cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitatory amino acid binding sites in the basal ganglia of the rat: A quantitative autoradiographic study

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to determine the distribution of excitatory amino acid binding sites in the basal ganglia of rat brain. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate, quisqualate-sensitive metabotropic and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate, non-kainate, non-quisqualate glutamate binding sites had their highest density in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle. Kainate binding was higher in the lateral striatum but there was no medial-lateral striatal gradient for other binding sites. N-Methyl-D-aspartate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid binding sites were most dense in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. There was no dorsal-ventral gradient within the striatal complex for the other binding sites. Other regions of the basal ganglia had lower densities of ligand binding. To compare binding site density within non-striatal regions, binding for each ligand was normalized to the striatal binding density. When compared to the striatal complex, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and metabotropic binding sites had higher relative density in the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, and subthalamic nucleus than other binding sites. Metabotropic binding also had a high relative density in the substantia nigra. Non-N-methyl-D-aspartate, non-kainate, non-quisqualate glutamate binding sites had a high relative density in globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, and substantia nigra. N-Methyl-D-aspartate binding sites had a low relative density in pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Our data indicate heterogeneous distribution of excitatory amino acid binding sites within rat basal ganglia and suggest that the character of excitatory amino acid-mediated neurotransmission within the basal ganglia is also heterogeneous.
Clinical considerations in the prediction of dangerousness in mental patients

Abstract Despite continued evidence of the extreme difficulty of successfully predicting future violent behavior, this task is still required of many clinicians assessing mental patients. The present review is an effort to assist clinicians in this situation by presenting information about: (1) the factors that empirical research suggests should be considered in such assessments and the demonstrated utility of these factors, and (2) the factors that appear to be most often considered by clinicians assessing the dangerousness of mental patients. While there is no set of heretofore unknown valid predictors that can be presented as a result of this review, there is a large amount of information from several areas that clinicians would do well to consider. An examination of studies documenting the clinical decision making process regarding dangerousness, however, suggests that there are probably only a few factors that are regularly attended to by clinicians.
[5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis(2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrinato]nickel(II)–toluene–dichloromethane (3/2/4):a mixed solvate

The crystal structure, electronic spectroscopy, and 1H NMR data for the title compound, [Ni(C52H44N4O8)]·0.67C7H8·1.33CH2Cl2, are reported. The compound was prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) acetate with the ligand in refluxing glacial acetic acid. The asymmetric unit consists of 1.5 nickel porphyrins, two dichloro­methane molecules and one toluene mol­ecule. One of the nickel–porphyrinate mol­ecules is located on an inversion center and is planar in the solid state, while the other assumes a saddle-shaped geometry. In both cases, the nickel ion is four-coordinate.
Hydrogen and oxygen from water—III evaluation of a hybrid process

Abstract A hybrid process, which simultaneously produces mechanical power and hydrogen and oxygen from water by the use of solar energy, is presented. The performance of the process is evaluated. Realistic constraints on the efficiencies of optical and mechanical components are used. A preliminary estimate of its economics is also presented.
Abstract A51: Cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3 is associated with increased resistance of Lovo-1 colon cancer cells to autophosphorylation inhibitor of FAK.

Introduction: Focal Adhesion Kinase is an important survival signal in cancer. Recently, we demonstrated that the autophosphorylation inhibitor of FAK, Y15 effectively inhibited colon cancer cell viability in vitro and blocked xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Among several colon cancer cell lines, Lovo-1 was more resistant to Y15 than other cell lines. To reveal signaling pathways responsible for increased resistance of Lovo-1 cells to autophosphorylation inhibitor of FAK, we performed microarray gene profile study in SW620 and Lovo-1 cells treated with Y15 inhibitor. Experimental Procedures: MTT assay and clonogenicity assays were used to detect the effect of Y15 on viability and colony formation. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression. IlluminaRef 8 whole genome gene expression microarray, bioinformatics and statistical analyses were performed to detect significantly affected genes by Y15 in two colon cancer cell lines: SW620 and Lovo-1 cells. PicoProbe ALDH activity assay kit (Biovision) was used to detect ALDH activity. ALDH1A3 siRNA was used to inhibit ALDH1A3 expression. The specific ALDH inhibitor, diethylaminobenzaldehyde was used to inhibit ALDH activity. Results: MTT, clonogenicity assays and Western blotting with Y397-FAK antibody demonstrated that Lovo-1 colon cancer cells were more resistant to Y15 treatment than SW620 colon cancer cells. The microarray analysis detected 12 up- and 4 significantly down-regulated genes that were affected >2-fold (p 2-fold. ALDH activity kit demonstrated high activity of ALDH in Lovo-1 colonospheres, and the spheres were resistant to Y15 treatment. Treatment with ALDH1A3 siRNAs sensitized Lovo-1 cells to Y15 inhibitor and decreased cell viability more effectively than each agent alone. The same result was obtained with ALDH inhibitor, DEAB in combination with Y15 inhibitor. Conclusion: The microarray study revealed several important genes up- or down-regulated in Lovo-1 cancer cells in response to Y15 inhibitor compared to SW620 cells. The Lovo-1 cells formed spheres with increased ALDH activity. A cancer stem cell marker, ALDH1A3 was associated with increased resistance of Lovo-1 cancer cells to Y15. In addition, down-regulation of ALDH1A3 and FAK effectively decreased viability of Lovo-1 colon cancer cells, resistant to FAK inhibitor that can be used as a novel combination therapy approach in resistant cell lines. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A51. Citation Format: Baotran Ho, Melissa Heffler, Jeffrey Conroy, Liu Song, Dan Wang, William G. Cance, Vita M. Golubovskaya. Cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3 is associated with increased resistance of Lovo-1 colon cancer cells to autophosphorylation inhibitor of FAK. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A51.
Diabetes- and thyroid-related eye disease

