cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early detection of human focal seizures based on cortical multiunit activity

Approximately 50 million people in the world suffer from epileptic seizures. Reliable early seizure detection could bring significantly beneficial therapeutic alternatives. In recent decades, most approaches have relied on scalp EEG and intracranial EEG signals, but practical early detection for closed-loop seizure control remains challenging. In this study, we present preliminary analyses of an early detection approach based on intracortical neuronal multiunit activity (MUA) recorded from a 96-microelectrode array (MEA). The approach consists of (1) MUA detection from broadband field potentials recorded at 30 kHz by the MEA; (2) MUA feature extraction; (3) cost-sensitive support vector machine classification of ictal and interictal samples; and (4) Kalman-filtering postprocessing. MUA was here defined as the number of threshold crossing (spike counts) applied to the 300 Hz-6 kHz bandpass filtered local field potentials in 0.1 sec time windows. MUA features explored in this study included the mean, variance, and Fano-factor, computed across the MEA channels. In addition, we used the leading eigenvalues of MUA spatial and temporal correlation matrices computed in 1-sec moving time windows. We assessed the seizure detection approach on out-of-sample data from one-participant recordings with six seizure events and 4.73-hour interictal data. The proposed MUA-based detection approach yielded a 100% sensitivity (6/6) and no false positives, and a latency of 4.17 ± 2.27 sec (mean ± SD) with respect to ECoG-identified seizure onsets. These preliminary results indicate intracortical MUA may be a useful signal for early detection of human epileptic seizures.
Art and its Canons

L'A. propose une analyse conceptuelle de l'evolution des canons esthetiques au cours de l'histoire de l'art, qui evite le double ecueil du scepticisme et de l'objectivisme quant a l'objectivite des criteres, definie par une convention entre l'oeuvre et la nature humaine
Administrative Chief Residents - How Are They Chosen and Does It Matter?

Background: There is no literature on the administrative chief resident (ACR) in surgery or disparities of this leadership position. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the rates of perceived female and minority leadership at the resident level. Patients and Methods: After institutional review board (IRB) approval, a pilot survey was sent to surgical residents and faculty at a single university surgical program. The survey was revised based on small group feedback and a specialist in study design. It was then sent to all US surgical residents and program directors, and analyzed using Survey Monkey. Results: There was a 10% resident response rate, 22% program director, most from a program with 50% female residents. 71% report no clear ACR policy, 64% believe the position appointed. Half report less than 25% female ACRs, 54% zero minority ACRs. Program directors reported more female ACRs, but similar lack of selection policy. 54% believe ACR receives a stipend. 31% report more than 75% went into academics. Conclusions: Although most surgical programs train 50% female residents, residents perceive that fewer than 25% ACRs are female. ACRs in the United States are often receiving a stipend and going into academic practice. Programs should keep diversity in mind in appointing ACR.
Duplication of a Single Neuron in C. elegans Reveals a Pathway for Dendrite Tiling by Mutual Repulsion

Simple cell-cell interactions can give rise to complex cellular patterns. For example, neurons of the same type can interact to create a complex patchwork of non-overlapping dendrite arbors, a pattern known as dendrite tiling. Dendrite tiling often involves mutual repulsion between neighboring neurons. While dendrite tiling is found across nervous systems, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a relatively simple nervous system with few opportunities for tiling. Here, we show that genetic duplication of a single neuron, PVD, is sufficient to create dendrite tiling among the resulting ectopic neurons. We use laser ablation to show that this tiling is mediated by mutual repulsion between neighbors. Furthermore, we find that tiling requires a repulsion signal (UNC-6/Netrin and its receptors UNC-40/DCC and UNC-5) that normally patterns the PVD dendrite arbor. These results demonstrate that an apparently complex cellular pattern can emerge in a simple nervous system merely by increasing neuron number.
Tip-enhanced near-field optical microscope with side-on and ATR-mode sample excitation for super-resolution Raman imaging of surfaces

A tip-enhanced near-field optical microscope with side-on and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) excitation and collection is described and used to demonstrate sub-diffraction-limited (super-resolution) optical and chemical characterization of surfaces. ATR illumination is combined with an Au optical antenna tip to show that (i) the tip can quantitatively transduce the optical near-field (evanescent waves) above the surface by scattering photons into the far-field, (ii) the ATR geometry enables excitation and characterization of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), whose associated optical fields are shown to enhance Raman scattering from a thin layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), and (iii) SPPs can be used to plasmonically excite the tip for super-resolution chemical imaging of patterned CuPc via tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). ATR-illumination TERS is also quantitatively compared with the more conventional side-on illumination scheme. In both cases, spatial resolution was better than 40 nm and tip on/tip off Raman enhancement factors were >6500. Furthermore, ATR illumination was shown to provide similar Raman signal levels at lower “effective” pump powers due to additional optical energy delivered by SPPs to the active region in the tip-surface gap.
Joint equalization filters that mitigate waveform-diversity modulation of clutter

