cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjective Sleep Quality Deteriorates Before Development of Painful Temporomandibular Disorder

Abstract There is good evidence that poor sleep quality increases risk of painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD). However, little is known about the course of sleep quality in the months preceding TMD onset, and whether the relationship is mediated by heightened sensitivity to pain. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was administered at enrollment into the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) prospective cohort study. Thereafter the Sleep Quality Numeric Rating Scale was administered every 3 months to 2,453 participants. Sensitivity to experimental pressure pain and pinprick pain stimuli was measured at baseline and repeated during follow-up of incident TMD cases (n = 220) and matched TMD-free controls (n = 193). Subjective sleep quality deteriorated progressively, but only in those who subsequently developed TMD. A Cox proportional hazards model showed that risk of TMD was greater among participants whose sleep quality worsened during follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence limits = 1.29, 2.32). This association was independent of baseline measures of sleep quality, psychological stress, somatic awareness, comorbid conditions, nonpain facial symptoms, and demographic characteristics. Poor baseline sleep quality was not significantly associated with baseline pain sensitivity or with subsequent change in pain sensitivity. Furthermore the relationship between sleep quality and TMD incidence was not mediated via baseline pain sensitivity or change in pain sensitivity. Perspective Subjective sleep quality deteriorates progressively before the onset of painful TMD, but sensitivity to experimental pain does not mediate this relationship. Furthermore, the relationship is independent of potential confounders such as psychological stress, somatic awareness, comorbid conditions, nonpain facial symptoms, and various demographic factors.
Estimating Neospora caninum prevalence in wildlife populations using Bayesian inference.

Prevalence of disease in wildlife populations, which is necessary for developing disease models and conducting epidemiologic analyses, is often understudied. Laboratory tests used to screen for diseases in wildlife populations often are validated only for domestic animals. Consequently, the use of these tests for wildlife populations may lead to inaccurate estimates of disease prevalence. We demonstrate the use of Bayesian latent class analysis (LCA) in determining the specificity and sensitivity of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; VMRD (®), Inc.) serologic test used to identify exposure to Neospora caninum (hereafter N. caninum) in three wildlife populations in southeastern Ohio, USA. True prevalence of N. caninum exposure in these populations was estimated to range from 0.1% to 3.1% in American bison (Bison bison), 51.0% to 53.8% in Pere David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), and 40.0% to 45.9% in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The accuracy of the cELISA in American bison and Pere David's deer was estimated to be close to the 96% sensitivity and 99% specificity reported by the manufacturer. Sensitivity in white-tailed deer, however, ranged from 78.9% to 99.9%. Apparent prevalence of N. caninum from the test results is not equal to the true prevalence in white-tailed deer and Pere David's deer populations. Even when these species inhabit the same community, the true prevalence in the two deer populations differed from the true prevalence in the American bison population. Variances in prevalence for some species suggest differences in the epidemiology of N. caninum for these colocated populations. Bayesian LCA methods could be used as in this example to overcome some of the constraints on validating tests in wildlife species. The ability to accurately evaluate disease status and prevalence in a population improves our understanding of the epidemiology of multihost pathogen systems at the community level.
Vertical variation of ice particle size in convective cloud tops.

A novel technique is used to estimate derivatives of ice effective radius with respect to height near convective cloud tops (dre /dz) from airborne shortwave reflectance measurements and lidar. Values of dre /dz are about -6 μm/km for cloud tops below the homogeneous freezing level, increasing to near 0 μm/km above the estimated level of neutral buoyancy. Retrieved dre /dz compares well with previously documented remote sensing and in situ estimates. Effective radii decrease with increasing cloud top height, while cloud top extinction increases. This is consistent with weaker size sorting in high, dense cloud tops above the level of neutral buoyancy where fewer large particles are present, and with stronger size sorting in lower cloud tops that are less dense. The results also confirm that cloud-top trends of effective radius can generally be used as surrogates for trends with height within convective cloud tops. These results provide valuable observational targets for model evaluation.
Up and Down Regulation of the Stress Response by the Co-Chaperone Ubiquitin Ligase CHIP

Following exposure to environmental insults, the cells in most tissues dramatically increase the production of a group of proteins that are collectively known as “heat shock” or stress proteins (Parsell and Lindquist, 1993). This set of proteins functions as the major cellular defense against the accumulation of damaged proteins. One large group of heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones, including members of the Hsp70, Hsp90, Hsp104, Hsp40 (DnaJ), and small Hsp families (Hsp27, α-crystallins) (Feder and Hofmann, 1999). Chaperones retard protein denaturation and aggregation by selectively binding unfolded domains in polypeptides (Frydman and Hartl, 1996). Most of these chaperones are major cell constituents under normal conditions, where they are essential to ensure the proper folding and intracellular localization of newly synthesized polypeptides (Frydman, 2001). Their synthesis is further increased upon exposure to various proteotoxic stressors (including heat, heavy metals, hypoxia, and acidosis). The heat shock response is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that enables cells to better withstand these diverse physical and chemical insults (Lindquist and Craig, 1988).
Knowledge-based interpretation of architectural drawings

