cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tinea corporis and tinea capitis.

1. Rosemary Shy, MD* 1. *Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Mich After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the wide variation in presentations of tinea capitis and corporis. 2. Describe that treatment of hair, nails, and beard compared with that for other body sites. 3. Discuss the causes and management of tinea capitis and corporis. 4. Explain why systemic therapy is necessary to eradicate tinea capitis. Tinea is a geographically widespread group of fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. Predominance of type depends on the organism, its hosts, and local factors. Infection may occur through contact with infected humans and animals, soil, or inanimate objects. Tinea should be suspected in any red, scaly, pruritic, enlarging lesion or in pruritic scalp lesions that manifest scaling, folliculitis, or an inflammatory reaction. Gruby, Remak, and Schonlein described the causes of favic tinea in the early 1800s. In the early 1900s, Saboraud classified the dermatophytic fungi. In the 1950s, Kligman further described the natural course and pathogenesis of these infections. In 1958, treatment with oral griseofulvin was introduced, obviating the need to use epilation with radiography or thallium. More recent antifungal medications, the azoles, allylamines, and benzylamines, offer new options of shorter and more convenient dosing regimens. Tinea is a superficial infection of the skin, scalp, nails, or hair caused by dermatophytic fungi that invade the stratum corneum and use keratin as a nutrient source. Dermatophytes have three genera: Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , and Microsporum . The site of formation of arthroconidia, the spore-forming bodies of the dermatophyte, classifies the species causing tinea capitis. Ectothrix species form conidia around the hair shaft and beneath the cuticle of hair. Endothrix species have arthrospores present within the hair shaft. The favic species have hyphae arranged in parallel within and around the hair shaft. For example, T tonsurans is endothrix, M audouini is ectothrix, and T schoenleinii is favic. …
Web-based programmed instruction: evidence of rule-governed learning

Abstract Seventeen graduate students in two classes worked on a web-based programmed instruction tutoring system as the first technical exercise in a JavaTM programming course. The system taught a simple Java applet to display a text string in a browser window on the world wide web. Students completed tests of near transfer and far transfer before and after using the tutor and again after a lecture on the material. The results showed that performance improved over pre-tutor baseline on all assessments, to include the far transfer test, which required integrating information in the tutor into a rule to apply to solve a novel programming problem not explicitly taught in the tutor. Software self-efficacy also increased across four assessment occasions. These data show that programmed instruction can produce problem solving skills and can foster student confidence, based upon the documented mastery of fundamental material in a technical domain. An investigative approach that follows systematic replication, rather than null hypothesis refutation, may be best suited to assess the impact and dependability of competency-based instructional systems.
Economic growth: A review essay

Abstract The last decade has seen an explosion of research on economic growth. Based on a selective review of this literature and the recent book on Economic Growth by Robert Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, we see four main challenges for future research. First, to more tightly link theory and evidence. We think a good way of achieving this would be to follow the methodology common in the business cycle literature of simulating models to compare their predictions to the data. Second, to develop new ways to empirically distinguish between competing theories of endogenous growth. Third, to develop more theories of international productivity differences. Finally, to collect detailed country data bearing on the process of technology diffusion.
Long-term survival of children with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia.

Results of a pilot protocol employing chemoimmunotherapy for treatment of 23 children with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia consecutively diagnosed between 1975 and 1979 are reported. Twenty-two children achieved remission, ten of whom are surviving 6.5–9.5 years after completion of primary systemic therapy (median 7.8 years). Treatment consisted of intermittent courses of Daunomycin, Cytosine Arabinoside, 6-Thioguanine, VP-16, with or without Decadron. Connaught BCC applied between courses of chemotherapy for the first 8 months of treatment, and cranial irradiation/intrathecal Cytosine Arabinoside in early first remission. Five patients with leukemic cells in spinal fluid at diagnosis had myelomonoblastic or monoblastic subtypes and a median diagnostic white blood cell count (WBC) of 149,000/mm3 compared with a median WBC of 12,000/mm3 for the other 18 patients (P = .007).
Effects of infantile handling on morphological development of the rat brain: An exploratory study

Rats were handled daily from day 2 to 11 after birth, inclusive. These animals and unhandled controls were injected on day 11 with a radioactively-labeled precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and killed either 6 hr, 3 or 30 days later. In a subsequent experiment, uninjected rats were likewise permitted to survive until 11, 14, 41, or 101 days of age. Brain weight measurements were taken in all animals, and the brains from the rats of the first experiment prepared for histology and autoradiography, and evaluated quantitatively. The following differences were established: (1) The brains of the handled rats were consistently lighter than controls at 11 and 14 days; (2) These differences were not associated with differences in body weight; (3) Planimetric measurements of sampled regions showed that brain weight differences were correlated with areal size differences; (4) Autoradiographic cell counting indicated that cell proliferation and the formation of new microneurons were higher after injection in the handled than unhandled rats; (5) No differences attributable to the treatment were obtained between relative areas occupied in cortex by perikarya and neuropil. We concluded that handling leads to prolongation of brain maturation and hypothesized that it represents environmentally-induced “infantilization.”
Lyophilized liposomes: a new method for long-term vesicular storage.

