cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nicotine responses in hypersensitive and knockout α4 mice account for tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor suppression in wild-type mice

Nicotinic receptors containing the α4 subunit (α4* nAChRs) have high sensitivity and are widely expressed in the central nervous system, yet their contributions to behavioral tolerance, a hallmark of nicotine dependence, are unclear. To evaluate the contribution of α4* and non-α4 nAChRs in the development of tolerance to hypothermia and locomotor suppression, α4 knockout (KO), hypersensitive Leu9′Ala α4 knock-in, and wild-type (WT) mice received daily nicotine injections, and their behaviors were compared. Repeated selective activation of α4* nAChRs in Leu9′Ala mice produced profound tolerance to hypothermia over 7 days, whereas no tolerance was observed in α4 KO animals. The summed time course and temperature response (after appropriate normalizations) from these two mutant mouse strains resembled the time course of WT tolerance. In addition, daily selective activation of α4* nAChRs elicited locomotor activation in Leu9′Ala mice, but nicotine suppressed activity in α4 KO mice and this did not change with daily drug exposure. Again, appropriately combined responses from the two mutant strains resembled the biphasic nicotine-induced activity in WT animals. Thus, by analyzing nicotinic responses in two complementary mouse lines, one lacking α4* nAChRs, the other expressing hypersensitive α4* nAChRs, one can accurately separate non-α4 nAChR responses from α4 nAChR responses, and one can also account for WT tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor suppression. Our study suggests a new paradigm for bridging the gap between genetic manipulation of a single receptor and whole animal behavioral studies and shows that activation of α4* nAChRs is both necessary and sufficient for the expression of tolerance.
Mineral Composition of Rainwater

Analyses of 62 rainwater samples collected at the University of Illinois Airport near Savoy, Ill., showed that on the basis of equivalent concentrations, the chloride is equal to the sum of sodium and potassium. Sodium was three times the potassium. Calcium plus magnesium was 10 times the chloride and equal to the sum of the bicarbonate and sulfate. The sulfate was equal to twice the sum of ammonium and nitrate. These results indicate salt from sea mist to constitute a negligible proportion of the mineral content. They also indicate the presence of air pollution by the combustion of fuel. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01210.x
Paxillin expression and amplification in early lung lesions of high-risk patients, lung adenocarcinoma and metastatic disease

Background Paxillin is a modular protein that localises to cell adhesion sites where it facilitates bidirectional communication between the intracellular actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. These complex and dynamic interactions are essential for cell adhesion, cell migration and cell survival. The authors have previously demonstrated that paxillin is overexpressed in lung cancer tissues and identified somatic paxillin mutations in 9% of lung cancers. A murine in vivo xenograft model of the most common paxillin mutation (A127T) showed increased cell proliferation and invasive tumour growth, establishing an important role for paxillin in the development of lung cancer. Methods The authors analysed 279 bronchoscopy-aided biopsy specimens from 92 high-risk patients. Adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features and pure bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) were analysed with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Paxillin is overexpressed in premalignant areas of hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia and goblet cell metaplasia, as well as dysplastic lesions and carcinoma in high-risk patients. Concordance between increased paxillin gene copy number and paxillin overexpression was observed in cases of adenocarcinoma eusomic for chromosome 12. Conclusions Paxillin overexpression occurs during the earliest stages of lung cancer development. FISH and IHC analysis of lung adenocarcinoma suggests that relatively small-scale genomic rearrangements of chromosome 12 are associated with paxillin overexpression in lung adenocarcinoma.
Energy-aware variable partitioning and instruction scheduling for multibank memory architectures

Many high-end DSP processors employ both multiple memory banks and heterogeneous register files to improve performance and power consumption. The complexity of such architectures presents a great challenge to compiler design. In this article, we present an approach for variable partitioning and instruction scheduling to maximally exploit the benefits provided by such architectures. Our approach is built on a novel graph model which strives to capture both performance and power demands. We propose an algorithm to iteratively find the variable partition such that the maximum energy saving is achieved while satisfying the given performance constraint. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Preparing Transition-Age Students with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders for Meaningful Work

This article provides an overview of promising essential elements for fostering vocational success among students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs) by drawing literature from the fields of school-to-work transition for post-secondary students and vocational rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities. We highlight seven important elements of high-quality transition services, including (a) individualized, strengths-based transition services and supports; (b) positive career development and early work experiences; (c) meaningful collaboration and interagency involvement; (d) family supports and expectations; (e) fostering self-determination and independence; (f) social and employment-related skill instruction; and (g) establishing job-related supports. These elements provide a comprehensive, collaborative, and longitudinal framework for clinical and research interventions aimed at fostering successful employment for students with HFASDs. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Teaching residents how to teach improves quality of clerkship

