cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan- or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)–Induced Edema and Hypersensitivity in the Rat

Animal models of inflammation are used to assess the production of inflammatory mediators at sites of inflammation, the processing of pain sensation at CNS sites, the anti-inflammatory properties of agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the efficacy of putative analgesic compounds in reversing cutaneous hypersensitivity. Detailed in this unit are methods to elicit and measure carrageenan- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced cutaneous inflammation. Due to possible differences between the dorsal root sensory system and the trigeminal sensory system, injections into either the footpad or vibrissal pad are described. In this manner, cutaneous inflammation can be assessed in tissue innervated by the lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons (footpad) or by the trigeminal ganglion neurons (vibrissal pad).
Enthalpies of Hydrogen-Bonds in α-Helical Peptides. An ONIOM DFT/AM1 Study

We report the enthalpy differences between α-helical and extended β-strand conformations of acetyl(Ala)nNH2, for n = 8, 10, 12−17, calculated using molecular (MO) orbital theory from complete vibrational analyses of the optimized species. The calculations used the ONIOM method with B3LYP/D95(d.p) as the high and AM1 as the low levels. The incremental change in enthalpy upon addition of one Ala to a growing β-strand defined using the hypothetical polycondensation reaction, n Ala + CH3COOH + NH3 → acetyl(Ala)nNH2 + n H2O, reaches its asymptotic limit of −1.4 kcal/mol at n = 10, while that for the α-helix continues to increase in magnitude at n = 17. The asymptotic limit of the enthalpic preference of the α-helix over β-strand is estimated to be about 3 kcal/mol, while that for n = 17 is 11.99 kcal/mol or about 0.8 kcal/mol/H-bond, which is similar to measured values for polyalanines of this size in aqueous solution.
‘Beings who are’, ‘Beings who were’, and the Neiden Reburial

Asgeir Svestad’s description of the excavation, analysis and politics surrounding the 2011 reburial of 94 Skolt Sami skeletons is thorough and fascinating. The ethically questionable circumstances ...
Paleomagnetic results from the Shasta Bally Plutonic Belt in the Klamath Mountains Province, northern California

Available paleomagnetic data show approximately 100° of clockwise rotation for Permian and Triassic strata of the Eastern Klamath terrane. Jurassic strata of this terrane are rotated approximately 60° clockwise, which is comparable to rotations reported for Jurassic plutons that occur elsewhere in the Klamath Mountains province. Paleomagnetic data obtained during the present study from the Shasta Bally belt of Cretaceous plutons indicate 25.7° ± 13.6° of clockwise rotation for the province since Early Cretaceous time (≃ 136 Ma). The waning stages of rotation at the time of emplacement of the Shasta Bally belt plutons, which was closely followed by deposition of basal strata (Lower Cretaceous) of the Great Valley sequence, probably represents completion of accretion of the province to cratonic North America.
Regulatory Network Structure as a Dominant Determinant of Transcription Factor Evolutionary Rate

The evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks has thus far mostly been studied at the level of cis-regulatory elements. To gain a complete understanding of regulatory network evolution we must also study the evolutionary role of trans-factors, such as transcription factors (TFs). Here, we systematically assess genomic and network-level determinants of TF evolutionary rate in yeast, and how they compare to those of generic proteins, while carefully controlling for differences of the TF protein set, such as expression level. We found significantly distinct trends relating TF evolutionary rate to mRNA expression level, codon adaptation index, the evolutionary rate of physical interaction partners, and, confirming previous reports, to protein-protein interaction degree and regulatory in-degree. We discovered that for TFs, the dominant determinants of evolutionary rate lie in the structure of the regulatory network, such as the median evolutionary rate of target genes and the fraction of species-specific target genes. Decomposing the regulatory network by edge sign, we found that this modular evolution of TFs and their targets is limited to activating regulatory relationships. We show that fast evolving TFs tend to regulate other TFs and niche-specific processes and that their targets show larger evolutionary expression changes than targets of other TFs. We also show that the positive trend relating TF regulatory in-degree and evolutionary rate is likely related to the species-specificity of the transcriptional regulation modules. Finally, we discuss likely causes for TFs' different evolutionary relationship to the physical interaction network, such as the prevalence of transient interactions in the TF subnetwork. This work suggests that positive and negative regulatory networks follow very different evolutionary rules, and that transcription factor evolution is best understood at a network- or systems-level.
Protein Concentrate from Air Classification of Flour and Horny Endosperm from High-Lysine Sorghum