Architectural schematic drawings have been used to communicate building designs for centuries. The symbolic language used in these drawings efficiently represents much of the intricacy of the building process (e.g. implied business relationships, common building practice, and properties of construction materials). The drawing language is an accepted standard representation for building design, something that modern data languages have failed to achieve. In fact, the lack of an accepted standard electronic representation has hampered efforts at computer intergration and perhaps worsened industry fragmentation. In general, drawings must be interpreted, by a professional, and then reentered in order to transfer them from one CAD system to another. This work develops a method for machine interpretation of architectural (or other) schematic drawings. The central problem is to build an efficient drawing parser (i.e. a program that identifies the semantic entitites, characteristics, and relationships that are represented in the drawing). The parser is built from specifications of the drawing grammar and an underlying spatial model. The grammar describes what to look for, and the spatial model enables the parser to find it quickly. Coupled with existing optical recognition technology, this technique enables the use of drawings directly as: (1) a database to drive various AEC applications, (2) a communication protocol to integrate CAD systems, (3) a traditional user interface. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
SU-F-P-16: Improving the MedPhys Match and Interview Process: Results From An Independent Survey of Applicants and Programs

Purpose: To provide recommendations from applicants and program directors on improving the Medical Physics Residency Matching Program (the “MedPhys” Match) and the associated interview process. Methods: A survey gauging interview and match experience was emailed to all applicants and program directors registered for the inaugural 2014/15 MedPhys Match. Detailed questions included satisfaction with the match experience, logistics and cost of interviewing for applicants, and specific suggestions to improve the match. Results: 109 out of 402 applicants and 42 out of 77 programs completed the surveys. Of these applicants, 92 submitted rankings and 52 matched. 77% of matched applicants and only 7% of unmatched applicants were satisfied with the experience. Generally, 15% of applicants stated that the match needs no improvement, while 79% stated that it could use minor or major improvement. Primary suggestions from applicants included coordination of interviews into geographic regions and a fixed date by which interview invitations/dates are announced. 98% of programs were satisfied with the experience, with 75% stating that no improvements are needed, and 25% stating that the match could use minor improvement. Suggestions from programs included coordination of interviews in geographic locations, an earlier match date, and quicker turnaround on offer acceptances. Conclusion: Overall, matched applicants were satisfied and programs were very satisfied with the match experience. It is unclear whether the dissatisfaction among unmatched applicants is largely attributable to the process itself or to the fact that they may be shut out of the board certification process. Since a majority (79%) of applicants but only a minority (25%) of programs felt that the current match requires minor or major improvement, our applicants should be considered a valuable source of suggestions for improvement. Addressing these concerns early on may lead to more transparency and an improved experience for applicants and programs.
CHAPTER 16 – Text Entry for People with Visual Impairments

This chapter reviews the history of input innovations focusing on the Latin alphabet. It considers the difficulties of supporting text entry for ideographic characters, since people in cultures with such graphic characters still have fundamental difficulties in handling those characters. The chapter also introduces future challenges, such as the challenges of various types of selection-based text input interfaces. Further, it discusses some guidelines for the developers of text entry interfaces that can make them more accessible for visually impaired users. Text entry for visually impaired people can be divided into two methods, one for standard keyboard entry used by the majority of users and one for six-dot Braille entry. Though the use of Braille is declining, Braille input is still very important. The chapter reviews the history of these two types of entries. There are several character sets that are grouped under the label of Latin alphabet, but they generally have fewer than 30 basic characters. This characteristic allows laying out a keyboard with individual keys for each character. It means that each physical key is associated with one specific character. This fundamental design of the keyboard allows visually impaired users to use their sense of touch to input text without seeing the keyboard.
Spirituality is associated with less treatment regret in men with localized prostate cancer.

