cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oncogene-induced regulation of proteasomal degradation pathway:A mechanism for tumorigenicity

2591 The roles of many of the effectors of Bcr-Abl are characterized in some detail, but little is known of the pathways that promote transformed hematopoietic cells to evade apoptosis. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which Bcr-Abl can promote survival and prevent apoptosis of cytokine-dependent hematopoietic cells. Our studies demonstrate that Bcr-Abl expression in hematopoietic cells leads to the regulation of the protein level and transcriptional activity of members of Forkhead Transcription Factor family, i.e., FOXO3a, a key regulator of cellular survival. Notably, we have observed that Bcr-Abl expression in hematopoietic cells leads to the constitutive phosphorylation of FOXO3a in an Akt-dependent manner causing the relocalization of FOXO3a in the cytoplasm. Additionally, we have demonstrated that Bcr-Abl expression also down-regulates the levels of FOXO3a protein expression through a proteasome-mediated degradation pathway. Suppression of both FOXO3a expression and activity then lead to Bcr-Abl-induced down-regulation of the components of extrinsic (TRAIL; a tumor selective inducer of apoptosis) as well as intrinsic (Bim and Hrk; members of Bcl-2 family of proteins) apoptotic machinery, causing evasion of transformed hematopoietic cells from apoptosis. Markedly, we have also observed that inhibition of the proteasomal pathway leads to enhanced FOXO3a activity and promotes apoptosis of Gleevec-sensitive as well as -resistant hematopoietic cells. Moreover, suppression of the proteasomal pathway promotes regression of leukemic phenotype in a murine model for Bcr-Abl-induced leukemia. The FOXO3a pathway, thus, will provide novel molecular targets for anti-CML therapy that acts downstream of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein and will overcome the resistance to current therapy (Gleevec) that is caused by mutations and gene amplifications in this oncogene.
bendless, a Drosophila gene affecting neuronal connectivity, encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homolog

The Drosophila bendless (ben) gene was originally isolated as a mutation affecting the escape jump response. This behavioral defect was ascribed to a single lesion affecting the connectivity between the giant fiber and the tergotrochanter motor neuron. A closer examination of the ben phenotype suggests that ben activity is broader and affects a variety of other neurons including photoreceptor cells and their axons. Mosaic analysis indicates that the focus of ben activity is presynaptic. We have cloned the ben gene through a chromosomal walk and show that it is homologous to a class of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The major role of ubiquitination in the protein degradative pathway suggests that ben regulates neural developmental processes such as growth cone guidance by targeting specific proteins for degradation.
Biosynthesis of plasmalogens in mammalian cells and their accelerated catabolism during cellular activation

Abstract Plasmalogens are specialized phospholipids which have a unique conformation, possess distinct molecular dynamics, and serve as the major endogenous phospholipid storage depot for arachidonic acid in many mammalian cells. Recently, several novel intracellular phospholipases A2 have been identified which selectively hydrolyze plasmalogen substrate. Quantitative analysis of phospholipid molecular species in several cell types demonstrate that plasmalogen molecular species containing arachidonic acid are selectively hydrolyzed during cell stimulation and serve as the major source of arachidonic acid mass released during cellular activation. Collectively, these results underscore the importance of plasmalogen hydrolysis as a major mechanism for the release of eicosanoid metabolites during agonist stimulation. Accordingly, this chapter will review recent insights on the de novo synthesis of plasmalogens, address the molecular mechanisms responsible for the enrichment of arachidonic acid in plasmalogen molecular species and, finally, will focus on the mechanisms which mediate accelerated plasmalogen catabolism and the release of arachidonic acid during cellular activation.
Characterizing rapid onset vasodilation to single muscle contractions in the leg in humans (705.10)

Rapid onset vasodilation (ROV) following single muscle contractions has been examined in the forearm of humans, but has not been characterized in the leg. Given known vascular differences between arms and legs as well as the greater susceptibility of legs to atherosclerosis, we sought to characterize ROV in the leg. To do this, 9 healthy men performed random ordered single muscle contractions at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in the leg (knee extension) and forearm (handgrip). Continuous blood flow (BF) measures were made via duplex Doppler-ultrasound from the brachial and femoral artery during 15 sec prior to and 45 sec after release of each contraction. Three trials were performed at each intensity. Limb BF was normalized to lean mass of forearm and thigh region through DEXA. Single muscle contractions produced an intensity dependent increase in BF, peaking ~4 sec post contraction in both limbs. Initial BF responses (1st heart beat) were significantly greater in the ...
Multi-user multi-touch multi-robot command and control of multiple simulated robots

