cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platelets an inflammatory force in transplantation

Platelet interactions with dendritic cells, T cells and B cells have been best studied in vasculitis and atherosclerosis, but similar mechanisms may contribute to acute and chronic vascular lesions in transplants. In acute inflammation, platelets adhere to vessels and release mediators that increase endothelial cell activation and leukocyte recruitment. Adherent platelets can also augment antibody and cellular immune responses. Activated platelets recruit T cells and initiate a feedback loop. In this loop, platelets secrete chemokines to recruit T cells, and then activated T cells stimulate platelets through CD40-CD154 interactions to secrete more chemokines thereby recruiting more T cells. The interaction of platelets and T cells is enhanced by P-selectin/PSGL-1 stimulation. Both helper and cytotoxic T cells are stimulated by platelets. Antibody production that is stimulated through increased helper T-cell function can activate complement. This sets up another activation loop because platelets express receptors for antibodies and complement. In addition to inflammation, platelets stimulate repair by releasing growth factors and chemokines to recruit circulating vascular progenitor cells. These repair mechanisms could promote the replacement of donor parenchmal cells with recipient cells and contribute to vascuplopathy. This review discusses the interplay of platelets and the immune system in relation to transplantation.
Variable speed turbo couplings used as pump drive in desalination plants

The requirement for reduction in energy consumption is met by the use of speed control in pumps of MSF and RO desalination plants. This paper serves to show the benefits of using speed control for the a.m. application. Automatic start-up can be performed. The energy savings will pay for the additional investment.
Phase-Parameter Representation of Proton-Proton Scattering from 9.7 to 345 Mev

Results of gradient searches for phase parameters by means of an IBM-704 machine representing proton-proton scattering are reported on, and the procedure used is described. The analysis made use of most available measurements. The number of "measurement" used by the machine was 541. In some cases each "measurement" was a composite of two or more measurements found in the literature. The fits join smoothly to the /sup 1/S/sub O/ phase-shift energy curve below 9.7 Mev. A family of fits was obtained employing as a starting point the extended source + spin-orbit potential representation below 150 Mev extrapolated to one or another of the several Stapp. Ypsilantis, Metropolis fits at 312 Mev. Other searches started out with phase parameters corresponding to the Gammel-Thaler phenomenological potential. Evidence is presented to the effect that the better fits of bcth families are essentially the same. Error limits of phase parameters derived are estimated by various procedures. Some of the accumulated evidence for the applicability of the one-pion exchange potential (OPEP) to the calculation of phase parameters for the higher L and J is described and the basis ior previously published inferences regarding the spatial extension within which the major part of the potential ismore » the OPEP is illustrated. In the case of the best fit, referred to as YLAM, tests indicating the existence of potentials for separate J were made showing therefore that there is no serious question regarding the energy rates of change of logarithmic derivatives of radial wave functions being negative. A brief discussion of the relationship of this requirement to the meson theory of nuclear forces is included. (auth)« less
The effects of diagenesis on the redistribution of strontium isotopes in shales

Abstract The rubidium-strontium method has often been used in attempts to date shales, but has yielded mixed results. In order to explore the effects of diagenesis on this system, samples of a Miocene shale section collected from an oil well drilled in coastal Louisiana were separated into fractions and analyzed for Sr 87 /Sr 86 , Rb and Sr. The diagenetic changes involve the destruction of detrital mica and feldspar and the formation of an illite-rich clay from smectite. Strontium from interstitial waters, calcium carbonate and adsorbed on the clay minerals is released and then sequestered by the newly forming phases, together with the strontium mobilized from the silicate minerals. Attending these changes there is a trend towards the homogenization of the shale with respect to its strontium isotopes, but diagenesis and homogenization are not complete in the deepest part (5523 m) of the section studied. Therefore, the interpretation of rubidium-strontium shale dates remains uncertain, but the dates in many cases most probably represent the time equal to or younger than the time of the major construction of new phases and the attendant homogenization of the strontium isotopes.
The regulation of apoptosis in preantral ovarian follicles

Less than 1% of ovarian follicles ever mature to ovulation. The remainder undergo atretic degeneration via apoptosis during development. Though the regulation of antral and preovulatory survival has been studied for many years, very little is known about the regulation of survival and development of preantral follicles. This review discusses recent findings regarding preantral follicle development with emphasis on the regulation of preantral follicle apoptosis.
Permeability of fault-related rocks, and implications for hydraulic structure of fault zones

Abstract The permeability structure of a fault zone in granitic rocks has been investigated by laboratory testing of intact core samples from the unfaulted protolith and the two principal fault zone components; the fault core and the damaged zone. The results of two test series performed on rocks obtained from outcrop are reported. First, tests performed at low confining pressure on 2.54-cm-diameter cores indicate how permeability might vary within different components of a fault zone. Second, tests conducted on 5.1-cm-diameter cores at a range of confining pressures (from 2 to 50 MPa) indicate how variations in overburden or pore fluid pressures might influence the permeability structure of faults. Tests performed at low confining pressure indicate that the highest permeabilities are found in the damaged zone (10−16–10−14 m2), lowest permeabilities are in the fault core (
Preconcentration of trivalent lanthanide elements on a mercury film from aqueous solution using rotating disk electrode voltammetry.

