cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multichannel Microwave Radiometric Observations at Saipan during the 1990 Tropical Cyclone Motion Experiment

Abstract To estimate mesoscale variations in integrated water vapor, cloud liquid water, and temperature in a tropical region, multiwavelength microwave radiometric observations were carried out over a seven-week period on the island of Saipan during the 1990 Tropical Cyclone Motion Experiment. Methods to combine radiometric and ceilometer measurements were developed to improve both the retrieval accuracies of integrated water vapor and liquid water. The rms difference between the retrieved and radiosonde-measured integrated water vapor was 6% relative to the mean. Compared to radiosondes the temperature profiles retrieved using a linear statistical inversion technique were accurate to 1.28°C. However, since the radiometric temperature profiles were no more accurate than profiles obtained from climatology, the surface-based radiometer provided essentially no new information regarding the environmental temperature profiles.
Bovine-derived spinal cord protein (SCP) protects guinea pigs from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) - a confirmatory report.

An axonally localized, non-encephalitogenic protein derived from bovine spinal cord can protect guinea pigs from EAE following challenge with bovine myelin basic protein. Protection from neurologic signsis significant although CNS pathology is present. The protective regimen apparently varies depending upon the species and strain of animal; this specific requirement may account for a previous negative report.
Abstract 284: A Pilot Study Comparing Two Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitors Worn at the Same Time

Introduction Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been proposed as the most effective way to characterize a person’s BP profile. However, there are very limited data in the literature comparing two simultaneously worn ABPM devices. Therefore, we compared an eight hour daytime simultaneous ABPM using two monitors (Mobil-O-Graph [I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany] and Spacelabs 90207 [Spacelabs Medical, Issequah, WA]). Methods Simultaneous BP and heart rate data were measured on 13 adult volunteers at the University of Pennsylvania using the two monitors over an 8 hour period. Other demographic data were also collected. Standard seated BPs were obtained in triplicate at the beginning and end of the 8 hour monitoring period using an Accutor (Datascope, Mahwah, NJ) device. Three blood pressures were obtained at 1 minute intervals, recorded and averaged for each arm using the Accutor device. Results The data show high concordance of measured mean arterial pressures (Mobil-O-Graph 101.4 [SEM-2.0] mmHg, Spacelabs 100.6 [SEM-2.4] mmHg) and heart rates (Mobil-O-Graph measuring 82.4 [ SEM- 4.1] beats/minute, Spacelabs 81.7 [4.0] beats/minute) between the monitors. Spacelabs measured a 10 mmHg higher systolic pressure (p=0.0016) and a non-statistically significant, but numerically higher (2.8 mmHg) diastolic pressure (Figure 1). Conclusion The systolic BP difference between the two devices has public health importance. These differences if confirmed in larger cohorts, ABPM manufacturers should consider developing a normative database to help practitioners interpret ABPM data obtained with their device.
Testimony, knowledge, and epistemic goals

Various considerations are adduced toshow that we require that a testifier know hertestimony. Such a requirement apparentlyimproves testimony. It is argued that the aimof improving testimony explains why we have anduse our concept of knowledge. If we were tointroduce a term of praise for testimony, usingit at first to praise testimony that apparentlyhelped us in our practical projects, it wouldcome to be used as we now use the word``know''.
IVC filter retrieval in adolescents: experience in a tertiary pediatric center

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are commonly implanted with the intent to prevent life-threatening pulmonary embolism in at-risk patients with contraindications to anticoagulation. Various studies have reported increases in the rate of venous thromboembolism within the pediatric population. The utility and safety of IVC filters in children has not yet been fully defined. To describe the technique and adjunctive maneuvers of IVC filter removal in children, demonstrate its technical success and identify complications. A retrospective 10-year review was performed of 20 children (13 male, 7 female), mean age: 15.1 years (range: 12-19 years), who underwent IVC filter retrieval. Eleven of 20 (55%) were placed in our institution. Electronic medical records were reviewed for filter characteristics, retrieval technique, technical success and complications. The technical success rate was 100%. Placement indications included: deep venous thrombosis with a contraindication to anticoagulation (10/20, 50%), free-floating thrombus (4/20, 20%), post-trauma pulmonary embolism prophylaxis (3/20, 15%) and pre-thrombolysis pulmonary patient (1/20, 5%). The mean implantation period was 63 days (range: 20-270 days). Standard retrieval was performed in 17/20 patients (85%). Adjunctive techniques were performed in 3/20 patients (15%) and included the double-snare technique, balloon assistance and endobronchial forceps retrieval. Median procedure time was 60 min (range: 45-240 min). Pre-retrieval cavogram demonstrated filter tilt in 5/20 patients (25%) with a mean angle of 17° (range: 8-40). Pre-retrieval CT demonstrated strut wall penetration and tip embedment in one patient each. There were two procedure-related complications: IVC mural dissection noted on venography in one patient and snare catheter fracture requiring retrieval in one patient. There were no early or late complications. In children, IVC filter retrieval can be performed safely but may be challenging, especially in cases of filter tilt or embedding. Adjunctive techniques may increase filter retrieval rates.
Politics, Epistemology and Revolution