AbstractTo facilitate acceptance and use of radiopaque liposomes as novel CT contrast agents, we developed a technique that permits their long-term storage at room temperature. This study compares standard storage procedures with the new method. Multilamellar vesicles were prepared with egg lecithin, cholesterol and stearylamine (4:1:1 molar ratio) as well as diatrizoate. After synthesis, the vesicles were separated into batches: one portion was kept frozen (FRO), another was lyophilized and stored at room temperature (LYO-RT), and a third was thawed and stored at room temperature (RT). Size, structure and biodistribution of vesicles in all three groups were assessed over a 6-month period. Freeze-drying the vesicles caused no apparent damage to their membranes The RT group showed marked aggregation after 1 month, while the LYO-RT and FRO vesicles showed only a slight shift to larger particles after 6 months. At this time, there was no significant change in the biodistribution of the LYO-RT vesicles compar...
A time-dependent response to optical excitation in molecular junctions

We discuss the theoretical modeling of a time-dependent response to optical excitations in molecular junctions. The expression for a time-dependent Raman signal at non-equilibrium is proposed. The optical control of the current, Raman scattering in junctions and time-dependent correlations between charge and photon fluxes is simulated within simple models.
Respiratory protection standard : comments on OSHA's proposed revision

On November 15, 1994, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published in the Federal Register (59:58884-58956) the draft of a proposed revision of the Respiratory Protection Standard. One of OSHA's oldest standards, the Respiratory Protection Standard defines the conduct of the employer (eg, hospital) with respect to respirator training, fit testing, medical examinations, use, storage, and so on. The proposed revision appears to have been drafted with no consideration for its effect on healthcare workers or the healthcare industry. SHEA has prepared the following comments to OSHA, which have been submitted to the docket and will be presented at public hearings later this month.
Frequency of severe storms and global warming

[1] We use five years of data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) to develop a correlation between the frequency of Deep Convective Clouds (DCC) and the zonal mean tropical surface temperature. AIRS data show that the frequency of DCC in the tropical oceans is very temperature sensitive, increasing 45% per 1 K increase of the zonal mean surface temperature. The combination of the sensitivity of the DCC frequency to temperature indicates that the frequency of DCC, and as a consequence the frequency of severe storms, increases at the rate of 6%/decade with the current +0.13 K/decade rate of global warming. This result is only qualitatively consistent with state-of-the-art climate models, where the frequency of the most intense rain events increases with global warming.
Modified sparse distributed memory as transient episodic memory for cognitive software agents

This paper presents a modified sparse distributed memory architecture for use in software agents with natural language processing capabilities. We have modified Kanerva's sparse distributed memory (SDM) into an architecture with a ternary memory space. This enables the memory to be used in IDA, the intelligent distribution agent built for the U.S. Navy. IDA implements Boars' global workspace theory, a psychological theory of consciousness. As a result, it can react to novel and problematic situations in a more flexible, more human-like way than traditional AI systems. IDA performs a function, namely billet assignment, therefore reserved for humans. We argue that such flexibility requires advanced memory systems such as transient episodic memory and autobiographical memory. Here, we present the architecture, tests and results of this modified SDM system which can be used as a transient episodic memory in suitable software agents.
Aiolos is required for the generation of high affinity bone marrow plasma cells responsible for long-term immunity.

Antigenic encounter generates long-term immunity sustained by long-lived high affinity plasma cells resident in the bone marrow (BM). Here we show that the Ikaros family member, Aiolos, is specifically required for the generation of these plasma cells. Failure to generate high affinity plasma cells in the BM and to sustain serum antibody titers is apparent after both primary and secondary immunization of Aiolos − / − mice with a range of hapten concentrations. Chimera reconstitutions demonstrate that the BM plasma cell defect is B cell intrinsic. Lack of Aiolos does not alter expression of any of the previously described factors required for general plasma cell differentiation. No defect in somatic hypermutation, the generation of memory B cells, or short-lived high affinity plasma cells in the spleen was observed upon rechallenge. These studies support a model by which the high affinity plasma cell population in the BM undergoes a unique differentiation program that is dependent on Aiolos.
Electrochemical studies of nickel tris(phenanthroline) in nonaqueous solvents. Part I. General electrochemical behavior and catalytic reactions of low valent species with alkyl and aryl bromides

