cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis of the CW Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeter

The widespread application of ultrasonic techniques for the measurement of pulsatile blood flow has been hampered by the lack of a detailed theoretical understanding of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. A general model for the Doppler flowmeter based upon stochastic considerations of the scattering of ultrasound by blood is introduced in this paper. The model characterizes the back- scattered ultrasound as a Gaussian random process and the expression for the autocovariance function is derived. For the CW Doppler flowmeter, the power spectral density function is computed, and its significance is emphasized: measurement of blood flow velocity corresponds to estimation of the average frequency of the Doppler power spectrum.
Amoxicillin Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections

A new semisynthetic penicillin, amoxicillin, was administered orally to 50 patients with urinary tract infection. Dosage was generally 250 mg three times a day. The infecting organism was eradicated from 47 of the 50 patients, four of the 47 patients developed a new infection, and the original organism persisted in three. Relapse of infection occurred in five of the 30 patients with a negative urine culture after treatment. The final rate of cure was 76%. Adverse side effects and toxicity were negligible.
INTERPRETATION OF GOODMAN'S LOG-LINEAR MODEL EFFECTS An Odds Ratio Approach

In the analysis of multidimensional contingency tables using Goodman's log-linear models, the sometimes complex nature of the problems encountered may lead to an interpretation of analytic results which is based solely upon statistical significance, and not upon substantive importance. In this paper, the well-known relationships between log-linear model effects and odds ratios ("cross-product ratios") are reexamined using previously analyzed sample survey data. The major thrust of the paper concerns the transformation of the log-linear model effects into odds ratios, which then yield simple and direct substantive interpretations.
Make it better but don't change anything

With massive amounts of data being generated in electronic format, there is a need in basic science laboratories to adopt new methods for tracking and analyzing data. An electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) is not just a replacement for a paper lab notebook, it is a new method of storing and organizing data while maintaining the data entry flexibility and legal recording functions of paper notebooks. Paper notebooks are regarded as highly flexible since the user can configure it to store almost anything that can be written or physically pasted onto the pages. However, data retrieval and data sharing from paper notebooks are labor intensive processes and notebooks can be misplaced, a single point of failure that loses all entries in the volume. Additional features provided by electronic notebooks include searchable indices, data sharing, automatic archiving for security against loss and ease of data duplication. Furthermore, ELNs can be tasked with additional functions not commonly found in paper notebooks such as inventory control. While ELNs have been on the market for some time now, adoption of an ELN in academic basic science laboratories has been lagging. Issues that have restrained development and adoption of ELN in research laboratories are the sheer variety and frequency of changes in protocols with a need for the user to control notebook configuration outside the framework of professional IT staff support. In this commentary, we will look at some of the issues and experiences in academic laboratories that have proved challenging in implementing an electronic lab notebook.
Interaction with PDZK1 Is Required for Expression of Organic Anion Transporting Protein 1A1 on the Hepatocyte Surface

Although many organic anion transport protein (Oatp) family members have PDZ consensus binding sites at their C termini, the functional significance is unknown. In the present study, we utilized rat Oatp1a1 (NM_017111) as a prototypical member of this family to examine the mechanism governing its subcellular trafficking. A peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 16 amino acids of rat Oatp1a1 was used to affinity-isolate interacting proteins from rat liver cytosol. Protein mass fingerprinting identified PDZK1 as the major interacting protein. This was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of an Oatp1a1-PDZK1 complex from cotransfected 293T cells as well as from native rat liver membrane extracts. Oatp1a1 bound predominantly to the first and third PDZ binding domains of PDZK1, whereas the high density lipoprotein receptor, scavenger receptor B type I binds to the first domain. Although it is possible that PDZK1 forms a complex with these two integral membrane proteins, this did not occur, suggesting that as yet undescribed factors lead to selectivity in the interaction of these protein ligands with PDZK1. Oatp1a1 protein expression was near normal in PDZK1 knock-out mouse liver. However, it was located predominantly in intracellular structures, in contrast to its normal basolateral plasma membrane distribution. Plasma disappearance of the Oatp1a1 ligand [35S]sulfobromophthalein was correspondingly delayed in knock-out mice. These studies show a critical role for oligomerization of Oatp1a1 with PDZK1 for its proper subcellular localization and function. Because its ability to transport substances into the cell requires surface expression, this must be considered in any assessment of physiologic function.
Sustainability, Intergenerational Social Equity, and the Socially Responsible Organization

