant biomass among invasive species from current to future [CO(2)] averaged 46%, with the largest response (+72%) observed for Canada thistle. However, the growth response among these species to the recent [CO(2)] increase during the 20th century was significantly higher, averaging 110%, with Canada thistle again (+180%) showing the largest response. Overall, the CO(2)-induced stimulation of growth for these species during the 20th century (285-382 micromol mol(-1)) was about 3x greater than for any species examined previously. Although additional data are needed, the current study suggests the possibility that recent increases in atmospheric CO(2) during the 20th century may have been a factor in the selection of these species.
A case for a working-set-based memory hierarchy

Modern microprocessor designs continue to obtain impressive performance gains through increasing clock rates and advances in the parallelism obtained via micro-architecture design. Unfortunately, corresponding improvements in memory design technology have not been realized, resulting in latencies of over 100 cycles between processors and main memory. This ever-increasing gap in speed has pushed the current memory-hierarchy approach to its limit.Traditional approaches to memory-hierarchy management have not yielded satisfactory results. Hardware solutions require more power and energy than desired and do not scale well. Compiler solutions tend to miss too many optimization opportunities because of limited compile-time knowledge of run-time behavior. This paper explores a different approach that combines both approaches by making use of the static knowledge obtained by the compiler in the dynamic decision making of the micro-architecture. We propose a memory-hierarchy design based on working sets that uses compile-time annotations regarding the working set of memory operations to guide cache placement decisionsOur experiments show that a working-set-based memory hierarchy can significantly reduce the miss rate for memory-intensive tiled kernels by limiting cross interference. The working-set-based memory hierarchy allows the compiler to tile many loops without concern for cross interference in the cache, making tile size choice easier. In addition, the compiler can more easily tailor tile choices to the separate needs of different working sets.
Individual differences in preschool children: temperament or personality?

Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits. In contrast, individual differences among very young children (birth to kindergarten) have generally been conceptualized in terms of temperament theory and traits. The present study compares and contrasts measures of temperament and personality in a sample of preschool children. Temperament traits were assessed with a well-established measure (the Rothbart CBQ), and a new preschool rating instrument was used to assess personality traits from the five-factor framework (M5-PS). Indeed, a key purpose of this study was to further the development of the M5-PS. Data were gathered on 122 preschool children who were rated by their teachers. Significant correlations were found between the temperament trait Surgency and the personality trait Extraversion, between the temperament trait Negative Affect and the personality trait Neuroticism, and between the temperament trait Effortful Control and the personality trait Conscientiousness. The overall pattern of correlational data suggests that individual differences in preschool children can be adequately described using the five-factor theory, and that this framework may effectively subsume traditional theories of temperament. Preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the M5-PS is offered. Copyright r 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits, while temperament has been historically the dominant framework for studying individual differences in young children (birth to kindergarten). Theorists and researchers have not reached consensus as to the
Unidimensional strength theory and component analysis of noise in absolute and comparative judgments

Abstract Using the decision rules and normal distribution assumptions of signal-detection theory as a base, a general strength theory of unidimensional absolute and comparative judgments is described in detail. The componenss of variance in both absolute and comparative judgments are considered, with particular emphasis on criterion variance in an absolute-judgment task and its relation to criterion variance in a comparative-judgment task. Some difficulties are noted in predicting comparative-judgment (forced-choice) probabilities from absolute-judgment (“yes-no”) probabilities. The principal difficulties are concerned with the relative magnitudes of criterion variance in the two tasks, the correlation of distributions, and attention. The question of the equality of variances for different criteria (e.g., yes-no vs confidence criteria) is considered, and two methods are suggested for answering the question (one of which is a new type of operating characteristic). The notion of a random variable being a function of a real variable or being a function of another random variable is used to analyze the effects of noise in an independent variable on the distribution of a dependent random variable.
The Relationship between PROP and Ethanol Preferences: An Evaluation of 4 Inbred Mouse Strains