Background Some patients with prostate cancer regret their treatment choice. Treatment regret is associated with lower physical and mental quality of life. We investigated whether, in men with prostate cancer, spirituality is associated with lower decisional regret 6 months after treatment and whether this is, in part, because men with stronger spiritual beliefs experience lower decisional conflict when they are deciding how to treat their cancer. Methods One thousand ninety three patients with prostate cancer (84% white, 10% black, and 6% Hispanic; mean age = 63.18; SD = 7.75) completed measures of spiritual beliefs and decisional conflict after diagnosis and decisional regret 6 months after treatment. We used multivariable linear regression to test whether there is an association between spirituality and decisional regret and structural equation modeling to test whether decisional conflict mediated this relationship. Results Stronger spiritual beliefs were associated with less decisional regret (b = −0.39, 95% CI = −0.53, −0.26, P < .001, partial η2 = 0.024, confidence interval = −0.55, 39%, P < .001, partial η2 = 0.03), after controlling for covariates. Decisional conflict partially (38%) mediated the effect of spirituality on regret (indirect effect: b = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.21, −0.12, P < .001). Conclusions Spirituality may help men feel less conflicted about their cancer treatment decisions and ultimately experience less decisional regret. Psychosocial support post-diagnosis could include clarification of spiritual values and opportunities to reappraise the treatment decision-making challenge in light of these beliefs.
Sociodemographic characteristics associated with frequency and duration of eating family meals: a cross-sectional analysis.

Introduction Children who frequently eat family meals are less likely to develop risk- and behavior-related outcomes, such as substance misuse, sexual risk, and obesity. Few studies have examined sociodemographic characteristics associated with both meal frequency (i.e., number of meals) and duration (i.e., number of minutes spent at mealtimes).
Modeling spatial and temporal frost formation with distributed properties on a flat plate using the orthogonal collocation method

Abstract In this paper the orthogonal collocation method is used to solve the equations that describe the frost formation process when a cold flat plate is exposed to a humid air stream. The proposed scheme combines a front-fixing method to handle the moving boundary with the orthogonal collocation method to discretize and solve the resulting set of partial differential equations. Time and spatial variations of frost properties such as porosity and density as well as other relevant variables such as the frost thickness, frost temperature, and heat flux through the frost layer – are predicted with the proposed method. Model results were found to agree closely with available experimental data.
UV-Specific (320-365 nm) Digital Camera Based On a 128×128 Focal Plane Array of GaN/AlGaN p-i-n Photodiodes

An ultraviolet-specific (320-365 nm) digital camera based on a 128×128 array of backside-illuminated GaN/AlGaN p-i-n photodiodes has been successfully developed. The diode structure consists of a base n-type layer of AlGaN (~23% Al) followed by undoped and then p-type GaN layers deposited by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Double-side polished sapphire wafers serve as transparent substrates. Standard photolithographic, etching, and metallization procedures were employed to fabricate the devices. The fully-processed photodiode array was hybridized to a silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) using In bump bonds for electrical contact. The UV camera was operated at room temperature at frame rates ranging from 15 to 240 Hz. A variety of UV scenes were successfully recorded with this configuration.
The use of intraosseous needles for injection of contrast media for computed tomographic angiography of the thoracic aorta

Abstract Background The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and quality of computed tomographic angiography of the thoracic aorta (CTA-TA) exams performed using intraosseous needle intravenous access (ION-IVA) for contrast media injection (CMI). Methods All CTA-TA exams at the study institution performed between 1/1/2013 and 8/14/2015 were reviewed retrospectively to identify those exams which had been performed using ION-IVA (ION-exams). ION-exams were then analyzed to determine aortic attenuation and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Linear regression was used to determine how injection rate and other variables affected image quality for ION-exams. Patient electronic medical records were reviewed to identify any adverse events related to CTA-TA or ION-IVA. Results 17 (∼0.2%) of 7401 exams were ION-exams. ION-exam CMI rates varied between 2.5 and 4 ml/s. Mean attenuation was 312 HU (SD 88 HU) and mean CNR was 25 (SD 9.9). A strong positive linear association between attenuation and injection rate was found. No immediate or delayed complications related to the ION-exams, or intraosseous needle use in general, occurred. Conclusion For CTA-TA, ION-IVA appears to be a safe and effective route for CMI at rates up to 4 ml/s.
Local matters: Political opportunities, spatial scale, and support for green jobs policies

Abstract Research on the politics of sustainability transitions can benefit from more attention to the political opportunity structure and its variation at different levels of spatial scale. The study focuses on policy conflicts in the U.S. as represented in the media during the Obama administration years of 2007–2013, when the opportunity structure became increasingly closed. Energy-transition policies were often framed as green jobs and green economic development to overcome opposition from regime actors and conservative politicians. We show that media reports of the policies at the national and global level are less positive than at the local and state-government level. Furthermore, articles that quote from business leaders tend to be more positive. Scalar variation in political opportunities is of general interest for the politics of transitions, especially in countries where conservative parties control national governments and oppose sustainability policy development.
A cost-minimization analysis of dalbavancin compared to conventional therapy for the outpatient treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections.