Objective To evaluate the impact of a resident's teaching skills workshop on the ratings of the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship by third-year medical students. Study design The 6-week obstetrics and gynecology clerkship at the University of Michigan is provided at 4 different sites including the University of Michigan Hospital. At the end of each rotation, medical students complete an evaluation form assessing various aspects of their learning experience, including the overall quality of clerkship. A workshop, "Teaching Residents How to Teach," was conducted at the University of Michigan Hospital, whereas the other 3 sites served as the control. Clerkship evaluations were compared before and after the workshop using Student t test. Results Students at the University of Michigan Hospital rated all items on the evaluation form higher after the teaching workshop. The overall quality of the clerkship at the University of Michigan Hospital improved ( P =.05), whereas the other sites remained stable. Conclusions A "Teaching the Residents How to Teach" workshop improves the overall quality of the clerkship.
Correction for Sheflo et al., Complete Genome Sequences of Five Brevibacillus laterosporus Bacteriophages.

Volume 1, no. 6, [e00668-13][1], 2013. The species infected by the five bacteriophages was misidentified as Paenibacillus larvae. The article title should read as given above, and the organism identified as Paenibacillus larvae should be identified as Brevibacillus laterosporus throughout. Page 1:
Carbon-13 NMR Investigation of Surface Modified Silica Gels

Surface modified silica gels containing chemically bound molecules of the type ≡ Si-O-Si(OH)n(C6H5)3−n (n=1,2) and ≡ Si-O-Si(OH)2CH2C6H5 have been investigated by C NMR. At low temperature (77 K) the signals from the phenyl carbons have a broad low-symmetric chemical shift dispersion, characteristic for a “rigid” molecule. At room temperature the dispersion is different and characteristic of an axial symmetric chemical shift anisotropy caused by molecular reorientations. The shape of the spectra has been calculated for different possible molecular reorientations and compared with the experimental spectra. From this analysis the reorientation which takes place in the molecules, as well as the orientation of the molecules relative to the surface, and the geometry of the surface-adsorbate bond were obtained.
The Formulario Project

The first hint of the vast Formulario project came in 1891. In the concluding paragraph of his ‘Concept of Number’ [37], which contains several equations written symbolically, Peano says: It would also be very useful to collect all the known propositions referring to certain parts of mathematics, and to publish these collections. Limiting ourselves to arithmetic, I do not believe there would be any difficulty in expressing them in logical symbols. Then, besides acquiring precision, they would also be concise, so much so, probably, that the propositions referring to certain subjects in mathematics could be contained in a number of pages not greater than that required for the bibliography. The transformation into symbols of propositions and proofs expressed in the ordinary form is often an easy thing. It is a very easy thing when treating propositions of the more accurate authors, who have already analysed their ideas. It is enough to substitute, in the works of these authors, for the words of ordinary language, their equivalent symbols. Other authors present greater difficulty. For them one must completely analyse their ideas and then translate into symbols. Not rarely it is the case that a pompously stated proposition is only a logical identity or a preceding proposition, or a form without substance. The Rivista di Matematica will try in the coming year to publish collections of this type. Hence, we invite readers to write them and to send them to us.
Biofeedback Therapy for Constipation and Fecal Incontinence

Constipation with obstructive defecation and fecal incontinence are problems that are frequently encountered in the gastrointestinal clinic (1). Until recently, most patients were treated with supportive or empirical therapy or surgery. However, over the last decade, biofeedback therapy has emerged as a useful adjunct for the treatment of these problems. Biofeedback therapy is a learning process that is based on “operant conditioning” techniques. The governing principle is that any behavior—be it a complex maneuver such as eating or a simple task such as muscle contraction—when reinforced, its likelihood of being repeated increases (2).
Dell, Inc. - Stockholders' Equity

Students are presented with the balance sheet and the statements of stockholders' equity from Dell Inc.'s 2004 Annual Report and are asked to respond to several questions regarding information in the materials. Questions center around common shares authorized, issued, and outstanding; treasury stock sales and purchases; and dividends declared.
Effect of the molecular structure of azithromycin on pharmacokinetics and the antimicrobial activity

L'azithromycine possede un deuxieme azote protonable, place en position 9 du cycle lactone, qui stabilise la molecule et la differencie de l'erythromycine. Une meilleure stabilite digestive, une absorption plus reguliere et superieure apres prise orale, une penetration et une accumulation nettement plus elevee dans les cellules, une tolerance digestive amelioree, des demi-vies seriques et tissulaires prolongees qui permettent des schemas posologiques simplifies sont sans doute a mettre sur le compte du deuxieme site de protonation. Il est possible aussi que l'activite amelioree de l'azithromycine sur des bacteries Gram negatif telles que H. influenzae et B. catarrhalis resulte de la meme particularite structurale.
Stormwater Pollution Control: Best Management Practices

