cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear acoustic crack detection in thermoelectric wafers

We present an acoustic technique for noninvasive crack detection in small (approximately 30.0 ×18.0 × 0.5 mm) thermoelectric wafers. The technique is based on exciting the wafers with a low-frequency signal that drives the crack to open and close periodically, and a high-frequency signal that is permitted to propagate through the closed crack and prohibited from propagating through the open crack. Interaction between the low- and high-frequency signals and the crack leads to generation of acoustic nonlinearities in the wafer. In contrast to existing acoustic crack detection techniques we utilize standing waves within the wafers to facilitate simultaneous crack detection throughout the wafer, we do not require uniform dimensions and material properties between wafers, and we do not affix the transducer to the wafers to avoid damaging the wafers. We present a mathematical model of the acoustic nonlinearity generation process and develop a procedure for identifying cracked wafers. We implement this technique experimentally and correctly identify cracked and crack-free wafers with total error in low single digits. This acoustic crack detection technique finds application in manufacturing of thermoelectric wafer and other wafers, where identifying cracks early in the manufacturing process results in significant time and cost savings.
Poincaré series of compressed local Artinian rings with odd top socle degree

Abstract We define a notion of compressed local Artinian ring that does not require the ring to contain a field. Let ( R , m ) be a compressed local Artinian ring with odd top socle degree s, at least five, and socle ( R ) ∩ m s − 1 = m s . We prove that the Poincare series of all finitely generated modules over R are rational, sharing a common denominator, and that there is a Golod homomorphism from a complete intersection onto R.
Do gender differences in housework performance and informal adult caregiving explain the gender gap in depressive symptoms of older adults

We assess whether gender differences in domestic time-use, including informal adult caregiving and housework, explain the gender gap in depression among older adults. Using data from the Panel Stud...
Radiology of the Pediatric Foot and Ankle

Radiographic interpretation of the pediatric foot and ankle is challenging. Not only do radiographic presentations vary at different ages, but variation occurs from patient to patient even at the same age, especially between male and female. Furthermore, several bones are not yet visible radiographically in the infant, which can confound observation and determination of osseous relationships and alignment. This chapter will provide guidance to address these challenges by discussing normal developmental anatomy, developmental variants, positioning techniques (including radiation protection and safety), and alignment relationships.
Influence of aggressive environmental aging on mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of Ultra Violet (UV) Cured in Place Pipe liners:

Ultraviolet light cured-in-place pipe is a popular trenchless rehabilitation technology used to repair existing buried pipelines without soil excavation. A polymer composite liner is manufactured d...
Teachers Are People Too: Examining the Racial Bias of Teachers Compared to Other American Adults:

Schools are heralded by some as unique sites for promoting racial equity. Central to this characterization is the presumption that teachers embrace racial equity and teaching about this topic. In c...
Acoustic wave propagation in anisotropic media with applications to piezoelectric materials

In this paper, we analyze acoustic wave propagation in anisotropic fluids and solids. By formulating the acoustic system as an evolution equation over a Hilbert space, we obtain global in time solu...
Probing Nuclear Gluons with Heavy Flavor Production at EIC

The nuclear modifications of the parton densities in different regions of x (EMC effect, antishadowing, shadowing) reveal aspects of the fundamental QCD substructure of nucleon interactions in the nucleus. We study the feasibility of measuring nuclear gluon densities at large x using open heavy flavor production (charm, beauty) in DIS at EIC. This includes (a) charm production rates and kinematic dependences; (b) charm reconstruction at large xB using exclusive and inclusive modes, enabled by particle identification and vertex detection; (c) impact of inclusive charm data on nuclear gluon density.
Beyond Just Giving Care: Exploring the Role of Culture in Chinese American Personal Care Aides' Work

As the number of older Chinese Americans with immigration background increases, there is a growing need for Chinese American personal care aides (CA-PCAs) to assist them with aging at home by providing culturally congruent and linguistically competent service. However, little is known about how culture factors into the caregiving process and influences CA-PCAs' well-being. In this study, two focus groups were conducted with ten immigrant CA-PCAs and conventional content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Seven cultural themes were identified, including guanxi (relationship), renqing (favor), mianzi/lian (face), hierarchy and authority, communication, harmony, and elder respect. By drawing attention to the idiosyncratic cultural landscape and entailed challenges faced by underrepresented CA-PCAs, the investigators corroborate the importance of cultural sensitivity for working with ethnic minority non-familial caregivers. The findings shed light on cultural factors that can be targeted by culturally sensitive direct practices, programs, and policies.
Techniques for and uncertainties of MRI-based reconstruction of titanium tandem and ring brachytherapy applicators.