Diabetes and thyroid-related eye disease cause significant morbidity. Although these are endocrine disorders, they cause different ocular manifestations. Previously unexamined epidemiologic factors offer new insight to diabetic eye disease. The association of hyperglycemia, systemic medical therapy, and visual loss is reviewed. Although retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness, multiple "nonretinal" diabetic ocular problems occur and how these correspond with retinopathy is examined. Thyroid-related eye disease, as seen in Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune process. This is reexamined and new ultrasound techniques to measure disease activity are described. The advantage of therapies directed against these features is reported.
Isolation and properties of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from pea chromatin.

We have separated the nonhistone chromosomal proteins of pea chromatin from other chromosomal constituents and have studied some of the biological functions of these proteins. After dissociation of pea chromatin in 3m NaCl, 5m urea (pH 8) and subsequent removal of urea, the chromosomal proteins are separated from DNA on Bio-Gel A50. Histones are then separated from nonhistones by chromatography on Bio-Rex 70 in the presence of 0.35m NaCl and 5m urea. The resulting nonhistone proteins are concentrated on a DEAE-cellulose column.
Difficulty Identifying Feelings, Distress Tolerance and Compulsive Buying: Analyzing the Associations to Inform Therapeutic Strategies

Difficulty identifying feelings (a component of alexithymia) and distress tolerance both appear to play a role in impulse-control problems. The goal of the present study was to build upon past research by developing a model of the relations between these constructs and compulsive buying. Participants from the United States and Canada completed a survey containing well-established measures of demographic variables, difficulty identifying feelings, distress tolerance and compulsive buying. In support of a hypothesized model, the three constructs were significantly related in predicted directions and distress tolerance fully mediated the relationship between difficulty identifying feelings and compulsive buying. These results confirm the relationship between alexithymic tendencies and distress tolerance and extend previous findings concerning the problematic behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, pathological gambling) of people who have difficulty identifying their feelings. They also highlight attributes and skills (e.g., tolerating distress, identifying feelings) which clinicians might beneficially target while working with clients who buy compulsively.
Review of the ESPRIT study: aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone for prevention of vascular events after a noncardioembolic, mild-to-moderate ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Practice PearlThis trial demonstrated the efficacy of combination therapy with dosages of aspirin (30–325 mg/day) plus dipyridamole (200 mg twice daily) in the prevention of vascular events after a noncardioembolic, mild-to-moderate ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, and showed a clear benefit of the aspirin/dipyridamole combination regimen over an aspirin-alone (30–325 mg/day) regimen.
Dynamic control of needle-free jet injection

Many modern pharmaceutical therapies such as vaccines and macromolecular drugs benefit from transdermal delivery. Conventional transdermal drug delivery via hypodermic needles causes pain, non-compliance, and potential contamination. Alternative transdermal strategies that deliver drugs in a quick, reliable, painless, and inexpensive way are needed. Jet injectors, which deliver drugs through the skin using a high-speed stream of liquid propelled by compressed springs or gasses, provide a needle-free method of trandermal drug delivery. However, poor reliability as well as painful bruising and bleeding characterize these devices, due in part to the high and constant jet velocity with which drugs are delivered. Toward improved reliability and reduced pain, we have developed a jet injector capable of dynamic control of jet velocity during a single injection pulse. Using this device, we demonstrate that temporal control of jet velocity leads to independent control of penetration depth, by adjusting time at high velocity, and delivered dose, by adjusting time at low velocity, in model materials. This dynamic control of jet velocity creates the potential for better control of needle-free injections, as demonstrated through injection studies on whole ex vivo human skin samples.
Pleasing all at the expense of many

Purpose – This article's aim is to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies on a limited budget and with limited personnel.Design/methodology/approach – The article uses real world experiences to provide commentary on decision‐making practices as they relate to discontinuing library services under increasingly tight budget constraints.Findings – Librarians’ strong service ethic is both a benefit and a detriment. In their efforts to serve all, they often stretch thin the human, financial, and temporal resources, thereby adversely affecting the most valuable services.Originality/value – The article uses real‐world examples to provide critical commentary on the decision‐making process as it relates to continuing / discontinuing library services and resources.
Dimension reduction transfer function model