An approach to concentrate trivalent lanthanide elements into or onto mercury film electrodes supported on rotating disk glassy carbon electrodes in small volumes (≤1000 μL) is described. La3+ was used as a model for the trivalent f-element cations because its standard potential is the most negative. La3+ cathodically sorbed onto or into a preformed Hg film electrode from LiCl. After initial characterizations, Nd3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Ho3+, and Lu3+ were tested individually and in a mixture. ICPMS analyses demonstrated that these elements could be accumulated cathodically from LiCl solution and stripped anodically in 2% HNO3, both individually and as a mixture. These cations can be electrochemically preconcentrated onto and stripped from the electrode in 5 min, a vast improvement over traditional approaches such as evaporation that require hours to days in some cases.
Forging Feminisms under Dictatorship: women’s international ties and national feminist empowerment in Chile, 1973–1990

Focusing on the period of dictatorship, this analysis explores Chilean feminists’ empowerment through international ties when feminism gained legitimacy as a vehicle for social change in the aftermath of the United Nations International Women’s Year in 1975. Centering on three types of encounters that marked women’s coalition‐building and their international ties, both personal empowerment and institutional change in defense of women’s rights are discussed. Chilean women participated in the United Nations International Women’s Conferences that accompanied the Decade of Women between 1975 and 1985. They also joined regional feminist conferences called Encounters, Encuentros, which were explicitly aimed at convening women in the Americas. Chilean women’s experience of international solidarity and exile encouraged many to reconsider their own roles in their native society. In the course of military rule and re‐democratization, Chilean feminists connected these experiences to domestic feminist activism and se...
Specific surface area as a maturity index of lunar fines

Mature surface fines have an equilibrium specific surface area of about 0.6 sq m/g the equivalent mean particle size being about 3 microns. The adsorption behavior of inert gases (reversible isotherms) indicates that the particles are also nonporous in the size range of pores from 10 to 3000 A. Apparently, in mature soils there is a balance in the forces which cause fining, attrition, pore filling, and growth of lunar dust grains. Immature, lightly irradiated soils usually have coarser grains which reduce in size as aging proceeds. The specific surface area, determined by nitrogen or krypton sorption at 77 K, is a valuable index of soil maturity.
Nitric Oxide Modulates Mitochondrial Respiration in Failing Human Heart

Background—Our objective for this study was to investigate whether nitric oxide (NO) modulates tissue respiration in the failing human myocardium. Methods and Results—Left ventricular free wall and right ventricular tissue samples were taken from 14 failing explanted human hearts at the time of transplantation. Tissue oxygen consumption was measured with a Clark-type oxygen electrode in an airtight stirred bath containing Krebs solution buffered with HEPES at 37°C (pH 7.4). Rate of decrease in oxygen concentration was expressed as a percentage of the baseline, and results of the highest dose are indicated. Bradykinin (10−4 mol/L, −21±5%), amlodipine (10−5 mol/L, −14±5%), the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat (10−4 mol/L, −21±2%), and the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor thiorphan (10−4 mol/L, −16±5%) all caused concentration-dependent decreases in tissue oxygen consumption. Responses to bradykinin (−2±6%), amlodipine (−2±4%), ramiprilat (−5±6%), and thiorphan (−4±7%) were significantly attenuated after NO synthase ...
Convective instability in Europa's floating ice shell

Models of the tidally heated, floating ice shell proposed for the jovian satellite Europa generally find shell thicknesses less than 30 km. Past parameterized convection models indicated that such shells are stable against convective overturn, which otherwise ostensibly leads to freezing of the ocean underneath. Here I apply the temperature-dependent viscosity convection scaling developed by Solomatov and coworkers to the Europan ice shell. The temperature-dependent properties of ice are linearized about 260 K, as any convective interior should be close to this temperature, with the colder ice forming an essentially passive, stagnant lid. Ice shells ≳ 10 km thick are found to be unstable to convection at their base for melting-point viscosities of 1013 Pa-s (as linearized by tidal stresses), if the ice deforms by superplastic creep, but such low viscosities require small grain sizes (<1 mm). This requirement may be met if grain sizes observed in terrestrial polar glaciers can be strain-rate scaled to Europa. Regardless, convection at the base of the ice shell, if initiated, may not freeze the ocean. Because of tidal heating, a stagnant-lid regime ice shell is much more dissipative than a conductive shell of the same thickness. Such a shell should thin, not thicken, and the potential exists for further thermal instabilities and runaways.
A Hemodynamic Technic for the Detection of Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis

In the presence of valvular aortic stenosis or of discrete subvalvular stenosis, the narrowed orifice is constant and its size is not altered by changes in the force of ventricular contraction. In hypertrophic subaortic stenosis the orifice narrows during systolic contraction of the hypertrophied muscle in the left ventricular outflow tract and the orifice size therefore is a function of the force of left ventricular contraction. In 75 patients, proved to have the discrete, "fixed" type of aortic or subaortic stenosis the beats following the compensatory pause after a premature contraction were always characterized by higher left ventricular systolic pressures and larger systemic arterial pulse pressures than the normal beats, i.e., arterial pulse pressure varied directly with left ventricular systolic pressure and with the duration of diastole. In 12 patients proved to have hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the beats following premature contractions always exhibited lower arterial pulse pressures than did...
Cathodoluminescence: A microstructural technique for exploring phase distributions and deformation structures in zirconia ceramics

The scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence behavior of two partially stabilized zirconias is presented. Monoclinic material, either occurring on grain boundaries or produced by deformation, appears strongly luminescent, whereas in cubic-plus-tetragonal material grain boundaries appear dark, as do deformed regions associated with hardness indentations and wear tracks. These preliminary observations suggest that cathodoluminescence may be a valuable microstructural technique for characterizing the microstructure and deformation behavior of zirconia-based ceramics.
College Sports: The Mystery of the Zero-Sum Game.

On any given Saturday afternoon in October, even at the highest level of play—where the assistant coaches earn more than top faculty and the turf is surrounded by luxury skyboxes—exactly half of th...
Rat B cells: identity of immunoglobulin-bearing cells with a population of lightly uridine-labeled cells.

Abstract The mixed antiglobulin reaction, to detect surface immunoglobulin (Ig), was combined with uridine labeling and autoradiography to establish that the rat lymphocytes which take up very little uridine are identical with those cells bearing surface immunoglobulin. Thus, low uridine uptake and membrane Ig are both markers for the same B cells.
Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: an examination of potential moderators.

Abstract Background Despite increasing evidence for a relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-injurious behaviors (SIB), limited research has examined the factors that may moderate the associations between PTSD and both nonsuicidal SIB (deliberate self-harm; DSH) and suicidal SIB (suicide attempts). Nonetheless, research suggests that characteristics of the traumatic event, co-occurring borderline personality disorder (BPD), and emotion dysregulation may influence the relations between PTSD and SIB. Methods Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of these factors in the association between PTSD and SIB (including history and frequency of DSH and suicide attempts, and DSH versatility) among a sample of substance use disorder inpatients with ( n =116) and without ( n =130) a history of PTSD. Results Results from stepwise regression analyses indicate that sexual assault-related PTSD predicted suicide attempt frequency and DSH versatility among those with PTSD. Furthermore, results from hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses suggest that co-occurring BPD moderates the relationship between PTSD and both DSH history and versatility and emotion dysregulation moderates the relationship between PTSD and DSH frequency. Specifically, the relations between PTSD and DSH outcomes were stronger among participants with co-occurring BPD and higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Limitations This study is limited by its reliance on cross-sectional, self-report data. Conclusions Despite limitations, findings suggest distinct risk factors for suicide attempts and DSH, and highlight the importance of examining characteristics of the trauma and associated BPD and emotion dysregulation in assessing risk for SIB in PTSD.
Dental plaque ecology related to caries and periodontal diseases.

Abstract— —Dental plaque consists of a dynamic microbiota which responds to ecological changes. There are major technical difficulties in obtaining representative plaque samples and in dispersing, cultivating, identifying and quantifying the microbial components. Cumulative findings on plaque microbiota associated with dental caries and different forms of periodontal disease support the specific plaque hypothesis. However, the data do not permit designation of any single organism as the distinct aetiological agent. The characteristic pattern is autogenic succession, in which one or more microbial species alter the plaque environment and are replaced or succeeded by other species.
Evidence for asymmetric electron transfer in cyanobacterial photosystem I: analysis of a methionine-to-leucine mutation of the ligand to the primary electron acceptor A0.