Introduction: Acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI) are common infectious diseases (ID) that often require intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Dalbavancin is a novel lipoglycopeptid...
Simple Majority Voting

Suppose as a group we must choose one of two possible outcomes. It might be a choice of President from candidates of two parties or a decision about whether or not to permit the humpback whale to become extinct. It might be a decision about building or not building an anti-ballistic missile system or conviction versus acquittal. For the moment we don’t care about any special details about these two possible outcomes so we will give them very neutral names. For brevity we might choose ‘yea’ and ‘nay’, but we go one step further. One is called ‘x’ and the other is called ‘y’.
Exaggerated mechanoreflex in early-stage type 1 diabetic rats: role of Piezo channels

Recent findings have shown that muscle contraction evokes an exaggerated pressor response in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats; however, it is not known whether the mechanoreflex, which is commo...
Advanced Technical Diving

Effective exploration of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) has been limited primarily by available technology. Although research targeting MCEs led to the development of the first electronically controlled, closed-circuit rebreather in the late 1960s to the early 1970s, it wasn’t until the 1990s that the technology was utilized extensively for MCE research. Over the years, diving techniques and technologies have gradually advanced from conventional SCUBA to open-circuit, mixed-gas diving to closed-circuit rebreathers, each progressively increasing diver safety and bottom time at depth. Over the past decade, the application of closed-circuit rebreathers for use in MCE research has increased dramatically, enabling research activities that are impractical or impossible using other technologies. When conducting advanced diving operations to study MCEs, many logistical and practical considerations must be taken into account. Trained and experienced divers and support personnel are required and must have access to appropriate equipment. Contingencies both during dives (e.g., bailout options) and in response to emergencies must be clearly defined and understood. Insights and guidelines for conducting MCE research using rebreathers are recommended based on over three decades of field experience. As scientific diving programs at more institutions continue to establish support for advanced technical diving operations, the application of this approach to MCE research will help scientists conduct work efficiently and safely.
Successfully learning non-adjacent dependencies in a continuous artificial language stream

Abstract Much of the statistical learning literature has focused on adjacent dependency learning, which has shown that learners are capable of extracting adjacent statistics from continuous language streams. In contrast, studies on non-adjacent dependency learning have mixed results, with some showing success and others failure. We review the literature on non-adjacent dependency learning and examine various theories proposed to account for these results, including the proposed necessity of the presence of pauses in the learning stream, or proposals regarding competition between adjacent and non-adjacent dependency learning such that high variability of middle elements is beneficial to learning. Here we challenge those accounts by showing successful learning of non-adjacent dependencies under conditions that are inconsistent with predictions of previous theories. We show that non-adjacent dependencies are learnable without pauses at dependency edges in a variety of artificial language designs. Moreover, we find no evidence of a relationship between non-adjacent dependency learning and the robustness of adjacent statistics. We demonstrate that our two-step statistical learning model can account for all of our non-adjacent dependency learning results, and provides a unified learning account of adjacent and non-adjacent dependency learning. Finally, we discussed the theoretical implications of our findings for natural language acquisition, and argue that the dependency learning process can be a precursor to other language acquisition tasks that are vital to natural language acquisition.
Ya’at’eeh: Race-reimaged belongingness factors, academic outcomes, and goal pursuits among Indigenous community college students

Abstract For decades, students’ sense of belonging has been conceptualized through colonial perspectives, assuming students are to assimilate to educational institutions in order to belong. To challenge these perspectives, we race-reimaged belongingness factors in an investigation of Indigenous students (n = 887) from 156 U.S. community colleges in a secondary dataset. We first used measurement invariance testing to examine how Indigenous students interpret belongingness items differently from their non-Indigenous counterparts. Second, we used multilevel modeling to assess the role of Native-specific sense of belonging, operationalized through Indigenous ways of knowing and being, on GPA and goal pursuits. Our findings suggest that both traditional conceptualizations of belongingness factors (i.e., student relationships to teachers and peers) and Native-specific constructions of belongingness factors via relationships to community, family, and cultural identity were salient. Native-specific factors were more consistently associated with Indigenous students’ outcomes. Implications for best practices to foster belongingness and future directions for race-reimaging research will be discussed.
Design and analysis of bridging studies with prior probabilities on the null and alternative hypotheses

The pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies are increasingly interested in conducting bridging studies in order to bring an approved drug product from the original region (eg, United States or European Union) to a new region (eg, Asian-Pacific countries). In this article, we provide a new methodology for the design and analysis of bridging studies by assuming prior knowledge on how the null and alternative hypotheses in the original, foreign study are related to the null and alternative hypotheses in the bridging study and setting the type I error for the bridging study according to the strength of the foreign-study evidence. The new methodology accounts for randomness in the foreign-study evidence and controls the average type I error of the bridging study over all possibilities of the foreign-study evidence. In addition, the new methodology increases statistical power, when compared to approaches that do not use foreign-study evidence, and it allows for the possibility of not conducting the bridging study when the foreign-study evidence is unfavorable. Finally, we conducted extensive simulation studies to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology.
Trends in Prescription Analgesic Use Among Adults With Musculoskeletal Conditions in the United States, 1999-2016

Importance Monitoring trends in prescription analgesic use among adults with musculoskeletal conditions provides insight into how changing prescribing practices, guidelines, and policy measures may affect those who need pain management. Objective To evaluate trends in prescription opioid use and nonopioid analgesic use among adults with functional limitations attributable to musculoskeletal conditions. Design, Setting, and Participants This repeated cross-sectional study uses data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study from 1999 to 2016. Data were analyzed from January to July 2019. The participants were adults aged 30 to 79 years who reported functional limitations due to back or neck problems and/or arthritis or rheumatism. Main Outcomes and Measures Any use of a prescription opioid or exclusive use of a prescription nonopioid analgesic. Results In this population of 7256 adults with 1 or more functional limitations attributable to a musculoskeletal condition (4226 women [59.9%]; 3508 [74.4%] non-Hispanic white individuals; median [interquartile range] age, 63 [53-70] years), opioid use and exclusive nonopioid analgesic use exhibited approximately reciprocal patterns of change from 1999 to 2016. Opioid use increased significantly (difference in prevalence for 2015-2016 vs 1999-2000, 7.2%; 95% CI, 1.3% to 13%;Pfor trend = .002), and exclusive use of nonopioid analgesics decreased significantly (difference in prevalence for 2015-2016 vs 1999-2000, −13%; 95% CI, −19% to −7.5%;Pfor trend Conclusions and Relevance The substitution of opioids for nonopioid analgesics between 2003 and 2006 may have occurred as evidence emerged on the cardiovascular risks associated with nonopioid analgesics. Reductions in opioid use between 2013 and 2016 were most substantial among those with low socioeconomic status, who may encounter barriers in accessing alternatives. Despite those decreases, opioid use remained more prevalent in 2015 to 2016 than in 1999 to 2000, suggesting a potentially long tail for the opioid epidemic.
Vasilii Maksimov: Individuality and Collectivism in Pëtr Krestonostsev’s Artel of Artists

This essay explores the circumstances which led the Russian painter Vasilii Maksimov to compose an unusual group portrait in the early months of 1864. The work was painted shortly after fourteen students withdrew from the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg and formed a cooperative association known as the St. Petersburg Artel of Artists, a commune spearheaded by the painter Ivan Kramskoi. Shortly after these events, Maksimov would join an Artel of artists established by the Academy graduate Pёtr Krestonostsev. Few scholars discuss this Artel but exploring the ways it mirrored collective ideals for artistic practice then prevalent in Paris sheds light on how homosocial networks of support rose to the fore in this historical moment. Maksimov’s 1864 group portrait records the productive conflict that resulted from artists’ desire to work with one another through discourse and collaboration in both eastern and western Europe in the period.
The Liberal Arts and Leadership: How to Design a School of Leadership Studies

The greatest academic adventure of my life was working with a small group of colleagues to design a new kind of school in a university, from scratch. The Jepson School of Leadership Studies at the University of Richmond was the first undergraduate, degree-granting, liberal arts school of leadership studies in the world. The task was not easy because, at the time, leadership studies was still an arm of management studies. What excited me was that the school offered an opportunity to recast the liberal arts. I glibly called it ‘liberal arts with a point’ or with a focus on understanding leadership. Students could study, history, philosophy, anthropology, literature, etc. as a means for understanding leadership. Aristotle once said that the liberal arts taught people how to make good decisions in a free society. To my mind, the Jepson School took that idea one step farther. We designed it to teach students how to make good decisions and how to work with others to implement them.
Why Did the Resurrected Jesus Upbraid Thomas

