cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study on the kinetics and mechanism of D-lyxose and D-xylose activation of the adenosine triphosphatase activity associated with yeast hexokinase.

Abstract The activation of the ATPase activity of yeast hexokinase by d-lyxose and d-xylose was investigated. Sugars lacking a carbon 6 activate the ATPase activity while the presence of a carbon 6 inhibits the activity. Xylose and lyxose, which are competitive inhibitors of glucose in the hexokinase reaction, induce substrate inhibition by ATP in the hexokinase and ATPase reactions. Ultracentrifugation studies indicate that the various sugars change the conformation of hexokinase to give lower s20,w values. The pentose activation of the ATPase activity has previously been interpreted as evidence for an ordered mechanism, but the initial rate and competitive inhibition studies of this report support a random addition of pentose and ATP in the reaction. These results are consistent with the proposed Random Bi Bi mechanism suggested for hexokinase.
Managing firewall and network-edge security policies

Summary form only given. Firewalls are core elements in network security. However, managing firewall rules, particularly in multi-firewall enterprise networks, has become a complex and error-prone task. Firewall filtering rules have to be written, ordered and distributed carefully in order to avoid firewall policy conflicts (or anomalies) and network vulnerability. Therefore, in order to produce anomaly-free firewall policies when adding or modifying rules in any firewall, a thorough intra- and inter-firewall analysis is required to determine the rule location (which firewall) and position (what order in the firewall policy) in the network. We comprehensibly identify all types of anomaly that could exist in single- or multi-firewall environments. We then present a set of techniques/tools that automatically discover and rectify policy anomalies in centralized and distributed legacy firewalls.
Autonomy Support for Online Students.

Despite the rapid growth of online learning in higher education, the dropout rates for online courses has reached 50 percent. Lack of student engagement rank as a critical reason for frequent online course dropout. This article discusses autonomy support as a strategy to enhance online students’ intrinsic motivation and engagement. Drawing from current theories and research, three guidelines are offered to provide choices, rationale behind why assignments are designed in particular ways, and flexibility in completing more personally meaningful assignments. Each guideline is accompanied with examples from existing higher education courses. This article is intended for educators and designers of online learning to employ autonomy support strategies to engage students in active participation and successful completion of the course.
Subgingival microbiologic effects of one-time irradiation by CO2 laser: a pilot study.

Background: Third-generation carbon dioxide (3-CO2) lasers have handpieces that accommodate a periodontal insert that permits irradiation directly into the periodontal pocket/sulcus. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface effects of 3-CO2 laser treatment on the root surfaces and soft tissues and to investigate the effects of 3-CO2 laser on periodontal pathogenic bacteria compared to negative controls.Methods: Five patients with chronic periodontitis and treatment planned for a maxillary immediate denture were included in the study. Periodontal pockets with a mean probing depth of 5.5 ± 0.8 mm were irradiated one time by CO2 laser (wavelength of 10,600 nm) at a power of 2.2 W, 50 Hz, an 80-millisecond pulse length, and an exposure rate of 1 mm per 5 seconds. DNA analysis of eight periodontal bacteria was performed on samples collected from laser-treated and control sites prior to and immediately following treatment and was compared between groups...
Adrenic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Abstract Adrenic acid inhibits oxygenation of arachidonic acid by homogenates of rabbit renal medulla and blunts the vascular effects of bolus injections of arachidonic acid in the rat. Adrenic acid may be a naturally occurring modulator of cyclo-oxygenase activity.
Empowerment and long-living women: return to the rejected body

Abstract Adhering to a feminist empowerment model, this article began as an attempt to elicit the voices of long-living women on the subject of late life. My intent was to develop understandings that could be used to guide social work interventions. Half way into the project, I discovered that our models of empowerment do not quite “fit” the realities of advanced age. I argue that feminists need to develop a more body-sensitive and thus age-sensitive model of empowerment. Rather than power and powerlessness being understood as polar opposites, they could be seen a coexistent and interpenetrating. Seeing the interplay of power and vulnerability subverts the individualistic ethic of “successful aging” with its implied hostility toward aging bodies. As empowerment theory becomes “embodied,” disability and death lose their stigma and become acceptable and respectable human experiences.
Self-Directed T Groups for Elementary Teachers: Impetus for Innovation

Recent research indicates that teachers who share ideas about professional practices are also likely to experiment with educational innovations. Yet, in many Anierican elementary schools, teachers are isolated, each in his own room, precluding effective sharing of resources. This study attempted to induce innovations by encouraging groups of teachers to discuss their professional practices during six zveekly meetings in self-directed T Groups. Memnbers used mimeographed Guide Sheets to take themnselves step by step through exercises designed to (a) develop ties of affiliation, (b) inlcrease knowledge of colleagues inventions, (c) develop norms favoring innovation, and (d) encourage actual use of new ideas. Nine elementary schools (169 teachers) in six suburban districts near New York City cooperated. In each building the faculty was divided into two experimental treatments and a control group. Procedures for both treatments were parallel, but the content was limited to classroom practices for one and to p...
Solution and Solid-State Studies of a Chiral Zinc-Sulfonamide Complex Relevant to Enantioselective Cyclopropanations.