Moving-target indication radars require advanced signal processing to be able to use pulse-to-pulse waveform diversity. The primary challenge is range-sidelobe modulation (RSM) of clutter. Because range sidelobes differ on each pulse, clutter energy that leaks into range sidelobes cannot be cancelled. We find that higher target SINR can be be obtained by joint design of the pulse-compression filters to obtain impulse responses that match across pulses. The proposed filters can reduce RSM by 5–10 dB compared to low-sidelobe mismatch filters designed separately for each pulse.
Approximate Formulas for Lateral Electromagnetic Pulses Generated by Vertical and Horizontal Electric Dipoles

In the preceding chapter, exact formulas are derived for the principal components E z and B o of the transient electromagnetic field generated by a vertical electric dipole on the boundary between two perfect dielectric half-spaces when the exciting current is a δ-function current with unit amplitude. This was accomplished by the evaluation of the general Sommerfeld integrals. The corresponding calculation of the field generated by the same dipole when excited by a periodically varying current of unit amplitude is carried out in Chapter 3. However, it is approximate in that the final formulas include terms that are good approximations only in the range specified by the conditions $$ \left| {k_1^2} \right| \geqslant 9\left| {k_2^2} \right|;\quad \left| {{k_1}\rho } \right| \geqslant 3\left| {{k_2}\rho } \right| \geqslant 3 $$ (14.1.1) Here the second condition is a consequence of the use of large-argument approximations of the Bessel functions in the derivation of the Fresnel-integral terms and in evaluation of certain integrals. For perfect dielectrics k21 = (ω2/c2)∈ and k22 = ω2/c2, where ∈ ≡ ∈1r is the relative permittivity of Region 1 and Region 2 is taken to be air; c = 3 × 108 m/sec is the velocity of light. It follows that (14.1.1) is equivalent to $$ \in \geqslant 9;\quad \omega \rho ' \geqslant 1 $$ (14.1.2) where $$ \rho ' = \frac{\rho }{c} $$ (14.1.3)
Antimuscarinic Medication Use in Elderly Patients with Overactive Bladder.

Antimuscarinic medications are the first-line pharmacological treatment for overactive bladder (OAB); however, little is known about the utilization pattern of antimuscarinic agents in elderly patients with OAB. This study examined the prevalence and predictors of antimuscarinic medication prescribing in elderly patients with OAB, using national ambulatory survey data. This cross-sectional study utilized the 2009–2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the outpatient component of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The study included patients aged ≥65 years diagnosed with OAB based on the International Classification of Diseases. Antimuscarinic medications were operationally defined using the American Hospital Formulary Service classification and identified using Multum Lexicon codes. Descriptive statistics using sampling weights were used to estimate the prevalence of antimuscarinic medication prescription, while multivariable logistic regression within the conceptual framework of the Anderson Behavioral Model was used to identify the factors associated with antimuscarinic medication prescription in elderly patients with OAB. According to the national surveys, 2.18 million (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.62–2.75) elderly outpatient visits were made for OAB, of which 0.90 million (41.43 %) visits involved prescribing of antimuscarinic medications. The most frequently prescribed drugs were solifenacin (14.25 %), oxybutynin (10.50 %), and tolterodine (6.89 %). Multivariable analysis revealed that patients ≥85 years of age (odds ratio [OR] 3.50, 95 % CI 1.23–9.92) were more likely to receive antimuscarinic medications, and the South region (OR 2.78, 95 % CI 1.01–7.66) increased the likelihood of receiving antimuscarinic medications in elderly patients with OAB. This study found that antimuscarinic medications are commonly prescribed for elderly patients with OAB and there is variation in antimuscarinic use across age and region.
High Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers from the Mid-IR to the Far-IR and their impact on Science and Technology

The mid-infrared and far-infrared regions of the spectrum (3–300 μm) for a long time did not realize its full potential, scientifically and technologically, notwithstanding its paramount importance for chemistry, spectroscopy and a myriad of potential applications, mainly because of the lack of a compact, room temperature, widely tunable and eye-safe laser. This situation drastically changed with the advent of the Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) in 1994 and its subsequent momentous development in the following two decades [1–4]. I will highlight the fundamentally different design principles and underlying physics of QCLs, which showcase a rich variety of optical and transport phenomena. I will illustrate the impact of QCLs in spectroscopy, chemical physics and atmospheric chemistry and technology, present and future, ranging from IR countermeasures to a wide range of sensor applications including health care, the environment, security and, ultimately, the “internet of everything”.
Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection.

Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play pivotal roles in host defense against microbes and in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. These cytokines are produced by cells that are often located in epithelial barriers, including subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells. In general, IL-17 and IL-22 can be characterized as important cytokines in the rapid response to infectious agents, both by recruiting neutrophils and by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides. Although each cytokine induces an innate immune response in epithelial cells, their functional spectra are generally distinct: IL-17 mainly induces an inflammatory tissue response and is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas IL-22 is largely protective and regenerative. In this review, we compare IL-17 and IL-22, describing overlaps and differences in their cellular sources as well as their regulation, signaling, biological functions and roles during disease, with a focus on the contribution of these cytokines to the gut mucosal barrier during bacterial infection.
Influence of Goal Setting on Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Low-Income Children Enrolled in CSPAP Schools

ABSTRACTBackground: Comprehensive school physical activity programming (CSPAP) has been shown to increase school day physical activity and health-related fitness. The use of goal setting may further enhance the outcomes of CSPAP. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of physical activity leader (PAL) goal setting on school day physical activity and cardiorespiratory endurance in low-income children from schools receiving CSPAP. Methods: Participants were 1704 children (mean age = 9.3 ± 1.6 years) recruited from 5 low-income elementary schools. The schools were stratified into schools where PALs employed goal-setting strategies and no goal-setting strategies. Schoolday step counts and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) laps were collected before CSPAP and after 36 weeks. Results: Sixth-graders who received goal setting displayed greater increases in school day step counts (Δ = 665 steps, P < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.38) and PACER laps (Δ = 23.5 laps, P < .001, Cohen’...
Prescribed Burning in Ponderosa Pine: Fuel Reductions and Redistributing Fuels near Boles to Prevent Injury

Fire suppression and other factors have resulted in high wildfire risk in the western US, and prescribed burning can be an effective tool for thinning forests and reducing fuels to lessen wildfire risks. However, prescribed burning sometimes fails to substantially reduce fuels and sometimes damages and kills valuable, large trees. This study compared fuel reductions between spring and fall prescribed burns and tested whether removing (i.e., raking) fuels within 1 m of boles reduced fire damage to ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson). In 2007 and 2008, raking was applied to alternating trees along 18 transects in central Oregon, USA. Fuels surrounding 292 trees were burned in fall 2010, and fuels surrounding 216 trees were burned in spring 2012. Both seasons of burn affected most fuel size classes similarly, with one exception being duff, which was more fully consumed in fall than in spring. Where fall burning occurred, raking reduced the percentage of dead cambium samples from 24.3 ±4.9 % to 6.4 ±3.0 % (point estimates ±95 % confidence intervals), in addition to reducing bole scorch. Conversely, where spring burning occurred, injury of not-raked trees was milder, so raking did not have the potential to greatly reduce damage. Redistributing fuels away from boles would be more beneficial under relatively dry conditions when duff is prone to extensive smoldering. Our study and most other studies suggest that duff is, on average, drier in fall than in spring, so raking would tend to afford more protection from fall burns than from spring burns. The little tree mortality that occurred was split nearly evenly between raked trees (25) and not-raked trees (30), so raking did not appreciably increase survival in this study. However, the finding that raking reduced injury suggests that it may reduce mortality from more intense burns.
Train of four stimulation artifact mimicking a seizure during computerized automated ICU EEG monitoring.

Abstract A 54-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subsequently underwent mechanical ventilation and received neuromuscular blocking drugs to control refractory elevated intracranial pressure. During quantitative EEG monitoring, an automated alert was triggered by the train of four peripheral nerve stimulation artifacts. Real-time feedback was made possible due to remote monitoring. This case illustrates how computerized, automated artificial intelligence algorithms can be used beyond typical seizure detection in the intensive care unit for remote monitoring to benefit patient care.
Historical drivers of a frequent fire regime in the red pine forests of Voyageurs National Park, MN, USA

Abstract We developed a fire history for Voyageurs National Park (VNP), MN, USA based on 129 fire-scarred cross sections collected at 39 disjunct locations to develop a baseline understanding of the history of fire in the region. We dated 443 scars representing 126 unique fire years with the earliest fire recorded in 1665 and the most recent in 1972. The Weibull Median Fire Interval from individual fire intervals at the 39 sites is about 18 years and two years for the study area as a whole. Site-scale fire intervals were relatively short, with about 75% of the intervals between fires less than 30 years and more than half of the intervals shorter than 20 years. Approximately 61% of the 126 unique fire years were recorded at only 1 site and about 20% of fires were recorded at 2 or more sites. The median interval between fires that were synchronous at 3 or more sites is 7 years, with the earliest synchronous fire occurring in 1718 and the last in 1936. Fires occurring at more than three sites coincided with summers that are significantly drier than average during the fire year. In VNP, several lines of evidence are suggestive of the potential role of people in augmenting the fire regime above that which would have occurred due to lightning alone. The patterns of fire activity in VNP highlight the same issues that have been noted elsewhere, namely that fires have been prominent in the past in shaping the character of Upper Great Lakes forests and that fire activity has been much reduced since the 20th century. The reduction of fire activity observed after the early 20th century could be as much related to the reduction of human ignition and the removal of people from the landscape as it is to active suppression. This research suggests that the appropriate use of planned fire should be employed as an important management tool, likely through the intentional ignition of fires rather than a reliance on lightning starts alone. This research represents another step in better understanding the processes that have shaped the landscape of Voyageurs National Park, while continuing a dialogue around the future of an ecologically, economically, and culturally significant subset of the Border Lakes landscape.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Utilization Rates in New Mexico: Recommendations for Marketing and Mentorship between Professionals and Students