Abstract Purpose Eliminating patient computed tomography (CT) scans for tandem and ring (T&R) brachytherapy can reduce overall procedure time and eliminates imaging dose. However, reconstructing titanium applicators in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is challenging. We evaluated the uncertainty of different applicator reconstruction workflows in MR-guided brachytherapy, and assessed the clinical impact of reconstruction uncertainties. Methods and materials Titanium MRI-compatible T&Rs with aqueous gel in the buildup cap were reconstructed on CTs and MRIs to assess the uncertainties of four different workflows. Reconstruction was performed using (1) proton density–weighted MRIs with solid applicator from a library, (2) applicator-only reference CT fused with MRIs, (3) T2-weighted (T2W) MRIs following GEC-ESTRO guidelines, and (4) patient CTs fused with patient MRIs with in situ applicators. We evaluated dwell positions and plan quality differences using high-risk clinical target volume coverage, and EQD2 D2cc of rectum, sigmoid, bladder, and small bowel. Results The 2σ uncertainty for dwell positions for each workflow were (1) 2.7 mm for both ring and tandem, (2) 1.4 mm ring and 0.8 mm tandem, (3) 0.2 mm ring and 0.8 mm tandem, and (4) 1.9 mm ring and 0.4 mm tandem. Reconstruction uncertainties resulted in dose variations within acceptable levels (below 10%) except for (1) which resulted in larger dose to the rectum (20%). Dose uncertainties were similar between reference CT and patient CT. Conclusions Reconstruction with a reference CT results in similar uncertainty to a patient CT. T2W MRI plans have acceptable uncertainty levels for the applicator reconstruction and resulting dose distributions.
It Is Really Simple: Foods and Human Health, The Whole Story

Evidence continues to emerge that the gut-associated microbiome plays a central role in mediating the effects of diet on human health. A recent review of this field published in Nutrients, "The Western Diet-Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease", advances several dimensions of the diet-gut microbiome interaction that have received limited investigation. The intent of this editorial is to focus attention on components of processed foods, the consumption of which may alter the gut-associated microbiome in a manner that accounts for impacts on the immunity-inflammation axis that underlie the pathogenesis of obesity associated metabolic diseases. While examination of the issues that the authors articulate will take time, they unveil a simple fact-eating whole foods is an achievable path to health now. In saving this important observation until the end of their review, Zinocker and Lindseth missed an opportunity to promote an important research strategy: use whole foods as the positive control in discerning those aspects of food processing that are detrimental versus being without effect.
The Golden Ratio of Algorithms to Artists? Streaming Services and the Platformization of Creativity in American Television Production:

In this article, I examine how and why “platformization” was initially made sense of by writers in the American television industry. As streaming platforms entered the production space and became i...
Cryogenic mechanical alloying of aluminum matrix composites for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Cryogenic mechanical alloying (cryomilling) was employed to fabricate aluminum matrix composite powder feedstock for additive manufacturing. The high energy milling of the powder system induces a h...
Adjustable Suture Modifier

Adjustable sutures should only be considered in patients who are able to cooperate post-operatively under topical anesthesia. This is often confirmed by performing a “Q tip test,” where the conjunctiva is manipulated with a cotton swab to see how the patient reacts. Several studies have shown the efficacy in reducing the need for repeat operations after using an adjustable technique (Haridas et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD004240, 2013). It is surgeon dependent whether to opt for an adjustable suture technique, based on the patient presentation. Many surgeons will reserve adjustable strabismus surgery for patients with thyroid eye disease, or adult reoperations.
Case 12-2021: A 78-Year-Old Man with a Rash on the Scalp and Face.

A Man with a Rash on the Scalp and Face A 78-year-old man was admitted with a forehead and scalp rash and eyelid edema on the left side. The rash spread to the right side, with lesions appearing as...
Investigating Diseases and Chemicals in COVID-19 Literature with Text Mining

Abstract Given the rapidly unfolding nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to streamline the literature synthesis of the growing scientific research to elucidate targeted solutions. Traditional systematic literature review studies have restrictions, including analyzing a limited number of papers, having various biases, being time-consuming and labor-intensive, focusing on a few topics, and lack of data-driven tools. This research has collected 9298 papers representing COVID-19 research published through May 5, 2020. We used frequency analysis to find highly frequent manifestations and therapeutic chemicals, representing the importance of the two biomedical concepts. This study also applied topic modeling that provided 25 categories showing associations between the two overarching categories. This study is beneficial to researchers for obtaining a macro-level picture of literature, to educators for knowing the scope of literature, and to policymakers and funding agencies for creating scientific strategic plans regarding COVID-19.
Leveraging data science to enhance suicide prevention research: a literature review.