A highly distorted tetrahedron formed by the four nitrogen atoms around zinc in the crystalline zinc-sulfonamide complex 1 may explain its catalytic activity in asymmetric cyclopropanations. The agent is formed by deprotonation of (R,R)-N,N'-cyclohexane-1,2-diyl)bis(n-butanesulfonamide) with diethylzinc and addition of 2,2'-bipyridyl.
Designing, measuring, and controlling molecular- and supramolecular-scale properties for molecular devices

We use molecular design, tailored syntheses, intermolecular interactions, and selective chemistry to direct molecules into desired positions to create nanostructures, to connect functional molecules to the outside world, and to serve as test structures for measurements of single or bundled molecules. Interactions within and between molecules can be designed, directed, measured, understood, and exploited at unprecedented scales. We examine how these interactions influence the chemistry, dynamics, structure, electronic function, and other properties. Such interactions can be used to advantage to form precise molecular assemblies, nanostructures, and patterns, and to control and to stabilize function. These nanostructures can be taken all the way down to atomic-scale precision or can be used at larger scales. We select and tailor molecules to choose the intermolecular interaction strengths and the structures formed within the film. We selectively test hypothesized mechanisms for electronic switching and driven motion by varying molecular design, chemical environment, and measurement conditions to enable or to disable functions and control of these molecules using predictive and testable means. Critical to understanding these variations has been developing the means to make tens to hundreds of thousands of independent single-molecule measurements in order to develop sufficiently significant statistical distributions, comparable to those found in ensemble-averaging measurements, while retaining the heterogeneity of the measurements. We quantitatively compare the conductances of molecule-substrate junctions. We find that the contacts and substrate play critical roles in switching. Switching of rigid, conjugated molecules is due to changes in the molecule-substrate bonds, which involves motion of the molecules and of substrate atoms. We are able to measure the coupling of the electrons of the molecules and substrate by measuring the polarizabilities of the connected functional molecules in high and low conductance states. These polarizabilities are compared to those of other families of molecules and to detailed calculations.
A High Output Neutron Tube Using an Occluded Gas Ion Source

A neutron tube capable of generating 1010 14 MeV neutrons in a 1.2 ms pulse has been developed for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for use in flow measurements using the Pulsed Neutron Activation technique. The tube consists of an occluded deuterium gas ion source, a single gap accelerator and scandium tritide target, A unique feature of the tube design is its complete demountability, permitting easy replacement or modification of critical components. The ion source is a modified version of a stacked occluded washer source. However, in contrast to previous designs, this source utilizes only a single scandium deuteride washer and needs no independent trigger. Outputs of 1.2 × 1010 neutrons per pulse from a 250 mA deuterium ion beam at 125 kV have been obtained for over 1500 consecutive operations with a standard deviation of only ±5%. The ultimate operational lifetime is believed to be in excess of 3000 shots based on the present knowledge of ion source behavior. Recent experiments using nonmagnetic structural components in the ion source resulted in a 26% increase in output with a simultaneous 35% reduction in the source drive current. This implies that even higher outputs with greater source efficiencies may be achievable.
No Peace in the House: Witchcraft Accusations as an "Old Woman's Problem" in Ghana

In Ghana, older women may be marginalized, abused, and even killed as witches. Media accounts imply this is common practice, mainly through stories of “witches camps” to which the accused may flee. Anthropological literature on aging and on witchcraft, however, suggests that this focus exaggerates and misinterprets the problem. This article presents a literature review and exploratory data on elder advocacy and rights intervention on behalf of accused witches in Ghana to help answer the question of how witchcraft accusations become an older woman’s problem in the context of aging and elder advocacy work. The ineffectiveness of rights based and formal intervention through sponsored education programs and development projects is contrasted with the benefit of informal conflict resolution by family and staff of advocacy organizations. Data are based on ethnographic research in Ghana on a rights based program addressing witchcraft accusations by a national elder advocacy organization and on rights based intervention in three witches camps.
Wellness as Fairness