Nonstructural and elementary structural stormwater pollution control measures, known as best management practices (BMPs), are found capable of excellent urban runoff pollution control. Besides costing less than structural measures, which to date have received much attention, BMPs often provide multiple benefits. Case studies describe four successful and very Promising BMPs. Their approaches, implementation, and resulting performance, costs, and impacts are provided for future planners and designers. In Bellevue, Washington, an innovative stormwater utility has effectively administered Bellevue’s stormwater management program. In a regional approach at Montgomery County, Maryland, many source controls have minimized erosion and removed most pollution from urban runoff at moderate costs. Near Lake Tahoe, in California, planning for stormwater management aided by erosion controls has prevented tremendous increases in sediment yields. At San Jose, California, extensive studies revealed that improved street cleaning will effectively control total solids and heavy metals in runoff.
The Backfolded Odijk Regime for Wormlike Chains Confined in Rectangular Nanochannels

We confirm Odijk's scaling laws for (i) the average chain extension; (ii) the variance about the average extension; and (iii) the confinement free energy of a wormlike chain confined in a rectangular nanochannel smaller than its chain persistence length through pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM) simulations of asymptotically long, discrete wormlike chains. In the course of this analysis, we also computed the global persistence length of ideal wormlike chains for the modestly rectangular channels that are used in many experimental systems. The results are relevant to genomic mapping systems that confine DNA in channel sizes around 50 nm, since fabrication constraints generally lead to rectangular cross-sections.
Is the EDA Industry Ready for Cloud Computing

ABSTRACTMany industries are increasingly adopting cloud computing. There are several electronic design automation (EDA) industry players, large and small companies, who have explored the idea of providing cloud-based very large-scale integration design tools and services. This paper briefly explores the history of EDA solutions and their growth path thus far, starting with standalone computer aided design (CAD) tools, through specialized EDA workstations, to integrated suites of tools and flows as currently provided by EDA vendors. A representative EDA flow and its steps are described to provide a basis for relating individual EDA tools to appropriate workload categories. Each step in the EDA design flow is then mapped to a cloud computing workload category. This mapping provides a basis for a decision on moving particular EDA design flow steps to a cloud computing environment. This paper also lists some capabilities currently offered by the public and private cloud providers as a basis for looking at the...
Iteration and Correction Formulas for the Variance of a Sequence

(1969). Iteration and Correction Formulas for the Variance of a Sequence. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 249-252.
Shared symptoms and putative biological mechanisms in chronic liver disease: implications for biobehavioral research.

Liver disease affects over 25 million people in the United States and, despite advances in medical management resulting in increased survival, a majority of these individuals report multiple co-occurring symptoms that severely impair functioning and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to (1) propose defining these co-occurring symptoms as a symptom cluster of chronic liver disease (CLD), (2) discuss putative underlying biological mechanisms related to CLD, including the liver–gut–brain axis and influence of the microbiome, and (3) discuss the implications for biobehavioral research in this patient population. Biobehavioral research focusing on the interrelated, and possibly synergistic, mechanisms of these symptoms may lead to the development and testing of targeted symptom management interventions for improving function and quality of life in this growing patient population.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THREE -DIMENSIONAL LAMINAR FLOWS ABOUT A SPHERE AND AN ELLIPSOID

This paper describes a locally one -dimensional (L.O.D), time splitting implicit scheme for solving the incompressible Navier -Stokes Equations in primitive variables. The continuit y equation is satisfied by Chorin’s artificial compressibility approach. A body -fitted curvilinear coordinate system is used to generate the grid. A segmented grid is used with interface subroutines between regions. Both grid contractions and redistributi on were tested for improving accuracy in boundary layer calculations. The present results indicate better grid aspect ratio and skewness were even more important than boundary layer resolution in such computations. Numerical results were obtained for flow about a solid sphere at Reynolds number ranging between 1 and 100000 and compared with existing numerical and experimental results. Flow about an ellipsoid of axis ratio 2:1 is also examined for Reynolds numbers up to 1000. The numerical scheme offered fle xibility, speed and accuracy in 3 -dimensional flow calculations.
Investigation on the distribution of dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Zhejiang province

Objective In order to obtain the dynamic rule of nature population,investigate the distribution region of dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Zhejiang province.Methods Adopting labor hour method in order to investigate the population density of different geographical condition. Results A.albopictus(52.9%) took the dominant place in Huzhou,the density of the population reached the peak in May and June.But in Jiaxing A.albopictus was the subdominant,the amount of which was 24.2%.The peak time of population density was from June to September.The climax of A.albopictus population was in August in Ningbo,Zhoushan,Wenzhou and Quzhou.Conclusion The distribution region of A.albopictus had broad range in Zhejiang province.The surveillance of A.albopictus must be strengthened further and some comprehensive measures must be done to suppress the population density in the minimum of economic thresholds.
High-Quality InAsSb Nanowires Grown by Catalyst-Free Selective-Area Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition.