Ethanol’s taste attributes undoubtedly contribute to the development of drug preference. Ethanol’s taste is both sweet and bitter. Taster status for bitter 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) has been proposed as a genetic marker for alcoholism; however, human results are conflicting. We collected preference scores for both tastants in 4 mouse strains selected on the basis of previously reported taste preference, with the generally accepted idea that inbred mice show minimal within-strain variation. Eighty-eight male mice (22 per strain) participated. The strains were as follows: C57BL/6J, ethanol preferring; BALB/cJ, ethanol avoiding; SWR/J, PROP avoiding; and C3HeB/FeJ, PROP neutral. Using a brief-access (1-min trials) 2-bottle preference test, we assessed the taste response of each strain to PROP and ethanol on separate days. Although PROP avoiding versus neutral mice could be segregated into significantly different populations, this was not the case for ethanol avoiding versus preferring mice, and all strains showed high variability. On average, only BALB/cJ, SWR/J, and C3HeB/FeJ mice conformed to their literature-reported preferences; nonetheless, there were a substantial number of discordant animals. C57BL/6J did not conform to previous results, indicating that they are ethanol preferring. Finally, we did not observe a significant relationship between PROP and ethanol preferences across strains. The high variability per strain and the number of animals in disagreement with their respective literature-reported preference raise concerns regarding their utility for investigations underlying mechanisms of taste-mediated ingestive responses. Absent postingestive consequences, the brief-access results suggest a possible degree of previously masked polymorphisms in taste preferences or a more recent drift in underlying genetic factors. The absence of a relationship between PROP and ethanol indicates that the bitter quality in ethanol may be more highly related to other bitter compounds that are mediated by different genetic influences.
NUCLEAR SIZE ESTIMATES FROM X-RAY FINE STRUCTURE MEASUREMENTS

A brief resume of the theoretical work on the nuclear size effect and the other associated corrections is presented in order to provide a more coherent background for description of the latest experimental measurements and the results obtainable from them. (W.D.M.)
Detecting vulnerabilities in C programs using trace-based testing

Security testing has gained significant attention recently due to frequent attacks against software systems. This paper presents a trace-based security testing approach. It reuses test cases generated from previous testing methods to produce execution traces. An execution trace is a sequence of program statements exercised by a test case. Each trace is symbolically executed to produce program constraints and security constraints. A program constraint is a constraint imposed by program logic on program variables. A security constraint is a condition on program variables that must be satisfied to ensure system security. A security flaw exists if there is an assignment of values to program variables that satisfies the program constraint but violates the security constraint. This approach detects security flaws even if existing test cases do not trigger them. The novelty of this method is a test model that unifies program constraints and security constraints such that formal reasoning can be applied to detect vulnerabilities. A tool named SecTAC is implemented and applied to 14 benchmark programs and 3 open-source programs. The experiment shows that SecTAC quickly detects all reported vulnerabilities and 13 new ones that have not been detected before.
Bone-Marrow Chimeras Reveal Hemopoietic and Nonhemopoietic Control of Resistance to Experimental Lyme Arthritis

Both genetic resistance and susceptibility to development of experimental Lyme arthritis are mediated by the innate immune response. To determine whether this process is mainly controlled by hemopoietic or nonhemopoietic cells, we created bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice between arthritis-resistant DBA/2J (DBA) and arthritis-susceptible C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice and infected them with Borrelia burgdorferi. Both sets of BM chimeric mice, C3H donors into DBA recipients (C-->D) and DBA donors into C3H recipients (D-->C), as well as DBA sham chimeric mice (D-->D) were resistant to the development of experimental Lyme arthritis as measured by ankle swelling and arthritis severity scores. Only the C3H sham chimeric mice (C-->C) developed severe arthritis. These results indicate that independent and nonoverlapping mechanisms exist in hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic cellular compartments that can provide protection against arthritic pathology.
A distributed facilities management system

Energy expenses have recently become one of the highest cost items in the operating budgets of many public and private buildings. High energy costs are often the result of in efficient design and utilization of environ mental equipment. As a result, many managers are for the first time considering using com puters to aid with the design and operation of facilities. This paper describes an automated facilities management system which can help reduce high energy costs. In addition, the system can improve building security and help achieve maximum equipment life expectancy. Distributed processing techniques make the system especially suitable for large multibuilding installations.
DMAP-FR: Integrated Mobility and Service Management with Failure Recovery Support for Mobile IPv6 Systems