(2003). Politics, Epistemology and Revolution. Intellectual News: Vol. 11, Volume 11-12: double conference issue, pp. 64-69.
Composite fermions pair up

In the fractional quantum Hall effect, seen when a two-dimensional conductor is placed in a strong magnetic field at low temperatures, electrons can bind to magnetic vortices to form ‘composite fermions’. Under certain conditions these strange particles can pair up to form a composite fermion ‘superconductor’.
A Web-based English Proofing System for English as a Second Language Users.

We describe an algorithm that relies on web frequency counts to identify and correct writing errors made by non-native writers of English. Evaluation of the system on a realworld ESL corpus showed very promising performance on the very difficult problem of critiquing English determiner use: 62% precision and 41% recall, with a false flag rate of only 2% (compared to a random-guessing baseline of 5% precision, 7% recall, and more than 80% false flag rate). Performance on collocation errors was less good, suggesting that a web-based approach should be combined with local linguistic resources to achieve both effectiveness and efficiency.
Properties of aerosols

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses aerosol generation in workplaces, the evolution of aerosols, aerosol particle morphology, aerosol concentration, its particle size, elementary particle size statistics, and electrical, mineralogical, chemical, and biological properties of aerosols in terms of their usage in industries. Many industrial processes generate aerosols in one form or another, usually as a side effect of the process itself and by a wide variety of physical and chemical means. The principal physical processes of aerosol generation in industries are associated with the fracture, breaking, and cutting of large pieces of bulk material objects into smaller ones (and the creation of new surfaces), abrasion, agitation, the breaking of adhesive forces holding primary particles together in aggregates, and entrainment into the air. A comprehensive review of these aerosols, their properties, and their health effects in occupational settings like those found in agriculture, sawmills, textiles manufacture, meat, and other food processing, biotechnology, research laboratories, waste disposal, construction, and health care is provided in the chapter.
Bone-Targeted Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy in Prostate Cancer

Although selective metabolic and receptor-based molecular agents will surely be included in the future of prostate cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently available inorganic compounds-such as 18F-NaF for the diagnosis of bony disease and 223RaCl2 for the therapy of bone metastases-were recently shown to be superior to standard 99mTc-phosphonates for diagnosis and 153Sm-ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonate or 89SrCl2 for therapy. The advantages of 18F-NaF include improved lesion detection and, when used in combination with CT, improved diagnostic confidence and specificity. In addition to being the first approved α-emitter, 223RaCl2 is the first radiopharmaceutical to show an increase in overall survival, a decrease in skeletal events, palliation of bone pain, and a low profile of adverse reactions (which are mild and manageable). The management of metastatic bone disease with 223RaCl2 is uniquely satisfying, as patients can be monitored directly during their monthly treatment visits.
Early Hypothermia and Outcome of Acute Encephalopathy and Encephalitis

Outcome of acute encephalopathy/encephalitis was compared in children treated with early or delayed cooling in a study at St Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, and other centers in Japan.
A rare case of right lower quadrant abdominal pain.

Abstract Isolated fallopian tube torsion without involvement of the ovary is a rare condition most frequently presenting during reproductive years. Imaging, vitals, physical exam, and laboratory findings all fail to help establish a definitive diagnosis. The majority of the diagnoses are made on the operating table. Physical exam most often reveals unilateral and localized abdominal pain, often with nausea and vomiting, but few other reliably common findings. Diagnosis becomes even more challenging due to the fact that isolated tubal torsion occurs often in pregnancy and preferentially on the right, further complicating the clinical picture. We describe a case of isolated tubal torsion, unique in that localized necrosis and inflammation from the torsion triggered a secondary appendicitis. The patient required surgical intervention, and an appendectomy and salpingectomy emergently. Given its elusive and rare nature, awareness and early intervention is required by the emergency physician to recognize tubal torsion, as operative intervention is crucial, and can lead to preservation of fertility and improved fetal survival.
Dendritic Cells and Isolevuglandins in Immunity, Inflammation and Hypertension

Hypertension is the major risk factor for morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Despite its importance, the pathogenesis of essentia...
Cave Temples of Dunhuang, Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road

On many accounts this book is extraordinary. It addresses multiple complex issues surrounding one of the world's rarest and most amazing Buddhist cave temple sites — the Mogao caves at the desert o...
Hybrid Lyot coronagraph for WFIRST: high-contrast broadband testbed demonstration

Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) is one of the two operating modes of the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST) coronagraph instrument. Since being selected by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in December 2013, the coronagraph technology is being matured to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 by 2018. To demonstrate starlight suppression in presence of expecting on-orbit input wavefront disturbances, we have built a dynamic testbed in Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in 2016. This testbed, named as Occulting Mask Coronagraph (OMC) testbed, is designed analogous to the WFIRST flight instrument architecture: It has both HLC and Shape Pupil Coronagraph (SPC) architectures, and also has the Low Order Wavefront Sensing and Control (LOWFS/C) subsystem to sense and correct the dynamic wavefront disturbances. We present upto-date progress of HLC mode demonstration in the OMC testbed. SPC results will be reported separately. We inject the flight-like Line of Sight (LoS) and Wavefront Error (WFE) perturbation to the OMC testbed and demonstrate wavefront control using two deformable mirrors while the LOWFS/C is correcting those perturbation in our vacuum testbed. As a result, we obtain repeatable convergence below 5 × 10−9 mean contrast with 10% broadband light centered at 550 nm in the 360 degrees dark hole with working angle between 3 λ/D and 9 λ/D. We present the key hardware and software used in the testbed, the performance results and their comparison to model expectations.
Abstract P232: Superoxide Increases Renin Activity, Renal Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (at1r) Function and Blood Pressure in Rats

We examined role and mechanism of superoxide in renal AT1R function contributing to hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups and treated with 1. vehicle, 2. superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor diethylthiocarbamate (DETC, 10mg/kg, i.p./daily for 2 weeks), 3. DETC+tempol (an SOD mimetic, 2 mM in drinking water), and 4. tempol only. Rats were sacrificed, blood plasma and kidneys obtained for biochemical studies. Superoxide [Fluorescence Unit (FU): control vs DETC vs DETC+tempol vs tempol, 0.10±0.006 vs 0.13±0.01 vs 0.09±0.007 vs 0.09±0.004] but not hydrogen peroxide levels increased in the renal tissues of DETC-rats than in vehicle-rats, which decreased in DETC+tempol rats. Nuclear levels of acetylated-Sp3 transcription factor, an index of its activity, (Density Unit: control vs DETC vs DETC+tempol vs tempol, 0.10±0.01 vs 0.17±0.02 vs 0.10±0.01 vs 0.13±0.02) and membranous AT1R proteins levels (Density Unit: control vs DETC vs DETC+tempol vs tempol, 0.98±0.32 vs 2.93±0.40 vs 0.99±0.24 vs 0.77±0.23) increased in DETC-rats, which were attenuated in DETC-tempol-rats. Moreover, plasma renin activity (FU: control vs DETC vs DETC+tempol vs tempol: 0.13±0.006 vs 0.19±0.04 vs 0.12±0.005 vs 0.13±0.01) increased in DETC-rats, which decreased in DETC+tempol-rats. Second set of rats underwent the same treatment as above, anesthetized, blood pressure (BP) and renal AT1R function (in terms of natriuresis) in response to AT1R blocker candesartan (10μg/kg, i.v. bolus) were determined. Systolic BP increased in DETC-rats than in vehicle-rats, which decreased in DETC+tempol-rats (mmHg: control vs DETC vs DETC+tempol vs tempol: 118.6±2.72 vs 136.7±2.96 vs 118.1±3.81 vs 123.1±6.88). Natriuresis in response to candesartan (cande) increased in vehicle-rats, which further increased in DETC-rats while decreased in DETC+tempol-rats (μmols/min: control vs control+cande vs DETC vs DETC+cande vs DETC+tempol vs DETC+tempol+cande vs tempol vs tempol+cande, 0.32±0.07 vs 0.58±0.10 vs 0.19±0.05 vs 1.06±0.34 vs 0.23±0.05 vs 0.49±0.14 vs 0.27±0.04 vs 0.66±0.11). Taken together, our results suggest that superoxide via Sp3 activation increases renin activity, membranous AT1R levels and function contributing to hypertension in rats.
Congenital cavitary optic disc anomaly and Axenfeld's anomaly in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: A case report and review of the literature.