The dimension reduction in regression is an efficient method of overcoming the curse of dimensionality in non-parametric regression. Motivated by recent developments for dimension reduction in time series, an empirical extension of central mean subspace in time series to a single-input transfer function model is performed in this paper. Here, we use central mean subspace as a tool of dimension reduction for bivariate time series in the case when the dimension and lag are known and estimate the central mean subspace through the Nadaraya–Watson kernel smoother. Furthermore, we develop a data-dependent approach based on a modified Schwarz Bayesian criterion to estimate the unknown dimension and lag. Finally, we show that the approach in bivariate time series works well using an expository demonstration, two simulations, and a real data analysis such as El Nino and fish Population.
Bead-based immunoassays with microelectrode detection.

The suitability of a microelectrode as the detector for a small-volume, bead-based enzyme-labeled immunoassay for later use in a microfluidic device was investigated. The microelectrode helps to overcome consumption of the electroactive species by the electrode (depletion) that is encountered with macroelectrodes such as the rotating disk electrode (RDE) and allows the volume of the detection cell to be reduced. Microelectrodes also allow the chemical reactions to be monitored in real time due to the electrodes’ close proximity to the assay site. A bead-based sandwich immunoassay for mouse IgG was developed with alkaline phosphatase (AP) as the enzyme label, p-aminophenyl phosphate (PAPP) as the enzyme substrate, and microelectrode detection. The diffusion coefficient of the product of enzymatic hydrolysis, p-aminophenol (PAP), was determined to be 7.2±0.9×10−6 cm2 s−1. The detection limits were determined for free (0.52 ng mL−1) and bead-bound AP (10 ng mL−1). The number of binding sites for AP per bead was calculated to be 9.6×104 molecules/bead, and under saturation conditions the minimum detectable number of beads was 2500. Lower detection limits could be achieved with the microelectrode than the RDE while maintaining similar reproducibility. The microelectrode also made it possible to work with lower sample volumes (down to 10 μL) than with the RDE (minimum volume of 40 μL). Depletion of PAP was not observed with the microelectrode. The results obtained here with a microelectrode showed great promise for later use of microelectrodes in microfluidic devices with limited sample volumes. RDE detection cannot be used in a microfluidic system due to its complex set-up that includes a motor for rotation.
Abstract 2289: MRJ(L) reverts mesenchymal phenotype and restricts malignancy by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Expression of MRJ (Hsp40/DNAJB6) is lost in advanced infiltrating ductal carcinoma. We found that ectopic expression of the large isoform of MRJ, MRJ(L), is functionally capable of retarding tumor growth. Our continuing efforts towards understanding the effect of MRJ(L) expression on cancer cells revealed that MRJ(L) caused morphological changes indicative of epithelial-like appearance. It decreased the expression of several mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin, Twist, Slug, vimentin and up regulated epithelial marker, Keratin 18. However, most noticeable was the loss of β-catenin protein upon MRJ(L) expression. Differential-proteomic analysis of the secretome showed that MRJ(L) expression elevated DKK1 (Dickkopf1), a secreted inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Increased DKK1 levels enhanced proteosome mediated degradation of β-catenin and reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling as measured by the TCF/LEF reporter activity in MRJ(L) expressors. Furthermore we found that silencing MRJ(L) from immortalized mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A, led to decreased DKK1 and E-cadherin levels, with concomitant increase of β-catenin protein. We also found that silencing DKK1 from the MRJ(L) overespressing cancer lines led to increased malignant behavior as measured by foci formation, growth in soft agar and wound healing capacity. Overall, our findings lead us to conclude that MRJ(L) maintains the epithelial phenotype and restricts malignant behavior of tumor cells by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2289.
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in Meristematic Cells of Arabidopsis Preserved by High-Pressure Freezing