The X-ray crystal structure of photosystem I (PS I) depicts six chlorophyll a molecules (in three pairs), two phylloquinones, and a [4Fe-4S] cluster arranged in two pseudo C 2 -symmetric branches that diverge at the P 7 0 0 special pair and reconverge at the interpolypeptide Fx cluster. At present, there is agreement that light-induced electron transfer proceeds via the PsaA branch, but there is conflicting evidence whether, and to what extent, the PsaB branch is active. This problem is addressed in cyanobacterial PS I by changing Met688 P s a A and Met668 P s a B , which provide the axial ligands to the Mg 2 + of the eC-A3 and eC-B3-chlorophylls, to Leu. The premise of the experiment is that alteration or removal of the ligand should alter the midpoint potential of the A 0 -/A 0 redox pair and thereby result in a change in the forward electron-transfer kinetics from A 0 - to A 1 . In comparison with the wild type, the PsaA-branch mutant shows: (i) slower growth rates, higher light sensitivity, and reduced amounts of PS I; (ii) a reduced yield of electron transfer from P 7 0 0 to the F A /F B iron-sulfur clusters at room temperature; (iii) an increased formation of the 3 P 7 0 0 triplet state due to P 7 0 0 +A 0 - recombination; and (iv) a change in the intensity and shape of the polarization patterns of the consecutive radical pair states P 7 0 0 +A 1 - and P 7 0 0 +F X -. The latter changes are temperature dependent and most pronounced at 298 K. These results are interpreted as being due to disorder in the A 0 binding site, which leads to a distribution of lifetimes for A 0 - in the PsaA branch of cofactors. This allows a greater degree of singlet-triplet mixing during the lifetime of the radical pair P 7 0 0 +A 0 -, which changes the polarization patterns of P 7 0 0 +A 1 - and P 7 0 0 +F X -. The lower quantum yield of electron transfer is also the likely cause of the physiological changes in this mutant. In contrast, the PsaB-branch mutant showed only minor changes in its physiological and spectroscopic properties. Because the environments of eC-A3 and eC-B3 are nearly identical, these results provide evidence for asymmetric electron-transfer activity primarily along the PsaA branch in cyanobacterial PS I.
Partition coefficients for alcohol tracers between nonaqueous-phase liquids and water from UNIFAC-solubility method

Abstract In this work, we have applied a group-contribution activity-coefficient model, UNIFAC, and the solubility of alcohols in water to estimate partition coefficients for alcohol tracers between water and nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). The effects of temperature and mutual solubility between NAPL and aqueous phases on the estimation of partition coefficients were also investigated. By comparing the estimated results with experimental partition coefficients for 30 alcohol tracers between 10 NAPLs and water, we found that: i) the UNIFAC-solubility method, in which the UNIFAC model in its infinite-dilution form is applied to the NAPL phase and the solubility of tracers in water is used for estimation of the activity coefficient in the aqueous phase, works better than the UNIFAC model; ii) a linear relation between the logarithm of partition coefficients and the logarithm of tracer solubility in water is observed for those tracers having a similar chemical structure (i.e. the same number of branched methyl groups). This can serve as a useful tool for quick selection of the tracers that exhibit the desired partition coefficients; iii) the effect of mutual solubility between NAPL and aqueous phases can be neglected because such miscibility is very small, usually of the order of 10 −3 mole/mole unit; and iv) temperature variation between 15° and 25°C does not significantly affect partition coefficients.
Influence of deviations from ideal stoichiometry on the anisotropy parameters of magnetite Fe 3(1-δ) O 4

Magnetization measurements are reported for ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}})}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ in the range 0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\delta}l0.010. Anisotropy parameters consistent with these measurements were determined as a function of \ensuremath{\delta} and of temperature T both above and below the Verwey transition temperature. Analysis of the results indicates that the magnetic properties of magnetite are not solely determined by single-ion anisotropies. None of the anisotropy parameters exhibited shifts or slope discontinuities at the critical value ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{c}$, where the Verwey transition undergoes a change in thermodynamic order; this is taken to indicate that the transition is not driven primarily by magnetic interactions.
The Most Cited Intelligent Systems Articles

In a study of its most cited articles, IEEE Intelligent Systems achieved an H-Index rating of 30 using citation information from ISI's Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar. The author also found that computer science departments' H-Index is strongly related to their ranking in Newsweek's computer science department ranking.
IL-4 production by T depleted cells from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infected mice.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is known to be involved in both the in vivo IgE response and the elevated B cell IgE Fc receptor (Fc RII) expression seen after a parasite infection. To further analyze the relationship between FcϵRii expression and IL-4 production, purified B cells from uninfected, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nbr) infected and from goat anti-mouse IgD (GaMΔ) injected mice were isolated on various days post-treatment. The FcϵRii levels on purified B cells from normal mice decreased after an overnight culture in media alone and addition of IL-4 to these cultures resulted in a 4 to 13-fold enhancement of FcϵRii levels. In contrast, the FcϵRii levels on B cells from Nbr infected mice were elevated after an overnight culture in media alone and addition of IL-4 did not further enhance the already upregulated FcϵRii levels. Overnight culture of purified B cell blasts from Nbr infected mice in the presence of an anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody (11B11) caused the elevated FcϵRii levels to return to levels see...
Glial Cell Proliferation in Retinal Detachment (Massive Periretinal Proliferation)