Flour and shorts from a high-lysine sorghum were finely ground and air classified. The protein contents of the original flour and horny endosperm were 9.9 and 18.6%, respectively, and the protein contents of the combined high-protein fractions after air classification were 18.6 and 23.6%. These fractions accounted for 18 and 15% of the flour and horny endosperm weights and for 31 and 19% of the total protein. Protein shifts were 39% for flour and 23% for horny endosperm.
Signal Transduction by the CEACAM1 Tumor Suppressor PHOSPHORYLATION OF SERINE 503 IS REQUIRED FOR GROWTH-INHIBITORY ACTIVITY

CEACAM1 is a cell-cell adhesion molecule that mediates homophilic cell adhesion. In addition, CEACAM1 was also shown to suppress the growth of prostate, breast, and colon tumors. Structural and functional analyses showed that the adhesion activity of CEACAM1 is mediated by its extracellular domain while its cytoplasmic domain is necessary and sufficient for growth-inhibitory activity. The signal pathways leading to CEACAM1-mediated growth suppression are not known. We studied the importance of phosphorylation of serine 503 in this growth-inhibitory signaling pathway. Full-length CEACAM1 was found to be phosphorylated in vivo in both tyrosine and serine residues. Mutation of tyrosine 488 to phenylalanine did not abolish the tumor-suppressive activity of CEACAM1, suggesting that phosphorylation at tyrosine 488 is not critical for CEACAM1's tumor-suppressive activity. Although expression of CEACAM1's cytoplasmic domain inhibited the growth of DU145 prostate cancer cells in vivo, mutation of serine 503 to alanine abolished the growth-inhibitory activity. In addition, the change of serine 503 to aspartic acid produced tumor-suppressive activity similar to that of the wild-type CEACAM1. These results suggested that phosphorylation at serine 503 is essential for CEACAM1's growth-inhibitory functionin vivo.
Relationships Between the Structure and Biological Activities of Corticotropin and Related Peptides: Hyperglycemic Action of N-Acetylated Corticotropin Related Peptides

The effect of N-acetylation of the corticotropin molecule on its extra-adrenal and adrenal actions has been evaluated by investigating the biological activities of several N-acetylated corticotropin related peptides and natural α-MSH. The N-acetylated peptides and α-MSH had a small but significant effect in stimulating both in vivo and in vitro adrenal steroidogenesis. These peptides exhibited a similarly weak lipid mobilizing action as measured by the in vitro release of free fatty acids from rat epididymal adipose tissue. In contrast to the hypoglycemic activity of corticotropin, the Nacetylated peptides resulted in significant hyperglycemia when they were administered to mice. This hyperglycemia occurred in adrenalectomized animals and could be demonstrated with α- MSH, but not β-MSH. The hyperglycemia was not due to an antagonism of the peripheral action of insulin and it occurred in spite of a direct action of the N-acetylated peptides in stimulating insulin secretion. The hyperglycemia was associate...
Relationship between illness uncertainty, anxiety, fear of progression and quality of life in men with favourable-risk prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance.

Objectives To evaluate prospectively the associations between illness uncertainty, anxiety, fear of progression and general and disease-specific quality of life (QoL) in men with favourable-risk prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance (AS). Patients and Methods After meeting stringent enrollment criteria for an AS cohort study at a single tertiary care cancer centre, 180 men with favourable-risk prostate cancer completed questionnaires at the time of enrollment and every 6 months for up to 30 months. Questionnaires assessed illness uncertainty, anxiety, prostate-specific QoL (using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite [EPIC] scale) and general QoL (using the 12-time short-form health survey [SF-12]) and fear of progression. We used linear mixed-model analyses and multilevel mediation analyses. Results Sexual scores on the EPIC scale significantly declined over time (P 0.10). Conclusion Over the 2.5-year follow-up, QoL remained stable; only sexual function scores significantly declined. Illness uncertainty and anxiety were significant predictors of general and prostate-specific QoL and fear of progression. Interventions to reduce uncertainty and anxiety may enhance QoL for men with prostate cancer on AS.
Proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectral parameters for the tin-hydrogen bond in some alkyl- and phenylstannanes

Abstract The possibility of donor-acceptor interaction between amines or phosphines and stannane or the alkylstannanes is investigated by proton magnetic resonance; present evidence is in the negative for a strong interaction. A correlation between Sn-H coupling constant and Sn-H stretching frequency and the properties of alkyl groups in alkylstannanes is proposed.
Development of a Potential Surface for Simulation of Proton and Hydride Transfer Reactions in Solution: Application to NADH Hydride Transfer

