cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the NOTCH1 Pathway by LUNATIC FRINGE Is Dominant over That of MANIC or RADICAL FRINGE

Fringes are glycosyltransferases that transfer a GlcNAc to O-fucose residues on Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF) repeats. Three Fringes exist in mammals: LUNATIC FRINGE (LFNG), MANIC FRINGE (MFNG), and RADICAL FRINGE (RFNG). Fringe modification of O-fucose on EGF repeats in the NOTCH1 (N1) extracellular domain modulates the activation of N1 signaling. Not all O-fucose residues of N1 are modified by all Fringes; some are modified by one or two Fringes and others not modified at all. The distinct effects on N1 activity depend on which Fringe is expressed in a cell. However, little data is available on the effect that more than one Fringe has on the modification of O-fucose residues and the resulting downstream consequence on Notch activation. Using mass spectral glycoproteomic site mapping and cell-based N1 signaling assays, we compared the effect of co-expression of N1 with one or more Fringes on modification of O-fucose and activation of N1 in three cell lines. Individual expression of each Fringe with N1 in the three cell lines revealed differences in modulation of the Notch pathway dependent on the presence of endogenous Fringes. Despite these cell-based differences, co-expression of several Fringes with N1 demonstrated a dominant effect of LFNG over MFNG or RFNG. MFNG and RFNG appeared to be co-dominant but strongly dependent on the ligands used to activate N1 and on the endogenous expression of Fringes. These results show a hierarchy of Fringe activity and indicate that the effect of MFNG and/or RFNG could be small in the presence of LFNG.
Multi-criteria Decision Support for Investment Decisions: Examining the Interactive Effects of Risk Profile, Information Horizon, and Prospect Format

Using a psychological approach toward designing a Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems (MCDSS), three prominent design features -- risk profile, information horizon, and prospect format -- are embedded in a MCDSS to help users overcome a tendency to build overly conservative investment portfolios. Consistent with myopic loss aversion theory, users exhibit a decreased willingness to take calculated risks when a MCDSS presents risk profiles with more variation and larger probabilities and magnitudes of losses. Such risk profiles prove particularly problematic when extended information horizons (e.g., 10 years) prevail. Regardless of risk profile, a MCDSS can activate heuristic-based decision processes by presenting multi-trial prospects in a manner that overwhelms cognitive capacity. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Identifying factors that influence performance of non-computing majors in the business computer information systems course

AbstractMany questions have been raised concerning the introductory business computer information systems course. These questions have stemmed from the increased importance of computers in business with particular emphasis toward applications, end users, and small computer systems. This paper presents a set of variables that can effectively be used to explain performance of non-computing majors in the introductory business computer information systems course. Results using logit and discriminant analysis for three semesters indicate that GPA, gender, and other variables do influence performance; however, prior exposure to computers in high school does not.
PSpice/spl reg/ simulation of one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP/spl trade/) reactor systems

Summary form only given, as follows. The PSpice software has been used to simulate the electrical characteristics of a One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP/sup TM/) reactor system. An OAUGDP/sup TM/ reactor system normally includes a power supply, a transformer, an impedance matching network, and the plasma reactor. We have developed a PSpice model for the plasma discharge in a OAUGDP/sup TM/ reactor, which may consist either of two parallel electrode plates with a small gap between them, or a planar plasma layer generated by coplanar parallel electrode strips. In an OAUGDP/sup TM/, at least one electrode is covered with a dielectric, which can be modeled as a capacitor, as can the gap containing the plasma. The plasma discharge itself is modeled as a voltage-controlled current source that is switched on when the voltage across the gap exceeds the plasma initiation voltage. The current source and its output current follow a power law of the voltage, an observed phenomenological characteristic of the voltage-current behavior of normal glow discharges. Simulation results agree well with experimental data from actual reactors It has been found that in different operating regimes, the discharge current of the OAUGDP/sup TM/ is described by voltage power laws with different exponents, and that the capacitance of the impedance matching network affects the shape of the modeled discharge current waveform in a manner consistent with experiment.
On the Modeling of Friction in Micromachining Processes

When machining miniaturized components, the contact conditions between the tool and workpiece exhibit very small contact areas that are on the order of 10−5 mm2 . Under these conditions, extremely high contact stresses are generated and it is not clear whether macroscopic theories for the chip formation, cutting forces, and the friction mechanisms are applicable. For this reason, the present investigation has focused on creating a basic understanding of the frictional behavior in micro machining processes so that evaluations of standard macro-scale models could be performed. Specialized machining experiments were conducted on 70/30 brass materials using steel tools over a range of speeds, feeds, depths of cut and tool rake angles. At each operating condition studied, the friction coefficient and the shear factor, τk , were obtained. Based on the experimental results, it was determined that standard macroscopic theory for analyzing detailed friction mechanisms was insufficient in micro machining processes. An approach that utilized the shear factor, in contrast, was found to be better for decoupling the physical phenomena involved. Utilizing the shear factor as an analysis parameter, the parameters that significantly influence the friction in microscale machining process were ascertained and discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Stage III Ovarian Cancer Using the Gynecologic Oncology Group Protocol 172 Intraperitoneal Regimen: Effect of Supportive Care Using Aprepitant and Pegfilgrastim on Treatment Completion Rate