This video demonstrates three users sharing control of eight simulated robots with a Microsoft Surface and two Apple iPads using our Multi-user Multi-touch Multi-robot Command and Control Interface. The command and control interfaces are all capable of moving their world camera through space, tasking one or more robots with a series of waypoints, and assuming manual control of a single robot for inspection of its sensors and teleoperation. They display full-screen images sent from their user's world camera, overlaid with icons that show the position and selection state of each robot in the camera's field of view, dots that indicate each robot's current destination, and rectangles that correspond to each other user's field of view. One multi-touch interface runs on a Microsoft Surface, and the others on Apple iPads; they all have the same functional capabilities, other than a few differences due to the form factor and touch sensing method used by the platforms. The Surface interface is able to interpret gestures that include more than just finger tips, such as placing both fists on the screen to make all robots stop and wait for new commands. As iPads sense touch capacitively, they do not support detection of such gestures. The Surface interface allows its user to move their world camera while simultaneously teleoperating one of the robots with our Dynamically Resizing Ergonomic and Multi-touch Controller (DREAM Controller) [1, 2]. On the iPads, however, the command and control mode and teleoperation mode are mutually exclusive. The robots are simulated in Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. Each user's world camera has similar movement capabilities to a quad-copter. The UDP communications between users and robots are all handled by a single server that routes messages to the appropriate targets, allowing scalability of both the number of robots and users.
Transforming Principles into Practice: Using Cognitive Active Learning Strategies in the High School Classroom.

Abstract High school teachers who engage students through active learning in their classrooms can more fully understand this instructional practice by examining the theories and strategies underlying the cognitive perspective of educational psychology, which addresses the development of knowledge in the individual mind. Two theoretical explanations, psychological constructivism and information processing, promote learning as a constructive process that can be aided by strategies such as activating prior knowledge, chunking, elaborating, and invoking a schema. High school teachers can use these cognitive active learning strategies in classroom instruction or incorporate them into out-of-class assignments to increase students engagement in their learning.
Do Multivitamin Supplements Attenuate the Risk for Diabetes-Associated Birth Defects?

Objective. To evaluate whether the risk for birth defects associated with maternal diabetes is attenuated by use of multivitamin supplements during the periconceptional period. Methods. In the population-based Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study, we identified case infants who had nonsyndromic birth defects that were reported to be associated with diabetes ( n = 3278) and were born during 1968–1980 to residents of metropolitan Atlanta. Controls were infants without birth defects ( n = 3029). Maternal diabetes was defined as reported diabetes with onset before the date of birth of the index infant, and periconceptional use of multivitamins was defined as reported regular use of multivitamin supplements from 3 months before pregnancy through the first 3 months of pregnancy. Results. Offspring of mothers with diabetes had an increased risk for selected birth defects. However, the increased risk was limited to offspring of mothers who had diabetes and had not taken multivitamins during the periconceptional period (odds ratio: 3.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.79–8.63). Offspring of mothers who had diabetes and had taken multivitamins during the periconceptional period had no increased risk for birth defects (odds ratio: 0.15; 95% confidence interval: 0.00–1.99). Conclusions. Periconceptional use of multivitamin supplements may reduce the risk for birth defects among offspring of mothers with diabetes.
Blood stage-induced Plasmodium brasilianum infection in the squirrel monkey induces antibodies which react with the circumsporozoite protein.

Abstract A blood stage-induced P. brasilianum infection in a naive squirrel monkey induced antibodies which reacted with the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite. Titers increased with duration of infection and persisted for 3 months after cure. In an immunoblot, these antibodies detected two polypeptides with molecular weights identical to those of the circumsporozoite protein and its precursor.
Slow light dynamics in warm rubidium vapor

We study slow light dynamics in Rb vapor cell. We present data showing significant pulse reshaping when the bandwidth of the pulses is increased. We present a model that qualitatively explains the observed behavior.
Metabolic inflexibility during submaximal aerobic exercise is associated with glucose intolerance in obese older adults

Objective People with type 2 diabetes have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic impairments that are linked to obesity and often occur prior to the development of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that obese, older adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have lower ability to shift from fat to carbohydrate oxidation when transitioning from rest to submaximal exercise than normal glucose tolerant (NGT) controls. Design and Methods Glucose tolerance, body composition, and substrate oxidation (measured by RER:respiratory exchange ratio) during submaximal exercise (50% and 60% VO2max) and insulin infusion (3-hour hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp) were assessed in 23 sedentary, overweight-obese, older men and women. Results Obese subjects with NGT (n = 13) and IGT (n = 10) had similar resting RER, but during submaximal exercise those with IGT had a lower RER and less transition to carbohydrate oxidation than the NGT group (P < 0.05). The IGT group also oxidized less carbohydrate during insulin infusion than NGT (P < 0.05). RER at each exercise intensity independently correlated with120-minute postprandial glucose (r = −0.54 to −0.58, P < 0.05), but not with body composition, VO2max, or RER during insulin infusion. Conclusions Obese, older adults have metabolic inflexibility during exercise that is associated with the degree of glucose intolerance independent of age and body composition.
Modeling of Multicomponent Gradient Elution