We have investigated the process of somatic-type cytokinesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) meristem cells with a three-dimensional resolution of ∼7 nm by electron tomography of high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples. Our data demonstrate that this process can be divided into four phases: phragmoplast initials, solid phragmoplast, transitional phragmoplast, and ring-shaped phragmoplast. Phragmoplast initials arise from clusters of polar microtubules (MTs) during late anaphase. At their equatorial planes, cell plate assembly sites are formed, consisting of a filamentous ribosome-excluding cell plate assembly matrix (CPAM) and Golgi-derived vesicles. The CPAM, which is found only around growing cell plate regions, is suggested to be responsible for regulating cell plate growth. Virtually all phragmoplast MTs terminate inside the CPAM. This association directs vesicles to the CPAM and thereby to the growing cell plate. Cell plate formation within the CPAM appears to be initiated by the tethering of vesicles by exocyst-like complexes. After vesicle fusion, hourglass-shaped vesicle intermediates are stretched to dumbbells by a mechanism that appears to involve the expansion of dynamin-like springs. This stretching process reduces vesicle volume by ∼50%. At the same time, the lateral expansion of the phragmoplast initials and their CPAMs gives rise to the solid phragmoplast. Later arriving vesicles begin to fuse to the bulbous ends of the dumbbells, giving rise to the tubulo-vesicular membrane network (TVN). During the transitional phragmoplast stage, the CPAM and MTs disassemble and then reform in a peripheral ring phragmoplast configuration. This creates the centrifugally expanding peripheral cell plate growth zone, which leads to cell plate fusion with the cell wall. Simultaneously, the central TVN begins to mature into a tubular network, and ultimately into a planar fenestrated sheet (PFS), through the removal of membrane via clathrin-coated vesicles and by callose synthesis. Small secondary CPAMs with attached MTs arise de novo over remaining large fenestrae to focus local growth to these regions. When all of the fenestrae are closed, the new cell wall is complete. Few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes are seen associated with the phragmoplast initials and with the TVN cell plate that is formed within the solid phragmoplast. ER progressively accumulates thereafter, reaching a maximum during the late PFS stage, when most cell plate growth is completed.
A Mobile FT-IR To Measure On-Site Emissions Of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS)

A mobile laboratory for on-site analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a FT-IR spectrometer is under development. Detection limits as an average concentration over a path length of 100 meters are estimated to be below 100 ppb. Preliminary field evaluation of the system capabilities is presently underway.
Influence of lemakalim on the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat.

Abstract Pulmonary vascular responses to the k + atp channel opener, lemakalim, were investigated in the intact-chest cat under constant flow conditions. When tone in the pulmonary vascular bed was elevated, intralobar injections of lemakalim caused dose-related decreases in lobar arterial pressure without changing left atrial pressure. Lemakalim was approximately 3-fold more potent than cromakalim in dilating the pulmonary vascular bed, and pulmonary vasodilator responses to these K + ATP channel openers were blocked by the K + ATP channel blocking agent, glybenclamide. Glybenclamide had no significant effect on pulmonary vasodilator responses to acetylcholine or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) but decreased responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These data show that lemakalim has potent pulmonary vasodilator activity and suggest that responses are due to activation of a glybenclamide-sensitive K + ATP channel.
Capillary condensation in MMS and pore structure characterization

Abstract Phenomena of capillary condensation and desorption in siliceous mesoporous molecular sieves (MMS) with cylindrical channels are studied by means of the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT). The results are compared with macroscopic thermodynamic approaches based on Kelvin–Cohan (KC) and Derjaguin–Broekhoff–de Boer (DBdB) equations. We show that: The KC equations, which constitute the basis of the traditional BJH method for the pore size distribution analysis, are in error even in pores as large as 20 nm. The DBdB equations with consistently determined thickness of the adsorbed layer (disjoining pressure isotherm) can be justified for pores wider than ≈7 nm in diameter. As the pore size decreases, the macroscopic arguments become less accurate, and the NLDFT and DBdB results differ significantly in pores smaller than ≈4 nm. The adsorption–desorption isotherms predicted by NLDFT are found to be in quantitative agreement with the experimental nitrogen (77 K) and argon (87 K) isotherms on MCM-41 type materials with pores larger than 5 nm. Therewith, the experimental desorption branch corresponds to the equilibrium capillary condensation/evaporation transition. The experimental adsorption branch corresponds to the spontaneous spinodal condensation, which occurs at the limit of stability of adsorption films. The NLDFT method has been developed for the calculation of pore size distributions from both the adsorption and desorption isotherms.
Delay-dependent control design for a time-delay supercavitating vehicle model

By extending a widely cited benchmark model on the pitch-plane dynamics of a supercavitating vehicle, recent literature has proposed new models that include the memory effect in characterizing the ...
Efficacy of the components of a behavioral safety program

Abstract Since Komaki et al.'s (1978) pioneering work of applying behavioral analysis for industrial safety, several researchers reported successful applications of behavioral safety programs in different work situations. However, most of these programs consisted of a number of components, e.g., safety training, safety performance feedback, goal setting, incentives to performance safety, (e.g., praise, coupons, T-shirts, etc.), consolidated into a single treatment. Although these programs led to improvements in safety behavior of workers, and in a few instances to lower accident rates during the program, it is not clear which components of the safety programs contributed most to the improvement. The present study was conducted to assess the individual effectiveness of training, performance feedback, and goal setting on the safe behavior of workers in an industrial setting. Two groups of workers performing similar operations were selected for the experiment. While the experimental group was treated with safety training, feedback, and goal setting, the control group continued working without any treatment. The safety performance index (SI), a ratio of number of observations safe divided by the numbers safe and unsafe, (Komaki et al., 1978) was used to measure the status of safety on the shop floor. The experimental group did not show any significant change in the safety behavior until safety performance feedback was introduced. This observation indicates that training alone may not be adequate to ensure safe behavior in a workplace. The safety performance index improved further with the introduction of goal setting for the performance. The improvement was significant indicating that feedback with goal setting may begin to maximize the effectiveness of a behavioral safety program in the workplace. The study will be useful in allocating resources to improve safety in the workplace.
Stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in rat kidney mesangial cells by bradykinin, antidiuretic hormone, and their analogues