Drawing on perspectives from several academic traditions, we argue that sustainability is best understood as intergenerational social equity. When viewed thusly, it is possible to determine what socially responsible organizations look like in practice. After reviewing historic claims and evidence of sustainability, we turn to modern applications of institutionally based sustainability. We then describe sustainability in the framework of an intergenerational social equity model, claiming that the legacies of social and cultural institutions are evidence of sustainability in action. We conclude with a discussion of what it means for an organization to be socially responsible given our understanding of sustainability.
The ObgE/CgtA GTPase influences the stringent response to amino acid starvation in Escherichia coli

The stringent response is important for bacterial survival under stressful conditions, such as amino acid starvation, and is characterized by the accumulation of ppGpp and pppGpp. ObgE (CgtA, YhbZ) is an essential conserved GTPase in Escherichia coli and several observations have implicated the protein in the control of the stringent response. However, consequences of the protein on specific responses to amino acid starvation have not been noted. We show that ObgE binds to ppGpp with biologically relevant affinity in vitro, implicating ppGpp as an in vivo ligand of ObgE. ObgE mutants increase the ratio of pppGpp to ppGpp within the cell during the stringent response. These changes are correlated with a delayed inhibition of DNA replication by the stringent response, delayed resumption of DNA replication after release, as well as a decreased survival after amino acid deprivation. With these data, we place ObgE as an active effector of the response to amino acid starvation in vivo. Our data correlate the pppGpp/ppGpp ratio with DNA replication control under bacterial starvation conditions, suggesting a possible role for the relative balance of these two nucleotides.
An interactive editing framework for electron microscopy image segmentation

There are various automated segmentation algorithms for medical images. However, 100% accuracy may be hard to achieve because medical images usually have low contrast and high noise content. These segmentation errors may require manual correction. In this paper, we present an interactive editing framework that allows the user to quickly correct segmentation errors produced by automated segmentation algorithms. The framework includes two editing methods: (1) editing through multiple choice and (2) interactive editing through graph cuts. The first method provides a set of alternative segmentations generated from a confidence map that carries valuable information from multiple cues, such as the probability of a boundary, an intervening contour cue, and a soft segmentation by a random walker. The user can then choose the most acceptable one from those segmentation alternatives. The second method introduces an interactive editing tool where the user can interactively connect or disconnect presegmented regions. The editing task is posed as an energy minimization problem: We incorporate a set of constraints into the energy function and obtain an optimal solution via graph cuts. The results show that the proposed editing framework provides a promising solution for the efficient correction of incorrect segmentation results.
Improved Treatment-Related Mortality and Overall Survival of Patients with Grade IV Acute GVHD in the Modern Years

Abstract The impact of advances in supportive care and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) practices on the outcomes of patients who develop grade III or IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is unknown. We performed a retrospective analysis of 427 patients with overall grade III or IV acute GVHD treated at 2 partner institutions between 1997 and 2012. We compared treatment-related mortality (TRM) and overall survival (OS) in 2 cohorts based on the year of transplantation, 1997 to 2006 (n = 222) and 2007 to 2012 (n = 205), using multivariate analysis, adjusting for significant patient-, disease-, and transplantation-related factors. Recipient age, reduced-intensity conditioning, unrelated donor, and peripheral blood stem cell grafts in the patients with grade III or IV acute GVHD increased over time. In the unadjusted analysis, 12-month OS increased over time (30% in 1997 to 2006 versus 42% in 2007 to 2012; P = .003) reflecting a decrease in TRM (58% in 1997 to 2006 versus 38% in 2007 to 2012; P = .0002), and an increase in PFS (29% in 1997 to 2006 versus 43% in 2007 to 2012; P = .002). On multivariate analysis, the period of transplantation remained a significant predictor for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.94; P = .02), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.94; P = .02), and TRM (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.82; P = .002). In subgroup analysis, these differences were observed mainly in patients with grade IV acute GVHD. The outcomes of patients who develop overall grade III or IV acute GVHD after allogeneic HSCT has improved over time, with lower TRM and improved OS. This improvement in outcomes was seen primarily in patients with grade IV acute GVHD.
Role of pH on the Compaction Energies and Phase Behavior of Low Generation PAMAM–DNA Complexes

Cationic polymers are capable of spontaneously condensing DNA into complexes suitable for nonviral gene therapy. The precisely defined molecular weights and highly symmetric surface chemistries of dendrimers, such as poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), have made them attractive alternatives to conventional linear polymers for DNA delivery applications. In this paper, we use small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) coupled with osmotic stress to directly measure the effect of pH on the packaging and forces in low generation (G0 and G1) PAMAM–DNA complexes or dendriplexes. Because of the presence of both primary and tertiary amines with differing pKas, PAMAM changes its net charge with pH. We show that changing the pH at condensation results in large differences in the packaging and intermolecular forces in PAMAM dendriplexes. Both dendrimer/DNA systems show a large increase in attractions with decreasing pH scaling linearly with the inverse of the dendrimer charge, while repulsions in the system are nearly unaffected. pH...
Revival, Caribbean Style: the Case of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Grenada, 1983–2004