Gradient elution chromatography is a very important method in chromatographic separations, especially for proteins, because they have a wide range of retentivity. In gradient elution, a modulator is added to the mobile phase to adjust eluent strength. The modulator can be acetonitrile in reversed phase chromatography, ammonium sulfate in hydrophobic interaction chromatography, or sodium chloride in ion-exchange chromatography. In ion-exchange chromatography, a pH gradient is also used. This kind of pH gradient elution is covered in the ion-exchange chapter of this book. The modulator concentration in the mobile phase is increased (or decreased as in hydrophobic interaction chromatography) continuously with time. This change in the strength of the modulator allows gradient elution to separate components with widely different retentivity. In preparative- or large-scale operations, gradient elution can concentrate a sample while achieving purification at the same time. It is possible to reduce the sample volume by many folds. In isocratic elution, a sample is always diluted to a certain degree. Because of this, gradient elution is often desired when handling large volumes of dilute samples.
Psychological predictors of body image concerns 3 months after bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Although studies have associated postoperative weight loss with improvement in body image dissatisfaction, some individuals continue to report body image concerns after bariatric surgery. These concerns are linked to increased depressive symptoms and decreased self-esteem in bariatric populations. Objective This study sought to explore preoperative factors that may predict early body image concerns 3 months after bariatric surgery. Setting Academic medical center. Method Data were analyzed from 229 patients evaluated for bariatric surgery who completed a 3-month postoperative psychology appointment and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition, Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Scales measuring depression, persecution, self-doubt, and inadequacy were examined. Medical records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, psychotropic medication usage, history of psychological treatment, and current or lifetime depression diagnosis. Results Patients who preoperatively scored higher on demoralization (F [1, 227] = 35.40, P .001), low positive emotions (F [1, 227] = 4.18, P .05), ideas of persecution (F [1, 227] = 15.24, P .001), self-doubt (F [1, 227] = 27.47, P .001), and inefficacy (F [1, 227] = 21.34, P .001) were significantly more likely to report body image concerns 3 months after bariatric surgery. Similarly, body image concerns were more common in patients with a preoperative depression diagnosis (χ 2 = 8.76, P 2 = 7.13, P 2 = 8.34, P 2 = 9.66, P Conclusion Bariatric surgery candidates with psychopathology and other psychological risk factors are more likely to report body image concerns early after bariatric surgery. Future research is warranted to determine whether this association remains further out from surgery.
Development of a low-power SRAM compiler

With the proliferation of portable consumer electronics, power-consumption becomes a key design criterion, while the speed of memories is still the bottleneck for high-speed applications. In this paper, we discuss the development of an SRAM compiler with the capability to choose between a low-power and a high-speed SRAM. Experimental results show that the low-power version of our 1-kB SRAM can function at a minimum operating voltage of 2.1 V and dissipates 17.4 mW of average power at 20 MHz.
ACP Journal Club. Review: Approved and some off-label preventive drugs reduce migraine frequency in episodic migraine.

Source Citation Shamliyan TA, Choi JY, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Preventive pharmacologic treatments for episodic migraine in adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:1225-37. 23592242
G-protein coupled receptor 18 (GPR18) in channel catfish: expression analysis and efficacy as immunostimulant against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the transcriptional profiles of G-protein coupled receptor 18 (GPR18) in channel catfish after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila compared to that in healthy catfish; 2) to determine whether over-expression of GPR18 in catfish gill cells will offer protection against infection of A. hydrophila; 3) to determine whether recombinant pcDNA-GPR18 could be used as an immunostimulant to protect channel catfish against A. hydrophila infection. Quantitative PCR revealed that the transcription levels of GPR18 in all tissues of infected catfish were significantly (P < 0.05) induced except in the intestine. When pcDNA3.2-vectored recombinant GPR18 was transfected in catfish gill cells G1B, the over-expression of pcDNA-GPR18 offered significant (P < 0.05) protection to G1B cells against A. hydrophila infection. When channel catfish were intraperitoneally injected with QCDCR adjuvant formulated pcDNA-GPR18 and challenged with a highly virulent A. hydrophila strain at 1-, 2-, 14-, and 28-days post treatment, pcDNA-GPR18 offered 50%, 100%, 57%, and 55% protection to channel catfish, respectively. Macrophages of fish treated with pcDNA-GPR18 produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher amounts of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide than that of fish treated with pcDNA vector alone. In addition, serum lysozyme activity of catfish injected with pcDNA-GPR18 was significantly (P < 0.08) increased. Taken together, our results suggest that pcDNA-GPR18 could be used as a novel immunostimulant to provide immediate protection to channel catfish against A. hydrophila infection.
Comparison of Screw Extrusion of Rubber Compounds with Different Extruder/Screw Combinations