This paper presents a new augmented molecular mechanical potential that incorporates significant quantum mechanical effects for proton and hydride transfer reactions in solution and in enzymes. The solvent is treated explicitly, specified covalent bonds in the solute are allowed to break and form, and the charge distribution of the solute is allowed to vary smoothly from that of the reactant to that of the product during the reaction. Moreover, in order to incorporate changes in bond order and hybridization, an efficient constraint dynamics method is combined with switching functions to smoothly vary the structure of the complex from the reactant to the product structure during the reaction. This new methodology is applied to model nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) hydride transfer reactions, in particular to the oxidation of ethanol by the NAD + analog 1-methyl-nicotinamide in acetonitrile and in water. Both cis and trans orientations of the NADH amide sidearm and both protonated and deprotonated forms of the substrate are studied. The structures and charge distributions of the model complexes are obtained from ab initio gas phase geometry optimizations at the Hartree-Fock 6-31G* level and are utilized to parametrize the potential energy surface. Classical free energy curves in both acetonitrile and water are calculated in order to illustrate the solvent effects on the energy gap between the reactant and the product states. The radial distribution functions between the solute and the water molecules together with the orientational distributions of the hydration shell water molecules are also calculated in order to elucidate the nature and extent of hydrogen bonding between the solvent and the solute.
Hepatic laceration from wedged venography performed before transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is an increasingly used, nonoperative technique for treating variceal bleeding and refractory ascites secondary to portal hypertension. Since the first clinical TIPS case in 1989, the procedure has undergone significant technical refinement to improve the safety and efficacy of shunt placement. A major technical challenge of TIPS creation is passage of the transjugular needle from the hepatic vein into the portal vein. Perforation of the liver capsule from an errant needle pass can lead to massive intraperitoneal bleeding. To minimize the number of needle passes required to enter the portal vein, investigators have devised a variety of techniques to visualize the portal vein anatomy including direct transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein, superior mesenteric artery (SMA) angiography, real-time ultrasound (US) guidance and refluxing contrast medium into the portal vein with wedged hepatic venography. While these technical improvements have made TIPS a safe and attractive alternative to conventional surgical shunts, the procedure remains technically challenging and lethal hemorrhagic complications can occur when the liver capsule is perforated during the course of the procedure. To our knowledge, there are no reported major complications directly related to the wedged hepatic venogram prior to TIPS. We describe an unusual series of severe liver injuries from wedged hepatic venography during attempts to localize the portal vein.
Nonparametric Bayesian predictive distributions for future order statistics

We derive the predictive distribution for a specified order statistic, determined from a future random sample, under a Dirichlet process prior. Two variants of the approach are treated and some limiting cases studied. A practical application to monitoring the strength of lumber is discussed, including choices of prior expectation, and comparisons made to a Bayesian parametric approach.
Fin efficiency of extended surfaces in two-phase flow

Abstract Compact plane-fin heat exchangers and other extended surface heat exchanges are used in several two-phase flow applications, such as condensation, boiling, or moist-air cooling. Because of simplicity and lack of better information, designers often use fin efficiency formulas for two-phase flows that are derived based on uniform heat transfer coefficient. However, the heat transfer coefficient h on the fin surface under condensation or boiling may vary significantly compared to the single-phase forced convection attributable to the possible existence of different two-phase flow regimes on the fin surface, including the condition of partial dryout. Thus, the use of constant h fin efficiency formulas (of single-phase flow) for two-phase flow situation may result in serious errors. A critical assessment is made in this paper of the various methods available for calculating fin efficiency in practical fin configurations with condensation, moist air cooling, and boiling on the extended surfaces. Conditions under which the use of constant h can be made are identified. Based on the literature review, some specific design recommendations are made for the determination of the fin efficiency for two-phase flow heat exchanger applications.
Cost comparison of transcatheter and operative closures of ostium secundum atrial septal defects.

Background Clinical outcomes for transcatheter and operative closures of atrial septal defects (ASDs) are similar. Economic cost for each method has not been well described. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study of children and adults Results A total of 244 subjects were included in the study (64% transcatheter and 36% operative), of which 2% (n = 5) were ≥18 years. Crossover rate from transcatheter to operative group was 3%. Risk of reintervention ( P = .66) and 30-day mortality ( P = .37) were not significantly different. In a multivariate model, adjusted cost of operative closure was 2012 US $60,992 versus 2012 US $55,841 for transcatheter closure ( P Conclusion For single secundum ASD, cost comparison analysis favors transcatheter closure over the short term. The cost of follow-up regimens influences the cost advantage of transcatheter closure.
Optical activity of saccharides—the vacuum‐uv origin of sodium‐D rotation

A semiempirical theory of saccharide optical activity indicates that the dominant source of NaD rotation is a vacuum-uv CD band near 150 nm, a band observed experimentally in polysaccharide film CD spectra. The model is a modification of polarizability theory in which high-energy electronic excitations are coupled by degenerate perturbation theory, giving rise to “molecular excitons.” The existence of an excitation mode well separated in energy from even higher energy modes arises from the local symmetry of tetrahedral carbon atoms in a puckered ring structure. Calculated NaD rotations correlate well with experimental values.
Combination Prosthesis for Optimum Esthetic Appearance