We report on the first demonstration of InAs1–xSbx nanowires grown by catalyst-free selective-area metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (SA-MOCVD). Antimony composition as high as 15 % is achieved, with strong photoluminescence at all compositions. The quality of the material is assessed by comparing the photoluminescence (PL) peak full-width at half-max (fwhm) of the nanowires to that of epitaxially grown InAsSb thin films on InAs. We find that the fwhm of the nanowires is only a few meV broader than epitaxial films, and a similar trend of relatively constant fwhm for increasing antimony composition is observed. Furthermore, the PL peak energy shows a strong dependence on temperature, suggesting wave-vector conserving transitions are responsible for the observed PL in spite of lattice mismatched growth on InAs substrate. This study shows that high-quality InAsSb nanowires can be grown by SA-MOCVD on lattice mismatched substrate, resulting in material suitable for infrared detectors and high-performanc...
Melanoma of the female urethra.

AbstractOur patient had a highly malignant and poorly differentiated tumor in the distal urethra. A conservative operation was performed because the precise nature of the tumor was not clear with light microscopy. An ultrastructural study established the final diagnosis of malignant urethral melanoma and anterior exenteration was performed. An aggressive operation should be considered as the primary approach once malignant melanoma is diagnosed. Ultrastructural studies should be introduced early in the diagnostic process when light microscopy is insufficient to provide a definitive diagnosis of urethral malignancy.
Factors associated with weaning in the first 3 months postpartum

Objective To determine the demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors associated with breastfeeding termination in the first 12 weeks postpartum. Study design This was a prospective cohort study. Population Breastfeeding women in Michigan and Nebraska were interviewed by telephone at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks postpartum or until breastfeeding termination. Outcomes measured We measured associations of demographic, clinical, and breastfeeding variables with weaning during the first 12 weeks postpartum. Results A total of 946 women participated; 75% breastfed until 12 weeks. Women older than 30 years and women with at least a bachelor's degree were more likely to continue breastfeeding in any given week. Mastitis, breast or nipple pain, bottle use, and milk expression in the first 3 weeks were all associated with termination. Beyond 3 weeks, women who expressed breast milk were 75% less likely to discontinue breastfeeding than women who did not. Women who used a bottle for some feedings during weeks 4 to 12 were 98% less likely to discontinue breastfeeding than women who did not use a bottle. "Not enough milk" was the most common reason given for termination in weeks 1 through 3 (37%) and weeks 4 through 6 (35%); "return to work" was the most common reason given in weeks 7 through 9 (53%) and weeks 10 through 12 (58%). Conclusions Younger women and less educated women need additional support in their breastfeeding efforts. Counseling and assistance should be provided to women with pain and mastitis. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 3 weeks should be recommended. After the first 3 weeks, bottles and manual expression are not associated with weaning and may improve the likelihood of continuing breastfeeding, at least until 12 weeks.
Factors Predicting Graft-versus-Host Disease–Free, Relapse-Free Survival after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Multivariable Analysis from a Single Center

Abstract The ideal outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is based on survival that is free of morbidity. The most common causes of treatment failure and morbidity after HCT are relapse, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and nonrelapse death. A composite endpoint that measures survival free of clinically significant negative events may be a useful way to determine the success of allo-HCT. We assessed GVHD and relapse-free survival (GRFS) where the events were acute GVHD grades III to IV, chronic GVHD requiring immunosuppression, relapse, or death in 531 consecutive adult patients who received an allo-HCT between 2006 and 2014 at our center. Median follow-up of living patients was 46 months (range, 12 to 123). HLA matched related donor (MRD, n = 198, 37%), matched unrelated donor (MUD, n = 205, 39%), and haploidentical donor with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (HID, n = 128, 24%) were used. Thirty-six percent of patients had a high/very-high Dana Farber disease risk index (DRI). Estimated rates of GRFS at 1 and 2 years after MRD, MUD, and HID transplantations were 34% and 26%, 26% and 17%, and 33% and 31%, respectively, with MRD recipients having a better GRFS than MUD (P
Politics and Policies of Aging in the United States

Until some 35 years ago, the politics of aging were relatively benign and policies for the aging were consistently expansionary. However, the more recent period of aging politics and policy has been much more contested. This chapter addresses these developments, reviews factors that account for the transformation in understanding of the policy place of older Americans, and identifies a series of policy-related issues that aging politics will confront in the years ahead. Central to the discussion are political legitimacy and power, institutional barriers and pathways, public and elite opinion, issue framing, population characteristics, and the ever-expanding scope of conflict around aging policy.
Wavelet packet decomposition for power quality monitoring in smart grid