Abstract The extrusion of rubber compounds has long been an area of industrial importance. There have, however, been few basic studies on the flow characteristics of rubber compounds. Considerably more extensive investigations have been reported on the mechanisms of screw extruders for thermoplastics. The latter researches are summarized in the monograph by Tadmor and Klein and the textbook of Tadmor and Gogos. Maddock, and others carried out experimental studies which led to basic flow mechanisms of thermoplastics in screw extruders. Maddock fed pigmented pellets to screw extruders and pulled screws from the barrel with the plastic stips in it, which were then unwound and cross-sectioned. Few screw-pulling investigations have been published for rubber compounds. We are only familiar with the work of Menges and Lehnen and our own recent studies. In the present paper, we describe a fundamental study of flow mechanisms in screw extruders for rubber compounds. We expand our studies based on the Maddock screw...
The temporal optical behavior of the hubble space telescope; the impact on science observations

Though the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has proven to be a stable platform for astronomical observations when compared with ground-based imaging, it features its own characteristic optical variations that have required post-observation processing to support the full range of science investigations that should be possible with HST. While the overall system focus has been monitored and adjusted throughout the life of the Observatory, the recent installation of the Advanced Camera for Surveys and its High Resolution Camera has allowed us to use phase retrieval techniques to accurately measure changes in coma and astigmatism as well. The aim of this current work is to relate these measurements of wave front error back to characterizations more common to science data analysis (e.g. FWHM, and ellipticity). We show how variations in these quantities over the timescales observed may impact the photometric and astrometric precision required of many current HST programs, as well as the characterization of barely-resolved objects. We discuss how improved characterization and modeling of the point spread function (PSF ) variations may help HST observers achieve the full science capabilities of the Observatory.
Difference in hydrophobicity of human and animal IgA.

Abstract We have used hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B to compare the hydrophobicity of human IgA with the IgAs of eight animal species. The results suggest that the degree of difference between the various IgAs increases with increasing phylogenetic distance.
Copper and the estradiol receptor

Summary Copper is an essential element in living organisms and it appears to be involved in estrogen action. This study bears on the manner in which the metal may be linked to the mechanism of this action. Divalent copper was found to induce at 37°C a several fold increase in estradiol binding to the receptors in rat uterine cytosols. An endogenous substance present in the uterine cytosol and separated from it by fractionation on a hydroxylapatite column was found to function as a potent inhibitor of the copper effect. This substance has been found so far also in human breast tissue and in some human breast tumors.
Quantitative measurements of damage by the greenbug, Toxoptera graminum, to four wheat varieties.

It was found that a high infestation of greenbug. Toxoptera graminum (Rand.), caused a maximum 55% reduction of wheat plant root systems. Measurements made, to determine at what level of infestation this damage became detectable, were: leaf length gain during infestation, dry leaf weight, dry root weight, and final greenbug count. A varied initial infestation of parental greenbugs plus progeny were maintained on individual plants of Pawnee, Ponca, Bison, and Dickinson wheat. For each criterion measured, the first significant difference between check and in-fested plants on the several varieties generally occurred at different infestation levels. Dry root weight showed a maximum loss of from 32% to 55% compared with the control and was the only measurement in which a susceptible winter wheat, Bison, showed less damage than the resistant spring selection, Dickinson. The results indicate that the root systems and above-ground plant parts were approximately equally damaged.
The Presentation of Self: Dramaturgical Theory and Generations in Organizations

While interest in intergenerational phenomena has been growing in organizations, academic research in the field of organizational studies has questioned the existence of generational differences. However, despite this questioning, generational stereotypes are known and enacted in the workplace. Using a dramaturgical approach as suggested by Goffman (1959), the purpose of this theory article is to advocate a simple model of generational stereotype reinforcement in organizations in which individuals enact (or do not enact) prototypical generational traits and behaviors when doing so allows them to appear in a positive light to a particular generational group.
Induction of Immune Tolerance with Ribosomes and Ribonucleic Acid Extracts in New-Born Mice

Induction of Immune Tolerance with Ribosomes and Ribonucleic Acid Extracts in New-Born Mice
Subsonic Jet Noise from Nonaxisymmetric and Tabbed Nozzles

Subsonic jet noise from nonaxisymmetric and tabbed nozzles are investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that the noise spectra of these jets are in good agreement with the similarity spectra found empirically earlier by Tam et al. through a detailed analysis of supersonic jet noise data (Tam, C. K. W., Golebiowski, M., and Seiner, J. M., On the Two Components of Turbulent Mixing Noise from Supersonic Jets, AIAA Paper 96-1716, 1996). Furthermore, the radiated noise fields of the jets under study, including elliptic and large-aspect-ratio rectangular jets, are found to be quite axisymmetric and are practically the same as that of a circular jet with the same exit area. These experimental results strongly suggest that nozzle geometry modification into elliptic or rectangular shapes is not an effective method for jet noise suppression. A lobed nozzle, on the other hand, is found to impact significantly the noise field. Noise from large-scale turbulent structures, radiating principally in the downstream direction, is effectively suppressed. Tabs also impact the noise field, primarily by shifting the spectral peak to a higher frequency. A jetlets model is developed to provide a basic understanding of the noise from tabbed jets. The model predicts that the noise spectrum from a jet with N tabs (N ≥ 2) can he obtained from that of the original jet (no tab) by a simple frequency shift. The shifted frequency is obtained by multiplying the original frequency by N 1/2 . This result is in fairly good agreement with experimental data.
Cytoplasmic cylinders in bullfrog oocytes