In 1993, commenting on the changing proportion of Christians in the major regions of the world, John V. Taylor (1914–2001), a past General Secretary of the Church Missionary Society (1963–74) and later Anglican bishop of Winchester (1975–85), wrote: The most striking fact to emerge … is the speed with which the number of Christian adherents in Latin America, Africa, and Asia has overtaken that of Europe, North America, and the former USSR. For the first time since the seventh century, when there were large Nestorian and Syrian churches in parts of Asia, the majority of Christians in the world are not of European origin Moreover, this swing to the ‘South’ has, it would seem, only just got going, since the birth rate in those regions is at present so much higher than in the developed ‘North’, and lapses from religion are almost negligible compared with Europe. By the middle of the next century, therefore, Christianity as a world religion will patently have its centre of gravity in the Equatorial and Southern latitudes, and every major denomination, except possibly the Orthodox Church, will be bound to regard those areas as its heartlands, and embody that fact in its administration.
Refinement of fluorescent antibody by gel filtration.

Summary“Gel filtration” through a Sephadex column permits a significantly simpler and more rapid purification of fluorescent conjugates than either anion-exchange or electrophoresis. Dialysis was eliminated and unconjugated dye as well as other low molecular weight fractions were separated with minimum loss of protein or titer. Detailed data on purification of some anti-fungal conjugates are presented. Ethodin extraction of serum antibody preparatory to conjugation and gel filtration further expedites the process.
The Relationship between HBV Infection and Level of TGF-β1 and TNF-α

Objective:To study the levels of TGF-β1,TNF-αand its relationship with hepatitis B(HBV)infection.Method:Serum TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels were detected by ELISA.The expression of HBsAg,HBcAg,TGF-β1 and TNF-αin liver were detected by immunohistochemical staining.Result:The levels of serum TGF-β1 and TNF-αwere significantly higher in the patients than those in control.The expression of TGF-β1 and TNF-αin liver were significantly higher in the patients with HBV infection than those in control too.Conclusion:The TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels is closely related to HBV infection.So detection of serum TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels might be of prognostic importance in patients with chronic hepatitis B as high levels of these cytokines might favor malignant changes.
Musculoskeletal Imaging in AIDS

Many tiers of immune defenses harmoniously interact to provide a sanctuary against infections. The ability to perceive microorganisms and their products as foreign entities is embodied in lymphocytes, which serve both effector and regulatory functions. Through the elaboration of cytokines and immunoglobulins, lymphocytes recruit nonspecific immune effectors, focus their activity, and modulate the intensity of the immune response. The phylogenically more primitive complement system serves a similar function. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is responsible for large numbers of immunocompromised patients worldwide (Rubin and Lotze 1992). Due to the pandemic nature of HIV infection, which encompasses the majority of immunocompromised patients in the United States and the world, the emphasis of this chapter is on HIV infection.
THE ELECTROGASTROGRAM AND ELECTRO-ENTEROGRAM

For every contraction of stomach or bowel there is usually an “action current.” However curiously, these rhythmically changing currents can be obtained from intestine that shows no sign of activity even when fastened to a lever magnifying several times. Epinephrine and atropine, which stop the movements of the bowel, do not put a stop to the electrogram, while nicotine and curare, which stop the electrogram, do not stop the muscular movements. To get a simple electrogram from the bowel, one must use unipolar recording. Bipolar recording gives a mixed sequence of erect and inverted “complexes.” Electro-gastrograms have been obtained from human subjects. The peculiar behavior of the electric and mechanical records after the application of epinephrine and nicotine to the gut have been confirmed repeatedly. The Russians have been studying changes in potential between the gastric mucosa and perhaps the skin, during secretion or sham feeding.
Separation of Unsteady Scales in a Mixing Layer Using Empirical Mode Decomposition

Empirical mode decomposition has been shown to be a valuable data analysis tool in a wide array of technical fields, and it has recently emerged as a useful technique for studying complex fluid flows. This technique is useful for separating relevant unsteady spatiotemporal scales from a signal through an adaptive, iterative data-processing algorithm. Traditionally, empirical mode decomposition has been used to study time-dependent single-dimensional signals, though it can also be useful for studying multidimensional flowfield data. For the current study, unsteady velocity measurements were acquired across the initial development region of a turbulent-plane mixing layer using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. Empirical mode decomposition was applied to the resulting velocity field measurements to decompose the flowfield into several unsteady modes. Single-dimensional empirical mode decomposition was used to understand the time-frequency behavior of the flow associated with the formation and pairing...
Abstract 3371: Periostin secreted by breast cancer cells inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and adhesion to fibronectin