A method of treatment that combines the advantages of both a removable partial denture and a fixed partial denture is described. The indications, contraindications, advantages, and special considerations are discussed. The procedures necessary for treatment of patients are described. Our observations indicate that this is an acceptable mode of treatment for those patients in need of this type of prosthesis.
Selective sampling with direct ion mobility spectrometric detection for explosives analysis

This study investigates the potential and limitations of a field-deployable analytical approach that involves selective capture of explosive materials with direct analysis by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Selective capture of explosives was performed on deactivated quartz fiber filters impregnated with metal β-diketonate polymers. These Lewis acidic polymers selectively interact with Lewis base analytes such as explosives. The filters were directly inserted into an IMS instrument for analysis. The uptake kinetics of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from a saturated atmosphere were characterized, and based on these studies, passive equilibrium sampling was applied to estimate the TNT concentration within an ammunition magazine that contained bulk TNT. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) uptake from a saturated environment also was examined over a one-month period. Each incremental sampling period showed increasing quantities of RDX culminating with collection of approximately 5 ng of RDX on the filter at the end of one month. This is the first time that gas-phase uptake of RDX has been demonstrated.
Help Seeking for AOD Misuse among Social Workers: Patterns, Barriers, and Implications

Social workers experience alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems, yet little is known about how they deal with these issues. To begin to address this gap in knowledge, this study presents data from a sample of NASW members and describes how frequently social workers seek support for AOD problems, the kinds of assistance they typically obtain, how helpful they find the assistance, the barriers that discourage them from seeking help, and the relationship between help seeking and impairment. The data suggest that social workers do not frequently seek help, even when they are high-risk AOD users. Respondents reported a number of personal reasons for not obtaining assistance, but when they sought help, they found both peer support and formal treatment beneficial. Help seeking was also related to a variety of professional impairments. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
RBI-EMML signal separation for imaging techniques

Many imaging techniques commonly involve the extraction of mixed signal information from a pixel. In most mixed pixel cases, this is assumed to be a linear mixture and signal separation routines have been developed with this mixing compositions scheme in mind. One such signal separation routine incorporates the Expectation Maximization Maximum Likelihood (EMML) algorithm for the determination of signal mixtures in a pixel. This routine, however is very inefficient in that it requires large iteration values to converge to a solution. This report is the result of the implementation of a Re-scaled Block Iterative EMML approach, commonly used in the medical field for emission tomography image processing, to perform signal separation, while greatly increasing the efficiency in computation and rate of convergence to a solution.
Energy Transfer from High Densities of Metastable NF to Iodine

Mixtures of FN3, I2, HF, and He were shock heated by reflection of an Ma ∼ 2 incident wave to generate peak metastable NF* concentrations > 1016/cm3. Time profiles of the NF(a), NF(b), I2, and I* concentrations were optically measured and fit to a chemical kinetics and gas dynamic model of the reaction process. Approximately six NF* molecules were consumed per I2 molecule dissociated, and energy transfer from NF(a) to I* was both fast and efficient. Attempts to achieve lasing on the 1315 nm (I* → I) atomic transition were unsuccessful, however, due to rapid E−V quenching of I* by the NF species present.
Dendritic cells transduced to express interleukin-4 prevent diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice with advanced insulitis.

Our previous studies demonstrated that adoptive transfer of dendritic cells (DC) prevents diabetes in young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice by inducing regulatory T(H)2 cells. In this report, as a means of treating NOD mice with more advanced insulitis, we infected DC with adenoviral vectors expressing interleukin (IL)-4 (Ad.IL-4), eGFP (Ad.eGFP), or empty vector (Ad psi 5). DC infected with any of the Ad vectors expressed higher levels of CD40, CD80, and CD86 molecules than uninfected DC and Ad.IL-4 DC produced IL-4 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation. Ad-infected DC efficiently stimulated allogeneic T cells, and cultures of T cells with Ad.IL-4 DC produced lower levels of IFN-gamma and marginally higher levels of IL-4. In vivo studies demonstrated that the Ad.eGFP DC trafficked to the pancreatic lymph nodes within 24 hr of intravenous administration, and could be visualized in the T cell areas of the spleen. The intrapancreatic IFN-gamma:IL-4 or IFN-gamma:IL-10 cytokine ratios were lower in 10-week-old mice treated with Ad.IL-4 DC, and these mice were significantly protected from disease. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that genetically modified DC can prevent diabetes in the context of advanced insulitis.
On the measurement of biological equilibria