In this paper, a framework for the smart grid (SG) power quality (PQ) monitoring system based on wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) is proposed to detect PQ disturbances. This paper proposes an effective technique for PQ disturbances detection based on the inter- and intra-scale correlation of the wavelet packet coefficients. The wavelet packet coefficients are not only correlated within its own scale but also across the adjacent scales. This approach has been evaluated using both simulated and real power system disturbance data.
A Developmental and Molecular View of Formation of Auxin-Induced Nodule-Like Structures in Land Plants

Several studies have shown that plant hormones play important roles during legume-rhizobia symbiosis. For instance, auxins induce the formation of nodule-like structures (NLSs) on legume roots in the absence of rhizobia. Furthermore, these NLS can be colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which favor nitrogen fixation compared to regular roots and subsequently increase plant yield. Interestingly, auxin also induces similar NLS in cereal roots. While several genetic studies have identified plant genes controlling NLS formation in legumes, no studies have investigated the genes involved in NLS formation in cereals. In this study, first we established an efficient experimental system to induce NLS in rice roots, using auxin, 2,4-D, consistently at a high frequency (>90%). We were able to induce NLS at a high frequency in Medicago truncatula under similar conditions. NLS were characterized by a broad base, a diffuse meristem, and increased cell differentiation in the vasculature. Interestingly, NLS formation appeared very similar in both rice and Medicago, suggesting a similar developmental program. We show that NLS formation in both rice and Medicago occurs downstream of the common symbiotic pathway. Furthermore, NLS formation occurs downstream of cytokinin-induced step(s). We performed a comprehensive RNA sequencing experiment to identify genes differentially expressed during NLS formation in rice and identified several promising genes for control of NLS based on their biological and molecular functions. We validated the expression patterns of several genes using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and show varied expression patterns of these genes during different stages of NLS formation. Finally, we show that NLS induced on rice roots under these conditions can be colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Azorhizobium caulinodans.
Predictive validity of an observer-rated adherence protocol for multisystemic therapy with juvenile drug offenders

Abstract Objective Multisystemic therapy (MST) is perhaps the best validated treatment for youth who engage in serious and chronic antisocial behavior (Henggeler, Schoenwald, Borduin, Rowland, & Cunningham, 2009). Despite evidence suggesting that high treatment adherence is needed to achieve optimal MST outcomes, this research is limited because past studies have relied on adherence reports derived solely from treatment participants ( i.e. , caregivers, youth, and therapists). To address this gap in the literature, the present study assessed the reliability and predictive validity of an observational protocol for rating adherence to MST. Method The sample was drawn from a randomized clinical trial of juvenile drug offenders (77.5% male, 65% African American) referred to one of four treatment conditions (Henggeler et al., 2006). Audiotaped sessions of youth and their families were selected from the first month of MST and trained undergraduate students independently rated therapist adherence to the nine MST treatment principles. We assessed the validity of MST adherence in predicting outcomes at post-recruitment and 12-month follow-up. Results Good interrater reliability (ICC=0.642) was found across all raters for our composite index of adherence. High adherence to MST during the first month of therapy predicted decreases in externalizing behavior at post-recruitment and decreases in youth alcohol consumption at 12-month follow-up. Conclusions These results provide independent support for the link between treatment fidelity and behavioral outcomes in the context of MST. Further, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using novice, undergraduate judges to reliably code therapist adherence.
Fabrication, Optimization and Characterization of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cell.

The dyes extracted from pomegranate and berry fruits were successfully used in the fabrication of natural dye sensitized solar cells (NDSSC). The morphology, porosity, surface roughness, thickness, absorption and emission characteristics of the pomegranate dye sensitized photo-anode were studied using various analytical techniques including FESEM, EDS, TEM, AFM, FTIR, Raman, Fluorescence and Absorption Spectroscopy. Pomegranate dye extract has been shown to contain anthocyanin which is an excellent light harvesting pigment needed for the generation of charge carriers for the production of electricity. The solar cell’s photovoltic performance in terms of efficiency, voltage, and current was tested with a standard illumination of air-mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5 G) having an irradiance of 100 mW/cm2. After optimization of the photo-anode and counter electrode, a photoelectric conversion efficiency (η) of 2%, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.39 mV, and a short-circuit current density (Isc) of 12.2 mA/cm2 were obtained. Impedance determination showed a relatively low charge-transfer resistance (17.44 Ω) and a long lifetime, signifying a reduction in recombination losses. The relatively enhanced efficiency is attributable in part to the use of a highly concentrated pomegranate dye, graphite counter electrode and TiCl4 treatment of the photo-anode.
Fast Differential Analysis of Center of Pressure Data in Normal Children and Children with Cerebral Palsy