Objective The purpose of this research is to identify how data science is applied in suicide prevention literature, describe the current landscape of this literature and highlight areas where data science may be useful for future injury prevention research. Design We conducted a literature review of injury prevention and data science in April 2020 and January 2021 in three databases. Methods For the included 99 articles, we extracted the following: (1) author(s) and year; (2) title; (3) study approach (4) reason for applying data science method; (5) data science method type; (6) study description; (7) data source and (8) focus on a disproportionately affected population. Results Results showed the literature on data science and suicide more than doubled from 2019 to 2020, with articles with individual-level approaches more prevalent than population-level approaches. Most population-level articles applied data science methods to describe (n=10) outcomes, while most individual-level articles identified risk factors (n=27). Machine learning was the most common data science method applied in the studies (n=48). A wide array of data sources was used for suicide research, with most articles (n=45) using social media and web-based behaviour data. Eleven studies demonstrated the value of applying data science to suicide prevention literature for disproportionately affected groups. Conclusion Data science techniques proved to be effective tools in describing suicidal thoughts or behaviour, identifying individual risk factors and predicting outcomes. Future research should focus on identifying how data science can be applied in other injury-related topics.
Representation through Taxation: Revenue, Politics, and Development in Postcommunist States

1. Taxes, representation, and economic development in the Russian heartland 2. The creation of tax systems 3. The logic of representation through taxation 4. Patterns of collective-goods provision 5. Revenue traps 6. Conclusions.
Traces of Commutators of Integral Operators – the Aftermath

We review the papers of J. Helton with R. Howe on traces of commutators of Hilbert space operators, and survey their influence in the 35 years since publication.
TRANSLOCATION OF $sup 90$Sr FROM MATERNAL SKELETON TO PROGENY DURING GESTATION AND LACTATION.

The fractional translocation of 90 Sr to progeny during gestation and lactation was determined in five adult Beagles previously fed a diet containing 1.1 or 3.3 μ Ci 90 Sr/g Ca. These proven dams were fed approximately 4 or 12 μ Ci 90 Sr per day for about one year during adulthood, and after 85, 102, 150, and 286 days on non-radioactive food they were re-bred. The body burdens of the dams and/or their litters were determined in vivo by monitoring of the ( 90 Sr + 90 Y) bremsstrahlung at the time of breeding, whelping, during nursing, and at weaning, at which time the animals were sacrificed and their body burdens radiochemically confirmed. From 10–30% of the maternal skeletal burden of 90 Sr was lost by the combined influence of gestation and lactation. The fractional loss of 90 Sr appeared to have been dependent primarily on litter size, but may also have been influenced by the length of time from acquisition of the body burden to breeding. At birth the 90 Sr content of the litters represented less than 1 % of the initial maternal body burdens and increased to more than 10% at weaning. The body burdens of the litters at weaning accounted for nearly 30% of the maternal loss. These data suggest that the evaluation of possible radiation hazards to the newborn from biospheric contamination requires knowledge of the maternal contribution to the body burden of the offspring as well as that from dietary sources.
Complex projective hypersurfaces of general type: toward a conjecture of Green and Griffiths

Let X be a geometrically smooth n-dimensional projective algebraic complex hypersurface in P^{n+1}(C). Using Green-Griffiths jets, we establish the existence of nonzero global algebraic differential equations that must be satisfied by every nonconstant entire holomorphic curve C -> X if X is of general type, namely if its degree d satisfies the optimal possible lower bound: d >= n + 3. The case n = 2 dates back to Green-Griffiths 1979, while according to very recent advances (Invent. Math. 180, pp. 161-223, February 2010), the best (and only) lower degree bound known previously in arbitrary dimension n was, using instead Demailly-Semple jets, something like d >= 2^{n^4} . n^{5n^3}, which, visibly, was far from the conjectured n + 3.
A role for the passage helix in the DNA cleavage reaction of eukaryotic topoisomerase II. A two-site model for enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage.

Eukaryotic topoisomerase II is capable of binding two separate nucleic acid helices prior to its DNA cleavage and strand passage events (Zechiedrich, E. L., and Osheroff, N (1990) EMBO J. 9, 4555-4562). Presumably, one of these helices represents the helix that the enzyme cleaves (i.e. cleavage helix), and the other represents the helix that it passes (i.e. passage helix) through the break in the nucleic acid backbone. To determine whether the passage helix is required for reaction steps that precede the enzyme's DNA strand passage event, interactions between Drosophila melanogaster topoisomerase II and a short double-stranded oligonucleotide were assessed. These studies employed a 40-mer that contained a specific recognition/cleavage site for the enzyme. The sigmoidal DNA concentration dependence that was observed for cleavage of the 40-mer indicated that topoisomerase II had to interact with more than a single oligonucleotide in order for cleavage to take place. Despite this requirement, results of enzyme DNA binding experiments indicated no binding cooperativity for the 40-mer. These findings strongly suggest a two-site model for topoisomerase II action in which the passage and the cleavage helices bind to the enzyme independently, but the passage helix must be present for efficient topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage to occur.
Boric acid poisoning treated by exchange transfusion; report of a case.