In experimental retinal detachment of the owl monkey we observed the formation of preretinal and subretinal membranes which had cellular connections to the retina proper. Based on light microscopic findings we concluded that retinal cells grow out of the retina and build up the preretinal and subretinal tissue. Electron microscopically these cells are identified as astrocytes which grow out through focal interruptions in the internal or external limiting membrane. In the immediate area of outgrowth Muller cell processes praticipate in the formation of the preretinal or subretinal tissue. These glial membranes can cause wrinkling of the internal limiting membrane and the nerve fiber layer or full-thickness folding of the retina. Glial proliferation plays an important role in the development of a complication in retinal detachment which we suggest calling "massive periretinal proliferation" (MPP).
Proposal for optical U(1) rotations of electron spin trapped in a quantum dot

We present a proposal to optically implement rotations of the electron spin in a quantum dot about the growth direction ($z$ axis). In particular, we make use of the analytic properties of sech pulses in two-level systems to realize spin rotations about the growth direction by an arbitrary angle, for which we give an analytical expression. We propose to use this scheme to experimentally demonstrate this spin rotation. Using realistic system and pulse parameters we find the fidelity of the rotation to be more than 96% for pulses in the picosecond regime, and robust against small errors in pulse parameters. We design a feedback (adaptive) loop to correct for errors originating from unintended dynamics. The rotation is still evident---albeit with a large fidelity loss---in the ensemble case, providing the possibility of demonstration of this optical spin rotation in an ensemble of quantum dots.
In vitro strength comparison of hydroxyapatite cement and polymethylmethacrylate in subchondral defects in caprine femora

Hydroxyapatite cement was investigated in situ for the reconstruction of juxta-articular defects. Polymethylmethacrylate is currently the most commonly used material for the reconstruction of bone defects following the exteriorization and curettage of aggressive benign tumors. In vitro, we compared the effects of hydroxyapatite cement and polymethylmethacrylate in restoring the stiffness of the subchondral plate in a caprine femoral defect model. Ten matched pairs of caprine femora underwent nondestructive compression testing normal to the load-bearing surface. A standardized subchondral defect 12 mm in diameter was created in the medial femoral condyle. Compression testing was repeated to determine the reduction in stiffness caused by the defect. Each femur from each pair was randomly assigned to one of two groups (n=9), and the defects were augmented with either polymethylmethacrylate or hydroxyapatite cement. After 12 hours, compression testing was repeated to determine the subchondral stiffness after augmentation. Compared with intact femora, the defect specimens that were later treated with either polymethylmethacrylate or hydroxyapatite cement exhibited stiffness values of 70 (386+/-107 N/mm) and 59% (343+/-94 N/mm) respectively, which represented a significant reduction in stiffness (p=0.05). Augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate or hydroxyapatite cement restored stiffness by 81 (450+/-111 N/mm) and 71% (413+/-115 N/mm), respectively, of the values of intact specimens. Hydroxyapatite cement restored stiffness significantly (p=0.05) over the stiffness of the nonaugmented defect compared with the stiffness after augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate (p=0.12). Neither polymethylmethacrylate nor hydroxyapatite cement restored stiffness to that of intact femora (p=0.05). In the current detect model, hydroxyapatite cement was comparable with polymethylmethacrylate in restoring subchondral stiffness. Unlike polymethylmethacrylate, however, hydroxyapatite cement has the following advantages: it is osteoconductive, is replaced by host bone, and avoids the potential for thermal necrosis. Hydroxyapatite cement may therefore provide a viable alternative to polymethylmethacrylate for augmentation of juxta-articular and other bone defects.
Observations of Urban Heat Island Influence on Lake-Breeze Frontal Movement

AbstractPredictions of lake and sea breezes are particularly important in large coastal population centers because of the circulations’ influence on heat-wave relief, energy use, precipitation, and dispersion of pollutants. While recent numerical modeling studies have suggested that sea or lake breezes should move more slowly through urban areas than in the surrounding suburbs because of urban heat island (UHI) circulations, there have been few quantitative observational studies to evaluate these results. This study utilizes high-resolution Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) observations to determine the effect of the UHI on lake-breeze frontal movement through Chicago, Illinois, and nearby suburban areas. A total of 44 lake-breeze cases from the April–September 2005 period were examined. The inland movement of the lake-breeze front (LBF) was calculated by tracking “fine lines” of radar reflectivity along several cross sections perpendicular to the Lake Michigan shoreline. The average inlan...
Neuropathologic differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are usually sporadic multisystem degenerations associated with filamentous tau inclusions in neurons and glia. As such they can be considered sporadic tauopathies in contrast to familial tauopathies linked to mutations in the tau gene. Mutations have not been found in the tau gene in either PSP or CBD. The clinical syndromes and neuroimaging of typical cases of PSP and CBD are distinct; however, atypical cases are described that have overlapping clinical and pathologic features. Both PSP and CBD have similar biochemical alterations in the tau protein, with the abnormal tau protein containing predominantly four-repeat tau. While there is overlap in the pathology in PSP and CBD, there are sufficient differences to continue the present day trend to consider these separate disorders. Several important pathologic features differentiate PSP from CBD. Ballooned neurons are frequent and nearly a sine qua non for CBD, but they are found in PSP at a frequency similar to that of other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Astrocytic lesions are different, with tufted astrocytes found in motor cortex and striatum in PSP and astrocytic plaques in focal atrophic cortices in CBD. The most characteristic neuronal tau pathology in CBD is wispy, fine filamentous inclusions within neuronal cell bodies, while affected neurons in PSP have compact, dense filamentous aggregates characteristic of globose neurofibrillary tangles. Thread-like processes in gray and white matter are much more numerous and widespread in CBD than in PSP. The brunt of the pathology in CBD is in the cerebrum, while the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem are the targets of PSP. Further clinicopathologic studies will refine our understanding of these disorders and open the possibility that common etiologic factors may be identified for these unusual sporadic tauopathies.
A moving atlas