ABSTRACTBackground: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome caused by a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 4p16.3 and is characterized by a “Greek warrior helmet” facies, hypotonia, developmental delay, seizures, structural central nervous system defects, intrauterine growth restriction, sketelal anomalies, cardiac defects, abnormal tooth development, and hearing loss. A variety of ocular manifestations may occur in up to 40% of patients.Materials/methods: We report the genetic testing results, systemic findings, and complete ophthalmologic examination findings in a patient with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, including external photography, RetCam3 (Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasonton, CA) goniography, and fundus photography. In addition, we review the literature on ocular manifestations of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.Results: Microarray analysis revealed an unbalanced translocation between 4p16.3–15.3 and Xp22.33-p22.2. Systemic findings included “Greek warrior helmet” facies, hypotonia, cleft palat...
Screening for and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease for Children with Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. Our objective is to review the current diagnosis and management of CAKUT, with a focus on kidney function outcomes. The rate of detection of CAKUT has increased with routine prenatal ultrasonography. Despite earlier detection, children with CAKUT are still at risk for future CKD. Several tools offer prognostic information on renal function, including traditional urinary testing for proteinuria and more contemporary biomarkers. Blood pressure monitoring may identify those at risk for cardiac morbidity, whereas strict blood pressure control may delay CKD progression. Aspects of medical and surgical treatments for CAKUT are still debatable. CAKUT are a complex entity that should involve a multidisciplinary team to determine the indications for medical and surgical interventions to reduce the morbidity associated with CKD.
Cold Temperature Adaptation and Growth of Microorganisms

Most microorganisms must accommodate a variety of changing conditions and stresses in their environment in order to survive and multiply. Because of the impact of temperature on all reactions of the cell, adaptations to fluctuations in temperature are possibly the most common. Widespread in the environment and well-equipped for cold temperature growth, psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms may yet make numerous adjustments when faced with temperatures lower than optimum. Phospholipid and fatty acid alterations resulting in increased membrane fluidity at lower temperatures have been described for many cold tolerant microorganisms while others may make no similar adjustment. While the enzymes of cold growing bacteria have been less extensively studied than those of thermophilic bacteria, it appears that function at low temperature requires enzymes with flexible conformational structure, in order to compensate for lower reaction rates. In many organisms, including psychrophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, specific sets of cold shock proteins are induced upon abrupt shifts to colder temperatures. While this cold shock response has not been fully delineated, it appears to be adaptive, and may function to promote the expression of genes involved in translation when cells are displaced to lower temperatures. The cold shock response of Escherichia coli has been extensively studied, and the major cold shock protein CspA appears to be involved in the regulation of the response. Upon cold shock, the induction of CspA and its counterparts in most microorganisms studied is prominent, but transient; studies of this response in some psychrotrophic bacteria have reported constitutive synthesis and continued synthesis during cold temperature growth of CspA homologues, and it will be interesting to learn if these are common mechanisms of among cold tolerant organisms. Psychrotrophic microorganisms continue to be a spoilage and safety problem in refrigerated foods, and a greater understanding of the physiological mechanisms and implications of cold temperature adaptation and growth should enhance our ability to design more effective methods of preservation.
Persuasion by Peer or Expert for Web Search

Users look for information to achieve a goal situated in a social context. When searching for information, they may take advice from others regarding how to search. While Web searching has been extensively studied with regard to the task aspects and system aspects, the impacts of others' advice on their search behaviors have been understudied. This study examines the persuasiveness of two sources of search advice - cognitive authority and peer advice - in respect to their influences on search behaviors. Thirty-one college students were randomly assigned to three groups that received search advice from different people. The findings show significant differences in their Web search behaviors between the control group and the two treatment groups.
In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.
Chapter 35 – Personalized Medicine

Metastasis development in bladder cancer patients with muscle-invasive disease drives its mortality. Chemotherapy and more recently immunotherapy have been mainstays of treatment in these patients. Our understanding of the genomic alterations that drive bladder cancer has increased considerably, setting the stage for the personalized treatment of this disease. Through molecular characterization of patient tumors via genomic, expression, methylation, and proteomic profiling, personalized medicine would allow clinicians to better predict patient prognosis and response to systemic and targeted therapies, and to identify therapies that specifically target the patient’s tumor. Selecting “the right treatment for the right patient” would lead to better patient outcomes while minimizing toxicity and unnecessary risks and medical costs. Although few targeted therapies or biomarkers for bladder cancer are in clinical use, there are many promising candidates in current investigation, and we are thus optimistic that the age of personalized medicine for bladder cancer is upon us.
A strategy for test article selection and phytochemical characterization of Echinacea purpurea extract for safety testing

Botanical dietary supplements (BDS) are used around the world for many purported therapeutic properties. The selection of an authentic product and it's phytochemical characterization is critical to generate robust safety data. Because botanicals are complex mixtures with variable quality, identification of a representative product for testing has been challenging. Echinacea is used for its purported immune stimulant properties and was listed as the 2nd top-selling BDS in 2018. However, there are limited safety data for Echinacea. Hence, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) has selected Echinacea for safety testing using rodent models. Here, we describe selection and comprehensive characterization of an Echinacea purpurea root extract to be used in the NTP testing program. Using non-targeted chemical analyses combined with chemometric analysis, a potential unfinished product (i.e., an extract that serves as source material for finished products) of Echinacea purpurea was selected. The product was then authenticated using chemical and DNA techniques and characterized, including the phytochemical composition. Among numerous constituents identified, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid and dodeca-2(E),4(E),8(Z),10(E/Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide made up a small fraction of the extract. Based on these analyses, an approach is proposed for test article selection for Echinacea research which can be adapted to other botanicals.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Corrective Advertising Mandated in United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.