The objective of this study was to develop a fast method for real time computation of Central of Pressure (CoP) sway area and to investigate the correlations among the velocity, acceleration, path length, sway area, and mean frequency of CoP signals during quiet standing in healthy children and in children with cerebral palsy. The sway area was computed using a fast search and sort based on a numerical approximation of the Green-Gauss method. Subjects were tested during eyes open and eyes closed trials to determine the significance of the visual input. Both RMS of CoP velocity and acceleration showed strong correlations with NPL and NSA in the eye open test (r≥0.728) and in the eye closed test (r≥0.919) of normal children. These findings were also consistent in children with cerebral palsy in both eye tests. The developed fast method in computing the sway area by using CoP velocity and CoP acceleration were validated through correlation analysis.
Characterizing Dynamic Decay of Motion of Free-Standing Rocking Members

Rocking is likely the primary dynamic mode of vibration during the earthquake response of free-standing structural members. Previous research has routinely described the dynamic behavior of these m...
Self-Healing Property of Space-Time Light Sheets

We experimentally demonstrate self-healing of diffraction-free space-time light sheets propagating through one-dimensional beam blocks. Diffraction-free space-time beams are produced by introducing hyperbolic correlations in their spatio-temporal spectra.
Classification and prognosis of inflammatory muscle disease.

SUMMARY Although our understanding of the inflammatory myopathies is still evolving, it is becoming increasingly clear that these syndromes are composed of many separate and distinct disorders with widely divergent clinical signs, symptoms, laboratory abnormalities, and prognoses. Their classification remains controversial, but three approaches of dividing the myositis syndromes appear useful in helping to group disorders with similar features together. The three approaches divide these syndromes on the basis of clinical and histopathologic findings, by serology, and by exposures to known environmental agents. Studies of the prognosis of these disorders are limited by the rarity and heterogeneity of the myositis syndromes. Taken together, however, they suggest that a variety of demographic, clinical, and serologic features are associated with a poor outcome. These include older age at myositis onset, severe myositis, delay to diagnosis and therapy, significant cardiac, pulmonary or gastrointestinal involvement, and the presence of cancer, inclusion body myositis, or antisynthetase or anti-SRP autoantibodies. It is hoped that our understanding of the classification and prognosis of the inflammatory myopathies will become more complete as we perceive more fully the interrelationships between the genetic and environmental risk factors necessary for the induction of myositis and develop more rational ways of dividing and treating these increasingly recognized syndromes.
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

A 33-year-old right-handed female had obstructive sleep apnea, depression, fibromyalgia, and mitral valve prolapse, and was being evaluated for chronic fatigue. Her only surgery was a successful gastric bypass. She was otherwise in a state of usual health when she became involved in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and subsequently began having seizures. No early risk factors were noted and her MVA had resulted in a minor head injury but no loss of consciousness. Her initial spell occurred when she was at home visiting her parents after a recent divorce. She was seated on the couch and suddenly “started shaking all over.” It lasted for about 5 min, by her parents’ report, and she was tired and sore after the event. She was seen at the local emergency room and loaded with phenytoin (PHT). A brain CT, a 12-lead EKG, and electrolytes were normal. She was released and complained of “feeling drunk” on PHT. Recurrent episodes occurred within the week and increased to daily episodes without response to medication. She was seen by a neurologist and begun on levetiracetam (LEV). An EEG was reported to be abnormal showing “bilateral spike discharges that are potentially epileptogenic.” On LEV, the episodes continued but her parents noted that she became very depressed. They “had to” help care for her two children as she became “nonfunctional” due to her seizures. She was encouraged to seek the help of psychiatry and her parents suggested that she get another opinion. When evaluated, her father brought in a smart phone video of one of the events. She was admitted and discontinued from LEV when wicket spikes and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) were captured. Her abnormal EEG is below (Fig. 29.1).
Nanoscale electrochemical kinetics & dynamics: the challenges and opportunities of single-entity measurements