Electron microscopic studies of developing bullfrog tadpole oocytes have demonstrated cylindrical structures, 150 m μ in cross-sectional diameter and with a linearly continuous central core 35 m μ in diameter, present singly and in tangled or parallel clusters within the cytoplasm. Perinuclearly, the cylinders project from aggregated masses of nuage material presumably formed by the transannular passage of 350 A nuclear granules. Peripherally, the cylinders are often observed to be intimately associated with mitochondria. The morphological data suggest that the cytoplasmic cylinders may relate to the system of nucleocytoplasmic transfer in these cells.
Drug interactions with brain biogenic amines and the effects of amphetamine isomers on locomotor activity.

Abstract Administration of single IP doses of 1.0 or 4.0 mg/kg of d-amohetamine evoked an increase in mouse spontaneous motor activity (SMA); in contrast, 1.0 mg/kg of 1-amphetamine had no significant effect, while 4.0 mg/kg caused a decreased SMA. Pretreatment with a MT or pargyline had little effect on the actions of 1-isomer, but reduced the magnitude and duration of the stimulatory effect of d-amphetamine. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine had little effect on the actions of d-amphetamine but completely abolished the depressant actions of the 1-isomer. Reserpine pretreatment markedly reduced basal SMA levels; such pretreatment caused both d- and l-amphetamine to act as stimulants of SMA.
Synchronous photoinjection using a frequency-doubled gain-switched fiber-coupled seed laser and ErYb-doped fiber amplifier

Light at 1560 nm from a gain-switched fiber-coupled diode laser and ErYb-doped fiber amplifier was frequency doubled to obtain over 2 W average power at 780 nm with $\ensuremath{\sim}40\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ps}$ pulses and pulse repetition rate of 499 MHz. This light was used to drive the 100 kV DC high voltage GaAs photoemission gun at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility at Jefferson Laboratory to produce a high average current beam ($100\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{A}$) of highly spin-polarized electrons ($g80%$). This new drive-laser system represents a significant advance over laser systems used previously, providing significantly higher power and enhanced reliability.
Improved discretizations for lattice QCD

Abstract This paper discusses how new discretizations of QCD can be used to substantially reduce the cost of QCD simulations. The conceptual basis for these new techniques is reviewed and the implications for both large-scale and small-scale simulations are discussed.
Continuous measurements of net CO2 exchange by vegetation and soils in a suburban landscape

[1] In a suburban neighborhood of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, we simultaneously measured net CO2 exchange of trees using sap flow and leaf gas exchange measurements, net CO2exchange of a turfgrass lawn using eddy covariance from a portable tower, and total surface-atmosphere CO2 fluxes (FC) using an eddy covariance system on a tall tower. Two years of continuous measurements showed that net CO2exchange varied among vegetation types, with the largest growing-season (Apr–Nov) net CO2 uptake on a per cover area basis from evergreen needleleaf trees (−603 g C m−2), followed by deciduous broadleaf trees (−216 g C m−2), irrigated turfgrass (−211 g C m−2), and non-irrigated turfgrass (−115 g C m−2). Vegetation types showed seasonal patterns of CO2exchange similar to those observed in natural ecosystems. Scaled-up net CO2 exchange from vegetation and soils (FC(VegSoil)) agreed closely with landscape FC measurements from the tall tower at times when fossil fuel emissions were at a minimum. Although FC(VegSoil) did not offset fossil fuel emissions on an annual basis, the temporal pattern of FC(VegSoil) did significantly alter the seasonality of FC. Total growing season FC(VegSoil)in recreational land-use areas averaged −165 g C m−2 and was dominated by turfgrass CO2 exchange (representing 77% of the total), whereas FC(VegSoil) in residential areas averaged −124 g C m−2 and was dominated by trees (representing 78% of the total). Our results suggest urban vegetation types can capture much of the variability required to predict seasonal patterns and differences in FC(VegSoil) that could result from changes in land use or vegetation composition in temperate cities.
Feasibility of image-guided transthoracic core-needle biopsy in the BATTLE lung trial