A new approach to the treatment of boric acid poisoning is presented. In the absence of any antidote or specific therapy for this type of poisoning, an exchange transfusion using a quantity of blood approximately 4 times the patient9s blood volume was performed. The amount of boric acid removed was quantitatively measured by a technique which is described. The values thus obtained demonstrated that the exchange transfusion resulted in the removal of at least 36 per cent of the total boric acid in this infant9s body. Twenty-four hours later a second exchange transfusion was performed using a volume of blood 2 times the infant9s circulating blood volume. This exchange was shown to have resulted in the removal of 20 per cent of the remaining boric acid. In view of the high mortality rate previously reported in similar cases, we believe that the performance of this procedure on our patient materially contributed to his recovery. The favorable evidence presented in this report, suggests that exchange transfusion should be undertaken in selected cases of boric acid poisoning and is worthy of further evaluation. Semi-quantitative and quantitative techniques for the estimation of the boric acid content of blood and urine are described.
Districting and Routing for Solid Waste Collection

The theory and procedure of an heuristic algorithm that routes a known number of solid waste collection vehicles on a street network is presented. The network is assumed to be planar and connected, consisting of undirected streets. Each street has a travel cost and solid waste load associated with it. The purposes of the procedure are to determine collection districts. The districts must be such that the sum of solid waste loads within each district does not exceed vehicle capacity. Since the vehicle will necessarily traverse some streets where collection is not required and retraverse other streets more times than necessary for collection, the proposed algorithm attempts to minimize the sum of travel costs for these retraced streets. The algorithm determines districts and tours simultaneously. For each tour it lists a sequence of streets and specifies whether the street is merely traveled or also serviced.
Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Structures using Extended Bond Graphs

In this paper, the Extended Bond Graphs (EBG) is used to model a multi-body dynamic system. To date, the EBG is primarily based upon the material description of the irreversible thermodynamics of continua from continuum mechanics. Most of its applications are limited to systems with small spatial motion. In order to simulate various rigid and deformable multi-body systems exhibiting large overall motions, the EBG for moving reference frames is formulated in this paper. To this end, the EBG formulations for structural mechanics and for multi-rigid-body dynamic systems can be treated as special cases of the EBG in moving reference frames. Finally, the EBG formulation is used to derive models of one-link and two-link flexible manipulator systems.
Prenatal diagnosis of intracranial lipoma associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum

Background : Lipoma of the corpus callosum is a congenital malformation present in 1:1700 individuals. Only three cases of prenatal sonographic diagnosis have been described. Cases : Two cases of prenatal sonographic diagnosis of intracranial lipoma are described. The first case was visible at 26 weeks' gestation and was associated with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, a characteristic midline gyral pattern, and fetal colpocephaly. The second case was an isolated lipoma diagnosed at 37 weeks. In both cases transvaginal scanning and color Doppler studies were useful adjuncts in making the diagnosis. Conclusion : Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of intracranial lipoma associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum is possible as early as 26 weeks' gestation. Because prognosis depends on associated anomalies, a detailed examination of fetal intracranial anatomy and a complete anatomic survey should be performed. Awareness of this lesion can be expected to increase its detection on prenatal sonography.
Inefficiencies in Health Care Provision

This essay seeks to elucidate salient issues on the topic of inefficiency in the provision of health care. We begin with a discussion on the definition of efficiency, and the particular forms it can take in health care. From there, we define a useful framework for thinking about ways in which efficiency in the health care system can be improved. We describe cutting edge research being conducted in the field, and the major challenges to furthering the research agenda in this area, not the least of which is the unique nature of health care itself. We conclude with a discussion about key issues for future research, including the importance of incorporating multidisciplinary perspectives into this research. Keywords: health care; inefficient health care; hospital readmission; research; economics; health care system; health care provision
Breakdown and optical emission characteristics of point-to-point electrodes subject to pulsed 20kHz applied field in sub-atmospheric pressure N 2 -He gas mixtures

In power systems, corona and partial discharges are among the causes of failure under high electric fields and stresses. The breakdown initiation voltage is a function of several design and environmental parameters: operation pressure, background gas type, electrode gap and its geometry, and the applied voltage level and frequency. In this paper, the breakdown characteristics of a point-to-point electrode geometry in sub-atmospheric pressure nitrogen and helium gas mixture are presented. A 20 kHz unipolar pulsed signal is applied to electrodes and the breakdown voltage, current, and optical emission waveforms are collated. In addition, breakdown voltage versus pressure data is presented and time resolved optical emission spectra and fast frame image data are recorded. The spectroscopic data and image data are compared, and a time evolution of the breakdown events is presented.
A Review of “The Battle of Ole Miss: Civil Rights v. States Rights”