In this paper, we propose and analyze DMAP-FR, a mobility and service management scheme with failure recovery control in Mobile IPv6 systems. The basic idea behind DMAP-FR is to leverage access routers (ARs) as regional mobility anchor points (MAPs) as in HMIPv6 for mobility and service management for mobile nodes (MNs). However unlike HMIPv6, DMAP-FR allows the MAP of each MN to be determined dynamically based on the mobility and service characteristics of the MN and the failure behavior of ARs with the goal to minimize the network traffic. DMAP-FR incorporates fault tolerance mechanisms to allow the system to quickly recover from AR and MAP failures. We identify the best dynamic regional area size for the selection of MAPs for each MN such that the overall network traffic due to servicing mobility, service and fault tolerance related operations is minimized. We demonstrate that DMAP-FR outperforms HMIPv6 for the same AR failure rate.
The oral cavity as a molecular mirror of lung carcinogenesis.

The lung is a great challenge to oncologists and is where lethal human cancers develop more frequently than in any other organ site. Two large, expensive chemoprevention trials, the Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene (ATBC) study and Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), highlight the
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Medicolegal Challenges

Persons with dissociative identity disorder (DID) often present in the criminal justice system rather than the mental health system and perplex experts in both professions. DID is a controversial diagnosis with important medicolegal implications. Defendants have claimed that they committed serious crimes, including rape or murder, while they were in a dissociated state. Asserting that their alter personality committed the bad act, defendants have pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI). In such instances, forensic experts are asked to assess the defendant for DID and provide testimony in court. Debate continues over whether DID truly exists, whether expert testimony should be allowed into evidence, and whether it should exculpate defendants for their criminal acts. This article reviews historical and theoretical perspectives on DID, presents cases that illustrate the legal implications and controversies of raising an insanity defense based on multiple personalities, and examines the role of forensic experts asked to comment on DID with the goal of assisting clinicians in the medicolegal assessment of DID in relation to crimes.
Investigation of Volumetric Sources in Airframe Noise Simulations

Hybrid methods for the prediction of airframe noise involve a simulation of the near field flow that is used as input to an acoustic propagation formula. The acoustic formulations discussed herein are those based on the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation. Some questions have arisen in the published literature in regard to an apparently significant dependence of radiated noise predictions on the location of the integration surface used in the solution of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation. These differences in radiated noise levels are most pronounced between solid-body surface integrals and off-body, permeable surface integrals. Such differences suggest that either a non-negligible volumetric source is contributing to the total radiation or the input flow simulation is suspect. The focus of the current work is the issue of internal consistency of the flow calculations that are currently used as input to airframe noise predictions. The case study for this research is a computer simulation for a three-element, high-lift wing profile during landing conditions. The noise radiated from this flow is predicted by a two-dimensional, frequency-domain formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation. Radiated sound from volumetric sources is assessed by comparison of a permeable surface integration with the sum of a solid-body surface integral and a volume integral. The separate noise predictions are found in good agreement.
Coaxial MnO2/Carbon Nanotube Array Electrodes for High-Performance Lithium Batteries

Coaxial manganese oxide/carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays deposited inside porous alumina templates were used as cathodes in a lithium battery. Excellent cyclic stability and capacity of MnO2/CNT coaxial nanotube electrodes resulted from the hybrid nature of the electrodes with improved electronic conductivity and dual mechanism of lithium storage. The reversible capacity of the battery was increased by an order compared to template grown MnO2 nanotubes, making them suitable electrodes for advanced Li ion batteries.
A Quantitative Study of Void Nucleation Times in Passivated Aluminum Interconnects