Due to the ethical breaches of tobacco companies over a 50-year period, a U.S. Court ruled in United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. that major U.S. tobacco companies had misled consumers and the government about tobacco’s addictiveness, effects of environmental (secondhand) smoke, marketing targeted at adolescents, and deceptive practices related to harmfulness of smoking. We address the actions of the tobacco companies based on the consumer’s right to be informed and values for ethical corporate behavior, and we draw from psychological theories and the smoking literature to develop our conceptual framework and test the effectiveness of the ensuing corrective advertising campaign mandated in the Court decision. We use a quota sample of 470 smokers and non-smoker participants in a longitudinal study to test the impact of the corrective advertising campaign on key antismoking beliefs from the campaign. Results reveal that the corrective ad campaign has not been successful in affecting smokers’ or non-smokers’ antismoking beliefs. However, differences are found between smokers’ and non-smokers’ beliefs about the adverse health effects of smoking, effects of secondhand smoke, and tobacco company deceptiveness, with these beliefs being stronger for non-smokers. Smokers’ weaker beliefs about the effects of secondhand smoke are viewed as particularly problematic, given the established health risks. We address the implications of the ethical breaches and the corrective advertising attempt to address the deception identified by the Court.
Phenotypes from cell-free DNA.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has the potential to enable non-invasive detection of disease states and progression. Beyond its sequence, cfDNA also represents the nucleosomal landscape of cell(s)-of-origin...
Yield of Imaging to Evaluate Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis of Unknown Etiology.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To identify the incidence and nature of positive findings on imaging studies ordered for evaluation of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) of unknown etiology, to analyze these findings based on laterality, and to examine the use of the expanded-field computed tomography (CT) neck protocol in this evaluation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS A total of 145 patients from 2000 to 2018 with UVFP of unknown etiology were studied. Data on imaging studies ordered, laterality of paralysis, and significant positive results were studied. An expanded-field CT neck protocol that included the entire course of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves was instituted during the study period. RESULTS A total of 20.7% of patients had an etiology for paralysis identified on imaging. Malignancies comprised the majority of findings overall (19/30), whether in the chest (12/18) or the neck (7/12). Etiology was more often found in the chest for left-sided paralysis (15/21) and in the neck for right-sided paralysis (6/9). In 26 patients who underwent both expanded-field CT neck and CT chest, no findings related to the UVFP were seen on CT chest that were not captured by expanded-field CT neck. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest retrospective studies examining the incidence of positive findings on imaging studies for evaluation of UVFP of unknown etiology. Imaging in one of five patients with UVFP of unknown etiology will reveal a causative lesion, most often malignant. Left-sided paralysis tends to localize to the chest, and right-sided paralysis to the neck. Expanded-field CT neck may allow practitioners to forego dedicated CT chest in evaluation of UVFP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1840-1844, 2021.
Weak Transitions in Light Nuclei

Nuclei are used for high-precision tests of the Standard Model and for searches of physics beyond the Standard Model. Without a thorough understanding of nuclei, we will not be able to meaningfully interpret the growing body of experimental data nor will we be able to disentangle new physics signals from underlying nuclear effects. This calls for accurate calculations of nuclear structure and reactions. In this work, we focus on electroweak decays in nuclei with mass number $A\, \le 10$ and report on {\it ab initio} Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of reduced matrix elements entering beta decays and electron captures in nuclei with mass number $A\, \le 10$. The many-body wave functions are calculated using selected Norfolk two- and three-nucleon potential models and associated one- and two-body axial currents at tree-level obtained from a chiral effective field theory with pions, nucleons and $\Delta$. The agreement with the experimental data is satisfactory with the exception of transitions in $A=8$ nuclei. In this specific case, the theory significantly underpredicts the experimental data, which indicates the need of further improvements in the corresponding nuclear wave functions. In this study, emphasis is given to the contributions from two-body axial currents that are carefully analyzed using two-body transition densities. This allow us to study the spatial distribution and short-range behavior of two-body dynamics. In particular, the transition densities when scaled to peak at 1.0 exhibit the universal short-range behavior across the considered nuclei, while they differ in the long range tails.
Generalized Canavati g-Fractional Polya Inequalities