Complementary and Alternative Medicine CAM Utilization Rates in New Mexico Recommendations for Marketing and Mentorship between Professionals and Students
Linear fractional parameterizations of matrix function spaces and a new proof of the Youla-Jabr-Bongiorno parameterization for stabilizing compensators

This talk has two purposes. One is to call attention to a recent campaign to systematically study linear fractional parameterizations of function spaces. The second purpose is to give a new proof of the Youla-Jabr-Bongiorno parameterization of all compensators which stabilize a given plant. This is a linear fractional parameterization and is one specialized example of our general study of linear fractional maps. Further examples of linear fractional parameterizations are those of Nevanlinna type (scalar case), Adamajan-Arov-Krein [A-A-K] and Arsene-Ceausescu-Foias [A-C-F] type (vector case) which are obtained in designing certain digital filters, and in many gain equalization studies [B-H1] and [H1,2].
Rabbit Brain Concentrations of Doxorubicin During Intraarterial Infusions

This study was undertaken to evaluate hydrophilic antitumor agents administered in intraarterial (IA) infusions. Brain distributions of doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADR) after IA infusions were determined in rabbit VX-2 brain tumor model. With right carotid infusions of ADR (8 rabbits), tumor center concentrations averaged 3.3 ± 1.42 μg/g (mean ± 1 SE), concentrations at least 100 times greater than in vitro inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of ADR for human gliomas. ADR concentrations in brain-around-tumor averaged 2.43 ± 0.81 μg/g, but were only 0.104 ± 0.019 μg/g in non-tumor-bearing hemisphere. In 15 rabbits with VX-2 brain tumors, carotid artery infusions of ADR increased mean survival times by 20.9 ± 8.3%. These findings are supported by animal study using IA infusions of ADR after hyperosmotic blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and study in brain tumor patients using IA infusions of ADR. These results show that significant amounts of relatively non-lipophilic drugs, with IA infusions, can penetrate brain tumor areas but still spare normal areas from toxic drug exposure.
Subjective and Objective Measures of Variation

Although the predominant method of examining language variation is through objective measures, measuring subjective evaluations of variation is becoming increasingly popular in sociolinguistics, social psychology, and speech perception. Subjective measures involve measuring speakers' attitudes toward and perception of language variation, often correlating them to objective findings. Subjective variation is often different from what researchers find using objective measures, and this has implications for a number of different fields of language use, study, and policy.
The incomparable platelet: holy alveoli!

In this issue of Blood, Tsukiji et al report on the consequences of platelet–lymphatic interactions in the lung, namely the influence of platelet activation with release of platelet transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on lung development.1 The small but mighty platelet continues to amaze as functions beyond canonical roles in hemostasis and thrombosis are being discovered at a rapid rate. Key roles in inflammation, autoimmunity, and metastasis have recently been elucidated. One wonders how many more tricks the platelet has up its sleeve.
Circadian disruption of food availability significantly reduces reproductive success in mice.

Abstract Circadian disruptions impair reproductive health in human populations and in animal models. We tested the hypothesis that mistimed food, a common disruptive feature of shift work, impairs reproductive success in mice. Male and female mPer2 Luc mice on a C57BL/6 background were fed during the light or dark phase in two experiments. Food-induced internal misalignment of the liver clock was verified by in vivo bioluminescence in anesthetized mice in both experiments. In Experiment 1, food-restricted pairs were monitored for litters for 18 weeks. In the light-fed group, birth of the first litter was significantly delayed, and total reproductive output was significantly reduced by 38%. In Experiment 2, estrous cycling was monitored for 3 weeks, and then after pairing, copulatory plugs, pregnancy, litter sizes, and uterine implantation sites were measured. Fewer light-fed females birthed litters (25% versus 73%). This was attributable to a difference in behavior as mating success was significantly reduced in light-fed mice: 42% were observed with a copulatory plug compared to 82% for dark-fed mice. The proportion of mice displaying uterine implantation sites was the same as the proportion observed with copulatory plugs, suggesting no deficit in initiating pregnancy after mating. Estrous cycling and pregnancy maintenance did not differ between the groups. We conclude that mistimed feeding inhibits reproduction in mice by reducing successful mating behavior.
New Linear Codes over $GF(3)$, $GF(11)$, and $GF(13)$