Historians frequently alter their res- earch focus from one project to the next, but usually the discerning reader can understand how they moved from point A to point B. Frank Lambert takes a huge ...
Erratum to “The Thrombotic and Arrhythmogenic Risks of Perioperative NSAIDs” J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 28(2014):369-378

The Publisher regrets that the author list was not complete in the final printed version of the above article. These corrected author list and affiliations are listed below. Jamie R. Wingate, MD, Iki Adachi, MD, Kathleen Fenton, MD, Anne Janvier, MD, PhD, Barbara Farlow, MBA and Emad B. Mossad, MD, From *the Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX; †International Childrens Heart Foundation, Memphis TN; ‡University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; § DeVeber Institute for Bioethics and Social Research, North York, Canada. The Publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. DOI of original article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2014.07.018
Factors Influencing Consumer Choice of a "Rating Web Site": An Experimental Investigation of an Online Interactive Decision Aid

This study examines consumer choice of Rating Web Sites as online, interactive, decision aids. A series of studies, including qualitative research and a laboratory experiment, investigate factors that infiuence consumer choice of Rating Web Sites. The context for the quantitative research is information search on laptop computers. Based on in-depth interviews, importance ratings, and binomial logistic regression analysis, the final results show that credibility of the Rating Web Site is the most important attribute, followed by the opportunity for customization of information. In contrast, having information on many alternatives is not as important; instead, reducing risk and saving search effort appear to be the ultimate underlying motives for using Rating Web Sites.
Dike intrusions beneath grabens south of Arsia Mons, Mars

[1] The existence of igneous dikes beneath grabens in Tharsis remains contentious due to conflicting observations of Martian geomorphology. We examine the topographic signatures of a Tharsis-radial graben array in 3 zones south of Arsia Mons. We identify dikes beneath grabens in all of the zones, with fewer dike-induced grabens closer to Arsia Mons. We infer that a single radial swarm of dikes outside the magmatic source area, central Tharsis, is unlikely. Our observations instead favor a long and varied magmatic history throughout Tharsis with several episodes of dike injection.
Erythropoietic effects of PGE2 and 2 endoperoxide analogs.

The erythropoietic effects in exhypoxic polycythemic mice of two endoperoxide analogs were assessed and compared with PGE2. The 9a, 11a epoxymethano analog (U-44069) was found to be a much more potent erythropoietic stimulus than the 11a,9a analog (U-46619) or PGE2.
The legacy of Georges Cuvier in Auguste Comte's natural philosophy

Abstract This paper traces conceptual links between the works of Georges Cuvier and Auguste Comte. The primary conceptual link between the two, and the focus of this paper, is the ‘principle of the conditions of existence’. This principle lies at the heart of Cuvier's theoretical biology and it was adopted by Comte, in modified form, to serve as a foundational concept for his comprehensive and biologically oriented natural philosophy. Contrary to popular interpretations of Cuvier's thought, it is argued that both Cuvier and Comte understood the principle of the conditions of existence as the basis for a non-teleological form of explanation and a properly scientific alternative to the metaphysics of final causation. This conceptual link is historically significant, for the principle of the conditions of existence was also an important concept for French physiologists of the second half of the nineteenth century, including Claude Bernard, who were highly influenced by Comte's natural philosophy. Tracing the legacy of Cuvier in Comte's natural philosophy should thus clarify the work of both of these thinkers while bringing into focus an important line of nineteenth-century conceptual development.
Heating of Heavy Ions by Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection Driven Collisionless Shocks

Shock heating and particle acceleration processes are some of the most fundamental physical phenomena of plasma physics, with countless applications in laboratory physics, space physics, and astrophysics. This study is motivated by previous observations of nonthermal heating of heavy ions in astrophysical shocks. Here we focus on shocks driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), which heat the solar wind and accelerate particles. This study focuses specifically on the heating of heavy ions caused by these shocks. Previous studies have focused only on the two dynamically dominant species, H+ and He+2. This study utilizes thermal properties measured by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft to examine heavy ion heating. This instrument provides data for many heavy ions not previously available for detailed study, such as oxygen (O+6, O+7), carbon (C+5, C+6), and iron (Fe+10). The ion heating is found to depend critically on the upstream plasma β, mass-to-charge ratio of the ion, M/Q, and shock magnetic angle, θBn. Ours is similar to past studies in that there is no strong dependence of ion heating on Mach number. The heating mechanism described in Lee & Wu is examined to explain the observed heating trends in the heavy ion thermal data.
In-situ diagnostics of HOx Radicals in Low- and Intermediate-Temperature Oxidation of Dimethyl Ether

Simultaneous in-situ quantification of HO2 and OH in combustion of dimethyl ether using a Faraday rotation spectroscopy is presented. The experiments were performed in an atmospheric flow reactor over a temperature range of 500-1150K.
Effects of supplements on the bioaccumulation of lead in Anabaena spp.