We present here generalized Canavati type g-fractional Polya type inequalities. We cover also the iterated case. Our inequalities are with respect to all \(L_{p}\) norms: \(1\le p\le \infty \). We finish with applications. See also [6].
What's The Connection Between Repeat Litigation And Patent Quality? A (Partial) Defense Of The Most Litigated Patents

Patent litigation is notoriously expensive, but few patents are ever litigated. Among the fraction that are, only a small group dubbed the “most litigated patents” by Allison, Lemley & Walker are asserted by repeat patent plaintiffs in many lawsuits. While repeat patent plaintiffs are responsible for a disproportionate share of litigation costs, economic theory predicts their patents will be higher quality such that they offset the costs they generate in winning more disputes. Allison, Lemley & Walker, however, find the owners of the most litigated patents overwhelmingly lose in court. This suggests that repeat patent plaintiffs tend to burden innovation by irrationally litigating weak patents through trial. Because of their troubling results, this Article revisits the relationship between the number of lawsuits in which a patent is asserted and its owner’s litigation success. I find owners who assert their patents in more lawsuits generally win more judgments and that this relationship extends to a comparison of most litigated to once litigated patents. These results support an optimistic view of the impact of repeat patent plaintiffs. This optimism does not, however, extend to repeat software patent plaintiffs, who I find are not more likely to win infringement judgments. This fact is not inconsistent with rational software patent owner behavior but is best explained by Bessen and Meurer’s theory that software patents possess more uncertain boundaries.
Development and characterization of a mouse model for Acad9 deficiency

Abstract Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD9) is a member of the family of flavoenzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoAs to 2,3 enoyl-CoAs in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Inborn errors of metabolism of all family members, including ACAD9, have been described in humans, and represent significant causes of morbidity and mortality particularly in children. ACAD9 deficiency leads to a combined defect in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to a dual role in the pathways. In addition to its function in mitochondrial FAO, ACAD9 has a second function as one of 14 factors responsible for assembly of complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC). Considerable controversy remains over the relative role of these two functions in normal physiology and the disparate clinical findings described in patients with ACAD9 deficiency. To better understand the normal function of ACAD9 and the pathophysiology of its deficiency, several knock out mouse models were developed. Homozygous total body knock out appeared to be lethal as no ACAD9 animals were obtained. Cre-lox technology was then used to generate tissue-specific deletion of the gene. Cardiac-specific ACAD9 deficient animals had severe neonatal cardiomyopathy and died by 17 days of age. They had severe mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro. Muscle-specific mutants were viable but exhibited muscle weakness. Additional studies of heart muscle from the cardiac specific deficient animals were used to examine the evolutionarily conserved signaling Intermediate in toll pathway (ECSIT) protein, a known binding partner of ACAD9 in the electron chain complex I assembly pathway. As expected, ECSIT levels were significantly reduced in the absence of ACAD9 protein, consistent with the demonstrated impairment of the complex I assembly. The various ACAD9 deficient animals should serve as useful models for development of novel therapeutics for this disorder.
Optimizing Telehealth for Special Populations and Closing the Digital Divide: Addressing Social Determinants of Health in Virtual Care

Between 2013 and 2016, cardiovascular disease affected an estimated 121.5 million American adults, who were 60–79 years old (77.2% of males and 78.2% of females). In the 80+ age group, 89.3% of males and 91.8% of females carried at least one cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Hypertension was accounted for in 80.0% of males; 85.6% of females in people over 75 (Benjamin et al. Circulation. 2018;137(12):e67–e492). The growing population of older adults (age ≥65 years) is expected to lead to higher rates of cardiovascular disease for which innovative strategies should be considered. The expansion of digital health (encompassing telehealth, telemedicine, mobile health, and remote patient monitoring), internet access and cellular technologies provides opportunities to enhance patient care and improve health outcomes-opportunities that became particularly relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic. Certain characteristics associated with aging such as insufficient dexterity, visual and hearing impairments, and cognitive dysfunction, found more commonly in older adults should be taken into consideration in the development and utilization of existing technologies. Older patients may also face barriers of transportation, geographic access, language, health literacy in addition to lack of independent control over their own care coordination which may be addressed by digital services. Strategic and appropriate implementation of digital strategies can help avoid inequities propagating digital divides among older adults across disease severities and socioeconomic distributions. A systematic approach, therefore, is needed to study and implement digital health strategies in older adults. This review will focus on current knowledge of the barriers, benefits and use of digital health in older adults for cardiovascular disease management.
Transoral endoscopic vestibular approach Sistrunk procedure: First reported case series