Explicit construction of linear codes with best possible parameters is one of the major and challenging problems in coding theory. Cyclic codes and their various generalizations, such as quasi-twisted (QT) codes, are known to contain many codes with best known parameters. Despite the fact that these classes of codes have been extensively searched, we have been able to refine existing search algorithms to discover many new linear codes over the alphabets $\mathbb{F}_{3}$, $\mathbb{F}_{11}$, and $\mathbb{F}_{13}$ with better parameters. A total of 38 new linear codes over the three alphabets are presented.
Attenuation of frailty in older adults with mesenchymal stem cells

Aging frailty is a syndrome characterized by a progressive decline in health and clinical symptoms of exhaustion, weight loss, a feeling of slowing down, and a decrease in functional capacity. The biological substrate for frailty is sarcopenia, which is potentiated by chronic inflammation and depletion or impairment of endogenous precursor and stem cells. Current interventions focus on interdisciplinary approaches which include nutritional supplementation, physical exercise, and cognitive intervention. Clinical studies of these preventative approaches have shown inconsistent and modest benefits, further highlighting the unmet clinical need. A variety of pharmacologic and biologic therapies are currently being tested to treat aging. Cell-based therapy represents an attractive option that addresses the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Human allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which possess immunomodulatory and tissue reparative properties, have been tested in Phase I and Phase II trials. These small early stage studies reveal that allogeneic MSCs administered to frail older adults are feasible to administer, safe and potentially efficacious, ameliorating signs and symptoms of frailty. These studies have formed the basis for larger ongoing trials. Here we review the pathobiology of frailty, and the potential for developing biological strategies to treat this important syndrome.
A qualitative study of barriers and opportunities for concussion communication and management among parents of youth sports athletes.

BackgroundConcussion, a commonly reported injury among young athletes, can lead to short- and long-term physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep-related symptoms. Parents are in a unique position ...
Massively Parallel Automated Software Tuning

This article presents an implementation of a distributed autotuning engine developed as part of the Bench-testing OpenN Software Autotuning Infrastructure project. The system is geared towards performance optimization of computational kernels for graphics processing units, and allows for the deployment of vast autotuning sweeps to massively parallel machines. The software implements dynamic work scheduling to distributed-memory resources and takes advantage of multithreading for parallel compilation and dispatches kernel launches to multiple accelerators. This paper lays out the main design principles of the system and discusses the basic mechanics of the initial implementation. Preliminary performance results are presented, encountered challenges are discussed, and the future directions are outlined.
Near-Surface Layer during the Heterogeneous Heterophase Oxidation of Metals and Alloys and the Related Chemical and Technological Aspects

In many cases, when metals and alloys are oxidized under the continuous regeneration of the direct oxidant taken in the amounts comparable with catalytic amounts, the near-surface layer of surface deposits of the products of oxidation of the metal and the reduction of the oxidant of the metal can be considered as a local zone of the macrocyclic stage of regeneration of the oxidant of the metal. The transfer of this stage to the volume phase is admissible and sometimes reasonable if the product of the reduction of the direct oxidant of the metal is soluble in the volume phase to a sufficient extent and the metal oxide is almost insoluble in the volume phase, where the metal exists in a higher oxidation state, or metal peroxide is used as an oxidant. If the indicated solubility of the reduction product of the primary oxidant of the metal is too low or entirely absent, its transfer to the volume phase due to the mechanical failure of the near-surface layer results in progressive self-retardation and also, in many cases, in the nearly entire termination of the oxidation process. The facts of the presence and mechanical failure of the near-surface layer on the metal and alloy favorable from the viewpoint of chemistry and technology are considered.
The Role of Prereferral Intervention Teams in Early Intervention and Prevention of Mental Health Problems

Prereferral intervention teams provide consultation to teachers using a problem-solving process to better serve students, provide teachers with skills to assist future students, and prevent inappro...
Oxygen supply limits the chronic heat tolerance of locusts during the first instar only

Although scientists know that overheating kills many organisms, they do not agree on the mechanism. According to one theory, referred to as oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance, overheating occurs when a warming organism's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply, reducing the organism's supply of ATP. This model predicts that an organism's heat tolerance should decrease under hypoxia, yet most terrestrial organisms tolerate the same amount of warming across a wide range of oxygen concentrations. This point is especially true for adult insects, who deliver oxygen through highly efficient respiratory systems. However, oxygen limitation at high temperatures may be more common during immature life stages, which have less developed respiratory systems. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effects of heat and hypoxia on the survival of South American locusts (Schistocerca cancellata) throughout development and during specific instars. We demonstrate that the heat tolerance of locusts depends on oxygen supply during the first instar but not during later instars. This finding provides further support for the idea that oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance depends on respiratory performance, especially during immature life stages.
Strategizing Retailing in the New Technology Era