Abstract Kinins, antidiuretic hormone, and several of their analogues stimulated contractile rat kidney mesangial cells growing in culture to produce prostaglandins E 2 , F 2α , and I 2 . Analogues that are known to be pharmacologically active stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism in these cells, whereas compounds that have little activity were ineffective. Stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by these agonists appeared to be receptor-mediated. It is possible that arachidonic acid metabolism is stimulated by contraction of mesangial cells and the released prostaglandins regulate glomerular function.
Molecular recognition directed porphyrin chemosensor for selective detection of nicotine and cotinine

The first example of a metalloporphyrin based fluorescent chemosensor for selective detection of dinitrogen alkaloids such as nicotine and cotinine in solution by using a ‘two-point’ binding strategy and a modified fluorescence analysis procedure is reported.
Subevents of long‐period seismicity: Implications for hydrothermal dynamics during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens

[1] One of the most striking aspects of seismicity during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (MSH) was the precise regularity in occurrence of repetitive long-period (LP) or “drumbeat” events over sustained time periods. However, this precise regularity was not always observed, and at times the temporal occurrence of LP events became more random. In addition, accompanying the dominant LP class of events during the 2004–2008 MSH eruption, there was a near-continuous, randomly occurring series of smaller seismic events. These subevents are not always simply small-amplitude versions of the dominant LP class of events but appear instead to result from a separate random process only loosely coupled to the main LP source mechanism. We present an analysis of the interevent time and amplitude distributions of the subevents, using waveform cross correlation to separate LP events from the subevents. We also discuss seismic tremor that accompanied the 8 March 2005 phreatic explosion event at MSH. This tremor consists of a rapid succession of LPs and subevents triggered during the explosion, in addition to broadband noise from the sustained degassing. Immediately afterward, seismicity returned to the pre-explosion occurrence pattern. This triggering in relation to the rapid ejection of steam from the system, and subsequent return to pre-explosion seismicity, suggests that both seismic event types originated in a region of the subsurface hydrothermal system that was (1) in contact with the reservoir feeding the 8 March 2005 phreatic explosion but (2) not destroyed or drained by the explosion event. Finally, we discuss possible thermodynamic conditions in a pressurized hydrothermal crack that could give rise to seismicity. Pressure drop estimates for typical LP events are not generally large enough to perturb pure water in a shallow hydrothermal crack into an unstable state. However, dissolved volatiles such as CO2 may lead to a more unstable system, increasing the seismogenic potential of a hydrothermal crack subject to rapid heat flux. The interaction of hydrothermal and magmatic systems beneath MSH in 2004–2008 thus appears able to explain a wide range of observed phenomena, including subevents, LP events, larger (Md > 2) events, and phreatic explosions.
Annealing of quench-condensed noble gas films

Abstract We have measured the internal friction of quench-condensed thin neon films (0.16– 1.5 μm ) above 50 mK , and have found it to be of the same order as that of amorphous films, indicating considerable disorder, even after extended annealing. The rapid rise of the internal friction above 4 K is interpreted as the onset of plastic deformation. In addition, we are able to measure vapor pressures on the order of 10 −12 Torr .
Echocardiographic Indexes of Allograft Rejection in Pediatric Cardiac Transplant Recipients

To determine the usefulness of echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular (LV) function as possible predictors of cardiac rejection, 12 transplant recipients (ages 3 to 17 years) underwent a total of 52 serial echocardiographic examinations and cardiac biopsies. The results were compared to those of 12 normal children (ages 2 to 17 years). Biopsies were graded as no rejection (n = 23), mild rejection (cellular infiltrate, n=13), and moderate rejection (myocyte necrosis, n=16). LV dimensions, percent shortening fraction, indexed LV mass, and ejection fraction were measured from M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. From the mitral valve Doppler tracing, the following measurements were made: isovolumic relaxation time, peak E and peak A velocities, and the fraction of filling under the E and A waves as well as in the first third of diastole. Compared with normal subjects, transplant recipients with no rejection had higher heart rates (95 ± 15 vs 80 ± 17 beats/min), longer isovolumic relaxation time (68.8 ± 11.2 vs 51.5 ± 13.6 msec), decreased first third area fraction (0.48 ± 0.10 vs 0.57 ± 0.10), and similar shortening fraction, LV mass, and peak E and A velocities ( p p
Electronic Orbits in the Induction Accelerator

The first section gives a general account of the principles of operation of the electron induction accelerator. The second section gives the more detailed analysis of the orbits of the electrons which was undertaken to serve as a guide in the design of the accelerator.
Synthesis, crystal and electronic structures of the new quaternary phases A5Cd2Sb5F (A = Sr, Ba, Eu), and Ba5Cd2Sb5Ox (0.5<x<0.7)