Equilibria and similarly behaving systems of the type A + B ⇌ C are classified according to the conditions of their measurements. Class I systems occur when the concentration of the limiting reagent is insignificant with respect to the concentration of the titrant, and Class II systems occur when the concentrations of the reactants are similar. Problems related to the measurement of biological equilibria are discussed. An algorithm for finding association constants of Class I and Class II systems is presented; the data from a hemithioacetal equilibrium are used to test the algorithm.
The effect of urban ground cover on microclimate, growth and leaf gas exchange of oleander in Phoenix, Arizona

We assessed how small patches of contrasting urban ground cover [mesiscape (turf), xeriscape (gravel), concrete, and asphalt] altered the microclimate and performance of adjacent oleander (Nerium oleander L.) plants in Phoenix, Arizona during fall/winter (September–February) and spring/summer (March–September). Ground-cover and oleander canopy surface temperatures, canopy air temperatures and pot soil temperatures tended to be lowest in the mesiscape and highest in the asphalt and concrete. Canopy air vapor pressure deficits were lowest in the mesiscape and highest in the asphalt plot. Rates of net photosynthesis of all oleander plants were highest in October and May, and declined through mid-summer (June–July), when rates tended to be highest in the cooler mesiscape, particularly when water was limiting. During fall/winter, oleanders in the mesiscape produced 20% less biomass, 13% less leaf area, and had 12% lower relative growth rates (RG) than those in the other ground covers. Lower nighttime temperatures in the mesiscape in December led to oleander frost damage. During spring/summer, oleanders in the mesiscape produced 11% more biomass, 16% more leaf area, and had 3% higher RG than those in the other cover types. The effects of urban ground cover on oleander performance were season-specific; while oleander growth was greatest in the mesiscape during spring/summer, it was lowest during fall/winter and these plants experienced frost damage. Because all oleander plants produced >10 times as much biomass during the spring/summer, on an annual basis oleanders in the mesiscape produced 5–11% more biomass than plants in the warmer ground covers.
Use of the constant-volume bomb technique for measuring burning velocity

Abstract The method for computing normal burning velocity, called S u , from observed data in constant-volume bomb measurements is developed from first principles. The theory accounts approximately for effects due to the finite velocity of sound, and shows how radius/time measurements may be used to determine S u for quite fast-burning mixtures. It is shown that the degree of completeness of combustion, important in computing S u , cannot be determined with any accuracy from bomb data, even with simultaneous pressure and radius measurement. Experimental apparatus suitable for constant-volume bomb work at super-atmospheric initial pressures is described, and measurements of flame speed are reported for a stoichiometric methane-oxygen mixture for pressures from 0·1 to 2 atmospheres. Values of S u computed from the data on flame speed are in fair agreement with values obtained by burner methods.
Improved damage detection method based on Element Modal Strain Damage Index using sparse measurement

An improved damage detection method based on the concept of Element Modal Strain Damage Index is introduced. The proposed methods attempts to address some of the weaknesses of the damage detection method based on modal curvatures. The use of numerical differentiation procedures is identified as the main cause for the poor performance of the modal curvature method under sparse and noisy measurement. An improved damage index that does not rely on numerical differentiation is then formulated. The proposed damage index can be calculated using only modal displacement and modal rotation. A penalty-based minimization approach is then used to find the unknown modal rotation using sparse and noisy modal displacement measurement. Numerical simulation and experiment validation confirm the relative advantage of the proposed method compared with modal curvature-based approaches.
The Number of Discriminable Colours

ALTHOUGH a calculation of the approximate number of discriminable colours must depend upon the individual concerned, 'normal' persons may be expected to furnish data which agree to the correct order of magnitude. The method used here involves the choice of an arbitrary colour solid, the well-known Titchener-Ebbhighaus double pyramid, to which available experimental data are applied with simplifying assumptions, in order that ordinary geometry may be used in the calculations. A straight line connecting the apexes of this double pyramid represents the black-white, or brilliance series ; the saturation series is represented by lines running from the central axis to the surface ; and the hue series is given by lines on the surface of the figure parallel to the base.
Modelling photon transport in non-uniform media for SPECT with a vectorized Monte Carlo code

A vectorized Monte Carlo code has been developed for modelling photon transport in nonuniform media for single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT). The code is designed to compute photon detection kernels, which are used to build system matrices for simulating SPECT projection data acquisition and for use in matrix-based image reconstruction. Nonuniform attenuating and scattering regions are constructed from simple 3D geometric shapes, in which the density and mass attenuation coefficients are individually specified. On a Stellar GS1000 computer, Monte Carlo simulations are performed between 1.6 and 2.0 times faster when the vector processor is utilized than when computations are performed in scalar mode. Projection data acquired with a clinical SPECT gamma camera for a line source in a non-uniform thorax phantom are well modelled by Monte Carlo simulations. The vectorized Monte Carlo code was used to simulate a 99Tcm SPECT myocardial perfusion study, and compensations for nonuniform attenuation and the detection of scattered photons improve activity estimation. The speed increase due to vectorization makes Monte Carlo simulation more attractive as a tool for modelling photon transport in nonuniform media for SPECT.
Calcium-dependent translocation of calbindin-D28k from intestine to blood