The development of nanoscale electrochemistry since the mid-1980s has been predominately coupled with steady-state voltammetric (i-E) methods. This research has been driven by the desire to understand the mechanisms of very fast electrochemical reactions, by electroanalytical measurements in small volumes and unusual media, including in vivo measurements, and by research on correlating electrocatalytic activity, e.g., O2 reduction reaction, with nanoparticle size and structure. Exploration of the behavior of nanoelectrochemical structures (nanoelectrodes, nanoparticles, nanogap cells, etc.) of a characteristic dimension λ using steady-state i-E methods generally relies on the well-known relationship, λ2 ∼ Dt, which relates diffusional lengths to time, t, through the coefficient, D. Decreasing λ, by performing measurements at a nanometric length scales, results in a decrease in the effective timescale of the measurement, and provides a direct means to probe the kinetics of steps associated with very rapid electrochemical reactions. For instance, steady-state voltammetry using a nanogap twin-electrode cell of characteristic width, λ ∼ 10 nm, allows investigations of events occurring at timescales on the order of ∼100 ns. Among many other advantages, decreasing λ also increases spatial resolution in electrochemical imaging, e.g., in scanning electrochemical microscopy, and allows probing of the electric double layer. This Introductory Lecture traces the evolution and driving forces behind the "λ2 ∼ Dt" steady-state approach to nanoscale electrochemistry, beginning in the late 1950s with the introduction of the rotating ring-disk electrode and twin-electrode thin-layer cells, and evolving to current-day investigations using nanoelectrodes, scanning nanocells for imaging, nanopores, and nanoparticles. The recent focus on so-called "single-entity" electrochemistry, in which individual and very short redox events are probed, is a significant departure from the steady-state approach, but provides new opportunities to probe reaction dynamics. The stochastic nature of very fast single-entity events challenges current electrochemical methods and modern electronics, as illustrated using recent experiments from the authors' laboratory.
Emotion sensitivity across the lifespan: Mapping clinical risk periods to sensitivity to facial emotion intensity

Face emotion perception is important for social functioning and mental health. In addition to recognizing categories of face emotion, accurate emotion perception relies on the ability to detect subtle differences in emotion intensity. The primary aim of this study was to examine participants' ability to discriminate the intensity of facial emotions (emotion sensitivity: ES) in three psychometrically matched ES tasks (fear, anger, or happiness), to identify developmental changes in sensitivity to face emotion intensity across the lifespan. We predicted that increased age would be associated with lower anger and fear ES, with minimal differences in happiness ES. Participants were 9,546 responders to a Web-based ES study (age range = 10 to 85 years old). Results of segmented linear regression confirmed our hypotheses and revealed differential patterns of ES based on age, sex, and emotion category. Females showed enhanced sensitivity to anger and fear relative to males, but similar sensitivity to happiness. While sensitivity to all emotions increased during adolescence and early adulthood, sensitivity to anger showed the largest increase, potentially related to the importance of anger perception during adolescent development. We also observed age-related decreases in both anger and fear sensitivity in older adults, with little to no change in happiness sensitivity. Unlike previous studies, the effect observed here could not be explained by task-related confounds (e.g., ceiling effects for happiness recognition), lending strong support to observed differences in ES for happiness, anger, and fear across age. Implications for everyday functioning and the development of psychopathology across the lifespan are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Meeting the Needs of Our LGBTQ Patients and Their Families

Abstract Adolescent patients comprise up to 16% of all emergency department (ED) visits in the United States. Although an exact prevalence is difficult to determine, an estimated 4-17% of youth identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning. Health care providers need to understand gender identity and sexual orientation to provide competent medical care within a clinical setting that is safe for minority youth. Despite the ED presence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning teens, many ED providers report a lack of comfort with understanding the health care needs of this patient population. In this article, we aim to review the topics of gender identity, gender presentation, sexual orientation, and pronoun use, and provide practical guidelines for eliciting important information in the care of sexual and gender minority youth.
A new inverse method for contaminant source identification under unknown solute transport boundary conditions

Abstract A new solute transport inverse method is proposed for estimating plume trajectory and source release location under unknown solute transport boundary conditions in a steady-state, non-uniform groundwater flow field. Solute concentration is modeled by proposing a set of local approximation solutions (LAS) of transport that are discretized over the problem domain. At a given time step, the inverse method imposes continuities of concentration and total solute mass flux at a set of collocation points in the inversion grid, whereas the LAS are conditioned to measured breakthrough concentrations. By enforcing transport physics at selected points in space and time, the inverse problem becomes well-posed and a single system of inversion equations is assembled and solved with a parallel iterative solver. Unlike most of the inversion techniques that minimize a model-data mismatch objective function, the inverse method does not require the simulation of a forward transport model for optimization, thus both solute initial and boundary conditions can be recovered. Assuming dispersivity estimates are available, the method was demonstrated using synthetic breakthrough data from various sampling densities and designs, i.e., irregular versus uniformly spaced well networks. Different measurement errors and source release histories (e.g., uniform-in-time, single, and multiple pulses) were also investigated. Results suggest that for the source release histories tested, 1) inversion is stable under increasing measurement errors up to 5% of the maximum observed concentration; 2) accurate plume trajectory and source release location can be estimated from solute breakthrough concentrations; 3) inversion accuracy appears the most sensitive to sampling well density and its information content.
Increased intramuscular coherence is associated with temporal gait symmetry during split-belt locomotor adaptation.