A new family of quaternary fluoro-antimonides A5Cd2Sb5F (A = Sr, Ba, Eu) and oxyantimonides Ba5Cd2Sb5Ox (0.5<x<0.7) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The title compounds are isotypic, and crystallize with a novel structure type in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm (Z = 4, Pearson symbol oC52). The crystal structures feature one-dimensional double-strands of corner-shared CdSb4 tetrahedra, [Cd2Sb5]9−. The arrangement of the chains is such that two of the unshared Sb vertices are close together to form a Sb–Sb bond, effectively making pentagonal quasi-channels. One of the five A2+ cations reside inside the tubes with the remaining four surrounding them. The electron balance is provided by O2− or F− anions, which fill suitable tetrahedral holes, left between the outer A2+ cations. The chemical bonding in the new family has been investigated using TB-LMTO-ASA band structure calculations, which suggest that the presence of the electron acceptor, oxygen or fluorine, is essential for optimization of the bonding interactions.
Dynamics of trade liberalization policy

Abstract This paper analyzes the dynamics of trade liberalization policies in the presence of adjustment costs. The discussion focuses on modeling the nature of those costs, and the interaction between wages and resource reallocation during the adjustment; also it highlights the role that human capital plays in the adjustment process.
Combustion of liquid fuels and pollutant formation: A review Part II. Pollutant formation

In Part II of a two-part contribution, progress on understanding of pollutant formation from liquid fuel combustion process is reviewed. The review concentrates on soot and nitrogen oxides emissions. Future perspectives on the combustion and pollutant formation from alternative fuel sources, and air pollution as a global issue are briefly discussed.
SU‐EE‐A3‐02: Incorporating a Priori Knowledge Into Deformable Registration Model

Purpose: Conventional deformable registration treats every voxel in an image set equally. In reality, not all regions are equal: some parts are rigid and some are deformable. We investigate a strategy of using a priori knowledge of the system to improve the accuracy and robustness of deformable registration. Method: Our calculation consisted of two natural steps. First, the input images are auto‐classified into feature regions based on the intensity information. The feature regions in the fixed and moving images are matched as feature region pairs using SIFT (scale‐invariance feature transformation) method. Secondly, the established feature region pairs are used as pre‐determined control point associations to facilitate the thin plate spline (TPS) deformable registration. Because of the pre‐association of the feature pairs, there is no need to manually place the homologous control points, which is a difficult task (as detailed anatomy knowledge is often required) and has been a major source of inaccuracy. The proposed algorithm is evaluated by using a digital phantom and five sets of 4D CTimages of different disease sites. Results: A method of incorporating prior knowledge into TPS deformable image registration has been developed. Using SIFT method, the feature region pairs can be easily identified. For example, for a region inside or close to a piece of bony structure, the correspondence can be found using SIFT because of the lack of deformation. In the digital phantom experiments, the new TPS algorithm is able to obtain a transformation matrix, which agrees with the known ones to within 3%. For the patients, similar level of success was achieved. A comparison with conventional TPS or BSpline approaches, the technique improves the accuracy and robustness. Conclusions: With incorporation of feature pairs, the deformable registration is significantly improved and much robust and accurate registration is attainable.
An approximation method for a class of queueing systems

Abstract We consider a queueing system with an ordered hunt. Specifically, we consider a communication system in which messages arrive at a node that has n output links numbered 1,…,n, and an arriving message is processed by the lowest numbered idle link. Obtaining such steady-state parameters as the expected delay of an arbitrary message and the utilization factor of each link requires knowledge of the complete state space of the system and the solution of 2 n linear equations. In this paper we develop a method of computing the approximate values of these parameters without the need for the knowledge of the complete state space and the solution of 2 n linear equations.
Psychopharmacologic Interventions for Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders

This article provides an overview of psychopharmacological treatments for repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in the context of current conceptualizations of this understudied core symptom domain. The available literature on the widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline, are reviewed. In addition to SSRIs, research on effects of other pharmacologic interventions such as divalproex sodium, risperidone, and the neuropeptide oxytocin are presented. To date, data are mixed for interventions commonly prescribed in clinical practice and suggest several areas of investigation in advancing research on the medication management of repetitive behaviors.
Nutritional pharmacology in surgical patients

The use of pharmaconutrition for supportive care of surgical patients is now well established, but the field is still in its infancy. Complex pharmaconutrient formulas containing arginine, glutamine, and n-3 fatty acids have been proven to shorten hospital stay, decrease the incidence of infection, and reduce hospital costs in selected groups of patients. The effects are greatest in those patients with severe trauma including burn injury, those undergoing major surgical procedures, especially when malnourished, and those who are critically ill ICU patients including patients with existing infection. The complex interaction of pharmaconutrients and other pharmacologic agents are just now beginning to be investigated.
Rank and density correlates of inclusive fitness measures in a natural chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) troop