Interactions between cancer cells and immune cells are critical to the development of breast cancer metastases. We have previously shown that breast cancer cells secrete periostin, an extracellular matrix protein implicated in tumor progression. Here we evaluated 1) the effect of macrophage secretions on 4T1 breast cancer cell production of periostin and 2) the effect of periostin on key macrophage functions. In vitro, periostin secretion by highly metastastic 4T1 mammary cancer cells was investigated by ELISA. Following a 48-hour incubation with conditioned media obtained from J774A-1 monocyte cells, 4T1 cells secreted significantly higher periostin concentrations (p Citation Format: Michelle M. Coleman, Rachel S. Helms, Didier Dreau. Periostin secreted by breast cancer cells inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and adhesion to fibronectin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3371. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3371
Organic Lawn Care Case Studies on Home Turf

The consistent growth in certified organic farming and demand for organic foods has fostered a companion movement towards employing organic growing methods for land care. With the objective of evaluating the agronomic potential for organic land care, I conducted a case study on my property in Monroe, NJ following land disturbance from construction. After the site was remediated with deep tillage to alleviate compaction and amended with compost and limestone based on soil tests it was seeded in September 2009 with a mix of modern turf type Kentucky bluegrass cultivars. Once established, this lawn was attractive, competitive against most weeds, and performed well over the following six years under organic management. This lawn was mowed frequently with the clippings always returned so as to recycle nutrients in place. It remained attractive without fertilizer input. In 2014, another organic lawn study was established at my farm in Ringoes, NJ to evaluate several organic fertilizers. Observations from this second case study indicated that soil test P was a key factor for turf establishment. Experience with the organic lawn in Ringoes, when contrasted to the results in Monroe, suggested that rapid germination and establishment of a dense turf stand is very important to preventing weeds during establishment .
United States of America: Reconsidering the Transaction Document Filing Requirement for National Registry

The National Report for the USA provides an overview of secured transactions law generally, primarily Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”). Article 9 has been enacted in substantially the uniform version in every state of the USA. The Report summarizes the relationship between the Cape Town Convention, including the Aircraft Protocol (together, “CTC”), and non-Convention law. Of particular interest and significance, registrations with the international registry must be made through the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) as a mandatory (except for engines) entry point and registration is also conditioned on FAA authorization. Under the CTC it is the international registration—not the filing for recordation of relevant transaction documents in the FAA registry—that controls issues of third-party effectiveness and priority. However, USA federal law requires compliance with both regimes. This structure was thought necessary to obtain the support and cooperation of the FAA and local interests (such as attorneys and title companies) in the process of obtaining USA ratification of the CTC. This redundant registration structure is difficult to justify based on the costs and meager (if any) benefits of the system. It should be reconsidered.
Loss of electrical ventricular resynchronization in biventricular pacemakers

Ventricular resynchronization for congestive heart failure (CHF) with biventricular pacing has increased the complexity of device programming and follow-up by virtue of additional timing cycles [1–7]. Ventricular resynchronization devices that memorize episodes of ventricular sensing together with preceding events have facilitated the diagnosis of loss of resynchronization [1, 2]. The long-term stored data in resynchronization devices are diagnostically far superior than conventional 24 h Holter recordings. Although the term “ventricular resynchronization” describes the mechanical effect of biventricular pacing, the term is used in this discussion to describe biventricular pacing which is an electrical event and should not be automatically equated with the presence of mechanical synchrony. The term “desynchronization” describes the opposite electrical phenomenon — loss of biventricular pacing. Furthermore, the well-known problem of double counting of the ventricular electrogram by first-generation biventricular pacemakers will not be addressed in this discussion [8]. The following abbreviations are used in the text: AS — atrial sensed event, AP— atrial paced event, AR — atrial event sensed in the pacemaker atrial refractory period (where it cannot initiate a programmed AV delay), VS — ventricular sensed event, VP — ventricular paced event.
Solution-Phase Conformation and Dynamics of Conjugated Isoindigo-Based Donor–Acceptor Polymer Single Chains

Conjugated polymers are the key material in thin-film organic optoelectronic devices due to the versatility of these molecules combined with their semiconducting properties. A molecular-scale understanding of conjugated polymers is important to the optimization of the thin-film morphology. We examine the solution-phase behavior of conjugated isoindigo-based donor–acceptor polymer single chains of various chain lengths using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations elucidate the transition from a rod-like to a coil-like conformation from an analysis of normal modes and persistence length. In addition, we find another transition based on the solvent environment, contrasting the coil-like conformation in a good solvent with a globule-like conformation in a poor solvent. Overall, our results provide valuable insights into the transition between conformational regimes for conjugated polymers as a function of both the chain length and the solvent environment, which will help to accurately param...
Does Financial Misconduct Affect the Future Compensation of Alumni Managers