I argue that distinct conditions of justice lead to diverse wellness outcomes through a series of psychosocial processes. Optimal conditions of justice, suboptimal conditions of justice, vulnerable conditions of injustice, and persisting conditions of injustice lead to thriving, coping, confronting, and suffering, respectively. The processes that mediate between optimal conditions of justice and thriving include the promotion of responsive conditions, the prevention of threats, individual pursuit, and avoidance of comparisons. The mechanisms that mediate between suboptimal conditions of justice and coping include resilience, adaptation, compensation, and downward comparisons. Critical experiences, critical consciousness, critical action, and righteous comparisons mediate between vulnerable conditions of injustice and confrontation with the system. Oppression, internalization, helplessness, and upward comparisons mediate between persisting conditions of injustice and suffering. These psychosocial processes operate within and across personal, interpersonal, organizational and community contexts. Different types of justice are hypothesized to influence well-being within each context. Intrapersonal injustice operates at the personal level, whereas distributive, procedural, relational, and developmental justice impact interpersonal well-being. At the organizational level, distributive, procedural, relational and informational justice influence well-being. Finally, at the community level, distributive, procedural, retributive, and cultural justice support community wellness. Data from a variety of sources support the suggested connections between justice and well-being.
There Must Be 50 Ways to Rule the Signal: The Case of the Drosophila EGF Receptor

We have discussed some of the mechanisms that can regulate the activity of the Egfr in Drosophila. However, from studies of this receptor in other species, additional mechanisms that modulate the activity of this protein have been identified and may also play a role in Egfr regulation. Among these are the regulation of RTK activity by endocytosis, control of receptor turnover, subcellular localization of the RTK within the membrane, and cross-talk with other signaling pathways.A detailed understanding of RTK regulatory mechanisms may have important therapeutic applications. Many cancers are caused by misregulation of RTK pathways, and some of the strategies to design drugs that cure malignancies have focused on targeting drugs against components of the RTK conserved signaling cassette, such as p21ras. However, because these molecules are shared by multiple RTKs, it may be difficult to achieve specific therapeutic effects. An alternative strategy is the design of drugs that interfere with the activities of molecules, such as Aos, Rho, and S, that function in modulating specific RTK signaling pathways.
Euler-alpha and vortex blob regularization of vortex filament and vortex sheet motion

The Euler-alpha and the vortex blob model are two different regularizations of incompressible ideal fluid flow. Here, a regularization is a smoothing operation which controls the fluid velocity in a stronger norm than L 2 . The Euler-alpha model is the inviscid version of the Lagrangian averaged Navier-Stokes-alpha turbulence model. The vortex blob model was introduced to regularize vortex flows. This paper presents both models within one general framework, and compares the results when applied to planar and axisymmetric vortex filaments and sheets. By certain measures, the Euler-alpha model is closer to the unregularized flow than the vortex blob model. The differences that result in circular vortex filament motion, vortex sheet linear stability properties, and core dynamics of spiral vortex sheet roll-up are discussed.
A Review of HIV/AIDS System-Level Interventions

The escalating HIV/AIDS epidemic worldwide demands that on-going prevention efforts be strengthened, disseminated, and scaled-up. System-level interventions refer to programs aiming to improve the functioning of an agency as well as the delivery of its services to the community. System-level interventions are a promising approach to HIV/AIDS prevention because they focus on (a) improving the agency’s ability to adopt evidence-based HIV prevention and care programs; (b) develop and establish policies and procedures that maximize the sustainability of on-going prevention and care efforts; and (c) improve decision-making processes such as incorporating the needs of communities into their tailored services. We reviewed studies focusing on system-level interventions by searching multiple electronic abstracting indices, including PsycInfo, PubMed, and ProQuest. Twenty-three studies out of 624 peer-reviewed studies (published from January 1985 to February 2007) met study criteria. Most of the studies focused on strengthening agency infrastructure, while other studies included collaborative partnerships and technical assistance programs. Our findings suggest that system-level interventions are promising in strengthening HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts. Based on our findings, we propose recommendations for future work in developing and evaluating system-level interventions.
Bacterial resistance to heavy metals and metalloids

Bacteria have evolved various types of resistance mechanisms to toxic metals and metalloids including mercury, cadmium/zinc, copper/silver and arsenic/antimony. Active efflux of the metal is a frequently utilized stratagem, lowering the intracellular concentration to subtoxic levels. Reduction to a less toxic form or to a form recognized by an efflux system also occurs. Sequestration of metals has also been observed. In bacteria, each of these resistance systems is transcriptionally regulated by the metal.
The role of pulsating instability and global lewis number on the flammability limit of lean heptane/air flames