Heavy metals are known to be insidious toxic pollutants in the natural environment and their presence in aquatic systems is a current major concern. Since the primary producers, green algae and cyanobacteria, are able to accumulate large quantities of metals, these contaminants can be efficiently passed along in the food chain. However, the ability to accumulate metals from solution also indicates their potential use as sequestering agents in metal recovery systems. Previous studies on the mechanisms of metals uptake have demonstrated that the process generally takes place in two distinct stages. The first stage has been described as a passive adsorption of ions and it is likely that a number of different functional groups are involved in this process. The second stage of uptake is slower and involves active transport mechanisms requiring cellular energy. A descriptive model of long-term metal uptake, including experiments in media enrichments, has been lacking in previous research. Understanding the process of metal uptake and its relation to cell growth over longer periods of time is important to both the development of recovery systems and the production of metal transport through the ecosystem. The objectives of this research are to investigate (1) the effects of carbonmore » dioxide and waste water enrichments on the simultaneous culture and lead uptake in Anabaena during a 30-day culture period and (2) the effects of energy supply on the lead uptake.« less
The fixed effects negative binomial model revisited

Abstract In this paper I show that the conditional fixed effects negative binomial model for count panel data does not control for individual fixed effects unless a very specific set of assumptions are met. I also propose a score test to verify whether these assumptions are met.
La medievalización de La voluntad de Azorín

The literary controversy between tradition and innovation has decisively influenced post-imperial Spanish literature. As a consequence of the progressive loss of international political influence, Spanish writers observed a decline in European readers and reacted with a significantly defensive nationalist position. Nationalism and literature have maintained an intimate relationship in Spain ever since. Azorin, aware of his position on the margins of the literary market, attempts to connect with fashionable European impressionism, alleging a Spanish origin of the movement, especially noting its mystical components, which he considered Spanish. The result is a creative effort to produce a hybrid text that combines Spanish and European literary elements. Even though these authors do not accomplish their mission of increasing their readership, they do succeed, perhaps unintentionally, in creating an original product that interestingly shows the process undergone by these writers in their attempt to be fashion...
New Route of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Nickel Phosphide (C/Ni2P) Nanocomposite

Abstract A novel, fast, and easy method for synthesizing a carbon-supported Ni2P nanocomposite (C/Ni2P) is described. The process involves a reaction between a nickel salt, phosphoric acid, and a carbon source by utilizing microwave irradiation. The carbon source for the nanocomposite is from renewable supplies, namely, tannin and lignin. The method has successfully synthesized Ni2P nanoparticles dispersed in a carbon matrix with a particle size ranging from 20 to 50 nm in diameter. During the microwave process, tannin and lignin provided a reducing environment in the microwave irradiation process. The synthesized products are characterized by several characterization methods. The method showed that phosphoric acid, which is a nontoxic compound, could be used as an alternative P source for synthesizing Ni2P. The method is fast, easy, and an economical process to synthesize the carbon-coated Ni2P nanocomposite.
Regeneration and photoreactivation after ultraviolet irradiation of moss cells

Abstract Three species of moss, Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Hampe, and Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) BSG (Funariaceae) were examined for (a) the presence of a photoreactivating (PR) repair mechanism after ultraviolet (u.v.) irradiation and (b) the time necessary for photoreactivation to occur. No PR of regeneration was detected in either Funaria hygrometrica or Physcomitrium pyriforme; however, Physcomitrella patens did show significantly increased survival when cultures were exposed to visible light after u.v. irradiation. The length of time necessary for repair in visible light depended on the magnitude of initial u.v. exposure.
Sexual Entitlement: Rights and AIDS, The Early Years*

While traditionally social scientists saw politics as an independent force acting on law, today it seems appropriate to also view law as an agent in the construction of political identities, aspirations and tactics. Here, the AIDS epidemic illuminates this relationship. Soon after AIDS was identified, the cities of San Francisco and San Diego moved to close the gay baths as breeding grounds for the disease. The struggle over that policy reveals how law enters into the debates within the homosexual community, and at least partially constitutes individual identity in that community.
Replacement policy: The impact of technological advances

Abstract This paper contends that equipment replacement analysis should consider the implications of technological change, since a like-for-like replacement is unrealistic with the current state of technological change. The major effects of improvements are a decrease in salvage value and the opportunity expense of not implementing the latest innovations. A discussion of technology changes and their effects on equipment replacement is presented. The improvements may appear as gradual changes and as major breakthroughs. The replacement model developed uses a future worth analysis, continuous discounting, discrete cash flows, a range of planning horizons, and the incorporation of tax effects.
Some Aspects of the Use of Infrared Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy for Studies of Chemisorbed Species