We explore how an organization’s financial misconduct may affect pay for former employees not implicated in wrongdoing. Drawing on stigma theory we hypothesize that although such alumni did not participate in the financial misconduct and they had left the organization years before the misconduct, they experience a compensation penalty. Our results support this prediction. The stigma effect increases in relation to the job function proximity to the misconduct, recency of the misconduct, and an employee’s seniority. Collectively, our results suggest that the stigma of financial misconduct could reach alumni employees and need not be confined to executives and directors that oversaw the organization during the misconduct.
Trajectories for Flyby Sample Return at Icy Moons

Ballistic trajectories are computed that aim to achieve a sample-return mission to Europa, Enceladus, or Titan without capturing, descending, or landing. The low-cost mission concept uses a free-re...
Body Fluid Compartments

This chapter describes the indicator dilution method for determining the volume of distribution of otherwise inaccessible fluid compartments. Total body water is marked by deuterium oxide and averages around 60% of body weight. The extracellular volume can be determined by inulin as a marker, and it averages 20% of body weight. The plasma volume can be found using Evan’s blue dye as a marker, and it is typically 5% of body weight. The main fluid compartments are not these, but the intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid (ISF), and plasma, which can be obtained from the volumes of distribution of these markers. The plasma and ISF are nearly identical except for the protein concentration and its attendant Gibbs–Donnan effect. The basis of the Gibbs–Donnan distribution ratio is discussed. The rest of the chapter considers the effects of three interventions on the intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes and osmolarity: drinking 1 L of water; eating 10 g of NaCl, and infusing 1 L of isotonic saline. The point is made that the kidney regulates the volume and composition of body fluids by operating on the plasma.
Inborn errors of copper metabolism

Two copper-transporting ATPases are essential for mammalian copper homeostasis: ATP7A, which mediates copper uptake in the gastrointestinal tract and copper delivery to the brain, and ATP7B, which mediates copper excretion by the liver into bile. Mutations in ATP7A may cause three distinct X-linked conditions in infants, children, or adolescents: Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome (OHS), and a newly identified allelic variant restricted to motor neurons called X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy. These three disorders show variable neurological findings and ages of onset. Menkes disease presents in the first several months of life with failure to thrive, developmental delay, and seizures. OHS features more subtle developmental delays, dysautonomia, and connective tissue abnormalities beginning in early childhood. ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy presents even later, often not until adolescence or early adulthood, and involves a neurological phenotype that resembles Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2. These disorders may be treatable through copper replacement or ATP7A gene therapy. In contrast, mutations in ATP7B cause a single known phenotype, Wilson disease, an autosomal recessive trait that results from copper overload rather than deficiency. Dysarthria, dystonia, tremor, gait abnormalities, and psychiatric problems may be presenting symptoms, at ages from 10 to 40 years. Excellent treatment options exist for Wilson disease, based on copper chelation. In the past 2 years (2012-2013), three new autosomal recessive copper metabolism conditions have been recognized: 1) Huppke-Brendel syndrome caused by mutations in an acetyl CoA transporter needed for acetylation of one or more copper proteins, 2) CCS deficiency caused by mutations in the copper chaperone to SODI, and 3) MEDNIK syndrome, which revealed that mutations in the σ1A subunit of adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) have detrimental effects on trafficking of ATP7A and ATP7B.
Isolation and Characterization of Spiny- (Clathrin)-Coated Membranes and Vesicles from Rodent Liver and Role in Receptor-Mediated Porcesses

The availability of purified fractions of spiny- (clathrin-) coated membranes from rodent liver should facilitate biochemical investigations of receptor-mediated endocytosis and secretion. Clathrin is the major coat protein of both endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles and membranes in this and other tissues, and presumably plays some yet unknown role in membrane translocations.
Cognitive-Affective Pathways to Child Depressive and Anxious Symptoms: Role of Children’s Discipline Attributions

Children’s maladaptive cognitive attributions may elicit affective reactions that contribute to depressive and anxious symptoms. This study investigated cognitive-affective pathways in depressive and anxious symptoms in a sample of 110 prepubertal children, evaluating children’s specific appraisals of experiences of parental discipline as well as general attributional style, along with their hopelessness, self-esteem, and shame. Pathways toward depressive and anxious symptoms were tested simultaneously to identify potential unique etiological mechanisms. Results suggested that lower self-esteem strongly contributed to depressive and anxious symptoms, whereas shame related to depression only and hopelessness related to depression only marginally. Additionally, general negative attributional style and low sense of control over discipline related to all three affective elements. Lastly, low sense of discipline control directly predicted depressive symptoms, whereas beliefs that discipline was undeserved directly predicted anxious symptoms. Future work should continue to examine the role of children’s discipline-specific attributions, which appear important in internalizing symptoms.
Ich teile mit dir ...