Background Standard of care for management of thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) is a Sistrunk procedure performed through a transcervical incision. We describe the first series of Sistrunk procedures performed through a transoral endoscopic vestibular approach, eliminating a visible external scar. Methods The transoral endoscopic vestibular approach to the Sistrunk (TEVAS) was performed in patients with TGDCs meeting inclusion criteria who desired a scarless approach. Results Six patients (five females and one male) underwent TEVAS, with a mean age of 38 years (range 16-56 years) and a mean TGDC size of 1.8 cm (range 1.1-2.4 cm). Mean operative time was approximately 5 h (range 2-8 h). There were no surgical complications or recurrences. Conclusions For appropriately selected patients, the TEVAS is an alternative to open neck surgery that provides improved cosmesis while maintaining successful resection outcomes. More data on outcomes including complications and recurrences are needed as additional case information is collected.
Prescribing of antibiotics and other drugs to children from birth to age 5 in the United States: an observational study

Objectives. To inform efforts to reduce pediatric antibiotic use, we measured cumulative pediatric prescriptions for antibiotics and non-antibiotics and how this varies across geography and patient subgroups. Design. Observational study. Setting. United States, 2008-2018. Participants. 207,814 children under age 5 born in the United States between 2008 and 2013 with private medical insurance coverage. Interventions. None. Main outcome measures. Study outcomes included (1) the cumulative number of prescriptions received per child by age 5, (2) the proportion of these prescriptions that were attributable to respiratory infections, (3) the proportion of children who received at least one prescription by age 5, and (4) the fraction of total prescriptions received by the top 20% of prescription recipients. Results. Children received a mean of 8.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] (8.19, 8.22)) prescriptions for antibiotics and 9.81 (95% CI 9.80, 9.82) prescriptions for non-antibiotics by age five. Most antibiotic prescriptions (64%, 95% CI 63, 65) and many non-antibiotic prescriptions (25%, 95% CI 24, 26) were associated with outpatient visits for respiratory infections. By age 5, 93.8% (95% CI 93.4, 94.2) of children had received at least one antibiotic prescription while 88.3% (95% CI 87.9, 88.7) had received at least one prescription for a non-antibiotic. The top 20% of antibiotic prescription recipients accounted for 50.6% of all antibiotic prescriptions, and the top 20% of non-antibiotic prescription recipients accounted for 64.2% of all non-antibiotic prescriptions. Relative to other regions, the South featured higher prescribing rates and earlier time to first prescription. Conclusions. Children in the US receive a substantial number of antibiotics and other prescription drugs early in their lives, largely related to respiratory infections.
Mexico and its Diaspora in the United States: Policies of Emigration since 1848

In the past two decades, changes in the Mexican government's policies toward the 30 million Mexican migrants living in the US highlight the importance of the Mexican diaspora in both countries given its size, its economic power and its growing political participation across borders. This work examines how the Mexican government's assessment of the possibilities and consequences of implementing certain emigration policies from 1848 to 2010 has been tied to changes in the bilateral relationship, which remains a key factor in Mexico's current development of strategies and policies in relation to migrants in the United States. Understanding this dynamic gives an insight into the stated and unstated objectives of Mexico's recent activism in defending migrants' rights and engaging the diaspora, the continuing linkage between Mexican migration policies and shifts in the US-Mexico relationship, and the limits and possibilities for expanding shared mechanisms for the management of migration within the NAFTA framework.
Bridging Alone: Religious Conservatism, Marital Homogamy, and Voluntary Association Membership

This study characterizes social insularity of religiously conservative American married couples by examining patterns of voluntary association membership. Constructing a dataset of 3938 marital dyads from the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, the author investigates whether conservative religious homogamy encourages membership in religious voluntary groups and discourages membership in secular voluntary groups. Results indicate that couples’ shared affiliation with conservative denominations, paired with beliefs in biblical authority and inerrancy, increases the likelihood of religious group membership for husbands and wives and reduces the likelihood of secular group membership for wives, but not for husbands. The social insularity of conservative religious groups appears to be reinforced by homogamy—particularly by wives who share faith with husbands.
Effect of Synthetic Levers on Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticle Formation: Ni5P4 and NiP2.