Some demographic characteristics of a group of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)in a natural environment in northern Botswana were monitored for an 8-year interval. The group size ranged from 73 to 43 individuals. After 3 years at a high density, the group size declined over a 2-year interval, then stabilized again at reduced numbers (−41 %) and biomass (−40%) for over 2 years. The reduction in group size and biomass was followed by an increase in fecundity, greater for high-ranking than for low-ranking females. At the larger group size, survival was lower for infants born to low-ranking than to high-ranking females. Infant survival rates by female rank were equal at the lower density. The mean weight of adult females increased as the density decreased, but there was no correlation between female rank and body mass. We conclude that there is a negative relationship of density to individual condition and reproductive success and that there are fitness advantages to high female rank.
Some equivalent compartmental models

Abstract Compartmental models with strongly connected digraphs always have a stable equilibrium solution. Each such model may be reduced by a sequence of matrix operations to a mammilary system with the same equilibrium solution. It may also be reduced by a sequence of operations on the digraph. It may then be further reduced to a model whose digraph is a 2-cycle with the same mean first passage time m. If this m is taken as an indicator of the relative stability, then the latter is independent of the complexity as measured by the number of arcs per vertex. In a number of special cases the index m is related to the eigenvalues of the matrix. It is shown to have a simple relation to other time parameters as well.
Reconstitution and characterization of a new desosaminyl transferase, EryCIII, from the erythromycin biosynthetic pathway.

EryCIII converts α-mycarosyl erythronolide B into erythromycin D using TDP-d-desosamine as the glycosyl donor. We report the heterologous expression, purification, in vitro reconstitution, and preliminary characterization of EryCIII. Coexpression of EryCIII with the GroEL/ES chaperone complex was found to enhance greatly the expression of soluble EryCIII protein. The enzyme was found to be highly active with a kcat greater than 100 min-1. EryCIII was quite selective for the natural nucleotide sugar donor and macrolide acceptor substrates, unlike several other antibiotic glycosyl transferases with broad specificity such as desVII, oleG2, and UrdGT2. Within detectable limits, neither 6-deoxyerythronolide B nor 10-deoxymethynolide were found to be glycosylated by EryCIII. Furthermore, TDP-d-mycaminose, which only differs from TDP-d-desosamine at the C4 position, could not be transferred to αMEB. These studies lay the groundwork for detailed structural and mechanistic analysis of an important member of the de...
An algorithm for imbedding cubic graphs in the torus

Abstract An algorithm is presented for determining whether a cubic graph (i.e., every vertex of which has valence 3) can be imbedded in the torus. An imbedding is produced in the affirmative. The algorithm has running time bounded by a polynomial in the number of vertices of the graph.
Transdermal delivery of levonorgestrel. VIII. Effect of enhancers on rat skin, hairless mouse skin, hairless guinea pig skin, and human skin

Abstract The penetration enhancing effect of ethyl acetate, with or without ethanol as a cosolvent, was evaluated in vitro on rat skin, hairless mouse skin, hairless guinea pig skin, and human cadaver skin using the contraceptive drug levonorgestrel. Under the influence of the enhancers, the relative skin permeability of levonorgestrel through the four skin types showed a clear trend: hairless mouse skin >hairless guinea pig skin ∼ rat skin > human skin. These results show that rodent skins are poor models for human skin under the conditions used. The steady-state flux of levonorgestrel through human skin was increased about 7-fold 0.03 μg/cm 2 h vs 0.2 μg/cm 2 h when neat ethyl acetate was used in place of ethanol as the donor vehicle. Adding polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400; 40% v/v in saline) to the receptor solution increased the steady-state flux of levonorgestrel through human skin only slightly relative to saline as a receptor solution. The lag time of levonorgestrel through human skin was longer relative to that for the rodent skins tested. The flux of ethyl acetate and ethanol through all the skins was also measured. The rodent skins were all much more permeable towards both solvents than was human skin. For each skin type tested, there appeared to be a direct correlation between the cumulative amount of solvent permeating through the skin and the cumulative amount of drug permeating through the skin.
Donor substrate promiscuity of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities of Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase 2 (PmHS2) and Escherichia coli K5 KfiA

The biological activities of heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin (HP) are closely related to their molecular structures. Both Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase 2 (PmHS2) and Escherichia coli K5 KfiA have been used for enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of HS and HP oligosaccharides and their derivatives. We show here that cloning using the pET15b vector and expressing PmHS2 as an N-His6-tagged fusion protein improve its expression level in E. coli. Investigation of the donor substrate specificity of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities of P. multocida heparosan synthase 2 (PmHS2) and E. coli K5 KfiA indicates the substrate promiscuities of PmHS2 and KfiA. Overall, both PmHS2 and KfiA can use uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and some of its C2'- and C6'-derivatives as donor substrates for their α1–4-GlcNAcT activities. Nevertheless, PmHS2 has a broader tolerance towards substrate modifications. Other than the UDP-sugars that can be used by KfiA, additional C6'-derivatives of UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-glucose, and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) are tolerable substrates for the α1–4-GlcNAcT activity of PmHS2. The substrate promiscuities of PmHS2 and KfiA will allow efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of diverse HS and HP oligosaccharide derivatives which may have improved or altered activities compared to their natural counterparts.
Reaction of titanium(IV) chloride with some aldehydes