Im Sharing erfahren ProtagonistInnen, dass sie mit ihrem Erleben nicht allein sind. Sharings beziehen sich ausschlieslich auf das Erleben der ProtagonistInnen im Spiel und beinhalten nur das, was die Sharinggebenden daran aus eigenem Erleben kennen. Im Gruppensetting sorgen sie fur die Ruckkehr der ProtagonistInnen in die Gruppe und verbinden deren Mitglieder untereinander. Sie sind aber auch im Einzelsetting moglich. Als uberindividuelle Sharings speisen sie sich u. a. aus der Kulturgeschichte. Alle Arten des Sharings setzen den kathartischen Prozess des Spiels fort.
Enhanced readability of discharge summaries decreases provider telephone calls and patient readmissions in the posthospital setting.

Introduction Hospital discharge instructions provide critical information necessary for patients to manage their own care; however, often they are written at a substantially higher readability level than recommended (ie, 6th-grade level) by the American Medical Association and the National Institutes of Health. We hypothesize that improving the reading level of discharge instructions will decrease the number of patient telephone calls and readmissions in the posthospital setting. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study. Patient discharge instructions were edited and incorporated to enhance the readability level in August 2015. Return telephone call and readmissions of patients admitted before the intervention from August 1, 2014, to January 31, 2015, were compared with the prospective cohort studied from September 1, 2015, to September 30, 2016. Results A total of 1,072 patients were included (preintervention: n = 493, postintervention: n = 579). Patient demographics, injury characteristics, and education level were similar among both groups. The median discharge instruction readability level in the postintervention group was significantly lower (10.0, 95% CI 10.0–10.2 vs 8.6, 95% CI 8.8–8.9; P Conclusion Enhanced readability of discharge instructions was associated with a decrease in the number of telephone calls and readmissions in the posthospital setting, enhancing health literacy and simultaneously reducing the burden on providers. Improved patient instructions written to an appropriate level may also allow for better pain control in the posthospital setting.
The Relationship Between Daily Life Stress and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Research on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, has linked GI symptoms to stress. This study examined the relationship between daily stress and GI symptoms across women and within woman in IBS patients (n = 26), IBS nonpatients (IBS-NP; n = 23), and controls (n = 26), controlling for menstrual cycle phase. Women (ages 20-45) completed daily health diaries for two cycles in which they monitored daily GI symptoms and stress levels. The Life Event Survey (LES) was used as a retrospective measure of self-reported stress. The across-women analyses showed higher mean GI symptoms and stress in the IBS and IBS-NP groups relative to controls but no group differences in LES scores. The within-woman analyses found a significant and positive relationship between daily stress and daily symptoms in both the IBS-NP and the IBS groups. Controlling for menstrual cycle had no substantial impact on the results.
Satellite-Monitored Snow Cover in the Climate System

Snow cover plays an important role at climate system. Before the era of “satellite meteorology,” traditional sources of snow observations were usually obtained from ground-based meteorological networks, in which only the presence or absence of snow along with snow depth is measured on a daily basis. Given the scarcity of ground-based, in situ stations, it is difficult to adequately capture the spatial variability of snow cover, particularly in remote, and difficult to access regions such as polar region and Tibetan Plateau. The remote sensing from the satellite provides an excellent method to monitor and observed global snow-cover distribution and evolution. In this chapter, we reviewed the role of snow in climate system, satellite snow observation and monitoring, snow–climate interaction, and snow–atmosphere coupling strength.
Plant biomass, not plant economics traits, determines responses of soil CO 2 efflux to precipitation in the C 4 grass Panicum virgatum