The Johannine account of the resurrected Jesus’ appearance to Thomas is frequently taken as Jesus’ insistence that true faith does not require evidence. However, a close reading of the text reveals this is diametrically opposed to the pericope’s intent. Confronted with the earth-shattering event of Jesus’ crucifixion, Thomas was determined to have nothing to do with Jesus’ movement again. When his closest friends for the past three years told him they had seen the resurrected Jesus, Thomas refused to believe this eyewitness testimony but instead sarcastically replied with a seemingly absurd precondition for his recommitment to Jesus. In his appearance to Thomas, Jesus mocks Thomas by quoting back to him his own insincere demand. Jesus’ point was that Thomas should have once again placed his allegiance in Jesus on the basis of his fellow apostles’ testimony, namely on the basis of very good evidence that Jesus had resurrected. My proposed interpretation will hopefully prompt creative reflection on the Fourth Gospel’s relationship between faith and reason.
Discrete-Event Simulation Thermal Model for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of PLA and ABS

The material properties of thermoplastic polymer parts manufactured by the extrusion-based additive manufacturing process are highly dependent on the thermal history. Different numerical models have been proposed to simulate the thermal history of a 3D-printed part. However, they are limited due to limited geometric applicability; low accuracy; or high computational demand. Can the time–temperature history of a 3D-printed part be simulated by a computationally less demanding, fast numerical model without losing accuracy? This paper describes the numerical implementation of a simplified discrete-event simulation model that offers accuracy comparable to a finite element model but is faster by two orders of magnitude. Two polymer systems with distinct thermal properties were selected to highlight differences in the simulation of the orthotropic response and the temperature-dependent material properties. The time–temperature histories from the numerical model were compared to the time–temperature histories from a conventional finite element model and were found to match closely. The proposed highly parallel numerical model was approximately 300–500 times faster in simulating thermal history compared to the conventional finite element model. The model would enable designers to compare the effects of several printing parameters for specific 3D-printed parts and select the most suitable parameters for the part.
Aging Out—Quality Improvement in Transitions of Care for Adolescents Leaving the Foster Care System

Background: Adolescents placed in the foster care system are a vulnerable population where socialdeterminants lead to health disparities that greatly impact their health and wellbeing into adulthood Betweenthe ages of 18 and 21, these young adults age out of the foster care system and must also transition frompediatric to adult models of care Unstructured transitions lead to poor health outcomes, however only 14-17% of youth meet health care transition performance measures Objective: To assess transition readinessamong adolescents in foster care and use that data to incorporate a structured transition using the Six CoreElements into our Children in Foster and Kinship Care Clinic Methods: We are currently performing a needsassessment among adolescents in foster care, aged 12 - 18, who receive care at a medical home for youth infoster care in a large, western US city from 3/1/2020 - 4/30/2020 To date, 12 adolescents have completed theTransition Readiness Assessment (TRA)-part of the Six Core Elements that have been validated using QImethodologies in a variety of care settings Initially, participants completed the TRA in person;however,responses were collected by phone after COVID-19 physical distancing measures became mandatory Results:The Mean age of patients that completed the TRA was 15 3 years (SD 2 0) Importance in preparing andconfidence in ability to change to an adult doctor were moderate overall However, adolescents age16-18 hadsimilar importance (mean 5 8, SD 1 6, 95% CI 4 0 - 7 4), but much lower confidence measures (mean 2 5, SD2 7, 95% CI -0 4 - 5 4) The majority of our patients indicated they knew their personal health information,however their understanding of health care privacy and decision-making were much lower Similarly, ourpatients have a perceived inability to manage the logistics of accessing health care Alarmingly, a very smallportion of our patients have a plan to keep health insurance after age 18 despite the ACA's expansion ofMedicaid to this population until age 26 Conclusions: Our results suggest that our adolescent patients haveinsufficient education regarding changes in health care privacy and decision-making and perceived inability tomanage their own health care Together, these indicate a strong need for a structured transition to adultmodels of care for adolescents in out of home care Going forward, we plan to incorporate transitions into theworkflow of our clinic using a tool within the EMR, therefore consistently addressing transitions for all ouradolescent patients For patients greater than 18 years, we have developed a Transition of Care clinicspecifically for young adults leaving foster care led by an internal medicine-pediatrics trained physician, thusimproving continuity for young adults who have aged out of foster care
The Market Sanction for Financial Reporting Frauds: Toward a Reputation-Rebuilding Hypothesis