Abstract Purpose We evaluated the outcomes of patients with optimally debulked stage III ovarian cancer receiving intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy according to the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) 172 trial with concurrent administration of aprepitant and pegfilgrastim. Patients and Methods All patients initially treated with GOG 172 IP chemotherapy between March 2005 and August 2006 were retrospectively identified from the tumor registry database. Clinical data pertaining to IP chemotherapy cycle completion, grade 3/4 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity with relation to aprepitant use, and grade 3/4 neutropenia with relation to pegfilgrastim were abstracted from the medical records. Statistical comparisons were performed using the χ2 test. Results Twenty patients were identified. In this group, 102 of 120 (85%) prescribed IP chemotherapy cycles were completed. Sixteen of 20 patients (80%) completed 5–6 cycles of GOG 172 IP therapy. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was documented in 81% of cycles (21 of 26) without pegfilgrastim support. This decreased to 24% of cycles (18 of 76) with pegfilgrastim (P Conclusion In this preliminary dataset of optimally debulked patients with ovarian cancer receiving first-line IP chemotherapy, the addition of aprepitant and pegfilgrastim was associated with a statistically significant reduction in GI and hematologic toxicities and 85% successful completion of prescribed treatment cycles. Pegfilgrastim can safely be given on day 8 concurrent with IP paclitaxel. Further study is warranted to confirm these results.
Effect of dietary energy source on in vitro substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissues of Angus and Wagyu steers

Angus (n = 8; 210 kg of BW) and 7/8 Wagyu (n = 8; 174 kg of BW) steers were used to evaluate the effects of dietary energy source on muscle and adipose tissue metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Steers were assigned to either a grain-based (corn) or hay-based (hay) diet and fed to similar final BW. At slaughter, LM and s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue samples were collected. Portions of the LM and adipose tissues were placed immediately in liquid N for later measurement of glycolytic intermediates. Fresh LM and s.c. and i.m. adipose tissues were incubated with [U- 14 C] glucose to assess glucose metabolism in vitro. All in vitro measures were in the presence of 0 or 500 ng/mL of insulin. Also, s.c. and i.m. adipose tissues were incubated with [1- 14 C] acetate to quantify lipid synthesis in vitro. Glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate concentrations were 12.6- and 2.4-fold greater in muscle than in s.c. and i.m. adipose tissues, respectively. Diet did not affect acetate incorporation into fatty acids (P = 0.86). Insulin did not increase conversion of glucose to CO 2 , lactate, or total lipid in steers fed hay but caused an increase (per cell) of 97 to 110% in glucose conversion to CO 2 , 46 to 54% in glucose conversion to lactate, and 65 to 160% in glucose conversion to total lipid content in adipose tissue from steers fed corn. On a per-cell basis, s.c. adipose tissue had 37% greater glucose oxidation than i.m. adipose (P = 0.04) and 290% greater acetate incorporation into fatty acids than i.m. adipose (P = 0.04). Insulin addition to s.c. adipose tissue from corn-fed steers failed to stimulate glucose incorporation into fatty acids, but exposing i.m. adipose tissue from corn-fed steers to insulin resulted in a 165% increase in glucose incorporation into fatty acids. These results suggest that feeding hay limited both glucose supply and tissue capacity to increase glucose utilization in response to insulin without altering acetate conversion to fatty acids. Because s.c. adipose tissue consistently utilized more acetate and oxidized more glucose than did i.m. adipose, these results suggest that hay-based diets may alter i.m. adipose tissue metabolism with less effect on s.c. adipose tissue.
Proton-Hydrogen Scattering System

The impact parameter treatment of the scattering of protons by hydrogen is derived and is shown to be valid for energies greater than a few electron volts. A novel treatment of the resultant equations is given which significantly modifies previously obtained results for inelastic scattering and charge-exchange scattering.
Bromocriptine and clozapine regulate dopamine 2 receptor gene expression in the mouse striatum.

In a previous study, we showed that the psychoactive drug caffeine alters the expression of the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) gene in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that acute administration of antipsychotic and antiparkinsonian drugs also regulate D2R gene expression in PC12 cells and in the mouse striatum. Treatment of PC12 cells with the atypical antipsychotic and specific 5-HT antagonist clozapine (60µM) reduced D2R/luciferase reporter expression by 46% after 24 h. However, male and female mice treated with a clinical dose of clozapine (10 mg/kg) showed no changes in striatal D2R mRNA expression when assayed by quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment of PC12 cells with the specific D2R agonist anti-parkinsonian drug, bromocriptine mesylate (BCM; 5µM) also resulted in decreased D2R/luciferase reporter activity (27%). In contrast to clozapine, a clinical dose of BCM (16 mg/kg) led to a 21% decrease and a 45% increase in striatal D2R mRNA expression in male and female mice, respectively, after 24 h. Coadministration of clozapine and BCM in PC12 cells resulted in a synergistic decrease in D2R/luciferase reporter expression (68%), and coadministration of these drugs in vivo led to decreases in striatal D2R mRNA expression in both male and female mice (45% and 22%, respectively). Collectively, these results indicate that clozapine, BCM, or a combination of these drugs have differential effects on dopamine receptor gene expression and might also affect striatal physiology in a sexually dimorphic manner.
Suppressive effect of calcium on parathyroid hormone release in adynamic renal osteodystrophy and secondary hyperparathyroidism

Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are markedly lower in patients with the adynamic lesion (AD) of renal osteodystrophy than in those with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT), but serum PTH values are often moderately elevated in AD when compared to subjects with normal renal and parathyroid gland function (NL). To study the inhibitory effect of calcium on PTH release in AD and in 2 degrees HPT, the response to two-hour intravenous calcium infusions was examined in 6 patients with AD, in 31 patients with 2 degrees HPT and in 20 NL. Basal serum PTH levels were 88 +/- 51, 536 +/- 395, and 26 +/- 6 pg/ml, respectively, in AD, 2 degrees HPT and NL, whereas basal ionized calcium levels did not differ. When expressed as a percentage of pre-infusion values, PTH levels at the end of two-hour calcium infusions were higher both in AD (23.2 +/- 5.6%) and in 2 degrees HPT (27.8 +/- 12.3%) than in NL, (11.9 +/- 5.8%, P < 0.001). Both the amplitude of suppression (%) and the rate of decline (min-1) in serum PTH were less in AD and 2 degrees HPT than in NL, P < 0.05 for each parameter; corresponding values for each group, with 95% confidence intervals, were 77% (73 to 82) and 0.039 min-1 (0.030 to 0.048) in AD, 72% (68 to 76) and 0.031 min-1 (0.025 to 0.036) in 2 degrees HPT and 87% (84 to 89) and 0.070 min-1 (0.058 to 0.089) in NL. Neither variable differed between AD and 2 degrees HPT. Basal and nadir serum PTH levels were highly correlated: r = 0.95 and P < 0.05 in AD; r = 0.90 and P < 0.01 in 2 degrees HPT; r = 0.75 and P < 0.01 in NL. The slope of this relationship was less, however, both in AD and in 2 degrees HPT than in NL, P < 0.05 by analysis of co-variance. Thus, serum PTH levels fell below 20% of pre-infusion values in fewer subjects with AD (1 of 6) or 2 degrees HPT (9 of 31) than in NL (17 of 20) (chi 2 = 17.81, P < 0.005). The results indicate that the inhibitory effect of calcium on PTH release in vivo does not differ in AD and 2 degrees HPT despite marked differences in basal serum PTH levels. Variations in functional parathyroid gland mass rather than disturbances in calcium-sensing by the parathyroids probably account not only for the lower basal serum PTH levels in patients with AD compared to those with 2 degrees HPT, but also for the moderately elevated serum PTH values commonly seen in patients with AD.
Assessing advertising media spending inefficiencies in generating sales

Abstract While it is widely believed that advertising media spending may not be optimal or efficient, it is not easy to measure the inefficiency, or the potential loss of sales due to inefficient ad spending. Advertising media spending efficiency needs to be measured and benchmarked. Here two approaches are presented and compared to evaluate top 100 advertisers' media spending inefficiency. The two methods are a nonparametric approach called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and a parametric approach called Stochastic Frontier (SF). Results show that top 100 marketers' advertising spending in print, broadcast, and outdoor media are not efficient and could bring in 20% more sales. Results also show that the two methods may not always produce the same results. Therefore, it is suggested that both approaches be used in all applications.
Time: And time again

Abstract The concept of time as it appears in quantum, classical, and statistical physics is revisited. By combining special relativity and time-independent quantum field theory, we obtain the time-dependent Schrodinger equation, but time, t , and position, r , are regarded as parameters, not operators. When examined from another point of view, an argument based on the photon wave function is developed in order to show that the time in quantum mechanics is the same as the time in Maxwell's equations. Finally, the issue of time is again addressed, but this time from the perspective of statistical time, i.e., time as derived from thermodynamics.
Transbrachial endovascular exclusion of an axillary artery pseudoaneurysm with PTFE-covered stents.