Calbindin-D (vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein; CaBP) is known to be present in blood at concentrations which vary directly with levels in the intestinal mucosa. Employing a sensitive radioimmunoassay and sampling mesentery venous blood, the present experiments demonstrated a direct relationship between intestinal calcium absorption and serum CaBP. Solutions containing 150 mM NaCl and 45Ca-labeled calcium chloride (5 or 20 mM) were placed in the lumen of ligated duodenal preparations in situ and mesentery venous blood sampled with time. The concentration of absorbed 45Ca in serum was maximal at 5 min, followed by a significant increase in mesentery CaBP maximizing at 15-20 min. Elevation of serum CaBP was not observed when calcium in the dosing solution was omitted or replaced by either glucose or glycine. The possible transfer of absorbed calcium from the enterocyte to the circulation as a CaBP complex was ruled out by calculations revealing that considerably more calcium was transferred than could be accounted for by the low and high affinity binding sites on the protein. It is proposed that vitamin D-dependent enhanced transcellular calcium transport constitutes a stimulus for the increased release of intestinal CaBP into the circulation.
On the determination of free amino acids in serum

Abstract A method for the determination of the free amino acids in serum and tissue extracts, in which only a small part of the soluble protein is removed before analysis, was shown to give reliable and reproducible results. The method is faster and more convenient than deproteination with picric or sulfosalicylic acid.
Why do young infants fail to search for hidden objects

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that infants as young as 3.5 months of age understand that objects continue to exist when hidden (Baillargeon, 1987a; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1990). Why, then, do infants fail to search for hidden objects until 7 to 8 months of age? The present experiments tested whether 5.5-month-old infants could distinguish between correct and incorrect search actions performed by an experimenter. In Experiment 1, a toy was placed in front of (possible event) or under (impossible event) a clear cover. Next, a screen was slid in front of the objects, hiding them from view. A hand then reached behind the screen and reapeared holding the toy. The infants looked reliably longer at the impossible than at the possible event, suggesting that they understood that the hand's direct reaching action was sufficient to retrieve the toy when it stood in front of but not under the clear cover. The same results were obtained in a second condition in which a toy was placed in front of (possible event) or behind (impossible event) a barrier. In Experiment 2, a toy was placed under the right (possible event) or the left (impossible event) of two covers. After a screen hid the objects, a hand reached behind the screen's right edge and reappeared first with the right cover and then with the toy. The infants looked reliably longer at the impossible than at the possible event, suggesting that they realized that the hand's sequence of action was sufficient to retrieve the toy when it stood under the right but not the left cover. A control condition supported this interpretation. Together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that by 5.5 months of age, infants not only represent hidden objects, but are able to identify the actions necessary to retrieve these objects. The implications of these findings for a problem solving explanation of young infants' failure to retrieve hidden objects are considered.
Angular dependence and polarization of out-of-plane optical scattering from particulate contamination, subsurface defects, and surface microroughness

The angular dependence and the polarization of light scattered by a small particle a distance d inside and outside a reflecting surface is calculated in the Rayleigh limit. This calculation yields expressions for the polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function matrices for in-plane and out-of-plane scattering. The results are compared with those obtained from microroughness-induced scattering. For the p-in/p-out configuration with oblique incidence, there exist out-of-plane angles for which scattering that is due to one of the mechanisms vanishes, whereas that from the others does not. By exploiting this knowledge, we can make improvements in the detection of small particles or subsurface defects. It is also shown that one must take care when differentiating subsurface-defect-induced scattering from microroughness-induced scattering using in-plane scattering and wavelength scaling laws.
Co-occurrence of personality disorders with panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: A review of the literature

Abstract The co-occurrence of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia with personality disorders, and with other DSM-III-R Axis I disorders, has only recently become the subject of empirical investigation. The nature of association between these disorders, including prevalence rates and comorbidity factors, remains unclear. This review reports the major findings in the literature and suggests areas of future research.
Vibrational relaxation of NO(v = 1) by oxygen atoms between 295 and 825 K