Due to their unique catalytic, electronic, and redox processes, Ni5P4 and NiP2 nanoparticles are of interest for a wide-range of applications from the hydrogen evolution reaction to energy storage (batteries); yet synthetic approaches to these materials are limited. In the present work, a phase-control strategy enabling the arrested-precipitation synthesis of nanoparticles of Ni5P4 and NiP2 as phase-pure samples using different Ni organometallic precursors and trioctylphosphine (TOP) is described. The composition and purity of the product can be tuned by changing key synthetic levers, including the Ni precursor, the oleylamine (OAm) coordinating solvent and TOP concentrations, temperature, time, and the presence or absence of a moderate temperature soak step to facilitate formation of Ni and/or Ni–P amorphous nanoparticle intermediates. Notably, the 230 °C intermediate step favors the ultimate formation of Ni2P and hinders further phosphidation to form Ni5P4 or NiP2 as phase-pure products. In the absence ...
Five Thousand Feet and Below: The Failure to Adequately Regulate Deepwater Oil Production Technology

Oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico is an important aspect of our domestic energy strategy, and to successfully obtain oil from deep beneath the ocean floor, in thousands of feet of water, an impressive array of technology is utilized by the oil and gas industry. One of the many lessons learned, however, from the Deepwater Horizon disaster is that this technology can present significant risks to human life and the environment if it fails. This Article presents an overview of the technology used to conduct deepwater oil and gas drilling operations, and then examines how the failure to adequately regulate this risky technology played a major role in the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe. This Article also summarizes the actions taken by regulators in response, and questions whether the actions taken are sufficient to prevent another deepwater disaster. The Article concludes by suggesting a number of other actions for consideration by policymakers to reduce the risks associated with producing oil from tens of thousands of feet beneath the ocean’s floor.
An Adaptive Systems Approach to the Implementation and Evaluation of Digital Library Recommendation Systems

The focus for information retrieval systems in digital libraries has shifted from passive repositories of information to recommendation systems that actively participate in retrieving useful information, and can furthermore learn from the retrieval behavior of users. We propose a novel evaluation methodology for such systems based on the concepts of shared knowledge structures, and system development reliability and validity.
Quantitative influences of butyrate or propionate on thermophilic production of methane from biomass.

Sodium butyrate and sodium propionate were continuously infused into separate 4-liter thermophilic digesters. These digesters were operated at 55°C, had a retention time of 20 days, and had a pH of 7.8. Infusion rates were started at 10 mM day−1 and were increased incrementally when new stable external organic acid pool sizes and new stable gas production rates were observed. Stable conditions were obtained in both digesters at an infusion rate of 15 mM day−1, with methanogenesis elevated over that of control digesters. Calculations based on expected CH4 at this infusion rate and measured CH4 production in the treated and control digesters, however, showed an approximately 25% inhibition of methanogenesis in both digesters. A digester infused with sodium chloride showed little or no inhibition at this infusion rate, but was totally inhibited when its infusion rate was increased to 20 mM day−1, and cumulative added NaCl reached 0.38 M. The butyrate and propionate-amended digesters tolerated addition rates of 20 mM day−1, but both failed when they were increased to 25 mM day−1. These results indicate that the thermophilic digesters could function stably at higher external pool sizes of butyrate or propionate than routinely observed.
Ectothiorhodospira mobilis Pelsh, a Photosynthetic Sulfur Bacterium Depositing Sulfur Outside the Cells

Abstract From salt flats on the Galapagos Islands, two strains of a red photosynthetic bacterium were isolated and identified as Ectothiorhodospira mobilis, an organism first described by Pelsh in 1937. The cells are curved in a short spiral, 0.7 to 1.0 μ wide and 2.0 to 4.8 μ long. They are motile by a polar tuft of flagella. Cells contain several large stacks of lamellar membranes, carrying the pigments bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirillo xanthin series. Cell division occurs by binary fission, not budding. The organism is strictly anaerobic and obligately photosynthetic. Its ability to grow well with sulfide, sulfur, thiosulfate, or sulfite as photosynthetic H donors puts it taxonomically in the Thiorhodaceae. During growth with sulfide, elementary sulfur is deposited outside the cells in the medium and disappears during further growth. A limited number of organic carbon compounds can be utilized as hydrogen donors in place of inorganic sulfur compounds. Under these conditions, sulfate can serve as the sulfur source. The enzymes catalase and hydrogenase are present. The newly isolated strains require vitamin B12. They also require a salinity of 2 to 3% NaCl, but they are not extreme halophiles. The organism is not identical with any of the species listed in Bergey's Manual.
How Much More XXX is Generation X Consuming? Evidence of Changing Attitudes and Behaviors Related to Pornography Since 1973

We use data from the General Social Survey (GSS) over a 40-year period (1973-2012) to evaluate changes in attitudes about pornography and pornography consumption among American young adults. One of the major challenges in making comparisons across birth generations is separating the effect of birth cohort from age and period effects. We use an intrinsic estimator to separately identify the effects of age, birth cohort, and time period using 40 years of repeated cross-section data. We find that, relative to the general population, young people's beliefs about whether pornography should be illegal have stayed relatively constant over this 40-year period and, if anything, have slightly increased. We also find that pornography consumption has been increasing across birth generations, though this increase has been smaller than would be inferred based on differences across generations at a single point in time, due to a strong age component in consumption patterns.