Background As therapy for non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients becomes more personalized, additional tissue in the form of core-needle biopsies (CNBs) for biomarker analysis is increasingly required for determining appropriate treatment and for enrollment into clinical trials. We report our experience with small-caliber percutaneous transthoracic (PT) CNBs for the evaluation of multiple molecular biomarkers in BATTLE (biomarker-integrated approaches of targeted therapy for lung cancer elimination), a personalized, targeted therapy NSCLC clinical trial. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent PTCNB for consideration of enrollment in BATTLE were reviewed for diagnostic yield of 11 predetermined molecular markers and procedural complications. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors related to patient and lesion characteristics were performed to determine possible influences on diagnostic yield. Results One hundred and seventy PTCNBs were performed using 20-gauge biopsy needles in 151 NSCLC patients screened for the trial. The biopsy specimens of 82.9% of the patients were found to have adequate tumor tissue for analysis of the required biomarkers. On multivariate analysis, metastatic lesions were 5.4 times more likely to yield diagnostic tissue as compared with primary tumors ( p = 0.0079). Pneumothorax and chest tube insertion rates were 15.3% and 9.4%, respectively. Conclusions Image-guided 20-gauge PTCNB is safe and provides adequate tissue for analysis of multiple biomarkers in the majority of patients being considered for enrollment into a personalized, targeted therapy NSCLC clinical trial. Metastatic lesions are more likely to yield diagnostic tissue as compared with primary tumors.
Educating the Systems Security Engineer's Apprentice

The paper discussed how to educate and explore a way to educate different apprentice in security aspect.
Pollen Ultrastructure in Anther Cultures of Nicotiana tabacumI. EARLY STAGES OP CULTURE

Ultrathin sections of 2- and of 5-day-old cultured tobacco anthers inoculated at the stage of the first pollen mitosis were examined in the electron microscope in an attempt to identify early structural changes associated with pollen embryogenesis. On both sampling occasions grains were observed with structural features of typical bicellular gametophytes but lacking starch. Some of these grains were atypical in that they possessed numerous small vacuoles in both cells. There was no obvious change in organelle structure in either cell from 2 to 5 d, though there was evidence of an increase in ribosomes and other organelles in the vegetative cell. Gametophytes possessing starch were also present but in relatively low numbers. At 5 d, pollen tubes and grains having structure characteristic of germinating pollen were also encountered. It is concluded that embryogenesis begins after a short period of normal gametophytic differentiation which, during the first 2 d of culture, proceeds at much the same rate as in vivo. Subsequently the rate declines and gametophytic processes gradually come to a halt. Starch formation is suppressed.
Startle response related genes.

The startle reaction (also known as the startle response, the startle reflex, or the alarm reaction) is the psychological and physiological response to a sudden unexpected stimulus, such as a flash of light, a loud noise (acoustic startle reflex), or a quick movement near the face. Abnormalities of startle response have been observed in many stress-related mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the molecular mechanisms of startle in stress-associated conditions – for example, whether the startle reaction is associated with any gene variance – is still unknown. In this paper, we will carry out a systematic review by retrieving, assessing, and combining, when applicable, individual studies investigating association of the molecular variation of candidate gene with the startle response. The systematic review is based on the search for numerous publications using the keywords ‘‘startle gene’’ on September 15, 2010 using PubMed, which comprises more than 20 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE and life science journals. A total of 486 publications regarding genes associated with startle have been obtained and reviewed here. There are fewer than 20 publications associating genes with the startle response between 1979, when the first valuable paper was published, and 1999. However, publications have dramatically increase from 2001 and reaches over 70 in 2009. We have characterized them into three categories: startle-associated gene studies in humans, in animals, as well as in both human and animals. This review of research strategy may provide the information for identifying a biomarker for startle response, with the objective of translating research into clinical utility: diagnosis and treatment of stress-induced mental disorders.
Migration using multiconfiguration GPR data

Due to the radiation pattern of the GPR antennas, the amplitude of the reflection is not only dependent on the distance between the target and the antennas, but also on the angle of orientation between the antennas and this target. Alford rotation is applied to this radiation pattern of the antennas, and used to extract the location of the origin of the reflected wavefield. This information is used to improve the migration scheme. In conventional migration schemes, recorded data are migrated to all angles. In this method, instead the recorded data are migrated to certain grid points only. This makes the migration algorithm faster and more accurate. This Alford migration method is applied to synthetic data and is shown to be successful below a noise level of about 1% of the amplitude level of the data. A higher level of noise results in an inaccurate estimate of the angle to the location of the target and the signal to noise level to decrease. The result can be improved by migrating over a limited sweep of angles around the estimated angle. Application of this method to field data collected at a controlled test site has shown poor results, as there was too much noise present in the data and errors might occur due to dispositioning of the antennas.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variational principle for periodic trajectories of hyperbolic billiards.