PURPOSE Endovascular exclusion of arterial injuries associated with arteriovenous fistulas and pseudoaneurysms has only recently been described using various stent-graft prostheses. This report details a transbrachial technique used to exclude an axillary artery pseudoaneurysm developing at the axillary anastomosis of an axillofemoral graft. METHODS AND RESULTS Thin-walled polytetrafluoroethylene was expanded with an angioplasty balloon catheter and used to cover standard Palmaz stents. Two covered stents were delivered under fluoroscopic guidance via open brachial artery access to the site, resulting in complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm. Follow-up duplex scanning confirmed aneurysm exclusion 3 months postprocedure. CONCLUSIONS This technique can be applied in arteries of different sizes and lengths, using currently available materials. However, the long-term behavior of these devices in the arterial tree must be determined before their widespread use can be recommended for most indications.
Racial context, currency and connections: Black doctoral student and white advisor perspectives on cross-race advising

In the higher education context of the United States, in which Blacks have had the most significant increase among other ethnic minority groups, this article explores the cross-race advising relationship between Black doctoral students and their White advisors. Through examining congruence in faculty advisors’ and their student proteges’ perspectives on race, we find: (1) the role of race in context; (2) race as leverage and/or liability; and (3) the importance of same-race connections emerged as important issues: each has implications for doctoral student persistence and retention, faculty development, and graduate advising and mentoring. The implications of these findings extend beyond the US to other international systems of higher education where there is a growing interest in the increased diversity of doctoral students and the cross-cultural or cross-ethnic relationship between student and advisor/supervisor.
SEC issues guidance update regarding enhanced mutual fund disclosure

Purpose – To explain a guidance update recently issued by the USA Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Division of Investment Management that furthers the SEC’s goal of clear and concise, user-friendly disclosure by focusing on certain specified requirements of Form N-1A and the rules under the Securities Act of 1933. Design/methodology/approach – Discusses five areas where the SEC staff had been providing significant numbers of comments related to mutual fund disclosure after the adoption of the amendments to Form N-1A in 2009 by summarizing the applicable instructions of Form N1-A and/or rule and the SEC staff’s observations with respect to such instruction or rule. Findings – Funds should ensure that during their next annual update they review their prospectus disclosure in light of this guidance update and make necessary changes so that the disclosure is clear and concise and not overly technical. Originality/value – A concise summary of the SEC’s guidance update from experienced investment management lawyers.
Presentation of the creep curves of solid biological materials by a simplified mathematical version of the generalized Kelvin-Voigt model

Published creep equations, derived from the Kelvin-Voigt model with a discrete retardation time spectrum were used to generate data for linear presentation of the creep function. It is shown that 2–3 term creep functions, containing 4–6 constants, could be reduced to an algebraic expression having two constants only. Consequently, entire creep curves of a variety of biological and food materials could be described by a single type of equation in the form of:P (t) = k0 + k1 t + t/(k2 + k3t) whereP (t) is the creep parameter (compliance, strain or deformation),k0 a constant representing the instantaneous compliance,k1 a constant representing the steady-state flow, andk2 andk3 the characteristic constants of the creep functionψ (t) obtained by regression from the linear relationship oft/ψ (t) vst.
INCIDENCE AND CORRELATES OF RADIATION PNEUMONITIS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH PARTIAL LUNG IRRADIATION

Purpose To provide a radiation pneumonitis risk estimate and investigate the correlation of clinical and dosimetric factors in pediatric patients receiving chest irradiation. Methods and Materials A total of 122 patients diagnosed with sarcoma or Hodgkin lymphoma who received radiotherapy to the chest were evaluated for symptomatic radiation pneumonitis (Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 1 with respiratory symptom or higher grade). Pneumonitis data were collected from either prospective toxicity screenings as part of a clinical trial or through chart review. Dosimetric parameters including V 10 –V 25 , mean lung dose, binned lung dose, and tissue complication probability models were used, as well as clinical features to correlate with the development of pneumonitis. Results The 1- and 2-year cumulative incidence of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis for all patients was 8.2% and 9.1%, respectively. Nine patients experienced symptomatic Grade 1 toxicity, and 2 experienced Grade 2. From univariate analysis, chemotherapy containing bleomycin (χ 2 test, p = 0.027) and V 24 (logistic regression, p = 0.019) were the clinical and dosimetric factors that resulted in statistically significant differences in the occurrence of pneumonitis. The probability of pneumonitis increased more dramatically with increasing V 24 in patients receiving bleomycin than in those who did not. Adult tissue complication models did not differentiate pediatric patients with radiation pneumonitis from those without. Conclusions The incidence of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis in pediatric patients is low and its severity mild. Parameters frequently used in adult radiation oncology provide some guidance as to risk, but pediatric patients warrant their own specific models for risk assessment, incorporating dosimetry and clinical factors.
SILAC analysis of oxidative stress‐mediated proteins in human pneumocytes: New role for treacle