The unsteady propagation of lean heptane/air planar flames in the doubly infinite domain was computationally simulated with detailed chemistry and transport and with and without radiative heat loss. For the adiabatic situation, thermal-diffusive pulsating instability, promoted for large values of the Lewis and Zeldovich numbers, was observed to develop when the mixture became sufficiently lean. With subsequent progressive reduction in the equivalence ratio (φ), the mode of pulsation changes from that of monochromatic, to period doubling, and to hibernation characterized by bursts of high burning intensity separated by long periods of dormancy. The flame nevertheless does not extinguish. This behavior is similar to that of the rich hydrogen/air flame studied previously. However, when heat loss is considered, the onset of pulsation is facilitated, although the regime in φ for sustained pulsating propagation is extremely narrow, and extinction occurs readily when the amplitude of the flame temperature oscillation becomes large enough to extinguish the flame during the negative phase of the excursion. The abruptness of transition to extinction is quite different from that of the rich hydrogen/air flame. The pulsating extinction occurs at a large φ (=0.5063) than steady extinction (φ=0.4762), again implying that the flame extinguishes in the pulsating instead of the steadily propagating mode, and that the flammability limit is accordingly narrowed. It is further demonstrated that the states for the onset of adiabatic and non-adiabatic pulsation can be accurately estimated by using the criteria of Sivashinsky and of Joulin and Clavin, respectively, provided the Lewis number used is the global one, extracted from the response of stretched flames, demonstrating that it is a property of the flame instead of the unburned mixture alone. It is also suggested that the lean flammability limits of mixtures of large hydrocarbons and air can be estimated by using the criterion of Joulin and Clavin.
The separation of amino acid enatiomers on optically active dipeptide carborane stationary phases

N-Trifluoroacetyl (TFA) dipeptide-o-carboranyl propyl esters of L-valyl-L-valine and L-α-amino-n-butyryl-L-α-amino-n-butyric acid have been prepared and the properties of these two new stationary phases for the gas-liquid chromatographic sepaation of amino acid enantiomers have been examined. It was found that the amino acid derivatives have shorter retention times, while maintaining good separation factors, on these carborane phases as compared to other dipeptide stationary phases. Both high and low boiling derivatives have been resolved on a 165 m×0.5 mm capillary column. The new phases have greater thermal stability and can be utilized over a wide temperature range.
Alpha Interferon for Induction of Remission in Hairy-Cell Leukemia

We treated seven patients who had progressive hairy-cell leukemia with daily doses of 3 million units of partially pure alpha (leukocyte) interferon by the intramuscular route. Three patients had a complete remission, and four had a partial remission, according to strict criteria for a response. After treatment, bone-marrow aspirates showed an absence of leukemia cells in three patients and 5 per cent or fewer in three others. Normalization of subnormal peripheral-blood values occurred in six of six patients with anemia, in seven of seven with granulocytopenia, and in four of four with thrombocytopenia. Remissions have been maintained for over 6 to over 10 months. Alpha interferon appears to be highly effective in patients with hairy-cell leukemia.
Analog and Digital Computation of Fourier Series and Integrals

In engineering and scientific problems one of the most commonly used tools is Fourier analysis. With the increasing availability of analog, hybrid, and digital computers, it is useful to examine special techniques applicable to these machines. This paper presents: 1) methods for evaluating the required integrals on either a digital or an analog computer and 2) an analysis which results in guidelines for choosing the sampling interval when the problem is done digitally. Parts of the material presented in this paper can be found in other sources although there are some refinements included here that make the implementation of the theory considerably easier. The theory is valid for any machine, but minor modifications may have to be made in hybrid computer patching or in the digital program to conform with equipment restrictions.
Locus of Control of Participants in a Drug Education Program: An Evaluation

An evaluation study was done to assess changes in perceived locus of control of adults who work in the drug abuse field and participated in a drug abuse training program.Two separate programs were examined with differing results. These outcomes are discussed with regard to composition of the groups and scores on the dependent measure.
The Raymond Pearl memorial lecture, 1997: The quest for medical normalcy-who needs it?

Darwinian natural selection is the only factor in evolution that maintains and improves adaptation. It does so by favoring genes that enhance the genetic success of their bearers under historically prevalent conditions, and need not favor health or happiness or conformity to some universally normal state. It may favor unpleasant departures from medical normalcy if they contribute to long-term genetic success, either directly or as unavoidable costs of features that make such contributions. It is also blind to future consequences of current evolution, so that every evolving lineage accumulates historical legacies that may seriously constrain future adaptation. Examples of adaptive but unpleasant abnormality are found in infectious diseases and other instances of conflict (between the sexes, between parent and offspring, between competitors for limited resources). Examples of unfortunate historical legacies are found in limitations on numbers of parts (limbs, sense organs) and in the tight human birth passage. Adaptation is a more useful medical concept than normalcy, but the purpose of medicine is not to facilitate natural selection or uncritically encourage biological adaptations. Medical intervention may legitimately promote human values by frustrating adaptations (e.g., by anesthesia) or by seeking the grossly abnormal (e.g., birth through the abdomen rather than the vagina). Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:10-16, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Similarities between parents and their adopted children

As show in 7,230 parent-child pairs (6,726 biological and 504 adoptive), adoptive parents and their adopted children tend to resemble each other in height, weight and fatfolds to an extent paralleling height, weight and fatfold resemblances of natural (biological) parents and their children. Accordingly, the magnitudes of parent-child resemblances commonly given may not be indicative of the extent of heritability of stature, weight and subcutaneous fat.
An elementary school-based health clinic: can it reduce medicaid costs?