Abstract Photothermal bean deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) was used to record infrared (IR) spectra of monolayers of pyridine adsorbed on particulate adsorbers which absorb IR radiation weakly, and of pyrene adsorbed on medium- and high-temperature carbons which are very strong IR absorbers. The various results show that although some IR data about surface layers on weak absorbers can be obtained, the data are generally inferior in quality than those obtainable with IR transmission/ absorption measurements. PBDS results decrease in quality as the transparency of the sample increases. Increasing the specific surface area and the degree of compaction of the sample can lead to an improvement, but a high surface area per se is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition. The scattering of IR radiation appears to be the most important of the parameters which can affect the quality of the PBD spectra, and a favourable combination of surface area, compaction and especially scattering effects can result. In general, the PBD technique has little to offer for use with non-scattering weak absorbers, but can be usefully applied with highly-scattering weak absorbers. With the other extreme type of sample, the very strong absorbers, PBDS has been used to observe monolayers of pyrene on medium- and high-temperature carbons. Although the spectra of the adsorbed species are relatively poor in comparison to those obtained with medium or strong absorbers, improvements in technique seem possible, so that PBDS will become a unique method for the study of surface effects with very strong absorbers.
Motor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury Enhanced by Strengthening Corticospinal Synaptic Transmission

The corticospinal tract is an important target for motor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in animals and humans. Voluntary motor output depends on the efficacy of synapses between corticospinal axons and spinal motoneurons, which can be modulated by the precise timing of neuronal spikes. Using noninvasive techniques, we developed tailored protocols for precise timing of the arrival of descending and peripheral volleys at corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses of an intrinsic finger muscle in humans with chronic incomplete SCI. We found that arrival of presynaptic volleys prior to motoneuron discharge enhanced corticospinal transmission and hand voluntary motor output. The reverse order of volley arrival and sham stimulation did not affect or decreased voluntary motor output and electrophysiological outcomes. These findings are the first demonstration that spike timing-dependent plasticity of residual corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses provides a mechanism to improve motor function after SCI. Modulation of residual corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses may present a novel therapeutic target for enhancing voluntary motor output in motor disorders affecting the corticospinal tract.
On the Internationalization of the Wireless Telecommunications Industry: A Market-Based Analysis of Six European Service Providers

Companies can benefit from diversifying internationally. This article analyzes the internationalization efforts of six major European wireless telecommunications service providers: Telefonica, Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, Vodafone, Telenor and TeliaSonera. Although all six companies have invested heavily in foreign markets, their internationalization paths have not been the same, resulting in foreign market portfolios with different characteristics. Utilizing a proportionate customer weighting scheme based on the number of subscribers controlled by a company in each market, the article examines how the companies compared in 2007 versus 2002 in their extent and scope of internationalization and in the attractiveness of their foreign market portfolios with respect to some key growth, profitability, and risk market characteristics.
Uptake of ozone in human lungs and its relationship to local physiological response

To investigate whether intersubject variations in the dose of inhaled ozone (O(3)) cause corresponding variations in the physiological response, 28 female and 32 male nonsmokers participated in a 1-h continuous inhalation of clean air or 0.25 ppm O(3) while exercising on a cycle ergometer at a constant ventilation rate of 30 L/min. The exposure protocols included continuous monitoring of respiratory flow rate and O(3) concentration from which O(3) uptake (OZU) and fractional uptake efficiency (UE) were computed. Pre-to-post changes in forced expired volume in 1 s (%DeltaFEV(1)), peripheral cross section for carbon dioxide diffusion (%Delta A(P)), and Fowler dead space volume (V(D)) were also measured for each exposure. Individual values of UE ranged from .70 to .98 among all the subjects, with significant differences (p<.05) existing between men and women. These intersubject differences were inversely correlated with breathing frequency and directly correlated with tidal volume. The mean +/- SD values of %Delta FEV(1), %Delta A(P), and %Delta V(D) were all significantly more negative in the O(3) exposure session (-13.31 +/- 13.40, -8.14 +/- 7.62, and -4.20 +/- 5.12, respectively) than in the air exposure session (-0.06 +/- 4.56, 0.22 +/- 10.82, and -0.70 +/- 6.88, respectively). Finally, our results showed that neither %DeltaFEV(1) nor %Delta V(D) was correlated OZU, whereas there was a significant relationship (rho = -0.325, p = .0257) between %Delta A(P) and OZU. We conclude that the overall uptake of O(3) is a weak predictor of intersubject variations in distal airspace response, but is not a predictor of intersubject variations in conducting airway responses.
RNs' transitions into director of nursing positions in nursing homes: Hiring practices and role development