Abstract Titanium(IV)chloride reacts exothermally with benzaldehyde, m-nitrobenzaldehyde, and cinnamaldehyde, in the ratio of two moles of aldehyde to one mole of titanium(IV) chloride, to yield solid addition complexes. The amount of shift of the carbonyl absorption band in the infrared spectra of the complexes indicates that the bonding is by weak covalent forces.
Negotiating Boundaries, Narrating Checkpoints: The Case of Machsom Watch

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict has been the focus of much attention in the scholarly, policy, and activist communities. Although interpretations of the conflict vary, most discussions mix a varie...
Biochemical properties of duplicated isozymes of phosphoglucose isomerase in the plant Clarkia xantiana

The structural gene locus specifying subunits of the cytoplasmic isozymes of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is present in duplicate in many diploid species of Clarkia (Onagraceae), a genus of annual plants native to California. We studied the kinetic properties and molecular weights of a large number of genetically defined and highly purified PGIs in C. xantiana, a species with the duplication, as a means of examining the biochemical consequences of the evolution of a new gene locus. This species is primarily outcrossing, but also includes several previously described predominantly self-pollinating populations. Both cytoplasmic PGI loci in the outcrossing populations are polymorphic and their enzyme products are readily separated by electrophoresis. The PGIs from the outcrossing populations were generally closely similar in molecular weight, pH optimum, heat sensitivity, energy of activation, and apparent K m (fructose-6-phosphate). The PGI loci in the selfing populations are monomorphic and specify enzymes having identical electrophoretic mobilities to those coded by the most frequent alleles of the outcrosser. The PGI isozymes in the selfers differed fivefold in K m , suggesting that they have a very different catalytic effectiveness. The high K m of the PGI-3A′ isozyme (1.1mm) was anomalous among the examined and would likely be disadvantageous in a species which lacked other more normally functioning PGIs. But in the cytoplasm of the selfing plants, it is present with other PGIs that have low K m values. The PGI-3A′ enzyme is a good candidate for a gene product coded by a “forbidden” mutation that could not have been established in the absence of the duplication. The rationale for this suggestion is described and it is also pointed out that the divergence of duplicated genes is influenced by many factors such as the breeding system and other population factors as well as the effect of particular mutations.
Combinatorial complexity of signed discs

Let C+ and C− be two collections of topological discs of arbitrary radii. The collection of discs is ‘topological’ in the sense that their boundaries are Jordan curves and each pair of Jordan curves intersect at most twice. We prove that the region ∪C+−∪C− has combinatorial complexity at most 10n-30 where p=¦C+¦, q=¦C−¦ and n=p+q≥5. Moreover, this bound is achievable. We also show bounds that are stated as functions of p and q. These are less precise.
Open-field freezing as a stable parameter of wildness in Mus musculus

Wild mice show a characteristic postural rigidity (freezing) which clearly differentiates them from domestic mice. The behavior is typically elicited under conditions such as those present in a novel open field. Differences between randombred laboratory-maintained wilds and domestics are stable despite variation in availability of escape from the field, level of illumination during testing, and age of animals at testing. In contrast to measures of escape latency and activity, freezing alone differentiates wilds from two strains of domestics across all testing conditions. Freezing is a distinctive, stable behavior differentiating wilds from their domestic counterparts.
Temperature-dependent Response to Indoleacetic Acid Is Altered by NH4+ in Cultured Cotton Ovules

Unfertilized cotton ovules, cultured in vitro, produced fiber in response to indoleacetic acid (IAA) and/or gibberellic acid (GA3). Of the two hormones, IAA produced the greater amount of fiber per ovule, and the effect of both hormones applied simultaneously was approximately additive. Depending upon in vitro culture temperature, a variable number of unfertilized cotton ovules produced fiber in response to 5 μm IAA. The response to IAA was “all or none” for each ovule. The percentage of ovules responding to 5 μm IAA ranged from zero at 28 C to 100 at 34 C. The ability to respond at nonpermissive culture temperatures (i.e. 28 to 30 C) was markedly increased by including 2.5 mm NH4NO3 in the KNO3-based medium or by increasing concentrations of IAA. The inclusion of NH4+ in the basal culture medium provided only an increased percentage of ovules producing fiber in the presence of IAA, but did not increase fiber production per ovule. Temperature, like GA3, increased both the number of ovules producing fiber in response to IAA and the amount of fiber produced per ovule.