Objective. School-based health services have evolved from primarily controlling communicable disease to comprehensive programs with direct services, education, and improvement of the school environment. School-based health clinics (SBHCs), currently 1157 in number, are used to reach children for preventive and other routine care. Although several studies have examined the costs and effects of such programs, few, if any, have examined their potential to save Medicaid program outlays. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the Whitefoord Elementary School-Based Health Clinic (WESBHC), located in Atlanta, Georgia, on health care costs paid by Georgia Medicaid over the 1994–1996 period. This clinic has been in operation since late 1994. Design. The analysis uses 1994–1996 claims data for Medicaid-enrolled children 4 through 12 years old served by the WESBHC and similar children in a comparison school district without such a clinic. Descriptive and multivariate analyses are used to discern the differences in the changes in Medicaid expenses per child-year enrolled for these 2 groups of children. Both those who only used the WESBHC sporadically and those for whom it was their medical home were identified for analysis. Results. The descriptive analysis shows that although there were no significant differences in the Medicaid expenses for the WESBHC and comparison children in 1994, before the operation of the WESBHC, by 1995, the WESBHC children had significantly lower emergency department expenses. In addition, they had higher Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment preventive care expenses. By 1996, the WESBHC children had significantly lower inpatient, nonemergency department transportation, drug, and emergency department Medi- caid expenses. Multivariate analysis confirmed the effect of the WESBHC on lowering emergency department expenses. Conclusions. The results strongly suggest that the operation of a SBHC can have effects on the child9s use of services and health care expenses. Given that these clinics serve all those who come for care and many of these are low-income children, these savings are likely to accrue to the Medicaid program of the state. As states continue to implement Medicaid-managed care for their child populations, they will need to consider the ability of SBHCs to participate in and receive Medicaid revenues through health maintenance organization networks.
The California TEAM study: Breath concentrations and personal exposures to 26 volatile compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch, and Pittsburg, CA

Abstract The U.S. EPA carried out a study of personal exposures to 26 volatile organic chemicals in the air, drinking water, and exhaled breath of 188 California residents in 1984. Sixteen chemicals were often found above quantifiable limits in the personal air samples, but only the four trihalomethanes were often found in drinking water. The highest exposures were to 1,1,1-trichloroethane, para-dichlorobenzene, xylenes, benzene, and tetrachloroethylene. Indoor air concentrations generally exceeded outdoor air concentrations, particularly at the higher percentiles. Breath concentrations of eight chemicals showed significant correlations with preceding personal air concentrations in the two visits to Los Angeles. Smoking, employment, and automobile-related activities were identified as important sources of personal exposure to a number of target compounds.
Are Fear and Urbanism at War

Dense cities are vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Therefore, some scholars argue, we should deconcentrate American cities further, denying future terrorists targets of opportunity. But flee ing dense and diverse cities would undermine one of our greatest strengths in the so-called war on terrorism. Cities have frequently been dangerous places, but over the centuries people have flocked to them because of the economic opportunities and freedom they offer. Asa way of life, urbanism promotes toleration of differences and delegitimizes efforts to root political power in revealed religion. These modern beliefs are essential in the struggle against terrorism. The main threat to cities comes not from terrorism but from the policy responses to terrorism that could undermine the freedom of thought and movement that are the lifeblood of cities.
A Research of Service Outcomes in Taiwan: The Role of Patients’ Quality Perceptions and Wait Time

Abstract Wait time is a continuing issue in healthcare services. U.S. studies reveal wait time is inversely related to healthcare service outcome as well as patient behavior and attitudes. However, Taiwan, despite being an important center for global healthcare services, has not been the subject of much research attention regarding wait time and its impact on patient perceptions and behavior. In the authors’ exploratory study, patients in Taiwan completed a self-report questionnaire on how wait time and service quality characteristics relate to service outcome. Results indicate the influence of healthcare service quality and wait time on service outcome. Contributions, limitations, and research and managerial implications are discussed.
Monte Carlo trajectories: Alignment of HBr rotational angular momentum as a function of scattering angle for the reaction H+Br2→HBr+Br

A new quasiclassical‐trajectory Legendre moment method is applied to calculate the expectation values of several angular‐momentum quantities as functions of scattering angle ϑ for the reaction H+Br2→HBr+Br for a relative translational temperature of 2800 °K. The calculated differential cross section is backward peaked. The strongest alignments found are (J′z)2/(J′)2=0.62 at ϑ=135°, (J′z′)2/(J′)2=0.67 at ϑ=100°, and (J′x)2/(J′)2=0.63 at ϑ=95°, where J′ is the magnitude of HBr rotational angular momentum, the z and z′ axes are in the directions of the initial and final relative velocities, and the x axis is perpendicular to the z axis and in the plane of the z and z′ axes. Although the average value of L′/(L′+J′), where L′ is the orbital angular momentum of relative motion, is 0.70, the results differ from statistical‐model predictions for the limiting case where L′≳≳J′.
Automated hull reconstruction motion tracking (HRMT) applied to sideways maneuvers of free-flying insects.