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of a nickel(II) tris(phenanthroline) complex, Ni(phen)3(ClO4)2, has been investigated in dimethylformamide and is characterized by three reversible electron transfers according to the following scheme: Ni ( II ) ( phen ) 3 2 + ⇌ 2 e − Ni ( 0 ) ( phen ) 2 + phen ; Ni ( 0 ) ( phen ) 2 ⇌ e − Ni ( − I ) ( phen ) − ; phen ⇌ e − phen − . In the lower oxidation states much of the electron density is believed to reside on the phen ligands. Reduction of the complex in the presence of alkyl or phenyl bromide results in an organometallic compound via the reaction: Ni(II)(phen)32+ + 2 RBr + 4 e− → Ni(0)(R)2(phen)+2 phen + 2 Br−. Further reduction of the organometallic brings about the catalytic reductive coupling of excess alkyl bromide present in solution.
Employing labor-supply theory to measure the reward value of electrical brain stimulation

A model drawn from labor-supply theory is shown to provide a good account of time-allocation decisions taken by rats working for rewarding brain stimulation. The model makes it possible to infer, from behavioral data, the growth of the rewarding effect as a function of stimulation strength. Measurement of this function provides information about the stage of the reward circuitry where drugs or lesions alter the rewarding effect. The labor-supply model is used to illustrate how approaches drawn from economics, psychology, and neuroscience can inform each other. The model is linked to a set of psychological processes, including those responsible for transformation of the transient neural signal produced by the rewarding stimulation into an enduring record of payoff, estimation of a mean effort price, delay discounting, and estimation of the substitutability of work and leisure goods. All of these
Novel Tools for Analyzing Proportional Size Distribution Index Data

Abstract Proportional size distribution (PSD) indices are convenient measures for numerically summarizing size structure of fish populations. Several novel methods for analyzing PSD index data were examined as a means for potentially improving inferences of size structure: generalized linear mixed modeling, calculation of location quotients, and simultaneous construction of 100(1 − α)% confidence intervals for PSD indices through multinomial modeling. The methods are demonstrated using simulated and previously published PSD index data. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to (1) conduct a model selection analysis of PSD index data relative to a change in harvest regulation for walleyes Sander vitreus, (2) partition the variance of PSD index data among spatial, temporal, and environmental attributes, and (3) nonlinearly relate PSD data to adult density for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The location quotient, which is an index for describing relative concentration of proportional data, was us...
Analysis of winding inter-turn fault in transformer: A review and transformer models

Transformers have emerged as an integrated part of a power system. Any fault in the transformer can cause a severe outage, which therefore necessitates continuous monitoring and diagnostics of its operation. The renewed thrust in smart power system networks along with the development of advanced methods in the monitoring and diagnostics has resulted in major impetus to research in the related domain. Among the detection of various faults in the transformer (or in any electrical machine in general), detection of winding inter-turn fault is critical since its effect is not easily comprehendible at lower magnitude in the signatures of terminal voltages and currents. Several techniques have been reported in the literature for detecting this fault. This paper reviews and compares the diagnostics methods based on their advantages and limitations. This highlights a further scope in the monitoring and diagnostic of the winding inter-turn fault. Finally, simple analytical models of three- and five-legged transformers are developed based on their electrical and magnetic equivalent circuits, which can be easily implemented in the analysis of winding inter-turn fault. Various results obtained from the analytical models are validated with the help of Finite Element (FE) modeling using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL).
Identifying learners robust to low quality data

Real world datasets commonly contain noise that is distributed in both the independent and dependent variables. Noise, which typically consists of erroneous variable values, has been shown to significantly affect the classification performance of learners. In this study, we identify learners with robust performance in the presence of low quality (noisy) measurement data. Noise was injected into five class imbalanced software engineering measurement datasets, initially relatively free of noise. The experimental factors considered included the learner used, the level of injected noise, the dataset used (each with unique properties), and the percentage of minority instances containing noise. No other related studies were found that have identified learners that are robust in the presence of low quality measurement data. Based on the results of this study, we recommend using the random forest learner for building classification models from noisy data.
Bursicon Signaling Mutations Separate the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition From Programmed Cell Death During Drosophila melanogaster Wing Maturation