An animated atlas designed for use with personal computers and color monitors will be published in 1992. The software package will graphically display land vegetation information from the U.S. NOAA-7 satellite, ocean productivity data from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner aboard the NASA Nimbus 7, images from the French SPOT 1 and ocean information from the Japanese MOS 1, as well as other statistics on population dynamics, cloud cover, and precipitation. Animation of images over extended periods of time will enable viewers to watch changes on a planetary scale.
First-principles study of substrate-mediated interactions on a compressed Ag(111) surface

We used density-functional theory (DFT) to resolve interactions between Ag atoms on a compressed Ag(111) surface from the first to the 53rd neighbor distance, a separation range of over $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. We find that these interactions are primarily pairwise and electronic in origin. A spatially resolved plot of the pair interactions reveals that they form concentric rings that alternate between attraction and repulsion. Calculations of the band structure of the strained Ag(111) surface reveal that there is a surface state at the $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point just below the Fermi level, similar to what is observed for unstrained Ag(111). The band structure of the strained Ag(111) surface is consistent with the magnitude and spatial dependence of the oscillatory interactions that we find in the DFT calculations. A comparison between a theory developed to describe adsorbate pair interactions mediated by surface-state electrons and our DFT results indicates that the theory describes the DFT results in an average way at distances beyond the third neighbor---although the DFT results contain angular variations in the interactions not predicted by the theory. At short adsorbate separations, we find that interactions at the first-neighbor and second-neighbor distances are strongly attractive and indicative of direct chemical bonds between the adatoms. The third-neighbor interaction is repulsive and is possibly mediated by bulk electrons. The results of these studies may be useful in the design of metal thin heteroepitaxial films.
Microfracture analysis of fault growth and wear processes, Punchbowl Fault, San Andreas system, California

Abstract Fabric and timing relations of mode I microfractures are used to test current hypotheses for the origin of damage along large-displacement faults by the processes of fault growth and wear. Oriented samples 0.075 m to 1 km from the Punchbowl fault surface (i.e. ultracataclasite layer) document an increase in development of preferred orientation and increase in density of microfractures towards the ultracataclasite layer, defining a zone of fault-related microfracture damage about 100 m thick. A distinct microfracture set that is perpendicular to the slip direction of the fault is present throughout the damage zone. This implies that the average orientation of the maximum principal compressive stress within the damage zone was nearly normal to the fault surface. Two additional microfracture sets are present, one oriented at low angles to the fault within meters of the ultracataclasite layer, and another low-angle set that occurs in the outermost damage zone. The preferred orientations and timing relations are most consistent with local damage accumulation from stress cycling associated with slip on a geometrically irregular, relatively weak fault surface. Low-angle microfractures nearest the ultracataclasite layer also may record wear associated with the passage of earthquake ruptures, and those in the outermost damage zone may be consistent with Andersonian fault formation and subsequent fault weakening.
B 12 and B 1 auxotrophy of lower marine phycomycetes

A study of the lower marine Phycomycetes Thraustochytrium roseum, T. aureum, and Schizochytrium aggregatum revealed their requirement for exogenous B12 and B1. T. roseum grew well when provided with only the pyrimidine moiety of the latter whereas the other fungi were dependent on the presence of the intact molecule. The response of these organisms to minute concentrations of B1 suggests their value for assaying sea water for the vitamin.
A freeze-fracture study of fiber types in normal human muscle

Abstract The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and plasma membranes of Type 1 and Type 2 fibers of normal human muscle were examined by the freeze-fracture technique. Total particle counts in the SR appeared much lower than in other mammals and a packing density of about 1200 particles/μm2 was found in both longitudinal and cisternal components of SR. There was no difference in particle density of Type 1 and Type 2 fibers. In freeze-fracture replicas of plasma membranes several fiber type differences were seen. The surface caveolae were uniformly distributed in Type 1 fibers whereas in Type 2 they were clustered preferentially at the I-band levels. Total density of intramembranous particles was greater in Type 1 fibers (347 ± 68/μm2 in P-face, 58 ± 11/μm2 in E face) than in Type 2 fibers (207 ± 30/μm2 in P-face, 80 ± 9/μm2 in E-face). There was a striking difference in respect to rectilinear arrays which were virtually absent in Type 1 fibers (0–2/μm2) and numerous (up to 50–70/μm2) in Type 2 fibers.
Family environment of eating disordered and depressed adolescents.