SUMMARY Flying insects perform aerial maneuvers through slight manipulations of their wing motions. Because such manipulations in wing kinematics are subtle, a reliable method is needed to properly discern consistent kinematic strategies used by the insect from inconsistent variations and measurement error. Here, we introduce a novel automated method that accurately extracts full, 3D body and wing kinematics from high-resolution films of free-flying insects. This method combines visual hull reconstruction, principal components analysis, and geometric information about the insect to recover time series data of positions and orientations. The technique has small, well-characterized errors of under 3 pixels for positions and 5 deg. for orientations. To show its utility, we apply this motion tracking to the flight of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster . We find that fruit flies generate sideways forces during some maneuvers and that strong lateral acceleration is associated with differences between the left and right wing angles of attack. Remarkably, this asymmetry can be induced by simply altering the relative timing of flips between the right and left wings, and we observe that fruit flies employ timing differences as high as 10% of a wing beat period while accelerating sideways at 40% g .
Structure of a gap junction gene: rat connexin-32.

A genomic clone for the rat liver gap junction protein (connexin-32) was isolated and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and sequence analysis. While the complete coding sequence is contained within one uninterrupted block, the 5′-untranslated region of the transcript contains a 6.1 kb intron. Both S1 nuclease protection and primer extension assays indicate multiple transcription start sites. Sequences homologous to cAMP response elements are found near the transcription start sites and within the 3′-end of the intron.
Combating False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grid using Kalman Filter

The security of Smart Grid, being one of the very important aspects of the Smart Grid system, is studied in this paper. We first discuss different pitfalls in the security of the Smart Grid system considering the communication infrastructure among the sensors, actuators, and control systems. Following that, we derive a mathematical model of the system and propose a robust security framework for power grid. To effectively estimate the variables of a wide range of state processes in the model, we adopt Kalman Filter in the framework. The Kalman Filter estimates and system readings are then fed into the χ2-square detectors and the proposed Euclidean detectors, which can detect various attacks and faults in the power system including False Data Injection Attacks. The χ2-detector is a proven-effective exploratory method used with Kalman Filter for the measurement of the relationship between dependent variables and a series of predictor variables. The χ2-detector can detect system faults/attacks such as replay and DoS attacks. However, the study shows that the χ2-detector detectors are unable to detect statistically derived False Data Injection Attacks while the Euclidean distance metrics can identify such sophisticated injection attacks.
Color Discrimination as a Function of Exposure Time

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of exposure time on color discrimination. Five durations ranging from 0.02 to 5 sec were used. Discrimination continued to improve as exposure was lengthened. Some possible explanations for these results are offered.
Exploiting an Object-Oriented Simulation Tool to Model a PCS Network:

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a simulator for a personal communication service network (PCS) using SIMPLE++, a special-purpose system for simulation modeling. The SIMPLE++ system includes a special- purpose language, similar to C++, that provides facilities for object-oriented programming. By including a programming language as part of the system, the SIMPLE++ user can construct a model with the detail required to capture the semantics of the system under study. SIMPLE++ also includes facilities for model construction using iconic-based blocks; this facility provides ease of use and can obviate the need for the end user to be an accomplished programmer. Thus, the SIMPLE++ system incorporates the advantages of using a special-purpose language together with the advantages of using an icon-based tool.
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL CYTOTOXICITY OF ACTINOMYCIN D

Actinomycin D (AMD) at concentrations that inhibit cellular RNA synthesis by 85% or more causes an acute phase of lethal cell degeneration in HeLa cultures beginning as early as 3 hr after drug exposure, resulting in the nearly complete loss of viable cells by 12 hr. The loss of cells during this acute phase of lethality is closely dose dependent. Vero, WI38, or L cells are not susceptible to this early acute cyto-intoxication by AMD, and may begin to die only after 1–2 days. Differential susceptibility to acute cyto-intoxication by AMD, or other inhibitors of RNA synthesis (daunomycin or nogalamycin), among different types of cultured cells is analogous to that observed in vivo in certain tissues and tumors, and cannot be accounted for by differences in the effect of AMD on RNA, DNA, or protein syntheses, or by the over-all loss of preformed RNA. Actinomycin D in a dose that inhibits RNA synthesis causes an equivalent loss of the prelabeled RNA in all the cell types studied. Inhibition of protein synthesis with streptovitacin A or of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea does not cause acute lethal injury in HeLa cells as does inhibition of RNA synthesis. Furthermore, since Vero or L cells divide at about the same rate as HeLa cells, no correlation can be drawn between the rate of cell proliferation and susceptibility to the cytotoxicity of AMD. Susceptibile cells are most vulnerable to intoxication by AMD in the G1-S interphase or early S phase. Inhibition of protein synthesis (which protects cells against damage by other agents affecting DNA) does not protect against AMD-induced injury. Although HeLa cells bind more AMD at a given dose than Vero or L cells, the latter cell types, given higher doses, can be made to bind proportionally more AMD without succumbing to acute cyto-intoxication. It is suggested that the differential susceptibility of these cell types to acute poisoning by AMD may reflect differences among various cells in the function or stability of certain RNA species not directly involved in translation whose presence is vital to cells. In HeLa cells, these critical species of RNA are presumed to have a short half-life.
TRAINING STAFF TO CONDUCT A PAIRED‐STIMULUS PREFERENCE ASSESSMENT