Abstract The world of retailing is being reimagined and transformed at breakneck speeds due to new technologies, as well as due to changes in consumer purchasing behavior resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. This dynamic retail marketplace is forcing retailers to strategize how to best position themselves to survive and flourish in this environment. Recognizing that we are at a critical inflection point in the world of retailing, we conceptualize a Strategic Wheel of Retailing in the new technology era that emphasizes technology as the core enabler of the strategies related to the 6Ps of retailing (retail place and supply chain management, product, pricing, promotion, personnel, and presentation). In particular, the articles calls for retailers to carefully their review their competitive ecosystem as they adapt to the new technologies, raises some issues, and offers new directions for further research on how technology can be leveraged to design profitable retail strategies.
A hybrid approach based on fuzzy TOPSIS-AHP for ranking and classifying MOOC key acceptance factors

This investigation is done during COVID-19 to identify, rank, and classify MOOC (massive open online course) key acceptance factors (KAFs) from an Indian perspective. A systematic literature review identifies 11 KAFs of MOOC. One more novel factor named ‘contingent instructor’ is proposed by the authors considering pandemic and new normal post-COVID-19. The paper implements two popular fuzzy MCDM (multiple-criteria decision-making) techniques, namely fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy AHP, on 12 KAFs. The fuzzy TOPSIS approach is used to rank factors. Affordability, performance expectancy and digital didactics are found as the top three KAFs. Fuzzy AHP classified KAFs into three groups, namely high, moderate, and low influential. Examination of the literature indicates that this study is among the first attempt to prioritize and classify MOOC KAFs using fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy AHP approach. The results offer managerial guidance to stakeholders for effective management of MOOC, resulting in higher acceptance rate. Likewise, this investigation will upgrade the comprehension of MOOC KAFs among academicians. © 2021 IGI Global. All rights reserved.
A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax introduces and abridges the syntactical features of the original language of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. An intermediate-level reference grammar for Biblical Hebrew, it assumes an understanding of elementary phonology and morphology, and it defines and illustrates the fundamental syntactical features of Biblical Hebrew that most intermediate-level readers struggle to master. The volume divides Biblical Hebrew syntax and morphology into four parts. The first three cover the individual words (nouns, verbs, and particles) with the goal of helping the reader move from morphological and syntactical observations to meaning and significance. The fourth section moves beyond phrase-level phenomena and considers the larger relationships of clauses and sentences. Since publication of the first edition, research on Biblical Hebrew syntax has substantially evolved. This new edition incorporates these developments through detailed descriptions of grammatical phenomena from a linguistics approach. It retains the labels and terminology used in the first edition to maintain continuity with the majority of entry-level and more advanced grammars.
An Update on Tardive Dyskinesia: From Phenomenology to Treatment

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), characterized by oro-buccal-lingual stereotypy, can manifest in the form of akathisia, dystonia, tics, tremor, chorea, or as a combination of different types of abnormal movements. In addition to movement disorders (including involuntary vocalizations), patients with TD may have a variety of sensory symptoms, such as urge to move (as in akathisia), paresthesias, and pain. TD is a form of tardive syndrome—a group of iatrogenic hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. The pathophysiology of TD remains poorly understood, and treatment of this condition is often challenging. In this update, we provide the most current information on the history, nomenclature, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, phenomenology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of TD.
An analysis of sample selection bias in cross-country growth regressions

Sample sizes in cross-country growth regressions vary greatly, depending on data availability. But if the selected samples are not representative of the underlying population of nations in the world, ordinary least squares coefficients (OLS) may be biased. This paper re-examines the determinants of economic growth in cross-sectional samples of countries utilizing econometric techniques that take into account the selective nature of the samples. The regression results of three major contributions to the empirical growth literature by Mankiw-Romer-Weil (1992), Barro (1991) and Mauro (1995), are considered and re-estimated using a bivariate selectivity model. Our analysis suggests that sample selection bias could significantly change the results of empirical growth analysis, depending on the specific sample utilized. In the case of the MankiwRomer-Weil paper, the value and statistical significance of some of the estimated coefficients change drastically when adjusted for sample selectivity. But the results obtained by Barro and Mauro are robust to sample selection bias.
Maximum mutual information estimation of hidden Markov model parameters for speech recognition

A method for estimating the parameters of hidden Markov models of speech is described. Parameter values are chosen to maximize the mutual information between an acoustic observation sequence and the corresponding word sequence. Recognition results are presented comparing this method with maximum likelihood estimation.
Mechanical ventilation and management of an adult horse with presumptive botulism.