To better understand lung oxidant stress responses, we examined A549 lung cells exposed to H(2)O(2) using "stable isotope labeling by amino acids." We identified 466 cytosolic and 387 nuclear proteins; H(2)O(2) exposure produced >or=twofold differences in 31, all were downregulations. None were previously reported as oxidant stress response proteins, although they share common functions. One of the responders, treacle, was linked to p53, an important oxidative stress response. The Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome can result from treacle mutation and insufficiency was suggested to cause increased p53 leading to the syndrome. However, results here indicate p53 and treacle responses to H(2)O(2) are independent: treacle remains suppressed after p53 recovery; the threshold for treacle reduction is well above that for p53 induction; and treacle suppression by short interfering RNA does not modify the p53 response. Evidence of treacle antioxidant activity include reduction being driven by proteasome degradation independently of mRNA, typical for oxidant-absorbing proteins, and increased sensitivity to H(2)O(2) consequent to short interfering RNA suppression. Data here show a link between oxidative stress and treacle reduction, demonstrate that treacle does not control p53, provide evidence of a treacle oxidant defense role, support the hypothesis that oxidant stress plays a role in the Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome, and raise the possibility that treacle plays an anti-oxidant role in lungs.
Mechanics of Rotating Wound Rolls

In this paper, we investigate the effect of rotation on the internal loads in a wound roll and the dynamics of a fully wound roll under angular acceleration. Two different types of winding are distinguished: constant transport speed and constant rpm. The original scheme proposed by Benson accounted for large deformation, and used a nonlinear elastic constitutive law; in this paper, the Benson model is first expressed in dimensionless form and extended to account for roll rotation in both cases: constant rpm and constant transport speed. Additionally, tangential dynamics are considered to account for angular acceleration of a fully-wound roll. In general, it is seen that the inclusion of angular velocity in the Benson model alters the lap deformation, interlayer pressure and lap tension profiles compared to the case with no rotation, to an extent determined by the magnitude of angular velocity. A direct consequence of this is that there is now an upper bound on the number of laps that can be safely wound onto the core without loss of contact between the outer-most laps, and this is a function of rotational speed and wrapping tension, among other parameters. A numerical algorithm is then described to account for angular acceleration due to a constant core torque applied after the roll has been completely wound. This allows one to determine the slip profile through the roll at various instants during the motion.© 2006 ASME
Four Dimensional Visualization And Analysis of GPR Data For Fluid Flow Estimation

One of the most complex problems in earth sciences is that of the determination of fluid flow behavior such as flow pathways, flow velocity and/or hydrologic conductivity in a heterogeneous subsurface. Information on fluid flow behavior (both present and predicted) is needed for the determination of the size and shape of groundwater recharge areas, the assessment of contamination impact of spills and plumes and the planning and assessment of remediation efforts. For all these problems it is recognized that a good knowledge of the 3D values of hydrologic conductivity is essential, yet most often the only knowledge available on the hydrologic conductivity is that deduced from a number of sampling wells and pumping tests experiments. These experiments only give a (poor) bulk approximation of the hydrologic conductivity, and consequently the predictions of fluid flow behavior based on these approximations are more often than not unsuccessful.
In Situ Characterization of Induced Stiction in a MEMS

Stiction remains a limiting factor in the performance and lifetime of MEMS devices. We have developed experimental tools for inducing and quantifying changes in stiction on a large array of MEMS actuators. Thousands of elements were subjected to aggressive wear in order to produce shearing forces that contributed to the degradation of contacting surfaces. Custom electronics were developed to accomplish nonstandard actuation of the MEMS array. Optical techniques were used to characterize the induction of and progression of stiction. A model incorporating experimental and geometrical values was used to determine stiction force as a function of actuation duration and packaging. For a depackaged array, an increase in stiction force of ~230nN (per element) was induced through three days of high-speed actuation
Phase-Sensitive Multimode Parametric Amplification in a Parabolic-Index Waveguide

We show that multiple spatial modes or images can be amplified by an optical parametric amplifier based on a graded-index waveguide, and that the modal gains can be equalized by using a superposition of several pump modes. We present a coupled-mode model of such an amplifier and develop gain equalization techniques for both 1- and 2-D cases. In the former case, we find that ~ 20 modes can be amplified with a relatively low gain ripple by a superposition of four pump modes. In the latter case, over 250 modes can be similarly amplified by a superposition of 4×4 = 16 pump modes.
Stock-Bond Correlations

The correlation between stock market and government bond returns was positive through most of the 1900s, but negative in the early 1930s, the late 1950s, and recently. If the trend is sustained, the shift to a negative correlation should boost government bond valuations owing to bonds9 attractive hedging characteristics. This exploration of sources of stock-bond correlation examines asset class behavior in different economic conditions. Growth and volatility shocks tend to push stocks and bonds in opposite directions, while inflation shocks tend to cause common discount rate variation across asset classes. The latter effect dominated in the variable inflation levels of 1960–1990 and kept stock-bond correlations positive. As long as inflation rates remain low, low correlations should prevail. Correlations become even more negative during deflationary recessions, equity weakness, and high-volatility flight to quality periods.
Stereotypy and variability of behavior in a complex learning situation.