Three staff members were trained to conduct stimulus preference assessments using a paired-stimulus format with 8 children with autism. Staff were trained to mastery level using brief instruction, a video model, and rehearsal with verbal feedback. Training took about 80 min per staff member. Results demonstrated that staff rapidly learned to correctly perform paired-stimulus preference assessments with children.
Understanding designer brainstorms: the effect of analog and digital interfaces on dominance

Brainstorming has long been an integral part of the design process. However, only recently have technological advances given rise to collaborative interfaces for facilitating brainstorming activities. While there has been some research on the effects of these technologies on group dynamics, little is known about how collaborative interfaces affect dominance within a brainstorm in interaction design. In this paper, we explore the relationship between one collaborative technology, the DiamondTouch Tabletop, and dominance in designer brainstorms.
Effect of contrast leakage on the detection of abnormal brain tumor vasculature in high-grade glioma

Abnormal brain tumor vasculature has recently been highlighted by a dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI processing technique. The technique uses independent component analysis (ICA) to separate arterial and venous perfusion. The overlap of the two, i.e. arterio-venous overlap or AVOL, preferentially occurs in brain tumors and predicts response to anti-angiogenic therapy. The effects of contrast agent leakage on the AVOL biomarker have yet to be established. DSC was acquired during two separate contrast boluses in ten patients undergoing clinical imaging for brain tumor diagnosis. Three components were modeled with ICA, which included the arterial and venous components. The percentage of each component as well as a third component were determined within contrast enhancing tumor and compared. AVOL within enhancing tumor was also compared between doses. The percentage of enhancing tumor classified as not arterial or venous and instead into a third component with contrast agent leakage apparent in the time-series was significantly greater for the first contrast dose compared to the second. The amount of AVOL detected within enhancing tumor was also significantly greater with the second dose compared to the first. Contrast leakage results in large signal variance classified as a separate component by the ICA algorithm. The use of a second dose mitigates the effect and allows measurement of AVOL within enhancement.
Cholinergic sprouting in the hippocampus: a proposed role for IL-1.

Damage to the entorhinal afferents (i.e., perforant path) to the hippocampal dentate gyrus leads to sprouting of the remaining intact septal cholinergic afferents within the denervated outer molecular layer. To investigate the cellular and molecular events which may contribute to this sprouting response, we describe the temporal sequence of cellular changes in the denervated zone prior to the observed neural reorganization. Rats were given perforant path (PP) transections and sacrificed at various time points following the lesion, on Days (D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 30. Coronal sections at the level of the dorsal hippocampus were immunostained to localize microglia (OX-42), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and astroctytes (GFAP). We observed a rapid increase in the number of immunoreactive microglia in the denervated molecular layer within the first day following PP transection. Parallel sections show a concomitant increase in the number of IL-1-positive cells. Maximal reactive changes (i.e., hypertrophy and increase in number) in GFAP-positive astrocytes are not observed until D5. This time course of events suggests a role of microglia in astrocyte activation in vivo via production of IL-1 and offers support for a proposed hypothesis postulating a cascade of glial events which may lead to cholinergic sprouting following PP transection.
Hot curves for modelling and recognition of smooth curved 3D objects

Major advances in object representation, modelling and matching are required to develop vision systems capable of recognizing complex curved 3D objects observed in monocular images from a large database of models. In this paper, we propose to represent smooth curved 3D shapes by a set of curves where the surface admits high-order tangents. These HOT curves have two remarkable properties: they determine the structure of the image contours and its catastrophic changes, and there is a natural correspondence between two of them (parabolic and limiting bitangent curves) and monocular image features (contour inflections and bitangents). We present a method for automatically constructing these two curves from continuous sequences of video images and describe an approach to object recognition using viewpoint-dependent monocular image features as indexes into a database of models and as a basis for pose estimation. We have implemented both algorithms and present results obtained from real images. We briefly discuss the construction of the whole set of HOT curves and its application to aspect graph construction from image data.
Weak matrix elements and the determination of the weak mixing angles

Abstract In the limit of QCD where heavy quark masses go to infinity new symmetries appear which enable one to predict the hadronic form factors that occur in the semileptonic decays B → De v e , B → D ∗ e v e and Λb → Λ c e v e . These results may eventually improve our ability to extract the weak mixing angles from experimental data on B and Λb decay.
Development of atopy by severe paramyxoviral infection in a mouse model