Objective To describe the clinical course, management, and outcome of a horse with a presumptive diagnosis of botulism treated with long-term mechanical ventilation. Case Summary A 6-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with a history of esophageal obstruction was evaluated for progressive tetraparesis. Generalized and progressive skeletal muscle weakness characterized by recumbency, decreased tongue, tail, eyelid, and anal tone, and respiratory failure was observed. Anticholinergic signs including decreased salivation, xerophthalmia, and ileus were also noted. A presumptive diagnosis of botulism was made, although mouse inoculation and spore identification testing were negative. Pentavalent botulism antitoxin was administered on Day 3. The horse was maintained on a water mattress and was managed with mechanical ventilation for 2 weeks. Complications encountered included necrotic rhinitis, intertrigo, decubital ulceration, jugular and cephalic vein thrombophlebitis, corneal ulceration, and transient ventricular tachycardia. The horse showed marked improvement in skeletal muscle strength and parasympathetic nervous system function, allowing it to be successfully weaned from the ventilator but suffered large colon volvulus on Day 21 and was euthanized. New or Unique Information Provided To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of successful weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation and management of recumbency using a water mattress in an adult horse with presumptive botulism.
Toc64 is not required for import of proteins into chloroplasts in the moss Physcomitrella patens

Toc64 has been suggested to be part of the chloroplast import machinery in Pisum sativum. A role for Toc64 in protein transport has not been established, however. To address this, we generated knockout mutants in the moss Physcomitrella patens using the moss's ability to perform homologous recombination with nuclear DNA. Physcomitrella patens contains two genes that encode Toc64-like proteins. Both of those proteins appear to be localized in the chloroplast. The double-mutant plants were lacking Toc64 protein in the chloroplasts but showed no growth phenotype. In addition, these plants accumulated other plastid proteins at wild-type levels and showed no difference from wild type in in vitro protein import assays. These plants did have a slightly altered chloroplast shape in some tissues, however. The evidence therefore indicates that Toc64 proteins are not required for import of proteins in Physcomitrella, but may point to involvement in the determination of plastid shape.
Incremental Validity of Components of Mindfulness in the Prediction of Satisfaction with Life and Depression

Self-report measures of mindfulness have consistently demonstrated positive relationships with well-being and inverse relationships with depression symptoms. The goal of this study was to extend the existing literature to include a test of the incremental validity of the components of mindfulness (as measured by the four factors of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills [KIMS]; Baer et al. Assessment, 11, 191–206, 2004) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848, 2003) in the prediction of satisfaction with life (relative to self-esteem) and depression (relative to negative cognitions) among a sample of 365 college students. Results revealed only KIMS Observe accounted for a significant amount variance relative to self-esteem in the prediction of satisfaction with life, and in the prediction of depression symptoms, only KIMS Accept without Judgment accounted for a significant amount of variance relative to negative cognitions. These results are discussed in relation to the measurement of mindfulness and methods used to assess the validity of these scales.
The adoption and social impacts of information technology in U.S. agriculture

Abstract By 1986 (a decade after their invention) microprocessors had diffused to about 18 percent of all U.S. households and 6 percent of U.S. farmers. In addition to general consumer uses, farm households in the United States utilize microcomputers for such small business applications as record keeping, word‐processing, payroll handling, etc. A special application of microprocessor technology occurred in 1980–1981 when 200 Kentucky farmers participated in a trial of the Green Thumb Box, a video‐text system providing market, weather, and technological information. The nature of the information needs of U.S. farm people seems to fit well with the new information technologies built around the microprocessor, although little of this potential has yet been realized. Since that experiment, videotex has shown itself to have doubtful value as a channel for the distribution of agricultural information, leaving open the question of what might be the best technological vehicle for this audience. Research is needed...
Goodman and Kruskal's tau-b statistic: a fortran-77 subroutine

An algorithm and associated FORTRAN-77 computer subroutine are described for computing Goodman and Kruskal's tau-b statistic along with the associated nonasymptotic probability value under the null hypothesis Tb = 0.
Analysis of gas exchange in seedlings of Acer saccharum: integration of field and laboratory studies

In the field, photosynthesis of Acer saccharum seedlings was rarely light saturated, even though light saturation occurs at about 100 μmol quanta m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). PPFD during more than 75% of the daylight period was 50 μmol m-2 s-1 or less. At these low PPFD's there is a marked interaction of PPFD with the initial slope (CE) of the CO2 response. At PPFD-saturation CE was 0.018 μmol m-2 s-1/(μl/l). The apparent quantum efficiency (incident PPFD) at saturating CO2 was 0.05-0.08 mol/mol. [Formula: see text] and PPFD-saturated CO2 exchange was 6-8 μmol m-2 s-1. The ratio of internal CO2 concentration to external (C i /C a ) was 0.7 to 0.8 except during sunflecks when it decreased to 0.5. The decrease in C i /C a during sunflecks was the result of the slow response of stomates to increased PPFD compared to the response of net photosynthesis. An empirical model, which included the above parameters was used to simulate the measured CO2 exchange rate for portions of two days. Parameter values for the model were determined in experiments separate from the daily time courses being sumulated. Analysis of the field data, partly through the use of simulations, indicate that the elimination of sunflecks would reduce net carbon gain by 5-10%.
Temperature dependence of the persistent photocurrent in Czochralski gallium arsenide.