[1] Vibrational excitation of ground-state NO through collisions with oxygen atoms produces NO(v = 1) in the lower thermosphere, representing a significant source of atmospheric cooling through the subsequent 5.3-μm radiative emission. A laser pump-probe experiment has been used to measure the temperature dependence of the NO(v = 1)-O vibrational relaxation rate coefficient kO(v = 1) in the 295–825 K range, along with updated measurements of kO(v = 1,2) at room temperature. The experiment employed a continuous wave microwave source to form O atoms, combined with photolysis of a trace amount of added NO2 to produce vibrationally excited NO. Oxygen atoms were detected through two-photon laser-induced fluorescence, cross-calibrated against a normalized O atom signal resulting from photolysis of a known concentration of NO2. No temperature dependence was observed for kO(v = 1) to within the uncertainty in the measurements. The measured room temperature value of kO(v = 1) = (4.2 ± 0.7) × 10−11 cm2 s−1 is 75% larger than the value obtained previously in this laboratory, a significant difference at the 1σ level. The present value is preferred owing to an improved experimental technique. The atmospherically relevant NO(v = 0)-O vibrational excitation rate coefficient can be derived from measured values of kO(v = 1) through detailed balance. The variable temperature measurements provide key information for aeronomic models of the lower thermospheric energy budget, infrared emission intensities, and neutral constituent densities.
Effect of partial segregation on conversion in continuous stirred-tank reactors

A model is described which accounts for partial segregation in continuous stirred-tank reactors by considering packets circulating within a completely micromixed continuous regime. The packets have a nonideal residence time and concentration distribution. Mass transport occurs between these packets and the continuous phase of uniform composition in proportion to their concentration gradients. Laplace transformed tracer responses establish the diffusion and mixing parameters. Over 90% of the system is segregated in unstirred aqueous solutions. Addition of polymer increases segregation by over 40% at a 100 rev/min stirrer speed.
Use of p-chlorophenylalanine to induce a phenylketonuric-like condition in rats.

Abstract The biochemical and behavioral effects of a diet containing 0.05–0.1 % P-chlorophenylalanine fed to rats from birth to six or eight weeks of age were investigated in a series of experiments. Although learning tests showed immediate effects of the diet no evidence of permanent “mental retardation” was observed. Since serotonin was severely depleted during the developmental period it is questionable whether reduction in this amine during this stage is responsible for the permanent “mental retardation” seen in human PKU.
Comparison of Solution and Solid-Matrix Luminescence Parameters

A relatively large number of comparisons have been made between solution luminescence and solid-matrix luminescence parameters for several lumiphors adsorbed on a number of solid matrices. Comparisons have been made for both room-temperature and low-temperature fluorescence and phosphorescence quantum yields, fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes, and a variety of photophysical rate constants. The comparisons reveal that solid-matrix luminescence can give greater fluorescence and phosphorescence quantum yields in many cases at room temperature, compared to the corresponding solution quantum yields at low temperature. The comparisons of fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes and the photophysical rate constants for the lumiphors adsorbed on solid matrices and in solutions reveal new insights into the differences between solid-matrix luminescence and solution luminescence.
Apparent motion of stimuli presented stroboscopically during pursuit movement of the eye

In normal illumination, retrograde motion of the background (the Filehne illusion) can be seen during ocular pursuit, in contrast to stability seen during a saccade. In the present experiment, two stimuli were presented sequentially: (I) at disparate physical locations such that the pursuit movement of the eye caused them to excite the same retinal location, (II) at the same physical location, with pursuit movement causing disparate retinal excitations, and (III) with stationary fixation but with disparate physical locations such that the retinal excitation was identical to that of Condition II. Optimal movement was never reported for Condition I but was reported with essentially equal frequency in Conditions II and III. These results indicate a failure of compensation for pursuit movement, as does the Filehne illusion. The nature of the pursuit extraretinal signal was discussed, and it was argued that a distinctly different extraretinal signal is necessary for perceived stability during the saccade.
Determination of cell fate by c-Abl activation in the response to DNA damage

The cellular response to DNA damage includes growth arrest and activation of DNA repair. Certain insights into how DNA damage is converted into intracellular signals that control the genotoxic stress response have been derived from the finding that the c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase is activated by ionizing radiation and other DNA-damaging agents. c-Abl associates with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and is activated by DNA-PK-dependent phosphorylation. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene product also contributes to c-Abl activation. The demonstration that c-Abl binds to p53, induces the transactivation function of p53 and activates p21 expression has supported involvement of c-Abl in regulation of the p53-dependent G1 arrest response. Interaction between c-Abl and the Rad51 protein has also provided support for involvement of c-Abl in recombinational repair of DNA strand breaks. Defects in G1 arrest and repair predispose to replication of damaged templates and, in the event of irreparable DNA lesions, induction of apoptosis. The available evidence indicates that c-Abl effects a proapoptotic function by a mechanism largely independent of p53. c-Abl also functions as an upstream effector of the proapoptotic JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK pathways. In addition, c-Abl-dependent inhibition of PI 3-kinase contributes to the induction of apoptosis. The findings thus suggest that, in response to genotoxic stress, c-Abl functions in determining cell fate, that is growth arrest and repair or induction of apoptosis. The physiologic function of c-Abl may reside in control of the cellular response to DNA strand breaks that occur during DNA replication, genetic recombination and gene rearrangements.
Problems with extraction of the nucleon to {Delta}(1232) photonic amplitudes