Background Atopic diseases have been increasing in prevalence, yet the initial inciting events that lead to atopy are not understood. Paramyxoviral infections have been suggested to play a role; however, much of these data are correlative. Objective To determine whether exposure to a nonviral antigen during a paramyxoviral infection is sufficient to drive IgE production against the bystander antigen and whether clinical disease against this antigen would result. Methods Wild-type C57BL6 mice or mice deficient in FceRIα (FceRIα −/− ) or IgE (IgE −/− ) were inoculated with Sendai virus (SeV) or UV-inactivated SeV (UV-SeV) and subsequently exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) intranasally. Mice were further challenged 3 times with intranasal OVA on days 20 to 22 after inoculation with SeV, and airway hyperreactivity and mucous cell metaplasia were determined. Results Exposure to OVA during SeV infection led to significant OVA specific IgE production (median, 548 vs 0 ng/mL; P = .03; SeV vs UV-SeV). This induction of OVA specific IgE production depended on FceRI because FceRIα −/− mice produced significantly less IgE (112 ng/mL; P = .03; vs wild-type mice). Furthermore, in wild-type mice OVA exposure and challenge significantly enhanced SeV-induced airway hyperreactivity and mucous cell metaplasia, but this failed to occur in either FceRIα −/− or IgE −/− mice. Conclusion A single exposure to a bystander allergen during a paramyxoviral infection is sufficient to drive allergen specific IgE production in a partial FceRI-dependent mechanism. These data begin to provide mechanistic insight into how viral infections might drive development of atopic disease.
Preparation and synthetic utility of MCl4(Me2NCH2CH2NMe2)2, where M is uranium or thorium

Abstract UCl 4 or ThCl 4 dissolves in a solution of Me 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 (tmed) in toluene to give green UCl 4 (tmed) 2 or colorless ThCl 4 (tmed) 2 . Anion metathesis with Me 3 SiBr or Me 3 SiI gives UBr 4 (tmed) x or UI 4 (tmed) x , where x lies between 1 and 2. The tmed complexes are useful synthons for other ligand complexes, as well as for (MeC 5 H 4 ) 3 ThCl or (MeC 5 H 4 ) 4 Th.
Kinetic and pharmacological examination of stimulation‐induced increases in synaptic efficacy in the chick ciliary ganglion

We have characterized the kinetic and pharmacological properties of stimulation-induced increases of synaptic efficacy in the embryonic chick ciliary ganglion. We found what appear to be four components of increased ganglionic efficacy with average time constants of decay of about 60 msec, 400 msec, 30 sec, and 200 sec. These time constants are similar to the those describing the decay of the four components of stimulation-induced increases in neurotransmitter release characterized at other synapses. These components have been termed first and second components of facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation. We found that the addition of small amounts of Ba2+ to the low Ca2+ bathing solution led to an increase in the magnitude of the augmentation-like component, whereas Sr2+ enhanced the magnitude and time course of the component resembling the second component of facilitation. These effects of Ba2+ and Sr2+ are similar to the effects of these same divalent cations on augmentation and the second component of facilitation, respectively, at the frog neuromuscular junction and rabbit superior cervical ganglion. Based on these similar kinetic and pharmacological properties, we conclude that the four components of stimulation-induced increases in release that have been described in other synaptic preparations also appear to be present in the chick ciliary ganglion.
Recurrent pyogenic infections in individuals with absence of the second component of complement.

While deficiency of the terminal components of complement (C3–C8) has classically been associated with recurrent pyogenic infections, it has become apparent that C2 deficiency is also associated with recurrent infections in some individuals. The patient presented here had two major pyogenic infections prior to 1 year of age and was found to lack the second component of complement. Studies of alternative complement pathway and humoral and cellular immunity were found to be within normal limits. Family studies suggest an autosomal codominant pattern of inheritance for the C2 defect, which also corresponded to the inheritance of the HLA A10 B18 haplotype. A review of the literature revealed nine other cases of C2-deficient patients with well-documented recurrent infections. In these patients,Streptococcus pneumoniae is the organism most frequently implicated in infectious processes, whether or not their alternative complement pathway is intact.
Mechanistic parallels between DNA replication, recombination and transcription

Abstract The multiprotein complexes that mediate replication, transcription and homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells face many of the same molecular challenges. These include the recognition of DNA sites embedded in large chromatinized genomes, the denaturation of duplex DNA, and partial dissociation and reassociation at different stages of the catalytic cycle. Therefore, it is not surprising that several steps in the respective catalytic cycles are strikingly similar at the DNA level and may proceed by similar mechanisms. Some of these relationships are reviewed here. It is argued that speculation based on such ‘crosspathway’ comparisons may be a valuable paradigm for the design of new experiments.