The current paper discusses RNs' transitions into their first nursing home director of nursing (DON) position, including hiring practice and role development. A convenience sample of 29 current and previous DONs and nursing home administrators completed semistructured interviews for the current qualitative, descriptive study. Using thematic analysis, the finding revealed three primary themes: (a) DON hiring criteria are not necessarily matched to role demands; (b) various pathways to developing DON expertise suggest an undervaluing of the competencies needed to effectively enact this nursing leadership position; and (c) although limited formal training for the DON position was well-acknowledged, concerns or reports of the consequences varied, and there is no consensus as to the optimal route to preparation. Overall, the current study findings highlight gaps across practice, policy, and research, emphasizing the consequences of limited attention to gathering evidence of the breadth and depth of DON role demands and related role qualifications.
Joint transmitter adaptation and power control for cognitive radio networks with target SIR requirements

Abstract In this paper we study joint transmitter adaptation and power control in the uplink of Cognitive Radio (CR) networks with target values imposed on the signal-to-interference +noise-ratios (SINR) at the CR receiver. We use a framework based on block transmissions and linear precoders to formulate this as a constrained optimization problem for which we discuss the conditions that must be satisfied by the optimal solution. We also present an algorithm which adapts the transmit precoder and power values incrementally until a fixed point is reached where the specified target SINRs are achieved with minimum transmitted power. Convergence of the proposed algorithm is discussed and is illustrated with numerical examples obtained from simulations.
Can we expect vasodilator therapy to prolong life in patients with congestive heart failure

Recent evidence from the Veterans Administration Vasodilator Heart Failure Trial supports the prophylactic use of a combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate to prolong life in patients with congestive heart failure. The clinical utility of such a combination vasodilator regimen may be limited, however, by its high frequency of adverse reactions, the lack of evidence that such a regimen enhances exercise tolerance, the inconvenience of taking a large number of tablets daily for a prophylactic indication, and the dearth of clinical experience combining hydralazine-nitrate with agents that may be clinically indicated to produce long-term symptomatic benefits (i.e., converting-enzyme inhibitors). Controlled evidence in animals and uncontrolled evidence in humans suggest that converting-enzyme inhibitors may also favorably modify prognosis, perhaps by antagonizing the deleterious actions of endogenous neurohormonal systems. Trials (presently in progress) are designed to evaluate the hypothesis that converting-enzyme inhibitors exert beneficial effects on the survival of patients with congestive heart failure comparable to those reported with hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate.
Literacy and the Notion of Person on Nukulaelae Atoll

Written discourse produced on Nukulaelae atoll of Western Polynesia falls principally in two categories: personal letters and religious sermons. Personal-letter writing is a highly affective communicative context, in which the vulnerable aspects of the person are highlighted. Sermons, in contrast, elaborate authoritarianism and directness. The divergent characteristics of Nukulaelae literacy practices are best understood in terms of their relationship to contexts of use, particularly to the notion of person articulated through them.
Outdoor air pollution, family and neighborhood environment, and asthma in LA FANS children

We examined associations between outdoor air pollution and childhood asthma, using measures of SES, neighborhood quality, and social support from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LA FANS). We linked residential census tracts for 3114 children to government air monitoring stations and estimated average pollutant concentrations for the year before interview. CO and NO(2) levels increased and O(3) levels decreased as neighborhood quality decreased, yet correlations were low. Pollutant levels were not correlated with neighborhood support. Even after adjustment for social environment characteristics, LA FANS children living in high O(3), PM(10), and CO areas appeared to have worse asthma morbidity.
Scanning visual images:Some structural implications

This experiment was designed to explore the spatial and structural properties of visual imagery. Forty Ss were shown drawings and later asked to verify pictorial features of the drawings from memory One group of Ss was instructed to be able to recall an image of each drawing and to focus initially on one specified end of their images during the subsequent verification task. Another group of Ss were asked to recall a verbal description of each drawing and initially to describe one specified end of a drawing during the verification task. Time to verify pictorial properties was a function of the spatial distance of a property from an initial focus point for both groups, but Ss in the verbal description group experienced much greater difficulty in performing the task. Comparison of these times with those from additional imagery, encoding and verbal encoding groups ~ven no focusing instructions indicated that focusing instructions effectively directed scanning strategies.
Wave spectral moments and Stokes drift estimation

Abstract The relationships between the moments of wave spectra and Stokes drift velocity are calculated for empirical spectral shapes and a third-generation wave model. From an assumed spectral shape and only an estimate of wave period and significant wave height, one may determine: the leading-order Stokes drift, other wave period estimates, and all spectral moments. The conversion factors are tabulated for quick reference for the common empirical spectral shapes. The different spectral shapes considered are shown to exhibit similar spectral moment relationships. Using these relationships, uncertainty in Stokes drift may be decomposed into the uncertainty in spectral shape and a much greater uncertainty due to significant wave height and wave period discrepancies among ERA40/WAM, satellite altimetry, and CORE2 reanalysis-forced WAVEWATCH III simulations. Furthermore, using ERA40 or CORE2 winds and assuming fully-developed waves results in discrepancies that are unable to explain the discrepancies in modeled Stokes drift; the assumption of fully-developed waves is likely the culprit.