11 male albino rats were tested daily for 100 days in a three-choice multiple-path problem in which the order of path elimination was not controlled in any way by E. The criterion of learning was choosing three successively different paths on each of four consecutive days. All Ss solved the free-choice multiple-path problem by attaining the learning criterion in from 6 to 36 days (trials), the mean being 19.4. Correct choices were made more rapidly than incorrect choices. Both correct and incorrect choices were made more rapidly after the learning criterion was attained than before. Stereotyped behavior in the sense that the animal rigidly repeated the same sequence of paths on successive trials did not develop. Rather, variation in the pattern of response on successive trials was characteristic of Ss, while they maintained high accuracy in performance. Further, Ss exhibited strong preferences for sequences of paths which were not rigidly contiguous (i.e., 1-2-3 or 3-2-1 order); the tendency was to select...
Contrast agent reactions and free will.

As part of the quality assurance/risk management process of the Department of Radiology at the University of Texas Health Science Center, we continually monitor the number of contrast reactions and their severity and outcome. The process had been in place for many years and showed a constancy that usually allowed it to be ignored. A period with unexpected gyrations in these numbers caused the risk management monitor to bring it to my attention as department director. I then sought the cause for these unexpected numbers.
Psychophysical auditory filter estimates reveal sharper cochlear tuning in musicians

Musicianship confers enhancements to hearing at nearly all levels of the auditory system from periphery to percept. Musicians' superior psychophysical abilities are particularly evident in spectral discrimination and noise-degraded listening tasks, achieving higher perceptual sensitivity than their nonmusician peers. Greater spectral acuity implies that musicianship may increase auditory filter selectivity. This hypothesis was directly tested by measuring both forward- and simultaneous-masked psychophysical tuning curves. Sharper filter tuning (i.e., higher Q10) was observed in musicians compared to nonmusicians. Findings suggest musicians' pervasive listening benefits may be facilitated, in part, by superior spectral processing/decomposition as early as the auditory periphery.
A component-based approach to integrated modeling in the geosciences: The design of CSDMS

Development of scientific modeling software increasingly requires the coupling of multiple, independently developed models. Component-based software engineering enables the integration of plug-and-play components, but significant additional challenges must be addressed in any specific domain in order to produce a usable development and simulation environment that also encourages contributions and adoption by entire communities. In this paper we describe the challenges in creating a coupling environment for Earth-surface process modeling and the innovative approach that we have developed to address them within the Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System.
The effect of patient race and blood pressure control on patient-physician communication.

BACKGROUND Racial disparities in hypertension control contribute to higher rates of cardiovascular mortality among blacks. Patient-physician communication quality is associated with better health outcomes, including blood pressure (BP) control. Both race/ethnicity and BP control may adversely affect communication.
The chiasm: a medicolegal locus minoris resistentiae.

Abstract Delayed diagnosis of compressive lesions at the chiasm which produce permanent vision loss is a relatively frequent cause of malpractice actions. One such case is described and analyzed. Suggestions designed to help avoid legal involvement in such instances are offered.
LEAF TEMPERATURES OF SUGAR CANE

Since the results in the literature are at considerable variance regarding leaf temperatures with reference to the surrounding air temperature, the writer thought it would be of interest to check some leaf temperatures in a different section of the country from those previously reported. The investigations of Curtis (2) were performed at Berkeley and Riverside, California, and those of Clum (1) at Ithaca, New York. The results of Miller and Saunders (5) were obtained in Kansas, and those of Eaton and Belden (4) in Arizona.
Justice and Recognizing the Rights of States

In this article, I reject Allen Buchanan's justice-based account of recognizing states as legitimate states in an international community of states. I argue that his account can fail to implement justice and that it does not properly consider the nature or importance of international law. After rejecting Buchanan's approach, I offer my account. My account calls for the unbundling of state rights, and it allows each state right to be subject to moral and legal scrutiny. My unbundling account subjects the rights of states to morally justified international laws, and it supports the conclusion that sovereignty and legitimacy should be seen in degrees. It also provides a framework for thinking about how, why and when, morally speaking, international institutions should have the power to grant or withhold legal rights from states.
Riparian zone denitrification affects nitrogen flux through a tidal freshwater river

Tidal freshwater zones (TFZ) of coastal rivers link terrestrial watersheds to the ocean and are characterized by large, regularly inundated riparian zones. We investigated the effect of riparian denitrification on nitrogen flux in the TFZ Newport River, North Carolina (U.S.A.) by developing an empirical model of denitrification and parameterizing it using measured denitrification rates, sediment oxidation-reduction potential dynamics, and riparian topography. Denitrification rates were measured monthly in laboratory-incubated sediment cores by using a membrane inlet mass spectrometer to assess net water-borne N2 flux from the cores. Annual average rates of denitrification in three intertidal riparian habitats, emergent marsh, mudflat, and hardwood forest, were 1864, 1956, and 2018 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. Laboratory experiments and in-situ monitoring revealed that the temporal lag between tidal inundation and reduced, denitrifying conditions was 4–5 h. Field measurements and remotely sensed data showed that the inundated surface area during high tide was three times greater than that at low tide. By combining data on denitrification, oxidation-reduction potential, and topography, the model predicted that the daily denitrification flux constituted 2–15% of the daily riverine nitrate flux during most of the year and >100% during low discharge periods. Current regional and global nitrogen budgets thus may overestimate nitrogen delivery to the ocean by not accounting for the TFZ denitrification.
High School Students and Their Lack of Preparedness for College: A Statewide Study.