We prove for some classes of hyperbolic billiards that the action functional has only one local minimum or only one local maximum for any finite admissible sequence of regular components of the boundary. This result suggests an effective algorithm for the search of all periodic trajectories of these billiards.
Microfabricated ultra-thin all-polymer thermal ground planes

Thermal ground planes, or planar heat pipes, can provide highly effective heat transfer by utilizing phase change of an encapsulated fluid. In this article, a flexible thermal ground plane (FTGP) was fabricated using polymer materials. Kapton was employed as a casing material while micropatterned SU-8 was used to provide both a liquid wicking structure and pillars to support the casing over a vapor core. An ultra-thin TiO2 film was deposited over the SU-8 and Kapton via atomic layer deposition, which acted as both a moisture barrier and a hydrophilic coating on polymer surfaces. The assembled FTGP has a thickness of 0.30 mm, an active area of 20 mm×60 mm, heater area of 20 mm× 10 mm, and can operate with a heat load up to 9.54 W, with an effective thermal conductivity up to 541 W/(m K).
Color Centers in Additively Colored Alkali Halide Crystals Containing Alkaline Earth Ions

The measurements of Pick on the absorption bands produced in additively colored crystals of KCl and NaCl containing additions of divalent ions are reviewed and an interpretation of the origin of these bands is presented. Specific models are given for the ${Z}_{1}$, ${Z}_{2}$, and ${Z}_{3}$ centers responsible for the absorption bands observed by Pick. These resemble models proposed by Pick, but differ in several essential points. It is concluded that the divalent ions remain atomically dispersed in KCl when the crystal is quenched to room temperature from elevated temperatures, whereas some of the divalent ions and their associated positive-ion vacancies migrate to $F$-centers during the quenching process in NaCl. The observations also suggest that the divalent ions are not very mobile in KCl until a temperature near 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is attained, although the pair consisting of a positive and a negative ion vacancy becomes significantly mobile in the vicinity of 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. A number of experiments are proposed which may provide a more stringent test of the models suggested.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity of MTA employing various additives

Objective Various additives have been suggested to be used with MTA to improve its handling characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various additives on cytotoxicity of MTA. Study design Freshly mixed or set MTA pellet (1-mm diameter and 1-mm high cylinder) was prepared by mixing MTA with various additives. Additives tested included water, saline, 2% lidocaine, 5% CaCl2, 3% NaOCl gel, and K-Y liquid. L929 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at 3 × 104 cells per well and incubated with MTA pellets for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Cells without treatment served as a control group. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay and calculated as the percentage of the control group. The results were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA. Results For the set MTA, there were no significant cell viability differences (P > .05) among the various additives at each tested time. For the freshly mixed MTA, 3% NaOCl gel has lower cell viability (P Conclusion This study shows that the various additives have no effect on the cytotoxicity of MTA when it becomes set. Also, all the tested additives, except 3% NaOCl gel, had no effect on the cytotoxicity of MTA when it was freshly mixed. The cytotoxicity of 3% NaOCl gel probably has no clinical significance considering there is still 29% to 50% of cell viability after cells were treated with MTA pellet in a 0.32-cm2 culture well. MTA is biocompatible when mixed with the various additives.
First depth measurements taken for extraterrestrial lake

Since 2004, NASA's Cassini mission has been orbiting Saturn and taking measurements of the planet itself as well as its largest moon, Titan, which has an atmosphere that can serve as an analog for a young Earth. During Cassini's flyby of Titan in May 2013, it collected data from the moon's second-largest sea, Ligeia Mare.
Application of pattern-recognition techniques to liver magnetic resonance imaging

Object of our study was to investigate the feasibility of improving liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) specificity by subjecting liver MRI to quantitative analyses under pattern recognition framework. All imaging were performed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Four quantitative features were measured from each patient sample image showing the largest dimension of the lesion. K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN) was applied for classification. Higher than 90 percent accuracy was achieved for differentiation between abnormal from normal. Less success was achieved in differentiation among different types of abnormalities.
Malabsorption in childhood.

Introduction The evaluation of the child whose rate of growth is impaired or who fails to thrive frequently includes evaluation for malabsorption. Although diarrhea may be a cardinal feature of most malabsorptive disorders, it may not be present or appreciated. The pediatrician must recognize manifestations of malabsorptive disease so as to establish early diagnosis and initiate treatment to minimize the long-term consequences of malnutrition. To establish a diagnosis requires an understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of digestion and absorption. Digestion begins as an intraluminal event, requiring oral, gastric, and pancreatic enzymes and bile acids for micelle formation. Absorption requires adequate mucosal surface area, brush border and intracellular enzymes, and specific transport mechanisms. The diseases and their symptoms vary with age and even with socioeconomic conditions. For example, in the developing world, malabsorption most often is encountered in the context of mucosal injury from recurrent or persistent infections, perpetuated by poor hygiene and nutrition. Infants present predominantly with congenital disorders of specific nutrient digestion or absorption (Table 1). Older children typically have an acquired mucosal disease such as those listed in Table 2. The overlap is tremendous, and diseases such as cystic fibrosis and gluten-sensitive celiac disease present in different manners at different ages.
Effect of 6 months of exercise training on cardiovascular responses to head-up tilt in the elderly