The persistent-photocurrent effect in bulk, semi-insulating GaAs has been studied as a function of temperature. The persistent photocurrent is activated by illumination with 1.13-eV light and is preceded by an enhanced photocurrent during long-term illumination after the initial photocurrent has decayed in a quenching process similar to that of the deep donor EL2. Both the magnitude of the persistent photocurrent, and its decay rate are strongly temperature dependent and show significant reduction above 40 K. These results indicate that while the metastable transformation of EL2 is required for the activation of the persistent photocurrent, another unidentified metastable process after this is also required.
Mathematical modeling of catalytic converter lightoff. Part II: Model verification by engine‐dynamometer experiments

A transient mathematical model has been developed which describes the behavior of packed-bed catalytic converters during warmup. Model predictions agree very well with the results of engine-dynamometer experiments for three Pt-alumina catalysts of widely different properties, thus demonstrating the validity of the model.
Cellular reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated human adenovirus 2 in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts.

A plaque assay for adenovirus 2 on normal human fibroblasts was developed and used to measure the survival of ultravioletirradiated virus on six human fibroblast cell lines. When four xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines were used as viral hosts, an average of one lethal event per virus in the vinal population was made with 10, 15, 62, and 78 Jm/sup -2/ respectively, while using two normal cell lines as hosts, 197 and 205 Jm/sup -2/ were required to inflict the same damage. These differences are attributed to the known repair deficiency of xeroderma pigmentosum cells, and are discussed in the light of previous data obtained using other animal viruses. (auth)
Has foreign nurse recruitment impeded African American access to nursing education and practice

Abstract Using social history methodology, this article examines the influence of race and place on nurse education and employment after World War II. Comparing and contrasting the postwar experiences of foreign and African American nurses more specifically, it argues that local rather than national hiring patterns have sustained low rates of minority participation in nursing.
The Overseas Chinese Networks and Early Baptist Missionary Movement Across The South China Sea1

(2001). The Overseas Chinese Networks and Early Baptist Missionary Movement Across The South China Sea1. The Historian: Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 753-768.
Biological clues to potent DNA-damaging activities in food and flavoring

Population differences in age-related diseases and cancer could stem from differences in diet. To characterize DNA strand-breaking activities in selected foods/beverages, flavorings, and some of their constituent chemicals, we used p53R cells, a cellular assay sensitive to such breaks. Substances testing positive included reference chemicals: quinacrine (peak response, 51×) and etoposide (33×); flavonoids: EGCG (19×), curcumin (12×), apigenin (9×), and quercetin (7×); beverages: chamomile (11×), green (21×), and black tea (26×) and coffee (3-29×); and liquid smoke (4-28×). Damage occurred at dietary concentrations: etoposide near 5μg/ml produced responses similar to a 1:1000 dilution of liquid smoke, a 1:20 dilution of coffee, and a 1:5 dilution of tea. Pyrogallol-related chemicals and tannins are present in dietary sources and individually produced strong activity: pyrogallol (30×), 3-methoxycatechol (25×), gallic acid (21×), and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (21×). From structure-activity relationships, high activities depended on specific orientations of hydroxyls on the benzene ring. Responses accompanied cellular signals characteristic of DNA breaks such as H2AX phosphorylation. Breaks were also directly detected by comet assay. Cellular toxicological effects of foods and flavorings could guide epidemiologic and experimental studies of potential disease risks from DNA strand-breaking chemicals in diets.
Projections of the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex to visual cortical areas in the cat.

Abstract The projections of the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex of the cat were studied using the autoradiographic tracing method and related to 15 previously defined cortical areas. The results indicate that each of three separate zones within the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex has a different pattern of projection. The most lateral zone, the pulvinar, sends fibers to at least seven cortical areas, most of which are known to have input from other visual areas within the brain: the splenial visual area, the cingulate gyrus, and areas 5, 7, 19, 20a and 21a. A zone located just medial to the pulvinar, the lateral division of the lateral posterior complex, projects to at least eight visual areas in the cortex: areas 17, 18, 19, 20a, 21a, 21b, the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area and the ventral lateral suprasylvian area. The most medial zone, the intermediate division of the lateral posterior complex, projects to at least four cortical areas: 20a, the posterior suprasylvian area, the posterolateral lateral suprasylvian area and the dorsal lateral suprasylvian area. Of the 15 cortical areas that receive fibers from the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex, only three (areas 19, 20a and 21a) receive projections from more than one of these thalamic zones, and only one of the cortical areas (20a) receives fibers from all three zones. Thus, the data support the division of the pulvinar lateral posterior complex into three zones on the basis of their unique and largely non-overlapping projections to the visual cortex.