Following eclosion from the pupal case, wings of the immature adult fly unfold and expand to present a flat wing blade. During expansion the epithelia, which earlier produced the wing cuticle, delaminate from the cuticle, and the epithelial cells undergo an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The resulting fibroblast-like cells then initiate a programmed cell death, produce an extracellular matrix that bonds dorsal and ventral wing cuticles, and exit the wing. Mutants that block wing expansion cause persistence of intact epithelia within the unexpanded wing. However, the normal progression of chromatin condensation and fragmentation accompanying programmed cell death in these cells proceeds with an approximately normal time course. These observations establish that the Bursicon/Rickets signaling pathway is necessary for both wing expansion and initiation of the EMT that leads to removal of the epithelial cells from the wing. They demonstrate that a different signal can be used to activate programmed cell death and show that two distinct genetic programs are in progress in these cells during wing maturation.
Free Electron Laser Experiment at the NSLS 700 MeV Electron Storage Ring

A free electron laser experiment is described, to be performed with the 700 MeV electron storage ring of the National Synchrotron Light Source. The experiment is designed to study the parameters of the fel in an electron storage ring and the performance of this laser as a source of short wavelength radiation in the VUV region of the spectrum. The initial experiment will be carried out at a wave length of approximately 3000 A, utilizing a permanent magnet undulator. For an average electron current of 1A distributed in three beam bunches, the small signal gain per pass (relative enhancement of the radiation intensity per electron bunch pass through the undulator) is calculated to be approximately 10%.
TURBULENCE TRANSPORT MODELING OF THE TEMPORAL OUTER HELIOSPHERE

The solar wind can be regarded as a turbulent magnetofluid, evolving in an expanding solar wind and subject to turbulent driving by a variety of in situ sources. Furthermore, the solar wind and the drivers of turbulence are highly time-dependent and change with solar cycle. Turbulence transport models describing low-frequency magnetic and velocity fluctuations in the solar wind have so far neglected solar cycle effects. Here we consider the effects of solar cycle variability on a turbulence transport model developed by Zank et al. This model is appropriate for the solar wind beyond about 1 AU, and extensions have described the steady-state dependence of the magnetic energy density fluctuations, correlation length, and solar wind temperature throughout the outer heliosphere. We find that the temporal solar wind introduces a periodic variability, particularly beyond ~10 AU, in the magnetic energy density fluctuations, correlation length, and solar wind temperature. The variability is insufficient to account for the full observed variability in these quantities, but we find that the time-dependent solutions trace the steady-state solutions quite well, suggesting that the steady-state models are reasonable first approximations.
Optimum Hvac-Transmission Expansion Planning - A New Formulation

A new flexible mixed-integer formulation is presented in this paper for solving the single-stage ac-transmission expansion planning problem. This new formulation handles exactly the discrete nature of equipment additions without resorting to linearized incremental approaches, but still uses integer linear programming. The interconnection of a disconnected system is handled directly without resorting to an initial connected system. The optimal configuration at the end of the planning step under consideration minimizes an annually amortized cost function including the investment cost for equipment additions and the operating cost in terms of real-power transmission losses. Using a new efficient linear load-flow model, this new formulation is characterized by a complete decoupling between real and reactive equations. Examples have been incorporated to illustrate the potentials of this new optimum planning formulation.
Spike train distance metric reveals plasticity in discrimination of salient calls by putative excitatory cells of the auditory cortex

Despite significant progress in recent years in characterizing the response properties of neurons in the auditory cortex, the exact role that auditory cortical activity plays in sound processing remains highly debated. One hypothesized function is to improve the detection, discrimination or categorization of sounds that are behaviorally salient. We explore this possibility in a mouse model using species-specific ultrasonic calls. Single unit cortical recordings were taken in awake, head-restrained virgin and mother mice during playback of a variety of conspecific pup and adult calls. Previously [1], we had uncovered plasticity in the inhibition evoked by pup calls as they gained salience, observing changes from virgin to mother mice, the latter which recognize the importance of pup calls. Qualitatively, recorded putative excitatory neurons (based on spike waveform) also appeared different between animal groups in the call-evoked spike rasters. Here, we apply a novel normalization of spike train distances to quantify these differences and demonstrate plasticity in the functional call processing from evoked excitation. We used the Van Rossum and Victora-Purpura distance metrics to quantify differences between the “collapsed” spike trains (i.e. pooled across trials) evoked by different calls. We noticed that the magnitude of these distances were often dominated by overall evoked spike rate, which complicated comparisons across units with different degrees of call responsiveness. Hence, to obtain a clearer picture of changes between animal groups regardless of overall responsiveness (which was variable), we created for the distance between any pair of calls, a normalized spike distance between their “collapsed” spike trains. Specifically, the usual distance was divided by the average of the distance between spontaneous spike trains and those evoked by each call, thus quantifying average responsiveness to calls in terms of evoked spike train distances from silence. Our results continue to support the idea that the contrast in neural population encoding for these calls across core auditory cortical fields has improved. As in the case of evoked inhibition, the most pronounced changes arise in the lateral-band areas not normally tuned for the ultrasonic frequencies of the calls studied (See Fig. ​Fig.1).1). Taken together, this leads us to hypothesize that acquiring recognition of a class of vocalizations is correlated with refinement in the core auditory cortical representation of these sounds. Figure 1 Normalized Victor-Purpura distance between adult and pup calls of equivalent frequency, duration, amplitude, and initial frequency sweep. For each group of animals, these values were averaged over all single units from the Primary and Anterior Auditory ...
Simultaneous Allele-specific Amplification: A Strategy Using Modified Primer-template Mismatches for SNP Detection—Application to Prothrombin 20210A (Factor II) and Factor V Leiden (1691A) Gene Mutations