Plant responses to major environmental drivers like precipitation can influence important aspects of carbon (C) cycling like soil CO2 efflux ( urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0001 ). These responses may be predicted by two independent classes of drivers: plant size—larger plants respire more and produce a larger quantity of labile C, and plant economics—plants possessing more acquisitive plant economics strategies (i.e. high metabolic rate and tissue nutrient content) produce higher‐quality tissue that respires rapidly and decomposes quickly. At two sites in central Texas, USA with similar climates and differing soil characteristics, we examined the response of eight Panicum virgatum genotypes to three annual precipitation levels defined by the driest, average and wettest years from each site's precipitation history. We evaluated the individual and joint influence of plant genotypes and precipitation on urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0002 and traits related to plant economics and plant size. We then used confirmatory path analysis to evaluate whether effects of precipitation on urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0003 were in part related to effects of precipitation on plant economics traits or size (‘mediated’ effects). These genotypes exhibited variation in plant economics traits and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP), an above‐ground measure of plant size. Increasing precipitation increased urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0004 and ANPP more than plant economics traits. At both sites, ANPP was the best predictor of urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0005 . Moreover, the sites differed in the ways that plant size and plant economics traits combined with precipitation to influence urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0006 . At the Austin site, the positive effect of precipitation on urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0007 was mediated primarily by ANPP, offset by a smaller effect of leaf nitrogen content; no direct precipitation effect was detected. At the Temple site, increasing precipitation had positive direct and ANPP‐mediated effects on urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0008 . This suggests that greater water limitation at Austin may strengthen the links between plant size and urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0009 . Synthesis. Estimates of C cycling can be improved by accounting for mediation of precipitation effects on urn:x-wiley:00220477:media:jec13382:jec13382-math-0010 by plant economics traits and plant size in resource‐limited environments.
Beyond state vanguardism and market fundamentalism: a case for telecommunications commons in Ethiopia

Despite external and domestic pressures seeking liberalization and privatization, Ethiopia, until recently, maintained a highly centralized, vertically integrated, single service provider model of ...
Subclinical Structural Valve Degeneration in Young Patients With Bioprosthetic Aortic Valves.

Background Bioprosthetic structural valve degeneration (SVD) has previously been a clinical diagnosis, but subclinical changes have been increasingly recognized in transcatheter valves. The significance of subclinical SVD after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), however, is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence and outcomes of subclinical SVD in young patients after SAVR. Methods Patients aged ≤65 years who underwent bioprosthetic SAVR between January 2002 and June 2018 at a single institution were included. Endocarditis cases and those with in-hospital mortality were excluded. All available longitudinal postoperative echocardiograms were reviewed. Subclinical SVD was defined as an increase in mean transvalvular gradient of at least 10 mm Hg and/or new onset of mild intraprosthetic regurgitation or increase by at least 1 grade, compared with baseline postoperative echocardiogram. Results Overall, 822 unique SAVR cases were included. Over the study period, 356 (43.3%) patients developed subclinical SVD. Only 21.5% of those with subclinical SVD progressed to clinical SVD or to repeat aortic valve procedures. In those with progression, the first signs of SVD occurred significantly earlier than in those whose changes remained stable (11 months vs 23 months; P = .036). Anticoagulation did not impact the development or progression of subclinical SVD. There was no difference in long-term survival for those who did or did not develop subclinical SVD. Conclusions Subclinical SVD occurred in a large proportion of young patients undergoing bioprosthetic SAVR. Despite its high prevalence, subclinical SVD was not associated with decreased survival or repeat procedures.
Positive-parity baryon spectrum and the role of hybrid baryons

We calculate the low-lying spectra for the positive-parity $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and $N$ at two pion masses of 358 and 278 MeV using an isotropic clover action with two degenerate light-quark and one strange-quark flavors through the application of the generalized variational method within the distillation framework. The spectrum exhibits the general feature observed in previous calculations using an anistropic clover lattice, with a counting of states at least as rich as the quark model. Furthermore, we identify states that are hybrid in nature, where gluonic degrees of freedom play a structural role, indicating that such states appear as a feature of the excited baryon spectrum, irrespective of the lattice action, or the precise details of the smearing of the lattice interpolating operators used to identify such states.
Resident-faculty overnight discrepancy rates as a function of number of consecutive nights during a week of night float.

Objectives In 2018, the ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) made a change to the maximum permissible number of consecutive nights a resident trainee can be on "night float," from six to seven nights. To our knowledge, although investigators have studied overall discrepancy rates and discrepancy rates as a function of shift length or perceived workload of a particular shift, no study has been performed to evaluate resident-faculty discrepancy rates as a quality/performance proxy, to see whether resident performance declines as a function of the number of consecutive nights. Our hypothesis is that we would observe a progressive increase in significant overnight resident - attending discrepancies over the 7 days' time. Methods A total of 8,488 reports were extracted between 4/26/2019 to 8/22/2019 retrospectively. Data was obtained from the voice dictation system report server. Exported query was saved as a .csv file format and analyzed using Python packages. A "discrepancy checker" was created to search all finalized reports for the departmental standard heading of "Final Attending Report," used to specify any significant changes from the preliminary interpretation. Results Model estimates varied on different days however there were no trends or patterns to indicate a deterioration in resident performance throughout the week. There were comparable probabilities throughout the week, with 2.17% on Monday, 2.35% on Thursday and 2.05% on Friday. Conclusions Our results reveal no convincing trend in terms of overnight report discrepancies between the preliminary report generated by the night float resident and the final report issued by a faculty the following morning. These results are in support of the ACGME's recent change in the permissible number of consecutive nights on night float. We did not prove our hypothesis that resident performance on-call in the domain of report accuracy would diminish over seven consecutive nights while on the night float rotation. Our results found that performance remained fairly uniform over the course of the week.
The physical basis of memory