Accelerated electromigration tests were performed in a High Voltage SEM (HVSEM). These experiments were conducted on 10 identical, passivated Al interconnect test structures at a temperature of 237°C and a current density of 30mA/μm2. Simultaneous testing and observation of the entire structure allowed the void nucleation times to be measured. Two normal distributions fit the nucleation times. The second of these distributions coincides roughly with the distribution of failure times of the test structures. Fracture of the passivation is hypothesized as the mechanism that causes the concurrent late nucleation and failure processes.
Disappearance of two major phosphatidylcholines from plasma is predominantly via LCAT and hepatic lipase

Metabolism of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-phosphatidyl-choline (SAPC), a major phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in rat plasma, was compared with 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-PC (PLPC) metabolism. High-density lipoproteins containing SAPC and PLPC tracers labeled in the sn-2 fatty acid with 3H and 14C isotopes, respectively, were administered. The rats were depleted of endogenous bile acids and infused via the ileum with individual bile acids that ranged widely in hydrophobicity. The half-lives for SAPC and PLPC in plasma were 48 and 57 min, respectively. Most of the 3H activity that disappeared from plasma at 1 h was found in the liver in 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-PC, SAPC, and 1-oleoyl-2-arachidonyl-PC, indicating phospholipase A1 hydrolysis of plasma SAPC forming 2-arachidonyl-lysophosphatidylcholine, which was reacylated in the liver. Plasma PLPC also underwent phospholipase A1 hydrolysis, as reported previously. The fraction of 3H dose that accumulated in plasma cholesteryl arachidonate was two- to threefold higher than the fraction of 14C dose in cholesteryl linoleate. Multicompartmental models for SAPC and PLPC were developed that included lysophosphatidylcholines and cholesteryl esters. Bile acids did not influence plasma PC metabolism. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and phospholipase A1 (hepatic lipase) hydrolysis accounted for > or = 90% of the SAPC and PLPC that disappeared from plasma; SAPC and PLPC are comparable as substrates for hepatic lipase, but SAPC is preferred by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.
Interaction of Salivary Fibronectin with Oral Streptococci

Immunoreactive Fibronectin (Fn) has been demonstrated in stimulated human parotid saliva by western blot analysis and also found to be a component of the artificial tooth pellicles derived from hydroxyapatite (HA) beads coated with parotid saliva. Saliva depleted of gelatin-binding components showed a significantly lower degree of reactivity with anti-Fn antibodies than did the control saliva when tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Depletion of gelatin-binding components from saliva was also found to affect the degree of saliva-mediated aggregation of four of the seven oral streptococci tested [Streptococcus mutans strains GS-5 and OMZ 176, S. sobrinus, and S. rattus]. Similarly, the adherence of the same four micro-organisms to the artificial tooth pellicles (derived from saliva which had previously been depleted of gelatin-binding component) was significantly inhibited ( 37-53%) when compared with the control saliva-coated HA beads. Pre-treatment of streptococci with 100 μg of solub...
Multiple indicator hidden Markov model with an application to medical utilization data

Monthly counts of medical visits across several years for persons identified to have alcoholism problems are modeled using two-state hidden Markov models (HMM) in order to describe the effect of alcoholism treatment on the likelihood of persons to be in a 'healthy' or 'unhealthy' state. The medical visits can be classified into different types leading to multivariate counts of medical visits each month. A multiple indicator HMM is introduced, which simultaneously fits the multivariate Poisson counts by assuming a shared hidden state underlying all of them. The multiple indicator HMM borrows information across different types of medical encounters. A univariate HMM based on the total count across types of medical visits each month is also considered. Comparisons between the multiple indicator HMM and the total count HMM are made, as well as comparisons with more traditional longitudinal models that directly model the counts. A Bayesian framework is used for the estimation of the HMM and implementation is in Winbugs.
PCA-based Fuzzy Classification of Turbine Blade Fatigue Modes