Background: Inherited thrombophilia is caused by mutations in genes central to the clotting cascade. Analysis of the factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin G20210A mutations are the most prevalent in thrombophilia. Methods and Results: We have optimized an allele-specific PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of both wild-type and mutant alleles. This method is adapted for clinical use with the FVL and prothrombin G20210A assays and is significant in its intentional use of nucleotide mismatches at the 3′ end of allele-specific primers. Two internal allele-specific primers are designed to amplify in opposite directions on opposite strands that reduce differential amplification. Our results show concordance with methods involving PCR with restriction endonuclease digestion, yet are simpler to perform. Conclusion: The simultaneous allele-specific amplification method allows simultaneous detection of wild-type and mutant alleles by PCR using four distinct primers. Nucleotide mismatches in the primers reduce competitive amplification.
The Conceptual Act Theory: A Précis

According to the conceptual act theory, emotions emerge when physical sensations in the self and physical actions in others are meaningfully linked to situations during a process that can be called...
Importance of agricultural landscapes to nesting burrowing owls in the Northern Great Plains, USA

Anthropogenic habitat loss and fragmentation are the principle factors causing declines of grassland birds. Declines in burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) populations have been extensive and have been linked to habitat loss, primarily the decline of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies. Development of habitat use models is a research priority and will aid conservation of owls inhabiting human-altered landscapes. From 2001 to 2004 we located 160 burrowing owl nests on prairie dog colonies on the Little Missouri National Grassland in North Dakota. We used multiple linear regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion to estimate the relationship between cover type characteristics surrounding prairie dog colonies and (1) number of owl pairs per colony and (2) reproductive success. Models were developed for two spatial scales, within 600 m and 2,000 m radii of nests for cropland, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), grassland, and prairie dog colonies. We also included number of patches as a metric of landscape fragmentation. Annually, fewer than 30% of prairie dog colonies were occupied by owls. None of the models at the 600 m scale explained variation in number of owl pairs or reproductive success. However, models at the 2,000 m scale did explain number of owl pairs and reproductive success. Models included cropland, crested wheatgrass, and prairie dog colonies. Grasslands were not included in any of the models and had low importance values, although percentage grassland surrounding colonies was high. Management that protects prairie dog colonies bordering cropland and crested wheatgrass should be implemented to maintain nesting habitat of burrowing owls.
A Comparison between the 4DVAR and the Ensemble Kalman Filter Techniques for Radar Data Assimilation

Abstract A four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) algorithm is compared to an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for the assimilation of radar data at the convective scale. Using a cloud-resolving model, simulated, imperfect radar observations of a supercell storm are assimilated under the assumption of a perfect forecast model. Overall, both assimilation schemes perform well and are able to recover the supercell with comparable accuracy, given radial-velocity and reflectivity observations where rain was present. 4DVAR produces generally better analyses than the EnKF given observations limited to a period of 10 min (or three volume scans), particularly for the wind components. In contrast, the EnKF typically produces better analyses than 4DVAR after several assimilation cycles, especially for model variables not functionally related to the observations. The advantages of the EnKF in later cycles arise at least in part from the fact that the 4DVAR scheme implemented here does not use a forecast ...
CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING AND MICROTUBULES IN THE COENOCYTIC MARINE ALGA, CAULERPA PROLIFERA

Two distinct patterns of cytoplasmic streaming in the leaf of Caulerpa prolifera are described. Broad, longitudinally running, two-way streams are restricted to the endoplasm of one leaf surface. Also present are large numbers of narrow, two-way streams that coil helically throughout the endoplasm surrounding the central vacuole. Numerous unique bundles of aggregated, evenly spaced, oriented microtubules are distributed within the inner cytoplasm some distance from the cell wall. Cortical microtubules, as described for other plant material, have been only very infrequently encountered in Caulerpa and appear to be sparsely distributed. Apart from the prominent bundles of oriented microtubules, no other significant ultrastructural differences were noted between the stationary ectoplasm and streaming endoplasm. The possible cyto-skeletal role of the oriented microtubules in the development and maintenance of asymmetries in organ differentiation is discussed in relation to their direct or indirect influence on the directional migration of cytoplasmic components.
A communication mechanism for multiprocessor simulation systems