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of 6 months of exercise training on cardiovascular responses to 70 degrees head-up tilt (HUT) in the elderly. Forty-four elderly men and women (ages 60-82 years) were assigned to endurance training alone (n = 18), endurance training in combination with selected resistance exercises (n = 17), or to a non-exercising control group (n = 9). Head-up tilt testing at the start (T1) and end (T2) of 26 weeks of training consisted of 30 min of supine rest, 15 min of 70 degrees HUT, and 15 min of supine recovery. Endurance training consisted of uphill treadmill walking or stair climbing exercise 3 times per week, 30-45 min/day, at 75-85% of maximal heart rate reserve. In addition, the endurance/resistance group completed one set of 8-15 repetitions of biceps curl (BC), triceps extension (TE), and leg press, 3 times per week. After 26 weeks, increases in VO2max averaged 16.2% and 12.3% for endurance and endurance/resistance groups, respectively. In addition, the endurance/resistance group increased BC and TE strength by 25.3% and 26.1%, respectively. Results from the HUT test indicated that only the endurance group increased supine resting stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Q) from T1 to T2; however, SV and Q during HUT were not augmented as a result of training. Training did not affect heart rate, blood pressure, or peripheral resistance responses at rest or during HUT in any of the groups. These results suggest that 6 months of endurance training, alone or in combination with selected resistance exercises, is not detrimental to blood pressure controlling mechanisms to head-up tilt in the elderly.
A constrained optimization approach to virtual fixtures

We describe a new method to generate virtual fixtures for surgical robot control which provide sophisticated ways to assist the surgeon. Different spatial motion constraints for human machine collaborative systems can be implemented by using this method if we know the required geometric constraints and the instantaneous kinematics of the robot. It is independent of manipulator types: teleoperative or cooperative controlled; admittance or impedance type. Our method uses weighted, linearized, multi-objective optimization framework to formalize a library of virtual fixtures for task primitives. We set the cost function based on the user's inputs, and set linearized subject function based on a combination of five basic geometric constraints. In this paper, we also illustrate the implementation for two sample tasks, which are useful for surgical applications, and provide the experimental results for these tasks.
TRANSPLACENTAL GALACTOSE TOXICITY IN RATS.

Eye, liver, and kidney damage was produced in offspring of rats fed a high-galactose diet. The pathologic changes found in the eyes and livers of rats borne and nursed by mothers fed a high-galactose diet suggest not only damage in utero but a progression of the disease when high levels of galactose are continued in the diet after birth.
Electronic structure and optical properties of the impurity Cu+ in NaF.

The electronic structure of the impurity ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$ in a sodium fluoride crystal has been studied using the ICECAP (ionic crystal with electronic cluster, automatic program) methodology, which treats the defect and its vicinity quantum mechanically as a molecular cluster embedded in a shell-model lattice. The electrons in the cluster have been treated in the unrestricted Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field approximation, corrected for correlation by use of the many-body perturbation theory. The surrounding infinite lattice has been described by the shell model that incorporates host polarization and distortion self-consistently. The basis sets used to describe the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$ ion were optimized. The excitation energy and the crystal-field splitting were computed as 4.02 and 0.31 eV, respectively, versus the corresponding experimental results of 4.20 and 0.35 eV, respectively.
Impact of directional atherectomy on adjacent branch vessels

Abstract Balloon angioplasty of bifurcation stenoses may lead to sidebranch compromise, particularly when the sidebranch is diseased and has its origin in the parent vessel occlusion.1 Although the risk of sidebranch compromise may be reduced with the use of ≥2 protective coronary guide wires,3,4 it is not eliminated.2–4 Balloon angioplasty often results in plaque shifting from the parent vessel to the sidebranch, yielding a suboptimal angiographic result; in some cases, simultaneous (“kissing”) inflations of balloons positioned in the parent vessel and sidebranch may be needed.3,4 Directional atherectomy, which partially or completely excises the obstructive plaque, has been used as an alternative method of therapy, avoiding the “snowplowing” effect of balloon angioplasty. The feasibility of directional atherectomy of bifurcation lesions was recently reported.5 However, the incidence and risk factors for sidebranch compromise after directional atherectomy have been less clearly defined. To examine these issues, the clinical course of 60 patients undergoing directional coronary atherectomy of bifurcation lesions was reviewed.
Particles and holes

Abstract A neutral plasma at very high temperature(T ⪢ m) is shown to have a partially full Fermi sea. The removal of a fermion from this sea leaves a fermionic hole excitation whose additive quantum numbers are the negatives of the missing fermion. Particles and holes with the same chirality are shown to have the opposite helicity. The dispersion relation for both particles and holes is calculated to one-loop order and possible phenomenonnlogical consequences are discussed.