We designed this study to replicate previous findings which suggest a relationship between the qualities found in family environments and specific eating disorders through the examination of subjects' reports of family environments. We also attempted to refine previous findings of such relationships by adding an additional psychiatric contrast group. Subjects included patients with the following diagnoses: (1) Anorexia nervosa, restrictor type; (2) anorexia nervosa with bulimic features; (3) normal weight bulimia; and, as a psychiatric control population (4) major depression. In contrast to previous findings, subjects in each diagnostic group do not differ statistically either from each other or from a normative population with regard to reported family environments
Association of early-preterm birth with abnormal levels of routinely collected first- and second-trimester biomarkers

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between typically measured prenatal screening biomarkers and early-preterm birth in euploid pregnancies. Study Design The study included 345 early-preterm cases ( Results The final model for early-preterm birth included first-trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in the ≤5th percentile, second-trimester alpha-fetoprotein in the ≥95th percentile, and second-trimester inhibin in the ≥95th percentile (odds ratios, 2.3–3.6). In general, pregnancies in the subsequent cohort with a biomarker pattern that were found to be associated with early-preterm delivery in the first sample were at an increased risk for early-preterm birth and preterm birth in general ( Conclusion When considered across cohorts and in combination, abnormalities in routinely collected biomarkers reveal predictable risks for early-preterm birth.
Multicomponent film-penetration theory with linearized kinetics—I. Linearization theory and flux expressions

Abstract The matrix equations governing the absorption of an arbitrary number of gases by a liquid phase within which chemical reactions may take place have been formulated from the viewpoint of the film-penetration theory. Solutions of the equations for the interfacial mass flows are presented first for the film theory limit and subsequently for the transient case with surface renewal described by the Danckwerts distribution function. Isothermal conditions and linear kinetics are employed. Nonlinear kinetic schemes are incorporated into the analysis by employing a least square error approximation to the reaction kinetics for low surface renewal rates. For high renewal rates, the nonlinear rate evaluated at the interfacial conditions is assumed to apply throughout the liquid film.
Remifentanil for conscious sedation and analgesia during awake fiberoptic tracheal intubation: a case report with pharmacokinetic simulations

Abstract We report a case of awake, fiberoptic tracheal intubation of a difficult airway (Ludwig's angina) using remifentanil as part of the sedation-analgesia regimen. Remifentanil's rapid onset-rapid offset pharmacokinetic profile enabled precise control of the level of opioid effect. In combination with other drugs, remifentanil may offer some clinical advantages compared to the other fentanyl congeners in providing the opioid component of conscious sedation-analgesia for awake tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways.
Biomechanical similarities among subscapularis repairs after shoulder arthroplasty

Hypothesis Many authors suggest that subscapularis deficiency after shoulder arthroplasty has a negative effect on long-term outcomes. Thus, increasing emphasis has been placed on the technique for repair of the tendon. This study evaluated the biomechanical strength of 3 different repairs: osteotomy, tendon to bone, and a combined method. Materials and methods Twenty-four paired shoulders from deceased donors were prepared for shoulder arthroplasty. The subscapularis tendon was removed/repaired with the lesser tuberosity in the osteotomy group, was removed periosteally in the bone-to-tendon group, and was tenotomized in the combined group. The tendon-to-bone repair used bone tunnels, and the combined construct added tendon-to-tendon fixation. A materials testing system machine was used for cycling. A digital motion analysis system with spatial markers was used for analysis. Results There were no significant differences ( P > .05) in age, bone mineral density, or construct thickness. No statistically significant differences ( P > .05) in elongation amplitude ( P = .67) or cyclic elongation ( P = .58) were detected within the constructs or between repair techniques. Failure testing revealed no differences in maximum load, stiffness, or mode of failure. Discussion There remains no consensus about the optimal method of repairing the subscapularis tendon during shoulder arthroplasty. Furthermore, the results of the current study do not support one technique over another with regard to initial fixation properties. All constructs investigated exhibited comparably robust biomechanical performance. Durability may, therefore, be more a result of healing potential than the specific construct chosen.
Cryptology Before 1500 – A Bit of Magic

Cryptology was well established in ancient times, with both Greeks and Romans practicing different forms of cryptography. With the fall of the Roman Empire, cryptology was lost in the West until the Renaissance, but it flourished in the Arabic world. The Arabs invented the first reliable tool for cryptanalysis, frequency analysis. With the end of the Middle Ages and the increase in commerce and diplomacy, cryptology enjoyed a Renaissance of its own in the West. This chapter examines the most common cipher of the period, the monoalphabetic substitution cipher and then looks at the technique of frequency analysis that is used to break the monoalphabetic substitution. An extended example is given to illustrate the use of frequency analysis to break a monoalphabetic.
A phase II study of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagus.