This paper introduces a test for the presence of a market-based sanction for corporate financial misconduct that does not rely on decomposition of the stock-price response to the news of the offense. I examine the relation between enforcement actions and market pressures to improve corporate governance, using data on large Fortune 500 public corporations over the 1995-2005 period. Under the reputation-rebuilding hypothesis, companies make verifiable improvements in governance as a necessary (and incentive-compatible) consequence of the threat of a larger reputational sanction. Consistent with this hypothesis, the evidence from analysis of panel data on year-2001 Fortune 500 companies is that the estimated probability of a CEO being replaced is significantly higher (about 2x) if the choice whether to replace the CEO occurs around the news of an SEC inquiry into a company's financial reporting practice; among CEO replacements, the estimated chance of an outsider being named as the replacement is relatively higher if the replacement occurs around the news of an inquiry. These findings are robust and not explained by the year of the replacement or the prior financial performance of the company. Thus, companies appear to incur costs of reputation improvement during periods of heightened investor concern about their financial reporting practices, and that these costs are not imposed by regulatory or enforcement mandate but rather arise from the pressures of the market. This has implications for the theory of corporate governance and for the economic interpretation of enforcement efforts and the design of sanctions.
Psychosocial factors affecting quality of life in patients with anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung disease-a qualitative systematic review

Abstract Introduction Little is known about psychosocial and behavioral factors that impact the quality of life of patient's with anorectal malformations (ARM) and Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). We aimed to highlight the psychosocial, emotional, and behavioral themes that affect these patients. Methods A qualitative literature review of articles published between 1980 and 2019 was performed. Articles that reported quality of life (QoL) measures not directly related to bowel function and incorporated data on patients aged 0–21 years old were included. Data were separated based on distinct developmental time points. Results In the neonatal period, parents relayed uncertainty about the future and feeling overwhelmed by lack of social support. Difficulties with anxiety, peer rejection, and behavioral problems were noted in primary grades, while adolescents experienced low self-confidence, poor body image, and depression. Young adults expressed hesitancy to engage in romantic relationships or sexual activity. Lack of long-term follow-up, an incomplete transition to adult healthcare, and lack of psychology services leave young adults without guidance to manage a chronic condition. Conclusion Multiple psychosocial stressors are present in the lives of ARM and HSCR patients. Provision of developmentally matched medical, psychological, and community-based supports for ARM and HSCR patients and their families can lead to improved QoL.
Reasoning Together: Temptations, Dangers, and Cautions

In the appropriate contexts reasoning is a powerful tool for producing intersubjective agreement about what counts as the best answer to a question that generates inquiry; sometimes employing arguments can lead to agreement about what is the right answer. In this paper we hope to show, however, that unabashed optimism about the power of argument is misplaced. Such optimism rests on an implausible picture of the power of articulation. Sentences cashed out as reasons to believe another sentence is true cannot bridge large gaps in substantive understanding. A failure to realize this fact, moreover, leads to an uncautious and unreflective optimism about the power of argument that ultimately threatens the very reasons-giving process. What is needed, then, is a much more modest sense of the role of argument.
Soil Liquefaction by Torsional Simple Shear Device

In this paper the writers explain the unique features of the new torsional simple shear device for soil liquefaction study. This device enables the investigator to subject the soil to uniform shear strains with well-known stress components and boundary conditions. From the experimental results obtained, the writers propose a unique relationship between the stress ratio and the number of cycles to liquefaction. This relationship is independent of the initial values of the ratios between the horizontal and the vertical stress components. Also, the writers propose a rational and analytical procedure for accurately identifying the beginning of initial liquefaction during the experiments.
Milne‐Edwards, Henri

1800–1885 Belgian-born French zoologist and physiologist who first described the principle of the physiological division of labour. Keywords: invertebrates; Cuvier; Darwin; creationism
Expert Humans and Expert Systems: Toward a Unity of Uncertain Reasoning

Expert systems use a variety of techniques to reason about uncertain, incomplete, or unclear knowledge. This paper considers some methods expert systems have used to attempt to match human reasoning with and about uncertainty. It discusses MYCIN certainty factors, probability and Bayes' Theorem, Dempster-Shafer belief functions, and fuzzy logic. For each method, the paper suggests how conceptual graphs can be used to implement those representations, using concepts, relations, schemata, and actors.
Performance models for ATM switching of mixed continuous-bit-rate and bursty traffic with threshold-based discarding

An exact performance analysis of an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) statistical multiplexer whose inputs consist of superposition of mixed continuous-bit-rate and bursty traffic is presented. Two priority levels are considered for each class of traffic. ATM cells arriving at the multiplexer are generated according to a Markov modulated Poisson process. The performance of the multiplexer for different classes of traffic was investigated. The quality of service required for each class is met by introducing selective cell discarding using a partial buffer sharing scheme. The performance of the multiplexer for both deterministic and exponential service distributions was investigated. The results indicate that the deterministic service compared to the exponential service shows better performance in the same traffic environment. It is shown that for heavy load situations the exponential service requires less buffer space than the deterministic service. It is also shown that the loss probability obtained under the deterministic service is about one order of magnitude lower than that of the exponential service. >
Nonperturbative Phenomena and Phases of QCD