In this study, the authors examined the college-ready graduate rates of all students (n = 1,099 high schools) in the State of Texas for the 2006-2007 school year. Data were analyzed for students’ scores in reading, in math, and in both subject areas combined. Approximately one-third of all students were determined to be college-ready in both subject areas. Statistically significant and practically relevant differences, reflecting moderate to large effect sizes, were present in reading, math, and both subjects among Hispanic, African American, and White students. Concerns are expressed about the lack of preparedness of students for college and about the presence of strong achievement differences as a function of ethnicity. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Kinetics of the gas phase reactions of chlorine atoms and OH radicals with CF3CBrCH2 and CF3CF2CBrCH2

Abstract Long path length FTIR/smog chamber techniques were used to study the kinetics of the reactions of Cl atoms and OH radicals with CF 3 CBr CH 2 and CF 3 CF 2 CBr CH 2 in 700 Torr of N 2 or air diluent at 296 ± 2 K. The reactions proceed with rate constants of k (Cl + CF 3 CBr CH 2 ) = (9.20 ± 0.54) × 10 −11 , k (OH + CF 3 CBr CH 2 ) = (4.21 ± 0.45) × 10 −12 , k (Cl + CF 3 CF 2 CBr CH 2 ) = (8.44 ± 0.51) × 10 −11 , and k (OH + CF 3 CF 2 CBr CH 2 ) = (3.48 ± 0.34) × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The atmospheric lifetimes of CF 3 CBr CH 2 and CF 3 CF 2 CBr CH 2 are approximately 2.8 and 3.4 days, respectively. These compounds will not contribute significantly to radiative forcing of climate change.
Absence of particle production and factorization of the S-matrix in 1 + 1 dimensional models

Abstract In massive, 1 + 1 dimensional, local, quantum field theories the existence of two conserved charges is shown to be a sufficient condition for the absence of particle production and factorization of the S-matrix. These charges must commute and be integrals of local current densities. Their transformation properties under the Lorentz group must be different and also different from the transformation properties of a vector or a scalar. Also, they must not annihilate any single-particle momentum eigenstate.
A cluster based time division multiple access scheme for surveillance networks using directional antennas

Surveillance networks are of importance in tactical and civilian applications. In this work we present a scheduling algorithm for a time division multiplexing based medium access control protocol for such networks, which employ directional antennas. The scheduling algorithm uses the attributes of a multi hop clustering scheme also used to aggregate data from cluster clients to cluster heads. We evaluated the scheme in networks of up to one hundred nodes to assess its scalability. The performance assessment was done using Opnet simulation tool and the results are presented for two variations of the scheduling algorithm.
Pemphigus: Current Concepts

Abstract Pemphigus is an autoimmune intraepidermal bullous disease involving the skin and mucous membranes. There are four clinically recognized variants of this disease. The histopathologic hallma...
The effect of polarization, field stress, and gas impact on the topography of field evaporated surfaces☆

Abstract Field evaporation of pure metals can produce highly perfect surfaces. The field evaporation end form is established by balancing the local field at the evaporation site with the binding energy of the evaporating metal atom. A considerable part of this energy is due to polarization which can be described by field penetration rather than by the polarizability of the free atom. Polarization also stabilizes characteristic low-coordination sites. In several metals the field stress causes specific lattice defects. The field evaporation end form is further modified by the presence of the imaging gas when the molecules effectively transfer their dipole attraction energy in the collision with surface atoms.
Eatertainment: Utilitarian and Hedonic Motivations for Patronizing Fun Experience Restaurants

Abstract Patrons not only want a good meal while dining but also a pleasant experience. Restaurants are dimensional in their ability to provide for this experience. The purpose of this research is to determine why people have interests in the fun experience factor that some restaurants provide. In this study we explore the hedonic and utilitarian motives for patrons dining in fun experience restaurants. It is necessary to apply these principles to the investigation of this study as consumers dine to satisfy hunger and to experience a more memorable experience. It is essential to examine both these values for a more meaningful study. Surveys were administered to a convenience sample of 287 participants at a fun experience restaurant in the metropolitan area. Crosstabs, ANOVA, Correlations, Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression were employed to explore differences and relationships between variables. Findings identified a profile of patrons at fun experience restaurants using the involvement construct, and the hedonic and utilitarian motivational motives, results of this study indicate the primary reasons for patronage at fun experience restaurants. Furthermore, motivational factors with various restaurant characteristics were found to understand what patrons’ value most about this experience. This paper provides the restaurant industry with insight and understanding as to what attracts patrons to fun experiment establishments and what motivations influences their decisions.
Isolation of a cDNA that encodes a novel granulocyte N-formyl peptide receptor