Neuroscientists are searching for the engram within the conceptual framework established by John Locke's theory of mind. This framework was elaborated before the development of information theory, before the development of information processing machines and the science of computation, before the discovery that molecules carry hereditary information, before the discovery of the codon code and the molecular machinery for editing the messages written in this code and translating it into transcription factors that mark abstract features of organic structure such as anterior and distal. The search for the engram needs to abandon Locke's conceptual framework and work within a framework informed by these developments. The engram is the medium by which information extracted from past experience is transmitted to the computations that inform future behavior. The information-conveying symbols in the engram are rapidly generated in the course of computations, which implies that they are molecules.
Selective postnatal excitation of neocortical pyramidal neurons results in distinctive behavioral and circuit deficits in adulthood.

Summary In genetic and pharmacological models of neurodevelopmental disorders, and human data, neural activity is altered within the developing neocortical network. This commonality begs the question of whether early enhancement in excitation might be a common driver, across etiologies, of characteristic behaviors. We tested this concept by chemogenetically driving cortical pyramidal neurons during postnatal days 4–14. Hyperexcitation of Emx1-, but not dopamine transporter-, parvalbumin-, or Dlx5/6-expressing neurons, led to decreased social interaction and increased grooming activity in adult animals. In vivo optogenetic interrogation in adults revealed decreased baseline but increased stimulus-evoked firing rates of pyramidal neurons and impaired recruitment of inhibitory neurons. Slice recordings in adults from prefrontal cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons revealed decreased intrinsic excitability and increased synaptic E/I ratio. Together these results support the prediction that enhanced pyramidal firing during development, in otherwise normal cortex, can selectively drive altered adult circuit function and maladaptive changes in behavior.
Augmentation of Bone Patella Tendon Bone ACL Reconstruction with BMC and a Suture Tape and the Rationale Behind Biologic ACL Reconstructions

The use of biologic agents in sports medicine is increasing rapidly. The use of bone marrow concentrate has recently increased in popularity owing to the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells combined with Allosync Pure (Arthrex, Naples, FL) could lead to better incorporation and healing. The mixture of bone marrow concentrate and Allosync Pure can be used in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and we have developed a technique to use it in the femoral tunnel and deliver the medium arthroscopically. In this chapter, we present a technique for using suture tape augmentation (InternalBrace; Arthrex) through the interference screw during a bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Is the Bottom Line the Top Priority? A Choice Model of Revenue and Earnings Guidance

Based on the observation that managers provide almost 30% more revenue than earnings forecasts in recent periods, we jointly explore the decision to provide or forego revenue and/or earnings guidance. Our modeling innovation combines a random effects multinomial logit model, instrumental variables, and a correction for selection bias, which correctly classifies over 90% of observed guidance decisions. We find a stronger investor reaction to guidance surprises for firms whose guidance choice conforms to the predicted decision, suggesting that predictable guidance policies engender forecast credibility. The market response is driven more by managerial guidance than analyst revisions. Non-guiders quickly switch to guiding when the choice model suggests that guidance is the expected choice.
Corrigendum: “Chronic Disease Self-Management Program: Insights from the Eye of the Storm”

There is an error in the original manuscript under the Section “Early Replication”. The number of days of reduced hospitalization should be 0.8, not 8 as originally published.
Psychological dependence and prescription opioid misuse and abuse.

There has been notable concern regarding the rising prevalence of prescription opioid misuse, abuse, and fatal overdoses. A great deal of scholarly activity has been devoted to identifying risk factors for opioid misuse/abuse and less effort on discovering modifiable factors to mitigate risk. In this issue of Pain Medicine , Elander and colleagues [1] conducted an online survey of 112 individuals in the general population who had pain and had used over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription analgesics in the last month. They assessed typical pain factors (frequency, intensity, pain type, and etiology), opioid abuse risk based on a validated risk assessment measure, the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain (SOAPP), mood and anxiety disorders, and frequency and use of OTC and prescription analgesics. In addition, they collected a number of psychological measures, some very novel (alexithymia, mindfulness, self-compassion), along with known possible pain and substance abuse mediators (pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, pain self-efficacy). Statistical analysis of the relationship between analgesic dependence (based on a modified Leeds Dependence Questionnaire) and the measures of pain, mood, and aberrant drug-related behavior (ADRB) (SOAPP) and other psychological factors revealed that the best single predictor of analgesic dependence was the SOAPP. Other independent factors predictive of dependence were the frequency of analgesic use and the …