The article provides a brief overview of what we have learned about the QCD vacuum, hadrons and hadronic matter during the last two decades. Asystematic description of the topic would need a large book, not an article. Some material is available in reviews written in a more technical way: instantons and chiral symmetry breaking are treated in [1], [2], correlators, OPE etc. in [3]. Alot of other material has been published recently: one can only consult the original papers.
A high performance pattern associative oblivious router for tree topologies

Presents a novel approach to execute implicit routing algorithms. The proposed router is based on an associative scheme that uses the attributes of the routing algorithm and the network topology. This router allows implicit oblivious routing algorithms to be mapped onto a set of bit patterns that are matched in parallel. In order to show the applicability of this router, the authors have selected a number of tree interconnection topologies. For the studied tree topologies the number of required bit patterns is of the same order as the topology degree. The proposed organization requires only one comparison and one read delay. >
Identification and characterization of tenp, a gene transiently expressed before overt cell differentiation during neurogenesis.

The initiation of cellular differentiation in the vertebrate central nervous system is a cascade of regulated gene expression events involving both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Currently, the molecular events underlying the developmental transition from the cessation of cell proliferation to the onset of cell differentiation during neurogenesis are still poorly understood. We have identified a gene, tenp, which is likely to play a role during the transition. tenp mRNA was detected in the developing retina and brain, but not in the heart, kidney, or liver. Anatomically, cells expressing tenp formed a narrow strip at the boundary between the ventricular zone (consisting of proliferating cells) and the intermediate zone (occupied by postmitotic, differentiating cells). Further analysis showed that they were bromodeoxyuridine negative and thus postmitotic, yet without apparent differentiation such as the expression of microtubule-associated protein (MAP2) and neurofilament (NF68). When expressed in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells through transfection, Tenp protein was immunodetected in membrane fractions, implying that Tenp might be a membrane protein as predicted by a computer analysis of its primary sequence. Our data suggested that tenp might be involved in an early neurogenic event that existed transiently after terminal mitosis, yet before the overt differentiation of neural precursor cells. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 34: 319–328, 1998
Modeling Coherent Backscattering Errors in Fiber Optic Gyroscopes for Sources of Arbitrary Line Width

We present a new model of the noise and drift induced by coherent backscattering in a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) interrogated with a light source of arbitrary temporal coherence. This study is critical to understand whether a FOG driven with a laser instead of a broadband source can attain high sensitivity and stability, which would have the overwhelming benefit of improving the FOG scale factor stability by at least ten-fold and would enable the use of FOGs for inertial navigation of aircrafts. Analytical and numerical solutions bring to light two significant new predictions. First, coherent-backscattering noise can be made negligibly small by utilizing a laser with a very narrow linewidth (less than ~ 20 kHz), although in this regime the drift is high. Second, by using a laser with a broad linewidth (greater than ~ 10 MHz), both the noise and the drift are low enough for aircraft inertial navigation. The dependencies of the noise and drift on fiber loss, loop coupling coefficient, and backscattering coefficient are also presented to define the optimum mode of operation of this new class of FOGs.
A screen for genetic defects of the zebrafish ear

To advance the understanding of genetic mechanisms involved in the patterning and the differentiation of the vertebrate auditory system, we screened for mutations affecting ear development in the zebrafish larva. Fifteen recessive mutant alleles have been isolated and analyzed. The phenotypes of these mutants involve abnormalities in ear morphology, otolith formation, or both processes in parallel. Among morphological defects, we found mutations affecting early patterning of the otic vesicle, the morphogenesis of semicircular canals, and the expansion of the ear lumen. The two most severe mutant phenotypes involve the absence of anterior and posterior cristae, as well as a severely misshapen morphology of the ear. In the category of otolith mutants, we found defects in otolith formation, growth, and shape. As it proved to be the case in past screening efforts of this type, these mutant lines represent an asset in the studies of molecular mechanisms that regulate vertebrate ear development.
Size-Controlled Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Silver Nanoparticles within a Minute Using Microwave Irradiation

Size-controlled silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) and nanochains were synthesized for the first time in large quantities. This was done in the presence of alkaline 2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene (2,7-DHN) as a new reducing agent under microwave heating for just 60 s in a nonionic surfactant (TX-100) media. Results showed that the Ag NPs were small in size, which could be successfully controlled through varying the TX-100 to Ag(I) molar ratio. The formation of Ag nanochains was enhanced by low TX-100 concentrations and high pH. The synthesized particles are stable for more than 3 months in ambient conditions. The proposed method could be extended for the synthesis of other metal and semiconductor nanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. These particles could find valuable applications in catalysis, nanoelectronics, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) studies.