This paper describes the organization of a multi processor system designed to analyze large systems such as power systems, global weather, and complex real-time systems. The configuration discussed handles up to 256 processors which can be inter connected using a new, high-speed communication method that takes advantage of the iterative com puting requirements of simulation problems. The communication scheme uses parallelism and address- mapping memories to achieve a very high interprocessor data-transfer rate. The solution of a large, sparse set of linear equations illustrates how the communi cation mechanism operates.
Perceived Coercion and Treatment Need Among Mentally Ill Parolees

Much of the early literature concerning coerced treatment relied on measures such as legal pressure. The past 5 years saw a further development in the measurement of coercion based on patients’ perceptions. In both cases, however, coercion levels are based on external elements of coercion without taking into account the prospective patients’ perceived need for treatment. To better understand the relationship between these constructs, the authors conducted interviews with mentally ill parolees mandated into outpatient treatment (N = 97). Patients were asked to respond to the five-item MacArthur Perceived Coercion Scale (PCS) and several other items designed to reflect perceived treatment need. A cluster analysis of these items resulted in the five PCS items and the two perceived treatment need (PTN) items emerging as separate clusters. Moreover, the majority of the patients who reported no control over admission to the clinic recognized their need for psychiatric treatment.
Arsenic Trapping and its Effect on Enhanced Diffusion

CVD grown boron marker layers were used to monitor the release of silicon interstitials from an arsenic doped surface region that was subsequently implanted with silicon. These structures were annealed for various times at 750°C in a nitrogen ambient. A comparison of boron spike enhancement and defect dissolution is made. It is shown that enhancement values from the Si+ implant were reduced at short times for samples containing arsenic compared to samples implanted with Si+ alone or As− alone. The TEM results showed that defect densities were dramatically reduced for the samples containing As. These results imply that the previously reported reduction in {311} formation observed in As doped wells is most likely not a Fermi level effect and is consistent with the formation of As interstitial clusters (AsIC’s). The data shows that AsIC’s form and control extended defect formation and slow the enhanced diffusion.
Fine structure of anchoring villi of the human placenta.

Anchoring villi from the first trimester, early second trimester, and term were examined with the electron microscope. It was found that the small anchoring villi of the third and fourth month were particularly informative, since at this stage the cytotrophoblast is still proliferating, yet these cells form a compact discoidal region at the surface of the basal plate. Transitions from relatively undifferentiated cytotrophoblast cells adjacent to the stroma of the villus to large isolated cells surrounded by fibrinoid could readily be followed. These highly differentiated cytotrophoblast cells were found to have extensive regions of fine filaments, in addition to their pronounced endoplasmic reticulum, and were designated fibrous cytotrophoblast cells. The nature of the frequently incomplete epithelium covering anchoring villi at term was described, and some of the functions of the cytotrophoblast are discussed in relation to the observations of their fine structure.
Metastatic eyelid disease in 49 cases

The literature regarding metastatic eyelid disease has consisted of isolated case reports or small series. The author updates his review of metastatic lid disease to include a series of 49 cases and compare the results with a literature review of 88 cases. Metastatic lid disease is a disease of elderly women, with the breast being the primary focus in half of the cases. Metastatic lid disease is a great clinical mimicker. Metastasis should be suspected in patients with known malignancies when presenting with an eyelid lesion.
Effect of infrared finishing process parameters on physical, mechanical, and sensory properties of par-fried, infrared-finished gluten-free donuts

Abstract Infrared radiation (IR) can simulate the heat flux created during the frying process, yielding products with fried-like textures but lower fat content. The objective of this study was to determine the process parameters needed to produce partially-fried, infrared-finished gluten-free (GF) donuts having similar instrumental and sensorial properties to fully-fried wheat and GF donuts but lower fat content. Eight different IR oven parameter settings were tested. All GF donuts had significantly lower ( p ⩽ 0.05) fat content (23.7–28.2%) than the wheat control (33.7%). Several IR oven parameters yielded donuts that were instrumentally similar to the wheat and GF controls. All IR-finished GF donuts received significantly lower overall acceptance scores (3.81–3.44) than the wheat control (6.94), although they had similar sensory scores to the GF control (4.54). Infrared radiation may be used to finish-fry partially-fried GF donuts to produce donuts significantly lower in fat, yet instrumentally and sensorially similar to fully-fried GF donuts.
ATP: A potential prey attractant evoking carnivory