Background: The combination of epirubicin, cisplatin, and infusional 5-fluorouracil (ECF) currently represents a standard and effective regimen for the treatment of advanced gastroesophageal cancer. The use of doxorubicin as an alternative to epirubicin in the ECF regimen has not been evaluated. Methods: Thirty-two patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction, or esophagus were treated with cisplatin 60 mg/m2 and doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 repeated every 21 days, in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil 200 mg/m2/day (ACF). Results: Major objective responses were observed in 28 percent of patients (46 percent previously untreated; 13 percent previously treated), with one complete response. The median progression-free survival was 4.0 months, and the median overall survival was 5.8 months (9.3 months previously untreated; 4.5 months previously treated). The major (Grade 3–4) toxicities were neutropenia (34 percent), anorexia (31 percent), nausea (28 percent), diarrhea (1...
PHP13 Impact of Medicare Part D on Pharmaceutical and Medical Utilization in Arizona's Dual Eligible Population

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to estimate the impact of Medicare Part D on prescription and medical utilization among Arizona‘s senior dual eligible population. Methods: Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze changes in utilization among dual eligibles (Arizona Health Care Cost Containment (AHCCCS) beneficiaries between the ages of 66 and 80 as of January 1, 2006) relative to a ―comparison‖ group ineligible for Part D (AHCCCS beneficiaries between the ages of 50 and 62 as of January 1, 2006) for the first two years following the implementation of Part D. Medical and pharmacy claims from AHCCCS from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007 were used in this analysis. Results: The dual eligibles and Part D ineligible comparison group were similar in their level and trend of utilization of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and benzodiazepines in the pre-Part D period. Following implementation of Part D, there was an immediate decline in utilization of both OTC medications and benzodiazepines in the dual eligibles relative to the comparison group (p< 0.001).
Contraception or abortion? Inaccurate descriptions of emergency contraception in newspaper articles, 1992–2002

Abstract Background Media portrayals of emergency contraception (EC) may influence public health policy and the public's acceptance of this reproductive health option. Objectives We investigated the accuracy of newspaper coverage of EC, 1992–2002. Methods We conducted a content analysis of a sample of 1077 articles in 113 newspapers discussing both EC and abortion and determined the frequency of confusion between the two. Results Of all articles, 44.5% ( n =479) included at least one instance of confusion between EC and medical abortion. Inaccurate portrayal of the mode of action of EC as medical abortion occurred in 31.8% ( n =343) of articles; 13.1% ( n =141) inappropriately applied terms such as “abortifacient postcoital contraceptives” for EC. Conclusions Errors were prevalent, persisted over time and may have contributed to incorrect beliefs about a form of contraception that is used infrequently, despite its potential to deter unintended pregnancy and abortion.
Comparison of four discrete-time repetitive control algorithms

Four different algorithms used for cancellation of periodic disturbances are presented and compared. For each method, the theoretical advantages and disadvantages, computational complexity, execution time, and method of implementation are discussed. Experimental data from the use of these algorithms in compensating for repetitive disturbances present in the tracking servo of a computer disk drive are presented. >
A Little Help Here? Board Control, CEO Identification with the Corporate Elite, and Strategic Help Provided to CEOs at Other Firms

This study contributes to the corporate governance literature by demonstrating how greater board of director control of management at a given firm can have unanticipated adverse effects on the lead...
The Response of Radio Noise Meter Detectors to Modulated Gaussian Noise

The response of noise meter detectors to gaussian noise modulated by a rectangular wave is calculated. The detectors considered are a) average of the envelope, b) quasi-peak with charge and discharge time constants of 1 and 600 milliseconds, respectively, and c) rms of the envelope. The average and rms values are obtained explicitly. The quasi-peak value is obtained in the form of an implicit relationship, which was solved numerically and a family of curves plotted to give the quasi-peak to average and quasi-peak to rms ratios as a function of the duty cycle of the modulation. The response of the same detectors to interrupted gaussian noise is also evaluated. All the results obtained are presented in tabular form for easy reference and comparison purposes. The primary usefulness of the results obtained lies in the fact that they can be used for the construction of the physical models of noise sources; these models make it possible to bring together in the laboratory, in a controlled manner, noise sources and communication systems for interference studies.
District and School Physical Education Policies: Implications for Physical Education and Recess Time

Background The relationship between physical education (PE) policies and children’s PE and recess time is not well understood.