A cDNA of 1650 base pairs was isolated by screening an HL-60 granulocyte library with an N-formyl peptide receptor (NFPR) cDNA probe under low stringency conditions. The cDNA encodes a protein of 351 amino acids tentatively named FPR2, with a calculated molecular weight of 39 kDa. Sequence analysis revealed that FPR2 is 69% identical in sequence to the human NFPR and shares extensive homology to several other chemoattractant receptors. FPR2 expressed in transfected cells mediated formyl peptide-stimulated calcium mobilization at micromolar concentrations of ligand. FPR2 messenger is detected in granulocytic HL-60 cells, but not in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. These findings suggest that FPR2 is a novel receptor for formyl peptide ligand and a new member of the chemoattractant receptor gene family.
On the convergence of the zeta function for flows and diffeomorphisms

Let M be a compact differentiable manifold and F a differentiable mapping of M into itself. In the study of the orbit structure of 9~ the periodic points, fixed points of some power of p, are of paramount importance. In [I] Artin and Mazur introduce an invariant in the form of a formal power series that measures the isolated periodic points of 9~. Since this formal series is analogous to the classical zeta function they call their new formal power series the zeta function for the mapping 9~. Let NV be the number of isolated fixed points of pV where v is a positive integer, then the zeta function [(s, p’) or l(s) for 9~ is given by
A new procedure for the isomerization of vitamin D and its metabolites

A new procedure for the isomerization of vitamin D and its metabolites is described. Vitamin D or its metabolites are dissolved in 100 microliters methanol and 10 M HC1 in 2-butanol is used as the reagent for isomerization. The isomerization reaction is carried out at 5 degrees C for 2-3 min which gives quantitative yields of isotachysterols down to 10 ng level without use of any carrier.
An operating system for the INTEL MDS system: the kernel

This paper describes a real-time interactive multiprocess operating system (RIMOS) which extends the INTEL MDS system. Only the kernel has been implemented and tested so far, but this includes a powerful message system which should give the final system a wide range of capabilities. The only supporting software needed for RIMOS is INTEL's ISIS. (The INTEL monitor is used only at the start to load ISIS.)
Development of a magnetic nanoparticle susceptibility magnitude imaging array

There are several emerging diagnostic and therapeutic applications of magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) in medicine. This study examines the potential for developing an mNP imager that meets these emerging clinical needs with a low cost imaging solution that uses arrays of digitally controlled drive coils in a multiple-frequency, continuous-wave operating mode and compensated fluxgate magnetometers. The design approach is described and a mathematical model is developed to support measurement and imaging. A prototype is used to demonstrate active compensation of up to 185?times the primary applied magnetic field, depth sensitivity up to 2.5?cm (p 0.98, p < 0.001). System frequency responses show distinguishable readouts for iron oxide mNPs with single magnetic domain core diameters of 10 and 40?nm, and multi-domain mNPs with a hydrodynamic diameter of 100?nm. Tomographic images show a contrast-to-noise ratio of 23 for 0.5?ml of 12.5?mg Fe ml?1?mNPs at 1?cm depth. A demonstration involving the injection of mNPs into pork sausage shows the potential for use in biological systems. These results indicate that the proposed mNP imaging approach can potentially be extended to a larger array system with higher-resolution.
Incremental proximal methods for large scale convex optimization

We consider the minimization of a sum $${\sum_{i=1}^mf_i(x)}$$ consisting of a large number of convex component functions f i . For this problem, incremental methods consisting of gradient or subgradient iterations applied to single components have proved very effective. We propose new incremental methods, consisting of proximal iterations applied to single components, as well as combinations of gradient, subgradient, and proximal iterations. We provide a convergence and rate of convergence analysis of a variety of such methods, including some that involve randomization in the selection of components. We also discuss applications in a few contexts, including signal processing and inference/machine learning.
Time and spectral resolution in resonance scattering and resonance fluorescence

The theory of resonance Raman effect, resonantly enhanced two-photon absorption, and resonance fluorescence---valid also for strong fields---is treated in a unified and simplified way. Dressed states, Bloch equations, and perturbation theory are used to calculate line positions, and integrated intensities both for steady state and transient excitation. The case of adiabatic following is solved explicitly; it occurs when an off-resonance incident pulse is turned on and off slowly. It leads to the identification of Raman scattering, two-photon absorption, and Rayleigh scattering with an adiabatic process while fluorescence and consecutive two-photon absorption with nonadiabaticity. Time-dependent spectra are defined in a rigorous way. Our formulas agree in the various limits with those that appear in the literature.
Morphine and clonidine activate different K+ channels on rat amygdala neurons.

Abstract In cell-attached patch-clamp recordings from freshly dissociated neurons of the rat amygdalohippocampal area, clonidine principally activated a 95-pS (picosiemens) inwardly rectifying K+-permeable channel, whereas morphine acting at μ-opioid receptors activated a different 130-pS channel. Clonidine's effects were largely antagonized by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan, but were poorly mimicked by agmatine. These results partially contradict the prevailing hypothesis that α2 and opioid receptors act through the same ion channel transduction pathways.