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is nearly universal as a carrier of chemical energy in metabolic pathways. This molecule is especially abundant in metabolically active tissues like muscle but decays rapidly to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) as cells die. Here, I report that ATP stimulates carnivorous feeding by the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, while AMP inhibits feeding. Because AMP levels rise as ATP levels fall during initial degradation of animal flesh, both ATP stimulation and AMP inhibition act to focus foraging for live and recently killed prey. The taste and smell of these nucleotides therefore indicate the freshness and edibility of food resources.
Improving the use of science in conservation : Lessons from the Florida panther

In a companion article (Beier et al. 2006), we identified 2 sets of unreliable inferences that may compromise efforts to conserve the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). In spite of serious flaws in methodology and interpretation, these unreliable conclusions have appeared in prominent, peer-refereed scientific journals and have been repeatedly cited and miscited in support of panther conservation. Future editors and referees may reduce these errors by insisting on adherence to an Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD) format; checking improbable assertions attributed to earlier papers; and refusing to allow scientific inference in publication formats not subject to scientific peer review (e.g., editorials). We urge conservation biologists to view science as an adaptive process and to use the method of multiple working hypotheses (Chamberlin 1890) that are now a central feature of adaptive resource management (Walters 1986, Williams et al. 2002). We advocate a workshop approach, similar to that used for analysis of data for the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis; Anderson et al. 1999), to deal with scientific disagreement where, as in the case with panthers, stakeholders have entrenched points of view. Finally, we recommend the creation of an independent Scientific Steering Committee to address long-term issues of future research and monitoring of Florida panthers.
JAMES H. STITT: A DEDICATED PROFESSOR AND EXEMPLARY BIOSTRATIGRAPHER

On Friday September 17 Jim Stitt died quietly in his sleep, ending a long and characteristically tenacious battle with cancer. His passing leaves a void of great magnitude in the geological sciences and in the lives of the many people whom he influenced as family, friends, or colleagues. I was Jim&'s first Ph.D. student at the University of Missouri, where he spent the past 31 years as a pillar of the geology program, serving at various times as Chair and Graduate Student Advisor. Jim is well known and respected for an impressive body of meticulously crafted taxonomic and biostratigraphic studies on trilobites and brachiopods. His three monographs on faunas in the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma (Stitt, 1971a, 1977, 1983) established that area as a standard for correlation of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician strata in North America. This “Oklahoma trilogy” is a treasure trove of taxonomic and biostratigraphic data that has been drawn upon heavily in numerous subsequent biostratigraphic and paleobiologic studies. It provides a biozonation of unparalleled precision for carbonate platform facies of that interval, ironically assembled in an area where rocks of that age yield their fossils only reluctantly. Jim took great pride in extracting useful …
Combining MATLAB ® simulation with telecommunications instructional modeling (TIMS TM ) in a senior level communications course

In this work we present some of our successes in combining MATLAB®-based simulation methods with Telecommunications Instructional Modeling (Emona-TIMSTM) experimental methods to enhance student learning in a senior-level communications systems laboratory. While faculty have discussed the relative merits of simulation versus real experimentation in recent years, we find that combining these approaches has multiple advantages: (1) A TIMSTM based approach (where we have chosen to use “real-world” demodulated audio from local radio stations as the local message signal) makes students feel that they are engaged in “real-world modulation/demodulation;” (2) The TIMSTM based approach inherently reinforces a “concept map” (block diagram) view of communications modulation and demodulation; (3) The MATLAB® simulation approach forces students to think about how to perform a proper simulation (e.g. set appropriate sampling rate, set appropriate specifications for digital filter design for envelope detector or discriminator, etc.) for both analog and digital simulation; and (4) The MATLAB® simulation approach sets a starting point for our students as they pursue software defined radio (SDR) communications applications in some of their senior design projects. We find synergy in combining the two pedagogical approaches in most of the labs in our communications systems course, and this typically results in enhanced student comprehension. While more formal assessment will be conducted over the next two years, at this point we know from course feedback that students very much appreciate both learning tools. Students commonly remark that the TIMSTM really highlights the “big picture,” and helps them understand what to expect before they start the MATLAB® simulations, while coding up the MATLAB® simulations gets them “into the weeds,” and gives them the tools to test out ideas that support their senior projects.
Oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor NRF2 is not indispensable for the human hepatic Flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) gene expression in HepG2 cells.