An efficient classification method is needed for th e health diagnosis of turbine blades. Traditional classification methods assign each dat a point or feature vector to one and only one of the categories, which poses significant prob lems in dealing with the data set containing overlapping structures. In this paper, a PCA-based fuzzy classification method is used to address this problem. After preprocessing o f the data, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is first used to reduce the excessive dimensi onality in the feature space. Generalized multi-dimension Gaussian membership functions are then formulated for each category among the training patterns. Finally every new patt ern can be assigned appropriate membership value for each category. The proposed algorithm has been tested using a set of historical flight data from a group of engines. Exp erimental results have shown that this approach is effective in classifying turbine blade fatigue modes and agrees with the manual inspection findings.
Macroeconomic Framework and Financial Sector Development: A Commentary

The macroeconomic framework and the policy recommendations for the financial sector in the draft report of the Raghuram Rajan Committee make a case for further capital account liberalisation not because it leads to growth but because of its likely beneficial impact on financial sector development and efficiency gains. There is no evidence that this reverse sequencing works. The draft report also neglects the evidence on market failures, important among them being the pro-cyclicality of capital flows. It recommends using only the interest rate instrument for inflation targeting. This is likely to result in prohibitive interest rates. It also recommends that India follow a non-interventionist exchange rate policy instead of a managed float. This may have been a possibility if there was system-wide coherence in the international exchange rate system, but we know that is not the case.
The Global Economic Impact of Open Borders

Open borders, in the sense of the abolition of policies restricting migration, would cause billions of people to migrate, and result in almost a doubling of world GDP. Based on a model that stresses human capital as a determinant of the wealth and poverty of nations, but which also has a spatial element and allows total factor productivity to differ across cities, two open borders scenarios are constructed. In the first, "pure market clearing" scenario, world GDP rises 91% as 82% of the world's population migrates, mostly to the West, and the living standards of unskilled workers worldwide rise to 26% of the US level. In the second scenario, with several adjustments made to favor greater realism at the expense of some arbitrariness, world GDP rises 85% as 58% of the world's population migrates, and the living standards of unskilled workers worldwide rise to 31% of the US level.
IRIS: A Student-Driven Mobile Robotics Project

This paper introduces the IRIS mobile robot project. IRIS is a largely student designed and implemented mobile robot platform created to provide a mechanism for classroom explorations of topics in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and robotics. It has been designed to be used by students from middle school through college.
The contextual nature and function of singlism

We appreciate DePaulo and Morris's (this issue) ef forts to initiate a dialogue about the psychology of sin gles. We agree with the authors' argument that by and large the topic of singles has been excluded from psy chological literature and that research on singlehood has the potential to make important contributions. However, we do have a number of misgivings about placing the psychology of singles squarely in the do main of stigma. This is not an attempt to exclude the study of singles from mainstream research on stereo types and prejudice, but rather an attempt to more fully consider the contexts in which singlehood is likely to be stigmatizing. We have two primary goals in this arti cle. First, we attempt to contextualize the nature of singlehood and to draw inferences about for whom and under what circumstances singlehood will be stigma tizing. Second, we explore the function of singlism and offer suggestions for reducing this type of bias. We hope that this endeavor will help DePaulo and Morris, and others interested in singles, to further their re search on this important and understudied topic.
Thermodynamic Upper Bound on Broadband Light Coupling with Photonic Structures

The coupling between free space radiation and optical media critically influences the performance of optical devices. We show that, for any given photonic structure, the sum of the external coupling rates for all its optical modes are subject to an upper bound dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. Such bound limits how efficient light can be coupled to any photonic structure. As one example of application, we use this upper bound to derive the limit of light absorption in broadband solar absorbers.
Can the Veterans Affairs health care system continue to care for the poor and vulnerable

Can the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system, long an important part of the safety net for disabled and poor veterans, survive the loss of World War II veterans--once its largest constituency and still its most important advocates? A recent shift in emphasis from acute hospital-based care to care of chronic illness in outpatient settings, as well as changes in eligibility allowing many more nonpoor and nondisabled veterans into the VA system, will be key determinants of long-term survivability. Although allowing less needy veterans into the system runs the risk of diluting services to those most in need, the long-run effect may be to increase support among a larger and younger group of veterans, thereby enhancing political clout and ensuring survivability. It may be that the best way to maintain the safety net for veterans is to continue to cast it more widely.