This is the first study to examine the functional role of intramuscular coherence in relation to changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters during split-belt walking adaptation. We found that the co...
Ordering Perceptions about Perceptual Order

One of the most important properties that inherently defines a good colormap is perceptual order. In the literature, we find a wide range of recommendations and hypotheses regarding order. Properties such as monotonicity in luminance, saturation, or hue are/are not stated as necessary/sufficient to ensure perceptual order. In this paper, we gather the most common statements about perceptual order and, when possible, prove or disprove them.
Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Under General Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients With Keratoconus and Developmental Delay.

Purpose To report the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with keratoconus (KCN) who underwent corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) under general anesthesia for developmental delay or inability to cooperate with topical anesthesia. Methods In this retrospective case series, we reviewed the medical charts of pediatric patients with KCN who had CXL under general anesthesia from January 2018 to April 2019. Baseline disease characteristics of patients with and without developmental delay were compared using the Pearson χ test and the t test. Main outcomes were anesthesia or surgical complications and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), keratometry (K) values, and caregiver report of eye-rubbing behavior. Results Fourteen eyes of 9 patients were reviewed. All were habitual eye rubbers at baseline. Six (66.7%) were developmentally delayed. Compared with patients without developmental delay, developmentally delayed patients were diagnosed and treated at older ages (16.0 vs. 13.9 years), experienced longer delays from diagnosis to surgery (20.7 vs. 8.8 weeks), and had lower BCVA (20/70 vs. 20/40), higher steep K values (54.0 vs. 50.9), and a higher incidence of corneal scarring (75.0% vs. 33.3%) and monocular vision loss (50.0% vs. 0.0%) at baseline, although these differences were not statistically significant. No anesthesia or surgical complications occurred. BCVA and K values were stable at postoperative month 6, with no clinically or statistically significant change observed for either measure. Eight patients decreased or stopped eye rubbing. Conclusions We demonstrate the efficacy and safety of CXL under general anesthesia in halting the progression of KCN for pediatric patients with developmental delay or an inability to cooperate with the procedure until topical anesthesia.
A case report of genetic prion disease with two different PRNP variants.

Background Prion diseases are a group of lethal neurodegenerative conditions that occur when the normal, cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC ) is converted into an abnormal, scrapie, form of the protein (PrPSc ). Disease may be caused by genetic, infectious, or sporadic etiologies. The genetic form of prion disease comprises~10%-15% of all cases. Prion disease is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The low incidence of disease makes it highly unlikely that a patient would have two different pathogenic variants. However, we recently identified a case in which the patient did have two pathogenic PRNP variants and presented with an atypical phenotype. Methods The patient was evaluated at the Washington Hospital Healthcare System in Fremont, CA. The clinical information for this case report was obtained retrospectively. Variants in the PRNP were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exon two of the gene followed by bi-directional sequence analysis. To determine the phase of the identified variants, a restriction enzyme digestion was utilized, followed by sequence analysis of the products. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed for surrogate markers of prion disease, 14-3-3 and Tau proteins. CSF real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays were also performed. Results The patient was a compound heterozygote for the well-characterized c.628G>A (p.Val210Ile) variant and the rare octapeptide deletion of two repeats [c.202_249del48 (p.P68_Q83del)]. Clinically, the patient presented with an early onset demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, followed by later onset cognitive symptoms. Conclusion This presentation is reminiscent of prion protein knockout mice whose predominate symptom, due to complete loss of PrP, was late-onset peripheral neuropathy. To our knowledge this is the first case reported of a patient with prion disease who had two different pathogenic variants in PRNP.
Changing epidemiology of esophageal stent placement for dysphagia: a decade of trends and the impact of benign indications.

Background and Aims In addition to managing malignant obstruction, esophageal stents (ESs) have evolved to address various benign etiologies of dysphagia. We sought to evaluate national trends and changes in practice of ES placement for both benign and malignant etiologies in hospitalized patients with dysphagia. Methods The National Inpatient Sample (2003-2013) was used to include all adult inpatients (≥18 years of age) with endoscopy-guided ES placement for a symptom of dysphagia. Multivariable analyses for indications that impact temporal trends (3 time periods: 2003-2005, 2006-2009, and 2010-2013) and for hospital outcomes were performed. Results A total of 7198 ESs were deployed endoscopically in hospitalized patients with dysphagia. Compared with malignant etiologies, there was a significant increase in ES placement for benign conditions (2013 vs 2003: 32.7% vs 14.5%, respectively; P Conclusions In the preceding decade, ES placement for hospitalized patients with dysphagia has increased, driven largely by an over 8-fold rise in stent placement for benign indications. These findings warrant continued efforts to improve stent technology to decrease the risk of migration and review practice guidelines involving ES placement for benign etiologies.