We investigate the model dependence and the importance of choice of database in extracting the {ital physical} nucleon-{Delta}(1232) electromagnetic transition amplitudes, of interest to QCD and baryon structure, from the pion photoproduction observables. The model dependence is found to be much smaller than the range of values obtained when different datasets are fitted. In addition, some inconsistencies in the current database are discovered, and their affect on the extracted transition amplitudes is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A New Biography of Schumacher

PROFESSOR Edinger has chosen a fortunate moment to publish his biography of the German Socialist leader Kurt Schumacher (i895-1952). In the last years of his life Schumacher was easily the most controversial politician in West Germany, and there could, therefore, be no dispassionate agreement on his historic stature at the time of his death or for some time thereafter. Today, however-only fourteen years later-most of the issues that he so bitterly contested (such as the socioeconomic structure of German society, the Bonn Republic's alignment with the West, the German rearmament within NATO) have all been settled, probably irrevocably, in a manner contrary to Schumacher's intentions. Since his erstwhile followers have with good grace accepted the verdict of the majority of the German people, they no longer invoke Schumacher's name to rally partisans to an unfinished battle. His friends no longer need to blow him up to heroic proportions, while his foes can be charitable to a man whose legacy they have ceased to fear. The time has come, therefore, for a dispassionate biography that seeks neither to praise nor to condemn but only to understand. Lewis Edinger, Professor of Political Science at Washington University, St. Louis, has performed this difficult assignment in a superb manner. He has spared no pains to assemble written and oral information, and has interviewed about a hundred people ranging from close surviving political associates to Schumacher's relatives, his personal physician, and even the "girl friend" of his Stuttgart years before I933. The SPD Parteivorstand (the executive committee of the Social Democratic Party) in Bonn made much confidential material available to him, and Schumacher's secretary, Annemarie Renger, gave him a copy of Schumacher's annotated appointment calendar for the seven years 1945-1952. It is most unlikely that any new information will come to light to overthrow the picture Edinger has drawn on the basis of such exhaustive sources-although the novelty of his approach, and the controversial character of his judgments, preclude
Global stability of parameter-adaptive control systems

This paper examines two relatively uncomplicated algorithms for adaptively controlling a single-input, single-output process admitting a continuous-time linear model wlth unknown parameters. It is shown that each algorithm is capable of causing a closed-loop process output to approach and track a suitably defined reference signal while at the same time providing global system stability.
Public relations education in MBA programs: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract This article examines public relations education and finds that communication topics do not rate high in MBA programs. While there has been an increase in communication offerings, it appears that MBA programs are remiss in reshaping curricula to conform to new requirements and skills. If public relations faculty do not champion the recognition of public relations topics in MBA programs, the profession will never realize entry to the highest levels of corporate decision making.
Trauma recidivists: surprisingly better outcomes than initially injured trauma patients.

Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in the first four decades of life in most developed countries (1). It is also the third leading cause of all-age mortality behind only cancer and heart disease if unintentional injury and homicide are grouped together (2). Since the population affected by trauma is younger than for many other diseases, injury affects the potentially most productive members of society, thus the economic aspect of injury is staggering. A trauma recidivist (RCID) is defined as a patient who presents on multiple occasions for different injury events. We have previously found that 25.2% of trauma patients in our institution had a previous injury requiring hospital evaluation in the prior five years (3). Trauma could thus be considered as a chronic disease with a risk of recurrence, as many injuries are not isolated, random events. Prior series have demonstrated many characteristics of trauma RCID; some of these include young age, male gender, racial minority, lack of health insurance, low socioeconomic status, substance abuse, and criminal activity (4-5). Many authors have addressed the issue of trauma recidivism, but most studies have been small retrospective series. Little is known about outcomes of trauma RCID. It is our belief that many trauma care providers assume that RCID have poorer outcomes. This study was meant to evaluate the hospital outcomes of RCID and compare them with first-time trauma patients (NRCID).
The Pediatrician and Psychometric Testing

Because of the importance of developmental disabilities in today9s pediatric practice, familiarity with psychometric testing is essential to the modern pediatrician. It is unfortunate that pediatric training programs include so little instruction in this area. However, the subject is largely relevant to outpatient practice, and perhaps better taught at the postgraduate level. Psychometric tests are essentially observations of behavior, a proper part of the clinical examination. The pediatrician should develop a repertoire of office tests of intellectual aptitude and achievement, using simple materials and readily available developmental norms. Indications for formal psychometric testing have been discussed. Representative tests in each major category were reviewed briefly with a comparison of relative strengths and weaknesses, and the proper uses of psychometric test results as laboratory data in the diagnostic workup have been presented.