Abstract The flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are important for the oxidation of a variety of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. The hepatic expression of FMO3 is highly variable and until recently, it was thought to be uninducible. In this study, human FMO3 gene regulation by the oxidative stress transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) was examined. Constitutive FMO3 gene expression is repressed in HepG2 cells, thus this cell can be a good model for FMO3 gene regulation studies. Over-expression of NRF2 in HepG2 cells increased NRF2 target gene expression, heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), but did not alter FMO3 gene expression. Co-transfection studies with NRF2 or its cytosolic regulatory protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), expression vectors, along with FMO3 promoter luciferase reporter constructs of various lengths (5 kb or 6 kb), did not change FMO3 reporter gene activity significantly. Furthermore, treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ) did not alter FMO3 reporter construct activity. In summary, in vitro results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of FMO3 might not involve the NRF2-KEAP1 regulatory pathway.
Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Describing the Statistical Behavior of Nuclear Counting Equipment

A number of goodness-of-fit tests are available to describe the statistical behavior of nuclear counting equipment. We describe the Lexis’ divergence coefficient, the reliability factor, the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, and the chi-square test. Special emphasis is placed on simplified calculations of the chi-square test.
Nano-optical scan probes: Opening doors to previously-inaccessible parameter spaces

I will discuss recent progress on new near-field probe geometries, including the “campanile” geometry, which has been used in recent hyperspectral imaging experiments, providing nanoscale spectral information distinct from what is obtained with other methods. Article not available.
Was 1945 a break in history

(1987). Was 1945 a break in history? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 12-15.
Regulation of Lupus Nephritis by Stat3

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder often accompanied by nephritis, causing considerable morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Increased expression of type I Interferon (IFN) and interferon-inducible genes are frequently observed in cells from SLE patients and is associated with disease activity [3]. Activation of the interferon signaling molecules, Stat1 and Stat3, has also been reported in SLE [4,5]. Their activation levels correlated with many forms of glomerulonephritis. The reciprocal activation of these two transcription factors may have a major impact on renal inflammation. To study the role of Stat1 in a lupus model, we induced SLE-like chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in Stat1-KO and in WT mice by intraperitoneal injection of class II-disparate bm12 splenocytes [6]. WT recipients of these alloreactive cells developed anti-dsDNA autoantibodies starting at week 2 as expected, with a decline after week 4. In contrast, Stat1-KO hosts exhibited a prolonged and significant increase of anti-dsDNA autoantibody responses compared to WT mice (week 4 to week 8). Increased autoantibody titers were accompanied by increased proteinuria and mortality in the cGVHD host mice lacking Stat1. Enhanced expression and activation of Stat3 were observed in the glomeruli of Stat1-KO host mice but not WT mice with cGVHD. Interactions between Stat1 and Stat3 thus appear to be crucial in determining the severity of lupus-like disease in the cGVHD model [6].
Genetic variation in N-acetylation of carcinogenic arylamines by human and rabbit liver.

The arylamine carcinogens aminofluorene, α-naphthylamine, β-naphthylamine, benzidine and methylene bis-2-chloroaniline are acetylated by the same polymorphic N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) as isoniazid and sulfamethazine in human and rabbit populations. Apparent Km values for these carcinogens determined with human and rabbit N-acetyl-transferases obtained from rapid and slow isoniazid acetylator individuals are approximately one order of magnitude smaller than for the polymorphic drug substrate, sulfamethazine. The apparent Km values for all the carcinogens and sulfamethazine were also strongly correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients indicating that their kinetic properties are highly dependent upon their hydrophobic nature. Since differences in susceptibility to toxicity from isoniazid, hydralazine and procainamide are associated with different acetylator phenotypes, the possibility is raised that rapid and slow isoniazid acetylator populations may differ in susceptibility to chemical carcinogenicity from exposure to arylamines.
Investigation to Developing Condition of Pi-gua-quan in Cangzhou County of Yanshan City

Using the literature data method,questionnaire survey method,data statistics,expert interview method,field investigation of research methods,this paper carries out the in-depth analysis of development situation and existing problems of Pi-gua-quan in Yanshan county,to provide theoretical reference for the development of it,and to make the contribution to carrying forward Chinese tradition martial arts culture.
Modeling prosodic sequences with k-means and dirichlet process GMMs.

In this paper we describe two unsupervised representations of prosodic sequences based on k-means and Dirichlet Process Gaussian Mixture Model (DPGMM) clustering. The clustering algorithms are used to infer an inventory of prosodic categories over automatically segmented syllables. A tri-gram model is trained over these sequences to characterize speech. We find that DPGMM clusters show a greater correspondence with manual ToBI labels than k-means clusters. However, sequence models trained on k-means clusters significantly outperform DPGMM sequences in classifying speaking style, nativeness and speakers. We also investigate the use of these sequence models in the detection of outliers regarding these three tasks. Non-parametric Bayesian techniques have the advantage of being able to learn a clustering solution and infer the number of clusters directly from data. While it is attractive to avoid specifying k before clustering, on the tasks of characterizing prosodic sequences we find that effective use of DPGMMs still requires a significant amount of parameter tuning, and performance fails to reach the level of k-means.